bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ideal evolution and evolution of ideality
Authors: Mikhyeyev A. N. 
Published: October 2020

On the basis of meta-scientific approaches, the legitimacy of considering the processes of biological evolution using the notions of attributiveness of the ideality of objects is substantiated. Ideal evolution is defined as the evolution of an object in the direction of the realization of its current and necessarily changing potentials, and the evolution of the ideality - as the evolution of forms, processes and functions. Thus, it is proposed that evolution must be considered as the realization of potentials and as a change in the ideal attribute of objects. Taking into account the ideal «component» allows to use almost all meta-scientific approaches to solve evolutionary problems – the theory of information, systems, fractals, risks etc. It is shown that memetics explores the general principles of information inheritance, regardless of its substrate, on which the genetic, epigenetic or memetic information itself. It is argued that in systemogenesis a certain potency (opportunity) is realized, generating a new potency, plan, idea or goal. Thus, it is impossible to describe all stages of evolution with one law. Each stage has its own substantial and organizational (actually «ideal», informational) component (attribute), the description of which requires appropriate laws. In Man, the role of the ideal or rather, informational, attribute is growing in the process of its progressive evolution, which turns into practically a «pure» informational evolution, isomorphic to its carrier.
Keywords: meta-scientific approaches, ideal, information, progressive evolution, memetics, systemogenesis, emergence.
alias ROSSEL VIEN
Authors: Léveillé J.R. 
Published: October 2020

L’article explore la venue à l’écriture de l’auteur Russel Vien qui a publié sous nom de plume tout au cours de sa vie. Que cache et que révèle cette course fuyante vers l’anonymat qui a produit un auteur salué par la critique, connu en histoire et méconnu en fiction? Les différentes sections de l’article analysent chaque pseudonyme, ainsi que la réception critique initiale d’une oeuvre « inconnue » où nous découvrons les enjeux de la personnalité mystérieuse d’un pionnier de l’écriture homosexuelle et d’une modernité formelle.
La rhétorique de la surconscience de l’altérité dans les deux premières nouvelles de Rossel Vien
Authors: Gaboury-Diallo Lise 
Published: October 2020

En 1960, alors qu’il a 31 ans, Rossel Vien publie sous le pseudonyme Gilles Delaunière, dans lesÉcrits du Canada français,son récit à saveur autobiographique « Un homme de trente ans ». L’année suivante, dans la même revue, et toujours sous le même nom de plume, paraît le récif fictif « L’auberge des trois lacs ». Dans ses deux premières nouvelles, Vien met en scène des personnages marginalisés et non conventionnels. En partant du concept théorique que développe Emir Delic sur la conscience altéritaire du minoritaire (2014), je postule que le sentiment généralisé de malaise que vivent les personnages clés de ces deux histoires naît d’un profond sentiment de rejet. Leur questionnement ontologique se double d’une prise de conscience (ou crise identitaire) de l’être social et discursif face à l’Autre, mais aussi face à soi. Ces constats entraînent un glissement progressif vers ce que j’appelle une surconscience du soi qui découvre avec désarroi que sa ‘différence’ est inacceptable aux yeux de la majorité. D’intérêt particulier sont les nombreuses stratégies littéraires qu’exploite Vien pour permettre à ses lecteurs d’entrer de plain-pied dans l’univers de ces êtres atypiques qui se sentent constamment en porte-à-faux, non seulement avec de leur communauté, mais aussi avec leur propre image de soi. Je me focaliserai sur l’étude de quelques procédés rhétoriques qu’emploient les narrateurs et certains personnages, tels que les oppositions binaires, les images choc, le non-dit, etc., et qui révèlent à la fois une surconscience altéritaire ainsi qu’une perceptionautrede la réalité.
Louise Campbell. Une médiatrice dans l’être
Authors: Bertomeu Fanny 
Published: October 2020

Musicienne et clarinettiste de formation, Louise Campbell est aujourd’hui médiatrice de la musique. Basée à Montréal, elle exerce sa profession au Québec comme au Canada anglophone, à travers plusieurs structures et pour des publics variés (scolaires, professionnels, personnes en situation de handicap...). Dans cet entretien, Louise Campbell raconte son expérience de médiatrice, sa (non-)formation à cette profession ainsi que les aspects de sa pratique. Avec l’objet musical et la création au coeur de ses ateliers, Louise Campbell cherche toujours à établir une relation d’échange « horizontale » avec chacune des personnes qu’elle rencontre. Médiatrice dans l’être, Louise Campbell est aussi une médiatrice de l’être.
De Shakespeare à Diam’s en passant par George Lucas et pnl. Kenny Thomas, intervenant social et médiateur
Authors: Fortant Elsa 
Published: October 2020

Après s’être évertuées à démocratiser l’accès à la culture, les politiques culturelles développées au Québec et en France depuis la fin des années 1980 mettent l’emphase sur les pratiques amateurs et sur la participation citoyenne. Pour rejoindre ces publics et dans des objectifs d’émancipation des populations, les programmes d’action culturelle ont recours à la médiation culturelle, souvent définie comme une approche qui permet de faire le pont entre des pratiques artistiques et des publics. À travers le parcours de Kenny Thomas, travailleur social qui est aussi musicien et rappeur, cet article met en lumière les liens qui existent entre les différents champs auxquels sa pratique se rattache, autrement dit l’intervention sociale et la médiation. Il démontrera que les frontières entre ces mondes sont malléables au point parfois de se confondre.
Comparing the Effect of Continuous Care Model and Partnership Care Model on the Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review
Authors: Meshkani Somayeh , Shahrabady Sana , Borji Milad , Fakhreazizi Shahla 
Published: October 2020

Background: Sleep quality is one of the important variables that effectson the individual health status. For this reason, the present study aims to investigate the effect of CCM and PCM on the patients’sleepquality.
Methods: All interventional articles about the effect of CCM and PCM on sleep quality status were searched with the keywords of CCM, PCM, partnership care model, continuous care model and sleep quality at the Iranian scientific databases such as SID, Magiran, IranMedex and ISC, and the international databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Scopus and Web of Science. Then, after reviewing the entry and exit criteria and qualitative evaluation of the articles, Excel software was used to analyze the data.
Results: In this study, all published article about CCM, PCM and Sleep quality were reviewed. All of the articles were conducted as clinical trial and the diagnostic tool of them were Pittsburg, in this instrument lower rate indicate less sleep disorder. The sample size of the study was 540 patients. According to the findings, the implementation of both models of CCM and PCM improved the sleep quality of patients.
Conclusion: Considering the more positive effect of CCM and PCM in improving the status of sleep quality in patients, so the implementation of this model is recommended to improve the patients’ sleep quality.
Mechanisms Underlying Mutational Signatures in Human Cancer
Authors: Baez‐Ortega Adrian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe somatic mutations in a cancer cell's genome are the outcome of a collection of mutational processes which have operated at various intensities, continuously or intermittently, during the patient's lifetime. Such processes include DNA damage by endogenous and exogenous agents, as well as errors and defects in DNA replication and repair systems. Each mutational process gives rise to one or more distinctive patterns of mutations, known as mutational signatures. These patterns reflect both the mechanisms whereby damage is inflicted on DNA and the repair or replication mechanisms that interact with this damage. Over the last decade, computational analyses of thousands of cancer genomes have led to the construction and refinement of comprehensive catalogues of mutational signatures. By opening a window into the inner biology of individual tumours, mutational signatures have transformed our understanding of carcinogenesis, and have provided the basis for new approaches to clinical assessment and treatment of cancers.Key ConceptsThe somatic mutations in a cancer genome are the product of a collection of mutational processes which have operated on the organism's cells since the moment of fertilisation.The mechanisms of mutation identified in human cancers include DNA damage by endogenous processes and exogenous mutagens, as well as errors and defects in DNA repair and replication processes.A mutational signature represents a characteristic pattern of mutations that is imprinted on the genome by a particular mutational process.Catalogues of consensus mutational signatures, compiled through the analysis of thousands of cancer genomes, can be exploited to determine the mutational processes that are (or have been) active in a particular tumour.The study of mutational signatures can yield insights into the aetiology of individual tumours, informing about the mechanisms that have actively caused damage to DNA, or prevented the repair of this damage; such mechanisms may include preventable carcinogenic exposures, as well as disruption of potentially targetable cellular processes.
Membrane Potential
Authors: Elmslie Keith S 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA thin lipid bilayer membrane with embedded proteins surrounds all cells. The potential difference across this membrane depends on the ion concentrations on either side of this membrane and the permeability of the membrane to those ions. The permeability of the membrane is controlled by ion channel proteins that span the plasma membrane. These proteins form water‐filled pores that permit ions to cross the hydrophobic membrane. The ion concentration gradient is formed by ion pumps that use energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to move ions against their concentration gradients. The ionic gradient forms a chemical force, while selective permeability of the membrane via ion channel regulation generates an electrical force. Together these forces govern the movement of ions across the plasma membrane to generate the membrane potential.Key ConceptsAll cells generate and maintain a membrane potential.The membrane potential is essential for cell viability, since all cells use the energy of the membrane potential to transport essential molecules (e.g. amino acids) across the plasma membrane.The membrane potential is generated by the combination of chemical and electrical forces.Ion pumps use cellular energy to transport ions across the cell membrane to establish the ionic gradients that form the chemical force.Ion channels form selective ion pathways across the plasma membrane to help form the electrical force.Neurons and other excitable cells regulate ion channel activity to alter the membrane potential and produce electrical signals such as the action potential.
Reptilia (Reptiles)
Authors: Benton Michael J 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReptiles are a diverse group of vertebrates, including turtles, crocodiles, lizards and snakes, as well as the extinct dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs. Reptiles lay cleidoic eggs (adapted to dry land), and they include the ancestors of birds and mammals.Key ConceptsThe ‘Reptilia’ is a paraphyletic group that includes turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodilians but excludes descendant birds and mammals.Reptiles include the majority of members of clade Amniota, the tetrapod group that lays eggs and are distinguished from amphibians by not having to lay eggs in water and by not having a larval stage for the young.The amniotic egg, with extraembryonic membranes and an allantois to collect waste, is shared by all modern reptiles, birds and mammals.Amniotes fall into two main clades based on their skull structure: diapsids with a double‐arched skull pattern and synapsids with a single, lower temporal opening; some amniotes either did not have temporal openings, or later lost them, the anapsid condition.Diapsid amniotes arose in the Carboniferous, and include modern lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds, plus extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs.Synapsid amniotes arose at the same time and include many extinct groups of so‐called mammal‐like reptiles, as well as mammals.There are over 11 050 species of living reptiles, mainly living in the tropics because of their ectothermic (externally regulated) thermophysiology.
Plant Mitochondria
Authors: Ghifari Abi S , Murcha Monika W 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlant mitochondria, like the mitochondria of other eukaryotes, originated from an endosymbiotic event and have retained their own genome. Over a billion years of evolution, most mitochondrial genes are laterally transferred to the nucleus. Consequently, most proteins required for mitochondrial biogenesis and activity are synthesised in the cytosol and imported via specific protein import machineries. Mitochondria are energy‐generating organelles that via electron transfer chain (ETC), create a proton gradient and generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy chemical used by the cell for numerous biochemical reactions. Energy production can come at a cost as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by‐product. Plant mitochondria have alternative ETC pathways to regulate mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) through modulating the rate of redox reactions, proton gradient and ATP production. Although excessive ROS can damage cellular components and lead to programmed cell death, mtROS also play an important role as signalling molecules. mtROS are involved in nucleus–mitochondria communications (anterograde–retrograde signalling), mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and play a role in the plant response to various environmental stimuli. Considering the pivotal roles of mitochondria in energy generation and cellular signalling, perturbation of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity renders plants to be more susceptible to various stresses and ultimately compromises plant growth, development and reproduction.Key ConceptsPlant mitochondria are small (1–2 μm long) rod‐shaped organelle that undergo frequent fusion and fission events.The plant mitochondrial inner membrane houses protein complexes involved in the electron transfer chain (ETC) that creates a proton‐motive gradient across the intermembrane space to drive the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through ATP synthase.The majority of plant mitochondrial proteins (approximately 2000) are encoded in the nuclear genome, whereas the plant mitochondrial genome contains around 50 genes encoding for ETC subunits, mitoribosomal translation machinery and transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNAs).The abundance of mtROS produced by the ETC is proportionally linked with the efficiency and rate of electron transfer and ATP production.Plant mitochondria have alternative ETC pathways to modulate ROS homeostasis, proton gradient and ATP production.mtROS can damage mitochondrial macromolecules and ultimately organelle function but are also important signalling molecules in various pathways, including stress response and anterograde–retrograde signalling.The nucleus controls mitochondrial gene expression through anterograde signalling, yet the mitochondria can also influence nuclear gene expression through retrograde signalling.Disrupted plant mitochondrial function often causes enhanced sensitivity to a number of stresses, disrupted pollen development in cytoplasmic male sterility and affects normal plant growth and development.
Mesozoic Birds
Authors: Chiappe Luis M , Bell Alyssa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBirds are living dinosaurs, an evolutionary transition increasingly well documented in the abundant fossil record of Mesozoic birds. The avian fossil record begins 150 Ma (million years ago) in the late Jurassic, and for the next 85 million years, birds experienced an evolutionary radiation resulting in a wide range of body forms and lifestyles, occupying all continents and many different environments. This Mesozoic radiation culminated in the appearance of modern birds, Neornithes, in the late Cretaceous, and the loss of several archaic groups during the mass extinction event at the end of this period.Key ConceptsBirds evolved from maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs during the middle of the Mesozoic Era, over 150 Ma (million years ago).Many unique adaptations of modern birds, from flight feathers to coloured eggs, evolved amongst their dinosaurian predecessors.A broad diversity of pre‐modern birds lived during the Cretaceous Period, their fossil record is well known from about 131 to 66 Ma.The Mesozoic radiation of pre‐modern birds paralleled many aspects of the biology of their living counterparts.Neornithes, or modern birds, originated in the late Cretaceous, were the only group of birds to survive the extinction event at the end of this period, and went on to diversify into the abundant forms seen today.
Mollusca (Molluscs)
Authors: Haszprunar Gerhard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMollusca are comprised by about 120 000 species (80% Gastropoda, 15% Bivalvia) and thus is the second most diverse animal phylum occurring in all major environments except the aerospace. It is also the leading phylum concerning endangered and vulnerable species.Mollusca is bilateral (or secondarily asymmetrical) Protostomia (Lophotrochozoa). Though quite distinct, their diversity in all aspects of morphology, physiology, behaviour, genetics and ecology is remarkable. Most species are equipped with external spicules or shell (plates) and a foot, a mantle cavity with gills, a ciliary or muscular gliding sole (foot), a visceral portion with heart and excretory organs and alimentary tract with rasping tongue (radula). The body cavity is mesenchymate with a gonopericaridal coelomatic system. Development starts with a spiral cleavage, mostly followed by (often modified) a trochophore‐like larva. Most freshwater and terrestrial taxa show direct development, however. Both the phylogenetic position of the Mollusca among the Lophotrochozoa and the internal relationships of the eight extant classes still are under debate.Key ConceptsMollusca is the second most diverse phylum.Gastropoda (limpets, snails, whelks, winkles, slugs) comprise 80%, Bivalvia (mussels, scallops, clams, cockles), about 15% of the diversity of extant Mollusca.There is also a huge body of fossil record throughout all ages.Many continental molluscan species are critically endangered.Mollusca combines a quite strict body plan with tremendous variability in all aspects.The relationships between molluscs and mankind may be positive (food, jewellery and art, research models) or but negative (marine or agricultural pests, vectors of severe diseases).
Recombinational DNA Repair in Eukaryotes
Authors: Game John C , Chernikova Sophia B 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDouble‐strand breaks and other deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage can be repaired in cells by a process called homologous recombinational repair (HRR) that involves recombination with an undamaged DNA molecule. HRR is mechanistically complex and requires many enzymatic steps. It is conserved throughout eukaryotes and is key to maintaining genome stability, resolving collapsed replication forks and avoiding cancer. In HRR, a broken strand invades a homologous molecule and primes new DNA synthesis using this undamaged molecule as a template. Subsequent steps involve reannealing to the original molecule, further DNA synthesis and ligation. An intermediate called a double Holliday junction may be formed that links the damaged and undamaged DNA duplexes together. This structure can be dissolved by helicase/topoisomerase or endonuclease reactions that may or may not lead to crossing‐over of outside regions away from the break. HRR is distinct from but mechanistically related to recombination in meiosis and is critical to gene editing.Key ConceptsHomologous recombinational repair (HRR) is a key process that enables cells to survive DNA damage in bacteria, archaeans and eukaryotes.HRR and Nonhomologous end joining are the two main mechanisms for repairing DNA double‐strand breaks.Recombinational repair uses information from a second, undamaged homologous copy of DNA to repair the damaged copy.HRR is a very complex process needing a large number of genes and proteins.The highly conserved RAD51 protein coats single‐stranded DNA tails created by the cell on each side of a double‐strand break.One or both coated tails invade an unbroken DNA duplex to pair with a homologous strand while displacing the other strand.New DNA synthesis and mechanisms for processing of annealed partners restore the original molecule.Heteroduplex DNA, where information on the two strands derives from different parental molecules, is formed during the repair process.The outside regions of the two original duplexes may or may not be exchanged with each other by crossover when HRR happens.In vertebrates, HRR is key to avoiding genomic instability and cancer.
The quantification and potential impact of dark current on treatments with an MR‐guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) system
Authors: Shepard Andrew J. , Mittauer Kathryn E. , Bayouth John E. , Yadav Poonam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeDark current radiation produced during linac beam‐hold has the potential to lead to unplanned dose delivered to the patient. With the increased usage of motion management and step‐and‐shoot IMRT deliveries for MR‐guided systems leading to increased beam‐hold time, it is necessary to consider the impact of dark current radiation on patient treatments.MethodsThe relative dose rate due to dark current for the ViewRay MRIdian linac was measured longitudinally over 15 months (June 2018‐August 2019). Ion chamber measurements were acquired with the linac in the beam‐hold state and the beam‐on state, with the ratio representing the relative dark current dose rate. The potential contribution of the dark current dose to the overall prescription was retrospectively analyzed for 972 fractions from 83 patients over the same time period. The amount of time spent in the beam‐hold state was combined with the monthly measured relative dark current dose rate to estimate the dark current dose contribution.ResultsThe relative dark current dose rate compared to the beam‐on dose rate was 0.12% ± 0.027%. In a near worst‐case estimation, the dark current dose contribution accounted for 0.90% ± 0.67% of the prescription dose across all fractions (3.61% maximum). Gantry and MLC motion between segments accounted for 87% of the dark current contribution, with the remaining 13% attributable to gating during segment delivery. The largest dark current contributions were associated with plans delivering a small dose per treatment segment.ConclusionsThe dark current associated with new clinical treatment units should be considered prior to treatment delivery to ensure it will not lead to dosimetric inaccuracies. For the MRIdian linac system investigated in this work, the contribution from dark current remained relatively low, though users should be cognizant of the larger potential dosimetric contribution for plans with small doses per segment.