bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors And Predictors Of Length Of Stay In Offenders Diagnosed With Schizophrenia- A Machine-learning-based Approach
Authors: Kirchebner Johannes , Günther Moritz , King Alice , Lau Steffen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Prolonged forensic psychiatric hospitalizations have raised ethical, economic, and clinical concerns. Due to the confounded nature of factors affecting length of stay of psychiatric offender patients, prior research has called for the application of a new statistical methodology better accommodating this data structure. The present study seeks to examine factors responsible for prolonged detentions of schizophrenic offenders referred to a Swiss forensic hospital using machine learning algorithms more apt to reveal non-linear interdependencies between variables.Methods In this retrospective file and registry study, multidisciplinary notes of 143 schizophrenic delinquents were reviewed by using a structured protocol on patients’ characteristics, criminal and medical history and course of treatment. Via a forward selection procedure, the most influential predictors for length of stay were preselected. Machine learning algorithms identified the most efficient model for predicting length-of-stay.Results/ Conclusions Ten factors prolonging forensic hospitalization were identified: Six were related to aspects of the index offence (index offence, number of crimes, extend of injury to the victim of the offence), two were related to psychopathology at admission or even prior to that (hallucinations in psychiatric history), one alluded to the course of therapy (self-harming during inpatient treatment), and one referred to biographical aspects (poverty during childhood/ adolescence). Results are discussed in light of earlier reports on the subject.
Symptomatic remission in schizophrenia affects employment outcomes; Instrumental activity of daily living is a determinant for non-remitted patients
Authors: Wang San-Ping , Wang Jung-Der , Chang Jer-Hao , Wu Bo-Jian , Wang Tso-Jen , Sun Hsiao-Ju 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Remission criteria were proposed by Andreasen for classifying patients with schizophrenia according to the severity of psychopathology. Up to the present time, there have been no cohort studies exploring the association between remission status and employment outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. The study aimed to explore whether symptomatic remission is significantly associated with employment outcomes in a two-year longitudinal study, and to investigate factors associated with favorable employment outcomes for patients without symptomatic remission at baseline.Methods: All of 525 stable patients with schizophrenia in the therapeutic community of a public mental hospital between 2013 and 2015 in Taiwan were recruited. Employment outcomes, defined as the cumulative on-the-job duration (months/per year) and income (new Taiwan dollars, NT$/per year), were investigated at the end of 1- and 2-year follow-up after enrollment. For repeated measurements, linear mixed models were constructed to examine the association between symptomatic remission and employment outcomes after controlling for potential confounding variables including age, sex, education, type and daily dose of antipsychotics, cognitive function, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and initial employment type.Results: The average age was 51.8 years, and 65.3% were males. Among them, 124 patients (23.6%, 124/525) met the remission criteria at baseline. The linear mixed-model analysis showed that patients who had symptomatic remission were employed 0.69 of a month longer ( p = 0.04) and earned NT$2,490 more ( p = 0.03) within 1 year than did those who did not show symptomatic remission. For finding factors related to employment outcomes in patients without remission, initial IADL scores were significantly associated with both outcomes (B = 0.089, p = 0.001 and B =153, p = 0.003 for cumulative duration and income).Conclusion: Our study suggests that assessing symptomatic remission is an useful part of monitoring treatment effectiveness for schizophrenia, and all strategies targeting the bio-psycho-social domains to attain symptomatic remission are paramount to maintain favorable employment outcomes. To enhance the level of instrumental daily activities is an important issue for schizophrenia patients to return to the community with promising employment outcomes.
Anxiety Disorders and PTSD in Palestine: A systematic review
Authors: Marie Mohammad Mohammad-Zeyad , SaadAdeen Sana Asad Mohammad , Battat Maher Mohammad Khalil 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background The WHO reports that anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders worldwide. Most people who experience such events recover from them, but people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continue to be severely depressed and anxious for months or even years following the event. Palestinians are especially at a higher risk for developing anxiety disorders and PTSD due to their chronic exposure to political violence, prolonged displacement, and others as a limited professional, educational, financial opportunities, and mental health services. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the literature and established studies concerning Anxiety disorders besides PTSD in Palestine.Methods PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar was used to search for materials, for the critical analysis of empirical articles, the following aspects were considered: study type, sample, and the key findings. Results Twenty-four studies from Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) were included in this review. Five studies related to children, five related to Adolescent, three related to women, three related to physical diseased and four related to gender and age differences.Results showed that anxiety disorders and PTSD were one of the most common mental disorders in Palestine. Anxiety and PTSD develop from a complex set of risk factors, including genetics, personality, and life events. They are highly associated with poor quality of life and disability. The results indicate that a significant proportion of Palestinian experiencing serious psychological distress especially anxiety and PTSD. Therefore, a mental health policy for Palestinians must deal with several challenges. Distinct barriers including inconsistent availability of medications, absence of multidisciplinary teamwork, insufficient specialists, fragmented mental health system, and occupation need to be addressed.Conclusion As a primary prevention, the occupation should be considered as a main source of the anxiety and other mental health disorders in Palestine. Besides, there is a need to implement mental health care system through the multidisciplinary work and raising awareness regarding prevalent of mental disorders.
Interaction between lead and noradrenergic genotypes affects neurocognitive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a case control study
Authors: Choi Jae-Won , Jung A-Hyun , Nam Sojeong , Kim Kyoung Min , Kim Jun Won , Kim Soo Yeon , Kim Jae-Won , Kim Bung-Nyun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate neurocognitive functions associated with blood lead levels and their relationship with the interactions between lead and dopaminergic or noradrenergic genotypes in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods A total of 267 youths with ADHD and 101 healthy controls (aged 5 to 18 years) participated in this study. A semi-structured interview, the Korean Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL), was conducted for psychiatric diagnostic evaluation. Blood lead levels were measured, and their interaction with dopaminergic or noradrenergic genotypes for ADHD, namely dopamine transporter (DAT1), dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4), and alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A) genotypes were investigated. All participants were assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS). Participants also completed the continuous performance test (CPT) and Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT). Analysis of covariance was used for comparison of blood lead levels between ADHD and control groups. A multivariable linear regression model was used to evaluate the associations of blood lead levels with the results of ADHD-RS, CPT, and SCWT; adjusted for intelligence quotient (IQ), age, and sex. Path analysis model was used to identify mediating effects of neurocognitive functions on blood lead levels and ADHD symptoms.Results There was a significant difference in blood lead levels between the ADHD and control groups (1.4±0.5 vs. 1.3±0.5 µg/dL, p=0.004). Blood lead levels showed a positive correlation with scores on omission errors of CPT (r=0.16, p=0.01) and on the hyperactivity-impulsivity subscale of ADHD-RS (r=0.14, p=0.03). In the multivariable linear regression model, blood lead levels were associated with CPT omission errors (B=0.14, p=0.02). Regarding the effects of lead on ADHD symptoms, hyperactivity-impulsivity was mediated by omission errors of CPT. An interaction effect was detected between ADRA2A genotype and lead levels on omission errors (B=0.12, p=0.04).Conclusions Our results indicate that neurocognitive functions at least partly mediate the association between blood lead levels and ADHD symptoms, and that neurocognitive functions are affected by the interaction between blood lead levels and noradrenergic genotype.
Changes in community mental health services availability and suicide mortality in the US: A retrospective study
Authors: Hung Peiyin , Busch Susan , Shih Yi-Wen , McGregor Alecia , Wang Shi-Yi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of mental health services are delivered in outpatient settings, the effect of changes in non-hospital-based mental health care on increased suicide rates is largely unknown. This study examines the association between changes in community mental health center (CMHC) supply and suicide mortality in the United States. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed using data from National Mental Health Services Survey (N-MHSS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) (2014-2017). Population-weighted multiple linear regressions were used to examine within-state associations between CMHCs per capita and suicide mortality. Models controlled for state-level characteristics (i.e., number of hospital psychiatric units per capita, number of mental health professionals per capita, age, race, and percent low-income), year and state. Results: From 2014 to 2017, the number of CMHCs decreased by 14% nationally (from 3,406 to 2,920). Suicide increased by 9.7% (from 15.4 to 16.9 per 100,000) in the same time period. We find a small but negative association between the number of CMHCs and suicide deaths (-0.52, 95% CI -1.08 to 0.03; p=0.066). Declines in the number of CMHCs from 2014 to 2017 may be associated with approximately 6% of the national increase in suicide, representing 263 additional suicide deaths. Conclusions: State governments should avoid the declining number of CMHCs and the services these facilities provide, which may be an important component of suicide prevention efforts. Keywords: Suicide, Deinstitutionalization, Access to mental health care, Community mental health
Tablet vs book learning: Impact on memory, attention and learning skills
Authors: Tawil Jessika , Haddad Chadia , Farchakh Youssef , Sacre Hala , Nabout Rita , Obeid Sahar , Salameh Pascale , Hallit Souheil 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objectives : Textbooks are the major source of instruction, yet many Lebanese schools have partially introduced electronic devices, and have discreetly started to rely on them. Given the reported discrepancies between textbooks and tablets learning in international literature, it is essential to conduct a Lebanese study that compares both entities. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the impact of tablet use at school on memory, attention and learning abilities among Lebanese children. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2019, enrolled 566 students aged of 11-13 years. Three schools were chosen conveniently for this study, one of them uses the Tablet and text books for students’ learning whereas the second one uses text books exclusively. Students were randomly chosen from the list given by the school administration. Results : Textbook learning was significantly associated with lower episodic memory score (better episodic memory) and lower visual memory score (better visual memory), lower attention score (better attention), lower processing speed score (better processing speed), lower mathematic skills score (better mathematic skills) compared to tablets and textbook learning. Conclusion : Learning is evolving to another level and forever changing. Many studies should be conducted in order to understand the importance of merging new and old techniques to ensure that the next generations are receiving what can positively affect their cognitive skills and their performance.
Reliability, validity and cut-off score of the Chinese version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale Self-Report form in patients with panic disorder
Authors: Liu Xitong , Xu Tingting , Chen Dandan , Yang Chen , Wang Pei , Huang Xiao , Cheng Wenhong , Shen Yuan , Liu Qiang , Wang Zhen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Panic disorder (PD) is often undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, or untreated in non-psychiatric clinical settings. Therefore, a cost-effective, accurate and easy-to-administer instrument for PD assessment is still needed. For that reason, the self-report version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS-SR) has been developed and suggested to be a reliable and useful tool in clinical and research settings. The current study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PDSS-SR and determine the cut-off score of the PDSS-SR. Methods A total of 133 patients with PD in Shanghai were assessed by the PDSS-SR, PDSS and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Moreover, 117 patients with non-PD anxiety and 51 healthy subjects also completed the PDSS-SR to construct a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with the scores of PD patients. Results The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the PDSS-SR was 0.72-0.80, and the interrater correlation coefficient was 0.78. The results of principal component analysis and varimax rotation indicated that the PDSS-SR had a two-factor structure, with all seven items having salient loadings. The cut-off score was 4, which was associated with high sensitivity (96.03%) and specificity (61.31%). Conclusions The findings demonstrate that these items and the total score of the PDSS-SR have acceptable reliability and validity in patients with PD and that the PDSS-SR can be used by general doctors for clinical screening in China.
Thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) gene-modified bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) promote the effect of therapeutic angiogenesis in critical limb ischemia (CLI) of diabetic rats
Authors: Zhang Qian , Wang Tao , Wu Xiangfeng , Wang Ying , Wu Xuanqin , Zhou Meiling , Li Zhu , Liu Bing , Zheng Feng , Sun Xizhuo , Liu Tao 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the leading cause of lower limb amputation. Traditional treatments for CLI have limitations. Studies have shown that thrombospondin-4 (TSP4) can promote the growth of neovascularization. In this study, we observed the angiogenesis efficiency of TSP4-overexpressing BMSC transplantation in CLI treatment. Methods The recombinant FT106-tsp4-gfp lentiviral vector plasmid was constructed and transfected into 293FT cells. Primary BMSCs were successfully infected with the tsp4 virus, and TSP4 overexpression was confirmed before TSP4-BMSCs infusion. In vitro, TSP4-BMSCs were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion were measured in the co-culture supernatants by ELISA. The effect of TSP4-BMSCs on endothelial cell proliferation and migration was detected. Meanwhile, the effects of TSP4-BMSC on the angiogenesis of endothelial cells were tested by tube formation experiment and arterial ring test. In vivo, a rat CLI model was established, and 60 CLI rats were randomly divided into the CLI, BMSC + CLI and TSP4-BMSC + CLI groups. The effect of TSP4-BMSC on angiogenesis was detected by the motor function, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining assays. Neovascular density was detected by digital substraction angiography (DSA). Results Our results demonstrated that TSP4-BMSCs obviously increased TSP4, VEGF, Ang-1, MMP9, MMP2 and p-Cdc42/Rac1 expression in endothelial cells. TSP4-BMSCs treatment notably upregulated the TGF-β/smad2/3 signal pathway in HUVECs. In vivo, TSP4-BMSCs improved the motor function score of the CLI rats and increased MMP2, MMP9, Ang-1, VEGF and vWF protein expression in tissue of the ischaemic area. Meanwhile, new blood vessels can be observed around the ischemic area after TSP4-BMSCs treatment. Conclusions Our data illustrate that TSP4-BMSCs can promote endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and the recovery of motor function in diabetic hind limb ischaemic rats. TSP4-BMSCs have better therapeutic effects than BMSCs.
Longitudinal changes in EEG power, sleep cycles and behaviour in a tau model of neurodegeneration.
Authors: Holton Christopher , Hanley Nicola , Shanks Elaine , Oxley Penny , McCarthy Andrew , Eastwood Brian J. , Murray Tracey K. , Nickerson Aidan , Wafford Keith A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Disturbed sleep is associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The progressive sequence of how neurodegeneration affects aspects of sleep architecture in conjunction with behavioural changes is not well understood. We investigated changes in sleep architecture, spectral power and circadian rhythmicity in the tet-off rTg4510 mouse overexpressing human P301L tau within the same subject over time. Doxycycline-induced transgene-suppressed rTg4510 mice, tTa carriers and wild-type mice were used as comparators. Using EEG electrodes, spectral power and sleep stages were measured from within the home cage environment. In addition, locomotor activity and performance during a T-maze task were measured. Spectral power, primarily in the NREM delta band, showed a time-dependent decrease in rTg4510 mice compared to all other groups. After the initial changes in spectral power, wake during the dark period increased whereas NREM and number of REM sleep bouts decreased in rTg4510 compared to wild-type mice. Home cage locomotor activity significantly increased in rTg4510 compared to wild-type mice by 40 weeks of age. Peak-to-peak circadian rhythm amplitude and performance in the T-maze was impaired throughout the experiment independent of time. At 46 weeks brain histopathological changes were measured in all animals demonstrating significant degeneration in hippocampus and cortex, and protection with doxycycline. Pathology significantly correlated with sleep outcomes, in addition to locomotor and cognitive measures. In conclusion, we show that reduced EEG slow wave activity precedes reductions in sleep and home-cage locomotor activity in a mouse model of tauopathy. The data shows increasing mutant tau changes sleep architecture, EEG properties, behavior and cognition; which suggest tau related effects on sleep architecture in AD patients.
25-Hydroxycholesterol amplifies microglial IL-1β production in an apoE isoform-dependent manner
Authors: Wong Man Ying , Lewis Michael , Doherty James J , Shi Yang , Cashikar Anil G , Amelianchik Anna , Tymchuk Svitlana , Sullivan Patrick M. , Qian Mingxing , Covey Douglas F. , Petsko Gregory A. , Holtzman David M. , Paul Steven M. , Luo Wenjie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background : Genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have implicated pathways related to lipid homeostasis and innate immunity in AD pathophysiology. However, the exact cellular and chemical mediators of neuroinflammation in AD remain poorly understood. The oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an important immunomodulator produced by peripheral macrophages with wide-ranging effects on cell signaling and innate immunity. Genetic variants of the enzyme responsible for 25-HC production, cholesterol 25‑hydroxylase (CH25H), have been found to be associated with AD. Methods: We used real time-PCR and immunoblotting to examine CH25H expression in human AD brain tissue and in transgenic mouse brain tissue bearing amyloid-β plaques or tau pathology. The innate immune response of primary mouse microglia under different treatment condition or bearing different genetic backgrounds was analyzed using ELISA, western blotting or immunocytochemistry. Results : We found that CH25H expression is upregulated in human AD brain tissue and in transgenic mouse brain tissue bearing amyloid-β plaques or tau pathology. Treatment with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) markedly upregulates CH25H expression in the mouse brain and stimulates CH25H expression and 25-HC secretion in mouse primary microglia. We found that LPS-induced microglial production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is markedly potentiated by 25-HC and attenuated by deletion of CH25H. Microglia expressing apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), a genetic risk factor for AD, produce greater amounts of 25-HC than apoE3-expressing microglia following treatment with LPS. Remarkably, 25-HC treatment results in a greater level of IL-1β secretion in LPS-activated apoE4-expressing microglia than in apoE2- or apoE3-expressing microglia. Blocking potassium efflux or inhibiting caspase-1 prevents 25-HC-potentiated IL-1β release in apoE4-expressing microglia, indicating the involvement of caspase-1/NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Conclusion : 25-HC may function as a microglial secreted inflammatory mediator in brain, promoting IL-1β-mediated neuroinflammation in an apoE isoform-dependent manner (E4>>E2/E3) and thus may be an important mediator of neuroinflammation in AD.