bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affirmative Religion
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Evangelical Christians are typically known for what they oppose, often taking hard-line stances against certain behaviors. Yet trends in the character of both American business and American religion enable evangelical executives to affirm the spiritual value of business and the choices required of business leaders. Evangelicalism is an individualistic religious tradition, encouraging spiritual improvisation, including personally interpreting the Bible. The Bible, in turn, is sufficiently diverse and ambiguous as to support all manner of priorities and perspectives. Paralleling this diversity, the panoply of stakeholder interests urged on companies by proponents of corporate social responsibility presents an array of possible contributions on which to base the spiritual worth of business. While evangelicalism, like religion more broadly, is often understood to be self-consistent, characterized by proscriptions and prohibitions, and rigidly dogmatic, in fact it is flexible, adaptable, often incoherent, and abundantly capable of affirming institutions and activities, including business.
Success to Significance
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While scholars generally posit upward mobility as a secularizing force, for evangelical executives, success in business catalyzes a deeper commitment to faithful living. Fame and fortune do not quench evangelical business leaders’ appetite for spiritual things, but rather activate or intensify such longings. Evangelical executives are deeply committed to exercising positive influence at their companies and beyond. But the executives who do so are those—and only those—who have acquired sufficient discretion and resources to exercise influence without compromising their professional standing or altering their lifestyle. While the deferral of significance is not unique to evangelical executives, their explicit endorsement of the transition from success to significance is important inasmuch as the ability to point to activities of significance that are facilitated by success in business strengthens the case that business is a worthy spiritual calling and legitimates lofty career aspirations, along with the accompanying sacrifices and eventual perquisites.
Into the Headwind
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For aspiring evangelical women, already subject to the metaphorical glass ceiling, evangelical perspectives on gender roles represent an exacerbating headwind. Ironically, though, when female evangelical executives advance arguments from distinction in advocating for greater representation among the business elite, they may actually reinforce the complementarian theological perspectives that undermine the legitimacy of evangelical women in leadership roles in the first place. Female evangelical executives are indeed more likely than their male counterparts to articulate concern for people relative to profits, embrace broader corporate social responsibilities, and cite feelings and intuition in support of career and business decisions. But women also disproportionately occupy the types of contexts that prompted evangelical executives more broadly—whether women or men—to articulate these particular orientations. Thus, the perspectives of women suggest that professional context and associated expectations supersede gender norms when ordering faith expressions in business.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For most evangelical executives, being an evangelical Christian in a corner office is not so much confusing or tension-filled as lonely. While the faith at work movement encourages evangelical business leaders to integrate their faith and their work, evangelical executives do not lack ways to implement their faith. Rather, they thirst for companionship and legitimation—for reassurance that their vocational choices have been sound and their time and energy well spent. Such is the primary effect of the faith at work movement for evangelical executives, the gist of whose rhetoric is to baptize business, or provide symbolic justification of business as a sacred enterprise. Eager indeed to integrate faith and work, for them, integration works in reverse. Evangelical business leaders are as likely to export business concepts into other contexts as to import religious concepts into the corporate domain, prompting reconsideration of the direction of influence between religious and economic life.
Five Punishments and Beyond
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the intellectual foundations of Chinese law and justice, such as the notions of Heaven, the Mandate of Heaven, Heaven-human interactions, and yin and yang as two primal forces constituting the underlying dynamics of the cosmos and human society. It traces the evolution of penal codes from the Qin dynasty to the Qing dynasty, showing how morality, governance, social order, justice, and wrongdoing were defined and how conceptions of criminal offenses and their punishments evolved. It makes clear that the imperial law and justice were designed to uphold the imperial system and the patriarchal family system as a coherent political-social-moral universe, which was underpinned by the notion of balance between yin and yang and was corresponding to “Heavenly reason.”
Introduction
Authors: Regnerus Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Marriage has receded dramatically in much of the West; given their historical and theological esteem for matrimony, are Christians faring any better? Not by much. Christian marriage, too, appears to be experiencing a recession. How do modern Christians around the world look for a mate within a religious faith that esteems marriage but a world that increasingly yawns at it? Some of the challenges facing them are mathematical—more women than men in congregations—while others are ideological, such as the penchant for keeping one’s options open. Economic and career expectations counsel delay. Do Christians wait on marriage? Not as long as the irreligious: being active in church predicts marrying earlier in most countries. Over time, this gap in marriage between the more religious and the less religious adds up. The future of marriage is becoming more religious, not less.
Men and Women
Authors: Regnerus Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Men’s earnings have become less important as a predictor of marriage rates in a world where women are thriving educationally and economically. Standards have risen. There are wide and high expectations for material well-being in marriage. Christians respond to these trends by exhibiting sex role flexibility in marriage—and often dual incomes—but they are not gender revolutionaries about marriage. Their behavior reveals no interest in overhauling longstanding sex role expectations. At its core, marriage is a relationship of interdependence. Insofar as spouses become functionally similar, marriage becomes less necessary and should become less popular—as is occurring today. Marriage rates are shrinking because of increasing disinterest in what marriage actually is. Marriage will never disappear, however, and its four key expectations—fidelity, totality, permanence, and children—are not social constructions. Public relations campaigns can win ballot initiatives and judges can alter marriage laws, but they cannot ignite new interest in marriage.
Social Protection under Authoritarianism
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Why would authoritarian leaders expand social welfare provision in the absence of democratization? What are the distributive features and implications of social welfare expansion in an authoritarian country? How do authoritarian leaders design and enforce social welfare expansion in a decentralized multilevel governance setting? This book identifies the trade-off authoritarian leaders face in social welfare provision: effectively balancing coverage and benefits between elites and masses in order to maximize the regime’s survival prospects. Using government documents, field interviews, survey data, and government statistics about Chinese social health insurance, this book reveals that the Chinese authoritarian leaders attempt to manage the distributive trade-off by a “stratified expansion” strategy, establishing an expansive yet stratified social health insurance system to perpetuate a particularly privileged program for the elites while building an essentially modest health provision for the masses. In China’s decentralized multilevel governance setting, the stratified expansion of social health insurance is implemented by local leaders who confront various fiscal and social constraints in vastly different local circumstances. As a result, there is great regional variation in the expansion of social health insurance, in addition to the benefit stratification across social strata. The dynamics of central-local interaction in enforcing the stratified expansion of social health insurance stands at the core of the politics of health reform in China during the first decade of the 2000s. This book demonstrates that the strategic balance between elites and masses in benefit distribution is delicate in authoritarian and decentralized multilevel governance settings.
Texas vs. California
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Texas and California are the leaders of red and blue America. As the nation has polarized, its most populous and economically powerful states have taken charge of the opposing camps. These states now advance sharply contrasting political and policy agendas and view themselves as competitors for control of the nation’s future. This book provides a detailed account of the rivalry’s emergence, present state, and possible future. First, it explores why, despite their many similarities, the two states have become so deeply divided. The explanations focus on critical differences in the state’s origins as well as in their later demographic, economic, cultural, and political development. Second, the book analyzes how the two states have translated their competing visions into policy. It describes how Texas and California have constructed opposing, comprehensive policy models—one conservative, the other progressive. It describes how these models operate and how they have produced widely different outputs in a range of domestic policy areas. In separate chapters, the book highlights the states’ contrasting policies in five areas: tax, labor, energy and environment, poverty, and social issues. It also shows how Texas and California have led the red and blue state blocs in seeking to influence federal policy in these and other areas. Finally, the book assesses the two models’ strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential futures, providing a balanced analysis of their competing visions.
Labor
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Texas and California models have polarized over labor policy. Texas has been a national leader in promoting a free-market approach to the employer-employee relationship. Texans were early supporters of the “open shop” and advanced this policy by coining and promoting the term “right to work.” In addition, Texas has restricted public sector unionization and has dismissed most other elements of the labor agenda. By comparison, California is one of the nation’s most union-friendly states and the most assertive in regulating the workplace. California has been a leader in recognizing the right of groups to unionize and strike and in enacting workplace regulations that exceed federal minimums. For example, the state was among the first to adopt a $15 minimum wage. California also provides its public sector workers comparatively generous pay, pensions, and benefits. The chapter concludes by presenting basic trade-offs of the two models.
Income and Poverty Gaps between Han and Ethnic Minorities in Rural China
Authors: Liu Xiaomin , Lyu Lidan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses the CHIP 2002 and 2013 rural data to investigate incomes and poverty among ethnic minorities who live outside of China’s five ethnic autonomous regions. Although the incomes of these rural minorities remained below those of the Han majority, the income gap narrowed during this period. A decomposition analysis finds that the income gap between the Han and the ethnic minorities was mainly due to household characteristics and residence location rather than due to ethnicity. From 2002 and 2013 absolute poverty declined and relative poverty increased for both the Han and the ethnic minorities. Furthermore, the minority-Han poverty gap narrowed. Regression analysis suggests that the poverty gap between the Han and the ethnic minorities was mainly because the ethnic minorities lived in less-developed regions. After controlling for region, research revealed that poverty among the Han was more serious than that among the ethnic minorities. The findings also reveal the importance of education for ethnic minorities.
The Effects of the Minimum-Wage Policy on the Wage Distribution in Urban China
Authors: Ma Xinxin , Li Shi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using the CHIP survey data, this study analyzes the effects of the minimum wage (MW) policy on wage distribution in urban China from 1993 to 2013. Several major conclusions emerge. Ordinary least squares and quantile regression model estimates show that the MW affected both the average wage and the wages of the low-wage groups during 1993–1995, 1998–2002, and 2007–2013, with the greatest effect during the 1993–1995 period. Neumark, Schweitzer, and Wascher model estimates indicate that the change in the MW level affected changes in the wage level for low-wage groups during 1993–1995 and 1998–2002, with the greatest effect during the 1993–1995 period. A difference-in-differences model indicates that even when heterogeneity problems are addressed, the MW considerably affected the wage levels of low-wage groups during all three periods. All of the estimation results reveal the presence of a spillover effect in 1993–1995 but not in 1998–2002 or 2007–2013.
Parallel and Related Trends
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Inductive development of the concept of violence against women in politics largely proceeded from an activist and practitioner space focused on the global South. Chapter 3 identifies incidents of political sexism and misogyny in other regions that helped propel recognition of violence against women in politics as a global phenomenon. It summarizes debates involving politically active women in other regions—including the global North—showing that this problem affects women across a range of different countries. One of these was the #MeToo movement that swept around the world in late 2017, which drew attention to sexual harassment within political institutions and highlighted that gender-based violence was not restricted to election-related events. The chapter goes on to show that these episodes have largely been folded into the work done by practitioners in the violence against women in politics field, helping to strengthen its recognition as a universal phenomenon.
Rational Attitudes toward Risks
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rationality requires aversions to risks, considering them in isolation, but permits attractions to risks, taken as means to attainment of goals. It specifies the strength of an intrinsic aversion to a risk in the sense of a chance of a bad event, but leaves open the strength of an intrinsic aversion to a risk in the sense of an act’s exposure to chance. Principles of consistency and proportionality govern attitudes to risks and attitudes to prospects, taken as chances for good events. Rationality prohibits being more intrinsically averse to losses than attracted to gains of equal magnitude, provided that losses and gains are assessed using their intrinsic utility assignments. However, it permits attitudes to risks to change as risks move into the past. Requirements concerning attitudes to risks and prospects ground evaluation of acts using their expected utilities.
Combinations of Acts
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Combining acts combines their risks. Their risks are not additive, either using their sizes or their intrinsic utilities. This creates the possibility of hedging, that is, adopting a risk to lower overall risk. Evaluation of combinations of acts that produce risks depends on whether the acts are simultaneous or in a sequence. Rationality evaluates a set of simultaneous acts as one act, given an ideal agent’s awareness of performing all together and at will. It evaluates a sequence of acts by evaluating its components one by one; their rationality suffices for the sequence’s rationality. This method of evaluation contrasts with evaluation of a sequence by comparing its utility to the utilities of rival sequences. Rationality does not evaluate sequences using utility maximization, even when the sequences bring neither unanticipated information nor changes in goals, because sequences are not options in the sense of being performable at will.
Rolling Back Idealizations
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Common principles of rationality adopt idealizations that a normative model makes explicit. A standard method of generalizing the model is to relax an idealization and revise principles of rationality to accommodate the change. Three idealizations to relax are: (1) cost-free reflection (2) certainty of the contents of propositions entertained, and (3) utility assignments that are stable throughout a choice. This chapter sketches ways of relaxing these idealizations. It shows how deliberations using beliefs and desires may approximate results of deliberations using probabilities and utilities. It generalizes probability and utility assignments for uncertainty about the content of a proposition by relativizing the assignments to a way of understanding the proposition. Finally, it presents principles of choice for decision problems with unstable utility assignments to acts.
Coda
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The preceding chapters have explored the histories of Chinese Buddhist migration, settlement, integration, and networks in the twentieth century. As noted in the introduction, there are two main themes to this study. The first concerns the attempt to write a connected history of Buddhist communities in China and Southeast Asia. The other explores the role of Chinese diasporic monks in the making of Buddhist modernism in the Malay Archipelagic states of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. This concluding chapter weaves together the threads of each theme and offers some directions for future research.
“Our Demand Has Been and It Remains—Unconditional Surrender!”
Authors: Gallicchio Marc 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins the story of this book on the island of Okinawa, Japan, beginning at dawn on April 1, 1945. This point in time sparked the largest concentrated naval bombardment ever to cover a landing. The chapter charts the dramatic pace of events that followed during that month and beyond. What happened in Okinawa resulted in a change in leadership in Tokyo, which convinced diplomats in the United States that Japan was signaling its intent to end the war. However, the chapter argues, they were mistaken. With the Americans firmly on Okinawa and a new prime minister leading the country, Japan had reached a turning point yet was refusing to turn. Instead, the country continued its fatal path toward the end. The military continued to urge the people to endure sacrifice until they were, hopefully, to be rescued. However, as we now know, this was the beginning of the end.
“Popular Opinion Can Offer No Useful Contribution”
Authors: Gallicchio Marc 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins a month after the previous chapter, on July, 6, 1945, as President Truman, Admiral Leahy, and Secretary of State James Byrnes departed Washington by train, and then by cruiser USS Augusta, heading for Antwerp, Belgium. The formalization for Japanese surrender was finally to begin. American hatred of the Japanese emperor was balanced by a more generalized desire on the part of most Americans to return to peacetime pursuits. Americans were looking past the surrender of Japan and thinking about life after the war. However, the chapter argues, it wasn’t going to be as cut and dried as that. The chapter provides evidence for the subtleties that existed in the debate in political circles.
Drives
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The third chapter continues the account of the bodily valuing Nietzsche attributes to all living things. It makes this valuing more concrete by developing the primary way it occurs—in our drives. These are the principal explainers in Nietzsche’s psychology; he offers this “drive psychology” in opposition to our prevailing “agent psychology.” Our drives are the ways we press ahead toward goals, with the underlying aim of power or growth. We value, often unconsciously, in the signs by which these drives steer. Each of us consists of many such drives, synthesized by relations of command and obedience. This drive-synthesis gives each body a system of values: the web of signs it aims toward or away from. The chapter examines how Nietzsche thinks we have access to these largely unconscious drives, how they interact with one another, and what practical lessons he draws (i.e., what new relation to our drives he recommends).
Affects
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The fourth chapter completes the account of bodily valuing by treating its second dimension: how we value in our “affects.” In these we feel the world’s impacts upon us and evaluate, in this feeling, how they strengthen or weaken us. Here we value not by steering toward goods (as in our drives), but reactively and retrospectively. These feelings serve as signs in a different way: as signs of how we have been growing—or declining. This backward turn in our affects opens up a great problem for Nietzsche, here called his “problem of the past.” We humans are unhealthily preoccupied with our past, as he argues in his critiques of memory, history, ressentiment, and guilt. Our affectivity also raises the problem of suffering, whose felt judgment against life Schopenhauer uses to ground pessimism—a conclusion that Nietzsche denies and reverses: we are to embrace life even in its tragic aspect.
Human
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The fifth chapter turns to Nietzsche’s analysis of the distinctively “human” values that our species has superimposed upon bodily values. It treats the innovation that most made us human: what we call our “agency.” Our conceptions of ourselves as subjects and agents are largely mistaken, but the very thinking of ourselves in these ways makes a key difference. Nietzsche here develops a naturalistic alternative to Kant’s transcendental arguments: positing ourselves as agents is not a possibility-condition but a life-condition. We examine his account of the genealogy and functions of this self-conception. It makes us able to use a new kind of value-sign, which we steer by consciously. This human valuing also presumes that its values should be “true”—should be grounded in reasons and not just in what we happen to want. This demand gives humans truth as a kind of meta-value competing with the deeper bodily value of power.