bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent trends and applications of polysaccharides for microencapsulation of probiotics
Authors: Liu Huan , Xie Mingyong , Nie Shaoping 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe viability of probiotic bacteria is always questionable when they exposed to the harsh environment and thus microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria is generally applied to enhance the viability during processing, storage, and also for the target delivery in gastrointestinal tract. Polysaccharide is one of the most widely used wall material in the area of probiotic microencapsulation. However, with the increasing demand and new application areas for probiotic microcapsules, traditionally used polysaccharides can barely satisfy such challenges. Therefore, seeking for new kinds of polysaccharides with preponderant properties that suitable for probiotic microencapsulation is now catching the interest of researchers and has important implication. This review focuses on the application of polysaccharides in the area of probiotic microencapsulation, including to classify the traditional polysaccharides according to their characteristic properties used especially for microencapsulation of probiotics, as well as to give a critical perspective on emerging polysaccharides applied as wall materials to encapsulate probiotic bacteria.
Return predictability of variance differences: A fractionally cointegrated approach
Authors: Li Zhenxiong , Izzeldin Marwan , Yao Xingzhi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the fractional cointegration between downside (upside) components of realized and implied variances. A positive association is found between the strength of their cofractional relation and the return predictability of their differences. That association is established via the common long‐memory component of the variances that are fractionally cointegrated, which represents the volatility‐of‐volatility factor that determines the variance premium. Our results indicate that market fears play a critical role not only in driving the long‐run equilibrium relationship between implied‐realized variances but also in understanding the return predictability. A simulation study further verifies these claims.
Intermediate confounding in trio relationships: The importance of complete data in effect size estimation
Authors: Tubbs Justin D. , Zhang Yan D. , Sham Pak C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present an important characteristic of trio models which may lead to bias and loss of power when one parent is unmodeled in trio analyses. Motivated by recent interest in estimating parental effects on postnatal and later‐life phenotypes, we consider a causal model where each parent has both an effect on their child's phenotype which is mediated through the genotype transmitted to the child and a direct effect on the phenotype through the parentally provided environment. We derive the power and bias of models in which one parent's genotype is not modeled, showing that while the effect of the child's genotype is biased in the direction of the unmodeled parent's effect as expected, the estimated effect of the observed parent's genotype is also biased in the opposite direction. While this phenomenon may not be intuitive under the assumption of random mating, it can be explained by intermediate confounding of the child's genotype–phenotype effect. These observations have implications for the accurate estimation of maternal and paternal effects in trio data sets with missing genotype data.
Residence Life and Housing Services: Why Mid‐Level Managers Are Integral to a Department's Success
Authors: Ellett Thomas , Stipeck Christopher J. , Pérez David 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMid‐level managers have the difficult task of juggling needs and direction of entry‐level staff with the demanding outcomes from their supervisors and senior leadership. To be successful, they must maneuver through demanding expectations from their supervisors while simultaneously garnering buy‐in from those they directly supervise in order to advance residence life and housing (RLH) initiatives. This chapter explores how mid‐level managers in RLH navigate these sometimes competing needs to be successful. This will include discussion of ways mid‐level staff provide institutional and professional knowledge, management, and supervision to the front‐line staff while at the same time providing critical support and operational expertise for the leadership of the department in the running of the daily student/staff development, facility oversight, and general programmatic initiatives to enhance the residential experience for the institution's residential population. Additionally, this chapter will provide a review of competencies and skills required for success in these positions.
Chronic viral infections impinge on naive bystander CD8 T cells
Authors: Barnstorf Isabel , Welten Suzanne P. M. , Borsa Mariana , Baumann Nicolas S. , Pallmer Katharina , Joller Nicole , Spörri Roman , Oxenius Annette 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionEpidemiological data suggest that persistent viral infections impair immune homeostasis and immune responsiveness. Previous studies showed that chronic virus infections negatively impact bystander T‐cell differentiation and memory formation but there is limited knowledge of how chronic virus infections impinge on heterologous naive T‐cell populations.MethodsWe used adoptive transfer of naive CD8 T cells with defined nonviral specificity into hosts, which were subsequently chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, followed by analyses of numeric, phenotypic, and functional changes provoked in the chronically infected host.ResultsWe demonstrate that chronic virus infections have a profound effect on the number and phenotype of naive bystander CD8 T cells. Moreover, primary expansion upon antigen encounter was severely compromised in chronically infected hosts. However, when naive bystander CD8 T cells were transferred from the chronically infected mice into naive hosts, they regained their expansion potential. Conversely, when chronically infected hosts were supplied with additional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs), primary expansion of the naive CD8 T cells was restored to levels of the uninfected hosts.ConclusionsOur results document numeric, phenotypic, and functional adaptation of bystander naive CD8 T cells during nonrelated chronic viral infection. Their functional impairment was only evident in the chronically infected host, indicating that T‐cell extrinsic factors, in particular the quality of priming APCs, are responsible for the impaired function of naive bystander T cells in the chronically infected hosts.
Chrysin ameliorates hepatic steatosis induced by a diet deficient in methionine and choline by inducing the secretion of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α‐dependent very low‐density lipoprotein
Authors: Song Yu , Wu Wangfei , Sheng Liang , Jiang Bijie , Li Xiao , Cai Keshu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe investigated the effects of chrysin (CHR) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. The NAFLD mouse model was established using a diet deficient in methionine and choline (MCD). CHR was shown to attenuate MCD‐induced hepatic fat accumulation, increase very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and decrease hepatic oxidative stress in NAFLD mice. Inhibition of oxidative stress or direct suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) by CHR significantly reduced PKC activity in the liver, leading to a decrease in inhibitory phosphorylation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). The resulting activation of HNF4α led to induced transcription of apolipoprotein B and VLDL secretion. Together, these results show that CHR effectively ameliorates MCD‐induced fatty liver in NAFLD mice by targeting the hepatic oxidative stress/PKC/HNF4α signaling pathway.
Natural transition orbitals for complex two‐component excited state calculations
Authors: Kasper Joseph M. , Li Xiaosong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhile the natural transition orbital (NTO) method has allowed electronic excitations from time‐dependent Hartree‐Fock and density functional theory to be viewed in a traditional orbital picture, the extension to multicomponent molecular orbitals such as those used in relativistic two‐component methods or generalized Hartree‐Fock (GHF) or generalized Kohn‐Sham (GKS) is less straightforward due to mixing of spin‐components and the inherent inclusion of spin‐flip transitions in time‐dependent GHF/GKS. An extension of single‐component NTOs to the two‐component framework is presented, in addition to a brief discussion of the practical aspects of visualizing two‐component complex orbitals. Unlike the single‐component analog, the method explicitly describes the spin and frequently obtains solutions with several significant orbital pairs. The method is presented using calculations on a mercury atom and a CrO2Cl2 complex.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of theophylline acetohydrazide hydrazone derivatives as antituberculosis agents
Authors: Gopinatha Vindya K. , Dukanya  , Mantelingu Kempegowda , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA series of small molecules, theophylline acetohydrazide hydrazone derivatives were obtained via condensation of theophylline‐7‐acetohydrazide with different aromatic/heterocyclic aldehydes. The compounds were synthesized and characterized by using conventional methods. Further, the compounds and standard drugs were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain, the activity obtained was varying depending on the functional group attached to theophylline acetohydrazide hydrazone compounds. Among these, Br‐substituted compounds showed more potent against M. tuberculosis with MIC 3.6–4 μM and better than the reference drugs used. The molecular docking studies have shown the possible binding modes of the compounds with protein (PDB ID: 4RHX); the compound 4h has shown highest glide score and binding energy. For all compounds, ADME properties were predicted.
Immunohistological evaluation of mismatch repair deficiency in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treated with surgical resection
Authors: Otsuka Hiroyuki , Murakami Yoshiaki , Uemura Kenichiro , Kondo Naru , Nakagawa Naoya , Okada Kenjiro , Seo Shingo , Takahashi Shinya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe frequency and prognosis of resected deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unclear. This study was designed to assess the frequency of dMMR and its clinicopathological relevance in Japanese patients with PDAC treated with surgical resection.MethodsA total of 400 consecutive patients with PDAC who underwent surgical resection at Hiroshima University were enrolled. Immunohistochemical staining with four antibodies including MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 was used to determine the presence of dMMR in PDAC specimens. Statistical analyses were applied to evaluate the frequency and clinical outcomes of these patients.ResultsOf these 400 patients, five (1.3%) had dMMR (two had MLH1 deficiency, two had PMS2 deficiency, and one had MSH2 deficiency). We found a significantly different histological differentiation pattern between patients with dMMR and those with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) (P = .03). Univariate survival analysis revealed no significant differences between dMMR and pMMR in recurrence‐free survival (P = .268) or overall survival (P = .173).ConclusionsThe incidence of dMMR in Japanese patients with resected PDAC is low, and we found no ethnic‐specific differences when comparing the incidence to that in Caucasian patients. In the current study, no significant difference was found in recurrence‐free and overall survival between patients with dMMR and pMMR.
Design and synthesis of novel quinoline derivatives bearing oxadiazole, isoxazoline, triazolothiadiazole, triazolothiadiazine, and piperazine moieties
Authors: Tang Zhiren , Peng Yang , Liu Fangming 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA new series of 2,3‐disubstituted quinoline derivatives were synthesized from 2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde. In the reaction sequence, acetanilide was cyclized to give 2‐chloroquinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde 1, which was transformed to 2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde 2 by reaction with 4‐phenylpiperazine in DMF‐containing anhydrous K2CO3; then, compound 2 was oxidized by iodine in methanol, and methyl 2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinoline‐3‐carboxylate 3 was synthesized. The key intermediate 4, 4‐amino‐5‐[2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐yl]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiol, was prepared using the ester 3 by a series of step. Reaction of 5 with various aromatic carboxylic acids or phenacyl bromides yielded 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 5a‐c and 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines 6a‐c, respectively. Moreover, compound 2 condensed with o‐phenylenediamine to give 2‐[2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐yl]‐1H‐benzimidazole 7. Interaction of 7 and 2‐chloromethyl‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles in the presence of K2CO3 led to the title compounds 8a‐c. Furthermore, 4,5‐dihydroisoxazoline derivatives 9a‐c were obtained by the reaction of readily accessible starting materials including 2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde 2, 1‐phenyl‐2‐(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ethanone and hydroximoyl chlorides under mild conditions in the presence of Et3N. The hydrazone intermediates 10a‐c were obtained by the condensation of 2 with aroylhydrazides in ethanol, then, refluxing in acetic anhydride yielded 3‐acetyl‐5‐aryl‐2‐[2‐(4‐phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)quinolin‐3‐yl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles 11a‐c. Structures of these compounds were established by their elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral data.
Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral drugs against SARS, MERS or COVID‐19: initial assessment
Authors: Ford Nathan , Vitoria Marco , Rangaraj Ajay , Norris Susan L , Calmy Alexandra , Doherty Meg 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionSeveral antiretroviral drugs are being considered for the treatment of COVID‐19, the disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus, (SARS‐CoV‐2). We systematically reviewed the clinical outcomes of using antiretroviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of coronaviruses and planned clinical trials.MethodsThree databases were screened from inception to 30 March 2020 for studies reporting clinical outcomes of patients with SARS, MERS or COVID‐19 treated with antiretrovirals.ResultsFrom an initial screen of 433 titles, two randomized trials and 24 observational studies provided clinical outcome data on the use of antiretroviral drugs; most studies reported outcomes using LPV/r as treatment. Of the 21 observational studies reporting treatment outcomes, there were three studies among patients with SARS, six studies among patients with MERS and 12 studies among patients with COVID‐19. In one randomized trial 99 patients with severe COVID‐19 illness were randomized to receive LPV/r (400/100 mg twice a day) and 100 patients to standard of care for 14 days: LPV/r was not associated with a statistically significant difference in time to clinical improvement, although LPV/r given within 12 days of symptoms was associated with shorter time to clinical improvement; 28 day mortality was numerically lower in the LPV/r group (14/99) compared to the control group (25/100), but this difference was not statistically significant. The second trial found no benefit. The certainty of the evidence for the randomized trials was low. In the observational studies 3 out of 361 patients who received LPV/r died; the certainty of evidence was very low. Three studies reported a possible protective effect of LPV/r as post‐exposure prophylaxis. Again, the certainty of the evidence was very low due to uncertainty due to limited sample size.ConclusionsOn the basis of the available evidence it is uncertain whether LPV/r and other antiretrovirals improve clinical outcomes or prevent infection among patients at high risk of acquiring COVID‐19.
Evolutionary diversification in the raptorial forelegs of Mantodea: Relations to body size and depth perception
Authors: Oufiero Christopher E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLimb proportions have evolved among animals to meet functional demands among diverse environments. Studies from terrestrial, vertebrate locomotion have demonstrated that variation in limb proportions have adaptively evolved so animals can perform in a given environment. Most of the research on limb proportion evolution is among vertebrates and terrestrial locomotion, with little information on limb segment evolution in invertebrates or for other functional roles. For example, among invertebrates, multisegmented raptorial forelimbs have evolved multiple times independently to capture prey, but there is little information on the adaptive evolution and diversity of these limbs. Furthermore, as feeding performance is influenced by the sensory system, few studies have examined the coevolution of sensory‐motor systems. Using mantises (Mantodea) I examined forelimb diversification among 97 species with a combination of methods, including ternary plots for morphospace visualization, phylogenetically informed allometric relationships, and comparison of evolutionary rates of diversification. Furthermore, using head width as a proxy for depth perception, I examined the correlated evolution of foreleg diversity with depth perception. The results show that among the three segments of the foreleg, the tibia is the smallest, most diverse, and has the highest rate of evolution after body size corrections. Furthermore, while all foreleg segments were related to head width, head width explained the most variation in tibial length compared with other foreleg segments. The results suggest a potential adaptive functional role of tibia length related to the displacement or force produced in this mechanical lever. Furthermore, results from this study support distinct ecomorphs of mantises, as several independent evolutions to grass mimicry evolve similar morphologies.Research highlightThis study demonstrates interspecific variation among segments of an invertebrate raptorial foreleg. Among Mantodea species the tibia is the most diverse and is related to a proxy for depth perception, while the other segments had strong relationships with body size. This suggests an adaptive, functional role of the tibia during prey capture.
Using a Fork as a Hairbrush: Investigating Dual Routes to Release from Functional Fixedness
Authors: Weatherford Dawn R. , Esparza Lemira V. , Tedder Laura J. , Smith Olivia K. H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFunctional fixedness involves difficulty with conceptualizing creative object uses. When it obstructs problem‐solving, individuals must reframe their approach. We examined how different training techniques—chunk decomposition (i.e., considering an object’s basic parts and physical properties) and constraint relaxation (i.e., considering an object’s different functions)—might rely upon different routes to creative reframing. Additionally, we investigated how different forms of cognitive load interact with these dual routes. Participants learned one of three techniques. Chunk decomposition participants created object breakdown diagrams; constraint relaxation participants created object functions lists; and free association (control) participants wrote a word that they associated with each of several concrete nouns. After training, participants attempted to solve five functional fixedness problems. E1 investigated how increasing germane cognitive load via either direct or indirect prompting affected training transfer. Experiment 2 investigated how reducing extraneous cognitive load by providing no transfer instructions and using an eye‐closure strategy. Across both experiments, results supported differences in accuracy and response latency by training. However, chunk decomposition and constraint relaxation did not follow the same pattern, suggesting different mechanisms of the effect. We discuss possible applications to increase innovation in real‐world domains such as education, business, and engineering.
Dogs Detect Larger Wind Energy Effects on Bats and Birds
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn , Bell Douglas A. , Standish Skye 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTAs wind turbine‐caused mortality of birds and bats increases with increasing wind energy capacity, accurate fatality estimates are needed to assess effects, identify collision factors, and formulate mitigation. Finding a larger proportion of collision victims reduces the magnitude of adjustment for the proportion not found, thus reducing opportunities for bias. We tested detection dogs in trials of bat and small‐bird carcasses placed randomly in routine fatality monitoring at the Buena Vista and Golden Hills Wind Energy projects, California, USA, 2017. Of trial carcasses placed and confirmed available before next‐day fatality searches, dogs detected 96% of bats and 90% of small birds, whereas humans at a neighboring wind project detected 6% of bats and 30% of small birds. At Golden Hills dogs found 71 bat fatalities in 55 searches compared to 1 bat found by humans in 69 searches within the same search plots over the same season. Dog detection rates of trial carcasses remained unchanged with distance from turbine, and dogs found more fatalities than did humans at greater distances from turbines. Patterns of fatalities found by dogs within search plots indicated 20% of birds and 4–14% of bats remained undetected outside search plots at Buena Vista and Golden Hills. Dogs also increased estimates of carcass persistence by finding detection trial carcasses that the trial administrator had erroneously concluded were removed. Compared to human searches, dog searches resulted in fatality estimates up to 6.4 and 2.7 times higher for bats and small birds, respectively, along with higher relative precision and >90% lower cost per fatality detection. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Radiologically Defined Sarcopenia Affects Survival in Head and Neck Cancer: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wong Amanda , Zhu Daniel , Kraus Dennis , Tham Tristan 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo determine whether radiologically defined sarcopenia at the C3 or L3 level as measured by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is prognostic of overall survival (OS) in head and neck cancers (HNCs).MethodsLiterature searches of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were conducted on July 12, 2019, to include articles written in the English language with no constraints on publication date. To be included in the analysis, articles had to report the prognostic impact of skeletal muscle mass measured radiologically at the C3 or L3 vertebral level in HNC patients; hazard ratios (HRs) for OS; 95% confidence intervals (CIs); be from a clinical trial, cohort, or case–control study; and have English full‐text availability. Articles were reviewed in consensus by two reviewers, with disagreements reviewed by a third reviewer. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses and Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Checklist guidelines were used for reporting. Study quality assessment was performed using Quality In Prognosis Studies tool. The random‐effects DerSimonian and Laird method was used for meta‐analysis.ResultsTen articles, nine retrospective and one prospective, were included in this meta‐analysis (n = 2,181 patients). Significant differences were found in OS for HNC patients with sarcopenia (HR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.64‐2.39; P < .00001). No heterogeneity was detected in either the overall or subgroup analyses.ConclusionsRadiologically defined sarcopenia is a negative predictor of OS in patients with HNC. Early detection of sarcopenia in cancer patients may help guide nutritional and adjuvant support to improve treatment outcomes.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 131:333–341, 2021