bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Performance Management Must Change to Drive Organizational Agility and High Performance
Authors: Pulakos Elaine D. , Kantrowitz Tracy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on implications of the changing work environment for performance management (PM) design and practice. The chapter begins by discussing how technology has created disruptive change and hypercompetition, which have left organizations searching for how to create competitive advantage, concluding that agility is essential for their long-term success. Given the limited research in this area, a large-scale research program was undertaken (as described in the first part of this chapter) to provide an evidence-based definition of agility and to understand what organizational conditions lead to it and which outcomes result from it. The research showed, remarkably, that companies with high organizational agility delivered up to five times higher financial performance than others. It was learned that six organizational conditions enabled agility, two of which were team-level factors that are particularly relevant for PM. These were interconnected performance and real-time performance drivers (i.e., agile goals, real-time feedback, and solving performance problems). In the second part of this chapter, implications of these factors for PM design and practice are discussed.
Technology’s Impact on the Performance Management Transformation
Authors: O’Leary Ryan S. , Lentz Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Organizations are facing unprecedented levels of change as forces like hypercompetition, knowledge commoditization, and technology are having a significant impact on performance and threating organizational survival. These pressures, combined with the shortcomings of existing performance management (PM) approaches, are forcing organizations to develop more effective PM practices. Competing effectively in this environment demands novel, cutting-edge, and more impactful approaches. There has been a movement toward processes that are data driven, flexible, continuous, engaging, future focused, and development oriented and that allow for more informed decision-making by organizations, managers, and employees. To support and drive this transformation, organizations are increasingly relying on technology, people analytics, and data science solutions. This chapter reviews the evolution of PM technology, examines its potential to add value and lead to behavioral change, reviews possible limitations and barriers to implementation to ensure the hype is not outpacing reality, and provides practical guidance for organizations looking to implement these new technologies. It is argued that advances in technology can support the activities needed to truly drive performance, but that it does not create change in and of itself. Emergent technology must be combined with organizational change strategies and evaluated for its individual, team, and organizational impact. In addition, it is imperative to examine how technology can be most effectively leveraged to improve specific performance-driving behaviors that the research has shown lead to more impactful performance management approaches rather than simply automating processes that have not worked well in the past.
Driving Organizational Strategy Through Performance Management
Authors: Mueller-Hanson Rose 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Performance management (PM) is ideally a process that organizations use to align employee actions to achieve business results. However, PM rarely achieves its intended purpose because of three major flaws: (1) PM is often designed in a piecemeal and reactionary fashion that is not aimed at supporting the organization’s goals or priorities in the first place. (2) PM practices are out of sync with how work is done in organizations today; and (3) PM is often implemented without careful consideration of what purpose it should serve. This chapter provides an evidence-based road map for addressing these challenges by aligning PM practices to the organization’s mission, strategy, and culture. Aligned PM is designed specifically to support the organization’s purpose and goals, is embedded in day-to-day work, and is flexible and dynamic. Aligned PM helps ensure that employees are focused on what is important to the organization, supports the organization’s culture, and is empowering and engaging. While there is no one set of “best practices” that lead to aligned PM, organizations can build an aligned process through a variety of evidence-based approaches, such as gaining a clear understanding of the organization’s mission, defining the purpose of PM and its guiding principles, designing the key features of the PM process to fit the organization’s needs, and integrating PM with other talent practices.
Geography in the Law of the Sea
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of geography in the law as a logically prior step to an investigation of the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction. It draws out the symbolic and functional value of geography in the law of the sea, which is connected to the grounding of maritime entitlement in the ‘fact’ of territorial sovereignty over coastal land. This study challenges the idea that geography has or should have a highly determinative role in the construction of maritime limits in order to guard against the excesses of the coastal State. It also challenges the characterization of geographical factors as ‘objective’ considerations to be preferred over ‘subjective’ considerations in both unilateral and bilateral delimitation. The chapter examines the role of geography in connection with entitlement to maritime space, maritime limits, and international maritime boundaries, paying particular attention to the legal regime of the continental shelf.
Projecting Change
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at debates over whether the charted or ‘actual’ low-water line constitutes the normal baseline in commentary considering the implications of climate-related coastal change for maritime jurisdiction. It suggests that there has been some conflation of legal lines with the geographical objects by reference to which they are constructed or described. This seems to have encouraged the attribution of the natural variability of features of the coastal environment to both cartographic constructs and legal limits. The chapter revisits the text and drafting history of UNCLOS and the 1958 Conventions to explain why the identification of natural objects and qualities with either or both cartographic and legal constructs misunderstands the role of charted geographical features in the law.
Charting Change
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter further examines the relationship between cartography and the role of geography in the law. It explores a line of reasoning that has not been developed in the existing literature, though it is of clear relevance to the question of the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction. The role of nautical charts in delimitation suggests the relevance of the practice of regularly updating such charts to increase their accuracy and respond to coastal change. This chapter asks whether this implies an obligation to adjust maritime limits or boundaries accordingly. It concludes that this is not the case. Examining the legal relevance of the accuracy and currency of geographical information, it explains why new charts and other evidence of either inaccuracy in the geographical information relied upon for delimitation or subsequent geographical change will not invalidate or require the revision of established limits and boundaries.
Flesh and Blood
Authors: Hanna Erika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores how people used photographs to make sense of violence. From the late 1960s, there is a notable increase in the number of people going out onto the streets with newer, faster, lightweight cameras, to record crime and injustice. In so doing, they attempted to provide those without power with a new way of holding authority to account. However, the impact of their photographs was not always as they anticipated. The central focus of this chapter is on the collection and use of images at the Scarman Tribunal, which investigated the disturbances of the summer of 1969, and the Widgery Tribunal, which sought to ascertain the sequence of events surrounding Bloody Sunday. Through close readings of how photographs were used at these two tribunals, the chapter explores how the existence of certain photographs served to anchor discussions of trajectories of violence around certain places and moments, illustrates how photographs taken for publication in newspapers were reread as evidential documents, and indicates the range of plausible truths each photograph was understood to provide. Photographers, who saw themselves and their medium as working to tell stories of injustice, instead found that their images were read to reinforce the actions the state and security forces had already taken.
Non-Regulated Deviance from Standards at MetroEngineers
Authors: Langer Sarah , Gey Ronny , Karadzhova-Beyer Diana , Fried Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With the case study MetroEngineers, Sarah Langer, Ronny Gey, Diana Karadzhova-Beyer, and Andrea Fried highlight organizational deviance from standards in the software development of a service engineering company for rail vehicles called MetroEngineers. Despite the initial intention to develop software according to European standards, the case study explains the reasons why the software developers deviate from standards nonetheless. First, software development at MetroEngineers is provided for a Chinese market which is hardly regulated through standards. Deviations from standards are therefore hardly sanctioned, but even MetroEngineers itself has not established an adequate internal sanctioning system for standard deviations. Second, MetroEngineers’ software developers lack allocative and authoritative resources for standard enactment and a lively internal discourse on the importance of standard-compliant development involving middle management and the customer. This means that software developers are ambitiously trying to develop in accordance with European standards, but ultimately fail to overcome the various contradictions that arise in standard enactment. This chapter represents one of the two manipulation-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.
Typology of Organizational Deviance from Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea , Langer Sarah 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Andrea Fried and Sarah Langer present a novel typology to systematize the variety of and reasons for organizational deviance from standards. The typology explains why organizations deviate from standards. It identifies four types of organizational deviance: two types of commitment-oriented deviance (attentive deviance from standards and over-conformity with standards) and two types of manipulation-oriented deviance (non-regulated deviance from standards and illegitimate deviance from standards). The basis of the typology is a cross-case comparison of CraneSolutions, MedTech, and MetroEngineers, as presented in part II of the book. In this comparison the authors explain which organizational conditions and contradictions in standard enactment make a certain type of organizational deviance likely.
Understanding Deviance from Standards
Authors: Fried Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Andrea Fried discusses the implications of a better understanding of deviance from standards for corporate responsibility in terms of both compliance-related duties for companies and their criminal liability. Five questions related to this are answered in this summarizing chapter: Is voluntary self-regulation of companies a way of ensuring corporate responsibility? What contributes to a manipulation of standards even if a strong external control and sanctioning system is in place? Should legislative authorities only sanction actual knowledge of and engagement in wrongful acts of standard deviation? Should legislation stipulate a criminal liability also for companies? Why should companies allow organizational members to deviate from standards? Answers to these questions relate to the empirical investigations presented in previous chapters of the book and show strong support for a corporate criminal law that should apply when standard deviations lead to health, environmental, or safety risks.
Essentials for Health Protection
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Essentials for Health Protection: Four Key Components is an introductory to intermediate level textbook and reference book for undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as healthcare professionals, non-health actors, and policymakers who are interested in obtaining an overview of an integrated and comprehensive public health approach to health protection. Health protection is one of the three major core theoretical domains of public health, which aims to prevent and manage communicable disease outbreaks and environmental health risks and related diseases. Effective health protection measures may enhance individual, community, and institutional resilience in coping with extreme events. In addition to introducing the four areas covering both health and environmental protection, namely, climate change adaptation and mitigation, emergency preparedness, communicable disease control, and environmental health, this book will also explore a number of new health protection frontiers, such as key discussions in Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (H-EDRM), planetary health, and sustainability. The whole health protection spectrum from risk mitigation, prevention interventions, and emergency response are discussed in a comprehensive, contextual, multidisciplinary, and cross-national way. Various text boxes and case examples are included throughout the book to illustrate what the current status of health protection is globally and impart the latest controversies and dynamics that might change the landscape and reality of health protection practices and development.
Core Principles of Public Health in Health Protection Practices
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Health protection is a core technical competency in public health and for its practitioners. It is a term used to encompass activities that ensure robust health security at local, national, and global levels. Its activities aim to protect the public from avoidable health risks and minimize the health impacts of these risks. These may include the strengthening of capacity in climate change and sustainability, emergency preparedness, communicable disease control, and environmental and planetary health. This chapter describes the key basic public health concepts, principles, and approaches and provides an overview of health protection: health, public health, health protection, health improvement, health services and management, determinants of health, indicators for the burden of disease, epidemiology and demography, disease burden, development and health risk transition, life-course approach, pathway of care, hierarchy of prevention, health promotion, health system, and levels of care.
Climate Change and Health
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Climate change poses one of the biggest threats to public health in the twenty-first century. Climate-related disasters include extreme temperature events, extreme precipitation, sea-level rise, flooding, and drought. According to estimates by the World Health Organization, climate change may lead to an annual death rate of 250,000 between 2030 and 2050. The direct health impact of climate change includes mortality and morbidity associated with extreme temperature (e.g. heat stroke) and changing patterns of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as a result of more frequent and severe extreme temperature events. Climate change also has indirect health impacts by facilitating the breeding of mosquitoes to spread vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, reducing access to clean water and food supplies resulted from drought or flood, and leading to forced migration associated with the loss of economic livelihood of communities. Adaptation and mitigation are the two main approaches adopted to alleviate and manage the health risks of climate change to achieve climate-resilient pathways for sustainable development.
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Emergency preparedness to health risk and disaster response to health needs are essential health protection skills and competencies to protect community health and well-being in times of crisis. Emergencies and extreme events may disrupt the environmental context and destroy essential life- and health-sustaining infrastructure and environmental context. Crisis often renders a health system ineffective to protect a community from health risks and provide for the overwhelming health and medical needs associated with the disruption. In addition, in the twenty-first century, many of the emergencies and disasters transcend national boundaries and require transnational cooperation. Such a response requires global involvement and collaborations to respond effectively and efficiently. Natural disasters (e.g. hurricanes/typhoons), global disease outbreaks of old and emerging infectious diseases, and population displacements as a result of war, famine, or natural disaster often require just the response capacity of more than a single nation.
Communicable Disease and Control
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Control of communicable diseases is one of the core components in health protection practice. This chapter describes key concepts and principles related to communicable diseases and their management. According to World Health Organization, the number of deaths due to communicable diseases reduced from 12.1 million in 2000 to 9.5 million in 2012. However, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical diseases remain the major health challenges for the global community. Moreover, new emergent and re-emerging diseases constantly present new health risks. For the coming decades, globalization, changing behavioural patterns, lifestyle, and technological outcomes will pose major challenge to communicable disease control and management. The increasingly urbanized lifestyle and high-density-based living will also render most city-based communities vulnerable to living environmental pressure and communicable disease risks. Effectiveness and success in future communicable disease control rely on global coordination and cooperation.
Environmental Health
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Human health is closely linked to the natural environment, behavioural patterns, and policy context. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines environment, as it relates to health, as all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related behaviours. Environmental health is the branch of public health that focuses on the interrelationships between people and their environment, as well as how to foster healthy and safe communities. It addresses the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease. Poor environmental quality has its greatest impact on people whose health status is already at risk. Environmental threats to health frequently require rapid and urgent action to protect the environment for both present and future generations. This chapter describes key concepts in environmental health and related risks.
Health Protection and Health Risks in a Changing World
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Human beings in the twenty-first century are facing major pressure to manage a rapidly expanding repertoire of health risks and are experiencing various major transitions. To protect health effectively, practitioners and workers in health protection, regardless of being health- or non-health-based, must learn about terminology, acquire knowledge and skills, and understand the frontiers of other disciplines that may facilitate their efforts in improving health. Due to the dynamic changes that influence modern living, the scope and nature of health protection will only become more complex. Mutual learning and collaboration among disciplines and sectors will be essential to enable formulation of effective cross-disciplinary policies and actions to protect health and well-being. Beside the major health protection themes of emergency and disaster preparedness, climate changes, infectious disease control, environmental risks, and issues of sustainability and planetary health, dynamics and transitions that may contribute to major changes in health profile and risks deserve careful monitoring and public health policy reconsideration.
Introduction
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the tension between European data protection regulation and freedom of expression, including the heightened form this tension assumes as regards the activity of professional journalists and other traditional publishers. These actors not only play a central role in public discourse but also often possess a disproportionate ability to gather, process, and disseminate personal data. It is therefore important both to examine how these interactions have played out at different times, in different places and contexts, and to consider how they might best evolve across the European Economic Area (EEA) under the new European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The concept of traditional publishers is often equated to professional journalists and the institutional media but should also encompass professional artists and writers including academics. The chapter delineates the scope of this empirical and normative study, explores the key concepts deployed, and elucidates the methodological approach adopted.
First-Generation European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the interface between professional journalism and early efforts at European data protection regulation prior to the genesis of the Data Protection Directive in the 1990s. Despite some pan-European efforts to explore this interaction including through the Council of Europe’s Committee of Experts on Data Protection, European States took a strongly divergent approach to this from the beginning. In many cases, a clear gap—generally in favour of the media—was apparent between the statutory requirements laid down in law and practical implementation on the ground. Nevertheless, a number of Nordic Data Protection Authorities made a sustained and far-reaching attempt to constrain media databases including, in some cases, by banning publicly available electronic news archives entirely and heavily regulating internal record-keeping or press libraries. This regulation was particularly focused on ensuring a right to be forgotten, to rehabilitation, and to the rectification of inaccuracies. However, this stringent approach came under sustained attack especially following the birth of the World Wide Web. The end of the period was marked by a growing consensus that most journalistic activity did fall within the scope of data protection but that wide-ranging derogations from its default norms were necessary in order to safeguard freedom of expression.