bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EV PD-L1 is Correlated With Clinical Features and Contributes to T Cell Suppression in Pediatric Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Wang Guoliang , He Lejian , Wang Shengcai , Zhang Meng , Li Yanzhen , Liu Qiaoyin , Sun Nian , Zhang Xuexi , Liu Yuwei , Zhang Jie , Tai Jun , Ni Xin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Context
The contribution of blood extracellular vesicular (EV) programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is uncertain.

Objective
We sought to determine the relationship of EV PD-L1/PD-1 with the clinical features of pediatric PTC and the role of EV PD-L1 in immunosuppression.

Main Outcome Measures
Plasma levels of EV and soluble PD-L1 and PD-1 and levels of plasma cytokines in children with PTC and controls were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of tumor PD-L1 and the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) score were determined by immunohistochemistry. Correlations of the plasma PD-L1/PD-1 level with clinicopathological characteristics, levels of plasma cytokines, tumor PD-L1 expression, and TIL score were analyzed. T-cell suppression by EVs from PTC patients was determined by incubation of PD-L1high or PD-L1low EVs with activated CD8+ T cells. Changes in CD69 and PD-1 expression and changes in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) secretion were measured by flow cytometry.

Results
The levels of plasma PD-L1/PD-1 were significantly higher in children with PTC than in controls. The levels of plasma EV PD-L1 significantly correlated with tumor T stage, tumor PD-L1 expression, TIL score, and plasma cytokine content. Levels of plasma soluble PD-1 significantly correlated with patient age, plasma EV PD-L1, and IFNα concentration. PD-L1high EVs significantly inhibited the activation of CD8+ T cells.

Conclusions
Plasma levels of EV PD-L1, but not soluble PD-L1, were associated with tumor T stage in children with PTC. Plasma EV PD-L1 emerges as a useful metric for assessing tumor T stage and T cell suppression in PTC.
GIP as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetes and Obesity: Insight From Incretin Co-agonists
Authors: Holst Jens Juul , Rosenkilde Mette Marie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The 2 hormones responsible for the amplification of insulin secretion after oral as opposed to intravenous nutrient administration are the gut peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). However, whereas GLP-1 also inhibits appetite and food intake and improves glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), GIP seems to be devoid of these activities, although the 2 hormones as well as their receptors are highly related. In fact, numerous studies have suggested that GIP may promote obesity. However, chimeric peptides, combining elements of both peptides and capable of activating both receptors, have recently been demonstrated to have remarkable weight-losing and glucose-lowering efficacy in obese individuals with T2DM. At the same time, antagonists of the GIP receptor have been reported to reduce weight gain/cause weight loss in experimental animals including nonhuman primates. This suggests that both agonists and antagonist of the GIP receptor should be useful, at least for weight-losing therapy. How is this possible? We here review recent experimental evidence that agonist-induced internalization of the two receptors differs markedly and that modifications of the ligand structures, as in co-agonists, profoundly influence these cellular processes and may explain that an antagonist may activate while an agonist may block receptor signaling.
Comparison of WHO growth standard and national Indonesian growth reference in determining prevalence and determinants of stunting and underweight in children under five: a cross-sectional study from Musi sub-district
Authors: Flynn Jeannie , Alkaff Firas Farisi , Sukmajaya William Putera , Salamah Sovia 
Published: May 2020

Background:Determination of stunting and wasting always uses the WHO growth standard in Indonesia. However, it is believed that Indonesian children are “below” the global standard, thus the WHO standard is not reliable to present the actual prevalence. This study aims to compare the prevalence and determinants of stunting and underweight using WHO growth standard and national Indonesian growth reference.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Musi sub-district, East Nusa Tenggara province in July 2019. East Nusa Tenggara province had the highest prevalence of stunting and underweight in Indonesia. The study population were children under five, and total sampling method was used for this study. Length/height-for-age and weight-for-age were plotted using WHO standard and national Indonesian reference. Univariate and multivariate binomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.Results:The prevalence of stunting and underweight were higher for the WHO standard than the national reference (53.9% vs 10.7% and 29.17% vs 17.7%; all p < 0.001). After adjusted for confounding factors, when the WHO standard was used, determinants of stunting were maternal mid-upper arm circumference below 23.5cm and maternal height below 150cm; determinants of underweight were intrauterine growth restriction, young maternal age during pregnancy, and multiple parities. When the national reference was used, no determinants was found for stunting; the determinants of underweight were intrauterine growth restriction and maternal education.Conclusions:The WHO standard is not suitable for representing child growth in Musi sub-district. Future studies should be done to re-evaluate the prevalence and determinants of stunting and underweight nationwide using the national Indonesian reference.
The restauration of the Reval suffragan diocese in 1917 and the election of the bishop as an expression of ‘church revolution’ in the Riga diocese
Authors: Pärt Irina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract: The restauration of the Reval suffragan diocese in 1917 and the election of the bishop as an expression of ‘church revolution’ in the Riga diocese
This article focuses on the creation of the Reval suffragan diocese in 1917 and the election of Pavel Kulbusch as the first bishop of Estonian descent. The article reconstructs the course of historical events on the basis of documents from the Russian State Historical Archive and provides a framework for understanding the events via the concept of ‘church revolution’ proposed by the historian Pavel Rogoznyi. The case of the Reval suffragan diocese complements the argument of Rogoznyi and suggests that processes in the Russian borderlands also contributed to the ‘church revolution’. While demands for Estonian and Latvian suffragan bishops had already been put forward by Governor Shakhovskoi in the 1890s and by the Riga diocesan council in 1905, it was only in 1917 that some of these projects were given institutional form. The Orthodox assembly of the Riga diocese in August of 1917 in Tartu elected the parish priest Pavel Kulbusch from St Petersburg as bishop of Reval. The process of consecrating the new bishop took several months due to the church hierarchy’s resistance to his candidature, primarily due to his ethnic origin. The documents published in this issue suggest that the institutions formed during 1917, including the diocese council (soviet) and the representative assemblies of the diocese, and the activity of nationalist Orthodox priests (such as Antoni Laar, who mobilised the Orthodox parishes in support of the bishop) rendered the formation of Reval diocese successful compared to several similar initiatives in other dioceses. The article argues that the institutions and practices formed during 1917 and the martyrdom of Bishop Platon in 1919 paved the way for the separation of the Estonian Church from the Moscow patriarchate in 1923.
The translated and published documents accompanying the article are kept in the Russian State Historical Archive (in St Petersburg) and include the decrees of the Most Holy Synod; decisions made by the delegates of the congress of the ecclesiastical and secular representatives of the Riga diocese and the Temporary Council of the Riga Diocese; and individual and collective petitions in regards to restoring the suffragan diocese in Tallinn.
Light interference in a hybrid-aligned nematic layer with nonordered surface disclination lines
Authors: Parshin Alexander M. , Barannik Alexey V. , Zyryanov Victor Y. , Shabanov Vasily F. 
Published: May 2020

The propagation of a laser beam through a hybrid-aligned nematic layer with a surface disclination line has been investigated. A model of the light interference has been developed to consider the scattering by the structural inhomogeneities. The analytical expression that includes the factor characterizing an exponential decrease in the light scattering has been obtained. The dependence of the intensity of light transmitted through the layer on the magnetic field has been measured. The dependence has been accompanied by the interference oscillations. The theoretical expression is consistent with the experiment, which confirms the correctness of the model concepts.
Miasto i myślenie projektowe. Design thinking jako skrzynka narzędziowa
Authors: Skowrońska Marta 
Published: May 2020

The paper discusses design thinking methodology, arguing that this perspective may be useful for sociology, particularly urban sociology. The author demonstrates that design thinking tools are similar to some sociological research tools.
Marta Skowrońska, Miasto i myślenie projektowe. Design thinking jako skrzynka narzędziowa [Design thinking as a tool box] edited by M. Nowak, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVIII: Kuchnia badań miejskich. Studia na temat praktyki empirycznej badaczy miasta [A backstage of urban research. Studies on the empirical practices of city research scientists], Poznań 2019, pp. 75–90, Adam Mickiewicz University. ISSN 0239-3271.
Marta Skowrońska, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydział Socjologii, ul. Szamarzewskiego 89, 60-568 Poznań, skowronska.marta@gmail.com
Base-Pairing Requirements for Small RNA-Mediated Gene Silencing of Recessive Self-Incompatibility Alleles inArabidopsis halleri
Authors: Burghgraeve Nicolas , Simon Samson , Barral Simon , Fobis-Loisy Isabelle , Holl Anne-Catherine , Ponitzki Chloé , Schmitt Eric , Vekemans Xavier , Castric Vincent 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSmall noncoding RNAs are central regulators of genome activity and stability. Their regulatory function typically involves sequence similarity with their target sites, but understanding the criteria by which they specifically recognize and regulate their targets across the genome remains a major challenge in the field, especially in the face of the diversity of silencing pathways involved. The dominance hierarchy among self-incompatibility alleles in Brassicaceae is controlled by interactions between a highly diversified set of small noncoding RNAs produced by dominant S-alleles and their corresponding target sites on recessive S-alleles. By controlled crosses, we created numerous heterozygous combinations of S-alleles in Arabidopsis halleri and developed an real-time quantitative PCR assay to compare allele-specific transcript levels for the pollen determinant of self-incompatibility (SCR). This provides the unique opportunity to evaluate the precise base-pairing requirements for effective transcriptional regulation of this target gene. We found strong transcriptional silencing of recessive SCR alleles in all heterozygote combinations examined. A simple threshold model of base pairing for the small RNA–target interaction captures most of the variation in SCR transcript levels. For a subset of S-alleles, we also measured allele-specific transcript levels of the determinant of pistil specificity (SRK), and found sharply distinct expression dynamics throughout flower development between SCR and SRK. In contrast to SCR, both SRK alleles were expressed at similar levels in the heterozygote genotypes examined, suggesting no transcriptional control of dominance for this gene. We discuss the implications for the evolutionary processes associated with the origin and maintenance of the dominance hierarchy among self-incompatibility alleles.
The effects of monocusp valve implantation and transannular patch angioplasty on pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular failure after total correction of tetralogy of fallot
Authors: Samadi Mahmoud , Khoshfetrat Masoum , Keykha Aliakbar , Javadi Sayeh Haj 
Published: May 2020

Background: Pulmonary regurgitation (PR) is often known as an acquired condition after surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the use of monocusp valve (MV) implantation and transannular patch (TAP) angioplasty on PR and right ventricular (RV) failure following surgery to repair TOF.
Methods: This prospective randomized clinical trial (RCT) was performed on a total number of 60 patients undergoing reconstructive surgery on TOF. For this purpose, TAPs without and with monocusp reconstruction were used in Group I (n = 30 patients) and Group II (n = 30 patients), respectively. Then, echocardiographic parameters, mortality rates, and clinical data from pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were evaluated during a follow-up period for both groups.
Results: Out of the 60 patients undergoing surgery and evaluated, 39 individuals were male (65%) and the rest were female (n = 21 patients, 35%). No significant difference was observed in terms of age, body weight, body surface area (BSA), mortality rate, and ejection fraction (EF) between the two study groups. The findings revealed that the number of patients with severe PR was higher in the group receiving TAP angioplasty. Furthermore, the difference between the two groups with regards to severity of PR was significant (p = 0.012).
Conclusion: It was concluded that MV reconstruction of TOF is effective in reducing pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary valve (PV) insufficiency.
CARTOGRAFÍA DEL PERFIL SOCIOECONÓMICO Y DE VIVIENDA EN LA MICROCUENCA RÍO BURÍO QUEBRADA SECA (COSTA RICA)
Authors: Masís-Campos Ramón , Avendaño-Flores Isabel , Reyes-Chaves Jonnathan 
Published: May 2020

El objetivo principal de la investigación es cartografiar el perfil socioeconómico y de vivienda en la microcuenca río Burío-quebrada Seca con el fin de favorecer la implementación de acciones de restauración, conservación, mitigación en el sistema fluvial y el ordenamiento territorial en el área de estudio.
La metodología estuvo compuesta de tres grandes etapas que son las siguientes: descripción de los datos, preparación de los datos en el gestor de base de datos, publicación de datos con la comunidad.
En la microcuenca estudiada es ocupada es su mayoría por el cantón Belén, donde se han reportado importantes avenidas durante las últimas tres décadas (1981, 2004, 2007, 2008) que han afectado significativamente la población residente, principalmente con daños en viviendas y puentes. Paralelamente, desde el 2005, la Sala Constitucional emitió el voto Nº 4050, en el cual ordenó la conformación de una Comisión Interinstitucional.
En términos de densidad poblacional la microcuenca para 2011 tenía en promedio 4160 habitantes/km². Hay un predominio de residencias urbanas en la microcuenca, el 97,5% de las viviendas que se encuentra en esta zona. Casi un 87% de las viviendas del área de estudio corresponde con casas independientes.Según el censo 2011, para el área de estudio aproximadamente 190 viviendas no cuentan con alcantarillado sanitario o tanque séptico, distribuidas en 82 UGM(Unidad Geoestadística Mínima). Es decir, las aguas negras y residuales son dispuestas directamente a ríos, quebradas, zanjas o huecos.
En la microcuenca baja presenta una cantidad considerable de eventos en el sector de San Antonio de Belén, sector que se caracteriza por presentar mayores áreas en la categoría de alta amenaza por inundación.
Az endogén fémionok koncentrációinak változása különböző kórokú, idült májbetegségekben
Authors: Gáspár Zsófia , Egresi Anna , Lengyel Gabriella , Blázovics Anna , Tőke Judit , Hagymási Krisztina 
Published: May 2020

Absztrakt:
Szervezetünk számos fémiont tartalmaz, amelyeket anyagcsere-folyamataihoz és
működéséhez használ fel. A fémion-koncentrációk megváltozása kóros folyamatokat
indíthat el, ugyanakkor a különböző kórfolyamatok a fémion-koncentrációk
megváltozásához is vezethetnek. A szerzők összefoglaló közleményükben
bemutatják, hogy különböző kórokú májbetegségekben hogyan változik a
fiziológiásan is jelen lévő fémionok koncentrációja, ismertetik a lehetséges
következményeket, illetve tárgyalják az összefüggést a kórfolyamat
progressziójával. A szerzők kitérnek a fémionkoncentráció-változások
diagnosztikus vagy prognosztikus értékére is. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(22):
917–923.
Workloads of forward and backline adolescent rugby players: a pilot study
Authors: Barnard Devon Vernon , Pote Lee , Christie Candice 
Published: May 2020

Background: There is minimal research on workloads of adolescent rugby players. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the workloads placed on a cohort of South African adolescent rugby players (n = 17), during an in- season period.
Methods: Session RPE ratings were collected daily, 30 minutes after the training session concluded, during an 11-week in- season period. The training load was calculated as the session ratings of perceived exertion multiplied by the session’s duration (min).
Results: The main finding of the study was that the adolescents in this investigation had similar workloads to elite players but higher workloads than other studies on adolescent rugby players. The forwards (3311±939 arbitrary units; AU) had a higher workload than backline players (2851±1080 AU). There was no difference between forwards and backline players with regards to the acute:chronic workload ratio.
Conclusion: Workloads are high in these adolescent players, particularly in the forwards, and are similar to the workloads of elite level rugby players.
When Clocks Are Not Working: OBS Time Correction
Authors: Loviknes Karina , Jeddi Zeinab , Ottemöller Lars , Barreyre Thibaut 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOcean-bottom seismographs (OBSs) are used to obtain seismic recordings offshore and are an increasingly important tool for investigating the globe. However, because OBS data cannot be time stamped using Global Positioning System (GPS) during deployment, correction for drift of the internal clock is required. This time drift is typically derived by synchronizing the clock before and after deployment. Linear correction is then applied using the timing deviation between GPS and the instrument’s internal clock at recovery, that is, the skew measurement. If synchronization measurements are missing, ambient noise cross-correlation functions (CCFs) are commonly used for time correction. When investigating recordings from a small-scale OBS network located on the Mohn’s mid-ocean ridge, we observed a remaining drift on the skew-corrected data. After recalculating the drift of the raw data using CCFs, we found that the skew-based time correction was incorrect. This was also verified with the observation of teleseismic P-wave arrivals. We describe a method to obtain properly time-corrected data and discuss the OBS timing issues in detail. The results shown were obtained using a software package that we developed for this specific purpose and made available as open-source software. Although we cannot explain the technical reason for the failure of skew correction, this study shows that skew corrections should not be trusted alone, and OBS timing should always be verified by either ambient noise correlations or P-wave arrival times.
MIDDLE EAST LINK OF TERRORIST THREATS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PESANTREN IN INDONESIA: CASE STUDY IN THE AREA OF MALANG
Authors: Yumitro Gonda , Abdullahi Abdelsalam Elfatih , Farhana Mohamad Shukri Syaza 
Published: May 2020

Purpose of the study: This article elaborates on the perspective of pesantren towards the Middle East link of the terrorist threat in Indonesia and their notion on the policies conducted by the Indonesian government, especially in the area of Malang.
Methodology: This research is qualitative research by in-depth interviews, literature reviews, and focus group discussion (FGD) collecting data methods. The objects of this research were several pesantren leaders from different backgrounds such as Al Irsyad, Hidayatullah, Muhammadiyah, the Muslim Brotherhood, Nahdatul Ulama (NU), and Salafi. The data were analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus and discussed with various literature reviews to perform the finding.
Main Findings: The pesantren considers that increasing cooperation between state agencies and groups that are judged as having a link to sources for radical ideology in the Middle East would help minimize the problem of radicalism and the threat of terrorism in Indonesia, especially in the Malang area. Therefore, in assessing and deciding various policies on Islamic terrorism, the government needs to consider the Islamic discourse as not to be misled by public opinion.
Applications of this study: This study is helpful for the government to evaluate its policies to face the issues of terrorism by understanding the Middle East link of terrorism in Indonesia based on the perspective of pesantren. Moreover, ina terrorism study, this article can be a reference source to analyze the issues.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The growing terrorism in Indonesia is often associated with pesantren as these institutions are assumed to have the potency of supporting radicalism. Moreover, they have an ideological and network connection with the Islamic movements in the Middle East. On the other hand, pesantren is claimed to be a means of spreading peaceful Islam and is ready to cooperate with the government in handling the issue of terrorism in Indonesia.
The relationship between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility
Authors: Veres Edit 
Published: May 2020

Corporate governance (CG) is a corporate governance system for large companies which includes policies and procedures for corporate social responsibility (CSR). The present study examines the relationships between CG and CSR, and analyzes the studies that separate or combine the explanation of the two concepts.CG can be interpreted as the relationship between governors and stakeholders. Angyal (2009) and Auer (2017) agree that the two phenomena coexist and are connected at several points. The goals of the two phenomena are intertwined, compliance with other important requirements (environmental, labor law) besides the primary corporate goal. CG is a system based on the sharing of power and roles between owners, management and boards (board, supervisory board). The roles of ownership, supervision, and control are separated. The division of power means that the boards keep the management under strict control and the owners can account for the boards (Tasi, 2012). According to Tasi (2012), responsible CG involves careful management; financial planning and implementation; control mechanisms for the operation of the company; company transparency and business ethicsissues; publicizing corporate information and corporate social responsibility policies and practices. Angyal (2009) sees that CG and CSR are intertwined “neither intersection, nor intersection, nor parallelism, but coexistence”. (Angel,2009: 14). It does not agree with the incompatibility of corporate governance or corporate governance and social responsibility, in practice the former two are more common. Corporate governance encompasses corporate social responsibility policies, procedures, and can be interpreted as the relationship between governors and stakeholders. The authors of the studies analyzed agree that the two phenomena coexist and are connected at several points. The goals of the two phenomena are intertwined with compliance with other important requirements (environmental, labor law) besides the primary corporate goal.
JEL Classification: G30; G39, M14