bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nicotine products relative risk assessment: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Murkett Rachel , Rugh Megyn , Ding Belinda 
Published: October 2020

Background: Nicotine products have been the subject of considerable innovation over the past few decades. While the health risks of combustible cigarettes and most tobacco-based products are well characterized, there is less clarity regarding newer nicotine products, and how they compare with the traditional forms. Methods: In this study, we have developed a relative risk hierarchy (RRH) of 13 nicotine products based on systematic review of the scientific literature and analysis of the best available evidence. In total, 3980 publications were identified and screened, with 320 studies being carried through to the final analysis. The health risk data for each product was extracted and the level assessed. The products were analyzed in terms of their toxin emissions and epidemiological data, which were combined on an arbitrary scale from 0 to 100 (low to high risk) to derive a combined risk score for each nicotine product. Results: Combustible tobacco products dominate the top of the RRH, with combined risk scores ranging from 40 to 100. The most frequently consumed products generally score highest. Dipping and chewing tobacco place considerably lower on the hierarchy than the combustible products with scores of 10 to 15, but significantly above heat-not-burn devices and snus, which score between 3 and 4. The lowest risk products have scores of less than 0.25 and include electronic cigarettes, non-tobacco pouches and nicotine replacement therapy. Conclusions: The RRH provides a framework for the assessment of relative risk across all categories of nicotine products based on the best available evidence regarding their toxin emissions and the observed risk of disease development in product users. As nicotine products continue to evolve, and more data comes to light, the analyses can be updated to represent the best available scientific evidence.
Incomplete Information and the Liquidity Premium Puzzle
Authors: Chen Yingshan , Dai Min , Goncalves-Pinto Luis , Xu Jing , Yan Cheng 
Published: October 2020

We examine the problem of an investor who trades in a market with unobservable regime shifts. The investor learns from past prices and is subject to transaction costs. Our model generates significantly larger liquidity premia compared with a benchmark model with observable market shifts. The larger premia are driven primarily by suboptimal risk exposure, as turnover is lower under incomplete information. In contrast, the benchmark model produces (mechanically) high turnover and heavy trading costs. We provide empirical support for the amplification effect of incomplete information on the relation between trading costs and future stock returns. We also show empirically that such amplification is not driven by turnover. Overall, our results can help explain the large disconnect between theory and evidence regarding the magnitude of liquidity premia, which has been a longstanding puzzle in the literature. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.
An exploratory randomized controlled trial comparing wood-composite and synthetic fibreglass splint systems for the immobilization of paediatric upper limb fractures
Authors: Martynov Illya , Klink Thomas , Slowik Volker , Stich Rainer , Zimmermann Peter , Engel Christoph , Lacher Martin , Boehm Roland 
Published: October 2020

Aims This exploratory randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to determine the splint-related outcomes when using the novel biodegradable wood-composite splint (Woodcast) compared to standard synthetic fibreglass (Dynacast) for the immobilization of undisplaced upper limb fractures in children. Methods An exploratory RCT was performed at a tertiary paediatric referral hospital between 1 June 2018 and 30 September 2019. The intention-to-treat population consisted of 170 patients (mean age 8.42 years (SD 3.42); Woodcast (WCG), n = 84, 57 male (67.9%); Dynacast (DNG), n = 86, 58 male (67.4%)). Patients with undisplaced upper limb fractures were randomly assigned to WCG or DNG treatment groups. Primary outcome was the stress stability of the splint material, defined as absence of any deformations or fractures within the splint during study period. Secondary outcomes included patient satisfaction and medical staff opinion. Additionally, biomechanical and chemical analysis of the splint samples was carried out. Results Of the initial 170 patients, 168 (98.8%) completed at least one follow-up, and were included for analysis of the primary endpoint. Both treatment groups were well-matched regarding to age, sex, and type and localization of the fracture. Splint breakage occurred in three patients (3.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.007% to 0.102%) in the WCG and in three children (3.5%, 95% CI 0.007% to 0.09%) in the DNG (p > 0.99). The incidence of splint-related adverse events did not differ between the WCG (n = 21; 25.0%) and DNG (n = 24; 27.9%; p = 0.720). Under experimental conditions, the maximal tensile strength of Dynacast samples was higher than those deriving from Woodcast (mean 15.37 N/mm² (SD 1.37) vs 10.75 N/mm² (SD 1.20); p = 0.002). Chemical analysis revealed detection of polyisocyanate-prepolymer in Dynacast and polyester in Woodcast samples. Conclusion Splint-related adverse events appear similar between WCG and DNG treatment groups during the treatment of undisplaced forearm fractures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1405–1411.
Experimental mitigation of the effects of the limited size aperture or misalignment by singular-value-decomposition-based beam orthogonalization in a free-space optical link using Laguerre–Gaussian modes
Authors: Pang Kai , Song Haoqian , Su Xinzhou , Zou Kaiheng , Zhao Zhe , Song Hao , Almaiman Ahmed , Zhang Runzhou , Liu Cong , Hu Nanzhe , Zach Shlomo , Cohen Nadav , Lynn Brittany , Molisch Andreas F. , Boyd Robert W. , Tur Moshe , Willner Alan E. 
Published: October 2020

Limited-size receiver (Rx) apertures and transmitter–Rx (Tx–Rx) misalignments could induce power loss and modal crosstalk in a mode-multiplexed free-space link. We experimentally demonstrate the mitigation of these impairments in a 400 Gbit/s four-data-channel free-space optical link. To mitigate the above degradations, our approach of singular-value-decomposition-based (SVD-based) beam orthogonalization includes (1) measuring the transmission matrix

H

for the link given a limited-size aperture or misalignment; (2) performing SVD on the transmission matrix to find the

U

,

Σ

, and

V

complex matrices; (3) transmitting each data channel on a beam that is a combination of Laguerre–Gaussian modes with complex weights according to the

V

matrix; and (4) applying the

U

matrix to the channel demultiplexer at the Rx. Compared with the case of transmitting each channel on a beam using a single mode, our experimental results when transmitting multi-mode beams show that (a) with a limited-size aperture, the power loss and crosstalk could be reduced by

∼

8

and

∼

23

dB

, respectively; and (b) with misalignment, the power loss and crosstalk could be reduced by

∼

15

and

∼

40

dB

, respectively.
VERIFICATION OF CLINICAL ACCURACY OF AUTOMATED NON-INVASIVE SPHYGMOMANOMETERS: IS IT APPROPRIATE TO USE BLOOD PRESSURE SIMULATORS?
Authors: Havlík Jan , Fabián Vratislav 
Published: October 2020

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in developed countries. Blood measurement is an integral part of the diagnosis of these diseases. With the development of oscillometric blood pressure monitors, the question of regular monitoring of their clinical accuracy (overall error) has arisen. This paper deals with the overall accuracy of two commercial tonometers (Hartmann Digital HG 160 comfort and HuBDIC HBP–1520), using two calibrated blood pressure simulators (Fluke BP Pump 2 and Fluke ProSim). Using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, significant differences between the simulators have been proved for all measurements – both for SBP and DBP measurements and both for Hartmann Digital HG 160 and HuBDIC HBP–1520 tonometers (p < 0.001). Therefore, without the precise knowledge of the relationship between the blood pressure monitor and the simulator used, it is not appropriate to use simulators to determine the overall error. On the other hand, the tested devices had a very good repeatability of the measurements at all presets, with both simulators. From this point of view, it is suitable to use simulators to determine the stability of measurement by a given tonometer rather than its clinical accuracy.
FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF OXIMETER DROP-OUTS IN THE NICU: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Bachman Thomas Edward , Roubik Karel 
Published: October 2020

Oximeters used for continuous monitoring experience periods with no signal. This SpO2drop-out is widely acknowledged and its causes generally understood. This is a prospectively designed analysis of an existing database with the aim of characterizing drop-outs as experienced in the neonatal ICU. The data reflects 116 days of monitoring in seven tertiary care neonatal ICUs in 6 countries. From the evaluation of 1,396 drop-outs we found that typically the time was minimal with missing SpO2 data, and the episodes were short (median 2.79 minutes per day IQR 0.17-76, median 22 seconds IQR: 15-37, respectively). During during about half of the days there were no prolonged dropouts (1 minute or longer), even so half of the total time spent with no SpO2data were in prolonged episodes (median length 110 seconds IQR 85-150). The predominate factor associated with excessive drop-out time was the number of prolonged episodes rather than their duration. We concluded that the impact of drop-outs during manual control of inspired oxygen primarily impact alarm fatigue, but that during automatic FiO2control they could have an important impact. The relative effectiveness of the fall-back strategies of these automatic control systems ought to be evaluated.
The protective role of melatonin against the effects of different doses of caffeine on the fetus
Authors: Yılmaz Seher , Göçmen Ayşe Yeşim , Arıkan Evrim Suna , Akyüz Enes , Tokpınar Adem , Nisari Mehtap , Unur Erdoğan , Yay Arzu Hanım , Yalçın Betül , Yılmaz Halil , Ertekin Tolga , Güler Hatice , Sabitaliyevich Uteuliyev Yerzhan 
Published: October 2020

Skeletal system and some organs development changes in rat fetuses with 30 and 60 mg/kg caffeine and melatonin's (10 mg/kg) protective role against rat fetuses were investigated. Groups (n = 4) were formed as Control, LDC, HDC, LDC+melatonin, HDC+melatonin and melatonin. Fetuses were taken by cesarean section and stained using dual skeletal staining method and FESEM. TRAP and AP immune-reactivity concentrations were calculated. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were also measured by liver, bone and placenta samples. TNF-Î±, IL-1íŸ, IL-6, VEGF-A, SOST and Fetuin-A levels were measured in tissue by using ELISA. TBARS, SOD, GSH, GSSG, TOS, TAS, measured by spectrophotometric assay method. The mRNA levels of Agtr2 gene expressed in placental tissues of control rats and in placental tissues of rats exposed to HDC, LDC, MEL, HDC+MEL, LDC+MEL were analyzed by Real-time PCR. The gene expressions of Agtr2 were significantly upregulated in the placentas exposed to HDC, MEL, HDC+MEL and LDC+MEL (P<0,001). No significant difference in samples of the LDC group (P>0,05). According to these data, caffeine used during pregnancy delayed ossification; melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, was found to eliminate this effect. Besides, changes in angiotensin receptor expression observed in response to a caffeine and melatonin exposure result from high dose and join effect.
Nobiletin inhibits viability of human renal carcinoma cells via the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Xu Zhenyu , Wu Ding , Fu Dian , Tang Chaopeng , Ge Jingping , Zhang Zhengyu , Zhou Wenquan 
Published: October 2020

Nobiletin, a flavonoid found chiefly in oranges and lemons, has exhibited potential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in various types of cancers. However, the inhibitory effect and mechanisms of nobiletin on renal cancer cells are unclear. CCK8 and plate clone formation assay were used to determine the effect of nobiletin on the proliferation of renal cancer cells, while scratch healing test was used to assay its effect on migration ability. The effect of nobiletin on the invasion of renal cancer cells was determined using Trans well chamber assay. Flow cytometry was used to determine the effect of nobiletin on apoptosis of renal cancer cells, while Western blotting assay was used to determine its effect on the expressions of JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathway proteins, and apoptosis-related proteins. Nobiletin inhibited the proliferation of renal carcinoma cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. It inhibited the migration and invasion of renal cancer cells, and promoted their apoptosis. Western blot results showed that nobiletin inhibited the phosphorylations of JAK2, STAT3, PI3K, and Akt, and promoted the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins. Nobiletin inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways, and promotes their apoptosis. These findings provide a new experimental basis for the application of nobiletin in the treatment of renal cancer.
Epidermolytic acanthoma in a young woman: a case letter
Authors: Zhao Peng , Qin Xiaowei , Qin Junxia , Chen Lifang 
Published: October 2020

Epidermolytic acanthoma (EA) is a rare benign tumor that is characterized by epidermolytic hyperkeratosis on histopathology. It usually presents in adulthood as an asymptomatic tumor <1 cm in diameter with a verrucous surface. We report a very uncommon case of epidermolytic acanthoma. A 21-year-old woman came to our hospital with a pale black papule on the left lower eyelid near the Inner canthus for 2 months. Two months ago the patient noted a pale brown spot on the inside of the left lower eyelid, which gradually enlarged, forming a papule with a deepened color. There were no associated symptoms, such as itching or pain. There were no local injuries, scratches, or other incidents before the crash occurred. The patient was always healthy, with no history of chronic disease or other skin diseases, and no similar cases existed in the family. We diagnosed it as EA.
Peri-Implant Vertebral Body Fracture in a Cervical Integrated Cage Screw Construct
Authors: Kapoor Saurabh , Shah Siddharth , Salem Khalid , Quraishi Nasir 
Published: October 2020

Case:
A 33-year-old woman underwent C5-6 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for progressive cervical myelopathy using an intergrated cage screw construct. Five weeks postoperatively, she presented with neck pain, worsening gait, and weakness after a slight jerk, with imaging showing peri-implant transverse fracture in the C6 vertebral body across the site of Caspar distractor pins and tips of the integrated cage screws. She was treated conservatively with hard collar with close observation, and at 6 months, she was asymptomatic with complete fracture union on imaging.

Conclusion:
Peri-implant fracture in a cervical integrated cage screw construct is a rare complication, with biomechanical implications to the pathogenesis, which shows good clinical outcome to conservative treatment.
Progestins counteract estrogens to shift breast cancer cell metabolism
Authors: Ward Ashley V. , Matthews Shawna B. , Fettig Lynsey M. , Finlay-Schultz Jessica , Kabos Peter , Jackman Matthew , MacLean Paul S. , Sartorius Carol A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Progesterone receptors (PR) profoundly influence breast cancer biology by modifying estrogen receptor (ER) gene regulation, and, under some contexts, increasing populations of cancer stem cells. Abnormal metabolism is a cancer hallmark that has largely been understudied in relation to hormones in ER+PR+ breast disease. In this study, we investigated how progestins, in the absence or presence of estrogens, affect breast cancer cell metabolism. We measured metabolites using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) in three ER+PR+ breast cancer cell lines (T47D, UCD4, and UCD65) treated with vehicle, estrogen only, progestin only, or the combination. Progestins, in the absence or presence of estrogens, largely downregulated metabolites, particularly those involved in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid metabolism. Seahorse metabolic analysis found progestins (alone or plus estrogens) generally shifted cells towards glycolysis with reduced ATP production. Transmission electron microscopy in cell lines and patient-derived xenograft tumors found that estrogens produced an elongated mitochondrial morphology, while estrogen plus progestin treatment reversed this trend. Using the photoconvertible MitoTimer reporter, progestins reduced both baseline and estrogen-induced mitochondrial turnover. Progestins blocked the estrogen-induced expression of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators PGC1α and PGC1β and their downstream targets. These findings indicate that progestins dominantly affect cell metabolism to shift cells to a more glycolytic phenotype with reduced mitochondrial function and amino acid pools; this transition is indicative of less proliferative, but also more dedifferentiated cells. Our results highlight potential benefits and detriments of current clinical studies testing selective PR modulators in ER+ breast cancers.
Key stakeholder experiences of an integrated healthcare pilot in Australia: A thematic analysis
Authors: Trankle Steven , Usherwood Tim , Abbott Penelope , Roberts Mary , Crampton Michael , Girgis Christian M , Riskallah John , Chang Yashu , Saini Jaspreet , Reath Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background In Australia and other developed countries, chronic illness prevalence is increasing, as are costs of healthcare, particularly hospital-based care. Integrating healthcare and supporting illness management in the community can be a means of preventing illness, improving outcomes and reducing unnecessary hospitalisation. Western Sydney has high rates of diabetes, heart and respiratory diseases and the NSW State Ministry of Health funded a range of key strategies through the Western Sydney Integrated Care Program (WSICP) to integrate care across hospital and community settings for patients with these illnesses. Complementing our previously reported analysis related to specific WSICP strategies, this research provided information concerning overall experiences and perspectives of WSICP implementation and integrated care generally.Methods We administered 125 in-depth interviews in two rounds over 12 months with 83 participants including patients and their carers, care facilitators, hospital specialists and nurses, allied health professionals, general practitioners and primary care nurses, and program managers. Half of the participants (n=42) were interviewed twice. We conducted an inductive, thematic analysis on the interview transcripts.Results Key themes related to the set-up and operationalising of WSICP; challenges encountered; and the added value of the program. Implementing WSICP was a large and time consuming undertaking but challenges including those with staffing and information technology were being addressed. The WSICP was considered valuable in reducing hospital admissions due to improved patient self-management and a focus on prevention, greater communication and collaboration between healthcare providers across health sectors and an increased capacity to manage chronic illness in the primary care setting.Conclusions Patients, carers and health providers experienced the WSICP as an innovative integrated care model and valued its patient-centred approach which was perceived to improve access to care, increase patient self-management and illness prevention, and reduce hospital admissions. Long-term sustainability of the WSICP will depend on retaining key staff, more effectively sharing information including across health sectors to support enhanced collaboration, and expanding the suite of activities into other illness areas and locations. Enhanced support for general practices to manage chronic illness in the community, in collaboration with hospital specialists is critical. Timely evaluation informs ongoing program implementation.
Genome-wide Identification of ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter and Heavy Metal Associated (HMA) Gene Families in Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Khan Nadeem , You Frank , Datla Raju , Ravichandhran Sridhar , Jia Bosen , Cloutier Sylvie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background The recent release of the reference genome sequence assembly of flax, a self-pollinated crop with 15 chromosome pairs, into chromosome-scale pseudomolecules enables the characterization of gene families. The ABC transporter and HMA gene families are important in the control of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in crops. To date, the genome-wide analysis of these two gene families has been successfully conducted in some plant species, but no systematic evolutionary analysis is available for the flax genome. Results Here we describe the ABC transporter and HMA gene families in flax to provide a comprehensive overview of its evolution and some support towards the functional annotation of its members. The 198 ABC transporter and 12 HMA genes identified in the flax genome were classified into eight ABC transporter and four HMA subfamilies based on their phylogenetic analysis and domains’ composition. Nine of these genes, i.e., LuABCC9, LuABCC10, LuABCG58, LuABCG59, LuABCG71, LuABCG72, LuABCG73, LuHMA3, and LuHMA4, were orthologous with the Cd associated genes in Arabidopsis, rice and maize. Ten motifs were identified from all ABC transporter and HMA genes. Also, several motifs were conserved among genes of similar length, but subfamilies each had their own motif structures. Both the ABC transporter and HMA gene families were highly conserved among subfamilies of flax and with those of Arabidopsis. While four types of gene duplication were observed at different frequencies, whole-genome or segmental duplications were the most frequent with 162 genes, followed by 29 dispersed, 14 tandem and 4 proximal duplications, suggesting that segmental duplications contributed the most to the expansion of both gene families in flax. The rates of non-synonymous to synonymous (Ka/Ks) mutations of paired duplicated genes were for the most part lower than one, indicative of a predominant purifying selection. Only five pairs of genes clearly exhibited positive selection with a Ka/Ks ratio greater than one. Gene ontology analyses suggested that most flax ABC transporter and HMA genes had a role in ATP binding, transport, catalytic activity, ATPase activity, and metal ion binding. The RNA-Seq analysis of eight different organs demonstrated diversified expression profiling patterns of the genes and revealed their functional or sub-functional conservation and neo-functionalization. Conclusion Characterization of the ABC transporter and HMA gene families will help in the functional analysis of candidate genes in flax and other crop species.