bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informality and Public Space. The Case of Street Vending in an Intermediate City of Chile
Authors: Ulloa J B , Castillo V 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In Latin America, informal activities are an important source of jobs. In Chile they represent almost half of the total jobs in urban areas, with street trading being one of the activities that has been most known for its visibility in the public space. This article presents the results about the sociodemographic and labor characteristics of street vendors in the city of Los Angeles, Chile. An exhaustive analysis of official documents and other reports about work in Chile was performed, which were contrasted with a survey applied to 121 street vendors in the city, this provided relevant data to understand who they are, how they work, how their salaries are, their health conditions, their families, among other relevant data. It is important to highlight the overrepresentation of foreign workers compared to national employment data. Finally, it reflects on the working conditions faced by the street vendors, as well as to understand this type of activity not only as a job but as a way of life that is strongly embedded in the work scenario: public space.
Challenges of Creative and Sustainable Cities in Chile
Authors: Camacho A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The relationship between culture, creativity and sustainable development has been placed on the agenda of institutions that promote human development and sustainability at an international level, such as The United Nations Program for the Environment, Sustainable Development Goals of the UN, UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network. Therefore, it is worth investigating how this approach is being implemented in the development strategies of cities in Chile. First, this article presents the result of the review of national development policies in the field of culture, the environment and urban development, to identify how it is approached the relationship between culture and sustainable urban development. In the second place, it presents case studies of cities that have implemented culture and creativity in their local development strategies, with positive results in some of the four variables of sustainable development: culture, social development, environment and economic development. In conclusion, it can be identified that although the link between culture and sustainability is beginning to be present in the guiding instruments of public policies for the development of cities, this is not an approach incorporated in most of them, contrasting with the importance of the link between culture and sustainable development in the practice of civil society organizations and municipalities.
A Sustainable Approach to the Threatened Landscape Through the Visual Arts
Authors: Cravero L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
During recent decades, global warming and rapid climate change have led to an increase in forest fires worldwide and especially in the territories of south-central Chile and Chilean Patagonia, modifying the landscape of these areas. These events generate a fracture in the aesthetic perception of territories. The natural, ancestral landscape is threatened by imminent transformation. Fire destroys its ancient forests and its biodiversity. Paradoxically, this dramatic, catastrophic action generates an image of rare beauty; an “aesthetic of devastation”, born of its ineluctable disintegration. Everything is transformed from live plant matter to the inert remains of what was once a dense, flourishing, ancient forest. The green woodland is transformed into charred trunks, charcoal, and finally ashes. Erosion threatens to change the image of our landscape and the life that inhabits it. Artistic creation reflects this implacable process, and how nature is transformed into something different; what appears to be an equilibrium of astonishing aesthetic beauty becomes an anti-aesthetic natural phenomenon with its own strange beauty, now disfigured and warped by disaster. Today violation, systematic destruction, waste of resources and the total lack of protection for our environment wake in the artist an act of reaction-creation, the representation of which through art can show this loss of equilibrium and express the progressive vulnerability of our environment and its inevitable perdition. Artistic creation is a medium which can emphasise the importance of caring for our natural heritage in order to maintain the sustainability of this equilibrium.
Damage to the District of Puchuncaví: A Territorial Crisis
Authors: Hormazábal N , Vergara M , Maino S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
What is the zone of sacrifice? According to the TERRAM foundation, it is those territories of human settlement that are environmentally devastated due to industrial development. This devastation has direct implications on people’s fundamental rights (to live, to health, to education, to work, to food, to housing, etc.) [1]. In Chile, there are five Zones of Sacrifice; Puchuncaví is one of them. Located in the Valparaíso Region, with 18,546 inhabitants [2], industrial development has affected the lives of all species living there for decades, including human beings. By declaring it as a zone of sacrifice, destruction of the landscape is assumed as a permanent and/or long-term situation, based on the economic development model applied by the State. The objective of this study is to develop an analysis of the impacts of industrial development on the community of Puchuncaví to establish a basis for better community planning based on collective experiences. The study was divided into three stages: the first was to typify the development of the industrial estate within the territorial order; the second described the ways Puchuncaví was inhabited before the installation of the industrial complex; and third compared development of the industrial estate with current ways in which this disctirct is inhabited. Based on references such as Lefebvre (2013) and Augé (1992), among others, the methodology consisted of a participatory workshop with members of the community (general population and leaders) in which a manual collective map was built atop a to-scale territorial model in order to identify and characterize individual experiences of living in this district, as well as the impacts that industrial development has had on it.
Clogging of Permeable Pavements: Case Study
Authors: Abreu N , Gonçalves M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The use of permeable pavements has been an important tool for flood reduction and minimization of the greenhouse effect in urban centers. This type of pavement allows the passage of water and air through its layers and, when designed and applied correctly, may contribute to the reduction of surface runoff during the occurrence of peak flows. The problem with this type of pavement is the decrease in permeability that will inevitably occur due to the use over time. This is called clogging and is caused by the gradual deposition of particulate material between the voids, which originally allowed the rapid passage of water. Studies show that sealing of permeable pavements can occur between 5 and 10 years after their construction, depending on sources of pollution, punctual or diffuse, that can reach the coating layer. In this way, part of the clogging to which the pavement will be exposed can be avoided, even in the design phase, increasing its useful life. This study presents an evaluation of the sealing mechanism in some types of permeable pavements. The evaluation was carried out in the field, through the monitoring of measurements of the permeability coefficient in an area used as light vehicle parking. The measurements were carried out shortly after the work was finished and fourteen months after the release to traffic, which allowed to evaluate the level of natural reduction of the permeability coefficient and the impact on the functioning of the pavement and, in parallel with this evaluation, similar in a simulator, with the empirically accelerated clogging. The objective was to demonstrate that the deposition of residues that cause septum, in most cases, is limited to the coating layer, which would facilitate the cleaning of the pavement, recovering its main functionality, the permeability.
Cartography of Hospitality
Authors: Paese C , Mariano G , Volpatto C 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Cartography of Hospitality research project started in 2017, and its focus is the architecture of the city and how people relate to it. Studying the uses of public space, its methodology aims to perceive, recognize, and represent the everyday expression of humanity. By walking around a given public space, observing and recording different views of its psychosocial landscape, the project proposes a different method of welcoming the complexity of urban coexistence. The professional who uses this methodology wants to review preconceptions and break the paradigms of the perception of the spaces of the city. The methodology serves as qualitative support to the processes of configuration and reconfiguration of projects in architecture and urban design, at an academic and professional level. The cartographies are spatial reading tools of an inclusive political nature: the perception, recognition, and representation of various social and cultural dimensions of a specific city space, creating possibilities for crossing policies of possibilities of recognition, manifestation, and representation of persons, subjects and events not perceived by the eyes of those who do not want to see beyond the spectacular. During the cartographic action, the architect-planner-cartographer asks: ‘Who are those people and/or groups? How do they appropriate the space? What do they do for that? How do these people coexist?’; ‘How many are those people?’; ‘What overlapping events occur on different days of the week that qualitatively reconfigure the space under study?’ These questions add knowledge to the conventional data of the possible design practices of spatial analysis and qualification, thus proposing qualitative-subjective elements that revise their criteria, by the recognition and representation of multiple perceptions of the hosting experiences in a specific space by the different groups that coexist in the same space. This article begins by briefly commenting on the thought of the main theoretical framework in relation to the city and its architecture, the relations it establishes with its users and the importance of the representation of hospitality in a language that accepts the image as an expression. Next, the proposed mapping methodology is presented and supported by a case study: the cartographic action in Campo Grande square, located in the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, carried out by the research group.
Mobility for Compact and Less Segregated cities: The Urban Plan of Expanded Center from Bogotá
Authors: Enríquez D , Pizzolato N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the urban mobility the inequalities of social, environmental, and economic urban components are reflected [1], which can be explained, for example, in the analysis of urban mobility queries, in the densely populated areas, and in the residential deficit (demographic urban components), or areas with greater attraction of travel for employment (socio-economic urban component). This study proposes to densify areas with the best mobility conditions from home to work in public transport with travels times not exceeding 20 minutes and respecting the other urban components that make viable the habitability in the expanded Center of Bogotá, according to the prescriptions of the “El Plan Urbano del Centro Ampliado de Bogotá”.
Recovery of Public Spaces: A Comparison of Three Case Studies to Recover Public Spaces in Vulnerable Communities in Santiago, Chile
Authors: Jiménez C , Gómez J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This document analyzes different strategies developed to recover deteriorated public spaces in three vulnerable communities in Santiago, Chile. Its urban expansion has been characterized by a structural socio-economic process, which has produced inequalities between income and the composition of the social class in geographical spatial distribution. The socioeconomic inequalities prevailing in Santiago have served to build a fragmented and segregated city where access to public spaces is limited for residents living in vulnerable and low-income neighborhoods. In these districts, children, adolescents and the wider community have been brought indoors, deprived of open spaces and natural environments for group play or a diversity of experiences. Consequently, the intervention strategies explored in this document attempted to rehabilitate and recover abandoned spaces such as small dumps or parking lots in three different communities in Santiago: one in the commune of La Pintana and the second one in the commune of Quinta Normal. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of improving public spaces by transforming them into public outdoor play areas for children and into a social place for community use. These three interventions were developed with the support of local government through the use of reused materials. However, neighborhood residents participated in only two of these interventions. The evidence behind the three case studies analyzed confirmed that the involvement of community members and families was critical to ensuring the sustainability of these interventions. As a result, when neighborhood residents were involved from the early stages of space design through construction, they developed a sense of ownership that had an impact on the preservation and maintenance of these types of initiatives, thus ensuring successful intervention.
Consequences of fire in agricultural sector in Banga Bakundu, Cameroon: A review
Authors: Njume C A , Krah C Y 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Genesis of fire is tied to the origin of plants, and has been a closed companion to human for land preparation, harvesting and hunting. Fire is caused by natural phenomena and human activities which can either be deliberate or accidental. In the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), smallholder farmers are the breadbasket of the economy. In Banga Bakundu, farmers practiced slash and burn method of land preparation for the production of annual and perennial crops for home consumption and sales. This review was aimed at identifying the causes of fire and its consequences in the agricultural sectors and propose solutions to abate the disaster of fire so as to promote sustainable agricultural system in the study area, developing countries and the world at large. Small-scale farmers need relatively enough individuals in the farmland before deliberate burning and should precede with the creation of fire breaks at the edges of the farmland. Deep containers are good for holding charcoal during brooding and can prevent fire outbreak from charcoal spark. Meanwhile, burning is responsible for several premature deaths, psychological stressors and also causes several health complications including cancer, cardiovascular diseases etc. The government of Cameroon needs to intensify sensitization on the negative externalities of bush burning to the environment and offering of health assistance to farming communities.
Legal analysis on the calculation of loss value for the case of industrial forest fire (Case study verdict No. 24/Pdt.G/2015/PN.PlgjoNo. 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG)
Authors: Sadino, S.H., M.H. Dr. , Hotman Sitorus, S.H., M.H. Dr. Drs. , S.H. Muhamad Zainal Arifin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau is an industrial forest company sued by Ministry of Environment and Forestry in the court for forest fire. In the lawsuit, Ministry of Environment and Forestry filed a lawsuit of IDR 7,986,605,000,000 in which the material compensation is paid in cash to the Plaintiff through State Treasury Account of IDR 2,687,102,500,000, while the defendant was required to recover the environment which was on fire, with a width of 20,000 hectares at the cost of IDR 5,299,502,500,000. The value of lawsuit against PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau is extremely large. It’s the largest lawsuit in the case of forest and land fire in Indonesia. In the verdict of Palembang District Court, the Judge rejected this lawsuit, considering that Judge did not see any loss caused by the fire since there was no extinction or ecological damage. Thus, soil can be planted again, while there was no intention of PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau to clear land by burning forest. When the fire occurred and who did it is not known, so the unlawful conduct cannot be proven. Decision of Palembang High Court No. 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG annuls the first-degree decision by requiring the defendant, PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau, to pay compensation of IDR 78,502,500,000. This paper will discuss whether loss value claims submitted by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry are in accordance with the rules of environmental law. In addition, it also discussed whether the application of the law by the first-level Panel of Judges and the level of appeal were correct, specifically related to loss value or compensation.
Relationship of the land status with forest and land fire disaster: case study in the Central Kalimantan Province
Authors: Mulyanto B , Ernawati D , Munibah K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The occurrence of Forest and Land Fire (FLF) disasters in the last decade is an important issue for Indonesia because it is widespread in various provinces, especially in several provinces on the island of Sumatra and of Kalimantan. The FLF caused massive haze spread over most of the eastern Sumatra and of central-western Kalimantan, even also widespread over Singapore and southern Malaysia. The haze of the FLF has an impact on some aspects such as: in public health, social, economic and environmental. The tenure aspect needs to be considered in analysing the possibility of FLF to anticipate and prevent the FLF because of the clarity of land tenure status that commonly known as land rights, relate to the regulation that must be fulfilled. In connection with the above background this study focuses on the Relationship between Land Tenure Status and FLF occurrences: Case Study in Central Kalimantan Province. The results of the study are expected to be used as input in the preparation of the FLF prevention efforts. This study was conducted by analysing spatial data of hotspots and real fires, land-sat data, and data of actual fire occurrences that occurred in 2008-2018. The results of the factual analysis showed that the FLF occurrences in various land tenure status with a total fire area of 16.5% of the total land area of Central Kalimantan. Related to the status of land tenure, this study shows that fire incidents in forest region are 70.67% and in the non forest region are 29.33% of total fire area.
Dealing with land and forest fires through improvement of regulations
Authors: Christiawan Rio 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
One of the root causes of the forest and land fires is the regulatory problem. In this case there are two regulatory problems that cause the forest and land fires to continue to recur and ultimately have the potential to be transactional (corrupt). The first problem is that the regulations that still exist today, both at the national level such as Law No. 32/2009 on Environmental Protection and Management (PPLH) and Law No. 41/1999 on forestry and at the regional level (Local Regulations) still allow communities to clear land by burning land. The Constitutional Justice explained in the minutes of the preliminary examination of the Constitutional Court number 25/PUU-XV/2017 states that clearing land by burning land by the community is part of local wisdom that must be protected. The second problem is the responsibility of strict liability which is imposed on corporations by referring to article 88 of the PPLH Law, although as described, that responsibility of strict liability is not rightly imposed on forest and land fires. In essence, the responsibility of strict liability is imposed immediately, this is then inappropriate if it is imposed in the case of forest and land fire, the applicable legal principle is the polluter pays principle.
Peat Physical and Hydraulic Properties Due to Peatland Fires
Authors: Setiawan Budi Indra , Rudiyanto  , Minasny Budiman 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFires on tropical peatlands in Indonesia are unexpected events that happened sporadically, especially during dry seasons. It is not easy to judge why a fire presents in a certain spot, and how it spreads. There are indications, and originally, a fire is ignited intentionally to clear bushes and wood remnants on the land surface for land clearing. Its most negative impacts are on human health due to dispersing smokes locally, and occasionally, reached neighboring countries. It is not unusual, the fire spread beyond the initial spot, and burned a vast area of commercial plantations, and protected forests in the vicinity. Fires caused significant economic losses. This investigation aimed at making clearer how peat properties changed before and sometime after the fires burned the areas. We observed how fires in peatlands occurred, and to what extent the physical properties of peats altered due to fires. Observations were carried out in 4 locations within Riau province, South Sumatra province, and South Kalimantan province that have vast areas of peatlands in the country, and peatland fires there are more frequent. The observations focused on peatland morphological appearances, and physical properties of non-burned and after fires in protected forests, plantations, and smallholder lands. The physical and hydraulic properties that were analyzed, among others, are bulk density, particle density, porosity, available water capacity, and water permeability. Positive changes were experienced successively by the air-entry head (21.3%) followed by permeability (19.6%), particle density (15.9%), bulk density (10.7%), available water (7.4%), fast-drain pore (3.9%) and n-parameter (0.1%). While, negative changes were experienced successively by slow-drain pore (-72.2%), residual water content (-22.5%), porosity (-7.3%), saturated water content (-6.3%) and m-parameter (-2.6%). The increase of air-entry head and the available water indicated more capable of retaining more water. Meanwhile, the increase of permeability and fast pore drain mean the burnt peats would be easier to drain under the same suction gradient. However, based on the F-test with a probability value of 5%, those all changes were not so significant or considerably small compared to the associated critical values.
Tribological characteristics of as-cast A356/10wt.% SiCp functionally graded composite dry sliding against EN-31 steel under unidirectional and oscillatory modes
Authors: Prem Kumar J , Rajeev V R , Krishnakumar K , Hashim M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A comparison in tribological response characteristics of as-cast Al-SiCp functionally graded composite material (FGM) dry sliding against hardened EN-31 steel under unidirectional and oscillatory sliding modes was investigated for a sliding/oscillating velocity of 0.4m/s slid through 500m utilizing a pin-on-disc configuration. The A356/10 wt.% SiCp FGM was prepared using vertical centrifugal casting technique. The microstructure characterization was done by Leica optical microscope, and the microstructural analysis revealed the presence of different zones due to the radial gradient distribution of SiCp reinforcement. The hardness variation was found to have a good correlation with its microstructural features at different zones of FGM. Wear loss against load curve indicated an increase in trend for both sliding modes, whereas the coefficient of friction versus load plot showed a decreasing trend for both cases under an identical set of operating parameters. Further, oscillatory wear loss of FGM/EN-31 steel tribopair was observed to be higher in comparison with unidirectional sliding mode for the entire load range, (30-150N) investigated. At the same time, the coefficient of friction of tribopair in oscillatory sliding mode was found to lower than the unidirectional mode.