bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
True Free Trade Is Still True
Authors: Foldvary Fred E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractProtection or Free Trade (1886) by Henry George remains the classic argument for complete free trade. The arguments against free trade were either anticipated and refuted by George, or they are unanticipated arguments that claim changed or overlooked circumstances have altered the case for free trade. This article refutes these unanticipated arguments by restating the classic economic case for free trade, analyzing counterarguments to free trade, and examining the continuing relevance of George’s theory of the distribution of the benefits of free trade.
American Commerce, American Empire: Late 19th‐Century Merchant Organizations and Trade Policy
Authors: Davis Cory 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe American debate over free trade and protectionism has taken many forms, but it is particularly instructive when it occurs within a single sector of the economy, pitting allied economic interests against each other. That occurred in the shipping industry in the 19th century when shippers and shipbuilders fought each other over trade‐related questions: subsidies for shipbuilding and reciprocal trade agreements with foreign nations. Shipbuilders wanted protection and subsidies; shippers wanted the freedom to make use of cheaper foreign vessels for trade and to develop trade agreements. We show how these opposing forces stymied each other and prevented the shipping industry from taking an active, unified role in national politics. These particular intra‐industry debates reveal broader divisions within the business community over the relationship between business and government under modern commercial capitalism.
Trump’s New Trade Tariffs: A Response to Voters’ Demands?
Authors: Bartesaghi Ignacio , Melgar Natalia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPresident Trump has dramatically changed U.S. trade policy through the adoption of steep tariffs. We argue in this article that even when there are significant geopolitical reasons, Trump’s actions on trade are a response to internal demands resonant with a long history of protectionism. We provide clear evidence of the impacts of social demographics on U.S. trade policy and show that individuals from capital‐intense regions with high educational attainment tend to support protectionism.
Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri‐operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Woodcock T. , Barker P. , Daniel S. , Fletcher S. , Wass J. A. H. , Tomlinson J. W. , Misra U. , Dattani M. , Arlt W. , Vercueil A. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryThese guidelines aim to ensure that patients with adrenal insufficiency are identified and adequately supplemented with glucocorticoids during the peri‐operative period. There are two major categories of adrenal insufficiency. Primary adrenal insufficiency is due to diseases of the adrenal gland (failure of the hormone‐producing gland), and secondary adrenal insufficiency is due to deficient adrenocorticotropin hormone secretion by the pituitary gland, or deficient corticotropin‐releasing hormone secretion by the hypothalamus (failure of the regulatory centres). Patients taking physiological replacement doses of corticosteroids for either primary or secondary adrenal insufficiency are at significant risk of adrenal crisis and must be given stress doses of hydrocortisone during the peri‐operative period. Many more patients other than those with adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary causes of adrenal failure are receiving glucocorticoids as treatment for other medical conditions. Daily doses of prednisolone of 5 mg or greater in adults and 10–15 mg.m−2 hydrocortisone equivalent or greater in children may result in hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression if administered for 1 month or more by oral, inhaled, intranasal, intra‐articular or topical routes; this chronic administration of glucocorticoids is the most common cause of secondary adrenal suppression, sometimes referred to as tertiary adrenal insufficiency. A pragmatic approach to adrenal replacement during major stress is required; considering the evidence available, blanket recommendations would not be appropriate, and it is essential for the clinician to remember that adrenal replacement dosing following surgical stress or illness is in addition to usual steroid treatment. Patients with previously undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency sometimes present for the first time following the stress of surgery. Anaesthetists must be familiar with the symptoms and signs of acute adrenal insufficiency so that inadequate supplementation or undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency can be detected and treated promptly. Delays may prove fatal.
Counterinsurgency Reexamined: Racism, Capitalism, and US Military Doctrine
Authors: Camp Jordan T. , Greenburg Jennifer 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe US has been engaged in coercive projects of counterinsurgency since the Indian Wars in the 19th century. Racist constructions of the enemy have been central to this process. Counterinsurgency has called forth new waves of contestation at every juncture, which has in turn shaped the very texture of military doctrine. This article draws on archival research, historical geography, and Marxist theory to trace the dialectics of counterinsurgency and insurgency through a series of turning points in US imperial history from the development of small wars doctrine in the 1930s to renewal of counterinsurgency during hybrid wars in Venezuela and Latin America in the current conjuncture. Through a conjunctural analysis, we argue that racism performs fundamental work in achieving consent to counterinsurgency wars, allowing capitalism to survive challenges to its legitimacy.
Auditory exposure of high‐risk infants discharged from the NICU and the impact of social factors
Authors: Liszka Lara , Heiny Elizabeth , Smith Joan , Schlaggar Bradley L. , Mathur Amit , Pineda Roberta 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimTo (a) define the early home auditory environment of high‐risk infants within one month of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge, (b) compare auditory exposures in the home environment to the NICU environment, and (c) define relationships between maternal/infant factors and auditory exposures within the home.MethodsSeventy‐three high‐risk infants (48 high‐risk infants in the NICU at term‐equivalent age and 25 high‐risk infants in the home following NICU discharge) had auditory exposures measured.ResultsAn average of 1.3 hours more noise (P ≤ .001) and 2 hours less silence (P = .01) were observed in the NICU compared with the home, but differences varied based on whether comparing to an open ward or private room. Infants with public insurance, lower household income and mothers without a college education were exposed to an average of 2.8, 3.0 and 2.3 hours more TV/electronic sounds respectively (P < .05). An average of 1744 fewer adult words (P = .03) were spoken in households with public insurance. There was an average of 3.1 hours less silence and 4.5 dB louder stimuli among households with lower income (P < .05).ConclusionElucidating differences across environments can lead to interventions to foster appropriate auditory exposures to improve language development of high‐risk infants.
Humeral air sac cystadenocarcinoma in a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus)
Authors: Baron HR , Foo TSY , Phalen DN 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundA 17‐year‐old female rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus) was presented for a swelling over the right proximal humerus and an inability to fly.Case reportRadiographs revealed a markedly osteoproductive and moderately osteolytic lesion of the proximal left humerus with marked associated soft tissue swelling. Biopsy of the proximal humerus was consistent with an air sac cystadenocarcioma. The bird's condition deteriorated over 25 days after initial presentation and it developed a respiratory wheeze, tail bob, tachypnea and died. On postmortem examination, the bird was found to have an air sac cystadenocarcinoma associated with the proximal humerus, extending into the thoracic cavity through a network of fibrous sheets and displaying infiltration into the lung tissue bilaterally.ConclusionThis is the first report of a humeral air sac cystadenocarcinoma in a lorikeet and it builds on our understanding of the species affected by avian neoplasia.
Hypocalcaemia following denosumab in prostate cancer: A clinical review
Authors: Lau Lik‐Hui , Cliff Edward R.S. , Wong Vanessa , Wong Henry , Torkamani Niloufar , Eer Audrey , Weickhardt Andrew , Grossmann Mathis 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesDenosumab is often used in men with advanced prostate cancer to prevent skeletal‐related events, but can be associated with severe hypocalcaemia. Our objective was to review the pathophysiology, identify risk factors and provide recommendations for prevention and management of denosumab‐associated hypocalcaemia.DesignWe reviewed the literature regarding denosumab‐associated severe hypocalcaemia, defined as necessitating hospitalization for intravenous calcium treatment, in the context of prostate cancer.PatientsMen with prostate cancer with severe denosumab‐associated hypocalcemia.ResultsWe identified 20 men with prostate cancer with severe denosumab‐associated hypocalcemia, including the present case. Median age (range) was 70 years (45‐86). All had skeletal metastases and presented with symptomatic hypocalcemia 16 days (4‐35) after the initial (n = 18) or second (n = 2) denosumab treatment, with a serum total calcium of 1.36 mmol/L (1.13‐1.91). The key risk factor was presence of active osteoblastic metastases, evidenced by elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, 838 U/L (58‐2620) and supportive imaging. Other risk factors reported in some men included vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L), 25‐OH vitamin D 44 nmol/L (22‐81), renal impairment, serum creatinine 103 μmol/L (62‐1131) and hypomagnesaemia, 0.82 mmol/L (0.29‐1.20). Men received intravenous calcium infusions for 16 days (1‐90), and median total intravenous elemental calcium requirements were 3.17 g (0.47‐26.65).ConclusionsDenosumab treatment in men with metastatic prostate cancer can be associated with life‐threatening hypocalcaemia requiring prolonged hospitalization for intravenous calcium treatment. Modifiable risk factors should be corrected before denosumab administration. In men with active osteoblastic metastases, consideration should be given to delay denosumab treatment until underlying disease activity is controlled, and/or be administered with close monitoring and proactive treatment with calcium and calcitriol.
Use of double flange voice prosthesis for periprosthetic leakage in laryngectomised patients: A prospective case‐crossover study
Authors: Mayo‐Yáñez Miguel , Cabo‐Varela Irma , Suanzes‐Hernández Jorge , Calvo‑Henríquez Christian , Chiesa‐Estomba Carlos , Herranz González‐Botas Jesús 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionTracheoesophageal speech is considered the gold standard for rehabilitation following total laryngectomy. One of the main problems of voice prosthesis is the periprosthesis leakage. Provox Vega XtraSeal incorporates a double flange on the pharyngeal side of the prosthesis in order to avoid these failures. The aim of the study is to compare the device lifetime between the Provox Vega and Provox Vega XtraSeal and to examine possible related factors that influence their duration.MethodsProspective case‐crossover study in 20 laryngectomised patients with Provox Vega and periprothesis leakage to whom a Provox Vega XtraSeal was placed. Survival and possible factors that affect voice prosthesis were studied using Kaplan‐Meier curves and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression with Schoenfeld residuals to test the possible assumptions.ResultsA total of 230 prostheses were evaluated. The most frequent reason for replacement was due to an endoprosthesis leakage (n = 146, 67%) in both models. Mean lifetime of Provox Vega was 104.474 ± 7.29 days (CI 95% 90.19‐118.76) and of Provox XtraSeal was 176.76 ± 26.46 days (CI 95% 124.9‐228.61) (P = .012). Complementary treatment with radiotherapy demonstrated a higher device survival (P = .007).DiscussionProvox XtraSeal seems to be effective reducing the number of changes due to periprosthetic leakage, thus increasing the survival of voice prosthesis.
Fishing restrictions and remoteness deliver conservation outcomes for Indonesia's coral reef fisheries
Authors: Campbell Stuart J. , Darling Emily S. , Pardede Shinta , Ahmadia Gabby , Mangubhai Sangeeta , Amkieltiela  , Estradivari  , Maire Eva 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCoral reef fisheries depend on reef fish biomass to support ecosystem functioning and sustainable fisheries. Here, we evaluated coral reefs across 4,000 km of the Indonesian archipelago to reveal a large gradient of biomass, from <100 kg/ha to >17,000 kg/ha. Trophic pyramids characterized by planktivore dominance emerged at high biomass, suggesting the importance of pelagic pathways for reef productivity. Total biomass and the biomass of most trophic groups were higher within gear restricted and no‐take management, but the greatest biomass was found on unmanaged remote reefs. Within marine protected areas (MPAs), 41.6% and 43.6% of gear restricted and no‐take zones, respectively, met a global biomass target of 500 kg/ha, compared with 71.8% of remote sites. To improve conservation outcomes for Indonesia's biodiverse and economically important coral reef fisheries, our results suggest to: (1) strengthen management within Indonesia's existing MPAs and (2) precautionarily manage remote reefs with high biomass.
Systemic redox imbalance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Asghari Somayyeh , Hamedi‐Shahraki Soudabeh , Amirkhizi Farshad 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundOxidative stress is one of the major pathologic mechanisms for the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the extent of steatosis and oxidative stress parameters in patients with NAFLD.MethodsThe data obtained from 122 patients with NAFLD and 106 healthy controls aged 20‐60 years with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25 to 35 kg/m2. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in participants in order to the grading of hepatic steatosis. Fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements were collected for all study subjects. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measurement of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities.ResultsSerum levels of liver enzymes (P < .0001) and MDA (P = .018), as well as erythrocyte SOD activity (P < .0001), were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, patients with NAFLD had significantly lower serum TAC levels compared to healthy controls (P < .0001). No significant differences were observed in serum ox‐LDL level and erythrocyte GPx activity between the groups. The probability of being NAFLD increased with increasing serum levels of MDA (P = .020) and SOD activity (P < .0001). In contrast, decreased serum TAC levels predicted the probability of being NAFLD (P < .0001).ConclusionsIncreased extent of hepatic steatosis could be considered as a pathological mechanism for enhancing oxidative stress in patients with NAFLD, independent of obesity, and is exacerbated further in patients with more severe condition.
Awareness, Care and Treatment In Obesity maNagement to inform Haemophilia Obesity Patient Empowerment (ACTION‐TO‐HOPE): Results of a survey of US patients with haemophilia and obesity (PwHO) and their partners and caregivers
Authors: Croteau Stacy E. , Cutter Susan , Hernandez Grace , Wicklund Brian , Dreyer Gillette Meredith L. , Haugstad Kimberly , Cooper David L. , Ostrow Vlady , Nadglowski Joe 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe ACTION study identified barriers to initiating and maintaining weight loss in patients with obesity; however, joint‐related issues (pain, mobility and bleeding) may affect perceptions of patients with haemophilia and obesity (PwHO).AimTo identify patient and caregiver insights on the unique challenges of PwHO.MethodsFollowing IRB approval, adults who self‐identified as PwHO, spouses/partners of adult PwHO, and caregivers of adolescent PwHO (aged 12‐17 years) completed an online survey between December 2017 and April 2018.ResultsRespondents included 124 adult PwHO, 45 spouses/partners and 42 caregivers. By calculated BMI, most adults were overweight (43%) or had obesity (51%); this differed from self‐reported weight category. PwHO goals were improving health conditions (60%), having more energy (54%), reducing risks of weight (46%), and losing any weight (44%). Issues related to joint health were secondary for PwHO but frequently reported by spouses/parents. Most perceived weight loss to be a high priority (66%) and their responsibility (64%) but required a complete lifestyle change (63%). Most anticipated that weight loss would reduce joint pain (62%), bleeding (58%) and factor use (52%) and increase mobility (62%). Weight discussions with healthcare providers (HCPs) were commonly reported (51%). HCP discussions targeted improving health conditions (46%), achieving any weight loss (44%), being more active (73%) and improving eating habits (72%). Most PwHO (65%) perceived obesity as a disease and believe that 10% weight loss would be extremely beneficial (78%). In the past 5 years, 80% discussed being overweight and 68% losing weight; a minority reported being successful (9%) or somewhat successful (38%) with weight loss. More realistic or specific (51%/47%) goals, resources (46%), referrals to weight‐loss programmes (41%) or dietitians (38%), meals or recipes (54%/50%), local or national (42%/41%) programmes for PwHO and success stories of PwHO (40%) are needed or would be helpful.ConclusionsPwHO, spouse/partners and caregivers exhibited awareness of general and haemophilia‐specific consequences of excess body weight. Most have tried general approaches to improve eating and increase activity with little success and desire more education on weight management and more details on specific actionable recommendations distributed through existing haemophilia channels. These insights will better inform the creation of weight‐loss programmes for this community.
The basement geology of Japan from A to Z
Authors: Wallis Simon R. , Yamaoka Ken , Mori Hiroshi , Ishiwatari Akira , Miyazaki Kazuhiro , Ueda Hayato 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Precambrian and lower Paleozoic units of the Japanese basement such as the Hida Oki and South Kitakami terranes have geological affinities with the eastern Asia continent and particularly strong correlation with units of the South China block. There are also indications from units such as the Hitachi metamorphics of the Abukuma terrane and blocks in the Maizuru terrane that some material may have been derived from the North China block. In addition to magmatism, the Japanese region has seen substantial growth due to tectonic accretion. The accreted units dominantly consist of mudstone and sandstone derived from the continental margin with lesser amounts of basaltic rocks associated with siliceous deep ocean sediments and local limestone. Two main phases of accretionary activity and related metamorphism are recorded in the Jurassic Mino–Tanba–Ashio, Chichibu, and North Kitakami terranes and in the Cretaceous to Neogene Shimanto and Sanbagawa terranes. Other accreted material includes ophiolitic sequences, e.g. the Yakuno ophiolite of the Maizuru terrane, the Oeyama ophiolite of the Sangun terrane, and the Hayachine–Miyamori ophiolite of the South Kitakami terrane, and limestone‐capped ocean plateaus such as the Akiyoshi terrane. The ophiolitic units are likely derived from arc and back‐arc basin settings. There has been no continental collision in Japan, meaning the oceanic subduction record is more complete than in convergent orogens seen in intracontinental settings making this a good place to study the geological record of accretion. Hokkaido lacks most of the Paleozoic history recognized in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Ryukyu Islands to the south and its geology reflects the Cenozoic development of two convergent domains with volcanic arcs, their approach, and eventual collision. The Hidaka terrane reveals a cross section through a volcanic arc and the main accretionary complex of the convergent system is represented by the Sorachi–Yezo terrane.
Are Migrants Overrepresented Among Individual Welfare Beneficiaries?
Authors: Jakubiak Igor 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe level of immigrant welfare dependency is the subject of heated debate in the majority of developed countries, which have experienced a significant increase in immigration in recent years. In both Europe and the US, the problem of potential excessive use of social transfers is beginning to bring real policy consequences. This article addresses this issue by presenting a quantitative assessment of welfare receipt in 17 European countries, as well as Yun decomposition of its differences between natives and immigrants. It adds to existing literature by comparing the levels of welfare dependence among EU and non‐EU migrants for individual benefits including and excluding pensions, using recent data from EU‐SILC. Results suggest that immigrants rely on welfare less often than natives, and receive lower benefits when they do. Those conclusions are reversed, however, when old‐age benefits are not considered – especially in the case of non‐EU migrants.
Clinical investigation of the durability of the lesions created by left atrial linear ablation with a cryoballoon
Authors: Shigeta Takatoshi , Okishige Kaoru , Nishimura Takuro , Aoyagi Hideshi , Yoshida Hiroshi , Nakamura Rena , Hirao Tatsuhiko , Sasano Tetsuo , Hirao Kenzo , Yamauchi Yasuteru 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and linear ablation with a roof line and bottom line on the left atrial (LA) posterior wall (LAPW) can be achieved with a cryoballoon (CB). This study sought to investigate the long‐term durability of these linear lesions.Methods and resultsAmong 290 persistent patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who had undergone linear ablation with a CB on the roof and bottom line of the LAPW in addition to the PVI, we analyzed those patients who underwent a re‐do AF ablation. Arrhythmia recurrence was confirmed in 70 (24%) out of 290 patients, and 47 (16%) patients underwent re‐do sessions. At the beginning of the re‐do ablation, we examined the reconnection sites of the linear lesions on the LAPW and PVI. Maintenance of the conduction block on the LAPW roof and bottom lines was observed in 35 out of 47 patients (74.5%), and 16 out of 35 patients (45.7%), respectively. The length of the roof line was significantly shorter in patients with preservation of the conduction block on the LAPW roof than in those without (36.2 ± 6.5 mm vs 41.6 ± 4.7 mm, P = .02).ConclusionDurable lesions could be obtained after linear ablation with the CB for the LAPW roof line, especially in those with a relatively short LAPW roof line. However, patients requiring touch‐up ablation with radiofrequency were included, and that was associated with a potential financial implication.