bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Point-of-care tests for bovine clinical mastitis: what do we have and what do we need?
Authors: Malcata Francisco B. , Pepler P. Theo , O'Reilly Emily L. , Brady Nicola , Eckersall P. David , Zadoks Ruth N. , Viora Lorenzo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMastitis, inflammation of the bovine mammary gland, is generally caused by intramammary infection with bacteria, and antimicrobials have long been a corner stone of mastitis control. As societal concern about antimicrobial use in animal agriculture grows, there is pressure to reduce antimicrobial use in dairy farming. Point-of-care tests for on-farm use are increasingly available as tools to support this. In this Research Reflection, we consider available culture-dependent and culture-independent tests in the context of ASSURED criteria for low-resource settings, including convenience criteria, scientific criteria and societal criteria that can be used to evaluate test performance. As tests become more sophisticated and sensitive, we may be generating more data than we need. Special attention is given to the relationship between test outcomes and treatment decisions, including issues of diagnostic refinement, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of viable organisms. In addition, we explore the role of technology, big data and people in improved performance and uptake of point-of-care tests, recognising that societal barriers may limit uptake of available or future tests. Finally, we propose that the 3Rs of reduction, refinement and replacement, which have been used in an animal welfare context for many years, could be applied to antimicrobial use for mastitis control on dairy farms.
Movements of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Gulf of California: integrating satellite telemetry and remotely sensed environmental variables
Authors: Sandoval-Lugo Alejandra G. , Espinosa-Carreón T. Leticia , Seminoff Jeffrey A. , Hart Catherine E. , Ley-Quiñónez César P. , Aguirre A. Alonso , Jones T. Todd , Zavala-Norzagaray Alan A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) is a circumglobal species and is listed as vulnerable globally. The North Pacific population nests in Japan and migrates to the Central North Pacific and Pacific coast of North America to feed. In the Mexican Pacific, records of loggerhead presence are largely restricted to the Gulf of Ulloa along the Baja California Peninsula, where very high fisheries by-catch mortality has been reported. Records of loggerhead turtles within the Sea of Cortez also known as the Gulf of California (GC) exist; however, their ecology in this region is poorly understood. We used satellite tracking and an environmental variable analysis (chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) and sea surface temperature (SST)) to determine movements and habitat use of five juvenile loggerhead turtles ranging in straight carapace length from 62.7–68.3 cm (mean: 66.7 ± 2.3 cm). Satellite tracking durations ranged from 73–293 days (mean: 149 ± 62.5 days), transmissions per turtle from 14–1006 (mean: 462 ± 379.5 transmissions) and total travel distance from 1237–5222 km (mean: 3118 ± 1490.7 km). We used travel rate analyses to identify five foraging areas in the GC, which occurred mainly in waters from 10–80 m deep, with mean Chl-aconcentrations ranging from 0.28–13.14 mg m−3and SST ranging from 27.8–34.4°C. This is the first study to describe loggerhead movements in the Gulf of California and our data suggest that loggerhead foraging movements are performed in areas with eutrophic levels of Chl-a.
The intestinal milieu influences the immunoproteome of male and femaleHeligmosomoides polygyrus bakeriL4 stage
Authors: Maruszewska-Cheruiyot Marta , Donskow-Łysoniewska Katarzyna , Krawczak Katarzyna , Szewczak Ludmiła , Joachimiak Ewa , Doligalska Maria 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe gastrointestinal nematodeHeligmosomoides polygyrus bakerishows enhanced survival in mice with colitis. As the antibody response plays an important role in antiparasitic immunity, antibodies against male and female L4H. polygyruswere examined in mice with and without colitis. Levels of specific antibodies in the mucosa and serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunogenic proteins of male and female parasites were identified using 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The function of identified proteins was explored with Blast2Go. Nematodes in mice with colitis induced higher levels of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG1) and IgA, a lower level of IgE in the small intestine and a higher level of IgE in serum against female L4. Infected mice with colitis recognized 12 proteins in male L4 and 10 in female L4. Most of the recognized proteins from male L4 were intermediate filament proteins, whereas the proteins from female L4 were primarily actins and galectins. Nematodes from mice with colitis were immunogenically different from nematodes from control mice. This phenomenon gives new insights into helminth therapy as well as host–parasite interactions.
A systematic review of the literature on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance inTrichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Graves Keonte J. , Novak Jan , Secor W. Evan , Kissinger Patricia J. , Schwebke Jane R. , Muzny Christina A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundTrichomonas vaginalisis the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. 5-Nitroimidazoles [metronidazole (MTZ) and tinidazole (TDZ)] are FDA-approved treatments. To better understand treatment failure, we conducted a systematic review on mechanisms of 5-nitroimidazole resistance.MethodsPubMed, ScienceDirect and EMBASE databases were searched using keywordsTrichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis, 5-nitroimidazole, metronidazole, tinidazole and drug resistance. Non-English language articles and articles on other treatments were excluded.ResultsThe search yielded 606 articles, of which 550 were excluded, leaving 58 articles.Trichomonas vaginalisresistance varies and is higher with MTZ (2.2–9.6%) than TDZ (0–2%). Resistance can be aerobic or anaerobic and is relative rather than absolute. Differential expression of enzymes involved in trichomonad energy production and antioxidant defenses affects 5-nitroimidazole drug activation; reduced expression of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, ferredoxin, nitroreductase, hydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase and flavin reductase are implicated in drug resistance.Trichomonas vaginalisinfection withMycoplasma hominisorT. vaginalisvirus has also been associated with resistance.Trichomonas vaginalishas two genotypes, with greater resistance seen in type 2 (vstype 1) populations.Discussion5-Nitroimidazole resistance results from differential expression of enzymes involved in energy production or antioxidant defenses, along with genetic mutations in theT. vaginalisgenome. Alternative treatments outside of the 5-nitroimidazole class are needed.
Strain-specific disruption of interferon-stimulated N-myc and STAT interactor (NMI) function by Toxoplasma gondii type I ROP18 in human cells
Authors: Xia Jing , Blank Matthew L. , Zhou Li-Juan , Wu Shui-Zhen , Peng Hong-Juan , Boyle Jon P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractToxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein TgROP18 is a polymorphic virulence effector that targets immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) in rodents. Given that IRGs are uniquely diversified in rodents and not in other T. gondii intermediate hosts, the role of TgROP18 in manipulating non-rodent cells is unclear. Here we show that in human cells TgROP18I interacts with the interferon-gamma-inducible protein N-myc and STAT interactor (NMI) and that this is a property that is unique to the type I TgROP18 allele. Specifically, when expressed ectopically in mammalian cells only TgROP18I co-immunoprecipitates with NMI in IFN-γ-treated cells, while TgROP18II does not. In parasites expressing TgROP18I or TgROP18II, NMI only co-immunoprecipitates with TgROP18I and this is associated with allele-specific immunolocalization of NMI on the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM). We also found that TgROP18I reduces NMI association with IFN-γ-activated sequences (GAS) in the IRF1 gene promoter. Finally, we determined that polymorphisms in the C-terminal kinase domain of TgROP18I are required for allele-specific effects on NMI. Together, these data further define new host pathway targeted by TgROP18I and provide the first function driven by allelic differences in the highly polymorphic ROP18 locus.
Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroangiostrongyliasis: updated recommendations
Authors: Ansdell Vernon , Kramer Kenton J. , McMillan Jourdan K. , Gosnell William L. , Murphy Gerald S. , Meyer B C , Blalock Elizabeth U. , Yates Johnnie , Lteif Louis , Smith Olivia A. , Melish Marian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA subcommittee of the Hawaii Governor's Joint Task Force on Rat Lungworm Disease developed preliminary guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroangiostrongyliasis (NAS) in 2018 (Guidelines, 2018). This paper reviews the main points of those guidelines and provides updates in areas where our understanding of the disease has increased. The diagnosis of NAS is described, including confirmation of infection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTi-PCR) to detect parasite DNA in the central nervous system (CNS). The treatment literature is reviewed with recommendations for the use of corticosteroids and the anthelminthic drug albendazole. Long-term sequelae of NAS are discussed and recommendations for future research are proposed.
Visual speech cues speed processing and reduce effort for children listening in quiet and noise
Authors: Holt Rebecca , Bruggeman Laurence , Demuth Katherine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProcessing speech can be slow and effortful for children, especially in adverse listening conditions, such as the classroom. This can have detrimental effects on children’s academic achievement. We therefore asked whether primary school children’s speech processing could be made faster and less effortful via the presentation of visual speech cues (speaker’s facial movements), and whether any audio-visual benefit would be modulated by the presence of noise or by characteristics of individual participants. A phoneme monitoring task with concurrent pupillometry was used to measure 7- to 11-year-old children’s speech processing speed and effort, with and without visual cues, in both quiet and noise. Results demonstrated that visual cues to speech can facilitate children’s speech processing, but that these benefits may also be subject to variability according to children’s motivation. Children showed faster processing and reduced effort when visual cues were available, regardless of listening condition. However, examination of individual variability revealed that the reduction in effort was driven by the children who performed better on a measure of phoneme isolation (used to quantify how difficult they found the phoneme monitoring task).
Social, economic and cultural influences on adolescent nutrition and physical activity in Jimma, Ethiopia: perspectives from adolescents and their caregivers
Authors: Abera Mubarek , Hardy-Johnson Polly , Abdissa Alemseged , Workicho Abdulhalik , Ali Rahma , Weller Susie , Fall Caroline , Kehoe Sarah H , Barker Mary , Haileamlak Abraham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore influences on adolescent diet and physical activity, from the perspectives of adolescents and their caregivers, in Jimma, Ethiopia.Design:Qualitative design, using focus group discussions (FGD).Setting:A low-income setting in Jimma, Ethiopia.Participants:Five FGD with adolescents aged 10–12 years and 15–17 years (n 41) and three FGD with parents (n 22) were conducted.Results:Adolescents displayed a holistic understanding of health comprising physical, social and psychological well-being. Social and cultural factors were perceived to be the main drivers of adolescent diet and physical activity. All participants indicated that caregivers dictated adolescents’ diet, as families shared food from the same plate. Meals were primarily determined by caregivers, whose choices were driven by food affordability and accessibility. Older adolescents, particularly boys, had opportunities to make independent food choices outside of the home which were driven by taste and appearance, rather than nutritional value. Many felt that adolescent physical activity was heavily influenced by gender. Girls’ activities included domestic work and family responsibilities, whereas boys had more free time to participate in outdoor games. Girls’ safety was reported to be a concern to caregivers, who were fearful of permitting their daughters to share overcrowded outdoor spaces with strangers.Conclusions:Adolescents and caregivers spoke a range of social, economic and cultural influences on adolescent diet and physical activity. Adolescents, parents and the wider community need to be involved in the development and delivery of effective interventions that will take into consideration these social, economic and cultural factors.
Using FFF beams to improve the therapeutic ratio of lung SBRT
Authors: Vassiliev Oleg N. , Peterson Christine B. , Chang Joe Y. , Mohan Radhe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAim:The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatment plans can be improved by replacing conventional flattening filter (FF) beams with flattening filter-free (FFF) beams.Materials and methods:We selected 15 patients who had received SBRT with conventional 6-MV photon beams for early-stage lung cancer. We imported the patients’ treatment plans into the Eclipse 13·6 treatment planning system, in which we configured the AAA dose calculation model using representative beam data for a TrueBeam accelerator operated in 6-MV FFF mode. We then created new treatment plans by replacing the conventional FF beams in the original plans with FFF beams.Results:The FFF plans had better target coverage than the original FF plans did. For the planning target volume, FFF plans significantly improved the D98, D95, D90, homogeneity index and uncomplicated tumour control probability. In most cases, the doses to organs at risk were lower in FFF plans. FFF plans significantly reduced the mean lung dose, V10, V20, V30, and normal tissue complication probability for the total lung and improved the dosimetric indices for the ipsilateral lung. For most patients, FFF beams achieved lower maximum doses to the oesophagus, heart and the spinal cord, and a lower chest wall V30.Conclusions:Compared with FF beams, FFF beams achieved lower doses to organs at risk, especially the lung, without compromising tumour coverage; in fact, FFF beams improved coverage in most cases. Thus, replacing FF beams with FFF beams can achieve a better therapeutic ratio.
Individual parental conversations with non-birthing parents
Authors: Larsson Margaretha , Eriksson Irene , Johansson Karin , Stigsson Anna-Karin , Svahn Rebecka , Wetterström Johanna , Wilhsson Marie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Aim:
The aim of this study was to describe Child Health Service (CHS) nurses’ experiences with conducting individual parental conversations (IPCs) with non-birthing parents.

Background:
CHS nurses in Sweden mainly focus on monitoring a child’s physical and mental development and the mothers’ health in order to support their parenthood. The assignment of the CHS includes identifying dysfunctional social relationships in a family and strengthening responsive parenting. An imbalance arises within the family when someone in the family suffers from illness, which could have a negative effect on the whole family’s health and well-being.

Methods:
An inductive, descriptive qualitative study design was used to describe and to gain an understanding of the CHS nurses’ experiences. Data were collected in 13 interviews, and a qualitative content analysis was performed.

Findings:
The analysis of interviews with CHS nurses resulted in two main categories, each with three subcategories. The main categories are: working for equality and applying a family focus, and dealing with challenges in the developing assignment. The IPCs stimulate the CHS nurses to work for more equality and to apply a family focus, which can be a way of strengthening the families’ health and the children’s upbringing. Developing the CHS nurses’ assignment can be a challenge that appears to entail positive outcomes for CHS nurses, while also generating the need for CHS nurses to receive supervision to find ways to improve their approach and practice.
Assessing delirium with nursing care instruments: Evaluation of the cognitive and associated domains
Authors: Bode Leonie , Fuchs Simon , Gehrke Samuel , Ernst Jutta , Schubert Maria , Nuñez David Garcia , von Känel Roland , Boettger Soenke 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveNursing instruments have the potential for daily screening of delirium; however, they have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, after assessing the functional domains of the electronic Patient Assessment — Acute Care (ePA-AC), this study evaluates the cognitive and associated domains.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study in the intensive care unit, 277 patients were assessed and 118 patients were delirious. The impacts of delirium on the cognitive domains, consciousness and cognition, communication and interaction, in addition to respiration, pain, and wounds were determined with simple logistic regressions and their respective odds ratios (ORs).ResultsDelirium was associated with substantial impairment throughout the evaluated domains. Delirious patients were somnolent (OR 6), their orientation (OR 8.2–10.6) and ability to acquire knowledge (OR 5.5–11.6) were substantially impaired, they lost the competence to manage daily routines (OR 8.2–22.4), and their attention was compromised (OR 12.8). In addition, these patients received psychotropics (OR 3.8), were visually impaired (OR 1.8), unable to communicate their needs (OR 5.6–7.6), displayed reduced self-initiated activities (OR 6.5–6.9) and challenging behaviors (OR 6.2), as well as sleep–wake disturbances (OR 2.2–5), Furthermore, delirium was associated with mechanical ventilation, abdominal/thoracic injuries or operations (OR 4.2–4.4), and sensory perception impairment (OR 3.9–5.8).Significance of resultsDelirium caused substantial impairment in cognitive and associated domains. In addition to the previously described functional impairments, these findings will aid the implementation of nursing instruments in delirium screening.
Resilient Aspirants: Women's Candidacies and Election in Times of COVID-19
Authors: Gatto Malu A. C. , Thome Debora 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has gendered implications for women's time and resources. The use of informal institutions that pose obstacles to women's electoral viability may also be particularly consequential at a time of rapid change, when election dates and procedures are being amended because of health concerns. Together, these dynamics suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may impact women's electoral participation, support, and viability in meaningful ways. The November 2020 Brazilian municipal elections provide an opportunity to explore this. Employing data from an original survey of eligible individuals and aspirant candidates, we find that the main obstacle to women's representation is not personal political ambition or efforts but women's perceptions of their access to support for their candidacies. In the face of greater challenges, resilient aspirants are choosing to work harder to compensate for potential losses in campaign support and funds.
Re-adjustments for MOM calculations of microstrip and stripline power dissipation
Authors: Huang Frederick 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMicrostrip and stripline losses in Method of Moments (MOM) calculations have an error arising from the large current density at the strip edges, characterized by an integration limit (W/2-d) in the equation for current density in thin strips (width W), where d is a fitting parameter. It depends primarily on the width of the MOM subsection on the edge of the strip. By comparing with the integration limit (W/2-Δ) for an actual strip with finite thickness, a correction factor is estimated. The equations incorporating d are confirmed by comparing with MOM calculations of isolated stripline, uniformly spaced parallel strips, striplines and microstrips close to ground planes, and with a strip in a uniform, externally applied magnetic field. The results are also consistent with measurements with copper. This makes the accuracy of the loss estimates commensurate with the excellence of the other aspects of MOM simulations.
Association Between Work‐Related Hyperthermia Emergency Department Visits and Ambient Heat in Five Southeastern States, 2010–2012—A Case‐Crossover Study
Authors: Shire Jeffrey , Vaidyanathan Ambarish , Lackovic Michelle , Bunn Terry 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study is to assess ambient temperatures' and extreme heat events' contribution to work‐related emergency department (ED) visits for hyperthermia in the southeastern United States to inform prevention. Through a collaborative network and established data framework, work‐related ED hyperthermia visits in five participating southeastern U.S. states were analyzed using a time stratified case‐crossover design. For exposure metrics, day‐ and location‐specific measures of ambient temperatures and county‐specific identification of extreme heat events were used. From 2010 to 2012, 5,017 work‐related hyperthermia ED visits were seen; 2,298 (~46%) of these visits occurred on days when the daily maximum heat index was at temperatures the Occupational Safety and Health Administration designates as having “lower” or “moderate” heat risk. A 14% increase in risk of ED visit was seen for a 1°F increase in average daily mean temperature, modeled as linear predictor across all temperatures. A 54% increase in risk was seen for work‐related hyperthermia ED visits during extreme heat events (two or more consecutive days of unusually high temperatures) when controlling for average daily mean temperature. Despite ambient heat being a well‐known risk to workers' health, this study's findings indicate ambient heat contributed to work‐related ED hyperthermia visits in these five states. Used alone, existing OSHA heat‐risk levels for ambient temperatures did not appear to successfully communicate workers' risk for hyperthermia in this study. Findings should inform future heat‐alert communications and policies, heat prevention efforts, and heat‐illness prevention research for workers in the southeastern United States.