bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Cadaver-Based Flap Course in Microsurgical Education and Practice Patterns of Attendees: A Survey Study
Authors: Azoury Saïd C. , Othman Sammy , Colen David L. , Broach Robyn B. , Lin Ines , Zenn Michael R. , Kovach Stephen J. , Levin L. Scott 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background In 2017, our institution initiated a cadaver laboratory-based course dedicated to teaching reconstructive microsurgery indications, preoperative planning, and flap dissection. The goals of this study are to describe the demographics and experience of participants/instructors and to evaluate the learning objectives and effectiveness of the course.
Methods Penn Flap Course (PFC) participants were sent an anonymous survey at the inaugural PFC 2017. Then, in 2019, both instructors and participants were sent a more comprehensive survey. Surveys included questions regarding demographics, training background, experiences in practice and/or training, and course evaluation.
Results At PFC 2017, participant response rate was 25% (12/44), and the primary reason for attending the course was to observe and learn from instructor dissections (66.7%). At PFC 2019, the response rate was 77.3% (17/22) for faculty and 73.0% (35/48) for participants. Both in 2017 and 2019, the vast majority of participants reported perceived improvement in understanding of flap dissection principles across all anatomic domains (94.3%–100%). In 2019, when asked about their background experience, the majority of participants reported comfort performing arterial and venous anastomosis without supervision (71%–77%) and being least comfortable with head and neck (H&N) microsurgery (mean comfort level: 5.2/10). Half of the participants (e.g., residents) find the presence of a microsurgery fellow at their institution useful to their educational experience. Instructors with additional fellowship training in microsurgery reported performing a higher volume of free flaps per week (7 vs. 2.3) and per year (94.2 vs. 27.8; p < 0.05 for both) and trend toward performing more H&N reconstruction (p = 0.057).
Conclusion Participants feel least comfortable with H&N microsurgical reconstruction. Surgical faculty with microsurgical fellowship training performs greater volume of microsurgical cases with a trend toward more H&N reconstruction. A cadaver/lecture-based flap course is an effective way to improve participants' perceived confidence and understanding of complex flap and microsurgical reconstructive procedures.
Medical, Genomic, and Evolutionary Aspects of the Peptide Sharing between Pathogens, Primates, and Humans
Authors: Kanduc Darja , Shoenfeld Yehuda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractComparing mammalian proteomes for molecular mimicry with infectious pathogens highlights the highest levels of heptapeptide sharing between pathogens and human, murine, and rat proteomes, while the peptide sharing level is minimal (or absent) with proteomes from nonhuman primates such as gorilla, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. From the medical point of view, the data might be useful to clinicians and vaccinologists to develop and evaluate immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic approaches. As a matter of fact, primates seem to be unreliable animal models for revealing potential autoimmune events in preclinical testing of immunotherapies. In terms of genomics, the scarce or absent peptide sharing between pathogens and primates versus the massive peptide sharing existing between pathogens and humans lets foresee mechanisms of pathogen sequence insertion/deletion/alteration that have differently operated in mammals over evolutionary timescales. Why and how the human genome has been colonized by pathogen sequences and why and how primates escaped such a colonization appears to be the new scientific challenge in our efforts to understand not only the origin of Homo sapiens but also his autoimmune diseasome.
Different Hydraulic Constructs to Optimize the Venous Drainage of DIEP Flaps in Breast Reconstruction: Decisional Algorithm and Review of the Literature
Authors: Pignatti Marco , Pinto Valentina , Giorgini Federico A. , Lozano Miralles Maria Elisa , D'Arpa Salvatore , Cipriani Riccardo , De Santis Giorgio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Venous congestion is the most common perfusion-related complication of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap. Several hydraulic constructs can be created for venous superdrainage in case of flap venous engorgement or as a preventive measure. These can be classified based on the choice of the draining vein of the flap, either a second deep inferior epigastric vein (DIEV) or a superficial inferior epigastric vein (SIEV), and of the recipient vein, either a vein of the chest or the DIEV.
Methods We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature review in Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to find publications that reported on venous congestion in DIEP flap. The keywords used were DIEP Flap, breast reconstruction, venous congestion, supercharging, superdrainage, SIEV, and DIEV.
Results Based on the studies found in the literature, we developed an algorithm to guide the surgeon's decision when choosing the veins for the superdrainage anastomosis.
Conclusion Several alternatives for venous anastomosis in superdrainage are available. We propose an algorithm to simplify the choice. The use of the ipsilateral SIEV to be connected to a vein of the chest appears to be advantageous. The anatomical position that allows the easiest anastomosis dictates which chest vein to favor.
Evaluation of Galectin-3 as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Kanukurti Jyothirmayi , Mohammed Noorjahan , Sreedevi N. N. , Khan Siraj Ahmed , Baba K.S.S. Sai , Bhaskar M. Vijaya , Satish O. Sai , Naushad Shaik Mohammad , Mohan Iyyapu Krishna 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Heart failure is a complex cardiovascular disease with a variety of etiologies and heterogeneity. The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) value has limited usefulness in diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
Aim The aim of the present study is to evaluate serum Galectin-3 as a diagnostic biomarker in patients with HFpEF and to compare Galectin-3 with NT-proBNP levels.
Materials and Methods A cross-sectional case–control study including 63 cases of heart failure with ejection fraction ≥50% confirmed by echocardiography. NT-proBNP levels in serum were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and Galectin-3 levels in serum were measured by using an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay kit.
Results The median levels of serum Galectin-3 and NT-proBNP in patients were significantly higher than those of controls (26.59 vs. 5.27 and 927 vs. 49.3, p < 0.0001). A positive correlation was observed between serum levels of Galection-3 and NT-ProBNP (r: 0.21, p = 0.048). At cut-off values of 10.1 ng/mL and 160 pg/mL, serum Galectin-3 has 77.78% sensitivity, 95% specificity with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93, and serum NT-proBNP has 71.43% sensitivity, 100% specificity with an AUC of 0.87, respectively, for diagnosing HFpEF. The comparison of receiver operating characteristics curves showed that Galectin-3 has better AUC compared with NT-proBNP in diagnosing HFpEF. Serum Galectin-3 showed a positive correlation with NT-proBNP and lipid parameters.
Conclusion Galectin-3 with higher sensitivity and AUC can be used as a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of HFpEF. Simultaneous testing of both Galectin-3 and NT-proBNP can further improve the detection of patients with HFpEF.
Not everything helps the same for everyone: relevance of extracurricular activities for academic achievement
Authors: Balaguer Álvaro , Benítez Edgar , Albertos Aranzazu , Lara Sonia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractParticipation in organized Extracurricular Activities has contributed to improve academic achievement. However, this does not happen in the same way; it depends on sex, age, or parental educational level. Our objective is to know the importance of these factor interactions’ in the explanation of academic achievement. The sample consisted of 1148 adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years, 52% of whom were female. Participants completed the Extracurricular Activities questionnaire, and academic and sociodemographic data were collected. The results show that differences in academic achievement depend on the adolescent stage. In early adolescence, girls improve in academic achievement, as well as with better parental education, reading of books and activity duration. On the contrary, in the middle and late adolescence, academic achievement improves with not participating in collective sports and reduced activity breadth, although parental educational level follows the same trend as in the early adolescence. These results reinforce the evolutionary hypothesis of specialization in the choice of activities throughout adolescence. In this sense, some proposals for schools that advocate for greater integration of curricular and non-curricular elements are discussed.
Biotic rescaling reveals importance of species interactions for variation in biodiversity responses to climate change
Authors: Vandvik Vigdis , Skarpaas Olav , Klanderud Kari , Telford Richard J. , Halbritter Aud H. , Goldberg Deborah E. 
Published: September 2020

SignificanceEvidence of climate change impacts on biodiversity is accumulating, but a growing literature also reveals highly variable rates and even directions of these responses. We propose that this complexity arises because biological processes do not respond to climate in direct and linear ways and, therefore, that complex biodiversity responses could be simplified by rescaling climate in terms of the underlying biological processes. Applying this “plant’s eye view” approach to a montane grassland climate change experiment, we find that variation in local extinction and colonization rates in response to temperature and precipitation change across landscapes emerge from unexpected and understudied biotic interactions. Thus, biotic rescaling can simultaneously test mechanistic hypotheses and enhance generality in understanding of biodiversity responses to climate change.
DNA-PKcs phosphorylation at the T2609 cluster alters the repair pathway choice during immunoglobulin class switch recombination
Authors: Crowe Jennifer L. , Wang Xiaobin S. , Shao Zhengping , Lee Brian J. , Estes Verna M. , Zha Shan 
Published: September 2020

Significance
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which is composed of the KU heterodimer and the large catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), is a classical nonhomologous end-joining (cNHEJ) factor with important roles in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. Activated DNA-PK phosphorylates many substrates, including DNA-PKcs itself at the T2609 cluster. Using knockin mouse models, we found that while the loss of T2609 phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs does not affect class switch recombination (CSR) efficiency, the CSR junctions recovered from T2609A B cells are generated by the alternative end-joining pathway, providing the evidence for a role of DNA-PKcs T2609 phosphorylation in DNA repair pathway choice.
Ethnic antagonism erodes Republicans’ commitment to democracy
Authors: Bartels Larry M. 
Published: September 2020

SignificanceGrowing partisan polarization and democratic “backsliding” in various parts of the world have raised concerns about the attachment of ordinary Americans to democratic institutions and procedures. I find that substantial numbers of Republicans endorse statements contemplating violations of key democratic norms, including respect for the law and for the outcomes of elections and eschewing the use of force in pursuit of political ends. The strongest predictor by far of these antidemocratic attitudes is ethnic antagonism—especially concerns about the political power and claims on government resources of immigrants, African-Americans, and Latinos. The strong tendency of ethnocentric Republicans to countenance violence and lawlessness, even prospectively and hypothetically, underlines the significance of ethnic conflict in contemporary US politics.
The breakdown of antiracist norms: A natural experiment on hate speech after terrorist attacks
Authors: Álvarez-Benjumea Amalia , Winter Fabian 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Surges in hateful and xenophobic content online are often found after terrorist attacks. We find that this effect is highly dependent on the local context and the respective social norms. Prejudiced attitudes are likely to be voiced only if the perceived social acceptability of expressing prejudice increases. Since antihate norms play an important role in containing the expression of prejudice, understanding how terrorist attacks may impact the strength of the social norm is essential to understanding societal responses to terrorist attacks.
POLQ suppresses interhomolog recombination and loss of heterozygosity at targeted DNA breaks
Authors: Davis Luther , Khoo Kevin J. , Zhang Yinbo , Maizels Nancy 
Published: September 2020

Significance
This manuscript identifies a pathway of recombination which joins DNA ends on two homologous chromosomes in human cells. This pathway supports efficient recombination at targeted DSBs and nicks, at frequencies exceeding those of the spontaneous recombination events that ameliorate genetic diseases in human blood and skin cells. Recombination is further stimulated by depletion of POLQ, a factor with both DNA polymerase and helicase activities. POLQ depletion causes an especially dramatic increase in the frequency of copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (cnLOH) events. These results have immediate practical implications for therapeutic correction of both compound heterozygous and autosomal dominant mutations, and they identify a mechanistic origin for prominent but poorly understood mutagenic signatures in cancer.
Direct kinetic fingerprinting and digital counting of single protein molecules
Authors: Chatterjee Tanmay , Knappik Achim , Sandford Erin , Tewari Muneesh , Choi Sung Won , Strong William B. , Thrush Evan P. , Oh Kenneth J. , Liu Ning , Walter Nils G. , Johnson-Buck Alexander 
Published: September 2020

Significance
The sensitive measurement of specific protein biomarkers is important for medical diagnostics and research. However, existing methods for quantifying proteins use antibody probes that cannot distinguish between specific and nonspecific binding, limiting their sensitivity and specificity. This work establishes a method for distinguishing between specific binding to the target protein and nonspecific binding to assay surfaces using single-molecule kinetic measurements with dynamically binding probes. This is significant because it permits extremely sensitive protein measurements without requiring a high-affinity detection antibody or any washing steps, enabling streamlined and sensitive quantification of proteins even when no pair of high-quality, tightly binding antibodies is available.
Human γδ T cells recognize CD1b by two distinct mechanisms
Authors: Reijneveld Josephine F. , Ocampo Tonatiuh A. , Shahine Adam , Gully Benjamin S. , Vantourout Pierre , Hayday Adrian C. , Rossjohn Jamie , Moody D. Branch , Van Rhijn Ildiko 
Published: September 2020

Significanceγδ T cells are an abundant component of the human immune system that protect against infection and cancer. Here we show that γδ T cells recognize CD1b proteins, which are known for their capacity to present lipid antigens to αβ T cells. Recognition of CD1b is dependent on the presented lipid antigen for some γδ T cells, but a lipid-independent pattern was also observed. Thus, γδ T cells show diversity in the type of protein recognized as well as differing surfaces of the protein.
Cat-flap micro-pendulum for low noise optomechanics
Authors: Ying Ma-ke , Chen Xu , Hsu Yu-ying , Tsai Dung-sheng , Pan Huang-wei , Chao Shiuh , Sunderland Andrew , Page Michael , Neil Benjamin , Ju Li , Zhao chun-nong , Blair David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Microresonators with high Q-factor are essential components for optomechanical experiments. Here we report on the development of ‘cat-flap’ micro-pendulums consisting of sub-millimetre scale micromirrors supported by nanometre-thickness flexures. The micromirror pendulum is designed to achieve the lowest possible flexure stiffness, which enables maximal dilution of mechanical losses through the use of optical springs. An angular spring constant of

1
×

10

−
9

N

⋅

m/radian

, corresponding to a fundamental frequency (in the absence of gravity) of 18 Hz has been demonstrated. It is shown that Q-factors up to

10
8

at an optical spring frequency of 25 kHz could be achieved with these pendulums. By extrapolating the measurement results to a sample with a double thickness mirror pad, we estimate that it may be possible to achieve a Q-factor of

5
×

10
8

at 100 kHz at room temperature.
Emission spectroscopic diagnostics of weakly ionized argon-diluted plasmas: glow discharge and inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Weiss Zdeněk 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
An extensive study of Mn, Fe, Ti, Cr, Cu emission spectra from a Grimm-type glow discharge (GDOES) and an inductively coupled plasma (ICP), in argon, was performed, using the formalism of population functions (experimental Boltzmann plots) and transition rate diagrams. Emission characteristics of both spectral sources were compared, with the following results: in both discharges the excitation of neutral metal atoms (Me I) is dominated by electron impact (EI), however, in the excitation of singly charged ions (Me II) the charge transfer between Ar+ ions and Me I plays a significant role, especially in GDOES. Relative populations of singly charged excited ions compared to the population of excited neutral atoms of the same element are much higher in ICP than GDOES. Deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium were identified. Besides charge transfer reactions with Ar+ ions they are caused by a low electron density in the plasma. The experimental ‘excitation temperatures’ follow a pattern predicted by computer simulations with a collisional-radiative model: they are lower than the actual electron temperature, while this deviation is greater for the Me I system than Me II.
Break-even year: a concept for understanding intergenerational trade-offs in climate change mitigation policy
Authors: Brown Patrick T , Moreno-Cruz Juan , Caldeira Ken 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Global climate change mitigation is often framed in public discussions as a tradeoff between environmental protection and harm to the economy. However, climate-economy models have consistently calculated that the immediate implementation of greenhouse gas emissions restriction (via e.g. a global carbon price) would be in humanity’s best interest on purely economic grounds. Despite this, the implementation of global climate policy has been notoriously difficult to achieve. This evokes an apparent paradox: if the implementation of a global carbon price is not only beneficial to the environment, but is also ‘economically optimal’, why has it been so difficult to enact? One potential reason for this difficulty is that economically optimal greenhouse gas emissions restrictions are not economically beneficial for the generation of people that launch them. The purpose of this article is to explore this issue by introducing the concept of the break-even year, which we define as the year when the economically optimal policy begins to produce global mean net economic benefits. We show that in a commonly used climate-economy model (DICE), the break-even year is relatively far into the future—around 2080 for mitigation policy beginning in the early 2020s. Notably, the break-even year is not sensitive to the uncertain magnitudes of the costs of climate change mitigation policy or the costs of economic damages from climate change. This result makes it explicit and understandable why an economically optimal policy can be difficult to implement in practice.
The pleurogram, an under-investigated functional trait in seeds
Authors: Rodrigues-Junior Ailton G , Baskin Carol C , Baskin Jerry M , De-Paula Orlando C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
A structure called the pleurogram makes up a large part of the seed coat of some species in subfamilies Caesalpinioideae and Mimosoideae of Fabaceae, but little is known about its function. It has been hypothesized that this structure acts as a hygroscopic valve during the maturation drying of seeds. However, a new hypothesis has recently emerged that proposes a distinct function for the pleurogram.

Scope
Here, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the pleurogram, which is diverse and complex. This large structure can be dislodged, thereby creating a pathway for water entry into water-impermeable seeds. However, the pleurogram is non-functional as a pathway of water into the seed of some species. Thus, the evolutionary history of species with a pleurogram may be related to a loss/gain in its function. A complete model for the function of the pleurogram is proposed.

Conclusions
The pleurogram may act on several stages of the seed, from maturation to germination. As a hygroscopic valve, it regulates dehydration of the seed during maturation. As a pathway for water entry into the seed, the pleurogram acts as a water gap in seeds with physical dormancy, thereby regulating dormancy break/germination. The occurrence of a pleurogram in several genera of legumes and Cucurbitaceae is confirmed. Single or multiple pleurograms can serve as (the) point(s) of water entry into seeds that do not otherwise have a hilar water gap.
Fast gap-affine pairwise alignment using the wavefront algorithm
Authors: Marco-Sola Santiago , Moure Juan Carlos , Moreto Miquel , Espinosa Antonio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Pairwise alignment of sequences is a fundamental method in modern molecular biology, implemented within multiple bioinformatics tools and libraries. Current advances in sequencing technologies press for the development of faster pairwise alignment algorithms that can scale with increasing read lengths and production yields.

Results
In this article, we present the wavefront alignment algorithm (WFA), an exact gap-affine algorithm that takes advantage of homologous regions between the sequences to accelerate the alignment process. As opposed to traditional dynamic programming algorithms that run in quadratic time, the WFA runs in time O(ns), proportional to the read length n and the alignment score s, using O(s2) memory. Furthermore, our algorithm exhibits simple data dependencies that can be easily vectorized, even by the automatic features of modern compilers, for different architectures, without the need to adapt the code. We evaluate the performance of our algorithm, together with other state-of-the-art implementations. As a result, we demonstrate that the WFA runs 20–300× faster than other methods aligning short Illumina-like sequences, and 10–100× faster using long noisy reads like those produced by Oxford Nanopore Technologies.

Availability and implementation
The WFA algorithm is implemented within the wavefront-aligner library, and it is publicly available at https://github.com/smarco/WFA.