bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of feeding systems on selected beef quality and sensory attributes
Authors: Moholisa E , Strydom P.E. , Van Heerden I , Hugo A 
Published: June 2020

Feeding systems and other factors associated with processing influence meat quality, and therefore sensory attributes. This study was conducted to assess the meat quality attributes of young grain-fed and older grass-fed steers that mostly affect consumer acceptability of beef. Eighty Bonsmara steers consisting of 20 each of A-age (0-tooth) grain-fed (AC) and grain-fed supplemented with zilpaterol (AZ), 20 each of grass-fed AB (1-2 teeth) and B-age (3 - 6 teeth) animals were used. This combination represented the typical feeding systems of South Africa and other countries using similar classification systems, therefore describes the typical feeding systems of the South African beef industry. The longissimus lumborum (LL), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were tested for colour, moisture properties, lipid oxidation and sensory attributes. It was found that diet in combination with animal age influenced meat colour. Muscles of the older grass-fed steers were generally darker and duller (darker red) compared to muscles of young grain-fed animals. Moisture loss was consistently higher in zilpaterol supplemented meat samples compared to the feedlot controls, while muscles of the grass-fed animals had lower moisture loss. A sensory panel clearly distinguished between cuts of grain-fed (AZ and AC) and grass-fed carcasses (AB and B) on the grounds of flavour characteristic. The AB and B cuts scored higher for grassy, animal-like and rancid flavour overtones and lower for roasted flavour and sourness than AZ and AC grain-fed cuts. This indicated that typical flavours related to diet define expected eating quality.
Keywords: age, grain, grass, meat quality, zilpaterol
Effects of pasture type and level of concentrate supplementation on quality and fatty acid profile of lamb meat
Authors: Rossatti J.A. , Vargas Junior F.M. , Retore M , Britez G.D.V. , Silva M.C. , Fernandes T , Fernandes A.R.M. , Mele M 
Published: June 2020

Objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of grazing tropical forage species and level of supplementation with grain on characteristics of lamb meat. Ninety-day-old lambs (n = 36) (22.54 ± 2.72 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of pasture types (Aruana and Marandu) and levels of concentrate supplementation (0%, 1.5% and 3% of bodyweight). Water retention capacity, shear force, weight loss after cooking, pH, colour, and intramuscular lipid content of the meat were evaluated. A panel of 145 consumers evaluated the appearance, flavour, fat flavour, odour, and softness of the meat and provided an overall assessment. Supplementation at 3% of bodyweight reduced the luminosity of the meat. The appearance of meat from lambs that grazed Aruana grass was deemed preferable to that of meat from lambs that grazed Marandu grass. Total branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were increased when grazing Marandu grass compared to Aruana grass. Lambs supplemented with concentrate had reduced BCFA/kg of meat and its content of both monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were increased. Supplementation with concentrate at 1.5% and 3.0% of bodyweight increased n-6 PUFAs by 16.8% and 90.0%, decreased n-3 PUFAs by 49.7% and 35.9%, and thus increased the n-6/n-3 ratio by 135.0% and 183.8%, respectively. Lambs that were finished on grass without supplementation had a more healthful fatty acid profile and received better scores for flavour and global appreciation. To improve the quality of fatty acids in the meat, the pasture system is recommended.
Keywords: Brachiaria brizantha, lipid content, Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, Panicum maximum, sheep feeding
Performance trait analysis and genetic diversity of the SA Boerperd
Authors: Breytenbach N , Grobler J.P. , Bindeman H 
Published: June 2020

This study determined the occurrence and frequency of mutations that influence performance traits in the SA Boerperd horse and evaluated genetic diversity within the breed. Two gait-associated and two heightassociated mutations were investigated. Seventeen microsatellite markers were genotyped for 363 horses and used to assess genetic diversity. The C-allele of the height-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BIEC2_808543 was present in 5% of the population, and 57% of the horses possessed the A-allele of BIEC2_1105377, which has been also associated with height. However, these SNPs did not significantly affect measured phenotypic height within the breed. The minor alleles for SNP DMRT3_Ser301STOP and BIEC2_620109, which have been associated with gaitedness, occurred with frequencies of 0.105 and 0.091, respectively, within the breed. The microsatellite data revealed observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.679) to be similar to that found 15 years ago, while the level of inbreeding had decreased from 8.4% to 3.2%. However, allelic richness had declined from 4.212 to 3.804. Analysis of the population structure revealed that two distinct founder populations have contributed to the present-day breed. Compared with nine European breeds, the SA Boerperd had above average levels of heterozygosity and a high number of private alleles (17.6%). A high degree of variation remained in the SA Boerperd, despite selective breeding, and levels of inbreeding were still manageable. Results obtained in this study can be used by SA Boerperd breeders to develop the breed, while simultaneously conserving its genetic potential.
Keywords: gaitedness, height, horses, inbreeding, selective breeding
Effect of zinc nanoparticles on embryo and chicken growth, and the content of zinc in tissues and faeces
Authors: Łukasiewicz M , Łozicki A , Casey N.H. , Chwalibog A , Niemiec J , Matuszewski A , Sosnowska M , Wierzbicki M , Zielinska M , Bałaban J , Sawosz E 
Published: June 2020

The hypothesis was that owing to their high bioavailability, zinc oxide nanoparticles (NanoZnO) can effectively replace (Zn) salts and reduce Zn excretion with faeces. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NanoZnO on the development of chicken embryos, the growth of broiler chickens, and Zn excretion with faeces. At day 1 of incubation, 120 eggs were randomly divided between a control group (not injected) and groups injected with a hydrocolloid of NanoZnO in increasing concentrations (50, 100, 500 mg/L). At day 19 of incubation, no differences were observed in the bodyweight, but 100 and 500 mg/L affected liver and heart weights, indicating that high levels of NanoZnO may induce differential organ development. In the subsequent experiment, 308 chickens were randomly divided into six groups. The control diet was supplemented with 55 mg Zn/kg (standard level), the 0 group received no Zn supplement, and groups fed NanoZnO received 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the standard level. The 100% replacement of ZnO with NanoZnO increased the chickens’ bodyweight compared with the standard level of ZnO, but to the same level as the diet without ZnO supplementation. Furthermore, NanoZnO did not reduce the content of Zn in faeces, which was only significantly lower in the group without ZnO supplementation in comparison with other groups. The results indicate that the replacement of ZnO with NanoZnO had no negative effects on chicken growth. Compared with ZnO, NanoZnO did not reduce Zn excretion with faeces.
Keywords: broiler, development, excretion, mineral, nanonutrition
Correlations between PORCUS classification and androstenone in boars, and effects of cooking methods thereon
Authors: Needham T , Van Zyl K , Hoffman L.C. 
Published: June 2020

The aim of this research was to evaluate relationships between the PORCUS classification system and factors affecting boar taint in pork. Intact male pork carcasses (n = 176) were randomly selected in a South African commercial abattoir from three PORCUS carcass classification groups (P, O and R) and samples from their Longissimus lumborum (LL) were obtained at 24 hours post mortem. Correlations between carcass weight, backfat depth, intramuscular fat percentage and subcutaneous fat androstenone concentrations were estimated. A sub-sample of O carcasses (n = 12) with high levels of androstenone levels were used to determine the influence of pan-frying, oven-roasting and sous vide cooking methods on meat proximate composition and fat androstenone concentration. Although O carcasses were heaviest, backfat depth increased over the carcass classifications. Intramuscular fat percentages were lowest in O carcasses, and crude protein percentages were higher in O compared with R carcasses. The correlation between percentages of backfat depth and LL intramuscular fat was insignificant.No differences were observed between classifications in androstenone concentration, which had a weak positive correlation with carcass weight. All cooked samples exceeded the established sensory threshold for androstenone (>0.45 μg/g). Cooking methods were ineffective in decreasing the potential for consumers to experience boar taint. Therefore, alternative processing methods should be considered for these carcasses. In addition, the PORCUS classification system cannot be used reliably to estimate the intramuscular fat content or androstenone concentration of a carcass. These findings are interpreted to suggest a revision of the application of the current classification system is required.
Keywords: androstenone-related boar taint, backfat, carcass, longissimus, pork
Effect of breed on meat quality and global acceptance of native lambs and their crosses
Authors: Lage R.R.P. , Vega W.H.O. , Costa H.H.A. , Costa A.C. , Sousa L.C.O. , Lima L.D. , Landim A.V. 
Published: June 2020

International projections point to the growth in global production of sheep meat, mainly from developing countries. However, the exigencies of consumers on characterization of production systems, nutritional information, and sensorial analysis to target the preferences must be answered. The aim of this study was to characterize the meat quality and the global acceptance of Brazilian native ovine breeds and their crosses, and discuss these aspects on the current basis of human health and wellbeing. Three native breeds (Morada Nova, Rabo Largo, and Santa Inês) that were managed in semi-intensive systems and raised in semi-arid Brazilian regions were used. Chemical composition and fatty acid analysis, sensory evaluation and health indices were accessed. The combined effects of breed, sex and breed by sex interaction produced differentiation in meat fatty acid (FA) profiles. The cholesterol contents ranged between 51 and 59.1 mg/100 g. The Morada Nova lambs showed the lowest lipid content (1.93%). The Morada Nova x Rabo Largo crossbreed breed has the potential to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid. The high content of α-linolenic acid, which is considered hypocholesterolemic, was responsible for better health indices. The moderate acceptability obtained in sensory traits is compatible with the requirements of the consumer market. The combination of nutritional and sensory traits associated with human health and wellbeing that is presented by these native ovine breeds qualifies them as a good choice of red meat to be included in a larger proportion in human food.
Keywords: fatty acids, healthier meat, semi-arid region, sheep
Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in diets fed to sows on fatty acids in brain, muscle and skin of their piglets
Authors: De Gasperín I , Vicente J.G. , Pinos-Rodríguez J.M. , Montiel F , Loeza R , Martínez-Hernández J.M. , Isabel B 
Published: June 2020

The aim of this research was to determine fatty acid profiles in piglet brain, skin, and muscle, and in the milk of sows fed fat with different saturation grades during gestation and lactation. At 42 days of gestation, 50 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to one of two treatments, namely a diet containing pork lard (n = 25) and a diet containing soybean oil (n = 25). The fats were provided at 3.6% during gestation and at 4% during lactation. The experimental diets were offered through the weaning of the piglets. The fatty acid profile of the milk was determined fourteen days after parturition. At weaning (21 days postpartum) and seven days later, one of the piglets (n = 64) from 16 sows allocated to each treatment was selected at random to determine fatty acid profiles in brain, skin and muscle. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in the diet with pork lard than in that with soybean oil, in which the polyunsaturated fat content was higher. A higher saturation of fatty acids was found in milk from the sows that consumed pork lard, which contained more saturated fatty acids than the milk from sows that consumed soybean oil. The fatty acid profiles in muscle and skin of the piglets were affected by the diet of the sows. However, the fatty acid profile of the piglets’ brains was not affected by the diet of their mothers.
Keywords: fat saturation, lard, piglet survival, sow feeding, soybean oil
Carcass, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of meat from genetic reserve ducks after two reproductive seasons
Authors: Kokoszyński D , Bernacki Z , Biegniewska M , Saleh M , Stęczny K , Zwierzyński R , Kotowicz M , Sobczak M , Żochowska-Kujawska J , Wasilewski P.D. , Bucek T , Kmiecik M 
Published: June 2020

The aim of the study was to compare carcass composition and meat quality of i) Pekin ducks of French origin (P9), ii) crosses of wild mallard and Pekin duck (K2), and iii) crosses of Khaki Campbell drakes and Orpington Fauve ducks (KhO1). Twenty carcasses from 110-week-old ducks of each genetic group were used. Carcass weight of P9 was significantly higher than that of K2 and KhO1. Carcasses of K2 ducks had a significantly lower percentage of neck and leg muscles and giblet weight compared with P9 and KhO1 ducks, while carcasses of KhO1 ducks had a significantly higher percentage of wing meat compared with K2 and P9, and a significantly lower percentage of breast muscles compared with P9 ducks. Breast and leg muscles of P9 contained significantly more water than those of K2 and KhO1, and the breast muscles of P9 ducks had more protein and less fat than those of KhO1 birds. The leg muscles of KhO1 contained significantly more protein, and those of K2 had significantly more fat than the other duck groups. Breast muscles of P9 and KhO1 ducks had significantly more collagen but had less in leg muscles compared with K2. Breast fillets from P9 ducks showed higher L*, a*, and b* colour values and shear force than K2 and KhO1 ducks.
Keywords: carcass composition, conservation flocks, meat quality, spent duck
Low levels of heavy metals in shrimps (<i>Decapoda: Atyidae</i>) from Omodo River in southern Nigeria
Authors: Dirisu A.R. 
Published: June 2020

Shrimps remain an important source of proteins worldwide. The contamination of the environments with effluence such as from domestic, healthcare systems, industrial waste discharges and agricultural run-offs; are posing much danger to the consumption of shrimp diets by humans in particular. The ingestion of heavy metals from sediment and in water column is chiefly the source of contamination to the shrimps. This study was conducted quarterly and spanned from December, 2012 to May, 2014 with the objectives to determining the background levels of eight heavy metals in whole body mass of crustacean (Caridina africana and C. gabonesis) as well as in the sediments. Standard methods were employed in the sampling and analyses. The results obtained for heavy metals in sediments were in folds higher than what were obtained in the shrimps tissues. The mean range of concentrations of metals in the sediment across the stations were in the order; Zn (15.076-18.182 mg kg-1) > Cu (6.146 - 8.130 mg kg-1) > Pb (0.131-0.198 mg Kg-1) > Co (0.033-0.045mg kg-1) > Cr (0.017-0.028mg kg-1) > Cd (0.002-0.010mg kg-1) > Ni (0.003-0.008 mg kg-1) > V (0.001 mg kg-1). The values of heavy metals in shrimps as obtained in this study were far below the limit stipulated by Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) and have indeed confirmed the non-industrial waste disposal into the water bodies in Agbede-wetlands including Omodo River.
Keywords: Analysis; Agbede; concentrations; ingestion; sediment; shrimps
Parasitic endohelminths of tree frogs from two rainforest habitats in Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Imasuen A.A. , Ojo O.O. , Adesina O.O. , Enabuele E.E. , Aisien M.S.O. 
Published: June 2020

Tree frogs are generally regarded as arboreal frogs and those associated with water during their breeding season as aquatic/arboreal frogs. Obazuwa Wetlands and Ikpako Riparian Habitat are both located in Ovia North East and Ovia South West Local Government Areas of Edo State, Nigeria. Frogs were captured from both habitats based on Acoustic Encounter Survey (AES) and the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) techniques. A total of 169 tree frogs were examined; 103 from Obazuwa Wetlands and 66 from Ikpako Riparian Habitat. The specimens from both sites comprised 08 species. Helminth parasites belonging to four taxa were recovered, which included: Cestoda, Trematoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala. A prevalence of 39.8% and 30.5% were recorded for Obazuwa Wetlands and Ikpako Habitat, respectively. The helminth parasites were restricted to one of both habitats except for Foleyellides sp., which was common to both sites. Some of the helminth parasites were reported for the first time in some of the hosts such as Baerietta jaegerskioeldi (in Afrixalus nigeriensis and Leptopelis spiritusnoctis), Amplicaecum africanum (in Hyperolius guttulatus, Aplectana macintoshii (in L. spiritusnoctis), Cosmocerca commutata (in A. dorsalis and L. spiritusnoctis) and Physaloptera sp. (in Hyperolius concolor Phase B and H. concolor Phase C). The occurrence of Foleyellides sp. in 6 species of tree frogs with a prevalence range of 23.1-75.1% whereas only two species have been previously reported is exceptional and of pathological concern.
Keywords: Tree frogs; helminthes; wetlands; riparian habitats; Edo State; Nigeria
Comparison of cranial and body morphology of tree squirrels (<i>Helioscurius rufobranchium</i>) in selected locations of rainforest in Nigeria
Authors: Bamidele A.O. , Akinpelu A.I. 
Published: June 2020

This study examined the differences in cranial morphology of tree squirrel species (Heliosciuru srufobranchium) from four different locations in rainforest part of Nigeria. Locally fabricated live traps made of wire-mesh and steel were used to capture the squirrels. Trapped tree squirrels were immediately transferred to the laboratory in cages, where they were euthanized by placement in a bell-jar containing chloroform-soaked cotton wool. Individuals from two locations (33 from Ile Ife and 49 from Emure Ekiti) were then preliminarily identified to the generic level, using an identification key. Eighty-two (82) skulls were prepared from them, using Long Island Natural History Museum Guide. The sexes of the specimens were determined by visual inspection of the external genitalia. Twenty-seven (27) cranial and six (6) external body parameters were measured using digital Vernier caliper. One-way analysis of variance at p<0.05 was used to determine the difference in measured body parameters and Principal Component Analysis was used to differentiate the measured skull parameters. The results showed that the body parameters; head body length, tail length, tail body length, ear length, hind foot length and body weight measured were slightly different from one location to another. Also, the cranial measurements showed some similarities and differences between the two locations (Ile Ife and Emure Ekiti). In conclusion, the cranial measurements of the tree squirrels from the two locations (Ile Ife and Emure Ekiti) showed slight differences despite the fact that the tree squirrels are from the same genus (H. rufobranchium).
Keywords: Heliosciurus rufobranchium; rainforest; tree squirrel; cranial; morphometric
On Immanuel Kant’s Concept of Duty
Authors: Abraham Kow Kwegya Amissah 
Published: June 2020

Central to the philosophical discourse on duty is its ontology, the sanctioning entity, and what legitimises an act to assume the status of duty. Kant conceives of duty to involve the recognition of, and submission to the moral law. The focus of this work is to critically interrogate the Kantian conception of duty normatively and the veracity of its application when the conceptualisation assumes practical posture. This is to understand as to whether acting from duty on the one hand, and the universalizability of a moral law according to which a moral agent ought to act on the other hand, guarantees that one acts without any consideration, but for duty. The import is to offer a pragmatic perspective to understandingKant’s conception and to realign his metaphysical conceptualisation of duty within human capabilities. We do this with the position that duty must be within the practical capabilities of humans in moral decision-making.
Keywords: Deontology, Duty, Kantian, Moral Law.
Does stock market capitalization cause GDP? A causality study for Central and Eastern European countries
Authors: Prats María A. , Sandoval Beatriz 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between stock market capitalization to GDP and real GDP in 10 Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) that joined the European Union in 2004 and 2007, with the objective of determining whether the financial markets played a role as drivers of economic development in these countries or vice versa. The methodology, using a cointegrated Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, is based on the application of three different measures of causality: Granger causality test, Toda-Yamamoto approach and Frequency Domain approach. The results obtained suggest evidence of a causal relationship in both directions between the variables in a significant number of countries, and especially in those where the variables show to be clearly cointegrated (Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia).