bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of livestock diseases identified using participatory epidemiology in the highlands of Ethiopia
Authors: Gizaw Solomon , Desta Hiwot , Alemu Biruk , Tegegne Azage , Wieland Barbara 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLivestock are a major cornerstone for livelihoods of smallholders in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, infectious diseases are a key constraint in livestock production affecting productivity and food security. This study aimed to understand livestock producers’ perception on importance and epidemiology of livestock diseases. Participatory tools using focus group discussions were used to identify and rank livestock species, major livestock diseases, and their epidemiological patterns in smallholder systems. The study covered 17 districts in four regions, with two or threekebeles(smallest administrative unit) included in each district. To capture views of women and men, separate focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted. Data collected through proportional piling were used in generalized linear model analysis. Taking sheep as a reference, cattle were significantly the most preferred species with the odds of cattle scoring higher than sheep being 2.08 times (P = 0.000). Sheep and poultry were equally the second most important livestock, followed by goat and equine. There were no statistically significant differences between men and women FGD groups and between the four regions in their preference for livestock species. Twelve out of 28 identified livestock diseases were mentioned by at least 10% of FGDs in their list of five most important diseases. Blackleg, foot, and mouth disease, lumpy skin disease, anthrax, and bovine pasteurellosis were ranked as the top five diseases by both men and women focus groups. Reasons for high scores included suddenness of death, zoonosis risks, animal age groups and species affected, frequency of occurrence, rate of transmission in herds, curability, and inefficient vaccination. Seasonality and agro-ecology were also factors associated with disease occurrence. The study also documents that adult men and women are more involved in activities related to disease transmission compared with other family members. When asked about impacts of diseases, loss of livelihood, displacement, and infection with zoonoses were mentioned, with women considered equally affected as men. In conclusion, participatory tools allowed understanding disease priorities of and their perceived epidemiology in smallholder systems. The perceptions and priorities of men and women are very similar, and both need to be involved in designing health management interventions. Based on the findings of this study, the intervention strategies listed in the 2013 animal health strategy of Ethiopia (MoA and ILRI 2013) seem pertinent and need to be implemented to overcome the challenges of diseases.
A new kind of resin-based wet friction material: Non-woven fabrics with isotropic fiber networks as preforms
Authors: Fu Yewei , Zhou Le , Yin Tao , Luo Zhongyao , Li Hejin , Qi Lehua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAs an alternative to short fibers, non-woven fabrics (NWFs) were made using different types of long fibers to optimize the performance of paper-based friction materials and their technology. In this investigation, the fillers and resin were impregnated into these NWFs to prepare three kinds of wet friction material. The tribological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the new wet friction material were studied. The results indicate that the dynamic friction coefficient of the new friction material is approximately 0.12 and the static friction coefficient is approximately 0.15; the better wear rate is 0.81334 × 10-14 m3·(N·m)-1. In addition, the temperature for 10% mass loss yielded 100 °C enhancement and the tensile strength was improved by 200%, compared to previously reported values. Most importantly, the advantages include a simple preparation flow, low cost, and resource conservation. This is a promising approach for the future development of paper-based friction materials.
Community structure: A comparative evaluation of community detection methods
Authors: Dao Vinh Loc , Bothorel Cécile , Lenca Philippe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDiscovering community structure in complex networks is a mature field since a tremendous number of community detection methods have been introduced in the literature. Nevertheless, it is still very challenging for practitioners to determine which method would be suitable to get insights into the structural information of the networks they study. Many recent efforts have been devoted to investigating various quality scores of the community structure, but the problem of distinguishing between different types of communities is still open. In this paper, we propose a comparative, extensive, and empirical study to investigate what types of communities many state-of-the-art and well-known community detection methods are producing. Specifically, we provide comprehensive analyses on computation time, community size distribution, a comparative evaluation of methods according to their optimization schemes as well as a comparison of their partitioning strategy through validation metrics. We process our analyses on a very large corpus of hundreds of networks from five different network categories and propose ways to classify community detection methods, helping a potential user to navigate the complex landscape of community detection.
Micronutrient-fortified infant cereal improves Hb status and reduces iron-deficiency anaemia in Indian infants: an effectiveness study
Authors: Awasthi Shally , Reddy Narayan U. , Mitra Monjori , Singh Shweta , Ganguly Sanjeev , Jankovic Ivana , Grathwohl Dominik , Cercamondi Colin I. , Ghosh Apurba 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAnaemia affects approximately 69 % of Indian children aged 6–12 months, with Fe deficiency (ID) being a common cause. The effectiveness of micronutrient-fortified infant cereal in improving Fe status and neurodevelopment was evaluated in non-anaemic and mildly anaemic Indian infants. An intervention group (IC) enrolled at age 6 months consumed 50 g/d of rice-based cereal providing 3·75 mg Fe/d as ferrous fumarate for 6 months (n80) and was compared with a matched static cross-sectional control group (CG) without intervention enrolled at age 12 months (n80). Mean Hb was higher in IC (118·1 (sd10·2) g/l)v.CG (109·5 (sd16·4) g/l) at age 12 months (adjusted mean difference: 9·7 g/l; 95 % CI 5·1, 14·3;P< 0·001), while geometric mean serum ferritin tended to be higher (27·0 (–1sd13·4, +1sd54·4)v.20·3 (–1sd7·5, +1sd55·0) ng/ml);P= 0·085) and soluble transferrin receptor was lower (1·70 (–1sd1·19, +1sd2·43)v.2·07 (–1sd1·29, +1sd3·33) mg/l;P= 0·014). Anaemia (23v.45 %;P= 0·007) and ID (17v.40 %;P= 0·003) were lower in ICv.CG. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition scores for language (P= 0·003), motor development (P= 0·018), social-emotional (P= 0·004) and adaptive behaviour (P< 0·001), but not cognitive development (P= 0·980), were higher in ICv.CG. No significant difference in anthropometricZ-scores was observed between the groups. Consuming a micronutrient-fortified infant cereal daily for 6 months during complementary feeding promoted better Fe status while reducing the risk for anaemia and ID and was associated with superior neurodevelopmental scores.
The other side of the coin: Semantic dementia as a lesion model for understanding recollection and familiarity
Authors: Strikwerda-Brown Cherie , Irish Muireann 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The syndrome of semantic dementia represents the “other side of the coin” to Alzheimer's disease, offering convergent evidence to help refine Bastin et al.’s integrative memory model. By considering the integrative memory model through the lens of semantic dementia, we propose a number of important extensions to the framework, to help clarify the complex neurocognitive mechanisms underlying recollection and familiarity.
The role of anxiety in the integrative memory model
Authors: Nephew Benjamin C. , Chumachenko Serhiy , Forester Brent P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We suggest that the inclusion of anxiety, as one relevant mood factor, could enhance the implementation of the integrative memory model in research and the clinic. The role of anxiety in Alzheimer's disease neuroanatomy, symptomology, and progression is used as an example. Customization of the integrative memory model can establish strong foundations for pathology-specific models of memory deficits, enhancing the development of precision medicine applications.
A Neuropsychological Profile for Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: A Single-Case Study
Authors: Bryant Andrew M. , Block Cady 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) belongs to a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders known as autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Low awareness of CTX can result in misdiagnoses in the differential diagnostic process and may limit one’s ability to offer suitable recommendations. While neurodegeneration is a recognized manifestation of CTX, there is scant literature to characterize the nature of cortical symptoms and even less detailing of its associated neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations.Method:Based on the lack of representation of CTX in neuropsychological literature, we sought to present a case seen in a 39-year-old patient within our own clinic.Results:Evaluation of the patient’s neurocognitive functioning revealed global impairment consistent with a CTX diagnosis and neuroimaging findings noting significant cerebellar involvement.Conclusions:Neuropsychologists are increasingly called upon to make treatment recommendations and provide information that may be helpful in differential diagnosis as part of multidisciplinary teams. Referrals from neurology are common, and it is important for neuropsychologists to be aware of diseases that affect the central nervous system; CTX is one such example. The goal of this case study is to build awareness of this condition and increase interest in a more systematic approach to research and clinical care of this population.
Time‐Latitude Distribution of Prominences for 10 Solar Cycles: A Study Using Kodaikanal, Meudon, and Kanzelhohe Data
Authors: Chatterjee Subhamoy , Hegde Manjunath , Banerjee Dipankar , Ravindra B. , McIntosh Scott W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSolar prominences are structures of importance because of their role in polar field reversal. We study the long‐term variation of the time latitude distribution of solar prominences in this article. To accomplish this, we primarily used the digitized disc‐blocked Ca II K spectroheliograms as recorded from Kodaikanal Solar Observatory for the period of 1906–2002. For improving the data statistics we included full disc H
images from Meudon and Kanzelhohe Observatory, which are available after 1980. We developed an automated technique to identify the latitudinal locations of prominences in daily images from all three data sets. Derived time‐latitude distribution clearly depicted poleward migration of prominence structures for 10 cycles (15–24). Unlike previous studies, we separated the rate of poleward migration during onset and near pole, using piece‐wise linear fits. In most cases, we found acceleration in poleward migration with the change occurring near
70° latitudes. The derived migration rates for such large number of solar cycles can provide important inputs toward understanding polar field buildup process.
Large Uncertainties in Runoff Estimations of GLDAS Versions 2.0 and 2.1 in China
Authors: Qi Wei , Liu Junguo , Yang Hong , Zhu Xueping , Tian Yong , Jiang Xin , Huang Xu , Feng Lian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGauge observed runoff can reflect influences of both natural hydrological cycle and human intervention. The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) 2.0 and 2.1 provide abundant runoff which are useful for water resources assessment in ungauged/poorly gauged regions. However, GLDAS2.0 and GLDAS2.1 runoff have only been validated and inter‐compared in very limited regions. In this study, they are evaluated and inter‐compared utilizing gauge observation in 11 large river basins in China. Results show their runoff have large uncertainties: absolute values of relative bias (|RB|) being above 39% and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency lower than 0.15 on average, but GLDAS2.1 is better. Both of them have large uncertainty in the Tibetan Plateau:|RB|are higher than 40%. The gap between GLDAS runoff and observations could attribute to both GLDAS system uncertainty and the fact that GLDAS does not consider human intervention. Therefore, cautions should be taken when using them in coupled human‐natural systems.
Comparison of Reanalysis Data Sets to Comprehend the Evolution of Tropical Cyclones Over North Indian Ocean
Authors: Malakar P. , Kesarkar A.P. , Bhate J.N. , Singh V. , Deshamukhya A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeveral reanalysis data sets are being used for understanding the role of environmental factors controlling tropical cyclones (TCs) evolution. Six reanalysis data sets, namely, European Center for Medium‐range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA‐Interim (ERAI) reanalysis, Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis, Japan Meteorological Agency's 55‐year reanalysis projects reanalysis (JRA55), Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA2) reanalysis, NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of global climate (ERA5), have been evaluated for the representation of track, intensity, and structure of 28 TCs which occurred over North Indian Ocean (NIO) during the period 2006–2015. The errors in track, intensity, and minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) of TCs are estimated with respect to the best track data set of India Meteorological Department (IMD). The representation of inner core structure of TCs has been compared. The smallest error in the position of TCs center, MSLP, and maximum wind speed is found in GFS analysis followed by ERA5 and CFSR reanalysis, respectively. GFS and CFSR data sets capture the most intense stages of the TCs followed by the ERA5 data set, while the other three are unable to obtain intensification beyond the severe cyclonic storm stage. The structures of TCs are better represented in GFS analysis followed by ERA5 reanalysis. However, GFS analysis represents early intensification and, in some cases, overprediction of the category of TCs, especially during the most intensified stages (beyond cyclonic storms). Thus, GFS analysis captures the evolution of TCs more realistically, followed by the ERA5 reanalysis data set.
Convection in the Magnetosphere of Saturn During the Cassini Mission Derived From MIMI INCA and CHEMS Measurements
Authors: Kane M. , Mitchell D. G. , Carbary J. F. , Dialynas K. , Hill M. E. , Krimigis S. M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn extensive analysis of Cassini Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) and Charge Energy Mass Spectrometer (CHEMS) measurements of ~6–231 keV ion anisotropies acquired during selected spin and stare periods for nearly all mission orbits has been completed. Based on this analysis, we find that the computed azimuthal speed of Saturn's magnetodisk plasma increases within the inner and middle magnetosphere. Beyond the orbit of Titan, in the magnetotail, the calculated rotation speed remains roughly constant with increasing distance from Saturn. The component of convection parallel to Saturn's spin axis is smaller and on average nearly zero. The radial speed of plasma shows distinct local time dependence and increases outward with increasing distance down the magnetotail. The magnetodisk flow remains primarily azimuthal to large distances, indicating the plasma is still under the influence of Saturn as it transits across the nightside. Tailward flows have been observed in the region near the dawn and dusk magnetotail flanks. The plasma flow in the predawn quadrant is much more disorganized than that in the premidnight quadrant. The hydrogen and oxygen hot ion temperatures increase with decreasing distance to Saturn. Some plasma evidently escapes into a dusk boundary layer at the dusk magnetotail flank, while the remaining plasma primarily moves across the magnetotail and is entrained into the flow of a boundary layer at the dawn flank of the magnetotail. When scaled to the magnetopause standoff distance and corotation fraction, the convection speed of plasma in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn is similarly organized.
Detailed Structure of the Subducted Nazca Slab into the Lower Mantle Derived From Continent‐Scale Teleseismic P Wave Tomography
Authors: Portner Daniel Evan , Rodríguez Emily E. , Beck Susan , Zandt George , Scire Alissa , Rocha Marcelo P. , Bianchi Marcelo B. , Ruiz Mario , França George Sand , Condori Cristobal , Alvarado Patricia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNazca subduction beneath South America is one of our best modern examples of long‐lived ocean‐continent subduction on the planet, serving as a foundation for our understanding of subduction processes. Within that framework, persistent heterogeneities at a range of scales in both the South America and Nazca plates is difficult to reconcile without detailed knowledge of the subducted Nazca slab structure. Here we use teleseismic travel time residuals from >1,000 broadband and short‐period seismic stations across South America in a single tomographic inversion to produce the highest‐resolution contiguous P wave tomography model of the subducting slab and surrounding mantle beneath South America to date. Our model reveals a continuous trench‐parallel fast seismic velocity anomaly across the majority of South America that is consistent with the subducting Nazca slab. The imaged anomaly indicates a number of robust features of the subducted slab, including variable slab dip, extensive lower mantle penetration, slab stagnation in the lower mantle, and variable slab amplitude, that are incorporated into a new, comprehensive model of the geometry of the Nazca slab surface to ~1,100 km depth. Lower mantle slab penetration along the entire margin suggests that lower mantle slab anchoring is insufficient to explain along strike upper plate variability while slab stagnation in the lower mantle indicates that the 1,000 km discontinuity is dominant beneath South America.
Effective Pore Fluid Bulk Modulus at Patchy Saturation: An Analytic Study
Authors: Monachesi Leonardo B. , Wollner Uri , Dvorkin Jack 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA patchy saturated two‐layered porous rock, with each layer filled with a different fluid, is examined. We assume that this system is probed by an elastic wave having a wavelength much larger than the layers' thicknesses. We also assume that the diffusion length is smaller than the thickness of an individual layer, which implies hydraulic disconnection between layers. In the context of Gassmann's fluid substitution theory, we analytically derived an exact expression for the effective fluid bulk modulus assuming that both layers have the same porosity, dry frame, and mineral matrix properties. In addition we derived an approximate solution that works well at relatively high porosities. Both solutions are expressed as a weighted average of the arithmetic and harmonic averages of individual bulk moduli of the pore fluid. These weights are explicitly given as functions of the porosity, the fractional thicknesses of both layers, and the elastic moduli of the constituents. For the approximate solution, one does not require explicit knowledge of the shear modulus of the rock. The comparison with laboratory data showed that, in the case where a porous, isotropic rock is filled with water and gas, the approximate solution can be used to model the measured data for high values of water saturation.
The 2008 Eruptive Unrest at Cerro Azul Volcano (Galápagos) Revealed by InSAR Data and a Novel Method for Geodetic Modelling
Authors: Galetto Federico , Hooper Andrew , Bagnardi Marco , Acocella Valerio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCerro Azul is one of the most active volcanoes in the western Galápagos Islands, but its unrest episodes are poorly studied. Unrest, which started in 2007, culminated in two eruptive phases from 29 May to 11 June 2008. We investigate this unrest and the associated eruptions using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data and geodetic modelling. To overcome the unwrapping errors affecting some of our InSAR data, we invert the wrapped phase directly by estimating the integer ambiguities simultaneously with the geophysical parameters. Our results highlight how the eruption was preceded by long‐term pre‐eruptive inflation (October 2007–April 2008). During the first eruptive phase, most of the magma responsible for the inflation fed the lateral propagation of a radial dike, which caused a first deflation of the magmatic reservoir. During the second eruptive phase, the further lateral propagation of the dike fed a radial eruptive fissure at the base of the edifice, causing further deflation of the magmatic reservoir. From the first to the second eruptive phase, the radial dike changed its strike propagating toward a topographic low between Cerro Azul and Sierra Negra.
The Role of the SO Radiative Effect in Sustaining the Volcanic Winter and Soothing the Toba Impact on Climate
Authors: Osipov Sergey , Stenchikov Georgiy , Tsigaridis Kostas , LeGrande Allegra N. , Bauer Susanne E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVolcanic eruptions are an important climate driver. The impact of Pinatubo‐sized eruptions has been observed and is well constrained. The magnitude and duration of volcanic winter effects after supereruptions such as Toba remain disputed due to disagreement between the strong cooling predicted by models and much milder climate perturbations according to the paleodata. Here we present a reevaluated climate impact of a Toba‐sized supereruption based on up‐to‐date GISS ModelE simulations. In this study, we account for all known primary mechanisms that govern the evolution of the volcanic plume and their nonlinear interactions. The SO
radiative effects are evaluated for the first time in coupled climate simulations with the interactive atmospheric chemistry module. We found that SO
effects on photochemistry, dynamics, and radiative forcing are especially prominent. Due to strong absorption in ultraviolet, SO
feedback on photochemistry partially offsets the limiting effect associated with aerosol microphysical processes. SO
greenhouse warming soothes the radiative cooling exerted by sulfate aerosols. SO
absorption in the shortwave and longwave causes radiative heating and lofting of the volcanic plume, and boosts the efficiency of SO
impact on photochemistry. Our analysis shows that SO
lifetime and magnitude of effects scale up and increase with the amount of emitted material. For a Pinatubo‐sized eruption, SO
feedbacks on chemistry and dynamics are relevant only during the initial stage of the volcanic plume evolution, while local SO
concentrations are high. For a Toba‐sized eruption, SO
effects are as important as sulfate aerosols and produce a less extreme volcanic winter.