bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring High Aspect Ratio Gold Nanotubes as Cytosolic Agents: Structural Engineering and Uptake into Mesothelioma Cells
Authors: Ye Sunjie , Azad Arsalan A. , Chambers Joseph E. , Beckett Alison J. , Roach Lucien , Moorcroft Samuel C. T. , Aslam Zabeada , Prior Ian A. , Markham Alexander F. , Coletta P. Louise , Marciniak Stefan J. , Evans Stephen D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe generation of effective and safe nanoagents for biological applications requires their physicochemical characteristics to be tunable, and their cellular interactions to be well characterized. Here, the controlled synthesis is developed for preparing high‐aspect ratio gold nanotubes (AuNTs) with tailorable wall thickness, microstructure, composition, and optical characteristics. The modulation of optical properties generates AuNTs with strong near infrared absorption. Surface modification enhances dispersibility of AuNTs in aqueous media and results in low cytotoxicity. The uptake and trafficking of these AuNTs by primary mesothelioma cells demonstrate their accumulation in a perinuclear distribution where they are confined initially in membrane‐bound vesicles from which they ultimately escape to the cytosol. This represents the first study of the cellular interactions of high‐aspect ratio 1D metal nanomaterials and will facilitate the rational design of plasmonic nanoconstructs as cytosolic nanoagents for potential diagnosis and therapeutic applications.
A simple high‐performance liquid chromatography method development for Carbidopa and Levodopa impurities: Evaluation of risk assessment before method validation by Quality by Design approach
Authors: Subramanian Velusamy B. , Konduru Naresh , Katari Naresh Kumar , Dongala Thirupathi , Gundla Rambabu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe current study is to develop a simple high‐performance liquid chromatography method for Carbidopa and Levodopa impurities' simultaneous determination with the combination of Entacapone in solid oral dosage forms. The estimation of impurities are critical in a combination product due to the more number of impurities. The presence of impurities in drug products affects quality and bio‐efficacy. The quality by design approach allows the assessment of various analytical parameters and their effects with the minimum number of experiments. The current high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed using a kromasil column with gradient mobile phase. The detection was made 220 nm; the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the column's temperature was 25°C. The analytical curves presented a coefficient of correlation of >0.99, and detection and quantification limits were evaluated for all impurities. Excellent precision and accuracy were obtained for carbidopa and levodopa impurities. Intra‐ and interday precisions RSD were lower than 10.0, and recoveries of impurities varied between 91.2 and 108.2%. The results reveal the method's successful applicability for estimating Carbidopa and Levodopa with their process and degradation impurities from its marketed formulation.
Leader humor effectiveness—The divergent dynamics of leader humor over time in East Asia and North America
Authors: Yang Inju , Horak Sven , Chi Shu‐Cheng Steve 
Published: October 2020

AbstractManagement research on humor, which has mainly been conducted in Anglo‐Saxon regions, generally tends to assume that the use of humor by a leader toward his or her subordinates has positive effects. However, despite the popularity of such studies in Anglo‐Saxon regions, less attention has so far been paid to the aspects of the cultural context of leader humor, particularly with regard to time. We argue that leader humor is not so effective in East Asia because of different preferences in relation to communication style and divergent expectations and value sets during early phase leader–member interactions. On the other hand, however, we also argue that leader humor may become equally if not more effective in the mature phase of leader–member interactions. While cultural differences, along with the current popularity of positive emotions, including humor, at work, are much more apparent at the early stage of a relationship, our exploration uncovers areas that are important for effective cross‐cultural communication training and the development of managers for global assignments.
Effect of flaxseed oil on biochemical parameters, hormonal indexes and stereological changes in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Tanideh Romina , Delavari Shirin , Farshad Omid , Irajie Cambyz , Javad Yavari Barhaghtalab Mohammad , Koohpeyma Farhad , Koohi‐Hosseinabadi Omid , Jamshidzadeh Akram , Tanideh Nader , Iraji Aida 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe ovariectomized rat is a widely used preclinical model for studying postmenopausal and its complications. In this study, the therapeutic effect of flaxseed oil on the ovariectomized adult rats was investigated. Our results showed that biochemical parameters including calcium, oestrogen and progesterone levels increase 8 weeks after ovariectomy in rats. Also, the amount of alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly after 8 weeks compared with the OVX rat. The healing potential of flaxseed oil was proven by successfully recovering the affected tissue and preventing the unpleasant symptoms of ovariectomized rats. The biological effects of flaxseed oil may be due to high amounts of fatty acids, phytoestrogens and an array of antioxidants. The results suggest that flaxseed oil can mimic the action of oestrogen and can be a potential treatment for hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Global Governance of Anti-microbial Resistance: A Legal and Regulatory Toolkit
Authors: Ho Calvin W. L. , Lee Tsung-Ling 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecognizing that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to global public health, the World Health Organization (WHO) has adopted a Global Action Plan (GAP) at the May 2015 World Health Assembly. Underscoring that systematic misuse and overuse of drugs in human medicine and food production is a global public health concern, the GAP-AMR urges concerted efforts across governments and private sectors, including pharmaceutical industry, medical professionals, agricultural industry, among others. The GAP has a threefold aim: (1) to ensure a continuous use of effective and safe medicines for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases; (2) to encourage a responsible use of medicines; and (3) to engage countries to develop their national actions on AMR in keeping with the recommendations. While the GAP is a necessary step to enable multilateral actions, it must be supported by effective governance in order to realize the proposed aims.This chapter has a threefold purpose: (1) To identify regulatory principles embedded in key WHO documents relating to AMR and the GAP-AMR; (2) To consider the legal and regulatory actions or interventions that countries could use to strengthen their regulatory lever for AMR containment; and (3) To highlight the crucial role of the regulatory lever in enabling other levers under a whole-of-system approach. Effective AMR containment requires a clearer understanding of how the regulatory lever could be implemented or enabled within health systems, as well as how it underscores and interacts with other levers within a whole-of-system approach.
Ethics and Antimalarial Drug Resistance
Authors: Cheah Phaik Yeong , Parker Michael , Day Nicholas P. J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere has been impressive progress in malaria control and treatment over the past two decades. One of the most important factors in the decline of malaria-related mortality has been the development and deployment of highly effective treatment in the form of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). However, recent reports suggest that these gains stand the risk of being reversed due to the emergence of ACT resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion and the threat of this resistance spreading to Africa, where the majority of the world’s malaria cases occur, with catastrophic consequences. This chapter provides an overview of strategies proposed by malaria experts to tackle artemisinin-resistant malaria, and some of the most important practical ethical issues presented by each of these interventions. The proposed strategies include mass antimalarial drug administrations in selected populations, and mandatory screening of possibly infected individuals prior to entering an area free of artemisinin-resistant malaria. We discuss ethical issues such as tensions between the wishes of individuals versus the broader goal of malaria elimination, and the risks of harm to interventional populations, and conclude by proposing a set of recommendations.
Epidemiology and Ethics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals
Authors: Boden Lisa , Mellor Dominic 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDespite a large and rapidly growing volume of research activity and output, primarily on the biological bases of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), epidemiological understanding of the causal mechanisms at play behind the apparent recent global rise in prevalence of AMR has, arguably, progressed very little. Despite this inconvenient fact, political imperative and expedience, among other drivers, have given substantial impetus to an interventionist approach against what are considered to be the culprits for the apparent growing prevalence of AMR and its impacts. Concern about the rise in prevalence of microbial infections that are resistant to therapeutic agents designed to kill them has arisen almost exclusively in relation to human health. (Public awareness and concern about antihelmintic resistance, for which the impacts are much more substantial for animal health, at least in developed temperate countries, are trivial by comparison). Nevertheless, antimicrobial drugs have been, and are, widely used in animal health and production throughout the world, and the contribution of this diverse usage to the ‘global AMR problem’ has historically been controversial. There is growing acceptance, notwithstanding the limitations in causal understanding noted previously, of AMR as an ecological problem of competing populations of microorganisms experiencing both natural and anthropogenic selection pressures in compartments that transcend species and other boundaries. Typifying what is described as a ‘One Health’ problem, AMR is therefore considered to be most amenable to conjoint mitigation efforts in all compartments: i.e. interventions in human health, animal health, food and the environment in a coherent manner.In animals, this calls into question the motivations and practices for antimicrobial drug usage, the majority of which are justified on the basis of promoting animal health and welfare and securing a food supply for a growing human population. Not surprisingly, there are great differences in animal husbandry and food demand, and in availability, access and regulation of antimicrobial usage in animals, and in surveillance of AMR, which are likely to be starkest between developed and developing countries. Thus, it is unlikely that the impacts of AMR, and the impacts of efforts to mitigate AMR that are directed to the ‘animal compartment’ of the ecosystem, will be felt equally across the world.
Moral Responsibility and the Justification of Policies to Preserve Antimicrobial Effectiveness
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Savulescu J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRestrictive policies that limit antimicrobial consumption, including therapeutically justified use, might be necessary to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance. We argue that such policies would be ethically justified when forgoing antimicrobials constitutes a form of easy rescue for an individual. These are cases of mild and self-limiting infections in otherwise healthy patients whose overall health is not significantly compromised by the infection. In such cases, restrictive policies would be ethically justified because they would coerce individuals into fulfilling a moral obligation they independently have. However, to ensure that such justification is the strongest possible, states also have the responsibility to ensure that forgoing antimicrobials is as easy as possible for patients by implementing adequate compensation measures.
Numerical Investigation of Space Launch Vehicle Base Flows with Hot Plumes
Authors: Schumann Jan-Erik , Fertig Markus , Hannemann Volker , Eggers Thino , Hannemann Klaus 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The flow field around generic space launch vehicles with hot exhaust plumes is investigated numerically. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations are thermally coupled to a structure solver to allow determination of heat fluxes into and temperatures in the model structure. The obtained wall temperatures are used to accurately investigate the mechanical and thermal loads using Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (IDDES) as well as RANS. The investigated configurations feature cases both with cold air and hot hydrogen/ water vapour plumes as well as cold and hot wall temperatures. It is found that the presence of a hot plume increases the size of the recirculation region and changes the pressure distribution on the nozzle structure and thus the loads experienced by the vehicle. The same effect is observed when increasing the wall temperatures. Both RANS and IDDES approaches predict the qualitative changes between the configurations, but the reattachment location predicted by IDDES is up to 7% further upstream than that predicted by RANS. Additionally, the heat flux distribution along the nozzle and base surface is analysed and shows significant discrepancies between RANS and IDDES, especially on the nozzle surface and in the base corner.
Calculation of the Thermoacoustic Stability of a Main Stage Thrust Chamber Demonstrator
Authors: Chemnitz Alexander , Sattelmayer Thomas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The stability behavior of a virtual thrust chamber demonstrator with low injection pressure loss is studied numerically. The approach relies on an eigenvalue analysis of the Linearized Euler Equations. An updated form of the stability prediction procedure is outlined, addressing mean flow and flame response calculations. The acoustics of the isolated oxidizer dome are discussed as well as the complete system incorporating dome and combustion chamber. The coupling between both components is realized via a scattering matrix representing the injectors. A flame transfer function is applied to determine the damping rates. Thereby it is found that the procedure for the extraction of the flame transfer function from the CFD solution has a significant impact on the stability predictions.
Innovative Cooling for Rocket Combustion Chambers
Authors: Peichl Jonas , Schwab Andreas , Selzer Markus , Böhrk Hannah , von Wolfersdorf Jens 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Transpiration cooling in combination with permeable ceramic-matrix composite materials is an innovative cooling method for rocket engine combustion chambers, while providing high cooling efficiency as well as enhancing engine life time as demanded for future space transportation systems. In order to develop methods and tools for designing transpiration cooled systems, fundamental experimental investigations were performed. An experimental setup consisting of a serial arrangement of four porous carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) samples is exposed to a hot gas flow. Perfused with cold air, the third sample is unperfused in order to assess the wake flow development over the uncooled sample as well as the rebuilding of the coolant layer. Hereby, the focus is on the temperature boundary layer, using a combined temperature/pitot probe. Additionally, the sample surface temperature distribution was measured using IR imaging. The experiments are supported by numerical simulations which are showing a good agreement with measurement data for low blowing ratios.
Heat Transfer in Pulsating Flow and Its Impact on Temperature Distribution and Damping Performance of Acoustic Resonators
Authors: van Buren Simon , Polifke Wolfgang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA numerical framework for the prediction of acoustic damping characteristics is developed and applied to a quarter-wave resonator with non-uniform temperature. The results demonstrate a significant impact of the temperature profile on the damping characteristics and hence the necessity of accurate modeling of heat transfer in oscillating flow. Large Eddy Simulations are applied to demonstrate and quantify enhancement in heat transfer induced by pulsations. The study covers wall-normal heat transfer in pulsating flow as well as longitudinal convective effects in oscillating flow. A discussion of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers provides insight into the flow physics of oscillatory convective heat transfer.
Covert symmetry breaking
Authors: Erickson C. W. , Harrold A. D. , Leung Rahim , Stelle K. S. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Reduction from a higher-dimensional to a lower-dimensional field theory can display special features when the zero-level ground state has nontrivial dependence on the reduction coordinates. In particular, a delayed ‘covert’ form of spontaneous symmetry breaking can occur, revealing itself only at fourth order in the lower-dimensional effective field theory action. This phenomenon is explored in a simple model of (d + 1)-dimensional scalar QED with one dimension restricted to an interval with Dirichlet/Robin boundary conditions on opposing ends. This produces an effective d-dimensional theory with Maxwellian dynamics at the free theory level, but with unusual symmetry breaking appearing in the quartic vector-scalar interaction terms. This simple model is chosen to illuminate the mechanism of effects which are also noted in gravitational braneworld scenarios.
Beyond the material: knowledge aspects in seed commoning
Authors: Sievers-Glotzbach Stefanie , Euler Johannes , Frison Christine , Gmeiner Nina , Kliem Lea , Mazé Armelle , Tschersich Julia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCore sustainability issues concerning the governance of seeds revolve around knowledge aspects, such as intellectual property rights over genetic information or the role of traditional knowledge in plant breeding, seed production and seed use. While the importance of knowledge management for efficient and equitable seed governance has been emphasized in the scientific discourse on Seed Commons, knowledge aspects have not yet been comprehensively studied. With this paper, we aim to (i) to analyze the governance of knowledge aspects in both global and local/regional Seed Commons, (ii) to highlight disconnections in knowledge governance between the local Seed Commons and global governance of plant genetic resources, and (iii) to investigate the contribution of knowledge commoning to environmentally sustainable and culturally adapted food systems. For this purpose, we will analyze knowledge governance by the International Seed Treaty (ITPGRFA) and by two local Seed Commons, a Philippine farmer-led network and a German organic-breeding association. We take the analytical lens of commoning, focusing on social practices rather than specific resources. The main challenges include finding institutional arrangements, which fruitfully integrate aspects from both traditional and scientific knowledge systems, taking into account the complex interrelation between knowledge-related, material and cultural aspects of seeds.
Numerical Simulations and Experiments of Ignition of Solid Particles in a Laminar Burner: Effects of Slip Velocity and Particle Swelling
Authors: Attili Antonio , Farmand Pooria , Schumann Christoph , Farazi Sima , Böhm Benjamin , Li Tao , Geschwindner Christopher , Köser Jan , Dreizler Andreas , Pitsch Heinz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIgnition and combustion of pulverized solid fuel is investigated in a laminar burner. The two-dimensional OH radical field is measured in the experiments, providing information on the first onset of ignition and a detailed characterization of the flame structure for the single particle. In addition, particle velocity and diameter are tracked in time in the experiments. Simulations are carried out with a Lagrangian point-particle approach fully coupled with an Eulerian solver for the gas-phase, which includes detailed chemistry and transport. The numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental measurements in order to investigate the ignition characteristics. The effect of the slip velocity, i.e. the initial velocity difference between the gas-phase and the particle, is investigated numerically. For increasing slip velocity, the ignition delay time decreases. For large slip velocities, the decrease in ignition delay time is found to saturate to a value which is about 40% smaller than the ignition delay time at zero slip velocity. Performing a simulation neglecting the dependency of the Nusselt number on the slip velocity, it is found that this dependency does not play a role. On the contrary, it is found that the decrease of ignition delay time induced by the slip velocity is due to modifications of the temperature field around the particle. In particular, the low-temperature fluid related to the energy sink due to particle heating is transported away from the particle position when the slip velocity is non-zero; therefore, the particle is exposed to larger temperatures. Finally, the effect of particle swell is investigated using a model for the particle swelling based on the CPD framework. With this model, we observed negligible differences in ignition delay time compared to the case in which swelling is not included. This is related to the negligible swelling predicted by this model before ignition. However, this is inconsistent with the experimental measurements of particle diameter, showing a significant increase of diameter even before ignition. In further simulations, the measured swelling was directly prescribed, using an analytical fit at the given conditions. With this approach, it is found that the inclusion of swelling reduces the ignition delay time by about 20% for small particles while it is negligible for large particles.
Derma rollers in therapy: the transition from cosmetics to transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Dsouza Leonna , Ghate Vivek M. , Lewis Shaila A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDerma roller, a device rolled onto the skin to form micropores, is extensively used for cosmetic purposes. The pores thus created are utilized to either result in the induction of collagen production, leading to glowing and wrinkle-free skin or for permeating the applied formulations to the site of action within the skin. Recent studies have shown the benefits of using derma rollers for transdermal delivery of drugs. In the nascent stage, this approach paves a way to successfully breach the stratum corneum and aid in the movement of medications directed towards the dermis and the hair follicles. The review essentially summarizes the evidence of the use of derma rollers in cosmetic setup, their designing, and the preclinical and clinical reports of efficacy, safety, and concerns when translated for pharmaceutical purposes and transdermal drug delivery.