bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of woody species in relation to climate and fire in Yosemite National Park, California, USA
Authors: van Wagtendonk Jan W. , Moore Peggy E. , Yee Julie L. , Lutz James A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
The effects of climate on plant species ranges are well appreciated, but the effects of other processes, such as fire, on plant species distribution are less well understood. We used a dataset of 561 plots 0.1 ha in size located throughout Yosemite National Park, in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA, to determine the joint effects of fire and climate on woody plant species. We analyzed the effect of climate (annual actual evapotranspiration [AET], climatic water deficit [Deficit]) and fire characteristics (occurrence [BURN] for all plots, fire return interval departure [FRID] for unburned plots, and severity of the most severe fire [dNBR]) on the distribution of woody plant species.

Results
Of 43 species that were present on at least two plots, 38 species occurred on five or more plots. Of those 38 species, models for the distribution of 13 species (34%) were significantly improved by including the variable for fire occurrence (BURN). Models for the distribution of 10 species (26%) were significantly improved by including FRID, and two species (5%) were improved by including dNBR. Species for which distribution models were improved by inclusion of fire variables included some of the most areally extensive woody plants. Species and ecological zones were aligned along an AET-Deficit gradient from cool and moist to hot and dry conditions.

Conclusions
In fire-frequent ecosystems, such as those in most of western North America, species distribution models were improved by including variables related to fire. Models for changing species distributions would also be improved by considering potential changes to the fire regime.
How marketing mix (7Ps) affect the patients’ selection of a hospital: experience of a low-income country
Authors: Ravangard Ramin , Khodadad Amir , Bastani Peivand 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Applying marketing mix in the hospitals is necessary for their success. It is also important to optimize the price, developing services, increasing health literacy, and improving financial resources. Experts and patients may have different views about the factors that influence the decision for choosing a hospital. This study was conducted to identify the factors in the marketing mix which influence patients’ selection of hospitals in Shiraz, Iran.

Methods
A cross-sectional study involving patients assigned to six hospitals; three selected private and three corporate public hospitals in Shiraz in southern Iran in 2018 composed the study sample. From the inpatients and outpatients referring to these hospitals, 300 patients were included using a stratified sampling method proportional to size. Their views on the status of the selected hospitals regarding the 7Ps model of the hospital marketing mix (product, people, price, place, promotion, process, and physical environment) were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were collected by administering a validated researcher-developed questionnaire (CVI = 2.65, α = 0.929).

Results
Among 44 components of marketing mix according to 7Ps model, “specialty of health service providers” had the best status (mean (SD) 4.15 ± 0.82) from the patients’ viewpoints. Among the 7Ps, “physical environment” and “people” had better status respectively. In contrast, the studied hospitals had the poorest status in “promotion.” Significant relationship was revealed between the private and corporate public hospitals in terms of price, promotion, and process (P < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation revealed a direct relationship between all the components of marketing mix in the hospitals (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
The studied hospitals have an appropriate status in physical environment and people mix but poor status in promotion mix. It is therefore necessary for these hospitals to pay more attention to the “promotion mix” irrespective of the related costs. Moreover, as “process mix” had a high significant correlation with the other marketing mix, managers can improve their marketing services through correcting their current processes.
Sublimable materials facilitate the TEM sample preparation of oil-soluble nanomaterials
Authors: Deng Yu-Hao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSample preparation is significantly important to the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) characterization of nanomaterials. However, many general organic solvents can dissolve the necessary organic polymer support layer in TEM grid, which causes it difficult to obtain high-quality samples of oil-soluble nanomaterials. In this study, a new sample preparation method for oil-soluble nanomaterials has been developed by using the sublimable material as a transition layer. Experiments also show that there is no damage to TEM grids and high-quality HRTEM images can be obtained via this method. This approach paves the way to applicable HRTEM sample preparation of oil-soluble nanomaterials.
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and association of HbA1c with severity of coronary artery disease in patients presenting as non-diabetic acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Dar Mohd Iqbal , Beig Jahangir Rashid , Jan Iqra , Shah Tariq Rashid , Ali Muzaffar , Rather Hilal A. , Tramboo Nisar A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) indicates the serious clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is closely associated with cardiovascular prognosis in patients with ACS. This study was aimed to study the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the relation of HbA1c with the severity of CAD in patients presenting as non-diabetic ACS. Diabetic status of the patients was assessed with fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c levels, and coronary artery disease burden was assessed by coronary angiography.

Results
Out of 208 patients, 85.1% were males, and 14.9% were females; 73.56% cases were hypertensive. 80.77% of cases had STEMI, 17.79% had NSTEMI, and 1.44% had unstable angina. Out of 168 STEMI patients, 64.3% were thrombolysed, 21.42% presented late, 2.38% had contraindications to thrombolysis, and 11.9% underwent primary PCI. FBS in diabetic range was found in 44.23% of cases, impaired FBS in 36.54%, and 19.23% of patients had FBS in non-diabetic range. According to HbA1c, 41.8% were diabetic, 39.4% were pre-diabetic, and 18.8% were non-diabetic. A significant positive correlation was found between HbA1c and Gensini score and between HbA1c and the number of vessels involved.

Conclusion
This study emphasises the importance of evaluating the presence of diabetes in patients presenting as non-diabetic acute coronary syndrome in developing countries. Acute coronary syndrome may be considered as one of the presentations of diabetes mellitus.
Sphenoid sinus aspergilloma clinically mimicking as malignancy—a case report
Authors: Gupta Ruchi , Anand Abhishek , Kumar Subhash , Sinha Neetu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Fungal sphenoid sinusitis mimicking as malignant tumor and invading the pituitary fossa is an uncommon entity. This report aims to highlight radiological salient features to help differentiate fungal lesion from malignant tumor in sphenoidal sinus mass lesions.

Case presentation
We intend to report a case of middle-aged female who presented with gradual progressive diminution of vision since 3 years complicated with acute attack of unilateral headache and numbness. Computed tomography (CT) showed hyperdense lesion involving the sphenoid sinus extending into pituitary fossa and bilateral cavernous sinuses with smooth bony remodeling. Lesion appeared hypointense on T2-weighted and hyperintense on T1-weighted images on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Surgical excision of the lesion was done and pathological examination showed fungal hyphae and aspergillus fumigatus species on culture after 2 weeks of incubation. Post-operative CT revealed empty sinuses with surrounding bone remodeling.

Conclusion
Combination of T1 hyperintensity, T2 hypointensity, and hyperdense sinus is a strong predictor of fungal mass lesion involving sphenoid sinus.
Flavonoids: isolation, characterization, and health benefits
Authors: Ekalu Abiche , Habila James Dama 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
The unique and vast pharmacological activities of flavonoids have made them of research interest. This led to the use of various techniques to isolate and characterize them, intending to determine their potential health benefits.

Main text
The medicinal values of plant-based flavonoids that this literature review tends to summarize the pharmacological activities of these secondary metabolites from 22 selected plant families. The pharmacological shreds of evidence reported in the literature have proven that flavonoids have shown anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-ulcer, and anti-edematogenic activities. Out of these, 30% showed to have anti-oxidant activity, key in protecting the body against free radicals. Besides, 18% of the references showed anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. Further literature reports indicated that flavonoids from these families exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-edematogenic (9%), anti-viral and anti-ulcer (5%), anti-fungal, anti-nociceptive, and anti-histamine (2%).

Conclusion
The pharmacological activities of flavonoids from the various sources reviewed in this study show that the secondary metabolites could provide a scaffold for the development of potent anti-cancer drugs in the future.
Determinants of Self-reported Health Outcomes in Adrenal Insufficiency: A Multisite Survey Study
Authors: Li Dingfeng , Genere Natalia , Behnken Emma , Xhikola Majlinda , Abbondanza Tiffany , Vaidya Anand , Bancos Irina 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Context
Current evidence on determinants of adverse health outcomes in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) is scarce, especially in regards to AI subtypes.

Objective
To determine predictors of adverse outcomes in different subtypes of AI.

Design and Setting
Cross-sectional survey study at 2 tertiary centers.

Participants
A total of 696 patients with AI: primary AI (PAI, 42%), secondary AI (SAI, 32%), and glucocorticoid-induced AI (GIAI, 26%).

Intervention
Patient-centered questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures
Patients’ knowledge, self-management of AI, self-perceived health, and adverse outcomes.

Results
The incidence rate of adrenal crisis was 24/100 patient-years with 44% experiencing at least 1 adrenal crisis since diagnosis (59% in PAI vs 31% in SAI vs 37% in GIAI, P &lt; .0001). All patients described high degrees of discomfort with self-management and receiving prompt treatment. Patients with PAI were most likely to develop adrenal crises (adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.9-4.0) despite reporting better self-perceived health (adjusted OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1-5.3), understanding of their diagnosis (89% vs 74-81% in other subtypes, P = .002), higher comfort with self-management (62% vs 52-61% in other sub types, P = .005), and higher likelihood to receive prompt treatment for adrenal crises in the emergency department (42% vs 19-30% in other subtypes, P &lt; .0001).

Conclusions
Patients with AI reported high degrees of discomfort with self-management and treatment delays when presenting with adrenal crises. Despite better self-perceived health and understanding of diagnosis, patients with PAI experienced the highest frequency of adrenal crises. A multidimensional educational effort is needed for patients and providers to improve the outcomes of all subtypes of AI.
Nurse practitioners and physician assistants working in ambulance care: A systematic review
Authors: van Vliet Risco , Ebben Remco , Diets Nicolette , Pelgrim Thomas , Loef Jorik , Vloet Lilian 
Published: September 2020

Background: This review aims to describe the activities of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) working in ambulance care, and the effect of these activities on patient outcomes, process of care, provider outcomes, and costs. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE (EBSCO), EMBASE (OVID), Web of Science, the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of Systematic Review), CINAHL Plus, and the reference lists of the included articles were systematically searched in November 2019. All types of peer-reviewed designs on the three topics were included. Pairs of independent reviewers performed the selection process, the quality assessment, and the data extraction. Results: Four studies of moderate to poor quality were included. Activities in medical, communication and collaboration skills were found. The effects of these activities were found in process of care and resource use outcomes, focusing on non-conveyance rates, referral and consultation, on-scene time, or follow-up contact Conclusions: This review shows that there is limited evidence on activities of NPs and PAs in ambulance care. Results show that NPs and PAs in ambulance care perform activities that can be categorized into the Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists (CanMED) roles of Medical Expert, Communicator, and Collaborator. The effects of NPs and PAs are minimally reported in relation to process of care and resource use, focusing on non-conveyance rates, referral and consultation, on-scene time, or follow-up contact. No evidence on patient outcomes of the substitution of NPs and PAs in ambulance care exists. PROSPERO registration: CRD42017067505 (07/07/2017)
Social Media and Political Contributions: The Impact of New Technology on Political Competition
Authors: Petrova Maria , Sen Ananya , Yildirim Pinar 
Published: September 2020

Political campaigns are among the most sophisticated marketing exercises in the United States. As part of their marketing communication strategy, an increasing number of politicians adopt social media to inform their constituencies. This study documents the returns from adopting a new technology, namely Twitter, for politicians running for Congress by focusing on the change in campaign contributions received. We compare weekly donations received just before and just after a politician opens a Twitter account in regions with high and low levels of Twitter penetration, controlling for politician-month fixed effects. Specifically, over the course of a political campaign, we estimate that the differential effect of opening a Twitter account in regions with high versus low levels of Twitter penetration amounts to an increase of 0.7%–2% in donations for all politicians and 1%–3.1% for new politicians who were never elected to Congress before. In contrast, the effect of joining Twitter for experienced politicians remains negligibly small. We find some evidence consistent with the explanation that the effect is driven by new information about the candidates; for example, the effect is primarily driven by new donors rather than past donors, by candidates without Facebook accounts, and by tweeting more informatively. Overall, our findings imply that social media can intensify political competition by lowering the costs of disseminating information for new entrants to their constituents and thus may reduce the barriers to enter politics. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing.
Musik als Zeugnis der Auslegungsgeschichte. Heinrich Schützens Motette Die mit Tränen säen aus der Geistlichen Chormusik
Authors: Siegele Ulrich 
Published: September 2020

Die musikalische Form der Motette „Die mit Tränen säen“ aus der „Geistlichen Chormusik“ von Schütz unterscheidet sich von der Form der textuellen Vorlage - den Versen 5 und 6 des Psalms 126 – die durch Parallelität der Elemente gekennzeichnet ist. Es wird versucht, diese Unterschiede in ihrer Symbolik zu deuten und sie im Hinblick auf die Geschichte der Interpretation dieses Psalms zu verstehen. (Übersetzung, Quelle englische Vorlage: RILM)
Photomechanical materials and applications: a tutorial
Authors: Kuzyk Mark G. , Dawson Nathan J. 
Published: September 2020

The transistor has revolutionized civilization. The photon will enable the next revolution provided that photomechanical materials, which convert light energy into mechanical work, can be made substantially more efficient. This tutorial develops a unified picture of the photomechanical response from its microscopic origins to the bulk response. A statistical model of the relationship between the photomorphon, the smallest photomechanical material unit, and the bulk response provides the context for understanding the various mechanisms that can contribute. We then present experimental details of how the photomechanical response is measured and used to deduce the underlying mechanisms. A figure of merit for the photomechanical efficiency is defined and materials are reviewed. Finally, we describe the photomechanical optical device (POD) and how PODs can be combined to form highly intelligent materials. This tutorial spans the multidisciplinary topics needed to (1) understand the fundamental physics of the response, (2) design and process materials to control the response, and (3) build new devices and integrated photomechanical systems.
On-chip monitoring of far-field patterns using a planar diffractor in a silicon-based optical phased array
Authors: Shim Joonsup , You Jong-Bum , Rhee Hyun-Woo , Yoon Hyeonho , Kim Seong-Hwan , Yu Kyoungsik , Park Hyo-Hoon 
Published: September 2020

We demonstrate the on-chip monitoring of far-field patterns in a silicon-based optical phased array (OPA) using a planar diffractor and traveling-wave photodetectors (PDs) integrated at the end of the radiator array. To reproduce the diffraction patterns within a silicon slab, the planar diffractor is designed with a diffraction region surrounded by an absorptive boundary and seven discrete outlet waveguides. Each outlet waveguide is linked to the photon-assisted tunneling PD which has a silicon

p
-
n

junction and is operated under a reverse bias to detect a sub-bandgap wavelength, 1.3 µm. With the

1

×

16

OPA and seven detectors, the positions of the main beams aligned to specific directions in the free space were clearly monitored.
High detectivity photodetectors based on perovskite nanowires with suppressed surface defects
Authors: Li Guohui , Gao Rui , Han Yue , Zhai Aiping , Liu Yucheng , Tian Yue , Tian Bining , Hao Yuying , Liu Shengzhong , Wu Yucheng , Cui Yanxia 
Published: September 2020

Solution-processable, single-crystalline perovskite nanowires are ideal candidates for developing low-cost photodetectors, but their detectivities are limited due to a high level of unintentional defects. Through the surface-initiated solution-growth method, we fabricated high-quality, single-crystalline, defects-suppressed

MAPbI
3

nanowires, which possess atomically smooth side surfaces with a surface roughness of 0.27 nm, corresponding to a carrier lifetime of 112.9 ns. By forming ohmic

MAPbI
3

/
Au

contacts through the dry contact method, high-performance metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors have been demonstrated with a record large linear dynamic range of 157 dB along with a record high detectivity of

1.2
×

10

14

Jones

at an illumination power density of

5.5

nW
/

cm
2

. Such superior photodetector performance metrics are attributed to, first, the defects-suppressed property of the as-grown

MAPbI
3

nanowires, which leads to a quite low noise current in the dark, and second, the ohmic contact between

MAPbI
3

and Au interfaces, which gives rise to an improved responsivity compared with the Schottky contact counterpart. The realized high-performance

MAPbI
3

nanowire photodetector advances the development of low-cost photodetectors and has potential applications in weak-signal photodetection.
Implementasi Kebijakan Energi Baru dan Energi Terbarukan Dalam Rangka Ketahanan Energi Nasional
Authors: Azhar Muhamad , Satriawan Dendy Adam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aims to determine the implementation of new energy and renewable energy policies in the context of national energy security. The research method used is legal research that uses a regulatory approach. The results of the study show that the implementation of new energy and renewable energy policies in the context of national energy security has proceeded as it should. This can be seen from the role of the government in making policies (beleid) and management actions (bestuursdaad), arrangements (regelendaad), management (beheersdaad) and supervision (toezichthoudensdaad) for the purpose of maximizing the people's prosperity. Keywords: Energy Policy, Renewable Energy, National Energy SecurityAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Implementasi kebijakan energi baru dan energi terbarukan dalam rangka ketahanan energy nasional. Metode penelitian yang diguankan adalah penelitian hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Implementasi kebijakan energi baru dan energi terbarukan dalam rangka ketahanan energy nasional telah berjalan sebagaimana mestinya. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari dari peran pemerintah untuk mengadakan kebijakan (beleid) dan tindakan pengurusan (bestuursdaad), pengaturan (regelendaad), pengelolaan (beheersdaad) dan pengawasan (toezichthoudensdaad) untuk tujuan sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat.Kata kunci: Kebijakan Energi, Energy Terbarukan, Ketahanan Energi Nasional
Karakter Yuridis Sanksi Hukum Administrasi: Suatu Pendekatan Komparasi
Authors: Susanto Sri Nur Hari 
Published: September 2020

Abstract The concept of administrative sanctions is a doctrinal idea that is not normatively defined. The purpose of regulating sanctions in administrative law legislation is to counteract the feeling of impunity against certain violations of the rules of public law. Typical administrative law sanctions indicate juridical characters that are not the same, some have reparatoir/herstel characters (bestuursdwang and dwangsom), punitive - condemnatoir / bestraffende characters (administrative fines) and mixed characters (withdrawal of favorable decisions). Keywords: Administrative sanctions, Juridical characters. Abstrak Konsep sanksi administrasi merupakan gagasan doctrinal yang tidak didefinisikan secara normatif. Tujuan diaturnya sanksi dalam peraturan perundang-undangan hukum administrasi adalah untuk menangkal perasaan impunitas terhadap pelanggaran tertentu dari peraturan hukum publik. Sanksi hukum administrasi yang khas menunjukkan karakter yuridis yang tidak sama, ada yang memiliki karakter pemulihan/reparatoir (bestuursdwang dan dwangsom), karakter hukuman/condemnatoir (denda administrasi) dan karakter campuran (penarikan keputusan yang menguntungkan). Kata Kunci : Sanksi administrasi, Karakter yuridis.