bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The introduction explains how a study of the volatile inter-German border can afford us fresh perspectives on the history of the “old” Federal Republic. It makes the case for why the Iron Curtain should not only be explored as part of East German and Eastern European history, as is frequently done, but also be interrogated for its tangible consequences for West Germany as well. Addressing current scholarship, the introduction argues that as a historiographical subject, the inter-German border is finally moving out of the shadow of the better known Berlin Wall.
The Making of the West German Borderlands, 1945–1955
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the economic consequences of the early inter-German border and introduces the economic heterogeneity of the borderlands through snapshots of four localities along the demarcation line. As the tightening demarcation made itself felt, a coalition of borderland advocates pressured the federal government to help prevent their regions from turning into economic backwaters. These lobbying efforts revealed that borderland residents cared less about living in the shadow of the Iron Curtain than about living in the shadow of the “economic miracle” to their west. In their pitch for state aid, borderland advocates declared their regions to be economically, socially, and politically more vulnerable as a result of the Cold War than regions that had “merely” been damaged by the recent war. Their efforts yielded the “zonal borderland aid” program that soon became an integral part of the border regions’ economic and cultural life.
Closing the Nuclear Fuel Cycle at Gorleben?
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In 1977, the village of Gorleben in the border county of Lüchow-Dannenberg was nominated as the potential site of a nuclear waste reprocessing and storage facility. This chapter argues that the presence of the Iron Curtain shaped and magnified every aspect of the ensuing siting controversy. In view of discursive patterns conceived in the 1950s that framed the border regions as areas in need of industrial development, Gorleben’s borderland location precipitated its nomination. The siting decision endowed county officials with leverage over the federal government, a newfound power they exercised along the lines of the well-established borderland lobby work. The immediate proximity of Gorleben to the inter-German border also drew the GDR into the siting dispute. Gorleben turned the periphery into the center of the longest-lasting anti-nuclear protest in the Federal Republic and changed its energy future, albeit not in ways that proponents of nuclear energy imagined in the 1970s and 1980s.
Prologue—Setting the Stage
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The prologue provides historical context for the book, detailing, for example, how adoption has changed over time, particularly with regard to structural openness (i.e., contact between birth and adoptive families) and communicative openness in adoption (i.e., how parents talk about adoption), two key concepts in the book. In addition to changes in openness, other major societal shifts have occurred over the past several decades that impact and intersect with adoption: namely, the rise in gay parenthood and the rise and expansion of the Internet in society. The prologue also introduces the research participants who were interviewed for the book: namely, lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples who adopted through private domestic adoption or foster care, and who were interviewed at various points from preadoption to 8 years after they adopted. The prologue also addresses the major theoretical perspectives (family systems, life course, developmental) that frame the book.
“Meeting the Reality of Our Situation”
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the “matching” process between birth and adoptive parents, as well as the adoptive placement process and its immediate aftermath. It addresses the reasons that adoptive parents are typically selected by expectant parents—or agencies, when birth parents do not wish to make the decision. It also explores parents’ accounts of their initial meetings with the birth parents, as well as the varied circumstances that surrounded the placement of children (e.g., expectant parents’ financial difficulties or emotional instability). The chapter also addresses initial patterns of openness and contact between birth and adoptive families, alongside a discussion of how adoptive parents’ expectations surrounding openness may be unmet in ways that may be frustrating, challenging, or ultimately rewarding.
Imagining and Enacting Birth Family Contact Over Time
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter draws from interview data at multiple phases of the family life cycle (preadoption, 3 months postadoption, 5 years postadoption, and 8 years postadoption) to describe the diverse patterns of adoptive–birth family relationships that unfolded, from the perspective of parents who pursued private domestic adoptions. The chapter addresses the intersecting dimensions of structural and communicative openness, with attention to how they change over time. It outlines a typology of contact dynamics over time, such that couples were classified as embodying one of these patterns: (a) low enthusiasm for openness maintained, little contact; (b) increasing enthusiasm for openness, some contact; (c) increasing enthusiasm for openness, little contact; (d) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, some contact; (e) high enthusiasm for openness maintained, no contact; (f) decreasing enthusiasm for openness amid boundary challenges, contact terminated or reduced; and (g) enthusiasm for openness maintained amid boundary challenges, contact maintained.
Navigating Openness and Contact in Child Welfare Adoptions
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some children who are adopted via foster care have contact with their birth families (e.g., birth siblings), yet little research has addressed this. This chapter addresses the experiences of families who adopted their children through foster care, with attention to adoptive parents’ feelings and patterns regarding birth family contact. As this chapter details, many families involved in child welfare adoptions had complex feelings about openness. Some families had significant concerns that mitigated their willingness to pursue contact. Others were opposed to birth parent contact but, to varying degrees, were willing to pursue birth sibling contact. In some cases, contact was initiated but then halted temporarily or permanently because of the perceived risks and drawbacks associated with such contact. Yet amid a lack of contact, families often remained communicatively open with their children, and some did not rule out contact in the future.
Adoption Talk
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces how parents communicate about adoption with their children over time, with attention to how children’s developmental stage reflects and impacts parents’ approach to talking about adoption—and the topic of families more generally and the topic of race specifically. Many parents described an awareness of and commitment to communicative openness. However, not all parents believed that it was necessary to talk about adoption—possibly reflecting a desire to avoid talking about difference (Kirk, 1964) and their own concerns about the consequences of doing so. Among the themes discussed include adoption talk at various stages, the role of the child in shaping the nature of adoption talk, and the possibility for difficult but honest questions and conversations to unfold over time.
Childbearing in Colonial America
Authors: Freidenfelds Lara 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Colonial American women experienced pregnancy in an era when life was always uncertain, the faithful were expected to trust God and submit to fate, and women were celebrated and respected for the bounty of their wombs. Childbearing could be exhausting and difficult, but children came when they came, and the process was largely regarded as inevitable and simply part of the natural and religious order of things. Early and abrupt endings, too, were part of the God-given order. Pregnancies came frequently and were regarded as tenuous until late in gestation. In an era when families frequently lost infants and children to infectious disease, early pregnancy losses received little attention.
Seeing the Baby
Authors: Freidenfelds Lara 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Since the 1970s, Americans have developed a ritual around obstetric ultrasound, in which expectant parents get to “see the baby” and bond with their expected child while the sonographer conducts a medical check-up as a component of routine prenatal care. This ritual initially emerged in the context of a scan at eighteen to twenty weeks of gestation, when pregnancies are mostly secure. In recent years, this ritual has begun to be performed at an earlier eight-week scan in many pregnancies. This means that many women discover an unviable pregnancy at a moment when they expect a bonding ritual, and miscarriages are made more poignant and difficult.
Uncertainty
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Scientific knowledge is the most solid and robust kind of knowledge that humans have because of its inherent self-correcting character. Nevertheless, anti-evolutionists, climate denialists, and anti-vaxxers, among others, question some of the best-established scientific findings, making claims unsupported by empirical evidence. A common aspect of these claims is reference to the uncertainties of science concerning evolution, climate change, vaccination, and so on. This is inaccurate: whereas the broad picture is clear, there will always exist uncertainties about the details of the respective phenomena. This book shows that uncertainty is an inherent feature of science that does not devalue it. In contrast, uncertainty advances science because it motivates further research. This is the first book on this topic that draws on philosophy of science to explain what uncertainty in science is and how it makes science advance. It contrasts evolution, climate change, and vaccination, where the uncertainties are exaggerated, and genetic testing and forensic science, where the uncertainties are usually overlooked. The goal is to discuss the scientific, psychological, and philosophical aspects of uncertainty in order to explain what it really is, what kinds of problems it actually poses, and why in the end it makes science advance. Contrary to public representations of scientific findings and conclusions that produce an intuitive but distorted view of science as certain, people need to understand and learn to live with uncertainty in science. This book is intended for anyone who wants to get a clear view of the nature of science.
Rebuilding Romulus’ Senate
Authors: Pettinger Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In 18 bce the ancient procedure for revising Senate membership, the lectio senatus, was radically changed. Thirty specially chosen senators were to nominate five individuals, with one of the five chosen by lot to become a senator; these thirty would in turn nominate five individuals. In this way, a Senate of perhaps 850 was to be reduced to its ancient size of 300. But a Senate of 300 never emerged, with 600 eventually chosen by Augustus himself amid acrimony and threats. Moreover, Augustus, trumped by Antistius Labeo’s legal auctoritas, was unable to exclude his rival Lepidus from the new Senate. By examining the lectio process and seeking to recover the legal minds behind it, this chapter shows that in 18 bce Augustus’ hold of the res publica was not absolute, and that others, who did not know the future, had something meaningful to say about the shape of their political life.
C. Asinius Pollio and the Politics of Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Allen Joel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the activities of Gaius Asinius Pollio in building a cosmopolitan, intellectual community in Rome in the course of the late 40s and 30s bce. Pollio’s reimagination of the Atrium Libertatis as a museum and center of research and performance served to elide cultural and imperial concerns. The institution effectively forged a network of high-profile scholars and students from the Hellenistic East, with Pollio as their patron. These included the reactionary historian Timagenes of Alexandria and the heirs of kingdoms in Judaea and North Africa. Such endeavors were inherently political in nature and constituted an ambitious assertion of primacy at a time when no forerunning princeps yet existed—a phenomenon reflected in Vergil’s evocation of Pollio in the Fourth Eclogue.
The Rise of the Centumviral Court in the Augustan Age
Authors: Roller Matthew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Scholars rightly hold that the restoration of social and political order under Augustus involved restricting certain long-standing arenas of aristocratic competition. Less well known is that aristocrats generated new arenas of competition to fill the lacuna. This chapter examines the centumviral court, a civil court with jurisdiction over wills and succession matters. Virtually invisible in Cicero’s day, when the criminal courts reigned supreme, it emerged in the Augustan age as an important venue for aristocratic competition. This rise in status can be attributed to its continuing to offer large juries and large crowds (assisted by its installation in the refurbished Basilica Julia) even as the criminal courts lost prominence. Other new arenas for competitive eloquence (declamation, recitation, forensic oratory before the Senate or emperor) involved smaller, select audiences. The centumviral court therefore became ever more attractive to aristocratic orators aspiring to public visibility in the early principate.
The Counterculture Comics versus the Hate Clubs of the Air
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes what is referred to as the first generation of American irony and outrage of the 1960s: the radical counterculture comedy of the 1960s versus conservative talk radio programming. While conservative voices on limited-circulation radio stations around the country were railing against the United Nations and a liberal United States Supreme Court, liberal activists in New York and San Francisco were producing a very different kind of political information that was antiwar, antisegregation, and anti–status quo: ironic social and political satire in smoky underground comedy clubs and coffeehouses. The chapter provides historical details about conservative radio shows hosted by people like Clarence Manion and Dan Smoot, and contrasts these shows’ voice and approach with that of radical satirists of that same era, particularly that of the improvisational political comedy theatre company The Committee, including insights from interviews with members of the group.
Irony and Outrage
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s main arguments: that irony and outrage are the logical extensions of the psychology of liberalism and conservatism; that the two genres have parallel histories and serve similar political functions for their audiences. It also argues that satire and outrage are not the same. They look, feel, and sound different due to the distinct needs and psychological and physiological profiles of their creators and audiences. The book concludes with a proposition that the distinct psychological profiles of the left and right are equally necessary for a functioning democratic society. However, it highlights how the symbiosis between outrage programming and the psychology of the right makes conservative outrage a fruitful mechanism for elite propaganda and mobilization—in a way that satire simply is not. If outrage is a well-trained attack dog that operates on command, satire is a raccoon—hard to domesticate and capable of turning on anyone at any time.
Thinking Outside the Voice Box
Authors: Sweet Bridget 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thinking Outside the Voice Box: Adolescent Voice Change in Music Education is different from other books on voice change in that it encourages new and holistic ways of thinking about the female and male adolescent changing voice. It gives choral music educators (or anyone interested in the changing voice) the opportunity to step away from typical considerations of voice change and explore the experience within the bigger picture of adolescence. Female and male adolescent voice change are addressed at length, but special efforts have been made to bring new attention to female voice change to boost considerations of females in choral music education. Holistic considerations encompass the importance of understanding physical development during adolescence, including the body, brain, and auditory system; vocal anatomy and physiology in general, as well as during male and female voice change; the impact of hormones on the adolescent voice, especially for female singers; ideas of resolve and perseverance that are essential to adolescent navigation of voice change; and exploration of portrayals of voice change that have contributed to a situated reality not based in fact, but accepted in pop culture. Choral educators are also given a larger scope of voice classification systems and other foundational ideas in choral music education through examination of some of the most eminent works in the profession. Emerging considerations of adolescent voice change beyond classification systems provide new food for thought about working with the adolescent changing voice.
Remixing Brazil
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The success of Brazilian music in a climate of increasing inattention and overstimulation altered the image and brand of Brazil in the global marketplace in the early twenty-first century. This chapter focuses on the contrasting examples of Bebel Gilberto and Seu Jorge, and how they approached their careers in Brazil and abroad. Both artists found their most enduring success through new distribution and licensing channels that privileged cut-up and remixed Brazilian music with clear references to iconic images of a Brazilian past in the international imaginary, especially bossa nova of the 1960s. The strategy of licensing recordings to accompany other forms of consumption is shown to have exaggerated the challenges of musically representing Brazil to an increasingly connected and sensorily crowded world.
The Political Saturation of Social Space
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins to develop the book’s diagnostic argument. Overdoing democracy is partly the result of a widespread social phenomenon identified as the political saturation of social space. Politics has permeated our lives enough to guide where we shop, what we wear, even what we drink (Starbucks latte versus Dunkin’ Donuts coffee). Our social spaces are increasingly sorted and segregated according to our political allegiances, while our political allegiances are increasingly constitutive of our broader social identities. The result is that we are more than ever enacting democratic citizenship, but almost always under conditions that are themselves politically homogeneous. Until citizens are open to each other’s arguments, we cannot plausibly see democratic political rule as consistent with each citizens’ status as an equal, and thus more than merely the tyranny of the majority.
The Problem of Polarization
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter completes the diagnostic argument by showing how the political saturation of social space contributes to our vulnerability to belief polarization. Belief polarization is the phenomenon by which like-minded individuals transform into more extreme versions of themselves in the wake of group interactions. It is argued that as the belief polarization effect can be prompted by mere corroboration of one’s views (rather than by face-to-face group discussion), politically saturated social environments can generate within us extremity shifts simply in the course of everyday activities. The belief polarization phenomenon initiates a broader polarization dynamic that dissolves citizens’ democratic capacities.
Stepping Forward, Standing Strong
Authors: Enrile Annalisa , Mendoza Dorotea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The term human rights defenders was coined after the ratification of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights in 1998. The term encompasses those who identify and act as advocates, activists, professionals, and workers; those who monitor and take reports; and others who work in the human rights arena. The point of unity that all human rights defenders share is that they seek to promote and protect basic civil rights. They may do this in multiple capacities, including providing legal aid, mental health services, casework, and general protection such as providing shelter or security. The work of human rights defenders is difficult and dangerous. In 2017, more than 300 human rights defenders were killed. The Philippines has a history of violations in the spheres of labor, politics, and gender rights. In 2017, there were human rights violations in the form of more than 350,000 displaced persons, more than 4,000 extrajudicial killings, overpopulated prisons, and the trafficking of thousands of women and children. The most effective way to address these violations is through transnational organizing and movement building, cultivating international alliances of women who fight abuses against human rights defenders. These organizations and coalitions operate beyond borders and create change through engagement.
The Strategic Use of Women’s Representation in Hybrid Regimes
Authors: Valdini Melody E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the context of hybrid regimes and argues that the incentive to mimic democracies in this regime type triggers governments to increase the legislative representation of women, particularly when the state is removing civil rights. That is, because of the stereotype that women are naturally more honest, cooperative, and democratic, women’s descriptive representation is strategically manipulated to signal a commitment to these ideals. This theory is tested through a cross-sectional, time-series model of election results of 27 countries over 16 years, which offers evidence that increases in women’s legislative presence in hybrid regimes correlates with a loss of civil rights. Two case studies are also presented, from Ethiopia and Bangladesh, two hybrid regimes that experienced a dramatic reduction in civil rights while simultaneously adopting gender quotas and increasing the presence of women in politics.
Looking to the Future
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of whether or not nonliving systems can acquire consciousness. It explores contemporary advances in technology, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence. The chapter also considers whether or not consciousness can be performed if inorganic matter replaced the components with which organisms experience consciousness. These and similar questions on nonhuman intelligence and consciousness are fleshed out with scenarios and thought experiments proposed throughout the 20th century, such as John Searle’s Chinese room argument and the archangel paradigm proposed by C. D. Broad. The chapter concludes with reflections on the human being’s inability to truly experience consciousness in the same way as nonhumans.