bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Levin Yael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter reads the tensions observed throughout this study with recent critical re-evaluations of human experience. Conrad’s art, and the modernism with which it is associated, have long been read as centering on questions of knowledge and truth, concealment and revelation, doubt and the desire to know. A more ontologically-driven thinking of modernism shows that the oscillations between Being and Becoming are meaningful not only as competing forces in critical practice and philosophical discourse, but as a gauge for significant changes in the way we engage with and represent the world. Conrad’s writing unmoors time from its chronological measure, frees the subject of the limits of the Cartesian cogito, and abandons telos in the charting of narrative form. Where conceptual logic cancels out difference in an attempt to create a coherent, recognizable picture, Conrad’s work repeatedly returns to the life force of difference.
Kinematics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops the necessary mathematics for describing general deformations that a solid body may undergo, a topic known as kinematics. Definitions of motion, displacement, velocity, and acceleration which are vectors, and the deformation gradient and displacement gradient which are tensors are given. The mapping of material vectors by the deformation gradient tensor as a basic concept in describing the large deformation kinematics of a deformable body is presented. The powerful polar decomposition theorem is discussed and applied to the deformation gradient tensor to show that it can be decomposed into a stretch followed by a rotation, or a rotation followed by a stretch. Non-linear measures of strain are defined in terms of the stretch tensors. The important case of small deformations, which results in linear measures of strain, is discussed. For small strains the important decomposition of the state of strain that separates a volumetric strain from a non-volumetric or deviatoric strain is presented.
Principles of minimum potential energy and complementary energy
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
With the displacement field taken as the only fundamental unknown field in a mixed-boundary-value problem for linear elastostatics, the principle of minimum potential energy asserts that a potential energy functional, which is defined as the difference between the free energy of the body and the work done by the prescribed surface tractions and the body forces --- assumes a smaller value for the actual solution of the mixed problem than for any other kinematically admissible displacement field which satisfies the displacement boundary condition. This principle provides a weak or variational method for solving mixed boundary-value-problems of elastostatics. In particular, instead of solving the governing Navier form of the partial differential equations of equilibrium, one can search for a displacement field such that the first variation of the potential energy functional vanishes. A similar principle of minimum complementary energy, which is phrased in terms of statically admissible stress fields which satisfy the equilibrium equation and the traction boundary condition, is also discussed. The principles of minimum potential energy and minimum complementary energy can also be applied to derive specialized principles which are particularly well-suited to solving structural problems; in this context the celebrated theorems of Castigliano are discussed.
Small deformation theory of species diffusion coupled to elasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a coupled theory for transport of a single atomic (or molecular) chemical species through a solid that deforms elastically. Consideration is limited to isothermal conditions and circumstances in which the deformations are small and elastic, and the changes in species concentration from a reference concentration are small --- a framework known as the theory of linear chemoelasticity. Underlying the presented approach is the notion that the solid can deform elastically but it retains its connectivity and does not itself diffuse. To account for the energy flow due to species transport, the notion of chemical potential of the species is introduced. First the basic equations of the fully-coupled linear theory of anisotropic linear chemoelasticity are derived, and then these equations are specialized for the case of isotropic materials.
Small deformation rate-independent plasticity based on a postulate of maximum dissipation
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of maximum dissipation. The elastic set is introduced, and the plastic dissipation is maximized over the elastic set using classical methods from linear programming theory. The plastic flow direction is seen to be generally normal to the yield surface when the plastic dissipation is maximized. The Kuhn-Tucker complementarity conditions are seen in this context to arise from the postulated optimization problem, and the elastic set is seen to be necessarily convex. The concept of maximum dissipation is applied to a Mises material and the models of the earlier chapters are seen to be recovered.
Finite elasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the theory of finite elasticity including a review of finite deformation kinematic measures, stress tensors for finite deformation, the concept of material frame invariance and change of frame, and constitutive relations. Material symmetry is discussed, and the important case of isotropy is presented. Special considerations needed for incompressible isotropic materials are elaborated upon.
Finite elasticity of elastomeric materials
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents several technologically important constitutive relations for elastomeric materials. In particular, the Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin, Ogden, Arruda-Boyce, and Gent free energy functions are discussed in the context of incompressible response. Extensions to the slightly compressible case are also detailed, this includes a presentation of a number of possible volumetric response relations and their properties.
Roles of Chinese Police Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Jiang Feng , Xie Chuanyu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article provides an overview of frontier issues of policing in China by examining the roles of police during the pandemic. It starts with a short introduction to the challenges and overall performance of China in keeping social order in the context of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Then, it outlines four major missions the Chinese police have pursued, each with a sketch of what has been done and how law enforcement officials have managed to achieve their goals. It follows with a further insight into their strategies in social control in connection with the latest reforms on policing. Finally, it concludes briefly with features of Chinese policing.
Current management of the vascular subtype of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: Benrashid Ehsan , Ohman John Westley 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
Vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (vEDS) is the most severe form of EDS, affecting the synthesis of type III collagen. It is notable for decreased life expectancy and morbidity, including spontaneous vessel rupture. The present review summarizes recent findings that have improved the ability to manage and delineate the natural history of vEDS.

Recent findings
Recent EDS consortium guidelines for the diagnosis of vEDS have emerged and outlined clinical features and molecular diagnostic tools to help facilitate rapid diagnosis. Although medical interventions to help halt the disease progression remain limited, improved awareness of vEDS by patients and practitioners have resulted in increased average life expectancy. Early excitement with celiprolol has been tempered by a lack of high-quality studies. Likewise, the creation of multidisciplinary care teams and tertiary referral centers is helping improve outcomes. Unfortunately, there remain limitations in terms of the surgical management (including more advanced endovascular techniques) of these patients and the morbidity associated with these interventions.

Summary
Although new consensus guidelines have emerged to facilitate the diagnosis of those with vEDS, there remain limitations in terms of interventions and medical therapy that can be provided for these patients. Life expectancy does appear to be improving however with increased awareness and coordinated multidisciplinary efforts among medical geneticists, general practitioners, and interventionalists alike.
Influence of Sleep Dysfunction on Concussion Assessment Outcomes Among Adolescent Athletes After Concussion and Healthy Controls
Authors: Blaney Nicholas A. , Trbovich Alicia , Ernst Nathan , Eagle Shawn R. , Collins Michael W. , Kontos Anthony P. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Sleep dysfunction (SD) is associated with a high symptom burden and lower neurocognitive performance after concussion and on baseline testing without injury. However, few studies have compared concussed athletes and controls with and without SD on clinical outcomes.

Objective:
To evaluate differences in clinical outcomes among both concussed athletes and matched controls with and without SD.

Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Participants:
Participants aged 12 to 20 years were recruited from a concussion clinic (n = 50 patients) and research registry/flyers (n = 50 healthy age-/sex-matched controls). Participants were categorized by self-reported SD into one of 4 groups: sport-related concussion (SRC) + SD, SRC only, SD only, and controls.

Main Outcome Measures:
Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Vestibular/Oculomotor Screening (VOMS), and neurocognitive testing (Immediate Postconcussion Assessment Cognitive Test).

Results:
Compared with the SRC only group, the SRC + SD group performed worse on all neurocognitive domains, had a higher total symptom score, and endorsed more symptoms on most VOMS items. In addition, the SRC + SD group was at an increased likelihood of having at least 1 abnormal VOMS item compared with SRC only group. The SRC only group had neurocognitive test scores and symptom reports statistically similar to the SD only group.

Conclusion:
Sleep dysfunction after concussion is related to worse neurocognitive performance and higher concussion symptom reporting. This study extended findings to suggest vestibular symptomology is worse among athletes with SD after injury compared to injured athletes without SD. Similar performances on concussion assessments for the SRC only and SD only groups suggest SD may appear similar to clinical presentation of concussion, even at baseline in the absence of SRC.
Radiological Prevalence of Popliteal Artery Entrapment in Individuals With Anterior Leg Compartment Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Authors: Johnson Shelby E. , Finnoff Jonathan T. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Jelsing Elena J. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
Determine the radiological prevalence of popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) in subjects with anterior leg compartment chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS).

Design:
Retrospective review.

Setting:
Tertiary care center.

Patients:
Of 71 patients diagnosed with anterior leg compartment CECS using an in-scanner exercise-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 64 also completed Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State Acquisition (FIESTA) imaging.

Interventions:
Electronic health records of patients diagnosed with anterior leg compartment CECS using an in-scanner exercise-based MRI between 2009 and 2018 were reviewed.

Main Outcome Measures:
Demographics, symptom laterality, and results of vascular work-up.

Results:
Magnetic resonance imaging was positive for PAE in 33 of 64 (51.6%). Vascular evaluation was performed in 30 of 33 (90.9%). Of these 30, ankle-brachial indices (ABIs) with PAE maneuvers were performed in 29 (96.7%) and positive in 25 (86.2%). Pre-exercise and post-exercise ABIs were performed in 29 (96.7%) and abnormal in 20 (69.0%). Thirteen arterial duplex ultrasounds were performed; 10 were consistent with PAE (76.9%). An MR angiogram was performed in 8 (26.7%) and consistent with PAE in all. One computed tomography angiogram (3.3%) was completed and was normal. Overall, one or more tests were positive for PAE in all 30 with vascular evaluation.

Conclusions:
The radiological prevalence of PAE and anterior leg CECS was 51.6%. All subjects with vascular studies (90.9%) had one or more tests confirming radiological PAE. These findings suggest that the coexistence of PAE and CECS is common, and the PAE protocol used has a high correlation with vascular studies.
Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Emergency Period: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Professional Football
Authors: Gouttebarge Vincent , Ahmad Imtiaz , Mountjoy Margo , Rice Simon , Kerkhoffs Gino 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
The primary objective of our study was to establish the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among professional football (ie, soccer; hereinafter “football”) players during the COVID-19 emergency period, drawing comparisons with players assessed before exposure to the COVID-19 emergency period.

Design:
Observational comparative cross-sectional study by means of electronic questionnaire.

Setting:
Professional football.

Participants:
A total of 468 female (mean age: 22.8 years) and 1134 male (mean age: 26.0 years) players participated. The non–COVID-19 comparison group consisted of 132 female (mean age: 23.1 years) and 175 male (mean age: 24.8 years) professional footballers.

Intervention:
N/A.

Main Outcome Measures:
Anxiety symptoms were measured with the validated Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 and depressive symptoms with the validated Patient Health Questionnaire 9. Both instruments have been widely used in both clinical and research settings among different populations, showing excellent psychometric properties.

Results:
During the COVID-19 emergency period, the 2-week prevalence of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder and depression was 18.2% and 21.6%, respectively, among female professional footballers and 15.5% and 12.9%, respectively, among male players. The 2-week prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among professional footballers was significantly higher during the COVID-19 emergency period than before the global pandemic (P < 0.01). Differences were most pronounced for those worried about the playing future.

Conclusions:
The COVID-19 emergency period is associated with increased symptoms of anxiety and depression in professional footballers, especially among those worried about their future as players.
Obesity, vitamin D deficiency and old age a serious combination with respect to coronavirus disease-2019 severity and outcome
Authors: Biesalski Hans K. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
Old age, obesity and vitamin D deficiency are considered as independent risk factors for severe courses of COVID-19. The aim of the review is to discuss common features of these risk factors and the impact of vitamin D.

Recent findings
The recently discovered relationship between vitamin D and the infection pathway of the virus via the renin--angiotensin system (RAS) and the adipokines leptin and adiponectin play an important role. The frequency of studies showing a relationship between a low vitamin D status in comorbidities and severe COVID-19 courses makes an impact of vitamin D effects likely.

Summary
There is a direct relationship between vitamin D, body fat and age in COVID-19 courses. With age, the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D decreases, and leads to vitamin D-deficits. If the skin is insufficiently exposed to sunlight, severe deficits can develop. As vitamin D plays an important role not only in the immune system but also in the RAS, and thus at the point where the virus attacks, a good vitamin D supply is an important basis for reducing the risk of severe COVID-19 processes. Treatment with vitamin D supplements should be based on severity of the vitamin D deficiency.
Patterns of Vasoactive Agent Initiation Among Children With Septic Shock in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Jeffreys Kristen L. , Eckerle Michelle , Depinet Holly 
Published: September 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to describe patterns of initiation (and factors associated with delayed initiation) of vasoactive agents among pediatric emergency patients with septic shock.

Methods
Patients with septic shock from November 2013 to September 2016 who had a vasoactive agent initiated for documented hypotension were classified as “guideline adherent” (hypotensive following the final fluid bolus and had vasoactive agents initiated within 60 minutes) or “delayed initiation” (hypotensive after the final bolus and were initiated on vasoactive agents after >60 minutes). Patient-level factors (demographics, presence of underlying condition including central venous catheter, and markers of disease severity) and outcomes (mortality, length of stay) were compared between groups.

Results
Of the 37 eligible patients, 17 received vasoactive agents within “guideline adherent” timelines and 10 were “delayed initiation.” An additional group was identified as “transient responders”; these patients were normotensive after a final fluid bolus but developed hypotension and were initiated on a vasoactive agent within 2 hours after admission (n = 10). We found no significant difference between the “guideline adherent” and “delayed initiation” groups according to patient-level factors or outcomes; “transient responders” were more likely than other groups to have a central venous catheter and had longer lengths of stay.

Conclusions
Although there are perceived barriers to vasoactive agent initiation, we found no significant difference in patient-level factors between the timely and delayed groups. This study also identified a group of patients labeled as transient responders, who initially appeared volume responsive but who required vasoactive support within several hours. This cohort requires further study.
Evidence-Based Diagnostic Test Accuracy of History, Physical Examination, and Imaging for Intussusception
Authors: Hom Jeffrey , Kaplan Carl , Fowler Susan , Messina Catherine , Chandran Latha , Kunkov Sergey 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionIntussusception is the most common cause of pediatric small bowel obstruction. Timely and accurate diagnosis may reduce the risk of bowel ischemia. We quantified the diagnostic test accuracy of history, physical examination, abdominal radiographs, and point-of-care ultrasound.MethodWe conducted a systematic review for diagnostic test accuracy of history, physical examination, and imaging concerning for intussusception. Our literature search was completed in June 2019. Databases included Medline via Ovid, Embase, Scopus, and Wiley Cochrane Library. We conducted a second review of the literature up to June 2019 for any additional studies. Inclusion criteria were younger than 18 years and presenting to the emergency department for abdominal complaints, consistent with intussusception. We performed data analysis using mada, version 0.5.8. We conducted univariate and bivariate analysis (random effects model) with DerSimonian-Laird and Reitsma model, respectively. QUADAS-2 was used for bias assessment.ResultsThe literature search identified 2639 articles, of which 13 primary studies met our inclusion criteria. Abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody stools had positive likelihood ratios LR(+) between 1 and 2, whereas the negative likelihood ratio, LR(−), ranged between 0.4 and 0.8. Abnormal abdominal radiograph had LR(+) of 2.5 and LR(−) of 0.20, whereas its diagnostic odds ratio was 13. Lastly, point-of-care ultrasound had LR(+) of 19.7 and LR(−) of 0.10. The diagnostic odds ratio was 213.ConclusionsHistory and physical examination had low diagnostic test accuracy. Abdominal radiographs had low diagnostic test accuracy, despite moderate discriminatory characteristics. Point-of-care ultrasound had the highest diagnostic test accuracy to rule in or rule out intussusception.
Fate of Patients With Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of Pancreas After Resection According to the Pathology and Margin Status
Authors: Kim Hyeong Seok , Han Youngmin , Kang Jae Seung , Choi Yoo Jin , Byun Yoonhyeong , Kim Haeryoung , Lee Kyung Bun , Kim Hongbeom , Kwon Wooil , Jang Jin-Young 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
This study evaluated the associated factors and prognosis according to pathology and margin after surgical resection of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN).

Background:
There is limited information on recurrence patterns according to pathology and margin in IPMN.

Methods:
Total 577 patients who underwent operation for IPMN at a tertiary center were included. Factors associated with recurrence, survival, and recurrence outcomes according to pathology and margin were analyzed.

Results:
Among 548 patients analyzed, 353 had low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 78 had high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and 117 had invasive IPMN. Total 50 patients developed recurrences, with 4 resection margins, 10 remnant pancreas, 11 locoregional, and 35 distant recurrences. Invasive IPMN showed worse 5-year cumulative recurrence risk (LGD vs HGD vs invasive: 0.7% vs 4.3% vs 37.6%, P < 0.001) and 5-year survival rate (89.0% vs 84.0% vs 48.4%, P < 0.001). Recurrence risk increased after 5 years, even in LGD and HGD. Malignant margin (HGD and invasive) had worse 5-year cumulative recurrence rate (R0 vs LGD vs malignant: 8.3% vs 5.9% vs 50.6%, P < 0.001) and 5-year survival rate (80.7% vs 83.0% vs 30.8%, P < 0.001). Carbohydrate antigen 19–9 >37 (P = 0.003), invasive IPMN (P < 0.001), and malignant margin (P = 0.036) were associated with recurrence.

Conclusions:
Invasive IPMN developed more recurrences and had worse survival than LGD or HGD, indicating the need for more efficient postoperative treatment strategies. Patients with LGD and HGD also need regular follow-up for recurrence after 5 years. Malignant margins need additional resection to achieve negative or at least LGD margin.