bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compact Elliptical Galaxies in Different Local Environments: A Mixture of Galaxies with Different Origins?
Authors: Kim Suk , Jeong Hyunjin , Rey Soo-Chang , Lee Youngdae , Lee Jaehyun , Joo Seok-Joo , Kim Hak-Sub 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present the stellar populations of 138 compact elliptical galaxies (cEs) in the redshift range of z < 0.05 using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR12. Our cEs are divided into those with [cE(w)] and without [cE(w/o)] a bright (M

r
< −21 mag) host galaxy. We investigated the stellar population properties of cEs based on the Lick line indices extracted from SDSS spectra. cE(w)s show [Z/H] and [α/Fe] distributions skewed toward higher values compared to those of the cE(w/o)s. No statistically significant difference in age distribution was found between the cE(w)s and cE(w/o)s. In the mass–metallicity distribution, cE(w)s deviate from the relation observed for early-type galaxies at a given stellar mass, whereas cE(w/o)s conform to the relation. Based on the different features in the stellar populations of cE(w)s and cE(w/o)s, we can propose two different cE formation channels tracing different original masses of the progenitors. cE(w)s would be the remnant cores of the massive progenitor galaxies whose outer parts are tidally stripped by a massive neighboring galaxy (i.e., a nurture origin). In contrast, cE(w/o)s are likely the faint end of early-type galaxies maintaining in situ evolution in an isolated environment with no massive galaxy nearby (i.e., a nature origin). Our results reinforce the propositions that cEs comprise a mixture of galaxies with two types of origins depending on their local environment.
Subsecond Spikes in Fermi GBM X-Ray Flux as a Probe for Solar Flare Particle Acceleration
Authors: Knuth Trevor , Glesener Lindsay 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Solar flares are known to release a large amount of energy into accelerating electrons. Studying small timescale (≤2s) fluctuations in nonthermal X-ray flux offers the opportunity to probe the nature of those acceleration mechanisms. By comparing the durations, differences in timing between energy bands, and the periodicity of these spikes against the relevant timescales called for by various acceleration mechanisms, a test for each mechanism’s validity can be made. This work details the analysis of fast fluctuations in Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi GBM) data from two M9.3 class solar flares that occurred on SOL2011-07-30 and SOL2011-08-04. This study shows the usefulness of Fermi GBM data as a means of examining these small timescale spikes and presents a rigorous method of identifying, counting, and measuring the temporal properties of these subsecond X-ray spikes. In the two flares examined we found spikes to primarily occur in spans of 60–100 s in the impulsive phase. The relative spike intensity averaged between 6% and 28% when compared to the slowly varying component of the X-ray flux. The average spike durations were 0.49 and 0.38 s for the 2 flares. The spike duration distribution for the SOL2011-08-04 flare was found to follow a power law with a −1.2 ± 0.3 index. Of the three spiking intervals identified, only one was found to have a periodicity, showing significant power at the 1.7 ± 0.1 Hz frequency.
The Far-UV Interstellar Radiation Field in Galactic Disks: Numerical and Analytic Models
Authors: Bialy Shmuel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The intensity of the far-ultraviolet (FUV; 6–13.6 eV) interstellar radiation field (ISRF) in galaxies determines the thermal and chemical evolution of the neutral interstellar gas and is key for interpreting extragalactic observations and for theories of star formation. We run a series of galactic disk models and derive the FUV ISRF intensity as a function of the dust-to-gas ratio, star formation rate density, gas density, scale radius, and observer position. We develop an analytic formula for the median FUV ISRF flux. We identify two-dimensionless parameters in the problem: (1) the dimensionless galactic radius, X, which measures the radial extent of FUV sources (OB stellar associations) in the disk; and (2) the opacity over the intersource distance, τ
⋆, which measures the importance of dust absorption. These parameters encapsulate the dependence on all of the physical parameters. We find that there exists a critical τ
⋆, or equivalently a critical dust-to-gas ratio,

, the Milky Way value, at which the ISRF changes behavior. For

the ISRF is limited by dust absorption. With decreasing

, the ISRF intensity increases as more sources contribute to the flux. For

the ISRF saturates as the disk becomes optically thin. We find that the ISRF per star formation rate density in low-metallicity systems, such as dwarf and high-redshift galaxies, is higher by up to a factor of 3–6 compared to their Milky Way counterparts. We discuss the implications these findings have for the potential mechanisms that regulate star formation in low-metallicity galaxies.
Quasi-adiabatic and Stochastic Heating and Particle Acceleration at Quasi-perpendicular Shocks
Authors: Stasiewicz Krzysztof , Eliasson Bengt 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Based on Magnetospheric Multiscale observations from the Earth’s bow shock, we have identified two plasma heating processes that operate at quasi-perpendicular shocks. Ions are subject to stochastic heating in a process controlled by the heating function

for particles with mass m

j
and charge q

j
in the electric and magnetic fields

and

. Test-particle simulations are employed to identify the parameter ranges for bulk heating and stochastic acceleration of particles in the tail of the distribution function. The simulation results are used to show that ion heating and acceleration in the studied bow shock crossings is accomplished by waves at frequencies (2–10)f

cp
(proton gyrofrequency) for the bulk heating, and

for the tail acceleration. When electrons are not in the stochastic heating regime,

, they undergo a quasi-adiabatic heating process characterized by the isotropic temperature relation

. This is obtained when the energy gain from the conservation of the magnetic moment is redistributed to the parallel energy component through the scattering by waves. The results reported in this paper may be applicable also to particle heating and acceleration at astrophysical shocks.
A Coupled Guiding Center–Boris Particle Pusher for Magnetized Plasmas in Compact-object Magnetospheres
Authors: Bacchini Fabio , Ripperda Bart , Philippov Alexander A. , Parfrey Kyle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present a novel numerical scheme for simulating the motion of relativistic charged particles in magnetospheres of compact objects, typically filled with highly magnetized collisionless plasmas. The new algorithm is based on a dynamic switch between the full system of equations of motion and a guiding-center approximation. The switch between the two formulations is based on the magnetization of the plasma particles, such that the dynamics are accurately captured by the guiding-center motion even when the gyrofrequency is underresolved by the time step. For particles with a large gyroradius, due to acceleration in, e.g., reconnecting current sheets, the algorithm adaptively switches to solve the full equations of motion instead. The new scheme is directly compatible with standard particle-in-cell codes, and is readily applicable in curved spacetimes via a dedicated covariant formulation. We test the performance of the coupled algorithm by evolving charged particles in electromagnetic configurations of reconnecting current sheets in magnetized plasma, obtained from special- and general-relativistic particle-in-cell simulations. The new coupled pusher is capable of producing highly accurate particle trajectories even when the time step is many orders of magnitude larger than the gyroperiod, substantially reducing the restrictions of the temporal resolution.
Detection of CH3C3N in Titan’s Atmosphere
Authors: Thelen Alexander E. , Cordiner Martin A. , Nixon Conor A. , Vuitton Véronique , Kisiel Zbigniew , Charnley Steven B. , Palmer Maureen Y. , Teanby Nicholas A. , Irwin Patrick G. J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Titan harbors a dense, organic-rich atmosphere primarily composed of N2 and CH4, with lesser amounts of hydrocarbons and nitrogen-bearing species. As a result of high-sensitivity observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Band 6 (∼230–272 GHz), we obtained the first spectroscopic detection of CH3C3N (methylcyanoacetylene or cyanopropyne) in Titan’s atmosphere through the observation of seven transitions in the

and

rotational bands. The presence of CH3C3N on Titan was suggested by the Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer detection of its protonated form: C4H3NH+, but the atmospheric abundance of the associated (deprotonated) neutral product is not well constrained due to the lack of appropriate laboratory reaction data. Here, we derive the column density of CH3C3N to be (3.8–5.7) × 1012 cm−2 based on radiative transfer models sensitive to altitudes above 400 km Titan’s middle atmosphere. When compared with laboratory and photochemical model results, the detection of methylcyanoacetylene provides important constraints for the determination of the associated production pathways (such as those involving CN, CCN, and hydrocarbons), and reaction rate coefficients. These results also further demonstrate the importance of ALMA and (sub)millimeter spectroscopy for future investigations of Titan’s organic inventory and atmospheric chemistry, as CH3C3N marks the heaviest polar molecule detected spectroscopically in Titan’s atmosphere to date.
Cutting Edge: CRISPR-Based Transcriptional Regulators Reveal Transcription-Dependent Establishment of Epigenetic Memory of Foxp3 in Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Cameron James , Martino Pieter , Nguyen Lina , Li Xudong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Transcription factor Foxp3 specifies and maintains regulatory T cell (Treg) identity. During Treg differentiation, a CpG-rich Foxp3 intronic enhancer, conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2), is activated via DNA demethylation to establish epigenetic memory of Foxp3 expression to protect Treg identity. However, it is unclear how this epigenetic memory of Foxp3 expression is established, as CNS2 is thought to be demethylated independently of Foxp3 expression. In this article, we uncover an unexpected causal relationship between Foxp3-transcriptional activation and CNS2 demethylation in mice. CRISPR/dCas9–mediated Foxp3-transcriptional activation elicits CNS2 demethylation. Sustaining Foxp3-transcriptional activation in induced Tregs also promotes CNS2 demethylation, enhancing Treg lineage stability and suppressive function. Importantly, CRISPR-mediated silencing of Foxp3 transcription, but not protein expression, abolishes CNS2 demethylation. The novel finding that Foxp3-transcriptional activation promotes CNS2 demethylation may facilitate the development of Treg-based therapies and represent a general mechanism for the establishment of epigenetic memory of immune gene expression.
Implementation of a Free Maternal and Child Health Programme in a Nigerian State
Authors: Uzor Festus , Idoko Arthur , Nwobodo Ed 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
The Government of Enugu State as a policy response to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity in the state introduced the Free Maternal and Child Health (MCH) programme for all pregnant mothers and under-5-year-old clients in public health facilities across the state in 2007.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-three health facilities, 487 clients of the public health facilities, 43 health facility workers, and 8 directors of the State Ministry of Health and the State Hospitals Management Board were randomly selected through a multistage sampling technique involving stratified sampling techniques. Various instruments, namely pretested structured questionnaire, in-depth interview, and document review, were used to elicit data for the appraisal of the programme in terms of concept, policy and plan, implementation, management, and outcome. Data obtained were analyzed and variables tested for significance.

Results:
Our findings indicate that more than 60% of the clients are aware and utilize the free MCH programme. There was an overall reduction in maternal deaths, and an increase in the number of deliveries in public facilities since inception of the programme in the state. There was also a significant improvement in the MCH service uptake and high clients’ satisfaction. Major setback was inadequate supportive supervision.

Conclusion:
There is a huge need for increased awareness creation regarding the programme to enhance utilization, especially in the rural areas. Comprehensive baseline data of the health indices of the affected population are paramount to any future comprehensive programme assessment and are hence recommended.
A Primary Care Provider’s Guide to Depression After Spinal Cord Injury: Is It Normal? Do We Treat It?
Authors: Bombardier Charles H. , Hurt Sean M. , Peters Natalie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Although most people with spinal cord injury (SCI) are emotionally resilient, as a group they are at increased risk of major depressive disorder. Depression tends to be undertreated in people with SCI, perhaps because depression is mistakenly viewed as an expected reaction to severe disability or is confused with grief. Depression and grief are distinguishable, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 is a reliable and valid screen for major depression in this population. Major depression can be treated with antidepressants, especially venlafaxine XR, and with psychotherapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy, focused on helping the person resume activities that were previously enjoyable or meaningful. Structured exercise also may help relieve depressed mood.
A Primary Care Provider’s Guide to Shoulder Pain After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Mulroy Sara J. , Hafdahl Luke , Dyson-Hudson Trevor 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Shoulder pain is a common occurrence after spinal cord injury (SCI) and can have significant negative effects on health and function as many individuals with SCI are reliant on their upper extremities for mobility and self-care activities. Shoulder pain after SCI can be caused by acute injury or chronic pathology, but it is most often related to overuse injuries of the rotator cuff. Both acute strain and chronic overuse shoulder injuries in persons with SCI typically result from increased weight bearing on the upper extremities during transfers, weight-relief raises, and wheelchair propulsion, which are often performed in poor postural alignment owing to strength deficits. This article discusses management of patients with SCI who present with shoulder pain from the perspective of primary care physicians including evaluation and diagnostic procedures, interventions appropriate for both acute and chronic shoulder pain, and strategies for prevention.
Perception on service quality in old age homes: a qualitative study in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Samina Vertejee  , Saleema Allana  , Rozina Somani  , Saher Aijaz  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives: The growing number of older people due to demographic transition is paving the way for non-governmental organizations and the private sector for mushrooming of old age homes (OAHs). These homes function either free or fee for services, and the services provided at these OAHs determines the quality of life of older people. The aim of the study was to explore the stakeholders’ perception on the quality of services offered to people living in OAHs.
Methods: A descriptive qualitative study design was used to explore stakeholders’ perception of elderly living experiences in old age homes. Three OAH were selected through purposive sampling for the study. Data collected from February –March 2015 through the structured interview guide. Participants’ for FGDs were recruited through universal sampling, while purposive sampling was used for KIIs selection. Researcher ensured all ethical considerations for entire study period.
Results: Two major themes were drawn including the reasons and experiences of older people living in OAH, secondly the need for caregivers’ academic competencies. Majority of KIIs and FGDs reported common responses under the two themes. Also the elderly experiences varied from living comfortable to being depressed. KIIs and caregivers’ FGD participants’ strongly urged the need for caregivers’ training and institutional accreditation.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the older people experiences challenges of living in OAHs, therefore the study findings strongly proposes community support system and credentialing of the caregivers for age appropriate care. Continuous...
Relationship of surfactant protein-D with random blood glucose and extra pulmonary infections in type-2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Shireen Jawed  , Komal Atta  , Sadaf Zia  , Benash Altaf  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives: To compare surfactant protein-D levels in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics, and to explore its link with random blood glucose and extra-pulmonary infections.
Methods: The case-control study was conducted in 2012-13 at the Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised diabetic cases and non-diabetic controls. Extra pulmonary infections, body mass index and random blood glucose levels were noted and serum surfactant protein-D was analysed using enzynme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.
Results: Of the 120 subjects, 60(50%) each were cases and controls. Significant negative correlation was found between surfactant protein-D and infections (rs= -0.495, p=0.0001). A negative association between random blood glucose and surfactant protein-D was found, but it was not significant (p=0.15). Relative risk for extra-pulmonary infections in diabetics was 2 times higher than the controls (odds ratio: 2.10, p=0.04).
Conclusion: Serum surfactant protein-D was found to have negative association with extra-pulmonary infections.
Key Words: Extra-pulmonary infections, Hexokinase method, Random blood glucose, Continuous...
Initiative and Implementation of The Public Service Innovation by Regional Government in Indonesia
Authors: Wiryanto Wisber 
Published: November 2020

Based on the Government Regulation No. 38/2017 Concerning Regional Innovation, the government of Indonesia has established an innovation policy for the regional government to improve public services. Therefore, it is the need a study to answer the question, how steps are needed by regional government agencies to carry out initiative and implementation of public service innovation? The purpose of this study, to find out about steps, problems, and solutions for regional government agencies in implementing public service innovation. The research method through the library research method uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques using printed and electronic media instruments, websites to collect secondary data which is relevant for this study. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis technique was used to analyze data. The locus of this study was selected through a purposive sampling technique, so the regional government agencies with implemented public service innovation can be selected. This study was conducted in 2019. The results of this study shown, there are variations among regional government agencies in implementing public service innovation. On the one hand, some regional government agencies have implemented both initiative and implementation of public service innovation. While on the other hand, some regional government agencies have not yet implemented initiatives and implementation of public service innovation. Therefore, some regional government agencies need to be made as an innovation laboratory to encourage public service innovation.
Mycelium-producing Mushroom Calocybe indica (Milky Mushroom) as Bio-antagonist Against the Bacteria present in Marikina River.
Authors: Borela Vandon , Apolinar Dhian Ashley , Cuachin Franz Weslei , Calañada Laurence James 
Published: November 2020

Mushroom forming fungi are one of the nature’s most powerful decomposers and degrades a wide variety of environmentally persistent pollutants and organic contaminants by secreting strong extra cellular enzymes due to their aggressive growth and biomass production.
This study assess the potential of Calocybe indica (Milky mushroom) as bio-antagonist against microorganism serves as pollutants on Marikina River through Heterotrophic plate count (HPC).
The use of Calocybe indica (Milky mushroom) as the medium of mycoremediation effectively lessen the count of bacterial colonies in Marikina River’s water by creating a bio-antagonistic relationship with the bio-pollutants present on the water samples.
Increasing the period of treatment and observation. Using of water samples from different depth from surface level down to aphotic region of the Marikina River. Identifying the strain of microorganisms present on the water. Using other mushroom to compare the potential of Calocybe indica to kill bio-pollutants should be done for the improvement of the study.
Editorial
Authors: Atencio Vargas Aracadio 
Published: November 2020

La investigación es un conjunto de procesos sistemáticos, críticos y empíricos que se aplican al estudio de un fenómeno o problema (Hernández Sampieri, Fernández Collado, y Baptista Lucio, 2010). Precisamente, este proceso vital en el quehacer académico corresponde a la universidad a través de sus diferentes facultades, docentes, estudiantes y egresados.

En la ruta trazada por la ley Universitaria Nº 30220 respecto a rol de la Universidad Peruana, la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Privada de Tacna, relanza sus procesos de investigación como un pilar fundamental en el desarrollo de uno sus fines; la investigación. Un hecho adicional es la divulgación de sus actividades en este campo, con este fin se presenta la revista científica “Ingeniería Investiga”. En los últimos años, la Facultad de Ingeniería financió diversas investigaciones a través de concursos de proyectos, los resultados de estas investigaciones serán plasmados en esta revista y que, sin temor a equivocarnos, son aportes a la sociedad en su respectivo campo de acción.

La Facultad de Ingeniería considera la investigación como el nexo para resolver los problemas de la sociedad, tarea inevitable de la universidad moderna en su rol creador de conocimientos que el progreso exige, en esa dirección, la ingeniería también define como propio de su actividad, la transformación de las ideas en realidades, por lo tanto la revista “Ingeniería Investiga” se crea con el compromiso de convertirse en un espacio interdisciplinario donde nuestra comunidad académica universitaria e investigadores invitados de manera independiente o en representación de otras instituciones, puedan difundir los avances y resultados científicos y tecnológicos de sus investigaciones.

La revista Ingeniería Investiga, difundirá investigaciones de los programas de Ingeniería de Sistema, Ingeniería Civil, Ingeniería Electrónica, Ingeniería Ambiental, Ingeniería Industrial e Ingeniería Agroindustrial, y ramas afines en el campo, tendrá un carácter de publicación semestral; ello nos obliga a seguir trabajando y motivando la producción científica que aporte soluciones a la sociedad nacional e internacional.