bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensile and flexural behaviour of steel materials used in the construction of crop processing machines
Authors: Alhassan E A , Olasehinde D A , Musonda A , Odeniyi O M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This experiment investigated the mechanical properties of mild steel, galvanized iron and stainless steel when subjected to tensile and flexural loading. Work pieces of 54 samples were prepared having a gage length of 30 mm for material thicknesses of 1, 1.5 and 2 mm which was replicated three times. Properties such as peak force at break, elongation at break, stress, and strain of the materials were studied using a testometric M500-100AT Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The peak force obtained for mild steel was 2495.43, 4643.33 and 6215.67 N for 1, 1.5 and 2 mm respectively. The elongations of mild steel were 48.88, 54.77 and 56.11 mm for 1, 1.5, and 2 mm respectively. For stainless steel tensile strength analysis, the peak forces obtained are 9486.66, 9558.00 and 9522.33 N for 1, 1.5 and 2 mm respectively. The deformation of the material occurred at similar loads having stresses of 535.20, 583.51 and 486.88 N/mm2 for the thicknesses investigated. Similarly, the stress-strain relationship of the material ranged from 10131.20 N/mm2 to 12757.33 N/mm2 while the elongation amount of strain it can withstand before failure are 30.54, 38.64 and 47.74 mm. The bending strength for mild steel both at peak and at break increased as the thickness increases. Bending strength at peak are 364.50, 378.33 and 381.87 N/mm2 for 1, 1.5 and 2 mm respectively with 2 mm expectedly showing the greatest bending strength. Also, for stainless steel, the deflection of the different length of stainless steel at peak increased as the length increased unlike for mild steel with a reverse case. The deflection at break decreased as the length of the materials increases. The bending strength at peak and the bending modulus increased as the length of the material was increased, while at break the reverse was the output. From this investigation, it can be observed that stainless followed by mild steel have higher tensile and yield strength than galvanized iron. This explain the wide applications of stainless steel and mild steel in various crop processing machines constructions and other engineering uses that require high strength.
Awareness and willingness of youths to participate in agriculture among undergraduates in southwest Nigeria
Authors: Igbolekwu C O , Arisukwu O , Rasak B , Ake M , Onireti O M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Globally, youth participation in agriculture has been perceived as one of the vital keys for the revitalization of the economy of many countries. Several studies have focused on the different ways of encouraging youth participation in agriculture. However, little attention has been given to the awareness and the willingness of the youths to participate in agriculture. This study, therefore, examined, among other things the willingness of the youths to participate in agriculture especially among undergraduate. Functionalist theory was employed as the framework, while descriptive survey design was used. Structured questionnaire was administered on 200 students purposively selected from some private universities in Nigeria. The study revealed that majority (79.5%) of the respondents was aware of the need for youths to participate in agriculture. A majority (79.5%) of the undergraduates studied were not willing to participate in agriculture, (68.5%) of the respondents were also not willing to attend seminars to encourage youth participation in agriculture. Agriculture makes one dirty (50.5%) accounted for the major reason for the unwillingness of the undergraduates to participate in agriculture followed by laziness (25.0%). There is a need to reorient Nigerian undergraduates and the youths in general on the importance of their participation in agriculture.
Increasing the biogas yield of a floating drum anaerobic digester using poultry droppings with banana (Musa Paradisiacal) peels
Authors: Adeniran K A , Adeniran A O , Sanusi T J , Olasehinde D A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An anaerobic digester was used to generate biogas using poultry droppings and banana (Musa paradisiacal) peels. The digester was tested twice with a retention period of 35 days. The first test (control) was carried out with poultry droppings and water as the feedstock using a ratio of 1:2 kg. The second test was carried out using poultry droppings, water and banana (Musa paradisiacal) peels as the feedstock using a ratio of 1: 2: 3 kg. The temperature of the slurry in the bio-digester was monitored and recorded three times daily. The ambient temperature measured during the first stage of the study was between 21–34°C while the slurry temperature was between 21 and 39.3°C. For the second stage of the study, the ambient temperature measured was between 21 and 32°C while the temperature of slurry measured was between 19.8 and 38°C. Higher ambient temperatures during the first test were responsible for the slurry temperature. The total volume of biogas produced during digestion for the first test was 83.38 litres while 121.3 litres was generated during the second test. The study shows that the biogas yield of the anaerobic digester was increased when poultry droppings were mixed with banana (Musa paradisiacal) peels. Banana peels aided the digestion of poultry droppings in the digester.
Biodiesel production from Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus (l) Moench) plant
Authors: Adejumo A O D , Ilori T A , Komolafe C A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Several biological plants which substrates can be used in the production of biofuels have been identified in the world. Although most of these plants are used for food which may present a risk of food supply, but will also encourage production and utilization of such plant. Okra is a vegetable plant commonly grown throughout the tropics, especially in West Africa for its tender fruits and sometimes the leaves for soup, thus the necessity for investigating the energy potential of the whole plant (Seed, fruit, leaves, and stem) biomass. Okra is an easily cultivated plant which could yield high return to the farmer if utilize for energy (Biofuel) source. Two replicates of each sample at mass 100, 300 and 500 g, n-hexane volume 500, 750 and 1000 ml and drying time 1,2 and 3 hours were used. Fresh Okra plant was obtained from the field of Institute of Agricultural research and training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria and digested in a laboratory following a standard procedure to obtain ethanol then transesterified to produce biodiesel. The average volumes of diesel obtained from each part of the plant are 18.52, 19.62, 24.07, 28.18 ml for seed, fruit, leave and stem respectively. The overall best percentage of okra plant biodiesel production was 152.6 l / ton (time). Comparing the previously reported values for maize, carrot, cocoyam, cassava, sugarcane and iroko timber to 410, 100, 139, 150, 70 and 130 l / tonnes of biomaterial; shows that okra is also a promising biofuel substrate and future energy plant.
Evaluation of briquettes produced from maize cob and stalk
Authors: Ojediran J O , Adeboyejo K , Adewumi A D , Okonkwo C E 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study seeks to investigate the performance of maize cob and maize cob with stalk with a mix ratio 2:1; 200 g shelled maize cob: 100 g of maize stalk) briquettes as fuel source for domestic cooking. The two residues were individually chopped into small pieces using a hammer mill and 0.6 mm particle size was utilized for the purpose of this work. Cassava starch was used as binder with mix ratio of 2:1 (Residue to Binder). A briquetting mold was used and residues were compressed into briquettes using a manual hydraulic press. Performance tests showed maize cob with stalk briquettes performed better with a higher cooking efficiency (17.3 %), fuel efficiency (19.78 %) and low fuel consumption (0.97 kg/hr) and boiling time of 20 mins. These results were significant at 5 % level of significance. Maize cob briquettes had higher calorific value (17.8 MJ/Kg) and higher fuel consumption rate (1.3 kg/hr), but had lower cooking efficiency (10.28 %) and fuel efficiency (12.8 %) with a boiling time of 15 minutes. The smoke emission using the briquettes was highly reduced. The crop residues used significantly affect the performance of the developed briquettes. Maize cob with stalk briquette was preferred due to its high cooking efficiency, fuel efficiency and low fuel consumption.
Characterization of optimized activated carbon production from soyabeans pod
Authors: Olawale O O , Obayomi K S , Raphael O D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The experimental design was targeted at characterizing the optimized production of activated carbon from soyabeans pod through the means of phosphoric acid as an activating agent. The three parameters considered for the optimization process was impregnation ratio (0.5-1.5 M), activation time (60-120 min) and activation temperature (200-600 °C). The central composite strategy which is a feature of the RSM was utilized to achieve the optimal preparation conditions. The optimum conditions obtained for the good percentage of yield response was 1.06 M, 305.34 °C and 89.95 min. The ANOVA result gathered revealed that acid concentration has the most substantial impact on the response yield shadowed by activation temperature and activation time, respectively. Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were carried out on the samples. The raw and produced activated carbon from soyabeans pod BET surface region was 228.2 and 709 m2/g, respectively.
Extraction of castor oil from castor seed for optimization of biodiesel production
Authors: Obayomi K S , Bello J O , Ogundipe T A , Olawale O 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research was carried out to optimize biodiesel production from castor oil using 24 full factorial central composite design (CCD). Transesterification method was used for the biodiesel production from castor using KOH & NaOH were used as catalysts. Physico-chemical properties including density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, saponification value, iodine value and pour point. The results were determined both on the castor oil and biodiesel produced. The predicted optimum conditions for the production of castor oil biodiesel are; reaction time of 60 minutes at the temperature of 60°C, catalyst concentration of 3.5 g and a methanol/oil molar ratio of 5:1. The biodiesel yield was 99.76% and the result of the measured properties of biodiesel was compared with the international standards of EN14214 and ASTM D6751. The weight composition of the fatty acid and methyl ester were both determined by the Gas Chromatography (GCMS)
Climate Change and Potential Environmental Hazards with Perspective Adaptation Technologies in Nigeria, A review
Authors: Okunola A A , Gana A J , Olorunfemi K O , Obaniyi K S , Osueke C O , Olasehinde D A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Climate change is a global phenomenon with multifarious unique regional consequences. Contemporary studies have established Climate change as a product of anthropogenic activities. Studies have linked extreme weather events, heat waves, increase pollution, crop failure as some of the many discernable effects of climate change. Hence, the spatial temporal effects of Climate change are of concern to policy makers, researchers, innovators and the entire public to develop veritable mitigation strategies. This paper examines climate change in Nigeria as a case study; the research adopted desk research method to collect secondary data from literature about hazards caused by climate change and potential adaptation strategies in Nigeria. The findings revealed that a potential environmental hazard caused by climate change in Nigeria includes that of biological, chemical, physical, mechanical and psycho-social. Moreover, this review further showed adaptation technologies that can be used in adapting and mitigating climate change in Nigeria.
Survey of Agricultural Power Units and Machinery Purchase Prices in Selected Locations of Kaduna State – Nigeria
Authors: Saleh A , Adekanye TA , Gwarzo MA , Fumen GA , Ramnisku P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the purchase price of power units and machineries in selected major agricultural towns of Kaduna State (Kaduna, Zaria and Saminaka). Data for the study was obtained from a sample survey that was conducted in 2018 amongst the three selected areas of the state through a well structural questionnaire. It was deduced that 45% of the respondents believed that individual purchase of farm machinery were more often than non-governmental organization having 22%, while government organization and institutions both recorded 11%. The highest unit price of power unit was found to be 169,946.33 Naira/kW, and the lowest was 11,718.75 Naira/kW. Also the highest unit price of machines was found to be 1,500,000 Naira/meter, while the lowest was 70,000 Naira/meter. The research also explored, the most common factor(s) that affects farmers’ decision in purchasing agricultural machines and power unit. It was found that these factors include but not only limited to the cost of spare parts, availability of spare parts and ease of repair and maintenance. Results of this study also show that prices of power units and machines vary from one place to another. There was a non-linear relationship between price and machine width. These were due to the fact that there are other factors that influence the price of machine besides its width. These factors according to most of the respondents includes: make and model of machine, type of material used in construction and efficiency of the machines. It was also found out that the most common machine and power unit sold in the study area were harrow (23%), ridgers (23%), plough (18%) and planters (18%).
Analysis of fragment homology among 331bp myoglobin of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with hypoxia-tolerant and hypoxia-intolerant organisms
Authors: Puspitaningrum R , Muthmainnah Z , Anastasia I M , Ruyani S F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Myoglobin protein plays significant role in intracellular oxygen storage and transcellular oxygen transport in the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). This globular protein contains amino acid compositions which have similarities between other species. This study aimed to analyse the fragment homology among 331bp myoglobin sequences of green turtle with hypoxia-tolerant and hypoxia-intolerant group organisms. Green turtle myoglobin sequences was aligned with 16 organisms for 84 amino acids number 71 to 154 in the N terminal region of the myoglobin protein. The data was analysed in BLASTX bioinformatics portal. The result showed that the percentage of similarity was 58%-93% with myoglobin in hypoxia-tolerant organisms and 79%-93% in hypoxia-intolerant organisms. Fragment homology in this study indicate the conserved positions of protein sequences during evolution in hypoxic tolerant organisms, which indicate that these positions may be important for the structure or function of myoglobin. Further study is needed to determine the difference of amino acid composition between these organisms.
Structure community of mangrove in Tidung Kecil Island, Thousands Island National Park Jakarta
Authors: Nurrohman H , Muhamad A , Rahmah L L , Ramadhanty N A , Hannum P , Hamidah Q , Hardiyanti S M , Azizah N , Herdani T P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Mangroves, as intermediate vegetation in the tidal line of seawater, have benefits for the surrounding ecosystem. Tidung Kecil Island is an example of a conservation zone in northern Jakarta that has a mangrove cultivation area. The purpose of study is to determine the mangrove community structure on Tidung Kecil Island. The data was obtained by a descriptive method with purposive sampling technique and belt data collection techniques transect methods. The transect is drawn perpendicular to the shoreline along 50 meters and a 10m x 10m plot was made. Data were taken in the form of a number of stands and characteristics of the type of mangrove obtained. For the data technique analysis, Simpson’s index formula was used to obtain density and dominance values and the Shannon-Wiener’s index formula to obtain the value of diversity. The results showed that on Tidung Kecil Island 18 species from 15 families were found. The diversity of mangroves in this region is classified as low, with values 1.54 and 1.85. The high presence of species (Rhizophora stylosa) dominated the region, with dominance index values 1.21 and 1.32. Rhizophora stylosa is a species that is cultivated by the people and tourists of Tidung Kecil Island.
New recorded species of polypore for Indonesia found in Universitas Indonesia Depok Campus
Authors: Tianara A , Susan D , Sjamsuridzal W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The polypore mushrooms or polypores are distinguished by their binding and skeletal hyphae and typical poroid hymenophore. Huge beneficial ecological and anthropocentric values can be obtained from them. The taxonomy information about of this group of mushrooms in Indonesia is very limited and very difficult to find. This study was aimed to collect, characterize, and identify the polypores in Universitas Indonesia Depok Campus which has forest area. Sampling was conducted using broad survey method. Characterization, identification, and species description were performed based on morphological data, both macroscopic and microscopic examination. Seventy specimens which were collected consisted of 34 species from 22 genera, 7 families (1 incertae sedis), and 4 orders. Polyporales Gäum is the largest order (82,35% from all species found) with Polyporaceae and Trametes as the largest family and genus, respectively. This study discovered 17 new recorded species polypores for Java and 11 new recorded species polypores for Indonesia.
Morphological identification of stingless bees from Belitung
Authors: Azizi M G , Priawandiputra W , Raffiudin R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Stingless bees, the smallest honey-producing bees, have high diversity with over 600 species in the world. Exploration at Bukit Barisan Sumatra found 23 species of stingless bees. However, stingless bee diversity in Belitung has not been explored and identified. This study aims to identify stingless bees based on morphology from Belitung. The methods used included the preservation of dry samples, characterization and identification of morphology based on: hind tibia, hind basitarsus, malar space, mandible, head, thorax, abdomen, and fore wing. A total of 12 stingless bee colonies were collected in Belitung. The study found three identified species of stingless bees in Belitung: Tetragonula laeviceps (colonies 1, 4, 5, 7, 8), Tetragonula aff. fuscobalteata (colonies 6, 11, 12), and Heterotrigona itama (colonies 2, 3, 9, 10). Body length, body color, eye color, abdominal color, mesoscutum, teeth in the mandible, malar space, wing length, wing venation and wing color are morphological characters that differentiate between the three species. Three morphometric parameters also differentiate between the three species, those are the width of hind basitarsus, malar space, and wing length. We also observed that T. aff. fuscobalteata show variations in the color of the eye and abdomen in all three colonies.
Molecular and adaptive evolution of Nep2 gene from carnivorous plant Nepenthes
Authors: Alamsyah F , Ito M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Nepenthes get their nutrient by carnivory using their pitchers. A prey drowned in the pitcher fluid, will be digested by enzymes called nepenthesin, i.e. nepenthesin II. The structure of nepenthesin II-encoding gene might be related to the role of the enzyme. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the molecular and adaptive evolutions of Nep2 gene expressing nepenthesin II. We analyzed 29 Nepenthes species that represent most habitat types. Total DNA was extracted from silica-dried leaf samples and amplification of Nep2 gene was performed using degenerate primers. Homology searching was conducted using BLASTn, followed by computation of isoelectric point of the enzyme, and testing for positive selection using Mega 5. The result showed 29 DNA sequences of Nep2 gene have no introns. Intron-less Nep2 gene will produce nepenthesin II rapidly to digest the prey. The gene experienced significant positive selection on N. sumatrana, a species inhabits the lowest altitude habitats amongst Sumatran species. An obvious adaptive phenotype is the development of two unusual types of lower pitchers to obtain nutrient in lowland habitats. In conclusion, molecular and adaptive evolutions of Nep2 gene characterized Nepenthes as highly adaptable plants that actively respond to the environmental stress.
Ecological function of the land after Merapi eruption
Authors: Akmalia R , Sulistijorini  , Putra H F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The forest area of Mount Merapi has been designated as the Mount Merapi National Park (TNGM) since 2004. The satellite imagery has shown that there are 3 levels of damage to forest ecosystems in TNGM, namely minor, moderate, and severe damage. This study aims to determine the progress of the landscape function in several regions that suffered damage to forest ecosystems due to the eruption of Mount Merapi. The research method consists of: (1) Determination of research location, (2) measurement of microclimates, (3) Measurement of soil characteristics, and (4) Landscape Function Analysis (LFA): characterization of landscape organizations and Soil Surface Assessment (SSA). The value of land stability in the zone of minor, moderate, and severe damage is respectively: 48.00, 52.90 and 45.50%. The infiltration value of water in the zone of minor, moderate and severe damage is respectively: 26.50, 28.40 and 29.70%. The value of the soil nutrient cycle in the minor, moderate, and severe damage zones is respectively: 20.80, 23.60, and 16.30%. The progress of the ecological function of the zone of moderate damage is better for land stability and the soil nutrient cycle, while water infiltration is better in the zone of severe damage.
Maxent modelling of habitat suitability for the endangered javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in less-protected Dieng Mountains, Central Java
Authors: Widyastuti S , Perwitasari-Farajallah D , Prasetyo L B , Iskandar E , Setiawan A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Dieng highland in Central Java provides high potential habitat for the endemic Javan gibbon. In order to conserve the sustainability of Javan gibbon population and its habitat in Dieng, the conservation priority for high suitable habitat should be maintained. This study aimed to identify the HSM for Javan gibbon in Dieng highland and the most contributing biophysical variables. Medium-resolution variable layers, which interpret the biophysical environment of gibbon habitat, were derived and pre-processed from Sentinel-2 image and Indonesian elevation model product. A total of 305 occurrence data recorded in extensive field survey non-correlated 11 variables were maintained for HSM in presence-only machine learning, maximum entropy (MaxEnt). Suitable gibbon habitats were predicted as 81.286 km2. The area under the curve value estimated to be 0.971 and 83.516 % of validating points was on suitable habitat. The final model pointed out that the suitable areas were fragmented. Relatively large of the suitable patch for Javan gibbon located in Sokokembang, Linggoasri-Mendolo, and western of Kembanglangit were considerable to get the conservation priority. The most contributed variables were a natural forest, elevation, distance to cropland and land surface temperature, which are important factors to be considered when generating a conservation strategy for Javan gibbon.