bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supergene sulphuric acid speleogenesis and the origin of hypogene caves: evidence from the Northern Pennines, UK
Authors: Webb John A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe maze caves of the Northern Pennines are rectilinear joint‐controlled networks of predominantly tall vertical rifts developed on one level towards the top of a ~20 m thick limestone bed; they were all intersected by underground mines and have no relationship to the present landscape. Passage walls commonly have large, non‐directional scallops; speleothems are uncommon. The caves were previously identified as hypogene in origin, i.e. formed by groundwater ascending from depth, but reassessment of their origin using published data shows that they lack diagnostic hypogene features (rising wall channels, ceiling channels, ceiling cupolas and dome‐pits), and the low permeability strata above and below the limestone bed greatly restrict vertical groundwater flow through the caves. Instead the maze caves were dissolved by the sulphuric acid released by oxidation of iron sulphides (and perhaps chalcopyrite) in the mineralized veins adjacent to all these caves; passage sizes decrease away from the veins and gypsum encrusts the walls of one cave. The maze caves were not formed by vertical groundwater flow, and dissolution was focussed in a relatively small area of limestone beneath an impermeable confining layer. The caves began to form when river incision due to the probably Late Cenozoic uplift of northern England exposed the iron sulphides to weathering and oxidation.The process that formed the maze caves is here termed supergene sulphuric acid speleogenesis, because generation of the acidity was due to near‐surface supergene sulphide oxidation, and differentiated from hypogene sulphuric acid speleogenesis, where the source is at depth beneath the cave.To clarify usage of the term hypogene, it should be restricted to Palmer's geochemical definition (Speleogenesis: Evolution of Karst Aquifers, eds Klimchouk et al., National Speleological Society: Huntsville, AL, 2000; 77–90): dissolution by a deep‐seated source of acidity. Caves dissolved by ascending groundwater containing carbonic acid with a near‐surface origin, e.g. on the rising limb of a phreatic loop, are better identified as epigene. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Influence of Species-Specific Feeding Ecology on Mercury Concentrations in Seabirds Breeding on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand
Authors: Thébault Justine , Bustamante Paco , Massaro Melanie , Taylor Graeme , Quillfeldt Petra 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that accumulates in organisms and biomagnifies along food webs; hence, long-lived predators such as seabirds are at risk as a result of high Hg bioaccumulation. Seabirds have been widely used to monitor the contamination of marine ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated Hg concentrations in blood, muscle, and feathers of 7 procellariform seabirds breeding on the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Using bulk and compound-specific stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen as a proxy of trophic position and distribution, we also tested whether Hg contamination is related to the species-specific feeding ecology. Mercury exposure varied widely within the seabird community. The highest contaminated species, the Magenta petrel, had approximately 29 times more Hg in its blood than the broad-billed prion, and approximately 35 times more Hg in its feathers than the grey-backed storm petrel. Variations of Hg concentrations in blood and feathers were significantly and positively linked to feeding habitats and trophic position, highlighting the occurrence of efficient Hg biomagnification processes along the food web. Species and feeding habitats were the 2 main drivers of Hg exposure within the seabird community. The Pterodroma species had high blood and feather Hg concentrations, which can be caused by their specific physiology and/or because of their foraging behavior during the interbreeding period (i.e., from the Tasman Sea to the Humboldt Current system). These 2 threatened species are at risk of suffering detrimental effects from Hg contamination and further studies are required to investigate potential negative impacts, especially on their reproduction capability. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:454–472. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Should crude oil price volatility receive more attention than the price of crude oil? An empirical investigation via a large‐scale out‐of‐sample forecast evaluation of US macroeconomic data
Authors: Nonejad Nima 
Published: November 2020

AbstractApart from the percentage change in the price of crude oil, there is a growing tradition of using various nonlinear transformations of the price of crude oil to forecast real gross domestic product growth rates, equity returns, inflation and other macroeconomic variables. This study attempts to quantify the additional potential predictive power afforded by crude oil price volatility relative to widely used crude oil price‐based variables for more than 300 US macroeconomic time series at the monthly and the quarterly sampling frequency. We observe that regressions employing crude oil price realized volatility and crude oil price realized semivolatilities tend to afford a more consistent pattern of out‐of‐sample prediction gains relative to competitors using well‐known crude oil price measures and the autoregressive benchmark at the quarterly and monthly sampling frequency. While it is somewhat harder to find evidence of finite‐sample predictive gains relative to the benchmark, the evidence is stronger with respect to population‐level predictability 1 quarter (1 month) ahead for the model with crude oil price realized semivolatilities across the considered data and models. Furthermore, point (density) forecasts employing crude oil price realized volatility tend to be more accurate than corresponding forecasts produced under the crude oil price‐based predictive regressions in a horse race.
Safety culture transformation—The impact of training on explicit and implicit safety attitudes
Authors: Marquardt Nicki , Hoebel Merle , Lud Daniela 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe present paper investigates the changeability of safety culture elements such as explicit and implicit safety attitudes by training. Therefore, three studies with different time frames, training durations, and settings will be presented. In the first study, the short‐term attitude change of students from an international environmental sciences study program was measured after safety training in a chemical laboratory. In the second study, the medium‐term attitude change was assessed after a Crew Resource Management training for German production workers in the automotive industry. In the third study, the long‐term attitude changes were measured after safety ethics training in a sample of German occupational psychology and business students. Different self‐report measures were used to evaluate the training effectiveness of explicit safety attitudes. The change of implicit safety attitudes was assessed by Implicit Association Tests. The results of all three studies revealed a significant training effect on the explicit safety attitudes, but not on the implicit ones. Besides the training effect on the explicit attitudes, there was no effect of time frame (short‐, medium‐, long‐term), training duration (2 h, 2 days, 12 weeks), and setting (chemical laboratory, automotive industry, safety ethics study program) on the attitude change. Based on the results, conceptual, methodological, and practical implications for training effectiveness and safety culture transformation are discussed.
Assessing Coral Reef Condition Indicators for Local and Global Stressors Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Carriger John F , Yee Susan H , Fisher William S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Coral reefs are highly valued ecosystems currently threatened by both local and global stressors. Given the importance of coral reef ecosystems, a Bayesian network approach can benefit an evaluation of threats to reef condition. To this end, we used data to evaluate the overlap between local stressors (overfishing and destructive fishing, watershed-based pollution, marine-based pollution, and coastal development threats), global stressors (acidification and thermal stress), and management effectiveness with indicators of coral reef health (live coral index, live coral cover, population bleaching, colony bleaching, and recently killed corals). Each of the coral health indicators had Bayesian networks constructed globally and for Pacific, Atlantic, Australia, Middle East, Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia coral reef locations. Sensitivity analysis helped evaluate the strength of the relationships between different stressors and reef condition indicators. The relationships between indicators and stressors were also evaluated with conditional analyses of linear and nonlinear interactions. In this process, a standardized direct effects analysis was emphasized with a target mean analysis to predict changes in the mean value of the reef indicator from individual changes to the distribution of the predictor variables. The standardized direct effects analysis identified higher risks in the Middle East for watershed-based pollution with population bleaching and in Australia for overfishing and destructive fishing with living coral. For thermal stress, colony bleaching and recently killed coral in the Indian Ocean were found to have the strongest direct associations along with living coral in the Middle East. For acidification threat, Australia had a relatively strong association with colony bleaching, and the Middle East had the strongest overall association with recently killed coral, although extrapolated spatial data were used for the acidification estimates. The Bayesian network approach helped to explore the relationships among existing databases used for policy development in coral reef management by examining the sensitivity of multiple indicators of reef condition to spatially distributed stress. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:165–187. Published 2020. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
KEY POINTS
Coral reefs are high-valued ecosystems at risk from diverse sources of stressors. A screening-level risk assessment was conducted to examine the sensitivity of reef condition indicators to stressors. Comprehensive and cohesive global data sets on stressors and reef condition were integrated. Bayesian networks provided powerful tools for examining risks and spatial relationships.
Variability of Electrocardiographic Precordial Lead Placement: A Method to Improve Accuracy and Reliability
Authors: Herman Michael V. , Ingram Donna A. , Levy James A. , Cook James R. , Athans Robert J. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryVariability in precordial lead placement is a recognized source of electrocardiographic inaccuracy and lack of reproducibility. In an attempt to reduce error, we evaluated a new device to facilitate and guide precordial lead placement. This study involved three phases: (1) comparison of device‐guided electrocardiogram with ECGs obtained by deliberate misplacement of precordial leads on the same patient; (2) electrocardiograms obtained by using the precordial lead device versus those obtained by standard technician methods; (3) reproducibility of precordial electrocardiographic leads between two technicians using the device to guide lead placement. Deliberate misplacement of precordial leads by 2 cm resulted in significant electrocardiographic interpretation changes in all patients. Comparing electrocardiograms obtained after device‐guided precordial placement with those obtained after technician placement resulted in variations in 60% of patients including changes in R‐wave amplitude, ST segments, Q waves, and transition zone. Significant Q‐wave appearance/disappearance and/or significant ST‐segment elevation/depression occurred in 19% of patients in Phase II. Sixteen percent of electrocardiograms showed significant changes when analyzed by an experienced electrocardiographer and 10% when interpreted by computer. Variable lead placements and resulting electrocardiographic alterations were not seen by either of two technicians when the device was used. This study confirms the widespread variability in precordial electrocardiograms secondary to lead misplacement. The use of a device to assist in the placement of precordial leads ensures accuracy and reproducibility of electrocardiography. Improved precision and quality control in this laboratory test have important implications in health care and its costs.
Tissue post‐classification using the measured acoustic signals during 355 nm laser atherectomy procedures
Authors: Alperovich Ziv , Cohen Oshrat , Muncher Yossi , Ben‐Oren Ilan , Kuczmik Wacław , Zelawski Wojciech , Ishaaya Amiel A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe current laser atherectomy technologies to treat patients with challenging (to‐cross) total chronic occlusions with a step‐by‐step (SBS) approach (without leading guide wire), are lacking real‐time signal monitoring of the ablated tissues, and carry the risk for vessel perforation. We present first time post‐classification of ablated tissues using acoustic signals recorded by a microphone placed nearby during five atherectomy procedures using 355 nm solid‐state Auryon laser device performed with an SBS approach, some with highly severe calcification. Using our machine‐learning algorithm, the classification results of these ablation signals recordings from five patients showed 93.7% classification accuracy with arterial vs nonarterial wall material. While still very preliminary and requiring a larger study and thereafter as commercial device, the results of these first acoustic post‐classification in SBS cases are very promising. This study implies, as a general statement, that online recording of the acoustic signals using a noncontact microphone, may potentially serve for an online classification of the ablated tissue in SBS cases. This technology could be used to confirm correct positioning in the vasculature, and by this, to potentially further reduce the risk of perforation using 355 nm laser atherectomy in such procedures.
Pharmacokinetics and Optimal Dose Selection of Cefazolin for Surgical Prophylaxis of Pediatric Patients
Authors: Schmitz Michael L. , Rubino Christopher M. , Onufrak Nikolas J. , Martinez Diana Valencia , Licursi Diane , Karpf Angela , Cetnarowski Wes 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCefazolin is an antibiotic frequently used for perioperative prophylaxis. Data from healthy adults and pediatric surgery patients were pooled to refine a previously developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and to determine the optimal body weight cutoff for selecting fixed doses of either 1 or 2 g cefazolin to produce exposures in pediatric surgery patients similar to a single 2‐g dose in adults. Regardless of dose used, cefazolin was well tolerated in pediatric patients. A total of 1102 plasma samples from 62 patients from 3 studies were available to assess the previous model. The pooled data set allowed for simplification of the model such that allometrically scaled clearance and volume parameters were found to provide a robust fit while removing unnecessary covariate relationships. Monte Carlo simulations using the final cefazolin population PK model suggested an optimal weight cutoff of 50 kg, in contrast to the previously suggested 60 kg for a single 2‐g dose. Patients at or above this 50‐kg cutoff would receive a 2‐g dose of cefazolin, and those below 50 kg but ≥25 kg would receive a 1‐g dose of cefazolin.
Sonography of the distal femoral epiphysis in the etiological diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Freire Ronald , Becalli Marina , Murad Mylene , Souza Ronaldo , Souza Liliana Prata , Pereira Katia Cristine , Souza Letícia , Main Ana Paula , Fracalossi Jéssica , Nunes Ramon , Hegner Christina , Lube Daniela , Bravin Cristina , Giusti Marcia Maria , Piazzon Flavia , Guerra Luiz Felipe Alves , Camargo Rosalinda , Tomimori Eduardo K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe etiology of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is often difficult to identify, owing mainly to limitations in currently available diagnostic tests. Characteristics of the distal femoral epiphyseal (DFE) ossification center may provide important information and help identify some causes of CH. We analyzed the contribution of DFE ultrasonography in the investigation of 11 young infants with positive screening for CH. DFE ultrasonography emerged as a simple test that helped indicate the period of onset of CH and, when associated with clinical history, hormone levels, and thyroid ultrasonography, contributed to suggest the etiology of CH.
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of liver metastases from extrahepatic primary cancers 2021
Authors: Yamamoto Masakazu , Yoshida Masahiro , Furuse Junji , Sano Keiji , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Yamashita Shingo , Beppu Toru , Iwashita Yukio , Wada Keita , Nakajima Takako Eguchi , Sakamoto Katsunori , Hayano Koichi , Mori Yasuhisa , Asai Koji , Matsuyama Ryusei , Hirashita Teijiro , Hibi Taizo , Sakai Nozomu , Tabata Tsutomu , Kawakami Hisato , Takeda Hiroyuki , Mizukami Takuro , Ozaka Masato , Ueno Makoto , Naito Yoichi , Okano Naohiro , Ueno Takayuki , Hijioka Susumu , Shikata Satoru , Ukai Tomohiko , Strasberg Steven , Sarr Michael G. , Jagannath Palepu , Hwang Tsann‐Long , Han Ho‐Seong , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Wang Hee Jung , Luo Shao‐Ciao , Adam René , Gimenez Mariano , Scatton Olivier , Oh Do‐Youn , Takada Tadahiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundHepatectomy is standard treatment for colorectal liver metastases; however, it is unclear whether liver metastases from other primary cancers should be resected or not. The Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery therefore created clinical practice guidelines for the management of metastatic liver tumors.MethodsEight primary diseases were selected based on the number of hepatectomies performed for each malignancy per year. Clinical questions were structured in the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) format. Systematic reviews were performed, and the strength of recommendations and the level of quality of evidence for each clinical question were discussed and determined. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess evidence and make recommendations.ResultsThe eight primary sites were grouped into five categories based on suggested indications for hepatectomy and consensus of the guidelines committee. Fourteen clinical questions were devised, covering five topics: (1) diagnosis, (2) operative treatment, (3) ablation therapy, (4) the eight primary diseases, and (5) systemic therapies. The grade of recommendation was strong for one clinical question and weak for the other 13 clinical questions. The quality of the evidence was moderate for two questions, low for 10, and very low for two.A flowchart was made to summarize the outcomes of the guidelines for the indications of hepatectomy and systemic therapy.ConclusionsThese guidelines were developed to provide useful information based on evidence in the published literature for the clinical management of liver metastases, and they could be helpful for conducting future clinical trials to provide higher‐quality evidence.
Identification of human parvovirus 4 genotypes 1 and 2 in Chinese source plasma pools
Authors: Jia Junting , Zhong Yadi , Zhang Huan , Yuan Dian , Ma Limin , Wang Deqing , Zhang Jingang , Ma Yuyuan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHuman parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) are known to infect humans and transmit through contaminated blood and blood products. Globally, three genotypes of B19V, as well as PARV4, have been identified, respectively. The existence of different B19V genotypes in Chinese plasma donors has been investigated, however, the data regarding PARV4 were not available. The main objective of this study is to identify the genotypes of PARV4 circulating in Chinese plasma donors. By using a duplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay adapted for all genotypes of B19V and PARV4, 78 source plasma pools for fractionation were screened and quantified. Results showed that positive rates of B19V and PARV4 DNA in plasma pool samples were 25.64% and 14.10%, respectively. PARV4 sequences in two positive samples were next genotyped, and these two sequences belonged to PARV4 genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. In conclusion, the data present demonstrate the existence of PARV4 genotypes 1 and 2 in Chinese plasma donors for the first time and also show the relatively lower prevalence and level of PARV4 DNA in Chinese plasma donors in comparison with that of B19V DNA.
Effects of Workshop Training in the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Prolonged Exposure Protocol on Clinician Beliefs, Adoption, and Perceived Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Harned Melanie S. , Ritschel Lorie A. , Schmidt Sara C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough extensive efforts have been made to train clinicians in evidence‐based psychotherapies (EBPs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), relatively few PTSD patients are considered appropriate for and therefore receive these treatments. The dialectical behavior therapy prolonged exposure (DBT PE) protocol was developed to expand the reach of EBPs for PTSD to suicidal patients with severe comorbidities, but methods of training clinicians to deliver this treatment have not been evaluated. We examined the impact of DBT PE workshops on clinician beliefs, adoption, and perceived patient outcomes. Clinicians (N = 266) attended 2‐ or 4‐day workshops and completed surveys at pretraining, posttraining, and 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups. From pretraining to 6‐month follow‐up, there were significant improvements in clinician concerns regarding worsening, perceived treatment credibility, and self‐efficacy that did not differ by workshop length, R2s = .20–.45. At 6‐months posttraining, 53.5% of clinicians (38.8% 2‐day, 66.3% 4‐day) reported using DBT PE with 241 patients. Higher posttraining ratings of self‐efficacy and perceived treatment credibility predicted later DBT PE use, R2 = .28. Among adopting clinicians, 81.3% reported that, on average, their patients’ PTSD improved and 66.7% reported that patients were much to very much improved on average. Most clinicians reported that their patients’ comorbid problems did not worsen during DBT PE and if worsening occurred, it typically involved temporary increases in distress. Workshops may be an effective method of changing clinician beliefs and promoting the use of DBT PE in a manner that clinicians experience as effective and safe for their patients.