bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘We need to understand what’s going on because it’s our life’: Using sandboxing to understand children and young people’s everyday conversations about care
Authors: Watson Debbie L. , Staples Eleanor , Riches Katie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChildren and young people who live away from birth families (through adoption or being in care) need an understanding of their life story, including reasons for removal from birth family to process what has happened to them and to develop a secure identity. We report data produced with care experienced children and young people using a creative sandboxing method capturing hopes and fears for conversations about care in sand scenes. The themes presented emphasise the need for care‐experienced children and young people to be supported to engage in ‘difficult conversations’ about their lives in warm, open and responsive ways.
Space in Hand and Mind: Gesture and Spatial Frames of Reference in Bilingual Mexico
Authors: Marghetis Tyler , McComsey Melanie , Cooperrider Kensy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSpeakers of many languages prefer allocentric frames of reference (FoRs) when talking about small‐scale space, using words like “east” or “downhill.” Ethnographic work has suggested that this preference is also reflected in how such speakers gesture. Here, we investigate this possibility with a field experiment in Juchitán, Mexico. In Juchitán, a preferentially allocentric language (Isthmus Zapotec) coexists with a preferentially egocentric one (Spanish). Using a novel task, we elicited spontaneous co‐speech gestures about small‐scale motion events (e.g., toppling blocks) in Zapotec‐dominant speakers and in balanced Zapotec‐Spanish bilinguals. Consistent with prior claims, speakers’ spontaneous gestures reliably reflected either an egocentric or allocentric FoR. The use of the egocentric FoR was predicted—not by speakers’ dominant language or the language they used in the task—but by mastery of words for “right” and “left,” as well as by properties of the event they were describing. Additionally, use of the egocentric FoR in gesture predicted its use in a separate nonlinguistic memory task, suggesting a cohesive cognitive style. Our results show that the use of spatial FoRs in gesture is pervasive, systematic, and shaped by several factors. Spatial gestures, like other forms of spatial conceptualization, are thus best understood within broader ecologies of communication and cognition.
The effect of iron mordanting and sol‐gel coating on the hydrophobicity and colour properties of cotton fabrics dyed with natural tannin
Authors: Pisitsak Penwisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCotton fabrics were dyed with natural tannin and post‐treated with a metallic salt mordant and/or sol‐gel coating. The effects on colour properties and hydrophobicity were studied. Pad‐dyeing was carried out using a reddish‐brown, tannin‐rich dye. Some samples were then post‐mordanted with iron(II) sulphate. Samples were sol‐gel coated using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with small amounts of organically modified alkoxysilane precursors phenyltriethoxysilane (PHY) and n‐octyltriethoxysilane (OCT) to impart hydrophobicity, and with 3‐(glycidoxypropyl)‐trimethoxysilane (GLY) to improve adhesion between the coating and the fabric. The colour parameters were analysed in the CIELab colour space. Dyed samples appeared reddish‐brown, with the exception of those post‐mordanted with iron(II) sulphate, which were dark brown. Sol‐gel coating with hydrophobic alkyltriethoxysilanes (PHY or OCT) increased the hydrophobicity of the undyed fabrics, increasing contact angle values and drop absorption times. However, this hydrophobic sol‐gel coating alone failed to impart hydrophobicity to the dyed fabrics. Post‐mordanting with iron(II) sulphate was more effective in improving the hydrophobicity of the dyed fabrics than sol‐gel coating. Only the dyed sample treated with both iron(II) sulphate and OCT completely prevented absorption of water droplets. Sol‐gel coating was found to improve colour fastness to washing, light, and crocking. Post‐mordanting with iron(II) sulphate improved colour fastness to washing and light, but not to crocking.
Mechanical properties and degradation process of biliary self‐expandable biodegradable stents
Authors: Kwon Chang‐Il , Son Jun Sik , Kim Kyu Seok , Moon Jong Pil , Park Sehwan , Jeon Jinkyung , Kim Gwangil , Choi Sung Hoon , Ko Kwang Hyun , Jeong Seok , Lee Don Haeng 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesThe clinical outcomes and prevalence of adverse events associated with biliary biodegradable stents (BS) can differ according to degradation process and time. The aim of this study was to observe the degradation process and time of different BS prototypes, and to evaluate sequential changes in their mechanical properties.MethodsUsing an in vitro bile flow phantom model, we compared degradation time, radial force changes, and morphologic changes among four different BS prototypes: polydioxanone (PDO) BS, polyglycolide (PGA) BS, polydioxanone/poly‐l‐lactic acid (PDO/PLLA) sheath‐core BS, and polydioxaone/magnesium (PDO/Mg) sheath‐core BS. Using an in vivo swine bile duct dilation model, we performed a direct peroral cholangioscopy (DPOC) examination to observe the biodegradation process and related adverse events at regular intervals.ResultsIn the bile flow phantom model, the PGA BS and PDO/Mg BS prototypes showed rapid radial force reduction and morphological changes and complete degradation within six weeks. PDO/PLLA BS maintained high radial force and kept their original shape for longer than the PDO BS, up to 16 weeks. A total of 24 BS were inserted into the dilated bile ducts of 12 swine. In this animal model, DPOC examination revealed that PDO BS and PDO/PLLA BS maintained their original shapes for approximately 12 weeks, but PDO BS showed a greater degree of fragmentation and induced biliary stones and bile duct obstruction.ConclusionOur results showed that PDO/PLLA BS maintained their original shape and radial force for a relatively long time and minimized adverse events.
Gallers as leaf rollers: ecosystem engineering in a tropical system and its effects on arthropod biodiversity
Authors: Pereira Cássio Cardoso , Sperandei Vinícius da Fontoura , Henriques Nathália Ribeiro , Silva Álvaro Augusto Naves , Fernandes Geraldo Wilson , Cornelissen Tatiana 
Published: December 2020

Gall‐inducers can be considered ecosystem engineers when they modify leaf morphology and create shelters for secondary users, altering properties of ecological communities.
In this study, we evaluated whether shelter structures created by leaf‐galling contribute to changes in the diversity and composition of the community at plant and leaf scales, the effects of leaf roll occupation on the choice of secondary colonisers and the influence of leaf shelters on herbivory levels on host plants.
The arthropod abundance, richness, and biomass were higher in leaf shelters compared to intact leaves. These effects were observed at similar magnitudes at both plant and leaf scales. The composition of arthropods differed between plants with leaf‐rolled galls and plants with galls removed and between unoccupied leaf rolls and intact leaves. Artificial leaf rolls increased arthropod abundance, richness, and biomass by almost 100.0% compared to intact leaves. However, occupied artificial leaf rolls had a decrease in abundance, richness, and biomass of arthropods by almost 60.0% compared to unoccupied leaf rolls. Finally, plants with galls removed exhibited higher levels of leaf herbivory than plants with leaf‐rolled galls.
Our findings demonstrated the strong and positive indirect effects of gall induction facilitating shelter creation and the indirect effects of shelters on the diversity, species composition, and on leaf herbivory, and should be replicated in other systems involving plants and their respective gallers.
OSCEGame: A serious game for OSCE training
Authors: Germa Alice , Gosset Marjolaine , Gaucher Céline , Valencien Claire , Schlumberger Marion , Colombier Marie‐Laure , Moreau Nathan , Radoï Loredana , Boukpessi Tchilalo , Davit‐Beal Tiphaine , Vital Sibylle , Wulfman Claudine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDObjective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are amongst the most anxiety‐provoking competency assessment methods. An online serious game (OSCEGame) was developed and implemented within the OSCE curriculum. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of this serious game on preparedness and reducing OSCE‐related stress.METHODSA serious game was designed to help dental students train for OSCEs. Two game courses (4 stations each) were designed according to year of undergraduate training (4th and 5th year), based on 6 pre‐existing multi‐competency OSCE stations. The OSCEGame was available online on a learning platform 4 to 6 weeks before the summative OSCEs. Game use was evaluated by analysing connection data. Preparedness, stress and time management skills were assessed using a questionnaire following the summative OCSEs. The results of 4th‐year students (OSCE naive population) were compared to those of 5th‐year students to assess usefulness and benefits of such preparation method.RESULTSIn total, 97% and 60% of the students in 4th year and 5th year, respectively, used the game. The game was seen as an essential preparation tool to reduce anxiety (for 60% of all students) and increase time management skills (65% of all students). However, significant differences were observed between 4th− and 5th‐year students (anxiety reduction: 65% vs. 22%, p < 0.001; time management skills: 59% vs. 41%, p < 0.05) suggesting that it is most useful for OSCE naive students.CONCLUSIONThis serious game is a useful time efficient online tool, for OSCE preparation, especially in OSCE naive students.
Light availability and light demand of plants shape the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in their roots
Authors: Neuenkamp Lena , Zobel Martin , Koorem Kadri , Jairus Teele , Davison John , Öpik Maarja , Vasar Martti , Moora Mari 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPlants involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis trade photosynthetically derived carbon for fungal‐provided soil nutrients. However, little is known about how plant light demand and ambient light conditions influence root‐associating AM fungal communities. We conducted a manipulative field experiment to test whether plants’ shade‐tolerance influences their root AM fungal communities in open and shaded grassland sites. We found similar light‐dependent shifts in AM fungal community structure for experimental bait plant roots and the surrounding soil. Yet, deviation from the surrounding soil towards lower AM fungal beta‐diversity in the roots of shade‐intolerant plants in shade suggested preferential carbon allocation to specific AM fungi in conditions where plant‐assimilated carbon available to fungi was limited. We conclude that favourable environmental conditions widen the plant biotic niche, as demonstrated here with optimal light availability reducing plants’ selectivity for specific AM fungi, and promote compatibility with a larger number of AM fungal taxa.
Primary care electronic medical records can be used to predict risk and identify potentially modifiable factors for early and late death in adult onset epilepsy
Authors: Hrabok Marianne , Engbers Jordan D. T. , Wiebe Samuel , Sajobi Tolulope T. , Subota Ann , Almohawes Amal , Federico Paolo , Hanson Alexandra , Klein Karl Martin , Peedicail Joseph , Pillay Neelan , Singh Shaily , Josephson Colin B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo use clinically informed machine learning to derive prediction models for early and late premature death in epilepsy.MethodsThis was a population‐based primary care observational cohort study. All patients meeting a case definition for incident epilepsy in the Health Improvement Network database for inclusive years 2000‐2012 were included. A modified Delphi process identified 30 potential risk factors. Outcome was early (within 4 years of epilepsy diagnosis) and late (4 years or more from diagnosis) mortality. We used regularized logistic regression, support vector machines, Gaussian naive Bayes, and random forest classifiers to predict outcomes. We assessed model calibration, discrimination, and generalizability using the Brier score, mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) derived from stratified fivefold cross‐validation, plotted calibration curves, and extracted measures of association where possible.ResultsWe identified 10 499 presumed incident cases from 11 194 182 patients. All models performed comparably well following stratified fivefold cross‐validation, with AUCs ranging from 0.73 to 0.81 and from 0.71 to 0.79 for early and late death, respectively. In addition to comorbid disease, social habits (alcoholism odds ratio [OR] for early death = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12‐2.11 and OR for late death = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.66‐4.16) and treatment patterns (OR for early death when no antiseizure medication [ASM] was prescribed at baseline = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.07‐1.64 and OR for late death after receipt of enzyme‐inducing ASM at baseline = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.04‐1.66) were significantly associated with increased risk of premature death. Baseline ASM polytherapy (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.36‐0.85) was associated with reduced risk of early death.SignificanceClinically informed models using routine electronic medical records can be used to predict early and late mortality in epilepsy, with moderate to high accuracy and evidence of generalizability. Medical, social, and treatment‐related risk factors, such as delayed ASM prescription and baseline prescription of enzyme‐inducing ASMs, were important predictors.
Evolutionary stability, landscape heterogeneity, and human land‐usage shape population genetic connectivity in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Tassone Erica E. , Miles Lindsay S. , Dyer Rodney J. , Rosenberg Michael S. , Cowling Richard M. , Verrelli Brian C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs human‐induced change eliminates natural habitats, it impacts genetic diversity and population connectivity for local biodiversity. The South African Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is the most diverse extratropical area for plant biodiversity, and much of its habitat is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site. There has long been great interest in explaining the underlying factors driving this unique diversity, especially as much of the CFR is endangered by urbanization and other anthropogenic activity. Here, we use a population and landscape genetic analysis of SNP data from the CFR endemic plant Leucadendron salignum or “common sunshine conebush” as a model to address the evolutionary and environmental factors shaping the vast CFR diversity. We found that high population structure, along with relatively deeper and older genealogies, is characteristic of the southwestern CFR, whereas low population structure and more recent lineage coalescence depict the eastern CFR. Population network analyses show genetic connectivity is facilitated in areas of lower elevation and higher seasonal precipitation. These population genetic signatures corroborate CFR species‐level patterns consistent with high Pleistocene biome stability and landscape heterogeneity in the southwest, but with coincident instability in the east. Finally, we also find evidence of human land‐usage as a significant gene flow barrier, especially in severely threatened lowlands where genetic connectivity has been historically the highest. These results help identify areas where conservation plans can prioritize protecting high genetic diversity threatened by contemporary human activities within this unique cultural UNESCO site.
Large placental area of degeneration in a twin pregnancy in a mare (Equus caballus)
Authors: Rapacz‐Leonard A. , Paździor‐Czapula K. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryA primiparous mare foaled a live foal and a mummy. The mummy and its fetal membranes were necrotic and had been invaginated within the fetal membranes of the live foal. Near the mummy, the fetal membranes of the live foal had a clear demarcation between a ‘white’ and a ‘red’ region. The white region was touching the mummy, and some of its features were similar to those of a fetal–foot placental area of degeneration (PAD): it was ischaemic and degenerate (as indicated by hypoplasia, hyaline degeneration, multifocal squamous metaplasia, cell swelling and basement membrane sclerosis) with villi that were shorter than normal and limited in number. However, the PAD in this case was thinner than those in previous reports, and it was much larger, as it surrounded the entire mummy. The red region, which was touching the maternal endometrium, was hyperaemic, but in other respects, it was similar to the fetal membranes in the other uterine horn. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first extensive report on the histology of type C twinning (i.e. with a mummified foal) in which the death of one foal had not been induced.
Decadal shift in foraging strategy of a migratory southern ocean predator
Authors: van den Berg Gideon L. , Vermeulen Els , Valenzuela Luciano O. , Bérubé Martine , Ganswindt Andre , Gröcke Darren R. , Hall Grant , Hulva Pavel , Neveceralova Petra , Palsbøll Per J. , Carroll Emma L. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTRapid anthropogenic environmental change is expected to impact a host of ecological parameters in Southern Ocean ecosystems. Of critical concern are the consequences of these changes on the range of species that show fidelity to migratory destinations, as philopatry is hypothesized to help or hinder adaptation to climate change depending on the circumstances. Many baleen whales show philopatry to feeding grounds and are also capital breeders that meet migratory and reproductive costs through seasonal energy intake. Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis, SRWs) are capital breeders that have a strong relationship between reproductive output and foraging success. The population dynamics of South Africa's population of SRWs are characterized by two distinct periods: the 1990s, a period of high calving rates; and the late 2010s, a period associated with lowered calving rates. Here we use analyses of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values from SRW biopsy samples (n = 122) collected during these two distinct periods to investigate foraging ecology of the South African population of SRWs over a time period coincident with the demographic shift. We show that South African SRWs underwent a dramatic northward shift, and diversification, in foraging strategy from 1990s to 2010s. Bayesian mixing model results suggest that during the 1990s, South African SRWs foraged on prey isotopically similar to South Georgia/Islas Georgias del Sur krill. In contrast, in the 2010s, South African SRWs foraged on prey isotopically consistent with the waters of the Subtropical Convergence, Polar Front and Marion Island. We hypothesize that this shift represents a response to changes in preferred habitat or prey, for example, the decrease in abundance and southward range contraction of Antarctic krill. By linking reproductive decline to changing foraging strategies for the first time in SRWs, we show that altering foraging strategies may not be sufficient to adapt to a changing ocean.
Environment and physiology shape Arctic ungulate population dynamics
Authors: Desforges Jean‐Pierre , Marques Gonçalo M. , Beumer Larissa T. , Chimienti Marianna , Hansen Lars H. , Pedersen Stine Højlund , Schmidt Niels M. , van Beest Floris M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSpecies conservation in a rapidly changing world requires an improved understanding of how individuals and populations respond to changes in their environment across temporal scales. Increased warming in the Arctic puts this region at particular risk for rapid environmental change, with potentially devastating impacts on resident populations. Here, we make use of a parameterized full life cycle, individual‐based energy budget model for wild muskoxen, coupling year‐round environmental data with detailed ontogenic metabolic physiology. We show how winter food accessibility, summer food availability, and density dependence drive seasonal dynamics of energy storage and thus life history and population dynamics. Winter forage accessibility defined by snow depth, more than summer forage availability, was the primary determinant of muskox population dynamics through impacts on calf recruitment and longer term carryover effects of maternal investment. Simulations of various seasonal snow depth and plant biomass and quality profiles revealed that timing of and improved/limited winter forage accessibility had marked influence on calf recruitment (±10–80%). Impacts on recruitment were the cumulative result of condition‐driven reproductive performance at multiple time points across the reproductive period (ovulation to calf weaning) as a trade‐off between survival and reproduction. Seasonal and generational condition effects of snow‐rich winters interacted with age structure and density to cause pronounced long‐term consequences on population growth and structure, with predicted population recovery times from even moderate disturbances of 10 years or more. Our results show how alteration in winter forage accessibility, mediated by snow depth, impacts the dynamics of northern herbivore populations. Further, we present here a mechanistic and state‐based model framework to assess future scenarios of environmental change, such as increased or decreased snowfall or plant biomass and quality to impact winter and summer forage availability across the Arctic.
Increasing and disparate use of neuroimaging for adults and children with non‐traumatic headaches in the US emergency departments: Opportunities for improvement
Authors: Trofimova Anna V. , Duszak Richard , Kadom Nadja , Sadigh Gelareh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundOptimization of neuroimaging practices for headache is considered a national priority; however, nationwide patterns and predictors of neuroimaging use for headache in the US emergency departments (EDs) are unknown.ObjectiveTo analyze temporal neuroimaging utilization trends for adults and children with non‐traumatic headache in the US EDs and identify factors predictive of neuroimaging use in this patient population.MethodsRetrospective cross‐sectional study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database for administrative encounter‐level data analysis of a nationwide group of adult and pediatric patients with primary diagnosis of headache (ICD‐9CM codes 784.0x, 339.xx, 346.xx) visited the US EDs between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2014. Temporal trends and independent predictors of neuroimaging use (e.g., patient and hospital characteristics, primary payment sources) were determined.ResultsIn 2006–2014, a weighted group of 18,146,302 patients with a primary diagnosis of non‐traumatic headache visited US EDs. Advanced neuroimaging utilization increased from 18.6% (n = 350,777) to 34.8% (n = 756,895) in the total group, from 18.8% (n = 314,646) to 36.5% (n = 698,080) in the adult subgroup (+94.1%), and from 16.9% (n = 36,131) to 22.0% (n = 58,815) (+30.2%) in the pediatric subgroup (+87.0%) between 2006 and 2014. The strongest predictors of higher neuroimaging utilization were hospital location in the Northeast (OR 3.17, 95% CI 2.67–3.76) or South (OR 2.42, 95% CI 2.03–2.88) regions. Lower utilization of imaging was associated with weekend ED visits (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.92–0.93), female gender (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.81–0.83), and Medicare, Medicaid, or self‐pay (vs. private insurance) encounters.ConclusionNeuroimaging utilization in patients with headache in US EDs nearly doubled in 2006–2014, and was used in 34.8% of all ED encounters in 2014. Utilization was higher and increased at faster rates for adults than children. In US EDs, imaging for headache is preferentially performed on commercially insured and male patients, at urban hospitals, in certain geographic regions, and on weekdays, raising concerns regarding disparate imaging use.