bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in electronic cigarette use and conventional smoking: quantifying a possible ‘diversion’ effect among US adolescents
Authors: Selya Arielle S. , Foxon Floe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsThe impact of electronic cigarettes (ECs) on nicotine use is hotly debated: some fear that ECs are a ‘catalyst’ to conventional smoking, while others argue that they divert adolescents from the more harmful product. This study used simulation modeling to evaluate the plausibility of catalyst and diversion hypotheses against real‐world data.DesignA simulation model represented life‐time exclusive EC use, exclusive conventional smoking and dual use as separate subpopulations. The ‘catalyst’ effect was modeled as EC use increasing dual use initiation (i.e. EC users also start smoking). The ‘diversion’ effect was modeled as EC use decreasing exclusive cigarette initiation. The model was calibrated using data from the US National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). The plausibility of each scenario was evaluated by comparing simulated trends with NYTS data. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to estimate the magnitude of a diversion effect through simulation.SettingUnited States.Participants and measurementsAdolescents aged 12–17 years in NYTS, a cross‐sectional study from 2000 to 2019 (n = 12 500 to 31 000 per wave). Exclusive cigarette use, exclusive EC use and dual use of both products were defined using cumulative life‐time criteria (100+ cigarettes smoked and/or > 100 days vaped).FindingsA null model (no catalyst or diversion) over‐predicts NYTS smoking by up to 87%. Under the conservative assumption that the catalyst effect accounts for all dual use, an exponential decay constant of 19.6% EC users/year initiating smoking is required; however, this further over‐predicts actual smoking by up to 109%. A diversion effect with an exponential decay constant of 55.4%/year or 65.4%/year, with the maximum possible opposing catalyst effect also active, is required optimally to match NYTS smoking trends (root mean square error = 286 632 versus 391 396 in the null model).ConclusionsA simulation model shows that a substantial diversion effect is needed to explain observed nicotine use trends among US adolescents, and it must be larger than any possible opposing catalyst effect, if present.
A novel method of esophagogastrostomy by overlap anastomosis with placement of the remnant stomach into the lower mediastinum after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy
Authors: Yasuda Atsushi , Kimura Yutaka , Hiraki Yoko , Momose Kota , Kato Hiroaki , Shiraishi Osamu , Shinkai Masayuki , Imano Motohiro , Imamoto Haruhiko , Yasuda Takushi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionControl of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a critical consideration for patients who undergo proximal gastrectomy. This report describes a new and simple reconstruction method by esophagogastrostomy with placement of the remnant stomach into the lower mediastinum (EG‐PRIME). This approach not only suppresses postoperative GER, but it can also be easily performed by total laparoscopy. Detailed herein are the methods for EG‐PRIME and the results for three patients with cancer of the upper gastric body.Materials and Surgical TechniqueAt the start of the EG‐PRIME surgical procedure, a pseudo‐fornix and lozenge‐shaped gastric conduit were made by cutting the stomach diagonally. Next, the pseudo‐fornix was inserted into the esophageal hiatus to form a new angle of His. Then overlap anastomosis was performed and the entry site was closed longitudinally. The outcomes assessed were operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative complications and GER according to 24‐hour pH monitoring.DiscussionThe operative times were 339, 288 and 236 minutes; in two patients, intraoperative blood loss was 260 and 343 mL, and in the third, blood loss was minimal. No postoperative complications were observed in any of the three patients. The degree of the GER resulting in fraction time pH<4 was 9.0%, 0.3%, and 2.9%, respectively. No esophagitis by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was observed in any patient.This EG‐PRIME method was technically feasible for reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy by total laparoscopy. This approach may be as simple and useful as esophagogastrostomy for preventing postoperative GER, but more experience with this method is required.
Compliance with governmental restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic: A matter of personal self‐protection or solidarity with people in risk groups?
Authors: Liekefett Luisa , Becker Julia 
Published: January 2021

During the coronavirus pandemic, governments across the globe ordered physical‐distancing and hygiene restrictions to slow down the spread of COVID‐19. The present work was conducted during the peak of restrictions in Germany (April/May 2020). In a convenient (N = 218) and representative sample (N = 715), we examined people’s motivations to comply with these restrictions during the lockdown: Were they motivated by personal self‐protection, or rather by solidarity with people in risk groups? Specifically, we investigated predictors of personal self‐protection (compliance to protect the self against infection) and group‐protection behaviours (compliance for reasons of solidarity in protecting people in risk groups). Results indicate that self‐ and group‐protection result from different psychological processes: Whereas personal self‐protection seems to be a form of coping with personal anxieties (epistemic and existential needs, personal threat), group protection is an intergroup phenomenon that is enabled by identification with a collective goal (common identity), the perception that society is capable of dealing with the virus (group efficacy), and concern for people in risk groups. We discuss potential implications for behavioural change in pandemics.
Lost voices part 1: A narrative case study of two young men with learning disabilities disclosing experiences of sexual, emotional and physical abuse
Authors: Digman Carmel 
Published: January 2021

Accessible Summary

Two young men who have learning disabilities were students at a college. While they were there, they were sexually abused by people who were meant to care for them.

When they tried to tell people, some people would not listen. Some people listened but could not understand them.

They became mentally ill because of the abuse. Then, some people started to listen and help them tell their stories. Then, the police and the courts said that the two young men could not give evidence in court because of their learning disabilities.

This paper matters because it writes about ways to protect people with learning disabilities from people who abuse them. We need to try and help people who have been abused to tell their stories. We need to make sure those stories are listened to.

AbstractTwo young men disclosed emotional, sexual and physical abuse while attending college and living with Shared Lives carers in the UK. This paper provides a narrative account of the period when the two men were exposed to the abuse, the disclosures, the investigation and the legal and safeguarding investigation outcomes. A second paper describes the therapeutic response and outcomes for the men. A review of the literature on abuse and learning disabilities highlights the difficulties in conducting research in this area. Authors find significant barriers exist to disclosing abuse and to being believed. Prosecutions are rare despite evidence that abuse may be widespread towards people with learning disabilities. This paper considers the narrative experience of the two young men, the barriers they faced to being heard and believed and how their personal accounts were discounted and eventually lost to the investigation. Lessons for practice are considered for learning disability mental health and social care professionals, education, police and legal services. Further research suggestions are made.
Efficacy of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial biopsy without guide sheath for small peripheral pulmonary lesions (≤15 mm): A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ito Takayasu , Matsumoto Masami , Kujime Mihoko , Kohnoh Takashi , Fukushima Akira , Takagi Tatsuya , Fukushima Yukiko , Kasahara Takaaki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionEndobronchial ultrasonography‐guided transbronchial biopsy (EBUS‐TBB) with guide sheath (GS) is an effective procedure for diagnosing small peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) (≤20 mm in the largest diameter). However, samples obtained using EBUS‐TBB with GS are small, and the diagnostic yield of small PPLs biopsied using EBUS‐TBB with GS is unsatisfactory.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of small PPLs using EBUS‐TBB without GS compared to that with GS.Materials and MethodsBetween 1 April 2013 and 31 March 2015, 276 consecutive lesions were biopsied using EBUS‐TBB with GS or without GS. We retrospectively compared EBUS‐TBB with and without GS in terms of the diagnostic yield and complications related to small PPLs (≤20 mm).ResultsOf the 276 lesions who underwent EBUS‐TBB with or without GS, we identified 80 lesions with small PPLs (≤20 mm). Sixty‐two lesions were successfully diagnosed by EBUS‐TBB (77.5%, diagnostic yield). The diagnostic yield of PPLs using EBUS‐TBB without GS was not significantly higher than that using EBUS‐TBB with GS (34/41 = 82.9% and 28/39 = 71.7%, respectively; p = 0.233). However, according to size (≤15 mm or > 15 mm), location (upper, middle/lingular, or lower area), and structure (solid nodule or ground‐glass opacity), the diagnostic yield of small PPLs (≤15 mm) using EBUS‐TBB without GS was significantly higher than with GS (21/26 = 80.7% vs. 8/16 = 50.0%, p = 0.036). There were no complications among the two groups.ConclusionsEBUS‐TBB without GS is an effective and safe procedure for diagnosing small PPLs (≤15 mm) compared to that with GS.
Tundra wildfire triggers sustained lateral nutrient loss in Alaskan Arctic
Authors: Abbott Benjamin W. , Rocha Adrian V. , Shogren Arial , Zarnetske Jay P. , Iannucci Frances , Bowden William B. , Bratsman Samuel P. , Patch Leika , Watts Rachel , Fulweber Randy , Frei Rebecca J. , Huebner Amanda M. , Ludwig Sarah M. , Carling Gregory T. , O’Donnell Jonathan A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractClimate change is creating widespread ecosystem disturbance across the permafrost zone, including a rapid increase in the extent and severity of tundra wildfire. The expansion of this previously rare disturbance has unknown consequences for lateral nutrient flux from terrestrial to aquatic environments. Lateral loss of nutrients could reduce carbon uptake and slow recovery of already nutrient‐limited tundra ecosystems. To investigate the effects of tundra wildfire on lateral nutrient export, we analyzed water chemistry in and around the 10‐year‐old Anaktuvuk River fire scar in northern Alaska. We collected water samples from 21 burned and 21 unburned watersheds during snowmelt, at peak growing season, and after plant senescence in 2017 and 2018. After a decade of ecosystem recovery, aboveground biomass had recovered in burned watersheds, but overall carbon and nitrogen remained ~20% lower, and the active layer remained ~10% deeper. Despite lower organic matter stocks, dissolved organic nutrients were substantially elevated in burned watersheds, with higher flow‐weighted concentrations of organic carbon (25% higher), organic nitrogen (59% higher), organic phosphorus (65% higher), and organic sulfur (47% higher). Geochemical proxies indicated greater interaction with mineral soils in watersheds with surface subsidence, but optical analysis and isotopes suggested that recent plant growth, not mineral soil, was the main source of organic nutrients in burned watersheds. Burned and unburned watersheds had similar δ15N‐NO3−, indicating that exported nitrogen was of preburn origin (i.e., not recently fixed). Lateral nitrogen flux from burned watersheds was 2‐ to 10‐fold higher than rates of background nitrogen fixation and atmospheric deposition estimated in this area. These findings indicate that wildfire in Arctic tundra can destabilize nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur previously stored in permafrost via plant uptake and leaching. This plant‐mediated nutrient loss could exacerbate terrestrial nutrient limitation after disturbance or serve as an important nutrient release mechanism during succession.
Mac‐2 binding protein glycan isomer as noninvasive tool to assess liver fibrosis in children with chronic liver disease
Authors: Behairy Ola G , El‐Gendy Soha A , Ibrahim Dalia Y , Mansour Amira I , El‐Shimi Ola S 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimThis study is aimed to measure the value of serum Mac‐2 binding protein glycan isomer (M2BPGI) in children with chronic liver diseases in comparison with liver biopsy and serum biomarkers.MethodsComparative cross‐sectional study included 100 children with chronic liver diseases and 50 healthy age/sex‐matched control group. All subjects were evaluated via medical history, clinical, radiological and laboratory examinations. Liver biopsy was performed for studied patients and serum M2BPGI level was measured by Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) in all studied subjects.ResultsSerum M2BPGI level increased more significantly in chronic liver disease patients (6.04 ± 2.72 ng/ml) than in healthy controls (1.12 ± 0.83 ng/ml) (P < 0.001). M2BPGI level was significantly elevated with progressive fibrosis (P < 0.001), and differed significantly between high and low Child–Pugh score, pediatric end‐stage liver disease score and model for end‐stage liver disease score score. Serum M2BPGI was correlated with serum biomarkers and degree of fibrosis in patients.ConclusionM2BPGI could be used as one of noninvasive tools for detecting and staging of hepatic fibrosis in Egyptian children with chronic liver disease.
A Paleogene magmatic overprint on Cretaceous seamounts of the western Pacific
Authors: Hirano Naoto , Sumino Hirochika , Morishita Taisei , Machida Shiki , Kawano Takaomi , Yasukawa Kazutaka , Hirata Takafumi , Kato Yasuhiro , Ishii Teruaki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe West Pacific Seamount Province (WPSP) represents a series of short‐lived Cretaceous hotspot tracks. However, no intraplate volcanoes in advance of petit‐spot volcanism erupted near a trench have been identified after the formation of the WPSP on the western Pacific Plate. This study reports new ages for Paleogene volcanic edifices within the northern WPSP, specifically the Ogasawara Plateau and related ridges, and Minamitorishima Island. These Paleogene ages are the first reported for basaltic rocks on western Pacific seamounts, in an area that has previously only yielded Cretaceous ages. The newly found Paleogene volcanisms overprint the Early–middle Cretaceous volcanic edifices, because the seamount or paleo‐island material‐covered reefal limestone caps on these edifices are uniformly older than the Paleogene volcanism identified in this study. This study outlines several possible causative factors for the Paleogene volcanism overprinting onto existing Cretaceous seamounts, including volcanism related to lithospheric stress, or a younger hotspot track within the northern part of the WPSP that records magmatism from ~60 Ma.
On radial, circumferential, and spiral cracks in fractured glass plates
Authors: Quinn George D. , Swab Jeffrey J. , Patel Parimal 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis is a fractographic case study of a mechanically loaded glass plate that formed a remarkable spiral crack when the plate fractured. Common radial and circumferential cracking in disks and plates in general are first reviewed. The exceptional spiral crack is then analyzed. The origin of failure was an unusual flaw on the nominal compression side of the plate. The complex spiral fracture pattern has been observed in other large plate glass fractures that break under blunt impact conditions. Spiral cracks can form and propagate from flaws on the front side of a flexed plate that is rigidly supported at its rim or, alternatively, is supported from underneath and has a large overhang.
Scabies involving palms in older children and adults: a changing scenario
Authors: Koley Sankha , Datta Jayanti , S. K. Shahriar Ahmed , Tarafdar Dhiman 
Published: January 2021

AbstractScabies is a highly contagious, intensely pruritic skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. It has high prevalence in many tropical countries where crowded people live in resource‐poor settings. The rash is distributed differently in adults and children. Adults manifest lesions primarily on the interdigital web spaces of the hands, flexor aspects of the wrists, dorsal feet, axillae, elbows, waist, buttocks, and genitalia. Palms (along with soles and head) are commonly involved in infants and very young children but typically absent in older age groups. Here, we report 25 older children and adult patients with scabies including involvement of the palms. If patients are left untreated for long periods of time in hot tropical climates, scabies may produce severe infestation with involvement of palms in older children and adults. We should acknowledge palms as potential body sites whose involvement warrants early and aggressive treatment in scabies.
Prebiotic properties of xylooligosaccharide extracted from sugarcane wastes (pith and rind): a comparative study
Authors: Zidan Dina , Sabran Mohd Redzwan , Ramli Nurul Shazini , Shafie Siti Raihanah , Fikry Mohammad 
Published: January 2021

SummaryWastes from agricultural industry are often disposed. Nevertheless, these wastes contain nutraceuticals and functional compounds. Xylooligosaccharide (XOS) was extracted from two sugarcane wastes (SW); rind (SR) and pith (SP), and the prebiotic properties of both XOS were examined. SR and SP had different mixture of XOS and were resistant towards α‐amylase and gastric juice digestion in vitro. Although the growth of Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis ATCC® 700541™ increased significantly in both XOS after 48 h of incubation, XOS from SR showed better enrichment of probiotics growth. Both XOS were found to be more fermentable by LcS and acetic acid was the predominant end product of the fermentation. Since XOS composition was different between SR and SP and such difference can affect their prebiotic properties, it is important to choose the appropriate parts of SW to extract XOS with high fermentable properties and obtain the best synbiotics combination.
The effect of maturity and tissue on the ability of mid infrared spectroscopy to predict the geographical origin of banana (Musa Cavendish)
Authors: Zhang Long , Huang Yichao , Sun Fengjiang , Chen Da , Netzel Michael , Smyth Heather E. , Sultanbawa Yasmina , Deng Yongfeng , Fang Mingliang , Cozzolino Daniel 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sample presentation (tissue type) and maturity (ripe and unripe) on the classification of banana (Musa Cavendish) samples sourced from two different geographical regions and analysed using mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. The coefficient of determination (R2) and the standard error of cross‐validation (SECV) obtained using partial least squares discriminant analysis were 0.83 (0.33), 0.75 (0.25) and 0.94 (0.19) for the prediction of maturity, geographical origin and tissue type, respectively. No effect of either of type of tissue (e.g. pulp or peel) or maturity was observed. The results of this study demonstrated that MIR spectroscopy might be used to classify the origin of the banana samples at different degrees of ripeness. However, one of the limitations of this study is on the number of samples analysed and further validation must be recommended using samples from other sources, regions and harvest seasons.
sInfluence of starch and protein molecular interactions on the in vitro digestion characteristics of biscuits partially substituted with pulse flours
Authors: Chávez‐Murillo Carolina Estefanía , Aceves‐Flores Mónica Samantha , Verástegui‐Quevedo Mariana , de la Rosa‐Millán Julián 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent research has shown that pulse‐derived ingredients present a technological alternative to cereals, higher protein and fibre content, and differentiated starch characteristics. In this work, the partial substitution of pulse flours with and without heat moisture treatment (HMT) was evaluated in a biscuit model. The digestion residues at 20 and 120 min that correspond to rapidly, slowly and resistant starch from the Englyst methodology were analysed by DSC, X‐Ray and ATR‐FTIR. The use of pulse flours in biscuits improved their thermal stability (ΔH = 3.01 and 4.99 J/g for control and Lentil + HMT), preserving a fraction of particularly ling glucans, that influenced the decreasing in the rapidly available starch from 55.26 to 24.11 % (Control and Faba bean + HMT), and enhanced its protein's digestibility from 75.26 to 87.43 % for the same sources. Among pulses, there were similarities regarding their resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis that may help select those with better organoleptic attributes.
Pumpkin oil cake protein as a new carrier for encapsulation incorporated in food matrix: Effect of processing, storage and in vitro digestion on bioactivity
Authors: Čakarević Jelena , Torbica Aleksandra , Belović Miona , Tomić Jelena , Sedlar Tea , Popović Ljiljana 
Published: January 2021

SummaryIn this paper, valorisation of pumpkin oil cake as source of new protein carrier material for encapsulation was examined in order to enrich real food products. Cookies were used as a model system for addition of encapsulates at three different levels: 10%, 15% and 20%. The physicochemical and sensory properties were investigated, as well as conditions of stability after storage, in terms of total phenolic and betalain content. Furthermore, antioxidant, α‐glucosidase and ACE inhibitory potential of cookies was evaluated after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The cookies showed good technological quality as well as acceptable sensorial properties. The addition of encapsulate increases the total phenolic and betalain contents and shoved significant stability during storage time. Novel peptides were produced after gastrointestinal digestion, which enhanced bioactive properties of enriched products through synergistic action with active compounds from beetroot juice. Obtained digest shoved significant antioxidant, antidiabetic and antihypertension activities, hence ensuring a potential healing effect that could be reached by consuming these cookies.