bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensor decomposition, parafermions, level-rank duality, and reciprocity law for vertex operator algebras
Authors: Jiang Cuipo , Lin Zongzhu 
Published: June 2020

For a semisimple Lie algebra

s
l

n

\frak {sl}_n

, the basic representation

L

s
l

n

^

(
1
,
0
)

L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}_{n}}}(1,0)

of the affine Lie algebra

s
l

n

^

\widehat {\frak {sl}_{n}}

is a lattice vertex operator algebra. The first main result of the paper is to prove that the commutant vertex operator algebra of

L

s
l

n

^

(
l
,
0
)

L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}_{n}}}(l,0)

in the

l
l

-fold tensor product

L

s
l

n

^

(
1
,
0

)

⊗
l

L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}_{n}}}(1,0)^{\otimes l}

is isomorphic to the parafermion vertex operator algebra

K
(

s
l

l

,
n
)

K(\frak {sl}_{l},n)

, which is the commutant of the Heisenberg vertex operator algebra

L

h

^

(
n
,
0
)

L_{\widehat {\frak {h}}}(n,0)

in

L

s
l

l

^

(
n
,
0
)

L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}_l}}(n,0)

. The result provides a version of level-rank duality. The second main result of the paper is to prove more general version of the first result that the commutant of

L

s
l

n

^

(

l
1

+
⋯
+

l
s

,
0
)

L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}_{n}}}(l_1+\cdots +l_s, 0)

in

L

s
l

n

^

(

l
1

,
0
)
⊗
⋯
⊗

L

s
l

n

^

(

l
s

,
0
)

L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}_{n}}}(l_1,0)\otimes \cdots \otimes L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}_{n}}}(l_s, 0)

is isomorphic to the commutant of the vertex operator algebra generated by a Levi Lie subalgebra of

s
l

l
1

+
⋯
+

l
s

\frak {sl}_{l_1+\cdots +l_s}

corresponding to the composition

(

l
1

,
⋯
,

l
s

)

(l_1, \cdots , l_s)

in the rational vertex operator algebra

L

s
l

^

l
1

+
⋯
+

l
s

(
n
,
0
)

L_{\widehat {\frak {sl}}_{l_1+\cdots +l_s}}(n,0)

. This general version also resembles a version of reciprocity law discussed by Howe in the context of reductive Lie groups. In the course of the proof of the main results, certain Howe duality pairs also appear in the context of vertex operator algebras.
Quality Assessment of Online Patient Information for Cosmetic Botulinum Toxin
Authors: Barbarite Eric , Shaye David , Oyer Samuel , Lee Linda N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
In an era of widespread Internet access, patients increasingly look online for health information. Given the frequency with which cosmetic botulinum toxin injection is performed, there is a need to provide patients with high-quality information about this procedure.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the quality of printed online education materials (POEMs) about cosmetic botulinum toxin.

Methods
An Internet search was performed to identify 32 websites of various authorship types. Materials were evaluated for accuracy and inclusion of key content points. Readability was measured by Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Understandability and actionability were assessed with the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printed Materials. The effect of authorship was measured by undertaking analysis of variance between groups.

Results
The mean [standard deviation] accuracy score among all POEMs was 4.2 [0.7], which represents an accuracy of 76% to 99%. Mean comprehensiveness was 47.0% [16.4%]. Mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Flesch Reading Ease scores were 10.7 [2.1] and 47.9 [10.0], respectively. Mean understandability and actionability were 62.8% [18.8%] and 36.2% [26.5%], respectively. There were no significant differences between accuracy (P &gt; 0.2), comprehensiveness (P &gt; 0.5), readability (P &gt; 0.1), understandability (P &gt; 0.3), or actionability (P &gt; 0.2) by authorship.

Conclusions
There is wide variability in the quality of cosmetic botulinum toxin POEMs regardless of authorship type. The majority of materials are written above the recommended reading level and fail to include important content points. It is critical that providers take an active role in the evaluation and endorsement of online patient education materials.
Hidden leks in a migratory songbird: mating advantages for earlier and more attractive males
Authors: Manica Lilian T , Graves Jeff A , Podos Jeffrey , Macedo Regina H 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn some socially monogamous birds, territories sometimes occur in aggregations. The “hidden lek” hypothesis suggests that territorial aggregations might be explained by males establishing territories near successful males (“hotshot” model) or by females preferring to mate in large clusters (“female preference” model). In both scenarios, clusters would provide more opportunities for finding mates and achieving extrapair copulations. Our study tests predictions of these two models in the blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina). Males of this species migrate to their breeding grounds, establish territories within clusters, and initiate courtship displays. These displays consist of vertical leaps synchronized with vocalizations, or only the latter without leaps. The “hotshot” model predicts that: 1) earlier-arriving males would establish territories more centrally within clusters; 2) earlier or centrally positioned males would produce more elaborate displays; and 3) these same males would achieve higher success via within and extrapair fertilizations. The “female preference” model predicts that: 4) pairing success and 5) per-capita extrapair fertilizations would increase with cluster size. We found that earlier-arriving males executed higher leaps and longer songs, but there was no relationship between these traits and male position within clusters. We also found that earlier-arriving males were more likely to obtain extrapair fertilizations. However, we found little evidence that cluster size related to overall or per-capita breeding success. Considered together, our data provide partial validation of the hotshot model of hidden leks and expand on prior findings in this species by showing that females benefit by choosing males leaping higher and settling earlier in clusters.
TiFoSi: an efficient tool for mechanobiology simulations of epithelia
Authors: Canela-Xandri Oriol , Anbari Samira , Buceta Javier 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Emerging phenomena in developmental biology and tissue engineering are the result of feedbacks between gene expression and cell biomechanics. In that context, in silico experiments are a powerful tool to understand fundamental mechanisms and to formulate and test hypotheses.

Results
Here, we present TiFoSi, a computational tool to simulate the cellular dynamics of planar epithelia. TiFoSi allows to model feedbacks between cellular mechanics and gene expression (either in a deterministic or a stochastic way), the interaction between different cell populations, the custom design of the cell cycle and cleavage properties, the protein number partitioning upon cell division, and the modeling of cell communication (juxtacrine and paracrine signaling).

Availability and implementation
http://tifosi.thesimbiosys.com.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Hippocampus co-atrophy pattern in dementia deviates from covariance patterns across the lifespan
Authors: Plachti Anna , Kharabian Shahrzad , Eickhoff Simon B , Maleki Balajoo Somayeh , Hoffstaedter Felix , Varikuti Deepthi P , Jockwitz Christiane , Caspers Svenja , Amunts Katrin , Genon Sarah 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe hippocampus is a plastic region and highly susceptible to ageing and dementia. Previous studies explicitly imposed a priori models of hippocampus when investigating ageing and dementia-specific atrophy but led to inconsistent results. Consequently, the basic question of whether macrostructural changes follow a cytoarchitectonic or functional organization across the adult lifespan and in age-related neurodegenerative disease remained open. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the spatial pattern of hippocampus differentiation based on structural covariance with a data-driven approach across structural MRI data of large cohorts (n = 2594). We examined the pattern of structural covariance of hippocampus voxels in young, middle-aged, elderly, mild cognitive impairment and dementia disease samples by applying a clustering algorithm revealing differentiation in structural covariance within the hippocampus. In all the healthy and in the mild cognitive impaired participants, the hippocampus was robustly divided into anterior, lateral and medial subregions reminiscent of cytoarchitectonic division. In contrast, in dementia patients, the pattern of subdivision was closer to known functional differentiation into an anterior, body and tail subregions. These results not only contribute to a better understanding of co-plasticity and co-atrophy in the hippocampus across the lifespan and in dementia, but also provide robust data-driven spatial representations (i.e. maps) for structural studies.
Functional cognitive disorder: dementia’s blind spot
Authors: Ball Harriet A , McWhirter Laura , Ballard Clive , Bhome Rohan , Blackburn Daniel J , Edwards Mark J , Fleming Stephen M , Fox Nick C , Howard Robert , Huntley Jonathan , Isaacs Jeremy D , Larner Andrew J , Nicholson Timothy R , Pennington Catherine M , Poole Norman , Price Gary , Price Jason P , Reuber Markus , Ritchie Craig , Rossor Martin N , Schott Jonathan M , Teodoro Tiago , Venneri Annalena , Stone Jon , Carson Alan J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
An increasing proportion of cognitive difficulties are recognized to have a functional cause, the chief clinical indicator of which is internal inconsistency. When these symptoms are impairing or distressing, and not better explained by other disorders, this can be conceptualized as a cognitive variant of functional neurological disorder, termed functional cognitive disorder (FCD). FCD is likely very common in clinical practice but may be under-diagnosed. Clinicians in many settings make liberal use of the descriptive term mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for those with cognitive difficulties not impairing enough to qualify as dementia. However, MCI is an aetiology-neutral description, which therefore includes patients with a wide range of underlying causes. Consequently, a proportion of MCI cases are due to non-neurodegenerative processes, including FCD. Indeed, significant numbers of patients diagnosed with MCI do not ‘convert’ to dementia. The lack of diagnostic specificity for MCI ‘non-progressors’ is a weakness inherent in framing MCI primarily within a deterministic neurodegenerative pathway. It is recognized that depression, anxiety and behavioural changes can represent a prodrome to neurodegeneration; empirical data are required to explore whether the same might hold for subsets of individuals with FCD. Clinicians and researchers can improve study efficacy and patient outcomes by viewing MCI as a descriptive term with a wide differential diagnosis, including potentially reversible components such as FCD. We present a preliminary definition of functional neurological disorder–cognitive subtype, explain its position in relation to other cognitive diagnoses and emerging biomarkers, highlight clinical features that can lead to positive diagnosis (as opposed to a diagnosis of exclusion), and red flags that should prompt consideration of alternative diagnoses. In the research setting, positive identifiers of FCD will enhance our recognition of individuals who are not in a neurodegenerative prodrome, while greater use of this diagnosis in clinical practice will facilitate personalized interventions.
Stiffness-mediated mesenchymal stem cell fate decision in 3D-bioprinted hydrogels
Authors: Liu Yufan , Li Zhao , Li Jianjun , Yang Siming , Zhang Yijie , Yao Bin , Song Wei , Fu Xiaobing , Huang Sha 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Hydrogels with tuneable mechanical properties are an attractive material platform for 3D bioprinting. Thus far, numerous studies have confirmed that the biophysical cues of hydrogels, such as stiffness, are known to have a profound impact on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation; however, their differentiation potential within 3D-bioprinted hydrogels is not completely understood. Here, we propose a protocol for the exploration of how the stiffness of alginate–gelatin (Alg-Gel) composite hydrogels (the widely used bioink) affects the differentiation of MSCs in the presence or absence of differentiation inducing factors.

Methods
Two types of Alg-Gel composite hydrogels (Young’s modulus: 50 kPa vs. 225 kPa) were bioprinted independently of porosity. Then, stiffness-induced biases towards adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of the embedded MSCs were analysed by co-staining with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and oil red O. The expression of specific markers at the gene level was detected after a 3-day culture.

Results
Confocal microscopy indicated that all tested hydrogels supported MSC growth and viability during the culture period. Higher expression of adipogenic and osteogenic markers (ALP and lipoprotein lipase (LPL)) in stiffer 3D-bioprinted matrices demonstrated a more significant response of MSCs to stiffer hydrogels with respect to differentiation, which was more robust in differentiation-inducing medium. However, the LPL expression in stiffer 3D-bioprinted constructs was reduced at day 3 regardless of the presence of differentiation-inducing factors. Although MSCs embedded in softer hydrogels to some extent proceeded toward adipogenic and osteogenic lineages within a few days, their differentiation seemed to be slower and more limited. Interestingly, the hydrogel itself (without differentiation-inducing factors) exhibited a slight effect on whether MSCs differentiated towards an adipogenic or an osteogenic fate. Considering that the mechano-regulated protein Yes-associated protein (YAP) is involved in MSC fate decisions, we further found that inhibition of YAP significantly downregulated the expression of ALP and LPL in MSCs in stiffer constructs regardless of the induced growth factors present.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate that the differentiation of MSCs in 3D-bioprinted matrices is dependent on hydrogel stiffness, which emphasizes the importance of biophysical cues as a determinant of cellular behaviour.
Connectome Signatures of Hyperexcitation in Cognitively Intact Middle-Aged Female APOE-ε4 Carriers
Authors: Fortel Igor , Korthauer Laura E , Morrissey Zachery , Zhan Liang , Ajilore Olusola , Wolfson Ouri , Driscoll Ira , Schonfeld Dan , Leow Alex 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSynaptic dysfunction is hypothesized to be one of the earliest brain changes in Alzheimer’s disease, leading to “hyperexcitability” in neuronal circuits. In this study, we evaluated a novel hyperexcitation indicator (HI) for each brain region using a hybrid resting-state structural connectome to probe connectome-level excitation–inhibition balance in cognitively intact middle-aged apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers with noncarriers (16 male/22 female in each group). Regression with three-way interactions (sex, age, and APOE-ε4 carrier status) to assess the effect of APOE-ε4 on excitation–inhibition balance within each sex and across an age range of 40–60 years yielded a significant shift toward higher HI in female carriers compared with noncarriers (beginning at 50 years). Hyperexcitation was insignificant in the male group. Further, in female carriers the degree of hyperexcitation exhibited significant positive correlation with working memory performance (evaluated via a virtual Morris Water task) in three regions: the left pars triangularis, left hippocampus, and left isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Increased excitation of memory-related circuits may be evidence of compensatory recruitment of neuronal resources for memory-focused activities. In sum, our results are consistent with known Alzheimer’s disease sex differences; in that female APOE-ε4 carriers have globally disrupted excitation–inhibition balance that may confer greater vulnerability to disease neuropathology.
Social Media–Based Secondary Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Syphilis Self-testing Among Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Wu Dan , Zhou Yi , Yang Nancy , Huang Shanzi , He Xi , Tucker Joseph , Li Xiaofeng , Smith Kumi M , Ritchwood Tiarney , Jiang Xiaohui , Liu Xuan , Wang Yehua , Huang Wenting , Ong Jason , Fu Hongyun , Bao Huanyu , Pan Stephen , Dai Wencan , Tang Weiming 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Social media and secondary distribution (distributing self-testing kits by indexes through their networks) both show strong promise to improve human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) self-testing uptake. We assessed an implementation program in Zhuhai, China, which focused on the secondary distribution of HIV/syphilis self-test kits among men who have sex with men (MSM) via social media.

Methods
Men aged ≥16 years, born biologically male, and ever had sex with another man were recruited as indexes. Banner ads on a social media platform invited the participants to apply for up to 5 self-test kits every 3 months. Index men paid a deposit of US$15/kit refundable upon submitting a photograph of a completed test result via an online submission system. They were informed that they could distribute the kits to others (referred to as “alters”).

Results
A total of 371 unique index men applied for 1150 kits (mean age, 28.7 [standard deviation, 6.9] years), of which 1141 test results were returned (99%). Among them, 1099 were valid test results; 810 (74%) were from 331 unique index men, and 289 tests (26%) were from 281 unique alters. Compared to index men, a higher proportion of alters were naive HIV testers (40% vs 21%; P &lt; .001). The total HIV self-test reactivity rate was 3%, with alters having a significantly higher rate than indexes (5% vs 2%; P = .008). A total of 21 people (3%) had a reactive syphilis test result.

Conclusions
Integrating social media with the secondary distribution of self-test kits may hold promise to increase HIV/syphilis testing coverage and case identification among MSM.
Impact of Extending the Timing of Maternal Pertussis Vaccination on Hospitalized Infant Pertussis in England, 2014–2018
Authors: Tessier Elise , Campbell Helen , Ribeiro Sonia , Fry Norman K , Brown Colin , Stowe Julia , Andrews Nick , Ramsay Mary , Amirthalingam Gayatri 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
In October 2012, a maternal pertussis vaccination program was introduced in England for women between 28 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. In April 2016, the recommended optimal window was extended to 20–32 weeks to improve vaccine coverage and protect preterm infants. This study assesses the impact of offering maternal pertussis vaccination earlier in pregnancy on hospitalized infant pertussis cases.

Methods
Hospitalized pertussis cases ≤60 days old in England were extracted from Hospital Episode Statistics pre- and post-policy change. Data were linked to laboratory-confirmed cases, and clinical records were reviewed where cases were not matched. Maternal vaccine status of identified cases was established. Median hospital duration was calculated, and a competing risk survival analysis was undertaken to assess multiple factors.

Results
A total of 201 cases were included in the analysis. Of the 151 cases with reported gestational age, the number of hospitalizations among full-term infants was 60 cases pre-policy and 62 cases post-policy, respectively, while preterm cases declined from 20 to 9 (P = .06). Length of hospital stay did not differ significantly after the policy change. Significantly longer hospital stays were seen in cases aged 0–4 weeks (median of 3 more days than infants aged 5–8 weeks), premature infants (median of 4 more days than term infants), and cases with coinfections (median of 1 more day than those without coinfection).

Conclusions
The number of preterm infants hospitalized with pertussis in England was halved after the policy change and preterm infants were no longer overrepresented among hospitalized cases.
Apparent Intracellular Helicobacter pylori Detected by Immunohistochemistry: The Missing Link in Eradication Failure
Authors: Beer Andrea , Hudler Helmut , Hader Maria , Kundi Michael , Hudler Susanne , Täuber Valentina , Schachner Helga , Gruber Sophie , Hirschl Alexander M , Kain Renate , Makristathis Athanasios 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Helicobacter pylori is primarily an extracellularly living bacterium. However, seemingly intracellular occurrence can often be detected by immunohistochemical stains. Considering antimicrobial resistance, we investigated the impact of the apparent intracellular H. pylori (aiHp) on treatment failure of first-line triple therapies.

Methods
Gastric biopsies of 814 patients infected with H. pylori naive to treatment were analyzed before and after eradication therapy by immunohistochemistry. Of these, 373 received treatment consisting of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and proton pump inhibitor (AC/PPI). Availability of polymerase chain reaction-based clarithromycin susceptibility test results from pretreatment gastric biopsies was a precondition for matching 52 aiHp to 52 non-aiHp cases within the AC/PPI group.

Results
AiHp were detected mostly in low counts predominantly in corpus biopsies, rarely in antrum biopsies (95.2% vs 24.6%); they were found in 497 (61%) of all patients and in 192 of 373 patients (51.5%) in the AC/PPI group. The eradication rate in aiHp versus non-aiHp cases was 44.4% versus 72.9% in the entire sample and 45.3% versus 66.8% in the AC/PPI group. Among the 104 paired patients, respective values were 46.2% versus 78.8%; in clarithromycin-susceptible cases, 60.6% versus 91.9%. Both aiHp and resistance to clarithromycin proved to be highly significant (P ≤ .001) and independent predictors of eradication failure. Twelve of 13 aiHp cases with a clarithromycin-sensitive strain who failed eradication developed resistance to the antibiotic.

Conclusions
AiHp found by immunohistochemical staining especially in corpus biopsies proved to be a risk factor for failure of first-line triple therapies; occurrence of aiHp should be considered with regard to therapy options.
The Theory of Informative Fictions: A Character-Based Approach to False News and other Misinformation
Authors: Margolin Drew B 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article derives a theory of informative fictions (TIF). Common forms of misinformation—fake news, rumors, and conspiracy theories—while dysfunctional for communicating property information—information about the state and operation of things—can actually be valuable for communicating character information—information about the motivations of social agents. It is argued that narratives containing “false facts” can effectively portray a speaker's theory of another individual's character. Thus, such narratives are useful for gathering information about leaders and other important individuals who are evaluated in the community. After deriving the theory, TIF is used to derive propositions predicting the empirical conditions under which misinformation will be accepted, tolerated or promoted. The implications of the theory for addressing the normative problem of misinformation are also discussed.