bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hummingbird Foraging Behavior at Malvaviscus arboreus Var. Drummondii
Authors: George Mary Wissink 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Changes in the appearance of Malvaviscus arboreus flowers are associated with changes in nectar reward. Nectar volumes found in day-1 flowers were generally larger and less variable than volumes found in day-2 flowers. Observations of nonterritorial Ruby-throated and Black-chinned hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris and A. alexandri) showed that they distinguished between flowers and preferentially visited the more profitable day-1 flowers. When sucrose solution was added to all day-2 flowers in one Malvaviscus patch, the birds stopped discriminating between flowers the first morning of floral enrichment.
These results indicate that the birds can respond to fairly subtle visual cues when determining the appropriate flowers to visit. The ultimate factor in determining which flowers to continue visiting, however, is the nectar reward. The birds learned to respond differently to the same proximate cue when it was advantageous to do so.
Assessing physical activity and function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a narrative review
Authors: Bakker Esmée A , Zoccali Carmine , Dekker Friedo W , Eijsvogels Thijs M H , Jager Kitty J 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPhysical activity potentially improves health outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and recipients of kidney transplants. Although studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of physical activity and exercise for primary and secondary prevention of non-communicable diseases, evidence for kidney patients is limited. To enlarge this evidence, valid assessment of physical activity and exercise is essential. Furthermore, CKD is associated with a decline in physical function, which may result in severe disabilities and dependencies. Assessment of physical function may help clinicians to monitor disease progression and frailty in patients receiving dialysis. The attention on physical function and physical activity has grown and new devices have been developed and (commercially) launched on the market. Therefore the aims of this review were to summarize different measures of physical function and physical activity, provide an update on measurement instruments and discuss options for easy-to-use measurement instruments for day-to-day use by CKD patients. This review demonstrates that large variation exists in the different strategies to assess physical function and activity in clinical practice and research settings. To choose the best available method, accuracy, content, preferable outcome, necessary expertise, resources and time are important issues to consider.
Vocal Distinctiveness and Response to Conspecific Playback in the Spotted Antbird, a Neotropical Suboscine
Authors: Bard Susanne C. , Hau Michaela , Wikelski Martin , Wingfield John C. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We studied individual variation in song characteristics of the Spotted Antbird (Hylophylax naevioides), a Neotropical suboscine, and tested for song discrimination using playback of male neighbors and strangers. Discriminant analysis of four frequency and temporal characteristics of the songs of 25 male and five female Spotted Antbirds revealed significant differences among individuals. Each song was assigned correctly to the individual that produced it with over 70% accuracy. However, during field playback, male Spotted Antbirds did not discriminate between neighbor and stranger song. Our results suggest that selection has not favored the evolution of neighbor-stranger discrimination, perhaps because all conspecific intruders pose a threat. The temporal characteristics of Spotted Antbird songs differed significantly between the sexes, but frequency characteristics did not. Females responded significantly less strongly to male playback than males, suggesting that each sex plays a distinct role in territorial defense.
Variación Individual del Canto y Respuesta al Playback Coespecífico en Hylophylax naevioides, un Suboscino Neotropical
Resumen. Estudiamos la variación individual de las características del canto de Hylophylax naevioides, un suboscino neotropical y evaluamos si esta especie responde de forma diferente al playback de individuos vecinos o desconocidos. Un análisis discriminante de cuatro características temporales y espectrales del canto de 25 machos y cinco hembras de H. naevioides reveló que existían diferencias significativas entre individuos. Cada canto fue asignado correctamente al individuo que lo produjo en más del 70% de los casos. Sin embargo, en un experimento de playback en el campo los machos no distiguieron entre el canto de inidividuos vecinos y desconocidos. Estos resultados sugieren que la selección no ha favorecido la evolución de la discriminación entre vecinos y desconocidos porque todos los intrusos coespecíficos suponen una amenaza. Las características temporales, pero no las espectrales, del canto de los H. naevioides difirieron significativamente entre ambos sexos. Las hembras respondieron significativamente menos que los machos al playback con cantos de machos, lo que sugiere que cada sexo desempeña un papel diferente en la defensa del territorio.
Early Intervention With Vedolizumab and Longer-term Surgery Rates in Crohn’s Disease: Post Hoc Analysis of the GEMINI Phase 3 and Long-term Safety Programmes
Authors: Dulai Parambir S , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Demuth Dirk , Lasch Karen , Hahn Kristen A , Lindner Dirk , Patel Haridarshan , Jairath Vipul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Crohn’s disease [CD] is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that, with progression, may require surgical intervention.

Aim
To determine whether vedolizumab treatment of CD earlier in the disease course [≤2 or ≤5 years of disease duration] influences risk of CD-related surgery after accounting for probability of response.

Methods
Post hoc analyses of data from CD patients treated with vedolizumab in the GEMINI 2, GEMINI 3, and GEMINI LTS trials [N = 1253] evaluated CD-related surgery [bowel resection or colectomy] with stratification by probability of response to vedolizumab [low/intermediate or high]. Analyses used a previously validated clinical decision support tool and both logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard analyses.

Results
In total, 113 [9.0%] vedolizumab-treated patients required CD-related surgery. Surgical rates were 6.1% and 9.8% for the high and low/intermediate probability of response groups, respectively. Risk of surgery was lower for patients with a high probability of response versus those with a low/intermediate probability of response (hazard ratio [HR] 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29 to 0.85). For patients with a low/intermediate probability of vedolizumab response, there was a consistent trend for association between earlier treatment [≤2 or ≤5 years since diagnosis] and a lower risk of surgery relative to later treatment (≤2 years versus &gt;2 years: odds ratio [OR] 0.77, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.58; ≤5 years versus &gt;5 years: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.00].

Conclusions
Earlier intervention with vedolizumab may be associated with lower rates of surgery. Use of the clinical decision support tool may help identify patients most likely to benefit from earlier intervention with vedolizumab.
Short-term treatments for acute cardiac care: inotropes and inodilators
Authors: Guarracino Fabio , Zima Endre , Pollesello Piero , Masip Josep 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Acute heart failure (AHF) continues to be a substantial cause of illness and death, with in-hospital and 3-month mortality rates of 5% and 10%, respectively, and 6-month re-admission rates in excess of 50% in a range of clinical trials and registry studies; the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Heart Failure Long-Term Registry recorded a 1-year death or rehospitalization rate of 36%. As regards the short-term treatment of AHF patients, evidence was collected in the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry that intravenous (i.v.) treatments are administered heterogeneously in the critical phase, with limited reference to guideline recommendations. Moreover, recent decades have been characterized by a prolonged lack of successful innovation in this field, with a plethora of clinical trials generating neutral or inconclusive findings on long-term mortality effects from a multiplicity of short-term interventions in AHF. One of the few exceptions has been the calcium sensitizer and inodilator levosimendan, introduced 20 years ago for the treatment of acutely decompensated chronic heart failure. In the present review, we will focus on the utility of this agent in the wider context of i.v. inotropic and inodilating therapies for AHF and related pathologies.
Carotid artery plaque composition and distribution: near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound analysis
Authors: Horváth Martin , Hájek Petr , Štěchovský Cyril , Honěk Jakub , Veselka Josef 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Most atherosclerotic plaques (APs) form in typical predilection areas of low endothelial shear stress (ESS). On the contrary, previous data hinted that plaques rupture in their proximal parts where accelerated blood flow causes high ESS. It was postulated that high ESS plays an important role in the latter stages of AP formation and in its destabilization. Here, we used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to analyse the distribution of lipid core based on the presumed exposure to ESS. A total of 117 carotid arteries were evaluated using NIRS and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) prior to carotid artery stenting. The point of minimal luminal area (MLA) was determined using IVUS. A stepwise analysis of the presence of lipid core was then performed using NIRS. The lipid core presence was quantified as the lipid core burden index (LCBI) within 2 mm wide segments both proximally and distally to the MLA. The analysed vessel was then divided into three 20 mm long thirds (proximal, middle, and distal) for further analysis. The maximal value of LCBI (231.9 ± 245.7) was noted in the segment localized just 2 mm proximally to MLA. The mean LCBI in the middle third was significantly higher than both the proximal (121.4 ± 185.6 vs. 47.0 ± 96.5, P &lt; 0.01) and distal regions (121.4 ± 185.6 vs. 32.4 ± 89.6, P &lt; 0.01). Lipid core was more common in the proximal region when compared with the distal region (mean LCBI 47.0 ± 96.5 vs. 32.4 ± 89.6, P &lt; 0.01).
Assessment of the microbiological quality of natural mineral waters according to the manufacturing time of 20 L returnable packs in Brazil
Authors: Luz Isabelle da Silva , Vasconcellos Luiza , Medeiros Valéria de Mello , Miranda Catia Aparecida Chaia , Rosas Carla de Oliveira , Pimenta Márcia Maria Araújo , Ferreira Fernando César , Romão Célia Maria Carvalho Pereira Araújo , Brandão Marcelo Luiz Lima , Miagostovich Marize Pereira 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of natural mineral waters commercialized in 20 L returnable packs in Brazil by investigating the presence of bacteria and viruses in packs with different manufacturing times (Tm). With this purpose, 99 water samples from 33 lots (n = 3/batch) of 15 brands, obtained from packs with three intervals of Tm, were analyzed. Total coliforms (16.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.9%), sulphite-reducing Clostridium (5.0%) and Escherichia coli (2.0%) were detected but enterococci and norovirus GII not. Regarding brands, 11 (73.3%) presented unsatisfactory results for at least one of the lots analyzed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa analysis revealed six sequence types and strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested and were able to produce biofilms. Human adenovirus (4) and norovirus GI (9) were also identified in nine samples randomly selected. Natural mineral waters commercialized in 20 L packs with Tm ≥ 2 years presented more microbiological contamination (P ≤ 0.012) than ones with a Tm of 0–1 year or a Tm of 1–2 years. These results suggest that the validity period of reusable 20 L packs should be reduced or that they can no longer be reused.
The ups and downs of traps: environmental impacts, entanglement, mitigation, and the future of trap fishing for crustaceans and fish
Authors: Stevens Bradley G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Fishing has many types of impacts on the marine environment. Degradation of seafloor habitats by trawling has been widely studied, along with bycatch mortality, and ghost fishing by traps. Traps or pots are commonly used for catching crustaceans and other organisms, but little research has been conducted on the environmental impacts of trap fishing. Trap fishing causes direct impacts on benthic habitats during setting and retrieval, including dragging along the seafloor, which can lead to the damage and destruction of habitat components such as corals, sponges, and other epifauna. Lines connecting multiple traps increase the overall footprint and cause additional damage. Lost traps and debris can cause damage to coral, submerged aquatic vegetation, and epifauna, especially if moved by storms. Although the trap footprint is small, movement of the trap can expand the impact footprint by an order of magnitude. Trap lines cause whale entanglement and death, and there is much interest in reducing the number of vertical lines as well as their potential for entanglement. New technologies for deploying, locating, and recovering traps are now being developed. The future of trap fisheries will require research on new ways to reduce their negative impacts on benthic and pelagic resources.
Determination of Oxytetracycline Residues in Matrixes from a Freshwater Recirculating Aquaculture System
Authors: Carson Mary C , Bullock Graham , Bebak-Williams Julie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper describes related procedures to determine the amount of oxytetracycline (OTC) present in trout tissue (muscle with skin attached), biofilter sand, sediment, and tank water from a recirculating aquaculture system. OTC was extracted from the matrixes by different techniques, depending on complexity of the matrix and desired OTC detection level in that matrix. Listed in order of increasing complexity, OTC was extracted from tank water by dilution with acidic buffer containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); from biofilter sand by shaking with 0.1N HCl; from sediment by homogenization and shaking with buffer/EDTA; and from ground trout by homogenization and shaking with buffer/EDTA (twice), with further cleanup and concentration of the extract on a polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridge. The 4 procedures all used the same reversed-phase gradient chromatography on a polymeric column with UV detection at 350 nm. The lower limit of detection (estimated) and upper limit of validation for each of these 4 matrixes were 0.04–4.0 μg/g (ppm; trout), 0.03–20 ppm (biofilter sand), 1–6000 ppm (sediment), and 0.003–10 ppm (water). Recoveries ranged from 82 to 108%, with relative standard deviation &lt;20% over the applicable concentration ranges. These procedures were used to monitor OTC residues resulting from medicated feed administered to rainbow trout in a recirculating aquaculture system.
Comparison of Partial Digestion Procedures for Determination of Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn in Milk by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Kira Carmen S , Maio Franca D , Maihara Vera A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A fast procedure was developed for determination of Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn in milk samples. This procedure consisted of a partial digestion with hydrochloric acid on a hot plate. The results obtained were compared with 3 other digestion procedures (dry ashing and 2 microwave digestions). All the procedures showed similar precision levels, with coefficients of variation &lt;10% for most analyzed elements. Accuracy was evaluated by using certified reference materials, and the values obtained were within the confidence intervals for these products. The results obtained were not considered statistically different. The partial digestion on a hot plate with HCl can be very practical for laboratories with relatively large numbers of sample analyses.
Comparison of the Compact Dry EC with the Most Probable Number Method (AOAC Official Method 966.24) for Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliform Bacteria in Raw Meats: Performance-Tested MethodSM 110402
Authors: Kodaka Hidemasa , Mizuochi Shingo , Teramura Hajime , Nirazuka Tadanobu , Goins David , Odumeru Joseph , Kokubo Yataro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Compact Dry E. coli/Coliform Count (EC) is a ready-to-use test method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in food. The plates are presterilized and contain culture medium and a cold water-soluble gelling agent. The medium should be rehydrated with 1 mL diluted sample inoculated onto the center of the self-diffusible medium, allowing the solution to diffuse by capillary action. The plate can be incubated at 35C for 2024 h and the colonies counted without any further working steps. The Compact Dry EC medium plates were validated as an analysis tool for determining colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli and coliform bacteria from a variety of raw meats using 5 different types of raw meats. The performance tests were conducted at 35C. In all studies performed, no apparent differences were observed between the Compact Dry ECmethod and theAOAC Official Method 966.24 results. For the accuracy claim (n = 75), a correlation factor of r2 = 0.93 (E. coli) and r2 = 0.93 (coliform bacteria) could be assigned, as stated in the application for Performance-Tested MethodSM.
The Use of Genetic Typing Methods to Discriminate Among Strains of Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus
Authors: Staley Christopher , Harwood Valerie J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This review article summarizes the findings of recent typing studies conducted on Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. The DNA-based methods used to type the Vibrio spp. include whole genome approaches, such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), ribotyping, and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR, single gene targets, and multiple gene targets (multilocus approaches). The goals of these studies include establishing the relatedness of isolates from disease epidemics, discriminating among strains with more or less potential to cause disease or epidemics, and exploring the population biology of these waterborne pathogens. PFGE was consistently among the more discriminatory of the typing methods for all three Vibrio spp., and was useful for tracing the temporal and geographic relatedness of epidemic strains of V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. However, PFGE did not group V. vulnificus strains according to the genotypes that have been proposed as markers of virulence potential. Typing methods that target repetitive elements distributed throughout the genome, such as BOX-PCR and REP-PCR, and DNA sequence-based methods, such as multilocus sequence typing, were also highly discriminatory and, in some cases, superior to PFGE for phylogenetic analysis and identification of strains with high epidemic or virulence potential. As typing methods and strategies are refined and used, the epidemiology, virulence potential, and ecology of these pathogenic Vibrio spp. will become better understood.
Determination of Third-Generation Synthetic Cannabinoids in Oral Fluids
Authors: Sorribes-Soriano Aitor , Verdeguer Josep , Pastor Agustín , Armenta Sergio , Esteve-Turrillas Francesc A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the determination of third-generation synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid samples by using a semi-automated microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) procedure and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) determination. Five synthetic cannabinoids were employed as model compounds 5F-ADB, MMB-CHMICA, THJ-2201, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA and MDMB-CHMCZCA. The most adequate operative conditions for MEPS were evaluated giving quantitative recoveries, from 89 to 124%, in synthetic and field saliva samples spiked with 125 and 250 μg/L of the studied cannabinoids, with the exception of MDMB-CHMCZCA in field saliva samples that provided slightly lower recoveries from 62 to 66%. A high sensitivity was obtained for the proposed MEPS-GC–MS procedure with limits of detection from 10 to 20 μg/L. The obtained results demonstrate the high potential of MEPS-GC–MS combination for semi-automated, selective and sensitive determination of synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid samples.
477. Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Gram-negative (GN) Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Stach Leslie , Orbach Regina , Mongkolrattanothai Kanokporn 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
There has been an increase in antimicrobial resistance among GN pathogens, not only in adults, but also pediatrics. UTIs are common in pediatrics; however, reports of pediatric UTI with ESBL producing GN are limited.

Methods
All urine cultures positive for ESBL producing GN from 5/1/18 to December 31/18 were retrospectively reviewed. Proven infection (PI) defined as ≥50,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of bacteria plus pyuria or positive leukocyte esterase for catheterized or clean catch specimens. Relapsed infection defined as same pathogen cultured within 30 days of infection. Abnormal urinary tract systems or functions (AUTS) include neurogenic bladder, structural anomalies, or intermittent catheterization.

Results
A total of 107 urine cultures for ESBL producing GN, from 85 patients, were included. Majority of specimens [78/107 (73%)] were obtained from the ED or outpatient clinics. 43% of specimens were from patients with AUTS. E. coli was the majority (95%) of ESBL isolates. 57% of ESBL producing GNs were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate (AC) or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). 88% were nitrofurantoin susceptible. Only 1 isolate was meropenem resistant. Antibiotics (ABX) were prescribed for UTI in 67/107 episodes. However, only 52 episodes were PI. Of these, 38 were empirically treated with oral ABX and 29 with intravenous ABX. The most commonly prescribed empiric ABX was oral cephalexin (25/67, 37%.) Ineffective empiric ABX for UTI was very common, 83% (43/52). Of these, 5/43 never received effective therapy and none had relapse. Most common duration of ABX was 10 days (range 5–17 days.) 43% (23/52) of PI were treated with oral AC or TMP/SMX. 15% (8/52) of PI were treated with nitrofurantoin. 12% of PI were treated with a once-daily aminoglycoside. Only 6% of PI were treated with a carbapenem.

Conclusion
Many ESBL UTI isolates remain susceptible to oral ABX. Although small numbers, patients treated with ineffective ABX did not return with relapsed infection. Non-carbapenem ABX are a reasonable option to minimize selective pressure or unnecessary use. Empiric narrow-spectrum antibiotic therapy may still be appropriate.

Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.