bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Older Individuals Display Expanded TCRαβ Clonotypes with Potent Antimicrobial Responses
Authors: Loh Liyen , Gherardin Nicholas A. , Sant Sneha , Grzelak Ludivine , Crawford Jeremy Chase , Bird Nicola L. , Koay Hui-Fern , van de Sandt Carolien E. , Moreira Marcela L. , Lappas Martha , Allen E. Kaitlynn , Crowe Jane , Loudovaris Thomas , Flanagan Katie L. , Quinn Kylie M. , Rossjohn Jamie , Thomas Paul G. , Eckle Sidonia B. G. , McCluskey James , Godfrey Dale I. , Kedzierska Katherine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are important for immune responses against microbial infections. Although known to undergo marked numerical changes with age in humans, our understanding of how MAIT cells are altered during different phases across the human life span is largely unknown. Although also abundant in the tissues, our study focuses on MAIT cell analyses in blood. Across the human life span, we show that naive-like MAIT cells in umbilical cord blood switch to a central/effector memory-like profile that is sustained into older age. Whereas low-grade levels of plasma cytokine/chemokine were apparent in older donors (&gt;65 y old), surprisingly, they did not correlate with the ex vivo MAIT hyperinflammatory cytokine profile observed in older adults. Removal of MAIT cells from older individuals and an aged environment resulted in the reversal of the baseline effector molecule profile comparable with MAIT cells from younger adults. An upregulated basal inflammatory profile accounted for reduced Escherichia coli–specific responses in aged MAIT cells compared with their young adult counterparts when fold change in expression levels of GzmB, CD107a, IFN-γ, and TNF was examined. However, the magnitude of antimicrobial MR1-dependent activation remained as potent and polyfunctional as with younger adults. Paired TCRαβ analyses of MAIT cells revealed large clonal expansions in older adults and tissues that rivalled, remarkably, the TCRαβ repertoire diversity of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. These data suggest that MAIT cells in older individuals, although associated with large clonal TCRαβ expansions and increased baseline inflammatory potential, demonstrate plasticity and provide potent antimicrobial immunity.
An atypical acute exacerbation of COPD due to Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt , Kubat Bahar , Tetikkurt Seza , Karakas Gulsum 
Published: January 2020

A 64-year-old male with a history of stabile chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presented with increasing dyspnea and sputum for the last two months. Complete blood count showed WBC 14x103/ml, Hgb: 14.2 g/dL and eosinophilia. Blood biochemistry was normal. Chest x-ray showed hyperlucency while thorax computed tomography (CT) revealed obstructive lung disease and bronchiectasis. Pulmonary function tests demonstrated severe obstructive lung disease and a negative bronchoreversibility with a moderately reduced diffusing capacity/alveolar volume (DLCO/VA). ABG gases revealed significant hypoxemia. Sputum culture was negative. Total IgE was 1140 ng/ml. Aspergillus RAST, precipitins and aspergillusgalactomannan antigen were positive. CF genetic screening tests gave negative results. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction that occurs due to bronchial aspergillus colonization. It is most common in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. We present a COPD case with an acute exacerbation due to Aspergillus fumigatus that lead to an aberrant clinical profile unresponsive to conventional treatment. Clinicians should consider Aspergillus fumigatus as an etiologic agent in an atypical and severe COPD exacerbation.
Visual Biofeedback and Changes in Lower Extremity Kinematics in Individuals With Medial Knee Displacement
Authors: Marshall Ashley N. , Hertel Jay , Hart Joseph M. , Russell Shawn , Saliba Susan A. 
Published: January 2020

Context
Increased frontal-plane knee motion during functional tasks, or medial knee displacement, is a predictor of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury and patellofemoral pain. Intervention studies that resulted in a reduced risk of knee injury included some form of feedback to address aberrant lower extremity movement patterns. Research on integrating feedback into single-legged tasks and the ability to train 1 task and test another is limited.

Objective
To determine if adding real-time visual biofeedback to common lower extremity exercises would improve single-legged landing mechanics in females with medial knee displacement.

Design
Cohort study.

Setting
University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Twenty-four recreationally active females with medial knee displacement were randomized to a visual-biofeedback group (n = 12; age = 19.75 ± 0.87 years, height = 165.32 ± 8.69 cm, mass = 62.41 ± 8.91 kg) or a control group (n = 12; age = 19.75 ± 0.97 years, height = 166.98 ± 6.89 cm, mass = 59.98 ± 6.24 kg).

Intervention(s)
Individuals in the feedback group viewed a real-time digital model of their body segments generated by Microsoft Kinect. The skeletal model changed color according to the knee-abduction angle of the test limb during the exercise tasks.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Participants completed 3 trials of the single-legged drop vertical jump (SL-DVJ) while triplanar kinematics at the trunk, hip, knee, and ankle were collected via 3-dimensional motion capture. The feedback and control groups completed lower extremity exercises with or without real-time visual biofeedback, respectively. After the intervention, participants completed 3 additional trials of the SL-DVJ.

Results
At baseline, the feedback group had 3.83° more ankle eversion than the control group after initial contact. After the intervention, the feedback group exhibited 13.03° more knee flexion during the flight phase of the SL-DVJ and 6.16° less knee abduction after initial contact than the control group. The feedback group also demonstrated a 3.02° decrease in peak knee-abduction excursion compared with the baseline values (P = .008).

Conclusions
Real-time visual biofeedback immediately improved faulty lower extremity kinematics related to knee-injury risk. Individuals with medial knee displacement adjusted their movement patterns after a single training session and reduced their medial knee motion during a dynamic task.
Challenges Faced by Collegiate Athletic Trainers, Part I: Organizational Conflict and Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Lacy Alicia M. Pike , Bowman Thomas G. , Singe Stephanie Mazerolle 
Published: January 2020

Context
Organizational conflict, particularly between coaches and medical professionals, has been reported in collegiate athletics. Different values create room for conflict between coaches and athletic trainers (ATs); however, ATs' experiences when making medical decisions are not fully understood.

Objective
To investigate the presence of organizational conflict regarding medical decision making and determine if differences exist across athletic affiliations.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Collegiate athletics (National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA], National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics [NAIA], National Junior College Athletic Association [NJCAA]).

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 434 ATs responded (age = 27.7 ± 3.2 years, years certified = 5.2 ± 2.7), representing the NCAA Division I (DI; n = 199), Division II (DII; n = 67), Division III (DIII; n = 108); NAIA (n = 37); and NJCAA (n = 23) settings.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
The survey instrument contained quantitative measures and open-ended questions, with affiliation as our primary independent variable. Responses to Likert-scale questions (1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree) regarding organizational pressures within athletics served as the dependent variables. Kruskal-Wallis analysis-of-variance and Mann-Whitney U post hoc tests assessed differences in organizational conflict across affiliations. Open-ended questions were analyzed inductively.

Results
We obtained a 14.47% (434 of 3000) response rate. National Collegiate Athletic Association DI ATs disagreed less than NCAA DII and DIII and NJCAA ATs that they would worry about job security if turnover in the head coaching position occurred (P &lt; .05). Regarding the influence of coaches on job performance, differences were found between NCAA DI and DIII and between DI and NJCAA ATs (P &lt; .01). Visibility of the injury and situational factors influenced the level of perceived pressure.

Conclusions
Athletic trainers perceived pressure from coaches regarding medical decision making. Division I ATs placed greater emphasis on the role that coaches played in their job performance and job security. Athletic departments should consider transitioning to patient-centered models of care to better align values and reduce the external pressures placed on ATs.
Statistical foundations of ecological rationality
Authors: Brighton Henry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
If we reassess the rationality question under the assumption that the uncertainty of the natural world is largely unquantifiable, where do we end up? In this article the author argues that we arrive at a statistical, normative, and cognitive theory of ecological rationality. The main casualty of this rebuilding process is optimality. Once we view optimality as a formal implication of quantified uncertainty rather than an ecologically meaningful objective, the rationality question shifts from being axiomatic/probabilistic in nature to being algorithmic/predictive in nature. These distinct views on rationality mirror fundamental and longstanding divisions in statistics
Shifting Perceptions of Orient and Occident in Nineteenth-Century Arabic Travel Writing
Authors: Almarhaby Ibrahem 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between the Eastern Self and the Western Other by focusing on the influence of the French Other on the ideology of the Arab Self in modern Arabic travel literature. As a case study, the analysis has been conducted on Takhlīṣ al-Ibriz fī Talkhīṣ Paris [“The extraction of pure gold in the abridgement of Paris”]. The nineteenth century, from which this source originates, is considered to be significant in terms of distinguishing modern travelogue literature from that of the medieval period, when the image of the Western Other in Arabs' imagination dramatically changed due to colonialism. The study sheds light on the extent to which the ideological impact of the Other on the political, religious, civil, and social domains of the Self can be seen in this wide-ranging travel source.
Female Writing in Chinese Postmodern Literature: From Neorealism to Avant-garde
Authors: Castelli Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Loyal to the path spotted by the avant-garde and in contrast to the aesthetics of socialist realism, Chinese female literary production in the post-Mao era is iconoclast in its intentions. Having the ideological truth being stripped away from the text, the shaking reality writers draw up their ideas is staged on the individual's impressions and experiences. However, considering this literature as all-encompassing realism would be misjudging the reality of postmodern China. The object of the present study is to define the literary experience of Chinese postmodernism from the perspective of four ontologically different female writers.
The concept of violence in (times of) crisis
Authors: Drymioti Marilena 
Published: January 2020

The concept of violence in (times of) crisis On structural, institutional and anti-institutional violence
Attempting to understand the Greek narrative of crisis, this paper examines the most prominent forms of violence that emerged in the period of acute economic recession and political upheaval in Greece namely structural, institutional and anti-institutional violence. This paper aims to highlight existing theoretical gaps and avoid common fallacies of the current body of knowledge. In contrast to some of the more common features of the discussion on violence, this note sets out to: a) acknowledge that violence is not necessarily a physical act, b) acknowledge that the outcomes of violence performances might not be physical either, c) specify and adequately distinguish agency and structural dynamics and d) address the cultural and contextual aspects of violence. Vital to this endeavor is to acknowledge, identify and understand the interactive relation between different forms of violence that emerge during the same period of time in a context in which conflict escalates.
Proficiency Testing of Standardized Samples Shows High Interlaboratory Agreement for Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing–Based Hematologic Malignancy Assays With Survey Material–Specific Differences in Variant Frequencies
Authors: Keegan Alissa , Bridge Julia A. , Lindeman Neal I. , Long Thomas A. , Merker Jason D. , Moncur Joel T. , Montgomery Nathan D. , Nagarajan Rakesh , Rothberg Paul G. , Routbort Mark J. , Vasalos Patricia , Xian Rena , Kim Annette S. 
Published: January 2020

Context.—
As laboratories increasingly turn from single-analyte testing in hematologic malignancies to next-generation sequencing–based panel testing, there is a corresponding need for proficiency testing to ensure adequate performance of these next-generation sequencing assays for optimal patient care.

Objective.—
To report the performance of laboratories on proficiency testing from the first 4 College of American Pathologists Next-Generation Sequencing Hematologic Malignancy surveys.

Design.—
College of American Pathologists proficiency testing results for 36 different engineered variants and/or allele fractions as well as a sample with no pathogenic variants were analyzed for accuracy and associated assay performance characteristics.

Results.—
The overall sensitivity observed for all variants was 93.5% (2190 of 2341) with 99.8% specificity (22 800 of 22 840). The false-negative rate was 6.5% (151 of 2341), and the largest single cause of these errors was difficulty in identifying variants in the sequence of CEBPA that is rich in cytosines and guanines. False-positive results (0.18%; 40 of 22 840) were most likely the result of preanalytic or postanalytic errors. Interestingly, the variant allele fractions were almost uniformly lower than the engineered fraction (as measured by digital polymerase chain reaction). Extensive troubleshooting identified a multifactorial cause for the low variant allele fractions, a result of an interaction between the linearized nature of the plasmid and the Illumina TruSeq chemistry.

Conclusions.—
Laboratories demonstrated an overall accuracy of 99.2% (24 990 of 25 181) with 99.8% specificity and 93.5% sensitivity when examining 36 clinically relevant somatic single-nucleotide variants with a variant allele fraction of 10% or greater. The data also highlight an issue with artificial linearized plasmids as survey material for next-generation sequencing.
De la question littéraire à l’oeuvre : aspects métapoétiques de l’oeuvre romanesque de Boubacar Boris Diop
Authors: Uwe Christian 
Published: January 2020

L’oeuvre littéraire de Boubacar Boris Diop comporte une importante dimension métapoétique qui interroge constamment l’ensemble du processus d’écriture. Dès le premier roman, Le temps de Tamango, une mise en abyme de l’écriture est prise à la fois dans les plis de sa propre élaboration et dans le dialogue avec un autre texte – Tamango de Mérimée. Après cette oeuvre inaugurale, dans la facture de laquelle Mongo Beti a vu une admirable « expérimentation esthétique », les romans suivants n’ont cessé de revenir à la question, classique et inépuisable, du sens, et non pas seulement des moyens, de l’écriture littéraire. D’un roman à l’autre, le lecteur reconnaît quelques préoccupations récurrentes, dont le rapport entre la fiction et la réalité (plus particulièrement l’histoire politique) et l’effet de la littérature sur ses acteurs. À travers ces aspects, Boubacar Boris Diop semble explorer la crise du littéraire sur fond de crise politique à l’ère des indépendances. Cependant, cette interrogation n’est pas celle d’un sociologue, mais celle d’un créateur de fiction. Le titre de cette contribution peut ainsi se lire de deux manières qui se complètent. C’est, d’une part, la trace du mouvement subtil qui va de la question littéraire, en tant que périmètre d’un problème relatif à la production écrite, à l’oeuvre en tant que résultat et reflet de cette production. D’autre part, c’est aussi l’étude de la façon dont cette question littéraire, déplacée au sein même de l’oeuvre par le truchement de la mise en abyme, s’y révèle à la fois problématique et féconde, permettant d’approcher, de façon plus large, la place de la littérature dans les sociétés africaines postcoloniales.
Biased Language in Simulated Handoffs and Clinician Recall and Attitudes
Authors: Wesevich Austin , Langan Erica , Fridman Ilona , Patel-Nguyen Sonya , Peek Monica E. , Parente Victoria 
Published: December 2024

ImportancePoor-quality handoffs can lead to medical errors when transitioning patient care. Biased language within handoffs may contribute to errors and lead to disparities in health care delivery.ObjectiveTo compare clinical information recall accuracy and attitudes toward patients among trainees in paired cases of biased vs neutral language in simulated handoffs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsSurveys administered from April 29 to June 15 and from July 20 to October 10, 2023, included 3 simulated verbal handoffs, randomized between biased and neutral, and measured clinical information recall, attitudes toward patients, and key takeaways after each handoff. Participants included residents in internal medicine, pediatrics, and internal medicine–pediatrics and senior medical students at 2 academic medical centers in different geographic regions of the US. Data were analyzed from November 2023 to June 2024.ExposuresEach participant received 3 handoffs that were based on real handoffs about Black patients at 1 academic center. These handoffs were each randomized to either a biased or neutral version. Biased handoffs had 1 of 3 types of bias: stereotype, blame, or doubt. The order of handoff presentation was also randomized. Internal medicine and pediatrics residents received slightly different surveys, tailored for their specialty. Internal medicine–pediatrics residents received the pediatric survey. Medical students were randomly assigned the survey type.Main Outcomes and MeasuresEach handoff was followed by a clinical information recall question, an adapted version of the Provider Attitudes Toward Sickle Cell Patients Scale (PASS), and 3 free-response takeaways.ResultsOf 748 trainees contacted, 169 participants (142 residents and 27 medical students) completed the survey (23% overall response rate), distributed across institutions, residency programs, and years of training (95 female [56%]; mean [SD] age, 28.6 [2.3] years). Participants who received handoffs with blame-based bias had less accurate information recall than those who received neutral handoffs (77% vs 93%; P = .005). Those who reported bias as a key takeaway of the handoff had lower clinical information recall accuracy than those who did not (85% vs 93%; P = .01). Participants had less positive attitudes toward patients per PASS scores after receiving biased compared with neutral handoffs (mean scores, 22.9 [3.3] vs 25.2 [2.7]; P &amp;lt; .001). More positive attitudes toward patients were associated with higher clinical information recall accuracy (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.22).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this survey study of residents and medical students, biased handoffs impeded accurate transfer of key clinical information and decreased empathy, potentially endangering patients and worsening health disparities. Handoff standardization is critical to addressing racial bias and improving patient safety.
Frequency Stability
Authors: Howe David A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Radio navigation, digital signal processing, photonics, high‐speed communications, and numerous other important systems require a high degree of frequency stability in a variety of oscillators used to “clock” or time the electronic circuits. This chapter reviews definitions of frequency stability and methods of measuring the frequency stability of oscillators. Physical interpretations of common noise processes are discussed. The equipment and setup for stability measurements are outlined. Examples and typical stability results are presented.
A new double observer‐based census framework to improve abundance estimations in mountain ungulates and other gregarious species with a reduced effort
Authors: Panaccio Matteo , Brambilla Alice , Bassano Bruno , Smith Tessa , von Hardenberg Achaz 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Estimating animal abundance has a key role to play in ecology and conservation, but survey methods are always challenged by imperfect detection. Among the techniques applied to deal with this issue, Double Observer (DO) is increasing in popularity due to its cost‐effectiveness. However, the effort of using DO for surveying large territories can be significant. A DO‐based survey method that allows accurate abundance estimations with reduced effort would increase the applicability of the method. This would have positive effects on the conservation of species which are challenging to survey such as mountain ungulates.

We used computer simulations based on real data and a field test to assess the reliability of the DO and of a new proposed survey procedure, the Double Observer Adjusted Survey (DOAS). DOAS is based on total block counts adjusted with some DO surveys conducted in a proportion of the total area only. Such DO surveys are then used to estimate detection probability with a mark‐recapture‐derived approach.

We found that full DO is much more accurate than simple block counts for abundance estimations. DOAS is a less demanding alternative to full DO and can produce comparable abundance estimates, at the cost of a slightly lower precision. However, in the DOAS overall detectability has to be estimated within a sufficient number of sites (around a quarter of the total) to obtain a higher precision and avoid large overestimations.

Practical implications. DO methods could increase the reliability of abundance estimations in mountain ungulates and other gregarious species. Full DO in particular could allow researchers to obtain unbiased estimations with high precision and its usage is therefore suggested instead of block counts in wildlife monitoring. Given the high costs of full DO, the DOAS procedure could be a viable and cost‐effective survey strategy to improve abundance estimates when resources are scarce.