bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Modeling in Metal Additive Manufacturing Using Graph Theory: Experimental Validation With Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using In Situ Infrared Thermography Data
Authors: Reza Yavari M. , Williams Richard J. , Cole Kevin D. , Hooper Paul A. , Rao Prahalada 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe objective of this work is to provide experimental validation of the graph theory approach for predicting the thermal history of additively manufactured parts. The graph theory approach for thermal modeling in additive manufacturing (AM) was recently published in these transactions. In the present paper, the graph theory approach is validated with in situ infrared thermography data in the context of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing process. We realize the foregoing objective through the following four tasks. First, two kinds of test shapes, namely, a cylinder and cone, are made in two separate builds on a production-type LPBF machine (Renishaw AM250); the material used for these tests is stainless steel (SAE 316L). The intent of both builds is to influence the thermal history of the part by controlling the cooling time between the melting of successive layers, called the interlayer cooling time (ILCT). Second, layer-wise thermal images of the top surface of the part are acquired using an in situ a priori calibrated infrared camera. Third, the thermal imaging data obtained during the two builds is used to validate the graph theory-predicted surface temperature trends. Fourth, the surface temperature trends predicted using graph theory are compared with results from finite element (FE) analysis. The results substantiate the computational advantages of the graph theory approach over finite element analysis. As an example, for the cylinder-shaped test part, the graph theory approach predicts the surface temperature trends to within 10% mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and approximately 16 K root mean squared error (RMSE) relative to the surface temperature trends measured by the thermal camera. Furthermore, the graph theory-based temperature predictions are made in less than 65 min, which is substantially faster than the actual build time of 171 min. In comparison, for an identical level of resolution and prediction error, the finite element approach requires 175 min.
Micro/Meso-Scale Mechanical Machining 2020: A Two-Decade State-of-the-Field Review
Authors: Samuel Johnson , Jun Martin B. G. , Ozdoganlar O. Burak , Honegger Andrew , Vogler Mike , Kapoor Shiv G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Micro/meso-scale mechanical machining (M4) processes are miniaturized versions of conventional machining processes such as milling, drilling, and turning, where material removal is accomplished by physical contact between the micro/meso-scale cutting tool and the workpiece. The objective of this review paper is to provide an assessment of the state-of-the-field related to M4 processes during the last two decades. Key systems-level issues related to the deployment of M4 processes including micro/meso-scale machine tool (mMT) design, sensing/calibration, cutting tools, and lubrication strategies are discussed. Emerging material systems are identified along with the specific challenges posed for the development of microstructure-based process models. The topic of micro/meso-scale machining dynamics is reviewed both in terms of recent research findings as well as unresolved challenges posed by the complexity of experimental characterization and modeling. Finally, key industry trends are discussed along with promising interdisciplinary drivers that are expected to influence this field in the upcoming decade.
Stochastic Cutting Force Modeling and Prediction in Machining
Authors: Liu Yang , Xiong Zhenhua , Liu Zhanqinag 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs the cutting force plays an important role in machining, the modeling of cutting force has drawn considerable interests in recent years. However, most of current methods were focused on the deterministic modeling of cutting force, while the inherent stochasticity of cutting force is rarely considered for general metal cutting machining. Thus, a stochastic model is proposed in this paper to predict the stochastic cutting force by considering realistic cutting conditions, including the inhomogeneity of cutting material and the multi-mode machining system. Specifically, we transform the constant cutting coefficient in previous models into a stationary Gaussian process in the proposed stochastic model. As for the tool vibration, the uncut chip thickness is also modeled in a stochastic manner. Moreover, it is found that the random cutting coefficients can be estimated conveniently through experiments and effectively simulated by stochastic differential equations at any timescale. Then, the stochastic cutting force can be predicted numerically by combining the stochastic model and the multi-mode dynamic equations. For verification, a three-mode machining system was set up, and workpieces with different metal alloys were tested. It is found that the random cutting coefficients estimated are insensitive to cutting parameters, and the prediction results show satisfactory agreement with experimental results in both time and statistical domains. The proposed method can provide rich statistical information of cutting forces, which can facilitate related applications like tool condition monitoring when the on-line measurement of cutting force is not preferred or even impossible.
Investigations Into Heat Transfer and Aerodynamic Performance of a Worn Squealer Tipped Turbine Stage
Authors: Yan Xin , Ye Mingliang , He Kun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Heat transfer and aerodynamic performance in worn squealer tip gap of a high-pressure gas turbine stage were numerically investigated. Effects of the starting location of wear and wear depth on tip heat transfer coefficient distributions and stage efficiency were analyzed to evaluate the aero-thermal performance degradations in the gas turbine stage after wear. At three starting locations of wear and five wear depths, flow patterns in worn squealer tip gap of the turbine stage were visualized and compared with the original design case. The results show that the counter-rotating vortex systems in tip cavity, as well as the interactions between leakage vortex and passage vortex, are significantly affected by the degree of wear damage. The starting location of wear and wear depth have pronounced influences on heat transfer and aerodynamic performance in squealer tip gap. After wear, the stage efficiency is decreased by about 0.3–1%, as the wear depth is equal to clearance gap size. In the serious worn case, thermal load on tip cavity floor is increased by about 60%, while the heat transfer on rims is reduced by about 20%. However, compared with the original design case, the area-averaged heat transfer coefficient on shroud is reduced by 5% at most.
Risk Assessment of Road Vehicles Under Wind Gust Excitation
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Proppe Carsten 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Crosswind stability of vehicles has attracted a lot of attention in the past years. Accidents caused by strong crosswind occupy a relatively small proportion. However, they may have unproportionally large contribution to serious and fatal injuries. In order to assess the crosswind stability of road vehicles in a more realistic way, risk analysis for road vehicles running under realistic wind excitation has to be considered. This paper summarizes the method for risk analysis of crosswind stability of road vehicles. A nonstationary model for the wind forces and moments acting on a running vehicle is presented and analyzed in detail. In addition, guidelines for speed limitations or traffic restrictions are developed. Based on the risk analysis, a practical method to determine the critical mean wind speeds for a wind warning system is proposed.
Finite Volume Method for Fractional Maxwell Viscoelastic Fluid Over a Moving Plate With Convective Boundary Condition
Authors: Zhao Jinhu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A novel finite volume method about the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of fractional viscoelastic fluid over a moving plate with convective boundary condition is developed. The fractional Maxwell model and fractional Fourier's law are employed in the constitutive relations. Numerical solutions are obtained and validated by exact solutions of special case with source terms. The effects of fractional parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed. Results show that the viscoelastic fluid performs shear-thickening property with the increase of fractional parameter. Moreover, the variations of the average Nusselt number demonstrate that the viscoelastic fluid characterized by fractional Fourier's law has short memory in heat conduction process.
Micromechanical Modeling for the Damage Accumulation and Adhesive Wear of Metallic Materials Containing Inclusions
Authors: Wu Aizhong , Weng Lin , Hu Dingyu , Liao Aihua 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Metallic materials usually contain some amounts of inclusions which are known to affect their mechanical properties since the bonding strength of the matrix–inclusion interface is relatively low, voids or cracks are thus easily formed under a tensile loading. However, under a contact loading, the effects of subsurface inclusions on the sliding wear of metallic materials are not thoroughly understood. In this work, a micromechanical model is proposed to study the shear fracture and wear of metallic materials containing random inclusions. With the model, crack branching and crack aggregation during contact loading are simulated, and the formation process of sheet-like wear particles is clarified. It is demonstrated that the subsurface micro-cracks, particularly those near inclusions, and their subsequent evolution play a major role in the adhesive wear. This investigation is helpful in understanding the adhesive mechanism of wear, and the proposed model could be a promising approach for the prediction of adhesive wear.
Visceral Adiposity Index is a predictor of incident colorectal cancer: a population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Okamura Takuro , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Hamaguchi Masahide , Obora Akihiro , Kojima Takao , Fukui Michiaki 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveThe Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) is a marker of visceral fat accumulation and dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the association between VAI and incident colorectal cancer (CRC).DesignIn this historical cohort study of 27 921 (16 434 men and 11 487 women) participants, we divided the participants into tertiles according to VAI. We calculated VAI: men, VAI = (waist circumference (WC)/(39.68+1.88 × body mass index (BMI))) × (triglycerides (TG)/1.03) × (1.31/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)); women, VAI = (WC/(36.58+1.89 × BMI)) × (TG/0.81) × (1.52/HDL). We performed Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for sex, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, haemoglobin A1c and systolic blood pressure.ResultsDuring the median 4.4-year follow-up, 116 participants developed CRC. Compared with the lowest tertile, the HRs of incident CRC in the middle and the highest tertiles were 1.30 (95% CI 0.76 to 2.28, p=0.338) and 2.41 (1.50 to 4.02, p<0.001) in univariate analysis. Moreover, the HRs of incident CRC in the middle and the highest tertiles were 1.27 (0.73 to 2.23, p=0.396) and 1.98 (1.15 to 3.39, p=0.013) after adjusting for covariates.ConclusionsVAI can be a predictor of incident CRC. For early detection, we should encourage people with high VAI to undergo screening for CRC.
Functional neurological disorders: effective teaching for health professionals
Authors: Lehn Alexander , Navaratnam Dharsha , Broughton Megan , Cheah Vince , Fenton Alison , Harm Karl , Owen Diana , Pun Paul 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo provide an outline for the delivery of an educational course or lecture about functional neurological disorders (FND) that is directed towards health professionals with varying clinical knowledge and to highlight the educational efficacy that can be derived from a well-designed educational platform.MethodThrough multidisciplinary collaboration, a course designed to develop the skills for diagnosis and management of FND was created. Elements essential to the delivery of education are: (A) knowledge creation; (B) facilitating multidisciplinary cross-pollination; (C) listening to patients’ experiences; (D) communication skills practice; (E) case studies; (F) discipline specific mentoring; (G) establishing and addressing participant learning goals and (H) developing collegial and referral networks. Changes in participants’ knowledge and clinical practice were assessed via anonymous questionnaires before and after the course.ResultsDramatically improved knowledge and confidence in assessment and management of people with FND has been found both immediately following the course as well as on 6-month follow-up.ConclusionIt is possible to make real change in the understanding and management of medical and allied health clinicians working with people with FND with a low-cost intervention. Also, the development of educational networks and multidisciplinary collaboration can lead to the creation of therapeutic platforms for the diagnosis, management and advocacy of this patient group.
Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the role of laparoscopic transversus abdominis plane block in gastric bypass surgery: a study protocol
Authors: Jarrar Amer , Budiansky Adele , Eipe Naveen , Walsh Caolan , Kolozsvari Nicole , Neville Amy , Mamazza Joseph 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionEvaluating the efficacy of a laparoscopically guided, surgical transversus abdominis plane (TAP) and rectus sheath (RS) block in reducing analgesic consumption while improving functional outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery.Methods150 patients Living with obesity undergoing elective laparoscopic Roux-En-Y gastric bypass for obesity will be recruited to this double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial from a Bariatric Centre of Excellence over a period of 6 months. Patients will be electronically randomised on a 1:1 basis to either an intervention or placebo group. Those on the intervention arm will receive a total of 60 mL 0.25% ropivacaine, divided into four injections: two for TAP and two for RS block under laparoscopic visualisation. The placebo arm will receive normal saline in the same manner. A standardised surgical and anaesthetic protocol will be followed, with care in adherence to the Enhanced Recovery after Bariatric Surgery guidelines.AnalysisDemographic information and relevant medical history will be collected from the 150 patients enrolled in the study. Our primary efficacy endpoint is cumulative postoperative narcotic use. Secondary outcomes are peak expiratory flow, postoperative pain score and the 6 min walk test. Quality of recovery (QoR) will be assessed using a validated questionnaire (QoR-40). Statistical analysis will be conducted to assess differences within and between the two groups. The repeated measures will be analysed by a mixed modelling approach and results reported through publication.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained (20170749-01H) through our institutional research ethics board (Ottawa Health Science Network Research Ethics Board) and the study results, regardless of the outcome, will be reported in a manuscript submitted for a medical/surgical journal.Trial registration numberPre-results NCT03367728.
Hospitalisation at the end of life among cancer and non-cancer patients in Denmark: a nationwide register-based cohort study
Authors: Vestergaard Anne Høy Seemann , Neergaard Mette Asbjoern , Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Nielsen Henrik , Lyngaa Thomas , Laut Kristina Grønborg , Johnsen Søren Paaske 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesEnd-of-life hospitalisations may not be associated with improved quality of life. Studies indicate differences in end-of-life care for cancer and non-cancer patients; however, data on hospital utilisation are sparse. This study aimed to compare end-of-life hospitalisation and place of death among patients dying from cancer, heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).DesignA nationwide register-based cohort study.SettingData on all in-hospital admissions obtained from nationwide Danish medical registries.ParticipantsAll decedents dying from cancer, heart failure or COPD disease in Denmark between 2006 and 2015.Outcome measuresData on all in-hospital admissions within 6 months and 30 days before death as well as place of death. Comparisons were made according to cause of death while adjusting for age, sex, comorbidity, partner status and residential region.ResultsAmong 154 235 decedents, the median total bed days in hospital within 6 months before death was 19 days for cancer patients, 10 days for patients with heart failure and 11 days for patients with COPD. Within 30 days before death, this was 9 days for cancer patients, and 6 days for patients with heart failure and COPD. Compared with cancer patients, the adjusted relative bed day use was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.68) for heart failure patients and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.69) for patients with COPD within 6 months before death. Correspondingly, this was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.68) and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.71) within 30 days before death.Patients had almost the same risk of dying in hospital independently of death cause (46.2% to 56.0%).ConclusionPatients with cancer, heart failure and COPD all spent considerable part of their end of life in hospital. Hospital use was highest among cancer patients; however, absolute differences were small.
Descriptive study of workplace demand, control and bullying among migrant and Australian-born workers by gender: does workplace support make a difference?
Authors: Reid Alison , Daly Alison , LaMontagne Anthony D , Milner Allison , Ronda Pérez Elena 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to examine the relationship between bullying in migrants and Australians and types of workplace Iso-strain, by gender.Design and settingTwo descriptive cross-sectional surveys of the Australian working population.ParticipantsAustralian-born workers of Caucasian ancestry (n=1051, participant response rate=87.3%) and workers born in New Zealand (n=566), India (n=633) and the Philippines (n=431) (participant response rate=79.5%).Primary and secondary outcomes measuresUsing logistic regression, we examined whether self-reported assessment of various forms of bullying in the workplace was associated with Iso-strain (job with high demands and low control and without social support), gender and migrant status.ResultsThe prevalence of workplace bullying within the previous year was 14.5%. Sexual harassment, though rare (n=47, 1.8%), was reported by more women than men (83% vs 17%, χ2=19.3, p<0.0001) and more Australia or New Zealand born workers compared to India or the Philippines workers (75.5% vs 25.5%, χ2=4.6, p=0.032). Indian-born women had lower adjusted OR for being bullied and for being intimidated compared to other women. Independent of migrant status, Iso-strain (1), (low support from boss) and Iso-strain (2), (low support from colleagues) predicted being bullied. Women were more likely to be in an Iso-strain (1) job than men (18.7% vs 13.6%, p=0.013) and had twice the risk of being both verbally abused and intimidated compared to men (OR 9 vs OR 5.5, p<0.0001).ConclusionWorkplace bullying was more likely for women than men. There were few differences between workers from different migrant groups. Iso-strain was the strongest predictor of workplace bullying. Workplaces should encourage supportive and collegiate work environments.
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in patient experience of clinician empathy: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Roberts Brian W , Trzeciak Christian J , Puri Nitin K , Mazzarelli Anthony J , Trzeciak Stephen 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionClinician empathy is a vital component of high-quality healthcare. Healthcare disparities may reflect a societal lack of empathy for disadvantaged persons in general, and recent research suggests that socioeconomic disparities exist in patient satisfaction with clinicians. However, it is currently unclear if there are disparities in patient experience of empathy from clinicians. Our objective is to systematically analyse the scientific literature to test the hypothesis that racial and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities exist in patient-reported experience of clinician empathy.Methods and analysisIn accordance with published methodological guidelines for conducting a systematic review, we will analyse studies reporting patient assessment of clinician empathy using the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) measure, which to date is the most commonly used and well-validated methodology in clinical research for measuring clinician empathy from the patient’s perspective. We will use a standardised data collection template and assess study quality (risk of bias) using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We will abstract data for the CARE measure stratified by race and SES, and we will contact the corresponding authors to obtain stratified data by race/SES if not reported in the original manuscript. Where appropriate, we will pool the data and perform quantitative meta-analysis to test if non-white (compared to white) patients and low SES (compared to high SES) patients report lower scores for clinician empathy.Ethics and disseminationNo individual patient-level data will be collected and thus the proposed systematic review does not require ethical approval. This systematic review will test if racial and SES differences exist in patient experience of clinician empathy, and will inform future research to help promote healthcare equity.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019142809.