bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Large Cohort Study of Body Mass Index and Pancreatic Cancer by Smoking Status
Authors: Jacobs Eric J. , Newton Christina C. , Stevens Victoria L. , Patel Alpa V. , Flanders W. Dana , Gapstur Susan M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground:Some evidence suggests the association between body mass index (BMI) and pancreatic cancer risk is weaker among current smokers than among never smokers.Methods:We examined the association between BMI and pancreatic cancer mortality among adults who reported smoking status at enrollment into Cancer Prevention Study-II in 1982, including 420,543 never smokers, 282,244 former cigarette smokers, and 219,885 current cigarette smokers. After excluding the first 3 years of follow-up to reduce reverse causation, we calculated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR).Results:During the full follow-up period from 1985 to 2014, 7,904 participants died of pancreatic cancer. The HR per 5 BMI units was lower among current smokers [HR = 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.20] than never smokers (HR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.17–1.27), although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.06). BMI was significantly less strongly associated with pancreatic cancer mortality among current smokers reporting ≥20 cigarettes/day (HR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03–1.18) than among never smokers. During follow-up within 10 years of enrollment, when current smokers at enrollment were the most likely to have still been smoking, BMI was not associated with pancreatic cancer mortality among current smokers (HR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.90–1.16, P = 0.03 for difference between current and never smokers). BMI HRs were similar among former and never smokers.Conclusions:These results support a weaker association between BMI and pancreatic cancer among current smokers than among never smokers.Impact:In populations with low smoking prevalence, the pancreatic cancer burden due to BMI is likely to be higher than that predicted by risk estimates from studies including substantial numbers of smokers.
Are Cryptocurrencies ḥalāl? On the Sharia-Compliancy of Blockchain-Based Fintech
Authors: Kirchner Irene K. F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The discussion of the sharia-compliancy of cryptocurrencies is shaped by the competing interests of legislators, the business and banking sector, private investors and, finally, religious scholars whose conclusions are diverse and often contradictory. This essay provides an overview of historical and modern Islamic conceptions of commodities and property, money, and contract of sale laws, and how they relate to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. In doing so, I respond to the most frequent concerns of Muslim scholars: the volatility and speculative nature of cryptocurrencies, security issues and, most commonly, the claim that cryptocurrencies are not ḥalāl because they have no intrinsic value. Finally, I show the consequences of different lines of argument for the sharia compliancy of cryptocurrencies in a case study of four cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin, OneGramCoin, Steemit and Nexo.
Taxonomic discrimination of species of the genus Metapenaeus Wood-Mason, 1891 from Indian waters through morphometric and molecular studies
Authors: Chennuri Sathish , Pathak Vikas , Rao Madhusudhana , Gangan Shardul Sham , Pavan-Kumar A. , Jaiswar Ashok Kumar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present study identified useful characters in the discrimination of species of the genus Metapenaeus, viz., Metapenaeus affinis, M. alcocki, M. brevicornis, M. dobsoni, M. kutchensis, M. monoceros and M. moyebi, in Indian waters, on the basis of morphometric and molecular studies. Out of 40 morphometric measurements, a correlation matrix of 14 morphometric measurements: carapace width, carapace depth, length of rostrum, of antennular peduncle, of telson, and of 6th abdominal somite; 6th abdominal somite depth, antennal scale length, merus length of 1st pereopod, movable finger length of 1st pereopod, movable finger length of 2nd pereopod, movable finger length of 3rd pereopod, merus length of 5th pereopod, and carpus length of 5th pereopod, were all found to be important in discriminating those seven species. The generated classification matrix showed 100% accurate classification of six species, except M. kutchensis (87.09%). DNA barcodes (588 bp) were generated for Metapenaeus brevicornis, M. dobsoni, M. ensis, M. kutchensis and M. monoceros. A simple identification key is thus proposed for nine species of Metapenaeus from Indian waters.
Unearthing 20th-century treasures: new records of deep-sea crustaceans from the Costa Rican Pacific
Authors: Azofeifa-Solano Juan C. , Vargas-Castillo Rita 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We report on 13 species collected during the 1973 expedition onboard the MY “Velero IV”: seven Euphausiidae (krill), two Benthesicymidae shrimp, two Sergestidae shrimp, one Acanthephyridae shrimp, and one Portunidae crab. Four species are new records for Costa Rica: Bentheogennema burkenroadi, Gennadas scutatus, Neosergestes consobrinus, and Phorcosergia filicta.
Abortelphusa namdaphaensis, a new genus and new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda, Brachyura, Gecarcinucidae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Mitra Santanu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A new genus and species of gecarcinucid crab are described here from the Namdapha Tiger Reserve of Arunachal Pradesh, India; Abortelphusa namdaphaensis gen. et sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from other related genera, like Phricotelphusa Alcock, 1909, Globitelphusa Alcock, 1909, Liotelphusa Alcock, 1909, and in having a discrete suite of characters, i.e., carapace squarish, surface randomly pitted, a wide frontal margin ca. 0.5 times the total carapace width; epigastric cristae rugose, post orbital cristae indiscernible; third maxilliped exopod lacking a flagellum; male pleon narrowly triangular, sixth pleonal somite trapezoidal; terminal segment of male first gonopod subcylindrical, outwardly bent, tip not truncated. The relationship of this new genus and species with other gecarcinucid genera from India is discussed.
Wood identification of charcoal with 3D-reflected light microscopy
Authors: Zemke Valentina , Haag Volker , Koch Gerald 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present study focusses on the application of 3D-reflected light microscopy (3D-RLM) for the wood anatomical identification of charcoal specimens produced from domestic and tropical timbers. This special microscopic technique offers a detailed investigation of anatomical features in charcoal directly compared with the quality of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The advantages of using the 3D-RLM technology are that fresh fracture planes of charcoal can be directly observed under the microscope without further preparation or surface treatment. Furthermore, the 3D-technique with integrated polarized light illumination creates high-contrast images of uneven and black charcoal surfaces. Important diagnostic structural features such as septate fibres and intercellular canals can be clearly detected and intervessel pits are directly measured. The comparison of the microscopic analyses reveals that 3D-reflected light microscopy (3D-RLM) provides an effective alternative technique to conventional field emission scanning electron microscopy for the identification of carbonized wood.
Evaluating the performance of WRF urban schemes and PBL schemes over Dallas Fort Worth during a dry summer and a wet summer
Authors: Wang Jinxin , Hu Xiao-Ming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study evaluated the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model sensitivity to different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes (the YSU and MYJ schemes) and urban schemes including the bulk scheme (BULK), single-layer urban canopy model (UCM), multi-layer building environment parameterization (BEP) model, and multi-layer building energy model (BEM). Daily reinitialization simulations were conducted over Dallas-Fort Worth during a dry summer month (July 2011) and a wet summer month (July 2015) with weaker (stronger) daytime (nocturnal) UHI in 2011 than 2015. All urban schemes overestimated the urban daytime 2m temperature in both summers, but BEP and BEM still reproduced the daytime urban cool island in dry summer. All urban schemes reproduced the nocturnal urban heat island, with BEP producing the weakest one due to its unrealistic urban cooling. BULK and UCM overestimated the urban canopy wind speed, while BEP and BEM underestimated it. The urban schemes showed prominent impact on daytime PBL profiles. UCM+MYJ showed a superior performance than other configurations. The relatively large (small) aspect ratio between building height and road width in UCM (BEM) was responsible for the overprediction (underprediction) of urban canopy temperature. The relatively low (high) building height in UCM (BEM) was responsible for the overprediction (underprediction) of urban canopy wind speed. Improving urban schemes and providing realistic urban parameters were critical for improving urban canopy simulation.
Using Indicators of ENSO, IOD, and SAM to Improve Lead Time and Accuracy of Tropical Cyclone Outlooks for Australia
Authors: Magee Andrew D. , Kiem Anthony S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCatastrophic impacts associated with tropical cyclone (TC) activity mean that the accurate and timely provision of TC outlooks are important to people, places, and numerous sectors in Australia and beyond. In this study, we apply a Poisson regression statistical framework to predict TC counts in the Australian region (AR; 5°–40°S, 90°–160°E) and its four subregions. We test 10 unique covariate models, each using different representations of the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), and southern annular mode (SAM) and use an automated covariate selection algorithm to select the optimum combination of predictors. The performance of preseason TC count outlooks generated between April and October for the AR TC season (November–April) and in-season TC count outlooks generated between November and January for the remaining AR TC season are tested. Results demonstrate that skillful TC count outlooks can be generated in April (i.e., 7 months prior to the start of the AR TC season), with Pearson correlation coefficient values betweenr= 0.59 and 0.78 and covariates explaining between 35% and 60% of the variance in TC counts. The dependence of models on indices representing Indian Ocean sea surface temperature highlights the importance of the Indian Ocean for TC occurrence in this region. Importantly, generating rolling monthly preseason and in-season outlooks for the AR TC season enables the continuous refinement of expected TC counts in a given season.
Observation-Based Simulations of Humidity and Temperature Using Quantile Regression
Authors: Poppick Andrew , McKinnon Karen A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe human impacts of changes in heat events depend on changes in the joint behavior of temperature and humidity. Little is currently known about these complex joint changes, either in observations or projections from general circulation models (GCMs). Further, GCMs do not fully reproduce the observed joint distribution, implying a need for simulation methods that combine information from GCMs with observations for use in impact studies. We present an observation-based, conditional quantile mapping approach for the simulation of future temperature and humidity. A temperature simulation is first produced by transforming historical temperature observations to include projected changes in the mean and temporal covariance structure from a GCM. Next, a humidity simulation is produced by transforming humidity observations to account for projected changes in the conditional humidity distribution given temperature, using a quantile regression model. We use the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM1-LE) to estimate future changes in summertime (June–August) temperature and humidity over the continental United States (CONUS), and then use the proposed method to create future simulations of temperature and humidity at stations in the Global Summary of the Day dataset. We find that CESM1-LE projects decreases in summertime humidity across CONUS for a given deviation in temperature from the forced trend, but increases in the risk of high dewpoint on historically hot days. In comparison with raw CESM1-LE output, our observation-based simulation largely projects smaller changes in the future risk of either high or low humidity on days with historically warm temperatures.
The Forgotten Female Offender
Authors: Price Ray R. 
Published: September 2020

Until recently the female offender was generally overlooked by an overwhelmingly male-dominated criminal justice system. Information derived from an extensive search of the literature illustrates the dramatic increase of female crime; it further suggests the potential for modifying the sexist nature of the criminal justice system. Questions are raised about some popular misconceptions pertaining to the data. A review of the history of women's involvement as subjects of the criminal justice system in general, and correction in particular, reveals disparate treatment for men and women throughout that process. Both positive and negative effects of this orientation are examined. The article then focuses on rehabilitation. Attention is directed to particular suggestions for reform, leading to a postulation of new directions in treatment of the female offender.
Evaluating Medical Devices Remotely: Current Methods and Potential Innovations
Authors: McLaughlin Anne Collins , DeLucia Patricia R. , Drews Frank A. , Vaughn-Cooke Monifa , Kumar Anil , Nesbitt Robert R. , Cluff Kevin 
Published: September 2020

Objective We present examples of laboratory and remote studies, with a focus on studies appropriate for medical device design and evaluation. From this review and description of extant options for remote testing, we provide methods and tools to achieve research goals remotely. Background The FDA mandates human factors evaluation of medical devices. Studies show similarities and differences in results collected in laboratories compared to data collected remotely in non-laboratory settings. Remote studies show promise, though many of these are behavioral studies related to cognitive or experimental psychology. Remote usability studies are rare but increasing, as technologies allow for synchronous and asynchronous data collection. Method We reviewed methods of remote evaluation of medical devices, from testing labels and instruction to usability testing and simulated use. Each method was coded for the attributes (e.g., supported media) that need consideration in usability studies. Results We present examples of how published usability studies of medical devices could be moved to remote data collection. We also present novel systems for creating such tests, such as the use of 3D printed or virtual prototypes. Finally, we advise on targeted participant recruitment. Conclusion Remote testing will bring opportunities and challenges to the field of medical device testing. Current methods are adequate for most purposes, excepting the validation of Class III devices. Application The tools we provide enable the remote evaluation of medical devices. Evaluations have specific research goals, and our framework of attributes helps to select or combine tools for valid testing of medical devices.
Adenoidectomy Without Tonsillectomy for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Chorney Stephen R. , Zur Karen B. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThe primary objective was to determine if obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can improve after adenoidectomy.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary children’s hospital between 2016 and 2018.MethodsThe study included children under 3.5 years with small (1+ or 2+) palatine tonsils, large (3+ or 4+) adenoids, and documented OSA on polysomnogram (PSG).ResultsSeventy‐one children were included. Age at adenoidectomy was 2.0 years (95% CI, 1.8‐2.2) and 71.8% were male. Mean follow‐up was 2.5 years (95% CI, 2.3‐2.7). Twenty‐six children (36.6%) obtained a repeat PSG at a mean of 9.7 months (95% CI, 6.3‐13.2) after adenoidectomy. Among those with a postoperative PSG, apnea‐hypopnea index decreased in 77.0% (mean, –3.2 events/h; 95% CI, –14.1 to 7.6), and the proportion with moderate to severe OSA decreased from 65.4% to 30.8% (P =. 03). Six children (23.1%) had a normal PSG after adenoidectomy. Tonsillectomy was performed in 14.1% of children at 12.1 months (95% CI, 7.5‐16.7) after adenoidectomy. Despite similar preoperative PSG variables, younger children (1.5 vs 2.1 years, P =. 02) were more likely to require tonsillectomy. Substantial adenoid regrowth was identified in 1 child at the time of tonsillectomy.ConclusionAdenoidectomy may improve OSA in young children with large adenoids and small tonsils. However, younger age predicted the need for subsequent tonsillectomy. Prospective studies with additional PSG data are necessary to corroborate these findings.
Truncal vs Branch Ligation of Inferior Thyroid Arteries in Total Thyroidectomy: Does It Affect Postoperative Hypoparathyroidism?
Authors: Waseem Talat , Ahmed Safia Zahir , Baig Hadia , Ashraf Muhammad Hasham , Azim Asad , Azim Khawaja M. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivePostthyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism remains a significant challenge. Truncal ligation of the inferior thyroid arteries (ITAs) may lead to an increased risk of hypoparathyroidism; however, dissection along the thyroid capsule with branch ligation of the thyroid arteries could be a safer option. This study’s objective was to compare the effect of truncal versus branch ligation of the ITAs on the rate of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.Study DesignRandomized prospective trial in line with the CONSORT guidelines.SettingThe study was conducted at a high‐volume tertiary care setting.MethodsWe randomized 319 patients into 2 groups: truncal ITA ligation (n = 157) and branch ITA ligation (n = 162). The primary outcomes were serum calcium and parathormone levels on the second postoperative day, followed by the levels on months 1, 3, 6, and 12. The need for exogenous replacements was noted. The secondary outcomes, such as operative time, blood loss, and other complications, were also recorded.ResultsOur study revealed a significant difference in the incidence of transient hypocalcemia in patients undergoing truncal ITA ligation and branch ITA ligation (22.9% vs 3.1%, P <. 05). The results showed that the levels of serum calcium and parathormone dropped on the second postoperative day and that 36 patients from the truncal ITA ligation group required exogenous calcium and vitamin D replacement. In contrast, only 5 patients from the branch ITA ligation group required the same.ConclusionsThis is the largest randomized trial of patients undergoing thyroidectomy, and it shows that dissection along the thyroid capsule with branch ligation of the ITAs is more likely to preserve parathyroid function as opposed to truncal ligation of ITAs.
A Model for Undergraduate Medical Student Education in Otolaryngology During the Post–COVID‐19 Era
Authors: Wickemeyer Johanna L. , Yu Jeffrey 
Published: September 2020

The clinical learning environment is limited for undergraduate medical education in otolaryngology as the result of coronavirus disease 2019. In an effort to foster and rebuild the attending–medical student relationship, we have developed the R4 teaching model. This model encourages the student to read background information, respond to questions, and review online with faculty with the goal of realization of clinical decision making with gained knowledge. Within the R4 model, there are learning environment subtypes, including real patient cases, journal club, interactive quizzes, flipped classroom, and attending‐lead discussions. In the absence of a multitude of “live” patients, our curricula reinstate the core of clinical teaching for medical students.
Resumption of Otolaryngology Surgical Practice in the Setting of Regionally Receding COVID‐19
Authors: Izreig Said , Zogg Cheryl K. , Kasle David A. , Torabi Sina J. , Manes R. Peter 
Published: September 2020

The practice of otolaryngology has been drastically altered as a consequence of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Geographic heterogeneity in COVID‐19 burden has meant different regions have experienced the pandemic at different stages. Regional dynamics of COVID‐19 incidence has dictated the available resources for the provision of surgical care. As regions navigate their own COVID‐19 dynamics, illustrative examples of areas affected early by the COVID‐19 pandemic may provide anticipatory guidance. In this commentary, we discuss our experience with performed and canceled surgical procedures across the various otolaryngology specialties at our institution over the course of regionally rising and falling incident COVID‐19 cases.
Multidisciplinary Safety Recommendations After Tracheostomy During COVID‐19 Pandemic: State of the Art Review
Authors: Meister Kara D. , Pandian Vinciya , Hillel Alexander T. , Walsh Brian K. , Brodsky Martin B. , Balakrishnan Karthik , Best Simon R. , Chinn Steven B. , Cramer John D. , Graboyes Evan M. , McGrath Brendan A. , Rassekh Christopher H. , Bedwell Joshua R. , Brenner Michael J. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveIn the chronic phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic, questions have arisen regarding the care of patients with a tracheostomy and downstream management. This review addresses gaps in the literature regarding posttracheostomy care, emphasizing safety of multidisciplinary teams, coordinating complex care needs, and identifying and managing late complications of prolonged intubation and tracheostomy.Data SourcesPubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, institutional guidance documents.Review MethodsLiterature through June 2020 on the care of patients with a tracheostomy was reviewed, including consensus statements, clinical practice guidelines, institutional guidance, and scientific literature on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 virology and immunology. Where data were lacking, expert opinions were aggregated and adjudicated to arrive at consensus recommendations.ConclusionsBest practices in caring for patients after a tracheostomy during the COVID‐19 pandemic are multifaceted, encompassing precautions during aerosol‐generating procedures; minimizing exposure risks to health care workers, caregivers, and patients; ensuring safe, timely tracheostomy care; and identifying and managing laryngotracheal injury, such as vocal fold injury, posterior glottic stenosis, and subglottic stenosis that may affect speech, swallowing, and airway protection. We present recommended approaches to tracheostomy care, outlining modifications to conventional algorithms, raising vigilance for heightened risks of bleeding or other complications, and offering recommendations for personal protective equipment, equipment, care protocols, and personnel.Implications for PracticeTreatment of patients with a tracheostomy in the COVID‐19 pandemic requires foresight and may rival procedural considerations in tracheostomy in their complexity. By considering patient‐specific factors, mitigating transmission risks, optimizing the clinical environment, and detecting late manifestations of severe COVID‐19, clinicians can ensure due vigilance and quality care.