bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Permeable Ribs on Thermal-Flow Characteristics in an Internal Cooling Duct
Authors: Sharma Naveen , Tariq Andallib , Mishra Manish 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aims to understand the effect of flow structures within the inter-rib regions of a novel permeable rib configuration in vertical and horizontal streamwise planes upon surface heat transfer parameters. In this investigation, the liquid crystal thermography (LCT) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are used to extract the local heat transfer and flow-field information, respectively. The effect of slit-converging angle (ϕ = 0 deg, 5 deg, 10 deg, and 15 deg) are examined at a typical Reynolds number of 42,500 and relative rib pitch ratio of 10. Surface- and spanwise-average and overall augmentation Nusselt numbers are obtained along with the pressure drop measurements. Flow-field experiments are performed in both vertical and horizontal streamwise planes, and the results are expressed in terms of mean velocities, stream traces, turbulent statistics, coherent structures, and turbulent kinetic energy budgets. Critical points are also identified on the basis of critical point theory, which provides evidences of the different flow phenomena accountable for enhance mixing between the ribs. The secondary flow coming from the slit shows three-dimensionality in the flow resulting to higher turbulence intensity and rotational motion (say higher turbulent mixing), and thereby leading to high heat transfer just behind the permeable rib. The permeable ribs are also helpful in the reduction of friction factor by 32% with a typical ϕ value of 5 deg, compared to solid ribs, while the thermohydraulic performance increases with increasing ϕ from 0 deg to 15 deg up to 21%. The pentagonal ribs with convergent slit provide comparable or better performance among the permeable rib geometries used in the pertinent literature.
A Comparative Numerical Study on Conjugate Natural Convection From Vertical Hollow Cylinder With Finite Thickness Placed on Ground and in Air
Authors: Dash Manoj Kumar , Dash Sukanta Kumar 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The present work reports a comparative analysis of natural convection heat transfer from a thick hollow vertical cylinder either placed on the ground or suspended in the air. The numerical simulations have been performed by varying the cylinder length to its outer diameter (L/Do) in the range of 0.2–20, the thickness ratio (Di/Do) in a range of 0.5–0.9, and Rayleigh number (Ra) from 104 to 108. The flow and heat transfer characteristics have been delineated precisely with the presentation of the thermal plume and flow field in the vicinity of the cylinder. The variation of average Nusselt number (Nu), local Nu, and contribution to total heat loss from different surfaces with the pertinent parameters have been elucidated graphically. The average Nu is always more for the cylinder in the air compared with the case when it is on the ground. However, the difference between the Nu for these two cases diminishes, as the L/Do increases. It has also been found that the contribution to total heat loss from the inner surface of the hollow cylinder suspended in air increases with L/Do, attains a peak, and decreases sharply. Cooling time curves for the cylinder placed in air or on the ground have been described precisely. Finally, a correlation for the average Nusselt number as a function of all the pertinent parameters has been proposed that can be useful for industrial and academic purposes.
Numerical Study of Droplet Impact Dynamics on the ACSR Cable for Studying Ice Adhesion and Accretion on Real Power Lines
Authors: Deng Ledong , Wang Hong , Xun Zhu , Chen Rong , Ding Yudong , Liao Qiang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Ice adhesion and accretion on power lines is a severe problem that can pose a threat to the electric power transmission, and this icing phenomenon is significantly related to the impact dynamics of freezing rain droplets. In the current paper, this impacting process was studied by using computational fluid dynamics, and the model was verified by an experiment with a high-speed camera. The detailed droplet impacting processes on the surface of a very commonly used overhead power line (the ACSR-type cable) were analyzed. The effects of surface wettability (θ = 67–135 deg) and initial droplet impact velocity (We = 22–219) on the evolution of the liquid–solid contact area during the whole process and the volume of the residual liquid on the power line surface after impact were studied. Meanwhile, the influence of the surface structure of the ACSR power line on the droplet impact dynamics was analyzed. Results show that the capturing of impacting droplets can be enhanced by the grooved structures on a hydrophilic ACSR power line surface, while differently the expelling of impacting droplets can be enhanced by these grooved structures on a hydrophobic ACSR power line surface. By analyzing the possible influence of the surface structure of an ACSR power line on the phase transition of impacting droplets, these grooved structures could facilitate the formation of ice nucleation which can finally make the ice adhesion and accretion on an ACSR power line is more serious than that on a traditional smooth cylindrical power line.
Muted cooling and drying of NW Mediterranean in response to the strongest last glacial North American ice surges
Authors: Sánchez Goñi María Fernanda , Fourcade Tiffanie , Salonen Sakari , Lesven Jonathan , Frigola Jaime , Swingedouw Didier , Sierro Francisco Javier 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The massive North Atlantic iceberg discharges of the last glacial period, the so-called Heinrich events (HE), resulted in atmospheric and oceanic responses of the Mediterranean region that remain poorly documented and understood. This paper focuses on the climatic phases termed Heinrich stadials (HS) 4 and 5 generated by the HE 4 and 5 that occurred during a period of similar intermediate global ice volume and greenhouse gas concentrations but with different iceberg discharges and orbital boundary conditions. Our comparison of sea surface temperature and salinity changes with deep water conditions in the Gulf of Lions (planktonic and benthic foraminifera δ18O and δ13C records) and regional pollen-based temperature and precipitation reconstructions in NW Mediterranean for these Heinrich stadials reveal a paradoxical situation. A lower North American iceberg discharge during HS 5 compared to HS 4 is associated with colder and drier conditions in the NW Mediterranean borderlands. During the moderate iceberg discharge of HS 5 a relatively high salinity in the Gulf of Lions lead to stronger Western Mediterranean Deep Water formation and mixing of the surface with the deeper layers. By contrast during HS 4, we suggest that the massive North Atlantic iceberg break-up decreased the salinity of the Gulf of Lions and reduced the wind stress in the Mediterranean, leading to the stratification of the Mediterranean water column and inducing limited upward mixing of cold water, resulting in regional atmospheric warming and wetting compared to HS 5. This work highlights the potential crucial role of local processes in modulating the regional response to a global climate change related with ice-sheet instabilities.
Experimental formation of clay-coated sand grains using diatom biofilm exopolymers
Authors: Duteil Thibault , Bourillot Raphaël , Grégoire Brian , Virolle Maxime , Brigaud Benjamin , Nouet Julius , Braissant Olivier , Portier Eric , Féniès Hugues , Patrier Patricia , Gontier Etienne , Svahn Isabelle , Visscher Pieter T. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In sedimentary environments, clay and sand are segregated by hydrodynamic processes. Yet, clay coats, thin clay envelopes lining sand grains, are abundant in modern and ancient coastal sedimentary deposits. Here, we present laboratory experiments in which we produced clay-coated quartz sands similar to those observed in modern and ancient estuarine sands. These coats were produced at ambient temperature by mixing exopolymeric substances (EPS) derived from intertidal diatom biofilms with clay minerals and quartz reference materials. The imaging of sediment-EPS mixes using cryo–scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy demonstrated that EPS form organic bridges between clay and quartz. The physicochemical properties of the EPS were characterized independently through wet chemical assays and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that several EPS components (e.g., proteins, polysaccharides) had a potential to complex with quartz and clay. Our findings provide novel insights in the importance of biofilms in the aggregation of clay and sand. Detrital coats from ancient estuarine sandstones show textural similarities to the experimental clay-EPS complexes and could be considered as biosignatures of biofilm development and EPS production in past environments.
Myopia in school-aged children with preterm birth: the roles of time spent outdoors and serum vitamin D
Authors: Chou Hung-Da , Yao Tsung-Chieh , Huang Yu-Shu , Huang Chung-Ying , Yang Men-Ling , Sun Ming-Hui , Chen Hung-Chi , Liu Chun-Hsiu , Chu Shih-Ming , Hsu Jen-Fu , Chen Kuan-Jen , Hwang Yih-Shiou , Lai Chi-Chun , Wu Wei-Chi 
Published: June 2020

AimsTo analyse the factors associated with myopia in school-aged children with preterm birth and with or without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).MethodsChildren born prematurely between January 2010 and December 2011 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study when they reached school age between April 2017 and June 2018 in a referral centre. The main parameters were cycloplegic refraction, time spent outdoors and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration.ResultsA total of 99 eyes from 99 children with a mean age of 6.8 years underwent analysis. The average time spent outdoors was significantly higher in the non-myopic group (0.9 ± 0.5 hours/day) than in the myopic group (0.7 ± 0.3 hours/day) (p= 0.032). After adjustment for age, sex, number of myopic parents, ROP severity, near-work time and serum 25(OH)D concentration, more time spent outdoors was correlated with a lower odds of myopia (OR, 0.13 per additional hour per day; 95% CI, 0.02–0.98;p= 0.048). Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were similar between the myopic and non-myopic groups (49.7 ± 13.6 and 48.8 ± 14.0 nmol/mL;p= 0.806) and were not correlated with spherical equivalence power (r= −0.09;p= 0.418). Vitamin D insufficiency was present in 57% of the participants.ConclusionsAmong preterm children with or without ROP, more time spent outdoors was associated with lower odds of myopia. The serum 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with myopia, but a high proportion of the participants had insufficient levels.
Systematic video analysis of ACL injuries in professional male football (soccer): injury mechanisms, situational patterns and biomechanics study on 134 consecutive cases
Authors: Della Villa Francesco , Buckthorpe Matthew , Grassi Alberto , Nabiuzzi Alberto , Tosarelli Filippo , Zaffagnini Stefano , Della Villa Stefano 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundA few small studies have reported on the mechanisms of ACL injury in professional male football.AimTo describe the mechanisms, situational patterns and biomechanics (kinematics) of ACL injuries in professional male football matches.MethodsWe identified 148 consecutive ACL injuries across 10 seasons of professional Italian football. 134 (90%) injury videos were analysed for mechanism and situational pattern, while biomechanical analysis was possible in 107 cases. Three independent reviewers evaluated each video. ACL injury epidemiology (month), timing within the match and pitch location at the time of injury were also reported.Results59 (44%) injuries were non-contact, 59 (44%) were indirect contact and 16 (12%) were direct contact. Players were frequently perturbed immediately prior to injury. We identified four main situational patterns for players who suffered a non-contact or an indirect contact injury: (1) pressing and tackling (n=55); (2) tackled (n=24); (3) regaining balance after kicking (n=19); and (4) landing from a jump (n=8). Knee valgus loading (n=83, 81%) was the dominant injury pattern across all four of these situational patterns (86%, 86%, 67% and 50%, respectively). 62% of the injuries occurred in the first half of the matches (p<0.01). Injuries peaked at the beginning of the season (September–October) and were also higher at the end of the season (March–May).Conclusions88% of ACL injuries occurred without direct knee contact, but indirect contact injuries were as frequent as non-contact injuries, underlying the importance of mechanical perturbation. The most common situational patterns were pressing, being tackled and kicking.
Language dysfunction-associated EEG findings in patients with CAR-T related neurotoxicity
Authors: Sokolov Elisaveta , Karschnia Philipp , Benjamin Reuben , Hadden Robert D M , Elwes Robert C D , Drummond Lee , Amin Devyani , Paiva Vitor , Pennisi Alex , Herlopian Aline , Frigault Matthew , Sanderson Robin , Inam Shafqat , Cole Andrew J , Dietrich Jorg 
Published: June 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T) have emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic approach in relapsed/refractory haematolgical malignancies. Broader application is limited by unique toxicities, notably, neurotoxicity (NTX). Language dysfunction is among the most frequent symptoms of NTX, the underlying mechanisms of which remain to be elucidated. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is an important tool to monitor for NTX and may provide insights into language dysfunction.AimWe aimed to characterise language dysfunction and define electroencephalographic signatures after CAR-T cell therapy.MethodsWe reviewed the clinical presentation and EEG findings of 20 adult patients presenting with language dysfunction after CAR-T cell infusion. The cohort included a subset of patients treated with investigational CD19-directed CAR-T cells for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (n=17), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n=1), follicular lymphoma (n=1) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (n=1).ResultsLanguage dysfunction presented within 14 days of CAR-T cell infusion in 16 (84%) patients. Ten (50%) patients had mild word-finding difficulties and 10 (50%) had marked dysphasia with profound word-finding difficulties; the latter were all associated with generalised rhythmic delta activity or generalised periodic discharges on EEG.ConclusionsLanguage dysfunction after CAR-T cell therapy is associated with generalised EEG abnormalities.
Implementation of a behavioural change intervention to enhance oral health behaviours in elite athletes: a feasibility study
Authors: Gallagher Julie , Ashley Paul , Needleman Ian 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundPoor oral health of elite athletes is common and is associated with negative performance impacts. There is a need for oral health promotion strategies that are effective within the elite sport environment.AimTo develop, implement and evaluate a pragmatic oral health promotion intervention that integrated the capability, opportunity, motivation and behaviour model of behavioural change into the knowledge transfer system for effective implementation of preventive interventions.MethodsRepeated measures study. Athletes and support team together viewed one 10 min presentation and three 90 s information films. Athletes alone received oral health screening, personalised advice and an oral health toolkit. Outcome measures included: (1) oral health knowledge, athlete-reported performance impacts (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, OSTRC score), use of oral hygiene aids, gingival inflammation (bleeding) score, recorded at baseline, 4–6 weeks and 12–16 weeks and (2) athlete feedback.ResultsWe recruited 62 athletes; 44 (71%) male and 58 (93.5%) white British, 55 (88.7%) athletes completed the study. Mean knowledge score improved from 5.69 (1.59) to 6.93 (1.32) p<0.001. Mean OSTRC score reduced from 8.73 (14.54) to 2.73 (11.31) p<0.001. Athlete use of prescription strength fluoride toothpaste increased from 8 (12.9%) to 45 (80.4%) p<0.001. Athlete-reported use of interdental cleaning aids at least 2–3 x week increased from 10 (16.2%) to 21 (34%) p=0.013. Bleeding score remained unchanged.ConclusionThis behavioural change intervention was successfully implemented within different elite sport environments. It was associated with an increase in athlete oral health knowledge, enhanced oral health behaviour, a reduction in self-reported performance impacts and high participant retention.
Interstitial lung disease and specialist palliative care access: a healthcare professionals survey
Authors: Kim Jee Whang , Olive Sandra , Jones Steve , Thillai Muhunthan , Russell Anne-Marie , Johnson Miriam J , Wilson Andrew 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundFibrotic interstitial lung disease is an incurable disease with poor prognosis. We aimed to understand factors affecting decisions regarding referrals to specialist palliative care services and to address barriers and facilitators to referrals from healthcare professionals’ perspectives.MethodsA survey study of healthcare professionals, including respiratory physicians, interstitial lung disease nurse specialists, respiratory nurse specialists and palliative care physicians, was conducted using a questionnaire, entailing 17 questions.ResultsThirty-six respondents, including 15 interstitial lung disease nurse specialists completed the questionnaire. Symptom control, psychological/spiritual support, general deterioration and end-of-life care were the most common reasons for referrals to specialist palliative care services. Most respondents felt confident in addressing palliative care needs and discussing palliative care with patients. A few participants emphasised that experienced respiratory nurse specialists are well placed to provide symptom management and to ensure continuity of patient care. Participants reported that access to palliative care could be improved by increasing collaborative work between respiratory and palliative care teams.ConclusionsMost respondents felt that enhancing access to specialist palliative care services would benefit patients. However, palliative care and respiratory care should not be considered as mutually exclusive and multidisciplinary approach is recommended.
Deaths in dementia: a scoping review of prognostic variables
Authors: Kaur Palvinder , Tan Woan Shin , Gunapal Pradeep Paul George , Ding Yew Yoong , Ong Reuben , Wu Huei Yaw , Hum Allyn 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo identify the types of factors included in research examining mortality in patients with dementia, and to stratify the identified factors by care settings.DesignWe systematically searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases, and identified grey literature from the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, Open Grey and Grey Literature Report. Two authors independently screened for eligibility of studies. Independent reviewers extracted relevant study information. We conducted a narrative synthesis of the data.ResultsWe identified 8254 articles, of which 94 met the inclusion criteria. More than half (n=53) were published between 2009 and 2018 with half from Europe. Studies were conducted across hospices/nursing homes (n=25), hospital (n=23), outpatient clinics (n=21), mixed settings (n=15) and in the community (n=10). Nearly 60% adopted a prospective cohort study design with 87% performing multivariable analysis. Overall, 239 variables were identified and classified into six themes—individual factors, health status, functional ability, cognition and mental health, treatments and health system factors. Although a general set of factors were common across all studies, when stratified by care settings, variations were seen in the specific variables included.ConclusionIdentifying prognostic variables relevant to the dementia population in each setting is key to facilitate appropriate care plans and to ensure timely access to palliative care options. Future research should also focus on ensuring the replicability of prognostic models and to generate a better understanding of the direct and interacting influence of the identified factors on mortality.
Qualitative evaluation of asthma services for young people: a sequential
simulation study
Authors: Fawcett Martha , Coughlan Charles , McGeorge Elizabeth , Imran Ambreen , Bello Fernando , Kneebone Roger , Watson Mando 
Published: June 2020

Background
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood and an important
preventable cause of mortality in children and young people (CYP). Few studies
have brought together CYP and health professionals to understand the patient
perspective of routine asthma care. We sought to explore how young people
engage with routine asthma care in North West London through sequential
simulation.

Method
We designed a sequential simulation focusing on routine asthma management
in young people aged 12–18. A 20 min simulation was developed with four young
people to depict typical interactions with school nurses and primary care
services. This was performed to a mixed audience of young people, general
practitioners (GPs), paediatricians, school nurses and commissioners. Young
people were invited to attend by their GPs and through social media channels.
Attendees participated in audio-recorded, facilitated discussions exploring the
themes arising from the simulation. Recordings were transcribed and subjected
to thematic analysis.

Results
37 people attended the sequential simulation. Themes arising from
postsimulation discussions included recognition of chaotic family lifestyles as
a key barrier to accessing care; the importance of strong communication between
multidisciplinary team professionals and recognition of the role school nurses
can play in delivering routine asthma care.

Conclusion
Sequential simulation allows healthcare providers to understand routine
asthma care for CYP from the patient perspective. We propose improved
integration of school nurses into routine asthma care and regular
multidisciplinary team meetings to reduce fragmentation, promote
interprofessional education and address the widespread professional complacency
towards this lethal condition.