bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of suspended particulate organic matter in the diet of Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Santana Cesar Augusto da Silva , Wieczorek Alina M. , Browne Patricia , Graham Conor T. , Power Anne Marie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe extent to which commercially important Nephrops norvegicus lobsters feed on particulates in the wild is unknown, even though this could be an important way for burrow-dwelling females to avoid starvation during the long breeding season. This was investigated using δ13C and δ15N isotopic signatures in tissues with long and short turnover rates to provide diet discrimination and compare this between males and females. Secondary objectives examined size-related differences and calculated the trophic position based on the new results. Almost half the diet (47%) was made up of suspended particulate organic matter (POMsusp) alone. Fish was another important item in the diet, with plankton and invertebrate sources coming much lower down in dietary importance. Significantly more suspension feeding was observed in small or medium sized individuals than large ones in both sexes. However, there were no sex-related patterns, despite females being restricted to burrows for part of the analysis period. Female diet was almost identical to males and POMsusp comprised a large component of the diet in both sexes. The trophic position was estimated at 2.94 ± 0.16 (mean ± SD), which was at the lower end of the range reported in previous studies (2.60 to 4.32).
The Differential Impact of a Response’s Effectiveness and its Monetary Value on Response-Selection
Authors: Karsh Noam , Hemed Eitan , Nafcha Orit , Elkayam Shirel Bakbani , Custers Ruud , Eitam Baruch 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhile known reinforcers of behavior are outcomes that are valuable to the organism, recent research has demonstrated that the mere occurrence of an own-response effect can also reinforce responding. In this paper we begin investigating whether these two types of reinforcement occur via the same mechanism. To this end, we modified two different tasks, previously established to capture the influence of a response’s effectiveness on the speed of motor-responses (indexed here by participants’ reaction times). Specifically, in six experiments we manipulated both a response’s ‘pure’ effectiveness and its outcome value (e.g., substantial versus negligible monetary reward) and measured the influence of both on the speed of responding. The findings strongly suggest that post action selection, responding is influenced only by pure effectiveness, as assessed by the motor system; thus, at these stages responding is not sensitive to abstract representations of the value of a response (e.g., monetary value). We discuss the benefit of distinguishing between these two necessary aspects of adaptive behavior namely, fine-tuning of motor-control and striving for desired outcomes. Finally, we embed the findings in the recently proposed Control-based response selection (CBRS) framework and elaborate on its potential for understanding motor-learning processes in developing infants.
Sub-oxycline methane oxidation can fully uptake CH4 produced in sediments: case study of a lake in Siberia
Authors: Thalasso Frédéric , Sepulveda-Jauregui Armando , Gandois Laure , Martinez-Cruz Karla , Gerardo-Nieto Oscar , Astorga-España María S. , Teisserenc Roman , Lavergne Céline , Tananaev Nikita , Barret Maialen , Cabrol Léa 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that methane (CH4) released by lakes into the atmosphere is mainly produced in anoxic sediment and transported by diffusion or ebullition through the water column to the surface of the lake. In contrast to that prevailing idea, it has been gradually established that the epilimnetic CH4 does not originate exclusively from sediments but is also locally produced or laterally transported from the littoral zone. Therefore, CH4 cycling in the epilimnion and the hypolimnion might not be as closely linked as previously thought. We utilized a high-resolution method used to determine dissolved CH4 concentration to analyze a Siberian lake in which epilimnetic and hypolimnetic CH4 cycles were fully segregated by a section of the water column where CH4 was not detected. This layer, with no detected CH4, was well below the oxycline and the photic zone and thus assumed to be anaerobic. However, on the basis of a diffusion-reaction model, molecular biology, and stable isotope analyses, we determined that this layer takes up all the CH4 produced in the sediments and the deepest section of the hypolimnion. We concluded that there was no CH4 exchange between the hypolimnion (dominated by methanotrophy and methanogenesis) and the epilimnion (dominated by methane lateral transport and/or oxic production), resulting in a vertically segregated lake internal CH4 cycle.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Melting Iron Nanoparticles with/without Defects Using a Reaxff Reactive Force Field
Authors: Sun Junlei , Liu Pingan , Wang Mengjun , Liu Junpeng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations are performed to study thermal properties of bulk iron material and Fe nanoparticles (FNP) by using a ReaxFF reactive force field. Thermodynamic and energy properties such as radial distribution function, Lindemann index and potential energy plots are adopted to study the melting behaviors of FNPs from 300 K to 2500 K. A step-heating method is introduced to obtain equilibrium melting points. Our results show ReaxFF force field is able to detect size effect in FNP melting no matter in energy or structure evolution aspect. Extra storage energy of FNPs caused by defects (0%-10%) is firstly studied in this paper: defects will not affect the melting point of FNPs directly but increase the system energy especially when temperature reaches the melting points.
Corneal confocal microscopy detects small nerve fibre damage in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Kalteniece Alise , Ferdousi Maryam , Azmi Shazli , Mubita Womba M. , Marshall Andrew , Lauria Giuseppe , Faber Catharina G. , Soran Handrean , Malik Rayaz A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNeuropathic pain is believed to arise from damage to nociceptive C fibres in diabetic neuropathy (DN). We have utilised corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) to quantify the severity of small nerve fibre damage in relation to the severity of neuropathic pain and quality of life (QoL) in patients with and without painful DN. 30 controls and patients with painful (n = 78) and painless (n = 62) DN underwent assessment of large and small nerve fibre function, CCM, neuropathic symptoms (small fibre neuropathy symptom inventory questionnaire, neuropathic pain scale) and QoL (SF-36, pre-R-ODS and hospital anxiety and depression scale). Patients with painful compared to painless DN, had comparable neurophysiology and vibration perception, but lower corneal nerve fibre density (20.1 ± 0.87 vs. 24.13 ± 0.91, P = 0.005), branch density (44.4 ± 3.31 vs. 57.74 ± 3.98, P = 0.03), length (19.61 ± 0.81 vs. 22.77 ± 0.83, P = 0.01), inferior whorl length (18.03 ± 1.46 vs. 25.1 ± 1.95, P = 0.005) and cold sensation threshold (21.35 ± 0.99 vs. 26.08 ± 0.5, P < 0.0001) and higher warm sensation threshold (43.7 ± 0.49 vs. 41.37 ± 0.51, P = 0.004) indicative of small fibre damage. There was a significant association between all CCM parameters and the severity of painful neuropathic symptoms, depression score and QoL. CCM identifies small nerve fibre loss, which correlates with the severity of neuropathic symptoms and reduced QoL in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.
Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Authors: Park Eui-Seong , Yu Ting , Yang Kiho , Choi Shinil , Lee Seung-Min , Park Kun-Young 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSodium is an essential component of the human body, with known influences on obesity. This paper reports the effect of cube natural sea salt (CNS) on the reduction of obesity in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by ameliorating the obesity parameters and obesity-related gene mechanisms. The suppression of high fat diet-induced obesity and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by sea salt depends on the manufacturing process and mineral content. The manufacturing method using only new sea water (Cube natural sea salt) decreases the magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) content in the salt with different crystallization and morphologies, compared to the general manufacturing method (Generally manufactured sea salt, GS). Mg in salt is known to considerably affect obesity; an appropriate concentration of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) reduces lipid accumulation significantly and regulates the lipogenesis and liver enzyme activity. Our results indicate that sea salt contains an appropriate level of Mg as compared to table salt (purified salt, NaCl), and is important for regulating obesity, as observed in the in vivo and in vitro anti-obesity effects of CNS. The Mg content and mineral ratio of sea salt are important factors that ameliorate the lipid metabolism and liver enzyme activity in high fat diet induced obesity, and contents of Mg in sea salt can be altered by modifying the manufacturing process.
Heat rectification via a superconducting artificial atom
Authors: Senior Jorden , Gubaydullin Azat , Karimi Bayan , Peltonen Joonas T. , Ankerhold Joachim , Pekola Jukka P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn developing technologies based on superconducting quantum circuits, the need to control and route heating is a significant challenge in the experimental realisation and operation of these devices. One of the more ubiquitous devices in the current quantum computing toolbox is the transmon-type superconducting quantum bit, embedded in a resonator-based architecture. In the study of heat transport in superconducting circuits, a versatile and sensitive thermometer is based on studying the tunnelling characteristics of superconducting probes weakly coupled to a normal-metal island. Here we show that by integrating superconducting quantum bit coupled to two superconducting resonators at different frequencies, each resonator terminated (and thermally populated) by such a mesoscopic thin film metal island, one can experimentally observe magnetic flux-tunable photonic heat rectification between 0 and 10%.
Cassiopeia A, Cygnus A, Taurus A, and Virgo A at ultra-low radio frequencies
Authors: de Gasperin F. , Vink J. , McKean J. P. , Asgekar A. , Avruch I. , Bentum M. J. , Blaauw R. , Bonafede A. , Broderick J. W. , Brüggen M. , Breitling F. , Brouw W. N. , Butcher H. R. , Ciardi B. , Cuciti V. , de Vos M. , Duscha S. , Eislöffel J. , Engels D. , Fallows R. A. , Franzen T. M. O. , Garrett M. A. , Gunst A. W. , Hörandel J. , Heald G. , Hoeft M. , Iacobelli M. , Koopmans L. V. E. , Krankowski A. , Maat P. , Mann G. , Mevius M. , Miley G. , Morganti R. , Nelles A. , Norden M. J. , Offringa A. R. , Orrú E. , Paas H. , Pandey V. N. , Pandey-Pommier M. , Pekal R. , Pizzo R. , Reich W. , Rowlinson A. , Rottgering H. J. A. , Schwarz D. J. , Shulevski A. , Smirnov O. , Sobey C. , Soida M. , Steinmetz M. , Tagger M. , Toribio M. C. , van Ardenne A. , van der Horst A. J. , van Haarlem M. P. , van Weeren R. J. , Vocks C. , Wucknitz O. , Zarka P. , Zucca P. 
Published: February 2020

Context. The four persistent radio sources in the northern sky with the highest flux density at metre wavelengths are Cassiopeia A, Cygnus A, Taurus A, and Virgo A; collectively they are called the A-team. Their flux densities at ultra-low frequencies (< 100 MHz) can reach several thousands of janskys, and they often contaminate observations of the low-frequency sky by interfering with image processing. Furthermore, these sources are foreground objects for all-sky observations hampering the study of faint signals, such as the cosmological 21 cm line from the epoch of reionisation.
Aims. We aim to produce robust models for the surface brightness emission as a function of frequency for the A-team sources at ultra-low frequencies. These models are needed for the calibration and imaging of wide-area surveys of the sky with low-frequency interferometers. This requires obtaining images at an angular resolution better than 15″ with a high dynamic range and good image fidelity.
Methods. We observed the A-team with the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) at frequencies between 30 MHz and 77 MHz using the Low Band Antenna system. We reduced the datasets and obtained an image for each A-team source.
Results. The paper presents the best models to date for the sources Cassiopeia A, Cygnus A, Taurus A, and Virgo A between 30 MHz and 77 MHz. We were able to obtain the aimed resolution and dynamic range in all cases. Owing to its compactness and complexity, observations with the long baselines of the International LOFAR Telescope will be required to improve the source model for Cygnus A further.
The Inflammasome and Type-2 Immunity in Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Donlan Alexandra , Petri William A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Clostridium difficile (reclassified as “Clostridioides”) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in the United States, and is associated with high-patient mortality and high rates of recurrence. Inflammasome priming and activation by the bacterial toxins, TcdA, TcdB, and C. difficile transferase (CDT), initiates a potent immune response that is characterized by interleukin- (IL) 8, IL-1β, and neutrophil recruitment, and is required for pathogen killing. However, it is becoming clearer that a strong inflammatory response during C. difficile infection can result in host tissue damage, and is associated with worse patient outcome. Recent work has begun to show that a type-2 immune response, most often associated with helminth infections, allergy, and asthma, may be protective during C. difficile infection. While the mechanisms through how this response protect are still unclear, there is evidence that it is mediated through eosinophil activity. This chapter will review the immune response to C. difficile, how the inflammasome signaling during infection can deleterious to the host, as well as the current understanding of a protective type-2 immunity. Understanding the host immune response may help to provide insight into novel approaches to prognosis markers, as well as how treat patient C. difficile infection without, or in addition to, antibiotics.
Role of Surgery in Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Vely Aela , Ferrada Paula 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Clostridium (reclassified as “Clostridioides”) difficile infection (CDI) occurs as a chronic or an acute illness with intensity varying from mild to severe. Although most cases of CDI can be managed with antibiotics and supportive care, when the patient presents with fulminant disease, the early decision to perform surgery is imperative for survival. The current standard of care is the subtotal colectomy. However, loop ileostomy with vancomycin enemas delivered into the colonic mucosa has been described as a viable option on selected patients.
Surgical Techniques to Improve the Soft Tissue Triangle in Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cohn Jason E. , Shokri Tom , Othman Sammy , Sokoya Mofiyinfolu , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this systematic review we aim to (1) describe the anatomy and function of the soft tissue triangle, (2) identify the existing rhinoplasty literature that discusses the role of the soft tissue triangle, (3) provide a summary of the outcome measures for soft tissue triangle techniques in rhinoplasty, and (4) demonstrate the need for further research reviewing soft tissue triangle techniques in rhinoplasty. A systematic literature review was conducted from 2002 to 2019 utilizing MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Ovid, and Cochrane databases with the keywords, “rhinoplasty” and “soft tissue triangle” or “facet” to identify articles that describe the anatomical significance, clinical applicability, and rhinoplasty outcomes involving the soft tissue triangle. A total of 26 studies were identified as appropriate for inclusion. The vast majority describe the relationship of structure and function of the soft tissue triangle with particular focus on notching and retraction. The soft tissue triangle is an important area of the nose often neglected in rhinoplasty. This area is a common source of patient dissatisfaction and the need for revision rhinoplasty. Due to this fact, a formal evaluation of the role of the soft tissue triangle in nasal airway patency is needed. Specific validated outcome measures such as the NOSE (Nasal Obstruction and Septoplasty Effectiveness) score or the SCHNOS (Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey) should be employed in the evaluation of surgical intervention to the soft tissue triangle.
Writing impact case studies: a comparative study of high-scoring and low-scoring case studies from REF2014
Authors: Reichard Bella , Reed Mark S , Chubb Jenn , Hall Ged , Jowett Lucy , Peart Alisha , Whittle Andrea 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper reports on two studies that used qualitative thematic and quantitative linguistic analysis, respectively, to assess the content and language of the largest ever sample of graded research impact case studies, from the UK Research Excellence Framework 2014 (REF). The paper provides the first empirical evidence across disciplinary main panels of statistically significant linguistic differences between high- versus low-scoring case studies, suggesting that implicit rules linked to written style may have contributed to scores alongside the published criteria on the significance, reach and attribution of impact. High-scoring case studies were more likely to provide specific and high-magnitude articulations of significance and reach than low-scoring cases. High-scoring case studies contained attributional phrases which were more likely to attribute research and/or pathways to impact, and they were written more coherently (containing more explicit causal connections between ideas and more logical connectives) than low-scoring cases. High-scoring case studies appear to have conformed to a distinctive new genre of writing, which was clear and direct, and often simplified in its representation of causality between research and impact, and less likely to contain expressions of uncertainty than typically associated with academic writing. High-scoring case studies in two Main Panels were significantly easier to read than low-scoring cases on the Flesch Reading Ease measure, although both high-scoring and low-scoring cases tended to be of “graduate” reading difficulty. The findings of our work enable impact case study authors to better understand the genre and make content and language choices that communicate their impact as effectively as possible. While directly relevant to the assessment of impact in the UK’s Research Excellence Framework, the work also provides insights of relevance to institutions internationally who are designing evaluation frameworks for research impact.
Quantifying snowfall from orographic cloud seeding
Authors: Friedrich Katja , Ikeda Kyoko , Tessendorf Sarah A. , French Jeffrey R. , Rauber Robert M. , Geerts Bart , Xue Lulin , Rasmussen Roy M. , Blestrud Derek R. , Kunkel Melvin L. , Dawson Nicholas , Parkinson Shaun 
Published: February 2020

Significance
Cloud seeding to increase winter snowpack in mountains has traditionally been evaluated using precipitation gauges and target/control statistics leading mostly to inconclusive results. Here, an approach employing radar and gauges is used to quantify snowfall by first isolating radar returns that are unambiguously the result of cloud seeding in regions with light or no natural precipitation and then quantifying the seeding-induced precipitation at the ground. The spatiotemporal evolution of snowfall from cloud seeding is quantified. Although this study focuses only on three cases, the results are a fundamental step toward understanding cloud seeding efficacy that, for over half a century, has been an unanswered question for water managers wishing to utilize the technology for water resource management.
Absolute measurement of the density of silicon spheres to improve the primary density standard of NMIJ
Authors: Kuramoto Naoki , Zhang Lulu , Mizushima Shigeki , Waseda Atsushi , Okubo Sho , Inaba Hajime , Kurokawa Akira , Fujii Kenichi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To improve the primary density standard of the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), the absolute densities of two 1 kg silicon spheres, NMIJ-S4 and NMIJ-S5, were determined by measuring their masses and volumes. The volumes of the two spheres were measured by optical interferometry based on the primary length standard of NMIJ. For the accurate volume determination, the thicknesses of the surface layers on the spheres were determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By combining the results of optical interferometry and XPS, the volumes of the two spheres at 20.000 °C and 0 Pa were determined with relative standard uncertainties of 3.0  ×  10−8 and 2.9  ×  10−8 for NMIJ-S4 and NMIJ-S5, respectively. From these results, the sphere volumes at 20.000 °C and 101.325 kPa were determined using the isothermal compressibility of silicon. The masses of the spheres in air were determined based on the national prototype of the kilogram of Japan. From the results of the volume and mass measurements, the densities of the two spheres at 20.000 °C and 101.325 kPa were determined with a relative standard uncertainty of 3.2  ×  10−8. The density difference between the two spheres was estimated taking into account the correlation between the densities of the two spheres. The pressure-of-floatation method was also used to determine the density difference between the two spheres. The density differences determined by the two different methods agree with each other within their uncertainties.
Dynamical Model for Calculation Transverse Forces between Overhead Bridge Crane and Crane Runway
Authors: Musilek Josef 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Horizontal forces between the crane and the crane runway girder occur during a motion of an overhead travelling crane on the crane runway. There are several methods for calculation of these forces. The most significant load caused by motion of crane is the skewing and the acceleration of the crane and of the crab. This paper deals with the acceleration of the crane and with the skewing of the crane. In present the skewing of crane is defined as the motion of the overhead bridge crane with the constant velocity but with the angle relative to the crane runway. The transverse forces caused by acceleration of the crane are calculated separately. But the skewing of the crane can occur also during the accelerating of the crane. Present standards don’t take this situation into account. A dynamical model presented in this paper describes motion of the overhead double bridge crane during its acceleration. The basic assumption of this model is that there the contact between the rim of the firs crane wheel and the rail of the crane runway.
Survey of the Designs of Wooden Architectural Monuments
Authors: Pokrovskaya E N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The article describes a method for examining the material of monument structures using physico-chemical studies. The surface of samples of wooden structures was investigated by electron microscopy. The study of the capillary structure of wood was determined by kinetic changes in water adsorption. The possibility of destruction of wood structures in time was determined by the mycological method. Wood samples were taken for examination from the following monuments of wooden architecture: The Kremlin of Rostov the Great; Kizhe Reserve Museum; St. Nicholas Church in the village of Llava; piles of the Assumption Cathedral STSL; Seraphim-Diveevo monastery.