bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin A supplementation and estimated number of averted child deaths in Ethiopia: 15 years in practice (2005–2019)
Authors: Laillou Arnaud , Baye Kaleab , Zelalem Meseret , Chitekwe Stanley 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVitamin A supplementation (VAS), started as a short‐term strategy pending dietary improvements, has been implemented in Ethiopia for the last 15 years. We aimed to describe the trends in VAS coverage and estimated the associated reductions in child mortality. VAS coverage data obtained from the District Health Information System and the Demographic and Health Surveys were linked to child mortality data from the United Nations Interagency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). The number of child deaths averted was modelled assuming 12% and 24% reductions in all‐cause mortality. From 2006 to 2011, VAS was delivered through campaigns, and coverage was above 85%. However, from 2011 onwards, VAS delivery was integrated to the routine health system, and the coverage declined to <60% with significant disparities by wealth quintile and rural–urban residence. VAS has saved between 167,563 to 376,030 child lives (2005–2019), but additional lives (>42,000) could have been saved with a universal coverage (95%). Inconsistent supply of vitamin A capsules, but more importantly, low access to health care, and the limited contact opportunities for children after 24 months may have contributed to the declining VAS coverage. Any changes in target or scale‐up should thus consider these spatial and socioeconomic variations. Increasing the coverage of VAS and closing the equity gap in access to nutrition services is critical. However, with alternative programmes like vitamin A fortification being set‐up, the benefits and safety of VAS need to be closely monitored, particularly in areas where there will be overlap.
Allele‐specific expression and gene regulation help explain transgressive thermal tolerance in non‐native hybrids of the endangered California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense)
Authors: Cooper Robert D. , Shaffer H. Bradley 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHybridization between native and non‐native species is an ongoing global conservation threat. Hybrids that exhibit traits and tolerances that surpass parental values are of particular concern, given their potential to outperform native species. Effective management of hybrid populations requires an understanding of both physiological performance and the underlying mechanisms that drive transgressive hybrid traits. Here, we explore several aspects of the hybridization between the endangered California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense; CTS) and the introduced barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium; BTS). We assayed critical thermal maximum (CTMax) to compare the ability of CTS, BTS and F1 hybrids to tolerate acute thermal stress, and found that hybrids exhibit a wide range of CTMax values, with 33% (4/12) able to tolerate temperatures greater than either parent. We then quantified the genomic response, measured at the RNA transcript level, of each salamander, to explore the mechanisms underlying thermal tolerance strategies. We found that CTS and BTS have strikingly different values and tissue‐specific patterns of overall gene expression, with hybrids expressing intermediate values. F1 hybrids display abundant and variable degrees of allele‐specific expression (ASE), likely arising from extensive compensatory evolution in gene regulatory mechanisms between CTS and BTS. We found evidence that the proportion of genes with allelic imbalance in individual hybrids correlates with their CTMax, suggesting a link between ASE and expanded thermal tolerance that may contribute to the success of hybrid salamanders in California. Future climate change may further complicate management of CTS if hybrid salamanders are better equipped to deal with rising temperatures.
A longitudinal, narrative study of professional socialisation among health students
Authors: Price Sheri L. , Sim Sarah Meaghan , Little Victoria , Almost Joan , Andrews Cynthia , Davies Harriet , Harman Katherine , Khalili Hossein , Sutton Evelyn , LeBrun Jeffery 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeInterprofessional collaboration (IPC) among health professionals is well‐recognised to enhance care delivery and patient outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that the early socialisation of students in health professional programmes to teamwork may have a positive impact on their future as collaborative practitioners. With a purpose of contributing to growing evidence on the processes of professional identity construction, and to explore how early expectations and perceptions of IPC develop during professional socialisation and pre‐licensure education, our study examined the early professional socialisation experiences among five groups of health professional students.MethodA qualitative, narrative approach was used to examine early professional socialisation among five programmes of health professional students (dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, physiotherapy) at an Atlantic Canadian University. In March and October 2016, students participated in interviews after first term (n = 44) and first year of study (n = 39). Interviews focused on participants’ professional identify formation, as well as their perceptions and experiences of IPC. The authors analysed interview transcripts using narrative analysis.ResultsFindings identify that despite the espoused importance of IPC within health professional training, students have a limited understanding of their professional roles and are largely focused on developing a uniprofessional, vs. interprofessional identity. Clinical experiences, role models and exposure to teamwork are critical to contextualise collaborative practice and enhance the development of an interprofessional identity.ConclusionsFindings can be used to guide the development of curricula that promote interprofessional identity development and IPC during early professional socialisation.
Molecular‐based assessment of diversity and population structure of Sporothrix spp. clinical isolates from Espírito Santo‐Brazil
Authors: da Cruz Bahiense Rocha Isabela , Terra Paula Portella Della , Cardoso de Oliveira Rodrigo , Lubianca Zanotti Raphael , Falqueto Aloísio , de Camargo Zoilo Pires , Rodrigues Anderson Messias , Gonçalves Sarah Santos 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundSporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix species that affects humans and animals. Little information on the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen is available for Brazil, which is needed to design effective strategies to tackle the advance of sporotrichosis in endemic areas.ObjectivesWe assessed the genetic diversity and mating‐type distribution of Sporothrix isolates recovered from human and feline cases of sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo‐Brazil to better understand the population structure, epidemiology and diversification of this pathogen, as well as to explore the possible routes of transmission involved in the ongoing outbreaks.MethodsIn all, 75 Sporothrix isolates were identified with phenotypic characteristics. Then, fungal DNA extraction was performed, and the species‐specific PCR technique was applied, using markers directed to the calmodulin gene. The mating‐type idiomorph of species was identified by PCR using primers targeting the MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2 loci.ResultsAmong the 75 Sporothrix isolates, 76% were confirmed as S brasiliensis and 24% as S schenckii sensu stricto. S brasiliensis was more prevalent in the metropolitan area and S schenckii s. str. in the mountainous region of the state. In both species, the presence of the two sexual idiomorphs was detected, suggesting that they are heterothallic species.ConclusionsOur data suggest that sporotrichosis takes on an epidemic‐urban character involving S brasiliensis. This species in Espírito Santo is likely to originate from Rio de Janeiro, as most isolates harbour the same MAT 1‐2 locus. We confirm that S brasiliensis has significantly broadened its area of occurrence, an essential feature of emerging pathogens.
Lipid alterations in human frontal cortex in ALS‐FTLD‐TDP43 proteinopathy spectrum are partly related to peroxisome impairment
Authors: Andrés‐Benito Pol , Gelpi Ellen , Jové Mariona , Mota‐Martorell Natalia , Obis Èlia , Portero‐Otin Manuel , Povedano Mònica , Pujol Aurora , Pamplona Reinald , Ferrer Isidro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimPeroxisomes play a key role in lipid metabolism, and peroxisome defects have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as X‐adrenoleukodystrophy and Alzheimer's disease. This study aims to elucidate the contribution of peroxisomes in lipid alterations of area 8 of the frontal cortex in the spectrum of TDP43‐proteinopathies. Cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration‐TDP43 (FTLD‐TDP), manifested as sporadic (sFTLD‐TDP) or linked to mutations in various genes including expansions of the non‐coding region of C9ORF72 (c9FTLD), and of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) as the most common TDP43 proteinopathies, were analysed.MethodsWe used transcriptomics and lipidomics methods to define the steady‐state levels of gene expression and lipid profiles.ResultsOur results show alterations in gene expression of some components of peroxisomes and related lipid pathways in frontal cortex area 8 in sALS, sFTLD‐TDP and c9FTLD. Additionally, we identify a lipidomic pattern associated with the ALS‐FTLD‐TDP43 proteinopathy spectrum, notably characterised by down‐regulation of ether lipids and acylcarnitine among other lipid species, as well as alterations in the lipidome of each phenotype of TDP43 proteinopathy, which reveals commonalities and disease‐dependent differences in lipid composition.ConclusionGlobally, lipid alterations in the human frontal cortex of the ALS‐FTLD‐TDP43 proteinopathy spectrum, which involve cell membrane composition and signalling, vulnerability against cellular stress and possible glucose metabolism, are partly related to peroxisome impairment.
PIF3/HY5 module regulates BBX11 to suppress protochlorophyllide levels in dark and promote photomorphogenesis in light
Authors: Job Nikhil , Datta Sourav 
Published: December 2020

Summary

Greening of cotyledons during de‐etiolation is critical for harvesting light energy and sustaining plant growth. PIF3 and HY5 antagonistically regulate protochlorophyllide synthesis in the dark. However, the mechanism by which the PIF3/HY5 module regulates genes involved in protochlorophyllide synthesis is not clear.

Using genetic, molecular and biochemical techniques we identified that the B‐BOX protein BBX11 acts directly downstream of PIF3 and HY5 to transcriptionally modulate genes involved in protochlorophyllide synthesis.

Dark‐grown bbx11 and 35S:BBX11 seedlings exhibit an enhanced and reduced ability to green, respectively, when exposed to light. Transcript levels of HEMA1 and CHLH are upregulated in 35S:BBX11 seedlings that accumulate high levels of protochlorophyllide in the dark and undergo photobleaching upon illumination. PIF3 inhibits BBX11 in the dark by directly binding to its promoter. bbx11 suppresses the cotyledon greening defect of pif3 after prolonged dark, indicating that the PIF3‐mediated regulation of greening is dependent on BBX11. The enhanced greening of hy5 is also suppressed in hy5 lines overexpressing BBX11. In light, HY5 directly binds to the promoter of BBX11 and activates its expression to regulate BBX11‐mediated hypocotyl inhibition.

We show that a PIF3/HY5 module regulates BBX11 expression in opposite ways to optimise protochlorophyllide accumulation in the dark and promote photomorphogenesis in light.
Effective and resource‐efficient strategies for recruiting families in physical activity, sedentary behavior, nutrition, and obesity prevention research: A systematic review with expert opinion
Authors: Guagliano Justin M. , Morton Katie L. , Hughes Claire , van Sluijs Esther M.F. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryWe systematically identified effective and resource‐efficient strategies for recruiting families into health promoting intervention research. Four databases were searched for reviews. Interventions were extracted from included reviews. Additionally, a Delphi study was conducted with 35 experts in family‐based research. We assessed extracted data from our review and Delphi participants' opinions by collating responses into overarching themes based on recruitment setting then recruitment strategies to identify effective and resource‐efficient strategies for recruiting families into intervention research. A total of 64 articles (n = 49 studies) were included. Data regarding recruitment duration (33%), target sample size (32%), reach (18%), expressions of interest (33%), and enrollment rate (22%) were scarcely reported. Recruitment settings (84%) and strategies (73%) used were available for most studies. However, the details were vague, particularly regarding who was responsible for recruitment or how recruitment strategies were implemented. The Delphi showed recruitment settings, and strategies fell under six themes: school‐based, print/electronic media, community settings‐based, primary care‐based, employer‐based, and referral‐based strategies. Underrecruitment in family‐based trials is a major issue. Reporting on recruitment can be improved by better adherence to existing guidelines. Our findings suggest a multifaceted recruitment approach targeting adults and children with multiple exposures to study information.
Municipal reliance on fine and fee revenues: How local courts contribute to extractive revenue practices in US cities
Authors: Mughan Siân 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBy altering the distribution of fine and fee revenues, municipal courts provide a mechanism through which cash‐strapped city governments can increase revenues flowing into city budgets. Using a unique municipal court data set combined with city‐level financial information, this paper exploits state‐level differences in laws enabling municipal courts and differences in property tax effort across states to explore the relationship between local courts, fine and fee revenues, and municipal finances. I find that cities with municipal courts raise more fine and fee revenue than cities without a court; in cities with a court, reliance on these revenues decreases as per capita property tax yields increase; and these effects are more pronounced in cities in the bottom quartile of the population distribution. Taken together, results suggest that cities use municipal courts to fund the general operations of government and smaller cities and those with low property tax collections are more likely to do so.
Tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton benhamiae in a child
Authors: Arias Andres Felipe , Diaz Alejandro , Erdem Guliz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTinea faciei is a common pediatric skin disease, most often caused by fungi of the genus Trichophyton. T benhamiae has been recently reclassified as a distinct species and is recognized as an emerging zoonotic dermatophyte with a wide range of possible infectious reservoirs worldwide. We present a previously healthy 7‐year‐old child presenting with unusual inflammatory facial plaques due to T benhamiae, confirmed by mass spectroscopy.
Controls on the stratal architecture of lacustrine delta successions in low‐accommodation conditions
Authors: Olariu Cornel , Zhou Chuanmin , Steel Ronald , Zhang Zhijie , Yuan Xuanjun , Zhang Jinyu , Chen Si , Cheng Dawei , Kim Wonsuck 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLake‐delta deposits in low‐accommodation conditions are only a few metres thick and in some cases non‐existent. Fluvial channels occur in many cases directly on top of fine‐grained lacustrine deposits with delta deposits apparently missing. The geomorphology and stratigraphy of modern deltas in Lake Eyre, Australia, and Lake Chad in Africa indicate that delta shorelines can develop in lakes, but in many cases build out into low‐accommodation settings due to highly dynamic lake‐water levels. This work suggests that low‐accommodation is critical in the development of lacustrine delta deposits and that high (frequency and magnitude) rates of lake‐level change result in ’telescoping’ deltas, the deposits of which are thin but extensive. The telescopic deltas have conformable beds, but with abrupt vertical facies changes; this apparent stratigraphic contradiction is the result of long horizontal distance translation of the depositional system. Details of two lacustrine units, in Uinta Basin in the USA and Junggar Basin in China, both of which show characteristics of telescoping, are used to develop a process based stratigraphic model for the deposits of such lake deltas. Lacustrine facies comprise cross‐stratified, ripple cross‐laminated, structureless or graded and sharp‐based sandstone beds, mudstone (structureless, laminated, rippled, rich in organic content), carbonate mudstone, ooid packstone and stromatolites. Three facies associations are critical for lake delta stratigraphy: channelized distributary deposits that occur in the delta topset; lake plain deposits that represent the fluvial overbank deposits and the subaerially exposed (at low lake level) lake deposits; and fine‐grained, lacustrine deposits. A key corollary of the proposed low‐gradient, telescoping lacustrine delta model is that broad and shallow channels dominate the system, but that decimetre to metre thick, gently dipping delta‐front beds form subtle deposits along the margins of the lakes. These delta depocentres migrate basinward and landward at high rates (tens of kilometres each year), building thin (metres) but laterally extensive (tens of kilometres) sandstone units through multiple transgression–regression cycles.
Breaking the Cycle of Violent Crime and Punishment: The Promise of Neuronormalization
Authors: Denson Thomas F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractViolent crime elicits demand for punishment from the public, which can influence policy toward offenders. Paradoxically, harsh punishments such as incarceration often increase offending rather than deter it, which produces a cycle of violent crime and punishment. Violent offenders frequently possess risk factors that influence brain structure and function. These risk factors are genetic predisposition toward violence, adverse childhood experiences, alcohol use, and traumatic brain injury. The alteration in brain structure and function appears primarily in networks involved in threat detection (e.g., biased sensitivity to provocation), self‐regulation (e.g., control over anger and aggressive urges), and social cognition (e.g., thinking about others’ motives). If there is no treatment in people with these risk factors, brain responses to anger provocation will likely increase risk for reactive aggression. As a method to circumvent the cycle of violence and punishment, this review discusses the notion of normalizing brain responses to provocation such that they resemble responses of nonviolent people. A growing body of research suggests that brain normalization can occur by using biomedical instruments such as pharmaceuticals and brain stimulation to enhance moral behavior. Normalizing brain function via moral bioenhancement should inhibit reactive aggression. If such normalization occurs, there is no violent act to punish and hence the cycle of crime and punishment is broken. Policy makers may consider investing in trials of moral bioenhancement that could support existing treatments to reduce violence and recidivism and their associated costs.
The Arab region: Development without democracya
Authors: Makdisi Samir 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFollowing the uprisings of 2011, only a few Arab countries have made some progress in loosening the shackles of autocracy, the region remaining basically non‐democratic. This paper explains the major factors underlying the general failure of the Arab region to democratize despite the notable socioeconomic development it has generally achieved in the past five or six decades; it concludes with summary observations on the Arab region's prospects for democracy.
Exploring the scope and structure of suicide capability
Authors: Shahnaz Arezoo , Bauer Brian W. , Daruwala Samantha E. , Klonsky E. David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveRecent theories of suicide suggest that a construct called “capability for suicide” facilitates the progression from suicidal thoughts to attempts. Various measures of capability have been developed to assess different parts of the construct, but studies report inconsistent findings regarding reliability, validity, and structure. The present study pooled items from multiple measures to identify distinct, reliable, and valid domains of suicide capability.MethodWe administered items from several suicide capability measures to an online sample of US adults (n = 387), and utilized exploratory factor analysis to identify distinct domains of capability. We then examined the internal consistencies of and intercorrelations among these domains, as well as their associations with suicide attempts.ResultsFindings identified three domains of suicide capability: fearlessness about death, practical capability, and pain tolerance. These domains were internally consistent (αs = 0.80–0.92), and relatively independent from one another (intercorrelations = 0.15–0.35). Finally, each of these domains was moderately elevated among attempters compared to ideators (although only fearlessness about death and practical capability offered unique information about attempter status).ConclusionsFindings suggest that fearlessness about death, practical capability, and pain tolerance can be measured reliably, and may be relevant for understanding which ideators make attempts.
Determinants of Confidence in U.S. Institutions: Comparing Congress and Corporations
Authors: Bolger Daniel , Thomson Robert , Ecklund Elaine Howard 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesThe political discourse surrounding the 2016 U.S. presidential election highlighted discontent with both Congress and corporations, a reality corroborated in recent scholarship highlighting declines in institutional confidence among U.S. citizens. Here we test theories of institutional confidence to understand the social and cultural determinants of confidence in Congress and corporations prior to the start of the 2016 presidential campaigns.MethodsWe draw on data from the Religious Understandings of Science Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted in 2013–2014 (N = 9,416).ResultsWe find that political ideology largely explained confidence in corporations while social location (particularly racial‐ethnic identity and gender) strongly related to confidence in Congress. Seemingly opposing factors converged to predict trust in both institutions.ConclusionsInstitutional confidence is shaped not only by social and cultural factors but also by the symbolic functions of institutions themselves.