bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards optimal use of phosphorus fertiliser
Authors: Ros Mart B. H. , Koopmans Gerwin F. , van Groenigen Kees Jan , Abalos Diego , Oenema Oene , Vos Hannah M. J. , van Groenigen Jan Willem 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBecause phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting nutrients in agricultural systems, P fertilisation is essential to feed the world. However, declining P reserves demand far more effective use of this crucial resource. Here, we use meta-analysis to synthesize yield responses to P fertilisation in grasslands, the most common type of agricultural land, to identify under which conditions P fertilisation is most effective. Yield responses to P fertilisation were 40–100% higher in (a) tropical vs temperate regions; (b) grass/legume mixtures vs grass monocultures; and (c) soil pH of 5–6 vs other pHs. The agronomic efficiency of P fertilisation decreased for greater P application rates. Moreover, soils with low P availability reacted disproportionately strong to fertilisation. Hence, low fertiliser application rates to P-deficient soils result in stronger absolute yield benefits than high rates applied to soils with a higher P status. Overall, our results suggest that optimising P fertiliser use is key to sustainable intensification of agricultural systems.
Impact of canine epilepsy on judgement and attention biases
Authors: Hobbs Sarah L. , Law Tsz Hong , Volk Holger A. , Younis Chantal , Casey Rachel A. , Packer Rowena M. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIdiopathic epilepsy (IE) is the most common chronic neurological condition in dogs, characterised by recurrent seizure activity and associated with negative behavioural and cognitive changes. We hypothesised that IE would negatively impact putative affective state, with dogs with IE exhibiting a more pessimistic judgement bias and more negative attention bias than controls. Dogs were tested in a previously-validated spatial judgement bias task, and a novel auditory attention bias task testing attention to sounds with different valence or salience (neutral, novel pre-habituated, threatening). Sixty-eight dogs (IE = 33, Control = 35) were tested, of which n = 37 acquired the spatial discrimination and responses to judgement bias probes were tested (IE = 19, Control = 18), and n = 36 were tested for responses to sounds (IE = 20, Control = 16). Study groups did not significantly differ by age, sex, breed or neuter-status (p > 0.05). Main effects of study group were not significant in judgement bias (F1,102 = 0.20, p = 0.658) or attention bias tasks (F3,102 = 1.64, p = 0.184). In contrast with our hypotheses, there was no evidence that IE altered cognitive biases in this study population; however, dogs with IE were significantly more likely to be unable to learn the spatial discrimination task (p = 0.019), which may reflect IE-related cognitive deficits. Developing methods to test affective state without excluding cognitively impaired individuals is a future challenge for animal welfare science.
Conspecific recognition of pedal scent in domestic dogs
Authors: McClanahan Kari , Rosell Frank 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCarnivores rely heavily on scent to communicate with conspecifics. Scent glands located on the underside of the feet provide an especially efficient way of leaving a scent trail. Although domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are well-known for their olfactory abilities and scent marking behaviours, their use of pedal scent for communication remains unknown. We studied the reaction of intact dogs of both sexes to male and female pedal scent as well as a control sample of scent taken from the ground, using sniffing time and nostril usage as an indicator of interest level and emotional valence. In male subjects, only the sniffing duration for other males differed from the control samples, with no clear difference detected between male and female scent. Females showed no difference in the sniffing duration for any sample type. Conversely, male nostril use did not differ between the sample types, whereas females demonstrated a right nostril bias when sniffing the scent from other females and a left nostril bias when sniffing the control. We have shown that dogs recognize scent taken from the pedal glands from other dogs, although the extent to which they use this information to determine the sex of the scent depositor remains unclear.
Variable response to electric shark deterrents in bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas
Authors: Gauthier A. R. G. , Chateauminois E. , Hoarau M. G. , Gadenne J. , Hoarau E. , Jaquemet S. , Whitmarsh S. K. , Huveneers C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough relatively rare, human-shark interactions and sharks bites are increasing globally, which has led to the development of various mitigation measures. Electric shark deterrents (ESDs) have, so far, been the most effective personal deterrents, but have only been scientifically tested on one of the species most frequently responsible for shark bites, i.e. white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). We tested the effectiveness of five ESDs (E-Shark Force, NoShark, Rpela v2, Freedom + Surf, Freedom + Surf—Shortboard) on bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas, over a period of 21 days in September 2019, in New Caledonia. Standardised bait was attached 30 cm below an experimental board that had an active ESD for up to 15 min, or until a bull shark touched the bait or the board. We compared the numbers of baits taken, numbers of passes and reactions around the board, as well as the distance between the sharks and the board among ESDs and against a control board with bait and no active ESD. The Freedom + Surf was the most effective ESD, reducing the amounts of baits taken by 42.3%, while the Rpela v2 and Freedom + Surf—Shortboard also significantly reduced the number of baits taken by 16.5% and 16.2% respectively. Mean distance between sharks and the bait was not affected by the ESDs, but the number of approaches and the proportion of reactions were both significantly higher when the Freedom + Surf was active compared to other ESDs. The effectiveness of all ESDs decreased over time, with the likelihood of the bait being taken increasing and the number of approaches and distance between sharks and the bait decreasing. Our findings show that the ability of ESDs to deter bull shark varies between products, with the Freedom + Surf resulting in the most behavioural changes, followed by the Rpela v2 and Freedom + Surf—Shortboard. However, none of the products tested completely stopped sharks from taking the bait.
Spirofused tetrahydroisoquinoline-oxindole hybrids as a novel class of fast acting antimalarial agents with multiple modes of action
Authors: Efange Noella M. , Lobe Maloba M. M. , Keumoe Rodrigue , Ayong Lawrence , Efange Simon M. N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMolecular hybridization of privileged scaffolds may generate novel antiplasmodial chemotypes that display superior biological activity and delay drug resistance. In the present study, we describe the in vitro activities and mode of action of 3′,4′-dihydro-2′H-spiro[indoline-3,1′-isoquinolin]-2-ones, a novel class of spirofused tetrahydroisoquinoline–oxindole hybrids, as novel antimalarial agents. Whole cell phenotypic screening of these compounds identified (14b), subsequently named (±)-moxiquindole, as the most potent compound in the current series with equipotent antiplasmodial activity against both chloroquine sensitive and multidrug resistant parasite strains with good selectivity. The compound was active against all asexual stages of the parasite including inhibition of merozoite egress. Additionally, (±)-moxiquindole exhibited significant inhibitory effects on hemoglobin degradation, and disrupted vacuolar lipid dynamics. Taken together, our data confirm the antiplasmodial activity of (±)-moxiquindole, and identify 3′4′-dihydro-2′H-spiro[indoline-3,1′-isoquinolin]-2-ones as a novel class of antimalarial agents with multiple modes of action.
Parametric study of hydrogenic inventory in the ITER divertor based on machine learning
Authors: Delaporte-Mathurin Rémi , Hodille Etienne , Mougenot Jonathan , De Temmerman Gregory , Charles Yann , Grisolia Christian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA parametric study is performed with the 2D FESTIM code for the ITER monoblock geometry. The influence of the monoblock surface temperature, the incident ion energy and particle flux on the monoblock hydrogen inventory is investigated. The simulated data is analysed with a Gaussian regression process and an inventory map as a function of ion energy and incident flux is given. Using this inventory map, the hydrogen inventory in the divertor is easily derived for any type of scenario. Here, the case of a detached ITER scenario with inputs from the SOLPS code is presented. For this scenario, the hydrogen inventory per monoblock is highly dependent of surface temperature and ranges from $$10^{18}$$

10
18

to $$6 \times 10^{19}$$

6
×

10
19

H after a $$10^{7}$$

10
7

s exposure. The inventory evolves as a power law of time and is lower at strike points where the surface temperature is high. Hydrogen inventory in the whole divertor after a $$10^{7}$$

10
7

s exposure is estimated at approximately 8 g.
GNAS mutation detection in circulating cell-free DNA is a specific predictor for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas, especially for intestinal subtype
Authors: Hata Tatsuo , Mizuma Masamichi , Motoi Fuyuhiko , Omori Yuko , Ishida Masaharu , Nakagawa Kei , Hayashi Hiroki , Morikawa Takanori , Kamei Takashi , Furukawa Toru , Unno Michiaki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) are a heterogeneous group with varying risks of malignancy. To explore the clinical utility of liquid biopsy in cyst type classification, we analyzed the GNAS/KRAS mutations in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) obtained from 57 patients with histologically diagnosed PCNs, including 34 with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and compared the mutant allele prevalence and variant patterns with the paired resected specimens using next-generation sequencing. The positive prevalence of GNAS mutations in cfDNA of patients with IPMN (n = 11, 32%) was significantly higher than that in those with other PCNs (0%, P = 0.002). Conversely, KRAS mutations were detected in cfDNA of only 2 (6%) IPMN patients. The paired-sample comparison revealed highly concordance between the GNAS mutation status of cfDNA and resected IPMN specimens. Similar distributions of GNAS mutation positivity in cfDNA were observed across the different histological grades, whereas IPMNs with intestinal subtype showed a significantly higher prevalence of GNAS mutations than other subtypes (P = 0.030). GNAS mutation positivity in cfDNA was significantly associated with the acellular mucin pool of histological findings in primary IPMN lesions (P = 0.017). Detection of GNAS mutation in cfDNA can serve as a novel biomarker for cyst type classification and differentiation of intestinal subtype IPMN from the other PCNs.
Narrowband and flexible perfect absorber based on a thin-film nano-resonator incorporating a dielectric overlay
Authors: Park Chul-Soon , Lee Sang-Shin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe developed a flexible perfect absorber based on a thin-film nano-resonator, which consists of metal–dielectric–metal integrated with a dielectric overlay. The proposed perfect absorber exhibits a high quality (Q-)factor of ~ 33 with a narrow bandwidth of ~ 20 nm in the visible band. The resonance condition hinging on the adoption of a dielectric overlay was comprehensively explored by referring to the absorption spectra as a function of the wavelength and thicknesses of the overlay and metal. The results verified that utilizing a thicker metal layer improved the Q-factor and surface smoothness, while the presence of the overlay allowed for a relaxed tolerance during practical fabrication, in favor of high fidelity with the design. The origin of the perfect absorption pertaining to zero reflection was elucidated by referring to the optical admittance. We also explored a suite of perfect absorbers with varying thicknesses. An angle insensitive performance, which is integral to such a flexible optical device, was experimentally identified. Consequently, the proposed thin-film absorber featured an enhanced Q-factor in conjunction with a wide angle of acceptance. It is anticipated that our absorber can facilitate seminal applications encompassing advanced sensors and absorption filtering devices geared for smart camouflage and stealth.
Peak-at-end rule: adaptive mechanism predicts time-dependent decision weighting
Authors: Yashiro Ryuto , Motoyoshi Isamu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHumans make decisions under various natural circumstances, integrating multiple pieces of information that are distributed over space and time. Although psychophysical and physiological studies have investigated temporal dynamics underlying perceptual decision making, weighting profiles for inliers and outliers during temporal integration have yet to be fully investigated in most studies. Here, we examined the temporal weighting profile of a computational model characterized by a leaky integrator of sensory evidence. As a corollary of its leaky nature, the model predicts the recency effect and overweights outlying elements around the end of the stream. Moreover, we found that the model underweights outlying values occurring earlier in the stream (i.e., robust averaging). We also show that human observers exhibit exactly the same weighting profile in an average estimation task. These findings suggest that the adaptive decision process in the brain results in the time-dependent decision weighting, the “peak-at-end” rule, rather than the peak-end rule in behavioral economics.
A retrospective cross-sectional study to determine chirality status of registered medicines in Tanzania
Authors: Mwamwitwa Kissa W. , Kaibere Raphael M. , Fimbo Adam M. , Sabitii Wilber , Ntinginya Nyanda E. , Mmbaga Blandina T. , Shewiyo Danstan H. , Shearer Morven C. , Smith Andrew D. , Kaale Eliangiringa A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMedicines with a stereogenic center (asymmetric carbon) are mainly present as racemates with a mixture of equal amounts of enantiomers. One enantiomer may be active while the other inactive, alternatively one may produce side-effects and even toxicity. However, there is lack of information on the chirality status (either racemates, single active enantiomer or achiral) of medicines circulated on the market particularly in African countries. We established the chirality status of registered medicines in Tanzania by conducting a retrospective cross-sectional study. Registration data for the past 15 years from 2003 to 2018 were extracted from TMDA-IMIS database to Microsoft excel for review and analysis. A total of 3,573 human medicines had valid registration. Out of which 2,150 (60%) were chiral and 1,423 (40%) achiral. Out of the chiral medicines, 1,591 (74%) and 559 (26%) were racemates and single active enantiomers, respectively. The proportion of racemates within chiral medicines was considerably higher than single enantiomer medicines. The use of racemates may cause harm to the public and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance due to potential existence of inactive and toxic enantiomers. In order to protect public health, regulatory bodies need to strengthen control of chiral medicines by conducting analysis of enantiomeric impurity.
Biochemical and economical effect of application biostimulants containing seaweed extracts and amino acids as an element of agroecological management of bean cultivation
Authors: Kocira Sławomir , Szparaga Agnieszka , Hara Patryk , Treder Krzysztof , Findura Pavol , Bartoš Petr , Filip Martin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe implementation of agronomic activities, based on the use of biostimulants, is an important element of agroecological practices. Therefore, comprehensive research was carried on the use of biostimulants. A field experiment was performed in 2016–2018 with common bean of Mexican Black cultivar. In particular growing seasons, bean plants were treated with Kelpak SL (seaweed extracts) and Terra Sorb Complex (free amino acids) in the form of single and double spraying with two solutions concentrations. According to the obtained data, application of biostimulants increased the yield of bean. Better results were observed after the use of Kelpak SL. The application of preparations influenced nutritional and nutraceutical quality of bean seeds. Terra Sorb Complex caused the highest increase in proteins level. In the light of achieved data, biostimulants in similar level decreased the starch accumulation. The most promising results, in the context of nutraceutical value of bean, were obtained in the case of increasing level of fiber. A positive impact of biostimulants on the seeds antioxidant potential was noted, expressed by the increased synthesis of phenolics, flavonoid, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities. Results of this study, directly indicate economic benefits from the use of biostimulants, which are extremely important to the farmers.
Moral judgements of fairness-related actions are flexibly updated to account for contextual information
Authors: Andrejević Milan , Feuerriegel Daniel , Turner William , Laham Simon , Bode Stefan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn everyday life we are constantly updating our moral judgements as we learn new information. However, this judgement updating process has not been systematically studied. We investigated how people update their moral judgements of fairness-related actions of others after receiving contextual information regarding the deservingness of the action recipient. Participants (N = 313) observed a virtual ‘Decision-maker’ share a portion of $10 with a virtual ‘Receiver’. Participants were aware that the Decision-maker made these choices knowing the Receiver’s previous offer to another person. Participants first made a context-absent judgement of the Decision-maker’s offer to the Receiver, and then a subsequent context-present judgement of the same offer after learning the Receiver’s previous offer. This sequence was repeated for varying dollar values of Decision-makers’ and Receivers’ offers. Patterns of judgements varied across individuals and were interpretable in relation to moral norms. Most participants flexibly switched from relying on context-independent norms (generosity, equality) to related, context-dependent norms (relative generosity, indirect reciprocity) as they integrated contextual information. Judgement of low offers varied across individuals, with a substantial minority of participants withholding their context-absent judgements of selfishness, and another minority that was lenient towards selfishness across both judgements. Our paradigm provides a novel framework for investigating how moral judgements evolve in real time as people learn more information about a given situation.
Contrôle sensorimoteur de la dimension verticale de la face
Authors: Fougeront Nicolas 
Published: October 2020

Les proportions verticales de la face sont acquises à six ans et sont conservées par la suite. Cependant, chez l’adulte où il persiste une croissance résiduelle, la dimension verticale d’occlusion (DVO) augmente légèrement. La posture de repos mandibulaire est le fait de facteurs physiques (viscoélasticité des tissus attenants à la mandibule, espace de Donders) et de contrôles moteurs. L’activité tonique de repos des muscles masticateurs d’origine centrale est modulée par des influx d’origine périphérique et centrale.La posture de repos varie avec le type facial, le type de respiration (buccale/nasale) et l’augmentation de la DVO. La DVO est finement contrôlée par le système trigéminal, cependant une certaine plasticité des circuits trigéminaux rend possible son augmentation. Cliniquement l’augmentation ou la diminution de la DVO n’est pas responsable de dysfonctionnements de l’appareil manducateur (DAM). Si l’occlusion n’est plus reconnue comme étant responsable de DAM, certains patients présenteraient néanmoins une certaine vulnérabilité provoquée par une modification de l’occlusion. Cette inadaptation serait due à des régulations sensorimotrices déficitaires et/ou à la plus forte prévalence du bruxisme de veille chez ces patients.
Schwere Nahrungsmittelallergien – ist eine Toleranzinduktion möglich?
Authors: Meister Jochen , Nemat Katja 
Published: October 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Standardtherapie bei schweren Nahrungsmittelallergien (NMA) umfasst Karenzdiät, Ernährungsberatung sowie Ausstattung mit Notfallmedikamenten und Schulung in den Notfallplan. Aufgrund der starken Einschränkung der Lebensqualität von Patienten mit schwerer Nahrungsmittelallergie sind kausale Therapieansätze wünschenswert, die eine orale Toleranz aktiv induzieren. In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene Applikations-Routen (sublingual, oral, epikutan) einer spezifischen Immuntherapie bei Patienten mit Hühnerei-, Kuhmilch- und Erdnussallergie untersucht. Aktuelle Studien konzentrierten sich vor allem auf die orale Immuntherapie (OIT) mit Erdnuss und zeigten, dass die klinische Reaktionsschwelle durch eine wiederholte Zuführung definierter Allergenmengen tatsächlich angehoben werden konnte. Kürzlich hat die US-amerikanische Arzneimittelbehörde das Erdnuss-Pulver Palforzia als erstes Therapeutikum für Nahrungsmittelallergien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zugelassen. Jedoch ist die Erdnuss-OIT auch mit systemischen Nebenwirkungen assoziiert. Eine Niedrigdosis-OIT zeigte ein besseres Sicherheitsprofil. Zusätzliche Studien mit direktem Vergleich verschiedener Allergendosen und Dosissteigerungs-Protokolle sind notwendig. Weiterhin müssen Langzeit-Wirksamkeit und Kosteneffektivität verschiedener Ansätze zur Induktion oraler Toleranz bewertet werden.
Compliance von Hunde- und Katzenbesitzern in der Gesundheitsvorsorge
Authors: Eschle Simone , Hartmann Katrin , Bergmann Michèle 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDie regelmäßige Gesundheitsvorsorge ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Gesundheit und Lebensqualität unserer Haustiere. Durch Vorsorgeuntersuchungen kann der Entstehung von Krankheiten vorgebeugt werden und bestehende gesundheitliche Probleme lassen sich frühzeitig erkennen und behandeln. Ausschlaggebend für das Erreichen einer optimalen Gesundheitsvorsorge ist, neben der tierärztlichen Beratung, vor allem die Compliance der Besitzer. Hunde- und Katzenbesitzer scheinen sich der Notwendigkeit von Vorsorgeuntersuchungen jedoch oftmals nicht bewusst zu sein, und dies leider häufig infolge einer mangelhaften Kommunikation durch den Tierarzt. Aufklärungsgespräche über die Notwendigkeit regelmäßiger Gesundheitsvorsorgeuntersuchungen sind daher essenziell. Die Kommunikation stellt einen der Schlüsselfaktoren für den Aufbau einer Besitzer-Tierarzt-Beziehung dar. Tierärzte sollten sich ausreichend Zeit für die Kommunikation nehmen, sich ihrer verbalen und nonverbalen Aussagen bewusst sein und Besitzer in Behandlungsentscheidungen einbeziehen. Ältere Tiere werden seltener zur Gesundheitsvorsorge vorgestellt als jüngere Tiere, obwohl in zunehmendem Alter die Prävalenz altersbedingter und chronischer Krankheiten steigt. Daher sollte Besitzern vermittelt werden, dass eine frühzeitige Erkennung und Behandlung dieser Krankheiten die Gesundheit und Lebensdauer ihrer Tiere steigert. Katzenbesitzer stellen ihre Tiere seltener zur Gesundheitsvorsorge vor als Hundebesitzer; vielen von ihnen scheint nicht bewusst zu sein, dass Katzen häufig Krankheitssymptome verbergen. Ein weiterer Grund ist, dass viele Katzen das Einfangen, der Transport und der Besuch in der Praxis stresst. Tierärzte könnten Katzenbesitzer über stressreduzierende Transportmaßnahmen aufklären und ihre Praxis katzenfreundlicher gestalten. Durch geeignetes Praxismanagement, z. B. die Möglichkeit monatlicher Ratenzahlungen, das Anbieten jährlicher Vorsorgepläne sowie eine konsequentere Terminvereinbarung, lässt sich die Compliance ebenfalls positiv beeinflussen. Neben einer verbesserten Tiergesundheit kann dies auch zu einer höheren Zufriedenheit der Besitzer führen.