bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optics: The various speeds of lights 1
Authors: Mark Harry 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOptics: The various speeds of lights 1 Ophthalmologists are naturally interested in keeping up with physical optics aside from the simple optical needs of practice. By measuring the periods of Jupiter's satellite Ole Roemer determined that the speed of light was higher when approaching and lower when receding from Jupiter then when at a steady distance from it. By measuring the angle which light from a star forms with an observer moving perpendicular to it James Bradley determined tat the speed of light was higher when approaching the vertical, and lower when receding from it than when positioned directly under it. By determining that the speed of light did not change when both its source and its observer were at a steady distance from one another and moving forward uniformly on the same platform, Albert Michelson conformed that light's motions were no different than those of any other motion. 1. Mark H.H. Fundamental Optics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge. 2019.
Beware the cat! Toxoplasma & co.
Authors: Carreño Ester 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOcular toxoplasmosis is the most common posterior uveitis. However atypical forms, such as those associated with severe occlusive vasculitis or mimicking acute retinal necrosis are a diagnostic challenge. The aim of this presentation id to help in the management and diagnosis of classic toxoplasma chorioretinitis and its more atypical presentations.
The role of simulators in future education and qualification in ophthalmology
Authors: Grupcheva Christina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOphthalmology is one of the specialties that require very special skills because of the delicate and very fine structure of the eye and its adnexa. Today we operate utilizing not only microscopes but also 3 D systems. The skills required are not just difficult to acquire, but also complicated to sustain. Moreover, training in real patients is challenging from regulatory, ethical, moral, emotional and many other reasons. Therefore, utilizing simulators for training and CME is and opportunity with excellent perspective. Currently there are number of centers in Europe that implement simulators for ophthalmology training, however, there is no guideline for simulator training, except for Royal College of Ophthalmology in UK. The purpose of the presentation is to highlight pros and cones in simulation training and discuss the opportunities for improvement of the skills of beginner and established surgeon. Never‐the‐less, simulation training is the future, and ophthalmology educators must look for opportunities how to optimize and improve the complicated learning process for trainees at all levels.
Treatment approaches for radiation maculopathy and retinopathy
Authors: Isabel Riechardt Aline 
Published: December 2019

AbstractToday it is possible to irradiate tumours, which would have been enucleated in the past and in addition remain high local tumor control rates. This is a consequence of our increasing understanding of irradiation‐induced side effects. The development of radiation‐induced maculopathy and retinopathy remain one of the most significant risk factors for visual impairment and secondary enucleation after irradiation. Therefore, it is essential to identify patients at risk and to offer them an appropriate treatment at the right time. The use of ultra‐wide field angiography offers us the possibility to detect early stages of peripheral ischemia to sufficiently treat patients with pan‐retinal photocoagulation. The consequent use of intravitreal VEGF‐inhibitors and corticosteroids gives us the opportunity to impede or at least delay the development of visual impairment due to radiation maculopathy. If possible, one should already try and spare or at least reduce the dose to vulnerable structures without compromising the local tumor control, when choosing the source of irradiation or during the planning procedure.
Neutrophils as an important pathophysiologic cellular component in the onset of AMD
Authors: Sinha Debasish 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVision loss from age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is an expanding, major unmet problem due to the aging population worldwide. Inflammation has emerged as a potential cause of AMD, but how inflammation contributes to vision loss in AMD remains controversial despite intensive study around the world. Herein, we identify inflammatory signals that drive neutrophil infiltration into the retinas of early AMD patients and the Cryba1 conditional knockout mouse model that mimics an early AMD‐like phenotype. Specifically, we observed increased levels of IFNλ in early AMD that triggered neutrophil activation and lipocalin‐2 (LCN‐2) upregulation in these cells. NOD‐SCID immune‐deficient mice were injected intravenously with IFNλ activated bone marrow‐derived normal neutrophils labeled with red CMTPX dye. Ribbon‐scanning confocal microscopy (RSCM) of benzyl alcohol benzyl benzoate (BABB) cleared eyes, showed homing of neutrophils into the eye. In contrast, mice injected with IFNλ activated LCN‐2‐/‐ neutrophils showed fewer cells infiltrating the eye. LCN‐2 promotes inflammation and AMD‐like pathology by interacting with Disabled homolog2 (Dab2) and modulating integrin β1 levels to stimulate adhesion and transmigration of activated IL‐28R1 (IFNλ receptor) positive neutrophils into the retina. Inhibiting AKT2‐dependent signaling in the mouse model neutralizes IFNλ inflammatory signals, reducing LCN‐2‐mediated neutrophil infiltration into the retina and reversing early AMD‐like phenotype changes, thereby providing a potential therapeutic target for early AMD.
Comparison of xenon and gallium sources on the detection and mapping of lithium in Li‐containing materials by using ToF‐SIMS combined FIB‐SEM
Authors: DERMENCI K.B. , TESAŘOVÁ H. , ŠAMOŘIL T. , TURAN S. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryLi can find itself a wide range of applications since it is the lightest metal. However, Li detection by microscopy‐based techniques is problematic because of the highly susceptible nature during electron beam irradiation. ToF‐SIMS is a versatile technique to detect Li but the detection of light materials is also problematic due to the large ion contaminated zone and low sputtering yield. By combining ToF‐SIMS with a recently launched Xe ion source FIB‐SEM, which has small ion contamination and high sputtering yield features, can produce more realistic data at near surface and below the surface region especially for the detection of lightweight materials such as Li. In this study, Li detection and mapping capabilities of ToF‐SIMS attached to the FIB‐SEM with Ga and Xe ion sources were discussed for Al incorporated Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte sample that contains Li and Al rich regions at triple junctions. In spite of smoother milling from Ga source, Xe performs more precisely in Li mapping. Low ion contaminated zone, high sputtering yield and low straggling obtained from Monte Carlo simulations are the main advantages of Xe ion sources. The Li detection efficiency for Xe is higher than Ga source discriminating the LiAlO2 phase placed at the triple junctions of grains and La2Zr2O7 regions placed at the outer side of LLZO neighbouring the LiAlO2 phase.Lay DescriptionLi can find itself a wide range of applications since it is the lightest metal. However, Li detection by microscopy‐based techniques is problematic because of the highly susceptible nature during electron beam irradiation. ToF‐SIMS is a versatile technique to detect Li but the detection of light materials is also problematic due to the large ion contaminated zone and low sputtering yield. By combining ToF‐SIMS with a recently launched Xe ion source FIB‐SEM, which has small ion contamination and high sputtering yield features, can produce more realistic data at near surface and below the surface region especially for the detection of lightweight materials such as Li. In this study, Li detection and mapping capabilities of ToF‐SIMS attached to the FIB‐SEM with Ga and Xe ion sources were discussed for Al incorporated Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte sample that contains Li and Al rich regions at triple junctions. In spite of smoother milling from Ga source, Xe performs more precisely in Li mapping. Results were also supported from Monte Carlo simulations of ion‐atom interactions. The Li detection resolution of xenon is much higher than gallium source discriminating the LiAlO2 phase placed at the triple junctions of grains and La2Zr2O7 regions placed at the outer side of LLZO neighbouring the LiAlO2 phase.
Tau protein phosphorylation at Thr175 initiates fibril formation via accessibility of the N‐terminal phosphatase‐activating domain
Authors: Hintermayer Matthew A. , Volkening Kathryn , Moszczynski Alexander J. , Donison Neil , Strong Michael J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOne of the neuropathological hallmarks of the tauopathies is the formation of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions and fibrils of microtubule‐associated tau protein (tau). The phosphorylation of Thr175 of tau (pThr175 tau) appears to be sufficient for fibril formation in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism by which this initiates fibril formation is unknown. Using transient transfections of tau mutants into HEK293T cells, we determined that the phosphorylation of Thr175 leads to exposure of the tau N‐terminal phosphatase‐activating domain (PAD). The exposed PAD is known to interact with protein phosphatase‐1 (PP1) resulting in glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activation. In vivo, a single traumatic controlled cortical injury in rats also resulted in the phosphorylation of Thr175 and increased exposure of tau PAD followed by pathological tau fibril formation. Taken together, these data suggest that neurotoxicity may be precipitated by phosphorylation at Thr175 and subsequent tau PAD exposure, GSK3β activation and tau fibril formation.
image
Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14767.
Four cases of Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser syndrome treated via non‐surgical vaginal reconstruction using uterine cervical dilators
Authors: Kawasaki Akiko , Itagagi Hiroya , Tsumagari Ayako , Ijiri Hiroko , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki , Sato Toyomi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVaginal creation is the standard treatment for Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. Although non‐surgical method is recommended as a first‐line treatment in the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines for gynecological practice, it is not commonly performed in Japan. At our hospital, vaginal dilation using uterine cervical dilators (Hegar's dilator) is performed for patients with MRKH syndrome. We report four cases successfully treated with vaginal dilation. After the examination, patients were instructed to practice daily self‐dilation at home. The initiation size was No. 13 with 10.5‐mm diameter. After the vaginal cavity was dilated to a depth of 6 cm, the size of dilators was gradually increased until No. 30 with 25‐mm diameter in a tip and 28‐mm diameter in a trunk. The duration required to achieve the outcome was 5–22 months. All cases were successfully treated without any severe complication.
Progranulin promotes osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells via tumor necrosis factor receptors to inhibit TNF‐α sensitized NF‐kB and activate ERK/JNK signaling
Authors: Chen Jing , Yu Miao , Li Xiao , Sun Qin‐Feng , Yang Cheng‐Zhe , Yang Pi‐Shan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the molecular mechanism of Progranulin (PGRN) in promoting osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in inflammatory environment.BackgroundProgranulin is an antagonist of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors (TNFRs) and is known to promote inflammatory periodontal bone defect regeneration.MethodsTNFR1‐ and TNFR2‐silenced hPDLSCs designed as hPDLSCs‐sh‐TNFR1 and hPDLSCs‐sh‐TNFR2 were cultured with osteoinductive medium containing TNF‐α and (or) PGRN. Immunofluorescence, quantitative real‐time PCR, and western blot were used to, respectively, detect expressions of TNFR1\TNFR2 and osteogenic differentiation markers as well as phosphorylation level in NF‐κB\MAPK‐related pathways.ResultsImmunofluorescence and real‐time PCR showed that TNFR1 and TNFR2 positively expressed in hPDLSCs. TNF‐α stimulation could significantly decrease the expressions of ALP and RUNX2 in hPDLSCs, whereas PGRN treatment could significantly enhance their expressions, and reverse TNF‐α‐mediated expression suppression of ALP and RUNX2 in hPDLSCs. In hPDLSCs‐sh‐TNFR1, TNF‐α mediated osteogenic inhibition decreased, but both TNF‐α + PGRN and alone PGRN significantly promoted expression of ALP and RUNX2. PGRN significantly enhanced expression of P‐ERK1/2 and P‐JNK, while corresponding inhibitors eliminated PGRN‐stimulated osteogenic differentiation. In hPDLSCs‐sh‐TNFR2, no significant difference existed in osteogenic markers and P‐JNK expression between the PGRN group and the control group. However, PGRN still activated P‐ERK1/2 expression. Besides, PGRN antagonized TNF‐α‐enhanced NF‐κB P65 expression.ConclusionProgranulin promotes osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs via TNFR1 to inhibit TNF‐α‐sensitized NF‐κB and via TNFR2 to activate JNK signaling. The mechanism by which PGRN activates ERK signaling remains to be explored.
Enhancing the hepatitis B care cascade in Australia: A cost‐effectiveness model
Authors: Xiao Yinzong , Howell Jessica , van Gemert Caroline , Thompson Alexander J. , Seaman Christopher P. , McCulloch Karen , Scott Nick , Hellard Margaret E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIf Australia is to successfully eliminate hepatitis B as a public health threat, it will need to enhance the chronic hepatitis B (CHB) care cascade. This study used a Markov model to assess the impact, cost and cost‐effectiveness of scaling up CHB diagnosis, linkage to care and treatment to reach national and international elimination targets for hepatitis B in Australia. Compared to continued current trends, the model calculated the difference in care cascade projection, disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), costs and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER), of scaling up CHB diagnosis, linkage to care and treatment to reach: (a) Australia's 2022 national targets and (b) the WHO’s 2030 global targets. Achieving the national and WHO targets had ICERs of A$13 435 (A$10 236‐A$21 165) and A$14 482 (A$13 031‐A$25 641) per DALY averted between 2016 and 2030 in Australia, respectively. However, this excluded implementation and demand generation costs. The ICER for the National Strategy and WHO Strategy remained under A$50 000 per DALY averted if Australia spent up to A$328 or A$538 million, respectively, per annum (for 2016‐2030) on implementation and demand generation activities. Sensitivity analysis showed that cost‐effectiveness was predominately driven by the cost of CHB treatment and influenced by disease progression rates. Hence for Australia to reach the National Hepatitis B Strategy 2022 targets and WHO Strategy 2030 targets, it requires an improvement in the CHB care cascade. We estimated it is cost‐effective to spend up to A$328 million or A$538 million per year to reach the National and WHO Strategy targets, respectively.
A Bridge Too Far? Examining Bridging Assumptions in Common‐Space Estimations
Authors: Gray Thomas R. , Jenkins Jeffery A. 
Published: December 2019

While most common‐space estimations rely upon members who served in both the House and Senate as “bridges” to scale the remaining members, this assumes that these “bridge members” do not change their preferences when they change chambers. Such an assumption conflicts with standard notions of representation, that is, that legislators’ votes reflect (at least to some degree) the wishes of their constituents. We examine the constancy of this common‐space voting assumption by focusing on a subset of House members who move to the Senate: those who come from statewide House districts. Using these members as the bridge actors—and thus bridging by constituency explicitly—in a one‐dimensional item response theory model, we find that the standard assumption of chamber switchers in common‐space estimations is technically, but immaterially, false. While there are statistically distinguishable differences in House and Senate voting records for chamber switchers, they are not sufficiently large to meaningfully undermine bridging.
Hydrothermal activity on the CV parent body: New perspectives from the giant Transantarctic Mountains minimeteorite TAM5.29
Authors: Nava J. , Suttle M. D. , Spiess R. , Folco L. , Najorka J. , Carli C. , Massironi M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTAM5.29 is an extraterrestrial dust grain, collected on the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM). Its mineralogy is dominated by an Fe‐rich matrix composed of platy fayalitic olivines and clasts of andradite surrounded by diopside‐jarosite mantles; chondrules are absent. TAM5.29 records a complex geological history with evidence of extensive thermal metamorphism in the presence of fluids at T < 300 °C. Alteration was terminated by an impact, resulting in shock melt veins and compaction‐orientated foliation of olivine. A second episode of alteration at lower temperatures (<100 °C) occurred postimpact and is either parent body or terrestrial in origin and resulted in the formation of iddingsite. The lack of chondrules is explained by random subsampling of the parent body, with TAM5.29 representing a matrix‐only fragment. On the basis of bulk chemical composition, mineralogy, and geological history TAM5.29 demonstrates affinities to the CVox group with a mineralogical assemblage in between the Allende‐like and Bali‐like subgroups (CVoxA and TAM5.29 are rich in andradite, magnetite, and FeNiS, but CVoxA lacks hydrated minerals, common in TAM5.29; conversely, CVoxB are rich in hydrated phyllosilicates but contain almost pure fayalite, not found in TAM5.29). In addition, TAM5.29 has a slightly different metasomatic history, in between the oxidized and reduced CV metamorphic grades while also recording higher oxidizing conditions as compared to the known CV chondrites. This study represents the third CV‐like cosmic dust particle, containing a unique composition, mineralogy, and fabric, demonstrating variation in the thermal metamorphic history of the CV parent body(‐ies).
Minimum dietary diversity among women of reproductive age in urban Burkina Faso
Authors: Custodio Estefania , Kayikatire Francois , Fortin Sonia , Thomas Anne‐Claire , Kameli Yves , Nkunzimana Tharcisse , Ndiaye Biram , Martin‐Prevel Yves 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMicronutrient malnutrition is a challenge for women of reproductive age, who are particularly vulnerable due to greater micronutrient needs. The minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD‐W) indicator is a micronutrient adequacy's proxy for those women, but little is known about its relation to other dimensions. We assessed MDD‐W and its association with other socioeconomic, food security and purchasing practices in urban Burkina Faso. We conducted multi‐stage cluster sampling in two main cities of Burkina Faso, stratified by type of district, and interviewed 12 754 women in the 2009‐2011 period. We obtained food consumption data through unquantified 24 hour recalls and computed MDD‐W as consuming at least five out of ten predefined food groups. We constructed multivariable regression models with sociodemographic and food security covariates. MDD‐W in urban Burkina Faso was 31%, higher in Ouagadougou (33%) than in Bobo‐Dioulasso (29%), and lower in unstructured districts. The most frequently consumed food groups were ‘all starchy', ‘vitamin A rich dark green leafy vegetables' and ‘other vegetables'. Household's expenses were associated with higher likelihood of MDD‐W, while the association with household food security indicators varied by year and type of district. Purchasing foods in markets and choosing the place of purchase based on large choice rather than proximity showed a positive association with the MDD‐W. Only one in three women in urban Burkina Faso reached the minimum dietary diversity, and although socioeconomic and food security variables had the greatest effect on MDD‐W, purchasing practices, like going to the market, also showed a positive effect.
Skin in the game: Epidermal molt as a driver of long‐distance migration in whales
Authors: Pitman Robert L. , Durban John W. , Joyce Trevor , Fearnbach Holly , Panigada Simone , Lauriano Giancarlo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLong‐distance migration in whales has historically been described as an annual, round‐trip movement between high‐latitude, summer feeding grounds, and low‐latitude, winter breeding areas, but there is no consensus about why whales travel to the tropics to breed. Between January 2009 and February 2016, we satellite‐tagged 62 antarctic killer whales (Orcinus orca) of four different ecotypes, of which at least three made short‐term (6–8 weeks), long‐distance (maximum 11,000 km, round trip), essentially nonstop, migrations to warm waters (SST 20°C–24°C), and back. We previously suggested that antarctic killer whales could conserve body heat in subfreezing (to −1.9°C) waters by reducing blood flow to their skin, but that this might preclude normal (i.e., continuous) epidermal molt, and necessitate periodic trips to warm waters for routine skin maintenance (“skin molt migration,” SMM). In contrast to the century‐old “feeding/breeding” migration paradigm, but consistent with a “feeding/molting” hypothesis, the current study provides additional evidence that deferred skin molt could be the main driver of long‐distance migration for antarctic killer whales. Furthermore, we argue that for all whales that forage in polar latitudes and migrate to tropical waters, SMM might also allow them to exploit rich prey resources in a physiologically challenging environment and maintain healthy skin.
Tit for Tat and Beyond: The Legendary Work of Anatol Rapoport
Authors: Kopelman Shirli 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article pays tribute to Anatol Rapoport. Rapoport’s contributions spanned scientific disciplines and included the application of mathematical models to biology and the social sciences, alongside metatheoretical work bridging semantics, ethics, and philosophy. Known for formulating the “Tit for Tat” strategy, his approach to game theory reflected a nuanced understanding of knowledge, wisdom, and ethics; the differences, for example, between modeling behavior—what works as an algorithm in a structured game—and solving complex human social interactions. While developing a science of human conflict, Rapoport focused on simple ideas to promote cooperation; his ultimate goal was to foster world peace. A career overview alongside testimonials by scholars and family provide a glimpse of Anatol Rapoport, the scientist and the person. The legacy and thinking of Anatol Rapoport continue to resonate and reverberate today whenever we conduct rigorous scholarship toward transforming conflict into peaceful harmony, whether among people or nations.