bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of groundwater potential using geophysical data: a case study in parts of Cross River State, south-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ekwok Stephen E. , Akpan Anthony E. , Kudamnya Ebenezer A. , Ebong Ebong D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGroundwater potential of some parts of Cross River State, Nigeria, was assessed involving vertical electrical sounding (VES) and high-resolution aeromagnetic methods (HRAM). The VES and HRAM dataset were used to delineate the hydro-lithostratigraphic units and map the spatial distributions of geologic structures, respectively. The electro-stratigraphic sections revealed the various hydro-lithostratigraphic units composed of fractured/weathered crystalline basement, sandstones, siltstones, sandy shales, and highly baked and fractured shales occurring at different depths. Generally, the unsaturated top layer is composed of shales, marl, clay, silt, gravel and lateritic materials with resistivity ranging from ~ 3.0 to ~ 550 Ω m. This layer is underlain by various aquifer units like sandstones, siltstones, fractured shales and limestone/marl, and fractured/weathered basement occurring at different depths (~ 30 to ≤ 100 m) as revealed by the electro-stratigraphic sections obtained in the study area. In the Calabar Flank (CF), Oban Massif (OM) and Ikom-Mamfe Embayment (IME), the apparent resistivity for these hydro-lithostratigraphic units varied between ~ 8.50 and ~ 59.50 Ω m, ~ 120.2 and ~ 1562.6 Ω m and ~ 30.8 and ~ 277.2 Ω m, respectively. The enhanced total magnetic intensity maps and source parameter imaging result showed that the OM and IME are characterized by high concentration of short-wavelength anomalies, while the CF is dominated by relatively undisturbed thick sedimentation (~ 6217 m). HRAM results show that such areas are predominated by geologic structures like faults, fractures, fissure, dyke swamps, etc. caused by tectonics. Such geologic structures create secondary porosity and enhance permeability. From all the results obtained, OM and IME represent areas with moderate groundwater potential. The CF dominated by argillites with no significant tectonic activity is observed to have low groundwater potential.
Lusin and Suslin properties of function spaces
Authors: Banakh Taras , Wang Leijie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA topological space isSuslin(Lusin) if it is a continuous (and bijective) image of a Polish space. For a Tychonoff spaceXlet$$C_p(X)$$Cp(X),$$C_k(X)$$Ck(X)and$$C_{{\downarrow }{\mathsf {F}}}(X)$$C↓F(X)be the space of continuous real-valued functions onX, endowed with the topology of pointwise convergence, the compact-open topology, and the Fell hypograph topology, respectively. For a metrizable spaceXwe prove the equivalence of the following statements: (1)Xis$$\sigma $$σ-compact, (2)$$C_p(X)$$Cp(X)is Suslin, (3)$$C_k(X)$$Ck(X)is Suslin, (4)$$C_{{\downarrow }{\mathsf {F}}}(X)$$C↓F(X)is Suslin, (5)$$C_p(X)$$Cp(X)is Lusin, (6)$$C_k(X)$$Ck(X)is Lusin, (7)$$C_{{\downarrow }{\mathsf {F}}}(X)$$C↓F(X)is Lusin, (8)$$C_p(X)$$Cp(X)is$$F_\sigma $$Fσ-Lusin, (9)$$C_k(X)$$Ck(X)is$$F_\sigma $$Fσ-Lusin, (10)$$C_{{\downarrow }{\mathsf {F}}}(X)$$C↓F(X)is$$C_{\delta \sigma }$$Cδσ-Lusin. Also we construct an example of a sequential$$\aleph _0$$ℵ0-spaceXwith a unique non-isolated point such that the function spaces$$C_p(X)$$Cp(X),$$C_k(X)$$Ck(X)and$$C_{{\downarrow }{\mathsf {F}}}(X)$$C↓F(X)are non-Suslin.
Immunotherapy as an Antifungal Strategy in Immune Compromised Hosts
Authors: Posch Wilfried , Wilflingseder Doris , Lass-Flörl Cornelia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewIFIs cause high morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host worldwide. Although highly effective, conventional antifungal chemotherapy faces new challenges due to late diagnosis and increasing numbers of drug-resistant fungal strains. Thus, antifungal immunotherapy represents a viable treatment option, and recent advances in the field are summarized in this review.Recent FindingsAntifungal immunotherapies include application of immune cells as well as the administration of cytokines, growth factors, and antibodies. Novel strategies to treat IFIs in the immunocompromised host target intracellular signaling pathways using SMTs such as checkpoint inhibitors.SummaryStudies using cytokines or chemokines exerted a potential adjuvant role to conventional antifungal therapy, but issues on toxicity for some agents have to be resolved. Cell-based immunotherapies are very labor-intense and costly, but NK cell transfer and CAR T cell therapy provide exciting strategies to combat IFIs. Antibody-mediated protection and checkpoint inhibition are additional novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
Coalfield structure and structural controls on coal in China
Authors: Cao Daiyong , Wang Anmin , Ning Shuzheng , Li Huantong , Guo Aijun , Chen Limin , Liu Kang , Tan Jieqing , Zheng Zhihong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe occurrence of coal-bearing strata in a variety of coal-bearing basins of China is characterized by late tectonic deformation and remarkable spatial and geochronologic differences. The main controlling factors, which determine the tectonic framework of coalfields, include the geodynamic environment, tectonic evolution, deep structures, tectonic stress, and lithologic combination of the coal measures. The Chinese continent has experienced multi-stage tectonic movements since the Late Paleozoic. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of its continental tectonic evolution, the complexity of its basement properties, and its stratigraphic configurations control the tectonic framework of its coalfields’ present complex and orderly patterns. The concept of coal occurrence structural units is proposed in this paper and is defined as the structural zoning of coal occurrence. China’s coalfields are divided into five coal occurrence structural areas, and the structural characteristics of the coalfields in five main coal occurrence areas throughout the country are summarized. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the structure characteristics and occurrence of coal in these coalfields, the coal-controlling structures are divided into six groups: extensional structural styles, compressional structural styles, shearing and rotational structural styles, inverted structural styles, sliding structural styles, and syn-depositional structural styles. In addition, the distribution of coal-controlling structural styles is briefly summarized in this paper.
Contextual Sentiment Neural Network for Document Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Ito Tomoki , Tsubouchi Kota , Sakaji Hiroki , Yamashita Tatsuo , Izumi Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough deep neural networks are excellent for text sentiment analysis, their applications in real-world practice are occasionally limited owing to their black-box property. In this study, we propose a novel neural network model called contextual sentiment neural network (CSNN) model that can explain the process of its sentiment analysis prediction in a way that humans find natural and agreeable and can catch up the summary of the contents. The CSNN has the following interpretable layers: the word-level original sentiment layer, word-level sentiment shift layer, word-level global importance layer, word-level contextual sentiment layer, and concept-level contextual sentiment layer. Because of these layers, this network can explain the process of its document-level sentiment analysis results in a human-like way using these layers. Realizing the interpretability of each layer in the CSNN is a crucial problem in the development of this CSNN because the general back-propagation method cannot realize such interpretability. To realize this interpretability, we propose a novel learning strategy called initialization propagation (IP) learning. Using real textual datasets, we experimentally demonstrate that the proposed IP learning is effective for improving the interpretability of each layer in CSNN. We then experimentally demonstrate that the CSNN has both the high predictability and high explanation ability.
Achieving Fairness with Decision Trees: An Adversarial Approach
Authors: Grari Vincent , Ruf Boris , Lamprier Sylvain , Detyniecki Marcin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFair classification has become an important topic in machine learning research. While most bias mitigation strategies focus on neural networks, we noticed a lack of work on fair classifiers based on decision trees even though they have proven very efficient. In an up-to-date comparison of state-of-the-art classification algorithms in tabular data, tree boosting outperforms deep learning (Zhang et al. in Expert Syst Appl 82:128–150, 2017). For this reason, we have developed a novel approach of adversarial gradient tree boosting. The objective of the algorithm is to predict the output Y with gradient tree boosting while minimizing the ability of an adversarial neural network to predict the sensitive attribute S. The approach incorporates at each iteration the gradient of the neural network directly in the gradient tree boosting. We empirically assess our approach on four popular data sets and compare against state-of-the-art algorithms. The results show that our algorithm achieves a higher accuracy while obtaining the same level of fairness, as measured using a set of different common fairness definitions.
Maintenance Therapy with Nebulizers in Patients with Stable COPD: Need for Reevaluation
Authors: Terry Paul D. , Dhand Rajiv 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPatients with stable COPD rely heavily on inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids to control symptoms, maximize quality of life, and avoid exacerbations and costly hospitalizations. These drugs are typically delivered by hand-held inhalers or nebulizers. The majority of patients are prescribed inhalers due to their perceived convenience, portability, and lower cost, relative to nebulizers. Unfortunately, poor inhaler technique compromises symptom relief in most of these patients. In contrast to one or two puffs through an inhaler, nebulizers deliver a drug over many breaths, through tidal breathing, and hence are more forgiving to poor inhalation technique. To what extent susceptibility to errors in their use may influence the relative effectiveness of these two types of inhalation device has received little attention in COPD research. In 2005, a systematic review of the literature concluded that nebulizers and inhalers are equally effective in patients who are adequately trained to use their inhalation device. This conclusion was based on two small clinical trials that only examined objective measures of lung function. Since then, additional studies have found that maintenance therapy administered by nebulizers could improve patients’ reported feelings of symptom relief, quality of life, and satisfaction with treatment, compared to therapy administered by inhalers. Because it has been 15 years since the publication of the systematic review, in this article we summarize the results of studies that compared the effectiveness of inhalers with that of nebulizers in patients with stable COPD and discuss their implications for clinical practice and need for future research.
QUANTITATIVE REASONING AND COMMERCIAL LOGIC IN REBUILDING PLANS AFTER THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON, 1666
Authors: LAHAV AVITAL 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTRebuilding plans submitted after the Great Fire of London in 1666 have been widely treated by historians of the Great Fire and in wide-scope histories of London and modern city planning. However, few attempts have been made to assign an overarching logic to all of them, while paying attention to their texts as well as to their maps. The following article highlights certain common features in these abortive efforts to plan London, assigns a common logic to all of them, and traces the origins of this logic. Such an analysis illuminates the economic principles in plans that are usually examined for their architectural features, and places them in a different historical context. Rather than seeing them as manifestations of contemporary architectural trends, or as a continuation of ongoing attempts to regulate London's cityscape, the plans are presented here as a response to emerging ideas in mid-seventeenth-century England about the nature of value and the economic function of cities within the world of commerce. Such a view reveals the complex interplay between London's early modern growth and the emergence of new forms of knowledge in seventeenth-century England and reasserts the importance of these plans as forerunners of present-day city planning.
Ruminal epithelium: a checkpoint for cattle health
Authors: Baaske Lisa , Gäbel Gotthold , Dengler Franziska 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe reticulorumen, as the main fermentation site of ruminants, delivers energy in the form of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for both the animal as well as the ruminal wall. By absorbing these SCFA, the ruminal epithelium plays a major role in the maintenance of intraruminal and intraepithelial acid–base homoeostasis as well as the balance of osmolarity. It takes up SCFA via several pathways which additionally lead to either a reduction of protons in the ruminal lumen or the secretion of bicarbonate, ultimately buffering the ruminal content effectively. Nutrition of the epithelium itself is achieved by catabolism of the SCFA, especially butyrate. Catabolism of SCFA also helps to maintain a concentration gradient across the epithelium to ensure efficient SCFA uptake and stability of the epithelial osmolarity. Furthermore, the ruminal epithelium forms a tight barrier against pathogens, endotoxins or biogenic amines, which may emerge from ruminal microorganisms and feed. Under physiological conditions, it reduces toxin uptake to a minimum. Moreover, the epithelium seems to have the ability to degrade biogenic amines like histamine. Nonetheless, in high performance production animals like dairy cattle, the reticulorumen is confronted with large amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. This may push the epithelium to its limits, even though it possesses a great capacity to adapt to varying feeding conditions. If the epithelial limit is exceeded, increasing amounts of SCFA lead to an acidotic imbalance that provokes epithelial damage and thereby elevates the entrance of pathogens and other potentially harmful substances into the animal's body. Hence, the ruminal epithelium lays the foundation for the animal's health, and in order to ensure longevity and high performance of ruminant farm animals, it should never be overburdened.
A case series and literature review on patients with rhinological complications secondary to the use of cocaine and levamisole
Authors: Green R J , Gardiner Q , Vinod K , Oparka R , Ross P D 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundLevamisole is an increasingly common cutting agent used with cocaine. Both cocaine and levamisole can have local and systemic effects on patients.MethodsA retrospective case series was conducted of patients with a cocaine-induced midline destructive lesion or levamisole-induced vasculitis, who presented to a Dundee hospital or the practice of a single surgeon in Paisley, from April 2016 to April 2019. A literature review on the topic was also carried out.ResultsNine patients from the two centres were identified. One patient appeared to have levamisole-induced vasculitis, with raised proteinase 3, perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies positivity and arthralgia which improved on systemic steroids. The other eight patients had features of a cocaine-induced midline destructive lesion.ConclusionAs the use of cocaine increases, ENT surgeons will see more of the complications associated with it. This paper highlights some of the diagnostic issues and proposes a management strategy as a guide to this complex patient group. Often, multidisciplinary management is needed.
Resource partitioning among juvenile snappers in a semi-arid estuary in north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Yasmin Lustosa-Costa Silvia , Nascimento Duarte Maria Rita , Vasconcelos Araújo Priscila Rocha , Pessanha André Luiz Machado 
Published: May 2020

AbstractResource partitioning is important for species coexistence. Species with similar ecomorphological characters have a high potential for competition, especially when close phylogenetically. The diet and resource partitioning of four snappers (Lutjanus alexandrei,L. analis,L. jocuandL. synagris) was studied in the Tubarão River, north-eastern Brazil, between March and November 2012. Specimens were caught using a beach seine, and a total of 731 stomachs were analysed. The highest abundance of snappers was found near to vegetated habitats in the middle estuary. Crustaceans were dominant in the diet of all four species, being found in over 90% of the stomachs, followed by fish and molluscs. The species did not appear to compete for common resources, probably because there was not always spatial overlap, and differences in the proportions of consumption of items were observed. Ontogenetic comparisons of dietary compositions suggested differences among species, with changes in the diet related to changes in the mouth area as the body size increased. The changes were more evident inL. analisandL. synagriswhere microcrustaceans (Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Amphipoda) were dominant in the diet of the smaller size classes, and benthic crustaceans (Brachyura) and fish in the diet of larger individuals. The intra- and inter-specific differences in the dietary compositions, differences in the mouth area and feeding strategy contribute to allow the co-existence of these snappers in the study area.
Review of doctoral research in language education in Germany (2014–2018)
Authors: Heine Lena , Marx Nicole , Schädlich Birgit , Wilden Eva 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article reviews a purposive sample of 16 doctoral dissertations in second language (L2) education, completed between 2014 and 2018 and published in German, in Germany. Among the 103 relevant dissertations found from this period, a total of 12 thematic strands were identified, of which five were chosen as being particularly common and thus warranting a more in-depth review: (1) learning and teaching about culture in the language classroom, (2) literary texts in L2 education, (3) bilingual models of learning and teaching, (4) plurilingual teaching and learning, and (5) language teacher education and teacher training. We identify relevant topics and relate these to trends in research methodology (qualitative/quantitative/mixed-methods). We also discuss the depth and breadth of these dissertations and situate their scholarly contributions within German and international research on language education.
Frontal Behavior Syndromes in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus as a Function of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarker Status
Authors: Niermeyer Madison , Gaudet Chad , Malloy Paul , Piryatinsky Irene , Salloway Stephen , Klinge Petra , Lee Athene 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectives:Cognitive impairment and apathy are well-documented features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). However, research examining other neuropsychiatric manifestations of iNPH is scant, and it is unknown whether the neuropsychiatric presentation differs for iNPH patients with comorbid Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus iNPH without AD. This study aims to advance our understanding of neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with iNPH.Methods:Fifty patients from Butler Hospital’s Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Clinic met inclusion criteria. Caregiver ratings on the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) were examined to appraise changes in apathy, executive dysfunction, and disinhibition. Patients also completed cognitive tests of global cognition, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning. AD biomarker status was determined by either amyloid-beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau to Aβ-42 ratio.Results:Results revealed clinically significant elevations on the FrSBe’s apathy and executive dysfunction scales and modest correlations among these scales and cognitive measures. Of the 44 patients with available neuroimaging or CSF draw data, 14 presented with comorbid AD. Relative to the iNPH-only group, the iNPH + AD group showed a larger increase from pre-illness to current informant ratings on the executive dysfunction scale, but not the apathy or disinhibition scales.Conclusions:These results replicate and extend prior research by identifying apathy and executive dysfunction as prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms of iNPH and suggest comorbid AD exacerbates dysexecutive behaviors. Future research is warranted to examine the effects of comorbid AD pathology in response to shunt surgery for iNPH, neuropsychiatric symptom changes, and resultant caregiver burden.
Functional Somatic Syndromes (FSS) in Children and	Adolescents
Authors: Kangas Maria , Kallesoe Karen Hansen , Rask Charlotte Ulrikka 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Unspecific somatic health complaints and symptoms are common in children and adolescents, varying on a continuum of severity. When persistent and impairing, they are often referred to as functional somatic syndromes (FSS). The overarching objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the pediatric literature in relation to conceptual, assessment, and treatment issues for youth presenting with FSS. Clinical recommendations are outlined including addressing potential feasibility and barrier issues for families presenting to medical and mental health services. Assessment and treatment issues are further discussed in context of two recent psychotherapy trials conducted with children and older age adolescents (aged from 7 to 19 years). Finally, we address ongoing research gaps in this field with view to strengthen the evidence base in the assessment and treatment of youth presenting with FSS.
Somatic Symptom Perception and Interoception
Authors: Witthöft Michael , Bräscher Anne-Kathrin , Jungmann Stefanie M. , Köteles Ferenc 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Models of chronic somatic symptoms assume that abnormalities in interoception are related to the development and maintenance of symptom distress. Different models, however, disagree on the exact nature of the assumed abnormality: cognitive-behavioral models stress a hypervigilant cognitive style (predicting higher interoceptive accuracy) whereas predictive processing models assume a less detailed sensory processing (predicting lower interoceptive accuracy). This study aimed at testing the relationship between interoception and symptom perception. Using structural equation modeling, associations between cardiac interoception and symptom perception were tested in a sample of students ( n = 316) and a second heterogeneous sample ( n = 340, including 63 patients with either pathological health anxiety or a somatoform disorder according to DSM-IV). Stronger sensory symptom perceptions in the cardiorespiratory system were associated with lower interoceptive accuracy in sample 2. The findings are more in line with the predictive processing approach, suggesting less detailed and more biased interoception being associated with chronic somatic symptom distress.