bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sharing the Burden
Authors: Laderman Charlie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The destruction of the Armenian community in the Ottoman Empire was an unprecedented tragedy. Theodore Roosevelt was adamant that it was the “greatest crime” of the First World War. The mass killing of approximately one million Armenian Christians was the culmination of a series of massacres that Winston Churchill would recall had roused publics on both sides of the Atlantic and inspired fervent appeals to see the Armenians “righted.” This book explains why the Armenian struggle for survival became so entangled with the debate over the United States’ international role as it rose to world power at the turn of the twentieth century. In doing so, it provides a fresh perspective on the role of humanitarian intervention in US foreign policy, Anglo-American relations and the emergence of a new international order after World War One. The clash over the US responsibility to protect the Armenians encapsulated the nation’s conflict over its global position and was a central preoccupation of both Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. For American and British leaders, a US intervention in the Near East to secure an independent Armenia was key to establishing a revised international system and to their visions for the new League of Nations. The debate over safeguarding the Armenians reveals the values that animated American society during a pivotal period in its history. In forcing US politicians to grapple for the first time with atrocities on this scale, it also demonstrates dilemmas in humanitarian politics that continue to bedevil policymakers today.
The Rooseveltian Solution
Authors: Laderman Charlie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores Theodore Roosevelt’s set of principles regarding the United States’ responsibility to intervene in response to “crimes against civilization,” a creed profoundly influenced by the 1894–1896 massacre of Ottoman Armenians. It also traces the evolution of Roosevelt’s thinking on an alliance with Britain, a significant feature of which was the prevention of extreme humanitarian atrocities and protection of peoples such as the Armenians. It explains why Roosevelt believed the nations that he considered most “civilized,” led by Britain and the United States, had a responsibility to censure injustices that offended the civilization of the day. It discusses Roosevelt’s most public articulation of these principles in his neglected Second Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It also traces his diplomatic interventions, alongside Britain, for Eastern European Jews and in the Congo, and demonstrates the practical limits of Roosevelt’s attempts to intervene in the Armenian question and pursue a broader alliance with Britain.
Princes and Paupers
Authors: Cheng William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines a famous experiment conducted in the name of musical love and loss: journalist Gene Weingarten’s Pulitzer-winning Washington Post article, which narrated the 2007 undercover busking effort by famed violinist Joshua Bell. Playing beautiful classical repertoire, the disguised Bell attracted few eager listeners. Many readers declared their love of this story, lamenting its proof of how beauty gets drowned out in our busy lives. Other responses to Weingarten fell into traps of intellectual elitism, as people rushed to proclaim that “obviously” this article was hokum and that no reader would be gullible enough to buy what Weingarten was selling. A trio of themes emerges from my critiques of aesthetic and academic exceptionalism: how we mismeasure beauty and its scarcity, how we productively or harmfully imbue musicianship with humanizing values, and why lovable dreams of musical universalism (we are all musical, we are all musicians) may elude or even impede agendas of social justice.
Jordan Russell Davis
Authors: Cheng William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 closes the book with an extended investigation into how musical judgments can kill—how someone can be killed while listening to music he loves, and for refusing to turn it down when asked. In 2012, a forty-seven-year-old white man named Michael Dunn heard loud rap music coming from a nearby red car containing four black youths. He approached. Words were exchanged. A couple of minutes later, Dunn fired ten bullets at the car and killed one of its passengers, seventeen-year-old high school student Jordan Davis. Dunn claimed Davis had threatened him with a shotgun. No such gun was ever found. During the murder trial, Dunn’s lawyer, Cory Strolla, leveraged racist stereotypes of rap to paint dehumanizing (uncivilized, savage, criminal) and superhumanizing (formidable, fearsome, brawny) portraits of these youths. By contrast, Strolla depicted Dunn as someone who himself loved music, including “any type of hip-hop,” the stuff “that the kids listen to.” The chapter taps into various materials that were either purposely excluded from or inadvertently overlooked by media coverage: Michael Dunn’s jailhouse letters and phone calls, transcriptions of courtroom sidebars, pretrial documents, evidence technicians’ reports, and 911 records.
Free Traders
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis book is about the political events and decisions in the 1980s and 1990s that established the global economy we have today. Different social scientists and other commentators have described the foundations of globalization very differently. Some have linked the rise of free trade and multinational enterprises to the democratic expression of ordinary people’s hopes and desires; others have said they were a top-down project requiring, if anything, the circumvention of democracy. This book shows that politicians did not decide to embrace globalization because of the preferences of the mass public. Instead, using comparative-historical case studies of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, this book shows that politicians’ decisions reflected the agendas and outlooks of various kinds of elites. On the basis of more than a hundred interviews, and analyses of materials from archives in all three countries, the book tells the story of how the three countries negotiated and ratified two agreements that substantially opened and integrated their economies: the 1989 Canada-US and trilateral 1994 North American Free Trade Agreements. Contrary to what many people believe, these agreements (like free trade elsewhere) were based less on mainstream, neoclassical economics than on the informal, self-serving economic ideas of businesspeople. This folk economics shaped the contents of the agreements, and helped bind together the elite coalitions whose support made them politically possible. These same ideas, however, have reinforced some harmful economic misunderstandings, and have even contributed to the recent backlash against globalization in some countries.
Explaining the Rise of Globalization
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main themes of this book, and the theory it proposes of why the governments of so many nations around the world decided to globalize their economies in the late 20th century. The book asks whether the foundations of globalization were democratic, in the sense that politicians’ decisions derived from public opinion and electoral incentives, and also whether globalization as based on mainstream economic ideas. As shown by the cases of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and the ways they established free trade in North America, the book shows that globalization has been more of an elite than a democratic project, and one based on folk economics rather than expert ideas. Business has been the motor force in developed countries; in developing countries, states have acted more autonomously from domestic business, but they have been more subject to pressure from international financial institutions.
Does Business Exist?
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPrevious chapters argued that the private sector in all three countries was united in support of CUFTA and NAFTA. From some perspectives, this fact is puzzling: different industries have different interests, and some stand to lose out from free trade. How then was such broad-based business support for North American free trade possible? This chapter shows the business support followed from the national negotiators’ providing potential opponents with opportunities to shape the contents of the free trade agreements. The real possibility of winning meaningful concessions gave opponents a reason not to oppose free trade as a whole. But while these concessions served a purpose domestically, they also aggravated conflicts internationally. These conflicts reinforced nationalist understandings of trade that contradicted economists’ views, as discussed in Chapter 6.
Between the “Party Line” and the “Bottom Line”1
Authors: Henken Ted A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Most past studies of Cuban entrepreneurship (referred to by the Cuban government as trabajo por cuenta propia or “self-employment”) to date have focused either on a single industry or set of industries such as private paladar restaurants, bed and breakfasts, or shoe manufacturing. This chapter describes and analyzes one of the relatively underexplored potentialities of Cuba’s emergent private enterprise sector: “entrepreneurial solidarity” (emprendimiento solidario), also known as “social entrepreneurship” or “socially responsible enterprise.”. Specifically, this chapter investigates this topic thorough a case study approach that focuses on a single Old Havana neighborhood (Santo Ángel), tracing the efforts of Papito Valladares’s grassroots community project there (Artecorte) to marry: (1) economic development (via private entrepreneurship as a licensed cuentapropista) with (2) social responsibility (via a variety of community development initiatives) and (3) cultural preservation (through an important alliance with Office of the City Historian). Artecorte embraces an ethic of contagion over competition, combining bottom-line-oriented private enterprise with neighborhood uplift, community outreach, and collaborative synergy—alternately independent from or in sync (and occasional partnership) with the government’s “party line.”
Conclusion
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The conclusion argues that the “zonal borderlands” along the Iron Curtain constituted West Germany’s most sensitive geographical space. Each issue that arose in these borderlands—from economic deficiencies to border tourism, environmental pollution, landscape change, and the siting decision for a nuclear facility—was magnified by the presence of the most militarized border of its day. Over the course of the 1990s, European integration afforded Germans the privilege of thinking in terms of a borderless Europe. The refugee “crisis” of 2015 marks the moment when the significance of borders returned to German consciousness. In this context, historicizing the Iron Curtain is more important than ever.
Introduction
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In his introductory chapter, Münsterberg summarizes the history of experimental psychology and its theoretical and practical contributions. In his opinion, the field had matured enough for the legal system to sit up and take notice. In a sense, Münsterberg’s entire book is an indictment of the legal profession for this neglect—an indictment that did not go unanswered. The response of John Henry Wigmore, a prominent American legal scholar, was so scathing that it almost single-handedly quelled the incipient law-psychology movement for a number of years. The chapter covers Wigmore’s criticisms in depth. The introductory chapter provides a historical sketch of the field of law-psychology as it has developed over the past 110 years, focusing particularly on the courts’ use (or lack thereof) of psychological research on legal topics.
The Detection of Crime
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The deception detection method Münsterberg advocates is grounded on principles of association. Although this approach derives partially from a Freudian view of the unconscious, it is not terribly dissimilar to more modern, physiologically based lie detection methods. In recent years, deception detection has become a major focus within psychology and law. Research shows that humans’ ability to detect deception is limited but, summarizing across the body of studies, slightly better than chance. However, most police investigators believe they can detect when suspects are lying. This chapter covers the reliability of modern deception detection techniques with the exception of the polygraph, which is covered in the next chapter.
The N Trilogy
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 presents the theoretical framework that forms the backbone of the remaining chapters in the book. This framework identifies three basic factors (the three Ns) that perform important roles within the radicalization process—that is, the process whereby individuals comes to endorse and/or act upon an extreme ideology. These factors are the individual’s psychological needs, the narratives to which individual are exposed, and the social networks that embrace those narratives. These factors are first discussed within the context of extremism as a general phenomenon, before being applied to violent extremism as its specific case. Throughout the discussion, the analysis is specifically applied to right-wing extremism in Germany. The chapter ends by examining alternative models of radicalization and how these models are related to the three-factor framework advanced here.
Introduction
Authors: Choi Suhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book is not about the Korean War itself. Rather, it is about communicating trauma in the process of constructing memories of the Korean War. My primary impulse to write this book stemmed from a reflexive awareness that I have an irresistible affinity with this war. I am drawn to the Korean War because I have visceral and psychological connections to this conflict through the bodies and minds of my loved ones who survived the war. As one who belongs to what Marianne Hirsch would call “the generation of postmemory,” I willingly pair my academic inquisitions about memory process with the subject of the Korean War since I am better positioned to articulate my questions about trauma, empathy, and memorials within this particular context. I do not necessarily have more abilities than others to witness the complex memories of this conflict, yet I am highly provoked to persistently reimagine it. I argue that postmemory could be an epistemologically advantageous site where one is able to glimpse how the texture of trauma is momentarily manifested in the multifaceted, cross-sectional, and dialogical interactions between survivors and past events, between survivors and the generation of postmemory, and between the generation of postmemory and past events.
Reenacting Survivors’ Bodies in the No Gun Ri Peace Park
Authors: Choi Suhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The No Gun Ri Peace Park was built in 2012 to honor civilian victims of the No Gun Ri Killings, a wartime atrocity committed by US troops. Survivors and victims’ families had been silenced until Associated Press journalists published their story in 1999 and subsequently earned a Pulitzer Prize in 2000 for Investigative Reporting. As a durable war mnemonic in a public site, the park is now performing the critical roles that survivors and victims’ families once carried: witnessing, performing, and transferring trauma to others. This chapter explores not only how the park reenacts survivors’ bodies in communicating a traumatic event that most visitors did not experience directly, but also how it—as a newly constructed sign—negotiates meanings of the No Gun Ri Bridge, the original site of the killings that is located adjacent to the park.
Uncertainty in Everyday Life
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Whereas we may think that knowledge requires certainty, this is not the case. We may be psychologically certain about something and still be wrong because of faults in our perception, because we are deceived, or because of reasoning errors. Epistemic certainty is impossible to achieve because we cannot be epistemically certain about anything. Fortunately, neither epistemic nor psychological certainty is a requirement for knowledge. Rather, what knowledge requires is good, solid evidence on the basis of which we can make choices and decisions. The better the evidence is, the better the choices and decisions can be. Thus, we can lead our lives successfully by relying on good evidence. We can certainly live with uncertainty.
The Psychology of (Un)Certainty
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
People strive for certainty due to an inherent desire for it. Uncertainty seems to be stressful in the same unconscious manner as anger and fear. We cannot really control this feeling, and we feel relaxed only when we feel certain about what we know or about what we should anticipate. However, our world is filled with uncertainty and so are most aspects of our life. Therefore, instead for looking for certainty where it does not exist, we had better learn to appreciate uncertainty and learn to live and deal with it. Education could play a major role here. But a major shift is necessary from the current educational practice of providing yes or no answers to one that would educate people to understand and deal with risk and uncertainty.
Uncertainty Is Inherent in Science
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
At times people seem to have a mythical view of science as an infallible source of absolute certainty. Despite the prevalence of such a view, it is deeply misguided. All science is inherently uncertain. Two key factors that contribute to science’s inherent uncertainty are the complexity of natural phenomena and human limitations. Although the challenges posed by these two factors can be somewhat mitigated by way of scientific methods of investigation and the use of precise mathematical formulations, neither can be fully done away with. As a result, all science, no matter how precise or careful the methods it employs, is inherently uncertain. This is important to realize not only for truly understanding the nature of science, but also for appreciating that pointing out uncertainties that exist in domains like climate science, evolution, and vaccination in no way undercuts their claims to being legitimate, trustworthy science.
Uncertainty in Scientific Predictions
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A primary good of science is that it allows us to accurately predict what will happen in the future. Knowing what to expect helps alleviate anxiety about the future and allows for good planning. However, although scientific predictions are often very precise and accurate, they are inherently uncertain. In order for a scientific prediction to be certain, several conditions would have to be satisfied. First, it would have to be certain that the universe is deterministic, but this is contested by both philosophers and scientists. Second, it would have to be certain that the actual scientific laws governing the deterministic universe have been identified—this is far from certain. Third, the precise initial conditions that the prediction is drawn from would have to be known with certainty—it is impossible to know these with certainty. Nevertheless, despite the fact that scientific predictions are uncertain, it would be foolish to disregard them.
How Uncertainty Makes Science Advance
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rather than being a detriment to science, uncertainty actually helps it advance. And understanding the role that uncertainty plays in science is extremely helpful for avoiding four serious dangers. First, appreciating uncertainty in science helps one to avoid being dogmatically certain. Good science is always open to revision in the face of new evidence. Second, appreciating uncertainty in science allows one to avoid the mistaken view that all theories and ideas are equally plausible. Third, since uncertainty is an inherent feature of science, appreciating its role helps one better understand science. Fourth, with a proper appreciation of uncertainty in science, it is much harder for one to be deceived about things like the link between tobacco smoke and cancer or the reality of climate change. In the end, uncertainty in science helps us to make the best decisions we can while encouraging us to continually seek new discoveries.
At Magnus Caesar, and Yet!
Authors: Eck Werner 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is widely held that Augustus forcefully (and mostly successfully) exerted his power within the Roman sphere of influence, especially at Rome. There are grounds to support this; however, this fundamental view all too easily conceals a contrary perspective. Indeed, Augustus repeatedly met with considerable resistance which is mostly only hinted at in the sources but occasionally appears clearly. Resistance came partly from the Senate, but, in other cases, from the majority of Roman citizens, who opposed his plans. Thus Augustus was often forced to shelve these plans for years, or to change them. As this chapter shows, one striking example can be found in the so-called marriage laws; another is the lex Iulia de vicesima hereditatium. Especially important is a new document: a commentarius from the year ad 5 which formed the basis of the later lex Papia Poppaea reveals massive opposition that was successful for many years.
African Alternatives
Authors: Osgood Josiah 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores Africa, the province that Augustus never visited, and how its historical associations, as well as natural resources, empowered Augustus’ contemporaries. In the civil wars of the 40s, Africa emerged as a major base of resistance, first to Julius Caesar, then to the triumvirs. Memories of the Punic Wars, in which Africa and Italy dueled for control of the Mediterranean world, were reawakened and informed the actions of commanders. A legacy of the civil wars was the opening up of new opportunities for Romans in Africa. Governors, including T. Statilius Taurus and L. Cornelius Balbus, used it to elevate their profiles. Vergil added to the mystique of Africa, making it a uniquely dangerous rival to (Roman) Italy and closely associated with Rome’s imperial destiny. Late in Augustus’ principate, Africa supplied senators with wealth, unique chances for military honors, and opportunities to initiate their sons in traditional martial culture.
The Reputation of L. Munatius Plancus and the Idea of “Serving the Times”
Authors: Mitchell Hannah 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The evaluation of the career of L. Munatius Plancus has been inextricably bound up with the idea of “serving the times”—a phrase which Cicero once used in reference to him. But was survival through various political vicissitudes the chief virtue or achievement of Plancus? Did he see it that way? By putting Plancus back at the center of his own story, this chapter explores how his reputation was constructed in a complex process of competition and in-fighting with his contemporaries, as his peers critiqued his actions and he tried to defend and glorify them. Unpacking Plancus’ negative reputation ultimately proves to be an important part of reconstructing not only his career, but also the political discourse of the period.