bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Portable Raman leaf-clip sensor for rapid detection of plant stress
Authors: Gupta Shilpi , Huang Chung Hao , Singh Gajendra Pratap , Park Bong Soo , Chua Nam-Hai , Ram Rajeev J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrecision agriculture requires new technologies for rapid diagnosis of plant stresses, such as nutrient deficiency and drought, before the onset of visible symptoms and subsequent yield loss. Here, we demonstrate a portable Raman probe that clips around a leaf for rapid, in vivo spectral analysis of plant metabolites including carotenoids and nitrates. We use the leaf-clip Raman sensor for early diagnosis of nitrogen deficiency of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as two important vegetable crops, Pak Choi (Brassica rapa chinensis) and Choy Sum (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis). In vivo measurements using the portable leaf-clip Raman sensor under full-light growth conditions were consistent with those obtained with a benchtop Raman spectrometer measurements on leaf-sections under laboratory conditions. The portable leaf-clip Raman sensor offers farmers and plant scientists a new precision agriculture tool for early diagnosis and real-time monitoring of plant stresses in field conditions.
Spatio-temporal analysis of oil lake and oil-polluted surfaces from remote sensing data in one of the Libyan oil fields
Authors: Abdunaser Khalifa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe study area, which is part of the Sirt sedimentary basin in the north-central part of Libya, is characterized by natural resources of important environmental value that need special attention as they are threatened by many human activities. The focus of this study was mainly on the production of high-resolution maps of oil-contaminated surfaces, and the series time maps of events resulting from oil pollution using multi temporal satellite data and validation of the results. Digital image processing techniques were used on satellite-based sensing, whether optical or radar data, which proved to be a cost-effective way to collect information on the volume of lake water, and to assess the depth and concentration of pollution in the study area rich in lakes taken from different periods (1972 to 2006). The area of the oil-contaminated lake, called produced water, was calculated from the 1972 Landsat MSS digital satellite imagery data and was about 1.8 km2and then increased to 10.7 km2, during 2006 from Landsat digital image TM data. The size change in this area was due to the increase of the quantities of water production that continued to increase as the oil and gas fields reached maturity. The 2019 Landsat satellite imagery reveals a drastic shrinkage in the area of the lake attributed to the suspension of the produced water pumping as well as the cycle of evaporation that resulted to the water led to a limited volume of water remaining in the lake.
Converse magneto-electric effects in a core–shell multiferroic nanofiber by electric field tuning of ferromagnetic resonance
Authors: Liu Ying , Sreenivasulu G. , Zhou P. , Fu J. , Filippov D. , Zhang W. , Zhou T. , Zhang T. , Shah Piyush , Page M. R. , Srinivasan Gopalan , Berweger S. , Wallis T. M. , Kabos P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis report is on studies directed at the nature of magneto-electric (ME) coupling by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) under an electric field in a coaxial nanofiber of nickel ferrite (NFO) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Fibers with ferrite cores and PZT shells were prepared by electrospinning. The core–shell structure of annealed fibers was confirmed by electron- and scanning probe microscopy. For studies on converse ME effects, i.e., the magnetic response of the fibers to an applied electric field, FMR measurements were done on a single fiber with a near-field scanning microwave microscope (NSMM) at 5–10 GHz by obtaining profiles of both amplitude and phase of the complex scattering parameter S11 as a function of bias magnetic field. The strength of the voltage-ME coupling Av was determined from the shift in the resonance field Hr for bias voltage of V = 0–7 V applied to the fiber. The coefficient Av for the NFO core/PZT shell structure was estimated to be − 1.92 kA/Vm (− 24 Oe/V). A model was developed for the converse ME effects in the fibers and the theoretical estimates are in good agreement with the data.
Analysis of vitamin D level among asymptomatic and critically ill COVID-19 patients and its correlation with inflammatory markers
Authors: Jain Anshul , Chaurasia Rachna , Sengar Narendra Singh , Singh Mayank , Mahor Sachin , Narain Sumit 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 is characterized by marked variability in clinical severity. Vitamin D had recently been reviewed as one of the factors that may affect the severity in COVID-19. The objective of current study is to analyze the vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients and its impact on the disease severity. After approval from Ethics Committee, M.L.B Medical College the current study was undertaken as continuous prospective observational study of 6 weeks. Participants were COVID-19 patients of age group 30–60 years admitted during the study period of 6 weeks. Study included either asymptomatic COVID-19 patients (Group A) or severely ill patients requiring ICU admission (Group B). Serum concentration of 25 (OH)D, were measured along with serum IL-6; TNFα and serum ferritin. Standard statistical analysis was performed to analyze the differences. Current Study enrolled 154 patients, 91 in Group A and 63 patients in Group B. The mean level of vitamin D (in ng/mL) was 27.89 ± 6.21 in Group A and 14.35 ± 5.79 in Group B, the difference was highly significant. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 32.96% and 96.82% respectively in Group A and Group B. Out of total 154 patients, 90 patients were found to be deficient in vitamin D (Group A: 29; Group B: 61). Serum level of inflammatory markers was found to be higher in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients viz. IL-6 level (in pg/mL) 19.34 ± 6.17 vs 12.18 ± 4.29; Serum ferritin 319.17 ± 38.21 ng/mL vs 186.83 ± 20.18 ng/mL; TNFα level (in pg/mL) 13.26 ± 5.64 vs 11.87 ± 3.15. The fatality rate was high in vitamin D deficient (21% vs 3.1%). Vitamin D level is markedly low in severe COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory response is high in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients. This all translates into increased mortality in vitamin D deficient COVID-19 patients. As per the flexible approach in the current COVID-19 pandemic authors recommend mass administration of vitamin D supplements to population at risk for COVID-19.
LOXL2 promotes aggrecan and gender-specific anabolic differences to TMJ cartilage
Authors: Tashkandi Mustafa M. , Alsaqer Saqer F. , Alhousami Thabet , Ali Faiza , Wu Yu-Chiao , Shin Jennifer , Mehra Pushkar , Wolford Larry M. , Gerstenfeld Louis C. , Goldring Mary B. , Bais Manish V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the United States, 5–12% of adults have at least one symptom of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, including TMJ osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). However, there is no chondroprotective agent that is approved for clinical application. We showed that LOXL2 is elevated in the regenerative response during fracture healing in mice and has a critical role in chondrogenic differentiation. Indeed, LOXL2 is an anabolic effector that attenuates pro-inflammatory signaling in OA cartilage of the TMJ and knee joint, induces chondroprotective and regenerative responses, and attenuates NF-kB signaling. The specific goal of the study was to evaluate if adenoviral delivery of LOXL2 is anabolic to human and mouse TMJ condylar cartilage in vivo and evaluate the protective and anabolic effect on cartilage-specific factors. We employed two different models to assess TMJ-OA. In one model, clinical TMJ-OA cartilage from 5 different samples in TMJ-OA cartilage plugs were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Adenovirus LOXL2 -treated implants showed higher mRNA levels of LOXL2, ACAN, and other anabolic genes compared to the adenovirus-Empty-treated implants. Further characterization by RNA-seq analysis showed LOXL2 promotes proteoglycan networks and extracellular matrix in human TMJ-OA cartilage implants in vivo. In order to evaluate if LOXL2-induced functional and sex-linked differences, both male and female four-month-old chondrodysplasia (Cho/+) mice, which develop progressive TMJ-OA due to a point mutation in the Col11a1 gene, were subjected to intraperitoneal injection with Adv-RFP-LOXL2 every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The data showed that adenovirus delivery of LOXL2 upregulated LOXL2 and aggrecan (Acan), whereas MMP13 expression was slightly downregulated. The fold change expression of Acan and Runx2 induced by Adv-RFP-LOXL2 was higher in females compared to males. Interestingly, Adv-RFP-LOXL2 injection significantly increased Rankl expression in male but there was no change in females, whereas VegfB gene expression was increased in females, but not in males, as compared to those injected with Adv-RFP-Empty in respective groups. Our findings indicate that LOXL2 can induce specifically the expression of Acan and other anabolic genes in two preclinical models in vivo. Further, LOXL2 has beneficial functions in human TMJ-OA cartilage implants and promotes gender-specific anabolic responses in Cho/+ mice with progressive TMJ-OA, suggesting its merit for further study as an anabolic therapy for TMJ-OA.
A shell matrix protein of Pinctada mazatlanica produces nacre platelets in vitro
Authors: Rivera-Perez Crisalejandra , Flores-Sánchez Iliana Alejandra , Ojeda Ramírez de Areyano Josafat Jehu , Rojas Posadas Delia Irene , Hernández-Saavedra Norma Y. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNacre is the main component of the pearl oyster shells and it is synthesized by specialized soluble and insoluble shell matrix proteins. Insoluble proteins from the decalcification of the shell are the less studied proteins due to the technical problems to isolate them from the organic matrix. In this study, an insoluble shell matrix protein from Pinctada mazatlanica, pearlin (Pmaz-pearlin), was successfully cloned from the mantle tissue, and the native protein isolated from the shell was functionally characterized. The full coding sequence of Pmaz-pearlin mRNA consists of 423 base pairs, which encode to a 16.3 kDa pearlin. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that Pmaz-pearlin contained four acidic regions, an NG repeat domain, and Cys conserved residues, the latter potentially forms four disulfide bridges which might stabilize the protein structure. The isolated protein from the shell is a glycoprotein of ~ 16.74 kDa which can produce aragonite and calcite crystals in vitro. Our results show that Pmaz-pearlin is a well-conserved protein involved in nacre layer growth, which produces calcite crystals in the presence of CaCl2, aragonite crystal polymorphs with a hexagonal structure in the presence of MgCl2, and needle-like crystal structure polymorphs in the presence of CaCO3 The identity of the crystals was confirmed using RAMAN analyses.
Facile one-pot green synthesis of Ag–ZnO Nanocomposites using potato peeland their Ag concentration dependent photocatalytic properties
Authors: Alharthi Fahad A. , Alghamdi Abdulaziz Ali , Al-Zaqri Nabil , Alanazi Hamdah S. , Alsyahi Amjad Abdullah , Marghany Adel El , Ahmad Naushad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHerein, a facile green synthesis route was reported for the synthesis of Ag–ZnO nanocomposites using potato residue by simple and cost effective combustion route and investigated the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. In the preparation potato extract functioned as a biogenic reducing as well as stabilizing agent for the reduction of Ag + , thus eliminating the need for conventional reducing/stabilizing agents. Ag–ZnO nanocomposites with different Ag mass fractions ranging from 2 to 10% were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, TEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed that the as prepared Ag–ZnO nanocomposites possessed high crystallinity with hexagonal wurtzite structure. TEM and SEM images showed that the Ag–ZnO nanocomposites in size ranging from 15 to 25 nm have been obtained, and the particle size was found to increase with the increase in percentage of Ag. FTIR results confirmed the characteristics band of ZnO along with the Ag bands. XPS analysis revealed a pair of doublet with peaks corresponding to Ag and a singlet with peaks corresponding to ZnO. With the increase of concentration of Ag in ZnO, the intensity of NBE emission in the PL spectra was observed to be decrease, resulted to the high photocatalytic activity. Photocatalytic properties of Ag–ZnO nanocomposites evaluated against the MB dye under visible-light irradiation showed superior photodegradation of ~ 96% within 80 min for 2% Ag–ZnO nanocomposites. The apparent reaction rate constant for 2% Ag–ZnO nanocomposites was higher than that of other nanocomposites, which proved to be the best photocatalyst for the maximum degradation of MB. Furthermore, various functional parameters such as dosing, reaction medium, concentration variation were performed on it for better understanding. The enhancement in photocatalytic degradation might be due to the presence of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of ZnO by minimizing the recombination of photo induced charge carriers in the nanocomposites.
Structural basis of superinfection exclusion by bacteriophage T4 Spackle
Authors: Shi Ke , Oakland Justin T. , Kurniawan Fredy , Moeller Nicholas H. , Banerjee Surajit , Aihara Hideki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA bacterial cell infected with T4 phage rapidly establishes resistance against further infections by the same or closely related T-even-type bacteriophages – a phenomenon called superinfection exclusion. Here we show that one of the T4 early gene products and a periplasmic protein, Spackle, forms a stoichiometric complex with the lysozyme domain of T4 tail spike protein gp5 and potently inhibits its activity. Crystal structure of the Spackle-gp5 lysozyme complex shows that Spackle binds to a horseshoe-shaped basic patch surrounding the oligosaccharide-binding cleft and induces an allosteric conformational change of the active site. In contrast, Spackle does not appreciably inhibit the lysozyme activity of cytoplasmic T4 endolysin responsible for cell lysis to release progeny phage particles at the final step of the lytic cycle. Our work reveals a unique mode of inhibition for lysozymes, a widespread class of enzymes in biology, and provides a mechanistic understanding of the T4 bacteriophage superinfection exclusion.
Parallel fast and slow recurrent cortical processing mediates target and distractor selection in visual search
Authors: Donohue Sarah E. , Schoenfeld Mircea A. , Hopf Jens-Max 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVisual search has been commonly used to study the neural correlates of attentional allocation in space. Recent electrophysiological research has disentangled distractor processing from target processing, showing that these mechanisms appear to operate in parallel and show electric fields of opposite polarity. Nevertheless, the localization and exact nature of this activity is unknown. Here, using MEG in humans, we provide a spatiotemporal characterization of target and distractor processing in visual cortex. We demonstrate that source activity underlying target- and distractor-processing propagates in parallel as fast and slow sweep from higher to lower hierarchical levels in visual cortex. Importantly, the fast propagating target-related source activity bypasses intermediate levels to go directly to V1, and this V1 activity correlates with behavioral performance. These findings suggest that reentrant processing is important for both selection and attenuation of stimuli, and such processing operates in parallel feedback loops.
Early detection of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by its cardiac metabolic signature assessed with hyperpolarized MRI
Authors: Timm Kerstin N. , Perera Charith , Ball Vicky , Henry John A. , Miller Jack J. , Kerr Matthew , West James A. , Sharma Eshita , Broxholme John , Logan Angela , Savic Dragana , Dodd Michael S. , Griffin Julian L. , Murphy Michael P. , Heather Lisa C. , Tyler Damian J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that can cause serious cardiotoxic side effects culminating in congestive heart failure (HF). There are currently no clinical imaging techniques or biomarkers available to detect DOX-cardiotoxicity before functional decline. Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be a key factor driving functional decline, though real-time metabolic fluxes have never been assessed in DOX-cardiotoxicity. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can assess real-time metabolic fluxes in vivo. Here we show that cardiac functional decline in a clinically relevant rat-model of DOX-HF is preceded by a change in oxidative mitochondrial carbohydrate metabolism, measured by hyperpolarized MRI. The decreased metabolic fluxes were predominantly due to mitochondrial loss and additional mitochondrial dysfunction, and not, as widely assumed hitherto, to oxidative stress. Since hyperpolarized MRI has been successfully translated into clinical trials this opens up the potential to test cancer patients receiving DOX for early signs of cardiotoxicity.
Methods for correcting inference based on outcomes predicted by machine learning
Authors: Wang Siruo , McCormick Tyler H. , Leek Jeffrey T. 
Published: November 2020

SignificanceMachine learning is now being used across the entire scientific enterprise. Researchers commonly use the predictions from random forests or deep neural networks in downstream statistical analysis as if they were observed data. We show that this approach can lead to extreme bias and uncontrolled variance in downstream statistical models. We propose a statistical adjustment to correct biased inference in regression models using predicted outcomes—regardless of the machine-learning model used to make those predictions.
Sketching a motivational landscape
Authors: Mearns Tessa , de Jong Nivja 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Studies of motivation in bilingual education settings often address questions of differences between learners in
bilingual programmes and those in mainstream education. Problematic in this respect is our increasing awareness of the inherent
differences between these two learner groups, as learners in bilingual programmes have often chosen or been selected for a
bilingual route (Mearns et al., 2017). The study presented here therefore does not seek
to compare learners in bilingual and non-bilingual programmes, but rather to explore the nature of language learning motivation
within the context of bilingual secondary education (BSE) in the Netherlands. Using a purpose-designed tool reflecting the L2
Motivational Self System (Dörnyei, 2009), this study investigated trends in motivation
across genders, academic tracks and year-groups of nearly 2000 learners. Findings suggest that, although these learners all have
bilingual education in common, differences between the motivations of these groups should not be overlooked.
The impact of the simultaneity vector on the temporal-aspectual
development of the perfect tense in Romance languages
Authors: Torres Susana Azpiazu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper seeks an explanation of the Perfect in
the Romance languages that takes into account its temporal rather
than aspectual features. We contend that there is no real
“aoristicization” process of the Perfect over time and across
languages, but instead a semantic expansion of the notion of
simultaneity enclosed in the functional configuration of the form.
Based on the classical time vector configuration for Spanish posited
by Rojo (1974) and Rojo & Veiga (1999), we
argue that the semantic differences of the Perfect in Romance
languages can be explained as a different development of the
semantic possibilities of the simultaneity vector, whereby it may
remain at a very low level and be hardly deictic (Portuguese) or
become a pure sign of locutionality, and therefore mainly pragmatic
(French).
The Swedish perfect and periphrasis
Authors: Heinat Fredrik 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the apparent
near-optionality of the perfect auxiliary ha
(‘have’) in Swedish. Restrictions on the near-optionality of
ha-omission are typically recognized in the
previous literature as lexical or structural. The paper scrutinizes
the viability of these restrictions by means of corpus data. Most of
these restrictions are shown not to hold. Instead, the paper defends
the view that the optionality of the perfect auxiliary
ha in Swedish is linked to whether the clause
it occurs in requires a finite feature or not, and whether
ha is the only element that can supply a value
for this feature. The phenomenon of ha-omission is
accounted for in the syntactic frame work LFG. It is shown that
ha can only be omitted if another element in
the clause can provide a value for the finite feature.
Rugby league ball carrier injuries: The relative importance of tackle characteristics during the European Super League
Authors: Hopkinson M. , Nicholson G. , Weaving D. , Hendricks S. , Fitzpatrick A. , Naylor A. , Robertson C. , Beggs C. , Jones B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRugby league carries a high injury incidence with 61% of injuries occurring at tackles. The ball carrier has a higher injury incidence than the defender, therefore understanding mechanisms occurring during injurious tackles are important. Given the dynamic, open nature of tackling, characteristics influencing tackle outcome likely encompass complex networks of dependencies. This study aims to identify important classifying characteristics of the tackle related to ball carrier injurious and non‐injurious events in rugby league and identify the characteristics capability to correctly classify those events. Forty‐one ball carrier injuries were identified and 205 matched non‐injurious tackles were identified as controls. Each case and control were analysed retrospectively through video analysis. Random forest models were built to (1) filter tackle characteristics possessing relative importance for classifying tackles resulting in injurious/non‐injurious outcomes and (2) determine sensitivity and specificity of tackle characteristics to classify injurious and non‐injurious events. Six characteristics were identified to possess relative importance to classify injurious tackles. This included ‘tackler twisted ball carrier's legs when legs were planted on ground’, ‘the tackler and ball carrier collide heads’, ‘the tackler used body weight to tackle ball carrier’, ‘the tackler has obvious control of the ball carrier’ ‘the tackler was approaching tackle sub‐maximally’ and ‘tackler's arms were below shoulder level, elbows were flexed’. The study identified tackle characteristics that can be modified in attempt to reduce injury. Additional injury data are needed to establish relationship networks of characteristics and analyse specific injuries. Sensitivity and specificity results of the random forest were 0.995 and 0.525.
Seeding self-modulation of a long proton bunch with a short electron bunch
Authors: Muggli P. , Guzman P. I. Morales , Bachmann A.-M. , Hüther M. , Moreira M. , Turner M. , Vieira J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We briefly compare in numerical simulations the relativistic ionization front and electron bunch seeding of the self-modulation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma. When parameters are such that initial wakefields are equal with the two seeding methods, the evolution of the maximum longitudinal wakefields along the plasma is similar. We also propose a possible seeding/injection scheme using a single plasma that we will study in upcoming simulations works.