bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First Riddle of Induction
Authors: Vlasits Justin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhat, exactly, is puzzling about induction? While the so-called problem of induction is normally introduced through David Hume’s famous argument, this essay shows how Sextus Empiricus gets to the heart of the matter. When properly understood, Sextus’ argument shows how the very power of inductive reasoning—its ability to move from particulars to universals—is at the same time what makes it “totter.” The argument has only been analyzed in any detail by the formal learning theorist Kevin Kelly, who uses the formal tools of computability theory and topology to mount a principled response. It is shown that this response depends on questionable assumptions and thus that they have not resolved Sextus’ riddle of induction.
Gravitational-Wave Astronomy
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis book provides an introduction to gravitational-wave astronomy and a survey of the physics required to understand recent breakthrough discoveries and the potential of future experiments. The material is aimed at advanced undergraduates or postgraduate students. It works as an introduction to the relevant issues and brings the reader to the level where it connects with current research. The book provides interested astronomers with an understanding of this new window to the Universe, including a relatively self-contained summary of Einstein’s geometric theory of gravity. It introduces gravitational-wave data analysts to the range of physics issues that impact on the modelling of different sources. The material also connects with fundamental physics, which is natural since gravitational-wave signals from neutron stars may help constrain our understanding of matter at extreme densities, helping nuclear and particle physicists appreciate how their models fit into the bigger picture.
The Rise and Return of the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, the Indo-Pacific region has become the new centre of the world. The concept of the ‘Indo-Pacific’’, though still under construction, is a potentially pivotal site, where various institutions and intellectuals of statecraft are seeking common ground on which to anchor new regional coalitions, alliances, and allies to better serve their respective national agendas. This book explores the Indo-Pacific as an ambiguous and hotly contested regional security construction. It critically examines the major drivers behind the revival of classical geopolitical concepts and their deployment through different national lenses. The book also analyses the presence of India and the US in the Indo-Pacific, and the manner in which China has reacted to their positions in the Indo-Pacific to date. It suggests that national constructions of the Indo-Pacific region are more informed by domestic political realities, anti-Chinese bigotries, distinctive properties of twenty-first century US hegemony, and narrow nation-statist sentiments rather than genuine pan-regional aspirations. The book argues that the spouting of contested depictions of the Indo-Pacific region depend on the fixed geostrategic lenses of nation-states, but what is also important is the re-emergence of older ideas—a classical conceptual revival—based on early to mid-twentieth century geopolitical ideas in many of these countries. The book deliberately raises the issue of the sea and constructions of ‘nature’, as these symbols are indispensable parts of many of these Indo-Pacific regional narratives.
Maritime Regional Theories
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Various countries and cultures, washed by the waters of these amorphous oceanic boundaries and sea spaces, are currently seeking to establish exclusive territorial claims over these water spaces by invoking stories and narratives taken from pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial eras. In this chapter we select some of these stories, often used in an attempt to legitimate ‘natural’, more essentialist relationships between certain cultures and/or nation-states with their surrounding seas. These narratives both challenge and/or support the broader international system and its rule of law; creating internal tropes, strengthening domestic support for state-building programs in the region/s. But the Indo-Pacific is more than a contestation between nation-statist imaginations and aspirations. It also invokes stories which seek to develop and celebrate a shared ‘maritime regionalism’ beyond the exclusive and usually dominant politics of nation-states. Finally, a third interpretive category is used: the construction of the Indo-Pacific as a globalized ‘non-space’.
The Role of India in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The construct of the ‘Indo-Pacific’ as a new ‘regional’ identity is garnering recognition in both foreign and defence policy institutions in India. Although the Indo-Pacific concept is currently ‘in vogue’, the essential motivations behind India’s self-proclaimed—and alleged centrality—in the Asian strategic space, are not particularly new. In fact, in this chapter we posit that it is quite the opposite: the construction of the ‘region’ possesses enduring historical connections to British imperialism alongside Indian nationalism. The works of post-independence Indian strategic thinkers such as Caroe and Panikkar will be further drawn upon to illustrate how their traditional geopolitical rationales and arguments remain integral to contemporary Indian framings of the Indo-Pacific. Examples taken from current Indian government policies and projects, such as Project Mausam, will be utilized to contextualize these concepts and geopolitical imaginations.
The Rise of China and the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview and critical analysis of the nature of the rise of China and its geopolitical and geo-economic implications for the Indo-Pacific region. The chapter is in six parts—China’s inexorable rise; China’s reform agenda; China’s regional trade relationships; China’s Belt and Road Initiative; the South China Sea dispute; and the future for a risen China. It is argued that the Indo-Pacific concept has little if any relevance in the conduct of current or future Chinese foreign policy. Indeed, at an annual media conference in Beijing in 2018 the Chinese foreign minister, Wang Yi, reportedly mocked the US–Australia preference for describing the Asia-Pacific region as the ‘Indo-Pacific’ as an example of attention grabbing. Rather, China has proposed a reform strategy for relations among great powers which emphasizes a more equal relationship with the US and the need for a balance of power in the Indo-Pacific region.
Categories for Quantum Theory
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Monoidal category theory serves as a powerful framework for describing logical aspects of quantum theory, giving an abstract language for parallel and sequential composition and a conceptual way to understand many high-level quantum phenomena. Here, we lay the foundations for this categorical quantum mechanics, with an emphasis on the graphical calculus that makes computation intuitive. We describe superposition and entanglement using biproducts and dual objects, and show how quantum teleportation can be studied abstractly using these structures. We investigate monoids, Frobenius structures and Hopf algebras, showing how they can be used to model classical information and complementary observables. We describe the CP construction, a categorical tool to describe probabilistic quantum systems. The last chapter introduces higher categories, surface diagrams and 2-Hilbert spaces, and shows how the language of duality in monoidal 2-categories can be used to reason about quantum protocols, including quantum teleportation and dense coding. Previous knowledge of linear algebra, quantum information or category theory would give an ideal background for studying this text, but it is not assumed, with essential background material given in a self-contained introductory chapter. Throughout the text, we point out links with many other areas, such as representation theory, topology, quantum algebra, knot theory and probability theory, and present nonstandard models including sets and relations. All results are stated rigorously and full proofs are given as far as possible, making this book an invaluable reference for modern techniques in quantum logic, with much of the material not available in any other textbook.
Roots and foundations
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the roots of modern public health to its foundations in the early nineteenth century. By describing the impact of rapid urbanization on the health conditions of the labouring poor, it sets the scene for an account of the work of the early pioneers such as Edwin Chadwick nationally, John Snow in London, and William Henry Duncan in Liverpool. It identifies a series of themes to guide the work of public health practitioners into the twenty-first century. These themes recur throughout the book as public health challenges evolve and mutate, society changes, and science offers greater opportunities for effective intervention.
Promoting and improving health
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter reports on the New Public Health initiatives in the Mersey region, based in Liverpool and traces their antecedents from the post war period. Beginning with the first large-scale lifestyle interventions at the International Garden Festival in 1984, other aspects of the work based on agenda setting, consciousness raising, and developing models of good practice are described. These include exploring the use of public spaces, facilities, and assets to engage with the public and popularize ideas associated with the New Public Health. They also include landmark initiatives in Finland and Sweden to tackle the contemporary challenges of heart disease and teenage pregnancy, deploying methods based on the new thinking. The issue of the ‘Nanny State’ in the context of a libertarian society is confronted together with the role of public agencies as enablers, and asset-based community development is identified as a vital approach. The ways in which this early work paved the way for later developments, including the World Health Organization Healthy Cities project, by building foundations based on extensive personal and organizational partnership working are recorded.
Law in Common
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
There were tens of thousands of different local law-courts in late-medieval England, providing the most common forums for the working out of disputes and the making of decisions about local governance. While historians have long studied these institutions, there have been very few attempts to understand this complex institutional form of ‘legal pluralism’. Law in Common provides a way of apprehending this complexity by drawing out broader patterns of legal engagement. The first half of the book explores four ‘local legal cultures’ – in the countryside, towns and cities, the maritime world, and Forests – that grew up around legal institutions, landscapes, and forms of socio-economic practice in these places, and produced distinctive senses of law. The second half of the book turns to examine ‘common legalities’, widespread forms of social practice that emerge across these different localities, through which people aimed to invoke the power of law. Through studies of the physical landscape, the production of legitimate knowledge, the emergence of English as a legal vernacular, and the proliferation of legal documents, it offers a new way to understand how common people engaged with law in the course of their everyday lives. Drawing on a huge body of archival research from the plenitude of different local institutions, Law in Common offers a new social history of law that aims to explain how common people negotiated the transformational changes of the long fifteenth century through legality.
The Economy of Legitimate Knowledge
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ways in which common people participated in legal institutions as jurors, witnesses, and as part of a more general ‘common opinion’. It argues that as institutions asked people to produce information for the purposes of governance, those who performed this work requested, in return, some effective responses to their local problems. This institutional demand for knowledge thus opened up a space of negotiation in which common people were able to exert some pressure on the terms of their own governance. The chapter examines the range of forms of ‘knowledge work’ that legal institutions asked people to perform, from the mnemonic labour of remembering to the deliberative tasks of evaluating and inquiring, and argues that the laboriousness of this work helped to legitimate the knowledge it produced. It then turns to look at what people wanted from their negotiations over knowledge. Supplying information was a way for people to establish their credibility, to belong to an influential group, and to perform an ethical duty; it could also be a powerful stimulus for collective action, and to effect material change to living conditions, rents and dues, and local infrastructure. Considering these spirals of information through the anachronistic heuristic of economy and work, this chapter aims to draw attention to the ways that people found out information from legal institutions, and how such communications affected the way that those institutions operated.
Legal English and the Vernacularization of Law
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the growing use of English as a written ‘legal vernacular’ over the course of the fifteenth century. It argues that one can only understand the emergence of vernacular writing in legal discourse by looking to the local contexts of legal production. The emergence of English as a legal vernacular did not take hold uniformly across late-medieval society, and so we need to think more carefully about the specific kinds of discursive value that it held; the chapter argues that, as a legal language, English worked as a signifier of authenticity, a mode of signalling fidelity to real speech, and as a way of gesturing towards wider audiences or publics. This leads to the third argument that the growing significance granted to English as a legal language affected common people in late-medieval England in ambivalent ways. While in some ways the processes of vernacularization in the fifteenth century seem to follow a trajectory towards a more inclusive public discourse, as the ‘common tongue’ spoken by the majority of the populace became a language appropriate for expressing ideas about legitimacy, it was ultimately constrained by the relatively limited modes in which English was allowed to be legal.
Politics of Last Resort
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Prominent in the EU’s recent transformations has been the tendency to advance extraordinary measures in the name of crisis response. From emergency lending to macro-economics, border management to Brexit, policies are pursued unconventionally and as measures of last resort. This book investigates the nature, rise, and implications of this politics of emergency as it appears in the transnational setting. As the author argues, recourse to this method of rule is an expression of the deeper weakness of executive power in today’s Europe. It is how policy-makers contend with rising socio-economic power and diminishing representative ties, seeking fall-back authority in the management of crises. In the structure of the EU they find incentives and few impediments. Whereas political exceptionalism tends to be associated with sovereign power, here it is power’s diffusion and functional disaggregation that spurs politics in the emergency mode. The effect of these governing patterns is not just to challenge and reshape ideas of EU legitimacy rooted in constitutionalism and technocracy. The politics of emergency fosters a counter-politics in its mirror image, as populists and others play with themes of necessity and claim the right to disobedience in extremis. The book examines the prospects for democracy once the politics of emergency takes hold, and what it might mean to put transnational politics on a different footing.
Structural Vulnerabilities of the Transnational Sphere
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Since its origins in the 1950s, European integration has entailed the creation of institutions whose rationale is to advance and maintain certain policy ends, notably the ‘four freedoms’ of the common market. As this chapter argues, the effect is that policy commitments have tended to be privileged over procedural arrangements. Rather than self-standing entities that can be put to different ends, broadly on the model of the modern state, one sees institutions evolving with the policies, and liable to be side-stepped should they fail to serve those ends. A non-hierarchical constitutional structure does little to inhibit these restructurings, indeed arguably gives further encouragement. The ideas and practices of emergency become ways to galvanize action, coordination, and innovation across a diverse and potentially recalcitrant institutional field.
Principled Disobedience
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
One legacy of yesterday’s politics of emergency is that the contestation of policy in today’s EU may depend on a willingness to break rules. The concept of disobedience provides both an interpretative frame for analysing such actions and the basis for their evaluation. As a contribution to theories of civil disobedience, the chapter reflects on the kinds of political agent that can lead such actions, showing how one of the distinctive features of the transnational realm is to make possible a form of disobedience waged through institutions by collectives such as parties. The chapter goes on to develop criteria by which to distinguish principled disobedience from illegitimate forms of extra-legality, connecting them to developments on the ground. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the normativity of exceptionalism more generally.
Beyond a Politics of Singularities
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter offers a restatement of why the transnational politics of emergency, rather than a benign process of functional adaptation, is something one should wish to see restrained. It explains how emergency rule reinforces an enduring problem of EU political culture: the tendency to cast events as sui generis episodes, each detached from a larger historical and normative frame. With their emphasis on exceptional measures of last resort, the agents of emergency rule assert the extraordinary nature of the situation they face, and govern it in ways that reinforce its uniqueness. Theirs is a politics grounded in the particularity of the moment—a politics of the avowedly singular. By contrast, the critical scrutiny of power and the identification with its demands depend on the recognition of what is not particular to the moment—on moving beyond the politics of singularities.
The Natural Law Foundations of Medical Law
Authors: George Robert P , Tollefsen Christopher O 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter seeks to identify the basic human goods that are the foundational principles of the natural law; a derived set of moral norms that emerge from consideration of the integral directiveness or prescriptivity of those foundational principles; and the implications of these norms for medical practice and medical law as regards four questions. First, how should medical practice and medical law be structured with respect to the intentional taking of human life by members of the medical profession? Second, who, in the clinical setting, has authority for medical decision making, and what standards should guide their decisions? Third, what standards should govern the distribution of health-care resources in society, and do those standards give reasons for thinking, from the natural law standpoint, that there is a ‘right to health care’? Fourth, what concern should be shown in medical practice and medical law for the rights of ‘physician conscience’?
Ageing and Fertility
Authors: Jolliffe Pia , Jolliffe William 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the relationship between fertility and population ageing. Population ageing is a consequence of a global fertility decline. This fertility decline, in turn, is the result of various factors, including changing patterns of family life and anti-natal techniques. Legal and ethical perspectives on these issues are manifold and the chapter focuses on the question of when fertility control becomes population control, and on ethical issues around in vitro fertilization, which is promoted as a remedy to infertility caused by old age. Ultimately, population control and fertility control have been policy concerns during the era of the building of modern nation states. Indeed, the attempt to either curb or encourage childbearing has been and continues to be a major concern of governments across the globe.
The Age of Personalized Medicine—From Patients to Consumers
Authors: Phillips Andelka M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
How many online contracts have you entered into this year and how many of those did you actually read? This chapter explores the impact that the designed environment of websites and electronic contracts have on the exercise of individual autonomy in the context of the example of direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC). DTC tests for health purposes can be viewed as an example of Personalized Medicine, but as the mode of sale usually lacks the involvement of a physician or genetic counsellor and the industry is largely unregulated, companies often rely on their contracts and privacy policies to govern relationships with consumers. This chapter seeks to shed light on the impact that offering these services online and relying on electronic contracts, which people have grown accustomed to ignoring, has on the exercise of autonomy and an individual’s ability to make an informed choice in this context.
Scotland
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The 2015 General Election saw a collapse in Labour support in Scotland resulting in almost total annihilation in terms of parliamentary seats north of the border. In this chapter we show how the referendum on independence in Scotland in September 2014 precipitated this upheaval. We show that the Scottish independence referendum had a realigning effect on party identification in Scotland, cementing the link between SNP voting and pro-independence attitudes. Two years later, a second electoral shock in the form of the EU referendum disrupted this new political equilibrium in Scotland.