bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Acid Composition on the Fermentation Process of Pork Fat
Authors: Gurinovich Galina , Malyutina Kseniya , Seregin Sergey , Patrakova Irina 
Published: March 2020

Introduction. Dry fermented meat products are considered to be fine foods. Their quality depends on a combination of various processes. The composition and properties of raw materials, e.g. fat, play a key role in quality formation. The research objective was to study the fermentation process in fourth-category pork obtained from sows, which contains a lot of highly unsaturated fatty acids. The considerable resources that this raw material can provide require improved technologies.
Study objects and methods. The research featured two types of pork. The first group included samples made from fourth-category carcasses, i.e. hip muscle tissue and spine fat, in the ratio of 85:15. The second group included control samples made from secondcategory pork that was obtained from young animals. This type of meat is traditionally used for fermented products. The fermentation process was performed using starter cultures for rapid fermentation of StLb 37.03 M (0.1% by weight of raw materials). The samples were fermented at the activation temperatures of the starter cultures for 48 h. After that, the samples were dried at 50°C with shortterm smoke supply for 1 h. The total time of the production cycle was 14 days. The samples were monitored for water activity, pH, weight loss, chemical composition, amount of free fatty acids, secondary and primary oxidation products, color characteristics, and sensory properties during all stages of the process.
Results and discussion. The content of unsaturated fatty acids was 65.39% of the total amount of fatty acids in the fourth-category pork obtained from sows. In the second-category pork obtained from young animals, it was 59.1%. Water activity, pH, and moistureprotein ratio were within the control criteria for shelf stable products. The analysis of thiobarbituric values and free fatty acids indicated a deeper degradation of the fat part, but their values were comparable to those of the control group. The sensory properties of fourth-category fermented pork were highly evaluated by experts.
Conclusion. The obtained data proved the possibility of using fourth-category raw materials in the technology of fermented delicatessen products.
Extract and Powder of Epilobium Angustifolium in Bakery Products
Authors: Nevskaya Ekaterina , Zueva Aleksandra , Belyaev Alexey 
Published: March 2020

Introduction. The modern food industry is currently facing the problem of the appropriate use of inexpensive and affordable domestic plant materials as an important source of vital substances. They can be used in formulations and production technologies of fortified functional foods. The present research featured the development and assessment of the quality of wheat bread fortified with willow weed (Epilobium Angustifolium).
Study objects and methods. Samples of wheat bread were prepared from wheat baking flour of the highest grade. The extract and powder were prepared from crushed grass of Epilobium Angustifolium. The sensory and physico-chemical quality indicators of wheat bread samples were determined by conventional methods. The Harrington desirability function was used to improve the sensory properties of the wheat bread samples.
Results and discussion. The interval ranges of values of the generalized desirability function were used to establish the values of this function for all samples of wheat bread fortified with Epilobium Angustifolium. The values proved to be in the range marked as “good”: D = 0.6927–0.6908. The powder of Epilobium Angustifolium increased the content of potassium in 100 g of bread by 5–12%, calcium – by 12–30%, magnesium – by 3–7%, and phosphorus – by 2–6%. When the extract was applied, the content of potassium and calcium increased by 7% and 13%, respectfully, while the content of magnesium and phosphorus increased by 4%.
Conclusion. The extract of Epilobium Angustifolium fortified the samples of wheat bread with important mineral elements and increased their nutritional value. The physico-chemical indicators of the test samples did not deteriorate. The optimal dose of Epilobium Angustifolium powder was 3% vs. total flour mass. The sample of wheat bread with 3% of willow weed powder demonstrated good quality indicators, and its physico-chemical indicators met the requirements of the standard. The nutritional value of wheat bread samples fortified with Epilobium Angustifolium powder increased due to the larger content of phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and potassium.
Predicting the hydraulic and life-cycle cost performance of rainwater harvesting systems using a computer based modelling tool
Authors: Roebuck R.M , Ashley R.M. 
Published: March 2020

Rainwater harvesting systems are a recognised technique for reducing reliance on potable mains supply and as a potential way to save money. However, the widespread uptake of these systems has been slow partly due to the level of uncertainty surrounding hydraulic and financial performance. Current methods of assessment tend to be simplistic, using generalised rather than site-specific data. Often little account is taken of financial issues other than capital costs, such as operating/maintenance and decommissioning expenses.
To overcome these shortcomings, a computer based modelling tool called RainCycle© was developed that has the capability to perform more detailed analysis than is possible with existing methods. The program includes a detailed hydraulic model of a typical rainwater harvesting system and also has the ability to explicitly account for all major costs associated with these systems.
Modelling a number of proposed designs revealed that many of the current methods overestimate the hydraulic efficiency and potential cost savings that are achievable. However, it was found that water and monetary savings are still possible under favourable conditions. Further, it was found that capital, maintenance and required mains top-up water account for the majority of the whole life costs, whilst energy and decommissioning costs represent a small fraction of the required lifetime expenditure.
Secondary WWTP preceded by UASB reactors - an excellent Brazilian experience
Authors: Jordäo E. P. , Volschan I. , Alem Sobrinho P. 
Published: March 2020

Anaerobic treatment, such as the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket - UASB - has many advantages: a compact system, with practically no equipment in the anaerobic vessel, low operational costs, very low energy consumption, and low excess sludge produced.
However, taking into account its poor effluent quality, and the legal water quality standards, post treatment is a must. Brazil is experiencing the scheme UASB plus aerobic secondary treatment, aiming reduction in investment and mainly in operational costs, with excellent results.
Three cases are discussed in this paper: two small plants, Barreto (0,14 m3/s) and Itaipu (0.07 m3/s, 1.6 MGD); and the Rio Preto plant (1.34 m3/s), the first two already operational. All adopt the UASB plus activated sludge process, the last two with denitrification.
Several other important plants are in the stage of design or construction in Brazil, with flows as high as 3.35 m3/s, UASB plus activated sludge with nitrogen and phosphorus removal and UASB plus trickling filters.
Design criteria for the anaerobic reactor and for the different secondary treatment processes, and available operational data as well, are discussed in the paper. Particular attention is given to special restraints with activated sludge as post treatment, such as the higher sludge age required for nitrification, and the difficulty in denitrifying the anaerobic effluent.
Combining Theoretical and Physical Laboratory Modelling in the Development of Real Time Control Algorithms
Authors: Unwin D. M , Saul A. J 
Published: March 2020

Water industries worldwide are becoming increasingly interested, due to the recent improvements in the devices, methodologies and tools available, in the development and utilisation of Real Time Monitoring/Control (RT-M/C) applications. The University of Sheffield Pennine Water Group is currently researching the development of RT-M/C solutions for wastewater systems and the minimisation of urban flooding impact within the United Kingdom. These solutions are being developed, utilising quasi-steady state methodology, by the combining and utilisation of data, from both a novel laboratory scale prototype research apparatus, as shown in Figure 1, and theoretical mathematical analysis/Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
Figure 1 Figure 1.
The project will ultimately centre on the development of a suite of RT- M/C algorithms/Flood Risk decision support tools (FRDST), which can be applied, with confidence to real world applications. Initial phases of the project centred on the development of the laboratory facility, and the enhancement of current system understanding in terms of hydraulic functionality, and its impact upon the transportation of soluble pollutants. This impact upon pollutant transportation has been quantified (by laboratory experimentation) in terms of the ‘dominating’ (backwater) effects of converging dry weather (type) and storm (type) flows due to the presence of a (simple) sewer manhole junction. These dominating effects are hypothesised to be due to the combined parameters of angle of inlet (of dry weather/base flows), the magnitude of the base flow rate and the ratio of the base flow rate to the joining storm flow rate. The effect upon pollution (mass) transportation has been shown to mirror the magnitude of the backwater effects, thus allowing the hypothesis, that hydraulic effects alone should form the foundation of any subsequent development of RT-M/C algorithms/FRDST. Further to this it is also hypothesised that the resulting model could confidently be applied to systems understanding/control in terms of hydraulic performance in general, and the minimising (through adopted DST) of flood risk at key sewer system junctions. Particularly in terms of environmental protection schemes and cost minimising strategies.
Should the Vancomycin Minimal Inhibitory Concentration be used as an Infant Critical Care Regular Criteria?
Authors: Bidu Nadielle S. , Fernandes Bruno J.D. , Filho Jucelino N.C. , Bastos Regina E.A. , Pedreira Joice N.R. , Couto Ricardo D. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Vancomycin is the first-line antibiotic used for the treatment of staphylococcal
infections. Because of its narrow therapeutic window and the pharmacokinetics variability, vancomycin
trough serum concentration should be monitored. However, due to the increased cases of staphylococcus’
commensal species infections and the case of vancomycin resistance, the minimal inhibitory
concentration should be considered on antimicrobial therapy.

Objective:
This article aimed to show the importance of the minimal inhibitory concentration to infants
on vancomycin therapy as regular criteria.

Materials and Methods:
Three infants in the use of vancomycin, hospitalized in the same maternity
hospital, and that had at least one blood culture performed during the intensive-care-unit hospitalization
were included in the study. Vancomycin serum concentrations were determined by particleenhanced-
turbidimetric inhibition-immunoassay. The vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration
data were interpreted by following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European
Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). The trough serum concentration
range of 10 to 20 mg.L-1 was considered therapeutic.

Results:
All three patients had at least one infection by S. epidermidis, being one patient exhibit vancomycin-
resistant S. epidermidis infection. All patients had stoppages in the vancomycin treatment,
and the minimal inhibitory concentration was performed for only one patient.

Conclusion:
The data obtained from these patients also showed the need to perform therapeutic monitoring
by using minimal inhibitory concentration values, because, although the serum concentrations
were within the reference range, they are insufficient to guarantee patient therapeutic success.
Genome Sequence of a Highly Virulent pvl-positive Vancomycin intermediate- resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 30
Authors: Chamon Raiane C. , Marques Lucas M. , Timenetsky Jorge , da Costa Rachid Caio T.C. , Ferreira Rosana B.R. , de Oliveira Tamara L.R. , Glatthardt Thais , de Oliveira Moreira Lilian , dos Santos Kátia R.N. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Staphylococcus aureus isolates expressing the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin
(PVL) have been related to a wide range of diseases. Recently, pvl-positive community-associated
methicillin-resistant S. aureus belonging to USA1100 (ST30/CC30/SCCmec IV) lineage has emerged
in Brazilian hospitals.

Objective:
The aim of this work was to sequence the genome of a pvl-positive USA1100 Vancomycin-
Intermediate-Resistant S. aureus (VISA) isolate from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Methods:
The 13420 genome was sequenced using the HiSeq 2500 platform. The draft genome, plasmids
annotation, and genome analysis were performed using RAST. Comparison of the relative pvl
gene expression of six S. aureus isolates was performed by qRT-PCR.

Results:
The isolate presented the ϕPVL phage codifying for the H2b PVL protein isoform, and another
prophage carrying a PVL variant named lukF and lukS-PV.2. The 13420 genome presented a
high number of virulence determinants, such as genes codifying for serine-protease proteins, enterotoxins
(egc), the immune evasion cluster (IEC), adhesion proteins, spermine/spermidine acetyltransferase
gene (blt), superantigen-like proteins, as well as the ica operon. Point mutations at vraS, tcaA,
and tcaB genes were detected. Moreover, the PVL mRNA relative expression of the 13420 isolate was
five times higher than mRNA PVL levels of the USA300/ST8 reference strain.

Conclusion:
We described for the first time the genome sequence of a VISA isolate harboring two
pvl-associated genes and other virulence factors that may improve the USA1100/ST30 lineage fitness
and impact its pathogenicity and spreading at Brazilian hospitals.
3D-QSAR and Docking Studies on Pyrimidine Derivatives as CSF-1R Inhibitors
Authors: Deng Ya-ting , Wang Jun-wei , Chu Han , Wang Juan , Hu Yong , lin Yong , Shu Mao , Lin Zhi-hua 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) is associated with
malignancy, invasiveness and poor prognosis of tumors, and pyrimidine derivatives are considered as
a novel class of CSF-1R inhibitor.

Methods:
To explore the relationship between the structures of substituted pyrimidine derivatives
and their inhibitory activities against CSF-1R, CoMFA and CoMSIA analyses, and molecular
docking studies were performed on a dataset of forty-four compounds.

Results:
We found in CoMFA model including steric and electrostatic fields for the training set, the
cross-validated q2 value was 0.617 and the non-cross-validated r2 value was 0.983. While, the crossvalidated
q2 value was 0.637 and the non-cross-validated r2 value was 0.984 in CoMSIA Model
which include steric, electrostatic and hydrophobic fields. 3D equipotential maps generated from
CoMFA and CoMSIA along with the docking binding structures provided enough information about
the structural requirements for better activity.

Conclusion:
The data generated from the present study helped us to predict the activity of new
inhibitors and further design some novel and potent CSF-1R inhibitors.
A Standard Protocol Proposal for Reliable and Time-Saving Shielding Effectiveness Measurements for MRI Faraday Cages
Authors: Mirarchi Luciano , Giaquinto Valentina , Silvestri Sergio , Massa Rita 
Published: March 2020

Background:
An inadequate shielding of radio-frequency cabins for magnetic resonance imaging devices can affect clinical images with artifacts. For this reason, periodic measurements of shielding effectiveness are recommended. However, a wide gap exists between the international reference standard currently available for shielding effectiveness measurement (IEEE-Std 299/2006) and the practical approach, mainly because of the poor applicability of the standard to any situation.

Objective:
The aim of this work is to suggest a novel procedure for the measurement of the shielding effectiveness of radiofrequency cabins for clinical magnetic resonance imaging devices. The application of the cabin door measurements for shielding effectiveness assessment is proposed.

Methods:
Based on the only international standard currently available, some critical aspects of shielding effectiveness measurements are highlighted. Taking into account theoretical considerations, a novel approach is suggested in order to simplify the applicability of the standard. Frequency ranges and measurement points were reduced by considering the specific device inside the shield.

Results:
Results obtained by the application of the proposed protocol were compared with the results obtained by the application of the standard procedure IEEE-Std 299/2006. No significant discrepancies between measurements have been found. It was observed that the time to perform measurements reduced by almost three times.

Conclusion:
A time-saving method for measurement of shielding effectiveness in a narrow range of frequencies is proposed.
Comparison between Trans-articular and Subacromial Stabilization with Ligament Repair for Acute Acromioclavicular Dislocation
Authors: Matsumura Noboru , Kawano Yusuke , Furuhata Ryogo , Kimura Hiroo , Suzuki Taku , Iwamoto Takuji 
Published: March 2020

Background:Although numerous treatment options for acromioclavicular joint dislocation have been reported, the treatment strategy is not yet standardized.Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of coracoclavicular ligament repair with temporary acromioclavicular stabilization using suture anchors and Kirschner wires, and to compare the results between temporary trans-articular fixation and subacromial stabilization of the acromioclavicular joint.Methods:Thirty-three cases with displaced acromioclavicular joint dislocation were retrospectively evaluated. In the first 14 cases, the wires temporarily penetrated the joint for an average of 7 weeks (trans-articular group), while the acromioclavicular joint was temporarily stabilized by wires passing under the acromion that were inserted into the distal clavicle for an average of 13 weeks in the latter 19 cases (subacromial group). Clinical and radiographic results were evaluated and compared between the two groups.Results:The average UCLA score was 32.0 points in the trans-articular group and 32.8 points in the subacromial group, indicating no difference between the two groups (P= 0.418). Coracoclavicular distance ratio after surgery was significantly smaller in the subacromial group (P≤ 0.035), and acromioclavicular dislocation ratio after removal of the wires was also smaller in the subacromial group (P≤ 0.001) compared with the trans-articular group.Conclusion:This study revealed that coracoclavicular ligament repair with temporary acromioclavicular stabilization leads to favorable clinical results, with the subacromial group showing better maintenance of joint reduction compared with the trans-articular group. Subacromial wire stabilization is a viable option for long-term temporary fixation of acute displaced acromioclavicular joint dislocation.
Sustainable Use of Recycled Glass Powder as Cement Replacement in Concrete
Authors: Tamanna Nafisa , Tuladhar Rabin 
Published: March 2020

Aims:This paper introduces a sustainable way of using Recycled Glass Powder (RGP) as a cement replacement in concrete.Background:In Australia, almost one million tons of glass waste is collected annually for recycling purpose. However, the inconsistency in chemical composition and the presence of impurities make glass recycling process difficult. Besides, the lack of local recycling plants coupled with high transportation costs makes the recycling process expensive.Objective:For the successful use of recycled glass in concrete for industrial applications, it is therefore, important to characterize the physical and chemical properties of recycled glass collected by the local councils. Furthermore, the effects of replacement levels of cement with recycled glass on the strength and durability properties of concrete need to be assessed as well.Methods:Mechanical strength and durability properties of concrete with 10%, 20% and 30% of RGP as a partial cement replacement were tested and compared with typical concrete and fly ash blend concrete. The relative strength test of mortar was conducted to assess the reactivity of glass powder with the cement.Results:RGP concrete showed an improvement in strength over time like fly ash. Using RGP significantly improved the resistance against chloride penetration with increasing glass powder content. Furthermore, RGP also met the relative strength requirement as per Australian Standard requirement to be considered as a supplementary cementitious material.Conclusion:This research showed that the use of RGP as cement replacement is feasible for replacement level up to 10%. The outcome of this research aims to contribute towards sustainable development by reducing the consumption of cement, as well as reduction of glass waste going into landfill.
Errors in Condom Use in the Setting of HIV Transmission: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jabr Alwazzeh Marwan , Di Stefano Mariantonietta , Greco Pantaleo , Santantonio Teresa , Fiore Jose Ramon 
Published: March 2020

Background:
The efficacy of condom use in declining HIV transmission may be compromised by their incorrect usage. Much focus has been paid on the regularity of condom usage but consumer mistakes and challenges must be considered. Breakage, slipping, leakage, incomplete use and other problems during the sexual event may compromise the protective role of the condom.

Objective:
To evaluate through a systematic review of published data, the type, and incidence of error and problems in condom use, and their possible role in reducing the preventive action of condoms.

Methods:
A systematic literature search for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and January 2019, issued in English in peer-reviewed journals, and reporting the occurrence of condom errors/problems among HIV high-risk populations.

Results:
Twenty studies representing nine countries met the inclusion criteria. The most predominant mistakes associated with condom use included condom breakage, slippage, delayed condom application, early removal, issues related to erection loss and difficulties with fit and feel were reported, failure to squeeze out air, use of expired condoms, reuse of condom, and wearing the condom outside out were other issues noticed.

Conclusions:
Condom use problems and mistakes are prevalent across the globe. Educational efforts are needed to empower HIV the at-risk population with confidence and knowledge to improve correct condom use and increase preventive activity