bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the contribution of social capital in building resilience for climate change effects in peri-urban areas, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mngumi Lazaro Eliyah 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article aims to contribute to the literature on the quest for resilient cities by focusing on the climate change resilience building discourse in peri-urban areas, and specifically by exploring the role of social capital-an under-researched topic. The article examines bonding social capital and bridging social capital, with a focus on how they can potentially contribute to, or inhibit, the socio-ecological system resilience building processes in the context of climate change reality in peri-urban areas. Theoretically, the author draws on the existing social capital and resilience related literatures; empirically, the article presents findings from a study conducted in the peri-urban areas of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves on the outskirts of Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania. The study deployed a household survey and key informant interviews. It found that both bonding and bridging social capital were strong in the research area, suggesting the feasibility of building resilience to climate change effects. Examples are given of a number of resilience building interventions that were established through synergies between social capital actors and local communities, although some doubt is cast over the sustainability of these initiatives. Overall, both theoretical and empirical evidence suggests the importance of including a focus on social capital in exploring the building of climate change resilience pathways in peri-urban areas, and especially in the context of the global south.
Is jugular bulb oximetry monitoring associated with outcome in out of hospital cardiac arrest patients?
Authors: Richter Jaromir , Sklienka Peter , Setra Adarsh Eshappa , Zahorec Roman , Das Samaresh , Chatterjee Nilay 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCerebral protection against secondary hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a key priority area in post-resuscitation intensive care management in survivors of cardiac arrest. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the incidence, diagnosis and its’ impact on neurological outcome remains undetermined. The aim of this study was to evaluate jugular bulb oximetry as a potential monitoring modality to detect the incidences of desaturation episodes during post-cardiac arrest intensive care management and to evaluate their subsequent impact on neurological outcome. We conducted a prospective, observational study in unconscious adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit who had successful resuscitation following out of hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac causes. All the patients were treated as per European Resuscitation Council 2015 guidelines and they received jugular bulb catheter. Jugular bulb oximetry measurements were performed at six hourly intervals. The neurological outcomes were evaluated on 90th day after the cardiac arrest by cerebral performance categories scale. Forty patients met the eligibility criteria. Measurements of jugular venous oxygen saturation were performed for 438 times. Altogether, we found 2 incidences of jugular bulb oxygen saturation less than 50% (2/438; 0.46%), and 4 incidences when it was less than 55% (4/438; 0.91%). The study detected an association between SjVO2 and CO2 (r = 0.26), each 1 kPa increase in CO2 led to an increase in SjvO2 by 3.4% + / − 0.67 (p < 0.0001). There was no association between SjvO2 and PaO2 or SjvO2 and MAP. We observed a statistically significant higher mean SjvO2 (8.82% + / − 2.05, p < 0.0001) in unfavorable outcome group. The episodes of brain hypoxia detected by jugular bulb oxygen saturation were rare during post-resuscitation intensive care management in out of hospital cardiac arrest patients. Therefore, this modality of monitoring may not yield any additional information towards prevention of secondary hypoxic ischemic brain injury in post cardiac arrest survivors. Other factors contributing towards high jugular venous saturation needs to be considered.
Is it really chaos? The complexity of transient dynamics of double pendula
Authors: Dudkowski Dawid , Wojewoda Jerzy , Czołczyński Krzysztof , Kapitaniak Tomasz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we re-examine the dynamics of double pendulum in numerical simulations and experimental observations. Typical types of behaviors of the parametrically excited double pendula are presented, including chaos, rotations and periodic oscillations, and the bifurcation analysis is performed, exhibiting complex transitions from one type of motion into another. The character of the observed dynamics is analyzed using Lyapunov exponents, which confirms the hyperchaotic nature of the system. Particular attention is paid to the transient behaviors, showing that the length of the irregular motion can be extremely sensitive to both parameters and initial conditions. Apart from the single double pendulum, we consider also the case of two coupled double pendula, connected by a typical linear scheme. Our results show that depending on the network’s parameters, one can observe the phenomenon of a transient chaotic synchronization, during which the units spontaneously synchronize and desynchronize. The loss of coherence is strictly related to the motion of the pendula around the unstable equilibrium of the system, which has been confirmed in the scenario of pure chaotic oscillations. We determine the regions of the occurrence of transient synchronization in the coupling parameters’ plane, as well as study the statistical properties of the observed patterns. We show that the problem of determining the final dynamical attractor of the system is not straightforward.
Automated crop plant counting from very high-resolution aerial imagery
Authors: Valente João , Sari Bilal , Kooistra Lammert , Kramer Henk , Mücher Sander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractKnowing before harvesting how many plants have emerged and how they are growing is key in optimizing labour and efficient use of resources. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are a useful tool for fast and cost efficient data acquisition. However, imagery need to be converted into operational spatial products that can be further used by crop producers to have insight in the spatial distribution of the number of plants in the field. In this research, an automated method for counting plants from very high-resolution UAV imagery is addressed. The proposed method uses machine vision—Excess Green Index and Otsu’s method—and transfer learning using convolutional neural networks to identify and count plants. The integrated methods have been implemented to count 10 weeks old spinach plants in an experimental field with a surface area of 3.2 ha. Validation data of plant counts were available for 1/8 of the surface area. The results showed that the proposed methodology can count plants with an accuracy of 95% for a spatial resolution of 8 mm/pixel in an area up to 172 m2. Moreover, when the spatial resolution decreases with 50%, the maximum additional counting error achieved is 0.7%. Finally, a total amount of 170 000 plants in an area of 3.5 ha with an error of 42.5% was computed. The study shows that it is feasible to count individual plants using UAV-based off-the-shelf products and that via machine vision/learning algorithms it is possible to translate image data in non-expert practical information.
The Low Dimensionality of Development
Authors: Kraemer Guido , Reichstein Markus , Camps-Valls Gustau , Smits Jeroen , Mahecha Miguel D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe World Bank routinely publishes over 1500 “World Development Indicators” to track the socioeconomic development at the country level. A range of indices has been proposed to interpret this information. For instance, the “Human Development Index” was designed to specifically capture development in terms of life expectancy, education, and standard of living. However, the general question which independent dimensions are essential to capture all aspects of development still remains open. Using a nonlinear dimensionality reduction approach we aim to extract the core dimensions of development in a highly efficient way. We find that more than 90% of variance in the WDIs can be represented by solely five uncorrelated dimensions. The first dimension, explaining 74% of variance, represents the state of education, health, income, infrastructure, trade, population, and pollution. Although this dimension resembles the HDI, it explains much more variance. The second dimension (explaining 10% of variance) differentiates countries by gender ratios, labor market, and energy production patterns. Here, we differentiate societal structures when comparing e.g. countries from the Middle-East to the Post-Soviet area. Our analysis confirms that most countries show rather consistent temporal trends towards wealthier and aging societies. We can also find deviations from the long-term trajectories during warfare, environmental disasters, or fundamental political changes. The data-driven nature of the extracted dimensions complements classical indicator approaches, allowing a broader exploration of global development space. The extracted independent dimensions represent different aspects of development that need to be considered when proposing new metric indices.
Selection of culture conditions for callus induction and proliferation by somatic embryogenesis of Pinus koraiensis
Authors: Gao Fang , Peng Chunxue , Wang Hao , Shen Hailong , Yang Ling 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe induction and proliferation of embryogenic callus are key steps for large-scale propagation of somatic embryogenesis pathway and long-term preservation of coniferous germplasm. Callus can be induced from immature embryos of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.; Pinaceae) as explants, but there are problems, such as low proliferation efficiency, loss of embryogenicity, poor vigor; thus, best conditions for proliferation and culture of immature embryos of Korean pine are not yet clear. To solve the problems with somatic embryogenesis of Korean pine and determine the best culture conditions for callus induction and proliferation, we varied hormone concentration, subculture cycle of proliferation and other plant growth regulators combinations in media to induce callus formation by megagametophytes of three Korean pine families at different developmental stages, then analyzed the effects on embryogenic callus retention and cell proliferation using a quadratic regression orthogonal rotation design. The results showed that the family origin and collection date of explants significantly affected callus induction (induction rate reached 1.67%). Embryogenic maintenance and callus proliferation were best on DCR medium supplemented with 0.25 mg L−1 6-benzyl adenine, 1 mg L−1 naphthaleneacetic acid, 30 g L−1 sucrose, 500 mg L−1, l-glutamine, 500 mg L−1 casein hydrolysis and 6.5 g L−1 agar. In addition, the combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid + 6-benzyl adenine also had a better proliferative effect on callus. The effects of different combinations of growth regulators on callus proliferation efficiency were significantly different. Transfer to new medium every 13–15 days not only maintained robust callus vigor, but also yielded a larger proliferation coefficient. The techniques and conditions for embryogenic callus induction and proliferation of Korean determined here will serve as a foundation for establishing a large-scale system for somatic embryogenesis and propagation of Korean pine.
New systemic treatment options in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome
Authors: Seidl-Philipp Magdalena , Nguyen Van Anh 
Published: May 2020

SummaryCutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a heterogeneous group of rare non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The most common type of CTCL is Mycosis fungoides (MF). Much less common but clinically and histopathologically related to MF is Sézary syndrome (SS). CTCL are incurable and associated with a reduced quality of life. While early stage MF has a good prognosis and is usually treated with skin directed therapies, advanced-stages require systemic therapies, including retinoids, interferon, cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, low-dose methotrexate, histone deacetylase inhibitors and alemtuzumab. However, relapses are frequent and long-term remissions are achieved only in few cases, e.g. with allogenic stem cell transplantation. In recent years, new therapeutic options have evolved by the approval of brentuximab vedotin and mogamulizumab. Both recently approved therapies demonstrated superiority with regard to overall response rate and progression free survival over traditional systemic therapies. Other promising treatments such as lacutamab and PD-1/L-1 inhibitors are in the pipeline, and more therapeutic agents are currently investigated in clinical trials.
How do business model tools facilitate business model exploration? Evidence from action research
Authors: Athanasopoulou Alexia , De Reuver Mark 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBusiness model tools are commonly used to describe and communicate business model ideas. However, studies do not sufficiently address whether and how business model tools support the early, exploratory phase in which new business models are initiated, conceptualized, assessed and planned. In this exploratory phase, offerings and addressable markets are highly uncertain, which requires extensive idea generation, reframing, comparison and evaluation. This paper examines whether and how business model tools facilitate the process of business model exploration. Through action research, we find three ways in which business model tools can better facilitate the process of exploring, reframing and comparing alternative business models. The paper contributes to business model literature and managerial practice by providing empirical evidence on how tooling facilitates business model exploration.
Valuing genebanks
Authors: Smale Melinda , Jamora Nelissa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 2.5 explicitly calls for the maintenance of genetic diversity of seeds through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at national, regional, and international levels as an essential undertaking to end global hunger (SDG Goal 2). This special issue results from a renewed call to demonstrate the value-in-use of conserving and supplying plant genetic resources conserved in genebanks to researchers, plant breeders, and farmers. We present these studies as a collective contribution to a relatively small body of literature that highlights not only the importance of crop plant diversity managed by genebanks but also the diversity of genebank functions and uses. In this overview, we begin by restating foundation concepts that economists have applied to study the value of crop genetic resources conserved as genebank accessions. We then provide a synthesis of previous research on genebank values from the late 1990s until the present. We summarize the main messages of the studies included in this special issue ofFood Securityand explain how they contribute to a better understanding of the role, function, and value of genebanks, particularly as we address food security challenges in a changing agricultural context. Finally, we draw implications for further applied research and policy.
Influence of white etching layer on rolling contact behavior at wheel-rail interface
Authors: Lian Qinglin , Deng Guanyu , Zhu Hongtao , Li Huijun , Wang Xi , Liu Zhiming 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe existence of narrow and brittle white etching layers (WELs) on the rail surface is often linked with the formation of rail defects such as squats and studs, which play the key roles in rail surface degradation and tribological performance. In the present study, a systematic investigation on stress/strain distribution and fatigue life of the WEL during wheel-rail rolling contact was conducted based on a numerical model considering the realistic wheel geometry. This is the first study considering the influence of rail materials, loading pressure, frictional condition, WEL geometry (a/b), and slip ratio (Sr) in the practical service conditions at the same time. The results revealed much higher residual stress in WEL than in rail matrix. Stress changes along the rail depth matched with the previously reported microstructure evolutions. The current work revealed that the maximum difference in contact stress between the wheel passages of rail matrix and the WEL region (noted as stress variation) rises with the increase of loading pressure, the value of a/b, and Sr; but drops with the friction coefficient (μ). In addition, a critical length-depth ratio of 5 for a/b has been found. The fatigue parameter, FP, of the WEL decreased quickly with the length-depth ratio when it was less than 5 and then increased slightly when it was larger than 5. This study also revealed that the fatigue life of the WEL was reduced for high strength head hardened (HH) rail compared with standard carbon (SC) rail.
Wave Emission From Bottom Vibrations in Subsurface Open-channel Shear Flow
Authors: Tyvand Peder A. , Sveen Eivind B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe linearized water-wave radiation problem for a 2D oscillating bottom source in an inviscid shear flow with a free surface is investigated analytically. The fluid depth is constant. The velocity of the basic flow varies linearly with depth (uniform vorticity), with zero surface velocity. The far-field surface waves radiated out from the 2D source are calculated, based on Euler’s equation of motion with the application of radiation conditions. There are always two waves, one emitted in the upstream direction and the other in the downstream direction. The energy fluxes of these two waves are calculated. The hydrostatic limit of zero wave number is related to the theory of undular bores.
Affective Disclosure of Value: emotional experience, neo-sentimentalism and learning to value
Authors: Vanello Daniel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to motivate and solve a puzzle regarding the intuition that just as in the absence of perceptual experience we lack an important kind of understanding of sensory properties like colour, in the absence of affective experience we lack an important kind of understanding of value. The puzzle consists in understanding how can a property pertaining to the experience of the subject i.e. the affective component of emotional experience, provide us with a distinctive epistemic access to, and therefore an understanding of, properties that are instantiated by objects distinct from the experience i.e. the evaluative property of the object of experience. I argue that solving the puzzle necessitates us to commit to a metaphysical view of value according to which affective experience and evaluative properties are related by explanatory circularity. The upshot of the paper is that affective experience provides us with the sort of understanding of value that motivates the generation of evaluative concepts.
Outbreak of COVID-19 in a family, Wenzhou, China
Authors: Zhou Zu-Mu , Zhou Hai-Zhen , Lin Xian-Dan , SU Zhi-Cheng , Zhao Lu-Shuang , Chen Xi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Since December 2019, China has experienced a widespread outbreak of COVID-19. However, at the early stage of outbreak, investigations revealed a variety of patterns resulting in the transmission of COVID-19. Thus, it is essential to understand the transmission types and the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. Moreover, the information regarding the characteristics of transmission helps in coordinating the current screening programme, and controlling and containing measures, and also, helps in deciding the appropriate quarantine duration. Thus, this investigation reports an outbreak of COVID-19 in a family residing in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China during the month of January−February 2020.
Psychological impact of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in health workers in China
Authors: Sun Dandan , Yang Dongliang , Li Yafen , Zhou Jie , Wang Wenqing , Wang Quanliang , Lin Nan , Cao Ailin , Wang Haichen , Zhang Qingyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The first case of 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, South China Seafood Market in December 2019. As a group with a high probability of infection, health workers are faced with a certain degree of psychological challenges in the process of facing the epidemic. This study attempts to evaluate the impact of 2019-nCoV outbreak on the psychological state of Chinese health workers and to explore the influencing factors. During the period from 31 January 2020 to 4 February 2020, the ‘Questionnaire Star’ electronic questionnaire system was used to collect data. The 2019-nCoV impact questionnaire and The Impact of Event Scale (IES) were used to check the psychological status of health workers in China. A total of 442 valid data were collected in this study. Seventy-four (16.7%) male and 368 (83.3%) female individuals participated in this study. The average score of high arousal dimension was 5.15 (s.d. = 4.71), and the median score was 4.0 (IQR 2.0, 7.0). The average score of IES was 15.26 (s.d. = 11.23), and the median score was 13.5 (IQR 7.0, 21.0). Multiple regression analysis showed that there were critical statistical differences in high arousal scores among different gender groups (male 3.0 vs. female 5.0, P = 0.075). Whether being quarantined had significant statistical differences of IES scores (being quarantined 16.0 vs. not being quarantined 13.0, P = 0.021). The overall impact of the 2019-nCoV outbreak on health workers is at a mild level. Chinese health workers have good psychological coping ability in the face of public health emergencies.
An assessment of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) of southern Paraguayan grasslands
Authors: BONZI VIVIANA ROJAS , CABRAL HUGO , DEL CASTILLO HUGO , BENÍTEZ-RIVEROS CAMILO , GALLUPPI TATIANA , SFORZA LORENA , BÁEZ MARCOS , YANOSKY ALBERTO 
Published: May 2020

SummaryWe present an assessment of the Southern Paraguayan Grasslands using Important Bird Areas (IBAs) located in a grassland landscape mosaic. Eleven IBAs in southern Paraguay were evaluated 10 years after their designation, using the BirdLife International method to assess the state, pressure, and response of these areas, during 2017 and 2018. Overall, thePressurefrom ecosystem modifications led by fire, and fire suppression, agricultural expansion, and intensification due to farming and grazing have been identified as the major threats to IBAs. Regarding theState,64% of the IBAs presented Very poor habitat quality to support grassland bird communities. The level of conservationResponsewas mostly negligible when considering conservation designation, management planning and conservation actions for the trigger species. Our results provide useful information to partners to reconsider these areas as IBAs as most of them no longer fulfill international requirements, we also highlight the importance of strengthening national policies to adequately protect natural grasslands.