bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the recharging rate of groundwater using random forest technique
Authors: Sihag Parveen , Angelaki Anastasia , Chaplot Barkha 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccurate knowledge of the recharging rate is essential for several groundwater-related studies and projects mainly in the water scarcity regions. In this study, a comparison between different methods of soft computing-based models was obtained in order to evaluate and select the most suitable and accurate method for predicting the recharging rate of groundwater, as the natural recharging rate of the groundwater is important in efficient groundwater resource management and aquifer recharge. Experimental data have been used to investigate the improved performance of Gaussian process (GP), M5P and random forest (RF)-based regression method and evaluate the potential of these techniques in the prediction of natural recharging rate. The study also compares the prediction of recharging rate to empirical (Kostiakov model, multilinear regression, multi-nonlinear regression) equations. The RF method was selected for the recharging rate prediction and was compared with the M5P tree, GP and also empirical models. While GP, M5P tree and empirical models provide good quality of prediction performance, RF model showed superiority among them with coefficient of correlation (R) values as 0.98 and 0.91 for training and testing, respectively. Out of 106 observations collected from laboratory experiments, 73 were used for developing different models, whereas rest 33 observations were used for the assessment of the models’ performance. Sensitivity analysis recommends that time parameter (t) is the main influencing parameter, which is crucial for the prediction of the recharging rate. RF-based model is suitable for accurate prediction of recharging rate of groundwater.
Characterization and probabilistic estimation of tight carbonate reservoir properties using quantitative geophysical approach: a case study from a mature gas field in the Middle Indus Basin of Pakistan
Authors: Durrani Muhammad Zahid Afzal , Talib Maryam , Ali Anwar , Sarosh Bakhtawer , Naseem Nasir 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study a tight carbonate gas reservoir of early Eocene (S1 formation) is studied
for litho-facies estimation and probabilistic estimation of reservoir properties prediction
using quantitative geophysical approach from a mature gas field in the Middle Indus
Basin, onshore Pakistan. Quantitative seismic reservoir characterization approach
relied on well based litho-facies re-classification, Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO)
attributes analysis and Pre-Stack simultaneous inversion attributes constrained with
customized well-log and seismic data (gathers) conditioning. Three main litho-facies
(hydrocarbon bearing limestone, tight limestone and shale) are classified estimated
based on the precise analysis of well data using petrophysical properties. AVO
attributes (intercept and gradient) conveniently inspection for amplitude behavior
(reflection coefficients) of the possible AVO (class I), fluids and lithology
characteristics. Probable litho-facies (tight limestone and shale) are estimated using
well based litho-facies classification and inverted seismic attributes (p-impedance and
density) from pre-stack simultaneous inversion in a Bayesian framework. Additionally,
petrophysical properties (clay volume and porosity) are derived from probabilistic
neural network approach using well logs and pre-stack inverted attributes (pimpedance
and density) constrained with sample-based seismic attributes
(instantaneous, windowed frequency, filters, derivatives, integrated and time).
No SARS-CoV-2 detection in the German CAPNETZ cohort of community acquired pneumonia before COVID-19 peak in March 2020
Authors: Panning Marcus , Wiener Julius , Rothe Kathrin , Schneider Jochen , Pletz Mathias W. , Rohde Gernot , Rupp Jan , Witzenrath Martin , Spinner Christoph D. ,   Members of the CAPNETZ study group, Dreher M. , Cornelissen C. , Knüppel W. , Stolz D. , Suttorp N. , Bauer W. , Mikolajewska A. , Witzenrath M. , Pankow W. , Gläser S. , Thiemig D. , Prediger M. , Schmager S. , Kolditz M. , Schulte-Hubbert B. , Langner S. , Rohde G. , Bellinghausen C. , Panning M. , Hoffmann C. , Welte T. , Freise J. , Barten G. , Kröner W. , Nawrocki M. , Naim J. , Illig T. , Klopp N. , Pletz M. , Kroegel C. , Schleenvoigt B. , Forstner C. , Moeser A. , Drömann D. , Parschke P. , Franzen K. , Rupp J. , Käding N. , Wouters M. , Walraven K. , Braeken D. , Spinner C. , Zaruchas A. , Schaberg  , Heigener D. , Hering I. , Albrich W. , Waldeck F. , Rassouli F. , Baldesberger S. , Stenger S. , Wallner M. , Burgmann H. , Traby L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose

The first SARS-CoV-2 cases in Europe were reported in January 2020. Recently, concern arose on unrecognized infections before this date. For a better understanding of the pandemic, we retrospectively analyzed patient samples for SARS-CoV-2 from the prospective CAPNETZ study cohort.

Methods
We used nasopharyngeal swab samples from a cohort of well characterized patients with community acquired pneumonia of the CAPNETZ study group, recruited from different geographic regions across Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and Switzerland between 02nd December 2019 and 28th April 2020. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR for a broad range of respiratory pathogens and SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR were performed on all samples.

Results
In our cohort, respiratory pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 21.5% (42/195) of patients with rhinovirus as the most frequently detected pathogen. The detection rate increased to 29.7% (58/195) when SARS-CoV-2 was included. No SARS-CoV-2 positive sample was detected before end of March 2020.

Conclusions
Respiratory viral pathogens accounted for a considerable number of positive results but no SARS-CoV-2 case was identified before the end of March 2020.
Hierarchical Relevance Determination based on Information Criterion Minimization
Authors: Hirose Shunsuke , Kozu Tomotake , Jin Yingzi , Miyamura Yuichi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper addresses the issue of hierarchical relevance determination (HRD), which boils down to determining all degrees of freedom in a supervised mixture distribution automatically. Such relevance determination is useful for wide range of machine learning applications. However, it is difficult to solve the HRD task because its objective function includes$$L_{0}$$L0norm such as the number of models in the mixture and the optimal features to use. Our contribution is twofold. As the main contribution, we formally defined the HRD problem and subsequently proposed a solution strategy, the SICM (sequential in formation criterion minimization) algorithm. The SICM algorithm enables us to continuously minimize an information criterion such as AIC or BIC, both of which includes the number of parameters, and therefore it enables us to determine all the degrees of freedom automatically. As another contribution, we realized a concrete implementation of the ideas, and tested this on actual data. Experiments using a hierarchical model which is constructed using the SICM algorithm have revealed that SICM has capability of constructing interpretable and highly accurate model.
FGM based on copper–alumina composites for brake disc applications
Authors: Strojny-Nędza Agata , Pietrzak Katarzyna , Gili Flavia , Chmielewski Marcin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Copper–alumina composites of the interpenetrating networks type are interesting materials for many applications because of their properties. On the base of preliminary investigations and practical works, in order to obtain a material with high resistance to friction wear as well as good dissipation of heat generated during work, it was decided that a developed material would be prepared on the base of the Cu–Al2O3 composite, with a graded composition. In this paper, we present the developed method of manufacturing dense copper–alumina FGMs, using ceramic preform with a graded porosity infiltrated with molten copper. The article also presents the full characterization of the obtained materials and mainly the impact of microstructure on the useful properties. The produced gradient material of a Cu–Al2O3 brake disk underwent tribological tests under conditions resembling real conditions. These disks also went through a series of abrasive wear trials at different operation stages. In comparison with the reference material (i.e., grey cast iron), the obtained gradient materials are characterized by a lower degree of wear when retaining a similar coefficient of friction value due to the ceramic phase addition. Additionally, it was found that using the copper-based gradient material guarantees faster heat dissipation from the contact area.
Development of population-specific prediction equations for bioelectrical impedance analyses in Vietnamese children
Authors: Nguyen Phuong Hong , Young Melissa F. , Khuong Long Quynh , Ramakrishnan Usha , Martorell Reynaldo , Hoffman Daniel J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is a need for accurate, inexpensive and field-friendly methods to assess body composition in children. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a promising approach; however, there have been limited validation and use among young children in resource-poor settings. We aim to develop and validate population-specific prediction equations for estimating total fat mass (FM), fat free-mass (FFM) and percentage body fat (PBF) in Vietnamese children (4–7 years) using reactance and resistance from BIA, anthropometric variables and demographic information. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 120 children. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), BIA and anthropometry. To develop prediction equations, we split all data into development (70 %) and validation datasets (30 %). The model performance was evaluated using predicted residual error sum of squares, root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) andR2. We identified a top performing model with the least number of parameters (age, sex, weight and resistance index or resistance and height), low RMSE (FM 0·70, FFM 0·74, PBF 3·10), low MAE (FM 0·55, FFM 0·62, PBF 2·49), highR2(FM 0·95, FFM 0·92, PBF 0·82) and the least difference between predicted values and actual values from DXA (FM 0·03 kg or 0·01sd, FFM 0·06 kg or 0·02sd, PBF 0·27 % or 0·04sd). In conclusion, we developed the first valid and highly predictive equations to estimate FM, FFM and PBF in Vietnamese children using BIA. These findings have important implications for future research on the double burden of disease and risks associated with overweight and obesity in young children.
THE MEANING AND SCOPE OF ‘ASSEMBLY’ IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
Authors: Hamilton Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInformed by the ‘assembly’ jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Committee, this article addresses fundamental questions about the meaning and scope of ‘assembly’ in Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). In seeking to determine when the right of peaceful assembly might properly be engaged, the article explores the interrelationship of assembly with expression and association and proposes a definition of ‘assembly’—for the purposes of its protection—as ‘an intentional gathering by two or more people (including in private and online/virtual spaces)’. Such definitional reflection is particularly timely in light of the Human Rights Committee's drafting of General Comment No 37 on Article 21.
ENGAGING WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article considers the positive evolution of international law in the past century, and the emergence of a rules-based multilateral system under the UN Charter, which has, inter alia, enabled formerly colonised peoples to exercise their right to self-determination and prohibited the use of force in international relations. The author reaffirms his faith in the ability of international law to provide a common language for the international community to face successfully common challenges, such as poverty, global warming, and the protection of privacy rights in the era of social media and artificial intelligence. Looking beyond traditional beneficiaries and duty-bearers of international obligations, the author makes a case for all actors to engage in respecting, upholding and promoting international law.
THE PITFALLS OF UNILATERAL LEGISLATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: LESSONS FROM CONFLICT MINERALS LEGISLATION
Authors: Okowa Phoebe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article examines the compatibility of the extraterritorial application of unilateral legislation with the project of international law. Focusing on two instruments, the Dodd-Frank Act passed by the United States Congress and intended to regulate the activities of US listed companies operating in the Congo and the EU conflict minerals legislation, the article challenges their underlying premises that revenues from natural resources perpetuate conflict and resulting human rights abuses. In so far as these instruments make no provision for meaningful participation by the foreign populations which are the objects of legislation, it is argued that there is a tension between these unilateral instruments and the basic premises of law-making in international law as a democratic enterprise centred around governmental representation. By exclusively directing sanctions and other disciplinary measures at rebels, both legislative instruments have the problematic effect of strengthening the exploitation of natural resources by kleptocratic regimes and undermining the right of populations in conflict zones to civil disobedience as an inescapable component of their right of self-determination.
Subtyping late-life depression according to inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation: a prospective study
Authors: Kokkeler K. J. E. , Marijnissen R. M. , Wardenaar K. J. , Rhebergen D. , van den Brink R. H. S. , van der Mast R. C. , Oude Voshaar R. C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundInflammation and metabolic dysregulation are age-related physiological changes and are associated with depressive disorder. We tried to identify subgroups of depressed older patients based on their metabolic-inflammatory profile and examined the course of depression for these subgroups.MethodsThis clinical cohort study was conducted in a sample of 364 depressed older (⩾60 years) patients according to DSM-IV criteria. Severity of depressive symptoms was monitored every 6 months and a formal diagnostic interview repeated at 2-year follow-up. Latent class analyses based on baseline metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers were performed. Adjusted for confounders, we compared remission of depression at 2-year follow-up between the metabolic-inflammatory subgroups with logistic regression and the course of depression severity over 2-years by linear mixed models.ResultsWe identified a ‘healthy’ subgroup (n = 181, 49.7%) and five subgroups characterized by different profiles of metabolic-inflammatory dysregulation. Compared to the healthy subgroup, patients in the subgroup with mild ‘metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation’ (n = 137, 37.6%) had higher depressive symptom scores, a lower rate of improvement in the first year, and were less likely to be remitted after 2-years [OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.26–0.91)]. The four smaller subgroups characterized by a more specific immune-inflammatory dysregulation profile did not differ from the two main subgroups regarding the course of depression.ConclusionsNearly half of the patients with late-life depressions suffer from metabolic-inflammatory dysregulation, which is also associated with more severe depression and a worse prognosis. Future studies should examine whether these depressed older patients benefit from a metabolic-inflammatory targeted treatment.
Non-presentation at hospital following a suicide attempt: a national survey
Authors: Jollant Fabrice , Hawton Keith , Vaiva Guillaume , Chan-Chee Christine , du Roscoat Enguerrand , Leon Christophe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundA few previous studies suggest that a large number of individuals do not present at hospital following a suicide attempt, complicating recurrence prevention and prevalence estimation.MethodsData were extracted from a regular phone survey in representative samples of the French population aged 18–75 years old. Five surveys between 2000 and 2017 collected data about the occurrence of a previous suicide attempt and subsequent care contacts. A total of 102,729 individuals were surveyed. Among them, 6,500 (6.4%) reported a lifetime history of suicide attempt.ResultsFollowing their last suicide attempt, 39.3% reported they did not present to hospital (53.4% in 18–24 year-olds), with limited changes in rates with time. Risk factors for non-presentation were being male [adjusted odds ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (1.1–1.5)], living with someone [1.2 (1.0–1.4)], being a non-smoker [1.4 (1.2–1.6)], and being younger at time of attempt [0.97 (0.96–0.98) per year]. Of those who did not present to hospital, only 37.7% reported visiting a doctor or a psychiatrist/psychologist after their act v. 67.1% in those who presented to hospital (as a second health contact). In both cases, half disclosed their act to someone else. Prevalence rates of suicide attempts reported in community were 4.6 times higher than those in hospital administrative databases.ConclusionsThis survey at a national level confirmed that a large proportion of individuals does not go to the hospital and does not meet any health care professionals following a suicidal act. Assessment of unmet needs is necessary.
Assessment of technical errors and validation processes in economic models submitted by the company for NICE technology appraisals
Authors: Radeva Demi , Hopkin Gareth , Mossialos Elias , Borrill John , Osipenko Leeza , Naci Huseyin 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundEconomic models play a central role in the decision-making process of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Inadequate validation methods allow for errors to be included in economic models. These errors may alter the final recommendations and have a significant impact on outcomes for stakeholders.ObjectiveTo describe the patterns of technical errors found in NICE submissions and to provide an insight into the validation exercises carried out by the companies prior to submission.MethodsAll forty-one single technology appraisals (STAs) completed in 2017 by NICE were reviewed and all were on medicines. The frequency of errors and information on their type, magnitude, and impact was extracted from publicly available NICE documentation along with the details of model validation methods used.ResultsTwo STAs (5 percent) had no reported errors, nineteen (46 percent) had between one and four errors, sixteen (39 percent) had between five and nine errors, and four (10 percent) had more than ten errors. The most common errors were transcription errors (29 percent), logic errors (29 percent), and computational errors (25 percent). All STAs went through at least one type of validation. Moreover, errors that were notable enough were reported in the final appraisal document (FAD) in eight (20 percent) of the STAs assessed but each of these eight STAs received positive recommendations.ConclusionsTechnical errors are common in the economic models submitted to NICE. Some errors were considered important enough to be reported in the FAD. Improvements are needed in the model development process to ensure technical errors are kept to a minimum.
THE “LAND OF FISH”: RECONSTRUCTING THE ANCIENT AQUATIC LIFEWAY IN MICHOACÁN, WESTERN MEXICO
Authors: Williams Eduardo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article deals with the cultural activities linked to subsistence in aquatic environments (fishing, hunting, gathering, and manufacture) in Michoacán from ca. a.d. 1540 to the present. First, I present an ethnohistorical account of aquatic landscapes and resources based on the major written sources from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Second, I discuss the extant ethnographic information about subsistence activities in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin (Michoacán) during the twentieth century. Finally, I discuss the archaeological implications of all the information presented here, through an ethnoarchaeological analysis of the subsistence strategies and the material culture associated with the aquatic lifeway in the study area. The main goal of this study is to provide bridging arguments for the reconstruction and interpretation (through analogy) of the archaeological assemblages associated with production and consumption activities in aquatic landscapes within the Tarascan region and elsewhere in Mesoamerica.
Staged repair of transposition of the great arteries with anomalous coronary anatomy and complete atrioventricular canal
Authors: Sabatino Marlena E. , Chalela Tomás , Sandoval Néstor 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe association of complete atrioventricular canal with transposition of the great arteries is rare, with a prevalence of less than 3–5%. We present an 18-month-old patient with a complete atrioventricular canal, side-by-side transposition of the great arteries, and anomalous coronary anatomy, managed initially with pulmonary banding and then by arterial switch with complete atrioventricular canal repair at early infancy.
The effects of migration and pollution on cognitive skills in Caribbean economies: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Cassin Lesly 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis work examines the interaction between demographic features and environmental constraints in Caribbean small island developing states. Specifically, it aims to clarify human capital dynamics when migration and environmental quality matter. To do so, two main ingredients are introduced in an overlapping generations model: countries may benefit from migration through a brain gain or remittances, and production emits pollution that hinders the accumulation of human capital. Two cases emerge from the analysis. In the first case, an environmental policy is sufficient to correct the externality, and migration should stay at a relatively low level. In the second case, if pollution emissions are high relative to the effectiveness of environmental policy, migration leads to an increase in per capita output and human capital. This only happens if the emigration rate is already high, because it leads to a reduction in demographic pressure on the environment.