bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of High Efficient Multi Fuel Reversible Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Systems
Authors: Schauperl Richard , Defner Beppino , Rechberger Juergen , Soukup Nikolaus 
Published: February 2020

Power-to-Gas-to-Power technologies offer strong potentials for energy markets with highly stochastic energy production from renewable sources, such as wind and PV. Increasing efficiencies and cost effectiveness are key issues in state of the art reversible solid oxide electrolyzes systems and still a major challenge. Using a reversible SOE system (rSOE), instead of two separate units that operate alternately for gas or power production, promises to be a very cost effective solution. The rSOEC system can switch between these two operation modes, which results in a more compact system that can be operated almost full time. Additionally, the system can be highly efficient operated with a whole range of different fuels, which increases the technologies flexibility and usability.
This multiuse and multifuel character of rSOE systems leads to very particular challenges in the development. A feasible concept has to combine all necessary BoP components and control mechanisms allowing all modes of operation, while keeping efficiencies and cost effectiveness. One particular challenge for the system design is heat management. A method was developed that promises best possible use of heat recirculation in all modes, while being minimal in design and regulation requirements. For the first time dynamic simulations for all operating conditions e.g. start-up, shut-down, stand-by and mode-switching processes, including all relevant mass and energy flows are currently developed. This strongly supports the system development by making them more effective, since iterative development circles and thus development time and hardware costs are reduced.
The project “Hydrocell” (2013-2016) demonstrated the usability of these simulation methods. A Proof-of-Concept SOEC system has been developed and tested with electricity to H2 (LHV) conversion efficiencies above 80%el.
Within the current project “AuRora”, various system designs for a fully autonomous rSOE system were identified. The concepts are switchable between H2O electrolysis, H20+CO2 co-electrolysis with system integrated catalytic methanation and multifuel SOFC operation. System concepts are developed with conversion efficiencies above 80%el* for H2 production and CH4 production. Based on the simulation results, including CFD, a 1kWelProof-of-Concept will be realized on the testrig in 2017.
Within the presentation, the theoretical background, different rSOE systems designs, optimized operation conditions, as well as measurements performed in the project “Hydrocell” and “AuRora” will be explained. This includes steam-electrolysis, H2O + CO2 co-electrolysis with system integrated catalytic methanation, SOFC operation with H2, as well as multifuel operation with system integrated fuel reformation.
* based on LHV energy content
Hole-Proton Mixed Conduction of Perovskite-Oxide Thin Film with Oxygen Vacancies and Lattice Distortion for SOFC Electrode
Authors: Higuchi Tohru , Furuichi Shoto , Namiki Wataru , Takayanagi Makoto , Minohara Makoto , Horiba Koji , Kumigashira Hiroshi , Tsuchiya Takashi 
Published: February 2020

Acceptor-doped BaPrO3 bulk ceramic is a proton conducting material in the intermediate-temperature (IMT) region from 300 to 700 °C. In particular, the electrical conductivity at 500 °C of Gd3+- or Yb3+-doped BaPrO3 is ~1.0×101 Scm−
1 in wet atmosphere. Furthermore, the occurrence of electron (or hole)–ion mixed conduction, which is expected as the electrode material of a solid state fuel cell (SOFC) using an oxide proton conductor, has also been proposed in the IMT region of Yb3+-doped BaPrO3.
In this study, in-plane-oriented BaPrO3−δ thin film with mixed valence states has been prepared on an Al2O3(0001) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering. With increasing crystallization temperature (T
sub), the lattice constant decreases and the orientation changes from the a-axis to the b-axis. The thin film prepared above T
sub = 800 °C exhibits a higher proton conductivity than bulk ceramics. The conductivity below 400 °C decreases with oxygen gas partial pressure, indicating the existence of hole-ion mixed conduction. The valence band consists of O 2p states hybridized with the Pr4+ (4f
0) and Pr3+ (4f
1
L) states, which are closely related to the mixed conduction. The energy difference between the top of the valence band and the Fermi level corresponds to the activation energy of holes for the total conductivity below 400 °C.
The Role of Cathode Current Contact on the Performance of Full-Size Cells and Stacks
Authors: Guan Wanbing , Zhou Xiao-Dong 
Published: February 2020

Much research on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has adopted the configuration of button cells or symmetric half cells, which enable the investigations of SOFC constituents, such as the electrolyte and electrodes. The performance of SOFCs of a full-cell size (e.g. 10 cm ´ 10 cm) or a stack is highly dependent upon the cathode current collector, which bonds the cathode with a metallic interconnect. The requirements for the contact material are (1) sufficiently high electrical conductance, (2) compatibility with the cathode and interconnect materials with respect to CTE, (3) chemical stability under high current conditions, (4) ability to buffer the interactions between interconnect oxide and electrode oxide, and (5) stability with both interconnect and cathode and not adversely affect the formation of the interconnect protective oxide. In this presentation, we will describe the mechanism that the cathode current collector affects the cell performance by using full-size cells and short-stacks. The area specific resistance of the cathode current collector was studied by changing the contact material, gas distribution in the interconnect, anode contact materials, gas flow rate, fuel utilization ration and operation temperature.
The author would like to thank the financial support from Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51502316) and Excellent Members of Youth Innovation Promotion Association, CAS (No. Y50708WR28). The work was partially supported by US DOE through DE-FE0026097.
Barium Oxide (BaO) Infiltrated Lanthanum Strontium Manganese Oxide (LSM)-Gadolinium Doped Ceria (GDC) Solid Oxide Electrochemical Reduction Cells (SOERC) for Reduced Diesel NOx Emissions
Authors: Zhang Yubo , Nicholas Jason D. 
Published: February 2020

Diesel engines are widely used in automobiles for their high fuel efficiency, low carbon monoxide emissions, and low hydrocarbon emissions [1]. Unfortunately, due to their lean-burn operating environment, diesel engines emit higher amounts of NOx than gasoline engines. Although NOx Storage and Reduction (NSR) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technologies have been commercialized and offer high deNOx (i.e. NOx decomposition) efficiency, they suffer from a loss of fuel efficiency during catalyst regeneration and a need for large-volume, on-board ammonia storage and replenishment, respectively [2]. Further, expensive precious metal catalysts are needed to enable deNOx chemical reactions in these conventional technologies. In contrast, Solid Oxide Electrochemical Reduction Cells (SOERCs) utilizing an external bias to electrochemically drive NOx decomposition promise precious-metal-free operation without the need for catalyst regeneration or large-volume, on-board storage.
Here, the deNOx performance of barium oxide (BaO) infiltrated lanthanum strontium manganese oxide (LSM)-gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) SOERCs were measured as a function of operating temperature, AC amplitude, and AC frequency. Under all test conditions, SOERC performance was reproducible across different samples with the application, removal, and subsequent reapplication of electrical bias. The BaO-LSM-GDC SOERCs tested here displayed better low-temperature NOx conversion efficiencies than those previously reported in the literature; achieving 22% at 350oC compared to the 3% reported in the literature [3, 4]. In agreement with this literature 1) the application of an AC electric bias was found to produce higher BaO-LSM-GDC NOx conversion efficiencies than a DC bias of the same magnitude, and 2) BaO-LSM-GDC SOERCs exhibited current and thermodynamic efficiencies of a few percent, and a few tenths of a percent, respectively. Unfortunately, as shown previously [3, 4], these conversion efficiencies decreased by several percent after only a few hours of operation at 450oC due to microstructural coarsening of the BaO infiltrate.

References

[1] D.B. Kittelson, Journal of Aerosol Science, 29 (1998) 575-588.
[2] W.S. Epling, L.E. Campbell, A. Yezerets, N.W. Currier, J.E. Parks, Catalysis Reviews, 46 (2004) 163-245.
[3] J. Shao, K.K. Hansen, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 1 (2013) 7137-7146.
[4] J. Shao, K.K. Hansen, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160 (2013) H494-H501.
Toward a New Generation of Intermediate-Temperature Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Meilin , Chen Yu , Yoo Seonyoung , Rainwater Ben , Zhang Lei , deGlee Ben , Dolye Brian 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have potential to be the cleanest and most efficient option for direct conversion to electricity and heat of a wide variety of fuels, from hydrogen to hydrocarbons, coal gas, and bio-derived fuels. However, their commercialization hinges on rational design of novel materials of exceptional functionalities at lower temperatures to dramatically reduce the cost while enhancing performance and durability. To accomplish this goal, it is imperative to gain a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of charge and mass transport along surfaces, across interfaces, and through porous electrodes in fuel cell systems. Further, new protocols must be developed to control materials structure, composition, and morphology over multiple length scales, thus producing nano-porous materials with more accessible surfaces of much higher functionalities and with shorter diffusion distances for greatly enhanced rate capabilities. Recently, we have fabricated and tested an electrode architecture derived from nanofibers of active cathode materials with enhanced electrochemical performance, multifunctional anodes with oriented porosity, nanostructured Sm-doped ceria electrolyte membranes with high ionic conductivity, and thin-film samples of proton and oxygen ion conducting electrolytes to study nanoionics effects at heterogeneous interfaces. This presentation will highlight the critical scientific challenges facing the development of a new generation of ITFCs, the latest developments in mixed-ion conducting electrolyte materials, nano-fiber-based cathodes, and catalytically-active anodes for internal reforming of methane at relatively low temperatures, and the perspectives for future-generation fuel cells that exploit nano-scale materials of significantly improved performance.
CO2-Stable Alkaline-Earth-Free Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Ni0.7Co0.3O-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 Composite Cathodes
Authors: Lin Bin , Chen Yonghong , Cheng Zhuanxia , Yang Yang , Traversa Enrico 
Published: February 2020

One of the main problems for the deployment of intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) is their chemical stability, since most of SOFCs contain alkaline-earth metal elements (Ba, Sr and Ca) that easily react with CO2 forming carbonates. To tackle this problem, we performed a systematic investigation of a series of Ni0.7Co0.3O–Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (NC3O-SDC) composite cathodes, which are CO2-stable and alkaline-earth-free compounds. In this work, NC3O-xSDC (with x = 0-60 wt.%) were synthesized by self-propagating combustion method and investigated as new cathode materials for oxygen-ion conducting SOFCs. The thermal stability and phase structure of NC3O polycrystalline powders were studied using TG-DTA and XRD analysis, which confirmed that NC3O is chemically compatible with SDC. The electrical conductivity and thermal expansion of the NC3O-xSDC samples were measured. The electrochemical properties of NC3O-xSDC/SDC/NC3O-xSDC cells were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Among the NC3O-xSDC series, NC3O-30SDC showed a minimum in cathode polarization resistance, being 0.071 Ωcm2 at 800. A maximum power density of 200 mWcm-2 at 600 was obtained using anode-supported SOFCs.
Advanced Proton Conducting Ceramic Cell as Energy Storage Device
Authors: Marrony Mathieu , Dailly Julian 
Published: February 2020

The last decade reveals the high potential of Solid oxide cells (SOC) as hydrogen battery storage operating to the demand either under fuel cell (concept gas-to-power) or electrolysis (concept power-to-gas) profiles. Such types of ceramic-based cells usually operate beyond 750°C in order to keep reasonable electrical performances and reliability of the whole electrochemical device. Now, one of the main challenge is to reduce the operating temperature in order to limit ageing parameters (Cr contamination, metal corrosion…) and improve energy efficiency while promoting cheaper materials and system processing. Actually, O2
--conducting SOC suffers to an insufficient activity of the oxygen electrode and electrical performances at lower operation temperature.
In such context, Protonic Ceramic Cell (PCC) technology can overcome such technical hurdle by operating below 700°C. Protonic Ceramic Cells are benefit from the presence of the water produced/consumed at the air electrode side, avoiding the dilution of the fuel. The ageing and chemical reactivity of materials should be less critical than these observed at higher temperature. Proton Conducting Ceramic Cell is now widely investigated for a variety of applications, in particular fuel cell, steam electrolysis and hydrogen separation but such technology has to face to the lack of Technology Readiness Level (operating parameters definition, durability, dimensioning) for a viable way of market.
During the last years, our group validated promising pioneer promising electrical performances (400-500 mW.cm²) and reliability of few hundred hours under dynamic fuel cell power demand profile below 700°C [1-3]. Here is discussed the evaluation of advanced PCC materials and manufacturing processes under electrolysis and reversible Fuel cell / electrolysis cycles modes. Finally, more than 3500 h of long-term testing were validated under various function profiles (as electricity producer or as hydrogen producer) with limited electrical degradation (cf. Figure 1). Such highlights pave the way to the use of PCC technology as high efficient energy storage candidate .

Figure 1
Quantitative Defect Chemistry Analysis Of (La1-xCax)yFeO3±δ
Perovskite
Authors: Darvish Shadi , Zhong Yu 
Published: February 2020

The defect chemistry of (La0.8Ca0.2)0.95FeO3±δ is analyzed using the La-Ca-Fe-O quaternary thermodynamic database. The quantitative Brouwer diagrams for LCF are developed in different temperatures and oxygen partial pressure. The detailed analysis of the charge disproportionation behavior and the electronic conductivity is carried out with the compound energy formalism model by applying the CALPHAD approach. The electronic conductivities are compared with the existing experimental measurements. The fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic analysis has been carried out to understand the factors affecting the experimental data and the thermodynamic database accuracy.
The Electrochemical Performance of LSM with A-site Non-Stoichiometry under Cathodic Polarization
Authors: Liu Jian , Yu Yang , Yang Tao , Ozmen Ozcan , Finklea Harry , Sabolsky Edward M. , Abernathy Harry , Ohodnicki Paul R , Hackett Gregory A 
Published: February 2020

The activation behavior of a LSM based-cathode in the SOFC is characterized by a rapid reduction in the electrode polarization resistance after cathodic current passage treatment. This activation behavior has been attributed to mechanisms that either enhance the kinetics of oxygen reduction or remove impediments from the oxygen reduction mechanism. Due to the sensitivity of the activation process to the operation history, a comprehensive study was carried out to reveal the relationship between the activation conditions, the steady state cathode performance and the long term stability. This work demonstrates the application of a two electrode configuration half-cell operated for the impedance analysis of LSM-based electrodes. The effects of current density and overpotentials on the activation behavior of LSM based electrode were investigated. The impacts of temperature and oxygen partial pressure to the activation process and final performance are also discussed. Long term degradation test of LSM electrodes were carried out on both half-cells and full cells with various activation processes. Numerical simulation of the LSM-based cathode was conducted with a multi-step oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism for a better understanding of the nature of the activation process. The results are of great relevance as the electrode performance depends on not only the fabrication but also on the initial break-in procedure.
Phase Stability of Lanthanum Nickelate (LNO) in LNO-Doped Ceria Composite Cathodes
Authors: Gopalan Srikanth 
Published: February 2020

Phase equilibria of La2NiO4+δ: LaxCe1-xO2-δ (LNO: LDC) composites (sintered at 1300°C) was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The variables considered in these experiments were the dopant concentration in the ceria phase (0.2<x<0.48) and volume fractions of LNO in the composite cathode. This system has been previously evaluated and the sub-solidus phase equilibria between NiO, La2O3, and CeO2 at 1200°C was revisited, and studied at 1300°C and 800°C. A thermodynamic rationale was used to re-engineer the LNO: LDC composites which stabilized the LNO phase in the composite electrode. Elemental analysis via wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS) confirmed the chemical composition of the stable phases in the composites. Measurements of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of LNO: LDC composites as a function of LNO volume fraction provided further evidence of the stability of LNO and LDC (for x=0.4). Finally, we have also performed electrical conductivities of La2NiO4+δ: La0.4Ce0.6O2-δ composites as a function of LNO volume fraction between 600 and 800°C in air. The electrical conductivity of the composites was analyzed via the resistive network approach. Based on these experiments, a window of composition is provided for stable, high performance cathode compositions in this system.
Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Review of Progress through Three Decades of the International Symposia on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Minh Nguyen , Mizusaki Junichiro , Singhal Subhash C. 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has made significant progress in the past 30 years and is currently in the early commercialization stage. The progress of the technology can be seen clearly through review of the papers and presentations at the biennial International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells series initiated in 1989. This paper details the growth and evolution of the Symposium series as the technology progressed, and highlights key advances in materials development, understanding of electrode reactions and chemical interactions, and design, performance, durability and operation of SOFC single cells, multi-cell stacks and power systems as documented in the Symposium proceedings.
In situ Studies of Phase Evolution in (Pr1-xNdx)2NiO4 Electrodes with Various Interlayer Chemistries
Authors: Dogdibegovic Emir , Alabri Nawf Saif , Wright Christopher J. , Hardy John S , Coyle Christopher A , Horlick Sam , Guan Wanbing , Stevenson J. W. , Zhou Xiao-Dong 
Published: February 2020

Nickelate (e.g. Pr2NiO4) exhibits high activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction over a wide temperature range (600 - 900 oC), which makes it a promising candidate as an advanced cathode for solid oxide fuel cells. However, a phase transition occurs in Pr2NiO4 during cell operation, following: Pr2NiO4 à Pr6O11 + Pr3Ni2O7. As a result, the quantification of the degree of phase transformation becomes necessary to understand the structure-electrochemical property relationship. In this presentation, we report our recent work on (1) replacing the oxide current collector with a gold metal grid, which enables the cathode to expose to the x-ray beam. The x-ray analysis was performed at room temperature and (2) utilizing in situ capability to study the kinetics and mechanisms of phase evolution and establishing the relationship between high-temperature structures and the electrochemical performance. Finally, we will compare the XRD results acquired from room temperature with these in situ studies.
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Award Number DE-FE0023475.
Effects of H2O and CO2 Corrosion on Ba0.9Co0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ Cathode
Authors: Yang Zhibin , Wang Jingle , Wang Yuhao , Liu Yahui , Han Minfang 
Published: February 2020

With the development of SOFC technology, stability has been more and more concerned because of its necessity in SOFC commercialization. In cathode side, contaminations such as CO2 and H2O existing in air are likely to influence the stability of SOFC in long-term operation. In this work, the effect of CO2 and H2O corrosion on high performance Ba0.9Co0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ (BCFN) cathode are studied through XRD measurements, conductivity and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The XRD results show that even in the atmospheres of 3%CO2-3%H2O-96%Air, the chemical reaction is happened and BaCO3 is generated. And the conductivity of BCFN reduces obviously in the presence of CO2 and H2O. Compare with the single factor of CO2 or H2O, the polarization resistance of BCFN electrode increase obviously on the co-corrosion of CO2 and H2O, which declares that the co-effect of H2O and CO2 plays an importance role in the corrosion process on BCFN cathode.
Applications of the Glycine Nitrate Combustion Method for Powder Synthesis on the LSGM-based Electrolyte-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Chen Yu-Ming , Lin Tai-Nan , Liao Ming-Wei , Kuo Hong-Yi , Yeh Chun-Yen , Kao Wei-Xin , Yang Sheng-Fu , Wu Kuan-Ting , Ishihara Tatsumi 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are recognized as environmentally friendly, highly efficient devices, and alternatives to conventional energy conversion systems. Typical material design used is the YSZ-based cell consisted of NiO-YSZ and LSM as anode and cathode, with a dense electrolyte of YSZ. When considering the use of hydrocarbon fuels, carbon deposition has been observed as major failure issue. Ce0.6Mn0.3Fe0.1O2 (CMF) has been studied recently because of the high tolerance against coke deposition and it also exhibited high catalytic activity. In this work, Cu-doped CMF powders were synthesized by glycine nitrate combustion process (GNC). The structure, microstructure, conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion properties were investigated. Cu-doped CMF powders were utilized as anode material in Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO3 (LSGM)-based electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cell for power performance test. The cell with structure of (Cu-doped CMF) | LSGM | LSCF was operated from 600 to 800 °C with humidified H2 as a fuel and ambient air as oxidant to evaluate the electrochemical properties.
keywords：Ce0.6Mn0.3Fe0.1O2, glycine nitrate combustion process, Sr- and Mg-doped LaGaO3