bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Epistemological Arguments against Two Semantic Dispositionalisms
Authors: Guardo Andrea 
Published: October 2020

Even though he is not very explicit about it, in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language Kripke discusses two different, albeit related, skeptical theses – the first one in the philosophy of mind, the second one in the metaphysics of language. Usually, what Kripke says about one thesis can be easily applied to the other one, too; however, things are not always that simple. In this paper, I discuss the case of the so-called “Normativity Argument” against semantic dispositionalism (which I take to be epistemological in nature) and argue that it is much stronger as an argument in the philosophy of mind than when it is construed as an argument in the metaphysics of language.
Entire multivariate vector-valued functions of bounded $\mathbf{L}$-index: analog of Fricke’s theorem
Authors: Bandura A. I. , Baksa V. P. 
Published: October 2020

We consider a class of vector-valued entire functions $F\colon \mathbb{C}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{p}$. For this class of functions there is introduced a concept of boundedness of $\mathbf{L}$-index in joint variables.
Let $|\cdot|_p$ be a norm in $\mathbb{C}^p$. Let $\mathbf{L}(z)=(l_{1}(z),\ldots,l_{n}(z))$, where $l_{j}(z)\colon \mathbb{C}^{n}\to \mathbb{R}_+$ is a positive continuous function.An entire vector-valued function $F\colon \mathbb{C}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{p}$ is said to be ofbounded $\mathbf{L}$-index (in joint variables), if there exists $n_{0}\in \mathbb{Z}_{+}$ such that
$\displaystyle \forall z\in G \ \ \forall J \in \mathbb{Z}^n_{+}\colon \quad\frac{|F^{(J)}(z)|_p}{J!\mathbf{L}^J(z)}\leq \max \left \{\frac{|F^{(K)}(z)|_p}{K!\mathbf{L}^K(z)} \colon K\in \mathbb{Z}^n_{+}, \|K\|\leq n_{0} \right \}.$
We assume the function $\mathbf{L}\colon \mathbb{C}^n\to\mathbb{R}^p_+$ such that $0< \lambda _{1,j}(R)\leq\lambda _{2,j}(R)<\infty$ for any $j\in \{1,2,\ldots, p\}$ and $\forall R\in \mathbb{R}_{+}^{p},$where $\lambda _{1,j}(R)=\inf\limits_{z_{0}\in \mathbb{C}^{p}} \inf \left \{{l_{j}(z)}/{l_{j}(z_{0})}\colon z\in \mathbb{D}^{n}[z_{0},R/\mathbf{L}(z_{0})]\right \},$ $\lambda _{2,j}(R)$ is defined analogously with replacement $\inf$ by $\sup$.It is proved the following theorem:Let $|A|_p=\max\{|a_j|\colon 1\leq j\leq p\}$ for $A=(a_1,\ldots,a_p)\in\mathbb{C}^p$. An entire vector-valued function $F$ has bounded $\mathbf{L}$-index in joint variables if and only if for every $R\in \mathbb{R}^{n}_+$ there exist $n_{0}\in \mathbb{Z}_{+}$, $p_0>0$ such that for all $z_{0}\in \mathbb{C}^{n}$ there exists $K_{0}\in \mathbb{Z}_{+}^{n}$, $\|K_0\|\leq n_{0}$, satisfying inequality
$\displaystyle\!\max\!\left \{\frac{|F^{(K)}(z)|_p}{K!\mathbf{L}^{K}(z)} \colon \|K\|\leq n_{0},z\in \mathbb{D}^{n}[z_{0},R/\mathbf{L}(z_{0})]\right \}%\leq \nonumber\\\label{eq:5}\leq p_{0}\frac{|F^{(K_0)}(z_0)|_p}{K_0!\mathbf{L}^{K_0}(z_0)},$
where $\mathbb{D}^{n}[z_{0},R]=\{z=(z_1,\ldots,z_n)\in \mathbb{C}^{n}\colon |z_1-z_{0,1}|<r_{1},\ldots, |z_n-z_{0,n}|<r_{n}\}$ is the polydisc with $z_0=(z_{0,1},\ldots,z_{0,n}),$\ $R=(r_{1},\ldots,r_{n})$.
This theorem is an analog of Fricke's Theorem obtained for entire functions of bounded index of one complex variable.
Validity and Reliability of the Nepali Version of the General Oral Health Assessment Index (Gohai) in Nepali Population
Authors: Singh Tanuja , Ghimire Tika Ram 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Oral health problems are more chronic and severe. Various instruments have been developed to measure Oral Health Quality of Life. General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) is a well-established, frequently used questionnaire for measuring OHQoL for geriatric and general population.
Objectives: The objective of the study is to translate the GOHAI in Nepali and to assess its reliability and validity.
Methodology: This study was conducted on the patient attending department of Prosthodontics, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences from March 2017 to February 2018. The GOHAI questionnaire was translated into Nepali version from English and back translated. Nepali version of GOHAI was pilot tested on 50 adult population to test the comprehensibility of the questionnaire, and then required alterations were done. The final Nepali version of GOHAI was administered to 301 (aged 20-70 years) adults along with the self-informed questionnaire. Clinical examination was done on the same day by a single examiner using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Reliability was analyzed using test-retest, cronbach alpha and split half reliability. For validity, discriminant validity and construct validity were calculated.
Results: Cronbach's alpha was 0.749, which indicated good overall internal consistency and homogeneity. For test-retest, the spearman's rho correlation coefficient between visits ranged from 0.641-0.952 for all twelve questionnaires indicating strong correlation with p-value< 0.001.
Conclusion Nepali version of the GOHAI exhibited acceptable reliability and validity in the people of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. This instrument can be applied to evaluate OHRQoL of different age groups as it was carried out in all the age groups.
Attitude of Nurses towards Care of Elderly People in Teaching Hospitals of Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Khagi Bina Rana , Maharjan Shanti Awale , Bajracharya Shobha Laxmi , Upadhyay Radhika , Shrestha Kabita Bade 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Globally, the numbers of elderly population are increasing which is one of the challenges for nurses in health care setting. Nurses' attitude towards elderly people is associated to quality of care they provide.
Objective To identify attitude of nurses towards care of elderly people in teaching hospitals of Kathmandu valley.
Methodology A cross sectional research design was used to identify attitude of nurses towards care of elderly people. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select 450 nurses. Ethical approval was taken from Institutional Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council. Data collection was done from 17 April 2017 to 16 April 2018 by using self-administrative questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics and Multi-factorial Attitude Questionnaires (MAQ) to measure attitude. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results The study revealed that 55.3% of respondents had negative attitude and 44.7% had positive attitude towards care of elderly people. There was significant association between age, marital status, studied geriatric nursing and work experiences in nursing with attitudes of nurses. However, there is no association found of ethnicity, religion, type of family, living with elderly, education and currently working with elderly with attitudes of nurses.
Conclusion From these findings, it is concluded that about more than half of the nurses had negative attitude towards care of elderly. Gerontological nursing course plays significant role in the attitude of nurses. Therefore, it should be given continuity in all level of nursing education for providing quality care of elderly people.
Septoplasty in Pediatric Population: A Ten Years' Experience
Authors: Koirala Krishna Prasad 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Septoplasty is a commonly performed surgical procedure worldwide in otorhinolaryngology. Septoplasty aims to correct the deviated nasal septum at the midline thereby opening the nasal airway in patients with long standing nasal obstruction secondary to septal deviation. Nasal breathing is important for proper facial growth and improvement of quality of life in children. Most surgeons are still reluctant to perform septoplasty in children. But septoplasty should be performed in children if there are severe breathing problems related to septal deviation.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to identify the incidence of children presenting with symptomatic nasal septal deviation and to analyze the early outcomes of septal surgery in children with regard to improvement in nasal symptoms, residual disease and need for revision surgery.
Methodology: Children less than seventeen years of age who underwent septoplasty for symptomatic DNS from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2018 were enrolled in the study. Patients having the follow up record of at least 6 months after surgery were included in the final analysis.
Results: There were 37 male and 13 female children enrolled in the study. Male to female ratio was 2.84:1.Majority of children in the study were of 13 years (24%). Left sided DNS was seen in 28 children and right sided DNS in 22 children. Bleeding requiring re-packing, septal hematoma, recurrent DNS, synechia and septal perforation were the common complications, which were comparable to adult population.
Conclusion: Early correction of the obstructed nose due to deviated nasal septum is essential to provide normal nasal breathing, relieve complications of mouth breathing and to promote normal craniofacial growth. Septoplasty can be performed in pediatric population with relatively good results without occurrence of nasal deformity and equal complications as that in adults.
Role of Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Evaluation of Extracranial Carotid Artery in Stroke Patients: A Prospective Study
Authors: Yadav Ajay Kumar , Dev Binit , Taparia Sushil , Yadav Neha , Upadhyaya Bishal Babu , Kumar Parvez , Mandal Rakesh , Rajbanshi Lalit Kumar 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Stroke is life threatening & debilitating neurological disease, defined as focal neurological deficit of sudden onset lasting >24 hours & vascular in origin. Significant association between ischemic type of stroke with carotid artery disease seen, more prevalent with carotid artery stenosis.
Objectives: This study was done to show association between extracranial carotid artery disease & cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) with the help of Color Doppler Sonography (CDS). The association between carotid artery disease with associated risk factors were also assessed.
Methodology: In this ethically approved prospective study, carotid CDS was done in 79 consecutive patients with diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The various parameters studied included peak systolic velocity (PSV) of internal carotid artery (ICA) & common carotid artery (CCA), ICA/CCA PSV ratio & plaque characteristics. The data collected was analyzed with appropriate statistical test of significance was calculated.
Results: Total 79 patients with AIS included out of which 53 were males & 26 were females. The most common presenting complains were hemiparesis (30.4%) & most commonly associated risk factors included hypertension (62.02%). Right sided strokes were most common (44.3%) & middle cerebral artery was most commonly involved vascular territory. Significant stenosis (≥50%) of carotid artery was seen in 27 patients with ICA most common site (45.8%) for plaque formation. Bilateral carotid artery involvement (52.1%) with hypoechoic echotexture of atheromatous plaques (46.6%) was most responsible for significant stenosis & increased intima media thickness. Increased value of PSV & EDV was seen in the stenotic area in the proportion of stenosis with increased PSV ICA/CCA ratio of more than three indicates >60% stenosis.
Conclusion: The present study showed well documented role of carotid doppler in detection of site & extent of carotid artery stenosis due to atheromatous plaques of various characteristics playing critical role in thromboembolic phenomenon responsible for development of stroke.
Eosinophil Count Variation among Histopathological Features of Appendectomy Specimens at Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Kafle Santosh Upadhyaya , Singh Mrinalini , Kafle Neeta , Sinha Amrita 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: The histopathological examination of appendectomy specimens is the gold standard method for diagnosis. The presence of eosinophil besides other inflammatory cells like neutrophils and mature lymphocytes within different histological layers of appendectomy specimens are common findings for labeling it under various groups. This finding supports the assumption that appendicitis is triggered by Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.
Objective: To evaluate the eosinophil count variation in appendectomy specimens in patients with the clinical diagnosis of appendicitis.
Methodology: This is a cross sectional hospital based study of 144 appendectomy specimens obtained in Department of Pathology, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. Socio-demographic data, association of histopathological patterns with age groups, gender and eosinophil count in various histopathological groups was compared and cross-tabulated using SPSS version 16.
Result: Among 144 appendectomy specimens, male gender (50.70%) of 15-24 years age group (36.80%) was predominant. The commonest histopathological diagnosis was acute appendicitis (31.25%) with highest eosinophil count in all of its histological layers. The association of various histopathological patterns with age groups and gender were not statistically significant, whereas it revealed statistically significant correlation between eosinophil counts in all histological layers.
Conclusion: Findings suggest that the eosinophil count variation in the entire histological layers correlate well among different histopathological patterns of appendectomy specimens. This reflects the high diagnostic value of evaluating the eosinophil count in appendectomy specimens.
Outcomes of Conventional External Dacryocystorhinostomy with and without Mitomycin C: Experience from Eastern Nepal
Authors: Khadka Simanta , Joshi Purushottam , Subedi Basnet Prava , Pradhan Chandni 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the commonest surgery for nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Inhibition of the scarring process within the anastomosis and rhinostomy site which has been attributed to the failure of this procedure, might improve the success rate of DCR. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of DCR with Mitomycin-C (MMC) and to compare the results of DCR with and without MMC.
Materials and methods: A hospital based, prospective study was conducted in patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Standard conventional DCR was performed upto the level of creation of flaps. Application of MMC 0.2 mg/ml in and around the ostium and underneath the created flaps for two minutes was effected with cotton pledgets. The area was thoroughly washed with normal saline after removal of the pledgets. Rest of the surgery was completed as usual. The patients were followed up on the first postoperative day, one month and three months post surgery.
Results: A total of 60 cases, 30 in each group were allocated. The success rate of DCR with MMC was found to be 96.7% compared to 86.7% (p=0.35) in the DCR group at the end of three months duration.
Conclusions: Intraoperative application of MMC during conventional DCR surgery provides a comparatively higher success rate than DCR without MMC without posing any extra financial burden and adverse drug reaction to the patient.
Bilateral simultaneous multilayered retinal hemorrhages in a young adult with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): A rare case report
Authors: Sood Gitanjli , Saraswat Neeraj Kumar , Samanta Ramanuj , Kumawat Devesh , Agrawal Ajai , Mittal Sanjeev Kumar 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an autoimmune hematological disorder characterized by isolated low platelet count without any known clinically apparent etiology. Although usually most cases are asymptomatic, it may present with bleeding manifestations in forms of bruises, petechiae, nose bleeding etc. Very rarely, it may present with ocular manifestations in the form of subretinal, preretinal, intraretinal or vitreous haemorrhage.
Case: A 26-year-old female presented to the ophthalmology department with chief complaint of sudden painless diminution of vision in both eyes for the last one week. Her best corrected visual acuity for distance was 20/200 in right eye and 20/600 in left eye. Dilated fundus examination showed right eye sub-internal limiting membrane (ILM) haemorrhage, left eye large subretinal and intra-retinal haemorrhages over posterior pole, with Roth’s spot in both eyes. Haematological investigations revealed moderate anaemia (Hemoglobin level of 7 gm %) and severe thrombocytopenia (25,000/ ul). Diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was made after consultation with an internist. She was treated with systemic steroid and blood transfusion for systemic disease and kept under regular ophthalmic follow up. Over a period of six months, she showed gradual near total resolution of retinal hemorrhages in both eyes and improvement in visual acuity in both eyes.
Conclusion: This case gives a unique outlook to simultaneous varied ocular manifestations of ITP in a single patient and stresses upon thorough systemic evaluation in the presence of such manifestations. Optimization of systemic parameters without active ocular intervention in select cases may achieve favourable outcome.
Anaemic retinopathy in megaloblastic anaemia
Authors: Pakalapati Pradeep , Shanwaz Afrin 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Anaemias are the commonest haematological disorders which cause ocular manifestations. With the progression of disease, retinal haemorrhages, dilated and tortuous veins, cotton wool spots may occur in the ocular fundus.
Case: An 18-year-old female patient presented to our out patient department with the sudden, painless, non-progressive blurring of vision in both eyes (best-corrected visual acuity in the right eye is 6/60, and left eye is 6/36) for two days. On Ophthalmological examination, bilateral pale tarsal conjunctiva, yellowish discolouration of the sclera, hyperemic optic discs, macular haemorrhages, superficial and deep haemorrhages with Roth spots were observed. The haematological evaluation showed the presence of Megaloblastic anaemia (with haemoglobin - 2.5g%). There was severe pallor on general examination. Mild hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were noted on the systemic examination and confirmed by ultrasound abdomen. Intraocular pressure was 11 mmHg in both eyes.
Conclusion: This case documents the occurrence of bilateral macular haemorrhages and Roth spots in megaloblastic anaemia without thrombocytopenia. Other causes of Roth spots were excluded. Treatment of anaemia showed resolution of Roth spots.
A Rare Case of Conjunctival Melanoma with Orbital Invasion
Authors: Guerra-Perez Lina Maria , Bonilla-Escobar Francisco J. , Salamanca Omar , Martínez-Blanco Alexander , Alarcon-Arciniegas Carolina 
Published: October 2020

Letter to the editor about disparities in healthcare, despite that Nepal and Colombia are countries with very different economies both have patients with eye tumors in advanced stages without adequate follow-up such as the one described in the case in discussion.
Wyreżyserować lekcję. Nauczyciel jako aktor, reżyser i mistrz
Authors: Łukowicz Michał 
Published: October 2020

The article’s aim is to compare the specificity of two theoretically quite remote professions — that of a film director and a teachers. The analysis of differences and convergence points of the said jobs is to capture and particularise the potential of their mutual inspiration. What constitutes the exemplary material around which the presented research revolves are: the elements of the school didactic-upbringing process, work with film crew, and producing and theatrical play. Significant reference points for the analysis were the greatest role models in the field of pedagogics and film directing.
A study on the fuzzy parabolic Volterra partial integro-differential equations
Authors: Qahremani E. , Allahviranloo T. , Abbasbandy S. , Ahmady N. 
Published: October 2020

This paper is concerned with aspects of the analytical fuzzy solutions of the parabolic Volterra partial integro-differential equations under generalized Hukuhara partial differentiability and it consists of two parts. The first part of this paper deals with aspects of background knowledge in fuzzy mathematics, with emphasis on the generalized Hukuhara partial differentiability. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the fuzzy Volterra partial integro-differential equations by considering the type of [gH - p]-differentiability of solutions are proved in this part. The second part is concerned with the central themes of this paper, using the fuzzy Laplace transform method for solving the fuzzy parabolic Volterra partial integro-differential equations with emphasis on the type of [gH - p]-differentiability of solution. We test the effectiveness of method by solving some fuzzy Volterra partial integro-differential equations of parabolic type.
Material decomposition for simulated dual-energy breast computed tomography via hybrid optimization method
Authors: Komolafe Temitope E. , Du Qiang , Zhang Yin , Wu Zhongyi , Zhang Cheng , Li Ming , Zheng Jian , Yang Xiaodong 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Dual-energy breast CT reconstruction has a potential application that includes separation of microcalcification from healthy breast tissue for assisting early breast cancer detection. OBJECTIVE: To investigate and validate the noise suppression algorithm applied in the decomposition of the simulated breast phantom into microcalcification and healthy breast. METHODS: The proposed hybrid optimization method (HOM) uses a simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) output as a prior image, which is then incorporated into the self-adaptive dictionary learning. This self-adaptive dictionary learning seeks each group of patches to faithfully represent the learned dictionary, and the sparsity and non-local similarity of group patches are used to enforce the image regularization term of the prior image. We simulate a numerical phantom by adding different levels of Gaussian noise to test performance of the proposed method. RESULTS: The mean value of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), and root mean square error (RMSE) for the proposed method are (49.043±1.571), (0.997±0.002), (0.003±0.001) and (51.329±1.998), (0.998±0.002), (0.003±0.001) for 35 kVp and 49 kVp, respectively. The PSNR of the proposed method shows greater improvement over TWIST (5.2%), SART (34.6%), FBP (40.4%) and TWIST (3.7%), SART (39.9%), FBP (50.3%) for 35 kVp and 49 kVp energy images, respectively. For the proposed method, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of decomposed normal breast tissue (NBT) is (22.036±1.535), which exceeded that of TWIST, SART, and FBP by 7.5%, 49.6%, and 96.4%, respectively. The results reveal that the proposed algorithm achieves the best performance in both reconstructed and decomposed images under different levels of noise and the performance is due to the high sparsity and good denoising ability of minimization exploited to solve the convex optimization problem. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potential of applying dual-energy reconstruction in breast CT to detect and separate clustered MCs from healthy breast tissues without noise amplification. Compared to other competing methods, the proposed algorithm achieves the best noise suppression performance for both reconstructed and decomposed images.