bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of toxicity of aerosols from flavored e-liquids in Sprague–Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study, complemented by transcriptomics analysis
Authors: Ho Jenny , Sciuscio Davide , Kogel Ulrike , Titz Bjoern , Leroy Patrice , Vuillaume Gregory , Talikka Marja , Martin Elyette , Pospisil Pavel , Lebrun Stefan , Xia Wenhao , Lee Tom , Chng Yun Xuan , Phillips Blaine W. , Veljkovic Emilija , Guedj Emmanuel , Xiang Yang , Ivanov Nikolai V. , Peitsch Manuel C. , Hoeng Julia , Vanscheeuwijck Patrick 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe use of flavoring substances is an important element in the development of reduced-risk products for adult smokers to increase product acceptance and encourage switching from cigarettes. In a first step towards characterizing the sub-chronic inhalation toxicity of neat flavoring substances, a study was conducted using a mixture of the substances in a base solution of e-liquid, where the standard toxicological endpoints of the nebulized aerosols were supplemented with transcriptomics analysis. The flavor mixture was produced by grouping 178 flavors into 26 distinct chemical groups based on structural similarities and potential metabolic and biological effects. Flavoring substances predicted to show the highest toxicological effect from each group were selected as the flavor group representatives (FGR). Following Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Testing Guideline 413, rats were exposed to three concentrations of the FGR mixture in an e-liquid composed of nicotine (23 µg/L), propylene glycol (1520 µg/L), and vegetable glycerin (1890 µg/L), while non-flavored and no-nicotine mixtures were included as references to identify potential additive or synergistic effects between nicotine and the flavoring substances. The results indicated that the inhalation of an e-liquid containing the mixture of FGRs caused very minimal local and systemic toxic effects. In particular, there were no remarkable clinical (in-life) observations in flavored e-liquid-exposed rats. The biological effects related to exposure to the mixture of neat FGRs were limited and mainly nicotine-mediated, including changes in hematological and blood chemistry parameters and organ weight. These results indicate no significant additive biological changes following inhalation exposure to the nebulized FGR mixture above the nicotine effects measured in this sub-chronic inhalation study. In a subsequent study, e-liquids with FGR mixtures will be aerosolized by thermal treatment and assessed for toxicity.
Long-term simulation of lead concentrations in agricultural soils in relation to human adverse health effects
Authors: Schupp Thomas , Damm Georg , Foth Heidi , Freyberger Alexius , Gebel Thomas , Gundert-Remy Ursula , Hengstler Jan G. , Mangerich Aswin , Partosch Falko , Röhl Claudia , Wollin Klaus-Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLead (Pb) exposure of consumers and the environment has been reduced over the past decades. Despite all measures taken, immission of Pb onto agricultural soils still occurs, with fertilizer application, lead shot from hunting activities, and Pb from air deposition representing major sources. Little is known about the intermediate and long-term consequences of these emissions. To gain more insight, we established a mathematical model that considers input from fertilizer, ammunition, deposition from air, uptake of Pb by crops, and wash-out to simulate the resulting Pb concentrations in soil over extended periods. In a further step, human oral exposure by crop-based food was simulated and blood concentrations were derived to estimate the margin of exposure to Pb-induced toxic effects. Simulating current farming scenarios, a new equilibrium concentration of Pb in soil would be established after several centuries. Developmental neurotoxicity represents the most critical toxicological effect of Pb for humans. According to our model, a Pb concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg in agricultural soil leads to an intake of approximately 10 µg Pb per person per day by the consumption of agricultural products, the dose corresponding to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Therefore, 5 mg Pb/kg represents a critical concentration in soil that should not be exceeded. Starting with a soil concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, the current control level for crop fields, our simulation predicts periods of ~ 50 and ~ 175 years for two Pb immission scenarios for mass of Pb per area and year [scenario 1: ~ 400 g Pb/(ha × a); scenario 2: ~ 175 g Pb/(ha × a)], until the critical concentration of ~ 5 mg/kg Pb in soil would be reached. The two scenarios, which differ in their Pb input via fertilizer, represent relatively high but not unrealistic Pb immissions. From these scenarios, we calculated that the annual deposition of Pb onto soil should remain below ~ 100 g/(ha × a) in order not to exceed the critical soil level of 5 mg/kg. We propose as efficient measures to reduce Pb input into agricultural soil to lower the Pb content of compost and to use alternatives to Pb ammunition for hunting.
Additional surgical procedures and perioperative morbidity in post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for metastatic testicular cancer in two intermediate volume hospitals
Authors: Blok Joost M. , Meijer Richard P. , van der Poel Henk G. , Bex Axel , van Vooren Jeanette , van Urk Japke J. , Horenblas Simon , Bosch J. L. H. Ruud 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the perioperative morbidity of PC-RPLND in two intermediate volume centers and to identify predictors of high morbidity.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of 124 patients treated with open PC-RPLND at two tertiary referral centers between 2001 and 2018. Perioperative morbidity was determined by analyzing additional surgical procedures, intra-operative blood loss, and postoperative complications.

Results
An additional procedure was necessary for 33 patients (26.6%). The risk was higher in patients with IGCCCG intermediate/poor prognosis (OR 3.56; 95% CI 1.33–9.52) and residual tumor size > 5 cm (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.39–8.93). Blood loss was higher in patients with IGCCCG intermediate/poor prognosis (β = 0.177; p = 0.029), large residual tumor (β = 0.570; p < 0.001), an additional intervention (β = 0.342; p < 0.001) and teratoma on retroperitoneal histology (β = − 0.19; p = 0.014). Thirty-one patients had a postoperative complication Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥ 2 (25.0%). Complication risk was highest in patients undergoing an additional intervention (OR 3.46; 95% CI 1.03–11.60; p = 0.044).

Conclusions
The rate of additional interventions in our series is comparable to what has been reported in high-volume centers. IGCCCG intermediate/poor prognosis patients with high-volume disease and patients undergoing an additional surgical procedure can be classified as high-risk patients.
Shear-induced deconfinement of hard disks
Authors: Jahreis Nikolai , Schmidt Matthias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUsing Brownian dynamics simulations, we investigate the response to shear of a two-dimensional system of quasi-hard disks that are confined in the velocity gradient direction by a smooth external potential. Shearing the confined system leads to a homogenization of the one-body density profile. In order to rationalize this deconfinement effect, we split the internal one-body force field into adiabatic and superadiabatic contributions. We demonstrate that the superadiabatic force field consists of viscous and of structural contributions. We give an empirical scaling law that yields results for the superadiabatic force profiles both in the flow and in the gradient direction, in excellent agreement with the simulation data.
Mapping the ChOLE classification to hearing outcomes and disease-specific health-related quality of life
Authors: Weiss Nora M. , Bächinger David , Rrahmani Adrian , Bernd Hans E. , Huber Alexander , Mlynski Robert , Röösli Christof 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the association between the “ChOLE” classification, hearing outcomes and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods
In two tertiary referral centers, patients requiring primary or revision surgery for cholesteatoma were assessed for eligibility. Audiometric assessment was performed pre- and postoperatively. The ChOLE classification was determined intraoperatively and via the preoperative CT scan. HRQoL was assessed pre- and postoperatively using the Zurich Chronic Middle Ear Inventory (ZCMEI-21).

Results
A total of 87 patients (mean age 45.2 years, SD 16.2) were included in this study. ChOLE stage I cholesteatoma was found in 8 (9%), stage II cholesteatoma was found in 65 (75%), and stage III cholesteatoma was found in 14 (16%) patients. Postoperatively, the mean air–bone gap (0.5, 1, 2, 3 kHz) was significantly smaller than before surgery (14.3 dB vs. 23.0 dB; p = 0.0007). The mean ZCMEI-21 total score significantly decreased after surgery (26.8 vs. 20.7, p = 0.004). No correlation between the ZCMEI-21 total score and both the ChOLE stage and the extent of the cholesteatoma (ChOLE subdivision “Ch”) was found. A trend towards worse HRQoL associated with a poorer status of the ossicular chain (ChOLE subdivision “O”) was observed. The audiometric outcomes were not associated with the extent of the cholesteatoma. The ChOLE subdivision describing the ossicular status showed a strong association with the pre- and postoperative air conduction (AC) thresholds. Further, the ZCMEI-21 total score and its hearing subscore correlated with the AC thresholds.

Conclusion
The ChOLE classification does not show a clear association with HRQoL measured by the ZCMEI-21. The HRQoL neither seems to be associated with the extent of the disease nor with the ossicular chain status. Yet, surgical therapy significantly improved HRQoL by means of reduced ZCMEI-21 total scores, which were strongly associated with the AC thresholds. Intraoperative assessment of a cholesteatoma using the ChOLE classification and HRQoL complement each other and provide useful information.
Dose-dependent effects of netarsudil, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, on the distal outflow tract
Authors: Chen Si , Waxman Susannah , Wang Chao , Atta Sarah , Loewen Ralitsa , Loewen Nils A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To characterize the effects of netarsudil on the aqueous humor outflow tract distal to the trabecular meshwork (TM). We hypothesized that netarsudil increases outflow facility in eyes with and without circumferential ab interno trabeculectomy (AIT) that removes the TM.

Methods
Sixty-four porcine anterior segment cultures were randomly assigned to groups with (n = 32) and without circumferential AIT (n = 32). Cultures were exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10 μM netarsudil (N = 8 eyes per concentration). For each concentration, IOP and vessel diameters were compared with their respective pretreatment baselines. Outflow tract vessel diameters were assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) and rendered in 4D (XYZ time series).

Results
Netarsudil at 1 μM reduced IOP both in eyes with TM (− 0.60 ± 0.24 mmHg, p = 0.01) and in eyes without TM (− 1.79 ± 0.42 mmHg, p < 0.01). At this concentration, vessels of the distal outflow tract dilated by 72%. However, at 0.1 μM netarsudil elevated IOP in eyes with TM (1.59 ± 0.36 mmHg, p < 0.001) as well as in eyes without TM (0.23 ± 0.32 mmHg, p < 0.001). Vessels of the distal outflow tract constricted by 31%. Similarly, netarsudil at a concentration of 10 μM elevated IOP both in eyes with TM (1.91 ± 0.193, p < 0.001) and in eyes without TM (3.65 ± 0.86 mmHg, p < 0.001). At this concentration, outflow tract vessels constricted by 27%.

Conclusion
In the porcine anterior segment culture, the dose-dependent IOP changes caused by netarsudil matched the diameter changes of distal outflow tract vessels. Hyper- and hypotensive properties of netarsudil persisted after TM removal.
Needlestick injuries: a density-equalizing mapping and socioeconomic analysis of the global research
Authors: Groneberg David A. , Braumann Hannah , Rolle Stefan , Quarcoo David , Klingelhöfer Doris , Fischer Axel , Nienhaus Albert , Brüggmann Dörthe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Needlestick injuries have caused a deleterious effect on the physical and mental health of millions of health-care workers over the past decades, being responsible for occupational infections with viruses such as HIV or hepatis C. Despite this heavy burden of disease, no concise studies have been published on the global research landscape so far.

Methods
We used the New Quality and Quantity Indices in Science platform to analyze global NSI research (n = 2987 articles) over the past 115 years using the Web of Science and parameters such as global versus country-specific research activities, semi-qualitative issues, and socioeconomic figures.

Results
Density-equalizing mapping showed that although a total of n = 106 countries participated in NSI research, large parts of Africa and South America were almost invisible regarding global participation in NSI research. Average citation rate (cr) analysis indicated a high rate for Switzerland (cr = 25.1), Italy (cr = 23.5), and Japan (cr = 19.2). Socioeconomic analysis revealed that the UK had the highest quotient QGDP of 0.13 NSI-specific publications per bill. US-$ gross domestic product (GDP), followed by South Africa (QGDP = 0.12). Temporal analysis of HIV versus hepatitis research indicated that NSI-HIV research culminated in the early 1990s, whereas NSI-hepatitis research increased over the observed period from the 1980s until the last decade.

Conclusion
Albeit NSI research activity is generally increasing, the growth is asymmetrical from a global viewpoint. International strategies should be followed that put a focus on NSI in non-industrialized areas of the world.
Perinatal depression screening practices in a large health system: identifying current state and assessing opportunities to provide more equitable care
Authors: Sidebottom Abbey , Vacquier Marc , LaRusso Elizabeth , Erickson Darin , Hardeman Rachel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of prenatal and postpartum depression screening in a large health system and to identify covariates for screening, with a specific focus in understanding disparities in practice. A retrospective cohort of women with deliveries in 2016 was created using electronic health records. Primary outcomes were depression screening during pregnancy and the first 3 months postpartum. Generalized linear mixed models with women nested within clinic were used to determine the effect of maternal and clinical characteristics on depression screening. The sample included 7548 women who received prenatal care at 35 clinics and delivered at 10 hospitals. The postpartum sample included 7059 women who returned within 3 months for a postpartum visit. Of those, 65.1% were screened for depression during pregnancy, and 64.4% were screened postpartum. Clinic site was the strongest predictor of screening, accounting for 23–30% of the variability in screening prevalence. There were no disparities identified with regard to prenatal screening. However, several disparities were identified for postpartum screening. After adjusting for clinic, women who were African American, Asian, and otherwise non-white (Native American, multi-racial) were less likely to be screened postpartum than white women (AOR (CI)’s 0.81 (0.65, 1.01), 0.64 (0.53, 0.77), and 0.44 (0.21, 0.96), respectively). Women insured by Medicaid/Medicare, a proxy for low-income, were less likely to be screened postpartum than women who were privately insured (AOR (CI) 0.78 (0.68, 0.89)). National guidelines support universal depression screening of pregnant and postpartum women. The current study found opportunities for improvement in order to achieve universal screening and to deliver equitable care.
On a Multivalued Differential Equation with Nonlocality in Time
Authors: Eikmeier André , Emmrich Etienne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe initial value problem for a multivalued differential equation is studied, which is governed by the sum of a monotone, hemicontinuous, coercive operator fulfilling a certain growth condition and a Volterra integral operator in time of convolution type with exponential decay. The two operators act on different Banach spaces where one is not embedded in the other. The set-valued right-hand side is measurable and satisfies certain continuity and growth conditions. Existence of a solution is shownviaa generalisation of the Kakutani fixed-point theorem.
Competences for implementation science: what trainees need to learn and where they learn it
Authors: Schultes Marie-Therese , Aijaz Monisa , Klug Julia , Fixsen Dean L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEducation in implementation science, which involves the training of health professionals in how to implement evidence-based findings into health practice systematically, has become a highly relevant topic in health sciences education. The present study advances education in implementation science by compiling a competence profile for implementation practice and research and by exploring implementation experts’ sources of expertise. The competence profile is theoretically based on educational psychology, which implies the definition of improvable and teachable competences. In an online-survey, an international, multidisciplinary sample of 82 implementation experts named competences that they considered most helpful for conducting implementation practice and implementation research. For these competences, they also indicated whether they had acquired them in their professional education, additional training, or by self-study and on-the-job experience. Data were analyzed using a mixed-methods approach that combined qualitative content analyses with descriptive statistics. The participants deemed collaboration knowledge and skills most helpful for implementation practice. For implementation research, they named research methodology knowledge and skills as the most important ones. The participants had acquired most of the competences that they found helpful for implementation practice in self-study or by on-the-job experience. However, participants had learned most of their competences for implementation research in their professional education. The present results inform education and training activities in implementation science and serve as a starting point for a fluid set of interdisciplinary implementation science competences that will be updated continuously. Implications for curriculum development and the design of educational activities are discussed.
Theorizing refugeedom: becoming young political subjects in Beirut
Authors: Riga Liliana , Langer Johannes , Dakessian Arek 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRefugees can be formed as “subjects” as they navigate forced displacement in countries that are not their own. In particular, everyday life as the politicized Other, and as humanitarianism’s depoliticized beneficiary, can constitute them as political subjects. Understanding these produced subjects and subjectivities leads us to conceive of forced displacement – or “refugeedom” – as a human condition or experience of political (sub)alterity, within which inhere distinctive subjectivations and subjectivities. Drawing on fieldwork in Beirut, Lebanon, we use young Syrian and Iraqi refugees’ experiences with everyday racism, violent bullying and racialized discrimination as heuristic lenses with which to see displacement’s political subjects and subjectivities. We argue that the young refugees emerge as both political and moral subjects through core and defining struggles within – and against – these politicizing constraints. We interpret their struggles as ambivalently and dynamically situated within humanitarianism’s and racism’s subjections and subjectivities. Yet we also found that occasionally the young refugees could eclipse these produced subjectivities to claim repoliticized subjecthoods distinct from those of humanitarianism and outside displacement’s normal politics. We interpret these in Rancièrian terms as “political subjectivation.” Abstracting our findings, we offer a simple theoretical architecture of refugeedom’s subjectivations, subjects, and subjectivities as comprising humanitarianism’s rights-bearing or juridical subject; the vulnerable and resilient, innocent and suffering subject; and the Othered or racialized subject, formed through the exclusions of displacement’s politicized spaces. But we also conceive refugeedom as a space of values, and so the ground on which moral meaning and significance attach to agency and subjectivity.
Disk-Shaped Cobalt Nanocrystals as Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts Under Industrially Relevant Conditions
Authors: van Deelen T. W. , Harmel J. M. , Nijhuis J. J. , Su H. , Yoshida H. , Oord R. , Zečević J. , Weckhuysen B. M. , de Jong K. P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractColloidal synthesis of metal nanocrystals (NC) offers control over size, crystal structure and shape of nanoparticles, making it a promising method to synthesize model catalysts to investigate structure-performance relationships. Here, we investigated the synthesis of disk-shaped Co-NC, their deposition on a support and performance in the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis under industrially relevant conditions. From the NC synthesis, either spheres only or a mixture of disk-shaped and spherical Co-NC was obtained. The disks had an average diameter of 15 nm, a thickness of 4 nm and consisted of hcp Co exposing (0001) on the base planes. The spheres were 11 nm on average and consisted of ε-Co. After mild oxidation, the CoO-NC were deposited on SiO2 with numerically 66% of the NC being disk-shaped. After reduction, the catalyst with spherical plus disk-shaped Co-NC had 50% lower intrinsic activity for FT synthesis (20 bar, 220 °C, H2/CO = 2 v/v) than the catalyst with spherical NC only, while C5+-selectivity was similar. Surprisingly, the Co-NC morphology was unchanged after catalysis. Using XPS it was established that nitrogen-containing ligands were largely removed and in situ XRD revealed that both catalysts consisted of 65% hcp Co and 21 or 32% fcc Co during FT. Furthermore, 3–5 nm polycrystalline domains were observed. Through exclusion of several phenomena, we tentatively conclude that the high fraction of (0001) facets in disk-shaped Co-NC decrease FT activity and, although very challenging to pursue, that metal nanoparticle shape effects can be studied at industrially relevant conditions.
Photocatalytic TiO2/rGO/CuO Composite for Wastewater Treatment of Cr(VI) Under Visible Light
Authors: Wang Ning , Zhang Feiyan , Mei Qiufeng , Wu Ronglan , Wang Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe harm of chromium pollution to the environment has caused a widespread concern; hexavalent chromium is a toxic, cancerogenic, and genetically mutagenic contaminant to the human body; by contrast, trivalent chromium is almost non-toxic to the human body; therefore, it is a feasible method to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. Photocatalysis is a new environmentally friendly and harmless technology, which can transform pollutants into non-toxic or less toxic products. In this study, we synthesized TiO2/rGO/CuO ternary nanocomposites to treat hexavalent chromium pollution under visible light. Under optimal conditions, the photoreduction efficiency of 100 ppm hexavalent chromium solution could reach 100% in 80 min. The photoreduction rate of hexavalent chromium is 29.4 times than that of pure TiO2. The photocatalytic property of CuO in TG2C8 nanocomposites is attributed to accelerate the separation of electrons and holes and the efficient electron transfer through the rGO framework. We believe that TiO2/rGO/CuO composites have great potential in wastewater treatment.