bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing traceability in social measurement: establishing a common metric for dependence
Authors: Salzberger T , Cano S , Abetz-Webb L , Afolalu E , Chrea C , Weitkunat R , Fagerström K , Rose J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Measurement in the social sciences is characterised by a multitude of incompatible paradigms, most of which fail to adhere to fundamental principles of measurement explicated in metrology. This has led to a fragmentation of instruments that are hard to interpret and lack a common reference. Rasch measurement theory, the metrological framework of the Rasch model, combined with strong substantive theories of the measurand, has the potential to advance measurement in the social sciences significantly. The Rasch model establishes a reference standard with a common unit of measurement against which different instruments can be calibrated ensuring traceability in social measurement. Uncertainty in the calibration process is addressed by a standard error of measurement for a specific estimate taking into account that precision varies over the continuum of the measurand. A strong substantive theory of the measurand allows for concrete predictions that can be tested empirically with positive evidence supporting accuracy. We exemplify the potential of the Rasch model by developing the ABOUT-Dependence, a new instrument for the measurement of dependence on tobacco- and nicotine-containing products (TNP). The instrument provides comparable measurements of dependence on different TNPs as well as dependence on multiple TNPs used concurrently. A co-calibration of the new instrument and existing, product-specific instruments allows for a conversion of scores of existing instruments into scores on the new instrument, and vice versa, via the established equal-unit reference scale. The score comparability adds to traceability in the measurement of dependence, is likely to facilitate the acceptance of the new instrument, and helps avoid a discontinuity in the research of dependence.
Metrology of nerve-similar sensing systems in anthropomorphic robots and living organisms
Authors: Buymistriuk G Y 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The features of metrological support of nerve-similar sensor measuring systems with the use of neural networks are considered. It is established that the metrological verification of such measuring systems, by analogy with living organisms, is possible by comparing their responses, invariant to the external unstable environment. It is shown that from the standpoint of classical metrology, instrumental, methodical, static, dynamic, systematic and random errors of nerve-like sensory measurement systems with neural network results are reduced to two types – methodical and systematic errors of neural network training. It is proved that without using of reference calibration tools for embedded sensors, it is possible to experimentally evaluate systematic and random errors in the presence of several similar measurement systems by multiple pairwise comparisons of their responses, and the obtained systematic error can be introduced in the form of a metrological correction in the results of responses.
Measuring for management in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning ecosystems
Authors: Morrison J , Fisher Jr W P 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Rapid global expansion of multi-stakeholder ecosystems for learning in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) demand close attention to the information infrastructure needed for sharing best practices and improving outcomes. The existing conceptual model of ecosystem development and elements needs to be translated into a metrological measurement model tailored to ecosystem management. An evaluation tool not designed from measurement principles included 38 questions applied across three years. An initial review of the instrument conducted before data were made available found multiple ambiguous items and rating categories requiring respondents to summarize diverse aspects of their experience in a single rating, with no capacity to reconstruct which aspects were included by any given respondent. Response data from 36 ecosystems in 2016, 38 in 2017, and 110 in 2018 produced more uncertainty than expected given the numbers of items, rating scale categories, and responses. No common factor structures across items could be identified. Stated expectations already on the record concerning STEM ecosystem development characteristics and focal partners, attributes, and goal areas provide a basis for an instrument redesign likely to result in meaningful measures advancing a theory of action fit for the purpose of STEM learning ecosystem management.
Advances in modelling visual symptoms and visual skills
Authors: Powers M K , Fisher W P 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Though it seems to be a natural process of physical development, not everyone learns on their own how to use their eyes effectively. Poor binocular vision skills negatively impact a wide range of daily life activities, including reading. This study extends previous work using existing data in multidimensional causal Rasch models of vision. Optometry, survey, and reading assessment data are evaluated in a common frame of reference. Thirty-three students performed vergence and tracking exercises in about 12 to 38 sessions each involving a sequence of five computerized training modules. The number of training modules experienced in any given session ranged from one to five. There were 4, 064 total measured cases, with about 123 measures per student. Paired comparison t-tests of early and late measures show significant gains in vision quality. Two regression models predict reading scores on the basis of vision data. Results support further study of how training in Functional Binocular Vision might contribute to improved outcomes in reading education.
Accelerating the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals through metrological multi-stakeholder interoperability
Authors: Lips da Cruz A , Fisher Jr W P , Pendrill L , Felin A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The timeline for the fulfilment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) diverse stakeholder interests can be accelerated many times over by creating incentives and rewards aligning individual and corporate self-interests with the greater good. The SDGs have been criticized for setting out ambitious goals with no accountability or enforcement mechanisms and little in the way of incentives or rewards past recognition for contributing to a better future. There is then an urgent and increasing need for quality assured sustainability and economic measurements capable of efficiently coordinating and aligning decision-making across investors, financial markets and governments, the private and public sectors, and institutions. Metrology is key to making the 17 UN SDGs measureable and manageable collectively by individuals globally, in accordance with the 169 targets. This massive global effort will require aligning metrological unit standards for the sustainability targets with financial values and economic key ratios, legally binding property (material and immaterial) rights, accounting standards, management practices incorporating new performance indicators and new standards in sustainable economic models. Just as the profit motive and individual and corporate priorities worked to create a new middle class over the last 200 years, so might they also be harnessed and channelled to create universally accessible opportunities for new ways of generating both financial and authentic wealth. The bottom line is that we liberate the power of common targets, language, and understanding with sustainable categorical standards to support adaptations to local situations in the context of traceability to universal standards.
Raman and CRDS isotopic resolution spectroscopy for biomedicine applications
Authors: Grishkanich Aleksandr , Chubchenko Yan , Kustikova Marina , Zhevlakov Aleksandr , Konopelko Leonid , Lunev Andrey , Noskova Irina , Paklinov Nikita 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
SRS-sensor was developed for measuring absolute amount ratios of 13C/12C isotopes for medical application. Measuring absolute amount ratios of 13C/12C isotopes allows detection of Helicobacter pylori for medical diagnostics of human health. SRS method is used to measure the amount of carbon dioxide isotopes in exhaled air to detect Helicobacter pylori. This is used to determine influence of the bacterium on the occurrence of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. This paper includes methods and metrological characteristics for measuring isotopes ratios.
Combinatorial characterization of inrankings as weak orders induced by intervals
Authors: Muravyov S V , Emelyanova E Y 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The problem of reliable processing of heteroscedastic interval data occupies an important niche among urgent topics of measurement science. The paper is devoted to a combinatorial characterization of so called ‘inrankings’ which are weak orders induced by input intervals of the interval fusion with preference aggregation (IF&PA) procedure. The procedure transforms the given m initial real line intervals into inrankings, which are a specific case of weak order relations (or rankings) over a set of n discrete values belonging to these intervals. The new notation of inranking appears as a result of restrictions imposed on the ordinary rankings by interval character of the initial data. In the paper, the inranking spaces properties are investigated from the combinatorial theory point of view. It is shown that the inranking space is a subset of the set of all weak orders with a single symbol of strict order. The cardinality of inranking space is defined by the triangle number for the given number n of the discrete elements. Cardinalities of other adjacent spaces are considered.
Assessment of the generic problem-solving construct across different contexts
Authors: Nguyen A K L , Nguyen C T K , Adams R J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Problem-solving, one of the generic skills in the so-called ‘21stcentury’ skillset, has been found to be critical to the personal and professional success of learners. This study evaluates the existence of conceptual meaning of students’ generic problem-solving (GPS) competency in three distinct contexts, namely mathematics, reading, and creative problem-solving using the PISA Computer-Based Assessments (CBA) 2012 data. The analyses were framed in the context of a content validity exploration from Messick’s validation framework to reveal the GPS conceptual meaning underlying PISA CBA 2012 measurements. Specific tasks carried out include: (a) conducting skill auditing of PISA CBA 2012 items to understand their measured skill content and relevant to and representative of the generic problem-solving construct’s level; (b) using the outcome of the skill auditing stage to interpret the GPS competency levels measured by the domain-specific subject tests before comparing them with corresponding levels together.
Legal metrological verification in health area in Brazil
Authors: Soratto A N , Nunes L L , Cassol G 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Presents the method used by Inmetro to measure the coverage of periodic metrological verification of sphygmomanometry and clinical scales in Brazil in 2018. It was used the Metrological Verification Coverage Ratio, that represents the percentage of healthcare facilities that received the periodic metrological verification service on the total number of healthcare facilities in the country. The results reveal great opportunity for growth of the instrument verification in several sectors, helps to size of the workforce and provides strategic information for the planning and execution of mandatory metrological verification in Brazil.
Methods to ensure the reliability of measurements in the age of Industry 4.0
Authors: Budylina E A , Danilov A A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The methods of increasing the reliability of measurement results based on the use of structural redundancy in the implementation of measuring instruments and multidimensional models, calibration of measuring instruments (including remote) and methods of processing large arrays of measurement results are considered. It is noted that these methods will be demanded by mass production in the age of Industry 4.0.
Measuring systems designed for working with living organisms as biosensors. Features of their metrological maintenance
Authors: Lyubimtsev V A , Kholodkevich S V , Druzhinin I I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper deals with the use of living organisms as biosensors for integrated assessing of the quality of their habitat. In particular, the paper considers the application of fish, shellfish, and crayfish for the water quality evaluation. By the example of a measuring system with crayfish, the features of metrological maintenance of systems with biosensors are described.
Plasma effective charge diagnostics at the Globus-M2 tokamak
Authors: Tukhmeneva E A , Tolstyakov S Yu , Kurskiev G S , Gusev V K , Minaev V B , Petrov Yu V , Sakharov N V , Telnova A Yu , Bakharev N N , Shegolev P B , Kiselev E O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The conventional method for determining the effective ion charge Zeff
is based on measurements of the bremsstrahlung intensity in the spectral regions free from line radiation. This paper describes the design of the Zeff
diagnostics at the Globus-M tokamak as well as the results of the first measurements. With allowance for the emission intensity estimates, the geometry of the experiment was chosen; the filter monochromators for recording bremsstrahlung were designed and manufactured. Using the Thomson scattering data on T

e
(R) and n

e
(R) profiles, time dependences Zeff
(t) were obtained in several shots of the Globus-M tokamak. The results of simulations Z

eff
performed using the ASTRA transport code are consistent with these measurements.
Limiting efficiency of fusion neutron source based on deuterium plasma
Authors: Chirkov A Yu , Fedyunin D E , Egorov K S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The estimates of the parameters needed for realization of a fusion neutron source based on deuterium plasma are presented. Requirements to the magnetic trap are discussed with reference to the proposed concept. The efficiency of the power plant is considered with allowance for the conversion of thermal energy.
Parameters of electron component in a pulsating discharge in a supersonic airflow
Authors: Shibkova L.V , Shibkov V.M , Logunov A.A , Andrienko A.A , Kornev K.N , Dolbnya D.S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The plasma parameters of an unsteady pulsating transverse-longitudinal discharge created in subsonic and supersonic air flows are determined. It was shown that in the anode part of the plasma loop, the longitudinal electric field, as well as the electron density and temperature exceed the corresponding values in the cathode part of the loop. The effect of gas flow rate and discharge current on the temperature of electrons in plasma of a pulsating discharge in air and propane-air mixture is also shown.
Boundary layer and the structure
Authors: Pyatnitsky L N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
L.D. Landau’s analysis showed, the plane harmonic wave used in the small perturbation method is inapplicable as the turbulent disturbance motion form. The search for the movement form carried out in accordance with the considerations of H. Lorentz, led to replace the longitudinal wave with a spherical wave layer arising on the wall as a result of friction. This form of disturbing motion formed the basis of the turbulence wave model which reproduced the space-time field of the flow parameter pulsations. In this paper, the model is applied to describe the formation of the structure of the boundary layer and of the viscous sublayer.
Ignition of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuel in supersonic flow by means of plasma generator
Authors: Yarantsev D A , Firsov A A , Dolgov E V , Savelkin K V , Talyzin V A , Nikolaev A A , Voloshenko O V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper describes experimental research of the surface electrical discharge influence on the ignition and combustion of the gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuel in supersonic airflow without mechanical flameholders. Electrodes of plasma generator are integrated with injectors of gaseous fuel. Tests were carried out on the experimental setup T131B in TsAGI. Diagnostics includes schlieren visualization, measurements of pressure distribution and discharge voltage/current. It is shown that new scheme of plasma generation and pilot fuel injection is rather effective and provides ignition of liquid hydrocarbon fuel in hot supersonic airflow (T
0=750 K) and ethylene ignition in cold (T
0=300 K) supersonic airflow.
Numerical and experimental modelling of MHD interactions at hypersonic flow around blunted body
Authors: Korotaeva T.A , Fomichev V.P. , Yadrenkin M.A. , Shipko E.K. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The problem of the reducing heat fluxes to the surface of the re-entry capsules when they enter the dense layers of the atmosphere remains an urgent challenge. The purpose of the numerical and experimental study presented in this paper is to check the possibility to decelerate the descent vehicles and reduce the thermal load on their surface in the upper atmosphere using the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) method. The problem of the flow around a blunt body with a hypersonic air flow (M = 6) is considered when a local MHD interaction is realized near a stagnation point. An experimental study has been carried out at the MHD test rig. The test rig is designed to study the fundamental and applied problems of magnetoplasma aerodynamics. At the experimental simulation the free-flow ionization has been implemented using an electric high-voltage discharge, as distinct from the natural conditions when thermal ionization takes place behind shock waves at the flow hypersonic speeds. Numerical simulation of the flow around a blunt body has been carried out in the framework of Navier-Stokes equation with an approximate specification of the sources of force and heat in the region of MHD interaction. The flow parameters have been defined based on the results of the analysis of experimental data. The Stuart number has been obtained in all experiments that made it possible to establish a correlation between the calculated and experimental data. As a result of the studies, the possibility of changing the flow pattern around the model, the motion of the bow shock wave towards the free flow, and the heat fluxes decrease to the body surface have been demonstrated. It has been shown that, as a result of MHD interaction, the pressure and heat flux decrease about 2 times in the vicinity of the stagnation point where recirculated gas flows occur.
Study of the ionizing gas flow in the channel of plasma accelerator with different ways of gas inflow at the inlet
Authors: Kozlov A N , Klimov N S , Konovalov V S , Podkovyrov V L , Urlova R V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Numerical studies of the ionization process are presented for various ways of the gas supplying at the inlet of the coaxial channel of the quasi-stationary plasma accelerator. Simulation of two-dimensional axisymmetric flows of ionizing gas was carried out on the basis of the equations of radiation magnetic gas dynamics taking into account radiation transport. The approximation of local thermodynamic equilibrium in three-component medium consisting of atoms, ions, and electrons was used in the MHD model. It was determined that non-uniform gas inflow at the channel inlet leads to even greater instability of the pulsating unsteady flows of the ionizing gas in the plasma accelerator. The method of long characteristics was used in the 3D model of radiation transport, including the basic mechanisms of emission and absorption for different portions of the spectrum. The radiation field in the ionizing gas flow was determined, including the integral radiation characteristics and the spectral radiation intensities in the narrow ranges of frequencies or photon energies.
Kinematics, dynamics and energy balance of electric arc in a magnetic field
Authors: Bityurin V A , Bocharov A N , Moralev I A , Kuznetsova T N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Electric arcs (EA) are widely used in various applications as a high-density energy source, providing heating of the environment to temperatures of several thousand degrees. The presence of an external magnetic field perpendicular to the arc current vector causes a ponderomotive force normal to the plane of the electric current and magnetic field vectors. Thus, in addition to the thermal effect, there is also a dynamic one. It is these properties that motivate the use of EA as an MHD actuator to control the flow characteristics of gaseous working bodies in various technological processes. MHD actuator is most often considered as a control element (1) in combustion processes to intensify the mixing of fuel-air mixtures and maintain combustion due to the volume and constant high-temperature energy supply and (2) to control the characteristics of the boundary layer in the flow of the working surfaces of the devices. In both cases, the key issue is the efficiency of mixing (relative displacement of neighbouring elements of the medium). Within the framework of the standard “Eulerian” description of the gas-dynamic fields evolution in the laboratory reference frame, the movements of individual elements of the medium are not explicitly available. In this regard, this work is focused on the trajectories analysis of the individual mass elements exposed to the MHD of the actuator.
Spatial trends in the nitrogen budget of the African agro-food system over the past five decades
Authors: Elrys Ahmed S , Abdel-Fattah Mohamed K , Raza Sajjad , Chen Zhujun , Zhou Jianbin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Low nitrogen (N) fertilization is a dominant cause of malnutrition in Africa, but the spatial and temporal variability of N cycling patterns in Africa remain unclear. This study is the first to perform a detailed analysis of the N cycling patterns of 52 African countries from 1961 to 2016. We calculated the N use efficiency (NUE) in crop production, country-specific N fertilization trends, and the impacts of N fertilization on human protein demand and the environment. Over the past five decades, total N input to African croplands increased from 20 to 35 kg N ha−1 yr−1, while the application of synthetic N fertilizers (SNF) increased from 4.0 to 15 kg N ha−1 yr−1. N contributions from animal manure and biological N fixation remained lower than 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The total N crop production increased from 15 to 22 kg N ha−1 yr−1 from 1961 to 2016. Total N surplus in Africa increased from 5 to 13 kg N ha−1 yr−1, while estimated gaseous losses increased from 4.0 to 11 kg N ha−1 yr−1. However, NUE declined from 74% to 63% during the past five decades, and protein consumption increased from 2.99 to 3.78 kg N capita−1 yr−1. These results suggest that Africa suffers from extremely low N input and that N loss is increasing in agricultural land. We recommend the implementation of an effective N management strategy incorporating the use of locally available organic material along with the balanced application of SNF. Such measures will require effective policy development and cooperation between all stakeholders.