bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of random-field-theory and false-discovery-rate inference results in the analysis of registered one-dimensional biomechanical datasets
Authors: Naouma Hanaa , Pataky Todd C. 
Published: December 2019

Background
The inflation of falsely rejected hypotheses associated with multiple hypothesis testing is seen as a threat to the knowledge base in the scientific literature. One of the most recently developed statistical constructs to deal with this problem is the false discovery rate (FDR), which aims to control the proportion of the falsely rejected null hypotheses among those that are rejected. FDR has been applied to a variety of problems, especially for the analysis of 3-D brain images in the field of Neuroimaging, where the predominant form of statistical inference involves the more conventional control of false positives, through Gaussian random field theory (RFT). In this study we considered FDR and RFT as alternative methods for handling multiple testing in the analysis of 1-D continuum data. The field of biomechanics has recently adopted RFT, but to our knowledge FDR has not previously been used to analyze 1-D biomechanical data, nor has there been a consideration of how FDR vs. RFT can affect biomechanical interpretations.

Methods
We reanalyzed a variety of publicly available experimental datasets to understand the characteristics which contribute to the convergence and divergence of RFT and FDR results. We also ran a variety of numerical simulations involving smooth, random Gaussian 1-D data, with and without true signal, to provide complementary explanations for the experimental results.

Results
Our results suggest that RFT and FDR thresholds (the critical test statistic value used to judge statistical significance) were qualitatively identical for many experimental datasets, but were highly dissimilar for others, involving non-trivial changes in data interpretation. Simulation results clarified that RFT and FDR thresholds converge as the true signal weakens and diverge when the signal is broad in terms of the proportion of the continuum size it occupies. Results also showed that, while sample size affected the relation between RFT and FDR results for small sample sizes (<15), this relation was stable for larger sample sizes, wherein only the nature of the true signal was important.

Discussion
RFT and FDR thresholds are both computationally efficient because both are parametric, but only FDR has the ability to adapt to the signal features of particular datasets, wherein the threshold lowers with signal strength for a gain in sensitivity. Additional advantages and limitations of these two techniques as discussed further. This article is accompanied by freely available software for implementing FDR analyses involving 1-D data and scripts to replicate our results.
Differentiation between maxillary and malar midface position within the facial profile
Authors: Chalala Chimène , Ghafari Joseph G. 
Published: December 2019

AimsTo define midfacial position differentiating maxillary and zygomatic regions and to evaluate the corresponding cephalometric characteristics discerning midfacial flatness and fullness.Material and MethodsA total of 183 pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of non-growing orthodontic patients (age 25.98 ± 8.43 years) screened at our university orthodontic clinic. The lateral cephalographs of the orthodontic patients were stratified in four groups:flat,normal toward flat,normal toward full,full,according to distances from nasion and sella to points J and G (NJ, SJ, NG and SG). J is the midpoint of the distance connecting orbitale to point A, and G the center of the triangle connecting orbit, key ridge and pterygomaxillary fissure. Statistics included the Kendall tau-b test for best associations among measurements.ResultsAll measurements were statistically significantly different betweenflatandfullgroups. The highest associations were between NJ and SJ (τb= 0.71;p< 0.001) and NG and SG (τb= 0.70;p< 0.001). Flat midfaces were characterized by canting of the cranial base and palatal plane, hyperdivergent pattern and maxillary retrognathism. The opposite was true for fuller midfaces.ConclusionMidface skeletal location was assessed differentially in the naso-maxillary and malo-zygomatic structures differentially. Craniofacial characteristics were identified according to this stratification, indicating the potential for application in facial diagnosis and need for testing on 3D cone-beam computed tomography images.
Mental Health Awareness Phone Polling Survey: Focus on Community Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdullah Alhabeeb Abdulhameed , Salem Alasmari Saed , Abdullah Alduraihem Rashid , Akhtar Qureshi Naseem 
Published: December 2019

Background: Mental health awareness surveys that assess the broad knowledge of various stakeholders including public nationwide help in the development of relevant strategies to enhance their poor mental health literacy.
Objective: The aim of this telephone polling survey was to measure mental health awareness of general public in Saudi Arabia.
Method: The participants (n=1068) randomly selected from 13 regions of Saudi Arabia were contacted by 15 trained Saudi girl interviewers for conducting 30-minutes individual interview in Arabic language using a self-designed 15-item questionnaire.
Results: About one fourth of responders (23%) reported either personal or family member having mental disorder, and depression and anxiety disorders were the commonest problems. Stigma against mental disorders and consulting health professionals, misperceptions towards psychotropics and social exclusion and shame were variably reported by the participants. Though the participants perceived barriers to have access to MH services, 55% of responders reported MH services were of good to excellent grade, and the two most common help-seeking modes were psychiatric and religious and spiritual service providers.
Conclusion: Although this community participatory mental health polling survey is found to have encouraging mental health literacy of public participants, evidence based training programs and campaigns for further improving people mental health literacy are needed in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the Arabian Gulf countries.
Tools for Detecting Uniparental Disomy
Authors: Tuna Musaffe 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Genomic alterations are hallmarks of human cancer and complex diseases. Genomic alterations include point mutations, deletion, duplication/amplification, fusion genes, complex rearrangements and uniparental disomy. When both homologous chromosome pair is originated from the same parent called uniparental disomy. Uniparental disomy can occur as constitutive (germline) and as acquired UPD. Constitutive UPD is associated with developmental diseases and cancer, while acquired (somatic) UPD occur in human cancers. aUPD pinpoints homozygous regions for existing alterations such as loss‐of‐function, gain‐of‐function mutations, deletions, methylations or imprinting.

Key Concepts

aUPD is common alterations in cancers, and aUPD regions are associated with survival or risk factors of cancer.

UPD regions pinpoint homozygosity for existing alterations such as mutation, deletion, methylation or imprinting. Therefore it is important to detect aUPD.

Currently, multiple UPD detection tools are freely available.

Some of the tools are capable of detecting also ploidy and/or purity of tumour.

Some of the tools can detect UPD as low as in 10% tumour purity.
Stomatal Immunity
Authors: Kim Dae Sung , Liang Yun‐Kuan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Stomata have long been assumed as passive portals of entry for pathogenic microorganisms, which may cause severe crop loss and food poisoning; however, accumulating evidence suggests that stomata have an important immune function. Plants actively close their stomata upon recognition of invading pathogens to stave off pathogenesis. Stomatal immunity starts from the perception of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns by surface‐localised pattern recognition receptors and activating a signalling cascade that requires plant hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ion flux and gene expression to trigger stomatal closure. However, the arms race between plants and pathogens has driven the pathogenic microbes to constantly evolve new strategies and effector combinations as a countermeasure to manipulate stomatal movement for their own benefit. Changes in the guard cell metabolome, circadian clock regulating genes and climate‐related factors can impact plant defence through stomatal regulation. Understanding stomatal immunity has broad applications in combating pathogens, enhancing agricultural capacity and food safety.

Key Concepts

Active stomatal movement is tightly regulated by plants as a general mechanism of defence against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Guard cells recognise pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and trigger a signalling cascade rendering stomatal closure and a reduction of pathogen entry into the plant.

Different types of pathogens can subvert or take control of the plant immune responses and re‐open stomata for enhancing pathogenicity via toxins and/or effectors.

Changes in the guard cell metabolome, redox homeostasis, circadian clock regulating genes and climate‐related factors can impact plant defence through stomatal regulation.

Elucidating how stomata prioritise their responses to multiple biotic and abiotic signal inputs and the epistatic relationships between various signalling pathways in the guard cells will be a next important step in understanding the regulatory mechanism of stomatal immunity.
Treatment planning of VMAT and step‐and‐shoot IMRT delivery techniques for single fraction spine SBRT: An intercomparative dosimetric analysis and phantom‐based quality assurance measurements
Authors: Ouyang Zi , LaHurd Danielle V. , Balagamwala Ehsan H. , Chao Samuel T. , Suh John H. , Xia Ping 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo retrospectively compare clinically treated step‐and‐shoot intensity modulated radiotherapy (ssIMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plans in dosimetric endpoints and pretreatment quality assurance (QA) measurements.MethodsFive single fraction spine SBRT (18 Gy) cases — including one cervical, two thoracic, and two lumbar spines — clinically treated with ssIMRT were replanned with VMAT, and all plans were delivered to a phantom for comparing plan quality and delivery accuracy. Furthermore, we analyzed 98 clinically treated plans (18 Gy single fraction), including 34 ssIMRT and 29 VMAT for cervical/thoracic spine, and 19 ssIMRT and 16 VMAT for lumbar spine. The conformality index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) were calculated, and QA measurement records were compared. For the spinal cord/cauda equina, the maximum dose to 0.03 cc (D0.03cc) and volume receiving 10 or 12 Gy (V10Gy/V12Gy) were recorded. Statistical significance was tested with the Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsCompared to ssIMRT, replanned VMAT plans had lower V10Gy/V12Gy and D0.03cc to the spinal cord/cauda equina in all five cases, and better CI in three out of five cases. The VMAT replans were slightly less homogeneous than those of ssIMRT plans. Both modalities passed IMRT QA with >95% passing rate with (3%, 3 mm) gamma criteria. With the 98 clinical cases, for cervical/thoracic ssIMRT and VMAT plans, the median V10Gy of spinal cord was 4.15% and 1.85% (P = 0.004); the median D0.03cc of spinal cord was 10.85 Gy and 10.10 Gy (P = 0.032); the median CI was 1.28 and 1.08 (P = 0.009); the median HI were 1.34 and 1.33 (P = 0.697), respectively. For lumbar spine, no significant dosimetric endpoint differences were observed. The two modalities were comparable in delivery accuracy.ConclusionFrom our clinically treated plans, we found that VMAT plans provided better dosimetric quality and comparable delivery accuracy when compared to ssIMRT for single fraction spine SBRT.
Nigrosome 1 imaging in REM sleep behavior disorder and its association with dopaminergic decline
Authors: Barber Thomas R. , Griffanti Ludovica , Bradley Kevin M. , McGowan Daniel R. , Lo Christine , Mackay Clare E. , Hu Michele T. , Klein Johannes C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesRapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) patients have a high risk of developing a Parkinsonian disorder, offering an opportunity for neuroprotective intervention. Predicting near‐term conversion, however, remains a challenge. Dopamine transporter imaging, while informative, is expensive and not widely available. Here, we investigate the utility of susceptibility‐weighted MRI (SWI) to detect abnormalities of the substantia nigra in RBD, and explore their association with striatal dopaminergic deficits.MethodsSWI of the substantia nigra was performed in 46 RBD patients, 27 Parkinson’s patients, and 32 control subjects. Dorsal nigral hyperintensity (DNH) was scored by two blinded raters, and separately quantified using a semiautomated process. Forty‐two RBD patients were also imaged with 123I‐ioflupane single‐photon emission computed tomography (DaT SPECT/CT).ResultsConsensus visual DNH classification was possible in 87% of participants. 27.5% of RBD patients had lost DNH, compared with 7.7% of control subjects and 96% of Parkinson’s patients. RBD patients lacking DNH had significantly lower putamen dopaminergic SPECT/CT activity compared to RBD patients with DNH present (specific uptake ratios 1.89 vs. 2.33, P = 0.002). The mean quantified DNH signal intensity declined in a stepwise pattern, with RBD patients having lower intensity than controls (0.837 vs. 0.877, P = 0.01) but higher than PD patients (0.837 vs. 0.765, P < 0.001).InterpretationOver one quarter of RBD patients have abnormal substantia nigra SWI reminiscent of Parkinson’s, which is associated with a greater dopaminergic deficit. This modality may help enrich neuroprotective trials with early converters.
Developmentally Engineered Callus Organoid Bioassemblies Exhibit Predictive In Vivo Long Bone Healing
Authors: Nilsson Hall Gabriella , Mendes Luís Freitas , Gklava Charikleia , Geris Liesbet , Luyten Frank P. , Papantoniou Ioannis 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClinical translation of cell‐based products is hampered by their limited predictive in vivo performance. To overcome this hurdle, engineering strategies advocate to fabricate tissue products through processes that mimic development and regeneration, a strategy applicable for the healing of large bone defects, an unmet medical need. Natural fracture healing occurs through the formation of a cartilage intermediate, termed “soft callus,” which is transformed into bone following a process that recapitulates developmental events. The main contributors to the soft callus are cells derived from the periosteum, containing potent skeletal stem cells. Herein, cells derived from human periosteum are used for the scalable production of microspheroids that are differentiated into callus organoids. The organoids attain autonomy and exhibit the capacity to form ectopic bone microorgans in vivo. This potency is linked to specific gene signatures mimicking those found in developing and healing long bones. Furthermore, callus organoids spontaneously bioassemble in vitro into large engineered tissues able to heal murine critical‐sized long bone defects. The regenerated bone exhibits similar morphological properties to those of native tibia. These callus organoids can be viewed as a living “bio‐ink” allowing bottom‐up manufacturing of multimodular tissues with complex geometric features and inbuilt quality attributes.
Crystallization Control of Ternary‐Cation Perovskite Absorber in Triple‐Mesoscopic Layer for Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Qifei , Zhang Wenhao , Zhang Zhihui , Liu Shuang , Wu Jiawen , Guan Yanjun , Mei Anyi , Rong Yaoguang , Hu Yue , Han Hongwei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractControlling the crystallization of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite is of vital importance to achieve high performing perovskite solar cells. The growth mechanism of perovskites has been intensively studied in devices with planar structures and traditional structures. However, for the printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells, it is difficult to study the crystallization mechanism of perovskite owing to the complicated mesoporous structure. Here, a solvent evaporation controlled crystallization method to achieve ideal crystallization in the mesoscopic structure is provided. Combining results of scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction, it is found that adjusting the evaporation rate of solvent can control the crystallization rate of perovskite and a model for the crystallization process during annealing in mesoporous structures is proposed. Finally, a homogeneous pore filling in the mesoscopic structure without any additives is successfully achieved and a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 16.26% using ternary‐cation perovskite absorber is realized. The findings will provide better understanding of perovskite crystallization in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells and pave the way for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.
Mechanism of Sodium Storage in Hard Carbon: An X‐Ray Scattering Analysis
Authors: Morikawa Yusuke , Nishimura Shin‐ichi , Hashimoto Ryu‐ichi , Ohnuma Masato , Yamada Atsuo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHard carbon is a standard anode material for Na‐ion batteries. However, its low crystallinity and diverse microstructures make obtaining a full understanding of the sodium storage mechanism challenging. Here, the results of a systematic ex situ small and wide angle X‐ray scattering study of a series of nanostructured hard carbons, which reveal clear evidence of sodium storage in the graphene–graphene interlayers and nanopores, are presented. Particularly, an emergence of a broad peak around q ≈ 2.0–2.1 Å−1 in the low voltage region is suggested to be an indicator that sodium is densely confined in the nanopores. Thus, classical X‐ray scattering techniques are demonstrated to be effective in elucidating the overall reaction scheme of Na insertion into hard carbon.
Phase 2 study of efgartigimod, a novel FcRn antagonist, in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Newland Adrian C. , Sánchez‐González Blanca , Rejtő László , Egyed Miklos , Romanyuk Nataliya , Godar Marie , Verschueren Katrien , Gandini Domenica , Ulrichts Peter , Beauchamp Jon , Dreier Torsten , Ward E. Sally , Michel Marc , Liebman Howard A. , de Haard Hans , Leupin Nicolas , Kuter David J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrimary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune bleeding disorder, characterized by a low platelet count (<100 × 109/L) in the absence of other causes associated with thrombocytopenia. In most patients, IgG autoantibodies directed against platelet receptors can be detected. They accelerate platelet clearance and destruction, inhibit platelet production, and impair platelet function, resulting in increased risk of bleeding and impaired quality of life. Efgartigimod is a human IgG1 antibody Fc‐fragment, a natural ligand of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), engineered for increased affinity to FcRn, while preserving its characteristic pH‐dependent binding. Efgartigimod blocks FcRn, preventing IgG recycling, and causing targeted IgG degradation. In this Phase 2 study, 38 patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive four weekly intravenous infusions of either placebo (N = 12) or efgartigimod at a dose of 5 mg/kg (N = 13) or 10 mg/kg (N = 13). This short treatment cycle of efgartigimod in patients with ITP, predominantly refractory to previous lines of therapy, was shown to be well tolerated, and demonstrated a favorable safety profile consistent with Phase 1 data. Efgartigimod induced a rapid reduction of total IgG levels (up to 63.7% mean change from baseline), which was associated with clinically relevant increases in platelet counts (46% patients on efgartigimod vs 25% on placebo achieved a platelet count of ≥50 × 109/L on at least two occasions, and 38% vs 0% achieved ≥50 × 109/L for at least 10 cumulative days), and a reduced proportion of patients with bleeding. Taken together, these data warrant further evaluation of FcRn antagonism as a novel therapeutic approach in ITP.
Neue Kandidaten für die nichtlineare Optik im Tief‐UV‐Bereich
Authors: Mutailipu Miriding , Pan Shilie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFortschritte bei der Erzeugung kohärenter Laser unter 200 nm sowie Geräten und Techniken zu deren Betrieb haben die Entwicklung von NLO‐Materialien mit der Fähigkeit zur Phasenanpassung im tiefen UV‐Spektralbereich (Tief‐UV) stark beschleunigt. Allerdings erfüllen nur wenige Kristalle die technischen Anforderungen, und bis heute konzentriert man sich im Wesentlichen darauf, die nächsten konkurrenzfähigen Kandidaten zu finden. Demzufolge wurden mehrere Kristalle entwickelt, die großes Potenzial zur Erzeugung von harmonischem, kohärentem Licht im tiefen UV bieten und von neu entwickelten Systemen mit neuartigen NLO‐aktiven Einheiten und Chromophoren profitieren. Wir bieten hier eine Übersicht der Entwicklung dieser neuen Kandidaten im Bereich der Tief‐UV‐NLO‐Materialien, diskutieren Fortschritte bei der Suche nach überlegenen Systemen und beim Verständnis der Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen. Unser Ziel ist eine klare Darstellung der Entwicklung aktueller NLO‐Kandidaten für tiefes UV. Außerdem hoffen wir, das Auffinden neuer, hocheffizienter Kandidaten durch diesen Aufsatz zu beschleunigen.
Modeling and interpretation of membrane capacitive deionization responses to different salt load
Authors: Zhu Siyu , Yu Jian , Stewart Ty C. , Tang H. Larry 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMembrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) has been found to offer beneficial aspects compared with regular capacitive deionization as a promising process for water desalination. This research varied the salt load in a bench‐scale MCDI system and presented a kinetic model for describing its dynamic response of electrosorption and desorption. A pseudofirst‐order kinetic model was found to describe the MCDI process well according to graphical analyses of fitting results. Both regression and verification R2 values were greater than 0.97. Utilization of the model for the prediction of MCDI performance under the influences of initial salt concentration and flow rate led to proper calibration strategies. The impacts of the two parameters on both electrosorption and desorption can be interpreted by a layer resistance theory. Results of this research are beneficial for water professionals for improving desalination efficiency of an MCDI system as consideration of parameter settings is necessary for proper calibration and operation.