bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Performance Metal Sulfide Electrode for Lithium Battery
Authors: Kalimuldina Gulnur , Nurpeissova Arailym , Adair Desmond , Taniguchi Izumi , Bakenov Zhumabay 
Published: December 2020

The global energy and ecological crisis is reaching its critical point and effective actions for its mitigation cannot be postponed any longer, and renewable energy and ecological transport industries are demonstrating tremendous growth. These applications demand the next generation batteries with excellent performance and reliability and lower cost. This turns our society to investigate the materials with diverse structure to design high performance electrodes for such systems. The studies on electrode materials, in general, showed the essential tendencies besides the electrode material itself: in its morphology, microstructure and chemical composition [1]. One of the promising electrode materials for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries are the metal sulfides, as they possess high electronic conductivity and higher theoretical capacity than commonly used LiCoO2. Nowadays, copper sulfide is attracting the attention of researchers due to its wide range of stoichiometric composition (Cu
x
S, x=1-2) and diverse application in energy devices [2]. Extensive studies demonstrate the possibility for numerous copper sulfide synthesis methods such as hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, melt diffusion, mixed solvents method, chemical deposition, sol-gel method, spray pyrolysis (SP), microwave-assisted growth, chemical vapor transport, template synthesis, and electrodeposition [3,4]. However, all these methods are costly and time-consuming.
In this study, we present a facile and straightforward novel method of preparation of flower-like structured copper sulfide (Cu
x
S) (Fig. 1) with excellent electrochemical properties and cycling stability. Detailed studies on the electrochemical reaction mechanism for the new composition of the Cu
x
S phase will also be presented in this work.
Figure 1. (a,b) SEM images of CuxS electrode with different magnifications after preparation on Cu foam surface.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the project 091019CRP2114 “Three-Dimensional All Solid State Rechargeable Batteries” from Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan.

References:

[1] G. Zubiab, R. Dufo-López, M. Carvalho, G. Pasaoglu, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 89 (2018) 292-308.
[2] C. Feng, L. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Song, K. Sun, F. Wu, G. Liu, J. Power Sources, 269 (2014) 550-555.
[3] G. Kalimuldina, I. Taniguchi, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5 (2017) 6937-6946.
[4] C. Feng, L. Zhang, M. Yang,. X. Song, H. Zhao, Z. Jia, K. Sun, G. Liu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7 (2015), 15726−15734.

Figure 1
(Invited) Layer Design and Approach in New Energy Storage Materials
Authors: Jang Eun Kwang , Im Jinsol , Ahn Jinhyeok , Yoon Sukeun , Cho Kuk Young 
Published: December 2020

Current lithium-ion batteries (LIB) dominate its use as energy sources in the various applications from small to large sized-systems. Optimization of the cell design and densification of active materials worked effectively for the requirements for the portable electronic devices. However, current Li-ion system approaches limit in energy density for emerging applications. Thus, advanced LiBs and next generation batteries with new materials and cell designs are urgent and critical in both practical and academic aspects.
Layer structure from coating, deposition, and passive formation by additives play a important platform technology in materials and components in the batteries. Thickness of the layers differs from nano to micrometer scales depending on the applied components. Systems related with layers for improving the flexible battery and lithium metal battery are discussed.
High-Performance and Industrially Feasible Ni-Rich Layered Cathodematerials By Integrating Coherent Interphase
Authors: Park Kwangjin , Min Kyoungmin , Cho Eun-Seog 
Published: December 2020

For developing the industrially feasible Ni-rich layered oxide cathode with extended cycle life, it is necessary to mitigate both the mechanical degradation due to intergranular cracking between primary particles and gas
generation from the reaction between the electrolyte and residual Li in the cathode. To simultaneously resolve these two issues, we herein propose a simple but novel method to reinforce the primary particles in LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 by providing a Li-reactive material, whose spinel interphase is coherent with the surface of the cathode. The modified structure significantly outperforms analogous bare samples: they conserve more than
90% of the initial capacity after 50 cycles and also exhibit a greater rate capability. By tracking the same particle location during cycling, we confirmed that the current method significantly reduces crack generation because the
provided coating material can penetrate inside the grain boundary of the secondary particle and help maintain the volume of the primary particle. Finally, first-principles calculations were implemented to determine the role of this spinel material, i.e., having intrinsically isotropic lattice parameters, superior mechanical properties, and only a small volume change during delithiation. We believe that the proposed method is straightforward and cost-effective; hence, it is directly applicable for the mass production of Ni-rich cathode material to enable its commercialization.

Figure 1
Potassium-Ion (De)Intercalation Mechanism of Honeycomb Layered Oxides Such As K2Ni2TeO6
Authors: Masese Titus , Kanyolo Godwill , Rizell Josef , Yoshii Kazuki , Senoh Hiroshi 
Published: December 2020

Rechargeable potassium-ion batteries are appealing candidates for next-generation energy storage devices not only owing to their projected low-cost but also to the high voltage that can be attained.[1-3] Honeycomb layered oxide cathode materials show high voltage and facilitate reversible potassium-ion extraction and insertion (K+ (de)intercalation) at decent capacities. This makes them promising cathode candidates that can be matched to suitable anode materials to design a high-voltage (high-energy density) battery.[4-6] It is crucial to investigate the reaction mechanism of electrode materials in order to understand the structural changes accompanying reversible (de)intercalation of the large K+ that lead to unique staircase-like voltage profiles. Honeycomb layered oxides such as K2Ni2TeO6 facilitate reversible K+ (de)intercalation at high voltages with staircase-like profiles. In this presentation, we will highlight the reaction mechanism of K2Ni2TeO6, based mainly on X-ray diffraction studies.
Acknowledgement
This work was conducted under the support of Japan Prize Foundation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 19K15685).
References

T. Hosaka, K. Kubota, A. S. Hameed and S. Komaba, Chem. Rev. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00463

T. Masese, K. Yoshii, Y. Yamaguchi, T. Okumura, Z.-D. Huang, M. Kato, K. Kubota, J. Furutani, Y. Orikasa, H. Senoh, H. Sakaebe and M. Shikano, Nat. Commun., 9, 3823 (2018).

K. Yoshii, T. Masese, M. Kato, K. Kubota, H. Senoh and M. Shikano, ChemElectroChem, 6, 3901 (2019).

T. Masese, K. Yoshii, M. Kato, K. Kubota, Z.-D. Huang, H. Senoh and M. Shikano, Chem. Commun., 55, 985 (2019).

G. M. Kanyolo and T. Masese, chemRxiv,11961123 (2020). https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11961123.v1 submitted

G. M. Kanyolo, T. Masese, J. Rizell et al., Honeycomb Layered Oxides: Structure, Energy Storage, Transport, Topology and Relevant Insights. arXiv, 2003.03555 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci] (2020). https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03555 submitted
Sulfated Zirconia Superacid for Improvement of Lithium Metal Batteries with Carbonate Electrolytes
Authors: Woo Sang-Gil , Hwang Eun-Kyoung , Jeong Goojin , Lee Je-Nam , Yu Ji-Sang 
Published: December 2020

Although the promise with regard to the energy density has promoted research on lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) because of high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1) and the low redox potential (-3.040 vs standard hydrogen electrode), avoiding uncontrolled dendrite growth and resulting increasing of interfacial resistance request a formidable challenge in reversible and sustainable cycling of LMBs.
Here, we introduce coating of sulfated zirconia (S-ZrO2) onto a separator to induce homogeneous growth of Li by achieving high Li ion transference number. Sulfated zirconia synthesized by sol-gel method has high specific surface area and exhibits extremely high acidity, such as several orders of magnitude higher acidity than that of pure sulfuric acid. The extraordinary acidity of S-ZrO2 showed a dense Li plated layer with rounded morphology of individual Li deposits and improved cyclability resulting.
Research of Li-Mg Alloy Electrode for All Solid States Battery
Authors: Kim Sangwoo , Kim DongEung 
Published: December 2020

All solid state Li metal battery is regarded as the promising next-generation energy storage device due to the high theoretical energy density and safety. However, the practical application of ASS Li-metal batteries is still limited owing to the cycle stability of both the cathode and lithium metal anode. In particular, the instability in the bulk and at the surface of the lithium anode during cycling becomes a huge obstacle for the practical application of ASS Li-metal batteries, based on the consideration of improving the stability in the bulk and at the surface of the lithium anode.
Our experimental results reveal that the robust passivation layer is formed on the surface of the Li-Mg alloy anode, which is helpful to reduce side reactions, and enable the smooth surface morphology of anode during cycling.
Meanwhile, the mixed electron and Li-ion conducting matrix of the Li-poor Li-Mg alloy as a porous skeleton structure can also be formed after delithiation, which can guarantee the structural integrity of the anode in the bulk during Li stripping and plating step. Therefore, the Li-rich Li-Mg alloy is demonstrated to be a very promising anode material for ASS Li-metal battery.
Gravimetric Measurement of Lithium-Air Battery Cell during Discharge/Charge
Authors: Nomura Akihiro , Mizuki Emiko , Ito Kimihiko , Kubo Yoshimi 
Published: December 2020

Lithium-air battery (LAB) is expected to have an extremely high energy density, 5-10 times higher than that of the current lithium-ion batteries. To extend the cycle life of LAB, the oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) at the cathode must be close to the ideal 2Li+ + O2 + 2e- ↔ Li2O2. So far, these reactions have been quantitatively analyzed using pressure cells and/or differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). However these methods are not suitable for long-term measurements such as long-term discharge/charge or cycle tests. We have developed a high-precision weight measurement system that automatically measures the weight of a coin cell during the discharge/charge process. Performing zero correction each time enables long-term monitoring of the cell weight with accuracy of the balance used. Cell weight measurement also provides a more accurate quantitative analysis of the oxygen consumed and the gases evolved than DEMS.
Figure 1(a) shows the galvanostatic discharge/charge profile of a LAB cell under pure oxygen atmosphere. The cell was comprised with a carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet cathode (16 mm in diameter) and a Li metal anode filled with 1M LiTFSI/TEGDME electrolyte. Figure 1(b) presents the amount of cell weight change, which synchronously responded to the discharge/charge profile. The cell weight exhibited -5.63 mg/h weight loss during the first 50 h rest. This corresponds to slow evaporation of the electrolyte solvent and was subtracted as a background in the following analysis. The following 50 h discharge brought linear weight gain by ORR at the cathode equivalent of 1.955 (±0.005) e-/O2, which was slightly lower than the ideal number of 2 for two electron reduction. If we simply assume one-electron and two-electron reactions, this indicates that 4.5% of oxygen inhaled remained one electron reduction while the rest underwent two electron reduction. Then the cell experienced a linear weight loss at 2.109 (±0.006) e-/O2 during the first 30 h of charge, which corresponded to 94.8% weight of ideal oxygen evolution. The weight loss was gradually accelerated near the end of charge, which is attributed to the evolution of CO2 detected by the DEMS. Although the cell weight change gives a complementary profile of the DEMS, it provides a simple way to monitor the discharge/charge reactions of the LAB cells with high accuracy. Long-term cell weight changes under multiple discharge/charge cycles will also be discussed.

Figure 1
(Invited) Electrochemical Investigation of Hard Carbon Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries Using a Coaxial Ring Reference Electrode
Authors: Park Juyeon , Meddings Nina , Raccichini Rinaldo , Rosser Tim , Olson Jarred Zipley , Hinds Gareth 
Published: December 2020

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are an attractive alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of the natural abundance of sodium resources [1]. Owing to their similar working principles to LIBs, NIBs also offer the advantage of utilizing the same manufacturing protocols and methodology as LIBs, and as such minimal additional capital costs are required for existing LIB manufacturers to switch to NIB technology.
Since the sodium storage mechanism of hard carbon (HC) was demonstrated by Stevens and Dahn in 2000 [2], it has become the state-of-the-art anode material for NIBs due to its good cycling stability, low working potentials, small voltage hysteresis and relatively low cost. However, the storage mechanism for high performance is not fully understood due to the complexity of the HC structure. The prevalent problem of under-estimated capacity of HC in half-cell tests indicates that this conventional test method requires improvement. Furthermore, half-cell studies are generally carried out in two-electrode configuration, where the counter electrode (CE) acts also as reference electrode (RE). This provides reliable results only if the passage of current does not significantly perturb the potential of the CE [3].
In this study, we present an in-depth investigation of the electrochemical behavior of a range of HC-based working electrodes (WE) in three-electrode half-cell configuration, with a pure Na metal CE and a concentric Na metal coaxial ring RE. The use of a separate RE allows simultaneous data acquisition for both WE and CE, during galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.
Using this approach, the electrochemical performance, including cycling stability, rate capability and electrochemical impedance, is measured in a reliable manner to assess the capacity and cyclability of HC. In addition, the effect of four different types of electrolyte solution on the electrochemical behavior is analysed and discussed to inform electrolyte selection from a full-cell perspective (Figure 1).

Reference
s
:

[1] C. Vaalma, D. Buchholz, M. Weil, S. Passerini, Nat. Rev. Mat., 3 (2018) 18013.
[2] J. R Dahn, D. A. Stevens, J. Electrochem. Soc., 4 (2000) 147.
[3] R. Raccichini, M. Amores, G. Hinds, Batteries., 5 (2019) 12.

Figure 1
(Invited) Electrodeposition for Die-to-Wafer Very High-Density Interconnect
Authors: Inoue Fumihiro 
Published: December 2020

Due to an increasing demand for high performance electronics, e.g. mobile, wearable, artificial intelligence for self-driving, heterogeneous 3D integration chips are highly desired since the integration scheme can be significantly outperforming a 2D integration chip.
There are several 3D stacking integration methods to connect different components, such as wafer to wafer (W2W) bonding and die to wafer (D2W) bonding. W2W hybrid bonding offers a massive connection in a bonding, which decrease the processing cost in particular for small chips. However, there is a limitation that the die must be equal size for the pair wafer. Furthermore, no Known Good Die (KGD) selection is possible in W2W bonding, which can give a negative impact on stacking yield. On the other hand, D2W is able to handle different die sizes, which allow great flexibility in 3D integration. In addition, the capability to select the KGD ensures the yield.
The most commonly used interconnection technique for D2W is solder base thermal compression bonding (TCB). However, there are several challenges in the stacking to achieve below 10 μm pitch. In addition, there is a certain limitation for scaling down below 5 μm of the bump pitches. In order to overcome the issue, implementation of hybrid Cu-Cu bonding technology is desired.
In this presentation, the alternative scheme for solder base thermal compression bonding will be introduced, which enables us to achieve below 10 μm pitch by TCB. In particular, the challenge and solution regarding electrodeposition will be discussed. In addition, our integration approach for hybrid Cu-Cu D2W bonding will also be introduced.
Rapid Non-Destructive Wafer Detection and Tracking of Defects in Bulk and Epitaxially Grown Gallium Nitride
Authors: Elhadj Selim 
Published: December 2020

Defects in bulk semiconductor crystals are especially damaging to devices, producing catastrophic electrical and optical failures or even limiting lifetime performance and reliability, while driving materials growth costs. New methods for rapid and non-destructive characterization of materials are needed to help overcome limitations in fabrication throughput and application reliability of wide-bandgap power electronics substrates, especially in the development of emerging bulk Gallium Nitride (GaN). Rapid materials characterization methods will help inform the fabrication process parameters impact on materials defects formation, while speeding-up materials development and, ultimately, the deployment of low defect commercially viable and reliable bulk GaN substrates. Here we present an approach for multi-modal defect non-destructive imaging of device-relevant GaN defects with high resolution and high sensitivity. The scanning GaN defects detection system is based on laser pump-and-probe photoluminescence and photothermal measurements that are compared to diode device reliability data from accelerated lifetime testing. We determine that defects detected at optical frequencies reliably predict lifetime performance issues of power electronic devices operating at near DC frequencies[1, 2]. Bulk and epi grown GaN wafer imaging data and test platform device data are correlated to help validate the proposed multi-modal defect detection approach for the reliable detection of defects relevant to the performance of GaN power electronic devices.
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Advanced Manufacturing Office, FY18/FY19 Lab Call.

J. H. Yoo, A. Lange, J. Chesser, S. Falabella, and S. Elhadj, "A Survey of Transparent Conducting Films and Optoelectrical Materials for High Optical Power Applications," Physica Status Solidi a-Applications and Materials Science 216, (2019).

J.-H. Yoo, S. Rafique, A. Lange, H. Zhao, and S. Elhadj, "Lifetime laser damage performance of β-Ga2O3 for high power applications," APL Materials 6, 036105 (2018).

Figure 1
Synchrotron X-ray Topography Characterization of Commercial GaN Substrates for Power Electronic Applications
Authors: Liu Yafei , Hu Shanshan , Peng Hongyu , Ailihumaer Tuerxun , Raghothamachar Balaji , Dudley Michael 
Published: December 2020

As one of the most important wide bandgap semiconductors, Gallium Nitride (GaN) has many applications in power electronic devices such as inverters and switches, as well as optoelectronic devices like light emitting diodes.[1] However, high-quality bulk GaN growth is still limited by the availability of growth techniques. Two most popular growth method for GaN are hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) [2, 3] and ammonothermal [4, 5] method. HVPE method uses foreign substrates, such as sapphire, gallium arsenide or silicon carbide, which gives a large dislocation density due to significant lattice mismatch and difference in coefficients of thermal expansion. However, in ammonothermal method, native seeds were used to minimize the effects of lattice mismatch and a retrograde direction of GaN transport inside the growth system was utilized to exclude most of the contamination and undesirable phases. So, ammonothermal method gives a much better quality.
In this study, GaN substrates of both HVPE (Figure 1) and ammonothermal (Figure 2) methods have been characterized by synchrotron monochromatic beam X-ray topography (SMBXT)[6]. The distribution of threading screw/mixed dislocations (TSDs/TMDs), threading edge dislocations (TEDs) and basal plane dislocations (BPDs) is characterized. Ray tracing simulations are adopted to confirm the types of dislocations. The comparison of defect distribution between HVPE and ammonothermal samples has been conducted by both SWBXT and High-resolution X-ray Diffraction (HRXRD).
References
[1] S.J. Pearton, J.C. Zolper, R.J. Shul, F. Ren, Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999) 1-78.
[2] H.P. Maruska, J. Tietjen, Applied Physics Letters 15 (1969) 327-329.
[3] K. Fujito, S. Kubo, H. Nagaoka, T. Mochizuki, H. Namita, S. Nagao, Journal of Crystal Growth 311 (2009) 3011-3014.
[4] R. Dwiliński, R. Doradziński, J. Garczyński, L. Sierzputowski, A. Puchalski, Y. Kanbara, K. Yagi, H. Minakuchi, H. Hayashi, Journal of Crystal Growth 310 (2008) 3911-3916.
[5] T. Hashimoto, F. Wu, J.S. Speck, S. Nakamura, Journal of Crystal Growth 310 (2008) 3907-3910.
[6] B. Raghothamachar, M. Dudley, G. Dhanaraj, X-Ray Topography Techniques for Defect Characterization of Crystals, in: G. Dhanaraj, K. Byrappa, V. Prasad, M. Dudley (Eds.), Springer handbook of crystal growth, Springer Science & Business Media, 2010, p. 1425.

Figure 1