bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender, participation and attainment in STEM: A comprehensive overview of long‐term trends in the United Kingdom
Authors: Smith Emma , White Patrick 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThere is a longstanding imperative from both government and industry for a workforce with the skills needed to drive forward the scientific and technological advances that are considered so crucial to the economic prosperity of the nation. However, the skills of this workforce have purportedly been both in short supply and inadequate for many decades, leading to the well‐established narrative of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) skill shortages. One solution to this challenge has been to encourage, through myriad policies and initiatives, more young people, particularly young women, to study more science for longer. This paper contributes to the literature on the supply of STEM workers by documenting the long‐term trends in the participation and attainment of girls and women in STEM education: from school science through to graduate entry into the highly skilled STEM labour market. Using population datasets that extend across seven decades and include millions of students, it shows that gendered patterns of participation in science subjects have varied little in recent decades, suggesting that efforts to increase the number of women studying science in school have not resulted in a substantial increase in well‐qualified female graduates entering highly skilled STEM jobs. Furthermore, studying STEM appears to be generally advantageous for men, in terms of field‐related employment outcomes, but is not always associated with such higher status occupations among women.
Loosely coupled under-resolved LES/RANS simulation augmented by sparse near-wall measurement
Authors: Piroozmand Pasha , Brenner Oliver , Jenny Patrick 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We investigate scenarios, where only sparse wall shear stress measurements are available, while accurate wall shear stress and velocity profiles are sought. Applying discrete adjoint-based data assimilation, with only near-wall measurements, accurate wall shear stress profiles are achieved at the expense of unrealistic velocity profiles. We therefore add and employ internal reference data generated by performing a relatively cheap hybrid simulation. We modified the dual-mesh hybrid LES/RANS framework recently proposed by Xiao and Jenny (J Comput Phys 231(4):1848–1865, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2011.11.009) by loosely coupling under-resolved LES in the interior with steady RANS near the walls. The framework was developed in OpenFOAM and tested for flow over periodic hills with Re = 10,595. Results show that the devised framework outperforms conventional dual-mesh hybrid LES/RANS and standalone sparse wall-data assimilated RANS models. Graphical abstract Horizontal mean velocity component

$$U_{1}$$

U
1

(top plot) and wall shear stress (friction coefficient

$$C_{f}$$

C
f

) profiles at the lower wall (bottom plot) obtained with S-RANS and assimilation of sparse wall shear stress data

Graphical abstract
Loss of pulmonary capillaries in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension with low diffusion capacity is accompanied by early diffuse emphysema detected by 129Xe MRI
Authors: Kern Agilo Luitger , Park Da-Hee , Fuge Jan , Hohlfeld Jens M. , Wacker Frank , Hoeper Marius M. , Olsson Karen M. , Vogel-Claussen Jens 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objectives
Recent studies suggest the existence of an idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) phenotype affecting mostly patients with a smoking history, characterised by low diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) without clinically significant emphysema. This study’s objective was to test the hypothesis of a loss of pulmonary capillaries as an underlying mechanism by comparison to other patient groups with and without pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Materials and methods
Between March 2019 and June 2023, patients of four groups were recruited for this observational study: IPAH with preserved (1) and low DLCO (2), combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema with PH (3), and emphysema without PH (4). Patients underwent clinical CT and 129Xe MRI including dissolved-phase imaging yielding the ratio of 129Xe in red blood cells and membrane tissues (RBC-M), chemical shift saturation recovery for determining RBC fraction η and diffusion-weighted imaging yielding surface-volume ratio. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results
Twenty-nine participants were recruited, of which 22 (age 64 ± 10, 11 male, 5/5/7/5 for the individual groups) could be included in the analysis. RBC-M and η were reduced in IPAH with low versus preserved DLCO and emphysema groups (p ≤ 0.01). CT low-attenuation area percentage was not increased in IPAH with low DLCO compared to any group. 129Xe MRI-derived surface-volume ratio was reduced in IPAH with low versus preserved DLCO (p = 0.04).

Conclusion
Results are consistent with a loss of pulmonary capillaries in patients with IPAH and low DLCO along with destruction of alveolar tissue, likely due to early diffuse emphysema.

Key Points
QuestionA loss of pulmonary capillaries has been suggested in patients with IPAH and low diffusion capacity without clinically significant emphysema on CT.
Findings129Xe uptake in red blood cells and lung surface-volume ratio were reduced in IPAH patients with low compared to preserved diffusion capacity.
Clinical relevanceThis study furthers the understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms in IPAH with low diffusion capacity, providing evidence that loss of pulmonary capillaries is accompanied by alveolar tissue destruction despite near-normal CT.
Species-specific patterns of population genetic structure differ on a microgeographic scale
Authors: O’Donnell Sibelle E. , Ruggeri Maria , Blanco-Pimentel Macarena , Morikawa Megan K. , Harms Erika , Calle-Triviño Johanna , Flanagan Ben A. , Carlson Harold K. , Kenkel Carly D. , Million Wyatt C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Coral exhibits substantial variation in pelagic larval duration, dispersal range, and population connectivity. In this study, we used reduced representation genotyping to compare the genetic structure of Caribbean reef-building species along the southeastern Dominican Republic coastline to assess connectivity within the likely dispersal kernel. Despite relatively small geographic distance between reefs, species-specific differences in genetic structure were observed. The broadcasting coral Orbicella faveolata had high levels of genetic connectivity. Between the two brooding species, Agaricia agaricites showed strong genetic subdivision, while Porites astreoides exhibited high levels of gene flow. These results suggest that multiple factors outside of life history characteristics influence genetic differentiation among populations, with species-level variability underscoring the importance of restoration and management strategies tailored to individual species, considering regional genetic and environmental variability.
Apparent specific surface area as an indicator of the degree of cellulose microfibrillation
Authors: Ämmälä Ari , Sirviö Juho Antti , Laitinen Ossi , Liimatainen Henrikki , Evikari Ossi , Siljander Sanna , Björkqvist Tomas 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Tracking mechanical microfibrillation in nanocellulose production is time-consuming due to a lack of quick characterization methods. This study investigates optical monitoring of the mechanical microfibrillation process by determining the dimensions of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) particles on micron scale. Bleached hardwood pulp was microfibrillated using three sets of grinding discs in a six-stage pilot process, analyzing MFC characteristics as a function of specific energy consumption via image analysis. A laboratory-scale ultrafine grinder was also used for comparison. The degree of microfibrillation was assessed over a broad energy range using the equivalent diameter derived from the MFC length and width through image processing. The microfibrillation process adhered to Rittinger’s law, i.e., changes in the apparent specific surface area (SSA) were linearly proportional to the applied grinding energy. SSA, being inversely proportional to equivalent diameter, predicted MFC quality in terms of nanofilm strength properties. The optical fiber image analyzer proved suitable for online monitoring and control of microfibrillation processes. Despite resolution limits in detecting sub-micron particles, their proportion interrelates to the size of optically visible particles, covering industrial needs for mechanical microfibrillation.
Dynamics of the vibro-impact capsule robot with a von Mises truss
Authors: Yan Yao , Páez Chávez Joseph , Shen Jiajia , Liu Yang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractFunctionalised nonlinear structures employing structural instabilities for rapid response shape-shifting are emerging technologies with a wide range of potential applications. The von Mises truss is a widely employed model for such functionalised nonlinear structures; however, few studies have delved into its functionality when integrated with a complex dynamical system. This paper investigates its efficacy on enhancing the progression speed of a vibration-driven robot, known as the vibro-impact capsule robot, which is a piecewise-smooth dynamical system having abundant coexisting attractors. Bifurcation analysis of the capsule robot integrated with a von Mises truss is conducted for this purpose. Our numerical studies focus on the influence of the frequency and amplitude of the robot’s driving force on its progression. Specifically, we compare the periodic responses of both the capsule robots with and without the von Mises truss, utilising the numerical continuation techniques for piecewise-smooth dynamical systems. Our studies confirm the advantage of using the von Mises truss when the driving force of the robot is significantly small. Additionally, we identify an optimal operational regime on the amplitude-frequency control plane, where the maximum robot speed is achieved for a given amount of power consumption. The numerical studies presented in this work provide a promising indication of the advantages offered by the von Mises truss for vibration-driven robots. This research underscores the significant potential of functionalised nonlinear structures to enhance the efficiency of small-scale robots operating under power limitations.
Agility as a mediator in the relationship between quality management and hotel performance
Authors: Pertusa-Ortega Eva M. , Tarí Juan José , Molina-Azorín José F. , Pereira-Moliner Jorge 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis paper assumes that quality management enhances organizational agility, and that organizational agility is a dynamic capability that mediates the effect of quality management on performance in services. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the mediating role of organizational agility (customer agility, partner agility, and operational agility) in the link between quality management and performance in the hotel industry. A mediation model is used with data from 365 hotels located in Spain. The findings show that there is partial mediation, since quality management is positively and indirectly related to hotel performance through partner and operational agility.
The Collaborative Seismic Earth Model: Generation 2
Authors: Noe Sebastian , van Herwaarden Dirk‐Philip , Thrastarson Solvi , Pienkowska Marta , Masouminia Neda , Ma Jincheng , Bunge Hans‐Peter , Wehner Deborah , Rawlinson Nicholas , Gao Yajian , Tilmann Frederik , Rodgers Artie , Fichtner Andreas 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGeological interpretations, earthquake source inversions and ground motion modeling, among other applications, require models that jointly resolve crustal and mantle structure. With the second generation of the Collaborative Seismic Earth Model (CSEM2), we present a global multi‐resolution tomographic Earth model that serves this purpose. The model evolves through successive regional‐ and global‐scale refinements. While the first generation aggregated regional models, with this study, we ensure consistency between all individual submodels, resulting in a model that accurately explains wave propagation across scales. Recent regional tomographic models were incorporated, comprising continental‐scale inversions for Asia and Africa, as well as regional inversions for the Western US, Central Andes, Iran, and Southeast Asia. Across all regional refinements, over 793,000 source‐receiver pairs contributed. Moreover, the long‐wavelength Earth model (LOWE) introduces large‐scale structures outside of pre‐existing local refinements. A full‐waveform inversion for global anisotropic P‐and S‐wave speed structure over a total of 194 iterations with a minimum period of 50 s on a large data set of 1 hr of waveform data from 2,423 earthquakes and over 6 million source‐receiver pairs ensures that regional updates in the crust and uppermost mantle translate into updates of deeper, global‐scale structure. To test the performance of CSEM2, we evaluate waveform fits between observed and synthetic seismograms at 50 s for an independent data set on the global scale, and on the regional scale for lower periods. We accurately simulate waveforms within and across regional refinements, maintaining the original resolution of the submodels embedded in the global framework.
The efficacy and cerebral mechanism of intradermal acupuncture for major depressive disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wu Xiaoting , Tu Mingqi , Yu Zelin , Cao Zhijian , Qu Siying , Chen Nisang , Jin Junyan , Xiong Sangsang , Yang Jiajia , Pei Shuangyi , Xu Maosheng , Wang Jia , Shi Yan , Gao Lishu , Xie Jian , Li Xinwei , Fang Jianqiao , Shao Xiaomei 
Published: December 2024

AbstractNew combinations or alternative therapies for major depressive disorder (MDD) are necessary. Intradermal acupuncture (IA) shows promise but requires further investigation regarding its efficacy, safety, and mechanisms. Conducted across 3 centers from November 2022 to January 2024, our randomized controlled trial included 120 participants with moderate to severe MDD, divided into the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), SSRIs plus sham IA (SSRIs + SIA), and SSRIs plus active IA (SSRIs + AIA) groups. Acupuncture groups received 10 sessions over 6 weeks at Shenmen (HT7), Neiguan (PC6), Sanyinjiao (SP6) and Taichong (LR3) bilaterally, followed by a 4-week follow-up. The primary outcome was changes in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HAMD-17) scores at week 6. Furthermore, healthy controls (HCs) and MDD patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for functional connectivity (FC) analysis. After 6 weeks of treatment, the SSRIs + AIA group showed a greater reduction in HAMD-17 score than the SSRIs + SIA group (MD, −4.9 [CI, −7.6 to −2.2], P < 0.001) and SSRIs group (MD, −5.1 [CI, −7.8 to −2.3], P < 0.001). No serious adverse events occurred. SSRIs + AIA resulted in lower incidences of palpitations (vs.SSRIs + SIA: OR, 0.1% [CI, 0.0–1.0%]; vs. SSRIs: OR, 0.1% [CI, 0.0–0.7%]; P < 0.05), somnolence (vs.SSRIs + SIA: OR, 0.1% [CI, 0.0–0.9%]; vs.SSRIs: OR, 0.1% [CI, 0.0–0.7%]; P < 0.05), and nausea (vs.SSRIs + SIA: OR, 0.1% [CI, 0.0–1.0%]; vs. SSRIs: OR, 0.1% [CI, 0.0–0.9%]; P < 0.05). MDD patients showed abnormal FCs, and IA enhanced FCs between striatum and frontal_inf_tri, and striatum and cerebellum in the MRI study. Overall, IA as adjunctive therapy provides clinical efficacy and safety for MDD, and it may exert antidepressant effects by modulating striatal FCs.
Escape of etiolated hypocotyls of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from the unilateral high intensity blue light after being pulled out from the soil
Authors: Zhao Qing-Ping , Lv Qian-Yi , Fu Xiang-Lin , Wu Qi-Qi , Liu Yan-Fei , Xue Lin-Lin , Zhao Xiang 
Published: December 2024

Plant stems grow towards the incident light in response to unilateral blue light to optimize photosynthesis. However, our findings reveal that unilateral high-intensity blue light (HBL) triggers backlit lodging in etiolated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) hypocotyls when they are pulled approximately 1.5 cm from the soil. Phenotypic analysis indicated that stomata on the lit side were open, while those on the shaded side were closed under unilateral HBL. To investigate the relationship between stomatal movement and backlit lodging, we applied abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) to the lit side, and cytokinins (6-BA) and ascorbic acid (ASA) to the shaded side. Results showed that all these treatments inhibited the backlit lodging phenomenon, specifically, ABA, H2O2, and LaCl3 reduced stomatal opening on the lit side, while 6-BA and ASA enhanced stomatal opening on the shade side. These results demonstrate that HBL-induced asymmetrical stomatal opening on the lit and shade side of hypocotyl supports the backlit lodging phenomenon. Notably, maize (Zea mays), which lack stomata in the hypocotyl did not exhibit HBL-induced backlit lodging, whereas soybean (Glycine max), which has stomata in its etiolated hypocotyl, displayed a similar phenotype to that of cotton. Additionally, while both red light and low-intensity blue light (LBL) can induce stomatal opening, they do not trigger the backlit lodging phenomenon. These findings suggest that backlit lodging is a unique HBL-dependent response, but the mechanism need further investigation.
Afterword
Authors: Lafford Barbara A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
As the Foreword (Freed) to this volume attests, the works presented here were conceived within a more enlightened
and less naïve approach to SA research than the early works in this field. Freed rightly notes that the authors of the chapters in this
volume are well-aware of the need to investigate the effects of multilingual contexts, sociolinguistic variation, various individual
variables, and student agency on SA student outcomes. Since summaries of research methodologies to date and ideas for research
possibilities are included in each of this volume’s chapters as well as in Pérez-Vidal & Sanz’s Introduction, this Afterword will
focus instead on unexplored new directions- both applied and theoretical- that should serve to expand and enrich SA research in the years
ahead. Specifically, this afterword will suggest an expansion of the theoretical frameworks to be used, the number and types of
participants, the venues from which SA data are collected, the instruments utilized, the research designs and methods of analysis, and the
topics and themes to be studied using a critical ecological approach to the conception and execution of SA investigations.
NEFFy: A Versatile Tool for Computing the Number of Effective Sequences
Authors: Haghani Maryam , Bhattacharya Debswapna , Murali T. M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSummaryA Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) contains fundamental evolutionary information that is useful in the prediction of structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids. The “Number of Effective Sequences” (NEFF) quantifies the diversity of sequences of an MSA. Several tools can compute the NEFF of an MSA, each offering various options. NEFFy is the first software package to integrate all these options and calculate NEFF across diverse MSA formats for proteins, RNAs, and DNAs. It surpasses existing tools in functionality without compromising computational efficiency and scalability. NEFFy also offers per-residue NEFF calculation and supports NEFF computation for MSAs of multimeric proteins, with the capability to be extended to nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).Availability and ImplementationNEFFy is released as open-source software under the GNU General Public License v3.0. The source code in C++ and a Python wrapper are available on GitHub athttps://github.com/Maryam-Haghani/NEFFy. To ensure users can fully leverage these capabilities, comprehensive documentation and examples are provided athttps://Maryam-Haghani.github.io/NEFFy
Time- and Dose-dependent Effects of CIGB-300 in the lung squamous cell carcinoma proteomics
Authors: García-Hernández Liudy , Dai Lingfeng , Rodríguez-Ulloa Arielis , Yi Ying , González Luis J. , Besada Vladimir , Li Wen , Perea Silvio E , Perera Yasser 
Published: December 2024

AbstractProteome-wide scale in a dose- and time-depending setting is crucial in drug-regulated proteomics to fully understand the pharmacological mechanism of anticancer drugs as well as the identification of proteins suitable for drug response biomarkers. Here, we investigated the effect of the CIGB-300 anticancer peptide at IC50and IC80dose levels during 1 and 4 hours of treatment on squamous lung cancer cell (NCI-H226) proteome. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of the global proteomics while slight change of the upregulated proteins was observed, by increasing CIGB-300 dose level. The biological processes that were more represented among the modulated proteins were those related to small molecule biosynthetic process, pyridine-containing compound metabolic process and nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolism. Importantly, NSCLC previously described biomarkers and Protein Kinase CK2 substrates were significantly modulated by treating both doses of CIGB-300. These proteins, which are associated with both metabolism and cell survival, reinforce the hypothesis of the therapeutic potential of CIGB-300 as anticancer treatment for squamous non-small cell lung cancer and merits be validated as CIGB-300 response biomarkers in NSCLC patients. Overall, our proteomics-guided strategy based on time and drug dose served not only to deep into the mechanism of action of CIGB-300 but also to identify candidate proteins for pharmacodynamic and drug response biomarkers.
RIDDEN: Data-driven inference of receptor activity from transcriptomic data
Authors: Barsi Szilvia , Varga Eszter , Dimitrov Daniel , Saez-Rodriguez Julio , Hunyady László , Szalai Bence 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIntracellular signaling initiated from ligand bound receptors plays a fundamental role in both physiological regulation and development of disease states, making receptors one of the most frequent drug targets. Systems level analysis of receptor activity can help to identify cell and disease type specific receptor activity alterations. While recently several computational methods have been developed to analyse ligand -receptor interactions based on transcriptomics data, none of them focuses directly on the receptor side of these interactions. Also, most of the methods use directly the expression of ligands and receptors to infer active interaction, while co-expression of genes does not necessarily indicate functional interactions or activated state.To address these problems, we developed RIDDEN (Receptor actIvity Data Driven inferENce), a computational tool, which predicts receptor activities from the receptor-regulated gene expression profiles, and not from the expressions of ligand and receptor genes. We collected 14463 perturbation gene expression profiles for 229 different receptors. Using these data, we trained the RIDDEN model, which can effectively predict receptor activity for new bulk and single-cell transcriptomics datasets.We validated RIDDEN’s performance on independentin vitroandin vivoreceptor perturbation data, showing that RIDDEN’s model weights correspond to known regulatory interactions between receptors and transcription factors, and that predicted receptor activities correlate with receptor and ligand expressions inin vivodatasets. We also show that RIDDEN can be used to identify mechanistic biomarkers in an immune checkpoint blockade-treated cancer patient cohort.RIDDEN, the largest transcriptomics-based receptor activity inference model, can be used to identify cell populations with altered receptor activity and, in turn, foster the study of cell-cell communication using transcriptomics data.Graphical Abstract