bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porous Iron Anodes for High-Performance Hybrid Battery-Electrolyzer System
Authors: Pal Santosh K. , Mulder Fokko M. 
Published: December 2024

The demand for clean and efficient energy storage solutions has driven research towards advanced electrochemical devices utilizing abundant, low-cost materials. Hybrid battery-electrolyzers, combining battery and electrolyzer functionalities, offer a promising path for improved energy conversion and storage. [1] Iron, with its high-capacity, wide availability, and low cost, emerges as a potential anode material for these systems. [2,3]
This study investigates the fabrication and performance of a novel, porous iron anode specifically designed for hybrid battery-electrolyzers. The optimized electrode exhibits superior capacity, enhanced mass transport properties, and increased surface area, leading to improved overall performance. The electrode's dual-porosity structure facilitates efficient electrolyte penetration and hydrogen bubble removal, addressing limitations of traditional electrodes.
Extensive characterization techniques (SEM, XRD, EIS, CV, and cycling tests) confirm superior electrochemical properties, including enhanced specific capacity, faster charge/discharge kinetics, and extended cycle life compared to conventional iron anodes. Incorporation of conducting nanocarbon and optimized sintering at 800 °C yields stable electrodes with exceptional capacity exceeding 500 mAh/g (Fe⁰ to Fe²⁺ discharge). Furthermore, the electrodes achieve high porosity (65 %) with two pore size ranges (50-100 μm and 2-5 μm), leading to excellent current rate performance (350 mAh/cm² at 35 mA/cm² and 245 mAh/cm² at 50 mA/cm²). Additionally, they demonstrate superior charge-rate performance with 98 % charging efficiency at 4C. Remarkably, the optimized iron electrodes showcase outstanding electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance at high current densities (HER potential of 1.25 V and 1.50 V at 200 mA/cm² and 1000 mA/cm², respectively).
These findings highlight the promise of porous iron electrodes as a key component for high-performance and cost-effective hybrid battery-electrolyzer systems. Integration of such advanced materials paves the way for advancements in energy storage and green hydrogen technology, promoting the development of efficient and sustainable energy solutions.
References:
[1] M. Mulder, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2017, 10, 756.
[2] K. Manohar et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, A2148.
[3] Weinrich, et al., Batteries & Supercaps 2022, 5, e202100415.

Figure 1
Investigation of Metal Oxides as Potential Anodes for Oxide Reduction in Molten LiCl-Li2O
Authors: Moore Craig , Selmi Thomas , Chidambaram Dev 
Published: December 2024

During the electroreduction step of pyroprocessing, UO2 is reduced to metal while oxygen is evolved at an anode in a molten LiCl-Li2O electrolyte. Replacement of currently used high cost noble metal anode materials, such as platinum, that corrode during operation with transition metal oxides will improve the economic feasibility of pyroprocessing. Conductive transition metal oxides were tested to investigate their durability as anodes in molten LiCl-Li2O. Electrochemical and post testing surface characterization results including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy will be presented to provide insight into the durability of the tested materials.
This work was performed under ARPA-e grant DE-AR0001697. XPS was purchased under NSF MRI award 2117820. C.M. is supported by DOE Fellowship under award DE-NE0009105.
Effect of Sn on Dissolution Behavior of Al Prepared By Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Nishimoto Masashi , Shinagawa Fuki , Muto Izumi 
Published: December 2024

Aluminum-air batteries are promising power source alternatives owing to the high specific capacity, abundant reserves, and light weight of the Al anode. Alkaline and neutral solutions have been considered as electrolytes for aqueous Al-air batteries. A uniform dissolution is required for the anode of Al-air batteries. However, localized corrosion generally occurs on Al in a neutral solution. In this study, the effect of Sn addition on the dissolution behavior of Al was investigated.
Sn-free and Sn-added specimens were fabricated by ball milling and spark plasma sintering. The dissolution behavior of the specimens was analyzed by potentiostatic polarization in 2 M NaCl. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system were used to capture images of the specimen surfaces.
60 Years' Marine Corrosion of Aluminium Alloy 24S (A2024) - Conservation and Treatment of Very Corroded Aluminium Alloys with 100% Carbon Vegetal Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Rocca Emmanuel , Paris-Mirambet Agnès , Mirambet Francois 
Published: December 2024

Aluminium alloys forming the remnants of Lockheed P38 of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry was identified as the 24S aluminium alloy developed in 1930’s. After 60 years in seawater, thick corrosion layers composed of aluminium hydroxide, copper salts and nanometre pure copper particles. In addition, the ancient aluminium alloy has undergone a very important intergranular corrosion. After the synthesis of Al2Cu, Al7Cu2Fe and Al2CuMg intermetallic phases, the study of their electrochemical behaviour in NaCl medium explains the significant presence of pure copper, because all the phases undergo a dealloying process. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show that the kinetic of dealloying is constant versus immersion time, and is not limited by diffusion which explains the complete formation of copper sponge in NaCl medium in the conditions of long-term corrosion on aluminium artefacts.
Specific corrosion inhibitors (non-toxic and based on vegetal compounds) were developed to treat the artefacts in very corroded 24S alloys from Lockheed P38 to respect the specifications of conservation of cultural heritage.
Transmission Electron Microscope Characterizations of the Localized Corrosion Behavior of Biodegradable ZX21 Mg Alloy in Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution
Authors: Sung Chih-Wei , Fan Chien-Wei , Chen Chun , Chu Peng-Wei 
Published: December 2024

Magnesium (Mg) alloys attract a lot of attention as next-generation biodegradable implant materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and unique biodegradability. By utilizing Mg alloys as implants, Mg alloys can be degraded naturally in the human body, avoiding the second removal surgery. In addition, Mg alloys are promising for orthopedic applications because of their similar density and mechanical properties to bones, which mitigate the stress shielding effect. Among various Mg alloy systems, the ZX-series Mg alloys, which contain zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca), show great potential for orthopedic applications since Zn and Ca are essential for metabolism and bone regeneration and improve the mechanical strength of the alloys. However, localized corrosion of a ZX-series Mg alloy was reported in our previous study [1], leading to a faster degradation rate and possible premature failure of the implant.
To further study the origin and detailed mechanism of the localized corrosion behavior of ZX-series Mg alloys in simulated physiological environments, transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterizations were performed on a ZX21 (Mg-2.15 wt%Zn-0.97 wt%Ca) Mg alloy before and after corrosion in a Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 37°C. Two second phases, Ca2Mg6Zn3 and Mg2Ca, were found adjacent to each other in the cast ZX21 alloy. The potential difference between the two second phases leads to microgalvanic corrosion and the preferential dissolution of the lower-potential Mg2Ca, initiating localized corrosion on the alloy surface. The localized corrosion propagates a few micrometers deep in the alloy and underneath the surface corrosion film. By selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis in TEM, the corrosion products in the propagating localized corrosion regions are primarily composed of Mg(OH)2, which is different from the surface corrosion film (Mg(OH)2 + CaHPO4·2H2O) formed on the alloy surface [1]. Furthermore, the presence of Cl signal in the localized corrosion regions indicates that the Cl- ions in HBSS promote the propagation of localized corrosion.
[1] P.W. Chu et al., Corrosion Behavior and Microstructure of the Surface Corrosion Film of Biodegradable WE43 and ZX21 Mg Alloys in Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution, Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 312, pp. 128609-128620, 2024.
Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured AZ91 Mg Alloy
Authors: Reyes Raul , Garcia-Galvan Federico R. , Jiménez José Antonio , Feliu Sebastian , Barranco Violeta , Galvan Juan Carlos , Fajardo Santiago 
Published: December 2024

Additive manufacturing, heralded for its ability to produce intricate geometries with unparalleled precision while potentially minimizing material and energy consumption compared to traditional methods, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Magnesium, with its density of around 1.74 g/cm³ and appropriate mechanical strength, is an appealing lightweight structural material widely employed in industries such as automotive and aerospace. Despite these advantages, the corrosion behavior of additively manufactured magnesium alloys remains relatively unexplored, posing challenges for their widespread adoption. In this work, the corrosion behavior of AZ91 Mg alloy obtained through additive manufacturing was investigated.
Cylindrical AZ91 Mg alloy samples were fabricated using the Powder Bed Laser Fusion (PBLF) technique. Analysis was conducted in both the transverse and longitudinal planes, where the transverse plane represents the top plane of the cylinder and the longitudinal plane represents a section through the center of the cylinder. This comparative approach, allowed a comprehensive examination of corrosion kinetics and behavior across different orientations. Furthermore, cast AZ91 Mg alloy was also studied for comparative purposes.
Potenciodynamic polarization (PDP) tests, including both cathodic and anodic polarization, revealed similar kinetics for both the longitudinal and transverse planes studied, indicating consistent corrosion behavior across different orientations.
Simultaneous gravimetric hydrogen collection and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements (EIS) were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing corrosion processes. Furthermore, galvanodynamic polarization tests were employed to investigate the anomalous hydrogen evolution (AHE) intrinsic to Mg alloys. These tests were conducted in both planes, with concurrent hydrogen collection. Additionally, the role of the beta-Mg17Al12 phase on the electrochemical response of the additively manufactured AZ91 Mg alloy was investigated.
The results of this study have significant implications for various industries, particularly automotive and aerospace applications, where Mg corrosion resistance is crucial for ensuring structural integrity and component longevity. Understanding the corrosion behavior of additively manufactured Mg alloys is paramount for optimizing their performance and facilitating widespread adoption in critical applications.
(Invited)Titania Nanostructures in Single-Atom-Mediated Photocatalytic Processes
Authors: Schmuki Patrik 
Published: December 2024

In1972 Fujishima und Honda (1972) reported on the use of TiO2 as a solar-illuminated semiconductor for the splitting of water into H2 and O2. Meanwhile, a large body of literature exists on photocatalytic H2 generation using a wide variation of semiconductors, morphologies, and strategies to split water using the semiconductors suspended in an aqueous solution (with or without sacrificial agents). Many semiconductors have in common that for an efficient transfer of photogenerated charge carriers, a co-catalyst is required. For electron transfer and H2 generation mostly Pt nanoparticles are used that are deposited onto the semiconductor surface by various techniques. Due to the precious nature of Pt, over the years, numerous efforts have been devoted to the shrinkage of the particle size and thus to enhance the utilization of the noble metal – in the most extreme case down to an insulated single atom of Pt.
In the presentation we discuss the use of Pt dispersed and anchored as single atoms (SAs) on TiO2 surfaces and the activation to a most efficient use for photocatalytic H2 generation. We discuss various trapping and stabilization approaches of SAs on photocatalysts that prevent agglomeration (and according deactivation of SA Pt). Moreover, we show that only a small amount of Pt (loading density of SAs) is needed to achieve a maximum activity of a semiconductor surface.

References

Fujishima A, Honda K., Nature, 238 (1972) 37–38Denisov N., Qin S., Will J., Vasiljevic B.N., Skorodumova N.V., Pašti I.A., Sarma B.B., Osuagwu B., Yokosawa T., Voss J., Wirth J., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., Advanced Materials 35 (2023) art. no. 2206569Wang Y., Qin S., Denisov N., Kim H., Bad'ura Z., Sarma B.B., Schmuki P., Advanced Materials 35 (2023) art. no. 2211814Qin S., Will J., Kim H., Denisov N., Carl S., Spiecker E., Schmuki P., ACS Energy Letters, 8 (2023) 1209 – 1214Qin S., Denisov N., Kim H., Schmuki P., Angewandte Chemie Int. (in press)
(Invited) A New Perspective on Pore Growth in Anodic Alumina Films
Authors: Ono Sachiko 
Published: December 2024

Pores in the porous-type anodic oxide film of aluminum have conventionally been thought to grow vertically in a straight tube-like manner. However, branching and nano-branching pores (referred to as feather-like) typically observed in films generated in chromic acid solutions are considered non-steady-state morphologies. However, are these formed only under specific conditions? These have also been observed in neutral borate electrolytes, highlighting the need to clarify the dominant factors governing pore morphology. In this study, we report the results of observations and discussions on the fine structure of pore morphology, including typical films grown in oxalic acid or sulfuric acid, using state-of-the-art analytical techniques to elucidate the dominant factors influencing pore formation [1].
Observation of the initial pore formation in the three types of electrolytes, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, and phosphoric acid, reveals that the initial pores are considerably smaller in diameter and more numerous than the main pores. This is presumed to be due to pore formation through dissolution under low electric field strength caused by the presence of a thick barrier layer. Observation of the growth process of pores generated in sulfuric acid and oxalic acid electrolytes using high-resolution TEM revealed that neither film grows in a tubular manner but rather undergoes repeated branching at a fine scale. The cause of nano-branching in the main pores is similarly attributed to thickening of the barrier layer for some reason in the electrolyte, resulting in a decrease in the electric field. Thus, it is considered that pores do not grow in a straight tube-like manner but rather universally involve branching, and the grown pores are subsequently smoothed out by chemical dissolution.
These results thus indicate that the formation of radial nano-branched pores is not unique to chromic acid films. Instead, this is a universal phenomenon of anodic films that frequently occurs when the electric field strength decreases during anodizing for the same reason. When Thompson et al. first reported horizontal cross-section observations of various porous anodic films in 1978, they stated that “steady-state anodizing is not as regular as previously assumed”. This remains true, and elucidation of the actual structure of the porous film is important for more effective application of the film.
[1] S. Ono, H. Asoh, Electrochem. Comm. (2021).

Figure 1
Regulating Molybdenum Dissolution through Controlled Oxide Phase Formation in CMP with Catalytic Oxidation
Authors: Lee Bobae 
Published: December 2024

Molybdenum (Mo) is a promising candidate for replacing tungsten in next-generation semiconductor processes due to its lower electrical resistivity and superior gap-filling capabilities. Despite its properties, the high dissolution of Mo during chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) leads to surface deterioration and device failure, limiting its practical application.
Mo CMP, like other metal CMP, uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form and then remove metal oxide layers. However, H2O2 is a strong oxidant at a commonly used pH, and thus soluble Mo (Ⅵ) oxide (i.e., MoO3) formation cannot be avoided. One of Mo's oxides, MoO3, has a solubility of 4.9-70 g/L at room temperature, and Mo film reacts with H2O2 to form it in a chain. Excessive oxidation of Mo results in defects such as Mo dissolution and local corrosion during the CMP process, affecting the performance and reliability of the device.
We control the formation of Mo oxide phases, affecting the dissolution properties of Mo, by modulating the activity of the oxidant and catalyst. Catalytic oxidation with Fe ion catalyst and H2O2 oxidant promotes the formation of the insoluble MoO2 and Mo2O5 phases while reducing the formation of the soluble MoO3 phase. With catalytic oxidation facilitated by Fe ions, during CMP, the removal rate of Mo increased from 780 to 1500 Å/min, and the dissolution rate decreased from 636 to 57 Å/min. In addition, surface roughness (Rq) also decreased from 3.38 to 0.35 nm. These results indicate that the improvement in Mo CMP performances could be achieved by employing Fe ions in catalytic oxidation.
An Orthogonal Approach of Corrosion Resistance Performance Evaluation for Passive Layer on Aluminium Alloy Deploying Electrochemistry and GDOES Analysis
Authors: Daniilidis Ioannis Lazaros 
Published: December 2024

The integrity and quality of the passive layer is key to the overall performance for corrosion resistance of a coated surface.
The evaluation of a Cr-based chemical conversion coating applied on an aluminium alloy has been conducted deploying an electrochemical method (EIS - Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) and a spectroscopical method (GDOES - Glow Discharge Optical Emission Specstropscopy) for the depth profile and distribution of elements on the surface.
The complementarity of the two techniques confirm and justify the obtained performance.
(Keynote) Toward High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules: Current Situation and Future Prospects
Authors: Segawa Hiroshi 
Published: December 2024

Organometal halide perovskite is one of the promising materials for the light-weight and high-efficiency solar cells. In this lecture, current situation and future prospects of the high performance perovskite solar cells and modules with high performance are summarized.
The crystal structure of the organometal halide perovskite is important for both of the absorption and the photophysics, whereas the structural aspects within the simple organometal halide perovskite are still controversial issue. In our study, direct observation of the nanostructure of the thin film organometal halide perovskite using transmission electron microscopy was investigated. Unlike previous reports, it is identified that the tetragonal and cubic phases coexist at room temperature, and it is confirmed that superlattices composed of a mixture of tetragonal and cubic phases are self-organized without a compositional change. The organometal halide perovskite self-adjusts the configuration of phases and automatically organizes a buffer layer at boundaries by introducing a superlattice. These results show the fundamental crystallographic information for the organometal halide perovskite and demonstrates new possibilities toward high performance perovskite solar cells.
Through the many studies related to the organometal halide perovskite solar cells, the composition of the organometal halide perovskite is recognised as one of the key factors in the improvement of the stability and efficiency. Many groups investigated mixed cation and mixed halogen perovskite absorber toward the high efficiency, whereas unexpected ion migration and/or phase segregation were observed. For the improvement of the stability, several approaches have been investigated. In our study, K+-doped perovskite is good for the stabilization with keeping relatively high performance. The small amount of K+ into the FA-MA double organic cation perovskite absorber improved the photovoltaic performance of the perovskite solar cells significantly, and the K+-doping diminished I-V hysteresis. The crystal lattice of the organometal halide perovskite was expanded with increasing of the K+ ratio, where both absorption and photoluminescence spectra shifted to the longer wavelength, suggesting that the optical band gap decreased. It is concluded that stagnation-less carrier transportation could minimise the I-V hysteresis of perovskite solar cells. The K+-doped perovskite can be stabilized to such an extent that they do not decompose after 10000 h of heating at 85 °C.
(Invited) Progress in Materials and Process Engineering for Sustainable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jung Hyun Suk 
Published: December 2024

All solid-state solar cells based on organometal trihalide perovskite absorbers have already achieved distinguished power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 26.1% and further improvements are expected up to 27%. Now, the research on perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been moving toward commercialization. To facilitate commercialization of these great solar cells, some technical issues such as long-term stability, large scale fabrication process, Pb-related hazardous materials, and environmentally-burdened toxic solvent-based process need to be solved.
This talk is dealing with our recent efforts to facilitate commercialization of perovskite solar cells. For examples, we introduce a recycling technology of perovskite solar cells, which covers the regeneration process of Pb contained perovskite layer as well as recycling process of Au electrodes and transparent conducting oxide glass. Also, novel strategies for recycling toxic solvents such as DFM, used in fabricating PSCs are introduced, which is critical to realize close loop recycling process of PSCs. Finally, recent studies for achieving high efficiency PSC using ecofriendly solvent are demonstrated.
Fabrication of Cost-Effective Carbon-Based Multiporous-Layered-Electrode Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ito Seigo 
Published: December 2024

To be commercialized photovoltaic panels, one of the most important issue is the stability. Normally, thin-film perovskite solar cells have been suffered from it. Contrary, carbon-based multi-porous-layered-electrodes perovskite solar cells (MPLE-PSCs) have enough stability for it. Specially, the porous carbon electrodes have five merits for the stability as below,
[1] high stability against halogen in perovskite crystal (Au and Ag can be damaged by the halogen)
[2] high conductivity to be the back contact electrodes (the sheet resistance can be around 5 ohm/square)
[3] strong hole-extraction ability (in place of organic hole-transporting material)
[4] water absorption ability as activated carbon after annealing procedure at 400 °C
[5] water blocking ability after making photovoltaic device with perovskite crystal
Hence, such porous carbon electrodes enhance the stability of MPLE-PSCs. Moreover, the merits for the commercialization of MPLE-PSCs can be listed as,
[1] high stability against high temperature and strong radiation against sun illumination
1-1 Thermal stability at 100 ֩C over 4500 h in dark (by Univ. of Hyogo, Japan).
1-2 Damp-heat stability at 85 ֩C-85%RH over 3,000 h in dark (by Univ. of Hyogo and Kishu Giken Kogyo, Japan).
1-3 Light stability at 55 ֩C over 10,000 h (by EPFL, Switzerland ).
[2] relatively photoenergy conversion efficiency for the utilization (11.5% as module)
[3] cost-effective fabrication process by fully-printing method under ambient air (without glove box and dry room)
[4] Recyclable device
In the conference, the fabrication technology and the challenging works of high thermal stability at 140 ֩C will be presented.