bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computerised tomography scan in multi-drug-resistant <i><i><i>versus</i></i></i> extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Mehrian Payam , Farnia Poopak , Jalalvand Dina , Chamani Mostafa Rezaei , Bakhtiyari Mahmood 
Published: February 2020

PurposeMulti-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is simultaneously resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. Of course, this germ may also be resistant to other anti-tuberculosis drugs. Patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are also resistant to all types of fluoroquinolone and at least one of the three injectable medications: amikacin, clarithromycin, or kanamycin, in addition to isoniazid and rifampin. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to evaluate and compare the computed tomography (CT) scan findings of MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients.Material and methodsIn this comparative descriptive cross-sectional study 45 consecutive TB patients who referred to Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2013 to 2019 were enrolled. TB was diagnosed based on sputum smear and sensitive molecular and microbial tests. Patients were divided into two groups (MDR-TB and XDR-TB) based on two types of drug resistance. CT scan findings were compared for cavitary, parenchymal, and non-parenchymal disorders. The early diagnostic values of these factors were also calculated.ResultsFindings related to cavitary lesions including the pattern, number, size of the largest cavity, maximum thickness of the cavity, lung involvement, number of lobes involved, and the air-fluid levels in the two patient groups were similar (p > 0.05). Parenchymal findings of the lung also included fewer and more nodules of 10 mm in the MDR-TB and XDR-TB groups, respectively. Tree-in-bud, ground-glass-opacity, bronchiectasis, cicatricial emphysema, and lobar atelectasis were similar in the two patient groups (p > 0.05). Findings outside the parenchymal lung, including mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pericardial effusion, showed no statistically significant difference between the MDR-TB and XDR-TB groups (p > 0.05). Parenchymal calcification was more common in the XDR group than in the MDR group (64.7% and 28.6%, respectively) with a significant difference (p = 0.01).ConclusionsCT scan findings in patients with XDR-TB are similar to those of patients with MDR-TB for cavitary, parenchymal, and non-parenchymal lung characteristics. However, patients with XDR-TB tend to have more parenchymal calcification and left-sided plural effusion. CT characteristics overlap between XDR-TB and those with MDR-TB. It can be concluded that CT scan features are not sensitive to the diagnosis.
Heimelijke toepassing van openlijke bevoegdheden
Authors: Blom T. 
Published: February 2020

Heimelijke toepassing van openlijke bevoegdheden
In het nieuwe wetboek worden ‘nieuwe’ opsporingsbevoegdheden geïntroduceerd die normaal gesproken openlijk worden toegepast maar straks ook heimelijk mogen worden ingezet. Het betreft het vergelijkend vingerafdrukken- en handpalmonderzoek, het handschrift- en stemvergelijkend onderzoek, inbeslagneming van voorwerpen en de inzet van daartoe strekkende steunbevoegdheden, het bij gelegenheid van een doorzoeking of betreden van plaatsen overnemen van gegevens en het bevel tot verstrekken van gegevens. In het artikel wordt aangegeven dat de invoering van deze bevoegdheden noodzakelijk en ook wenselijk is, waarbij de wettelijke regeling bovendien voldoet aan de eisen die daaraan door het EHRM worden gesteld. Het voordeel van codificatie is bovendien dat waar het nu vaak om een ongeregelde praktijk gaat, door codificatie duidelijk wordt onder wiens gezag de toepassing van de bevoegdheid valt en aan welke voorwaarden moet zijn voldaan voordat de bevoegdheid mag worden toegepast.
Apixaban Does Not Interfere With Protein S or Activated Protein C Resistance (Factor V Leiden) Testing Using aPTT-Based Methods
Authors: Maryamchik Elena , Van Cott Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2020

Context.—
Apixaban causes a false increase in activated protein C resistance (APCR) ratios and possibly protein S activity.

Objective.—
To investigate whether this increase can mask a diagnosis of factor V Leiden (FVL) or protein S deficiency in an actual population of patients undergoing apixaban treatment and hypercoagulation testing.

Design.—
During a 4.5-year period involving 58 patients, we compared the following 4 groups: heterozygous for FVL (FVL-HET)/taking apixaban, wild-type/taking apixaban, heterozygous for FVL/no apixaban, and normal APCR/no apixaban. Patients taking apixaban were also tested for protein S functional activity and free antigen (n = 40).

Results.—
FVL-HET patients taking apixaban had lower APCR ratios than wild-type patients (P &lt; .001). Activated protein C resistance in FVL-HET patients taking apixaban fell more than 3 SD below the cutoff of 2.2 at which the laboratory reflexes FVL DNA testing. No cases of FVL were missed despite apixaban. In contrast to rivaroxaban, apixaban did not interfere with the assessment of protein S activity (mean activity 93.9 IU/dL, free antigen 93.1 IU/dL, P = .39). A total of 3 of 40 patients (8%) had low free protein S antigen (30, 55, and 57 IU/dL), with correspondingly similar activity results (27, 59, and 52 IU/dL, respectively). Apixaban did not cause a missed diagnosis of protein S deficiency.

Conclusions.—
Despite apixaban treatment, APCR testing can distinguish FVL-HET from healthy patients, rendering indiscriminate FVL DNA testing of all patients on apixaban unnecessary. Apixaban did not affect protein S activity.
Sarcopenia in male patients with head and neck cancer receiving chemoradiotherapy: a longitudinal pilot study
Authors: Chauhan Namrata S. , Samuel Stephen Rajan , Meenar Niranjan , Saxena PU Prakash , Keogh Justin W.L. 
Published: February 2020

Introduction
Muscle wasting conditions such as sarcopenia may be highly prevalent in advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) patients (16–71%), with these prevalence rates substantially greater in those who have received chemo-radiotherapy (CRT). According to the updated European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People consensus statement, sarcopenia is defined as the age-related loss of muscle strength, muscle mass and physical performance. The high prevalence of sarcopenia in HNC patients is concerning as it has been associated with substantially increased risk of CRT toxicity, respiratory complications and early mortality. With the high prevalence of HNC and sarcopenia in India and the strong link between sarcopenia and poor HNC patient outcomes, it is important to screen for the presence of sarcopenia in Indian patients receiving CRT for HNC.

Methods
This longitudinal pilot study aimed to routinely monitor 19 men receiving CRT for their HNC for a variety of sarcopenic-related outcomes over three time points during their 7 weeks of CRT. Participants were required to be male, with a minimum age of 30 years, with a Stage III, IVa or IVb diagnosis of HNC and be currently undergoing a 7 weeks course of CRT in an oncology department. Outcomes included probable sarcopenic diagnosis were estimated by the SARC-F, handgrip strength, skeletal muscle mass was estimated by bioelectrical impedance and physical performance was assessed by the Timed Up and Go. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to identify significant differences at the three time points with a p < 0.05.

Results
The 19 participants in this trial at a mean age of 56.5 ± 10.2 years (range = 39–75 years), with most (n = 13, 68.4%) employed in laboring occupations. At baseline, 31.5% (n = 6) of the participants already had probable sarcopenia based on their total SARC-F score, with this increasing to 89.4% (n = 17) at the end of 7 weeks CRT. In addition, significant decreases in strength, skeletal muscle mass and Timed Up and Go performance were observed, with these declines significantly greater at 7 weeks than 3 weeks after commencing CRT.

Conclusions
Patients with HNC undergoing 7 weeks of CRT showed clinically significant increases in the incidence of probable sarcopenia based on their total SARC-F score as well as clinically significant declines in handgrip strength, skeletal muscle mass and Timed Up and Go performance. Due to the relationship between sarcopenia and a host of adverse events related to CRT in HNC patients, these results suggest that oncologists and their allied health teams should routinely monitor these patients during CRT and provide the relevant exercise therapy and nutritional support to those patients in need.
Adaptive finite‐time tracking control for output‐constrained nonlinear systems with non‐strict‐feedback structure
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Fang , Zhang Jing 
Published: February 2020

SummaryThis article investigates the issue of adaptive finite‐time tracking control for a category of output‐constrained nonlinear systems in a non‐strict‐feedback form. First, by utilizing the structural characteristics of radial basis function neural networks (RBF NNs), a backstepping design method is extended from strict‐feedback systems to a kind of more general systems, and NNs are employed to approximate unknown nonlinear functions. In addition, the system output is constrained to the specified region by applying the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) technique. Furthermore, the finite‐time stability of the system is proved by employing the Bhat and Bernstein theorem. As a result, an adaptive finite‐time tracking control scheme for the output‐constrained nonlinear systems with non‐strict‐feedback structure is proposed by applying RBF NNs, BLF, finite‐time stability theory, and adaptive backstepping technique. It is demonstrated the finite‐time stability of the system, the prescribed convergence of the system output and tracking error, the boundedness of adaptive parameters and state variables. Finally, a simulation example is implemented to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented neural control scheme.
Cu(II)‐CatalyzedOrtho‐Selective Amination of Simple Phenols withO‐Benzoylhydroxylamines
Authors: Shao Nan‐Qi , Yao Zhi‐Li , Wang Dong‐Hui 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA Cu(II)‐catalyzedortho‐selective amination of simple phenols withO‐benzoylhydroxylamines has been developed, which provides access to 2‐aminophenols under mild conditions. Various functional groups on the phenol and electrophilic amine are compatible, and the protocol typically delivers the products in moderate to good yields. The mechanistic detail of this process are discussed.
Knowledge and Environmental Citizenship
Authors: Smederevac-Lalic Marija , Finger David , Kovách Imre , Lenhardt Mirjana , Petrovic Jelisaveta , Djikanovic Vesna , Conti Daniela , Boeve-de Pauw Jelle 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between knowledge and Environmental Citizenship. Knowledge has been attributed to have an essential role in influencing pro-environmental behaviour and as such in the development of Environmental Citizenship. We argue that the ‘right’ kind of environmental knowledge is a necessary precondition for pro-environmental behaviour and thus for Environmental Citizenship. In this chapter, we focus on knowledge, but we also emphasise that efforts on fostering knowledge alone in education for Environmental Citizenship, without links to real life, competencies and values, are insufficient for the sake of a sustainable world. We explore which knowledge is needed in order to cultivate the coherent and adequate skills, values, attitudes and competences that we think an Environmental Citizen should have. We identify three different types of knowledge: (i) environmental systems knowledge, (ii) action-related knowledge and (iii) effectiveness knowledge. Finally, we suggest a process of co-production of new knowledge between experts and key citizens as central to the idea of a participatory approach towards developing Environmental Citizenship.
Attitudes and Environmental Citizenship
Authors: Bauer Nicole , Megyesi Boldizsár , Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir Rares , Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir Cristina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we analyse how attitudes and Environmental Citizenship are related to each other. When discussing Environmental Citizenship, it has often been defined as the outcome of environmental education. With little knowledge and a lack of models, it is difficult to show how the transformation or formation of environmentally aware citizens would take place. The chapter focuses mainly on the individual level to describe factors that influence Environmental Citizenship, although we are aware that several societal and community level factors influence it as well. Other research on Environmental Citizenship revealed that practices that seek to only change individual behaviour or a student’s content knowledge about environmental problems will fall short of cultivating Environmental Citizenship. Some scholars expect that deliberative democracy would lead towards creating values and principles rooted in Environmental Citizenship, while others expect environmental education to be successful in this endeavour but both fail to articulate and explain the ways of how Environmental Citizenship develops and what is needed to achieve it.
Education for Environmental Citizenship and Responsible Environmental Behaviour
Authors: Goldman Daphne , Hansmann Ralph , Činčera Jan , Radović Vesela , Telešienė Audronė , Balžekienė Aistė , Vávra Jan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe notion of Environmental Citizenship embodies behaviour – an actively involved citizen who exercises his/her environmental rights and obligations in the private and public spheres. Education for Environmental Citizenship implies behavioural change; its goal is to facilitate an individual’s intellectual growth (cognitive domain) and emotional capacity (affective domain) that may lead to a critical and actively engaged individual. Human behaviour is overwhelmingly sophisticated, and what shapes pro-environmental behaviour is complex and context specific. Furthermore, empirical research indicates a discrepancy between possessing environmental knowledge and environmentally supportive attitudes and behaving pro-environmentally. The point of departure of this chapter is that the social and psychological study of behaviour has much to inform the study of environmental behaviour and, deriving from this, to inform regarding the type of education towards behaviour/action in the goal of sustainable socioecological transformation. The chapter focuses on internal (psychosocial) factors. It presents selected models regarding factors influencing behavioural decisions that are acknowledged as influential theoretical frameworks for investigating pro-environmental behaviour, as well as various theories that inform these models. These are categorised into knowledge-based models; attitude-, value- and norm-oriented models; skills, self-efficacy and situational factors; and new approaches to environmental behaviour models. The chapter concludes with suggestions for Education for Environmental Citizenship deriving from the various models.
From infinity to four dimensions: higher residue pairings and Feynman integrals
Authors: Mizera Sebastian , Pokraka Andrzej 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We study a surprising phenomenon in which Feynman integrals in D = 4 − 2ε space-time dimensions as ε → 0 can be fully characterized by their behavior in the opposite limit, ε → ∞. More concretely, we consider vector bundles of Feynman integrals over kinematic spaces, whose connections have a polynomial dependence on ε and are known to be governed by intersection numbers of twisted forms. They give rise to differential equations that can be obtained exactly as a truncating expansion in either ε or 1/ε. We use the latter for explicit computations, which are performed by expanding intersection numbers in terms of Saito’s higher residue pairings (previously used in the context of topological Landau-Ginzburg models and mirror symmetry). These pairings localize on critical points of a certain Morse function, which correspond to regions in the loop-momentum space that were previously thought to govern only the large-D physics. The results of this work leverage recent understanding of an analogous situation for moduli spaces of curves, where the α′ → 0 and α′ → ∞ limits of intersection numbers coincide for scattering amplitudes of massless quantum field theories.
Two-Loop QCD Corrections to the Higgs Plus Three-parton Amplitudes with Top Mass Correction
Authors: Jin Qingjun , Yang Gang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We obtain the two-loop QCD corrections to the Higgs plus three-parton amplitudes with dimension-seven operators in Higgs effective field theory. This provides the two-loop S-matrix elements for Higgs plus one-jet production at the LHC with top-mass correction. We apply efficient unitarity plus IBP methods which are described in detail. We also study the color decomposition of the fermion cuts and find a connection between fundamental and adjoint representations which can be used to reduce non-planar to planar unitarity cuts in the Higgs to three-gluon amplitudes. We obtain final results in simple analytic form which exhibits intriguing hidden structures. The principle of maximal transcendentality is found to be satisfied for all results. The lower transcendentality parts also contain universal building blocks and can be written in compact analytic form, suggesting further hidden structures.
Single components of botanicals and nature-identical compounds as a non-antibiotic strategy to ameliorate health status and improve performance in poultry and pigs
Authors: Rossi B. , Toschi A. , Piva A. , Grilli E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the current post-antibiotic era, botanicals represent one of the most employed nutritional strategies to sustain antibiotic-free and no-antibiotic-ever production. Botanicals can be classified either as plant extracts, meaning the direct products derived by extraction from the raw plant materials (essential oils (EO) and oleoresins (OR)), or as nature-identical compounds (NIC), such as the chemically synthesised counterparts of the pure bioactive compounds of EO/OR. In the literature, differences between the use of EO/OR or NIC are often unclear, so it is difficult to attribute certain effects to specific bioactive compounds. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of the effects exerted by botanicals on the health status and growth performance of poultry and pigs, focusing attention on those studies where only NIC were employed or those where the composition of the EO/OR was defined. In particular, phenolic compounds (apigenin, quercetin, curcumin and resveratrol), organosulfur compounds (allicin), terpenes (eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, capsaicin and artemisinin) and aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde and vanillin) were considered. These molecules have different properties such as antimicrobial (including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiprotozoal), anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, as well as the improvement of intestinal morphology and integrity of the intestinal mucosa. The use of NIC allows us to properly combine pure compounds, according to the target to achieve. Thus, they represent a promising non-antibiotic tool to allow better intestinal health and a general health status, thereby leading to improved growth performance.
Trajectory of 10-Year Neurocognitive Functioning After Moderate–Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Early Associations and Clinical Application
Authors: Sigurdardottir Solrun , Andelic Nada , Røe Cecilie , Schanke Anne-Kristine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to explore the 10-year trajectories of neurocognitive domains after moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), to identify factors related to long-term neurocognitive functioning, and to investigate whether performance remained stable or changed over time.Method:Seventy-nine patients with moderate–severe TBI between the ages of 16 and 55 years were assessed at 3 months, 1, 5, and 10 years postinjury using neuropsychological tests and functional outcomes. Three hierarchical linear models were used to investigate the relationships of domain-specific neurocognitive trajectories (Memory, Executive function, and Reasoning) with injury severity, demographics, functional outcome at 3 months (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended) and emotional distress at 1 year (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised).Results:Education, injury severity measures, functional outcome, and emotional distress were significantly associated with both Memory and Executive function. Education and emotional distress were related to Reasoning. The interaction effects between time and these predictors in predicting neurocognitive trajectories were nonsignificant. Among patients with data at 1 and 10 year follow-ups (n = 47), 94–96% exhibited stable scores on Executive function and Reasoning tasks, and 83% demonstrated stable scores on Memory tasks. Significant memory decline was presented in 11% of patients.Conclusions:The findings highlight the differential contribution of variables in their relationships with long-term neurocognitive functioning after moderate–severe TBI. Injury severity was important for Memory outcomes, whereas emotional distress influenced all neurocognitive domains. Reasoning (intellectual) abilities were relatively robust after TBI. While the majority of patients appeared to be cognitively stable beyond the first year, a small subset demonstrated a significant memory decline over time.
Estimates of healthcare spending for preterm and low-birthweight infants in a commercially insured population: 2008–2016
Authors: Beam Andrew L. , Fried Inbar , Palmer Nathan , Agniel Denis , Brat Gabriel , Fox Kathe , Kohane Isaac , Sinaiko Anna , Zupancic John A. F. , Armstrong Joanne 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe growth in healthcare spending is an important topic in the United States, and preterm and low-birthweight infants have some of the highest healthcare expenditures of any patient population. We performed a retrospective cohort study of spending in this population using a large, national claims database of commercially insured individuals. A total of 763,566 infants with insurance coverage through Aetna, Inc. for the first 6 months of post-natal life were included, and received approximately $8.4 billion (2016 USD) in healthcare services. Infants with billing codes indicating preterm status (<37 weeks,n = 50,511) incurred medical expenditures of $76,153 on average, while low-birthweight status (<2500 g) was associated with average spending of $114,437. Infants born at 24 weeks gestation (n = 418) had the highest per infant average expenditures of $603,778. Understanding the drivers of variation in costs within gestational age and birthweight bands is an important target for future studies.