bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Dose Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Quadrivalent for Older Adults
Authors: Chahine Elias B. 
Published: June 2020

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of the high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine quadrivalent (HD-IIV4) in the prevention of influenza in older adults. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar with the search terms high-dose, influenza vaccine, and quadrivalent. Other resources included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prescribing information, and the manufacturer’s website. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant English-language articles of studies assessing the efficacy and safety of HD-IIV4 were included. Data Synthesis: HD-IIV4 is licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of influenza in adults aged 65 years and older. The safety and immunogenicity of HD-IIV4 was demonstrated in a phase 3 trial, and the efficacy of the trivalent formulation (HD-IIV3) was demonstrated in a phase 3b-4 trial. HD-IIV4 carries a warning regarding the occurrence of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Adverse reactions, including injection-site pain and myalgia, were reported more frequently with HD-IIV4 than with HD-IIV3. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Although the CDC recommends any age-appropriate influenza vaccine for adults aged 65 years and older, HD-IIV4 was associated with improved immunogenicity against the added B strain and HD-IIV3 provided better protection against influenza than the standard-dose vaccine. Other influenza vaccines have weaker evidence of efficacy in older adults. Therefore, HDIIV4 should be recommended as the vaccine of choice in adults aged 65 years and older. Conclusion: HD-IIV4 has proven immunogenic, safe, and effective in preventing influenza in older adults and should be recommended as the vaccine of choice in this patient population.
Real-world disability improvement in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab in the Tysabri Observational Program
Authors: Wiendl Heinz , Spelman Tim , Butzkueven Helmut , Kappos Ludwig , Trojano Maria , Su Ray , Campbell Nolan , Ho Pei-Ran , Licata Stephanie 
Published: June 2020

Background: Natalizumab has been associated with disability improvement as indicated by a confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score decrease. Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize disability improvement in patients in the Tysabri Observational Program (TOP), an ongoing observational study of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients initiating natalizumab in clinical practice. Methods: TOP data as of November 2018 were included. Confirmed disability improvement (CDI) was defined as a decrease ⩾1.0 confirmed 24 weeks later from a baseline EDSS score ⩾2.0. Confirmed functional system (FS) improvement was defined as a decrease ⩾1.0 confirmed 24 weeks later from a baseline score ⩾1.0 in that FS. Results: Of 5384 patients, 1287 (23.9%) had CDI; 51.8% experienced CDI in the first treatment year. Among patients with CDI, 56.6% had CDI ⩾1.5 points; 34.4% had CDI ⩾2.0 points. The cumulative probability of maintaining improvement 8 years after the CDI event was 52.6%. At treatment initiation, 5363 patients (85.2%) had impairment in ⩾1 FS. At 8 years, the cumulative probability of confirmed improvement in any FS was 88.8% and ranged from 38.3% to 58.6% in individual FS. Conclusion: These results highlight disability improvement as a potential benefit of natalizumab treatment. Improvements across all FS demonstrate the range of functional improvement.
Dual-energy computed-tomography-based discrimination between basic calcium phosphate and calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition in vivo
Authors: Pascart Tristan , Falgayrac Guillaume , Norberciak Laurène , Lalanne Clément , Legrand Julie , Houvenagel Eric , Ea Hang-Korng , Becce Fabio , Budzik Jean-François 
Published: June 2020

Background: Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is being considered as a non-invasive diagnostic and characterization tool in calcium crystal-associated arthropathies. Our objective was to assess the potential of DECT in distinguishing between basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal deposition in and around joints in vivo. Methods: A total of 13 patients with calcific periarthritis and 11 patients with crystal-proven CPPD were recruited prospectively to undergo DECT scans. Samples harvested from BCP and CPP calcification types were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and validated against synthetic crystals. Regions of interest were placed in BCP and CPP calcifications, and the following DECT attenuation parameters were obtained: CT numbers (HU) at 80 and 140 kV, dual-energy index (DEI), electron density (Rho), and effective atomic number ( Zeff). These DECT attenuation parameters were compared and validated against crystal calibration phantoms at two known equal concentrations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the highest accuracy thresholds for DEI and Zeff. Results: Raman spectroscopy enabled chemical fingerprinting of BCP and CPP crystals both in vitro and in vivo. DECT was able to distinguish between HA and CPP in crystal calibration phantoms at two known equal concentrations, most notably by DEI (200 mg/cm3: 0.037 ± 0 versus 0.034 ± 0, p = 0.008) and Zeff (200 mg /cm3: 9.4 ± 0 versus 9.3 ± 0, p = 0.01) analysis. Likewise, BCP calcifications had significantly higher DEI (0.041 ± 0.005 versus 0.034 ± 0.005, p = 0.008) and Zeff (9.5 ± 0.2 versus 9.3 ± 0.2, p = 0.03) than CPP crystal deposits with comparable CT numbers in patients. With an area under the ROC curve of 0.83 [best threshold value = 0.0 39, sensitivity = 90. 9% (81.8, 97. 7%), specificity = 64.6% (50.0, 64. 6%)], DEI was the best parameter in distinguishing between BCP and CPP crystal depositions. Conclusion: DECT can help distinguish between crystal-proven BCP and CPP calcification types in vivo and, thus, aid in the diagnosis of challenging clinical cases, and in the characterization of CPP and BCP crystal deposition occurring in osteoarthritis.
Parasite histones are toxic to brain endothelium and link blood barrier breakdown and thrombosis in cerebral malaria
Authors: Moxon Christopher A. , Alhamdi Yasir , Storm Janet , Toh Julien M. H. , McGuinness Dagmara , Ko Joo Yeon , Murphy George , Lane Steven , Taylor Terrie E. , Seydel Karl B. , Kampondeni Sam , Potchen Michael , O’Donnell James S. , O’Regan Niamh , Wang Guozheng , García-Cardeña Guillermo , Molyneux Malcolm , Craig Alister G. , Abrams Simon T. , Toh Cheng-Hock 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Microvascular thrombosis and blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown are key components of cerebral malaria (CM) pathogenesis in African children and are implicated in fatal brain swelling. How Plasmodium falciparum infection causes this endothelial disruption and why this occurs, particularly in the brain, is not fully understood. In this study, we have demonstrated that circulating extracellular histones, equally of host and parasite origin, are significantly elevated in CM patients. Higher histone levels are associated with brain swelling on magnetic resonance imaging. On postmortem brain sections of CM patients, we found that histones are colocalized with P falciparum–infected erythrocytes sequestered inside small blood vessels, suggesting that histones might be expelled locally during parasite schizont rupture. Histone staining on the luminal vascular surface colocalized with thrombosis and leakage, indicating a possible link between endothelial surface accumulation of histones and coagulation activation and BBB breakdown. Supporting this, patient sera or purified P falciparum histones caused disruption of barrier function and were toxic to cultured human brain endothelial cells, which were abrogated with antihistone antibody and nonanticoagulant heparin. Overall, our data support a role for histones of parasite and host origin in thrombosis, BBB breakdown, and brain swelling in CM, processes implicated in the causal pathway to death. Neutralizing histones with agents such as nonanticoagulant heparin warrant exploration to prevent brain swelling in the development or progression of CM and thereby to improve outcomes.
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: a systematic review of its features and outcomes
Authors: Hellemons Merel E. , Moor Catharina C. , von der Thüsen Jan , Rossius Mariska , Odink Arlette , Thorgersen Laila Haugen , Verschakelen Johny , Wuyts Wim , Wijsenbeek Marlies S. , Bendstrup Elisabeth 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundDesquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP) is a rare form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP). Data on clinical features, aetiology, prognosis and effect of treatment strategies are limited. We aimed to collect all published cases to better characterise DIP.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed for all original cases of adult patients with histopathologically-confirmed DIP. Individual patient data were extracted and summarised.ResultsWe included 68 individual cases and 13 case series reporting on 294 cases. Most common presenting symptoms were dyspnoea and cough. Pulmonary function showed a restrictive pattern (71%) with decreased diffusion capacity. We found a high incidence (81%) of ever smoking in patients with DIP and 22% of patients had other (occupational) exposures. Characteristic features on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan were bilateral ground-glass opacities with lower lobe predominance (92%). Treatment and duration of treatment widely varied. Initial response to treatment was generally good, but definitely not uniformly so. A significant proportion of patients died (25% of individual cases) or experienced a relapse (18% of individual cases).ConclusionDIP remains an uncommon disease, frequently but not always related to smoking or other exposures. Furthermore, DIP behaves as a progressive disease more often than generally thought, possibly associated with different underlying aetiology.
Transitioning to lead-free ammunition use in hunting: socio-economic and regulatory considerations for the European Union and other jurisdictions
Authors: Kanstrup Niels , Thomas Vernon G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Hunting throughout the European Union (EU) has left an accumulating legacy of spent lead ammunition that has deleterious toxic effects upon the environment, wildlife, and humans who consume hunted game meat. Non-toxic lead substitutes for both rifle and shotgun ammunition have been developed and are required in some EU jurisdictions. Within the EU, at least 28 companies make or distribute non-lead shotgun ammunition, and a further 14 companies distribute non-lead rifle ammunition. However, a broad transition to the use of these products has been resisted by the hunting and ammunition-making communities.

Results and conclusions
It is in the self-interest of these communities to recognize the consequences of externalizing the effects of spent lead ammunition to society, and to make hunting more sustainable and socially acceptable. The paper endorses the ongoing process under the European Commission (EC) to introduce wide and fundamental restrictions on the use, trade and possession of lead ammunition for all types of hunting within 3 years, and within 5 years for clay target shooting. This would align EC regulations on lead from ammunition with lead from other anthropogenic sources, and EC regulations that protect the natural environment, especially the conservation of wild birds. Simultaneous EC regulation of lead in marketed game meats would provide extra health protection and assure a safe source of game meat products for consumers.
Construction situation, costs and charges associated with pharmacy intravenous admixture services: multi-center cross-sectional survey based on 137 medical institutions in mainland China
Authors: Yang Chunsong , Kang Bing Yao , Zhang Lingli , Yu Dan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
To investigate the construction situation, costs and charges associated with pharmacy intravenous admixture services (PIVAS) to provide references for the construction and development of PIVAS in mainland China.

Methods
A multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted via a WeChat Group targeting PIVAS leaders in hospitals to investigate the basic situation of PIVAS, including opening time, area, number of PIVAS, equipment, management mode, PIVAS costs and charges, as well as numbers of beds, open wards, and staff, and analyze differences in PIVAS construction at different provincial and hospital levels.

Results
137 questionnaires were collected from 29 provinces, representing a response rate of 99.3%. Most participants (88.4%) were from Level III Hospitals. The number of years of operations of PIVAS ranged from 1 to 22 (median: 6). PIVAS site area ranged between 100 and 1973 m2; daily average infusion volume was concentrated in the ranges 0–1000 bags (29.9%, 41/137) and 1001–2000 bags (26.3%, 36/137). In terms of PIVAS management mode, the vast majority used separate pharmacy management (65.0%, 89/137). Only 52.6% (72/137) of PIVAS have standardized charges, and 70.1% (96/137) operate at a loss. The median costs of mixed tumor chemotherapy drugs, total parenteral nutrition, general medicine, antibiotics were 20, 35, 4 and 5 RMB, respectively. With the exception of a few features, PIVAS construction does not obviously differ among different regions and hospital levels.

Conclusions
In recent years, PIVAS in China has developed rapidly and become relatively large. The main problems are that most provinces lack standards for charges and PIVAS construction differs among hospitals. Therefore, standards for PIVAS construction and charges should be developed to provide a reference for the future development of PIVAS.
cfNOMe — A single assay for comprehensive epigenetic analyses of cell-free DNA
Authors: Erger Florian , Nörling Deborah , Borchert Domenica , Leenen Esther , Habbig Sandra , Wiesener Michael S. , Bartram Malte P. , Wenzel Andrea , Becker Christian , Toliat Mohammad R. , Nürnberg Peter , Beck Bodo B. , Altmüller Janine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis has become essential in cancer diagnostics and prenatal testing. We present cfNOMe, a two-in-one method of measuring cfDNA cytosine methylation and nucleosome occupancy in a single assay using non-disruptive enzymatic cytosine conversion and a custom bioinformatic pipeline. We show that enzymatic cytosine conversion better preserves cfDNA fragmentation information than does bisulfite conversion. Whereas previously separate experiments were required to study either epigenetic marking, cfNOMe delivers reliable results for both, enabling more comprehensive and inexpensive epigenetic cfDNA profiling. cfNOMe has the potential to advance biomarker discovery and diagnostic usage in diseases with systemic perturbations of cfDNA composition.
A comparison of epigenetic mitotic-like clocks for cancer risk prediction
Authors: Teschendorff Andrew E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
DNA methylation changes that accrue in the stem cell pool of an adult tissue in line with the cumulative number of cell divisions may contribute to the observed variation in cancer risk among tissues and individuals. Thus, the construction of epigenetic “mitotic” clocks that can measure the lifetime number of stem cell divisions is of paramount interest.

Methods
Building upon a dynamic model of DNA methylation gain in unmethylated CpG-rich regions, we here derive a novel mitotic clock (“epiTOC2”) that can directly estimate the cumulative number of stem cell divisions in a tissue. We compare epiTOC2 to a different mitotic model, based on hypomethylation at solo-WCGW sites (“HypoClock”), in terms of their ability to measure mitotic age of normal adult tissues and predict cancer risk.

Results
Using epiTOC2, we estimate the intrinsic stem cell division rate for different normal tissue types, demonstrating excellent agreement (Pearson correlation = 0.92, R2 = 0.85, P = 3e−6) with those derived from experiment. In contrast, HypoClock’s estimates do not (Pearson correlation = 0.30, R2 = 0.09, P = 0.29). We validate these results in independent datasets profiling normal adult tissue types. While both epiTOC2 and HypoClock correctly predict an increased mitotic rate in cancer, epiTOC2 is more robust and significantly better at discriminating preneoplastic lesions characterized by chronic inflammation, a major driver of tissue turnover and cancer risk. Our data suggest that DNA methylation loss at solo-WCGWs is significant only when cells are under high replicative stress and that epiTOC2 is a better mitotic age and cancer risk prediction model for normal adult tissues.

Conclusions
These results have profound implications for our understanding of epigenetic clocks and for developing cancer risk prediction or early detection assays. We propose that measurement of DNAm at the 163 epiTOC2 CpGs in adult pre-neoplastic lesions, and potentially in serum cell-free DNA, could provide the basis for building feasible pre-diagnostic or cancer risk assays. epiTOC2 is freely available from 10.5281/zenodo.2632938
A video protocol for rapid dissection of mouse dorsal root ganglia from defined spinal levels
Authors: Sleigh James N. , West Steven J. , Schiavo Giampietro 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are heterogeneous assemblies of assorted sensory neuron cell bodies found in bilateral pairs at every level of the spinal column. Pseudounipolar afferent neurons convert external stimuli from the environment into electrical signals that are retrogradely transmitted to the spinal cord dorsal horn. To do this, they extend single axons from their DRG-resident somas that then bifurcate and project both centrally and distally. DRG can be dissected from mice at embryonic stages and any age post-natally, and have been extensively used to study sensory neuron development and function, response to injury, and pathological processes in acquired and genetic diseases. We have previously published a step-by-step dissection method for the rapid isolation of post-natal mouse DRG. Here, the objective is to extend the protocol by providing training videos that showcase the dissection in fine detail and permit the extraction of ganglia from defined spinal levels.

Results
By following this method, the reader will be able to swiftly and accurately isolate specific lumbar, thoracic, and cervical DRG from mice. Dissected ganglia can then be used for RNA/protein analyses, subjected to immunohistochemical examination, and cultured as explants or dissociated primary neurons, for in-depth investigations of sensory neuron biology.
The influence of surficial features in lava flow modelling
Authors: Tsang Sophia W. R. , Lindsay Jan M. , Coco Giovanni , Deligne Natalia I. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLava flows can cause substantial and immediate damage to the built environment and affect the economy and society over days through to decades. Lava flow modelling can be undertaken to help stakeholders prepare for and respond to lava flow crises. Traditionally, lava flow modelling is conducted on a digital elevation model, but this type of representation of the surface may not be appropriate for all settings. Indeed, we suggest that in urban areas a digital surface model may more accurately capture all of the obstacles a lava flow would encounter. We use three effusive eruption scenarios in the well-studied Auckland Volcanic Field (New Zealand) to demonstrate the difference between modelling on an elevation model versus on a surface model. The influence of surficial features on lava flow modelling results is quantified using a modified Jaccard coefficient. For the scenario in the most urbanised environment, the Jaccard coefficient is 40%, indicating less than half of the footprints overlap, while for the scenario in the least urbanised environment, the Jaccard coefficient is 90%, indicating substantial overlap. We find that manmade surficial features can influence the hazard posed by lava flows and that a digital surface model may be more applicable in highly modified environments.
Country-level interventions for the prevention and management of hypertension through the modification of social determinants of health: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Arabi Basharic Fateme , Janati Ali , Pezeshki Mohammad Zakaria , Khodayari-Zarnaq Rahim , Sadeghi-Ghyassi Fatemeh , Gholizadeh Masoumeh 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Hypertension is one of the public health challenges. Various risk factors are associated with hypertension, including social demographics, geographical location, health behaviours, and social stress. Interventions in the social determinants of health can improve hypertension and health promotion. Accordingly, different sectors such as agriculture, housing, education, and transportation should cooperate. This systematic review examines policies as a set of activities and actions/interventions aimed at the modification of the social determinants of health to prevent hypertension.

Methods
A systematic search will be conducted in Medline (via Ovid), PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and scientific Persian databases including SID and Magiran. There will be no time restriction. The quality of selected studies will be assessed using an appropriate Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklists according to the type of studies. Two independent researchers will carry out screening and quality assessment. Disagreement between two researchers will be resolved by a third party.

Discussion
Recommendations will be made for policymakers in order to make better evidence-based decisions about the prevention and management of hypertension with regard to the social determinants of health.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42020152298
Modified Chebyshev collocation method for delayed predator–prey system
Authors: Dengata J. , Ma Shufang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, the approximate solutions of the predator–prey system with delay have been obtained by using the modified Chebyshev collocation method. The main technique is that this method transforms the original problem into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. By using the residual function of the operator equations, error differential equations are constructed and thus the approximate solutions are corrected. A numerical example is given to confirm the reliability and applicability of the method, and comparisons with existing results are given. The numerical results show that the obtained solutions are in good agreement with earlier studies.