bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating the inflation of bubbles by late jets in core collapse supernova ejecta
Authors: Akashi Muhammad , Soker Noam 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We conducted 3D hydrodynamical simulations to study the interaction of two late opposite jets with the ejecta of a core collapse supernova (CCSN), and study the bipolar structure that results from this interaction as the jets inflate hot-low-density bubbles. The newly born central object, a neutron star (NS; or a black hole), launches these jets at about 50 to 100 d after explosion. The bubbles cross the photosphere in the polar directions at much earlier times than the regions at the same radii near the equatorial plane. The hot bubbles releases more radiation and the photosphere recedes more rapidly in the tenuous bubble. Our results strengthen earlier claims that were based on toy models that such an interaction might lead to a late peak in the light curve, and that an equatorial observer might see a rapid drop in the light curve. Our results might have implications to much earlier jets that explode the star, either jets that the newly born NS launches in a CCSN, or jets that an NS companion that merges with the core of a massive star launches in a common envelope jets supernova (CEJSN) event. Our results add indirect support to the CEJSN scenario for fast blue optical transients, e.g. AT2018cow, ZTF18abvkwla, and CSS161010.
The magnetic field in the dense photodissociation region of DR 21
Authors: Koley Atanu , Roy Nirupam , Menten Karl M , Jacob Arshia M , Pillai Thushara G S , Rugel Michael R 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Measuring interstellar magnetic fields is extremely important for understanding their role in different evolutionary stages of interstellar clouds and star formation. However, detecting the weak field is observationally challenging. We present measurements of the Zeeman effect in the 1665 and 1667 MHz (18 cm) lines of the hydroxyl radical (OH) lines towards the dense photodissociation region (PDR) associated with the compact H ii region DR 21 (Main). From the OH 18 cm absorption, observed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, we find that the line-of-sight magnetic field in this region is ∼0.13 mG. The same transitions in maser emission towards the neighbouring DR 21(OH) and W 75S-FR1 regions also exhibit the Zeeman splitting. Along with the OH data, we use [C ii] 158 μm line and hydrogen radio recombination line data to constrain the physical conditions and the kinematics of the region. We find the OH column density to be ∼3.6 × 1016(Tex/25 K) cm−2, and that the 1665 and 1667 MHz absorption lines are originating from the gas where OH and C+ are co-existing in the PDR. Under reasonable assumptions, we find the measured magnetic field strength for the PDR to be lower than the value expected from the commonly discussed density–magnetic field relation while the field strength values estimated from the maser emission are roughly consistent with the same. Finally, we compare the magnetic field energy density with the overall energetics of DR 21’s PDR and find that, in its current evolutionary stage, the magnetic field is not dynamically important.
The Three Hundred project: quest of clusters of galaxies morphology and dynamical state through Zernike polynomials
Authors: Capalbo Valentina , De Petris Marco , De Luca Federico , Cui Weiguang , Yepes Gustavo , Knebe Alexander , Rasia Elena 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The knowledge of the dynamical state of galaxy clusters allows to alleviate systematics when observational data from these objects are applied in cosmological studies. Evidence of correlation between the state and the morphology of the clusters is well studied. The morphology can be inferred by images of the surface brightness in the X-ray band and of the thermal component of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect in the millimetre range. For this purpose, we apply, for the first time, the Zernike polynomial decomposition, a common analytical approach mostly used in adaptive optics to recover aberrated radiation wavefronts at the telescopes pupil plane. With this novel way, we expect to correctly infer the morphology of clusters and so possibly their dynamical state. To verify the reliability of this new approach, we use more than 300 synthetic clusters selected in the three hundred project at different redshifts ranging from 0 up to 1.03. Mock maps of the tSZ, quantified with the Compton parameter, y-maps, are modelled with Zernike polynomials inside R500, the cluster reference radius. We verify that it is possible to discriminate the morphology of each cluster by estimating the contribution of the different polynomials to the fit of the map. The results of this new method are correlated with those of a previous analysis made on the same catalogue, using two parameters that combine either morphological or dynamical-state probes. We underline that instrumental angular resolution of the maps has an impact mainly when we extend this approach to high-redshift clusters.
Galactic and cosmological fast radio bursts as scaled-up solar radio bursts
Authors: Wang F Y , Zhang G Q , Dai Z G 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are bright milliseconds radio transients with large dispersion measures. Recently, FRB 200428 was detected in temporal coincidence with a hard X-ray flare from the Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154, which supports that at least some FRBs are from magnetar activity. Interestingly, a portion of X-ray flares from magnetar XTE J1810−197 and the Sun are also accompanied by radio bursts. Many features of Galactic FRB 200428 and cosmological FRBs resemble solar radio bursts. However, a common physical origin among FRBs, magnetar radio pulses, and solar radio bursts has not yet been established. Here, we report a universal correlation between X-ray luminosity and radio luminosity over 20 orders of magnitude among solar type III radio bursts, XTE J1810−197 and Galactic FRB 200428. This universal correlation reveals that the energetic electrons that produce the X-ray flares and those that cause radio emissions have a common origin, which can give stringent limits on the generation process of radio bursts. Moreover, we find similar occurrence frequency distributions of energy, duration, and waiting time for solar radio bursts, SGR 1935+2154 and repeating FRB 121102, which also support the tight correlation and the X-ray flares temporally associated with radio bursts. All of these distributions can be understood by avalanche models of self-organized criticality systems. The universal correlation and statistical similarities indicate that the Galactic FRB 200428 and FRBs seen at cosmological distances can be treated as scaled-up solar radio bursts.
Linked by Ancestral Bonds: Multiple Whole-Genome Duplications and Reticulate Evolution in a Brassicaceae Tribe
Authors: Guo Xinyi , Mandáková Terezie , Trachtová Karolína , Özüdoğru Barış , Liu Jianquan , Lysak Martin A 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPervasive hybridization and whole-genome duplications (WGDs) influenced genome evolution in several eukaryotic lineages. Although frequent and recurrent hybridizations may result in reticulate phylogenies, the evolutionary events underlying these reticulations, including detailed structure of the ancestral diploid and polyploid genomes, were only rarely reconstructed. Here, we elucidate the complex genomic history of a monophyletic clade from the mustard family (Brassicaceae), showing contentious relationships to the early-diverging clades of this model plant family. Genome evolution in the crucifer tribe Biscutelleae (∼60 species, 5 genera) was dominated by pervasive hybridizations and subsequent genome duplications. Diversification of an ancestral diploid genome into several divergent but crossable genomes was followed by hybridizations between these genomes. Whereas a single genus (Megadenia) remained diploid, the four remaining genera originated by allopolyploidy (Biscutella, Lunaria, Ricotia) or autopolyploidy (Heldreichia). The contentious relationships among the Biscutelleae genera, and between the tribe and other early diverged crucifer lineages, are best explained by close genomic relatedness among the recurrently hybridizing ancestral genomes. By using complementary cytogenomics and phylogenomics approaches, we demonstrate that the origin of a monophyletic plant clade can be more complex than a parsimonious assumption of a single WGD spurring postpolyploid cladogenesis. Instead, recurrent hybridization among the same and/or closely related parental genomes may phylogenetically interlink diploid and polyploid genomes despite the incidence of multiple independent WGDs. Our results provide new insights into evolution of early-diverging Brassicaceae lineages and elucidate challenges in resolving the contentious relationships within and between land plant lineages with pervasive hybridization and WGDs.
Introduction
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The story of interwar Poland has traditionally been told within the historiographical framework of national minority policies in the post-1918 eastern European states. And yet, as this introductory chapter argues, it can be understood only within the context of prevailing global discussions about how notions of civilization justified claims to sovereignty. With its Polish minority, Ukrainian majority, and large Jewish population, the borderland province of Volhynia became a testing ground for various attempts to both civilize and nationalize a “backward” region. This chapter offers an introduction to Volhynia’s geography and pre-1918 history, an exploration of the second-tier actors who claimed to be importing Western civilization, and a discussion of the book’s major historiographical interventions. The case of Volhynia allows scholars to reconsider the dichotomy between civic and ethnic nationalism, to reimagine ideas of national indifference, and to trace how Poles engaged with concepts of imperialism and European nationalism.
Agents of God
Authors: Guhin Jeffrey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In Agents of God, sociologist Jeffrey Guhin describes his year and a half spent in two Sunni Muslim and two Evangelical Christian high schools in the New York City area. At first, these four schools could not seem more different, yet they are linked by much: these are all schools with conservative thoughts on gender and sexuality, with a hostility to the theory of evolution, and with a deep suspicion of secularism. And they are all also hopeful that America will be a place where their children can excel, even as they also fear the nation’s many temptations might lead their children astray. Guhin shows how these school communities use boundaries of politics, gender, and sexuality to distinguish themselves from the outside world, both in school and online. Within these boundaries, these communities have developed “external authorities” like Science, Scripture, and Prayer, each of which is felt and experienced as a real power with the ability to make commands and coerce action. For example, people can describe Science itself as showing something or the Bible itself as making a command. By offloading coercion to these external authorities, leaders in these schools are able to maintain a commitment to religious freedom while simultaneously reproducing their moral commitments in their students. Drawing on extensive classroom observation, community participation, and interviews with students, teachers, and staff, this book makes an original contribution to religious studies, sociology, and education.
Gauge Field Theory in Natural Geometric Language
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis monograph addresses the need to clarify basic mathematical concepts at the crossroad between gravitation and quantum physics. Selected mathematical and theoretical topics are exposed within a not-too-short, integrated approach that exploits standard and non-standard notions in natural geometric language. The role of structure groups can be regarded as secondary even in the treatment of the gauge fields themselves. Two-spinors yield a partly original ‘minimal geometric data’ approach to Einstein-Cartan-Maxwell-Dirac fields. The gravitational field is jointly represented by a spinor connection and by a soldering form (a ‘tetrad’) valued in a vector bundle naturally constructed from the assumed 2-spinor bundle. We give a presentation of electroweak theory that dispenses with group-related notions, and we introduce a non-standard, natural extension of it. Also within the 2-spinor approach we present: a non-standard view of gauge freedom; a first-order Lagrangian theory of fields with arbitrary spin; an original treatment of Lie derivatives of spinors and spinor connections. Furthermore we introduce an original formulation of Lagrangian field theories based on covariant differentials, which works in the classical and quantum field theories alike and simplifies calculations. We offer a precise mathematical approach to quantum bundles and quantum fields, including ghosts, BRST symmetry and anti-fields, treating the geometry of quantum bundles and their jet prolongations in terms Frölicher's notion of smoothness. We propose an approach to quantum particle physics based on the notion of detector, and illustrate the basic scattering computations in that context.
Democratic Rationales for Pre-Strike Ballots
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 interrogates the central issue in the book—the extent to which pre-strike ballot requirements give effect to the democratic rights of individual workers and the public interest in ensuring that the exercise of strike action is based on democratic decision-making. It argues that pre-strike ballot requirements are imposed on trade unions in a very different context when compared with other forms of political or industrial contests. The chapter analyses unions’ democratic processes in three interrelated, but different, key decisions in the process to take strike action under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): (i) the decision to apply for an order for a pre-strike ballot to be held; (ii) the decision to approve proposed industrial action in a pre-strike ballot; and (iii) the decision to take approved industrial action after such action has been approved in a pre-strike ballot. Each of these decisions occurs within the context of the legal and industrial relations framework, and the democratic processes involved are inevitably shaped by those frameworks. The evidence presented in this chapter suggests that the first and third decisions are generally conducted in a manner that allows for participatory democratic processes. However, when union members vote in a pre-strike ballot, there is little evidence of the kinds of practices that typically characterize a participatory democratic model. Instead, union engagement with members is focused on educating them about the legal requirements and the consequences of abstention or a no vote in associated bargaining, rather than on the arguments for and against the proposed industrial action.
Perspectives of policymakers and health care managers on the retention of health workers in rural and remote settings in Nigeria
Authors: Okoroafor S C , Ongom M , Mohammed B , Salihu D , Ahmat A , Osubor M , Nyoni J , Alemu W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Health workers are indispensable to service delivery especially in rural and remote communities where the burden of disease is high. Nigeria faces numerous human resources for health challenges, health workers are reluctant to take up rural postings, and the government is struggling to implement planned interventions due to staff shortages. This study explored the perspectives of policymakers and primary health care (PHC) managers on factors that hinder health workers from staying in rural and remote areas and strategies for improving retention.

Methods
We interviewed purposively selected 10 policymakers and 20 PHC managers in Bauchi and Cross River States, Nigeria.

Results
Respondents identified a lack of basic social amenities, the poor state of infrastructure, poor working conditions, remuneration and the barrier to career advancement as factors that impede health workers from taking up rural postings. Strategies for improving retention include enforcing bonding; paying salaries promptly, increase in rural allowances and prioritizing health workers in rural and remote areas for capacity building.

Conclusion
The results of the study indicate the importance of applying context-specific strategies aimed at ensuring the availability of social amenities such as roads, water, electricity, telecommunication, security, the status of infrastructure, working conditions and remunerations.
Contrasting growth responses of Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii) and Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) to CO2 fertilization despite common water-use efficiency increases at the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan plateau
Authors: Wang Wenzhi , McDowell Nate G , Liu Xiaohong , Xu Guobao , Wu Guoju , Zeng Xiaomin , Wang Genxu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may enhance tree growth and mitigate drought impacts through CO2 fertilization. However, multiple studies globally have found that rising CO2 has not translated into greater tree growth despite increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). The underlying mechanism discriminating between these two general responses to CO2 fertilization remains unclear. We used two species with contrasting stomatal regulation, the relatively anisohydric Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii) and the relatively isohydric Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia), to investigate the long-term tree growth and iWUE responses to climate change and elevated CO2 using tree ring widths and the associated cellulose stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C). We observed a contrasting growth trend of juniper and spruce with juniper growth increasing while the spruce growth declined. The iWUE of both species increased significantly and with similar amplitude throughout the trees’ lifespan, though the relatively anisohydric juniper had higher iWUE than the relatively isohydric spruce throughout the period. Additionally, with rising CO2, the anisohydric juniper became less sensitive to drought, while the relatively isohydric spruce became more sensitive to drought. We hypothesized that rising CO2 benefits relatively anisohydric species more than relatively isohydric species due to greater opportunity to acquire carbon through photosynthesis despite warming and droughts. Our findings suggest the CO2 fertilization effect depends on the isohydric degree, which could be considered in future terrestrial ecosystem models.
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Outcomes in Minimally Invasive Nonhysterectomy Gynecologic Procedures
Authors: Peters Ann , Siripong Nalyn , Wang Li , Donnellan Nicole M. 
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:234.e1–234.e8)
In recent years, improved perioperative patient outcomes, recovery, and satisfaction associated with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have increasingly replaced traditional conventional perioperative care (CPC). Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols decrease hospital length of stay, complications, and health care cost and expedite recovery with faster return of bowel function and reduced pain and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases
Authors: Gatta Anna Nunzia Della , Rizzo Roberta , Pilu Gianluigi , Simonazzi Giuliana 
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:36–41)
The presence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant patients raises concerns for adverse outcomes. The goal of this study was to collect information on mothers and neonates with COVID-19 and shed light on delivery timing and mode of delivery.
Management of Secondary Genomic Findings
Authors: Katz Alexander E. , Nussbaum Robert L. , Solomon Benjamin D. , Rehm Heidi L. , Williams Marc S. , Biesecker Leslie G. 
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from Am J Hum Genet 2020;107:3–14)
Secondary findings are defined as genomic variants that may be unrelated to the indication for testing. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) has put forth a list of 59 genes that are recommended to be considered and reported as secondary findings when genomic sequencing is performed.
Primary biliary cholangitis: pathogenic mechanisms
Authors: Prieto Jesús , Banales Jesus M. , Medina Juan F. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is characterized by autoimmune damage of intrahepatic bile ducts associated with a loss of tolerance to mitochondrial antigens. PBC etiopathogenesis is intriguing because of different perplexing features, namely: a) although mitochondria are present in all cell types and tissues, the damage is mainly restricted to biliary epithelial cells (BECs); b) despite being an autoimmune disorder, it does not respond to immunosuppressive drugs but rather to ursodeoxycholic acid, a bile salt that induces HCO3
− rich choleresis; c) the overwhelming female preponderance of the disease remains unexplained. Here we present an etiopathogenic view of PBC which sheds light on these puzzling facts of the disease.

Recent findings
PBC develops in patients with genetic predisposition to autoimmunity in whom epigenetic mechanisms silence the Cl−/HCO3
− exchanger AE2 in both cholangiocytes and lymphoid cells. Defective AE2 function can produce BECs damage as a result of decreased biliary HCO3
− secretion with disruption of the protective alkaline umbrella that normally prevents the penetration of toxic apolar bile salts into cholangiocytes. AE2 dysfunction also causes increased intracellular pH (pHi) in cholangiocytes, leading to the activation of soluble adenylyl cyclase, which sensitizes BECs to bile salt-induced apoptosis. Recently, mitophagy was found to be inhibited by cytosolic alkalization and stimulated by acidification. Accordingly, we propose that AE2 deficiency may disturb mitophagy in BECs, thus, promoting the accumulation of defective mitochondria, oxidative stress and presentation of mitochondrial antigens to the immune cells. As women possess a more acidic endolysosomal milieu than men, mitophagy might be more affected in women in an AE2-defective background. Apart from affecting BECs function, AE2 downregulation in lymphocytes may also contribute to alter immunoregulation facilitating autoreactive T-cell responses.

Summary
PBC can be considered as a disorder of Cl−/HCO3
− exchange in individuals with genetic predisposition to autoimmunity.
The Safety and Feasibility of Gynecologic Cancer Surgery Combined With Surgery for Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Authors: McConnell Nicole J. , Stewart J. Ryan , Martin Alexandra , Gaskins Jeremy T. , Medlin Erin E. 
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2020;26:563–569)
There is a high prevalence of pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) in women with gynecologic cancer. These disorders have a negative impact in these women on their quality of life, which is an important determinant of both progression-free survival and overall survival in gynecologic cancer patients.