bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The COVID-19 pandemic: a challenge for US nonprofits' financial stability
Authors: Johnson Andrew F. , Rauhaus Beth M. , Webb-Farley Kathryn 
Published: October 2020

PurposeNonprofit organizations rely on earned income, government funding, charitable donations and investment income to support numerous programs and services for the public good. During times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, some nonprofits become even more critical to provide for those in need, but the funding streams to support activities may be even more stressed. The purpose of this article is to understand how COVID-19 might affect the financial stability of nonprofits in the US.Design/methodology/approachThe article reviews historical financing patterns for US nonprofits and then uses reports and secondary data to understand how COVID-19 might change nonprofit financing in the US.FindingsEarned revenues, the largest source of revenues for nonprofits historically, are down significantly as venues remain closed or at reduced capacity. Federal government grants and contracts have not been aimed specifically at the nonprofit sector and state and local budgets are stressed, suggesting government funding may be at risk. Charitable contributions from large foundations, corporations, and individual givers have increased, with some added flexibility, but this may not be a viable source for many smaller or community-based organizations. Nonprofit leaders may need to find new ways to collaborate to overcome the pandemic and researchers should seek to understand the impacts on different types of nonprofits and their revenues.Originality/valueThe value of this article lies in understanding COVID-19's early financial impacts on nonprofits to suggest research and operating paths for academics and practitioners.
Strategic change: the impact of senior foreign managers, firm size and uncertainty avoidance
Authors: Kalasin Kiattichai 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThis study aims to examine how senior foreign executives in a top management team catalyse strategic change in firms that originated from emerging markets (EMs). It further examines the moderating effects of organisational size and uncertainty avoidance (UA) on the positive relationship between senior foreign manager and strategic change in an organisation.Design/methodology/approachThe panel data econometrics and multilevel analyses were adopted to run the model. The author tests hypotheses on 263 emerging market firms (EMFs), originating from nine EMs.FindingsEmpirical results reveal that senior foreign managers are active agents who can promote and implement strategic change in an organisation. They possess a different set of values, knowledge and experiences that can trigger strategic change. In addition, firm size and UA weaken the relationship between senior foreign manager ratio and strategic change of a firm..Practical implicationsThis study indicates that recruiting committees of EMFs should consider hiring senior foreign managers to foster a higher degree of strategic change. Nevertheless, firm size and UA may impose implementation difficulties for senior, foreign managers. As a result, the focal firm should be flexible and open to change.Originality/valueThis study aims to contribute to strategic change and top management team internationalisation literature by promoting the role of senior foreign managers and national culture on strategic change.
Biot effective stress parameter in poroelastic anisotropic media: Static and dynamic case
Authors: Morshed Sharif M. , Chesnokov Evgeny M. , Vikhoreva Alexandra A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTStress, rock microstructure and frequency are the three key factors that influence the velocities of elastic waves and, hence, are sensitive to the Biot effective stress parameter (α) in porous rocks. The effective stress in an isotropic poroelastic medium relates to applied pressure and pore pressure, with the Biot parameter (α) as a scaling factor of the pore pressure. This paper provides an independent derivation of the tensor characteristics of α through elastic moduli, a microscopic effective medium derivation, and frequency‐dependent behaviour of α for an anisotropic medium. We provide an explicit expression, especially for isotropic rock under uniaxial stress, considering the nonlinear part of elastic constants. In the effective medium derivation, we assumed that the rock contained both isolated pores and connected pores saturated with liquid. To support our theoretical formulation, we calculated the Biot tensor of sandstone and shale by inverting the ultrasonic velocities of transversely isotropic rock under uniaxial stress where mineralogical composition and porosity are known. Even though porosity and rock microstructure play significant roles in α as stress varies, we also see as much as a 21% difference between horizontal and vertical components of α for rocks with transversely isotropic symmetry. We then estimated the frequency‐dependent Biot tensor for transversely isotropic models using numerical calculations. We noticed significant differences between vertical (α33) and horizontal (α11) components of α, especially at the surface seismic frequency band. However, uniaxial stress and horizontally aligned microstructure influence the elastic moduli and Biot tensor contrarily. In general, anisotropy due to uniaxial stress shows lower α33 and higher α11. The proposed method shows an excellent prediction of α33 and α11 for given data of uniaxial stress and vice versa.
Multitarget protection of Pterospartum tridentatum phenolic‐rich extracts against a wide range of free radical species, antidiabetic activity and effects on human colon carcinoma (Caco‐2) cells
Authors: Gonçalves Ana Carolina , Bento Catarina , Nunes Ana R. , Simões Manuel , Alves Gilberto , Silva Luís R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPterospartum tridentatum is an edible endemic plant common in Portugal. Its flowers are used in culinary and are part of the popular medicine owing to its therapeutic properties. In this study, P. tridentatum flower infusion and hydroethanolic extracts were characterized concerning their phenolic composition and biological potential. By high‐performance liquid chromatography method coupled to a diode array detector analysis were detected 13 phenolics. Genistein was the major one. Concerning the biological potential, the hydroethanolic extract was the most active against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl● and also as α‐glucosidase inhibitor, while the infusion proved to be a remarkable free radical scavenger. Concerning human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco‐2) cells, it was observed that both extracts displayed dose‐dependent cytotoxicity on the viability of Caco‐2 cells, presenting cytotoxic selectivity for these cancer cells when compared to the NHDF normal cell line. Additionally, they also showed protective effects against oxidative stress induced by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide on Caco‐2 cells. The obtained results suggest that these extracts may be interesting to enrich nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and food industries; however, more studies need to be done for their inclusion in pharmaceutical preparations and/or food additives.Practical ApplicationPterospartum tridentatum is an endemic plant commonly used in folk medicine due to its depurative and hypoglycaemic properties. For this reason, we decided to determine the phenolic content of infusion and hydroethanolic extracts of P. tridentatum and their biological potential. The obtained results proved that P. tridentatum extracts are a rich source of bioactive compounds and possess great antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, ability to protect human erythrocytes against oxidative damage, inhibiting hemolysis, hemoglobin oxidation, and lipid peroxidation, and to interfere with Caco‐2 cells growth and to protect these cells when subject to tert‐butyl hydroperoxide oxidative stress conditions.
Fast, flexible alternatives to regular grid designs for spatial capture–recapture
Authors: Durbach Ian , Borchers David , Sutherland Chris , Sharma Koustubh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Spatial capture–recapture (SCR) methods use the location of detectors (camera traps, hair snares and live‐capture traps) and the locations at which animals were detected (their spatial capture histories) to estimate animal density. Despite the often large expense and effort involved in placing detectors in a landscape, there has been relatively little work on how detectors should be located. A natural criterion is to place traps so as to maximize the precision of density estimators, but the lack of a closed‐form expression for precision has made optimizing this criterion computationally demanding.

Recent results by Efford and Boulanger (2019) show that precision can be well approximated by a function of the expected number of detected individuals and expected number of recapture events, both of which can be evaluated at low computational cost. We use these results to develop a method for obtaining survey designs that optimize this approximate precision for SCR studies using count or binary proximity detectors, or multi‐catch traps.

We show how the basic design protocol can be extended to incorporate spatially varying distributions of activity centres and animal detectability. We illustrate our approach by simulating from a camera trap study of snow leopards in Mongolia and comparing estimates from our designs to those generated by regular or optimized grid designs. Optimizing detector placement increased the number of detected individuals and recaptures, but this did not always lead to more precise density estimators due to less precise estimation of the effective sampling area. In most cases, the precision of density estimators was comparable to that obtained with grid designs, with improvement in some scenarios where approximate < 20% and density varied spatially.

Designs generated using our approach are transparent and statistically grounded. They can be produced for survey regions of any shape, adapt to known information about animal density and detectability, and are potentially easier and less costly to implement. We recommend their use as good, flexible candidate designs for SCR surveys when reasonable knowledge of model parameters exists. We provide software for researchers to construct their own designs, in the form of updates to design functions in the r package oSCR.
Prevention of Alcohol‐Exposed Pregnancies and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women: A Systematic Review
Authors: Erng May Na , Smirnov Andrew , Reid Natasha 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundPrenatal alcohol exposure can result in a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including in some cases fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder. Thus, there is pressing need for effective interventions to prevent alcohol‐exposed pregnancies (AEPs).MethodsA systematic review was undertaken to provide an up‐to‐date analysis of the current prevention literature. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched for relevant English‐language articles published from 1970 onward. Studies were eligible for the current systematic review if the interventions included pregnant and postpartum women and/or their support networks to prevent AEPs and FASD. Outcomes of interest included alcohol consumption, knowledge, contraceptive use, neonatal outcomes, family well‐being or functioning, economics, and healthcare utilization outcomes.ResultsThirty‐four peer‐reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen studies employed brief intervention (BI) methods, 6 used long‐term/intensive strategies, and 5 were educational interventions. A further 3 studies assessed counseling approaches, 2 evaluated multicomponent interventions, and 3 assessed nutritional supplementation interventions.ConclusionsThe current review identified variable results from available interventions to prevent alcohol use among pregnant and postpartum women. Preliminary evidence demonstrated that BIs may be effective among subgroups of pregnant women with higher initial alcohol consumption, those with partner involvement, and those who used alcohol and other substances concurrently. Some preliminary evidence relating to long‐term interventions with pregnant women with polysubstance use emerged, specifically case management that not only focused on reduction in substance use, but also on addressing the complex interplay between health and social well‐being of families. Overall, additional research is required to improve the effectiveness of preventative approaches during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Impact of braconid wasps on larval performance of longhorned borer Coptocercus rubripes Boisduval (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Eucalyptus forest of southwestern Australia
Authors: Seaton Stephen A , Hardy Giles E St J 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn southwestern Australia, outbreaks of cerambycids have been associated with infestation of drying and stressed trees. Felled timber provides an abundant habitat for a variety of subcortical beetles where their development can be modified by attack from natural enemies, including parasitoids. There are a variety of parasitoid wasps of cerambycids native to Australia, yet their effectiveness in controlling the larval performance of borers has been little studied. Approximately 700 Eucalyptus trees felled to realign a forest road provided an opportunity to determine how a mass of drying logs influences borer infestation rates and whether parasitoid wasps were effective in controlling borer survival. The native borer Coptocercus rubripes (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) caused an extensive infestation of fallen trees at the clearfell site. These infestations were subsequently limited by the direct effect of parasitism from the native braconid wasps Callibracon limbatus and Syngaster lepidus emerging from a single hole in a white cocoon. The effects of parasitism showed inverse density dependency where high borer larval densities increased the chances of borer larval survival. The absence of parasitism in caged logs promoted high borer larval densities and greatly improved adult borer survival, and while this increased the demand for sapwood resources, it promoted early adult borer emergence. Control by native braconid wasps of high infestations of Co. rubripes borers attacking drying and stressed trees limits adult borer emergence and has the potential to partially regulate borer populations.
Using a limited sampling strategy to investigate the interindividual pharmacokinetic variability in metformin: A large prospective trial
Authors: Kuhlmann Ida , Arnspang Pedersen Sidsel , Skov Esbech Peter , Bjerregaard Stage Tore , Hougaard Christensen Mette Marie , Brøsen Kim 
Published: October 2020

AimsRecently a limited sampling strategy (LSS) for determination of metformin' pharmacokinetics was developed. The LSS utilizes the plasma concentration of metformin 3 and 10 hours after oral intake of a single dose to estimate the area under the concentration–time curve up to 24 hours (AUC0–24h). The main purpose of this study was to support the feasibility of this strategy in a large prospective trial.MethodsVolunteers orally ingested two 500‐mg tablets of metformin hydrochloride. A blood sample was drawn three and ten hours after the ingestion. Urine was collected for 0–10 and 10–24 hours and urine volumes recorded. The AUC0–24h was calculated using the equation AUC0–24h = 4.779 * C3 + 13.174 * C10. Additionally, all participants were genotyped for the single‐nucleotide polymorphism A270S in OCT2, g.‐66 T > C in MATE1, R61C, G465R, G401S and the deletion M420del in OCT1.ResultsIn total, 212 healthy volunteers participated. The median (25th ‐ 75th interquartile range) AUC0 − 24h, CLrenal, C3 and C10, were 10 600 (8470–12 500) ng* hr* mL−1, 29 (24–34) L* hour−1, 1460 (1180–1770) and 260 (200–330) ng* mL−1, respectively, which is in agreement with our previous results. GFRi was correlated with metformin AUC and CLrenal (P < .001). As expected, we found a great pharmacokinetic interindividual variability among the volunteers and no effect of the OCT1 genotype on the AUC0 − 24h. We were unable to reproduce our previous finding of a gene–gene interaction (OCT2 and MATE1) effect on CLrenal in this cohort.ConclusionThis study further supports the use of the 2‐point LSS algorithm in large pharmacokinetic trials.
Prevalence of open neural tube defects and risk factors related to isolated anencephaly and spina bifida in live births from the “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara (Jalisco, Mexico)
Authors: Corona‐Rivera Jorge Román , Olvera‐Molina Sandra , Pérez‐Molina J. Jesús , Aranda‐Sánchez Cristian Irela , Bobadilla‐Morales Lucina , Corona‐Rivera Alfredo , Peña‐Padilla Christian , Ruiz‐Gómez Adolfo , Morales‐Domínguez Guadalupe Elena 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe determine the prevalence and trends of open neural tube defects (ONTDs) during 1991 to 2019 at the “Dr. Juan I. Menchaca” Civil Hospital of Guadalajara (Mexico). Also, details of potential risks were obtained in 662 newborns, including those 143 patients with anencephaly and open spina bifida (OSB) classified as isolated (cases) and 519 controls. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Among 267 201 live births during the study period, 336 were born with ONTDs, yielding an overall prevalence of 12.6 per 10 000. After folic acid (FA)‐related programs began in Mexico (2003‐2019), only OSB showed a decline of 20.6%. For anencephaly, associated risks included relatives with neural tube defects (NTDs) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 67.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 11.3‐409.8), pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (aOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1‐6.0), insufficient gestational weight gain (aOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.3‐7.1), parity ≥4 (aOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.3‐7.7), and exposure to analgesic/antipyretic drugs (aOR: 9.0; 95% CI: 2.5‐33.0). For OSB, associated risks included consanguinity (aOR: 14.0, 95% CI: 3.5‐55.9), relatives with NTDs (aOR: 22.4, 95% CI: 4.5‐112.9), BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (aOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6‐4.2), insufficient gestational weight gain (aOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1‐3.1), and exposures to hyperthermia (aOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2‐4.3), common cold (aOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.6‐12.7), and analgesic/antipyretic drugs (aOR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.3‐10.0). Our high rate probably results from exposures to preventable risks, most related to FA, indicating a need for strengthening existing FA‐related programs in Mexico.
Glycaemic profiles of diverse patients with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin: MOBILE study baseline data
Authors: Peters Anne , Cohen Nathan , Calhoun Peter , Ruedy Katrina J. , Beck Roy W. , Martens Thomas W. , Bao Shichun , Njeru Nelly M. , Beck Stayce E. , Price David A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBasal insulin is often prescribed to patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, its therapeutic efficacy is inadequate in many. During the MOBILE study's baseline phase, we evaluated 173 participants' continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data (mean ± SD age 57 ± 9 years; 50% female; HbA1c 9.1% [range 7.1%‐11.6%]; 40% using sulphonylureas; 19% using NPH; reported self‐monitored blood glucose [SMBG] frequency median 1.0 checks/day) who were using basal, but not prandial insulin. Blinded CGM data were recorded for 10 days prior to randomization. The mean glucose value was 208 ± 47 mg/dL and it was lowest in the early morning. Mean time in the 70‐180 mg/dL range was 9.6 ± 6.1 hours/day (40% ± 25%). Hyperglycaemia was extensive with medians of 14.7 (61%) and 5.0 (20.9%) hours/day with glucose greater than 180 and 250 mg/dL, respectively. Hypoglycaemia was infrequent (median [IQR] 0 [0, 4.3] minutes/day [0.0% {0.0%, 0.3%}] with glucose less than 70 mg/dL). Blinded CGM highlights the limitations of infrequent SMBG in basal insulin users with T2D and allows characterization of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia in basal insulin users with suboptimal control. The MOBILE study randomized phase will define the benefits of using real‐time CGM compared with SMBG in this population.
Selection on individuals of introduced species starts before the actual introduction
Authors: Baños‐Villalba Adrián , Carrete Martina , Tella Jose Luis , Blas Julio , Potti Jaime , Camacho Carlos , Diop Moussa Sega , Marchant Tracy A. , Cabezas Sonia , Edelaar Pim 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBiological invasion is a global problem with large negative impacts on ecosystems and human societies. When a species is introduced, individuals will first have to pass through the invasion stages of uptake and transport, before actual introduction in a non‐native range. Selection is predicted to act during these earliest stages of biological invasion, potentially influencing the invasiveness and/or impact of introduced populations. Despite this potential impact of pre‐introduction selection, empirical tests are virtually lacking. To test the hypothesis of pre‐introduction selection, we followed the fate of individuals during capture, initial acclimation, and captivity in two bird species with several invasive populations originating from the international trade in wild‐caught pets (the weavers Ploceus melanocephalus and Euplectes afer). We confirm that pre‐introduction selection acts on a wide range of physiological, morphological, behavioral, and demographic traits (incl. sex, age, size of body/brain/bill, bill shape, body mass, corticosterone levels, and escape behavior); these are all traits which likely affect invasion success. Our study thus comprehensively demonstrates the existence of hitherto ignored selection acting before the actual introduction into non‐native ranges. This could ultimately change the composition and functioning of introduced populations, and therefore warrants greater attention. More knowledge on pre‐introduction selection also might provide novel targets for the management of invasive species, if pre‐introduction filters can be adjusted to change the quality and/or quantity of individuals passing through such that invasion probability and/or impacts are reduced.