bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensuring the performance of equipment during the warranty period of operation
Authors: Kushnarev S 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAnnotation. The problem of increasing the reliability of domestic technological machines and equipment remains relevant and requires a speedy solution in the current conditions of acute competition in the market of equipment and technologies. The low level of reliability of equipment reduces the efficiency of using machines and the quality of their technological processes, increases operating costs. The solution of this problem, as the results of research show, is impossible without participation in ensuring the operability of technological machines and equipment of manufacturers of modern domestic equipment. Providing engineering and technical support for manufactured machines, taking part in technical service, equipment manufacturers have the opportunity to study the reasons for the low reliability of units, units, connections and take measures to exclude their appearance. By setting the wear rate of the working surfaces of the critical interfaces in real-world operating conditions of the machine, it becomes possible to control its reliability and efficiency
Increasing the creative potential of production in the context of prevailing trends
Authors: Ganina G , Mukhin A , Ostrovsky Yu , Yakovleva A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Abstact. The article examines the prevailing trends in modern production and their role in forming ideas about further development. It is shown that involvement in the process of understanding the trends of the regularity of labor activity transformation leads to an understanding of the place of self-development in the production strategy. A comprehensive analysis of trends, combined with the use of new approaches to the description of labor activity, helped to reveal and justify a new view of the strategy for improving production. This made it possible to describe at the conceptual level a new type of production systems, namely self-developing production systems. The presence of a model of real transformation of labor activity in the description of such production makes it possible to create a system with an internal self-development device. Such self-developing production systems do not need external influences and are invariant in a variety of social environments.
Variable speed control in centrifugal pumps for closed systems
Authors: Petrov A , Leonardo Gomez Dias Rafael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Energy consumption in any type of installation, whether for urban purposes, commercial or industrial, is a very important question; therefore, reducing energy consumption is of great importance. It is very important to control the rotational speed of the pumping equipment in accordance with the required consumption or requirement. For closed circuits (closed systems) it is important to ensure the required flow rate while maintaining the proper pressure or working head in centrifugal pumps. This type of control is ideal for installations with changeable curves, where different work processes are required at the same pressure or different process pressures in centrifugal pumps.
Types of heat exchangers in industry, their advantages and disadvantages, and the study of their parameters
Authors: Edreis Edreis , Petrov A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Annotation The heat exchanger as the main element in various types of energy complex is widely studied in technological and production processes. Heat exchangers are classified according to their application. Therefore, in this article we will consider the main types of heat exchange equipment, the choice of a specific type, depending on temperature, flow, pressure drop, and so on. The paper also provides a brief description of software for calculating, modeling and designing CFD, the advantages of each of the methods used to study heat transfer and its efficiency.
Mathematical modeling and analysis of the influence of various regulators on the quality of the transient hydraulic drive with throttle control.
Authors: Protopopov A , Gontarev A , Manenak Ya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article provides an analysis of transients in various hydraulic drive regulators. Hydraulic drives are widely used in a number of areas of power engineering and other types of equipment, which is due to a number of advantages, such as: small size and weight with high energy consumption, high speed, high positioning accuracy, a wide range of operating pressures and speeds of executive bodies.
Austenite to Ferrite Transformation in Fe – 9 %Cr Alloys. II. Determination of Growth Rates
Authors: Mirzaev D A , Yu Okishev K , Lapina I V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper continues theoretical analysis of austenite to ferrite transformation in an Fe-9 %Cr alloy demonstrating a typical site-saturation behaviour under the condition of diffusionless growth of a phase. In the previous paper the K coefficient in the Avrami equations being the asymptotes of Calm’s solution of the site-saturation transformation kinetics was used that contained a constant activation energy indicating the small value of the work of critical nucleus formation. This approach permitted to determine activation energy of transformation that was found to be equal to about 300 kJ/mole. In the present paper a new method of finding Calm’s equation coefficients from bending point at isothermal curves plotted on double logarithmic scale is proposed. Actually this bending point is the intercept of the two above-mentioned asymptotes of the Cahn’s curve, and equating the formulae describing theses asymptotes allows to find the coefficients in question. Given the average austenite grain size, it permits to find numerical values of growth rates. The activation energy thus acquires the exact physical meaning of the energy barrier at the interphase interface; its value was found to be 286 kJ/mole, which is close to previous results. The growth rates were thus determined as a function of temperature and the TTT diagram for the alloy is calculated that shows close correspondence with experiment.
Investigation of the Effect of Sulfide Inclusions on the Hydrogen Separation of Metal
Authors: Nasibullina O A , Rizvanov R G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the presence of an increased concentration of hydrogen, premature destruction of the metal occurs. Hydrogen brittleness is caused by imperfection of the crystal lattice of metals. Distinguish between hydrogen corrosion caused by molecular hydrogen and hydrogen corrosion caused by atomic hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen in a metal increases the fragility of all metals, without exception. Hydrogen accumulates in traps (vacancies, dislocations). The segregations of carbon and other impurity atoms at grain boundaries enhance the ability of iron to capture hydrogen. Atomic hydrogen resulting from electrochemical reactions penetrates steel at normal temperature, causing it to stratify. Molecular hydrogen generated during the processing of hydrocarbons, electrolysis of water, violation of welding technology, penetrates into steel only at temperatures above 200 °C. The aim of the work was to determine non-metallic inclusions using the metallographic method. The authors also determined the presence of sulfide accumulation in the studied metal of the pipe. It is noted that the amount of sulfide inclusions is approximately the same, both near the metal stratification and on the base metal of the sample.
Rolled Stock Structure Preparation for Cold Forging of Pearlite Steel Grades
Authors: Pachurin G V , Fillipov A A , Mukhina M V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Special requirements are applied to the structural-mechanical characteristics of rod bolt products manufactured by cold die forging of pearlite steel class. A very common and productive method of obtaining finished metal products with high mechanical properties is their landing on cold heading (cold-heading) machines made of rolled metal, which must have a certain quality along the entire length: a sufficient ductility, homogeneous structure and parameters of technological properties, absence of any defects. Hardware plants receive the initial blank for the manufacture of various fasteners in the form of hot-rolled steel, which is not possible to use for the landing of high-strength hardware, due to the poor quality structure and surface layer. Therefore, the calibrated rolled stock is subjected to intermediate heat treatment before driving, which should guarantee the quality of the metal products at transitions of the cold heading. Further, the driven products of strength class 8.8 and up, made of alloy steel grades, must be subjected to hardening with subsequent tempering. However, such thermal operation often leads to decarburization of the surface, cracking and warping of finished products, thus increasing labor intensity, energy consumption and, consequently, the final production cost. The paper proposes an alternative method of the rolled stock structural preparation, which includes isothermal treatment of pearlite steel grades 35X and 38X, which excludes from the technological process the recrystallization annealing and quenching with the release of finished bolt products, and which minimizes any appeared scratches, warping and decarburization on the rolled stock and the rolled product. The structure of rolled stock induced in the drawing die, and the surface hardening by reduction, and thread rolling provide the parameters of mechanical properties of M8 bolts and pins, corresponding to the strength class 9.8.
Microalloyed Steels for Car Parts
Authors: Mukhametzyanova G F , Shveyova T V , Astaschenko V I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The composition and properties of three constructional microalloyed steel with vanadium, niobium and nitrogen is investigated. High strength and ductility steel in rolling mill products and in forgings were revealed, manufactured according to various flow diagram. The resistance of microalloyed steels to grain growth during heating to 1300 °C has been established. The opportunity of realization of the forging heat forgings in their heat treatment is shown. Output testing was carried out of steels in the manufacturing crankshaft and engine connecting rods. For heavily loaded machine components, the use of 38G2AF, AC40H2NMAF and AC30X3NMAFB steels is recommended. High resistance to grain growth is shown when heating steels microalloyed with vanadium, niobium and nitrogen. High properties of the steel AC40H2NMAF, AC30X3NMAFB and 38G2AF make it possible to recommend them for the manufacture of heavily loaded parts - crankshafts and connecting rods. The possibility of realizing forging heat of forgings made microalloyed steels with vanadium, niobium and nitrogen during their heat treatment to ensure a high level properties and structural requirements.
Application of the Polymeric Material RIMAMID for Production of Machine Parts
Authors: Shaparev A V , Savin I A , Ptichkin S N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Modern polymeric materials have properties that, in some respects, exceed the properties of traditionally used materials (steel, aluminum and titanium alloys, wood). The uniqueness of the Rimamide polymer material is that it is possible to pre-design the material in such a way as to give the product from it the properties necessary for a particular application.
The production of blanks and the use of Rimamide material for the manufacture of sliding and rolling bearings, bushings for wheels and rollers, pulleys, blocks, brackets, wheel hubs, gears, sprockets, gears and worm wheels and other parts to reduce weight, noise and vibrations. The characteristics of the material, examples of the manufacture of blanks, the advantages and disadvantages of the RIMAMID material for the manufacture of machine parts, prospects for use in mechanical engineering are shown.
Due to their properties, they can be used in almost all industries. For example, modern aviation and space technology is characterized by the intensive use of new materials, technologies, and promising designs based on them. When using RIMAMID material using antifriction components (molybdenum sulfide, graphite, etc.), the friction coefficient is significantly reduced and the friction units can be operated without lubrication.
The main advantages of this material is a low coefficient of friction for steel, which provides a 3-4-fold increase in the service life of parts in the friction units, as well as low weight, high strength, good machinability on metal cutting machines, resistance to aggressive environments, and environmental safety.
Study of Physical Properties and Physical Processes in Nano-thin Spatial Dissipative Structures
Authors: Malkov V B , Chemezov O V , Malkov A V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional geometric object “neutral surface” - successfully used to study thin plates. The use of this two-dimensional geometric object is not possible for the study of physical properties and physical processes in nano-thin SDS (spatial dissipative structures). The SDS lattice undergoes a rotational curvature around three mutually perpendicular directions, and the nano-thin SDS itself remains flat. We have developed a method for the study of nano-thin SDS with rotary lattice curvature. We used as a basis the method of visualizing the rotational curvature of the lattice by constructing a two-dimensional geometric object - the surface of the lattice curvature by nano-thin SDS. This method of investigation involves application of the lattice curvature surface with nano-thin SDS for the selected crystallographic direction as a “neutral surface”. The method will find application in nanotechnology.
Investigation of Microwave Characteristics of a Composite Based on Copper-Substituted Nickel-Zinc Ferrite
Authors: Zhivulin V , Zezyulina P , Vasijeva A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The results of ferrite synthesis and composite preparation and investigation are presented. The Cu substituted Ni-Zn ferrite was prepared in single phase form. The morphology and chemical composition were obtained. The composites on the base of experimental Ni0.28Zn0.62Cu0.1Fe2O4 and commercially available one were prepared. The microwave properties of all samples were investigated. It was checked that the used synthesis method (temperature and time range) can be used for ferrite producing for industry. The microwave properties of composites made of synthesized ferrites are very close to those of composites based on commercially available one. All samples exhibit broad magnetic loss peaks associated with a natural ferrimagnetic resonance.
On the Efficiency of Nitrogen-Containing Gaseous Waste Plasma Afterburning
Authors: Matushkin A V , Anakhov S V , Kharina G V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the study of the plasma neutralization technology for toxic waste in the gaseous phase. It is noted that for effective implementation of plasma processes in waste processing technologies, it is necessary to search the optimal solutions taking into account the criteria of quality, productivity, cost and safety. In order to determine the feasibility of using plasma incineration technology, attention is paid to the definition of the appropriate nomenclature for gaseous toxic waste. The technology of plasma neutralization for thermal waste processing products - superoxicants (dioxins) and nitrogen-containing gas emissions (ammonia and nitrogen oxides) is studied. A modernized design of the plasma torch for the gaseous waste utilization is proposed. The known methods of thermal destruction for ammonia and nitrogen oxides are considered. Temperature approximations of their decomposition duration and efficiency in the range of plasma heating temperatures are found. The gas-dynamic parameters of the air-plasma flow in the process of nitrogen-containing gases thermal heating by plasma jet are determined using machine modelling methods. The effectiveness of the considered plasma neutralization technology is proved. The results of these studies should allow us to further formulate commonly used in engineering practice principles and methods for designing high-performance plasma heating technology.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Methane Family Hydrocarbon and Oxygen Combustion Products in State-of-the-Art Arc Steel Furnace
Authors: Voronov G V , Glukhov I V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The work deals with the particular combustion characteristics of methane family hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, butane) and wet natural gas with process oxygen at carbon dioxide and water steam dissociation in a state-of-the-art arc steelmaking furnace. An algorithm is developed to calculate chemistry, the amount and concentration of combustion products at carbon dioxide and hydrogen dissociation, their physical and thermophysical parameters; heating power, balance and actual temperature, heat and pyrometric factors are evaluated considering heat transfer by radiation into unbounded medium. Based on the calculation results the recommendations are given for development of cold charge material heating conditions in order to minimize dusting, carbon oxide and hydrogen and charge material loss.
Thermodynamic Simulation of Reduction Processes at the Production of Ferrochrome
Authors: Salina V A , Zhuchkov V I , Zayakin O V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The possibility of reduction process of chromium from the Cr2O3 – FeO – CaO – SiO2 – MgO – Al2O3 system by carbon using the method of thermodynamic simulation was showed in the article. The compositions of chromium ore of the deposit Rai-Iz and dust of cyclones of the low-carbon ferrochrome in an amount of 0; 5; 10; 20% were used as a components of the system. The carbon was used a reducing agent. The thermodynamic simulation was performed using the HSC Chemistry 6.12 software package developed from Outokumpu, Finland. The thermodynamic characteristics of CrO (II) compound were entered into the software package’s database. The thermochemical data of compounds CaCr2O4, Fe3C, Cr3C2, Cr7C3, Cr23C6, SiC were refined. The calculations were performed using the “Equilibrium Compositions” module in the temperature range 1500 – 1700°C at a temperature increment of 100°C, at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa in the system and 2.24 m3of N2. It was determined that the increase in the dust amount from 5 to 20% did not affect practically at the reduction degree of chromium which is equal 90.2; 93.4; 94.6% respectively at the temperatures of 1500, 1600 and 1700°C. The chemical composition of the metal is, %: 65.6 – 65.1 Cr; 22.7 – 23.2 Fe; 11.5 – 11.6 C; 0.2 – 0.26 Si at the temperature of 1700°C. The thermodynamic simulation results can be used to develop technology for producing ferrochrome using wastes of metallurgical production.
Hydrometallurgical Technology for Processing of Galvanic Sludges
Authors: Yu Makoskaya O , Kostromin K S , Bryantseva N I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The problem of processing galvanic sludges, formed as a result of neutralization of technological solutions and wastewater containing heavy non-ferrous metals is considered. At present, sludges are transported to disposal area and are not used in any way. Typically, such sludges contain significant amounts of chromium and nickel, which creates environmental hazard. Investigated sludge contains up to 6.6% Ni and up to 7.4% Cr. The hydrometallurgical technology for processing of these sludges has been developed. Solutions of sulfuric acid and ammonia were used as lixiviants. It is shown that when using a solution of sulfuric acid with pH=1.5, extraction of up to 93.3% Cu, 70.2 Ni, 90.3 Zn is achieved. For selective recovery of nickel from leachates the process of sorption concentration by Lewatit TP207 is proposed.
Study of the Mechanism for Forming a Passivating Layer under Electrochemical Oxidation of Copper (I) Sulfide
Authors: Nechvoglod O V , Pikalov S M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study the patterns of anodic oxidation of copper (I) sulfide were considered. It was shown that during the crystallization of copper sulfide, the formation of both the chalcosine (Cu2S) phase and the jarleite (Cu31S16) phase is possible, which is characterized by a deficiency of copper in the crystal lattice and deviation from the stoichiometric composition. The electrochemical oxidation of the sample in a solution of sulfuric acid was carried out. During oxidation, intermediate non-stoichiometric sulfides (Cu174S, Cu1.8S) were formed in the following sequence: Cu2S (Cu31S16) → Cu1.81S → Cu1.74S → Cu1.6S → CuS → S + Cu2+. The process was accompanied by the transition of copper cations into solution. As elemental sulfur and copper sulfides accumulated on the reaction surface of the sample and, as a result, the rate of electrochemical oxidation decreased due to the difficulty of the product removal and the reagent supply to the reaction zone.
Increasing the Strength Properties of Gray Iron Castings without Introducing Additional Modifying and Alloying Additives into Its Composition
Authors: Gabelchenko N I , Kidalov N A , Belov A A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of the differential cooling regimes on the structure and strength properties of gray iron castings in sand molds was investigated. The experimental foundry equipment was developed and assembled in order to produce experimental and control castings. This equipment allows to investigate the crystallization of two castings under initially equal pouring conditions: chemical composition, temperature and speed of mold filling with molten metal. It was shown that due to the using of the differential cooling regimes the experimental castings tensile strength was increased by 13.8% and hardness reduced by 12.3% via excluding the formation of ledeburite in the structure, which leads to increase in the quality index of cast iron by 33%.
The Impact of the Production Stages of Grade D Steel on its Contamination and the Chemical Composition of Nonmetallic Inclusions
Authors: Rutskii D V , Zyuban N A , Babin G V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Optical and electronic microscopy methods are used to evaluate the contamination of grade D carbon steel with nonmetallic inclusions in steel samples taken at various stages of steelmaking (electric arc furnace (EAF) discharge -> ladle furnace (LF) -> vacuum deoxidation (VD) -> continuous casting) at an electric furnace melting shop. Steel contamination with nonmetallic inclusions and inclusion chemical composition are assessed. It is demonstrated that the aluminum deoxidation of the semiproduct leads to the formation of corundum nonmetallic inclusions (Al2O3) in molten steel. The total amount of corundum reaches 52% for all the stages of steelmaking process. The identification and evaluation of nonmetallic inclusions demonstrates that deoxidation performed at all the stages of secondary steelmaking reduce the amount of inclusions. After vacuum deoxidation and adding Al and SiCa, corundum inclusions become globular in shape with a particle size less than 6 urn. When the continuously cast billet has solidified, the total amount of nonmetallic inclusions does not change, whereas silicate inclusion content decreases and corundum contamination grows, with corundum inclusions being of an irregular shape. A heavy corundum contamination is caused by aluminum secondary deoxidation during steel casting as well as by the fact that the molten residue in the pouring nozzle is carried into the solidifying continuously cast billet.