bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic incentives in microfinance with commitment‐type borrower
Authors: Zhou Shiqu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractShapiro (2015) points out an inherent fragility of dynamic incentives in microfinance without collateral or long‐term loans. He shows that the dynamic incentive mechanism unravels for all except a single value of initial beliefs. That is, under any parameter setup, only a single efficient equilibrium exists, in which loan terms improve over time, while an infinite number of inefficient equilibria exist, in which loan terms eventually deteriorate and even the most patient borrowers would default. I show that his concern vanishes if one introduces to the environment any positive proportion of “commitment‐type” borrowers, who never default by nature. Adding an infinitesimal proportion of commitment‐type borrowers eliminates all inefficient equilibria, while preserving the unique efficient equilibrium. Moreover, given any setup of parameters, a unique efficient equilibrium exists, in which the loan terms become more favourable over time, and the proportion of non‐defaulters converges to one.RésuméIncitations dynamiques en micro‐crédit avec emprunteurengagé. En matière de micro‐crédit, Shapiro (2015) montre qu’en l’absence de prêts à long terme ou sur nantissement, une fragilité inhérente aux incitations dynamiques demeure. Shapiro montre également qu’en matière de convictions premières, le mécanisme d’incitation dynamique échoue pour toutes les valeurs sauf une. Autrement dit, pour tous les paramètres de base, il n’existe qu’un seul équilibre efficace au sein duquel les conditions de prêt s’améliorent dans la durée, alors que parallèlement, il existe un nombre infini d’équilibres inefficaces au sein desquels les conditions de prêt finissent par se détériorer rendant le crédit impossible à rembourser même pour l’emprunteur le plus patient. Je montre que le problème soulevé par Shapiro disparaît dès lors que l’on introduit à cet environnement une proportion positive d’emprunteurs engagés qui, par nature, remboursent toujours leur dette. En introduisant une proportion infime d’emprunteurs engagés, tous les équilibres inefficaces disparaissent tout en préservant le seul qui s’avère efficace. En outre, quels que soient les paramètres de base, il n’existe qu’un seul équilibre efficace au sein duquel les conditions de prêt s’amélioreront avec le temps et où le taux de remboursement approchera un (1).
R‐CHOP‐14 versus R‐CHOP‐14/CHASER for upfront autologous transplantation in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: JCOG0908 study
Authors: Kagami Yoshitoyo , Yamamoto Kazuhito , Shibata Taro , Tobinai Kensei , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Uchida Toshiki , Shimada Kazuyuki , Minauchi Koichiro , Fukuhara Noriko , Kobayashi Hirofumi , Yamauchi Nobuhiko , Tsujimura Hideki , Hangaishi Akira , Tominaga Ryo , Suehiro Youko , Yoshida Shinichiro , Inoue Yoshiko , Suzuki Sachiko , Tokuhira Michihide , Kusumoto Shigeru , Kuroda Junya , Yakushijin Yoshihiro , Takamatsu Yasushi , Kubota Yasushi , Nosaka Kisato , Morishima Satoko , Nakamura Shigeo , Ogura Michinori , Maruyama Dai , Hotta Tomomitsu , Morishima Yasuo , Tsukasaki Kunihiro , Nagai Hirokazu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe efficiency of upfront consolidation with high‐dose chemotherapy/autologous stem‐cell transplantation (HDCT/ASCT) for newly diagnosed high‐risk diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) may be influenced by induction chemotherapy. To select better induction chemotherapy regimens for HDCT/ASCT, a randomized phase II study was conducted in high‐risk DLBCL patients having an age‐adjusted International Prognostic Index (aaIPI) score of 2 or 3. As induction chemotherapy, 6 cycles of R‐CHOP‐14 (arm A) or 3 cycles of R‐CHOP‐14 followed by 3 cycles of CHASER (arm B) were planned, and patients who responded proceeded to HDCT with LEED and ASCT. The primary endpoint was 2‐y progression‐free survival (PFS), and the main secondary endpoints included overall survival, overall response rate, and adverse events (AEs). In total, 71 patients were enrolled. With a median follow‐up of 40.3 mo, 2‐y PFS in arms A and B were 68.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.5%‐81.2%) and 66.7% (95% CI: 48.8%‐79.5%), respectively. Overall survival at 2 y in arms A and B was 74.3% (95% CI: 56.4%‐85.7%) and 83.3% (95% CI: 66.6%‐92.1%). Overall response rates were 82.9% in arm A and 69.4% in arm B. During induction chemotherapy, 45.7% and 75.0% of patients in arms A and B, respectively, had grade ≥ 3 non‐hematologic toxicities. One patient in arm A and 6 in arm B discontinued induction chemotherapy due to AEs. In conclusion, R‐CHOP‐14 showed higher 2‐y PFS and less toxicity compared with R‐CHOP‐14/CHASER in patients with high‐risk DLBCL, suggesting the former to be a more promising induction regimen for further investigations (UMIN‐CTR, UMIN000003823).
Identification of 1‐phenyl‐4‐cyano‐5‐aminopyrazoles as novel ecdysone receptor ligands by virtual screening, structural optimization, and biological evaluations
Authors: Hu Xueping , Ma Xiaojuan , Cui Jialin , Liu Haishan , Zhu Bin , Xie Jin , Liang Pei , Zhang Li 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEcdysteroids initiate the molting process in insects by binding to the ecdysone receptor (EcR), which is a promising target for identifying insect growth regulators. This paper presents an in silico/in vitro screening procedure for identifying new EcR ligands. The three‐step virtual screening procedure uses a three‐dimensional pharmacophore model, docking and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) rescoring routine. A novel hit (VS14) with good binding activity against Plutella xylostella EcR was identified from a library of over 200,000 chemicals. Subsequently, the 1‐phenyl‐4‐cyano‐5‐aminopyrazole scaffold and twelve EcR ligands were synthesized. Their IC50 values against Plutella xylostella EcR ranged from 0.64 to 23.21 μm. Furthermore, a preliminary analysis of the structure–activity relationship for novel scaffolds provided a basis for designing new ligands with improved activity.
Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting
Authors: Geeraerts Sanne B. , Endendijk Joyce J. , Deković Maja , Huijding Jorg , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Mesman Judi 
Published: August 2020

The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, and associations with maternal and paternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were tested. The sample consisted of 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers and fathers reported on their children’s inhibitory control using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. During the first wave, mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed and coded with the Emotional Availability Scales. Inhibitory control exhibited partial scalar invariance over time, and increased in a decelerating rate. For both mothers and fathers, higher levels of sensitivity were associated with a higher initial level of children's inhibitory control, whereas higher levels of intrusiveness predicted a slower increase in children's inhibitory control.
Children’s Social Information Seeking is Sensitive to Referential Ambiguity
Authors: Hembacher Emily , deMayo Benjamin , Frank Michael C. 
Published: August 2020

We examined children’s spontaneous information seeking in response to referential ambiguity. Children ages 2–5 (n = 160) identified the referents of familiar and novel labels. We manipulated ambiguity by changing the number of objects present and their familiarity (Experiments 1 and 2), and the availability of referential gaze (Experiment 2). In both experiments, children looked to the face of the experimenter more often while responding, specifically when the referent was ambiguous. In Experiment 2, 3‐ to 4‐year olds also demonstrated sensitivity to graded referential evidence. These results suggest that social information seeking is an active learning behavior that could contribute to language acquisition in early childhood.
Cognitive and Educational Interventions for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Affected by HIV/AIDS: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Thomas Tina , Ahmed Yusra , Tan Mei , Grigorenko Elena L. 
Published: August 2020

Orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS (HIV OVC) are at risk for cognitive difficulties and lack of access to education. Interventions addressing cognitive or educational outcomes for HIV OVC worldwide were examined through systematic searches conducted from October 2016 to 2019. We examined the summative effectiveness of interventions and the specific effects of participant age and intervention length. Interventions targeting cognitive outcomes had a small, significant effect, with no effect of moderating variables. Interventions targeting educational outcomes had significant effects. Educational interventions over 1 year were effective, but effects of intervention length were not significant. Overall, this review provides support for the effectiveness of interventions targeting cognitive and educational outcomes for OVC and highlights the need for more research on such interventions.
Exploring the Associations Between Delayed School Entry and Achievement in Primary and Secondary School
Authors: Larsen Sally A. , Little Callie W. , Coventry William L. 
Published: August 2020

This research investigated whether delayed school entry was associated with higher achievement in national tests of reading and numeracy in Grades 3, 5, 7, and 9 (n = 2,823). Delayed entry was related to advantages in reading (0.14 SD) and numeracy (0.08 SD) at Grade 3, although little variance was explained (1%–2%). This slight advantage persisted for both domains in Grades 5 and 7, albeit with smaller effects. In Grade 9 there was no association between delayed entry and either reading or numeracy. Exploratory analyses with subsamples in each grade (n = 424–667) revealed no associations between delayed entry and achievement after controlling for inattention and hyperactivity, and negative associations between inattention and achievement in all grades in both domains (−0.33, −0.49 SD).
The validity of the Acoustic Breathiness Index in the evaluation of breathy voice quality: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Barsties v. Latoszek Ben , Kim Geun‐Hyo , Delgado Hernández Jonathan , Hosokawa Kiyohito , Englert Marina , Neumann Katrin , Hetjens Svetlana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe evaluation of voice quality with acoustic measurements is useful to objectify the diagnostic process. Particularly, breathiness was highly evaluated and the Acoustic Breathiness Index (ABI) might have promising features.Objective of reviewThe goal of the present meta‐analysis is to quantify, from existing cross‐validation studies, the evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of ABI, including its sensitivity and specificity.Type of reviewMeta‐analysis.Search strategyWe searched in MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Science Citation Index, and as manual search for the term Acoustic Breathiness Index from inception to February 2020.Studies were included that used equal proportion of continuous speech and sustained vowel segments, a recording hardware with a sufficient standard for voice signal analyses, the software Praat for signal processing and the customised Praat script, and two groups of subjects (vocally healthy and voice‐disordered). Furthermore, the diagnostic accuracy of ABI was measured.Evaluation methodThe primary outcome variable was ABI. The score ranged from 0 to 10 with varying thresholds according to different languages to determine the absence or presence of breathiness.A meta‐analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses of diagnostic test accuracy study guidelines. Data were extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS‐2 tool. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of ABI were determined using a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) approach to calculate also a weighted threshold value of ABI with its sensitivity and specificity.ResultsA total of 34 unique citations were screened, and 10 full‐text articles were reviewed, including six studies. In total, 3603 voice samples were considered for further analysis separating into 467 vocally healthy and 3136 voice‐disordered voice samples. The pooled sensitivity was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.83‐0.85), and the pooled specificity was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.89‐0.94). The area under the curve of the SROC curve of this analysis showed an excellent value of 0.94. The weighted ABI threshold was determined at 3.40 (sensitivity: 0.86, 95% CI, 0.84‐0.87.; specificity: 0.90, 95% CI 0.88‐0.92).ConclusionsThe results confirm the ABI as robust and valid objective measure for evaluating breathiness.
Placement of a fine‐bore rectal balloon catheter in the anal canal does not affect anal sphincter pressures: improving our understanding of physiological function with anal acoustic reflectometry
Authors: Heywood N. A. , Sharma A. , Kiff E. S. , Klarskov N. , Telford K. J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimThe recto‐anal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) is currently measured using anorectal manometry catheters, which may distort the anal canal. Anal acoustic reflectometry (AAR) is considered a catheter‐free technique for evaluating the physiological function of the anal canal; however, it has yet to be used to elicit the RAIR. For the RAIR to be measured with AAR, the effect of placing an additional rectal balloon catheter on the measured AAR parameters needs to be investigated: that is the aim of this work.MethodPatients aged over 18 years attending hospital for the investigation of pelvic floor disorders were included. AAR parameters were obtained before and after a rectal balloon catheter was placed alongside the AAR catheter. The following parameters were measured: opening pressure (Op, cmH2O), opening elastance (Oe, cmH2O/mm2), closing pressure (Cp, cmH2O), closing elastance (Ce, cmH2O/mm2), hysteresis (Hys, %), squeeze opening pressure (SqOp, cmH2O) and squeeze opening elastance (SqOe, cmH2O/mm2).ResultsThirty‐five patients were included in the analysis, of whom 28 were women. The median age was 58 years. Comparison of median AAR parameters before and after catheter placement showed no significant difference: Op (36.36 vs 33.42, P = 0.09), Oe (1.27 vs 1.39, P = 0.19), Cp (18.62 vs 19.73, P = 0.13), Ce (1.2 vs 1.28, P = 0.33), Hys (41.08 vs 40.11, P = 0.17), SqOp (81.85 vs 81.65, P = 0.93) and SqOe (1.44 vs 1.49, P = 0.55).DiscussionPlacement of a rectal balloon catheter alongside the AAR catheter has no significant effect on the measured AAR parameters. The results of this study add to the fundamental basic science and understanding of the physiological function of the anal canal.
The evolution of the rangeland trusts network as a catalyst for community‐based conservation in the American West
Authors: Bennett Drew E. , Knapp Corrine N. , Knight Richard L. , Glenn Erik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRanching communities in 10 Western states self‐organized to create conservation organizations affiliated with state livestock associations and supporting conservation efforts compatible with agricultural production. These “rangeland trusts” collectively conserve over 2.7 million acres through conservation easements. We identify these efforts as a type of community‐based conservation based on the collective nature of the efforts and the balance between community needs and conservation. They differ from traditional CBC efforts with ties to industry groups and a focus on private lands that provide public goods. A coalition of rangeland trusts formed in 2006, leading to a form of multilevel governance that establishes operating principles and actively advocates for ranch land conservation. We suggest that existing industry structures can assist to scale out conservation, bridging organizations can facilitate novel interactions and policy change, and tensions on the meaning and implementation of conservation must be navigated at each scale of interaction.
Early Clinical Experience With AZD4831, A Novel Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor, Developed for Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Nelander Karin , Lagerstrom‐Fermer Maria , Amilon Carl , Michaëlsson Erik , Heijer Maria , Kjaer Magnus , Russell Muir , Han David , Lindstedt Eva‐Lotte , Whatling Carl , Gan Li‐Ming , Ericsson Hans 
Published: August 2020

We evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics of AZD4831, a novel oral myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor, in a randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, following once‐daily multiple ascending dosing to steady‐state in healthy subjects. Target engagement was measured as specific MPO activity in plasma following ex vivo zymosan stimulation of whole blood. Except for generalized maculopapular rash in 4 of 13 subjects receiving the 2 highest doses, 15 and 45 mg AZD4831, no clinically relevant safety and tolerability findings were observed. AZD4831 was rapidly absorbed and plasma concentrations declined slowly with an elimination half‐life of ~ 60 hours. A dose/concentration‐effect relationship between MPO inhibition vs. AZD4831 exposure was established with > 50% MPO inhibition in plasma at concentrations in the low nanomolar range. Steady‐state levels were achieved within 10 days. Taken together, the PK profile, the sustained dose/concentration‐dependent MPO inhibition, and available clinical data support further clinical development of AZD4831 in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Signet‐ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma in the axilla: A case report with genetic analysis using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Ito Yui , Ishida Mitsuaki , Ohe Chisato , Miyasaka Chika , Tsuta Koji 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSignet‐ring cell/histiocytoid carcinoma (SRCHC) is a very rare skin appendage cancer, with an extremely rare occurrence in the axilla. This study describes the 11th case of SRCHC occurring in the axilla and reports the first gene alteration analysis performed for SRCHC. An 85‐year‐old Japanese male presented with a tumor in the left axilla. Biopsy of the axilla nodule demonstrated diffuse proliferation of histiocytoid neoplastic cells and signet‐ring cells in the dermis and subcutis. Immunohistochemistry revealed loss of E‐cadherin expression in these neoplastic cells. Accordingly, SRCHC of the axilla was diagnosed. Genetic analysis using next‐generation sequencing demonstrated missense mutation of PIK3CA (c1633G>A, pGlu545Lys) and no CDH1 gene mutation.SRCHC of the axilla is considered equivalent to a histiocytoid variant of invasive lobular breast carcinoma. The present SRCHC case demonstrated a pathogenic PIK3CA mutation, which is observed in invasive lobular carcinoma. Additional large case studies are required to clarify the clinicopathological features and gene alterations in SRCHC of the axilla.
Aortic dissection and multimodality imaging
Authors: Paulraj Shweta , Ashok Kumar Prashanth , Uprety Ajay , Chaudhuri Debanik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAortic dissection is a life‐threatening emergency warranting expeditious diagnosis. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is the established gold standard test but is not always fool proof. We report the case of an 18‐year‐old male patient with traumatic type A aortic dissection which was not evident on the CTA, suggestive on the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and eventually confirmed with a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). When the clinical suspicion for dissection is high and in the presence of complications of type A dissection, such as aortic regurgitation, it would be prudent to obtain further imaging with a TTE/TEE to rule in or rule out the diagnosis.
Big data in epilepsy: Clinical and research considerations. Report from the Epilepsy Big Data Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy
Authors: Lhatoo Samden D. , Bernasconi Neda , Blumcke Ingmar , Braun Kees , Buchhalter Jeffrey , Denaxas Spiros , Galanopoulou Aristea , Josephson Colin , Kobow Katja , Lowenstein Daniel , Ryvlin Philippe , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas , Sahoo Satya S. , Thom Maria , Thurman David , Worrell Greg , Zhang Guo‐Qiang , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEpilepsy is a heterogeneous condition with disparate etiologies and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Clinical and research aspects are accordingly varied, ranging from epidemiological to molecular, spanning clinical trials and outcomes, gene and drug discovery, imaging, electroencephalography, pathology, epilepsy surgery, digital technologies, and numerous others. Epilepsy data are collected in the terabytes and petabytes, pushing the limits of current capabilities. Modern computing firepower and advances in machine and deep learning, pioneered in other diseases, open up exciting possibilities for epilepsy too. However, without carefully designed approaches to acquiring, standardizing, curating, and making available such data, there is a risk of failure. Thus, careful construction of relevant ontologies, with intimate stakeholder inputs, provides the requisite scaffolding for more ambitious big data undertakings, such as an epilepsy data commons. In this review, we assess the clinical and research epilepsy landscapes in the big data arena, current challenges, and future directions, and make the case for a systematic approach to epilepsy big data.
Population genomic data in spider mites point to a role for local adaptation in shaping range shifts
Authors: Chen Lei , Sun Jing‐Tao , Jin Peng‐Yu , Hoffmann Ary A. , Bing Xiao‐Li , Zhao Dian‐Shu , Xue Xiao‐Feng , Hong Xiao‐Yue 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLocal adaptation is particularly likely in invertebrate pests that typically have short generation times and large population sizes, but there are few studies on pest species investigating local adaptation and separating this process from contemporaneous and historical gene flow. Here, we use a population genomic approach to investigate evolutionary processes in the two most dominant spider mites in China, Tetranychus truncatus Ehara and Tetranychus pueraricola Ehara et Gotoh, which have wide distributions, short generation times, and large population sizes. We generated genome resequencing of 246 spider mites mostly from China, as well as Japan and Canada at a combined total depth of 3,133×. Based on demographic reconstruction, we found that both mite species likely originated from refugia in southwestern China and then spread to other regions, with the dominant T. truncatus spreading ~3,000 years later than T. pueraricola. Estimated changes in population sizes of the pests matched known periods of glaciation and reinforce the recent expansion of the dominant spider mites. T. truncatus showed a greater extent of local adaptation with more genes (76 vs. 17) associated with precipitation, including candidates involved in regulation of homeostasis of water and ions, signal transduction, and motor skills. In both species, many genes (135 in T. truncatus and 95 in T. pueraricola) also showed signatures of selection related to elevation, including G‐protein‐coupled receptors, cytochrome P450s, and ABC‐transporters. Our results point to historical expansion processes and climatic adaptation in these pests which could have contributed to their growing importance, particularly in the case of T. truncatus.