bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extremely Widespread Parthenogenesis and a Trade-Off Between Alternative Forms of Reproduction in Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Liegeois Maud , Sartori Michel , Schwander Tanja 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studying alternative forms of reproduction in natural populations is of fundamental importance for understanding the costs and benefits of sex. Mayflies are one of the few animal groups where sexual reproduction co-occurs with different types of parthenogenesis, providing ideal conditions for identifying benefits of sex in natural populations. Here, we establish a catalog of all known mayfly species capable of reproducing by parthenogenesis, as well as species unable to do so. Overall, 1.8% of the described species reproduce parthenogenetically, which is an order of magnitude higher than reported in other animal groups. This frequency even reaches 47.8% if estimates are based on the number of studied rather than described mayfly species, as reproductive modes have thus far been studied in only 17 out of 42 families. We find that sex is a more successful strategy than parthenogenesis (associated with a higher hatching success of eggs), with a trade-off between the hatching success of parthenogenetic and sexual eggs. This means that improving the capacity for parthenogenesis may come at a cost for sexual reproduction. Such a trade-off can help explain why facultative parthenogenesis is extremely rare among animals despite its potential to combine the benefits of sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. We argue that parthenogenesis is frequently selected in mayflies in spite of this probable trade-off because their typically low dispersal ability and short and fragile adult life may frequently generate situations of mate limitation in females. Mayflies are currently clearly underappreciated for understanding the benefits of sex under natural conditions.
Facilitating Access to Cross-Border Supplies of Patented Pharmaceuticals: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Abbott Frederick M , Reichman Jerome H 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into stark relief the gaps in global preparedness to address widespread outbreaks of deadly viral infections. This article proposes legal mechanisms for addressing critical issues facing the international community in terms of providing equitable access to vaccines, treatments, diagnostics, and medical equipment. On the supply side, the authors propose the establishment of mandatory patent pools (‘Licensing Facilities’) on a global or regional, or even national basis, depending upon the degree of cooperation that may be achieved. The authors also discuss the importance of creating shared production facilities. On the demand side, the authors propose the establishment of Regional Pharmaceutical Supply Centers (RPSCs) for the collective procurement of products, and the need to coordinate the issuance of necessary compulsory licenses for production and/or importation, depending on relevant circumstances. The authors envisage that centralized coordination by RPSCs should assist in overcoming difficulties individual countries may encounter in addressing administrative and technical issues in procuring supplies, as well as creating improved bargaining leverage with potential suppliers. The authors finally address the problem created by the decision of various high-income countries to ‘opt out’ as eligible importing countries under the World Trade Organization TRIPS Agreement Article 31bis amendment that addresses the predominant export of pharmaceutical products under compulsory licenses.
Gut Bacteria in the Holometabola: A Review of Obligate and Facultative Symbionts
Authors: Kucuk R A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe diversity and ecological variety of Holometabola foregrounds a wide array of dynamic symbiotic relationships with gut-dwelling bacteria. A review of the literature highlights that holometabolous insects rely on both obligate bacteria and facultative bacteria living in their guts to satisfy a number of physiological needs. The driving forces behind these differing relationships can be hypothesized through the scrutiny of bacterial associations with host gut morphology, and transmission of bacteria within a given host taxon. Our knowledge of the evolution of facultative or obligate symbiotic bacteria in holometabolan systems is further enhanced by an assessment of the various services the bacteria provide, including nutrition, immune system health, and development. The diversity of Holometabola can thus be examined through an assessment of known bacterial partnerships within the orders of Holometabola.
‘Drone-Netting’ for Sampling Live Insects
Authors: Löcken Helge , Fischer Ottmar W , Selz Jürgen , Boppré Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDrones have become valuable tools for biodiversity studies by providing aerial photographs; however, for most entomological studies, images, in particular those taken remotely, are usually insufficient; rather sampling of specimens is required. We equipped a cheap off-the-shelf drone with a net bag, flew it over the ground, sweeping the vegetation, and sampled adult and larval insects as well as spiders. ‘Drone-netting’ proved to be a versatile method for general insect sampling, particularly in inaccessible terrains. It is time- and cost-effective, minimally invasive, and adaptable for many research tasks in entomofaunistics; it shows a degree of representativeness similar to hand-netting, and caught specimens stay alive and can be released if not needed.
Identification and Expression Profiles of 14 Odorant-Binding Protein Genes From Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Li Mao-Ye , Jiang Xiu-Yun , Qi Yu-Zhe , Huang Yuan-Jie , Li Shi-Guang , Liu Su 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The small white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.), is an important insect pest of Brassica crops. This species utilize olfactory cues to find their hosts and mates. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the olfactory perception in this species remains unclear. Here, we identified 14 odorant-binding proteins (OBP) genes—essential for insect olfaction—in P. rapae by exploring a previously published transcriptome dataset. Proteins encoded by all of these genes contain N-terminal signal peptides and six positionally conserved cysteine residues, which are characteristic of insect OBPs. These OBPs displayed high amino acid identity with their respective orthologs in other lepidopterans, and several conserved motifs were identified within these OBPs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these OBPs were well segregated from each other and clustered into different branches. PrapOBP1 and PrapOBP2 were clustered into the ‘general odorant-binding protein’ clade, and PrapOBP3 and PrapOBP4 fall into the ‘pheromone-binding protein’ clade. The 14 OBP genes were located on seven genomic scaffolds. Of these, PrapOBP1, 2, 3, and 4 were located on scaffold332, whereas PrapOBP5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were located on scaffold116. Ten of the 14 genes had antenna-biased expression. Of these, PrapOBP1, 2, 4, and 13 were enriched in male antennae, whereas PrapOBP7 and PrapOBP10 were female-biased. Our findings suggest that these OBPs may be involved in olfactory communication. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification and characterization of OBPs in P. rapae, and our findings provide a solid foundation for studying the functions of these genes.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be unnecessary for ductal carcinomain situof the breast that is small and diagnosed by preoperative biopsy
Authors: Uemoto Yasuaki , Kondo Naoto , Wanifuchi-Endo Yumi , Asano Tomoko , Hisada Tomoka , Nishikawa Sayaka , Katagiri Yusuke , Terada Mitsuo , Kato Akiko , Okuda Katsuhiro , Sugiura Hiroshi , Kato Hiroyuki , Takahashi Satoru , Toyama Tatsuya 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundCurrent guidelines do not recommend that sentinel lymph node biopsy is routinely performed for ductal carcinoma in situ; thus, indications for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ remain controversial. In this study, we investigated whether sentinel lymph node biopsy can be safely omitted when ductal carcinoma in situ has been diagnosed by preoperative biopsy.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed sentinel lymph node metastasis rates and upstaging to invasive cancer in surgical specimens, performed receiver operating characteristic analysis for ductal carcinoma in situ lesion size and assessed correlations with preoperative clinicopathological factors of 277 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosed by preoperative biopsy at our institution.ResultsAmong 277 patients with sentinel lymph node biopsy, six (2.2%) had sentinel lymph node metastasis. All six were upstaged to invasive cancer by pathological examination of surgical specimens. In total, 69 patients (24.9%) were upstaged to invasive cancer. The mean size of ductal carcinoma in situ lesions on preoperative imaging was significantly larger for the 69 upstaged patients (50.0 mm) than for the non-upstaged patients (34.4 mm; P &lt; 0.0001). Of the 277 patients with sentinel lymph node biopsy, 117 (42.2%) had preoperative ductal carcinoma in situ lesions &lt;31.8 mm, which was identified as the optimal cut-off size by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Of these 117 patients, 96 (82.1%, 95% confidence interval: 73.9–88.5%) could be safely omitted from sentinel lymph node biopsy because all of them remained as ductal carcinoma in situ and had negative sentinel lymph nodes at surgery.ConclusionsSize of ductal carcinoma in situ lesions on preoperative diagnostic imaging is a predictor of diagnosis of invasive cancer on pathological examination of surgical specimens. Sentinel lymph node biopsy may be unnecessary in ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosed by preoperative biopsy in patients with small lesions.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and safety in older non-small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Kubo Toshio , Watanabe Hiromi , Ninomiya Kiichiro , Kudo Kenichiro , Minami Daisuke , Murakami Etsuko , Ochi Nobuaki , Ninomiya Takashi , Harada Daijiro , Yasugi Masayuki , Ichihara Eiki , Ohashi Kadoaki , Rai Kammei , Fujiwara Keiichi , Hotta Katsuyuki , Tabata Masahiro , Maeda Yoshinobu , Kiura Katsuyuki 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer longer survival than chemotherapy in several clinical trials for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. In subset analyses of clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibitors extended survival in patients aged ≥65 years, but the effects in patients aged ≥75 years are controversial. We performed multicenter, collaborative and retrospective analyses of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and safety in non-small cell lung cancer patients aged ≥75 years.

Methods
We retrospectively studied 434 advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors from December 2015 to December 2017, and retrospectively applied the Geriatric (G) 8 screening tool with medical records.

Results
Of the 434 patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors, 100 were aged ≥75 years. Five patients with performance status 3 were omitted from the final analysis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors were given as a first-line treatment to 20 patients. The objective response rates, median progression-free survival rates and median survival times were 35.0%, 6.1 months and 10.7 months for first-line treatment, and 20.0%, 2.9 months and 14.7 months for second- or later-line treatments, respectively. The median modified G8 score was 11.0. The median survival time was longer in the high modified G8 (≥12.0) group than in the low modified G8 (≤11.0) group (18.7 vs. 8.7 months; P = 0.02). Likewise, the median survival time was 15.5 months (performance status 0–1) vs. 3.2 months (performance status 2) (P &lt; 0.01). The grade ≥ 2 immune-related adverse events incidence was 36.8%.

Conclusions
In this study, immune checkpoint inhibitors were effective and tolerable for patients aged ≥75 years. The modified G8 screening tool and performance status were associated with the outcome of older non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Statistical Inference of Spot Correlation and Spot Market Beta under Infinite Variation Jumps
Authors: Liu Qiang , Liu Zhi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Empirical evidence has revealed that the jumps in financial markets appear to be very frequent. This study considers the statistical inference of the spot correlation and the spot market beta between two different assets using high-frequency data, in a setting where both the cojumps and the individual jumps in the underlying driving processes could be of infinite variation. Starting from the estimation of the spot covariance, we propose consistent estimators of the spot correlation and the spot market beta when the jump processes involved are general semimartingales. The second-order approximation for the estimators, namely, the central limit theorems, is established under the assumption that the jumps around zero are of stable Lévy type. Our estimation procedure is based on the empirical characteristic function of the increments of the processes and the application of the polarization identity; the bias terms stemming from the jumps are removed iteratively. The finite sample performances of the proposed estimators and other existing estimators are assessed and compared by using datasets simulated from various models. Our estimators are also applied to some real high-frequency financial datasets.
Expanding Our Understanding of Ovarian Cancer Risk: The Role of Incomplete Pregnancies
Authors: Lee Alice W , Rosenzweig Stacey , Wiensch Ashley ,   the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group, Ramus Susan J , Menon Usha , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Ziogas Argyrios , Anton-Culver Hoda , Whittemore Alice S , Sieh Weiva , Rothstein Joseph H , McGuire Valerie , Wentzensen Nicolas , Bandera Elisa V , Qin Bo , Terry Kathryn L , Cramer Daniel W , Titus Linda , Schildkraut Joellen M , Berchuck Andrew , Goode Ellen L , Kjaer Susanne K , Jensen Allan , Jordan Susan J , Ness Roberta B , Modugno Francesmary , Moysich Kirsten , Thompson Pamela J , Goodman Marc T , Carney Michael E , Chang-Claude Jenny , Rossing Mary Anne , Harris Holly R , Doherty Jennifer Anne , Risch Harvey A , Khoja Lilah , Alimujiang Aliya , Phung Minh Tung , Brieger Katharine , Mukherjee Bhramar , Pharoah Paul D P , Wu Anna H , Pike Malcolm C , Webb Penelope M , Pearce Celeste Leigh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Parity is associated with decreased risk of invasive ovarian cancer; however, the relationship between incomplete pregnancies and invasive ovarian cancer risk is unclear. This relationship was examined using 15 case-control studies from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). Histotype-specific associations, which have not been examined previously with large sample sizes, were also evaluated.

Methods
A pooled analysis of 10 470 invasive epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 16 942 controls was conducted. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between incomplete pregnancies and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer were estimated using logistic regression. All models were conditioned on OCAC study, race and ethnicity, age, and education level and adjusted for number of complete pregnancies, oral contraceptive use, and history of breastfeeding. The same approach was used for histotype-specific analyses.

Results
Ever having an incomplete pregnancy was associated with a 16% reduction in ovarian cancer risk (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.79 to 0.89). There was a trend of decreasing risk with increasing number of incomplete pregnancies (2-sided Ptrend &lt; .001). An inverse association was observed for all major histotypes; it was strongest for clear cell ovarian cancer.

Conclusions
Incomplete pregnancies are associated with a reduced risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. Pregnancy, including incomplete pregnancy, was associated with a greater reduction in risk of clear cell ovarian cancer, but the result was broadly consistent across histotypes. Future work should focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying this reduced risk.
Poverty and Targeted Immunotherapy: Survival in Children’s Oncology Group Clinical Trials for High-Risk Neuroblastoma
Authors: Bona Kira , Li Yimei , Winestone Lena E , Getz Kelly D , Huang Yuan-Shung , Fisher Brian T , Desai Ami V , Richardson Troy , Hall Matt , Naranjo Arlene , Henderson Tara O , Aplenc Richard , Bagatell Rochelle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Whether social determinants of health are associated with survival in the context of pediatric oncology–targeted immunotherapy trials is not known. We examined the association between poverty and event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) for children with high-risk neuroblastoma treated in targeted immunotherapy trials.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 371 children with high-risk neuroblastoma treated with GD2-targeted immunotherapy in the Children’s Oncology Group trial ANBL0032 or ANBL0931 at a Pediatric Health Information System center from 2005 to 2014. Neighborhood poverty exposure was characterized a priori as living in a zip code with a median household income within the lowest quartile for the cohort. Household poverty exposure was characterized a priori as sole coverage by public insurance. Post hoc analyses examined the joint effect of neighborhood and household poverty using a common reference. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
In multivariable Cox regressions adjusted for disease and treatment factors, household poverty–exposed children experienced statistically significantly inferior EFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28 to 2.82, P = .001) and OS (HR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.63 to 4.79, P &lt; .001) compared with unexposed children. Neighborhood poverty was not independently associated with EFS or OS. In post hoc analyses exploring the joint effect of neighborhood and household poverty, children with dual-poverty exposure (neighborhood poverty and household poverty) experienced statistically significantly inferior EFS (HR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.48 to 3.30, P &lt; .001) and OS (HR = 3.70, 95% CI = 2.08 to 6.59, P &lt; .001) compared with the unexposed group.

Conclusions
Poverty is independently associated with increased risk of relapse and death among neuroblastoma patients treated with targeted immunotherapy. Incorporation of social and environmental factors in future trials as health-care delivery intervention targets may increase the benefit of targeted therapies.
Temporal Trends in Opioid Prescribing Patterns Among Oncologists in the Medicare Population
Authors: Jairam Vikram , Yang Daniel X , Pasha Saamir , Soulos Pamela R , Gross Cary P , Yu James B , Park Henry S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
In the wake of the US opioid epidemic, there have been efforts to curb opioid prescribing. However, it is unknown whether these efforts have affected prescribing among oncologists, whose patients often require opioids for symptom management. We investigated temporal patterns in opioid prescribing for Medicare beneficiaries among oncologists and nononcologists.

Methods
We queried the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Part D prescriber dataset for all physicians between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. We used population-averaged multivariable negative binomial regression to estimate the association between time and per-provider opioid and gabapentinoid prescribing rate, defined as the annual number of drug claims (original prescriptions and refills) per beneficiary, among oncologists and nononcologists on a national and state level.

Results
From 2013 to 2017, the national opioid-prescribing rate declined by 20.7% (P &lt; .001) among oncologists and 22.8% (P &lt; .001) among non oncologists. During this time frame, prescribing of gabapentin increased by 5.9% (P &lt; .001) and 23.1% (P &lt; .001) among oncologists and nononcologists, respectively. Among palliative care providers, opioid prescribe increased by 15.3% (P &lt; .001). During the 5-year period, 43 states experienced a decrease (P &lt; .05) in opioid prescribing among oncologists, and in 5 states, opioid prescribing decreased more among oncologists than nononcologists (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
Between 2013 and 2017, the opioid-prescribing rate statistically significantly decreased nationwide among oncologists and nononcologists, respectively. Given similar declines in opioid prescribing among oncologists and nononcologists, there is concern that opioid-prescribing guidelines intended for the noncancer population are being applied inappropriately to patients with cancer and cancer survivors.
The Tribunal with a Toolbox: On Perenco v Ecuador, Black Gold and Shades of Green
Authors: Rudall Jason 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Tribunal in Perenco v Ecuador utilized a variety of tools to craft solutions to the complex issues that arose in this milestone case. These ranged from provisional measures and counterclaims to independent experts and environmental compensation, as well as the adjustment of damages to avoid double recovery and contemplating an environmental remediation fund. This contribution zooms in on each of these aspects, placing them in their broader context and appraising how the Tribunal navigated the often-uncharted territory it was faced with, particularly from the perspective of the multifarious legitimacy concerns that are frequently levelled at investor-state dispute settlement. Views differ as to whether the Tribunal in this dispute was overly activist or prudently dealt with the unique matters at stake. In a case about black gold, Perenco v Ecuador suggests arbitral tribunals may be willing and able to engage with shades of green.
Hegemonic Field Effects in World Politics: The United States and the Schuman Plan of 1950
Authors: McCourt David M 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper casts American influence over the Schuman Plan of May 1950 as a hegemonic field effect, pushing forward recent attempts to develop more dynamic models of hegemonic ordering in world politics. Far from an automatic enactment of US preferences for European unification by French policy-makers, as prevailing macro-level theories imply, the Schuman Plan—French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman's proposal to pool French and German coal and steel—was the product of a “structural homology” that developed between the French and American political fields after 1945. American officials in Paris, empowered by their control of Marshall Aid, fostered an alignment of the French and American political fields, empowering centrist coalitions and technocratic planners in France, who favored pro-capitalist, pro-European integration policies, of which the Schuman Plan was a signature artifact. The paper explores the implications of this historical case for the further development of relational meso-level theories of hegemony.
Administrative Capital and Citizens’ Responses to Administrative Burden
Authors: Masood Ayesha , Azfar Nisar Muhammad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAdministrative burden research has highlighted the multiple costs imposed by public policies and their impact on citizens. However, the empirical understanding of citizens’ responses to such burdens remains limited. Using ethnographic data of doctors applying for maternity leave in Pakistan, this article documents strategies used by citizens to navigate the administrative burden faced by them. Our findings suggest that these strategies are based on an individual’s cache of social, cultural capital, and economic capital. Based on our data, we also theorize the significance of another form of capital for navigating administrative burden. This administrative capital is defined as an individual’s understanding of bureaucratic rules, processes, and behaviors. Our findings further illustrate that the different costs imposed by public policies can be interchangeable, which may be used by citizens to their advantage. Propositions for future research on the intersection of different forms capital and administrative burden are also included.