bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single cell transcriptomes of normal endometrial derived organoids uncover novel cell type markers and cryptic differentiation of primary tumours
Authors: Cochrane Dawn R , Campbell Kieran R , Greening Kendall , Ho Germain C , Hopkins James , Bui Minh , Douglas J Maxwell , Sharlandjieva Vassilena , Munzur Aslı D , Lai Daniel , DeGrood Maya , Gibbard Evan W , Leung Samuel , Boyd Niki , Cheng Angela S , Chow Christine , Lim Jamie LP , Farnell David A , Kommoss Stefan , Kommoss Friedrich , Roth Andrew , Hoang Lien , McAlpine Jessica N , Shah Sohrab P , Huntsman David G 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEndometrial carcinoma, the most common gynaecological cancer, develops from endometrial epithelium which is composed of secretory and ciliated cells. Pathologic classification is unreliable and there is a need for prognostic tools. We used single cell sequencing to study organoid model systems derived from normal endometrial endometrium to discover novel markers specific for endometrial ciliated or secretory cells. A marker of secretory cells (MPST) and several markers of ciliated cells (FAM92B, WDR16, and DYDC2) were validated by immunohistochemistry on organoids and tissue sections. We performed single cell sequencing on endometrial and ovarian tumours and found both secretory‐like and ciliated‐like tumour cells. We found that ciliated cell markers (DYDC2, CTH, FOXJ1, and p73) and the secretory cell marker MPST were expressed in endometrial tumours and positively correlated with disease‐specific and overall survival of endometrial cancer patients. These findings suggest that expression of differentiation markers in tumours correlates with less aggressive disease, as would be expected for tumours that retain differentiation capacity, albeit cryptic in the case of ciliated cells. These markers could be used to improve the risk stratification of endometrial cancer patients, thereby improving their management. We further assessed whether consideration of MPST expression could refine the ProMiSE molecular classification system for endometrial tumours. We found that higher expression levels of MPST could be used to refine stratification of three of the four ProMiSE molecular subgroups, and that any level of MPST expression was able to significantly refine risk stratification of the copy number high subgroup which has the worst prognosis. Taken together, this shows that single cell sequencing of putative cells of origin has the potential to uncover novel biomarkers that could be used to guide management of cancers. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of interval‐compressed chemotherapy with the addition of vincristine, irinotecan, and temozolomide for pediatric patients with newly diagnosed desmoplastic small round cell tumor
Authors: Liu Kevin X. , Collins Natalie B. , Greenzang Katie A. , Furutani Elissa , Campbell Kevin , Groves Andrew , Mullen Elizabeth A. , Shusterman Suzanne , Spidle Jennifer , Marcus Karen J. , Weil Brent R. , Weldon Christopher B. , Frazier A. Lindsay , Janeway Katherine A. , O'Neill Allison F. , Mack Jennifer W. , DuBois Steven G. , Shulman David S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDesmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare aggressive sarcoma that affects children and young adults, and portends poor outcomes despite intensive multimodal treatment approaches. We report toxicity, response, and outcomes of patients with DSRCT treated with the addition of vincristine, irinotecan, and temozolomide (VIT) to interval‐compressed chemotherapy as per Children's Oncology Group ARST08P1.MethodsAll newly diagnosed pediatric patients with DSRCT treated at Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital between 2014 and 2019 as per ARST08P1, Arm P2 with replacement of VAC cycles with VIT, were identified. Medical records were reviewed for clinical and disease characteristics, and treatment response and outcomes.ResultsSix patients were treated as per the above regimen. Median age at diagnosis was 15.1 years (range 3.2‐16.4) and five patients were male. Five patients had abdominal primary tumors, of which one had exclusively intraabdominal and four had extraabdominal metastases. Two initial cycles of VIT were well tolerated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation as the most common adverse events. Overall response rate defined as partial or complete response after two initial cycles of VIT was 50%. For local control, all patients had surgical resection followed by radiotherapy, and two patients received hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy at the time of surgery. Of the four patients who have completed therapy to date, three remain disease‐free with median follow‐up time of 46.7 months.ConclusionsThe addition of VIT to interval‐compressed chemotherapy is tolerable and active in DSRCT, with activity warranting additional investigation.
Influence of partial substitution of carbon black with silica on mechanical, thermal, and aging properties of super specialty elastomer based composites
Authors: Khanra Sipra , Kumar Abhay , Ghorai Sanjoy Kumar , Ganguly Debabrata , Chattopadhyay Santanu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe reduction of the carbon black quantity in elastomeric composites is a massive requirement from environmental perspective and a huge challenge for industrial implementation. The present work consists of the replacement of half amount of carbon black with silica without compromising the basic properties along with ushering of superior characteristics of fluoroelastomer and silicone rubber blends. The comparative study of carbon black‐silica hybrid filler (1:1 ratio) with carbon black and silica at different loadings shows much superior aging behavior and thermal stability compared with the other composites with unforeseen increment of tensile strength (56%). The fundamentals of rubber‐filler interaction and reinforcement phenomenon of the hybrid filler composites have been determined by the correlation of the experimental findings with different models like Nicolais‐Narkis, Nielsen, Guth, and Kerner model. Furthermore, enhanced compatibility between the two rubber phases has been observed in terms of Tg shifting (3.8°C) and reduced FKM domain size (from 450 to 300 nm) in the silicone rubber matrix for hybrid filler composites. Morphological studies reflect the selected homogeneous dispersion of the carbon black in fluoroelastomer domain and silica in silicone rubber phase. These super specialty elastomeric composites can be used as oil and fuel resistant gaskets and O‐rings for wide temperature range.
TcCO2 changes correlate with partial obstruction in children suspected of sleep disordered breathing
Authors: D'Souza Bebe , Norman Mark , Sullivan Colin E. , Waters Karen A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionPediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is characterized by long periods of partial upper airway obstruction (UAO) with low apnea‐hypopnea indices (AHI). By measuring snoring and stertor, Sonomat studies allow quantification of these periods of partial UAO.AimTo determine whether transcutaneous CO2 (TcCO2) levels correlate with increasing levels of partial UAO and to examine patterns of ΔTcCo2 in the transitions from (a) wakefulness to sleep and (b) non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of sleep studies in seven asymptomatic controls aged 7 to 12 years and 62 symptomatic children with suspected SDB and no comorbidities, aged 2 to 13 years. Both groups underwent overnight polysomnography, including continuous TcCO2, at one of two pediatric hospitals in Sydney. Changes in carbon dioxide levels between wake to NREM (sleep onset) and NREM to REM sleep were evaluated using an all‐night TcCO2 trace time‐linked to a hypnogram. Paired Sonomat recordings were used to quantify periods of UAO in the symptomatic group.ResultsThe ΔTcCO2 at sleep onset was greater in SDB children than controls and ΔTcCO2 with sleep onset correlated with the duration of partial obstruction (r = .60; P < .0001). Children with an increase in TcCO2 from NREM to REM had a higher number of snoring and stertor events compared to those in whom TcCO2 decreased from NREM to REM (91 vs 30 events/h; P = < .0001).ConclusionsIn children without comorbidities, the measurement of TcCO2 during sleep correlates with indicators of partial obstruction.
Neuropathogenic human coronaviruses: A review
Authors: Abdelaziz Osama S. , Waffa Zuraiha 
Published: July 2020

SummaryHuman Coronaviruses (HCoVs) have long been known as respiratory viruses. However, there are reports of neurological findings in HCoV infections, particularly in patients infected with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) amid Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Therefore, it is essential to interpret the interaction of HCoVs and the nervous system and apply this understanding to the COVID‐19 pandemic. This review of the literature analyses how HCoVs, in general, and SARS‐CoV‐2, in particular, affect the nervous system, highlights the various underlying mechanisms, addresses the associated neurological and psychiatric manifestations, and identifies the neurological risk factors involved. This review of literature shows the magnitude of neurological conditions associated with HCoV infections, including SARS‐CoV‐2. This review emphasises, that, during HCoV outbreaks, such as COVID‐19, a focus on early detection of neurotropism, alertness for the resulting neurological complications, and the recognition of neurological risk factors are crucial to reduce the workload on hospitals, particularly intensive‐care units and neurological departments.
A comparison of approaches for prioritizing removal and repair of barriers to stream connectivity
Authors: McKay S. Kyle , Martin Erik H. , McIntyre Peter B. , Milt Austin W. , Moody Allison T. , Neeson Thomas M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDams, road crossings, and water withdrawals extensively fragment rivers, and watersheds often contain hundreds or thousands of barriers, some of which no longer meet societal purposes. Accordingly, both conservationists and infrastructure managers are faced with the challenge of prioritizing barriers for repair, replacement, or removal. Candidate projects have been prioritized with dozens of methods, which span a wide range of spatial scales, data and analytical requirements, mathematical complexity, and capacity to reconcile multiple perspectives and objectives. We briefly review barrier prioritization methods from the perspective of a policy maker or manager who must balance realities of stochastic opportunities, conflicting priorities, and risk of infrastructure failure. After outlining common motivations for barrier prioritization, we present a menu of techniques ranging from large‐scale, quantitative assessments to reactive, local response to failures. By clarifying the appropriate domain for each approach, this review informs the selection of prioritization methods for restoring riverine connectivity.
Rational Design of a Novel Catalyst Cu‐SAPO‐42 for NH3‐SCR Reaction
Authors: Yan Nana , Ma Chao , Cao Yi , Liu Xiaona , Cao Lei , Guo Peng , Tian Peng , Liu Zhongmin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCu‐exchanged LTA‐type aluminosilicate catalyst has been considered as an efficient catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia (NH3‐SCR). However, expensive organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) and the corrosive fluoride medium are inevitably used to synthesize LTA‐type molecular sieve (high‐silica LTA‐type aluminosilicate and its analogue LTA‐type silicoaluminophosphate SAPO‐42). Herein, a series of cheap and commercialized OSDAs, which are successfully applied for the targeted synthesis of SAPO‐42 in the fluoride‐free system, are identified by a novel RSS (refine, summarize, and search) approach. Furthermore, Cu‐SAPO‐42 catalysts are utilized for NH3‐SCR. Among these catalysts, Cu‐SAPO‐42 prepared with 2‐(butylamino)ethanol (BAEA) as OSDA demonstrates the excellent activity even after hydrothermal aging at 800 °C for 16 h, which shows much better hydrothermal stability than the commercialized Cu‐SAPO‐34 catalyst with comparable Si and Cu contents. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement are performed to identify the locations of active Cu2+ ions. It turns out that the active Cu2+ ions are distributed near the center of single 6‐rings of the lta cage.
3D 1T‐MoS2/CoS2 Heterostructure via Interface Engineering for Ultrafast Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Feng Yangyang , Zhang Ting , Zhang Jiahui , Fan Hao , He Cheng , Song Jiangxuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMetallic phase (1T) MoS2 has been regarded as an appealing material for hydrogen evolution reaction. In this work, a novel interface‐induced strategy is reported to achieve stable and high‐percentage 1T MoS2 through highly active 1T‐MoS2/CoS2 hetero‐nanostructure. Herein, a large number of heterointerfaces can be obtained by interlinked 1T‐MoS2 and CoS2 nanosheets in situ grown from the molybdate cobalt oxide nanorod under moderate conditions. Owing to the strong interaction between MoS2 and CoS2, high‐percentage of metallic‐phase (1T) MoS2 of 76.6% can be achieved, leading to high electroconductivity and abundant active sites compared to 2H MoS2. Furthermore, the interlinked MoS2 and CoS2 nanosheets can effectively disperse the nanosheets so as to enlarge the exposed active surface area. The near zero free energy of hydrogen adsorption at the heterointerface can also be achieved, indicating the fast kinetics and excellent catalytic activity induced by heterojunction. Therefore, when applied in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), 1T‐MoS2/CoS2 heterostructure delivers low overpotential of 71 and 26 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 with low Tafel slops of 60 and 43 mV dec−1, respectively in alkaline and acidic conditions.
Machine learning‐based cognitive impairment classification with optimal combination of neuropsychological tests
Authors: Gupta Abhay , Kahali Bratati 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionAn extensive battery of neuropsychological tests is currently used to classify individuals as healthy (HV), mild cognitively impaired (MCI), and with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used machine learning models for effective cognitive impairment classification and optimized the number of tests for expeditious and inexpensive implementation.MethodsUsing random forests (RF) and support vector machine, we classified cognitive impairment in multi‐class data sets from Rush Religious Orders Study Memory and Aging Project, and National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. We applied Fisher's linear discrimination and assessed importance of each test iteratively for feature selection.ResultsRF has best accuracy with increased sensitivity, specificity in this first ever multi‐class classification of HV, MCI, and AD. Moreover, a subset of six to eight tests shows equivalent classification accuracy as an entire battery of tests.DiscussionsFully automated feature selection approach reveals six to eight tests comprising episodic, semantic memory, perceptual orientation, and executive functioning can accurately classify the cognitive status, ensuring minimal subject burden.
Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation Among Pastoralists: Rwenzori Region, Western Uganda
Authors: Nkuba Michael Robert , Chanda Raban , Mmopelwa Gagoitseope , Adedoyin Akintayo , Mangheni Margaret Najjingo , Lesolle David , Kato Edward 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the barriers to climate change adaptation among pastoralists in the Rwenzori region in Western Uganda. Despite the implementation of adaptation programs by public and private agencies, pastoralists still have impediments to adapting to climate change. Data was collected using a household survey involving 269 pastoralists. The results revealed that the main barriers were poor access to climate change information, poor access to extension services, high cost of adaptation measures, poor access to credit, and insecure land tenure. There is need to improve capacity building of extension workers and other stakeholders in the dissemination of climate change information. Land tenure and land rights issues should be given high consideration in climate change adaptation policies and programs. Climate finance programs should be made more effective in addressing the high cost of adaptation.
Hope in Ancient Greek Philosophy
Authors: Gravlee G. Scott 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter aims to illuminate ways in which hope was significant in the philosophy of classical Greece. Although ancient Greek philosophies contain few dedicated and systematic expositions on the nature of hope, they nevertheless include important remarks relating hope to the good life, to reason and deliberation, and to psychological phenomena such as memory, imagination, fear, motivation, and pleasure. After an introductory discussion of Hesiod and Heraclitus, the chapter focuses on Plato and Aristotle. Consideration is given both to Plato’s direct comments on hope and to the narrative contexts of his dialogues, with analysis of Plato’s positive and negative representations of hope, hope’s relationship to reason, and Plato’s more psychological approach in the Philebus, where hope finds a place among memory, recollection, pleasure, and pain. The chapter then reviews Aristotle’s discussions of confidence, hope, and courage, observing that although Aristotle does not mention hope as a virtue, he does note its importance to human agency and deliberation and as a foundation for the further development of virtue. The chapter concludes that discussions surrounding hope in ancient Greek philosophy are rich and challenging and can serve as a lively stimulus to further exploration of the concept of hope.
Enlightenment Views of Hope
Authors: Blöser Claudia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses accounts of hope found in the works of important Enlightenment thinkers: René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch de Spinoza, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. The paper’s guiding questions are: Where are discussions of hope located within these thinkers’ works? Do the authors provide an account of what hope is? Do they ascribe a certain function to hope? Most authors of the Enlightenment, with the exception of Kant, write about hope in the context of a general account of the passions. Their characterization of hope closely resembles the “standard definition” of hope in contemporary debates. According to this definition, hope consists of a desire and a belief in the possibility, but not the certainty, of the desired outcome. It turns out, however, that Descartes, Hobbes, and Hume advocate a stronger evidential condition for hope than is common today: According to their view, we do not hope for what we take to be merely possible, no matter how unlikely it is; we hope for what we take to be more likely. Kant’s account differs from the other ones in important respects: He does not treat hope as an affect and he does not require a probability estimate, but grounds hope in faith.
Analysis of EQ-5D Profiles
Authors: Devlin Nancy , Parkin David , Janssen Bas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProfile data form the cornerstone of analyses of EQ-5D data and, in many cases, are likely to be the primary focus of interest. In this chapter, we provide an overview of methods that can be used to describe the profile data from respondents at a given point in time, and to describe the changes in profiles between different points in time.
Analysis of EQ VAS Data
Authors: Devlin Nancy , Parkin David , Janssen Bas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIt is important when analysing EQ VAS data to understand the nature of this element of the EQ-5D questionnaire and the measurement properties that it has. (For a more detailed discussion, see Feng et al. 2014.) The EQ VAS has a unique design that does not conform to conventional Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) formats, and the widely-observed properties that VAS data have therefore do not automatically apply to EQ VAS data. It has some features that conventionally belong to a ‘rating scale’ but again, because it has an unconventional design, the properties that rating scale data have may also not apply.
Space Lower Bounds for the Signal Detection Problem
Authors: Ellen Faith , Gelashvili Rati , Woelfel Philipp , Zhu Leqi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany shared memory algorithms have to deal with the problem of determining whether the value of a shared object has changed in between two successive accesses of that object by a process when the responses from both are the same. Motivated by this problem, we define the signal detection problem, which can be studied on a purely combinatorial level. Consider a system with n + 1 processes consisting of n readers and one signaller. The processes communicate through a shared blackboard that can store a value from a domain of size m. Processes are scheduled by an adversary. When scheduled, a process reads the blackboard, modifies its contents arbitrarily, and, provided it is a reader, returns a Boolean value. A reader must return true if the signaller has taken a step since the reader’s preceding step; otherwise it must return false. Intuitively, in a system with n processes, signal detection should require at least n bits of shared information, i.e., m ≥ 2n. But a proof of this conjecture remains elusive. For the general case, we prove a lower bound of m ≥ n2. For restricted versions of the problem, where the processes are oblivious or where the signaller must write a fixed sequence of values, we prove a tight lower bound of m ≥ 2n. We also consider a version of the problem where each reader takes at most two steps. In this case, we prove that m = n + 1 blackboard values are necessary and sufficient.
Development of a nomogram predicting metastatic disease and the assessment of NCCN, AUA and EAU guideline recommendations for bone imaging in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Ma Ming-Wei , Gao Xian-Shu , Lyu Feng , Gu Xiao-Bin , Yin Huan , Li Hong-Zhen , Li Xiao-Ying , Qi Xin , Bai Yun , Chen Jia-Yan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
We identified the risk predictors related to prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis using contemporary data in a community setting. Then, we assessed the performance of indications for bone imaging recommended from the NCCN, AUA and EAU guidelines.

Methods
Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2010–2015), we collected clinicopathological information from PCa patients. The associated risk factors found by multivariate analyses were used to establish forest plots and nomograms for distant metastasis (DM) and bone(s)-only metastasis (BM). We next evaluated the NCCN, AUA and EAU guidelines indications for the discovery of certain subgroups of patients who should receive bone imaging.

Results
A total of 120,136 patients were eligible for analysis, of which 96.7% had no metastasis. The odds ratios of positive DM and BM results were 13.90 times and 15.87 times higher in patients with a histologic grade group (GG) 5 than in the reference group. The concordance index of the nomograms based on race, age, T/N stage, PSA, GG, percentage of positive scores for predicting DM and BM was 0.942 and 0.928, respectively. Performance of the NCCN, AUA and EAU guidelines was high and relatively similar in terms of sensitivity (93.2–96.9%) and negative predictive value (99.8–99.9%). NCCN guidelines had the highest accuracy, specificity and positive likelihood ratio, while negative likelihood ratio was lowest in AUA guideline.

Conclusion
Histologic GG 5 was the foremost factor for DM and BM. NCCN-based recommendations may be more rational in clinical practice. Nomograms predicting metastasis demonstrate high accuracy.