bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three new amidophosphoric acid esters with a P(O)[OCH2C(CH3)2CH2O] segment: X-ray diffraction, DFT, AIM and Hirshfeld surface investigations of bi- and tri-furcated (three and four-center) hydrogen bond interactions
Authors: Bozorgvar Marjan Sadat , Tarahhomi Atekeh , van der Lee Arie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStructural and packing features of three new amidophosphoric acid esters having a common partXP(O)[OCH2C(CH3)2CH2O], withX = [(CH3)3CNH] (1), [(CH3)2HCNH] (2) and [C6H11(CH3)N] (3), are investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results illustrate that the compounds1and3crystallize with one independent molecule in the asymmetric unit; whereas, for2, the compound crystallizes with three independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystal structures are mostly stabilizedviatri-furcated hydrogen bond interactions (C–H · · ·)2(N–H · · ·)O=P in1and (C–H · · ·)3O=P in3, while the stability is given by bi-furcated hydrogen bond interactions (C–H · · ·)(N–H · · ·)O=P in2. For a better understanding of the nature, strength and energetics associated with the formation of the quoted multi-center hydrogen bond interactions, the Natural Bond Order (NBO) method from Density Functional Theory (DFT) and a topological analysis by means of Atoms In Molecules (AIM) and Hirshfeld surface procedures were performed. These studies reveal that the studied multi-center hydrogen bond interactions of the type O · · · H are favoured in the crystal packing displaying enrichment ratios larger than unity. The detailed nature of the different interactions in these multi-center interactions is studied for the first time in such compounds. It is shown that the N–H · · · O interaction is rather non-covalent closed-shell whereas the C–H · · · O interaction is more van der Waals closed-shell. Stronger hydrogen bond interactions are observed for a lower multiple H-atom acceptor oxygen in three-center hydrogen bond interactions (C–H · · ·)(N–H · · ·)O=P of2than for four-center interactions in1[i.e. (C–H · · ·)2(N–H · · ·)O=P] and3[i.e. (C–H · · ·)3O=P]. The better H-atom acceptability of the O atom of P=O compared with the esteric O atom is explained by the richers-character of the hybrid orbital of the O atom acceptor of P=O coupled with enhance of the polarization and charge. The obtained results are also confirmed by Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP).
Effects of drought at different periods of wheat development on the leaf photosynthetic apparatus and productivity
Authors: Morgun V. V. , Stasik O. O. , Kiriziy D. A. , Sokolovska-Sergiienko O. G. , Makharynska N. M. 
Published: February 2020

The problem of drought impact on crop productivity is especially relevant for the leading cereal – wheat, since significant cultivation areas of this crop are located in risky farming zones. The aim of our studies was to compare the peculiarities of drought impact during the period of vegetative growth and reproductive development on the chlorophyll content, activity of chloroplast antioxidant enzymes, the rate of carbon dioxide gas exchange and transpiration as well as productivity of the wheat plants. The studies were carried out on bread winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) of the Astarta and Natalka varieties grown in a pot experiment. The plants were watered daily to maintain the soil moisture level in the pots in the range 70–60% of field capacity. Drought treatment involving decrease in soil moisture to 30% of the field capacity was applied to some of the plants at late stem elongation stage (BBCH 37-45) and to other plants at heading-anthesis (BBCH 59-65) while control plants were watered as usual. After 7 days of drought, the watering of treated plants was resumed to maintain the soil moisture at the level of control plants until the harvest. The penultimate leaf at the late stem elongation stage and flag leaf at the heading–anthesis period were used for measurements of photosynthetic apparatus response to drought. Plants of both varieties treated at stem elongation stage showed lower decline in the photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content and grain productivity than those treated at heading-anthesis. The results obtained indicated that photosynthetic apparatus of wheat has a higher drought tolerance at the stem elongation stage than during the heading-anthesis stage. Furthermore, plants stressed at the stem elongation stage revealed better compensatory growth of lateral productive shoots due to superior supply of plants with assimilates after drought termination. Astarta variety had a more drought-tolerant photosynthetic apparatus and higher grain productivity in both well-watered and drought conditions as compared to Natalka variety. The differences between varieties were more contrasting when drought was applied at heading-anthesis.
Synergistic activity of filtrates of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces boulardii and antibacterial preparations against Corynebacterium spp.
Authors: Isayenko O. Y. 
Published: February 2020

We present the results of the first study of the combined influence of the biologically active substances Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 and Saccharomyces boulardii, obtained by the author’s method, and antibacterial agents on Corynebacterium spp. The first area of research was the study of increasing the sensitivity of toxigenic microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs due to the consecutive effects of the structural components and metabolites of L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii and antibacterial drugs on Corynebacterium spp. tox+. The greatest increase in the sensitivity of test-cultures of corynebacteria to penicillin (by 19.4 mm), imipenem (by 15.0 mm), vancomycin (by 12.0 mm), gentamicin (by 11.0 mm), ciprofloxacin (by 9.8 mm), erythromycin (by 9.6 mm), cefotaxime (by 9.5 mm) occurred due to the products of lactobacteria and a combination of metabolites of lactobacteria and saccharomycetes. The second area of research was the study of the synergic activity of substances L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii and traditional antibacterial drugs manifested by their simultaneous effect on Corynebacterium spp. Maximum potentiation of azithromycin (by 4.6 mm), erythromycin (by 4.5 mm), cefotaxime (by 2.2 mm), ceftriaxone (by 1.6 mm) and ampicillin (by 1.0 mm) relative to corynebacteria was also observed under the influence of lactobacteria metabolites and a combination of lactobacteria and saccharomycetes metabolites. Different degrees of manifestation of the combined action of biologically active substances L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii with antibiotics were determined, which depended on the selected combinations, the method of influence on the microorganism, the individual sensitivity of the test-cultures, the activity of the test filtrates and the initial concentration of the producers used to obtain the products of vital activity of lactobacteria and saccharomyces. The presented complexes of structural components and metabolites of L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii, obtained without the use of traditional nutrient media, by increasing the bioavailability of pathogenic pathogens can reduce the required concentration of the antibiotic, continuing their use, and suspend the likelihood of pathogens developing resistance to microorganisms. This makes them promising candidates both for the development of "accompaniment-preparations" for antibiotics for the additional therapy of infectious diseases of different etiology, and for the creation of a new direction of antimicrobial agents with multifunctional capabilities. Synergistic activity of filtrates L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii and antibacterial preparations against Corynebacterium spp.
Effect of alcohol tincture of Aralia elata on the organism of rats and their gut microbiota against the background of excessive fat diet
Authors: Brygadyrenko V. V. , Lieshchova M. A. , Bilan M. V. , Tishkina N. M. , Horchanok A. V. 
Published: February 2020

Pharmacological effects of the medicinal plant Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. 1868 (Araliaceae) are related to presence of over 150 secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, sterols, polysaccharides, terpenoid saponins and terpenoid acids, though the main biologically active substances of A. elata are saponins and flavonoids. Some clinical tests and experimental studies have proved the influence of A. elata on the organism through increase in physical work capacity, exerting an anti-stress effect against a broad range of harmful factors, including stress from cold, immobilization, ultraviolet radiation and low pressure. The literature also reports the anti-ulcer, anti-secretory, antifungal, anti-tumour, and antimicrobial activity of preparations from this plant. In our laboratory experiment, we determined that ethanolic tincture of A. elata has no effect on the intensity of growth of body weight of young rats against the background of excessive content of fat in their diet. Excessive fat-feeding of male rats leads mostly to disorders in the functioning of the liver and development of steatosis. This was accompanied by reduction in relative mass of the liver, increase in activity of hepatic enzymes, dysproteinemia, increase in the level of bilirubin and decrease in the level of urea. Additional use of 0.1% ethanol led to impaired functioning of the kidneys, reduction of their relative mass, signs of dehydration, increase in the level of creatinine and total calcium in the blood. Use of ethanolic tincture of A. elata mitigates negative excess of fat, is accompanied by normalization of indices of mass of the organs, less notable dysproteinemia, impairment in the level of creatinine, glucose, urea, cholesterol, bilirubin and total calcium. Ethanolic tincture of A. elata has a low immunosuppressive action, against the background of a high fat diet it leads to increase in the amount of typical Escherichia сoli, decrease in Еnterococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp., significant decrease and in high concentrations (0.1% ethanolic tincture of A. elata) elimination of bacteria of Clostridium and Klebsiella genera, and also various yeast fungi in the intestine. In the examined male rats, against the background of excess of fat in the diet, no serious changes in the composition of the normal gut microbiota (Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Candida spp.) was observed, nor were any lactose-negative enterobacteria (Citrobacter genus) found. Perspectives of further research include determining histological, histochemical and immune-histological changes in the organs of laboratory animals under the effect of ethanolic tincture of A. elata following excessive accumulation of fat.
A fizikai aktivitás hatása a nem alkoholos eredetű zsírmájra
Authors: Werling Klára , Langó Anikó 
Published: February 2020

Absztrakt:
A nem alkoholos eredetű zsírmáj a leggyakoribb májbetegség világszerte.
Kialakulásában szerepet játszik az egészségtelen táplálkozás, a túlzott kalória-
és szénhidrátbevitel, valamint az inaktív életmód. Az egészséges életmódnak, a
fokozott fizikai aktivitásnak jelentős szerepe van a betegek gyógyításában. Több
vizsgálat igazolta, hogy a rendszeres testmozgásnak kedvező hatása van a máj
szövettani eltéréseire, javul az inzulinnal szembeni érzékenység, nő a
lipogenezis, javul a szénhidrát-anyagcsere, csökken a steatosis és a fibrosis. A
testmozgás hatására csökken a visceralis zsírszövet, melynek fontos szerepe van
a májban zajló gyulladásban és kötőszövet-átépülésben. A bélbaktériumok
összetételének változása szintén hozzájárulhat a kedvező szövettani
változásokhoz. Az emberek mindennapi élete sok esetben nem kedvez a rendszeres
fizikai aktivitásnak, sokan nem tudják és nem is akarják ezt elfogadni. A
kezelés első és legfontosabb része a betegek meggyőzése a változtatás
szükségességéről. A megfelelő fizikai aktivitás önmagában, diéta nélkül képes a
májbetegség javítására. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(6): 203–207.
Some thoughts about the challenge of inferring ecological interactions from spatial data.
Authors: Holt Robert D. 
Published: February 2020

Dr. Luis Escobar asked me to provide a joint review of the submissions by Stephens et al. (2019, this issue) and Peterson et al. (2019, this issue). I pulled thoughts together, but by the time I sent them along, he had received other reviews and made an editorial decision. He felt my perspective might nevertheless warrant publishing as a commentary alongside these two pieces. My review was of the original submissions, which are now appearing with minor, mainly cosmetic changes. I have only lightly edited the text of my review, and added a few additional thoughts and pertinent references. Neither group of authors has seen my commentary, and so I am responsible for any omissions or lapses in interpretation. The protocol developed by Stephens seems to me a potentially valuable exploratory tool in describing patterns of co-occurrence, but I note several potential problems in identifying interactions usingsolely this protocol. I also gently disagree with Peterson et al., who state flatly that co-occurrence data can shed no light at all on interspecific interactions. I suggest there are a number of counter-examples to this claim in the literature. I argue that spatiotemporal data, when available, iprovide a much more powerful tool for discerning interactions, than do staticspatial data. Finally, I use a simple thought experiment to point out that biotic drivers could be playing a key causal role in limitnig distributions, even in equisitlvely accurate SDMs that use only abiotic (scenopoetic) data as input data.
Can Ecological Interactions be Inferred from Spatial Data?
Authors: Stephens Christopher Rhodes , Gonzalez-Salazar Constantino , Villalobos Maricarmen , Marquet Pablo 
Published: February 2020

The characterisation and quantication of ecological interactions, and the construction
of species distributions and their associated ecological niches, is of fundamental
theoretical and practical importance. In this paper we give an overview of a Bayesian
inference framework, developed over the last 10 years, which, using spatial data, offers
a general formalism within which ecological interactions may be characterised and
quantied. Interactions are identied through deviations of the spatial distribution
of co-occurrences of spatial variables relative to a benchmark for the non-interacting
system, and based on a statistical ensemble of spatial cells. The formalism allows for
the integration of both biotic and abiotic factors of arbitrary resolution. We concentrate
on the conceptual and mathematical underpinnings of the formalism, showing
how, using the Naive Bayes approximation, it can be used to not only compare and
contrast the relative contribution from each variable, but also to construct species
distributions and niches based on arbitrary variable type. We show how the formalism
can be used to quantify confounding and therefore help disentangle the complex
causal chains that are present in ecosystems. We also show species distributions and
their associated niches can be used to infer standard "micro" ecological interactions,
such as predation and parasitism. We present several representative use cases that
validate our framework, both in terms of being consistent with present knowledge of
a set of known interactions, as well as making and validating predictions about new,
previously unknown interactions in the case of zoonoses.
Phyllochron and Leaf area ratio of maize influenced by different nitrogen levels and Growing Degree Days in two different climatic conditions
Authors: Mohammed Aram 
Published: February 2020

The present study shows the response of maize hybrids to different thermal time conditions with different nitrogen levels, the investigation comprises two different field experiments were conducted in the Qlyasan Research Center\ University of Sulaimani during the spring and autumn seasons in 2017. The experiments were arranged as a split-plot design with three replications. Three different nitrogen levels involved in the main plots and four maize hybrids were cultivated in the sub-plots. In addition to the Phyllochron, the Plant leaf area, and accumulated dry matter were studied in different growth stages for estimating the leaf area ratio of the four maize hybrids. The results manifested efficient impact of thermal time on the studied traits in comparing to nitrogen fertilization, there was a fundamental effect of thermal time expressed as accumulated growing degree days (GDD) on the physiological and biochemical processes of growth and development of maize hybrids. The accumulated GDD from seeding to 50% tasseling was 1050.9 calculated in 58.5 DAS in autumn, whereas in spring season the accumulated GDDs was 1367.6 estimated in 66.25 DAS. Whilst, the linear increases in the leaf appearance and shorter phyllochron manifested in the autumn season, the maximum value of study criteria was not obtained with maximum nitrogen application in all cases. There was a linear decline of the value of LAR across the growth stages from V4-V5 to R3 which was underlined with regression value of r2 of 0.99 , 0.98, and 0.92 for nitrogen levels (N1,N2, and N3) respectively. The rate of LAR in autumn season was not similar to the previous season, the maximum value of LAR was shown with the effect of second level N2 in vegetative growth V8-V10 and reproductive growth stage R3 with first level N1 revealing curvilinear regression.
Isolation, Identification and Molecular Characterization of Thermophilic Bacteria from Soil and Water of Khurmal Spring
Authors: Khasraw Kozhi , Ghafoor Dlzar 
Published: February 2020

Thermophilic bacteria are regarded as a key source of thermostable enzymes that are of great industrial importance. The present study was conducted to identify and characterize the thermophilic bacteria isolated from Khurmal spring in Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Water and soil samples from different sites were collected used to isolate thermophilic bacteria. Seven different isolates of Bacillus (5 from water and 2 from soil) were characterized for their biochemical properties. Activity of different enzymes (catalase, amylase, cellulose, protease, and esterase) was measured for each isolate. The bacterium with the ability to tolerate high temperatures was identified as Bacillus sp. both by using phenotypic and genotypic methods including microscopic characterization, Gram staining and 16S rRNA sequencing. BLAST search analysis of the sequence showed maximum identity with different Bacillus sp. with similarities in the range of (95-98%). The study confirmed that the isolated Bacillus sp. to be a true thermophile and could be a source of thermostable enzyme which can be exploited for pharmaceutical and industrials applications.
Accuracy of some Elastic Impression Materials Used in Prosthetic Dentistry
Authors: Ikram Fahd , Mikaeel Jawad , Omer Ranj 
Published: February 2020

Objective: Elastic impression materials considered favourable decision in fixed and removable prosthesis due to ease of use and accuracy. High price tag is the main drawback. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surface detail reproduction and dimensional stability of newly introduced 3M Preliminary PentaTM VPS in comparison to other elastic impression.
Methods: Alginate, alginate replacement and 3M light body were tested for surface detail reproduction and dimensional stability. Ten samples were prepared for each using a stainless-steel die that was created according to ADA specification No. 18 and 19. Surface detail was assessed directly after setting while dimensional stability was evaluated immediately and 24hr after. The data were analysed using a paired sample t-test.
Results: All the samples were able to record 75μm line for surface detail. Surface record of 3M imprintTM 4 Preliminary PentaTM VPS showed a similar result to light body. While alginate failed to reproduce 50μm and 20μm lines. Regards to dimensional stability, light body resisted change with respect to time. In contrast, alginate revealed a significant effect (p˂0.05) on dimensional stability for the same storage period while not a major effect was observed for alginate replacement.
Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that light body underwent less dimensional change than alginate and alginate replacement. It also revealed a better replication of details. Alginate replacement was more stable during the storage period with better surface detail record than alginate.
pH of Commercially Available Brands of Toothpaste and Mouthwashes in Sulaimani/ Iraq Markets: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Garib Balkees , Tofiq Soma , Fakhruldeen Zainab 
Published: February 2020

Objective: The pH of the daily used toothpaste and mouthwashes dramatically affects the balance of the demineralization and remineralization processes on the tooth structure. Yet, its value is not labeled on the container for public.The aim of this study is to measure the pH values of various toothpaste and mouthwashes those are commercially available in Sulaimani market.
Methods: The pH value of twenty-one toothpastes and fifteen types of mouthwash commercially available in Sulaimani were measured twice by using JENWAY pH meter. The electrode immersed inside the tested sample (10 mL mouthwash and 2mg/10 mL toothpaste) for 3 minutes. The pH mean value for each sample was calculated.
Results: The pH mean value for toothpaste and mouthwashes were 7.67 and 6.33, respectively. Low pH values were reported in Vitis- ortho (4.94), and Desensin repair toothpaste (6.99) and high values reported in A.ME menton &calcium toothpaste (8.85) and Nano- whitening mouthwash (7.855).
Conclusions: The pH of toothpaste was neutral to slightly basic. Thus their repeated use is considered as none erosive. While the pH of mouthwashes was acidic or somewhat optimal, that indicates the possibility of enamel erosion with frequent use. Thus a careful mouthwash’s type selection is required.
The NBN Futures Project
Authors: Holmes Jim , Campbell Leith 
Published: February 2020

Over the past 20 years the provision of broadband services in Australia has become a matter of contention. The National Broadband Network (NBN) and longer-term plans for the way in which it will be structured and operate into the future have been caught up in this. The potential sale by the government of NBN Co, the developer of the NBN, in the next few years has brought greater urgency to considering the longer-term future of the NBN.
An NBN Futures Project, whose aims are explained in this article, is promoting public and policy discussion through TelSoc (the Telecommunications Association) on the NBN and its future, with the aim of building consensus and common ground as a basis for developing public policy for the future. TelSoc’s role is not to advocate particular policy positions, but to provide media and forums for ensuring that critical analysis and discussion does occur and is shared as widely as possible. The Project promotes articles in the Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, together with forums, talks and other events.
This article describes the NBN Futures Project and how it envisages that it will make a difference.