bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reformed Theology and Medieval Theology
Authors: Cleveland Christopher 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between medieval theology and Reformed theology. The Reformation broke with medieval thought upon key issues, but in many areas, medieval influence remained. Many of the Reformers, including Luther, Zwingli, Bucer, and Vermigli, were trained in various forms of medieval thought, such as Thomism, Scotism, and Nominalism. Calvin was unique in that he was mostly self-trained in theology, although the nature of his training remains disputed. As Reformed theology became institutionalized, medieval theology became a valuable tool in the defence of Reformed thought, as exemplified in the writings of John Owen and Francis Turretin. The chapter also examines Reformed theology in the areas of the doctrine of God, of providence, of predestination, of sanctification, and of the person of Christ, noting the influence of medieval thought upon the formulation of these doctrines.
Christ
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhere Reformed theology has been at all conscious of its roots, it has continued to reflect on Christological themes in ways that had already begun to assume a certain shape within the first generation of its history. The conceptual issues with which the earliest Reformed theologians wrestled had a lengthy history already; the specific styles in which those issues were pursued further became distinctive of a movement that offered its own refractions of a catholic doctrinal inheritance. In their efforts to mark out essential features of God’s self-disclosure in Jesus Christ, Reformed theologians developed their own particular emphases in respect of conciliar teaching and contemporary debates concerning the divine and human natures in the person of Christ: on the ‘communication of attributes’, on the so-called extra Calvinisticum, and on the threefold office of the mediator. Reformed Christology in the modern period has been very diverse and contested; for all the immense effects of cultural change, ‘deconfessionalizing’, and doctrinal criticism, a good number of the underlying instincts of Reformed reasoning have not disappeared.
Reformed Theology in Scholastic Development
Authors: Wisse Maarten 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReformed scholasticism has been studied afresh in recent decades by ‘new school’ historians who have recaptured the movement in its own context, particularly in the work of Richard Muller and those involved in the so-called Utrecht School of research into this area of Reformation and post-Reformation historical theology. This chapter assesses ways in which that recent historiography has helped illumine features about the period, its texts, its controversies, and its contexts relative to earlier ‘old school’ analyses of the post-Reformation handbook tradition. It will analyse doctrinal topics which have received predominant attention, noting areas of gain as well as potential opportunities for distortion. It will then shift to assess ways in which ‘new school’ research ought to progress still further both in its historical analysis of the Reformation and post-Reformation periods and in its theological appropriation today. To employ Reformed scholastic resources from previous periods demands greater attention to its polemical concerns, its innovative functions, its literary genre, and its own theological diversity before one can put it to constructive use today.
Reformed Theology and the Enlightenment
Authors: Sytsma David S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReformed theologians both promoted and opposed philosophical trends, such as Cartesianism and Christian Epicureanism, normally associated with the Enlightenment. But although Reformed theologians initially divided over response to more moderate forms of Enlightenment associated with Descartes and Locke, they remained firmly opposed to the radical Enlightenment represented by Spinoza and deism. Reformed theology was also impacted by the growing popularity of Remonstrant theology and Anglican Latitudinarianism. These new religious currents were contributing factors to a shift in Reformed sentiment about the correct use of reason in theology, the method of biblical interpretation, and the employment of traditional scholastic sources and terminology. Under the impact of a changed philosophical and religious climate, Reformed theologians began to alter various doctrinal loci, including free choice, the Trinity, and person of Christ, thereby inviting doctrinal controversy and contemporary accusations of heterodoxy.
Myth and Myth-making
Authors: Piccini Jon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Modern societies function through a variety of interconnected myths. Stories of who we are, where we have come from, and where we are going next are necessitated by mass society. This chapter contends that Australia myth-making can be helpfully analysed by separately exploring its colonial, nationalist, and modern forms. The first section pieces together how perceptions of Terra Australis as a wild and uncivilized land mass and the myth of a peaceful conquest informed early mythologizing. The expansion of pastoralism in the face of wild nature also informed the birth of Australia’s first national ‘type’, the ‘bushman’. The chapter then turns to twentieth-century myth-making, exploring how the acronym for Australia and New Zealand Army Corps quickly became a noun after the landings at Gallipoli in 1915 were reinterpreted from bloody calamity into a story of national birth. The landings also inaugurated the masculinist mythology of the ‘digger’, which denied the significant role and achievements of women in pre-war politics and society. Egalitarianism, the concept that no man is better than his mate, also became central to Australia’s sense of self in the early twentieth century. The chapter concludes by considering how Australia’s myths have morphed or fossilized as the nation has been dragged into a globalized world and a deregulated economy. It considers Australia’s new-found status as a ‘multicultural success story’, asking just how dead and buried the White Australia policy is, whether concepts of egalitarianism, mateship, and the ‘fair go’ are truly universal, and what, if any, effects the extinguishment of terra nullius has had on the polity.
“Even Therapists Need Therapists”: Ethical Issues in Working with LGBTQ+ Clients
Authors: Addison Sheila M. , Ryan Whit 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the complex interplay of ethical and clinical considerations in psychotherapy, research, and supervision with sexual and gender minority (SGM) clients. Using ethical codes and “best practices” documents from mental health organizations throughout the Anglophone world, the authors explore topics such as clinical competence, nonmaleficence, non-discrimination, confidentiality, multiple relationships, using and conducting research, financial matters, advertising, assessment and diagnosis, and supervision through a feminist, queer lens. Ethical considerations are illuminated through brief vignettes grounded in affirmative clinical practices and a cultural humility approach.
Psychotherapy Ethics in Film
Authors: Eichinger Tobias 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Cinematic depictions of psychotherapy and its practitioners have been very popular since the beginning of film history. Most of these portrayals are not realistic or commendable, but rather obey the laws of film narration, entertainment, and pleasure of spectatorship. Regarding psychotherapy ethics, the quartet of stereotypical images of the crazy (“Dr. Dippy”), the bad (“Dr. Evil”), the good (“Dr. Wonderful”), and the sexually suggestive (“Dr. Horny”) therapist refers to the ethical requirements of the profession and constitutes an index of ethical misconduct. Nevertheless, cinematic depictions of psychotherapeutic work may serve as an ideal tool for teaching psychotherapy ethics, where learning objectives as developing moral sensitivity, the competence to identify, articulate, reflect upon, and handle the moral dimensions and questions arising from therapeutic work, may be targeted very well, especially in view of not so ideal filmic examples.
Language
Authors: Carré Nathalie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe rise of information and communications technologies (ICTs) since the year 2000 has had a transformative effect on authorship, especially in the developing world. Mobile telephones, tablets, and internet cafés have, along with the social media that thrive on them, created entirely new avenues for writers to connect with a worldwide audience, often bypassing the traditional gatekeepers of global celebrity. But ICTs, owing to technological limitations and the fact that the vast majority of them originate in the developed world, frequently present access hurdles of their own to authors writing in so-called smaller languages. What happens, for example, to authors who favour a language with a script not yet universally supported by social media platforms? As Nathalie Carré shows in this chapter, small languages may well be dependent on translations to ensure their survival in a global literary system, but this process is a two-way street.
Nation
Authors: Boes Tobias 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Goethe’s 1827 aphorism that ‘national literature is now a rather unmeaning term; the epoch of world literature is at hand’ is cited approvingly in virtually every critical study of the ways authors and literature move about in the world. But is it actually true? As Tobias Boes shows in this contribution, the global literature industry remains subdivided along national lines, with publishers’ catalogues, prize competitions, and trade fairs more or less resembling a ‘cultural Olympiad’. Many twenty-first-century authors struggle with this phenomenon of ‘national exemplification’, as Boes calls it, while other writers derive great commercial benefit from hitching their wagon to the destiny of a national community. This chapter explores whether national exemplification will still be the way forward as we progress into the twenty-first century.
Readers
Authors: Hussain Zahid 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Zahid Hussain, perhaps best known as the author of The Curry Mile, takes us on various journeys through the north of England, and to Pakistan, where he engages with a wide variety of people—schoolchildren, self-important academics, clueless audience members. The chapter explores how twenty-first-century authors interact with their audience in a wide variety of manners, only some of which are centred on the texts that brought them together in the first place. Hussain inverts the way we ordinarily think about the author–reader relationship. Readers may construct images of authors in order to fulfil personal or communal needs—the desire to be represented in the global literary sphere, for example. But, as Hussain shows through his multilayered autofictional chapter, in which successive encounters with ‘readers’ give rise to ever-new stories, authors just as vitally depend upon imagined constructions of their audience to sustain their creativity.
Commissions
Authors: Page Ra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Commissions have a poor reputation in contemporary critical discourse. Too strong is the associative link with the grand seigneurs of times past, who relied on poets to praise their conquests. But precisely because they have such a proven track record of controlling historical and political narratives, commissions are an undeniably strong example of ‘worlding’ through authorship. And by no means can this force be deployed only for negative ends. In this chapter, Ra Page, the founder and editor-in-chief of the Manchester-based publishing house Comma Press, demonstrates how such a process might work. The author offers case studies of short-story anthologies that unapologetically try to alter our perception of the world. They do so not just through their subject matter, but also by how they conceptualize the process of authorship and of the ideological commitments that it entails.
The Study of Anglo-Saxon Poetry in the Victorian Period
Authors: Toswell M. J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Victorians produced the first editions of Anglo-Saxon poetry in English, and began the serious study of these materials in England. John Josias Conybeare showed the way, locating and editing selected pieces of Old English poetry with a translation. John Mitchell Kemble, from the famous Irish acting family, chose a different career as an academic and antiquarian, though never with a permanent post. He produced the first edition of Beowulf, and a much better revision within a few years. Benjamin Thorpe prepared editions of four different poetic codices (missing only the Vercelli Book, of the important five manuscripts, because it was not discovered until the twentieth century): the Paris Psalter, the Junius Manuscript, the Exeter Book, and Beowulf. Finally, Frederick Furnivall established many learned societies and successfully established the Oxford English Dictionary.
Chaucer among the Victorians
Authors: Utz Richard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The nineteenth and early twentieth century saw a growing fascination with Geoffrey Chaucer and his texts. English Victorians as well as their contemporaries in other English-speaking countries imagined Chaucer as a predecessor to their own preferred aesthetics, ideologies, and mentalities. During the first half of the nineteenth century, antiquarians and gentlemen scholars discover the writer as part of the general enthusiasm about England’s medieval past. They lay the groundwork for the professional medievalists of the final third of the century, when Chaucer’s texts become the subject of manuscript studies, historical linguistics, and literary studies. This interest among the educated classes is accompanied by a strong interest among the general Victorian public. These readers encounter Chaucer via adaptations, translations, bowdlerized anthologies, children’s versions, and ‘Penny Dreadfuls’. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Chaucer is generally acknowledged as the father of English poetry and the source of immense nationalist pride.
Philology, Anglo-Saxonism, and National Identity
Authors: Abberley Will 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that Victorian philology acted as a vehicle for contrasting visions of national heritage in England. Romantic ideas of language expressing national character seemed to render philology a way of discovering a people’s collective spirit through history. However, the nature of this national-linguistic heritage could be imagined very differently. Some scholars presented ancient Anglo-Saxon as the pure essence of Englishness. This view framed the influx of French and Latin elements following the Norman Conquest as a corruption that had weakened the language’s authenticity and power. Others, though, took pride in English’s composite nature, framing it as a mark of England’s cosmopolitan and imperialist destiny. These opposing perspectives are explored by contrasting statements by the historian E. A. Freeman and the lexicographer R. C. Trench.
The Gothic Revival Beyond Europe
Authors: Bremner G. A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the movement outward and influence of the Gothic Revival movement beyond Europe during the mid to late nineteenth century. It considers the impact of this movement on both secular and religious buildings, focusing on how this particular style of architecture found its way into the wider British world, and into corresponding Anglophone cultures such as the United States of America, and what its transmission meant culturally and institutionally. Although much of the chapter’s content focuses on church buildings, other building types considered include museums, universities, and government legislatures. It is argued that the medievalizing tendencies brought by the broadcasting of the Gothic Revival movement were intended to capture and symbolize the essential image and values of European, Christian culture as it sought to inculcate such values though education, religion, and government.
Validating the English Church
Authors: Parry Graham 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
At the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign, leaders of the Church of England recognized the need to provide a history for the national church that would identify its origins in the early Christian era, and demonstrate its initial independence from Rome. Matthew Parker, Elizabeth’s first Archbishop of Canterbury, inaugurated an intense period of research into the Anglo-Saxon Church. Parker and his circle managed to retrieve the Anglo-Saxon language from oblivion, and laid sound foundations for the study of Saxon England and its institutions. This endeavour was further developed by a succession of antiquaries inspired by William Camden’s investigations into the different pasts of Britain. Richard Verstegan, Henry Spelman, James Ussher, and William Somner all made significant contributions to this research. Church history remained a powerful force for advancing Saxon and medieval studies throughout the seventeenth century.
Women Writers and the Medieval
Authors: Broome Saunders Clare 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which medievalism gave intellectual and politically astute women the imaginative means to discuss contemporary social issues and problems without facing the censure that more open social comment might induce. Using medieval linguistic translations, themes, motifs, and settings for diverse artistic, religious, and socio-political purposes, many women writers expressed subversive and challenging opinions: while others, like Charlotte Mary Yonge, offered tales of gentlemanly chivalry and iconic femininity that upheld conservative ideas about society and gender. Women writers’ paradoxical uses of medievalism were seen most clearly in the literature of the Crimean War, and embodied in the role of the reigning monarch, who was both passive chivalric icon and modern ruler. From Anglo-Saxon scholarship to courtly fifteenth-century images, invocations of the Middle Ages provided women with a rich source of allegory and comparison. Many writers perceived the Middle Ages as a time of greater social freedom than their own nineteenth-century experience: Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Augusta Webster explored imaginatively the position of women in Victorian society through medieval settings. Many writers used medieval figures to illustrate contemporary issues: Joan of Arc became an emblem of social equality and an icon for the suffragists, and the legendary Guinevere was used to highlight the confines and injustices of contemporary marriage legislation. By focusing on the work of women writers, this chapter highlights their often overlooked contribution to the development of the medievalist discourse in the nineteenth century.
Anglo-Saxonism and the Victorian Novel
Authors: Parker Joanne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues for the interest and importance of Anglo-Saxonist novels when analysing questions of identity in Victorian Britain. Focusing on the nineteenth century’s two longest works of literary Anglo-Saxonism—Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s 1848 historical novel Harold and Charles Kingsley’s 1866 Hereward the Wake—it reveals that, contrary to contemporary opinion, these works do not assert, but rather question and investigate, simplistic notions of national identity. Both books are often dismissed as simply poor imitations of the earlier work of Sir Walter Scott. The chapter traces their literary origins to well before Scott; argues that the texts differ importantly from Scott’s work, in ways that can tell us much about the mid-nineteenth century; and reveals how the books intersect in important ways with other manifestations of Victorian medievalism, and have also had an important legacy in the medievalism of the late twentieth and the twenty-first centuries.
The Early Mendicants
Authors: Andrews Frances 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter considers the early history of the women and men of the medieval Mendicant orders: the Franciscans, Dominicans, Carmelites, Augustinian Hermits, Servites, Sack, and Pied friars. It outlines recent revisionary approaches to continuity with previous religious orders and the multiplicity of forms ‘mendicancy’ might take. In doing so, it considers the essential features of what it meant to be a mendicant, male or female, paying particular attention to the changing significance of poverty and begging, the location of settlements, the slow emergence of a mendicant status, and the considerable role of the papacy. The value of non-normative textual and visual evidence is particularly emphasized, exposing the power of contingency and suggesting one of the creative ways in which research might begin to tackle the many questions that still deserve investigation.
Russian Orthodox Monasticism from 988 to 1917
Authors: Kenworthy Scott M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractScholarship on Russian Orthodox monasticism is far less developed than that of Christian monasticism in Western Europe. The collapse of communism, however, has led to a revival of interest in its history. This chapter surveys the history of monasticism in Russia until the Revolution of 1917, together with the historiography of distinct periods in that history. One period that has received particular attention is the golden age of Russian monasticism in the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries, from the revival initiated by St Sergius of Radonezh to the great monastic leaders, Nil Sorskii and Joseph Volotskii. Another current interest is the revival of monasticism in the nineteenth century, when forces of modernity such as greater social mobility, modern transport, and the rise of literacy fuelled stories of living spiritual elders and the miraculous workings of saints’ relics, bringing both pilgrims and recruits in great numbers to Russian monasteries.
Holy Men and Women of the Desert
Authors: Brakke David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecent scholarship has undermined the traditional picture of desert monasticism as originating with Antony of Egypt and then spreading to Palestine and Syria, as consisting of the poor and uneducated, and as developing in complete separation from the world. This essay discusses key trends in the study of late ancient desert monks including: the decentring of Egypt and the turn away from single founders; philosophy as the source of and background for monastic practices and literary forms; scepticism about the myth of the desert; the engagement of monks with wider society; rethinking the concept of the holy man; and attention to women and gender. Publications of new sources (such as the works of Evagrius Ponticus and Shenoute), more theoretically aware readings of old sources, and studies of archaeological and papyrological remains have contributed to these developments.
The Archaeology of Monastic Households
Authors: Brooks Hedstrom Darlene L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the buildings and artefacts of late antique monastic sites in Egypt and Palestine. It uses household archaeology to examine the daily behaviours of those who lived in monastic settlements. Household archaeology combines methodologies from archaeology, anthropology, geography, and history. Its application enables us to read the archaeology of monasticism with greater sophistication, so that the artefacts and the places of ordinary life can be interpreted alongside other sources, such as liturgy, images, and texts. Archaeological remains offer an additional lens for reading monastic settlements as complex households or homesteads, and they permit us to write a more nuanced history of monastic life.