bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the accuracy of 99DOTS, a novel cellphone-based strategy for monitoring adherence to tuberculosis medications
Authors: Thomas Beena E. , Kumar J. Vignesh , Chiranjeevi M. , Shah Daksha , Khandewale Amit , Haberer Jessica E. , Mayer Kenneth H. , Subbaraman Ramnath 
Published: November 2019

Abstract99DOTS is a cellphone-based strategy for monitoring tuberculosis medication adherence. In a cohort of 650 Indian tuberculosis patients, we compared 99DOTS’ adherence record against results of urine isoniazid tests collected during unannounced home visits. 99DOTS had suboptimal accuracy for measuring adherence, partly due to poor patient engagement with 99DOTS.
Physicians in the management and leadership of health care: A systematic review of the conditions conducive to organizational performance
Authors: Savage Mairi , Savage Carl , Brommels Mats , Mazzocato Pamela 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe influx of management ideas into health care has triggered considerable debate about if and how managerial and medical logics can co-exist. Recent reviews suggest that clinician involvement in hospital leadership can lead to superior performance.ObjectiveTo systematically explore the conditions instrumental for medical leadership to have an impact on organizational performance.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Psychinfo for peer-reviewed, empirical, English language articles and reviews published between January 1, 2006 and August 12, 2018. We performed a thematic synthesis through inductive line-by-line coding of the included studies.ResultsThe search yielded 1447 publications, of which 62 were included. Three major themes were identified that described a movement 1. From medical protectionism to management through medicine, 2. From command and control to participatory leadership practices, and 3. Organizational practices to support incidental versus willing leaders. Based on these themes, the authors developed a model to depict conditions that facilitate or impede the influence of medical leadership through a virtuous cycle of management through medicine or a vicious cycle of medical protectionism.ConclusionsThis review helps individuals, organizations, educators, and trainers better understand how medical leadership can be both a boon and a barrier to the performance of health care organizations. In contrast to the conventional view of conflicting logics, medical leadership would benefit from a more integrative mental model of management and medicine. Nurturing medical engagement requires participatory leadership enabled through long-term investments at the individual, organizational, and system levels. These combined efforts will enable a shift to new leadership paradigms suitable to the complexity of health care, and establish conditions favorable for large-system transformation and health care reform.Strengths and limitations of this studyWhile previous literature reviews have established a correlation between physicians in leadership roles and organizational performance, this is to our knowledge the first review that seeks to explore what contributes to that link.The review expands on the typically quantitative focus of systematic reviews by providing a thematic synthesis of fifty-five empirical studies and seven literature reviews.A model is presented that depicts a virtuous cycle of management through medicine and a vicious cycle of medical protectionism.This review is limited by the quality and heterogeneity of the included studies.While plausible correlations between conditions and performance outcomes are explored, to establish causality requires study designs that can determine the strength of the relationships.
Convergence of glandular trichome morphology and chemistry in two montane monkeyflower species
Authors: Eguiguren Sofía Bustamante , Nguyen Ha An , Caldwell Alexis , Nolin Kristine A. , Wu Carrie A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTwo distantly-related North American montane monkeyflower species,Mimulus lewisiiandMimulus tilingii,possess glandular trichomes. In this study, we characterized the morphological and histochemical features of these glandular trichomes. For each species, we used traditional light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine morphological characteristics, and determined the main components of the secretory products using histochemical and thin layer chromatography (TLC) staining techniques. We identified type VI glandular trichomes on leaf surfaces in both species of monkeyflowers. These trichomes exhibited stalk-cell lengths and head-cell counts that varied across adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, stems, and sepals. Both species contained secretory products within the cuticle of the trichome head, which releases the subcuticular metabolites when ruptured. Histochemical tests in bothM. lewisiiandM. tilingiiconfirmed that secretions contained lipids and polysaccharides. TLC plate staining indicated the presence of UV active compounds with polyalcohols, lipids, and amines. The common morphology and chemistry of the glandular trichomes suggests an analogous response to similar environmental conditions in these evolutionary distant montane monkeyflowers.
Selective sweeps in a nutshell; the genomic footprint of rapid insecticide resistance evolution in an insect
Authors: Calla Bernarda , Demkovich Mark , Siegel Joel P. , Viana João Paulo Gomes , Walden Kim K.O. , Robertson Hugh M. , Berenbaum May R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRelatively few genome-wide population studies of field-acquired insecticide resistance have been carried out on agricultural pests. Recently acquired bifenthrin resistance in a population of the navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella), the main insect pest of almond orchards in California, provided an opportunity to examine the short- and long-term effects of heavy insecticide usage in the population genomic landscape of this species. We re-sequenced the genomes of three contemporaryA. transitellanatural populations differing in bifenthrin resistance status and characterized their population genetics parameters, in the process we detected an exceptionally large selective sweep in all populations. This sweep has virtually no polymorphisms and extends up to 1.3 Mb (spanning 43 genes) in the resistant population. We analyzed the possible causes of this unusually strong population genetic signature, and found genes in the sweep that are associated with DDT and pyrethroid resistance including a cluster of cytochrome P450 coding genes and the gene coding for the small conductance sodium channel “para”. Moreover, we found that the sequence along the sweep is nearly identical in the genome assembled from a strain founded in 1966, suggesting that the underpinning for insecticide resistance may have been laid a half-century ago when the California Central Valley experienced massive area-wide applications of DDT for pest control. Our findings are consistent with a scenario whereby insecticide resistance in this species evolved as a stacking of selective pressures that started decades ago and that effectively reduced variation in a region of the genome containing several genes associated with resistance to insecticides with a shared target site and mechanism of action.
Not so automatic: Task relevance and perceptual load modulate cross-modal semantic congruence effects on spatial orienting
Authors: Kvasova Daria , Soto-Faraco Salvador 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent studies show that cross-modal semantic congruence plays a role in spatial attention orienting and visual search. However, the extent to which these cross-modal semantic relationships attract attention automatically is still unclear. At present the outcomes of different studies have been inconsistent. Variations in task-relevance of the cross-modal stimuli (from explicitly needed, to completely irrelevant) and the amount of perceptual load may account for the mixed results of previous experiments. In the present study, we addressed the effects of audio-visual semantic congruence on visuo-spatial attention across variations in task relevance and perceptual load. We used visual search amongst images of common objects paired with characteristic object sounds (e.g., guitar image and chord sound). We found that audio-visual semantic congruence speeded visual search times when the cross-modal objects are task relevant, or when they are irrelevant but presented under low perceptual load. Instead, when perceptual load is high, sounds fail to attract attention towards the congruent visual images. These results lead us to conclude that object-based crossmodal congruence does not attract attention automatically and requires some top-down processing.
Mutations in Auxilin cause parkinsonism via impaired clathrin-mediated trafficking at the Golgi apparatus and synapse
Authors: Roosen Dorien A. , Landeck Natalie , Bonet-Ponce Luis , Kluss Jillian , Conti Melissa , Smith Nathan , Saez-Atienzar Sara , Ding Jinhui , Beilina Aleksandra , Kumaran Ravindran , Kaganovich Alice , du Hoffmann Johann , Williamson Chad D. , Gershlick David C. , Sampieri Luciana , Bleck Christopher K. E. , Liu Chengyu , Bonifacino Juan S. , Li Yan , Lewis Patrick A. , Cookson Mark R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative motor disorder characterized in part by neuropathological lesions in the nigrostriatal pathway. Loss of function mutations in Auxilin, the major neuronal clathrin uncoating protein, cause an aggressive form of juvenile onset PD. How mutations in Auxilin cause PD, is currently not understood. Here, we generated a novel mouse model carrying an endogenous pathogenic Auxilin mutation that phenocopies neurological features observed in patients, including motor impairments and seizures. Unbiased mapping of the Auxilin interactome identified synaptic and Golgi-resident clathrin adaptor proteins as novel interactors. Impaired clathrin-mediated trafficking in mutant Auxilin mice, both at the Golgi and the synapse, results in neuropathological lesions in the nigrostriatal pathway. Collectively, these results provide molecular mechanisms of PD pathogenesis in Auxilin mutation carriers, reinforcing a key role for clathrin-mediated trafficking in PD, and expand our understanding of the cellular function of Auxilin.
Cellular chaining influences biofilm formation and structure in Group A Streptococcus
Authors: Matysik Artur , Ho Foo Kiong , Tan Alicia Qian Ler , Vajjala Anuradha , Kline Kimberly A. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTGroup A Streptococcal (GAS) biofilm formation is an important pathological feature contributing to the antibiotic tolerance and progression of various GAS infections. Although a number of bacterial factors have been described to promote in vitro GAS biofilm formation, the relevance of in vitro biofilms to host-associated biofilms requires further understanding. In this study, we demonstrate how constituents of the host environment, such as lysozyme and NaCl, can modulate GAS bacterial chain length and, in turn, shape GAS biofilm morphology and structure. Disruption of GAS chains with lysozyme results in biofilms that are more stable. Based on confocal microscopy, we attribute the increase in biofilm stability to a dense and compact three-dimensional structure produced by de-chained cells. To show that changes in biofilm stability and structure are due to the shortening of bacterial chains and not specific to the activity of lysozyme, we demonstrate that augmented chaining induced by NaCl or deletion of the autolysin gene mur1.2 produced defects in biofilm formation characterized by a loose biofilm architecture. We conclude that GAS biofilm formation can be directly influenced by host and environmental factors through the modulation of bacterial chain lengths, potentially contributing to persistence and colonization within the host. Further studies of in vitro biofilm models incorporating physiological constituents such as lysozyme may uncover new insights into the physiology of in vivo GAS biofilms.
Primed acquisition and microhomology-mediated end-joining cooperate to confer specific CRISPR immunity against invasive genetic elements
Authors: Wang Xiaojie , Wu Bo , Zhang Zhufeng , Liu Tao , Li Yingjun , Hu Guoquan , He Mingxiong , Peng Nan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCRISPR-Cas systems provide archaea and bacteria with adaptive immunity against invasive genetic elements through acquisition of invader-derived spacers. De novo spacer acquisition generally adapts spacers from both invaders and hosts with a bias towards invaders, while primed acquisition shows higher specificity to adapt spacers from invaders. Here, in Zymomonas mobilis subtype I-F system, primed acquisition showed much higher efficiency than de novo acquisition in this system. However, both routes recognised a large proportion of protospacers with the less conserved 5’-end CC PAM. Moreover, primed acquisition showed a preference towards protospacers located at the opposite strand and 3’ direction of the priming protospacer sites, differing from the canonical subtype I-F system. Further, self-spacers were adapted at a higher frequency during de novo spacer acquisition, probably leading to self-interference. Importantly, this species employed microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) for repair of host DNA breaks guided by self-targeted spacers, and overexpression of a host NAD+-dependent Ligase-A significantly increased the repair efficiency. In summary, our findings demonstrate that Z. mobilis uses primed acquisition for higher specific uptake of invader DNA and employs MMEJ to repair host DNA breaks guided by self-targeted spacers, showing specific immunity against invasive genetic elements.
RNA recognition by the E2 subunit of the chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Chlamydomonas
Authors: Neusius Daniel , Kleinknecht Laura , Bohne Alexandra-Viola , Nickelsen Jörg 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunit (DLA2) of the chloroplast puruvate dehydrogenase complex (cpPDC) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has previously been shown to possess a moonlighting activity in chloroplast gene expression. Exclusively under mixotrophic growth conditions, DLA2 forms part of an RNP particle with the psbA mRNA that encodes the D1 protein of the photosystem II reaction center. Here, we report on the further characterization of DLA2’s RNA-binding activity. Size-exclusion chromatography and Western analyses revealed that DLA2 is the only cpPDC subunit that shuttles between the metabolic cpPDC and the RNP complex. Microscale thermophoresis-based determination of RNA-binding affinities demonstrated that two DLA2 regions are crucial for RNA recognition, the peripheral E3-binding domain (E3BD) and the C-terminus of the catalytic domain. Specificity for the psbA RNA probe is conferred by the E3BD in vitro, as verified by competitive binding assays in the presence of an excess of the E3 (DLD2) of cpPDC. The data support a model in which an environmental trigger induces release of DLA2 from the cpPDC and its subsequent association with the psbA mRNA.
Molecular Docking of Glycyrrhiza glabra against the Conserved Target M1, NA and NS1 Proteins of Influenza A Viral Strains Identified through Pangenome Analysis
Authors: Aishwarya S , Shantha Evangeline , Nantha Devi E , Sagaya Jansi R 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInfluenza viruses that infect humans are known to swiftly evolve over time. Influenza A virus has a negative single-stranded RNA genome in eight segments. Pangenome analysis of twelve strains of Influenza A viruses H1N1, H1N2, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H5N6, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, H9N2, and H10N8 gave insight on the core genes that are conserved and accessory genes that are specific for the strains. The proteins Neuraminidase, Matrix M1 and Nonstructural protein 1 were encoded by the core genes of segments 6, 7, and 8 respectively which proves that they are conserved in almost all the strains of influenza. The 3Dimensional structures of the core genes were interpreted by homology modeling and compared with corresponding Protein Data Bank structures (4MWQ, IEA3, 2GX9). Among several anti-viral phytocompounds that were virtually screened against the modeled and PDB target proteins, three molecules of Indian plant Glycyrrhiza glabra had high scores and interactions. Compounds 2,4,4’ Trihydrochalcone, Davidigenin and Licoflavone B docked well with the Neuraminidase, Matrix protein M1 and Nonstructural Protein NS1 respectively with good scores, minimized energy and interacted with the active sites. The compounds obeyed Lipinski’s Rule of five and exhibited drugability as well. Thus the present study focused on the drugable lead compounds from glabra that has inhibitory activities against the viral attachment, replication and matrix structure.
Harnessing Digital Health to Objectively Assess Cognitive Impairment in People undergoing Hemodialysis Process: The Impact of Cognitive Impairment on Mobility Performance Measured by Wearables
Authors: Zhou He , Al-Ali Fadwa , Wang Changhong , Hamad Abdullah , Ibrahim Rania , Talal Talal , Najafi Bijan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundCognitive impairment is prevalent but still poorly diagnosed in hemodialysis adults, mainly because of the impracticality of current tools. This study examined whether remotely monitoring mobility performance can help identifying digital measures of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients.MethodsSixty-nine hemodialysis patients (age=64.1±8.1years, body mass index=31.7±7.6kg/m2) were recruited. According to the Mini-Mental State Exam, 44 (64%) were determined as cognitive-intact, and 25 (36%) as cognitive-impaired. Mobility performance, including cumulated posture duration (sitting, lying, standing, and walking), daily walking performance (step and unbroken walking bout), as well as postural-transition (daily number and average duration), were measured using a validated pendant-sensor for a continuous period of 24-hour during a non-dialysis day. Motor capacity was quantified by assessing standing balance and gait performance under single-task and dual-task conditions.ResultsNo between-group difference was observed for the motor capacity. However, the mobility performance was different between groups. The cognitive-impaired group spent significantly higher percentage of time in sitting and lying (Cohens effect size d=0.78, p=0.005) but took significantly less daily steps (d=0.69, p=0.015) than the cognitive-intact group. The largest effect of reduction in number of postural-transition was observed in walk-to-sit transition (d=0.65, p=0.020). Regression models based on demographics, addition of daily walking performance, and addition of other mobility performance metrics, led to area-under-curves of 0.76, 0.78, and 0.93, respectively, for discriminating cognitive-impaired cases.ConclusionsThis study suggests that mobility performance metrics could be served as potential digital biomarkers of cognitive impairment among HD patients. It also highlights the additional value of measuring cumulated posture duration and postural-transition to improve the detection of cognitive impairment. Future studies need to examine potential benefits of mobility performance metrics for early diagnosis of cognitive impairment/dementia and timely intervention.
Space use and resource selection of bobcats in the Appalachian Mountains of western Virginia
Authors: McNitt David C. , Alonso Robert S. , Cherry Michael J. , Fies Michael L. , Kelly Marcella J. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTBobcats are an apex predator and a species of socio-cultural importance in the central Appalachian Mountains. Despite their importance, knowledge of bobcat spatial ecology in the region is sparse. We examined space use and resource selection of bobcats in the Appalachian Mountains of western Virginia during 3 biological seasons: breeding (January-March), kitten-rearing (April-September), and dispersal (October-December). We observed sex effects on all space use metrics, with male seasonal areas of use (SAU) approximately 3 times larger than female SAUs and male movement rates 1.5 times higher than females during all seasons. We found no seasonal effect on SAU size for either sex. Female movement rates increased during the kitten-rearing season, and male movement rates increased during the dispersal season. We examined seasonal bobcat resource selection at 2 hierarchical scales, selection of home ranges within the landscape (2ndorder) and selection of locations within home ranges (3rdorder). Female bobcats exhibited 2ndorder selection for higher elevations and deciduous forest and avoidance of fields. Males exhibited 2ndorder selection for higher elevations and fields. Male 2ndorder selection appears to be driven largely by the spatial distribution of females, which is mediated through the valley and ridge topography of the study area. Sample size precluded 3rdorder analysis for females, however males exhibited 3rdorder selection for higher elevations, fields, and deciduous forest. Resource selection patterns varied seasonally for both sexes, possibly driven by seasonal shifts in prey availability. Our findings highlight the importance of forested ridges to bobcats in the region. Our findings also illustrate the differences in space use between sexes, which future research efforts should consider. Further research should investigate seasonal shifts in bobcat prey selection, which may further explain the seasonal resource selection shifts we observed, and highlight potential implications for prey species.
Using software Vortex as a tool towards conservation actions for sharks
Authors: Barcellos Laís Ramos , Escarlate-Tavares Fabricio 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTElasmobranchs, especially sharks, are part of the most threatened group of animals in the world. Among the factors that negatively affect these populations, the environmental degradation and disordered fishing can be highlighted. Although these threats are well known, the responses of most species to these factors are not fully understood, which makes it difficult to predict potential population responses according to conservation actions. The present study aims to develop a theoretical model based on a real population of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) that inhabit Gulf of Mexico, using their biological patterns to identify trends for the populations using Vortex (version 10.0.0.3) as a tool. The construction of the model was based on bibliographic data, considering parameters of life history, demographic rates and main known threats. Data were entered into Vortex software, and two population sizes were tested in the population viability analysis, indicating in both cases that the species tends to lose its genetic diversity over 500 years with a 12% and 51% of probability of extinction, respectively, considering exclusively its biological potential. This results can reflect on an mislead assumption of the real subpopulation’s size, which shows that the species is inserted into the vortex of extinction even with the existence of protective measures regarding white sharks on the location of the study, and it must incorporate neonates and juveniles individuals on the analysis to generate a consistent result. Despite this, the study suggests that the utilization of Vortex is capable of generating responses necessary for the conservation of sharks by analyzing stochastic events and life history in a simple way.