bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF MIDDLE – UPPER JURASSIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, BLUE NILE BASIN, ETHIOPIA
Authors: Mohammedyasin M. S. , Littke R. , Wudie G. , Zieger L. 
Published: September 2020

This study investigates the hydrocarbon generation potential, kerogen quality, thermal maturity and depositional environment of Middle – Upper Jurassic sedimentary rocks in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia, using organic petrography, Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and molecular organic geochemistry. Thirty‐seven outcrop samples were analysed for their total organic carbon (TOC) and inorganic carbon (TIC) contents. The samples came from a Toarcian – Bathonian transitional glauconitic shale‐mudstone unit, the overlying Upper Bathonian Gohatsion Formation, and the Lower Callovian – Upper Tithonian Antalo Limestone Formation. Thirteen samples with sufficient TOC contents for further analysis of the organic matter, eight from the Antalo Limestone Formation and five from the glauconitic shale‐mudstone unit, were selected and analysed using Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. Vitrinite reflectance (VRr) was measured on random particles, and qualitative maceral analysis was performed under normal incident and UV light. Nine samples were selected for molecular organic‐geochemical analyses. All the samples originating from the Gohatsion Formation showed TOC values which were too low for further analyses of the organic matter.The TOC contents of shales and limestones from the Antalo Limestone Formation and and of shales from the glauconitic shale‐mudstone unit were 3.43‐6.43% (average 4.85%) and 0.76‐3.15% (average 1.72%), respectively, and two coaly shale samples from the latter unit have average TOC values of 18.48%. HI values are very high for shales in the Antalo Limestone Formation (average 575 mg HC/g TOC) but lower for the shales in the glauconitic shale‐mudstone unit. The vitrinite reflectance of shales from the Antalo Limestone Formation ranged between 0.21% and 0.47%; coaly shales from the glauconitic shale‐mudstone unit have VRr% of between 0.29% and 0.35%. Pr/Ph ratios for samples of the Antalo Limestone Formation shales ranged from 0.8 to 1.1, indicating anoxic to suboxic depositional conditions; while shales in the glauconitic shale‐mudstone unit show higher values of up to 4.9.In terms of organic petrography, the Antalo Limestone Formation samples are dominated by finely dispersed liptinite particles and alginite; the organic material in the glauconitic shale‐mudstone unit is of higher land plant origin, with abundant vitrinite and inertinite. Sterane and hopane biomarker ratios suggest an anoxic/suboxic depositional environment for the Antalo Limestone Formation shales and limestones. These values together with Rock‐Eval Tmax (average 414 °C), the high ratio of pristane and phytane over the n‐alkanes C17 and C18, and hopane biomarker ratios indicate that the Middle – Upper Jurassic succession is of low thermal maturity in the central parts of the Blue Nile Basin. The Antalo Limestone Formation shales have a high petroleum generation potential, making them a viable target for future exploration activities.
HIGHER LANDPLANT –DERIVED BIOMARKERS IN LIGHT OILS AND CONDENSATES FROM THE COAL‐BEARING EOCENE PINGHU FORMATION, XIHU SAG, EAST CHINA SEA SHELF BASIN
Authors: Cheng X. , Hou D. J. , Zhao Z. , Jiang Y. H. , Zhou X. H. , Diao H. 
Published: September 2020

The Cenozoic Xihu Sag in the East China Sea Shelf Basin contains large reserves of coals together with liquid petroleum derived from coal‐associated sediments. However, the origin of the petroleum is not well understood. In this study, biomarker assemblages in a suite of recently discovered light oils and condensates from the Paleogene succession in the western margin of in the Xihu Sag were investigated using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The objectives were to investigate the samples' thermal maturity and the depositional environment of the precursor source rocks which generated the oils. The light oils are believed to have been derived from coaly source rocks in the Eocene Pinghu Formation.Assessment of thermal maturity based on CPI, pristane/n‐C17 ratio and isomerisation ratios of C29 steranes and C31 homohopanes suggest that the hydrocarbons have a relatively low maturity in the early to mid oil generation window. The distribution of isoprenoids relative to n‐alkanes, the high pristane/phytane ratios (5.1–10.7), the almost complete absence of gammacerane and C33+ homohopanes, and the low dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene ratios indicate that the source rocks of the hydrocarbons were deposited in a relatively oxic and sulphate‐poor fluvio‐deltaic environment which was favourable for coal measure development.Abnormally abundant gymnosperm‐derived diterpanes including labdane, 19‐norisopimarane, fichtelite, rimuane, pimarane, isopimarane, 17‐nortetracyclic diterpene, phyllocladanes and abietane were detected in the samples analysed. 16a(H)‐Phyllocladane was identified unambiguously and kauranes were confirmed to be absent. In addition, three 19‐norisopimarane isomers, 13β(H)‐atisane, and 20‐normethylatisane were tentatively identified in the studied samples. The distributions of n‐alkanes, isoprenoids and regular steranes, the presence of 4β(H)‐eudesmane and oleanane, high Pr/Ph ratios and the abundant diterpanes together suggest that the hydrocarbons were derived from a coaly source rock. Gymnosperms of the conifer families Cupressaceae (especially the former Taxodiaceae) and Pinaceae are interpreted to be the major source of the diterpanes and to have made a significant contribution to the coaly source rock. However, the low abundance of oleanane relative to diterpanes may underestimate the contribution from angiosperms relative to gymnosperms. This could be due to differential preservation and alteration of the di‐ and triterpenoid precursors during diagenesis and the occurrence of non‐specific precursors in higher land plants.
It's the way you treat me that makes me angry, it's not a question of madness: Good and bad practice in dealing with violence in the mental health services
Authors: Faccio Elena , Author Anonymous , Rocelli Michele 
Published: September 2020

Accessible SummaryWhat is known on the subject

The first access to a mental health service is sometimes marked by aggressive behaviours and anger. Forced hospitalization is frequently an occasion for resistance and hostility to the service, which should not be mistaken for psychotic symptoms.

If this situation is not dealt with effectively, it can jeopardize the quality of the relationship with staff and compliance with the treatment programme.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge

The narrator presents his experience in undergoing voluntary psychiatric treatment, casting light on nurses’ good and bad practices: those that increased resistance, and those that helped de‐escalate the uncontrolled reaction at the time of access, as well as during the recovery period.

What are the implications for mental health nursing

Practitioners should be able to put in place listening techniques and ways of personalizing the relationship with the patient.

When such measures become part of the patient's meaning system, the vicious circle of misunderstood anger that creates more anger may be interrupted and the patient can invest in relationships of trust.

AbstractAggression is often a reason for psychiatric hospitalization and may lead to prolonged hospital stays, and at worst to compulsory treatments. The relationship between mental illness and aggressive behaviour is a source for debate in the literature, while research data suggest that violent behaviour is impacted not only by the mental state of the patient, but also by environmental and relational conditions, hence the importance of an increased awareness of operating methods on the part of psychiatric staff. Alex's story is an effective mirror for rethinking staff conduct and offers many practical suggestions for understanding a patient’s point of view in critical episodes and for deescalating relational tension.
Evidence for Mixed Processes in Normal/Mirror Discrimination of Rotated Letters: A Bayesian Model Comparison Between Single‐ and Mixed‐Distribution Models1
Authors: Muto Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhen determining whether a rotated letter is normal or mirrored, an observer mentally rotates the letter to its canonical orientation. To account for patterns of response times (RTs) for the normal/mirror discrimination of rotated letters, previous research formulated a model that postulated a mixture of trials with and without mental rotation. While this model could explain the curvilinear relationship that has been found between averaged RT and letter orientations, the curved RT function is still open to alternative explanations without assuming mixed processes. To address this issue and test the mixed‐process hypothesis more directly, we analyzed trial‐by‐trial RT data instead of averaged RTs by employing a Bayesian model comparison technique. If rotation and non‐rotation trials are mixed, trial‐by‐trial RTs for letters in a particular orientation should not follow a single distribution but a mixed one formed from the superposition of two separate distributions, one for rotation and one for non‐rotation trials. In the present study, we compared single‐ and mixed‐distribution models. Bayes‐factor analysis showed decisive support for the mixed‐distribution model over the single‐distribution model. In addition, using the widely applicable information criterion (WAIC), the predictive accuracy of the mixed‐distribution model was found to be as high as that of the single‐distribution model. These results indicated the involvement of mixed processes in normal/mirror discrimination of rotated letters. The usefulness of statistical modeling in psychological study and necessary precautions to take in the interpretation of the parameters of unconfirmed models are also discussed.
Joint effect of phylogenetic relatedness and trait selection on the elevational distribution of Rhododendron species
Authors: Zou Jia‐Yun , Luo Ya‐Huang , Burgess Kevin S. , Tan Shao‐Lin , Zheng Wei , Fu Chao‐Nan , Xu Kun , Gao Lian‐Ming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCongeneric species may coexist at fine spatial scales through niche differentiation, however, the magnitude to which the effects of functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness contribute to their distribution along elevational gradients remains understudied. To test the hypothesis that trait and elevational range overlap can affect local speciesʼ coexistence, we first compared phylogenetic relatedness and trait (including morphological traits and leaf elements) divergence among closely related species of Rhododendron L. on Yulong Mountain, China. We then assessed relationships between the overlap of multiple functional traits and the degree of elevational range overlap among species pairs in a phylogenetic context. We found that phylogeny was a good predictor for most functional traits, where closely related species showed higher trait similarity and occupied different elevational niches at our study site. Species pairs of R. subgen. Hymenanthes (Blume) K. Koch showed low elevational range overlap and some species pairs of R. subgen. Rhododendron showed obvious niche differentiation. Trait divergence is greater for species in R. subgen. Rhododendron, and it plays an important role between species pairs with low elevational range overlap. Trait convergent selection takes place between co‐occurring closely related species that have high elevational range overlap, which share more functional trait space due to environmental filtering or ecological adaptation in more extreme habitats. Our results highlight the importance of evolutionary history and trait selection for species coexistence at fine ecological scales along environmental gradients.
Anxiety, depression, and symptom experience in concussed children and youth
Authors: Macartney Gail , Woodfield Michelle , Terekhov Ivan , Vassilyadi Michael , Goulet Kristian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo describe and explore the relationship between baseline anxiety, depression and symptom experience in children and youth assessed at a concussion clinic.Design and MethodsA retrospective chart review of concussed children and youth referred to a pediatric teaching hospital concussion clinic over a 15‐month period was completed. Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KAD‐6), General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD‐7), and the Post‐Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) scores were extracted.ResultsA total of 155 patients were included. The most common symptoms (PCSI) at baseline were headache, fatigue, and feelings of head pressure. Symptoms were rated as mild to moderate in intensity. Overall, mean depression and anxiety scores were low. The mean anxiety scores, as measured by the GAD‐7 (n = 108), was 7.4 (range, 0–24). The mean depression score, as measured by the KAD‐6 (n = 94), was 4.7 (range, 0–18). A statistically significant, moderate positive correlation between PCSI scores with KAD‐6 scores for male (r = .64, p < .001) and female (r = .61, p < .001) participants was identified. Similarly, a statistically significant, moderate positive correlation between PCSI scores with GAD‐7 scores for male (r = .68, p < .001) and female (r = .60, p < .001) participants was identified.Practice ImplicationsConcussed children may experience a wide array of symptoms, including emotional challenges such as anxiety and depression. Feelings of anxiety and depression may contribute to overall post concussive symptoms in concussed children. The electronic health record can be leveraged to provide important patient data. Clinicians should systematically assess symptoms at each visit in concussed children and youth so that appropriate interventions can be implemented and monitored.
Environmental DNA: What's behind the term? Clarifying the terminology and recommendations for its future use in biomonitoring
Authors: Pawlowski Jan , Apothéloz‐Perret‐Gentil Laure , Altermatt Florian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe last decade brought a spectacular development of so‐called environmental (e)DNA studies. In general, “environmental DNA” is defined as DNA isolated from environmental samples, in contrast to genomic DNA that is extracted directly from specimens. However, the variety of different sources of eDNA and the range of taxonomic groups that are targeted by eDNA studies is large, which has led to some discussion about the breadth of the eDNA concept. In particular, there is a recent trend to restrict the use of the term “eDNA” to the DNA of macro‐organisms, which are not physically present in environmental samples. In this paper, we argue that such a distinction may not be ideal, because the eDNA signal can come from organisms across the whole tree of life. Consequently, we advocate that the term “eDNA” should be used in its generic sense, as originally defined, encompassing the DNA of all organisms present in environmental samples, including microbial, meiofaunal and macrobial taxa. We first suggest specifying the environmental origin of the DNA sample, such as water eDNA, sediment eDNA or soil eDNA. A second specification would then define the taxonomic group targeted through polymerase chain reaction amplification, such as fish eDNA, invertebrate eDNA and bacterial eDNA. This terminology does also not require assumptions about the specific state of the DNA sampled (intracellular or extracellular). We hope that such terminology will help better define the scope of eDNA studies, especially for environmental managers, who use them as reference in routine biomonitoring and bioassessment.
The osa‐miR164 target OsCUC1 functions redundantly with OsCUC3 in controlling rice meristem/organ boundary specification
Authors: Wang Jun , Bao Jinlin , Zhou Beibei , Li Min , Li Xizhi , Jin Jian 
Published: September 2020

Summary

The specification of the meristem/organ boundary is critical for plant development. Here, we investigate two previously uncharacterized NAC transcription factors: the first, OsCUC1, which is negatively regulated by osa‐miR164c, dimerizes with the second, OsCUC3, and functions partially redundantly in meristem/organ boundary specification in rice (Oryza sativa).

We produced knockout lines for rice OsCUC1 (the homolog of Arabidopsis CUC1 and CUC2) and OsCUC3 (the homolog of Arabidopsis CUC3), as well as an overexpression line for osa‐miR164c, to study the molecular mechanism of boundary specification in rice.

A single mutation in either OsCUC1 or OsCUC3 leads to defects in the establishment of the meristem/organ boundary, resulting in reduced stamen numbers and the fusion of leaves and filaments, and the defects are greatly enhanced in the double mutant. Transgenic plants overexpressing osa‐miR164c showed a phenotype similar to that of the OsCUC1 knockout line. In addition, knockout of OsCUC1 leads to multiple defects, including dwarf plant architecture, male sterility and twisted‐rolling leaves. Further study indicated that OsCUC1 physically interacts with leaf‐rolling related protein CURLED LEAF AND DWARF 1 (CLD1) and stabilizes it in the nucleus to control leaf morphology.

This work demonstrated that the interplay of osa‐miR164c, OsCUC1 and OsCUC3 controls boundary specification in rice.
Where do leaf water leaks come from? Trade‐offs underlying the variability in minimum conductance across tropical savanna species with contrasting growth strategies
Authors: Machado Renan , Loram‐Lourenço Lucas , Farnese Fernanda Santos , Alves Rauander Douglas Ferreira Barros , de Sousa Letícia Ferreira , Silva Fabiano Guimarães , Filho Sebastião Carvalho Vasconcelos , Torres‐Ruiz José M. , Cochard Hervé , Menezes‐Silva Paulo Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Summary

Plants continue to lose water from their leaves even after complete stomatal closure. Although this minimum conductance (gleaf‐res) has substantial impacts on strategies of water use and conservation, little is known about the potential drivers underlying the variability of this trait across species.

We thus untangled the relative contribution of water leaks from the cuticle and stomata in order to investigate how the variability in leaf morphological and anatomical traits is related to the variation in gleaf‐res and carbon assimilation capacity across 30 diverse species from the Brazilian Cerrado.

In addition to cuticle permeance, water leaks from stomata had a significant impact on gleaf‐res. The differential pattern of stomata distribution in the epidermis was a key factor driving this variation, suggesting the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation and water loss through gleaf‐res. For instance, higher gleaf‐res, observed in fast‐growing species, was associated with the investment in small and numerous stomata, which allowed higher carbon assimilation rates but also increased water leaks, with negative impacts on leaf survival under drought. Variation in cuticle structural properties was not linked to gleaf‐res.

Our results therefore suggest the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation efficiency and dehydration tolerance at foliar level.
Severe hyperthyroidism without symptoms due to nonthyroidal illness in a child with acute hepatitis: case report and literature review
Authors: Yeliosof Olga , Marshall Ian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhile liver enzyme changes are frequently reported in hyperthyroidism, liver dysfunction itself can lead to alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism. However, the exact relationship between hyperthyroidism and liver dysfunction is unclear. We report an 11‐year‐old boy presenting with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology, who was incidentally found to have asymptomatic biochemical hyperthyroidism. Despite significant total and free T4 elevation, clinical evidence of thyrotoxicosis was absent. Thyroid I‐123 uptake was also reduced. Additional testing revealed slight T3 elevation and significant rT3 elevation. Graves' and Hashimoto's thyroiditis testing was negative. We hypothesize that the biochemical hyperthyroidism was due to transient thyroiditis. Although an etiology for the boy's hepatitis was never determined, and an undiagnosed infectious etiology causing subacute thyroiditis was considered, subsequent testing showing positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies, suggesting autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis as the likely cause of the hyperthyroidism. We believe, furthermore, that the absence of symptoms was the result of concurrent nonthyroidal illness resulting in the biochemical findings of slight T3 elevation and significant rT3 increase despite significant T4 elevation.
An oral and maxillofacial surgery pro forma for improving compliance with sepsis six
Authors: Collins L. , Beech A.N. , Gormley M. , Farrier J.N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatients presenting to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) department with odontogenic or cervico‐facial infections are at risk of sepsis. The Sepsis Six bundle significantly reduces mortality if completed within 1 h. This study describes the use of a novel pro forma for OMFS which aims to improve compliance with Sepsis Six.MethodsA pilot retrospective audit was completed to determine compliance with the Sepsis Six bundle. Data were collected from consecutive patient case notes referred to a single UK OMFS department. A custom pro forma sheet was designed. Two further audit cycles were carried out over a 4‐year period and dental core trainees focus group gave feedback on the new pro forma.ResultsA pilot retrospective audit showed no compliance with the original Sepsis Six bundle. Completion of the new pro forma for patients presenting with cervico‐facial and odontogenic infection increased to 59% in the second cycle. There was a 66% increase in the delivery of intravenous antibiotics within the first hour and lactate measurement rose to 50% by the second cycle. Importantly, initial observation of vital signs improved throughout the audit, reaching 97%. The focus group generally supported improvements in compliance, effective communication, and good record‐keeping using the pro forma.ConclusionThe introduction of a custom pro forma for OMFS appears to improve completion of the Sepsis Six bundle which could reduce morbidity and mortality. Continual team education is required, and further audit would be useful to determine if this intervention alone is the reason for increased compliance.
Trismus: an unusual cause and its implications
Authors: Greenstein A. , Mistry C. , Lees R. , Lowe T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSystemic diseases can manifest in many ways and subtle clues to these processes can often declare themselves in the maxillofacial region. This report highlights one usual and rare presentation of such case. A 64‐year‐old woman, presented to her general practitioner with worsening right‐sided jaw pain and trismus. She was referred to the local maxillofacial services and her mouth opening was measured at 1cm at presentation. An orthopantomogram (OPG) taken was unremarkable. She underwent an MRI of the head and neck that showed a soft tissue mass invading the right lateral and medial pterygoid muscles and plate with involvement of the ramus of the mandible. A staging CT was performed that revealed a mass of the proximal sigmoid colon. A colonoscopy performed with biopsy revealed a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with extensive metastasis, including the right masticatory space. She was presented at the multi‐disciplinary meeting where it was decided to treat her palliatively and she died 6 weeks after her diagnosis.