bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight Loss in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Retrospective Review of Outcomes in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Ang Juan Lyn , Teo Kai Z. , Fraser Clare L. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Weight loss is important in the management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH); however, extremely caloric restrictive diets have been used in published studies, which may not be practical for all patients. We aim to review the weight loss outcomes of IIH patients and weight loss methods used by patients who achieve clinical remission (CR) in a standard clinical setting.

Methods:
The medical records of IIH patients were retrospectively reviewed. Measures evaluated included: reported symptoms, visual acuity, retinal nerve fiber layer analysis, automated visual fields, optic disc appearance, and cessation of medications. Patients were divided into different outcome groups and weight changes were compared. Patients who achieved CR were contacted to assess weight loss methods used.

Results:
Of the 39 patients included in the analysis, 28 patients (71.8%) achieved CR with concomitant weight loss, 6 patients (15.4%) improved clinically with concomitant weight loss but did not achieve CR. Among the patients with CR, 10 patients (35.7%) were successfully weaned off their medications completely, whereas another 10 patients (35.7%) are in the process of this. Median weight loss from baseline to lowest weight for this group was 10.5 kg (11.5%) achieved using self-directed methods.

Conclusion:
This study demonstrated that a large proportion of IIH patients were able to achieve CR or improvement with self-directed weight loss regimens, reinforcing the evidence and the practicality of weight loss in the management of IIH in the clinical setting.
Characterization of Visual Pathway Abnormalities in Infants With Congenital Zika Syndrome Using Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Henderson Amanda D. , Ventura Camila V. , Huisman Thierry A. G. M. , Meoded Avner , Hazin Adriano N. , van der Linden Vanessa , de Lima Petribu Natacha C. , May William N. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Severe visual impairment is present in nearly all infants with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS); however, ocular abnormalities are present only in a subset of these infants. The purpose of this study was to characterize the visual pathway abnormalities seen on computed tomography (CT) and MRI scans in infants with CZS.

Methods:
Preliminary neuroimaging information was obtained from a referred sample of 105 infants with clinical and epidemiologic data consistent with CZS in the Pernambuco state of Brazil. Subjects were excluded if Zika virus infection was not confirmed by serologic or cerebrospinal fluid studies or if images were nondiagnostic. Of the 105 subjects initially screened, head CT images adequate for interpretation were available for 54, and brain MRI images adequate for interpretation were available for 20. Four patients had both CT and MRI images. Magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans from infants with CZS were systematically reviewed for globe malformations, optic nerve and chiasmal atrophy, occipital cortical volume loss, white matter abnormalities, ventriculomegaly, and calcifications. Neuroimaging findings were correlated with measures of visual function and with ocular examinations in these infants.

Results:
Thirty-three males and 37 females were included in the analysis. The mean age of the infants at the time of neuroimaging was 16.0 weeks (range 0 days–15.5 months), and the mean gestational age at the time of birth was 38 weeks. All patients were from the Pernambuco state of Brazil. Overall, 70 of 74 (95%) scans showed occipital volume loss, whereas 9 (12%) showed optic nerve atrophy, 3 (4%) showed chiasmal atrophy, and 1 (1%) showed an ocular calcification. Sixty-two of the infants underwent ophthalmologic examinations. A total of 34 (55%) infants had at least one documented structural ocular abnormality, and 26 (42%) had at least one structural ocular abnormality documented in both eyes. Of those with available visual acuity data, all had visual impairment. Among those with visual impairment and normal eye examinations, 100% had visual pathway abnormalities on neuroimaging, including 100% with occipital cortical volume loss, 8% with optic nerve atrophy, and 8% with chiasmal atrophy.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that cortical visual impairment related to structural abnormalities of the occipital cortex is likely an important cause of visual impairment in children with CZS with normal eye examinations.
Multimodal Imaging in Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy
Authors: Botsford Benjamin W. , Kukkar Priyanka , Bonhomme Gabrielle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:
A 44-year-old woman noticed bilateral irregular scotomata associated with photopsias of 6-month duration. Ophthalmoscopic examination demonstrated multiple bilateral, pericentral, hypopigmented, petaloid, macular lesions evident on Amsler grid associated with paracentral hyperreflective lesions on optical coherence tomography in the outer plexiform and nuclear layers. Indocyanine green angiography revealed patches of choroidal ischemia consistent with acute macular neuroretinopathy.
Variability Within Optic Nerve Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements Distinguishes Papilledema From Pseudopapilledema
Authors: Flowers Alexis M. , Longmuir Reid A. , Liu Yuhan , Chen Qingxia , Donahue Sean P. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
To report a linear risk score obtained using clock-hour optical coherence tomography (OCT) data from papilledema and pseudopapilledema nerves that differentiates between the 2 diagnoses with high sensitivity and specificity.

Methods:
Patients presenting to a single neuro-ophthalmologist with papilledema or pseudopapilledema were included for a retrospective review. The absolute consecutive difference in OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between adjacent clock hours and the mean magnitude of thickness for clock hours 1–12 were compared between the 2 groups using mixed-effect models adjusting for age and clock hour with a random intercept for subjects and eyes (nested within subject). The area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristics curve and a separate calibration curve was used to evaluate potential clinical usage.

Results:
Forty-four eyes with papilledema and 72 eyes with pseudopapilledema, 36 of whom had optic nerve drusen met criteria. The papilledema group had a higher mean RNFL thickness (papilledema = 163 ± 68 µm, pseudopapilledema = 82 ± 22 µm, P < 0.001). The papilledema groups also had more variability between consecutive clock hours (papilledema = 57 ± 20 µm, pseudopapilledema = 26 ± 11 µm, P < 0.001). A linear combination of each patient's averaged values separated the 2 groups with an AUC of 98.4% (95% CI 95.5%–100%) with an optimized sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 95.5% as well as good calibration (mean absolute error = 0.015).

Conclusions:
Patients with papilledema have higher intrinsic variability and magnitude within their OCT, and this finding reliably distinguishes them from those with pseudopapilledema.
Ostomy Care During Hospital Stay for Ostomy Surgery and the United Ostomy Associations of America Patient Bill of Rights
Authors: Miller Leslie Riggle 
Published: November 2020

PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to determine whether ostomy patients are receiving ostomy care pre- and postoperatively in accordance with the United Ostomy Associations of America Ostomy and Continent DiversionPatient Bill of Rights.DESIGN:Descriptive, quantitative study.SUBJECTS AND SETTING:The sample comprised 325 participants with an ostomy living in the United States. All participants underwent ostomy surgery in the United States.METHODS:Participants were recruited through a purposive, nonprobability sampling method based on the presence of an ostomy and the ability to read and understand English. Data were collected between summer 2017 and fall 2018 from ostomy support groups (online and in-person support groups). Respondents completed a self-administered online questionnaire, which included closed-ended and open-ended questions.RESULTS:Forty percent (n = 127) of participants reported not being supervised changing their pouch before discharge. Forty-two percent (n = 137) reported receiving only hands-on instruction on how to care for their ostomy after surgery (no reading materials, nor video tutorial). Slightly more than half (52%; n = 170) reported not receiving support group information, and only 14% (n = 46) indicated participating in a discussion on intimacy concerns.CONCLUSIONS:The study demonstrates that ostomy care at the hospital can improve. Receiving an ostomy is a life-changing operation, and the first line of support for ostomy patients is their provider. Future research should examine ostomy care from providers' perspectives and, prospectively, in order to test care measures on patient health outcomes.
From sequence to information
Authors: Popa Ovidiu , Oldenburg Ellen , Ebenhöh Oliver 
Published: November 2020

Today massive amounts of sequenced metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from different ecological niches and environmental locations are available. Scientific progress depends critically on methods that allow extracting useful information from the various types of sequence data. Here, we will first discuss types of information contained in the various flavours of biological sequence data, and how this information can be interpreted to increase our scientific knowledge and understanding. We argue that a mechanistic understanding of biological systems analysed from different perspectives is required to consistently interpret experimental observations, and that this understanding is greatly facilitated by the generation and analysis of dynamic mathematical models. We conclude that, in order to construct mathematical models and to test mechanistic hypotheses, time-series data are of critical importance. We review diverse techniques to analyse time-series data and discuss various approaches by which time-series of biological sequence data have been successfully used to derive and test mechanistic hypotheses. Analysing the bottlenecks of current strategies in the extraction of knowledge and understanding from data, we conclude that combined experimental and theoretical efforts should be implemented as early as possible during the planning phase of individual experiments and scientific research projects.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
Individual variation and interactions explain food web responses to global warming
Authors: Gårdmark Anna , Huss Magnus 
Published: November 2020

Understanding food web responses to global warming, and their consequences for conservation and management, requires knowledge on how responses vary both among and within species. Warming can reduce both species richness and biomass production. However, warming responses observed at different levels of biological organization may seem contradictory. For example, higher temperatures commonly lead to faster individual body growth but can decrease biomass production of fishes. Here we show that the key to resolve this contradiction is intraspecific variation, because (i) community dynamics emerge from interactions among individuals, and (ii) ecological interactions, physiological processes and warming effects often vary over life history. By combining insights from temperature-dependent dynamic models of simple food webs, observations over large temperature gradients and findings from short-term mesocosm and multi-decadal whole-ecosystem warming experiments, we resolve mechanisms by which warming waters can affect food webs via individual-level responses and review their empirical support. We identify a need for warming experiments on food webs manipulating population size structures to test these mechanisms. We stress that within-species variation in both body size, temperature responses and ecological interactions are key for accurate predictions and appropriate conservation efforts for fish production and food web function under a warming climate.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation'.
Cross-continental analysis of coastal biodiversity change
Authors: Rishworth Gavin M. , Adams Janine B. , Bird Matthew S. , Carrasco Nicola K. , Dänhardt Andreas , Dannheim Jennifer , Lemley Daniel A. , Pistorius Pierre A. , Scheiffarth Gregor , Hillebrand Helmut 
Published: November 2020

Whereas the anthropogenic impact on marine biodiversity is undebated, the quantification and prediction of this change are not trivial. Simple traditional measures of biodiversity (e.g. richness, diversity indices) do not capture the magnitude and direction of changes in species or functional composition. In this paper, we apply recently developed methods for measuring biodiversity turnover to time-series data of four broad taxonomic groups from two coastal regions: the southern North Sea (Germany) and the South African coast. Both areas share geomorphological features and ecosystem types, allowing for a critical assessment of the most informative metrics of biodiversity change across organism groups. We found little evidence for directional trends in univariate metrics of diversity for either the effective number of taxa or the amount of richness change. However, turnover in composition was high (on average nearly 30% of identities when addressing presence or absence of species) and even higher when taking the relative dominance of species into account. This turnover accumulated over time at similar rates across regions and organism groups. We conclude that biodiversity metrics responsive to turnover provide a more accurate reflection of community change relative to conventional metrics (absolute richness or relative abundance) and are spatially broadly applicable.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
Ecological limits to evolutionary rescue
Authors: Klausmeier Christopher A. , Osmond Matthew M. , Kremer Colin T. , Litchman Elena 
Published: November 2020

Environments change, for both natural and anthropogenic reasons, which can threaten species persistence. Evolutionary adaptation is a potentially powerful mechanism to allow species to persist in these changing environments. To determine the conditions under which adaptation will prevent extinction (evolutionary rescue), classic quantitative genetics models have assumed a constantly changing environment. They predict that species traits will track a moving environmental optimum with a lag that approaches a constant. If fitness is negative at this lag, the species will go extinct. There have been many elaborations of these models incorporating increased genetic realism. Here, we review and explore the consequences of four ecological complications: non-quadratic fitness functions, interacting density- and trait-dependence, species interactions and fundamental limits to adaptation. We show that non-quadratic fitness functions can result in evolutionary tipping points and existential crises, as can the interaction between density- and trait-dependent mortality. We then review the literature on how interspecific interactions affect adaptation and persistence. Finally, we suggest an alternative theoretical framework that considers bounded environmental change and fundamental limits to adaptation. A research programme that combines theory and experiments and integrates across organizational scales will be needed to predict whether adaptation will prevent species extinction in changing environments.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
Marine conservation: towards a multi-layered network approach
Authors: Jacob Ute , Beckerman Andrew P. , Antonijevic Mira , Dee Laura E. , Eklöf Anna , Possingham Hugh P. , Thompson Ross , Webb Thomas J. , Halpern Benjamin S. 
Published: November 2020

Valuing, managing and conserving marine biodiversity and a full range of ecosystem services is at the forefront of research and policy agendas. However, biodiversity is being lost at up to a thousand times the average background rate. Traditional disciplinary and siloed conservation approaches are not able to tackle this massive loss of biodiversity because they generally ignore or overlook the interactive and dynamic nature of ecosystems processes, limiting their predictability. To conserve marine biodiversity, we must assess the interactions and impacts among biodiversity and ecosystem services (BD-ES). The scaling up in complexity from single species to entire communities is necessary, albeit challenging, for a deeper understanding of how ecosystem services relate to biodiversity and the roles species have in ecosystem service provision. These interactions are challenging to map, let alone fully assess, but network and system-based approaches provide a powerful way to progress beyond those limitations. Here, we introduce a conceptual multi-layered network approach to understanding how ecosystem services supported by biodiversity drive the total service provision, how different stressors impact BD-ES and where conservation efforts should be placed to optimize the delivery of ecosystem services and protection of biodiversity.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
Impacts of stormwater on coastal ecosystems: the need to match the scales of management objectives and solutions
Authors: Levin Phillip S. , Howe Emily R. , Robertson James C. 
Published: November 2020

Despite their limited area relative to the global ocean, coastal zones—the regions where land meets the sea—play a disproportionately important role in generating ecosystem services. However, coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human populations. In particular, urban stormwater is an increasingly important threat to the integrity of coastal systems. Urban catchments exhibit altered flow regimes that impact ecosystem processes and coastal foodwebs. In addition, urban stormwater contains complex and unpredictable mixtures of chemicals that result in a multitude of lethal and sublethal impacts on species in coastal systems. Along the western coast of the United States, we estimate that hundreds of billions of kilograms of suspended solids flow off land surfaces and enter the Northern California Current each year. However, 70% of this pollution could be addressed by treating only 1.35% of the land area. Determining how to prioritize treatment of stormwater in this region requires a clear articulation of objectives—spatial distribution of appropriate management actions is dependent on the life histories of species, and management schemes optimized for one species may not achieve desired objectives for other species. In particular, we highlight that the scale of stormwater interventions must match the ecological scale relevant to species targeted by management. In many cases, management and policy will require mechanisms in order to ensure that local actions scale-up to efficiently and effectively achieve management objectives. In the face of rapid urbanization of coastal zones, failure to consider the match of management and ecological scales will result in the continued decline of coastal ecosystems and the species they support.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
A non-olfactory shark adenosine receptor activates CFTR with unique pharmacology and structural features
Authors: Bhanot Sumeet , Hemminger Gabriele , Martin Cole L. , Aller Stephen G. , Forrest John N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAdenosine receptors (ADORs) are G-protein coupled purinoceptors that have several functions including regulation of chloride secretion via CFTR in human airway and kidney. We cloned an ADOR fromSqualus acanthias(shark) that likely regulates CFTR in the rectal gland. Phylogenic- and expression- analyses indicate that elasmobranch ADORs are non-olfactory, and appear to represent extant predecessors of mammalian ADORs. We therefore designate the shark ADOR as the A0receptor. We co-expressed A0with CFTR inXenopus laevisoocytes and characterized the coupling of A0to the chloride channel. Two electrode voltage clamping was performed and current-voltage (I-V) responses were recorded to monitor CFTR status. Only in A0- and CFTR- co-injected oocytes did adenosine analogs produce a significant concentration-dependent activation of CFTR consistent with its electrophysiological signature. A pharmacological profile for A0was obtained for ADOR agonists and antagonists that differed markedly from all mammalian ADOR subtypes (agonists: R-PIA > S-PIA > CGS21680 > CPA > 2ClADO > CV1808 = DPMA > NECA) and (antagonists: DPCPX > PD115199 > 8PT > CGC > CGS15943). Structures of human ADORs permitted a high-confidence homology model of the shark A0core which revealed unique structural features of ancestral receptors. We conclude: (1) A0is a novel and unique adenosine receptor ancestor by functional and structural criteria; (2) A0likely activates CFTRin vivoand this receptor activates CFTR in oocytes indicating an evolutionary coupling between ADORs and chloride secretion; and (3) A0appears to be a non-olfactory evolutionary ancestor of all four mammalian ADOR subtypes.Significance StatementWe have cloned and characterized an ancient adenosine receptor from sharks that is unlikely to be olfactory in function. The shark receptor, which we designate as A0, has a unique pharmacological profile, characteristic structural features, and is also highly likely to be the dominant ADOR regulator of the shark ancient ortholog of the Cystic Fibrosis chloride channel, called CFTR.
MondoA Drives Malignancy in cALL through Enhanced Adaptation to Metabolic Stress
Authors: Sipol Alexandra , Hameister Erik , Xue Busheng , Petry Andreas , Prexler Carolin , Barenboim Maxim , Rubio Rebeca Alba , Baldauf Michaela C. , Franchina Davide G. , Schmaeh Juliane , Richter Guenther , Cario Gunnar , Grünewald Thomas G.P. , Görlach Agnes , Brenner Dirk , Ruland Jürgen , Sorensen Poul H. , Burdach Stefan E.G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCancer cells are in most instances characterized by rapid proliferation and uncontrolled cell division. Hence, they must adapt to proliferation-induced metabolic stress through intrinsic or acquired anti-metabolic stress responses to maintain homeostasis and survival. One mechanism to achieve this is to reprogram gene expression in a metabolism-dependent manner. MondoA (also known as MLXIP), a member of the MYC interactome, has been described as an example of such a metabolic sensor. However, the role of MondoA in malignancy is not fully understood and the underlying mechanism in metabolic responses remains elusive. By assessing patient data sets we found that MondoA overexpression is associated with a worse survival in pediatric common acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL). Using CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA interference approaches, we observed that MondoA depletion reduces transformational capacity of cALL cellsin vitroand dramatically inhibits malignant potential in anin vivomouse model. Interestingly, reduced expression of MondoA in patient data sets correlated with enrichment in metabolic pathways. The loss of MondoA correlated with increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity. Mechanistically, MondoA senses metabolic stress in cALL cells by restricting oxidative phosphorylation through reduced PDH activity. Glutamine starvation conditions greatly enhance this effect and highlight the inability to mitigate metabolic stress upon loss of MondoA in cALL. Our findings give a novel insight into the function of MondoA in pediatric cALL and support the notion that MondoA inhibition in this entity offers a therapeutic opportunity and should be further explored.Key PointsMondoA maintains aggressiveness and leukemic burden in common ALL, modulating metabolic stress response.