bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Miniaturization of Hydrocyclones by High‐Resolution 3D Printing for Rapid Microparticle Separation
Authors: Han Jung Yeon , Krasniqi Beqir , Kim Jung , Keckley Melissa , DeVoe Don L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHydrocyclones are a simple and powerful particle separation technology, widely used in macroscale industrial processes, with enormous potential for miniaturization. Although recent efforts to shrink hydrocyclones to the centimeter scale have shown great promise for passive and high‐throughput microparticle separations, further miniaturization is constrained by limited understanding of the impact of device size scale and design on separation performance, and challenges in realizing the complex internal structures of hydrocyclones at small size scales using conventional microfabrication techniques. Here, fundamental scaling issues for hydrocyclones with sub‐millimeter critical dimensions are investigated, and the first microscale hydrocyclones with critical feature size as small as 250 µm are demonstrated by taking advantages of 3D printing using stereolithography coupled with digital light processing. The resulting devices are shown to provide high separation efficiency for particles as small as 3.7 µm while operating at high flow rates up to 40 mL min−1, with scaling analysis suggesting that sub‐micrometer particle separations can be achieved with further miniaturization, potentially making the technology suitable for the rapid isolation and concentration of both inorganic and biological nanoparticles.
Black Silicon Photodetector with Excellent Comprehensive Properties by Rapid Thermal Annealing and Hydrogenated Surface Passivation
Authors: Huang Song , Wu Qiang , Jia Zixi , Jin Xiaorong , Fu Xianhui , Huang Hui , Zhang Xiaodan , Yao Jianghong , Xu Jingjun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSilicon‐based photodetectors show attractive prospects due to their convenient preparation, high detectivity, and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatibility. However, they are currently limited by low responsivity and sharp decay at sub‐bandgap wavelength. Although the aforementioned limitation can be partly solved by femtosecond laser processing, the surface defects and carrier activation rates result in a large dark current and narrow spectral response, which are unsatisfactory. Herein, rapid thermal annealing and hydrogenated surface passivation are introduced to elevate the broad‐bandgap responsivity and signal to noise ratio and to suppress the dark current. At optimal conditions, a sub‐bandgap responsivity of 0.80 A W−1 for 1550 nm at 20 V at room temperature is obtained, comparable with commercial germanium photodiodes and much higher than previously reported silicon photodiodes. Moreover, the prepared photodetector responded to spectral range from 400 to 1600 nm, with responsivity reaching 1097.60 A W−1 for 1080 nm at 20 V, which is the highest in reported silicon photodetectors. Simultaneously, the device shows competitive detectivity (1.22 × 1014 Jones at −5 V) due to the post‐processing procedures and suppressed dark current (7.8 μA at −5 V). The results show great prospects for black silicon in infrared light detection, night vision imaging, and fiber‐optic communication.
Highly Bright Fluorescence from Dispersed Dimers: Deep‐Red Polymorphs and Wide‐Range Piezochromism
Authors: Luo Qing , Lv Chunyan , Sheng Haonan , Cao Feng , Sun Jingwei , Zhang Cheng , Ouyang Mi , Zou Bo , Zhang Yujian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNear‐infrared piezochromic materials (PCMs), which show a fluorescence response with a clear color difference and strong penetrability, have important potential applications, but few such organic luminophores have been reported. High‐brightness donor (D)–acceptor (A) luminophores present great potential for preparing near‐IR PCMs with clear color differences. However, the intermolecular π–π interactions are sharply enhanced at high pressures, which is not beneficial for the improvement of the piezochromic properties. Herein, two crystalline polymorphs (TPEB‐α and TPEB‐γ) of a D–π–A‐type dye is presented, which emits deep‐red fluorescence with a high emission efficiency (53.2% and 28.1%, respectively). In crystalline state, dispersed dimers are observed and arranged in a herringbone pattern. Interestingly, each dimer is surrounded by four pairs of twisted tetraphenyl ethylene units, which could disrupt the π–π interactions between adjacent dimers during compression. As a result, this luminophor with dispersed dimeric stacking demonstrates the deep‐red to near‐infrared piezochromic behavior with a remarkable redshift (212 nm) and high sensitivity (19.8 nm GPa−1).
Green Synthesis of Hierarchical Metal–Organic Framework/Wood Functional Composites with Superior Mechanical Properties
Authors: Tu Kunkun , Puértolas Begoña , Adobes‐Vidal Maria , Wang Yaru , Sun Jianguo , Traber Jacqueline , Burgert Ingo , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Keplinger Tobias 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe applicability of advanced composite materials with hierarchical structure that conjugate metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with macroporous materials is commonly limited by their inferior mechanical properties. Here, a universal green synthesis method for the in situ growth of MOF nanocrystals within wood substrates is introduced. Nucleation sites for different types of MOFs are readily created by a sodium hydroxide treatment, which is demonstrated to be broadly applicable to different wood species. The resulting MOF/wood composite exhibits hierarchical porosity with 130 times larger specific surface area compared to native wood. Assessment of the CO2 adsorption capacity demonstrates the efficient utilization of the MOF loading along with similar adsorption ability to that of pure MOF. Compression and tensile tests reveal superior mechanical properties, which surpass those obtained for polymer substrates. The functionalization strategy offers a stable, sustainable, and scalable platform for the fabrication of multifunctional MOF/wood‐derived composites with potential applications in environmental‐ and energy‐related fields.
Recent Advances on Water‐Splitting Electrocatalysis Mediated by Noble‐Metal‐Based Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Li Yingjie , Sun Yingjun , Qin Yingnan , Zhang Weiyu , Wang Lei , Luo Mingchuan , Yang Huai , Guo Shaojun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting plays a crucial role in the development of clean and renewable energy production and conversion, which is a promising pathway to reduce social dependence on fossil fuels. Thus, highly active, cost‐efficient, and robust catalysts must be developed to reduce the reaction overpotential and increase electrocatalytic efficiency. In this review, recent research efforts toward developing advanced electrocatalysts based on noble metals with outstanding performance for water splitting catalysis, which is mainly dependent on their structure engineering, are summarized. First, a simple description of the water‐splitting mechanism and some promising structure engineering strategies are given, including heteroatom incorporation, strain engineering, interface/hybrid engineering, and single atomic construction. Then, the underlying relationship between noble metal electronic/geometric structure and performance for water splitting is discussed with the assistance of theoretical simulation. Finally, a personal perspective is provided in order to highlight the challenges and opportunities for developing novel electrocatalysts suitable for a wide range of commercial uses in water splitting for structural engineering applications.
Agricultural Adoption and Behavioral Economics: Bridging the Gap
Authors: Streletskaya Nadia A. , Bell Samuel D. , Kecinski Maik , Li Tongzhe , Banerjee Simanti , Palm‐Forster Leah H. , Pannell David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper provides a selective overview of the linkages and complementary topics in behavioral economics and agricultural adoption literatures. The goal of the paper is to identify likely directions for future research at the intersection of behavioral economics and agricultural adoption. This research agenda has potential for providing valuable insight for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders in agriculture and beyond.
The Adopters versus the Technology: Which Matters More when Predicting or Explaining Adoption?
Authors: de Oca Munguia Oscar Montes , Llewellyn Rick 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearch on the determinants of adoption of agricultural innovations (technologies and practices) has failed to converge towards a consistent explanation for why farmers choose to adopt new technologies and practices. This absence of convergence matters because it indicates that agricultural extension and policy are influenced by a body of literature that is often not able to offer clear recommendations on the variables that can be used to design policy interventions. Our analysis suggests that, in general, researchers have been too focused on understanding the adopter and the general farming context, and too little concerned with understanding the performance of the technology itself.
Changes in Agricultural Extension and Implications for Farmer Adoption of New Practices
Authors: Norton George W. , Alwang Jeffrey 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAgricultural extension programs have changed significantly over the past four decades. What has changed and why? Have these changes affected adoption of innovations by farmers? What if anything should policy makers and extension agencies do differently, particularly in developing countries? Structural changes in agriculture, new types of agricultural technologies, tight public budgets, efforts to decentralize government, and emerging information and communication technologies (ICT) have led to pluralistic and, in some cases, lower‐cost extension and advisory services that combine public and private mechanisms for financing and implementing extension activities. Farmer groups and virtual networks play a growing role in technology diffusion, and extension services can exploit these networks using the latest ICT approaches.
Predicting Adoption of Innovations by Farmers: What is Different in Smallholder Agriculture?
Authors: Llewellyn Rick S. , Brown Brendan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPredictions of the speed and extent of adoption of new agricultural practices and technologies are needed to inform decisions and plans in agricultural policy, research and extension. Using an existing tool for predicting the adoption of agricultural innovations in developed countries as the starting point, we identify a number of distinctive features of smallholder agriculture in developing countries that affect agricultural adoption. Additional factors that need to be considered when making predictions of adoption by smallholder populations include: They may be relatively more heterogeneous in their constraints, capabilities, resources, attitudes and priorities; they may be more influenced by particular cultural norms; they may prioritize subsistence over profits; they may be less reliant on agriculture as their primary source of income; they may have relatively high future discount rates; nonlandowner farmers may be less able to capture the benefits resulting from an innovation; and there may be lower and slower diffusion of information across the farming population, with more variable extension quantity and quality.
Establishing winter annual cover crops by interseeding into Maize and Soybean
Authors: Mohammed Yesuf Assen , Matthees Heather L. , Gesch Russ W. , Patel Swetabh , Forcella Frank , Aasand Kyle , Steffl Nicholas , Johnson Burton L. , Wells M. Scott , Lenssen Andrew W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe limited time available for cover crop establishment after maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] harvest is one of the main reasons for low cover crop adoption in the upper Midwest. Therefore, a 2‐yr multilocation study was conducted to evaluate winter annual cover crops establishment, their effect on main crop grain yields, and soil water content when interseeded into standing maize and soybean. Treatments were three interseeding dates (broadcasting at R4, R5, and R6 growth stages for maize, and R6, R7, and R8 for soybean) and three cover crops (winter camelina [WC] [Camelina sativa L.], field pennycress [PC] [Thlaspi arvense L.], winter rye [Secale cereale L.] plus a no cover crop control). Cover crop establishment and growth varied with interseeding date across locations and seasons for both maize and soybean systems. Averaged over the years, rye produced more green cover and biomass than the oilseeds in spring. However, at the northern‐most site, the greatest (40%) green cover was recorded from pennycress and indicates its potential as a cover crop. Seeding date and cover crops did not negatively affect maize or soybean grain yields or soil water content. Generally, cover crop establishment and growth were better in the soybean system than maize due to better light penetration. Further research is needed to develop better suited cultivars and/or agronomic management practices for interseeding into maize. The results of this study indicate that producers could integrate these covers to diversify and add ecosystem services to soybean production practices.
Agronomic performance of Banana ‘FHIA 18’ in response to phosphate fertilization
Authors: Leonel S. , Bolfarini A. C. B. , Souza J. M. A. , Leonel M. , Ferreira R. B. , Putti F. F. , Tecchio M. A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhosphorus (P) use efficiency can be improved for banana (Musa ssp.) crops. The recommended phosphate fertilization rates can be reduced, depending on the cultivated genotype. The goal of this study was to identify the most appropriate P fertilizer recommendation for the banana cultivar FHIA 18. The rates of P applied in three production cycles were as follows: 0 (without fertilization), 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha−1 of P2O5 yr−1. The cultivar FHIA 18 requires an application of 55% of the recommended P fertilization (22 kg ha−1 P2O5) in the second and third cultivation cycles to reach maximum growth because of the increased pseudostem diameter. The results showed an increase in available soil P with increasing levels of phosphate fertilizers. Furthermore, the maximum P content in diagnostic leaves was obtained with 90% of the recommended phosphate fertilization rate (36 kg ha−1 of P2O5 yr−1). Yield increased with increasing P2O5 levels, reaching a maximum value (62.93 kg−1 plant−1 yr−1) with a lower P2O5 level than that recommended for other banana cultivars in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Thus, the cultivar FHIA 18 requires 26 kg ha −1 of P2O5 to reach its maximum yield.
Late‐sown winter wheat requires less nitrogen input but maintains high grain yield
Authors: Yin Lijun , Liu Kaizhen , Li Liulong , Wei Mingmei , Yang Rui , Xue Keyin , Cao Zhichen , Zhang Chengxiang , Li Yun , Wu Xian , Wang Xiaoyan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIncreased attention on the agricultural impacts to environment has revealed excessive N input to be a major concern. Sowing date reportedly impacts crop N uptake, however, few studies have assessed the effects of late sowing with reduced N apply on crop N status and grain yield. We evaluated three treatments: normal sowing (8 October), late sowing (22 October), and optimized late sowing (22 October, with 75% N application) over two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing seasons (2017–2019), and assessed their effects on crop N status, N allocation and use, net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), grain yield, and soil N budget. Compared to normal sowing, optimized late sowing resulted in near‐optimum N status, improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (UTE), and nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE), while maintaining a high yield. Although aboveground N uptake of late and optimized late sowing at anthesis was lower than that of normal sowing, N distribution was more optimized, mainly manifesting as: unchanged N allocation to the individual plant, but increased N allocation to flag leaf, and steeper green leaf area N in the canopy under optimized late sowing. Optimized N nutrition index and N distribution under late sowing contributed to a higher Pmax, which resulted in a higher dry matter accumulation rate during post‐anthesis, and ultimately a consistent grain yield among the three treatments. Moreover, N input reduction under optimized late sowing decreased the final mineral N in the 0–100‐cm soil layer at harvest and apparent N loss, which reduced environmental pollution and resources waste.
Growth and development of irrigated cotton in conservation management systems of the Texas Rolling Plains
Authors: Adams Curtis , Thapa Santanu , DeLaune Paul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractConservation tillage and cover cropping are expected to enhance multiple ecosystem services in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production systems. The few published studies addressing this in the transitional climate of the Texas Rolling Plains region have shown cotton lint yield to be the same in conservation and conventional management systems, though the specific effects of conservation management are still being debated and producer adoption remains low. In this study, in which data was collected in Years 5 and 6 in long‐term management plots, our objective was to make detailed, season‐long measurements of crop development and productivity parameters, identifying diversions among systems, if any. The irrigated cotton management systems included: conventional tillage (CT), no‐till (NT), no‐till with wheat (Triticum aestivum) cover crop (NT‐WC), and no‐till with mixed‐species cover crop (NT‐MC). Several differences were found among systems over discrete timeframes, though these were mostly transient changes without year‐to‐year consistency and did not lead to differences in yield. The only exceptional trend was observed in 2017 in the NT‐MC treatment, as it had relatively great early‐season biomass production and bolls per plant, and greater season‐long plant height relative to the CT system, though these differences did not alter yield. No evidence was found that conservation management negatively affected cotton crop development, productivity, or yield at any point during the two growing seasons. Conservation management practices can be implemented by regional producers for the expected ecosystem services, including reduction of erosion and improved soil health, with no negative effects on the cotton crop anticipated.
Water retention and warming effect of integrated rice management for the hilly areas of southwest China
Authors: Dong Yujiao , Zhang Guangbin , Ma Jing , Hilario Padilla , Lu Shihua 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSeasonal drought and low temperatures strongly limit rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield in the hilly areas of Southwest China. An integrated rice management (IRM) system was developed, which integrates ridge cultivation with plastic mulching, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. A field experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2015. The effects of IRM on grain yield, yield components, soil moisture content (θ), and soil temperature (Tsoil) were evaluated. Compared with traditional rice management (TRM), IRM significantly improved grain yield by 29.9%. Furthermore, the yield of IRM (8181−9267 kg ha−1, CV: 7.6%) remained relatively stable. The rice tiller of TRM was highly related to the accumulated rainfall during the rice tillering stage in drought years (2011 and 2014). The water retention capability of IRM decreased the influence of interannual rainfall on rice growth and grain yield. In 2015, the θ in the 0−20‐cm layer was higher than the threshold for rice root growth over the rice‐growing season. Compared with TRM, Tsoil of the 0−20‐cm layer in IRM was 4.7 °C higher during the early tillering stage. The >10 °C soil effective accumulated temperature in IRM was also higher, and the difference was highest at the maximum tillering stage. The warming effect of IRM, particularly during the tillering stage, stimulated early growth and stronger tillering. In summary, the water retention capacity and warming effect of IRM were key factors for the improvement of rice yield; most importantly, the yields were stabilized in both drought and rainy years.
Determination method of the cavern boundary viscosity in a stirred tank with pseudoplastic fluid
Authors: Luan Deyu , Wang Zhaorui , Wang Hong , Wang Songsong , Li Longbin , Chen Yiming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is essential to predict the cavern boundary accurately for investigating the cavern characteristics and achieving efficient mixing of the pseudoplastic fluids. The distribution characteristics of apparent viscosity of xanthan gum solutions at different mass concentrations stirred by the impeller of perturbed six‐bent‐bladed turbine (6PBT impeller) were numerically investigated through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation based on laminar flow model. The determination method of the cavern boundary viscosity was presented, and the predicted results were compared with those of traditional velocity method. Results showed that the data of the power consumption predicted using CFD simulation agreed well with those measured by torque experiment, which validated the laminar flow model. Theηa − γcurve changes from nearly horizontal straight line to the power function curve along the direction of center axis toward tank wall. As a result, the location of the transitional point can be determined as the cavern boundary, and the corresponding viscosity is the cavern boundary viscosity. The ratio of the cavern boundary viscosity and the fluid yield viscosity (ηa/ηy) always remains approximately constant, that is,at different speeds. Compared with the traditional velocity method, the boundary viscosity method can maintain its high accuracy for exhibiting the cavern boundary, and the predicted cavern size and development are always in good agreement with the CFD results free from the speed and the impeller type. So this work can provide a new way for accurately characterizing the cavern boundary.
Congenital heart disease in low‐and‐middle‐income countries: Focus on sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Zimmerman Meghan , Sable Craig 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe etiology of congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial. The birth prevalence of CHD is shaped by a wide variety of maternal, fetal, and neonatal risk factors, along with the rates of prenatal diagnosis and terminations of pregnancy, all of which have geographic variability Epidemiology data availability from low‐and‐middle‐income countries (LMIC) on CHD prevalence, morbidity, and mortality are far more limited than from high income countries. Data on specific genetic, environmental, and prenatal risk associated with CHD are almost nonexistent. In this article, we will focus on defining what data are available, genetic risk factors, birth and overall prevalence, morbidity, and the impact of limited access to interventions, both surgery and cardiac catheterizations. We will highlight CHD in sub‐Saharan Africa to detail epidemiology studies in the poorest regions of the world. Existing literature as well as estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (http://ghdx.healthdata.org) form the basis for this review. The intersection of poverty, high fertility rates, and limited access to care results in a unique profile of CHD in LMIC. CHD is not a preventable disease (by most standards), so early detection and access are our key interventions to improve the dire outcomes for children in low‐resources settings of the world.