bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
If We Build It, Only Some Will Come: An Experimental Study of Mobilization for Seattle’s Democracy Voucher Program
Authors: Henderson Geoffrey , Han Hahrie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeattle, Washington instituted a new “democracy voucher” program in 2017 providing each registered voter with four $25 campaign finance vouchers to contribute to municipal candidates. Prior research shows that without efforts to mobilize voters, electoral reforms like the voucher program are often insufficient to increase participation among underrepresented groups. We examine how mobilization affects the voucher program’s redistributive goals – does it increase participation among infrequent voters, or does it engage regular participants in politics? In the 2017 election cycle, we partnered with a coalition of advocacy organizations on a field experiment to estimate the effects of providing voters with information about democracy vouchers through door-to-door canvassing, texting, digital advertisements, and e-mails. While mobilization increased voucher use and voter turnout, responsiveness was greatest among frequent voters. As our findings suggest that transactional mobilizing is insufficient to engage infrequent participants, we posit that deeper organizing is necessary to fulfill the program’s redistributive goals.
Determining the Isotopic Composition of Surface Water Vapor Flux From High‐Frequency Observations Using Flux‐Gradient and Keeling Plot Methods
Authors: Hu Yongbo , Xiao Wei , Wei Zhongwang , Welp Lisa R. , Wen Xuefa , Lee Xuhui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe isotopic composition of surface water vapor flux (δE) is a quantity frequently used to investigate the local and regional water cycle. This study reports the results of a comparative evaluation of δE determined with the Keeling plot and the flux‐gradient methods using high‐frequency data collected at a cropland site and a lake site. Three regression models, ordinary least squares (OLS), York's solution (YS), and geometric mean regression, were tested with the Keeling plot method. Results show that concentration‐dependent field characterization of measurement errors can improve the estimation of the YS regression. For both sites, broad agreement was achieved among the Keeling plot method with YS regression, the Keeling plot method with OLS regression and the flux‐gradient method. For the lake site, OLS was the least biased of the three regression models in reference to the δE calculated by the Craig‐Gordon (CG) model of isotopic evaporation of open water. Good agreement was aslo achieved between the flux‐gradient method and the CG model at the lake site under open‐fetch conditions. A footprint analysis suggests that the Keeling method with OLS regression may be less sensitive to fetch than the flux‐gradient method.
Advancing Satellite Precipitation Retrievals With Data Driven Approaches: Is Black Box Model Explainable?
Authors: Li Zhi , Wen Yixin , Schreier Mathias , Behrangi Ali , Hong Yang , Lambrigtsen Bjorn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSatellite‐based precipitation retrieval is an essential and long‐standing scientific problem. With an increase of observational satellite data, the advances of data‐driven approaches such as machine learning (ML)/deep learning (DL) are favored to deal with large data sets and potentially improve the accuracy of precipitation estimates. In this study, we took advantage of new technologies by wrapping up a ML/DL‐based model pipeline (LinkNet segmentation + tree ensemble). This approach is applied to the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 18 and 19 flight, and compared with the MultiRadar MultiSensor. Four simulations were configured to examine the performance gain by incorporating three components: (1) precipitation identification, (2) nonlocal features, and (3) precipitation classification. More importantly, we examined the interpretability of the “black box” model to get a better understanding of the underlying physical connections. First, the results by this model pipeline suggest the advantages of the ML model by reducing the systematic error and instantaneous error to a factor of two. Second, identifying precipitation pixels helps to reduce the systematic error by 130%, and predicting precipitation classification benefits improved correlations by 32%. Last, channels at higher frequencies (beyond 150 GHz) are favored to identify precipitation regions, and also channels at 89 and 150 GHz are ranked as the two most important features to precipitation retrieval. This study explores the potentials of AMSU precipitation estimates with ML algorithms and provides means of interpreting the models to facilitate the better prediction of precipitation.
Assessments of Weather Research and Forecasting Land Surface Models in Precipitation Simulation Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhong Lei , Huang Ziyu , Ma Yaoming , Fu Yunfei , Chen Mingxing , Ma Ming , Zheng Jianqiu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrecipitation is a key hydrometeorological variable for understanding surface energy partitioning and water budget over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A substantial proportion of summer precipitation falls as rain. The effects of different land surface models (LSMs) on the TP’s precipitation and their inner mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the assessments of different LSMs coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model in precipitation simulation were investigated over the TP during June 28–29 of 2008. The simulated results were evaluated with the merged Climate Prediction Center (CPC) MORPHing technique (CMORPH) precipitation data set developed by the China Meteorological Administration. The assessment demonstrated that precipitation simulated by the Community Land Model Version 4 (CLM4), Noah‐Multiparameterization (Noah‐MP), and Pleim‐Xiu LSM schemes was wider and stronger compared with the merged CMORPH over the central and western TP but was underestimated over the eastern and southern regions. Generally, both CLM4 and Noah‐MP schemes exhibited higher forecasting quality and accuracy in simulating precipitation over the TP. The optimal precipitation simulation was achieved by applying the Noah‐MP scheme, with a lowest root mean square error of 9.53 mm/day, mainly attributed to its corrections of overforecasting for precipitation that did not occur. Further mechanism analysis indicated that soil moisture‐energy flux‐precipitation feedback play an important role in different LSM schemes.
Lateral Variations in Lower Crustal Strength Control the Temporal Evolution of Mountain Ranges: Examples From South‐East Tibet
Authors: Penney Camilla , Copley Alex 
Published: December 2020

AbstractControversy surrounds the rheology of the continental lithosphere, and how this rheology controls the evolution and behavior of mountain ranges. In this study, we investigate the effect of lateral contrasts in the strength of the lower crust, such as those between cratonic continental interiors and weaker rocks in the adjacent deforming regions, on the evolution of topography. We combine numerical modeling with recently published results from stable‐isotope palaeoaltimetry in south‐east Tibet. Stable‐isotope palaeoaltimetry in this region provides constraints on vertical motions, which are required to distinguish between competing models for lithosphere rheology and deformation. We use numerical modeling to investigate the effect of lateral strength contrasts on the shape and temporal evolution of mountain ranges. In combination with palaeoaltimetry results, our modeling suggests that lateral strength contrasts provide a first‐order control on the evolution of topography in south‐east Tibet. We find that the evolution of topography in the presence of such strength contrasts leads to laterally varying topographic gradients, and to key features of the GPS‐ and earthquake‐derived strain‐rate field, without the need for a low‐viscosity, lower‐crustal channel. We also find that palaeoaltimetric samples may have been transported laterally for hundreds of kilometers, an effect which should be accounted for in their interpretation. Our results are likely to be applicable to the evolution of mountain ranges in general and provide an explanation for the spatial correlation between cratonic lowland regions and steep mountain range‐fronts.
Fracture Caging to Limit Induced Seismicity
Authors: Frash L. P. , Fu P. , Morris J. , Gutierrez M. , Neupane G. , Hampton J. , Welch N. J. , Carey J. W. , Kneafsey T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGeothermal resources offer a stable low‐carbon energy source. However, geothermal sites can collocate with the hypocenters of large‐magnitude seismic events. Large seismic events pose a risk to public safety and are therefore a liability for efforts to develop geothermal resources. Here, we propose “fracture caging” to limit induced seismic event magnitudes and present evidence from numerical model predictions, laboratory experiments, and field observations. Fracture caging involves drilling tactical production wells around a geothermal injection zone to contain fluids in fracture‐dominated flow systems. Prior to our work, the effect of small wells on the growth of large fractures and on flow through fractures was subject to debate. Our work shows that production wells can impede fracture growth and contain high‐pressure fluids in fracture‐dominated rocks. This containment offers a mechanism to limit induced seismicity.
Emerging Pacific Quasi‐Decadal Oscillation Over the Past 70 Years
Authors: Chunhan Jin , Bin Wang , Jian Liu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuasi‐decadal variation in various Pacific regions has been recognized for decades but its spatial‐temporal characteristics and generation mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that the sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial central Pacific (ECP) exhibits a prominent 11‐year periodicity since 1951 but not before. An episodic‐like quasi‐decadal warm event is initiated in a northeast‐southwest tilted belt from the United States' west coast to the ECP. The initial development involves positive feedback between atmospheric heating‐induced Rossby waves and underlying SST in the tropical North Pacific. The amplification of ECP warming is primarily due to equatorward heat advection and deepening thermocline, while the zonal advective feedback mainly controls its decay. The quasi‐decadal oscillation (QDO) tends to follow the 11‐years solar cycle with a 1‐to‐2‐year phase delay, meanwhile, it possibly links to the nonlinear behavior of ENSO. The cause of intensification of the QDO over the past 70 years, however, remains elusive.
Divergent Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage Across Global Arid and Humid Basins
Authors: Hu Baoyi , Wang Lei , Li Xiuping , Zhou Jing , Pan Yun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the terrestrial water storage changes (∆S) across global arid and humid river basins is crucial to closing the basin‐scale water balance, but still largely unclear. Here, we combine the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, Global Land Data Assimilation System, and WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model products to study ∆S in 197 global river basins with different aridity by using detrended analyses, and find that annual or multiyear mean ∆S is small in most arid basins but relatively larger in humid basins, given the climate change and anthropogenic impacts removed. Through component analysis, we find that the soil moisture changes in drier basins contribute more to ∆S than those in humid basins; and the contribution of groundwater storage changes to S is irrelevant to varying moisture conditions. Our results will benefit water balance studies in global river basins (e.g., global evapotranspiration estimation with a water balance approach), and have implications for water cycle studies in the context of global change.
In Situ Observations of the Ion Diffusion Region in the Venusian Magnetotail
Authors: Gao J. W. , Rong Z. J. , Persson M. , Stenberg G. , Zhang Y. C. , Klinger L. , Wang X. D. , Liu D. , Wei Y. , Barabash S. , Futaana Y. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUtilizing the in situ observations of the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA‐4) and the magnetometer (MAG) onboard Venus Express, we report evidence of crossing the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection. Evidence of magnetic reconnection is based on two cases recorded by Venus Express in the Venusian magnetotail. In both cases, the variations of the magnetic field components are consistent with the classical picture of crossing the ion diffusion region. Our evidence is also supported by observed ion flows whose directions and speeds agree with expected characteristics of reconnection outflow. The reconnection crossing cases demonstrate that magnetic reconnection can appear in both ± E‐hemispheres in the Venusian magnetotail. The Venusian magnetotail provides a unique space laboratory for the investigation of the reconnection process.
Unsupervised Learning of Seismic Wavefield Features: Clustering Continuous Array Seismic Data During the 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake
Authors: Shi Peidong , Seydoux Léonard , Poli Piero 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe apply unsupervised machine learning to 3 years of continuous seismic data to unravel the evolution of seismic wavefield properties in the period of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. To obtain sensible representations of the wavefield properties variations, we extract wavefield features (i.e., entropy, coherency, eigenvalue variance, and first eigenvalue) from the covariance matrix analysis of the continuous wavefield data. The defined wavefield features are insensitive to site‐dependent local noise, and inform the spatiotemporal properties of seismic waves generated by sources inside the array. We perform a sensitivity analysis of these wavefield features, and track the evolution of source properties from the unsupervised learning of the uncorrelated features. By clustering the wavefield features, our unsupervised analysis avoids explicit physical modeling (e.g., no requirement for event location and magnitude estimation) and can naturally separate peculiar patterns solely from continuous seismic data. Our model‐free unsupervised learning of wavefield features reveals distinct clusters well correlated with different periods of the seismic cycle, which are consistent with previous model‐dependent studies.
Vine Copula Ensemble Downscaling for Precipitation Projection Over the Loess Plateau Based on High‐Resolution Multi‐RCM Outputs
Authors: Sun Chaoxing , Huang Guohe , Fan Yurui , Zhou Xiong , Lu Chen , Wang Xiuquan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA vine copula‐based ensemble downscaling (VCED) framework is proposed to jointly downscale the projected precipitation from multiple regional climate models (RCMs). This approach can effectively reduce the biases inherent to precipitation projections from different RCMs and thus provide more reliable ensemble projections. The proposed approach was applied to RCM projections over the Loess Plateau of China, which features complex topography and various climatic zones. Precipitation projections from 7 RCMs were used, and 21 sets of downscaling results were obtained. The performance of the VCED in reproducing historical precipitation across the Loess Plateau was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), the Taylor diagram, and the rank histogram (RH). The proposed VCED approach was found to be more effective than quantile mapping and bivariate copula methods in achieving robust precipitation projections. Overall flat RH diagrams indicate that the ensemble prediction and observations have strong consistency in distribution. Future precipitation changes of two 30‐year periods (i.e., the 2050s and 2080s) under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) over the Loess Plateau were then analyzed after postdownscaling processes. The results show that the average annual precipitation over the Loess Plateau may increase by 8.4%–11.4% under the RCP 4.5 scenario and by 9.3%–17.5% under RCP 8.5. The projected precipitation in the south‐central parts of the Loess Plateau would be significantly reduced whereas those of the other parts be significantly increased.
Numerical and Experimental Validation of the Applicability of Active‐DTS Experiments to Estimate Thermal Conductivity and Groundwater Flux in Porous Media
Authors: Simon N. , Bour O. , Lavenant N. , Porel G. , Nauleau B. , Pouladi B. , Longuevergne L. , Crave A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGroundwater flow depends on the heterogeneity of hydraulic properties whose field characterization is challenging. Recently developed active‐Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) experiments offer the possibility to directly measure groundwater fluxes resulting from heterogeneous flow fields. Here, based on fundamental principles and numerical simulations, two interpretation methods of active‐DTS experiments are proposed to estimate both the porous media thermal conductivities and the groundwater fluxes in sediments. These methods rely on the interpretation of the temperature increase measured along a single heated fiber‐optic (FO) cable and consider heat transfer processes occurring both through the FO cable itself and through the porous media. The first method relies on the Moving Instantaneous Line Source model that reproduces the temperature increase and provides estimates of thermal conductivity and groundwater flux as well as an evaluation of the temperature rise due to the FO cable. The second method, based on the graphical identification of three characteristic times, provides complementary estimates of flux, fully independent of the effect of the FO cable. Sandbox experiments provide an experimental validation of the interpretation methods, demonstrate the excellent accuracy of groundwater flux estimates (<5%), and highlight the complementarity of both methods. Active‐DTS experiments allow investigating groundwater fluxes over a large range spanning 1 × 10−6−5 × 10−2 m/s, depending on the duration of the experiment. Considering the applicability of active‐DTS experiments in different contexts, we propose a general experimental framework for the application of both interpretation methods in the field, making active‐DTS field experiments especially promising for many subsurface applications.
Computerized Cognitive Training and Evidence-Based Practice in Pediatric Psychology
Authors: Schwartz David D. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: Cognitive dysfunction is associated with common pediatric conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, traumatic brain injury, and acquired brain injuries secondary to acute and chronic illness. There is substantial interest in computerized cognitive training (CCT) as a way to remediate these deficits, but use of CCT has been the subject of ongoing debate regarding its effectiveness. This invited commentary describes the current evidence base and potential benefits and costs of CCT, discusses clinical decision-making from the perspective of evidence-based practice, and offers suggestions for future development and research. Method: A selective review of reviews of the recent CCT literature, with a focus on pediatric conditions. Results: Large claims have been made for the effectiveness of CCT, but research to date indicates only limited and circumscribed benefits. Improvements have been demonstrated in trained tasks and closely related skills, but generalization to other cognitive domains has not convincingly been shown. On the other hand, unequivocally beneficial treatment alternatives are lacking or have their own limitations. This state of affairs raises practical and ethical concerns for clinicians interested in using this intervention. CCT does show promise: It can be delivered at home, potentially increasing access to care, and may be improved by coaching or as an adjunct to other treatments. Conclusions: CCT may provide limited benefits for some pediatric patients, but further research and development is needed before it can considered an effective intervention for cognitive dysfunction. Clinicians considering its use should be sure that patients and families are well informed about its benefits and limitations. Implications for Impact Statement Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is increasingly being promoted as a way to remediate cognitive dysfunction in pediatric patients. This article describes the current evidence-base for CCT, discusses clinical decision-making from the perspective of evidence-based practice in psychology, and offers suggestions for future development and research.
ZFP804A mutant mice display sex-dependent schizophrenia-like behaviors
Authors: Huang Ying , Huang Jing , Zhou Qi-Xin , Yang Chun-Xian , Yang Cui-Ping , Mei Wan-Ying , Zhang Lei , Zhang Qiong , Hu Ling , Hu Yun-Qing , Song Ning-Ning , Wu Sheng-Xi , Xu Lin , Ding Yu-Qiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGenome-wide association studies uncovered the association ofZNF804A(Zinc-finger protein 804A) with schizophrenia (SZ). In vitro data have indicated thatZNF804Amight exert its biological roles by regulating spine and neurite morphogenesis. However, no in vivo data are available for the role ofZNF804Ain psychiatric disorders in general, SZ in particular. We generatedZFP804Amutant mice, and they showed deficits in contextual fear and spatial memory. We also observed the sensorimotor gating impairment, as revealed by the prepulse inhibition test, but only in femaleZFP804Amutant mice from the age of 6 months. Notably, the PPI difference between the female mutant and control mice was no longer existed with the administration of Clozapine or after the ovariectomy. Hippocampal long-term potentiation was normal in both genders of the mutant mice. Long-term depression was absent in male mutants, but facilitated in the female mutants. Protein levels of hippocampal serotonin-6 receptor and GABAB1 receptor were increased, while those of cortical dopamine 2 receptor were decreased in the female mutants with no obvious changes in the male mutants. Moreover, the spine density was reduced in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the mutant mice. Knockdown ofZFP804Aimpaired the neurite morphogenesis of cortical and hippocampal neurons, while its overexpression enhanced neurite morphogenesis only in the cortical neurons in vitro. Our data collectively support the idea thatZFP804A/ZNF804Aplays important roles in the cognitive functions and sensorimotor gating, and its dysfunction may contribute to SZ, particularly in the female patients.