bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interannual differences in postrelease movements of rehabilitated harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) in the Salish Sea
Authors: Sangster Samantha , Haulena Martin , Nordstrom Chad , Gaydos Joseph K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite the large number of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) rehabilitated worldwide, few studies have been conducted on postrelease movement and behavior of rehabilitated harbor seal pups. We compared interannual differences in movements and survival of 24 rehabilitated seal pups released in the Salish Sea in 2010 (n = 10), 2012 (n = 5), 2013 (n = 5), and 2014 (n = 4). We also compared the postrelease movement of these seals to the movement of 10 wild seal pups tracked in the same ecosystem in 2010. Transmission duration, total cumulative distance, and average daily distance varied annually. Maximum linear distance traveled from the release site was similar for the rehabilitated seal groups. Compared to wild seals (n = 10), and consistent with prior studies, rehabilitated pups (n = 24) traveled significantly farther daily and cumulatively than wild weaned pups. Unlike in a prior study in this ecosystem, we found no significant difference between transmission duration in wild and rehabilitated pups.
Structural specificity in plant–filamentous pathogen interactions
Authors: Lacaze Aline , Joly David L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlant diseases bear names such as leaf blights, root rots, sheath blights, tuber scabs, and stem cankers, indicating that symptoms occur preferentially on specific parts of host plants. Accordingly, many plant pathogens are specialized to infect and cause disease in specific tissues and organs. Conversely, others are able to infect a range of tissues, albeit often disease symptoms fluctuate in different organs infected by the same pathogen. The structural specificity of a pathogen defines the degree to which it is reliant on a given tissue, organ, or host developmental stage. It is influenced by both the microbe and the host but the processes shaping it are not well established. Here we review the current status on structural specificity of plant–filamentous pathogen interactions and highlight important research questions. Notably, this review addresses how constitutive defence and induced immunity as well as virulence processes vary across plant organs, tissues, and even cells. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying structural specificity will aid targeted approaches for plant health, for instance by considering the variation in the nature and the amplitude of defence responses across distinct plant organs and tissues when performing selective breeding.
Chemical inhibition of xylem cellular activity impedes the removal of drought‐induced embolisms in poplar stems – new insights from micro‐CT analysis
Authors: Secchi Francesca , Pagliarani Chiara , Cavalletto Silvia , Petruzzellis Francesco , Tonel Giulia , Savi Tadeja , Tromba Giuliana , Obertino Maria Margherita , Lovisolo Claudio , Nardini Andrea , Zwieniecki Maciej A. 
Published: September 2020

Summary

In drought‐stressed plants a coordinated cascade of chemical and transcriptional adjustments occurs at the same time as embolism formation. While these processes do not affect embolism formation during stress, they may prime stems for recovery during rehydration by modifying apoplast pH and increasing sugar concentration in the xylem sap.

Here we show that in vivo treatments modifying apoplastic pH (stem infiltration with a pH buffer) or reducing stem metabolic activity (infiltration with sodium vanadate and sodium cyanide; plant exposure to carbon monoxide) can reduce sugar accumulation, thus disrupting or delaying the recovery process.

Application of the vanadate treatment (NaVO3, an inhibitor of many ATPases) completely halted recovery from drought‐induced embolism for up to 24 h after re‐irrigation, while partial recovery was observed in vivo in control plants using X‐ray microcomputed tomography.

Our results suggest that stem hydraulic recovery in poplar is a biological, energy‐dependent process that coincides with accumulation of sugars in the apoplast during stress. Recovery and damage are spatially coordinated, with embolism formation occurring from the inside out and refilling from the outside in. The outside‐in pattern highlights the importance of xylem proximity to the sugars within the phloem to the embolism recovery process.
Mechanical force inhibited hPDLSCs proliferation with the downregulation of MIR31HG via DNA methylation
Authors: Han Yineng , Yang Qiaolin , Huang Yiping , Li Xiaobei , Zhu Yunyan , Jia Lingfei , Zheng Yunfei , Li Weiran 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate how mechanical force affects the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs).MethodsCCK‐8 assays and staining of ki67 were performed to evaluate hPDLSCs proliferation. qRT‐PCR, ELISA, or Western blot analysis were used to measure the expression levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, miR‐31 host gene (MIR31HG), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B). Dual‐luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were conducted to determine whether MIR31HG was targeted by DNMT1 and DNMT3B. MassARRAY mass spectrometry was used to quantify DNA methylation levels of the MIR31HG promoter.ResultsMechanical force inhibited hPDLSCs proliferation with the downregulation of MIR31HG and upregulation of IL‐6, DNMT1 and DNMT3B. Knockdown of MIR31HG suppressed hPDLSCs proliferation, and knockdown of DNMT1 or DNMT3B reversed mechanical force‐induced downregulation of MIR31HG. Dual‐luciferase and ChIP assays revealed DNMT1 and DNMT3B bound MIR31HG promoter in the region 1,015 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. Treatment with 5’‐aca‐2’‐deoxycytidine downregulated DNA methylation level in MIR31HG gene promoter, while mechanical force promoted the methylation of MIR31HG gene promoter.ConclusionsThese findings elucidated how mechanical force affects proliferation via MIR31HG in hPDLSCs, providing clues for possible MIR31HG‐based orthodontic therapeutic approaches.
Effects of mechanical stress on human oral mucosa‐derived cells
Authors: Nakamura Koya , Yamamoto Toshiro , Ema Ryo , Nakai Kei , Sato Yoshiki , Yamamoto Kenta , Adachi Keiji , Oseko Fumishige , Yamamoto Yoshiaki , Kanamura Narisato 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesPlacement of a denture results in the application of mechanical stress (MS), such as occlusal force, onto the oral mucosa beneath the denture. To better understand the molecular mechanism underlying MS‐induced inflammation in the oral mucosa, we examined the impact of MS on human oral epithelial cells (HO‐1‐N‐1) and human fibroblasts (HGFs) in this study.Materials and MethodsMS was applied on HO‐1‐N‐1 and HGFs using a hydrostatic pressure apparatus. The expression and production of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors were examined by real‐time RT‐PCR and ELISA. MS‐induced intracellular signal transduction via MAP kinase (MAPK) was also examined.Results1 MPa MS resulted in a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines, and 3 MPa MS resulted in a significant increase in FGF‐2. MS also increased p‐38 phosphorylation and the addition of a p‐38 inhibitor significantly suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines.DiscussionOur study suggested that MS applied through a denture increases the production of inflammatory cytokines from oral mucosal epithelial cells and fibroblasts via the p38 MAPK cascade. These responses to MS likely lead to inflammation of the mucosal tissue beneath dentures. On other hand, up‐regulation of growth factors is likely a manifestation of the biological defense mechanism against excessive MS.
Higher order aberrations and axial elongation in combined 0.01% atropine with orthokeratology for myopia control
Authors: Vincent Stephen J , Tan Qi , Ng Alex L K , Cheng George P M , Woo Victor C P , Cho Pauline 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo compare the changes in higher order aberrations (HOA’s) for photopic and mesopic pupil diameters in children undergoing orthokeratology treatment (OK) or combined 0.01% atropine with orthokeratology treatment (AOK), and their association with axial elongation.MethodsChildren aged 6 to <11 years with 1.00–4.00 D of myopia were randomly assigned to each treatment group. Photopic and mesopic pupil diameters were quantified using automated pupillometry and HOA’s were measured with a Hartmann‐Shack aberrometer and Badal system to control for accommodation. HOA’s were rescaled to photopic and mesopic pupil diameters and fitted with a 6th order Zernike polynomial expansion. Axial length was measured using an optical biometer under cycloplegia.ResultsBaseline and six‐month data from 25 AOK and 28 OK participants were analysed. At the six‐month visit, pupil diameter was larger in the AOK group under photopic conditions (3.70 ± 0.42 vs 3.12 ± 0.33 mm, p < 0.001), along with a range of HOA metrics [3rd to 6th order and higher order root mean square error values (HO RMS), all p ≤ 0.003] and individual Zernike terms (primary spherical aberration, and oblique quadrafoil, both p ≤ 0.03). Axial elongation was greater in the OK treatment group (0.05 ± 0.08 vs −0.01 ± 0.12 mm, p = 0.02). In the AOK group, axial elongation was correlated with the increase in photopic pupil diameter (r = −0.45, p = 0.02) and with several HOA metrics; however, these associations were not observed in the OK group.ConclusionAOK treatment resulted in increased photopic pupil size and HOA’s, and significantly less axial elongation over a six‐month period compared to OK treatment alone. The improved myopia control observed with combination 0.01% atropine and orthokeratology may be a result of an enhanced optical effect due to a larger photopic pupil size.
Mediation of JA signalling in glandular trichomes by the woolly/SlMYC1 regulatory module improves pest resistance in tomato
Authors: Hua Bing , Chang Jiang , Wu Minliang , Xu Zhijing , Zhang Fanyu , Yang Meina , Xu Huimin , Wang Ling‐Jian , Chen Xiao‐Ya , Wu Shuang 
Published: September 2020

SummaryAlmost all plants form trichomes, which protect them against insect herbivores by forming a physical barrier and releasing chemical repellents. Glandular trichomes produce a variety of specialized defensive metabolites, including volatile terpenes. Previous studies have shown that the defence hormone jasmonic acid (JA) affects trichome development and induces terpene synthases (TPSs) but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we characterized a loss‐of‐function allele of the HD‐ZIP IV transcription factor woolly (wo) and analysed its role in mediating JA signalling in tomato. We showed that knockout of wo led to extensive trichome defects, including structural and functional changes in type VI glandular trichomes, and a dramatic reduction in terpene levels. We further found that wo directly binds to TPS gene promoters to recruit SlMYC1, a JA signalling modulator, and that together these transcription factors promote terpene biosynthesis in tomato trichomes. The wo/SlMYC1 regulatory module is inhibited by SlJAZ2 through a competitive binding mechanism, resulting in a fine‐tuned JA response in tomato trichomes. Enhanced expression of SlMYC1 substantially increased terpene levels and improved tomato resistance to spider mites. Interestingly, we also found that SlMYC1 plays an additional role in glandular cell division and expansion in type VI trichomes, independent of JA. Together, our results reveal a novel, JA‐mediated regulatory mechanism that promotes insect resistance in tomato.
Effect of a Bacillus subtilis strain on flax protection against Fusarium oxysporum and its impact on the root and stem cell walls
Authors: Planchon Aline , Durambur Gaëlle , Besnier Jean‐Baptiste , Plasson Carole , Gügi Bruno , Bernard Sophie , Mérieau Annabelle , Trouvé Jean‐Paul , Dubois Caroline , Laval Karine , Driouich Azeddine , Mollet Jean‐Claude , Gattin Richard 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn Normandy, flax is a plant of important economic interest because of its fibres. Fusarium oxysporum, a telluric fungus, is responsible for the major losses in crop yield and fibre quality. Several methods are currently used to limit the use of phytochemicals on crops. One of them is the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) occurring naturally in the rhizosphere. PGPR are known to act as local antagonists to soil‐borne pathogens and to enhance plant resistance by eliciting the induced systemic resistance (ISR). In this study, we first investigated the cell wall modifications occurring in roots and stems after inoculation with the fungus in two flax varieties. First, we showed that both varieties displayed different cell wall organization and that rapid modifications occurred in roots and stems after inoculation. Then, we demonstrated the efficiency of a Bacillus subtilis strain to limit Fusarium wilt on both varieties with a better efficiency for one of them. Finally, thermo‐gravimetry was used to highlight that B. subtilis induced modifications of the stem properties, supporting a reinforcement of the cell walls. Our findings suggest that the efficiency and the mode of action of the PGPR B. subtilis is likely to be flax variety dependent.
Different strategies of Cd tolerance and accumulation in Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa
Authors: Szopiński Michał , Sitko Krzysztof , Rusinowski Szymon , Zieleźnik‐Rusinowska Paulina , Corso Massimiliano , Rostański Adam , Rojek‐Jelonek Magdalena , Verbruggen Nathalie , Małkowski Eugeniusz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPseudometallophytes are commonly used to study the evolution of metal tolerance and accumulation traits in plants. Within the Arabidopsis genus, the adaptation of Arabidopsis halleri to metalliferous soils has been widely studied, which is not the case for the closely related species Arabidopsis arenosa. We performed an in‐depth physiological comparison between the A. halleri and A. arenosa populations from the same polluted site, together with the geographically close non‐metallicolous (NM) populations of both species. The ionomes, growth, photosynthetic parameters and pigment content were characterized in the plants that were growing on their native site and in a hydroponic culture under Cd treatments. In situ, the metallicolous (M) populations of both species hyperaccumulated Cd and Zn. The NM population of A. halleri hyperaccumulated Cd and Zn while the NM A. arenosa did not. In the hydroponic experiments, the NM populations of both species accumulated more Cd in their shoots than the M populations. Our research suggests that the two Arabidopsis species evolved different strategies of adaptation to extreme metallic environments that involve fine regulation of metal homeostasis, adjustment of the photosynthetic apparatus and accumulation of flavonols and anthocyanins.
Response of Cucurbita spp. to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus inoculation and identification of a dominant source of resistance in Cucurbita moschata
Authors: Romero‐Masegosa Jonathan , Martínez Cecilia , Aguado Encarnación , García Alicia , Cebrián Gustavo , Iglesias‐Moya Jessica , Paris Harry S. , Jamilena Manuel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is an emerging whitefly‐borne species of begomovirus in Mediterranean regions that poses a severe threat to cucurbit crops of the genus Cucurbita. Until now, only two sources of resistance have been identified in Cucurbita spp., these being PI604506 (cv. Large Cheese) and PI381814 (Indian landrace), both of C. moschata. The resistance of cv. Large Cheese is conferred by a single recessive gene located on chromosome 8. The objective of the present investigation was to screen for tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) resistance among 105 accessions drawn from five species of Cucurbita and, if high resistance was found in any of them, determine the mode of inheritance. Screening was conducted using whitefly‐mediated inoculation on all 105 accessions. The accessions showing some resistance were further screened by mechanical inoculation as well as by quantitative PCR‐based diagnostics. The results showed that, overall, the accessions of C. pepo and C. maxima were the most susceptible, those of C. argyrosperma and C. ecuadorensis intermediate, and those of C. moschata most resistant to ToLCNDV. Only one accession of C. moschata, BSUAL‐252, originating from Japan, was highly resistant to ToLCNDV, showing no symptoms after either method of inoculation, and absence of virus accumulation. Upon crossing BSUAL‐252 with a susceptible accession of C. moschata, BSUAL‐265, the resistance was observed to be conferred by a single dominant gene. This gene is not linked to the genomic region on chromosome 8 where the locus of the previously identified recessive gene for ToLCNDV resistance resides.
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Phytophthora infestans populations on Java, Indonesia
Authors: Dangi Sandesh , Wharton Phillip , Ambarwati Alberta D. , Santoso Tri Joko , Kusmana  , Sulastrini Ineu , Medendorp John , Hokanson Karen , Douches David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPhytophthora infestans is endemic to Indonesia and can infect potato crops at any stage in the growing season. Little is known about P. infestans populations in Indonesia. The objectives of this study were first to identify the genotypes causing late blight in the main potato‐growing regions on Java in Indonesia, and secondly to examine genotypic diversity in the P. infestans populations in those regions. Samples were collected on FTA cards (n = 140) or in tubers (n = 6) from 15 locations in nine regencies over four years (2016–2019). Microsatellite analysis revealed that late blight outbreaks in these regencies were caused by EU_2_A1 and other genotypes that are unique to Indonesia. Eighty percent of the samples that amplified with CAPS markers were the A1 mating type. Cultures of six isolates were determined to be the A1 mating type based on the pairing test, and of these, two isolates were intermediate and four were sensitive to metalaxyl‐M (mefenoxam). The mode of reproduction of the P. infestans population on Java, Indonesia, was found to be clonal. However, as the sample size in this study was small, more isolates need to be tested to confirm this. Microsatellite analysis revealed that 90% of Indonesian samples had trisomic loci. A high number of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were found in all nine regencies (131 MLGs out of 146 samples). Results indicate that there is ongoing polyploidization in these populations due to a high mutation rate and no selection pressure from the susceptible potato hosts that are being grown in Indonesia.
Presidential Power and Withdrawing from Foreign Entanglements: Koreanization in the 1970s
Authors: Setzekorn Eric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the 1970s, the Nixon and Carter administrations attempted to withdraw American forces from South Korea. A policy of troop reductions continued throughout the decade, and although some U.S. troops were withdrawn from South Korea, tens of thousands remained at the end of the 1970s. Although the policy goals were largely symmetrical, the rate of withdrawal differed sharply, with Richard M. Nixon pulling out nearly 10 times as many troops as Jimmy Carter. This article argues that bureaucratic actors, including senior military officers, were responsible for the divergent results of the Korean withdrawal programs.
Communicating the economic value of customer ownership in insurance: A qualitative analysis of annual reports
Authors: Talonen Antti , Talonen Harri , Stenvall Jari , Jussila Iiro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIts distinctive ownership base leads to a customer‐owned mutual insurer representing a mission and purpose of existence that are very different from those of an investor‐owned insurer. While the owner value of the latter can be defined in terms of return on invested capital, in mutuals, the attention is shifted toward benefits and value for customers. Despite this major difference, scholars know little about mutual insurers' value‐creating processes. To begin filling this knowledge gap, the article explores and identifies how managers of mutual insurance companies understand and communicate the economic value of ownership to their customer–owners and other stakeholders. It reports on thematic analysis of annual reports of 18 mutuals, based in seven countries (England, Finland, Ireland, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States), on the basis of which the authors offer a tentative framework for enhancing scholars' and practitioners' understanding of how the economic value of ownership is understood in a customer‐owned mutual insurance company.
Behçet disease (BD) and BD‐like clinical phenotypes: NF‐κB pathway in mucosal ulcerating diseases
Authors: Perazzio Sandro F. , Allenspach Eric J. , Eklund Kari K. , Varjosalo Markku , Shinohara Michi M. , Torgerson Troy R. , Seppänen Mikko R. J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBehçet's disease (BD) is a heterogeneous multi‐organ disorder in search of a unified pathophysiological theory and classification. The disease frequently has overlapping features resembling other disease clusters, such as vasculitides, spondyloarthritides and thrombophilias with similar genetic risk variants, namelyHLA‐B*51,ERAP1,IL‐10,IL‐23R. Many of the BD manifestations, such as unprovoked recurrent episodes of inflammation and increased expression of IL‐1, IL‐6 and TNFα, overlap with those of the hereditary monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes, positioning BD at the crossroads between autoimmune and autoinflammatory syndromes. BD‐like disease associates with various inborn errors of immunity, including familial Mediterranean fever, conditions related to dysregulated NF‐κB activation (egTNFAIP3,NFKB1,OTULIN,RELA,IKBKG) and either constitutional trisomy 8 or acquired trisomy 8 in myelodysplastic syndromes. We review here the recent advances in the immunopathology of BD, BD‐like diseases and the NF‐κB pathway suggesting new elements in the elusive BD etiopathogenesis.
Addressing loneliness and social isolation amongst elderly people through local co‐production in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Kohei , Dollery Brian E. , Kortt Michael A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn common with many other societies with ageing populations, loneliness and social isolation have become a significant problem in contemporary Japan. The financial burden associated with an ageing population, together with ongoing fiscal austerity, has severely constrained the ability of local authorities to address the problem. As a result, policymakers have sought cost‐effective methods of tackling the problem, including local co‐production with community groups. In this article, we consider the impact of loneliness and social isolation on wellbeing and then examine two illustrative case studies of local co‐production programs aimed at tackling social isolation amongst older adults in Japan.