bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expectations, Effectiveness, Trust, and Cooperation: Public Attitudes towards the Israel Police during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Perry Gali , Jonathan-Zamir Tal 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the work of police agencies worldwide. Within a short period of time, the police were assigned new responsibilities and were required to change their priorities and focus on enforcing unusual emergency orders. These new tasks, as well as the emergency atmosphere and its socio-psychological implications, raise a series of questions about public expectations from and trust in the police during the pandemic period. In this article, we report the views of majority communities in Israel (non-Orthodox Jews), as expressed in a survey carried out in the midst of the pandemic. We find that this population supports police enforcement of the new orders and trusts them to do so with integrity, believes the police have been successful in this arena, and is willing to report violations of emergency regulations. Overall, responses indicate more favourable attitudes towards the police, echoing previous findings on policing emergencies.
Years of life lost associated with COVID-19 deaths in the United States
Authors: Quast Troy , Andel Ross , Gregory Sean , Storch Eric A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The mortality effects of COVID-19 are a critical aspect of the disease’s impact. Years of life lost (YLLs) can provide greater insight than the number of deaths by conveying the shortfall in life expectancy and thus the age profile of the decedents.

Methods
We employed data regarding COVID-19 deaths in the USA by jurisdiction, gender and age group for the period 1 February 2020 through 11 July 2020. We used actuarial life expectancy tables by gender and age to estimate YLLs.

Results
We estimated roughly 1.2 million YLLs due to COVID-19 deaths. The YLLs for the top six jurisdictions exceeded those for the remaining 43. On a per-capita basis, female YLLs were generally higher than male YLLs throughout the country.

Conclusions
Our estimates offer new insight into the effects of COVID-19. Our findings of heterogenous rates of YLLs by geography and gender highlight variation in the magnitude of the pandemic’s effects that may inform effective policy responses.
Efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of subcutaneous versus intravenous CT-P13 in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized phase I/III trial
Authors: Westhovens Rene , Wiland Piotr , Zawadzki Marek , Ivanova Delina , Kasay Alfredo Berrocal , El-Khouri Elias Chalouhi , Balázs Éva , Shevchuk Sergii , Eliseeva Larisa , Stanislavchuk Mykola , Yatsyshyn Roman , Hrycaj Paweł , Jaworski Janusz , Zhdan Vyacheslav , Trefler Jakub , Shesternya Pavel , Lee Sang Joon , Kim Sung Hyun , Suh Jee Hye , Lee Seul Gi , Han Noo Ri , Yoo Dae Hyun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To assess non-inferiority of s.c. to i.v. CT-P13 in RA.

Methods
Patients with active RA and inadequate response to MTX participated in this phase I/III double-blind study at 76 sites. Patients received CT-P13 i.v. 3 mg/kg [week (W) 0 and W2] before randomization (1:1) at W6 to CT-P13 s.c. via pre-filled syringe (PFS) 120 mg biweekly until W28, or CT-P13 i.v. 3 mg/kg every 8 weeks until W22. Randomization was stratified by country, W2 serum CRP and W6 body weight. From W30, all patients received CT-P13 s.c. In a usability sub-study, patients received CT-P13 s.c. via auto-injector (W46–54) then PFS (W56–64). The primary endpoint was change (decrease) from baseline in disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28)-CRP at W22 (non-inferiority margin: −0.6).

Results
Of 357 patients enrolled, 343 were randomized to CT-P13 s.c. (n = 167) or CT-P13 i.v. (n = 176) at W6. The least-squares mean change (decrease) from baseline (standard error) in DAS28-CRP at W22 was 2.21 (0.22) for CT-P13 s.c. (n = 162) and 1.94 (0.21) for CT-P13 i.v. [n = 168; difference 0.27 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.52)], establishing non-inferiority. Efficacy findings were similar between arms at W54. Safety was similar between arms throughout: 92 (54.8%; CT-P13 s.c.) and 117 (66.9%; CT-P13 i.v.) patients experienced treatment-emergent adverse events (from W6). There were no treatment-related deaths or new safety findings. Usability was similar for CT-P13 s.c. via auto-injector or PFS.

Conclusion
CT-P13 s.c. was non-inferior to CT-P13 i.v. in active RA. The convenience of s.c. administration could benefit patients.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03147248.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO GLUCOCORTICOID IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF TWO DISTINCT INFLAMMATORY SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH PUNCTATE INNER CHOROIDOPATHY
Authors: Abdelhakim Aliaa H. , Yannuzzi Lawrence A. , Freund K. Bailey , Jung Jesse J. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To describe the differential response of two distinct inflammatory signs occurring in eyes with punctate inner choroidopathy.

Methods:
Retrospective, observational case series using multimodal imaging.

Results:
Four eyes of 4 myopic female patients (mean age of 35 years, range 31–42 years) presenting with retinal manifestations of punctate inner choroidopathy. All study eyes had 2 distinct signs of active disease: 1) acute focal hyperreflective lesions splitting the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch membrane complex on optical coherence tomography which appeared hypoautofluorescent on fundus autofluorescence and 2) more diffuse areas of outer retinal disruption limited to the ellipsoid zone and interdigitation zone on optical coherence tomography and corresponding to hyperautofluorescence on fundus autofluorescence. All patients were treated with oral prednisone and demonstrated prompt regression of the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch membrane complex lesions with a concurrent, paradoxical centrifugal expansion of outer retinal disruption. The outer retinal disruption eventually resolved in all eyes (mean time of 6 weeks, range 4–10 weeks).

Conclusion:
In patients with punctate inner choroidopathy, two distinct inflammatory signs observed with multimodal imaging display a differential response to systemic corticosteroids. Although focal inflammatory lesions splitting the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch membrane complex seem to respond rapidly, the more diffuse, transient outer retinal disruption shows little response. This difference in treatment response may reflect different immunological phenomena with independent natural history.
Serum biomarker CD163 predicts overall survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Fei Qinglin , Pan Yu , Yu Xingxing , Lin Ronggui , Lin Xianchao , Huang Heguagn 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The serum soluble CD163 (sCD163) is elevated in patients with inflammatory disease and several types of cancer. However, the prognostic value of serum sCD163 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not yet been investigated. In this study, serum level of sCD163 was measured by using the peripheral blood of 54 patients with PDAC, 20 patients with benign tumor of pancreas, and 30 healthy volunteers (healthy controls). The association between serum sCD163 level and overall survival was analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated, and areas under the curve (AUC) were compared to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, including CA 19-9, CEA, CA 125, CA 153, and serum sCD163 level. Serum sCD163 level of patients with PDAC was significantly higher than patients with benign tumor (P = .002) and health controls (P < .001). Using ROC curves, we found that the AUC values of serum sCD163 were higher than those of CA 125 and CA 153, but lower than those of CA 19-9 and CEA. Serum sCD163 was negatively correlated with lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR; r = −0.428, P = .001). In addition, the prognosis of PDAC patients with sCD163 ≥ median was worse than sCD163 < median by using univariate analysis (P = .027). Further, multivariate analysis showed that higher level of serum sCD163 was still associated with poorer overall survival (P = .020). In conclusion, the serum sCD163 has the potential as a new promising parameter to predict the prognosis in PDAC patients.
Fulminant Wilson Disease in Children
Authors: Proost Renee , Cassiman David , Levtchenko Elena , Morava‐Kozicz Eva , Neirynck Jef , Witters Peter 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Since 2005, a New Wilson Index (NWI) ≥11 is used as a predictor of death without transplantation in fulminant Wilson disease (WD). Plasma exchange is advocated as a new treatment modality.Methods:We present a patient with fulminant WD treated with plasma exchange. All published cases applying plasma exchange for fulminant WD were reviewed systematically.Results:A 14‐year‐old girl presented with hemolysis and fulminant liver failure. She had no encephalopathy; NWI was 14. As a bridge to transplantation plasma exchange was started immediately. Complete remission was achieved with plasma exchange and later chelation therapy with D‐penicillamine. She is now at 3‐year transplant‐free survival. Literature review identified 37 patients presenting with fulminant WD and NWI ≥11 who were treated with plasma exchange. Seventeen of these patients (ie, 46%) recovered without transplantation.Conclusions:Multiple case reports and case series demonstrate transplant free survival after plasma exchange and subsequent chelation therapy, despite a NWI ≥11. Plasma exchange affects the clinical course and is a therapeutic option in children and young adults presenting with fulminant WD.
The Gut Microbiome and the Triple Environmental Hit Concept of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Kellermayer Richard , Zilbauer Matthias 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) have significantly increased in recent decades implicating environmental effects. The developmental origin of disease concept provides a theoretical framework by which the complex interplay between environmental factors and host cells, particularly during vulnerable time periods, ultimately cause disease, such as IBD. Epigenetics has been proposed as the underlying mechanism within this concept, turning environmental triggers into stable changes of cellular function. Adding further to the complexity of IBD is the gut microbiome, which is equally responsive to the environment, and can impact host cell function, where recent findings underscore the stochastic and individualized nature of such effects. We review the microbiome literature through a novel triple environmental hit concept (priming, modulation, and trigger) of IBD pathogenesis. We propose that there are at least 3 distinct stages during an individual's lifespan where random/stochastic events driven by environmental influences are necessary for ultimately developing IBD. By this means, we speculate that microbiome-directed therapeutics carry potential for individualized prevention and dynamic treatment of IBD.
Pneumococcal Vaccination Among Lupus Patients
Authors: Arora Shilpa , Nika Ailda , Sequeira Winston , Block Joel A. , Jolly Meenakshi 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
Pneumococcal vaccination (PV) is indicated for the elderly (age ≥65 years) and those with chronic disease or who are immunosuppressed. We aimed to study the rate and predictors of recommendation/receipt of 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) in immunosuppressed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

Methods
Data were obtained through self-report questionnaires and medical chart review of 150 SLE patients. Information on rheumatologist recommendation or receipt of PPSV23 in the preceding 5 years was collected if self-reported in a questionnaire or documented in the medical chart. Chart review was also done to collect data on patient demographics, physician characteristics (if patients had a primary care physician and rheumatologist's SLE patient volume), and the disease characteristics of SLE. Comparisons using χ2 or t tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted for predictors of recommendation/receipt of PV.

Results
The mean (SD) age was 47.4 (15.9) years; 90% were women. Sixty-five of 94 eligible patients for PV (based on immunosuppressive medications use or age) had been either recommended or administered PPSV23. On univariate logistic regression analysis, age, duration of disease, current use of hydroxychloroquine or mycophenolate, and rheumatologist's SLE patient volume were significant correlates of recommendation/receipt of PPSV23. However, on multivariate analysis, the only significant predictor was rheumatologist's SLE patient volume after adjusting for the above correlates such that with every 50 patients increase in SLE patient clinic volume, the odds of recommendation/receipt of PPSV23 increased by 2.37 times.

Conclusions
The volume of lupus patients that rheumatologists see is strongly associated with the likelihood that their SLE patients will have PPSV23 recommended and delivered, suggesting a volume outcome relationship.
Adenoviral transfer of hemopexin gene attenuates oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured primary cortical neuron cell exposed to blood clot
Authors: Liu Yi , Tan Changhong , Li Weina , Liu Xi , Wang Xin , Gui Yuejiang , Qin Lu , Deng Fen , Hu Changlin , Chen Lifen 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundA growing body of experimental evidence suggests that hemin released from heme is a potent oxidant and accumulates in intracranial hematomas. Hemopexin (Hpx) decreases hemin accumulation and catabolism by nerve cells. In previous study, we observed thatHpxgene knockout aggravated striatal injury and worsened behavioral deficits of mice subjected to intracerebral hemorrhage.AimTo examine the effect of Hpx on oxidative damage and apoptosis in cultured nerve cells with blood clot.MethodsNeuron and glial cells were transfected with adenoviralHpxgene. Transfected primary neuron-glial cells were co-cultured with 50 μl of arterial blood clot using insert transwells. The sham group was co-coulture with 50 μl of DMEM/F12, which contained 28 μl of serum; the control group was transfected with adenoviral vector. At 12 and 24 h, the level of malonaldehyde (MDA), surperoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration, glutathione (GSH), apoptosis, expression of HO-1 and caspase-3 were detected.ResultsMDA level was decreased (P< 0.01) whereas SOD and GSH concentration were increased in the Hpx group (P< 0.05 andP< 0.01, respectively). Results of flow cytometry revealed no significant difference in apoptosis between the Hpx group and model group at 12 h. However, the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis in the Hpx group was decreased at 24 h compared with the model group (P< 0.01). HO-1 expression decreased in the Hpx group at 24 h (P< 0.01) while caspase-3 expression decreased at both 12 and 24 h (P< 0.011 andP< 0.05, respectively) compared with the model group.ConclusionHpx protected nerve cells exposed to blood from injury by anti-oxidation and a decrease in the expression of HO-1 and caspase-3.
ESSENCE, the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics
Authors: Burkom Howard S. , Loschen Wayne A. , Wojcik Richard A. , Holtry Rekha S. , Punjabi Monika A. , Siwek Martina M. , Lewis Sheri H. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-Based Epidemics (ESSENCE) is a secure web-based tool that enables health care practitioners to monitor health indicators of public health importance for detection and tracking of disease outbreaks, consequences of severe weather, and other events of concern. The ESSENCE concept began in an internally funded project at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), advanced with funding from the State of Maryland, and broadened in 1999 as a collaboration with the Walter Reed Army Institute for Research. Versions of the system have been further developed by JHU/APL in multiple military and civilian programs for timely detection and tracking of health threats. Features of ESSENCE include spatial and temporal statistical alerting, custom querying, user-defined alert notifications, geographical mapping, remote data capture, and event communications. These features allow ESSENCE users to gather and organize the resulting wealth of information into a coherent view of population health status and communicate findings among users. The resulting broad utility, applicability and adaptability of this system led to adoption of ESSENCE by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), numerous state and local health departments, and the Department of Defense (DOD) both nationally and globally. With emerging high-consequence communicable diseases and other health conditions, the continued user-requirements-driven enhancements of ESSENCE demonstrate an adaptable disease surveillance capability focused on the everyday needs of public health. The challenge of a live system for widely distributed users with multiple different data sources and high throughput requirements has driven an novel, evolving architecture design.
3Din situimaging of female reproductive tract reveals molecular signatures of fertilizing spermatozoa in mice
Authors: Ded Lukas , Hwang Jae Yeon , Miki Kiyoshi , Shi Huanan F. , Chung Jean-Ju 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOut of millions of ejaculated sperm, only a few reach the fertilization site in mammals. Flagellar Ca2+signaling nanodomains, organized by multi-subunit CatSper calcium channel complexes, are pivotal for sperm migration in the female tract, implicating CatSper-dependent mechanisms in sperm selection. Here, using biochemical and pharmacological studies, we demonstrate that CatSper1 is an O-linked glycosylated protein, undergoing capacitation-induced processing dependent on Ca2+and phosphorylation cascades. CatSper1 processing correlates with protein tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) development in sperm cells capacitatedin vitroandin vivo. Using 3Din situmolecular imaging and ANN-based automatic detection of sperm distributed along the cleared female tract, we demonstrate that all spermatozoa past the UTJ possess intact CatSper1 signals. Together, we reveal that fertilizing mouse spermatozoain situare characterized by intact CatSper channel, lack of pY, and reacted acrosomes. These findings provide molecular insight into sperm selection for successful fertilization in the female reproductive tract.
Specific Dynamic Variations in the Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets in COVID-19 and Severe Influenza A Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Qian Fang , Gao Guiju , Song Yangzi , Xu Yanli , Wang Aibin , Wang Sa , Hao Yiwei , Chen Meiling , Ma Xiaoyang , Zhao Tianwei , Guo Xiaodi , Chen Zhihai , Zhang Fujie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundBoth COVID-19 and influenza A contribute to increased mortality among the elderly and those with existing comorbidities. Changes in the underlying immune mechanisms determine patient prognosis. This study aimed to analyze the role of lymphocyte subsets in the immunopathogenesisof COVID-19 and severe influenza A, and examined the clinical significance of their alterations in the prognosis and recovery duration.MethodsBy retrospectively reviewing of patients in four groups (healthy controls, severe influenza A, non-severe COVID-19 and severe COVID-19) who were admitted to Ditan hospital between 2018 to 2020, we performed flow cytometric analysis and compared the absolute counts of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and lymphocyte subsets of the patients at different time points (weeks 1- 4).ResultsWe reviewed the patients’ data of 110 healthy blood donors, 80 Non-severe-COVID-19, 19 Severe-COVID-19 and 43 severe influenza A. We found total lymphocytes (0.93 ×109/L, 0.84 ×109/L vs 1.78 ×109/L, P < 0.0001) and lymphocyte subsets (T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets) of both severe patients to be significantly lower than those of healthy donors at early infection stages. Further, significant dynamic variations were observed at different time points (weeks 1–4).ConclusionsOur study indicates lymphopenia to be associated with disease severity and suggests the plausible role of lymphocyte subsets in disease progression, which in turn affects prognosis and recovery duration in patients with severe COVID-19 and influenza A.
The Histological Diagnosis of Colonic Adenocarcinoma by Applying Partial Self Supervised Learning
Authors: Bukhari Syed Usama Khalid , Syed Asmara , Bokhari Syed Khuzaima Arsalan , Hussain Syed Shahzad , Armaghan Syed Umar , Shah Syed Sajid Hussain 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe cancer of colon is one of the important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. For the management of colonic carcinoma, the definitive diagnosis depends on the histological examination of biopsy specimens. With the development of whole slide imaging, the convolutional neural networks are being applied to diagnose colonic carcinoma by digital image analysis.AimThe main aim of the current study is to assess the application of deep learning for the histopathological diagnosis of colonic adenocarcinoma by analysing the digitized pathology images.Materials & MethodsThe images of colonic adenocarcinoma and non neoplastic colonic tissue have been acquired from the two datasets. The first dataset contains ten thousand images which were used to train and validate the convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. From the second dataset (Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Gland (CRAG) Dataset) 40% of the images were used as a train set while 60% of the images were used as test dataset. Two histopathologists also evaluated these images. In this study, three variants of CNN (ResNet-18, ResNet-34 and ResNet-50) have been employed to evaluate the images.ResultsIn the present study, three CNN architectures(ResNet-18, ResNet-30, and ResNet-50) were applied for the classification of digitized images of colonic tissue. The accuracy (93.91%) of ResNet-50 was the highest which is followed by ResNet-30 and ResNet-18 with the accuracy of 93.04% each.ConclusionBased on the findings of the present study and analysis of previously reported series, the development of computer aided technology to evaluate the surgical specimens for the diagnosis of malignant tumors could provide a significant assistance to pathologists.
Programming animal physiology and behaviors through engineered bacteria
Authors: Gao Baizhen , Sun Qing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA central goal of synthetic biology is to predictably and efficiently reprogram living systems to perform computations and carry out specific biological tasks. Although there have been many advances in the bio-computational design of living systems, these advances have mainly been applied to microorganisms or cell lines; programming animal behavior and altering animal physiology remain challenges for synthetic biology because of the system complexity. Here, we present a bacteria-animal symbiont system in which engineered bacteria recognize external signals and modulate animal gene expression, twitching behavior, and fat metabolism through RNA interference. By using genetic circuits in bacteria to control RNA expression, we programmed the physiology and behavior of the model animalCaenorhabditis eleganswith logic gates. We anticipate that engineered bacteria can be used more extensively to program animal metabolism and behaviors for agricultural, therapeutic, and basic science applications.One Sentence SummaryAnimal physiology and behaviors are programmed via engineered bacteria.