bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La energía y su enfoque jurídico en Panamá
Authors: Escala Stella 
Published: November 2020

La regulación en materia energética surge desde los inicios de la República, cuando se hacen por primera vez leyes relacionadas a la electricidad y los hidrocarburos, esto lo podemos apreciar con la Ley 30 de 10 de febrero de 1909, que dicta disposiciones sobre adquisición de minas o depósitos de petróleo, y la Ley 60 de 28 de diciembre de 1912, donde la nación asume el derecho exclusivo de conceder en los caminos, calles y plazas de uso común, licencias para las instalaciones destinadas a la producción de energía eléctrica para alumbrado público y privado. La normativa en materia energética ha ido cambiando a lo largo del tiempo, sin embargo, cuando se habla de energía, se tiende a pensar únicamente en la electricidad, cuando también se incluye a los hidrocarburos. En ambos sectores contamos con marcos institucionales y regulatorios creados hace varios años, que han sido objetos de múltiples modificaciones, como es el caso del sector eléctrico donde la Ley 6 de 3 de febrero de 1997, cumplió recientemente veinte años, y la Ley 8 de 16 de junio de 1987, que regula las actividades de los hidrocarburos, la cual encuentra su principal apoyo en el Decreto de Gabinete No.36 de 17 de septiembre de 2003, que establece la política nacional de los hidrocarburos y dicta otras disposiciones.
La reforestación del área de uso público y los efectos del Arco Seco de Azuero
Authors: Pérez González Ángel Santos 
Published: November 2020

RESUMEN
Los espacios de uso público son todos aquellos que el urbanizador o inversionista cede gratuitamente al estado para los sistemas viales, de acueducto, sanitario, pluvial y todos aquellos utilizados como aceras, parques, áreas verdes, jardines, áreas deportivas, que bien utilizadas pude contribuir a mitigar los efectos del arco seco de Azuero. Este artículo pretende sensibilizar a la población del corregimiento de Monagrillo sobre la importancia de la reforestación de estas áreas de uso público y demostrar que los costos para la adquisición, plantación y mantenimiento de los árboles que se puedan sembrar en los espacios de uso público son mínimos ante los beneficios que puede brindar al medio ambiente. La metodología utilizada para la redacción del artículo es de tipo no experimental, transaccional, con un estudio explicativo, con hipótesis causal; el universo es la población del corregimiento de Monagrillo y la muestra son cinco urbanizaciones, escogidas al azar; el tipo de muestreo es el simple al azar; y los sujetos son las personas encuestadas. Para el análisis de los datos se empleará encuesta y porcentajes. Como parte de los resultados, se dieron a conocer los costos de adquirir, plantar y mantener árboles en el área de uso público de las cinco urbanizaciones escogidas al azar del corregimiento de Monagrillo.
Evaluación del aprendizaje: La razón para la formación integral del policía
Authors: Rivera Dueñas Rosalba 
Published: November 2020

El escrito tiene como finalidad narrar el procedimiento de evaluación del aprendizaje en una escuela de formación de la Policía Nacional de Colombia, teniendo en cuenta que la formación integral en la educación de los seres humanos y su validación se basa en un principio denominado “evaluación del aprendizaje”, del cual nació el interés de conocer su procedimiento y es así como a través de una investigación exhaustiva se determinaron las concepciones y prácticas evaluativas predominantes en la acción pedagógica de los docentes de la escuela de Policía Rafael Reyes, propendiendo por la actualización y mejoramiento de la práctica evaluativa acorde a los nuevos desafíos del sistema educativo. El artículo contiene información relevante de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo de sondeo respectivamente, que se utilizó durante la investigación, para que la información recolectada se complemente y se contraste, debido a la diversidad de la interpretación de los resultados. Finalmente, se presenta un plan de mejoramiento institucional que conllevó al desarrollo de estrategias de capacitación y actualización, lo cual ha contribuido a la innovación de los procesos de evaluación del aprendizaje de los estudiantes en la institución educativa de la policía y el propósito es que sea aplicado a todas las unidades educativas de la Policía Nacional.
Survivor Bias: Divergent Fates of the Solar System’s Ejected versus Persisting Planetesimals
Authors: Raymond Sean N. , Kaib Nathan A. , Armitage Philip J. , Fortney Jonathan J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The orbital architecture of the solar system is thought to have been sculpted by a dynamical instability among the giant planets. During the instability a primordial outer disk of planetesimals was destabilized and ended up on planet-crossing orbits. Most planetesimals were ejected into interstellar space, but a fraction were trapped on stable orbits in the Kuiper Belt and Oort cloud. We use a suite of N-body simulations to map out the diversity of planetesimals’ dynamical pathways. We focus on two processes: tidal disruption from very close encounters with a giant planet, and loss of surface volatiles from repeated passages close to the Sun. We show that the rate of tidal disruption is more than a factor of 2 higher for ejected planetesimals than for surviving objects in the Kuiper Belt or Oort cloud. Ejected planetesimals are preferentially disrupted by Jupiter and surviving ones by Neptune. Given that the gas giants contracted significantly as they cooled but the ice giants did not, taking into account the thermal evolution of the giant planets decreases the disruption rate of ejected planetesimals. The frequency of volatile loss and extinction is far higher for ejected planetesimals than for surviving ones and is not affected by the giant planets’ contraction. Even if all interstellar objects were ejected from solar system–like systems, our analysis suggests that their physical properties should be more diverse than those of solar system small bodies as a result of their divergent dynamical histories. This is consistent with the characteristics of the two currently known interstellar objects.
Energy Supply for Heating the Slow Solar Wind Observed by Parker Solar Probe between 0.17 and 0.7 au
Authors: Wu Honghong , Tu Chuanyi , Wang Xin , He Jiansen , Yang Liping 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Energy supply sources for the heating process in the slow solar wind remain unknown. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission provides a good opportunity to study this issue. Recently, PSP observations have found that the slow solar wind experiences stronger heating inside 0.24 au. Here for the first time we measure in the slow solar wind the radial gradient of the low-frequency breaks on the magnetic trace power spectra and evaluate the associated energy supply rate. We find that the energy supply rate is consistent with the observed perpendicular heating rate calculated based on the gradient of the magnetic moment. Based on this finding, one could explain why the slow solar wind is strongly heated inside 0.25 au but expands nearly adiabatically outside 0.25 au. This finding supports the concept that the energy added from the energy-containing range is transferred by an energy cascade process to the dissipation range, and then dissipates to heat the slow solar wind. The related issues for further study are discussed.
How Good is “Good Enough?” Major Element Chemical Analyses of
Planetary Basalts by Spacecraft Instruments
Authors: Treiman Allan H. , Filiberto Justin , Rivera-Valentín Edgard G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bulk chemical composition is a fundamental property of a planetary material, rock
or regolith, and can be used to constrain the properties and history of a
material, and by extension its parent body, including its potential for
habitability. Here, we investigate how uncertainties in bulk major element
analyses can affect inferences derived from those analyses, including rock
classification by total-alkalis–silica (TAS); Chemical Index of Alteration
(CIA); a tectonic discriminant for magma genesis; and the inferred mantle
pressure and temperature of a basaltic magma’s origin. Uncertainties for actual
spacecraft instruments (Mars Exploration Rover and Mars Science Laboratory
(MER/MSL), Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectroscopy (APXS), and Mars Science Laboratory:
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (MSL LIBS)) and a suggested uncertainty
level for analyses on Venus (Venus Exploration Targets (VExT) Workshop) are
higher than those of standard Earth-based analyses (e.g., by inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES)). We propagate the uncertainties
from each analysis type to the derived parameters, both implicitly and via
boot-strap (Monte Carlo) methods. Our calculations show that the uncertainties
of APXS and VExT are greater than those for ICPOES, but they still allow useful
inferences about rock type and history. Our results show that the uncertainties
of MSL LIBS analyses are significantly larger than the other techniques, and can
provide only limited constraints on rock types or histories. Any instruments
chosen for future mission must have uncertainties of the chemical analyses small
enough to meet the mission’s overall scientific objectives.
Lunar Exploration as a Probe of Ancient Venus
Authors: Cabot Samuel H. C. , Laughlin Gregory 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An ancient Venusian rock could constrain that planet’s history and reveal the past existence of oceans. Such samples may persist on the Moon, which lacks an atmosphere and significant geological activity. We demonstrate that, if Venus’ atmosphere was at any point thin and similar to Earth’s, then asteroid impacts transferred potentially detectable amounts of Venusian surface material to the lunar regolith. Venus experiences an enhanced flux, relative to Earth, of asteroid collisions that eject lightly shocked (≲40 GPa) surface material. Initial launch conditions plus close encounters and resonances with Venus evolve ejecta trajectories into Earth-crossing orbits. Using analytic models for crater ejecta and N-body simulations, we find that more than 0.07% of the ejecta lands on the Moon. The lunar regolith will contain up to 0.2 ppm Venusian material if Venus lost its water in the last 3.5 Gyr. If water was lost more than 4 Gyr ago, 0.3 ppm of the deep megaregolith is of Venusian origin. About half of collisions between ejecta and the Moon occur at ≲6 km s−1, which hydrodynamical simulations have indicated is sufficient to avoid significant shock alteration. Therefore, recovery and isotopic analyses of Venusian surface samples would determine with high confidence both whether and when Venus harbored liquid oceans and/or a lower-mass atmosphere. Tests on brecciated clasts in existing lunar samples from Apollo missions may provide an immediate resolution. Alternatively, regolith characterization by upcoming lunar missions may provide answers to these fundamental questions surrounding Venus’ evolution.
Use of erbium as a burnable absorber for the VVER reactor core life extension
Authors: Alassaf Saleh H. , Savander Vladimir I. , Hassan Ahmed A. 
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the results of a computational and theoretical analysis concerned with the use of erbium as a burnable absorber in VVER-type reactors. Partial refueling options for the reactor life extension to 18 and 24 months is considered, the refueling ratio being equal to three for the 18-month life and to two for the 24-month life. Erbium is expected to be present in all fuel elements in the FA with the same weight content. The influence of the erbium weight content on such neutronic characteristics of the reactor and fuel as burn-up, reactivity coefficients, residual volume of “liquid" control, and amounts of the liquid radioactive waste (LRW) formed was assessed.
The calculations were performed using a simplified model of refueling without FA reshuffling. An infinite array of polycells consisting of FAs with different in-core times was considered. The escape of neutrons from the core was taken into account by selecting the critical value K∞ at the end of life.
Erbium does not burn up in full for the lifetime which affects the fuel burn-up as compared with the liquid excessive reactivity compensation system. The reduction is 0.7% per 0.1% of the erbium weight load in the fuel elements. This, however, also reduces the maximum content of the boron absorber in the coolant and the LRW accumulation in the ratio of 5% per 0.1% of the erbium weight load.
Erbium influences the spectral component of the coolant temperature reactivity coefficient which turns out to be negative even with its minor weight fraction in fuel elements, and a reduction in the boron absorber fraction leads to a positive value of the density reactivity coefficient. As a result, the overall coolant temperature reactivity coefficient has a negative value throughout the lifetime.
Metal-containing taurine compounds protect rat’s brain in reperfusion-induced injury
Authors: Semeleva Elena V. , Blinova Ekaterina V. , Zaborovsky Andrey V. , Gromova Irina A. , Shukurov Asliddin S. , Blinov Dmirty S. , Turovsky Egor A. , Vasilkina Olga V. , Lobanova Elena G. , Samishina Elena A. , Mazov Yan A. , Sokolov Alexey I. , Dergunova Yulia V. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The study aim was to explore a neuroprotective action of magnesium (LKhT-317) and zinc (LKhT-318) taurine salts on experimental models of reperfusion brain damage in rats and cell culture.
Materials and methods: The study was performed on male Sprague Dawley rats, and rat’s hippocampal mixed neu­roglial cell culture. Magnesium- (LKhT-317) and zinc-containing (LKhT-318) derivatives of taurine were studied. Reperfusion brain damage was induced 30 min after intraluminal cerebral middle artery occlusion. Severity of the injury was assessed by local blood flowmetry, neurological symptoms scaling and brain tissue staining. Levels of IL-1b, IL-10 and TNF-alpha in tissue were determined by qualitative ELISA. Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expressions were detected by IHC. Neurons survival was assessed by cytochemistry. Cellular calcium responses were detected by fluorescent microscopy of Fura-2-containig cells.
Results and discussion: Metal-containing taurine derivatives – LKhT-317 and LKhT-318 – demonstrated a sufficient neuroprotective property in rats with a reperfusion-induced brain injury. Both derivatives effectively prevented severity of the animals’ brain damage, motor deficiency, reduction of microvascular perfusion, and proinflammatory cytokines production. Magnesium-containing compound LKhT-317 was comparatively more effective than zinc-containing one. LKhT-317 possessed an anti-apoptotic action in vivo, and protected neurons from OGD-mediated cell death in mixed hippocampal culture. The aforementioned actions may be associated with an LKhT-317 inhibitory effect on NMDA-in­duced cellular Ca2+ response and, therefore, the anti-excitotoxic property of the compound.
Conclusion: Magnesium- and zinc-containing taurine derivatives may be considered as promising neuroprotectors in the reperfusion-induced brain injury.
Decreased Range of Motion Following Acute Versus Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Sterett William I , Hutton Kirk S , Briggs Karen K , Steadman J Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Eighty patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction were compared to 80 patients with chronic ACL reconstruction. Before reconstruction, all patients had 0°-120° active motion, performed a straight leg raise without loss of extension, and demonstrated good quadriceps control. At 3 months, 4 acute patients had decreased range of motion (<10°-120°), but none at 6 or 12 months, and did not require repeat surgery. One chronic patient had decreased range of motion at 3 and 6 months and 1 patient had decreased range of motion at 1 year; both patients required operative intervention. Using these specific preoperative criteria, no increased incidence of decreased range of motion was found when an ACL reconstruction was performed within 3 weeks of injury.
La sonorisation télévisuelle : mutations d’un marché dérivé et multiplication des formes de valorisation marchande des musiques de télévision
Authors: GUÉRAUD-PINET Guylaine 
Published: November 2020

Depuis les années 2000, des mutations sont remarquées dans les filières des industries culturelles. Elles concernent aussi bien leur organisation que la production de leurs contenus. Par l’analyse de la sonorisation télévisuelle, un marché dérivé du marché général de la musique enregistrée, cet article étudie les stratégies diversifiées des acteurs de la filière phonographique et de la filière de l’audiovisuel (tout particulièrement ceux de la production télévisuelle de flux). À partir du cas de la musique d’illustration seront mises en évidence des stratégies d’intégration horizontale de la part des majors de la musique (rachat de librairies musicales) et une autonomisation de la télévision dans la production même des contenus musicaux servant à alimenter son flux d’images. La place et le rôle de la numérisation dans ces changements majeurs remarqués depuis une quinzaine d’années guideront la présente étude.
Variations autour de l’adoption de plateformes de vente en ligne : la réception d’un nouveau dispositif marchand par les entrepreneurs albigeois
Authors: Calvignac Cédric , VIDAL Mathieu 
Published: November 2020

Les plateformes de vente en ligne (ou marketplaces) figurent aujourd’hui parmi les dispositifs de captation marchande les plus performants de l’économie numérique. Dans différents secteurs d’activités (tourisme, transports, biens culturels), elles se sont très largement imposées pour parfois devenir dominantes. Le présent article cherche à analyser les déterminants de leur adoption par les responsables d’entreprises de l’agglomération albigeoise. Partant d’une enquête quantitative, l’article examine trois grands types de variations : 1) la variation des facteurs individuels, organisationnels et structurels qui président à l’adoption du dispositif ; 2) la variation de l’intérêt manifesté par les entrepreneurs pour deux types de plateformes distinctes : les marketplaces multi-sites (de type Amazon) et une marketplace locale pensée pour relocaliser l’activité économique sur le territoire albigeois ; 3) la variation inhérente à l’analyse comparée de données factuelles (adoption effective des marketplaces multi-sites) et prospectives (déclaration d’intérêt pour un projet de marketplace locale).
NUDT21 Links Mitochondrial IPS-1 to RLR-Containing Stress Granules and Activates Host Antiviral Defense
Authors: Aoyama-Ishiwatari Saeko , Okazaki Tomohiko , Iemura Shun-ichiro , Natsume Tohru , Okada Yasushi , Gotoh Yukiko 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Viral RNA in the cytoplasm of mammalian host cells is recognized by retinoic acid–inducible protein–I–like receptors (RLRs), which localize to cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs). Activated RLRs associate with the mitochondrial adaptor protein IPS-1, which activates antiviral host defense mechanisms, including type I IFN induction. It has remained unclear, however, how RLRs in SGs and IPS-1 in the mitochondrial outer membrane associate physically and engage in information transfer. In this study, we show that NUDT21, an RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative transcript polyadenylation, physically associates with IPS-1 and mediates its localization to SGs in response to transfection with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a mimic of viral dsRNA. We found that despite its well-established function in the nucleus, a fraction of NUDT21 localizes to mitochondria in resting cells and becomes localized to SGs in response to poly(I:C) transfection. NUDT21 was also found to be required for efficient type I IFN induction in response to viral infection in both human HeLa cells and mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. Our results together indicate that NUDT21 links RLRs in SGs to mitochondrial IPS-1 and thereby activates host defense responses to viral infection.
ANALISIS YURIDIS PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK DIBAWAH UMUR SEBAGAI PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK
Authors: Hasibuan Muhammad Suwandy , Ismail Ismail , Pratiwi Irda 
Published: November 2020

Anak merupakan salah satu golongan kelompok rentan yang perlu dilindungi dari segala bentuk pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manunisia. Kita perlu ketahui bahwa hak anak merupakana bagian yang diatur dalam hak asasi manusia yang wajib dijamin oleh negara, dilindungi oleh negara, dan dipenuhi oleh orang tua yang melahirkannnya dan ini juga berlaku bagi masyarakat dimana anak berada. Berkaitan dengan tersebut maka si anak berhak atas tumbuh kembang dan kelangsungan hidup secara optimal baik itu mental, psikiloginya dan juga fisiknya. Kitab undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) telah mengatur tindak pidana kekerasan, dalam pasal 290 mengenai kejahatan terhadap kesopanan, namun menurut penulis pasal tersebut belum menimbulkan efek jera bagi pelaku tindakan kekerasan terhadap anak dikarenakan ancaman hukumannya masih ringan. Sehingga dengan adanya Undang-Undang Nomor 35 tahun 2014 perubahan atas Undang-undang Nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana. Dalam penulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan secara Perundang-undangan. Rumusan masalah yang diangkat adalah Bagaimana perlindungan hukum terhadap anak dibawah umur sebagai pelaku tindak pidana ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perlindungan Anak dan Bagaimana pengaturan keadilan restoratif dan diversi untuk perlindungan hukum terhadap anak dibawah umur sebagai pelaku tindak pidana.Maka dalam hal ini penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa pemerintah telah berupaya melakukan perlindungan terhadap anak yang melak
The Effect of Renewable Energy Marketing Techniques on Different Age Brackets
Authors: Ryan Maxwell , McDonough Meghan 
Published: November 2020

Renewable energy technologies are often seen as one of the most useful solution to the issue of climate change. Hamilton, Hartter, and Bell (2019) conducted a study where participants of various ages were surveyed about their opinions and attitudes towards renewable energy. They found that there was a difference between how younger and older people perceived renewable energy and other related technologies. There is also extensive research into how different appeals people’s perception of a product in advertising. This study combines the two to investigate how age impacted the effectiveness of various commercial types regarding renewable energy. A Posttest-only control group, experimental design was used to conduct this study. A survey was modeled from various related experiments and given to participants from five different age groups. A one-way ANOVA test was run for the numerical results of each of the age groups in the survey. The p-Value for age group one was determined to be statistically significant at p<0.05 and a null hypothesis was rejected. This, along with anecdotal responses from participants, was used to draw three conclusions. People in the first age group are concerned with the environmental benefits of renewable energy technologies, but are more concerned with their implementation into society. Participants across most of the age groups are concerned with the cost of renewable energy technologies. Finally, the participants believed that the individual situation of the installer should determine if they should invest in renewable energy technologies.
Keywords: renewable energy, marketing, advertising, age groups, perception