bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Observational Estimate of the Direct Response of the Cold-Season Atmospheric Circulation to the Arctic Sea Ice Loss
Authors: Simon Amélie , Frankignoul Claude , Gastineau Guillaume , Kwon Young-Oh 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe direct response of the cold-season atmospheric circulation to the Arctic sea ice loss is estimated from observed sea ice concentration (SIC) and an atmospheric reanalysis, assuming that the atmospheric response to the long-term sea ice loss is the same as that to interannual pan-Arctic SIC fluctuations with identical spatial patterns. No large-scale relationship with previous interannual SIC fluctuations is found in October and November, but a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)/Arctic Oscillation follows the pan-Arctic SIC fluctuations from December to March. The signal is field significant in the stratosphere in December, and in the troposphere and tropopause thereafter. However, multiple regressions indicate that the stratospheric December signal is largely due to concomitant Siberian snow-cover anomalies. On the other hand, the tropospheric January–March NAO signals can be unambiguously attributed to SIC variability, with an Iceland high approaching 45 m at 500 hPa, a 2°C surface air warming in northeastern Canada, and a modulation of blocking activity in the North Atlantic sector. In March, a 1°C northern Europe cooling is also attributed to SIC. An SIC impact on the warm Arctic–cold Eurasia pattern is only found in February in relation to January SIC. Extrapolating the most robust results suggests that, in the absence of other forcings, the SIC loss between 1979 and 2016 would have induced a 2°–3°C decade−1 winter warming in northeastern North America and a 40–60 m decade−1 increase in the height of the Iceland high, if linearity and perpetual winter conditions could be assumed.
Vertical Wind Effect on Slope and Shape Parameters of Gamma Drop Size Distribution
Authors: Chen Chao-Hsin , Su Ching-Lun , Chen Jui-Hsiang , Chu Yen-Hsyang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractApproximate equations for slope Λ and shape μ parameters of the gamma raindrop size distribution (DSD) are derived from theoretical considerations on the basis of the reflectivity-weighted mean terminal velocity VT and Doppler spectral width σp of the raindrop echoes. These approximate equations are then corrected to reduce the error by using the long-term ground-based disdrometer measurements. We applied these equations on the VHF-radar measurements (i.e., reflectivity-weighted mean fall velocity and Doppler spectral width) to estimate μ and Λ aloft. The effects of the vertical wind velocity on the VHF radar-estimated μ–Λ and σp–VT values are investigated. The result shows that there is a tendency for the μ and Λ values to increase with an increase of the upward wind velocity. In addition, the terminal velocity and the spread of the DSD estimated from the precipitation echoes are strongly related to the vertical air velocity. The stronger the upward vertical air velocity is, the larger the terminal velocity and the smaller the spread of the DSD will be. The dependence of the estimated μ and Λ values on the vertical wind velocity is very likely caused by the updraft that can support and carry away the smaller raindrops in the original drop size distribution in the radar volume. Consequently, the DSDs aloft are truncated and the corresponding μ and Λ values estimated from the radar returns tend to be larger. To confirm this assertion, we intentionally truncate disdrometer-measured DSDs at small drop size end and calculate corresponding μ and Λ values. The results show that the distribution patterns of the μ–Λ scatter diagrams of the truncated DSDs bear strong resemblance to those of the radar observations, both of which are very different from those obtained on the ground.
Single-Precision in the Tangent-Linear and Adjoint Models of Incremental 4D-Var
Authors: Hatfield Sam , McRae Andrew , Palmer Tim , Düben Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The use of single-precision arithmetic in ECMWF’s forecasting model gave a 40% reduction in wall-clock time over double-precision, with no decrease in forecast quality. However, using reduced-precision in 4D-Var data assimilation is relatively unexplored and there are potential issues with using single-precision in the tangent-linear and adjoint models. Here, we present the results of reducing numerical precision in an incremental 4D-Var data assimilation scheme, with an underlying two-layer quasigeostrophic model. The minimizer used is the conjugate gradient method. We show how reducing precision increases the asymmetry between the tangent-linear and adjoint models. For ill-conditioned problems, this leads to a loss of orthogonality among the residuals of the conjugate gradient algorithm, which slows the convergence of the minimization procedure. However, we also show that a standard technique, reorthogonalization, eliminates these issues and therefore could allow the use of single-precision arithmetic. This work is carried out within ECMWF’s data assimilation framework, the Object Oriented Prediction System.
The effects of textile reinforcements on the protective properties of self-healing polymers intended for safety gloves
Authors: Irzmańska Emilia , Bacciarelli-Ulacha Anna , Adamus-Włodarczyk Agnieszka , Strąkowska Anna 
Published: February 2020

In the environment where glove material is exposed to harmful chemicals, hazards related to faster penetration of dangerous substances into the glove interior may cause microdamage. One of the solutions to overcome this problem is to use the self-healing polymeric materials that can minimize economic loss and accidents in the workplace. The current work aims to present the impact of different types of textile reinforcement on the effectiveness and efficiency of the self-healing process of methyl vinyl silicone rubber containing hybrid molecules with an inorganic silsesquioxane intended for use on all-rubber gloves. Three knitted fabrics with a similar structure and differentiated raw material composition were selected: polyamide, cotton–polyamide, and cotton. Evaluation of the self-healing process of the elastomeric composite to personal protective equipment was performed. For this purpose the assessment of the surface morphology of materials has been performed before and after the self-healing process. The implementation of knitted fabric into the polymeric composite in the tested samples allowed us to obtain the best results in all tests. The studied composite samples exhibited an increased resistance to three types of damage: penetration, abrasion and puncture. The samples also underwent the self-healing processes and regeneration after a proper conditioning period. Thus, the obtained results confirmed the possibility of using tested elastomeric composites in the construction of protective gloves and showed an effectivity of the self-healing process for the long-term usage of that protective equipment.
Manifestation of stress and anxiety in the stomatognathic system of undergraduate dentistry students
Authors: Owczarek Joanna Elżbieta , Lion Katarzyna Małgorzata , Radwan-Oczko Małgorzata 
Published: February 2020

Objective To assess the relationship between psychoemotional state and signs of oral cavity occlusal and nonocclusal parafunctions, together with masseter muscle tone, in undergraduate dentistry students. Methods The study population comprised first and fifth grade dentistry students who were investigated using psychological and health questionnaires, and stomatological examination with electromyography of the masseter muscles. Differences in variables between first and fifth grade students were analysed using Student’s t-test or χ2-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyse associations between variables. Results A total of 113 students (52 first-grade, mean age 20 years; and 61 fifth-grade, mean age 23.6 years) were included. Older age was associated with lower level of perceived stress and anxiety. Moreover, a significant positive relationship was observed between level of perceived stress and anxiety and tone of both masseter muscles. Conclusions Increased psychoemotional burden and increased rates of experienced anxiety were associated with growth of masseter muscle tone in this study population.
Engaging From Both Sides: Facilitating a Canadian Two-Generation Prenatal-to-Three Program for Families Experiencing Vulnerability
Authors: Ginn Carla , Mughal Muhammad K. , Pruett Marsha K. , Pruett Kyle , Perry Robert L. , Benzies Karen 
Published: February 2020

Background Young children living in families experiencing social vulnerability, including low income, mental illness, addictions, social isolation, and/or homelessness, are at risk of developmental delay. Two-generation programs can improve outcomes for preschool children, but underlying mechanisms and outcomes for younger children remain unclear. Purpose We explored program facilitation and identified developmental benefits of a two-generation program beginning prenatally. Methods In our convergent, concurrent mixed methods study, we interviewed agency staff ( n =  10) and held focus groups with parents ( n =  14). We compared child ( N =  100) development between program intake and exit as measured by the Ages and Stages Questionnaires 3rd edition. Results Our core category, Engaging From Both Sides, included (a) Mitigating Adversity (focused codes Developing Trust, Letting Go of Fear, and Putting in the Effort); (b) Continual Learning (focused codes Staying Connected, and Taking it to the Community); (c) Fostering Families (focused codes Cultivating Optimism, and Happiness and Love); (d) Unravelling Cycles of Crisis (focused codes Advocating, and Helping Parents’ Parent); and (e) Becoming Mainstream (focused codes Knowing Someone Has Your Back, and Managing Stress, Anxiety, and Anger). We found significant improvements in child Fine Motor, Problem-Solving, and Personal-Social domains between program intake and exit. Conclusions Our study adds to existing literature regarding mechanisms of two-generation programs beginning prenatally. Mitigating effects of intergenerational adversity was the primary motivation for interaction and engagement of staff and parents in two-generation programming, which improved child development.
Does Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Mediate the Association Between Food Environment and Obesity Among Non-Hispanic Black and White Older US Adults? A Path Analysis
Authors: Chen Meifang , Howard Virginia , Harrington Kathy F. , Creger Thomas , Judd Suzanne E. , Fontaine Kevin R. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose: This study aims to test the hypothesis that in addition to a direct effect of food environment on obesity, food environment is indirectly associated with obesity through consuming Mediterranean diet (MD). Design: Cross-sectional secondary data analysis. Setting: Nationwide community-dwelling residency. Sample: A total of 20 897 non-Hispanic black and white adults aged ≥45 years who participated in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study and completed baseline assessment during January 2003 and October 2007. Measures: The Modified Retail Food Environment Index (mRFEI; 0-100) was used as food environment indicator. The MD score (0-9) was calculated to indicate the dietary pattern adherence. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was used to estimate obesity. Analysis: Path analysis was used to quantify the pathways between food environment, MD adherence, and obesity. Proper data transformation was made using Box–Cox power transformation to meet certain analysis assumptions. Results: The participants were from 49 states of the United States, with the majority (64.42%) residing in the South. Most of the participants were retired, female, white, married, having less than college graduate education, having annual household income ≤75 000, and having health insurance. The means of mRFEI was 10.92 (standard deviation [SD] = 10.19), MD score was 4.36 (SD = 1.70), and the BMI was 28.96 kg/m2 (SD = 5.90). Access to healthy food outlets (β = .04, P < .0001) and MD adherence (β = .08, P < .0001) had significant and inverse relationships with BMI, respectively. Mediterranean diet adherence mediated the relationship between food environment and obesity among a subpopulation who had an annual household income of <$75 000 (β = −.02, P = .0391). Conclusion: Population-tailored interventions/policies to modify food environment and promote MD consumption are needed in order to combat the obesity crisis in the United States.
Clinical relevance of marginal factors on ultrafiltration in peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Pérez-Díaz Vicente , Pérez-Escudero Alfonso , Sanz-Ballesteros Sandra , Sánchez-García Luisa , Hernández-García Esther , Oviedo-Gómez Victoria , Sobrino-Pérez Alicia 
Published: February 2020

Background: Ultrafiltration (UF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is mainly driven by the osmotic gradient and peritoneal permeability, but other factors—such as intraperitoneal pressure (IPP)—also have an influence. Methods: To assess the clinical relevance of these marginal factors, we studied 41 unselected PD patients undergoing two consecutive 2 h, 2.27% glucose exchanges, first with 2.5 L and then with 1.5 L. Results: IPP, higher in the 2.5 L exchange, had a wide interpatient range, was higher in obese and polycystic patients and their increase with infusion volume was higher for women regardless of body size. UF with 2.5 L correlated inversely with IPP and was higher for patients with polycystosis or hernias, while for 1.5 L we found no significant correlations. The effluent had higher glucose and osmolarity in the 2.5 L exchange than in the 1.5 L one, similar for both sexes. In spite of this stronger osmotic gradient, only 21 patients had more UF in the 2.5 L exchange, with differences up to 240 mL. The other 20 patients had more UF in the 1.5 L exchange, with stronger differences (up to 800 mL, and more than 240 mL for 9 patients). The second group, with similar effluent osmolarity and peritoneal equilibration test (PET) parameters than the first, has higher IPP and preponderance of men. The sex influence is so intense that men decreased average UF with 2.5 L with respect to 1.5 L, while women increased it. Conclusions: With 2.27% glucose, sex and IPP—modulated by obesity, polycystosis, hernias, and intraperitoneal volume—significantly affect UF in clinical settings and might be useful for its management.
Evaluation of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 as biomarkers of renal function in cancer patients treated with cisplatin
Authors: Ghadrdan Elliyeh , Ebrahimpour Sholeh , Sadighi Sanambar , Chaibakhsh Samira , Jahangard-Rafsanjani Zahra 
Published: February 2020

Introduction Cisplatin-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) is the major limitation to the use of cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens. Serum creatinine as a traditional marker did not increase in a timely enough fashion in AKI patients. Therefore, recently, the novel markers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were considered for early detection of AKI. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of urinary NGAL and KIM-1 with serum creatinine in cisplatin related AKI. Methods Patients ≥18 years with solid tumors who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy were included. Urine samples were collected 0, 6 and 24 h after cisplatin infusion and the urinary NGAL, KIM-1, and creatinine concentrations were evaluated. NGAL and KIM-1 concentrations were adjusted based on urine creatinine to eliminate hydration effects. Serum creatinine levels were assessed at the base and 72 h after cisplatin administration. Results Seven out of the 35 recruited patients (20%) suffered from AKI defined by Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. In AKI patients, the ratio of urinary KIM-1–creatinine at 24 h compared to baseline (24 h/baseline) and NGAL–creatinine 24 h/baseline were significantly higher than those of non-AKI group ( p = 0.037 and 0.047 respectively). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for KIM-1–creatinine 24 h/baseline and NGAL–creatinine 24 h/baseline were 0.78 (0.59–0.96, p = 0.032) and 0.77 (0.57–0.97, p = 0.036) respectively. Conclusions Our findings showed that the changes in urinary NGAL–creatinine and KIM-1–creatinine ratios, 24 h after cisplatin administration can be utilized to predict AKI in cisplatin recipients.
Secret and safe: The underlife of concealed objects from the Royal Derwent Hospital, New Norfolk, Tasmania
Authors: Bryant Lauren , Burke Heather , Ireland Tracy , Wallis Lynley A , Wight Chantal 
Published: February 2020

This paper focuses on a collection of objects deliberately concealed beneath the verandah of a ward for middle-class, female, paying patients at Australia’s longest continuously operating mental health institution, the Royal Derwent Hospital in Tasmania. Cached in small discrete mounds across an area of some 50 square metres, the collection was probably concealed in the mid-20th century and contains over 1000 items of clothing, ephemera and other objects dating from 1880 to the mid-1940s. In achieving a possessional territory of such magnitude, this patient achieved a level of personal self-expression that is rarely encountered archaeologically, particularly within an institutional context. Analysis of this collection as an ‘underlife’ illuminates both functional aspects of the hospital and the hopes and desires of this particular, though still anonymous, patient and her vibrant world of things.
Ultrasound features of immature ovarian teratomas: Case series and review of literature
Authors: Abdullahi Idle S , Hayes K , Ross JA 
Published: February 2020

Introduction Immature ovarian teratomas are rare but account for 10–20% of ovarian cancers in women under the age of 20 years. This study aimed to characterise immature ovarian teratomas using grey-scale and Doppler ultrasonography and review the literature to refine the diagnosis of immature ovarian teratomas. Methods Patients with a confirmed histological diagnosis of immature ovarian teratoma from years 2006–2018, who had undergone a transvaginal ultrasound at two large teaching hospitals, were identified. The imaging was retrieved from the centres clinical databases. Ultrasound scans were performed by experienced ultrasound examiners and described according to International Ovarian Tumour Analysis criteria. Results Eight patients were identified in total with a mean age of 26 years (range 13–35). Half of the patients had a past history of a mature ovarian teratoma (3 ipsilateral, 1 contralateral). The cysts were generally large (median 115 mm), fast growing unilateral lesions with a single, peripheral predominantly solid component arising from the cyst wall. The solid component was hyperechoic with multiple foci of fibrosis and numerous small cysts. The cystic component typically formed less than 75% of the lesion and the cyst fluid was of low-level echogenicity. Subjective assessment of vascularity of the solid part of the tumours varied between scores of 1 and 2. Tumour markers showed a raised serum a-fetoprotein level in 42% of these patients. Conclusion Although there were no ultrasound features that were pathognomonic of immature teratoma, the diagnosis should be suspected in a young woman with a large ovarian cyst with a fibrotic, microcystic solid component, particularly if she has a past history of a dermoid cyst.
Increased ankle muscle coactivation in the early stages of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Cofré Lizama L Eduardo , Bastani Andisheh , van der Walt Anneke , Kilpatrick Trevor , Khan Fary , Galea Mary P 
Published: February 2020

Background Neural damage at early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) can subtly affect gait muscle activation patterns. Detecting these changes using current clinical tools, however, is not possible. We propose using muscle coactivation measures to detect these subtle gait changes. This may also help in identifying people with MS (PwMS) that may benefit from strategies aimed at preventing further mobility impairments. Objective We aimed to determine if coactivation of ankle muscles during gait is greater in PwMS with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score <3.5. A secondary aim is to determine whether coactivation increases are speed dependent. Methods For this study 30 PwMS and 15 healthy controls (HC) walked on a treadmill at 1.0 m/s, 1.2 m/s and 1.4 m/s. Electromyography was recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SO) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG). The coactivation index was calculated between SO/TA and LG/TA. Ankle kinematics data were also collected. Results Compared with HC, PwMS exhibited significantly greater SO/TA and LG/TA coactivation, which was greater during early stance and swing phases ( p < .01). Speed did not affect coactivation except during early stance. Ankle kinematic changes were also observed. Conclusion PwMS exhibited greater ankle muscles coactivation than controls regardless of the speed of walking. These changes in muscle activation may serve as a biomarker of neurodegeneration occurring at early stages of the disease.
Anterior Cervical Reduction Decompression Fusion With Plating for Management of Traumatic Subaxial Cervical Spine Dislocations
Authors: Abdelgawaad Ahmed Shawky , Metry Arsany B. S. , Elnady Belal , El Sheriff Essam 
Published: February 2020

Study Design: Prospective case series. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of anterior-only approach, for treatment of type C F4 (AO classification) traumatic subaxial cervical spine injuries. Methods: Patients with type C F4 traumatic cervical injuries presenting to a tertiary center between June 2017 and July 2018 were included. Outcome measures included self-reported measures (Neck Disability Index, visual analogue scale, and return to work), radiological measures (local segmental angle, Ishihara curvature index, cervical lordosis angle, and step-off distance), fusion state, and neurological state according to American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS). Results: Twenty-one cases were operated by anterior approach with mean age 39.1 ± 13.8 years. The most common injury was at C4-5 (47.6%). Six out of 7 cases (85.7%) with preoperative neurological impairment showed late follow-up improvement by one or more grade in AIS. Complete anatomical reduction and imaging measures did not correlate significantly to the self-reported outcome measures. Median value of local segmental angle improved from −16° (−11° to −20) preoperatively to 0° (−7°) to 8°) at late follow-up. The cervical lordotic angle and Ishihara curvature index improved from 35° (29° to 43°) and 6.92 (−2.7 to 28.9) preoperatively, to 44° (33° to 51°) and 18.7 (−3.5 to 26.9) at the late follow-up, respectively. Step-off distance decreased postoperatively, however; complete reduction could not be achieved. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of lower cervical traumatic instability by anterior decompression and fusion is efficient regarding fusion state and patients’ satisfaction. The anterior approach can be recommended in cases with neurological impairment and in patients with medical comorbidities or when a short operative time—compared with combined approach—is preferred.