bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond—from design to devices
Authors: Huang Yi-Teng , Kavanagh Seán R , Scanlon David O , Walsh Aron , Hoye Robert L Z 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated astonishing increases in power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics over the last decade. The most efficient perovskite devices now outperform industry-standard multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, despite the fact that perovskites are typically grown at low temperature using simple solution-based methods. However, the toxicity of lead and its ready solubility in water are concerns for widespread implementation. These challenges, alongside the many successes of the perovskites, have motivated significant efforts across multiple disciplines to find lead-free and stable alternatives which could mimic the ability of the perovskites to achieve high performance with low temperature, facile fabrication methods. This Review discusses the computational and experimental approaches that have been taken to discover lead-free perovskite-inspired materials, and the recent successes and challenges in synthesizing these compounds. The atomistic origins of the extraordinary performance exhibited by lead-halide perovskites in photovoltaic devices is discussed, alongside the key challenges in engineering such high-performance in alternative, next-generation materials. Beyond photovoltaics, this Review discusses the impact perovskite-inspired materials have had in spurring efforts to apply new materials in other optoelectronic applications, namely light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts, radiation detectors, thin film transistors and memristors. Finally, the prospects and key challenges faced by the field in advancing the development of perovskite-inspired materials towards realization in commercial devices is discussed.
Improved wettability and enhanced ionic transport in highly porous CNT sponge
Authors: Yao Sicheng , Zhou Shenglin , Zhang Jiapeng , Yang Zhaohui , Zhang Xiaohua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We investigated the effect of an electric treatment on the wettability of aqueous solution on carbon nanotubes (CNT) and ion transport behaviors in superhydrophobic porous carbon nanotube sponges (CNTS). This electric activation treatment where an electric voltage was applied across highly porous CNT sponge induced an electrowetting effect. This effect significantly reduced interfacial tensions between CNT sidewalls and aqueous liquids. Meanwhile, polar functional groups were also introduced on CNTs. Both electrowetting effect and polar functional groups greatly improved the wettability of aqueous solutions on CNT sidewalls. After the electric treatment, we observed a dramatic increase in the overall rate of ion flow across porous CNT sponges. The formation of solution channels during the electric treatment is responsible for the enhanced ionic transport in porous CNT sponges. The overall rate of ion flow increased with the increases in electric treatment time and voltage. The crucial role of electric treatment parameters in the ion transport provides a new strategy for precisely controlling the ion transport across CNT sponges by tuning electric treatment time or voltage. Importantly, the good wettability of aqueous solution on CNT sidewalls greatly increased the effective surface area of CNT sponges and thus significantly improved the performance of CNTS-based supercapacitors after the electric treatment.
The calculation of kinetic and static friction coefficient and friction graph analysis using Arduino
Authors: Çoban Atakan , Boyacı Seher 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, with the help of the Arduino UNO and load-cell force sensor, a simple experimental material has been developed to calculate kinetic and static friction coefficients and analyse the friction force in detail. The system with a force sensor mounted on it is placed on the plane. With the help of the rope attached to the force sensor, a force, whose magnitude increased over time, was applied on the sensor. After the force applied was large enough to move the system, the force was applied to move the system at a constant speed. Since the net force acting on the system is zero while the system is stationary and moving with a constant speed, in these cases the magnitudes of force read through the sensor are equal to the static and kinetic friction forces acting on the object. Using these static and kinetic friction forces values, the maximum value of the static friction coefficient and the kinetic friction coefficient were calculated as 0.484 and 0.313, respectively.
Absence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Activity in Prepandemic Sera From Individuals With Recent Seasonal Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Poston Daniel , Weisblum Yiska , Wise Helen , Templeton Kate , Jenks Sara , Hatziioannou Theodora , Bieniasz Paul 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cross-reactive immune responses elicited by seasonal coronaviruses might affect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) susceptibility and disease outcomes. We measured neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 in prepandemic sera from patients with prior polymerase chain reaction scan-confirmed seasonal coronavirus infection. Although neutralizing activity against seasonal coronaviruses was detected in nearly all sera, cross-reactive neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 was undetectable.
Comparison of Estimated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence Through Commercial Laboratory Residual Sera Testing and a Community Survey
Authors: Bajema Kristina L , Dahlgren F Scott , Lim Travis W , Bestul Nicolette , Biggs Holly M , Tate Jacqueline E , Owusu Claudio , Szablewski Christine M , Drenzek Cherie , Drobeniuc Jan , Semenova Vera , Li Han , Browning Peter , Desai Rita , Epperson Monica , Jia Lily T , Thornburg Natalie J , Edens Chris , Fry Alicia M , Hall Aron J , Schiffer Jarad , Havers Fiona P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We compared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 seroprevalence estimated from commercial laboratory residual sera and a community household survey in metropolitan Atlanta during April and May 2020 and found these 2 estimates to be similar (4.94% vs 3.18%). Compared with more representative surveys, commercial sera can provide an approximate measure of seroprevalence.
Knowledge, opinions and attitudes of primary care physicians about generic drugs: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Oncu Seyma , Bayram Dilara , Aydin Volkan , Isli Fatma , Aksoy Mesil , Akici Ahmet , Ucku Reyhan , Gelal Ayse 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Generic drug (GD) use is affected by many factors, including physicians’ approach.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, opinions and attitudes of primary care physicians (PCPs) about GDs and potentially associated factors.

Methods
An adequately representative sample (n = 354) of PCPs was determined via stratified and simple random sample selection method in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The research data were collected through a face-to-face 40-item survey, where the knowledge, opinions and attitudes about GDs were questioned. The prescribing percentage of GDs overall was also examined.

Results
The survey was completed by 305 PCPs (mean age: 49.2 ± 7.9 years; 57.4% male). The rate of correct responses about GDs was 67.6% for basic knowledge and 46.6% for the development process. The percentages of PCPs who declared that GDs were ‘less efficacious’, ‘of lower quality’ and ‘less safe’ than original drugs were 65.2%, 53.4% and 35.4%, respectively. More than half (60.3%) of the PCPs declared not to pay attention to whether the drug is generic while prescribing. It was observed that, as the knowledge level of the physicians increased, negative opinions and prescribing attitudes regarding the effectiveness, quality and safety of the GDs decreased. The rate of GD prescribing (51.6%) in Izmir was lower than the rest of the country (54.6%; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
This study shows that the knowledge of PCPs about GDs is generally inadequate, which reflects negatively on their opinions and attitudes regarding the use of GDs. Educational activities can help establish awareness that GDs can be used without doubt of their effectiveness, quality and safety.
The 25 October 2018 Zakynthos (Greece) earthquake: seismic activity at the transition between a transform fault and a subduction zone
Authors: Papadimitriou P , Kapetanidis V , Karakonstantis A , Spingos I , Pavlou K , Kaviris G , Kassaras I , Sakkas V , Voulgaris N 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYThe properties of the Mw = 6.7 earthquake that took place on 25 October 2018, 22:54:51 UTC, ∼50 km SW of the Zakynthos Island, Greece, are thoroughly examined. The main rupture occurred on a dextral strike-slip, low-angle, east-dipping fault at a depth of 12 km, as determined by teleseismic waveform modelling. Over 4000 aftershocks were manually analysed for a period of 158 d. The events were initially located with an optimal 1D velocity model and then relocated with the double-difference method to reveal details of their spatial distribution. The latter spreads in an area spanning 80 km NNW–SSE and ∼55 km WSW–ENE. Certain parts of the aftershock zone present strong spatial clustering, mainly to the north, close to Zakynthos Island, and at the southernmost edge of the sequence. Focal mechanisms were determined for 61 significant aftershocks using regional waveform modelling. The results revealed characteristics similar to the main shock, with few aftershocks exhibiting strike-slip faulting at steeper dip angles, possibly related to splay faults on the accretionary prism. The slip vectors that correspond to the east-dipping planes are compatible with the long-term plate convergence and with the direction of coseismic displacement on the Zakynthos Island. Fault-plane solutions in the broader study area were inverted for the determination of the regional stress-field. The results revealed a nearly horizontal, SW–NE to E–W-trending S1 and a more variable S3 axis, favouring transpressional tectonics. Spatial clusters at the northern and southern ends of the aftershock zone coincide with the SW extension of subvertical along-dip faults of the segmented subducting slab. The main shock occurred in an area where strike-slip tectonics, related to the Cephalonia Transform Fault and the NW Peloponnese region, gradually converts into reverse faulting at the western edge of the Hellenic subduction. Plausible scenarios for the 2018 Zakynthos earthquake sequence include a rupture on the subduction interface, provided the slab is tilted eastwards in that area, or the reactivation of an older east-dipping thrust as a low-angle strike-slip fault that contributes to strain partitioning.
Geodynamic tomography: constraining upper-mantle deformation patterns from Bayesian inversion of surface waves
Authors: Magali J K , Bodin T , Hedjazian N , Samuel H , Atkins S 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYIn the Earth’s upper mantle, seismic anisotropy mainly originates from the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of olivine due to mantle deformation. Large-scale observation of anisotropy in surface wave tomography models provides unique constraints on present-day mantle flow. However, surface waves are not sensitive to the 21 coefficients of the elastic tensor, and therefore the complete anisotropic tensor cannot be resolved independently at every location. This large number of parameters may be reduced by imposing spatial smoothness and symmetry constraints to the elastic tensor. In this work, we propose to regularize the tomographic problem by using constraints from geodynamic modelling to reduce the number of model parameters. Instead of inverting for seismic velocities, we parametrize our inverse problem directly in terms of physical quantities governing mantle flow: a temperature field, and a temperature-dependent viscosity. The forward problem consists of three steps: (1) calculation of mantle flow induced by thermal anomalies, (2) calculation of the induced CPO and elastic properties using a micromechanical model, and (3) computation of azimuthally varying surface wave dispersion curves. We demonstrate how a fully nonlinear Bayesian inversion of surface wave dispersion curves can retrieve the temperature and viscosity fields, without having to explicitly parametrize the elastic tensor. Here, we consider simple flow models generated by spherical temperature anomalies. The results show that incorporating geodynamic constraints in surface wave inversion help to retrieve patterns of mantle deformation. The solution to our inversion problem is an ensemble of models (i.e. thermal structures) representing a posterior probability, therefore providing uncertainties for each model parameter.
The impact of economic recessions on health workers: a systematic review and best-fit framework synthesis of the evidence from the last 50 years
Authors: Russo Giuliano , Silva Tiago Jesus , Gassasse Zakariah , Filippon Jonathan , Rotulo Arianna , Kondilis Elias 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Economic crises carry a substantial impact on population health and health systems, but little is known on how these transmit to health workers (HWs). Addressing such a gap is timely as HWs are pivotal resources, particularly during pandemics or the ensuing recessions. Drawing from the empirical literature, we aimed to provide a framework for understanding the impact of recessions on HWs and their reactions. We use a systematic review and best-fit framework synthesis approach to identify the relevant qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods evidence, and refine an a priori, theory-based conceptual framework. Eight relevant databases were searched, and four reviewers employed to independently review full texts, extract data and appraise the quality of the evidence retrieved. A total of 57 peer-reviewed publications were included, referring to six economic recessions. The 2010–15 Great Recession in Europe was the subject of most (52%) of the papers. Our consolidated framework suggests that recessions transmit to HWs through three channels: (1) an increase in the demand for services; (2) the impacts of austerity measures; and (3) changes in the health labour market. Some of the evidence appeared specific to the context of crises; demand for health services and employment increased during economic recessions in North America and Oceania, but stagnated or declined in Europe in connection with the austerity measures adopted. Burn-out, lay-offs, migration and multiple jobholding were the reactions observed in Europe, but job opportunities never dwindled for physicians during recessions in North America, with nurses re-entering labour markets during such crises. Loss of motivation, absenteeism and abuse of health systems were documented during recessions in low-income countries. Although the impacts of recessions may vary across economic events, health systems, labour markets and policy responses, our review and framework provide an evidence base for policies to mitigate the effects on HWs.
‘Sweet talk’: framing the merits of a sugar tax in Australia
Authors: Anaf Julia , Fisher Matthew , Handsley Elizabeth , Baum Fran , Friel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

SummaryAlthough rising rates of obesity are recognized as a major concern for Australian public health, debate on what (if any) responsive action should be undertaken is conceptually and normatively complex. It is shaped by diverse values and interests; different representations of the problem; and many options for action by government, the private sector or individuals. This paper presents research documenting arguments for and against implementing a sugar tax in Australia. It is based on semi-structured interviews with representatives from industry (n = 4), public health (n = 4), policy think tanks (n = 2); and document and media analyses. The research design was informed by framing and agenda setting theory with results reported under four main themes: framing economic impacts, framing equity, framing obesity and framing the ‘nanny state’ versus individual liberty argument. We found that proposals for a sugar tax as part of policy responses to the issue of overweight and obesity in Australia are framed very differently by actors who either support or oppose it. A conclusion is that policy makers and public health advocates involved in policy debates on a sugar tax need to understand the role of problem and ‘solution’ framing, and develop positions based on protecting the public interest as a basic ethical responsibility of governments and public agencies.
Drug–drug interaction between itraconazole capsule and efavirenz in adults with HIV for talaromycosis treatment
Authors: Kaewpoowat Quanhathai , Chaiwarith Romanee , Yasri Saowaluck , Worasilchai Navaporn , Chindamporn Ariya , Sirisanthana Thira , Cressey Tim R 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the pharmacokinetic of itraconazole capsule formulation and its active metabolite, hydroxyitraconazole, in adults with HIV diagnosed with talaromycosis in an endemic area, and to evaluate the drug–drug interaction between itraconazole/hydroxyitraconazole (ITC/OH-ITC) and efavirenz.MethodsOpen-label, single arm, sequential pharmacokinetic study. Eligible subjects were adults with HIV, ≥18 years old, with confirmed talaromycosis, initiating itraconazole capsule as part of standard talaromycosis treatment, in whom efavirenz-based ART was anticipated. Steady-state pharmacokinetic assessments (pre-dose and at 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 h post dose) were performed for itraconazole/hydroxyitraconazole without and with efavirenz use. Mid-dose efavirenz concentrations were also assessed. Pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis.ResultsTen subjects (70% male) were enrolled. At entry, median (range) age was 29.5 years (22–64), and CD4 cell count was 18.0 (1–39) cells/mm3. Geometric mean (95% CI) of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole AUC0–12 without efavirenz were 9097 (6761–12 239) and 11 705 (8586-15 959) ng·h/mL, respectively, with a median metabolic ratio of OH-ITC : ITC of 1.3 (95% CI 0.9–1.9). Intra-subject comparison revealed that both itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole exposures were significantly reduced with concomitant efavirenz use, with the mean AUC0–12 of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole being 86% (71%–94%) and 84% (64%–97%) lower, respectively. With efavirenz, itraconazole trough concentrations were also below the recommended therapeutic level (0.5 μg/mL). All subjects had mid-dose efavirenz concentrations &gt;1000 ng/mL.ConclusionsConcomitant administration of itraconazole capsule with efavirenz significantly reduced itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole exposures. The clinical impact of this drug–drug interaction on talaromycosis treatment or prophylaxis in the era of potent ART needs further evaluation.
Beyond-Newtonian dynamics of a planar circular restricted three-body problem with Kerr-like primaries
Authors: De Shounak , Roychowdhury Suparna , Banerjee Roopkatha 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The dynamics of the planar circular restricted three-body problem with Kerr-like primaries in the context of a beyond-Newtonian approximation is studied. The beyond-Newtonian potential is developed by using the Fodor–Hoenselaers–Perjés procedure. An expansion in the Kerr potential is performed and terms up to the first non-Newtonian contribution of both the mass and spin effects are included. With this potential, a model for a test particle of infinitesimal mass orbiting in the equatorial plane of the two primaries is examined. The introduction of a parameter, ϵ, allows examination of the system as it transitions from the Newtonian to the beyond-Newtonian regime. The evolution and stability of the fixed points of the system as a function of the parameter ϵ is also studied. The dynamics of the particle is studied using the Poincaré map of section and the Maximal Lyapunov Exponent as indicators of chaos. Intermediate values of ϵ seem to be the most chaotic for the two cases of primary mass ratios (=0.001, 0.5) examined. The amount of chaos in the system remains higher than the Newtonian system as well as for the planar circular restricted three-body problem with Schwarzschild-like primaries for all non-zero values of ϵ.
The awakening beast in the Seyfert 1 Galaxy KUG 1141+371 – I
Authors: Jiang Jiachen , Cheng Huaqing , Gallo Luigi C , Ho Luis C , Buisson Douglas J K , Fabian Andrew C , Harrison Fiona A , Parker Michael L , Reynolds Christopher S , Steiner James F , Tomsick John A , Walton Dominic J , Yuan Weimin 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
KUG 1141+371 is a Seyfert 1 galaxy that shows a simultaneous flux increase in the optical and UV bands in the past decade. For instance, the latest Swift observation in 2019 shows that the UVW2 flux of the active galactic nucleus in KUG 1141+371 has increased by over one order of magnitude since 2009. Meanwhile, the soft X-ray flux of KUG 1141+371 also shows a steady increase by one order of magnitude since 2007. The significant multiwavelength luminosity change is likely due to a boost of mass accretion rate from approximately $0.6{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the Eddington limit to $3.2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, assuming a black hole mass of 108 M⊙. In this work, we conduct detailed multi-epoch X-ray spectral analysis focusing on the variability of the X-ray continuum emission and the puzzling soft excess emission. In addition, our SED models also suggest a simultaneous increase of disc temperature and a decreasing inner disc radius along with the increasing accretion rate. Finally, we discuss possible connection between KUG 1141+371 and black hole transients in outburst.
Galaxy clustering in the DESI Legacy Survey and its imprint on the CMB
Authors: Hang Qianjun , Alam Shadab , Peacock John A , Cai Yan-Chuan 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We use data from the DESI Legacy Survey imaging to probe the galaxy density field in tomographic slices covering the redshift range 0 &lt; z &lt; 0.8. After careful consideration of completeness corrections and galactic cuts, we obtain a sample of 4.9 × 107 galaxies covering 17 739 deg2. We derive photometric redshifts with precision σz/(1 + z) = 0.012−0.015, and compare with alternative estimates.1 Cross-correlation of the tomographic galaxy maps with Planck maps of cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and lensing convergence probe the growth of structure since z = 0.8. The signals are compared with a fiducial Planck ΛCDM model, and require an overall scaling in amplitude of Aκ = 0.901 ± 0.026 for the lensing cross-correlation and AISW = 0.984 ± 0.349 for the temperature cross-correlation, interpreted as the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect. The ISW amplitude is consistent with the fiducial Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) prediction, but lies significantly below the prediction of the AvERA model of Rácz et al., which has been proposed as an alternative explanation for cosmic acceleration. Within ΛCDM, our low amplitude for the lensing cross-correlation requires a reduction either in fluctuation normalization or in matter density compared to the Planck results, so that $\Omega _\mathrm{ m}^{0.78}\sigma _8=0.297\pm 0.009$. In combination with the total amplitude of CMB lensing, this favours a shift mainly in density: Ωm = 0.274 ± 0.024. We discuss the consistency of this figure with alternative evidence. A conservative compromise between lensing and primary CMB constraints would require Ωm = 0.296 ± 0.006, where the 95 per cent confidence regions of both probes overlap.