bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the trunk‐boring cycad weevils in Australia, with description of a second species ofDemyrsusPascoe, 1872 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Hsiao Yun , Oberprieler Rolf G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Australian trunk‐boring cycad weevils of the generaDemyrsusPascoe, 1872 andSiratonHustache, 1934 (Molytinae) are sometimes considered as cycad pests when they infest planted cycads and can be transported to other countries. In the present study, the taxonomy ofDemyrsusandSiratonis reviewed, and four species are recognised:D. meleoidesPascoe, 1872,D. digmon sp. nov., S. internatus(Pascoe, 1870) andS. roei(Boheman, 1843). The discovery of a second species ofDemyrsusillustrates a larger diversity of cycad‐associated weevils in Australia than currently known and identifies a further species with the potential to damage and kill cultivated cycads. The species descriptions and diagnoses are supplemented with illustrations of the habitus and salient structures, a distribution map and an identification key to all species of trunk‐boring cycad weevils in Australia. Their potential hosts are identified from a spatial analysis of their distributions and the distributions of the cycad taxa occurring in this range.
Taxonomic revision of species in the New Zealand endemic genera Peniticus Sharp, 1876 and Pilacolaspis Sharp, 1886 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Gómez‐Zurita Jesús 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, two endemic genera of Eumolpinae from New Zealand, Pilacolaspis Sharp, 1886 and Peniticus Sharp, 1876, are revised for the first time since the description of their constituent species in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The five taxa of Pilacolaspis are considered to comprise two species, P. huttoni (Broun, 1880) (=P. wakefieldi Sharp, 1886 n. syn. =P. rugiventris Broun, 1914 n. syn.) and P. latipennis Broun, 1912 (=P. angulatus Broun, 1912 n. syn.), with allopatric distributions in the Canterbury/Otago lowlands and the Marlborough areas around the Kaikouras, respectively. The following five species are recognised in Peniticus, one of which is new: P. antiquus Sharp, 1876, P. wallacei Broun, 1909, P. microreticulatus sp. nov., P. suffusus Sharp, 1876 (=P. robustus Sharp, 1880 n. syn.) and P. plicatus Broun, 1921. A key to the New Zealand genera of Eumolpinae and the species of Pilacolaspis and Peniticus is provided.
Chusqueaspis Amouroux, gen. nov., a new genus of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on bamboos in southern South America
Authors: Amouroux Paul , Wei Jiufeng , Claps Lucía E , Normark Roxanna D , Normark Benjamin B 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo date, there are 74 described species of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) whose only known hosts are bamboos (Poaceae: Bambuseae) and 12 armoured scale insect genera that consist mainly or entirely of bamboo feeders. Fully 71 of the species and all 12 of the genera are native to Asia. Another region where bamboos dominate the forest understory is southern South America, which has high diversity and endemism of bamboos of the genus Chusquea Kunth. We have sampled armoured scale insects from Chusquea from eight different sites in Chile and three sites in Argentina. The most common species were Prodigiaspis riverae (Cockerell) and a morphologically similar undescribed species. We sequenced fragments of four genetic loci from both species: the D2 region of the large ribosomal subunit (28S), elongation factor‐1 alpha (EF‐1α) and two mitochondrial regions, namely, a fragment of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and a fragment spanning the parts of cytochrome oxidase I and II (COI–II). We conducted phylogenetic analyses of these sequences, together with previously published sequences of other Neotropical genera of the same tribe (Lepidosaphidini), including an undescribed species of the genus Prodigiaspis Ferris. The results show that the Chusquea‐feeding species, including P. riverae, comprise a clade that is closely related to the genus Pseudoparlatoria Cockerell and distant from the Prodigiaspis species. Here, we place them in the new genus Chusqueaspis Amouroux gen. nov., with a total of three species, two of which are described here for the first time: Chusqueaspis riverae (Cockerell), comb. nov.; Chusqueaspis patriciae Wei, Claps, Normark & Normark, sp. nov.; and Chusqueaspis gonzalezi Amouroux, Normark & Normark, sp. nov. We also describe a Prodigiaspis species as Prodigiaspis megalobus Normark & Normark, sp. nov. on Marila (Calophyllaceae). Illustrations of the adult females of each of the four species and a key to the species of the new genus are provided.
Conservation management of the green carpenter bee Xylocopa aerata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) through provision of artificial nesting substrate
Authors: Hogendoorn Katja , Glatz Richard V , Leijs Remko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe green carpenter bee, Xylocopa aerata (Smith, 1851), has undergone a severe reduction in its distribution over the previous century, in part because of habitat loss and fragmentation and its dependency on old‐growth heathland habitats. In 2007, the last remaining South Australian population, on Kangaroo Island, was negatively affected by a shortage of nesting substrate as a consequence of a series of large, intense wildfires. In an attempt to prevent yet another extirpation of this species, we developed artificial nesting substrates (stalk nests and trunk nests) and placed them at various locations within the current range of the population. Monitoring showed that the bees readily used the alternative nesting substrate in sites where very little natural substrate was left. Reproductive activity was evaluated using X‐ray images of winter nests. Based on tunnel lengths and number of individuals, we conclude that conservation action has resulted in successful reproduction and that the number of nests used has increased each year. This is the first time that provision of nesting substrate is shown to substantially improve the breeding capacity of a threatened population of endemic bees in their natural habitat. However, reproduction in artificial substrate was significantly higher in 2016 than in 2017 and 2018. The most obvious reason for the decline in breeding was climatic – low spring and summer rain in the later years limited floral resources and hence reproduction. Global climate change is causing drier conditions and more frequent and intense fires, which are reducing the likelihood of survival of this species. This effect is demonstrated by the latest fire season which left only 5% of the bees' habitat intact on Kangaroo Island. Each large‐scale fire locally annihilates bees and destroys old growth nesting substrate which takes at least 35 years to recover, thus increasing the overall risk of extinction.
“So, Is Gentrification Good or Bad?”: One Teacher’s Implementation of the Fourth Goal in Her TWBE Classroom
Authors: Heiman Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Two‐way bilingual education (TWBE) is guided by three traditional goals: academic achievement, bilingualism/biliteracy, and sociocultural competence. The rapid growth, whitening, and gentrification of TWBE programs have prompted a call for an extension of the three traditional goals to include a fourth one: critical consciousness. This critical ethnography examines how the author and a fifth‐grade TWBE teacher prioritized this fourth goal in the curriculum by positioning gentrification processes impacting the school and community as a generative theme.Los programas de la educación bilingüe de doble inmersión son basados en tres metas tradicionales, el desempeño académico, bilingüismo/bialfabetismo y la competencia sociocultural. El crecimiento rápido, whiteness y gentrificación de dichos programas han provocado una extensión de las tres metas para incluir una cuarta meta: la conciencia crítica. Esta etnografía crítica examina como el autor y una maestra de quinto grado priorizaron la cuarta meta al posicionar la gentrificación impactando la escuela y comunidad como un tema generador.
Supplementation of cryoprotectant withPinus massonianabark extract improves human sperm vitality and fertility potential
Authors: Li Yingya , Zhang Tingyu , Jia Yanping , Yang Hao , Liu Wenqiang , Pan Jiaping , Wang Yu , Liang Shanshan , Li Kunming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundSperm cryopreservation is commonly used to preserve fertility but often decreases sperm quality by inducing oxidative stress.Pinus massonianabark extract (Pinus massoniana, PMBE) exhibits strong antioxidant activity and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine.ObjectivesThe objective was to determine whether adding PMBE to cryoprotectant could improve human sperm quality after cryo‐resuscitation and to investigate the potential regulatory mechanisms.MethodsPMBE was used as a cryoprotectant supplement. Hydrogen peroxide was applied to generate oxidative stress. The changes in sperm quality upon cryo‐resuscitation and hydrogen peroxide treatment were measured by computer‐aided sperm analysis and fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled peanut (Pisum sativum) agglutinin staining. Oxidative stress was evaluated by dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining and the malondialdehyde content. The antioxidant capacity was determined by the glutathione peroxidase activity and the reduced glutathione content. Mass spectrometry was utilized to screen factors potentially regulated by PMBE, and the screened factors were evaluated by Western blot. Mouse in vitro fertilization was used to assess the effectiveness and safety of PMBE on the fertilization outcome of damaged spermatozoa.ResultsPMBE addition to cryoprotectant could effectively promote post‐thaw vitality and acrosome reaction rates, reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species, and preserve antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function in the presence of cryo‐resuscitation and hydrogen peroxide treatment. Decreased in the expression of critical proteins such as inositol‐3‐phosphate synthase 1 (ISYNA1) and AKT1 upon resuscitation was rescued by PMBE supplementation, further reducing the cytoplasmic Nrf2 protein level and markedly increasing the nuclear level. PMBE dramatically enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD2). PMBE effectively alleviated the hydrogen peroxide‐induced decline in the two‐cell embryo rates.ConclusionSupplementing cryoprotectant with PMBE improves human sperm quality after cryo‐resuscitation by reducing oxidative stress and stabilizing the functional proteins ISYNA1 and AKT1. PMBE addition improves the fertilization outcome of oxidative stress‐damaged spermatozoa.
Praeclariat: Theorising Precarious Labour Geographies of Solar Energy
Authors: Stock Ryan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRapid development of solar energy is reconfiguring global labour geographies. Beneath the formal economy of solar exists a hidden infra‐economy of informal and marginalised labourers that toil in valuable yet precarious nodes of solar development (i.e. mining, generation, disposal). These labourers comprise a lumpenproletariat class (or solar lumenproletariats) that is defined by its informality, flexibility, precarity and disposability. Through political struggles and reflexivity, the lumenproletariats develop class consciousness. Although still precariously positioned in solar’s infra‐economy, they develop a praeclarus (Latin: “bright”) understanding of their shared class interests and become praeclariats resisting the reproduction of solar capital. Solar praeclariats unified in class struggle can alter the exploitative relations of production and usher in a truly “just” low‐carbon energy transition.
Supporting pre‐service teachers’ motivation beliefs and approaches to instruction through an online intervention
Authors: Daniels Lia M. , Goegan Lauren D. , Radil Amanda I. , Dueck Bryce S. 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that pre‐service teachers have low responsibility for student motivation and feel underprepared to deal with motivational issues. As an extension, researchers have designed interventions to shift teachers’ beliefs about motivation or equip them with approaches to instruction, but never both. Aims: Following best practices for motivation interventions, we created a one‐session online intervention and tested its efficacy to shift pre‐service teachers’ self‐reported beliefs and approaches to instruction to be more supportive of student motivation. The intervention included priming, materials designed for mindsets and/or for approaches to instruction, a consolidation activity, and take‐home materials.SampleA convenience sample of 384 pre‐service teachers from one Canadian university participated.MethodsWe embedded an experimental design into multiple sections of a required assessment course. After completing a pre‐test, participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: beliefs‐only, approaches‐only, combined beliefs and approaches, or control. After completing the online module, students received a lecture on assessment practices and motivation.ResultsThe results from our MANCOVA showed that pre‐service teachers who participated in the beliefs‐only condition reported increased levels of responsibility for student motivation, more growth mindset beliefs, and less fixed mindset beliefs than participants in the other conditions. The approaches‐only condition did not influence self‐reported mastery or performance approaches to instruction and the combined condition had no effect on beliefs or approaches.ConclusionsWe discuss the implications for educating pre‐service teachers about student motivation and suggest that beliefs and approaches to instruction need to be addressed separately.
Inherited predisposition to haematopoietic malignancies: overcoming barriers and exploring opportunities
Authors: Trottier Amy M. , Godley Lucy A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInherited predisposition to haematopoietic malignancies, due to deleterious germline variants in a variety of genes, is an important clinical entity with implications for the health and management of patients and their family members. Unfortunately, there remain several common misconceptions in this field that can result in patients going unrecognised and/or having incomplete or improper testing including: the impression that inherited haematological malignancy syndromes are rare, that myeloid and lymphoid malignancy predisposition syndromes are mutually exclusive, and that solid tumour predisposition syndromes are unique and distinct from haematopoietic malignancy predisposition syndromes. In the present review, we challenge these ideas with our insights into germline genetic testing for these conditions with the hope that increased awareness and knowledge will overcome barriers and lead to improved diagnosis and management.
The heparin‐von Willebrand factor interaction and conventional tests of haemostasis – the challenges in predicting bleeding in cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Ranger Amita , Gaspar Mihaela , Elkhatteb Amira , Jackson Tim , Fox Steve , Aw T. C. , Vipond Lisa , Cotterill Judy , Ghori Arshad , Laffan Mike , Arachchillage Deepa R. J. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryBleeding is a significant complication of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), despite routine anticoagulation monitoring. This is likely to be multifactorial. In this prospective, single‐centre cohort study of 30 patients undergoing CPB surgery, our aim was to characterise the changes in von Willebrand factor (VWF) function, platelet interaction and the global coagulation changes during and after CPB surgery and to determine whether bleeding can be predicted. Samples were taken at six time points before, during and after CPB surgery. We observed a significant rise in VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) throughout surgery, which continued postoperatively. The absolute VWF collagen‐binding assays (VWF:CB) and VWF ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) rose significantly but the VWF:CB/VWF:Ag and VWF:Ag/VWF:RCo fell significantly (P = 0·0015 and P = 0·0143), suggesting loss of large multimers. We detected a non‐significant trend to loss of VWF:RCo after heparinisation and a significant recovery after protamine reversal which could reflect a direct heparin effect. There was a significant increase in the R and K times with a fall in alpha angle and maximum amplitude after heparin administration, using heparinase‐thromboelastography (TEG). The parameters both significantly improved following protamine (P = 0·007 and P = 0·0054). The activated clotting time (ACT) and heparin anti‐Xa level correlated poorly; neither predicted clinically significant bleeding. None of these parameters had a relationship with intraoperative blood loss or requirement for blood product replacement.
Explaining the rise and fall of psychological distress during the COVID‐19 crisis in the United States: Longitudinal evidence from the Understanding America Study
Authors: Robinson Eric , Daly Michael 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesIt has been shown that psychological distress rose rapidly as the COVID‐19 pandemic emerged and then recovered to pre‐crisis levels as social lockdown restrictions were eased in the United States. The aim of the current study was to investigate psychosocial and behavioural factors that may explain the rise and fall of distress during the initial months of the COVID‐19 crisis.DesignThis study examined six waves of longitudinal nationally representative data from the Understanding America Study (UAS) collected between March and June 2020 (N = 7,138, observations = 34,125).MethodsMediation analysis was used to identify whether changes in distress (PHQ‐4) during the COVID‐19 pandemic were explained by the following factors: perceived infection risk and risk of death, perceived financial risks, lifestyle changes resulting from the virus, perceived discrimination related to the virus, and changes in substance use and employment status.ResultsAll mediating factors played a role in explaining changes in distress and together accounted for 70% of the increase in distress between 10‐18 March and 1‐14 April and 46.4% of the decline in distress between 1‐14 April and early June 2020. Changes in perceived health risks were most important in explaining changes in distress followed by changes in lifestyle and the perceived financial risks associated with COVID‐19.ConclusionsThis study provides longitudinal population‐based evidence detailing the mediating factors explaining changes in distress during the COVID‐19 crisis. Perceived health risks associated with the virus may play a key role in explaining rising and falling levels of psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Review: Education and training interventions, and support tools for school staff to adequately respond to young people who disclose self‐harm – a systematic literature review of effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability
Authors: Pierret Aureliane C. S. , Anderson Joanna K. , Ford Tamsin J. , Burn Anne‐Marie 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundSelf‐harm among young people is a major public health concern, and whilst schools are well placed to identify and intervene with students who self‐harm, the literature shows that school staff lack training and confidence in this area. This systematic review investigated the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of training interventions and support tools intended to equip school staff with skills and knowledge to adequately respond to students’ disclosure of self‐harm.MethodReferences for this review were identified through systematic searches of Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, ERIC, ASSIA and British Education Index on with search terms ‘self‐harm’, ‘training’, ‘school staff’ and ‘young people’. Thematic synthesis was used to analyse qualitative data.ResultsWe found that all eight included studies evaluated interventions/tools that were highly effective in terms of an increase in knowledge, skills and confidence of staff in responding to self‐harming youth. Acceptability was good with high levels of satisfaction and perceived benefit by staff, though data on feasibility of the interventions were lacking. Limitations of the studies included a paucity of follow‐up data, and lack of data relating to student outcomes and actual changes in staff practice in schools.ConclusionsThe findings from this review indicate that more evidence is needed to determine the effectiveness, acceptability and feasibility of interventions/tools for school staff addressing self‐harm. Further studies should focus on maintaining knowledge, confidence and comfort levels over time, and determine the feasibility of interventions/tools with different staff cohorts and across school settings, as well as address outcomes for students.
Prospective evaluation and refinement of an S‐1 dosage formula based on renal function for clinical application
Authors: Takeuchi Masashi , Imamura Chiyo K. , Booka Eisuke , Takeuchi Hiroya , Mizukami Takuro , Kawakami Takeshi , Funakoshi Taro , Wakuda Kazushige , Aoki Yu , Hamamoto Yasuo , Kitago Minoru , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Boku Narikazu , Tanigawara Yusuke , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn patients with impaired renal function, S‐1–related toxicities increase due to higher exposure of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). Our previous pharmacokinetic study in 16 cancer patients with various renal functions developed an S‐1 dosage formula based on individual creatinine clearance (CLcr) and body surface area (BSA). To evaluate and refine the formula, this prospective study was conducted. Thirty‐three patients with various renal functions received S‐1 for 4 weeks at doses determined by the nomogram derived from the previously developed formula. A series of blood samples were collected after the first dose to calculate the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) of 5‐FU. Thirty patients with BSA of 1.14‐1.84 m2 and CLcr of 23.8‐96.4 mL/min were assessable for pharmacokinetics. The observed daily AUC ranged from 712.6 to 2868.7 ng·h/mL, and 18 patients achieved the target AUC (1447.8 ± 545.4 ng·h/mL). Three patients experienced S‐1–related grade 3 adverse events during the first course. In the population pharmacokinetic analysis from the combined data of 46 patients in this study and the previous study, sex was identified as a statistically significant covariate for 5‐FU clearance. Hence, the refined formula includes sex as an additional factor: Recommended daily dose = target AUC × (14.5 + 8.23 × SEX [0 for female and 1 for male] + 0.301 × CLcr) × BSA. Revised nomograms for recommended daily doses derived from the refined formula can be used in clinical practice to achieve the target AUC ensuring efficacy and safety of S‐1.