bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uses Genres and Media Ensembles: A Conceptual Roadmap for Research of Convergent Audiences
Authors: Macek Jakub 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter tackles one of the main methodological and conceptual challenges to current audience research: fragmentation of viewers’ practices of reception. The use of digital and networked media and the consequent multiplication of screens, distribution channels and content sources have further complicated the notion of “watching television” and, along with that, academic and applied audience research. The chapter reintroduces Maria Bakardjieva’s concept of uses genres and connects it with the concept of media ensemble, suggesting that for research on the domestic consumption of films and TV series, the application of these concepts in qualitative (ethnographic) research and in audience surveys comes with strong advantages. Firstly, the concepts help to identify distinct types of consumption practices linked with specific technological objects, with specific audiovisual content and with typical everyday situations, and they enable us to analyze consumption explicitly within the contexts of the spatiotemporal and social organization of everyday life. Secondly, in cases of small- and peripheral-market audiences, the concepts enable us to identify specifics in audiences’ practices linked with the characteristics of these markets (e.g., with localized and non-localized content, with domestic and global production, etc.). And thirdly, the concepts explicitly acknowledge power both involved in and shaping the analyzed practices by emphasizing the “generative process of technology,” i.e., the transformative role of users’ practices in shaping technological and economic systems.
Territoriality of Copyright Law
Authors: Polčák Radim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractJurisdiction (from Latin iuris dicere) is the general authority of a sovereign to implement legal rules that normatively affect the behavior of individuals. The scope of jurisdiction of a particular sovereign is traditionally delimited in law on a territorial basis. On the Internet, however, territory plays a significantly different role than in the offline environment, and this difference represents an evolving challenge for legal scholars as well as for practicing lawyers. In this chapter, we discuss the territorial scope of the application of copyright law on the Internet. We analyze the concept of the territoriality of copyrights as such and discuss particular regulatory paradoxes that arise from a strictly territorial application of various components of copyright law on the Internet. We also focus on the concept of the place of use of copyrighted work and the related concept of the place of damage (locus delicti), and we consequently discuss the legal nature of geoblocking tools and question their understanding as specifically legally protected “technical measures.”
Television Distribution in Flanders: Who Takes the Lead and Is Content Always King?
Authors: Raats Tim , Donders Karen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn an increasingly platform-dominated media environment, the production and distribution models of legacy players, and their economic profitability as well as original content production, are challenged by new business models. The advent of innovative platforms and shifting business models has not only instigated new forms of competition but has also forced media players to explore different forms of collaboration and co-option. In this chapter, we discuss the disruptions and consequences for legacy media players by centering our attention on the different answers given by media managers regarding the strategic distribution of audiovisual content in small markets. We thereby focus on three core strategies: scale, collaboration within domestic ecosystems and diversification of offerings and valorization. The chapter presents evidence from Flanders, but also provides a broader view by discussing shifts on the level of small markets in Europe and by addressing the challenges and concerns in other small media markets. The chapter investigates media companies’ strategic responses to specific challenges from 2016 to 2019. Evidence is derived from observations, interviews with the media managers of private media players in Flanders and from insights from recent research looking into the sustainability of content production and delivery in Flanders.
Industry Divide: The Interdependence of Traditional Cinematic Distribution and VOD in Poland
Authors: Adamczak Marcin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the mutual relations and influences between the VOD market and traditional cinematic distribution in the case of the local Polish market. The main topic is the separateness of both fields in the aspects of business logic and corporate control. According to these factors, the VOD market is much closer to traditional TV and cinematic distributors are cut off from the main flow of revenues from VOD. They are selling rights at cheap prices or are forced to sell large packages of numerous films. The current growth of profits in Polish cinematic distribution is caused by the expanding traditional market. The Polish VOD market is more concentrated around the most powerful players and has much higher barriers to entry than the traditional cinematic distribution market. The revenue stream is more tightly controlled by the entities dominating the VOD market, acting mostly in the interest of their own and their superior corporate structures, unwilling to share it with outside content providers. Therefore, the traditional cinematic market players—distributors and, indirectly, producers—are largely cut off from the stream of VOD revenue and are looking for alternative development models.
Probabilistic optimisation of mono-stringer composite stiffened panels in post-buckling regime
Authors: Farokhi Hamed , Bacarreza Omar , Aliabadi M.H. Ferri 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a multi-objective probabilistic design optimisation approach is presented for reliability and robustness analysis of composite structures and demonstrated on a mono-omega-stringer stiffened panel. The proposed approach utilises a global surrogate model of the composite structure while accounting for uncertainties in material properties as well as geometry. Unlike the multi-level optimisation approach which freezes some parameters at each level, the proposed approach allows for all parameters to change at the same time and hence ensures global optimum solutions in the given parameter design space (for both probabilistic and deterministic optimisations) within a certain degree of accuracy. The proposed approach is used in this study to conduct extensive multi-objective probabilistic and deterministic optimisations (without considering safety factors) on a mono-stringer stiffened panel. In particular, a global surrogate model is developed utilising the computational power of a high-performance computing facility. The inputs of the surrogate model are the omega-stringer geometry and the mechanical properties of the composite material, while the outputs are the fundamental linear buckling load (LBL) and the nonlinear post-buckling strength (NPS). LBL and NPS are obtained via detailed parametric finite element models of the mono-stringer stiffened panel; in the nonlinear model, the interface between the skin and the omega-stringer is modelled via cohesive elements to allow for debonding in the post-buckled regime. Extensive multi-objective optimisations are conducted on the surrogate model using deterministic and probabilistic approaches to examine the omega-stringer geometric parameters mostly affecting the system robustness and reliability. The differences between deterministic and probabilistic designs are highlighted as well.
Internal control through the lens of institutional work: a systematic literature review
Authors: Henk Oliver 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite the growing interest in research on the topic of internal control, there is confusion about the concept in both theory and practice. This study addresses this lack of clarity by systematically structuring the literature that uses the concept by investigating what we know from previous studies about the practice of internal control and how it is institutionalized. To examine the existing literature in this field, the paper utilizes the theoretical lens of‘institutional work’. The review finds that the understanding of internal control is currently divided: one part of the literature understands the concept as internal control over financial reporting, while the other part has a more global and strategic understanding of the term. Internal control is institutionalized by different organizational actors at the micro level in an attempt to implement internal control systems that are not a simple act of compliance but present an added value for the organization. At the same time, it is noteworthy that not all categories of institutional work could be identified in the internal control literature, indicating that the actors are largely limited by their institutional embeddedness. The paper also presents an aggregated understanding of the terminternal control, which can therefore significantly supplement the efforts of practitioners and regulators to implement internal control procedures that add value for the corporate governance of organizations.
Radiation dose of chaperones during common pediatric computed tomography examinations
Authors: Overhoff Daniel , Weis Meike , Riffel Philipp , Sudarski Sonja , Froelich Matthias F. , Fries Peter , Schönberg Stefan , Gawlitza Joshua 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
One main challenge in pediatric imaging is to reduce motion artifacts by calming young patients. To that end, the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) as early as 1997 stated the necessity of adults accompanying their child during the child’s examination. Nonetheless, current research lacks data regarding radiation dose to these chaperones.

Objective
The aim of this study was to measure the radiation dose of accompanying adults during state-of-the-art pediatric CT protocols.

Materials and methods
In addition to a 100-kV non-contrast-enhanced chest CT (Protocol 1), we performed a 70-kV contrast-enhanced chest protocol (Protocol 2) using a third-generation dual-source CT. We acquired data on the radiation dose around the scanner using digital dosimetry placed right at the gantry, 1 m away, as well as beside the gantry. We acquired the CT-surrounding radiation dose during scanning of a pediatric phantom as well as 12 pediatric patients.

Results
After conducting 10 consecutive phantom scans using Protocol 1, we found the location with the highest cumulative dose acquired was right next to the gantry opening, at 3 μSv. Protocol 2 showed highest cumulative dose of 2 μSv at the same location. For Protocol 1, the location with the highest radiation doses during pediatric scans was right next to the gantry opening, with doses of 0.75±0.70 μSv. For Protocol 2, the highest radiation was measured 1 m away at 0.50±0.60 μSv. No radiation dose was measured at any time beside the gantry.

Conclusion
Our results provide proof that chaperones receive low radiation doses during state-of-the-art CT examinations. Given knowledge of these values as well as the optimal spots with the lowest radiation doses, parents as well as patients might be more relaxed during the examination.
On the interpretation of kinetics and thermodynamics probed by single-molecule experiments
Authors: Angioletti-Uberti Stefano 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSingle-molecule pulling experiments are widely used to extract both thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-receptor pairs, typically by fitting different models to the probability distribution of rupture forces of the corresponding bond. Here, a theoretical model is presented that shows how a measurement of the number of binding and unbinding events as a function of the observation time can also give access to both the binding (kon) and the unbinding (koff) rates of bonds, which combined provide a well-defined bond free-energy ΔGbond. The connection between ΔGbond and the ligand-receptor binding constant measured by typical binding essays is critically discussed. The role played by the molecular construct used to tether ligands and receptors to a surface is considered, highlighting the various approximations necessary to derive general expressions that connect its structure to its contribution, termed ΔGcnf, to the bond free-energy. In this way, the validity and the assumptions underpinning widely employed formulas and experimental protocols used to extract binding constants from single-molecule experiments are assessed. Finally, the role of ΔGcnf in processes mediated by ligand-receptor binding is briefly considered, and an experiment to unambiguously measure this quantity proposed.
Towards the clinical translation of optogenetic skeletal muscle stimulation
Authors: Gundelach Lili A. , Hüser Marc A. , Beutner Dirk , Ruther Patrick , Bruegmann Tobias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractParalysis is a frequent phenomenon in many diseases, and to date, only functional electrical stimulation (FES) mediated via the innervating nerve can be employed to restore skeletal muscle function in patients. Despite recent progress, FES has several technical limitations and significant side effects. Optogenetic stimulation has been proposed as an alternative, as it may circumvent some of the disadvantages of FES enabling cell type–specific, spatially and temporally precise stimulation of cells expressing light-gated ion channels, commonly Channelrhodopsin2. Two distinct approaches for the restoration of skeletal muscle function with optogenetics have been demonstrated: indirect optogenetic stimulation through the innervating nerve similar to FES and direct optogenetic stimulation of the skeletal muscle. Although both approaches show great promise, both have their limitations and there are several general hurdles that need to be overcome for their translation into clinics. These include successful gene transfer, sustained optogenetic protein expression, and the creation of optically active implantable devices. Herein, a comprehensive summary of the underlying mechanisms of electrical and optogenetic approaches is provided. With this knowledge in mind, we substantiate a detailed discussion of the advantages and limitations of each method. Furthermore, the obstacles in the way of clinical translation of optogenetic stimulation are discussed, and suggestions on how they could be overcome are provided. Finally, four specific examples of pathologies demanding novel therapeutic measures are discussed with a focus on the likelihood of direct versus indirect optogenetic stimulation.
Confocal microscopy provides visual evidence and confirms the feasibility of dsRNA delivery to emerald ash borer through plant tissues
Authors: Pampolini Flavia , Rodrigues Thais B. , Leelesh Ramya S. , Kawashima Tomokazu , Rieske Lynne K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), is an emerging biotechnology that has been a breakthrough tool for crop protection. Exogenous dsRNA triggers the RNAi pathway, silences genes, disrupts protein function, and can cause insect mortality. However, effective delivery of the dsRNA is problematic, particularly in systems with long-lived, endophagous insects such as the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, a tree-killing nonnative invader that attacks ash, Fraxinus spp. Larvae feed on cambial tissue causing rapid tree death. EAB is susceptible to RNAi, but we lack a practical means of delivery. Here we evaluated delivery of dsRNA to green, F. pennsylvanica, and tropical ash, F. uhdei, through root and/or petiole absorption, and also demonstrated dsRNA absorption through the EAB egg chorion. We labeled exogenous dsRNA using a fluorescing label and then used confocal microscopy and RT-qPCR to evaluate its distribution in plant and insect tissues. Labeled dsRNAs are detectable in root, stem, and leaf tissues 48-h postapplication. In excised ash branches, labeled dsRNA is detectable in the inner bark and in recovered EAB neonates 8-day postapplication. Eggs and larvae emerging from treated eggs also presented fluorescing dsRNA under confocal imaging. Adult EAB-fed tropical ash leaves treated with in vitro synthesized EAB-specific dsSHI through petiole absorption experience a significant knockdown of the shi gene and a significant mortality. Our findings provide a proof of concept that delivery of dsRNAs through topical or systemic application methods is a feasible means of suppressing EAB, providing hope for future tree protection.
Comparing response of buff-tailed bumblebees and red mason bees to application of a thiacloprid-prochloraz mixture under semi-field conditions
Authors: Alkassab Abdulrahim T. , Kunz Nadine , Bischoff Gabriela , Pistorius Jens 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecent studies have reported interspecific differences in how bee species respond to various stressors. Evaluating the exposure and responses of different bee species to plant protection products is considered an essential part of their risk assessment. This study was conducted to assess the impacts of thiacloprid-prochloraz mixture on buff-tailed bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) and red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) in a worst-case scenario under semi-field conditions. Bumblebee colonies or solitary bee trap nests were confined in tunnels with flowering oilseed rape. The recommended maximum application rates of 72 g thiacloprid/ha and 675 g prochloraz/ha were applied as a tank mixture during bee flight in full flowering oilseed rape. Several parameters such as flight and foraging activity, population parameters, and exposure level were investigated. Our results show adverse effects of the combination of thiacloprid and prochloraz on the reproductive performance of red mason bees. The number of cocoons produced by O. bicornis was significantly reduced in the treatment compared to the control group. Regarding bumblebees, we found no effects of the thiacloprid-prochloraz mixture on any observed parameters of colony development. The maximum detected concentrations of both active substances three days after application were higher in O. bicornis pollen mass compared to B. terrestris stored pollen. We conclude that this worst-case scenario of thiacloprid-prochloraz exposure poses a high risk to solitary bees and thus the use of such mixture should be restricted.
Effects of land use on streams: traditional and functional analyses of benthic diatoms
Authors: Stenger-Kovács Csilla , Lengyel Edina , Sebestyén Viktor , Szabó Beáta 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAgriculture and urbanisation, the two forms of land use, represent serious threats to the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems, especially in the case of small streams at low altitudes. In this study, 75 Hungarian streams were analysed to explore the effects of these land use types on the composition of benthic diatom communities and their richness. In the Carpathian region, species and trait composition, as well as species richness, varied primarily according to the local environmental variables followed by the shared effects of the environmental factors and land use types. At the same time, functional richness was chiefly explained by the pure effects of land use. However, the difference in trait composition between areas dominated by forest (low profile guild, small cell size) and agriculture (motile ecological guilds with middle size, linear-lanceolate shape) was obvious. Higher proportion of water and artificial surfaces might support the spread of diatom species with specific traits: low profile guild with a slightly elongated outline. Nevertheless, no effect of urbanisation on the set of traits, species composition and richness was detected at either local or catchment scale, which might be due to the relatively small portion of artificial surfaces in the watersheds as a whole.
Bioaerosols at plants processing materials of plant origin—a review
Authors: Bulski Karol 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDue to the dynamic development of industry, related to the processing of plant materials and a subsequent significant increase in the number of employees working in this kind of industry, the indoor air quality is of great importance for the human health. The premises of plants processing plant materials are a specific environment, related to exposure to biological agents. The major sources of microbial contamination of premises are employees’ activities and the operation of devices used in the production process, quality of plant materials, technological processes, construction materials, ventilation (air-conditioning) systems, and outdoor air. Biological agents (primarily bacteria and fungi) transported in the air can cause numerous adverse health outcomes in exposed workers.
A Preliminary Appraisal of Radon Concentration in Groundwater from the High Background Radiation Area (HBRA) of Coastal Kerala
Authors: Nandakumaran P. , Vinayachandran N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Parts of the coastal tracts of southern Kerala, India are among the well-known High Background Radiation Areas (HBRA) of the world, attributed to the presence of radionuclides in the monaziterich beach sand deposits. A comparative study of the radon concentrations in groundwater in the high and normal background radiation areas in the coastal tract has been taken up using analytical data of 24 ground water samples collected from tube wells of ranging in depth from 6.0 to 300.0 m. The radon concentration in the samples ranged from 0.88 to 25.80 Bq.L-1. The mean radon concentration in the study area, including those from the HBRA are within the maximum contamination levels of 300 pCi.L-1 (11.10 Bq.L-1) recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency except for a sample collected from Chavara. Groundwater from the high background radiation areas has significantly higher concentrations of radon ranging from 2.84 - 25.80 Bq.L-1 when compared to the normal background areas where the concentrations range from 0.86 - 7.46 Bq.L-1. Radon concentration does not show significant correlation with depth of sampled wells. The mean annual effective doses of ingestion and inhalation from water-borne radon, though comparatively higher in HBRA, are well below the average doses reported from all natural sources.
Prioritization of Soil Erosion Vulnerable Areas of Upper Patiala-Ki-Rao Catchment Located on Shivalik Hills
Authors: Walia Sushma , Singh Sarbjit , Babbar Richa , Loshali Dikesh Chandra 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this research paper, morphometric analysis and prioritization were carried out for upper Patiala-Ki-Rao catchment lying on Shivalik hills of SAS Nagar district of Punjab and Panchkula district of Haryana state, India. Morphometric parameters were classified into three categories such as linear, areal and relief aspects. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) was used to quantify these morphometric parameters along with hypsometric and erosion integrals to understand watershed characteristics. Soil, slope, and land use thematic layers were prepared and with the help of GIS overlay technique, erosion vulnerable areas were identified based on priority by using analytical hierarchical process (AHP) proposed by Saaty (1980). These thematic layers were assigned weightage and ranks were assigned to the categories within it on the basis of relative susceptibility to soil erosion. Based on the present study, the selected watershed was finally classified into high, medium and low priority areas susceptible to erosion. The results of the present study are useful to decision-maker for planning relevant soil conservation techniques according to the severity of erosion.