bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Notes on the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the opioid crisis. There has been substantial attention devoted—appropriately—to this issue. However, there are three areas that receive far less attention than they should. First, while opioids have attracted most of the headlines, two other drugs are being misused in America at newly alarming rates, their rise paralleling that of opioids. These are cocaine and its prescription-based stimulant cousins, such as Adderall and Ritalin. Then there is the issue of who is affected by opioids. This opioid crisis has presented countless news stories about the toll on white, middle-class, suburban, and rural users. While there have indeed been dramatic increases in opioid deaths in these groups, the opioid-related deaths of black Americans have doubled in the past 15 years. Thus, people must remind themselves that this is not just a white epidemic. Finally, because access to treatment for opioid addiction remains fragile, with national treatment rates low, people should keep in mind that Medicaid remains a key source of coverage for many people who use drugs. As Americans shore up a treatment system for opioid, cocaine, and stimulant misuse that has been woefully inadequate, threats to Medicaid’s structure and funding need ongoing attention, or the consequences of drug use will continue to grow.
Firearm Legislation Linked with Fewer Fatal Police Shootings
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies how states with stricter firearm legislation have fewer fatal police shootings—defined as the rate of people killed by law enforcement agencies. The authors of a 2017 study used two data sources to show this relationship: the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence’s legislative scorecard for firearm laws; and The Counted, an online database produced by The Guardian to assess the number of fatal police shootings. The analysis showed that, even after controlling for age, education, violent crime rates, and household gun ownership, states with the strongest firearm legislation had a 51% lower incidence of fatal police shootings compared to states with the weakest firearm laws. The study also assessed the relationship between different types of legislation and rates of fatal police shootings. Laws that strengthen background checks, promote child and consumer safety, and reduce gun trafficking are linked to lower rates of fatal police shootings.
Food Justice
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights food insecurity. One in six people in the United States experiences food insecurity. Food insecurity has dramatic effects on the health of children and the elderly in particular, influencing educational progress, family stress, and nutritional deficiencies. Yet, as millions of Americans remain food insecure, they throw away 40% of their food every day. The largest source of this waste is the food people buy and bring home; 70% of all food discarded in people’s homes is edible. Restaurants are second in waste generation. If people could recover and redistribute one third of the food they waste, they could end food insecurity. Other countries are already moving in this direction; people may be starting to take similar steps in the United States. The 2018 Farm Bill supports food waste reduction plans in 10 states, creates a new Food Loss and Waste Liaison position within the US Department of Agriculture, and, following the European example, promotes the expansion of liability protections for food donations. In the private sector, there has been a rush of money into food waste reduction start-ups. Ultimately, reducing food waste creates economic, environmental, and public health benefits, as well as jobs, climate change deceleration, and hunger relief.
Guns and Suicide
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines whether limiting the means to commit suicide can prevent suicide. South Korea has long had suicide rates higher than other high-income countries. In the 2006–2010 time period, suicide by pesticides accounted for more than a fifth of all suicides in the country. Then South Korea banned the sale of paraquat—the leading pesticide—in 2012. This was followed by an immediate decline in suicide rates across all groups. The success of such an effort rests on a simple observation: close to half of all suicides are acts of impulse, decided with an hour, if not a few minutes, before the suicide itself. This means that having access to lethal means matters enormously. And lethality varies between means. The likelihood of a successful suicide by drug overdose is less than 10%; the likelihood of successful suicide by gun is more than 90%. That means, with guns around, the suicidal impulse is much more likely to end in the act’s completion. It is not surprising then, given how many guns there are in the country, that firearms account for about half of all suicides in the United States. As such, as people discuss suicide, measures to limit the role of guns should be part of the national conversation.
Air Quality Standards Have Room to Improve
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the improvement of air quality in the United States. Laws such as the Clean Air Act (CAA), signed in 1970, resulted in a drastic reduction in air pollution. Since then, emissions have decreased by 50%. Despite these advances, adverse health effects associated with long-term exposure to air pollution continue. Researchers examined the health effects of pollution in a nationwide cohort of 61 million Medicare beneficiaries from 2000 to 2012. They created maps by linking Medicare mortality data, zip codes, and previously published estimates of ozone and fine particle pollutants (PM2.5). The study’s authors found that long-term exposures to fine particle pollutants and ozone, even at levels below current nationally “acceptable” standards, were associated with an increased risk of death. Persons with low incomes showed the highest risks associated with exposures. Vast improvements in air quality have been made in the past decades in the United States, but this study shows that air quality adhering to National Ambient Air Quality Standards still exposes Americans to levels of pollution that can be lethal over many years of exposure. Thus, air quality standards must be revisited in order to alleviate the burden on the most vulnerable populations.
The Promise of Palliative Care
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses palliative care. Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for people with life-threatening illnesses by involving a team of nurses, doctors, social workers, and clergy in a care plan. Hospice care—administered in dedicated units and in services delivered at home—has been slowly expanding over the past two decades, but the increasing percentage of patients who use hospice for less than 7 days suggests that the full benefits of end-of-life palliative care are not being realized. Meanwhile, the use of unwanted, aggressive end-of-life care, often inconsistent with patient preferences, remains pervasive. For palliative care to be effective, it must be supported by government policies and insurer incentives; it must also be owned by communities, which must continue to ask for help in designing and paying for high-quality palliative care for patients and their caregiving families.
The Downside of Drinking
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses five potential reasons as to why alcohol, an ancient substance, seems to have become newly hazardous. First, the alcohol industry continues to be powerful and savvy. Industry advertising never says that alcohol is not addictive; rather, the message is “use responsibly,” which implies that alcohol’s use—unlike the use of drugs—is controllable. Second, although the proportion of Americans drinking has remained steady at about two in three people over the past 70 years, Americans are drinking more, and more easily. Third, during this decade of economic expansion, many Americans have more income. In contrast to the stereotype, affluent people are more likely to drink than low-income people. Fourth, binge-drinking is now a rite of passage in college. With women a growing percentage of collegiate heavy drinkers, and with alcohol-makers targeting women with sweeter and fizzier products, health risks accumulate among women, who generally experience greater alcohol effects at lower doses than men. Fifth, Americans have become complacent about driving under the influence, because seatbelts and safer cars have lowered alcohol-related fatalities. Yet, paradoxically, alcohol-related traffic accidents are on the rise. Consuming less alcohol in total or on a per-occasion basis would probably improve the health of most people. That is a credible and reasonable public health goal.
Planning for End of Life
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the planning for end-of-life care. Results of a 2017 survey show that older adults are likelier than younger people to have documented their end-of-life wishes. Yet few adults with or without written documents have discussed end-of-life care with their doctors. Age, education, and discussions about death were predictors of having such a plan. Those with a college education or higher were most likely to have a written document, compared to those with some college, high school, or less education. Also, talking about death while growing up correlated with having written documents about wishes for medical care. Care settings encouraging or mandating doctors to use an advanced directive toolkit, such as the one created by the National Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment Paradigm, can improve the communication gap with providers and help seriously ill patients better express their wishes for end-of-life care.
Zero Tolerance for Preventable Deaths
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses preventable deaths. Of the approximately 150,000 daily deaths around the world, about a third are preventable. In the United States, more than 400,000 people die annually due to smoking, and more than 300,000 due to poor diet—these are the leading causes of preventable deaths. The good news is that the number of preventable deaths is declining in the United States. Preventable deaths from cancer, injuries, stroke, and heart disease decreased by 25%, 23%, 11%, and 4%, respectively, in the first 5 years of the 2010s. The number of preventable deaths can be reduced further. Preventing these deaths would require a tremendous effort to lessen risk behaviors and deal with the foundational social, economic, and environmental forces that shape health. It is quite remarkable, however, that people are not focused on the early interventions, risk factor reduction programs, and public health efforts that can dramatically reduce preventable deaths.
Practice Research in the Human Services
Authors: Austin Michael  J. , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model offers a practical approach to conducting practice research in the field of human services. This evolving form of applied research seeks to understand practice in the context of the relationships between service providers and service users, between service providers and their managers, between agency-based service providers and community advocacy and support groups, and between agency managers and policymakers. Practice research represents a form of evidence-informed practice that involves a wide array of research designs and methods, in contrast to the narrower emphasis on experimental designs that characterizes evidence-based practice. The emerging principles and practices associated with practice research highlight: (1) including multiple, diverse stakeholders, (2) maximizing and negotiating participation, (3) promoting practitioner engagement in all phases of the research process, and (4) developing new identities for participants as research-minded practitioners and practice-minded researchers. The book is designed for researchers, practitioners, service users, and students, and it focuses on concrete experiences that illustrate the processes and activities involved in a specific, locally negotiated model of practice research. The book describes multiple practice research studies across an array of fields of practice in the human services, focusing on the research questions, designs, roles and relationships that have been developed in the context of a university-agency practice research partnership. These descriptions and stories are used to construct a comprehensive, detailed picture of the research process. Based upon these descriptions, the book synthesizes a set of broader principles and guidelines for practice researchers.
Learning from the Literature
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model explains how freestanding literature reviews direct attention to existing literature in order to identify implications for agency practice and policymaking, reflecting a growing interest among human service agency leaders in monitoring the expanding knowledge base. Chapter 3 describes the process of developing a structured literature review that incorporates qualitative and quantitative studies that appear in peer-reviewed academic journals, as well as the “gray” literature, which includes reports published by government agencies and research institutes. Concrete steps are outlined, including: identifying topics of interest with the practice community, refining the focus of the literature search with practice partners, specifying search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria, conducting the online search process using the inclusion/exclusion criteria, synthesizing research evidence, conducting practice surveys, integrating research evidence with practice evidence, engaging practice partners in the interpretation of findings, developing the final report, and promoting dissemination and utilization.
Learning from the Experiences of Other Organizations through Cross-case Analysis
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model offers examples of practice research that employ cross-case comparisons in order to identify practice implications and enable senior managers to identify innovations for application to their own organizations. The key steps are described, including the dialogue and negotiation process that involves the university researcher with the practice community of agency administrators. The first study described in the chapter examined welfare reform implementation by county agencies, based on interviews with social service agency staff and consumers, as well as documents relevant to each program or practice. The second study focused on organizational knowledge-sharing processes in county agencies, while the third study explored organizational growth and resilience among nonprofit organizations. Practice research principles generated by the projects relate to generalizability limitations, data source triangulation and timeliness, and case study context.
Using Qualitative Data Mining for Practice Research in Child Welfare
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As described previously in Chapter 5 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model, qualitative data mining represents a key example of an emerging practice research methodology using case records extracted from child welfare agency databases. Chapter 10 describes the social policy context of child welfare practice along with the role of the practice research platform described in Chapter 1. It provides a detailed discussion of the methodology, outlining seven major steps, including: (1) building on a university-agency partnership; (2) identifying mutual goals and developing practice research questions; (3) identifying practice and research concerns; (4) identifying qualitative data sources and assessing data; (5) secure data extraction, storage, and database creation; (6) analytical strategies; and (7) generating practice knowledge through dissemination of findings. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions for using this form of practice research.
Reasoning with Unarticulated Thoughts
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks closely at another important aspect of the articulation process: the kind of reasoning that we engage in when we articulate a thought. Although we often articulate our thoughts without engaging in any reasoning, a certain kind of reasoning does sometimes play an ancillary role in our assessment of a formulation. In articulating a thought, we are often cognizant of various attitudes that we have in reaction to it. The thought may seem true or false, hopeful or alarming, frivolous or serious, and so on. We reject formulations that do not support such attitudes in any way. This chapter shows that these attitudes pass through a kind of “normative filter”, or a rapid normative evaluation, and goes some way toward understanding the character of this evaluation using the previous account of implicit knowledge. Understanding how we reason with unarticulated thoughts can enhance our understanding of reasoning, more generally.
Kinds of Self-Knowledge in Ancient Thought
Authors: Leigh Fiona 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the topic of self-knowledge in ancient thought, asking in particular what the ancient concept (or concepts) of knowing oneself amounts to. The chapter begins by contrasting the issues which occupy ancient and contemporary discussions of self-knowledge, and the obvious points of continuity and discontinuity between the two. The author isolates two forms of self-knowledge: cognitive self-knowledge or knowledge of one’s own mental states, and dispositional self-knowledge or knowledge of one’s moral or intellectual dispositions, and traces the treatment of these forms of self-knowledge in the works of Plato, Aristotle, Hellenistic philosophers, and Plotinus. In the course of discussing the texts of each thinker or school, and the relevant scholarship, this chapter also canvasses the ways in which the chapters in the rest of this volume seek to engage with some of the problems or issues that have emerged.
From the Cradle to the Cave
Authors: McCabe Mary Margaret 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the Republic two odd passages, one in Book 7 and the other in Book 10, invite us to think about self-perception and its paradoxes. The situation of the prisoner in the cave, whose view of himself is limited to his own shadow, is paralleled by the ‘amazing sophist’ of Republic 10, who holds up a mirror and makes everything, including himself. Here it is suggested that Plato emphasizes the paradoxical nature of both. As a consequence, these passages allow us to rethink how Plato conceives perception as a model for knowledge, and how he thinks that self-perception may be understood as a model for self-knowledge. It is suggested that we might understand Platonic knowledge as ‘stereoscopy’, with internalist conditions.
Aristotle on Knowing One’s Own Character
Authors: Nielsen Karen Margrethe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The chapter addresses the question of the relationship between self-knowledge and virtue. It extracts an account of self-knowledge from Aristotle’s remarks about magnanimity and truthfulness in the Nicomachean Ethics, and explains how magnanimity in the form of self-knowledge acts as an ‘adornment of virtue’ by reinforcing our inclination to choose virtuous acts for their own sakes. Self-knowledge, it turns out, is confined to the virtuous: only the virtuous person knows her own decision for action, while the akratic becomes temporarily ignorant of her decision, in failing to attend to it and its affirming function. The vicious person, meanwhile, does not perceive or know the true quality of her actions or motives, being in error about their value. This chapter defends an account of Aristotelian self-knowledge as necessarily encompassing practical nous rather than simply theoretical nous.
Epicureans on Hidden Beliefs
Authors: Warren James 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Epicurean accounts of philosophical therapy—as involving, for example, repetitive practices, as well as argumentation—allow that a person may fail to know himself because he fails to know what he believes. This chapter considers two Epicurean texts that offer categorizations of kinds of belief and attempts to distinguish a class of what we might call ‘hidden’ beliefs: beliefs that can be extremely damaging but are difficult to identify and remove because the believer does not know that he is committed to them. Closer attention to these Epicurean texts is important for a full understanding of the Epicureans’ psychological outlook and the presuppositions of some of their therapeutic practices. The author then evaluates the positing of such hidden beliefs.
Self-Knowledge, Self-Perception, and Perception of One’s Body in Stoicism
Authors: Gourinat Jean-Baptiste 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
While self-knowledge is usually considered to be knowledge of our soul by our soul, this is not the case in Stoicism. There is hardly a debate on self-knowledge in Stoicism, because there is no perception of myself as something different from my own body. The Stoics tend to identify the self with the ruling part of the soul, but they have no certain knowledge about it. Self-perception is the perception of the whole body and soul as a unity and of the parts of the body and the soul, and this allows a human being to rule his/her own body, but it is neither perception nor knowledge of the ‘self’. Since a human being is a complete mixture of a body and soul, it knows itself as an animated body, and this kind of knowledge is quite different from the form of self-knowledge involved in most of ancient philosophies.
An Alternative to Cartesianism? Plotinus’s Self and its Posterity in Ralph Cudworth
Authors: Aubry Gwenaëlle 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is, first, to analyse the specific articulation, in Plotinus, of the notions of self-knowledge, self-consciousness, and interiority. It is, more precisely, to show how the conceptual relations we have inherited from the ‘Cartesian moment’—between self-knowledge and self-consciousness, but also between self and substance, or between self and identity—are actually dissociated in Plotinus ‘philosophy. Insofar as he accepts an immediate reflexivity, Plotinus cannot be enlisted for the ancient thought of the self. But because he does not confer on self-knowledge the value of a principle, he cannot be enlisted either for the modern philosophies of consciousness and the subject. Nonetheless, Plotinus’ philosophy of the self was a direct source of inspiration for a Modern, the Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth, who finds in it a basis to criticize some fundamental aspects of Descartes’ thought. The chapter therefore also evaluates this legacy in Ralph Cudworth.