bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of instrumental and qualitative descriptive analysis for evaluation of selected tonic waters quality features
Authors: Marjanska Ewa , Szpakowska Maria 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe combination of sensory and instrumental analysis was applied for quality assurance of selected tonic waters. The quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) in terms of 14 sensory attributes (aroma, astringency, bite, burn, numbing, tongue heaviness, carbonation, mouth coating, sweet taste, sour taste, bitter taste, sweet aftertaste, sour aftertaste, and bitter aftertaste) of selected tonic waters was performed by sensory experts. The results of this analysis were bound with potentiometric sensor results to elaborate mathematical models for prediction of these attributes by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Predicted values of sensory attributes were in a good agreement with those obtained by sensory experts since the SD on predicted values were relatively low and determination coefficients were high. The only exception was for sweet aftertaste attribute, which model was not so well‐fitted, probably due to specific interactions of tonic waters' sweet components. This approach may ensure the standards of food quality regarding sensory parameters with diminishing assessment's time and costs.
Genetic and environmental risk for lymphoma in boxer dogs
Authors: Craun Kaitlyn , Ekena Joanne , Sacco James , Jiang Tao , Motsinger‐Reif Alison , Trepanier Lauren A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundNon‐Hodgkin lymphoma in humans is associated with environmental chemical exposures, and risk is enhanced by genetic variants in glutathione S‐transferases (GST) enzymes.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that boxer dogs, a breed at risk for lymphoma, would have a higher prevalence of GST variants with predicted low activity, and greater accumulated DNA damage, compared to other breeds. We also hypothesized that lymphoma in boxers would be associated with specific environmental exposures and a higher prevalence of canine GST variants.AnimalsFifty‐four healthy boxers and 56 age‐matched nonboxer controls; 63 boxers with lymphoma and 89 unaffected boxers ≥10 years old.MethodsWe resequenced variant loci in canine GSTT1, GSTT5, GSTM1, and GSTP1 and compared endogenous DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes of boxers and nonboxers using the comet assay. We also compared GST variants and questionnaire‐based environmental exposures in boxers with and without lymphoma.ResultsEndogenous DNA damage did not differ between boxers and nonboxers. Boxers with lymphoma were more likely to live within 10 miles of a nuclear power plant and within 2 miles of a chemical supplier or crematorium. Lymphoma risk was not modulated by known canine GST variants.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceProximity to nuclear power plants, chemical suppliers, and crematoria were significant risk factors for lymphoma in this population of boxers. These results support the hypothesis that aggregate exposures to environmental chemicals and industrial waste may contribute to lymphoma risk in dogs.
Hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of antiviral therapy: The emerging role of non‐viral risk factors
Authors: Li Wanying , Deng Rui , Liu Shi , Wang Kaifeng , Sun Jian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the major malignant lethal tumours, is most prevalent in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Both viral and non‐viral factors contribute to the development of HCC. It is established that viral factors associated with HBV DNA level, HBV genotype, designated gene mutation, HBV DNA integration, HBx protein, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) and HBV RNA are correlated with hepatocarcinogenesis. Before the introduction of antiviral therapy, viral factors once attracted more attention during the development of HCC. With the widespread use of antiviral therapy, predominantly nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), most patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have achieved sustained viral control. The role of non‐viral factors, especially modifiable factors, is anticipated to be reinforced in the future. Herein, we reviewed the modifiable non‐viral risk factors of HBV‐related HCC, in the hope of providing substantial evidence for further development of novel precautionary measures for HCC. In addition, the therapeutic interventions for reducing the risk of HCC, like potential conventional pharmaceutical interventions and lifestyle modification are also discussed in this review. Future studies that would explore the specific mechanism of HBV‐related HCC development in patients with satisfactory viral control and related precision treatment are warranted.
Nutrient‐sensing components of the mouse stomach and the gastric ghrelin cell
Authors: Nunez‐Salces Maria , Li Hui , Feinle‐Bisset Christine , Young Richard L. , Page Amanda J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe ability of the gut to detect nutrients is critical to the regulation of gut hormone secretion, food intake, and postprandial blood glucose control. Ingested nutrients are detected by specific gut chemosensors. However, knowledge of these chemosensors has primarily been derived from the intestine, while available information on gastric chemosensors is limited. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient‐sensing repertoire of the mouse stomach with particular emphasis on ghrelin cells.MethodsQuantitative RT‐PCR was used to determine mRNA levels of nutrient chemosensors (protein: G protein–coupled receptor 93 [GPR93], calcium‐sensing receptor [CaSR], metabotropic glutamate receptor type 4 [mGluR4]; fatty acids: CD36, FFAR2&4; sweet/umami taste: T1R3), taste transduction components (TRPM5, GNAT2&3), and ghrelin and ghrelin‐processing enzymes (PC1/3, ghrelin O‐acyltransferase [GOAT]) in the gastric corpus and antrum of adult male C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess protein expression of chemosensors (GPR93, T1R3, CD36, and FFAR4) and their co‐localization with ghrelin.Key ResultsMost nutrient chemosensors had higher mRNA levels in the antrum compared to the corpus, except for CD36, GNAT2, ghrelin, and GOAT. Similar regional distribution was observed at the protein level. At least 60% of ghrelin‐positive cells expressed T1R3 and FFAR4, and over 80% expressed GPR93 and CD36.Conclusions and InferencesThe cellular mechanisms for the detection of nutrients are expressed in a region‐specific manner in the mouse stomach and gastric ghrelin cells. These gastric nutrient chemosensors may play a role modulating gastrointestinal responses, such as the inhibition of ghrelin secretion following food intake.
The Ineliminability of Epistemic Rationality*
Authors: Christensen David 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany writers have recently urged that the epistemic rationality of beliefs can depend on broadly pragmatic (as opposed to truth‐directed) factors. Taken to an extreme, this line of thought leads to a view on which there is no such thing as a distinctive epistemic form of rationality. A series of papers by Susanna Rinard develops the view that something like our traditional notion of pragmatic rationality is all that is needed to account for the rationality of beliefs. This approach has undeniable attractions. But examining different versions of the approach uncovers problems. The problems help reveal why epistemic rationality is an indispensable part of understanding rationality—not only of beliefs, but of actions. We may or may not end up wanting to make a place, in our theories of epistemic rationality, for factors such as the practical or moral consequences of having beliefs. But a purely pragmatic notion of rationality—one that’s stripped of any component of distinctively epistemic evaluation—cannot do all the work that we need done.
Development and validation of an ICU‐specific pressure injury risk assessment scale
Authors: Wåhlin Ingrid , Ek Anna‐Christina , Lindgren Margareta , Geijer Sebastian , Årestedt Kristofer 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundCritically ill patients are at high risk for pressure injury (PI) due to critical illness combined with multiple interventions and therapies. It is hence important to gain more knowledge about the risk factors associated with pressure injury development and methods for decreasing its prevalence.AimsTo develop and validate a clinical useful ICU‐specific PI risk assessment scale based on the RAPS.MethodThe study was designed as a prospective instrument development and validation study. The Risk Assessment Pressure Ulcer Scale (RAPS), which in Sweden is a commonly used PI risk assessment scale, was used as a starting point. Development was then performed in different steps; adaption of items and response options to ICU care, discussion with ICU staff members to enhance clinical relevance and usability, test of interrater reliability, revision of instrument, a new test with 300 patients followed by statistical evaluation.ResultsThe final version of the RAPS‐ICU consists of six items: failure of vital organs, mobility, moisture, sensory perception, level of consciousness and special treatment in the form of mechanical ventilation, continuous dialysis and/or inotropic drugs. A total score was reached by summing all responses. Each of the items was found to be significant associated with PI development as well as the total score (p < 0.001). The total score also showed a high interrater reliability (ICC = 0.96), good sensitivity and acceptable specificity with AUC = 0.71 and ICU staff perceived the RAPS‐ICU as relevant and easy to use in clinical practice.ConclusionThe RAPS‐ICU is a valid and clinically useful tool to identify patients at risk to develop pressure injury at ICU.
Extracellular GABA waves regulate coincidence detection in excitatory circuits
Authors: Sylantyev Sergiy , Savtchenko Leonid P. , O'Neill Nathanael , Rusakov Dmitri A. 
Published: July 2020

Key points
Rapid changes in neuronal network activity trigger widespread waves of extracellular GABA in hippocampal neuropil.
Elevations of extracellular GABA narrow the coincidence detection window for excitatory inputs to CA1 pyramidal cells.
GABA transporters control the effect of extracellular GABA on coincidence detection.
Small changes in the kinetics of dendritic excitatory currents amplify when reaching the soma.AbstractCoincidence detection of excitatory inputs by principal neurons underpins the rules of signal integration and Hebbian plasticity in the brain. In the hippocampal circuitry, detection fidelity is thought to depend on the GABAergic synaptic input through a feedforward inhibitory circuit also involving the hyperpolarisation‐activated Ih current. However, afferent connections often bypass feedforward circuitry, suggesting that a different GABAergic mechanism might control coincidence detection in such cases. To test whether fluctuations in the extracellular GABA concentration [GABA] could play a regulatory role here, we use a GABA 'sniffer' patch in acute hippocampal slices of the rat and document strong dependence of [GABA] on network activity. We find that blocking GABAergic signalling strongly widens the coincidence detection window of direct excitatory inputs to pyramidal cells whereas increasing [GABA] through GABA uptake blockade shortens it. The underlying mechanism involves membrane‐shunting tonic GABAA receptor current; it does not have to rely on Ih but depends strongly on the neuronal GABA transporter GAT‐1. We use dendrite‐soma dual patch‐clamp recordings to show that the strong effect of membrane shunting on coincidence detection relies on nonlinear amplification of changes in the decay of dendritic synaptic currents when they reach the soma. Our results suggest that, by dynamically regulating extracellular GABA, brain network activity can optimise signal integration rules in local excitatory circuits.
Orexin neurons and inhibitory Agrp→orexin circuits guide spatial exploration in mice
Authors: Garau Celia , Blomeley Craig , Burdakov Denis 
Published: July 2020

Key points
Photoinhibition of endogenous activity of lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons causes place preference and reduces innate avoidance
Endogenous activity of orexin neurons correlates with place preference
Mediobasal hypothalamic Agrp neurons inhibit orexin neurons via GABA, and chemogenetic suppression of Agrp neurons increases avoidance in an orexin receptor‐dependent manner.

AbstractHypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons integrate multiple sensory cues and project brain‐wide to orchestrate diverse innate behaviours. Their loss impairs many context‐appropriate actions, but the motivational characteristics of orexin cell activity remain unclear. We and others previously approached this question by artificial orexin stimulation, which could induce either rewarding (positive valence) or aversive (negative valence) brain activity. It is unknown to what extent such approaches replicate natural/endogenous orexin signals, which rapidly fluctuate during wakefulness. Here we took an alternative approach, focusing on observing and silencing natural orexin cell signals associated with a fundamental innate behaviour, self‐paced spatial exploration. We found that mice are more likely to stay in places paired with orexin cell optosilencing. The orexin cell optosilencing also reduced avoidance of places that mice find innately aversive. Correspondingly, calcium recordings revealed that orexin cell activity rapidly reduced upon exiting the innately aversive places. Furthermore, we provide optogenetic evidence for an inhibitory GABAergic Agrp→orexin hypothalamic neurocircuit, and find that Agrp cell suppression increases innate avoidance behaviour, consistent with orexin disinhibition. These results imply that exploration may be motivated and oriented by a need to reduce aversive orexin cell activity, and suggest a hypothalamic circuit for fine‐tuning orexin signals to changing ethological priorities.
Ultra-High Strain Rate Constitutive Modeling of Pure Titanium Using Particle Impact Test
Authors: Wang Xuchen , Hassani Mostafa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
With the advent of advanced testing techniques such as laser-induced particle impact test, it is possible to study materials mechanics under extremely high deformation rates, i.e., above 106 s−1, a relatively less explored regime of strain rates. Inspired by the classical Taylor impact test, in this study, we accelerate microparticles of commercially pure titanium to a range of impact velocities, from 144 to 428 m/s, toward a rigid substrate and record their deformation upon impact in real-time. We also conduct finite element modeling of the experimentally recorded impacts using two constitutive equations, namely, Johnson–Cook and Zerilli–Armstrong. We show that the titanium microparticles experience strain rates in the range of 106–1010 s−1 upon impact. We evaluate the capability of the Johnson–Cook and Zerilli–Armstrong equations in predicting the deformation response of pure Ti at ultra-high strain rates. With an optimization-based constitutive modeling approach, we also propose updated strain rate-related parameters for both equations and improve the extent to which the two models can describe the deformation of pure titanium at ultra-high strain rates.
Effect of Loading Rate and Pipe Wall Thickness on the Strength and Toughness of Welded and Unwelded Polyethylene Pipes
Authors: EL-Bagory Tarek M. A. A. , Sallam Hossam E. M. , Younan Maher Y. A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is to depict the mechanical behavior of welded and unwelded high-density polyethylene (HDPE), pipes to provide the designer with reliable design data relevant to practical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of strain rate and specimen configuration on the mechanical behavior of welded and unwelded pipes made from HDPE. Tensile tests are conducted on specimens longitudinally cut from the pipe with thickness (10 and 30 mm), at different crosshead speeds (5–500 mm/min), and different gauge lengths (20, 25, and 50 mm) to investigate the mechanical properties of welded and unwelded specimens. All tests are performed at room temperature (Ta = 23 °C). Butt fusion, BF, welding method is used to join the different parts of HDPE pipes. The present results showed that the mechanical characteristics of welded specimens are lower than those of unwelded specimens. In the case of test specimens taken from unwelded pipe, the results of mechanical characteristics revealed that a necking phenomenon before failure appears at different locations along the gauge section. On the other hand, the fracture of welded specimens almost occurs at the fusion zone. It is found that the crosshead speed and specimen configurations have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of both welded and unwelded specimens.
Influence of Thermodynamic and Regime Parameters on the Efficiency of a System of Series Connected Low-Power Natural Gas Turbogenerators
Authors: Kalabukhov D. S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Turboexpanders for gas industry are used for various purposes, for example, for generating electricity at gas distribution and compressor stations of the natural gas transmission system. Considering the initially high gas pressures, in many cases it is advisable to use a system of successively located turbine drives. This makes it possible to convert the energy of gas pressure into electrical energy to consumers of different capacities.
To date, theoretical work on the optimization of regime and geometric parameters of such systems at initial stages of design is absent. In this paper, parametric studies were conducted on the effect of initial project data on the energy efficiency of a system of two turbo-generators with a power of up to 50 kW. As initial data, the thermodynamic parameters at the input and output from the turbine drive system and the operating parameters of the turbine drives are considered. To carry out the research, a mathematical flow model in the system of series connected axial small-sized turbines is implemented in the Matlab software package.
Rational ranges of thermodynamic and regime relationships are found, which allows to significantly increase the design efficiency of a system of axial small-sized turbogenerators in comparison with the case of its design without taking into account the received information.
Design and Evaluation of a Fiber Optic Sensor for Particle and Concentration Monitoring in a Contaminated Flow Rig
Authors: Li Alice K. , McDonell Vincent , Venaas Max , Waldherr Gregor A. , Lin Hai 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Optimizing safety and efficiencies is vital to turbomachinery design in the aerospace industry. However, aircraft engines subject to ingestion of airborne particle mixtures of unknown size and concentration have undergone unpredictable malfunction and power losses. Premature damage could be caused by increased erosion rates from mixtures with abrasive material. Similarly, corrosion rates could also increase for mixtures with corrosive material. Further, ingestions with melting points below the combustion exit temperature do melt, adhere to turbine blades, and thereby produce clogs and power losses. Additional blockage could be caused by accumulation of material of fluctuating volumes on blades and vanes. Such malfunction can be prevented by providing these engine systems with an on-board sensor capable of defining the particle size and size distribution and determining instantaneous and cumulative ingestion rates. This study demonstrates the methods used in the design of a fiber optic sensor to size the ingested material and measure its distribution and concentration directly in an engine’s flow path. A high-velocity, high-temperature contamination rig has been designed and built for testing the sensor and evaluating its functionality under engine conditions. Durability tests will be conducted to determine sensor lifespan and assess feasibility of incorporation in current turbomachinery for aircraft protection. Contaminant particle distribution and flow patterns in pipe cross section were studied through laser diffraction and light scattering, to enhance understanding of changes in sensor upon particle impingement.
Renal hyperfiltration is independently associated with increased all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Penno Giuseppe , Orsi Emanuela , Solini Anna , Bonora Enzo , Fondelli Cecilia , Trevisan Roberto , Vedovato Monica , Cavalot Franco , Gruden Gabriella , Laviola Luigi , Nicolucci Antonio , Pugliese Giuseppe 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionIn addition to favoring renal disease progression, renal ‘hyperfiltration’ has been associated with an increased risk of death, though it is unclear whether and how excess mortality is related to increased renal function. We investigated whether renal hyperfiltration is an independent predictor of death in patients with type 2 diabetes from the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events Italian multicenter study.Research design and methodsThis observational, prospective cohort study enrolled 15 773 patients with type 2 diabetes consecutively attending 19 Italian diabetes clinics in 2006–2008. Serum creatinine, albuminuria, cardiovascular risk factors, and complications/comorbidities were assessed at baseline. Vital status on 31 October 2015 was retrieved for 15 656 patients (99.26%). Patients were stratified (A) by absolute estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values in eGFR deciles or Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) categories and (B) based on age-corrected thresholds or age and gender-specific 95th and 5th percentiles in hyperfiltration, hypofiltration, and normofiltration groups.ResultsThe highest eGFR decile/category and the hyperfiltration group included (partly) different individuals with similar clinical features. Age and gender-adjusted death rates were significantly higher in deciles 1, 9, and 10 (≥103.9, 50.9–62.7, and <50.9 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively) versus the reference decile 3 (92.9–97.5 mL/min/1.73 m2). Mortality risk, adjusted for multiple confounders, was also increased in deciles 1 (HR 1.461 (95% CI 1.175 to 1.818), p=0.001), 9 (1.312 (95% CI 1.107 to 1.555), p=0.002), and 10 (1.976 (95% CI 1.673 to 2.333), p<0.0001) versus decile 3. Similar results were obtained by stratifying patients by KDIGO categories. Death rates and adjusted mortality risks were significantly higher in hyperfiltering and particularly hypofiltering versus normofiltering individuals.ConclusionsIn type 2 diabetes, both high-normal eGFR and hyperfiltration are associated with an increased risk of death from any cause, independent of confounders that may directly impact on mortality and/or affect GFR estimation. Further studies are required to clarify the nature of this relationship.Trial registration numberNCT00715481.