bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trinational Study Exploring the Early Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Organ Donation and Liver Transplantation at National and Unit Levels
Authors: Reddy Mettu S. , Hakeem Abdul R. , Klair Tarunjeet , Marcon Francesca , Mathur Abhishek , Samstein Benjamin , Mohanka Ravi , Mathur Surendra K. , Prachalias Andreas , Menon Krishna V. , Muiesan Paolo , Rela Mohamed , Emond Jean C. 
Published: August 2020

Background.
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is stressing healthcare services to an unprecedented extent. There is anecdotal evidence of reduction in organ donation and transplantation activity across the world.

Methods.
The weekly organ donation and liver transplant numbers over a 3-month period (Feb 17, 2020, till May 17, 2020) for the United States, United Kingdom, and India were compared with their previous year’s activity. Liver transplant activity in 6 centers from these countries with varying local COVID-19 caseload was also compared.

Results.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant contraction in organ donation and liver transplantation in all 3 countries. Peak reduction ranged from 25% in the United States to over 80% in the United Kingdom and India. The reduction was different for deceased donor and living donor liver transplantation and varied between centers within a country. There was early evidence of recovery of deceased donation in the United States and United Kingdom and resumption of living donor liver transplantation activity in India toward the end of the study period. A number of policy changes were undertaken at national and transplant center levels to ensure safe transplantation despite significant redirection of resources to combat the pandemic.

Conclusions.
There was a substantial reduction in organ donation and liver transplantation activity across the 3 countries with signs of recovery toward the end of the study period. Multiple factors including COVID-19 severity, stress on resources and influence of regulatory agencies and local factors are responsible for the reduction and recovery.
Myocardial Vascular Function Assessed by Dynamic Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Long-term Following Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Iannino Nadia , Fischer Kady , Friedrich Matthias , Hafyane Tarik , Mongeon Francois-Pierre , White Michel 
Published: August 2020

Background.
Coronary vascular function is related to adverse outcomes following cardiac transplantation (CTx) in patients with or without cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). The noninvasive assessment of the myocardial vascular response using oxygenation-sensitive cardiac magnetic resonance (OS-CMR has not been investigated in stable long-term CTx recipients).

Methods.
CTx patients were prospectively recruited to complete a CMR study with a breathing maneuver of hyperventilation followed by a voluntary apnea. Changes in OS-sensitive signal intensity reflecting the myocardial oxygenation response were monitored and expressed as % change in response to these breathing maneuvers. Myocardial injury was further investigated with T2-weighted imaging, native and postcontrast T1 measurements, extracellular volume measurements, and late gadolinium enhancement.

Results.
Forty-six CTx patients with (n = 23) and without (n = 23) CAV, along with 25 healthy controls (HC), were enrolled. The OS response was significantly attenuated in CTx compared with HC at the 30-second time-point into the breath-hold (2.63% ± 4.16% versus 6.40% ± 5.96%; P = 0.010). Compared with HC, OS response was lower in CTx without CAV (2.62% ± 4.60%; P < 0.05), while this response was further attenuated in patients with severe CAV (grades 2–3, −2.24% ± 3.65%). An inverse correlation was observed between OS-CMR, ventricular volumes, and diffuse fibrosis measured by extracellular volume mapping.

Conclusions.
In heart transplant patients, myocardial oxygenation is impaired even in the absence of CAV suggesting microvascular dysfunction. These abnormalities can be identified by oxygenation-sensitive CMR using simple breathing maneuvers.
Association of serum leptin with angiographically proven cardiovascular disease and with components of the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in East Azerbaijan
Authors: Khanbabaei Nafiseh , Mozafar Saadati Hossein , Valizadeh Shahbazloo Shahnam , Hoseinpoor Reyhaneh , Naderi Seyed Hossein , Taghvamanesh Roya , Abolhasani Sakhavat 
Published: August 2020

Background
Role of leptin is well documented in cardiometabolic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate if the serum levels of leptin associates with the serum levels of markers related to cardiac and metabolic disorders in adults.

Materials and methods
One hundred eighty subjects [120 cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 60 healthy controls] were enrolled in the study, to determine the association of the serum leptin (in quartiles) and cardiometabolic diseases [metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CVD] adjusted for other biological and physical examination. MetS was according to the WHO Clinical Criteria for MetS definition and CVD by angiography outcomes. The serum levels of leptin and OX-LDL were measured by ELISA.

Results
Leptin levels were significantly higher in patients with MetS and those with positive angiography compared with controls. After controlling for potential confounders, a significant association of the leptin levels with cardiometabolic diseases was proven, albeit there was a higher rate of significance between CVD and leptin in comparison with MetS. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the serum levels of leptin were a valuable biomarker of the cardiometabolic diseases.

Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that serum leptin levels are associated with components of the MetS and with CVD. Serum leptin may be a useful biomarker for CVD.
The periodic table and other wallcharts in the teaching of chemistry in St Andrews, 1884–1919
Authors: Aitken R. Alan , Gil M. Pilar 
Published: August 2020

The teaching of the chemistry of the elements at the University of St Andrews by Professor Thomas Purdie FRS is examined with reference to selections from a collection of recently discovered historic wallcharts and extracts from his detailed hand-written lecture notes. Together these reveal a comprehensive and exciting programme of lectures incorporating numerous practical demonstrations which were continually updated to reflect the latest state of knowledge in what was a rapidly changing field.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.
Henry Moseley, X-ray spectroscopy and the periodic table
Authors: Egdell Russell G. , Bruton Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Just over 100 years ago, Henry Moseley carried out a systematic series of experiments which showed that the frequencies of the X-rays emitted from an elemental target under bombardment by cathode rays were characteristic of that element and could be used to identify the charge on its atomic nucleus. This led to a reorganization of the periodic table, with chemical elements now arranged on the basis of atomic number Z rather than atomic weight A, as had been the case in previous tables, including those developed by Mendeleev. Moseley also showed that there were four ‘missing elements’ before gold. With further measurements up to uranium Z = 92, the Swedish physicist Manne Siegbahn identified two more missing elements. This paper provides an introduction to Moseley and his experiments and then traces attempts to ‘discover’ missing elements by X-ray spectroscopy. There were two successes with hafnium (Z = 72) and rhenium (Z = 75), but many blind alleys and episodes of self-deception when dealing with elements 43, 61, 85 and 87. These all turned out to be radioactive, with extremely small natural abundances: all required synthesis by a nuclear reaction, with radiological characterization in the first instance. Finally, the paper moves on to consider the role of X-ray spectroscopy in exploring the periodic table beyond uranium. Although the discovery of artificial radioactive elements with Z > 92 again depended on nucleosynthesis and radiological characterization, measurement of the frequencies or energies of characteristic X-rays remains the ultimate goal in proving the existence of an element.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.
Relativity and the periodic table
Authors: Pyper N. C. 
Published: August 2020

The periodic table provides a deep unifying principle for understanding chemical behaviour by relating the properties of different elements. For those belonging to the fifth and earlier rows, the observations concerning these properties and their interrelationships acquired a sound theoretical basis by the understanding of electronic behaviour provided by non-relativistic quantum mechanics. However, for elements of high nuclear charge, such as occur in the sixth and higher rows of the periodic table, the systematic behaviour explained by non-relativistic quantum mechanics begins to fail. These problems are resolved by realizing that relativistic quantum mechanics is required in heavy elements where electrons velocities can reach significant fractions of the velocity of light. An essentially non-mathematical description of relativistic quantum mechanics explains how relativity modifies valence electron behaviour in heavy elements. The direct relativistic effect, arising from the relativistic increase of the electron mass with velocity, contracts orbitals of low angular momentum, increasing their binding energies. The indirect relativistic effect causes valence orbitals of high angular momentum to be more effectively screened as a result of the relativistic contraction of the core orbitals. In the alkali and alkaline earths, the s orbital contractions reverse the chemical trends on descending these groups, with heavy elements becoming less reactive. For valence d and f electrons, the indirect relativistic effect enhances the reductions in their binding energies on descending the periodic table. The d electrons in the heavier coinage metals thus become more chemically active, which causes these elements to exhibit higher oxidation states. The indirect effect on d orbitals causes the chemistries of the sixth-row transition elements to differ significantly from the very similar behaviours of the fourth and fifth-row transition series. The relativistic destabilization of f orbitals causes lanthanides to be chemically similar, forming mainly ionic compounds in oxidation state three, while allowing the earlier actinides to show a richer range of chemical behaviour with several higher oxidation states. For the 7p series of elements, relativity divides the non-relativistic p shell of three degenerate orbitals into one of much lower energy with the energies of the remaining two being substantially increased. These orbitals have angular shapes and spin distributions so different from those of the non-relativistic ones that the ability of the 7p elements to form covalent bonds is greatly inhibited.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.
The transuranic elements and the island of stability
Authors: Chapman Kit 
Published: August 2020

Since the 1930s the synthesis of nuclides too unstable to exist naturally on Earth has stretched the periodic table to 118 elements. While the lighter transuranic elements have found uses, the isotopes of those past lawrencium, the superheavy elements, are too unstable to exist outside the laboratory. In the 1970s, leading element discoverers Glenn Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, and Georgy Flerov, at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR, took interest in a supposed ‘island of stability’, leading from the nuclear shell model of Maria Goeppert Mayer and Hans Jensen, and predicted elements with so-called magic numbers of protons and neutrons would be far more stable. This review shall look at the historical developments that led to the field of element discovery, the attempts to discover superheavy elements in nature based on the island of stability, and the subsequent successful synthesis of elements and the implications of their half-lives and properties.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table’.
Abusers indoors and coronavirus outside: an examination of public discourse about COVID-19 and family violence on Twitter using machine learning
Authors: Xue Jia , Chen Junxiang , Chen Chen , Hu Ran , Zhu Tingshao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeThis brief report aims to provide the first large-scale analysis of public discourse regarding family violence and the COVID-19 pandemic on Twitter. Method: We analyzed 301,606 Tweets related to family violence and COVID-19 from April 12 to July 16, 2020, for this study. We used the machine learning approach, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, and identified salient themes, topics, and representative Twitter examples.ResultsWe extracted nine themes on family violence and COVID-19 pandemic, including (1) the Impact of COVID-19 on family violence (e.g., rising rates, hotline calls increased, murder & homicide); (2) the types (e.g., child abuse, domestic violence, sexual violence) and (3) forms of family violence (e.g., physical aggression, coercive control); (4) risk factors of family violence (e.g., alcohol abuse, financial constraints, gun, quarantine); (5) victims of family violence (e.g., LGBTQ, women, and women of color, children); (6) social services of family violence (e.g., hotlines, social workers, confidential services, shelters, funding); (7) law enforcement response (e.g., 911 calls, police arrest, protective orders, abuse reports); (8) Social movement/awareness (e.g., support victims, raise awareness); and (9) domestic violence-related news (e.g., Tara Reade, Melissa Derosa).ConclusionsThe COVID-19 has an impact on family violence. This report overcomes the limitation of existing scholarship that lacks data for consequences of COVID-19 on family violence. We contribute to the understanding of family violence during the pandemic by providing surveillance in Tweets, which is essential to identify potentially effective policy programs in offering targeted support for victims and survivors and preparing for the next wave.
Detection of cognitive decline using a single-channel EEG with an interactive assessment tool
Authors: Molcho Lior , Maimon Neta B. , Pressburger Narkiss , Regev-Plotnik Noa , Rabinowicz Sarit , Intrator Nathan , Sasson Ady 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundCognitive decline remains highly underdiagnosed despite efforts to find novel biomarkers for detection. EEG biomarkers based on machine learning may offer a noninvasive low-coast approach for identifying cognitive decline. However, most studies use multi-electrode systems which are less accessible. This study aims to evaluate the ability to extract cognitive decline biomarkers using a wearable single-channel EEG system with an interactive assessment tool.MethodsThis pilot study included data collection from 82 participants who performed a cognitive assessment while being recorded with a single-channel EEG system. Seniors in different clinical stages of cognitive decline (healthy to mild dementia) and young healthy participants were included. Seniors’ MMSE scores were used to allocate groups with cutoff scores of 24 and 27. Data analysis included correlation analysis as well as linear mixed model analysis with several EEG variables including frequency bands and three novel cognitive biomarkers previously extracted from a different dataset.ResultsMMSE scores correlated significantly with reaction times, as well as two EEG biomarkers: A0 and ST4. Both biomarkers showed significant separation between study groups: ST4 separated between the healthy senior group and the low-MMSE group. A0 differentiated between the healthy senior group and the other three groups, showing different cognitive patterns between different stages of cognitive decline as well as different patterns between young and senior healthy participants. In the healthy young group, activity of Theta, Delta, A0 and VC9 biomarkers significantly separated between high and low levels of cognitive load, consistent with previous reports. VC9 and Theta showed a finer separation between low cognitive load levels and resting state.ConclusionsThis study successfully demonstrated the ability to assess cognitive states with an easy-to-use portable single-channel EEG device with an interactive cognitive assessment. The short set-up time and novel biomarkers enable objective and easy assessment of cognitive decline. Future studies should explore potential usefulness of this tool in characterizing changes in EEG patterns of cognitive decline over time, for detection of cognitive decline on a large scale in every clinic to potentially allow early intervention.
The Effect of Neutropenia and Filgrastim (G-CSF) in Cancer Patients With COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Morjaria Sejal , Zhang Allen W , Kaltsas Anna , Parameswaran Rekha , Patel Dhruvkumar , Zhou Wei , Predmore Jacqueline , Perez-Johnston Rocio , Jee Justin , Perales Miguel-Angel , Daniyan Anthony F. , Taur Ying , Mailankody Sham 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundNeutropenia is commonly encountered in cancer patients, and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, filgrastim) is widely given to oncology patients to counteract neutropenia and prevent infection. G-CSF is both a growth factor and cytokine that initiates proliferation and differentiation of mature granulocytes. However, the clinical impact of neutropenia and G-CSF use in cancer patients, who are also afflicted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), remains unknown.MethodsAn observational cohort of 304 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center was assembled to investigate links between concurrent neutropenia (N=55) and G-CSF administration (N=16) on COVID-19-associated respiratory failure and death. These factors were assessed as time-dependent predictors using an extended Cox model, controlling for age and underlying cancer diagnosis. To determine whether the degree of granulocyte response to G-CSF affected outcomes, a similar model was constructed with patients that received G-CSF, categorized into “high”- and “low”- response, based on the level of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) rise 24 hours after growth factor administration.ResultsNeutropenia (ANC < 1 K/mcL) during COVID-19 course was not independently associated with severe respiratory failure or death (HR: 0.71, 95% Cl: 0.34-1.50, P value: 0.367) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. When controlling for neutropenia, G-CSF administration was associated with increased need for high oxygen supplementation and death (HR: 2.97, 95% CI: 1.06-8.28, P value: 0.038). This effect was predominantly seen in patients that exhibited a “high” response to G-CSF based on their ANC increase post-G-CSF administration (HR: 5.18, 95% CI: 1.61-16.64, P value: 0.006).ConclusionPossible risks versus benefits of G-CSF administration should be weighed in neutropenic cancer patients with COVID-19 infection, as G-CSF may lead to worsening clinical and respiratory status in this setting.
Life-course burden of health deficits associates with later-life heart size and function in the 1946 British birth cohort
Authors: Topriceanu Constantin-Cristian , Moon James C , Hardy Rebecca , Chaturvedi Nish , Hughes Alun D , Captur Gabriella 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTAimTo study the association between the life-course accumulation of health deficits and later-life heart size and function using data from the 1946 National Survey of Heath and Development (NSHD) British birth cohort, the world’s longest running birth cohort with continuous follow-up.Methods and ResultsA multidimensional health deficit index (DI) looking at 45-health deficits was serially calculated at 4 time periods of the life-course in NSHD participants (0-16, 19-44, 45-54 and 60 to 64 years), and from these the mean and total DI for the life-course was derived (DImean, DIsum). The step change in deficit accumulation from one time period to another was also calculated. Echocardiographic data at 60-64 years provided: ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area (LVmassi, BSA), myocardial contraction fraction indexed to BSA (MCFi) and E/e’. Generalized linear models assessed the association between DIs and echocardiographic parameters after adjustment for sex, socio-economic position and body mass index.1,375 NSHD participants were included (46.47% male). For each single new deficit accumulated at any one of the 4 time periods of the life-course, LVmassi increased by 0.91-1.44% (p<0.013), while MCFi decreased by 0.6-1.02% (p<0.05 except at 45-54 years). One unit increase in DI at age 45-54 and 60-64 decreased LV EF by 11-12% (p<0.013). A single deficit step change occurring between 60-64 years and one of the earlier time periods, translated into significantly higher odds (2.1—78.5, p<0.020) of elevated LV filling pressure defined as E/e’>13.ConclusionThe accumulation of health deficits at any time period of the life-course associates with a maladaptive cardiac phenotype in older age, dominated by myocardial hypertrophy and poorer function. The burden of health deficits appears to strain the myocardium potentially leading to future cardiac dysfunction.
Sixty-day mortality among 520 Italian hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to the adopted ventilatory strategy in the context of an integrated multidisciplinary clinical organization: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Potalivo Antonella , Montomoli Jonathan , Facondini Francesca , Sanson Gianfranco , Agli Luigi Arcangelo Lazzari , Perin Tiziana , Cristini Francesco , Cavagna Enrico , De Giovanni Raffaella , Biagetti Carlo , Panzini Ilaria , Ravaioli Cinzia , Bitondo Maddalena , Guerra Daniela , Giuliani Giovanni , Mosconi Elena , Guarino Sonia , Marchionni Elisa , Gangitano Gianfilippo , Valentini Ilaria , Giampaolo Luca , Muratore Francesco , Nardi Giuseppe 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAmong COVID-19 patients, the decision of which ventilation strategy to adopt is crucial and not guided by existing outcome evidence. We described the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients according to the adopted respiratory strategy.MethodsPopulation-based cohort study including all COVID-19 patients (26/02/2020-18/04/2020) within Rimini Italian province. Hospitalized patients were classified according to the maximum level of respiratory support: oxygen supplementation (group Oxygen), NIV (group NIV-only), IMV (group IMV-only), and IMV after a NIV trial (group IMV-after-NIV). Sixty-day mortality risk was estimated with a Cox proportional hazard analysis adjusted by age, sex, and administration of steroids, canakinumab, and tocilizumab.FindingsWe identified 1,424 symptomatic patients: 520 (36.5%) were hospitalized, the remaining 904 (63.5%) were treated at home with no 60-days death. According to the respiratory support, 408 (78.5%) were assigned to Oxygen, 46 (8.8%) to NIV-only, 25 (4.8%) to IMV-after-NIV, and 41 (7.9%) to IMV-only groups. There was no significant difference in the P/F at IMV inception among IMV-after-NIV and IMV-only groups (p=0.9). Overall 60-day mortality was 24.2% (Oxygen: 23.0%; NIV-only: 19.6%; IMV-after-NIV: 32.0%; IMV-only: 36.6%; p = 0.165). Compared with Oxygen group, the 60-day mortality risk significantly increased for IMV-after-NIV (HR 2.776; p=0.024) and IMV-only group (HR 2.966; p=0.001).ConclusionsThis study provides a population-based figure of the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. A similar 60-days mortality risk was found for patients undergoing immediate IMV and those intubated after a NIV trial. Many patients had a favorable outcome after prolonged IMV.