bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embarking: The Pittsburgh Survey, Workers’ Compensation, and the First Blush of Fame
Authors: Aronson Amy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In 1907, Crystal Eastman began a temporary job investigating industrial accidents with the Pittsburgh Survey, a comprehensive study of urban industrial life organized by Paul Kellogg and Edward Devine, financed by the newly formed Russell Sage Foundation. The project involved established leaders, such as Florence Kelley and John R. Commons, as well as young visual artists, including Lewis Hine and Joseph Stella, and brought a new generation of educated women into professional work in social welfare. Eastman’s study, later published as Work Accidents and the Law (1910), resulted in her appointment by Governor Charles Evans Hughes to chair New York’s new commission on employer liability in 1909. There, she proposed to overhaul common law standards, shifting to a no-fault distribution of risk and loss shared by workers, businesses, and consumers. The resulting legislation failed a constitutional challenge in 1911 but laid the groundwork for successful workers’ compensation laws in New York State and elsewhere.
Passages: Feminism, Journalism, and the Transatlantic Twenties
Authors: Aronson Amy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
After the vote was won, Crystal Eastman hoped to transform successful but single-issue suffragism into a class- and race-conscious, transnationally minded feminism. She ran afoul of Alice Paul, unquestioned leader of the National Woman’s Party, who wanted another targeted single-issue campaign. By 1923, Eastman, Paul, and the organization agreed on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) as their new “great demand.” In its all-encompassing simplicity, the ERA solved the problem of how a single-issue campaign could seek redress for the huge and complicated problem of gender inequality. Unfortunately, the idea splintered coalitions in the wider women’s movement, alienating the party from a whole network of once-compatible Progressive groups. Eastman, now living in her husband’s native London with their children, worked as a journalist, covering this debate. By 1926, little progress had been made, and she welcomed a fresh tack. She began working with Paul to campaign for equal rights provisions in international treaties.
Coming Home
Authors: Aronson Amy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
By 1927, Crystal Eastman had been living as the freelance journalist she never wanted to be, pitching article after article to conservative or capricious editors. She had recently covered the momentous International Woman Suffrage Alliance congress in Paris, but was generally exhausted from childcare and homemaking, frustrated by declining health, and almost always behind in her bills. She longed to return to home. Paul Kellogg advised patient planning and supplied a prescient idea for new line of work, but she returned to New York quite hastily, with only a short speaking engagement planned. Three weeks later, Walter died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Deep in mourning, Eastman began a temporary job organizing a celebration for The Nation. Her colleagues noticed she was fighting a tremendous battle. In fact, she was mortally ill. Her kidneys, damaged long ago by scarlet fever, were now giving out. Ten months later, she passed away.
Energy conditions in arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Maeda Hideki , Martínez Cristián 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Energy conditions for matter fields are comprehensively investigated in arbitrary $n(\ge 3)$ dimensions without specifying future and past directions locally. We classify an energy–momentum tensor into $n$-dimensional counterparts of the Hawking–Ellis types I to IV, where type III is defined by a more useful form than those adopted by Hawking and Ellis and other authors to identify the type-III energy–momentum tensor in a given spacetime. We also provide necessary and sufficient conditions for types I and II as inequalities for the orthonormal components of the energy–momentum tensor in a canonical form and show that types III and IV violate all the standard energy conditions. Lastly, we study energy conditions for a set of physically motivated matter fields.
Low-density granulocytes and monocytes as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: López Patricia , Rodríguez-Carrio Javier , Martínez-Zapico Aleida , Pérez-Álvarez Ángel I , Suárez-Díaz Silvia , Mozo Lourdes , Benavente Lorena , Caminal-Montero Luis , Suárez Ana 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
The aim was to evaluate the most relevant cell populations involved in vascular homeostasis as potential biomarkers of SLE-related cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods
Low-density granulocytes (LDGs), monocyte subsets, endothelial progenitor cells, angiogenic T (Tang) cells, CD4+CD28null and Th1/Th17 lymphocytes and serum cytokine levels were quantified in 109 SLE patients and 33 controls in relationship to the presence of subclinical carotid atheromatosis or cardiovascular disease. A second cohort including 31 recent-onset SLE patients was also included.

Results
Raised monocyte and LDG counts, particularly those LDGs negative for CD16/CD14 expression (nLDGs), in addition to the ratios of monocytes and nLDGs to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLc) molecules (MHR and nLHR, respectively), were present in SLE patients with traditional risk factors or subclinical atheromatosis but not in those who were CV-free, thus revealing their value in the identification of patients at risk of CVD, even at the onset of disease. Accordingly, nLDGs were correlated positively with carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and with inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6). A bias towards more differentiated monocyte subsets, related to increased IFN-α and IL-17 serum levels, was also observed in patients. Intermediate monocytes were especially expanded, but independently of their involvement in CVD. Finally, CD4+CD28null, Th17 and Th1 lymphocytes were increased, with CD4+CD28null and Th17 cells being associated with cIMT, whereas endothelial progenitor and Tang cell levels were reduced in all SLE patients.

Conclusion
The present study highlights the potential use of MHR and nLHR as valuable biomarkers of CVD risk in SLE patients, even at diagnosis. The increased amounts of nLDGs, monocytes, Th17 and senescent-CD28null subsets, coupled with reduced pro-angiogenic endothelial progenitor cells and Tang cells, could underlie the development of atheromatosis in SLE.
Properties and abundance of overlapping genes in viruses
Authors: Schlub Timothy E , Holmes Edward C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Overlapping genes are commonplace in viruses and play an important role in their function and evolution. However, aside from studies on specific groups of viruses, relatively little is known about the extent and nature of gene overlap and its determinants in viruses as a whole. Here, we present an extensive characterisation of gene overlap in viruses through an analysis of reference genomes present in the NCBI virus genome database. We find that over half the instances of gene overlap are very small, covering &lt;10 nt, and 84 per cent are &lt;50 nt in length. Despite this, 53 per cent of all viruses still contained a gene overlap of 50 nt or larger. We also investigate several predictors of gene overlap such as genome structure (single- and double-stranded RNA and DNA), virus family, genome length, and genome segmentation. This revealed that gene overlap occurs more frequently in DNA viruses than in RNA viruses, and more frequently in single-stranded viruses than in double-stranded viruses. Genome segmentation is also associated with gene overlap, particularly in single-stranded DNA viruses. Notably, we observed a large range of overlap frequencies across families of all genome types, suggesting that it is a common evolutionary trait that provides flexible genome structures in all virus families.
Whole genome sequencing of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 directly from human cerebrospinal fluid reveals selective constraints in neurotropic viruses
Authors: Lassalle Florent , Beale Mathew A , Bharucha Tehmina , Williams Charlotte A , Williams Rachel J , Cudini Juliana , Goldstein Richard , Haque Tanzina , Depledge Daniel P , Breuer Judith 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) chronically infects over 70 per cent of the global population. Clinical manifestations are largely restricted to recurrent epidermal vesicles. However, HSV-1 also leads to encephalitis, the infection of the brain parenchyma, with high associated rates of mortality and morbidity. In this study, we performed target enrichment followed by direct sequencing of HSV-1 genomes, using target enrichment methods on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of clinical encephalitis patients and from skin swabs of epidermal vesicles on non-encephalopathic patients. Phylogenetic analysis revealed high inter-host diversity and little population structure. In contrast, samples from different lesions in the same patient clustered with similar patterns of allelic variants. Comparison of consensus genome sequences shows HSV-1 has been freely recombining, except for distinct islands of linkage disequilibrium (LD). This suggests functional constraints prevent recombination between certain genes, notably those encoding pairs of interacting proteins. Distinct LD patterns characterised subsets of viruses recovered from CSF and skin lesions, which may reflect different evolutionary constraints in different body compartments. Functions of genes under differential constraint related to immunity or tropism and provide new hypotheses on tissue-specific mechanisms of viral infection and latency.
Metastatic breast cancer patient perception of somatic tumor genomic testing
Authors: Adams Elizabeth J. , Asad Sarah , Reinbolt Raquel , Collier Katharine A. , Abdel-Rasoul Mahmoud , Gillespie Susan , Chen James L. , Cherian Mathew A. , Noonan Anne M. , Sardesai Sagar , VanDeusen Jeffrey , Wesolowski Robert , Williams Nicole , Shapiro Charles L. , Macrae Erin R. , Pilarski Robert , Toland Amanda E. , Senter Leigha , Ramaswamy Bhuvaneswari , Lee Clara N. , Lustberg Maryam B. , Stover Daniel G. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTPurposeTo assess metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patient perceptions and comprehension of tumor genomic testing and to evaluate associations with psychological wellbeing.MethodsIn a prospective, single institution, single-arm trial, patients with MBC underwent next-generation sequencing at study entry, with sequencing results released at progression. Patients who completed surveys before undergoing sequencing were included in the study (n=58). We administered four validated psychosocial measures: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Trust in Physician Scale, and Communication and Attitudinal Self-Efficacy scale for Cancer. Genetic comprehension was assessed using 7-question objective and 6-question subjective measures. Longitudinal data were assessed using paired Wilcoxon signed rank and McNemar’s test of agreement.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the beginning and end of study in depression, anxiety, physician trust, or self-efficacy (median time on study: 7.6 months). Depression and anxiety were positively associated with each other and both negatively associated with self-efficacy. Self-efficacy decreased from pre-to post-genomic testing (p=0.05). There was a wide range of objective genetics comprehension and comprehension was significantly lower in non-white patients (p=0.02) and patients with lower income (p=0.04). Patients expressed increased confidence in their ability to teach others about genetics at end of study.ConclusionsThis is the only study, to our knowledge, to longitudinally evaluate multiple psychological metrics in MBC as patients undergo tumor genomic testing. Among patients with MBC, depression and anxiety metrics were negatively correlated with patient self-efficacy. Patients undergoing somatic genomic testing had limited genomic knowledge, which varied by demographic groups.
Frequent Daytime Napping is Detrimental to Human Health: A phenotype-wide Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Chen Lanlan , Tian Aowen , Liu Zhipeng , Zhang Miaoran , Pan Xingchen , He Chang , Liu Wanqing , Chen Peng 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundIt remains controversial whether daytime napping is beneficial for human health.ObjectiveTo examine the causal relationship between daytime napping and the risk for various human diseases.DesignPhenotype-wide Mendelian randomization study.SettingNon-UK Biobank cohorts reported in published genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provided the outcome phenotypes in the discovery stage. The UK Biobank cohort provided the outcome phenotypes in the validation stage.ParticipantsThe UK Biobank GWAS included 361,194 European-ancestry residents in the UK. Non-UKBB GWAS included various numbers of participants.ExposureSelf-reported daytime napping frequency.Main outcome measureA wide-spectrum of human health outcomes including obesity, major depressive disorder, and high cholesterol.MethodsWe examined the causal relationship between daytime napping frequency in the UK Biobank as exposure and a panel of 1,146 health outcomes reported in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), using a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. The significant findings were further validated in the UK Biobank health outcomes of 4,203 human traits and diseases. The causal effects were estimated using a fixed-effect inverse variance weighted model. MR-Egger intercept test was applied to detect horizontal pleiotropy, along with Cochran’s Q test to assess heterogeneity among the causal effects of IVs.FindingsThere were significant causal relationships between daytime napping frequency and a wide spectrum of human health outcomes. In particular, we validated that frequent daytime napping increased the risks of major depressive disorder, obesity and abnormal lipid profile.InterpretationThe current study showed that frequent daytime napping mainly had adverse impacts on physical and mental health. Cautions should be taken for health recommendations on daytime napping. Further studies are necessary to precisely define the best daytime napping strategies.
Age differences in retrieval-related reinstatement reflect age-related dedifferentiation at encoding
Authors: Hill Paul F. , King Danielle R. , Rugg Michael D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAge-related reductions in neural specificity have been linked to cognitive decline. We examined whether age differences in specificity of retrieval-related cortical reinstatement could be explained by analogous differences at encoding, and whether reinstatement was associated with memory performance in an age-dependent or age-independent manner. Young and older adults underwent fMRI as they encoded words paired with images of faces or scenes. During a subsequent scanned memory test participants judged whether test words were studied or unstudied and, for words judged studied, also made a source memory judgment about the associated image category. Using multi-voxel pattern analyses, we identified a robust age-related decline in scene reinstatement. This decline was fully explained by age differences in neural differentiation at encoding. These results suggest that, regardless of age, the specificity with which events are neurally processed at the time of encoding determines the fidelity of cortical reinstatement at retrieval.
Visual and oculomotor abilities predict professional baseball batting performance
Authors: Liu Sicong , Edmunds Frederick R. , Burris Kyle , Appelbaum Lawrence Gregory 
Published: January 2020

AbstractScientists and practitioners have long debated about the specific visual skills needed to excel at hitting a pitched baseball. This study aimed to advance the debate by evaluating the relationship between pre-season visual and oculomotor evaluations and pitch-by-pitch season performance data from professional baseball batters. Eye tracking, visual-motor, and optometric evaluations collected during spring training 2018 were obtained from 71 professional baseball players. Pitch-level data from Trackman 3D Doppler radar were obtained from these players during the subsequent season and used to generate batting propensity scores for swinging at pitches out of the strike zone (O-Swing), swinging at pitches in the strike zone (Z-Swing), and swinging at, but missing pitches in the strike zone (Z-Miss). Nested regression models were used to test which vision-related evaluation(s) could best predict the standardized plate discipline scores as well as the batters’ highest attained league levels during the season. Results indicated that visual evaluations relying on eye tracking (e.g., smooth pursuit accuracy and oculomotor processing speed) significantly predicted the highest attained league level and the propensity scores associated with O-Swing and Z-Swing, but not Z-Miss. These exploratory findings indicate that batters with superior visual and oculomotor abilities are generally more discerning at the plate. When combined with other known performance advantages in perceptual and cognitive abilities for elite athletes, these results provide a wholistic view of visual expertise in athletes.
TMSNP: a web server to predict pathogenesis of missense mutations in transmembrane region of membrane proteins
Authors: Garcia-Recio Adrián , Gómez-Tamayo José Carlos , Reina Iker , Campillo Mercedes , Cordomí Arnau , Olivella Mireia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe massive amount of data generated from genome sequencing have given rise to several mutation predictor tools although no mutation database or predictor tool have been developed specifically for the transmembrane region of membrane proteins.We present TMSNP, a database that currently contains information from 2624 pathogenic and 195964 non-pathogenic reported mutations located on the TM region of membrane proteins. The computed conservation parameters and annotations on these mutations were used to train a machine-learning model that classifies TM mutations as pathogenic or non-pathogenic. The presented tool improves considerably the prediction power of commonly used mutation predictors and additionally represents the first mutation prediction tool specific for TM mutations.TMSNP is available athttp://lmc.uab.es/tmsnp/Contactmireia.olivella@esci.upf.edu
The role of maternal effects on offspring performance in familiar and novel environments
Authors: Vrtílek Milan , Chuard Pierre J. C. , Iglesias-Carrasco Maider , Jennions Michael D. , Head Megan L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMaternal effects are an important evolutionary force that may either facilitate adaptation to a new environment or buffer against unfavourable conditions. The degree of variation in traits expressed by siblings from different mothers is frequently sensitive to environmental conditions. This could generate a Maternal-by-Environment interaction (M×E) that could inflate estimates of Genotype-by-Environment effects (G×E). We aimed to test for environment-specific maternal effects (M×E) using a paternal full-sib/half-sib breeding design in the seed beetleCallosobruchus maculatus,where we split and reared offspring from the same mother on two different bean host types – original and novel. Our quantitative genetic analysis indicated that maternal effects were very small on both host types for all the measured life-history traits. There was also little evidence that maternal oviposition preference for a particular host type predicted her offspring’s performance on that host. Further, additive genetic variance for most traits was relatively high on both hosts. While there was higher heritability for offspring reared in the novel host, there was no evidence for G×Es, and most cross-host genetic correlations were positive. This suggests that offspring from the same family ranked similarly for performance on both host types. Our results point to a genetic basis of host adaptation in the seed beetle, rather than maternal effects. Even so, we encourage researchers to test for potential M×Es because, due to a lack of testing, it remains unclear how often they arise.
Local translation in perisynaptic astrocytic processes is specific and regulated by fear conditioning
Authors: Mazaré Noémie , Oudart Marc , Moulard Julien , Cheung Giselle , Tortuyaux Romain , Mailly Philippe , Mazaud David , Bemelmans Alexis-Pierre , Boulay Anne-Cécile , Blugeon Corinne , Jourdren Laurent , Le Crom Stéphane , Rouach Nathalie , Cohen-Salmon Martine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLocal translation is a conserved molecular mechanism conferring cells the ability to quickly respond to local stimuli. It not only permits cells with complex morphology to bypass somatic protein synthesis and transport, but also contributes locally to the establishment of molecular and functional polarity. In the brain, local translation has been extensively studied in neurons and has only been recently reported in astrocytes, whose fine processes contact both blood vessels and synapses. Yet the specificity and regulation of astrocyte local translation remain unknown. Here, we studied hippocampal perisynaptic astrocytic processes (PAPs) and show that they contain all the machinery for translation. Using our recently refined polysome immunoprecipitation technique, we then characterized the pool of polysomal mRNAs in PAPs, referred to as the PAPome, and compared it to the one found in the whole astrocyte. We found that the PAPome encoded an unexpected molecular repertoire, mostly composed of cytoplasmic proteins and of proteins involved in iron homeostasis, translation, cell cycle and cytoskeleton. Among them, ezrin (Ezr), ferritin heavy chain 1 (Fth1) and 60S acidic ribosomal protein1 (Rplp1) were enriched in PAPs compared to perivascular astrocytic processes, indicating that local translation differs at these two interfaces. Remarkably, PAPs were also enriched in transcripts coding for proteins involved in learning and memory, such as ferritin (Ftl1 and Fth1), G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 (Ccnd2), E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (Mdm2), Receptor of activated protein C kinase 1 (Gnb2l1) and Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (Eef1a1). To address their regulation in a physiological context, we assessed their local translation after fear conditioning. We found alterations in their density and/or distribution in astrocytes as well as a drop in their translation specifically in PAPs. In all, our results reveal an unexpected molecular repertoire of hippocampal PAPs, which is regulated by local translation during learning and memory processes.