bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Suppressor-mutator element controlled by a basic developmental regulatory mechanism?
Authors: Fedoroff N V , Banks J A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We report the results of genetic studies on derivatives of two different alleles of the maize a locus with an insertion of the Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposable element in which the element is inactive, but can be reactivated readily. We present evidence that the mechanism that determines whether the element is in an active or inactive phase has two genetically distinguishable components. One determines whether or not the element is genetically active (the phase setting) and the other determines the stability of the setting in development, its heritability, and its phase in the next generation (the phase program). We show that the element's phase can be reset in a reproducible pattern during plant development. We also show that the Spm element can be reprogrammed to undergo a subsequent phase change without a concomitant phase change. The capacity to reset and reprogram the Spm element is differentially expressed within the plant in a pattern that is correlated with the developmental fate of apical and lateral meristems, suggesting the involvement of a basic developmental determination mechanism.
The maintenance of single-locus polymorphism. I. Numerical studies of a viability selection model.
Authors: Spencer H G , Marks R W 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The ability of viability selection to maintain single-locus polymorphism is investigated with two models in which the population is bombarded with a series of mutations with random fitnesses. In the first model, the population is allowed to reach equilibrium before mutation resumes; in the second the iterations and mutation occur simultaneously. Monte Carlo simulations of these models show that viability selection is easily able to maintain stable 6- or 7-allele polymorphisms and that monomorphisms and diallelic polymorphisms are uncommon. The question of how monomorphisms arise is also discussed.
The Effects of Selective Survival on Black Adults’ Cognitive Development
Authors: Tan Shyuan Ching , Gamaldo Alyssa A , Brick Timothy , Thorpe Roland J , Allaire Jason C , Whitfield Keith E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The theory of selective survival suggests that possibly around 70–75 years of age, Blacks may display substantive changes in their pattern of cognitive decline. This study examined the age-graded pattern of cognitive decline within older Blacks by describing a trend that characterizes differences in the change of cognitive decline from ages 51.5 to 95.5, and hypothesized that this age-graded pattern is nonlinear.

Method
Utilizing 2 waves of longitudinal data from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging, this study used multilevel modeling to test whether the interaction between age and the 3-year study period (time between waves) had a positive effect on changes in inductive reasoning, declarative memory, working memory, and perceptual speed.

Results
A significant positive interaction between age and wave was found for inductive reasoning, demonstrating an age-grade pattern of change/decline in cognitive pattern for Blacks aged 51.5–95.4. Simple slope probing via the Johnson–Neyman Technique suggested that Black adults ~64 years and younger experienced significant decline in inductive reasoning across study time, whereas for those older than 63.71, the decline was nonsignificant. No significant age–wave interactions were found for declarative memory, working memory, or perceptual speed.

Discussion
Findings suggest a selective survival effect for inductive reasoning ability among Blacks. With decline evident so early, common cognitive intervention programs targeting adults 65+ may come too late for Blacks, signifying the importance and urgency for early health interventions and public policy designed to promote cognitive reserve.
The moderating role of colour in modelling the effectiveness of COVID-19 YouTube animated cartoons on the health behaviour of social media users in Nigeria
Authors: Okpara Chukwuemeka Vincent , Anselm Anibueze U , Felix Talabi Olajide , Omowale Adelabu , Gever Verlumun Celestine 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPrevious studies on the effect of cartoon hardly consider the moderating role of colour. Additionally, studies on the use of social media for health promotion pay less attention to sustainability of health behaviour. In this study, we examined the moderating role of colour on the effectiveness of COVID-19 YouTube animated cartoons on health behaviour of social media users in Nigeria. We survey a total of 470 social media users in Nigeria who reported exposure to YouTube COVID-19 animated cartoons. It was found that colour significantly predict recall of YouTube animated cartoons on COVID-19. In addition, the result of the study revealed that colour significantly moderate impact ofCOVID-19 YouTube animated cartoons on health behaviour of social media users. The result further showed that exposure to COVID-19 YouTube animated cartoons will significantly predict knowledge of the virus. The result also showed that recall of messages theme in COVID-19 YouTube animated cartoons significantly predicts health behaviour of social media users. Finally, the result of the study showed that self-efficacy, task self-efficacy, coping self-efficacy, and outcome expectancy significantly predict health behaviour sustainability among social media users who are exposed to COVID-19 YouTube animated cartoon. We highlighted the implications of these results on health promotions.
Bases and BGG Resolutions of Simple Modules of Temperley–Lieb Algebras of Type B
Authors: Michailidis Dimitris 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We construct explicit bases of simple modules and Bernstein–Gelfand–Gelfand (BGG) resolutions of all simple modules of the (graded) Temperley–Lieb algebra of type B over a field of characteristic zero.
The Implementation in Canada of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners: A Practitioner’s Perspective
Authors: Prais Victoria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article provides a practitioner’s view of the extent to which the 1955 UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMRs) have been utilized in Canada. The author reviews how the SMRs are being used by national authorities, civil society organizations and criminal law practitioners in Canada and presents reflections as to how the SMRs could be better utilized to ensure that prisoners’ rights are protected in Canada. The SMRs, which, as revised in 2015, are often referred to as the Nelson Mandela Rules, are not in themselves binding upon states. However, they do carry weight: this is evidenced by the UN human rights bodies which have invoked the SMRs as a minimum universal standard in interpretations of binding international legal standards in their decisions and comments. Furthermore, the SMRs (traditionally classified as ‘soft law’) provide key stakeholders with useful and practical guidelines on all aspects of prisoners’ rights. This article argues that the SMRs are being utilized to a degree in Canada, but that there is room for improvement. Canada is, in general, rather insular in its application of soft law standards. The Canadian courts have ruled, for example, that the SMRs are not binding in the domestic context. Thus, within the context of litigation, compliance with the SMRs is a challenge. Furthermore, a lack of legal literacy and training in prisoners’ rights in general and in the SMRs more specifically is evident in Canada. The author’s view is that legal training on the SMRs for criminal law practitioners and the judiciary would be one significant step towards more effective utilization of the SMRs in Canada.
Deuterium chemodynamics of massive pre-stellar cores
Authors: Hsu Chia-Jung , Tan Jonathan C , Goodson Matthew D , Caselli Paola , Körtgen Bastian , Cheng Yu 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
High levels of deuterium fractionation of N2H+ (i.e. $\mathrm{D^{{\mathrm{N_2H^+}}}_{\text{frac}}}$≳ 0.1) are often observed in pre-stellar cores (PSCs) and detection of N2D+ is a promising method to identify elusive massive PSCs. However, the physical and chemical conditions required to reach such high levels of deuteration are still uncertain, as is the diagnostic utility of N2H+ and N2D+ observations of PSCs. We perform 3D magnetohydrodynamics simulations of a massive, turbulent, magnetized PSC, coupled with a sophisticated deuteration astrochemical network. Although the core has some magnetic/turbulent support, it collapses under gravity in about one free-fall time, which marks the end of the simulations. Our fiducial model achieves relatively low $\mathrm{D^{{\mathrm{N_2H^+}}}_{\text{frac}}}$∼0.002 during this time. We then investigate effects of initial ortho-para ratio of H2 ($\mathrm{OPR^{H_2}}$), temperature, cosmic ray (CR) ionization rate, CO and N-species depletion factors, and prior PSC chemical evolution. We find that high CR ionization rates and high depletion factors allow the simulated $\mathrm{D^{{\mathrm{N_2H^+}}}_{\text{frac}}}$ and absolute abundances to match observational values within one free-fall time. For $\mathrm{OPR^{H_2}}$, while a lower initial value helps the growth of $\mathrm{D^{{\mathrm{N_2H^+}}}_{\text{frac}}}$, the spatial structure of deuteration is too widespread compared to observed systems. For an example model with elevated CR ionization rates and significant heavy element depletion, we then study the kinematic and dynamic properties of the core as traced by its N2D+ emission. The core, undergoing quite rapid collapse, exhibits disturbed kinematics in its average velocity map. Still, because of magnetic support, the core often appears kinematically subvirial based on its N2D+ velocity dispersion.
Three-dimensional simulations of X-ray cavities inflated by radio galaxies
Authors: Smith Michael D , Donohoe Justin 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Vast cavities in the intergalactic medium are excavated by radio galaxies. The cavities appear as such in X-ray images because the external medium has been swept-up, leaving a hot but low-density bubble surrounding the radio lobes. We explore here the predicted thermal X-ray emission from a large set of high-resolution three-dimensional simulations of radio galaxies driven by supersonic jets. We assume adiabatic non-relativistic hydrodynamics with injected straight and precessing jets of supersonic gas emitted from nozzles. Images of X-ray bremsstrahlung emission tend to generate oval cavities in the soft keV bands and leading arcuate structures in hard X-rays. However, the cavity shape is sensitive to the jet-ambient density contrast, varying from concave-shaped at η = 0.1 to convex for η = 0.0001 where η is the jet/ambient density ratio. We find lateral ribs in the soft X-rays in certain cases and propose this as an explanation for those detected in the vicinity of Cygnus A. In bi-lobed or X-shaped sources and in curved or deflected jets, the strongest X-ray emission is not associated with the hotspot but with the relic lobe or deflection location. This is because the hot high-pressure and dense high-compression regions do not coincide. Directed towards the observer, the cavity becomes a deep round hole surrounded by circular ripples. With short radio-mode outbursts with a duty cycle of 10 per cent, the intracluster medium simmers with low Mach number shocks widely dissipating the jet energy in between active jet episodes.
Twitter Discourse on Nicotine as Potential Prophylactic or Therapeutic for COVID-19
Authors: Kavuluru Ramakanth , Noh Jiho , Rose Shyanika W. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundAn unproven “nicotine hypothesis” that indicates nicotine’s therapeutic potential for COVID-19 has been proposed in recent literature. This study is about Twitter posts that misinterpret this hypothesis to make baseless claims about benefits of smoking and vaping in the context of COVID-19. We quantify the presence of such misinformation and characterize the tweeters who post such messages.MethodsTwitter premium API was used to download tweets (n = 17,533) that match terms indicating (a) nicotine or vaping themes, (b) a prophylactic or therapeutic effect, and (c) COVID-19 (January-July 2020) as a conjunctive query. A constraint on the length of the span of text containing the terms in the tweets allowed us to focus on those that convey the therapeutic intent. We hand-annotated these filtered tweets and built a classifier that identifies tweets that extrapolate the nicotine hypothesis to smoking/vaping with a positive predictive value of 85%. We analyzed the frequently used terms in author bios, top Web links, and hashtags of such tweets.Results21% of our filtered COVID-19 tweets indicate a vaping or smoking-based prevention/treatment narrative. Qualitative analyses show a variety of ways therapeutic claims are being made and tweeter bios reveal pre-existing notions of positive stances toward vaping.ConclusionThe social media landscape is a double-edged sword in tobacco communication. Although it increases information reach, consumers can also be subject to confirmation bias when exposed to inadvertent or deliberate framing of scientific discourse that may border on misinformation. This calls for circumspection and additional planning in countering such narratives as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage our world. Our results also serve as a cautionary tale in how social media can be leveraged to spread misleading information about tobacco products in the wake of pandemics.
Reminiscence therapy‐based care program relieves anxiety, depression, and improves quality of life in post‐operational non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Liu Meifang , Li Yao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe study aimed to explore the effect of reminiscence therapy‐based care program (RTCP) on anxiety, depression, quality of life (QoL), and survival profiles in post‐operational non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.MethodsIn this randomized, controlled study, a total of 192 newly diagnosed post‐operational NSCLC patients were randomly assigned to control care program (CCP) group (N = 96) or RTCP group (N = 96), and both groups experienced 12‐month intervention and 36‐month follow‐up without intervention. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ‐C30) were evaluated at baseline (M0), month (M)3, M6, and M12.ResultsReduced HADS‐anxiety score at M6 and M12, anxiety rate at M12, and anxiety severity at M6 and M12 were observed in RTCP group compared with CCP group. Additionally, HADS‐depression score was decreased at M6 and M12, while both depression rate and severity were of no difference at each time point between two groups. Furthermore, QLQ‐C30 global health status score at M6 and M12, QLQ‐C30 functions score at M12 were increased, while QLQ‐C30 symptoms score was of no difference at each time point in RTCP group compared with CCP group. Regarding survival profiles, Kaplan–Meier curves indicated that disease‐free survival and overall survival were of no difference between two groups, further multivariate Cox’s proportional hazard regression analysis also observed the same trends.ConclusionRTCP effectively relieves anxiety and depression, improves QoL, but did not prolong survival, suggesting its value as a non‐pharmacological approach for post‐operational NSCLC management.
Exploring penile cancer survivors' motivations and experiences of attending a support group: eUROGEN study
Authors: Akers C. , Plant H. , Riley V. , Alnajjar H.M. , Muneer A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore men's motivations and experiences of attending a penile cancer support group and critically analyse whether participating in the support group has an impact on their psychological well‐being. Eleven men attended a focus group facilitated by a cancer nurse specialist and a group facilitator. This was held in the hospital in the same setting as the monthly support group meeting. Written consent was gained. On the day an open question was asked to identify what motivates the men to attend the support group. The results were recorded using a digital audio recording device and then transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was then utilised to identify common themes. Six themes were identified as to why these men attended the penile cancer support group on a regular basis: making friendships, supporting others, sharing experiences, peer support, receiving information and raising awareness. Face to face support groups have shown to be a mode of delivering support to men who have been diagnosed and treated for this rare disease. These findings suggest that meeting men with a similar condition and sharing experiences of living with the disease were important to the men participating in this study.
Role of mitochondrial complex III/IV in the activation of transcription factor Rst2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Jiang Guanglie , Liu Qiannan , Kato Toshiaki , Miao Hao , Gao Xiang , Liu Kun , Chen Si , Sakamoto Norihiro , Kuno Takayoshi , Fang Yue 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMitochondria play essential roles in eukaryotic cells for glucose metabolism to produce ATP. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, transcription factor Rst2 can be activated upon glucose deprivation. However, the link between Rst2 and mitochondrial function remains elusive. Here, we monitored Rst2 transcriptional activity in living cells using a Renilla luciferase reporter system, and found that inhibition of mitochondrial complex III/IV caused cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), which in turn activated Rst2. Furthermore, Rst2‐GFP was observed to translocate from cytoplasm to nucleus upon mitochondrial complex III/IV inhibitors treatment, and deletion of genes associated with complex III/IV resulted in delayed process of Rst2‐GFP nuclear exportation under glucose‐rich condition. In particular, we found that Rst2 was phosphorylated following the treatment of complex III/IV inhibitors or SNAP. Altogether, our findings suggest that mitochondrial complex III/IV participates in the activation of Rst2 through ROS and NO generation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Effect of an anti‐inflammatory pomegranate otic treatment on the clinical evolution and microbiota profile of dogs with otitis externa
Authors: Puigdemont Anna , D’Andreano Sara , Ramió‐Lluch Laura , Cuscó Anna , Francino Olga , Brazis Pilar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCanine otitis externa (OE) is a common disease characterised by inflammation of the epithelial tissue of the external ear canal. Secondary infections are frequent, and Malassezia pachydermatis and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are routinely isolated and treated with antifungal and antibiotic compounds.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo analyse the otitis ear microbiome before and after a treatment with prednisolone plus pomegranate or antimicrobial drugsAnimals15 dogs with nonpurulent OE.Methods and materialsA 30 day, double‐blinded, multicentre, randomized and controlled parallel‐group (1:1) trial was conducted in 15 dogs with nonpurulent OE, following two different topical treatments (prednisolone plus pomegranate versus prednisolone plus antibiotic and antifungal drugs). On days (D)0, D15 and D30, serum and skin otic samples were collected, and clinical examination and microbiome analysis (bacteria and fungi) were performed. Results were compared with validated otitis clinical scores to assess the effectiveness of both treatments.ResultsNine bacterial and four fungal families were detected during the three time‐points tested. An increase in fungal diversity (Shannon index) and composition was the most significant change observed after both treatments. At treatment D15 and D30, the reduction in clinical signs was statistically significant in both treatment groups (P ≤ 0.05). Prednisolone plus pomegranate cleanser treatment was able to control the clinical signs of otitis as well as the bacterial and fungal overgrowth.Conclusions and clinical importanceMild otitis cases associated with microbial overgrowth may be managed with topical antiseptic and anti‐inflammatory agents without the need for antibiotic and/or antifungal compounds.
Recurrent haematochezia in an 85-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sharma Shweta , Nicolaides Steven , Niewiadomski Ola , Nicoll Amanda 
Published: January 2021

An 85-year-old man with Child-Pugh A cirrhosis secondary to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis presented to casualty with four days of painless haematochezia with dark blood without haemodynamic compromise. This was in the setting of receiving stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) as treatment for his hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).He was found to have haemorrhagic radiation colitis which was treated with argon plasma coagulation (APC). Our case demonstrates the importance of considering radiation induced colitis as a cause for painless lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with a background of radiation therapy for HCC. Earlier review of the imaging and consideration of this differential could have prevented the need for repeat hospitalisations and would have led to prompt colonoscopy and diagnosis.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters in France
Authors: Daux Valérie , Minster B. , Cauquoin A. , Jossoud O. , Werner M. , Landais A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

The isotopic compositions of oxygen (
δ
18
O) and hydrogen (
δ
2
H) are widely used to locate the geographical origin of biological remains or manufactured products. In this paper, we analyse the distributions of
δ
18
O and
δ
2
H in tap waters sampled across France, and in precipitation interpolated with the Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator and modelled with the isotope-enabled ECHAM6-wiso model. Our aim is to provide isoscapes usable in archaeology and forensics and evaluate whether the modelled data could be surrogates for measured ones. The
δ
18
O and
δ
2
H in the 396 tap waters sampled varied spatially within a range of 10‰ and 77‰, respectively. Their consistent distributions followed rules summarized by the effects of altitude and distance from the coast. Their variations along the year were small. Therefore, the database provides a solid reference for
δ
18
O and
δ
2
H of the water supply system at the regional scale. The areas with the most uncommon oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions (Atlantic coast south of Brittany and the highest elevations in the Alps) are the most accurately traceable areas in provenancing studies. The isotopic compositions of modelled precipitation have the same spatial distributions but different absolute values from those of tap waters. Therefore, our results favour the use of statistical isoscapes rather than general circulation model-based isoscapes in provenancing studies.