bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Parker Robert Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The understudied fiction and poetry of extreme poverty in the US during the Great Depression frequently follows what this chapter calls the poetics of the stiff, a pared-down aesthetics of blunt language, static plot, and minimized characterization that matches the pared-down lives of those whose unemployment drives them to life on the street and extreme poverty, seeming to freeze time in a hungry stasis with no hope for a better future. This chapter charts the poetics of the stiff and contrasts its portrayal of isolated, mostly urban suffering with the more famous and more hopeful genres of proletarian literature about workers, Depression documentary photography and film, and rural upheaval, arguing that a vast body of mostly forgotten writing from the Depression can show us an alternative portrait of Depression history, writing, aesthetics, and suffering if we look at writing about, and sometimes by, the long-term unemployed.
Hungry a Long Time
Authors: Parker Robert Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Despite the extensive attention to Langston Hughes’s poetry, his poems about the poverty of the Great Depression have not received much critical commentary. For African Americans, this chapter argues, extreme poverty was widespread even before the Depression, but not until massive numbers of whites lost their jobs in the Depression did the larger culture widely recognize the crisis of extreme poverty. By blaming Black poverty on bad luck, many of Hughes’s early poems gradually imply a systemic tilt that makes so-called bad luck hit African Americans disproportionately. Hughes’s poems drew on the characteristic preoccupations of the poetics of the stiff and recast them in the styles he was already experimenting with, including blues poems. In “Advertisement for the Waldorf-Astoria” (1931), he merges many different styles and voices into one multi-voiced poem that offers one of the Depression’s most ambitious recalibrations of literary style specifically for the portrayal of extreme poverty.
Conclusion
Authors: Parker Robert Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Amid a nation that often defines itself through its massive wealth, scholars’ helpful focus on fiction and poetry’s engagement with the politics of labor in the 1930s has had the accidental side effect of making it harder to see the fiction and poetry of Depression unemployment and extreme poverty. This book seeks to enlarge and shift our literary history of the Great Depression by encouraging us to recover the literary history of extreme poverty itself. Many now often forgotten or underknown writers faced Depression suffering more directly than most better remembered writers, and often they faced the suffering of extreme Depression poverty so bluntly that their contemporaries turned away, but also so boldly that we will find it newly bracing to recover and honor their writing and the memory of their despair.
Days One to Four
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
There is international press excitement on the announcement of the Runciman Mission, and high expectations. Walter and Hilda Runciman arrive in Prague by train. Runciman addresses the assembled press corps. The couple settle into the Alcron Hotel and adjust to the heatwave. The chapter explores the blocks faced to date by Czechoslovak Government’s negotiations with the Sudeten German Party, and the difficulties presented by the Czechoslovak constitution. There is a description of Walter’s first meetings with Sudeten Germans. Walter and Hilda visit the President and his wife at the Hradčany palace. The chapter explores the Runcimans’ opinions of Beneš, Hilda’s opinion of Hugh Wilson, US ambassador to Berlin, and her argument with him. Hilda’s tactlessness proved detrimental to the work of the Mission.
Days Seven to Ten
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Ashton-Gwatkin reports to Strang at the Foreign Office. This chapter sees the revival of the official Negotiating Committee under Hodża. The well-known pacificist Lord Allen of Hurtwood comes to Prague with the Quaker Corder Catchpool and urges the SdP to negotiate with Runciman. As a result, K.H. Frank, deputy head of the Sudeten German Party, unexpectedly calls on Runciman. The Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry lays on entertainments for the Mission and its members. The chapter considers the aloofness of Ashton-Gwatkin from the Czechs and indifference of Hilda towards them. It goes onto describe the relationship of Lord Allen with the SdP and his influence over them. Hilda records the opinions of the British Military attaché, Colonel Strong. His reports to London were later overlooked. Bob Boothby, a vocal anti-appeaser, visits the President, urging armed resistance to Hitler.
Days Twenty-Four to Thirty and the Fourth Weekend Continued
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
At Rothenhaus, Ashton-Gwatkin debriefs Frank who is just back from Berlin: Frank appears agreeable to British proposals but withholds the report of Hitler’s true aggressive aims. Ashton-Gwatkin holds a long talk with Henlein and is hood-winked into believing in his genuine desire for peaceful Anglo-German relations. Henlein demands the Carlsbad Program for settlement of Sudeten problem and ignores the Third Plan. He has a brief meeting with Runciman. The chapter describes Margie Fairweather, her second marriage, and new career as pilot. The chapter goes onto describe the “Munich Room” at Rothenhaus with signatures of all members of the Mission, with Margie and the SdP negotiators.
Days Thirty-Four to Thirty-Seven
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Czech cabinet approves the Fourth Plan. There is uproar and protest by the general public over the terms of the plan. The SdP quickly submit lengthy and reasoned arguments for and against acceptance of the Fourth plan. Kundt argues the plan was compatible with state integrity, but says the opposite, privately, to the German government: that it would lead to Nazi domination. Hohenlohe fails to tell Ashton-Gwatkin. There are riots at Moravská Ostrava, and arrests of SdP arms smugglers by Czech police create an excuse to call off negotiations. Hodza agrees to Frank’s demands regarding the Czech police and the incident is resolved. Serious rumours circulate about assassinations of Henlein, and even Runciman, which would have been a pretext for Germany to launch the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The Times newspaper publishes an anonymous article suggesting the cession of the Sudetenland to Germany on the same day as the riots at Moravská Ostrava. Runciman, under great strain, contemplates resignation.
Days Forty-One to Forty-Four
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Beneš broadcasts to the nation. There is vicious anti-Czech propaganda from the Nuremberg Rally and an immediate uprising in the Sudetenland after Hitler’s speech brought new demands. Hitler manipulates the Sudeten situation for his own ends whilst talking peace, not war. Henlein breaks off his negotiations. There is a glimmer of hope for the negotiations after the uprising but Ashton-Gwatkin says, “How can Czechs and Germans be expected to live happily after this?” Runciman and the British government took these words to heart. It is too late, Beneš tries to resume negotiations. Hodza resigns but is persuaded by Beneš to stay on. Stopford feels that the end of the road has been reached. Cession of the Sudetenland as a last resort is considered by Beneš. Chamberlain meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden on 16th September and Runciman meets him in London later the same day. The Mission officially ends but this is not publicly announced. Runciman loses hope. On 18th September Hodza broadcasts to the country offering a renewal of negotiations on the Fourth Plan, but his words fall on deaf ears, internationally reaching neither Runciman nor Chamberlain back in London.
Preparations
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Basil Newton, British Minister in Prague, has to persuade President Beneš of Czechoslovakia, and the leaders of the Sudeten German Party, to accept the British mediator. Beneš accepts reluctantly. The chapter analyzes Beneš’s character and opinions. In the absence abroad of Konrad Henlein, the SdP leader, Ernst Kundt, leader of the Prague SdP Assembly delegates and accepts the British mediator on the Party’s behalf. He is encouraged by the Slovak Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Milan Hodža. Henlein is tracked down in Switzerland by Lord Vansittart’s personal intelligence agents. He is reluctant to meet Runciman. Meanwhile in London Runciman picks his team (Frank Ashton-Gwatkin, Robert Stopford, Ian Henderson), omitting any Czech expert. He is briefed, seemingly rather inadequately, by the Foreign Office, and enjoys some days yachting at Cowes.
Competitive Intervention and Protracted Civil War, 1946–2009
Authors: Anderson Noel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a series of quantitative tests that rigorously assess the book’s theory of competitive intervention against rival explanations drawn from the existing literature. Analyzing a novel dataset of military aid transfers to civil war combatants for all years 1946–2009, it estimates the effect of competitive intervention on conflict duration and probes its connection to the global prevalence of civil war. The results provide statistically and substantively significant evidence in support of the theory’s core claims. Across numerous model specifications that employ alternative measures of civil war, account for unobserved decade-specific confounders, and control for unobserved conflict-specific heterogeneity, competitive intervention is shown to systematically prolong conflict. The magnitude of this effect is large: the estimated hazard of conflict termination is reduced by more than 50% across every point in time over a conflict’s duration. These findings are shown to be remarkably robust, even when constraining the data sample by time period and disaggregating competitive interveners by their great power status. Temporal variation in average conflict duration is likewise shown to be a key driver of the waxing and waning of civil war over time. By testing the theory with a global sample of over six decades of internal conflict, these findings confirm the generalizability of the argument across the wide range of political, economic, and social contexts in which civil wars are waged.
Devoted to the King, 1791–2
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter substantiates Mallet du Pan’s verdict that, as a representative in the Legislative Assembly, Quatremère was ‘devoted to the king’ until the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792. Although Quatremère opportunistically attacked Old-Regime ‘despotism’ in several speeches and reports, he voted on the right consistently and in 1792 helped the royalist press articulate a coherent anti-Jacobin discourse. Much of his work as a representative served clear political purposes consistent with this royalist agenda, including his defence of refractory priests, the royal veto, émigrés, and ministers and his efforts to hamper the war effort in summer 1792. However, the chapter also reveals that even his ostensibly apolitical work as a representative served polemical ends. The chapter concludes by studying Quatremère’s desperate, unpublished, and hitherto forgotten pamphlet that urged centrist and Feuillant representatives in summer 1792 to support Lafayette as the only possible saviour of the constitution against illegal and arbitrary power.
Justice to the Papacy, 1796
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter reinterprets Quatremère’s Letters on the Plan to Abduct the Monuments of Italy, which he wrote in July 1796. In response to the official justification for seizing cultural property as part of France’s civilizing mission, Quatremère argued that protecting and advancing civilization required all nations to leave Rome intact and respect eighteenth-century conventions about diplomacy, rights, and the treatment of artworks and antiquities during wartime. The chapter shows how he tried to make the Letters acceptable for republicans by deploying their language and mimicking the concept of a singular and secular civilization that became central to the French Republic’s identity after Thermidor. On closer inspection, Quatremère’s famous work fits the broader strategy of the Clichy club to make republicans question the Republic. However, his conceit failed to deceive informed contemporaries: they recognized that he attacked the Directory when he praised the papacy for nourishing the civilization that the Republic protected in theory yet endangered in practice.
Strand Two
Authors: Tannam Etain 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Strand Two of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement of 1998 provided for the creation of the North South Ministerial Council. This chapter assesses the success of Strand Two, practical North–South cooperation on the island of Ireland. It highlights some successes, but it argues that Strand Two did not meet its potential from 1999 to 2023. The chapter analyses how identity politics had a significant impact on Strand Two’s operation. Rather than Strand Two causing reconciliation, weakness in reconciliation impeded Strand Two, so that it did not develop as anticipated as a dynamic tool of reconciliation. The salience of ethnic identity politics was very obvious.
Struggles for Sovereignty in the Age of Empire
Authors: Chehabi H. E. , Motadel David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the struggles for sovereignty of the few nominally independent non-Western states in the imperial age. It examines the ways in which countries such as China, Ethiopia, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Persia (Iran), and Siam (Thailand) managed to keep European imperialism at bay, whereas others, such as Hawai‘i, Korea, Madagascar, Morocco, and Tonga, long struggled, but ultimately failed, to maintain their sovereignty. Its chapters address four major aspects of the relations these countries had with the Western imperial powers: armed conflict and military reform, unequal treaties and capitulations, diplomatic encounters, and royal diplomacy. The chapter provides the first comprehensive global history of the engagement of the independent non-European states with the European empires, reshaping our understanding of sovereignty, territoriality, and hierarchy in the modern world order.
Military Reform in Siam
Authors: Charney Michael W. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
How Siam’s leaders were able to navigate the ascendancy of European empires to survive as one of the few non-Western polities to avoid colonization remains the subject of debate. This chapter approaches this question by examining military reform as part of the answer. Military reform was certainly one of the kinds of reforms that were undertaken during the transition from an absolute monarchy to a modern state in Siam (Thailand), which were necessary for the non-Western country to survive. The results were the establishment of a new model of relationship between the king, the state, and the people and the reshaped perspectives of military officers who would be ever more powerful within an increasingly modern and bureaucratically organized Siamese military, leading to a new, commanding role for the military in the Siamese state.
Meiji Diplomacy and the Pursuit of Sovereignty
Authors: Cobbing Andrew 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts Japan’s campaign to revise the Ansei Treaties signed under duress in 1858, signaling the end of the country’s long-standing seclusion policy. With the ailing Tokugawa regime then collapsing just a decade after several new treaty ports opened to trade, it was not until the Meiji Restoration that it became fully apparent just how these treaties encroached on Japanese sovereignty—by ceding to foreign powers extraterritorial rights on Japanese soil and control over Japanese tariffs. Treaty revision soon became the primary foreign policy objective of the new Meiji state, a target broadly attained when, after several rounds of diplomatic negotiations, the treaty port regime came to an end in 1899. Although viewed as a tortuously slow process in Japan, this was seen as a remarkable achievement abroad, and something of a milestone in reshaping the international order.
Caliphate Diplomacy and Late Ottoman Inclusion into the Imperial World Order
Authors: Aydin Cemil 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the international and legal politics of the process of exclusion and inclusion of the Ottoman Empire within the European imperial order during the nineteenth century. While the Ottoman elite claimed to fulfill the required standards of civilization to become an equal member of the Concert of Europe, it was subjected to unequal legal treatment by European great powers. The chapter focuses on different Ottoman strategies to ensure sovereignty and legal equality in the face of stigmatization as a Muslim monarchy by the European great powers. It argues that the Ottoman imperial strategy of emphasizing the spiritual sovereignty of the caliphate over Muslims ruled by European Empires was one of the policies to negotiate inclusion into the European international order as an equal member, not a rejection of European standards of civilization. The chapter will also try to make sense of the late Ottoman background of the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 that recognized the equal sovereignty of modern Turkey.
Global Diplomacy and Ethiopia’s Struggle for Sovereignty
Authors: d’Alòs-Moner Andreu Martínez 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
While nationalist historiography has tended to emphasize the narrative of a thousand-year old monarchy that against all odds preserved its independence, this chapter tries to present a more complex picture. The kingdom of Shewa emerged as a huge nation-empire (Ethiopia) at the end of the nineteenth century out of a ferocious power struggle with rival Abyssinian kingdoms (chiefly Gojjam, Tigray, Gondar, and Wallo) that also claimed, although less successfully, imperial pre-eminence. Helping the kingdom of Shewa achieve its ambitious goals were the European colonial powers that provided it with diplomatic leverage and, crucially, with modern technology and weaponry. Eventually, Menelik’s Shewa became the most powerful state in Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, Shewan Ethiopia expanded at the expense of a multitude of chieftancies, tribes, and minor kingdoms (the Gibbe states, the Wolayta Kingdom, the Harar sultanate, the Afar chieftancy), which in the central and southern regions of modern Ethiopia failed to preserve their independence. The paper emphasizes the role played in this process by the politics of the “Restauratio Imperii”: Menelik skillfully manipulated indigenous and foreign tropes of imperial “grandeur,” managing herewith to seduce European diplomacy and to legitimize his ambitious territorial claims and colonizing appetite.
Trusting Is Believing
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between trust and belief, proposing that trust be understood as a form of belief. It discusses the standard objections to viewing trust as a kind of belief, primarily those that highlight the affective and normative elements of trust which seem distinct from more traditional views of belief. This chapter argues that trust aligns well with the view of beliefs as emotions which offers a broader, more inclusive understanding of belief. The chapter further examines how trust integrates evidence and norms in a way that is analogous to other emotions.
Implicit Attitudes and Self-Deception
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that both implicit attitudes and self-deception should be viewed as beliefs, presenting both as examples of emotional conflicts that maintain both avowed and disavowed beliefs. After considering earlier defenses of doxasticism about these attitudes and problems with them, this chapter argues that thinking of beliefs as emotions can address those problems; thinking about ambivalent or conflicting emotions increases understanding of self-deception, and thinking about recalcitrant emotions increases understanding of implicit attitudes. The chapter concludes, as have previous chapters, by urging theorists to accept that our doxastic lives are more complex and less tidy than standard views of belief allow.
Deep Disagreement and Belief Alteration
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the view of belief as emotion can help illuminate the phenomenon of deep disagreement. In particular, it provides a model for engaging with deeply entrenched but counter-evidential beliefs such as those held by conspiracy theorists. The chapter begins by examining deep disagreements that stubbornly persist even when parties share the same evidence and engage in rational dialogue. It then considers how viewing beliefs as emotions clarifies the processes by which beliefs change in response to new experiences or information. The chapter proposes that understanding beliefs as emotions illuminates why some beliefs are resilient despite contrary evidence and helps explain the mechanisms of belief change. The chapter argues that thinking of how we engage with other problematic emotions can be helpful in thinking about how do engage with problematic “fringe” beliefs. Further, thinking of beliefs as emotions can explain why, if one’s belief is seen as centrally connected to one’s identity, even if there is overwhelming evidence against the belief, it often remains resilient.
Debt Capital Markets
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This monograph deals with the law and regulation of debt capital markets. It explores in particular the role that these markets and products have in fuelling episodes of crisis and financial instability. The central argument proposed in this book is that instability in financial markets—culminating with the global financial crisis of 2008 and resurfacing with urgency in 2020—is the offspring of a process of transformation that started in the 1980s. The analysis in this book proceeds by charting the evolution of debt capital markets and their growth propelled by undisputed belief in neoclassical economics, and attendant assumptions of efficient markets. This orthodoxy in turn informed the changes that shaped, between the 1980s and 1990s, the regulatory edifice of capital markets. This book explains how this process of transformation and liberalization led to debt capital markets—from bonds to more sophisticated forms of securitized credit—becoming uncontrolled engines of private debt creation, excessive levels of leverage, and inevitably, financial instability. Ultimately, this book contends that the regulatory reactions engineered after the global financial crisis of 2008 have not gone far enough in re-evaluating those underlying beliefs and assumptions, which in fact are at the heart of current policies. As a result, debt capital markets remain the main locus of financial instability, and the financial system as a whole is as fragile and exposed to shocks as it was before 2008.