bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of salt-stressed cucumber tolerance by application of glucose for regulating antioxidant capacity and nitrogen metabolism
Authors: Ma Siguang , Guo Shirong , Chen Jie , Sun Jin , Wang Yu , Shu Sheng 
Published: November 2019

The current study was carried out to assess the potential functions of exogenous glucose (Glu) on plant growth, nitrogen metabolism, and antioxidant defense system in cucumber seedings under salt stress. Our results revealed that the cucumber seedlings exposed to salinity for 7 d exhibited a significant reduction of plant height, and fresh and dry weight. The salt-induced growth inhibition was effectively alleviated by foliar application of 100 mmol L−1 Glu. Exogenous Glu supplementation strikingly reduced the malondialdehyde content and controlled overaccumulation of superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) generation rate in the salt-stressed cucumber leaves. In addition, Glu significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes activities such as super oxidase dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, and regulated gene expressions of encoding these enzymes, which decreased oxidative damage induced by salt stress. The [Formula: see text] content significantly decreased, but the [Formula: see text] level significantly increased due to salt treatment. However, Glu significantly increased the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in salt-stressed cucumber leaves, which coincided with modulating the gene expressions of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, and thus, promoted the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to amino acids and proteins. These results suggest that exogenous Glu could alleviate salt-induced growth inhibition through regulating antioxidant capacity and nitrogen metabolism, which is associated with an improvement of cucumber growth and salt tolerance.
A Calcium-Rich Multimineral Intervention to Modulate Colonic Microbial Communities and Metabolomic Profiles in Humans: Results from a 90-Day Trial
Authors: Aslam Muhammad N. , Bassis Christine M. , Bergin Ingrid L. , Knuver Karsten , Zick Suzanna M. , Sen Ananda , Turgeon D. Kim , Varani James 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Aquamin is a calcium-, magnesium-, and multiple trace element–rich natural product with colon polyp prevention efficacy based on preclinical studies. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of Aquamin on colonic microbial community and attendant metabolomic profile. Thirty healthy human participants were enrolled in a 90-day trial in which Aquamin (delivering 800 mg of calcium per day) was compared with calcium alone or placebo. Before and after the intervention, colonic biopsies and stool specimens were obtained. All 30 participants completed the study without serious adverse event or change in liver and renal function markers. Compared with pretreatment values, intervention with Aquamin led to a reduction in total bacterial DNA (P = 0.0001) and a shift in the microbial community measured by thetaYC (θYC; P = 0.0087). Treatment with calcium also produced a decline in total bacteria, but smaller than seen with Aquamin, whereas no reduction was observed with placebo in the colon. In parallel with microbial changes, a reduction in total bile acid levels (P = 0.0375) and a slight increase in the level of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate in stool specimens (P &lt; 0.0001) from Aquamin-treated participants were noted. No change in bile acids or SCFAs was observed with calcium or placebo. We conclude that Aquamin is safe and tolerable in healthy human participants and may produce beneficial alterations in the colonic microbial community and the attendant metabolomic profile. Because the number of participants was small, the findings should be considered preliminary.
Self-Maintaining CD103+ Cancer-Specific T Cells Are Highly Energetic with Rapid Cytotoxic and Effector Responses
Authors: Abd Hamid Megat , Colin-York Huw , Khalid-Alham Nasullah , Browne Molly , Cerundolo Lucia , Chen Ji-Li , Yao Xuan , Rosendo-Machado Samara , Waugh Craig , Maldonado-Perez David , Bowes Emma , Verrill Clare , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Conlon Christopher P. , Fritzsche Marco , Peng Yanchun , Dong Tao 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Enrichment of CD103+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) is associated with improved outcomes in patients. However, the characteristics of human CD103+ cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) and their role in tumor control remain unclear. We investigated the features and antitumor mechanisms of CD103+ CTLs by assessing T-cell receptor (TCR)–matched CD103+ and CD103− cancer-specific CTL immunity in vitro and its immunophenotype ex vivo. Interestingly, we found that differentiated CD103+ cancer-specific CTLs expressed the active form of TGFβ1 to continually self-regulate CD103 expression, without relying on external TGFβ1-producing cells. The presence of CD103 on CTLs improved TCR antigen sensitivity, which enabled faster cancer recognition and rapid antitumor cytotoxicity. These CD103+ CTLs had elevated energetic potential and faster migration capacity. However, they had increased inhibitory receptor coexpression and elevated T-cell apoptosis following prolonged cancer exposure. Our data provide fundamental insights into the properties of matured human CD103+ cancer-specific CTLs, which could have important implications for future designs of tissue-localized cancer immunotherapy strategies.
Ten-Year Clinical Outcomes of Late-Acquired Stent Malapposition After Coronary Stent Implantation
Authors: Lee Seung-Yul , Ahn Jung-Min , Mintz Gary S. , Hong Sung-Jin , Ahn Chul-Min , Park Duk-Woo , Kim Jung-Sun , Kim Byeong-Keuk , Ko Young-Guk , Choi Donghoon , Jang Yangsoo , Park Seung-Jung , Hong Myeong-Ki 
Published: November 2019

Objective:
The goal of this study was to determine the impact of late-acquired stent malapposition (LASM) on long-term clinical outcomes in patients treated with coronary stent implantation.

Approach and Results:

We investigated major adverse cardiac event during 10 years after 6-month intravascular ultrasound examination using our previous studies database. A total of 732 patients treated with bare-metal stent (54 LASM versus 678 non-LASM) and 529 patients treated with first-generation drug-eluting stent (82 LASM versus 447 non-LASM), who did not have clinical event or censoring at the time of follow-up intravascular ultrasound, were included for the present analysis. major adverse cardiac event was defined as the composite of cardiac death, target vessel–related myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis. Multivariable adjustment and inverse probability weight were performed to consider baseline differences. After multivariable adjustment, LASM was related to a greater risk of major adverse cardiac event (hazard ratio, 1.666 [95% CI, 1.041–2.665];
P
=0.0333) and very-late stent thrombosis (hazard ratio, 3.529 [95% CI, 1.153–10.798];
P
=0.0271) than non-LASM in patients treated with first-generation drug-eluting stent, but not in those treated with bare-metal stent. Results were consistent after inverse probability weight. Among patients with LASM of first-generation drug-eluting stent, no late stent thrombosis occurred in patients who continued to receive dual antiplatelet therapy.

Conclusions:
The relationship between LASM and major adverse cardiac event might depend on the type of implanted stents during the long-term follow-up, highlighting the clinical significance of polymers and drugs in drug-eluting stent system.
Classification of Covert Brain Infarct Subtype and Risk of Death and Vascular Events
Authors: Gutierrez Jose , Gil-Guevara Andrea , Ramaswamy Srinath , DeRosa Janet , Di Tullio Marco R. , Cheung Ken , Rundek Tatjana , Sacco Ralph L. , Wright Clinton B. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. 
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose—
To test the hypothesis that covert brain infarcts (CBIs) are more likely to be located in noneloquent brain areas compared with clinical strokes and that CBI etiological subtypes carry a differential risk of vascular events compared with people without CBI.

Methods—
We used brain magnetic resonance imaging from 1290 stroke-free participants in the NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Study) to evaluate for CBI. We classified CBI as cardioembolic (ie, known atrial fibrillation), large artery atherosclerosis (extracranial and intracranial), penetrating artery disease, and cryptogenic (no apparent cause). CBI localized in the nonmotor areas of the right hemisphere were considered noneloquent. We then evaluated risk of events by CBI subtype with adjusted Cox proportional models.

Results—
At the time of magnetic resonance imaging, 236 participants (18%) had CBI (144 [61%] distal cryptogenic, 29 [12%] distal cardioembolic, 26 [11%] large artery atherosclerosis, and 37 [16%] penetrating artery disease). Smaller (per mm, odds ratio, 0.8 [0.8–0.9]) and nonbrain stem infarcts (odds ratio, 0.2 [0.1–0.6]) were more likely to be covert. During the follow-up period (10.4±3.1 years), 398 (31%) died (162 [13%] of vascular death) and 117 (9%) had a stroke (99 [85%]) were ischemic. Risks of events varied by CBI subtype, with the highest risk of stroke (hazard ratio, 2.2 [1.3–3.7]) and vascular death (hazard ratio, 2.24 [1.29–3.88]) noted in participants with intracranial large artery atherosclerosis-related CBI.

Conclusions—
CBI can be classified into subtypes that have differential outcomes. Certain CBI subtypes such as those related to intracranial large artery atherosclerosis have a high risk of adverse vascular outcomes and could warrant consideration of treatment trials.
Is Effective Teacher Evaluation Sustainable? Evidence from
District of Columbia Public Schools
Authors: Dee Thomas S. , James Jessalynn , Wyckoff Jim 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Ten years ago, many policy makers viewed the reform of teacher evaluation as a highly promising mechanism to improve teacher effectiveness and student achievement. Recently, that enthusiasm has dimmed as the available evidence suggests the subsequent reforms had a mixed record of implementation and efficacy. Even in districts where there was evidence of efficacy, the early promise of teacher evaluation may not be sustainable as these systems mature and change. This study examines the evolving design of IMPACT, the teacher evaluation system in the District of Columbia Public Schools. We describe the recent changes to IMPACT, which include higher performance standards for lower-performing teachers and a reduced emphasis on value-added test scores. Descriptive evidence on the dynamics of teacher retention and performance under this redesigned system indicates that lower-performing teachers are particularly likely to either leave or improve. Corresponding causal evidence similarly indicates that imminent dismissal threats for persistently low-performing teachers increased both teacher attrition and the performance of returning teachers. These findings suggest that teacher evaluation can provide a sustained mechanism for improving the quality of teaching.
Historic Rights in the South China Sea
Authors: Ye Qiang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
China has, without challenge, enjoyed and exercised certain rights in the South China Sea throughout recorded history. Those rights do not derive from the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; rather, they exist under customary international law and commonly known as ‘historic rights’. Recent interpretations related to those rights, however, remain highly controversial, which can be typically seen from the South China Sea Arbitration Case initiated by the Philippines against China. This article gives a case-by-case study based on China’s diplomatic positions on historic rights and compares them with certain international practice from an academic perspective; and then it examines the possible content and nature of historic-related rights enjoyed by China in the South China Sea and evaluates its legal implications on the dispute settlement approach in this region.
Historic Fishing Rights in Foreign Exclusive Maritime Zones
Authors: Gupta Sourabh 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The South China Sea Arbitration is only the fourth case since the entry into force of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to touch on the issue of historic rights – in this case, traditional fishing rights. Traditional or artisanal fishing rights are acquired rights. This article reviews the basis and characteristics of a historic rights claim and compares it with the origin and properties of an entitlement-based fishing rights claim, which the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea mainstreamed into the body of international maritime law. And in light of this comparison, the article evaluates the Tribunal’s Award on the geographic scope of application of historic or traditional fishing rights in the exclusive maritime zones of a coastal State.
Hearing Thresholds in Young Children With Otitis Media With Effusion With and Without Cleft Palate
Authors: Tengroth Birgitta , Lohmander Anette , Hederstierna Christina 
Published: November 2019

Objective: To investigate hearing thresholds in children born with cleft palate and in children with otitis media with effusion but no cleft palate. Design: Prospective longitudinal group comparison study. Setting: University hospital. Participants: Sixteen children born with nonsyndromic cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP±L) and 15 age-matched children with otitis media with effusion (OME) but without cleft. Main Outcome Measures: Hearing was tested at repeated occasions beginning with neonatal auditory brainstem response (ABR) at 1-4 months of age, and age-appropriate hearing tests from 9 to 36 months of age. Results: The median ABR thresholds in both groups were elevated but did not differ significantly. At 12 months of age, the median 4 frequency averages at 500-1000-2000-4000 Hz (4FA) were indicative of mild hearing loss but significantly better in the CP±L-group than in the group without cleft ( P < .01). There were no significant group-wise differences regarding the median 4FA at 24 and 36 months of age, and at 36 months, the median 4FA were normal in both groups. Both groups exhibited a significant improvement over time from the neonatal ABR thresholds to the 4FA at 36 months (CP±L-group P < .05; without CP±L-group P < .01). Conclusion: The hearing loss in children with CP±L was not more severe than among children with OME but without cleft palate; rather, at 12 months of age, the thresholds were significantly better in the CP±L-group than those in the group without cleft. The air conduction thresholds improved with age in both groups.
Preoperative Hypoalbuminemia Predicts Early Mortality Following Open Abdominal Surgery in Patients Above 60 Years of Age
Authors: Larsen P. B. , Liest S. , Hannani D. , Jørgensen H. L. , Sørensen L. T. , Jørgensen L. N. 
Published: November 2019

Background: Major abdominal surgery in older and frail patients is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Plasma albumin is routinely measured in the clinic and has been proposed as an indicator of frailty. This study aimed to investigate if plasma albumin is a predictor of mortality in older patients undergoing open abdominal surgery. Materials and methods: We conducted a single-center, register-based retrospective study of patients, aged ⩾60 years who underwent one of 81 open abdominal surgical procedures. Patients operated on during the period from January 1st, 2000 to May 31st, 2013 were consecutively identified in the Danish National Patient Registry. Plasma albumin was measured within 30 days prior to surgery and the primary endpoint was 30-day postoperative mortality. Results: 3,639 patients were included of whom 68.2% underwent emergency surgery. The rate of severe hypoalbuminemia (plasma albumin < 28 g/L) was 43.4%. Preoperative plasma albumin was lower in patients with a fatal 30-day outcome (mean 20.6 g/L vs 30.1 g/L in survivors, p < 0.0001). Other independent predictive parameters of 30-day mortality were age, male sex, and emergency surgery. We present an algorithm including these four variables for the prediction of 30-day mortality for patients aged ⩾60 years undergoing open abdominal surgery. Conclusion: Preoperative plasma albumin is a predictor of 30-day mortality in patients above 60 years of age following open abdominal surgery. Assessment of plasma albumin in conjunction with other risk factors such as age, sex, and surgical priority may improve preoperative decision-making.
Laser-Aided Enamel Conditioning: A Comparison of Microleakage Under Brackets Following Different Aging Procedures
Authors: Ok Ufuk , Yilmaz Berza Sen , Ramoglu Sabri Ilhan 
Published: November 2019

Objective: To evaluate microleakage under the orthodontic adhesives applied following two version of erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser-aided enamel conditioning after thermal and thermomechanical simulators. Materials and Methods: A comparative analytical study based on metal braces bonded on the enamel of extracted teeth ( n = 160) etched with acid, Er:YAG laser and Er:YAG laser with an X-Runner handpiece, and self-etch adhesives. An arch wire was ligatured to samples which were embedded in acrylic blocks by two with periodontal ligaments. The specimens were subdivided into two groups: those aged with thermal cycling and thermomechanical aging procedures. The samples were immersed in basic fuchsin solution (0.5%) for 24 h. Buccolingual sections were performed on the mesial and distal wings of the braces. The color penetration at the gingival and occlusal margins of the adhesive-bracket and enamel-adhesive was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The median and mean values of microleakage in both groups were evaluated with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests ( P < .05). Results: The highest microleakage was recorded in the gingival part of the samples aged with the thermomechanical aging procedure ( P = .001). The amount of microleakage generally increased in the samples subjected to thermomechanical loading, but the only significant difference was recorded in the gingival part in each four different conditioning methods. Conclusion: Microleakage of the phosphoric acid-etched groups was recorded with lower values for both aging methods. Thermomechanical aging should be included to microleakage studies due to increased microleakage on gingival side for all etching groups.
Lingual Orthodontic Treatment: Efficacy and Complications
Authors: Behnaz Mohammad , Farahnaki Arash , Rahimipour Kasra , Mousavi Reza , Davoodi Nima Sheikh 
Published: November 2019

Aims and Objectives: The high esthetic demands led to the promotion of various esthetic appliances like lingual orthodontics. This study aimed to review clinical outcome and potential complications of lingual orthodontics to achieve an evidence-based decision for orthodontic therapies. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted from January 1975 to March 2019 which was limited to English language and administrations of lingual orthodontics treatment which evaluated its efficacy and potential complications. Data extraction was performed according to the PRISMA statement. Results: 49 studies were selected and analyzed in this systematic review. The pain of lingual appliances starts a little earlier and lasts longer, and patients with lingual appliances experience more tongue discomfort and less cheek and lip pain and greater eating difficulties especially after placement and take a longer time to adapt to appliances. Lingual appliances generally cause more plaque accumulation and gingivitis especially in lingual anterior teeth; however, labial appliances are associated with high frequency in posterior maxillary teeth. Conclusion: This systematic review shows that despite the drawbacks of these appliances such as pain and eating difficulties, they can accomplish treatment goals with the same outcomes in comparison with conventional approaches, within the same duration and even lesser anchorage loss.
Influence of Graft Bending Angle on Graft Maturation, the Femoral Tunnel, and Functional Outcomes by 12 Months After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Li Hong , Liu Shaohua , Sun Yaying , Li Hongyun , Chen Shiyi , Chen Jiwu 
Published: November 2019

Background: The graft bending angle (GBA), the angle between the femoral bone tunnel and the line connecting the femoral and tibial tunnel apertures, has been proven to influence stress within the graft and could be an important factor in graft healing within the joint and bone tunnel. However, the influence of the GBA on functional outcomes, particularly on return to sports (RTS), is rarely reported. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the GBA on graft maturation, the femoral tunnel, and functional outcomes at 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). We hypothesized that a greater GBA might be related to bone tunnel widening, poor graft healing, and inferior functional outcomes after ACLR. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 43 consecutive patients who underwent unilateral ACLR with hamstring tendon autografts participated in this study. Their knees were evaluated using functional scores (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] score, Lysholm knee activity score, Tegner activity scale, RTS) and the anterior tibial translation side-to-side difference (ATTD), as measured using a KT-1000 arthrometer and 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), at 12 months after surgery. Based on MRI, the signal/noise quotient (SNQ) of the graft, the GBA, and the femoral tunnel diameter were measured. Results: The mean GBA was 56° (range, 41°-69°). The GBA had a significant positive correlation with the SNQ (rho, 0.45; P = .003) and bone tunnel diameter (rho, 0.35; P = .02), but it had no significant correlation with any functional scores. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on GBA values: low GBA (LGBA; 40° < GBA ≤ 50°), middle GBA (MGBA; 50° < GBA ≤ 60°), and high GBA (HGBA; 60° < GBA ≤ 70°). The HGBA group had a significantly higher mean SNQ than both the LGBA ( P = .01) and MGBA groups ( P = .02). It also had a greater mean tunnel diameter than the LGBA group ( P = .04). There was no significant difference in IKDC scores, Lysholm scores, ATTD, Tegner scores, or rates of RTS among groups. Conclusion: The GBA did not affect functional outcomes at 12 months after ACLR, although it affected the SNQ of the graft and the femoral tunnel diameter.