bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to reduce household costs for people with tuberculosis: a longitudinal costing survey in Nepal
Authors: Gurung Suman Chandra , Rai Bhola , Dixit Kritika , Worrall Eve , Paudel Puskar Raj , Dhital Raghu , Sah Manoj Kumar , Pandit Ram Narayan , Aryal Tara Prasad , Majhi Govinda , Wingfield Tom , Squire Bertie , Lönnroth Knut , Levy Jens W , Viney Kerri , van Rest Job , Ramsay Andrew , Santos da Costa Rafaely Marcia , Basnyat Buddha , Thapa Anil , Mishra Gokul , Moreira Pescarini Julia , Caws Maxine , Teixeira de Siqueira-Filha Noemia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare costs and socio-economic impact of tuberculosis (TB) for patients diagnosed through active (ACF) and passive case finding (PCF) in Nepal. A longitudinal costing survey was conducted in four districts of Nepal from April 2018 to October 2019. Costs were collected using the WHO TB Patient Costs Survey at three time points: intensive phase of treatment, continuation phase of treatment and at treatment completion. Direct and indirect costs and socio-economic impact (poverty headcount, employment status and coping strategies) were evaluated throughout the treatment. Prevalence of catastrophic costs was estimated using the WHO threshold. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equation were used to evaluate risk of incurring high costs, catastrophic costs and socio-economic impact of TB over time. A total of 111 ACF and 110 PCF patients were included. ACF patients were more likely to have no education (75% vs 57%, P = 0.006) and informal employment (42% vs 24%, P = 0.005) Compared with the PCF group, ACF patients incurred lower costs during the pretreatment period (mean total cost: US$55 vs US$87, P &lt; 0.001) and during the pretreatment plus treatment periods (mean total direct costs: US$72 vs US$101, P &lt; 0.001). Socio-economic impact was severe for both groups throughout the whole treatment, with 32% of households incurring catastrophic costs. Catastrophic costs were associated with ‘no education’ status [odds ratio = 2.53(95% confidence interval = 1.16–5.50)]. There is a severe and sustained socio-economic impact of TB on affected households in Nepal. The community-based ACF approach mitigated costs and reached the most vulnerable patients. Alongside ACF, social protection policies must be extended to achieve the zero catastrophic costs milestone of the End TB strategy.
Cost of scaling-up comprehensive primary health care in India: Implications for universal health coverage
Authors: Singh Diksha , Prinja Shankar , Bahuguna Pankaj , Chauhan Akashdeep Singh , Guinness Lorna , Sharma Sameer , Lakshmi P V M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIndia has announced the ambitious program to transform the current primary healthcare facilities to health and wellness centres (HWCs) for provision of comprehensive primary health care (CPHC). We undertook this study to assess the cost of this scale-up to inform decisions on budgetary allocation, as well as to set the norms for capitation-based payments. The scale-up cost was assessed from both a financial and an economic perspective. Primary data on resources used to provide services in 93 sub-health centres (SHCs) and 38 primary health care centres (PHCs) were obtained from the National Health System Cost Database. The cost of additional infrastructure and human resources was assessed against the normative guidelines of Indian Public Health Standards and the HWC. The cost of other inputs (drugs, consumables, etc.) was determined by undertaking the need estimation based on disease burden or programme guidelines, standard treatment guidelines and extent and pattern of care utilization from nationally representative sample surveys. The financial cost is reported in terms of the annual incremental cost at health facility level, as well as its implications at national level, given the planned scale-up path. Secondly, economic cost is assessed as the total annual as well as annual per capita cost of services at HWC level. Bootstrapping technique was undertaken to estimate 95% confidence intervals for cost estimations. Scaling to CPHC through HWC would require an additional ₹ 721 509 (US$10 178) million allocation of funds for primary healthcare &gt;5 years from 2019 to 2023. The scale-up would imply an addition to Government of India’s health budget of 2.5% in 2019 to 12.1% in 2023. Our findings suggest a scale-up cost of 0.15% of gross domestic product (GDP) for full provision of CPHC which compares with current public health spending of 1.28% of GDP and a commitment of 2.5% of GDP by 2025 in the National Health Policy. If a capitation-based payment system was used to pay providers, provision of CPHC would need to be paid at between ₹ 333 (US$4.70) and ₹ 253 (US$3.57) per person covered for SHC and PHC, respectively.
Major cardiovascular events at 5 years in surgical versus percutaneous revascularization for left main stem disease: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Urso Stefano , Sadaba Rafel , Nogales Eliú , González Jesús María , Tena María Ángeles , Paredes Federico , González-Barbeito Miguel , Portela Francisco 
Published: November 2020

Summary
The aim of the present study was to analyse the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients undergoing either coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents for left main stem disease. Five manuscripts publishing 5-year results of 4 trials (SYNTAX, PRECOMBAT, NOBLE and EXCEL) were included. Overall meta-analysis with inclusion of the 5-year results from the EXCEL trial using the protocol definition for myocardial infarction showed that CABG is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (risk ratio = 0.74; 95% confidence interval = 0.68–0.80). When the universal definition was used to define myocardial infarction in the EXCEL trial, the analysis demonstrated a larger benefit of coronary surgery in terms of reduction in the risk of MACE (risk ratio = 0.70; 95% confidence interval = 0.63–0.76). Non-significant differences were detected in terms of risk of overall mortality, cardiac mortality or stroke. In conclusion, this meta-analysis shows that CABG significantly reduces the risk of MACE in patients with left main stem disease. The inclusion of the 5-year results of the EXCEL trial using third universal definition amplifies the benefit of CABG over percutaneous coronary intervention.
Theory and Method and the Stakes of a Fragmented Discipline: Or, What Economics Taught Me About the Study of Religion
Authors: Lewis Thomas A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs a discipline, the academic study of religion is strikingly fragmented, with little engagement or shared criteria of excellence across subfields. Although important recent developments have expanded the traditions and peoples studied as well as the methods used, the current extent of fragmentation limits the impact of this diversification and pluralization. At a moment when the global pandemic is catalyzing profound pressures on our universities and disciplines, this fragmentation makes it difficult to articulate to the public, to non-religious studies colleagues, and to students why the study of religion matters. We therefore too often fall back on platitudes. I argue for a revitalized methods and theories conversation that connects us even as it bears our arguments and disagreements about what we do and how. Courses in methods and theories in the study of religion represent the most viable basis we have for bringing the academic study of religion into the common conversation or argument that constitutes a discipline without sacrificing our pluralism.
Identification of a novel tetracycline resistance gene, tet(63), located on a multiresistance plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Zhu Yao , Wang Changzhen , Schwarz Stefan , Liu Wenyu , Yang Qin , Luan Tian , Wang Lingli , Liu Siguo , Zhang Wanjiang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To identify and characterize a novel tetracycline resistance gene on a multiresistance plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus SA01 of chicken origin.

Methods
MICs were determined by broth microdilution according to CLSI recommendations. The whole genome sequence of S. aureus SA01 was determined via Illumina HiSeq and Oxford Nanopore platforms followed by a hybrid assembly. The new tet gene was cloned and expressed in S. aureus. The functionality of the corresponding protein as an efflux pump was tested by efflux pump inhibition assays.

Results
A novel tetracycline resistance gene, tet(63), was identified on a plasmid in S. aureus SA01. The cloned tet(63) gene was functionally expressed in S. aureus and shown to confer resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline, and a slightly elevated MIC of minocycline. The tet(63) gene encodes a 459 amino acid efflux protein of the major facilitator superfamily that consists of 14 predicted transmembrane helices. The results of efflux pump inhibitor assays confirmed the function of Tet(63) as an efflux protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Tet(63) protein exhibited 73.0% identity to the tetracycline efflux protein Tet(K). The plasmid pSA01-tet, on which tet(63) was located, had a size of 25664 bp and also carried the resistance genes aadD, aacA-aphD and erm(C).

Conclusions
A novel tetracycline resistance gene, tet(63), was identified in S. aureus. Its location on a multiresistance plasmid might support the co-selection of tet(63) under the selective pressure imposed by the use of macrolides, lincosamides and aminoglycosides.
G-quadruplex binding protein Rif1, a key regulator of replication timing
Authors: Alavi Sana , Ghadiri Hamed , Dabirmanesh Bahareh , Moriyama Kenji , Khajeh Khosro , Masai Hisao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
DNA replication is spatially and temporally regulated during S phase to execute efficient and coordinated duplication of entire genome. Various epigenomic mechanisms operate to regulate the timing and locations of replication. Among them, Rif1 plays a major role to shape the ‘replication domains’ that dictate which segments of the genome are replicated when and where in the nuclei. Rif1 achieves this task by generating higher-order chromatin architecture near nuclear membrane and by recruiting a protein phosphatase. Rif1 is a G4 binding protein, and G4 binding activity of Rif1 is essential for replication timing regulation in fission yeast. In this article, we first summarize strategies by which cells regulate their replication timing and then describe how Rif1 and its interaction with G4 contribute to regulation of chromatin architecture and replication timing.
Comprehensive numerical study of the effect of nanoparticle additives on the cutting transport performance in horizontal boreholes
Authors: Minakov Andrey V , Mikhienkova Evgeniya I , Neverov Alexander L , Rudyak Valery Ya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The results of a numerical study of the effect of nanoparticle additives in the drilling fluid on the efficiency of cuttings removal from a horizontal well are presented. The rheological parameters of drilling fluids with nanoparticles (NPs) were set from the experiment. The SiO2 and Al2O3 NPs were used. The concentration of NPs in the drilling fluids varied from 0.25 to 2 wt%, while their average diameter ranged from 5 to 50 nm. The Eulerian granular media approach was used to simulate the cutting transport from the borehole. The numerical model was tested in detail on well-known experimental data on sand suspension flow in a round pipe. A good agreement with the experiment was obtained. A systematic computational study of the influence of several parameters on the efficiency of removing cuttings from the well was carried out. These parameters included the well's inclination angle from the vertical direction, the speed of rotation of the drill pipe, the flow rate of the drilling fluid, and the concentration, size, and composition of nanoparticles. It is shown that the 2 wt% concentration of nanoparticles in the drilling fluid results in a 2.7-fold increase in the cutting transport performance for horizontal boreholes. The positive effect of adding nanoparticles to the drilling fluid is enhanced with decreasing nanoparticle size.
How You Estimate Calories Matters: Calorie Estimation Reversals
Authors: Woolley Kaitlin , Liu Peggy J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConsumers often form calorie estimates. How consumers estimate calories can systematically bias their calorie assessments. We distinguish between magnitude estimates—when consumers judge whether something has “very few” to “many” calories—and numeric estimates—when consumers estimate a number of calories. These two estimation modes lead to calorie estimate reversals when assessing calories in stimuli that trade off type and quantity, such as when assessing calories in a smaller portion of unhealthy food versus a larger portion of healthier food. When forming a “magnitude estimate,” people judge the larger, healthier food portion as containing fewer calories than the smaller, unhealthy food portion. However, when forming a “numeric estimate,” people often come to the opposite conclusion—judging the larger, healthier food portion as having more calories. This reversal occurs because these two estimation modes are differentially sensitive to information regarding a stimulus’ type (e.g., food healthiness), which is processed first, and quantity (e.g., food portion size), which is processed secondarily. Specifically, magnitude estimates are more sensitive to type, whereas numeric estimates attend to both type and quantity. Accordingly, this divergence between calorie estimation modes attenuates when: (1) quantity information is made primary or (2) in an intuitive (vs. deliberative) mindset.
Behavioral and Developmental Responses ofHabrobracon hebetor(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Larvae ofHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Inoculated With Various Concentrations ofBacillus thuringiensisvar.kurstaki(Bacillales: Bacillacae)
Authors: Allahyari Rahim , Aramideh Shahram , Michaud J P , Safaralizadeh Mohammad Hassan , Rezapanah Mohammad Reza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki (Btk) and Habrobracon hebetor Say are both biological control agents of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. The present study evaluated their compatibility for combined application against this pest by examining the acceptability of Btk-inoculated hosts for H. hebetor females and testing for negative life-history impacts on developing progeny. Second-instar H. armigera larvae fed for 72 h on potted chickpea plants treated with three concentrations of Btk (LC15, LC35, and LC70) and were then used in bioassays of parasitoid development and parasitism behavior. Survival of parasitoids was significantly reduced, and immature development prolonged, on hosts fed chickpea plants treated with LC35 and LC70 Btk, but not on plants treated with LC15 Btk. Parasitoids failed to discriminate against hosts treated with LC15 or LC35 Btk in choice tests, but attacked fewer hosts treated with LC70 Btk, paralyzing and parasitizing more healthy hosts, and laying more eggs on them. In contrast, a no-choice test revealed that more hosts treated with LC35 and LC70 Btk were paralyzed compared with control or LC15-treated hosts, but the numbers of hosts parasitized and eggs laid did not vary among Btk treatments. Thus, females required an experience with healthy hosts, as they had in the choice test, to discriminate against diseased ones. We conclude that H. hebetor and Btk are compatible for joint application against H. armigera, which could potentially improve biological control of this pest.
Improvement of predicting ecosystem productivity by modifying carbon–water–nitrogen coupling processes in a temperate grassland
Authors: Cheng Kaili , Hu Zhongmin , Li Shenggong , Guo Qun , Hao Yanbin , Yuan Wenping 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsPrediction of changes in ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) in response to climatic variability is a core mission in the field of global change ecology. However, it remains a big challenge for the model community to reproduce the interannual variation (IAV) of GPP in arid ecosystems. Accurate estimates of soil water content (SWC) and GPP sensitivity to SWC are the two most critical aspects for predicting the IAV of GPP in arid ecosystems.MethodsWe took a widely used model Biome-BGC as an example, to improve the model performances in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Firstly, we updated the estimation of SWC by modifying modules of evapotranspiration, SWC vertical profile and field capacity. Secondly, we modified the function of controlling water–nitrogen relation, which regulates the GPP–SWC sensitivity.Important FindingsThe original Biome-BGC overestimated the SWC and underestimated the IAV of GPP sensitivity, resulting in lower IAV of GPP than the observations, e.g. it largely underestimated the reduction of GPP in drought years. In comparison, the modified model accurately reproduced the observed seasonal and IAVs in SWC, especially in the surface layer. Simulated GPP–SWC sensitivity was also enhanced and became closer to the observations by optimizing parameter controlling nitrogen mineralization. Consequently, the model’s capability of reproducing IAV of GPP has been largely improved by the modifications. Our results demonstrate that SWC in the surface layer and the consequent effects on nitrogen availability should be among the first considerations for accurate modeling IAV of GPP in arid ecosystems.
An S-ribonuclease binding protein EBS1 and brassinolide signaling are specifically required for Arabidopsis tolerance to bicarbonate
Authors: Chen Jipeng , Li Xiaoxiao , Ye Xiaoxue , Guo Peng , Hu Zhubing , Qi Guoning , Cui Fuqiang , Liu Shenkui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) present in soils is usually considered to be a mixed stress for plants, with salts and high pH. NaHCO3-specific signaling in plants has rarely been reported. In this study, transcriptome analyses were conducted in order to identify NaHCO3-specific signaling in Arabidopsis. Weighted correlation network analysis was performed to isolate NaHCO3-specific modules in comparison with acetate treatment. The genes in the NaHCO3-root-specific module, which exhibited opposite expression to that in sodium acetate treatments, were further examined with their corresponding knock-out mutants. The gene Exclusively Bicarbonate Sensitive 1 (EBS1) encoding an S-ribonuclease binding protein, was identified to be specifically involved in plant tolerance to NaHCO3, but not to the other two alkaline salts, acetate and phosphate. We also identified the genes that are commonly regulated by bicarbonate, acetate and phosphate. Multiple brassinosteroid-associated gene ontology terms were enriched in these genes. Genetic assays showed that brassinosteroid signaling positively regulated plant tolerance to NaHCO3 stress, but negatively regulated tolerance to acetate and phosphate. Overall, our data identified bicarbonate-specific genes, and confirmed that alkaline stress is mainly dependent on the specificities of the weak acid ions, rather than high pH.
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Correa Carlos Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is the most comprehensive and influential international treaty on intellectual property rights. It brings intellectual property rules into the framework of the World Trade Organization, obliging all WTO Member States to meet minimum standards of intellectual property protection and enforcement. This has required massive changes in some national laws, particularly in developing countries. This book provides an in-depth analysis of the principles and of the substantive and enforcement provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. It discusses the legal context in which the Agreement was negotiated, the objectives of their proponents and the nature of the obligations it created for the members of the World Trade Organization. In particular, it examines the minimum standards that must be implemented with regard to patents, trademarks, industrial designs, geographical indications, copyright and related rights, integrated circuits, trade-secrets and test data for pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. The book elaborates on the interpretation of provisions contained in said Agreement, in the light of the customary principles for the interpretation of international law. The analysis—which is supported by a review of the relevant GATT and WTO jurisprudence—identifies the policy space left to such members to implement their obligations in accordance with their own legal systems and public policy objectives, including in respect of complex issues such as patentability criteria, compulsory licenses, exceptions and limitations to copyright, border measures, injunctive relief and the protection of test data under the discipline of unfair competition.
The LBT satellites of Nearby Galaxies Survey (LBT-SONG): the satellite population of NGC 628
Authors: Davis A Bianca , Nierenberg Anna M , Peter Annika H G , Garling Christopher T , Greco Johnny P , Kochanek Christopher S , Utomo Dyas , Casey Kirsten J , Pogge Richard W , Roberts Daniella M , Sand David J , Sardone Amy 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the first satellite system of the Large Binocular Telescope Satellites Of Nearby Galaxies Survey (LBT-SONG), a survey to characterize the close satellite populations of Large Magellanic Cloud to Milky-Way-mass, star-forming galaxies in the Local Volume. In this paper, we describe our unresolved diffuse satellite finding and completeness measurement methodology and apply this framework to NGC 628, an isolated galaxy with ∼1/4 the stellar mass of the Milky Way. We present two new dwarf satellite galaxy candidates: NGC 628 dwA, and dwB with MV = −12.2 and −7.7, respectively. NGC 628 dwA is a classical dwarf while NGC 628 dwB is a low-luminosity galaxy that appears to have been quenched after reionization. Completeness corrections indicate that the presence of these two satellites is consistent with CDM predictions. The satellite colours indicate that the galaxies are neither actively star forming nor do they have the purely ancient stellar populations characteristic of ultrafaint dwarfs. Instead, and consistent with our previous work on the NGC 4214 system, they show signs of recent quenching, further indicating that environmental quenching can play a role in modifying satellite populations even for hosts smaller than the Milky Way.
Connecting cosmological accretion to strong Ly α absorbers
Authors: Theuns Tom 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present an analytical model for the cosmological accretion of gas on to dark matter haloes, based on a similarity solution applicable to spherical systems. Performing simplified radiative transfer, we compute how the accreting gas turns increasingly neutral as it self-shields from the ionizing background, and obtain the column density, $N_{\rm H\,{\small I}}$, as a function of impact parameter. The resulting column-density distribution function (CDDF) is in excellent agreement with observations. The analytical expression elucidates (1) why haloes over a large range in mass contribute about equally to the CDDF as well as (2) why the CDDF evolves so little with redshift in the range z = 2–5. We show that the model also predicts reasonable damped Lyman-αabsorber(DLA) line widths (v90), bias, and molecular fractions. Integrating over the CDDF yields the mass density in neutral gas, $\Omega _{\rm H\,{\small I}}$, which agrees well with observations. $\Omega _{\rm H\,{\small I}}(z)$ is nearly constant even though the accretion rate on to haloes evolves. We show that this occurs because the fraction of time that the inflowing gas is neutral depends on the dynamical time of the halo, which is inversely proportional to the accretion rate. Encapsulating results from cosmological simulations, the simple model shows that most Lyman-limit systems and DLAs are associated with the cosmological accretion of gas on to haloes.