bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of novel electrochemical treatment systems for indigo wastewater and their performance
Authors: Huangfu Zhijie , Zhang Wei , Hao Shang , Zhang Mengdi , Yao Jiming 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of metal electrode and electrolytes on the electroflocculation of indigo wastewater, produced by printing and dyeing factory, and to optimize the treatment system.

Design/methodology/approach
For effective purging, various types of metal electrodes (graphite, pure aluminum and stainless steel) and supporting electrolytes (sodium chloride and sodium sulfate) were selected for electroflocculation experiments. The decolorization rate and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate were characterized.

Findings
The treatment effects of stainless steel and aluminum were similar, but the dissolution loss of aluminum and the production of flocs greatly limit its application. Electrolytes gave obvious effects to these systems. Sodium sulfate was better than sodium chloride, the decolorization rate was increased by 3.31%, the removal rate of COD in the solution was increased by 28.65% and the weight of flocculation precipitation was reduced by 0.214 g.

Research limitations/implications
The electrochemical treatment system was constructed to compare and analyze the influence of experimental parameters and to provide a reference for the actual treatment of indigo wastewater.

Practical implications
Electrochemical flocculation can remove the insoluble indigo solids and it plays a key role in wastewater treatment.

Originality/value
It is novel to optimize the combination of electrode and electrolyte to improve the efficiency of electroflocculation, which can be widely used in the actual wastewater treatment process.
Optimized cerium addition for microstructure and mechanical properties of SAC305
Authors: Muhammad Riaz , Ali Umair 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to analyze the effect of cerium addition on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of Tin-Silver-Copper (SAC) alloy. The mechanical properties and refined microstructure of a solder joint are vital for the reliability and performance of electronics. SAC305 alloys are potential choices to use as lead-free solders because of their good properties as compared to the conventional Tin-Lead solder alloys. However, the presence of bulk intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the microstructure of SAC305 alloys affects their overall performance. Therefore, addition of cerium restrains the growth of IMCs and refines the microstructure, hence improving the mechanical performance.

Design/methodology/approach
SAC305 alloy is doped with various composition of xCerium (x = 0.15, 0.35, 0.55, 0.75, 0.95) % by weight. Pure elements in powdered form were melted in the presence of argon with periodic stirring to ensure a uniform melted alloy. The molten alloy is then poured into a pre-heated die to obtain a tensile specimen. The yield strength and universal tensile strength were determined using a fixed strain rate of 10 mm per minute or 0.1667 mm s^(−1). The IMCs are identified using X-ray diffraction, whereas the elemental phase composition and microstructure evolution are, respectively, examined by using electron dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Findings
Improvement in the microstructure and mechanical properties is observed with 0.15% of cerium additions. The tensile test also showed that SAC305-0.15% cerium exhibits more stress-bearing capacity than other compositions. The 0.75% cerium doped alloy indicated some improvement because of a decrease in fracture dislocation regions, but microstructure refinement and the arrangement of IMCs are not those of 0.15% Ce. Different phases of Cu_6 Sn_5, Ag_3 Sn and CeSn_3 and ß-Sn are identified. Therefore, the addition of cerium in lower concentrations and presence of Ce-Sn IMCs improved the grain boundary structure and resulted refinement in the microstructure of the alloy, as well as an enhancement in the mechanical properties.

Originality/value
Characterization of microstructure and evaluation of mechanical properties are carried out to investigate the different composition of SAC305-xCerium alloys. Finally, an optimized cerium composition is selected for solder joint in electronics.
Thermomechanical fatigue lifetime evaluation of solder joints in power semiconductors using a novel energy based modeling
Authors: Zhang Buen , Jabarullah Noor H. , Alkaim Ayad F. , Danshina Svetlana , Krasnopevtseva Irina V. , Zheng Yuan , Geetha Nisith 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to establish a more accurate model for lifetime estimation.

Design/methodology/approach
Finite element model simulation and experimental tests are used to enhance the lifetime prediction model of the solder joint.

Findings
A more precise model was found.

Originality/value
It is confirmed that the paper is original.
Youth employment in Ghana: economic and social development policies perspective
Authors: Jumpah Emmanuel Tetteh , Ampadu-Ameyaw Richard , Owusu-Arthur Johnny 
Published: November 2020

PurposeCreating employment opportunities for the youth remains a dilemma for policymakers. In many cases, policies and programmes to tackle youth unemployment have produced little results, because such initiatives have failed to consider some fundamental inputs. In Ghana, youth unemployment rate has doubled or more than doubled the national average unemployment rate in recent years. The current study, therefore, examines how policies in the past two decades have affected youth unemployment rate and other development outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe study reviewed national economic development policy documents from 1996 to 2017 and other relevant policies aimed at creating employment opportunities for the youth, applying the content analysis procedure. Four main policy documents were reviewed in this regard. Data from secondary sources including International Labour Organisation (ILO), World Bank (WB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) were analysed to examine the trends in youth unemployment rate, human development index and GDP growth rate in Ghana over the years. There were also formal and informal consultations with youth and development practitioners.FindingsThe results of the study show that policies that promote general growth in the economy reduce youth unemployment, while continuation of existing youth programmes, expansion, as well as addition of new ones by new governments reduces youth unemployment rate. In particular, GDP growth and youth unemployment rate trend in opposite direction; periods of increased growth have reduced youth unemployment rate and vice versa. The period of Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda I & II witnessed better reduction (5.7%) in youth unemployment rate than any of the policy periods. This was not sustained, and despite the current youth employment initiatives, unemployment among young people still remained higher than the national average.Research limitations/implicationsThe study provides relevant information on how development policies and programmes affect youth unemployment rate over time. In as much as it is not the interest of the study, the study stops short of empirical estimation to determine the level of GDP growth rate that can reduce a particular level of youth unemployment, which is a case for further research. Nevertheless, the outcome of the study reflects the data and methodology used.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge of the authors, this is a first study in Ghana that has attempted to directly link development outcomes such as youth unemployment to national economic development policies, although there are studies that have analysed the policy gaps and implementation challenges. This paper, therefore, bridges the knowledge of how development policies affect youth employment opportunities, particularly for Ghana.
Contrasting responses of plant and lichen carbon‐based secondary compounds across an elevational gradient
Authors: Asplund Johan , van Zuijlen Kristel , Roos Ruben E. , Birkemoe Tone , Klanderud Kari , Lang Simone I. , Wardle David A. , Nybakken Line 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Vascular plants and lichens often produce a diversity of carbon‐based secondary compounds (CBSCs) to protect them against biotic and abiotic stresses. These compounds play important but often compound‐specific roles in community and ecosystem processes by affecting herbivore and decomposer activity. However, our understanding of what drives community‐level CBSCs among ecosystems or across environmental gradients is limited.

We measured concentrations and compositions of CBSCs for all dominant vascular plant and lichen species present across a 500‐m alpine elevational gradient. These measurements were combined with data on species composition and abundance to obtain whole‐community measures of plant and lichen CBSCs across the gradient.

At the whole community level, plant CBSCs had the lowest concentrations while lichen CBSCs had the highest concentrations at the highest elevations. Further, plant CBCSs shifted from those associated with herbivore defence towards those protecting against light and oxidative stress as elevation increased, while lichen CBSCs showed the opposite pattern.

Synthesis. Our findings that individual compounds show contrasting responses to the same environmental gradient highlight the importance of studying qualitative as well as quantitative changes in CBSCs. Further, the divergent responses between vascular plants and lichens reveal that in systems where both groups are abundant, they need to be considered simultaneously to better understand how future environmental changes may impact on ecosystem‐level processes.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Olfactory perception of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles elicits counter‐defences in larvae of the tobacco cutworm
Authors: Sun Zhongxiang , Lin Yibin , Wang Rumeng , Li Qilin , Shi Qi , Baerson Scott R. , Chen Li , Zeng Rensen , Song Yuanyuan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Herbivore attack leads to increased emission of herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that protect plants by eliciting direct anti‐herbivore defences and indirect defences via attraction of natural enemies. Whether herbivorous insects can develop counter‐defences against host plants in response to HIPVs is largely unexplored.

Using a directed airflow apparatus, we investigated the influence of HIPVs emitted from tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura‐infested tomatoes on larval performance on herbivore‐pretreated tomatoes versus untreated tomatoes or on trypsin inhibitor‐amended artificial diets versus unamended diets, as well as the transcriptional responses of HIPV‐exposed larvae.

Spodoptera litura larval feeding on tomato plants led to increased emission of HIPVs. The HIPV‐exposed larvae showed significantly increased survival rates and weight gains on both herbivore‐pretreated tomato leaves and trypsin inhibitor‐supplemented diet but not on untreated tomato leaves and control diets, nor when they had been exposed to HIPVs emitted from spr8 mutant plants which barely emit terpenes. These results suggest that larval exposure to HIPVs from wild‐type plants enhanced their ability to cope with plant‐induced defences. The latter is supported by the observation that larval exposure to HIPVs led to enhanced transcript levels of eight genes encoding cuticle proteins, and seven genes encoding cytochrome P450s, an important class of detoxification enzymes.

Our studies revealed a mechanism by which larval olfactory perception of HIPVs elicits counter‐defences that enhance the ability of insect herbivores to withstand host plant chemical defences.
Biosensors for rapid detection of Salmonella in food: A review
Authors: Shen Yafang , Xu Lizhou , Li Yanbin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSalmonella is one of the main causes of foodborne infectious diseases, posing a serious threat to public health. It can enter the food supply chain at various stages of production, processing, distribution, and marketing. High prevalence of Salmonella necessitates efficient and effective approaches for its identification, detection, and monitoring at an early stage. Because conventional methods based on plate counting and real‐time polymerase chain reaction are time‐consuming and laborious, novel rapid detection methods are urgently needed for in‐field and on‐line applications. Biosensors provide many advantages over conventional laboratory assays in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, and show superiority in rapid response and potential portability. They are now recognized as promising alternative tools and one of the most on‐site applicable and end user–accessible methods for rapid detection. In recent years, we have witnessed a flourishing of studies in the development of robust and elaborate biosensors for detection of Salmonella in food. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on Salmonella biosensors by highlighting different signal‐transducing mechanisms (optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric, etc.) and critically analyzing its recent trends, particularly in combination with nanomaterials, microfluidics, portable instruments, and smartphones. Furthermore, current challenges are emphasized and future perspectives are discussed.
Mesorif Gabbros (External Rif, North Morocco): Ophiolitic Suture Witness or a “Newly Discovered” Manifestation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province?
Authors: HAISSEN Faouziya , GIMENO‐Vives Oriol , MOHN Geoffroy , BOSSE Valérie , ZAGHLOUL Mohamed Najib , ATOUABAT Achraf , FRIZON DE LAMOTTE Dominique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Rif Mountain located in Northern Morocco represents the westernmost extremity of the Peri‐Mediterranean Alpine orogenic system. This belt is classically subdivided into: 1) Internal zones (or Internal Rif which is an allochthonous metamorphic domain known worldwide thanks to the presence of large peridotite outcrops); 2) flysch zones (sediments corresponding to the original cover of the Maghrebian Tethys); and 3) External zones (or External Rif representing the North African margin remnants).The External Rif is itself subdivided into Prerif, Mesorif and Intrarif domains from the South to the North and is composed by Upper Triassic to Cenozoic sediments structured in a nappe stack. Mafic rock intrusions were reported in this External Rif since the preliminary geological studies even if they were wrongly mapped as “granites”. Later careful fieldwork and mapping studies specified nevertheless their gabbroic nature. A more recent petrological and geochemical study of a few outcrops of those gabbroic intrusions conducted the corresponding authors, encouraged by the presence of ultramafic rocks (Beni Malek serpentines) in the eastern part of the External Rif to consider those gabbros as oceanic and so, associated to “an ophiolitic suture”. Nevertheless, a recent and extended survey on the architecture and the rifting history of the Mesozoic margin of the Maghrebian Tethys focusing mainly on the Mesorif domain favor another interpretation. The detailed petrography of those mafic intrusions (mainly gabbros + dolerites and rarely extrusive rocks); their geochemical fingerprints and mainly their geochronological data (ages around 200 Ma based on U‐Pb zircon LA‐ICP dating) all together indicate clearly that those mafic intrusions are rather a “newly discovered” manifestation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province activity “CAMP” in the External Rif belt. The CAMP magmatism has been largely well described and characterized in all the other geological domains of Morocco (Anti‐Atlas, High Atlas, Middle Atlas and Meseta) but never described until the date in the Rif belt which highlights the importance of the results reported here.
The role of postoperative radiotherapy after primary tumor resection in patients with de novo stage IV breast cancer
Authors: Kim Yeon Joo , Kim Su Ssan , Ahn Seung Do , Jung Jinhong , Ahn Sei‐Hyun , Son Byung Ho , Lee Jong Won , Kim Hee Jeong , Ko Beom Seok , Kim Sung‐Bae , Jung Kyung Hae , Ahn Jin‐Hee , Kim Jeong Eun , Choi Eun Kyung 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimThis study was undertaken to investigate the role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) including post‐breast conserving radiotherapy (PBCRT) and post‐mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in stage IV breast cancer patients who underwent planned primary tumor resection (PTR).MethodsThis study enrolled 112 patients diagnosed with de novo stage IV breast cancer who were treated with potentially curative PTR with or without PORT. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), and the secondary outcomes were locoregional recurrence‐free survival (LRRFS) and distant progression‐free survival (DPFS).ResultsAt a median follow‐up of 48.9 months (range, 3.5‐183.4 months), the median OS was 54.9 months (range, 5.3‐185.9 months) with a 5 year OS rate of 59.6%. Lower clinical T stage, Luminal A or B type tumors and PBCRT were significantly predictive of longer OS. The 5 year LRRFS and DMFS rates were 79.0% and 34.3%, respectively. In multivariate analysis for LRRFS, the PBCRT arm demonstrated significant superiority compared to the No PORT arm. A comparison of patients who did and did not receive PORT showed that patients with disseminated metastasis more likely did not receive PORT and were excluded from the analysis. PBCRT arm demonstrated significantly superior LRRFS of 100% while PMRT and No PORT arm demonstrated 81.5% and 84.0%, respectivelyConclusionsDe novo stage IV breast cancer patients who received planned PTR showed favorable survival outcomes compared with historical cohorts. PTR may be predictive of a good prognosis, especially in patients with luminal A or B type tumors. PORT, especially PBCRT was predictive of LRRFS, suggesting that patients may benefit from this treatment.
How the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is impacting sexual and reproductive health and rights and response: Results from a global survey of providers, researchers, and policy‐makers
Authors: Endler Margit , Al‐Haidari Taghreed , Benedetto Chiara , Chowdhury Sameena , Christilaw Jan , El Kak Faysal , Galimberti Diana , Garcia‐Moreno Claudia , Gutierrez Miguel , Ibrahim Shaimaa , Kumari Shantha , McNicholas Colleen , Mostajo Flores Desirée , Muganda John , Ramirez‐Negrin Atziri , Senanayake Hemantha , Sohail Rubina , Temmerman Marleen , Gemzell‐Danielsson Kristina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to give a global overview of trends in access to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and what is being done to mitigate its impact.Material and methodsWe performed a descriptive analysis and content analysis based on an online survey among clinicians, researchers, and organizations. Our data were extracted from multiple‐choice questions on access to SRHR services and risk of SRHR violations, and written responses to open‐ended questions on threats to access and required response.ResultsThe survey was answered by 51 people representing 29 countries. Eighty‐six percent reported that access to contraceptive services was less or much less because of COVID‐19, corresponding figures for surgical and medical abortion were 62% and 46%. The increased risk of gender‐based and sexual violence was assessed as moderate or severe by 79%. Among countries with mildly restrictive abortion policies, 69% had implemented changes to facilitate access to abortion during the pandemic, compared with none among countries with severe restrictions (P < .001), 87.5% compared with 46% had implemented changes to facilitate access to contraception (P = .023). The content analysis showed that (a) prioritizations in health service delivery at the expense of SRHR, (b) lack of political will, (c) the detrimental effect of lockdown, and (d) the suspension of sexual education, were threats to SRHR access (theme 1). Requirements to mitigate these threats (theme 2) were (a) political will and support of universal access to SRH services, (b) the sensitization of providers, (c) free public transport, and (d) physical protective equipment. A contrasting third theme was the state of exception of the COVID‐19 pandemic as a window of opportunity to push forward women's health and rights.ConclusionsMany countries have seen decreased access to and increased violations of SRHR during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Countries with severe restrictions on abortion seem less likely to have implemented changes to SRHR delivery to mitigate this impact. Political will to support the advancement of SRHR is often lacking, which is fundamental to ensuring both continued access and, in a minority of cases, the solidification of gains made to SRHR during the pandemic.
Statistical inference for association studies using electronic health records: handling both selection bias and outcome misclassification
Authors: Beesley Lauren J. , Mukherjee Bhramar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHealth research using electronic health records (EHR) has gained popularity, but misclassification of EHR‐derived disease status and lack of representativeness of the study sample can result in substantial bias in effect estimates and can impact power and type I error. In this paper, we develop new strategies for handling disease status misclassification and selection bias in EHR‐based association studies. We first focus on each type of bias separately. For misclassification, we propose three novel likelihood‐based bias correction strategies. A distinguishing feature of the EHR setting is that misclassification may be related to patient‐varying factors, and the proposed methods leverage data in the EHR to estimate misclassification rates without gold standard labels. For addressing selection bias, we describe how calibration and inverse probability weighting methods from the survey sampling literature can be extended and applied to the EHR setting.Addressing misclassification and selection biases simultaneously is a more challenging problem than dealing with each on its own, and we propose several new strategies. For all methods proposed, we derive valid standard error estimators and provide software for implementation. We provide a new suite of statistical estimation and inference strategies for addressing misclassification and selection bias simultaneously that is tailored to problems arising in EHR data analysis. We apply these methods to data from The Michigan Genomics Initiative, a longitudinal EHR‐linked biorepository.