bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell size influences inorganic carbon acquisition in artificially selected phytoplankton
Authors: Malerba Martino E. , Marshall Dustin J. , Palacios Maria M. , Raven John A. , Beardall John 
Published: November 2020

Summary

Cell size influences the rate at which phytoplankton assimilate dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), but it is unclear whether volume‐specific carbon uptake should be greater in smaller or larger cells. On the one hand, Fick’s Law predicts smaller cells to have a superior diffusive CO2 supply. On the other, larger cells may have greater scope to invest metabolic energy to upregulate active transport per unit area through CO2‐concentrating mechanisms (CCMs).

Previous studies have focused on among‐species comparisons, which complicates disentangling the role of cell size from other covarying traits. In this study, we investigated the DIC assimilation of the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta after using artificial selection to evolve a 9.3‐fold difference in cell volume. We compared CO2 affinity, external carbonic anhydrase (CAext), isotopic signatures (δ13C) and growth among size‐selected lineages.

Evolving cells to larger sizes led to an upregulation of CCMs that improved the DIC uptake of this species, with higher CO2 affinity, higher CAext and higher δ13C. Larger cells also achieved faster growth and higher maximum biovolume densities.

We showed that evolutionary shifts in cell size can alter the efficiency of DIC uptake systems to influence the fitness of a phytoplankton species.
A double‐edged sword: Role of butyrate in the oral cavity and the gut
Authors: Guan Xiaoyuan , Li Wenjing , Meng Huanxin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractButyrate, a four‐carbon short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA), is a metabolite of anaerobic bacteria. Butyrate has primarily been described as an energy substance in the studies on the digestive tract. The multiple mechanisms of its protective function in the gut and on underlying diseases (including metabolic diseases, diseases of the nervous system, and osteoporosis) via interaction with intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells have been well documented. There are many butyrogenic bacteria in the oral cavity as well. As essential components of the oral microbiome, periodontal pathogens are also able to generate butyrate when undergoing metabolism. Considerable evidence has indicated that butyrate plays an essential role in the initiation and perpetuation of periodontitis. However, butyrate is considered to participate in the pro‐inflammatory activities in periodontal tissue and the reactivation of latent viruses. In this review, we focused on the production and biological impact of butyrate in both intestine and oral cavity and explained the possible pathway of various diseases that were engaged by butyrate. Finally, we suggested two hypotheses, which may give a better understanding of the significantly different functions of butyrate in different organs (i.e., the expanded butyrate paradox).
Clinical audit as an educative tool for optometrists: an intervention study in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Gocuk Sena A , Lee Ji‐hyun , Keller Peter R , Ayton Lauren N , Guymer Robyn H , McKendrick Allison M , Downie Laura E 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of vision loss. This study investigated whether performing clinical audit and receiving analytical performance feedback altered documentation of the AMD care provided by optometrists.MethodsAustralian optometrists were recruited and completed a survey about their demographics and confidence in AMD care, and a three‐month audit of their practice records using an AMD audit tool (termed the pre‐audit evaluation). After receiving analytical feedback, participants identified areas for improvement and re‐audited their practices after three months to analyse changes in performance (termed the post‐audit evaluation). Paired t‐tests and Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests, as appropriate, were used to compare pre‐ and post‐audit data.ResultsTwenty optometrists, most practising in Victoria, Australia, completed the study. Participants primarily worked in corporate practice and/or rural settings and had a range of optometric experience (2–40 years). At baseline, participants felt confident in their: knowledge of AMD risk factors (65%), advice to patients about these factors (55%) and management of earlier stages of AMD (55%). Each clinician completed (median [IQR]): 15 [IQR: 10–19] and 12 [IQR: 8–16] audits of unique patient records, pre‐ and post‐audit, respectively. Post‐audit, average record documentation (per optometrist) improved for asking about: AMD family history (94% to 100%, p = 0.03), smoking status (21% to 58%, p < 0.01), diet (11% to 29%, p < 0.01) and nutritional supplementation (20% to 51%, p < 0.01). For clinical examination, compliance with documenting pinhole visual acuity, performing an in‐office Amsler grid (upon indication) and using optical coherence tomography improved post‐audit (p < 0.05). Accuracy of severity documentation improved for earlier stages of AMD (p < 0.05). For earlier stages of AMD, documentation of counselling about modifiable risk factors significantly improved post‐audit (p < 0.05). Aspects well‐performed pre‐audit that did not change included documenting: medical histories (100% at both time points, p = 0.06) and retinal imaging (77% at both time points, p = 0.97).ConclusionsSelf‐audit with analytical feedback improved clinical record documentation of: AMD risk factors, clinical examination, AMD severity classification and management advice. These findings support a role for audit to improve optometric clinical care of AMD, as evidenced by improved documentation of the AMD care delivered.
A modified fluoroscopy protocol to minimize radiation exposure during pulmonary vein isolation with second‐generation cryoballoon
Authors: Wieczorek Marcus , Hoeltgen Reinhard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using second‐generation cryoballoon (CB2) is considered to be safe and effective in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Reported radiation exposure during PVI with CB2 is higher if compared with other technologies. We investigated acute and mid‐term effects of a modified fluoroscopy protocol to minimize radiation exposure during CB2 PVI with regard to safety and efficacy.MethodsThe study comprised 180 consecutive patients undergoing CB2 PVI. In the first 100 patients, PVI was performed using conventional fluoroscopy settings (group 1), while the following 80 patients (group 2) received PVI with a modified protocol. The protocol consisted of (a) general reduction of fluoroscopy frame rate to 3/s, (b) avoidance of cine runs and selective PV angiograms, and (c) enhanced radiation awareness.Retrospective data analysis was performed in respect to dose area product (DAP), fluoroscopy time, and freedom from AF during a 12‐month follow‐up.ResultsGroup 2 patients had lower DAP (426 ± 433 vs 3334 ± 2271 cGycm2), fluoroscopy time (13.8 ± 6.3 vs 16.7 ± 5.6 minutes), LA dwell time (49.3 ± 15.5 vs 61.6 ± 16.2 minutes), and procedure time (85.5 ± 22.9 vs 94.9 ± 23.6 minutes); P < .01 for all. One‐year freedom from AF was comparable between both groups (71% group 1 vs 73% group 2, ns).ConclusionRadiation exposure and procedure time during CB2 PVI can be significantly reduced by using a modified fluoroscopy protocol and increased radiation awareness without compromising acute and 1‐year freedom from AF if performed by experienced operators.
Resolution of chronic recurrent pyoderma gangrenosum with latent tuberculosis treatment
Authors: Saklecha Anokhi , Tom Wynnis , Sprague Jessica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe present a 14‐year‐old male with chronic, recurrent pyoderma gangrenosum that resolved after treatment of latent tuberculosis. As pyoderma gangrenosum often occurs secondary to underlying diseases, we describe latent tuberculosis as a possible trigger for pyoderma gangrenosum.
Discourse of race and racism in nursing: An integrative review of literature
Authors: Iheduru‐Anderson Kechi , Shingles René Revis , Akanegbu Christiana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundRace is a barrier and source of inequality affecting ethnic minorities in nursing practice and education.PurposeThis integrative review study aimed to determine whether racism and institutionalized racism are explicitly named in the titles and abstracts of peer‐reviewed publications on nursing education, leadership, and the nursing profession, and to explore the depth of discussion of racialized concepts in peer‐reviewed nursing literature.MethodWhittemore and Knafl's integrative review approach was used to review 23 studies published in nursing journals published from 2008 to 2020.FindingsFour themes were extracted: the context of racism discussions in the literature; consequences of experiences of racism; emotional and physical effects of racism on nurses and students of color; and scholars’ recommendations.DiscussionNursing must start to openly acknowledge the issue of racism within the profession, and to address it by providing safe spaces for authentic dialogue in academic and practice settings.
The impact of setting a pregnancy weight gain goal on total weight gain
Authors: Bodnar Lisa M. , Abrams Barbara , Simhan Hyagriv N. , Scifres Christina M. , Silver Robert M. , Parry Samuel , Crosland Brian A. , Chung Judith , Himes Katherine P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundExpert groups recommend that women set a pregnancy weight gain goal with their care provider to optimise weight gain.ObjectiveOur aim was to describe the concordance between first‐trimester personal and provider pregnancy weight gain goals with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations and to determine the association between these goals and total weight gain.MethodsWe used data from 9353 women in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers‐to‐be. In the first trimester, women reported their personal pregnancy weight gain goal and their provider weight gain goal, and we categorised personal and provider weight gain goals and total weight gain according to IOM recommendations. We used log‐binomial or linear regression models to relate goals to total weight gain, adjusting for confounders including race/ethnicity, maternal age, education, smoking, marital status and planned pregnancy.ResultsApproximately 37% of women reported no weight gain goals, while 24% had personal and provider goals, 31% had only a personal goal, and 8% had only a provider goal. Personal and provider goals were outside the recommended ranges in 12%‐23% of normal‐weight women, 31%‐41% of overweight women and 47%‐63% of women with obesity. Women with both personal and provider pregnancy weight gain goals were 6%‐14% more likely than their counterparts to have a goal within IOM‐recommended ranges. Having any goal or a goal within the IOM‐recommended ranges was unrelated to pregnancy weight gain. Excessive weight gain occurred in approximately half of normal‐weight or obese women and three‐quarters of overweight women, regardless of goal setting group.ConclusionsThese findings do not support the effectiveness of early‐pregnancy personal or provider gestational weight gain goal setting alone in optimising weight gain. Multifaceted interventions that address a number of mediators of goal setting success may assist women in achieving weight gain consistent with their goals.
Influence of intra‐row cruciferous surrogate weed growth on crop yield in organic spring cereals
Authors: Melander Bo , McCollough Margaret R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn Northern Europe, inter‐row hoeing has become a popular tactic for controlling weeds in organic cereals. Hoeing is highly effective and can be implemented from crop emergence until stem elongation to maintain a nearly weed‐free inter‐row zone. However, hoeing has a lesser effect on weeds growing in the intra‐row zone, where crop–weed proximity results in heightened competition. In the hoed cereal system, it is investigated whether tall‐growing, competitive, cruciferous weeds in the intra‐row zone affect crop biomass, yield and thousand kernel weight (TKW). An additive experimental design is employed to enable the fitting of rectangular hyperbolas, describing and quantifying the effects of increasing intra‐row surrogate weed density on crop growth parameters. Regressions were studied under the influence of crop (spring barley and spring wheat), row spacing (narrow [12.5 or 15.0 cm] and wide [25.0 cm]) and nitrogen rate (50 and 100 kg NH4‐N/ha). Cruciferous surrogate weeds were found to impact crop yield and quality severely. For example, ten intra‐row plants/m2 of surrogate weed Sinapis alba reduced grains yields by 7%–14% in spring barley and by 7%–32% in spring wheat with yield losses becoming markedly greater in wheat compared to barley as weed density increases. Compared to wheat, barley limited yield and quality losses and suppressed intra‐row weed growth more. Row spacing did not have a consistent effect on crop or weed parameters; in one of six experiments, the 25 cm row spacing reduced yields and increased intra‐row weed biomass in wheat. Nitrogen rate did not affect crop or weed parameters. Results warrant the implementation of additional tactics to control intra‐row weeds and limit crop losses.
Impact of Syngas Addition to Methane on Laminar Burning Velocity
Authors: Morovatiyan Mohammadrasool , Shahsavan Martia , Baghirzade Mammadbaghir , Mack J. Hunter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in spark-ignited (SI) engines is a key technique to reduce in-cylinder NOx production by decreasing the combustion temperature. The major species of the exhaust gas in rich combustion of natural gas are hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which can subsequently be recirculated to the cylinders using EGR. In this study, the effect of hydrogen and carbon monoxide addition to methane on laminar burning velocity and flame morphology is investigated. Due to the broad flammability limit and high burning velocity of hydrogen compared to methane, this addition to the gaseous mixture leads to an increase in burning velocity, less emissions production, and a boost to the thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines. Premixed CH4–H2–CO–air flames are experimentally investigated using an optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) accompanied with a high-speed Z-type Schlieren imaging system. Furthermore, a numerical code is applied to quantify the laminar burning velocity based on the pressure rise during flame propagation within the CVCC. According to the empirical and numerical results, the addition of hydrogen and carbon monoxide enhances laminar burning velocity while influencing the flame structure and development.
Time-Domain Adaptive Higher Harmonic Control for Rejection of Sinusoidal Disturbances
Authors: Kamaldar Mohammadreza , Hoagg Jesse B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents two new time-domain feedback controllers that reject sinusoidal disturbances with known frequencies acting on an asymptotically stable linear time-invariant (LTI) system. The first controller is time-domain higher harmonic control (TD-HHC), which is effective for uncertain LTI systems. The second controller is time-domain adaptive higher harmonic control (TD-AHHC), which is effective for completely unknown LTI systems. TD-HHC requires an estimate of the control-to-performance transfer function evaluated at the disturbance frequencies. In contrast, TD-AHHC does not require any information regarding the LTI system. We analyze the stability and closed-loop performance of TD-HHC and TD-AHHC. For both TD-HHC and TD-AHHC, we show that the controller asymptotically rejects the disturbance. We present numerical simulations comparing TD-HHC and TD-AHHC with frequency-domain higher harmonic control (FD-HHC), which is an existing frequency-domain controller for rejection of sinusoidal disturbances. We also present results from acoustic disturbance rejection experiments, which demonstrate the practical effectiveness of both TD-HHC and TD-AHHC.
In Vivo Experimental and Analytical Studies for Bevacizumab Diffusion Coefficient Measurement in the Rabbit Vitreous Humor
Authors: Zhang Shuqi , Penkova Anita , Humayun Mark S. , Martinez-Camarillo Juan Carlos , Tadle Abegail C. , Galesic Ana , Thompson Mark E. , Pratt Matthew , Gonzales-Calle Alejandra , Sadhal Satwindar Singh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In order to measure the effective diffusion coefficient D of Bevacizumab (Avastin, Genentech) in the vitreous humor, a new technique is developed based on the “contour method” and in vivo optical coherence tomography measurements. After injection of Bevacizumab-fluorescein conjugated compound solution into the rabbit eye, the contours of drug concentration distribution at the subsurface of injection were tracked over time. The 2D contours were extrapolated to 3D contours using reasonable assumptions and a numerically integrated analytical model was developed for the theoretical contours for the irregularly shaped drug distribution in the experimental result. By floating the diffusion coefficient, different theoretical contours were constructed and the least-squares best fit to the experimental contours was performed at each time point to get the best fit solution. The approach generated consistent diffusion coefficient values based on the experiments on four rabbit eyes over a period of 3 h each, which gave D=1.2±0.6×10−6 cm2/s, and the corresponding theoretical contours matched well with the experimental contours. The quantitative measurement of concentration using optical coherence tomography and fluorescein labeling gives a new approach for the “noncontact” in vivo drug distribution measurement within vitreous.
Numerical Development of a Coupled One-Dimensional/Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Method for Thermal Analysis With Flow Maldistribution
Authors: Jordaan Haimi , Stephan Heyns P. , Hoseinzadeh Siamak 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work describes the development of a methodology that couples one-dimensional (1D) network elements with three-dimensional spatial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) elements to analyze shell-and-tube heat exchangers with dense tube bundles. The 1D elements represent the tube flow while the spatial elements represent the external auxiliary flow. This reduces the computational expense significantly as compared to full computational fluid dynamics analysis of the same system, while a detailed transient temperature distribution can still be obtained. The methodology uses a unique combination of relaxation algorithms, a polynomial regression mapping procedure, and discretisation methods to create a coherent numerical methodology. Simulations are performed on a TEMA-FU-type shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The methodology was validated against full CFD and indicates errors between the calculated logarithmic mean temperature differences (LMTD) of less than 2% over a range of turbulent flow conditions. Various combinations of media for primary and auxiliary fluids are considered, to test the applicability and robustness of the methodology. Finally, a transient simulation of timed step inputs for the flowrate and temperature of both primary and auxiliary fluids also corresponds with a full CFD analysis. It is concluded that the proposed 1D-CFD method is effective for simplifying the analysis of flow-through tube bundles.
Investigation of Nanofluids Circulating in a Volumetric Solar Receiver
Authors: Zanetti Emanuele , Dugaria Simone , Biscaglia Francesca , Agresti Filippo , Fedele Laura , Meneghetti Moreno , Del Col Davide 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanohorn (SWCNHs)-based nanofluids have been proven to be promising media for the direct absorption of solar radiation due to their favorable optical properties and potential low cost. Still their stability in real working conditions is an open issue because they have been studied mainly under stagnant conditions, while limited information is available on the performance of these nanofluids during circulation in real systems. In the present work, the optical behavior of SWCNH-based nanofluids has been investigated with the aim of detecting possible effects of circulation and exposure to radiation, avoiding other effects such as thermal instability. An ad hoc experimental apparatus has been realized to check the stability of the circulating fluids in situ using a novel approach based on the use of pyranometers. Three suspensions are tested, two are surfactant stabilized and one is based on preoxidized and functionalized SWCNHs. Efficiency values higher than 90% were measured for more than 65 h of circulation. The effects of fluid circulation and exposure to solar radiation have been addressed, finding that the absorption efficiency decreases during tests due to the degradation of the optical properties and the nanofluid circulation is the main responsible for such degradation.
Discussing surgical innovation with patients: a qualitative study of surgeons’ and governance representatives’ views
Authors: Zahra Jesmond , Paramasivan Sangeetha , Blencowe Natalie S , Cousins Sian , Avery Kerry , Mathews Johnny , Main Barry G , McNair Angus G K , Hinchliffe Robert , Blazeby Jane M , Elliott Daisy 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesLittle is known about how innovative surgical procedures are introduced and discussed with patients. This qualitative study aimed to explore perspectives on information provision and consent prior to innovative surgical procedures.DesignQualitative study involving semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.Participants42 interviews were conducted (26 surgeons and 16 governance representatives).SettingSurgeons and governance representatives recruited from various surgical specialties and National Health Service (NHS) Trusts across England, UK.ResultsParticipants stated that if a procedure was innovative, patients should be provided with additional information extending beyond that given during routine surgical consultations. However, difficulty defining innovation had implications for whether patients were informed about novel components of surgery and how the procedure was introduced (ie, as part of a research study, trust approval or in routine clinical practice). Furthermore, data suggest surgeons found it difficult to establish what information is essential and how much detail is sufficient, and governance surrounding written and verbal information provision differed between NHS Trusts. Generally, surgeons believed patients held a view that ‘new’ was best and reported that managing these expectations could be difficult, particularly if patient views aligned with their own.ConclusionsThis study highlights the challenges of information provision and obtaining informed consent in the context of innovative surgery, including establishing if and how a procedure is truly innovative, determining the key information to discuss with patients, ensuring information provision is objective and balanced, and managing patient expectations and preferences. This suggests that surgeons may require support and training to discuss novel procedures with patients. Further work should capture consultations where new procedures are discussed with patients and patients’ views of these information exchanges.