bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orb-weaving spiders show a correlated syndrome of morphology and web structure in the wild
Authors: Fisher David N , Pruitt Jonathan N , Yeager Justin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExtended phenotypes are traits that exist outside the physical body of organisms. Despite their role in the lives of the organisms that express them and other organisms influenced by extended phenotypes, the consistency and covariance with morphological and behavioural traits of extended phenotypes has rarely been evaluated. We repeatedly measured an extended phenotype involved in prey acquisition (web structure) of wild orb-weaving spiders (Micrathena vigorsii), which re-build their webs daily. We related web structure to behaviours and spider body length. Web diameter and web density were repeatable among individuals, reaction to a predation threat was very marginally so, and response to a prey stimulus and web evenness were not repeatable. Larger spiders spun wider webs, had webs with increased thread spacing, and the spider possibly tended to react more slowly to a predation threat. When a spider built a relatively larger web it was also a relatively less dense and less even web. The repeatability of web construction and relationship with spider body size we found may be common features of intra-population variation in web structure in spiders. By estimating the consistency and covariances of extended phenotypes we can begin to evaluate what maintains their variation and how they might evolve.
Social Workers in Israel: Daily Stressors, Work Benefits, Burnout and Well-Being
Authors: Savaya Riki , Levin Lia , Roziner Ilan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this article, we report findings pertaining to connections between social workers’ exposure to daily stressors, the work benefits they receive, their levels of burnout and their well-being. We examined (i) the associations between social workers’ perceived exposure to daily stressors and their well-being; (ii) the mediating effect of burnout on these associations; and (iii) the moderating effect of extrinsic and intrinsic work benefits on the relationships between perceived exposure to daily stressors and burnout. Participants were 486 social workers, working in various organisations and with diverse populations in Israel. Of the various findings, two are of particular interest. One is that workers’ depersonalisation of their clients mediated the relationship between the workers’ exposure to daily stressors and their psychological distress. The other is that neither intrinsic nor extrinsic work benefits weakened the association between workers’ exposure to daily stressors and their burnout, in terms of personal accomplishment. On the contrary, high benefits of either kind strengthened this association. These unexpected findings are discussed within the frameworks of relationships between service users and service providers and of Wilensky’s compensatory theory. While this study was based in Israel, its conclusions bear relevance to social workers in other countries as well.
Infant attraction: why social bridging matters for female leadership in Tibetan macaques
Authors: Wang Xi , Xia Dong-Po , Sun Lixing , Garber Paul A , Kyes Randall C , Sheeran Lori K , Sun Bing-Hua , Li Bo-Wen , Li Jin-Hua 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Leadership is a key issue in the study of collective behavior in social animals. Affiliation–leadership models predict that dyadic partner preferences based on grooming relationships or alliance formation positively affect an individual’s decision to follow or support a conspecific. In the case of many primate species, females without young infants are attracted to mother–infant dyads. However, the effects of mother–infant–female associations on affiliation–leadership models remain less clear. In free-ranging Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana, we used social network analysis to examine the importance of “mother-infant-adult female” social bridging events as a predictor of who leads and who follows during group movement. Social bridging is a common behavior in Tibetan macaques and occurs when 2 adults, generally females, engage in coordinated infant handling. Using eigenvector centrality coefficients of social bridging as a measure of social affiliation, we found that among lactating females, initiating bridging behavior with another female played a significant role in leadership success, with the assisting female following the mother during group movement. Among nonlactating females, this was not the case. Our results indicate that infant attraction can be a strong trigger in collective action and directing group movement in Tibetan macaques and provides benefits to mothers who require helpers and social support in order to ensure the safety of their infants. Our study provides new insights into the importance of the third-party effect in rethinking affiliation–leadership models in group-living animals.
Anglo-French Sieges, the Laws of War, and the Limits of Enmity in the Peninsular War, 1808–1814
Authors: Daly Gavin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The many sieges of the Napoleonic Wars remain a relatively neglected area of historical study, especially in the context of the history of customary laws of war, where sieges played a central role. This article explores an important but largely forgotten episode in the infamous British storm and sack of the French-held Spanish towns of Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz and San Sebastián during the Peninsular War: mercy to the French garrisons, who, in obstinately defending against storming parties, had forfeited their protective rights under prevailing laws of war. Combining military, legal and cultural history, and drawing upon British soldiers’ letters, diaries and memoirs, the article focuses on three interrelated issues: siege capitulation and surrender rituals, attitudes to obstinate defences, and British mercy to the French garrisons. The article highlights sieges as a privileged site for examining laws of war, cultures of war, and moral sensibilities. In doing so, it sheds further light on historical debates about changes and continuities in practices and cultures of war over the long eighteenth century. There has been considerable recent interest in the history of atrocity, massacre and enmity during the French Revolutionary–Napoleonic Wars. Yet the Anglo-French case-studies examined here highlight the persistence of restraint, honour codes, civility and humanity between regular soldiers, even in the seemingly most barbarous of wartime theatres, and despite laws of war that sanctioned violence in these very circumstances.
¡Viva la mitochondria!: harnessing yeast mitochondria for chemical production
Authors: Duran Lisset , López José Montaño , Avalos José L 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The mitochondria, often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, offer a unique physicochemical environment enriched with a distinct set of enzymes, metabolites and cofactors ready to be exploited for metabolic engineering. In this review, we discuss how the mitochondrion has been engineered in the traditional sense of metabolic engineering or completely bypassed for chemical production. We then describe the more recent approach of harnessing the mitochondria to compartmentalize engineered metabolic pathways, including for the production of alcohols, terpenoids, sterols, organic acids and other valuable products. We explain the different mechanisms by which mitochondrial compartmentalization benefits engineered metabolic pathways to boost chemical production. Finally, we discuss the key challenges that need to be overcome to expand the applicability of mitochondrial engineering and reach the full potential of this emerging field.
Multiple Genomic Events Altering Hominin SIGLEC Biology and Innate Immunity Predated the Common Ancestor of Humans and Archaic Hominins
Authors: Khan Naazneen , de Manuel Marc , Peyregne Stephane , Do Raymond , Prufer Kay , Marques-Bonet Tomas , Varki Nissi , Gagneux Pascal , Varki Ajit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHuman-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene eliminated the mammalian sialic acid (Sia) Neu5Gc (generating an excess of its precursor Neu5Ac), thus changing ubiquitous cell surface “self-associated molecular patterns” that modulate innate immunity via engagement of CD33-related-Siglec receptors. The Alu-fusion-mediated loss-of-function of CMAH fixed ∼2–3 Ma, possibly contributing to the origins of the genus Homo. The mutation likely altered human self-associated molecular patterns, triggering multiple events, including emergence of human-adapted pathogens with strong preference for Neu5Ac recognition and/or presenting Neu5Ac-containing molecular mimics of human glycans, which can suppress immune responses via CD33-related-Siglec engagement. Human-specific alterations reported in some gene-encoding Sia-sensing proteins suggested a “hotspot” in hominin evolution. The availability of more hominid genomes including those of two extinct hominins now allows full reanalysis and evolutionary timing. Functional changes occur in 8/13 members of the human genomic cluster encoding CD33-related Siglecs, all predating the human common ancestor. Comparisons with great ape genomes indicate that these changes are unique to hominins. We found no evidence for strong selection after the Human–Neanderthal/Denisovan common ancestor, and these extinct hominin genomes include almost all major changes found in humans, indicating that these changes in hominin sialobiology predate the Neanderthal–human divergence ∼0.6 Ma. Multiple changes in this genomic cluster may also explain human-specific expression of CD33rSiglecs in unexpected locations such as amnion, placental trophoblast, pancreatic islets, ovarian fibroblasts, microglia, Natural Killer(NK) cells, and epithelia. Taken together, our data suggest that innate immune interactions with pathogens markedly altered hominin Siglec biology between 0.6 and 2 Ma, potentially affecting human evolution.
The Trump Administration’s Impact on US Investment Policy
Authors: Mandell Lauren 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article reviews the Trump Administration’s impact on US investment policy – meaning, US policy regarding the promotion and protection of US investment abroad – at the close of the Administration. In short, the Administration’s impact on US investment policy was substantial by any measure. It withdrew the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which was effectively the largest investment agreement ever negotiated, and it also renegotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement and replaced it with the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which features a novel approach to investor-state dispute settlement. The Administration’s impact on US investment policy was also shaped by steps it chose not to take, including its decision not to replicate its approach in the USMCA in its amendments to the Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement, re-start the United States-China Bilateral Investment Treaty or Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations or re-visit dozens of US investment agreements that are currently in force. This article reviews these decisions with a view to considering the challenges and opportunities that await future US policymakers in the executive and legislative branches with respect to US investment policy.
A new algorithm for calibrating local regime-switching models
Authors: He Xin-Jiang , Zhu Song-Ping 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In quantitative finance practice, model calibration is a key challenge. This is especially so when a local regime-switching model needs to be calibrated because designing an efficient and reliable algorithm to obtain local volatility values as a function of underlying price and time is important for the model to be successfully used in practice. Therefore, this paper proposes a new algorithm for calibrating local regime-switching models with observed option prices available for a particular market that is suitable for this type of model. The newly proposed algorithm is tested with calibrations performed on synthetic as well as real market data. Our empirical test results indicate that the algorithm has great potential to be used in financial risk management.
Preliminary view of the global distribution and spread of the tet(X) family of tigecycline resistance genes
Authors: Pan Yu , Awan Furqan , Zhenbao Ma , Zhang Xiufeng , Zeng Jiaxiong , Zeng Zhenling , Xiong Wenguang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The emergence of plasmid-mediated tet(X3)/tet(X4) genes is threatening the role of tigecycline as a last-resort antibiotic to treat clinical infections caused by XDR bacteria. Considering the possible public health threat posed by tet(X) and its variants [which we collectively call ‘tet(X) genes’ in this study], global monitoring and surveillance are urgently required.

Objectives
Here we conducted a worldwide survey of the global distribution and spread of tet(X) genes.

Methods
We analysed a comprehensive dataset of bacterial genomes in conjunction with surveillance data from our laboratory and the NCBI database, as well as sufficient metadata to characterize the results.

Results
The global distribution features of tet(X) genes were revealed. We clustered three types of genetic backbones of tet(X) genes embedded or transferred in bacterial genomes. Our pan-genome analyses revealed a large genetic pool composed of tet(X)-carrying sequences. Moreover, phylogenetic trees of tet(X) genes and tet(X)-like proteins were built.

Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, our results provide the first view of the global distribution of tet(X) genes, demonstrate the features of tet(X)-carrying fragments and highlight the possible evolution of tigecycline-inactivation enzymes in diverse bacterial species and habitats.
Structural and mechanistic analysis of ATPase inhibitors targeting mycobacterial DNA gyrase
Authors: Henderson Sara R , Stevenson Clare E M , Malone Brandon , Zholnerovych Yelyzaveta , Mitchenall Lesley A , Pichowicz Mark , McGarry David H , Cooper Ian R , Charrier Cedric , Salisbury Anne-Marie , Lawson David M , Maxwell Anthony 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of two novel compounds against mycobacteria and determine the molecular basis of their action on DNA gyrase using structural and mechanistic approaches.MethodsRedx03863 and Redx04739 were tested in antibacterial assays, and also against their target, DNA gyrase, using DNA supercoiling and ATPase assays. X-ray crystallography was used to determine the structure of the gyrase B protein ATPase sub-domain from Mycobacterium smegmatis complexed with the aminocoumarin drug novobiocin, and structures of the same domain from Mycobacterium thermoresistibile complexed with novobiocin, and also with Redx03863.ResultsBoth compounds, Redx03863 and Redx04739, were active against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, with Redx03863 being the more potent, and Redx04739 showing selectivity against M. smegmatis. Both compounds were potent inhibitors of the supercoiling and ATPase reactions of DNA gyrase, but did not appreciably affect the ATP-independent relaxation reaction. The structure of Redx03863 bound to the gyrase B protein ATPase sub-domain from M. thermoresistibile shows that it binds at a site adjacent to the ATP- and novobiocin-binding sites. We found that most of the mutations that we made in the Redx03863-binding pocket, based on the structure, rendered gyrase inactive.ConclusionsRedx03863 and Redx04739 inhibit gyrase by preventing the binding of ATP. The fact that the Redx03863-binding pocket is distinct from that of novobiocin, coupled with the lack of activity of resistant mutants, suggests that such compounds could have potential to be further exploited as antibiotics.
Personal health information management among healthy older adults: Varying needs and approaches
Authors: Turner Anne M , Taylor Jean O , Hartzler Andrea L , Osterhage Katie P , Bosold Alyssa L , Painter Ian S , Demiris George 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
With age, older adults experience a greater number of chronic diseases and medical visits, and an increased need to manage their health information. Technological advances in consumer health information technologies (HITs) help patients gather, track, and organize their health information within and outside of clinical settings. However, HITs have not focused on the needs of older adults and their caregivers. The goal of the SOARING (Studying Older Adults and Researching their Information Needs and Goals) Project was to understand older adult personal health information management (PHIM) needs and practices to inform the design of HITs that support older adults.

Materials and Methods
Drawing on the Work System Model, we took an ecological approach to investigate PHIM needs and practices of older adults in different residential settings. We conducted in-depth interviews and surveys with adults 60 years of age and older.

Results
We performed on-site in-person interview sessions with 88 generally healthy older adults in various settings including independent housing, retirement communities, assisted living, and homelessness. Our analysis revealed 5 key PHIM activities that older adults engage in: seeking, tracking, organizing, sharing health information, and emergency planning. We identified 3 major themes influencing older adults’ practice of PHIM: (1) older adults are most concerned with maintaining health and preventing illness, (2) older adults frequently involve others in PHIM activities, and (3) older adults’ approach to PHIM is situational and context-dependent.

Discussion
Older adults’ approaches to PHIM are dynamic and sensitive to changes in health, social networks, personal habits, motivations, and goals.

Conclusions
PHIM tools that meet the needs of older adults should accommodate the dynamic nature of aging and variations in individual, organizational, and social contexts.
Hiding from the Truth: When and How Cover Enables Information Avoidance
Authors: Woolley Kaitlin , Risen Jane L 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMore information is available today than ever before, yet at times consumers choose to avoid it. Even with useful information (I should find out), people may prefer ignorance (But I don’t want to). Seven studies (N = 4,271) and five supplemental studies (N = 3,013) apply the concept of “cover” to information avoidance for consumer choices with real financial consequences. More consumers avoid information with cover—that is, when they can attribute their decision to another feature of a product or decision context rather than to information they want to avoid. Cover increases avoidance when consumers face intrapersonal conflict—when consumers want to avoid information that they believe they should receive (e.g., calorie information). As such, the effect of cover is reduced by decreasing want–should conflict, whether by reducing the should preference to receive information or the want preference to avoid it. Furthermore, cover increases avoidance by helping consumers justify a decision to themselves: avoidance increases only when people can attribute their decision to a relevant (vs. irrelevant) product feature and operates in public and private settings. Together, this research offers theoretical insights into consumers’ information avoidance and how cover itself operates, with practical implications for marketers.
The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Efficacy of Chemical Communication in the Burying Beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Authors: Chemnitz Johanna , von Hoermann Christian , Ayasse Manfred , Steiger Sandra 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is growing evidence that a wide range of insect sex pheromones are condition dependent and play a fundamental role in mate choice. However, the effectiveness of pheromonal communication might not only depend on internal factors of the sender, but also on attributes of the microhabitat, in which the signaler chooses to emit its chemical signal. For example, the degree of anthropogenic land use might affect how successful the signal is transmitted, as land use has been shown to affect animal communities and the complexity of biotic interactions. To test the hypothesis that parameters of the microenvironment determine males’ ability to attract females via their sex pheromone, we used the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides Herbst (Coleoptera: Silphidae) as our model system. We exposed 144 males across differently managed forest stands and analyzed the impact of 29 environmental parameters. Our data revealed that human land use intensity had no effect on a male’s attractiveness. However, the harvested tree biomass positively affected the proportion of competitors attracted. Furthermore, we found that soil characteristics were important factors determining the amount and body size of females a male was able to attract. Consequently, we present evidence that the environmental context of a signaling male influences the effectiveness of chemical signaling either because it affects the transmission process or the prevailing abundance of potential signal receivers. Thus, our results demonstrate that males need to make careful decisions about the location where they emit their pheromone, as this choice of microhabitat has an impact on their fitness.
Surveillance of Culicine Mosquitoes in Six Villages of Taita-Taveta County, Kenya, With Host Determinations From Blood-Fed Females
Authors: Munyao Vanessa , Karisa Jonathan , Munyao Carol Munini , Ngari Moses , Menza Nelson , Peshu Norbert , Rono Martin , Mbogo Charles , Mwangangi Joseph 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Culicine mosquitoes are vectors of human disease-causing pathogens like filarial worms and several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Currently, there has been an increase in emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases along coastal Kenya, which has been of major concern in public health. This study aimed at determining culicine mosquito species abundance, diversity and their host feeding preferences in Taita-Taveta County, Coastal Kenya. Entomological sampling was done during the long-wet season (March and May) and long dry season (June to October) 2016–2018. Mosquito sampling was done using CDC light traps and Backpack aspiration for indoor and outdoor environments. All culicine mosquitoes collected were identified morphologically and categorized according to their physiological status. Blood fed culicine mosquitoes were tested for bloodmeal sources using ELISA. In total, 3,278 culicine mosquitoes were collected, of which 738 (22.5 %) were found indoors and 2,540, (77.5 %) outdoors. The mosquitoes consisted of 18 species belonging to four genera: Aedes (7), Culex (8), Mansonia (2), and Coquillettidia (1). Overall, there was high mosquito species diversity (H) in outdoors (H = 2.4339) than in indoors (H = 2.2523), whereas even distribution (EH) was higher in indoors (EH = 0.9064) than outdoors (EH = 0.8266). Majorly the bloodmeals identified were from multiple host sources with (51.6%), single hosts (41.3%), and unidentified (7.2%). This study has demonstrated a high diversity of culicine mosquitoes with relaxed feeding tendencies. These mosquitoes are contributing to mosquito biting nuisance and the likelihood of exposure of populations to diseases of public health.