bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory physiotherapy in patients with COVID-19 infection in acute setting: a Position Paper of the Italian Association of Respiratory Physiotherapists (ARIR)
Authors: Lazzeri Marta , Lanza Andrea , Bellini Raffaella , Bellofiore Angela , Cecchetto Simone , Colombo Alessia , D'Abrosca Francesco , Del Monaco Cesare , Gaudellio Giuseppe , Paneroni Mara , Privitera Emilia , Retucci Mariangela , Rossi Veronica , Santambrogio Martina , Sommariva Maurizio , Frigerio Pamela 
Published: March 2020

Respiratory physiotherapy in patients with COVID-19 infection in acute setting: a Position Paper of the Italian Association of Respiratory Physiotherapists (ARIR)
On February 2020, Italy, especially the northern regions, was hit by an epidemic of the new SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus that spread from China between December 2019 and January 2020. The entire healthcare system had to respond promptly in a very short time to an exponential growth of the number of subjects affected by COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) with the need of semi-intensive and intensive care units.
Microstructural and Corrosion Resistance of Lean Duplex Stainless Steel UNS S32304 Welded by SAW with Cold Wire Addition
Authors: Ferreira dos Santos Neice , Esteves Luiza , Nery Garcia João Henrique , Júnior Ronaldo Cardoso , Modenesi Paulo José , Pereira da Silva Brunela , Aoki Idalina Vieira , Reis da Costa Campos Wagner 
Published: March 2020

The results of the corrosion tests, in chloride environment, of lean duplex stainless steel UNS S32304 welded by submerged arc welding (SAW) process variant with cold wire, indicated that the sample with higher heat input heat input (HI) (2.7 kJ/mm) had higher corrosion resistance, which can be explained by higher amount of austenite and lower amount of precipitates. Therefore, the results indicate that the use of HI above the limit recommended by literature (2.5 kJ/mm) may produce welds with adequate corrosion resistance with SAW with cold wire addition, because this technique has the potential to deliver higher productivity still controlling the process HI.
Deconvolution of boundary layer depth and aerosol constraints on cloud water path in subtropical stratocumulus decks
Authors: Possner Anna , Eastman Ryan , Bender Frida , Glassmeier Franziska 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The liquid water path (LWP) adjustment due to aerosol–cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus remains a considerable source of uncertainty for climate sensitivity estimates. An unequivocal attribution of LWP adjustments to changes in aerosol concentration from climatology remains difficult due to the considerable covariance between meteorological conditions alongside changes in aerosol concentrations. We utilise the susceptibility framework to quantify the potential change in LWP adjustment with boundary layer (BL) depth in subtropical marine stratocumulus. We show that the LWP susceptibility, i.e. the relative change in LWP scaled by the relative change in cloud droplet number concentration, in marine BLs triples in magnitude from −0.1 to −0.31 as the BL deepens from 300 to 1200 m and deeper. We further find deep BLs to be underrepresented in pollution tracks, process modelling, and in situ studies of aerosol–cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus. Susceptibility estimates based on these approaches are skewed towards shallow BLs of moderate LWP susceptibility. Therefore, extrapolating LWP susceptibility estimates from shallow BLs to the entire cloud climatology may underestimate the true LWP adjustment within subtropical stratocumulus and thus overestimate the effective aerosol radiative forcing in this region. Meanwhile, LWP susceptibility estimates in deep BLs remain poorly constrained. While susceptibility estimates in shallow BLs are found to be consistent with process modelling studies, they overestimate pollution track estimates.
Characterising mass-resolved mixing state of black carbon in Beijing using a morphology-independent measurement method
Authors: Yu Chenjie , Liu Dantong , Broda Kurtis , Joshi Rutambhara , Olfert Jason , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing , Coe Hugh , Allan James D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Refractory black carbon (rBC) in the atmosphere is known
for its significant impacts on climate. The relationship between the
microphysical and optical properties of rBC remains poorly understood and is
influenced by its size and mixing state. Mixing state also influences its
cloud scavenging potential and thus atmospheric lifetime. This study
presents a coupling of a centrifugal particle mass analyser (CPMA) and a
single-particle soot photometer (SP2) for the morphology-independent
quantification of the mixing state of rBC-containing particles, used in the
urban site of Beijing as part of the Air Pollution and Human Health–Beijing
(APHH-Beijing) project during winter (10 November–10 December 2016)
and summer (18 May–25 June 2017). This represents a highly
dynamic polluted environment with a wide variety of conditions that could be
considered representative of megacity area sources in Asia. An inversion
method (used for the first time on atmospheric aerosols) is applied to the
measurements to present two-variable distributions of both rBC mass and
total mass of rBC-containing particles and calculate the mass-resolved
mixing state of rBC-containing particles, using previously published
metrics. The mass ratio between non-rBC material and rBC material (MR) is
calculated to determine the thickness of a hypothetical coating if the rBC
and other material followed a concentric sphere model (the equivalent
coating thickness). The bulk MR (MRbulk) was found to vary
between 2 and 12 in winter and between 2 and 3 in summer. This mass-resolved mixing
state is used to derive the mass-weighted mixing state index for the
rBC-containing particles (χrBC). χrBC
quantifies how uniformly the non-rBC material is distributed across the
rBC-containing-particle population, with 100 % representing uniform
mixing. The χrBC in Beijing varied between 55 % and
70 % in winter depending on the dominant air masses, and χrBC was highly correlated with increased MRbulk and
PM1 mass concentration in winter, whereas χrBC in
summer varied significantly (ranging 60 %–75 %) within the
narrowly distributed MRbulk and was found to be independent
of air mass sources. In some model treatments, it is assumed that more
atmospheric ageing causes the BC to tend towards a more homogeneous mixture,
but this leads to the conclusion that the MRbulk may only
act as a predictor of χrBC in winter. The particle
morphology-independent and mass-based information on BC mixing used in this
and future studies can be applied to mixing-state-aware models investigating
atmospheric rBC ageing.
Winter hydrometeorological extreme events modulated by large-scale atmospheric circulation in southern Ontario
Authors: Champagne Olivier , Leduc Martin , Coulibaly Paulin , Arain M. Altaf 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Extreme events are widely studied across the world because of their major implications for many aspects of society and especially floods. These events are generally studied in terms of precipitation or temperature extreme indices that are often not adapted for regions affected by floods caused by snowmelt. The rain on snow index has been widely used, but it neglects rain-only events which are expected to be more frequent in the future. In this study, we identified a new winter compound index and assessed how large-scale atmospheric circulation controls the past and future evolution of these events in the Great Lakes region. The future evolution of this index was projected using temperature and precipitation
from the Canadian Regional Climate Model large ensemble (CRCM5-LE). These
climate data were used as input in Precipitation Runoff Modelling System (PRMS) hydrological model to simulate the
future evolution of high flows in three watersheds in southern Ontario. We
also used five recurrent large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns in
north-eastern North America and identified how they control the past and
future variability of the newly created index and high flows. The results
show that daily precipitation higher than 10 mm and temperature higher than 5 ∘C were necessary historical conditions to produce high flows in these three watersheds. In the historical period, the occurrences of these heavy rain and warm events as well as high flows were associated with two main patterns characterized by high Z500 anomalies centred on eastern Great Lakes (HP regime) and the Atlantic Ocean (South regime). These hydrometeorological extreme events will still be associated with the same atmospheric patterns in the near future. The future evolution of the index will be modulated by the internal variability of the climate system, as higher Z500 on the east coast will amplify the increase in the number of
events, especially the warm events. The relationship between the extreme
weather index and high flows will be modified in the future as the snowpack
reduces and rain becomes the main component of high-flow generation. This
study shows the value of the CRCM5-LE dataset in simulating hydrometeorological extreme events in eastern Canada and better
understanding the uncertainties associated with internal variability of climate.
Educación STEM en y para el mundo digital
Authors: López Simó Victor , Couso Lagarón Digna , Simarro Rodríguez Cristina 
Published: March 2020

Actualmente existe un amplio abanico de herramientas digitales que se pueden usar en la enseñanza de la ciencia, la tecnología, la ingeniería y la matemática (las denominadas disciplinas STEM) durante la escolaridad primaria y secundaria. A partir de las definiciones propuestas por documentos marco de amplio consenso internacional, se discuten los puntos de encuentro entre la educación STEM y las herramientas digitales, y cómo una adecuada simbiosis entre ambas puede servir tanto para mejorar las competencias científicas, matemáticas y tecnológicas de los estudiantes como para mejorar sus competencias digitales necesarias para el desarrollo personal y profesional en la era digital. Pretendemos aportar una perspectiva al uso de herramientas digitales en el aula que trascienda las modas pasajeras, y que se centre en por qué y en el cómo usar cada una de estas herramientas, y para ello nos centramos en señalar tanto las oportunidades que ofrece la enseñanza digital para el aprendizaje STEM como las oportunidades que ofrece la enseñanza STEM para el aprendizaje digital. Con este conjunto de reflexiones y aportaciones provenientes de la investigación en el ámbito proponemos superar el debate sobre “herramientas digitales sí o no”. Teniendo en cuenta los beneficios de las mismas, en particular para un ámbito con tanta relevancia cultural, social y económica como STEM, lo importante sería dedicar más esfuerzos a clarificar “cómo y para qué” usar estas herramientas en la escuela.
Currently there is a wide range of digital tools that can be used in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education (the STEM disciplines) during primary and secondary school. Based on the definitions proposed by international consensus frameworks,we aim to discuss the relationship STEM education and digital tools, focusing on how an adequate symbiosis between both can contribute both to improve the scientific, mathematical and technological students‘ competences, and to improve their digital skills, necessary for their personal and professional development in the digital era. We intend to provide a perspective to the use of digital tools in school, going beyong fashions, and discussing why and how to use each of these tools. More especifically, we propose which opportunities offers the digital-based instruction for STEM learning, and at the same time which opportunities offers the STEM instruction for digital learning. With this research-based discussion, we aim to overcome the debate "digital tools yes or not", but "how and why" to use these tools in school.
Hacker States
Authors: Follis Luca , Fish Adam 
Published: March 2020

How hackers and hacking moved from being a target of the state to a key resource for the expression and deployment of state power.
In this book, Luca Follis and Adam Fish examine the entanglements between hackers and the state, showing how hackers and hacking moved from being a target of state law enforcement to a key resource for the expression and deployment of state power. Follis and Fish trace government efforts to control the power of the internet; the prosecution of hackers and leakers (including such well-known cases as Chelsea Manning, Edward Snowden, and Anonymous); and the eventual rehabilitation of hackers who undertake “ethical hacking” for the state. Analyzing the evolution of the state's relationship to hacking, they argue that state-sponsored hacking ultimately corrodes the rule of law and offers unchecked advantage to those in power, clearing the way for more authoritarian rule.
Follis and Fish draw on a range of methodologies and disciplines, including ethnographic and digital archive methods from fields as diverse as anthropology, STS, and criminology. They propose a novel “boundary work” theoretical framework to articulate the relational approach to understanding state and hacker interactions advanced by the book. In the context of Russian bot armies, the rise of fake news, and algorithmic opacity, they describe the political impact of leaks and hacks, hacker partnerships with journalists in pursuit of transparency and accountability, the increasingly prominent use of extradition in hacking-related cases, and the privatization of hackers for hire.
Extraterrestrials
Authors: Roush Wade 
Published: March 2020

Are we alone in the universe? If not, where is everybody? An engaging exploration of one of the most important unsolved problems in science.
Everything we know about how planets form and how life arises suggests that human civilization on Earth should not be unique. We ought to see abundant evidence of extraterrestrial activity—but we don't. Where is everybody? In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, science and technology writer Wade Roush examines one of the great unsolved problems in science: is there life, intelligent or otherwise, on other planets?
This paradox (they're bound to be out there; but where are they?), first formulated by the famed physicist Enrico Fermi, has fueled decades of debate, speculation, and, lately, some actual science. Roush lays out the problem in its historical and modern-day context and summarizes the latest thinking among astronomers and astrobiologists. He describes the long history of speculation about aliens (we've been debating the idea for thousands of years); the emergence of SETI (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) as a scientific discipline in the 1960s, and scientists' use of radio and optical techniques to scan for signals; and developments in astrobiology (the study of how life might arise in non-Earth like environments) and exoplanet research (the discovery of planets outside our solar system). Finally, he discusses possible solutions to the Fermi Paradox and suggests way to refocus SETI work that might increase the chances of resolving the paradox—and finding extraterrestrials.
Carbon Captured
Authors: Mildenberger Matto 
Published: March 2020

A comparative examination of domestic climate politics that offers a theory for cross-national differences in domestic climate policymaking.
Climate change threatens the planet, and yet policy responses have varied widely across nations. Some countries have undertaken ambitious programs to stave off climate disaster, others have done little, and still others have passed policies that were later rolled back. In this book, Matto Mildenberger opens the “black box” of domestic climate politics, examining policy making trajectories in several countries and offering a theoretical explanation for national differences in the climate policy process.
Mildenberger introduces the concept of double representation—when carbon polluters enjoy political representation on both the left (through industrial unions fearful of job loss) and the right (through industrial business associations fighting policy costs)—and argues that different climate policy approaches can be explained by the interaction of climate policy preferences and domestic institutions. He illustrates his theory with detailed histories of climate politics in Norway, the United States, and Australia, along with briefer discussions of policies in in Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Canada. He shows that Norway systematically shielded politically connected industrial polluters from costs beginning with its pioneering carbon tax; the United States, after the failure of carbon reduction legislation, finally acted on climate reform through a series of Obama administration executive actions; and Australia's Labor and Green parties enacted an emissions trading scheme, which was subsequently repealed by a conservative Liberal party government. Ultimately, Mildenberger argues for the importance of political considerations in understanding the climate policymaking process and discusses possible future policy directions.
The CEFR-TBL in Fostering Thai Pre-service Teachers’ English Speaking Ability Using the Peer Interview Task
Authors: Phaisannan Thatsanaphan , Charttrakul Kanjana , Damnet Anamai 
Published: March 2020

This study aims to promote English pre-service teachers’ speaking ability by integrating task-based learning (TBL) and the CEFR (Council of Europe, 2001) in designing an innovative program (the CEFR-TBL). This presentation discusses the results of an investigation of the pre-service teachers’ speaking ability using peer-interview technique. Also, their perceptions towards the CEFR-TBL Innovative Program were examined. The participants were thirty-six 4th year students in English Education Program at a Rajabhat University in the central part of Thailand. Research method applied in this study was action research and case study approach. Data sources were collected from interview video recordings, and a set of questionnaire. Data analysis employed Grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1999) for qualitative data, and means and S.D for quantitative ones. Findings from the peer interview task revealed five aspects of students’ English speaking although they were able to successfully communicate in their interview conversation. Also, the results from the questionnaire showed that the students perceived the benefits of the CEFR-TBL Innovative Program and that the program enhanced them in using English in both verbal and non-verbal communication.
The L2 Acquisition of Mass Nouns by Arab Leaners of English
Authors: Sabir Mona 
Published: March 2020

This study explores how Arab L2 learners of English acquire mass nouns. The mass/count distinction is a morphosyntactically encoded grammatical distinction. Arabic and English have different morphosyntactic realisations of mass nouns. English mass nouns take the form of bare singular whereas Arabic mass nouns can take the definite singular form or the indefinite singular, but never the bare singular form. Therefore, the study explores how Arab learners interpret English mass nouns in light of the morphosyntactic differences between the two languages. 45 upper- and lower-intermediate Arab English learners were given a context-based acceptability judgment task on English mass nouns. It was hypothesised that Arabic learners would be influenced by their first language (L1), causing them to over accept definite singulars and under accept bare singulars as grammatical in mass noun contexts. The findings are consistent with what was hypothesised, except that Arab learners were found to interpret bare singulars accurately. It is argued that learners’ performance is affected by not only L1transfer but also UG accessibility where learners can structure away from L1 and more towards L2. Consequently, the findings implicate that L2 teachers should not teach grammatical structures that come for free and instead they should focus on grammatical structures that cause L2 acquisition difficulty.
Association of Intermittent and Constant Knee Pain Patterns With Knee Pain Severity and With Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis Duration and Severity
Authors: Carlesso Lisa C. , Hawker Gillian A. , Torner James , Lewis Cora E. , Nevitt Michael , Neogi Tuhina ,   for the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Group
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo examine the relation of knee pain patterns to pain severity and to radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) severity and duration.MethodsThe Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study is a longitudinal cohort of older adults with or at risk of knee OA. Participants’ Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP) scores were characterized as 1) no intermittent or constant pain, 2) intermittent pain only, 3) constant pain only, and 4) a combination of constant and intermittent pain. Knee pain severity was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale and a visual analog scale (VAS). Radiographic knee OA (ROA) severity was defined as Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2, and ROA duration was defined according to the clinic visit at which ROA was first noted. We assessed the relation of ICOAP pain patterns to knee pain severity, ROA severity, and ROA duration using regression models with generalized estimating equations.ResultsThere were 2,322 participants (mean age 68.8 years, body mass index 31.0 kg/m2, 60% female). Higher ICOAP pain patterns, i.e., a mix of constant and intermittent pain, were associated with greater WOMAC pain severity compared with those patients without either pain pattern (odds ratio [OR] 43.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 26.4–61.3]). Results were similar for the VAS (OR 71.2 [95% CI 45.7–110.9]). Those patients with more severe and longer duration of ROA were more likely to have a mix of constant and intermittent pain compared with those without either pain (OR 3.7 [95% CI 3.1–4.6] and OR 2.9 [95% CI 2.5–3.5], respectively).ConclusionKnee pain patterns are associated with radiographic disease stage and duration, as well as pain severity, highlighting the fact that pain patterns are important for understanding symptomatic disease progression.