bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency and Predictors of Suboptimal Prescribing Among a Cohort of Older Male Residents with Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Appaneal Haley J , Caffrey Aisling R , Lopes Vrishali V , Dosa David M , Shireman Theresa I , LaPlante Kerry L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Unnecessary antibiotic treatment of suspected urinary tract infections (UTI) is common in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). However, less is known about the extent of suboptimal treatment, in terms of antibiotic choice, dose, and duration, after the decision to use antibiotics has been made.

Methods
We described the frequency of potentially suboptimal treatment among residents with an incident UTI (the first during the study with none in the year prior) in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) community living centers (CLCs; 2013–2018). Time trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression. Residents with UTIs receiving potentially suboptimal treatment were compared with those receiving optimal treatment, to identify resident characteristics predictive of suboptimal antibiotic treatment, using multivariable unconditional logistic regression models.

Results
We identified 21 938 residents with an incident UTI treated in 120 VA CLCs, of whom 96.0% were male. Potentially suboptimal antibiotic treatment was identified in 65.0% of residents and decreased 1.8% annually (P &lt; .05). Potentially suboptimal initial drug choice was identified in 45.6% of residents, suboptimal dose frequency in 28.6%, and longer than recommended duration in 12.7%. Predictors of suboptimal antibiotic treatment included prior fluoroquinolone exposure (adjusted odds ratio, 1.38), chronic renal disease (1.19), age ≥85 years (1.17), prior skin infection (1.14), recent high white blood cell count (1.08), and genitourinary disorder (1.08).

Conclusion
Similar to findings in non-VA facilities, potentially suboptimal treatment was common but improving in CLC residents with an incident UTI. Predictors of suboptimal antibiotic treatment should be targeted with antibiotic stewardship interventions to improve UTI treatment.
Epidemiology of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a Disease—United States, 2008–2017
Authors: Soeters Heidi M , Oliver Sara E , Plumb Ian D , Blain Amy E , Zulz Tammy , Simons Brenna C , Barnes Meghan , Farley Monica M , Harrison Lee H , Lynfield Ruth , Massay Stephanie , McLaughlin Joseph , Muse Alison G , Petit Susan , Schaffner William , Thomas Ann , Torres Salina , Watt James , Pondo Tracy , Whaley Melissa J , Hu Fang , Wang Xin , Briere Elizabeth C , Bruce Michael G 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia) can cause invasive disease similar to serotype b; no Hia vaccine is available. We describe the epidemiology of invasive Hia disease in the United States overall and specifically in Alaska during 2008–2017.

Methods
Active population- and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive Hia disease was conducted through Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites and from Alaska statewide invasive bacterial disease surveillance. Sterile-site isolates were serotyped via slide agglutination or real-time polymerase chain reaction. Incidences in cases per 100 000 were calculated.

Results
From 2008 to 2017, an estimated average of 306 invasive Hia disease cases occurred annually in the United States (estimated annual incidence: 0.10); incidence increased by an average of 11.1% annually. Overall, 42.7% of cases were in children aged &lt;5 years (incidence: 0.64), with highest incidence among children aged &lt;1 year (1.60). Case fatality was 7.8% overall and was highest among adults aged ≥65 years (15.1%). Among children aged &lt;5 years, the incidence was 17 times higher among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children (8.29) than among children of all other races combined (0.49). In Alaska, incidences among all ages (0.68) and among children aged &lt;1 year (24.73) were nearly 6 and 14 times higher, respectively, than corresponding US incidences. Case fatality in Alaska was 10.2%, and the vast majority (93.9%) of cases occurred among AI/AN.

Conclusions
Incidence of invasive Hia disease has increased since 2008, with the highest burden among AI/AN children. These data can inform prevention strategies, including Hia vaccine development.
The impossibility of a Rawlsian liberal
Authors: Judge Brian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article critically examines the role of the neoclassical model of the market within Rawlsian liberalism. Although Rawls claims agnosticism towards particular economic theories, I show how the neoclassical model anchors Rawls’s approach of transmuting distributive efficiency into distributive justice. However, the assumptions underlying the neoclassical model are not descriptively accurate as Rawls’s key construct of pure procedural justice requires. Without the neoclassical model and the pure procedural approach to distribution it uniquely enables, Rawlsian liberalism recreates the very problem of pluralism it is premised on resolving. This article surfaces this paradox for Rawlsian liberalism: it relies essentially on market distribution yet cannot justify these arrangements within the confines of the theory.
Great Recession, great regression? The welfare state in the twenty-first century
Authors: Lessa Kerstenetzky Celia , Pereira Guedes Graciele 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Has the welfare state undergone significant retrenchment in the aftermath of the 2007–08 crackdown? In the literature, two contrasting views can be found. Some commentators argue that expansions that would otherwise be observed during crises have been suffocated due to the imperative of austerity. Other more optimistic assessments see social investment policies as having been experimented with in various places, alongside widespread retrenchment. In this paper, using an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) database for 35 countries, we check these assessments by examining aggregate figures, such as the evolution—over the 2007–13 period—of social spending and its composition, the participation of social spending in public expenditure, the tax burden and tax composition and welfare state effectiveness. We document expansion in the OECD area alongside stable performance. However, important challenges persist.
Acute kidney injury pathology and pathophysiology: a retrospective review
Authors: Gaut Joseph P , Liapis Helen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the clinical term used for decline or loss of renal function. It is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and high morbidity and mortality. However, not all causes of AKI lead to severe consequences and some are reversible. The underlying pathology can be a guide for treatment and assessment of prognosis. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines recommend that the cause of AKI should be identified if possible. Renal biopsy can distinguish specific AKI entities and assist in patient management. This review aims to show the pathology of AKI, including glomerular and tubular diseases.
A Multilinguistic Spelling Analysis of Children who are Hard of Hearing
Authors: Quick Nancy A , Harrison Melody , Erickson Karen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSpelling in writing samples was compared between children who are hard of hearing (HH) (n = 142) and their peers with typical hearing (TH) (n = 72) in second and fourth grade. The same analyses were then conducted comparing groups of children who are HH with different levels of aided audibility. Compared to children with TH, children who are HH produced fewer misspelled words (p = .041, d = .42) at second grade but performed similarly in fourth grade (p = .943, d = .02). Compared to peers with TH, children who are HH demonstrated similar distributions of errors in roots but some differences in the distribution of errors for affixes. Different levels of aided audibility among children who are HH were not associated with significant differences in spelling accuracy at both grades. However, second-grade children with poorer aided audibility produced significantly more phonological omissions (p = .005, r = .32) and orthographic consonant errors for monomorphemic words (p = .001, r = .37), as well as more orthographic consonant errors for and affixes (p = .015, r = .28).
Wealth Inequality in the Long Run: A Schumpeterian Growth Perspective
Authors: Madsen Jakob B , Minniti Antonio , Venturini Francesco 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper extends the analysis of the wealth–income ratio based on the neoclassical model in a Schumpeterian growth framework in which savings are channelled to both tangible and intangible capital investment. Using historical data for 21 OECD countries over the period 1860–2015, we find that the wealth–income ratio and, hence, wealth inequality, is negatively related to the rate of economic growth and positively related to the rates of investment in intangible and tangible assets, as predicted by the theory. Accounting for the innovation-induced counteracting growth effect on the wealth–income ratio, we show that the net effect of investment in intangibles on wealth inequality is positive. Our estimates suggest that intangibles have been a contributing factor in wealth inequality since 1860 and that the marked increase in the investment in intangible assets in the post–WWII period has been a significant driver of wealth inequality since the 1970s.
The ‘double transition’: a novel electrocardiogram sign to discriminate posteroseptal accessory pathways ablated from the right endocardium from those requiring a left-sided or epicardial coronary venous approach
Authors: Pascale Patrizio , Hunziker Samuel , Denis Arnaud , Gómez Flores Jorge Rafael , Roten Laurent , Shah Ashok J , Scherr Daniel , Komatsu Yuki , Ramoul Khaled , Daly Matthew , LeBloa Mathieu , Pruvot Etienne , Derval Nicolas , Sacher Frédéric , Hocini Mélèze , Jaïs Pierre , Haïssaguerre Michel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Aims
The precise localization of manifest posteroseptal accessory pathways (APs) often poses diagnostic challenges considering that a small area may encompass AP that may be ablated from the right or left endocardium, or epicardially within the coronary sinus (CS). We sought to explore whether the QRS transition pattern in the precordial lead may help to discriminate the necessary ablation approach.

Methods and results
Consecutive patients who underwent a successful ablation of a single manifest AP over a 5-year period were included. Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were reviewed. A total of 273 patients were identified. Mean age was 31 ± 15 years and 62% were male. Of the 110 identified posteroseptal AP, 64 were ablated from the right endocardium, 33 from the left endocardium, and 13 inside the CS. While a normal precordial QRS transition was most often observed, a subset of 33 patients presented an atypical ‘double transition’ pattern which specifically identified right endocardial AP. The combination of a q wave in V1 with a proportion of the positive QRS component in V1 &lt; V2 &gt; V3, predicted a right endocardial AP with a 100% specificity. In case of a positive QRS sum in V2, this ‘double transition’ pattern predicted a posteroseptal right endocardial AP with 99.5% specificity and 44% sensitivity. The positive predictive value was 97%. The only false positive was a midseptal AP. In the case of a negative or isoelectric QRS sum in V2, APs were located more laterally on the tricuspid annulus.

Conclusion
The combination of a q wave in V1 with a double QRS transition pattern in the precordial leads is highly specific of a right endocardial AP and rules out the need for CS or left-sided mapping.
Laparoscopic gastrectomy for elderly gastric-cancer patients: comparisons with laparoscopic gastrectomy in non-elderly patients and open gastrectomy in the elderly
Authors: Li Zheng-Yan , Chen Jie , Bai Bin , Xu Shuai , Song Dan , Lian Bo , Li Ji-Peng , Ji Gang , Zhao Qing-Chuan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The benefits of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) in elderly gastric-cancer patients still remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of LG in elderly gastric-cancer patients.

Methods
We retrospectively evaluated patients who underwent LG or open gastrectomy (OG) between June 2009 and July 2015 in a single high-volume center. We compared surgical, short-term, and long-term survival outcomes among an elderly (≥70 years old) LG (ELG) group (n = 114), a non-elderly (&lt;70 years old) LG (NLG) group (n = 740), and an elderly OG (EOG) group (n = 383).

Results
Except for extended time to first flatus, the surgical and short-term outcomes of the ELG group were similar to those of the NLG group. The ELG group revealed comparable disease-specific survival (DSS) rates to the NLG group (64.9% vs 66.2%, P = 0.476), although the overall survival (OS) rate was lower (57.0% vs 65.5%, P &lt; 0.001) in the ELG group than in the NLG group. The ELG group showed longer operation time than the EOG group (236.4 ± 77.3 vs 179 ± 52.2 min, P &lt; 0.001). The ELG group had less estimated blood loss (174.0 ± 88.4 vs 209.3 ± 133.8, P = 0.008) and shorter post-operative hospital stay (8.3 ± 2.5 vs 9.2 ± 4.5, P = 0.048) than the EOG group. The severity of complications was similar between the ELG and NLG groups. Multivariate analysis confirmed that LG was not a risk factor for post-operative complications.

Conclusions
LG is a feasible and safe procedure for elderly patients with acceptable short- and long-term survival outcomes.
Bilateral thoracic duct ligation for persisting postoperative chylothorax
Authors: Rouiller Benoît , Lutz Jon A , Kocher Gregor J , Magnusson Lennart 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Herein, we report the case of a patient with persistent postoperative chylothorax despite right supradiaphragmal ligation of the thoracic duct. Computed tomography lymphangiography after lipiodol injection demonstrated a correctly ligated right thoracic duct but an anatomical variation with patent left-sided thoracic duct, which was successfully ligated afterwards by video-assisted thoracic surgery.
Investigating the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements in China’s equipment manufacturing industry under the low-carbon economy
Authors: Li Weijuan , Zhang Pengcheng 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The development of a low-carbon economy is an inevitable choice for the world to coordinate industrial economic growth and environmental issues actively. At the same time, science and technology are the cornerstones for the development of a low-carbon economy. The equipment manufacturing industry (EMI) in China is known as the base of the low-carbon sector. Still, the research of coordinating industry carbon emission and economic growth from the perspective of science and technology is insufficient. For this reason, this work comprehensively analyzed the economic development and carbon emission of China’s EMI. The DEA (data envelopment analysis) Malmquist method was used to measure the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements of the EMI from 2009 to 2017. The results can show that: (1) the economic benefits of China’s EMI were increasing year by year, but the growth rate is declining. With the optimization of industrial structure, the energy consumption and carbon emission of the industry have improved, but there is still a large gap between different sectors; (2) the achievement transformation of EMI decreases by year due to the influence of technological progress efficiency; and (3) in terms of sector data efficiency in 2017, there is redundancy in the investment of general EMI (B2) and special EMI (B3). This work can provide a reference for the development of countries dominated by industry and to jointly realize the sustainable development of the world economy.
Serum Cytokine and Chemokine Profile in Relation to the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China
Authors: Chi Ying , Ge Yiyue , Wu Bin , Zhang Wenshuai , Wu Tao , Wen Tian , Liu Jingxian , Guo Xiling , Huang Chao , Jiao Yongjun , Zhu Fengcai , Zhu Baoli , Cui Lunbiao 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We investigated the serum cytokine and chemokine levels in asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and convalescent SARS-CoV-2–infected cases. Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production induced by SARS-CoV-2 were observed not only in symptomatic patients but also in asymptomatic cases, and returned to normal after recovery. IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-18, G-CSF, M-CSF, MCP-1, MCP-3, IP-10, MIG, and MIP-1α were found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19. Moreover, a set of cytokine and chemokine profiles were significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2–infected male than female patients. The serum levels of MCP-1, G-CSF, and VEGF were weakly and positively correlated with viral titers. We suggest that combinatorial analysis of serum cytokines and chemokines with clinical classification may contribute to evaluation of the severity of COVID-19 and optimize the therapeutic strategies.
Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in DC-SIGN, Toll-Like Receptor 3, and Tumor Necrosis Factor α Genes and the Lewis-Negative Phenotype With Chikungunya Infection and Disease in Nicaragua
Authors: Bucardo Filemón , Reyes Yaoska , Morales Marlen , Briceño Rafaela , González Fredman , Lundkvist Åke , Svensson Lennart , Nordgren Johan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundChikungunya infections range from subclinical infection to debilitating arthralgia and to chronic inflammatory rheumatism. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, DC-SIGN (dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3–grabbing nonintegrin), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, and blood groups have been directly or indirectly implicated in the susceptibility and pathogenesis of chikungunya.MethodsTo test the hypothesis that polymorphisms in genes coding for these molecules determine clinical outcomes of chikungunya infection, a retrospective case-control study was performed in León, Nicaragua. The study included 132 case patients and 132 controls, matched for age, sex and neighborhood. Case patients had clinical symptoms of chikungunya, which was diagnosed by means of polymerase chain reaction. Controls were individuals not reporting abrupt presentation of clinical chikungunya-like symptoms. Polymorphisms were identified by TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays.ResultsAfter adjustment for sociodemographic risk factors, chikungunya disease was associated with polymorphism in DC-SIGN and TLR3 genes (odds ratios, 5.2 and 3.3, respectively), and TNF-α with reduced persistent joint pain (0.24). Persistent joint pain was also associated with age, female sex and other comorbid conditions. Most interestingly, the Lewis-negative phenotype was strongly associated with both symptomatic chikungunya and immunoglobulin G seropositivity (odds ratios, 2.7, and 3.3, respectively).ConclusionThis study identified polymorphisms in DC-SIGN, TLR3, and TNF-α genes as well as Lewis-negative phenotype as risk factors for chikungunya infection and disease progression.
Clindamycin Protects Nonhuman Primates Against Inhalational Anthrax But Does Not Enhance Reduction of Circulating Toxin Levels When Combined With Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Vietri Nicholas J , Tobery Steven A , Chabot Donald J , Ingavale Susham , Somerville Brandon C , Miller Jeremy A , Schellhase Chris W , Twenhafel Nancy A , Fetterer David P , Cote Christopher K , Klimko Christopher P , Boyer Anne E , Woolfitt Adrian R , Barr John R , Wright Mary E , Friedlander Arthur M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Inhalational anthrax is rare and clinical experience limited. Expert guidelines recommend treatment with combination antibiotics including protein synthesis-inhibitors to decrease toxin production and increase survival, although evidence is lacking.

Methods
Rhesus macaques exposed to an aerosol of Bacillus anthracis spores were treated with ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, or ciprofloxacin + clindamycin after becoming bacteremic. Circulating anthrax lethal factor and protective antigen were quantitated pretreatment and 1.5 and 12 hours after beginning antibiotics.

Results
In the clindamycin group, 8 of 11 (73%) survived demonstrating its efficacy for the first time in inhalational anthrax, compared to 9 of 9 (100%) with ciprofloxacin, and 8 of 11 (73%) with ciprofloxacin + clindamycin. These differences were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between groups in lethal factor or protective antigen levels from pretreatment to 12 hours after starting antibiotics. Animals that died after clindamycin had a greater incidence of meningitis compared to those given ciprofloxacin or ciprofloxacin + clindamycin, but numbers of animals were very low and no definitive conclusion could be reached.

Conclusion
Treatment of inhalational anthrax with clindamycin was as effective as ciprofloxacin in the nonhuman primate. Addition of clindamycin to ciprofloxacin did not enhance reduction of circulating toxin levels.
A Role for Taok2 in Listeria monocytogenes Vacuolar Escape
Authors: Quereda Juan J , Morel Camille , Lopez-Montero Noelia , Ziveri Jason , Rolland Steven , Grenier Théodore , Aulner Nathalie , Danckaert Anne , Charbit Alain , Enninga Jost , Cossart Pascale , Pizarro-Cerdá Javier 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes invades host cells, ruptures the internalization vacuole, and reaches the cytosol for replication. A high-content small interfering RNA (siRNA) microscopy screen allowed us to identify epithelial cell factors involved in L. monocytogenes vacuolar rupture, including the serine/threonine kinase Taok2. Kinase activity inhibition using a specific drug validated a role for Taok2 in favoring L. monocytogenes cytoplasmic access. Furthermore, we showed that Taok2 recruitment to L. monocytogenes vacuoles requires the presence of pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O. Overall, our study identified the first set of host factors modulating L. monocytogenes vacuolar rupture and cytoplasmic access in epithelial cells.
The ethical case for global measles eradication—justice and the Rule of Rescue
Authors: Durrheim David N , Andrus Jon K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Measles causes a substantial disease burden for all countries, while mortality is greatest in underserved, marginalized populations. Global measles eradication is feasible and the strategies critically rely upon well-functioning national immunisation programs and surveillance systems. All six regions of the World Health Organisation have adopted measles elimination targets. The Rule of Rescue and the principle of justice leave no ethical place for health programs, governments, global public health bodies or donors to hide if they impede efforts to eradicate measles globally by not taking all necessary actions to establish a global eradication target and committing the resources essential to achieve this goal.
The Practitioner’s Bookshelf: In Praise of the Human Rights Textbook
Authors: Phillips Brian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This instalment of ‘The Practitioner’s Bookshelf’ makes the case for the human rights textbook as an appealing option for human rights practitioners needing to refresh and extend their knowledge and understanding of recent developments in our field. The author assesses a quartet of new human rights textbooks with particular reference to their discussion of contemporary thinking and debate among scholars and practitioners about the definition of torture in international law.