bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Certain problems link the study of Chaucer and the Italian Trecento with the study of literary form: What is the relation between diachronic formation and synchronic form? How do we make sense of texts that do not seem to be in sync with their original contexts of reception? Is there an ideal context of reception in which a work’s formation might be fully realized? Similar questions emerge in Italian Trecento literature, where new relations between the time of composition and the time of reading were developing. The introduction to this text brings these literary historical developments to bear upon an overarching methodological argument. It proposes that, rather than form transcending time, or emerging in an ideal context of reception then beginning to crumble, readers gradually disclose literary form over the course of a text’s reception. The history of form and the history of readers are therefore intertwined.
Writing Readers in the Thebaid, Teseida, and Knight’s Tale
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Literary experiments in Trecento Italy share with the Canterbury Tales the notion that we might read texts in order to recover the thought behind them. But what does it mean for a reader to seek out a mental property in inanimate matter? Statius’ Thebaid offers one way for medieval authors to work through this question, for it depicts such a reader in Antigone, who perceives her brothers’ minds animating the flames of their funeral pyre. This chapter follows the figure of the lady at the pyre from the Thebaid to the Teseida and the Knight’s Tale. It argues that such reading practices emerge as self-effacing, prefiguring the literary critical notion of “the reader.” And it suggests that Chaucer connects such practices of self-effacing reading with both civilization and political control.
On White Men and Burdens
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the postcolonial diasporas migrating to Britain after 1945 determined the policies, practices and priorities of the state. In the 1980s, national arts policy was shaped by two main political realities: the sharp retreat from welfare state era social entitlement on the one hand, and the emergence of ‘black’ as a shared category of resistance on the other. The two converged in the Arts Council document The Glory of the Garden (1984) which heralded a new era of multicultural recognition even as it attacked the very idea of a state funded literary culture. The chapter discusses the unexpected consequences and fears of balkanization it unleashed in the literary world, as multiculturalism came to be cast as an enemy of autonomy, focusing on the landmark legal case the Commission for Racial Equality brought against the Arts Council for racial discrimination.
The Satanic Verses and the State (II)
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This second chapter on The Satanic Verses considers the collision between the novel’s anti-statist energies and Rushdie’s increasing dependency on the Thatcher government after the fatwa, an unlikely custodian of literary freedom at the end of the Cold War. It then turns to the precise ways the state offered Rushdie protection, focusing on the anachronistic stipulations in English common law restricting the crime of blasphemy to the Church of England debated in the legal cases against the novel in the UK and in Europe. The second half revisits the secular foundations of the British legal system, considering the alternative stance on free expression in diverse societies adopted in British India and Bhikhu Parekh’s communitarian alternative to the individualism of British liberalism.
The Emergence of the Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The first section of this chapter begins the genealogy of the wage with an analysis of the emergence of wage labour in the years following the Norman conquest. The second section explores the development of the category of the wage through the statute of labourers and the early common law as it applied to ‘service’. The third section discusses the wage in the context of the poor law and the system of settlement of the seventeenth century. The fourth section in the chapter explores how changes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the emergence of a labour market, affected the legal conception of the wage, an analysis that is continued in the fifth section which explores some of the social problems that emerge in this context, and the early forms of labour market regulation that developed in ‘response’. The sixth section analyses early legal responses to the problem of ‘sweated labour’, the development of the first minimum wage legislation, and the Trade Board Act, before discussing early responses to the problem of casualism, particularly as it manifested in the context of the docks.
Introduction to Cultural Psychology
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the field of cultural psychology, the concept of culture, why we should study culture, and other disciplines that study culture. It provides definitions and distinguishing features for the terms culture, nationality, and ethnicity. It discusses the fields that study culture including cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, indigenous psychology, anthropology, cultural studies, and sociology. It explains ways to think about culture and constructs such as cultural universal and culture-specific, emics and etics, ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, and individualism and collectivism. It examines why we should study culture and the applied value of cultural psychology in real-life settings such as school, the workplace, and clinical contexts. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Methods
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores different ways to engage in cultural research. It discusses qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, including the advantages and disadvantages to particular methods. These methods include experiments, surveys, case studies, individual and focus group interviews, participant observation, naturalistic observation, and visual methods. It addresses conceptual and measurement equivalence, probability and nonprobability sampling, situation sampling, priming studies, and unpacking culture. It also examines concerns in cross-cultural survey research, including equivalence and translation issues, and response, moderacy, and acquiescence biases. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
The Self, Identity, and Personality
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the ways culture shapes our conceptions of self, identity, and personality. It discusses self-definitions, culture and self-definitions, cross-cultural comparisons of self-definitions, types of self-concepts, cultural contexts and the self, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies of the self. It explores self-efficacy, culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on self-efficacy, face, face and self-concepts, and face and dignity cultural communities. It also discusses definitions and the construction of identity, whether identity is fluid and whether it is possible to have more than one identity. Finally, it addresses the self and personality, the five-factor model, cross-cultural studies on personality, the applied value of the five-factor model, and indigenous personalities. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Social Relationships
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores the ways culture shapes our social relationships. It discusses relational models theory, conditions for forming friendships, culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on friendship, physical attractiveness and beauty, cultural constructions, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on physical attractiveness and beauty. It addresses mate choice, love, Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, romantic love across cultures, and love and marriage. Finally, it examines the number of possible marriage partners, social practices for choosing a marriage partner, costs and benefits of marriage, intercultural weddings, migration and marriage, culture-specific studies on marriage and cultural change, marital happiness, and child marriages. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Social Attitudes and Intergroup Contact in a Global World
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 explores the ways culture shapes our attitudes, feelings, and the nature of intergroup contact. It discusses attitudes, prejudice, stereotypes, discrimination, culture-specific and cross-national studies, and the connection between beauty, skin color, and prejudice across different cultural communities. It addresses the immigrant experience, xenophobia, immigrant acculturation and adjustment, intergroup contact, cultural collisions, and social justice. It also includes a discussion of applied cultural psychology as it relates to immigrants and intergroup contact involving work and social mobility, school and cultural mismatch, multinational business, nonverbal communication, studying abroad, and business etiquette and culture. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Social Influence, Aggression, Violence, and War
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 explores the ways culture shapes how we behave in the presence of others, aggression, violence, and war. It discusses obedience, Milgram’s experiment, obedience and culture, and cross-cultural comparisons on obedience. It addresses conformity, culture and conformity, conformity and disease, peer pressure, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on peer pressure. It also discusses aggression, explanations of aggression, cultural factors that shape aggression, and the connection between parenting practices and aggression. Finally, it discusses violence against individuals, child maltreatment, cross-cultural studies on child abuse, bullying, cyberbullying, violence against women, war, ethnic genocide, and child soldiers. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Human Development: Processes, Transitions, and Rituals
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 explores the ways culture shapes developmental processes and outcomes throughout the lifespan. It discusses models of development, childbirth, cross-cultural childbirth comparisons, infant mortality, infancy, infant sleeping arrangements, temperament, goodness of fit, and culture and temperament. Childhood subtopics include socialization processes, culture-specific and cross-cultural childhood studies, gender socialization and culture, and moral development models. Adolescent subtopics include 21st century experiences, parent–adolescent conflict, culture–specific studies, body image, rites of passage, social media use, and dating. Emerging adulthood topics include self and identity, love and sexuality, and media and technology. Late adulthood subtopics include culture and aging, culture–specific and cross-cultural studies, and Alzheimer’s disease and culture. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Cultural Learning
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12 explores the ways we learn about our culture, how culture shapes learning, and different learning contexts. It discusses attachment, Bowlby’s attachment theory, the Strange Situation, attachment styles, challenges to Western attachment theories, and attachment and culture. It addresses parenting, Baumrind’s parenting styles, parental ethnotheories, and parenting in different cultural contexts. It explores learning in formal settings like school, the connection between culture and schooling, parent beliefs and academic outcomes, apprenticeships, and learning in informal settings. Finally, it investigates play as a context for cultural learning and includes culture-specific and cross-cultural studies. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Small Deeds and Muffled Voices
Authors: Lovell Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The assassination of Alexander II brought a predictable crackdown on Russia’s public sphere, though not before the trial of the terrorists had been given prominent coverage in the press. The ensuing period brought the defeat of government reform projects and the heyday of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, the arch-conservative Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod. Pobednostsev had no time for liberal ‘talking-shops’, but he aimed to revitalize the Orthodox Church by increasing the quantity of priests and the quality of their preaching. In this era of counter-reform, the theatre and the university became the most lively secular venues for the spoken word. Nonetheless, local government—whether the municipal duma or the zemstvo—was not quiescent and began to mobilize once again with the famine of 1891–2.
The Rise of Political Speech, 1895–1905
Authors: Lovell Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The turn of the century saw a surge of mobilization. Socialist propaganda among the working class was making inroads, students were turning more radical, and the Russian empire saw a further wave of political trials, this time involving largely working-class defendants, in the early 1900s. Educated society was becoming more vocal at professional congresses and local assemblies, and the more radical zemstvo elements came together in a ‘liberation’ movement. Charismatic churchmen, foremost among them Georgii Gapon in St Petersburg, found new ways of speaking to the grievances and concerns of the common people. All these pressures culminated in the 1905 revolution, which forced hitherto unthinkable concessions from the tsarist government. Even then, the revolution was suppressed only with great difficulty and after a striking innovation in Russian political culture and rhetoric: the creation of a kind of workers’ parliament, the St Petersburg Soviet, which existed from mid-October to early December 1905.
Soviet Talk
Authors: Lovell Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the Bolsheviks’ creation of a new kind of public sphere in the 1920s. Although intolerant of opposition or dissent, they expected ordinary people to participate in routine forms of Soviet life such as meetings and conferences: unlike in the tsarist era, Russians now had to know how to speak in public. The Bolsheviks were themselves very active as speakers in their own public or semi-public gatherings (meetings, congresses, plenums), and their words were disseminated to an audience of newspaper readers or party functionaries: like their Duma predecessors, the Bolsheviks relied heavily on their stenographers. The chapter ends with a discussion of the shift to Stalinist rhetoric in the early 1930s.
Epilogue
Authors: Lovell Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The epilogue to this book sketches out the story of public speaking and rhetoric in Russia from the 1930s to the early twenty-first century. It compares and contrasts the rhetorical styles of several leaders: Nikita Khrushchev, who led the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary from 1964 to 1982; Mikhail Gorbachev, who led the Soviet Union from 1985 to its dissolution in 1991; and finally Vladimir Putin, the current president of Russia. It discusses wider norms of public speaking in the later Soviet period, especially in advice literature on ‘cultured speech’. The epilogue also briefly assesses the implications of the audiovisual media for public speech.
Space in Ancient Times
Authors: Sattler Barbara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the way in which, in ancient Greek thought, space first came to be established as an independent and unified dimension. The story begins with prephilosophical as well as philosophical understandings of space, in which spatial notions are often not clearly distinguished from time and matter. This leads to difficulties accounting for motion and change. While Plato’s Timaeus conceives of time and space for the first time as two independent magnitudes, this chapter shows that they are assumed to be different to such a degree that it is unclear how they could be related to each in an account of motion and change. The task of distinguishing time and space in a way that they can, nevertheless, be intelligibly related, is finally accomplished in Aristotle’s Physics. There, time and space are both conceived as (distinct) continua, which can be combined.
Space for Thought
Authors: Groh Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This Reflection concerns how the brain represents space and how such spatial representations may relate to our cognitive abilities. Space is central to how the brain encodes information, whether it concerns what we see, hear, or feel or how we move through our environment. Two different kinds of spatial signals have been observed in the brain: maps, in which different neurons are responsive to different locations of external stimuli, and meters, in which neurons are sensitive to a broad range of locations but can signal the position of a stimulus via an overall level of activity. These spatial codes may be recruited in the brain not only for processing the immediate spatial environment but also for thought and language. Evidence for this view comes from patterns of spatial sensory and motor metaphors in language and from brain-imaging studies suggesting a relationship between the neural substrates for language and those deployed for sensory and motor processing. Such parallels in functionality may have emerged in an evolutionary process of duplicating the brain’s primary sensory and motor areas and repurposing them for new tasks, i.e. our cognitive abilities.
Chemical Laboratory and the Cosmic Space
Authors: Kim Mi Gyung 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Early modern chemistry configured the laboratory as a productive domain of useful material knowledge, which weakened its symbolic association with the cosmic space while strengthening its social status in the emergent civic order. The experimental production of vacuum by the Royal Society and the mathematical homogenization of space by Newton made chemistry an integral part of natural philosophy which in turn legitimized Anglican natural theology. The laboratory in Restoration England became the site of crafting a universal order. French representation of chemical reality in the affinity table during the Enlightenment projected, however, a disciplined material world a modern chemist could command, entirely dissociated from cosmic mystery.
X-ray emission from the mixed-morphology supernova remnant HB 9
Authors: Saito Mariko , Yamauchi Shigeo , Nobukawa Kumiko K , Bamba Aya , Pannuti Thomas G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We present the results of a spectral analysis of the central region of the mixed-morphology supernova remnant HB 9. A prior Ginga observation of this source detected a hard X-ray component above 4 keV, and the origin of this particular X-ray component is still unknown. Our results demonstrate that the extracted X-ray spectra are best represented by a model consisting of a collisional ionization equilibrium plasma with a temperature of ∼0.1–0.2 keV (interstellar matter component) and an ionizing plasma with a temperature of ∼0.6–0.7 keV and an ionization timescale of &gt;1 × 1011 cm−3 s (ejecta component). No significant X-ray emission was found in the central region above 4 keV. The recombining plasma model reported by a previous work does not explain our spectra.
Effect of disease duration and other characteristics on efficacy outcomes in clinical trials of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rubbert-Roth Andrea , Aletaha Daniel , Devenport Jenny , Sidiropoulos Paris N , Luder Yves , Edwardes Michael D , Jacobs Johannes W G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
To determine the extent to which disease duration, alone or in combination with other baseline clinical and non-clinical factors, explains variations in outcome of tocilizumab initiated in biologic-naïve patients with established RA.

Methods
In this pooled analysis of phase 3 and 4 clinical trials conducted by the sponsor, predictors of response, including demographics, disease characteristics at baseline (start of tocilizumab dosing) and study characteristics (e.g. patient inclusion criteria, tocilizumab dosing regimen) were evaluated. Response was measured as change from baseline to week 24 in Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and HAQ–Disability Index (HAQ-DI) scores and as the proportions of patients who experienced ≥50% improvement based on ACR criteria (ACR50) and CDAI remission (≤2.8) rates at week 24.

Results
Improvements in all outcomes investigated were observed in patients receiving tocilizumab. Although disease duration was statistically significant in the models, it accounted for &lt;2% of variation in CDAI and HAQ-DI score changes from baseline to week 24; baseline CDAI and HAQ-DI values accounted for 32% and 15% of variations, respectively. Doubling of disease duration reduced the odds of achieving an ACR50 response by only 9%, and each additional 5-year period of disease duration decreased the odds of achieving CDAI remission by only 15%.

Conclusion
RA duration, alone or in combination with other baseline characteristics, had a statistically significant but clinically small effect on the outcomes of tocilizumab initiated in biologic-naïve patients with established RA.