bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whatever floats your boat
Authors: Duffley Patrick , Larrivée Pierre 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The meaning of indefinites of the wh-ever paradigm has been the object of a number of claims regarding its ignorance and indifference readings. These are examined here in the light of a systematic analysis of 2500 occurrences of the wh-ever paradigm in the Brigham-Young-University TV-corpus. Contrary to general assumptions, ignorance and indifference readings are not separate, as they are found jointly in 27 % of occurrences. Each reading is sensitive to contextual cues: ignorance associates with animacy, and is compatible with plural nouns; indifference associates with independent use, subtrigging by modals and singular nouns. Finally, scalarity is not a dominant dimension of the wh-items’ interpretation, being associated with subtrigging by modal expressions and focus stress, and requiring an indifference reading. These items are defined as evoking an unidentified referent requiring identification belonging to an open-ended series of possibilities.
Puzzles for pragmatics and rhetoric and advent of pragma-rhetoric
Authors: Hou Guojin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
No other interdisciplinary issue has inspired a greater debate than the pragmatics-rhetoric border. This paper explores the pragmatics-rhetoric boundary issues and the possibility of marrying pragmatics to rhetoric for pragma-rhetoric. It first addresses the twenty ‘puzzles’ or predicaments the past studies of pragmatics and rhetoric have met with. It is held that similarities between the two disciplines make ‘pragma-rhetoric’ possible and their differences serve as the conditions for their inter-complementarity. Then we discuss some misunderstandings about pragma-rhetoric integration. Due to the alikeness of speech acts, pragmatic acts and rhetoric acts, we forward ‘pragma-rhetorical act’ (PRA) for an umbrella term in the emerging ‘pragma-rhetoric’. Finally we formulate the academic tasks and features of the interdiscipline, with a ‘standard paradigm’ and two ‘sub-paradigms’ of pragma-rhetorical research.
Evaluating pragmatic competence
Authors: Akbari Alireza , Gholamzadeh Bazarbash Monir , Alinejadi Raheleh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an investigation into the impact of teaching pragmatic competence to translation students who translate from English (L2) to Persian (L1). For the experiment, the participants were requested to identify implicit discourse markers in a source text and to transfer them into the target text. This investigation used Think Aloud Protocols (TAP) to monitor students’ inferential translation processes. The results of this study pinpointed the challenging role of pragmatic competence for translation students. Translation performance in an experimental group of participants exposed to a period of pragmatic classroom instruction was compared to that of a control group which did not receive this training. Finally, the data analysis indicated that pragmatic teaching improved the translation students’ pragmatic competence in the experimental group through identifying both implicit and explicit discourse markers in the source text. This was clearly lacking in a number of students’ translations in the control group.
Remarks on syllable structure and metrical structure in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Khan Geoffrey 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the Middle Ages Biblical Hebrew was transmitted in a variety of oral reading traditions, which became textualized in systems of vocalization signs. The two most important oral traditions were the Tiberian and the Babylonian, which were represented by different vocalization sign systems. These two oral traditions had their origins in ancient Palestine. Although closely related, they exhibit several differences. These include differences in syllable and metrical structure. This paper examines how the syllable and metrical structure of the two traditions reflected by the medieval vocalization sign systems should be reconstructed. The Tiberian tradition exhibits an ‘onset typology’ of syllabification, where word-internal /CCC/ clusters are syllabified /C.CC/ and word-initial clusters are syllabified within the onset /CC-/. The Babylonian tradition exhibits a right-to-left computation of syllables resulting in a ‘coda typology,’ whereby the second consonant of a word-internal sequence /CCC/ is syllabified as a coda, viz. /CC.C/, and word-initial clusters are syllabified C.C, with the first consonant extra-syllabic.
The Biblical Hebrew infinitive
Authors: Doron Edit 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The paper proposes that the same functional categories which determine the inflection of the Biblical Hebrew finite verb also determine the feature specification of the Biblical Hebrew infinitive. This proposal depends both on demonstrating that the infinitive is a verb, rather than a noun (or a verbal noun), as traditionally assumed, and on showing that the functional categories that embed the infinitive are clausal rather than nominal. The article starts by examining the traditional distinction between the Infinitive Absolute and Infinitive Construct, and makes an argument for a single infinitive, with two allomorphs. The former is a verb marked as [+Mood], while the latter is marked as [–Mood], and both are also specified for two other clausal functional categories: T and Asp/Mod. These two latter categories determine a 4-way classification of finite/infinitival verbs: [+T+Asp/Mod], [+T–Asp/Mod], [–T+Asp/Mod], [–T–Asp/Mod]. This classification determines a concomitant 4-way alternation of attachment options of subject and/or object clitics to the verb: [+subj.cl.+Obj.cl.], [+subj.cl.–Obj.cl.], [–subj.cl.+Obj.cl.], [–subj.cl.–Obj.cl.], and moreover accounts for the distribution of the different verb forms.
Same-Sex Intercourse Involving Jewish Men 100 BCE–100 CE
Authors: Zeichmann Christopher B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It is commonplace in New Testament scholarship to assume that Judaism at the turn of the Era univocally condemned same-sex intercourse among men, whether scholars use this supposition to argue that Jesus felt likewise or was uniquely accepting of the practice. The present article provides the original-language text, English translation, and brief commentary for evidence of same-sex intercourse involving Jewish men around the turn of the Era, pointing to the varying testimonies of Josephus, Martial, a graffito, Tacitus, and the Warren Cup. The paper concludes with a reflection on the relevance of the study for understanding Jesus’ sexual politics. This article contains graphic literary and visual depictions of sexual intercourse.
Gendering Jesus the Jew
Authors: Hogeterp Albert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gendering Jesus has been a matter of divergent interpretations, ranging from emphasis on typical features of masculine power to ‘unmanly’ character by ancient elite standards. This article explores anew Jesus’ Jewish masculinity. It revisits a recent study of the question what Jesus looked like, by mutually reconsidering ancient literary and rhetorical traditions of description, literary data about Jesus’ physical and social appearance, major aspects in the literary record about Jesus the Jew in comparison with Jewish tradition including the Dead Sea Scrolls, and recent findings in iconography. Jesus the Jew comes off as an unconventional challenger of male power at the time, whose appearance would neither have adhered to elite standards of physical and social apparel nor to late antique adaptations through the Romanization of Christian iconography.
Recognising Jesus as a Victim of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Figueroa Rocío , Tombs David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article presents the findings from qualitative interviews to explore responses to the idea of Jesus as victim of sexual abuse. The seven participants are adult male survivors of prior church sexual abuse, which they experienced as teenagers and young men. The perpetrators were leaders of the Sodalicio society in Peru. The article by Tombs (1999) on naming the torture of Jesus as sexual abuse was discussed, to assess whether participants see this as persuasive, and as meaningful for sexual abuse survivors, and important for the church. The interviews suggest that: (1) naming Jesus as a victim of sexual abuse was new to all participants; (2) most found the historical and biblical evidence to be persuasive; (3) the group were divided on whether this was of value to survivors of church related sexual abuse; (4) all of the group agreed that it was important for the wider church.
Masculinity and the ‘Holy Child’ of the Birhen sa Balintawak
Authors: Smit Peter-Ben 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Birhen sa Balintawak is the first indigenous representation of the ‘Virgin-with-child’ in the Philippines. Associated with the revolutionary movement of the Katipunan and promoted by Gregorio Aglipay, a revolutionary priest and a founding figure of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, this representation of Mary is connected with the political and religious emancipation of the Philippines. This paper explores the construction of the masculinity of the child that accompanies its mother, arguing that its description and depiction both serve to uplift a particular kind of Filipino (revolutionary) masculinity by legitimizing it religiously and to interpret the Christian tradition in an equally indigenous as revolutionary sense. The paper draws on Aglipay’s 1926 Novenario of the Motherland as its central source.
The Politics of Regulatory Design in the Sovereign Debt Restructuring Regime
Authors: Brooks Skylar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article looks at two recent initiatives aimed at improving sovereign debt restructuring processes and asks why one initiative succeeded while the other failed. It argues that the success or failure of a reform initiative in the debt restructuring regime depends primarily on the legal-institutional design of the mechanism it is advancing. Hard law mechanisms face enormous political obstacles that make their realization unlikely. Several of these obstacles have been identified by previous studies, but this article highlights additional barriers. It also shows that, in contrast to hard law arrangements, private law contracts provide politically useful mechanisms for regulating debt restructuring, especially for powerful states with major influence over reform outcomes—namely, the United States. The article also argues that the historical legacy of earlier reform initiatives matters, but mainly through its ability to further enhance or diminish the political prospects of mechanisms whose utility has already been determined by their design features.
The Climate Change Regime Complex
Authors: Draguljić Gorana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In an era defined by forum shopping, institutional proliferation, and regime complexity, why do global governance arrangements remain relatively stable? This article combines the insights of regime complexity scholarship with historical institutionalism to address this question. It argues that the establishment of international regimes creates winners and losers. States dissatisfied with these arrangements push for institutional change. Regimes nonetheless tend to develop in a path-dependent manner because institutions are resistant to change and the winners under the status quo seek to protect it. Thus, existing governance arrangements exert a centripetal pull, even when states engage in forum shopping and institutional proliferation to generate regime complexity. An examination of path-dependent institutional development in the global climate regime supports the argument.
The Effects of Umbrella Clauses: Their Relevance in Interpretation and in Practice
Authors: Gözlügöl Alperen Afşin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Umbrella clauses have sparked one of the great debates in international investment law as regards their proper construction. This article argues that a particular line of reasoning and interpretation appears to be unduly focusing on the effects of such clauses in the process of construing them. In other words, what seems to occur in the interpretation of umbrella clauses is that some tribunals, frightened by the far-reaching consequences, construe such clauses more narrowly. I call this phenomenon ‘adverse effects analysis’ and demonstrate that it is inconsistent with the proper construction of umbrella clauses in accordance with the rules of interpretation in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). In this course, the effects of umbrella clauses in practice are also put forward along with an analysis of them under ‘manifest absurdity or unreasonableness test’ pursuant to Article 32(b) of VCLT.
Gender-Inclusive Governance for E-Commerce
Authors: Thystrup Amalie Giødesen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gender equality is front and centre in the United Nations’ 2030 Sustainable Development Goals’ SDG 5. We are yet to understand how electronic commerce can incorporate gender equality considering this aspiration. The article offers a way. It presents a framework for understanding the multiplicity of gender gaps in e-commerce and provides an analysis of key regulatory and policy challenges women face in e-commerce. The article examines the legal-political implications of different approaches to incorporating gender into trade policy and then advances a multi-level approach to incorporating gender-inclusive e-commerce regulation into trade policy. On this basis, the article formulates policy recommendations for how to incorporate gender-inclusive e-commerce regulation into trade policy that works for development.
Transnational Public Policy as a Vehicle to Impose Human Rights Obligations in International Investment Arbitration
Authors: Marcoux Jean-Michel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
International investment arbitration has been criticized for its general reluctance to consider human rights concerns related to foreign investors’ activities. By contrast, arbitration tribunals have relied on transnational public policy to prevent a claimant whose investment is tainted with illegality from obtaining redress. This article explores how human rights norms could be conceptualized as part of transnational public policy to impose obligations on foreign investors. It proceeds in three steps. First, it addresses the role of transnational public policy in investment arbitration. Second, the article identifies the material sources considered by tribunals to delimit the content of the doctrine. Third, it focuses on three norms – the protection of fundamental human rights, a corporate responsibility to respect human rights and the right of Indigenous Peoples to be consulted – for which tribunals have found an international consensus and that could be conceptualized as norms of transnational public policy.
Semantic Unilocality
Authors: Talmy Leonard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
If a language regularly places a particular closed class in syntactic construction with an open class—for example, nominal affixes with noun roots, or satellites with verbs—any conceptual category expressed by the closed class tends not to be expressed by the open class. This proposed tendency is here called “semantic unilocality”.
Cognitively, semantic unilocality in language may arise from several more general tendencies, including one to avoid redundancy and one to segregate the representation of different conceptual categories. Both of these may in turn arise from a still more general tendency toward communicative efficiency.
Historically, the rise, extended presence, decline, or extended absence of a closed class that expresses a particular conceptual category may foster certain diachronic processes in a syntactically associated open class. These processes include leaching, culling, shift, filtering, and abstention.
Mathematics in Language
Authors: Hudson Richard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Elementary mathematics is deeply rooted in ordinary language, which in some respects anticipates and supports the learning of mathematics, but which in other respects hinders this learning. This paper explores a number of areas of arithmetic and other elementary areas of mathematics, considering for each area whether it helps or hinders the young learner: counting and larger numbers, sets and brackets, algebra and variables, zero and negation, approximation, scales and relationships, and probability. The conclusion is that ordinary language anticipates the mathematics of counting, arithmetic, algebra, variables and brackets, zero and probability; but that negation, approximation and probability are particularly problematic because mathematics demands a different way of thinking, and different mental capacity, compared with ordinary language. School teachers should be aware of the mathematics already built into language so as to build on it; and they should also be able to offer special help in the conflict zones.
‘Changing’ and ‘Becoming’: New Perspectives from Cross-Linguistic Cognitive Semantics
Authors: Farese Gian Marco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the conceptual and semantic relation between ‘changing’ and ‘becoming’ in cross-linguistic perspective to demonstrate that: (i) the assumption that ‘becoming’ is conceptually and semantically related to ‘changing’ is invalidated in at least two cases in which the meaning of ‘becoming’ does not encompass ‘changing’; (ii) the main verbs of ‘becoming’ in different languages are highly polysemous and therefore are not cross-translatable in all contexts of use; (iii) differences in meaning reflect different conceptualizations of ‘becoming’ across languages. These results emerge from a contrastive semantic analysis between the main verbs of ‘changing’ and ‘becoming’ in English, Italian and Japanese made adopting the methodology of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage. This paper also makes a strong case for the epistemic nature of the predicative complements licensed by verbs of ‘becoming’ by showing that a semantic component ‘it is like this, I know it’ emerges consistently from cross-linguistic comparison.
Differences in Sameness: A Semantic Account of Ambiguity and Argument Structure of Predicate Same
Authors: Graves Syelle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article is an investigation and analysis of the word same. It focuses first on the ambiguous nature of same, in that the same x can be (i) one entity seen on different occasions, or (ii) two different entities of the same kind. I discuss the empirical differences associated with these two readings, and hypothesize that they can be explained in terms of the formal semantic concepts of extension and intension: Reading (i) is extensional while reading (ii) is intensional (a “kind of” reading). In addition, I suggest that the two readings do not mean that there are two completely different meanings to same, but rather that the reading of same is determined by context and the nouns being modified by it; indeed, this polysemy exists largely below the speaker’s conscious awareness. I then provide a formal representation of the syntax and semantics of same as a two-place predicate. I show that when either of the two arguments we expect to be obligatory is not overt, it is because same has undergone a derivation to license this null argument—one derivation type in extensional cases of same, and a different derivation in intensional cases.
Sovereignty Re-postulation: the Theatricality of Statist–National Sovereignty Wrestling in Taiwan
Authors: Tseng Hui-Yi Katherine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Statehood and sovereignty have been mutually implicating in the Westphalian international order. The spatially characteristic tenet of sovereignty has not been questioned, which collaterally fortifies the one-nation/one-state formula prescribed in modern sovereignty. However, fissures inhered in this nation-state formula are discernible, particularly when the conventional statist sovereignty has remained indefinite and inchoate. Taiwan’s statist sovereignty has been overshadowed by its undetermined statehood and indefinite territorial domain. Intriguingly, once the rigidity of statist sovereignty is lifted, the development of national sovereignty becomes irrepressible. Reinvention of national sovereignty is informed by both universal values and case-specific particularity. For the former, individualism, multiculturalism, and self-determination serve exemplary cases. For the latter, the particularity is mostly presented in the wrestling between statist and national sovereignty. Taiwan’s constitutional jurisprudence serves to verify the universal, as well as the particular development of Taiwan’s national sovereignty. However, dangers loom large, in that identity reconfiguration has been cultivated collaterally, which brings about not only a sophisticated Taiwanese consciousness, but also a more uncertain outlook for cross-Strait relations.
Legalisation of Same-Sex Marriage in Contemporary Taiwan
Authors: Chang Doris T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In 2019 Taiwan became the first country in Asia to legalise same-sex marriage pursuant to the Constitutional Court’s decision two years earlier. This article adds to previous research on same-sex marriage in Taiwan in two respects. Firstly, this study contends that most of the major arguments made in the Court’s decision in 2017 that legalised same-sex marriage were already present in several legislative bills that preceded the Court’s ruling. Secondly, the separate same-sex marriage law that was finally passed in 2019 reflected the government’s endeavour to reach a compromise in meeting some of the demands of both advocates and opponents of marriage equality in Taiwanese society. The story of the marriage equality debate is analysed through textual comparisons of relevant government documents, ngo websites of marriage equality advocates and opponents, newspaper articles, and academic journal articles.
Beyond Cultural China: the Representation of Taiwan in US-based Speech Communication and Journalism Research
Authors: Yueh Hsin-i Sydney 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates how Taiwan is studied in the research of us-based speech communication and journalism. Specifically, Taiwan-related journal articles published by major us-based communication and journalism associations are selected and analysed in terms of their numbers, authorship, and themes. The results indicate that Taiwan studies is a marginalised subject in speech communication and journalism. However, there has been an increasing research interest in Taiwan in the last two decades. These journal articles also record the role of Taiwan in Cold War history, the legacy of ‘Free China’, and the establishment of two Chinese communication associations in the United States. They explain why the representation of Taiwan is often ambivalent in a ‘cultural China’ framework in speech communication and journalism. This investigation aims to begin a conversation about how speech communication and journalism research can be more engaged in Taiwan studies, and how research on Taiwan can be more integrated into these two disciplines.