bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Determination of Alprazolam and Fluoxetine Hydrochloride in Tablet Formulations by High-Performance Column Liquid Chromatography and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Patel Rashmin B , Patel Mrunali R , Shankar Madhira B , Bhatt Kashyap K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper describes validated HPLC and HPTLC methods for simultaneous determination of alprazolam (ALP) and fluoxetine hydrochloride (FXT) in pure powder and formulation. The HPLC separation was achieved on a Nucleosil C8 column (150 mm length, 4.6 mm id, 5 m particle size) using acetonitrilephosphate buffer pH 5.5 (45 + 55, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at ambient temperature. The HPTLC separation was achieved on an aluminum-backed layer of silica gel 60F254 using acetonetolueneammonia (6.0 + 3.5 + 0.5, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Quantification in the HPLC method was achieved with UV detection at 230 nm over the concentration range 414 g/mL for both drugs, with mean recovery of 99.95 0.38 and 99.85 0.56 for ALP and FXT, respectively. Quantification in the HPTLC method was achieved with UV detection at 230 nm over the concentration range of 4001400 ng/spot for both drugs, with mean recovery of 99.32 0.45 and 99.78 0.81 for ALP and FXT, respectively. These methods are simple, precise, and sensitive, and they are applicable for the simultaneous determination of ALP and FXT in pure powder and formulations.
Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in High-Sugar-Content Traditional Turkish Foods by Affinity Column Cleanup and LC Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Senyuva Hamide Z , Cimen Dilek , Gilbert John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The effectiveness of an affinity column cleanup procedure followed by LC with fluorescence detection was established for the determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in high-sugar-content traditional Turkish foods. Traditional foods, such as baklava (finely layered pastry filled with nuts and steeped in syrup), halvah (containing sesame paste and pistachios), cevizli sucuk (a confection made of grape juice boiled and dried on strings of nuts), Turkish delight (containing hazelnuts, pistachios, or walnuts), and pimaniye (candy made of sugar, butter, and flour), were tested, and the performance of the method was established with spiked samples. To examine the robustness of the methodology, baklava was prepared from raw materials and spiked at the initial stage of dry ingredients and through subsequent stages of preparation of dough, after cooking, and after addition of syrup and nuts. For all products, the analytical method required grinding the composite foodstuff under liquid nitrogen to form a fine powder, which was then thoroughly mixed before subsampling. After vortex extraction into methanolwater (aflatoxins) and aqueous sodium bicarbonate (ochratoxin A), the sample was filtered, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline, and then passed through either an aflatoxin or ochratoxin A affinity column before HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection (using post-column bromination for the aflatoxins). In all the traditional Turkish products, the recovery of aflatoxin B1 ranged from 77 to 98, and LODs were &lt;0.1 g/kg. For ochratoxin A, the recoveries were from 88 to 93 and LODs were similarly &lt;0.1 g/kg. Despite the complex nature of these traditional Turkish foods, which frequently contain products from sugar caramelization, there was no evidence of any interfering co-extractives, and the method has proved to be robust enough to be used for food control purposes.
Reprocessing and Sterilization of Single-Use Electrophysiological Catheters: Removal of Organic Carbon and Protein Surface Residues
Authors: Lester Bruce R , Boser Nicole P , Miller Keith , Schnapf Mark , Jacques Beth A , Sullivan Brian F , Marchin George L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Although evidence to date indicates that reprocessing electrophysiological (EP) catheters results in clean, sterile devices, some concerns persist with regard to the risk of residual contamination. We examined the ability of a defined reprocessing procedure coupled with a validated sterilization protocol to remove organic carbon and protein residues from worst-case soiled EP catheters resulting in clean, sterile devices. Total organic carbon (TOC) determinations indicated that detergent residues on reprocessed used catheters were nominal and significantly lower than organic carbon levels present on new catheters. Determination of the mean residual organic carbon and protein contaminants on soiled and reprocessed EP catheters further indicated that TOC and protein were reduced (99 of residue removed) below previously reported levels and current accepted standards. Moreover, reprocessed end-of-life catheters (six clinical uses, plus five reprocessings) were examined for residual microorganisms and found to be sterile. End-of-life catheters that had been inoculated with &gt;106 CFU Bacillus atrophaeus spores and subjected to a half-cycle ethylene oxide exposure were also found to be sterile. Our data indicate that EP catheter cleaning and reprocessing using defined protocols effectively removes detergent residues and biological contamination, and provides sterile devices.
Consumption and Health Effects of Trans Fatty Acids: A Review
Authors: Teegala Shyam Mohan , Willett Walter C , Mozaffarian Dariush 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Consumption of industrially produced Trans fatty acids (TFA) remains high in many populations, particularly in developing nations where partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are frequently used for home cooking and among individuals in developed countries having high intakes of bakery or processed foods. Well-controlled observational studies and randomized trials indicate that TFA consumption adversely affects multiple risk factors for chronic diseases, including numerous blood lipids and lipoproteins, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and possibly insulin resistance, diabetes, and adiposity. Growing evidence for the latter effects is particularly concerning given the worldwide obesity pandemic and high contents of industrially produced TFA in many foods marketed toward children. Consistent evidence from prospective observational studies of habitual TFA consumption and retrospective observational studies using TFA biomarkers indicates that TFA consumption increases risk of clinical coronary heart disease (CHD). Based on the adverse effects of risk factors and consistent relationships with clinical endpoints, the evidence that TFA consumption increases CHD risk is convincing. Some evidence suggests that TFA consumption may also increase other disease outcomes, but further investigation is needed to confirm the presence and magnitude of such effects. More research is also needed to understand how specific TFA isomers of varying chain length and double bond location may affect different biologic pathways of disease. Both individual- and policy-level initiatives to decrease TFA consumption should continue, particularly in population subgroups and in developing nations with high consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Densitometric Determination of β-Sitosterol in Phyllanthus Species
Authors: Sparzak Barbara , Krauze-Baranowska Mirosawa , Pobocka-Olech Loretta 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An HPTLC densitometric method was established for the determination of -sitosterol in in vitro cultures of some species of the genus Phyllanthus. Two derivatization reagents commonly used in TLC for the visualization and detection of sterols, namely, anisaldehyde reagent and 5 phosphomolybdic acid, were compared with vanillin reagent. The densitometric quantification of -sitosterol was carried out on HPTLC Si60 F254 plates with the mobile phase chloroformhexanemethanol (65 + 30 + 5, v/v/v) at 525 nm. The method was validated for each derivatization reagent in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, intra- and interday precision, LOD, and LOQ. The presence of -sitosterol was revealed in all analyzed plant material. The concentrations of -sitosterol determined ranged from 0.48 to 2.75 mg/g (dry weight). In addition, traces of -amyrin were detected in some plant samples.
A New, High-Throughput High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Assay for Therapeutic Level Monitoring of Digoxin in Human Plasma
Authors: Vlase Laurian , Popa Daniela-Saveta , Muntean Dana , Mihu Dan , Leucuta Sorin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new, high-throughput HPLC/MS assay for the quantification of digoxin in human plasma was developed and validated. The separation was performed on a Zorbax SB-C18 column under isocratic conditions using a 55 + 45 (v/v) mixture of methanol and 0.1 (v/v) formic acid in 10 M sodium acetate as the mobile phase at 45C with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection of digoxin was performed in the selected ion monitoring mode (m/z 803.5). The human plasma samples (0.2 mL) were deproteinized with 7 perchloric acid in water, and aliquots of 20 L from supernatants obtained after centrifugation were directly injected into the chromatographic system. The method showed good linearity (r &gt; 0.9926), precision (CV &gt; 18.9), and accuracy (bias &gt; 5.6) over the range of 0.550 ng/mL plasma. The lower LOQ was 0.5 ng/mL, and the recovery was between 92 and 106. The method is not expensive, it needs a minimum time for plasma sample preparation, and it has a run time of 2.3 min for instrument analysis (the retention time of digoxin was 1.9 min). The developed and validated high-throughput method is very simple, rapid, and efficient, with wide applications in clinical level monitoring, pharmacokinetics, and bioequivalence studies.
Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Monitoring Pesticides in Indoor Air
Authors: Esteve-Turrillas Francesc A , Pastor Agustín , de la Guardia Miguel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this work, 40 pesticides from different categories were analyzed in the air of 20 indoor places that have an intensive use of pesticides. Passive sampling was carried out by using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) deployed for 7 days. SPMDs were analyzed using microwave-assisted extraction and GC/MS. PCB-195 was used as an internal standard. Recoveries ranged between 81 and 108 for many compounds, with RSD values &lt;11. Typical LOD values for 7 days of sampling were from 0.1 to 3.1 ng/m. Propamocarb, propoxur, carbosulfan, pirimicarb, metribuzin, metalaxyl, pendimethalin, oxadiazon, phenothrin, and permethrin were detected in 11 sampling sites, with air concentrations in the range from 1 to 921 ng/m. However, the pesticide levels found cannot be considered a serious health problem according to results from other pesticide monitoring studies.
Determination of Individual Homologues and Total Content of Benzalkonium Chloride by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using a Short Butyl Column
Authors: Liu Fangzhu , Xiao Kang Ping , Rustum Abu M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides that usually contains C-10, C-12, C-14, and C-16 homologues), commonly known as BKC, is used as a bacteriostatic agent in many household, food, and drug products. In this paper, we report a simple, rapid, robust, and stability-indicating reversed-phase HPLC method using a short butyl (C4) column for the simultaneous determination of each individual homologue content, as well as the total concentration of individual homologues in commercial bulk raw material batches of BKC samples. The chromatographic separation was performed on a 5 cm ACE C4 column with mobile phase consisting of water, acetonitrile, and potassium chloride. Even though using a short column can potentially cause some challenges to resolving certain critical pairs of peaks, we have successfully separated all of the analyte peaks (including those from stressed, degraded products) on a short column using an optimal mobile phase.
foodproof Salmonella Detection Kit
Authors: Lindhardt Charlotte , Schönenbrücher Holger , Slaghuis Jörg , Bubert Andreas , Ossmer Rolf , Junge Benjamin , Berghof-Jäger Kornelia , Hammack Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The foodproof Salmonella Detection Kit was previously validated in the Performance Tested MethodsSM program for the detection of Salmonella species in a variety of foods, including milk powder, egg powder, coconut, cocoa powder, chicken breast, minced meat, sliced sausage, sausage, smoked fish, pasta, white pepper, cumin, dough, wet pet food, dry pet food, ice cream, watermelon, sliced cabbage, food dye, and milk chocolate. The method was shown to be equivalent to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service's Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedures. In the first Emergency Response Validation (ERV) extension study, peanut butter was inoculated with S. enterica. ser Typhimurium. For the low inoculation level (1.08 CFU/25 g), a Chi-square value of 2.25 indicated that there was no significant performance difference between the foodproof Salmonella Detection Kit and the FDA-BAM reference method. For high-level inoculation (11.5 CFU/25 g) and uninoculated control, there was 100 agreement between the methods. In the second ERV extension study, peanut butter was inoculated with S. enterica. ser Typhimurium. For both inoculation levels (0.1 and 0.5 CFU/25 g by most probable number), Chi-square values of 0 indicated that there was no significant performance difference between foodproof Salmonella Detection Kit and the FDA-BAM reference method.
TaqMan Salmonella enterica Detection Kit
Authors: Tebbs Robert S , Cao Yan Y , Balachandran Priva , Petrauskene Olga , Hammack Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Peanut butter spiked with Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium was prepared by an independent laboratory and sent to Applied Biosystems to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the TaqMan Salmonella enterica Detection Kit for detecting Salmonella in peanut butter. The samples were spiked at three levels: five no-spike (0 CFU/25 g); 20 low-spike (0.2 CFU/25 g); and 20 high-spike (2 CFU/25 g). They were coded to create a blind set of 45 samples. The samples were processed based on an unpaired test design that included enrichment in buffered peptone water for the candidate method and lactose broth for the reference method. In the candidate method, a 1 mL aliquot of enriched sample was extracted using PrepMan Ultra Sample Preparation Reagent; the sample was amplified on the Applied Biosystems 7500 real-time PCR system, and analyzed for detection of Salmonella using RapidFinder Version 1.0 software. All samples processed by the candidate method were confirmed by culture according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual procedures. Sensitivity, specificity, and Chi-square analysis were calculated by combining candidate method results with those of the reference method that were collected by the independent laboratory. The TaqMan Salmonella enterica Detection Kit showed 40 sensitivity, 100 specificity, and a Chi-square value equal to 1.52. Chi-square analysis indicated the candidate method and the reference method were comparable. Although the candidate method sensitivity was only 40 when compared with the reference method (unpaired samples), the sensitivity was &gt;100 when the candidate method results were compared with those of the confirmation method (same sample enrichment).
DuPont Qualicon BAX System Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay
Authors: Tice George , Andaloro Bridget , Fallon Dawn , Crowley Erin , Remes Amy C , Wallace F Morgan , Hammack Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A recent outbreak of Salmonella in peanut butter has highlighted the need for validation of rapid detection methods. A multilaboratory study for detecting Salmonella in peanut butter was conducted as part of the AOAC Research Institute Emergency Response Validation program for methods that detect outbreak threats to food safety. Three sites tested spiked samples from the same master mix according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) method and the BAX System method. Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) was grown in brain heart infusion for 24 h at 37C, then diluted to appropriate levels for sample inoculation. Master samples of peanut butter were spiked at high and low target levels, mixed, and allowed to equilibrate at room temperature for 2 weeks. Spike levels were low [1.08 most probable number (MPN)/25 g]; high (11.5 MPN/25 g) and unspiked to serve as negative controls. Each master sample was divided into 25 g portions and coded to blind the samples. Twenty portions of each spiked master sample and five portions of the unspiked sample were tested at each site. At each testing site, samples were blended in 25 g portions with 225 mL prewarmed lactose broth until thoroughly homogenized, then allowed to remain at room temperature for 5565 min. Samples were adjusted to a pH of 6.80.2, if necessary, and incubated for 2226 h at 35C. Across the three reporting laboratories, the BAX System detected Salmonella in 10/60 low-spike samples and 58/60 high-spike samples. The reference FDA-BAM method yielded positive results for 11/60 low-spike and 58/60 high-spike samples. Neither method demonstrated positive results for any of the 15 unspiked samples.
Evaluation of Sanita-kun E. coli & Coliform Sheet Medium for the Enumeration of Total Coliforms and E. coli
Authors: Ushiyama Masashi , Iwasaki Mihoko 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Sanita-kun E. coli & Coliform sheet medium consists of a transparent cover film, an adhesive sheet, a layer of nonwoven fabric, and a water-soluble compound film, including a culture medium formula for the enumeration of total coliforms and differentiation of Escherichia coli. The Sanita-kun E. coli & Coliform sheet is a chromogenic medium and contains X-Gal, which is hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase from coliforms to produce a visible blue dye and Salmon-glucuronic acid, which is hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase from E. coli to produce a red-purple dye. It is easy to distinguish the difference between E. coli and coliform (other than E. coli) colonies. Total coliforms and E. coli can be enumerated by incubating the sheet medium at 35 ± 1°C for 2124 h without further confirmation. The Sanita-kun E. coli & Coliform sheets were validated as a medium for the enumeration of E. coli and total coliform in meats and meat products using processed meat and two types of raw and frozen meats using stomacher and blender homogenization. In the stomacher homogenization, all 100 samples showed no significant difference between Sanita-kun sheet and AOAC Method 966.24. The linear correlation coefficients (r2) were calculated as 0.90 (coliform) and 0.79 (E. coli). In the blender homogenization, out of 100 samples tested, 99 showed no significant difference between Sanita-kun sheet and AOAC Method 966.24, but the count of total coliforms of Sanita-kun in one sample of uninoculated raw beef was significantly higher than that obtained by AOAC Method 966.24. The linear r2 values were calculated as 0.84 (coliform) and 0.86 (E. coli). The inclusivity and exclusivity study indicated an inclusivity rate of 100 and an exclusivity rate of 95.4. The sensitivity study showed positive results when the homogenate or dilution contained 3 CFU/mL of coliform or E. coli. The performance of four different lots of the sheets was equivalent, and suggested no change of the performance at least for 3 years at 215C. The Sanita-kun E. coli & Coliform sheet medium has been granted Performance Tested MethodSM status.
Evaluation of Immunoassays as an Alternative for the Rapid Determination of Pesticides in Wine and Grape Samples
Authors: Argarate Nerea , Arestin María , Ramón-Azcón Javier , Alfaro Begoña , Barranco Alejandro , Sánchez-Baeza Francisco , Marco M-Pilar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to address the performance of immunochemical assays for the detection of the residues of three pesticides [atrazine, bromopropylate, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP)] in real winery samples, such as wine, grapes, and grape juice. Different approaches have been evaluated to minimize interferences from the matrixes, and suitable working protocols have been established in order to achieve the necessary LODs, accuracy, and precision for real samples. A simple dilution of the sample proved to be sufficient for the determination of atrazine and bromopropylate in red and white wine and grape juice at the required levels of concentration. However, for TCP, an SPE procedure has been optimized using amino cartridges. The recoveries were above 85% in all cases, and the LOD values were below the parts per billion level, except for bromopropylate, which ranged between 2 and 50 µg/L, depending on the matrix. The grape matrix effect could be resolved by a simple extraction with methanol. Complete recoveries were obtained, and the final measurement procedures were able to determine selected pesticides below their maximum residue levels. The newly developed methods have been compared with standard chromatographic methods.
Development and Single-Laboratory Validation of a Method for the Determination of Total Fructans in Infant Formula
Authors: Cuany Denis , Bénet Thierry , Austin Sean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A number of methods have previously been developed for the determination of fructans in food products, resulting in the frequently used AOAC Official MethodsSM 997.08 and 999.03. Method 997.08 has a lower LOQ, but the accuracy may suffer if significant quantities of sucrose are present. Method 999.03 is less affected by sucrose, but the LOQ is not as low as that of the other method. In this work we have combined these two methods, using the sample preparation steps of AOAC Method 999.03 to remove sucrose and other free sugars, and the detection procedure of AOAC Method 997.08 to achieve a low LOQ. The resulting new method achieved an LOQ of 0.13 g/100 g with powdered products (using 1 g sample weight) and recoveries in the range of 83103 in the presence of sucrose at 12 g/100 g. Expanded measurement uncertainties were calculated and ranged from ±17.4 at oligofructose and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) concentrations of around 0.2 g/100 g to ±21.0 at FOS concentrations of 0.6 g/100 g.
Development of Methods for Multiresidue Analysis of Rice Post-Emergence Herbicides in Loam Soil and Their Possible Applications to Soils of Different Composition
Authors: Niell Silvina , Pareja Lucia , Asteggiante Lucía Geis , Roehrs Rafael , Pizzutti Ionara R , García Claudio , Heinzen Horacio , Cesio María Verónica 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two simple and straightforward sample preparation methods were developed for the multiresidue analysis of post-emergence herbicides in loam soil that are commonly used in rice crop cultivation. A number of strategic soil extraction and cleanup methods were evaluated. The instrumental analysis was performed by HPLC with a diode array detector. The best compromise between the recoveries (6998) and good repeatability (RSD &lt;15) was obtained using either methanol or methanolethyl acetate (70 + 30, v/v) as extraction solvents without any further cleanup. For the first time, residues of metsulfuron methyl, bensulfuron ethyl, bentazone, cyhalofop butyl, pyrazosulfuron ethyl, propanil, and clomazone were analyzed simultaneously. Quinclorac and bispyribac sodium were also assayed, but their recoveries were below 50. Both methods had an LOD of 0.7 g/kg and could accurately determine the residues at the 2 g/kg level. These two methods could not be applied directly to other soil types as the recoveries strongly depended on the soil composition. The developed methodologies were successfully applied in monitoring 87 real-world soil samples, in which only propanil (6 to 12 g/kg) and clomazone (15 to 20 g/kg) residues could be detected.