bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the contingent value of knowledge base for radical innovation capability
Authors: Yang Yinjuan 
Published: April 2020

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how to build firm’s radical innovation capability from its own knowledge resources. It proposes the impact of knowledge base on radical innovation and outlines why and how appropriability regimes are important throughout the radical innovation capability development process.Design/methodology/approachQuestionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to empirically test the relationship between knowledge base, appropriability regimes and radical innovation capability. To correct for potential endogeneity, a two-stage regression model was used to test the interaction effectsFindingsBy examining 237 firms involved in R&D activities in high-tech manufacturing firms in China, this paper finds that when a firm have a deep knowledge base, strategic appropriability regime may reduce concerns about problems such as knowledge leakage and innovation appropriation associated with deep knowledge bases. In contrast, legal appropriability regime will also tend to strengthen the positive effect of knowledge breadth on radical innovation capability.Research limitations/implicationsIn this study, self-reported measures are used because of their potential for concept specific accuracy; future research might wish to replicate our model and test it with objective data.Practical implicationsThe paper includes implications for the fit between the existing internal knowledge base and the way a firm appropriates from its knowledge, and provides entrepreneurs and managers with direct implications about how to manage knowledge resources for radical innovation capability development.Originality/valueThis paper provides a more nuanced understanding of how knowledge base and value appropriability mechanisms jointly affect radical innovation capability development.
Is it time to include legumes in plant silicon research?
Authors: Putra Rocky , Powell Jeff R. , Hartley Susan E. , Johnson Scott N. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

To date, the functional role of plant silicon has mostly been investigated in grasses (Poaceae). This potentially overlooks the importance of silicon in other plant functional groups such as legumes (Fabaceae). Legumes form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria (rhizobia) inside the root nodules for fixing atmospheric nitrogen. A small, but growing number of studies suggest that silicon promotes this symbiotic relationship.

We consider how legumes may take up and deposit silicon relative to what is known about these processes in grasses. We synthesize information about how silicon affects legume growth and function in the context of environmental stresses and the legume–rhizobia symbiosis.

The available literature indicates that silicon is broadly beneficial to legumes, alleviating the effects of stresses including metal toxicity, salinity, alkalinity and pathogens. Crucially, there is also evidence that silicon promotes the legume–rhizobia interaction including increased root nodulation, numbers of bacteroids and nitrogen fixation across several legume species.

We propose a model for how silicon may benefit the legume–rhizobia interaction. We hypothesize that silicification in the tissues may reduce the high metabolic cost of carbon‐based compounds in cell wall construction, optimize solute transport and gas exchange in root nodules and/or promote protection against environmental stresses. We therefore propose a hypothetical framework to better understanding the impacts of silicon on legume–rhizobia relationships.

We also suggest potential research priorities that would help us to better understand the functional role of silicon in nitrogen‐fixing legumes. These research priorities focus on characterizing how silicon affects the chemical dialogues between the host plant and its rhizobial partner, how silicon is deposited in legume roots and how resources are exchanged by the two. Given the growing importance of legumes at a global scale, silicon could play a vital role in improving legume health and productivity with manifold environmental benefits.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Plant diversity enhances the reclamation of degraded lands by stimulating plant–soil feedbacks
Authors: Jia Pu , Liang Jie‐liang , Yang Sheng‐xiang , Zhang Sheng‐chang , Liu Jun , Liang Zhi‐wei , Li Feng‐mei , Zeng Qing‐wei , Fang Zhou , Liao Bin , Shu Wen‐sheng , Cadotte Marc W. , Li Jin‐tian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Despite a rich history of theoretical and empirical work showing that increasing biodiversity results in higher ecosystem function, this research has not made a commensurate impact on the reclamation of degraded lands, where enhancing ecosystem function is of primary importance.

In this study, we manipulated plant diversity on heavily degraded mine lands and showed that increasing plant diversity greatly enhanced the reclamation of these lands. We found that high‐diversity assemblages were often associated with more biomass, higher stability and less toxic foliage than low diversity treatments, although the monocultures of Miscanthus sinensis (the most productive species) performed equally well as some of the polycultures.

Our results showed that species composition and richness explained most of the total variation in biomass yield of the experimental plots, indicating that both the selection and complementarity effects influenced the positive diversity effects observed in this study.

Miscanthus sinensis and legumes (as a functional group) were found to be the main contributors to the selection effect. The plots with M. sinensis tended to harbour fewer soil fungal pathogens than those without it and a similar pattern was observed for the legumes, indicating a poorly known plant–soil fungal pathogen feedback for these plants. This kind of feedback appeared to play an important role also in shaping the positive plant species richness–ecosystem function relationships recorded in the degraded mine land. More importantly, we provide the first evidence that the observed plant–soil fungal pathogen feedbacks were likely mediated by chitinolytic bacteria that release anti‐fungal enzymes. Cellulose‐degrading bacteria that aid in plant decomposition and nutrient cycling also attained higher abundances in plots with higher plant diversity, suggesting the contribution of another kind of plant–soil feedback to the positive diversity effects.

Synthesis and applications. Our findings reveal that highly diverse plant assemblages are better able to spur plant–soil feedbacks and that increasing plant diversity is an important strategy to enhance land reclamation efficiency after contamination. Meanwhile, our results also indicate that some plants such as Miscanthus sinensis and legumes should be preferentially used to establish diverse plant communities for rapid reclamation of degraded lands.
Atorvastatin attenuates vascular remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats via the protein kinase D/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 5 pathway
Authors: Yuan Haitao , Wang Deyu , Zhang Yuying , Geng Jing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe present study was conducted to determine whether atorvastatin reduces hypertension‐induced vascular remodelling and whether its effects involve protein kinase D (PKD) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 5 (ERK5). We used 16‐week‐old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age‐matched Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats. The blood pressure and serum lipid concentration were measured. Changes in the vascular morphology and histology were examined using H&E, Masson’s trichrome, and Sirius Red staining. The media thickness (MT), ratio of MT to lumen diameter (LD) (MT/LD), collagen volume fraction (CVF) and hydroxyproline content were measured to evaluate vascular remodelling. Atorvastatin (50 mg/kg/day) was administered for 8 weeks. Increased blood pressure and vascular remodelling were more prominent in SHRs than in WKY rats. SHRs also had elevated PKD and ERK5 activation. The systolic blood pressure, MT/LD ratio, and hydroxyproline content were positively correlated with the activation level of PKD and ERK5 in SHRs. Atorvastatin significantly attenuated the activation of PKD and ERK5. Overall, this study demonstrated that atorvastatin could reverse vascular remodelling in SHRs. The PKD/ERK5 signalling pathway might be important for elucidating the beneficial pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin on vascular remodelling.
The Silent Majority: Private U.S. Firms and Financial Reporting Choices
Authors: LISOWSKY PETRO , MINNIS MICHAEL 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThis study uses a comprehensive panel of tax returns to examine the financial reporting choices of medium‐to‐large private U.S. firms, a setting that controls over $9 trillion in capital, vastly outnumbers public U.S. firms across all industries, yet has no financial reporting mandates. We find that nearly two‐thirds of these firms do not produce audited GAAP financial statements. Guided by an agency theory framework, we find that size, ownership dispersion, external debt, and trade credit are positively associated with the choice to produce audited GAAP financial statements, while asset tangibility, age, and internal debt are generally negatively related to this choice. Our findings reveal that (1) equity capital and trade credit exhibit significant explanatory power, suggesting that the primary focus in the literature on debt is too narrow; (2) firm youth, growth, and R&D are positively associated with audited GAAP reporting, reflecting important monitoring roles of financial reporting; and (3) many firms violate standard explanations for financial reporting choices and substantial unexplained heterogeneity in financial reporting remains. We conclude by identifying opportunities for future research.
To measure globally, aggregate locally: Urban land, submarkets, and biased estimates of the housing stock
Authors: Malone Thom , Redfearn Christian L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article highlights the role of land and housing submarkets in the construction of aggregate house price indexes and in the estimated value of the housing stock. We document idiosyncratic house price appreciation and sales volumes across submarkets within metropolitan areas that result in a sample of sold homes that are representative neither of the housing stock nor its appreciation over time. Commonly used aggregate price indexes, like the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) and Case‐Shiller indexes, fail to capture these local dynamics and produce indexes and estimates of the value of the stock that are biased. Our approach is to build “locally‐pooled” indexes and then weight these local price indexes by their submarket's share of the housing stock to estimate our metropolitan‐level index. This allows for more accurate movements in urban land prices, which is especially important in higher cost land markets. We show traditional globally pooled indexes exhibit significant bias. This may complicate research that makes use of the traditional house price indexes.
Informing emergency care for COVID‐19 patients: The COVID‐19 Emergency Department Quality Improvement Project protocol
Authors: O'Reilly Gerard M , Mitchell Rob D , Noonan Michael P , Hiller Ryan , Mitra Biswadev , Brichko Lisa , Luckhoff Carl , Paton Andrew , Smit De Villiers , Santamaria Mark J , Cameron Peter A 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectives: There is an urgency to support Australian ED clinicians with real‐time tools as the COVID‐19 pandemic evolves. The COVID‐19 Emergency Department (COVED) Quality Improvement Project has commenced and will provide flexible and responsive clinical tools to determine the predictors of key ED‐relevant clinical outcomes.Methods: The COVED Project includes all adult patients presenting to a participating ED and meeting contemporary testing criteria for COVID‐19. The dataset has been embedded in the electronic medical record and the COVED Registry has been developed.Results: Outcomes measured include being COVID‐19 positive and requiring intensive respiratory support. Regression methodology will be used to generate clinical prediction tools.Conclusion: This project will support EDs during this pandemic.
The Commitment to Income‐Decreasing Accounting Choices as a Credible Signal to Reducing Information Asymmetry: The Case of Asset Revaluations*
Authors: da Costa Fábio Moraes , Liu Carol , Rosa Gina Cavalier , Tiras Samuel L. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBagnoli and Watts (2005) proposed that a manager could reduce information asymmetry by choosing an income‐decreasing accounting choice that signals the firm's relatively good future prospects. A limitation in testing this theory is that most income‐decreasing accounting choices over time reverse such that aggregated earnings would be the same, regardless of the choice. One income‐decreasing accounting choice that never reverses is the choice of upward asset revaluation, where the resulting gains are recognized through other comprehensive income and reduce future earnings by increasing future depreciation expense. In the United Kingdom, prior to FRS15, firms had the option to upwardly revalue on a one‐time basis. FRS15, and subsequently International Financial Reporting Standards, however, require those firms that upwardly revalue precommit to revalue on a consistent basis. This precommitment sacrifices future reporting discretion, which, according to the aforementioned study, serves as a costly signal of a firm's relatively good future prospects that reduces information asymmetry. The choice not to upwardly revalue, therefore, serves as a signal of a firm's relatively poor future prospects and also reduces information asymmetry, but this choice does not require precommitment such that the reduction in information asymmetry would be less than the choice to precommit to upward revaluations. Using a propensity‐score matched‐pair design on a sample of United Kingdom firms to test our predictions during the period requiring precommitment, we find lower forecast dispersion, lower return volatility, and a lower cost of capital for firms that precommit to upward asset revaluations, relative to those firms that choose not to upwardly revalue their operating assets.Keywords: upward asset revaluations, income‐decreasing accounting choice, information asymmetry, precommitment
Caring for patients with pain during the COVID‐19 pandemic: consensus recommendations from an international expert panel
Authors: Shanthanna H. , Strand N. H. , Provenzano D. A. , Lobo C. A. , Eldabe S. , Bhatia A. , Wegener J. , Curtis K. , Cohen S. P. , Narouze S. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryChronic pain causes significant suffering, limitation of daily activities and reduced quality of life. Infection from COVID‐19 is responsible for an ongoing pandemic that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, leading to systemic complications and death. Led by the World Health Organization, healthcare systems across the world are engaged in limiting the spread of infection. As a result, all elective surgical procedures, outpatient procedures and patient visits, including pain management services, have been postponed or cancelled. This has affected the care of chronic pain patients. Most are elderly with multiple comorbidities, which puts them at risk of COVID‐19 infection. Important considerations that need to be recognised during this pandemic for chronic pain patients include: ensuring continuity of care and pain medications, especially opioids; use of telemedicine; maintaining biopsychosocial management; use of anti‐inflammatory drugs; use of steroids; and prioritising necessary procedural visits. There are no guidelines to inform physicians and healthcare providers engaged in caring for patients with pain during this period of crisis. We assembled an expert panel of pain physicians, psychologists and researchers from North America and Europe to formulate recommendations to guide practice. As the COVID‐19 situation continues to evolve rapidly, these recommendations are based on the best available evidence and expert opinion at this present time and may need adapting to local workplace policies.
Pregnancy loss: A 40‐year nationwide assessment
Authors: Lidegaard Øjvind , Mikkelsen Anders P. , Egerup Pia , Kolte Astrid M. , Rasmussen Steen Christian , Nielsen Henriette S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionPregnancy loss is frequent. We aimed to assess the frequency and trends in pregnancy losses according to female age and mode of conception over a 40‐year follow‐up period.Material and methodsIn a national historical prospective cohort study, we followed all Danish women 10‐49 years over the 40‐year study period 1978‐2017. Data on pregnancies and their outcomes were obtained from the National Health Registry, the Medical Birth Registry and the National Fertility Registry. Incidence rates per 100 pregnancies and per 1,000 women‐years as well as lifetime risks per 100 women were calculated. Women included in the lifetime analysis were followed from age 12 to age 49. Pregnancy loss included spontaneous abortion, missed abortion and anembryonic pregnancy.ResultsIn 3 519 455 recorded pregnancies, 337 008, or 9.6%, were diagnosed with a pregnancy loss. The proportion increased from 7.5% in 1978‐1979, peaked at 10.7% in 2000 and thereafter decreased to 9.1% in 2015‐2017. Pregnancy loss rate in women 10‐14 years was 3.9%, increasing gradually with age to 26.9% in pregnant women 45‐49 years, a 6.9‐fold increase. Loss rates were slightly lower in naturally conceived pregnancies than in assisted pregnancies except for women above 45 years, where the risk of loss was higher in the spontaneously conceived group. Lifetime risk of specific numbers of losses were: 0: 76.9%, 1: 17.9%, 2: 3.9%, 3: 0.87%, and 4+: 0.35%.ConclusionsThe proportion of women experiencing pregnancy loss has changed little throughout four decades and is still primarily influenced by female age. More than 75% of pregnant women are never recorded with a pregnancy loss, and <1.5% will experience three or more losses.
Pre‐treatment metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis are superior to conventional positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography variables for outcome prediction in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in clinical practice
Authors: Terao Toshiki , Machida Youichi , Tsushima Takafumi , Miura Daisuke , Narita Kentaro , Kitadate Akihiro , Takeuchi Masami , Matsue Kosei 
Published: April 2020

SummaryMetabolic tumour volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) are positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) variables for predicting multiple myeloma’s (MM) outcome. We retrospectively investigated and compared the predictive value of MTV, TLG and high‐risk PET/CT variables in clinical practice in 185 patients with newly diagnosed symptomatic MM. High‐risk PET/CT findings were defined as the presence of at least one of the following: more than three focal lesions, maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) >4·2 and extramedullary disease. MTV was defined as the volume of myeloma lesions visualised on PET/CT with SUV ≥ 2·5. TLG was calculated as the sum of the product of the average SUV and MTV of all lesions. The mortality prediction optimal cut‐off values for MTV and TLG were 56·4 cm3 and 166·4 g, respectively. High‐burden MTV (≥56·4 cm3), TLG (≥166·4 g) and high‐risk PET/CT findings differed significantly in progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). High‐burden MTV and TLG findings also predicted survival outcomes in young patients (age <75 years) and patients with high‐risk chromosomal abnormalities. High‐burden MTV and TLG independently predicted both worse PFS and OS. Pre‐treatment MTV and TLG independently predicted survival outcomes in clinical practice and may be more useful than high‐risk PET/CT variables.
Incidence, progression and risk factors of age‐related cataract in Malays: The Singapore Malay Eye Study
Authors: Tan Ava Grace , Tham Yih Chung , Chee Miao Li , Mitchell Paul , Cumming Robert G. , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Wong Tien Y. , Wang Jie Jin , Cheng Ching‐Yu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractImportanceLong‐term data on age‐related cataract, a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment, is scarce in Asian populations.BackgroundWe report the 6‐year incidence and progression of age‐related cataract and associated risk factors in Malay adults living in Singapore.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.ParticipantsA total of 3280 Malays aged 40+ years participated in baseline examinations of the Singapore Malay Eye Study (2004‐2006). Six years later, 1901 (72.1% of eligible) baseline participants were re‐examined.MethodsCataract was assessed using lens photos, taken during eye examinations, following the Wisconsin Cataract Grading System.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncidence and progression of cortical, nuclear and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract. Poisson regression models and generalized estimating equations models (with Poisson link) were used to assess factors associated with cataract incidence and progression, respectively, adjusting for age, sex and other risk factors.ResultsAge‐adjusted 6‐year incidence of cortical, nuclear and PSC cataract was 14.1%, 13.6% and 8.7%, respectively, and was strongly age‐related (P for trend <.001 for all types). Diabetes (relative risk [RR], 1.97; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.46‐2.67) was associated with incident cortical cataract, hypertension was associated with PSC cataract incidence (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.22‐3.61), after multivariable adjustment. Progression occurred in 20.4%, 5.9% and 40.6% of baseline cortical, nuclear and PSC cataract cases, respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceSimilar to other elderly populations, incidence and progression of cataract were common in this Malay population. Diabetes and hypertension were important modifiable risk factors for cataract, highlighting the importance of systemic health on eye disease.