bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Markers and Characteristics of New HIV Infections Among Adolescents in Zambia
Authors: Moyo Tina Nanyangwe , Moyo Nkuye , Zheng Xiaoying , Kalibala Samuel , Qiao Xiaochun , Guo Chao , Sweeny Kim , Wu Jilei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background

We aimed to explore HIV RNA (ribonucleic acid) virologic levels greater than 1,000 copies/millilitre (ml), among HIV-positive adolescents aged 15–24 years, establish the spread of CD4 T- cell counts and inspect characteristics of adolescents presenting with new HIV infections, including co-infections with Hepatitis B virus and syphilis.
Methods

We analysed data from the Zambia Population-based HIV Impact Assessment 2016 survey. Two-stage stratified cluster probability sample design was used to select the target population. Our study truncated the population to focus on the age-group 15–24 whose biomarker tests and household information were complete. Our primary outcome measure was “New HIV-positive Infections among 15-24-year-olds” defined as HIV-positive biomarker samples presenting with HIV RNA ≥ 1,000 copies/ml without detectable ARVs. We tested associations between new HIV infections and clinical characteristics using negative binomial models adjusting for age, sex, education, marital-status, residence among several covariates.
Results

Overall, 2·3% ([166/7320], 95% CI: 1·9–2·6) adolescents aged 15–24 years were diagnosed with new HIV infections, with greater proportions among females (3·3% [139/4,165], 95% CI: 2·8–3·9) than males (0·86% [27/3,155], 95% CI: 0·6–1·2). Almost half (47·6%) of seroconversions had HIV RNA ≥ 50,000 copies/ml and an average CD4 + T-cell count of 479 cells/mm 3. HBV– positive adolescents (IRR 8·6, 95% CI: 2·9–24·9, P < 0·001, model 2) were at increased risk of new infections unlike those testing positive for syphilis antibodies (IRR 1·22, 95% CI: 0·2–8·3, P < 0·84). Adjusting for confounders revealed that being married or cohabiting, testing positive for HBV, being a rural resident and attaining higher than secondary education emerged as strongest correlates of new infections.
Conclusion

High baseline levels of viral load and low CD4 + T-cell count in recent HIV infections among adolescents indicate weak immune repertoire at first diagnosis, increasing the risk of contagion. As the epidemic continues to spread within the adolescent population, HIV-infection will become more complex and greater proportions of adolescents will likely be infected by regular partners. This suggests growing need for interventions targeted at stable partnerships and intensified public health campaigns specific for adolescents.
Kinetic analysis of sucrose activated carbon for nutrient removal in water
Authors: Jamaliniya Sara , Basu O. D. , Suresh Saumya , Musvoto Eustina , Mackintosh Alexis 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A renewable, green activated carbon made from sucrose (sugar) was compared with traditional bituminous coal-based granular activated carbon (GAC). Single and multi-component competitive adsorption of nitrate and phosphate from water was investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were fitted to data obtained from the nitrate and phosphate adsorption experiments. Nitrate adsorption fits closely to either Freundlich or Langmuir model for sucrose activated carbon (SAC) and GAC with a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 7.98 and 6.38 mg/g, respectively. However, phosphate adsorption on SAC and GAC demonstrated a selective fit with the Langmuir model with an adsorption capacity of 1.71 and 2.07 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that adsorption of nitrate and phosphate follow pseudo-second-order kinetics with rate constant values of 0.061 and 0.063 g/(mg h), respectively. Competitive studies between nitrate and phosphate were demonstrated in preferential nitrate removal with GAC and preferential phosphate removal with SAC. Furthermore, nitrate and phosphate removals decreased from 75% removal to 35% removal when subject to multi-component solutions, which highlights the need for adsorption analysis in complex systems. Overall, SAC proved to be competitive with GAC in the removal of inorganic contaminants and may represent a green alternative to coal-based activated carbon.
A Design of Experiment Approach for Optimization and Characterization of Clarithromycin Ternary System Using Spray Drying
Authors: Shete Nikhil Arun , Swami Vishwajeet M. , Chaudhari Avinash , Khabiya Prachi N. 
Published: July 2020

The aim of present work was to characterize Clarithromycin (CLT), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPB) ternary system so as to check the effect of complexation on solubility of CLT. Physical mixtures of a drug and polymers in several weight ratios (1:1, 1:2) were prepared to check the effect of individual polymers on solubility of CLT. Spray drying method was accustomed investigate the combined effect of PVP K30 and HPB on Drug release (DR), Dissolution efficiency (DE) and mean dissolution time (MDT) of CLT. For the preparation and optimization of ternary system the Design of experiment (DoE) was used . Drug polymer interactions were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size analysis. Results of solubility study suggested that there was significant increase in solubility of CLT with increase within the concentration of PVP K30 and HPB (*p<0.05). This may be thanks to the solubilizing effect of PVP K30 and sophisticated formation of CLT with HPB. Various combinations of PVP K30 and HPB prepared using DoE approach by spray drying method showed greater solubility of CLT than its physical mixtures (*p<0.05). Results of FTIR, DSC, XRD and particle size analysis revealed the interaction between CLT, PVP K30 and HPB. This suggested formation of amorphous ternary system with mean particle diameter within the range of 312±1.35 nm. Combine use of PVP K30 and HPB with DoE approach was an efficient tool for formulating ternary system of CLT.
Keywords: Clarithromycin, Spray drying, polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30, Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, Design of experiments, Ternary system.
IPLEMENTASI PERMENKUMHAM NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2013 TENTANG TATA TERTIB LAPAS DAN RUTAN KELAS IIB BANDA
Authors: Yuhermansyah Edi , Zairah Nur 
Published: July 2020

Abstrak Lahirnya Permenkumham Nomor 6 Tahun 2013 tentang Tata Tertib Lapas dan Rutan adalah untuk menjamin terselenggarakannya tertib kehidupan di Lapas dan Rutan. Setiap ucapan, tulisan, atau perbuatan yang tidak menaati tata tertib sebagaimana yang telah diatur disebut dengan pelanggaran disiplin. Terhadap narapidana yang melakukan pelanggaran disiplin maka akan dikenakan hukuman disiplin. Namun jika dilihat menurut hukum pidana Islam, tidak ada ketentuan atau penjelasan secara rinci yang mengatur mengenai bentuk hukuman disiplin terhadap narapidana. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, yang menjadi permasalahan adalah bagaimana penerapan hukuman disiplin terhadap narapidana di Rutan Kelas IIB Banda Aceh. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk pelanggaran serta hukuman disiplin yang diterapkan terhadap narapidana serta tinjauan hukum pidana Islam terhadap penerapan hukuman disiplin tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis empiris. Dengan menggunakan dua metode pengumpulan data yaitu dokumentasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara garis besar, hukuman disiplin serta prosedur penanganan yang diterapkan terhadap narapidana di Rutan Kelas IIB Banda Aceh sudah sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku. Namun penjatuhan hukuman disiplin pada beberapa pelanggaran masih tergolong ringan, Seperti penjatuhan hukuman disiplin terhadap narapidana yang tidak mengikuti program pembinaan, seharusnya berdasarkan aturan mendapatkan hukuman disiplin tingkat berat, namun oleh pihak Rutan dijatuhi hukuman disiplin tingkat ringan, hal ini berdasarkan pertimbangan dari pihak Rutan, seperti kurangnya fasilitas untuk menjalankan program pembinaan tersebut. Ditinjau menurut hukum pidana Islam maka penerapan hukuman disiplin di Rutan Kelas IIB Banda Aceh merupakan bentuk hukuman ta’zir dari ulil amri, karena baik Al-Quran maupun As-Sunnah tidak mengatur secara rinci mengenai hal tersebut. Dari paparan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pihak Rutan Kelas IIB Banda Aceh dalam menjatuhkan hukuman disiplin terhadap narapidana berlandaskan pada Permenkumham Nomor 6 Tahun 2013 tentang Tata Tertib Lapas dan Rutan dan juga berdasarkan pertimbangan dari pihak Rutan sendiri, serta sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum pidana Islam. Kata Kunci: Hukuman Disiplin-Pelanggaran Disiplin-Narapidana-Ta’zir
PERLINDUNGAN SAKSI DAN KORBAN DI PENGADILAN NEGERI BANDA ACEH (Studi Kasus Tindak Pidana Korupsi)
Authors: Rispalman Rispalman , Oktaviyanti Leny 
Published: July 2020

Abstrak Pasal 5 Undang-undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2014 tentang perlindungan saksi dan korban mengatur hak-hak saksi dan korban dan penulis lebih memfokuskan kepada hak-hak saksi dalam tindak pidana korupsi, dalam permasalahan hak-hak saksi dan akan berkaitan dengan implementasi dari pasal 5 mengenai ada atau tidak perlindungan saksi yang di terapkan di Pengadilan Negeri Banda Aceh karena keberhasilan suatu proses peradilan pidana itu tergantung pada alat bukti yang berhasil diungkapkan di pengadilan terutama keterangan saksi merupakan faktor yang penting sehingga perlu adanya perlindungan saksi sebagaimana telah diatur di dalam Undang-undang. Dan salah satu faktor tidak adanya penerapan perlindungan saksi yaitu adanya perbedaan keterangan saksi tindak pidana korupsi di BAP dengan di persidangan. Dari permasalahan di atas maka yang menjadi permasalahan adalah bagaimana implementasi pasal 5 undang-undang nomor 31 tahun 2014 terhadap saksi tindak pidana korupsi di Pengadilan Negeri Banda Aceh, dan apa faktor penyebab terjadinya perbedaan keterangan saksi tindak pidana korupsi di BAP (Berita Acara Pemeriksaan) dengan di persidangan berdasarkan pengamatan hakim. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu yuridis empiris dengan melakukan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian dan kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan dari hak-hak saksi yang dilakukan oleh Pengadilan Negeri Banda Aceh belum diterapkan sebagaimana termaktub dalam pasal 5 Undang-undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2014 dikarenakan banyak kendala yang dihadapi yaitu mulai dari lembaga yang berwenang yaitu Lembaga Perlindungan Saksi dan korban (LPSK), anggaran atau dana, dan dari pemerintah. Dan adanya perbedaan keterangan saksi di Berita Acara Pemeriksaan dengan di Persidangan berdasarkan penelitian bersama hakim yaitu ada tiga faktor, adanya pengaruh dari pihak penyidikan, adanya pengaruh dari pihak terdakwa, dan adanya rasa takut dari saksi. Kata Kunci: Implementasi-Hak Saksi-PN Banda Aceh
ASPEK PIDANA DALAM PEMANFAATAN TANAH NEGARA TANPA IZIN PERSPEKTIF FIQH JINAYAH (Studi Kasus Di Gampong Lamreung Kecamatan Krueng Barona Jaya Aceh Besar)
Authors: Rahmatillah Syarifah , Handayani Sari 
Published: July 2020

Abstrak Pemanfaatan tanah negara adalah serangkaian perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang dalam hal pemakaian tanah misalnya di sempadan sungai atau sempadan danau tanpa adanya izin dari hak atau kuasanya yang sah atau bertentangan dengan aturan hukum yang berlaku, yang dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan di tempat tersebut. Di sepanjang sungai Krueng Aceh, Gampong Lamreung Meunasah Baktrieng sempadan sungai banyak dimanfaatkan oleh warga tanpa izin. Disini aspek pidana dalam pemanfaatan tanah negara tanpa izin menjadi tolak ukur terhadap permasalahan ini sehingga pertanyaan dalam artikel ini adalah, bagaimana faktor pemanfaatan tanah negara tanpa izin yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Gampong Lamreung Meunasah Baktrieng Kecamatan Krueng Barona Jaya Aceh Besar dan bagaimana aspek pidana dalam Fiqh Jinayah dalam pemanfaatan tanah negara tanpa izin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis, yaitu metode yang bertujuan membuat deskripsi, atau gambaran secara sistematif, faktual dan akurat mengenai fakta-fakta. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan penulis dengan penelitian lapangan (field reasearch) serta kajian pustaka (library reasearch). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek pidana dalam pemanfaatan tanah negera tanpa izin di Gampong Lamreung Meunasah Baktrieng ada beberapa faktor yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Gampong Lamreung Meunasah Baktrieng di antaranya ialah, faktor ekonomi mencakup juga dengan lapangan kerja, kuranganya pengawasan, dan anggapan terhadap hak pakai. Selanjutnya aspek pidana dalam Fiqh Jinayah dalam pemanfaatan tanah negara tanpa izin, dalam pandangan Islam tidak ditemukan tentang aturan pertanahan yang rinci, akan tetapi mengupas hukum Islam tentang tanah/agraria menggunakan analisis Ushul Fiqh khususnya konsep Maqashid Syar’iyah (tujuan penetapan hukum Islam). Namun dalam Fiqh Islam juga ada yang mengatur tentang kemashlahatan manusia, yakni menarik manfaat, menolak kemudharatan dan menghilangkan kesusahan.Pemanfataan tanah negara tanpa izin juga termasuk dalam kategori Jarimah Takzir, dimana wewenangnya itu terdapat pada penguasa atau pemerintah, bentuk hukumanya itu tidak disebutkan oleh syara’ tetapi menjadi kewenangan penguasa atau pemerintah. Kata Kunci: Aspek Pidana-Pemanfaatan-Tanah Negara-Fiqh Jinayah
KNOWLEDGE FROM KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Borges Rodrigo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper argues that a necessary condition on inferential knowledge is that one knows all the propositions that knowledge depends on. That is, I will argue in support of a principle I call the Knowledge from Knowledge principle:(KFK) S knows that p via inference or reasoning only if S knows all the propositions on which p depends.KFK meshes well with the natural idea that (at least with respect to deductively valid or inductively strong arguments) the epistemic status of one’s belief in the conclusion of an argument is a function of the epistemic status of the attitudes one has to the premises of that argument. One gets what one puts in: S’s belief in the conclusion C of an argument A has epistemic status E for S only if S’s belief in each of the premises C depends on also has epistemic status E. This is compatible, of course, with the epistemic status of S’s conclusion being greater than the epistemic status of the premises on which the conclusion of her reasoning depends. Furthermore, even though KFK applies more straightforwardly to non-suppositional inferences, we can also plausibly apply the principle to sup-positional reasoning if we treat S’s assuming for the sake of argument that p, as S assuming for the sake of argument that she knows that p.Although extremely plausible, philosophers have failed to present a concerted case in support of KFK. Most of their energy goes to articulating and/or defending some form of closure principle for knowledge. What is more, recently versions of this principle have been dismissed as problematic but I think without the reasons in its support been fully appreciated. This paper is an e fort to change the current state of affairs. Its focus is positive, however: my goal is to make the best case I can in support of KFK.⁵ To that end, the paper presents the reasons we have to accept KFK (§1), considers an objection to the principle (§2), and situates the principle in the broader normative context of knowledge norms (§3).
WHAT ARE THE ODDS THAT EVERYONE IS DEPRAVED?
Authors: Hill Scott 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhy does God allow evil? One hypothesis is that God desires the existence and activity of free creatures but He was unable to create a world with such creatures and such activity without also allowing evil. If Molinism is true, what probability should be assigned to this hypothesis? Some philosophers claim that a low probability should be assigned because there are an infinite number of possible people and because we have no reason to suppose that such creatures will choose one way rather than another. Arguments like this depend on the principle of indifference. But that principle is rejected by most philosophers of probability. Some philosophers claim that a low probability should be assigned because doing otherwise violates intuitions about freewill. But such arguments can be addressed through strategies commonly employed to defend theories with counterintuitive results across ethics and metaphysics.
SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PEREKOMENDASIAN OLI MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY MADM
Authors: Nugroho Arief Kelik , Permadi Ipung , Hanifa Aini 
Published: July 2020

Perekomendasian oli secara manual, tanpa menggunakan perhitungan yang akurat cenderung bersifat subyektif serta cukup sulit mengenali karakteristik oli yang paling tepat untuk jenis motor tertentu. Proses analisis data transaksi secara manual berdasarkan pada pengamatan akan mempengaruhi kualitas mesin. Sebagai contoh untuk memberikan rekomendasi oli terbaik bagi seorang konsumen, maka sebuah perusahaan/bengkel sepeda motor harus melihat data transaksi ganti oli yang lalu untuk mendapatkan data tentang oli yang digunakan untuk mengganti oli motor konsumen tersebut. . Penggunaan perangkat komputer dapat digunakan sebagai pendukung keputusan menjadi lebih cepat, tepat, dan akurat. Proses perekomendasian oli terbaik bagi kendaraan bermotor menggunakan metode fuzzy. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh direkomendasikan A3=0.72, A2 = 0.66, A1= 0.55, A4= 0.40.
KONTRIBUSI KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA SEKOLAH, IKLIM KERJA, DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA GURU
Authors: Santiari Luh Putu , Arya Sunu I Gusti Ketut , Rihendra Dantes Kadek 
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Kontribusi Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah, Iklim Kerja, dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Guru di SMP Lab Undiksha Singaraja. Penelitian ini adalah “ex-post facto”. Sampel sebanyak 36 orang. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner dan dokumen. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik regresi sederhana, regresi ganda, dan korelasi parsial. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan hasil: Pertama, terdapat kontribusi yang signifikan antara Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah terhadap Kinerja Guru, dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,766 dan kontribusinya sebesar 58,70%. Kedua, terdapat kontribusi yang signifikan antara Iklim Kerja terhadap Kinerja Guru, dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,704 dan kontribusinya sebesar 49,50%. Ketiga, terdapat kontribusi yang signifikan antara Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Guru dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,779 dan kontribusinya sebesar 60,70%. Keempat, secara bersama-sama, terdapat kontribusi yang signifikan antara Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah, Iklim Kerja, dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Guru dengan koefisien korelasi ganda sebesar 0,885 dan kontribusinya sebesar 78,30% terhadap kinerja guru.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PAILKEM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS TEKS EKSPLANASI
Authors: Wati Ni Made Anggara , Rasna I Wayan , Martha I Nengah 
Published: July 2020

The study aimed to know (1) student’s achievements after applying PAILKEM is learning model in the learning of writing explanation text, (2) the steps of implementing the PAILKEM learning model to write the explanation text, and (3) student response after implementing PAILKEM learning model in writing the explanation text in class XI MM students SMK PGRI 3 Badung. Classroom action research these two cycles consist of five components, namely planning, implementation, observation, evaluation, and reflection. Subject this research is a teacher and students 38 class XI MM SMK PGRI 3 Badung. The data collection methods used are test, observations, and poll/questionnaire. The data analysis techniques used are quantitative. The three data analysis result obtained, namely (1) the test result of the prasilklus achieved on average 69, next on the one cycle occurred an increase of 7 points to 76, and two cycles increased 9 points to 85. The value has reached the KKM school is 80, (2) learning model implementation steps the main, preliminary, and closing, and (3) the study of PAILKEM can be increase in student response, the cycle averages on 43 (positive) and increased by 2% in cycles of two 45 (very positive). Besed on the description, model of PAILKEM in writing the explanation text of class XI students MM SMK PGRI 3 Badung years lesson 2019/2020 increasing. In addition, suggestions in this study are teachers constantly using sustainable PAILKEM is learning model in producing the explanation text.
Analisis Quality Of Service Jaringan Load Balancing Menggunakan Metode PCC Dan NTH
Authors: Saharuna Zawiyah , Nur Rini , Sandi Ahmad 
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini menganalisis kinerja dari dua metode load balancing yaitu Nth dan Per Connection Classifier (PCC). Kedua metode tersebut diimplementasikan pada suatu topologi jaringan yang menggunakan dua line ISP dengan memberikan parameter limit bandwidth setiap ISP. Implementasi metode load balancing dilakukan menggunakan MikroTik RouterBoard. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah dengan mengukur kinerja konektifitas jaringan, mekanisme failover dan Quality of Service (QoS) jaringan dari kedua metode load balancing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan load balancing dapat menyeimbangkan nilai throughput dan meminimalkan nilai packet loss. Nilai throughput pada Nth lebih stabil disetiap client daripada PCC. Namun nilai packet loss pada PCC lebih kecil daripada Nth. Nilai delay dan jitter tidak berpengaruh pada penerapan load balancing, namun PCC memiliki nilai delay dan nilai jitter yang lebih kecil dibandingkan Nth. Mekanisme failover berjalan baik pada kedua metode load balancing, namun mekanisme failover pada Nth lebih cepat daripada PCC dengan nilai downtime sebesar 3 detik.
Factors Influencing Quantity Surveying Services Performance in Nigeria
Authors: Ebunoluwa Esther Ilori , Kehinde Ojo Grace 
Published: July 2020

Quantity surveying profession is faced with great challengesconcerning recognition and survival in Nigeria. Usually, thiscould be overcome by being proactive in dealing with factors that could influence theirservices performance. Quiet numbers of factors are affecting the performance of quantitysurveying firms in Nigeria; which makes their survival to be a matter of concern to theresearchers. Therefore, this paper evaluated the extent to which the performance of quantitysurveying firms is being influenced by internal and environmental factors with a view toincreasing the recognition and survival of the firm in the competitive business environment.Employee quantity surveyors assessed internal factors while employers of quantity surveyingfirms assessed external factors. One hundred and thirty-one (131) respondents comprisingeighty-five (85) employees and forty-six (46) employers of registered quantity surveying firmswere sampled randomly. Data were collected through administration of questionnaire oninfluencing factors; the collected data were subjected to mean analysis and analysis ofvariance (ANOVA). The findings showed that lack of recognition of the employees by themanagement influenced the performance of employees mostly; the employees agreed on theinfluence of this factor on the overall performance of firm. On external factors, findingsrevealed that technological changes and tough competition have high level of influence onthe performance of quantity surveying firms in the built environment. In addition, theemployers have similar view on the influence of these factors @ p>0.05. The study concludedthat lack of recognizing the employees by the firm, technological changes and toughcompetition influenced the performance of quantity surveying services in Nigeria; thesefactors had affected the recognition of quantity surveying profession in the competitiveenvironment. Therefore, the factors should be given adequate and prompt consideration so asto minimize their adverse effects on the survival of Quantity Surveying Firms in Nigeria.
Keyword: Employee Quantity Surveyors, Employers, Quantity Surveying Firms, ServicesPerformance, Influencing Factors.