bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonizing Cigar Survey Data Across Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science, Center for Tobacco Products, and Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Studies: The Cigar Collaborative Research Group
Authors: Fishbein Howard , Bauer Dan , Yu Qilu , Mermelstein Robin , Jones Dina , Miller Amy , Harrell Melissa , Loukas Alexandra , Sterling Kymberle , Colip Brittany , Mittl Beth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Cigars are a popular tobacco product of choice for youth and young adults. Despite growing interest in cigar research, there are gaps in the available literature limiting an ability to set evidence-based policies. Too small research samples, the heterogeneity of types of cigars when asking a single question about use, makes analyzing data difficult. Given the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) authority granted in 2016 to regulate cigars, and its popularity, data to better understand use and preference for cigars will help FDA set appropriate regulatory policies.

Methods
We harmonized cigar survey data previously collected by five independent tobacco regulatory science survey research projects. Data supplying participants included three Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science, one Center for Tobacco Products grantee, and data from Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study’s public use dataset.

Results
Analyzing 92 data variables from across five studies, and applying a rigorous data harmonization protocol, we report findings on 24 key cigar use variables. The step by step protocol for harmonizing is presented. Selected findings showing strict reproducibility across all five studies reveal youth 17–19 years at highest risk for cigar initiation; relative reproducibility shows males more likely to try cigars than females but with significant differences in magnitude across studies; and areas of inconsistent reproducibility are revealed when evaluating brand preferences.

Conclusion
Harmonizing data from multiple sources fosters a broader view of the robustness and generalizability of survey data than that from a single source. These observations raise awareness to look for the highest degree of reproducibility among and across data sources to inform policy.

Implications
Harmonizing data from discrete datasets provides insights into cigar initiation and use and is presented showing opportunities, challenges, and solutions. Comparing observational data from PATH and four independent research studies provides a best-practices approach and example of data synthesis for the tobacco research community. The dataset of five studies offers a look at the degree of confidence in analyzing harmonized survey results. Variable conclusions raise the need to strive for the highest degree of reproducibility, to best understand the behaviors of cigar users, and allow for the future development of the most effective interventions to alter tobacco use patterns.
Alphabets and Acrostics
Authors: Schniedewind William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The first school exercises were simple abecedaries teaching young scribes the order, shape, and sound of the letters. These exercises can be compared to early cuneiform exercises like the Syllable B lists and the TU-TA-TI exercises, which also trained young scribes in the basic sounds and shapes. The order and shape of letters were standardized in the early Iron Age, and different orders for the alphabet were introduced in Canaan and Egypt. The abgad order become normative for Phoenicia and Israel, and the halaḥam order was used in Egypt and South Semitic (e.g., Ethiopic, Old South Arabic). Alphabetic exercises were then adapted into acrostic poetry.
Letters, Paragraphs, and Prophets
Authors: Schniedewind William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In more advanced elementary education, scribes learned to write typical formulaic documents, such as letters. After making lists and receipts, writing letters was the most common type of ancient scribal activity. These model documents are known in the cuneiform school tradition, which served as a model in the development of the early alphabetic school tradition. The earliest alphabetic examples of model letters were excavated in Ras Shamra, that is, ancient Ugarit. They illustrate both aspects of borrowing from the cuneiform tradition as well as creative adaptation. Letter writing followed a formal template, but this template was made to be adapted. One of the most important adaptations of this scribal learning was in the prophetic messenger formula of biblical prophecy. The genre was also adapted for biblical storytelling. And, some of the technical and formal aspects, such as the use of “and now” as a new paragraph marker, were adapted and applied by scribes more generally to the writing of literature.
Advanced Education
Authors: Schniedewind William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Advanced education was the most flexible part of the scribal curriculum. It could be tailored to the particular specialty of the scribe: the palace, the temple, commerce, military, etc. The advanced curriculum was often taken from other spheres, such as temple hymns or rituals, and used for scribal study (much like the Gettysburg Address or the “Star-Spangled Banner” might be reused as part of a school curriculum). There is evidence of cuneiform literature including Gilgamesh, Adapa, and law codes like Hammurabi that have been excavated in the southern Levant dating to the second millennium BCE. This provides a tangible vector of transmission for these traditions into the early alphabetic scribal tradition.
Epilogue
Authors: Schniedewind William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
First, this book has sketched out some of the historical context from which the early Israelite scribal curriculum emerged. As the New Kingdom receded, emerging kingdoms borrowed and adapted some of the Egyptian bureaucracy that was left behind as Egypt retreated to its confines along the Nile River Valley. In addition, there is tangible influence of the cuneiform school tradition from the Late Bronze Age in the development of an early alphabetic curriculum. There are a number of striking examples of how the cuneiform scribal curriculum can be seen in early Hebrew inscriptions beginning with the Gezer Calendar, which looks like an adaptation of a Mesopotamian lexical tradition. The Hebrew Bible itself was influenced by this scribal curriculum. And the scribal creativity that generated biblical literature had its foundation in the building blocks of the educational curriculum.
What Snowflakes Get Right
Authors: Baer Ulrich 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Angry debates about polarizing speakers have roiled college campuses. Conservatives accuse universities of muzzling unpopular opinions, betraying their values of open inquiry; students sympathetic to the Left advocate for some regulation of speech, asking for “safe spaces” and protection against visiting speakers and even curricula they feel disrespects them. Some even call these students “snowflakes”—too fragile to be exposed to opinions and ideas that challenge their worldviews. How might universities resolve these debates about free speech, which pit students’ welfare against the university’s commitment to free inquiry and open debate? This book provides a new way of looking at this dilemma. It explains how the current dichotomy is false and is not really about the feelings of offended students, or protecting an open marketplace of ideas. Rather, what is at stake is our democracy’s commitment to equality, and the university’s critical role as an arbiter of truth. The book shows how and why free speech forges an otherwise uneasy alliance of liberals and ultraconservatives, and why this First Amendment absolutism is untenable in law and society in general. The book draws on law, philosophy, and the author’s extensive experience as a university administrator to show that the lens of equality can resolve this impasse, and can allow the university to serve as a model for democracy that upholds both truth and equality as its founding principles.
Expanding Access to Treatment and Recovery Services Using a Hub-and-Spoke Model of Care
Authors: Donsel Anne Van , Folland Anthony , Levine Mark 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes Vermont’s hub-and-spoke system of care for treatment of opioid use disorders. The system not only addresses the clinical care needs of patients but also assists those in treatment in building the skills needed to address other aspects of well-being, such as self-care, parenting, and employment. The program is a collaborative effort of the state’s Medicaid program, the Department of Health, substance abuse treatment providers, and primary care practices. The goals of the system are to increase total access to care, decrease the risk of overdose and transmission of infectious disease, normalize care for substance use disorder, and link patients to other needed services. Both hubs and spokes use evidence-based medication-assisted treatment (MAT) to treat opioid use disorder. Individuals for whom MAT is not desired or indicated may receive non-MAT residential, intensive outpatient, or outpatient treatment, and a wide array of recovery support services.
Engaging Payers to Transform Treatment of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Arsenault Samantha 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Changing how addiction treatment is paid for is critical to improving the quality of these services and increasing patient access to more effective care. Currently, several aspects of the payment system for substance use disorder treatment services perpetuate outdated care models through perverse incentives that hinder adoption of best practices—for example, fee-for-service payments that incentivize high-intensity acute treatment episodes rather than chronic disease management. These payment practices are undergoing scrutiny and many changes have already begun to transform treatment policies. Recognizing a turning point for the engagement of third-party payers and an impetus for progressive payment reform, Shatterproof, a national nonprofit organization, partnered with health insurers to advance the substance use disorder treatment system in the United States and developed eight principles of care. This chapter describes this work and changes to payment models to better support patient needs, community and public health, and the interests of private insurers and health care providers.
Five Key Strategies for an “Upstream” Approach to Preventing Opioid Misuse and Addiction
Authors: Auerbach John , Miller Benjamin F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, executive leadership of Trust for America’s Health (TFAH) and Well Being Trust describe the need to move “upstream” in prevention efforts to address opioid and other drug-related deaths. This means addressing the broad social and economic factors that drive substance misuse and addiction, including racism and other forms of discrimination and poverty. TFAH and Well Being Trust’s National Resilience Strategy highlights the causes of “deaths of despair” and promotes prevention efforts that are aligned along a spectrum from early childhood throughout all stages of adulthood. This chapter highlight five major strategies for public health practitioners; focusing on children and their families, assisting adults who may be at elevated risk, incorporating routine screening in multiple settings, supporting community health and social service resource availability and promoting equity in broad terms.
Building Effective Public Health and Public Safety Collaborations to Prevent Opioid Overdose at the Local, State, and Federal Levels
Authors: Carroll Jennifer J. , Noonan Rita K. , Wolff Jessica 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the public health role in the Overdose Response Strategy (ORS), a public health/public safety collaboration between the Office of National Drug Control Policy’s High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas program and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The mission of the ORS is to reduce opioid overdose incidents by developing and sharing information about heroin, fentanyl, and other opioids across state and federal agencies. In addition, the ORS supports states in implementing evidence-based strategies to combat the opioid overdose epidemic, especially where those strategies are informed by local data. Teams comprising one drug intelligence officer and one public health analyst work in each of the 24 ORS states. Challenges and opportunities of public health and law enforcement collaboration are described.
Ambivalent Religiosity
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the Saudi religious landscape, interrogating the widespread assumption that Saudi society and state are religious. It points to the main religious institutions of the country showing that while the authority they wield on the political and social landscape is much less than is widely thought to be. The chapter validates that Islam is important as a spiritual value, a source of legitimacy and an identity for both the Saudi state and Saudi society, but it also highlights the internal contradictions that have formed into an ambivalence of religiosity in Saudi society where sin is both rejected and accepted, and religion is both revered but also in some form neglected. The chapter demonstrates that those contradictions have created spaces for religious criticism, and that understanding the phenomenon of ambivalence of religiosity allows observers of Saudi Arabia to normalize religious criticism, instead of the widespread assumption that it is an anomaly.
Criticizing Religion on Twitter
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates the types of critical discussion on religion, showing that Saudis on Twitter have been critical of Islam in all its aspects, and that while critiques have stayed within the boundaries of orthodoxy Islam—albeit stretching that boundary—many others have crossed it into outright heresy. The chapter focuses on types of criticism that exhibit a tension between sensibilities shaped by modernity and traditional understandings of religion, demonstrating the effect of modernity on religion in Saudi Arabia. The chapter also briefly discusses the method of using Twitter hashtags as a source that exhibits various forms of discussions happening in Saudi Arabia, without claim about the extent of representation of the Saudi populace. The chapter also shows that criticism of religion has not been without antecedents, and that this public criticism can be seen as a new wave facilitated by the rise and ubiquity of social media, rather than as a novel phenomenon. In this chapter, most of the tweets here have been anonymized to protect the privacy of the tweeters but the hashtags from which those tweets were selected are available for further research.
Backlash
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the response of Saudi religious orthodoxy to the challenge of religious criticism and the ways in which it has sought to mobilize society against such a phenomenon and called on the state to repress various actors. It demonstrates through different historical cases in different places, how religious orthodoxy in general has used takfir as both a means to threaten, ostracize even eliminate those who threaten its authority and also as a means to reassert its authority vis-à-vis the state. It presents orthodoxy and heresy as political phenomena shaped by authority rather than by theological ideas and analyzes the methods of control employed by state and informal religious institutions and their underlying sociopolitical motivations. The chapter also discusses the ways social media has empowered religious orthodoxy, the reasons they are able to mobilize social support, and the state’s response to that power. Finally, it points to some of the consequences of that response on stifling public discussions on religion.
Evolution of Saudi Religion
Authors: Hamidaddin Abdullah 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe final and concluding chapter summarizes the main points raised in the previous chapters confirming the presence of religious criticisms and disengagements while also emphasizing the difficulties in gaining an accurate knowledge of the extent those two phenomena are widespread in Saudi society. The chapter also highlights the layman’s criticism of religion and contrasts it with that of the intellectual, philosopher or theologian and states the need to pay more attention to the former as it is more representative of most religious criticisms, more indicative of the impact of modern sensibilities on the relationship between Muslims in general and their religiosity, and is motivated by different reasons least of which are ideas. The chapter states the main learnings gained about the phenomenon of criticizing religion in Saudi Arabia and its public emergence in virtual spaces, while also stressing the challenges of the migration of public virtual criticism into public dialogue in physical spaces. Moreover, it points to some of the learnings gained about disengagement from religion in terms of causes and outcomes. Finally, it points to some of the questions left unanswered that need further research.
The Crisis of Capitalism
Authors: Bromley Daniel W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Why are the richest and most advanced economies facing political turmoil? Why have so many poor countries in the agrarian periphery continued to languish under defective governance that yields livelihoods of despair and vulnerability? Possessive individualism—a joint phenomenon growing out of the Enlightenment and the emergence of contemporary economics as the civic religion of modern life—is at the core of the emerging world disorder. The evolutionary pathway of capitalism has undermined the idea of personhood and left the modern household dependent on a fickle world of managerial capitalism in which money managers exercise profound control over the life prospects of millions. Possessive individualism thrives in a world of ubiquitous assertions about individual rights. Meanwhile, notions of civic obligations are considered quaint and impertinent. This is the crisis of capitalism, and it offers clarity about the reasons for the current world disorder.
The Isolated Periphery
Authors: Bromley Daniel W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Possessive individualism afflicts countries at the periphery of the rich metropole that are also trapped by economic isolation, dysfunctional governance, and social alienation. Households in these countries are precariously isolated relative to the political and economic power of international commerce. Managerial capitalism has rendered millions of these households as little more than residual suppliers of cheap labor. Why are these poor countries unable to offer compelling livelihoods to their citizens? Their colonial past is a part of the explanation, but contemporary capitalism continues to bear down on their economic prospects. In the absence of meaningful work, there can be no mystery why sectarian conflict emerges. And then such conflict both encourages the emergence of authoritarian leaders and reinforces it. The political climate in many countries of the isolated periphery is a minor variant of what is now occurring in parts of western Europe, Great Britain, and the United States.
Trumping Politics as Usual
Authors: Boatright Robert G. , Sperling Valerie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Who is tougher? In many elections, candidates frame their appeals in gendered ways—they compete, for instance, over who is more “masculine.” This is the case for male and female candidates alike. In the 2016 presidential election, however, the stark choice between the first major-party female candidate and a man who exhibited a persistent pattern of misogyny made the use of gender—ideas about femininity and masculinity—more prominent than ever before. This book explores the Trump and Clinton campaigns’ use of gender as a political weapon, and how the presidential race changed the ways in which House and Senate campaigns were waged in 2016. The thesis of this book is that Donald Trump’s candidacy radically altered the nature of the 2016 congressional campaigns in two ways. First, it changed the issues of contention in many of these races by making gender more central to the general election campaigns of both Democrats and Republicans. Second, expectations that Trump would lose the election influenced how candidates for lower office campaigned and how willing they were to connect their fortunes to those of their party’s nominee. The fact that Trump was expected to lose—and was expected to lose in large part because of his sexist and other bigoted comments—caused both major parties to direct more of their resources toward congressional races, and led many Republican candidates—especially women—to distance themselves from Trump.
Self-Control Theory and Crime
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the self-control theory of crime and delinquency, including a critical review of research literature bearing on the validity of the theory. It discusses research on the origins of self control in the family and the relationships between levels of self control and delinquency and crime, school performance and misconduct, and other problem behaviors. General reviews of the theory in the literature and meta-analyses for self control, parenting and crime, and prevention studies focused on childhood are also discussed. In addition, the chapter reviews research on age and crime, generality effects, and self control over the life course. There is substantial research support for self-control theory and for the predictions it makes for the criminal justice system and for prevention of crime. Implications for global criminology, micro/macro integration of crime theory, and measurement of self control are discussed.
Multiple Causes and Multiple Factors in a Choice Theory of Crime
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Creating concrete operational indicators for narrative depictions of complex concepts, identifying and recruiting appropriate samples, and identifying designs permitting informed causal judgments in a largely nonexperimental field are among the most challenging intellectual achievements in the behavioral sciences. This chapter discusses misuses of self-control theory in research on crime and delinquency. It presents a critical evaluation of the “sole cause” and “spuriousness thesis” in depictions of self-control theory. Multiple factor and risk factor approaches as alternatives to general theories are discussed. In addition, the chapter examines how a choice theory integrates demographic factors and crime and the idea of family variables as a structural approach to crime theory. The integration of individual differences and sociological theory is also discussed.
Lulu and/or Geschwitz Idealized, in the symphonic pieces from “Lulu” and Elsewhere
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter treats an immediate context for censorship, here of Berg’s libretto for Lulu by authorities in Nazi Germany, and direct consequences of that action. The chapter discusses a current in Berg’s Lulu and reactions to it traceable to a particular interpretation of “fin-de-siècle decadence”: a tendency in the opera and its initial reception by a group of critics close to Berg—Willi Reich, Theodor Adorno, Willi Schuh, and Ernst Krenek—to turn Lulu into an idealized abstraction, a symbol of musical beauty in decay at the turn of the century, and to represent the music itself as absolute. This trend found necessary expression in the Symphonic Pieces from “Lulu” in 1934, which Berg arranged in response to the rejection of his libretto, but it is also discernible in a sketch that can be dated to the period of his earliest ideas about the opera.