bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Perspective of Tornadoes
Authors: Mehta Kishor C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to tornado storms from an engineering perspective. The material included here relates to warnings and subsequent response by people, the chance of tornado hazard at a location, tornado–structure interaction, and building design for tornadoes for life safety. Other chapters in this handbook, referenced here, give details on interrelated subjects, in this chapter, reader will gain an overview of the available knowledge on tornadoes from an engineering perspective. Other chapters of this handbook and the references at the end of this chapter can provide in-depth understanding of engineering other aspects of tornado.
The Ethical Challenges of Political Science Field Experiments
Authors: Desposato Scott 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Perhaps the most dramatic change in political science over the last since the 1990’s has been the sudden and exponential growth in experimental research. From an obscure methodology used only by a few subfields, experimental designs are now widely and frequently used in all parts of political science. This change has brought with it a new series of ethical challenges, some echoing earlier ethical problems but many new and unique to this discipline. In this chapter, the author identifies the new challenges and emerging debates involving experimental political science. The greatest current controversies involve field experiments that are conducted without the consent of subjects or affected bystanders. The author considers the ethical issues involved as well as the opinions of subjects and scholars about experiments conducted without consent.
Not-Minster? Australia’s Bespoke System of Government
Authors: Grube Dennis C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Australia’s system of government has inherited traditions from both sides of the Atlantic. The institutions of a representative parliamentary democracy of the British type sit side by side with an American-style senate and a federal structure that shares power between the states and the Commonwealth. How to accurately describe and categorize these arrangements has vexed scholars for much of the past century. Is it a Westminster system, a Washminster system, or something else entirely? This chapter suggests that these arguments over categorization flounder because the Australian model is in fact unique—a bespoke creation that reflects all the individual aspects of Australia’s history and approach to democracy.
Opposition Parties and Political Change in Zimbabwe
Authors: LeBas Adrienne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the performance of Zimbabwean opposition parties in elections is chiefly determined by dynamics internal to these parties. The key determinant internal factor is opposition parties’ ability to develop and sustain effective mobilizing structures. Zimbabwe’s current main opposition party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), stands out in this regard because it has, historically, appropriated the mobilizing structures of other organizations, such as trade unions, followed (however inconsistently) inclusive internal democracy procedures and constructed a highly partisan identity that prevents defections to the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party. Taken together, the chapter argues that these internal factors have enabled the MDC to maintain considerable broad-based national appeal for approximately two decades, a quality that most opposition parties since independence have lacked. The chapter’s argument about the efficacy of mobilizing structures, partisan behaviours and incomplete tenets of internal democracy, is a corrective to explanations of Zimbabwean politics that overemphasize the significance of ZANU-PF’s election rigging strategies, in determining the success of opposition parties.
Enacting Social Change Through Buddhist Meditation
Authors: Gleig Ann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter illustrates connections between meditation and social change, distinguishing assimilative and radical currents recognizable in the adoption of meditation as a tool of social stability and social transformation, especially within a North American context. The assimilative approach rests on the assumption that individual meditation practice will naturally lead to social transformation. It underlies the incorporation of meditation into established public institutions such as schools, hospitals, and the political arena. The radical current shifts focus from individual practice to structural change and collective liberation and is most visible in progressive social activist communities, which have adopted meditation as a strategy of self-care and a creative tool of protest. Both radical and assimilative currents have roots in the modernization of Buddhism that began during colonialism, which has led to the de-contextualization of meditation from its traditional religious matrix and its re-contextualization in various new matrices including ones primarily geared toward social transformation and justice.
Newton and Chronology
Authors: Schilt Cornelis J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article details Isaac Newton’s studies of chronology, which resulted in the posthumously published Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended. In the Chronology, Newton employed methods from genealogy and astronomy to provide a much-contracted history of the Mediterranean world that fitted into the time allowed for by Scripture. Originally a single treatise, “Theologiae Gentilis Origines Philosophicae,” discussing the Egyptian origins of star worship and how all ancient mythology could be mapped onto Noah and his progeny, it soon evolved into a multi-chapter work, the “Originals,” which included chapters like “The Original of Religions” and “The Original of Monarchies.” Together with chapters on the history of the monarchies that reigned over Babylon during the Jewish Exile, the “Originals” became the Chronology; but its editorial history demonstrates how Newton’s interest in chronology was motivated by his desire to correctly interpret the apocalyptic prophecies in Scripture.
Citizenship and Gender on the American and Canadian Home Fronts during the First and Second World Wars
Authors: Jensen Kimberly 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the impact and consequences of the First and Second World Wars for the home fronts of Canada and the United States, with a particular focus on the definitions of and challenges to gendered systems of citizenship. Many Americans and Canadians actively claimed an expanded citizenship as a reward for their wartime service. However, that service brought imperatives for loyalty and national security that resulted in severe restrictions on civil liberties and citizenship in the name of national security during and after these conflicts. In the First World War, both nations designed programs and propaganda to define citizenship in the narrow confines of “100% Americanism” and “Canadian nationalism” at the expense of diversity and dissent, and they reflected notions of traditional gender roles and suspicion of those who did not follow such prescriptions. Gendered wartime citizenship in Canada and the United States during both world wars related directly to the home-front conceptions of armed conflict and war.
Gender, Peace, and the New Politics of Humanitarianism in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Sluga Glenda 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the changing ideas of peace and their connections with the longer history of humanitarianism in the first half of the twentieth century, using gender as an analytical focus. In particular, it explores the international and internationalist contexts of the emerging peace movement and international humanitarianism and their changing character; the gender dimensions of peace-thinking and policies, especially in the context of the League of Nations and the United Nations; and the ways in which feminism was a significant influence on the development of these two international bodies, even as women were sidelined in their operations. In the first half of the twentieth century, these international, intergovernmental organizations had as their central rationale the taming of warfare. The chapter analyzes the extent to which, in each case, they contributed to the institutionalization of new gendered international norms of pacifist and humanitarian activism.
Gender, Wars of Globalization, and Humanitarian Interventions since the End of the Cold War
Authors: Williams Kristen P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The collapse of the Soviet Union, peaceful revolutions in central and Eastern Europe that ended communist rule, and the reunification of Germany marked the end of the Cold War. Different than originally hoped, this did not usher in a new period of peace and stability around the world. Instead, three decades since the emergence of this new era in world politics, conflicts continue to afflict the international community, predominantly in the form of intrastate, or civil, wars (although interstate wars are also present). Exploring the most recent history of gender, military, and war, this chapter examines to what extent the current era of globalization comes with new types of wars, changes in modes of waging war, and humanitarian intervention and how they are related to gender.
Society, Mass Warfare, and Gender in Europe during and after the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Authors: Forrest Alan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The period of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars between 1792 and 1815 was characterized by mass warfare on an unprecedented scale. All the belligerent states used large armies that were principally composed of volunteers, militias, and conscripts and were increasingly mobilized by patriotic and nationalist rhetoric. But warfare on this scale did not depend only on the military; it also required the mobilization of society to provide material war support, medical care, and war charity. Civilians played a significant role in these wars. They were the victims of war violence and were also a target for economic warfare. This chapter explores the implications of this new form of mass warfare for women and for the gender order. After discussing the major changes in the political and military order and their consequences for the waging of war during this period, the chapter examines the costs of the new forms of mass warfare for society and explores the different forms of encounter between soldiers and civilians. The final section looks at the variety of ways in which women contributed to the war effort.
West Africa
Authors: Insoll Timothy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWest Africa is a vast and environmentally diverse region. Its diversity is reflected in its archaeological record, including the Islamic and trans-Saharan trade-associated components. This chapter reviews relevant archaeological research across West Africa through adopting a primarily chronological approach. The indigenous origins of the great medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai are highlighted and their participation in long-distance trans-Saharan networks explored. The major Sahelian trade centers such as Koumbi-Saleh, Essouk-Tadmekka, and Gao are considered, as are entrepot further south that were linked with Muslim merchant groups such as the Mande, agents who connected Sahel to savannah to forest. The commodities of long-distance trade are evaluated in detail, and the extent to which archaeology indicates the networks stretched far into West Africa without necessarily being accompanied by Islamization is appraised. Finally, the limited archaeological research undertaken on the jihads of the 19th century is presented and the “state” of research examined by way of conclusion.
Central Sudan
Authors: Magnavita Carlos , Sule Abubakar Sani 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn view of the paucity of research, the Islamic archaeology of the Central Sudan and Sahel remains one of the less well known of the African continent. While this also applies to the material legacy of the past six centuries, it is particularly sites and remains from the early period of Islamic influence in the region that are virtually unexplored. The earliest and most expressive elements of the archaeology of Islam in the Central Sudan and Sahel are elite sites related to powerful indigenous states: Kanem-Borno around Lake Chad and the Hausa city-states to the west. In view of their pivotal role in the introduction and propagation of the new religion and culture, the archaeology of those states is particularly significant when addressing the theme. Taking into account the current absence of a comprehensive body of archaeological evidence, this chapter relies on historical knowledge and interpretation as background to discussing a range of archaeological sites, structures, and features that are relevant material expressions of the impact of early and late Arab-Islamic influence in the region. The authors conclude by emphasizing the still untapped, enormous potential of research on the archaeology of Islam in the Central Sudan and Sahel.
South Asia
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad , Shokoohy Natalie H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In South Asian archaeology, Buddhist and Hindu sites and monuments dominate, while Muslim ones, with the exception of a few grand edifices, have never been given the priority they deserve. In India, there has been little significant excavation of any Muslim sites, but during the British period the major ones were gradually identified, some of the better-preserved monuments were restored, while the ruins, if regarded as significant, were cleared of debris and rudimentary efforts made to preserve the standing remains. After Partition, the Archaeological Survey of India continued to maintain Muslim sites such as those in Delhi; the forts and monuments of Bidar, Bijapur, Daulatabad, and Gulbarga in the Deccan; scattered remains in Gaur and Pandua (the site of Laknautī, the Muslim capital of Bengal); and the monuments in Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Sasaram in Bihar. The monuments of Ahmadabad and some other towns of Gujarat have been more extensively studied. Whatever has been undertaken in the way of fresh exploration in North and South India has been mainly by independent scholars and experts. In Pakistan, some excavation has been carried out in the early Muslim sites, including at Banbhore, the site of the ancient port of Daibul, and at Brahmanābād, the site of al-Manṣūra, the seat of the Arab governor of Sind, both dating from the first and second century of the Hijra. In Bangladesh, the historic sites already restored before Partition have been maintained, but funds and resources to carry out fresh excavations or restoration are lacking. Much is left for present and future archaeologists to explore.
Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov theory for odd-mass nuclei with a time-odd constraint and application to deformed halo nuclei
Authors: Kasuya Haruki , Yoshida Kenichi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We show that the lowest-energy solution of the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) equation has even particle-number parity as long as the time-reversal symmetry is conserved in the HFB Hamiltonian without null eigenvalues. Based on this finding, we give a rigorous foundation for a method for solving the HFB equation to describe the ground state of odd-mass nuclei by employing a time-reversal antisymmetric constraint operator to the Hamiltonian, where one obtains directly the ground state as a self-consistent solution of the cranked-HFB-type equation. Numerical analysis is performed for the neutron-rich Mg isotopes with a reasonable choice for the operator, and it is demonstrated that the anomalous increase in the matter radius of $^{37}$Mg is well described when the last neutron occupies a low-angular-momentum orbital in the framework of the nuclear energy density functional method, revealing the deformed halo structure.
Frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia and malnutrition as comorbid conditions and their associations with mortality: a prospective study from UK Biobank
Authors: Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Pell Jill P , Celis-Morales Carlos , Ho Frederick K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia and malnutrition are clinical conditions that share similar diagnostic criteria. This study aimed to investigate the clustering and mortality risk among these clinical conditions in middle- and older-aged adults.

Methods
111 983 participants from UK Biobank were included. Sarcopenia was defined according to the EWGSOP 2019 while frailty using a modified version of the Fried criteria. Cachexia was defined using the Evans et al. classification and malnutrition using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition. The exposure variable was categorized as: no conditions; frailty only (one condition); frailty with sarcopenia (two conditions); frailty with ≥2 other conditions (three or four conditions). Its association with all-cause mortality was investigated using Cox-proportional hazard analysis.

Results
Frailty had the highest prevalence (45%) and was present in 92.1% of people with malnutrition and everyone with sarcopenia or cachexia. Compared with people with no conditions, those with frailty only and frailty with sarcopenia had higher risk of all-cause mortality. Individuals with frailty plus ≥2 other conditions had even higher risk (HR: 4.96 [95% CI: 2.73 to 9.01]).

Conclusions
The four clinical conditions investigated overlapped considerably, being frailty the most common. The risk of all-cause mortality increased with the increasing number of conditions in addition to frailty.
Prognostic values of anti-Ro52 antibodies in anti-MDA5-positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis associated with interstitial lung disease
Authors: Xu Antao , Ye Yan , Fu Qiong , Lian Xinyue , Chen Sheng , Guo Qiang , Lu Liang-jing , Dai Min , Lv Xia , Bao Chunde 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Anti-Ro52 antibody often co-occurs with anti-Jo1 antibody in antisynthetase syndrome and their co-occurrence correlates with a more aggressive clinical phenotype and poorer prognosis. The strong association of anti-Ro52 antibody with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 (anti-MDA5) antibody has been indicated in juvenile myositis. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of anti-Ro52 antibody in a cohort of adult patients with anti-MDA5-positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis with interstitial lung disease (CADM-ILD).

Methods
We assessed a cohort of 83 consecutive patients with anti-MDA5-positive CADM-ILD. Anti-MDA5 antibodies and anti-Ro52 antibodies were detected in immunoblotting and semi-quantitatively analysed by densitometry. Clinical features and the 24 month survival were compared between anti-MDA5-positive patients with and without anti-Ro52 antibodies.

Results
Anti-Ro52 antibodies were found in 74.7% of anti-MDA5-positive CADM-ILD patients and were associated with an increased frequency of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD; 54.8% vs 23.8%; P = 0.014) and cutaneous ulcerations (27.4% vs 4.8%; P = 0.033). The cumulative 24 month survival rate tended to be lower in patients with anti-Ro52 antibodies than patients without (59.9% vs 85.7%; P = 0.051). The combination of anti-Ro52 antibody status and anti-MDA5 antibody levels further stratified patients’ survival rates, showing that the survival rate of patients who were dual positive for anti-MDA5 antibody and anti-Ro52 antibody was significantly lower than patients with mild positive anti-MDA5 antibody alone (59.9% vs 100%; P = 0.019).

Conclusion
Anti-Ro52 antibody is highly prevalent in anti-MDA5-positive CADM-ILD patients and their coexistence correlates with a subgroup of patients with more aggressive phenotypes. The combination of anti-MDA5 antibody levels and anti-Ro52 antibody status could help to predict patients’ prognosis and guide risk-based therapy.
ESTIMATING RADIATION DOSE TO MAJOR ORGANS IN DENTAL X-RAY EXAMINATIONS: A PHANTOM STUDY
Authors: Li Yong , Huang Bingsheng , Cao Jun , Fang Tianqi , Liu Guoqing , Li Xuguang , Wu Jiabao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The radiation doses absorbed by major organs of males and females were studied from three types of dental X-ray devices. The absorbed doses from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), panoramic and intraoral X-ray machines were in the range of 0.23–1314.85 μGy, and were observed to be high in organs and tissues located in or adjacent to the irradiated area, there were discrepancies in organ doses between male and female. Thyroid, salivary gland, eye lens and brain were the organs that received higher absorbed doses. The organ absorbed doses were considerably lower than the diagnostic reference level for dental radiography in China. The calculated effective radiation doses for males and females were 56.63, 8.15, 2.56 μSv and 55.18, 8.99, 2.39 μSv, respectively, when using CBCT, the panoramic X-ray machine and intraoral X-ray machine. The effective radiation dose caused by CBCT was much higher than those of panoramic and intraoral X-ray machines.
The impact of frailty in older women undergoing pelvic floor reconstructive surgery
Authors: Shaw Jonathan S. , Erekson Elisabeth , Richter Holly E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Importance and Objective:
Women ≥ 65 years old commonly undergo pelvic surgery but are often not screened for coexisting frailty, the presence of which increases the risk of postoperative complications. In the absence of a current consensus, the objective of this review is to discuss the incorporation of a frailty assessment into the work-up of women undergoing pelvic floor reconstructive surgery.

Methods:
This is a review of the literature, focusing on measurements of frailty including the Edmonton Frail Scale, FRAIL scale, Groningen Frailty Indicator, frailty phenotype, Tilburg Frailty Indicator, a 70-item frailty index, Mini-Cog score, Charlson comorbidity index, timed up and go test, and life-space assessment. Their use in the perioperative management of older women undergoing pelvic floor reconstructive surgery will be discussed.

Discussion and Conclusion:
Understanding the concept of frailty and how it may affect surgical decisions and outcomes is essential. The timed up and go test, life space assessment and Mini-Cog assessment at a minimum should be considered preoperatively in patients over the age of 65 years old planning pelvic floor or elective surgery.

Video Summary:

http://links.lww.com/MENO/A676.
ASSOCIATION OF PIGMENTED PARAVENOUS RETINOCHOROIDAL ATROPHY WITH A PATHOGENIC VARIANT IN THE HK1 GENE
Authors: Shah Saumya M. , Schimmenti Lisa A. , Chiang John , Iezzi Raymond 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report a case of pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy in a patient that was found to have an autosomal dominant pathogenic variant of the hexokinase 1 (HK1) gene.

Methods:
A case report.

Results:
A 41-year-old White woman with a distant family history of retinitis pigmentosa presented with a 5-year history of bilateral blurry and decreased vision that led to eventual loss of ability to drive. Color funduscopic photographs revealed retinochoroidal atrophy, hyper-reflective spots within the retina, and a paravenous distribution of pigment bilaterally. Given the patient's familial ocular history and workup, she was diagnosed with inherited retinal degeneration with phenotype suggestive of pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy. Genetic testing revealed a single rare variant, c.2551 G>A in the HK1 gene.

Discussion:
This case describes a pathogenic variant in HK1, a gene that has been associated with RP, but has not been previously reported in association with the pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy phenotype. This expands the phenotypes associated with HK1 pathogenic variant, p.Glu851Lys, and the genetic association of pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy to include HK1. Although pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy has been previously reported to be associated with CRB1 gene, no previous relationship to the HK1 gene has been described.