bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B-scan ultrasound, visual electrophysiology and perioperative videoendoscopy for predicting functional results in keratoprosthesis candidates
Authors: Silva Luzia Diegues , Santos Albert , Hirai Flavio , Allemann Norma , Berezovsky Adriana , Salomão Solange Rios , Oliveira Paulo Ricardo Chaves de , Andrade Gabriel , Maia André , Sousa Luciene Barbosa de , Oliveira Lauro Augusto de 
Published: October 2020

Background/AimsWe analysed the ability of B-scan ultrasound, ocular electrophysiology testing and videoendoscopic examination for predicting visual prognosis in Boston Type 1 keratoprosthesis (KPro-1) candidates. Indirect anatomical and electrophysiological findings and results from direct endoscopic evaluations were correlated with postoperative functional data.MethodsIn this prospective and interventional study, we included 13 individuals who had previously been indicated for Kpro-1 surgery. All subjects underwent preoperative screening, including ophthalmic evaluation, B-scan ultrasound, electrophysiological testing, and perioperative intraocular videoendoscopic evaluation (VE). B-scan ultrasound, electrophysiological testing, and VE evaluation results were categorised as favourable or unfavourable predictors of postoperative functional results according to predefined criteria. The predictability values of B-scan ultrasound, electrophysiological testing, and VE prognostication were calculated based on the visual acuity level achieved.ResultsAll surgeries and perioperative VEs were uneventful. Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranged from light perception to counting fingers. The 1-year postoperative BCVA was better than 20/200 (satisfactory visual acuity result) in 10 eyes (76.9%) and 20/40 or better in 5 eyes (38.5%). B-scan ultrasound presented a positive predictive value (PPV) of 85.7% for satisfactory postoperative visual acuity, electroretinography showed a PPV of 66.7%, and visual evoked potential presented a PPV of 66.7%. The perioperative VE PPV of a negative finding for satisfactory visual acuity was 100%.ConclusionsFundoscopic visualisation by intraocular VE is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used to predict functional outcomes in keratoprosthesis candidates. This technique demonstrated better prognostication in keratoprosthesis candidates than B-scan ultrasound and electrophysiological testing.
Comparison of intraocular lens calculation methods after myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis and radial keratotomy without prior refractive data
Authors: Patel Priyanka , Ashena Zahra , Vasavada Viraj , Vasavada Shail A , Vasavada Vaishali , Sudhalkar Aditya , Nanavaty Mayank A 
Published: October 2020

AimTo compare intraocular lens (IOL) calculation methods not requiring refraction data prior to myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and radial keratotomy (RK).MethodsIn post-LASIK eyes, the methods not requiring prior refraction data were Hagis-L; Shammas; Barrett True-K no-history; Wang-Koch-Maloney; ‘average’, ‘minimum’ and ‘maximum’ IOL power on the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ASCRS) IOL calculator. Double-K method and Barrett True-K no-history, ‘average’, ‘minimum’ and ‘maximum’ IOL power on ASCRS IOL calculator were evaluated in post-RK eyes. The predicted IOL power was calculated with each method using the manifest postoperative refraction. Arithmetic and absolute IOL prediction errors (PE) (implanted–predicted IOL powers), variances in arithmetic IOL PE and percentage of eyes within ±0.50 and ±1.00 D of refractive PE were calculated.ResultsArithmetic or absolute IOL PE were not significantly different between the methods in post-LASIK and post-RK eyes. In post-LASIK eyes, ‘average’ showed the highest and ‘minimum’ showed the least variance, whereas ‘average’ and ‘minimum’ had highest percentage of eyes within ±0.5 D and ‘minimum’ had the highest percentage of eyes within ±1.0 D. In the post-RK eyes, ‘minimum’ had highest variance, and ‘average’ had the least variance and highest percentage of eyes within ±0.5 D and ±1.0 D.ConclusionIn post-LASIK and post-RK eyes, there are no significant differences in IOL PE between the methods not requiring prior refraction data. ‘Minimum’ showed least variance in PEs and more chances of eyes to be within ±1.0 D postoperatively in post-LASIK eyes. ‘Average’ had least variance and more chance of eyes within ±1.0 D in post-RK eyes.
Gestational diabetes status and dietary intake modify maternal and cord blood allostatic load markers
Authors: Jack-Roberts Chauntelle , Maples Patricia , Kalkan Betul , Edwards Kaydine , Gilboa Ella , Djuraev Ikhtiyor , Zou Shuli , Hoepner Lori , Fordjour Lawrence , Lee Wen-Ching , Kral John , Dalloul Mudar , Jiang Xinyin 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionAllostatic load (AL) defines cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neuroendocrine changes in the body in response to internal and external stressors. It is largely unknown whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters maternal and fetal AL, which in turn affects GDM outcomes. Whether dietary intakes and quality can modify AL and thus influence GDM progression is also unknown.Research design and methodsIn this study, we recruited 35 GDM and 30 non-GDM women in gestational week 25–33. Fasting blood samples were collected at enrollment, and cord venous blood samples were collected at delivery for the measurement of a series of AL biomarkers to calculate the composite AL index. Three-day dietary recalls were conducted at enrollment.ResultsResults suggest that GDM women had 60% higher composite AL index scores (p value=0.01). Maternal AL index was associated with shorter duration of gestation (β=−0.33, p value=0.047) and higher fetal AL index (β=0.47, p value=0.006) after adjusting for GDM status. Dietary intake of monounsaturated fatty acids was negatively associated with maternal AL index (β=−0.20, p value=0.006). GDM women had lower total caloric intake and dietary glycemic load, yet their linolenic acid, vitamin C and E intakes were also decreased (all p value<0.05). These dietary differences were not related to birth outcomes measured.ConclusionsIn this study, GDM status and dietary intakes modify AL in this population. AL may serve as an indicator of GDM control. Future research on dietary interventions that can improve maternal AL markers during GDM is warranted.
Prevalence, incidence and predictors of cardiovascular risk factors: longitudinal data from rural and urban South India and comparison with global data
Authors: Vasan Senthil K , Antonisamy Belavendra , Gowri Mahasampath , Selliah Hepsy Y , Geethanjali Finney S , Jebasingh Felix S , Paul Thomas V , Thomas Nihal , Karpe Fredrik , Johnson Matthew , Osmond Clive , Fall Caroline H D 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionIndia has high mortality rates from cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding the trends and identifying modifiable determinants of CVD risk factors will guide preventive strategies and policy making.Research design and methodsCVD risk factors (obesity, central obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia) prevalence and incidence were estimated in 962 (male 519) non-migrant adults from Vellore, South India, studied in: (1) 1998–2002 (mean age 28.2 years) and (2) 2013–2014 (mean age 41.7 years). Prevalence was compared with the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Collaboration (global) data. Incidence was compared with another Indian cohort from New Delhi Birth Cohort (NDBC). Regression analysis was used to test baseline predictors of incident CVD risk factors.ResultsThe prevalence at 28 and 42 years was 17% (95% CI 14% to 19%) and 51% (95% CI 48% to 55%) for overweight/obesity, 19% (95% CI 17% to 22%) and 59% (95% CI 56% to 62%) for central obesity, 3% (95% CI 2% to 4%) and 16% (95% CI 14% to 19%) for T2D, 2% (95% CI 1% to 3%) and 19% (95% CI 17% to 22%) for hypertension and 15% (95% CI 13% to 18%) and 30% (95% CI 27% to 33%) for hypertriglyceridemia. The prevalence of T2D at baseline and follow-up and hypertension at follow-up was comparable with or exceeded that in high-income countries despite lower obesity rates. The incidence of most risk factors was lower in Vellore than in the NDBC. Waist circumference strongly predicted incident T2D, hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia.ConclusionsA high prevalence of CVD risk factors was evident at a young age among Indians compared with high and upper middle income countries, with rural rates catching up with urban estimates. Adiposity predicted higher incident CVD risk, but the prevalence of hypertension and T2D was higher given a relatively low obesity prevalence. Preventive efforts should target both rural and urban India and should start young.
Referrals to secondary care in an outpatient primary care walk-in clinic for refugees in Germany: results from a secondary data analysis based on electronic medical records
Authors: Schäfer Ingmar , Oltrogge Jan Hendrik , Pruskil Susanne , Mews Claudia , Schlichting Dana , Jahnke Martin , Wagner Hans-Otto , Lühmann Dagmar , Scherer Martin 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesThe aims of our study were to describe the disease spectrum of refugees, to analyse to what extent their healthcare needs could be met in an outpatient primary care walk-in clinic and which cases required additional services from secondary care (ie, outpatient specialists or hospitals).DesignRetrospective longitudinal observational study.SettingThe study was based on routine data from a walk-in clinic in the largest central first reception centre in Hamburg, Germany between 4 November 2015 and 21 July 2016.Participants1467 asylum seekers with 4006 episodes of care (ie, distinctive health problems) resulting in 5545 consultations. The patients were 60% men and had a mean age of 23.2 years. About 90% of the patients were from Central Asia or from the Middle East and North Africa.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe endpoint of our analyses was referral to secondary care. Time to event was defined as days under treatment until the first referral. Predictor variables were the patients’ diagnoses grouped in 46 categories. The data set was analysed by Cox regression allowing for multiple failure times per patient. This analysis was adjusted for age, sex and country of origin.ResultsReferrals to secondary care occurred in 15.5% of the episodes. The diagnosis groups with the highest referral rates were ‘eye’ (HR 4.9; 95% CI 3.12 to 7.8; p≤0.001), ‘teeth/gum symptom/complaint or disease’ (3.51; 2.52 to 4.9; p≤0.001) and ‘urological system/female or male genital’ (2.50; 1.66 to 3.77; p≤0.001). Age, sex and country of origin had no significant effect on time until referral.ConclusionsIn most cases, the walk-in clinic physicians could provide first-line medical care for the health problems of patients not integrated in the German healthcare system. Additional resources were needed particularly not only for visual impairment and dental problems but also for psychological disorders, antenatal care and certain infections and injuries.
Protocol for a prospective, observational, hospital-based multicentre study of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission: NOSO-COR Project
Authors: Saadatian-Elahi Mitra , Picot Valentina , Hénaff Laetitia , Pradel Florence K , Escuret Vanessa , Dananché Cédric , Elias Christelle , Endtz Hubert P , Vanhems Philippe 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionThe newly identified SARS-CoV-2 can cause serious acute respiratory infections such as pneumonia. In France, mortality rate in the general population was approximately 10% and could reach higher levels at the hospital. In the current context of high incidence rates of SARS-CoV-2 in the community, a significant increase in the rate of nosocomial transmission is expected. The risk of nosocomial transmission could even be higher in low-income countries that have fragile healthcare systems. This protocol is intended to estimate the prevalence and incidence of suspected or confirmed cases of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection, the clinical spectrum and the determinants (risk factors/protective) at participating hospitals.Methods and analysisThis will be an international multicentre prospective, observational, hospital-based study in adults and children. It will include volunteer patients and healthcare professionals in France and hospitals affiliated with the GABRIEL network. Demographic and clinical data will be collected using case report forms designed especially for the purpose of the project. A nasopharyngeal swab will be collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse-transcriptase PCR. Characteristics of the study participants, the proportion of confirmed nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections relative to all patients with syndromes suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection, will be analysed. Appropriate multivariate modelling will be used to identify the determinants associated with nosocomial onset.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the clinical research and committee of all participating countries. The findings will be submitted to peer-reviewed journal for publication and shared with national health authorities.Trial registration numberNCT04290780.
Histopathological features of prostate cancer conspicuity on multiparametric MRI: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Norris Joseph M , Carmona Echeverria Lina M , Simpson Benjamin S , Ball Rhys , Freeman Alex , Kelly Daniel , Kirkham Alex , Whitaker Hayley C , Emberton Mark 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionMultiparametric MRI (mpMRI) has improved risk stratification for men with suspected prostate cancer. Indeed, mpMRI-visible tumours tend to be larger and of higher pathological grade than mpMRI-invisible tumours; however, concern remains around significant cancer that is undetected by mpMRI. There has been considerable recent interest to investigate whether tumour conspicuity on mpMRI is associated with additional histopathological features (including cellular density, microvessel density and unusual prostate cancer subtypes), which may have important clinical implications in both diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, analysis of these features may help reveal the radiobiology that underpins the actual mechanisms of mpMRI visibility (and invisibility) of prostate tumours. Here, we describe a protocol for a systematic review of the histopathological basis of prostate cancer conspicuity on mpMRI.Methods and analysisA systematic search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases will be conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines will be used to guide screening, thematic reporting and conclusions drawn from all eligible studies. Included papers will be full-text, English-language articles, comparing the histopathological characteristics of mpMRI-visible lesions and mpMRI-invisible tumours. All studies published between January 1950 and January 2020 will be eligible for inclusion. Studies using confirmatory immunohistochemistry for the identification of immune subsets or structural components will be included. Study bias and quality will be assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. To ensure methodological rigour, this protocol is written in accordance with the PRISMA Protocol 2015 checklist. If appropriate, a meta-analysis will be conducted comparing histopathological feature frequency between mpMRI-visible and mpMRI-invisible disease.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval will be required as this is an academic review of published literature. Findings will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020176049
Assessing care trajectories of adolescent females seeking early induced abortion in New South Wales: multistage, mixed-methods study protocol
Authors: Assifi Anisa Rojanapenkul , Kang Melissa , Sullivan Elizabeth , Dawson Angela J 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionIn Australia, New South Wales (NSW), abortion has recently been removed from the criminal code. Previous research from Australia and other high-income countries has focused on adult women’s access to abortion services. This protocol describes a five-stage mixed-methods study to determine the care trajectories and experiences of adolescent females, aged 16–19 years, seeking an early induced abortion in NSW. The aims are to (1) explore the needs and perspectives of adolescent females seeking sexual and reproductive health services in NSW and (2) develop a framework for abortion service provision for adolescents in NSW.Methods and analysisThis study comprises: (1) semistructured qualitative interviews with key informants, individuals with diverse, in-depth experience of providing and/or supporting abortion care in NSW; (2) a cross-sectional online survey of adolescent females residing in NSW; (3) case study interviews with adolescents females who have accessed an abortion service in NSW; (4) a co-design workshop with adolescents who took part in stage 3 to develop relevant knowledge and recommendations and (5) a knowledge dissemination forum with key stakeholders.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been received from the University of Technology Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee for this study. Data collection commenced in March 2019 and will continue until the end of 2020. This study aims to develop a deep understanding of adolescent abortion care trajectories and experiences of abortion services in NSW. The study will deliver co-produced recommendations to improve adolescent access to abortion information and services.
Mixed-methods process evaluation of SafeTea: a multimedia campaign to prevent hot drink scalds in young children and promote burn first aid
Authors: Cowley Laura Elizabeth , Bennett C Verity , Brown Isabelle , Emond Alan , Kemp Alison Mary 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesSafeTea is a multifaceted intervention delivered by community practitioners to prevent hot drink scalds to young children and improve parents’ knowledge of appropriate burn first aid. We adapted SafeTea for a national multimedia campaign, and present a mixed-methods process evaluation of the campaign.MethodsWe used social media, a website hosting downloadable materials and media publicity to disseminate key messages to parents/caregivers of young children and professionals working with these families across the UK. The SafeTea campaign was launched on National Burns Awareness Day (NBAD), October 2019, and ran for 3 months. Process evaluation measurements included social media metrics, Google Analytics, and quantitative and qualitative results from a survey of professionals who requested hard copies of the materials via the website.ResultsFindings were summarised under four themes: ‘reach’, ‘engagement’, ‘acceptability’ and ‘impact/behavioural change’. The launch on NBAD generated widespread publicity. The campaign reached a greater number of the target audience than anticipated, with over 400 000 views of the SafeTea educational videos. Parents and professionals engaged with SafeTea and expressed positive opinions of the campaign and materials. SafeTea encouraged parents to consider how to change their behaviours to minimise the risks associated with hot drinks. Reach and engagement steadily declined after the first month due to reduced publicity and social media promotion.ConclusionThe SafeTea campaign was successful in terms of reach and engagement. The launch on NBAD was essential for generating media interest. Future campaigns could be shorter, with more funding for additional social media content and promotion.
The link between unemployment and opioid prescribing. An instrumental variable approach using evidence from England
Authors: Vandoros Sotiris , Gong Xiangpu , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: October 2020

Background
Unemployment has been associated with chronic pain, which is often treated with prescription opioids. Opioid mortality has been included in the so-called category of ‘deaths of despair’ due to the role of lack of opportunity. While previous studies have found an association between unemployment and opioids, the relationship is endogenous and examining any effect is challenging.

Objective
The objective of this paper is to study the association between unemployment and opioid prescribing in England.

Data and Methods
We used data from the GP prescribing database in England for the period 2011–2017 and followed ordinary least squares (OLS) and Instrumental Variable econometric approaches, controlling for other confounders. We used the number of foreign direct investment projects and the number of registered companies as instruments for unemployment, taking population size into account.

Results
The OLS model suggests that an increase in the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point is associated with 0.017 additional opioid defined daily doses per capita—a 0.9% increase compared with the mean of 1.745. According to the instrumental variable model, an increase in unemployment by 1 percentage point leads to an increase in the number of opioid doses prescribed per capita by between 0.315 and 0.437, which constitutes a 18–25% increase compared with the mean of 1.745.

Conclusions
Unemployment appears to have an impact on opioid prescribing volume in England. This reveals yet another negative effect of unemployment on health. Relevant labour market policies may play a protective role with regards to opioid use.
CSF sphingomyelin: a new biomarker of demyelination in the diagnosis and management of CIDP and GBS
Authors: Capodivento Giovanna , De Michelis Chiara , Carpo Marinella , Fancellu Roberto , Schirinzi Erika , Severi Daniele , Visigalli Davide , Franciotta Diego , Manganelli Fiore , Siciliano Gabriele , Beronio Alessandro , Capello Elisabetta , Lanteri Paola , Nobile-Orazio Eduardo , Schenone Angelo , Benedetti Luana , Nobbio Lucilla 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveTo validate sphingomyelin (SM) dosage in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients affected by chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) as a reliably assessable biomarker.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 184 patients from six Italian referral centres, in whom CSF SM levels were quantified by a fluorescence-based assay optimised and patented in our laboratory.ResultsWe confirmed increased levels of SM in the CSF of patients affected by typical CIDP (n=35), atypical CIDP (n=18) and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, AIDP (n=12) compared with patients affected by non-demyelinating neurological diseases, used as controls (n=85) (p<0.0001, p=0.0065 and p<0.0001, respectively). In patients with CIDP classified for disease stage, SM was higher in active CIDP compared with both controls and stable CIDP (p<0.0001), applying for a selective tool to treatment tailoring or withdrawal. SM was also increased in AIDP compared with axonal GBS, discerning the demyelinating from axonal variant of the disease. SM did not correlate with CSF protein levels, stratifying patients independently from commonly used CSF indexes, and displaying high specificity to avoid potential misdiagnosis. Finally, SM correlated with the main clinical scores and some neurophysiological parameters in patients with CIDP and AIDP.ConclusionsCSF SM is a diagnostic and staging wet biomarker for acquired demyelinating neuropathies and may effectively improve the management of patients affected by GBS and CIDP.