bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The assembly and importance of a novel ecosystem: The ant community of coffee farms in Puerto Rico
Authors: Perfecto Ivette , Vandermeer John 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAgricultural ecosystems are by their very nature novel and by definition the more general biodiversity associated with them must likewise constitute a novel community. Here, we examine the community of arboreally foraging ants in the coffee agroecosystem of Puerto Rico. We surveyed 20 coffee plants in 25 farms three times in a period of one year. We also conducted a more spatially explicit sampling in two of the farms and conducted a species interaction study between the two most abundant species, Wasmannia auropunctata and Solenopsis invicta, in the laboratory. We find that the majority of the most common species are well‐known invasive ants and that there is a highly variable pattern of dominance that varies considerably over the main coffee producing region of Puerto Rico, suggesting an unusual modality of community structure. The distribution pattern of the two most common species, W. auropunctata and S. invicta, suggests strong competitive exclusion. However, they also have opposite relationships with the percent of shade cover, with W. auropunctata showing a positive relationship with shade, while S. invicta has a negative relationship. The spatial distribution of these two dominant species in the two more intensively studied farms suggests that young colonies of S. invicta can displace W. auropunctata. Laboratory experiments confirm this. In addition to the elaboration of the nature and extent of this novel ant community, we speculate on the possibilities of its active inclusion as part of a biological control system dealing with several coffee pests, including one of the ants itself, W. auropunctata.
Deterministic ground motion simulations with shallow crust nonlinearity at Garner Valley in Southern California
Authors: Seylabi Elnaz , Restrepo Doriam , Taborda Ricardo , Asimaki Domniki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe present deterministic ground motion simulations that account for the cyclic multiaxial response of sediments in the shallow crust. We use the Garner Valley in Southern California as a test case. The multiaxial constitutive model is based on the bounding surface plasticity theory in terms of total stress and is implemented in a high‐performance computing finite‐element parallel code. A major advantage of this model is the small number of free parameters that need to be calibrated given a shear modulus reduction curve and the ultimate soil strength. This, in turn, makes the model suitable for regional‐scale simulations, where geotechnical data in the shallow crust are scarce. In this paper, we first describe a series of numerical experiments designed to verify the model implementation. This is followed by a series of idealized large‐scale simulations in a 35 26 4.5 km domain that encompasses the Garner Valley downhole array site, which is an instrumented and well‐characterized site in Southern California. Material properties were extracted from the Southern California Earthquake Center Community velocity model, CVM‐S4.26, considering its optional geotechnical layer, while the modulus reduction curves and soil strength were selected empirically to constrain the nonlinear soil model parameters. Our nonlinear simulations suggest that peak ground displacements within the valley increase relative to the linear case, while peak ground accelerations can increase or decrease, depending on the frequency content of the excitation. The comparisons of our simulations against hybrid three‐dimensional–one‐dimensional site response analyses suggest the inadequacy of the latter to capture the complexity of fully three‐dimensional simulations.
A computational workflow for rupture‐to‐structural‐response simulation and its application to Istanbul
Authors: Zhang Wenyang , Restrepo Doriam , Crempien Jorge G.F. , Erkmen Bulent , Taborda Ricardo , Kurtulus Asli , Taciroglu Ertugrul 
Published: October 2020

AbstractScenario‐based earthquake simulations at regional scales hold the promise in advancing the state‐of‐the‐art in seismic risk assessment studies. In this study, a computational workflow is presented that combines (i) a broadband Green's function‐based fault‐rupture and ground motion simulation—herein carried out using the “UCSB (University of California at Santa Barbara) method”, (ii) a three‐dimensional physics‐based regional‐scale wave propagation simulation that is resolved at Hz, and (iii) a local soil‐foundation‐structure finite element analysis model. These models are interfaced with each other using the domain reduction method. The innermost local model—implemented in ABAQUS—is additionally enveloped with perfectly matched layer boundaries that absorb outbound waves scattered by the structures contained within it. The intermediate wave propagation simulation is carried out using Hercules, which is an explicit time‐stepping finite element code that is developed and licensed by the CMU‐QUAKE group. The devised workflow is applied to a km region on the European side of Istanbul, which was modeled using detailed soil stratigraphy data and realistic fault rupture properties, which are available from prior microzonation surveys and earthquake scenario studies. The innermost local model comprises a chevron‐braced steel frame building supported by a shallow foundation slab, which, in turn, rests atop a three‐dimensional soil domain. To demonstrate the utility of the workflow, results obtained using various simplified soil‐structure interaction analysis techniques are compared with those from the detailed direct model. While the aforementioned demonstration has a limited scope, the devised workflow can be used in a multitude of ways, for example, to examine the effects of shallow‐layer soil nonlinearities and surface topography, to devise site‐ and structure‐specific seismic fragilities, and for calibrating regional loss models, to name a few.
Assessing the impact of First Episode Rapid Early Intervention for Eating Disorders on duration of untreated eating disorder: A multi‐centre quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Flynn Michaela , Austin Amelia , Lang Katie , Allen Karina , Bassi Ranjeet , Brady Gabrielle , Brown Amy , Connan Frances , Franklin‐Smith Mary , Glennon Danielle , Grant Nina , Jones William Rhys , Kali Kuda , Koskina Antonia , Mahony Kate , Mountford Victoria , Nunes Nicole , Schelhase Monique , Serpell Lucy , Schmidt Ulrike 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDuration of untreated eating disorder (DUED), that is, the time between illness onset and start of first evidence‐based treatment, is a key outcome for early intervention. Internationally, reported DUED ranges from 2.5 to 6 years for different eating disorders (EDs). To shorten DUED, we developed FREED (First Episode Rapid Early Intervention for EDs), a service model and care pathway for emerging adults with EDs. Here, we assess the impact of FREED on DUED in a multi‐centre study using a quasi‐experimental design.MethodsTwo hundred and seventy‐eight patients aged 16–25, with first episode illness of less than 3 years duration, were recruited from specialist ED services and offered treatment via FREED. These were compared to 224 patients, of similar age and illness duration, seen previously in participating services (treatment as usual [TAU]) on DUED, waiting times and treatment uptake.ResultsFREED patients had significantly shorter DUED and waiting times than TAU patients. On average, DUED was reduced by ∼4 months when systemic delays were minimal. Furthermore, 97.8% of FREED patients took up treatment, versus 75.4% of TAU.DiscussionFindings indicate that FREED significantly improves access to treatment for emerging adults with first episode ED. FREED may reduce distress, prevent deterioration and facilitate recovery.
Spirocyclic Nitroxide Biradicals: Synthesis and Evaluation as Dynamic Nuclear Polarizing Agents
Authors: Jackl Moritz K. , Gordon Christopher P. , Copéret Christophe , Bode Jeffrey W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA method for the synthesis of rigid nitroxide biradicals with various spatial orientations between the radical centers is reported. Diketones were employed as substrates for tin amine protocol (SnAP) reagents to provide the parent spirocyclic diamines. Oxidation by peroxyacids provided the corresponding nitroxide biradicals. A set of four different biradicals with various interelectron distances and torsion angles between the radical planes was synthesized using this method. The exact geometries were determined by X‐ray crystallography and the biradicals were investigated by EPR spectroscopy and evaluated for their dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) performance. 1H‐DNP enhancements in the range of 1.2–2.1 at 14.1 Tesla (600 MHz spectrometer) were achieved. This synthetic methodology opens a promising alternative to access nitroxide biradicals with various torsional angles and inter radical distances.
Intranasal oxytocin as a treatment for chronic pelvic pain: A randomized controlled feasibility study
Authors: Flynn Michelle J. , Campbell Tavis S. , Robert Magali , Nasr‐Esfahani Maryam , Rash Joshua A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of intranasal oxytocin on chronic pelvic pain in a randomized, double‐blind, within‐subject crossover trial. Aims included: (1) determine intranasal oxytocin's effect on pain intensity and pain interference relative to placebo; (2) assess feasibility and acceptability.MethodsWomen with chronic pelvic pain were recruited from chronic pain and gynecology clinics between September 2017 and December 2018. Pain was recorded at pre‐trial screening, and while administering intranasal oxytocin and placebo. Pain and pain‐related interference were measured using the Brief Pain Inventory – Short Form. Feasibility and acceptability were measured using validated measures and interviews.ResultsTwenty‐one women were randomized with sufficient data available from 12 to permit analyses. Relative to placebo, a 2‐week course of oxytocin administration resulted in improvement in pain severity with no effect on pain‐related interference. This effect was driven by four women who demonstrated a minimal clinically significant improvement in pain following intranasal oxytocin (no women met this threshold for placebo). Adherence to dosing was excellent and occurrence of adverse effects did not differ between oxytocin and placebo.ConclusionIntranasal oxytocin may represent an adjuvant analgesic that could result in a minimal clinically significant improvement in pain among one in three women with chronic pelvic pain.Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (Registration# NCT02888574).
Cu‐loaded Brushite bone cements with good antibacterial activity and operability
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Li Guangda , Zhang Kaili , Pei Zhengjun , Zhao Santuan , Li Jinghua 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBone defect‐related surgical procedures are traumatic processes carrying potential inflammation and infection risks in the clinic, which are associated with prolonged antibiotic therapy that promotes bacterial antibiotic‐resistance. In the present study, Cu‐loaded brushite bone cements were designed, and the properties of the bone cements were evaluated. The setting time of the cement was prolonged from 12 to 50 min as the copper content increased. All cements were anti‐washout, and the injectable coefficient of the cements was approximately 88%. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the crystal grains grew larger and thicker as the copper content in the cement increased, and brushite was determined to be the dominant crystalline phase for all the cements. However, a small amount of newly formed calcium copper phosphate was observed in the cement. Simultaneously, band shifts were observed in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results at a Cu content of 5%. Moreover, the addition of Cu improved the compressive strength of brushite cements, and all cements were degradable. Furthermore, the Cu‐loaded brushite bone cements performed well in inhibiting the growth and proliferation ofStaphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, andPseudomonas aeruginosa, and the diameter of the inhibition zone increased with increasing copper content. The study revealed that the Cu‐loaded brushite bone cements possessed good cellular affinity to mouse bone marrow stem cells when a lower dose of copper was added in vitro. These results support the great potential of injectable antibacterial brushite bone cement specifically for bone tissue defect‐related repair and regeneration.
Influence of dental education on eye gaze distribution when observing facial profiles with varying degrees of lip protrusion
Authors: Fujii Chise , Onuma Takuya , Nakamura Fumihiko , Tome Wakako , Sakai Nobuyuki , Sako Noritaka , Kitai Noriyuki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of dental education on eye gaze distribution when perceiving facial profile images with varying degrees of lip protrusion.MethodsFifty‐one subjects with dental education (dental‐education group) and 47 without dental education (no‐dental‐education group) were included in this study. The eye gaze distribution of the subjects was recorded for 10 seconds using a non‐contact eye tracker when determining whether or not the subjects judged each various facial profile image inappropriate. The facial profile images had varying degrees of upper‐lip and lower‐lip protrusion. The frequency of eye fixation (lasting >0.06 seconds) was counted. The duration was measured as the total time of eye fixation. The facial images were divided into 4 regions of interest (ROIs): the forehead (ROI‐I); the orbit and nose root (ROI‐II); the nose tip and upper lip (ROI‐III); and the lower lip and chin (ROI‐IV). The frequency and duration of eye fixation on each ROI was compared.ResultsThe frequency of eye fixation on ROI‐II was greater in comparison to ROI‐I and ROI‐IV. The frequency of eye fixation on ROI‐III was also greater in comparison to ROI‐I and ROI‐IV. The duration of eye fixation on ROI‐III in the dental‐education group was longer in comparison to the no‐dental‐education group.ConclusionsDental education influenced the eye fixation on the nose tip and upper lip when perceiving facial profile images.
“Be Creative in Whatever We Do”: Minority Culture Creativity on the Uyghur Internet
Authors: Meloche Alysha , Clothey Rebecca 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCreativity is often explored from a Western‐dominant perspective. This means that cultures that do not follow dominant culture or Western principles, such as non‐Western or minority ethnic cultures, are often misjudged in creativity research and assessment. Additionally, scholarship that does address Asian creativity does so in a way that presents Asian culture as monolithic. This article presents an example of how creativity is defined, recognized, and enacted in four interactive Uyghur language websites that were active between 2014 and 2016. These Uyghur language websites present an interesting example of how an Asian, ethnolinguistic minority culture expresses creativity and innovation while under controlling and conforming pressures of the dominant culture (in this case the Chinese government). Findings suggest that Uyghurs define their creative identity as one that promotes love, joy, and hope for their community, overcomes adversity, and comes from a heritage of scholars and writers. They recognize creativity that aids in community cultural preservation, is selfless, and is the result of hard work. As a result of their controlled status, online Uyghurs articulate that their creativity is limited by the majority culture and emphatically express how their cultural creativity is unique.
Muscle Echogenicity and Changes Related to Age and Body Mass Index
Authors: Pereira Andrea Z. , Uezima Clarissa Baia , Zanella Maria Teresa , Prado Rogério Ruscitto do , Gonzalez Maria Cristina , Zheng Jolene , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionMuscle fibers are lost and replaced by fat‐ and fibrous‐tissue infiltration during aging. This process decreases muscle quality and influences tissue appearance on ultrasound images over time. Increased muscle “echogenicity” represents changes caused by fat‐ and fibrous‐tissue infiltration and can be quantified with recently developed software.ObjectiveTo investigate skeletal muscle quality through echogenicity, estimates according to participant's body mass index (BMI) and age were taken.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study performed at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana with 117 participants (57 men and 60 women), with mean age (±SD) 38.9 ± 17.0 years and BMI 28.6 ± 6.2 kg/m². All participants were examined by ultrasound (LOGIQ GE Healthcare), using a 5.0‐MHz linear transducer. Participants had muscle thickness measured by ultrasound at 4 anatomic locations (biceps and triceps brachial, femoral quadriceps, and calf triceps). Echogenicity was analyzed with specific software (Pixel Health) that evaluated the image in gray scale.ResultsAccording to BMI, 41% of participants were obese. There was a positive correlation between age and thigh‐muscle echogenicity (rp = 0.534, P < .0001) and a negative correlation between thigh‐muscle echogenicity and thickness (rp = –0.395, P <.0001). There was high muscle echogenicity in participants with overweight and obesity aged 50 years or older (P < .05).ConclusionOlder age and higher BMI were associated with stronger echogenicity signals and smaller muscle thickness. People with overweight, obesity, and/or older than 50 years old have reduced muscle quality with smaller muscle thickness, as observed with ultrasound.
Principal component analysis facilitated fast and noninvasive Raman spectroscopic imaging of plant cell wall pectin distribution and interaction with enzymatic hydrolysis
Authors: He Qing , Zabotina Olga A. , Yu Chenxu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides. A better understanding of the plant cell wall polysaccharide content, distribution, and interactions among them could be instrumental for our further understanding of plant cell wall in general. Confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) is a powerful tool that could reveal details about chemical landscape of the plant cell wall with micrometer resolution. However, the low signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio of Raman spectral signal led to low throughput of Raman imaging, which limited its application in plant cell wall study. In this study, the interaction between the cell wall polysaccharides and the pectin enzyme endo‐polygalacturonase (EPG) was characterized by analyzing Raman images collected before and after EPG treatment at high scanning speed. The obtained low S/N ratio Raman spectra were processed with principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) to recover information‐rich signature changes in Raman signal dataset that reflected the changes in the polysaccharides caused specifically by the enzymatic hydrolysis. The PCA reconstruction technique significantly improved the S/N ratio of the spectra dataset while kept the Raman signal intact. Further analysis of principal components (PCs) revealed the pectin distribution and its interaction with the enzyme, which provided organizational details of pectin inside the onion plant cell wall. The technique could be used to reveal polysaccharide organization and distribution inside plant cell walls.
Same Program Different Delivery: Adapting the Woods Hole Partnership Education Program for a Virtual Era
Authors: Scott Price Onjalé , Luis Kelly , Price André L. , Harden Benjamin , Howard Joniqua , Valentin Luis E. , Liles George , Jearld Ambrose 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Woods Hole Partnership Education Program (PEP) has provided a 10‐week residential summer internship program for underrepresented minorities since 2009. Six weeks prior to the planned 2020 residential program, the gravity of the COVID‐19 pandemic prompted the unanimous decision of the PEP leadership and staff to deliver a virtual program. However, this decision engendered a new set of considerations for a successful undergraduate research program. In this article, we discuss how PEP and its partner institutions galvanized around PEP's overarching goals and guiding principles to rapidly adapt its course, research projects, and supplementary activities for a virtual environment. Based on the insights and feedback from multiple sources, we offer insights and lessons learned for other summer internship programs adapting their programs for a virtual delivery.
A New Interpretation of Apparent Induction Period in Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in Acid Emulsion
Authors: Suzuki Kiyoshi , Totsuka Takahiro , Ishiguro Daisuke , Okubo Shun , Tobita Hidetaka 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA following new interpretation of apparent induction period is proposed considering the experimental results obtained: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) is activated by the reaction with acid to generate an activated derivative (A4). A4 reacts with D4 to generate A8, an active species containing eight dimethylsiloxane units. A8 backbites to generate mostly A4 and D4, which causes retardation in polymerization, but occasionally to form A3 and D5. A3 is highly reactive, and when the concentration of A3 exceeds a certain limit, much Ai where i is large enough is formed and promotes fast growth of chain at the interfacial area due to high concentration of D4. The interpretation assumes that A3 accelerates growth of chain faster than other species, and that A8 tends to backbite rather than grow. The interpretation is supported by the experimental results of polymerization conducted with D4 and D3, or D5 and D3 charged.
Augmented Hückel molecular orbital model of π‐electron systems: from topology to metric. I. General theory
Authors: Stolarczyk Leszek Z. , Krygowski T. Marek 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe π‐electron molecule is planar (but the strict planarity requirement may be relaxed), with a set of electrons residing on the (valence) molecular orbitals of the π‐symmetry (πMOs). The quantum state of these electrons influences the geometry of the molecule, most notably the bond lengths. The Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) model provides the simplest (yet quite effective) description of the πMOs. Longuet‐Higgins and Salem, and their followers, made efforts to augment this model by making its empirical parameters dependent on the bond lengths; this approach was later often referred to as the SCβ HMO model. In the present paper, we introduce the AugHMO model that is a generalization of these earlier efforts. We show that the mathematical formulation of this model necessarily implies the principle of a bond‐order–bond‐length (BO‐BL) relationship that is universal for a given type of bond (C–C, C–N, etc.) in all π‐electron molecules. A plausible assumption that the BO‐BL relationship is a linear one leads to a family of workable computational methods, such as the Hückel–Su–Schrieffer–Heeger method and the Hückel–Longuet–Higgins–Salem method. Our AugHMO model is developed with the following goals in mind: (i) to offer a predictive tool for calculating the bond lengths in π‐electron molecules, capable of dealing with very large systems; (ii) to provide insights into the problem of coupling between the π‐electrons and the bond lengths; and (iii) to offer a simple educational model illustrating the principles of geometry optimization in quantum chemistry (involving the gradient and Hessian of the molecular energy).