bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved method for the separation of carotenoids and carotenoid isomers by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Shuang , Tang Xinyi , Lu Yingying , Xu Jilin , Chen Juanjuan , Chen Haimin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCarotenoids consist of a series of conjugated isoprene units that are characteristically highly conjugated through double bonds, leading to the formation of many isomers that are susceptible to oxidation and other chemical modifications. Extreme hydrophobicity and high complexity make carotenoids difficult to identify and quantify. We implemented the use of a common Syncronis C18 column with strong eluting solvent, here isopropanol, to successfully separate a mixture of 23 carotenoids standards with different structural properties. In addition, the method differentiated between three groups of isomeric carotenoids (lycopene/δ‐carotene/γ‐carotene/ε‐carotene/α‐carotene/β‐carotene, α‐cryptoxanthin/β‐cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin/lutein) by optimizing the gradient profile and using liquid chrmatography–mass spectrometry. The LOD ranged from 0.05 to 5.51 ng/mL, and the recovery of carotenoids in Mytilus coruscus was from 63.54 to 93.25%, with standard deviations <10%. Twenty‐five carotenoids were detected with a total content of 857 ± 55.1 mg/kg, and three isomeric carotenoids were identified: ε‐carotene, α‐carotene, and β‐carotene. Our results show that this methodology is a significant improvement over other alternatives for analyzing carotenoids because of its compatibility with carotenoids of different categories, and most importantly, its ability to resolve isomeric carotenes, which is significant not only for assessing carotenoid species, but also for the tracing of metabolic pathways of carotenoids.
Examining the role of country image in the relationship between cuisine image and intention to visit a country
Authors: Aydin Bulent , Erdogan Bayram Zafer , Baloglu Seyhmus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the study is to investigate the role of a country's image as a mediator between cuisine image and intention to visit a country. Data were collected using online and face‐to‐face surveys from 445 participants experiencing Turkish cuisine in the United Kingdom. The results show that the general cuisine image affects overall country image positively, whereas it does not directly affect intention to visit. However, general country image plays a mediating role between intention to visit and cuisine image. The findings are limited to those who have experienced Turkish cuisine; therefore, they should be interpreted with caution.
Compounding Stress: Childhood Adversity as a Risk Factor for Adulthood Trauma Exposure in the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Bürgin David , Boonmann Cyril , Schmeck Klaus , Schmid Marc , Tripp Paige , Nishimi Kristen , O'Donovan Aoife 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChildhood adversity (CA) and adulthood traumatic experiences (ATEs) are common and unequally distributed in the general population. Early stressors may beget later stressors and alter life‐course trajectories of stressor exposure. Gender differences exist regarding the risk of specific stressors. However, few studies have examined the associations between specific types of CA and ATEs. Using a large‐scale sample of older adults, we aimed to (a) determine if specific or cumulative CA increased the risk for specific or cumulative ATEs and (b) examine whether these associations were moderated by gender. In a sample from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (N = 15,717; Mage = 67.57 years, SD = 10.54), cross‐sectional Poisson and logistic regression models were fitted to assess the specific and cumulative associations between CA and ATEs. Overall, cumulative CA was associated with a larger risk ratio of ATEs, adjusted for covariates: aRRRs = 1.28, 1.63, and 1.97 for 1, 2, and 3–4 adverse events in childhood, respectively. Cumulative CA was particularly strongly associated with adulthood physical attacks, aOR = 5.66, and having a substance‐abusing spouse or child, aOR = 4.00. Childhood physical abuse was the strongest independent risk factor for cumulative ATEs, aRRR = 1.49, and most strongly associated with adulthood physical attacks, aOR = 3.41. Gender moderated the association between cumulative CA and cumulative ATEs, with slightly stronger associations between cumulative CA and ATEs for women than men. Given that CA and ATEs perpetuate health disparities worldwide, reducing their incidence and effects should be major priorities for public health.
Arctic crustose coralline alga resilient to recent environmental change
Authors: Williams Branwen , Chan Phoebe T. W. , Halfar Jochen , Hargan Kathryn , Adey Walter 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRising atmospheric carbon dioxide is warming Arctic seawater at a rate twice the global average due to multiple positive feedbacks. Thus, warming is disproportionately influencing data‐poor Arctic marine ecosystems. Subarctic flora are an important component of these ecosystems, along with the less biodiverse flora endemic to the Arctic. Warming will likely lead to an increasing dominance of subarctic flora that will be initially successful due to a shorter sea ice period. Benthic crustose coralline algae presently flourishes in subarctic regions where they are key substrate builders that influence community structure through provision of habitat for a variety of benthic organisms. Here we evaluate changes in the skeletal resilience of long‐lived subarctic crustose coralline alga Clathromorphum compactum to variability in seawater temperature and sea ice (the later which influences salinity and solar irradiance reaching the seafloor) across latitudes in the northwest Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. We demonstrate that average growth and calcification rate significantly decreases in C. compactum toward higher latitudes due to colder temperatures and more fresh waters. Skeletal density also declines toward higher latitudes but displays specimen‐specific variability. However, through a common growth period (1984–2001), density increased at all locations which we interpret to be a response to warmer and more well‐lit benthic environments. At the most northerly site, growth and calcification also increased with density, suggesting warming and declining Arctic sea ice in the spring may benefit this species at its upper latitudinal limits. As a result, continued warming may enhance the presence of C. compactum in Arctic regions.
Generation of nondiffraction beams by using graphene‐based metasurface in terahertz regime
Authors: Zeng Ting , Deng Li , Zhang Chen , Qu Meijun , Wang Hongjun , Wang Ling , Li Shufang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this article, a graphene‐based reflective metasurface which can generate Bessel beams at arbitrary directions is proposed at 1.52 THz. It chooses the classical cross structure as the unit cell and extends the coverage of the reflection phase to 360° by adjusting two key parameters while maintaining a relatively high‐reflection amplitude. Combined with the excellent impedance characteristics of graphene in the terahertz regime and the long energy transmission distance of the nondiffraction beam, the reflective metasurface finally realize the pseudo‐Bessel beam with a maximum propagation distance of about 3358.85 um and a deflection of about 15° in yoz‐plane as expected. Two forms of efficiency are proposed for the metasurface, one is the focusing efficiency, the other is the conventional radiation efficiency. The simulation results show that the former shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, which conforms to the beam‐forming property of Bessel beam; the latter can be basically maintained at high value of 70% within the nondiffraction propagation distance, which conforms to the energy transmission characteristic of the nondiffraction beam. All the studies show that the graphene‐based metasurface combined with the nondiffraction theory has the advantages of highly controllable beam deflection, long focusing distance, and high‐energy transfer efficiency in the terahertz regime, so it will have a broad application prospect in terahertz telecommunication, wireless energy transmission, near‐field detecting, imaging and many other fields.
Unbalanced SSFP for super‐resolution in MRI
Authors: Lally Peter J. , Matthews Paul M. , Bangerter Neal K. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeTo achieve rapid, low specific absorption rate (SAR) super‐resolution imaging by exploiting the characteristic magnetization off‐resonance profile in SSFP.Theory and MethodsIn the presented technique, low flip angle unbalanced SSFP imaging is used to acquire a series of images at a low nominal resolution that are then combined in a super‐resolution strategy analogous to non‐linear structured illumination microscopy. This is demonstrated in principle via Bloch simulations and synthetic phantoms, and the performance is quantified in terms of point‐spread function (PSF) and SNR for gray and white matter from field strengths of 0.35T to 9.4T. A k‐space reconstruction approach is proposed to account for B0 effects. This was applied to reconstruct super‐resolution images from a test object at 9.4T.ResultsArtifact‐free super‐resolution images were produced after incorporating sufficient preparation time for the magnetization to approach the steady state. High‐resolution images of a test object were obtained at 9.4T, in the presence of considerable B0 inhomogeneity. For gray matter, the highest achievable resolution ranges from 3% of the acquired voxel dimension at 0.35T, to 9% at 9.4T. For white matter, this corresponds to 3% and 10%, respectively. Compared to an equivalent segmented gradient echo acquisition at the optimal flip angle, with a fixed TR of 8 ms, gray matter has up to 34% of the SNR at 9.4T while using a ×10 smaller flip angle. For white matter, this corresponds to 29% with a ×11 smaller flip angle.ConclusionThis approach achieves high degrees of super‐resolution enhancement with minimal RF power requirements.
Multi‐task convolutional neural network‐based design of radio frequency pulse and the accompanying gradients for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Zhang Yajing , Jiang Ke , Jiang Weiwei , Wang Nan , Wright Alan J. , Liu Ailian , Wang Jiazheng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractModern MRI systems usually load the predesigned RFs and the accompanying gradients during clinical scans, with minimal adaption to the specific requirements of each scan. Here, we describe a neural network‐based method for real‐time design of excitation RF pulses and the accompanying gradients' waveforms to achieve spatially two‐dimensional selectivity. Nine thousand sets of radio frequency (RF) and gradient waveforms with two‐dimensional spatial selectivity were generated as the training dataset using the Shinnar–Le Roux (SLR) method. Neural networks were created and trained with five strategies (TS‐1 to TS‐5). The neural network‐designed RF and gradients were compared with their SLR‐designed counterparts and underwent Bloch simulation and phantom imaging to investigate their performances in spin manipulations. We demonstrate a convolutional neural network (TS‐5) with multi‐task learning to yield both the RF pulses and the accompanying two channels of gradient waveforms that comply with the SLR design, and these design results also provide excitation spatial profiles comparable with SLR pulses in both simulation (normalized root mean square error [NRMSE] of 0.0075 ± 0.0038 over the 400 sets of testing data between TS‐5 and SLR) and phantom imaging. The output RF and gradient waveforms between the neural network and SLR methods were also compared, and the joint NRMSE, with both RF and the two channels of gradient waveforms considered, was 0.0098 ± 0.0024 between TS‐5 and SLR. The RF and gradients were generated on a commercially available workstation, which took ~130 ms for TS‐5. In conclusion, we present a convolutional neural network with multi‐task learning, trained with SLR transformation pairs, that is capable of simultaneously generating RF and two channels of gradient waveforms, given the desired spatially two‐dimensional excitation profiles.
Linearized stable spectral method to analyze two‐dimensional nonlinear evolutionary and reaction‐diffusion models
Authors: Hamid Muhammad , Usman Muhammad , Haq Rizwan UI , Tian Zhenfu , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe work is devoted to the development of a new spectral method based on higher dimensional orthogonal polynomials. Firstly, the concept of traditional Chelyshkov polynomials is extended for the function of more than one variable while definitions and theorems are presented with proofs. The operational matrices of derivative have been constructed assisted by defined higher‐order polynomials and used to the development of a spectral method. The method is further coupled with a Picard‐iterative scheme to tackle the high nonlinearities and termed as the Picard–Chelyshkov polynomial method (PCPM). The convergence and error‐bound have been analyzed through theorems and their proofs in order to prove the mathematical authenticity of the method. The PCPM is applied for some two‐dimensional unsteady nonlinear fractional partial differential equations and efficient results have been attained. In addition, it is evident from the comparative analysis with existing literature that the proposed method is fair enough in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and cost to deal with the problem in higher dimensions whilst could be further modified for other classes of dynamical problems.
“I wanna be your dog”: Evaluating the efficacy of univariate and multivariate methods for differentiating domestic and wild canids in North America
Authors: Welker Martin H. , Byers David A. , McClure Sarah B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe domestic dog (Canis familiaris) holds a unique place in human cultures as the first species to be domesticated and has been adapted to a greater diversity of functions requiring far greater morphological variation than any other domesticate. Because of this variability in morphology and pronounced skeletal similarities with other canid species, dog remains are frequently challenging to identify in the archaeological record. Analysts have attempted to overcome these challenges by proposing a diverse array of methods for identifying dog remains. Unfortunately, recent analyses have quantitatively tested and critiqued the effectiveness of several methods widely used for identifying dog remains since the mid‐1900s. In addition, many methods were developed specifically for differentiating dogs from their progenitor species, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and analysts working in many regions of the world have frequently assumed, without testing; they will remain effective in differentiating dog remains from other canid species. Using data collected on 538 North American dog, wolf, coyote and fox mandibles, we test the effectiveness of several methods for differentiating dogs from an array of North American canids. Our results reveal that no single method is universally effective and that differentiating dogs from mid‐sized canids, like the North American coyote, remains a significant challenge for archaeologists working in North America and likely other parts of the world.
Attrition Bias in an Observational Study of Very Low‐Energy Diet: A Cohort Study
Authors: Isaman Deanna J. M. , Herman William H. , Rothberg Amy E. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveObesity treatment is plagued by attrition. Estimates of attrition bias are needed. Thus, in this study, percent change from baseline BMI at 1, 2, and 3 years following enrollment in a 2‐year weight management program using a very low‐energy diet was calculated. Program data were supplemented with information from medical records.MethodsAttrition was classified as occurring early (<6 months), late (6‐21 months), at program completion (22‐28 months), and after program completion (>28 months). Stepwise multivariable regression examined attrition and other covariates.ResultsA total of 881 subjects had ≥3 years of follow‐up. BMI decreased by a mean (SD) of 11.8 (9.2), 8.6 (9.3), and 5.2 (10.0) kg/m2 at 1, 2, and 3 years after enrollment, respectively. At year 1, every 10‐kg/m2 increase in baseline BMI was associated with a 2% (95% CI: 1%‐3%) decrease in BMI. Individuals with early attrition decreased their mean BMI by 13% (11%‐15%) less than program completers and by 9% (7%‐11%) at 2 years. At 3 years, there was no significant difference in BMI between individuals with early attrition and program completers. However, BMI decreased 5% (3%‐ 8%) more in individuals who extended participation compared with program completers.ConclusionsReported outcomes of weight management programs must account for program attrition.
Insights for reducing the consumption of wildlife: The use of bear bile and gallbladder in Cambodia
Authors: Davis Elizabeth Oneita , Veríssimo Diogo , Crudge Brian , Lim Thona , Roth Vichet , Glikman Jenny Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Unsustainable wildlife use is one of the leading threats to earth's biodiversity. Historically, efforts to address this issue have been focused on increasing enforcement and anti‐poaching measures.

However, recognition that such supply‐reduction measures may be inefficient has spurred a movement towards consumer research and behaviour change. Here, we used consumer research to investigate the consumption of bear bile and gallbladder in Cambodia.

Our aim was to gather key consumer insights such as demographics, beliefs and the identification of trusted individuals and communication channels, which could be used to underpin future behaviour change efforts to reduce the consumption of bear bile and gallbladder. To accomplish this, we conducted 4,512 structured quantitative interviews and 132 qualitative, semi‐structured interviews across Cambodia.

We found that although the level of bear bile and gallbladder consumption varied across the country, consumers were largely homogenous in their beliefs and choice of trusted messengers. This indicates that behaviour change interventions grounded in these results may be effective in any of the eight areas surveyed.

We believe our study strategy can be adapted and followed by other conservation organizations to ensure they are capturing essential information necessary for designing effective behaviour change campaigns.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Surface characterization of polycaprolactone and carbonyl iron powder composite fabricated by solvent cast 3D printing for tissue engineering
Authors: Singh Jasvinder , Pandey Pulak Mohan , Kaur Tejinder , Singh Neetu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn tissue engineering applications, various synthetic biodegradable polymers have got attention due to their excellent physical as well as biological properties. Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been identified as one of the best biocompatible polymers, which have wide applications in biomedical engineering. The surface properties of PCL have limited its utilization in tissue engineering. The researchers have also focused on the development of the PCL blends to enhance the surface characteristics. In the present study, carbonyl iron powder (CIP) reinforced PCL blends were fabricated by the solvent cast 3D printing (SC‐3DP) technique. The characterization techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and surface energy measurement by contact angle were used. The surface free energy of all the surfaces with their polar components was determined by Owens Wendt method. The fibroblasts cell responses were also examined for the assessment of biological properties. The results revealed that the increase in the percentage of CIP in the PCL matrix enhanced the value of surface free energy. The CIP reinforcement influenced the topography and surface roughness of the prepared composites. The change in surface properties affected the cell interactions on the surfaces, as investigated by cell viability test. The cell adhesion and viability were improved at a lower percentage of CIP.
Analytical modeling and experimentally optimizing synergistic effect on thermal conductivity enhancement of polyurethane nanocomposites with hybrid carbon nanofillers
Authors: Navidfar Amir , Trabzon Levent 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCombining various carbon nanofillers with different dimensions can lead to a synergistic effect through the formation of an efficient conductive network. Hybrid polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites containing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were fabricated to study experimental and theoretical aspects of thermal conductivity (TC) enhancement. The optimization of hybrid nanofillers combinations was done to synergically enhance the TC using various types of graphene, nanofillers concentrations and ratios. A synergistic thermal conductivity improvement with MWCNTs and GNPs was confirmed at low nanofillers contents. The TC of hybrid nanocomposite at 0.25 wt% is approximately equivalent to the TC of individual nanofillers at 0.75 wt%. An analytical model for the effective thermal conductivity of single and hybrid nanocomposites was considered with variables of volume fraction, interfacial thermal resistance, straightness of the nanofillers and the percolation effect, in which the predictions of the modified models agreed with the experimental results.
Differences in Predicted Warfarin Dosing Requirements Between Hmong and East Asians Using Genotype‐Based Dosing Algorithms
Authors: Sun Boguang , Wen Ya‐Feng , Culhane‐Pera Kathleen A. , Lo Muaj , Xiong Txia , Lee Koobmeej , Peng Kerui , Thyagarajan Bharat , Bishop Jeffrey R. , Zierhut Heather , Straka Robert J. 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionWarfarin’s narrow therapeutic index and high variability in dosage requirements make dosage selection critical. Genetic factors are known to impact warfarin dosage selection. The Hmong are a unique Asian subpopulation numbering over 278,000 in the United States whose participation in genetics‐based research is virtually nonexistent. The translational significance of early reports of warfarin pharmacogene differences in Hmong has not been evaluated.Objectives(i) To validate previously identified allele frequency differences relevant to warfarin dosing in Hmong versus East Asians and (ii) to compare predicted warfarin sensitivity and maintenance doses between a Hmong population and an East Asian cohort.MethodDNA collected from two independent cohorts (n=236 and n=198) of Hmong adults were genotyped for CYP2C9 (*2, *3), VKORC1 (G‐1639A), and CYP4F2 (*3). Allele frequencies between the combined Hmong cohort (n=433) and East Asians (n=1165) from the 2009 International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium (IWPC) study were compared using a χ2 test. Percentages of Hmong and East Asian participants predicted to be very sensitive to warfarin were compared using a χ2 test, and the predicted mean warfarin maintenance dose was compared with a t test.ResultsThe allele frequencies of CYP2C9*3 in the combined Hmong cohort and CYP4F2*3 in the VIP‐Hmong cohort are significantly different from those in East Asians (18.9% vs 3.0%, p<0.001 and 9.8% vs 22.1%, p<0.001, respectively). Comparing the combined Hmong cohort to the East Asian cohort, the percentage of participants predicted to be very sensitive to warfarin was significantly higher (28% vs 5%, p<0.01) and the mean predicted warfarin maintenance dose was significantly lower (19.8 vs 21.3 mg/week, p<0.001), respectively.ConclusionThe unique allele frequencies related to warfarin when combined with nongenetic factors observed in the Hmong translate into clinically relevant differences in predicted maintenance dose requirements for Hmong versus East Asians.