bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A combination of species distribution and ocean-biogeochemical models suggests that climate change overrides eutrophication as the driver of future distributions of a key benthic crustacean in the estuarine ecosystem of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Gogina Mayya , Zettler Michael L , Wåhlström Irene , Andersson Helén , Radtke Hagen , Kuznetsov Ivan , MacKenzie Brian R 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSpecies in the brackish and estuarine ecosystems will experience multiple changes in hydrographic variables due to ongoing climate change and nutrient loads. Here, we investigate how a glacial relict species (Saduria entomon), having relatively cold, low salinity biogeographic origin, could be affected by the combined scenarios of climate change and eutrophication. It is an important prey for higher trophic-level species such as cod, and a predator of other benthic animals. We constructed habitat distribution models based occurrence and density of this species across the entire Baltic and estimated the relative importance of different driving variables. We then used two regional coupled ocean-biogeochemical models to investigate the combined impacts of two future climate change and nutrient loads scenarios on its spatial distribution in 2070–2100. According to the scenarios, the Baltic Sea will become warmer and fresher. Our results show that expected changes in salinity and temperature outrank those due to two nutrient-load scenarios (Baltic Sea Action Plan and business as usual) in their effect on S. entomon distribution. The results are relatively similar when using different models with the same scenarios, thereby increasing the confidence of projections. Overall, our models predict a net increase (and local declines) of suitable habitat area, total abundance and biomass for this species, which is probably facilitated by strong osmoregulation ability and tolerance to temperature changes. We emphasize the necessity of considering multiple hydrographic variables when estimating climate change impacts on species living in brackish and estuarine systems.
The effect of compressibility on the behaviour of filter media
Authors: Köry Jakub , Krupp Armin U , Please Colin P , Griffiths Ian M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A filter comprises porous material that traps contaminants when fluid passes through under an applied pressure difference. One side effect of this applied pressure, however, is that it compresses the filter. This changes the permeability, which may affect its performance. As the applied pressure increases, the flux of fluid processed by the filter will also increase but the permeability will decrease. Eventually, the permeability reaches zero at a point in the filter and the fluid flux falls to zero. In this paper, we derive a model for the fluid transport through a filter due to an applied pressure difference and the resulting compression. We use this to determine the maximum operating flux that can be achieved without the permeability reaching zero and the filter shutting down. We determine the material properties that balance the desire to maximize flux while minimizing power use. We also show how choosing an initial spatially dependent permeability can lead to a uniformly permeable filter under operation and we find the permeability distribution that maximizes the flux for a given applied pressure, both of which have desirable industrial implications. The ideas laid out in this paper set a framework for modelling more complex scenarios such as filter blocking.
Regularity Properties of Free Multiplicative Convolution on the Positive Line
Authors: Ji Hong Chang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Given two nondegenerate Borel probability measures $\mu$ and $\nu$ on ${\mathbb{R}}_{+}=[0,\infty )$, we prove that their free multiplicative convolution $\mu \boxtimes \nu$ has zero singular continuous part and its absolutely continuous part has a density bounded by $x^{-1}$. When $\mu$ and $\nu$ are compactly supported Jacobi measures on $(0,\infty )$ having power law behavior with exponents in $(-1,1)$, we prove that $\mu \boxtimes \nu$ is another Jacobi measure whose density has square root decay at the edges of its support.
Unveiling the Risk Period for Death After Respiratory Syncytial Virus Illness in Young Children Using a Self-Controlled Case Series Design
Authors: Li You , Campbell Harry , Nair Harish ,   RESCEU Investigators, Nair Harish , Campbell Harry , Li You , Reeves Rachel M , Douglas Anne , Meijer Adam , Fischer Thea Kølsen , Heikkinen Terho , Giaquinto Carlo , Swanson Kena , Stoszek Sonia , Leach Amanda , Demont Clarisse , Gallichan Scott , Aerssens Jeroen , Beutels Philippe , Bont Louis , Pollard Andrew , Openshaw Peter , Abram Michael , Rosen Brian , Molero Eva , Nair Harish , Campbell Harry , Li You , Reeves Rachel M , Douglas Anne , Meijer Adam , Fischer Thea Kølsen , Heikkinen Terho , Giaquinto Carlo , Swanson Kena , Stoszek Sonia , Leach Amanda , Demont Clarisse , Gallichan Scott , Aerssens Jeroen , Beutels Philippe , Bont Louis , Pollard Andrew , Openshaw Peter , Abram Michael , Rosen Brian , Molero Eva 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–related acute lower respiratory infection is an important cause of death in infants and young children. However, little is known about the risk period for RSV-related deaths after presentation to health services with an RSV illness.

Methods
Using the Scottish national mortality database, we identified deaths from respiratory/circulatory causes (hereafter “respiratory/circulatory deaths”) in young children aged &lt;5 years during 2009–2016, whose medical history and records of laboratory-confirmed RSV infections were obtained by linking the mortality database to the national surveillance data set and the Scottish Morbidity Record. We used a self-controlled case series (SCCS) design to evaluate the relative incidence of deaths with respiratory/circulatory deaths in the first year after an RSV episode. We defined the risk interval as the first year after the RSV episode, and the control interval as the period before and after the risk interval until 5 years after birth. Age-adjusted incidence ratio and attributable fraction were generated using the R software package SCCS.

Results
We included 162 respiratory/circulatory deaths, of which 36 occurred in children with a history of laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. We found that the mortality risk decreased with time after the RSV episode and that the risk was statistically significant for the month after RSV illness. More than 90% of respiratory/circulatory deaths occurring within 1 week after the RSV episode were attributable to RSV (attributable fraction, 93.9%; 95% confidence interval, 77.6%–98.4%), compared with about 80% of those occurring 1 week to 1 month after RSV illness (80.3%; 28.5%–94.6%).

Conclusions
We found an increased risk of death in the first month after an RSV illness episode leading to healthcare attendance. This provides a practical cutoff time window for community-based surveillance studies estimating RSV-related mortality risk. Further studies are warranted to assess the mortality risk beyond the first month after RSV illness episode.
Metabolomic Signature as a Predictor of Liver Disease Events in Patients With HIV/HCV Coinfection
Authors: Naggie Susanna , Lusk Sam , Thompson J Will , Mock Meredith , Moylan Cynthia , Lucas Joseph E , Dubois Laura , St John-Williams Lisa , Moseley M Arthur , Patel Keyur 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Advanced liver disease due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related morbidity and mortality. There remains a need to develop noninvasive predictors of clinical outcomes in persons with HIV/HCV coinfection.

Methods
We conducted a nested case-control study in 126 patients with HIV/HCV and utilized multiple quantitative metabolomic assays to identify a prognostic profile that predicts end-stage liver disease (ESLD) events including ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma, esophageal variceal bleed, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Each analyte class was included in predictive modeling, and area under the receiver operator characteristic curves (AUC) and accuracy were determined.

Results
The baseline model including demographic and clinical data had an AUC of 0.79. Three models (baseline plus amino acids, lipid metabolites, or all combined metabolites) had very good accuracy (AUC, 0.84–0.89) in differentiating patients at risk of developing an ESLD complication up to 2 years in advance. The all combined metabolites model had sensitivity 0.70, specificity 0.85, positive likelihood ratio 4.78, and negative likelihood ratio 0.35.

Conclusions
We report that quantification of a novel set of metabolites may allow earlier identification of patients with HIV/HCV who have the greatest risk of developing ESLD clinical events.
Regrounding Critical Theory: Lenin on Imperialism, Nationalism, and Strategy
Authors: Pahnke Anthony 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe live at a time of heightened nationalism on the political right and left, from the mobilization of anti-immigrant sentiment in the United States and Europe, to promoting Palestinian liberation. This article, focusing on Lenin's work concerning imperialism, shows the importance, yet shortcomings of foregrounding the nation in calling for social transformation. The piece reads Lenin's contributions on imperialism, highlighting his understanding of strategy and the dual nature of nationalism, in light of debates within Critical Theory more generally. As I argue, Lenin offers insights for Critical Theorists, particularly on the place of nationalism within transformative political projects, as well as on the dynamics of capitalist accumulation and territorial acquisition. Lenin's work on imperialism draws our attention to the idea that only by mobilizing beyond the state/society binary—which many Critical Theorists and activists reify, sometimes unintentionally—can we explore the nature of emancipatory political action.
Macronutrient composition, true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility, and indispensable amino acid scoring of pulse ingredients for use in canine and feline diets
Authors: Reilly Lauren M , von Schaumburg Patrick C , Hoke Jolene M , Davenport Gary M , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The rising consumer demand for alternative and sustainable protein sources drives the popularity of the use of plant-based proteins in the pet food industry. Pulse crops, which include beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, have become an important addition to both human and animal diets due to their protein content and functional properties. However, knowledge of their nutrient composition and protein quality is necessary for the proper formulation of these ingredients in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the macronutrient composition and standardized amino acid digestibility and to describe the protein quality through the use of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of five pulse ingredients. Black bean (BB) grits, garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), navy bean (NB) powder, and yellow peas (YP) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) to determine the macronutrient composition. Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). The essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine, were highly digestible with digestibility values of 80% to 90% (dry matter basis) for all selected pulse ingredients. BB grits had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) digestibility of arginine (86.5%) and histidine (80.6%) in contrast to GB (94.9% and 89.9%, respectively). The TMEn of GB was highest (P &lt; 0.05) at 3.56 kcal/g compared with the other pulses. The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs were consistently the lowest for methionine for all pulses, making it the first-limiting amino acid in these ingredients. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats showed GL had lowest (P &lt; 0.05) score in tryptophan compared with other pulses when using both AAFCO values and NRC recommended allowances as reference proteins. Methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for YP and tryptophan for GL. Based on macronutrient composition, protein quality, and amino acid digestibility, it can be concluded that pulse ingredients have the required nutritional characteristics to be viable protein sources in canine and feline foods. However, the use of complementary protein sources is recommended to counterbalance any potential limiting amino acids in pulse ingredients.
Quantification of 54 Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs, Including 20 Designer Ones, in Plasma
Authors: Degreef Maarten , Vits Lore , Berry Eleanor M , Maudens Kristof E K , van Nuijs Alexander L N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely used in the treatment of sleep and anxiety disorders, as well as epileptic seizures and alcohol withdrawal because of their broad therapeutic index and low cost. Due to their central nervous system depressant effects they are also often implicated in traffic accidents and drug-related intoxications. With an increasing number of designer benzodiazepines used in a recreational setting, there is a need for analytical methods to be able to quantify both the prescribed and designer benzodiazepines. A liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of 34 prescribed and 20 designer benzodiazepines in plasma. Different sample preparation strategies, including protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and mini-QuEChERS, were tested. The best recoveries for all compounds of interest were obtained with a liquid–liquid extraction using methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether and 500 μL plasma. The method was fully validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines for all compounds, except pivoxazepam, which is included for qualitative purposes only. In-sample stability issues were observed for cloxazolam, both at ambient temperature and during long-term storage at −20°C. Due to the large number of compounds included, the simple and time-efficient sample preparation and the relatively inexpensive instrumentation used, the presented method can be readily implemented in both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic analyses.
The Global Burn Registry: A Work in Progress
Authors: Gibson Cameron , Bessey Palmer Q , Gallagher James J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Burn Registry (GBR). Its purpose is to help improve the understanding of burn injury worldwide. The purpose of this study was to identify early findings from this database. The GBR was accessed on January 5, 2020. Cases from centers in low income (LIC) and low-middle-income countries (LMIC) were combined into a low resource (LR) group, and cases in high income (HIC) and upper-middle-income countries (UMIC) were combined into a high resource (HR) group. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS 9.4. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for death. Revised Baux Score (RBS) was calculated. Odds ratios are expressed as mean (95% confidence interval). The LA50 was calculated from the regression of death and total burn size (TBSA) for different age groups. At the time of analysis, there were 4307 cases in the GBR treated at 28 facilities in 17 countries (5 HIC, 5 UMIC, 4 LMIC, and 3 LIC). There were 2945 cases (68%) from HR countries and 1362 (32%) from LR countries. The mean age of patients in both LR and HR was similar (24.5 ± 0.5 vs 24.2 ± 0.4 years, P = .58), but LR had larger TBSA burns (30.5 ± 0.7% vs 19.8 ± 0.4% TBSA, P &lt; .0001). There were fewer scald burns and more flame injuries in the LR countries (28.4 ± 1.3% vs 43.3 ± 1.0% and 55.2 ± 1.4% vs 39.0 ± 0.9%, P &lt; .0001). Case fatality and RBS were greater in LR (31.9 ± 1.3% vs 9.4 ± 0.5% and 59.4 ± 1.1% vs 45.3 ± 0.6%, P &lt; .0001). In regression analysis, LR was an independent risk factor for death with an odds ratio of 4.2 (3.2–5.4). The LA50 for HR countries was similar to that calculated from cases in the National Burn Repository of the American Burn Association (ABA NBR). For LR countries, the LA50 was lower for all ages except those 65 and older, ranging from 30% to 43% TBSA. Only a few facilities have contributed data to the GBR so far, with LR countries less represented than HR ones. The proportion of cases in the pediatric age group is much less represented in LR countries than in HR, possibly because many burned children in LR countries do not get burn care at specialized centers. Survival in HR countries is similar to that in North America. The GBR provides early insights into global burn care. Opportunities for improvement are greatest in LR countries. New Innovations may be necessary to increase participation from burn centers in LR countries. This report provides an early look at burn care across the globe based on cases in the GBR. It may inform further efforts to characterize and improve burn care in LR countries.
Development and validation of a Super learner-based model for predicting survival in Chinese Han patients with resected colorectal cancer
Authors: Li Jiqing , Gu Jianhua , Lu Yuan , Wang Xiaoqing , Si Shucheng , Xue Fuzhong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
Improved prognostic prediction for patients with colorectal cancer stays an important challenge. This study aimed to develop an effective prognostic model for predicting survival in resected colorectal cancer patients through the implementation of the Super learner.

Methods
A total of 2333 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the cohort. We used multivariate Cox regression analysis to identify significant prognostic factors and Super learner to construct prognostic models. Prediction models were internally validated by 10-fold cross-validation and externally validated with a dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Discrimination and calibration were evaluated by Harrell concordence index (C-index) and calibration plots, respectively.

Results
Age, T stage, N stage, histological type, tumor location, lymph-vascular invasion, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen and sample lymph nodes were integrated into prediction models. The concordance index of Super learner-based prediction model (SLM) was 0.792 (95% confidence interval: 0.767–0.818), which is higher than that of the seventh edition American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system 0.689 (95% confidence interval: 0.672–0.703) for predicting overall survival (P &lt; 0.05). In the external validation, the concordance index of the SLM for predicting overall survival was also higher than that of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage system (0.764 vs. 0.682, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). In addition, the SLM showed good calibration properties.

Conclusions
We developed and externally validated an effective prognosis prediction model based on Super learner, which offered more reliable and accurate prognosis prediction and may be used to more accurately identify high-risk patients who need more active surveillance in patients with resected colorectal cancer.
Spatiotemporal pattern of interactions between an apex predator and sympatric species
Authors: Prat-Guitart Marta , Onorato David P , Hines James E , Oli Madan K 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIncreases in apex predator abundance can influence the behavior of sympatric species, particularly when the available habitat and/or resources are limited. We assessed the temporal and spatiotemporal interactions between Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) and six focal sympatric species in South Florida, where Florida panther abundance has increased by more than 6-fold since the 1990’s. Using camera trap data, we quantified species’ diel activity patterns, temporal overlap, and time-to-encounter (i.e., time between consecutive visits of a Florida panther and a focal species and vice versa). The Florida panther and bobcat (Lynx rufus) displayed a nocturnal activity pattern; the black bear (Ursus americanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) were mostly diurnal; and the raccoon (Procyon lotor) was cathemeral. Prey species and black bears minimized encounters with Florida panthers by being active during the day and displaying longer time-to-encounter, whereas Florida panthers visited a site after a prey species at higher probabilities than after competitor species, and were more likely to visit an elevated site or upland habitat. Our results suggest that interactions between Florida panthers and sympatric species in our study system are driven by species-specific behavioral responses. Gaining a better understanding of the crucial interactions driving species coexistence is important for a better understanding of the structure and function of ecological communities and help manage the potential expansion of the Florida panther into Central Florida.
The Cognitive Autopsy
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Behind heart disease and cancer, medical error is now listed as one of the leading causes of death. Of the medical errors that lead to injury and death, diagnostic failure is regarded as the most significant. Generally, the majority of diagnostic failures are attributed to the clinicians directly involved with the patient, and to a lesser extent, the system in which they work. In turn, the majority of errors made by clinicians is due to decision making failures manifested by various departures from rationality. Of all the medical environments in which patients are seen and diagnosed, the emergency department is the most challenging. It has been described as a ‘wicked’ environment where illness and disease may range from minor ailments and complaints to severe, life-threatening disorders.
The Cognitive Autopsy is a novel strategy towards understanding medical error and diagnostic failure in 42 clinical cases with which the author was directly involved or became aware of at the time. Essentially, it describes a cognitive approach towards root cause analysis of medical adverse events or near misses. Whereas root cause analysis typically focuses on the observable and measurable aspects of adverse events, the cognitive autopsy attempts to identify covert cognitive processes that may have contributed to outcomes. In this clinical setting, no cognitive process is directly observable but must be inferred from the behaviour of the individual clinician. The book illustrates unequivocally that chief among these cognitive processes are cognitive biases and other flaws in decision making, rather than knowledge deficits.
Lazarus Redux
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this case, a 65-year-old male presents to the emergency department of a teaching hospital late in the evening with left-sided weakness that had started approximately 2 hours earlier. He also complains of mild pan-cranial headache and nausea, both of which started at the same time as the weakness. His physical examination is normal other than marked weakness and increased reflexes on the left side. A computed tomography scan is completed and appears normal. A referral is made to neurology describing the stable condition of the patient and the diagnosis of a non-hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident. Medication is ordered for his nausea. Soon after, the patient becomes unresponsive with a significant drop in respiratory rate. The emergency physician assumes the patient is experiencing “a stroke in evolution” and calls neurology immediately. However, the diagnosis proves premature when another cause for the sudden deterioration of the patient is discovered.