bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associating school doctor interventions with the benefit of the health check: an observational study
Authors: Nikander K , Kosola S , Vahlberg T , Kaila M , Hermanson E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In Finland, most school doctor resources are dedicated to general health checks at predetermined ages in addition to annual health checks by school nurses. This study explored the association of school doctor interventions with the doctor- and the parent-evaluated benefit of the appointment.

Methods
Between August 2017 and August 2018, we recruited a random sample of 1341 children from grades one and five, aged seven and eleven years, respectively, from 21 Finnish elementary schools in four municipalities. Doctors routinely examined all children accompanied by parents and reported their interventions. They estimated the benefit/harm of the appointment according to predetermined criteria, whereas parents provided their subjective perceptions. Multilevel logistic regression was used for comparisons.

Results
The doctors conducted interventions for 78% of the participating 1013 children. The interventions included: referrals to secondary care (5%), laboratory tests or medical imaging (8%), prescriptions (10%), referrals to experts (13%), instructions/significant discussions (60%), and additional appointments (17%). The doctors and parents found 41% and 83% of the health checks beneficial, respectively. The doctors reported 52% and the parents 87% of the appointments with interventions beneficial. The doctors considered none and the parents 68% of the appointments with no interventions beneficial. All interventions were associated with the doctor-evaluated benefit. All interventions except referrals to secondary care, guidance to experts, and additional appointments were associated with the parent-evaluated benefit.

Conclusions
Parents valued immediate help and testing from the doctor instead of referrals to other experts or follow-up. Doctors mostly valued the appointments that required their expertise. These findings support the evidence for directing school doctor resources to the children who need doctor's expertise.

Key messages
Parents could benefit from information when school doctor’s expertise is pivotal. Doctors are frequently not essential in general health checks of elementary school children. This supports the evidence for focusing school doctor resources to the children who need them most.
Individual and local socioeconomic status: associations in adolescents’ health (Barcelona province)
Authors: Camprubi L , Chavero S , Valero O , Frias C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Individual-level and local socioeconomic status (SES) are both significant social determinants of adolescents' health, but usually their distinct effects are not properly disentangled. A validated health survey of 76 items was conducted among last compulsory education course students (15/16 years old) in 59 municipalities from Barcelona province, Spain (N = 7351). Individual SES was defined by the Family Affluence Scale and municipal SES by its Gross Disposable Household Income. Both were dichotomized and crossed.
Bivariate analyses were performed for all variables, comparing Low (L) and High (H) Individual (i) SES, L and H Municipal (m) SES and then the 4 groups: LiLm, LiHm, HiLm, HiHm. Chi square tests were performed with SAS. The significance level was set to 0.05. Most of the items (self-perceived health, general mood, night leisure, excessive use of internet, and unsafe sex, among others) were only related to individual SES (in the direction usually described in literature) without municipal influence.
Only for sexual harassment was found a significant association with the municipal SES (more on Lm) but no differences between individual SES groups. Different patterns emerged when individual and municipal significant associations were detected. In a LiLm-LiHm-HiLm-HiHm order, a healthy gradient was observed in frequency of sport and physical activity, neighbourhood assessment and adherence to Mediterranean Diet. On the contrary, a risk gradient appeared on tobacco, cannabis and alcohol consumption. An opposite SES effect was found on gender violence and on sexual health information demands: Individual SES was positively associated with demand while Municipal SES was negatively associated.
No association with neither individual nor municipal SES was found on information interest on bullying. The different effect of individual and municipal SES and their interactions on various aspects of adolescents' health should be taken into account in health promotion.

Key messages
Individual SES have stronger association with most of adolescents’ health items than Municipal SES. The latter reinforces, except on gender and sexual health information demands where link is opposed. Different effects and interactions between individual and municipal socioeconomic status in adolescents’ health should be incorporated in health promotion priorization.
Health services research in France: bridging the gap between academia and policymaking
Authors: Spaak Marine , Cipriano Marion , Alla François , Benamouzig Daniel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground—We aimed to identify the knowledge producers, the knowledge that they produce and the main areas of interest for health services research (HSR) in France, which is one of the priorities for public health research planning.Methods—A two-phase approach comprising a bibliometric analysis and semi-structured interviews with 20 researchers and 13 staff members of public health bodies was used.Results—In France today, interdisciplinary research teams are being organized in the main cities despite a lack of critical mass. The interviews showed that the term ‘health services research’ is vague with fuzzy boundaries between research, scientific expertise and evaluation. A keyword cluster analysis showed that French HSR is more hospital-centric compared to those countries that publish most frequently. The analysis also revealed a lack of research on methodological aspects.Conclusions—We analyzed the structure of HSR in France and the specificity of the French publications in this field, compared with other countries. The results indicate the obstacles faced by researchers and decision-makers and offer insight into how these barriers may be removed.
Immune response to Leishmania mexicana: the host–parasite relationship
Authors: Rodríguez-Serrato Mayra A , Salinas-Carmona Mario C , Limón-Flores Alberto Yairh 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTLeishmaniosis is currently considered a serious public health problem and it is listed as a neglected tropical disease by World Health Organization (WHO). Despite the efforts of the scientific community, it has not been possible to develop an effective vaccine. Current treatment consists of antimonials that is expensive and can cause adverse effects. It is essential to fully understand the immunopathogenesis of the disease to develop new strategies to prevent, treat and eradicate the disease. Studies on animal models have shown a new paradigm in the resolution or establishment of infection by Leishmania mexicana where a wide range of cytokines, antibodies and cells are involved. In recent years, the possibility of a new therapy with monoclonal antibodies has been considered, where isotype, specificity and concentration are critical for effective therapy. Would be better to create/generate a vaccine to induce host protection or produce passive immunization with engineering monoclonal antibodies to a defined antigen? This review provides an overview that includes the current known information on the immune response that are involved in the complex host–parasite relationship infection caused by L. mexicana.
Combining asynchronous data sets in regional body-wave tomography
Authors: Maupin Valérie 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARY
Regional body-wave tomography is a very popular tomographic method consisting in inverting relative traveltime residuals of teleseismic body waves measured at regional networks. It is well known that the resulting inverse seismic model is relative to an unknown vertically varying reference model. If jointly inverting data obtained with networks in the vicinity of each other but operating at different times, the relative velocity anomalies in different areas of the model may have different reference levels, possibly introducing large-scale biases in the model that may compromise the interpretation. This is very unfortunate as we have numerous examples of asynchronous network deployments which would benefit from a joint analysis. We show here how a simple improvement in the formulation of the sensitivity kernels allows us to mitigate this problem. Using sensitivity kernels that take into account that data processing implies a zero mean residual for each event, the large-scale biases that otherwise arise in the inverse model using data from asynchronous station deployment are largely removed. We illustrate this first with a very simple 3-station example, and then compare the results obtained using the usual and the relative kernels in synthetic tests with more realistic station coverage, simulating data acquisition at two neighbouring asynchronous networks.
Representation of discontinuous seismic velocity fields by sigmoidal functions for ray tracing and traveltime modelling
Authors: Oliveira Saulo P , Azevedo Juarez S , Figueiró Wilson M , Guimarães Rodrigo A , Silva Winicius J , de Oliveira Andressa 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARYWave-modelling methods based on asymptotic ray theory have a lower computational cost than full wave-equation methods but require a smooth velocity field, though discontinuities may be handled by imposing interface conditions between adjacent blocks. We propose to approximate discontinuous velocity fields with model parametrizations based on smooth, rapidly varying functions known as sigmoidal functions. We have implemented the proposed technique on Cartesian grids using the wavelet theory formalism. Numerical experiments with 2-D and 3-D initial-value and two-point ray tracing in heterogeneous media show that the ray paths and traveltimes produced with the sigmoidal representation are consistent with the results produced by conventional ray tracing in block structures, broadening the scope of classical algorithms based on smooth velocity fields.
Reconstruction of inclusions in electrical conductors
Authors: Di Cristo Michele , Milan Giacomo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe investigate the reciprocity gap functional method, which has been developed in the inverse scattering theory, in the context of electrical impedance tomography. In particular, we aim to reconstruct an inclusion contained in a body, whose conductivity is different from the conductivity of the surrounding material. Numerical examples are given, showing the performance of our algorithm.
Sensitivity of resonance frequency in the detection of thin layer using nano-slit structures
Authors: Lin Junshan , Oh Sang-Hyun , Zhang Hai 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We derive the formulas for the resonance frequencies and their sensitivity when the nano-slit structures are used in the detection of thin layers. For a thin layer with a thickness of $H$ deposited over the nanostructure, we show quantitatively that for both single and periodic slit structures with slit aperture size $\delta $, the sensitivity of resonance frequency reduces as $H$ increases. Specifically, the sensitivity is of order $O(\delta /H)$ if $H&gt;\delta $ and of order $O(1+\ln H/\delta )$ otherwise. The evanescent wave modes are present along the interface between the thin dielectric film and ambient medium above. From the mathematical derivations, it is observed that the sensitivity of the resonance frequency highly depends on the effect of evanescent wave modes on the tiny slit apertures.
Robusta posteriorierror estimation for mixed finite element approximation of linear poroelasticity
Authors: Khan Arbaz , Silvester David J 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis work is dedicated to the memory of John W. Barrett, who introduced the concept of inf–sup stability to the corresponding author in the bar at the MAFELAP conference in 1981.We analyze a posteriori error estimators for locking-free mixed finite element approximation of Biot’s consolidation model. Three estimators are described. The simplest of these is a conventional residual-based estimator. We establish bounds relating the estimated and true errors, and show that these are independent of the physical parameters. The other two estimators require the solution of local problems. These local problem estimators are also shown to be reliable, efficient and robust. Numerical results are presented that validate the theoretical estimates, and illustrate the effectiveness of the estimators in guiding adaptive solution algorithms. The IFISS and T-IFISS software packages used for the computational experiments are available online.
Comparing Clinical Characteristics of Influenza and Common Coronavirus Infections Using Electronic Health Records
Authors: Li Dadong , Wolk Donna M , Cantor Michael N 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
We compared outcomes in inpatients and outpatients, pre-COVID-19, who were infected with either coronavirus or influenza.

Methods
Using deidentified electronic health records data from the Geisinger-Regeneron partnership, we compared patients with RT-PCR–positive tests for the 4 common coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43) or influenza (A and B) from June 2016 to February 2019.

Results
Overall, 52 833 patients were tested for coronaviruses and influenza. For patients ≥21 years old, 1555 and 3991 patient encounters had confirmed positive coronavirus and influenza tests, respectively. Both groups had similar intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates (7.2% vs 6.1%, P = .12), although patients with coronavirus had significantly more pneumonia (15% vs 7.4%, P &lt; .001) and higher death rate within 30 days (4.9% vs 3.0%, P &lt; .001). After controlling for other covariates, coronavirus infection still had a higher risk of death and pneumonia than influenza (odds ratio, 1.64 and 2.05, P &lt; .001), with no significant difference in ICU admission rates.

Conclusions
Common coronaviruses cause significant morbidity, with potentially worse outcomes than influenza. Identifying a subset of patients who are more susceptible to poor outcomes from common coronavirus infections may help plan clinical interventions in patients with suspected infections.
Functional Evaluation and Genetic Evolution of Human T-Cell Responses After Vaccination With a Conditionally Replication-Defective Cytomegalovirus Vaccine
Authors: Cox Kara S , Zhang Lu , Freed Daniel C , Tang Aimin , Zhang Shifang , Zhou Yu , Wang I-Ming , Rupp Richard E , Adler Stuart P , Musey Luwy K , Wang Dai , Vora Kalpit A , Fu Tong-Ming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause congenital infection and is the leading cause of nongenetic newborn disabilities. V160, a conditionally replication-defective virus, is an investigational vaccine under evaluation for prevention of congenital CMV. The vaccine was well tolerated and induced both humoral and cellular immunity in CMV-seronegative trial participants. T-cell–mediated immunity is important for immune control of CMV. Here we describe efforts to understand the quality attributes of the T-cell responses induced by vaccination.

Methods
Using multicolor flow cytometry, we analyzed vaccine-induced T cells for memory phenotype, antigen specificity, cytokine profiles, and cytolytic potential. Moreover, antigen-specific T cells were sorted from 4 participants, and next-generation sequencing was used to trace clonal lineage development during the course of vaccination using T-cell receptor β-chain sequences as identifiers.

Results
The results demonstrated that vaccination elicited polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells to 2 dominant antigens, pp65 and IE1, with a predominantly effector phenotype. Analysis of T-cell receptor repertoires showed polyclonal expansion of pp65- and IE1-specific T cells after vaccination.

Conclusion
V160 induced a genetically diverse and polyfunctional T-cell response and the data support further clinical development of V160 for prevention of CMV infection and congenital transmission.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT01986010.
Clinical and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter seifertii in Taiwan
Authors: Li Li-Hua , Yang Ya-Sung , Sun Jun-Ren , Huang Tzu-Wen , Huang Wei-Cheng , Chen Feng-Jui , Wang Yung-Chih , Kuo Ting-Hao , Kuo Shu-Chen , Chen Te-Li , Lee Yi-Tzu ,   the ACTION study group, Chang Yea-Yuan , Yang Ya-Sung , Liu Yuag-Meng , Kuo Shu-Chen , Liu Chang-Pan , Chen Te-Li , Lee Yi-Tzu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Acinetobacter seifertii, a new member of the Acinetobacter baumannii group, has emerged as a cause of severe infections in humans. We investigated the clinical and molecular characteristics of A. seifertii.

Patients and methods
This retrospective study enrolled 80 adults with A. seifertii bloodstream infection (BSI) at four medical centres over an 8 year period. Species identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS, rpoB sequencing and WGS. Molecular typing was performed by MLST. Clinical information, antimicrobial susceptibility and the mechanisms of carbapenem and colistin resistance were analysed. Transmissibility of the carbapenem-resistance determinants was examined by conjugation experiments.

Results
The main source of A. seifertii BSI was the respiratory tract (46.3%). The 28 day and in-hospital mortality rates of A. seifertii BSI were 18.8% and 30.0%, respectively. High APACHE II scores and immunosuppressant therapy were independent risk factors for 28 day mortality. The most common MLST type was ST553 (58.8%). Most A. seifertii isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin (86.2%), and only 37.5% were susceptible to colistin. Carbapenem resistance was observed in 16.3% of isolates, mostly caused by the plasmid-borne ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like genetic structure. A. seifertii could transfer various carbapenem-resistance determinants to A. baumannii, Acinetobacter nosocomialis and other A. seifertii isolates. Variations of pmrCAB and lpxCAD genes were not associated with colistin resistance of A. seifertii.

Conclusions
Levofloxacin and carbapenems, but not colistin, have the potential to be the drug of choice for A. seifertii infections. A. seifertii can transfer carbapenem-resistance determinants to other species of the A. baumannii group and warrants close monitoring.
Supporting antimicrobial stewardship in Ghana: evaluation of the impact of training on knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals in two hospitals
Authors: Sneddon Jacqueline , Cooper Lesley , Afriyie Daniel Kwame , Sefah Israel A , Cockburn Alison , Kerr Frances , Cameron Elaine , Goldthorpe Joanna , Kurdi Amanj , Seaton R Andrew 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
A Commonwealth Partnership for Antimicrobial Stewardship was created between the Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group (SAPG), Ghana Police Hospital and Keta Municipal Hospital. During a scoping visit, requirements for implementing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), areas for improvement and training needs were identified.

Methods
A multidisciplinary team from SAPG and health psychologists from The Change Exchange developed and delivered multi-professional evidence-based teaching incorporating behavioural science, supported by partner pharmacists in each hospital. Four sessions were delivered over 2 days to 60 participants across both sites. Before and after the sessions, participants were asked to complete a knowledge quiz and a behaviours survey. Results were analysed using t-tests.

Results
Comparison of the participants’ pre- and post-test quiz scores (Keta Municipal Hospital 9.4 and 10.9, Ghana Police Hospital 9.2 and 11.1, respectively) demonstrated statistically significant improvement in knowledge of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate use of antibiotics. Comparison of survey responses before and after the education sessions indicated that the education had a positive impact on participants’ attitudes towards the issue of antimicrobial resistance, their role in AMS and confidence in using the Ghana Standard Treatment Guidelines. Participants were also more likely to question colleagues about compliance with guidelines. Forty-eight participants (80%) completed a training evaluation and all responded positively.

Conclusions
The education sessions appeared to be successful in improving knowledge and behaviours of hospital staff. Cascade of an abbreviated version of the training by partner pharmacists and AMS teams in Ghana will ensure that all staff have the opportunity to develop skills and knowledge to support AMS.
Occurrence of Omura’s whale, Balaenoptera omurai (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae), in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean based on Passive Acoustic Monitoring
Authors: Moreira Sergio C , Weksler Marcelo , Sousa-Lima Renata S , Maia Marcia , Sukhovich Alexey , Royer Jean-Yves , Marcondes Milton C C , Cerchio Salvatore 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The current known distribution of Omura’s whale includes the tropical and warm temperate waters of the western Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. Evidence of their presence in the Atlantic Ocean is based on beach cast specimens found on the coasts of Mauritania (North Atlantic) and Northeastern Brazil (South Atlantic). The present study characterizes the occurrence of this species in the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (SPSPA), on the mid-Atlantic ridge between South America and Africa, based on autonomous recording systems. Acoustic signals were similar, but not identical, to B. omurai vocalizations recorded off the coast of Madagascar. Although these signals were recorded for only 11 months, there are peaks in vocal activity between May and June in the vicinities of SPSPA, suggesting either a shift in distribution within the Atlantic equatorial waters or seasonality in the species’ vocal behavior in this region. The first acoustic records of Omura’s whales in the Equatorial Atlantic suggest that these animals may also use deep-water habitats, in addition to the shallow-water habitat use observed in other regions.