bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between pancreas steatosis and the risk of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in Chinese adolescents with concurrent obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Chiyanika Chileka , Chan Dorothy F. Y. , Hui Steve C. N. , So Hung‐kwan , Deng Min , Yeung David K. W. , Nelson E. Anthony S. , Chu Winnie C. W. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryBackgroundThe incidence of childhood obesity and associated comorbidities are on an increasing trend worldwide. More than 340 million children and adolescents aged between 5 and 19 years old were overweight or had obesity in 2016, from which over 124 million children and adolescents (6% of girls and 8% of boys) had obesity.ObjectiveTo describe the relationship between pancreas steatosis, body fat and the risk of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents with both obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsFifty two adolescents with obesity and NAFLD were analysed (14‐18 years), stratified into fatty and non‐fatty pancreas groups using chemical shift encoded MRI‐pancreas proton density fat fraction ≥5%. Pancreatic, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT)/visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes, biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured. Mann‐Whitney U test, multiple linear/binary logistic regression analyses and odds ratios were used.ResultsFifty percent had fatty pancreas, 38% had metabolic syndrome and 81% had insulin resistance. Liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and VAT were independent predictors of insulin resistance (P = .006, .016). Pancreas and liver PDFF were both independent predictors of beta cells dysfunction (P = .015, .050) and metabolic syndrome (P = .021, .041). Presence of fatty pancreas in obesity was associated with insulin resistance (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 0.39‐6.4) and metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 0.53‐5.5).ConclusionA significant causal relationship exists between fatty pancreas, fatty liver, body fat and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.Key Points
Fatty pancreas is a common finding in adolescents with obesity, with a prevalence rate of 50% in this study cohort.
Liver PDFF and VAT are independent predictors of insulin resistance while pancreas PDFF and liver PDFF are independent predictors of both beta cells dysfunction and metabolic syndrome.
Presence of fatty pancreas at imaging should not be considered as a benign finding but rather as an imaging biomarker of emerging pancreatic metabolic and endocrine dysfunction.
Low urine pH predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus during a 10‐year period in men: BOREAS‐DM1 study
Authors: Higashiura Yukimura , Tanaka Marenao , Furuhashi Masato , Koyama Masayuki , Ohnishi Hirofumi , Numata Keita , Hisasue Takashi , Hanawa Nagisa , Moniwa Norihito , Miura Tetsuji 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionA low level of urine pH (U‐pH) has been reported to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between the incidence of diabetes mellitus and U‐pH has not yet been fully addressed.Materials and MethodsWe investigated the relationship between U‐pH and the development of diabetes mellitus during a 10‐year period in a general population of individuals who received annual health examinations in 2006 (n = 28,990). After exclusion of individuals with missing data, and those with diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease at baseline, a total of 12,476 individuals (men/women: 8,027/4,449) who received health examinations at least once during the period from 2007 to 2016 were recruited. The recruited individuals were divided into four groups according to their U‐pH levels: groups of U‐pH ≤5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and ≥6.5.ResultsDuring a 10‐year period, 521 men (6.5%) and 132 women (3.0%) had new onset of diabetes mellitus. The cumulative incidence of diabetes mellitus was 7.5% (men/women: 9.3%/4.4%) per 100 person‐years. The hazard ratios (HRs) in the U‐pH ≤5.0 (HR 1.93) and U‐pH 5.5 groups (HR 1.46) were significantly higher than that in the U‐pH ≥6.5 group as a reference for men, but not for women. After adjustment of age, obesity, fasting glucose, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, family history of diabetes mellitus, and use of drugs for hypertension and dyslipidemia, HR in the U‐pH ≤5.0 group (HR 1.39) was significantly higher than that in the U‐pH ≥6.5 group for men, but not for women.ConclusionsLow U‐pH predicts new onset of diabetes mellitus in a general population of men.
Skeletal muscle mass and risk of advanced adenoma in surveillance colonoscopy
Authors: Yoo Kyung Mo , Yang Hyo‐Joon , Park Soo‐Kyung , Jung Yoon Suk , Park Jung Ho , Park Dong Il , Sohn Chong Il 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground and AimSarcopenia has been suggested to be associated with chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate whether low muscle mass is associated with the incidence and recurrence of advanced colorectal adenoma.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study including 14 701 participants who underwent first‐time screening colonoscopy between 2003 and 2012 and follow‐up colonoscopy until 2017. Skeletal muscle mass was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer and divided by body weight to calculate the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI).ResultsDuring a median 47 (interquartile range, 35–58) months of follow‐up, overall and advanced adenoma developed in 2988 (20.3%) and 207 (1.41%) participants, respectively. In multivariate analysis using models adjusted for baseline adenoma risk, lifestyle factors, markers for insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, and metabolic syndrome, decreasing SMI quartiles were associated with increased risk of occurrence of advanced adenoma and overall adenoma. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing SMI quartiles 3, 2, and 1 to quartile 4 were 1.57 (1.03–2.41), 1.22 (0.78–1.92), and 1.77 (1.13–2.76), respectively, for advanced adenoma (Pfor trend = 0.049) and 1.05 (0.95–1.17), 1.09 (0.98–1.21), and 1.26 (1.13–1.41), respectively, for overall adenoma (Pfor trend < 0.001).ConclusionsIn this large cohort with long‐term colonoscopy follow‐up, low relative muscle mass was associated with increased risk of occurrence of advanced adenoma and overall adenoma at follow‐up colonoscopy, independent of metabolic and inflammatory markers. Timely and thorough surveillance colonoscopy may be emphasized in such populations.
Changes in the requirement for early surgery in inflammatory bowel disease in the era of biological agents
Authors: Guasch Montserrat , Cañete Fiorella , Ordás Ingrid , Iglesias‐Flores Eva , Clos Ariadna , Gisbert Javier P. , Taxonera Carlos , Vera Isabel , Mínguez Miguel , Guardiola Jordi , Rivero Montserrat , Nos Pilar , Gomollón Fernando , Barrio Jesús , de Francisco Ruth , López‐Sanromán Antonio , Martín‐Arranz M. Dolores , Garcia‐Planella Esther , Camargo Raquel , García‐López Santiago , de Castro Luisa , Calvet Xavier , Esteve Maria , Mañosa Míriam , Domènech Eugeni ,   GETECCU‐ENEIDA registry
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground and AimBiological therapies may be changing the natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), reducing the need for surgical intervention. We aimed to assess whether the availability of anti‐TNF agents impacts the need for early surgery in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).MethodsRetrospective, cohort study of patients diagnosed within a 6‐year period before and after the licensing of anti‐TNFs (1990–1995 and 2007–2012 for CD; 1995–2000 and 2007–2012 for UC) were identified in the ENEIDA Registry. Surgery‐free survival curves were compared between cohorts.ResultsA total of 7370 CD patients (2022 in Cohort 1 and 5348 in Cohort 2) and 8069 UC patients (2938 in Cohort 1 and 5131 in Cohort 2) were included. Immunosuppressants were used significantly earlier and more frequently in both CD and UC post‐biological cohorts. The cumulative probability of surgery was lower in CD following anti‐TNF approval (16% and 11%, 22% and 16%, and 29% and 19%, at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively P < 0.0001), although not in UC (3% and 2%, 4% and 4%, and 6% and 5% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively; P = 0.2). Ileal involvement, older age at diagnosis and active smoking in CD, and extensive disease in UC, were independent risk factors for surgery, whereas high‐volume IBD centers (in both CD and UC) and immunosuppressant use (in CD) were protective factors.ConclusionsAnti‐TNF availability was associated with a reduction in early surgery for CD (driven mainly by earlier and more widespread immunosuppressant use) but not in UC.
The conditions of possibilities for recovery: A critical discourse analysis in a Danish psychiatric context
Authors: Jørgensen Kim , Praestegaard Jeanette , Holen Mari 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesThis paper explores the conditions for the possibilities of recovery in a Danish mental healthcare practice, expressed from the perspective of nurses. The results and discussion of the study help to make visible and explore the muddle of conceptualisations of recovery in mental healthcare practice.BackgroundFew studies examine the possibilities of recovery for inpatients and outpatients in mental health centres from a nursing perspective.DesignA qualitative design using a critical social constructionist frame of understanding, in which the real world is considered as a series of social constructions.MethodA Fairclough‐inspired critical discourse analysis was chosen as the analytical strategy. The analysis is comprised of ten interviews in mental health care and notes, written by nurses, in medical records of ten patients with a mental illness admitted to a mental healthcare centre in 2016–2017. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was used as a guideline to secure accurate and complete reporting of the study (See Appendix S1).ResultsFrom the findings of the textual analysis and the analysis of the discourse practice, it seems clear that the social relations and structures relating to recovery in Danish psychiatry are steered and controlled by discourses that reflect, in general terms, the essence of the core of neoliberal ideology.ConclusionRecovery is generally articulated from an overall discourse of neoliberalism with its embedded discourses of paternalism, biomedicine, self‐care and holism. All these discourses coexist in nursing practice, but the paternalistic discourse becomes the framework for the conditions for the possibility of how recovery is expressed in practice.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses need to be supported to seek clarity in the understanding and operationalisation of a recovery‐oriented approach, if the agenda is to be truly adopted and strengthened.
Tropisetron improves pancreas function and increases insulin synthesis and secretion in the STZ-induced diabetic rats: involvement of UCP2/ZnT8 pathway
Authors: Naderi Roya , Shirpoor Alireza , Samadi Mahrokh , Pourheydar Bagher , Moslehi Azam 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Tropisetron, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, has a considerable role in the inflammation and oxidative stress lowering. This study aimed to investigate the effect of this 5-HT3 receptor antagonist on insulin secretion in male diabetic rats and the possible mechanisms.

Methods
Animals were divided into five equal groups; the control, tropisetron, diabetes, tropisetron–diabetes and glibenclamide–diabetes (7 in each group). Tropisetron and glibenclamide were administrated for 2 weeks after inducing type 1 diabetes.

Key findings
We demonstrated that insulin secretion improved robustly in diabetes–tropisetron compared with the diabetic group. Oxidative stress biomarkers were lower in a diabetes–tropisetron group than in diabetic rats. Simultaneously, tropisetron administration promoted the expression of ZnT8 and GLUT2 and also beta-cell mass in pancreatic tissue, while the expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was restrained. The histological evaluation confirmed our results. These effects were equipotent with glibenclamide, indicating that tropisetron can protect islets from the abnormal insulin secretion and morphological changes induced by type 1 diabetes.

Conclusions
This effect might be partly related to the modulated UCP2/ZnT8 signal pathway and improved oxidative stress-induced damage.
Situational judgement test validity for selection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Webster Elin S. , Paton Lewis W. , Crampton Paul E. S. , Tiffin Paul A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractContextSituational judgement tests (SJTs) are widely used to evaluate ‘non‐academic’ abilities in medical applicants. However, there is a lack of understanding of how their predictive validity may vary across contexts. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to synthesise existing evidence relating to the validity of such tools for predicting outcomes relevant to interpersonal workplace performance.MethodsSearches were conducted in relevant databases to June 2019. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Results were pooled using random effects meta‐analysis and meta‐regressions.ResultsInitially, 470 articles were identified, 218 title or abstracts were reviewed, and 44 full text articles were assessed with 30 studies meeting the final inclusion criteria and were judged, overall, to be at moderate risk of bias. Of these, 26 reported correlation coefficients relating to validity, with a pooled estimate of 0.32 (95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.39, P < .0001). Considerable heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 96.5%) with the largest validity coefficients tending to be observed for postgraduate, rather than undergraduate, selection studies (β = 0.23, 0.11 to 0.36, P < .001). The correction of validity coefficients for attenuation was also independently associated with larger effects (β = 0.13, 0.03 to 0.23, P = .01). No significant associations with test medium (video vs text format), cross‐sectional study design, or period of assessment (one‐off vs longer‐term) were observed. Where reported, the scores generally demonstrated incremental predictive validity, over and above tests of knowledge and cognitive ability.ConclusionsThe use of SJTs in medical selection is supported by the evidence. The observed trend relating to training stage requires investigation. Further research should focus on developing robust criterion‐relevant outcome measures that, ideally, capture interpersonal aspects of typical workplace performance. This will facilitate additional work identifying the optimal place of SJTs within particular selection contexts and further enhancing their effectiveness.
Adenosine kinase inhibition enhances microvascular dilator function and improves left ventricle diastolic dysfunction
Authors: Davila Alec , Tian Yanna , Czikora Istvan , S. Weissman Amanda , Weinand Nicholas , Dong Guangkuo , Xu Jiean , Li Jie , Su Huabo , Kapuku Gaston , Huo Yuqing , Bagi Zsolt 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveInhibition of adenosine kinase (ADK), via augmenting endogenous adenosine levels exerts cardiovascular protection. We tested the hypothesis that ADK inhibition improves microvascular dilator and left ventricle (LV) contractile function under metabolic or hemodynamic stress.Methods and ResultsIn Obese diabetic Zucker fatty/spontaneously hypertensive heart failure F1 hybrid rats, treatment with the selective ADK inhibitor, ABT‐702 (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injections for 8‐week) restored acetylcholine‐, sodium nitroprusside‐, and adenosine‐induced dilations in isolated coronary arterioles, an effect that was accompanied by normalized end‐diastolic pressure (in mm Hg, Lean: 3.4 ± 0.6, Obese: 17.6 ± 4.2, Obese + ABT: 6.6 ± 1.4) and LV relaxation constant, Tau (in ms, Lean: 6.9 ± 1.5, Obese: 13.9 ± 1.7, Obese + ABT: 6.0 ± 1.1). Mice with vascular endothelium selective ADK deletion (ADKVECKO) exhibited an enhanced dilation to acetylcholine in isolated gracilis muscle (lgEC50 WT: −8.2 ± 0.1, ADKVECKO: −8.8 ± 0.1, P < .05) and mesenteric arterioles (lgEC50 WT: −7.4 ± 0.2, ADKVECKO: −8.1 ± 1.2, P < .05) when compared to wild‐type (WT) mice, whereas relaxation of the femoral artery and aorta (lgEC50 WT: −7.03 ± 0.6, ADKVECKO: −7.05 ± 0.8) was similar in the two groups. Wild‐type mice progressively developed LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction when they underwent transverse aortic constriction surgery, whereas ADKVEC‐KO mice displayed a lesser degree in decline of LV function.ConclusionsOur results indicate that ADK inhibition selectively enhances microvascular vasodilator function, whereby it improves LV perfusion and LV contractile function under metabolic and hemodynamic stress.
Thriving? Or Surviving? An Approach–Avoidance Perspective on Adult Language Learners’ Motivation
Authors: HENRY ALASTAIR , DAVYDENKO SOFIA 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLearning a language is a long‐term undertaking. In this endeavor, motivation is served by patterns of regulation that steer and control behavior. Regulation can be focused on possibilities and opportunities (an approach pattern), or the implications of failure (an avoidance pattern). Responding to calls for work with a focus on regulation (Papi et al., 2019), and with the aim of developing insights into second‐language perseverance, this study explores the regulation profiles of highly motivated adult learners of Swedish. Using the directed motivational currents construct as a template, analyses of interview data from 18 participants revealed distinct patterns of approach‐ and avoidance‐focused regulation. While approach orientations were associated with enjoyment and well‐being, avoidance orientations were associated with worry and stress. The effects of regulatory orientations on motivational sustainability are discussed, and implications for theory and practice are considered.
Could our epistemic reasons be collective practical reasons?
Authors: Dyke Michelle M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAre epistemic reasons merely a species of instrumental practical reasons, making epistemic rationality a specialized form of instrumental practical rationality? Or are epistemic reasons importantly different in kind? Despite the attractions of the former view, Kelly (2003) argues quite compellingly that epistemic rationality cannot be merely a matter of taking effective means to one's epistemic ends. I argue here that Kelly's objections can be sidestepped if we understand epistemic reasons as instrumental reasons that arise in light of the aims held by social collectives of which we are members, rather than being fixed by our own individual goals. This social version of epistemic instrumentalism would not be subject to counterexamples that point to the failure of individual people to possess desires or goals that would account for all of the epistemic reasons we find it natural to attribute to them. I conclude by comparing the proposed view to the alternative version of instrumentalism defended by Kornblith (1993). I argue that the social view I sketch here has one noteworthy advantage. It better accounts for the intuitive distinctness of our practical and epistemic reasons for belief in cases where flouting epistemic norms would better help us to achieve our own individual goals.
Directional auxin fluxes in plants by intramolecular domain–domain coevolution of PIN auxin transporters
Authors: Zhang Yuzhou , Hartinger Corinna , Wang Xiaojuan , Friml Jiří 
Published: April 2020

Summary

Morphogenesis and adaptive tropic growth in plants depend on gradients of the phytohormone auxin, mediated by the membrane‐based PIN‐FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. PINs localize to a particular side of the plasma membrane (PM) or to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to directionally transport auxin and maintain intercellular and intracellular auxin homeostasis, respectively. However, the molecular cues that confer their diverse cellular localizations remain largely unknown.

In this study, we systematically swapped the domains between ER‐ and PM‐localized PIN proteins, as well as between apical and basal PM‐localized PINs from Arabidopsis thaliana, to shed light on why PIN family members with similar topological structures reside at different membrane compartments within cells.

Our results show that not only do the N‐ and C‐terminal transmembrane domains (TMDs) and central hydrophilic loop contribute to their differential subcellular localizations and cellular polarity, but that the pairwise‐matched N‐ and C‐terminal TMDs resulting from intramolecular domain–domain coevolution are also crucial for their divergent patterns of localization.

These findings illustrate the complexity of the evolutionary path of PIN proteins in acquiring their plethora of developmental functions and adaptive growth in plants.
Short‐range regulatory chromatin loops in plants
Authors: Gagliardi Delfina , Manavella Pablo A. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryIn all eukaryotic organisms, gene expression correlates with the condensation state of the chromatin. Highly packed genome regions, known as heterochromatins, are associated with repressed loci, whereas euchromatic regions represent a relaxed state of the chromatin actively transcribed. However, even in these active regions, associations between chromatin domains dynamically modify genome topology and alter gene expression. Long‐range interaction within and between chromosomes determines chromatin domains that help to coordinate transcriptional events. On the other hand, short‐range chromatin interactions emerged as dynamic mechanisms regulating the expression of specific loci. Our current capacity to decipher genome topology at high resolution allowed us to identify numerous cases of short‐range regulatory chromatin interactions, which are reviewed in this Insight article.
Optimal control of invasive species with economic benefits: Application to the Typha proliferation
Authors: Dia Ben M. , Diagne Mamadou L. , Goudiaby M. Samsidy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe address the management of invasive estuarine herbs providing some economic benefits and characterized by two modes of reproduction affecting the ecosystem. The study began by analyzing the stability of the plant dynamics using an approximate model resulting from the negligence of the seasonality in seedlings production. The optimal control seeks to find strategies with a minimal implementation cost by way of incorporating the plant profit in the payoff function. Optimal strategies were designed and implemented to control proliferation scenarios using a two‐class compartmental model. Furthermore, the optimal control system was derived for the approximate model as well as for the model including the seasonality feature. Finally, numerical simulations were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control laws for both systems.Recommendations for Resource Managers

The quantification of the benefit of invasive estuarine herbs should be addressed in consultation with biologists, ecologists, and plant users.
Data collection, for a robust empirical estimate of the model parameters, lasts for a year at least.
The cutting‐process is nonselective for the plant classes and the chemical treatment should be as minimal as possible.
Management efforts should be more focused on the birth and death rates of plants.