bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weed Control in Container-Grown Crops with Herbicide-Coated Fertilizers
Authors: Crossan C.K. , Gilliam C.H. , Keever G.J. , Eakes D.J. , Wehtje G.R. , Dozier W.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nursery Special 12N-2.6P-5.0K (12-6-6), Osmocote 17N-3.1P-10.0K (17-7-12), and Polyon 24N-1.7P-10.0K (24-4-12) were coated with Ronstar 50WP (oxadiazon) at 4 concentrations and compared to spray applied Ronstar 50WP and broadcast Ronstar 2G. With Osmocote and Nursery Special-coated fertilizers, the lowest Ronstar rate resulted in less weed control than traditional herbicide application methods. Ronstar-coated fertilizers applied at the recommended rate or higher provided similar weed control to broadcast-and spray-applied pre-emergence herbicides.
Role of Stress in Predisposing Trees to Insect Colonization: Implications for Plant Health Care
Authors: Ball John , McLeod Murdick J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plant health care is a program of preventive maintenance, based on the use of cultural, biological and chemical tactics, to enhance plant appearance, structure and vitality. Trees planted in the urban landscape are considered to be stressed and predisposed to successful colonization by many insects. This presumption that there is a simple index between vitality and stress, and that stressed trees are predisposed to colonization, may not always be true. The relationship between tree vitality and susceptibility to insect attack is highly complex. Tree susceptibility to insect colonization does not increase continuously with stress. Recent studies have indicated that mild stress may improve tree defenses and that a plant health care strategy aimed at maintaining rapid tree growth may not reduce susceptibility to insects. Extension specialists and researchers need to focus their efforts on understanding tree defense strategies and developing cultural recommendations aimed at improving defenses rather than growth.
Taxane Contents of Taxus Cultivars Grown in American Nurseries
Authors: ElSohly Hala N. , Croom Edward M. , Kopycki Wlodzimierz J. , Joshi Alpana S. , ElSohly Mahmoud A. , McChesney James D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The taxane content of the needles, stems and clippings of 92 cultivars obtained from ten nurseries in the United States is presented. The analysis of 10-desacetyl baccatin III (1), baccatin III (2), 10-desacetyl taxol (3) cephalomannie (4), 10-desacetyl-7-epi-taxol (5) and taxol (6) was carried out using a high performance liquid chromatographic method developed in our laboratory. The total ‘useful’ taxane content of the leaves, stems, and clippings in the studied cultivars ranged from 0.0135–0.1471%, 0.0055–0.0462% and 0.0121–0.1183%, respectively, with 1 and 6 being the most abundant. The survey identified 18 cultivars with a content of 1 ranging from 0.015% to 0.0622% and 24 cultivars with a content of 6 ranging from 0.012% to 0.062%; compound 2 was either undetectable or found in negligible amounts in all the cultivars studied. The contents of 3 varied between 0.0019–0.0264% and that of 4 between 0.0017–0.0386%, while that of 5 between 0–0.0107%.
Offset Increase in Hosta Following Benzyladenine Application
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Brass Thomas J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A single foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) at 1250 to 3750 ppm stimulated axillary and rhizomic budbreak and offset formation in Hosta sieboldiana (Lodd.) Engl. Plants with no initial offsets formed a similar number of offsets as those with one initial offset but 143% more offsets than plants with two or three initial offsets. Growth index was either not affected or increased by BA application. Plant appearance was enhanced by late season offset formation in BA-treated plants.
Review of Customer Preference Research in the Nursery and Landscape Industry
Authors: Barton S.S. , Brooker J.R. , Hall C.R. , Turner S.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper outlines current, descriptive information about the retail plant customer's profile and identifies information needed to complete the profile as well as areas for continued research. Demographic studies that characterize the retail customer base vary with regional market and product lines included in the study. Mass merchandisers attract lower income customers; large, multiple outlet garden centers attract unmarried customers with higher incomes and greater value homes; and independent garden centers attract married, white females. Multiple studies support the conclusion that customers select outlets based primarily on plant quality and selection. Product quality is also the most important characteristic used by retailers when selecting a supplier. Location, price and professional staff also affect outlet selection. Mass merchandisers are selected for familiar, low-risk purchases, while independent garden centers are used for major purchases, when information is desired. The availability of trained, professional sales help is the service most desired by customers. Customers prefer to receive information in the garden center from professional staff and from nursery care tags. Customers prefer to purchase shrubs in containers. In one study, customers preferred to purchase balled and burlapped trees, while in another study trees were preferred in containers. Landscape architects prefer to purchase balled and burlapped plants.
Preventing White Grub Infestation in Container-Grown Nursery Stock
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Cowles Richard S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preplant media incorporation of Talstar 0.2 G (bifenthrin) at 10 ppm (parts per million) or Fireban 1.5 G (tefluthrin) at 15 ppm, based on dry weight of the medium, provided complete control of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), oriental beetle [Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse)], and European chafer [Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky)] in container nursery plants for two growing seasons. Talstar 0.67 F drenched immediately after planting also prevented establishment of these species in containers for two growing seasons. Marathon 1 G (imidacloprid) preplant media incorporated at 6–17.8 g (a.i.)/m3, provided incomplete control, while Marathon 60 W was completely effective when drenched in mid-summer prior to inoculating the pots with eggs. Other granular products mixed into potting media, including 10 ppm of fipronil or Mach 2, or 150 g (a.i.)/m3 of Lorsban or SuSCon Green, provided good control for one season. Several treatments prevented establishment of Japanese but not oriental beetle grubs. Curative drenches were generally ineffective. Registered treatments providing two years of control (Talstar at 10–25 ppm) can be used by growers to prevent white grub larval establishment in containers. Their usage should allow shipment of treated plants throughout the United States and Canada.
Propagation of Magnolia virginiana ‘Santa Rosa’ by Semi-Hardwood Cuttings
Authors: Griffin Jason J. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Terminal, semi-hardwood cuttings (tips of first-order laterals) of Magnolia virginiana L. ‘Santa Rosa’ (‘Santa Rosa’ sweetbay) were collected on November 13, 1997, and treated with 0, 6, 12 or 25 mM (0.0, 0.13, 0.25 or 0.5%) indolebutyric acid (IBA) in factorial combination with equivalent mM concentrations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.0, 0.11, 0.23 or 0.46%). Rooting was maximized (83%) for cuttings treated with 25 mM (0.5%) IBA alone. Percent rooting for treatments of NAA alone or in combination with IBA never exceeded that of IBA alone at 12 or 25 mM (0.25% or 0.5%). Root number and root length were unaffected by any treatment with means of 2.4 roots and 10 cm (4 in), respectively.
Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Thuja x ‘Green Giant’
Authors: Griffin Jason J. , Warren Stuart L. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae (Thuja L. x ‘Green Giant’) were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) plastic containers containing a pine bark: sand (8:1 by vol) substrate. Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at N application rates (NARs) of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/liter (ppm) supplied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Both shoot and root dry weights were significantly affected by NAR. Maximum shoot weight, as predicted by a quadratic plateau model, was reached at a NAR of approximately 100 mg/liter (ppm), representing a 200% increase over controls [0 mg/liter (ppm) N]. Maximum and minimum root dry weights occurred at 0 mg/liter (ppm) N and approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively, representing a 37% decrease. Root length decreased 36% at a NAR of approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm). Root diameter (root area ÷ root length) increased before reaching a plateau at approximately 130 mg/liter (ppm) N indicating that root length decreased faster than root area at low N concentrations. Shoot concentrations of N, P, Mg, and S were maximized at approximately 71,41,48, and 52 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively. Uptake of K and Ca were unaffected by N concentrations.
Preservation and DNA Fingerprinting of the Historic Tidal Basin Cherries
Authors: Pooler Margaret R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The historic Japanese flowering cherry trees planted around the Tidal Basin in Washington, DC, were given to the United States in 1912 as a gift from Japan, yet only a small portion of the original trees remain. In cooperation with the National Park Service, the U.S. National Arboretum clonally propagated a portion of these trees. DNA from these and other P. x yedoensis plants obtained from domestic commercial nurseries were compared using RAPD markers. Twenty-one 10-nucleotide primers yielded 80 repeatable bands that were used to assess genetic distances among the accessions. The genetic distances ranged from 0.65 to 1.0, with thirteen accessions identical at all loci tested. The most genetically dissimilar trees were P. x yedoensis accessions that were collected as seed in Japan. Accessions obtained from commercial nurseries including ‘Afterglow’, ‘Akebono’, and Yoshino were also dissimilar to the Tidal Basin trees. This study indicated that most of the older trees planted around the Tidal Basin are genetically very similar, but that variability in P. x yedoensis exists, especially in accessions collected as seed from Japan.
Root Mass and BA Affect Offset Formation in Hosta
Authors: Schultz Heather C. , Keever Gary J. , Kessler J. Raymond , Dute Roland R. , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of root mass and benzyladenine (BA) on offset formation in hosta. Stock plants of two cultivars, ‘Francee’ and ‘Frances Williams’, were divided, and offsets were placed in either small, medium, or large root mass groups. Offsets were potted and, when surface root development was evident, half of the plants in each root mass group received a foliar spray application of 3000 ppm BA, while half served as BA controls. Offset formation was positively correlated with increasing root mass, regardless of BA application. BA stimulated the outgrowth of axillary and rhizomic buds in both cultivars. Offsets on plants treated with BA were at a more advanced stage of development (SOD) than offsets on BA controls, but root mass did not affect SOD. Root mass, but not BA, affected whole plant growth index, which increased with increases in root mass.
Effect of the Growth Regulator Proxy on Creeping Bentgrass Fairway Turf
Authors: Stier John , Reicher Zac , Hardebeck Glenn 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Proxy is a newly-labeled plant growth regulator (PGR) for use on golf course and commercial turfgrass areas. Four rates of Proxy (ethephon), 2.3, 3.6, 4.6, and 9.1 kg ai/ha (2.0, 3.2, 4.1, and 8.2 lb ai/A,) were compared to Primo (trinexapac-ethyl) at 1.0 kg ai/ha (0.9 lb ai/A) and an untreated control for clipping reduction and effects on aesthetics of creeping bentgrass maintained as fairway turf. Treatments were applied three times at 28-day intervals during 1998 at locations in Indiana and Wisconsin. Proxy was as effective at reducing clipping yields as Primo, although the magnitude of effects varied between the two locations. In general, Proxy was more likely to reduce turf quality and color than Primo. All rates of Proxy reduced clipping weights similarly, but low rates were less likely to reduce color or quality ratings. Turf density was not affected by Proxy or Primo. Effects of Proxy on creeping bentgrass occurred within two weeks after application and generally dissipated within four weeks, whereas Primo effects occurred within one week after application and generally dissipated within three weeks. Turf quality was occasionally reduced following application of Proxy.
BA Application Timing Affects Offset Formation in Hosta
Authors: Schultz Heather C. , Keever Gary J. , Raymond Kessler J. , Dute Roland R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of timing of benzyladenine (BA) application following division and potting of hosta on offset formation as a means of accelerating propagation. Stock plants of two cultivars, ‘Francee’ and ‘Frances Williams’, were divided and potted. Plants received a single foliar spray application of 3000 ppm BA immediately after potting (0) or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks after potting. BA stimulated the outgrowth of axillary and rhizomic buds in both cultivars, but in most cases, only for plants in which BA application was delayed 3 or more weeks after potting. Compared to the non-treated control, plants treated with BA 3 or more weeks after potting produced more offsets; however, plants treated 0, 1, or 2 weeks after potting produced similar numbers of offsets as the control. Offsets on plants treated with BA formed more leaves than offsets on non-treated control plants, but application timing did not affect leaf number. ‘Francee’ produced offsets with more leaves than offsets of ‘Frances Williams’. Neither application timing nor BA affected growth index.
Survey of Best Management Practices in Container Production Nurseries
Authors: Fain Glenn B. , Gilliam Charles H. , Tilt Ken M. , Olive John W. , Wallace Beth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twenty-four nurseries producing container-grown plants were surveyed along the coastal zone of south Alabama to determine Best Management Practices (BMPs) implemented since 1988. All nurseries utilized multiple BMPs. Seventy-five percent of all nurseries surveyed have the capability to capture runoff water; however, larger nurseries (medium 4.5–16.6 ha (11–40 A); large 16.6+ ha (40+A)) were more likely to capture runoff than smaller nurseries 0.4–4.1 ha (1–10 A). Since 1988, 78% of all collection ponds have been built with 44% of those being built in the past 5 years. Other BMPs widely used included installation of grass filter/erosion strips, having specific personnel devoted to water management, use of control release fertilizers, scouting for pests, use of horticultural oils, and staggered herbicide applications.
Responses of Six Wildflower Species to Seed Matric Priming
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Bender Renee H. , Pie Adrienne C. , Marvel Josh K. , Veacock Erin E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of six wildflower species [Aster novae-angliae (New England aster), Rudbeckia hirta (Black-eyed Susan), Liatris spicata (Blazing star), Hesperis natronalis (Dame's rocket), Gaillardia aristata (Perennial gaillardia), and Asclepias tuberosa (Butterfly weed)] were matrically primed in fine, exfoliated vermiculite. Seeds were primed for 7 days at 15C (59F) at an initial matric potential of−0.5 MPa (−5 bars) in darkness, then dried for 7 days before sowing. A seed: vermiculite (1:2 by wt) ratio was found to be the most appropriate of several ratios because it increased germination rate of all species except Black-eyed Susan, increased the germination percentage of Perennial gaillardia, and prevented germination of Dame's rocket and Perennial gaillardia during priming. Under restricted water availability [−0.25 and−0.50 MPa (−2.5 and−5.0 bars)] priming increased the germination percentage of Perennial gaillardia and Butterfly weed and increased the germination rate of all species. In a glasshouse study, priming increased the emergence percentage of Perennial gaillardia and increased the emergence rate of all species. Compared with hydration of the vermiculite with water, using 10−3 M gibberellic acid during priming increased the emergence rate of Dame's rocket, increased the emergence percentage of Perennial gaillardia, and increased the shoot dry weights of New England aster and Black-eyed Susan.
Cutting Propagation and Container Production of ‘Flora Sun’ Beach Sunflower
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Helianthus debilis Nutt. ssp. debilis ‘Flora Sun’, ‘Flora Sun’ beach sunflower, is a native, herbaceous perennial that should be propagated by cuttings to maintain its genetic and phenotypic fidelity. Stem cuttings were treated with a quick dip of a potassium salt of 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) solution at 0, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, or 3000 mg/liter (ppm) and rooted under intermittent mist. The root systems of six of twelve cuttings were harvested 17 and 21 days after treatment. The remaining six cuttings were transplanted in a soilless substrate to determine the effects of K-IBA on establishment in containers. Treatment of stem cuttings with K-IBA increased the number of roots and root fresh weight when cuttings were rooted under summer greenhouse conditions, but K-IBA did not provide any substantial short-term benefits in survival or growth of rooted cuttings after they were transplanted into plastic containers.
Banker Plants: Evaluation of Release Strategies for Predatory Mites
Authors: Pratt P.D. , Croft B.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Spider mites (Tetranychidae) are among the most injurious pests of commercial landscape plant nurseries. The introduction of predaceous mites (Phytoseiidae) into nursery crops for control of spider mites can be an effective alternative to pesticides. We sought to evaluate the use of banker plants as a method of rearing and dispersing predatory mites for the control of spider mites in landscape nursery systems. Banker plants include any plant addition that aids in development and dispersal of predators for control of herbivorous pests. Addition of the predatory mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) into spider mite infested arborvitae and rhododendron banker plants held in replicated greenhouse cubicles resulted in more predatory mites dispersing to spider mite infested plants downwind than were originally inoculated. To improve persistence and subsequent dispersal of predatory mites in an arborvitae banker plant, we evaluated the use of adding supplemental prey (spider mites) and applying a portion of the plant foliage with a pyrethroid to provide a refuge for the prey. Reintroduction of prey increased the dispersal duration of N. fallacis but the pyrethroid-based refuge did not. Predatory mites dispersing from arborvitae banker plants of approximately 1.25 m (4.1 ft) tall were collected from receiver plants at 10, 20 and 30 m (10.9, 21.9 and 32.8 yd) down wind. Integration of a banker plant system into a landscape nursery operation is discussed.
Biological Control of the Artillery Fungus, Sphaerobolus stellatus, with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Brantley Elizabeth A. , Davis Donald D. , Kuhns Larry J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three strains of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and two strains of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn were evaluated for their ability to suppress colonization and sporulation of the artillery fungus (Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode:Pers.) on oatmeal agar. All five biological control agents inhibited growth of S. stellatus, but efficacy depended on time of application. Simultaneous inoculation of agar with S. stellatus and the biocontrol agents, as well as inoculation of biocontrol agents 14 days prior to S. stellatus, resulted in complete inhibition of S. stellatus. Inoculation of agar with biocontrol agents 14 days after inoculation with S. stellatus reduced, but did not completely suppress S. stellatus colonization and sporulation. In this experiment, gleba (spore masses) treated with all strains of T. harzianum and strain GBO3 of B. subtilis did not germinate, but 13% of gleba treated with strain MBI 600 of B. subtilis did germinate. Trichoderma harzianum was more effective than B. subtilis as a biocontrol agent.
Growth Regulation of Russian Sage During Greenhouse and Nursery Production
Authors: Burnett S.E. , Keever G.J. , Gilliam C.H. , Kessler J.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth response of Perovskia atriplicifolia (Russian sage) treated with several plant growth retardants (PGRs) was determined under three production regimes: 1) small plants in 10 cm (4 in) pots grown in a greenhouse and half transplanted into the landscape at 6 weeks after treatment (WAT), and 2) large plants grown in 3.8 liter (#1) pots in a greenhouse or 3) in an outdoor nursery. Plants in 3.8 liter (#1) pots were not transplanted into the landscape. Treatments included Cutless at 50, 100 and 150 ppm; Sumagic at 20, 40 and 60 ppm; B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes at 2,500/1,500, 5,000/1,500 and 7,500/1,500 ppm; Pistill at 500 and 1,000 ppm; and a non-treated control. All PGRs controlled plant growth through 6 WAT in the greenhouse and 2 weeks after planting. At this time (8 WAT), plants treated with the most effective rate of Cutless (150 ppm), Sumagic (20, 40, or 60 ppm), B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes (5,000 ppm/1,500 ppm), and Pistill (500 or 1,000 ppm) were 32%, 32%, 25%, and 32% smaller in 10 cm (4 in) pots and 21%, 22%, 22%, and 16% smaller in 3.8 liter (#1) pots, respectively, compared to non-treated controls. Treatment effects were non-significant by 4 weeks after plants grown in the greenhouse in 10 cm (4 in) pots for 6 weeks were transplanted into the landscape (10 WAT). Plants in 3.8 liter (#1) pots in the greenhouse were significantly smaller, excluding those treated with Pistill, than non-treated controls at 12 WAT; at this time, the most effective rate of Cutless (150 ppm), Sumagic (40 ppm), and B-Nine/Cycocel tank mixes (5,000 ppm/1,500 ppm) suppressed growth 21%, 23%, and 26%, respectively. For 3.8 liter (#1) pots in the nursery, Cutless suppressed growth 5–11% at 2 WAT only, and the most effective rate of Sumagic (60 ppm) reduced growth 7% at 4 WAT, but not thereafter. The most effective rates of B-Nine/Cycocel (7,500 ppm/1,500 ppm) and Pistill (1,000 ppm) suppressed growth 13% and 10%, respectively, at 8 WAT. Results suggest that PGR effectiveness is less outdoors under nursery conditions than in the greenhouse, particularly for Cutless and Sumagic. The duration and magnitude of B-Nine/Cycocel treatment effects suggest that this PGR combination may provide the most effective growth control of Russian sage under nursery conditions.