bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the non-stationary waterflooding technology
Authors: Almukhametova E M , Veliev E M , Puchkov A M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article analyzes the non-stationary waterflooding technology. The basic physical principles of the technology are described. The reasons for its low popularity among subsoil users are revealed. The article aims to substantiate the relevance of non-stationary technologies, conduct experimental-industrial works to adapt and create new non-stationary technologies, and determine conditions for their effective application. In the 1990s, Western technologies were widely used in the oil industry. Non-stationary waterflooding was not included in the list of these technologies. Despite its relative simplicity, the practical implementation of the non-stationary waterflooding technology requires preparation works. Non-stationary waterflooding is one of the most knowledge-intensive methods of enhanced oil recovery. Non-stationary waterflooding tends to “age”, i.e. its effectiveness decreases over time, which requires constant changes in the technology and its combination with other methods.
Bottomhole zone treatment by creating pressure pulses at the wellhead of low-viscosity oil pools
Authors: Mingulov Sh G , Mingulov I Sh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is shown that when a borehole fluid surface is impacted by a compressor and receiver, the wave propagates to the bottom hole zone, where its amplitude increases due to the addition of the reflected wave. It was found that if it is necessary to obtain high speeds, it is more expedient to pump down of the liquid using more accessible hydraulic equipment, such as a pumping unit. It is noted that the use of simple and inexpensive supporting equipment allows creating a fluid flow at the wellhead with the required speed.
Algorithms for dynamic stabilization of rear-wheel drive two-axis vehicles with a plug-in rear axle
Authors: Zhileykin M , Eranosyan A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Currently, two-axis front-wheel drive vehicles are widely used systems that provide increased stability and manageability by connecting the rear axle and redistributing torque between the driving axles and between the driving wheels of the rear axle. To a lesser extent, drive schemes for rear-wheel drive two-axis cars with a plug-in front axle are common, and, accordingly, the issues of traffic stabilization of such cars are not fully studied. The purpose of this work is to increase the stability and controllability of rear-wheel drive two-axis machines with a plug-in front axle by redistributing torques between the driving wheels. The analysis of the effectiveness of the 4x4 vehicle traffic stabilization system by redistributing torques between the driving axles and the wheels carried out by simulation methods allowed us to establish that the following stabilization methods are the most effective for cars with a plug-in front axle
• a 4x4 vehicle with a plug-in front axle that redistributes torques between the driving wheels of the rear axle (the effectiveness of these stabilization methods is approximately the same)
• a 4x4 vehicle with a plug-in front axle and an automatically locked front-wheel differential;
• 4x4 vehicle with a plug-in front axle with individual braking system for individual wheels.
Analysis of various design methods for unloading a centrifugal pump rotor from axial forces
Authors: Volodin K , Lomakin V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article is devoted to a review of the main methods of unloading the rotor of a horizontal multistage pump from axial forces. Two methods are considered: a hydrofoam and an opposite arrangement of blocks of driving wheels. The drawings are given and a method for compensating axial force for each of them is described. Their advantages and disadvantages are described. General design guidelines are provided.
Practical usage of study results of the porous materials weldability from corrosion-resistant steels when creating stamp-welded products with desired properties
Authors: Tretyakov A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is shown that a significant factor limiting the use of porous powder materials for the manufacture of die-welded products is low tensile plasticity and insufficient weldability. Porous meshing materials (PMM) made of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti (X10CrNiTi18-10) have the necessary technological and operational properties for the manufacture of permeable die-welded elements. The conditions for the formation of a weld in PMM fusion welding are affected by the porosity and the ratio of the thermal conductivity coefficients along the thickness of the welded edges and in the direction perpendicular to the movement of the welding source. Technologies for argon-arc welding of a heat exchanger-evaporator sleeve, electron-beam welding of filter elements with a housing, which are implemented in the manufacture of preproduction models, have been developed.
Gradient identification method of the model parameters for electrohydraulic servo drive of FESTO learning system
Authors: Kulakov B , Kulakov D , Qi Long 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Gradient identification method of the model parameters for electrohydraulic servo drive is considered. The method is adapted to be implemented by an experimental complex consists from FESTO hydraulic learning system and Matlab/Simulink. The implementation of the considered identification algorithm in the Matlab/Simulink package is shown.
Research of composition porosity based on 3d-printed frames and impregnated with epoxy resin
Authors: Lopatina Y , Filippova A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Annotation. The paper discusses a method of increasing the strength of 3D-printed structures made by the fused deposition modelling process, which consists in vacuum impregnation of printed products in a compound based on epoxy resin. Studied the number of pores in samples obtained by this method depending on the percentage of 3D printing filling and direction of layers relative to the axis of the samples. The porosity of the samples was determined by comparing the theoretical ideal density with the experimental value determined using the hydrostatic weighing method. As a result, it was found that the porosity of the samples lays in the range from 17 to 18.5%. It was also found that with increasing percentage of filling the porosity of the samples increases. It has been suggested that this dependence is associated with a complication of the processes of air release from samples during the impregnation.
Development of an algorithm for determining the main quality indicators of the transition process on the example of a LUDV hydraulic system
Authors: Godorozha S , Protopopov A , Ryabinin M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
When optimizing hydraulic systems, various algorithms are used, which are based on the control quality indicators selected as target functions. This is why there is a need to automate the calculation of these indicators. The article considers the main indicators of the quality of the transition process, a mathematical model of the LUDV hydraulic system is compiled and its calculation is performed in two mathematical modeling packages in order to confirm the accuracy of the initial data. An algorithm for determining the main quality indicators of the transition process has been developed, which makes it possible to simplify and speed up the optimization process of the considered LUDV-hydraulic system.
Special Case of Destruction of the End Mill Made of HighSpeed Steel Powder
Authors: Nikolaeva E P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Comparing with cast steels high-speed steel powder S390 Böhler MICROCLEAN® has better properties, which is determined by the technology of its manufacture: this steel is high-alloyed, contains an increased amount of carbon and carbide-forming metals. In contrast to cast steels, its microstructure has no carbide inhomogeneity. Despite many advantages and long life of steel S390, explained by its balanced microstructure and chemical content, sometimes early tool failures occur. The article provides the grounds for tool failure connected with the peculiarities of heat treatment conduct. The authors establish the influence of a heat treatment mode on the number and content of carbide phases. The authors give recommendations for increasing the tool service life. This article gives the results of the steel macro- and microstructure research. In the course of research hardness was measured and the content of chemical elements was determined. The phase composition was defined with the help of the X-ray diffractometer Shimadzu XRD-6000. The amount of retained austenite was defined by means of the X-ray method of “four peaks” at the diffractometer Xstress 3000. The distribution of chemical elements was studied with the help of a microprobe X-ray analyzer Camebax SX50 while the surface topography was studied with the help of a scanning electronic microscope with the 100-3000-fold magnification.
Effect of Special Misorientations – Crystallographic Ordered Boundaries in Recrystallization in Aluminium Alloy of Al-Si-Mg System
Authors: Reznik P L , Redikultsev A A , Lobanov M L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The deformed and recrystallized states of surface regions of hot-rolled aluminium alloy plates of Al-Si-Mg system were investigated by the method of orientation microscopy (EBSD). In the deformed state mainly shear texture components were detected. In the recrystallized structure, there was a significant dispersion of deformation texture due to an increase in the proportion of components that were located at the edges of the deformation texture. It is shown that the crystallites, which are boundary a deformed matrix with the misorientation approximately corresponding to rotation axis <552> at an angle of 52.5°, become the nuclei of recrystallization.
Influence of the Thermal Deformation Treatment on the Structural State and Properties of Ti-Mo Microalloyed Steels of the Ferritic Class
Authors: Zaitsev A I , Koldaev A V , Arutyunyan N A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Investigation on influence of thermal deformation treatment on the special features of structural state, phase precipitates, strengthening mechanisms, and mechanical properties was carried out for low-carbon Ti-Mo microalloyed steel of ferritic class. The following parameters were analyzed: the finishing temperature of rolling and the cooling rate of the steel after rolling end to the coiling temperature. Methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, thermodynamic calculation, kinetic analysis, and testing of mechanical properties were used. It was shown that with an increase in the cooling rate from 3 to 22 °C/s, the type of carbide precipitates changes from interphase to ferritic. When fast cooling is applied, mainly mechanisms of dislocation and grain boundary strengthening are realized. When cooling is slowed down, the fraction of precipitation hardening increases. It was established that ferritic precipitates make a smaller contribution to precipitation hardening of steel than interphase ones. To create conditions favorable for the formation of interphase precipitates, the rates of γ → α phase transformation and cooling should be close.
Study of Methods for Increasing Ductility and Formability of Cold-Rolled Ti-Stabilized IF Steels
Authors: Zaitsev A I , Rodionova I G , Koldaev A V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Study of the influence of the chemical composition and parameters of the complex treatment technology on characteristics of the microstructure, phase precipitates, the solid solution state, and mechanical properties was carried out for hot-rolled and cold-rolled Ti-stabilized IF steels. Cold-rolled products were annealed according to the regime of continuous hot-dip galvanizing units. The following methods of investigation were used: light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, mechanical properties testing, thermodynamic analysis of phase stability conditions, and determination of the interstitial impurities content in a solid solution by internal friction. The possibility and conditions of a significant increase in ductility, formability of cold-rolled steels are established. They are obtained not by the traditional way consisting in reducing the content of interstitial elements and impurities, but by giving them a favorable form of existence. This is achieved by optimizing the chemical composition, first of all, the sulfur content, and parameters of thermo-deformation treatment of steel, which ensure complete carbon binding in Ti4C2S2 as a result of TiS transformation already at the hot-rolling stage. To reduce the yield and tensile strength, it is necessary to decrease the content of interstitial elements and to increase the temperature of recrystallization annealing of cold-rolled steel.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Deoxidation Ability of Aluminum in the Melt of the Fe-Cr-C System at 1600 °C
Authors: Mikhailov G G , Makrovets L A , Samoilova O V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the course of the present work, we performed a thermodynamic analysis of the deoxidation ability of aluminum in the melt of the Fe-Cr-C system at 1600 °C using the technique of constructing a special type of diagram - the surface of the solubility of components in a metal (SSCM), which binds changes in the composition of the metal melt with changes in the composition of deoxidation products. The calculation of the SSCM was based on the equilibrium constants of the reactions of the elements with oxygen interaction in a metal melt, as well as on the first-order interaction parameters (according to Wagner) of elements in liquid iron. During the calculation, the parameter e
Al = 0.023 was estimated. Based on the results of the calculation of the SSCM, the concentration regions of the existence of non-metallic phases - deoxidation products in equilibrium with liquid metal were determined.
Thermal Treatment of Cemented Alloyed Steels for the Cold Plastic Deformation
Authors: Astashchenko V I , Shveyova T V , Shveyov A I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Disclosed is a method of thermal treatment of blanks from alloyed cement steels for cold volumetric stamping and extrusion. The technology ensures the formation of a ferritic-pearlitic structure in steel with a minimum microhardness of individual structural components. Examples of manufacturing of toothed parts by the method of cold wrapping and thin-walled tubular articles during cold extrusion are given. It is shown that cyclic resistance of parts made by cold plastic deformation and hardened by method of chemical-thermal treatment is increased by three or more times. According to the results of metallographic analysis, the ability of steel to cold plastic deformation and the ability to obtain high-quality machine parts are predicted.
ThermoCalc Modelling of the Effect of Chemical Composition on the Phase Transformations Temperatures of Ti-0.4Al Alloy
Authors: Illarionov A G , Ushakova A S , Vodolazsky F V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of chemical composition of Ti-0.4 Al α-titanium alloy (PT-1M alloy) on the phase transformation temperatures up to melting temperature has been investigated using ThermoCalc software. The possibility of appearance of Ti2N nitride, Tix(CN)-type carbonitride, and Ti2Fe-type intermetallic in the alloy structure in equilibrium state has been proved by thermodynamic calculations. It has been proposed the so-called aluminum equivalent (Aleq) for PT-1M alloy to analyze the effect of chemical composition on the phase transformation temperatures change. The following equivalents have been suggested:

Al

eq

Tβ

for

β
↔
(
β
+
α
)
−

transformation,

Al

eq

T
l
i
q

for

L
↔
β
−

transformation, and

Al

eq

Tsol

for

(
L
+
β
)
↔
β
−

transformation. It has been shown the linear correlation between the characteristic temperatures of phase transformations in the investigated alloy and the proposed aluminum equivalents.
Features of Shear Banding in Grains with Orientation {111}<110> in the Fe – 3%Si Alloy
Authors: Lobanov M L , Reznik P L , Redikultsev A A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
EBSD method were used to study the texture of BCC crystals {111}<110> Fe-3%Si. It is shown that in the state after cold rolling shear bands with habit plane at a slope of ∼ 20 – 40° to the RD were formed as a result of 70% deformation. Theoretical analysis was performed and experimental data were analyzed which showed that the matrix reorientation into orientation {110}<001> occurs when grain stripping with orientation {111}<110>. Such effects are observed either due to rotation around the <100> axis or due to rotation around the <110> axis. By means of dislocation sliding, most of the SBs blocks are reoriented to orientations close to {111}<112>.
Ablative Laser Processing of Metals and Dielectrics in an Electrostatic Field
Authors: Kochuev D A , Raznoschikov A S , Chkalov R V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The work considers the task of synthesis of highly dispersed spherical powder granules by laser ablation method. To improve the geometry of synthesized particles and increase the process productivity, an electrostatic system for collecting ablation products was used, which allows the formed particles to leave the area of laser irradiation without being subjected to excessive exposure to a heat source. Using an external field makes particle motion predetermined, ensuring their adhesion to the electrodes. The paper shows the experimental results on the removal of ablated particles, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of electrostatic field for accelerating particle motion.
Analysis of Steel Slag Composition and Properties to Facilitate the Search for Rational Slag Recycling Methods
Authors: Tyutrin A A , Nemchinova N V , Baranov A N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the challenging problem of steel slag recycling. This study considers the composition and properties of steel slag, namely, slag of electric and pneumatic steelmaking. Slag of the pneumatic and electric steelmaking was found to be composed of calcium silicate Ca2SiO4, while phosphorus is represented by a complex calcium silicophosphate. Iron is in oxidized forms of FeO, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 with the following ratios to the total mass of iron oxides, %: 51.51:37.16:11.33 for pneumatic steelmaking slag, and 75.92:20.90:3.18 for electric steelmaking slag, respectively. Chemical composition study showed the following content of the main elements for electric steelmaking slag, mass %: 31.6 – 33.2 Fe; 0.330 – 0.383 P; 19.15 – 19.2 Ca; 4.62 – 5.39 Si; for pneumatic steelmaking slag, mass %: 18.7 – 20.5 Fe; 0.630 – 0.710 P; 27.8 – 28.0 Ca; 4.73 – 5.04 Si. Electron microprobe analysis of slag samples showed the presence of Fe, C, O, P, Ca, Si, Mn, Ti, Cr, and Mg heterogeneously distributed over the sample crosscut surface. Samples had low content of phosphorus, however, this element was found to be accumulated in clusters together with Si and Ca.
Methods for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gas Vortex Stabilization in Plasma Torches for Metal Cutting
Authors: Yu Matushkina I , Anakhov S V , Pyckin Yu A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The well-known recommendations for the design of gas-vortex stabilization systems in metal-cutting plasma torches are considered. Various designs of such systems used in the series PMVR plasma torches developed by the authors are presented. It is noted that the method of efficiency assessment developed by the authors should be based on the calculation of the uniformity distribution of the gas flow velocity. The velocities are calculated in the control sections of the gas-air path in the plasma torch. Various simplified and precise estimation methods are proposed. The velocity distribution in control sections for various modifications of plasma torches are presented. Calculations are made based on the “cold” model of gas flow and its heating by a plasma arc. Recommendations are made on the choice of parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of gas-vortex stabilization in plasma torches. The advantages of the new modernized plasma torches, including those using narrow-jet plasma technology, in terms of the gas-vortex stabilization efficiency are demonstrated. The necessity of using several criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of plasma torches design is noted.
Features of Technogenic Iron Oxide Recovery
Authors: Yu Sheshukov O , Mikheenkov M M , Vedmid L B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The overview of existing models for iron oxides reducing and an analysis of their applicability to technogenic formations is presented. The thermodynamic analysis data of iron oxides reducing reactions through solid and gas phases and experiment results presenting features of technogenic iron oxide reducing under conditions of solid-phase diffusion (limited diffusion) and partially liquid-phase diffusion (easier diffusion) of iron oxide ions. It is shown that under conditions of iron oxide ions solid-phase diffusion the reduction processes rate is significantly affected by the briquetting pressure, which increases the contact area of reacting substances. The briquetting pressure does not affect the reduction processes rate under conditions of partially liquid-phase diffusion of iron oxide ions. An ion-diffusion catalytic mechanism is proposed to describe the observed effects of technogenic iron oxide reducing.
Modeling Dynamic Parameters of Hard Alloys during Shock Wave Regeneration
Authors: Savchenko I , Shapoval A , Gurenko A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Construction of the shock adiabat of a porous multi-component mixture and the parameters of compression of this medium by shock waves. As a research technique for the present work, we considered the description of a solid by the equations of hydrodynamics when a shock wave propagates through a substance or mixture of substances when the shock compression pressure exceeds the yield strength of the medium components. When shockwave compression of solids is determined, the parameters of the medium during its multiple compression using the equations of state of multicomponent systems, which are represented by continuous analytical dependencies. The fundamental possibility of using shock-wave processing as a factor stimulating the processes of destruction of powder products of any configuration to obtain high-quality powder for further formation, sintering, and production of tools for various purposes is shown, using developed dependencies. Technology for the regeneration of hard alloys is developed, an environmentally friendly processing technology is proposed super hard materials, cermet components of obsolete military equipment, and different types of ammunition.
Evaluating the Range of Applicability of Existing Models of Stress Distribution in the Neck Forming on Cylindrical Specimens during Tensile Testing
Authors: Erpalov M V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the post-processing the results of testing the cylindrical specimens for tension. The tensile test are considered from the point of view of studying the rheological properties of metals and alloys. The main problem in identifying hardening curves from tensile test results is the formation of a neck, inside which the stress state of the material differs from uniaxial. The paper considers theoretical solutions to the problem of stress distribution in the neck region, namely, the models of Bridgman, Davidenkov-Spiridonova and Ostsemin. These models make it possible to calculate equivalent stress values even after specimen deformation localizes in the neck. Using the finite element method, the range of applicability of these models was evaluated. It was shown in the paper that the Ostsemin stress distribution model allows to achieve the best results of the material hardening curves identification regardless of its rheological properties. However, the range of applicability of this model is limited by the maximum strain value of 1.5-2.0. With further deformation of the specimen, an overestimation of the calculated values of equivalent stresses with respect to the proper values is observed.