bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data‐driven refinements of a genetics learning progression
Authors: Castro‐Faix Moraima , Duncan Ravit Golan , Choi Jinnie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLearning progressions are theoretical models that describe learning of scientific ideas and practices over time. These hypothetical progressions need to be tested and refined in order to productively inform instruction and assessment. In this paper, we report our attempts to revise a learning progression in genetics. In particular, we focused on two constructs that embody core ideas in classical genetics and one molecular construct. The revisions are based on analysis of pre‐ and postinterview data obtained from sixty 11th grade students before and after they engaged in a 10‐week unit that addressed these concepts. We found that while many of the students held ideas that aligned with the progression, there were several distinct dimensions of student reasoning that were not captured and led to substantial revisions of the constructs including: (a) the splitting of the construct dealing with meiosis (E) into two subconstructs (E1‐physical passage of genetic information and E2 – the role of sex cells), (b) the addition of new levels to constructs dealing with the universal nature and organization of the genetic code (A) and construct (F). For Construct A, the lower levels were expanded to include ideas about the localization of DNA in cells and to include ideas about the composition of DNA that were not captured in the progression. Revisions to Construct F included the expansion of existing levels and the addition of modes of inheritance such as codominance and incomplete dominance. The research we present offers insights about a methodological approach that can be used to test and refine progressions, as well as insights about student learning in genetics as we further describe and expand the stepping‐stone ideas in the progression and discuss further the multidimensional nature of learning progressions.
Patient Satisfaction in Emergency General Surgery: A Prospective Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Kinnear Ned , Herath Matheesha , Jolly Samantha , Han Jennie , Tran Minh , Parker Dominic , O'Callaghan Michael , Hennessey Derek , Dobbins Christopher , Sammour Tarik , Moore James 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of the patient experience is increasingly being recognised. However, there is a dearth of studies regarding factors affecting patient‐reported outcomes in emergency general surgery (EGS), including none from the Southern Hemisphere. We aim to prospectively assess factors associated with patient satisfaction in this setting.MethodsIn this prospective cross‐sectional study, all consecutive adult patients admitted to an acute surgical unit over four weeks were invited to complete a validated Patient‐Reported Experience Measures questionnaire. These were completed either in person when discharge was imminent or by telephone  <4 weeks post‐discharge. Responses were used to determine factors associated with overall patient satisfaction.ResultsFrom 146 eligible patients, 100 (68%) completed the questionnaire, with a mean overall satisfaction score of 8.3/10. On multivariate analyses, eight factors were significantly associated with increased overall satisfaction. Five of these were similar to those previously prescribed by other like studies, being patient age  >50 years, sufficient analgesia, satisfaction with the level of senior medical staff, important questions answered by nurses and confidence in decisions made about treatment. Three identified factors were new: sufficient privacy in the emergency department, sufficient notice prior to discharge and feeling well looked after in hospital.ConclusionsFactors associated with patient satisfaction were identified at multiple points of the patient journey. While some of these have been reported in similar studies, most differed. Hospitals should assess factors valued by their EGS population prior to implementing initiatives to improve patient satisfaction.
Histopathology of brain AVMs part I: microhemorrhages and changes in the nidal vessels
Authors: Järvelin Patrik , Wright Roosa , Pekonen Henri , Keränen Sara , Rauramaa Tuomas , Frösen Juhana 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Arteriovenous malformations of the brain (bAVM) may rupture from aneurysms or ectasias of the feeding, draining, or nidal vessels. Moreover, they may rupture from the immature, fragile nidal vessels that are characteristic to bAVMs. How the histopathological changes of the nidal vessels associate with clinical presentation and hemorrhage of the lesion is not well known.

Materials and methods
We investigated tissue samples from surgically treated bAVMs (n = 85) using standard histological and immunohistochemical stainings. Histological features were compared with the clinical presentation of the patient.

Results
Microhemorrhages from nidal vessels were found both in bAVMs with a history of clinically evident rupture and in bAVMs considered unruptured. These microhemorrhages were associated with presence of immature, pathological nidal vessels (p = 0.010) and perivascular inflammation of these vessels (p = 0.001), especially with adhesion of neutrophils (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, perivascular inflammation (OR = 19, 95% CI 1.6 to 230), neutrophil infiltration of the vessel wall (OR = 13, 95% CI 1.9 to 94), and rupture status (OR = 0.13, 95% CI 0.017 to 0.92) were significantly associated with microhemorrhages.

Conclusions
Clinically silent microhemorrhages from nidal vessels seem to be very common in bAVMs, and associate with perivascular inflammation and neutrophil infiltration. Further studies on the role of perivascular inflammation in the clinical course of bAVMs are indicated.
In vivo wear of CAD-CAM composite versus lithium disilicate full coverage first-molar restorations: a pilot study over 2 years
Authors: Güth Jan-Frederik , Erdelt Kurt , Keul Christine , Burian Gintare , Schweiger Josef , Edelhoff Daniel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo present a digital approach to measure and compare material wear behavior of antagonistic first molar restorations made of an experimental CAD/CAM composite (COMP) and lithium disilicate ceramic (LS2) in patients with reconstructed vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) after generalized hard tissue loss.MethodsA total of 12 patients underwent complete full jaw rehabilitation with full occlusal coverage restorations made either of COMP or LS2. The first molar restorations (n = 48) were chosen for wear examination. At annual recall appointments, polyether impressions were taken, and resulting plaster casts were digitalized using a laboratory scanner. Mean observation period was 371 days for first and 769 days for second year. The resulting 96 datasets were analyzed by superimposition of 3-D datasets using an iterative best-fit method. Based on the superimposition data, the wear rates of the occlusal contact areas (OCAs) were calculated.ResultsFor antagonistic restorations made of COMP, the average wear rate was 24.8 ± 13.3 μm/month, while for LS2, it was 9.5 ± 4.3 μm/month in first year, with significant differences (p < 0.0001) between the materials. In second year, monthly wear rates decreased significantly for both materials: COMP (16.2 ± 10.7 μm/month) and LS2 (5.5 ± 3.3 μm/month). Statistical comparison between wear time showed significant differences for both materials: COMPp < 0.037 and LS2p < 0.001. A logarithmic fit (COMPR2 = 0.081; LS2R2 = 0.038) of the data was calculated to estimate the wear progression.SignificanceIn patients with reconstructed VDO, restorations made of LS2 show a more stable wear behavior than ones out of experimental CAD/CAM composite. In cases of complete rehabilitation, load bearing CAD/CAM-composite restorations should be critically considered for application due to their occlusal wear behavior. However, when choosing a restorative material, not only the functional occlusal stability should be taken into account but also the prospect of minimally invasive treatment with maximum preservation of natural tooth structures.
“You relied on God and your neighbour to get through it”: social capital and climate change adaptation in the rural Canadian Prairies
Authors: Fletcher Amber J. , Akwen Nancy Sah , Hurlbert Margot , Diaz Harry P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSocial capital is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of adaptive capacity to climate change. Beyond formal adaptation infrastructure like insurance and public disaster support programmes, it can be difficult to identify the role that informal social capital—such as relationships, trust, and mutual support between community members—plays in climate adaptation. Drawing on a multi-site qualitative study in the Canadian Prairie region, this paper examines how three forms of social capital (bonding, bridging, and linking) shape rural communities’ adaptation to climate extremes. Based on in-depth interviews with 163 community members, the findings demonstrate how social capital contributes to adaptive capacity, particularly in rural areas where more formal supports may be absent or lacking. We examine how social capital is affected by existing socio-economic sensitivities, such as rural depopulation, which can reduce informal social capital while simultaneously increasing people’s dependence on it. The findings indicate the strengths and limitations of bonding and bridging social capital, particularly in the face of future climate extremes that may exceed local adaptive capacity. Further, we find that informal social capital may also reinforce gender inequality, exclusion, and inter-group differences, indicating its limitations for socially inclusive adaptation. Addressing these structural factors can help communities move past coping and toward long-term adaptation. In the face of increasing climate risks, our findings suggest the importance of public supports that are attentive to local strengths, gaps, and social relations.
Accounting for multiple testing in the analysis of spatio-temporal environmental data
Authors: Cortés José , Mahecha Miguel , Reichstein Markus , Brenning Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe statistical analysis of environmental data from remote sensing and Earth system simulations often entails the analysis of gridded spatio-temporal data, with a hypothesis test being performed for each grid cell. When the whole image or a set of grid cells are analyzed for a global effect, the problem of multiple testing arises. When no global effect is present, we expect$$ \alpha $$α% of all grid cells to be false positives, and spatially autocorrelated data can give rise to clustered spurious rejections that can be misleading in an analysis of spatial patterns. In this work, we review standard solutions for the multiple testing problem and apply them to spatio-temporal environmental data. These solutions are independent of the test statistic, and any test statistic can be used (e.g., tests for trends or change points in time series). Additionally, we introduce permutation methods and show that they have more statistical power. Real-world data are used to provide examples of the analysis, and the performance of each method is assessed in a simulation study. Unlike other simulation studies, our study compares the statistical power of the presented methods in a comprehensive simulation study. In conclusion, we present several statistically rigorous methods for analyzing spatio-temporal environmental data and controlling the false positives. These methods allow the use of any test statistic in a wide range of applications in environmental sciences and remote sensing.
Protection heterogeneity in a harmonized European patent system
Authors: Zingg Raphael , Elsner Erasmus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study proposes a divergent expectation model for patent infringement disputes, where both litigation and settlement are driven by patent quality. Under the model, patent quality depends on both broadness and definiteness of the patent. The model predicts that technologies where the definiteness attribute can be estimated with high accuracy will have higher settlement rates. At trial, it is rather the assessment of the patent quality by the judge which decides the outcome. In its empirical section, the paper evaluates over a thousand hand-collected and hand-coded patent infringement and counterclaim decisions rendered by courts in the three largest patent granting European countries—Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The paper utilizes empirical methods to investigate whether the characteristics of the patents or the country of litigation predict the outcome of litigation. Examination of the patent characteristics is guided by the factors of our model, in that the patent quality, and underlying technology and industry are tested. The findings provide evidence of the continuing heterogeneity of the patent systems in Europe, despite the harmonization efforts. Demonstrated was the lack of importance of the characteristics of the litigated patent; rather, it was the forum to which the case was brought that was decisive. At the dawn of the Unified Patent Court, our study provides for a window into the extent of heterogeneity still prevailing and a starting point for monitoring the further development of European patent harmonization.
Influence of direct electric current on wetting behavior during brazing
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Wietheger Wolfgang , Hebing Julian , Zhao Lidong , Schmidt Alexander , Iskandar Riza , Mayer Joachim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe wetting behavior of liquid metals is of great importance for many processes. For brazing, however, a targeted modification beyond the adjustment of conventional process parameters or the actual set-up was not possible in the past. Therefore, the effect of direct electric current along the surface of a steel substrate on the wetting behavior and the formation of the spreading pattern of an industrial nickel-based filler metal was investigated at a temperature above T = 1000 °C in a vacuum brazing furnace. By applying direct current up to I = 60 A the wetted surface area could be increased and the spreading of the molten filler metal could be controlled in dependence of the polarity of the electric current. The electric component of the Lorentz force is supposed to be feasible reasons for the observed dependence of the electrical polarity on the filler metal spreading direction. To evaluate the influence of the electric current on the phase formation subsequent selective electron microscope analyses of the spreading pattern were carried out.
Kardiovaskuläre Abklärung vor Nierentransplantation
Authors: Watschinger B. , Oberbauer R. 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungEs ist bis heute unklar, welche kardialen Untersuchungen bei Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz in Vorbereitung auf eine Nierentransplantation durchgeführt werden sollen. Das hohe kardiovaskuläre Risiko von Nierenpatienten bedingt allerdings eine Abklärung vor dem geplanten Eingriff. Während manche Zentren bei den vorgesehenen Untersuchungen sehr zurückhaltend sind, schlagen andere eine invasive Untersuchung mittels Koronarangiographie vor. Eine konsequente Einschätzung der Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit einer kardialen Pathologie sollte vor der Testauswahl erfolgen, um unnötige nichtinvasive Test bei Hochrisikopatienten zu vermeiden. Wird schließlich eine koronare Herzerkrankung nachgewiesen, sind weitere Frage nach der adäquaten Versorgung der kritischen Koronarläsionen zu klären, obwohl eine breite evidenzbasierte Datenlage dazu noch nicht existiert. Ob einer konservativen Behandlung oder einer Sanierung mittels Angioplastie/Stenting bzw. einer Bypassoperation der Vorzug gegeben wird, hängt von der Ausprägung der Koronarerkrankung ab und muss in Absprache mit Kardiologen und Herzchirurgen festgelegt werden.
Beyond Money: Conscientious Objection in Medicine as a Conflict of Interests
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Savulescu Julian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractConflict of interests (COIs) in medicine are typically taken to befinancialin nature: it is often assumed that a COI occurs when a healthcare practitioner’s financial interest conflicts with patients’ interests, public health interests, or professional obligations more generally. Even when non-financial COIs are acknowledged, ethical concerns are almost exclusively reserved for financial COIs. However, the notion of “interests” cannot be reduced to its financial component. Individuals in general, and medical professionals in particular, have different types of interests, many of which are non-financial in nature but can still conflict with professional obligations. The debate about healthcare delivery has largely overlooked this broader notion of interests. Here, we will focus on health practitioners’ moral or religious values as particular types of personal interests involved in healthcare delivery that can generate COIs and on conscientious objection in healthcare as the expression of a particular type of COI. We argue that, in the healthcare context, the COIs generated by interests of conscience can be as ethically problematic, and therefore should be treated in the same way, as financial COIs.
Fuzzy nearest neighbor approach for drought monitoring and assessment
Authors: Fadaei-Kermani E. , Ghaeini-Hessaroeyeh M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a new approach is proposed based on the Fuzzy-nearest neighbor model to deal with drought monitoring. According to the Standardized Precipitation Index and via Fuzzy-kNN approach, a method has been presented to predict the most likely drought conditions. In order to appraise the precision of results, the model was applied to monitor the drought status in city of Kerman, located in south east of Iran. The results showed that the area has faced drought and also rainfall shortages in recent years. The calculated values of correlation coefficient, RMSE, CRM and MAE coefficients showed the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Kinetic equilibrium and thermodynamic analyses of As (V) removal from aqueous solution using iron-impregnated Azadirachta indica carbon
Authors: Sawood Ghazi Mohd , Gupta S. K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractArsenic emerges out as a potential threat to human health and vegetation in recent past. Therefore, the present study aimed at adsorption of As (V) from the aqueous solution using Fe-AIB and Fe-AIL (iron-impregnated activated carbon synthesized from the powder of bark and leaves of Azadirachta indica tree). The removal of As (V) by Fe-AIB and Fe-AIL was examined under different experimental conditions. The Fe-AIB showed up to 96% As (V) removal at pH of 6.0, and up to 90% removal was observed with Fe-AIL at pH 4.0. Although the kinetic data fit best in the pseudo-second-order model, there are various other processes like intraparticle diffusion, pore diffusion and film diffusion that controls the overall rate. Mechanistic frameworks related to the adsorption process were analysed using various isotherm models. Langmuir and Freundlich models clearly explain As (V) adsorption by Fe-AIB and Fe-AIL. Thermodynamic analysis reveals the spontaneous adsorption on Fe-AIB. Moreover, it also confers the endothermic nature of the adsorption process for both the adsorbents. The presence of co-existing ions like PO43− and SiO32 negatively interfered the removal or arsenate uptake, whereas ions like SO42− and NO3− do not significantly affect the adsorption process. Consistently greater than 90% As (V) removal up to few cycles for both the adsorbents was observed in regeneration studies. Significant reusability characteristics was possessed by both the spent adsorbents, which makes them potentially efficient for large-scale practical application with enhanced performance.
The Cu2+ reduction and H2 evolution on the hetero-system CuFeO2/ZnO under visible light
Authors: Bagtache R. , Missaoui A. , Korib A. , Brahimi R. , Trari M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe hetero-system CuFeO2/ZnO was successfully used in the Cu2+ reduction under visible light irradiation; it was conducted with varying some important factors such as the initial Cu2+ concentration, mass ratio CuFeO2/ZnO and light flux. The Cu2+ reduction obeys to a first-order kinetic with a half-life of 60 min. The regression in the reduction rate over time is due to the competitive hydrogen evolution. Indeed, the electrons are transferred to water via Cu2+ clusters. Also as application, the H2 evolution is successfully achieved with an evolution rate of 3.42 µmol (g catalyst)−1 min−1 and a quantum yield of 0.5%. The hydrogen is facilitated through generated bifunctional hetero-system because of the low H2 overvoltage on copper.
Decay of the stochastic linear Schrödinger equation in $$d \ge 3$$ with small multiplicative noise
Authors: Fan Chenjie , Xu Weijun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe give decay estimates of the solution to the linear Schrödinger equation in dimension $$d \ge 3$$

d
≥
3

with a small noise which is white in time and colored in space. As a consequence, we also obtain certain asymptotic behaviour of the solution. The proof relies on the bootstrapping argument used by Journé–Soffer–Sogge for decay of deterministic Schrödinger operators.
Tribological properties of novel palygorskite nanoplatelets used as oil-based lubricant additives
Authors: Wang Kunpeng , Wu Huaichao , Wang Hongdong , Liu Yuhong , Yang Lv , Zhao Limei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLayered palygorskite (PAL), commonly called attapulgite, is a natural inorganic clay mineral composed of magnesium silicate. In this study, an aqueous miscible organic solvent treatment method is adopted to prepare molybdenum-dotted palygorskite (Amo-PMo) nanoplatelets, which greatly improved the specific surface area of PAL and the dispersion effect in an oil-based lubricant system. Their layered structure and size were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy. Following a tribological test lubricated with three additives (PAL, organic molybdenum (SN-Mo), and Amo-PMo), it was found that the sample of 0.5 wt% Amo-PMo exhibited the best tribological properties with a coefficient of friction of 0.09. Moreover, the resulting wear scar diameter and wear volume of the sliding ball surface were 63% and 49.6% of those lubricated with base oil, respectively. Its excellent lubricating performance and self-repairing ability were mainly attributed to the generated MoS2 adsorbed on the contact surfaces during the tribochemical reaction, thereby effectively preventing the direct collision between asperities on sliding solid surfaces. Thus, as-prepared Amo-PMo nanoplatelets show great potential as oil-based lubricant additives, and this study enriches the existing application of PAL in industry.
Clean coal geology in China: Research advance and its future
Authors: Wang Xiaoshuai , Tang Yuegang , Wang Shaoqing , Schobert Harold H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn China, the connection between coal utilization and environmental pollution has been increasingly evident due to the rapid growth in energy consumption. Clean coal technology (CCT) is one of the effective methods to address coal-associated pollution. However, CCT needs the practical and theoretical support of clean coal geology (CCG). In this paper, a new definition of CCG is proposed, based on the definitions of coal, coal geology, and CCT, combined with the development of national CCG. CCG is the discipline comprehensively researching the genesis, nature, distribution, cleaning potential, clean utilization and environmental effects of resources (coal, coal bed methane, and other coal-associated resources) that can be cleaned by CCT. The research content of CCG is discussed from different aspects, such as cleaning potential evaluation, geological guarantee for coal mining, ash yields and sulfur contents, trace elements, pollution caused by coal, and mine reclamation. The progress of CCG in China is also briefly divided into four stages and delineated. Finally, scientific problems in CCG are summarized and an outlook for CCG is given.