bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicenter Initial Guidance on Use of Antivirals for Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019/Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Authors: Chiotos Kathleen , Hayes Molly , Kimberlin David W , Jones Sarah B , James Scott H , Pinninti Swetha G , Yarbrough April , Abzug Mark J , MacBrayne Christine E , Soma Vijaya L , Dulek Daniel E , Vora Surabhi B , Waghmare Alpana , Wolf Joshua , Olivero Rosemary , Grapentine Steven , Wattier Rachel L , Bio Laura , Cross Shane J , Dillman Nicholas O , Downes Kevin J , Timberlake Kathryn , Young Jennifer , Orscheln Rachel C , Tamma Pranita D , Schwenk Hayden T , Zachariah Philip , Aldrich Margaret , Goldman David L , Groves Helen E , Lamb Gabriella S , Tribble Alison C , Hersh Adam L , Thorell Emily A , Denison Mark R , Ratner Adam J , Newland Jason G , Nakamura Mari M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is mild in nearly all children, a small proportion of pediatric patients develop severe or critical illness. Guidance is therefore needed regarding use of agents with potential activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pediatrics.MethodsA panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 18 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of best available evidence and expert opinion.ResultsGiven the typically mild course of pediatric COVID-19, supportive care alone is suggested for the overwhelming majority of cases. The panel suggests a decision-making framework for antiviral therapy that weighs risks and benefits based on disease severity as indicated by respiratory support needs, with consideration on a case-by-case basis of potential pediatric risk factors for disease progression. If an antiviral is used, the panel suggests remdesivir as the preferred agent. Hydroxychloroquine could be considered for patients who are not candidates for remdesivir or when remdesivir is not available. Antivirals should preferably be used as part of a clinical trial if available.ConclusionsAntiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For those rare cases of severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding antivirals, informed by available data. As evidence continues to evolve rapidly, the need for updates to the guidance is anticipated.
Using Nonpolio Enterovirus Detection to Assess the Integrity of Stool Specimens Collected From Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Somalia During 2014–2017
Authors: Ben Hamida Amen , Mohamed Ali Kamil , Mdodo Rennatus , Mohamed Abdinoor , Mengistu Kumlachew , Nzunza Rosemary M , Farag Noha H , Ehrhardt Derek T , Elfakki Eltayeb , Mbaeyi Chukwuma 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Despite insecurity challenges in Somalia, key indicators for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance have met recommended targets. However, recent outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses have raised concerns about possible gaps. We analyzed nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) and Sabin poliovirus isolation rates to investigate whether comparing these rates can inform about the integrity of stool specimens from inaccessible areas and the likelihood of detecting circulating polioviruses.

Methods
Using logistic regression, we analyzed case-based AFP surveillance data for 1348 cases with onset during 2014−2017. We assessed the adjusted impacts of variables including age, accessibility, and Sabin-like virus isolation on NPEV detection.

Results
NPEVs were more likely to be isolated from AFP case patients reported from inaccessible areas than accessible areas (23% vs 15%; P = .01). In a multivariable model, inaccessibility and detection of Sabin-like virus were positively associated with NPEV detection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–2.65; and AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.07–2.90; respectively), while being aged ≥5 years was negatively associated (AOR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20–0.85).

Conclusions
Rates of NPEV and Sabin poliovirus detection in inaccessible areas suggest that the integrity of fecal specimens tested for AFP surveillance in Somalia can generate useful AFP data, but uncertainties remain about surveillance system quality.
Difficulties of Identifying the Early HIV Antibody Seroconversion Period Depending on the Confirmatory Assay
Authors: Stefic Karl , Mahjoub Nadia , Desouche Céline , Néré Marie Laure , Thierry Damien , Delaugerre Constance , Barin Francis , Chaix Marie Laure 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Identification of HIV infection at the early stage is valuable for patient management, for prevention, and for research purposes. In practice, identification of a recent HIV infection at diagnosis proves challenging after HIV antibody seroconversion but can be suspected using Western blots (WBs) or immunoblots (IBs) as confirmatory assays.

Methods
Five commercially available confirmatory assays were compared using 43 samples from recently infected individuals. This included 2 WBs (New LAV Blot I, Biorad, and HIV Blot 2.2, MP Biomedicals), 2 IBs (INNO-LIA HIV I/II, Fujirebio, and RecomLine HIV-1 & HIV-2, Mikrogen Diagnostik), and 1 immunochromatographic single-use assay (Geenius HIV1/2 supplemental assay, Biorad).

Results
Following the manufacturer’s recommendations for interpretation, the 2 WBs led to indeterminate results for 30% and 42% of the samples, suggesting recent infection, compared with 2%–7% for the 3 other assays. When interpreted based on the Fiebig classification, concordant stages were observed in 42% of samples, and only 49% were classified as early seroconversion by all 5 assays. For the remaining specimens, the distinction with chronic infection was highly variable depending on the assay (5%–100%).

Conclusions
Clinical laboratories must consider this variability, which must be kept in mind both for initial diagnosis and for multicenter studies for which inclusion criteria refer to serological profiles by confirmatory assays.
Cluster formation induced by a cloud–cloud collision in [DBS2003]179
Authors: Kuwahara Sho , Torii Kazufumi , Mizuno Norikazu , Fujita Shinji , Kohno Mikito , Fukui Yasuo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract[DBS2003]179 is a super star cluster in the Galaxy discovered in deep near-infrared observations. We carried out CO J = 1–0 and J = 3–2 observations of the region of [DBS2003]179 with NANTEN2, ASTE, and the Mopra 22 m telescope. We identified and mapped two molecular clouds that are likely to be associated with the cluster. This association is supported by the spatial correlation with the corresponding 8$\, \mu$m Spitzer image and by a high ratio of the two transitions of $^{12}$CO(J = 3–2 and J = 1–0). The two clouds show complementary distributions in space, and bridging features connect them in velocity. We hypothesize that the two clouds collided with each other 1–2 Myr ago and that the collision compressed the interfacial layer, triggering the formation of the cluster. This offers an additional piece of evidence for a super star cluster formed by a cloud–cloud collision, alongside the four super star clusters Westerlund$\:2$, NGC 3603, RCW 38, and R 136. These findings indicate that the known super star clusters with closely associated dust emission were formed by cloud–cloud collisions, lending support to the important role of cloud–cloud collisions in high-mass star formation.
The splashback radius of optically selected clusters with Subaru HSC Second Public Data Release
Authors: Murata Ryoma , Sunayama Tomomi , Oguri Masamune , More Surhud , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Nishimichi Takahiro , Osato Ken 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecent constraints on the splashback radius around optically selected galaxy clusters from the redMaPPer cluster-finding algorithm in the literature have shown that the observed splashback radius is ${\sim}20\%$ smaller than that predicted by N-body simulations. We present analyses on the splashback features around ∼ 3000 optically selected galaxy clusters detected by the independent cluster-finding algorithm CAMIRA over a wide redshift range of 0.1 &lt; zcl &lt; 1.0 from the second public data release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program covering ∼427 deg2 for the cluster catalog. We detect the splashback feature from the projected cross-correlation measurements between the clusters and photometric galaxies over the wide redshift range, including for high-redshift clusters at 0.7 &lt; zcl &lt; 1.0, thanks to deep HSC images. We find that constraints from red galaxy populations only are more precise than those without any color cut, leading to 1σ precisions of ${\sim}15\%$ at 0.4 &lt; zcl &lt; 0.7 and 0.7 &lt; zcl &lt; 1.0. These constraints at 0.4 &lt; zcl &lt; 0.7 and 0.7 &lt; zcl &lt; 1.0 are more consistent with the model predictions (≲1σ) than their $20\%$ smaller values as suggested by the previous studies with the redMaPPer (∼2σ). We also investigate selection effects of the optical cluster-finding algorithms on the observed splashback features by creating mock galaxy catalogs from a halo occupation distribution model, and find such effects to be sub-dominant for the CAMIRA cluster-finding algorithm. We also find that the redMaPPer-like cluster-finding algorithm induces a smaller inferred splashback radius in our mock catalog, especially at lower richness, which can well explain the smaller splashback radii in the literature. In contrast, these biases are significantly reduced when increasing its aperture size. This finding suggests that aperture sizes of optical cluster finders that are smaller than splashback feature scales can induce significant biases on the inferred location of a splashback radius.
Signature-dependent triaxiality for shape evolution from superdeformation in rapidly rotating 40Ca and 41Ca
Authors: Sakai Shinkuro , Yoshida Kenichi , Matsuo Masayuki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We investigate the possible occurrence of highly elongated shapes near the yrast line in $^{40}$Ca and $^{41}$Ca at high spins on the basis of the nuclear energy-density functional method. Both the superdeformed (SD) yrast configuration and the yrare configurations on top of the SD band are described by solving the cranked Skyme–Kohn–Sham equation in the three-dimensional coordinate space representation. It is suggested that some of the excited SD bands undergo band crossings and develop to hyperdeformation (HD) beyond $J \simeq 25 \hbar$ in $^{40}$Ca. We find that the change of triaxiality in response to rotation plays a decisive role in the shape evolution towards HD, and that this is governed by the signature quantum number of the last occupied orbital at low spins. This mechanism can be verified in an experimental observation of the positive-parity SD yrast signature-partner bands in $^{41}$Ca, one of which ($\alpha=+1/2$) undergoes crossings with the HD band, while the other ($\alpha=-1/2$) shows smooth evolution from collective rotation at low spins to non-collective rotation with an oblate shape at termination.
Coping with adversity: physical activity as a moderator in adaption to bereavement
Authors: Wicker Pamela , Orlowski Johannes 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
The adaption of individuals to adverse life events such as bereavement which reduce their subjective well-being is referred to as the hedonic treadmill. This study examined whether previous physical activity moderates the negative impact of bereavement on subjective well-being and how quickly such adaption occurs.

Methods
The analysis uses data from 13 waves (1996–2015) of the German Socio-Economic Panel (n = 139 097). Subjective well-being is captured with respondents’ life satisfaction. Individual fixed effects regression models with three-wave lagged effects and interaction effects for bereavement and previous physical activity were estimated for females and males.

Results
The significant reduction in life satisfaction is partly offset for individuals who were physically active prior to the adversity, suggesting moderation effects of previous physical activity. These effects are larger in absolute value for females, but females also suffered more severely from bereavement. Males’ partial adaption through previous physical activity is closer to the pre-event level, while females adapt earlier. More frequent previous physical activity allows both genders to partially adapt more.

Conclusions
Previous physical activity helps individuals suffering bereavement to partially adapt faster to such adversity, suggesting that physical activity accelerates the hedonic treadmill, though at a different pace for each gender.
Memory, Attention, and Choice*
Authors: Bordalo Pedro , Gennaioli Nicola , Shleifer Andrei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Building on a textbook description of associative memory (Kahana 2012), we present a model of choice in which a choice option cues recall of similar past experiences. Memory shapes valuation and decisions in two ways. First, recalled experiences form a norm, which serves as an initial anchor for valuation. Second, salient quality and price surprises relative to the norm lead to large adjustments in valuation. The model unifies many well-documented choice puzzles, including the attribution and projection biases, inattention to hidden attributes, background contrast effects, and context-dependent willingness to pay. Unifying these puzzles on the basis of selective memory and attention to surprise yields multiple new predictions.
Clozapine Combination and Augmentation Strategies in Patients With Schizophrenia —Recommendations From an International Expert Survey Among the Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group
Authors: Wagner Elias , Kane John M , Correll Christoph U , Howes Oliver , Siskind Dan , Honer William G , Lee Jimmy , Falkai Peter , Schneider-Axmann Thomas , Hasan Alkomiet ,   TRRIP Working Group
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundEvidence for the management of inadequate clinical response to clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia is sparse. Accordingly, an international initiative was undertaken with the aim of developing consensus recommendations for treatment strategies for clozapine-refractory patients with schizophrenia.MethodsWe conducted an online survey among members of the Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) working group. An agreement threshold of ≥75% (responses “agree” + “strongly agree”) was set to define a first-round consensus. Questions achieving agreement or disagreement proportions of &gt;50% in the first round, were re-presented to develop second-round final consensus recommendations.ResultsForty-four (first round) and 49 (second round) of 63 TRRIP members participated. Expert recommendations at ≥75% agreement included raising clozapine plasma levels to ≥350 ng/ml for refractory positive, negative, and mixed symptoms. Where plasma level-guided dose escalation was ineffective for persistent positive symptoms, waiting for a delayed response was recommended. For clozapine-refractory positive symptoms, combination with a second antipsychotic (amisulpride and oral aripiprazole) and augmentation with ECT achieved consensus. For negative symptoms, waiting for a delayed response was recommended, and as an intervention for clozapine-refractory negative symptoms, clozapine augmentation with an antidepressant reached consensus. For clozapine-refractory suicidality, augmentation with antidepressants or mood-stabilizers, and ECT met consensus criteria. For clozapine-refractory aggression, augmentation with a mood-stabilizer or antipsychotic medication achieved consensus. Generally, cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychosocial interventions reached consensus.ConclusionsGiven the limited evidence from randomized trials of treatment strategies for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia (CRS), this consensus-based series of recommendations provides a framework for decision making to manage this challenging clinical situation.
AVATAR Therapy for Distressing Voices: A Comprehensive Account of Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Ward Thomas , Rus-Calafell Mar , Ramadhan Zeyana , Soumelidou Olga , Fornells-Ambrojo Miriam , Garety Philippa , Craig Tom K J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
AVATAR therapy represents an effective new way of working with distressing voices based on face-to-face dialogue between the person and a digital representation (avatar) of their persecutory voice. To date, there has been no complete account of AVATAR therapy delivery. This article presents, for the first time, the full range of therapeutic targets along with information on acceptability and potential side effects. Interest in the approach is growing rapidly and this report acts as a necessary touchstone for future development.
Spatiotemporal control of gene expression boundaries using a feedforward loop
Authors: Reeves Gregory , Bandodkar Prasad , Al Asafen Hadel 
Published: April 2020

A feed forward loop (FFL) is commonly observed in several biological networks. The FFL network motif has been mostly been studied with respect to variation of the input signal in time, with only a few studies of FFL activity in a spatially distributed system such as morphogen‐mediated tissue patterning. However, most morphogen gradients also evolve in time. We studied the spatiotemporal behavior of a coherent FFL in two contexts: (1) a generic, oscillating morphogen gradient and (2) the dorsal‐ventral patterning of the early Drosophila embryo by a gradient of the NF‐κB homolog Dorsal with its early target Twist. In both models, we found features in the dynamics of the intermediate node – phase difference and noise filtering – that were largely independent of the parameterization of the models, and thus were functions of the structure of the FFL itself. In the Dorsal gradient model, we also found that the dynamics of Dorsal require maternal pioneering factor Zelda for proper target gene expression.Support or Funding InformationDuring this work, GTR and PB were partially supported by NIH grant (number R21HD092830), and GTR and HA were partially supported by NSF CAREER award (number CBET‐1254344).A. Schematic figure depicting the generic morphogen gradient model. The inset shows the variation of the concentration of the primary transcription factor A in space and time. B. Schematic figure depicting the Dl/Twi/Zld model. The inset shows the variation of the concentration of the primary transcription factor Dl in space and time. The peaks in the Dl gradient amplitude in time correspond to nuclear cycles 11–14.Figure 1
A Diet High in Saturated Fat Results in Greater Increases in Splenic Tregs in Female vs Male Sprague Dawley Rats
Authors: Ramirez Lindsey , Snyder Elizabeth , Sullivan Jennifer 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundDiets high in saturated fats promote inflammation and are linked to the development of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Young females are typically protected from CVD vs males. However, epidemiological and basic science studies suggest that the cardiovascular protection in females is compromised by a high fat diet (HFD). Little is known regarding the impact of a HFD on T cells in males vs. females. Therefore, the current study tested the hypothesis that a HFD results in a more pro‐inflammatory T cell profile in females vs. males.Methods26‐day‐old male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n=3–5 per group) were randomized to a control (Ctrl; 7.2% calories from fat) or HFD (36% of calories from fat) for 10 weeks. 24 hour food consumption was measured every 3 weeks. Body weights were measured weekly. At the end of the 10 week treatment, body fat composition was measured via NMR. Rats were euthanized and spleen were isolated for flow cytometric analysis of Pan T cells (CD3+), CD4+ T cells (CD3+CD4+), and T regulatory cells (Tregs; CD3+CD4+FOXP3+).ResultsThroughout the treatment, rats on HFD consumed more kcal from fat vs Ctrls (P<0.05). There were no differences in body weight between Ctrl and HFD rats of the same sex (P>0.05 at each time point), although males were heavier than females at all time points (P<0.05), Table
. Following 10 weeks of treatment, HFD increased body fat percentage in both sexes vs Ctrl, (PDiet=0.01). Increases in body fat were similarly in both sexes (PSex=0.33; Pinteraction=0.37). At end of treatment, all groups had similar percentages of splenic CD3+ cells (Pdiet=0.27; Psex=0.14; Pinteraction=0.41). However, rats on a HFD had more CD4+ T cells vs Ctrl (PDiet=0.006). Moreover, females had more CD4+ T cells vs males (PSex=0.002; Pinteraction=0.09). HF females had the most splenic Tregs vs all groups (PDiet=0.28, PSex=0.09, PInteraction=0.007.DiscussionThis dietary model allows for investigation of the effects of a HFD on body composition and T cell count independent of obesity. Evidence in the literature suggests high anti‐inflammatory Tregs in female rats contributes to cardiovascular protection and decrease in renal Tregs compromises this protection. Thus, the increase in splenic Tregs in females on a HFD may show a compensatory increase to counteract the decreased renal Tregs observed in the literature. Future studies will test this hypothesis.

Data following 0 and 10 weeks of dietary treatment expressed as means ± SEM.

Assay

Weeks of treatment

Population

Ctrl F

HF‐F

Ctrl‐M

HF‐M

Body weight (g)

0

73.25 ± 0.48

70 ± 1.05

83.2 ± 2.13

80.2 ± 1.07

10

254 ± 8.57

242.4 ± 11.05

411 ± 11.79

410.8 ± 13.72

Body fat percentage

10

7.94 ± 0.49

11.35 ± 1.23

7.84 ± 1.69

10.18 ± 0.82

Splenic T cells

10

CD3

21.5 ± 1.55

20.96 ± 2.02

25.9 ± 2.3

22.28 ± 0.65

CD4

73.48 ± 1.38

77.36 ± 2.85

58.8 ± 2.91

72.23 ± 2.44

Tregs

6.05 ± 0.31

8.47 ± 0.79

7.55 ± 0.92

5.63 ± 0.32