bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the lifetime risk of dementia using nationwide individually linked cause-of-death and health register data
Authors: Klijs Bart , Mitratza Marianna , Harteloh Peter PM , Moll van Charante Eric P , Richard Edo , Nielen Markus MJ , Kunst Anton E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous estimates of the lifetime risk of dementia are restricted to older age groups and may suffer from selection bias. In this study, we estimated the lifetime risk of dementia starting at birth using nationwide integral linked health register data.

Methods
We studied all deaths in The Netherlands in 2017 (n = 147 866). Dementia was assessed using the cause-of-death registration, individually linked with registers covering long-term care, specialized mental care, dispensed medicines, hospital discharges and claims, and primary care. The proportion of deaths with dementia was calculated for the total population and according to age at death and sex.

Results
According to all data sources combined, 24.0% of the population dies in the presence of dementia. This proportion is higher for females (29.4%) than for males (18.3%). Using multiple causes of death only, the proportion with dementia is 17.9%. Sequential addition of long-term care and hospital discharge data increased the estimate by 4.0 and 1.5%-points, respectively. Further addition of dispensed medicines, hospital claims and specialized mental care data added another 0.6%-points. Among persons who die at age ≤65–70 years, the proportion with dementia is ≤6.2%. After age 70, the proportion rises sharply, with a peak of 43.9% for females and 33.1% for males at age 90–95 years.

Conclusions
Around one-fourth of the Dutch population is diagnosed with dementia at some point in life and dies in the presence of dementia. It is a major challenge to arrange optimal care for this group.
Dynamics of Extensive Drug Resistance Evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Single Patient During 9 Years of Disease and Treatment
Authors: Hjort Karin , Jurén Pontus , Toro Juan Carlos , Hoffner Sven , Andersson Dan I , Sandegren Linus 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the hardest to treat bacterial pathogens with a high capacity to develop antibiotic resistance by mutations. Here we have performed whole-genome sequencing of consecutive M. tuberculosis isolates obtained during 9 years from a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. The infecting strain was isoniazid resistant and during treatment it stepwise accumulated resistance mutations to 8 additional antibiotics. Heteroresistance was common and subpopulations with up to 3 different resistance mutations to the same drug coexisted. Sweeps of different resistant clones dominated the population at different time points, always coupled to resistance mutations coinciding with changes in the treatment regimens. Resistance mutations were predominant and no hitch-hiking, compensatory, or virulence-increasing mutations were detected, showing that the dominant selection pressure was antibiotic treatment. The results highlight the dynamic nature of M. tuberculosis infection, population structure, and resistance evolution and the importance of rapid antibiotic susceptibility tests to battle this pathogen.
Selective expression of claudin-5 in thymic endothelial cells regulates the blood–thymus barrier and T-cell export
Authors: Nagatake Takahiro , Zhao Yan-Chun , Ito Takeshi , Itoh Masahiko , Kometani Kohei , Furuse Mikio , Saika Azusa , Node Eri , Kunisawa Jun , Minato Nagahiro , Hamazaki Yoko 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
T-cell development depends on the thymic microenvironment, in which endothelial cells (ECs) play a vital role. Interestingly, vascular permeability of the thymic cortex is lower than in other organs, suggesting the existence of a blood–thymus barrier (BTB). On the other hand, blood-borne molecules and dendritic cells bearing self-antigens are accessible to the medulla, facilitating central tolerance induction, and continuous T-precursor immigration and mature thymocyte egress occur through the vessels at the cortico-medullary junction (CMJ). We found that claudin-5 (Cld5), a membrane protein of tight junctions, was expressed in essentially all ECs of the cortical vasculatures, whereas approximately half of the ECs of the medulla and CMJ lacked Cld5 expression. An intravenously (i.v.) injected biotin tracer hardly penetrated cortical Cld5+ vessels, but it leaked into the medullary parenchyma through Cld5– vessels. Cld5 expression in an EC cell line caused a remarkable increase in trans-endothelial resistance in vitro, and the biotin tracer leaked from the cortical vasculatures in Cldn5–/– mice. Furthermore, i.v.-injected sphingosine-1 phosphate distributed selectively into the medulla through the Cld5– vessels, probably ensuring the egress of CD3high mature thymocytes from Cld5– vessels at the CMJ. These results suggest that distinct Cld5 expression profiles in the cortex and medulla may control the BTB and the T-cell gateway to blood circulation, respectively.
IS26-mediated amplification of blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M-15 with concurrent outer membrane porin disruption associated with de novo carbapenem resistance in a recurrent bacteraemia cohort
Authors: Shropshire William C , Aitken Samuel L , Pifer Reed , Kim Jiwoong , Bhatti Micah M , Li Xiqi , Kalia Awdhesh , Galloway-Peña Jessica , Sahasrabhojane Pranoti , Arias Cesar A , Greenberg David E , Hanson Blake M , Shelburne Samuel A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately half of clinical carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates lack carbapenem-hydrolysing enzymes and develop carbapenem resistance through alternative mechanisms.

Objectives
To elucidate development of carbapenem resistance mechanisms from clonal, recurrent ESBL-positive Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) bacteraemia isolates in a vulnerable patient population.

Methods
This study investigated a cohort of ESBL-E bacteraemia cases in Houston, TX, USA. Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing data were used for comparative genomic analysis. Serial passaging experiments were performed on a set of clinical ST131 Escherichia coli isolates to recapitulate in vivo observations. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and qRT–PCR were used to determine copy number and transcript levels of β-lactamase genes, respectively.

Results
Non-carbapenemase-producing CRE (non-CP-CRE) clinical isolates emerged from an ESBL-E background through a concurrence of primarily IS26-mediated amplifications of blaOXA-1 and blaCTX-M-1 group genes coupled with porin inactivation. The discrete, modular translocatable units (TUs) that carried and amplified β-lactamase genes mobilized intracellularly from a chromosomal, IS26-bound transposon and inserted within porin genes, thereby increasing β-lactamase gene copy number and inactivating porins concurrently. The carbapenem resistance phenotype and TU-mediated β-lactamase gene amplification were recapitulated by passaging a clinical ESBL-E isolate in the presence of ertapenem. Clinical non-CP-CRE isolates had stable carbapenem resistance phenotypes in the absence of ertapenem exposure.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate IS26-mediated mechanisms underlying β-lactamase gene amplification with concurrent outer membrane porin disruption driving emergence of clinical non-CP-CRE. Furthermore, these amplifications were stable in the absence of antimicrobial pressure. Long-read sequencing can be utilized to identify unique mobile genetic element mechanisms that drive antimicrobial resistance.
Characterizing the Transport of Aluminum-, Silicon- and Titanium-Containing Particles and Nanoparticles in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Fresquez Mark R , Watson Clifford H , Valentin-Blasini Liza , Steven Pappas R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The most commonly observed forms of aluminum, silicon and titanium in tobacco products are aluminum silicates (e.g., kaolin), silica and titanium(IV) oxide. These compounds are neither water soluble nor volatile at cigarette combustion temperatures. Rather, they are transported in mainstream tobacco smoke as particles after being freed by combustion from the tobacco filler and can induce pulmonary inflammation when inhaled. Aluminum silicate particles are the most frequently observed particles in the pulmonary macrophages of smokers and have become known as ‘smokers’ inclusions’. A relatively new technique, single particle triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to analyze aluminum-, silicon- and titanium-containing particle deliveries in cigarette and little cigar mainstream tobacco smoke, and to collect information on solid inorganic particles. The mass concentration of aluminum-containing particles transmitted in mainstream smoke was low (0.89–0.56 ng/cigarette), which was not surprising because aluminum silicates are not volatile. Although the collective masses (ng/cigarette) of aluminum-, silicon- and titanium-containing particles under 100 nm diameter transported in mainstream smoke were low, an abundance of ‘ultrafine’ particles (particles &lt; 100 nm or nanoparticles) was observed. Limitations of the particle background equivalent diameter (the smallest detectable particle size (MassHunter 4.5 Software) due to the environmentally ubiquitous silicon background restricted the determination of silica nanoparticles, but silica particles slightly below 200 nm diameter were consistently detected. Aluminum- and titanium-containing nanoparticles were observed in all cigarette and little cigar samples, with titanium(IV) oxide particle deliveries consistently fewer in number and smaller in diameter than the other two types of particles. The highest concentrations of aluminum-containing particles (as kaolin) were in the nanoparticle range with much lower concentrations extending to the larger particle sizes (&gt;100 nm). The number and range of particle sizes determined in mainstream smoke is consistent with pulmonary deposition of aluminum silicates described by other researchers as contributing to the ‘smokers’ inclusions’ observed in pulmonary macrophages.
Exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States: Biology, Ecology, and Strategies for Management
Authors: Schappach Brittany L , Krell Rayda K , Hornbostel Victoria L , Connally Neeta P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Asian longhorned tick (ALT), Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae), is a three-host tick that was first detected outside of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quarantine in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, in 2017 and subsequently found in another 14 states. In its native Asia, and where it has become established in Australia and New Zealand, ALTs feed on a variety of hosts and are economically important livestock pests and competent vectors of multiple pathogens to humans and other animals. The degree to which ALT will become a persistent livestock pest or competent vector for introduced or existing pathogens in the United States is yet unclear. Because of its vast host availability, ability to reproduce asexually, known vector competence, and the presence of multiple life stages on hosts, the expansion of ALT establishment in the United States is expected, and is a significant public health and veterinary concern. In this paper, we discuss the biology, geographical distribution, life cycle and seasonal activity, reproduction, identification, medical and veterinary implications, management options, and future concerns in the United States.
Improving the depth resolution of STEM-ADF sectioning by 3D deconvolution
Authors: Ishizuka A , Ishizuka K , Ishikawa R , Shibata N , Ikuhara Y , Hashiguchi H , Sagawa R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Although the possibility of locating single atom in three dimensions using the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been discussed with the advent of aberration correction technology, it is still a big challenge. In this report we have developed deconvolution routines based on maximum entropy method (MEM) and Richardson–Lucy algorithm (RLA), which are applicable to the STEM-annular dark-field (ADF) though-focus images to improve the depth resolution. The new three-dimensional (3D) deconvolution routines require a limited defocus-range of STEM-ADF images that covers a whole sample and some vacuum regions. Since the STEM-ADF probe is infinitely elongated along the optical axis, a 3D convolution is performed with a two-dimensional (2D) convolution over xy-plane using the 2D fast Fourier transform in reciprocal space, and a one-dimensional convolution along the z-direction in real space.
Using our new deconvolution routines, we have processed simulated focal series of STEM-ADF images for single Ce dopants embedded in wurtzite-type AlN. Applying the MEM, the Ce peaks are clearly localized along the depth, and the peak width is reduced down to almost one half. We also applied the new deconvolution routines to experimental focal series of STEM-ADF images of a monolayer graphene. The RLA gives smooth and high-P/B ratio scattering distribution, and the graphene layer can be easily detected. Using our deconvolution algorithms, we can determine the depth locations of the heavy dopants and the graphene layer within the precision of 0.1 and 0.2 nm, respectively. Thus, the deconvolution must be extremely useful for the optical sectioning with 3D STEM-ADF images.
HRP2/3 mutation in recrudescent Plasmodium falciparum malaria case acquired in Ethiopia
Authors: Gefen-Halevi Shiraz , Belinson Valentin , Manor Uri , Gazit Zeala , Smollan Gill , Belausov Natasha , Biber Asaf , Schwartz Eli , Grossman Tamar , Leshem Eyal , Amit Sharon 
Published: October 2020

A 65-year-old Israeli working in Welkait, Ethiopia, not using malaria prophylaxis, developed fever. Malaria rapid detection test was consistent with non-falciparum malaria (plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase+/histidine-rich protein− [LDH+/HRP−]) but microscopy showed typical Plasmodium falciparum. HRP2/3 were negative by polymerase chain reaction. The patient suffered two recrudescence episodes following artemether–lumefantrine and atovaquone–proguanil treatments, and responded to mefloquine treatment.
Chronicle of international repositories foretold: a survey in the future of nuclear liability law
Authors: Handrlica Jakub 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
International repositories, which will be operated in underground geological structures and where spent nuclear fuel originating from several states will be disposed, have been discussed as an option to construction of national underground repositories for several decades. Such international repositories manifest several advantages as compared with exclusive national repositories. Fact is, that despite obvious benefits, that may establishment of international repositories imply for smaller states, these installations will also represent a considerable source of risk, as dangerous substances will be deposited in them for hundreds of years. Consequently, prospective construction of international repositories in the future must be accompanied by existence of an effective regime of liability for damages, that may potentially occur. This article aims to address the question, if the currently existing international framework is capable to cover risks arising from operation of prospective international repositories, or if a new legal framework is to be established in this regard.
Arbitration Literature
Authors: Schultz Thomas , Ridi Niccolò 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the arbitration literature. Arbitration literature has a long history. So far, however, no attempt has been made to examine it and its evolution systematically and with a quantitative approach. The lack of investigation of this research question is, in and by itself, surprising. Clearly, the literature plays a strong role in shaping the thinking and making of international arbitration law. Moreover, literature—and scientific literature in particular—is a privileged conduit for the various actors in the social field of international arbitration. The chapter then looks at scientometrics. This field was first defined as ‘the quantitative methods of the research on the development of science as an informational process’. On the scientometrics market, the citation is the main currency. The rationale is that citation counts are positively associated with subsequent impact. Thus, arbitration literature can be measured in two ways. First, one determines which works are the most cited, in absolute terms and over time, for two different time windows. These are the works that likely have had the most impact on the knowledge in and about arbitration, where this knowledge is taken as a single, common whole. Second, one looks at what the co-citation network can reveal about the make-up of the world of arbitration literature.
Arbitral Jurisdiction
Authors: Mills Alex 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept and source of arbitral jurisdiction. In the context of arbitration, the term ‘jurisdiction’ typically refers to the ‘power’ or ‘authority’ of the arbitral tribunal to decide a dispute. A decision about whether a tribunal has jurisdiction will frequently be made by the tribunal itself, but that decision is not and cannot be a source of its jurisdiction, and cannot be a definitive determination of that jurisdiction, because the authority of that decision depends on the very question under review. A degree of deference may be given to the tribunal’s determination of these questions by national courts, but self-evidently a tribunal may not confer authority on itself. Thus, the ‘power’ of a tribunal comes more indirectly from two sources. First, the cooperation of national courts, which may readily recognize and enforce arbitral awards and may also act in support of arbitration in various other ways. Second, the potential reputational consequences of non-compliance with an arbitral award, which may lead a party to comply with it voluntarily. The legal framework for arbitration applied by most national courts is set out in the New York Convention 1958, and this remains a key basic source of the standards which are applied to determine when an arbitral tribunal is considered to have jurisdiction.
Enforcement
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses enforcement in international arbitration. The ready enforceability of arbitral awards is the single strongest component of the architecture that undergirds international arbitration. Two conventions are the primary mechanisms ensuring that enforceability: the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, colloquially known as the New York Convention; and the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States, colloquially referred to as the ICSID Convention or the Washington Convention. The regime for enforcement of arbitral awards is based on a structure that prioritizes enforcement so long as awards are rendered pursuant to certain largely procedural safeguards. This approach is an attempt to balance the principle of party autonomy with concern on the part of national courts that they not be co-opted into enforcing awards not consistent with at least rudimentary principles of fair play. Judgment debtors can thus resist enforcement should the arbitration have failed to comport with fundamental notions of due process. In the case of the New York Convention, two other grounds for resisting enforcement have to do with policy considerations in the enforcing state.
Legal Certainty and Arbitration
Authors: Bachand Frédéric , Gélinas Fabien 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses legal certainty in international arbitration. It specifically considers the noticeable shift in the balance between legal certainty and legal flexibility. While legal flexibility surely continues to deserve a place among the core values of international arbitration, it is legal certainty’s stock that has been on the rise in recent years. The shift can be felt throughout the international arbitration system, and it is mainly driven by an increased awareness that too much flexibility can ultimately imperil arbitration’s legitimacy. While, in the commercial setting, the shift toward greater certainty is occurring in response to concerns emanating from users of arbitral services, in the investment context, it rather reflects concerns about the power of arbitrators to shape public international law.
The Environment and Investment Arbitration
Authors: Mbengue Makane Moïse , Raju Deepak 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the relationship between investment arbitration and the environment. Most view investment arbitration as a threat to environmental regulation, and examine whether sufficient safeguards have been built into treaty texts and arbitral practice to preserve regulatory space for states to advance environmental objectives. However, states are at liberty to choose the objectives that they pursue and set their own priorities between various competing objectives. There is no reason to assume that host states always accord the highest priority to environmental objectives. In some instances, host states may be keen to pursue economic or other objectives at the cost of the environment. Investors in some sectors, such as renewable energy, would find some or all of the host state’s measures for environment protection commercially profitable. On the other hand, there would be sectors where investors would stand to lose from environmental measures. Thus, whether a foreign investor’s interests align with a host state’s interest to protect its environment depends on a number of factors including the sector of investment and the nature of the environmental measure. The chapter then looks at how investment arbitrators have acted, and are likely to act, when faced with issues related to the protection of the environment.
The Politics of Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Poulsen Lauge N. Skovgaard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the politics of investment treaty arbitration. It first looks at two core political justifications for investment treaty arbitration. The first relates to home state politics and diplomacy: the ability of investment treaty arbitration to depoliticize investor–state disputes. The second justification relates to host state politics and institutions: the ability of investment treaty arbitration to convince certain types of foreign investors to commit capital into certain types of jurisdictions due to its effects on host state governments. On this basis, the chapter then discusses the politics of investment treaty arbitration in recent years, particularly surrounding the unintended consequences of the investment treaty regime as well as the controversy about investment arbitrators themselves.
Investment Arbitration in the Energy Sector
Authors: Cima Elena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the role of investment arbitration in the energy sector, which has received increasing attention over the last decade. International energy investment accounts for a significant percentage of all global investments and makes up the largest portfolio of international arbitrations in the world today. Energy-related disputes can take many forms. They may occur between two states, two private parties, or a private party and a state—in which case they may relate either to an investment by a foreign company in a state or to a commercial contract between a foreign company and a state. The chapter considers only one type of energy-related dispute, namely investment disputes between a foreign investor and a state. It particularly focuses on arbitration, which represents ‘the most widely used form of dispute settlement between foreign investors and host States’.