bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined effects of disease management and food insecurity on physical and mental health in Korean adults
Authors: Kim Hyun Ja , Kim Kirang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to examine the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity on physical and mental health in a representative Korean population.Design:A cross-sectional study.Setting:Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2012–2015.Participants:Adults aged ≥30 years (n17 934) who participated in the KNHANES.Results:Among health-care factors, unmet health-care needs and mental health counselling were different by food insecurity status, with a higher prevalence in adults with food insecurity. The prevalence of underweight was higher in men with food insecurity (5·9 %), whereas the prevalence of obesity was higher in women with food insecurity (37·4 %), than that in men and women with food security. Food insecurity was associated with a high risk of all mental health outcomes. For the combined effects of disease management and food insecurity, unmet health-care needs was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure men (Pinteraction= 0·029) and lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling was related to increased risk of obesity for food-insecure women (Pinteraction= 0·010). In addition, higher unmet health-care needs in adults with food insecurity was related to higher risk of mental health outcomes.Conclusions:Unmet health-care needs may exacerbate obesity for food-insecure men and mental health problems for both food-insecure men and women. In addition, lack of participation in nutrition education or counselling may exacerbate the obesity for food-insecure women.
Electromagnetic Scattering in Curvilinear Coordinates Using a Generalized Functions Method
Authors: Silva M. T. , Gill E. W. , Huang W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA system of equations for calculating the electric field in curvilinear coordinates without imposing external boundary conditions is proposed. First, the system of equations is derived using generalized functions, without imposing external boundary conditions or a coordinate system. Then, in order to demonstrate the use of the system of equations, the derived system is applied to the case of a spherical scatterer, which is then narrowed to the case of a perfect electrically conducting (PEC) sphere. It is shown that for the particular case of a PEC sphere, the resulting field expression agrees with the Stratton‐Chu solution for the Maxwell's equations, confirming that the proposed method can be used to reach a general solution for the electromagnetic field scattered by a PEC sphere, which allows for the calculation of its cross section.
Smoke Sense Initiative Leverages Citizen Science to Address the Growing Wildfire‐Related Public Health Problem
Authors: Rappold A.G. , Hano M.C. , Prince S. , Wei L. , Huang S.M. , Baghdikian C. , Stearns B. , Gao X. , Hoshiko S. , Cascio W.E. , Diaz‐Sanchez D. , Hubbell B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSmoke Sense is a citizen science project with investigative, educational, and action‐oriented objectives at the intersection of wildland fire smoke and public health. Participants engage with a smartphone application to explore current and forecast visualizations of air quality, learn about how to protect health from wildfire smoke, and record their smoke experiences, health symptoms, and behaviors taken to reduce their exposures to smoke. Through participation in the project, individuals engage in observing changes in their environment and recording changes in their health, thus facilitating progression on awareness of health effects of air pollution and adoption of desired health‐promoting behaviors. Participants can also view what others are reporting. Data from the pilot season (1 August 2017 to 7 January 2018; 5,598 downloads) suggest that there is a clear demand for personally relevant data during wildfire episodes motivated by recognition of environmental hazard and the personal concern for health. However, while participants shared clear perceptions of the environmental hazard and health risks in general, they did not consistently recognize their own personal health risk. The engagement in health protective behavior was driven in response to symptoms rather than as preventive courses of action. We also observed clear differences in the adoption likelihood of various health protective behaviors attributed to barriers and perceived benefits of these actions. As users experience a greater number and severity of symptoms, the perceived benefits of taking health protective actions exceeded the costs associated with the barriers and thus increased adoption of those actions. Based on pilot season data, we summarize key insights which may improve current health risk communications in nudging individuals toward health protective behavior; there is a need to increase personal awareness of risk and compelling evidence that health protective behaviors are beneficial.
Siberian Permafrost Thawing Accelerated at the Bølling/Allerød and Preboreal Warm Periods During the Last Deglaciation
Authors: Katsuta Nagayoshi , Matsumoto Genki I. , Hase Yoshitaka , Tayasu Ichiro , Haraguchi Takashi F. , Tani Eriko , Shichi Koji , Murakami Takuma , Naito Sayuri , Nakagawa Mayuko , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Kawakami Shin‐ichi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study investigated a continuous sediment core, retrieved from the deepest part in Lake Hovsgol, northwestern Mongolia. Its surrounds are occupied by a continuous Siberian permafrost zone. Distinct geochemical and lithological features suggest that the watershed soil was moistened during the last deglaciation, associated with climate amelioration. Especially, the calcareous glacial clay layers (ca 13.7 and ca 11.0 cal. ka BP), with high sulfur content peaks and positive shifts of δ34S values, well correlate with the timing of meltwater pulses 1A and 1B, leading to rapid warming such as Bølling/Allerød and Preboreal Holocene, respectively. This finding allows our interpretation for the calcareous glacial clay layers produced by landslide‐induced debris flow, which resulted from intensive water discharge from rapid thawing of permafrost during the abrupt warming periods. Our correlation with Lake Baikal records suggests that these permafrost thawings have accelerated over the area of the Selenga drainage basin (continental interior Eurasia).
Hydroclimate in the Pamirs Was Driven by Changes in Precipitation‐Evaporation Seasonality Since the Last Glacial Period
Authors: Aichner Bernhard , Makhmudov Zafar , Rajabov Ilhomjon , Zhang Qiong , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Werner Martin , Heinecke Liv , Kuessner Marie L. , Feakins Sarah J. , Sachse Dirk , Mischke Steffen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Central Asian Pamir Mountains (Pamirs) are a high‐altitude region sensitive to climatic change, with only few paleoclimatic records available. To examine the glacial‐interglacial hydrological changes in the region, we analyzed the geochemical parameters of a 31‐kyr record from Lake Karakul and performed a set of experiments with climate models to interpret the results. δD values of terrestrial biomarkers showed insolation‐driven trends reflecting major shifts of water vapor sources. For aquatic biomarkers, positive δD shifts driven by changes in precipitation seasonality were observed at ca. 31–30, 28–26, and 17–14 kyr BP. Multiproxy paleoecological data and modelling results suggest that increased water availability, induced by decreased summer evaporation, triggered higher lake levels during those episodes, possibly synchronous to northern hemispheric rapid climate events. We conclude that seasonal changes in precipitation‐evaporation balance significantly influenced the hydrological state of a large waterbody such as Lake Karakul, while annual precipitation amount and inflows remained fairly constant.
Decadal Predictions of the Probability of Occurrence for Warm Summer Temperature Extremes
Authors: Borchert Leonard F. , Pohlmann Holger , Baehr Johanna , Neddermann Nele‐Charlotte , Suarez‐Gutierrez Laura , Müller Wolfgang A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe use a decadal prediction system with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 version of the coupled Max Planck Institute Earth System Model to predict the probability of occurrence for extremely warm summers in the Northern Hemisphere. An assimilation run with Max Planck Institute Earth System Model shows a robust response of summer temperature extremes in northern Europe and northeast Asia to North Atlantic sea surface temperature via a circumglobal Rossby wavetrain. When the North Atlantic is warm, warm summer temperature extremes occur with a probability of 20% and 24% in northern Europe and northeast Asia, respectively. In a cold North Atlantic phase, these probabilities are 0% and 8%. A similar difference in probability of occurrence is found in the initialized climate predictions. Consequently, the likelihood of a warm summer temperature extreme occurring in the examined regions in the next 10 years can be inferred from predictions of North Atlantic temperature.
Dynamic Topography Development North of Iceland from Subaerial Exposure of the Igneous Logi Ridge, NE Atlantic
Authors: Tan Pingchuan , Johan Breivik Asbjørn , Mjelde Rolf 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Logi Ridge, located north of the West Jan Mayen Fracture Zone, is E‐W oriented and 140–150 km long. The seafloor surrounding the Logi Ridge is ∼0.65 km shallower than the conjugate seafloor east of the Mohn's Ridge, attributed to asymmetry in the regional NE Atlantic dynamic uplift. Eight reflection seismic lines across the Logi Ridge constrain its development. Both the western and eastern parts have flat tops, indicating erosion at sea level. Three different basement types surrounding the Logi Ridge are observed: rough basement represents abyssal hills original or reactivated by later magmatic/tectonic events; smooth basement caused by basalt flows overprinting early sediments; and irregular basement formed by later basalt flows and intrusions. The surrounding sediments have two distinct units, where the unit boundary is Middle Miocene (12–14 Ma). Mass transport from the Logi Ridge appears episodically throughout Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene, when development ends. The end of erosion age can also be estimated from seamount height, or present top seamount depth. In the west there is agreement with the age constrained by the sedimentation, proving little dynamic topography change. In the east, discrepancies between the methods are explained by 0.15–0.3 km dynamic uplift after submergence. Hence, most of the regional dynamic uplift occurred before the end of the Logi Ridge development in the Middle Miocene, suggesting a causative relationship. Minor recent magmatic growth and seafloor uplift over a ∼100 km wide zone southeast of the Logi Ridge may be tied to the younger dynamic uplift in the east.
Eulerian Modeling of the Three‐Dimensional Distribution of Seven Popular Microplastic Types in the Global Ocean
Authors: Mountford A. S. , Morales Maqueda M. A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDetailing the distribution of past and future plastic debris in the marine environment has become a pressing challenge. Plastic pollution poses a potential threat to marine organisms and the marine environment as a whole. Previous studies using Lagrangian particle models have identified five garbage patches within subtropical ocean gyres, with the possibility of a sixth garbage patch within the Barents Sea. We present the first coarse resolution three‐dimensional plastic distribution model to use an Eulerian approach. It considers seven plastic components, three of them buoyant and four nonbuoyant, based upon real world plastic types. Our control results support the observations of positively buoyant plastic accumulations within the five garbage patches. However, there is no evidence of a sixth garbage patch in the Barents Sea. Meanwhile, our simulations reveal a previously unreported accumulation of plastic in the Gulf of Guinea. The negatively buoyant plastic tends to accumulate within the deepest regions of the sea floor, loosely following the bathymetry. In two further experiments, we introduce idealized plastic removal rates to simulate the proportion of plastics that are sequestered within sediments once they reach the sea floor. The results of the simulations show that substantial quantities of plastic debris are subject to vertical transport in the ocean and are therefore present throughout the water column as well as on the sea floor. A final experiment, focusing on neutrally buoyant plastics, shows the potentially ubiquitous presence of small microplastics and nanoplastics in the water column.
Enhanced Diapycnal Mixing Between Water Masses in the Western Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Liang Chang‐Rong , Shang Xiao‐Dong , Qi Yong‐Feng , Chen Gui‐Ying , Yu Ling‐Hui 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDiapycnal mixing of momentum and heat is crucially important to ocean dynamics, as it affects the state of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere. For realistic climate and circulation predictions, the magnitude and distribution of diapycnal mixing must be accurately represented in ocean models. Based on full‐depth microstructure data obtained in the western equatorial Pacific, we demonstrate that there is an enhanced diapycnal diffusivity layer nested below the thermocline of the western equatorial Pacific. Diapycnal diffusivities in this layer range from 5×10−6 to 5× 10−4 m2 s−1, one to two orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by the wave‐wave interaction theory (5 ×10−7−5×10−6 m2 s−1). These enhanced diapycnal mixings are strongly related to the South Pacific Tropical Water intrusion. Stratification is largely weakened by the South Pacific Tropical Water intrusion; thus, the shear can easily trigger shear instabilities and induce strong diapycnal mixing. This enhanced diapycnal diffusivity layer occupies the water column between ~250 and 750 m and spans from the equator to 10°N. Such widespread enhanced diapycnal mixing related to water mass intrusions may play an important role in the dynamics of the equatorial ocean, and it should be taken into account in ocean models.
Investigations of Aerobic Methane Oxidation in Two Marine Seep Environments: Part 1—Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Chan E. W. , Shiller A. M. , Joung D. J. , Arrington E. C. , Valentine D. L. , Redmond M. C. , Breier J. A. , Socolofsky S. A. , Kessler J. D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMicrobial aerobic oxidation is known to be a significant sink of marine methane (CH4), contributing to the relatively minor atmospheric release of this greenhouse gas over vast stretches of the ocean. However, the chemical kinetics of aerobic CH4 oxidation are not well established, making it difficult to predict and assess the extent that CH4 is oxidized in seawater following seafloor release. Here we investigate the kinetics of aerobic CH4 oxidation using mesocosm incubations of fresh seawater samples collected from seep fields in Hudson Canyon, U.S. Atlantic Margin and MC118, Gulf of Mexico to gain a fundamental chemical understanding of this CH4 sink. The goals of this investigation were to determine the response or lag time following CH4 release until more rapid oxidation begins, the reaction order, and the stoichiometry of reactants utilized (i.e., CH4, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, trace metals) during CH4 oxidation. The results for both Hudson Canyon and MC118 environments show that CH4 oxidation rates sharply increased within less than one month following the CH4 inoculation of seawater. However, the exact temporal characteristics of this more rapid CH4 oxidation varied based on location, possibly dependent on the local circulation and biogeochemical conditions at the point of seawater collection. The data further suggest that methane oxidation behaves as a first‐order kinetic process and that the reaction rate constant remains constant once rapid CH4 oxidation begins.
Self‐Acceleration and Instability of Gravity Wave Packets: 3. Three‐Dimensional Packet Propagation, Secondary Gravity Waves, Momentum Transport, and Transient Mean Forcing in Tidal Winds
Authors: Fritts David C. , Dong Wenjun , Lund Thomas S. , Wieland Scott , Laughman Brian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDong et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030691) employed a new compressible model to examine gravity wave (GW) self‐acceleration dynamics, instabilities, secondary gravity wave (SGW) generation, and mean forcing for GW packets localized in two dimensions (2D). This paper extends the exploration of self‐acceleration dynamics to a GW packet localized in three dimensions (3D) propagating into tidal winds in the mesosphere and thermosphere. As in the 2D packet responses, 3D GW self‐acceleration dynamics are found to be significant and include 3D GW phase distortions, stalled GW vertical propagation, local instabilities, and SGW and acoustic wave generation. Additional 3D responses described here include refraction by tidal winds, localized 3D instabilities, asymmetric SGW propagation, reduced SGW and acoustic wave responses at higher altitudes relative to 2D responses, and forcing of transient, large‐scale, 3D mean responses that may have implications for chemical and microphysical processes operating on longer time scales.
The Land‐Sea Breeze of the Red Sea: Observations, Simulations, and Relationships to Regional Moisture Transport
Authors: Davis Shannon R. , Farrar J. Thomas , Weller Robert A. , Jiang Houshuo , Pratt Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUnique in situ observations of atmospheric conditions over the Red Sea and the coastal Arabian Peninsula are examined to study the dynamics and regional impacts of the local land‐sea breeze cycle (LSBC). During a 26‐month data record spanning 2008–2011, observed LSBC events occurred year‐round, frequently exhibiting cross‐shore wind velocities in excess of 8 m/s. Observed onshore and offshore features of both the land‐ and sea‐breeze phases of the cycle are presented, and their seasonal modulation is considered. Weather Research and Forecasting climate downscaling simulations and satellite measurements are used to extend the analysis. In the model, the amplitude of the LSBC is significantly larger in the vicinity of the steeper terrain elements encircling the basin, suggesting an enhancement by the associated slope winds. Observed and simulated conditions also reflected distinct gravity‐current characteristics of the intrinsic moist marine air mass during both phases of the LSBC. Specifically, the advance and retreat of marine air mass was directly tied to the development of internal boundary layers onshore and offshore throughout the period of study. Convergence in the lateral moisture flux resulting from this air mass ascending the coastal topography (sea‐breeze phase) as well as colliding with air masses from the opposing coastline (land‐breeze phase) further resulted in cumulous cloud formation and precipitation.
Dawn‐Dusk Asymmetries in the Martian Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Gupta Neha , Venkateswara Rao N. , Kadhane Umesh R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we report the first comprehensive observations of local time asymmetries in densities and scale heights (temperatures) of the Martian upper atmosphere (between 150 and 300 km) measured by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission/Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer. For this purpose, we use the densities and temperatures of Ar. In general, the daytime densities and temperatures are greater than the nighttime values. The maximum and minimum values, however, are observed at the dusk and dawn terminators, respectively. An enhancement at the dusk terminator is persistently observed at all altitudes; however, the time of the peak enhancement shifts toward sunlit hours with increasing altitude. At the dawn terminator, a minimum in density is observed at altitudes of 150–170 km. At higher altitudes, the minimum is observed close to midnight. Accordingly, the dawn‐dusk asymmetry is more prominent at 150–170 km and decreases with increasing altitude. A maximum ratio of six is observed between the dusk and dawn densities at 160 km. In addition, the local time for the maximum ratio at each altitude moves toward sunlit hours with increasing altitude. The observed asymmetry is explained in terms of dynamical heating and cooling due to convergent and divergent winds at the dusk and dawn terminators, respectively. In addition, upward propagating gravity waves generated by the solar terminator wave and O/CO2 radiative cooling are also proposed as important mechanisms contributing to the observed asymmetry.
Nonequilibrium Fractionation During Ice Cloud Formation in iCAM5: Evaluating the Common Parameterization of Supersaturation as a Linear Function of Temperature
Authors: Dütsch Marina , Blossey Peter N. , Steig Eric J. , Nusbaumer Jesse M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSupersaturation with respect to ice determines the strength of nonequilibrium fractionation during vapor deposition onto ice or snow and therefore influences the water isotopic composition of vapor and precipitation in cold environments. Historically, most general circulation models formed clouds through saturation adjustment and therefore prevented supersaturation. To match the observed isotopic content, especially the deuterium excess, of snow in polar regions, the saturation ratio with respect to ice (Si) was parameterized, usually by assuming a linear dependence of Si on temperature. The Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 (CAM5) no longer applies saturation adjustment for the ice phase and thus allows ice supersaturation. Here, we adapt the isotope‐enabled version of CAM5 to compute nonequilibrium fractionation in ice and mixed‐phase clouds based on Si from the CAM5 microphysics and use it to evaluate the common parameterization of Si. Our results show a wide range of Si predicted by the CAM5 microphysics and reflected in the simulated deuterium excess of Antarctic precipitation; this is overly simplified by the linear parameterization. Nevertheless, a linear function, when properly tuned, can reproduce the average observed relationship between δD and deuterium excess reasonably well. However, only the model‐predicted Si can capture changes in microphysical conditions under different climate states that are not due to changes in temperature. Furthermore, parametric sensitivity tests show that with the model‐predicted Si, water isotopes are more closely tied to the model microphysics and can therefore constrain uncertain microphysical parameters.
Infrared nano-spectroscopy of ferroelastic domain walls in hybrid improper ferroelectric Ca3Ti2O7
Authors: Smith K. A. , Nowadnick E. A. , Fan S. , Khatib O. , Lim S. J. , Gao B. , Harms N. C. , Neal S. N. , Kirkland J. K. , Martin M. C. , Won C. J. , Raschke M. B. , Cheong S.-W. , Fennie C. J. , Carr G. L. , Bechtel H. A. , Musfeldt J. L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFerroic materials are well known to exhibit heterogeneity in the form of domain walls. Understanding the properties of these boundaries is crucial for controlling functionality with external stimuli and for realizing their potential for ultra-low power memory and logic devices as well as novel computing architectures. In this work, we employ synchrotron-based near-field infrared nano-spectroscopy to reveal the vibrational properties of ferroelastic (90$${}^{\circ }$$

∘

ferroelectric) domain walls in the hybrid improper ferroelectric Ca$${}_{3}$$

3

Ti$${}_{2}$$

2

O$${}_{7}$$

7

. By locally mapping the Ti-O stretching and Ti-O-Ti bending modes, we reveal how structural order parameters rotate across a wall. Thus, we link observed near-field amplitude changes to underlying structural modulations and test ferroelectric switching models against real space measurements of local structure. This initiative opens the door to broadband infrared nano-imaging of heterogeneity in ferroics.