bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiometric extension of a measurement arrangement in accordance with the EMVA 1288 standard for camera characterization in UV to NIR wavelength range
Authors: Rebhan David , Dittrich Paul-Gerald , Rosenberger Maik , Notni Gunther 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
For the objective comparison of different cameras or image sensors, it is necessary to describe their image acquisition channel by suitable parameters. The EMVA 1288 standard, developed by camera manufacturers and research institutes, distinguishes itself from other standards by considering the camera as a linear model. The camera is treated as a black box of which only pixel size and exposure time must be known. The recording of standardized test images is also omitted, allowing the camera to be described without optics. The only input variable of the linear camera model of the EMVA 1288 standard is the number of photons that hit a pixel of the image sensor during the exposure time. Therefore, the correct determination of the photon count is essential to calculate important camera parameters from the linear camera model, such as quantum efficiency or signal-to-noise ratio. To determine the number of photons, the irradiance of the radiation incident on the image sensor must be measured. This is usually done using a radiometer instead of the camera or image sensor. The number of photons per pixel during the exposure time can then be calculated from the irradiance, considering constants like the wavelength of the incident radiation, the area of the pixel and the exposure time of the camera. Calibrated radiometers were procured which are sensitive in the UV-A, VISNIR and NIR wavelength ranges in order to be able to perform camera or image sensor characterizations according to the EMVA 1288 standard in these wavelength ranges in the future.
Measuring the oscillometric method contribution to the measurement uncertainty of automated sphygmomanometers using a patient simulator
Authors: Rodrigues Filho B A , Farias R F , dos Anjos W E 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The sphygmomanometer is a widely used device for non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Systematic measurement errors and uncertainties can affect measurements, consequently, impacting diagnosis or medication. In order to maintain the conformity of the instruments, sphygmomanometers are usually under control of legal metrology demanding periodical verifications. Automated sphygmomanometers are based on the oscillometric method, measuring small changes of arterial blood pressure occurring in the cuff. Once pressure working standards are unable to generate the oscillometric pulses, verifications are performed on the sphygmomanometer on its manometer mode, disregarding the contribution of the oscillometric mode to the uncertainties. The present study investigates the contribution of the oscillometric method to the expanded measurement uncertainty. We used a patient simulator in four sphygmomanometers available in the market for consumers. The results show that the contribution of the oscillometric mode to the expanded uncertainty can be significant, varying from 0.16 to 1.56 mmHg and from 0.12 to 1.55 mmHg, for 100 and 150 mmHg, respectively. We also observed different contributions to the uncertainty for systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Synergy and completeness of simple A/D conversion and simple signal processing
Authors: Sovilj P , Zupunski L , Vujicic B , Radonjic A , Vujicic V , Kovacevic D 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper strictly defines a simple A/D conversion and simple signal processing within the stochastic digital measurement method (SDMM). It is shown that their synergy and completeness optimizes the measurement instrument or a measurement system as a whole. As a result, the instrument or system then has: 1) extremely simple, robust and reliable hardware, 2) extreme accuracy, 3) extreme wide frequency range, 4) the ability to perform extremely simple parallel measurements and processing.
Design and implementation of a digital mixer with digital logic
Authors: Niyonkuru Leonidas , Vandersteen Gerd , Van Biesen Leo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A mixer is a device whose output frequency is a sum or a difference of input frequencies. With f1 and f2 as input frequencies, the output frequency is f1+f2 or |f1-f2|. The mixer is generally an analogue device. In this work, we suggest a digital mixer, designed and implanted using digital logic. A phase locked loop is added at the output of the mixer acting as a pass band filter. The input and output digital nature implies that there is no conversion loss and the isolation between output port and input ports was no less than 45 dB. The mixer can be used for downconversion of the signal to be measured in spectrum analyzer.
Dynamic light scattering characterization of hard–soft gel phase transition in micellar crystal and comparison with rheological data
Authors: Kostko A F , Pinchuk O A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We report the dynamic light scattering study of polymer dynamics in the broad vicinity of the hard-soft gel phase transition in micellar crystal. Inside the region of micellar crystal phase with increasing temperature the ratio of the magnitudes of two dynamic modes (slow and fast) monotonously decreases below 54 °C in the hard gel. Above 54 °C in the soft gel it is almost independent of temperature, remaining at a minimum. The method provides phenomenon details inaccessible with conventional rheological method, where simple detection of sharp phase transition is available. We show that the diffusion dynamic mode, which is common for a liquid phase, is also present in a micellar crystal despite the obvious difference in the rheological properties of micellar liquid and micellar crystal. This study demonstrates the advantages of the dynamic light scattering method at micro-scale level.
Mathematical Modeling of the Cooling First Wall of the Tokamak Reactor
Authors: Sychugov D Yu , Zhilkin A S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the course of designing the post-ITER fusion facilities, a number of new technical and scientific problems occurred that were unknown before and necessarily have to be solved. Among these problems, one of the most important is the design of the reactor first wall, which could withstand the continuous heat fluxes coming from the fusion plasma. In this article, the mathematical model of the cooling first wall of the reactor is constructed and the numerical analysis is performed of the currently accepted first wall design of the future DEMO-FNS reactor (Fusion Neutron Source).
Longitudinal electric fields in the OH and ECRH heating modes of the L-2M stellarator
Authors: Meshcheryakov A I , Grishina I A , Vafin I Yu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The soft X-ray spectra were measured at the L-2M stellarator in the OH and ECRH modes, which occurred to be considerably non-Maxwellian. In the OH mode, the SXR spectra considerably deviate not only from the Maxwellian spectrum, but also from the model bremsstrahlung spectrum of plasma in the longitudinal electric field. This can be due to the fact that, under ohmic heating conditions, plasma waves can be excited and absorbed by plasma electrons. In the OH mode, the radial distribution of the longitudinal electric field was determined, which turned to be almost uniform over the radius. It was hypothesized that, in the ECRH experiments, the deviations of the measured SXR spectra from the Maxwellian spectrum are also caused by the presence of the longitudinal electric fields in plasma. These fields are the longitudinal vortex electric fields generated in plasma during the current drive.
2D full-wave simulations of different scenarios of ECR plasma heating at the L-2M stellarator
Authors: Sakharov A S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Different scenarios of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma heating under the conditions typical of L-2M experiments (ηe
(0) = 1.75 × 1013 cm−3, Te
(0) = 1 keV, λ
0 = 0.4 cm) are simulated using a 2D full-wave model with allowance for the nonlocal (differential) thermal correction to the plasma dielectric tensor. It is shown that, under central ECR heating, due to the specific shape of the resonance surface ω
0 = 2ωce
, a significant fraction of the input microwave power is deflected downward and escapes onto the chamber wall. During off-axis heating at the midradius of the plasma column, about one-half of the microwave power is reflected upward from the resonance surface. Optimal conditions for the deposition of the microwave power in plasma are achieved under ECR heating at the vacuum magnetic axis, when the microwave beam is incident normally onto the resonance surface. In this case, the microwave power is almost completely (≈99.5%) absorbed by the plasma, while the coefficient of microwave reflection into the aperture of the incident microwave beam amounts to ∼0.1%, which agrees with results of 1D full-wave simulations.
The PLM-2 plasma device for full-scale tests of fusion reactor materials with stationary plasma loads: design parameters
Authors: Budaev V P , Dedov A V , Komov A T , Fedorovich S D , Zakletskii Z A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The PLM-2 linear magnetic plasma device is designed for the steady-state hours- long plasma confinement. It is the upgraded PLM plasma device. Its parameters will provide the relevant fusion reactor plasma loads on materials. The machine is designed both for fundamental studies of plasma-surface interactions under conditions of high heat and particle fluxes, and for the tests of plasma-facing components under realistic plasma conditions in the high-heat-flux facility. The PLM-2 facility is an advanced linear plasma device uniquely capable of producing plasma conditions similar to those expected in the divertors of the fusion reactors such as ITER, fusion neutron source FNS and DEMO under conditions of steady-state operation. In this article, we describe the PLM-2 design parameters. The PLM-2 device has no analogues in Russia; its parameters are similar to those of the most high-power devices in the world, such as the MAGNUM-PSI, and it is going to be built in Moscow at National Research University “MPEI”.
Production of chemically active water using pulsed radiation of spark discharge plasma
Authors: Piskarev I M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The possibility of producing chemically active water using the spark discharge plasma radiation is considered. This process is more efficient as compared to the production of active water using cold plasma processing. Long-lived products forming in the discharge region and diffusing to the liquid surface also contribute to the total process. The distinctive features of the process kinetics are established. The yield of oxidative and reductive equivalents, ORP, pH and conductivity of the processed water were determined.
Increase of electric field on streamer/surfaces contact area with using external electrode
Authors: Schweigert I V , Vagapov S , Lin L , Keidar M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Nowadays, a low-temperature atmospheric plasma jets are widely used in the anticancer therapy. Enhancement of electric field near the surface is one of possible ways to increase an efficiency of plasma jet treatment. Another mechanism of plasma jet’s influence on living cells is generating reactive oxygen nitrogen species (RONS). In this work effect of presence of external biased electrode was studied. Electric fields near the dielectric surface and zone of interaction were much higher than that near the conductive one due to accumulation of charge on the surface. The evolution of ionization rate near the surface was studied. It was observed experimentally and in the simulation that there are two main stages of evolution – the stage of fast ionization which is few hundreds of ns long and the stage of slow ionization with characteristic time of ∼10 µs. A 0D modelling was applied in the boundary layer near the surface in order to obtain mixture composition of RONS after several pulses.
Study of a discharge with a liquid cathode by the methods of high-speed visualization and emission spectroscopy
Authors: Chistolinov A V , Yakushin R V , Sargsyan M A , Khromov M A , Tyuftyaev A S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this work the detailed structure of a direct current discharge with a liquid cathode was studied by high-speed imaging and emission spectroscopy. The movement of filaments into which the discharge channel is divided is studied. The processes of formation and destruction of filaments are investigated. Spectra were recorded at different distances from the liquids surface on the discharge axis. The dependences of the luminescence intensity of the main spectral lines and bands on the distance to the liquid surface at different discharge currents are found.
Air flow control around a cylindrical model induced by a rotating electric arc discharge in an external magnetic field
Authors: Munhoz D. S. , Bityurin V. A. , Zavershinskii I. P. , Klimov A. I. , Moralev I. A. , Kazanskii P. N. , Molevich N. E. , Polyakov L. B. , Porfir’ev D. P. , Sugak S. S. , Tolkunov B. N. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The structure and dynamics of a near-wall gas flow produced by a rotating electric arc discharge in an external magnetic field around a cylindrical model with and without an incoming flow has been investigated (M <0, 2; Re < 9.104). The electric arc on the model has been produced by a combined electric discharge (low-current RF discharge + high-current pulse-periodic discharge). Permanent magnets with induction B ≍0.1 T have been placed inside the cylindrical models. Ring electrodes are arranged on the surface of the model. The structure and dynamics of the near-wall gas flow around the cylindrical model have been investigated using high-speed photography, as well as the shadowgraph and particle image velocimetry (PIV) methods. In the experiment were measured: the flow profile around the cylinder and the aerodynamic forces acting on the cylinder (drag and lift).
Experimental study of high-speed ionized gas flow around plate and wedge model
Authors: Fomichev V P , Yadrenkin M A , Shipko E K 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the development of magneto-plasma methods for controlling the aerodynamics of promising high-speed aircraft, an important place is occupied by studies of the interaction of ionized gas flows with a shock-wave flow structure. In this work, the flow near a model (a wedge and a plate) by a pulsed stream of air plasma is investigated. As a result of the work, it was shown that a change in the local Mach number in the stream ionized by an electric discharge leads to a change in the shape of the shock wave generated by the leading edge of the model. The temperature of the discharge plasma was estimated, which showed the predominance of the thermal effect on the flow structure.
The pre-breakdown characteristics of weakly ionized media in the high non-uniform electric field
Authors: Apfelbaum M S , Syrovatka R A , Vladimirov V I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The theoretical model of pre-breakdown ions formation in a liquid dielectric and their flows, caused by high non-uniform electric field is represented. The 3D system of macroscopic pre-breakdown electrohydrodynamic equations is written. The electric field influence on the molecule dissociation rate is taken into account. The system are included the Poison equation for electric field potential, equation of ions formation and Navier-Stokes equations with electric force The our up-steady analytical electrodynamic solution of these equations for potential of electric field distribution at spherical high voltage capacitor with liquid transformer oil type dielectric is described deviations from Ohms law, observed in many experiments. The analytical non-stationary solution for velocities distributions calculations of considerable liquid dielectric flows are obtained. The theoretical and experimental micro-breakdown radius zone dependences on applied voltage at air corona discharge are obtained for edge high voltage electrode.
Investigation of Q-DC discharge influence on fuel jet mixing with supersonic airflow
Authors: Firsov A A , Dolgov E V , Efimov A V , Moralev I A , Yarantsev D A , Leonov S B 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the results of experimental study of plasma-based actuator for mixing of the fuel with air in a supersonic flow. The long unsteady plasma filament of Q-DC electrical discharge is located along the fuel jet from a wall-arranged supersonic injector with a wall-normal direction of injection. The location of plasma filament over the fuel jet was controlled by using the nozzle of injector as one of discharge electrodes. Three different gases were tested for simulation of fuel injection: air, CO2 and C2H4. It was found that the discharge position in respect of the fuel jet significantly depends on the injected gas. The activation of discharge within all injected gases results in development of fluid instability at fuel-air interface which leads to the mixing enhancement.
Experimental study of gas dynamics caused by spark discharge near wall
Authors: Dolgov E V , Kolosov N S , Moralev I A , Firsov A A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Experimental research of the high-speed flow caused by the decay of the thermal cavern after spark discharge located on the wall in ambient air is performed using schlieren technique. Parametric investigations include varying of discharge length in a range of 3-7mm and energy in a range of 60-200mJ. It was found that the rise of discharge energy results in insignificant increase of the size of disturbance height. For tested spark gaps at fixed total energy impact the maximal height of disturbance corresponds to minimal length of discharge (3mm). The results obtained are in a good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the simulation data previously published by the authors.
Study of the microwave interaction with supersonic plasma sheets and jet generated by Magneto-Plasma Compressor
Authors: Brovkin V G , Vedenin P V , Ch Mashek I , Ryazanskiy N M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we present investigation of a method for converting a supersonic plasma axisymmetric jet, created by a Magneto-Plasma Compressor, into flat plasma layers with various thicknesses and electron concentration. This kind of plasma layer has comparatively homogeneous structure and may use for experimental modelling of interaction of X-band radiation with high-speed plasma flow. The results of experimental studies of the microwave radiation transition through these layers are presented. The analysis of the received results within the one-dimensional (1D) approximation is carried out and the plasma concentrations are calculated.
Inter-product biases in global precipitation extremes
Authors: Masunaga Hirohiko , Schröder Marc , Furuzawa Fumie A , Kummerow Christian , Rustemeier Elke , Schneider Udo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Biases in climatological and extreme precipitation estimates are assessed for 11 global observational datasets constructed with merged satellite measurements and/or rain gauge networks. Specifically, the biases in extreme precipitation are contrasted with mean-state biases. Extreme precipitation is defined by a 99th percentile threshold (R99p) on a daily, 1° × 1° grid for 50 °S–50 °N. The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation lacks distinct features such as the ITCZ that is evident in the global climatological map, and the climatology and extremes share little in common in terms of the spatial characteristics of inter-product biases. The time series also exhibit a larger spread in the extremes than in the climatology. Further, when analysed from 2001 to 2013, they show relatively consistent decadal stability in the climatology over ocean while the dispersion is larger for the extremes over ocean. This contrast is not observed over land. Overall, the results suggest that the inter-product biases apparent in the climatology are a poor predictor of the extreme-precipitation biases even in a qualitative sense.
Risk Assessment of Pipeline Failure Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Gong Xiaofeng 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pipeline failure is a serious economic, environmental and safety issue. Risk assessment is an effective method to determine the risk of pipeline failure. This paper proposes an evaluation system. In the evaluation process, the fuzzy concept and method are used to transform the qualitative effect into quantitative fuzzy numbers based on linguistic variables. The weights are calculated by MATLAB software. Calculate the weight result and classify each indicator risk, and finally determine the pipeline failure risk level. Taking a section of the third-line pipeline of the West-East Gas Pipeline as an example, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used for analysis. The two indicators of external corrosion and management system are medium risk grades, and the overall pipeline failure risk level is II (lower). The evaluation results show that the proposed evaluation system and method are effective and objective for evaluating pipeline failure risk. The pipeline failure assessment based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process can not only objectively assess the risk status of pipelines, but also have a positive effect on improving pipeline risk management.
Sludge on Soil Pollution and Prevention Measures Research
Authors: Wang Huanyuan , Liu Siqi , Xie Xiao 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
With the increasing of urban capacity, the amount of sludge produced rapidly increase, more and more sludge has been disposal to land. Sludge is a solid part of sewage and a common semi-solid waste. It is complex in composition, which need to be effectively treated and utilized. The sludge on soil pollution and the prevention has become an important content of environmental science. The article systematically expounded the basic properties of the sludge, sludge on soil pollution and prevention measures, as well as other related research, which is meaningful to environmental improvement and can provides help for production practice hopefully.
Spectral Calculation of Cucurbituril[n] Molecule Based on Density Functional Theory
Authors: Liu Yun , Lin Yan , Tang Yanlin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The cucurbituril[n] (CB[n]) is a class of chemical supramolecular substances. In order to calculate the spectrum ofthe cucurbituril[n] molecules, the density functional theory (DFT) and the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) are used to optimize the geometrical structure of CB[n](n=5-10) at the level of 6-311g(d) in the gas phase environment. Then, the infrared (IR) spectrum and ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of CB[n] (n=5-10) are calculated respectively. The results show that: (1) The absorption peaks of two vibration modes of ν(β-H) and ν(γ-H) of CB[n](n = 7,8) are degenerated. (2) The absorption frequency of the stretching vibration ν(α=O) is red shifted. (3) The increase of the absorption peak intensity in the vibration mode near the 1200 cm-1 wavenumber is especially noticeable. (4) The ring tension of CB[n](n=5∼10) gradually decreases with n increasing. (5) The UV absorption wavelength of the maximum absorption peak of CB[n](n=5-10) increases from 198.8317nm to 202.2633nm with n from 5 to 10. The methylene CH2 has isolating action in the formation process of the UV spectrum of CB[n] (n=5-10). The distribution of electron and hole is symmetric and locally excitated (LE) for CB[n] (n=5-10).