bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-21 Assessment of Undergraduate Research Students in the Animal Science Department
Authors: Winkel Shana M , Karr Lisa , Burkey Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An assessment of undergraduate involvement in research at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln using participant surveys has shown the benefits of knowledge gained and given insight for design and success of undergraduate participation in research in the animal science department. Current undergraduate students who had participated in some form of animal science research were surveyed with both demographic questions and ones based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting research were evaluated. On the survey, students were asked rank statements on a 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) Likert-type scale to analyze the impacts of completing undergraduate research and the effects it has on one’s knowledge and ability to use and apply what was taught. A total of 30 students completed the survey. Ten percent of students that participated in the survey were male and the other 90% were female. Students ages ranged from 18-23 with the majority being 20-21 (46%) and seniors (33.3%) as well as a Nebraska resident (78%). Students expressed that they mostly heard about the undergraduate research opportunity from their professor (48%) or an outside source such as pre-vet or class presentations (36%). Sixty percent of individuals indicated that pre-veterinary medicine was their current career choice with only 4% indicating they did not plan to continue a higher degree post undergraduate. Interestingly, undergraduate students felt graduate students had a greater impact on their research compared to the professor (43% vs 36%) while 21% of participants said neither had an impact on their research as an undergraduate. Students felt many benefits from participating in undergraduate research from educational opportunities, such as feeling more prepared/competitive for graduate school to life skills, including greater knowledge, reasoning and problem-solving. In conclusion, from participating in undergraduate research, participants are able enhance their scientific learning skills that will help them in their future.
PSI-8 Evaluation of two burning dates and addition of spices on stocker cattle gains on tallgrass native range
Authors: Toothaker Juliette , Farney Jaymelynn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Burning pastures in April has historically been a method to increase stocker gains for summer grazing in Kansas, yet is becoming an issue from smoke management. Finding alternative burning windows along with feed options that maintain a similar gain to April burns is important from producer’s perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate spices/essential oils and timing of pasture burning on growing steer gains. 281 steers (292 ± 28 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 8 pasture of tallgrass native prairie in a completely randomized design model. The treatment structure was a 2 x 2 factorial where the first factor was pasture burning date at two levels (March and April) and the second factor was free-choice mineral type (control (CON) or spices (SPICE)). Spices include garlic oil and a 4-spice blend (Solus, Wildcat Feeds LLC, Topeka). Steers were weighed at the start and end of 90 d grazing period. Total gain, average daily gain, and final body weight were evaluated. There was no interaction between burning time and mineral type (P &gt; 0.10) for average daily gain, total gain, nor final body weight. Steers on pastures burned in April had a 0.16 kg/d ADG advantage over burning in March which resulted in 14.3 kg more gain over 90 d (P &lt; 0.0001). Steers on SPICE averaged 0.06 kg/d and gained 5 kg more (P = 0.02) than steers on CON mineral. Burning in April results in greater steer gains than March burning and feeding a mineral with spices increase gains, yet these two are not additive. Addition of SPICE mineral may be one method to allow producers to extend burning window and maintain cattle production.
PSIII-1 A preliminary study to investigate the contribution of different tenderness factors to beef loin, tri-tip and heel tenderness
Authors: Chun Colin , Wu Wanjun , Welter Amelia , O'Quinn Travis , Magnin Geraldine , Chao Michael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the relative contribution of tenderness factors for 3 beef muscles with similar tenderness ratings. Longissimus lumborum (loin), tensor fascia latae (tri-tip) and gastrocnemius (heel) were collected from 10 USDA choice beef carcasses, fabricated into steaks and assigned to a 5 or 21 d aging period (n=60). Heel had the greatest relative troponin-T degradation %, followed by tri-tip and loin (68.10, 53.42 and 35.01 % respectively; P&lt; 0.01). Tri-tip had the longest sarcomere, followed by heel and loin (3.01, 2.59 and 1.71 µm, respectively; P &lt; 0.01), and heel increased in sarcomere length from 5 to 21 d of postmortem storage (2.49 vs 2.70 µm; P&lt; 0.05). As expected, heel had the greatest collagen content, followed by tri-tip and loin (6.06, 3.98 and 2.76 mg/g of muscle tissue, respectively; P&lt; 0.01), and collagen content decreased for all cuts from 5 to 21 d of postmortem storage (4.64 vs 3.90 mg/g muscle tissue; P&lt; 0.05). Out of the 3 cuts, heel had the highest collagen crosslink density (0.20 mol/mol collagen; P&lt; 0.05), while loin and tri-tip did not differ (0.13 and 0.15 mol/mol collagen, respectively; P &gt;0.05). Collagen crosslink density increased for all cuts from 5 to 21 d of postmortem storage (0.14 vs 0.20; P&lt; 0.01). Heel had lower lipid content than the others (2.68 %; P&lt; 0.01), while tri-tip and loin did not differ in lipid content (8.24 vs. 6.99 %; P &gt;0.05). Loin was ranked by the trained panel to have the highest overall tenderness, while tri-tip and heel did not differ in overall tenderness (P &gt;0.05). The overall tenderness value for heel was positively correlated with troponin-T degradation (P&lt; 0.01). On the other hand, overall tenderness value for loin was negatively correlated with lipid content (P&lt; 0.05), and overall tenderness value for tri-tip was negatively correlated with collagen content (P&lt; 0.05). These results indicated that each beef cut had a unique profile of tenderness contributors.
PSIII-4 Effect of Housing System and Supplementation of 25-hydroxicholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) on Performance and 25(OH)D3 Serum Levels of Sows during Gestation and Lactation
Authors: Silva Bruno , Oliveira Nathalia , Sá-Fortes Cristina , Araújo Wagner , Falleiros Francine , Passos Adsos , Gonçalves Mateus , Rebordões Flávio , Ataide Iara , Lima Valesca , Evangelista Rafaela 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Vitamin D is an essential key modulator of metabolism in pigs. Improvements in sow productivity have raised questions regarding dietary vitamin recommendations. In this sense, vitamin D serum levels could be limiting to attend high demanding phases. The present study aimed to study the impact of housing system with access to sunlight exposure and supplementation of 25(OH)D3 (Hy-D®) on performance and serum levels of 25(OH)D3 in sows during gestation and lactation. A total of 48 mixed parity sows were distributed in a factorial 2 x 2 experimental design (2 housing systems: gestation crates or free-range system with external area for sunlight exposure; and 2 diets: 0 or 50µg of Hy-D® per kg of diet). Sows remained in treatments from insemination until weaning. The housing systems did not influence (P &gt;0.10) performance traits during gestation nor lactation. The use of Hy-D® tended (P=0.052) to improve total born (17.5 vs. 15.4, respectively 50 and 0 µg Hy-D®) and influenced (P=0.046) on number of born alive (13.4 vs. 12.2, respectively 50 and 0 µg Hy-D®). Litter weight at birth was influenced (P=0.01) by Hy-D® supplementation (20.8 vs. 17.5 kg, respectively 50 and 0 µg Hy-D®). Hy-D® supplementation and housing system (free-range with sunlight exposure) tended to increase weaning weight (P=0.07) and litter daily gain (P=0.051) during lactation. Exposure to sunlight and Hy-D® influenced (P=0.008) 25(OH)D3 serum levels when compared to control (without sunlight and 0 µg of Hy-D®) during gestation (132.3 vs. 116.6 ng mL-1, respectively) and lactation (120.3 vs. 92.2 ng mL-1, respectively). In conclusion, our findings showed that the supplementation of Hy-D® during gestation and lactation has a significant impact on performance of sows and their litters. Also, the association of Hy-D® supplementation with exposure to sunlight during gestation improved significantly 25(OH)D3 serum levels and consequently performance traits in gestation and lactation.
33 Genetic parameters for reproductive traits in purebred and crossbred swine
Authors: Kramer Luke M , Wolc Ania , Esfandyari Hadi , Thekkoot Dinesh , Zhang Chunyan , Plastow Graham , Kemp Bob , Dekkers Jack C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For swine breeding programs, testing and selection programs are located in nucleus units that are generally managed differently and with higher health levels than commercial herds where descendants of nucleus animals are expected to perform. This approach assumes that superior animals selected in nucleus herds will have progeny with superior performance at the commercial level. There is clear evidence that this may not be true for all traits of economic importance and thus methods including data collected at the commercial level may increase accuracy of selection at the nucleus level. This study’s goal was to estimate genetic parameters for five reproductive traits between two purebred maternal nucleus populations and their commercial F1 offspring: Total Number Born, Number Born Alive, Number Born Alive &gt; 1kg, Number Weaned, and Litter Weight. Estimates were based on single-step GBLUP in the BLUPF90 programs by utilizing any two combinations of a purebred and the F1 population, and by using all three populations jointly. The genomic relationship matrix between the three populations was generated by using within-population allele frequencies for relationships within a population, and across-population allele frequencies for relationships of the F1 with the purebred animals. The two purebred populations were assumed to be genetically unrelated. The use of two versus three populations did not impact estimates of heritability, additive variance, or genetic correlations. Heritabilities ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 for the F1, from 0.07 to 0.18 for Landrace, and from 0.07 to 0.21 for Yorkshire. Genetic correlations between the same traits in F1 and Landrace ranged from 0.22 to 0.93, and from 0.31 to 0.84 for F1 and Yorkshire. This range of genetic correlations indicates that the use of crossbred information can aid in the selection of purebreds for commercial crossbred performance for some traits. Funded by Genome Canada Genomic Applications Partnerships Program.
18 Predicting monthly total sperm production of dairy bulls using additive and fixed age-based training windows
Authors: Quick Allison , Meronek James , Weigel Kent 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Selection of elite young bulls using genomic data has shortened the generation interval and increased pressure to collect large quantities of semen at an early age. Younger bulls pose a challenge in forecasting total sperm production, due to non-linear relationships between management factors and semen production. Our aims were to compare prediction methods for forecasting monthly total sperm (TS), evaluate additive versus fixed-window training sets, and identify management factors that improve TS forecasting. Data were from a commercial AI company and included 8,060 monthly collection records from 1,118 Holstein and Jersey bulls between 10 and 28 mo of age. Potential explanatory variables included: year and season of collection; barn location; number of collections per month; breed; scrotal circumference at 10–11 mo of age; TS in three previous collection months; and age at arrival, first collection, and current collection. Training and testing sets were split by age at collection. In the additive approach, all prior data were used as training, while in fixed-window, records from 3 previous months were used. Five-fold cross validation was used to train models (R v3.5.1). Prediction models included linear regression (LM), random forest (RF), and Bayesian regularization neural network (BRNN), with performance measured by root mean squared error (RMSE) and correlation (r) between actual and predicted TS of testing sets. Models with fixed training sets (RMSE = 19.07, r = 0.847) performed better than additive training sets (RMSE = 19.82, r = 0.833). RF (RMSE = 19.25, r = 0.855) performed slightly better than BRNN (RMSE = 19.25, r = 0.828) and LM (RMSE = 19.87, r = 0.836). The most important management variables affecting TS were: collection frequency, TS in previous collection months, and age at collection. Preliminary results suggest fixed-window training of RF models yield best TS prediction.
44 Inbreeding levels of the Line 1 and Line 4 Hereford cattle populations
Authors: Hieber Jordan K , Dafoe Julia M , Parsons Cory T , Anderson Don C , Boss Darrin L , Boles Jane A , Thomson Jennifer M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Line 1 and Line 4 Hereford populations have been linebred for decades. Since these populations share origins but have been managed differently, they offer a unique opportunity to understand molecular mechanisms contributing to inbreeding depression. The study attempted to identify areas of the genome impacting inbreeding depression. Inbreeding was estimated using a complete pedigree (FPED), genomic inbreeding (FG), and genomic pedigree inbreeding (FGPED). Average rate of change in inbreeding per year was evaluated. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) analyses were performed in Golden Helix SVS software, and ROH were defined as a minimum length of 2,500 kb, 250 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) appearing in 20 samples. Expected phenotypes for five traits were calculated by adjusting each animal’s individual phenotype with published negative impacts of inbreeding depression. Regression association analyses were performed (Golden Helix) on phenotype and genotype data. Markers above 5 x 10–4 genome-wide significance were considered strongly significant. Line 1 FPED, FG, and FGPED average inbreeding was 42.1% (range 0–71%), 14.4% (range 0–46%), and 31.0% (range 0–63%), respectively. Line 4 FPED, FG, and FGPED average inbreeding was 12.6% (range 0–36%), 12.3% (range 0–49%), and 17.7% (range 0–29%), respectively. Average rate of change in inbreeding per year for Line 1 was -0.03% over 83 yr and 0.03% over 55 yr for Line 4. Fifty ROH regions, 93 strongly significant SNP, three strongly significant SNP within ROH, and some significant SNP within 11 previously identified genes were identified for Line 1. Forty-five ROH regions, 35 strongly significant SNP, three strongly significant SNP within ROH, and some significant SNP within 12 previously identified genes were identified for Line 4. Variation in identified regions of the genome of both lines indicate management is impacting results of inbreeding and the expressed inbreeding depression.
46 Endometrial transcriptome profiles associated with bovine preimplantation pregnancy outcome and parity
Authors: Sweett Hannah , Carvalho Murilo R , Spricigo Jose Felipe W , Ticiani Elvis , Ribeiro Eduardo S , Favetta Laura , Fonseca Pablo Augusto S , LeBlanc Stephen J , Canovas Angela 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pregnancy failure in dairy cattle appears to be attributable to losses during embryogenesis, mainly within the first month. Models have estimated that pregnancies lost after day 30 of fertilization cost producers US $550/cow. The reasons for these losses are not well understood, and the transcriptome profile of the reproductive tract during the establishment of pregnancy may point to mechanisms. Thirty-eight cows in lactations 1 to 3 were artificially inseminated, and endometrial biopsies were collected on day 15 after artificial insemination to investigate the effect of parity on the preimplantation pregnancy outcome. Pregnancy status was determined by the presence of interferon-tau in the uterine flushing, revealing 19 pregnant (P) and 19 non-pregnant (NP) cows. Nineteen biopsy samples [9 cows in lactation 1 (6 P and 3 NP), 4 in lactation 2 (2 P and 2 NP), and 6 in lactation 3 (3P and 3NP)] with an average RNA integrity number of 7 were selected for RNA sequencing with an Illumina HiSeq analyzer. Sequence reads were assembled to the ARS_USD1.2.99 bovine reference genome using the CLC genomics workbench software. On average, the samples generated ~56 million reads and 94.99% were mapped to the reference genome. Differential gene expression analysis between P and NP cows identified 187, 60, and 136 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in lactation 1, 2 and 3, respectively (P &lt; 0.01, FDR &lt; 0.05, FC &gt; ±2). Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis identified several DEG upregulated in lactations 2 and 3 associated with IL-17 signaling pathway, although expression of IL-17 itself was not different. This pathway is part of the protective response against extracellular bacteria and likely participates in pregnancy maintenance through local regulation of immune function. Further functional genomic analyses will be performed to determine additional metabolic pathways, key regulator genes, and functional SNPs associated with the establishment of pregnancy.
294 Increased fluctuations of genetic evaluations with genomic information
Authors: Lourenco Daniela , Tsuruta Shogo , Hidalgo Jorge , Misztal Ignacy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Under traditional BLUP, animals without new data in subsequent evaluations had stable EBV even when its precision was low. However, changes in EBV could still be observed for some animals when fixed effects were redefined, independently of accuracy levels. Given no model changes were made, the high stability of BLUP generated great confidence in the method. With the adoption of genomic evaluations by the livestock industry and the accumulation of genotypes, changes in genomic EBV (GEBV) in subsequent evaluations are being frequently reported; this is true even for animals that have no added phenotypes. Consequently, there are questions about why such changes happen. The main cause is the increase in connectivity among animals. As genomic relationships consider alleles that are identical by state, all genotyped animals can have some level of relationships, even though they do not share common ancestors in the current population. In this way, phenotypes added for a portion of the genotyped animals in the evaluation will be shared among nearly all genotyped animals. Conversely, in BLUP, those phenotypes are shared only with relatives in the pedigree; therefore, fewer changes are observed. Besides the increased connectivity, changes in blending and scaling of the genomic relationship matrix can cause changes in subsequent GEBV. Using real livestock data, we observed average changes of 0.1 additive genetic standard deviation (SDa) when newly recorded phenotypes were added to the genomic evaluation system; however, outliers had changes as high as 1 SDa, which agrees with the normal distribution theory. Although changes under genomic evaluations are more frequent than in BLUP, the observed fluctuations are small compared to the possible changes based on prediction error variance. Making selection decisions based on groups of animals with high average accuracy instead of individual animals may help to offset the impact of fluctuations in genomic evaluations.
59 Autolized yeast reduces microbiological contamination of the carcass in steers finished in a feedlot
Authors: Delazeri Dailis , Bertagnon Heloísa , Bonato Melina A , Borges Liliana L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The use of feed additives based on yeast cell wall has already been studied to favor the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria to the detriment of pathogenic bacteria in ruminants. This fact reduces diarrhea, increases animal performance, and could promote lesser contamination of the bovine carcass at the time of slaughter, during the evisceration. The present study aims to verify if the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae autolyzed yeast (AY) reduces total coliforms and Escherichia coli in feces and bovine carcass. Therefore, 36 steers, ½ Angus blood, finished in a feedlot, were submitted to three daily treatments for 105 days: control (diet without yeast), AY 4g (4g/animal/day, 2 x 1010cel/g of a commercial product based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae RumenYeast®), AY 7g (7g/animal/day, RumenYeast®). On days 29 and 90, after beginning in the feedlot, samples of feces were collected for E. coli and total coliforms identifications and counting. On the day of slaughter, 4 points of the carcasses were collected to identify and quantify E. coli, total fecal coliforms, and mesophiles by a petrifilm methodology. There was a reduction in E. coli and total coliforms for the AY 7g in the fecal samples comparing to the other groups (P = 0.0008 and 0.008, respectively), and a trend to reduce E. coli, total coliforms and mesophilic aerobes in the bovine carcass in AY 4g and AY 7g, comparing to the control group (P = 0.06; 0.10, and 0.05, respectively). It was concluded that supplementation with autolyzed yeast, especially when utilized in higher doses (7g), reduced fecal excretion and, consequently, reduce the carcass contamination by E. coli, mesophiles, and, total coliforms in animals during the feedlot period.
305 Awardee Talk: Transferring a culture of biosecurity to the feedmill
Authors: Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T , Jones Cassandra K , Paulk Chad B , Dritz S S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A culture of on-farm biosecurity has been established and practiced by modern swine production systems for many years. The value of this has been repeatedly demonstrated through improved animal health and performance based on the prevention of disease introduction to the herd. With the introduction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) to the US swine industry in 2013, we have learned that feed and feed ingredients can be vectors of disease transmission. Therefore, there is a heightened need to transfer our on-farm biosecurity culture to our feedmills and entire feed supply chain as a way to help prevent disease introduction into swine farms. Feedmills are designed to efficiently and effectively blend feed components into a homogenous batch, and the potential to distribute contaminated feed to multiple farms is significant. While feed and ingredients can be vectors of disease and pathogen transmission, our data continues to show that people are a major risk for pathogen transmission throughout the feed supply chain. Key biosecurity principles such as exclusion, prevention, isolation, mitigation, disinfection, and containment should be adopted and enforced for a strong feedmill biosecurity program. A written feedmill biosecurity plan should be developed and a training program that covers all employees as well as visitors and delivery drivers should be implemented. Continuous risk assessment and environmental monitoring should be utilized to identify new areas of risk and to assess the current status. Unfortunately, feedmills are nearly impossible to completely disinfect and therefore every effort should be made to prevent the introduction of pathogens into the mill. Research that we have conducted with PEDV and African Swine Fever Virus has demonstrated that adopting a culture of biosecurity at the feedmill will reduce risk of disease and pathogen exposure on farms.