bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Design of Pt-Pd Nanostructures By Surface Limited Redox Replacement Method
Authors: Altowerqi Amal , Vasiljevic Natasa 
Published: February 2020

The fuel cell technology is a green alternative to fossil fuels [1-2]. Fuel cells are electrochemical systems that use hydrogen and oxygen to create electrical energy with water and heat as biproducts. Besides the main interest of fuel cells applications in the automotive industry, most recent developments of miniature fuel cells that use biomass derived hydrogen have been attracting attention. Such systems require the design of new electrocatalysts with the high CO tolerance better than that of pure Pt. It has been shown that nanoscale Pt such as ultrathin layers and Pt-M nano-alloys, often have improved chemical and physical properties than those of Pt-bulk material due to the combination of electronic and geometric effects. Previous studies have reported that Pt-Pd system is a well-performing catalytic system for future use with the high CO tolerance [3,4].
Surface Limited Redox Replacement (SLRR) is one of the most successful approaches used to produce Pt bimetallic catalysts with high control of atomic structure [5, 6]. This method is based on the replacement of an underpotentially deposited (UPD) layer of a less noble metal by a more noble (such as Pt and Pd) through irreversible surface-controlled redox reaction. Here we will present SLRR based design of Pt-Pd nanoalloys of different composition on Au substrate. The advantages of using the SLRR method to design high quality 2D model Pt alloys will be demonstrated by studies of their electrochemical and catalytic behaviour as a function of structure such as film thickness and alloy composition. In our work, the epitaxial alloy thin films up to 10 ML thickness were grown in one-cell configuration using Cu UPD in sulphate solution as sacrificial layer. The alloys composition and structure were controlled by the concentration ratio of Pt and Pd complex in the solution. The structure of developed alloys was examined by a combination of electrochemical and surface science methods and correlated with their electrocatalytic behaviour during formic acid oxidation reaction.
References:
[1] L. Carrette, K. A. Friedrich, and U. Stimming, Fuel Cells, 1, 5–39, 2001.
[2] M.K. Debe, Nature, 486, 43-51, 2012.
[3] S. Dutta, C. Ray, S. Sarkar, A. Roy, R. Sahoo, and T. Pal, Electrochim. Acta, 180, 1075–1084, 2015.
[4] R. Shirai, N.Vasiljevic and M. Hayase, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 773, 012096, 2016.
[5] N. Vasiljevic, ECS Interface 27, 71-75, 2018.
[6] N. Dimitrov, Electrochimica Acta,
209, 599-622, 2016.
Si-Doped Carbon Xerogel for High Capacity Lithium and Sodium Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Carabetta Joseph 
Published: February 2020

The use of dopants such as silicon, tin, and, more recently, antimony in carbonaceous anodes is a promising area of research to increase the performance of lithium and sodium ion batteries [1-3]. The biggest obstacle to the progress of this technology is the stability of these inclusions in the carbon material during charging and discharging, most notably the volume change of the active material [4-8]. An electrode design was synthesized that consists of a carbon xerogel via a sol-gel process (CX), which acts as a support structure for a dopant, silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), and provides electronic conductivity. Syntheses have been made using poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) as a coating or binder. These syntheses showed positive results on the cyclability of the CX/SiNPs composite. A 5-fold increase was observed in the number of charge/discharge cycles before the reversible capacity was less than 80% the initial capacity when compared with a composite with no coating and conventional binder. The gradual loss in capacity in the coated composite is still unknown, but may be due to the interplay between SEI formation and the volume expansion of the SiNPs. These problems are now being addressed by various techniques to improve the chemical and mechanical stability, and tailoring the microporosity and mesoporosity to reduce the irreversibly capacity loss and increase the accessibility to the dopant material.
References:
[1] W. Luo et al. Journal of Power Sources 304 (2016) 340–345 [2] B. Guo et al. Journal of Power Sources 177 (2008) 205–210 [3] RSC Advances, 2012, 2, 4311–431 [4] W.J. Zhang, J. Power Sources 196 (2011) 13–24 [5] H. Wu, Y. Cui, Nano Today 7 (2012) 414–429. [6] L.Y. Beaulieu, K.W. Eberman, R.L., et al. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 4 (2001) A137–A140. [7] J.H. Ryu, J.W. Kim, et al. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 7 (2004) A306–A309. [8] M.A. Rahman, G. Song, A.I. Bhatt, et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 (2016) 647–678
New Opportunities for in Situ and Operando Characterization of Electrochemical Systems at I07
Authors: Mousley Philip , Hussain Hadeel , Rawle Jonathan , Warne Adam , Carla Francesco 
Published: February 2020

The range of material systems and architectures used in electrochemical research is vast, spanning from solid-solid electrolyte interfaces for solid state batteries to nano-sized particles systems for electrocatalytic materials in fuel cells. Despite the physical differences among these systems the possibility of establishing relationships between structure and activity is a common key aspect for understanding interfacial electrochemical processes.
I07 is the surface and interface x-ray diffraction beamline at the Diamond synchrotron (Didcot,UK). The beamline exploits a high brilliance 3rd generation synchrotron source to allow the characterization of a wide array of possible sample types, opening up experimental possibilities which are not feasible using standard lab based x-ray sources.
The use of grazing incidence angle techniques available on I07 not only allows reduction of background signal from the bulk enabling measurements of signals from the top layers of a sample, but it also enables investigation of the relationship between nano-scale structural changes and reactivity during time-resolved experiments. The current capabilities of beamline I07 will be outlined regarding in-situ and operando measurements of material systems for applications in energy storage. Also opportunities for investigating novel solid-state electrolyte material interfaces will be detailed. Experimental techniques discussed will include surface x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity, grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering, grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering, and liquid surface x-ray scattering.
Photoelectrochemical and Surface Analysis of CdSe/Poma Hybrids Deposited on Gold, Platinum, and HOPG Electrodes
Authors: Dulovic Stephanie , Casto Sophia Maria , Widera Justyna , Maranowski Bartosz , Strawski Marcin , Szklarczyk Marek 
Published: February 2020

Research of semiconductors have increased in popularity over the past decades because of their applications in electronics, biomedical devices, photoelectrochemical cells, and detoxification of organic waste.
This study intended to analyze the stability and photoefficiency of the semiconductor hybrid consisting of cadmium selenide and poly(o-methoxyaniline) (CdSe/POMA) deposited on various electrode surfaces, such as: Au, Pt and highly organized pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The formation of the CdSe/POMA composite on HOPG involved electrochemical deposition of CdSe film for 20 cycles, followed by POMA polymerization for 5 cycles using in both cases cyclic voltammetry method. The potential range of CdSe deposition, from the solution of 5 mM CdSO4 and 1 mM SeO2 in 0.1 M HClO4, was varied depending on the type of the electrode surface: HOPG (0 V to -1.2 V), Pt (0.345 V to -1.1 V), Au (0.4 V to -1.1 V). The chronoamperometric deposition of CdSe was also explored on HOPG, with the deposition occurring at a constant -1.045 V for 32 minutes. The polymerization of POMA was carried out at 50 mV/s from -0.2 V to 0.8 V from the solution of 0.06 M o-anisidine in 0.1 M HClO4.
The photoelectrochemical studies of the created composites were performed in the 0.1M Na2SO3 solution using cyclic voltammetry, open circuit potentiometry (OCP), and chronoamperometry. The chronoamperometric deposition of CdSe on HOPG had a smaller response to light with (9 μA/cm2) of photocurrent, suggesting it was less successful than CdSe film on HOPG (22 μA/cm2) obtained by cyclic voltammetry. Therefore, the deposition of CdSe/POMA via cyclic voltammetry was further used for the deposition studies on HOPG, Pt, and Au. The electrode system that produced the largest photopotential of 250 mV was CdSe/POMA/Au, while on Pt (230 mV) and HOPG (220 mV) being slightly smaller. However, the CdSe/POMA/HOPG system presented much faster response time than the composite deposited on Au or Pt, suggesting that this system was more easily stabilized. The chronoamperometric studies observed the greatest photocurrent density for the composite deposited on Au with 50 μA/cm2, while HOPG (17 μA/cm2) and Pt (6 μA/cm2) had smaller current densities. Following photostudies, the surface morphology and composition of CdSe/POMA on the various electrodes were analyzed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The surface analysis of the samples before and after photo-studies found that degradation occurred as a result of exposure to light. The degradation of CdSe/POMA composites deposited on Au and Pt was visibly greater in comparison to the CdSe/POMA on HOPG.
3D Electrode Design: Additively Manufactured 3D Architectured Nanocrystalline Nickel and Nickel Copper Structures
Authors: Schürch Patrik , Pethö Laszlo , Michler Johann , Philippe Laetitia 
Published: February 2020

Imposing a well defined geometrical shape to an electrode is a suitable way for increasing surface area, as well as optimising the mass transfer phenomenon. By combining electrodeposition with two-photon lithography templates, it is possible to create free-form microscale 3D metal architectures with almost complete freedom. This work features nickel and nickel copper, as the electrodeposition of these materials is well studied and they are frequently used catalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction (OER and HER).
Control over the electrodeposition of nickel and nickel copper into the complex templates was achieved by creating 3D time-dependent electrodeposition simulations to predict the optimal experimental conditions and deposition parameters. The simulations are based on various electrochemical measurements of the two systems, such as rotating disc electrode measurements, cyclic volatammetry and chrono-potentiometry. An additional benefit of the simulations is that it can be used prior to the experiment to determine the feasibility of a given design to be electrodeposited.
We successfully deposited various 3D architectured electrode microstructures made of nickel and nickel copper.
Flowable Semi-Solid Electrodes with Superconcentrated Electrolytes: An Electrochemical Impedance Study
Authors: Poli Federico , De Giorgio Francesca , Soavi Francesca 
Published: February 2020

Flow lithium batteries (FLB), featuring semi-solid anolyte and/or catholyte, and flow supercapacitors (FSC) working with flowable slurries of high surface are carbons, are emerging technologies in the energy storage scenario. Unlike conventional lithium batteries and supercapacitors, flow cells enable energy and power decoupling which is of great interest for system modularity.
The use a flow configuration was also demonstrated to improve current and power output performance of lithium/oxygen batteries by enhancing oxygen mass transport to the cathode.
The common requirement of FLB and FSC is that the flowable electrodes feature an effective percolating network. This is needed to achieve fast charge/electron transfer within the powders in the catholyte or anolyte and between the slurries and the current collectors.
Carbon particles are often used to improve slurry conductivity. The morphology of the carbon particles, their concentration and interaction with the electrolyte carrier greatly impact on the electronic percolating network, and, then, on the cyclability of the flowable electrodes
Here we report about an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study of carbon-based slurries featuring TEGDME-LiTFSI electrolyte. We demonstrate that moving from conventional to superconcentrated electrolytes has a structuring effect on the distribution of carbon particles of the slurry which improves the electronic percolation network, and, hence, charge transfer processes in flowable cells. This study aims at demonstrating EIS as a powerful and simple technique for the design of new formulations of advanced flow batteries and supercapacitors.

References

[1] A. Narayanan, D. Wijnperlé, F. Mugele, D. Buchholz, C. Vaalma, X. Dou, S. Passerini, M.H.G. Duits, Electrochim. Acta 251 (2017) 388–395.
[2] I. Ruggeri, C. Arbizzani, F. Soavi, Electrochim. Acta 206 (2016) 291–300.
[3] Ruggeri, Irene, Catia Arbizzani, and Francesca Soavi. "Carbonaceous catholyte for high energy density semi-solid Li/O2 flow battery." Carbon 130 (2018): 749-757.
[3] Q. Huang, Q. Wang, ChemPlusChem 80 (2015) 312 – 322. [4] M. Duduta, B. Ho, V. C. Wood, P. Limthongkul, V. E. Brunini, W. Craig Carter, and Y.-M. Chiang, Adv. Energy Mater. 1 (2011) 511–516.
[4] L. Morici, F. De Giorgio, F. Poli, A. Brilloni, F. Soavi, 69th Annual Meeting of International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE), Bologna (Italy), 02-07/09/2018.
Experimental Parameterization of a Pseudo Two-Dimensional (P2D) Model for Lithium Ion Batteries: A Study of a Commercial Cell
Authors: Chen Chang-Hui , Lain Michael J , Widanage Widanalage Dhammika , Kendrick Emma 
Published: February 2020

Modelling of lithium ion batteries is important, as it provides a way to predict their performance under various operating conditions, as well as the state of health during cycling, thereby providing key guidance in the designing of these devices. Among the numerous models studied in literature, the pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model developed by the Newman group, is one of the most widely adopted lithium-ion battery model.1 To build a precise P2D battery model with predictive value, one crucial part is parameterization. However, accurate measurement of such complex physical and chemical processes is challenging and existing literature data is incomplete at best.2 In this contribution, we adapt and demonstrate an experimental procedure to determine a complete set of parametric inputs required for a P2D model with reduced order. Designing the experiments with the model explicitly in mind, allows us to identify the crucial inputs, to able the model to capture the existing system accurately as well to use it as a predictive tool for the design of new systems.
Experimental results presented herein are based on a commercially available cylindrical cell from LG Chem. (M50), of which the design and material content is unknown. The electrodes were extracted from this commercial cell to enable material characterization. The physical and chemical parameters of the electrodes and cells were investigated; the chemical and structural properties analysed with X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICO-OES) techniques. The electrochemical properties such as the electronic and ionic conductivities were analysed in small test coin and Swagelok™ cells with extracted electrodes under different charging and relaxation conditions.

References:

Fuller, T. F.; Doyle, M.; Newman, J., Simulation and Optimization of the Dual Lithium Ion Insertion Cell. 1994,
141 (1), 1-10.

Jokar, A.; Rajabloo, B.; Désilets, M.; Lacroix, M., Review of simplified Pseudo-two-Dimensional models of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources
2016,
327, 44-55.

Figure 1
Ionic Liquids-Promoted Utilization of Redox-Active Organic Materials for Flow Batteries
Authors: Chen Ruiyong , Huang Zhifeng , Zhang Peng , Henkensmeier Dirk , Hempelmann Rolf 
Published: February 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are regarded as technique-of-choice for load levelling and peak shaving for the utilization of renewable energy sources, and are key component in smart grid network.[1,2] Electrolyte chemistry is a key consideration for the performance enhancement.[3-9] The conventional RFBs using non-organic redox species in aqueous H2SO4, KOH and NaCl, with limited operating voltage and volumetric energy density. Development of new high-performance electrolytes is highly important for speeding up the market penetration of RFBs. Herein, we explore the feasibility of using “water-in-ionic liquid” supporting electrolytes for tailoring the properties of electrolytes, including the electrochemical stability window, temperature adaptability, solubility of redox-active organics and chemical/electrochemical stability and reversibility of active materials.
References:
[1] R. Chen, ChemElectroChem (2018) doi: 10.1002/celc.201801505.
[2] R. Ye, D. Henkensmeier, S. J. Yoon, Z. Huang, D. K. Kim, Z. Chang, S. Kim, R. Chen, J. Electrochem. En. Conv. Stor.15 (2018) 010801.
[3] R. Chen, R. Hempelmann, Electrochem. Commun. 70 (2016) 56-59.
[4] Y. Zhang, R. Ye, D. Henkensmeier, R. Hempelmann, R. Chen, Electrochim. Acta 263 (2018) 47-52.
[5] Z. Chang, D. Henkensmeier, R. Chen, ChemSusChem 10 (2017) 3193-3197.
[6] A. Tatlisu, Z. Huang, R. Chen, ChemSusChem 11 (2018) 3899-3904.
[7] R. Chen, D. Henkensmeier, S. Kim, S. J. Yoon, T. Zinkevich, S. Indris, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 (2018) 6047-6055.
[8] R. Chen, R. Ye, R. Hempelmann, S. Kim, A. Möller, J. Hartwig, N. Krawczyk, P. Geigle, Patent application: PCT/EP2018/056087, 2018.
[9] Z. Chang, D. Henkensmeier, R. Chen, J. Power Sources, in revision.
[10] Z. Huang, P. Zhang, X. Gao, D. Henkensmeier, S. Passerini, R. Chen, submitted.
Increasing Energy Density and Power Density in Hybridised Supercapacitor-Battery Devices
Authors: Lekakou Constantina , Baboo Joseph Paul , Markoulidis Foivos , Slade Robert CT 
Published: February 2020

Research is presented aiming to increase both power and energy density of lithium batteries by applying composite cathodes containing sulphur, which has a high theoretical specific capacity of 1675 Ah/kgS and is an abundant and low-cost material, and increase the power density of the cells by creating battery-supercapacitor hybrids with the hybridisation carried out at electrode material level.
The focus of current research worldwide has been to increase the cyclability of lithium-sulphur (Li-S) batteries, which has been accomplished by devising composite sulphur cathodes, to avoid cathode degradation due to the expansion of sulphur to accommodate the formation of sulphides, and various functionalisation approaches to trap the sulphides and avoid the ‘shuttle’ effect during charge. However, the theoretical capacity of sulphur has not been achieved even at first discharge, lowering the expected energy density, and this is further compounded by the fact that only a fraction of the composite cathode is sulphur. Modelling studies have shown that access of all sulphur by the Li+ ions in the micropores is critical and formation of sufficient amounts of higher order sulphides during the first stage of discharge is needed, to be able to obtain a long second stage discharge plateau. The first stage of our study is focused on demonstrating homogeneous and deep sulphur impregnation of porous carbonaceous material to create cathodes with more than 50 wt% sulphur in a supercapacitor-type, porous, host matrix. Repeated discharges are carried out after which we have achieved the theoretical specific capacity of sulphur at first discharge (cumulative curve in Figure 1). We shall continue with parametric studies to investigate the effect of different amounts of sulphur in the composite cathode on the pore size distribution and discharge capacity.
The second part of this study includes the investigations into lithium battery-supercapacitor cells hybridised at electrode material level, in combinations of parallel and in series material parts in equivalent circuit models. The effect of the supercapacitor porous carbonaceous electrode materials on the voltage of the cell in galvanostatic charge-discharge curves will be presented in experimental investigations for half-cells of both sides and full cells. Some novel cell architectures will be presented aiming at minimising any detrimental reactions in the supercapacitor materials within the battery cell window.

Figure 1
Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
Authors: Safari Tahereh 
Published: February 2020

Biofuel cell can be defined as a device that can directly change chemical energy into electrical energy through electro biochemical reactions. In other words, in these kinds of cells, biocatalysts that can be either enzymes or microorganisms or cells, are used for producing electrical energy. In biofuel cells, biocatalysts are used in the following two ways:

Biocatalysts can produce fuel substrates necessary for fuel cell through bio catalytic exchanges or metabolic processes.

Biocatalysts can participate in the electron transmission chain between fuel substrates and electrode level.

On this basis biofuel cells can be divided in two groups of microbe based cells and enzyme based cells.
In this paper, we describe the following titles about enzymatic biofuel cells:

Performance of enzymatic biofuel cells

A view of the methanol/oxygen enzymatic biofuel cell

View of an electrode lactate dehydrogenase enzyme

Replacement of apo-glucose oxidase surface on a gold electrode layered with PQQFAD.

Bio-electrolytic cathodes of material cyt / cox

Biodegradable fuel cells based on enzymes layered electrodes Examples of biofuel cells:

Biodegradable fuel cell based on pyrroloquinoline and Micro Oxidase 11 layered electrodes

View of a biofuel fuel cell based on NADH , H2O2

Biofuel cell based on glucose oxidase and micro peroxidase-11 electrode

View of a fuel cell based on H2O2 glucose

View of biofuel fuel cell No compartment

Thermodynamic parameters in biofuel cells

Reinforced wireless transmission system (power supply) by an enzyme biofuel cell grown in an orange

Experiment in place with growing oranges

Mathematical equations governing

Biofuel cell implant in the body of animals