bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fabric and Plastic Containers on Plant Growth and Root Zone Temperatures of Four Tree Species
Authors: Tauer Pamela K. , Cole Janet C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees were planted in #7 fabric or plastic containers on April 18, 2004, and grown for two growing seasons. Live oak and golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) trees were planted in #10 fabric or plastic containers on May 6, 2005, and harvested the following summer. Plant height, canopy width, and caliper were measured periodically, and root zone temperatures were recorded at 30-min intervals throughout each study. In the 2004 planting, live oak height and canopy width increased more for plants in plastic containers than for those in fabric containers from May to July 2004. In contrast, no difference in live oak height or canopy width growth occurred between container types from July to September 2004, but trunk caliper increased more in plastic than in fabric containers during this time interval. No differences between container treatments were noted for any measured parameter for red maple or sweet gum trees planted in 2004 or for golden rain tree or live oak trees planted in 2005 at any measurement interval during the study. Average monthly high and low substrate temperatures were similar between the two container types throughout the study. Fabric containers appear to be a reasonable alternative to plastic containers for above ground nursery crop production, although small differences in growth occur for some species.
Intensity of Anthracnose on Three Wintercreeper Euonymus Cultivars as Influenced by Fungicide Program
Authors: Cole Janet C. , Schupbach Stephanie L. , Conway Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plants of three cultivars of wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. ‘Emerald Gaiety’, ‘Emerald ‘n Gold’ and ‘Canadale Gold’) in containers were sprayed at 7-or 14-day intervals depending on label directions with mancozeb, propiconazole, or thiophanate methyl alone or in tank mixes of two fungicides to determine efficacy in controlling anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Each fungicide was applied at the maximum label rate and half the maximum label rate when applied alone or at the maximum label rate when applied in combination. Plants were rated for disease symptoms monthly at two sites in 2002 and at one site in 2006. At Stillwater, disease ratings were typically lowest on ‘Emerald Gaiety’ and highest on ‘Emerald ‘n Gold’ on all rating dates in both years. Plants of all three cultivars and in all fungicide treatments at Stillwater had sufficient disease symptoms in July, August and September of both years to be considered nonsalable. When applied alone, mancozeb typically provided better anthracnose control than propiconazole or thiophanate methyl. Disease ratings from plants receiving any fungicide mixture were generally similar to those of plants receiving mancozeb alone. At Park Hill, disease ratings differed among cultivars only in August and September, and ratings did not differ among fungicide treatments on any rating date. Disease severity was substantially less at Park Hill than Stillwater in 2002, presumably the result of greater shade intensity and lower temperatures.
Zein-based Bioplastic Containers Alter Root-zone Chemistry and Growth of Geranium
Authors: Helgeson Matthew S. , Graves William R. , Grewell David , Srinivasan Gowrishankar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bioplastic containers made from zein, a protein from corn (Zea mays L.), have been developed but not evaluated as alternatives to conventional, petroleum-based plastics. We tested the hypothesis that biodegradation of zein containers provides nitrogen (N) that promotes growth of plants and examined whether plants grown in zein containers could be transplanted successfully without removing the container, thus eliminating the need to dispose of containers. Zein containers provided root zones of geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) with up to 298 and 277 mg·kg−1 of NH4+-N and NO3−-N, respectively, and unlike geraniums in conventional plastic containers, leaves of plants in zein containers remained dark green when produced without fertilization. Electrical conductivity and pH of the substrate in zein containers increased above ranges recommended for many horticultural crops, and NO2−, which can be toxic to plants, was present in the substrate. These chemical changes may have been responsible for reduced canopy height and width, surface area of selected leaves, length of root systems, and dry weight of shoots of geraniums in zein containers compared with geraniums in conventional plastic containers. In a second experiment, when geraniums were transplanted without removing zein containers, growth of roots and shoots was reduced until after six weeks, when biodegradation of containers was nearly complete, and extension of roots past the zone of the degraded container was documented approximately 12 weeks after transplanting. Geraniums can be produced and transplanted in containers made from zein, but additional research must solve problems that result from altered root-zone chemistry during production and from chemical and physical impediments that delay transplant success.
Effects of Cyclanilide and Benzyladenine Tank Mixes on Shoot Production and Growth of Three Woody Landscape Species during Production
Authors: Farris M.E. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Olive J.W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine if there were synergistic effects from applying two plant growth regulators (PGRs), cyclanilide (CYC) and benzyladenine (BA), with cytokinin properties on Rhaphiolepis sp. (L.) Lindl. ‘Conor’ and ‘Snow White’ (Indian hawthorn), Rhododendron L. ‘North Lake Beauty’ (azalea), and Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Sky Pencil’ (Japanese holly) during nursery production. Foliar applications of 100 or 200 ppm CYC promoted new shoot development in all species, whereas 2500 ppm BA either had no effect or suppressed shoot development, except in one of two experiments when shoot development was promoted in holly. With no species was there a synergistic effect on shoot development from combining the two PGRs, even when both PGRs individually promoted new shoot development in holly. Indian hawthorn and holly developed transient symptoms of toxicity in response to CYC, BA, and CYC + BA combinations that had dissipated by the end of the growing season and had no lasting effects on plant quality.
A Comparison of WholeTree and Chipped Pine Log Substrate Components in the Production of Greenhouse Grown Annuals
Authors: Gaches Whitney G. , Fain Glenn B. , Eakes Donald J. , Gilliam Charles H. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
WholeTree (WT) and chipped pine logs (CPL) are potential new sustainable greenhouse substrate components made by milling chipped pine trees and/or pine logs (Pinus taeda L.). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth of Catharanthus roseus L. ‘Grape Cooler’ and Impatiens walleriana Hook.f. ‘Dazzler Apricot’ in 1:1 (v:v) WT:peat (WTP) and 1:1 (v:v) CPL:peat (CPLP), and to compare physical properties of those substrates. In Experiment 1 WTP had 76.8% container capacity (CC) and 96.4% total porosity (TP) while CPLP had 72.4% CC and 90% TP; air space (AS) and bulk density (BD) were similar. In Experiment 2 there were no differences in physical properties. In Experiment 1 EC peaked at 14 days after potting (DAP) and decreased through the remainder of the study. At 0 DAP pH ranged from 4.2–4.3 and increased to a range of 6.4 to 6.8 at 42 DAP. This trend was similar in Experiment 2, except that EC peaked at 7 DAP. In impatiens, plants were similar in Experiment 1 but those grown in WTP in Experiment 2 had bloom counts of 37.3 compared to 27.9 for plants grown in CPLP. With vinca, in Experiment 1 plants grown in CPLP had a dry weight of 7.3 g as compared to 6.9 g for plants grown in WTP, but there were no differences in Experiment 2. Results indicate that growers could use CPL and/or WT interchangeably, depending on available resources.
Day/Night Temperatures Influence Growth and Photosynthesis During Containerized Production of Selected Species of Helleborus (Hellebores)
Authors: Lowder Adam W. , Kraus Helen T. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Containerized seedlings of Helleborus foetidus L. (stinking hellebore), H. niger L. (Christmas rose), and H. ×hybridus L. (Lenten rose) were grown under long-day conditions in controlled-environment chambers for 95 days with 9-hr days of 14, 18, 22, 26, or 30C (57, 64, 72, 79, or 86F) in factorial combination with 15-hr nights of 10, 14, 18, 22, or 26C (50, 57, 64, 72, or 79F). Long-day conditions were provided by a 3-hr night interruption. Growth of each species responded differently to day and night temperatures. Calculated maximum root, top, and total dry weight, and leaf area of H. foetidus occurred with days/nights of 20/15, 18/13, 19/14, and 18/15C (68/59, 65/55, 66/57, and 65/59F), respectively. While night temperature (NT) had no effect on root:top ratio [RTR (root dry weight ÷ top dry weight)], RTR was greatest (0.65) with days of 22C (72F). Helleborus niger had calculated maximum root dry weight and total dry weight with days of 14C (57F) and nights of 16 and 13C (60 and 55F), respectively. Top growth of H. niger decreased linearly as NTs increased for days of 14 or 22C (57 or 72F). Day temperatures (DTs) had no effect on RTR, whereas RTR responded quadratically as NT increased with a calculated maximum RTR at nights of 19C (66F). Leaf area was maximized at days/nights of 14/10C (57/50F). At days of 22 or 26C (72 or 79F), top growth of H. ×hybridus responded quadratically as NT increased with maxima occurring at nights of 18 or 17C (64 or 63F). Root dry weight responded quadratically at days of 14, 22, or 26C (57, 72, or 79F) and calculated maxima occurred with nights of 18C (64F). At days of 22 or 26C (72 or 79F), there were quadratic responses in total dry weight with calculated maximum growth of H. ×hybridus at nights of 18 or 17C (64 or 63F), respectively. For days of 14, 22, or 30C (57, 72, or 86F), there were quadratic responses in RTR with greatest RTR calculated at nights of 15, 18, or 16C (59, 64, or 60F), respectively. There were quadratic responses at days of 22 or 26C (72 or 79F) for leaf area with calculated maxima at nights of 18 or 17C (64 or 63F), respectively. As DTs increased from 14 to 30C (57 to 86F) net CO2 assimilation (PN) of H. ×hybridus also increased linearly whereas increased NTs had no effect on PN. In contrast, stomatal conductance was not impacted by DT or NT.
A Survey Method to Gauge Public Interest in Programs, Activities, and Events at Arboreta and Botanic Gardens
Authors: Conklin Janine R. , Drackett Patricia R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To provide arboreta and botanic gardens with a guide to determine public interests in programs at their institution, a case study was completed of the Crosby Arboretum, Mississippi State University. ‘Community’ was defined as participants that resided within 105 km (65 mi) of the arboretum (97% of community respondents) and attended the Picayune Street Fair. ‘Visitors’ were defined as respondents that attended the Piney Woods Heritage Festival at the arboretum. At each event, an intercept survey was conducted in Picayune, MS, during November 2009 where self-selected respondents (n = 271 for community and n = 56 for visitors) answered six demographic and 11 program, activity, and event questions. Both groups were similar in all demographic variables except age (9 year average age difference) and the number of homes without children (60 and 76%). Each group was most interested in continuing education classes, craft exercises, music performances, fitness walks, and workshops. The community and visitors were the least interested in book clubs, dance instruction, preschool activities, and scout programs. This study can be adapted by any botanic garden or arboretum and may be useful in planning current and future programs which target visitor or community interests for repeated visits to the site.
Attractiveness of Species of Vitex (Chastetree) to Pollinators
Authors: Hawkins Susan M. , Robacker Carol D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Native and non-native bees are important pollinators of both food and ornamental crops. However, bee populations across the world have declined, mainly through loss of habitat. Careful selection of landscape plants in urban areas can help mitigate habitat loss and create new habitat for pollinators. Ten mature genotypes of Vitex, comprising V. agnus-castus L., V. negundo L., and a hybrid between V. agnus-castus x V. rotundifolia L. f., were evaluated during June and July 2016 to assess their attractiveness to pollinators. Pollinator counts were taken two times daily, at 9:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m., twice weekly for three weeks. Pollinators were also captured from the Vitex plants for identification. Insects captured from Vitex plants were identified to genus and bumblebees [Bombus spp. (Latreille, 1802)] were further identified to species. Bumblebees and honeybees [Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758)] were more numerous on Vitex plants than carpenter bees. V. agnus-castus plants attracted more bumblebees than honeybees. V. negundo and the V. agnus-castus x V. rotundifolia hybrid attracted more pollinators over the course of the study than V. agnus-castus. Our study shows that Vitex plants can be a good resource to support pollinators in an urban landscape.
Index words: urban landscape, bumblebees, honeybees; Vitex agnus-castus, Vitex negundo, Vitex rotundifolia.
Species used in study: Vitex agnus-castus L.; Vitex negundo L.; Vitex rotundifolia L.
Growth and Flowering of Salvia nemorosa ‘Ostfrieland' in Response to Reduced Irrigation1
Authors: Bayer Amanda 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Reduced irrigation (RI) can conserve water and control plant growth; however, the timing of RI applications can impact plant growth and flowering. The goal of this research was to quantify growth of Salvia nemorosa L. ‘Ostfrieland' (East Friesland) in response to RI. A soil-moisture sensor automated irrigation system was used to apply four irrigation treatments: RI and well-watered (WW) controls (20% and 38% substrate water content) and two combination treatments to apply RI for either the first two weeks (20% followed by 38%, RIWW ) or final four weeks (38% followed by 20%, WWRI ) of the six-week study. Flower number, height, compactness, and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) were not different across treatments. Average flower stem length was greater for the WW and RIWW treatments than for the RI treatment. Shoot dry weight was less for the RI treatment compared to the WW and RIWW treatments, respectively]. Cumulative irrigation volume was lowest for the RI treatment and highest for the RIWW treatment. Visually, plants in the RIWW treatment had an open, floppy habit that would likely negatively impact sales in a retail setting. Plants in the RI treatment were smaller, but visually appealing.
Index words: soil moisture sensor, plant production, herbaceous perennial, container plants.
Species used in this study: ‘Ostfrieland' salvia (Salvia nemorosa L.).
An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 4 – Available Resources and Usage of Plant Benefits Information
Authors: Hall Charles R. , Knuth Melinda J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the key resources available to green industry firms that provide evidence of the health and well-being benefits associated with plants and improved landscaped areas and how they influence the physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social well-being constructs affecting quality of life. These benefits may persuade reluctant residential homeowners to purchase plants and improve their landscapes, may aid municipal leaders and policymakers in justifying green infrastructure-related funding decisions, and may provide grounds for the construction industry for using biophilic design principles to ensure the built environment offers opportunities for green space interactions. In this way, the green industry can play a pivotal role not only in providing plants of high quality for these applications, but in educating stakeholders regarding the benefits discussed herein. This research should also be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to residential landscape consumers of the future. If done correctly, the demand for green industry products and services may be affected positively.Index words: benefits of plants, information resources, elasticity of demand.
Growth Response and Mineral Uptake of Lettuce and Tomato Transplants Grown in Media Amended with Composted Sewage Sludge
Authors: Falahi-Ardakani A. , Bouwkamp J.C. , Gouin F.R. , Chaney R.L. 
Published: August 2020

Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. ‘Summer Bibb’ and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Westover’ were grown 4 weeks in plastic market packs (MP) in 3 experimental media and a commercially available (Maryland Mix) control. The experimental media were prepared by combining equal parts, by volume of: 1) screened composted sewage sludge (CSS) (made from lime dewatered ferric chloride treated sewage sludge and wood chips), peat moss (PM), and perlite (PL) (CSS-PM-PL); 2) CSS, PM, and vermiculite (VL) (CSS-PM-VL); and 3) CSS-PL-VL. A commercially prepared medium, Maryland mix consisting of silt loam, peat, perlite, and vermiculite (1:2:1:1 by vol) was used as a control. The market packs containing 6 transplants each, were arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated 4 times. One set of seedlings were grown in Maryland mix and CSS-PM-PL and fertilized at the end of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd week after transplanting with a commerical 20N-8.6P-16.6K (20-20-20) fertilizer. Another set of seedlings were grown for 4 weeks in the control mix and 3 experimental media and fertilized at 1st and 3rd week after transplanting with only N fertilizer.
For both lettuce and tomato plants, only 270 mg of N per MP per growing period produced marketable size transplants when grown in the CSS-PM-VL medium. These seedlings had no toxic levels of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni and contained adequate N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Cu as compared to plants grown in the control medium.
Effect of Hydrophylic Polymer Amendment on Growth of Container Grown Landscape Plants
Authors: Keever G.J. , Cobb G.S. , Stephenson J.C. , Foster W.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted over 3 years to determine the influence of a water-absorbing polymer (hydrogel), Mizuace4, on the growth of container grown landscape plants. Amending the 100% pine bark growth medium with 0,0.9, 1.8, 2.7, or 3.6 kg/m3 (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 lb/yd3) hydrogel did not affect irrigation frequency. Foliar and growth medium nutrient levels were minimally affected, and shoot and root growth were reduced or not affected by increasing rates of hydrogel.
Chemical Growth Retardants Increase Seed Yield in Apple Trees
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , Miller Diane Doud , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In two experiments the effects of trunk drenches with two gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors on vegetative growth, seed yield and quality of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees were studied. In the first experiment trunk drenches of either paclobutrazol or uniconizole were applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees in spring 1984. Both chemicals significantly reduced shoot length in 1985 and 1986. In 1986, fruit number tended to be higher in treated trees, but was less than untreated trees in 1985 and 1984. The estimated number of sound seeds produced in 1986 on treated trees was increased. Neither chemical significantly affected seed quality or seedling growth. In a second similar experiment paclobutrazol, applied as a trunk drench in spring 1984 at rates of 2, 4 or 8 g active ingredient (ai)/tree, significantly reduced shoot growth in 1985 and 1986. The number of sound seed/tree was significantly increased in 1986 at all paclobutrazol levels due to an increase in the number of fruit/tree. Paclobutrazol application had no effect on seed quality, rate of germination, final percent germination, or on seedling growth. Potentially, both compounds could be used to control vegetative growth without affecting seed yield or quality in deciduous seed orchards.
Using a Programmable Calculator for Determining Potential Evapotranspiration Rates
Authors: Fitzpatrick George E. , Verkade Stephen D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A program is presented allowing the computation of uncorrected potential evapotranspiration (ETp) rates using a low-cost (&lt;$50) hand-held programmable calculator. This program requires the user to supply average local or on-site monthly temperatures. The first part of the program computes the annual heat index and the exponent necessary for ETp determination. The second part of the program computes monthly ETp rates by the Thornthwaite procedure as each average monthly temperature is keyed in. Comparisons of computed ETp rates with measured actual evapotranspiration (ETa) rates of various container-grown nursery crops show good correlation.
Space Allocation in Foliage Production Greenhouses
Authors: Krafka Brenda D.L. , Richard Shumway C. , Reed David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A profit-maximizing linear programming model of a typical Rio Grande Valley foliage plant operation was developed to allocate finish-house space among alternative combinations of plants. This model accounted for seasonal changes in both market prices and growth rates of foliage plants. It was written to permit solution by microcomputer. The model may also aid foliage producers in making marketing and capital budgeting decisions by providing marginal revenue and cost estimates under varying crop rotations and product mixes.
Response of Ligustrum × ibolium, Photinia × fraseri, and Pyracantha koidzumii ‘Wonderberry’ to XE-1019 and Pruning
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Knox Gary W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The use of XE-1019 (uniconazole) [(E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol] was investigated as an alternative to pruning of container-grown Ligustrum × ibolium, Photinia × fraseri, and Pyracantha koidzumii ‘Wonderberry’. A soil drench of 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/plant (in 100 ml tap water) was applied to unpruned and pruned plants on September 19, 1986. XE-1019 reduced plant growth, primarily through a reduction in plant height. Plants pruned at the time XE-1019 was applied had more desirable growth habits than unpruned growth-regulated plants. The maximum level of XE-1019 which caused acceptable growth retardation of Photinia was 5.0 mg/plant. A soil drench of 2.5 mg/plant resulted in excessive growth reduction of Ligustrum and Pyracantha.
Propagation of Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘llicifolius’ and ‘Rotundifolius’ by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Acedo Juan R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nontreated semihardwood and hardwood cuttings of Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Ilicifolius’ rooted in high percentages (&gt;80%) while comparable results for ‘Rotundifolius’ were only noted for hardwood cuttings. Response of both cultivars to indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment [2500 to 10,000 ppm (0.25 to 1.0%)] was variable and often resulted in inhibition rather than stimulation of rooting.