bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spin in the reporting, interpretation, and extrapolation of adverse effects of orthodontic interventions: protocol for a cross-sectional study of systematic reviews
Authors: Steegmans Pauline A. J. , Di Girolamo Nicola , Meursinge Reynders Reint A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Titles and abstracts are the most read sections of biomedical papers. It is therefore important that abstracts transparently report both the beneficial and adverse effects of health care interventions and do not mislead the reader. Misleading reporting, interpretation, or extrapolation of study results is called “spin”. In this study, we will assess whether adverse effects of orthodontic interventions were reported or considered in the abstracts of both Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews and whether spin was identified and what type of spin.

Methods
Eligibility criteria were defined for the type of study designs, participants, interventions, outcomes, and settings. We will include systematic reviews of clinical orthodontic interventions published in the five leading orthodontic journals and in the Cochrane Database. Empty reviews will be excluded. We will manually search eligible reviews published between 1 August 2009 and 31 July 2019. Data collection forms were developed a priori. All study selection and data extraction procedures will be conducted by two reviewers independently. Our main outcomes will be the prevalence of reported or considered adverse effects of orthodontic interventions in the abstract of systematic reviews and the prevalence of “spin” related to these adverse effects. We will also record the prevalence of three subtypes of spin, i.e., misleading reporting, misleading interpretation, and misleading extrapolation-related spin. All statistics will be calculated for the following groups: (1) all journals individually, (2) all journals together, and (3) the five leading orthodontic journals and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews separately. Generalized linear models will be developed to compare the various groups.

Discussion
We expect that our results will raise the awareness of the importance of reporting and considering of adverse effects and the presence of the phenomenon of spin related to these effects in abstracts of systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions. This is important, because an incomplete and inadequate reporting, interpretation, or extrapolation of findings on adverse effects in abstracts of systematic reviews can mislead readers and could lead to inadequate clinical practice. Our findings could result in policy implications for making judgments about the acceptance for publication of systematic reviews of orthodontic interventions.
Targeted test evaluation: a framework for designing diagnostic accuracy studies with clear study hypotheses
Authors: Korevaar Daniël A. , Gopalakrishna Gowri , Cohen Jérémie F. , Bossuyt Patrick M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMost randomized controlled trials evaluating medical interventions have a pre-specified hypothesis, which is statistically tested against the null hypothesis of no effect. In diagnostic accuracy studies, study hypotheses are rarely pre-defined and sample size calculations are usually not performed, which may jeopardize scientific rigor and can lead to over-interpretation or “spin” of study findings. In this paper, we propose a strategy for defining meaningful hypotheses in diagnostic accuracy studies. Based on the role of the index test in the clinical pathway and the downstream consequences of test results, the consequences of test misclassifications can be weighed, to arrive at minimally acceptable criteria for pre-defined test performance: levels of sensitivity and specificity that would justify the test’s intended use. Minimally acceptable criteria for test performance should form the basis for hypothesis formulation and sample size calculations in diagnostic accuracy studies.
Organic carbon distribution and budget of dominant woody plant community in the subalpine zone at volcanic Jeju Island, Korea
Authors: Jang Rae-Ha , Lee Seung-Yeon , Lee Eung-Pill , Lee Soo-In , Kim Eui-Joo , Lee Sang-Hun , You Young-Han 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
The Northern Hemisphere forest ecosystem is a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the subalpine zone stores large amounts of carbon; however, their magnitude and distribution of stored carbon are still unclear.

Results
To clarify the carbon distribution and carbon budget in the subalpine zone at volcanic Jeju Island, Korea, we report the C stock and changes therein owing to vegetation form, litter production, forest floor, and soil, and soil respiration between 2014 and 2016, for three subalpine forest ecosystems, namely, Abies koreana forest, Taxus cuspidata forest, and Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii forest. Organic carbon distribution of vegetation and NPP were bigger in the A. koreana forest than in the other two forests. However, the amount of soil organic carbon distribution was the highest in the J. chinensis var. sargentii forest.
Compared to the amount of organic carbon distribution (AOCD) of aboveground vegetation (57.15 t C ha−1) on the subalpine-alpine forest in India, AOCD of vegetation in the subalpine forest in Mt. Halla was below 50%, but AOCD of soil in Mt. Halla was higher. We also compared our results of organic carbon budget in subalpine forest at volcanic island with data synthesized from subalpine forests in various countries.

Conclusions
The subalpine forest is a carbon reservoir that stores a large amount of organic carbon in the forest soils and is expected to provide a high level of ecosystem services.
Allelopathic potential of the pea seed powder as natural herbicide for controlling weeds infested wheat plants
Authors: El-Rokiek Kowthar Gad , El-Din Samia Amin Saad , El-Wakeel Mona Adel , El-Awadi Mohammad El-Sayed , Dawood Mona Gergis 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Allelopathy is an alternative safe strategy for chemical herbicides in controlling weeds. So, two successive greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the phytotoxicity of pea seed powder on two weeds chard- (broad leaf) and canary grass (grass weed)-infested wheat. Pea seed powder was added to the soil surface at successive rates 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/pot. The pots were cultivated on time (at sowing application) or 1 week after the addition of the pea seed powder.

Results
The results indicated that the pea seed powder at 100 g/pot controlled more than 70–80% of both weeds in comparison to the corresponding controls. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of the pea seed powder on weeds was accompanied by increases in the growth as well as photosynthetic pigments content and consequently wheat yield especially at 80 g/pot.

Conclusion
This study suggested that the pea seed powder has allelopathic and phytotoxic effects that controlled investigated weeds in wheat. Analysis of the allelopathic pea seed powder at the applied rates revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Both allelopathic compounds showed high levels with increasing the pea seed powder rate. The mixing of pea seed powder with the soil surface at 80 g/pot 1 week before sowing was the most efficient treatment in controlling weeds under investigation that consequently achieved the highest wheat yield.
Food biodiversity includes both locally cultivated and wild food species in Guasaganda, Central Ecuador
Authors: Penafiel Daniela , Vanhove Wouter , Espinel Ramon L. , Van Damme Patrick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Worldwide, the number of wild and domesticated food species is declining, which endangers dietary diversity of particularly indigenous people. Unfortunately, eating culture and traditional knowledge is also hampered when food species are no longer available.

Methods
This study reports the food biodiversity in Guasaganda, Central Ecuador, using a combination of methods aiming to inform local initiatives.

Results and discussion
The number of species includes 49 wild, 41 cultivated, and 28 semi-cultivated plants and 13 wild, 9 domesticated, and 1 semi-domesticated animal species. Although, Guasaganda is a hot spot of plant and animal diversity, a limited number of plant (3.00 SD 1.45) and animal species (2.37 SD 1.44) are available at the farm.

Conclusion
Increasing the number of edible species in the food system is imperative for dietary diversity. Further research should document the consumption of the reported foods, and the nutrient and biochemical content to assess nutrient adequacy of the diet.
Use of Electronic Administrative Databases to Measure Quality Indicators of Breast Cancer Care: Experience of Five Regional Oncology Networks in Italy
Authors: Guarneri Valentina , Pronzato Paolo , Bertetto Oscar , Roila Fausto , Amunni Gianni , Bortolami Alberto , Tognazzo Sandro , Griguolo Gaia , Pagano Eva , Stracci Fabrizio , Bianconi Fortunato , Gemmi Fabrizio , Bachini Letizia , Ciccone Giovannino , Paoli Gabriella , Paleari Laura , Conte Pier Franco ,   on behalf of the Periplo Association
Published: December 2019

PURPOSE: Assuring quality of care, while maintaining sustainability, in complex conditions such as breast cancer (BC) is an important challenge for health systems. Here, we describe a methodology to define a set of quality indicators, assess their computability from administrative data, and apply them to a large cohort of BC cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical professionals from the Italian Regional Oncology Networks identified 46 clinically relevant indicators of BC care; 22 were potentially computable using administrative data. Incident cases of BC diagnosed in 2016 in five Italian regions were identified using administrative databases from regional repositories. Each indicator was calculated through record linkage of anonymized individual data. RESULTS: A total of 15,342 incident BC cases were identified. Nine indicators were actually computable from administrative data (two structure and seven process indicators). Although most indicators were consistent with guidelines, for one indicator (blood tumor markers in the year after surgery, 44.2% to 64.5%; benchmark ≤ 20%), deviation was evident throughout the five regions, highlighting systematic overlooking of clinical recommendations. Two indicators (radiotherapy within 4 months after surgery if no adjuvant chemotherapy; 42% to 83.8%; benchmark ≥ 90%; and mammography 6 to 18 months after surgery, 55.1% to 72.6%; benchmark ≥ 90%) showed great regional variability and were lower than expected, possibly as result of an underestimation in indicator calculation by administrative data. CONCLUSION: Despite highlighting some limitations in the use of administrative data to measure health care performance, this study shows that evaluating the quality of BC care at a population level is possible and potentially useful for guiding quality improvement interventions.
Genetics of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in the Next-Generation Sequencing Era
Authors: França Monica Malheiros , Mendonca Berenice Bilharinho 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by amenorrhea, increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and hypoestrogenism, leading to infertility before the age of 40 years. Elucidating the cause of POI is a key point for diagnosing and treating affected women. Here, we review the genetic etiology of POI, highlighting new genes identified in the last few years using next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. We searched the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for articles published in or translated to English. Several genes were found to be associated with POI genetic etiology in humans and animal models (SPIDR, BMPR2, MSH4, MSH5, GJA4, FANCM, POLR2C, MRPS22, KHDRBS1, BNC1, WDR62, ATG7/ATG9, BRCA2, NOTCH2, POLR3H, and TP63). The heterogeneity of POI etiology has been revealed to be remarkable in the NGS era, and discoveries have indicated that meiosis and DNA repair play key roles in POI development.
Forced Creatures
Authors: Keralis Spencer 
Published: December 2019

Non-sentient animals have appeared in the Star Wars universe in roles both integral and decorative since A New Hope premiered in 1977. From beasts of burden like the dewbacks and banthas of Tatooine and the Gungans’ kaadu, to monsters like the wampa, rathtar, and dianoga; to the myriad of critters large and small that inhabit interstellar environments, animals are as much a part of the fabric of the Star Wars tapestry as the various non-human sentient species. In some cases, these creatures are mainly exotic window dressing, but in other instances, these animals are used instrumentally to advance larger narratives.
To frame my examination of the use of animals in Star Wars, I borrow performance studies scholar Una Chaudhuri’s useful neologism “zooësis.” Coined by Chaudhuri to articulate “the way culture makes art and meaning with the figure and body of the animal,” encompasses the feelings that animals inspire, and so the affect of animals is an important part of understanding the place of the animal in the Star Wars universe (1). Ezra Bridger’s interaction with animals to explore the Force and to aid the Rebellion in Star Wars Rebels offers one example of how animals are instrumentalized, and Ezra’s affective response to “the figure and body” of these creatures – affection, awe, revulsion, or horror – are fairly straightforward. But the lowly porg from The Last Jedi inspires different feelings: the complex affect of cuteness, combined with the desire to consume and devour the bodies of these animals. In what follows I invite my reader to consider the use of animals in Star Wars, and to question how agency is granted and denied to non-human animals in these narratives.
Low-cost hyper-spectral imaging system using a linear variable bandpass filter for agritech applications
Authors: Song Shigeng , Gibson Des , Ahmadzadeh Sam , Chu Hin On , Warden Barry , Overend Russell , Macfarlane Fraser , Murray Paul , Marshall Stephen , Aitkenhead Matt , Bienkowski Damian , Allison Russell 
Published: December 2019

Hyperspectral imaging for agricultural applications provides a solution for non-destructive, large-area crop monitoring. However, current products are bulky and expensive due to complicated optics and electronics. A linear variable filter was developed for implementation into a prototype hyperspectral imaging camera that demonstrates good spectral performance between 450 and 900 nm. Equipped with a feature extraction and classification algorithm, the proposed system can be used to determine potato plant health with∼88%accuracy. This algorithm was also capable of species identification and is demonstrated as being capable of differentiating between rocket, lettuce, and spinach. Results are promising for an entry-level, low-cost hyperspectral imaging solution for agriculture applications.
High-precision microdisplacement sensor based on zeroth-order diffraction using a single-layer optical grating
Authors: Zhao Hongbo , Li Mengwei , Zhang Rui , Wang Zhibin , Xie Kunyang , Xin Chenguang , Jin Li , Liang Zhouxin 
Published: December 2019

A high-precision microdisplacement sensor based on zeroth-order diffraction of a single-layer optical grating is reported. Laser grating interference occurs when part of the laser is reflected diffraction by the grating and another part is vertically reflected back by a mirror and diffracted again by the grating, thus generating optical interferometric detection. For the purpose of obtaining the optimal contrast of the optical interferometric detection, the duty cycle of the grating and the orders of diffraction were optimized by the diffraction scalar theory. The microdisplacement sensor demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.40%/nm, a resolution of 0.6 nm, and a full-scale range of up to 100 µm. This work enables a high-performance displacement sensor, and provides a theoretical and technical basis for the design of a displacement sensor with an ultracompact structure.
Photonic crystal structured blue µLED with aperture size dependent data transmission performance in plastic fiber link
Authors: Lin Yu-Hong , Lin Tung-Chin , Cheng Chih-Hsien , Kuo Hao-Chung , Huang Jian-Jang , Lin Gong-Ru 
Published: December 2019

A comprehensive comparison on the data transmission performance of photonic crystal structured micro light-emitting diodes (PC-µLEDs) with different aperture sizes is realized for high-speed visible light communication application. The 120×120-µm2 large PC-µLED exhibits the largest optical power of 580 µW and the highest external quantum efficiency of 2.5%; however, it also demonstrates the lowest analog modulation bandwidth of only 72 MHz. By contrast, the smallest PC-µLED with 20×20-µm2 aperture emits the lowest optical power of 37 µW but provides the highest 3-dB bandwidth of 162 MHz. After optimizing the operating parameters for data transmission, the trade-off between output power and encoding bandwidth is observed to improve the transmission performance. The PC-µLED with mesa length of 60–80 µm can transmit on-off keying (OOK) data format at 500 Mbit/s under error-free BER criterion. In particular, the device with a mesa area of 80×80-µm2 successfully carries the 300-MBaud 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) data with corresponding data rate of 600 Mbit/s under KP4 forward error correction (FEC) required BER. Furthermore, the quadrature-amplitude-modulation (QAM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) data transmission is also performed, and the highest data rate of 2 Gbit/s under FEC criterion is allowable by using the PC-µLED with a mesa aperture of 80×80-µm2.
Facebook and cultural identity: Discourses on mediation among international students
Authors: Dumitrica Delia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Digital mediation is implicated in the production of cultural identity in multiple ways. The representations produced and circulated on social media platforms, along with the ubiquitous nature of these platforms, become part and parcel of the production and performance of cultural identity. This paper investigates discourses of Facebook mediation and cultural identity among a sample of international undergraduates in media and communication at a major Dutch university. The analysis of 43 written student essays reveals four discourses: Facebook as a mirror of cultural identity, as a cultural mosaic, as a site of cultural difference and as an opportunity for critical reflection on the idea of cultural identity. Interestingly, these discourses are permeated by a recurrent vision of individual control of both mediation and cultural identity. This article discusses the ideological work entailed in these discourses, calling for more awareness raising on the ways in which social media actively construct social reality.
Political communication Modi style: A case study of the demonetization campaign on Twitter
Authors: Rodrigues Usha M. , Niemann Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) is one of the world's most followed political leaders on Twitter. During the 2014 and 2019 election campaigns, he and his party used various social media networking and the Internet services to engage with young, educated, middle-class voters in India. Since his first sweeping win in the 2014 elections, Modi's political communication strategy has been to neglect the mainstream news media, and instead use social media and government websites to keep followers informed of his day-to-day engagements and government policies. This strategy of direct communication was followed even during a critical policy change, when in a politically risky move half-way through his five-year prime ministership, Modi's government scrapped more than 85 per cent of Indian currency notes in November 2016. He continued to largely shun the mainstream media and use his social media accounts and public rallies to communicate with the nation. As a case study of this direct communication strategy, this article presents the results of a study of Modi's Twitter articulations during the three months following the demonetization announcement. We use mediatization of politics discourse to consider the implications of this shift from mass communication via the mainstream news media, to the Indian prime minister's reliance on direct communication on social media platforms.
Labdarúgó akadémisták rekrutációjának és elégedettségének vizsgálata a fővárosi és a vidéki akadémiák tükrében
Authors: Rábai Dávid 
Published: December 2019

Az utóbbi időben a honi labdarúgó akadémiákkal kapcsolatos kutatások egyre népszerűbbé válnak, noha maga a magyar labdarúgó akadémiai rendszer immáron közel 18 éves múltra tekint vissza hazánkban. A pedagógiai aspektusokat fókuszba helyező vizsgálatok azonban manapság is kevésbé preferáltak a kutatók részéről, hiszen az akadémistákat egyelőre kevesebb ilyesféle vizsgálat érintette, így a szakirodalom is korlátozott ilyen tekintetben. Jelen kutatásunkban azonban az ezekben az intézményekben fejlődő fiatal növendékek vizsgálata jelenik meg. Célunk konkrétan az volt jelen tanulmány megírásával, hogy terepmunka segítségével az általunk kiválasztott hat akadémiában (Debreceni Labdarúgó Akadémia, Diósgyőri Labdarúgó Akadémia, Békéscsabai Labdarúgó Akadémia, Sándor Károly Labdarúgó Akadémia, Magyar Futball Akadémia, UTE Labdarúgó Akadémia) az ottani akadémisták rekrutációját és elégedettségét vizsgáljuk meg a fővárosi és a vidéki intézmények tükrében.Kutatásunkhoz a kérdőíves lekérdezés módszerét alkalmaztuk, amely segítségével összesen 560 labdarúgó akadémistát sikerült megszólaltatnunk.Az eredményeink alapján több esetben is szignifikáns különbségeket véltünk felfedezni az egyes akadémiák akadémistáinak válaszai között. Az intézmények között szignifikáns különbségek mutatkoztak az akadémisták rekrutációját (p=0,000), a növendékek elégedettségét az egyes intézmények felszereltségét (pályák, öltözők, eszközök) (p=0,000), illetve a saját edzőik szakmai felkészültségét (p=0,004) illetően is. Eredményeink segítségével betekintést tudunk nyerni az egyes honi labdarúgó akadémiai intézmények sajátos világába, ezáltal megismerhetjük az ott fejlődő fiatalok véleményeit az akadémiák ellátottságáról, esetleges hiányosságairól.
Artefatos culturais e a abordagem sobre gênero e sexualidade: a revista Nova Escola
Authors: Petrenas Rita de Cássia 
Published: December 2019

O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os artigos sobre a temática sexualidade e gênero presentes na revista Nova Escola, no período de 2000 a 2017. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, utilizando para análise dos artigos a Análise de Conteúdo Temática. A pesquisa identificou um considerável número de artigos que abordam assuntos variados que podem enriquecer o aprendizado e a prática docente, bem como as experiências construídas no cotidiano das escolas. Conclui-se que para tanto, é preciso que os educadores percebam os limites da produção jornalística destinada aos docentes. Dentre esses limites podemos apontar a linguagem simplificada, textos com caráter prescritivo, valorização de modismos e inovações pedagógicos, e a aposta exagerada no empenho dos docentes para achar a solução para os problemas pedagógicos, culturais e sociais que abrangem a prática educativa.