bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baseline use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/AT1 blocker and outcomes in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 African-American patients
Authors: Shah Priyank , Owens Jack , Franklin James , Jani Yash , Kumar Ashish , Doshi Rajkumar 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
The primary objective of this study is to determine the effect of baseline use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-i)/AT1 blocker (ARB) on mortality in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) African-American patients. The secondary objectives are, to determine the effect of baseline use of ACE-i/ARB on the need for mechanical ventilation, new dialysis, ICU care, and on composite of above-mentioned outcomes in the same cohort.

Methods:
In this retrospective study, we analyzed data using electronic medical records from all hospitalized Covid-19 African-American patients, who either died in the hospital or survived to discharge between 2 March and 22 May 2020. Patients were divided into two groups, those on ACE-i/ARB at baseline and those not on them. We used Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables, and Student's t test for continuous variables. We performed multiple logistic regression to test the primary and secondary objectives using SAS 9.4.

Results:
Out of 531 patients included in the analysis, 207 (39%) were on ACE-i/ARB at baseline. Patients in ACE-i/ARB group were older (64 vs. 57 years, P < 0.001), and had higher prevalence of hypertension (96.6 vs. 69.4%, P < 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (55.6 vs. 34.9%, P < 0.001). There was no difference in sex, BMI, other comorbidities, and presenting illness severity among the groups. After adjustment of multiple covariates, there was no difference in outcomes between the two groups including mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, new dialysis, ICU care, as well as composite outcomes.

Conclusion:
Baseline use of ACE-i/ARB does not worsen outcomes in hospitalized Covid-19 African-American patients.
Cold pain hypersensitivity predicts trajectories of pain and disability after low back surgery: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Müller Monika , Bütikofer Lukas , Andersen Ole K. , Heini Paul , Arendt-Nielsen Lars , Jüni Peter , Curatolo Michele 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Improving the ability to predict persistent pain after spine surgery would allow identification of patients at risk and guide treatment decisions. Quantitative sensory tests (QST) are measures of altered pain processes, but in our previous study, preoperative QST did not predict pain and disability at single time-points. Trajectory analysis accounts for time-dependent patterns. We hypothesized that QST predict trajectories of pain and disability during 1 year after low back surgery. We performed a trajectory analysis on the cohort of our previous study (n = 141). Baseline QST included electrical, pressure, heat, and cold stimulation of the low back and lower extremity, temporal summation, and conditioned pain modulation. Pain intensity and Oswestry Disability Index were measured before, and 2, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Bivariate trajectories for pain and disability were computed using group-based trajectory models. Multivariable regressions were used to identify QST as predictors of trajectory groups, with sociodemographic, psychological, and clinical characteristics as covariates. Cold pain hypersensitivity at the leg, not being married, and long pain duration independently predicted worse recovery (complete-to-incomplete, incomplete-to-no recovery). Cold pain hypersensitivity increased the odds for worse recovery by 3.8 (95% confidence intervals 1.8-8.0, P < 0.001) and 3.0 (1.3-7.0, P = 0.012) in the univariable and multivariable analyses, respectively. Trajectory analysis, but not analysis at single time-points, identified cold pain hypersensitivity as strong predictor of worse recovery, supporting altered pain processes as predisposing factor for persisting pain and disability, and a broader use of trajectory analysis. Assessment of cold pain sensitivity may be a clinically applicable, prognostic test.
Single-nucleus characterization of adult mouse spinal dynorphin-lineage cells and identification of persistent transcriptional effects of neonatal hindpaw incision
Authors: Serafin Elizabeth K. , Paranjpe Aditi , Brewer Chelsie L. , Baccei Mark L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Neonatal tissue damage can have long-lasting effects on nociceptive processing in the central nervous system, which may reflect persistent injury-evoked alterations to the normal balance between synaptic inhibition and excitation in the spinal dorsal horn. Spinal dynorphin-lineage (pDyn) neurons are part of an inhibitory circuit which limits the flow of nociceptive input to the brain and is disrupted by neonatal tissue damage. To identify the potential molecular underpinnings of this disruption, an unbiased single-nucleus RNAseq analysis of adult mouse spinal pDyn cells characterized this population in depth and then identified changes in gene expression evoked by neonatal hindpaw incision. The analysis revealed 11 transcriptionally distinct subpopulations (ie, clusters) of dynorphin-lineage cells, including both inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Investigation of injury-evoked differential gene expression identified 15 genes that were significantly upregulated or downregulated in adult pDyn neurons from neonatally incised mice compared with naive littermate controls, with both cluster-specific and pan-neuronal transcriptional changes observed. Several of the identified genes, such as Oxr1 and Fth1 (encoding ferritin), were related to the cellular stress response. However, the relatively low number of injury-evoked differentially expressed genes also suggests that posttranscriptional regulation within pDyn neurons may play a key role in the priming of developing nociceptive circuits by early-life injury. Overall, the findings reveal novel insights into the molecular heterogeneity of a key population of dorsal horn interneurons that has previously been implicated in the suppression of mechanical pain and itch.
Anemia in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Goyal Alka , Zheng Yuhua , Albenberg Lindsey G. , Stoner Natalie L. , Hart Lara , Alkhouri Razan , Hampson Kyle , Ali Sabina , Cho‐Dorado Michele , Goyal Rakesh K. , Grossman Andrew 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTAnemia is one of the most common extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It can be asymptomatic or associated with nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, and anorexia. In IBD patients, the etiology of anemia is often multifactorial. Various causes include iron deficiency, anemia of inflammation and chronic disease, vitamin deficiencies, hemolysis, or myelosuppressive effect of drugs. Anemia and iron deficiency in these patients may be underestimated because of their insidious onset, lack of standardized screening practices, and possibly underappreciation that treatment of anemia is also required when treating IBD. Practitioners may hesitate to use oral preparations because of their intolerance whereas intravenous preparations are underutilized because of fear of adverse events, availability, and cost. Several publications in recent years have documented the safety and comparative efficacy of various intravenous preparations. This article reviews management of anemia in children with IBD, including diagnosis, etiopathogenesis, evaluation of a patient, protocol to screen and monitor patients for early detection and response to therapy, treatment including parenteral iron therapy, and newer approaches in management of anemia of chronic disease. This report has been compiled by a group of pediatric gastroenterologists serving on the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) IBD committee, in collaboration with a pediatric hematologist, pharmacist, and a registered dietician who specializes in pediatric IBD (IBD Anemia Working Group), after an extensive review of the current literature. The purpose of this review is to raise awareness of under‐diagnosis of anemia in children with IBD and make recommendations for screening, testing, and treatment in this population.
Investigating the Impact of Using an Alternate Classification Method for Race and Hispanic Ethnicity on Rates of Reported Gonorrhea
Authors: Picchetti Viani , Chesson Harrell , Braxton Jimmy , Torrone Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Background
We aimed to examine how the classification of gonorrhea cases by race and Hispanic ethnicity (HE) affects the measurement of racial/HE disparities in the rates of reported gonorrhea.

Methods
We examined gonorrhea cases reported through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2017, and assigned race and HE using (1) “current classification,” where cases with HE are classified as Hispanic regardless of race (e.g., Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Black), and 2) “alternate classification,” which separates each race category by HE (e.g., Hispanic White and non-Hispanic White). We estimated annual gonorrhea rates during 2010 to 2017 by race/HE category and calculated disparity measures (index of disparity, population-attributable proportion, and Gini coefficient) for gonorrhea rates under each classification strategy.

Results
All disparity measures revealed decreases in racial/HE disparities in the rates of reported gonorrhea during 2010 to 2017, regardless of classification strategy; however, the magnitude of the disparity and the percent change in the disparity over time varied across disparity measures.

Conclusions
Understanding how classification of race/HE affects observed disparities is critical when monitoring interventions to reduce disparities and improve health equity.
Evaluation of Image Quality for 7 Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms in Chest Computed Tomography Imaging: A Phantom Study
Authors: Jensen Kristin , Hagemo Guro , Tingberg Anders , Steinfeldt-Reisse Claudius , Mynarek Georg Karl , Rivero Rodriguez Jezabel , Fosse Erik , Martinsen Anne Catrine 
Published: August 2020

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the image quality of 7 iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms in comparison to filtered back-projection (FBP) algorithm.

Methods
An anthropomorphic chest phantom was scanned on 4 computed tomography scanners and reconstructed with FBP and IR algorithms. Image quality of anatomical details—large/medium-sized pulmonary vessels, small pulmonary vessels, thoracic wall, and small and large lesions—was scored. Furthermore, general impression of noise, image contrast, and artifacts were evaluated. Visual grading regression was used to analyze the data. Standard deviations were measured, and the noise power spectrum was calculated.

Results
Iterative reconstruction algorithms showed significantly better results when compared with FBP for these criteria (regression coefficients/P values in parentheses): vessels (FIRST: −1.8/0.05, AIDR Enhanced: <−2.3/0.01, Veo: <−0.1/0.03, ADMIRE: <−2.1/0.04), lesions (FIRST: <−2.6/0.01, AIDR Enhanced: <−1.9/0.03, IMR1: <−2.7/0.01, Veo: <−2.4/0.02, ADMIRE: −2.3/0.02), image noise (FIRST: <−3.2/0.004, AIDR Enhanced: <−3.5/0.002, IMR1: <−6.1/0.001, iDose: <−2.3/0.02, Veo: <−3.4/0.002, ADMIRE: <−3.5/0.02), image contrast (FIRST: −2.3/0.01, AIDR Enhanced: −2.5/0.01, IMR1: −3.7/0.001, iDose: −2.1/0.02), and artifacts (FIRST: <−3.8/0.004, AIDR Enhanced: <−2.7/0.02, IMR1: <−2.6/0.02, iDose: −2.1/0.04, Veo: −2.6/0.02). The iDose algorithm was the only IR algorithm that maintained the noise frequencies.

Conclusions
Iterative reconstruction algorithms performed differently on all evaluated criteria, showing the importance of careful implementation of algorithms for diagnostic purposes.
Radial spreading of turbulent bubble plumes
Authors: Sigurðardóttir Arna , Barnard Jonathan , Bullamore Danielle , McCormick Amy , Cartwright Julyan , Cardoso Silvana 
Published: August 2020

Weak bubble plumes carry liquid from the environment upwards and release it at multiple intermediate levels in the form of radial intrusive currents. In this study, laboratory experiments are performed to explore the spreading of turbulent axisymmetric bubble plumes in a liquid with linear density stratification. The thickness, volumetric flowrate and spreading rates of multiple radial intrusions of plume fluid were measured by tracking the movement of dye injected at the source of bubbles. The experimental results are compared with scaling predictions. Our findings suggest that the presence of multiple intrusions reduces their spreading rate, compared to that of a single intrusion. This work is of relevance to the spreading of methane plumes issuing from the seabed in the Arctic Ocean, above methane-hydrate deposits. The slower, multiple spreading favours the presence of methane-rich seawater close to the plume, which may reduce the dissolution of methane in the bubbles, and thus promote the direct transport of methane to the atmosphere.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.
On the fate of sinking diatoms: the transport of active buoyancy-regulating cells in the ocean
Authors: Arrieta J. , Jeanneret R. , Roig P. , Tuval I. 
Published: August 2020

Diatoms are one of the most abundant, diverse and ecologically relevant phytoplanktonic group, contributing enormously to global biogeochemical processes like the carbon and silica cycles. This large success has been partly attributed to the mechanical and optical properties of the silica shell (the frustule) that envelops their body. But since they lack motility it is difficult to conceive how they cope with the fast-fluctuating environment they live in and where distributions of resources are very heterogeneous and dynamical. This pinpoints an important but yet poorly understood feature of diatoms physiology: buoyancy regulation that helps them controlling their sinking speed and position in the water column. While buoyancy regulation by light and nutrients availability has been well studied, the effect of hydromechanical stress via fluid shear has been rather overlooked when considering diatoms dynamics. Here, we aim to start filling this gap by first presenting direct experimental evidences for buoyancy control in response to hydro-mechanical stress and then review recent theoretical models where simple couplings between local shear and buoyancy control always result in heterogeneous cell distributions, specific accumulation regions within complex flows and increased sedimentation times to the depths, features of direct ecological relevance. We conclude by suggesting future experiments aiming to unveil such coupling and therefore gain better understanding on the fate of these fascinating microorganisms in their natural habitat.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.
Stokes settling and particle-laden plumes: implications for deep-sea mining and volcanic eruption plumes
Authors: Mingotti Nicola , Woods Andrew W. 
Published: August 2020

Turbulent buoyant plumes moving through density stratified environments transport large volumes of fluid vertically. Eventually, the fluid reaches its neutral buoyancy level at which it intrudes into the environment. For single-phase plume, the well-known theory of Morton, Taylor and Turner (Morton BR, Taylor GI, Turner JS. 1956 Turbulent gravitational convection from maintained and instantaneous sources.Proc. R. Soc. A234, 1–23. (doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0011)) describes the height of the intrusion with great accuracy. However, in multiphase plumes, such as descending particle plumes formed from the surface vessel during deep-sea mining operations, or ascending volcanic plumes, consisting of hot gas and dense ash particles, the sedimentation of particles can change the buoyancy of the fluid very significantly. Even if the plume speed far exceeds the sedimentation speed, the ultimate intrusion height of the fluid may be significantly affected by particle sedimentation. We explore this process, illustrating the phenomena with a series of analogue experiments and some simple modelling, and we discuss the applications in helping to quantify some environmental impacts of deep-sea mining and in helping to assess the eruption conditions leading to the formation of large laterally spreading ash clouds in the atmosphere.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.
Two Stage Designs for Phase III Clinical Trials
Authors: Follmann Dean , Proschan Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPhase III platform trials are increasingly used to evaluate a sequence of treatments for a specific disease. Traditional approaches to structure such trials tend to focus on the sequential questions rather than the performance of the entire enterprise. We consider two-stage trials where an early evaluation is used to determine whether to continue with an individual study. To evaluate performance, we use the ratio of expected wins (RW), that is, the expected number of reported efficacious treatments using a two-stage approach compared to that using standard phase III trials. We approximate the test statistics during the course of a single trial using Brownian Motion and determine the optimal stage 1 time and type I error rate to maximize RW for fixed power. At times, a surrogate or intermediate endpoint may provide a quicker read on potential efficacy than use of the primary endpoint at stage 1. We generalize our approach to the surrogate endpoint setting and show improved performance, provided a good quality and powerful surrogate is available. We apply our methods to the design of a platform trial to evaluate treatments for COVID-19 disease.
SvFUL2, an A-class MADS-box transcription factor, is necessary for inflorescence determinacy in model panicoid cereal,Setaria viridis
Authors: Yang Jiani , Bertolini Edoardo , Braud Max , Preciado Jesus , Chepote Adriana , Jiang Hui , Eveland Andrea L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInflorescence architecture in cereal crops directly impacts yield potential through regulation of seed number and harvesting ability. Extensive architectural diversity found in inflorescences of grass species is due to spatial and temporal activity and determinacy of meristems, which control the number and arrangement of branches and flowers, and underlie plasticity. Timing of the floral transition is also intimately associated with inflorescence development and architecture, yet little is known about the intersecting pathways and how they are rewired during development. Here, we show that a single mutation in a gene encoding an AP1 A-class MADS-box transcription factor significantly delays flowering time and disrupts multiple levels of meristem determinacy in panicles of the C4model panicoid grass,Setaria viridis. Previous reports of A-class genes in cereals have revealed extensive functional redundancy, and in panicoid grasses, no associated inflorescence phenotypes have been described. InS. viridis, perturbation ofSvFul2, both through chemical mutagenesis and CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, converted a normally determinate inflorescence habit to an indeterminate one, and also repressed determinacy in axillary branch and floral meristems. Our analysis of gene networks connected to disruption ofSvFul2identified regulatory hubs at the intersect of floral transition and inflorescence determinacy, providing insights into the optimization of cereal crop architecture.
Passive muscle stretching reduces estimates of persistent inward current strength in soleus motor units
Authors: Trajano Gabriel S. , Taylor Janet L. , Orssatto Lucas B. R. , McNulty Craig R. , Blazevich Anthony J. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTProlonged (≥60 s) passive muscle stretching acutely reduces maximal force production at least partly through a suppression of efferent neural drive. The origin of this neural suppression has not been determined, however some evidence suggests that reductions in the amplitude of persistent inward currents (PICs) in the motoneurons may be important. The aim of the present study was to determine whether acute passive (static) muscle stretching affects PIC strength in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and soleus (SOL) motor units. We calculated the difference in instantaneous discharge rates at recruitment and derecruitment (ΔF) for pairs of motor units in GM and SOL during triangular isometric plantar flexor contractions (20% maximum) both before and immediately after a 5-min control period and immediately after five 1-min passive plantar flexor stretches. After stretching there was a significant reduction in SOL ΔF (−25.6%; 95%CI = -45.1 to -9.1 %, p=0.002) but not GM ΔF. These data suggest passive muscle stretching can reduce the intrinsic excitability, via PICs, of SOL motor units. These findings (1) suggest that PIC strength might be reduced after passive stretching, (2) are consistent with previously-established post-stretch decreases in SOL but not GM EMG amplitudes during contraction, and (3) indicate that reductions in PIC strength could underpin the stretch-induced force loss.SUMMARY STATEMENTMotoneurons require an amplification mechanism to operate within the firing frequencies observed during normal motor behaviour. Here we present evidence that this amplification mechanism is reduced after passive muscle stretching.
Species-specific phototaxis of coral larvae causes variation in vertical positioning during dispersal
Authors: Mulla Aziz J , Lin Che-Hung , Takahashi Shunichi , Nozawa Yoko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractControlling vertical positioning is a key factor limiting the distance coral larvae can travel, as oceanic currents are faster closer to surface. Currently, the vertical position of coral larvae is assumed to be determined by buoyant, lipid-rich gametes. However, here we show that some, but not all, coral species can control vertical positioning by phototaxis. We first examined the effect of light on the vertical positioning of larvae from five different coral species in the laboratory. We found that larvae from P. verrucosa, but not from other coral species, show phototaxis towards light and accumulate near the surface. This behavior was consistent at any age and at any time during the day. In field experiments, using P. verrucosa larvae at three different depths (1, 7 and 15 m), the accumulation of larvae in the top half of transparent chambers was observed at all depths. However, such behavior failed to occur in dark chambers. We conclude that larvae from P. verrucosa, but not all coral species, accumulate close to the seawater surface as a result of actively swimming towards sunlight. This finding provides a new hypothesis that phototactic behavior is a key factor in regulating vertical positioning for the dispersal of coral larvae.