bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of the Pill
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This book assesses the impact of gender in shaping debates over birth control in the United States. While situating itself in the appropriate historical context, this book’s primary focus is on the controversies surrounding insurance coverage of contraception between Congress’s 2009 deliberations over the Affordable Care Act and the Supreme Court’s 2016 ruling in Zubik v. Burwell. Specifically, the book addresses three interrelated questions about the politics of the pill during this often contentious seven-year period: Who spoke? What did they say? Did it matter? In answering these questions, the book casts a wide net, examining legislative floor debates, committee hearings, statutory wording, amicus briefs, media coverage, Supreme Court rulings, and public opinion polls. Throughout this examination, the book emphasizes the ways in which contraception fit into broader conversations about morality, women’s agency, and reproductive health, and it considers how gender intersected with other identities (e.g., religion and partisanship), in driving media frames, policy narratives, and political attitudes. The book’s central argument is that who has a voice significantly impacts policy deliberation and outcomes. While women’s participation in contraception debates was limited by a lack of gender parity in the media, the legislatures, and the courts, women nevertheless shaped policy making on birth control in myriad and interconnected ways. Put simply, the inclusion and exclusion of women is essential to understanding the tenor, quantity, and quality of contraception debates across time, place, and venue.
Introduction: Where Are the Women?
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues for the necessity of an in-depth analysis of contemporary birth control politics in the United States. First, this chapter details the ways in which contraception issues are uniquely significant for the quality of women’s lives. Among many other things, expanding access to and insurance coverage of contraception is linked to women’s economic prosperity, political empowerment, and personal well-being. Second, this chapter situates the project in existing literature on gender, framing, representation, policymaking, and political communication. Specifically, in arguing for a link between descriptive representation and policy framing, it makes the case that birth control provides a high-leverage litmus test for evaluating women’s influence in the political process. Finally, the chapter describes the contours of the book, summarizes its methodological approach, and explains why a cross-venue, over-time assessment of framing choices is the most fruitful approach for identifying gender’s role in controversies over contraception.
Contraception Coverage in the Courts
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines how the issue of contraceptive coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was debated in the Supreme Court. Relying on a detailed content analysis of the amici curiae briefs, oral arguments, decisions and dissents presented during Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, Inc. and Zubik v. Burwell, this chapter shows that while “religious freedom” frames were almost entirely absent in the initial debates over the ACA, they became the dominant approach to understanding the contraception issue during litigation. Moreover, the evidence presented here demonstrates that the gender of the participants in these cases shaped their framing choices in ways that transcended their support or opposition for the ACA’s contraceptive mandate. In other words, the dominant frame of the debate over contraception coverage evolved considerably over time, and gender considerations were paramount in dictating how different actors chose to frame their discussions of the birth control mandate.
Public Opinion
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 describes the contours of public support for access to birth control over the last 60 years and for the contraceptive mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) between 2011 and 2014. Drawing on data from numerous polling organizations, this chapter shows that majorities of both political parties, both genders, and all races and religious affiliations have had stable and supportive opinions on whether women should have access to birth control and whether contraceptives are morally acceptable since at least the 1950s. Our analysis also reveals, however, that large partisan, gender, and “God-based” gaps in public support for requiring health insurance coverage of contraceptives developed as a result of the 2012 debate over the ACA’s birth control mandate. The divisions in public opinion driven by the competing accusations of a “war on women” and a “war on religion” persist today.
Experiment
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 assesses the effects of exposure to different author bylines and frames in news coverage of birth control policy. Using a series of survey experiments, this chapter identifies how exposure to the kinds of articles typically produced by male and female reporters influences media trust, political cynicism, and opinions about contraception. The results show that women asked to read articles on the contraceptive mandate written by other women viewed the media as more credible than women asked to read articles written by men. In addition, the results demonstrate that exposure to strategic game coverage significantly decreased perceptions of media credibility, enhanced feelings of political cynicism, reduced issue-specific information retention, and encouraged more frequent expressions of negativity among experimental participants. In line with previous research, the experimental results also show that support for the contraceptive mandate increased after reading an article framed around women’s health, reproductive rights, and sexual morality.
On Immunity
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, a war of words raged among physicians and scientists regarding the nature of immunity: Some supported the so-called cellular theory and others the serum, or humoral, theory. Considerable laboratory research was mounted by scientists on each side to refute the findings of those on the other. The two camps on immunity, the cell theory people and the serum (or humoral) theory people, passionately clung to their respective beliefs and sometimes lobbed disrespectful comments, or downright insults, very publicly at each other. Ultimately, both theories, the killing power of serum and the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes, were recognized to be operative in immunity because they work together to facilitate a rich, complete, albeit complex, immune response.
Finding the Capsule
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pfeiffer’s bacilli had baffled scientists since Richard Pfeiffer first discovered them. Their morphologic characteristics kept changing. When viewed under the microscope, the bacteria from culture plates sometimes appeared as cocci (tiny berries) and sometimes as bacilli (tiny ovals); the oval shapes varied in their thickness so that they sometimes were fat like tiny chicken’s eggs, other times skinny like grains of rice. Further, the bacteria in spinal fluid specimens were often elongated into threads. Sometimes the thread-like forms absorbed Gram stain most intensely on their ends, sometimes not. Thus, unlike other bacteria, they were not uniform in appearance, which made their identification from clinical specimens difficult and interfered with understanding their nature and clinical implications. All strains, however, either from the meninges or from the respiratory tracts of patients with meningitis, caused infection when injected into guinea pigs and mice, while only strains from the meninges were pathogenic in monkeys and rabbits. The only consistent feature of the bacteria was their requirement for blood—horse, pigeon, human, or rabbit, but not sheep, blood—to grow. Someone needed to sort out all that confusion.
Early Treatment—Immune Serum from a Horse
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Hope that patients with influenzal meningitis would benefit from treatment with influenzal immune serum, even serum specific to type b, was cruelly dashed. While immune serum had dramatically improved the outcome of patients with epidemic meningitis caused by meningococci, it just did not work against Haemophilus influenzae infection. Dorothy Wilkes-Weiss and Robert Huntington finally rang the death knell to the idea. They concluded that the results of serum treatment of influenzal meningitis were discouraging, with little optimism regarding the possibilities of future work. The use of such serum was experimental, without justification for commercial exploitation.
Microbes and Genetics
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses that, in short, the three kinds of bacteria that caused most of the cases of meningitis in children, Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, and meningococci, could be made to acquire new characteristics, such as capsule type, by exposing them to DNA, or transforming principle, from a strain with the desired characteristic, such as a specific capsule. Dr. Margaret Pittman first identified a major factor that makes strains different from one other—their bacterial capsules, those polysaccharide overcoats that are woven from complex sugars and surround each bacterial cell. In exploration of this and further advancements, a new day in bacteriology, one in which the bacteria’s genetic workings could be explored, had dawned.
Epilogue
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The spring day we began our search for Richard Pfeiffer in Lądek Zdrój, Poland, was warm and sunny, Several windows of the house were open; their dainty lace curtains fluttered like dove wings in the breeze. In the days when Pfeiffer lived there, we would have heard his piano music—likely he would have played Chopin—wafting from behind those curtains. There, on the other side of the second floor windows, was where Pfeiffer was forced to live when the Polish troops occupied his home. His days at Heimatsonne had been a peaceful ending to Richard Pfeiffer’s productive life, a chance for him to reflect on his important additions to the understanding of microbes, on the miracle of living things, on the beauty of scientific inquiry. He, as much as anyone, had known the rewards of discovery.
Emotional Sources of Intergroup Atrocities
Authors: Wohl Michael J. A. , Tabri Nassim , Halperin Eran 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors put forth the proposition that group-based emotions reside at the core of extreme intergroup violence. That is, genocide is not cold; it is cruelly heartfelt. Perpetrator groups act because of specific (perceived or real) threat-induced, group-based emotions, which motivate specific destructive action tendencies. The authors focus on a genocidal triad of group-based emotions that stem from threat appraisals: (1) collective hate, which stems from the belief that an out-group is evil by nature; (2) collective angst, which stems from existential concern for the in-group’s future vitality; and (3) collective nostalgia, which stems from a sense that pressures are forcing unwanted change to the in-group. The authors contend that this triad of emotions propels group members toward engagement in cruel and unusual behavior. Research is reviewed to substantiate this proposition.
Moral Courage and Moral DisregardDifferent Sides of the Same Coin?
Authors: Mueller Allison B. , Skitka Linda J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to describe how the same act can be perceived as morally courageous, on the one hand, and as evil, on the other. The authors contend that both moral courage and moral disregard could be driven by two sides of the same process. Strong moral conviction that a stance is right or wrong (i.e., moral or immoral) may make it easier to disengage from normative standards to serve that belief, including harming others for a perceived higher moral purpose. In turn, the consequences of disengaging from normative standards could be perceived as heroic by like-minded observers or as morally bankrupt by non-like-minded observers (e.g., violence incited by the Israeli–Palestinian conflict may be perceived as heroic by observers who believe that it serves a higher moral purpose or as deeply immoral by people on the other side of the conflict who do not share that moral conviction).
Understanding Intergroup Violence and Its Aftermath From Perpetrator and Victim Perspectives
Authors: Li Mengyao , Leidner Bernhard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews and integrates the psychological literature on how members of perpetrator and victim groups perceive, evaluate, and respond differently to large-scale intergroup violence, as well as institutional and psychological interventions. Despite considerable interest in the psychological analysis of evil and victims of evil, the field’s understanding of collective violence has not yet arrived at a stage where perspectives of perpetrators and victims are well integrated and considered in tandem. This chapter therefore provides insights into the dynamics between perpetrators and victims of intergroup violence, covering topics such as internal and external attribution, harm perception, intergroup emotions, temporal distance, retributive and restorative justice, and various conflict intervention strategies. Furthermore, the authors discuss how social identity shapes involved parties’ divergent responses to violence. They argue that acknowledging the differences between victim and perpetrator groups’ perspectives is key to developing constructive responses to collective violence.
Asymmetrical Neighbors
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Asymmetrical Neighbors explains the variations in state building across the borderland area between China, Myanmar, and Thailand. It presents a comparative historical account of the state and nation-building processes in the ethnically diverse and geographically rugged borderland area where China meets Southeast Asia. It argues the failure of the Myanmar state to consolidate its control over its borderland area is partly due to the political and military meddling by its two more powerful neighbors during the Cold War. Furthermore, both China and Thailand, being more economically advanced than Myanmar, have exerted heavy economic influence on the borderland area at the cost of Myanmar’s economic sovereignty. The book provides a historical account of the borderland that traces the pattern of relations between valley states and upland people before the mid-twentieth century. Then it discusses the implications of the Chinese nationalist KMT troops in Burma and Thailand and Burmese and Thai communist insurgencies since the mid-1960s on attempts by the three states to consolidate their respective borderland areas. The book also portrays the dynamics of the borderland economy and the dominance of both China and Thailand on Myanmar’s borderland territory in the post-Cold War period. It further discusses the comparative nation-building processes among the three states and the implications for the ethnic minority groups in the borderland area and their national identity contestations. Finally, the book provides an updated account of the current ethnic conflicts along Myanmar’s restive borderland and its ongoing peace negotiation process.
The Neighborhood Effect of State and Nation Building
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 establishes both the empirical and theoretical foundations for the book. For illustrative purposes, it provides comparative statistics of the divergence in state and nation building in the borderland area among the three states. For state building, it offers a set of indicators, such as taxation, education, and health provisions, to as a way to conceptualize the differences in each state’s ability to provide for its citizens along the borderland area. It then offers a sketch of how nation-building efforts in the three states in the borderland area also differ from one another in both style and substance. The chapter then discusses, in a general way, various current theoretical approaches and proposes a novel theoretical framework that looks at state and nation building as an interactive process dependent on power balances and the nature of relations among neighboring states.
Continual Contestations at the China-Myanmar Border
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 looks at the ongoing ethnic conflicts along the Sino-Myanmar borderland area, and explores ways in which these conflicts continue to implicate Myanmar’s state and nation-building processes. It examines three prominent ethnic rebel groups. The first is the Kachin Independence Army, with which the Myanmar national army has ongoing military clashes. The second is the Kokang rebel group, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, which the Myanmar central military successfully defeated twice, in 2009 and 2015. The third is the United Wa State Army, which despite a 2011 break in the ceasefire between it and the Myanmar central government, has so far not faced direct military pressure and continues to maintain a high level of political and cultural autonomy. Altogether, the chapter offers a more up-to-date analysis of the challenges facing Myanmar’s state and nation-building processes and the implications for bilateral relations with China and Thailand.
Rhythm and the Physical
Authors: Montague Eugene 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Of all musical elements, rhythm is the most closely associated with temporal experience. When rhythms are categorized as structural objects, their active qualities can be lost, obscuring the physical life of rhythmic performance. This chapter argues for understanding rhythmic objects as inherently active, with a necessary physical aspect. One way these aspects emerge is through the processes that undergird performance. When a rhythm is learned as a gesture, it brings with it a particular physical history, developed over periods of repetition. This chapter examines rhythmic objects in three case studies, including performances of piano music by Saint-Saëns and Chopin, and a hardcore punk song by the band Minor Threat. Close analysis of the gestures that produce rhythms in these varied musics suggests the role of metrical experience in creating rhythms and, consequentially, how rhythms may be valued for the physical gestures they demand.
Modern Drum Solos Over Ostinatos
Authors: Benadon Fernando 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Improvised drum solos by Steve Gadd, Vinnie Colaiuta, Dave Weckl, Trilok Gurtu, and Jojo Mayer are examined in the context of interactive frameworks comprising three distinct rhythmic elements: meter, ostinato, and drums. Meter and background ostinato provide complementary recurring cycles—one implicit, the other explicit—that the drummer uses as referents to create shifting contrapuntal configurations. These configurations can be understood in terms of degrees of synchrony between the three elements in the drums/meter/ostinato network, from full three-way convergence to total divergence and including intermediary states where one of the three elements is distinct from the other two. The chapter pays special attention to polymetric phrasing, an effective way for drummers to not only affirm their independence from meter and ostinato but also infuse the solo with playfully complex qualities.
Temporal and Density Flow in Javanese Gamelan
Authors: Sumarsam  
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of irama: the articulation and changing of temporal and density flow in Javanese gamelan that would guide and inspire musicians to render melody and rhythm in all sorts of variations. The chapter begins with a brief history of the development of gamelan theory. The main discussion of the chapter is on cross-cultural elucidation of irama by Indonesian and Western theorists. Beyond its technical and mechanical significance, the heart of irama is its impact on the melody and rhythm of gendhing (composition). The changing of irama, led by kendhang (drum), inspires musicians to elaborate, embellish, or simplify their melodies, resulting in ensemble’s togetherness, though not in a perfect synchrony. The drumming itself also affected by the irama, as the drummer selects the style of drumming accordingly. The chapter ends with listening guides to a number of compositions based on irama and textural and timbral changes.
Layers and Elasticity in the Rhythm of Noh Songs
Authors: Fujita Takanori 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Song in Japanese Noh drama is generally described in terms of an eight-beat meter. In the hira-nori song rhythm, the meter is organized according to the standard Japanese poetic unit of 7+5 syllables. The meter of Noh is isochronous in theory and a song’s syllables can be laid out regularly in accordance with it. However in performance, singers and drummers never seem to obey the meter; rather they create layers of deviation from the meter. Spaces between beats articulated by drummers seem more elastic than one might imagine based on the notation. To examine such layers and elasticity, this chapter describes the singers’ training style. This teaches them how to deviate from the meter and specifies drummers’ modification types of the cycle of eight beats. “Taking komi” is the drummer’s technique for synchronizing with and detaching from the singers’ part. The history of patron-amateurs’ participation in performance is described as a background for the creation of the interaction style.
Rhythmic Metamorphoses
Authors: Olsen Miriam Rovsing 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the temporal process of the principal musical acts of the Anti-Atlas, which unfold in musical suites through extended periods of time, often over several hours or days. It shows what the temporal process and its metamorphoses have to do with the main plants of this region, the barley and the date palm, and pursues the following questions with reference to botany: how do the social actors construct the temporal process through performance? What are the key moments and how do the performers conceive the spatial orientation of this development? What are the components involved and how are they articulated? What concepts are related to the musical acts and what do they say about temporality? It is argued that analyzing musical rhythm of such rural areas requires an approach that takes full ethnographic account of the agricultural environment and practices.
Time Changes
Authors: Widdess Richard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter examines a distinction between isometric music, in which successive metrical cycles are of equal length, and heterometric music, where the length and structure of the cycle can change. In South Asia, most music is isometric. In the classical traditions, each composition normally employs one tāla, in which the length of the cycle is defined by a clap-pattern or instrumental time-line. There are, however, rare cases where the tāla changes in the course of a composition, and such cases are more frequent in the context of religious music, but the origins and purposes of such heterometrical complexity are unclear. Three examples are analyzed from the Hindu-Buddhist traditions of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, featuring metrical compression and proportional time spans. The possible significance of “time changes” in these and analogous cases is discussed in relation to cultural meanings, historical antecedents, religious and social behavior, and the cognitive processes of performance.