bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Flageolet: A Woodwind Instrument that Transcended Social Class and Gender in Nineteenth-Century England
Authors: MacMillan Douglas 
Published: October 2020

The flageolet – a woodwind instrument closely akin to the recorder – achieved considerably popularity in nineteenth-century England. It was predominantly an instrument of the amateur musician, and its story becomes a mirror of the musical society in which the instrument flourished.An account of the organology of the flageolet in both its English and French forms, and of its evolution into double, triple and transverse versions, precedes a study of pedagogical material and repertoire. The work of William Bainbridge, who modified the flageolet to simplify its technique and hence enhance its suitability for amateur players, is emphasized, along with his skill as an innovator of complex flageolets. The flageolet attracted a small number of professional exponents who tended to favour the French form of the instrument.The principal focus of the article is an examination of the role of the flageolet within the context of musical praxis in England and its societal implications during the long nineteenth century. After consideration of matters of finance, social class and gender, the article examines the use of the flageolet by amateur and professional musicians, particularly highlighting the importance of the instrument in domestic music-making as well as in amateur public performance. Professional use of the instrument within the context of the concert hall, the theatre, the ballroom and the music hall is explored and examples given of prominent players and ensembles, some of which were composed entirely of female musicians. Final paragraphs note the playing of the flageolet by itinerant and street musicians.
Localized Afterslip at Geometrical Complexities Revealed by InSAR After the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence
Authors: Pousse‐Beltran Léa , Socquet Anne , Benedetti Lucilla , Doin Marie‐Pierre , Rizza Magali , D'Agostino Nicola 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake occurred on 30 October 2016, along the Mt Vettore fault (Central Apennines, Italy), it was the largest earthquake of the 2016–2017 seismic sequence that started 2 months earlier with the Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake (24 August). To detect potential slow slip during the sequence, we produced Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series using 12‐ to 6‐day repeat cycles of Sentinel‐1A/1B images. Time series indicates that centimeter‐scale surface displacements took place during the 10 weeks following the Norcia earthquake. Two areas of subsidence are detected: one in the Castelluccio basin (hanging wall of the Mt Vettore fault) and one in the southern extent of the Norcia earthquake surface rupture, near an inherited thrust. Poroelastic and viscoelastic models are unable to explain these displacements. In the Castelluccio basin, the displacement reaches 13.2 ± 1.4 mm in the ascending line of sight on 6 January 2017. South of the Norcia earthquake surface rupture (a zone between the Norcia and Amatrice earthquakes), the postseismic surface displacements affect a smaller area but reach 35.5 ± 1.7 mm in ascending line of sight by January 2017 and follow a logarithmic temporal decay consistent with postseismic afterslip. Our analysis suggests that the structurally complex area located south of the Norcia rupture (30 October) is characterized by a conditionally stable frictional regime. This geometrical and frictional barrier likely halted rupture propagation during the Amatrice (24 August) and Norcia (30 October) earthquakes at shallow depth (<3–4 km).
Unexpected High Occurrence of Daytime F‐Region Backscatter Plume Structures Over Low Latitude Sanya and Their Possible Origin
Authors: Xie Haiyong , Yang Sipeng , Zhao Xiukuan , Hu Lianhuan , Sun Wenjie , Wu Zhi , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo , Li Guozhu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIonospheric F‐region irregularity backscatter plumes are commonly regarded as a nighttime phenomenon at equatorial and low latitudes. Using the Sanya (18.4°N, 109.6°E, dip lat. 12.8°N) VHF radar, F‐region backscatter echoes were observed at daytime during 0700–1800 LT, with an unexpected high occurrence in June solstice of solar minimum. Radar interferometry and ICON satellite in situ results show that the daytime F‐region echoes were from plume structures consisting of field‐aligned irregularities. The daytime echoing structures appeared mostly above 350 km altitude, extending up to 650 km or more with apparent westward drifts at times. We surmise that the daytime F‐region echoes were due to equatorial plasma bubble irregularities generated on the previous night around 100–125°E, where the irregularities could survive unexpectedly long time, beyond sunrise as vertically elongated fossil plumes. Under the ionospheric background dynamics, the fossil plumes could be elevated to high altitudes and drift zonally over Sanya.
Generation of Submesoscale Temperature Inversions Below Salinity Fronts in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Ramachandran Sanjiv , Tandon Amit 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study uses submesoscale‐permitting simulations to explore the formation of temperature inversions at shallow, salinity‐controlled density fronts representative of conditions in the wintertime Bay of Bengal (BoB). Our simulations complement earlier one‐dimensional studies that have largely used mooring records in the BoB to infer mechanisms for causing temperature inversions, by exploring three‐dimensional frontal processes. We use three different initial conditions with the same lateral and vertical gradients in density, with differing lateral contrasts in temperature within the mixed layer. Our simulations evolve unforced for a few inertial periods, are then forced by weak downfront winds for a few more inertial periods to generate an eddy field, after which the winds are turned off. The formation of inversions proceeds via the subduction of low potential vorticity (PV) fluid from the surface during the forced phase. The inversions result from tilting of horizontal temperature gradients into the vertical direction. Tilting is simultaneously the dominant source of negative vertical vorticity in the Lagrangian vorticity budget. Turning off the winds caps the subducted fluid by overlying stratified fluid, creating temperature inversions with O(1–10 km) lateral scales and O(10 m) thickness. The inversions are pycnostads with anticyclonic rotation. The increase in temperature for the strongest inversion in each simulation is comparable to the initial lateral contrast in temperature. The strongest inversions are associated with anticyclonic rotation and low PV. Our results have potential implications for the vertical thermal structure of the upper BoB in coarse‐resolution models that do not resolve subduction at submesoscale fronts.
Southward Internal Tides in the Northeastern South China Sea
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe M2 internal tides in the northeastern South China Sea are studied using satellite altimeter data from 1992–2018. By an improved mapping technique that combines plane wave analysis and two‐dimensional spatial filtering, multiple internal tides are separately extracted with weak internal tides becoming detectable. The satellite results reveal for the first time a 300‐km‐long southward M2 internal tidal beam in the northeastern South China Sea. The generation source is on the steep continental slope at the southern entrance to the Taiwan Strait. It ranges from 118–120°E along 22°N. Combining satellite‐observed internal solitary waves and internal tides, it is found that the onshore radiation evolves into nonlinear solitary waves and the offshore radiation in the form of linear internal tides. Based on the 26‐year‐coherent satellite results, the integrated southward energy flux is 0.18 GW, about 10% of the westward energy flux from the Luzon Strait. In the northeastern South China Sea, the westward and southward internal tides form a multiwave interference field, which features significant spatial variations in the magnitude and direction of energy flux. Further analyses reveal that the steep continental slope radiates southward semidiurnal M2 and S2 internal tides, but not diurnal K1 and O1 internal tides.
Elevated Levels of Biogenic Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in the Marine Boundary Layer of the Arabian Sea During the Intermonsoon
Authors: Tripathi Nidhi , Sahu L. K. , Singh Arvind , Yadav Ravi , Patel Anil , Patel Kashyap , Meenu P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Arabian Sea is one of the most biologically productive ocean regimes and hence possesses a perennially intense oxygen minimum zone. High productive oceans can potentially modify the production and sea‐to‐air exchange of trace gases including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We measured nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) such as ethane, ethene, propane, propene, 1‐butene, cis‐2‐butene, and 1‐pentene in the marine air and characterized phytoplankton species in seawater of the Arabian Sea during the premonsoon season of the year 2017. The light alkenes namely ethene and propene were the dominant VOCs in the marine air with average mixing ratios of 8.92 ± 3.50 and 3.38 ± 1.30 ppbv, respectively. Daytime enhancements of ethene, propene, 1‐butene, cis‐2‐butene, and 1‐pentene were 20–40% higher than their nighttime values. The high levels of alkenes were associated with the higher abundances of Trichodesmium and Thalassiosira species. The Δethene/Δpropene (2.63 ppb ppb−1) was comparable to those reported for other oceanic regions. Estimated emission fluxes of ethene (2.0–6.9 × 109 molecules cm−2 s−1) were higher than those reported for several other oceanic regions. Such high emission rates of NMHCs in remote regions can significantly affect the regional tropospheric oxidation chemistry leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Our observations highlight the need to evaluate the biogeochemical processes controlling the oceanic emissions of NMHCs over the northern Indian Ocean.
Higher Martian Atmospheric Temperatures at All Altitudes Increase the D/H Fractionation Factor and Water Loss
Authors: Cangi E. M. , Chaffin M. S. , Deighan J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMuch of the water that once flowed on the surface of Mars was lost to space long ago, and the total amount lost remains unknown. Clues to the amount lost can be found by studying hydrogen (H) and its isotope deuterium (D), which are produced when atmospheric water molecules H2O and HDO dissociate. The difference in escape efficiencies of H and D (which leads to an enhanced D/H ratio) is referred to as the fractionation factor f. Both the D/H ratio and f are necessary to estimate water loss; thus, if we can constrain the range of f and understand what controls it, we will be able to estimate water loss more accurately. In this study, we use a 1D photochemical model of the neutral Martian atmosphere to determine how f depends on assumed temperature and water vapor profiles. We find that the exobase temperature most strongly controls the value of f for thermal escape processes. When we include estimates of nonthermal escape from other studies, we find that the tropopause temperature is also important. Overall, for the standard Martian atmosphere, f = 0.002 for thermal escape, and f = 0.06 for thermal + nonthermal escape. We estimate that Mars has lost at minimum 66–122 m global equivalent layer of water. Importantly, our results demonstrate that the value of f depends critically on nonthermal escape of D, and that modeling studies that include D/H fractionation must model both neutral and ion processes throughout the atmosphere.
Monsoons, ITCZs, and the Concept of the Global Monsoon
Authors: Geen Ruth , Bordoni Simona , Battisti David S. , Hui Katrina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEarth's tropical and subtropical rainbands, such as Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs) and monsoons, are complex systems, governed by both large‐scale constraints on the atmospheric general circulation and regional interactions with continents and orography, and coupled to the ocean. Monsoons have historically been considered as regional large‐scale sea breeze circulations, driven by land‐sea contrast. More recently, a perspective has emerged of a global monsoon, a global‐scale solstitial mode that dominates the annual variation of tropical and subtropical precipitation. This results from the seasonal variation of the global tropical atmospheric overturning and migration of the associated convergence zone. Regional subsystems are embedded in this global monsoon, localized by surface boundary conditions. Parallel with this, much theoretical progress has been made on the fundamental dynamics of the seasonal Hadley cells and convergence zones via the use of hierarchical modeling approaches, including aquaplanets. Here we review the theoretical progress made and explore the extent to which these advances can help synthesize theory with observations to better understand differing characteristics of regional monsoons and their responses to certain forcings. After summarizing the dynamical and energetic balances that distinguish an ITCZ from a monsoon, we show that this theoretical framework provides strong support for the migrating convergence zone picture and allows constraints on the circulation to be identified via the momentum and energy budgets. Limitations of current theories are discussed, including the need for a better understanding of the influence of zonal asymmetries and transients on the large‐scale tropical circulation.
Estimating the Effects of Forest Structure Changes From Wildfire on Snow Water Resources Under Varying Meteorological Conditions
Authors: Moeser C. David , Broxton Patrick D. , Harpold Adrian , Robertson Andrew 
Published: October 2020

AbstractModeling forest change effects on snow is critical to resource management. However, many models either do not appropriately model canopy structure or cannot represent fine‐scale changes in structure following a disturbance. We applied a 1 m2 resolution energy budget snowpack model at a forested site in New Mexico, USA, affected by a wildfire, using input data from lidar to represent prefire and postfire canopy conditions. Both scenarios were forced with 37 years of equivalent meteorology to simulate the effect of fire‐mediated canopy change on snowpack under varying meteorology. Postfire, the simulated snow distribution was substantially altered, and despite an overall increase in snow, 32% of the field area displayed significant decreases, resulting in higher snowpack variability. The spatial differences in snow were correlated with the change in several direction‐based forest structure metrics (aspect‐based canopy edginess and gap area). Locations with decreases in snow following the fire were on southern aspects that transitioned to south facing canopy edges, canopy gaps that increased in size to the south, or where large trees were removed. Locations with largest increases in snow occurred where all canopy was removed. Changes in canopy density metrics, typically used in snow models to represent the forest, did not fully explain the effects of fire on snow distribution. This explains why many models are not able to represent greater postfire variability in snow distribution and tend to predict only increases in snowpack following a canopy disturbance event despite observational studies showing both increases and decreases.
Modeling Water Quality in Watersheds: From Here to the Next Generation
Authors: Fu B. , Horsburgh J. S. , Jakeman A. J. , Gualtieri C. , Arnold T. , Marshall L. , Green T. R. , Quinn N. W. T. , Volk M. , Hunt R. J. , Vezzaro L. , Croke B. F. W. , Jakeman J. D. , Snow V. , Rashleigh B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this synthesis, we assess present research and anticipate future development needs in modeling water quality in watersheds. We first discuss areas of potential improvement in the representation of freshwater systems pertaining to water quality, including representation of environmental interfaces, in‐stream water quality and process interactions, soil health and land management, and (peri‐)urban areas. In addition, we provide insights into the contemporary challenges in the practices of watershed water quality modeling, including quality control of monitoring data, model parameterization and calibration, uncertainty management, scale mismatches, and provisioning of modeling tools. Finally, we make three recommendations to provide a path forward for improving watershed water quality modeling science, infrastructure, and practices. These include building stronger collaborations between experimentalists and modelers, bridging gaps between modelers and stakeholders, and cultivating and applying procedural knowledge to better govern and support water quality modeling processes within organizations.
Relationships between UBE3A and SNORD116 expression and features of autism in chromosome 15 imprinting disorders
Authors: Baker Emma K. , Butler Merlin G. , Hartin Samantha N. , Ling Ling , Bui Minh , Francis David , Rogers Carolyn , Field Michael J. , Slee Jennie , Gamage Dinusha , Amor David J. , Godler David E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChromosome 15 (C15) imprinting disorders including Prader–Willi (PWS), Angelman (AS) and chromosome 15 duplication (Dup15q) syndromes are severe neurodevelopmental disorders caused by abnormal expression of genes from the 15q11–q13 region, associated with abnormal DNA methylation and/or copy number changes. This study compared changes in mRNA levels of UBE3A and SNORD116 located within the 15q11–q13 region between these disorders and their subtypes and related these to the clinical phenotypes. The study cohort included 58 participants affected with a C15 imprinting disorder (PWS = 27, AS = 21, Dup15q = 10) and 20 typically developing controls. Semi-quantitative analysis of mRNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed using reverse transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for UBE3A and SNORD116 normalised to a panel of internal control genes determined using the geNorm approach. Participants completed an intellectual/developmental functioning assessment and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2nd Edition. The Dup15q group was the only condition with significantly increased UBE3A mRNA levels when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Both the AS and Dup15q groups also had significantly elevated SNORD116 mRNA levels compared to controls (AS: p < 0.0001; Dup15q: p = 0.002). Both UBE3A and SNORD116 mRNA levels were positively correlated with all developmental functioning scores in the deletion AS group (p < 0.001), and autism features (p < 0.001) in the non-deletion PWS group. The findings suggest presence of novel interactions between expression of UBE3A and SNORD116 in PBMCs and brain specific processes underlying motor and language impairments and autism features in these disorders.
Construction of a breeding parent population of Populus tomentosa based on SSR genetic distance analysis
Authors: Han Zhiqiang , Han Qiang , Xia Yufei , Geng Xining , Du Kang , Yang Jun , Kang Xiangyang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractParent selection is the core of hybrid breeding. The breeding strategy involving the parental identification of superior open-pollinated progeny of Populous tomentosa germplasm resources can significantly improve the efficiency of parental matching. However, due to some factors such as loose powdering time and pollen competitiveness, the offspring derived from open-pollination families which do not undergo completely random mating. Although hybrid combinations based on the male identification method have a high combining ability, this method cannot easily cover the mating combinations of all male and female specimens in the germplasm bank. In addition, the performance of superior plants in open-pollinated families also affects the selection result. If the trait performance value is higher than the population average, then the special combining ability of the reconstructed hybrid combination may be overestimated. Obtaining a solution to the above problems is of great significance for improving the efficiency and accuracy of selecting hybrid parents of P. tomentosa. In this study, 24 pairs of SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic differentiation of P. tomentosa germplasm resources. The results showed that the genetic variation of the P. tomentosa population was derived from individuals within the provenance, indicating that high genetic diversity is preserved in provenances. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the special combining ability of planting height and diameter at breast height (dbh) of the 34 full-sib progeny population and the genetic distance between the parents. Then, the genetic distance between 18 female plants with high fertility and 68 male plants with large pollen quantity was analyzed using this correlation. Fifteen female parents and 12 male parents were screened out, and 52 hybrid combinations with high specific combining ability for growth traits were predicted. Furthermore, for the male parent identification of superior individual plants, we constructed the breeding parent population including 10 female parents and 5 male parents, generating 14 hybrid combinations with potentially high combining ability. The results of the hybridization test showed that the specific combining ability of plant height and dbh was significantly higher than the controlled pollination. Moreover, genetic distance and paternal identification can be used to rapidly and efficiently construct hybrid parent combinations and breeding parent populations.
The multimodal Ganzfeld-induced altered state of consciousness induces decreased thalamo-cortical coupling
Authors: Schmidt Timo Torsten , Jagannathan Nisha , Ljubljanac Michal , Xavier Ann , Nierhaus Till 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDifferent pharmacologic agents have been used to investigate the neuronal underpinnings of alterations in consciousness states, such as psychedelic substances. Special attention has been drawn to the role of thalamic filtering of cortical input. Here, we investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying an altered state of consciousness (ASC) induced by a non-pharmacological procedure. During fMRI scanning, N = 19 human participants were exposed to multimodal Ganzfeld stimulation, a technique of perceptual deprivation where participants are exposed to intense, unstructured, homogenous visual and auditory stimulation. Compared to pre- and post-resting-state scans, the Ganzfeld data displayed a progressive decoupling of the thalamus from the cortex. Furthermore, the Ganzfeld-induced ASC was characterized by increased eigenvector centrality in core regions of the default mode network (DMN). Together, these findings can be interpreted as an imbalance of sensory bottom-up signaling and internally-generated top-down signaling. This imbalance is antithetical to psychedelic-induced ASCs, where increased thalamo-cortical coupling and reduced DMN activity were observed.