bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and photon counting histograms in small domains. Part I: General theory
Authors: Jiang Y. , Xu B. , Melnykov A. , Genin G. M. , Elson E. L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAnalysis of fluctuations arising as fluorescent particles pass through a focused laser beam has enabled quantitative characterization of molecular kinetic processes. The mathematical frameworks of both fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis, which can measure these fluctuations, assume an infinite Gaussian beam, which prevents their application to particles within domains bounded at the nanoscale. We therefore derived general forms of FCS and PCH for bounded systems. The finite domain form of FCS differs from the classical form in its boundary and initial conditions and requires development of a new Fourier space solution for fitting data. Our finite-domain FCS predicts simulated data accurately and reduces to a previous model for the special case of molecules confined by two boundaries under Gaussian beams. Our approach enables estimation of the concentration of diffusing fluorophores within a finite domain for the first time. The method opens the possibility of quantification of kinetics in several systems for which this has never been possible, including in the one-dimensional lipid tubules discussed in Part 2 of this paper.Statement of SignificanceMethods based on fluorescence measurements of molecular concentration fluctuations, including Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Photon Count Histogram analysis, are widely used to determine rates of diffusion, chemical reaction and sizes of molecular aggregates. Typically, the range over which the molecules can diffuse is large compared to the size of the focused laser beam that excites the fluorescence. This work extends these measurements to systems that are comparable in size to the excitation laser beam. This extends the application of these methods to very small samples such as the interior of bacterial cells or the diffusion of molecules along individual macromolecules such as DNA.
Psychometric evaluation of dynamic managerial capability scale in the context of early internationalizing firms from an emerging economy
Authors: Mostafiz Md Imtiaz , Sambasivan Murali , Goh See Kwong 
Published: November 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to perform a psychometric evaluation of dynamic managerial capability (DMC) scale in the context of early internationalizing firms from an emerging economy. Drawing on DMC theory, this study validates the measurement scales to operationalize DMC of entrepreneurs as managerial human capital (MHC), managerial social capital (MSC) and managerial cognition (MC).Design/methodology/approachSample firms were drawn from the apparel industry in Bangladesh, an emerging economy. Data were collected from entrepreneurs in two waves through a questionnaire-based survey. In total, 185 firms responded during the first wave and 223 firms responded during the second wave. The first wave of data was used to conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to uncover the underlying dimensions of DMC and the data from the second wave were used to test the validity of the DMC scale through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).FindingsEFA suggested a three-dimension scale which was supported by CFA. The findings of the study demonstrate that DMC is a valid and reliable scale to capture the individual-level capability of entrepreneurs.Originality/valueDMC is rooted in three underlying attributes as MHC, MSC and MC. It is advisable to the practitioner and researcher to operationalize DMC as a second-order construct in future studies.
Government.com? Multifunctional cabinet portfolio analysis of 201 national governments
Authors: Roth Steffen , Santonen Teemu , Heimstädt Maximilian , Clark Carlton , Trofimov Nikolay , Kaivo-oja Jari , Atanesyan Arthur , Laki Balazs , Sales Augusto 
Published: November 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how much value national governments worldwide place on political, economic, scientific, artistic, religious, legal, sportive, health-related, educational and mass media-related issues. This knowledge is critical as governments and policies are typically expected to be congruent with the importance these issues have for society.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on theories of polyphonic and multifunctional organization, the authors recoded and analyzed a US Central Intelligence Agency directory to test the cabinet portfolio of a total of 201 national governments for significant biases to the above issues.FindingsThe results suggest that governments worldwide massively over-allocate their attention to economic issues.Originality/valueThe authors conclude that this strong pro-economic governance-bias likely translates into dysfunctional governance and development at both the national and supra-national level.
Microbial signatures of protected and impacted Northern Caribbean reefs: changes from Cuba to the Florida Keys
Authors: Weber Laura , González‐Díaz Patricia , Armenteros Maickel , Ferrer Víctor M. , Bretos Fernando , Bartels Erich , Santoro Alyson E. , Apprill Amy 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThere are a few baseline reef‐systems available for understanding the microbiology of healthy coral reefs and their surrounding seawater. Here, we examined the seawater microbial ecology of 25 Northern Caribbean reefs varying in human impact and protection in Cuba and the Florida Keys, USA, by measuring nutrient concentrations, microbial abundances, and respiration rates as well as sequencing bacterial and archaeal amplicons and community functional genes. Overall, seawater microbial composition and biogeochemistry were influenced by reef location and hydrogeography. Seawater from the highly protected ‘crown jewel’ offshore reefs in Jardines de la Reina, Cuba had low concentrations of nutrients and organic carbon, abundantProchlorococcus, and high microbial community alpha diversity. Seawater from the less protected system of Los Canarreos, Cuba had elevated microbial community beta‐diversity whereas waters from the most impacted nearshore reefs in the Florida Keys contained high organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and potential microbial functions characteristic of microbialized reefs. Each reef system had distinct microbial signatures and within this context, we propose that the protection and offshore nature of Jardines de la Reina may preserve the oligotrophic paradigm and the metabolic dependence of the community on primary production by picocyanobacteria.
Fictional Science and Genre: Ectogenesis and Parthenogenesis at Mid‐Century
Authors: Stephanson Raymond 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLittle‐known literary treatments of the artificial creation of human life appear at mid‐century, two generations before Shelley's Frankenstein. These works reveal complex responses to new experiments in the life sciences, despite their satirical elements, and they also allow glimpses into early generic formations before the existence of a ‘science fiction'.
‘Some mode less revolting to their delicacy’: Women's Institutional Space in the Transpennine Enlightenment, 1781‐1822
Authors: Mee Jon 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article addresses the subject of women's roles in and around the literary and philosophical societies of the new manufacturing towns of the early Industrial Revolution. Some male members of the societies argued in favour of women's education and even their political rights, but in practice women were not allowed to join. Women did participate, but in forms determined by gendered understandings of modes of knowledge exchange. Ideas of public and private may have shaped women's access to scientific space in the period, but they were far from defining the terms of their everyday experience of a complex, diversified terrain.
Eggs, Sperm and Desire: Sex and Science in the Dutch Golden Age
Authors: Hollewand Karen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWithin the seventeenth‐century Dutch Republic, humanism, empiricism and liberalism thrived. This social and intellectual liberty allowed for numerous studies on sex, from anatomical treatises on generation to philosophical tracts about lust, published by Reinier de Graaf, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Jan Swammerdam, Johannes van Beverwijck, Hadriaan Beverland and Bernhard Mandeville. This article compares the main intellectual traditions in which sex became a popular topic, natural philosophy and medical works versus theological and moralistic treatises, and demonstrates that the Dutch Republic boasted a fertile environment for the science of sex owing to its tolerant intellectual setting and social freedom regarding sexual behaviour.
Remembering Dr Sloane: Masculinity and the Making of an Eighteenth‐Century Physician
Authors: Smith Lisa Wynne 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBy the 1720s Sir Hans Sloane was at the centre of London's eighteenth‐century medical and scientific world; he was a royal physician, President of the Royal Society and President of the Royal College of Physicians. This article examines Sloane's use of self‐fashioning early in his career, which was key to his later successes. Sloane's career‐building offers an opportunity to consider the role of gender in men's medical and scientific activities. This article argues that Sloane used existing concepts of ideal manhood – self‐management, independence and polite sociability – to establish his medical practice and scientific networks.
Zoned in or zoned out? Investigating immersion in slot machine gambling using mobile eye‐tracking
Authors: Murch W. Spencer , Limbrick‐Oldfield Eve H. , Ferrari Mario A. , MacDonald Kent I. , Fooken Jolande , Cherkasova Mariya V. , Spering Miriam , Clark Luke 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsImmersion during slot machine gambling has been linked to disordered gambling. Current conceptualizations of immersion (namely dissociation, flow and the machine zone) make contrasting predictions as to whether gamblers are captivated by the game per se (‘zoned in’) or motivated by the escape that immersion provides (‘zoned out’). We examined whether selected eye‐movement metrics can distinguish between these predictions.Design and SettingPre‐registered, correlational analysis in a laboratory setting. Participants gambled on a genuine slot machine for 20 minutes while wearing eye‐tracking glasses.ParticipantsFifty‐three adult slot machine gamblers who were not high‐risk problem gamblers.MeasurementsWe examined self‐reported immersion during the gambling session and eye movements at different areas of the slot machine screen (the reels, the credit window, etc.). We further explored these variables’ relationships with saccade count and amplitude.FindingsThe ratio of dwell time on the game's credit window relative to the game's reels was positively associated with immersion (t(51) = 1.68, P = 0.049 one‐tailed, R2 = 0.05). Follow‐up analyses described event‐related changes in these patterns following different spin outcomes.ConclusionsImmersion while gambling on a slot machine appears to be associated with active scanning of the game and a focus on the game's credit window. These results are more consistent with a ‘zoned in’ account of immersion aligned with flow theory than a ‘zoned out’ account based on escape.
Verbenone reduces landing of the redbay ambrosia beetle, vector of the laurel wilt pathogen, on live standing redbay trees
Authors: Martini Xavier , Sobel Lanette , Conover Derrick , Mafra‐Neto Agenor , Smith Jason 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Laurel wilt is a disease that has caused extensive mortality of redbay Persea borbonia in the southeastern U.S.A. The redbay ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus is the vector of the causal agent of laurel wilt, the fungus Raffaelea lauricola.
We tested two potential repellents to the redbay ambrosia beetle, verbenone and methyl salicylate (MeSA) in an 8‐month large‐scale experiment conducted in three locations in Florida. In each location, redbay trees were treated with a single or double application of SPLAT (Specialized Pheromone and Lure Application Technology; ISCA Technologies, Riverside, California) verbenone, as well as SPLAT with a 1:2 mix of MeSA and verbenone.
The MeSA + verbenone mixes did not reduce beetle captures compared with the control treatment, whereas SPLAT verbenone alone significantly reduced the number of beetles captured on sticky traps placed on redbay trees in the three locations. The reduction of beetle capture was similar regardless of one or two treatments of SPLAT verbenone. The reduction of tree death with the SPLAT verbenone treatment was not statistically significant.
The results of the present study suggest that trunk application of verbenone can reduce landing rates of the redbay ambrosia beetle on live redbay trees and shows promise for use in an integrated pest management strategy against laurel wilt.
Isolated right ventricular noncompaction caused ventricular tachycardia and pulmonary embolism
Authors: Huo Qian , Liang Liwen , Ding Xiaoxue , Pang Mingjie , Zhao Yan , Zhang Hong , Su Wenhua 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIsolated ventricular noncompaction is an unclassified cardiomyopathy due to intrauterine arrest of compaction of the loose interwoven meshwork. Its mortality and morbidity are high, including heart failure, thromboembolic events, and ventricular arrhythmias. Isolated right ventricular noncompaction was reported rarely, especially that causes pulmonary embolism and ventricular tachycardia. We describe a case of isolated noncompaction of the right ventricular causing pulmonary embolism and ventricular tachycardia.
What Threat? Leadership, Strategic Culture, and Indonesian Foreign Policy in the South China Sea
Authors: Sulaiman Yohanes 
Published: November 2019

Why is there no balancing behavior in Southeast Asia vis‐à‐vis what many observers see as a “Chinese threat,” especially in the case of Indonesia? Despite all the concerns regarding the stability of the region, Indonesia is neither strengthening its power projection capability nor building a coalition to address China's growing power in the South China Sea. Indonesia's underbalancing behavior is the result of a strategic culture that influences its military and foreign policy thinking on threat perceptions and economic considerations, limiting the options that Indonesia can take vis‐à‐vis China. As a result, China as a state is not seen as a major, direct, and immediate threat that would warrant immediate action that may in turn jeopardize Indonesia's larger interest. Instead, domestic politics and security—especially public perceptions of how the government's friendship with China may benefit or hurt the government—remains the focus and the priority of the government.
Acute caffeine intake increases performance in the 15‐s Wingate test during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Lara Beatriz , Gutiérrez Hellín Jorge , Ruíz‐Moreno Carlos , Romero‐Moraleda Blanca , Del Coso Juan 
Published: November 2019

AimsIn male athletes, caffeine is considered an ergogenic aid to increase anaerobic performance during the Wingate anaerobic test (WANT). However, information about the effect of caffeine on WANT performance in female athletes is contradictory. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the ergogenicity of caffeine is present during all the phases of the menstrual cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine intake on WANT performance during 3 phases of the menstrual cycle.MethodsThirteen well‐trained eumenorrhoeic triathletes participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over experimental trial. On 2 different days in each phase, and in randomized order, participants ingested caffeine (3 mg kg−1) or a placebo (cellulose). The menstrual cycle phases were individually characterized as follows: (i) early follicular; (ii) preovulatory; and (iii) midluteal. In each trial, participants performed a 15‐s adapted version of the WANT.ResultsIn comparison to the placebo, caffeine increased peak power during the WANT in the early follicular (8.6 ± 0.8 vs 8.9 ± 0.9 W/kg, P = .04; effect size [d] = 0.45), preovulatory (8.6 ± 0.9 vs 8.9 ± 0.9 W/kg, P = .04; d = 0.23) and mid‐luteal phases (8.6 ± 0.8 vs 8.9 ± 0.9 W/kg, P < .01; d = 0.52).ConclusionThe ergogenic effect of caffeine on WANT peak cycling power was of a similar magnitude in the follicular, preovulatory, and mid‐luteal phases. These results suggest that caffeine increases performance in the 15‐s Wingate test in women athletes and it might be considered an ergogenic aid to increase anaerobic performance in eumenorrhoeic women during their menstrual cycle.
Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for genetic generalized epilepsies: a three microRNA panel
Authors: Martins‐Ferreira R. , Chaves J. , Carvalho C. , Bettencourt A. , Chorão R. , Freitas J. , Samões R. , Boleixa D. , Lopes J. , Ramalheira J. , da Silva B. M. , Martins da Silva A. , Costa P. P. , Leal B. 
Published: November 2019

Background and purposeGenetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs) encompass a group of syndromes of mainly genetic causes, characterized by the involvement of both hemispheres. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs with a critical role in the regulation of neuronal biological processes through gene expression modulation. Dysregulated miRNA expression has been shown in epilepsy. Due to their stability in biological fluids like serum, miRNAs have assumed a prominent role in biomarker research. Our aim was to evaluate circulating levels of three miRNAs in GGE patients and assess their putative diagnostic value.MethodsMiR‐146a, miR‐155 and miR‐132 were quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction in the serum of 79 GGE patients (47 women, 32 men, 35.1 ± 12.4 years) and 67 healthy individuals (41 women, 26 men, 42.4 ± 10.1 years). Relative expression values were calculated using the 2–ΔΔCt method. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess diagnostic value. MiRNA expression was correlated with clinicopathological features.ResultsSerum levels of miR‐146a and miR‐155 were significantly upregulated in GGE patients relative to controls (3.13 and 6.05, respectively). Combined miR‐146a, miR‐155 and miR‐132 serum levels performed well as a diagnostic biomarker, discriminating GGE patients from controls with an area under the curve of 0.85, 80% specificity and 73% sensitivity.ConclusionsOur results indicate that miR‐146a, miR‐155 and miR‐132 may partake in GGE epileptogenesis. A panel of three circulating miRNAs with potential value as a GGE biomarker is reported for the first time. Novel biomarkers may help to identify new treatment targets and contribute to improved patients’ quality of life through earlier diagnosis and a more precise prognosis.
Ab initio calculation of the evolution of [SiN4‐nOn] tetrahedron during β‐Si3N4(0001) surface oxidation
Authors: Cai Jianpeng , Hou Xinmei , Fang Zhi , Wang Enhui , Feng Jiao , Chen Junhong , Liang Tongxiang , Bei Guoping 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe easy‐going oxidation of silicon nitride (Si3N4) at high temperature greatly hampers its potential applications. Here, we explored the reaction mechanism between β‐Si3N4 and O2 via density functional theory (DFT) calculation, which discloses that O atoms are preferentially adsorbed on the top of Si atoms and N2 starts to be generated as the dominant gas product at 2/3 monolayer (ML) O coverage. The vacancies formed by N2 removal attract the O adatoms to transfer to the site of the N vacancy, which accelerates the adsorption of O and the formation of Si–O bonds toward the growth of SiO2 product. The surface oxidation of β‐Si3N4 (0001) has been clarified by the unambiguous evolution of [SiN4‐nOn] (n = 0‐4) tetrahedrons going through from [SiN4] tetrahedron to [SiO4] tetrahedron, providing a deep insight into intrinsic oxidation process of Si3N4 ceramic.
Attributional styles of support staff working with people with intellectual disabilities exhibiting challenging behaviour
Authors: van den Bogaard Kim J. H. M. , Nijman Henk L. I. , Embregts Petri J. C. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundAttributions are cognitive variables that influence a person's behaviour. Although a large volume of research has been conducted on the attributions of support staff with regard to challenging behaviour (CB) exhibited by people with intellectual disabilities (ID), studies on patterns of attributional dimensions (i.e. attributional styles) are scarce.MethodUsing semi‐structured interviews, 19 support staff members were asked to describe incidents of aggressive, self‐injurious and sexualized challenging behaviour. Data on attributions were analysed using the Leeds Attributional Coding System.ResultsFour attributional styles differed significantly for aggressive, self‐injurious and sexualized challenging behaviour. In addition, support staff members largely attributed these three types of CB to characteristics and behaviour of clients with ID.ConclusionsThe results indicate that it is important to train support staff to recognize and understand the ways in which their attributions and behaviour influence the existence and maintenance of CB.
Does sunscreen use comply with official recommendations? Results of a nationwide survey in Germany
Authors: Görig T. , Schneider S. , Seuffert S. , Greinert R. , Diehl K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe use of sunscreen can reduce the risk of UV‐induced skin lesions. Health authorities have provided recommendations for the correct use of sunscreen use: Sufficient amount of sunscreen should be applied at least 30 min before the sun exposure and should be reapplied every 2 h.ObjectiveWe aimed to research the practice of sunscreen use in a population‐based and representative sample in Germany.MethodsFor this cross‐sectional survey, 3000 German residents aged 14–45 years were surveyed in standardized telephone interviews in 2018. Survey participants provided data on the frequency of sunscreen use in summer, timing of (re‐)application and their skin characteristics. The data were weighted by age, sex, educational level and federal state to ensure the national representativeness of the sample.ResultsOverall, 79.4% of respondents used sunscreen always, often or sometimes when being exposed to the sun. However, 87.2% of sunscreen users did not follow the recommendations on timing of application, 59.5% did not comply with the timing of reapplication. We also saw, that people potentially used too little sunscreen. These data did not differ noticeably by skin types of participants.ConclusionOur study revealed deficits in use of sunscreen in Germany, indicating that people here pay little attention to the recommendations of health authorities, regardless of their skin type. There is therefore an urgent need for targeted public information on this issue. Improving public knowledge on correct sunscreen use through educational campaigns or individual counselling by health professionals could be a first step.
A model of the optimal allocation of government expenditures
Authors: Fan Simon , Pang Yu , Pestieau Pierre 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGovernment expenditures can be used for various socioeconomic objectives, including public education, consumption of public goods and services, and social protection. This paper analyzes the optimal allocation of public expenditures among these competing functions. We establish an overlapping generations model with heterogeneous individuals in which the government optimally chooses income tax, transfer payment, educational spending, and public consumption. Our model characterizes the transitional dynamics and the steady state of each function with and without a pay‐as‐you‐go intergenerational contract. We also conduct a simulation illustrating that the presence of an intergenerational contract may raise public consumption and social welfare in the steady state.