bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New microbial origin compound capable of destruct T4 bacterial phage structure
Authors: Lee M J , Liu B L , Yen J H , Chang C A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: We have isolated culture of Streptomyces species that was able to degrade orchid virus capsid proteins and inhibiting virus infection. Odontoglossum ringspot virus infection could be greatly reduced by incubation with the bacterial culture. The infectivity to T4 was reduced after incubation of these culture filtrates, suggesting the activity of the culture filtrate could extend to non-plant viruses. Objectives: To further verify whether the reduction of the infectivity to T4 phage could result in visually measurable difference in the virus morphology after treatment of the bacterial culture. Methods: The T4 phage was grown in DH5-α strain of E coli, and collected in the culture medium. The phage containing medium was filtered with 0.45 μM filter. Two strains of Streptomyces spp, SML-1 and C5-6, were selected based on their optimal growth. The effects of culture filtrate of these two strains on destroying the T4 phage was tested. Morphology of T4 bacteriophage was inspected by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The culture filtrates of SML-1 and CA5-06 strains were diluted to 1/4, and mixed 1:1 to the T4 phage suspension, incubated for 30 minutes, before further 10x and 100x dilution. The mixture was dried on mica and observed using AFM. Results: The culture filtrate of CA5-06 strain is capable of reducing the fragment of the head of T4 phage from an average of 66.5nm to 53.3nm (1/8 dilution). The culture filtrate of SML-1 strain is capable of reducing the fragment of the head of T4 phage from an average of 66.5nm to 62.3nm (1/8 dilution). The data obtained helped to develop practical application methods of the culture filtrates to control virus spreading.
Mutagenicity test of Streptomyces Species culture filtrate using mouse lymphoma cells
Authors: Lee M J , Liu B L , Kuo H R , Chang C A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Streptomyces species culture was isolated and identified. Its filtrate was found to be able to damage Odontoglossum ringspot virus and Cymbidium mosaic virus coat protein in our previous study. It is absolutely necessary to establish its biohazard level and toxicological profile before this filtrate or its active compound can be used for immediate disinfection of the equipment and bench surface, or even technician’s skin. Aim: In this study we intend to test the mutagenicity of this culture filtrate using the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA). Material and methods: Streptomyces species was cultured for 14 days, and the medium was collected for XTT assay to determine the highest concentration of the culture filtrate that do not cause reduction in cell number. In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test using Mouse lymphoma L5178Y TK+/- was used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of the culture filtrate in accordance with OECD (1997), test No. 476: in vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test. Result: Our cytotoxicity assay revealed that 1.33% of the culture filtrate was the maximal concentration that would not inflict reduction in cell number. The result of mutation test showed that with 3-hour treatment and S9 metabolic activation, the culture filtrate did not show significant mutagenicity when compared to the negative controls (ANOVA and Student t-test, p<0.05). Summary: This data suggested that the culture filtrate is not mutagenic.
The segmentation method model based on cigarette density for burning cone drop rate prediction of super slim cigarettes
Authors: Li J , Lian W L , Qu Y B , Chen L , Wang Z G , Huang J R , Zhao Y , Zhu Z Y , Liu W , Chen Q , Sun Z W , Wang S T , Tan C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The phenomenon of burning cone drop is a serious quality defect in super slim cigarettes. In order to monitor the burning cone drop, a segmentation model conveniently and effectively about cigarette packing density was established and used for predicting the burning cone drop rate. The method is a non-destructive testing (NDT), which is applied by using cigarette density and its change rate.
The model of cigarette density segmentation method is based on a straight line ρ=A×ρ’+B in the Cartesian coordinate system with abscissa ρ′ and ordinate ρ. The straight line split the coordinate system into two regions. By measuring the density of the super slim cigarettes, the position of the point (ρ’, ρ) can be determined, then the burning cone drop tendency can be predicted.
When verifying the accuracy of the model, it is found that the predicted value and the measured value are basically near the 1:1 line, the coefficient of determination (R2) and the index of agreement (D index) between predicted and observed values are 0.98 and 0.99 respectively, and the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) is 11.8%. The coefficient of variation of the predicted burning cone drop rate is 6.5% for 10 consecutive replicates.
The cigarette density segmentation method model is suitable for predicting burning cone drop of the super slim cigarette samples with varying packing densities or cut tobacco distribution. The model has a good effect on the burning cone drop prediction under certain conditions, and it has an important guiding significance for super slim cigarette production and quality inspection.
Growth and yield of rice plants (Oryza sativa) grown in soil media containing several doses of inorganic fertilizers and sprayed with lombok brown algae extracts
Authors: Sunarpi H , Nikmatullah A , Sunarwidhi A L , Sapitri I , Ilhami B T K , Widyastuti S , Prasedya E S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The use of inorganic fertilizers in rice production system in Indonesia, increases to an excessive level of application, which was 300 kg urea, 100 kg TSP, and 100 kg KCl per hectare, respectively. This application increases cost of rice production, reduces soil fertility, and farmers income, and harm environment. This article reports the effect of Lombok brown algae extracts on growth and yield of rice plants grown in soil media containing several doses of inorganic fertilizers. Lombok brown algaes, such as Sargassum crassifolium, Sargassum cristaefolium, Sargassum aquifolium, and Turbinaria murayana, were collected in Lombok Indonesia coastal beach. Each liquid extract 10% of brown algae, was sprayed to rice plants grown in soil media containing 0, 50%, or 100% dose of inorganic fertilizers recomended by Indonesian ministry of agriculture. The result showed that effect Lombok brown algae liquid extracts on chlorophyll content in leaf, N, P, K content in tissue, growth, and yield of rice plants, depends on dose of inorganic fertilizer applied in soil media. Similar phenomena were also found in growth and yield parameters. An interesting result found in this experiment that there were no significant effect of brown algae liquid extract on chlorophyll content in leaf, N, P, K content in tissue, growth and yield of rice plants grown in media containing 50% and 100% inorganic fertilizers. This indicates that the application of inorganic fertilizers could be reduced to 50% when the rice plants were also sprayed with brown algae liquid extract to gain the same yield of these supplied with 100% inorganic fertilizers.
Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater of Raipur city industrial area Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Singh V , Khan R , Gupta U , Vishwakarma N , Jhariya D C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present study aims to assess the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater of the industrial area of Raipur. During the investigation, groundwater is found to be neutral to slightly alkaline, and it is suitable for drinking and domestic purposes. Calculation of various quality parameters such as soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), percentage of sodium (%Na), Kelley ratio (KI), magnesium ratio (MR) and Permeability Index (PI) reveals that this groundwater can also be used for irrigation as well. Similarly industrial parameters i.e., Corrosivity Ratio (CR), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), and Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) are calculated, which indicates the non-corrosive nature of the groundwater in most of the study area.
Petrography of the Mesozoic Alkaline Rocks of the Medvedev Massif (South Yakutia, Aldan-Stanovoy Shield, Leglier Ore Cluster)
Authors: Ivanov Aleksey , Ivanov Michil , Zhuravlev Anatolii 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article considers petrographic compositions of the Mesozoic alkaline magmatic rocks of the Medvedey massif. The latter is a part of the Central Aldan ore district and is spatially located in the central part of the Nymnyr block. The massif is a multiphase structure, of the most productive stage of development of the territory – the Mesozoic tectonic-magmatic activation of the Aldan-Stanovoy shield. The main purpose of this work was to identify qualitative quantitative-mineralogical characteristics of the massif rocks, potential for gold mineralization, using crystal-optical methods. As a result of the field works and petrographic studies of the Mesozoic alkaline magmatic rocks, it was determined that, The Medvedev massif has a zonal structure and is represented by three phases of intrusion with distinct contacts between the latter, which rocks differ in structural and material features. The rocks of the first phase of the massif are composed considerably of leucocrate (the content of dark-colored minerals is up to 9%) syenite-porphyry with elements of the monzonite structure. Magmatic formations of the second phase of the massif differ from those of the first phase primarily in structural features and are represented by hypidiomorphic granular differences with an increased content of dark-colored minerals in the rocks up to 15%. The rocks of the final phase have a noticeable difference from the first two phases and are represented by mesocratic monzonite porphyry with a clearly expressed monzonite structure with a dark-colored mineral content up to 20%. Within the Central Aldan ore region, the large Samolazovskoye gold deposit is associated with similar multiphase massifs, in particular with the Yukhtin massif. During field works, it was found that gold-ore mineralization is associated with the massif, which formation is related to an intensively occurred contact-metasomatic effect on the host rocks. Hydrothermal-metasomatic transformations of the latter are the products of multi-stage alkali-silicate metasomatism, associated with the second and especially the first phases of intrusion of the massif, as well as with further weathering processes, disintegration of gold-ore metasomatites and formation of an oxidation zone. Based on the petrographic study of the material composition of the rocks of the massif, it is concluded that gold ore occurrences of commercial scale can be associated with such massifs of multi-phase intrusion.
Energy policy until 2040 and the future of hard coal in Poland
Authors: Rybak Aurelia , Włodarczyk Ewelina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents the provisions of the Polish Energy Policy until 2040. The feasibility of achieving the eight basic long-term goals presented in the document was analysed, i.e. optimization of own energy resources, expansion of energy production and infrastructure expansion, diversification of gas and oil supply as well as the development of network infrastructure, development of energy markets, implementation of nuclear energy, development of renewable energy sources, development of heating and cogeneration, improvement of the country’s economy energy efficiency. Mathematical models were used to verify the feasibility of these predictions. Forecasts were created whose accuracy was confirmed by the means of an ex post error analysis. The rest of the models were also analysed. Ultimately, the article presents only those forecasts that were subject to the slightest error. Particular attention was paid to renewable energy sources. Obtaining energy using fossil fuels is still more profitable and efficient. However, RES solutions are introduced due to the need to protect the environment and also because fossil fuel reserves will run out in a few decades. If the appropriate measures are not taken today, the demand for primary energy in the world will exceed energy supply in the future. The gradual introduction of renewable energy generation capacity will prevent a drastic jump in prices during the transition period and will allow the extension of the fossil fuels usage time. Renewable energy sources are, therefore, a safeguard for access to energy in the future. It was found that over the next dozen years, Polish energy will continue to produce energy mainly based on coal. It is, therefore, necessary to use technologies that will allow efficient and clean coal burning. Therefore, the solution, in this case, may be the so-called Clean Coal Technologies.
The Effect of Geocell Reinforced Embankment Construction on the Behaviour of Beneath Soil Layers Using Numerical Analysis
Authors: Khalaj Omid , Abedin Nejad S , Jenicek Stepan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Geocell soil reinforcement method is became one of the common improvement method used in different aspects of geotechnical engineering. The experimental investigation using physical modelling is somehow complicated and needs more financial support especially when using saturated or partially saturated soil. That’s why nowadays, researchers are trying to use updated numerical methods to simulate the soil behaviour considering above conditions. In this paper, Geocell reinforcement method in embankment construction has been studied using Mohr-Coulomb model. The embankment is overlaid on two layers of soil with different moisture content conditions. The first layer beneath the embankment is a five-meter layer of dry soil and the second layer considered fully saturated soil. The results indicate that embankment reinforcement by Geocell has no significant effect on the excess pore water pressure while the settlement and stress distribution beneath the embankment is highly affected.
Quantifying Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity of the Surface Clastic Sediments
Authors: Arman Hasan , Hussein Saber , Mohammed Mahra , Awad Wadima , AlQemz Shamma 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The surface soil properties control the groundwater aquifers system characterizations. Quantifying and measurements of these parameters are a challenging attempt in arid region like the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Al Ain and Al Suleimei Valleys in Al Ain city. Permeability and hydraulic conductivity of clastic sediments play crucial role in surface water seepage. Soil’s permeability depends on number of factors such as the size of soil grains, the properties of pore fluids, the void ratio of the soil, the shapes and arrangement of pores and the degree of saturation. To asses these features, detailed field and laboratory studies such as soil sample collections, sieve analyses and permeability tests (constant head permeameter) were carried out. Hydraulic conductivity of both valleys were approximated from grain size analyses of collected soil samples. The average permeability varies from 0.796 to 2.120 cm/s for Wadi Al Ain and from 0.566 to 2.133 cm/s for Wadi Al Suleimei and the hydraulic conductivity ranges between 0.209 and 6.401 cm/s and 0.348 and 6.401 m/s for wadies Al Ain and Al Suleimei consequently. The results indicate variability of the permeability and hydraulic conductivity in both study areas. On the other hand, both wadies indicate similarities in their lower and upper range of measured and estimated permeability and hydraulic conductivity values. This study reveals changeability of the surface soil characteristics and provides an idea how the surface water moves down to recharge the shallow aquifer. Such an experimental works is unique and certainly supply valuable information for the municipal and decision makers for groundwater resources and their recharge possibility. In addition, this study will minimize or prevent the possible environmental risk and hazards treating for the study area today and/or in the future and offer reliable and practical information to scientists and decision makers.
Concentration, distribution, and mode of occurrence of mercury in Bulgarian high-sulphur coals
Authors: Kostova Irena , Hower James C. , Apostolova Denitsa , Wei Qiang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The goal of this study is to determine the mercury content, distribution, and modes of occurrence in high-sulphur coals from the Maritza-West, Maritza-East, and Stanyantsi basins in Bulgaria. The investigation is based on 51 samples representing the whole coal beds. The average concentration of Hg for all studied samples is 0.34 ppm and the values vary from 0.07 to 1.20 ppm; the average is 6.8-times higher than the Hg value in the upper continental crust and 3.4-times higher than the average values for world coals. The highest average Hg concentration (0.57 ppm) was found in the Maritza-West samples, followed by the Maritza-East (0.30 ppm), and the Stanyantsi (0.15 ppm) lignite. These data correspond with the sulphur content, i.e, the highest-Hg lignite has the highest S content. A weak positive correlation between Hg and the total and sulphide S and a negative correlation between Hg and the organic S content for the Maritza-West lignite were observed. It is suggested that the Hg is predominantly incorporated in pyrite, which is present in high amount in these coals. The tendency in the distribution of Hg and S forms for the Maritza-East and Stanyantsi basins shows that Hg may be closely connected with S-bearing organic compounds, especially for the Maritza-East lignite. Consequently, the main part of Hg in the high-S coals from the Maritza-East and Stanyantsi basins is closely connected with organic sulphur complexes and may be with inorganic matter other than sulphide minerals. The data determined from this study partially confirms the results for other high-S world coals reported earlier. For the typical high-S Maritza-West lignite it may be suggested that there is a strong connection between Hg and pyrite and especially with epigenetic pyrite infilling the coal veins and cleats, while for high-S Maritza-East and Stanyantsi lignite the Hg is predominantly incorporated in organic matter and especially in sulphur-bearing organic compounds.
Socially responsible companies in relation to the polish energy and mining sectors
Authors: Woźniak Justyna , Legieć Marcin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article combines the issues of Corporate Social Responsibility in the context of relations with sector indices representing the mining industry or industry related to them. For research purposes, social responsibility is included in the RESPECT Index (RI) and the idea of social investing. In 2009 Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), implemented the RESPECT Index, which is a response to a changing reality in a sustainable way. The essence and role of non-financial reporting in the field of Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) in the context of the new stock index was emphasized. In the paper, the relationships between key sectors of the economy, on the example of selected indices, i.e. WIG-mining, WIG-fuel, WIG-energy in the aspect of socially responsible companies belonging to the RESPECT Index will be discussed. The article refers to stock exchange mechanisms and the rules of companies belonging to sector indices. The main purpose of the research work was to group and estimate the relationship between Polish industry sectors representing mining, energy and fuel sectors, and the RESPECT Index, along with their identification. To achieve this goal, publicly available stock exchange quotations were used in the selected time period as input data 2014 – 2019. Relationships between indices were calculated using a known measure in the form of a correlation coefficient. This matrix presents the relationships of selected sector indices relative not only to RI but also to each other. The presented analysis shows that RI and WIG-mining have the greatest relationship with each other. For a professional investor focused on the activities of an entity within ESG, such an analysis can be used to make a decision about choosing a company for the investment portfolio. The article ends with the presentation of results and summary.
Application of the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) Model to Quantitative Water Balance Modelling in the Upper Hron River Basin (Slovakia)
Authors: Kandera Miroslav , Výleta Roman 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The assessment of water resources and the availability of water in a river basin is one of the main tasks enabling efficient water management. Recent developments in the computer industry and information technology allow us to create powerful computer systems for solving water management balances. Their advantage is in their ability to solve variations with the help of computers, both in the sources and in the water requirements. In Slovakia, at present, the individual elements of the water management balance are divided and evaluated separately, i.e., into the surface and groundwater, and these are further divided into a quantitative and a qualitative component. The paper aims to model the retrospective quantitative water management balance of surface waters using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) simulation balance software. The water management balance of surface waters is evaluated in a monthly time step in selected profiles in the Hron River basin for the period 2010 - 2015. The data input to the model were flows, abstractions, discharges, and manipulations of reservoirs. The paper is focused on the functionality of the WEAP simulation model with respect to the implementation of the current methodology of water management balances in Slovakia, both in terms of the details of the information input and their amount and also in the time required for their preparation and compatibility. We show that the software does not require very detailed input data and offers an integrated approach to solving various problems in the management of water resources. The WEAP software has a user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) that provides the ability to present and interpret results in the form of tables and graphs. Its application in a selected pilot river basin showed that it could be an easy-to-use model building tool for optimal and successful development, planning and forecasting in water management and the knowledge of water redistribution in space and over time in Slovakia.
Utilization of Energy By-Products for Ground Structures in Terms of Production Process
Authors: Cernoch Petr , Kostal Jiri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article deals with the utilization of energy by-product (EBP) for further processing. The suitability of EBP for ground structures significantly depends on its production process. Its properties are influenced by brown coal flotation and by the usage of desulphurization methods. A comparison of physical-mechanical properties of different types of EBPs was performed. The main goal was to compile an apparent table of utilization and suitability of EBP for ground structures - road earth bodies, dams, and embankments according to the process of their formation.