bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The challenges and applications of nanotechnology against bacterial resistance
Authors: Lei Zhiqun , karim Aman 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBacterial resistance to the antibiotics develops rapidly and is increasingly serious health concern in the world. It is an insoluble topic due to the multiple resistant mechanisms. The overexpression of relative activities of the efflux pump has proven to be a frequent and important source of bacterial resistance. Efflux transporters in the membrane from the resistant bacteria could play a key role to inhibit the intracellular drug intake and impede the drug activities. However, nanoparticles (NPs), one of the most frequently used encapsulation materials, could increase the intracellular accumulation of the drug and inhibit the transporter activity effectively. The rational and successful application of nanotechnology is a key factor in overcoming bacterial resistance. Furthermore, nanoparticles such as metallic, carbon nanotubes and so on, may prevent the development of drug resistance and be associated with antibiotic agents, inhibiting biofilm formation or increasing the access into the target cell and exterminating the bacteria eventually. In the current study, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance are discussed and summarized. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges in the use of nanoparticles against bacterial resistance are also illuminated. At the same time, the use of nanoparticles to combat multidrug‐resistant bacteria is also investigated by coupling natural antimicrobials or other alternatives. In short, we have provided a new perspective for the application of nanoparticles against multidrug‐resistant bacteria.
Spin evolution of Ceres and Vesta due to impacts
Authors: Mao Xiaochen , McKinnon William B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAll asteroid spins evolve due to collisions. Geophysical analysis (Mao and McKinnon 2018b) implies Ceres might have been modestly despun (by ~6.5%) by impacts. Vesta’s postaccretion rotation rate, before the formation of the Veneneia and Rheasilvia basins, has also been proposed to have been higher (by ~6%) than today (Fu et al. 2014). We have designed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate Ceres’ and Vesta’s plausible spin evolution by impacts. We use the main belt asteroid size–frequency distribution, Ceres’ and Vesta’s cratering records, and their present‐day impact velocity probability distributions to quantify possible spin histories. We consider dynamical effects from escaping ejecta, adopt mass‐velocity scaling laws for two endmember surface materials (porous and nonporous), and track potential catastrophic disruptions. Results show that Ceres’ spin period likely changed by a fraction of an hour (up or down) compared with its “initial,” accretional spin, mostly due to large impacts. Different surface materials do not yield statistically distinguishable final spin distributions, but imply opposite crustal evolutions where Ceres loses/accretes mass, depending on surface porosity; as much as several 100 m worth of exogenous material, globally averaged, can be accreted if the surface remains porous. Vesta’s final Monte Carlo spin distribution is more concentrated around its “initial” value, possibly implying a more relict spin state than Ceres. However, explicitly modeling the angular momentum changes wrought by Vesta’s two existing planetary‐scale impact basins shows that their formation alone can account for Vesta’s proposed spindown, although spinup is a much more likely outcome because of the scale and location of the impacts.
Yes, Memorize
Authors: Henik Avishai , Bar‐Hen‐Schweiger Moran , Milshtein Dalit , Jamaludin Azilawati 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThe endless wealth of information on the internet sharpens the question: how much and what is really important for us to remember? This issue is related to questions regarding the core processes involved in reasoning and thinking. We present mental manipulation (MM) as the core of reasoning and examine the above‐mentioned issue in light of MM's vital role in reasoning and problem‐solving.
Growth, investment share and the stability of the Sraffian Supermultiplier model in the U.S. economy (1985–2017)
Authors: Haluska Guilherme , Braga Julia , Summa Ricardo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we empirically test the central hypothesis of the Sraffian Supermultiplier model (SSM)—that the growth of demand induces the share of capacity creating investment in output—for the U.S. economy from 1985 to 2017. Our results show that movements in the output growth rate cause the induced investment ratio, indicating that there is a tendency for utilization to converge slowly toward some exogenous normal level. And this together with other estimated parameters of the model suggest that the SSM adjustment mechanism has been dynamically stable for the U.S. data in the period under analysis.
Vm‐milR37 contributes to pathogenicity by regulating glutathione peroxidase gene VmGP in Valsa mali
Authors: Feng Hao , Xu Ming , Gao Yuqi , Liang Jiahao , Guo Feiran , Guo Yan , Huang Lili 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicroRNAs play important roles in various biological processes by regulating their corresponding target genes. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of fungal microRNA‐like RNAs (milRNAs) are still largely unknown. In this study, a milRNA (Vm‐milR37) was isolated and identified from Valsa mali, which causes the most serious disease on the trunk of apple trees in China. Based on the results of deep sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Vm‐milR37 was found to be expressed in the mycelium, while it was not expressed during the V. mali infection process. Overexpression of Vm‐milR37 did not affect vegetative growth, but significantly decreased pathogenicity. Based on degradome sequencing, the target of Vm‐milR37 was identified as VmGP, a glutathione peroxidase. The expression of Vm‐milR37 and VmGP showed a divergent trend in V. mali–apple interaction samples and Vm‐milR37 overexpression transformants. The expression of VmGP could be suppressed significantly by Vm‐milR37 when coexpressed in tobacco leaves. Deletion of VmGP showed significantly reduced pathogenicity compared with the wild type. VmGP deletion mutants showed more sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Apple leaves inoculated with Vm‐milR37 overexpression transformants and VmGP deletion mutant displayed increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species compared with the wild type. Thus, Vm‐milR37 plays a critical role in pathogenicity by regulating VmGP, which contributes to the oxidative stress response during V. mali infection. These results provide important evidence to define the roles of milRNAs and their corresponding target genes in pathogenicity.
PR1‐mediated defence via C‐terminal peptide release is targeted by a fungal pathogen effector
Authors: Sung Yi‐Chang , Outram Megan A. , Breen Susan , Wang Chen , Dagvadorj Bayantes , Winterberg Britta , Kobe Bostjan , Williams Simon J. , Solomon Peter S. 
Published: December 2020

Summary

The effector SnTox3 from Parastagonospora nodorum elicits a strong necrotic response in susceptible wheat and also interacts with wheat pathogenesis‐related protein 1 (TaPR‐1), although the function of this interaction in disease is unclear. Here, we dissect TaPR1 function by studying SnTox3–TaPR1 interaction and demonstrate the dual functionality of SnTox3.

We utilized site‐directed mutagenesis to identify an SnTox3 variant, SnTox3P173S, that was unable to interact with TaPR1 in yeast‐two‐hybrid assays. Additionally, using recombinant proteins we established a novel protein‐mediated phenotyping assay allowing functional studies to be undertaken in wheat.

Wheat leaves infiltrated with TaPR1 proteins showed significantly less disease compared to control leaves, correlating with a strong increase in defence gene expression. This activity was dependent on release of the TaCAPE1 peptide embedded within TaPR1 by an unidentified serine protease. The priming activity of TaPR1 was compromised by SnTox3 but not the noninteracting variant SnTox3P173S, and we demonstrate that SnTox3 prevents TaCAPE1 release from TaPR1 in vitro.

SnTox3 independently functions to induce necrosis through recognition by Snn3 and also suppresses host defence through a direct interaction with TaPR1 proteins. Importantly, this study also advances our understanding of the role of PR1 proteins in host–microbe interactions as inducers of host defence signalling.
Deformation of the circummaxillary sutures during acute micro‐implant assisted rapid palatal expansion and tooth‐supported expansion: An ex vivo study
Authors: Oliveira Pedro Lima Emmerich , Campos Vinicius , de Andrade Rafhael Milanezi , de Souza Araújo Mônica Tirre , Pithon Matheus Melo , Sant'Anna Eduardo Franzotti 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to assess and compare the deformation that develops in the circummaxillary sutures during activation of micro‐implant assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE) and tooth‐supported expander (Hyrax) s, in the rapid maxillary expansion.Settings and sample7 pigs Sus Scrofa received custom‐made MARPE (n = 3) and Hyrax (n = 4) appliances.Material and methodsThe devices were activated 25 times with strain readings captured by strain gauges attached to the following regions: posterior midpalatal suture (MPS), maxilla‐premaxilla suture (MPM), maxilla‐zygomatic suture (MZ) and maxilla pterygoid‐process suture (MPP). The intermolar distance and suture width were measured immediately before activation and at the 20th and 25th activation. ANOVA and Kruskal‐Wallis test was applied.ResultsThe MARPE group presented greater MPS displacement in all measured regions, and one of the devices produced a significant opening (1.7 mm) in the posterior region. The accumulated tension in the MPS was higher compared to the other sutures (P < .05). A MARPE animal presented higher median tension in the MPS region (294.77με) compared to all other animals except one Hyrax animal (P < .05). Regarding the median tensions of the different activation intervals, the median tension measured during the 16th to 25th activation interval in the Hyrax group was lower than that measured during the first 8 activations, in both the MPS and MZ (P < .05).ConclusionsMARPE expanders developed more constant tensions during all activations (MPS and MZ), while Hyrax showed lower tension in the 16th to 25th activation.
Diurnal dynamics of the Arabidopsis rosette proteome and phosphoproteome
Authors: Uhrig R. Glen , Echevarría‐Zomeño Sira , Schlapfer Pascal , Grossmann Jonas , Roschitzki Bernd , Koerber Niklas , Fiorani Fabio , Gruissem Wilhelm 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPlant growth depends on the diurnal regulation of cellular processes, but it is not well understood if and how transcriptional regulation controls diurnal fluctuations at the protein level. Here, we report a high‐resolution Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leaf rosette proteome acquired over a 12 hr light:12 hr dark diurnal cycle and the phosphoproteome immediately before and after the light‐to‐dark and dark‐to‐light transitions. We quantified nearly 5,000 proteins and 800 phosphoproteins, of which 288 fluctuated in their abundance and 226 fluctuated in their phosphorylation status. Of the phosphoproteins, 60% were quantified for changes in protein abundance. This revealed six proteins involved in nitrogen and hormone metabolism that had concurrent changes in both protein abundance and phosphorylation status. The diurnal proteome and phosphoproteome changes involve proteins in key cellular processes, including protein translation, light perception, photosynthesis, metabolism and transport. The phosphoproteome at the light–dark transitions revealed the dynamics at phosphorylation sites in either anticipation of or response to a change in light regime. Phosphorylation site motif analyses implicate casein kinase II and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinases among the primary light–dark transition kinases. The comparative analysis of the diurnal proteome and diurnal and circadian transcriptome established how mRNA and protein accumulation intersect in leaves during the diurnal cycle of the plant.
Transpiration increases under high‐temperature stress: Potential mechanisms, trade‐offs and prospects for crop resilience in a warming world
Authors: Sadok Walid , Lopez Jose R. , Smith Kevin P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe frequency and intensity of high‐temperature stress events are expected to increase as climate change intensifies. Concomitantly, an increase in evaporative demand, driven in part by global warming, is also taking place worldwide. Despite this, studies examining high‐temperature stress impacts on plant productivity seldom consider this interaction to identify traits enhancing yield resilience towards climate change. Further, new evidence documents substantial increases in plant transpiration rate in response to high‐temperature stress even under arid environments, which raise a trade‐off between the need for latent cooling dictated by excessive temperatures and the need for water conservation dictated by increasing evaporative demand. However, the mechanisms behind those responses, and the potential to design the next generation of crops successfully navigating this trade‐off, remain poorly investigated. Here, we review potential mechanisms underlying reported increases in transpiration rate under high‐temperature stress, within the broader context of their impact on water conservation needed for crop drought tolerance. We outline three main contributors to this phenomenon, namely stomatal, cuticular and water viscosity‐based mechanisms, and we outline research directions aiming at designing new varieties optimized for specific temperature and evaporative demand regimes to enhance crop productivity under a warmer and dryer climate.
Micro credit and the threshold of praiseworthiness
Authors: Montminy Martin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhat is the threshold of praiseworthiness? That is, how morally good should an action be in order to be potentially morally praiseworthy? I argue that the threshold of praiseworthiness should be set at actions that fulfill obligations. One may think that this threshold is too low, but this impression is due to the failure to realize that a person may deserve only micro credit for doing what she ought to do. Against the objection that the proposed threshold is too high, I argue that neither morally wrong actions nor merely permissible actions may be praiseworthy.
Oscillatory brain activity and maintenance of verbal and visual working memory: A systematic review
Authors: Pavlov Yuri G. , Kotchoubey Boris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBrain oscillations likely play a significant role in the storage of information in working memory (WM). Despite the wide popularity of the topic, current attempts to summarize the research in the field are narrative reviews. We address this gap by providing a descriptive systematic review, in which we investigated oscillatory correlates of maintenance of verbal and visual information in WM. The systematic approach enabled us to challenge some common views popularized by previous research. The identified literature (100 EEG/MEG studies) highlighted the importance of theta oscillations in verbal WM: frontal midline theta enhanced with load in most verbal studies, while more equivocal results have been obtained in visual studies. Increasing WM load affected alpha activity in most studies, but the direction of the effect was inconsistent: the ratio of studies that found alpha increase versus decrease with increasing load was 80/20% in the verbal WM domain and close to 60/40% in the visual domain. Alpha asymmetry (left < right) was a common finding in both verbal and visual WM studies. Beta and gamma activity studies yielded the least convincing data: a diversity in the spatial and frequency distribution of beta activity prevented us from making a coherent conclusion; gamma rhythm was virtually neglected in verbal WM studies with no systematic support for sustained gamma changes during the delay in EEG studies in general.
Mutual influence between emotional language and inhibitory control processes. Evidence from an event‐related potential study
Authors: Agudelo‐Orjuela Paola , de Vega Manuel , Beltrán David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere is abundant literature demonstrating that processing emotional stimuli modulates inhibitory control processes. However, the reverse effects, namely, how cognitive inhibition influences the processing of emotional stimuli, have been considerably neglected. This ERP study tries to fill this gap by studying the bidirectional interactions between emotional language and inhibitory processes. To this end, participants read emotional sentences, embedded in a cue‐based Go‐NoGo task. In Experiment 1, the critical emotional adjective preceded the Go‐NoGo visual cue. The ERPs showed a significant reduction in the inhibition‐related N2 component in NoGo trials when they were preceded by negative adjectives, compared to positive or neutral adjectives, indicating a priming‐like effect on inhibitory control. Consistently, the estimated source of this interaction was the dorsomedial PFC, a region associated with inhibitory and control processes. In Experiment 2, the Go‐NoGo cue preceded the emotional adjective, and the ERPs showed a sustained, broadly distributed LPP‐like positivity for NoGo negative trials, relative to all the other conditions. In this case, the presetting of an inhibition state modulated the processing of negatively charged words. Together, the two experiments suggest a mutual facilitation between inhibitory control and negative valence, supporting thereby recent integrative theories of cognition–emotion interactions.
Use of biofloc technology in shrimp aquaculture: a comprehensive review, with emphasis on the last decade
Authors: El‐Sayed Abdel‐Fattah M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn face of the shortage of, and competition with, land and water, the sustainability of aquaculture will have to depend on vertical development, through improving production environments, increasing productivity and enhancing aquaculture technologies. Biofloc technology (BFT) has emerged as new alternative for sustainable aquaculture, which could contribute to FAO Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to food security. Extensive research has been carried out on the development and application of BFT in aquaculture since early 1990s, with emphasis on shrimp culture. Over 40% of BFT publications in aquaculture were directed to shrimp farming. Therefore, I strongly believe that the accumulated knowledge on the applications of BFT in shrimp farming and the experience gained, especially during the last 10 years (2010–2020), are now more than worthy of critical review and analysis. This review summarizes the most update knowledge on the use of BFT in different marine shrimp and freshwater prawn aquaculture. Emphasis has been on factors affecting shrimp production in BFT systems, integration of biofloc‐based shrimp farming with other aquatic farmed species, nutritional value of bioflocs as a natural food or feed ingredient for farmed shrimp and prawn, the application of BFT in different rearing phases, the use of biofloc as a natural probiotics and their effects on shrimp health and physiological functions, economic considerations and commercial applications of BFT‐based shrimp aquaculture, and the major challenges facing shrimp farming in biofloc systems.
Quickly home again: patients’ experiences of early discharge after minor stroke
Authors: Kjærhauge Christiansen Lene , Rasmussen Anitta M. , Mouritzen Helle S. , Østervig Buus Amanda A. , Grønkjær Mette 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundPatients with minor stroke experience some of the same issues as patients experiencing stroke of increased severity such as fatigue, anxiety and cognitive symptoms. It is current practice that patients with minor stroke receive accelerated treatment and care, yet studies indicate that patients find it difficult to return to their everyday lives after being discharged. We aimed to explore how patients with minor stroke experience the transitional period from the hospital through the first 2–4 weeks after an accelerated care pathway with discharge within 72 hours after stroke onset.MethodsA qualitative study consisting of semi‐structured interviews with 11 patients experiencing first‐time stroke 2–4 weeks after discharge.ResultsThe patients struggled to identify themselves as having had a stroke. They strived to find a new everyday life, but were challenged by existential concerns, mental fatigue and the fear of having a stroke again. Unresolved questions and misunderstandings arose, and the patients expressed a need for health professionals to support them and discuss unclear issues after discharge. Patients searched for others with similar issues in order to find a new sense of self.ConclusionPatients with minor stroke struggle with everyday life after discharge. There is a need for support after discharge from healthcare professionals with specialised knowledge of stroke. Patients also requested an opportunity to meet other patients with minor stroke.
Soil biochemical properties and microbial composition in aged and non‐aged apple (Malus domestica) orchards in Luochuan County, Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Tian Jia , Sun Chao , Lu Pengpeng , Li Fei , Shangguan Yiqing , Qi Fan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe ageing of orchards is common in the apple planting process, which affects the yield and quality of apples, as well as the development of the apple industry and local economy. The investigation of soil properties is important to the improvement and soil management of aged apple orchards. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution, correlation and clustering of soil properties (nutrients, pH, enzymes and microorganisms) in aged and non‐aged apple orchards, as well as soil microbial communities in aged orchards with and without biofertilizer (Bacillus mucilaginosus + N, P, K) in Luochuan, Loess Plateau. The results showed that most soil properties, except for pH and catalase activity, decreased gradually with depth of soil and were highest in the 0–40 cm layer in both the aged and non‐aged orchards. However, there were no obvious differences in the horizontal direction, especially in the aged orchards, indicating that the fertilizer application site was randomly located in the aged orchards. The significant correlations between soil nutrients and microbes, available phosphorus and tree age, and the clustering of orchards as aged and non‐aged groups by soil properties, indicated that soil properties should be monitored in a timely manner to assess fertilizer application and predict the ageing of orchards. Additionally, the biofertilizer might make the aged orchard soil tend to non‐ageing by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful microbes, which suggested that biofertilizers should be widely used in future fertilizer application management of aged orchards to delay ageing.
Multiple source analysis from InSAR data and new insights into fault activation: The 2005 Zarand, Iran, earthquake
Authors: Golshadi Zeinab , Rezapour Mehdi , Atzori Simone , Salvi Stefano 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe have reinterpreted the causative fault parameters of the 2005 Zarand earthquake in the light of a new imagery study using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). By conducting a joint inversion of two InSAR datasets, we can characterize the rupture as it relates to complex local structures. At first, the mainshock ruptured a nearly pure reverse fault, dipping ~65° NNW in the basement below the southeastern area of Zarand. Two more fault segments were subsequently activated: an oblique‐normal fault segment parallel to the first segment, dipping 61° to the south, and a normal‐oblique fault segment at the eastern termination of the rupture zone. The first fault segment ruptured the surface, while slip along the other two segments was confined to the lower sedimentary strata.