bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
32 What determines placental size in beef cattle? The consideration of maternal and fetal factors
Authors: Redifer Colby A , Duncan Natalie B , Meyer Allison M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Expelled placentas and calf size at birth were collected from crossbred beef cows during Spring 2017 (n = 27; age: 2-7 yr), Fall 2017 (n = 24; age: 3-6 yr), and Fall 2018 (n = 22; age: 2-4 yr) to determine the relationships of placental characteristics with cow parameters, calf sex, and fetal growth. Placentas deemed complete were dissected (cotyledonary vs. intercotyledonary) and dry weights determined. Mixed linear models were used to individually determine main effects of peripartum BCS category (&lt; 5, =5, or ≥6), cow age category (2, 3-4, or 5-7 yr), and calf sex on placental measures. Study was included in all models. Correlations were determined for placental characteristics with pre-calving cow BW and calf size. Cow BCS and calf sex had no effect (P ≥ 0.25) on placental characteristics. Primiparous cows had less (P ≤ 0.02) total placental and average cotyledon weights compared with young cows. Cow BW and calf BW had moderate positive correlations (P &lt; 0.001) with intercotyledonary and total placental weights and weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.01) with cotyledonary weight. Cow BW had a weak negative correlation (P = 0.05) with placental efficiency [calf BW/placental weight]. Average cotyledon weight had a moderate positive correlation (P &lt; 0.001) with cow BW and a weak positive correlation (P = 0.001) with calf BW. Shoulder to tailhead length had a weak positive correlation (P = 0.001) with placental efficiency. Heart girth had moderate positive correlations (P &lt; 0.001) and abdominal girth had weak positive correlations (P ≤ 0.04) with cotyledonary, intercotyledonary, total placental, and average cotyledon weights. Ponderal index [calf BW/length3] had a weak positive correlation (P ≤ 0.06) with cotyledonary, intercotyledonary, and total placental weights. These data suggest that fetal and placental growth occur in concert; however, which imparts more influence on the other is unknown.
33 Influence of age of dam on daughter reproductive performance and follicle numbers in beef heifers
Authors: Cushman Robert , Spuri-Gomes Renata , Tenley Sarah , Rosasco Shelby , Rich Jerica , Northrop Emmalee , Miles Jeremy , Lindhom-Perry Amanda , Keel Brittney , Perry George , Summers Adam , Cupp Andrea 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heifers born to heifers have fewer primordial follicles in their ovaries at a year of age than heifers born to mature cows. We, therefore, hypothesized that heifers born to heifers would have decreased reproductive efficiency compared to heifers born to mature cows. Data were extracted from the USMARC database for replacement heifers (n = 7053) born between 2003 and 2010, representing 4631 dams. Ovaries were collected from neonatal (&lt; 20 d) heifers born to heifers (n = 53) or heifers born to mature cows (n = 96) to examine influence of age of dam on follicle numbers immediately after birth. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with age of dam as a class effect. For production data, dam was a random effect to account for dams having more than one daughter represented in the data. Heifers born to dams less than 6 years of age produced fewer calves than heifers born to cows greater than 5 years of age (5.2 ± 0.1 or 5.5 ± 0.1 calves, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). Heifers born to heifers weighed less at birth and weaning than heifers born to mature cows (P &lt; 0.0001). Age of dam, however, did not influence number of antral follicles in the ovaries of neonatal heifers between heifers born to heifers and heifers born to mature cows (9.6 ± 1.4 and 8.0 ± 1.0; P = 0.36). As hypothesized, age of dam influences daughter reproductive performance; however, this does not appear to be completely driven by mechanisms associated with size of the ovarian reserve. Divergence in number of follicles in the ovaries does not occur until after 1 month of age, but this could be a carry-over effect of intra-uterine growth restriction in heifers born to heifers. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
148 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: Introduction to current knowledge
Authors: Caton Joel S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Processes associated with appropriate fetal and neonatal development from the periconceptual through the neonatal phases of life are critical for offspring health and productivity throughout life. The objectives are to provide a brief introduction to the current knowledge associated with nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development. The concept of developmental or fetal programming is that inappropriate events during critical developmental stages can have lasting impacts on offspring outcomes. This idea has emerged over the past three decades to become a major research focus in both animal and human biomedical arenas. Perturbed maternal nutrition and/or nutrient supply from prebreeding through early neonatal life has long been known to shape reproductive efficiency and offspring outcomes. Nutrient supply to the conceptus varies during the time course of placental and fetal development. Uterine glandular secretions are major suppliers of nutrients during early placental and conceptus development. As the placenta develops and becomes fully functional, fetal nutrient supply becomes dependent on placental function. Research investigating changes in total maternal nutrient supply, including both an under and over abundance, has clearly demonstrated impacts on offspring outcomes. Investigations into supply of specific nutrients on development outcomes has increased rapidly in recent years with results demonstrating that in some cases, even small changes in supply can have developmental consequences. Specific amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, and nutrient supply interactions can influence developmental outcomes. Underlying mechanisms of developmental programming are associated with epigenetic events which are driven, at least in part, by methyl donors and one carbon metabolites. Emerging knowledge associated with how critical supply of specific nutrients influences offspring development and postnatal health, function, and productivity is shaping our understanding of parental, fetal, and neonatal nutrition and creating opportunities for enhanced livestock production through strategic nutrient supplementation.
146 Nutritional Advances in Fetal and neonatal development: effect of fatty acid supplementation
Authors: Relling Alejandro E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Data from a series of experiments demonstrates that maternal supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during late gestation affects offspring growth. The increase in growth is independent on the fatty acid supplemented during the growing or finishing phase of the offspring; but it is sex dependent. Dam PUFA supplementation increases wether growth. Supplementation with EPA and DHA to pregnant ewes and to their offspring after weaning showed a treatment interaction in mRNA concentration of hypothalamic neuropeptides associated with dry matter intake (DMI) regulation. A dose increased in EPA and DHA in pregnant ewe diets shows a linear increase in growth, but a quadratic change in DMI or feed efficiency; growth was associated with a linear increase in plasma glucose concentration and a linear decrease in plasma ghrelin concentration. In lambs born from ewes supplemented with different sources of FA during a glucose tolerance test; males’ plasma insulin concentration increased as FA unsaturation degree increased in the dam diet, the opposite happened with females’ plasma insulin concentration. Recent data from our lab showed that the supplementation with EPA and DHA during the last third of gestation to pregnant ewes increased liver and small intestine global DNA methylation and small intestine transporters for amino acids in the fetus. Despite EPA and DHA during late gestation increase growth in the offspring; when EPA and DHA were supplemented in early gestation, offspring growth was lesser that lambs born from ewes supplemented a saturated and monounsaturated lipid. The reason for the difference in results it is not clear. However, more studies focusing in some aspect of the biology will help to understand what specific fatty acid needs to be supplemented at different stages of gestation to improve offspring growth.
123 Precision Animal Management – The Future of Animal Ag?
Authors: Brown-Brandl Tami 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sustainability in today’s animal production is more than economics – considerations need to include environmental concerns, animal well-being, hiring employees, worker safety and satisfaction, careful use of antibiotics, food safety, foreign animal disease, among others. In order to satisfy these pressures and concerns, new approaches should be carefully considered. In-depth evaluations of current animal facilities have and continue to identify new areas to apply technology. Research has shown promising results for implementing technology. The objective of this presentation is to provide an understanding of current and future technologies to help further discussion and develop creative solutions for sustainable animal production systems. Some of the specific areas that will be addressed include group housing systems for sows and grow-finishing swine systems. The development of precision animal management systems will create methods of capturing and utilizing real-time data to aid management decisions. Topics to be considered when developing these systems include sensor selection, method of data capture, and types of data processing. Current technologies that are being used in precision animal management systems include sound, images, and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. The data processing methods for this type of data are continuing to change and improve, ensuring that the end product for precision animal management is information, not data alone. Among application examples will be the evaluation of individual animal data for pig weight, illness detection, and detection of lameness, and the errors associated with different components.
6 Feed intake variability and performance implications of adjusting for dry matter content of cattle feedlot feed ingredients exposed to the elements
Authors: VanDerWal Allison , DiCostanzo Alfredo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives of this study were: 1) validate on-farm dry matter (DM) testing methods, and 2) determine how as-fed dietary composition adjustment to respond to DM content changes affected performance. One-hundred fifty-one crossbred steers (n = 85; 404 kg initial BW) and heifers (n = 66; 384 kg initial BW) were allocated randomly (4 to 6 hd/pen), within truck load and sex, to one of two 15-pen rows in a deep-bedded confinement barn. Treatments included control (n = 15 pens), where diets were only modified to account for changes in ingredient DM every 28 d or adjusted (ADJ; n = 15 pens), in which diets were modified daily to account for changes in ingredient DM. Target composition of diets was (DM basis) hay (3.73%), corn silage (CS; 8.28%), high moisture corn (HMC; 50.86%), dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 11.83%), dry rolled corn (DRC; 20.07%), and a liquid supplement (5.23%). Cattle were fed for 84 d. Dry matter content of hay was determined daily using a microwave oven and that of CS and HMC were determined using a forced-air dryer every other day upon removal from bunker silos; these methods were validated against DM determination using a forced-air oven set at 105 °C. Hay or corn silage DM measured indirectly was similar (P &gt; 0.10) to that measured using a forced-air oven at 105 °C. Adjusting as-fed dietary composition daily to compensate for changes in ingredient DM had no effect on DMI, ADG, feed conversion or final BW. Within-pen feed delivery residual variance tended to be greater (P = 0.06) for pens managed under ADJ. Within-pen and between-treatment residual DMI variance was not different (P &gt; 0.10). Under the conditions of this study, exposure to the elements did not precipitate in large changes in diet DM composition or content. This resulted in similar performance response whether dietary as-fed composition was adjusted or not.
104 Effects of nutritional management and implant strategies on growth and carcass performance of steers selected for superior marbling
Authors: Lundy Erika L , Beenken Aubree M , Wall Patrick B , Loy Daniel D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 187-day study utilizing Angus steers (283±4.4 kg) in a 2 x 2 factorial examined the effects of diet and implant strategy on growth and carcass performance of steers selected from Iowa State’s Angus herd genetically selected for enhanced marbling. Factors included diet: finishing (63 NEg; 12% roughage; FIN) or backgrounding (57 NEg, 30% roughage) fed for first 70 days before transitioning to finishing diet (BKG) and implant strategy (IMP): single, long duration implant administered on d0 (Synovex One Feedlot, Zoetis; ONE) or a multiple, regular duration implant strategy (Synovex S on d0, Synovex Choice on d70 and d155, Zoetis; SCC) designed to match trenbolone acetate delivery of 200 mg. Steers were stratified to treatment by marbling potential and initial body weight, and fed via bunks that captured individual steer feed disappearance (n = 15 steers/treatment). Carcass ultrasound, including percent intramuscular fat (IMF), was collected on d0, 70, 155, and 187. Data were analyzed in Proc Mixed of SAS with fixed effects of diet, IMP, and interaction. Initial weight was covariate for performance data, and initial IMF was covariate for IMF analysis. Steers fed BKG had greater DMI, lower ADG, and decreased G:F (P&lt; 0.01) during first 70 days versus FIN. Implant strategy had no effect on growth at d0-d154. From d155-d187, IMP affected ADG (P=0.01) with ONE having lesser ADG, while BKG had greater ADG than FIN. ONE had greater marbling and IMF (P=0.01) on d187 than SCC, suggesting greater IMF deposition during the final re-implant period (d155-d187) and reinforcing the importance for timing of implant administration. Regardless of IMP or diet, steers selected for enhanced marbling graded 100% Choice and higher with 65% of carcasses grading Prime, suggesting potential for using implants to increase efficiency without sacrificing carcass quality.
101 Effects of traditional growth-promoting re-implant or long-acting implant programs on growth performance and carcass characteristics of heifers fed for 221 days
Authors: Streeter Marshall , Hutcheson John , Nichols Wade , Nuttelman Brandon , Crawford Grant , Walter Lee-Anne , Davis Shane 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Beef heifers (n=1478) were used in a randomized complete block design to compare the effects of a traditional re-implant (Revalor-IH/Revalor-200) or a long-acting implant program (Revalor-XH) on feed yard growth performance and carcass characteristics. Heifers (initial BW = 263 kg; SD = 3.44 kg) were randomized to 1 of 20 pens with pens randomly assigned to Revalor-IH (80 mg trenbolone acetate [TBA], 8 mg estradiol [E]) at initial processing followed by Revalor-200 (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E; Rev-IH/200) 103 days later or Revalor-XH (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E; Rev-XH) implant treatments. Heifers were on feed for an average of 221 d with Rev-XH heifers remaining in their pens for the duration of the study. Final BW (559 kg) and feed efficiency (0.175) did not differ (P &gt; 0.11) between treatments. Dry matter intake was greater (P &lt; 0.10) for Rev-IH/200 (7.70 kg) compared with Rev-XH (7.60 kg) heifers causing greater (P &lt; 0.10) ADG for Rev-IH/200 (1.35 kg) versus Rev-XH (1.33 kg). Heifers implanted with Rev-IH/200 (365 kg) had greater (P &lt; 0.10) HCW than those implanted with Rev-XH (361 kg). However, differences in dressing percentage were not detected (P &gt; 0.15). Longissimus muscle area was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for heifers implanted with Rev-IH/200 (89.55 cm2) versus those implanted with Rev-XH (87.87 cm2). Back fat thickness (1.76 cm), calculated yield grade (3.28) and marbling score (487) did not differ (P &gt; 0.42) due to implant treatment. Differences resulting from implant treatment in the percentage of carcasses within USDA Quality Grades (P &gt; 0.34) and USDA Yield Grades (P &gt; 0.18) were not observed. Heifers that were re-implanted had improved ADG, DMI and HCW compared with those receiving a long-acting implant with minimal effects on carcass characteristics.
153 Effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea severity, antioxidant status and immunological parameters of weaned piglets
Authors: He Tengfei , Shang Qinghui , Long Shenfei , Gebreyohannes Tadele K , Piao Xiangshu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast as a substitute to AGP on intestinal health and performance of piglets. A total of 192 piglets weaned at 28 d of age were randomly assigned into one of four treatment groups with 8 pens/ treatment and 6 pigs/pen. Piglets were supplemented with either a regular nursery diet with two phase feeding (Phase 1: d1-d14 and Phase 2: d15-d28) (CON); CON diet supplemented with 75mg/kg Chlortetracycline plus ZnO 2000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 160 mg/kg in phase 2 (AGP); Con diet supplemented with 2kg/ton live yeast in both phases (LY); Con diet plus live yeast 1kg/ton in both phases plus ZnO 2000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 160 mg/kg in phase 2 (LY-ZnO). During Phase 1, LY and LY-ZnO group had significantly higher ADG (p&lt; 0.01). In Phase 2 only the LY group has a significantly higher ADG (P=0.02). The LY and LY-ZnO group had also better feed efficiency (P&lt; 0.05) during phase 1. On the other hand, the CON group had significantly higher (P&lt; 0.01) diarrhea score. Test on antioxidant status has not shown any significant difference between the groups for most parameters measured; however, the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker for oxidative stress) was significantly decreased (P&lt; 0.01) in the LY and LY-ZnO group on day 28. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD, the most powerful antioxidant) was significantly increased (P&lt; 0.05) in these two treatment groups at different time points. Live yeast and Live yeast plus ZnO treatment has also significantly increased (P&lt; 0.01) concentration of IgA and IgG in the serum of piglets on d7 and d14. In conclusion, supplementation of nursery piglet diets with either live yeast or live yeast plus ZnO improved zootechnical performance of animals by improving gut health through reduction of oxidative stress and enhancement of immune response, suggesting that yeast probiotics could be a suitable alternative to substitute AGP.
PSV-6 Effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Zhu Yunhui , Reese Michael , Buchanan Eric , Johnston Lee 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress. Sows were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700h to 1900h) and 23.9°C (1900h to 0700h). Sows in one room (treatment), but not in the other room (control) were provided with chilled drinking water (13 to 15°C) and cooled floor pads (15 to 18°C). Behavior of sows (n=15 sows/treatment; parity=1 to 6) was video recorded during farrowing, and d 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed to register birth time of each piglet. Number of drinking bouts and duration of each bout were registered for 2 h (1530h to 1730h) each day after farrowing. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video-recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each day after farrowing, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. No effect of treatment was detected for litter size born, farrowing duration, or birth interval (P &gt;0.33; Table 1). Neither frequency nor duration of drinking bouts was affected by treatment (P &gt;0.27). No significant difference was observed in time budget for each posture (P &gt;0.46) between treatment and control groups. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (from 1.2 drinks/2h on d 1 to 4.9 drinks/2h on d 21; P&lt; 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (8% to 14%; P&lt; 0.0001), standing (4% to 10%; P&lt; 0.001), and sitting (2% to 4%; P&lt; 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (86% to 67%; P&lt; 0.0001) in both control and treatment rooms. These results indicate that chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads did not affect behavior of sows during farrowing and lactation in the current study.
PSV-9 The effect of warming and drying piglets at birth under cool or warm farrowing room temperatures on post-natal rectal temperatures
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine , Tolosa Andres , Ellis Michael , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , da Silva Stephan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Piglets are born into a relatively cool environment, resulting in body heat loss, especially at low environmental temperatures. Drying and warming reduces this heat loss, but may be less effective at the higher temperatures experienced in farrowing houses in summer. This study compared the effect of warming and drying piglets at birth on post-natal rectal temperature under winter vs. summer conditions. The study was carried out at a commercial facility using a CRD with 96 sows/litters in a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments (applied at birth): 1) Piglet Management: Control (no treatment); Warmed (in a heated box for 30 min); Dried+Warmed (dried with desiccant and warmed); 2) Season: Winter (January-March; farrowing room temperature 21.0 ± 1.65°C); Summer (August-September; 25.3 ± 1.67°C). At birth, piglets were weighed; rectal temperature was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a subsample of litter. The model included Season, Piglet Management, and the interaction. There were treatment interactions (P &lt; 0.05) for rectal temperatures at all measurement times except at birth. For both Seasons, the Dried+Warmed treatment resulted in greater (P &lt; 0.05) temperatures than Warmed between 20 and 60 min; both treatments had greater (P &lt; 0.05) temperatures than the Control between 10 and 120 min. Rectal temperatures were lower (P &lt; 0.05) in Winter than Summer for the Control and Warmed treatments between 10 and 60 min. However, for the Dried+Warmed treatment, rectal temperatures were similar between Seasons at all times after 10 min. In conclusion, drying and warming piglets at birth was more effective for reducing rectal temperature decline than warming alone and this effect was greater in winter than summer. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.