bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The preservation of proto-Japanese tone class 2.5 in the Izumo region explained
Authors: DE BOER Elisabeth M. , LOUKAREAS Petros 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In 1981, Okumura Mitsuo reported that the dialect of Izumo Taisha in western Japan had preserved remnants of the separate tone class 2.5, which until then had only been found in dialects in central Japan. His discovery proved that this tone class had formed part of proto-Japanese, but the phonetic realization in Izumo and in central Japan was totally different. The article offers a reconstruction of the proto-system of the Izumo region, as well as an explanation of how class 2.5 came to be (partly) preserved in Izumo. It is argued that this was through a series of rightward shifts of the /H/ tone. These shifts radiated out from the northwestern part of the region. In the period, when the shifts were active, a contour tone on the second syllable of class 2.5 blocked rightward /H/ tone shift in this class. In this way, the contour tone, although later lost, left a trace in the modern dialects.
Minority in Politics: The Javanese Christian Church and Post-Ahok Politics
Authors: Wardoyo Broto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study focuses on Christian minorities and their response to the rise of Islamic politics in Indonesia following Ahok’s trial for alleged blasphemy. It will be suggested that the case brought against Ahok has changed the attitude of preachers of the Javanese Christian Church or Gereja Kristen Jawa (gkj) towards politics. After Ahok was prosecuted, some gkj preachers have delivered political sermons focusing on calming the churchgoers to prevent them from reacting overtly to the rise of Islamic politics in Indonesia. This indicates that preachers have become more melek politik or politically aware. While the gkj remains distant from the practice of politics, it conducts political education for members of the clergy and the politicians affiliated with the church. Through informal interviews with several gkj preachers and qualitative research, this study has avoided making generalizations. Specifically, differences in the Sunday sermons of the gkj attended by the author as well as other gkj and non-gkj churches that the author visited in 2017–2019 will be analyzed.
Media Reforms and Politics in Malaysia
Authors: Venkiteswaran Gayathry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper focuses on the political changes that have taken place in Malaysia leading to and resulting from the 14th general elections in May 2018. The political change offered an opportunity for changes and reforms in the media sector, especially in light of the promises made by the new government to free up the laws and rules on censorship and access to information. To date, the implementation of reforms has met hurdles, U-turns and the realities of structural and political barriers that see continuity of policies, rather than outright transformation. Reflecting on the experiences of media reforms and assistance, this paper argues that initiatives focused at media work and laws are expected to have limited results given the partisan and conservative nature of the mainstream media. It will also be difficult for Malaysia’s news media to regain public confidence after years of declining trust, especially as the media community has yet to come together reclaim and defend its rights.
The Word ‘Orangutan’
Authors: Sastrawan Wayan Jarrah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Orangutans are a type of great ape found in the wild in Sumatra and Borneo. The word ‘orangutan’ in European languages originates from a Malay expression meaning ‘forest person’, but many scholars have argued that it was not in genuine usage among the indigenous peoples of the archipelago. Instead, it is widely believed that the word ‘orangutan’, as a term for the ape, resulted from either an invention or a misunderstanding on the part of European visitors in the seventeenth century CE. I argue against this view, using data from Old Javanese texts and historical-linguistic analysis to show that orangutans have been referred to by this term since the first millennium CE. My findings indicate that the modern use of the word ‘orangutan’ has much older roots in Malay than has been recognized previously.
Exchanges with the Dead
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric , Laugrand Antoine , Tamang Jazil , Magapin Gliseria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Ibaloy, an indigenous group of the Cordillera Central in the Philippines, perform complex burial rites. Often when someone falls ill, they also exhume human remains, a practice that has not received the attention it deserves in a cosmology where animism and analogism are intertwined. Here, we describe a variant of the késheng ja waray batbat ritual observed in 2017, the timeline of its sequences, and the many objects and acts it involves. This ritual is key to the exchanges that the living make with the dead. In it, pigs act more as ‘connectors’ than as sacrificial offerings, and their flesh, blood, and karashowa (soul) are used and shared. This three-day ritual questions death as the end of life, and sheds light on the extent to which Hertz’s ‘second funeral’ concept is useful in understanding the relationships between the living and the dead. It also illuminates how the dead need continuous help from the living and vice versa. Both groups strive to reach a state of diteng (well-being, healthiness) which can be reached only after the dead themselves experience it, thanks to the efforts of the living who take care of their remains and make offerings to them. Then, luck and prosperity can be expected from the dead. These exchanges appear to be necessary to live a good life, and they must be repeated and maintained at all cost.
The Domestication of Protection
Authors: Dewanto Pamungkas A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article seeks to address some of the issues surrounding Indonesia’s overseas labour protection programme. Despite the fundamental reform of the programme since 2004, observers have assessed that this programme has faced a considerable implementation deficiency. While many studies have identified that this programme was not successful, in this article I aim to explain why. I argue that the government and civil society organizations have helped define, frame, and impose the term ‘protection’ in the process of policy production. In that process, the two stakeholders have demonstrated ‘the domestication of protection’, or an attitude in which the stakeholders of migration view the problems that appear in overseas labour settings as being ones originating in the migrant-sending countries. Therefore, protection is limited to taking action directed at the migration process within the jurisdiction of the sending country. In my research on this topic, I mainly employed open-ended interviews and field observations between 2013 and 2019 in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Colloquium 3 Questioning Aristotle’s Radical Account of Σωφροσύνη
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates Aristotle’s canonical analysis of σωφροσύνη in Nicomachean Ethics 3.10–12 against the background of earlier and subsequent uses, and analyses of the virtue term. It argues that Aristotle’s is an outlier, brilliant but factitious, created to fit a theoretical scheme rather than reflect Greek understanding. Aristotle obscures the creativity of his account, presenting it as an ordinary language conceptual clarification that it is not. Many contemporary readers accept Aristotle’s narrow theory—that σωφροσύνη is moderation with respect to those pleasures of touch related to nutrition and reproduction—as true, which may indicate that they are insufficiently familiar with fifth- and fourth-century literary, intellectual, and philosophical uses of the term. An important problem with this acceptance is that it prevents readers from recognizing the equal plausibility of non-Aristotelian accounts of σωφροσύνη, for example those found in Plato’s Charmides and other dialogues.
Thurstonian Scaling and the Perception of Painterly Translucency
Authors: Wijntjes M. W. A. , Spoiala C. , de Ridder H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Visual material perception is often studied with physically well-defined stimuli that lack ecological variety. Yet, even the visual variety found in our natural environment is limited when compared to artistic depiction. A similar object can be depicted in numerous different ways that all make visual sense. We studied the perception of translucency using 38 paintings of sea waves as experimental stimuli. It has previously been shown that translucency depends on the shape of the translucent object and on the light conditions. Both shape and light appear in many variations in depictions of seas. In the first experiment we explored the use of Thurstonian scaling and introduce the concept of Number of Distinguishable Levels (NDL). We found that the NDL ranged between 1.5 in a set with small waves to 4 in a set with large waves. While Experiment 1 took place in the lab, Experiment 2 was performed online and replicated the data from Experiment 1 qualitatively, although the NDL was lower in the online experiment. Furthermore, in this experiment we conducted Thurstonian scaling on a number of other attributes that possibly contribute to translucency perception, such as wavetip shading, surface reflections and realism. We found that many of these correlated significantly with translucency. In sum, this study advocates and demonstrates the use of uncontrolled stimuli, in our case paintings, to explore the wide variety of input the human visual system can process.
Aesthetic Labeling and Scale Shifting in Cultural Production and Circulation
Authors: Santana-Acuña Álvaro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Scholarship on production of cultural goods highlights translation of literary works as a key mechanism of cultural circulation. This article rethinks circulation beyond translation. It argues that changes in aesthetic labels applied to cultural goods can prompt a scale shifting that favors the diffusion of these goods beyond their vernacular space of circulation. This article studies the transnational success of the label literatura latinoamericana, which from the 1960s onward gained acceptance in Spanish, English, French, and other languages as the label that best captured the region’s literary uniqueness. This change in aesthetic labeling made it possible for literatura latinoamericana to enter world literature and for literary works such as One Hundred Years of Solitude to circulate at an unprecedented scale, as international bestsellers and classics. The article finds that aesthetic labeling – a “cultural kind” in the arts – is a far-reaching and understudied mechanism in cultural production and circulation.
Inter / national / ization
Authors: Leperlier Tristan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Using the case of Algeria, this article shows that the national and the international—also nationalization and internationalization—in peripheral literary fields do not happen in opposition to each other but are two sides of the same coin. I argue that we should think of this as a transnational literary field. Even though they compete with one another, writers within these fields are always connected. Furthermore, the characteristics of the two poles, in terms of their relative autonomy from political and economic constraints, are not as systematically opposed to one another as Pascale Casanova suggests. Nationalization and internationalization are also frequently intertwined: the material internationalization of texts and writers can reinforce the symbolic nationalization of a literature (e.g. its identification in the international world as “Algerian literature”). Recognizing this also calls into question assertions by scholars such as Homi Bhabha who assert that internationalization of literature goes hand in hand with its hybridization.
Satire as Activism in Contemporary Turkey: Trajectories, Achievements, Current Challenges
Authors: Marcella Valentina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Gezi Park protests that sparked in Turkey in summer 2013 were characterized by a strong presence of satire. Not only did satirical magazines extensively cover the mobilization, the satirical element was also on the foreground in the physical and virtual spaces of the protests, produced and circulated by protestors themselves. Such practice contributed significantly to the expression ‘extraordinary intelligence’ (orantısız zeka) through which protestors came to be defined. Drawing on the concept of laughtivism, that refers to the large-scale use of the satirical element in the tactics of recent non-violent protests, the present work discusses satire’s contribution to political dissent in the Gezi Park protests and assesses its legacy in their aftermath. This study argues that during the protests, satire asserted itself not only as a form of communication and cultural expression but actually as a form of activism, able to foster cultural change and produce transformation in society. It also argues that satire has the potential to perform such a role at less exceptional political times, too, but certain conditions are necessary to make a difference in these contexts. Overall, this work sheds light on the dynamics that make satire a successful form of activism, as well as on its limits.
A Novel Radiological Predictor for Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula After Stapled Distal Pancreatectomy
Authors: Bag Yusuf Murat , Topel Cagdas , Ozdemir Egemen , Saglam Kutay , Sumer Fatih , Kayaalp Cuneyt 
Published: November 2020

Background Distal pancreatectomy (DP) is the main surgical treatment of benign and malignant lesions located in pancreatic body and tail. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) following DP is still a considerable cause of morbidity. Identification of risk factors for POPF after DP might provide some preventive applications. We aimed to evaluate the factors affecting POPF after DP and to present a new and easy radiological predictive factor. Materials and Methods Thirty-four patients underwent DP with stapler closure were included. Several risk factors for clinically relevant POPF (CR-POPF) were analyzed. Additionally, computed tomography findings of pancreatic thickness (PT), main pancreatic duct diameter (MPDD), and PT/MPDD ratio were evaluated for POPF. Results CR-POPF was observed in 10 patients (29.4%). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that previous abdominal surgery and PT/MPDD ratio were predictive factors for CR-POPF after DP ( P = 0.040, P = 0.034, respectively). The cutoff value for the PT/MPDD ratio was 8. Conclusion A PT/MPDD ratio greater than 8 (a wide pancreas with a narrow duct) is a significant predictive factor for CR-POPF following DP.
Community Hospital Experience With Bovine Tissue in Infected Vascular Fields
Authors: Sowa Patrick , Soult Michael , Blecha Matthew 
Published: November 2020

Background Vascular prosthetic graft infections are rare but associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment involves removal of the infected graft requiring arteriotomy closure. Previously this was performed with autologous graft, but bovine tissue has increasingly been used. The objective of this paper is to review the community hospital experience with bovine tissue repair in an infected vascular field. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of all cases performed by a single surgeon in a community hospital for infected prosthetic grafts was completed. Sixteen cases were included where bovine tissue was used for repair. Presentation, location of graft, and causative organism were reviewed, and outcomes including reoperation and mortality were recorded. Results Of the 16 patients, 15 (94%) had positive cultures of the graft. Methicillin-Resistant Staph Aureus was the most commonly isolated organism (50%). There were 3 unplanned reoperations including a revision from below to above knee amputation, drainage of a hematoma, and a wound debridement within the first year. Over the 1 year follow up period, 3 patients died for a mortality of 19%. There were no reinfections during follow-up. Discussion Prosthetic graft infection is a rare but serious vascular surgery complication. The causative organism has shifted in the last few years to become increasingly drug resistant. Treatment requires excision, and bovine tissue has been demonstrated to provide a safe and durable method of repair.
Constructivist Grounded Theory to Establish the Relationship Between Technical Error and Adverse Patient Outcome: Modeling Technical Error and Adverse Outcomes
Authors: Kanjilal Debolina , Mahmud Fizza , Sutkin Gary 
Published: November 2020

Background Preventable intraoperative errors have the potential to lead to adverse events. Our objective was to build a conceptual model of the relationship between minute technical errors performed by the surgeon and adverse patient outcomes. Materials and Methods We used constructivist grounded theory methodology to build a model for the avoidance of technical errors. We used the Observational Clinical Human Reliability Assessment system, which categorizes granular, technical intraoperative errors, as our conceptual framework. We iteratively interviewed surgeons from multiple adult and pediatric surgical specialties, refined our semi-structured interview, and developed a conceptual model. Our model remained stable after interviewing 11 surgeons, and we reviewed it with earlier interviewed surgeons. Results Our conceptual model helps us understand how technical errors can be associated with adverse outcomes and is applicable to a broad range of surgical steps. Each technical error is defined by a unique improper technical motion that without a compensatory response, it may lead to 1 or more discreet adverse outcomes. Our model includes 5 primary defenses against an adverse outcome, including perfect technique, recognizing imperfect technique, adequately correcting imperfect technique, recognizing an adverse event, and adequately compensating for an adverse event. It includes multiple examples of compensating for a technical error, resulting in a near miss. Discussion Our conceptual model suggests that adverse patient outcomes can be related to minute technical deviations in surgical technique and provides a basis to study these preventable errors. Our model can also be used to develop intraoperative strategies to prevent these technical surgical errors.
Rewarding On Time Start Times in Operating Rooms Improves Efficiency
Authors: Jreije Karim , Sachdeva Shireen , Cull Marites , Diaz Graal , Romero Javier , Schweitzer Jeremy 
Published: November 2020

Background The average cost of running an operating room (OR) is approximately $37.00 a minute. Therefore, every effort should be made to start in a timely manner. There are several factors at play that can cause OR delays. Attaining consistent start times is a multidisciplinary task, which requires good communication and rewards for efficiency. Methods At our institution, a “star system” was implemented to improve compliance with timely start times. All OR staff (scrub tech, OR nurse, anesthesiologist, and physician) get 1 star for every on time start. Once a person attains 10 stars, they are awarded a $20 gift card to a local bakery/coffee shop. Results There was a significant difference in the 3 months pre- and post-implementation of the star system in regard to starting on time (54% vs. 71%, P-value .047), and there were significantly less late starts within 6-10 minutes (14% vs. 4%, P-value = <.01). There was no statistically significant difference in late starts >11 minutes or when comparing days of the week. The most common reasons for delay are as follows: surgeon running late (23%), anesthesiologist tardiness (11%), patient is late (9%), preoperative orders, or test not completed (7%). Conclusion The significant increase in the number of cases that start on time after implementation of the star system leads us to believe that late start times are multifactorial, and that incentives are a positive way to encourage the OR team to start on time.
Prothrombotic Factors in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Authors: Qiu Yue , Li Xiaodan , Zhang Xin , Wang Wei , Chen Jun , Liu Yali , Fang Xiaolian , Ni Xin , Zhang Jie , Wang Shengcai , Tai Jun 
Published: November 2020

Background: Previous studies revealed that the prothrombotic factors in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remain controversial. Aim/Objective: The aim of the systematic review is to elucidate the relationship between prothrombotic factors and OSA. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was performed under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The literature we investigated was extracted from 4 main medical databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Chinese databases) as of February 2020. We used significant weighted mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs from random-effects model. Results: A total of 15 studies comprising 2190 patients were available for the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that the levels of fibrinogen (SMD = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.26 to 1.65, P = .000), vascular endothelial growth factor (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI = −0.90 to 1.63, P = .000), and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.29 to 0.92, P = .040) increased in patients with OSA. There were no statistical differences between groups in terms of d-dimer ( P = .108) and platelet counts ( P = .233). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that specimen types and age could account for the heterogeneity. Conclusions and Significance: This meta-analysis indicated the relationship between prothrombotic factors in OSA hypopnea. Obstructive sleep apnea–related effects may underline the importance of considering the dysfunction of the hemostatic system. The prothrombotic factors in OSA can influence making a choice of appropriate therapy.
Gender Representation in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Recognition Awards
Authors: Zambare Wini V. , Sobin Lindsay , Messner Anna , Levi Jessica R. , Tracy Jeremiah C. , Tracy Lauren F. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveThe proportion of women in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OHNS) has steadily increased in recent years. This study examines gender representation in recognition awards given by OHNS societies between 2009 and 2019.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of recognition awards given by 10 OHNS societies between 2009 and 2019.SettingRetrospective review of web‐based, public records.MethodsData from 19 awards were analyzed for recipient gender ratio, society, subspecialty, award type (research, achievement, or humanitarian), and change over time.ResultsOf 184 awards given by societies in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery, 59 (28%) were given to women. Women received 49 (28%) research awards, 9 (31%) humanitarian awards, and 1 (2.8%) achievement award. Women represented 31% of award winners in rhinology/skull base, 30% of award winners in head and neck surgery, 8% in neurotology, and 6% in facial plastic surgery. The American Head and Neck Society Prevention and Early Detection award had the highest representation of women at 43%. Some awards had no female awardees over the past decade. No temporal trends were observed.ConclusionFrom 2009 to 2019, women received recognition awards at a higher percentage than overall gender representation in OHNS. Comparison of research, humanitarian, and achievement awards revealed the disparity of women receiving fewer achievement awards relative to men. Gender representation of award recipients varied by subspecialty, which may be partially determined by gender distribution within the fields.