bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in children with obesity and increased transaminases in European German‐speaking countries. Analysis of the APV initiative
Authors: Koutny Florian , Weghuber Daniel , Bollow E. , Greber‐Platzer S. , Hartmann K. , Körner A. , Reinehr T. , Roebl M. , Simic‐Schleicher G. , Wabitsch M. , Widhalm K. , Wiegand S. , Holl R. W. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryBackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus are known to be closely linked with obesity as early as during childhood.ObjectivesThe study aimed to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM in children with obesity with or without increased transaminases.MethodsData from the observational multicentre (n = 51), cross‐sectional Adipositas Patienten Verlaufsbeobachtung registry were analyzed. Mild increase (mild group) was defined by alanine transaminase (ALT) >24 to ≤50 U/L and moderate to severe increase (advanced group) by ALT > 50 U/L. Prediabetes and T2DM were defined according to recent IDF/ISPAD guidelines.ResultsThe prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM was 11.9% (95% CI: 11.0–12.8) and 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1–1.7) among all participants (n = 4932; male = 2481; mean age 12.9 ± 2.7 years; BMI‐SDS 2.1 ± 0.5; Tanner stage 3.2 ± 1.5). The prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism (prediabetes and T2DM) was 13.8% (95% CI: 12.1–15.4) in the mild, 21.9% (95% CI: 18.8–25.1) in the advanced group, 10.7% (95% CI: 9.4–11.9) in the control group. Mild and advanced groups had greater odds ratios for prediabetes [1.42; 95% CI: 1.17–1.72, 2.26‐fold; (1.78–2.86), respectively], the advanced group also for T2DM [2.39 (1.36–4.21)] compared to controls. While an increase in transaminases predominantly affected boys, girls within the advanced group had a higher T2DM prevalence than males (5.4 vs. male 2.1%).ConclusionsChildren with obesity and increased liver transaminases as surrogates of NAFLD should be screened for T2DM.
Surgical niche for the treatment of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Hsieh Cheng‐Hsing , Hsu Geng‐Long , Chang Shang‐Jen , Yang Stephen Shei‐Dei , Liu Shih‐Ping , Hsieh Ju‐Ton 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPenile erection implicates arterial inflow, sinusoidal relaxation and corporoveno‐occlusive function. By far the most widely recognized vascular etiologies responsible for organic erectile dysfunction can be divided into arterial insufficiency, corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction or mixed type, with corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction representing the most common finding. In arteriogenic erectile dysfunction, corpora cavernosa show lower oxygen tension, leading to a diminished volume of cavernosal smooth muscle and consequential corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction. Current studies support the contention that corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction is an effect rather than the cause of erectile dysfunction. Surgical interventions have consisted primarily of penile revascularization surgery for arterial insufficiency and penile venous surgery for corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction, whatever the mechanism. However, the surgical effectiveness remained debatable and unproven, mostly owing to the lack of consistent hemodynamic assessment, standardized select patient and validated outcome measures, as well as various surgical procedures. Penile vascular surgery has been disclaimed to be the treatment of choice based on the currently available guidelines. However, reports on penile revascularization surgery support its utility in treating arterial insufficiency in otherwise healthy patients aged <55 years with erectile dysfunction of late attributable to arterial occlusive disease. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that penile venous surgery might be beneficial for selected patients with corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction, especially with a better understanding of the innovated venous anatomy of the penis. Penile vascular surgery might remain a viable alternative for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, and could have found its niche in the possibility of obtaining spontaneous, unaided and natural erection.
Dose modification for haematological toxicity: a survey of Australian medical oncologists
Authors: Cui Wanyuan , Shingleton Julia , Byrne Liesel , Kelly Aisling , King Lisa , Smith Phillipa , Lewis Craig R. , Stein Brian N. , Shapiro Jeremy , Karapetis Christos , Wong Rachel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundEvidence supporting dose modifications to reduce serious treatment‐related adverse events of antineoplastic therapy is limited and frequently based on clinical trial protocols, which are not always generalisable to community patients. eviQ is an online resource with treatment protocols and recommendations for dose modification formulated by expert opinion and evidence‐based review. Original recommended haematological thresholds to delay treatment were: neutrophil count <1.5 × 109/L and platelet count <100 × 109/L.AimsTo evaluate the current practices of Australian medical oncologists with regard to haematological dose modifications for antineoplastic treatments, and to determine rates of adherence to eviQ recommendations.MethodsAn online survey regarding haematological dose modifications was distributed to over 400 Medical Oncology Group of Australia members and eviQ medical oncology reference committee members via email. Responses were collated on 18 December 2017.ResultsOf 153 respondents, 67% indicated that they did not follow the eviQ haematological dose modification guidelines; 8% delayed curative intent treatment at neutrophil counts <1.5 × 109/L, compared with 36% for palliative treatment; most delayed treatment at neutrophil counts <1.0 × 109/L (94% curative and 97% palliative respectively). 70% of clinicians delayed palliative treatment at platelet counts <100 × 109/L, compared to 34% with curative treatment. No respondents indicated the original haematological cut‐off levels were too aggressive.ConclusionThe majority of responding medical oncologists indicated that they did not follow the eviQ haematological dose modification guidelines, which were viewed as too conservative. Subsequent to this survey, eviQ reviewed and updated haematological dose modification recommendations.
A scoring system for the electrostatic complementarities of T‐cell receptors and cancer‐mutant amino acids: multi‐cancer analyses of associated survival rates
Authors: Chobrutskiy Boris I. , Yeagley Michelle , Diviney Andrea , Zaman Saif , Gozlan Etienne C. , Tipping Price , Koohestani Darush M. , Roca Andrea M. , Blanck George 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe anti‐tumor immune response is considered to be due to the T‐cell receptor (TCR) binding to tumor antigens, which can be either wild‐type, early stem cell proteins, presumably foreign to a developed immune system; or mutant peptides, foreign to the immune system because of a mutant amino acid (aa) or otherwise somatically altered aa sequence. Recently, very large numbers of TCR complementarity‐determining region‐3 (CDR3) aa sequences obtained from tumor specimens have become available. We developed a novel algorithm for assessing the complementarity of tumor mutant peptides and TCR CDR3s, based on the retrieval of TCR CDR3 aa sequences from both tumor specimen and patient blood exomes and by using an automated process of assessing CDR3 and mutant aa electrical charges. Results indicated many instances where high electrostatic complementarity was associated with a higher survival rate. In particular, our approach led to the identification of specific genes contributing significantly to the complementary, TCR CDR3‐mutant aa. These results suggest a novel approach to tumor immunoscoring and may lead to the identification of high‐priority neo‐antigen, peptide vaccines; or to the identification of ex vivo stimulants of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes.
The perceived impact of tax and regulatory changes
Authors: Sanchez Carmen , Gilovich Thomas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPeople believe that shared events, events that impact everyone to the same degree, will nonetheless impact them more than others. Across four studies we examined whether this impacts people's reactions to proposed changes to tax and regulatory policies. We found that participants thought that tax (Study 1a and 1b) and regulatory (Study 2) changes would have more of an impact on their own lives than on the lives of people in their same financial situation. We then examined whether these findings are the product of a broad focalism bias or its narrower relative, egocentrism. Because we observed the bias both when participants were asked about their own financial situation or that of someone else, the former appears to be the better explanation (Study 3). We discuss the implications of this bias for people's willingness to embrace policy proposals designed to advance the common good.
A tale of four bears: Environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns within the extant Ursus species
Authors: Luna‐Aranguré Carlos , Soberón Jorge , Vázquez‐Domínguez Ella 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimAssessing the relevance of niche evolution in the diversification patterns and geographical distribution of species driven by climate remains a challenge. We apply an integrative approach to evaluate the role of the environment on the phylogeography of bear species, incorporating fossil data to characterize the changes in the ecological niche through time. We evaluate our approach with the four extant species of bears within Ursus, the best represented taxon in the fossil record of the family Ursidae.LocationEurasia and North America.TaxaAsian black bear, Ursus thibetanus; American black bear, U. americanus; Brown bear, U. arctos; and Polar bear, U. maritimus.MethodsWe built a genetic and a geographical database from all published mitochondrial DNA sequences and of species occurrence records. We defined the most significant climatic variables based on each species ecological realm using correlation matrices, and characterized the ecological niches and existing environmental conditions with ellipsoid models. We inferred their current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ecological niche modellings (ENMs) and compared the results with the fossil record. We estimated the times of divergence (d‐loop sequences) of lineages and applied a phyloclimatespace approach to discern the phylogeographical patterns along each species’ ecological space.ResultsEcological niche modelling showed wider niches for U. thibetanus and U. americanus encompassing higher temperature and precipitation, while U. arctos and U. maritimus showed an opposite pattern. LGM models were consistent with the fossil record, predicting 55%–89% of the fossil occurrences (within their suitability areas). The phyloclimatespace revealed different degrees of environmental signal in the lineages’ phylogeographical patterns and ecological trajectories associated with LGM climatic conditions. Results indicated habitat tracking and ecological expansion since the LGM towards more extreme precipitation and temperature conditions for three species, except U. maritimus that showed ecological niche reduction.Main ConclusionsIncorporating fossil information from the LGM improved our characterization and interpretation of ecological models, by enabling definition of the limits of the climatic conditions explored by the species in the past. Our approach also provided insights about the existing set of environmental conditions shaping the ecological niche divergence of Ursus bears. We were able to depict key features of the lineages’ evolutionary history, ecology and distribution, revealing the dynamics of niche occupation and the environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns of Ursus.
Effect of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: An analysis using real‐world long‐term follow‐up data
Authors: Takao Toshiko , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Yoshida Yoko , Kushiyama Akifumi , Onishi Yukiko , Tahara Tazu , Shimmei Asuka , Kikuchi Takako , Suka Machi , Yanagisawa Hiroyuki , Iwamoto Yasuhiko , Kasuga Masato 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionThere is little evidence on the role of postprandial glycemia in the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a real‐world setting. We aimed to assess the effect of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes, and whether its effect differs depending on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values and age.Materials and MethodsIntrapersonal mean blood glucose levels at 1–2 h post‐breakfast (1–2h‐PBBG), post‐lunch (1–2 h‐PLBG) and both (1–2h‐PBLBG) during 2 years from the first visit were used as baseline data. This retrospective cohort study enrolled 487, 323 and 406 patients who had 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG measurements, respectively. These three groups were followed from 1999 up through 2017.ResultsDR occurred in 145, 92 and 126 patients in the 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG groups, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the mean 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG levels were significant predictors of DR, independent of mean HbA1c. In patients with mean HbA1c <7.0% and those with a baseline age <60 years, the mean 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG levels were significant predictors.ConclusionsPostprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits might predict the incidence of DR, independent of HbA1c. The effect of postprandial hyperglycemia on DR is obvious in patients with well‐controlled HbA1c and in younger patients. Even with the lower HbA1c level, correcting postprandial hyperglycemia is important for preventing DR, especially in middle‐aged adults with type 2 diabetes.
Early postnatal manganese exposure causes arousal dysregulation and lasting hypofunctioning of the prefrontal cortex catecholaminergic systems
Authors: Conley Travis E. , Beaudin Stephane A. , Lasley Stephen M. , Fornal Casimir A. , Hartman Jasenia , Uribe Walter , Khan Tooba , Strupp Barbara J. , Smith Donald R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStudies have reported associations between environmental manganese (Mn) exposure and impaired cognition, attention, impulse control, and fine motor function in children. Our recent rodent studies established that elevated Mn exposure causes these impairments. Here, rats were exposed orally to 0, 25, or 50 mg Mn kg–1 day–1 during early postnatal life (PND 1–21) or lifelong to determine whether early life Mn exposure causes heightened behavioral reactivity in the open field, lasting changes in the catecholaminergic systems in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), altered dendritic spine density, and whether lifelong exposure exacerbates these effects. We also assessed astrocyte reactivity (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), and astrocyte complement C3 and S100A10 protein levels as markers of A1 proinflammatory or A2 anti‐inflammatory reactive astrocytes. Postnatal Mn exposure caused heightened behavioral reactivity during the first 5–10 min intervals of daily open field test sessions, consistent with impairments in arousal regulation. Mn exposure reduced the evoked release of norepinephrine (NE) and caused decreased protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine (DA) and NE transporters, and DA D1 receptors, along with increased DA D2 receptors. Mn also caused a lasting increase in reactive astrocytes (GFAP) exhibiting increased A1 and A2 phenotypes, with a greater induction of the A1 proinflammatory phenotype. These results demonstrate that early life Mn exposure causes broad lasting hypofunctioning of the mPFC catecholaminergic systems, consistent with the impaired arousal regulation, attention, impulse control, and fine motor function reported in these animals, suggesting that mPFC catecholaminergic dysfunction may underlie similar impairments reported in Mn‐exposed children.
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Respiratory syncytial virus tropism for olfactory sensory neurons in mice
Authors: Bryche Bertrand , Frétaud Maxence , Saint‐Albin Deliot Audrey , Galloux Marie , Sedano Laura , Langevin Christelle , Descamps Delphyne , Rameix‐Welti Marie‐Anne , Eléouët Jean‐François , Le Goffic Ronan , Meunier Nicolas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe olfactory mucosa, where the first step of odor detection occurs, is a privileged pathway for environmental toxicants and pathogens toward the central nervous system. Indeed, some pathogens can infect olfactory sensory neurons including their axons projecting to the olfactory bulb allowing them to bypass the blood–brain barrier and reach the central nervous system (CNS) through the so‐called olfactory pathway. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major respiratory tract pathogen but there is growing evidence that RSV may lead to CNS impairments. However, the mechanisms involved in RSV entering into the CNS have been poorly described. In this study, we wanted to explore the capacity of RSV to reach the CNS via the olfactory pathway and to better characterize RSV cellular tropism in the nasal cavity. We first explored the distribution of RSV infectious sites in the nasal cavity by in vivo bioluminescence imaging and a tissue clearing protocol combined with deep‐tissue imaging and 3D image analyses. This whole tissue characterization was confirmed with immunohistochemistry and molecular biology approaches. Together, our results provide a novel 3D atlas of mouse nasal cavity anatomy and show that RSV can infect olfactory sensory neurons giving access to the central nervous system by entering the olfactory bulb.
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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14765.
Can smiling influence the blood flow in the facial vein?—An experimental study
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Lowry Natalia , Devineni Aditya , Rosamilia Gianna , Schenck Thilo L. , Frank Konstantin , Bautista Sana A. , Green Jeremy B. , Hamade Hassan , Gotkin Robert H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe understanding of functional facial anatomy and the interplay between facial structures is crucial for safe and effective minimally invasive and cosmetic surgical procedures.AimIn this experimental study, we investigate the hypothesis that smiling can alter the blood flow in the angular/facial vein.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐six observations from 15 healthy volunteers (6 men, 9 women) with a mean age of 50.53 ± 13.27 (range: 24‐66) were obtained. Doppler ultrasound imaging of the infraorbital segment of the angular vein (cranial to the zygomaticus major muscle) was performed and the venous flow was measured in a smiling and a resting, nonsmiling facial position.ResultsA statistically significant change in venous blood flow was detected upon smiling: a reduction in flow from 6.12 ± 3.0 cm/s to 0.52 ± 1.3 cm/s (P = .001). After three seconds, 80.8% of the observations had a blood flow of 0.0 cm/s. Increasing age was significantly correlated with a persistent blood flow during smiling (rp = .469; P = .016). No differences between gender and sides of the face were observed.ConclusionThe results of this experimental study reveal that smiling can significantly reduce the venous flow in the angular/facial vein. Contraction of the zygomaticus major muscle compresses the vein against the underlying maxilla. Both minimally invasive and surgical procedures that alter the SMAS, the periocular musculature or the deep midfacial fat compartments might affect angular/facial venous flow.
The empathy continuum: An evidenced‐based teaching model derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature
Authors: Levett‐Jones Tracy , Cant Robyn 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsThis paper has two aims : first, to explain the concept of empathy derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature; and second, to profile a new conceptual model that can be used to inform the teaching of empathy.BackgroundEmpathy is fundamental to therapeutic communication and integral to quality patient care. However, the lack of agreement on the definition or conceptualisation of empathy in the nursing literature can make teaching and evaluating this skill challenging and inconsistent.DesignIntegrative review of literature.Data sourcesPublications from January 2000 to July 2018 in Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHLPlus, PsycINFO, and PubMed.Review methodsAs no integrative review checklists are currently available, a PRISMA checklist was adapted to guide this review. A two‐stage approach was used to explore the concept of empathy. Key definitions and attributes of empathy were identified from 11 primary studies and tabulated to allow for display and comparison. Next, the definitions and attributes of empathy drawn from a purposeful sample of 18 nursing education studies were examined, tabulated and summarised. Finally, the two samples were integrated and synthesised to form a cohesive summary, which was then illustrated with teaching and learning exemplars.ResultsDespite the lack of consensus on the definitions of empathy evident in the literature, recurring attributes and elements of empathy were evident, leading to the development of a new empathy model.ConclusionPatterns of consistency in the attributes of empathy that emerged from the review provided the basis for a new conceptual model, termed “The Empathy Continuum.”Relevance to clinical practiceEach of the stages in the Empathy Continuum can be used to teach learners the meaning, attributes and application of empathy in practice. The model will be relevant to nurse educators as well as educators from other disciplines.
Paediatric Buruli ulcer in Australia
Authors: Walker Georgia , Friedman Deborah N , O'Brien Matthew P , Cooper Chris , McDonald Anthony , Callan Peter , O'Brien Daniel P 
Published: December 2019

AimThis study describes an Australian cohort of paediatric Buruli ulcer (BU) patients and compares them with adult BU patients.MethodsAnalysis of a prospective cohort of all BU cases managed at Barwon Health, Victoria, from 1 January 1998 to 31 May 2018 was performed. Children were defined as ≤15 years of age.ResultsA total of 565 patients were included: 52 (9.2%) children, 289 (51.2%) adults aged 16–64 years and 224 (39.6%) adults aged ≥65 years. Among children, half were female and the median age was 8.0 years (interquartile range 4.8–12.3 years). Six (11.5%) cases were diagnosed from 2001 to 2006, 14 (26.9%) from 2007 to 2012 and 32 (61.5%) from 2013 to 2018. Compared to adults, children had a significantly higher proportion of non‐ulcerative lesions (32.7%, P < 0.001) and a higher proportion of severe lesions (26.9%, P < 0.01). The median duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was shorter for children compared with adults aged 16–64 years (42 vs. 56 days, P = 0.04). Children were significantly less likely to experience antibiotic complications (6.1%) compared with adults (20.6%, P < 0.001), but had a significantly higher rate of paradoxical reactions (38.8%) compared with adults aged 16–64 (19.2%) (P < 0.001). Paradoxical reactions in children occurred significantly earlier than in adults (median 17 vs. 56 days, P < 0.01). Cure rates were similarly high for children compared to adults treated with antibiotics alone or with antibiotics and surgery.ConclusionsPaediatric BU cases in Australia are increasing and represent an important but stable proportion of Australian BU cohorts. Compared with adults, there are significant differences in clinical presentation and treatment outcomes.