Enhanced Contribution of Orai Channels to Contractility of Human Penile Smooth Muscle in Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Sevilleja-Ortiz Alejandro , El Assar Mariam , García-Rojo Esther , Romero-Otero Javier , García-Gómez Borja , Fernández Argentina , Medina-Polo José , La Fuente José M. , Rodríguez-Mañas Leocadio , Angulo Javier 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Store-operated calcium entry and its key players, stromal interaction molecule (STIM) and Orai calcium channels, have been proposed as emergent therapeutic targets in cardiovascular pathophysiology. We hypothesize alteration of STIM/Orai signaling in erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim
To evaluate the contribution of STIM/Orai to human penile tissue contraction and to analyze the influence of ED on STIM/Orai signaling at functional and expression levels in human penile vascular tissues.

Methods
Human penile resistance arteries (HPRA) and human corpus cavernosum (HCC) were dissected from cavernosal specimens from 30 organ donors without history of ED (No ED) and from 48 patients with ED undergoing penile prosthesis insertion and functionally evaluated in wire myographs and organ chambers, respectively. Expression of STIM-1, Orai1, and Orai3 in HCC was localized and quantified by immunofluorescence.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measures are functional responses in HCC and HPRA and STIM/Orai channel protein expression in human cavernosal tissue.

Results
Inhibition of Orai channels with YM-58483 (20 μM) significantly reduced norepinephrine–induced contractions in both HCC and HPRA from either No ED or ED subjects, but the effects were more marked in ED (−20.1 ± 5.9% vs −45.5 ± 13.2% and −15.9 ± 4.0% vs −31.4 ± 6.9% reduction in Emax to norepinephrine in HCC and HPRA, respectively). Thromboxane-induced contractions were reduced and neurogenic contractile and relaxant responses modulated by Orai inhibition in penile tissues from patients with ED. In fact, addition of YM-58483 concentration dependently relaxed precontracted HPRA and HCC. These relaxations were significantly more pronounced in tissues from patients with ED (EC50 7.5 vs 1.3 μM and 10.5 vs 1.3 μM, for HCC and HPRA, respectively). All HCC specimens displayed expression of STIM-1, Orai1, and Orai3. Significantly increased expression of Orai1 and Orai3 but not STIM-1 was observed in patients with ED.

Clinical Translation
Inhibition of enhanced Orai activity in human penile vascular tissue could facilitate erectile responses, alleviating ED.

Strengths and Limitations
Enhanced STIM/Orai activity contribution to penile smooth muscle tone in ED is demonstrated at functional and structural levels in human tissues from a representative sample of patients with ED and in comparison with healthy tissue. We cannot differentiate the specific contribution of risk factors associated with ED to hyperactivity of the Orai system.

Conclusions
Orai channels significantly contribute to human penile smooth muscle contraction. Orai contribution to penile smooth muscle tone is functionally enhanced in ED accompanied by increased expression of Orai channels in cavernosal tissue. Orai inhibition could be a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce penile smooth muscle contraction in ED.