bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pervasive prophage recombination occurs during evolution of spore-forming Bacilli
Authors: Dragoš Anna , Priyadarshini B , Hasan Zahraa , Strube Mikael Lenz , Kempen Paul J , Maróti Gergely , Kaspar Charlotte , Bose Baundauna , Burton Briana M , Bischofs Ilka B , Kovács Ákos T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Phages are the main source of within-species bacterial diversity and drivers of horizontal gene transfer, but we know little about the mechanisms that drive genetic diversity of these mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Recently, we showed that a sporulation selection regime promotes evolutionary changes within SPβ prophage of Bacillus subtilis, leading to direct antagonistic interactions within the population. Herein, we reveal that under a sporulation selection regime, SPβ recombines with low copy number phi3Ts phage DNA present within the B. subtilis population. Recombination results in a new prophage occupying a different integration site, as well as the spontaneous release of virulent phage hybrids. Analysis of Bacillus sp. strains suggests that SPβ and phi3T belong to a distinct cluster of unusually large phages inserted into sporulation-related genes that are equipped with a spore-related genetic arsenal. Comparison of Bacillus sp. genomes indicates that similar diversification of SPβ-like phages takes place in nature. Our work is a stepping stone toward empirical studies on phage evolution, and understanding the eco-evolutionary relationships between bacteria and their phages. By capturing the first steps of new phage evolution, we reveal striking relationship between survival strategy of bacteria and evolution of their phages.
Selfishness driving reductive evolution shapes interdependent patterns in spatially structured microbial communities
Authors: Wang Miaoxiao , Liu Xiaonan , Nie Yong , Wu Xiao-Lei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Microbes release a wide variety of metabolites to the environment that benefit the whole population, called public goods. Public goods sharing drives adaptive function loss, and allows the rise of metabolic cross-feeding. However, how public goods sharing governs the succession of communities over evolutionary time scales remains unclear. To resolve this issue, we constructed an individual-based model, where an autonomous population that possessed functions to produce three essential public goods, was allowed to randomly lose functions. Simulations revealed that function loss genotypes could evolve from the autonomous ancestor, driven by the selfish public production trade-off at the individual level. These genotypes could then automatically develop to three possible types of interdependent patterns: complete functional division, one-way dependency, and asymmetric functional complementation, which were influenced by function cost and function redundancy. In addition, we found random evolutionary events, i.e., the priority and the relative spatial positioning of genotype emergence, are also important in governing community assembly. Moreover, communities occupied by interdependent patterns exhibited better resistance to environmental perturbation, suggesting such patterns are selectively favored. Our work integrates ecological interactions with evolution dynamics, providing a new perspective to explain how reductive evolution shapes microbial interdependencies and governs the succession of communities.
High‐voltage direct current fault current interruption: A technology review
Authors: Smeets Rene P. P. , Belda Nadew A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis review paper describes fault current interruption principles and various high‐voltage direct currrent (HVDC) circuit breaker technologies. First, fundamentals of HVDC fault current interruption and a generic set of requirements of HVDC circuit breakers are presented. The critical parameters during fault current interruption are assessed using a simplified mathematical model. Then, the state‐of‐the‐art of HVDC circuit breaker technologies and their application in actual HVDC multi‐terminal projects is highlighted. Several sub‐components of HVDC circuit breakers are standard components used in a non‐standard application and, hence, have to face non‐standard stresses. All of today's HVDC circuit breaker technologies consist of mechanical switching devices and metal‐oxide surge arresters, which are used in an unconventional way. A critical analysis of these stresses compared to the stresses in a conventional application is provided. Recommendations on testing supported with examples of actual full‐power ‘complete’ demonstration of HVDC circuit breakers up to 350 kV/20 kA are discussed. Finally, the actual status of standardisation activities is presented.
Risk Perception and Decision Making about Early-Onset Sepsis among Neonatologists: A National Survey
Authors: Rugolo Ligia Maria Suppo de Souza , Bentlin Maria Regina , Almeida Maria Fernanda Branco de , Guinsburg Ruth , Carvalho Werther Brunow de , Marba Sergio Tadeu Martins , Almeida João Henrique Carvalho Leme de , Luz Jorge Hecker , Procianoy Renato Soibelmann , Duarte José Luiz Muniz Bandeira , Anchieta Leni Márcia , Ferreira Daniela Marques de Lima Mota , Alves Júnior José Mariano Sales , Diniz Edna Maria de Albuquerque , Santos Juliana Paula Ferraz dos , Gimenes Carolina Boschi , Silva Nathalia Moura de Mello e , Ferrari Lígia Lopes , Silva Regina Paula Guimarães Vieira Cavalcante da , Meneses Jucille , Gonçalves-Ferri Walusa Assad , Vale Marynéa Silva do , Brine Holly , Weiner Gary M. ,   Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research
Published: December 2020

Objective Many newborns are investigated and empirically treated for suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS). This study aimed to describe neonatologists' self-identified risk thresholds for investigating and treating EOS and assess the consistency of these thresholds with clinical decisions.
Study Design Voluntary online survey, available in two randomized versions, sent to neonatologists from 20 centers of the Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research. The surveys included questions about thresholds for investigating and treating EOS and presented four clinical scenarios with varying calculated risks. In survey version A, only the scenarios were presented, and participants were asked if they would order a blood test or start antibiotics. Survey version B presented the same scenarios and the risk of sepsis. Clinical decisions were compared between survey versions using chi-square tests and agreement between thresholds and clinical decisions were investigated using Kappa coefficients.
Results In total, 293 surveys were completed (145 survey version A and 148 survey version B). The median risk thresholds for blood test and antibiotic treatment were 1:100 and 1:25, respectively. In the high-risk scenario, there was no difference in the proportion choosing antibiotic therapy between the groups. In the moderate-risk scenarios, both tests and antibiotics were chosen more frequently when the calculated risks were included (survey version B). In the low-risk scenario, there was no difference between survey versions. There was poor agreement between the self-described thresholds and clinical decisions.
Conclusion Neonatologists overestimate the risk of EOS and underestimate their risk thresholds. Knowledge of calculated risk may increase laboratory investigation and antibiotic use in infants at moderate risk for EOS.
Key Points
Convergence analysis of subdivision processes on the sphere
Authors: Hüning Svenja , Wallner Johannes 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe analyse the convergence of nonlinear Riemannian analogues of linear subdivision processes operating on data in the sphere. We show how for curve subdivision rules we can derive bounds guaranteeing convergence if the density of input data is below that threshold. Previous results only yield thresholds that are several magnitudes smaller and are thus useless for a priori checking of convergence. It is the first time that such a result has been shown for a geometry with positive curvature and for subdivision rules not enjoying any special properties like being interpolatory or having non-negative mask.
Commitment to Public Values, Charismatic Leadership Attributions, and Employee Turnover in Street-Level Bureaucracies
Authors: Tavares Gustavo M , Sobral Filipe , Wright Bradley E 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPublic values (PV) are receiving growing attention in public administration research and scholars frequently stress the need for public leaders to commit to and promote PV to protect the public interest and build citizens’ trust in government. However, the relationship between public leaders’ commitment to PV and intra-organizational, behavioral outcomes has received much less theoretical and empirical attention. To help address this gap, we draw on the social identity theory of leadership to propose that leaders in street-level bureaucracies who are perceived to be committed to PV are also more likely to be perceived as charismatic leaders and that these leadership attributions will be associated with lower employee turnover, especially in more stressful work contexts. We test our hypotheses with ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression. Additional mediation tests were conducted with structural equation modeling. Based on a sample of 87 public organizations and 874 participants, our results reveal that perceived leader commitment to PV is positively associated with perceived charismatic leadership which, in turn, is associated with lower employee turnover in more stressful and demanding work environments. This study brings more publicness to public leadership studies and can inform public leaders on how to develop more engaging and inspirational forms of leadership with their constituencies.
Convergence institutionnelle et commerce bilatéral en Afrique centrale
Authors: Mignamissi Dieudonné 
Published: December 2020

RésuméL'objectif de cet article est d'analyser l'incidence de la convergence de la qualité des institutions sur les échanges bilatéraux entre les pays de la CEEAC et leurs principaux partenaires. La démarche méthodologique consiste à calculer les index de concordance des variables institutionnelles et à les intégrer dans un modèle de gravité théoriquement fondé. L’échantillon comprend les 11 pays membres de la CEEAC et 84 pays partenaires, les données utilisées couvrant la période 1996–2018. Le principal résultat obtenu montre que la convergence vers la bonne qualité institutionnelle est défavorable aux échanges commerciaux dans la CEEAC. En d'autres termes, les couples de pays qui tendent à avoir les mêmes performances institutionnelles ne sont pas de bons partenaires à l’échange, à cause de l'alignement des normes commerciales et de la mise à niveau progressive de l'appareil de production qui tend à diminuer la dépendance des pays défavorisés. Nous suggérons aux pays de la CEEAC d'implémenter des réformes capables d'améliorer durablement la qualité de leurs institutions en vue d'accroître durablement leur compétitivité et leur intégration dans l’économie mondiale.
Ebola separations: trust, crisis, and ‘social distancing’ in West Africa
Authors: Brown Hannah , Marí Sáez Almudena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Ebola outbreak in West Africa involved the introduction of new forms of social and physical separation that aimed to curtail the spread of the disease. People changed the ways they lived to avoid contact with those who might be sick. A suite of governmental instruments was introduced, ranging from by‐laws and public health campaigns to the use of specialist treatment centres and military force. These events transformed social connections and affected possibilities for trust in intimate, governmental, and therapeutic relations. Drawing upon fieldwork in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea, this article explores these forms of separation and social distance ethnographically, with a focus on material objects, touch, and spaces of separation. In doing so, we contribute to discussions on the constitution of trust and distance within social relations, and the ways in which separation can enable certain kinds of closeness. Our analysis offers insights for those seeking to understand the impact of the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic on the ways that people relate to, and care for, others.
Anticipating an unwanted future: euthanasia and dementia in the Netherlands
Authors: Lemos Dekker Natashe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis ethnographic exploration of anticipation draws on fieldwork among people with dementia and their families in the Netherlands. I examine how requests for euthanasia by people with dementia offer insight into the work of anticipation, revealing it to be a temporal orientation through which the future is made tangible. Imagining a future with dementia may prompt some people to request euthanasia, but timing such measures is extremely difficult and often results in deferral. Contributing to an emerging anthropology of time, I argue that anticipation is a process of establishing, collapsing, and renegotiating the temporal distance between present and future, bringing the future into the present while also, and simultaneously, keeping the future at bay as a continuous ‘not yet’.
Low incidence of pulmonary metastases in vulvar cancer patients: limited value of routine chest imaging based on a cohort study
Authors: Pleunis N , Pouwer AW , Ploegmakers MJ , de Hullu JA , Pijnenborg JMA 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of pulmonary metastases in the preoperative work‐up of patients with primary vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingTertiary referral centre.PopulationPatients treated for primary vulvar SCC from 2000 to 2018.MethodsThe pre‐operative chest imaging of 452 consecutively treated patients was documented with a minimal follow‐up period of 2 years.Mean outcome measuresIncidence of pulmonary metastases, frequency of chest imaging and subsequent coincidental findings.ResultsIn total, 80.8% of patients underwent pre‐operative chest imaging. Seven patients (1.9%), with a median tumour size of 80 mm, presented with pulmonary metastases. None of the patients with early stage disease and tumour size <40 mm who underwent radical local excision (RLE) with sentinel node (SN)‐procedure, was diagnosed with pulmonary metastasis. Chest imaging was performed by radiography (58.9%) and computerised tomography (CT) (41.1%). Coincidental findings were reported in 40.7% of patients who underwent CT, compared with 15.8% of patients undergoing radiography, resulting in additional diagnostics in 14.7 and 19.7% and being of limited consequence for outcome in 2.9 and 3.3%, respectively.ConclusionsThe incidence of pulmonary metastases in patients with primary vulvar SCC is extremely low, and none in patients with early stage disease undergoing the SN procedure. Chest imaging was performed in the majority of patients and was associated with frequent coincidental findings leading to clinically irrelevant diagnostic procedures. Therefore, we recommend omitting chest imaging in patients with early stage disease and tumours <40 mm, considering chest CT only in patients with large tumours and/or advanced stage disease.Tweetable abstractThe incidence of pulmonary metastases is 1.9%, none in early stage disease planned for SN. Omitting chest imaging in this group is advised.
Political Ecologies of Race: Settler Colonialism and Environmental Racism in the United States and Canada
Authors: Van Sant Levi , Milligan Richard , Mollett Sharlene 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDrawing inspiration from popular efforts to connect a wide array of political struggles, this symposium examines the ways that racial‐colonial politics unfold through nature and environmental practices linking past, present, and future across the United States and Canada. By way of introduction, we ask: What does it mean to do political ecologies of race in Canada and the United States? For us the response cannot be additive—merely grafting attention to racial/colonial politics onto established scholarly conventions. Instead, we aim for a deeper analysis that challenges and enlivens the field of political ecology. This introduction highlights what is at stake, and identifies the ways that the contributors' research pushes the field. Ultimately, we argue that political ecologies of race can help reinvigorate intellectual projects and build liveable futures by recognising and supporting the connections between ongoing struggles. We hope this symposium contributes to the task.
The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders: Major depression summary
Authors: Malhi Gin S. , Bell Erica , Singh Ajeet B. , Bassett Darryl , Berk Michael , Boyce Philip , Bryant Richard , Gitlin Michael , Hamilton Amber , Hazell Philip , Hopwood Malcolm , Lyndon Bill , McIntyre Roger S. , Morris Grace , Mulder Roger , Porter Richard , Yatham Lakshmi N. , Young Allan , Murray Greg 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo provide a succinct, clinically useful summary of the management of major depression, based on the 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders (MDcpg2020).MethodsTo develop the MDcpg2020, the mood disorders committee conducted an extensive review of the available literature to develop evidence‐based recommendations (EBR) based on National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines. In the MDcpg2020, these recommendations sit alongside consensus‐based recommendations (CBR) that were derived from extensive deliberations of the mood disorders committee, drawing on their expertise and clinical experience. This guideline summary is an abridged version that focuses on major depression. In collaboration with international experts in the field, it synthesises the key recommendations made in relation to the diagnosis and management of major depression.ResultsThe depression summary provides a systematic approach to diagnosis, and a logical clinical framework for management. The latter begins with Actions, which include important strategies that should be implemented from the outset. These include lifestyle changes, psychoeducation and psychological interventions. The summary advocates the use of antidepressants in the management of depression as Choices and nominates seven medications that can be trialled as clinically indicated before moving to Alternatives for managing depression. Subsequent strategies regarding Medication include Increasing Dose, Augmenting and Switching (MIDAS). The summary also recommends the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and discusses how to approach non‐response.ConclusionsThe major depression summary provides up to date guidance regarding the management of major depressive disorder, as set out in the MDcpg2020. The recommendations are informed by research evidence in conjunction with clinical expertise and experience. The summary is intended for use by psychiatrists, psychologists and primary care physicians, but will be of interest to all clinicians and carers involved in the management of patients with depressive disorders.
Molecular mechanisms of anticancer activities of polyphyllin VII
Authors: Ahmad Bashir , Rehman Shafiq Ur , Azizullah Azizullah , Khan Muhammad Fiaz , Din Syed Riaz Ud , Ahmad Manzoor , Ali Ashraf , Tahir Naeem , Azam Nasir , Gamallat Yaser , Rahman Khalil Ur , Ali Muhsin , Safi Mohammad , Khan Imran , Qamer Samina , Oh Deog‐Hwan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCancer is the leading cause of mortality in the world. The major therapies for cancer treatment are chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. All these therapies expensive, toxic and show resistance. The plant‐derived compounds are considered safe, cost‐effective and target cancer through different pathways. In these pathways include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dependent and independent, STAT3, NF‐kB, MAPKs, cell cycle, and autophagy pathways. One of the new plants derived compounds is Polyphyllin VII (PPVII), which target cancer through different molecular mechanisms. In literature, there is a review gap of studies on PPVII; therefore in the current review, we summarized the available studies on PPVII to provide a base for future research.
Airway Elastin is increased in severe asthma and relates to proximal wall area: histological and computed tomography findings from the U‐BIOPRED severe asthma study
Authors: Wilson Susan J , Ward Jonathan A , Pickett Helen M , Baldi Simonetta , Sousa Ana R , Sterk Peter J , Chung Kian Fan , Djukanovic Ratko , Dahlen Barbro , Billing Bo , Shaw Dominick , Krug Norbert , Sandstrӧm Thomas , Brightling Christopher , Howarth Peter H ,   the U‐BIOPRED consortium
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAirway remodelling, which may include goblet cell hyperplasia / hypertrophy, changes in epithelial integrity, accumulation of extracellular matrix components, smooth muscle hypertrophy and thickening of the lamina reticularis, is a feature of severe asthma and contributes to the clinical phenotype.ObjectiveWithin the U‐BIOPRED severe asthma study, we have assessed histological elements of airway remodelling and their relationship to computed tomography (CT) measures of proximal airway dimensions.MethodsBronchial biopsies were collected from two severe asthma groups, one non‐smoker (SAn, n = 28) and one current/ex‐smoker (SAs/ex, n = 13), and a mild‐moderate asthma group (MMA, n = 28) classified and treated according to GINA guidelines, plus a healthy control group (HC, n = 33). Movat's pentachrome technique was used to identify mucin, elastin and total collagen in these biopsies. The number of goblet cells (mucin+) was counted as a percentage of the total number of epithelial cells and the percentage mucin epithelial area measured. The percentage area of elastic fibres and total collagen within the submucosa was also measured, and the morphology of the elastic fibres classified. Participants in the asthma groups also had a CT scan to assess large airway morphometry.ResultsThe submucosal tissue elastin percentage was higher in both severe asthma groups (16.1% SAn, 18.9% SAs/ex) compared with the HC (9.7%) but did not differ between asthma groups. There was a positive relationship between elastin and airway wall area measured by CT (n = 18–20, rho=0.544, p = 0.024), which also related to an increase in elastic fibres with a thickened lamellar morphological appearance. Mucin epithelial area and total collagen were not different between the four groups. Due to small numbers of suitable CT scans, it was not feasible to compare airway morphometry between the asthma groups.ConclusionThese findings identify a link between extent of elastin deposition and airway wall thickening in severe asthma.