bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Phased Approach to Predict Acid Production from Porphyry Copper-Gold Waste Rock in an Arid Montane Environment
Authors: Filipek L.H. , VanWyngarden T.J. , Papp C.S.E. , Curry J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Acid rock drainage (ARD) is a solution of sulfuric acid and iron sulfate, formed mainly by the exposure of pyrite to oxygen and water. ARD typically has high concentrations of other heavy metals that are toxic to wildlife and is the single most significant environmental problem associated with mining of ore deposits containing sulfide minerals. Understanding the processes that produce ARD and developing accurate methods to predict and prevent it are therefore key to environmentally conscious mining of such deposits.
The chemical reactions involved in pyrite oxidation are discussed in detail by Nordstrom and Alpers (1999). Several factors affect the kinetics of pyrite oxidation and, thus, the formation of ARD. They include the rate of transportation of oxidant (oxygen or iron (III)) to the surface of the pyrite grain; the chemistry of any solution in contact with the pyrite; the presence of oxidizing bacteria; the morphology, crystallinity, and trace-element content of the pyrite; and the mineralogy of neighboring grains. Once pyrite has been oxidized, reaction with calcium and magnesium carbonates or with rapidly weathering basic silicates can neutralize the acid produced. The interplay of the factors that control the oxidation and neutralization processes ultimately determines whether ARD will occur.
Seasonal Variation in Metal Concentrations in a Stream Affected by Acid Mine Drainage, St. Kevin Gulch, Colorado
Authors: Kimball B.A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Mining of mineral deposits in the Rocky Mountains has left a legacy of acidic inflows to otherwise pristine upland watersheds. Since 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey has studied physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the transport and transformation of metals in St. Kevin Gulch, an acidic, metal-rich stream near Leadville, Colorado. Well-known chemical processes have been quantified in the context of on-going physical transport by defining the hydrology with instream tracer-dilution experiments. These processes affect the partitioning of metals between dissolved and colloidal transport phases. In this acidic stream, pH increases during snowmelt runoff. At the most acidic stream site, pH varies from 3.15 to 4.00 during seasonal changes. Conservative effects of dilution are quantified using manganese as a natural, conservative tracer. Aluminum, copper, and zinc also are relatively conservative throughout the seasonal changes. Sulfate and iron, on the other hand, are removed with respect to manganese. The loss of iron through precipitation of hydrous Fe oxide is consistent with thermodynamic calculations. The loss of sulfate, however, cannot be fully explained.
Uchucchacua
Authors: Petersen Ulrich , Mayta Oscar , Gamarra Luis , Vidal César E. , Sabastizagal Angel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Although known since at least 1897, Uchucchacua was first explored on a major scale by Compaúía de Minas Buenaventura since 1960. Narrow vein mining started in 1975, but orebodies discovered at depth enabled expansion to today’s 2,000-t/d operation, transforming “Chacua” into the largest primary silver producer in South America.
The ores occur in fractures and faults, as well as in pipes, irregular replacement bodies, and mantos hosted by Late Cretaceous limestone. Porphyritic dacite bodies are probably pre-, syn-, and postore. Most of the ore occurs in distal manganiferous exoskarn and limestone and is mineralogically diverse, consisting mostly of the following.
The grade of the ore mined varies between 16 and 20 oz/t Ag combined with about 10 percent Mn, 1.5 percent Zn, and 0.9 percent Pb. Between 75 and 80 percent of the reserves are high in silver and manganese, whereas about 7 percent contain high zinc and lead grades with only moderate silver and low manganese.
Logarithmic-grade graphs show very good positive linear correlations for zinc versus lead, moderate correlations for silver versus manganese, and arcuate correlation bands for silver or manganese versus zinc or lead. These relationships indicate that the outward zoning sequence is from lead-zinc to silver-manganese or vice versa. The corresponding longitudinal vein sections can generally be contoured unambiguously, showing that the bands of highest grades of lead and zinc coincide very well. The highest silver grades can be contoured convincingly as a band that is zoned outward and/or at a higher elevation than the lead and zinc bands. However, the manganese grades often require two high-grade bands: a main band that mostly coincides with the highest silver grades and a thinner upper band that may represent near-surface manganese enrichment.
Ore intervals in individual veins, pipes, and replacement bodies are up to 200 m in vertical extent. However, the elevations of these intervals change progressively, reflecting the overall geometry of the hydrothermal cell (or cells) responsible for the mineralization. In addition, postore faulting has displaced the ore intervals. As a result, ore has been found to date over a vertical interval of 600 m, between 4,730 and 4,040 m.
At surface, manganese oxide stains in the host limestone and limonite in fractures and faults indicate proximity to ore. Underground, multiple calcite veinlets constitute a guide to nearby orebodies. Geochemical anomalies of 60 to 80 ppm Ag have been documented up to 15 m from an orebody. By extrapolation, 10 ppm Ag anomalies may extend 25 m from ore, and 1 ppm Ag anomalies may attain 40 to 45 m. Ore continues to be found at depth as well as laterally and between known ore zones.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and the Built Environment
Authors: Kopec Dak , Marsh Kendall 
Published: February 2020

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) are often connected to the development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a degenerative brain disease commonly found in athletes, military veterans, and others that have a history of repetitive brain trauma. This formative exploratory study looked at person-centred design techniques for a person with CTE. The person-centred design method used for this study was based on a two-tiered reductionist approach; the first tier was to identify common symptoms and concerns associated with CTE from the literature. This information provided specific symptoms that were addressed through brainstorming ideations. Each singular ideation accommodated the singular, or small cluster of symptoms, that affected a person with CTE in a residential environment. This method of understanding a health condition through its symptoms, and then designing for those symptoms can extend the practice of interior design by providing probable solutions to specific health symptoms, thereby including designers into the healthcare team. Commonly identified behavioural and physical symptoms of CTE served as the factors of analysis and thus a variable of design. The health condition symptoms became the variables of design, and each symptom was assessed through additional data obtained from the literature for environmental causality, mitigation, or accommodation. Once the outcomes were determined, each design implication was assessed for its relationship to specific design actions.
Radiotherapy after mastectomy has significant survival benefits for inflammatory breast cancer: a SEER population-based retrospective study
Authors: Li Zhi-wen , Zhang Miao , Yang Yong-jing , Zhou Zi-jun , Liu Yan-ling , Li Hang , Bao Bo , Diao Jian-dong , Wang Dun-wei 
Published: February 2020

Objectives
The survival benefit of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) has not been fully proven in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC). Thus, in the present research, we aimed at elucidating the effects of PMRT on the survival of IBC patients.

Methods
Eligible patients were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) dataset between 2010 and 2013. The Kaplan-Meier method along with the log-rank test was utilized for the comparison of both the overall survival (OS) andthe cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients undergoing PMRT or not. Additionally, multivariate survival analysis of CSS and OS were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model.

Results
In total, 293 eligible cases were identified, with the median follow-up time of 27 months (range: 5–59 months). After propensity score matching (PSM), 188 patients (94 for each) were classified intothe No-PMRT and the PMRT group. Consequently, significantly higher OS rates were detected in the PMRT group compared with the No-PMRT group prior to PSM (P = 0.034), and significantly higher CSS (P = 0.013) and OS (P = 0.0063) rates were observed following PSM. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed thatPMRT [CSS (HR: 0.519, 95% CI [0.287–0.939], P = 0.030); OS (HR: 0.480, 95% CI [0.269–0.859], P = 0.013)], as well as Her2+/HR+ subtype, was independent favorable prognostic factors.Besides, black ethnicity, AJCC stage IV and triple-negative subtype were independent unfavorable prognostic factors. Further subgroup analysis revealed that most of the study population could benefit from PMRT, no matter OS or CSS.

Conclusions
Our findings support that PMRT could improve the survival of IBC patients.
Maternal Knowledge on Routine Childhood Immunization: A Community Based Cross-sectional Study in Rural Area of Mon State, Myanmar
Authors: Htike Aung Zaw , Aung San San Myint , Oo Win Myint 
Published: February 2020

Aims: To determine the knowledge on routine childhood immunization and the factors associated with it among mothers in rural area of Mon State, Myanmar during 2017.
Study Design: A community based cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Rural area of Mon State, Myanmar, between June and August 2017.
Methodology: We included 302 mothers who had 18 to 23 months old children using multistage random sampling. Face-to-face interview was applied in data collection. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were utilized in data analysis.
Results: More than three fourths of mothers (76.2%) had good knowledge level on routine childhood immunization. There was a significant association between maternal knowledge and immunization status of their children (p<0.001). Logistic regression showed that the husband’s occupation was significantly associated with maternal knowledge (p=0.02).
Conclusion: Majority of mothers have good knowledge on routine childhood immunization. However, health education campaign should be intensified to improve their knowledge level, especially among mothers whose husbands are blue-collar workers.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor undergoes importin‐α‐dependent nuclear localization in rat aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Zhang Xin , Fan Shaohua , Zhang Lihui , Shi Yawei 
Published: February 2020

Glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1R) belongs to the family B of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) and has antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Classical GLP‐1R at the plasma membrane undergoes desensitization and internalization and is recycled back to the plasma membrane under the control of GLP‐1 in islet β‐cells. However, the subcellular localization of GLP‐1R in the vascular system remains unclear. Here, we find that GLP‐1R is localized in the nucleus of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) and in the tunica media. We identify a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS; 412‐442aa) at the C‐terminal region of GLP‐1R. Nuclear import of GLP‐1R is mediated by an importin‐α‐dependent pathway and regulated by phosphorylation of Ser416 in the NLS. Upon leaving the nucleus, GLP‐1R promotes cell proliferation in RASMCs. These findings may provide insights into the cardiovascular functions of GLP‐1R.
Graphene Liquid Cells Assembled through Loop‐Assisted Transfer Method and Located with Correlated Light‐Electron Microscopy
Authors: van Deursen Pauline M. G. , Koning Roman I. , Tudor Viorica , Moradi Mohammad‐Amin , Patterson Joseph P. , Kros Alexander , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. , Koster Abraham J. , Schneider Grégory F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGraphene liquid cells (GLCs) for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enable high‐resolution, real‐time imaging of dynamic processes in water. Large‐scale implementation, however, is prevented by major difficulties in reproducing GLC fabrication. Here, a high‐yield method is presented to fabricate GLCs under millimeter areas of continuous graphene, facilitating efficient GLC formation on a TEM grid. Additionally, GLCs are located on the grid using correlated light‐electron microscopy (CLEM), which reduces beam damage by limiting electron exposure time. CLEM allows the acquisition of reliable statistics and the investigation of the most common shapes of GLCs. In particular, a novel type of liquid cell is found, formed from only a single graphene sheet, greatly simplifying the fabrication process. The methods presented in this work—particularly the reproducibility and simplicity of fabrication—will enable future application of GLCs for high‐resolution dynamic imaging of biomolecular systems.
Bio‐Conjugated Advanced Materials for Targeted Disease Theranostics
Authors: Hu Xi‐Le , Kwon Nahyun , Yan Kai‐Cheng , Sedgwick Adam C. , Chen Guo‐Rong , He Xiao‐Peng , James Tony D. , Yoon Juyoung 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHuman beings are “machines” that use endogenously produced biomolecules as “components” in signaling and for the maintenance of the body. These biomolecules consist of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, which can either be extracted from biological substrates or synthesized by chemical/biochemical methods. These biomolecules have the ability to recognize/interact with other biomolecules that are overexpressed in disease cells. For targeted theranostics, strategies to chemically incorporate these natural biomolecules with advanced materials to treat human diseases by imaging‐guided drug delivery or photodynamic/photothermal therapy are proposed, with improved biocompatibility. Herein, recent research on construction of quantum dots, nanoparticles, and 2D material platforms decorated with antibodies, peptides, nucleic acid aptamers, carbohydrates, and folic acid for targeted diagnosis and treatment are summarized and discussed. In addition, the various strategies required to construct effective functional materials for targeted cancer therapy are highlighted. The hope is that this review can inspire and guide those that are interested in the field of biomedicine to rationally design and develop new target‐based theranostic materials.
Enhanced Sensitivity of Iontronic Graphene Tactile Sensors Facilitated by Spreading of Ionic Liquid Pinned on Graphene Grid
Authors: Kim Joo Sung , Lee Seung Chul , Hwang Jinhyun , Lee Eunho , Cho Kilwon , Kim Sung‐Jin , Kim Do Hwan , Lee Wi Hyoung 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIontronic graphene tactile sensors (i‐GTS) composed of a top floating graphene electrode and an ionic liquid droplet pinned on a bottom graphene grid, which can dramatically enhance the performance of capacitive‐type tactile sensors, are presented. When mechanical stress is applied to the top floating electrode, the i‐GTS operates in one of the following three regimes: air–air, air–electric double layer (EDL) transition, or EDL–EDL. Once the top electrode contacts the ionic liquid in the i‐GTS, the spreading behavior of the ionic liquid causes a capacitance transition (from a few pF to over hundreds of pF). This is because EDLs are formed at the interfaces between the electrodes and the ionic liquid. In this case, the pressure sensitivity increases to ≈31.1 kPa−1 with a gentle touch. Under prolonged application of pressure, the capacitance increases gradually, mainly due to the contact line expansion of the ionic liquid bridge pinned on the graphene grid. The sensors exhibit outstanding properties (response and relaxation times below 80 ms, and stability over 300 cycles) while demonstrating ultimate signal‐to‐noise ratios in the array tests. The contact‐induced spreading behavior of the ionic liquid is the key for boosting the sensor performance.
Biomimetic, Hypoxia‐Responsive Nanoparticles Overcome Residual Chemoresistant Leukemic Cells with Co‐Targeting of Therapy‐Induced Bone Marrow Niches
Authors: Dong Xiao , Mu Li‐Li , Liu Xue‐Liang , Zhu Hua , Yang Si‐Cong , Lai Xing , Liu Hai‐Jun , Feng Hai‐Yi , Lu Qin , Zhou Bin‐Bing S. , Chen Hong‐Zhuan , Chen Guo‐Qiang , Lovell Jonathan F. , Hong Deng‐Li , Fang Chao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChemoresistance conferred by leukemia propagating cells (LPCs) in a therapy‐induced niche (TI‐niche) within the bone marrow is one of the main obstacles in leukemia treatment. Effective approaches to circumvent the TI‐niche protection and to eliminate the resident LPCs remain to be exploited. Here, developed is a niche‐targeted nanosystem using leukemic cell membrane‐coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DAazo@CMSN) for co‐delivering daunorubicin for leukemia cell chemotherapy and a TGFβRII neutralizing antibody (aTGFβRII) to block niche signaling. DAazo@CMSN effectively targets the TI‐niche. Through an azobenzene‐based hypoxia‐responsive linker, sequential delivery of the two active molecules overcomes niche‐mediated chemoresistance, attenuates systemic burden, and prolongs survival in a mouse model of leukemia. This work demonstrates a proof‐of‐principle for biomimetic and microenvironment‐activated multiplexed nanoparticulate drug delivery strategies for overcoming therapy‐induced chemoresistance in leukemia.
Contactless Spin Switch Sensing by Chemo‐Electric Gating of Graphene
Authors: van Geest Erik P. , Shakouri Khosrow , Fu Wangyang , Robert Vincent , Tudor Viorica , Bonnet Sylvestre , Schneider Grégory F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDirect electrical probing of molecular materials is often impaired by their insulating nature. Here, graphene is interfaced with single crystals of a molecular spin crossover complex, [Fe(bapbpy)(NCS)2], to electrically detect phase transitions in the molecular crystal through the variation of graphene resistance. Contactless sensing is achieved by separating the crystal from graphene with an insulating polymer spacer. Next to mechanical effects, which influence the conductivity of the graphene sheet but can be minimized by using a thicker spacer, a Dirac point shift in graphene is observed experimentally upon spin crossover. As confirmed by computational modeling, this Dirac point shift is due to the phase‐dependent electrostatic potential generated by the crystal inside the graphene sheet. This effect, named as chemo‐electric gating, suggests that molecular materials may serve as substrates for designing graphene‐based electronic devices. Chemo‐electric gating, thus, opens up new possibilities to electrically probe chemical and physical processes in molecular materials in a contactless fashion, from a large distance, which can enhance their use in technological applications, for example, as sensors.
Enhanced Cancer Therapy by Combining Radiation and Chemical Effects Mediated by Nanocarriers
Authors: Denkova Antonia G. , Liu Huanhuan , Men Yongjun , Eelkema Rienk 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNext to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the two most commonly applied treatments against cancer. These therapies are often combined, but the therapeutic outcome is still limited. Nanocarriers may be the solution to many of the issues encountered when combining these therapies. In this review, the role of nanocarriers in combined radiotherapy and chemical cancer treatment is discussed, divided into four distinct strategy classes. For each strategy, examples of the literature are given to come eventually to conclusion on the possible translation to the clinic.
Stem Cell Therapy of Myocardial Infarction: A Promising Opportunity in Bioengineering
Authors: Jiang Bin , Yan Li , Shamul James G. , Hakun Maxwell , He Xiaoming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMyocardial infarction (MI) is a life‐threatening disease resulting from the irreversible death of cardiomyocytes (CMs). Stem cell‐based therapies have been studied for MI treatment over the last two decades with promising outcomes. Here, the past work in this field is critically reviewed to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of treating MI using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) including both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells, and cardiac progenitor cells. Overall, PSCs (particularly iPSCs) have more advantages than the other cells for cardiac regeneration. However, the use of iPSCs is also facing critical challenges, which may be resolved by using biomaterials to engineer stem cells for reduced immunogenicity, improved immobilization/survival in the heart, and increased integration with the host cardiac tissue to eliminate arrhythmia. Biomaterials have also been applied in the derivation of CMs in vitro to increase the efficiency and maturation of cardiac differentiation. Collectively, a lot has been learned from the past failures of simply injecting intact stem cells or their derivatives in vivo for treating MI, and bioengineering stem cells with biomaterials may be a valuable strategy for advancing stem cell therapy towards its widespread application for MI treatment in the clinic.
Incorporation of Graphene Quantum Dots, Iron, and Doxorubicin in/on Ferritin Nanocages for Bimodal Imaging and Drug Delivery
Authors: Nasrollahi Fatemeh , Sana Barindra , Paramelle David , Ahadian Samad , Khademhosseini Ali , Lim Sierin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGraphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been emerging as next‐generation bioimaging agents because of their intrinsic strong fluorescence, photostability, aqueous stability, biocompatibility, and facile synthesis. In this work, GQDs are encapsulated in ferritin protein nanocages to develop multi‐functional nanoplatforms toward multi‐modal imaging and cancer therapy. Encapsulation of ultra‐small GQDs is expected to reduce their quick excretion from the body and increase their bioimaging efficiency. To expand the functionality of protein nanocages as multi‐modal imaging nanoprobes capable of both fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), GQDs and iron are encapsulated inside the core of AfFtn‐AA (an engineered ferritin nanocage derived from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus). The co‐encapsulation is achieved through an iron‐mediated, self‐assembly of ferritin dimers resulting in the formation of GQD–iron complex in the ferritin nanocages ((GQDs/Fe)AA). The (GQDs/Fe)AA shows high relaxivities in MRI and pH‐sensitive fluorescence with strong fluorescence at low pH values and on MDA‐MB‐231 cells. As an imaging agent and a drug nanocarrier, (GQDs/Fe)AA exhibits negligible cytotoxicity on the cells and a high loading capacity (35%) of doxorubicin. Taken together, the (GQDs/Fe)AA shows promising applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy as a pH‐responsive fluorophore, MRI agent, and drug nanocarrier.