bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiating the Saw-Toothed Grain Beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and the Merchant Grain Beetle, O. mercator (Fauv.), by Morphology of the Male Genitalia
Authors: Olsen Alan R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Male saw-toothed grain beetles (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and merchant grain beetles (O. mercator) were dissected, and the major differences in their genitalia were reviewed. Differences in the morphology of the internal sac, setae of the lateral lobes, chitinous rods of the median lobe, and setae on the eighth sternite are illustrated with photomicrographs. The only other difference between the 2 species is the outline of the adult head. The dissection procedure is described briefly.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Separation and Identification of Vitamins D2 and D3 in the Presence of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Dosage Forms
Authors: Osadca Modest , Araujo Mercedes 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and rapid qualitative method is described for determining the presence of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and/or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in various preparations by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When both D2 and D3 are present, this method effectively separates and identifies each vitamin D form by its respective retention time. A significant difference between vitamins D2 and D3 exists in their antirachitic activity in poultry. Preparations can be tested rapidly by this method to ascertain that the correct D vitamin form has been added. Fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, E, K1, and K3 do not interfere. Vitamins D2 and D3 were separated at the baseline in model preparations. As little as 2 ng each of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 can be separated and identified.
Automated Determination of Protein-Nitrogen in Cereals and Grains
Authors: Revesz Robert N , Aker Norman 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the design, performance, and operational characteristics of a new direct reading instrument for determining nitrogen in cereal and grain. Precision, accuracy, range, speed, ease of operation, sensitivity, sample size, and flexibility of the instrument are presented. Results on various cereals and grains are presented and compared with those obtained by the Kjeldahl technique. The apparatus is the result of research for a rapid method for determining nitrogen in organic material. The instrument uses a combination of a unique high temperature sample oxidation, a sampling valve for separating combustion products, and thermal conductivity detection for the liberated nitrogen in a helium carrier gas.
Review on Computerized Prediction of Nutrients in Thermally Processed Canned Food
Authors: Hayakawa Kan-Ichi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Basic principles are briefly discussed for mathematical evaluation of nutrient concentration in thermally processed food. This evaluation is based on the use of equations for predicting the temperature of food subjected to a thermal process and for evaluating the rates of thermal degradation of a nutrient at different temperatures. Several computer programs were prepared by various researchers to minimize manual calculations required for estimating nutrient retention in thermally processed food. The computational characteristics of these programs are critically examined.
Cost Effectiveness and Automation
Authors: Aulik David J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The factors of (1) increasing volume of analyses required for research, quality assurance, and product development, (2) higher labor costs, and (3) improving technologies in automated analytical equipment have prompted operators of food analysis laboratories to consider automation as the possible panacea by which their laboratories can become optimally cost effective. This paper addresses the caveats associated with automation. These considerations should be included in the list of criteria used in decision-making to evaluate the best means by which a food analysis laboratory may be kept cost efficient.
Isolation of Chlorophenoxy Herbicides on Columns of Glass Beads
Authors: Osadchuk Mike , Salahub Edward , Robinson Pat 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method for the analysis of chlorophenoxy herbicide residues has been developed based on the observed adsorptive affinity of chlorophenoxy acids for glass surfaces. Extracted residues of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) herbicides are adsorbed onto a column of fine mesh glass beads, and subsequently esterified with diazomethane for gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation, using an electron capture detector. Prior to injection, the esterified sample is cleaned up by passing through a Florisil column. The method is sensitive to about 0.05 ppm 2,4-D and 0.01 ppm 2,4,5-T. Recoveries averaged from 81 to 101%, depending on the level added and the substrate.
Differentiation of Rennet from Other Milk-Clotting Enzymes by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Prager Manfred J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to differentiate animal rennet and other milk-clotting enzymes. After electrophoresis, the separated components were visualized by staining with aniline blue-black. Two prominent proteins were found in calf and bovine rennet, while only 1 major protein was observed in pepsin and enzymes of microbial origin. These patterns provided a basis for distinguishing animal rennet and the other enzymes as well as a means of identifying each type of enzyme by the characteristic pattern shown.
Determination of Lime in Magnesite by Atomic Absorption, X-Ray Fluorescence, and Gravimetric Analyses
Authors: Prager Manfred J , Graves Donald 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Methods were developed for determining lime in magnesite by atomic absorption (AAS) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The procedures were evaluated by using reference materials and commercial samples that had been analyzed gravimetrically. For AAS, samples are dissolved in HCl and the absorption is measured at 422.7 nm in a nitrous oxideacetylene flame. XRF determinations are made by using fused disks and a standard addition method. The intensity of the CaKα line corrected for background is measured. Regression analysis of the data shows that both instrumental methods are acceptable substitutes for the gravimetric procedure. Analysis of reference materials indicates that the methods are accurate. The AAS procedure is the simplest and fastest of the 3 methods.
Rapid Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase Reactivation
Authors: Kleyn Dick H , Ho Chia-Lu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using the qualitative screening method specifying phenolphthalein monophosphate for differentiating reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. The relative increase in activity of the enzyme in the presence of MgCl2 serves to distinguish reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. Ten samples each of pasteurized (172°F for 24 sec), sterilized (about 300°F for a minimum of 2 sec) half-and-half and heavy cream were analyzed. Most samples yielded negative results initially but demonstrated activity after incubation 1 hr at 34°C. The average values, in terms of + marks, for the half-and-half and heavy cream in samples without MgCl2 were &lt;1 and 2.4, respectively ; for samples treated with MgCl2, the values were 2.18 and 4.6, respectively, indicating reactivated phosphatase activity. In samples containing various levels of raw milk, the activity observed in the diluted, Mg2+-containing samples was less than in the undiluted samples containing no Mg, indicating residual phosphatase activity.
Synchronous primary lung and breast carcinoma removed via a single incision
Authors: Mohamed Saifullah , Jawad Faisal , Darr Adnan , Christensen Thomas Decker , Steyn Richard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We describe a case of a middle-aged female who was diagnosed with synchronous primary lung and breast cancer following a bout of recurrent chest infections. Subsequent Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) discussion proposed that in light of the patients’ multiple comorbidities, both lesions should be resected simultaneously under one general anaesthetic. The patient underwent an initial left mastectomy and axillary node clearance. Through the same incision, a left anterolateral thoracotomy was created to complete a left lower lobectomy. Post-operatively she made an uncomplicated recovery and was discharged 7 days after the procedure. Despite undergoing a longer and more complex procedure, her length of stay was in keeping with the average length of stay for a patient undergoing a thoracotomy and lobectomy [1].
This case highlights the importance of a pre-planned multidisciplinary approach to deal with synchronous pathology in an efficiently synchronous manner to improve patient outcomes.
Photons to food: genetic improvement of cereal crop photosynthesis
Authors: Furbank Robert T , Sharwood Robert , Estavillo Gonzalo M , Silva-Perez Viridiana , Condon Anthony G 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhotosynthesis has become a major trait of interest for cereal yield improvement as breeders appear to have reached the theoretical genetic limit for harvest index, the mass of grain as a proportion of crop biomass. Yield improvements afforded by the adoption of green revolution dwarfing genes to wheat and rice are becoming exhausted, and improvements in biomass and radiation use efficiency are now sought in these crops. Exploring genetic diversity in photosynthesis is now possible using high-throughput techniques, and low-cost genotyping facilitates discovery of the genetic architecture underlying this variation. Photosynthetic traits have been shown to be highly heritable, and significant variation is present for these traits in available germplasm. This offers hope that breeding for improved photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency in cereal crops is tractable and a useful shorter term adjunct to genetic and genome engineering to boost yield potential.
Staff attitudes to completely smoke-free policies and smoking cessation practices in a mental health setting
Authors: Ratier-Cruz A , Smith J G , Firn M , Rinaldi M 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Mental health trusts in England were expected to become completely smoke-free and embed smoking cessation practices by 2018. Such policies are fraught with concerns and have received mixed support from mental health staff. Understanding staff attitudes to these practices prior to enforcement of the policy could help design an effective implementation strategy.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with clinical and non-clinical staff in a Mental Health Trust to understand smoking cessation practices and attitudes to the implementation of a completely smoke-free policy.

Results
There were 631 responses. Most participants disagreed with the policy on wards (59.6%) and throughout all mental health settings (57.4%). Clinicians expressed significantly lower organizational policy support (P = 0.001) than non-clinicians (P = 0.001). Psychiatrists were more supportive of the organizational items than nurses and allied health professionals. Clinicians’ attitudes towards smoking cessation practices were less positive for those who were current smokers (P &lt; 0.001), but more positive for clinicians who had received or were interested in attending smoking cessation training (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Partial and completely smoke-free policies remain unsupported by staff in mental health settings. Smoking cessation training appears to reinforce rather than alter attitudes towards smoking cessation.
Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer early career investigator training program: first year results
Authors: Irwin Melinda L , Lowry Diana , Neuhouser Marian L , Ligibel Jennifer , Schmitz Kathryn , Patterson Ruth E , Colditz Graham , Li Fangyong , Nebeling Linda 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Energy imbalance increases cancer burden by increasing cancer risk and mortality. Training early career investigators on conducting impactful energy balance and cancer research is needed. We developed a Transdisciplinary Research in Energetics and Cancer (TREC) Training Program for early career investigators. This analysis examined program satisfaction, knowledge gained, publications, and awards among Year 1 participants (i.e., fellows). The program consists of an in-person course, followed by 1 year of mentorship. Faculty and fellows completed precourse and postcourse surveys. Following the mentorship period, we surveyed fellows for TREC-related research productivity, including publications and grant funding attributed to the program. Twenty fellows were accepted into the program: 3 basic, 7 clinical, and 10 population scientists. Sixteen fellows were junior faculty and four were postdoctoral fellows. The course included ~50 lectures, small group sessions, and faculty–fellow sessions. 96.7% of attendees rated the course in the highest categories of “good/very good.” Knowledge significantly improved in 37 of 39 research competencies (94.8%). In the 18 months following the course, fellows published 25 manuscripts, with 3 published in journals with impact factor ≥10. Nineteen grants were funded to TREC fellows (i.e., 7 National Institutes of Health awards, 2 American Cancer Society [ACS] awards, and 10 foundation/pilot awards), and 7 fellows received career promotions. The program’s impact will be defined by the degree to which TREC fellows produce discoveries that could improve the health of populations at risk for and/or surviving cancer. Upon the conclusion of our fifth year in 2021, we will publicly disseminate the program material.
Bisphosphonate drug holidays
Authors: DiGiulio Mary , Loveless Thomas , Heider Gerti , Fagan Kathleen , Porsche Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:
Bisphosphonates have been safely used to treat osteoporosis, effectively reducing fracture risk after 3 to 5 years of treatment. Recent concerns about long-term safety coupled with posttreatment fracture risk reduction have increased support for drug holidays. The decision to start low-risk patients on drug holidays must be based on current fracture risk assessment.
Integrating the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria into NP practice
Authors: Diggins Kristene 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:
The American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria, designed to prevent the prescription of potentially inappropriate medications to older adult patients, were updated in 2019. This article provides a stepwise protocol on how to incorporate the Beers Criteria guidelines into NP practice using a case study model.
Adding telehealth simulation into NP programs
Authors: Robinson-Reilly Melissa , Irwin Pauletta , Coutts Rosanne , Slattery Nicola 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:
NP educators are challenged to ensure their students have opportunities to learn how to apply skills within a telehealth context. This article presents an integration of telehealth into clinical learning, depicting the connectedness possible when a healthcare professional and patient are challenged by geographic distance.
Neurological Complication Rates of Epidural Injections and Selective Nerve Blocks
Authors: Hwang Byungkwan , Lee Joongyeb , Park Byung-Joo 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
Epidural injections and selective nerve blocks are widely used for pain relief, but steroid usage is controversial due to safety concerns. We carried out this retrospective cohort study to estimate the incidence rates of neurological complications associated with epidural and selective nerve blocks, in relation to steroid use patterns.

Materials and Methods:
Using a national insurance claims database, we identified patients who received at least one epidural injection or nerve block from 2009 to 2013. We estimated incidence rates and hazard ratios in propensity score-matched cohorts stratified by steroids, using the Charlson comorbidity index, age, sex, anesthetics, and antithrombotics as variables. We included cases attending hospital within 24 hours after injection and treated for neurological complications.

Results:
Incidence rates of neurological complications per 100,000 person-days for injections with and without steroids were 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25-1.65) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.66-1.30), respectively; rates for particulate steroid injections and nonparticulate steroid injections were 1.73 (95% CI: 1.41-1.95) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.43-1.47), respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of neurological complications for injections with versus without steroids was 1.71 (95% CI: 0.96-2.49). The aHR of particulate versus nonparticulate steroid injections was 4.98 (95% CI: 1.01-262.35), at the cervicothoracic level. The aHR of neurological complications for nonparticulate steroids compared with nonsteroidal injections was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.46-3.01).

Discussion:
At the cervicothoracic level, the incidence rate of neurological complications with particulate steroid injections was higher than that with nonparticulate steroid injections. Injections with nonparticulate steroids and without steroids were equally safe.
Activity of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis was impaired by dickkopf-1 targeting siRNA
Authors: Liu Yan-Ying , Wang Shi-Yao , Li Ying-Ni , Bian Wen-Jie , Zhang Lin-Qi , Li Yu-Hui , Long Li , Liu Xia , Zhang Xue-Wu , Li Zhan-Guo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), resident mesenchymal cells of synovial joints, play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) has been proposed to be a master regulator of bone remodeling in inflammatory arthritis. Here, potential impairation on the activity of FLSs derived from RA to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting DKK-1 was investigated.

Methods
siRNAs targeting DKK-1 were transfected into FLSs of patients with RA. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP3, MMP9, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 levels in the cell culture supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Invasion assay and 3H incorporation assay were utilized to investigate the effects of siRNAs targeting DKK-1 on FLSs invasion and cell proliferation, respectively. Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)1, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and β-catenin in FLSs.

Results
DKK-1 targeting siRNAs inhibited the expression of DKK-1 in FLSs (P < 0.01). siRNAs induced a significant reduction of the levels of IL-6, IL-8, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 in FLSs compared to the control group (P < 0.05). DKK-1 targeting siRNAs inhibited the proliferation and invasion of FLSs (P < 0.05). Important molecules of pro-inflammatory signaling in FLSs, including IRAK1 and ERK1, were decreased by the inhibition of DKK-1 in FLSs. In contrast, β-catenin, a pivotal downstream molecule of the Wnt signaling pathway was increased.

Conclusions
By inhibiting DKK-1, we were able to inhibit the proliferation, invasion and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of FLSs derived from RA, which was mediated by the ERK or the IRAK-1 signaling pathway. These data indicate the application of DKK-1 silencing could be a potential therapeutic approach to RA.
Higher intakes of fruits and vegetables are related to fewer menopausal symptoms: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Safabakhsh Maryam , Siassi Fereydoun , Koohdani Fariba , Qorbani Mostafa , Khosravi Shahla , Abshirini Maryam , Aslani Zahra , Khajehnasiri Farahnaz , Sotoudeh Gity 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to explore the associations between fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, and its subgroups and menopausal symptoms along with its subtypes in postmenopausal women.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 393 postmenopausal women in municipality health centers in the south of Tehran, Iran. Sociodemographic data, dietary intakes, and anthropometric measures were obtained from individuals. Menopause rating scale (MRS) questionnaire was employed to measure menopausal symptoms. The total MRS score (TMRSS) was the sum of the somatic score (SS), psychological score (PS), and urogenital score (US). Participants were divided into low and high total MRS and its domain scores.

Results:
After adjustment for confounding variables, an inverse relationship was found between total FV with TMRSS (odds ratio [OR] 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.81) and SS (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.11-0.82). In addition, the consumption of total fruits was significantly related to lower SS (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.10-0.71). Only intake of citrus fruits was inversely associated with TMRSS (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.71) and SS (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.70). Likewise, intakes of total FV (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.37-4.41), total vegetables (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.10-5.88), green leafy vegetables (OR 3.59, 95% CI 1.47-8.75), dark yellow vegetables (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.00-5.18), other vegetables (OR 5.23, 95% CI 1.17-15.39), and citrus fruits were linked to higher US (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.77-10.71).

Conclusion:
The results of the present study showed that some FV subgroups had inverse associations with climacteric symptoms, whereas higher intake of some subgroups of FV appeared to be associated with more urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women.
Aortic remodeling is modest and sex-independent in mice when hypertension is superimposed on aging
Authors: Spronck Bart , Ferruzzi Jacopo , Bellini Chiara , Caulk Alexander W. , Murtada Sae-Il , Humphrey Jay D. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
Increased central artery stiffness associates with cardiovascular disease. Among other factors, hypertension and aging are strong contributors to central artery stiffening, yet it has been difficult to separate their effects. Herein, we study isolated and combined effects of hypertension and aging on central artery remodeling in multiple mouse models as a function of sex.

Methods:
We biomechanically phenotyped the aorta as a function of two different methods of inducing hypertension [infusion of angiotensin II (AngII) or combining a high salt diet with inhibition of endothelial-derived nitric oxide synthase using l-NAME] in male and female wild-type and fibulin-5 null mice, the latter of which models aspects of aortic aging.

Results:
Despite increasing blood pressure similarly, salt + l-NAME led to adaptive and maladaptive remodeling in the abdominal and thoracic aorta, respectively, whereas AngII caused luminal dilatation but little remodeling of the wall. Importantly, effects of aging were more dramatic than those resulting from induced hypertension and, consequently, superimposing hypertension on aging led to modest additional changes in luminal radius and wall thickness, though wall stress and stiffness increased mainly because of the elevated pressure.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that effects of hypertension on aortic remodeling are modest when superimposed on aging in mice, largely independent of sex. These findings are consistent with general observations in humans and in spontaneously hypertensive rats, though separated here for the first time in a rodent model characterized by a severe loss of elastic fiber integrity similar to that found in the aged human aorta.