bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Adki Kaveri M. , Kulkarni Yogesh A. 
Published: February 2020

Background:Diabetic retinopathy is one of the important complications of diabetes. In major cases, diabetic retinopathy is unnoticed until the irreversible damage to eye occurs and leads to blurred vision and, eventually, blindness.Objective:The pathogenesis and diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy are very complex and not fully understood. Currently, well-established laser techniques and medications are available, but these treatment options have their own shortcomings on biological systems. Biomarkers can help to overcome this problem due to easy, fast and economical options for diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.Methods:The search terms used were “Diabetic retinopathy”, “Biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy”, “Novel biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy” and “Potential biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy” by using different scientific resources and databases like EBSCO, ProQuest, PubMed and Scopus. Eligibility criteria included biomarkers involved in diabetic retinopathy in the detectable range. Exclusion criteria included the repetition and duplication of the biomarker in diabetic retinopathy.Results:Current review and literature study revealed that biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy can be categorized as inflammatory: tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor- β; antioxidant: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; nucleic acid: poly ADP ribose polymerase- α, Apelin, Oncofetal; enzyme: ceruloplasmin, protein kinase C; and miscellaneous: erythropoietin. These biomarkers have a great potential in the progression of diabetic retinopathy hence can be used in the diagnosis and management of this debilitating disease.Conclusion:Above mentioned biomarkers play a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy; hence they can also be considered as potential targets for new drug development.
Ultra-high Temperature (UHT) Processing: Technological Significance and Updates
Authors: Rasane Prasad , Sharma Nitya , Fatma Sana , Kaur Sawinder , Jha Alok , Kaur Damanpreet , Singh Jyoti 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Background: Milk forms an integral part of the human diet from the nutritional point of
view. Besides nutrition, it has also unique functional properties which are harnessed by the industry
for numerous uses. Being highly perishable specific techniques are required to minimize the losses
during processing and adequate preservation of this precious commodity. In the U.S. and many other
parts of the world, the traditional pasteurization of milk requires a minimum heat treatment of 72ºC
for 15 seconds with subsequent refrigeration. However, the advent of Ultra High Temperature (UHT)
treatment of milk has added a new dimension to the marketing of liquid milk in urban as well as remote
areas without the requirement of cold chain management. The distinctive feature of UHT processed
milk is that it is commercially-sterile-not pasteurized and so has long shelf life at room temperature.
UHT milk, also known as long-life milk, is emerging as an attractive commercial alternative
offering a hygienic product of unmatched quality, which can be bought anywhere, at any time
and in any quantity. The present review will discuss numerous aspects of UHT processing of milk
with reference to historical significance, fundamental principle, various systems used and prerequisites,
type of exchangers used, fouling and other defects in system, chemical and microbiological effect
of the treatment, its effect on nutritional components, organoleptic quality of milk and the advantage
and involved challenges of the process.

Conclusion:
Raw milk is easily contaminated with pathogens and microbes and hence its consumption
of raw milk is associated with certain ill health effects. Therefore, heating milk before consumption
is strongly suggested. Thus, UHT treatment of milk is done to ensure microbial safety and also
to extend the shelf life of this highly perishable commodity. Heating milk at such a high temperature
is often associated with the change of organoleptic properties like change in flavor or cooked flavor,
rancidity due to microbes or acid flavor, etc. But UHT treatment does not substantially decrease the
nutritional value or any other benefits of milk.
Biological Activity of MelAnnurca Flesh Apple Biophenols
Authors: Vuoso Daniela C. , Porcelli Marina , Cacciapuoti Giovanna , D’Angelo Stefania 
Published: February 2020

Background:
The apple is among the most consumed fruits in the world and several studies
suggest that apple polyphenols could play a role in preventing degenerative diseases. Recent studies
have shown that polyphenols possess a high antioxidant and/or anti-proliferative power, therefore
their food intake could play a decisive role in the prevention of various pathologies, in particular
those associated with the production of free radicals. The Annurca apple (MelAnnurca), a variety
from southern Italy, is called the "queen of apples" due to its remarkable organoleptic qualities: taste,
flavor and aroma. The Annurca apple is a constituent component of the Mediterranean diet and its
potential health benefit could be attributed to a large amount of bioactive components; in fact, this
apple is characterized by an extremely high content of polyphenols.

Objective:
The aim of this paper was to review the most recent literature regarding the health benefits
of Annurca apples and their phytochemicals. In particular, this review highlighted the effects of the
flesh of this fruit on different types of human cells.

Methods:
A literature research was performed using the keywords “Annurca”, “apple”, “flesh”,
“fruit”, “polyphenols”, “nutrition”, “nutraceuticals”, individually or all together, in Scopus, Web of
Science and PubMed.

Results:
The MelAnnurca apple has a higher content of bioactive compounds (polyphenols) than
other apples, making it an ideal source of nutraceuticals. Both the cytotoxic activity and the antioxidant
effect of the extracts of polyphenols obtained from its flesh have been highlighted.

Conclusion:
These results give new insights for future implementation of the production chain of the
Annurca apple in the area of Campania, Southern Italy. However, although evidence to support the
health benefits of MelAnnurca apple polyphenols is rapidly accumulating, further human studies may
be needed before the public is convinced and willing to incorporate the apple Annurca into their diet,
accepting the idea that the integration of polyphenols has a beneficial effect on the health of the human
body.
Designing Novel Teduglutide Analogues with Improved Binding Affinity: An In Silico Peptide Engineering Approach
Authors: Alizadeh Ali A. , Dastmalchi Siavoush 
Published: February 2020

Introduction:
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a disabling condition which occurs following the loss of substantial portions of intestine leading to inadequate absorption of nutrients and fluids. Teduglutide is the only drug which has been FDA-approved for long-term treatment of SBS. This medicine exerts its biological effects through binding to the GLP-2 receptor.

Methods:
The current study aimed to use computational mutagenesis approaches to design novel
potent analogues of teduglutide. To this end, the constructed teduglutide-GLP2R 3D model was
subjected to the alanine scanning mutagenesis where ARG20, PHE22, ILE23, LEU26, ILE27 and
LYS30 were identified as the key amino acids involved in ligand-receptor interaction. In order to
design potent teduglutide analogues, using MAESTROweb machine learning method, the residues
of teduglutide were virtually mutated into all naturally occurring amino acids and the affinity improving
mutations were selected for further analysis using PDBePISA methodology which interactively
investigates the interactions established at the interfaces of macromolecules.

Result:
The calculations resulted in D15I, D15L, D15M and N24M mutations, which can improve
the binding ability of the ligand to the receptor. The final evaluation of identified mutations was
performed by molecular dynamics simulations, indicating that D15I and D15M are the most reliable
mutations to increase teduglutide affinity towards its receptor.

Conclusion:
The findings in the current study may facilitate designing more potent teduglutide analogues leading to the development of novel treatments in short bowel syndrome.
Theoretical Study of Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors as Drug Candidates for Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Souza Lucilene R. , Picanço Leide C.S. , Brito Maiara F.B. , Almeida Marcos R.S. , Marino Bianca L.B. , Sousa Kessia P.A. , Ferreira Jaderson V. , dos Santos Cleydson B.R. , Silva Guilherme M. , Silva Carlos H.T.P. , Taft Carlton A. , Hage-Melim Lorane I.S. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Drugs used for Parkinson's disease (PD) are mainly responsible for only
relieving major symptoms, but may present several side effects that are typical of such pharmacological
treatment.

Methods:
This study aimed to use in silico methods for drug designing inhibitors of the PD therapeutic
target, monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Thus, 20 MAO-B inhibitors from the BindingDB
database were selected followed by a calculation of their descriptors at DFT B3LYP/6-31G**
level of theory.

Results:
Statistical analysis considering a Pearson correlation matrix led to the selection of electrophilicity
index as a descriptor related to the biological activity of inhibitors. Furthermore, based
on the prediction of suitable ADME/Tox properties, the molecule CID 54583085 was selected as a
template to carry out structural modifications to obtain 3 analogues, whereas molecules B and C
showed significant improvement in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, in relation to the template.

Conclusion:
Thus, it is concluded that the proposed modifications led us to satisfactory results,
since there was an improvement in the toxicological properties of molecules, however, further
studies must be carried out to evaluate their biological activities as possible MAO-B inhibitors for
PD treatment.
The Effect of Chitosan Nanoparticle as A Final Irrigation Solution on The Smear Layer Removal, Micro-hardness and Surface Roughness of Root Canal Dentin
Authors: Ratih Diatri Nari , Enggardipta Raras Ajeng , Kartikaningtyas Aqilla Tiara 
Published: February 2020

Background:Root canal irrigation is one of the most important stages during root canal treatment. One of the requirements of root canal irrigation material is that it can eradicate the smear layer but does not alter the physical properties of the root canal dentin.Objective:To investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticle as a final irrigation solution on the smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness of root canal dentin.Methods:Seventy-two premolars used in this study and divided by three evaluations, namely smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness. Each study used 24 teeth and was assigned randomly into three groups of eight teeth. Group-1, final irrigation with 17% EDTA; group-2, with 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles; group-3, with 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens were evaluated for smear layer removal, micro-hardness and surface roughness using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Vickers hardness tester and surface roughness measuring instrument, respectively. Data obtained from smear layer removal evaluation were statically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U and data from micro-hardness and surface roughness were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test.Results:Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles produced similar smear layer removal than 17% EDTA (P>0.05), but it was greater than 2.5% NaOCl (P<0.05). Chitosan had higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness than EDTA (P<0.05), but it was the same as 2.5% NaOCl (P>0.05).Conclusion:Final irrigation using 0.2% chitosan nanoparticles had the same effect on smear layer removal compared to 17% EDTA; however, 0.2% chitosan produced higher micro-hardness and lower surface roughness of root canal dentin than 17% EDTA.
Sustainable Fishing? Ecological Footprint Analysis of an Artisanal Fishing Organization
Authors: Bravo-Olivas Myrna L. , Chávez-Dagostino Rosa M. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Small-scale fisheries are an important economic sector in terms of employment, national food security, enterprise development and foreign exchange earnings. Overfishing is one of the main impacts directly affecting fisheries. However, there are other kinds of global impacts not frequently considered. The ecological footprint indicator is not new but has been mostly overlooked by scholars in the artisanal fishing sector. The aim of this study was to evaluate the corporate ecological footprint of small-scale fisheries through a fishing cooperative at La Cruz de Loreto in Mexico, and determine its eco-efficiency as non-direct global impacts.

Methods:
The Compound Method Based on Financial Accounts (MC3.V.2 for its acronym in Spanish, version 2) was used. It includes the categories of emissions, materials, resources, services and contracts, land use and waste.

Results:
Eco-efficiency, determined by the organization´s ecological footprint, was 0.6 t/ha and its carbon footprint was 0.2 t/tCO2 per year, a low one when compared to others. The consumption category that contributed most to the footprint was indirect emissions and the ecosystem’s fossil energy, which could be explained by the characteristics of the fishing cooperative analyzed.

Conclusion:
The corporate ecological footprint for La Cruz de Loreto fishing cooperative is low when compared to others, but it indicates that they should improve in the category of indirect emission (reduce the consumption of electricity generated by fossil fuel and use of alternative energy) and should invest in the “forest” type of ecosystem to increase carbon sinks and mitigate the impacts.
Information Technology in Nursing Education: Perspectives of Student Nurses
Authors: Singh Fiona , Masango Thembekile 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Nursing education institutions in South Africa are integrating Information Technology (IT) into nursing programmes to prepare student nurses to meet the demands of a contemporary healthcare landscape.

Objective:
To explain and describe the perspectives of student nurses at a private nursing education institution on the use of IT in nursing education.

Methods:
A quantitative, non-experimental descriptive research design was selected. The target population included student nurses registered for basic and post-basic qualifications. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection.

Results:
The respondents acknowledged the importance of IT in nursing education but also experienced challenges in terms of training and internet connectivity, owned at least one IT device, used IT frequently for study and work purposes, reported IT competence, and had positive attitudes to IT. The respondents were significantly competent in general IT (M=3.5410, SD=.98619), t (243)=8.569, p<.0005; used IT significantly frequently for medical purposes/learning (M=3.2917, SD=0.76598), t (243)=5.948, p<.0005, and were significantly competent in the use of IT for medical purposes/learning (M=3.3646, SD=.94497), t (242)=6.015, p<.0005; and had significantly positive attitude towards using IT (M=4.2964, SD=0.66557), t (243)=30.426, p<.0005.

Conclusion:
While there are numerous advantages to IT in nursing education, IT challenges are a reality for student nurses. Identified gaps must be closed to ensure that IT is accepted, adopted and used effectively and efficiently. The inclusion of an IT module in the curriculum is recommended to improve the use of IT in nursing education.
On The Distribution of Partial Sums of Randomly Weighted Powers of Uniform Spacings
Authors: Aly Emad-Eldin A. A. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:To study the asymptotic theory of the randomly wieghted partial sum process of powers of k-spacings from the uniform distribution.Methods:Earlier results on the distribution of the uniform incremental randomly weighted sums.Methods:Based on theorems on weak and strong approximations of partial sum processes.Results and conculsions:Our main contribution is to prove the weak convergence of weighted sum of powers of uniform spacings.
Nitrous Oxide-induced Impairment of Spatial Working Memory Requires Activation of GABAergic Pathways
Authors: Emmanouil Dimitris E. , Klein Evan D. , Chen Katherine , Brewer Abigail L. , Zhang Yangmiao , Quock Raymond M. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Previous research from our laboratory implicated opioid and benzodiazepine-
GABA mechanisms in other effects of N2O (antinociception and anxiolysis),
so a decision was made to study these as potential mechanisms of N2O-induced dysfunction
of spatial working memory.

Objective:
to explore potential mechanisms of N2O in reducing spatial working memory in
mice.

Methods:
we monitored spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in male NIH Swiss mice
exposed to N2O during a T-maze spontaneous alternation task (T-SAT).

Results:
mice that were exposed to 70% N2O (in O2) exhibited severely and significantly
reduced spontaneous alternation behavior in the T-SAT. Mice in this environment alternated
their route only 33% of the time, in comparison to the control (room air) rate of alternation
at approximately 70%. Mice pretreated with the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil
exhibited a dose-dependent restoration of spatial working memory under 70% N2O in the
T-SAT. Alternatively, pretreatment with neither the GABAA antagonist gabazine nor the
opioid antagonist naloxone had any appreciable effect on the N2O-reduced SAB.

Conclusion:
this study verified that 70% N2O can reduce spatial working memory in mice,
which appears to involve benzodiazepine mechanisms in the brain.
Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Apoptotic Induction in Human Liver Cell Lines Exposed to Three Food Additives
Authors: El-Hefny Ingy M. , Al Senosy Neima K. , Hozayen Walaa G. , Ahmed Amr E. , Diab Ayman , Basal Wesam T. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Rapid lifestyle, especially among people living in urban areas, has led to
increasing reliance on the processed food market. Unfortunately, harmful effects caused by the excessive
use of food additives in such type of industry are often neglected.

Objective:
This proposal investigates in vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of three food preservatives
commonly consumed in daily meals; sodium sulphite, boric acid, and benzoic acid.

Methods:
The effect of the three preservatives on cell viability was tested on two different cell
lines; normal liver cell line THLE2 and human hepatocellular carcinoma cancer cell line HepG2
using MTT assay. Cell cycle arrest was measured using flow cytometry by propidium iodide.
Measurement of expression levels of two central genes, p53 and bcl-2 that play key roles in cell cycle
and apoptosis was carried out in HepG2 cells using real time-PCR.

Results:
Although the effect was more significantly realized in the HepG2 cell line, the viability of
both cell lines was decreased by all of the three tested compounds. Flow cytometric analysis of
HepG2 cells treated with sodium sulphite, boric acid, and benzoic acid has revealed an increase in
G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. In Sodium sulphite and boric acid-treated cells, expression levels of
p53 were up-regulated, while that of the Bcl2 was significantly down-regulated. On the other hand,
Benzoic acid has shown an anti-apoptotic feature based on the increased expression levels of Bcl-2
in treated cells.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, all of the tested compounds have decreased the cell line viability and
induced both cell cycle arrest and apoptotic events indicating their high potential of being cytotoxic
and genotoxic materials.
Paulo Freire em Aotearoa - Nova Zelândia: uma discussão sobre a produção de Peter Roberts
Authors: Nogueira Gabriela Medeiros , Arriada Eduardo , Vahl Mônica Maciel 
Published: February 2020

Buscamos com este trabalho dar visibilidade à discussão da obra de Freire em Aotearoa– Nova Zelândia, a partir da produção acadêmica de Peter Roberts, professor na University of Canterbury.Realizamos uma busca bibliográfica em artigos, capítulos de livros e livros organizados pelo autor neozelandês desde os anos oitenta. Entrevistamos o professor ampliando dados sobre como Freire passa a ser conhecido e estudado na Nova Zelândia. Assim, pudemos conhecer sobre o contexto da produção acadêmica e da prática didática que Roberts vem realizando nas últimas três décadas. Ao longo do texto destacamos as seguintes estratégias de produção de Peter Roberts: i)estudos comparativos entre Freire e autores de obras literárias e/ou filosóficas; ii) acompanhamento a produção de Freire ao longo do tempo sem perder a dimensão histórica; iii) análise de autores que criticam Freire e a partir de seus postulados, tece argumentos justificativos que demonstram certa fragilidade nas críticas elaboradas.
PLURALISME ASIMETRIS: PLURALITAS DAN GERAKAN SOSIAL MASYARAKAT INDONESIA KONTEMPORER
Authors: Abzar Duraesa Muhammad , Ahyar Muzayyin 
Published: February 2020

This study aims to look at the diversity condition of Indonesian society related to the discourse of pluralism. Based on the fieldwork conducted from several regions in Indonesia; Samarinda, Manado, and Jakarta which is considered as representative regions in term of its dynamic diversity, by using a socio-political approach, the results of this study show that the condition of diversity in Indonesian society constitutes an asymmetrical discourse of pluralism; a plurality based on social conditions and phenomena that differ from one region to another, one community to another, and one case to another. The concept of pluralism does not merely a notion that emerge because of religious diversity and does not always shape people's behavior in facing diversity. On the contrary, the diversity of Indonesian society will enrich the concept of pluralism to be an ethnic, religious, and political pluralism.
Hacia la (re)privatización del cuidado infantil en México. Las modificaciones al Programa de Estancias Infantiles Sedesol
Authors: López Estrada Silvia 
Published: February 2020

La literatura especializada muestra evidencias de que los programas de subsidios para la provisión de cuidado infantil incrementan la participación laboral femenina, en tanto que los subsidios directos promueven que las mujeres se queden en su casa para cuidar a sus hijas/os. En el contexto de austeridad republicana que caracteriza al actual gobierno mexicano, el artículo analiza la sustitución del Programa de Estancias Infantiles Sedesol (PEI), que se basa en transferencias indirectas, por el Programa de Apoyo para el Bienestar de Niñas y Niños, Hijos de Madres Trabajadoras (PABNNMT), basado en entregas monetarias directas a las beneficiarias. Con base en el análisis comparativo del diseño de ambos programas se sugiere que el objetivo y las acciones del nuevo apuntan hacia la privatización del cuidado infantil en las familias, así como a la posible invisibilización y devaluación del trabajo de cuidados. El artículo está basado en la revisión de la literatura sobre el tema, así como en el análisis de las reglas de operación de los programas de cuidado infantil.