bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early recurrences of atrial tachyarrhythmias post pulmonary vein isolation
Authors: von Olshausen Gesa , Uijl Alicia , Jensen‐Urstad Mats , Schwieler Jonas , Drca Nikola , Bastani Hamid , Tapanainen Jari , Saluveer Ott , Bourke Tara , Kennebäck Göran , Insulander Per , Deisenhofer Isabel , Braunschweig Frieder 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimsTo investigate the significance of early recurrence (ER) of atrial tachyarrhythmias after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) on the development of late recurrence (LR) and to redefine the blanking period during which an ER is considered nonspecific.MethodsData of 713 patients undergoing their first PVI for paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation between January 2012 and December 2017 were included. All patients were followed‐up for 12 months according to clinical and outpatient routine and were screened for any atrial tachyarrhythmia lasting >30 seconds occurring during the first 3 months postablation (ER) and after the 3 months blanking period (LR).ResultsPatients with ER compared to those without ER had significantly more LR (74.5% vs 16.5% vs, P < .001). The occurrence of ER during the first, second and third months showed increasing LR rates of 35.2%, 67.9%, and 94.8%, respectively (P < .001). Receiver operator characteristic analysis revealed a blanking period of 46 days with the highest sensitivity (68.1%) and specificity (96.5%). Later timing and longer time span of ER were independent predictors for LR in multivariable analysis.ConclusionER is a strong predictor for LR. Our study advocates a shortening of the post‐PVI blanking period followed by a “gray zone” up to 3 months where individualized therapeutic decisions based on additional risk factors should be considered. We suggest that the ER time span might serve as such a predictor identifying patients at the highest risk for LR.
Phenolics, rather than glucosinolates, mediate host choice of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED on five cabbage genotypes
Authors: Yang Jinjian , Xie Wen , Liu Baiming , Wang Shaoli , Wu Qingjun , He Yuchi , Zhang Youjun , Jiao Xiaoguo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWorldwide, the most two important cryptic species of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are MEAM1 (Middle East–Asia Minor 1, “B” biotype) and MED (Mediterranean, “Q” biotype). Although both B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED are polyphagous, they differ greatly in host choice and performance on various host plants. MEAM1 prefer to settle and perform better than MED on cabbage (Brassica oleracea), for example, but the underlying mechanism is largely unexplored. In the present study, we first measured the contents of the main secondary insect‐resistant substances (glucosinolates and phenolics) and main nutrients (soluble proteins, total amino acids and total nitrogen) in five cabbage genotypes. We then examined the settling and oviposition choices of MEAM1 and MED on the five cabbage genotypes, respectively. The settling and oviposition preferences of both MEAM1 and MED were negatively related to the content of total phenolics rather than to the content of glucosinolates or main nutrients. Furthermore, our results showed that MEAM1 ranked the host quality of the cabbage genotypes more accurately than MED. The results at least in part indicate that total phenolics rather than glucosinolates mediate the host choice of B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED on the five cabbage genotypes.
Next generation secondary electron detector with energy analysis capability for SEM
Authors: SURI A. , PRATT A. , TEAR S. , WALKER C. , EL‐GOMATI M. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryWe report the working of a novel detector design based on a Bessel Box (BB) electron energy analyser in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). We demonstrate the application of our detector for elemental identification through Auger electron detection in an SEM environment and its potential as a complementary technique to energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. We also demonstrate energy‐filtered secondary electron imaging of a copper‐on‐silicon sample using an electron pass energy of 12 eV.Lay DescriptionAdvancements in the field of the Scanning Electron Microscopy have been one of the major nanotechnology enablers. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) generates a magnified image of the sample by bombarding it with an electron beam and detecting the electrons that scatter off the surface along with the electrons that are generated in the sample. Conventional detectors such as the Everhart‐Thornley detector (ET) or through‐the‐lens (TTL) detectors, either offer little to no energy analysis (ET) or limited energy filtering capability (e.g the low‐pass energy filter in TTL). This information is crucial to interpret the image of the sample under study. What is needed is a smart and compact detector that can detect electrons and furnish energy inside the SEM chamber. Here, we report a novel secondary electron (SE) detector design with energy analysis capability for use in scanning electron microscopes. The detector is based on the design of a Bessel Box (BB) energy analyser. We have designed and experimentally tested it in an SEM environment. The band‐pass filter action of the detector enables the BB to be operated at a selected energy and allows a narrow window of energies to be detected for generating energy‐filtered images.
A comparative histological study of the osteoderms in the lizards Heloderma suspectum (Squamata: Helodermatidae) and Varanus komodoensis (Squamata: Varanidae)
Authors: Kirby Alexander , Vickaryous Matthew , Boyde Alan , Olivo Alessandro , Moazen Mehran , Bertazzo Sergio , Evans Susan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe describe the histological appearance of the osteoderms (ODs) of Heloderma suspectum and Varanus komodoensis using multiple staining and microscopy techniques to yield information about their morphology and development. Histological analysis showed that the ODs of H. suspectum are composed of three main tissue types, a superficial layer, herein identified as osteodermine, capping a base composed of Sharpey‐fibre bone and lamellar bone rich in secondary osteons (Haversian bone tissue). In contrast, ODs in V. komodoensis are composed of a core of woven bone surrounded by parallel‐fibred bone without a capping tissue. Thus, in these two species, ODs differ both in terms of their structural composition and in details of their skeletogenesis. The histology of the mineralised tissues observed in these two reptile taxa provides insights into the mechanism of formation of lizard ODs and presents a direct comparison of the histological properties between the ODs of the two species. These data allow greater understanding of the comparative histological appearance of the dermal bones of lizards and highlight their structural diversity.
Immunological response of allogeneic bone grafting: A systematic review of prospective studies
Authors: Moraschini Vittorio , de Almeida Daniel Costa Ferreira , Calasans‐Maia Monica Diuana , Kischinhevsky Ingrid Chaves Cavalcante , Louro Rafael Seabra , Granjeiro José Mauro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough widely used, the potential for immunological sensitization of allogeneic bone grafts is still controversial in the literature. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the immune response of allogeneic bone graft procedures in humans.MethodsAn electronic search without language or date restrictions occurred in four databases for articles published until July 2019. Eligibility criteria included prospective cohort studies, controlled clinical trials, and randomized clinical trials that evaluated the potential of allogeneic bone grafts in sensitized immune system in humans through immunological or biological analysis. The protocol number of this SR registered in PROSPERO is CDR42019135491.ResultsThe search and selection process yielded eight prospective cohort studies published between 1984 and 2019. The percentage of patients' sensitization analyzed by human leukocyte antigens ranged from 21% to 67%, with a cumulative mean of 48 ± 17.3%. Bone soluble protein analysis demonstrates the sensitization of 55% of patients after allograft bone grafts. Also, a high level of circulating cell‐free DNA took place in the immediate postoperative period.ConclusionAlthough studies report a low incidence of local complications, an average of 48% of the patients remain with the immune system sensitized after receiving allogeneic bone grafts. Future studies should better address the local and systemic consequences of such sensitization.
State Lawmaker's Views on Childhood Obesity and Related School Wellness Legislation
Authors: Killian Chad M. , Kern Ben D. , Ellison Douglas W. , Graber Kim C. , Woods Amelia Mays 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool wellness legislation has potential to impact the health of children and alter the obesity crisis in the United Sates. Little is known about how state lawmakers perceive child wellness legislation effectiveness relative to obesity prevention. Our purpose was to understand state lawmakers' perceptions of childhood obesity and school wellness policies relative to the Social Ecological Model (SEM).METHODSTwenty‐one state representatives and nine state senators from one US state completed in‐depth interviews. Member checks and peer debriefing occurred throughout data collection and analysis. Transcripts were coded and triangulated. A conventional content analysis generated consistent themes.RESULTSFive main themes developed: (1) child overweight and obesity is problematic; (2) current legislation is ineffective; (3) funding and enforcing child wellness legislation is difficult; (4) it is difficult to legislate personal behavior; and (5) efforts from other levels of the SEM are more effective at promoting wellness.CONCLUSIONSLawmakers understand negative impacts of child obesity, but perceive immediate legislative issues like budgetary concerns inhibit robust policy‐oriented action. Participants believe parents, guardians, and individuals should ultimately be responsible for child wellness. Community, school, and family efforts to address childhood obesity and support wellness may be more effective in achieving positive outcomes than state and federal policy.
Religious Engagement, Civic Skills, and Political Participation in Latin America
Authors: Audette Andre P. , Brockway Mark , Castro Cornejo Rodrigo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo what extent has the growth of Evangelicalism in Latin America contributed to political participation across the region? A number of scholars of religion and politics in the United States have suggested that Evangelicalism promotes the development of civic skills necessary for political engagement, while the Catholic Church, due to its hierarchical structure, provides fewer opportunities for skill acquisition. In this paper, we apply this debate to Latin America to test whether civic skills developed in Catholic and Protestant church activities lead to differential participation rates in 18 countries. We utilize the 2014 Pew Religion in Latin America survey to test these effects, and find that Protestant churches do indeed promote skill‐developing activities at higher rates, but that Catholics, when involved, are more likely to translate this religious participation into political action. We conclude that political scientists must better understand the organizational role of religion in promoting political engagement worldwide.
Biological aspects of Schilbe intermedius (Ruppell, 1832) in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Mutethya Eunice , Okoth Sharon , Yongo Edwine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSilver butter catfish (Schilbe intermedius) is an indigenous fish species in Lake Victoria. It has a good economic value because of the quality and freshness of its flesh, increasing its demand for consumption. It is potamodromous, with its stock in the lake declining because of overexploitation by the use of illegal fishing gears at the river mouths on their way to spawning areas. Fish samples (321) were obtained from commercial gill net (1.5–3 in.) fishers within Nyanza gulf. The fish samples were weighed (g) and measured (cm), dissected and sex determined by visual inspection of the gonads. Ovaries for mature female fish specimens were preserved for analysis of fecundity. Fecundity was determined by the gravimetric technique. The mean (±SE) length and weight for all fish were 18.2 ± 0.2 cm TL and 51.9 ± 1.9 g, respectively. The female fish (20.0 ± 0.2 cm) were significantly (F = 199.80, p < .05) larger than the males (15.9 ± 0.1 cm). Similarly, the females (68.8 ± 2.6 g) were significantly (F = 152.61, p < .05) heavier than the males (30.93 ± 1.02 g). The overall sex ratio was 1.23:1.0 (female:male). The length frequency exhibited a unimodal distribution, with the modal class between 16 and 18 cm for either sex. The regression slope (b) of the length–weight relationship was 3.2, 3.1 and 3.0 for all fish, females and males. The absolute fecundity ranged from 6,510 to 59,818 eggs, with a mean of 34,473 eggs. The length at 50% maturity was estimated to be 16.0 cm (female) and 18.0 cm (male) fish. The mean length and size at maturity of S. intermedius have declined, likely attributable to fishing effects, changes in food resources, competition and predation. Thus, the present study provided relevant biological data of S. intermedius, which is currently limited for this region.
Stomatal development in the grasses: lessons from models and crops (and crop models)
Authors: McKown Katelyn H. , Bergmann Dominique C. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryWhen plants emerged from their aquatic origins to colonise land, they needed to avoid desiccation while still enabling gas and water exchange with the environment. The solution was the development of a waxy cuticle interrupted by epidermal pores, known as stomata. Despite the importance of stomata in plant physiology and their contribution to global water and carbon cycles, our knowledge of the genetic basis of stomatal development is limited mostly to the model dicot,Arabidopsis thaliana. This limitation is particularly troublesome when evaluating grasses, whose members represent our most agriculturally significant crops. Grass stomatal development follows a trajectory strikingly different from Arabidopsis and their uniquely shaped four‐celled stomatal complexes are especially responsive to environmental inputs. Thus, understanding the development and regulation of these efficient complexes is of particular interest for the purposes of crop engineering. This review focuses on genetic regulation of grass stomatal development and prospects for the future, highlighting discoveries enabled by parallel comparative investigations in cereal crops and related genetic model species such asBrachypodium distachyon.
Molecular regulation of autophagy machinery by mTOR‐dependent and ‐independent pathways
Authors: Al‐Bari Md. Abdul Alim , Xu Pingyong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMacroautophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway or recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis. This autophagy involves a series of sequential processing events, such as initiation; elongation and nucleation of the isolation membrane; cargo recruitment and maturation of the autophagosome (AP); transport of the AP; docking and fusion of the AP with a late endosome or lysosome; and regeneration of the lysosome by the autophagic lysosomal reformation cycle. These events are critically coordinated by the action of a set of several key components, including autophagy‐related proteins (Atg), and regulated by intricate networks, such as mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of autophagy, as well as mTOR‐independent signaling pathways. Among mTOR‐independent pathways, the transient receptor potential (TRP) calcium ion channel TRPML (mucolipin) subfamily is emerging as an important signaling channel to modulate lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. This review discusses the recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms and regulation of the autophagy process. Understanding these mechanisms may ultimately allow scientists and clinicians to control this process in order to improve human health.
Use of synthetic biology tools to optimize the production of active nitrogenase Fe protein in chloroplasts of tobacco leaf cells
Authors: Eseverri Álvaro , López‐Torrejón Gema , Jiang Xi , Burén Stefan , Rubio Luis M. , Caro Elena 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe generation of nitrogen fixing crops is considered a challenge that could lead to a new agricultural ‘green’ revolution. Here, we report the use of synthetic biology tools to achieve and optimize the production of active nitrogenase Fe protein (NifH) in the chloroplasts of tobacco plants. Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogen fixation genes, nifH, M, U and S, were re‐designed for protein accumulation in tobacco cells. Targeting to the chloroplast was optimized by screening and identifying minimal length transit peptides performing properly for each specific Nif protein. Putative peptidyl‐prolyl cis‐trans isomerase NifM proved necessary for NifH solubility in the stroma. Purified NifU, a protein involved in the biogenesis of NifH [4Fe‐4S] cluster, was found functional in NifH reconstitution assays. Importantly, NifH purified from tobacco chloroplasts was active in the reduction of acetylene to ethylene, with the requirement of nifU and nifS co‐expression. These results support the suitability of chloroplasts to host functional nitrogenase proteins, paving the way for future studies in the engineering of nitrogen fixation in higher plant plastids and describing an optimization pipeline that could also be used in other organisms and in the engineering of new metabolic pathways in plastids.
Neuroticism, conscientiousness, and in vivo Alzheimer pathologies measured by amyloid PET and MRI
Authors: Byun Min Soo , Jung Joon Hyung , Sohn Bo Kyung , Yi Dahyun , Lee Jun Ho , Jeon So Yeon , Lee Younghwa , Jung Gi Jung , Lee Jun‐Young , Kim Yu Kyeong , Shin Seong A , Sohn Chul‐Ho , Kang Koung Mi , Lee Dong Young ,   for the KBASE Research Group
Published: January 2020

AimIt has been suggested that personality traits, particularly neuroticism and conscientiousness, are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related cognitive decline. However, the underlying pathological links between personality traits and AD‐related cognitive impairments remain unclear. Thus, the present study investigated associations of neuroticism and conscientiousness with in vivo cerebral amyloid‐beta (Aβ) burden, AD‐signature regional neurodegeneration, and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in non‐demented middle‐ and old‐aged adults.MethodsA total of 397 non‐demented participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessments, 11C‐labeled Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory was administered to both the participants and their informants to measure neuroticism and conscientiousness.ResultsNeither neuroticism nor conscientiousness was associated with cerebral Aβ deposition or WMH. In contrast, higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness, reported by informants in particular, were significantly associated with reduced AD‐signature region cortical thickness. In regards to the direct and indirect effect of each personality on AD‐signature region cortical thickness, only the direct effects were found, whereas indirect effects via Aβ deposition or WMH were not.ConclusionThe present findings suggest that amyloid‐independent regional neurodegeneration might underlie relations of neuroticism and conscientiousness with AD.
Blood stream infections in children in the first year after liver transplantation at Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, South Africa
Authors: Duncan Mary , DeVoll‐Zabrocki AnneMarie , Etheredge Harriet R. , Maher Heather A. , Bouter Carolyn , Gaylard Petra , Loveland Jerome , Fabian June , Botha Jean F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChildren who undergo liver transplantation and subsequently develop BSI are at risk for adverse outcomes. Research from high‐income settings contrasts the dearth of information from transplant centers in low‐ and middle‐income countries, such as South Africa. Therefore, this study from Johannesburg aimed to describe the clinical and demographic profile of children undergoing liver transplantation, and determine the incidence and pattern of BSI and associated risk factors for BSI during the first year after liver transplant. Pediatric liver transplants performed from 2005 to 2014 were reviewed. Descriptive analyses summarized donor, recipient, and post‐transplant infection characteristics. Association between BSI and sex, cause of liver failure, age, nutritional status, PELD/MELD score, graft type, biliary complications, and acute rejection was determined by Fisher's exact test; and association with length of stay by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Survival estimates were determined by the Kaplan‐Meier method. Sixty‐five children received one transplant and four had repeat transplants, totaling 69 procedures. Twenty‐nine BSI occurred in 19/69 (28%) procedures, mostly due to gram‐negative organisms, namely Klebsiella species. Risk for BSI was independently associated with biliary atresia (44% BSI in BA compared to 17% in non‐BA transplants; P = .014) and post‐operative biliary complications (55% BSI in transplants with biliary complications compared to 15% in those without; P = .0013). One‐year recipient and graft survival was 78% (CI 67%‐86%) and 77% (CI 65%‐85%), respectively. In Johannesburg, incident BSI, mostly from gram‐negative bacteria, were associated with biliary atresia and post‐operative biliary complications in children undergoing liver transplantation.
An ERP investigation of item‐scene incongruity at encoding on subsequent recognition
Authors: Guillaume Fabrice , Baier Sophia , Etienne Yann 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate how item‐scene incongruity at encoding influences subsequent item recognition and the associated event‐related potential (ERP) old/new effects. Participants (N = 26) studied pictures showing an item in a scene, either in a congruent condition (e.g., a tent in a field) or an incongruent condition (e.g., a shower cabin in a field). Items were presented alone at test. Behavioral data revealed a benefit of incongruent information, with greater source memory performance but no significant effect on old/new recognition judgments. Longer response times for old compared to new items showed that participants not only evaluated the old‐new status of objects during recognition, but also worked already on the scene context decision relative to the source memory judgment. An ERP incongruity effect was found at study, with greater N400 amplitude in the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. During recognition, the results provide evidence that item‐scene incongruity at study increases the amplitude of ERP old/new effects. A mid‐frontal N400 old/new effect was found in the early time window (300–500 ms), and a right frontal sub‐component was modulated by item‐scene incongruity at encoding. The modulation observed in the later time window (500–800 ms) confirmed previous studies showing that the parietal old/new effect reflects the retrieval of episodic contextual details. The present study shows that the magnitude of ERP old/new effects is sensitive to item‐scene incongruity at encoding from the early time window in the right frontal region to the later retrieval processes.