bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of a Diet Supplemented with 20% Rye and Xylanase in Different Housing Systems on the Occurrence of Pathogenic Bacteria in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Pyzik Ewelina , Urban-Chmiel Renata , Chałabis-Mazurek Agnieszka , Świątkiewicz Sylwester , Arczewska-Włosek Anna , Schwarz Tomasz , Valverde Piedra Jose L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sanitary conditions and diet are important elements determining the occurrence of pathogens in animals. The aim of the research was to assess the effect of an experimental diet with rye and xylanase for broiler chickens in cages and in a free-range system on the intestinal microbiome. The study was carried out in two experimental stages, the first on 224 1-d-old male Ross 308 chickens with an initial weight of 41 g, and the second on 2000 1-d-old male chickens with an initial weight of 42 g. All birds were reared to 42 d of age and fed crumbled starter (1 to 21 d) and pelleted grower–finisher (22 to 42 d) isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, supplemented with 20% rye and/or 200 mg/kg xylanase. Directly after slaughter, bacteria were isolated from the cloaca of birds and identified using classical microbiological methods and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria was assessed by the disc diffusion method. The study showed the presence of abundant bacteria in the gut microbiome of chickens kept in both housing systems. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Proteus spp., Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Antibiotic resistance was significantly higher in E. coli, Proteus spp., and Campylobacter spp. obtained from chickens from the free-range farm, but in the case of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus, resistance was higher in bacteria from caged birds. The high antibiotic resistance among pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract necessitates the search for means to control the microbiome in favour of beneficial bacteria. The significant influence of rye and xylanase on the bacterial content may be the basis for the introduction of this method to support the control of pathogens.
Distribution, protection and restoration of Taxus baccata L. in Ukraine
Authors: Hnatiuk Oleh , Mohytych Vasyl , Sułkowska Małgorzata 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
English yew is one of the most endangered species in Europe. Due to the specificity of this species, its natural regeneration is quite difficult. The aim of the study was to present the current situation of distribution, protection and restoration of the species in Ukraine. The study presents some characteristics of largest natural and artificial yew populations in the country and their protection. In situ and ex situ yew populations are quite different, in terms of bioclimatic conditions what does not affect to the growth characteristics of the populations. In addition, the activities related to the natural and artificial renaturalisation of the yew were analysed. Thus, tending of tree stands, where the natural regeneration of yew was inventoried can be recommended but it should be planned very individually regarding requirements of the site. The introduction of yew seedlings in the conditions of the managed forest is very difficult. Despite the complication of obtaining planting material and high cost, it is important measure to preserve the species. In Ukraine are successful examples of the seed transfer of yew populations by about 450 km in North-East direction (Carpathian yew population) and 700 km in North direction (Crimean yew population). It is an evidence of high ecological plasticity of the species. Moreover, some recommendations that could be useful for increasing the popularization of this species throughout the country were given in conclusions. The wider use of yew in public areas across the country due to unique value of species and more convenient protection of young seedlings. It is worth to continue the inventory of yew locations at the national level and study the possibilities to use as local sources to conservation of this species throughout the country.
Territorial Defence, Comprehensive Defence and Total Defence: Meanings and Differences in the Estonian Defence Force
Authors: Veebel Viljar , Ploom Illimar , Vihmand Liia , Zaleski Krzystof 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Defence policy and related activities, such as territorial defence and comprehensive defence, are considered a matter of national priority and consensus in Estonia since its restoration of independence in 1991. The actual meaning and its content have depended on numerous linguistic and cultural factors. Educational traditions and alliance relations have played an important role as well. In some cases, changes in actual defence policy content first required an ability to change military terminology and outlook. The current study analyses the meaning of territorial defence, comprehensive defence and total defence in official documents and based on focus group interviews among officers of BDCOL and EMA.
The Five Tasks of Public Value Management: Public Value as a Programme of Administrative and Societal Democratisation
Authors: Sedlačko Michal 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this essay is threefold: (1) to identify the tasks of public managers in public value management (PVM), (2) to start a debate on the relationships between autonomy, entrepreneurship and PVM from the perspective of institutional roles and management levels, and (3) to initiate a discussion about the transferability of PVM to diverse administrative systems and cultures. The public value discourse emerged in the 1990s, justifying the need for the concept through a deficit in democratic legitimacy, the delivery paradox, as well as market failure and the critique of New Public Management. Public value focuses on the ultimate purpose of the use of public resources and can thus serve to strengthen outcome legitimacy and downward accountability. Arguably, the most productive interpretation of the public value concept rests along the lines of a normative, conceptual orientation for managerial action, accompanied by a (so far somewhat sparse) set of practical tools and reasoning for public managers. Five tasks of PVM were identified: (1) conducting political management to secure legitimacy for particular value propositions; (2) leveraging public value opportunities through networks and a range of delivery mechanisms; (3) ensuring continuing democratisation through helping the realisation of politically empowered citizenship; (4) ensuring learning across multiple levels and audiences; and (5) cultivating a wider view of sustainable wellbeing for all. Regarding the applicability of PVM across various dimensions of administrative traditions and cultures, it would seem that the tasks are more compatible with some cultures and traditions than others. For instance, these roles seem more compatible with non-politicised public administrations that grant high societal status and discretion to civil servants, and provide them with generalist training and career options. One of the key open questions is under what conditions can a public value approach contribute to changes in the given public administration culture, in particular towards the development of downward accountability mechanisms in the context of democratic backsliding and constraints to bureaucratic autonomy.
Artificial Organs 2000 ESAO
Authors: Polenakovic Momir H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Artificial Organs 2000 Satellite Symposium of European Society for Artificial Organs (ESAO) was organized by the Macedonian Society for Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (MSNDTAO) and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MASA) on November 25-26, 2000 on the occasion of the 25th Anniversary of the Department of Nephrology of the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia.
The main topics of this symposium were: Blood-purification techniques, Artificial Kidney, Metabolic- and Cardiac-Assist Systems as well as Biomaterials to be used for Artificial Organs.
H. Klinkmann (Glasgow, United Kingdom), D. Falkenhagen (Krems, Austria), U. Baurmeister (Wuppertal, Germany), V. Bonomini, S. Stefoni (Bologna, Italy), R. Vanholder (Ghent, Belgium), S. Stiller (Aachen, Germany), H. Mann, H. Melzer (Aachen, Germany), J. Pop-Jordanov, N. Pop-Jordanova (Skopje, R. Macedonia), B. Stegmayr (Umea, Sweden), M. Mydlik, K. Derzisova, O. Racz, A. Sipulova, J. Boldizsar, E. Lovasova, M. Hribikova (Kosice, Slovak Republic), A. Jörres (Berlin, Germany), M. Polenakovic (Skopje, R. Macedonia), J. Vienken (Bad Homburg, Germany), S. Bowry (Bad Homburg, Germany), E. Piskin (Ankara, Turkey), J. Klinkmann, W. Schimmelpfennig, H. Lantow, W. Rigger. (Teterow, Germany), A. Sikole (Skopje, R. Macedonia), A. Oncevski, P. Dejanov, V. Gerasimovska, M. Polenakovic (Skopje, R. Macedonia), J. Wojcicki (Warsaw, Poland), K. Affeld (Berlin, Germany), G. Rakhorst et al. (Groningen, The Netherlands), Z. Mitrev (Skopje, R. Macedonia), S. Kedev, G. Guagliumi, O. Valsecchi, M. Tespili (Skopje, R. Macedonia, Bergamo, Italy) have presented their papers at the Symposium. The presentations provoked a fruitful discussion and it was concluded that they should be published.
The papers were published in the International Journal of Artificial Organs of the European Society for Artificial Organs (ESAO) as a special issue on “Artificial Organs 2000 ESAO Satellite Symposium -Skopje, R. Macedonia”, Guest Editors: M. H. Polenakovic, Skopje and J. Vienken, Bad Homburg; Vol. 25, No. 5, 2002.
Using the Role Play Method in Military Pedagogy
Authors: Bumbuc Ştefania 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper aims to identify and discuss relevant issues, in terms of military pedagogy, regarding the using of role play in the training of future officers, given the characteristics of the military organization and the psycho-behavioral traits required of commanding officers. A secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative data (collected through an opinion questionnaire) was conducted. The results show that role play is perceived as an effective method of training, especially for the psycho-behavioral and attitudinal component, and less for the intellectual component of personality. The data show that, although role play is a collective method, which can only take place with the participation of the military team, the process of developing leadership skills is an individual one. Every student, whether actor or observer during the role play, evolves on their own, regardless of their relationship with colleagues or their position in the military team. The timely and proper intervention of instructor-facilitator in the role play could increase the success rate of this pedagogical method.
The Effect of the Carbon Tax Value on the Optimal Parameters and Characteristics of Coal Power Plants
Authors: Kler Alexander , Zharkov Pavel , Potanina Yulia , Marinchenko Andrey , Epishkin Nikolai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper investigates the effect of the carbon tax on the optimal parameters and indicators of two coal power plants: a steam turbine power unit with coal dust burning in a steam boiler and an internal gasification combined cycle power plant. Sufficiently detailed mathematical models have been developed for the considered plants that are focused on calculating the flow rates of working fluids and coolants and thermodynamic parameters at all points of the flowcharts, as well as the structural characteristics of the plant elements. The problems of optimizing the parameters of these plants related to the problems of nonlinear mathematical programming are formulated. As an efficiency criterion, the price of electricity is used at given value of the internal rate of return on investment. Optimization calculations were carried out with a carbon tax in the range from 0 $/t to 140 $/t in increments of 20 $/t. It is shown that with an increase in the charge for emissions, the optimal efficiency of the plants increases, as well as the specific investment. Specific CO2 emissions are reduced. Throughout the entire range of carbon tax values, IGCC power plant has the best economic and environmental indicators.
Methanolic Extract of Teucrium Polium Exerts Immunomodulatory Properties in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Matic Sanja , Popovic Suzana , Baskic Dejan , Todorovic Danijela , Vukovic Nenad , Stankovic Milan , Djurdjevic Predrag , Zdravkovic Nemanja , Mijailovic Zeljko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Teucrium polium has been used in traditional medicine around the world for centuries in treatment of various conditions and diseases. Many studies have confirmed pharmacological effects of its extracts, although the immunomodulatory effect has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the immunomodulatory effect of methanolic extract of T. polium (TPE) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy donors and patients with hepatitis C virus HCV infection. We analyzed the effect of the extract on PBMCs viability using the MTT test. The cell death type was determined using Annexin V-FITC/7-AAD staining. Immunophenotyping using anti-CD8 FITC, anti-CD4 PE, anti-CD3 ECD, anti-CD20 PC5, anti-CD14 FITC and anti-CD25 PC7 was performed by flow cytometry. Results of the MTT test indicate that TPE stimulates proliferation of healthy PBMCs, while the HCV PBMCs viability was slightly reduced. The percentage of apoptotic HCV PBMCs was higher after TPE treatment compared to the control. The proportion of CD25-expressing cells was higher among the untreated HCV PBMCs than in the untreated healthy PBMCs. TPE treatment significantly and gradually increased CD25 expression in healthy PBMCs, whereas CD25 expression on HCV PBMCs increased only at the highest TPE concentration. The upregulation of double-positive CD3+CD25+, CD20+CD25+ and CD14+CD25+ cells was significant in TPE treated healthy PBMCs, while only the highest concentration was effective on HCV PBMCs. In summary, TPE exerts a strong immunomodulatory effect on healthy PBMCs and, only at the highest concentration, on HCV PBMNCs.
Association Between Short-Term Annoyance and Several Physiological Parameters During Different Amounts of Nocturnal Aircraft Noise Exposure
Authors: Barbara Ohlenforst , Seth Ligthart , Roalt Aalmoes , Schreckenberg Dirk , Van Miltenburg Maykel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Annoyance is the most prevalent community response to environmental noise. Observational and experimental lab studies have shown that exposure to environmental noise leads to annoyance, sleep disturbance, daytime sleepiness, increased heart rate and increased blood pressure. However, previous literature is preliminary based on controlled settings or experimental design, raising the question of the generalizability and applicability in daily life scenarios. This study aimed to investigate two main research questions. First, what is the relationship between short-term annoyance and different amounts of nocturnal aircraft noise exposure in daily life? Second, what is the relationship between physiological parameters, including heart rate, number of awakenings, sleep efficiency, sleep duration and different amounts of nocturnal aircraft noise exposure in daily life? This study also aimed to explore the suitability of non-invasive commercially available activity trackers to measure physiological metrics in a scientific way. During this field study, participants were wearing Fitbit Charge 3 activity trackers recording heart rate and different sleep-derived metrics (e.g. deep sleep duration, sleep efficiency and awakenings). The used activity trackers were readily available, non-intrusive, relatively cheap and easy to use by the participants. Simultaneously, a logbook was used by the participants to track the subjective perception and situational context of air traffic noise exposure. The noise levels corresponding to the exposure of air traffic of each participant were calculated based on the location of the participant and the corresponding radar track using an aircraft noise monitoring system.
We hypothesize that a higher amount of exposure to aircraft noise in real life will be associated with increased annoyance, increased rest heartrate, higher number of awakenings, decreased sleep efficiency and decreased deep sleep duration.
Preliminary results on the interactions between aircraft noise exposure, perceived annoyance and physiological metrics suggest increased nocturnal aircraft noise exposure seems to negatively affect sleep efficiency and deep sleep duration.
Chylothorax, a rare complication after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Case report.
Authors: Pereira Duarte Matias , Camino Willhuber Gaston , Estefan Martin , Kido Gonzalo , Bassani Julio , Gruenberg Marcelo , Sola Carlos , Petracchi Matias 
Published: December 2020

Introduction
Chylous leakage into the retroperitoneum is a rare complication after spinal surgery using an anterior retroperitoneal approach. Chylothorax is the presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural cavity and it is even less frequent during these surgeries.
The aim of this work is to report the first case of isolated left chylothorax after a retroperitoneal Left Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in supine position in an adult female patient.

Case
A female 30-years-old patient underwent L4-L5 anterior interbody fusion. Four days after the intervention she was diagnosed with isolated left chylothorax that was drained and treated conservatively with good outcomes.

Conclusion
Chylothorax is an extremely rare complication after anterior lumbar spine procedures, and it is usually secondary to a chyloretroperitoneum. We present a unique case of isolated chylothorax after anterior retroperitoneal lumbar approach successfully treated in a conservative manner.

Key Words
chylothorax; spine; lumbosacral region; arthrodesis.
A Study of the Radiation Damage at the Opened/Un-Opened Contact of a Deep Trench Capacitor DRAM
Authors: Lue Jen-Lang , Hsieh Michael , Kao Danny 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper studies the effects of an electron beam and an ion beam in sample preparation at the borderless bit-line contact (CB) between a transistor and a bit line in a deep trench capacitor DRAM [1] using the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and the Electron Energy Loss Spectroscope (EELS). An abnormal region in the Si substrate was observed using cross-sectional TEM (XTEM) analysis at both the opened and un-opened CB contacts when normal sample preparation procedures were applied. CBED (Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction) in the TEM verifies this region is a structure of amorphous Si. The EELS spectrum shows the relative thickness (t/λ) of the TEM sample at this amorphous region is similar to that of the single crystal Si substrate. Experimental results demonstrated that this region was the result of radiation damage caused by either the ion-beam scan or the ion-beam Pt metal deposition required for sample preparation in the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) system. This radiation damage was not caused by inline wafer processing. However, the radiation damage zone for an un-opened contact is smaller than that for an opened contact. The size of the radiation damage zone increases relative to the time of the ion beam exposure. Using electron-beam scan and electron-beam Pt metal deposition can prevent this radiation damage from occurring.
Sub-Zeptofarad Sensitivity Scanning Capacitance Microscopy Sensor
Authors: Dongmo H. , Hammond P. , Weaver J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) is an Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) based technique that simultaneously records topography and local capacitance with high spatial resolution. This tool is based on the high frequency MOS capacitor theory, and is routinely used in failure analysis to discern the 2D carrier profiles and/or defects in insulator layers of semiconductor devices. An ac voltage induces a dynamic change in capacitance formed by the SCM tip and oxidized semiconductor sample surface. Because of the small contact area, sensitivity of the capacitance measurements must be lower than 10-18 F in a 1 kHz bandwidth. SCM sensors capable of such sensitivity are commonly based on the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) capacitance sensor, and rely on the detection of the frequency shift of a resonator. High operating frequency for the resonator significantly improves the measurement sensitivity. In this article, we describe a sensor for SCM with sub-zeptofarad (&lt; 10-21 F) sensitivity based on the designs of Tran et. al., but realized using a phase – sensitive detection system. This results in improved low frequency noise in the capacitance measurement. This design has an operating frequency of 3 GHz when unloaded and a resonator Q around 110, resulting in an improvement of the system sensitivity over the conventional RCA CED sensor, and may be used in a commercial AFM system. The performance of this sensor is discussed and two-dimensional dopant profile from a semiconductor structure is presented. The limitations of bulk resonator SCM systems are discussed and the prospects for monolithic sensors are described in the context of a 0.35 µm SiGe BiCMOS process.
Highly Resistive AlN Formation in TiN / AlCu / TiN Stack Evidenced by EELS TEM and XPS
Authors: Delahaye B. , Fray H. , Brun J.P. , Guilbaud N. , Tabary P. , Lariviere S. , Basso D. , Modi M. , Idir M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Electrical resistance of M1/M3 stack for Aluminium based technology showed anomalous values when no Ti is inserted between AlCu and cap TiN. Process investigations lead to suspect formation of AlN layer at this interface. Blanket wafers were processed at different temperatures to reproduce the layer formation and characterize the film by numerous techniques including XPS and EELS-TEM profiling. Full use of the different results shows the formation of a very thin (a few nms) and highly resistive AlN layer at the cap TiN / AlCu interface as well as a thicker but less resistive AlN layer at the bottom TiN / AlCu interface. PVD process changes were attempted to reduce the M1/M3 button stack resistance. Modification of the N2/Ar flow ratio for TiN sputtering shows slightly more stoechiometric TiN with reduced stack resistance by 35%.
State of the Art Substrate Manipulation as a Tool for Enhancing Product Performance
Authors: Gonzales Michael A. , Cabanillas Jose 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Substrate modifications on the Integrated Circuit (IC) package provide opportunities for the Failure Analyst (FA) to troubleshoot a routing failure or allow a design engineer to create new routing possibilities for a prototype device. The results can mean the difference in finding the root cause of the problem and being early or late to market. This paper describes a variety of methods to open sections of the package circuit board to access and cut I/O traces interwoven throughout the package substrate. It also describes the use of conductive epoxies for connecting traces, vias and solders bumps. Restoring the solder mask with an ultraviolet (UV) light curing conformal coating is also discussed. This method was used to characterize ground sensitivities and simulate inductance effects on the package. The flexibility and fast turnaround time this method enables has already enhanced product performance.