bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on the Locally Amplified Ningaloo Niño
Authors: Tanuma Natsumi , Tozuka Tomoki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUsing observation/reanalysis data, influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) on the frequency of the locally amplified Ningaloo Niño (i.e., events with local air‐sea interactions playing an important role) and their mechanisms are investigated in this study. It is found that the ratio of the locally amplified Ningaloo Niño increases during the negative phase of the IPO. This is due to positive interdecadal sea surface temperature anomalies to the northwest of Australia that promote deep atmospheric convection and anomalous cyclone off the west coast of Australia through a Matsuno‐Gill response. Based on a mixed layer heat budget analysis using outputs from a regional ocean model, it is shown that an enhanced warming of anomalously thin mixed layer by the shortwave radiation contributes dominantly to the interdecadal sea surface temperature anomalies. The shallow mixed layer depth is suggested to be generated by anomalously weak winds associated with the negative IPO.
Coseismic Uplift of the 1999 Mw7.6 Chi‐Chi Earthquake and Implication to Topographic Change in Frontal Mountain Belts
Authors: Chuang R. Y. , Lu C. H. , Yang C. J. , Lin Y. S. , Lee T. Y. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLarge dip‐slip earthquakes have a major contribution to mountain building while earthquake‐induced landslides lower mountains simultaneously. The amount of the coseismic uplift and landslides may dominate long‐term mountain evolution. However, how earthquakes contribute to mountain evolution through coseismic uplift and landslides is less constrained in real cases. We present the regional coseismic uplift of the 1999 Mw7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake by using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and GPS. The coseismic uplift pattern is consistent with field observations showing increasing movement to the north with ~8 m of uplift toward the northern end. We estimated uplifted rock volume of 2.60 ± 1.09 km3, which is five times greater than the coseismic landslide volume. Intense erosion of the Taiwan orogen may erode elevated rocks rapidly, but the uplift and landslide distributions do not match and correlate more inversely, suggesting the frontal orogenic topography should be increased rather than annulled over earthquake cycles.
Electron‐Driven Magnetic Dip Embedded Within the Proton‐Driven Magnetic Dip and the Related Echoes of Butterfly Distribution of Relativistic Electrons
Authors: Zhu Hui , Chen Lunjin , Xia Zhiyang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, a magnetic dip event in which a small‐scale magnetic dip is embedded within a large‐scale magnetic dip is analyzed based on the observations of the Van Allen Probes. The small‐scale dip is contributed by a sharp electron injection at the energy range of 1 to 10 keV, but the large‐scale dip is contributed by a smooth proton injection at the energy range higher than 10 keV. The formation of dip caused by the suprathermal electrons is supported by the self‐consistent magnetic model. Moreover, the echoes of butterfly distributions of relativistic electrons at the energy range of 0.5 to 3.4 MeV is observed. The time separations of the neighboring butterfly distributions are comparable to the drift periods of the electrons at the different energies. We suggest that the potential nonadiabatic processes in response to the magnetic dips possibly account for the butterfly distribution echoes.
Estimating of the Global Ionosphere Maps Using Hybrid Data Assimilation Method and Their Background Influence Analysis
Authors: Wang Sicheng , Huang Sixun , Fang Hanxian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe increasing amount of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ground receivers provides extremely abundant data resource to ionospheric community. In present paper, a hybrid data assimilation method is proposed to derive the global ionosphere maps (GIM) using the GNSS measurements. This method can balance the weights of background information from the International Reference Ionosphere model (IRI‐2016) and actual observations to reach a reasonable estimation, and its background error covariance (BEC) is a weighted linear combination of climatological static BEC and ensemble‐based flow‐dependent BEC. The results show that this method is capable of improving the background outputs significantly. To evaluate the quantitative contribution of background information on the estimated GIM, the background influence analysis is performed. The background information contributes less in the data‐rich areas and more in the data‐sparse areas. The mean background influence is up to 0.93 for the reconstructed GIM; that is, about 93% of the contribution is due to the background information, and the complementary 7% is the influence of the assimilated observations.
Porites Coral on a Remote Reef Reveal Marine Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycling Following Artificial Disturbance
Authors: Jiang Wei , Yang Haodan , Yu Kefu , Song Yinxian , Zhao Jian‐xin , Feng Yue‐xing , Han Tao , Wu Xingyuan , Ning Zhiming , Xu Shendong , Wang Yinghui 
Published: July 2020

AbstractExcess anthropogenic phosphorus (P) supplied to marine systems, which may subsequently jeopardize ecosystem structure and function, has altered the P balance and quadrupled its flow. However, due to the diversity of P sources, the unpredictability and variability of human activities, and the absence of long‐term records, it remains uncertain how long the effects of excess P persist in aquatic ecosystems, and whether it stimulates gross primary productivity. In this study, we utilized geochemical proxies in coral skeletons from an atoll in the Xisha Islands of the South China Sea to reconstruct historical patterns of P in surface seawater. This atoll has remained in a natural state for an extended period of time, except for a short period of unambiguously documented guano extraction. Analyses of coral skeletons dating back to 1851 CE distinctly show that the P concentration in surface seawater increased abnormally in the 1960s. We deduced that guano extraction at that time led to an abrupt increase in the long‐term equilibrium of seawater P concentration. Subsequent P addition appeared to have continued for at least ~30 years after phosphorite exploitation ceased, and P showed a decay period that was longer than that of other elements. Similar temporal trends of coral P/Ca and δ13C indicated that elevated marine primary productivity was associated with increased P. Large inputs within a short period, as well as the continued influence of P over the long term, can serve as a natural ecological analog for coral reefs subject to nutrient contamination.
A Heavy Precipitation Event in the Yangtze River Basin Led by an Eastward Moving Tibetan Plateau Cloud System in the Summer of 2016
Authors: Chen Yilun , Zhang Aoqi , Zhang Yuheng , Cui Chunguang , Wan Rong , Wang Bin , Fu Yunfei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFrom 29 June to 6 July 2016, China's Yangtze River Basin experienced heavy precipitation, causing more than 200 deaths and affecting tens of millions of people. Using ERA5 reanalysis, soundings, and satellite observations from FY‐2 and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), we reviewed this heavy rainfall event from the perspective of its meteorological triggers and the cloud microphysics. As the cloud system moved eastward from the Tibetan Plateau, precipitation particles got larger and denser, and the enhancement of stratiform precipitation contributed the most precipitation. The riming and aggregation processes, the dominant growth modes of particles, were significantly enhanced between 5.5 and 7 km. The increase in the echo‐top height had a considerable positive effect on the near‐surface particle size (from ~1.0 mm at 4 km to ~1.5 mm at 10 km), but this feature was not significant over the Tibetan Plateau. We suggest that the microphysics of this event was dominated by the combination of the eastward moving cloud system, which acted as continuous “seeder” cloud, and the increase in water vapor associated with the low‐level vortex and jet, which generated enhancing “feeder” cloud. The particles from the “seeder” cloud grew by the lower “feeder” cloud, thus increasing the particle size to enhance the precipitation. Overall, the generation and movement of such a cloud system is an important atmospheric disturbance for the generation of heavy precipitation downstream, and could be an early warning signal in the forecasting of heavy rainfall in China during the Meiyu period.
Relativistic Electron Flux Prediction at Geosynchronous Orbit Based on the Neural Network and the Quantile Regression Method
Authors: Zhang Hui , Fu Suiyan , Xie Lun , Zhao Duo , Yue Chao , Pu Zuyin , Xiong Ying , Wu Tong , Zhao Shaojie , Sun Yixin , Cui Bo , Luo Zhekai 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGeosynchronous satellites are exposed to the relativistic electrons, which may cause irreparable damage to the satellites. The prediction of the relativistic electron flux is therefore important for the safety of the satellites. Unlike previous works focusing on the single‐value prediction of relativistic electron flux, we predict the relativistic electron flux in a probabilistic approach by using the neural network and the quantile regression method. In this study, a feedforward neural network is first designed to predict average daily flux of relativistic electrons (>2 MeV), or the expectation of the flux from the probabilistic perspective, at geosynchronous orbit 1 day in advance. The neural network performs well, with the average root mean squared error, the average prediction efficiency, and the average linear correlation coefficient between observations and predictions reaching 0.305, 0.832, and 0.916, respectively, during the periods of 2011–2017. We then combine the quantile regression method with the feedforward neural network to predict the quantiles of relativistic electron flux by applying a special loss function to the neural network. We use the multiple‐quantiles prediction model to predict flux ranges of the relativistic electrons and the corresponding probabilities, which is an advantage over the single‐value prediction. Moreover, it appears to be for the first time that the approximate shape of the probability density function of relativistic electron flux is predicted.
Nedd4l downregulation of NRG1 in the mPFC induces depression-like behaviour in CSDS mice
Authors: Xu Jia , Guo Cuiping , Liu Yi , Wu Gang , Ke Dan , Wang Qun , Mao Jing , Wang Jian-Zhi , Liu Rong , Wang Xiaochuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe occurrence of major depressive disorders has been closely related to the vulnerability of stress. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in regulating pathological reactivity to stress, changes in affective behaviour and cognitive functions by distress. Increasing evidence indicates that neuregulin 1 (NRG1) plays an important role in psychiatric illnesses, including depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, whether NRG1 in the mPFC is related to stress vulnerability remains unclear. We here assessed the regulation of NRG1 by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4l (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like) and investigated whether NRG1 changes in the mPFC might lead to vulnerability to depression-like behaviours. We’ve identified a deficiency of NRG1 in the mPFC as a key factor that contributes to the regulation of stress susceptibility in mice, as further suggested by the finding that overexpression of NRG1 attenuated depression-like behaviours in the animal model of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Interestingly, RNA sequencing in the mPFC brain region showed no differences in NRG1 mRNA levels between control animals and stress-susceptible (SS) or resilient mice (RES) following CSDS. However, mRNA and protein levels of Nedd4l were markedly increased in SS mice, but not in RES mice compared to controls. Furthermore, ubiquitination of NRG1 was increased in SS mice. Remarkably, overexpression of Nedd4l in mouse mPFC induced a decrease in NRG1 level and caused vulnerability to stress by subthreshold social defeat stress (SSDS), while downregulation of Nedd4l expression in the mPFC rescued the vulnerability to stress-induced social avoidance and anhedonia. Our data strongly indicate that the Nedd4l-mediated downregulation of NRG1 acts as a critical role in depression-like phenotypes of mice in CSDS.
Analyzing kinetic signaling data for G-protein-coupled receptors
Authors: Hoare Sam R. J. , Tewson Paul H. , Quinn Anne Marie , Hughes Thomas E. , Bridge Lloyd J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn classical pharmacology, bioassay data are fit to general equations (e.g. the dose response equation) to determine empirical drug parameters (e.g. EC50and Emax), which are then used to calculate chemical parameters such as affinity and efficacy. Here we used a similar approach for kinetic, time course signaling data, to allow empirical and chemical definition of signaling by G-protein-coupled receptors in kinetic terms. Experimental data are analyzed using general time course equations (model-free approach) and mechanistic model equations (mechanistic approach) in the commonly-used curve-fitting program, GraphPad Prism. A literature survey indicated signaling time course data usually conform to one of four curve shapes: the straight line, association exponential curve, rise-and-fall to zero curve, and rise-and-fall to steady-state curve. In the model-free approach, the initial rate of signaling is quantified and this is done by curve-fitting to the whole time course, avoiding the need to select the linear part of the curve. It is shown that the four shapes are consistent with a mechanistic model of signaling, based on enzyme kinetics, with the shape defined by the regulation of signaling mechanisms (e.g. receptor desensitization, signal degradation). Signaling efficacy is the initial rate of signaling by agonist-occupied receptor (kτ), simply the rate of signal generation before it becomes affected by regulation mechanisms, measurable using the model-free analysis. Regulation of signaling parameters such as the receptor desensitization rate constant can be estimated if the mechanism is known. This study extends the empirical and mechanistic approach used in classical pharmacology to kinetic signaling data, facilitating optimization of new therapeutics in kinetic terms.
Laser spectroscopy of indium Rydberg atom bunches by electric field ionization
Authors: Vernon A. R. , Ricketts C. M. , Billowes J. , Cocolios T. E. , Cooper B. S. , Flanagan K. T. , Garcia Ruiz R. F. , Gustafsson F. P. , Neyens G. , Perrett H. A. , Sahoo B. K. , Wang Q. , Waso F. J. , Yang X. F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis work reports on the application of a novel electric field-ionization setup for high-resolution laser spectroscopy measurements on bunched fast atomic beams in a collinear geometry. In combination with multi-step resonant excitation to Rydberg states using pulsed lasers, the field ionization technique demonstrates increased sensitivity for isotope separation and measurement of atomic parameters over previous non-resonant laser ionization methods. The setup was tested at the Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy experiment at ISOLDE-CERN to perform high-resolution measurements of transitions in the indium atom from the$$\text {5s}^2\text {5d}\,^2\text {D}_{5/2}$$5s25d2D5/2and$$\text {5s}^2\text {5d}\,^2\text {D}_{3/2}$$5s25d2D3/2states to$$\text {5s}^2n$$5s2np $$^2$$2P and$$\text {5s}^2n\text {f}\,^2$$5s2nf2F Rydberg states, up to a principal quantum number of$$n=72$$n=72. The extracted Rydberg level energies were used to re-evaluate the ionization potential of the indium atom to be$$46,670.107(4)\,\hbox {cm}^{-1}$$46,670.107(4)cm-1. The nuclear magnetic dipole and nuclear electric quadrupole hyperfine structure constants and level isotope shifts of the$$\text {5s}^2\text {5d}\,^2\text {D}_{5/2}$$5s25d2D5/2and$$\text {5s}^2\text {5d}\,^2\text {D}_{3/2}$$5s25d2D3/2states were determined for$$^{113,115}$$113,115In. The results are compared to calculations using relativistic coupled-cluster theory. A good agreement is found with the ionization potential and isotope shifts, while disagreement of hyperfine structure constants indicates an increased importance of electron correlations in these excited atomic states. With the aim of further increasing the detection sensitivity for measurements on exotic isotopes, a systematic study of the field-ionization arrangement implemented in the work was performed at the same time and an improved design was simulated and is presented. The improved design offers increased background suppression independent of the distance from field ionization to ion detection.
Experimental kernel-based quantum machine learning in finite feature space
Authors: Bartkiewicz Karol , Gneiting Clemens , Černoch Antonín , Jiráková Kateřina , Lemr Karel , Nori Franco 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe implement an all-optical setup demonstrating kernel-based quantum machine learning for two-dimensional classification problems. In this hybrid approach, kernel evaluations are outsourced to projective measurements on suitably designed quantum states encoding the training data, while the model training is processed on a classical computer. Our two-photon proposal encodes data points in a discrete, eight-dimensional feature Hilbert space. In order to maximize the application range of the deployable kernels, we optimize feature maps towards the resulting kernels’ ability to separate points, i.e., their “resolution,” under the constraint of finite, fixed Hilbert space dimension. Implementing these kernels, our setup delivers viable decision boundaries for standard nonlinear supervised classification tasks in feature space. We demonstrate such kernel-based quantum machine learning using specialized multiphoton quantum optical circuits. The deployed kernel exhibits exponentially better scaling in the required number of qubits than a direct generalization of kernels described in the literature.
Hydrogen gas inhalation improves delayed brain injury by alleviating early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Kumagai Kosuke , Toyooka Terushige , Takeuchi Satoru , Otani Naoki , Wada Kojiro , Tomiyama Arata , Mori Kentaro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMolecular hydrogen (H2) protect neurons against reactive oxygen species and ameliorates early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study investigated the effect of H2 on delayed brain injury (DBI) using the rat SAH + unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) model with the endovascular perforation method. 1.3% H2 gas (1.3% hydrogen premixed with 30% oxygen and balanced nitrogen) inhalation was performed on days 0 and 1, starting from anesthesia induction and continuing for 2 h on day 0, and starting from anesthesia induction and continuing for 30 min on day 1. EBI was assessed on the basis of brain edema, expression of S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and phosphorylation of C-Jun N-terminal kinase on day 2, and neurological deficits on day 3. Reactive astrogliosis and severity of cerebral vasospasm (CV) were assessed on days 3 and 7. DBI was assessed on the basis of neurological deficits and neuronal cell death on day 7. EBI, reactive astrogliosis, and DBI were ameliorated in the H2 group compared with the control group. CV showed no significant improvement between the control and H2 groups. This study demonstrated that H2 gas inhalation ameliorated DBI by reducing EBI without improving CV in the rat SAH + UCCAO model.
Investigating the pathogenic SNPs in BLM helicase and their biological consequences by computational approach
Authors: Alzahrani Faisal A. , Ahmed Firoz , Sharma Monika , Rehan Mohd , Mahfuz Maryam , Baeshen Mohammed N. , Hawsawi Yousef , Almatrafi Ahmed , Alsagaby Suliman Abdallah , Kamal Mohammad Azhar , Warsi Mohiuddin Khan , Choudhry Hani , Jamal Mohammad Sarwar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe BLM helicase protein plays a vital role in DNA replication and the maintenance of genomic integrity. Variation in the BLM helicase gene resulted in defects in the DNA repair mechanism and was reported to be associated with Bloom syndrome (BS) and cancer. Despite extensive investigation of helicase proteins in humans, no attempt has previously been made to comprehensively analyse the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of the BLM gene. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of SNPs on the BLM gene was performed to identify, characterize and validate the pathogenic SNPs using computational approaches. We obtained SNP data from the dbSNP database version 150 and mapped these data to the genomic coordinates of the “NM_000057.3” transcript expressing BLM helicase (P54132). There were 607 SNPs mapped to missense, 29 SNPs mapped to nonsense, and 19 SNPs mapped to 3′-UTR regions. Initially, we used many consensus tools of SIFT, PROVEAN, Condel, and PolyPhen-2, which together increased the accuracy of prediction and identified 18 highly pathogenic non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) out of 607 SNPs. Subsequently, these 18 high-confidence pathogenic nsSNPs were analysed for BLM protein stability, structure–function relationships and disease associations using various bioinformatics tools. These 18 mutants of the BLM protein along with the native protein were further investigated using molecular dynamics simulations to examine the structural consequences of the mutations, which might reveal their malfunction and contribution to disease. In addition, 28 SNPs were predicted as “stop gained” nonsense SNPs and one SNP was predicted as “start lost”. Two SNPs in the 3′UTR were found to abolish miRNA binding and thus may enhance the expression of BLM. Interestingly, we found that BLM mRNA overexpression is associated with different types of cancers. Further investigation showed that the dysregulation of BLM is associated with poor overall survival (OS) for lung and gastric cancer patients and hence led to the conclusion that BLM has the potential to be used as an important prognostic marker for the detection of lung and gastric cancer.
Schistocephalus parasite infection alters sticklebacks’ movement ability and thereby shapes social interactions
Authors: Jolles Jolle W. , Mazué Geoffrey P. F. , Davidson Jacob , Behrmann-Godel Jasminca , Couzin Iain D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractParasitism is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Although many fundamental aspects of host-parasite relationships have been unravelled, few studies have systematically investigated how parasites affect organismal movement. Here we combine behavioural experiments of Schistocephalus solidus infected sticklebacks with individual-based simulations to understand how parasitism affects individual movement ability and thereby shapes social interaction patterns. High-resolution tracking revealed that infected fish swam, accelerated, and turned more slowly than did non-infected fish, and tended to be more predictable in their movements. Importantly, the strength of these effects increased with increasing parasite load (proportion of body weight), with more heavily infected fish showing larger changes and impairments in behaviour. When grouped, pairs of infected fish moved more slowly, were less cohesive, less aligned, and less temporally coordinated than non-infected pairs, and mixed pairs were primarily led by the non-infected fish. These social patterns also emerged in simulations of self-organised groups composed of individuals differing similarly in speed and turning tendency, suggesting infection-induced changes in mobility and manoeuvrability may drive collective outcomes. Together, our results demonstrate how infection with a complex life-cycle parasite affects the movement ability of individuals and how this in turn shapes social interaction patterns, providing important mechanistic insights into the effects of parasites on host movement dynamics.