bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ductility demand for uni-directional and reversing plastic hinges in ductile moment resisting frames
Authors: Fenwick Richard , Dely Raad , Davidson Barry 
Published: January 2020

In a major earthquake the beams in moment resisting frames may develop either reversing or unidirectional plastic hinges. The form of plastic hinge depends upon the ratio of the moments induced by the gravity loading to those induced by the seismic actions. Where this ratio is low the plastic hinges form at the ends of the beams and the sign of the inelastic rotation changes with the direction of sway. These are reversing plastic hinges, and the magnitude of the rotation that they sustained is closely related to the inter-storey displacement. However, when the moment ratio exceeds a certain critical value, unidirectional plastic hinges may form. In this case negative moment plastic hinges develop at the column faces and the positive moment plastic hinges form in the beam spans. As the earthquake progresses the positive and negative inelastic rotations accumulate in their respective zones so that peak values are always sustained at the end of the earthquake. With this type of plastic hinge no simple relationship exists between inter-storey drift and inelastic rotation.
Several series of time history analyses have been made to assess the relative magnitudes of inelastic rotation that are imposed on the two forms of plastic hinge. It is found that with design level earthquakes typically the unidirectional plastic hinge is required to sustain 21/ 2 to 4 times the rotation imposed on reversing plastic hinges, with the curvature ductilities ranging up to 140. These values are appreciably in excess of the values measured in tests using standard details. This indicates that in structures where unidirectional plastic hinges may form, the design displacement ductility and or the allowable inter-storey drift should be reduced below the maximum values currently permitted in the New Zealand codes. The problems associated with the formation of unidirectional plastic hinges can be avoided by adding positive moment flexural reinforcement in the mid regions of the beams. By this means the potential positive moment plastic hinges can be restricted to the beam ends.
Azimuthal and regional variations of coda waves in New Zealand
Authors: Kozuch Michael J. , Chadwick Mark 
Published: January 2020

We present the results of using seismic waveform data to show that the elliptical nature of isoseismal distributions in New Zealand is related to regional structural trends. The data also suggest that there are regional and azimuthal variations in the attenuation of coda waves, which may need to be considered in ground motion attenuation relations.
We stacked over 20,000 waveforms from the New Zealand seismographic network. The data were filtered, normalized and stacked. Noisy or clipped records were down-weighted or removed. We also treated dense networks as a single station and generated a single stack for these networks. Stacks of shallow earthquake sources are presented by region and azimuth.
Variations in coda length throughout New Zealand suggest regions of high scattering. Strong azimuthal dependence in the coda is observed for non-volcanic zone stations. NE-SW waveform stacks, which follow the strike of the subduction zone, contain significantly longer codas than those with NW-SE raypaths. Long coda trains are also observed in the volcanic and geothermal zones yet there is little or no apparent azimuthal variation. These coda are particularly strong throughout the records which explains the difficulty analysts have had in picking S waves.
The "Eje Cafetero" earthquake, Colombia of January 25, 1999
Authors: Restrepo J. I. , Cowan H. A. 
Published: January 2020

A moderate shallow earthquake struck the west central region of Colombia on 25 January 1999. The earthquake caused damage of approximately NZ $3.7 billion (US $1.9 billion). 1,230 deaths. About 200,000 people were made homeless.
The level of damage and losses can be attributed to the shallow focus of the earthquake and its proximity to the major towns, together with topographical effects and soft soil conditions, which amplified the ground motions in some areas. The lack of a well-co-ordinated, national emergency response strategy, and the severe impact of the event on the organisations and key individuals responsible for managing the emergency response in the affected area, impaired the emergency response in the aftermath.
This paper summarises the main findings of a reconnaissance team to the region organised by the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Advances in seismic risk management in developing countries
Authors: Mattingly Shirley 
Published: January 2020

Earthquakes threaten local, national, and regional stability and impede momentum toward sustainability. In the developing world's rapidly growing cities, factors that increase vulnerability are frequently present: burgeoning populations, uncontrolled development spreading into marginal and hazardous areas, and faulty construction practices. Poverty, social and economic marginalization, and inadequate access to education and employment limit the choices of increasing numbers of urban residents. Local and national governments are faced with everyday disasters in the forms of pollution of the air and water, inadequate sanitation, and health care crises, which demand more immediate attention than the more remote possibility of a devastating earthquake striking their city. Seismic risk can expand unchecked in the absence of adequate awareness, commitment, and capacity to address it.
Focused efforts initiated during the latter half of the 1990s, the decade designated the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), are generating a shift from reliance on response and relief to proactive risk management and mitigation programs in some of the cities most at risk from earthquakes. Scientists, engineers, public officials, journalists, community leaders, and the public have been drawn into a team effort. Various international organizations have partnered with these local coalitions in efforts to foster a more comprehensive, holistic approach to risk management and to protect urban residents, infrastructure, and the environment from earthquakes' effects.
Understanding the complexities of designing diaphragms in buildings for earthquakes
Authors: Bull D.K. 
Published: January 2020

The variety of layouts of lateral force resisting elements in structures, subjected to inelastic behaviour, make the design of diaphragms significantly more complex than the traditional "simple beam" approach typically employed.
Traditionally held views that diaphragms are inherently robustness and hence do not require significant engineering input have been shown to be inappropriate by recent major earthquakes and recent laboratory studies.
The simple beam method, at times, fails to recognise that the traditional load paths assumed are compromised by localised damage in the floors (diaphragms) due to incompatibility of deformation between the floors and the supporting structures (walls, beam and columns). "Strut and tie" methods are suggested as a means of tying these diaphragms into the lateral force resisting structures and as a way of dealing irregular floor plates and penetrations (stairs, lifts, atriums) through the floors.
The focus of recent research in determining the seismic lateral forces into and through floor diaphragms has been on the magnitude of the floor inertias. However, it has been shown that primary structural elements interacting through the diaphragm, can cause stresses in the floors many more times than those of the inertia effects. These two sources of forces and stresses are interrelated. This relationship requires further study.
Survivability of a building rests, in part, on the diaphragms tying the structure together. Suggestions for maintaining the integrity of the diaphragms, particularly in precast concrete types, are discussed.
Nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete shear wall structures
Authors: Kelly Trevor 
Published: January 2020

Although shear walls are a widely used system for providing lateral load resistance, nonlinear analysis procedures for this type of element are much less well developed than those for frame and truss elements. Equivalent flexural models do not include shear deformation and are only suited for symmetric, straight walls. This paper describes the development of an analysis model which includes nonlinear effects for both shear and flexure. The formulation is based on a "macro" modelling approach which is suitable for complete building models in a design office environment.
An analysis methodology is developed using engineering mechanics and experimental results and implemented in an existing nonlinear analysis computer program. A model is developed and validated against test results of solid walls and walls with openings. This shows that the model can capture the general characteristics of hysteretic response and the maximum strength of the wall. Results can be evaluated using acceptance criteria derived from published guidelines. An example shear wall building is then evaluated using both the nonlinear static and the nonlinear dynamic procedures. The procedure is shown to be a practical method for implementing performance based design procedures for shear wall buildings.
Assessment of building response to liquefaction-induced differential ground deformation
Authors: Bird Juliet F. , Crowley Helen , Pinho Rui , Bommer Julian J. 
Published: January 2020

The occurrence of liquefaction during earthquakes can cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. The damaging effect of liquefaction is a permanent deformation of the ground, which will either be vertical in level ground, or horizontal (with a vertical component) in sloping ground or in the vicinity of a free face. Buildings in zones of liquefaction are particularly vulnerable to differential ground movements, resulting from the heterogeneity of stratigraphy and soil properties.
Many published methodologies are now available for assessing the likelihood and extent of liquefaction occurrence. However, it is equally important to understand how the occurrence of liquefaction will affect the built environment. This paper presents analytical solutions for the assessment of expected structural damage to existing reinforced concrete frame buildings resulting from liquefaction-induced differential ground movements. The methodology is primarily intended for application to assessments of expected earthquake damage and losses to existing buildings, and therefore satisfies the requirements of such studies for a simple, rational approach using easily attainable structural parameters to represent the building stock.
The Modified Mercalli intensity scale
Authors: Dowrick David J. , Hancox Graham T. , Perrin Nick D. , Dellow Grant D. 
Published: January 2020

Recent studies of the effects and Modified Mercalli (MM) intensities of New Zealand earthquakes have established criteria that will improve the reliability of intensities assigned using a number of effects, particularly the incidence of chimney damage and a wide range of environmental phenomena. The proportions of brittle chimneys which were damaged at intensities MM5–MM10 have been counted from the very detailed database of the 1968 Mw 7.2 Inangahua earthquake, and are shown to relate well to the proportions of chimneys which fell in 10 other earthquakes. Criteria based on environmental effects at intensities MM5-MM10 have been extended based on detailed studies of 22 earthquakes. These criteria have been adopted in an international intensity scale for environmental effects.
It was also found that the stopping of clocks should be a criterion for MM3, not MM5, and similarly the disturbance of liquids should be used at the threshold intensity of MM3 rather than MM4, as in the present MM intensity scale.
With the probable saturation of intensity at MM10, the criteria for MM12 have been omitted.
Estética de lo popular en el cine de Joris Ivens y Aldo Francia. Resignificar la memoria y patrimonio de Valparaíso
Authors: Aceituno Silva David , Collao Donoso Damaris Natalia 
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la mirada estética de dos grandes cineastas de los años ‘60 y ’70, cuyo trabajo rupturista marcó una época de controversia en Chile. Joris Ivens, pionero de cine realidad, y Aldo Francia, padre del nuevo cine chileno, a través de su obras “A Valparaíso” y “Valparaíso mi amor”, respectivamente, muestran una ciudad poco conocida y valorada por su configuración popular. A través de un análisis histórico del lenguaje fílmico buscamos comprender los lentes de estos cineastas para así reflexionar sobre un patrimonio material e inmaterial de la ciudad de Valparaíso que se crea y recrea entre sus calles, cerros, escaleras y pobreza, más allá de lo conocido y valorado históricamente. La mirada a lo popular, a la gente de a pie, a quienes con esfuerzo y lucha lograron sortear la geografía del puerto, permite cuestionar los patrones y escalas estéticas conocidos. Analizaremos en estas líneas la puesta en valor de la verdadera riqueza patrimonial de Valparaíso -ciudad declarada el año 2003 Patrimonio Mundial de la humanidad-, la que a través de la experiencia fílmica de estos artistas se dejará conocer para consolidar la memoria de una ciudad que se desconoce a si misma.
This article aims to analyse the aesthetic gaze of two great filmmakers of the years ' 60 and ' 70, whose groundbreaking work marked a time of controversy in Chile. Joris Ivens, pioneer of cinema reality, and Aldo Francia, father of the new Chilean cinema, through his works "to Valparaiso" and "Valparaiso mi Amor", respectively, show a city little known and valued by its popular configuration. Through a historical analysis of the film language we seek to understand the lenses of these filmmakers in order to reflect on a material and immaterial heritage of the city of Valparaiso that is created and recreates between its streets, hills, stairs and poverty, beyond Historically known and valued. The view to the popular, to the people of walking, who with effort and struggle managed to circumvent the geography of the port, allows to question the patterns and aesthetic scales known. We will analyze in these lines the value of the true patrimonial richness of Valparaiso-City declared the year 2003 World Heritage of Humanity, which through the film experience of these artists is left to know to consolidate the memory of A city that doesn't know itself.
La percepción visual del paisaje en la pintura y la fotografía: Un enfoque interdisciplinario hacia la presencia espacial
Authors: Carrillo Quiroga Perla 
Published: January 2020

Este artículo explora la percepción visual como experiencia corporizada del espacio a través del paisaje en la pintura y la fotografía. Es una investigación interdisciplinaria, que busca contribuir al diálogo entre varios campos: la fenomenología de la percepción, la percepción del espacio en la neurociencia cognitiva y el estudio de las artes visuales. La investigación es de carácter correlacional y descriptivo; busca por una parte, explorar la relación entre la experiencia de presencia espacial y el realismo de la imagen; por otra, se observa si el uso de elementos visuales que sugieren una acción motora en el espectador (del inglés ‘affordances’)afecta la intensidad de presencia espacial. Además del análisis de literatura, se recolectaron datos a través de un cuestionario ilustrado en donde se presentaron 26 imágenes, 13 pinturas y 13 fotografías de paisaje. Este estudio se realizó con 28 participantes de 18 a 64 años de distintos géneros.
This article explores visual perception as an embodied experience of space through landscape painting and photography. It takes an interdisciplinary approach, which seeks to contribute to the dialogue between different fields of study: phenomenology of perception, perception of space in cognitive neuroscience and visual arts. This research is correlational and descriptive; it seeks, on one hand, to explore the relationship between the experience of spatial presence and realism; on the other, it observes the use of affordances in landscape images, understood as visual elements that suggest a motor action in the spectator and the ways in which they affect the intensity of spatial presence. In addition to the literature analysis, data was collected through an illustrated questionnaire which included 26 images: 13 paintings and 13 landscape photographs. This study was conducted with 28 participants aged 18 to 64 years of different genders.
La heterogeneidad del yo en Fernando Pessoa, Antonio Machado y Miguel de Unamuno
Authors: López Ruiz Patricia Teresa 
Published: January 2020

El presente trabajo tiene como meta abrazar un tema que se venía arrastrando de manera progresiva desde el Romanticismo: la despersonalización ante la existencia de un ser múltiple, y que alcanzó cima con el universo creativo de F. Pessoa. No obstante, y debido a la conciencia del fracaso de la razón al intentar aprehender una realidad cambiante, escritores como Machado y Unamuno ‒de manera coetánea al lusitano‒ también emprendieron esa canalización del ser, como un yo desgarrado, a través de sus obras. La teleología en cada uno de ellos era distinta. No obstante, en mayor o menor medida, los tres encontraron sustento en la filosofía empirista y el escepticismo, y creyeron en una omnipresente textualidad. Textualidad que desdibujó límites antagónicos y que los adentró en un espacio de falsedad y superchería, de espejismos irrealizados o de juego tomado en serio.
The ensuing work aims at tackling an issue which had been progressively flourishing ever since the days of Romanticism: depersonalization in the presence of a multiple being, which reached its peak within Fernando Pessoa’s creative universe. Notwithstanding this, and due to the awareness of the reason’s failure at apprehending an ever-changing reality, such writers as Antonio Machado and Miguel de Unamuno -the latter a contemporary of the Lusitanian- also undertook that channeling of the being as a ragged self throughout their works. Teleology was different in each of them. However to a greater or lesser extent, our authors nourished on empiricist philosophy and skepticism, and set their belief in a pervasive textuality. Opposing boundaries were blurred by this textuality, which introduced them into a deceit and swindle realm, abundant with unfulfilled smoke and mirrors or seriously-taken games.
El lado de afuera. Idea de la historia en "Historia argentina" de Rodrigo Fresán
Authors: Snoey Christian 
Published: January 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar en torno a las categorías de pensamiento mediante las que se trata de aprehender la historia en el volumen, híbrido entre cuento y novela, Historia argentina, de Rodrigo Fresán, a partir de un análisis de las formas narrativas mediante las que se construyen los relatos, puesto que la estructura de la obra, a modo de cuentos que funcionan por resonancia, espejea la manera en que se concibe la historia. Para ello, parto fundamentalmente de las ideas de Ricardo Piglia acerca de la relación entre política y literatura, para quien la ficción reproduce el lenguaje del Estado y crea su reverso; y también acudo a las teorías de Eloy Fernández Porta, ensayadas en Afterpop, para deslindar la manera en que el uso de referencias pop en esta obra responde a una crítica de las formas de la cultura oficial. Por tanto, el punto de llegada de este trabajo consiste en el análisis de la revisión del lenguaje con el que se ha articulado la historia argentina, y la búsqueda de un lenguaje otro para escribir y aprehenderla en Historia argentina, tomando como idea central el concepto de distanciamiento, puesto que cifra la actitud, tanto emocional como intelectual, respecto a la escritura de la historia.
The objective of this work is to reflect on the categories of thought through which it is a question of apprehending the history in the book, hybrid between story and novel, Historia argentina, by Rodrigo Fresán, from an analysis of the narrative forms through those that build the stories, since the structure of the work, by way of stories that work by resonance, reflects the way in which history is conceived. To do this, I fundamentally start form the ideas of Ricardo Piglia about the relationship between politics and literature, for whom fiction reproduces the language of the State and creates its reverse. And I also turn to the theories of Eloy Fernández Porta, studied in Afterpop, to demarcate the way in which the use of pop references in this work responds to a critique of the forms of official culture. Therefore, the objective of this work is the analysis of the revision of the language with which Argentine history has been articulated, and the search for another language to write and apprehend in Argentine history, taking as a central idea the concept of distancing, since it figures the attitude, both emotional and intellectual, regarding the writing of history.
Mujeres, amor y libertad en la poesía dominicana contemporánea: los versos de Rosa Silverio y Lourdes Batista-Jakab
Authors: Faustinelli Tiziano 
Published: January 2020

Este escrito pretende enseñar cómo la palabra poética puede convertirse en una herramienta eficaz para alcanzar una vehemente defensa del papel de las mujeres y conseguir la creación de nuevas posibilidades que les permitan ser libres de enseñar su valor. Las autoras dominicanas Rosa Silverio y Lourdes Batista-Jakab representan un ejemplo del deseo de que las mujeres salgan de la penumbra; amor, libertad y poesía son sinónimos de denuncia, defensa y salvación. Concretamente, se tomarán en examen las dos obras más representativas con respecto al núcleo central del asunto: Mujer de lámpara encendida (Rosa Silverio) y La mujer desnuda (Lourdes Batista-Jakab), cuyos versos serán objeto de selección, investigación y análisis comparativo. Los sujetos líricos que protagonizan los versos de las dos autoras desempeñan el papel de enfatizar una voz universal para aquellas que quedan en silencio.
This article aims to show how poetry can become a useful tool to get a powerful defense of women’s role and to obtain the establishment of new possibilities that let them free to demonstrate their value. The Dominican authors Rosa Silverio and Lourdes Batista-Jakab represent an exemplar model of the wish of women to leave the darkness; love, freedom and poetry are accusation, defense and salvation at the same time. Concretely, this essay focuses on two literary works that can be considered the most representative of the central theme: Mujer de lámpara encendida (Rosa Silverio) and La mujer desnuda (Lourdes Batista-Jakab), whose poems will be the subject of a selection, research and comparative analysis work. The lyrics of the mentioned authors want to generate a universal voice for those who remain silent.