bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The induced membrane technique for the management of long bone defects
Authors: Fung Benjamin , Hoit Graeme , Schemitsch Emil , Godbout Charles , Nauth Aaron 
Published: November 2020

AimsThe purpose of this study was to: review the efficacy of the induced membrane technique (IMT), also known as the Masquelet technique; and investigate the relationship between patient factors and technique variations on the outcomes of the IMT.MethodsA systematic search was performed in CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and PubMed. We included articles from 1 January 1980 to 30 September 2019. Studies with a minimum sample size of five cases, where the IMT was performed primarily in adult patients (≥ 18 years old), in a long bone were included. Multivariate regression models were performed on patient-level data to determine variables associated with nonunion, postoperative infection, and the need for additional procedures.ResultsA total of 48 studies were included, with 1,386 cases treated with the IMT. Patients had a mean age of 40.7 years (4 to 88), and the mean defect size was 5.9 cm (0.5 to 26). In total, 82.3% of cases achieved union after the index second stage procedure. The mean time to union was 6.6 months (1.4 to 58.7) after the second stage. Our multivariate analysis of 450 individual patients showed that the odds of developing a nonunion were significantly increased in those with preoperative infection. Patients with tibial defects, and those with larger defects, were at significantly higher odds of developing a postoperative infection. Our analysis also demonstrated a trend towards the inclusion of antibiotics in the cement spacer having a protective effect against the need for additional procedures.ConclusionThe IMT is an effective management strategy for complex segmental bone defects. Standardized reporting of individual patient data or larger prospective trials is required to determine the optimal implementation of this technique. This is the most comprehensive review of the IMT, and the first to compile individual patient data and use regression models to determine predictors of outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(12):1723–1734.
Ultra-compact and broadband silicon polarizer employing a nanohole array structure
Authors: He Yu , Zhang Yong , Zhang Ruihuan , Sun Lu , Su Yikai 
Published: November 2020

An ultra-compact and broadband transverse magnetic (TM)-pass polarizer is experimentally demonstrated using a photonic crystal nanohole structure. By engineering the period of the circular holes, the fundamental transverse electric mode is suppressed due to the bandgap of the nanohole array, while the

mode propagates with a negligible insertion loss. Simulation results predict that the bandwidth of the device can reach 245 nm with a 33 dB polarization extinction ratio (PER). In the experiment, an insertion loss

for the

mode and a PER over 20.8 dB are demonstrated in a 70 nm wavelength range from 1520 to 1590 nm, mainly limited by the grating couplers used for fiber-to-chip coupling. The fabricated device is compact with a total length of 7.21 µm.
Investigation of anisotropic thermal lens effect in a dual-polarized Nd:YLF laser
Authors: Chen Chi-Wen , Fang Yu-Han , Cho Chun-Yu , Liang Hsing-Chih 
Published: November 2020

The anisotropic thermal lens effect of a dual-polarization Nd:YLF laser is experimentally investigated by measuring the transverse beat frequency between

T
E
M

0
,
0

and

T
E
M

1
,
0

modes in the self-pulsing operation, and focal lengths of thermal lensing for both polarizations can be accurately determined. The focal length of the thermal lens for

π

polarization was observed to be negative and varies from

−

1.1

to

−

0.5

m

for the absorbed pump power increasing from 1.7 to 3.8 W. For

σ

polarization, the focal length of the thermal lens was determined to be positive and varies from 1.2 to 0.9 m for the absorbed pump power increasing from 8.4 to 10.9 W. The sensitivity factors of the thermal lens for both polarizations were evaluated to be

M
π

=
−

0.54

m

−
1

/

W

and

M
σ

=

0.1

m

−
1

/

W

, respectively.
Meta-objective with sub-micrometer resolution for microendoscopes
Authors: Liu Yan , Yu Qing-Yun , Chen Ze-Ming , Qiu Hao-Yang , Chen Rui , Jiang Shao-Ji , He Xin-Tao , Zhao Fu-Li , Dong Jian-Wen 
Published: November 2020

Microendoscopes are vital for disease detection and clinical diagnosis. The essential issue for microendoscopes is to achieve minimally invasive and high-resolution observations of soft tissue structures inside deep body cavities. Obviously, the microscope objective is a must with the capabilities of both high lateral resolution in a wide field of view (FOV) and miniaturization in size. Here, we propose a meta-objective, i.e., microscope objective based on cascaded metalenses. The two metalenses, with the optical diameters of 400 μm and 180 μm, respectively, are mounted on both sides of a 500-μm-thick silica film. Sub-micrometer lateral resolution reaches as high as 775 nm in such a naked meta-objective, with monochromatic aberration correction in a 125 μm full FOV and near diffraction limit imaging. Combined with a fiber bundle microscope system, the single cell contour of biological tissue (e.g., water lily leaf) can be clearly observed, compared to the indistinguishable features in other conventional lens-based fiber bundle systems, such as plano–convex and gradient refractive index (GRIN) cases.
Direct generation of watt-level yellow Dy3+-doped fiber laser
Authors: Zou Jinhai , Li Tianran , Dou Yanbo , Li Jin , Chen Nan , Bu Yikun , Luo Zhengqian 
Published: November 2020

Yellow lasers (

∼
565
–
590

nm

) are of tremendous interest in biomedicine, astronomy, spectroscopy, and display technology. So far, yellow lasers still have relied heavily on nonlinear frequency conversion of near-infrared lasers, precluding compact and low-cost yellow laser systems. Here, we address the challenge through demonstrating, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, watt-level high-power yellow laser generation directly from a compact fiber laser. The yellow fiber laser simply consists of a

Dy

3
+

-doped ZBLAN fiber as gain medium, a fiber end-facet mirror with high reflectivity at yellow and a 450-nm diode laser as the pump source. We comprehensively investigated the dependence of the yellow laser performance on the output coupler reflectivity and the gain fiber length and demonstrated that the yellow fiber laser with an output coupler reflectivity of 4% and a gain fiber length of

∼
1.8

m

yields a maximum efficiency of 33.6%. A maximum output power of 1.12 W at 575 nm was achieved at a pump power of 4.20 W. This work demonstrated the power scaling of yellow

Dy

3
+

-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers, showing their promise for applications in ophthalmology, astronomical exploration, and high-resolution spectroscopy.
Population genomic evidence that human and animal infections in Africa come from the same populations of Dracunculus medinensis
Authors: Durrant Caroline , Thiele Elizabeth A. , Holroyd Nancy , Doyle Stephen R. , Sallé Guillaume , Tracey Alan , Sankaranarayanan Geetha , Lotkowska Magda E. , Bennett Hayley M. , Huckvale Thomas , Abdellah Zahra , Tchindebet Ouakou , Wossen Mesfin , Logora Makoy Samuel Yibi , Coulibaly Cheick Oumar , Weiss Adam , Schulte-Hostedde Albrecht I. , Foster Jeremy M. , Cleveland Christopher A. , Yabsley Michael J. , Ruiz-Tiben Ernesto , Berriman Matthew , Eberhard Mark L. , Cotton James A. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundGuinea worm–Dracunculus medinensis–was historically one of the major parasites of humans and has been known since antiquity. Now, Guinea worm is on the brink of eradication, as efforts to interrupt transmission have reduced the annual burden of disease from millions of infections per year in the 1980s to only 54 human cases reported globally in 2019. Despite the enormous success of eradication efforts to date, one complication has arisen. Over the last few years, hundreds of dogs have been found infected with this previously apparently anthroponotic parasite, almost all in Chad. Moreover, the relative numbers of infections in humans and dogs suggests that dogs are currently the principal reservoir on infection and key to maintaining transmission in that country.Principal findingsIn an effort to shed light on this peculiar epidemiology of Guinea worm in Chad, we have sequenced and compared the genomes of worms from dog, human and other animal infections. Confirming previous work with other molecular markers, we show that all of these worms areD.medinensis, and that the same population of worms are causing both infections, can confirm the suspected transmission between host species and detect signs of a population bottleneck due to the eradication efforts. The diversity of worms in Chad appears to exclude the possibility that there were no, or very few, worms present in the country during a 10-year absence of reported cases.ConclusionsThis work reinforces the importance of adequate surveillance of both human and dog populations in the Guinea worm eradication campaign and suggests that control programs aiming to interrupt disease transmission should stay aware of the possible emergence of unusual epidemiology as pathogens approach elimination.
SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.6 was the major contributor to early pandemic transmission in Malaysia
Authors: Chong Yoong Min , Sam I-Ching , Chong Jennifer , Kahar Bador Maria , Ponnampalavanar Sasheela , Syed Omar Sharifah Faridah , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Munusamy Vijayan , Wong Chee Kuan , Jamaluddin Fadhil Hadi , Chan Yoke Fun 
Published: November 2020

Malaysia had 10,219 confirmed cases of COVID-19 as of September 20, 2020. About 33% were associated with a Tablighi Jamaat religious mass gathering held in Kuala Lumpur between February 27 and March 3, 2020, which drove community transmission during Malaysia’s second wave. We analysed genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from Malaysia to better understand the molecular epidemiology and spread. We obtained 58 SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences from patients in Kuala Lumpur and performed phylogenetic analyses on these and a further 57 Malaysian sequences available in the GISAID database. Nine different SARS-CoV-2 lineages (A, B, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.1, B.1.36, B.2, B.3 and B.6) were detected in Malaysia. The B.6 lineage was first reported a week after the Tablighi mass gathering and became predominant (65.2%) despite being relatively rare (1.4%) globally. Direct epidemiological links between lineage B.6 viruses and the mass gathering were identified. Increases in reported total cases, Tablighi-associated cases, and community-acquired B.6 lineage strains were temporally linked. Non-B.6 lineages were mainly travel-associated and showed limited onward transmission. There were also temporally correlated increases in B.6 sequences in other Southeast Asian countries, India and Australia, linked to participants returning from this event. Over 95% of global B.6 sequences originated from Asia Pacific. We also report a nsp3-C6310A substitution found in 47.3% of global B.6 sequences which was associated with reduced sensitivity using a commercial diagnostic real-time PCR assay. Lineage B.6 became the predominant cause of community transmission in Malaysia after likely introduction during a religious mass gathering. This event also contributed to spikes of lineage B.6 in other countries in the Asia-Pacific. Mass gatherings can be significant causes of local and global spread of COVID-19. Shared genomic surveillance can be used to identify SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains to aid prevention and control, and to monitor diagnostic molecular assays.
Clinical Trial Registration: COVID-19 paper.
Knowledge of health workers on snakes and snakebite management and treatment seeking behavior of snakebite victims in Bhutan
Authors: Sapkota Sunil , Pandey Deb P. , Dhakal Guru P. , Gurung Dhan B. 
Published: November 2020

Background
Published information on snakebite is rare in Bhutan although remarkably higher number of snakebites and associated deaths are reported from other South Asian countries.

Aims and methodology
Structured questionnaire was used to collect knowledge of health workers in snakebite management and health seeking behavior of snakebite victims as observed by health workers. Study was conducted in purposively sampled 10 Dzongkhags (district level administrative units) with higher incidence of snakebites.

Result
Heath workers scored 27–91% (with an average of 63%, SD = 14) for 52 questions related to snake identification and snakebite management. Among 118 health workers interviewed, 23% had adequate knowledge on snakes and snakebite management while 77% had inadequate knowledge. Among 32 Doctors, 63% of them scored above or equal to 75%. Health workers from Sarpang scored higher (76%, SD = 11) than those from other Dzongkhags. Snakebite victim's visit to local (traditional) healers prior to seeking medical help from hospital was observed by 75 (63%) health workers. Fifty one percent of health workers observed patients treated with local methods such as the use of black stone called Jhhar Mauro (believed to absorb snake venom), application of honey, rubbing of green herbal paste made up of Khenpa Shing (Artemisia myriantha Wallich ex Besser var. paleocephala [Pamp] Ling) and consumption of fluid made up of Neem leaf (Azadirachta indica Juss). Use of tight tourniquet as a first aid to snakebite was observed by 80% of the health workers.

Conclusion
Health workers lack confidence in snakebite management. Snakebite victims are likely to suffer from harmful local practices and traditional beliefs on local treatment practices. Empowering health workers with adequate knowledge on snakebite management and making locals aware in pre-hospital care of snakebites are needed to improve the pre- and in-hospital management of snakebite in Bhutan.
Changes in cAMP effector predominance are associated with increased oxytocin receptor expression in twin but not infection-associated or idiopathic preterm labour
Authors: Yulia Angela , Varley Alice J. , Singh Natasha , Lei Kaiyu , Tribe Rachel , Johnson Mark R. 
Published: November 2020

We previously reported that at term pregnancy, a decline in myometrial protein kinase A (PKA) activity leads to an exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP (Epac1)-dependent increase in oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression, promoting the onset of labour. Here, we studied the changes in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) effector system present in different phenotypes of preterm labour (PTL). Myometrial biopsies obtained from women with phenotypically distinct forms of PTL and the levels of PKA and OTR were examined.
Although we found similar changes in the cAMP effector pathway in all forms of PTL, only in the case of twin PTL (T-PTL) was myometrial OTR levels increased in association with these results. Although there were several changes in the mRNA levels of components of the cAMP synthetic pathway, the total myometrial cAMP levels did not change with the onset of any subtype of PTL. With regards to the expression of cAMP-responsive genes, we found that the mRNA levels of 4 of the 5 cAMP-down-regulated genes were increased in T-PTL, similar to our findings in term labour.
These data signify that although changes in the cAMP effector system were common to all forms of PTL, only in T-PTL were OTR levels increased. Similarly, the mRNA levels of cAMP-repressed genes were only increased in T-PTL supporting the concept that the decline in PKA levels influences myometrial function driving the onset of T-PTL.
Genetic and reproductive consequences of consanguineous marriage in Bangladesh
Authors: Anwar Saeed , Taslem Mourosi Jarin , Arafat Yasir , Hosen Mohammad Jakir 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
This study aimed to assess the prevalence, sociodemographic factors, reproductive consequences, and heritable disease burdens associated with consanguineous marriage (CM) in Bangladesh.

Methods
A total of 7,312 families, including 3,694 CM-families, were recruited from 102 locales of 58 districts of Bangladesh. Using a standard questionnaire, we collected medical history and background sociodemographic data of these families. Family history was assessed by pedigree analysis. Fertility, mortality, secondary sex ratio, selection intensity, lethal equivalents were measured using standard methods.

Results
The mean prevalence of CM in our studied population was 6.64%. Gross fertility was higher among CM families, as compared to the non-CM families (p < 0.05). The rate of under-5 child (U5) mortality was significantly higher among CM families (16.6%) in comparison with the non-CM families (5.8%) (p < 0.01). We observed a persuasive rise of abortion/miscarriage and U5 mortality rates with the increasing level of inbreeding. The value of lethal equivalents per gamete found elevated for autosomal inheritances as compared to sex-linked inheritance. CM was associated with the incidence of several single-gene and multifactorial diseases, and congenital malformations, including bronchial asthma, hearing defect, heart diseases, sickle cell anemia (p < 0.05). The general attitude and perception toward CM were rather indifferent, and very few people were concerned about its genetic burden.

Conclusion
This study highlights the harmful consequences of CM on reproductive behavior and the incidence of hereditary conditions. It essences the need for genetic counseling from premarital to postnatal levels in Bangladesh.
Study on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the effects of control measures in China
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhou Hongwei , Zhou Fang 
Published: November 2020

Objective
To reconstruct the transmission trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and analyze the effects of control measures in China.

Methods
Python 3.7.1 was used to write a SEIR class to model the epidemic procedure and proportional estimation method to estimate the initial true infected number. The epidemic area in China was divided into three parts, Wuhan city, Hubei province (except Wuhan) and China (except Hubei) based on the different transmission pattern. A testing capacity limitation factor for medical resources was imposed to model the number of infected but not quarantined individuals. Baidu migration data were used to assess the number of infected individuals who migrated from Wuhan to other areas.

Results
Basic reproduction number, R0, was 3.6 before the city was lockdown on Jan 23, 2020. The actual infected number the model predicted was 4508 in Wuhan before Jan 23, 2020. By January 22 2020, it was estimated that 1764 infected cases migrated from Wuhan to other cities in Hubei province. Effective reproductive number, R, gradually decreased from 3.6 (Wuhan), 3.4 (Hubei except Wuhan,) and 3.3 (China except Hubei) in stage 1 (from Dec 08, 2019 to Jan 22, 2020) to 0.67 (Wuhan), 0.59 (Hubei except Wuhan) and 0.63 (China except Hubei) respectively. Especially after January 23, 2020 when Wuhan City was closed, the infected number showed a turning point in Wuhan. By early April, there would be 42073 (95% confidence interval, 41673 to 42475), 21342 (95% confidence interval, 21057 to 21629) and 13384 (95% confidence interval, 13158 to 13612) infected cases in Wuhan, Hubei (except Wuhan) and China (except Hubei), respectively.

Conclusion
A series of control measures in China have effectively prevented the spread of COVID-19, and the epidemic should be under control in early April with very few new cases occasionally reported.
Impact of progressive resistance training on CT quantified muscle and adipose tissue compartments in pancreatic cancer patients
Authors: Wochner Raoul , Clauss Dorothea , Nattenmüller Johanna , Tjaden Christine , Bruckner Thomas , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Hackert Thilo , Wiskemann Joachim , Steindorf Karen 
Published: November 2020

Objectives
Loss of body weight is often seen in pancreatic cancer and also predicts poor prognosis. Thus, maintaining muscle mass is an essential treatment goal. The primary aim was to investigate whether progressive resistance training impacts muscle and adipose tissue compartments. Furthermore, the effect of body composition on overall survival (OS) was investigated.

Methods
In the randomized SUPPORT-study, 65 patients were assigned to 6-month resistance training (2x/week) or a usual care control group. As secondary endpoint, muscle strength of the upper and lower extremities was assessed before and after the intervention period. Routine CT scans were assessed on lumbar L3/4 level for quantification of total-fat-area, visceral-fat-area, subcutaneous-fat-area, intramuscular-fat-area, visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VFR), muscle-area (MA), muscle-density and skeletal-muscle-index (SMI). OS data were retrieved.

Results
Of 65 patients, 53 had suitable CT scans at baseline and 28 completed the intervention period with suitable CT scans. There were no significant effects observed of resistance training on body composition (p>0.05; effect sizes ω2p <0.02). Significant moderate to high correlations were found between MA and muscle strength parameters (r = 0.57–0.85; p<0.001). High VFR at baseline was a predictor of poor OS (VFR≥1.3 vs. <1.3; median OS 14.6 vs. 45.3 months; p = 0.012). Loss of muscle mass was also a predictor of poor OS (loss vs. gain of SMI; median OS 24.6 vs. 50.8 months; p = 0.049).

Conclusion
There is anabolic potential in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. A progressive resistance training may help patients to maintain their muscle mass and avoid muscle depletion. CT-quantified muscle mass at the level of L3/4 showed a good correlation to muscle strength. Therefore, maintaining muscle mass and muscle strength through structured resistance training could help patients to maintain their physical functioning. A high VFR at baseline and a high loss of muscle mass are predictors of poor OS. Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01977066).
Seroprevalence analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women along the first pandemic outbreak and perinatal outcome
Authors: Villalaín Cecilia , Herraiz Ignacio , Luczkowiak Joanna , Pérez-Rivilla Alfredo , Folgueira María Dolores , Mejía Inmaculada , Batllori Emma , Felipe Eva , Risco Beatriz , Galindo Alberto , Delgado Rafael 
Published: November 2020

Objectives
To evaluate the progression of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the pregnant population of the south of Madrid during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondarily we aimed to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Study design
Retrospective cohort study conducted at Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre during weeks 10 to 19 of 2020, coinciding with the Spanish lockdown. We tested 769 serum samples obtained from routine serological testing during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy for specific IgG anti SARS-CoV-2 RBD and S proteins. RT-PCR tests were performed in suspected cases according to clinical practice. We compared maternal and perinatal outcomes in those with delivered pregnancies (n = 578) according to the presence or absence of specific IgG antibodies. Those with positive IgG were subdivided by the presence or absence of Covid-19 related symptoms at any time and the results of RT-PCR testing if performed. Therefore, we had 4 study groups: G1 (IgG negative), G2 (IgG positive, asymptomatic, RT-PCR testing negative or not done), G3 (IgG positive, symptomatic, RT-PCR testing negative or not done), and G4 (IgG positive, symptomatic, RT-PCR positive).

Results
Seropositivity increased from 0% to 21.4% (95% CI 11.8–31.0) during the study period, of which 27.9% had an asymptomatic course. Overall outcomes were favorable with a significant increased rate of preterm birth in G4 vs G1 (21.4% vs 6.7%) and cesarean/operative delivery (50% vs 26.9%). Asymptomatic and mild cases did not have differences regarding pregnancy course when compared to seronegative women. There were no documented cases of vertical or horizontal transmission.

Conclusion
Seroprevalence in pregnant women in southern Madrid went up to 21.4% of which 27.9% had an asymptomatic course. Overall perinatal results were favorable, especially in those asymptomatic.