bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hydro-osmotic coarsening theory of biological cavity formation
Authors: Le Verge-Serandour Mathieu , Turlier Hervé 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFluid-filled biological cavities are ubiquitous, but their collective dynamics has remained largely unexplored from a physical perspective. Based on experimental observations in early embryos, we propose a model where a cavity forms through the coarsening of myriad of pressurized micrometric lumens, that interact by ion and fluid exchanges through the intercellular space. Performing extensive numerical simulations, we find that hydraulic fluxes lead to a self-similar coarsening of lumens in time, characterized by a robust dynamic scaling exponent. The collective dynamics is primarily controlled by hydraulic fluxes, which stem from lumen pressures differences and are dampened by water permeation through the membrane. Passive osmotic heterogeneities play, on the contrary, a minor role on cavity formation but active ion pumping can largely modify the coarsening dynamics: it prevents the lumen network from a collective collapse and gives rise to a novel coalescence-dominated regime exhibiting a distinct scaling law. Interestingly, we prove numerically that spatially biasing ion pumping may be sufficient to position the cavity, suggesting a novel mode of symmetry breaking to control tissue patterning. Providing generic testable predictions, our model forms a comprehensive theoretical basis for hydro-osmotic interaction between biological cavities, that shall find wide applications in embryo and tissue morphogenesis.Author summaryThe formation of a single biological cavity, or lumen, in tissues and embryos has been widely studied experimentally but the collective dynamics of multiple lumens has received much less attention. Here, we focus on a particular type of lumens, which are located at the adhesive side of cells and can therefore interact directly through the intercellular space, as recently observed in the very first stages of embryogenesis. We propose a generic model to describe the hydraulic and osmotic exchanges between lumens themselves, and with the surrounding cellular medium. Lumens are pressurized by a surface tension, which leads naturally to their coarsening into a single final cavity through hydraulic exchanges. With extensive numerical simulations and mean-field theory we predict that such coarsening dynamics follows a robust scaling law, that barely depends on concentration heterogeneities between lumens. On the contrary, active osmotic pumping largely influences the collective dynamics by favoring lumen coalescence and by biasing the position of the final cavity. Our theoretical work highlights the essential role of hydraulic and osmotic flows in morphogenesis.
Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cell Responses Differ by Sex in COVID-19
Authors: Yu Chen , Littleton Sejiro , Giroux Nicholas , Mathew Rose , Ding Shengli , Kalnitsky Joan , Petzold Elizabeth W. , Chung Hong , Palomino Grecia Rivera , Rotstein Tomer , Xi Rui , Ko Emily R. , Tsalik Ephraim L. , Sempowski Gregory D. , Denny Thomas N. , Burke Thomas W. , McClain Micah T. , Woods Christopher W. , Shen Xiling , Saban Daniel R. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTSexual dimorphisms in immune responses contribute to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, yet the mechanisms governing this disparity remain incompletely understood. We carried out sex-balanced sampling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from confirmed COVID-19 inpatients and outpatients, uninfected close contacts, and healthy controls for 36-color flow cytometry and single cell RNA-sequencing. Our results revealed a pronounced reduction of circulating mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in infected females. Integration of published COVID-19 airway tissue datasets implicate that this reduction represented a major wave of MAIT cell extravasation during early infection in females. Moreover, female MAIT cells possessed an immunologically active gene signature, whereas male counterparts were pro-apoptotic. Collectively, our findings uncover a female-specific protective MAIT profile, potentially shedding light on reduced COVID-19 susceptibility in females.
A Genetic Screen for Temperature-sensitive Morphogenesis-defectiveCaenorhabditis elegansMutants
Authors: Jud Molly Christine , Lowry Josh , Padilla Thalia , Clifford Erin , Yang Yuqi , Fennell Francesca , Miller Alexander , Hamill Danielle , Harvey Austin , Avila-Zavala Martha , Shao Hong , NguyenTran Nhah , Bao Zhirong , Bowerman Bruce 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTMorphogenesis involves coordinated cell migrations and cell shape changes that generate tissues and organs, and organize the body plan. Cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton are important for executing morphogenesis, but their regulation remains poorly understood. As genes required for embryonic morphogenesis may have earlier roles in development, temperature-sensitive embryonic-lethal mutations are useful tools for investigating this process. From a collection of ∼200 suchCaenorhabditis elegansmutants, we have identified 17 that have highly penetrant embryonic morphogenesis defects after upshifts from the permissive to the restrictive temperature, just prior to the cell shape changes that mediate elongation of the ovoid embryo into a vermiform larva. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified the causal mutations in seven affected genes. These include three genes that have roles in producing the extracellular matrix, which is known to affect the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues in multicellular organisms. Therib-1andrib-2genes encode glycosyltransferases, and theemb-9gene encodes a collagen subunit. We also used live imaging to characterize epidermal cell shape dynamics in one mutant,or1219ts, and observed cell elongation defects during dorsal intercalation and ventral enclosure that may be responsible for the body elongation defects. These results indicate that our screen has identified factors that influence morphogenesis and provides a platform for advancing our understanding of this fundamental biological process.SUMMARYWe performed a systematic, forward genetics screen for temperature-sensitive embryonic-lethal (TS-EL)Caenorhabditis elegansmutants that are specifically defective in embryonic morphogenesis. By taking advantage of temperature-upshifts, we identified several essential genes influencing morphogenesis. We also demonstrated that one mutant has defects in epidermal cell shape changes that likely account for the failure in morphogenesis. The TS-EL mutants we identified will be useful tools for advancing our understanding of the gene networks controlling cell shape changes and movements during morphogenesis.
“Set yourself free!” Exploring help-seeking motives in at-risk gamblers
Authors: De Vos Svetlana , Ilicic Jasmina , Quester Pascale G. , Crouch Roberta Carolyn 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
With limited research on help-seeking in the social marketing domain, this research takes a unique perspective through the lens of McGuire’s psychological framework examining the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations (or perceived help-seeking benefits) influencing help-seeking attitudes and behaviour in at-risk gamblers. This paper aims to examine the role that response efficacy has on the relationship between perceived help-seeking benefits and help-seeking behavioural intentions.

Design/methodology/approach
Study 1 used focus groups to explore the positive influence of help-seeking in at-risk gamblers. Studies 2 and 3 used online surveys to further test the direct and indirect impacts of perceived help-seeking benefits on attitudes and behavioural intentions. Structural equation modelling with multi-group analysis (low/high response efficacy) tested the hypotheses.

Findings
Both cognitive and affective psychological motives manifest as distinct intrinsic (well-being, self-esteem and self-control) and extrinsic motivators (social influence) that influence at-risk gamblers’ help-seeking attitudes and intentions to seek professional services. These perceived benefits influence help-seeking intentions directly (for those high in response efficacy) and indirectly via serial attitudinal mediators.

Practical implications
The results provide a guide for practitioners to enhance the promotion of professional help. Practitioners should develop marketing communication messages centred on the specific psychological needs of at-risk gamblers to encourage help-seeking behaviour including an emphasis on assertion, affiliation, independence, utilitarian, tension reduction, ego defence and consistency.

Originality/value
This research is the first, to the knowledge, to examine the psychological motivations that encourage help-seeking in at-risk gamblers, demonstrating that both preservation and growth motives influence help-seeking attitudes and the decision to act.
Has tourism the resources and answers to a more inclusive society?
Authors: Costa Jorge 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the various papers in this issue and explain the pertinence of the strategic question.

Design/methodology/approach
A brief context for the strategic question is provided, as well as the issue alignment and a content analysis of the papers selected.

Findings
From the analysis of the papers selected for this theme issue, it becomes clear that destinations should reflect and work in a new model of tourism – more sustainable, innovative, responsible and supportive – adding value to the tourism ecosystem.

Originality/value
From various angles of analysis, the papers selected for this issue shed light on a relevant problem: the importance of tourist destinations in adopting a more inclusive approach. All tourist agents need to maintain their commitment to work together to promote universal accessibility and inclusiveness.
Tree phylogenetic diversity structures multitrophic communities
Authors: Staab Michael , Liu Xiaojuan , Assmann Thorsten , Bruelheide Helge , Buscot François , Durka Walter , Erfmeier Alexandra , Klein Alexandra‐Maria , Ma Keping , Michalski Stefan , Wubet Tesfaye , Schmid Bernhard , Schuldt Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Plant diversity begets diversity at other trophic levels. While species richness is the most commonly used measure for plant diversity, the number of evolutionary lineages (i.e. phylogenetic diversity) could theoretically have a stronger influence on the community structure of co‐occurring organisms. However, this prediction has only rarely been tested in complex real‐world ecosystems.

Using a comprehensive multitrophic dataset of arthropods and fungi from a species‐rich subtropical forest, we tested whether tree species richness or tree phylogenetic diversity relates to the diversity and composition of organisms.

We show that tree phylogenetic diversity but not tree species richness determines arthropod and fungi community composition across trophic levels and increases the diversity of predatory arthropods but decreases herbivorous arthropod diversity. The effect of tree phylogenetic diversity was not mediated by changed abundances of associated organisms, indicating that evolutionarily more diverse plant communities increase niche opportunities (resource diversity) but not necessarily niche amplitudes (resource amount).

Our findings suggest that plant evolutionary relatedness structures multitrophic communities in the studied species‐rich forests and possibly other ecosystems at large. As global change non‐randomly threatens phylogenetically distinct plant species, far‐reaching consequences on associated communities are expected.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Drivers of assemblage‐wide calling activity in tropical anurans and the role of temporal resolution
Authors: Sugai Larissa S. M. , Silva Thiago S. F. , Llusia Diego , Siqueira Tadeu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Temporal scale in animal communities is often associated with seasonality, despite the large variation in species activity during a diel cycle. A gap thus remains in understanding the dynamics of short‐term activity in animal communities.

Here we assessed calling activity of tropical anurans and addressed how species composition varied during night activity in assemblages along gradients of local and landscape environmental heterogeneity.

We investigated 39 anuran assemblages in the Pantanal wetlands (Brazil) with passive acoustic monitoring during the peak of one breeding season, and first determined changes in species composition between night periods (early, mid and late) using two temporal resolutions (1‐ and 3‐hr intervals). Then, we addressed the role of habitat structure (local and landscape heterogeneity variables from field‐based and remote sensing metrics) and ecological context (species richness and phylogenetic relatedness) in determining changes in species composition (a) between night periods and (b) across days.

Nocturnal calling activity of anuran assemblages varied more within the 1‐hr resolution than the 3‐hr resolution. Differences in species composition between early‐ and late‐night periods were related to local habitat structure and phylogenetic relatedness, while a low variation in compositional changes across days was associated with low‐heterogeneous landscapes. None of these relationships were observed using the coarser temporal resolution (3 hr).

Our findings on the variation of calling activity in tropical anuran assemblages suggest potential trade‐offs mediated by fine‐temporal partitioning. Local and landscape heterogeneity may provide conditions for spatial partitioning, while the relatedness among co‐signalling species provides cues on the ecological overlap of species with similar requirements. These relationships suggest a role of niche dimensional complementarity on the structuring of these anuran assemblages over fine‐temporal scales. We argue that fine‐temporal differences between species in breeding activity can influence the outcome of species interaction and thus, addressing temporal scaling issues can improve our understanding of the dynamics of animal communities.
Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae serogroups in the flowing freshwater environs from the tribal areas of Odisha, Eastern India
Authors: Pal Bibhuti Bhusan , Nayak Smruti Ranjan , Biswal Bhagyalaxmi , Das Basanta Kumar 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe environmental reservoirs of different serogroups of Vibrio cholerae causing cholera in the flowing freshwater bodies of the tribal areas of Odisha are not known. So the present study was conducted from June 2017 to March 2020 to find out the environmental reservoirs of V. cholerae serogroups in the water and plankton samples collected from the river, nala, stream and chua from Rayagada district. Similarly, rectal swabs were collected from diarrhoea patients and correlation was established among the V. cholerae strains isolated from diarrhoea patients and environmental V. cholerae isolates through routine culture, different multiplex PCR assays and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis using standard techniques. The multiplex PCR assays on biotypes and different toxic genes exhibited similar correlation between the clinical and water isolates, which was further strengthened by PFGE analysis. The planktonic DNA was positive for ctxA gene which established that the environmental water bodies were the reservoirs for virulence genes of V. cholerae serogroups. The detection of environmental reservoirs of V. cholerae serogroups in temporarily stagnant condition of water; partially encircled by stones, and near the bank of the river, nala and stream were the reservoirs which is a rare report from Odisha, India and Globe.
Guideline for the management of hip fractures 2020
Authors: Griffiths R. , Babu S. , Dixon P. , Freeman N. , Hurford D. , Kelleher E. , Moppett I. , Ray D. , Sahota O. , Shields M. , White S. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryWe convened a multidisciplinary Working Party on behalf of the Association of Anaesthetists to update the 2011 guidance on the peri‐operative management of people with hip fracture. Importantly, these guidelines describe the core aims and principles of peri‐operative management, recommending greater standardisation of anaesthetic practice as a component of multidisciplinary care. Although much of the 2011 guidance remains applicable to contemporary practice, new evidence and consensus inform the additional recommendations made in this document. Specific changes to the 2011 guidance relate to analgesia, medicolegal practice, risk assessment, bone cement implantation syndrome and regional review networks. Areas of controversy remain, and we discuss these in further detail, relating to the mode of anaesthesia, surgical delay, blood management and transfusion thresholds, echocardiography, anticoagulant and antiplatelet management and postoperative discharge destination. Finally, these guidelines provide links to supplemental online material that can be used at readers' institutions, key references and UK national guidance about the peri‐operative care of people with hip and periprosthetic fractures during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Kcnh2 mediates FAK/AKT‐FOXO3A pathway to attenuate sepsis‐induced cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Li Zhigang , Meng Yilei , Liu Chang , Liu Huan , Cao Wenze , Tong Chang , Lu Min , Li Li , Peng Luying 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesMyocardial dysfunction is a significant manifestation in sepsis, which results in high mortality. Even Kcnh2 has been hinted to associate with the pathological process, its involved signalling is still elusive.Materials and methodsThe caecal ligation puncture (CLP) surgery or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection was performed to induce septic cardiac dysfunction. Western blotting was used to determine KCNH2 expression. Cardiac function was examined by echocardiography 6 hours after CLP and LPS injection in Kcnh2 knockout (Kcnh2+/‐) and NS1643 injection rats (n ≥ 6/group). Survival was monitored following CLP‐induced sepsis (n ≥ 8/group).ResultsSepsis could downregulate KCNH2 level in the rat heart, as well as in LPS‐stimulated cardiomyocytes but not cardiac fibroblast. Defect of Kcnh2 (Kcnh2+/‐) significantly aggravated septic cardiac dysfunction, exacerbated tissue damage and increased apoptosis under LPS challenge. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction values were significantly decreased in Kcnh2+/‐ group than Kcnh2+/+ group. Survival outcome in Kcnh2+/‐ septic rats was markedly deteriorated, compared with Kcnh2+/+ rats. Activated Kcnh2 with NS1643, however, resulted in opposite effects. Lack of Kcnh2 caused inhibition of FAK/AKT signalling, reflecting in an upregulation for FOXO3A and its downstream targets, which eventually induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and heart tissue damage. Either activation of AKT by activator or knockdown of FOXO3A with si‐RNA remarkably attenuated the pathological manifestations that Kcnh2 defect mediated.ConclusionKcnh2 plays a protection role in sepsis‐induced cardiac dysfunction (SCID) via regulating FAK/AKT‐FOXO3A to block LPS‐induced myocardium apoptosis, indicating a potential effect of the potassium channels in pathophysiology of SCID.
Efficacy and safety of adding sotagliflozin, a dual sodium‐glucose co‐transporter (SGLT)1 and SGLT2 inhibitor, to optimized insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes and baseline body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m2
Authors: Danne Thomas , Edelman Steven , Frias Juan Pablo , Ampudia‐Blasco Francisco Javier , Banks Philip , Jiang Wenjun , Davies Michael J. , Sawhney Sangeeta 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSotagliflozin, a dual sodium‐glucose co‐transporter (SGLT)1/SGLT2 inhibitor, is currently approved in Europe as an adjunct to optimal insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27 kg/m2. In this post hoc analysis, efficacy at 24 weeks and safety at 52 weeks from pooled phase 3 clinical trials were evaluated in patients with baseline BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2. Sotagliflozin 200 mg and 400 mg added to insulin reduced glycated haemoglobin level and increased time in range assessed by continuous glucose monitoring versus placebo and also reduced body weight and systolic blood pressure. Differences in efficacy endpoints between sotagliflozin and placebo tended to be greater among patients with BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 compared to those with baseline BMI < 27 kg/m2. Consistent with published results for the entire population, fewer severe hypoglycaemia and documented hypoglycaemia ≤3.1 mmol/L events and a higher incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis occurred with sotagliflozin versus placebo in patients with BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2. Sotagliflozin as an adjunct to optimized insulin therapy in overweight/obese patients with T1D addressed some unmet needs and may help achieve optimal glycaemic control, mitigating weight gain without increasing hypoglycaemia risk in this high‐risk population.
Coordinated regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis by insulin and the NPY system
Authors: Lee Nicola J. , Herzog Herbert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInsulin is a major contributor to many important physiological processes. Although its function in the periphery has been studied in detail, the contributions that it makes to functions in the brain are far less understood. The neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurones comprise a major target of insulin in the brain and are inhibited by its action. In particular, NPY neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are critical control centres for insulin’s central action on control energy homeostasis, as well as glucose homeostasis regulation. However, the colocalisation of insulin receptors with NPY neurones is also found in many other brain areas, although very little is known about their interactions and control functions. In this review, we explore the recent advances that have been made to further the understanding of the hypothalamic insulin receptor‐NPY network, as well as provide insights from other lesser explored areas, such as the amygdala and hippocampus. We will also look at the peripheral interaction of the NPY system with insulin release, thereby closing the loop between these two energy and glucose homeostasis controlling systems and highlighting the critical interaction points that may be dysregulated in conditions of obesity and diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes and remission: practical management guided by pathophysiology
Authors: Taylor Roy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe twin cycle hypothesis postulated that type 2 diabetes was a result of excess liver fat causing excess supply of fat to the pancreas with resulting dysfunction of both organs. If this was so, the condition should be able to be returned to normal by calorie restriction. The Counterpoint study tested this prediction in short‐duration type 2 diabetes and showed that liver glucose handling returned to normal within 7 days and that beta‐cell function returned close to normal over 8 weeks. Subsequent studies have demonstrated the durability of remission from type 2 diabetes. Remarkably, during the first 12 months of remission, the maximum functional beta‐cell mass returns completely to normal and remains so for at least 24 months, consistent with regain of insulin secretory function of beta cells which had dedifferentiated in the face of chronic nutrient oversupply. The likelihood of achieving remission after 15% weight loss has been shown to be mainly determined by the duration of diabetes, with responders having better beta‐cell function at baseline. Remission is independent of BMI, underscoring the personal fat threshold concept that type 2 diabetes develops when an individual acquires more fat than can be individually tolerated even at a BMI which in the nonobese range. Observations on people of South Asian or Afro‐American ethnicity confirm that substantial weight loss achieves remission in the same way as in the largely White Europeans studied in detail. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes can now be regarded as an urgent signal that weight loss must be achieved to avoid a progressive decline of health.