bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Varying Vaccination Rates Among Patients Seeking Care for Acute Respiratory Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Shehadeh Fadi , Zacharioudakis Ioannis M , Kalligeros Markos , Mylona Evangelia K , Karki Tanka , van Aalst Robertus , Chit Ayman , Mylonakis Eleftherios 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Complications following influenza infection are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and the Centers for Disease Control Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends universal annual vaccination. However, vaccination rates have remained significantly lower than the Department of Health and Human Services goal. The aim of this work was to assess the vaccination rate among patients who present to health care providers with influenza-like illness and identify groups with lower vaccination rates.

Methods
We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases with a time frame of January 1, 2010, to March 1, 2019 and focused on the vaccination rate among patients seeking care for acute respiratory illness in the United States. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled seasonal influenza vaccination rate, and we used a time trend analysis to identify differences in annual vaccination over time.

Results
The overall pooled influenza vaccination rate was 48.61% (whites: 50.87%; blacks: 36.05%; Hispanics: 41.45%). There was no significant difference among gender groups (men: 46.43%; women: 50.11%). Interestingly, the vaccination rate varied by age group and was significantly higher among adults aged &gt;65 (78.04%) and significantly lower among children 9–17 years old (36.45%). Finally, we found a significant upward time trend in the overall influenza vaccination rate among whites (coef. = .0107; P = .027).

Conclusions
In conclusion, because of the significantly lower influenza vaccination rates in black and Hispanic communities, societal initiatives and community outreach programs should focus on these populations and on children and adolescents aged 9–17 years.
A gun gap in voter choice
Authors: Joslyn Mark R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents a framework to examine the vote choices of gun owners. Using data from the General Social Survey and American National Election Studies, two important empirical regularities emerge. First, compared to those who do not own a guns, people who do own guns reliably vote Republican. In addition, the divide between the vote choices of gun owners and nonowners is growing. Since 2004, the “gun gap” has nearly doubled. Second, the more guns an individual owns, the more likely he or she is to vote Republican. In this respect, purchasing a gun or guns is an act of some political consequence.
A gun gap in death penalty support
Authors: Joslyn Mark R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines gun owners’ support for capital punishment. Typically gun ownership is not included in the conventional list of predictors of death penalty preferences. Yet a large gun gap exists in public support for capital punishment. Gun owners, compared to nonowners, are more likely to support the death penalty. This division is now larger than the divide between men’s and women’s support of capital punishment and matches the gap between Whites and Blacks. In general, the capital punishment gun gap reflects gun owners’ broader preferences for punitive measures. In fact, people that own more guns favor capital punishment more so than those who own fewer guns. While in recent years overall support of death penalty has dropped, that decline would undoubtedly be much larger if gun owners were not as strongly committed to capital punishment.
“Preaching to the Choir and Being Played”
Authors: Jones Alisha Lola 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
More than the coupling of women with gay men in vocal music participation is the impenetrable work spouse relationships that occur between the preacher and the chief musician. Protected by compensation arrangements and confidentiality expectations that favor the pastor as boss, that coupling is the dominant relationship in African American Christian religiosity. With this in mind, I wonder what are the ways in which men’s collective participation in vocal music ministry has come to function as a form of eunuchoidism to handle women in churches, while granting access to men who are phallogocentrically oriented, at the very least via their servile affinity for phallomusicocentrism or multivalent male-centered music-making. Undoubtedly, there is a pervasive investment in men’s cocreation after their own kind, a creative enterprise that reasserts dominance and pre-eminence. The unspoken connections and privileges afforded through this system are beguiling to the very best of men.
The Last Hurrah
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of mainline Protestant religious leaders in building support for the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Using both archival evidence and public opinion data, it argues that church-based educational campaigns played an important role in the law’s passage. Although the general arc of the story will be familiar from prior histories of the Civil Rights Act, the focus here is on religious authority and its role in shaping the views and actions of average believers. With that in mind, the chapter concludes with a section in which data from the 1964 American National Election Study (ANES) is used to test whether church involvement affected white Protestants’ views concerning the Civil Rights Act. The public opinion data confirm the picture that emerges from the archival record—namely, that the churches’ educational efforts were, in fact, a critical factor in building northern white support for a meaningful civil rights bill.
World Music and the Black Atlantic
Authors: Whitmore Aleysia K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the mid-twentieth century, African musicians took up Cuban music as their own. They claimed it as a marker of black Atlantic connections and of cosmopolitanism untethered from European colonial relations. Today, Cuban/African bands popular in Africa in the 1960s and ’70s have moved into the world music scene in Europe and North America, and world music producers and musicians have created new West African–Latin American collaborations expressly for this market niche. This book follows two of these bands, Orchestra Baobab and AfroCubism, and the industry and audiences that surround them—from musicians’ homes in West Africa, to performances in Europe and North America, to record label offices in London. This book examines the intensely transnational experiences of musicians, industry personnel, and audiences as they collaboratively produce, circulate, and consume music in a specific post-colonial era of globalization. Musicians, industry personnel, and audiences work with and push against one another as they engage in personal collaborations imbued with histories of global travel and trade. They move between and combine Cuban and Malian melodies, Norwegian and Senegalese markets, and histories of slavery and independence as they work together to create international commodities. Understanding the unstable and dynamic ways these peoples, musics, markets, and histories intersect elucidates how world music actors assert their places within, and produce knowledge about, global markets, colonial histories, and the black Atlantic. This book offers a nuanced view of a global industry that is informed and deeply marked by diverse transnational perspectives and histories of transatlantic exchange.
Pasch’s Empiricism as Methodological Structuralism
Authors: Schlimm Dirk 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents Pasch’s structuralist methodology within his empiricist philosophy. Two criteria for a minimal version of methodological structuralism are proposed, and it is argued that they are met in Pasch’s work on projective geometry and the foundations of arithmetic, despite the fact that Pasch firmly held an empiricist standpoint according to which only empirical objects can ultimately serve as a foundation for mathematics. What drove Pasch toward his version of structuralism were his focus on rigorous deductions, the duality of projective geometry, and the independence of arithmetical results from the referents of numerals.
Noether as Mathematical Structuralist
Authors: Yap Audrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Emmy Noether’s name, while often associated with branches of abstract mathematics such as algebra, is not often associated with any particular philosophical view about the nature of mathematics. This chapter will outline the extent to which Noether can be seen as exemplifying a kind of structuralist view of mathematics, namely a methodological structuralism. Such a view, as outlined by some philosophers of mathematical practice, is a view about how mathematics ought to be done—namely by attending to the structural features of objects, using axiomatic methods, and striving for more general perspectives. We will see how Noether in her mathematical work exhibits all of these tendencies, thereby allowing her to be situated in the history of structuralism as someone who fruitfully employed structural methods in her mathematical work. Finally, the chapter will consider the potential connections between Noether’s methodological views and some philosophical structuralist views that seem to fit naturally with her approach to mathematics.
Carnap’s Structuralist Thesis
Authors: Schiemer Georg 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates Carnap’s structuralism in his philosophy of mathematics of the 1920s and early 1930s. His approach to mathematics is based on a genuinely structuralist thesis, namely that axiomatic theories describe abstract structures or the structural properties of their objects. The aim in the present article is twofold: first, to show that Carnap, in his contributions to mathematics from the time, proposed three different (but interrelated) ways to characterize the notion of mathematical structure, namely in terms of (i) implicit definitions, (ii) logical constructions, and (iii) definitions by abstraction. The second aim is to re-evaluate Carnap’s early contributions to the philosophy of mathematics in light of contemporary mathematical structuralism. Specifically, the chapter discusses two connections between his structuralist thesis and current philosophical debates on structural abstraction and the on the definition of structural properties.
Explication as Elimination: W. V. Quine and Mathematical Structuralism
Authors: Morris Sean 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of and motives for Quine’s particular form of mathematical structuralism. It will argue that Quine, unlike many contemporary mathematical structuralists, does not appeal to structuralism as a way of accounting for what the numbers really are in any robust metaphysical sense. Instead, his structuralism is deeply rooted in an earlier structuralist tradition found in scientific philosophers such as Russell and Carnap, which emphasized structuralism as a critique of more metaphysical approaches to philosophy. On this view, a philosophy of mathematics answers, in a sense, only to mathematics itself. An account of mathematical objects requires only that the entities—whatever they are—serving as the mathematical objects satisfy the relevant postulates and theorems. Here we also see how Quine’s early work in the foundations of mathematics leads in a natural way to the more general naturalism of his later philosophy.
Is It Really Ethical to Prescribe Antiandrogens to Sex Offenders to Decrease Their Risk of Recidivism?
Authors: Ryan Christopher James 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many jurisdictions have laws that allow convicted sex offenders to be given antiandrogens as a component of sentencing. In other jurisdictions legislation facilitates the voluntary use of antilibidinal drugs in this population on the assumption that these compounds will decrease the rate of recidivism in sex offenders. This chapter begins with an overview of the current legal situation in various jurisdictions and provides examples of the assumptions of efficacy often made by academics and the judiciary. It then examines the theoretical basis of any hoped-for efficacy of antiandrogens in reducing recidivism before a critical examination of the actual empirical evidence for this, including a best-case scenario estimation of the how many offenders would need to take antiandrogens to prevent one from reoffending. The chapter also reviews the harms associated with the use of antiandrogen drugs (to the extent that these are known) before returning to the ethical question that forms the chapter’s title and concluding that the state should not authorize the compulsory or coerced used of antiandrogens, primarily because of the lack of evidence of efficacy of these substances.
Black Samson in the Temple of Liberty
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, prominent writers and politicians invoked the Temple of Liberty in debates over slavery. The Temple of Liberty was a symbolic term for the United States. Both pro- and anti-slavery advocates had concerns regarding the stability of the nation’s democracy due to the enslavement of African peoples. The idea of Black Samson in the Temple of Liberty became a powerful image within anti-slavery efforts. For example, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s 1842 poem “The Warning” popularized the image of a blinded Black Samson figure destroying the temple. In this chapter, we analyze how nineteenth-century American writers used Samson to address not only slavery but also other issues related to race. In doing so, these writers created a lasting link between the biblical Samson and African Americans that helped to generate a uniquely American Black Samson figure.
Black Samson of Brandywine
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was not the only writer to popularize a Black Samson figure. Moving away from treating Samson as an abolitionist hero, other writers continued to develop this uniquely American Samson figure within folklore, fiction, and poetry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Black Samson became immortalized in Paul Laurence Dunbar’s “Black Samson of Brandywine,” which transformed Samson into a symbol of African American achievement. In this chapter, we highlight the writers who offer new understandings of Samson as a loyal American patriot. Folklore about the Battle of Brandywine developed a less revolutionary and more conciliatory image of Black Samson than those modeled after the biblical story.
Samson and the Making of American Martyrs
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
By the 1850s, some abolitionists had begun to use the term “Samson” to refer to those involved in insurrections by enslaved persons. By the dawn of the Civil War, they extended that term to describe real-life persons who fought to end slavery. In the last half of the nineteenth century, poets, clergy, scholars, and other intellectuals began to identify biblical Samson with historical individuals who challenged racial oppression in America. The biblical hero had already become a potent symbol of African Americans’ collective strength in the fight against slavery and other barriers to social advancement. Eventually, he became associated with those who took up this struggle through passionate rhetoric, violence, and, at times, political compromise. In the process, persons like John Brown, Fredrick Douglass, Gabriel Prosser, Nat Turner, and Booker T. Washington became memorialized as larger-than-life Samson figures.
The Edomites
Authors: Doak Brian R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The geographically southernmost entity among Israel’s neighbors, the Edomites, appear in the Hebrew Bible in a fascinatingly close role to Israel—literally as Israel’s twin brother (Gen 25–26). Most like its assessment of the Arameans, the biblical tradition acknowledges the familial bonds between Israel and Edom but at the same time blames Edom for various political infractions and disloyalty. The names of some Edomite kings are known from Assyrian administrative texts in the eighth century bce, a period of Assyrian domination generally over the region. Not many Edomite written materials remain, and no royal inscriptions. However, a small number of native inscriptions attest to the prominence of the deity Qos as the primary Edomite deity, and excavations at key sites such as Qitmit and En Hatzeva within the last few decades have revealed artifacts that help us begin to understand Edomite religion and iconography.
The Philistines
Authors: Doak Brian R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In a political and military sense, none of Israel’s neighbors loom as large in the biblical imagination as the Philistines. Indeed, the Bible depicts the Philistines as inextricably involved with Israel’s early experience with the monarchy, threatening the existence of the new nation. Throughout 1 Samuel—most famously in the story of David and Goliath—the Philistines antagonize Israel. Decades of archaeological research have given us an independent view of the Philistines—as a cultured people who were a contingent of the so-called Sea Peoples who migrated east after the collapse of the Late Bronze Age political system in the Mediterranean world. Though no substantial native Philistine literary culture or even a script to speak of survives, archaeological work at sites along the coastal plain has presented rich examples of a distinctive Philistine pottery tradition, iconography, and glimpses into their religious practice.
Atlantic Wars
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Atlantic Wars explores how warfare shaped human experience around the Atlantic from the late Middle Ages until the nineteenth century. Military concerns and initiatives drove the development of technologies like ships, port facilities, fortresses, and roads that made crossing the ocean possible and reshaped the landscape on widely separated coasts. Forced migrations made land available for colonization, and the transportation of war captives provided labor in the colonies. Some wars spread to engulf widely scattered places, and even small-scale, localized conflicts had effects beyond the combat zone. Wars in Africa had consequences in the colonies where captives were sold. Europeans and their descendants held the upper hand in combat on the ocean, but in the early modern period they never dominated warfare in Africa or the Americas. New ways of fighting developed as diverse groups fought alongside as well as against each other. In the Age of Revolution enslaved Africans, indigenous Americans, and colonists in various places rejected cross-cultural alliances and the prevailing pattern of Atlantic warfare. New military ethics were developed with important implications for the governance of the European empires, the security of the new American nation-states, the legal status of indigenous peoples, the future of slavery, and the development of Atlantic economy. The pervasive influence of warfare on life around the ocean becomes apparent only by examining the Atlantic world as a whole.
Sailors
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the labor required for sailing a ship across the Atlantic and the lives of sailors. Sailors were removed from their homes to live in all-male environments for months at a time. Their hours of work were unusual, with shifts relieving each other night and day. Sailors were subjected to constant supervision at sea, and poorly paid. Many were recruited as boys. Some were tricked or forced into service, and others, in poverty, enlisted out of desperation. Indigenous Americans and Africans served alongside Europeans and colonists on sailing ships. Drawing on the memoirs and experiences of individual sailors, the chapter discusses their material circumstances at sea and in port. Moving from vessel to vessel, sailors often served under a succession of different flags, fighting for various countries over their lifetimes. They developed a distinctive Atlantic culture, living and working in communities that were fragile, multilingual, and violent.
The First Phase of Atlantic Warfare, from the Fifteenth Century to 1688
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 analyzes a pattern of warfare that developed across the Atlantic world from the fifteenth century to 1688. The chapter begins in the far north of the Atlantic before proceeding to conflict along the coast of Africa and across the Atlantic world. During this period European attempts to pursue large-scale transatlantic military campaigns rarely succeeded, because expeditionary forces sent from Europe almost invariably became mired in a tangle of regional or local battles. Combatants engaged in predatory raids, retaliatory attacks, and captive-taking. Small-scale skirmishes rarely escalated into transatlantic war. Responding to local circumstances, Europeans fought against each other, exploited divisions within indigenous communities, and joined Americans and Africans in military alliances.
Corporate Bond Markets
Authors: Carter Kelly E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers the fundamentals of corporate bond markets. It begins by highlighting the size and importance of these markets, followed by a discussion of the major types of corporate bonds and the process of issuing bonds. Next, the chapter provides a discussion of important relationships between a bond’s price and market interest rates, including the key observation that bond prices move opposite market interest rates. The next topic focuses on duration and convexity, which are techniques to estimate the dollar and percent changes in bond prices for a given change in market interest rates, followed by a discussion of bond immunization, which is a technique used to protect the value of bond portfolios from adverse changes in market interest rates. The final topics covered concern yield curves, credit ratings, and the impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act of 2010 on corporate bond markets.
Short-Term Funding and Financing Alternatives
Authors: Aguilar Benjamin , Jain Ajit , Neaves Kevin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the different types of short-term funding and financing alternatives that are available in the commercial money and capital markets. First, it covers commercial paper market activity, issue maturity, and quality. Second, the chapter addresses common uses and terms for commercial and standby letters of credit as well as common issuing requirements and covenants, and discusses the parties, processes, and risks involved. Third, it covers bilateral and trilateral repurchase agreements. Fourth, the chapter discusses asset-based loans, including accounts receivable factoring and purchase order financing. Finally, it covers revolving credit facilities and their associated costs. In sum, short-term funding is important for borrowers seeking additional liquidity to finance working capital or other short-term investments. For each type of short-term funding alternative, the chapter discusses the expected return and potential risks that the borrower and lender should evaluate before entering the financial transaction.