bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Activation Process on Catkin Derived Carbon Materials and Its Electrochemical Performance as Matrix in Cathode of Li‐S Battery
Authors: Yan Yinglin , Chen Shiyu , Fan Chaojiang , Lin Jiaming , Fan Hua , Feng Zufei , Wang Juan , Xu Yunhua , You Caiyin , Yang Rong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWillow catkin was selected as raw material to fabricated carbon matrix in cathode of lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) battery due to its unique tubular morphology. The effects of activation time on the microstructure and electrochemical properties were investigated. The direct pyrolysis product inherited the tube‐like morphology. After activated by KOH under high temperature once, the microtubes were shorten and pressed as ribbon‐like. Meanwhile abundant micropores were formed in the tube wall. Further activatated the product twice, the original tube‐like microstructure was collapsed. Thus the results demonstrated that extending the activation time greatly affected the microstructure of carbon product. Furthermore, the sample activated once exhibited the largest specific surface area of 2033.09 m2 g−1 and the largest sulfur loading ratio (71.1 %). Moreover, the suitable activated sample exhibited the highest specific discharge capacity (1365.8 mAh g−1) and the best cycling performance. Consequently, the activation process played an important role in the microstructure and electrochemical performance of catkin derived carbon matrix in Li−S battery.
[2,3‐Bis‐(2‐pyridyl) pyrazine] as an Efficient Organocatalyst for the Direct C(sp2)‐H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes/Heteroarenes via C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Tiwari Mohit K. , Yadav Lalit , Chaudhary Sandeep 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHerein, we report the identification of 2,3‐bis‐(2‐pyridyl) pyrazine as a new organocatalyst, which has been utilized for the direct cross‐coupling reactions of an aryl halide with unactivated arenes/heteroarenes via C(sp2)‐H bond activation. This transition metal‐free C−H arylation of unactivated benzenes with aryl halides (Ar−X; X=I, Br, Cl) underwent smoothly with only 10 mol% of an organocatalyst and in the presence of 3 equivalent of potassium tert‐butoxide base which furnished a library of biaryls (3 a–u) in up to 98 % excellent yield under milder reaction conditions. The mechanistic pathway involves the in‐situ formation of aryl radical anion intermediate and progressed via a single electron transfer (SET) mechanism. The wide substrate scope, high functional group forbearance, control/competition experiments, gram‐scale synthesis and kinetic studies signify the prominence and useful nature of the protocol along with the steadiness of the novel organocatalyst.
Improved Photocatalytic Activity of g‐C3N4/ZnO: A Potential Direct Z‐Scheme Nanocomposite
Authors: Ramachandra Madhushree , Devi Kalathiparambil Rajendra Pai Sunaja , Resnik Jaleel UC Jadan , Pinheiro Dephan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this study, a Z‐scheme g‐C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized using exfoliation process, which was further characterized using XRD, FT‐IR, UV‐DRS, SEM‐EDAX, PL, EIS, and TGA techniques. The properties of g‐C3N4 were enhanced when fabricated with ZnO resulting in a better electron mobility, high redox potential, and excellent semiconducting properties. The performance of this heterostructure was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) under visible light irradiation. The g‐C3N4/ZnO heterostructure achieved a degradation of 84.3 % within 60 min under visible light irradiation. The degradation reaction follows a pseudo first‐order kinetic model with a reaction rate constant of 0.0329 min−1. The nanocomposite demonstrated outstanding stability and recyclability.
Multifunctional Cathodic Interlayer with Polysulfide Immobilization Mechanism for High‐Performance Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Waqas Muhammad , Manzoor Soomro Afaque , Ali Shamshad , Kumar Suresh , Chan Sattar , Hussain Kashif , Hussain Memon Fida , Ahmed Shaikh Shoaib 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA highly efficient multifunctional polyvinylidene fluoride//carbon‐molybdenum disulfide (PVDF//C‐MoS2) interlayer is developed by direct deposition on sulfur cathode through facile slide coating method for Li−S batteries. The as‐developed PVDF//C–MoS2 interlayer exhibits the polysulfide adsorption and trapping capabilities, which reduces the shuttling effects and also slows down the self‐discharge in Li−S batteries. The first composite layer (C‐MoS2) on the cathode maximizes the level of lithium polysulfide adsorption owing to the strong dipolar interaction of Mo−S on the polarized surface of polysulfide species. Moreover, the PVDF layer physically traps/capture the remaining polysulfide species with its interconnected microstructure for the reutilization as active material in the cathode. The Li−S batteries based on interlayers deliver the discharge capacity of 1086 mAh g−1 at 1 C with 3.0 mg cm−2 sulfur loading and show capacity decay of 0.04 % per cycle after 1500 cycles. In contrast, the Li−S batteries without interlayer merely maintain the discharge capacities of 423 mAh g−1 at 1 C with 3.0 mg cm−2 sulfur loading and show severe capacity decay (0.12 %) after 505 cycles. The Li−S batteries also depict the remarkable cyclic performances with as‐developed interlayer for high sulfur loading cathodes and efficiently slowdowns the self‐discharge even after resting for a long time.
Optimal Silver Nitrate Concentration to Inhibit α‐Amylase Activity During Pasting of Rice Flour
Authors: Rahman Sayedur , Khoddami Ali , Copeland Les , Atwell Brian J. , Roberts Thomas H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEndogenous α‐amylase interferes with accurate determination of the pasting properties of cereal flour. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions at seven different concentrations (0.001‐0.1 m) plus a deionized water (dH2O) control are compared for their ability to inhibit α‐amylase activity during gelatinization of rice flour with medium to high amylose content (AC). Pasting properties are assessed using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). The optimal concentration of AgNO3 to inhibit α‐amylase in the flour of rice cultivar Doongara during gelatinization is 1% (w/v) (≈0.06 m). This concentration is tested further in three other types of rice for confirmation of the effects on RVA pasting properties. Peak viscosity is significantly higher using 1% AgNO3 than in the dH2O control, while breakdown and pasting temperature are significantly lower. In conclusion, the incorporation of 1% (w/v) AgNO3 into samples for RVA inhibits the α‐amylase activity in rice flour with medium to high AC, allowing pasting properties to be accurately measured using an RVA.
COVID‐19, physical (in‐)activity, and dementia prevention
Authors: Müller Patrick , Achraf Ammar , Zou Liye , Apfelbacher Christian , Erickson Kirk I. , Müller Notger G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhysical inactivity is one major modifiable risk factor for dementia (especially Alzheimer's disease). Due to contact restrictions and isolation measures in response to the current COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, physical inactivity levels have increased by up to 30%, which will likely have adverse consequences for primary and secondary dementia prevention. Therefore, new interdisciplinary prevention approaches (eg, outdoor exercise; app‐based exercise with online partners) are urgently needed that account for the suspected long‐term lifestyle changes that the current—and upcoming—pandemics are likely to entail (increased use of home office, social isolation, avoidance of fitness centers and club sports, and so on).
Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of Gln‐1062, a prodrug of galantamine
Authors: Bakker Charlotte , van der Aart Jasper , Hart Ellen P. , Klaassen Erica S. , Bergmann Kirsten R. , van Esdonk Michiel J. , Kay Denis G. , Groeneveld Geert Jan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionGln‐1062 (MEMOGAIN) is an intranasally administered lipophilic prodrug of galantamine. Based on high brain‐to‐blood concentrations observed in pre‐clinical studies, Gln‐1062 is expected to have superior cognitive efficacy compared to oral galantamine.MethodsForty‐eight healthy elderly subjects were randomized 12:4 to Gln‐1062 (5.5, 11, or 22 mg, b.i.d., for 7 days) or placebo. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were assessed repeatedly. Pharmacokinetics were compared with 16 mg oral galantamine.ResultsGln‐1062 up to 22 mg, b.i.d., was well tolerated. Gln‐1062 plasma concentrations increased immediately following dosing (median Tmax of 0.5 hour [range 0.5‐1.0]). Cmax and AUC0‐last increased in a dose‐linear manner over all three dose levels. Gln‐1062 was rapidly cleaved into galantamine. Gln‐1062 significantly improved adaptive tracking (sustained attention) with 1.95% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.630‐3.279, P = 0.0055) compared to placebo after correction for individual baseline performance.DiscussionGln‐1062 was considered to be safe and caused fewer gastrointestinal side effects than oral galantamine. Gln‐1062 behaved pharmacokinetically as expected and improved performance on cognitive tests.
Chemical Whiteness
Authors: Hardon Anita 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Here we explore the chemical practice of skin whitening, a prevalent practice among young service sector workers in the Philippines and Indonesia. Chemical Whiteness investigates this problematic practice in everyday interactions, where people with darker skin are undervalued and those with lighter skin, which is considered pleasing to employers and clients, attain a higher value in the workplace. These workers are pressured to portray the good life they are selling to their clients, performing the “pleasing personality” that their companies want to associate with their services. To lighten their skin, our interlocutors apply range of expensive and often harmful products, often involving daily reapplication. While skin lightening is commonly associated with women, we discovered that in the Philippines, young men competing for positions in sales and customer service had also developed their own beauty routines with skin whitening products. While such practices are meant to increase young people’s worth in the service sector economy, like many other chemical practices explored in this book, they can lead to the further precarization of young people’s lives.
Chemical Supplementing
Authors: Hardon Anita 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter, Chemical Supplementing, presents ethnographies of young people who use a variety of supplements in order to optimize their health. In the Philippines, boys take multivitamins with the hope of increasing their height, reflecting the importance of stature in their society, and young professionals take expensive supplements to improve their stamina for their demanding distribution jobs in a multilevel marketing company. In fitness centers, young women use proteins and fortified shakes to achieve an idealized, lean, and muscular body. In health and vitamin stores in Amsterdam, growing numbers of young people are buying, sharing, and promoting their personal concoctions of proteins and vitamins. These supplementing practices stem from young people’s various needs: to respond to the demands of service sector labor, to recover from the strain of night work, to indulge in the pleasure of weekend raves, and to manage growing concerns about environmental toxins. By zooming in on supplementing practices of these different groups of young people, we get a clearer understanding of their shared sense of vulnerability, and of the need for better regulation of the supplements industry.
Spatializing Memory and Justice in Transformation Processes
Authors: Buckley-Zistel Susanne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter asks what processes of dealing with the past have been set in motion and how they relate to the search for justice and the quest for remembrance on a more global scale. In the aftermath of the “Arab Spring,” the affected countries have been going through transitions of various forms that are significantly re-configuring the MENA region. In this context, a number of new civil society actors, political elites, and international norm entrepreneurs are engaging with the lengthy histories of repression in the respective countries as well as with the violence that occurred during the Arab Spring in order to reckon with the legacy of human rights abuses (Sriram, Transitional justice in the middle East and North Africa, Hurst, London, 2017). These transitions to justice are not without obstacles and challenges, though. The objective of her chapter is therefore not to tell the stories of various transitional justice and memory projects in post-Arab Spring countries, but to situate such practices in time and space.
ν electroweak baryogenesis
Authors: Fernández-Martínez E. , López-Pavón J. , Ota T. , Rosauro-Alcaraz S. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We investigate if the CP violation necessary for successful electroweak baryo- genesis may be sourced by the neutrino Yukawa couplings. In particular, we consider an electroweak scale Seesaw realization with sizable Yukawas where the new neutrino singlets form (pseudo)-Dirac pairs, as in the linear or inverse Seesaw variants. We find that the baryon asymmetry obtained strongly depends on how the neutrino masses vary within the bubble walls. Moreover, we also find that flavour effects critically impact the final asymmetry obtained and that, taking them into account, the observed value may be obtained in some regions of the parameter space. This source of CP violation naturally avoids the strong constraints from electric dipole moments and links the origin of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe with the mechanism underlying neutrino masses. Interestingly, the mixing of the active and heavy neutrinos needs to be sizable and could be probed at the LHC or future collider experiments.
The cos 2ϕ azimuthal asymmetry in ρ0 meson production in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions
Authors: Xing Hongxi , Zhang Cheng , Zhou Jian , Zhou Ya-Jin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present a detailed study of vector meson photoproduction in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions (UPCs). Using the dipole model, we develop a framework for the joint impact parameter and transverse momentum dependent cross sections. We compute the unpolarized cross section and cos 2ϕ azimuthal angular correlation for ρ0 photoproduction with ϕ defined as the angle between the ρ0’s transverse momentum and its decay product pion meson’s transverse momentum. Our result on unpolarized coherent differential cross section gives excellent description to the STAR experimental data. A first compari- son between theoretical calculation and experimental measurement on the cos 2ϕ azimuthal asymmetry, which results from the linearly polarized photons, is performed and reasonable agreement is reached. We find out the characteristic diffractive patterns at both RHIC and LHC energies and predict the impact parameter dependent cos 2ϕ azimuthal asymmetries for ρ0 photoproduction by considering UPCs and peripheral collisions. The future experimental measurements at RHIC and LHC relevant to our calculations will provide a tool to rigorously investigate the coherent and incoherent production of vector meson in UPCs, as well as to probe the nuclear structure in heavy ion collisions.
Does the round sphere maximize the free energy of (2+1)-dimensional QFTs?
Authors: Fischetti Sebastian , Wallis Lucas , Wiseman Toby 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We examine the renormalized free energy of the free Dirac fermion and the free scalar on a (2+1)-dimensional geometry ℝ × Σ, with Σ having spherical topology and prescribed area. Using heat kernel methods, we perturbatively compute this energy when Σ is a small deformation of the round sphere, finding that at any temperature the round sphere is a local maximum. At low temperature the free energy difference is due to the Casimir effect. We then numerically compute this free energy for a class of large axisymmetric deformations, providing evidence that the round sphere globally maximizes it, and we show that the free energy difference relative to the round sphere is unbounded below as the geometry on Σ becomes singular. Both our perturbative and numerical results in fact stem from the stronger finding that the difference between the heat kernels of the round sphere and a deformed sphere always appears to have definite sign. We investigate the relevance of our results to physical systems like monolayer graphene consisting of a membrane supporting relativistic QFT degrees of freedom.
Anti-Müllerian hormone levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Authors: Verdiesen Renée M. G. , Onland-Moret N. Charlotte , van Gils Carla H. , Stellato Rebecca K. , Spijkerman Annemieke M. W. , Picavet H. Susan J. , Broekmans Frank J. M. , Verschuren W. M. Monique , van der Schouw Yvonne T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Given its role in ovarian follicle development, circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is considered to be a marker of reproductive ageing. Although accelerated reproductive ageing has been associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, research on the relationship between AMH and type 2 diabetes risk is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether age-specific AMH levels and age-related AMH trajectories are associated with type 2 diabetes risk in women.

Methods
We measured AMH in repeated plasma samples from 3293 female participants (12,460 samples in total), aged 20–59 years at recruitment, from the Doetinchem Cohort Study, a longitudinal study with follow-up visits every 5 years. We calculated age-specific AMH tertiles at baseline to account for the strong AMH–age correlation. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders were used to assess the association between baseline age-specific AMH tertiles and incident type 2 diabetes. We applied linear mixed models to compare age-related AMH trajectories for women who developed type 2 diabetes with trajectories for women who did not develop diabetes.

Results
During a median follow-up of 20 years, 163 women developed type 2 diabetes. Lower baseline age-specific AMH levels were associated with a higher type 2 diabetes risk (HRT2vsT3 1.24 [95% CI 0.81, 1.92]; HRT1vsT3 1.62 [95% CI 1.06, 2.48]; ptrend = 0.02). These findings seem to be supported by predicted AMH trajectories, which suggested that plasma AMH levels were lower at younger ages in women who developed type 2 diabetes compared with women who did not. The trajectories also suggested that AMH levels declined at a slower rate in women who developed type 2 diabetes, although differences in trajectories were not statistically significant.

Conclusions/interpretation
We observed that lower age-specific AMH levels were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Longitudinal analyses did not show clear evidence of differing AMH trajectories between women who developed type 2 diabetes compared with women who did not, possibly because these analyses were underpowered. Further research is needed to investigate whether AMH is part of the biological mechanism explaining the association between reproductive ageing and type 2 diabetes.
Super Quantum Airy Structures
Authors: Bouchard Vincent , Ciosmak Paweł , Hadasz Leszek , Osuga Kento , Ruba Błażej , Sułkowski Piotr 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe introduce super quantum Airy structures, which provide a supersymmetric generalization of quantum Airy structures. We prove that to a given super quantum Airy structure one can assign a unique set of free energies, which satisfy a supersymmetric generalization of the topological recursion. We reveal and discuss various properties of these supersymmetric structures, in particular their gauge transformations, classical limit, peculiar role of fermionic variables, and graphical representation of recursion relations. Furthermore, we present various examples of super quantum Airy structures, both finite-dimensional—which include well known superalgebras and super Frobenius algebras, and whose classification scheme we also discuss—as well as infinite-dimensional, that arise in the realm of vertex operator super algebras.
Non-informative vision improves spatial tactile discrimination on the shoulder but does not influence detection sensitivity
Authors: Leo Fabrizio , Nataletti Sara , Brayda Luca 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVision of the body has been reported to improve tactile acuity even when vision is not informative about the actual tactile stimulation. However, it is currently unclear whether this effect is limited to body parts such as hand, forearm or foot that can be normally viewed, or it also generalizes to body locations, such as the shoulder, that are rarely before our own eyes. In this study, subjects consecutively performed a detection threshold task and a numerosity judgment task of tactile stimuli on the shoulder. Meanwhile, they watched either a real-time video showing their shoulder or simply a fixation cross as control condition. We show that non-informative vision improves tactile numerosity judgment which might involve tactile acuity, but not tactile sensitivity. Furthermore, the improvement in tactile accuracy modulated by vision seems to be due to an enhanced ability in discriminating the number of adjacent active electrodes. These results are consistent with the view that bimodal visuotactile neurons sharp tactile receptive fields in an early somatosensory map, probably via top-down modulation of lateral inhibition.
Advanced rehabilitation technology in orthopaedics—a narrative review
Authors: Kuroda Yuichi , Young Matthew , Shoman Haitham , Punnoose Anuj , Norrish Alan R. , Khanduja Vikas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionAs the demand for rehabilitation in orthopaedics increases, so too has the development in advanced rehabilitation technology. However, to date, there are no review papers outlining the broad scope of advanced rehabilitation technology used within the orthopaedic population. The aim of this study is to identify, describe and summarise the evidence for efficacy for all advanced rehabilitation technologies applicable to orthopaedic practice.MethodsThe relevant literature describing the use of advanced rehabilitation technology in orthopaedics was identified from appropriate electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) and a narrative review undertaken.ResultsAdvanced rehabilitation technologies were classified into two groups: hospital-based and home-based rehabilitation. In the hospital-based technology group, we describe the use of continuous passive motion and robotic devices (after spinal cord injury) and their effect on improving clinical outcomes. We also report on the use of electromagnetic sensor technology for measuring kinematics of upper and lower limbs during rehabilitation. In the home-based technology group, we describe the use of inertial sensors, smartphones, software applications and commercial game hardware that are relatively inexpensive, user-friendly and widely available. We outline the evidence for videoconferencing for promoting knowledge and motivation for rehabilitation as well as the emerging role of virtual reality.ConclusionsThe use of advanced rehabilitation technology in orthopaedics is promising and evidence for its efficacy is generally supportive.