bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of retrotrapezoid nucleus Phox2b‐expressing neurons rescues breathing dysfunction in an experimental Parkinson’s disease rat model
Authors: Fernandes‐Junior Silvio A. , Oliveira Luiz M. , Czeisler Catherine M. , Mo Xiaokui , Roy Sashwati , Somogyi Arpad , Zhang Liewn , Moreira Thiago S. , Otero José J. , Takakura Ana C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEmerging evidence from multiple studies indicates that Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients suffer from a spectrum of autonomic and respiratory motor deficiencies in addition to the classical motor symptoms attributed to substantia nigra degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Animal models of PD show a decrease in the resting respiratory rate as well as a decrease in the number ofPhox2b‐expressing retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which substantia nigra pars compact (SNc) degeneration induced RTN biomolecular changes and to identify the extent to which RTN pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations rescue respiratory function following PD‐induction. SNc degeneration was achieved in adult male Wistar rats by bilateral striatal 6‐hydroxydopamine injection. For proteomic analysis, laser capture microdissection and pressure catapulting were used to isolate the RTN for subsequent comparative proteomic analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The respiratory parameters were evaluated by whole‐body plethysmography and electromyographic analysis of respiratory muscles. The results confirmed reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons of SNc and respiratory rate in the PD‐animals. Our proteomic data suggested extensive RTN remodeling, and that pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations of the diseased RTN neurons promoted rescued the respiratory deficiency. Our data indicate that despite neuroanatomical and biomolecular RTN pathologies, that RTN‐directed interventions can rescue respiratory control dysfunction.
Increased levels of inflammatory factors are associated with severity of polyneuropathy in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Okdahl Tina , Brock Christina , Fløyel Tina , Wegeberg Anne‐Marie L. , Jakobsen Poul Erik , Ejskjaer Niels , Pociot Flemming , Brock Birgitte , Størling Joachim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveDistal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) is a severe common long‐term complication of type 1 diabetes caused by impaired sensory‐motor nerve function. As chronic low‐grade inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of DSPN, we investigated the circulating levels of inflammatory markers in individuals with type 1 diabetes with and without DSPN. Furthermore, we determined to what extent these factors correlated with different peripheral sensory nerve functions.DesignCross‐sectional study.PatientsThe study included 103 individuals with type 1 diabetes with (n = 50) and without DSPN (n = 53) as well as a cohort of healthy controls (n = 21).MeasurementsCirculating levels of various inflammatory markers (cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules) were determined in serum samples by Luminex multiplexing technology. Peripheral sensory nerve testing, for example vibration, tactile and thermal perception, was assessed by standardized procedures.ResultsThe cytokines IL‐1α, IL‐4, IL‐12p70, IL‐13, IL‐17A and TNF‐α; the chemokine MCP‐1; and the adhesion molecule E‐selectin were significantly increased in individuals with type 1 diabetes with DSPN compared to those without DSPN (P < .001). These observations were independent of age, sex, BMI, disease duration and blood pressure. Additionally, higher serum concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were associated with higher vibration and tactile perception thresholds, but not with heat tolerance threshold.ConclusionsIndividuals with type 1 diabetes and concomitant DSPN display higher serum levels of several inflammatory markers. These findings support that systemic low‐grade inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of DSPN.
Focus and social contagion of environmental organization advocacy on Twitter
Authors: Barrios‐O'Neill Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAgriculture, overexploitation, and urbanization remain the major threats to biodiversity in the Anthropocene. The attention these threats garner among leading environmental nongovernmental organizations (eNGOs) and the wider public is critical in fostering the political will necessary to reverse biodiversity declines worldwide. I analyzed the advocacy of leading eNGOs on Twitter by scraping account timelines, screening content for advocacy relating to biodiversity threats and, for prevalent threats, further screening content for positive and negative emotional language with a sentiment lexicon. Twitter advocacy was dominated by the major threats of climate change and overexploitation and the minor threat of plastic pollution. The major threats of agriculture, urbanization, invasions, and pollution were rarely addressed. Content relating to overexploitation and plastic pollution was more socially contagious than other content. Increasing emotional negativity further increased social contagion, whereas increasing emotional positivity did not. Scientists, policy makers, and eNGOs should consider how narrowly focused advocacy on platforms like Twitter will contribute to effective global biodiversity conservation.
Characterizing the Dynamics of Learning in Repeated Reference Games
Authors: Hawkins Robert D. , Frank Michael C. , Goodman Noah D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe language we use over the course of conversation changes as we establish common ground and learn what our partner finds meaningful. Here we draw upon recent advances in natural language processing to provide a finer‐grained characterization of the dynamics of this learning process. We release an open corpus (>15,000 utterances) of extended dyadic interactions in a classic repeated reference game task where pairs of participants had to coordinate on how to refer to initially difficult‐to‐describe tangram stimuli. We find that different pairs discover a wide variety of idiosyncratic but efficient and stable solutions to the problem of reference. Furthermore, these conventions are shaped by the communicative context: words that are more discriminative in the initial context (i.e., that are used for one target more than others) are more likely to persist through the final repetition. Finally, we find systematic structure in how a speaker's referring expressions become more efficient over time: Syntactic units drop out in clusters following positive feedback from the listener, eventually leaving short labels containing open‐class parts of speech. These findings provide a higher resolution look at the quantitative dynamics of ad hoc convention formation and support further development of computational models of learning in communication.
Left ventricular diastolic function: Effects of high‐intensity exercise after acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Lund Joakim Schistad , Aksetøy Inger‐Lise Aamot , Dalen Håvard , Amundsen Brage Høyem , Støylen Asbjørn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesReduced left ventricular (LV) diastolic function indicates poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Our aim was to study whether a twelve‐week high‐intensity interval training program could improve diastolic function in patients with a relatively recent AMI.DesignTwenty‐eight patients (mean age 56 (SD 8) years) with a recent AMI performed high‐intensity interval training twice a week for 12 weeks. Each training session consisted of four 4‐minute bouts at 85%‐95% of peak heart rate, separated by 4‐minute active breaks. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Echocardiography was performed at rest and during an upright bicycle exercise test.ResultsThere was a significant increase in mitral annulus early diastolic velocity (e′) at peak exercise (75 W) from baseline to follow‐up (7.9 (1.5) vs. 8.4 (1.7) cm/s, P = .012), but no change in e′ at rest (7.1 (1.9) vs. 7.3 (1.7) cm/s, P = .42). There was a significant increase in VO2peak (mean (SD), 35.2 (7.3) vs. 38.9 (7.4) ml/kg/min, P < .001). e′ at peak exercise correlated with VO2peak both at baseline and follow‐up (r = 0.50, P = .007, and r = 0.41, P = .032).ConclusionThe present study shows that LV diastolic function during exercise is related to VO2peak. We also found an improvement of diastolic function after exercise training, even in a population with a relatively well preserved systolic and diastolic function. The results demonstrate the importance of obtaining measurements during exercise when evaluating the effects of exercise interventions.
Extreme seascape drives local recruitment and genetic divergence in brooding and spawning corals in remote north‐west Australia
Authors: Underwood Jim N. , Richards Zoe , Berry Oliver , Oades Daniel , Howard Azton , Gilmour James P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractManagement strategies designed to conserve coral reefs threatened by climate change need to incorporate knowledge of the spatial distribution of inter‐ and intra‐specific genetic diversity. We characterized patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two reef‐building corals to explore the eco‐evolutionary processes that sustain populations in north‐west Australia. Our sampling focused on the unique reefs of the Kimberley; we collected the broadcast spawning coralAcropora aspera(n = 534) and the brooding coralIsopora brueggemanni(n = 612) across inter‐archipelago (tens to hundreds of kilometres), inter‐reef (kilometres to tens of kilometres) and within‐reef (tens of metres to a few kilometres) scales. Initial analysis ofA. asperaidentified four highly divergent lineages that were co‐occurring but morphologically similar. Subsequent population analyses focused on the most abundant and widespread lineage,Acroporaasp‐c. Although the overall level of geographic subdivision was greater in the brooder than in the spawner, fundamental similarities in patterns of genetic structure were evident. Most notably, limits to gene flow were observed at scales <35 kilometres. Further, we observed four discrete clusters and a semi‐permeable barrier to dispersal that were geographically consistent between species. Finally, sites experiencing bigger tides were more connected to the metapopulation and had greater gene diversity than those experiencing smaller tides. Our data indicate that the inshore reefs of the Kimberley are genetically isolated from neighbouring oceanic bioregions, but occasional dispersal between inshore archipelagos is important for the redistribution of evolutionarily important genetic diversity. Additionally, these results suggest that networks of marine reserves that effectively protect reefs from local pressures should be spaced within a few tens of kilometres to conserve the existing patterns of demographic and genetic connectivity.
Teaching deaf culture in American Sign Language courses: Toward a critical pedagogy
Authors: Reagan Timothy , Matlins Paula E. , Pielick C. David 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCritical pedagogy and social justice education have gained increasing attention in recent years in many subject matters, and world language education has been no exception to this trend. There are a number of works dedicated to critical pedagogy in world language education. At the same time that such concerns have gained attention, another parallel development has been taking place: the increasing number of courses and programs in American Sign Language (ASL) that are being offered as foreign language options at both the secondary and tertiary levels. In this article, we discuss a curriculum development project to bring these two developments together. Specifically, we are interested in the creation of a curriculum for a beginning ASL course that both introduces students to ASL as a foreign language and which provides an introduction to the Deaf culture—and which does so through the lens of critical pedagogy and social justice education.
The effectiveness of app‐based language instruction for developing receptive linguistic knowledge and oral communicative ability
Authors: Loewen Shawn , Isbell Daniel R. , Sporn Zachary 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHundreds of millions of language learners around the globe study a second language with popular apps such as Duolingo, Rosetta Stone, Busuu, and Babbel. This study examined the effectiveness of one app, Babbel, for developing both receptive linguistic knowledge of vocabulary and grammar, as well as oral communicative ability in Spanish as a second language. Fifty‐four English speakers not enrolled in Spanish classes studied Spanish on Babbel over the course of 12 weeks, with a goal of studying roughly 10 min per day. Participants completed pretests and posttests, and provided data on their motivation to learn Spanish and use Babbel. Results showed that learners were able to develop grammar and vocabulary knowledge as well as oral communicative ability. The amount of Babbel study time was the strongest predictor for all three measures, with motivation to learn Spanish also significantly predicting growth in oral communicative ability.
Living better and feeling happier: An investigation into the association between housing quality and happiness
Authors: Hu Mingzhi , Yang Yulu , Yu Xiaofen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between housing quality and individuals’ subjective well‐being. Using data from the China Labor‐force Dynamic Survey (CLDS), results show that housing quality is associated positively with one’s overall happiness. Moreover, the results are robust to potential omitted variable bias. In addition, we determine that housing quality is more correlated with perceived happiness for local residents compared with migrants, who generally have lower levels of happiness. Mechanisms are provided through which the migrant population, which is generally less likely to reside in the current cities, cares less about living conditions than the local population. Policy implications for these findings are discussed.
Physicians’ and pharmacists’ perception and practice of hospital pharmacist professional role in Egypt
Authors: Said Amira , Hussain Nadia , Abdelaty Lamiaa N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate physicians’ and pharmacists’ perceptions of the importance of pharmacists’ role in healthcare in Egypt, and actual delivery of these roles in practice. Identifying any differences and inconsistencies between these will inform future strategies that maximize pharmacists’ professional contribution to hospital practice.

Methods
A self-administered questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale was distributed to a convenience sample of physicians (500) and pharmacists (500) practicing in selected private or public hospitals in Egypt. The main sections of the questionnaire comprised statements that pertained to physicians’/pharmacists’ views on the importance of pharmacists’ roles and their actual delivery in practice.

Key findings
In this study, physicians showed low scores for both the importance of and the delivery of advanced patient-facing clinical pharmacy roles such as suggesting prescription medications, and designing treatment plans. In comparison, pharmacists were more positive on both of these aspects of their roles. High mean scores were reported by the physicians for pharmacist’s traditional roles such as patient counselling, assessing compliance, preventing medication errors and treating minor illnesses. Both physicians and pharmacists reported poor pharmacists practice as drug information resources despite their high perception of the importance of that role.

Conclusion
This study suggested that in hospitals in Egypt, there are significant differences between physicians’ and pharmacists’ perception and practice, and pharmacists’ clinical skills are underutilized in health care.
Infants’ response to a mobile phone modified still‐face paradigm: Links to maternal behaviors and beliefs regarding technoference
Authors: Stockdale Laura A. , Porter Christin L. , Coyne Sarah M. , Essig Liam W. , Booth McCall , Keenan‐Kroff Savannah , Schvaneveldt Emily 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInterruptions to parent–child interactions due to technology, or “technoference,” have been correlated with a host of negative child developmental outcomes. Yet, the influence of technoference on parent–infant interactions and infant behaviors has received less attention and more experimental work is warranted. For this study, parent–infant dyads (n = 227) completed a modified still‐face paradigm (SFP) using a mobile phone during the still‐face phase. Infant responses were coded for positive and negative affect, object and parent orientation, self‐comforting, and escape behaviors during the task. Results showed a robust still‐face effect, with infants displaying increased negative affect, decreased positive affect, increased self‐comforting, object orientation, and escape behaviors during the “still‐face” or phone distracted phase of the paradigm and frequently failing to return to baseline during the reunion phase. Older infants (older than 9 months) likewise demonstrated higher levels of negative affect across all three phases of the paradigm relative to younger infants (less than 9 months). Parent reports of technoference behavior were related to increased object orientation for younger infants. Parental technoference behaviors were also linked to more escape behaviors for younger infants and decreased object orientation in older infants during the still‐face portion of the SFP. Higher levels of technoference also appear to attenuate the negative emotional response of infants during still face. Results are discussed in relation to infants’ increasing exposure to digital technology in the context of early relationships.
Critical biomechanical and clinical insights concerning tissue protection when positioning patients in the operating room: A scoping review
Authors: Gefen Amit , Creehan Sue , Black Joyce 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn optimal position of the patient during operation may require a compromise between the best position for surgical access and the position a patient and his or her tissues can tolerate without sustaining injury. This scoping review analysed the existing, contemporary evidence regarding surgical positioning‐related tissue damage risks, from both biomechanical and clinical perspectives, focusing on the challenges in preventing tissue damage in the constraining operating room environment, which does not allow repositioning and limits the use of dynamic or thick and soft support surfaces. Deep and multidisciplinary aetiological understanding is required for effective prevention of intraoperatively acquired tissue damage, primarily including pressure ulcers (injuries) and neural injuries. Lack of such understanding typically leads to misconceptions and increased risk to patients. This article therefore provides a comprehensive aetiological description concerning the types of potential tissue damage, vulnerable anatomical locations, the risk factors specific to the operative setting (eg, the effects of anaesthetics and instruments), the complex interactions between the tissue damage risk and the pathophysiology of the surgery itself (eg, the inflammatory response to the surgical incisions), risk assessments for surgical patients and their limitations, and available (including emerging) technologies for positioning. The present multidisciplinary and integrated approach, which holistically joins the bioengineering and clinical perspectives, is unique to this work and has not been taken before. Close collaboration between bioengineers and clinicians, such as demonstrated here, is required to revisit the design of operating tables, support surfaces for surgery, surgical instruments for patient stabilisation, and for surgical access. Each type of equipment and its combined use should be evaluated and improved where needed with regard to the two major threats to tissue health in the operative setting: pressure ulcers and neural damage.
Effect of alcohol leachable chloride on strength of magnesium oxychloride cement
Authors: Huang Tingjie , Yu Chao , Yuan Qiang , Liu Zanqun , Deng Dehua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe major crystalline phases in magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) have been extensively studied, but the other phases have not been studied due to the difficulty in identifying them. In the current study, we focused on the effect of chlorine‐containing phases other than crystalline oxychlorides on the strength of cured MOC materials. The alcohol leachable chloride (ALC) was proposed to characterize the other phases containing chlorine, and the absolute ethanol leaching test was developed to determine ACL content in a cured MOC paste. The results showed that either decreasing MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio or increasing H2O/MgCl2 molar ratio led to an increase in ALC content in cured MOC slurry, but adding a small amount of phosphoric acid resulted in very little or almost no ALC in the modified MOC slurry. In addition, increasing ALC content has been shown to significantly reduce the compressive strength of hardened MOC pastes. Thus, the modified MOC pastes had high strength, compared with the corresponding common MOC pastes. According to the experimental results, the relationship between the ALC content and the compressive strength of cured MOC materials was established. Therefore, a low ALC content was proposed as a characteristic index of high‐quality MOC materials.
Ion beam irradiation of ABO4 compounds with the fergusonite, monazite, scheelite, and zircon structures
Authors: de los Reyes Massey , Aughterson Robert D. , Gregg Daniel J. , Middleburgh Simon C. , Zaluzec Nestor J. , Huai Ping , Ren Cuilan , Lumpkin Gregory R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe effects of irradiation on CaWO4, SrWO4, BaWO4, YVO4, LaVO4, YNbO4, and LaNbO4 were investigated on thin crystals using 1.0 MeV Kr ions at 50‐1000 K. All of the ABO4 compounds can be amorphized with calculated damage cross sections (σa = 1/Fc0) in the range of ~0.30‐1.09 × 10‐14 cm2 ion−1 at zero Kelvin. The analysis of fluence‐temperature data returned critical temperatures for amorphization (Tc) of 311 ± 1, 358 ± 90, 325 ± 19, 415 ± 17, 541 ± 6, 636 ± 26, and 1012 ± 1 K, respectively, for the compounds listed above. Compared with previous in situ irradiation of ABO4 orthophosphate samples using 0.8 MeV Kr ions, the Tc values of LaVO4 and YVO4 are higher than those of LaPO4 and YPO4 by 82 K and 124 K, respectively. The Tc values of the three scheelite structures, CaWO4, SrWO4, and BaWO4, indicate that they are the most radiation tolerant compounds under these conditions. The A‐B cation anti‐site energies, EfAB, determined by DFT range from 2.48 to 10.58 eV and are highly correlated with the A‐B cation ionic radius ratio, rA/rB, but are not correlated with Tc across the different structure types, suggesting that the formation and migration energies of Frenkel defects play a more important role in damage recovery in these compounds. We also discuss the role of cation and anion charge/iconicity as determined by DFT. ABO4 compounds with the zircon structure and B = P or V have a distinct advantage over those with B = Si as the damaged regions do not appear to be significantly affected by polymerization of (PO4)3− or (VO4)3− groups which might stabilize the amorphous fraction and ultimately lead to phase separation as observed in zircon (ZrSiO4).