bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral health education in the undergraduate nursing curriculum of Australian and Malaysian institutions
Authors: Ahmad Mas S. , Abuzar Menaka A. , Razak Ishak A. , Rahman Sabariah A. , Borromeo Gelsomina L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionA high degree of training is necessary to prepare student nurses for their roles as oral healthcare partners that can promote a holistic approach to health in the community. This study aims to determine the extent of oral health education in Australian and Malaysian nursing institutions, as well as investigate educators' perceptions of education and practice in this area of care.MethodologyAn audio‐recorded, semi‐structured qualitative phone interview was conducted with the heads of 42 nursing schools across Australia (n = 35) and Malaysia (n = 7) during the 2015 academic year. Qualitative data were analysed via thematic analysis. Quantitative data, wherever appropriate, were measured for frequencies.ResultsThe response rate was 34.2% (n = 12) and 71.4% (n = 5) for the Australian and Malaysian subjects, respectively. Findings revealed that although all the nursing schools measured provided didactic and clinical training in oral health, curriculum content, expected learning outcomes, amount of clinical exposure and assessment approach lacked consistency. Most nursing educators across both countries perceived an overloaded curriculum as a barrier to providing oral health education. Whilst educators demonstrated their support for training in this area of care, they expressed the need for an established national guideline that highlights the educational requirement for future nurses in oral health maintenance and their scope of practice.ConclusionThis study provides valuable information for further developing oral health education for nurses, to improve their competency and ultimately the health of the communities that they will serve.
Coexistence barriers confine the poleward range of a globally distributed plant
Authors: Armitage David W. , Jones Stuart E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the study of factors shaping species' poleward range boundaries, climatic constraints are often assigned greater importance than biotic interactions such as competition. However, theory suggests competition can truncate a species' fundamental niche in harsh environments. We test this by challenging a mechanistic niche model – containing explicit competition terms – to predict the poleward range boundaries of two globally distributed, ecologically similar aquatic plant species. Mechanistic competition models accurately predicted the northern range limits of our study species, outperforming competition‐free mechanistic models and matching the predictive ability of statistical niche models fit to occurrence records. Using the framework of modern coexistence theory, we found that relative nonlinearity in competitors' responses to temperature fluctuations maintains their coexistence boundary, highlighting the importance of this fluctuation‐dependent mechanism. Our results support a more nuanced, interactive role of climate and competition in determining range boundaries, and illustrate a practical, process‐based approach to understanding the determinants of range limits.
The influence of spatially heterogeneous anthropogenic change on bill size evolution in a coastal songbird
Authors: Benham Phred M. , Bowie Rauri C. K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNatural history collections provide an unparalleled resource for documenting population responses to past anthropogenic change. However, in many cases, traits measured on specimens may vary temporally in response to a number of different anthropogenic pressures or demographic processes. While teasing apart these different drivers is challenging, approaches that integrate analyses of spatial and temporal series of specimens can provide a robust framework for examining whether traits exhibit common responses to ecological variation in space and time. We applied this approach to analyze bill morphology variation in California Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). We found that bill surface area increased in birds from higher salinity tidal marshes that are hotter and drier. Only the coastal subspecies, alaudinus, exhibited a significant increase in bill size through time. As with patterns of spatial variation, alaudinus populations occupying higher salinity tidal marshes that have become warmer and drier over the past century exhibited the greatest increases in bill surface area. We also found a significant negative correlation between bill surface area and total evaporative water loss (TEWL) and estimated that observed increases in bill size could result in a reduction of up to 16.2% in daily water losses. Together, these patterns of spatial and temporal variation in bill size were consistent with the hypothesis that larger bills are favored in freshwater‐limited environments as a mechanism of dissipating heat, reducing reliance on evaporative cooling, and increasing water conservation. With museum collections increasingly being leveraged to understand past responses to global change, this work highlights the importance of considering the influence of many different axes of anthropogenic change and of integrating spatial and temporal analyses to better understand the influence of specific human impacts on population change over time.
Overview of the use of antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections in horses
Authors: Hardefeldt L. Y. , Bailey K. E. , Slater J. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThe use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine is under great scrutiny with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the human population. Equine veterinarians rely on antimicrobials as an essential tool for the treatment of infections in horses, but there is much criticism of some use, particularly prophylaxis. While the appropriate use of antimicrobials can be justified in equine medicine, the misuse cannot. The definition of appropriate use is complex and involves the indication for therapy, antimicrobial selection, dosing regimen and timing and route of administration, duration of therapy and modification of therapy based on microbial susceptibility and clinical response. The aim of this article is to provide guidance on these factors to assist equine veterinarians in determining what constitutes appropriate antimicrobial use in horses.
SIS3, a good candidate for the reverse of type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice
Authors: Wang Dao‐Cai , Yan Ting‐Ting , Chen Bin , Liu Feng , Liu Xiao‐Peng , Xie Yong‐Mei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTGF‐β signaling plays an extremely important role in the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the blockade of TGF‐β/Smad3 pathway protests against the high‐fat diet‐induced obesity and diabetes. As a specific small molecule inhibitor of Smad3 protein, the biological activities of compound SIS3 were evaluated by high‐fat diet‐induced T2DM model mice. In vivo results indicated that SIS3 can not only significantly reduce the body weight, fat mass, and fasting blood glucose in high‐fat diet‐induced T2DM model mice, but also improve insulin sensitivity and oral glucose tolerance of high‐fat diet‐induced T2DM model mice after the injection of SIS3 with 5 mg/kg for 45 days.
Analysis on stress‐strain behavior and life prediction of P92 steel under creep‐fatigue interaction conditions
Authors: Zhao Lei , Xu Lianyong , Han Yongdian , Jing Hongyang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConsidering the flexible operation conditions, the creep‐fatigue performance of P92 steel plays a crucial role in manufacturing structural components of ultra‐supercritical fossil power plants at 620°C–630°C. The creep‐fatigue interaction tests of P92 steel were conducted at 630°C in air with different duration periods, where the duration periods were simultaneously added on the peak tensile strain and valley compressive strain. The addition of hold time resulted in a rapid decrease of fatigue life, where the reduction amplitude increasing with the hold time. There was more than five times reduction as the hold time increased to 300 s. Moreover, the stress relaxation behavior during hold time exhibited a saturation behavior at long dwell time, where the limited relaxed stress gradually approached to the creep threshold stress. Furthermore, a modified strain energy density exhaustion model involving creep threshold stress was proposed and provided more accurate predictions in comparison with the conventional model, reducing the conservatism.
Mammalian herbivory shapes intraspecific trait responses to warmer climate and nutrient enrichment
Authors: Jessen Maria‐Theresa , Kaarlejärvi Elina , Olofsson Johan , Eskelinen Anu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVariation in intraspecific traits is one important mechanism that can allow plant species to respond to global changes. Understanding plant trait responses to environmental changes such as grazing patterns, nutrient enrichment and climate warming is, thus, essential for predicting the composition of future plant communities. We measured traits of eight common tundra species in a fully factorial field experiment with mammalian herbivore exclusion, fertilization, and passive warming, and assessed how trait responsiveness to the treatments was associated with abundance changes in those treatments. Herbivory exhibited the strongest impact on traits. Exclusion of herbivores increased vegetative plant height by 50% and specific leaf area (SLA) by 19%, and decreased foliar C:N by 11%; fertilization and warming also increased height and SLA but to a smaller extent. Herbivory also modulated intraspecific height, SLA and foliar C:N responses to fertilization and warming, and these interactions were species‐specific. Furthermore, herbivory affected how trait change translated into relative abundance change: increased height under warming and fertilization was more positively related to abundance change inside fences than in grazed plots. Our findings highlight the key role of mammalian herbivory when assessing intraspecific trait change in tundra and its consequences for plant performance under global changes.
Development and Internal Validation of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Episodic Migraine Attacks Based on Daily Trigger Exposures
Authors: Holsteen Katherine K. , Hittle Michael , Barad Meredith , Nelson Lorene M. 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveTo develop and internally validate a multivariable predictive model for days with new‐onset migraine headaches based on patient self‐prediction and exposure to common trigger factors.BackgroundAccurate real‐time forecasting of one’s daily risk of migraine attack could help episodic migraine patients to target preventive medications for susceptible time periods and help decrease the burden of disease. Little is known about the predictive utility of common migraine trigger factors.MethodsWe recruited adults with episodic migraine through online forums to participate in a 90‐day prospective daily‐diary cohort study conducted through a custom research application for iPhone. Every evening, participants answered questions about migraine occurrence and potential predictors including stress, sleep, caffeine and alcohol consumption, menstruation, and self‐prediction. We developed and estimated multivariable multilevel logistic regression models for the risk of a new‐onset migraine day vs a healthy day and internally validated the models using repeated cross‐validation.ResultsWe had 178 participants complete the study and qualify for the primary analysis which included 1870 migraine events. We found that a decrease in caffeine consumption, higher self‐predicted probability of headache, a higher level of stress, and times within 2 days of the onset of menstruation were positively associated with next‐day migraine risk. The multivariable model predicted migraine risk only slightly better than chance (within‐person C‐statistic: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.58).ConclusionsIn this study, episodic migraine attacks were not predictable based on self‐prediction or on self‐reported exposure to common trigger factors. Improvements in accuracy and breadth of data collection are needed to build clinically useful migraine prediction models.
Where are we with pre‐exposure prophylaxis use in Central and Eastern Europe? Data from the Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) Network Group
Authors: Balayan T , Begovac J , Skrzat‐Klapaczyńska A , Aho I , Alexiev I , Bukovinova P , Salemovic D , Gokengin D , Harxhi A , Holban T , Jevtovic D , Kase K , Lakatos B , Latysheva I , Matulionyte R , Oprea C , Papadopoulos A , Rukhadze N , Sedlacek D , Tomazic J , Vassilenko A , Vasylyev M , Verhaz A , Yancheva N , Yurin O , Horban A , Kowalska JD ,   the ECEE Network Group
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesPre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV infection is an important intervention for control of the HIV epidemic. The incidence of HIV infection is increasing in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Therefore, we investigated the change in PrEP use in CEE over time.MethodsThe Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe (ECEE) Network Group was initiated in February 2016 to compare standards of care for HIV and viral hepatitis infections in CEE. Data on access to PrEP were collected from 23 countries through online surveys in May–June 2017 (76 respondents) and in November 2018–May 2019 (28 respondents).ResultsAbout 34.2% of respondents stated that tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) was licensed for use in their country in 2017, and 66.7% that it was licensed for use in 2018 (P = 0.02). PrEP was recommended in national guidelines in 39.5% of responses in 2017 and 40.7% in 2018 (P = 0.378). About 70.7% of respondents were aware of “informal” PrEP use in 2017, while 66.6% were aware of this in 2018 (P = 0.698). In 2018, there were 53 centres offering PreP (the highest numbers in Poland and Romania), whereas six countries had no centres offering PreP. The estimated number of HIV‐negative people on PreP in the region was 4500 in 2018. Generic TDF/FTC costs (in Euros) ranged from €10 (Romania) to €256.92 (Slovakia), while brand TDF/FTC costs ranged from €60 (Albania) to €853 (Finland).ConclusionsAlthough the process of licensing TDF/FTC use for PrEP has improved, this is not yet reflected in the guidelines, nor has there been a reduction in the “informal” use of PrEP. PrEP remains a rarely used preventive method in CEE countries.
The benefit of culture‐independent methods to detect bacteria and fungi in re‐infected root filled teeth: a pilot study
Authors: Al‐Sakati H. , Kowollik S. , Gabris S. , Balasiu A. , Ommerborn M. , Pfeffer K. , Henrich B. , Raab W. H.‐M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimTo identify dominant microorganisms in root filled teeth with apical periodontitis by Pan‐PCRs in comparison with a culture‐dependent approach, focusing on fungal species profiling.MethodologyThe root filling material (gutta‐percha) removed from 42 teeth with periapical radiolucencies undergoing root canal retreatments was analysed by molecular genetics techniques. Real‐Time Pan‐PCRs were conducted for the diagnosis of predominant bacteria (targeting 16S rDNA) and fungi (targeting ITS1‐2 region). Identification of microorganisms was performed by Sanger sequencing of the PCR products and BLAST analysis. Additionally, subgingival plaque samples were collected and cultured to review the composition of the microbial flora. The McNemar test and the repeated measures anova were used for statistical analyses (significance level was set at P < 0.05).ResultsOverall, 42/42 plaque samples had bacterial growth, whereas 32/42 gutta‐percha samples had bacterial growth with a dominance of Streptococcus spp. (12/42) and Enterococcus faecalis (9/42). The mean number of bacterial taxa per gutta‐percha sample was 1.6 cultivatable taxa, significantly lower than in the plaque sample that had six taxa/sample (P < 0.001). Fungus‐specific cultures were negative for gutta‐percha samples, and only one plaque sample had growth of a fungus. In total, 36/42 plaque samples were positive in bacterial Pan‐PCRs. In bacterial Pan‐PCRs of 31/42 gutta‐percha samples, dominant microorganisms were identified including Streptococcus spp. (5/42) and E. faecalis (4/42). Moreover, in 7/42 gutta‐percha samples, DNA of bacteria which are difficult‐to‐cultivate in microbiology routine culture (Acinetobacter,Pyramidobacter,Bacteroidetes,Synergistes,Atopobium and Pseudoramibacter) was found. DNA of Candida spp. was detected in 5/42 root canals by fungal Pan‐PCR (1/5) and genus‐specific Candida‐PCR (5/5).ConclusionsPan‐PCR assays remain appropriate as a broad‐range approach for the detection of a dominant pathogen in gutta‐percha samples which have less diverse microbial composition. The molecular genetic Pan‐PCR approach has the advantage of detecting microorganisms that are as‐yet‐uncultivable or difficult‐to‐cultivate and should be therefore complement conventional microbiological diagnostics.
Primary prevention of fat and weight gain among obesity susceptible healthy weight preschool children. Main results from the “Healthy Start” randomized controlled intervention
Authors: Olsen Nanna Julie , Ängquist Lars , Frederiksen Peder , Lykke Mortensen Erik , Heitmann Berit Lilienthal 
Published: October 2020

SummaryBackgroundA vital public health challenge lies in understanding the primary drivers behind excessive weight gain among healthy weight individuals.ObjectivesTo examine if excessive weight and fat gain can be prevented among healthy weight, obesity susceptible children aged 2 to 6 years.MethodsEligible children were identified based on information on either a high birth weight, maternal pre‐pregnancy obesity or maternal low educational level from national registries, and randomized into an intervention group, a control group and a shadow control group. All children with overweight at baseline were excluded from subsequent analysis (n = 196), while healthy weight children were included (n = 926). The intervention was designed to deliver improvements in diet and physical activity habits, optimization of sleep quantity and quality, and reduction of family stress. The average intervention period was 1.3 years.ResultsIntention‐to‐treat analyses indicated a lower gain in percentage fat mass and a higher gain in fat‐free mass in the intervention group compared with the control group. However, the results should be interpreted with caution, as they were clinically small and borderline significant, only.ConclusionThis primary prevention intervention among young healthy weight children with susceptibility to future obesity had clinically small effects on growth and body composition. More interventions, conducting primary obesity prevention, are urgently needed.
What are the building blocks of parent–infant coordinated attention in free‐flowing interaction?
Authors: Abney Drew H. , Suanda Sumarga H. , Smith Linda B. , Yu Chen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe present article investigated the composition of different joint gaze components used to operationalize various types of coordinated attention between parents and infants and which types of coordinated attention were associated with future vocabulary size. Twenty‐five 9‐month‐old infants and their parents wore head‐mounted eye trackers as they played with objects together. With high‐density gaze data, a variety of coordinated attention bout types were quantitatively measured by combining different gaze components, such as mutual gaze, joint object looks, face looks, and triadic gaze patterns. The key components of coordinated attention that were associated with vocabulary size at 12 and 15 months included the simultaneous combination of parent triadic gaze and infant object looking. The results from this article are discussed in terms of the importance of parent attentional monitoring and infant sustained attention for language development.
How do toddlers evaluate defensive actions toward third parties?
Authors: Geraci Alessandra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDefensive behavior is a central aspect of social life and provides benefits to the self and others. Recent evidence reveals that infants evaluate third parties’ prosocial and antisocial actions. Three experiments were carried out to assess toddlers’ reactions to defensive and non‐defensive events (N = 54). In two experiments, infants’ looking times and manual choices provided converging evidence that 20‐month‐olds understand and evaluate defensive actions, by showing that they prefer the defensive puppet over the non‐defensive puppet and that they reason on the bystander puppet's disposition. In the third experiment, toddlers rewarded the defensive puppet rather than the non‐defensive puppet, revealing how their evaluations guided awarding behaviors of defensive actions toward the third party. The results support the developmental stability and provide evidence of a rich and well‐organized prosociality that before the second year of life proves to be based on some moral principles and linked with a sophisticated psychological reasoning. The findings shed light on the claims that human capacities for the social evaluation of defensive behaviors toward third parties are rooted in evolved cooperative systems.
Exploring patient experiences of participating in a telephone‐based self‐management support intervention: Proactive Health Support (PaHS)
Authors: Winther Susanne , Fredens Mia , Skov Benthien Kirstine , Konstantin Nissen Nina , Palmhøj Nielsen Camilla , Grønkjær Mette 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimProactive Health Support is a telephone‐based self‐management intervention that is carried out in Denmark by Registered Nurses who provide self‐management support to people at risk of hospital admission. We aimed to explore participants’ experiences of Proactive Health Support and to identify what the participants find important and meaningful during the intervention process.DesignQualitative design involving semi‐structured interview.MethodsUsing a phenomenological–hermeneutical framework, we conducted semi‐structured interviews with 62 participants in their own homes (32 women, 30 men; aged 20–81 years) in spring and fall 2018.ResultsThe participants felt confident that they could discuss every matter with the nurses. Participants benefitted from accessibility to the nurses’ professional and medical competences and they felt relief that the nurses contacted them via the telephone due to their multiple health conditions. The participants felt that the nurses were available and helped them to navigate the healthcare system.ConclusionThe participants valued the intervention because they benefitted from the nurses’ holistic approach. They described the nurses’ knowledge and professionalism in relation to their symptoms, treatments, and medicine as important and meaningful. Accordingly, the intervention seemed to promote feelings of independence and self‐management among the participants.ImpactFrom a nursing perspective, the study highlights that it is possible to establish a close relationship and behavioural change among participants through regular telephone contact.