bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universal chromosomal microarray analysis reveals high proportion of copy‐number variants in low‐risk pregnancies
Authors: Stern S. , Hacohen N. , Meiner V. , Yagel S. , Zenvirt S. , Shkedi‐Rafid S. , Macarov M. , Valsky D. V. , Porat S. , Yanai N. , Frumkin A. , Daum H. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo evaluate the yield and utility of the routine use of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for prenatal genetic diagnosis in a large cohort of pregnancies with normal ultrasound (US) at the time of genetic testing, compared with pregnancies with abnormal US findings.MethodsWe reviewed all prenatal CMA results in our center between November 2013 and December 2018. The prevalence of different CMA results in pregnancies with normal US at the time of genetic testing (‘low‐risk pregnancies’), was compared with that in pregnancies with abnormal US findings (‘high‐risk pregnancies’). Medical records were searched in order to evaluate subsequent US follow‐up and the outcome of pregnancies with a clinically relevant copy‐number variant (CNV), i.e. a pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNV or a susceptibility locus for disease with > 10% penetrance, related to early‐onset disease in the low‐risk group.ResultsIn a cohort of 6431 low‐risk pregnancies that underwent CMA, the prevalence of a clinically significant CNV related to early‐onset disease was 1.1% (72/6431), which was significantly lower than the prevalence in high‐risk pregnancies (4.9% (65/1326)). Of the low‐risk pregnancies, 0.4% (27/6431) had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNV, and another 0.7% (45/6431) had a susceptibility locus with more than 10% penetrance. Follow‐up of the low‐risk pregnancies with a clinically significant early‐onset CNV revealed that 31.9% (23/72) were terminated, while outcome data were missing in 26.4% (19/72). In 16.7% (12/72) of low‐risk pregnancies, an US abnormality was discovered later on in gestation, after genetic testing had been performed.ConclusionAlthough the background risk of identifying a clinically significant early‐onset abnormal CMA result in pregnancies with a low a‐priori risk is lower than that observed in high‐risk pregnancies, the risk is substantial and should be conveyed to all pregnant women. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Proof‐of‐concept modular fluid handling prototype integrated with microfluidic biochemical assay modules for point‐of‐care testing
Authors: Sathish Shivani , Toda‐Peters Kazumi , Shen Amy Q. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLarge populations around the world suffer from numerous but treatable health issues, caused by either lifestyle choices or environmental factors. Over the past decades, point‐of‐care testing kits have been developed to circumvent the reliance on laboratories, by allowing users to perform preliminary health or environmental testing from the privacy of their homes. However, these kits heavily rely on the precision of the user to perform the procedures, leading to increased variability in final assessments. To eliminate user‐induced errors, we present an integrated, completely sealed, and disposable point‐of‐care testing prototype that exploits the benefits of microfluidics and 3D‐printing fabrication techniques. The palm‐sized modular prototype consists of a manually operated fluid handling device that allows precise mixing, filtration, and delivery of fluids to an on‐board microfluidic assay unit for subsequent detection of specific biochemical analytes, with a minimized risk of contamination.
Promising methods for detection of novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Liu Ran , Fu Aisi , Deng Zixin , Li Yan , Liu Tiangang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA very recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID‐19, in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and its subsequent spread within and across China have resulted in several deaths and infections. Presently, nucleic acid amplification test is essential for the confirmation of COVID infection. In this report, we summarized the six promising methods, including whole‐genome sequencing, real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, nanopore target sequencing, antibody‐based immunoassay techniques, use of paper‐based biomolecular sensors, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats‐Cas system‐based technology, which can also be deployed for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2. We further introduced the principles of these methods, discussed the scope and practicability of application of the available products and methods, and highlighted the potential approaches to develop additional products and techniques for early diagnosis of COVID‐19.
Application of nanotechnology for enhancing photodynamic therapy via ameliorating, neglecting, or exploiting tumor hypoxia
Authors: Hu DanRong , Pan Meng , Yu Yan , Sun Ao , Shi Kun , Qu Ying , Qian ZhiYong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT), an oxygen‐dependent modality, has been clinically approved and is considered a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, PDT shows noticeable limits due to the hypoxic nature of most solid tumor microenvironments. In recent years, various strategies have been developed to overcome tumor hypoxia either via oxygen‐replenishing approaches or via diminishing oxygen dependence. Both of these approaches have shown promise in reversing hypoxia‐relevant PDT resistance and thus improve antitumor efficacy. However, the low oxygen level at the tumor site is also an opportunity for the development of new therapeutic modalities, such as hypoxia‐activated chemotherapy, hypoxia‐inducible drug release, and starvation therapy. Therefore, a combination of these therapeutic modalities with PDT could promote their synergetic efficacy. Herein, we present an overview of the recent trend in the modulation and utilization of tumor hypoxia via nanomedicine‐based strategies, followed by a summary of the design and mechanisms of these nanosystems to improve PDT. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for how PDT can achieve more extensive clinical applications for cancer therapy are discussed.
The potential biomedical platforms based on the functionalized Gd@C82 nanomaterials
Authors: Li Xue , Wang Chunru 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGadolinium metallofullerene (Gd@C82), a novel star carbonaceous material, has allured considerable attention due to its attractive properties. Increasing evidence exhibits that functionalized Gd@C82 nanomaterials have great potential in various biomedical applications. Except for the earliest bioapplication as the next‐generation of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, Gd@C82 nanomaterials perform excellent anti‐cancer activities. Functionalized Gd@C82 nanomaterials could inhibit tumor growth by suppressing tumor angiogenesis, cutting off the existing tumor vasculature under radiofrequency irradiation or modulating immune cells. In addition, Gd@C82 nanomaterials could be adjuvant agents to lower the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs and alleviate drug resistance. In particular, Gd@C82 nanomaterials are demonstrated to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, presenting superior anti‐type 2 diabetes mellitus effects. With no detectable toxicity and pleiotropic biological effects, Gd@C82 nanomaterials could be promising biomedical platforms in the future.
Role of body condition score and adiponectin expression in the progression of canine mammary carcinomas
Authors: Tesi Matteo , Millanta Francesca , Poli Alessandro , Mazzetti Gaia , Pasquini Anna , Panzani Duccio , Rota Alessandra , Vannozzi Iacopo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObesity has been identified as a risk factor for developing breast cancer in post‐menopausal period in humans and has been suspected to be associated with a worse prognosis also in the bitch. The aims of this study were to investigate the association between body condition score (BCS) and the prognosis of canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) and the relationships between adiponectin expression and tumour behaviour. Seventy‐three bitches with tubular, tubulopapillary, solid or complex carcinomas were included in the present study. For each dog, evaluation of BCS was conducted using a nine‐point BCS system and the study population was divided into normal weight (4–5/9 points;n = 42), overweight (6–7/9 points;n = 19) and obese (8–9/9 points;n = 12). Type of diet (commercial, homemade or mixed) was recorded. After surgical excision, histological type, tumour size and nodal status were assessed and adiponectin expression was determined and quantified by immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis. CMC histotype was not correlated with BCS, while a positive correlation between BCS and histological grade (p < .01) was observed. Overweight and obese bitches combined showed a shorter cancer‐specific survival than normal weighted bitches (p < .01). Bitches fed with a homemade diet had a higher BCS than dogs fed with a commercial one, although no relationship was observed between diet and cancer‐specific survival. Thirty‐six CMCs scored positive for adiponectin expression (49%), but no correlation was found between the hormone expression and either CMC characteristics or prognosis. In conclusion, a higher BCS seems to be related with a higher prevalence of more aggressive CMCs and negatively affects the survival time in bitches with these mammary tumours.
A comparison between Advanced Scatterometer and Weather Research and Forecasting wind speeds for the Japanese offshore wind resource map
Authors: Takeyama Yuko , Ohsawa Teruo , Tanemoto Jun , Shimada Susumu , Kozai Katsutoshi , Kogaki Tetsuya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the validity of the method used in the Japanese offshore wind map (NeoWins) to seamlessly connecting satellite‐derived wind speed for open oceans to mesoscale model‐simulated wind speed for coastal waters. In the NeoWins, the former was obtained from the satellite‐borne Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT), and the latter was obtained from numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In this study, the consistency of the ASCAT and WRF 10‐m height wind speeds is examined in their overwrapping areas. The comparison between ASCAT and WRF model reveals that their differences in annual mean wind speed are mostly within ±5% and that the ASCAT annual mean wind speed is, as a whole, slightly higher than the WRF annual mean wind speed. The results indicate that there are no large wind speed gaps between WRF and ASCAT in most parts of the Japanese offshore areas. It is moreover found that the discrepancies between the two wind speeds are due to two factors: one is the existence of winter sea ice in the ASCAT observation in the Sea of Okhotsk in ASCAT observation and the other is that the accuracy of the WRF wind speed depends on atmospheric stability.
Nanomedicines for the delivery of glucocorticoids and nucleic acids as potential alternatives in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Yu Zhibo , Reynaud Franceline , Lorscheider Mathilde , Tsapis Nicolas , Fattal Elias 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects 0.5–1% of the world population. Current treatments include on one hand non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids (GCs) for treating pain and on the other hand disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs such as methotrexate, Janus kinase inhibitors or biologics such as antibodies targeting mainly cytokine expression. More recently, nucleic acids such as siRNA, miRNA, or anti‐miRNA have shown strong potentialities for the treatment of RA. This review discusses the way nanomedicines can target GCs and nucleic acids to inflammatory sites, increase drug penetration within inflammatory cells, achieve better subcellular distribution and finally protect drugs against degradation. For GCs such a targeting effect would allow the treatment to be more effective at lower doses and to reduce the administration frequency as well as to induce much fewer side‐effects. In the case of nucleic acids, particularly siRNA, knocking down proteins involved in RA, could importantly be facilitated using nanomedicines. Finally, the combination of both siRNA and GCs in the same carrier allowed for the same cell to target both the GCs receptor as well as any other signaling pathway involved in RA. Nanomedicines appear to be very promising for the delivery of conventional and novel drugs in RA therapeutics.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid‐Based Structures
Magnetic resonance imaging for brain stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: Putz Florian , Mengling Veit , Perrin Rosalind , Masitho Siti , Weissmann Thomas , Rösch Johannes , Bäuerle Tobias , Janka Rolf , Cavallaro Alexander , Uder Michael , Amarteifio Patrick , Doussin Sylvain , Schmidt Manuel Alexander , Dörfler Arndt , Semrau Sabine , Lettmaier Sebastian , Fietkau Rainer , Bert Christoph 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDue to its superior soft tissue contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for many radiotherapy treatment indications. This is especially true for treatment planning in intracranial tumors, where MRI has a long-standing history for target delineation in clinical practice. Despite its routine use, care has to be taken when selecting and acquiring MRI studies for the purpose of radiotherapy treatment planning. Requirements on MRI are particularly demanding for intracranial stereotactic radiotherapy, where accurate imaging has a critical role in treatment success. However, MR images acquired for routine radiological assessment are frequently unsuitable for high-precision stereotactic radiotherapy as the requirements for imaging are significantly different for radiotherapy planning and diagnostic radiology. To assure that optimal imaging is used for treatment planning, the radiation oncologist needs proper knowledge of the most important requirements concerning the use of MRI in brain stereotactic radiotherapy. In the present review, we summarize and discuss the most relevant issues when using MR images for target volume delineation in intracranial stereotactic radiotherapy.
Emergency response to terrorist attacks: results of the federal-conducted evaluation process in Germany
Authors: Wurmb Thomas , Franke Axel , Schorscher Nora , Kowalzik Barbara , Helm Matthias , Bohnen Renate , Helmerichs Jutta , Grueneisen Ulrich , Cwojdzinski Detlef , Jung Georg , Lücking Gesa , Weber Martin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Rescue missions during terrorist attacks are extremely challenging for all rescue forces (police as well as non-police forces) involved. To improve the quality and safety of the rescue missions during an active killing event, it is obligatory to adapt common rescue mission goals and strategies.

Methods
After the recent attacks in Europe, the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance started an evaluation process on behalf of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health. This was done to identify weaknesses, lessons learned and to formulate new adapted guidelines.

Results
The presented bullet point recommendations summarise the basic and most important results of the ongoing evaluation process for the Federal Republic of Germany. The safety of all the rescue forces and survival of the greatest possible number of casualties are the priority goals. Furthermore, the preservation and re-establishment of the socio-political integrity are the overarching goals of the management of active killing events. Strategic incident priorities are to stop the killing and to save as much lives as possible. The early identification and prioritised transportation of casualties with life-threatening non-controllable bleeding are major tasks and the shortest possible on-scene time is an important requirement with respect to safety issues.

Conclusion
With respect to hazard prevention tactics within Germany, we attributed the highest priority impact to the bullet points. The focus of the process has now shifted to intense work about possible solutions for the identified deficits and implementation strategies of such solutions during mass killing incidents.
Early puberty and risk for type 2 diabetes in men
Authors: Ohlsson Claes , Bygdell Maria , Nethander Maria , Kindblom Jenny M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
The association between pubertal timing and type 2 diabetes, independent of prepubertal BMI, is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between pubertal timing and risk of adult type 2 diabetes, independent of prepubertal BMI, in Swedish men.

Methods
We included 30,697 men who had data for BMI at age 8 and 20 years and age at Peak Height Velocity (PHV), an objective assessment of pubertal timing, available from the BMI Epidemiology Study Gothenburg (BEST Gothenburg), Sweden. Information on type 2 diabetes (n = 1851) was retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register. HRs and 95% CIs were estimated by Cox regression analysis. We observed violations of the assumption of proportional hazards for the association between age at PHV and the risk of type 2 diabetes and therefore split the follow-up period at the median age of type 2 diabetes diagnosis (57.2 years of age) to define early (≤57.2 years) and late (>57.2 years) type 2 diabetes diagnosis.

Results
Age at PHV was inversely associated with both early (HR 1.28 per year decrease in age at PHV, 95% CI 1.21, 1.36) and late (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06, 1.19) type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for childhood BMI, the associations between age at PHV and both early (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17, 1.31) and late (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.05, 1.17) type 2 diabetes were similar. Moreover, early age at PHV predicted insulin treatment of type 2 diabetes (OR 1.25 per year decrease in age at PHV, 95% CI 1.17, 1.33). Assuming a higher risk among those with an age at PHV below the median, the population attributable factor indicates that 15% fewer of the diagnosed individuals would have developed type 2 diabetes had they not reached puberty early.

Conclusions/interpretation
These findings indicate that early puberty may be a novel independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Predictability and variability of association patterns in sooty mangabeys
Authors: Mielke Alexander , Crockford Catherine , Wittig Roman M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn many group-living animal species, interactions take place in changing social environments, increasing the information processing necessary to optimize social decision-making. Communities with different levels of spatial and temporal cohesion should differ in the predictability of association patterns. While the focus in this context has been on primate species with high fission-fusion dynamics, little is known about the variability of association patterns in species with large groups and high temporal cohesion, where group size and the environment create unstable subgroups. Here, we use sooty mangabeys as a model species to test predictability on two levels: on the subgroup level and on the dyadic level. Our results show that the entirety of group members surrounding an individual is close to random in sooty mangabeys; making it unlikely that individuals can predict the exact composition of bystanders for any interaction. At the same time, we found predictable dyadic associations based on assortative mixing by age, kinship, reproductive state in females, and dominance rank; potentially providing individuals with the ability to partially predict which dyads can be usually found together. These results indicate that animals living in large cohesive groups face different challenges from those with high fission-fusion dynamics, by having to adapt to fast-changing social contexts, while unable to predict who will be close-by in future interactions. At the same time, entropy measures on their own are unable to capture the predictability of association patterns in these groups.Significance statementWhile the challenges created by high fission-fusion dynamics in animal social systems and their impact on the evolution of cognitive abilities are relatively well understood, many species live in large groups without clear spatio-temporal subgrouping. Nonetheless, they show remarkable abilities in considering their immediate social environment when making social decisions. Measures of entropy of association patterns have recently been proposed to measure social complexity across species. Here, we evaluate suggested entropy measures in sooty mangabeys. The high entropy of their association patterns would indicate that subgroup composition is largely random, not allowing individuals to prepare for future social environments. However, the existence of strong assortativity on the dyadic level indicates that individuals can still partially predict who will be around whom, even if the overall audience composition might be unclear. Entropy alone, therefore, captures social complexity incompletely, especially in species facing fast-changing social environments.
Manuelle Medizin bei Kindern – neue Wege der Didaktik
Authors: Sammer A. , Sammer F. , Mantl P. 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungIn den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich die Medizin technisch und wissenschaftlich massiv weiterentwickelt. Allerdings konnte v. a. die postgraduelle Ausbildung mit dieser rasenden Entwicklung nicht mithalten. Kollegen in allen Fächer beklagen einen Mangel an klinischer Ausbildung speziell in den Basisfertigkeiten der Medizin, der Anamneseführung und den klassischen Untersuchungstechniken. In aktuellen Ausbildungsevaluierungen der Ärztekammer Österreich werden die Defizite gut sichtbar. Außerdem wurden gemeinsame Faktoren, die über eine gute oder schlechte Bewertung der Ausbildung entscheiden, ermittelt. Dazu gehören u. a. die Umsetzung eines guten Ausbildungskonzepts und das Bemühen des Ausbildungsverantwortlichen um die Ausbildung. Selbst in der manuellen Medizin, seit jeher eine Disziplin, die auf eine gute klinische Untersuchung angewiesen ist, ist dieser Rückgang an Fertigkeiten zu beobachten. Auch zeichnet sich ein deutlicher Generationenkonflikt ab. Die älteren Generationen setzen Fertigkeiten voraus, die jüngeren möchten diese vermittelt bekommen. Verloren geht dabei die Weitergabe von Erfahrung, die wohl wichtigste ärztliche Tradition seit den Tagen von Hippocrates. Um Ausbildung zu strukturieren und Erfahrung schnell weiterzugeben, hat sich in der Medizin in den letzten Jahren zunehmend der Gebrauch von Checklisten und Simulationstraining bewährt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der „Außerferner Untersuchungsgang“ vorgestellt, d. h. die systematische Untersuchung eines Säuglings, bei der neurologische, orthopädische, manualmedizinische sowie allgemeinmedizinische Aspekte berücksichtigt werden.