bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study on Several Determination Methods of Chlorophyll Content in Plants
Authors: Li Jing , Zhou Xiaoyan , Zhou Jiaping , Shang Ran , Wang Yu , Jing Pei 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chlorophyll was determined in the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and the mixture solution (Valcohol/Vacetone=1:1) respectively, and the extracted effects were compared. The results showed that the extracted effects of chlorophyll content in the mixture solution method is better than that of DMF method when the chlorophyll content was low, while DMF method is better when the chlorophyll content was high. DMF extraction method with long extraction time was better to the coniferous forest vegetation and Ginkgo biloba Linn., because the plant’s well-developed cuticle on the blade surface could hinder the dissolution of chlorophyll in the extract in a short time. The SPAD values were measured when leaves were determined by above two methods meanwhile, and were linearly fitted with the actual chlorophyll content values to obtain the linear correction equation. It found that SPAD values had a good linear relationship with chlorophyll content (with mg/dm2 fresh weight, R2 > 0.96). Linearity range of SPAD value is 25∼60 in DMF method, and 26∼50 in the mixture solution method.
A Survey on Multi-Product Sustainable Economic Production Quantity Model Considering Wastewater Emission Costs
Authors: Chiang Li Yu-Hua , Sy L L , Lomibao K C , German J D , Wee H M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Implementing sustainability in production processes is the goal of many companies. A traditional economic production quantity (EPQ) model is used to determine the optimal number of products to produce in one period. Few researchers have considered carbon emission costs. In this study, we made a survey on multi-product sustainable economic production quantity model considering wastewater emission costs. The objective of this study is investigate the possible research to determine the economic production quantity to minimize the total costs per production cycle and waste emissions. The survey consider researches under three scenarios: (1) sustainable EPQ model that considers all CO2 emissions from inventory holding and production; (2) sustainable EPQ with shortage backorder; and (3) multi-product sustainable EPQ model with shortage.
Jason-1 Observation of Typhoon Storm Surge and Analysis Based on Numerical Simulation
Authors: Qiu Zhou , Zheng Gang , Yang Jingsong , Han Guoqi , Li Xiaohui , Zhang Chuanzheng , Zhou Lizhang , Wang Yan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Storm surge is one of the most disastrous marine disasters to coastal regions. It is greatly essential to research on storm surge and mitigate this damage. In our paper, Typhoon hit the Japan Coast on 31 July, 2004. Jason-1 and two tide-gauge stations all captured the obvious sea level anomalies. The magnitude of this storm surge was approximately 0.4 m. We further used the Unstructured Grid Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) to simulate this storm surge. The method based on the relationships between the maximum wind speed of best track and that of CFSR data was adopted to reconstruct wind field. This method reduced the root mean squared error (RMSE) from 0.11 m to 0.07 m at Owase station. The accuracy was improved by 35%. Similar to Owase station, the RMSE was reduced from 0.085 m to 0.06 m at Cape Muroto station. The accuracy was improved by 30%.
Mechanical, physical and biodegradability performances of treated and untreated groundnut shell powder recycled polypropylene composites
Authors: Usman Mohammed Awwalu , Momohjimoh Ibrahim , Usman Abdulhafiz Onimisi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this study, groundnut shell powder (GSP) was used for the reinforcement of recycled polypropylene (recycled PP). The GSP consisting of two-particle sizes viz (0–250 μm and 250–420 μm) was partly treated with sodium hydroxide at room temperature and the GSP both treated and untreated were compressed and compounded with recycled PP to produce GSP-recycled PP composites. For comparison, recycled PP was equally produced as a control sample. The effects of GSP addition and sodium hydroxide treatment on recycled PP were investigated through the mechanical testing of the developed composites. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, hardness, and toughness) of the composites were evaluated and the tensile strength of both treated and untreated GSP-recycled PP composites is higher than the recycled PP and the treated GSP of particle size 0–250 μm having the highest tensile strength at 25 wt% GSP in recycled PP matrix. The hardness of the recycled PP increases with increasing content of GSP while the toughness decreases with increasing concentration of GSP in the recycled PP matrix. The water uptake of the GSP-recycled PP composites was equally studied, and the results revealed that the treated GSP-recycled PP composites has lower rate of water absorption as compared to untreated GSP-recycled PP composites Thermal stability and crystallinity of the composites and monolithic recycled PP were investigated, and it was discovered that the thermal stability and crystallinity of the polymer were enhanced with GSP addition. Morphological characterization of the selected samples through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were equally done to validate the mechanical performance of the composites. Finally, biodegradability study on the composites and the control sample was conducted and it was found out that, the addition of GSP in both forms promotes the biodegradation of the recycled PP polymer. Such biodegradable GSP-recycled PP polymer composite materials are highly valuable for manufacturing food takeaway packages and some of the interior parts of the automobiles.
Performance and Utilization of a Laboratory-Developed Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in a Low-Prevalence Area
Authors: Das Sanchita , Mangold Kathy A , Shah Nirav S , Peterson Lance R , Thomson Richard B , Kaul Karen L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global health problem. In low-prevalence areas and low clinical suspicion, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) can speed therapy initiation and infection control. An NAAT assay (TBPCR) targeting MTBC IS6110 is used for detecting MTBC in our low-prevalence population.

Methods
Fifteen-year review of patient records identified 146 patients with culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Laboratory-developed TBPCR was retrospectively compared with standard stain and cultures for PTB and EPTB diagnoses.

Results
TBPCR assay was used in 57% of patients with PTB and 33% of patients with EPTB. TBPCR detected 88.4% of all TB (smear-positive, 97%; smear-negative, 79%) with 100% specificity. Low bacterial load was indicated in TBPCR-negative PTB (P = .002) and EPTB (P &lt; .008).

Conclusions
TBPCR performance was optimum but significantly underused. Guidelines are proposed for mandated use of TBPCR that capture patients with clinically suspected PTB. Focused TBPCR use in low prevalence populations will benefit patient care, infection prevention, and public health.
Simulating the effects of local adaptation and life history on the ability of plants to track climate shifts
Authors: Moran Emily V 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMany studies have examined the impact of dispersal on local adaptation, but much less attention has been paid to how local adaptation influences range shifts. The aim of this study was to test how local adaptation might affect climate-driven range shifts in plants, and if this might differ between plants with different life histories. Simulated range shift dynamics were compared for hypothetical annual, perennial and tree species, each comprised of either one plastic genotype or six locally adapted genotypes. The landscape consists of shifting climate bands made up of 20 × 20 m patches containing multiple individuals. Effects of seed dispersal, breadth of the plastic species’ tolerance, steepness of the climate gradient and rate of the climate shift are also examined. Local adaptation increased the equilibrium range size and aided range shifts by boosting fitness near range edges. However, when the rate of climate change was doubled on a steep gradient, locally adapted trees exhibited a higher percent loss of range during the climate shift. The plastic annual species with short dispersal was unable to recover its range size even after the climate stabilized, while the locally adapted annuals tracked climate change well. The results suggest that in most situations local adaptation and longer dispersal distances will be advantageous, though not necessarily sufficient, for tracking suitable climates. However, local adaptation might put species with long generation times at greater risk when climate shifts are very rapid. If confirmed by empirical tests, these results suggest that identifying variation between species in how fitness varies along climate gradients and in these key demographic rates might aid in prioritizing management actions.
Computational methods for predicting 3D genomic organization from high-resolution chromosome conformation capture data
Authors: MacKay Kimberly , Kusalik Anthony 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe advent of high-resolution chromosome conformation capture assays (such as 5C, Hi-C and Pore-C) has allowed for unprecedented sequence-level investigations into the structure–function relationship of the genome. In order to comprehensively understand this relationship, computational tools are required that utilize data generated from these assays to predict 3D genome organization (the 3D genome reconstruction problem). Many computational tools have been developed that answer this need, but a comprehensive comparison of their underlying algorithmic approaches has not been conducted. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the existing computational tools (from November 2006 to September 2019, inclusive) that can be used to predict 3D genome organizations from high-resolution chromosome conformation capture data. Overall, existing tools were found to use a relatively small set of algorithms from one or more of the following categories: dimensionality reduction, graph/network theory, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and statistical modeling. Solutions in each category are far from maturity, and the breadth and depth of various algorithmic categories have not been fully explored. While the tools for predicting 3D structure for a genomic region or single chromosome are diverse, there is a general lack of algorithmic diversity among computational tools for predicting the complete 3D genome organization from high-resolution chromosome conformation capture data.
Simple is sometimes better: a test of the transferability of species distribution models
Authors: Haulsee Danielle E , Breece Matthew W , Fox Dewayne A , Oliver Matthew J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs) are often empirically developed on spatially and temporally biased samples and then applied over much larger spatial scales to test ecological hypotheses or to inform management. Underlying this approach is the assumption that the statistical relationships between species observations and environmental predictors are applicable to other locations and times. However, testing and quantifying the transferability of these models to new locations and times can be a challenge for resource managers because of the technical difficulty in obtaining species observations in new locations in a dynamic environment. Here, we apply two SDMs developed in the Mid-Atlantic Bight for Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus) to the South Atlantic Bight and use an autonomous underwater vehicle to test model predictions. We compare Atlantic sturgeon occurrence to two SDMs: one associating sturgeon occurrence with simple seascapes and one developed through coupling occurrences with environmental predictors in a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM). Our analysis showed that the seascape model was transferable across these disparate regions; however, the complex GAMM was not. The association of the imperilled Atlantic sturgeon with simple seascapes allows managers to easily integrate this remotely sensed dynamic oceanographic product into future ecosystem-based management strategies.
Linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from hospitalized patients in Ireland: high prevalence of the MDR genes optrA and poxtA in isolates with diverse genetic backgrounds
Authors: Egan Sarah A , Shore Anna C , O’Connell Brian , Brennan Grainne I , Coleman David C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the prevalence of the optrA, poxtA and cfr linezolid resistance genes in linezolid-resistant enterococci from Irish hospitals and to characterize associated plasmids.

Methods
One hundred and fifty-four linezolid-resistant isolates recovered in 14 hospitals between June 2016 and August 2019 were screened for resistance genes by PCR. All isolates harbouring resistance genes, and 20 without, underwent Illumina MiSeq WGS. Isolate relatedness was assessed using enterococcal whole-genome MLST. MinION sequencing (Oxford Nanopore) and hybrid assembly were used to resolve genetic environments/plasmids surrounding resistance genes.

Results
optrA and/or poxtA were identified in 35/154 (22.7%) isolates, the highest prevalence reported to date. Fifteen isolates with diverse STs harboured optrA only; one Enterococcus faecium isolate harboured optrA (chromosome) and poxtA (plasmid). Seven Enterococcus faecalis and one E. faecium harboured optrA on a 36 331 bp plasmid with 100% identity to the previously described optrA-encoding conjugative plasmid pE349. Variations around optrA were also observed, with optrA located on plasmids in five isolates and within the chromosome in three isolates. Nine E. faecium and 10 E. faecalis harboured poxtA, flanked by IS1216E, within an identical 4001 bp region on plasmids exhibiting 72.9%–100% sequence coverage to a 21 849 bp conjugative plasmid. E. faecalis isolates belonged to ST480, whereas E. faecium isolates belonged to diverse STs. Of the remaining 119 linezolid-resistant isolates without linezolid resistance genes, 20 investigated representatives all harboured the G2576T 23S RNA gene mutation associated with linezolid resistance.

Conclusions
This high prevalence of optrA and poxtA in diverse enterococcal lineages in Irish hospitals indicates significant selective pressure(s) for maintenance.
Determination of Carbon Dioxide Evolution Rates Using a Novel Noninstrumental Microrespirometer
Authors: Hsieh Yuch-Ping , Hsieh Yun-Hwa P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A novel noninstrumental microrespirometer was developed to determine carbon dioxide evolution rates of solid or liquid samples at μL/h levels accurately and rapidly. The respirometer is based on the simple principle of acid–base titration at a steady-state of carbon dioxide absorption/evolution. The structure and operation of the microrespirometer are simple and the cost is modest in comparison to instrumental methods. The microrespirometer is suitable for laboratory studies and field routine examinations of food, agricultural, and environmental samples.
Rapid Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay for Detection of Salmonella in Food and Feed Products: Performance Testing Program
Authors: Bolton Frederick J , Fritz Erica , Poynton Sharon , Jensen Torben 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The BIOLINE Salmonella ELISA Test for Salmonella spp., which is a rapid, easy, and convenient assay was evaluated for use in detecting Salmonella in foods and feeds. Each food matrix or feed was artificially contaminated with low levels of Salmonella. Twenty different matrixes were studied and 20 different Salmonella strains from a broad variety of serogroups (B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, M, O, P, and U) were used. The ELISA Test kit detected levels as low as 1 cfu/25 g sample with at least 4 of the 20 matrixes tested. The test kit is applicable to all sample types tested. The BIOLINE Salmonella ELISA Test kit has been granted AOAC–RI performance tested status.
Identification of Smoked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Using PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of the p53 Gene
Authors: Carrera Esther , García Teresa , Céspedes Ana , González Isabel , Fernández Alicia , Asensio Luis M , Hernández Pablo E , Martín Rosario 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Raw and smoked samples of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were identified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the p53 gene. DNA from S. salar and O. mykiss was amplified by using primers flanking exons 5 to 6 of the p53 nuclear gene. PCR products of different length were obtained for each species (532 and 518 base pairs, respectively). Sequences of PCR products obtained from S. salar and O. mykiss were compared in the search for polymorphic restriction sites. The restriction fragments obtained with Eco RV, Hinf I, and Taq I endonucleases showed interspecific polymorphism, making it a useful method for identification of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout.
Validation of a Method for Determination of Phospholipase A2 and Melittin in Bee Venom Preparations by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Pacáková Vêa , Ŝtulík Karel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was validated for the determination of the 2 main components of bee venom, phospholipase A2 and melittin, by capillary electrophesis (CE). Optimum resolution and selectivity were attained with a running electrolyte of 150 mM phosphoric acid, pH 1.8. The repeatability and day-to-day reproducibility of the migration times were better than 0.36 and 2.8%, respectively. The repeatability and day-to-day reproducibility of the normalized peak areas were better than 1.3 and 2.6%, respectively. The response of the UV detector at 190 nm was linear over &lt; 2 concentration decades, from 0.05 to 1.5 mg/mL, with correlation coefficients of 0.9994 for phospholipase A2 and 0.9997 for melittin. The limits of detection and quantitation were 4.5 and 15 μg/mL, respectively, for phospholipase A2 and 1.6 and 6 μg/mL, respectively, for melittin. The reproducibility of the measurements with 2 different CE instruments was satisfactory; the mean concentration and relative standard deviation (RSD) values for phospholipase A2 and melittin were 14.4% (RSD, 1.3%) and 51.4% (RSD, 1.1%), respectively, with instrument I; the corresponding values with instrument II were 14.5% (RSD, 2.8%) and 52.3% (RSD, 2.2%). The accuracy was estimated by comparison with a liquid chromatographic (LC) method. Differences between the CE and LC measurements were attributed to irreversible adsorption of the analytes on the LC column. The recoveries of phospholipase A2 and melittin with the CE method were 98.8 and 101.7%, respectively.
Determination of the Levels of Isoflavonoids in Soybeans and Soy-Derived Foods and Estimation of Isoflavonoids in the Japanese Daily Intake
Authors: Nakamura Yumiko , Tsuji Sumiko , Tonogai Yasuhide 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The levels of 6 kinds of isoflavonoids found in 11 domestic and imported soybeans, and 12 kinds of soybean-based processed foods in Japan were systematically analyzed, and the Japanese daily intake of isoflavonoids from those foods was estimated. The total isoflavonoids (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) were analyzed with acid hydrolysis and the intact isoflavonoids (daidzein, glycitein, genistein, daidzin, glycitin, and genistin) were analyzed without hydrolysis. This was followed by cleanup with an ODS cartridge column and determined by liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The highest content of isoflavonoids was found in kinako (a roasted soybean powder) and the lowest was found in soy sauce. The contents and composition of the isoflavonoids in the 11 soybeans varied by species and country of origin. The level of isoflavonoids found in the processed foods varied by manufacturing method or ingredients. The percentage of aglycone tended to be higher in miso (fermented soybean paste) and soy sauce, which are heated and fermented during the manufacturing process. Japanese daily intake of isoflavonoids from soybeans and soybean-based processed foods was estimated as 27.80 mg per day (daidzein 12.02 mg, glycitein 2.30 mg, and genistein 13.48 mg).
Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Mixed Fruit and Vegetable Extracts by Direct Sample Introduction/Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lehotay Steven J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Direct sample introduction (DSI), or “dirty sample injection,” was investigated in the determination of 22 diverse pesticide residues in mixed apple, green bean, and carrot extracts by benchtop gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (DSI/GC/MS–MS). The targeted pesticides, some of which were incurred in the samples, included chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, parathion-methyl, diazinon, terbufos, p,p′-DDE, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, carbaryl, propargite, bifenthrin, dacthal, trifluralin, metalaxyl, pendimethalin, atrazine, piperonyl butoxide, diphenylamine, vinclozolin, chlorothalonil, quintozene, and tetrahydrophthalimide (the breakdown product of captan). The analytical DSI method entailed the following steps: (1) blend 30 g sample with 60 mL acetonitrile for 1 min in a centrifuge bottle; (2) add 6 g NaCl and blend 30 s; (3) centrifuge for 1–2 min; (4) add 5 mL upper layer to 1 g anhydrous MgSO4 in a vial; and (5) analyze 11 μL extract, using DSI/GC/MS–MS. Sample cleanup is not needed because GC/MS–MS is exceptionally selective for the targeted analytes, and nonvolatile coextracted matrix components do not contaminate the injector or the GC/MS–MS system. Average recoveries of the pesticides were 103 ± s7% with relative standard deviations of 14 ± 5% on average, and limits of detection were &lt;2 ng/g for nearly all pesticides studied. The DSI/GC/MS–MS approach for targeted pesticides is quantitative, confirmatory, sensitive, selective, rugged, rapid, simple, and inexpensive.
Determination of Chlormequat in Pears by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mol Hans G J , Dam Ruud C J Van , Vreeken Rob J , Steijger Odile M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A straightforward and reliable method was developed for the determination of chlormequat in pears by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Water and methanol were compared as extraction solvents. Because no significant differences in extraction efficiency or repeatability were found, water was chosen as the extraction solvent. The extracts were analyzed without cleanup by either an ion-trap liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer in the single MS mode or a triple-quadrupole instrument in the MS/MS mode, using electrospray ionization. Both instruments were equally suitable for quantitation and confirmation of identity. Recoveries were 76–103%, and reproducibility was ≤12%. The lowest detection limit (0.007 mg/kg) was obtained with the triple-quadrupole instrument in the MS/MS mode.