bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the mechanical properties of bioactive borophosphate fiber when immersed in aqueous solutions
Authors: Mishra Ayush , Noppari Panu , Boussard‐Plédel Catherine , Petit Laeticia , Massera Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBioactive fibers have become increasingly prevalent for applications in optical sensing and as reinforcement in fully biodegradable devices. However, the typical bioactive glass fibers drawn from silicate glasses have poor mechanical properties. Here, we present our latest study on the development of new bioactive single‐core (SC) borophosphate fiber with the composition (in mol%) 47.5P2O5‐20CaO‐20SrO‐10Na2O‐2.5B2O3and of core‐clad (CC) borophosphate fiber, the composition (in mol%) of the clad and the core being 47.5P2O5‐20CaO‐20SrO‐10Na2O‐2.5B2O3and 0.025CeO2‐0.975(47.5P2O5‐20CaO‐20SrO‐10Na2O‐2.5B2O3), respectively. We show that the immersion in aqueous solutions such as Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) increases first the mechanical properties of the fibers due to the early congruent glass dissolution and so due to the reduction in the density of surface flaws. However, for long immersion in TRIS or in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF), the mechanical properties decrease due to the precipitation of a reactive calcium‐phosphate layer at the surface of the fibers. Especially when immersed for a long time in SBF, the fibers become too fragile to allow one to measure their mechanical properties. Nonetheless, we clearly show in this study that the newly developed fibers are promising materials for reinforcing composite and/or as biosensors as these fibers still possess sufficiently high mechanical properties after immersion for significant time in SBF and/or TRIS.
The role of evolutionary time, diversification rates and dispersal in determining the global diversity of a large radiation of passerine birds
Authors: Cai Tianlong , Shao Shimiao , Kennedy Jonathan D. , Alström Per , Moyle Robert G. , Qu Yanhua , Lei Fumin , Fjeldså Jon 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimVariation in species diversity among different geographical areas may result from differences in speciation and extinction rates, immigration and time for diversification. An area with high species diversity may be the result of a high net diversification rate, multiple immigration events from adjacent regions, and a long time available for the accumulation of species (known as the ‘time‐for‐speciation effect’). Here, we examine the relative importance of the three aforementioned processes in shaping the geographical diversity patterns of a large radiation of passerine birds.LocationGlobal.TaxonBabblers (Aves: Passeriformes).MethodsUsing a comprehensive phylogeny of extant species (~90% sampled) and distributions of the world's babblers, we reconstructed their biogeographical history and analysed the diversification dynamics. We examined how species richness correlates with the timing of regional colonization, the number of immigration events and the rate of speciation within all 13 geographical distribution regions.ResultsWe found that babblers likely originated in the Sino‐Himalayan Mountains (SHM) in the early Miocene, suggesting a long time for diversification and species accumulation within the SHM. Regression analyses showed the regional diversity of babblers can be well explained by the timing of the first colonization within of these areas, while differences in rates of speciation or immigration have far weaker effects. Nonetheless, the rapid speciation ofZosteropsduring the Pleistocene has accounted for the increased diversification and accumulation of species in the oceanic islands.Main ConclusionsOur results suggest that the global diversity patterns of babblers have predominantly been shaped by the time‐for‐speciation effect. Our findings also support an origin centred in tropical and subtropical parts of the SHM, with a cradle of recent diversification in the oceanic islands of the Indo‐Pacific and Indian Ocean regions, which provides new insights into the generation of global biodiversity hotspots.
SOX9‐activated PXN‐AS1 promotes the tumorigenesis of glioblastoma by EZH2‐mediated methylation of DKK1
Authors: Chen Hongjin , Hou Guoqiang , Yang Jian , Chen Weilin , Guo Liemei , Mao Qin , Ge Jianwei , Zhang Xiaohua 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIncreasing evidence has validated the essential regulation of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the biological process of tumours. LncRNA PXN‐AS1 has been discovered to be as a tumour suppressor in pancreatic cancer; however, its function and mechanism remain greatly unknown in glioblastoma (GBM). Our present study indicated that PXN‐AS1 was highly expressed in GBM tissues and cells. Besides, the knock‐down of PXN‐AS1 was closely associated with the inhibitory proliferation and inducing apoptosis of GBM cells. PXN‐AS1 inhibition was also found to restrain GBM tumour growth. Importantly, SOX9 functioned as a transcription factor and activated PXN‐AS1 expression, and overexpressed PXN‐AS1 rescued the inhibitory role of down‐regulated SOX9 in GBM cell growth. Subsequently, it was discovered that PXN‐AS1 activated Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. DKK1 was widely known as an inhibitor gene of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, and its expression was negatively associated with PXN‐AS1 and SOX9. Interestingly, we found that PXN‐AS1 could recruit EZH2 to mediate the H3K27me3 level of DKK1 promoter. Restoration experiments manifested that DKK1 knock‐down counteracted PXN‐AS1 depletion‐mediated repression in GBM cell growth. All facts pointed out that PXN‐AS1 might be of importance in exploring the therapeutic strategies of GBM.
Multi‐stage metamorphism by progressive accretion of continental blocks, example from the Western Hindu Kush
Authors: Moiny Hezbullah , Faryad Shah Wali , Čopjaková Renata , Jedlicka Radim 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBasement rocks from the Western Hindu Kush preserve evidence of multiple metamorphic and magmatic events that occurred along the boundary between the Archean–Proterozoic Afghan Central and Afghan–Tajik Blocks. To verify the different metamorphic stages or events, mineral textures and phase equilibria in metamorphic basement rocks and their age relations to magmatic episodes have been investigated. Quartzofeldspathic gneiss and migmatite with lenses of amphibolite (with assumed Proterozoic age for their metamorphism) are intruded by the Triassic Hindu Kush granitoid batholith and small Cretaceous and Oligocene granite intrusions. The age of thermal overprint (210–170 Ma) by the Triassic batholith is confirmed by new monazite data. Both Triassic and Cretaceous granitoids and surrounding basement rocks underwent subsequent metamorphism up to epidote–amphibolite facies. The degree of this metamorphism increases southward at the contact to the Kabul Block, which under‐plates the Western Hindu Kush from the south. An early Miocene age was obtained by Pb–Th analyses in thorite and huttonite, which are close or slightly younger than the Oligocene granite in this area. The Cretaceous meta‐granodiorite near the border with the Kabul Block contains xenoliths of granulite facies rocks that could come from the Neoarchean granulite facies basement of the Kabul Block. The multi‐stage metamorphic and magmatic evolution classifies the Hindu Kush mountain belt as a long‐lived suture zone that was active since the early Palaeozoic. The results of this study support the interpretation about possible relations of the Afghan Central Blocks to the southern margin of Eurasia during the evolution of Para‐ and Neotethys.
Contemporary use of prescription medications for neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Kennedy Aidan , Christie Alana , Malik Rena D. , Zimmern Philippe E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesFirst‐line treatment for patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is anticholinergic or beta‐3 agonist medication. The addition of a secondary medication in patients with NDO may avoid progression to third‐ and fourth‐line therapies. We aim to identify patterns of medication use for patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) using a national database.MethodsThe National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) database was queried for a sample of ambulatory patient visits from 2003 to 2015. Outpatient visits were included for all patients aged 18 years or older diagnosed with NLUTD. Dual therapy was defined as prescription of two anticholinergics or one anticholinergic + beta‐3 agonist on the same visit. Visits in which medications were prescribed were analyzed with descriptive statistics.ResultsOut of a weighted sample of 5 391 680 patient visits with a primary diagnosis of NLUTD, 1 602 705 (30%) were prescribed medical therapy. Of included patients prescribed NDO medications, the majority were white (80%), located in the Northeast (71%), and of a mean age of 51 ± 3. Of these patients, at least 93% of patients were prescribed anticholinergics, and 37% were prescribed dual therapy. Patients 65 years and older were more likely to initiate a new NDO medication at their visit (43%) than patients under 65 (7%).ConclusionsThis is the first study to analyze the use of medical therapy for NLUTD in a large outpatient setting. Further prospective evaluation of patient satisfaction and efficacy of both single anticholinergic medication and dual therapy is needed.
A case of hemicrania continua‐tic syndrome
Authors: Goto Yudai , Iwamoto Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Naoya 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe report a case of hemicrania continua (HC) accompanied by trigeminal neuralgia (TN). A 35‐year‐old female diagnosed with HC and TN. The patient had 3 different types of headaches: persistent background headache, severe exacerbations, and shock‐like short‐lasting headaches. It was considered that the first and second headaches are symptoms of HC, and the last is symptom of TN. The patient responded to indomethacin with complete relief of HC, but not TN. The correct diagnosis of the two headaches is important as both headaches require separate treatments.
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour in the anterior mandible: a case report
Authors: Walters J. , Shaik S. , Afrogheh A. , Ndonga L.M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAdenomatoid odontogenic tumours are hamartomatous lesions that rarely deviate from their well‐recognised radiological features. However, increasing numbers with atypical radiological features have been reported in recent years. This study reports on a large extrafollicular lesion in the anterior mandible with uncommon radiological features in a 17‐year‐old female. Treatment included enucleation with a histopathological confirmation. Healing was uneventful.
Curvularia spicifera and Curvularia muehlenbeckiae causing leaf blight on Cunninghamia lanceolata
Authors: Cui Wen‐Li , Lu Xiao‐Qiang , Bian Jin‐Yue , Qi Xi‐Ling , Li De‐Wei , Huang Lin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCurvularia includes plant pathogenic species with a worldwide distribution and a wide host range, particularly cereals and grass (Poaceae). Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is an important afforestation tree species in southern China, with a high economic value. Leaf blight disease on Chinese fir was discovered in Hunan and Zhejiang, China, and two fungal species were found to be associated with the symptoms. Using morphological and phylogenetic approaches, they were identified as Curvularia spicifera and Curvularia muehlenbeckiae. They were determined to be the pathogens by fulfilling Koch's postulates. Both showed a pathogenicity on Citrus reticulata and Citrus tangerina, which have a similar geographic distribution to Chinese fir. The similar geographic distribution of these hosts may increase the risk of disease. Based on a literature review, leaf blight caused by C. spicifera and C. muehlenbeckiae is recorded here on a gymnosperm for the first time.
Thermal weed control technologies for conservation agriculture—a review
Authors: Bauer Martin V. , Marx Christian , Bauer Fabienne V. , Flury Dominique M. , Ripken Tammo , Streit Bernhard 
Published: April 2020

AbstractResearch and development activities on non‐chemical weed control methods to date have mainly focused on mechanical and thermal applications. Selectivity in mechanical weed control is obtained using dynamically actuated harrows. Selectivity in thermal weed control is obtained through a certain heat tolerance of the crop. In conservation agriculture (CA), weed emergence is partially suppressed by constant soil cover with crops or cover crops. Large amounts of plant residues therefore remain on the soil, which make mechanical methods inefficient or difficult to implement. And thermal methods need to prevent not only crop damage but also fire from situationally dry plant residues. In this review, technologies that can potentially be used for in‐crop weed control in CA are discussed. The technologies reviewed include spot‐flaming, electric resistance heating, electromagnetic irradiation and steam/hot water application. Their evaluation focuses on efficiency and specificity (spatial precision). This review indicates that existing equipment does not fulfil the spatial precision required in CA and that further research and development is required on this topic. In particular, the authors suggest further research on the use of laser diodes, micro‐flames and capacitive coupling of electric fields. It seems that the use of automated imaging systems for weed/crop differentiation is a prerequisite in CA to enable automatisation of weed control.
Injection of Liquid Radioactive Waste Into Deep Geological Formations at the Final Waste Disposal Sites Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk
Authors: Schneider Lutz R. , Herzog Christel , Viehweg Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A special procedure for final disposal of liquid radioactive waste (LLW, ILW, HLW) — injection into deep geological formations — was developed in the former USSR and employed since 1963.
This procedure was practiced at the sites of the Research Institute for Reactor Engineering Dimitrovgrad and at radiochemical facilities in Tomsk-7 and Krasnoyarsk-26.
The deposits (layers of sand, limestone) lie at depths below 200 m and are isolated from other ground water horizons and the surface by overlying layers with low permeability.
At the Krasnoyarsk site a total of approx. 5 × 106 m3 of low- to high-level waste were disposed at depths of 180–280 m and 350–500 m; at the Tomsk site a total of approx. 3.7×107 m3 of liquid radwaste were disposed at depths of 180–280 m and 270–320 m.
The EU-project for assessing the final disposal safety of the Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk sites resulted in the improvement of a database, the development of a generic assessment model for the injection sites, a site-specific model for the repositories, the assessment of the performance of the repositories and finally recommendations to safety authorities.
An Independent Analysis of a Glovebox Glove Failure Incident
Authors: Cournoyer Michael E. , Lee Steven , Grundemann Robert F. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As part of the “Lessons Learned” Program, a recent glovebox glove failure incident is examined to provide feedback and continuous improvement of the Safe Work Practices (SWPs) work-control process. While slowly evaporating liquid from solutions in trays on hot plates, a glovebox became pressurized and a glove ruptured resulting in widespread contamination of equipment, work surfaces, and the floor. Based on the post-analysis of the solution and residues of the incident, several contributing causes of the overpressurization were ruled-out, including exposure to strong shock, organic materials, and inorganic species. Evaporation of an ammonium nitrate solution was postulated as the cause of the incident glovebox breach. Since ceramic-top stirring hotplates heat from 150°C to 590°C and are controlled by a voltage power controller, the temperature to reach rapid decomposition conditions (210°C) was possible. The risk of these types of incidents is control to acceptable level by replacing voltage power controlled hotplates with temperature controlled ones. In addition, a still pot thermometer is required to prevent the solution from evaporating to dryness. Using a heating device designed such that 210°C cannot be reached under any circumstances further minimizes the risk. In summary, a primary objective of the Integrated Safety Management program is to minimize hazards associated with materials whenever possible. Implementing “Lessons Learned” not only maintains SWPs, but also contributes to an organization’s scientific and technological excellence. As with all other elements of business, there are costs associated with implementing an effective “Lessons Learned” Program. Using a cost-benefit analysis for another category of reportable occurrences, radiation exposure, it was estimated that over $50,000 could be spent on “Lessons Learned” to reduce the likelihood of this type of unusual occurrences and still be cost-effective. While the cost saving may not be immediately apparent, feedback in the form of incident reports provide continuous improvement in day-to-day operations.
Cleaning Up the Legacy: Opening and Operating the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Authors: Smith Lynne K. , Clodfelter Kathleen K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In 1957, the National Academy of Sciences concluded that the most promising disposal option for radioactive wastes was burial in deep geologic repositories situated in salt formations. In 1981, after decades of study, the United States initiated construction of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) at a desert site 41.6 km (26 miles) southeast of Carlsbad, New Mexico. This paper provides an overview of the history and the regulatory and public process to permit a repository for disposal of transuranic wastes. In addition, the process to ensure its long-term operation in a safe and environmentally sound manner will also be discussed.
Transparency Technology Demonstration at WIPP
Authors: Wu Chuan F. , Hofer Dennis , Elkins Ned , Betsill J. David , Schoeneman J. Lee 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Management of nuclear materials, including nuclear waste, is a global issue that must be addressed to assure the benefits of nuclear energy while protecting workers, the public and the environment. A key tool in gaining acceptance of nuclear technologies is transparency. Transparency is a combination of technologies and processes that monitor the use, storage, packaging, transportation and disposition of nuclear materials. It provides information to stakeholders for independent assessment of safety and security of the nuclear energy cycle. Application of transparency technology simultaneously promotes non-proliferation and the safety of nuclear energy and waste management.
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is a deep geologic repository for safe disposal of long-lived, transuranic (TRU) waste. While the WIPP does not require transparency monitoring, its waste management system and operational infrastructure do present excellent opportunities for realistic demonstrations to develop and test transparency strategies and technologies at the back end of the nuclear materials cycle. This paper provides an overview of an integrated set of transparency demonstrations conducted at WIPP. These demonstrations included: 1) tracking of waste shipment, and 2) monitoring of waste containers and environmental parameters in the repository.
Independent Technical Oversight of WIPP: An Operating Repository
Authors: Channell James K. , Silva Matthew K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a geological repository for the disposal of transuranic wastes from the United States defense programs, began disposing of waste in March 1999. The experience of the Environmental Evaluation Group (EEG) indicates that a technical oversight group that focuses on objective technical evaluations can add credibility to a nuclear repository project. The group can also have an effect on a variety of design, regulatory, and operational details of the project.
Six Years Operation Experience With the Cilva Incinerator for Radioactive Waste Treatment
Authors: Deckers Jan , Luycx Paul 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Since the very beginning of nuclear activities in Belgium, the incineration of radioactive waste was chosen as a suitable technique for achieving an optimal volume reduction of the produced waste quantities.
An experimental furnace “Evence Coppée” was built in 1960 for treatment of LLW produced by the Belgian Research Centre (CEN.SCK). Regulatory this furnace has been modified, improved and equipped with additional installations to obtain better combustion conditions and a more efficient gas cleaning system.
Based on the 35 years of experience gained by the operation of the “Evence Coppée”, a new industrial nuclear incineration installation was set into operation in May 1995, as a part of the Belgian Centralised Treatment/Conditioning Facility CILVA.
Up to the end of 2000, the CILVA incinerator has burnt 703 tons of solid waste and 343 tons of liquid waste.
This paper describes the type of waste and the allowable radioactivity, the incineration process, heat recovery and the air pollution control devices. Special attention is given to the operation experience, capacity, volume reduction, chemical and radiological emissions and maintenance.
The most important changes which improved safety, reliability and capacity are also mentioned.
BELGOPROCESS, a company set up in 1984 at Dessel (Belgium) where a number of nuclear facilities were already installed is specialised in the processing of radioactive waste. It is a subsidiary of ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Nuclear Waste Management Agency. According to its mission statement, the activities of BELGOPROCESS focus on three areas: treatment, conditioning and interim storage of radioactive waste; decommissioning of shut-down nuclear facilities and cleaning of contaminated buildings and land; operating of storage sites for conditioned radioactive waste.
Compton Suppression Detector Dedicated to the Measurement of Bituminized Waste Drums From the Marcoule Reprocessing Plant Using Gamma Spectrometry
Authors: Artaud Jean-luc , Pérot Bertrand , Chabalier Bernard , Bonifay Pierre , Bernard Sébastien , Misraki Josette , Fulleringer Daniel , Chany Philippe , Dogny Stéphane 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The CEA has studied a detector prototype equipped with an optimized Compton Suppression Spectrometer for the measurement of low energy rays, especially those of 241Am at 59.5 keV, in radioactive waste packages.
In this article, the optimization of a Compton Suppression Spectrometer (CSS) is described with the aim mentioned above. The simulation tool used to evaluate the potential solutions is described and the results obtained on an actual measurement with the prototype designed for this purpose, are presented. The continuum level is divided by a factor of 6 at 59.5 keV. The general agreement between the simulations and the experimental measurements is very satisfactory. The differences noted are explained.