bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Camouflage in predators
Authors: Pembury Smith Matilda Q. R. , Ruxton Graeme D. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTCamouflage – adaptations that prevent detection and/or recognition – is a key example of evolution by natural selection, making it a primary focus in evolutionary ecology and animal behaviour. Most work has focused on camouflage as an anti‐predator adaptation. However, predators also display specific colours, patterns and behaviours that reduce visual detection or recognition to facilitate predation. To date, very little attention has been given to predatory camouflage strategies. Although many of the same principles of camouflage studied in prey translate to predators, differences between the two groups (in motility, relative size, and control over the time and place of predation attempts) may alter selection pressures for certain visual and behavioural traits. This makes many predatory camouflage techniques unique and rarely documented. Recently, new technologies have emerged that provide a greater opportunity to carry out research on natural predator–prey interactions. Here we review work on the camouflage strategies used by pursuit and ambush predators to evade detection and recognition by prey, as well as looking at how work on prey camouflage can be applied to predators in order to understand how and why specific predatory camouflage strategies may have evolved. We highlight that a shift is needed in camouflage research focus, as this field has comparatively neglected camouflage in predators, and offer suggestions for future work that would help to improve our understanding of camouflage.
Parental perceptions of paediatric rehabilitation services using the Malay Measure of Processes of Care
Authors: Tew Siew Peng , Ahmad Fauzi Aishah 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeurodevelopmental disabilities are amongst the main conditions encountered in our paediatric rehabilitation centre. To identify the necessary actions to achieve family‐centred care in the tertiary healthcare division, we explored the perceptions of parents on the paediatric rehabilitation services received by their children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.MethodA cross‐sectional study involving 200 parents of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities aged 1–18 years was carried out. The Malay version of the Measure of Process of Care (MPOC‐20) questionnaire was used to measure the perceptions of parents on the services. Descriptive statistical analysis was done to describe the mean score of each MPOC‐20 scale. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to examine the associations between the characteristics of parents and children as well as the sociodemographic and environmental factors with the MPOC‐20 scales.ResultsThe mean score of the MPOC‐20 scales ranged from 4.50 to 5.65 (SD 0.93–1.51). Amongst the MPOC‐20 scales, parents ranked enabling, having good partnership and being comprehensive (EP) the highest, whereas the provision of specific information (PS) received the lowest score. Amongst all the MPOC‐20 scales, significant differences were shown in parent's employment, between children's age groups and between ethnic groups.ConclusionsThe Malay MPOC‐20 is a validated tool that can be used in evaluation of services among the Malay‐speaking community, and therefore, it is recommended for our clinical use to improve family‐centred practice in paediatric rehabilitation.
Allele HLA‐DQB1*06 reduces fibrosis score in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Tan Hwa‐Li , Zain Shamsul Mohd , Eng Hooi‐Sian , Mohamed Zahurin , Mahadeva Sanjiv , Chan Wah‐Kheong , Lau Peng‐Choong , Basu Roma Choudhury , Mohamed Rosmawati 
Published: May 2020

AimHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) regions were highlighted as important genetic markers for various liver diseases by hepatology‐related genome‐wide association studies. Replication studies in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are limited and none has investigated the association of HLA alleles with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other histological characteristics. In the current study, we examined the association of HLA‐DQA1 and HLA‐DQB1 alleles with NAFLD spectrum and its histological characteristics.MethodsConsecutive biopsy‐proven NAFLD patients (n = 191) and healthy controls (n = 188) were enrolled and genotyped for HLA‐DQA1 and HLA‐DQB1 alleles using the sequence‐specific oligonucleotide–polymerase chain reaction method.ResultsNo association was found between the HLA alleles and NAFLD or NASH in a case–control setting. Nevertheless, among NAFLD patients, the frequency of HLA‐DQB1*06 allele was significantly the lowest in NASH with significant fibrosis (10.4%) and approximately similar for NASH without significant fibrosis (22.9%) and NAFL (22.5%) (P = 0.004). It is noteworthy that the association remains significant after correction for multiple comparisons (Pc = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that HLA‐DQB1*06 allele is also associated with fibrosis score (P = 0.001); the result remains significant after correction for multiple comparisons.ConclusionThese findings suggest that HLA‐DQB1*06 is associated with lower fibrosis score in NAFLD patients.
Surveillance of medically‐attended influenza in elderly patients from Romania—data from three consecutive influenza seasons (2015/16, 2016/17, and 2017/18)
Authors: Pițigoi Daniela , Streinu‐Cercel Anca , Ivanciuc Alina Elena , Lazãr Mihaela , Cherciu Carmen Maria , Mihai Maria Elena , Nițescu Maria , Aramă Victoria , Crăciun Maria Dorina , Streinu‐Cercel Adrian , Săndulescu Oana 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundInfluenza is an acute infection affecting all age groups; however, elderly patients are at an increased risk. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics and the circulation of influenza virus types in elderly patients admitted for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) to a tertiary care hospital in Bucharest, Romania, part of the I‐MOVE+ hospital network.MethodsWe conducted an active surveillance study at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr Matei Balș,” Bucharest, Romania, during three consecutive influenza seasons: 2015/16, 2016/17, and 2017/18. All patients aged 65 and older admitted to our hospital for SARI were tested for influenza by PCR.ResultsA total of 349 eligible patients were tested during the study period, and 149 (42.7%) were confirmed with influenza. Most patients, 321 (92.5%) presented at least one underlying condition at the time of hospital admission, the most frequent being cardiovascular disease, 270 (78.3%). The main influenza viral subtype circulating in 2015/16 was A(H1N1)pdm09, followed by A(H3N2) in 2016/17 and B influenza in 2017/18. Case fatality was highest in the 2015/16 season (3.7%), 0% in 2016/17, and 1.0% in 2017/18. Vaccination coverage in elderly patients with SARI from our study population was 22 (6.3%) over the three seasons.ConclusionsOur study has highlighted a high burden of comorbidities in elderly patients presenting with SARI during winter season in Romania. The influenza vaccine coverage rate needs to be substantially increased in the elderly population, through targeted interventions.
Noradrenergic uptake in the liver on 123I‐mIBG imaging: Influence of heart failure and diabetes
Authors: Jacobson Arnold F , Matsuoka Dale T 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground and AimImaging noradrenergic uptake in the liver with norepinephrine analog 123I‐meta‐iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) was explored in normal controls and patients with heart failure (HF).MethodsA total of 961 HF (343 with diabetes mellitus [DM]) and 94 control subjects underwent anterior planar mIBG images including upper abdomen at 15 min (early) and 3 h 50 min (late) post‐injection. Decay‐corrected liver activity normalized to injected activity and body surface area (counts/pixel [cpp]/MBq/m2) was compared in three groups: HF with DM; HF without DM; and controls. Associations with plasma norepinephrine, liver function tests, and level of cardiac innervation were explored.ResultsIn controls, liver mIBG activity decreased over time (early: 2.78 vs late: 2.43 cpp/MBq/m2, P < 0.0001); in HF subjects, activity increased during this interval (HF without DM: 2.85 vs 2.93 [P = 0.005]; HF with DM: 2.37 vs 2.43 [P = 0.054]). Early liver activity was lower in HF with DM subjects than in the other groups (P < 0.001); late liver activity was higher in HF without DM than in the other two groups (P < 0.01). Subjects with elevated plasma norepinephrine (> 520 pg/mL) or ≥ 1 abnormal liver function test had lower early and late liver activity. In subjects with preserved cardiac mIBG uptake, HF subjects had higher and control subjects lower liver activity than comparable subjects with decreased cardiac innervation.ConclusionsIn HF subjects, liver mIBG activity increased over time, reversing the normal washout pattern, suggesting a compensatory change in sympathetic nerve function. DM, abnormal liver function tests, and decreased cardiac innervation were associated with decreased liver mIBG uptake in HF.
Leukemic histiocytic sarcoma in a captive common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with Saimiriine Gammaherpesvirus 2 (Rhadinovirus), Saimiri sciureus lymphocryptovirus 2 (Lymphocryptovirus) and Squirrel monkey retrovirus (β‐Retrovirus) coinfection
Authors: Buchanan Ann , Díaz‐Delgado Josué , Balamayooran Gaya , Anguiano Maritza , Groch Kátia , Krol Lana 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHematopoietic neoplasia other than lymphoma and leukemia is uncommon among non‐human primates. Herein, we provide the first evidence of occurrence of leukemic histiocytic sarcoma in a captive common squirrel monkey with Saimiriine Gammaherpesvirus 2 (Rhadinovirus), Saimiri sciureus lymphocryptovirus 2 (Lymphocryptovirus), and Squirrel monkey retrovirus (β‐Retrovirus) coinfection.
Mind and body: Psychophysiological profiles of instructional and motivational self‐talk
Authors: Bellomo Eduardo , Cooke Andrew , Gallicchio Germano , Ring Christopher , Hardy James 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSelf‐talk is a psychological skill that benefits motor performance by controlling and organizing performers’ thoughts. While the behavioral effects of self‐talk are clear, research on the mechanisms underpinning the effects of different modes of self‐talk is sparse. To address this issue, we propose and test a psychophysiological model of the effects of self‐talk on motor performance. Forty golf novices practiced a golf putting task while using either instructional or motivational self‐talk preceding each putt. We measured performance (radial error), technique (club kinematics and muscle activity), cardiac activity (heart‐rate and event‐related heart‐rate change), as well as electroencephalographic alpha power and connectivity in a randomized (group: instructional self‐talk, motivational self‐talk) experimental design. Instructional self‐talk promoted superior technique and was associated with greater parietal alpha power and weaker connectivity between frontal and parietal electrodes and all other scalp sites, possibly indicative of increased top‐down control of action. These findings provide initial evidence for an information‐processing mechanism underlying the benefits of instructional self‐talk. They also cast doubt on the validity of left‐frontotemporal connectivity as a measure of verbal‐analytic processing during motor tasks. Motivational self‐talk led to increased heart‐rate and reduced event‐related heart rate variability, suggesting an effort‐based mechanism to explain the benefits of motivational self‐talk. Our study represents the most complete multi‐measure investigation of self‐talk to date. We hope that our psychophysiological model of self‐talk will encourage researchers to move beyond the exclusive reliance on behavioral and self‐report measures to discover the mechanisms underlying the benefits of self‐talk for performance.
Electrophysiological correlates of attentional selection in tactile search tasks: The impact of singleton distractors on target selection
Authors: Mena Carlos I. , Lang Kadi , Gherri Elena 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecent event‐related potential (ERP) studies have suggested that the N140cc component reflects target selection mechanisms in tactile search tasks in which the target is presented simultaneously with homogeneous distractors. To investigate if and how the attentional selection of the tactile target is affected by the presence of a singleton distractor, we presented a four‐item search array (two stimuli to the middle and index fingers of the left and right hand) which included a singleton distractor in addition to the target and two other homogenous distractors. Participants had to localize the target (top or bottom finger on either hand), while ignoring all distractors. Behavioral results revealed that the target localization was hindered by the presence of the singleton distractor as demonstrated by distractor‐presence costs for both speed and accuracy. ERP results confirmed that attention was directed to the singleton distractor when this was the only singleton item in the array as suggested by the presence of a distractor‐related N140cc component on distractor only trials. Furthermore, when target and singleton distractor were presented to opposite hands (contralateral distractor trials) the target‐related N140cc amplitude was reduced as compared to target only trials, suggesting reduced attentional resources to the target. However, when target and singleton distractor were presented to the same hand (ipsilateral distractor trials), the N140cc amplitude was comparable to that observed on target only trials. These findings suggest that the N140cc reflects the attentional selection of the target side rather than the competition between stimuli presented to the same hand.
Events, processes, and the time of a killing
Authors: Levy Yair 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe paper proposes a novel solution to the problem of the time of a killing (ToK), which persistently besets theories of act‐individuation. The solution proposed claims to expose a crucial wrong‐headed assumption in the debate, according to which ToK is essentially a problem of locating some event that corresponds to the killing. The alternative proposal put forward here turns on recognizing a separate category of dynamic occurrents, viz. processes. The paper does not aim to mount a comprehensive defence of process ontology, relying instead on extant defences. The primary aim is rather to put process ontology to work in diagnosing the current state of play over ToK, and indeed in solving it.
'I know his needs better than my own' – carers’ support needs when caring for a person with dementia
Authors: Clemmensen Trine Holt , Lauridsen Henrik Hein , Andersen‐Ranberg Karen , Kristensen Hanne Kaae 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundCaring for a person with dementia predisposes informal carers (carers) to mental and physical disability. Carers tend to focus on the needs of the person with dementia and have difficulties expressing their own needs for support. No instrument has yet been developed to directly assess carers’ support needs. The aim of this study is to clarify the main categories of carers’ support needs to inform future development of an instrument to assess carers’ support needs.MethodsA qualitative approach combining focus group interviews with carers and professionals and individual interviews were used.ResultsCarers’ support needs were categorised into four areas: (i) daily life when caring for a person with dementia, (ii) focus on themselves, (iii) maintain own well‐being, and (iv) communicate and interact with surroundings.DiscussionCarers have support needs in common regardless of the relation to the person with dementia. Carers tend to focus on the needs of the person with dementia, thus not knowing their own needs. The four main categories clarified in this study may inform the foundation of developing an instrument to facilitate dialogue between carers and professionals with the purpose of assessing carers’ support needs.
Lipidomic and transcriptomic profiling of developing nodules reveals the essential roles of active glycolysis and fatty acid and membrane lipid biosynthesis in soybean nodulation
Authors: Zhang Gaoyang , Ahmad Muhammad Z. , Chen Beibei , Manan Sehrish , Zhang Yuliang , Jin Huanan , Wang Xuemin , Zhao Jian 
Published: May 2020

SummarySymbiotic rhizobia‐legume interactions are energy‐demanding processes, and the carbon supply from host cells that is critically required for nodulation and nitrogen fixation is not fully understood. Investigation of the lipidomic and carbohydrate profiles with the transcriptome of developing nodules revealed highly activated glycolysis, fatty acid (FA), 2‐monoacylglycerol (2‐MAG), and membrane lipid biosynthesis and transport during nodule development. RNA‐sequence profiling of metabolic genes in roots and developing nodules highlighted the enhanced expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of FAs, membrane lipids, and 2‐MAG in rhizobia‐soybean symbioses via the RAML‐WRI‐FatM‐GPAT‐STRL pathway, which is similar to that in legume‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis. The essential roles of the metabolic pathway during soybean nodulation were further supported by analysis of transgenic hairy roots overexpressing soybean GmWRI1b‐OE and GmLEC2a‐OE. GmLEC2a‐OE hairy roots produced fewer nodules, in contrast to GmWRI1b‐OE hairy roots. GmLEC2a‐OE hairy roots displayed different or even opposite expression patterns of the genes involved in glycolysis and the synthesis of FAs, 2‐MAG, TAG, and membrane lipids compared to GmWRI1b‐OE hairy roots. Glycolysis, FA and membrane lipid biosynthesis were repressed in GmLEC2a‐OE but increased in GmWRI1b‐OE hairy roots, which may account for the reduced nodulation in GmLEC2a‐OE hairy roots but increased nodulation in GmWRI1b‐OE hairy roots. These data show that active FA, 2‐MAG and membrane lipid biosynthesis are essential for nodulation and rhizobia‐soybean symbioses. These data shed light on essential and complex lipid metabolism for soybean nodulation and nodule development, laying the foundation for the future detailed investigation of soybean nodulation.
Resuscitation outcomes for weekend deliveries of very low birthweight infants
Authors: Carter Emily Hawkins , Lee Henry C , Lapcharoensap Wannasiri , Snowden Jonathan M 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveTo characterise the association between weekend (Saturday and Sunday) deliveries of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants and delivery room outcomes in the ‘golden hour’ after birth.Design and settingA retrospective cohort study using California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative data from participating neonatal intensive care units.PatientsThe study population after exclusions was 26 515 VLBW infants born in California from 2010 to 2016.Main outcome measuresDelivery room outcomes assessed included: chest compressions, epinephrine, intubation prior to continuous positive airway pressure ventilation, 5 min Apgar <4, admission hypothermia and death within 12 hours. To adjust for potential confounders, we fit multivariate regression models controlling for two sets of infant, maternal and hospital characteristics.ResultsInfants delivered on weekends were less likely to have been prenatally diagnosed with intrauterine growth restriction but were otherwise not significantly different in gestational age, ethnicity, sex or maternal risk factors than those born during weekdays. Caesarean deliveries were less common on weekends, while vaginal deliveries were consistent across all days. After adjusting for sex and race, weekend delivery was associated with delivery room chest compressions (OR: 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24) and lower 5 min Apgar (OR: 1.11, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.21).ConclusionIn this population-based study of VLBW infants, there was an increase in chest compressions for infants born on the weekend. More research is needed on the differences between populations born on weekdays versus weekends, and how these may contribute to observed associations.
Contraceptive usage in homeless women accessing a dedicated primary care service in Scotland, UK: a case note review
Authors: Hawkins Katie Eirian , Montague-Johnstone Eliza 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundOf the 70 000 people experiencing homelessness in Scotland, at least 40% are women. Little is known about their contraceptive usage. Most pregnancies in homelessness are unintended and children are usually looked after in the care system.MethodsA case note review of women’s current contraceptive usage in a primary care service serving women experiencing homelessness in Edinburgh, Scotland. The service electronic database was searched for keywords relating to contraception to determine current usage, but also reproductive health, wider demographics and previous pregnancies.ResultsOf 174 women (16–55 years), 75 (43%) were recorded as using a contraceptive method. 49 (28%) were using long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), most of which was the contraceptive implant. However, 6/41 (15%) of the most effective LARC (intrauterine contraception and implant) was being used beyond its’ expiry date. 34 (20%) had no mention of contraceptive use in their medical record and 32 (19%) were not using contraception despite being sexually active. 6 (3%) had been hysterectomised/female sterilisation. 26 (15%) were not sexually active. 179 of the 233 (77%) children mentioned in women’s electronic records were recorded as being looked after out with their care. 138/174 (79%) had current/previous drug or alcohol misuse. 100/174 (57%) had a history of domestic violence or abuse. 22/174 (13%) were involved/had been involved in sex work.ConclusionsPrimary care services need to give greater attention to the contraceptive needs of homeless women to empower them to become pregnant when the time is right for them and prevent the consequences of unintended pregnancy and homelessness.