bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Liquids - A Unique Palette to Create Advanced Electrolytes
Authors: Best Adam Samuel , Barghamadi Marzi , Bhatt Anand , Francis Candice , Hollenkamp Anthony F. , Huynh Thuy Diem , Mahon Peter , Musameh Mustafa , Ruether Thomas , Sharma Neeraj , Webster Nathan 
Published: February 2020

The drive to identify high energy batteries remains an on-going challenge. There are two key R & D thrusts at this time – next generation Lithium-ion batteries that (i) require the use of intercalation materials that can operate high voltages (5 V vs Li|Li+) and (ii) alternative high energy density electrodes such as Sulfur (2567 Wh/kg) or the holy-grail for the field, an air breathing cathode (3505 Wh/kg). To harness these high energy densities Lithium metal anodes are required as one of very few alternatives. In both instances, there is a distinct need to develop electrolytes that are stable under strongly oxidising environments and strongly reductive environments, respectively.
To this end, CSIRO has been actively researching ionic liquid electrolytes as an option to replace aprotic solvent based electrolytes in batteries. Ionic liquids have some unique properties in terms of negligible vapor pressure, relatively high conductivity, wide electrochemical windows and high thermal decomposition temperatures. This makes them ideally suited to a range of electrochemical storage devices, specifically those that are being targeted at this time.
(i) High voltage lithium-ion batteries require electrolytes that are stable in contact with intercalation cathode at potentials > 4.5 V (vs Li|Li+) and do not cause Al current collector corrosion. To-date, there are very few materials that can achieve both of these goals. We will describe work we have been undertaking to determine failure modes of both active materials and electrode structures and the role of the electrolyte in solving these issues.
(ii) Although a 10 fold increase in specific energy is possible with recent advances in Li-Sulfur (2567 Wh / kg) technologies, there are several challenges in the development of these devices. The most vexing of these challenges is the generation of lithium polysulfides which are highly prone to irreversibly move into the electrolyte media. These can have deleterious effects on the performance of the device such as reduced capacity and cycle-life. To overcome this problem, numerous different approaches have been trialled to “lock” S within a conductive structure / matrix whilst still making it available to lithium ions from the electrolyte to form the required lithium polysulfides that deliver the high capacity of the device.
At CSIRO, we have been looking at a range of different methodologies to understand the formation of polysulfides both in the electrolyte and the cathode and then examine various methods to keep them electrically connected within the cathode. In this presentation, we will highlight our work methods to prevent polysulfide dissolution via changes to the electrolyte and the effect on cycling and in-situ studies at the Australian Synchrotron.
Ab-Initio MD Simulations of Redox Reactions of Liquid Electrolytes and SEI Formation
Authors: Tateyama Yoshitaka 
Published: February 2020

Atomistic understanding of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the interface between electrode and liquid electrolyte is still an issue of greatest importance. However, difficulties in experimental in-situ observations and simulations considering the liquid dynamics (fluctuation) and reaction have inhibited elucidation of physics and chemistry of SEIs. We have addressed such unresolved issues by means of accurate large-scale ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) samplings and free energy calculations on supercomputers.
The SEI formation is initiated by electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte molecules such as solvents and additives. Slight change of the electrolyte component often exhibits a large impact on the SEI quality. We first examined the reductive decomposition of the electrolyte molecules at charging (reductive) environment, using a typical electrolyte with ethylene carbonate (EC) solvents and vinylene carbonate (VC) additives. We carried out AIMD free energy calculations for possible decomposition pathways, and found that VC passivation to EC anion radical is a more appropriate mechanism than the conventional scenario with sacrificial reductive decomposition of VC (Fig. (a))1. This novel mechanism can explain the decrease of irreversible capacity and the CO2 evolution with a small amount of VC additives observed experimentally.
Next, we extracted stable organic SEI film components (SFCs) from the products of the reductive decompositions of the electrolyte. We then investigated the characteristic of the probable SFC amorphous aggregates on the adhesion to the graphite electrode and the interfacial electronic states. The results showed that the SFC aggregates have characters of “unstable adhesion” to the graphite surface and “high electronic insulation”. With these results, we discussed that a near-shore aggregation mechanism of SFCs is promising for the SEI film formation.2 Very recently, we examined inorganic SFCs as well to elucidate their roles in the SEI formation.3 These new findings with supercomputer simulations give important perspectives for more efficient and reliable batteries.
1. K. Ushirogata, K. Sodeyama, Y. Okuno, Y. Tateyama, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
135, 11967-11974 (2013).
2. K. Ushirogata, K. Sodeyama, Z. Futera, Y. Tateyama, Y. Okuno, J. Electrochem. Soc.
162, A2670-2678 (2015).
3. Y. Okuno, K. Ushirogata, K. Sodeyama, Y. Tateyama, submitted.
Figure (a) Proposed role of VC additive in reductive decomposition of the EC-based electrolyte. (b) Schematic picture of the near-shore aggregation mechanism for SEI formation on a graphitic electrode.

Figure 1
Ceramic Interface (Ceramic Coated Separator) and Li-Ion Safety/Performance
Authors: Zhang Zhengming John 
Published: February 2020

One of the great innovations in Li-ion batteries: ceramic interface via ceramic coated separator made the transition of its polymer based separator to ceramic coated (interface) separators during the last a couple of years. Nearly 90% Li-ion batteries in consumer electronics and 2nd generation EDV are using ceramic coated separators today. This ceramic interface via ceramic coated separator greatly enhanced Li-ion energy density (reduced oxidation of separators that enable the use of high voltage cathodes), greatly improved battery safety (reduce the thermal propagation to avoid serious thermal runaway) and battery life (ceramic react with oxidized electrolytes, H2O and HF that continuously purifies the electrolyte). The development, mechanism, specific ceramic interfaces and battery results will be presented and discussed.
One-Step Pyro-Synthetic Strategy of LiFePO4-Li3V2(PO4)3 Nanocomposite with a High Energy Density for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Jo Jeonggeun , Song Jinju , Kim Sungjin , Alfaruqi Muhammad Hilmy , Kim Seokhun , Kim Yeoeun , Nam Sukyung , Kim Jaekook 
Published: February 2020

In commercially available Li-ion cells, cobalt-based oxide is utilized as the cathode material, but its high cost and low thermal stability prohibit the large-scale use such as Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and Electric Vehicles (EV). Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) and lithium vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3) exhibit good thermal stability and high operating voltage, which make them the most promising cathode candidates so far. Despite of their advantages, LiFePO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 also have some drawbacks. For instance, LiFePO4 has a stable voltage platform and its cyclic attenuation rate is almost negligible, but its relatively low capacity and low voltage limit its energy density and consequently limits its use. Li3V2(PO4)3 has a higher voltage, however, it suffers from its stepped voltage platforms and severe cycle attenuation. In order to combine the advantages from both materials, many research groups have attempted by designing hybrid materials since the doping approach can only improve the main material without combining the advantages of two different active materials.
In this work, we focus on obtaining nanostructured materials as well as hybrid materials by using pyro-synthetic method which is very effective for production of highly crystalline carbon coated nanomaterials under very short reaction times in open-air conditions. Further, the pyro-synthetic route using polyol medium will be beneficial for producing nanomaterials in terms of time and cost effectiveness because the combustion strategy is also applied to this strategy. Moreover, poly alcohols or polyols such as ethylene glycol and di/tri/tetra ethylene glycol can play multi-roles of a solvent, a reducing agent and a carbon source.
We have successfully synthesized 0.66LiFePO4•0.33Li3V2(PO4)3 nanocomposites with high crystallinity by one-step pyro-synthetic strategy using the polyol at low temperature. The as-prepared sample without any additional heat treatment showed average particle size of about 30 – 60 nm and spherical shape as observed by SEM studies. After moderate heat-treatment was applied, the particle sizes of 0.66LFP•0.33LVP increased due to crystal growth of monoclinic phase of LVP accompanied by particle agglomeration. When tested for lithium-ion cell, the nanoparticles composite electrode demonstrated impressive electrochemical properties with enhanced energy density. Furthermore, it showed high reversible capacity of 145.65 mAh g-1 at 0.1C and exhibited remarkable capacity of 119 mAh g-1 at 6.4C. After cycled at 6.4C, the electrode can recover to 85% of its initial capacity when the current density returned back to 0.1C indicating the excellent rate capabilities of the present electrode.
Running a Battery Lab with Low Cost Raspberry Pi's
Authors: Beattie Shane D 
Published: February 2020

Building a battery R&D lab is expensive. One of the largest capital costs is battery cyclers. High accuracy battery cyclers can cost >$4000/channel. A well-equipped lab requires hundreds of channels, costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. These costs are prohibitive, which ultimately slows the discovery of new battery chemistries.
To reduce the cost of performing research and accelerate the discovery of new materials a low cost battery cycler has been created. A galvanostatic battery cycling daughter board has been designed that plugs directly into a Raspberry Pi (Figure 1). The Raspberry Pi battery cycler behaves similar to commercially available cyclers (Figure 2). The user can define: upper/lower cut off voltage, constant current charge/discharge, data save intervals and cycle number. At scale, the unit cost is <$100/channel. Substantially cheaper than comparable battery cycling hardware.
The circuit was tested by cycling a commercial coin cell on the Raspberry Pi battery cycling hardware, then switching the cell to a commercial Maccor 4000 channel and comparing the results. Data in Figure 2 shows that the performance of the Raspberry Pi circuit is very similar to a Maccor 4000.
The Raspberry Pi battery cycling system has the following characteristics:

Low cost (< $100/channel)

Built in temperature sensors

Modular (all channels are independent)

Record data vs. time (text files) and ‘push’ data to a central server in real time

Compact and headless operation (operates over wifi, no mouse/keyboard/monitor required)

Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling: ±5 V range, 1 uA – 10 mA, up to 0.1% accuracy

Auxiliary voltage measurements (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity, strain, volume) synchronized with cycling data

Figure 1
Printed Cellulose Nano Fiber Separator and Its Application to All Printed Supercapacitor
Authors: Kang Heuiseok , Rho Yoonsoo , Lee Sangho , Hwang Jun Young 
Published: February 2020

Electro-chemical energy devices like batteries and supercapacitors require separators. Separator prevents direct electrical current between the anode and cathode, but it provides ion path between two electrodes by keeping the electrolyte in it. To meet these two conflicting functionalities, thin porous membrane is used for the separator. The separator is usually made from polymers such as PP, PE or cellulose and provided as a ready made sheet.
In this paper, a printed separator is proposed. With a printed separator, the battery and supercapacitor manufacturing process can be improved greatly since the electrode is also manufactured by printing. Futhermore, on-demand printed battery or supercapacitor can be easily manufactured, which are required in the wearable device industries.
First, we have made a cellulose nano fiber ink from the purified cellulose powder. The powder is mixed with IPA and processed in the high pressure homogenizer to get a colloid ink. The more we process the solution in the homogenizer, the finer fiber we get. In this paper we have used an ink containing few tens nm thickness fiber.
To make a membrane from the colloid ink, we have used the Musashi dispenser which is adequate to print high viscous ink. A drop-on-demand printing method is used since the colloid ink cause clogging in a continuous printing mode. In the drop-on-demand mode, basically, three processing parameters directly affect the membrane thickness; dispensing pressure, dispensing time, and drop spacing. Among them, the drop spacing is the easiest parameter to control the membrane thickness.
Finally, all printed supercapacitor has been manufactured. On a aluminium foil, activated carbon is printed using screen printer and the cellulose nano fiber ink is printed using dispenser. The final separator thickness is about 14 µ. The capacitance of the capacitor with the printed separator is about 184 F/g, which is slightly larger than the one with the commercial separator.
Fig.1 Cyclic voltammetry for the capacitor with commercial and printed separator

Figure 1
Flow-Assist Free Zn/NiOOH Battery Prepared By Electrodeposition
Authors: Korzhynbayeva Kuralay , Hara Toru , Belgibayeva Ayaulym , Moldabayeva Azhar , Bakenov Zhumabay 
Published: February 2020

Non-flammable, high durability and low cost battery is required for smart grids applications. Zinc-based rechargeable batteries such as zinc–nickel oxide systems are one of the most attractive energy storage systems for such applications due to the advantages of zinc as low cost, abundance, and low toxicity. Higher energy density in terms of both weight (Whkg−
1) and volume (WhL−
1) is also expected compared with conventional batteries such as nickel–metal hydride [1]. The primary issue limiting use of zinc anodes in rechargeable batteries is the short cycle life caused by dendrite formation upon cycling causing short circuiting [2,3]. In order to solve this problem flow-assisted Zn/NiOOH batteries have been suggested, but this battery needs flowing KOH aqueous electrolyte solution to suppress Zn whisker growth [4].
In current work, a novel flow-assist free battery was developed to meet the requirements for above mentioned applications. This battery was prepared by electrodeposition of NiOOH cathode and anode, and using an aqueous electrolyte.
Electrodeposition is one of the most economical and facile technique for producing metal/hydroxide electrodes, which used in this work to prepare both NiOOH and Zn electrodes. The electrodes were directly electrodeposited onto three-dimensional carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrates. Both electrodeposited electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Fig. 1) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) which confirmed formation of NiOOH and Zn, respectively.
Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests conducted at 0.05 C rate showed that the prepared NiOOH cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 250 mAh/g when used with the electrodeposited Zn anode. Further details of the work will be presented at the meeting.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported under the Technology Commercialization Project (Grant # OK_653) supported by the World Bank and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and a research Grant #3756/GF4 from the Ministry of Education and Science of Kazakhstan.

References

[1]Y. Ito, M. Nyce, R. Plivelich, M. Klein, D. Steingart, S. Banerjee J. of Power Sources 196 (2011) 2340
[2] R.D. Naybour, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 520.
[3] R.Y. Wang, D.W. Kirk, G.X. Zhang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153 (2006) C357.[4] G. Bronoel, A. Millot, N. Tassin, J. Power Sources 34 (1991) 243.

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Investigation of Solid Electrolyte Interface Formation for Battery Optimization and Safety
Authors: Parker Adrian , Mu Richard , Hargrove Samuel Keith 
Published: February 2020

There is considerable interest and demand in lithium-ion batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles, satellite, defense, and military applications in addition to the need for laptops, cell phones, and other portable devices. Battery performance - the capacities and lifetimes and safety, depend largely on the formation and development of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. Battery manufacturers and end users have expressed a real need for reduction of time needed for initial SEI formation and maturation/stabilization of lithium-ion batteries. In order to sustain and increase quality, each battery produced must go through initial charge/discharge cycles and shelf time. This can take up to one month for large-scale batteries. Standard constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) charging practices are safer, but extend charging times and do not fully utilize active materials.
In an effort to reduce the maturation time, we have changed the initial protocol from CC/CV to a pulsed protocol, and the goal is to develop, implement, test, and evaluate specific pulsing parameters to optimize SEI formation time. Experimental cells have been fabricated using a split-cell setup. These cells were charged and discharged using both CC/CV and pulsed methods, and then subjected to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for comparative analysis. Data retrieved during EIS analysis showed a high degree of complexity and unpredictability. Thus, current research endeavors, to be presented in the poster, include new battery array designs and employ various optical techniques used to correlate changes in the SEI layer to changes in the impedance spectra. With high precision control of battery fabrication parameters, meaningful comparative investigation of battery cell structures, charging/discharging histories, systematic characterization and analysis, it may be possible to provide knowledge of how the SEI layer and dendrites form. It will then be possible to provide “design rules” to effectively address battery performance and safety issues.
Electrode/Electrolyte Interface Contact Improvement of All Solid State Lithium Ion Batteries By Additional "Buffer Layer"
Authors: Sang Lingzi , Nuzzo Ralph G. , Gewirth Andrew A 
Published: February 2020

Solid state electrolytes (SE) are believed to be the ultimate solution for the current electrode dissolution (and other stability) problems encountered in Li-ion batteries. The safety enhancements that would be engendered by a viable technology based on non-flammable solid-phase electrolyte materials cannot be overstated and would have transformational impacts. Some of the currently developed bulk type solid state Li ion conductors exhibit comparable Li ionic conductivity as liquid electrolyte. However, poor interface contact remains to be a critical issue when assemble solid electrolyte into a useful all solid state battery. Assembly of bulk solid electrolyte into a battery usually requires deformation of interfaces between electrolyte and two electrodes high pressures to achieve good interface contact. This process is hard to handle and less reproducible. In order to avoid the high pressure press and achieve better reproducibility a liquid electrolyte based buffer Li-ion transport layer was applied at interfaces to bridge these interfaces. Results show that the cell impedance reduced by up to two orders of magnitude with the interface buffer layer.
Dendrite Growth Processes Monitored in Situ with MRI
Authors: Jerschow Alexej , Grey Clare P. , Ilott Andrew , Chang Hee Jung , Trease Nicole M. 
Published: February 2020

We will describe our work on the development of techniques for assessment of Li-ion batteries and battery materials via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The goal of these studies is to analyze battery degradation and energy storage mechanisms in situduring charging or discharging conditions by imaging changes in both the electrolyte and the electrodes in a noninvasive fashion.

In situ NMR/MRI have proven to be a useful tool to probe the structure of Li-ion batteries during real-time charge and discharge. Ex situ studies of batteries are limited by self-relaxation of the electrode materials before a measurement can be obtained. The application of advanced magnetic resonance techniques, such as MRI and complex NMR experiments, in situ has the potential to monitor dynamics and visually monitor changes in functioning electrochemical systems in real time. The functionality of some energy storage devices where only the electrolyte is involved in the electrochemical process (such as supercapacitors) can only be studied in situ, as the electrolyte concentration gradients will relax as a potential is removed from the cell. Here we present techniques for in situ MRI of batteries and supercapacitors and discuss findings obtained from these studies [1,2]. It will be discussed how the rf field is perturbed by the presence of conducting materials in the probe [2], how susceptibility shifts can be used for assessing the morphology of microstructure buildup on electrodes [3]. The location and concentration of both cations and anions can be followed separately [4]. Figure 1 shows 3D images of Li metal obtained from an intact cell, at different times after initiation of charging, and Figure 2 shows both electrolyte and electrode 7Li images which are used to test dendrite growth models such as the Chazalviel model [5].
1. S. Chandrashekar, N. M. Trease, H. J. Chang, L.-S. Du, C. P. Grey, A. Jerschow, Nat. Mater., 2012,

11, 311-315.
2. A. J. Ilott, S. Chandrashekar, A. Klöckner, H. J. Chang, N. M. Trease, C. P. Grey, L. Greengard, A. Jerschow, J. Magn. Reson.
2014, 245, 143–149.
3. H. J. Chang , N. M. Trease , A. J. Ilott , D. Zeng , L.-S. Du , A. Jerschow, C. P. Grey, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2015, 119, 16443−16451.
4. A. J. Ilott, N. M. Trease, C. P. Grey, A. Jerschow, Nat. Comm. 5, 2014, 4536.
5. H. J. Chang, A. J. Ilott, N. M. Trease, M. Mohammadi, A. Jerschow, C. P. Grey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 15209−15216.

Figure 1