Quantifying Individual Potential Contributions for Hydrogen Production in the Hybrid Sulfur Electrolyzer
Authors: Garrick Taylor Reed , Gulledge Alexander , Staser John A , Benicewicz Brian C , Weidner John W. 
Published: February 2020

The hybrid sulfur thermochemical cycle has seen much attention lately because of its potential to provide clean hydrogen on a large scale at a higher efficiency than water electrolysis. The two step HyS process relies on high temperature decomposition of H2SO4 to SO2, O2, and H2O, and the low temperature electrochemical oxidation of SO2 in the presence of water to produce H2SO4 and H2. Because of internal recycling of the sulfur compounds, the overall process is the decomposition of water to form H2 and O2. This is an interesting process because the high temperature decomposition step could be coupled to next generation power plants or high-temperature solar arrays to enable the production of H2 for other applications.
For a gas-fed anode using a proton exchange membrane such as Nafion in the electrolyzer, we have previously predicted water transport and used that to calculate cell voltages and sulfuric acid concentrations as a function of operating and design variables. Acid-doped polybenximidazole (PBI) membranes are an alternative to Nafion because they do not rely on water for their proton conductivity, and therefore they offer the possibility of operating at high acid concentrations and higher temperatures to minimize voltage losses. Early studies relied on doping the PBI membranes with concentrated solutions of phosphoric acid to increase membrane conductivity. However, leaching of the phosphoric acid resulted in a gradual loss of conductivity.
More recently, an alternative casting and doping procedure was developed for PBI membrane fabrication. Sulfonated PBI (s-PBI) membranes can be prepared using the same process starting with sulfonated monomers to impart an additional acid moiety in the polymer structure to enhance conductivity. In our research, we were able to use s-PBI membranes in the HyS electrolyzer at low temperatures and compared it to data collected from a Nafion-based cell.
Through the successful operation of the HyS electrolyzer using sulfuric acid-doped s-PBI membranes, we have determined that despite the relative thickness of s-PBI, the area-specific resistance of s-PBI compares favorably with Nafion and is not adversely affected by the sulfuric acid concentration at the anode. We have also seen the ability of s-PBI membranes to allow for operation of the cell at significantly elevated temperatures to reduce kinetic resistance. During this operation we have developed a model for high temperature and high pressure operation of the s-PBI HyS electrolyzer. This allows for further analysis of the system in order to determine the target conditions that provide for an economical operation of the cell that are also within acceptable engineering windows.

References:

Garrick, T.R.; Gulledge, A.L.; Staser, J.A.; Benicewicz, B.C.; Weidner, J.W. ECS Transactions
2014, 61(28), 11-17

Jayakumar, J.V.; Gulledge, A.L.; Staser, J.A.; Benicewicz, B.C.; Weidner, J.W. ECS Electrochemistry Letters
2012, 1(6), F44-F48

J. Staser, R. P. Ramasamy, P. Sivasubramanian, and J. W. Weidner, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 10, E17 (2007)

J. A. Staser and J. W. Weidner, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, B16 (2009)

J. A. Staser, K. Norman, C. H. Fujimoto, M. A. Hickner, and J. W. Weidner, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, B842 (2009)

J. A. Staser, M. B. Gorensek, and J. W. Weidner, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, B836

M. B. Gorensek, J. A. Staser, T. G. Stanford, and J. W. Weidner, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 4701 (2009)

J. A. Staser, M. B. Gorensek, and J. W. Weidner, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, B16 (2009)