bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KIR3DL3 Is an Inhibitory Receptor for HHLA2 that Mediates an Alternative Immunoinhibitory Pathway to PD1
Authors: Bhatt Rupal S. , Berjis Abdulla , Konge Julie C. , Mahoney Kathleen M. , Klee Alyssa N. , Freeman Samuel S. , Chen Chun-Hau , Jegede Opeyemi A. , Catalano Paul J. , Pignon Jean-Christophe , Sticco-Ivins Maura , Zhu Baogong , Hua Ping , Soden Jo , Zhu Jie , McDermott David F. , Arulanandam Antonio R. , Signoretti Sabina , Freeman Gordon J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBlockade of the PD1 pathway is a broadly effective cancer therapy, but additional immune-inhibitory pathways contribute to tumor immune evasion. HERV–H LTR-associating 2 (HHLA2; also known as B7H5 and B7H7) is a member of the B7 family of immunoregulatory ligands that mediates costimulatory effects through its interaction with the CD28 family member transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain containing 2 (TMIGD2). However, HHLA2 has also been known to have inhibitory effects on T cells. Here, we report that we have identified killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three immunoglobulin domains and long cytoplasmic tail 3 (KIR3DL3) as an inhibitory receptor for HHLA2 in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells and have generated HHLA2 and KIR3DL3 antibodies that block the immune-inhibitory activity of HHLA2, preserving the costimulatory signal. It is known that HHLA2 is frequently expressed in several tumor types, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We found that HHLA2 expression was nonoverlapping with PDL1 expression in ccRCC, suggesting that HHLA2 mediates a mechanism of tumor immune evasion that is independent from PDL1. Blockade of both the PD1 and KIR3DL3 pathways may be a more effective way to reverse tumor immune evasion.See related Spotlight on p. 128
Religious affiliation, religiosity and health behaviors among high school students in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Nurmansyah Mochamad Iqbal , Jannah Miftahul , Rachmawati Emma , Maisya Iram Barida 
Published: November 2020

<table width="593" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="387"><p>This study aimed to determine a relationship between religious affiliation, religiosity and health behaviors among high school students in Jakarta, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 9 high schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 767 respondents joined this study. A multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the associations between dependent and independent variables by adjusting age, sex, school type and economic status. Lower non-organized religious activity had a significant association with higher addictive behaviors (AOR: 0.577 95% CI: 0.340-0.979). In case of nutrition behaviors, there were no significant associations among all aspects of religiosity. Lower organized religious activity was associated with physical inactivity (AOR: 0.323 95% CI: 0.170-0.614). In addition, lower non-organized and intrinsic religiosity had significant association with lower personal hygiene behaviors (AOR= 0.433 95% CI: 0.272-0.688; AOR: 0.436 95% CI: 0.198-0.958). Students with higher religiosity tend to engage less in risky health behaviors. Religious leaders and organizations may be engaged in health promotion activities to disseminate and create better understanding of religious values and beliefs regarding health behaviors.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
Significance of Exercise‐Related Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Brugada Syndrome
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , Asada Saori T. , Miyamoto Masakazu , Morimoto Yoshimasa , Kimura Tomonari , Mizuno Tomofumi , Nakagawa Koji , Watanabe Atsuyuki , Nishii Nobuhiro , Ito Hiroshi 
Published: November 2020

Background
Sinus tachycardia during exercise attenuates ST‐segment elevation in patients with Brugada syndrome, whereas ST‐segment augmentation after an exercise test is a high‐risk sign. Some patients have premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) related to exercise, but the significance of exercise‐related PVCs in patients with Brugada syndrome is still unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the significance of exercise‐related PVCs for predicting occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with Brugada syndrome.

Methods and Results
The subjects were 307 patients with Brugada syndrome who performed a treadmill exercise test. We evaluated the occurrence of PVCs at rest, during exercise and at the peak of exercise, and during recovery after exercise (0–5 minutes). We followed the patients for 92±68 months and evaluated the occurrence of VF. PVCs occurred in 82 patients (27%) at the time of treadmill exercise test: PVCs appeared at rest in 14 patients (4%), during exercise in 60 patients (20%), immediately after exercise (0–1.5 minutes) in 28 patients (9%), early after exercise (1.5–3 minutes) in 18 patients (6%), and late after exercise (3–5 minutes) in 12 patients (4%). Thirty patients experienced VF during follow‐up. Multivariable analysis including symptoms, spontaneous type 1 ECG, and PVCs in the early recovery phase showed that these factors were independently associated with VF events during follow‐up.

Conclusions
PVCs early after an exercise test are associated with future occurrence of VF events. Rebound of vagal nerve activity at the early recovery phase would promote ST‐segment augmentation and PVCs in high‐risk patients with Brugada syndrome.
Effect of Statin Administration After Onset of Acute Ischemic Stroke With Large Vessel Occlusion: Insights From RESCUE‐Japan Registry 2
Authors: Uchida Kazutaka , Yoshimura Shinichi , Imamura Hirotoshi , Ohara Nobuyuki , Sakai Nobuyuki , Tanaka Kanta , Yamagami Hiroshi , Matsumoto Yasushi , Takeuchi Masataka , Morimoto Takeshi , Doijiri Ryosuke , Enomoto Yukiko , Ezura Masayuki , Fukawa Norihito , Furui Eisuke , Handa Akira , Haraguchi Koichi , Hatano Taketo , Hayase Makoto , Hiyama Nagayasu , Iihara Koji , Ikeda Norio , Imai Keisuke , Ishihara Hideyuki , Itabashi Ryou , Kamiya Yuki , Kanbayashi Chisaku , Kimura Kazumi , Kitagawa Kazuo , Kiura Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Junya , Kojima Takao , Kondo Ryuji , Kuwayama Naoya , Matsumaru Yuji , Matsumoto Keigo , Matsumoto Yoshihisa , Minematsu Kazuo , Morimoto Masafumi , Nii Kohei , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Ohnishi Hiroyuki , Ohta Hajime , Ohta Takahiro , Okada Yasushi , Onda Toshiyuki , Sakaguchi Manabu , Sakamoto Shigeyuki , Sasaki Makoto , Satomi Junichiro , Shibata Masunari , Shindo Atsushi , Takeuchi Masataka , Tanahashi Norio , Toma Naoki , Toyoda Kazunori , Tsumoto Tomoyuki , Tsuruta Wataro , Uchiyama Naoyuki , Yagita Yoshiki , Yamashita Taro , Yamamoto Daisuke , Yamaura Ikuya , Yamazaki Takaaki , Yasuda Hiroaki 
Published: November 2020

Background
Statins have been associated with reduced recurrence and better functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the effect of statins in patients with acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) is not well scrutinized.

Methods and Results

RESCUE (Recovery by Endovascular Salvage for Cerebral Ultra‐Acute Embolism)‐Japan Registry 2, a physician‐initiated registry, enrolled 2420 consecutive patients with acute LVO who were admitted to 46 centers across Japan within 24 hours of onset. We compared patients with and without statin use after acute LVO onset (statin group and nonstatin group, respectively) in terms of the modified Rankin scale at 90 days. We estimated that the odds ratios for the primary outcome was modified Rankin scale and we estimated the odds ratios for a 1‐scale lower modified Rankin scale adjusting for confounders. After excluding 12 patients without LVO and 9 patients without follow‐up, the mean age of 2399 patients was 75.9 years; men accounted for 55% of patients. Statins were administered to 447 (19%) patients after acute LVO onset. Patients in the statin group had more atherothrombotic cerebral infarctions (34.2% versus 12.1%,
P
<0.0001), younger age (73.4 years versus 76.5 years,
P
<0.0001), and lower median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission (14 versus 17,
P
<0.0001) than the nonstatin group. The adjusted common OR of the statin group for lower modified Rankin scale was 1.29 (95% CI, 1.04–1.37;
P
=0.02). The mortality at 90 days was lower in the statin group (4.7%) than the nonstatin group (12.5%;
P
<0.0001). The adjusted OR of the statin group relative to the nonstatin group for mortality was 0.36 (95% CI, 0.21–0.62;
P
=0.02).

Conclusions
Statin administration after acute LVO onset is significantly associated with better functional outcome and mortality at 90 days.
Community‐Acquired Pneumonia and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in People Living With HIV
Authors: Zifodya Jerry S. , Duncan Meredith S. , So‐Armah Kaku A. , Attia Engi F. , Akgün Kathleen M. , Rodriguez‐Barradas Maria C. , Marconi Vincent C. , Budoff Matthew J. , Bedimo Roger J. , Alcorn Charles W. , Soo Hoo Guy W. , Butt Adeel A. , Kim Joon W. , Sico Jason J. , Tindle Hilary A. , Huang Laurence , Tate Janet P. , Justice Amy C. , Freiberg Matthew S. , Crothers Kristina 
Published: November 2020

Background
Hospitalization with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients uninfected with HIV. We evaluated whether people living with HIV (PLWH) have a higher risk of CVD or mortality than individuals uninfected with HIV following hospitalization with CAP.

Methods and Results
We analyzed data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study on US veterans admitted with their first episode of CAP from April 2003 through December 2014. We used Cox regression analyses to determine whether HIV status was associated with incident CVD events and mortality from date of admission through 30 days after discharge (30‐day mortality), adjusting for known CVD risk factors. We included 4384 patients (67% [n=2951] PLWH). PLWH admitted with CAP were younger, had less severe CAP, and had fewer CVD risk factors than patients with CAP who were uninfected with HIV. In multivariable‐adjusted analyses, CVD risk was similar in PLWH compared with HIV‐uninfected (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70–1.12), but HIV infection was associated with higher mortality risk (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.16–1.90). In models stratified by HIV status, CAP severity was significantly associated with incident CVD and 30‐day mortality in PLWH and patients uninfected with HIV.

Conclusions
In this study, the risk of CVD events during or after hospitalization for CAP was similar in PLWH and patients uninfected with HIV, after adjusting for known CVD risk factors and CAP severity. HIV infection, however, was associated with increased 30‐day mortality after CAP hospitalization in multivariable‐adjusted models. PLWH should be included in future studies evaluating mechanisms and prevention of CVD events after CAP.
Annotated checklist of Orthoptera of the Maltese Islands
Authors: CASSAR LOUIS F , EBEJER MARTIN J , MASSA BRUNO 
Published: November 2020

The representation in the Maltese Islands of the Order Orthoptera, including the Tettigonioidea, Grylloidea, Gryllotalpoidea, Tetrigoidea, Pyrgomorphoidea and Acridoidea, is reviewed for the first time in almost fifty years. A total of fifty-five species are treated, of which forty-six are accepted and nine are rejected on the basis of re-evaluated taxonomic evidence, including the re-examination of actual specimens from historical collections, and consideration of species’ distribution. Two species, namely, Platycleis sabulosa Azam, 1901 and Oecanthus dulcisonans Gorochov, 1993, are reported for the first time from the Maltese Islands. Of the confirmed taxa, the occurrence of three species, Oedipoda caerulescens caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1767), Sphingonotus obscuratus lameerei Finot, 1902, and Sphingonotus savignyi savignyi Saussure, 1884, is considered accidental and another species, Schistocerca gregaria gregaria (Forskål, 1775), is known for its dependence on episodes of passage from the African mainland, while the status of another four taxa remains unclear. Extirpation of some of the rare and localised species, such as Conocephalus conocephalus (Linnaeus, 1767), Ruspolia nitidula (Scopoli, 1786), Brachytrupes megacephalus (Lefebvre, 1827), and Heteracris adspersa (Redtenbacher, 1889), is not excluded unless appropriate conservation measures are introduced and implemented.
Modeling Snow Ablation over the Mountains of the Western United States: Patterns and Controlling Factors
Authors: Xiao Mu , Mahanama Sarith P. , Xue Yongkang , Chen Fei , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen compared with differences in snow accumulation predicted by widely used hydrological models, there is a much greater divergence among otherwise “good” models in their simulation of the snow ablation process. Here, we explore differences in the performance of the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC), Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP), the Catchment model, and the third-generation Simplified Simple Biosphere model (SiB3) in their ability to reproduce observed snow water equivalent (SWE) during the ablation season at 10 Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations over 1992–2012. During the ablation period, net radiation generally has stronger correlations with observed melt rates than does air temperature. Average ablation rates tend to be higher (in both model predictions and observations) at stations with a large accumulation of SWE. The differences in the dates of last snow between models and observations range from several days to approximately a month (on average 5.1 days earlier than in observations). If the surface cover in the models is changed from observed vegetation to bare soil in all of the models, only the melt rate of the VIC model increases. The differences in responses of models to canopy removal are directly related to snowpack energy inputs, which are further affected by different algorithms for surface albedo and energy allocation across the models. We also find that the melt rates become higher in VIC and lower in Noah-MP if the shrub/grass present at the observation sites is switched to trees.
The Role of Soil Texture in Local Land Surface–Atmosphere Coupling and Regional Climate
Authors: Dennis Eli J. , Berbery Ernesto Hugo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSoil hydraulic properties are critical in estimating surface and subsurface processes, including surface fluxes, the distribution of soil moisture, and the extraction of water by root systems. In most numerical weather and climate models, those properties are assigned using maps of soil texture complemented by look-up tables. Comparison of two widely used soil texture databases, the USDA State Soil Geographic database (STATSGO) and Beijing Normal University’s soil texture database (GSDE), reveals that differences are widespread and can be spatially coherent over large areas that can eventually lead to regional climate differences. For instance, over the U.S. Great Plains, GSDE stipulates finer soil grains than STATSGO, while the opposite is true over central Mexico. In this study, we employ the WRF/CLM4 modeling suite to investigate the sensitivity of the simulated regional climate to changes in the prescribed soil maps. Wherever GSDE has finer grains than STATSGO (e.g., over the U.S. Great Plains), the soil retains water more strongly, as evidenced by smaller latent heat flux (−20 W m−2), larger sensible heat flux (+20 W m−2), and correspondingly, a decrease in the 2-m humidity (−1 g kg−1) and an increase in 2-m temperature (+1.5 K). The opposite behavior is found over areas of coarser grains in GSDE (e.g., over central Mexico). Further, the changes in surface fluxes via soil texture lead to differences in the thermodynamic structure of the PBL. Results suggest that neither soil hydraulic properties nor soil moisture solely dictate the strength of surface fluxes, but in combination they alter the land–atmosphere coupling in nontrivial ways.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in secondary education: A prospective cross-sectional survey of 110 Hong Kong secondary schools
Authors: Yim Vivian Wan Cheong , Ip Crystal Ming-Lai , Siu Axel Yuet Chung , Leung Ling Yan , Hung Kevin Kei Ching , Graham Colin Alexander , Song Priscilla P , Walline Joseph Harold 
Published: November 2020

Background: Hong Kong rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation are very low by international standards. Several Hong Kong secondary schools have begun incorporating cardiopulmonary resuscitation training into their curriculums for teachers and students. Objective: This study aimed to explore secondary school cardiopulmonary resuscitation programs and better understand school principals’ attitudes toward cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was sent to all Hong Kong secondary school principals (public and private, except for special education schools) between December 2017 and March 2018. A self-administered questionnaire of 20 items focusing on school characteristics, details of any in-school cardiopulmonary resuscitation materials or training, attitudes toward teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and any barriers or ways to promote school cardiopulmonary resuscitation training was given to all school principals in the territory. This study was approved by the Survey and Behavioural Research Ethics committee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong on September 13, 2017. Results: Out of the 506 schools contacted, 110 completed surveys were returned (21.7%). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training was offered in 33.6% (37/110), while 92.7% (102/110) had an automatic external defibrillator. A majority (69.1% (76/110)) agreed or strongly agreed that cardiopulmonary resuscitation training should be compulsory for secondary school students. In schools where cardiopulmonary resuscitation was taught, most cardiopulmonary resuscitation students were aged 15–17 years, and most courses ran for < 5 h. Increased funding could encourage more schools to offer cardiopulmonary resuscitation training to students in the future. Conclusion: One-third (33.6%) of Hong Kong secondary schools offer cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. Increased funding may support school-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation instruction and improve rates of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the future.
High pretreatment static and dynamic alpha‐fetoprotein values predict reduced overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Czauderna Carolin , Schmidtmann Irene , Koch Sandra , Pilz Lukas , Heinrich Sophia , Otto Gerd , Mittler Jens , Lang Hauke , Kloeckner Roman , Düber Christoph , Sprinzl Martin F. , Worns Marcus A. , Galle Peter R. , Marquardt Jens U. , Weinmann Arndt 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Novel prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers are urgently needed to improve patient management. Alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) is a well‐established and widely used biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, diagnostic accuracy of static AFP values is limited and the clinical potential is a matter of ongoing scientific discussion.ObjectiveWe here evaluated the prognostic impact of pretreatment static and dynamic AFP variables on overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients in a Western cohort.MethodsPatients with confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 809) treated at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz between 1998 and 2014 and two available pretreatment AFP‐values (AFP‐slope) were retrospectively analysed. Clinicopathological baseline parameters, pretreatment static values and AFP‐slope were assessed. Prognostic impact was determined by Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox regression models.ResultsHigh static and dynamic AFP variables prior to therapy were associated with reduced survival rates of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Several known clinical parameters such as Child–Pugh B (p < 0.01) and C stage (p < 0.001), portal vein thrombosis (p < 0.001) and extrahepatic spread (p < 0.001) were confirmed as independent predictors for overall survival. Addition of static and/or dynamic AFP variable resulted in higher time‐dependent area under the curves. Notably, in patients with more favourable prognosis, AFP‐slope prior to therapy was a slightly stronger predictor for overall survival compared with static AFP values.ConclusionStatic and dynamic AFP variables prior to therapy are predictive for overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Addition of AFP‐slope to established prognostic parameters might improve prognostic classification for a subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with preserved liver function and without portal vein tumour thrombosis.
Deprescribing medications that may increase the risk of hepatic encephalopathy: A qualitative study of patients with cirrhosis and their doctors
Authors: Williams Sydni , Louissaint Jeremy , Nikirk Sam , Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Tapper Elliot B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsMultiple medications are associated with an increased risk of incident hepatic encephalopathy. Despite this known risk, medications such as opioids, benzodiazepines, gabapentin/pregabalin, and/or proton pump inhibitors are increasingly prescribed to persons with cirrhosis. Deprescribing is a promising intervention to reduce the burden of hepatic encephalopathy. Given that deprescribing has not been trialed in cirrhosis, we evaluated the barriers and facilitators to safe and successful deprescribing in cirrhosis.MethodsWe conducted, transcribed, and analyzed semi‐structured interviews using qualitative methodology with 22 subjects. This included eight patients with cirrhosis and recent use of opiates, benzodiazepines, gabapentin/Lyrica, and/or proton pump inhibitors as well as 14 providers (primary care, transplant surgery, transplant hepatology). Interviews explored opinions, behaviors, and understanding surrounding the risks and benefits of deprescribing.ResultsMajor provider‐specific barriers included deferred responsibility of the deprescribing process, knowledge gaps regarding the risk of hepatic encephalopathy associated with medications (e.g., proton pump inhibitors) as well as the safe method of deprescription (i.e., benzodiazepines), and time constraints. Patient‐specific barriers included knowledge gaps regarding the cirrhosis‐specific risks of their medications and anxiety about the recurrence of symptoms after medication discontinuation. Patients uniformly reported trust in their provider's opinions on risks and wished for more comprehensive education during or after visits. Providers uniformly reported support for deprescription resources including pharmacist or nurse outreach.ConclusionGiven knowledge of medication risks related to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis, deprescribing is universally seen as important. Knowledge gaps, inaction, and uncertainty regarding feasible alternatives prevent meaningful implementation of deprescription. Trials of protocolized pharmacy‐based deprescribing outreach and patient‐facing education on risks are warranted.