bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using clinical decision support to improve urine culture diagnostic stewardship, antimicrobial stewardship, and financial cost: A multicenter experience
Authors: Watson Kaitlin J. , Trautner Barbara , Russo Hannah , Phe Kady , Lasco Todd , Pipkins Takei , Lembcke Bradley , Al Mohajer Mayar 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:Despite evidence to the contrary, many practitioners continue to inappropriately screen for and treat bacteria in the urine of clinically asymptomatic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a new order set on the number of urine culture performed, antibiotic days of therapy (DOT), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and associated financial impact.Design:A quasi-experimental before-and-after intervention.Setting:We conducted this study at 5 Catholic Health Initiative (CHI) hospitals in Texas that use the same electronic health record (EHR) system.Patients:The study populations included adult patients who had urine culture performed from June 2017 to June 2019.Intervention:The intervention (implemented June 25, 2018) was the addition of a new order set in the electronic health record that required practitioners to choose an indication for the type of urine study. The primary outcome was number of urine cultures performed adjusted for the number of total patient days.Results:Following implementation of the new order set, the number of urine cultures performed among the 5 sites decreased from 1,175.8 tests per 10,000 patient days before the intervention to 701.4 after the intervention (40.4% reduction;P< .01). Antibiotic DOT for patients with a urinary tract infection indication decreased from 102.5 to 86.9 per 1,000 patient days (15.2% reduction;P< .01). The CAUTI standardized infection ratio was 1.0 before the intervention and 0.8 after the intervention (P= .23). The estimated yearly savings following the intervention was US$535,181.Conclusions:The addition of a new order set resulted in decreases in the number of urine cultures performed and the antibiotic DOT, as well as substantial financial savings.
Freedom of Movement, Access to the Urban Centres, and Abolition of Slavery in the French Caribbean
Authors: Pluskota Marion 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHow did the abolition of slavery influence the relations between urban centres and rural areas? How did “new” French citizens experience access to the urban environment? Based on the archives of the correctional courts, this article focuses on how race and citizenship determined the accessibility of French colonial urban spaces and institutions after 1848. The abolition of slavery in the French Antilles on 27 April 1848 led to a modification of the legal and judicial systems: the changing legal status of former slaves gave them new opportunities to move around the colonies, at least on paper. In theory, after 1848, everyone should have had freedom of social and spatial mobility and access to the urban centres and their institutions; what happened in practice, however, still needs to be researched. This article shows that the abolition exacerbated two dynamics already at play since the beginning of the nineteenth century: the control of the population and the attraction of the urban environment for the elite. The plantation system in the mid-nineteenth century was suffering both economically and politically: the newly acquired freedom and possible migration of former slaves to the towns (Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France in Martinique, Pointe-à-Pitre and Basse-Terre in Guadeloupe) threatened to destabilize the system of private justice as well as the economic apparatus. To counteract these legal changes, vagrancy laws were implemented to restrict citizens’ mobility while, at the same time, the white elite's discourse on urban spaces changed from them being seen as a hotbed for revolutionary ideas to representing a safe environment to which access needed to be restricted.
Bushmeat hunting around Lomami National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Batumike Rodrigue , Imani Gerard , Urom Christian , Cuni-Sanchez Aida 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFor most of the Democratic Republic of the Congo quantitative data on bushmeat exploitation are scarce. We conducted focus group discussions on preferred species for household consumption and income generation in 24 villages around Lomami National Park, created in 2016. We also carried out a bushmeat market survey in Kindu, a major town in the study area, to estimate annual sales volumes and retail values. Villagers reported household consumption of 22 mammal species, with the most important being the African brush-tailed porcupine, Peters's duiker, bay duiker and red river hog. The latter three were also the most important for income generation. A greater number of smaller species were consumed at the household level, compared with those traded. A total of 17 mammal and one reptile species were traded in Kindu. Those traded in greater numbers were the African brush-tailed porcupine, blue and bay duiker, red river hog, red-tailed monkey and the sitatunga. We estimated > 40,000 carcasses were traded in Kindu annually, with a retail value of USD 725,000. Several species of conservation concern, such as the bonobo, were mentioned or observed. Few rodents and numerous large animals were traded in Kindu, suggesting resources have not yet been depleted. However, both villagers and urban vendors perceived a decline of many species and reported an increase in the use of firearms and the number of foreign hunters in the area. Among other interventions, we discuss how local communities could be encouraged to help preserve wildlife in the Park's buffer zone.
HONEST CONFIDENCE SETS IN NONPARAMETRIC IV REGRESSION AND OTHER ILL-POSED MODELS
Authors: Babii Andrii 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article develops inferential methods for a very general class of ill-posed models in econometrics encompassing the nonparametric instrumental variable regression, various functional regressions, and the density deconvolution. We focus on uniform confidence sets for the parameter of interest estimated with Tikhonov regularization, as in Darolles et al. (2011,Econometrica79, 1541–1565). Since it is impossible to have inferential methods based on the central limit theorem, we develop two alternative approaches relying on the concentration inequality and bootstrap approximations. We show that expected diameters and coverage properties of resulting sets have uniform validity over a large class of models, that is, constructed confidence sets are honest. Monte Carlo experiments illustrate that introduced confidence sets have reasonable width and coverage properties. Using U.S. data, we provide uniform confidence sets for Engel curves for various commodities.
Peritoneal dialysis during congenital heart surgery admissions: insights from a large database
Authors: Loomba Rohit S. , Villarreal Enrique G. , Bronicki Ronald A. , Flores Saul 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground:The management of fluid overload after congenital heart surgery has been limited to diuretics, fluid restriction, and dialysis. This study was conducted to determine the association between peritoneal dialysis and important clinical outcomes in children undergoing congenital heart surgery.Methods:A retrospective review was conducted to identify patients under 18 years of age who underwent congenital heart surgery. The data were obtained over a 16-year period (1997–2012) from the Kids’ Inpatient Database. Data analysed consisted of demographics, diagnoses, type of congenital heart surgery, length of stay, cost of hospitalisation, and mortality. Logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with peritoneal dialysis.Results:A total of 46,176 admissions after congenital heart surgery were included in the study. Of those, 181 (0.4%) utilised peritoneal dialysis. The mean age of the peritoneal dialysis group was 7.6 months compared to 39.6 months in those without peritoneal dialysis. The most common CHDs were atrial septal defect (37%), ventricular septal defect (32.6%), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (18.8%). Univariate analyses demonstrated significantly greater length of stay, cost of admission, and mortality in those with peritoneal dialysis. Regression analyses demonstrated that peritoneal dialysis was independently associated with significant decrease in cost of admission (−$57,500) and significant increase in mortality (odds ratio 1.5).Conclusions:Peritoneal dialysis appears to be used in specific patient subsets and is independently associated with decreased cost of stay, although it is associated with increased mortality. Further studies are needed to describe risks and benefit of peritoneal dialysis in this population.
Use of concurrent evaluation to improve implementation of a home fortification programme in Bangladesh: a methodological innovation
Authors: Sarma Haribondhu , Uddin Md. Fakhar , Islam Mohammad Ashraful , Rahman Mahfuzur , Aaron Grant J , Harbour Catherine , Banwell Cathy , Ahmed Tahmeed 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:This paper focuses on the use of ‘concurrent evaluation’ to evaluate a nationally scaled-up programme in Bangladesh that was implemented by BRAC (an international development organisation) using Shasthya Shebika (SS) – volunteer community health workers – to promote home fortification with micronutrient powders (MNP) for children under-five.Design:We developed a programme impact pathway to conceptualise the implementation and evaluation strategy and developed a strategic partnership among the key programme stakeholders for better use of evaluation evidence. We developed a multi-method concurrent evaluation strategy to provide insights into the BRAC programme and created provision for course correction to the implementation plan while it was in operation.Setting:One hundred sixty-four sub-districts and six urban slums in Bangladesh.Participants:Caregivers of children 6–59 months, SS and BRAC’s staff members.Results:The evaluation identified low awareness about home fortification among caregivers, inadequate supply and frequent MNP stockouts, and inadequate skills of BRAC’s SS to promote MNP at the community level as hindrances to the achievement of programme goals. The partners regularly discussed evaluation results during and after implementation activities to assess progress in programme coverage and any needs for modification. BRAC initiated a series of corrections to the original implementation plan to address these challenges, which improved the design of the MNP programme; this resulted in enhanced programme outcomes.Conclusions:Concurrent evaluation is an innovative approach to evaluate complex real-world programmes. Here it was utilised in implementing a large-scale nutrition programme to measure implementation process and effectiveness.
High Rates of Deep Earthquake Dynamic Triggering in the Thermal Halos of Subducting Slabs
Authors: Luo Yantao , Wiens Douglas A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObservations of remote dynamic triggering of intermediate and deep (I&D) earthquakes can potentially clarify the faulting process but have not been systematically compiled. We relocate earthquakes following the two largest recent deep earthquakes with a multiple‐event location algorithm and compile a comprehensive catalog of dynamically triggered I&D earthquakes from 1964 to 2015. We find 119 large I&D earthquakes that likely dynamically triggered aftershocks at distances between two mainshock fault lengths and 400 km during the first 4 days following these mainshocks. Dynamic triggering is more common for deep than for intermediate depth earthquakes and is overrepresented in areas with low seismicity that are adjacent to slabs, which suggest that subducting slabs in the transition zone are surrounded by material that is critically stressed but warm enough to inhibit rupture initiation. The passage of seismic waves may initiate runaway ductile shear failure, which nucleates over a period of minutes to days.
Nanosized Authigenic Magnetite and Hematite Particles in Mature‐Paleosol Phyllosilicates: New Evidence for a Magnetic Enhancement Mechanism in Loess Sequences of China
Authors: Hyodo Masayuki , Sano Takuroh , Matsumoto Megumi , Seto Yusuke , Bradák Balázs , Suzuki Kota , Fukuda Jun‐ichi , Shi Meinan , Yang Tianshui 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMagnetic enhancement of Chinese loess‐paleosol sequences has been used extensively as a proxy for East Asian summer monsoon variations. However, the pedogenic magnetic particles contributing to this magnetic enhancement are difficult to extract, so it is not clear how they formed. In this study, we reveal pedogenic magnetite and hematite using electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction, and rock magnetic methods. First‐order reversal curves indicate that superparamagnetic/single domain/vortex state magnetic properties dominated both loess and paleosol samples. Samples of muscovite and chlorite, which are paramagnetic, have weak spontaneous magnetization. The 1‐ to 10‐μm‐sized fraction of host silicatesis responsible for most of the magnetic enhancement of paleosols. In the paleosol fraction, we found weathered phyllosilicates (muscovite/chlorite), including many elongated submicron to a few microns authigenic magnetite and hematite particles between layers; however, few such interlayer particles were found in phyllosilicates of the loess fraction. The concentration of magnetite/hematite particles within paleosol muscovite/chlorite grains and in aggregates of phyllosilicate fragments is much higher than that of the submicron iron oxides found on silicate surfaces. Interlayer magnetite particles are dominantly prism‐shaped with aspect ratios >~4. The authigenic magnetite must be mainly responsible for the spontaneous magnetization of the muscovites and chlorites and the paleosol magnetic properties. The protective silicates account for the low extraction efficiency and also the near absence of surface oxidation of pedogenic magnetite. Based on our results, we suggest that magnetite/hematite in weathered phyllosilicates contribute significantly to the magnetic enhancement of mature paleosols.
Slab Rollback Versus Delamination: Contrasting Fates of Flat‐Slab Subduction and Implications for South China Evolution in the Mesozoic
Authors: Dai Liming , Wang Liangliang , Lou Da , Li Zhong‐Hai , Dong Hao , Ma Fangfang , Li Fakun , Li Sanzhong , Yu Shengyao 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGrowing evidence supports that the widely developed Mesozoic folds and magmatism in the South China Block are attributed to the flat‐slab subduction, followed by slab steepening, of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate (PPP). However, the dynamics of the transition from flat‐ to steep‐slab subduction, as well as the relationship between tectonic processes and surface deformation and magmatic events, are poorly constrained. Using a 2‐D thermomechanical numerical model, we systematically investigate the effects of slab rollback or delamination following the eclogitization of a subducted oceanic plateau on the surficial topography, structural deformation, and magmatism. Our results indicate that the subduction of an oceanic plateau drives flat‐slab subduction, which further leads to the development of a wide thrust fault zone, an uplifted and magmatically active foreland, and the foreland basin subsidence. This model is further complicated by the transition from flat‐ to steep‐slab subduction through slab rollback or delamination which is controlled by the subduction rate and the timing of oceanic plateau eclogitization. The comparisons between our numerical results and the geological data from South China reveal that the slab delamination model reproduces the regional evolution of the Mesozoic South China. Based on our models, we suggest that the eclogitization during flat‐slab subduction is not instantaneous, which is instead at least 18 Myr after the oceanic plateau reaches the ideal conditions of phase change.
The Effect of Water on Ionic Conductivity in Olivine
Authors: Fei Hongzhan , Druzhbin Dmitry , Katsura Tomoo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHigh‐temperature ionic conductivity in olivine single crystals has been measured in the [100], [010], and [001] crystallographic orientations as a function of pressure from 2 to 10 GPa, temperature from 1450 to 2180 K, and H2O content from 20 to 580 wt. ppm using multianvil presses with in situ impedance analyses. The experimental results yield an activation energy, activation volume, and H2O content exponent of 250–405 kJ/mol, 3.2–5.3 cm3/mol, and 1.3 ± 0.2, respectively, for the high‐temperature ionic conduction regime. Olivine ionic conductivity has negative pressure and positive temperature dependences and is significantly enhanced by H2O incorporation. The [001] direction is more conductive than the [100] and [010] directions. The H2O‐enhanced ionic conductivity may contribute significantly to the electrical conductivity profile in the asthenosphere, especially in the regions under relatively high‐temperature and low‐pressure conditions.
Time Evolution of Satellite‐Based Optical Properties in Lightning Flashes, and its Impact on GLM Flash Detection
Authors: Zhang Daile , Cummins Kenneth L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe GOES‐16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) detection efficiency (DE) is studied over a full year (2018/19) in central Florida using the Kennedy Space Center Lightning Mapping Array (KSC LMA). Mean daily flash DE was 73.8%, and detection was highest during nighttime hours. GLM reported 86.5% of the LMA flashes that had coincident cloud‐to‐ground return strokes reported by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. Results also reveal that flash size and duration are critical parameters influencing GLM detection, regardless of the storm type, with 20–40% detection for small and short‐duration flashes and greater than 95% detection for very large and long‐duration flashes.These findings can be explained by examining the time‐evolution of cloud‐top optical emissions observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). Statistical simulations based on long‐term LIS group area observations indicate that about half of the above‐threshold light sources are smaller than a LIS pixel (~ 4 × 4 km) and are smallest during and just after an initial breakdown in IC flashes. This work also demonstrates that for sources smaller than a GLM pixel, the cloud‐top energy detection threshold for GLM is double that for LIS despite GLM's lower energy density threshold. Overall, these findings provide a framework for interpreting GLM performance under varying meteorological conditions, and help explain reports of low flash detection efficiency for storms associated with severe weather, as they typically exhibit high flash rates and resulting small and short‐duration flashes.
Toward a Realistic Representation of Global Electric Circuit Generators in Models of Atmospheric Dynamics
Authors: Ilin Nikolay V. , Slyunyaev Nikolay N. , Mareev Evgeny A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe diurnal variation of the global electric circuit (GEC) is simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model by estimating contributions of grid columns to the ionospheric potential (IP). A parameterization based on cutting off the grid columns with shallow convection and estimating the area covered by GEC generators (electrified clouds) in each column from the amount of precipitation yields the IP variation of the same shape as the classical Carnegie curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.97, although with a smaller peak‐to‐peak amplitude (18% against 34% of the mean) and maxima and minima shifted by 1–2 hr. It is shown that omission in the IP parameterization of either convective activity or the area covered by electrified clouds (estimated using the calculated precipitation) would result in poor similarity between the modeled IP variation and the classical Carnegie curve. The results of simulation show the best agreement with the Carnegie data during Northern Hemisphere winters; the shape of the simulated diurnal variation of the IP substantially changes throughout the year owing to the decrease of South America's contribution and the increase of Southern Asia's contribution in summer. The discrepancies between the results of modeling and the results of observations are probably caused by the limited ability of large‐scale models to differentiate between electrified and nonelectrified clouds. Further improvement of the parameterization of the IP in models of atmospheric dynamics requires using finer grids, which should allow computing microphysical characteristics of clouds and estimating source currents more accurately.
Nonlinear Coupling of Carbon and Nitrogen Release During Litter Decomposition and its Responses to Nitrogen Addition
Authors: Pei Guangting , Liu Jun , Peng Bo , Wang Chao , Jiang Ping , Bai Edith 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDuring decomposition of plant litter, it remains unclear whether carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are released at similar proportional rates, which hinders our prediction of soil C and N dynamics under the context of global changes. Here, we investigated the relationships between C and N release and their responses to N addition (5 g N m−2 yr−1) to better understand this question. Litter gross N release and immobilization were differentiated by the 15N‐labeling technique. Results showed that the linear relationship between gross N release and C release followed the 1:1 line during the first year but then deviated above the 1:1 line for three types of the four studied litters. Nitrogen addition did not change this relationship, showing an inhibition effect on both C and N releases from the N‐rich foliar litter at the later stage. The inhibition effect of N addition was not found in the N‐poor twig litter, indicating that initial litter N interacted with deposited N to affect litter N release. We propose a novel conceptual model to describe that under N addition, the decrease in gross N release caused a decline in net N release from N‐rich litter, while a decline in net N release from N‐poor litter was due to the increase in gross N immobilization. These findings point to the importance of differentiating the gross N release and immobilization processes for understanding the response of litter N cycling to increasing N deposition and the relationships between C and N release during different stages of litter decomposition.