bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The occurrence of Salmonella, extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli and carbapenem resistant non‐fermenting Gram‐negative bacteria in a backyard poultry flock environment
Authors: Shah Devendra H. , Board Melissa M. , Crespo Rocio , Guard Jean , Paul Narayan C. , Faux Cynthia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIncrease in the number of small‐scale backyard poultry flocks in the USA has substantially increased human‐to‐live poultry contact, leading to increased public health risks of the transmission of multi‐drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic and food‐borne bacteria. The objective of this study was to detect the occurrence of Salmonella and MDR Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB) in the backyard poultry flock environment. A total of 34 backyard poultry flocks in Washington State (WA) were sampled. From each flock, one composite coop sample and three drag swabs from nest floor, waterer‐feeder, and a random site with visible faecal smearing, respectively, were collected. The samples were processed for isolation of Salmonella and other fermenting and non‐fermenting GNB under ceftiofur selection. Each isolate was identified to species level using MALDI‐TOFF and tested for resistance against 16 antibiotics belonging to eight antibiotic classes. Salmonella serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:‐ was isolated from one (3%) out of 34 flocks. Additionally, a total of 133 ceftiofur resistant (CefR) GNB including Escherichia coli (53), Acinetobacter spp. (45), Pseudomonas spp. (22), Achromobacter spp. (8), Bordetella trematum (1), Hafnia alvei (1), Ochrobactrum intermedium (1), Raoultella ornithinolytica (1), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1) were isolated. Of these, 110 (82%) isolates displayed MDR. Each flock was found positive for the presence of one or more CefR GNB. Several MDR E. coli (n = 15) were identified as extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) positive. Carbapenem resistance was detected in non‐fermenting GNB including Acinetobacter spp. (n = 20), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 11) and Stenotrophomonas maltophila (n = 1). ESBL positive E. coli and carbapenem resistant non‐fermenting GNB are widespread in the backyard poultry flock environment in WA State. These GNB are known to cause opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of these GNB in the backyard poultry flock settings is needed to identify potential risks of transmission to people in proximity.
Peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor α‐b deficiency induces the reprogramming of nutrient metabolism in zebrafish
Authors: Li Ling‐Yu , Lv Hong‐Bo , Jiang Zhe‐Yue , Qiao Fang , Chen Li‐Qiao , Zhang Mei‐Ling , Du Zhen‐Yu 
Published: July 2020

Key points
The pparab subtype in zebrafish is much more highly expressed in tissues with high oxidative activity than pparaa.
The pparab deficiency in zebrafish reduces fatty acid β‐oxidation both in liver and muscle, illustrating its functional homology as a mammalian peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα).
pparab deficiency promotes metabolic reprogramming by increasing glucose utilization and inhibiting amino acid breakdown.
The present study brings new insights into the comprehensive regulatory roles of PPARα in the cellular fuel selection and provides a valuable animal model for PPARα studies from a viewpoint of comparative physiology.
AbstractDysfunction of lipid metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic metabolic diseases. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) is essential for normal metabolic homeostasis and, in particular, for the regulation of fatty acid β‐oxidation (FAO). However, little is known about its regulation roles in systemic nutrient metabolism. To explore the underlying modulation role of PPARα in metabolic homeostasis, we generated a pparab‐knockout zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. The pparab mutants demonstrated lower expression of key enzymes involved in FAO, as well as lower mitochondrial and peroxisomal FAO in tissues, which was associated with lipid accumulation in liver and visceral mass. Conversely, glucose utilization was higher because they demonstrated lower blood glucose and tissue glycogen concentrations, as well as activation of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/AKT pathway. In addition, pparab‐deficient zebrafish demonstrated activation of AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signalling and higher protein content, implying greater protein synthesis and/or lower amino acid breakdown. These data clearly revealed that pparab deletion reduces FAO but increases glucose utilization and protein deposition to maintain energy homeostasis. The present study provides new insights into the comprehensive regulatory role of PPARα in systemic energy metabolism in fish, and this pparab‐deficient zebrafish also constitutes a valuable model for investigating the functions of PPARα in mammals from comparative physiology aspects.
Pathophysiological changes in inner hair cell ribbon synapses in the ageing mammalian cochlea
Authors: Jeng Jing‐Yi , Ceriani Federico , Olt Jennifer , Brown Steve D. M. , Holley Matthew C. , Bowl Michael R. , Johnson Stuart L. , Marcotti Walter 
Published: July 2020

Key points
Age‐related hearing loss (ARHL) is associated with the loss of inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapses, lower hearing sensitivity and decreased ability to understand speech, especially in a noisy environment.
Little is known about the age‐related physiological and morphological changes that occur at ribbon synapses.
We show that the differing degrees of ARHL in four selected mouse stains is correlated with the loss of ribbon synapses, being most severe for the strains C57BL/6NTac and C57BL/6J, less so for C57BL/6NTacCdh23+‐Repaired and lowest for C3H/HeJ.
Despite the loss of ribbon synapses with age, the volume of the remaining ribbons increased and the size and kinetics of Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis in IHCs was unaffected, indicating the presence of a previously unknown degree of functional compensation at ribbon synapses.
Although the age‐related morphological changes at IHC ribbon synapses contribute to the different progression of ARHL, without the observed functional compensation hearing loss could be greater.
AbstractMammalian cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) are specialized sensory receptors able to provide dynamic coding of sound signals. This ability is largely conferred by their ribbon synapses, which tether a large number of vesicles at the IHC's presynaptic active zones, allowing high rates of sustained synaptic transmission onto the afferent fibres. How the physiological and morphological properties of ribbon synapses change with age remains largely unknown. Here, we have investigated the biophysical and morphological properties of IHC ribbon synapses in the ageing cochlea (9–12 kHz region) of four mouse strains commonly used in hearing research: early‐onset progressive hearing loss (C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NTac) and ‘good hearing’ strains (C57BL/6NTacCdh23+ and C3H/HeJ). We found that with age, both modiolar and pillar sides of the IHC exhibited a loss of ribbons, but there was an increased volume of those that remained. These morphological changes, which only occurred after 6 months of age, were correlated with the level of hearing loss in the different mouse strains, being most severe for C57BL/6NTac and C57BL/6J, less so for C57BL/6NTacCdh23+ and absent for C3H/HeJ strains. Despite the age‐related reduction in ribbon number in three of the four strains, the size and kinetics of Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis, as well as the replenishment of synaptic vesicles, in IHCs was not affected. The degree of vesicle release at the fewer, but larger, individual remaining ribbon synapses colocalized with the post‐synaptic afferent terminals is likely to increase, indicating the presence of a previously unknown degree of functional compensation in the ageing mouse cochlea.
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 at the interface between renin‐angiotensin system inhibition and coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Siri‐Angkul Natthaphat , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. , Chattipakorn Nipon 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is the third major coronavirus outbreak of this century. Its aetiological agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), requires angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for cellular entry. The commonly used angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could affect SARS‐CoV‐2 infectivity and may alter COVID‐19 disease progression by altering ACE2 expression. Current evidence of ACEI/ARB‐ACE2 interaction as well as the effects of ACEIs/ARBs on viral‐associated acute lung injury is summarized and discussed in this review. This review assesses the evidence gathered so far and highlights the research that needs to be done to help inform clinical decision making.
image
Fidelity and coordination of mitochondrial protein synthesis in health and disease
Authors: Rudler Danielle L. , Hughes Laetitia A. , Viola Helena M. , Hool Livia C. , Rackham Oliver , Filipovska Aleksandra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe evolutionary acquisition of mitochondria has given rise to the diversity of eukaryotic life. Mitochondria have retained their ancestral α‐proteobacterial traits through the maintenance of double membranes and their own circular genome. Their genome varies in size from very large in plants to the smallest in animals and their parasites. The mitochondrial genome encodes essential genes for protein synthesis and has to coordinate its expression with the nuclear genome from which it sources most of the proteins required for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. The mitochondrial protein synthesis machinery is unique because it is encoded by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes thereby requiring tight regulation to produce the respiratory complexes that drive oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. The fidelity and coordination of mitochondrial protein synthesis are essential for ATP production. Here we compare and contrast the mitochondrial translation mechanisms in mammals and fungi to bacteria and reveal that their diverse regulation can have unusual impacts on the health and disease of these organisms. We highlight that in mammals the rate of protein synthesis is more important than the fidelity of translation, enabling coordinated biogenesis of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with respiratory chain proteins synthesised by cytoplasmic ribosomes. Changes in mitochondrial protein fidelity can trigger the activation of the diverse cellular signalling networks in fungi and mammals to combat dysfunction in energy conservation. The physiological consequences of altered fidelity of protein synthesis can range from liver regeneration to the onset and development of cardiomyopathy.
image
Exhaust Heat Recovery Unit Equipped With Nanofluid and Helical Tapes, a Solution for Cleaner Energy Production
Authors: Sheikholeslami M. , Arabkoohsar A. , Jafaryar M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In internal combustion engines (ICE), a major part of the generated energy via burning the fuel is wasted. The cooling fluid controlling the temperature, the reclaimed hot gases for reducing the environmental impacts, and the hot combustion productions leaving the engine from the exhaust are the main origins of energy waste in such a machine. Waste heat recovery and flue gas condensation are the methods by which the overall efficiency of a thermal engine is enhanced, and its environmental impacts are mitigated. In this paper, the utilization of the exhaust waste energy of ICE by using a heat exchanger with nanofluid and helical tape, in order to augment the thermal performance of the engine and reduce its environmental impact, is investigated numerically. In this heat exchanger, the flue gas of the engine at high temperature and H2O-CuO nanofluid are considered as the primary and secondary working fluids, and the twisted tape makes the flow further disturbed so that a larger overall heat transfer coefficient is obtained. The finite volume method has been applied to scrutinize the impacts of Reynolds number as well as the twisting-tape turns number on the operation and performance of the tube. As such, suitable correlations for the prediction of some of the thermos-physical parameters of the problem (such as Nusselt number and Darcy factor) are extracted regarding the obtained data. The results of the study reveal that Nusselt number is higher for larger numbers of the tape turn and higher Reynolds numbers, while a lower friction factor is achieved as the number of the turns is reduced.
Effects of Aviation Lubrication on Tribological Performances of Graphene/MoS2 Composite Coating
Authors: Meng Fanming , Han Huali , Ma Zhifei , Tang Baoping 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Four kinds of aviation liquid lubricants (i.e., 4010#, 4050#, 4106#, and 4109# oils) were homogeneously coated on the graphene/MoS2 composite coating through a spin-coating method to form the solid–liquid lubricating combinations. The tribological properties of the obtained solid–liquid combinations and pure graphene/MoS2 coating were investigated experimentally. Effects of the liquid lubricant type on the friction and wear behaviors of the solid–liquid combinations and pure graphene/MoS2 coating were studied at different applied loads and rotational speeds. Within the ranges of the applied load varying from 10 to 50 N and rotational speed varying from 750 to 1500 rpm, the presence of the above-mentioned liquid lubricants significantly reduces the friction coefficient of the pure graphene/MoS2 coating, and the reduction rate is as high as 24%. Additionally, the coating-4109# combination has the best synergistic effect under the above operation condition.
Optimal Methods for Estimating the JONSWAP Spectrum Peak Enhancement Factor From Measured and Hindcast Wave Data
Authors: Ewans Kevin , McConochie Jason 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The specification of design wave spectra is based on spectral parameters estimated from available wave data. Measured data allow high-resolution estimates to be made, but they suffer from sampling variability and often do not contain a sufficient number of measurements in extreme sea states. Hindcast data can be used to examine spectral features associated with extreme sea states, but they can be limited by resolution and are dependent on how the physics are incorporated in the source terms of the wave model. We examine and compare the effects of estimating JONSWAP spectrum peak enhancement factor from measured and hindcast data for a range of sea states but particularly those with large significant wave heights. In the case of the measured data, we build on earlier work and review effects associated with different methods for processing measured time series data, including the effect of sampling frequency, record length, and smoothing. These are then contrasted with estimates made from typical hindcast data, including the effect of the spectral shape associated with different source terms—in particular the four-wave interaction term. Finally, we provide recommendations on how best to estimate the peak enhancement factor of the JONSWAP spectrum for design purposes.
Long-Term Effects of Three Water-Based Training Programs on Resting Blood Pressure in Older Women
Authors: Reichert Thaís , Costa Rochelle Rocha , Barroso Bruna Machado , da Rocha Vitória de Mello Bones , Oliveira Henrique Bianchi , Bracht Cláudia Gomes , de Azevedo Anemarí Girardon , Kruel Luiz Fernando Martins 
Published: July 2020

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of three water-based training on blood pressure (BP) in older women. A total of 57 participants were randomized into the following groups: (a) aerobic training (AT), (b) concurrent training in which resistance training progresses to the use of resistive equipment (CTRE), and (c) concurrent training in which resistance training progresses to multiple sets (CTMS). The participants trained twice a week for 16 weeks. Systolic BP decreased from pretraining to after 8 weeks of training and, subsequently, to after 16 weeks of training (AT: −6.53 mmHg, CTRE: −10.45 mmHg, and CTMS: −10.73 mmHg). Diastolic BP decreased from pretraining to after 8 and 16 weeks of training (AT: −6.23 mmHg, CTRE: −4.61 mmHg, and CTMS: −6.19 mmHg). Furthermore, 16% of the AT participants, 23% of the CTRE participants, and 28.5% of the CTMS participants were no longer classified as hypertensive. Water-based aerobic and concurrent training are efficient nonpharmacological measures to reduce BP in older women.
What are Fundamental Motor Skills and What is Fundamental About Them?
Authors: Newell Karl M. 
Published: July 2020

A review and synthesis of the literature on the learning and development of motor skills supports the postulation that whether a motor skill can be deemed fundamental is dependent on the collective presence of three conditions: (i) uniquenessto the movement pattern and/or outcome; (ii) near universalityof the functional outcome in the healthy population; (iii) capacity to act as an antecedent influence supportinggeneralizationto alargeandbroadset of perceptual-motor skills. Within this framework, it is proposed that the infant motor development sequence underpinning upright posture (e.g., sitting, bipedal standing), locomotion (e.g., walking, running), and object-interaction (e.g., grasping) represents the minimum set of fundamental motor skills from which all other skills evolve with over the lifespan. This position is in contrast to the views of many students of motor development and learning who describe numerous skills that typically emerge in the ∼2- to 18-year-old range as fundamental but do not meet the criteria outlined here to be fundamental. It is proposed that these be labeled ascore developmental activitieshaving a more restricted but still practically relevant influence on the acquisition of and generalization to other motor skills.
Physical or Cognitive Exertion Does Not Influence Cortical Movement Preparation for Rapid Arm Movements
Authors: Schouppe Stijn , Van Oosterwijck Jessica , Wiersema Jan R. , Van Damme Stefaan , Willems Tine , Danneels Lieven 
Published: July 2020

The contribution of central factors to movement preparation (e.g., the contingent negative variation [CNV]) and the influence of fatigue on such factors are still unclear, even though executive cognitive functions are regarded as key elements in motor control. Therefore, this study examined CNV amplitude with electroencephalography in 22 healthy humans during a rapid arm movement task prior to and following three experimental conditions: (a) a no exertion/control condition, (b) a physical exertion, and (c) a cognitive exertion. CNV amplitude was affected neither by a single bout of physical/cognitive exertion nor by the control condition. Furthermore, no time-on-task effects of the rapid arm movement task on the CNV were found. Exertion did not affect cortical movement preparation, which is in contrast to previous findings regarding time-on-task effects of exertion on CNV. Based on the current findings, the rapid arm movement task is deemed suitable to measure cortical movement preparation, without being affected by learning effects and physical/cognitive exertion.
Biallelic variants in ADARB1, encoding a dsRNA-specific adenosine deaminase, cause a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Maroofian Reza , Sedmík Jiří , Mazaheri Neda , Scala Marcello , Zaki Maha S , Keegan Liam P , Azizimalamiri Reza , Issa Mahmoud , Shariati Gholamreza , Sedaghat Alireza , Beetz Christian , Bauer Peter , Galehdari Hamid , O’Connell Mary A , Houlden Henry 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundAdenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a co-transcriptional/post-transcriptional modification of double-stranded RNA, catalysed by one of two active adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs), ADAR1 and ADAR2. ADARB1 encodes the enzyme ADAR2 that is highly expressed in the brain and essential to modulate the function of glutamate and serotonin receptors. Impaired ADAR2 editing causes early onset progressive epilepsy and premature death in mice. In humans, ADAR2 dysfunction has been very recently linked to a neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly and epilepsy in four unrelated subjects.MethodsWe studied three children from two consanguineous families with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) through detailed physical and instrumental examinations. Exome sequencing (ES) was used to identify ADARB1 mutations as the underlying genetic cause and in vitro assays with transiently transfected cells were performed to ascertain the impact on ADAR2 enzymatic activity and splicing.ResultsAll patients showed global developmental delay, intractable early infantile-onset seizures, microcephaly, severe-to-profound intellectual disability, axial hypotonia and progressive appendicular spasticity. ES revealed the novel missense c.1889G>A, p.(Arg630Gln) and deletion c.1245_1247+1 del, p.(Leu415PhefsTer14) variants in ADARB1 (NM_015833.4). The p.(Leu415PhefsTer14) variant leads to incorrect splicing resulting in frameshift with a premature stop codon and loss of enzyme function. In vitro RNA editing assays showed that the p.(Arg630Gln) variant resulted in a severe impairment of ADAR2 enzymatic activity.ConclusionIn conclusion, these data support the pathogenic role of biallelic ADARB1 variants as the cause of a distinctive form of DEE, reinforcing the importance of RNA editing in brain function and development.
What matters most to patients when choosing treatment for mild–moderate asthma? Results from a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Baggott Christina , Hansen Paul , Hancox Robert J , Hardy Jo Katherine , Sparks Jenny , Holliday Mark , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard , Reddel Helen K , Fingleton James 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundAn as-needed combination preventer and reliever regimen was recently introduced as an alternative to conventional daily preventer treatment for mild asthma. In a subgroup analysis of the PRACTICAL study, a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of budesonide–formoterol reliever therapy versus maintenance budesonide plus terbutaline reliever therapy in adults with mild asthma, we recently reported that about two-thirds preferred as-needed combination preventer and reliever therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the relative importance of attributes associated with these two asthma therapies in this subgroup of participants who indicated their preferred treatment in the PRACTICAL study.MethodsAt their final study visit, a subgroup of participants indicated their preferred treatment and completed a discrete choice experiment using the Potentially All Pairwise RanKings of all possible Alternatives method and 1000minds software. Treatment attributes and their levels were selected from measurable study outcomes, and included: treatment regimen, shortness of breath, steroid dose and likelihood of asthma flare-up.ResultsThe final analysis dataset included 288 participants, 64% of whom preferred as-needed combination preventer and reliever. Of the attributes, no shortness of breath and lowest risk of asthma flare-up were ranked highest and second highest, respectively. However, the relative importance of the other two attributes varied by preferred therapy: treatment regimen was ranked higher by participants who preferred as-needed treatment than by participants who preferred maintenance treatment.ConclusionsKnowledge of patient preferences for treatment attributes together with regimen characteristics can be used in shared decision-making regarding choice of treatment for patients with mild–moderate asthma.Trial registration numberACTRN12616000377437.