bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current management of patients with melanoma who are found to be sentinel node‐positive
Authors: Nijhuis Amanda A. G. , Spillane Andrew J. , Stretch Jonathan R. , Saw Robyn P. M. , Menzies Alexander M. , Uren Roger F. , Thompson John F. , Nieweg Omgo E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe results of the DeCOG‐SLT and MSLT‐II studies, published in 2016 and mid‐2017, indicated no survival benefit from completion lymph node dissection (CLND) in melanoma patients with positive sentinel nodes (SNs). Subsequently, several studies have been published reporting a benefit of adjuvant systemic therapy in patients with stage III melanoma. The current study assessed how these findings influenced management of SN‐positive patients in a dedicated melanoma treatment centre.MethodsSN‐positive patients treated at Melanoma Institute Australia between July 2017 and December 2018 were prospectively identified. Surgeons completed a questionnaire documenting the management of each patient. Information on patients, primary tumours, SNs, further treatment and follow‐up was collected from patient files, the institutional research database and pathology reports.ResultsDuring the 18‐month study period, 483 patients underwent SN biopsy. A positive SN was found in 61 (13%). Two patients (3%) requested CLND because of anxiety about observation in view of unfavourable primary tumour and SN characteristics. The other 59 patients (97%) were followed with a four‐monthly ultrasound examination of the relevant lymph node field(s). Two of them (3%) developed an isolated nodal recurrence after 4 and 11 months of follow‐up. Fifty‐seven patients (93%) were seen following the publication of the first two adjuvant systemic therapy studies in November 2017; 46 (81%) were referred to a medical oncologist to discuss adjuvant systemic therapy, which 32 (70%) chose to receive.ConclusionAt Melanoma Institute Australia most patients with an involved SN are now managed without CLND. The majority are referred to a medical oncologist and receive adjuvant systemic therapy.
A high‐resolution diatom‐based Middle and Late Holocene environmental history of the Little Belt region, Baltic Sea
Authors: Warnock Jonathan , Andrén Elinor , Juggins Steve , Lewis Jonathan , Ryves David B. , Andrén Thomas , Weckström Kaarina 
Published: October 2019

The large‐scale shifts in the salinity of the Baltic Sea over the Holocene are well understood and have been comprehensively documented using sedimentary proxy records. More recent work has focused on understanding how past salinity fluctuations have affected other ecological parameters (e.g. primary productivity, nutrient content) of the Baltic basin, and salinity changes over key events and over short time scales are still not well understood. The International Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 347 cored the Baltic basin in order to collect basin‐wide environmental records through a glacial–interglacial cycle. Site M0059 is located in the Little Belt between the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. A composite splice section from Site M0059 was analysed at a decadal resolution to study changes in salinity, nutrient conditions and other surface water column parameters based on changes in diatom assemblages and on quantitative diatom‐based salinity inferences. A mesotrophic slightly brackish assemblage is seen in the lowermost analysed depths, corresponding to 7800–7500 cal. a BP. An increase in salinity and nutrient content of the water column leads into a meso‐eutrophic brackish phase. The observed salinity increase is rapid, lasting from 7500 to 7150 cal. a BP. Subsequently, the Little Belt becomes oligotrophic and is dominated by tychopelagic diatoms from c. 7100 to c. 3900 cal. a BP. This interval contains some of the highest salinities observed followed by diatom assemblages similar to those of the Northern Atlantic Ocean, composed primarily of cosmopolitan open ocean marine diatoms. A return to tychopelagic productivity is seen from 3850 to 980 cal. a BP. Anthropogenic eutrophication is detected in the last 300 years of the record, which intensifies in the uppermost sediments. These results represent the first decadally resolved record in the region and provide new insight into the transition to a brackish basin and subsequent ecological development.
Metabolomics analysis in adults with high bone mass identifies a relationship between bone resorption and circulating citrate which replicates in the general population
Authors: Hartley April , Paternoster Lavinia , Evans David M. , Fraser William D. , Tang Jonathan , Lawlor Debbie A. , Tobias Jon H. , Gregson Celia L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveBone turnover, which regulates bone mass, may exert metabolic consequences, particularly on markers of glucose metabolism and adiposity. To better understand these relationships, we examined cross‐sectional associations between bone turnover markers (BTMs) and metabolic traits in a population with high bone mass (HBM, BMD Z‐score ≥+3.2).Designβ‐C‐terminal telopeptide of type‐I collagen (β‐CTX), procollagen type‐1 amino‐terminal propeptide (P1NP) and osteocalcin were assessed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Metabolic traits, including lipids and glycolysis‐related metabolites, were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Associations of BTMs with metabolic traits were assessed using generalized estimating equation linear regression, accounting for within‐family correlation, adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, height, weight, menopause, bisphosphonate and oral glucocorticoid use).ResultsA total of 198 adults with HBM had complete data, mean [SD] age 61.6 [13.7] years; 77% were female. Of 23 summary metabolic traits, citrate was positively related to all BTMs: adjusted ββ‐CTX = 0.050 (95% CI 0.024, 0.076), P = 1.71 × 10−4, βosteocalcin = 6.54 × 10−4 (1.87 × 10−4, 0.001), P = .006 and βP1NP = 2.40 × 10−4 (6.49 × 10−5, 4.14 × 10−4), P = .007 (β = increase in citrate (mmol/L) per 1 µg/L BTM increase). Inverse relationships of β‐CTX (β = −0.276 [−0.434, −0.118], P = 6.03 × 10−4) and osteocalcin (−0.004 [−0.007, −0.001], P = .020) with triglycerides were also identified. We explored the generalizability of these associations in 3664 perimenopausal women (age 47.9 [4.4] years) from a UK family cohort. We confirmed a positive, albeit lower magnitude, association between β‐CTX and citrate (adjusted βwomen = 0.020 [0.013, 0.026], P = 1.95 × 10−9) and an inverse association of similar magnitude between β‐CTX and triglycerides (β = −0.354 [−0.471, −0.237], P = 3.03 × 10−9).ConclusionsBone resorption is positively related to circulating citrate and inversely related to triglycerides. Further studies are justified to determine whether plasma citrate or triglyceride concentrations are altered by factors known to modulate bone resorption, such as bisphosphonates.
Antimicrobial resistance trends in bacterial keratitis over 5 years in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Cabrera‐Aguas Maria , Khoo Pauline , George C. R. Robert , Lahra Monica M. , Watson Stephanie L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractImportanceAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in bacterial keratitis may fluctuate in a geographic location over time.BackgroundTo investigate any change in AMR patterns in Sydney, Australia.DesignRetrospective case series.ParticipantsAll patients with microbial keratitis who underwent a corneal scrape and culture from 2012 to 2016 at the Sydney Eye Hospital.MethodsMatrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry identified organisms. The Calibrated Dichotomous Susceptibility method determined antibiotic susceptibilities.Main Outcome MeasuresIsolated organisms and antibiotic susceptibilities.ResultsThere were 1084 corneal scrapes from 957 patients. The mean age was 54 years (range 18‐100) and 52% were male. Cultures were positive in 711 of 1084 scrapes (66%), with 884 organisms identified. Of the bacteria isolated, 685 of 884 (78%) were Gram‐positive and 199 of 884 (22%) were Gram‐negative. Overall, the most common bacteria were coagulase‐negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (405/884, 46%).Methicillin‐resistance was detected in 7% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (7/103). Methicillin‐resistance in CoNS (ie, also cefalotin resistance) was reported in 19% of isolates and ciprofloxacin 8%. For methicillin‐sensitive S aureus (MSSA), 5% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. For Corynebacterium spp., 34% of isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and 9% to ciprofloxacin.The most common Gram‐negative bacteria was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (109/199, 55%). One case was resistant to ciprofloxacin.Conclusions and RelevanceCoagulase‐negative staphylococcal species were the most frequently suspected of causing bacterial keratitis. Increased resistance to cefalotin was identified for CoNS and to ciprofloxacin for Corynebacterium spp., MSSA and P aeruginosa compared to a previous study in Sydney in 2002 to 2003.
Depressive symptoms and traumatic dental injuries among adolescents
Authors: Randhawa Shanza S. , Marcenes Wagner , Stansfeld Stephen A. , Bernabé Eduardo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground/AimA previous cross‐sectional study found that young adults with depression were more likely to have traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between depressive symptoms during early and middle adolescence, and TDIs at age 15‐16 years.MethodThis study used longitudinal data from phases 1 and 3 of the Research with East London Adolescents Community Health Survey (RELACHS), a school‐based survey following a representative, multi‐ethnic sample of adolescents attending public schools in East London (England). Information on depressive symptoms was collected using the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) during early (age 11‐12 years) and middle adolescence (age 15‐16 years). TDIs were identified during clinical examinations in phase 3 when pupils were 15‐16 years old. Logistic regression was used to test the association between depressive symptoms at different stages of adolescence and TDIs adjusting for confounders (age, gender, ethnicity, parental employment and overjet).ResultsDepressive symptoms were reported by 24% and 32% of adolescents in early and middle adolescence, respectively. Evidence of TDIs was found in 18% of adolescents at age 15‐16 years. Adolescents with depressive symptoms, either in early or middle adolescence, had greater odds of experiencing TDIs. However, these estimates were not statistically significant. In regression models adjusted for confounders, the odds of having TDIs were 1.23 (95% CI: 0.77‐1.96) and 1.23 (95% CI: 0.76‐1.95) among pupils with depressive symptoms in early and middle adolescence, respectively.ConclusionThere was no association between depressive symptoms and TDIs in early and middle adolescents.
Exogenous P compounds differentially interacted with N availability to regulate enzymatic activities in a meadow steppe
Authors: Wang Ruzhen , Cao Yanzhuo , Wang Hongyi , Dijkstra Feike A. , Jiang Jinglun , Zhao Ruonan , Ma Wang , Li Tianpeng , Dorodnikov Maxim , Wang Zhengwen , Sardans Jordi , Peñuelas Josep 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIncreased inputs of ecosystem nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) may affect the activity of soil enzymes that play essential roles in the metabolization of carbon (C), N and P for microbial growth. However, the associations between soil enzymatic activities and N and P availability remain poorly understood. We conducted a study in a meadow steppe to elucidate the effects of the addition of N, as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and two forms of P with contrasting solubility, comprising monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and the less soluble triple superphosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2, on activity of β‐glucosidase (BG), N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase (NAG) and acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases (PMEs). In general, there was a positive effect of N on BG, NAG and alkaline PME activity as a result of enhanced soil N availability, plant–microbe nutrient competition and plant P uptake. Addition of KH2PO4 increased activity of BG, NAG and alkaline PME, but had no impact on acid PME activity. Addition of Ca(H2PO4)2 increased NAG activity, but only increased activity of BG and alkaline PME with the addition of N. Concentration of soil available P and microbial biomass P increased with added P, particularly KH2PO4. These results provide the first evidence for the N‐ and P‐mediated stimulation of microbial activity depending on the chemical form of added P in this ecosystem. Relationships between activity of BG and NAG, and between that of NAG and PME, were allometric, indicating disproportionate changes in activity of these soil enzymes. This further suggests shifts in microbial acquisition of C, N and P along with increases in availability of N and P that may potentially affect plant productivity. We conclude that scenarios of global environmental change, in which ecosystem availability of N and P is affected, may result in variable activity responses among soil enzymes, and the chemical form of P input should be considered as an important factor influencing meadow steppe grassland ecosystem function.Highlights
Chemical N and P increased enzyme activity but effects varied with P form and rate.
N addition promoted soil enzyme activity through enhanced plant–microbe interactions.
N availability mediated positive enzymatic responses to P addition.
Enzymatic stoichiometry indicated disproportionate changes in microbial C, N and P acquisition.
Demultilateralisation: A cognitive psychological perspective
Authors: van Aaken Anne , Vasel Johann Justus 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis contribution seeks to illuminate the looming phenomenon of demultilateralisation and the return of and to the nation state, i.e. closure. Whereas many reasons for opening and closure have been discussed by Habermas in his eminent essay, we aim at providing an additional dimension, taking a psychological point of view and analysing this proclivity from a behaviourally informed perspective. Following a short recapitulation of the evolution towards postnationalism, we briefly sketch the current phenomenon of demultilateralisation and renationalisation. We then contribute to the current debate by providing cognitive psychological insights drawing on well‐researched biases that offer the greatest potential to explain the current outbreak of closing tendencies, namely prospect theory, including the endowment effect, framing, the availability bias and so‐called hawkish biases. This may add an explanatory dimension to why nationalistic politics have become again the beguiling sanctuary of the people. We attempt to define scope conditions of closure.
Habermas's European constitution: Catalyst, reconstruction, refounding
Authors: Walker Neil 
Published: October 2019

AbstractJürgen Habermas has long been one of the EU's most prominent and influential critical friends, engaged as much at the level of legal and political praxis as social theory. In particular, he has a close and complex longstanding interest in the idea of an EU constitution. On the occasion of his 90th birthday, I want to discuss three treatments of the EU constitution located in Habermas's work: constitution as catalyst, as reconstruction, and as refounding. We find the different treatments, and the priorities that underscore them, emphasised at different times—partly reflecting changing political circumstances. We also observe some tension between the different approaches. Yet, as someone broadly sympathetic to his overall project, I argue that the best understanding of the Habermasian position, and certainly the most attractive version of that position in today's political climate, involves reconciling all three treatments within a single package.
Restoration‐mediated secondary contact leads to introgression of alewife ecotypes separated by a colonial‐era dam
Authors: Reid Kerry , Carlos Garza John , Gephard Steven R. , Caccone Adalgisa , Post David M. , Palkovacs Eric P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSecondary contact may have important implications for ecological and evolutionary processes; however, few studies have tracked the outcomes of secondary contact from its onset in natural ecosystems. We evaluated an anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) reintroduction project in Rogers Lake (Connecticut, USA), which contains a landlocked alewife population that was isolated as a result of colonial‐era damming. After access to the ocean was restored, adult anadromous alewife were stocked into the lake. We assessed anadromous juvenile production, the magnitude and direction of introgression, and the potential for competition between ecotypes. We obtained fin clips from all adult alewife stocked into the lake during the restoration and a sample of juveniles produced in the lake two years after the stocking began. We assessed the ancestry of juveniles using categorical assignment and pedigree reconstruction with newly developed microhaplotype genetic markers. Anadromous alewives successfully spawned in the lake and hybridized with the landlocked population. Parentage assignments revealed that male and female anadromous fish contributed equally to juvenile F1 hybrids. The presence of landlocked backcrosses shows that some hybrids were produced within the first two years of secondary contact, matured in the lake, and reproduced. Therefore, introgression appears directional, from anadromous into landlocked, in the lake environment. Differences in estimated abundance of juveniles of different ecotypes in different habitats were also detected, which may reduce competition between ecotypes as the restoration continues. Our results illustrate the utility of restoration projects to study the outcomes of secondary contact in real ecosystems.
Marital Interventions: Participation, Helpfulness, and Change in a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: White Thomas Jack Esplin , Duncan Stephen F. , Yorgason Jeremy B. , James Spencer L. , Holmes Erin K. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo examine how often early‐married couples have participated in marital interventions and how helpful and change‐producing these interventions are perceived to be in a national probability sample.BackgroundPast research provides an unclear view of frequency of participation in marital interventions yet suggests that participation is both helpful and change‐producing. However, these studies are limited by their demographics, regions, and samples. A nationally representative, population‐level study of newlywed couples would help overcome these limitations and provide generalizable answers to the field.MethodA sample of 1,562 individuals who indicated participation in a marriage intervention either before or after marriage was drawn from a nationally representative sample known as the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) survey. Multilevel models were used to address the research questions.ResultsJust under 2 in 5 (38.3%) early‐married individuals participated in an intervention designed to prepare for or strengthen their marriage. Counseling was perceived to be the most helpful and change‐producing intervention, with religiosity, education, and gender moderating this association.ConclusionThis study provides a first‐of‐its‐kind national picture of participation rates and perceptions of the effectiveness of marriage interventions among early‐married couples.ImplicationsFindings may help energize marketing and outreach efforts and may encourage varied strategies to increase participation rates.
Stream metabolism controls diel patterns and evasion of CO2 in Arctic streams
Authors: Rocher‐Ros Gerard , Sponseller Ryan A. , Bergström Ann‐Kristin , Myrstener Maria , Giesler Reiner 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStreams play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, accounting for a large portion of CO2 evaded from inland waters despite their small areal coverage. However, the relative importance of different terrestrial and aquatic processes driving CO2 production and evasion from streams remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured O2 and CO2 continuously in streams draining tundra‐dominated catchments in northern Sweden, during the summers of 2015 and 2016. From this, we estimated daily metabolic rates and CO2 evasion simultaneously and thus provide insight into the role of stream metabolism as a driver of C dynamics in Arctic streams. Our results show that aquatic biological processes regulate CO2 concentrations and evasion at multiple timescales. Photosynthesis caused CO2 concentrations to decrease by as much as 900 ppm during the day, with the magnitude of this diel variation being strongest at the low‐turbulence streams. Diel patterns in CO2 concentrations in turn influenced evasion, with up to 45% higher rates at night. Throughout the summer, CO2 evasion was sustained by aquatic ecosystem respiration, which was one order of magnitude higher than gross primary production. Furthermore, in most cases, the contribution of stream respiration exceeded CO2 evasion, suggesting that some stream reaches serve as net sources of CO2, thus creating longitudinal heterogeneity in C production and loss within this stream network. Overall, our results provide the first link between stream metabolism and CO2 evasion in the Arctic and demonstrate that stream metabolic processes are key drivers of the transformation and fate of terrestrial organic matter exported from these landscapes.
Soil microbial biomass increases along elevational gradients in the tropics and subtropics but not elsewhere
Authors: He Xianjin , Hou Enqing , Veen G. F. , Ellwood M. D. Farnon , Dijkstra Paul , Sui Xinghua , Zhang Shuang , Wen Dazhi , Chu Chengjin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimOur aim is to use elevational gradients to quantify the relationship between temperature and ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem functions such as decomposition, nutrient cycling and carbon storage are linked with the amount of microbial biomass in the soil. Previous studies have shown variable relationships between elevation and soil microbial biomass (SMB). Understanding the biological mechanisms linking SMB with elevational gradients will shed light on the environmental impacts of global warming.LocationGlobal.Time period2002–2018.Major taxa studiedSoil microbes.MethodWe performed a global meta‐analysis of the relationships between SMB and elevation. Data were collected from 59 studies of 73 elevational transects from around the world.ResultsWe found no consistent global relationship between SMB and elevation. SMB increased significantly with elevation in the tropics and subtropics, but not in other climate zones. However, we found consistent positive relationships between SMB, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that global warming will impact tropical and subtropical ecosystems more severely than colder regions. Tropical ecosystems, already at risk from species extinctions, will likely experience declines in SMB as the climate warms, resulting in losses of fundamental ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and carbon storage.