bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Finnish Comprehensive School
Authors: Kauko Jaakko 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
For a decade, Finnish education, claimed to be among the best in the world, has basked in international glory. This reputation is largely due to the country’s success in the Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA), run by the OECD. The aim of this chapter is to critically examine this purported policy success of the Finnish comprehensive school from the perspective of complexity theories. By drawing on different research and statistical data, the chapter critically analyses the extent to which the Finnish comprehensive school can be seen as a success story in terms of performance. Using the well-reported history of the comprehensive school, it teases out the milestones of its development, while pointing to contingencies and path dependencies along the way, which have led to its legitimate position. It also reviews scholarly accounts in contrast to the political debates. Finally, the chapter sums up the complex development of comprehensive education and discusses the question under heated debate: what, if anything, can we learn from it?
The Dutch Delta Approach
Authors: van Buuren Arwin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Netherlands is an extreme example of a country highly susceptible to both sea-level rise and river flooding. After the disastrous flooding of 1953, the Dutch established a legal framework for flood protection and realized a series of impressive delta works. A powerful institutional regime of autonomous regional water boards, a well-developed expert community, and the Rijkswaterstaat (the executive agency of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment) maintained this framework making the Netherlands one of the best protected delta areas of the world, and an international hallmark for delta management. More recently, the Dutch reformulated their ‘delta approach’ in order to adapt to the possible but uncertain impacts of climate change. This chapter unravels the factors that could explain the long-standing policy success and the reinvention of this policy. Reinventing successful policies is not self-evident, because path dependency often prevents learning and change, and core competencies easily become core rigidities. In hindsight, the Dutch Delta Programme—an external vehicle to come to a revision of the Dutch delta approach—can be seen as a device to successfully combine exploitation (sustaining the successful elements of the former flood management regime) and exploration (developing new strategies and avenues to deal with new challenges related to climate change).
The Norwegian Petroleum Fund as Institutionalized Self-Restraint
Authors: Øvald Camilla Bakken , Tranøy Bent Sofus , Raknes Ketil 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In economies abundant with natural resources, public leadership tends to lessen public value, diminishing assets that could benefit the population at large. The Norwegian macro-economic regime, balancing current spending with long-term interests, compares favourably to most other cases of large resource-driven income streams. While Norway had the institutional capability to reform, this policy is also an example of successful public leadership creating large public and social value. This chapter explores the role of public leadership in establishing the Petroleum Fund, and the relationship between political and administrative leadership. It finds that deft political leadership was vital in the three main government decisions that shaped Norwegian economic policy. In fact, the role of heroic leadership in the Fund’s history was larger than expected, although the key factor was a series of constructive interactions between political leaders and astute public managers.
New Zealand’s Economic Turnaround
Authors: Mintrom Michael , Thomas Madeline 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the early 1980s, global events and New Zealand’s government response drove the country towards economic collapse. Debt, inflation, and unemployment grew. To address the crisis, several legislative reforms in the style of New Public Management were passed between the mid-1980s and early 1990s. The currency was floated, price and income controls were relaxed, state-owned enterprises such as the national airline were corporatized, government accounting was scrutinized, and outputs rather than inputs were monitored in government departments. These reforms transformed New Zealand into a country that holds transparency and accountability in high regard. The economy recovered, and the population flourished and gained better access to a wider range of goods and services. This chapter analyses the reasons and the circumstances that led to the success of New Zealand’s economic reforms. The authors also discuss what economic vulnerabilities remain for New Zealand and consider the extent to which the New Zealand model offers lessons for other countries.
Germany’s Labour Market Policies
Authors: Spohr Florian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Germany has become one of the most competitive economies in the world. Only a decade and a half ago it was widely derided as stagnant, and ridden by political paralysis in reforming its labour market policies. However, in 2002, the discovery of manipulated statistics in the German Employment Agency opened a window of opportunity to break the stalemate in corporatist policymaking. In response, the government convened a commission to design labour market policy reforms: the Hartz Committee, named for its chair, Peter Hartz. Including experts, politicians, and members from interest groups in the commission enabled the government to promote the ‘Hartz Reforms’ on the basis of expertise and compromise. Their focus was on creating incentives for seeking employment. Job search assistance and monitoring gained importance, whereas ineffective job creation and early retirement schemes were abolished or reduced. These activating reforms successfully tackled structural unemployment and increased the overall employment rate. Their success in strengthening economic resilience was demonstrated during the 2008 economic crisis, when in combination with other measures such as the extension of short-time work, and controlled unit labour costs, they led Germany’s labour market through the deep recession.
Culture and Legitimacy
Authors: Macartney Huw 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter draws on the writings of liberal theorists, from Adam Smith to the German ordo-liberals, to explain how state managers arrived at their focus on reforming conduct and ethics. The liberal economics tradition, before the turn towards neoclassical economics, recognized the ethical struggle at work in market participants, and the tendency towards market-distorting conduct. This helps to explain why state managers sought to strengthen market competition to reform culture, and why they also turned to an ethical reform agenda. The second half of the chapter turns to the work of Jürgen Habermas to explain the concept of a legitimacy crisis that state managers were also fighting. Here the chapter also introduces the concept of populist statecraft, as an ideologically thin, anti-establishment strategy. This also helps to explain how state managers used the culture of banking crisis as a political weapon.
US Responses and the Second Phase
Authors: Macartney Huw 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that after the initial responses to the financial crisis the culture of banking debate came to the fore from 2012 onwards. Following government spending cuts and political protests the repeated banking scandals that emerged constituted a second wave. US state managers moved beyond improving market discipline to ethical reform and new institutions. But the chapter argues that the unfolding legitimacy crisis was perhaps the main reason for the political focus on bank culture, and fundamentally shaped the populist tactics used by US state managers. The chapter also shows the glaring absence of a debate on the structural causes of banking culture.
Breath of Sirens
Authors: Larson Katherine R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter dissects the physiological matter of song by attending to the gendered mechanisms and rhetorical effects of the musical breath. It explores how early moderns conceptualized the acoustic medium of the breath, charts its movement through the vocal mechanism of the body, and examines the traces of that process preserved in physiological treatises, singing handbooks, and surviving manuscript and print scores. While these documents provide rich insight into singing as a physical and acoustic phenomenon in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, they testify equally powerfully to song’s airy intangibility, particularly at moments where language and musical notation strain to represent the physical experience of singing. Reading the ambivalent figure of the singing siren alongside the prolific output of Margaret Cavendish, the final section of the chapter considers the acoustic impact of the musical breath in relation to the culturally fraught phenomenon of women’s song performance.
Sweet Echo
Authors: Larson Katherine R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Although music was integral to masques, the genre’s visual extravagance tends to overshadow its acoustic elements in scholarly and classroom discussions. This chapter focuses on “Sweet Echo,” the Lady’s song in Milton’s A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle (Comus), which was performed in 1634 by 15-year-old Alice Egerton. The unusual level of detail that survives about this masque’s performance history, combined with the musical settings extant in Henry Lawes’s autograph manuscript, now held at the British Library, facilitates a suggestive evaluation of early modern song in terms of the rhetorical interplay between lyric, musical setting, and performance context. It also constitutes a striking case study for considering the acoustic impact of women’s singing voices. Milton’s depiction of temptation and self-discipline in Comus, whose moral message is encapsulated in miniature in the Lady’s performance of “Sweet Echo,” hinges on his audience’s experience of song as an acoustic, embodied, and gendered phenomenon.
Epilogue
Authors: Larson Katherine R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Epilogue presents two central conclusions: (1) that song is a slippery and multidimensional form that demands to be considered in embodied, gendered, and performance-based terms, and (2) that song constituted a vital, and vitally charged, rhetorical medium for women writers, performers, and patrons in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Epilogue also open up future areas of critical inquiry, both in relation to early modern women’s writing and literary studies more broadly. In particular, it introduces Early Modern Songscapes, an emergent collaborative and interdisciplinary digital initiative that is responding directly to the methodological questions raised by The Matter of Song in Early Modern England.
Trust and Distrust
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the philosophical study of trust, and explains the distinction between trust and reliance. It argues for an analogous distinction between distrust and non-reliance. Keeping distrust in focus highlights problems with existing accounts of trust, most especially those accounts according to which trust involves imputing a certain kind of motive to the trusted person. A new view of both trust and distrust is introduced, according to which both of these attitudes involve attribution of a commitment to the (dis)trusted person. The relevant notion of commitment is explicated, though it is not explicitly defined, and some initial advantages of the commitment account are explored. The account permits a sensible understanding of what makes trust appropriate or inappropriate, likewise for distrust; sometimes neither attitude is appropriate. The account also helps explain what betrayal is, and conversely what trustworthiness might be. The chapter ends by discussing the scope of this project, and previewing some later discussions.
Obstacles to Being Trustworthy
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the many ways in which practical circumstances can make it more difficult for us to be trustworthy. In the book as a whole, trustworthiness is understood as a matter of avoiding unfulfilled commitments. Thus we have two levers to operate in the pursuit of trustworthiness: we can try to adjust our commitments, and we can try to adjust our actions. Operating these levers can in turn be thought of as involving four elements. We need control over whether we incur new commitments, and insight into what competences we have. Then we need insight into what commitments we have incurred, and control over our actions, in order to bring them in line with our commitments. The chapter explores obstacles which can arise in addressing each of these four challenges; in each case, there are many ways in which our circumstances can make it harder for us to be trustworthy.
Consequences
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This final chapter explores the ways in which we may try to respond to the obstacles to trustworthiness outlined in chapter 5. In particular, it focuses on the ways in which our responses are shaped by our expectations about how other people will understand or misunderstand our behaviour as reflecting our (lack of) trustworthiness. The conceptual connections between trustworthiness, competence, and commitment permit inferences between these: for example, a judgement that someone is trustworthy but not competent to perform some task suggests that she therefore is not committed to perform that task. In responding to uncertainty about our own situations, and about others’ evaluations of us, we often face uncomfortable choices: the more so when we are in difficult personal circumstances. Finally, the chapter briefly reviews how the book as a whole has been influenced by important work on injustice and testimony by Miranda Fricker, Kristie Dotson, and Rebecca Kukla.
The Purport of Reason-Conditionals
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In everyday parlance we formulate reasons for action in many different ways, but it is here argued that they can all be rephrased as conditionals in which the antecedent is a description of the action that the reason is a reason for performing, and the consequent specifies a state of affairs that for the agent counts in favour of performing this action. The antecedent is taken to presuppose that the agent can in an ‘all-in’ sense, which includes having both ability and opportunity, perform the relevant action, and it states that performance of the action in conjunction with background assumptions ensures the truth of the consequent. Due to the fact that it is impossible for us to predict our decisions, it is also epistemically possible that the agent decides to perform this action.
Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah
Authors: Johnson Michael , Houssou Nazaire , Kolavalli Shashidhara , Hazell Peter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how farmers have adjusted their farming practices since the 1980s, especially in response to emerging land scarcities, rising wages, and changing markets. Data was collected in four representative villages in the Northern part of the country through focus group discussions and interviews, and the data was supplemented with a farm modeling analysis. It is found that farmers have successfully adapted by increasing the size of their crop areas, growing more market-oriented crops, adopting labor-saving technologies like tractors and herbicides, and by growing fewer labor-intensive crops, which collectively has allowed them to increase their farm incomes and labor productivity. But as opportunities for bringing more land into cultivation are becoming exhausted, farmers will need to shift towards more yield increasing technologies.
Introduction to Volume One
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We provide an overview, as non‐technical as possible, of the contents of Vol. 1 of the book. Reflecting the structure of the volume, this overview consists of two parts. In the first part, we summarize the most important early contributions to quantum theory (covered in detail in Chs. 2–4). This part starts with Planck’s work on black‐body radiation culminating in the introduction of Planck’s constant in 1900. It then moves on to Einstein’s 1905 light‐quantum hypothesis, his theory of specific heats, and his formulas for energy and momentum fluctuations in black‐body radiation. After summarizing Bohr’s path to his quantum model of the atom, it concludes with Einstein’s 1916–17 radiation theory combining elements of Bohr’s model with his own light‐quantum hypothesis. In the second part we summarize our analysis of the old quantum theory (given in detail in Chs. 5–7). After a brief overview of the career of Sommerfeld, who together with Bohr took the lead in developing the old quantum theory, we review the three principles we have identified as the cornerstones of the theory (the quantization conditions, the adiabatic principle, and the correspondence principle). We then discuss three of the theory’s most notable successes (fine structure, Stark effect, X‐ray spectra) and, finally, three of its most notorious failures (multiplets, Zeeman effect, helium).
Einstein, Equipartition, Fluctuations, and Quanta
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
After three papers on statistical mechanics, mostly duplicating work by Boltzmann and Gibbs, Einstein relied heavily on arguments from statistical mechanics in the most revolutionary of his famous 1905 papers, the one introducing the light‐quantum hypothesis. He showed that the equipartition theorem inescapably leads to the classical Rayleigh‐Jeans law for black‐body radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe (as Ehrenfest later called it). Einstein and Ehrenfest were the first to point this out but the physics community only accepted it after the venerable H.A. Lorentz, came to the same conclusion in 1908. The central argument for light quanta in Einstein’s 1905 paper involves a comparison between fluctuations in black‐body radiation in the Wien regime and fluctuations in an ideal gas. From this comparison Einstein inferred that black‐body radiation in the Wien regime behaves as a collection of discrete, independent, and localized particles. We show that the same argument works for non‐localized quantized wave modes. Although nobody noticed this flaw in Einstein’s reasoning at the time, his fluctuation argument, and several others like it, failed to convince anybody of the reality of light quanta. Even Millikan’s verification of Einstein formula for the photoelectric effect only led to the acceptance of the formula, not of the theory behind it. Einstein’s quantization of matter was better received, especially his simple model of a solid consisting of quantized oscillators. This model could explain why the specific heats of solids fall off sharply as the temperature is lowered instead of remaining constant as it should according to the well‐known Dulong‐Petit law, which is a direct consequence of the equipartition theorem. The confirmation of Einstein’s theory of specific heats by Nernst and his associates was an important milestone in the development of quantum theory and a central topic at the first Solvay conference of 1911, which brought the fledgling theory to the attention of a larger segment of the physics community. Returning to the quantum theory after spending a few years on the development of general relativity, Einstein combined his light‐quantum hypothesis with elements of Bohr’s model of the atom in a new quantum radiation theory.
The Birth of the Bohr Model
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We follow Niels Bohr from his 1911 dissertation on the electron theory of metals to his 1913 trilogy on the constitution of atoms and molecules. The dissertation shows that Bohr was thoroughly familiar with the early work of predominantly German physicists on quantum theory and that he suspected that the behavior of bound rather than free electrons called for new laws of physics. During postdoctoral work with Rutherford in Manchester, Bohr learned about the alpha-scattering experiments by Geiger and Marsden that led Rutherford to suggest that an atom consists of a nucleus containing most of its mass with a cloud of electrons swirling around it. Bohr tried to infer the atomic structure in more detail from these and further alpha-scattering experiments. Bohr’s models are in the tradition of British atomic modeling of J.J. Thomson and others but Bohr also borrowed from Planck the notion that energy is proportional to frequency. These early ideas have been preserved in the so-called Manchester memorandum, a set of notes Bohr prepared for Rutherford before returning to Copenhagen in July 1912. In this memorandum, Bohr only considered the ground state of an atom and focused on chemical rather than spectroscopic phenomena. He first started thinking about excited states when he encountered models similar to his own by another British model builder, Nicholson. His interest shifted from chemistry to spectroscopy when a Danish colleague, Hansen, alerted him to the Balmer formula. Within a month of first laying eyes on Balmer’s formula, Bohr submitted the first installment of his trilogy, which contains his famous model of the hydrogen atom. In the following months he completed the trilogy, dealing with more complicated atoms and molecules and presenting results directly coming out of the research recorded in the Manchester memorandum.
Guiding Principles
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The development of the complex of assumptions and methods now referred to as the “old quantum theory” mainly took place in the first five years following the introduction of the Bohr atomic model in 1913. Three guiding principles emerged that were used, sometimes in overlapping ways, to explain the flood of spectroscopic data that needed to be explained. First, quantization rules (or conditions) were proposed to single out the allowed orbital motions of electrons in atoms. These rules were derived in various forms by Planck, Sommerfeld, and Wilson, but were put into their most general form by Schwarzschild, who recognized the underlying principle as the quantization of the action variables of a multiply periodic classical system. Second, the special role of the action variables in quantization was given convincing support by the transfer of the adiabatic principle of mechanics to quantum theory (work primarily due to Paul Ehrenfest). Third, the correspondence principle, or statement of asymptotic coincidence of quantum and classical theory in the limit of large quantum numbers, originally introduced by Bohr in 1913 as a supporting argument for his quantization of angular momentum in his theory of the hydrogen atom, was extended by Bohr and Kramers to provide selection rules and approximate intensity predictions evening the regime low quantum numbers.
Ethics, Insurance Pricing, Genetics, and Big Data
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Insurers are rapidly gaining access to consumers’ genetic information. In the U.S., federal law bars using genetic information in health insurance, but not in life, disability, or long-term care insurance. Accordingly, insurers may fear adverse selection: individuals could undergo testing, learn they have risky genes, and purchase insurance without revealing test results. While other countries have established moratoria on insurers’ use of genetic information, there is no consensus in the U.S. regarding how to avoid ‘unfair discrimination.’ The chapter discusses alternative solutions, including government bans of insurers’ use of genetic information, or limiting insurer information to only high-risk genes.