bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Vectorial Difference Between Manifest Refractive Astigmatism and Anterior Corneal Astigmatism on Topography-Guided LASIK Outcomes
Authors: Wallerstein Avi , Gauvin Mathieu , Qi Susan Ruyu , Cohen Mark 
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE:
To characterize the preoperative vectorial difference between manifest refractive astigmatism and anterior corneal astigmatism, termed ocular residual astigmatism (ORA), and to investigate its influence on topography-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) outcomes.

METHODS:
Comparative retrospective analysis of 21,581 consecutive eyes treated on the manifest refractive astigmatism. Standard outcomes of the 7,180 eyes with the lowest ORA (first tercile: 0.35 ± 0.13 diopters [D]) were compared to the 7,208 eyes with the highest ORA (last tercile: 1.13 ± 0.25 D).

RESULTS:

The ORA followed a right-skewed normal distribution (
R
2
= 0.99) with a mean ± standard deviation of 0.73 ± 0.36 D. The efficacy index of eyes with low versus high ORA was identical (0.98 ± 0.07 vs 0.98 ± 0.08;
P
= .99), with a similar percentage having a spherical equivalent within ±0.50 D of the intended target (94.7% vs 94.1%;
P
= .11). The safety index (1.00 ± 0.04 vs 1.00 ± 0.04;
P
= .99) and Alpins correction index (1.01 ± 0.37 vs 1.00 ± 0.43;
P
= .10) were identical. A greater number of eyes with high versus low ORA had postoperative residual astigmatism of 0.75 D or greater (6.1% vs 3.9%). Eyes with very high ORA (ORA ⩾ 1.50 D; 2.5% of the population) marginally reduced the efficacy index from 0.98 to 0.97 (
P
< .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The contribution of ORA to topography-guided clinical outcomes in most virgin eyes is negligible, with excellent efficacy, accuracy, and safety in both low ORA and high ORA groups. Myopic eyes with high ORA treated on the manifest refraction should not be excluded from topography-guided LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2020;36(7):449–458.]
High-Temperature Electronics Packaging for Simulated Venus Condition
Authors: Nasiri Ardalan , Ang Simon S. , Cannon Tom , Porter Errol V. , Porter Kaoru Uema , Chapin Caitlin , Chen Ruiqi , Senesky Debbie G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An electronic packaging technology that survives the simulated Venusian surface temperature of 465°C and 96 bar pressure in carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen environments, without the corrosive trace gases, was developed. Alumina ceramic substrates and gold conductors on alumina were evaluated for electrical and mechanical performance. The most promising die-attach materials are thick-film gold and alumina-based ceramic pastes. Alumina, sapphire, silicon, and silicon carbide dies were attached to the alumina substrates using these die-attach materials and exposed to 96 bar pressure in a CO2 environment at 465°C for 244 h. The ceramic die-attach material showed consistent shear strengths before and after the test. An alumina ceramic encapsulation material was also evaluated for thermomechanical stability. The devices on the packaging substrates were encapsulated by a ceramic encapsulation with no significant increase in cracks and voids after the Venusian simulator test. Wire pull strength tests were conducted on the gold bond wire to evaluate mechanical durability before and after the Venusian simulator exposure. The average gold bond wire pull strengths before and after exposure were 5.78 g-F and 4 g-F for 1-mil gold bond wires, respectively, meeting the minimum MIL-STD-885 2011.9 standard. The overall wire bond daisy chain resistance change was .47% after the Venus simulator test, indicating a promising wire bond integrity. A titanium package was fabricated to house the ceramic packaging substrate and a two-level metalized feedthrough was fabricated to provide electrical interfaces to the package.
UN'ANALISI ISTITUZIONALE DEL DECLINO DELL'ECONOMIA ITALIANA
Authors: Capussela Andrea 
Published: July 2020

This paper attempts an interpretation of Italy’s recent economic decline, which began two decades before the Great Recession. It argues that its deeper roots lie in the political economy of growth. This interpretation is illustrated through a discussion of Italy’s recent growth trajectory and of its politico-economic equilibrium. The emphasis is placed on the country’s convergence to the productivity frontier and TFP performance, and on the evolution of its social order and institutions. The lens through which this case is reviewed, to illuminate the origins and evolution of the current constraints to growth, is drawn from institutional economics and Schumpeterian growth theory. It is exemplified by analysing two alternative reactions to the insufficient provision of public goods: an opportunistic one—employing tax evasion, corruption, or clientelism as means to appropriate private goods—and one based on enforcing political accountability. From the perspective of ordinary citizens and firms such social dilemmas can typically be modelled as coordination games, which have multiple equilibria. Self-interested rationality can thus lead to a spiral, in which several mutually reinforcing vicious circles lead society onto an inefficient equilibrium characterized by low political accountability and weak rule of law.
Optimum prediction for inhibition efficiency of Sapium ellipticum leaf extract as corrosion inhibitor of aluminum alloy (AA3003) in hydrochloric acid solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and response surface methodology
Authors: Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli , Valentine Chikaodili Anadebe , Chizoba Sandra Okafor 
Published: July 2020

Statistical optimization was used to optimize corrosion inhibition efficiency of Sapium ellipticum leaf extract as corrosion inhibitor of aluminum in acid medium. Response surface methodology was applied, and the effects of four independent variables; acid concentration, inhibitor concentration, temperature, time, and their expected responses were determined. Central composite design a statistical tool was used to generate a total of 16 individual experimental runs, which was previously design to study the effects of these variables during corrosion process. The uniqueness of the model was scrutinized with various criteria including coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.987), p value (< 0.0001), adequate precision (30.22) and coefficient of variation (5.30). The RSM is well fitted in the model which adequately predicted the optimum inhibition efficiency of 96.73% at optimum inhibitor concentration of 1.5g/L-1, acid concentration 1 M, temperature of 303 K and time of 6 hours. Also the electrochemical concept signifies that Sapium ellipticum acts as a mixed-kind inhibitor. The experimental data obtained is in conformity with other research works.

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(1), 175-191.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i1.17
Humanities and Sciences as Complementary Aspects of an Afrikan=Black Whole: Evidence from Archeoastronomy
Authors: Kambon Obádélé Bakari , Asare Yaw Mankatah 
Published: July 2020

In ancient Afrika, science, technology, engineering and mathematics were not seen as separate from or at odds with what is now referred to in English as the Humanities. Focusing on archeoastronomy of Kmt ‘land of Black people (i.e. Ancient Egypt)’, we demonstrate that the scientific principles used to build pyramids, temples, and other edifices were rooted in and fused with Afrikan systems of deep thought and spirituality. The method adopted in this study examines alignments of structures of Kmt ‘land of Black people’ with respect to solar and celestial phenomena in an attempt to establish systematic patterns and correlations between architectural alignments and astronomical phenomena. This method is adopted to show the relationship between structures constructed and knowledge of the oneness of humanities and sciences. Therefore, in this study, we find that the dichotomization and fragmentation of knowledge and disciplines should move towards a more holistic Kmtyw ‘Black people, people of Kmt’ perspective.
Back into Modernity? COVID-19 Returns Nation-State to Its Original Nature
Authors: Silaev N. Yu. , Protsenko N. P. 
Published: July 2020

From a historical perspective, the curbing of epidemics was the collateral effect of emerging European Modern states. The current COVID-19 pandemic reminds that. It supports the broad international tendency to strengthen state sovereignty, nationalism, and economic protectionism. Meanwhile, in recent decades health care systems around the world have been evolving toward deregulation, use of market mechanisms, and decrease of state interventions, and it was one of the most salient evidence that Modern state is being deconstructed. The current crisis puts forward the prospect that Modern comes back with the following social conflicts, interstate rivalry, and growing power inequality between the international system actors.
POLÍTICA DE DESENVOLVIMENTO RURAL SUSTENTÁVEL NOS CONSELHOS MUNICIPAIS E NO COLEGIADO TERRITORIAL DO ALTO SERTÃO SERGIPANO.
Authors: Almeida do Nascimento Taiane 
Published: July 2020

O presente artigo foi elaborado a partir do Curso de Especialização em Residência Agrária (Agroecologia, Questão Agrária, Agroindústria e Cooperativismo), justifica- se pela necessidade da participação popular nas instâncias de Controle Social com vistas a problematizar e propor ações concretas que fortaleçam esta relação. A Constituição de 1988 ratifica a democracia direta no seu Capítulo II - Dos Direitos Sociais, “É assegurada a participação dos trabalhadores e empregadores nos colegiados dos órgãos públicos em que seus interesses profissionais ou previdenciários sejam objeto de discussão e deliberação” (art.10), ou seja, o debate em espaços coletivos para a exposição de ideias, propostas e ações de decisão. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi investigar como se dá a articulação do Colegiado Territorial do Alto Sertão Sergipano com os CMDRS para ampliar o Controle Social das Políticas de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável, e, ao mesmo tempo reforçar essa relação. Para isso foram cumpridos objetivos específicos: acompanhar a dinâmica do Colegiado Territorial do Alto Sertão Sergipano; investigar a legislação e as Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e socializar os resultados da pesquisa e apoiar o processo de aproximação entre Colegiado e CMDRS. Este trabalho se orienta pelo método dialético, por aproximar-se da realidade concreta dos sujeitos históricos em sua dinâmica e contradições. Em busca de compreender a participação popular nos conselhos gestores e no colegiado territorial do Alto Sertão Sergipano a metodologia da pesquisa utilizada foi a entrevista semiestruturada com 10 pessoas, sendo 06 dos CMDRS priorizando-se representantes da sociedade civil.

Palavras – Chave: Política de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável. Conselhos Municipais de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável. Colegiado Territorial de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável.
Hubungan Pelaksanaan Pengelolaan Kelas Terhadap Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Kecamatan Tembilahan
Authors: Pratiwi Nia , Mardiah Mardiah 
Published: July 2020

Masalah pokok yang dihadapi guru, baik yang pemula maupun yang sudah berpengalaman adalah masalah pengelolaan kelas, yang merupakan aspek yang sering didiskusikan oleh para pengajar. Pengelolaan kelas merupakan masalah tingkah laku yang kompleks, dan guru menggunakannya untuk menciptakan dan mempertahankan kondisi kelas sedemikian rupa, sehingga anak didik dapat mencapai tujuan pengajaran secara efisien dan memungkinkan mereka dapat belajar. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pelaksanaan pengelolaan kelas terhadap kegiatan belajar mengajar pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Kecamatan Tembilahan Penelitian ini dilakukan di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Kecamatan Tembilahan. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 3 bulan setelah surat riset dikeluarkan. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah guru Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah hubungan pelaksanaan pengelolaan kelas terhadap kegiatan belajar mengajar pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Kecamatan Tembilahan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari observasi yang penulis lakukan, maka penulis menemukan ada hubungan pelaksanaan pengelolaan kelas terhadap kegiatan belajar mengajar pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri Kecamatan Tembilahan ada hubungannya ini terlihat dari hasil akhir yang penulis temukan bahwa thitung lebih besar dari ttabel atau 3,41 > 1,812 maka Ho ditolak, artinya ada hubungan.
Uso combinado de software libre y de técnicas analíticas para facilitar la comprensión de los diagramas de equilibrio químico
Authors: Ortega Navarro Emma , Martí Calatayud Manuel César , Pérez Herranz Valentín , García Gabaldón Montserrat , Carrillo Abad Jordi 
Published: July 2020

En el presente trabajo se han investigado las ventajas resultantes del uso combinado del software libre Spana para la realización de diagramas de equilibrio junto con diferentes técnicas experimentales de análisis químico. El software Spana se ha utilizado para representar diagramas de distribución de especies de diferentes disoluciones de ácido fosfórico y sus sales. Los diagramas resultantes se han relacionado con los resultados obtenidos mediante conductimetría y colorimetría, bajo el contexto de la realización de un trabajo fin de Máster por parte de un alumno de Ingeniería Química. Los resultados alcanzados demuestran que el uso de técnicas experimentales junto con un software fácil de usar contribuye a mejorar la comprensión de los alumnos de la relevancia que tienen los desplazamientos del equilibrio químico sobre diferentes procesos ingenieriles. La metodología propuesta reduce el tiempo del proceso de aprendizaje por parte de los alumnos y puede resultar de utilidad, no solamente para la realización de trabajos fin de máster, sino también en la realización de prácticas de laboratorio en asignaturas relacionadas con el análisis químico.
In the present work, the advantages of combining the use of the freeware Spana to plot equilibrium diagrams with different laboratory analytical techniques have been investigated. The software Spana has been used to plot speciation diagrams of different solutions of phosphoric acid and its salts. The resulting diagrams have been correlated with the results obtained by conductimetric titration and colorimetry under the framework of the realization of a Master Thesis by a student of Chemical Engineering. The results achieved demonstrate that the combined use of experimental techniques and user-friendly software aid in the comprehension of the relevance that shifts in the chemical equilibrium could have on different engineering processes by students of Chemical Engineering. The proposed methodology reduces the time that students need to understand problems related to chemical equilibria and could be implemented, not only during the completion of Master Thesis’, but also in laboratory courses related with subjects of Chemical Analysis.
Le réel de la philosophie et la pratique de la connaissance
Authors: Panais Julien 
Published: July 2020

Lors d’un cours portant sur la Lettre VII de Platon, Michel Foucault introduit l’expression de « réel de la philosophie ». Pour les différents commentateurs de cette leçon, cette formule se rapporte aux actions politiquement efficaces que le philosophe doit effectuer pour insérer la philosophie dans la réalité. Selon nous et contrairement à cette interprétation, la philosophie possède déjà pour Foucault les modalités de sa propre effectivité avant même d’être efficace politiquement. La surestimation de la dimension politique conduit d’autre part à sous-estimer les pratiques de connaissance propre à la philosophie, d’autant que selon nous Foucault se saisit de la notion de « réel philosophique » de Martial Gueroult pour sa propre élaboration du « réel de la philosophie ». Déterminer les modalités du réel de la philosophie selon Foucault, c’est ce à quoi nous nous attachons dans cet article.
Optic Disc Classification by Deep Learning versus Expert Neuro‐Ophthalmologists
Authors: Biousse Valérie , Newman Nancy J. , Najjar Raymond P. , Vasseneix Caroline , Xu Xinxing , Ting Daniel S. , Milea Léonard B. , Hwang Jeong‐Min , Kim Dong Hyun , Yang Hee Kyung , Hamann Steffen , Chen John J. , Liu Yong , Wong Tien Yin , Milea Dan ,   for the BONSAI (Brain and Optic Nerve Study with Artificial Intelligence) Study Group
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic performance of an artificial intelligence deep learning system with that of expert neuro‐ophthalmologists in classifying optic disc appearance.MethodsThe deep learning system was previously trained and validated on 14,341 ocular fundus photographs from 19 international centers. The performance of the system was evaluated on 800 new fundus photographs (400 normal optic discs, 201 papilledema [disc edema from elevated intracranial pressure], 199 other optic disc abnormalities) and compared with that of 2 expert neuro‐ophthalmologists who independently reviewed the same randomly presented images without clinical information. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated.ResultsThe system correctly classified 678 of 800 (84.7%) photographs, compared with 675 of 800 (84.4%) for Expert 1 and 641 of 800 (80.1%) for Expert 2. The system yielded areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96–0.98), 0.96 (95% CI = 0.94–0.97), and 0.89 (95% CI = 0.87–0.92) for the detection of normal discs, papilledema, and other disc abnormalities, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the system's classification of optic discs were similar to or better than the 2 experts. Intergrader agreement at the eye level was 0.71 (95% CI = 0.67–0.76) between Expert 1 and Expert 2, 0.72 (95% CI = 0.68–0.76) between the system and Expert 1, and 0.65 (95% CI = 0.61–0.70) between the system and Expert 2.InterpretationThe performance of this deep learning system at classifying optic disc abnormalities was at least as good as 2 expert neuro‐ophthalmologists. Future prospective studies are needed to validate this system as a diagnostic aid in relevant clinical settings. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:785–795
Tandem Photoredox Catalysis: Enabling Carbonylative Amidation of Aryl and Alkylhalides
Authors: Forni José A. , Micic Nenad , Connell Timothy U. , Weragoda Geethika , Polyzos Anastasios 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe report a new visible‐light‐mediated carbonylative amidation of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl halides. A tandem catalytic cycle of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb‐bpy)]+ generates a potent iridium photoreductant through a second catalytic cycle in the presence of DIPEA, which productively engages aryl bromides, iodides, and even chlorides as well as primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl iodides. The versatile in situ generated catalyst is compatible with aliphatic and aromatic amines, shows high functional‐group tolerance, and enables the late‐stage amidation of complex natural products.
Copper‐Catalyzed Azide–Ynamide Cyclization to Generate α‐Imino Copper Carbenes: Divergent and Enantioselective Access to Polycyclic N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Liu Xin , Wang Ze‐Shu , Zhai Tong‐Yi , Luo Chen , Zhang Yi‐Ping , Chen Yang‐Bo , Deng Chao , Liu Rai‐Shung , Ye Long‐Wu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHere an efficient copper‐catalyzed cascade cyclization of azide‐ynamides via α‐imino copper carbene intermediates is reported, representing the first generation of α‐imino copper carbenes from alkynes. This protocol enables the practical and divergent synthesis of an array of polycyclic N‐heterocycles in generally good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope and excellent diastereoselectivities. Moreover, an asymmetric azide–ynamide cyclization has been achieved with high enantioselectivities (up to 98:2 e.r.) by employing BOX‐Cu complexes as chiral catalysts. Thus, this protocol constitutes the first example of an asymmetric azide–alkyne cyclization. The proposed mechanistic rationale for this cascade cyclization is further supported by theoretical calculations.
Tailoring Optical Properties of Luminescent Semiconducting Nanocrystals through Hydrostatic, Anisotropic Static, and Dynamic Pressures
Authors: Biesold Gill M. , Liang Shuang , Brettmann Blair , Thadhani Naresh , Kang Zhitao , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLuminescent semiconductor nanocrystals are a fascinating class of materials because of their size‐dependent emissions. Numerous past studies have demonstrated that semiconductor nanoparticles with radii smaller than their Bohr radius experience quantum confinement and thus size‐dependent emissions. Exerting pressure on these nanoparticles represents an additional, more dynamic, strategy to alter their size and shift their emission. The application of pressure results in the lattices becoming strained and the electronic structure altered. In this Minireview, colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are first introduced. The effects of uniform hydrostatic pressure on the optical properties of metal halide perovskite (ABX3), II–VI, III–V, and IV–VI semiconductor nanocrystals are then examined. The optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals under static and dynamic anisotropic pressure are then summarized. Finally, future research directions and applications utilizing the pressure‐dependent optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals are discussed.
A study on benzene release during water washing of biomass
Authors: Deng Lei , Long Jimiao , Wu Yuhao , Che Defu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWater washing can effectively remove Na, K, and Cl in biomass, which can cause fouling, slagging, and corrosion during thermal conversion process of biomass fuels. However, it is necessary to dispose the leachates appropriately after water washing. Characterization of organic matters in leachates should be performed first, which is beneficial to find an effective way to dispose the leachate. In this study, four biomass materials are washed with the deionized water at 30°C, 60°C, and 90°C. The release of toluene and styrene is studied. The results show that yields of organic matters for corn stalk and wheat straw are the highest relatively, of which the eventual values are 8% and 15%, respectively. Less toluene and styrene are released at 30–60°C than that at 90°C for wheat straw. But the release of toluene and styrene in rice hull leachate shows the opposite trend. The concentration of styrene in leachates reaches a minimum value at 60°C. The corresponding values are 0.017 mg L−1 for wheat straw and 0.15 mg L−1 for rice hull. But none is detected in corn stalk and sorghum stalk leachates. In addition, variations of toluene and styrene concentrations are obviously different with different washing temperatures.