bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award Address) Electrochemically Active Hybrid Materials for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Boota Muhammad , Gogotsi Yury 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemically active hybrid materials are an emerging class of materials for both small and large-scale electrochemical energy storage applications. The possibility of nanoscale engineering inorganic and organic components in a unique hybrid material provides new and sometimes exceptional sets of properties, which makes them attractive for a variety of applications.1 While organic/inorganic hybrid nanomaterials exhibit tremendous potential for the pseudocapacitive energy storage, the choice of an optimal organic material and nanostructured inorganic support impedes their energy storage applications.2

We will present the exciting development of pseudocapacitive hybrid materials for both static and flowable energy storage systems.3–7 Our approach includes a combination of suitable redox active organic molecules with various types of carbon nanostructures and/or highly conductive metal carbides (MXenes).8 These combinations improve conductivity, resulting in high energy and power density pseudocapacitive electrodes with improved cycling performance. Using experimental techniques and molecular simulations, we will discuss the interfacial organic-inorganic interactions, charge storage mechanisms, and preferred molecular orientations of organic molecules at the interface. Remaining challenges and future opportunities for improvement in nanostructured hybrid materials for the electrochemical energy storage will be highlighted.
1. H. Wang and H. Dai, Chem. Soc. Rev., 42, 3088–3113 (2013)
2. D. Vonlanthen, P. Lazarev, K. a. See, F. Wudl, and A. J. Heeger, Adv. Mater., 26, 5095–5100 (2014).
3. M. Boota et al., Adv. Mater., 28, 1517–22 (2015)
4. M. Boota, K. B. Hatzell, E. C. Kumbur, and Y. Gogotsi, ChemSusChem, 8, 835–843 (2015).
5. M. Boota, C. Chen, M. Bécuwe, L. Miao, and Y. Gogotsi, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 2586–2594 (2016).
6. M. Boota et al., ChemSusChem, 8, 3576–3581 (2015)
7. K. B. Hatzell, M. Boota, and Y. Gogotsi, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 8664–8687 (2015)
8. M. Naguib, V. N. Mochalin, M. W. Barsoum, and Y. Gogotsi, Adv. Mater., 26, 992–1005 (2014)
Engineering Palladium Surfaces to Enhance the Electrochemical Storage of Hydrogen
Authors: Hamm Steven C. , Knies David L. , Dmitriyeva Olga , Cantwell Richard , McConnell Matt 
Published: February 2020

Materials can be engineered to have enhanced hydrogen storage capabilities during electrolysis by modifying the composition of the first few surface layers at the electrolytic interface. The proper choice of surface layer can radically affect the electrochemical insertion of hydrogen. To this end, between 1 μg cm−2 and 23 μg cm−2 of Pb was deposited onto Pd cathodes during galvanostatic experiments in the 0.1 M LiOH electrolyte. The optimum surface doping level 2.9 μg cm−2 (~1.4 mass equivalent monolayers) of Pb was found to achieve the highest quantity of inserted hydrogen at a potential of approximately −0.5 V vs RHE. Additionally, the hydrogen content increased from PdH0.75 to PdH0.86 with increasing Pb amounts up to 2.9 μg cm−2 at a constant current of −14.5 mA cm−2. For comparison, the same change in hydrogen content from pressurized gas loading experiments would require an increase in hydrogen fugacity from about 6 to 1420 atm. Furthermore, the addition of a small amount of Pt co-deposited with the Pb resulted in a further increase in hydrogen content to PdH0.89 at −14.5 mA cm−2. Preliminary analysis suggests the Pb and Pt are changing the balance between the Volmer, Heyrovsky, and Tafel reaction rates, which changes the chemical potential of the adsorbed hydrogen, and ultimately controls the hydrogen insertion. This work provides a fundamental basis for the future design of surface alloys yielding enhanced electrochemical hydrogen insertion in Pd and other hydrogen absorbing materials.
Expanded Graphite(EG)/ Chitosan(C) Coated Separators for Highly Stable Lithium Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Abbas Syed Ali , Wang Pen-Cheng , Chu Chih-Wei 
Published: February 2020

Lithium sulfur battery (LSB) has been considered as a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage systems, due to its high theoretical specific capacity (1675mAh/g). However, the poor cycling life hinders in its commercial production. The short cycling life results from continuous loss of active material in the form of lithium polysulfide’s during a typical charging and discharging process, commonly known as shuttling phenomenon. In this abstract i will discuss our unique approach of dual (physical, chemical) interaction mechanism based on EG/C coated separator to stop the lithium polysulfide shuttle. The light weight EG/C coated separator (0.13mgcm-2 ) can extend the cycling life of LSB to 3000 cycles at 1C-rate (1C= 1675mA/g) as shown in the figure below; reducing the decay rate to 0.02% per cycle which is among the best reported up to date. Live in-situ electrochemical discharging results shows that the modified separator works effectively in curbing the polysulfide shuttle. Flexible batteries based on modified separator were also fabricated and able to light up 4 parallel LED circuit.

Figure 1
Quantifying Tortuosity of Porous Li-Ion Battery Electrodes: Comparing Polarization-Interrupt and AC Impedance (Blocking-Electrolyte) Methods
Authors: Pouraghajan Fezzeh , Knight Hannah , Mazzeo Brian A , Wheeler Dean R 
Published: February 2020

Tortuosity is a geometric parameter of porous electrodes that quantifies the tortuous path ions take to meet electrons in order for the chemical reaction to take place on the surface of the active material. Ionic resistance in the electrodes, which is directly related to the tortuosity, is a key factor that influences battery performance, and must be accurately represented in battery models. This work is intended to help battery researchers understand and be able to reliably determine the tortuosity of different electrodes.
The polarization–interrupt method previously developed in our research group is an effective way to directly measure electrodes tortuosity [1]. This method determines tortuosity based on effective diffusivity in the sample by solving diffusional equations along with the polarization-interrupt experiment. It requires that an electrode film be delaminated from its current collector. The blocking electrolyte method is another technique used for measuring tortuosity that was recently introduced by Gasteiger and coworkers [2]. This method is based on an AC-impedance measurement of the electrode sample using a non-intercalating or blocking electrolyte. In this method the tortuosity is determined based on an effective conductivity fit with a transmission-line model.
In this work the two methods were used to determine the tortuosity of the several Li-ion cathodes and anodes. The results from each method are compared and the advantages, disadvantages, and validity of each method are discussed. Furthermore, for the blocking electrolyte method, we investigated the effects of different salts and solvents on the obtained tortuosity and discuss the implications on choosing an electrolyte for this method. We also added extra terms to the transmission-line model to account for contact impedance in the active material film and current collector interface in both the electronic and ionic path to help the model to better capture the experimental data.
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy through the BMR program.
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[1]
Thorat et. al., Journal of Power Sources, vol. 188, p. 592–600, 2009.

[2]
Landesfeind et. al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 163, p. A1373-A1387, 2016.

Figure 1: Example results for the two techniques: a) cell potential during a polarization-interrupt experiment and b) Nyquist impedance plot of blocking-electrolyte experiment.

Figure 1
Developments in Benchtop Spectrometers: A High Access XANES User Facility and a Compact Spectrometer for Energy Storage Research
Authors: Jahrman Evan , Seidler Gerald T. , Ditter Alex , Holden William , Hoidn Oliver , Mortensen Devon , Valenza Ryan , Bradshaw Liam , Kozimor Stosh , Bowden Mark E , Zhang Jason , Gross Mark , Cartmell Samuel , Li Qiuyan , Murugesan Vijayakumar , Govind Niri , Wang Wei 
Published: February 2020

Until recently, advanced x-ray spectroscopy was largely the sole domain of synchrotron facilities. While national-lab scale sources provide the ultimate in technical capability, the present access model is necessarily restrictive to the point of slowing progress on critical projects and prohibiting more routine analytical characterization. Over the last three years, our group at the University of Washington has been developing several new families of lab-based instruments for x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and high-resolution x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). This poster will first report on the installation of a hard x-ray XAFS user facility for battery research in the University of Washington Molecular Analysis Facility (MAF) before detailing the development of a small-scale spectrometer for benchtop XES measurements at energies down to a few keV.
The UW-MAF’s recent installment of a laboratory XANES spectrometer provides users with a valuable tool for high-throughput transition metal and lanthanide speciation studies. The instrument is available as a mail-in service for academic, industry, and national lab scientists, making it ideal for system prototypes in need of rapid feedback. The spectrometer is further recommended for such studies by its sub-eV energy resolution and high flux provided in transmission-mode. Selected applications reported here include redox flow batteries, Li-ion batteries, and a low absorption pouch cell design for in operando studies. This latter-most capability was developed in collaboration with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Another area of active research within our group is the development of XES spectrometers for lower energy applications, such as x-ray emission from sulfur and phosphorous. Our new instrument is surprisingly small, yet provides synchrotron-level performance in both energy resolution and count rates. Ongoing developments include its integration into a glove box system to facilitate the study of air-sensitive systems such as are relevant for Li-S battery research and development
Evaluation of the Electrolyte Charge Process and the Operation Process of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Potentiostatic and Galvanostatic Perturbations in Different Volume Schemes
Authors: Ribadeneira Paz Rafael , Mora Mera César Augusto 
Published: February 2020

The energy storage technologies are primordial for the working of several applications at high power density and low power density. Particularly, for intermediate and big electric applications and grid administration and support, which need high power density such as auxiliary power units, the vanadium redox flow batteries are an interesting option for the energy storage because of their low cost compared with more complex systems, durability, independence between energy density and power, large discharge time and their relatively simplicity in components considering their material constituents and well behaved - chemical internal processes [1-2].
In this work, a simple laboratory prototype of a vanadium redox flow battery with spectroscopy carbon electrodes is utilized to test two classic electrochemical perturbations, a potentiostatic perturbation and a galvanostatic perturbation in the charge of electrolytes process and in the operation of the battery, also using three different volume schemes, aiming to establish the best way to transfer charge in the preliminary electrolyte charge process and in the operation of the battery.
As main results, it is found that the battery has a better electrolyte charge process and a better operation process with the potentiostatic perturbation with a volume ratio of 2:1 between the anodic compartment and cathodic compartment. Also a comparison of the state of charge of this battery and the charge/discharge curves with others in literature is achieved, showing a good behavior of the tested conditions [3-7].
1. P. Alotto, M. Guarnieri, and F. Moro, “Redox flow batteries for the storage of renewable energy: A review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 29, pp. 325–335, Jan. 2014.
2. X. Wu, H. Xu, Y. Shen, P. Xu, L. Lu, J. Fu, and H. Zhao, “Treatment of graphite felt by modified Hummers method for the positive electrode of vanadium redox flow battery,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 138, pp. 264–269, Aug. 2014.
3. M. R. Mohamed, H. Ahmad, M. N. A. Seman, S. Razali, and M. S. Najib, “Electrical circuit model of a vanadium redox flow battery using extended Kalman filter,” J. Power Sources, vol. 239, pp. 284–293, 2013.
4. A. Z. Weber, M. M. Mench, J. P. Meyers, P. N. Ross, J. T. Gostick, and Q. Liu, “Redox flow batteries: a review,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1137–1164, Oct. 2011.
5. M. Skyllas-Kazacos and F. Grossmith, “Efficient Vanadium Redox Flow Cell,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 134, no. 12, p. 2950, 1987.
6. M. Skyllas-Kazacos, G. Kazacos, G. Poon, and H. Verseema, “Recent advances with UNSW vanadium-based redox flow batteries,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 182–189, Feb. 2010.
7. G. Colt, “Evaluación de una celda redox de vanadio,” no. 1, pp. 183–188, 2010.

Figure 1
High Performance, Biodegradable Electrochemical Capacitors for Transient Electronics
Authors: Lee Geumbee , Kang Seung-Kyun , Won Sang Min , Gutruf Philipp , Jeong Yu Ra , Koo Jahyun , Lee Sang-Soo , Rogers John A , Ha Jeong Sook 
Published: February 2020

Various electronic devices with high performance and advanced structures have been effectively integrated into a functional electronic system owing to their miniaturization. In particular, extensive research on miniaturized devices that gradually lose their functionality by dissolution in water/biofluid has been recently conducted, which would accelerate the development of eco-friendly as well as bio-implantable devices for transient electronics. To satisfy the technological demand for continuous powering of implanted devices in the human body regardless of the time and place, the development of high performance wireless power generation and energy storage devices is required. Supercapacitors, so-called next-generation energy storage devices, can be used in the event of unexpected power-off owing to their superior power density and long cycling lifetimes compared to batteries. Therefore, the application of transient supercapacitors as devices essential to integrated electronic circuits in the human body is expected to play an important role in the advancement of independent and sustainable transient electronics.
Here, we introduce the fabrication and applications of fully biodegradable microsupercapacitors (MSCs) consisting of interdigitated water-soluble metal (W, Fe, and Mo) electrodes, a hydrogel electrolyte (agarose gel), and a biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) substrate, encapsulated with thin films of PLGA and polyanhydride. In particular, this unusual energy storage device based on 300 nm thick Mo electrode exhibits electrochemical performance with a areal capacitance of 1.6 mF/cm2, energy density of 0.14 µWh/cm2, and power density of 1.0 mW/cm2. Such high performance is attributed to the pseudocapacitance originating from the metal-oxide film generated by electrochemical corrosion at the interface between the metal electrode and the water-containing agarose gel electrolyte, during repeated charge/discharge cycles. The oxidation states of those oxide layers are confirmed to be WO3, Fe2O3, and MoO3, respectively, via taking scanning electron microscope images and x-ray photoelectron spectra. The dissolution kinetics of all components of the MSCs are measured in phosphate-buffered saline at body temperature and an encapsulation strategy is suggested to control the functional lifetimes of the MSCs. Finally, we demonstrate the potential applications of the fabricated biodegradable MSCs as transient energy storage devices by illuminating a light-emitting diode and as a transient capacitor in integrated circuits for wireless power transmission.
(Invited) Dielectric Response and Quantum Motion of Lithium Cations Trapped inside Carbon Cages
Authors: Aoyagi Shinobu 
Published: February 2020

Endohedral fullerenes trapping atoms and molecules with magnetic and electric moments have a potential to be used for quantum computing. A C60 fullerene trapping a Li+ cation has an electric monopole moment, and forms a rock-salt-type cubic crystal, [Li@C60](PF6). The dielectric response and quantum motion of the Li+ cations in the crystal at low temperature were revealed by the dielectric and X-ray diffraction measurements [1]. The Li+ cations are moving inside the C60 cages by the hopping and tunneling motion between the potential wells under 20 hexagons above 100 K. The Li+ motion is suppressed to be localized at two equivalent positions on the threefold inversion axis with decreasing temperature below 100 K. The simultaneous occupation of the Li+ cation at the two positions is mainly achieved by the tunneling motion. The hopping motion is slowing down and hindered by the energy barriers between the wells. The tunneling motion is also hindered below T
C = 24 K by the antiferroelectric interactions among local electric dipole moments formed between the Li+ cations inside and the PF6
− anions outside the C60 cages. The tunneling motion and intermolecular interaction of the Li+ cation found in [Li@C60](PF6) show that Li+@C60 has a potential to be used as a qubit in a quantum computer using electric dipole moments.
[1] S. Aoyagi, A. Tokumitu, K. Sugimoto, H. Okada, N. Hoshino, and T. Akutagawa, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.
85, 094605 (2016)
(Invited) Stabilization of Giant Fullerenes C2(41)-C90 , D3(85)-C9
2 , C1(132)-C94 , C2(157)-C96 , C1(175)-C98 , D5(450)-C100 , Cs(574)-C102
and C2(816)-C104
by Encapsulation of a Large La2C2 Cluster
Authors: Zhao Shasha , Cai Wenting , Lu Xing 
Published: February 2020

Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) with a composition of M2C2n may exist as di-EMFs, M2@C2n, or as carbide cluster metallofullerenes (CCMFs), M2C2@C2n-2. Thus care needs to be taken to distinguish between these two possibilities. However, there are rare examples for M2C2@C90-104 and the configuration of the carbide cluster is not clear in these cages.
Herein we report the isolation and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic characterization of eight unprecedented EMFs containing a La2C2 cluster, namely, La2C2@C2(41)-C9
0, La2C2@D3(85)-C92, La2C2@C1(132)-C9
4, La2C2@C2(157)-C96, La2C2@C1(175)-C98, La2C2@D5(450)-C100, La2C2@Cs(574)-C102, and La2C2@C2(816)-C104. It is evident that the cage length increases roughly along with increasing of the carbon atom number, resulting in an increase of the La-La distance and the Ni···cage distance as well. This is a clear indication that giant fullerenes tend to grow along the long axis to achieve a tubular appearance. Encapsulation of a large La2C2 cluster inside D5(450)-C100 induces a 5% axial compression of the cage, as compared with the structure of La2@D5(450)-C100. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the defective cage of C2(816)-C104 is a starting point to form the other three tubular cages known so far, i.e., D5(450)-C100, Cs(574)-C102, and D3d(822)-C104, presenting evidence for the top-down formation mechanism of fullerenes. Overall, our experimental results have unambiguously confirmed that La2C92-10
6
tend to form CCMFs La2C2@C90-
104 instead of di-EMFs La2@C92-10
6
.

R
eferences：
[1] Lu, X.*; Akasaka, T.*; Nagase, S. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1627-1635.
[2] Cai, W.; Bao, L.; Zhao, S.; Xie, Y-P.; Akasaka, T.; Lu X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 10292-10296.
[3] Cai, W.; Li, F-F.; Bao, L.; Xie, Y-P.; Lu X*. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 6670-6675.
(Invited) Electron-Donor Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Authors: Arellano Luis M , Barrejon Myriam , Vizuete Maria , Gomez-Escalonilla María J. , Langa Fernando 
Published: February 2020

Carbon nanostructures (CNs) as carbon nanotubes or graphene present unique electronic properties appropriate for the synthesis of custom-made hybrids by functionalization with other electroactive fragments. In this way, the behaviour of CNs as electron acceptor by covalent or supramolecular functionalization of carbon nanotubes and graphene with electron-donating molecules has been object of great interest as the resulting hybrids can be target of interest for solar energy conversion and many CNs-donor hybrids has been described.
Nevertheless, much less work has been devoted to the role of CNs as electron donors by formation of hybrids with strong electron acceptors; in this way, along the last years we have prepared several covalent or supramolecular hybrids between single wall carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns or graphene with fullerene derivatives. In this talk, I´ll present our last findings in the synthesis and properties of CN-electron acceptor hybrids.

References

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