bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Origins of Nostalgia for Ottomanism
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines six social factors that augmented a rise in Ottoman nostalgia as a countering identity and ideology against the Turkish Republic’s Westernizing reforms: the demographic makeup of Turkey as a republic of refugees who were ethnically cleansed from their ancestral homes in the Balkans and Caucasus; the Westernization project of Turkey’s founding fathers for creating a European nation-state by suppressing the legacy of the Ottoman Empire; the process of democratization (i.e., mobilization of masses to move into political domains and bringing a multiplicity of identities to redefine state identity and policies); the expansion of the public sphere with newspapers, journals, and digital media to accommodate discussions of various identities and formerly taboo subjects; the introduction of market forces aligned with Turgut Özal’s neoliberal economic policies and the rise of the new Anatolian bourgeoisie; and finally, the shift from factual history to imagined memory.
The Camera Lies
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Though he was known for saying, “Actors are cattle,” Alfred Hitchcock had highly specific ideas about film acting, which he saw in terms of contrast and counterpoint. Hitchcock was a theorist of acting, which he proved in some of his lesser-known 1930s interviews, and he has not been given his due as a director of actors. He felt that the camera was duplicitous and that it could be made to lie, and so he loved his actors to look one way and to be another, or to do one thing and suggest another. The best Hitchcock actor was one, the Master said, who could “do nothing well,” to which he always added that this was actually difficult to do. This book will analyze actors in Hitchcock films, exploring what acting for Hitchcock entailed and what acting is and can be in the cinema.
Six More in Silence
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hitchcock’s remaining silent films often suffered from actors who either did nothing in a nothing fashion (the three lead players in The Ring (1927)), actors who posed and indicated like Isabel Jeans in Easy Virtue (1928), or actors who had a sort of empty charm like Betty Balfour in Champagne (1928). But in this period Hitchcock also memorably experimented with actors in smaller parts like Violet Farebrother as a touchingly sex-starved poet in Downhill (1927) and Benita Hume’s telephone operator in Easy Virtue, a girl who listens in on a marriage proposal and reacts accordingly.
Strangers on a Train, I Confess
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
On the first day of shooting, Hitchcock referred to Strangers on a Train (1951) as “my real first film,” and the Master drew a charismatic, shoot-the-works performance from Robert Walker, who was cast against type as the colorful psychopath Bruno Anthony. But then Hitchcock was annoyed by the extensively labored-over Method acting of Montgomery Clift in I Confess (1952), a case of an actor doing too much, albeit very expressively, underneath a surface that keeps cracking because of lack of control. He also had to use the breathy Anne Baxter when he would have preferred the Swedish actress Anita Bjork.
Liberty and Mutability
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Perkins’ understanding of human willing was also defined by the traditional Augustinian definition of the four states of human nature: before the fall, after the fall in sin, after regeneration by grace, and in final glory. This chapter takes up the issue of willing in the first two states, in which the will at first is righteous and sinless but able to sin and then, following the fall, is not able not to sin. Nonetheless, the will remains free according to its nature—initially free in righteousness, and after the fall, free to determine its own choices, albeit bound to do so sinfully. The fall does not remove the inherent freedom of the will. Choice remains a genuinely contingent act, defined by alternativity within the bounds of a sinful nature.
Comprehension
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Comprehension requires selecting, organizing, and integrating knowledge and is measured both by the ability to recall information and to use that information in creative ways. Selection requires identifying which parts of a text are relevant for achieving the reader’s goals. Organization requires combining that information into a coherent body of knowledge. Integration requires connecting the material to knowledge stored in long-term memory. Attempts to explain the ideas (self-explanations) can provide a technique for establishing those connections. The reader must next evaluate the content to decide whether to add it to long-term memory or dismiss it as irrelevant or wrong. Understanding how people make this decision is helpful in designing instructional material to correct misconceptions and gaps in peoples’ theories.
Categorization
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Categories reduce the complexity of the environment, are the means by which objects are identified, reduce the need for constant learning, allow for the selection of an appropriate action, and support the organization of objects and events. The most typical members of categories share attributes with the other members of the category. Prototypes are the central members. Hierarchies are composed of subordinate (desk lamp), basic (lamp), and superordinate (furniture) categories. Social categories such as “ baby boomers” classify people but may be associated with misleading stereotypes. Action categories include event boundaries that mark the transition between actions. They are organized into low-level (elbow angle) and high-level (pouring milk) actions.
Imperfect Knowledge
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Both computers and people find it difficult to organize knowledge because it is imperfect. The challenge of ambiguous knowledge is to recognize and resolve the ambiguity. The challenge of conditional knowledge is to identify conditions that distinguish between correct and incorrect applications of knowledge. The challenge of contradictory knowledge is to discover a contradiction when it is not immediately obvious. The challenge of fragmented knowledge is to integrate related knowledge stored in long-term memory. The challenge of inert knowledge is to activate relevant knowledge when it is needed. The challenge of misclassified knowledge is to identify and reclassify it. The challenge of uncertain knowledge is to incorporate probabilities into reasoning. Progress is occurring in meeting each of these challenges.
Explainable AI
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Deep connectionist learning has resulted in very impressive accomplishments, but it is unclear how it achieves its results. A dilemma in using the output of machine learning is that the best performing methods are the least explainable. Explainable artificial intelligence seeks to develop systems that can explain their reasoning to a human user. The application of IBM’s WatsonPaths to medicine includes a diagnostic network that infers a diagnosis from symptoms with a degree of confidence associated with each diagnosis. The Semanticscience Integrated Ontology uses categories such as objects, processes, attributes, and relations to create networks of biological knowledge. The same categories are fundamental in representing other types of knowledge such as cognition. Extending an ontology requires a consistent use of semantic terms across different domains of knowledge.
General AI
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
People use their cognitive skills to solve a wide range of problems whereas computers solve only a limited number of specific problems. A goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to build on its previous success in specific environments to advance toward the generality of human level intelligence. People are efficient general-purpose learners who can adapt to many situations such as navigating in spatial environments and communicating by using language. To compare human and machine reasoning the AI community has proposed a standard model of the mind. Measuring progress in achieving general AI will require a wide variety of intelligence tests. Grand challenges, such as helping scientists win a Nobel prize, should stimulate development efforts.
Charisma and Routinization of the Extraordinary
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Yiguandao is now a large cross-national religious organization with millions of adepts worldwide. The perpetuation of the personal charisma of dead leaders discussed in chapter 3 needs to be backed up—and perhaps gradually or partially replaced—by a charisma of function that increasingly belongs to religious specialists (initiators) at the forefront of the global missionary effort. The movement is progressively structured and routinized with a much more institutionalized leadership. However, routinization and institutionalization remain for the adepts the result of spirit or divine intervention to the extent that it is even possible to mention a routinization of the extraordinary.
Yiguandao’s Promotion of Confucianism-Related Activities in Hong Kong and Mainland China
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 continues to address the issue of tension, but the focus turns to today’s Hong Kong and the People’s Republic. In Hong Kong, the affirmation of a Confucian identity is useful both to attract people to Yiguandao’s places of worship (and convert some of them), and to establish links with the authorities. In the People’s Republic, Confucianism is at the core of Yiguandao’s strategy to smoothly re-establish itself and defuse tensions that remain important. Because of the current Confucian revival, the overall context is favorable and interactions are now many, especially in the educational realm, between the Yiguandao and popular Confucian groups. But even more striking is the fact that in some cases Chinese authorities go as far as to cooperate with the Yiguandao for the promotion of traditional (and especially Confucian) culture and values such as filial piety.
Structuring and Organizing the Missionary Effort
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the importance of two elements that are critical for the success of Yiguandao’s expansionary ambition: the training of talents able to efficiently proselytize and the sophisticated structuration of missionary strategies. Talents are trained in systematic sessions that all adepts have to follow on a weekly basis. The chapter delves into these sessions, showing how they combine solid spiritual training and the gradual development of useful proselytizing skills. This efficient management of human resources is backed by sophisticated strategies of development. The chapter introduces the multilayered environment in which a given place of worship operates and its adepts circulate. It also provides details about how missionary work is carefully and methodically devised and implemented, nevertheless leaving room for adaptation to local conditions.
A Well-Orchestrated Strategy Taking Politics and Cross-Strait Relations Into Account
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Yiguandao has ambitions to re-establish itself firmly in Mainland China. The process is ongoing but, so far, it has primarily taken place in an underground way. However, the ultimate target for the group is to manage to be legalized in China in the same way as it was legalized in Taiwan at the end of the martial law period. In order to put things into context, this chapter introduces both the Yiguandao’s relationship to politics and the way Chinese authorities think about religion. For them, the expansionary dynamics of the Yiguandao is closely intertwined with the Taiwanese question. This explains why a new era started in the middle of the 2000s, marked by renewed contacts between Chinese authorities and the Yiguandao’s General Association located in Taiwan. Based on a number of very concrete examples, the chapter underlines both the progress and the limits of these exchanges, showing that the Yiguandao’s ability to navigate the troubled water of cross-straits politics certainly contributes to its overall expansionary dynamics.
The Underrepresentation of Women in Political Technology
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , Adams Kirsten , Ciesielski Jenni , Fernandez Haley , Frauenfelder Kate , Lowe Brinley , Micchia Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how women are deeply underrepresented in the field of political technology, especially in leadership roles. Women also do not have the same entrepreneurship opportunities in the field that men have. The barriers to the equal representation of women in the field of political tech are multifaceted and systemic. Women are underrepresented on campaigns because of the time constraints and network relationships that shape the hiring process, in addition to gendered assumptions about their qualifications. Women routinely cited that the goal of electing candidates outweighed any other considerations both in hiring and when women are in the room. While the lack of work–life balance on campaigns affects both men and women, it likely affects women disproportionately more given that they are often primary caregivers and have familial obligations that men do not have. Campaign hierarchies and bureaucracies often promote men as decision-makers and leaders, resulting in women’s voices often being absent from the corridors of power.
The Problem of Inclusivity
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , Adams Kirsten , Ciesielski Jenni , Fernandez Haley , Frauenfelder Kate , Lowe Brinley , Micchia Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines how men in leadership positions and male-dominated office cultures often shaped women's roles and work in campaign tech departments. Women often felt at a disadvantage when it came to taking credit for their work and found that their age, gender, and experience interacted to limit their opportunities. Women encountered differing expectations for their leadership compared with their male counterparts. The “bro cultures” on campaigns created environments that were challenging for women to navigate. Women felt excluded, both socially and professionally, from parts of campaign culture and organization in ways that limited their work roles. Women, especially leaders, were also expected to perform emotional labor on campaigns, regardless of their roles—even as they contended with “imposter syndrome” and the devaluing of their voices by men. In this context, women drew on strong mentoring and network relationships to navigate campaign dynamics and further their careers.
The Lack of Accountability on Campaigns
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , Adams Kirsten , Ciesielski Jenni , Fernandez Haley , Frauenfelder Kate , Lowe Brinley , Micchia Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter reveals that women have few ways of holding people accountable for inappropriate behavior, arbitrary exercises of power, and retaliation for reporting incidents on campaigns. In this context, women often avoid or ignore issues in the workplace. Women argued that campaign human resources departments often lack the time, staff, and resources to provide policies, structure, and aid to staff. As a result, women who find themselves on the receiving end of a toxic work environment due to a colleague’s harassment or misconduct—implicit or explicit—frequently fail to report these incidents. If they consider reporting, they fear potential repercussions and retaliation. Without accountability in the campaign workplace, women tend to avoid and ignore the issues facing them in order to keep the mission of the campaign on track, which often outweighs the desire to shake the system up and create more equity in the workplace.
How Political Tech Can Become More Equitable
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , Adams Kirsten , Ciesielski Jenni , Fernandez Haley , Frauenfelder Kate , Lowe Brinley , Micchia Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The conclusion turns the book’s findings into a set of recommendations for how campaigns can create the more equitable political technology field of the future. The conclusion argues that candidates and their campaigns must create more deliberate hiring processes designed to achieve gender equity, inclusion, and diversity more broadly, especially in leadership. Creating real institutions to ensure accountability would result in clear consequences for misconduct. Investing in positions such as chief diversity officers would provide for more sustained efforts to recruit, retain, and develop staffers from underrepresented groups. Campaigns can create more workplace flexibility to support all their employees. Women in leadership positions can promote women’s voices in office culture. Male allies must use their already recognized voices to promote those of women and work to ensure representation through hiring and promotion. Media outlets need to be more deliberate about their coverage of campaigns.
Constitutional Justice in France
Authors: Jouanjan Olivier 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of ‘constitutional justice’ (justice constitutionnelle) as it is understood within the French legal order. Afterward, the chapter examines the history of French constitutional justice from the Ancien Régime to the Fifth Republic. Here, the constitutional jurisdiction of the Fifth Republic—that is, the Constitutional—and, in a broader sense, the system of constitutional justice as it exists in the Fifth Republic—are given particular attention. But an analysis of the Constitutional Council is not enough, however. The chapter also allows for a larger picture that takes into account the interactions between constitutional jurisdiction and all the other judicial actors.
The Constitutional Court of The Republic of Latvia
Authors: Ziemele Ineta , Spale Alla , Jurcēna Laila 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines constitutional review in Latvia. When the Latvian Constitution—the Satversme—was adopted in 1922, the European model of constitutional courts existed, but the idea of establishing a constitutional court in Latvia was not discussed. The chapter traces the development of Latvian constitutional justice following the establishment of the Satversme, before providing a brief overview of both the institution of constitutional review as well as the constitutional court in Latvia. The Latvian Constitutional Court has played an important role in developing the legal order in accordance with the principles of rule of law and democracy and in educating the society in these values. Lastly, the chapter discusses the case law of the Constitutional Court as part of a wider European legal discourse.
The Influence of the United States Supreme Court on Judicial Review in Europe
Authors: Quint Peter E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the influence of the United States Supreme Court, and its institution of ‘judicial review’, on certain constitutional systems of Europe. It first introduces the United States Supreme Court and the institution of ‘decentralized’ judicial review, and then discusses the fate of American judicial review in the early nineteenth century. The chapter proceeds to an examination of the influence of the American Constitution and the American Supreme Court in the early nineteenth century in Europe, before recounting how the great philosopher and political thinker, Hans Kelsen, advanced another form of judicial review—‘centralized’ judicial review. Next, an analysis of the influence of the United States Supreme Court on certain constitutional tribunals created in Europe in the post-Second World War period is made, alongside a discussion of the separate path taken by judicial review in France under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic (1958) and the influences on constitutional tribunals created in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Soviet Union. Finally, this chapter offers some reflections on the influence of the Supreme Court’s case law on decisions of European courts of the contemporary period.
Pedagogy, Political Economy, and Training
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines how political economy—particularly neoliberalism and marketization—has impacted on pedagogy within higher education globally, and specifically on archaeological pedagogy. This is most explicitly seen in debates on vocational training, where concerns with speed, efficiency, and market forces frame training in banking instrumentalist terms. In contrast, the chapter argues that taking an assemblage approach foregrounds the multivocality of the archaeological process and recognizes that learning assemblages are comprised of multiple material elements, which also substantially affect learning. It considers online learning and massive open online courses (MOOCs), examining how a technology which should democratize can marginalize the individuals who need it most. Ways forward are presented, drawing on examples of good practice such as Framework Archaeology, Catalhöyük, and the Ardnamurchan Transitions Project (ATP), including technology and the Archaeological Skills Passport as tools for reflection. The ‘training versus education’ dichotomy is challenged, arguing that these are components of the same learning assemblages.
Becoming Archaeologist
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Once again, the book returns to the semi-fictional narratives that structure Chapters 3 and 5. This time, our focus shifts from the semi-fictional story of Student X to a wider cast of people and things. In this chapter, we encounter Student A, Lecturers X and Y, Archaeologist X, and Heritage Professional X. The semi-fictional narratives about each of these individuals illuminates how the processes of becoming archaeologist are connected to and emerge from engagements with multiple different materials and multiple different scales. This chapter provides the basis for arguments that will then be further developed in Chapter 8. Trigger warning: Chapter 7 describes miscarriage.
Conclusion
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a final semi-fictional narrative, emerging partly out of the narrative in Chapter 9, but now returning to Lecturers X and Y, explaining how their use of cake in a conference paper can be deployed to explain the approach advocated in this book. In turn, the chapter sums up the arguments made throughout the volume, providing a series of tangible recommendations and collective actions under the subheadings: pedagogy, political economy, and training; pedagogy, equality, and diversity; teaching, learning, and scale; revaluing pedagogy; and recommendations beyond archaeology. At the heart of these is one foundational recommendation: ‘We must recognize the role of human and non-human entities in the learning process and that teaching and learning emerges through assemblages of human and non-human components.’ The chapter highlights the non-normative, feminist, collective approach to writing that characterizes the volume and connects this explicitly to the process of becoming archaeologist.