bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent History of Upgrades to the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network
Authors: Murphy Martin J. , Cramer John A. , Said Ryan K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) underwent a complete sensor upgrade in 2013 followed by a central processor upgrade in 2015. These upgrades produced about a factor-of-5 improvement in the detection efficiency of cloud lightning flashes and about one additional cloud pulse geolocated per flash. However, they also reaggravated a historical problem with the tendency to misclassify a population of low-current positive discharges as cloud-to-ground strokes when, in fact, most are probably cloud pulses. Furthermore, less than 0.1% of events were poorly geolocated because the contributing sensor data were either improperly associated or simply underutilized by the geolocation algorithm. To address these issues, Vaisala developed additional improvements to the central processing system, which became operational on 7 November 2018. This paper describes updates to the NLDN between 2013 and 2018 and then focuses on the effects of classification algorithm changes and a simple means to normalize classification across upgrades.
Near-Ground Wind Profiles of Tornadic and Nontornadic Environments in the United States and Europe from ERA5 Reanalyses
Authors: Coffer Brice E. , Taszarek Mateusz , Parker Matthew D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe near-ground wind profile exhibits significant control over the organization, intensity, and steadiness of low-level updrafts and mesocyclones in severe thunderstorms, and thus their probability of being associated with tornadogenesis. The present work builds upon recent improvements in supercell tornado forecasting by examining the possibility that storm-relative helicity (SRH) integrated over progressively shallower layers has increased skill in differentiating between significantly tornadic and nontornadic severe thunderstorms. For a population of severe thunderstorms in the United States and Europe, sounding-derived parameters are computed from the ERA5 reanalysis, which has significantly enhanced vertical resolution compared to prior analyses. The ERA5 is shown to represent U.S. convective environments similarly to the Storm Prediction Center’s mesoscale surface objective analysis, but its greater number of vertical levels in the lower troposphere permits calculations to be performed over shallower layers. In the ERA5, progressively shallower layers of SRH provide greater discrimination between nontornadic and significantly tornadic thunderstorms in both the United States and Europe. In the United States, the 0–100 m AGL layer has the highest forecast skill of any SRH layer tested, although gains are comparatively modest for layers shallower than 0–500 m AGL. In Europe, the benefit from using shallower layers of SRH is even greater; the lower-tropospheric SRH is by far the most skillful ingredient there, far exceeding related composite parameters like the significant tornado parameter (which has negligible skill in Europe).
Assessing Aircraft Performance in a Warming Climate
Authors: McRae Mary , Lee Ross A. , Steinschneider Scott , Galgano Frank 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIncreases in maximum and minimum air temperatures resulting from anthropogenic climate change will present challenges to aircraft performance. Elevated density altitude (DA) reduces aircraft and engine performance and has a direct impact on operational capabilities. The frequency of higher DA will increase with the combination of higher air temperatures and higher dewpoint temperatures. The inclusion of dewpoint temperature in DA projections will become increasingly critical as minimum air temperatures rise. High DA impacts aircraft performance in the following ways: reduction in power because the engine takes in less air; reduction in thrust because a propeller is less efficient in less dense air; reduction in lift because less dense air exerts less force on the airfoils. For fixed-wing aircraft, the performance impacts include decreased maximum takeoff weight and increased true airspeed, which results in longer takeoff and landing distance. For rotary-wing aircraft, the performance impacts include reduced power margin, reduced maximum gross weight, reduced hover ceiling, and reduced rate of climb. In this research, downscaled and bias-corrected maximum and minimum air temperatures for future time periods are collected and analyzed for a selected site: Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. Impacts corresponding to DA thresholds are identified and integrated into risk probability matrices enabling quantifiable comparisons. As the magnitude and frequency of high DA occurrences are projected to increase as a result of climate change, it is imperative for military mission planners and acquisition officers to comprehend and utilize these projections in their decision-making processes.
Personalentwicklung für weibliche Führungskräfte?
Authors: Küpper Gunhild 
Published: October 2020

Frauen sind – trotz guter Berufs- und Ausbildungssituation – in den führenden Positionen der Industrie, in den Führungsgremien von Parteien und Gewerkschaften und in den obersten Stellen der Universitäten unverändert deutlich unterrepräsentiert. Es kann festgestellt werden, daß auf der einen Seite bundesdeutsche Arbeitgeber gegenwärtig über die bisher bestausgebildete Frauengeneration verfügen, dieser jedoch auf der anderen Seite nicht ihrem Know-how entsprechend adäquate Berufs- und Aufstiegschancen anbieten. Frauen werden zum einen generell beruflich weniger gefördert bzw. für spezifische Positionen als weniger geeignet betrachtet als Männer, und zum anderen fehlt ihnen selbst oft der Mut aufgrund dieser gering ausgeprägten beruflichen und sozialen Unterstützung sich für eine berufliche Karriere zu entscheiden. Die wenigen Frauen, die dennoch eine leitende Position anstreben, die erste Hürde geschafft haben und an einem Auswahlverfahren für Führungskräfte teilnehmen können, erleben nicht selten, daß es für sie weitaus schwieriger ist als für ihre männlichen Mitbewerber, diese Verfahren erfolgreich zu durchlaufen. Hier sind folglich Barrieren zu vermuten, die ein berufliches Vorwärtskommen von Frauen erschweren. Der nachfolgende Aufsatz befaßt sich speziell mit der Frage, welche Barrieren sich beim beruflichen Aufstieg von Frauen bzw. in den Auswahlverfahren für Führungspositionen aufzeigen lassen und wo Personalpolitik unterstützend ansetzen könnte.
Oligomonocytic and overt chronic myelomonocytic leukemia show similar clinical, genomic, and immunophenotypic features
Authors: Calvo Xavier , Garcia-Gisbert Nieves , Parraga Ivonne , Gibert Joan , Florensa Lourdes , Andrade-Campos Marcio , Merchan Brayan , Garcia-Avila Sara , Montesdeoca Sara , Fernández-Rodríguez Concepción , Salido Marta , Puiggros Anna , Espinet Blanca , Colomo Luís , Roman-Bravo David , Bellosillo Beatriz , Ferrer Ana , Arenillas Leonor 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Oligomonocytic chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (OM-CMML) is defined as those myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms, unclassifiable with relative monocytosis (≥10% monocytes) and a monocyte count of 0.5 to &lt;1 × 109/L. These patients show clinical and genomic features similar to those of overt chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), although most of them are currently categorized as MDS, according to the World Health Organization 2017 classification. We analyzed the clinicopathologic features of 40 patients with OM-CMML with well-annotated immunophenotypic and molecular data and compared them to those of 56 patients with overt CMML. We found similar clinical, morphological, and cytogenetic features. In addition, OM-CMML mirrored the well-known complex molecular profile of CMML, except for the presence of a lower percentage of RAS pathway mutations. In this regard, of the different genes assessed, only CBL was found to be mutated at a significantly lower frequency. Likewise, the OM-CMML immunophenotypic profile, assessed by the presence of &gt;94% classical monocytes (MO1s) and CD56 and/or CD2 positivity in peripheral blood monocytes, was similar to overt CMML. The MO1 percentage &gt;94% method showed high accuracy for predicting CMML diagnosis (sensitivity, 90.7%; specificity, 92.2%), even when considering OM-CMML as a subtype of CMML (sensitivity, 84.9%; specificity, 92.1%) in our series of 233 patients (39 OM-CMML, 54 CMML, 23 MDS, and 15 myeloproliferative neoplasms with monocytosis and 102 reactive monocytosis). These results support the consideration of OM-CMML as a distinctive subtype of CMML.
The adult multidisciplinary respiratory neuromuscular clinic
Authors: Shah Neeraj M. , Murphy Patrick B. , Kaltsakas Georgios 
Published: October 2020

Many neuromuscular disorders (NMD) are complicated by respiratory failure. These patients are best managed in a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic to provide timely access to the various disciplines they require. The key mainstay of treatment of respiratory failure in patients with NMD is noninvasive ventilation, supported by secretion clearance, speech and language therapy, optimisation of nutrition and the maintenance of mobility. Patients with specific conditions may also require cardiology, neurology, orthopaedics, urology and psychological services. The respiratory NMD multidisciplinary team should also provide access to palliative care, and caregiver health and wellbeing should also be reviewed at clinical reviews. The future of care for the respiratory NMD patient will increasingly involve home services and telehealth and the clinic should be equipped and resourced to deliver these. Although not all health systems will be able to provide all elements of the multidisciplinary team discussed here, this review provides the “ideal” recipe for the adult multidisciplinary team and the evidence base underpinning this from which a clinic can be developed.Educational aimsTo provide an overview of the care of an adult neuromuscular disorder patient presenting to the multidisciplinary respiratory clinic.To provide the evidence base for establishing the different elements of the multidisciplinary respiratory clinic.
Application of SWATH mass spectrometry in the identification of circulating proteins does not predict future weight gain in early psychosis
Authors: Heald Adrian , Azadbakht Narges , Geary Bethany , Conen Silke , Fachim Helene , Lee Dave Chi Hoo , Geifman Nophar , Farman Sanam , Howes Oliver , Whetton Anthony , Deakin Bill 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWeight gain is a common consequence of treatment with antipsychotic drugs in early psychosis, leading to further morbidity and poor treatment adherence. Identifying tools that can predict weight change in early psychosis may contribute to better-individualised treatment and adherence. Recently we showed that proteomic profiling with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) mass spectrometry (MS) can identify individuals with pre-diabetes more likely to experience weight change in relation to lifestyle change. We investigated whether baseline proteomic profiles predicted weight change over time using data from the BeneMin clinical trial of the anti-inflammatory antibiotic, minocycline, versus placebo. Expression levels for 844 proteins were determined by SWATH proteomics in 83 people (60 men and 23 women). Hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis of baseline proteomics data did not reveal distinct separation between the proteome profiles of participants in different weight change categories. However, individuals with the highest weight loss had higher Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores. Our findings imply that mode of treatment i.e. the pharmacological intervention for psychosis may be the determining factor in weight change after diagnosis, rather than predisposing proteomic dynamics.
optimalFlow: optimal transport approach to flow cytometry gating and population matching
Authors: del Barrio Eustasio , Inouzhe Hristo , Loubes Jean-Michel , Matrán Carlos , Mayo-Íscar Agustín 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Data obtained from flow cytometry present pronounced variability due to biological and technical reasons. Biological variability is a well-known phenomenon produced by measurements on different individuals, with different characteristics such as illness, age, sex, etc. The use of different settings for measurement, the variation of the conditions during experiments and the different types of flow cytometers are some of the technical causes of variability. This mixture of sources of variability makes the use of supervised machine learning for identification of cell populations difficult. The present work is conceived as a combination of strategies to facilitate the task of supervised gating.

Results
We propose optimalFlowTemplates, based on a similarity distance and Wasserstein barycenters, which clusters cytometries and produces prototype cytometries for the different groups. We show that supervised learning, restricted to the new groups, performs better than the same techniques applied to the whole collection. We also present optimalFlowClassification, which uses a database of gated cytometries and optimalFlowTemplates to assign cell types to a new cytometry. We show that this procedure can outperform state of the art techniques in the proposed datasets. Our code is freely available as optimalFlow, a Bioconductor R package at https://bioconductor.org/packages/optimalFlow.

Conclusions
optimalFlowTemplates + optimalFlowClassification addresses the problem of using supervised learning while accounting for biological and technical variability. Our methodology provides a robust automated gating workflow that handles the intrinsic variability of flow cytometry data well. Our main innovation is the methodology itself and the optimal transport techniques that we apply to flow cytometry analysis.
The evolution of fruit scent: phylogenetic and developmental constraints
Authors: Nevo Omer , Valenta Kim , Kleiner Annemarie , Razafimandimby Diary , Jeffrey Juan Antonio James , Chapman Colin A. , Ayasse Manfred 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Fruit scent is increasingly recognized as an evolved signal whose function is to attract animal seed dispersers and facilitate plant reproduction. However, like all traits, fruit scent is likely to evolve in response to conflicting selective pressures and various constraints. Two major constraints are (i) phylogenetic constraints, in which traits are inherited from ancestors rather than adapted to current conditions and (ii) developmental constraints, if phenotypes are limited by the expression of other traits within the individual. We tested whether phylogenetic constraints play a role in fruit scent evolution by calculating the phylogenetic signal in ripe fruits of 98 species from three study sites. We then estimated the importance of developmental constraints by examining whether ripe fruits tend to emit compounds that are chemically similar to, and share biosynthetic pathways with, compounds emitted by conspecific unripe fruits from which they develop.

Results
We show that closely related taxa are not more similar to each other than to very distinct taxa, thus indicating that fruit scent shows little phylogenetic signal. At the same time, although ripe and unripe fruits of the same species tend to emit different chemicals, they tend to employ chemicals originating from similar biosynthetic pathways, thus indicating that some developmental constraints determine ripe fruit scent.

Conclusions
Our results highlight the complex landscape in which fruit scent has evolved. On one hand, fruit scent evolution is not limited by common ancestry. On the other hand, the range of chemicals that can be employed in ripe fruits is probably constrained by the needs of unripe fruits.
Blood-based epigenetic estimators of chronological age in human adults using DNA methylation data from the Illumina MethylationEPIC array
Authors: Lee Yunsung , Haftorn Kristine L. , Denault William R. P. , Nustad Haakon E. , Page Christian M. , Lyle Robert , Lee-Ødegård Sindre , Moen Gunn-Helen , Prasad Rashmi B. , Groop Leif C. , Sletner Line , Sommer Christine , Magnus Maria C. , Gjessing Håkon K. , Harris Jennifer R. , Magnus Per , Håberg Siri E. , Jugessur Astanand , Bohlin Jon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundEpigenetic clocks have been recognized for their precise prediction of chronological age, age-related diseases, and all-cause mortality. Existing epigenetic clocks are based on CpGs from the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (450 K) which has now been replaced by the latest platform, Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip (EPIC). Thus, it remains unclear to what extent EPIC contributes to increased precision and accuracy in the prediction of chronological age.ResultsWe developed three blood-based epigenetic clocks for human adults using EPIC-based DNA methylation (DNAm) data from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository: 1) an Adult Blood-based EPIC Clock (ABEC) trained on DNAm data from MoBa (n = 1592, age-span: 19 to 59 years), 2) an extended ABEC (eABEC) trained on DNAm data from MoBa and GEO (n = 2227, age-span: 18 to 88 years), and 3) a common ABEC (cABEC) trained on the same training set as eABEC but restricted to CpGs common to 450 K and EPIC. Our clocks showed high precision (Pearson correlation between chronological and epigenetic age (r) > 0.94) in independent cohorts, including GSE111165 (n = 15), GSE115278 (n = 108), GSE132203 (n = 795), and the Epigenetics in Pregnancy (EPIPREG) study of the STORK Groruddalen Cohort (n = 470). This high precision is unlikely due to the use of EPIC, but rather due to the large sample size of the training set.ConclusionsOur ABECs predicted adults’ chronological age precisely in independent cohorts. As EPIC is now the dominant platform for measuring DNAm, these clocks will be useful in further predictions of chronological age, age-related diseases, and mortality.
Genome-wide association analysis of stripe rust resistance in modern Chinese wheat
Authors: Jia Mengjie , Yang Lijun , Zhang Wei , Rosewarne Garry , Li Junhui , Yang Enian , Chen Ling , Wang Wenxue , Liu Yike , Tong Hanwen , He Weijie , Zhang Yuqing , Zhu Zhanwang , Gao Chunbao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Stripe rust (yellow rust) is a significant disease for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. A genome-wide association study was conducted on 240 Chinese wheat cultivars and elite lines genotyped with the wheat 90 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to decipher the genetic architecture of stripe rust resistance in Chinese germplasm.

Results
Stripe rust resistance was evaluated at the adult plant stage in Pixian and Xindu in Sichuan province in the 2015–2016 cropping season, and in Wuhan in Hubei province in the 2013–2014, 2016–2017 and 2018–2019 cropping seasons. Twelve stable loci for stripe rust resistance were identified by GWAS using TASSEL and GAPIT software. These loci were distributed on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4B (3), 4D, 6D, and 7B and explained 3.6 to 10.3% of the phenotypic variation. Six of the loci corresponded with previously reported genes/QTLs, including Sr2/Yr30/Lr27, while the other six (QYr.hbaas-1BS, QYr.hbaas-2BL, QYr.hbaas-3AL, QYr.hbaas-4BL.3, QYr.hbaas-4DL, and QYr.hbaas-6DS) are probably novel. The results suggest high genetic diversity for stripe rust resistance in this population. The resistance alleles of QYr.hbaas-2AS, QYr.hbaas-3BS, QYr.hbaas-4DL, and QYr.hbaas-7BL were rare in the present panel, indicating their potential use in breeding for stripe rust resistance in China. Eleven penta-primer amplification refractory mutation system (PARMS) markers were developed from SNPs significantly associated with seven mapped QTLs. Twenty-seven genes were predicted for mapped QTLs. Six of them were considered as candidates for their high relative expression levels post-inoculation.

Conclusion
The resistant germplasm, mapped QTLs, and PARMS markers developed in this study are resources for enhancing stripe rust resistance in wheat breeding.
Linked color imaging improves visibility of reflux esophagitis
Authors: Takeda Tsutomu , Asaoka Daisuke , Abe Daiki , Suzuki Maiko , Nakagawa Yuta , Sasaki Hitoshi , Inami Yoshihiro , Ikemura Muneo , Utsunomiya Hisanori , Oki Shotaro , Suzuki Nobuyuki , Ikeda Atsushi , Yatagai Noboru , Komori Hiroyuki , Akazawa Yoichi , Matsumoto Kohei , Ueda Kumiko , Ueyama Hiroya , Shimada Yuji , Matsumoto Kenshi , Hojo Mariko , Osada Taro , Nojiri Shuko , Nagahara Akihito 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundWith more prevalent gastroesophageal reflux disease comes increased cases of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Image-enhanced endoscopy using linked-color imaging (LCI) differentiates between mucosal colors. We compared LCI, white light imaging (WLI), and blue LASER imaging (BLI) in diagnosing reflux esophagitis (RE).MethodsConsecutive RE patients (modified Los Angeles [LA] classification system) who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy using WLI, LCI, and BLI between April 2017 and March 2019 were selected retrospectively. Ten endoscopists compared WLI with LCI or BLI using 142 images from 142 patients. Visibility changes were scored by endoscopists as follows: 5, improved; 4, somewhat improved; 3, equivalent; 2, somewhat decreased; and 1, decreased. For total scores, 40 points was considered improved visibility, 21–39 points was comparable to white light, and < 20 points equaled decreased visibility. Inter- and intra-rater reliabilities (Intra-class Correlation Coefficient [ICC]) were also evaluated. Images showing color differences (ΔE*) andL*a*b* color values in RE and adjacent esophageal mucosae were assessed using CIELAB, a color space system.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 67.1 years (range: 27–89; 63 males, 79 females). RE LA grades observed included 52 M, 52 A, 24 B, 11 C, and 3 D. Compared with WLI, all RE cases showed improved visibility: 28.2% (40/142), LA grade M: 19.2% (10/52), LA grade A: 34.6% (18/52), LA grade B: 37.5% (9/24), LA grade C: 27.3% (3/11), and LA grade D: 0% (0/3) in LCI, and for all RE cases: 0% in BLI. LCI was not associated with decreased visibility. The LCI inter-rater reliability was “moderate” for LA grade M and “substantial” for erosive RE. The LCI intra-rater reliability was “moderate–substantial” for trainees and experts. Color differences were WLI: 12.3, LCI: 22.7 in LA grade M; and WLI: 18.2, LCI: 31.9 in erosive RE (P < 0.001 for WLI vs. LCI).ConclusionLCI versus WLI and BLI led to improved visibility for RE after subjective and objective evaluations. Visibility and the ICC for minimal change esophagitis were lower than for erosive RE for LCI. With LCI, RE images contrasting better with the surrounding esophageal mucosa were more clearly viewed.