bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law vs. Justice
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter looks at the concepts of law and justice. There are two concepts of law: law as principle and law as rule or regularity. The former is normative, while the latter is descriptive. The chapter then considers the concept of justice. In the philosophical theory of justice, one must distinguish among relevant areas of private and criminal law. Retributive justice applies in criminal law, corrective justice in torts, and distributive justice in property law. In all of these areas, the claims of justice face challenges from utilitarian and economic considerations and based on efficiency, for example, deterrence in criminal law, searching for the cheapest cost avoider in tort law, and stability in property law.
Humean Objective Chance
Authors: Hoefer Carl 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Humean objective chance (HOC) is laid out and discussed using a number of examples. The theory can be summarized as follows: Chances are constituted by the existence of patterns in the mosaic of events in the world. These patterns are such as to make the adoption of credences identical to the chances rational in the absence of better information, if one is obliged to make guesses or bets concerning the outcomes of chance setups. The full set of objective chances in our world is a Best System composed of many kinds of chances, at various levels of scale and with varying kinds of support in the Humean base. What unifies all the chances is their ability to play the role of guiding credence, as codified in the Principal Principle. The Best System(s) involved in HOC are, as with Lewis, determined by a balance of simplicity and strength and fit; through examples, the right way to understand these notions is sketched. HOC is explicitly pragmatic and is tied to the needs and capacities of limited rational agents.
Humean Chance in Physics
Authors: Hoefer Carl 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some of the most compelling examples of the existence of truly objective probabilities come from physics, in particular quantum physics and statistical mechanics. So it is crucial to the overall success of HOC that it be compatible with the objective probabilities found in these theories. First, objective probabilities in classical (Boltzmannian) statistical mechanics (SM) are discussed. It is shown that HOC does capture the central probabilistic postulates of SM, and indeed that it may do so in two distinct ways. Second, objective probabilities in standard, non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM), the context in which the notion that fundamental physics is at bottom chancy first became widely accepted, are discussed. It is shown that HOC is especially apt for capturing the probabilities of QM; other accounts may do equally well (though some clearly do not), but none can do the job better.
Who Gets the Joke?
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Using humor scholar Salvatore Attardo’s criteria for humor appreciation as a framework, this chapter describes the kinds of people who might be expected to have the greatest appreciation of humor. It explores joke difficulty, the level of threat a joke may activate in a listener, the available knowledge in the minds of the audience, and their processing motivation as factors that affect humor appreciation. The chapter links the traits of tolerance for ambiguity and need for cognition to humor appreciation, as both enhance an individual’s motivation and ability to process and appreciate a joke. It also includes a deep dive into the strange case of irony (with reference to All in the Family and The Colbert Report), which audiences can appreciate even when their interpretation is the opposite of the intended meaning of the joke’s producer.
The Psychology of the Left and the Right
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 summarizes the research on the psychological predictors of aesthetic and artistic preferences, revealing how two characteristics—tolerance for ambiguity and need for cognition—shape one’s preference for abstract versus realistic art and for stories with ambiguous versus clear endings. It also summarizes the literature on the psychology of political ideology, which shows that political psychologists have found extensive evidence that people who are socially and culturally conservative exhibit significantly lower tolerance for ambiguity and need for cognition than liberals. This chapter serves as the foundation for the main argument advanced in the book: that liberals versus conservatives create and appreciate different forms of political programming (irony v. outrage) because of their different psychological profiles, which contribute to their different aesthetic tastes and needs.
Satire and Outrage
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 summarizes decades of research on the functions and impact of exposure to outrage programming and satire programming to make the case that these two different genres do serve parallel functions for their viewers. It first explores the reasons why viewers consume outrage and satire, then shifts to explore what happens to them when they do. The chapter argues that the roles of both of these genres in the lives of their viewers are quite similar: contributing to political knowledge and beliefs, influencing viewers’ issue agendas, shaping trust in leaders and institutions, and motivating political discussion and participation.
Prologue
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When liberal satirist Samantha Bee and conservative outrage host Glenn Beck appeared on Bee’s program in 2016 to discuss the ways their political rhetoric might be similar, it provided an opportunity to think about how some the functions and outcomes of the genres of liberal satire and conservative opinion (outrage) may overlap. This chapter describes this conversation between the two show hosts and uses it as a springboard for the book. The chapter introduces the two questions at the heart of this book: Why is political satire so liberal? Why do liberals seem unsuccessful at talk radio and outrage programming? The chapter also chronicles how and why the author came to ask these questions and summarizes the remaining chapters of the book, providing a roadmap for readers.
Voice Change in Pop Culture
Authors: Sweet Bridget 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter discusses the way popular understanding and misunderstanding of voice change is largely perpetuated by mainstream media. Portrayals of voice change distributed via music, television, and movies have contributed to a simulacrum of adolescent voice change, a situated reality not based in fact but accepted in pop culture. The generally embraced perception of voice change is that it is a time of humiliation, anxiety, turmoil, and dread. Voice change is not always pleasant, but students and music educators perceive and approach the experience with such angst and trepidation well before it begins that is rarely given the opportunity to be something positive or exciting. The chapter examines and distills episodes of The Brady Bunch, The Wonder Years, and The Goldbergs, popular television series that spanned a period of more than 40 years, each with an episode focused on the adolescent changing voice.
Exploring Eminent Perspectives
Authors: Sweet Bridget 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To better understand the larger scope of voice classification systems and other foundational ideas in choral music education, the chapter explores some of the most eminent works in the profession by Emil Behnke and Lennox Browne, Duncan McKenzie, Irvin Cooper and Karl O. Kuersteiner, Richard Luchsinger and Godfrey E. Arnold, Frederick J. Swanson, John Cooksey, and Lynne Gackle. Such examination shows how cornerstone ideas have been fostered and how varying perspectives influenced the creation of new frameworks for working with changing voices. Also revealed is the deep dedication to certain beliefs about adolescent voices over the years. The chapter challenges choral educators to consider voice classification systems more as guidelines for helping teachers assist singers through voice change than as steadfast stages through which all voices pass. The systems are best utilized as supporting tools to help guide the process of voice change rather than label adolescent singers’ changing voices.
Introduction
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter introduces the central theme of the book: our social spaces have become overrun with appeals to our political identities and allegiances, thereby crowding out other bases for cooperative social interaction, such as the time-honored American custom of Thanksgiving dinner. This has, in turn, rendered our politics all the more divisive and polarizing. In making democratic politics the framework that organizes all that we do together, we overdo democracy. And overdoing democracy undermines democracy. If we seek to improve our democratic politics, we must devise things to do together that are in no way political. The book contends that democracy is worth doing well because there are other things worth pursuing that can be pursued best in a well-functioning democracy.
The Calculation of Women’s Inclusion
Authors: Valdini Melody E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers a new approach to understanding the conditions under which women are included in the political sphere. It presents a conceptual framework of the competing individual and partisan motivations that male rational opportunists face when making candidate selection decisions, referred to as the “inclusion calculation.” This is a calculation of the likely costs and benefits of women’s increased presence in the party under various institutional, political, and social conditions. In addition, it argues that under conditions of declining party or government legitimacy, citizens are not only updating their beliefs on women’s roles but are also temporarily changing their understanding of the ideal leader. This brings new value to the stereotypes traditionally associated with women which, as is explained, temporarily increases the value of women’s inclusion in the eyes of the elite.
The Strategic Use of Women Candidates in Post-Scandal Environments
Authors: Valdini Melody E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the inclusion calculations of party elites in the aftermath of a massive corruption scandal. It argues that party elites have an incentive to strategically increase the presence of women candidates in such an environment in order to associate themselves and their party with stereotypical feminine traits, but this incentive is not always enough to trigger inclusion. Case study analyses of Spain, Portugal, and Ireland are presented, with evidence that political parties in Spain and Portugal recruit and run more women candidates in high-profile positions after a massive scandal breaks but, due to the high “costs” of running women in the institutional environment of Ireland, this effect is not found there. Finally, the chapter presents a large-N regression analysis of legislative electoral results over a period of 20 years, with evidence that more women win legislative seats in the aftermath of a corruption scandal.
Shaken into Seeing and Hearing
Authors: Dohoney Ryan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 chronicles the intersection of Feldman’s and Dominique de Menil’s spiritual aesthetics. It begins by reconstructing the conditions of their first meeting: the New York City Ballet’s 1966 performance of Merce Cunningham’s Summerspace, re-choreographed for George Balanchine. It goes on to document Feldman and de Menil’s 1967 collaboration on the gallery show Six Painters at the University of St. Thomas. Through her family’s patronage, as well as Dominique’s presence as self-installed head of the art department, the University became a major presenting organization offering avant-garde cultural events in the city. Six Painters featured paintings by Piet Mondrian, Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, and Franz Kline. Feldman was also given a residency at the university in 1967, where he lectured on abstract expressionism and his own musical aesthetics as well as presented a concert of his music.
Amazon Can Read Your Mind
Authors: Natale Simone 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter interrogates how notions and concepts of occult and supernatural meanings are applied to describing and discussing digital media, focusing on the case of applications of notions of mindreading to computer algorithms. It examines the concept of mindreading as a keyword whose definition and meaning wavered between different forms of knowledge, from parapsychology to cybernetics and computer science. Popularized by parapsychology, the concept of mindreading has been employed to describe algorithms that recognize feelings and mental states of humans, or that anticipate the behavior of users and consumers, providing them with tailored offers and services. Excavating the media archaeology of “mindreading computers” helps provides a viewpoint into the ways notions and narratives related to the supernatural enter the cultural imaginary of digital media and technologies.
I Play, Therefore I Believe
Authors: Cassone Vincenzo Idone , Thibault Mattia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Religious topics are increasingly common in video games, frequently addressing issues such as spirituality and transcendence. Yet this is only the surface of more complex phenomena, deeply tied to religious experience itself in interactive digital simulations. The aim of the chapter is to highlight the implications of the ties between religion and belief dynamics in video games. First, it focuses on different kinds of player–game belief relationships, which take the forms of agreements (symmetrical) and self-givings (asymmetrical). Then, it addresses the process of institution of belief: the necessity for players not only to pretend to believe in the digital world, but to experience the act of believing itself while playing. Lastly, it presents a series of case studies (Planescape Torment, Nier: Automata, The Talos Principle, and The Stanley Parable) to show different peculiar dynamics involved in the relationships between religio, belief, and the ludic experience.
Where Soul Meets Technology
Authors: Pasulka D. W. , Metcalfe David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter examines how the visionary dream of connecting people’s minds wavered between religious cosmologies, media theories, and researches into human–computer interaction. It focuses on a series of historical case studies: the writings of Ramon Llull, a fourteenth-century Catholic lay missionary from Spain; the concept of noosphere as described by the Jesuit anthropologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin; Marshall McLuhan’s characterization of media as “extensions of man”; and research on telepathy or clairvoyance conducted at the Stanford Research Institute, a center where pioneering research into interactive computing led to the invention of the computer mouse in 1968. The authors argue that the beliefs, expressions, discourse, and spiritual framework that supported the development of digital media and the internet have been and still are largely religious, mythological, and enchanted.
Virtuous Agents
Authors: Woodard Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 claimed that reasons and rightness are non-perspectival. This means that they depend on facts about the whole future, and raises a puzzle about how to characterize virtuous agents. Agents cannot know which of their options is right, or any but a small proportion of their reasons for action. This chapter argues that we can account for the features of virtuous agency without having to introduce parallel perspectival concepts of reasons and rightness. It begins by characterizing good decision procedures as those which tend to result in right action. Despite our ‘cluelessness’ about token actions, we can form reasonable beliefs about the total consequences of decision procedures. It then presents a novel account of praiseworthiness, using the idea of beneficial practices of praising. Finally, it claims that virtues are traits that both tend to cause right action and are praiseworthy. Virtues are not just good, but also admirable.
Introduction
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The introductory chapter begins with a review of the literature on the effectiveness of international courts, with a focus on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS). It then sets out the book’s main objective, which is to offer a multidimensional approach for analysing the effectiveness of the WTO DSS, a goal-based approach that defines DSS effectiveness as the extent to which this adjudicative system attains the goals set for it by the WTO and its Member states. Such an approach not only transcends classic compliance-centred effectiveness models by taking into account the manifold goals entrusted to the DSS, but also enables revelation of the real-life intricacies underlying the DSS’s operation and, consequently, its effectiveness, as these emerge from the multiple, conflicting, and shifting nature of its objectives. After formulating the book’s research agenda and objectives, the chapter provides an overview of the book’s four parts and explains its methodological framework.
Reconceptualizing Judicial Effectiveness at the WTO
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Drawing on the rich social science literature on organizational effectiveness, this chapter puts forth the theoretical and methodological foundations of the WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS) goal-based effectiveness framework. After discussing the main approaches developed in the social sciences to defining organizational effectiveness, the chapter explains the reasons for selecting the goal-based approach to serve as the basis for the study into the effectiveness of the WTO DSS. The chapter then reviews the central concepts associated with this approach and their application to the world of WTO adjudication, while focusing on organizational goals, goal multiplicity, goal conflict, and goal shifting. Finally, the chapter discusses several methodological determinations that should be made before applying the proposed WTO DSS goal-based effectiveness framework. These include the selection of the goal setters to inform the DSS’s effectiveness analysis, the choice of performance indicators, and the determination of the time frame in which effectiveness is to be measured.
Teleological Groundings of Rights and Duties
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 develops a teleological account of the grounding of duties and rights. It argues that a ‘natural’ right—that is, a duty that is owed to someone independently of anyone’s recognizing or deciding that it is owed to them (i.e. a duty that bears Chapter 4’s ‘Addressive’ requirements independently of anyone recognizing this or creating it)—must be a duty grounded wholly or predominantly on the right-holder’s own good. By contrast, legal, conventional, and promissory rights need not be grounded or justified by the right-holder’s good. Many alternative accounts of the grounding of ‘natural’ rights—from e.g. Darwall, Kamm, Nagel, Ripstein, Scanlon—are considered and rejected.
The ‘Human’ in Human Rights and the Law
Authors: Cruft Rowan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 examines what differing conceptions of ‘the human good’ underpinning pre-legal rights imply for such rights’ relation to positive law. Three models are compared: a varied, specific model on which each party’s good might be different from anyone else’s, a shared specific model on which certain things (e.g. education, sustenance, freedom) are good for each and every human, and a generic model on which the good of ‘the generic human’ grounds human rights. Problems for each approach are outlined, as are their differing implications for the relation between pre-legal ‘natural’ human rights and human rights law, criminal law, and other branches of law. A central argument defends the view that the socio-economic rights recognized by human rights law institutionalize pre-legal ‘natural’ rights borne by individuals against other individuals, their state and—most crucially for the author’s argument—humanity at large. The contrary views of Buchanan and O’Neill are criticized.
Thoth
Authors: Furani Khaled 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Heuristically evoking Thoth, an ancient Egyptian god of wisdom, architecture, crafts, and “science,” this chapter explores the ways anthropologists work to immure their discipline from its banished other, theology. Asking readers to imagine a proverbial “geodesic dome” housing anthropodom—anthropology constructed as a secular science—it discusses five types of “panes” that anthropologists “lay” in constructing their “home.” Derived from anthropology’s biographical and disciplinary registers, these panes safeguard anthropology from the threatening “theosphere” in order to secure its secular reason and its membership in the modern university. Pitting itself against theology grants anthropology a certain unity and identity, defining “what it is” by claiming “what it is not.”
Conclusions
Authors: Furani Khaled 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reviewing the ways this book examines anthropology’s fraught and contradictory relationship with theology and the potential the latter offers for revitalizing the former, this chapter extends this book’s exercise of critique. Examining anthropology’s fealty to secular sovereign reason, and by extension the sovereign state, it questions the discipline’s fear of revelation. Should anthropology reintegrate revelation, not only within its catalogue of topics for examination, but with its very own reason, it could attune to reason’s fragility, acquire an alertness to integrative capacities disavowed by the modern university, and more fully consider infinite multiplicity. In reconstructing paths back to “Athens” and “Jerusalem,” as well as beyond, we could wonder not only, “what is different?” but also “what is?”
Differing Understandings of Informed Consent Held by Research Institutions, People with Intellectual Disability, and Guardians
Authors: Howell Britteny M. , Shogren Karrie A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Increasing participation of people with intellectual disability (ID) is necessary for inclusive, ethical research that reduces persistent disparities in representation. However, many adults with ID have guardians, who must consent to research involvement. Researchers have found that guardians are less likely to provide consent than the person with ID, often resulting in lower participation. Institutional Review Board (IRB) members also have been found to hold very cautious views regarding research participation compared to the views of people with ID or their guardians. This chapter reviews issues that emerge because of differing views of research participation held by IRB members, guardians, and people with ID that may unnecessarily limit the participation of people with ID in research. The research literature on these barriers is summarized along with the authors’ own experiences with alternative participatory strategies that have the potential to increase both self-determination and participation in research for people with ID.