bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in cerebral perfusion following a 12‐month exercise and diet intervention
Authors: Stillman Chelsea M. , Jakicic John , Rogers Renee , Alfini Alfonso J. , Smith J. Carson , Watt Jennifer , Kang Chaeryon , Erickson Kirk I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOverweight and obesity may damage the cerebrovascular architecture, resulting in a significant reduction in cerebral blood flow. To date, there have been few randomized clinical trials (RCT) examining whether obesity‐related reductions in cerebral blood flow could be modified by weight loss. Further, it is unknown whether the behavioral intervention strategy for weight loss (i.e., diet alone or diet combined with exercise) differentially influences cerebral blood flow in adults with overweight or obesity. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether a 12‐month RCT of exercise and diet increases cerebral blood flow in 125 midlife (Mean age ± SD = 44.63 ± 8.36 years) adults with overweight and obesity. Further, we evaluated whether weight loss via diet combined with aerobic exercise has an added effect on changes in cerebral blood flow compared to weight loss via diet alone and whether there were regionally specific effects of the type of behavioral intervention on cerebral blood flow patterns. Consistent with our predictions, a 12‐month diet and exercise program resulting in 10% weight loss increased cerebral blood flow. These effects were widespread and extended throughout frontal, parietal, and subcortical regions. Further, there was some regional specificity of effects for both diet‐only and diet combined with exercise. Our results demonstrate that weight‐related reductions in cerebral blood flow can be modified by 10% weight loss over the course of 12 months and that interventions involving exercise exposure may provide unique effects on cerebral blood flow compared to interventions involving only diet.
Meet the critics: Analyzing the EU Commission's Regulatory Scrutiny Board through quantitative text analysis
Authors: Senninger Roman , Blom‐Hansen Jens 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs part of the “better regulation” agenda, the European Commission created a semi‐independent institution, the Regulatory Scrutiny Board, to monitor the preparation of policy proposals. The position of this Board is potentially wide‐ranging. A proposal that is not given the green light by it cannot proceed in the Commission's internal decisionmaking process. But so far, the Board has only received scant scholarly attention. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Regulatory Scrutiny Board on the Commission's policy preparation. Using machine learning techniques and quantitative text analysis, we study 673 Board opinions and compare almost 100 draft and final policy proposals. Our findings show that the Board is an active watchdog that is taken seriously by the Commission's departments. A full understanding of policy preparation in the EU therefore requires more scholarly attention to the Regulatory Scrutiny Board.
Images in Mathematics
Authors: Baldwin John T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMathematical images occur in lectures, books, notes and posters, and on the internet. We extend Kennedy's proposal for classifying these images. In doing so we distinguish three uses of images in mathematics: iconic images; incidental images; and integral images. An iconic image is one that so captures the essence of a concept or proof that it serves for a community of mathematicians as a motto or a meme for an area or a result. A system such as Euclid's can combine such apprehensions with other forms of logical inference and an image that is built into a system of exposition is called an integral image. An incidental image is an image used by a mathematician to reason with a particular concept. In addition to this thematic characterization, we also explore one concept, infinity, in some depth by comparing representations of the infinite by mathematicians and artists.
Toward reference intervals for shellfish: An illustrative case of feeding and respiratory activities in the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas
Authors: François Cyrille , Haure Joël , Billy Jean‐Christophe , Renault Tristan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards Committee of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology and the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute provide a framework for establishing reference intervals of physiological parameters in reputedly healthy individuals, humans, and terrestrial animals, respectively. This framework was applied for the first time to the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Reference intervals (RIs) would, first, be of interest for research purposes, including pathophysiology studies. RI determination is the first step before considering the use of RIs for field applications by farmers and marine shellfish health services.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to propose reference intervals of feeding and respiration parameters, the clearance rate (CR), and oxygen consumption rate (OCR), in a reference population of hatchery‐reared diploid Pacific oysters.MethodsA de novo, a priori, and a direct approach were applied. The reference values acquired from 214 healthy diploid C gigas (total wet weight 6.23‐83.64 g, DW 0.06‐1.87 g) were analyzed using a non‐parametric statistical method.ResultsReference intervals were proposed for CR, 0.7‐4.1 L/h/g dry flesh weight (DW), and OCR, 0.4‐1.3 mg O2/h/g DW in C gigas in a seawater at a temperature of 22℃ and a salinity of 32‰. Animals were fed 30‐40 cells/µL of Isochrysis affinis galbana. The confidence intervals at 90% of the upper limits of the two parameters were found to be higher than those of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations.ConclusionsObtaining reference intervals is an important step and must be completed by proposed decision limits to facilitate the early detection of health disorders in C gigas.
Time-Dependent Stresses From Fluid Extraction and Diffusion With Applications to Induced Seismicity
Authors: Lambert Valère , Tsai Victor C. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Over recent decades, it has become clear that the extraction of fluids from underground reservoirs can be linked to seismicity and aseismic deformation around producing fields. Using a simple model with uniform fluid extraction from a reservoir, Segall (1989, “Earthquakes Triggered by Fluid Extraction,” Geology, 17(10), pp. 942–946) illustrated how poroelastic stresses resulting from fluid withdrawal may be consistent with earthquake focal mechanisms surrounding some producing fields. Since these stress fields depend on the spatial gradient of the change in pore fluid content within the reservoir, both quantitative and qualitative predictions of the stress changes surrounding a reservoir may be considerably affected by assumptions in the geometry and hydraulic properties of the producing zone. Here, we expand upon the work of Segall (1989, “Earthquakes Triggered by Fluid Extraction,” Geology, 17, pp. 942–946 and 1985, “Stress and Subsidence Resulting From Subsurface Fluid Withdrawal in the Epicentral Region of the 1983 Coalinga Earthquake,” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 90, pp. 6801–6816) to provide a quantitative analysis of the surrounding stresses resulting from fluid extraction and diffusion in a horizontal reservoir. In particular, when considering the diffusion of fluids, the spatial pattern and magnitude of imposed stresses is controlled by the ratio between the volumetric rate of fluid extraction and the reservoir diffusivity. Moreover, the effective reservoir length expands over time along with the diffusion front, predicting a time-dependent rotation of the induced principal stresses from relative tension to compression along the ends of the producing zone. This reversal in perturbed principal stress directions may manifest as a rotation in earthquake focal mechanisms or varied sensitivity to poroelastic triggering, depending upon the criticality of the pre-existing stress state and fault orientations, which may explain inferred rotations in principal stress directions associated with some induced seismicity.
Effect of Driven Sidewalls on Mixed Convection in an Open Trapezoidal Cavity With a Channel
Authors: Ismael Muneer A. , Hussein Ahmed Kadhim , Mebarek-Oudina Fateh , Kolsi Lioua 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The mixed convection in an open trapezoidal lid-driven cavity connected with a channel is investigated in the present paper. Four different cases were considered depending on the movement of the cavity sidewalls. For case I, the left sidewall moves downward; for case II, the left sidewall moves downward and the right one moves upward; while for case III, only the right sidewall moves upward. A comparative case (case 0) is accounted when both sidewalls are assumed stationary. The base of the cavity is subjected to a localized heat source of constant temperature Th. The effects of Richardson number Ri and Reynolds number ratio Rer on the flow and thermal fields have been investigated. The results indicated that for cases I and II, the average Nusselt number increases with the increase of the Richardson number and Reynolds number ratio. Moreover, it was found that the maximum average Nusselt number occurs with case I. When the lid-driven speed is three times that of the inlet airflow velocity, the augmentations of the average Nusselt number compared with stationary walls are 163%, 158%, and 96% for cases I, II, and III, respectively.
Artificial Neural Networks in Radiation Heat Transfer Analysis
Authors: Yarahmadi Mehran , Robert Mahan J. , McFall Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the Monte Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) method, millions of rays are emitted and traced throughout an enclosure following the laws of geometrical optics. Each ray represents the path of a discrete quantum of energy emitted from surface element i and eventually absorbed by surface element j. The distribution of rays absorbed by the n surface elements making up the enclosure is interpreted in terms of a radiation distribution factor matrix whose elements represent the probability that energy emitted by element i will be absorbed by element j. Once obtained, the distribution factor matrix may be used to compute the net heat flux distribution on the walls of an enclosure corresponding to a specified surface temperature distribution. It is computationally very expensive to obtain high accuracy in the heat transfer calculation when high spatial resolution is required. This is especially true if a manifold of emissivities is to be considered in a parametric study in which each value of surface emissivity requires a new ray-trace to determine the corresponding distribution factor matrix. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) offer an alternative approach whose computational cost is greatly inferior to that of the traditional MCRT method. Significant computational efficiency is realized by eliminating the need to perform a new ray trace for each value of emissivity. The current contribution introduces and demonstrates through case studies estimation of radiation distribution factor matrices using ANNs and their subsequent use in radiation heat transfer calculations.
Ocular toxoplasmosis: phenotype differences between toxoplasma IgM positive and IgM negative patients in a large cohort
Authors: Ajamil-Rodanes Sofia , Luis Joshua , Bourkiza Rabia , Girling Benedict , Rees Angela , Cosgrove Catherine , Pavesio Carlos , Westcott Mark 
Published: April 2020

PurposeTo investigate the differences in demographics and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis according to their IgM status.MethodsRetrospective case note analysis was carried out on patients who tested positive for serum Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM antibodies (IgM+) as well as a comparator group who tested negative for serum IgM (IgM-), but positive for serum IgG. Patient demographics and clinical features were compared between the two groups to evaluate for any significant differences.ResultsOne hundred and six patients were included in the study between March 2011 and June 2018, consisting of 37 in the IgM +group and 69 in the IgM- group. Patients in the IgM +group were significantly older (51.1 vs 34.1 years, p<0.0001), more likely to present with central macular lesions (32% vs 12%, p=0.012), and more likely to develop rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (11% vs 1%, p=0.049). In contrast, patients in the IgM- group were more likely present with pain (20% vs 3%, 0.017) and exhibit more severe inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreous (p<0.05). Overall, retinal lesions were more likely to be superotemporal (55%) and superonasal (31%). Furthermore, age was associated with larger (p=0.003) and more peripheral lesions (p=0.007).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated significant differences in clinical characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis according to serum IgM status. IgM+ patients were older, less likely to report pain, had lower levels of intraocular inflammation, but were more likely to have macular involvement. We also found age to be correlated with larger and more peripheral lesions.
Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study
Authors: Li Yongze , Teng Di , Shi Xiaoguang , Qin Guijun , Qin Yingfen , Quan Huibiao , Shi Bingyin , Sun Hui , Ba Jianming , Chen Bing , Du Jianling , He Lanjie , Lai Xiaoyang , Li Yanbo , Chi Haiyi , Liao Eryuan , Liu Chao , Liu Libin , Tang Xulei , Tong Nanwei , Wang Guixia , Zhang Jin-an , Wang Youmin , Xue Yuanming , Yan Li , Yang Jing , Yang Lihui , Yao Yongli , Ye Zhen , Zhang Qiao , Zhang Lihui , Zhu Jun , Zhu Mei , Ning Guang , Mu Yiming , Zhao Jiajun , Teng Weiping , Shan Zhongyan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors.DesignPopulation based, cross sectional study.Setting31 provinces in mainland China with nationally representative cross sectional data from 2015 to 2017.Participants75 880 participants aged 18 and older—a nationally representative sample of the mainland Chinese population.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of diabetes among adults living in China, and the prevalence by sex, regions, and ethnic groups, estimated by the 2018 American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and history of disease were recorded by participants on a questionnaire. Anthropometric and clinical assessments were made of serum concentrations of fasting plasma glucose (one measurement), two hour plasma glucose, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c).ResultsThe weighted prevalence of total diabetes (n=9772), self-reported diabetes (n=4464), newly diagnosed diabetes (n=5308), and prediabetes (n=27 230) diagnosed by the ADA criteria were 12.8% (95% confidence interval 12.0% to 13.6%), 6.0% (5.4% to 6.7%), 6.8% (6.1% to 7.4%), and 35.2% (33.5% to 37.0%), respectively, among adults living in China. The weighted prevalence of total diabetes was higher among adults aged 50 and older and among men. The prevalence of total diabetes in 31 provinces ranged from 6.2% in Guizhou to 19.9% in Inner Mongolia. Han ethnicity had the highest prevalence of diabetes (12.8%) and Hui ethnicity had the lowest (6.3%) among five investigated ethnicities. The weighted prevalence of total diabetes (n=8385) using the WHO criteria was 11.2% (95% confidence interval 10.5% to 11.9%).ConclusionThe prevalence of diabetes has increased slightly from 2007 to 2017 among adults living in China. The findings indicate that diabetes is an important public health problem in China.
Global estimate of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adults living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tang Chulei , Goldsamt Lloyd , Meng Jingjing , Xiao Xueling , Zhang Li , Williams Ann Bartley , Wang Honghong 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesAlthough people living with HIV (PLWH) have been disproportionately affected by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the global prevalence of PTSD among PLWH is unknown. This study aimed to systematically review the prevalence of PTSD among PLWH worldwide and explore variation in prevalence across sociodemographic and methodological factors.DesignA meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted to pool the prevalence estimated from individual studies, and subgroup analyses were used to analyse heterogeneities.Setting, participants and measuresObservational studies providing PTSD prevalence data in an adult HIV population were searched from January 2000 to November 2019. Measurements were not restricted, although the definition of PTSD had to align with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the International Classification of Diseases diagnostic criteria.ResultsA total of 38 articles were included among 2406 records identified initially. The estimated global prevalence of PTSD in PLWH was 28% (95% CI 24% to 33%). Significant heterogeneity was detected in the proportion of PLWH who reported PTSD across studies, which was partially explained by geographic area, population group, measurement and sampling method (p<0.05).ConclusionPTSD among PLWH is common worldwide. This review highlights that PTSD should be routinely screened for and that more effective prevention strategies and treatment packages targeting PTSD are needed in PLWH.
Investigating the effect of clinical pharmacist intervention in transitions of care on drug-related hospital readmissions among the elderly: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kindstedt Jonas , Svahn Sofia , Sjölander Maria , Glader Eva-Lotta , Lövheim Hugo , Gustafsson Maria 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionDrug-related problems (DRPs) are a major cause of unplanned hospital admissions among elderly people, and transitions of care have been emphasised as a key area for improving patient safety. We have designed a complex clinical pharmacist intervention that targets people ≥75 years of age undergoing transitions of care from hospital to home and primary care. The main objective is to investigate if the intervention can reduce the risk of unplanned drug-related readmission within the first 180 days after the person is discharged from hospital.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised, controlled, superiority trial with two parallel arms. A total of 700 people ≥75 years will be assigned to either intervention or routine care (control). The intervention, which aims to find and manage DRPs, is initiated within a week of the person being discharged from hospital and combines repeated medical chart reviews, phone interviews and in some cases medication reviews. People in both study arms may have been the subject of a medication review during their ward stay. As the primary outcome, we will measure time until unplanned drug-related readmission within 180 days of leaving hospital and use log rank tests and Cox proportional hazard models to analyse differences between the groups. Further investigations of subgroup effects and adjustments of the regression models will be based on heart failure and cognitive impairment as prognostic factors.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Umeå (registration numbers 2017-69-31M, 2018-83-32M and 2018-254-32M). We intend to publish the results with open access in international peer-reviewed journals and present our findings at international conferences. The trial is expected to result in more than one published article and form part of two PhD theses.Trial registration numberNCT03671629
Fluorescence‐guided surgery using indocyanine green in dogs with superficial solid tumours
Authors: Favril Sophie , Abma Eline , Stock Emmelie , Devriendt Nausikaa , van Goethem Bart , Blasi Francesco , Brioschi Chiara , Polis Ingeborgh , De Cock Hilde , Miragoli Luigi , Oliva Paolo , Valbusa Giovanni , Vanderperren Katrien , de Rooster Hilde 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundNear‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging is a relatively novel technique that can aid surgeons during intraoperative tumour identification.MethodsNine canine oncology patients (five mammary gland tumours, three mast cell tumours and one melanoma) received intravenous indocyanine green (ICG). After 24 hours, tumours were resected and fluorescence intensities of tumours and surroundings were evaluated. Additional wound bed tissue was resected if residual fluorescence was present after tumour resection. Ex vivo, fluorescence‐guided dissection was performed to separate tumour from surrounding tissue.ResultsIntraoperative NIRF‐guided tumour delineation was feasible in four out of nine dogs. Wound bed imaging after tumour removal identified nine additional fluorescent lesions, of which four contained tumour tissue. One of these four true positive in vivo lesions was missed by standard‐of‐care inspection. Ex vivo fluorescence‐guided tumour dissection showed a sensitivity of 72 per cent and a specificity of 80 per cent in discriminating between tumour and surrounding tissue.ConclusionThe value of ICG for intraoperative tumour delineation seems more limited than originally thought. Although NIRF imaging using ICG did identify remaining tumour tissue in the wound bed, a high false positive rate was also observed.
Are dual‐purpose hens less fearful than conventional layer hybrids?
Authors: Giersberg Mona Franziska , Spindler Birgit , Kemper Nicole 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundExcessive fear in farm animals can lead to chronic stress and thus impair animal welfare. In laying hens, fear responses in several behavioural tests have also been associated with the occurrence of feather pecking. The aim of the present study was to comparatively assess fear‐related responses of conventional layer hybrids (Lohmann Brown plus, LB+) and dual‐purpose hens (Lohmann Dual, LD), which seem to be less prone to injurious pecking.MethodsA novel object (NO) and an avoidance distance (AD) test were carried out in both hybrids at a group level and at different ages during the laying period in order to measure their fear‐related responses.ResultsOn most study days, more LD hens approached the NO and they approached it sooner than the LB+ hens. Similarly, the LD hens retreated at smaller distances from a human being in the AD test.ConclusionThe results indicate that dual‐purpose hens act less fearful in the performed behavioural tests compared with conventional layer hybrids. Therefore, dual‐purpose hens might experience less stress during daily management routines, which would affect animal welfare positively.