bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-scale habitat modelling and predicting change in the distribution of tiger and leopard using random forest algorithm
Authors: Rather Tahir A. , Kumar Sharad , Khan Jamal A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTigers and leopards have experienced considerable declines in their population due to habitat loss and fragmentation across their historical ranges. Multi-scale habitat suitability models (HSM) can inform forest managers to aim their conservation efforts at increasing the suitable habitat for tigers by providing information regarding the scale-dependent habitat-species relationships. However the current gap of knowledge about ecological relationships driving species distribution reduces the applicability of traditional and classical statistical approaches such as generalized linear models (GLMs), or occupancy surveys to produce accurate predictive maps. This study investigates the multi-scale habitat relationships of tigers and leopards and the impacts of future climate change on their distribution using a machine-learning algorithm random forest (RF). The recent advancements in the machine-learning algorithms provide a powerful tool for building accurate predictive models of species distribution and their habitat relationships even when little ecological knowledge is available about the species. We collected species occurrence data using camera traps and indirect evidence of animal presences (scats) in the field over 2 years of rigorous sampling and used a machine-learning algorithm random forest (RF) to predict the habitat suitability maps of tiger and leopard under current and future climatic scenarios. We developed niche overlap models based on the recently developed statistical approaches to assess the patterns of niche similarity between tigers and leopards. Tiger and leopard utilized habitat resources at the broadest spatial scales (28,000 m). Our model predicted a 23% loss in the suitable habitat of tigers under the RCP 8.5 Scenario (2050). Our study of multi-scale habitat suitability modeling provides valuable information on the species habitat relationships in disturbed and human-dominated landscapes concerning two large felid species of conservation importance. These areas may act as refugee habitats for large carnivores in the future and thus should be the focus of conservation importance. This study may also provide a methodological framework for similar multi-scale and multi-species monitoring programs using robust and more accurate machine learning algorithms such as random forest.
Hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cells are associated with vascular function and vascular structure in men
Authors: Kishimoto Shinji , Maruhashi Tatsuya , Kajikawa Masato , Matsui Shogo , Hashimoto Haruki , Takaeko Yuji , Harada Takahiro , Yamaji Takayuki , Han Yiming , Kihara Yasuki , Chayama Kazuaki , Goto Chikara , Yusoff Farina Mohamad , Nakashima Ayumu , Higashi Yukihito 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHigh and low hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels are associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships of Hct, Hb and red blood cells (RBCs) with vascular function and structure. We measured flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation (NID), brachial intima media thickness (IMT), and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in 807 men. The subjects were divided into six groups according to the levels of Hct, Hb and RBCs. NID was highest in the 46.0–48.9% Hct group among the six groups according to Hct levels. Brachial IMT was lowest in the 46.0–48.9% Hct group among the six groups. There were no significant differences in FMD and baPWV among the six groups. We used 46.0–48.9% Hct as a reference to define the lower tertile. The adjusted odds ratio of being in the low tertile of NID was significantly higher in the < 42.9% and ≥ 49.0% Hct groups. Adjusted odds ratio of being in the low tertile of brachial IMT was significantly lower in the < 39.9% Hct groups. Similar results were obtained for Hb and RBCs. Low and high levels of Hct, Hb and RBCs were associated with vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, and low Hct levels were associated with abnormal vascular structure. Increases in the levels of Hct, Hb and RBCs within normal ranges may have beneficial effects on the vasculature.
The endocannabinoid system
Authors: Kilaru Aruna , Chapman Kent D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Thirty years ago, the discovery of a cannabinoid (CB) receptor that interacts with the psychoactive compound in Cannabis led to the identification of anandamide, an endogenous receptor ligand or endocannabinoid. Research on endocannabinoids has since exploded, and additional receptors along with their lipid mediators and signaling pathways continue to be revealed. Specifically, in humans, the release of endocannabinoids from membrane lipids occurs on demand and the signaling process is rapidly attenuated by the breakdown of the ligand suggesting a tight regulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Additionally, the varying distribution of CB receptors between the central nervous system and other tissues allows for the ECS to participate in a wide range of cognitive and physiological processes. Select plant-derived ‘phyto’cannabinoids such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) bind to the CB receptors and trigger the ECS, and in the case of Δ9-THC, while it has therapeutic value, can also produce detrimental effects. Current research is aimed at the identification of additional phytocannabinoids with minimal psychotropic effects with potential for therapeutic development. Although decades of research on the ECS and its components have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms and implications of endocannabinoid signaling in mammals, it continues to evolve. Here, we provide a brief overview of the ECS and its overlap with other related lipid-mediated signaling pathways.
Repair pathway choice for double-strand breaks
Authors: Xu Yixi , Xu Dongyi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is at a constant risk of damage from endogenous substances, environmental radiation, and chemical stressors. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a significant threat to genomic integrity and cell survival. There are two major pathways for DSB repair: nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). The extent of DNA end resection, which determines the length of the 3′ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) overhang, is the primary factor that determines whether repair is carried out via NHEJ or HR. NHEJ, which does not require a 3′ ssDNA tail, occurs throughout the cell cycle. 53BP1 and the cofactors PTIP or RIF1-shieldin protect the broken DNA end, inhibit long-range end resection and thus promote NHEJ. In contrast, HR mainly occurs during the S/G2 phase and requires DNA end processing to create a 3′ tail that can invade a homologous region, ensuring faithful gene repair. BRCA1 and the cofactors CtIP, EXO1, BLM/DNA2, and the MRE11–RAD50–NBS1 (MRN) complex promote DNA end resection and thus HR. DNA resection is influenced by the cell cycle, the chromatin environment, and the complexity of the DNA end break. Herein, we summarize the key factors involved in repair pathway selection for DSBs and discuss recent related publications.
Base excision repair and its implications to cancer therapy
Authors: Grundy Gabrielle J. , Parsons Jason L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) has evolved to preserve the integrity of DNA following cellular oxidative stress and in response to exogenous insults. The pathway is a coordinated, sequential process involving 30 proteins or more in which single strand breaks are generated as intermediates during the repair process. While deficiencies in BER activity can lead to high mutation rates and tumorigenesis, cancer cells often rely on increased BER activity to tolerate oxidative stress. Targeting BER has been an attractive strategy to overwhelm cancer cells with DNA damage, improve the efficacy of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, or form part of a lethal combination with a cancer specific mutation/loss of function. We provide an update on the progress of inhibitors to enzymes involved in BER, and some of the challenges faced with targeting the BER pathway.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Pediatric Feeding Disorders: Roles of the Speech-Language Pathologist and Behavioral Psychologist
Authors: Gosa Memorie M. , Dodrill Pamela , Lefton-Greif Maureen A. , Silverman Alan 
Published: July 2020

PurposePediatric feeding disorders (PFDs) present as a complex clinical challenge because of the heterogeneous underlying etiologies and their impact on health, safety, growth, and psychosocial development. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential for accurate diagnosis and prompt interventions to lessen the burdens associated with PFDs. The role of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) as a member of the multidisciplinary team will be highlighted.MethodThis clinical focus article reviews the definition of PFDs and pertinent literature on factors that contribute to the development of PFDs, the accurate diagnosis, and current interventions for infants and children. As part of the multidisciplinary team, the SLP has an integral role in determining whether a child cannot or will not eat and working with the team to identify and carryout appropriate interventions. Collaboration between SLPs and psychologists/behavioral specialists in conjunction with the parents/caregivers as part of the multidisciplinary team is essential to the advancement of therapeutic goals.ConclusionsDue to their complex nature, the successful management of PFDs is only possible with the care and expertise of a multidisciplinary team, which includes parents/caregivers. SLPs are important members of these multidisciplinary teams and provide valuable input for the accurate identification and effective remediation of PFDs.
Best Practices in Modified Barium Swallow Studies
Authors: Martin-Harris Bonnie , Canon Cheri L. , Bonilha Heather Shaw , Murray Joseph , Davidson Kate , Lefton-Greif Maureen A. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The modified barium swallow study (MBSS) is a widely used videofluoroscopic evaluation of the functional anatomy and physiology of swallowing that permits visualization of bolus flow throughout the upper aerodigestive tract in real time. The information gained from the examination is critical for identifying and distinguishing the type and severity of swallowing impairment, determining the safety of oral intake, testing the effect of evidence-based frontline interventions, and formulating oral intake recommendations and treatment planning. The goal of this review article is to provide the state of the science and best practices related to MBSS.

Method
State of the science and best practices for MBSS are reviewed from the perspectives of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and radiologists who clinically practice and conduct research in this area. Current quandaries and emerging clinical and research trends are also considered.

Results
This document provides an overview of the MBSS and standards for conducting, interpreting, and reporting the exam; the SLPs' and radiologist's perspectives on standardization of the exam; radiation exposure; technical parameters for recording and reviewing the exam; the importance of an interdisciplinary approach with engaged radiologists and SLPs; and special considerations for examinations in children.

Conclusions
The MBSS is the primary swallowing examination that permits visualization of bolus flow and swallowing movement throughout the upper aerodigestive tract in real time. The clinical validity of the study has been established when conducted using reproducible and validated protocols and metrics applied according to best practices to provide accurate and reliable information necessary to direct treatment planning and limit radiation exposure. Standards and quandaries discussed in this review article, as well as references, provide a basis for understanding the current best practices for MBSS.
NTNT Methods – Efficacy and Safety Issue
Authors: Jaworucka-Kaczorowska Aleksandra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe management of elimination of the pathological reflux in the saphenous vein has been developed recently by introducing the endovenous thermal techniques (EVTA), which have become the first line treatment. However, thermal techniques require tumescent infiltration, what may be the cause of discomfort. Furthermore, the use of EVTA has a potential risk of thermal damage of superficial nerves and requires to wear stocking after the procedure.Non-thermal non-tumescent techniques (NTNT) were proposed as a valid, safe and effective alternative to EVTA with significant clinical improvement, high complete occlusion rate and high posttreatment patient satisfaction. The most common novel NTNT are catheter-directed cyanoacrylate adhesive closure (CAC) and mechanochemical ablation.In the paper an overview of the currently available data regarding the NTNT efficacy and safety are presented.Based on the literature, NTNT has a high efficacy, comparable with the EVTA techniques, with an acceptable risk increase. However further studies with long-term results are needed also with regard to safety aspects.
Perforator Variability of the Anterolateral Thigh Flap Identified on Computed Tomographic Angiography: Anatomic and Clinical Implications
Authors: Cohen Oriana D. , Abdou Salma A. , Nolan Ian T. , Saadeh Pierre B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is a useful flap with minimal donor site morbidity. Preoperative computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for lower extremity reconstruction can determine vessel integrity and plan for recipient vascular targets. This study reviews lower extremity CTAs to further characterize ALT vascular anatomy and associated clinical implications thereof.Patients and Methods Lower extremity CTA studies were retrospectively reviewed, and information on ALT cutaneous perforator location, origin, and course was collected.Results A total of 58 lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) systems in 31 patients were included. Average age was 38.8 ± 15.9 years with mean body mass index of 27.2 ± 5.7 kg/m2. The majority of patients were females (23, 74.2%). The LCFA most commonly originated from the profunda femoris artery (87.3%), followed by the distal common femoral artery (9.1%). On average, there were 1.66 ± 0.69 cm perforators per extremity, with an average of 5.38 cm between adjacent perforators. Perforators originated from the descending branch of the LCFA in 89.6% of studies. Perforator caliber was <1 mm (29, 30.2%), 1 to 2 mm (55, 57.3%), or >2 mm (12, 12.5%). Mean distance from the most proximal perforator to the anterior superior iliac spine was 20.4 ± 4.82 cm. Perforators were musculocutaneous (46.9%), septocutaneous (34.4%), or septomyocutaneous (18.8%). In 58.1% of patients, only one thigh had easily dissectable septocutaneous and/or septomyocutaneous perforators, in which case preoperative CTA aided in donor thigh selection.Conclusion ALT flap cutaneous perforator anatomy varies considerably. Using CTA, we report on rates of septocutaneous, myocutaneous, and septomyocutaneous perforators and underscore its utility in perforator selection.
Producing metaphor (and other forms of non-literal language) in
the laboratory
Authors: Katz Albert N. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this chapter I argue for the utility of
studying nonliteral language production in the laboratory. Three
aspects of nonliteral language production were provided as examples:
first, inducing non-literal language in interactive communication
(and identifying features of the produced language); second, using
production techniques to identify the discourse context in which
nonliteral language emerges and, finally, examining how production
techniques can inform about the basic cognitive mechanisms that
underlie metaphor usage.
Metaphor production and metaphor interpretation
Authors: Musolff Andreas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Metaphor production and interpretation are
intricately connected: the former has the latter as its ostensive
target; however, interpretation processes can trigger new metaphor
formulations which were unforeseen by the original speaker and would
have to count as new productions. This paper looks at corpus- and
survey-based evidence of innovative interpretative metaphor use that
changes the default meanings of established figurative
constructions. Specifically, we look at interpretation-induced
changes in the meaning of corporeal metaphors, on the basis of a (1)
corpus of British political discourse and (2) a questionnaire survey
of more than 1000 respondents from 31 linguistic backgrounds in 10
countries.
The corpus-based evidence presented in the first part consists of
metaphor-production data that show how situational variation in
metaphor use can over time create a semantic-pragmatic drift that
changes the dominant meaning of a conventional metaphor expression,
thus illustrating diachronic variation. The questionnaire survey,
which forms the material for the second part reveals four distinct
models for body-focused readings (i.e. nation as
geobody, as hierarchical functional whole, as part of speaker’s
body, as part of larger body), plus further
person-focused readings. These data show synchronic
variation.
By highlighting significant variation, both data sets put in question
the standard theory model of ‘automatic’ metaphor processing and
extension. Instead, they indicate a strong production element in
metaphor interpretation – and of interpretive aspects in metaphor
production.
How nice does it sound?
Authors: Ervas Francesca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The chapter presents irony as a form of the
reductio ad absurdum argument having a specific
emotional charge, which cannot be found either in literal arguments
or in other arguments containing figurative language. The claim of
the chapter is that irony production depends on the ironist’s
ability to convey the emotional charge together with the point she
invites the addressee(s) to infer. An empirical study is presented
aiming (1) to understand whether and when participants produce
(non-sarcastic/sarcastic) ironic vs. literal arguments having a
positive vs. negative emotional charge and (2) to check whether and
when participants revise their own (non-sarcastic/sarcastic) ironic
vs. literal arguments when they are at the addressee’s side, in both
critical and praise irony conditions.
How defaultness shapes our language production
Authors: Giora Rachel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The paper focuses on discourse production.
It shows that language production unfolds via resonating (Du Bois, 2014) with default
interpretations. Default interpretations are defined as automatic
responses. However, for an automatic response to be considered a
default, it has to be (i) novel; (ii) free of semantic an omaly
(Beardsley, 1958) and
internal incongruity (Partington, 2011); and (iii) free of contextual
information, intonation, discourse markers, etc. Results show that
constructions, shown to be interpreted sarcastically or
metaphorically when in isolation, were processed faster than
nondefault counterparts when in discourse. As a result, corpus-based
studies, displaying default interpretations, show that speakers’
discourse is unfolding via utterances’ default rather than
nondefault interpretations. This applies here to Hebrew but also to
English, German, and Russian.
Figurative production in a computer-mediated discussion
forum
Authors: Nacey Susan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
When people undergo traumatic events, they
frequently turn to metaphor in an attempt to make what might
initially seem indescribable into something comprehensible to
others, and/or to help themselves reach a clearer understanding of
what has happened to them. This investigation explores such
metaphorical language produced in computer-mediated discourse by
survivors of relationship abuse to communicate about various aspects
of their experience, thus shedding light on a traditionally “taboo”
subject that many people find difficult to broach. The analysis
first explores the ways survivors “frame” their experience through a
particular source domain, and then looks at the various source
domain “scenarios” that are drawn upon to elaborate
particular salient details of the abuse. The chapter thus builds
upon established theories about metaphorical frames and scenarios to
explore what we may learn about a particular group (i.e.
relationship abuse survivors) through analyzing their production of
metaphor. In this way, it demonstrates why the theory of metaphor
and the field of figurative language production matter in the real
world.
Figurative language
Authors: Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Francisco José 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The present paper discusses two aspects of
the production of figures of speech. The first one is their
relatedness, which is established on the basis of an analysis of
their cognitive configuration in terms of combinations of cognitive
operations. Such operations are applied to the creation of basic
figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy, understatement,
overstatement, irony, paradox, and oxymoron. Other traditional
figurative uses of language are then accounted for with reference to
these more basic ones. The second aspect that this paper addresses
is the question of constraints on figurative thinking. In this
respect, it reviews previous proposals on the topic and extends
their application to other cases of figurative language use. The
resulting account links figurative language up with the notion of
embodied cognition.
Twistor representation of Jackiw –Teitelboim gravity
Authors: Wieland Wolfgang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Jackiw –Teitelboim (JT) gravity is a 1 + 1-dimensional toy model for quantum gravity in four spacetime dimensions. In the absence of matter, JT gravity is a topological field theory and there are no local observables. The introduction of a boundary changes the situation. What was an unphysical gauge direction before turns into a physical boundary degree of freedom (a gravitational edge mode). Starting from the BF formulation of JT gravity, we develop a twistor representation for the boundary charges of JT gravity. We introduce point sources in the bulk and study the coupled gravity plus matter system at the quantum level. Eigenstates of quasi-local energy are built from the tensor product of unitary irreducible representations of

S
L

(

2
,
R

)

. Empty patches of AdS2 are characterised by the continuous series representations, point sources are related to the discrete series representations. Physical states are constructed by fusing the

S
L

(

2
,
R

)

representations into an

S
L

(

2
,
R

)

invariant singlet. The singlet lies in the kernel of the constraints, which are the analogue of the Wheeler – De Witt equations in the presence of distributional matter sources.
Reversible dynamics with closed time-like curves and freedom of choice
Authors: Tobar Germain , Costa Fabio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The theory of general relativity predicts the existence of closed time-like curves (CTCs), which theoretically would allow an observer to travel back in time and interact with their past self. This raises the question of whether this could create a grandfather paradox, in which the observer interacts in such a way to prevent their own time travel. Previous research has proposed a framework for deterministic, reversible, dynamics compatible with non-trivial time travel, where observers in distinct regions of spacetime can perform arbitrary local operations with no contradiction arising. However, only scenarios with up to three regions have been fully characterised, revealing only one type of process where the observers can verify to both be in the past and future of each other. Here we extend this characterisation to an arbitrary number of regions and find that there exist several inequivalent processes that can only arise due to non-trivial time travel. This supports the view that complex dynamics is possible in the presence of CTCs, compatible with free choice of local operations and free of inconsistencies.