bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Too Late to Apologize? Collateral Damage, Post-Harm Compensation, and Insurgent Violence in Iraq
Authors: Silverman Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA key piece of conventional wisdom among scholars of modern armed conflict is that collateral damage is often strategically costly in war. Yet most combatants already know this and take actions after mistakes—most prominently, the distribution of “condolence payments” to civilian victims—in order to mitigate these costs. Do these payments work? This question is important not only for policymakers but also for deeper theoretical debates about how civilians respond to combatant signals in war. To examine these issues, I use micro-level conflict event data on 4,046 condolence payments made by Coalition forces to civilian victims during the Iraq War from 2004 to 2008, matching it with corresponding data on collateral damage and insurgent violence. The results of this analysis reveal that post-harm compensation does significantly diminish local rates of insurgent violence, and that this is true across different types of payments (cash handouts or in-kind assistance). Ultimately, these patterns can be best explained by a rationalist mechanism in which civilians update their beliefs about violent events based on new information about combatants’ wartime intentions. The results thus provide a compelling strategic rationale for combatants to compensate their victims in war, and suggest that civilians are not blinded to new information about conflict dynamics by their preexisting biases.
Extended role of transnasal oesophagoscopy: a review of the literature
Authors: Johnstone L , Tassone P , Burrows S , Nassif R , Vijendren A 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdvances in endoscopic technology have allowed transnasal oesophagoscopy to be used for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.MethodA review of the literature was carried out to look into the extended role of transnasal oesophagoscopy within otolaryngology, using the Embase, Cinahl and Medline databases.ResultsThere were 16 studies showing that transnasal oesophagoscopy is safe and cost effective and can be used for removal of foreign bodies, tracheoesophageal puncture, laser laryngeal surgery and balloon dilatation.ConclusionThis study presents a summary of the literature showing that transnasal oesophagoscopy can be used as a safe and cost-effective alternative or adjunct to traditional rigid endoscopes for therapeutic procedures.
Coronavirus disease 2019 communication: novel sign language system to aid surgical tracheostomy whilst wearing a respirator
Authors: Wilkinson S , Irvine E , Valsamakis T 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has necessitated rapid adaptations to all levels of clinical practice. Recently produced guidelines have suggested additional considerations for tracheostomy and advocated full personal protective equipment, including filtering facepiece code 3 masks. Air seal with filtering facepiece code 3 masks is often challenging, and full-face respirators and powered air-purifying respirators with hoods need to be employed. The infection prevention benefits of this equipment are accompanied by potential issues in communication.ObjectiveIn an attempt to minimise surgical error through miscommunication, the authors sought to introduce a simple sign language system that could be used as an adjunct during surgery.ResultsFollowing evaluation of pre-existing sign language platforms and consideration of multiple surgical factors, 14 bespoke hand signals were ultimately proposed.ConclusionWhilst this novel sign language system aims to bridge the communicative gap created by additional personal protective equipment, further development and validation of the proposed tool might be beneficial.
Cross-infectivity of honey and bumble bee-associated parasites across three bee families
Authors: Ngor Lyna , Palmer-Young Evan C. , Burciaga Nevarez Rodrigo , Russell Kaleigh A. , Leger Laura , Giacomini Sara June , Pinilla-Gallego Mario S. , Irwin Rebecca E. , McFrederick Quinn S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent declines of wild pollinators and infections in honey, bumble and other bee species have raised concerns about pathogen spillover from managed honey and bumble bees to other pollinators. Parasites of honey and bumble bees include trypanosomatids and microsporidia that often exhibit low host specificity, suggesting potential for spillover to co-occurring beesviashared floral resources. However, experimental tests of trypanosomatid and microsporidial cross-infectivity outside of managed honey and bumble bees are scarce. To characterize potential cross-infectivity of honey and bumble bee-associated parasites, we inoculated three trypanosomatids and one microsporidian into five potential hosts – including four managed species – from the apid, halictid and megachilid bee families. We found evidence of cross-infection by the trypanosomatidsCrithidia bombiandC. mellificae, with evidence for replication in 3/5 and 3/4 host species, respectively. These include the first reports of experimentalC. bombiinfection inMegachile rotundataandOsmia lignaria, andC. mellificaeinfection inO. lignariaandHalictus ligatus. Although inability to control amounts inoculated inO. lignariaandH. ligatushindered estimates of parasite replication, our findings suggest a broad host range in these trypanosomatids, and underscore the need to quantify disease-mediated threats of managed social bees to sympatric pollinators.
The political use of victimhood: Spanish collective memory of ETA through the war on terror paradigm
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte , Fernández de Mosteyrín Laura 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVictims have become a topic of scholarly debate in conflict studies, especially regarding the impact of their activism on the evolution and termination of violence. Victims of terrorism are now enlisted within counter-terrorism, given their moral authority as spokespeople for counter-narratives and de-escalation. Our research explores how Spanish terrorism victims’ associations have evolved across eras of political violence and how they mediate the translation of international War on Terror discourses into Spanish counter-terrorism. We offer a topography of how the War on Terror has opened a ‘social front’ in Spanish counter-terrorism, with Spanish political elites prominently employing the victims’ associations to this end. Contemporary terrorism discourses are read back onto the memory of ETA, with victims’ associations assisting the equation of ETA with al-Qaeda and ISIS. Collective memory of the defeat of ETA has also contributed the veneer of ‘lessons learned’ to contemporary counter-terrorism measures. Our research explores the fluidity of terrorism-memory and the importation of global terrorism discourses into Spanish politics, relying upon interviews with key stakeholders in victims’ associations, local politics, and the research director of the new Victims of Terrorism Memorial Centre in Vitoria.
Inhibitory Control and Preschoolers’ Use of Irregular Past Tense Verbs
Authors: YUILE Amanda Rose , SABBAGH Mark A 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe investigated whether children's inhibitory control (IC) is associated with their ability to produce irregular past tense verb forms as well as learn from corrective feedback following overregularization errors. Forty-eight 3;6 to 4;5 year old children were tested on the irregular past tense and provided with adult corrective input via models of correct use or recasts of errors following ungrammatical responses. IC was assessed with a three-item battery of tasks that required suppressing a prepotent response in favor of a non-canonical one. Results showed that IC was associated with children's initial production of irregular forms, but not associated with their post-feedback production. Findings are discussed in terms of current theories of past tense use and acquisition.
Between Emotion, Politics and Law: Narrative Transformation and Authoritarian Deliberation in a Land Dispute-triggered Social Drama in China
Authors: Liang Limin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThrough studying a revenge murder triggered by a land dispute in China and the subsequent trial, this article explores “narrative transformation” in a social drama and proposes an event-based model for authoritarian deliberation. It argues that an obscure murder rose to prominence because it came to be narrated as a different kind of story. Initially viewed as “a normal killing,” it was transformed to represent a “contest” between a law-and-order frame, which emphasizes individual guilt, and a righteous-revenge frame, which symbolizes wider conflicts. The article also contends that in the absence of an institutionalized issue forum, contentious events present a model for authoritarian deliberation. That is to say, deliberation is often pegged to social dramas on the “judicial periphery,” thanks to a liminal phase inviting reflexivity, and exposes elite dissent that is otherwise veiled by an interest-driven alliance. In this case study, the media engaged with other institutions in contentious performances that affirmed hidden social fault-lines but also encouraged deliberation.
Fine Structure of Platelet Interaction with a New Microcrystalline Collagen Preparation
Authors: Zucker W. H. , Mason R. G. 
Published: June 2020

Platelet adhesion initiates platelet aggregation and is an important component of the hemostatic process. Since the development of a new form of collagen as a topical hemostatic agent is of both basic and clinical interest, an ultrastructural and hematologic study of the interaction of platelets with the microcrystalline collagen preparation was undertaken.In this study, whole blood anticoagulated with EDTA was used in order to inhibit aggregation and permit study of platelet adhesion to collagen as an isolated event. The microcrystalline collagen was prepared from bovine dermal corium; milling was with sharp blades. The preparation consists of partial hydrochloric acid amine collagen salts and retains much of the fibrillar morphology of native collagen.
Origin of the Inner Intine in Pollen of Canna
Authors: Rowley John R. , Skvarla John J. 
Published: June 2020

Observations of development in the nonaperaturate pollen of Canna generalis Bailey, based upon light and electron microscopy, indicate that the inner intine of this species is initiated by plasmalemmasomes originating at widely separated areas of the cell surface.The intine is that part of the pollen wall located between the sporopollenin exine and the cytoplasmic surface. It is often interbedded with the exine but is not itself composed of sporopollenin. In appearance and composition, the intine is comparable with the primary plant cell wall and has been characterized by Roland as an amorphous matrix of pectins with infrequent microfibrils.
Lipid Droplet Topolysis, Disruption and Resolution in Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Hruban Z. , Glagov S. , Chou S.F. 
Published: June 2020

Accumulation of loose filamentous network at the periphery of lipid droplets and changes in adjacent cytomembranes were seen in hepatocytes of rats fed W-1372, a hypocholesterolemic agent (1). These alterations, termed topolysis, may represent a form of erosion and resolution of lipid droplets. They are similar to formations seen in lipid containing cells of normal animals such as the supracaudal gland of the guinea pig and the uropygial gland of the hen.Similar changes were sought in hepatocytes of ten patients with fatty liver. Portions of needle biopsy specimens were fixed in cold 3% glutaraldehyde and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide. While usual lipid droplets are homogeneous, many of droplets in the studied patients were heterogeneous. They contained patches of very low electron density, electron lucent clefts, membraneous material, electron dense granules of various sizes and amorphous clumps.
The Ultrastructural Cytochemistry of Oxidases and Dehydrogenases in Cochlear Hair Cell Mitochondria of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Spector G.J. , Carr C. , Arenberg I.K. 
Published: June 2020

Enzyme systems from three major classes of oxido-reduction respiratory chain enzymes are studied by the use of osmiophilic cytochemical reagents. These are the pyridine-linked dehydrogenases - LDH (Fig. 1), the flavin-linked dehydrogenases- SDH (Fig. 2) and NADH2-D (Fig. 3), and the cytochromes - cytochrome c (Fig. 4).Intravital and perilymphatic perfusions of the guinea pig cochlea were performed with phosphate buffered (pH 7.2 - pH 7.4) sucrose (0.2M) solutions containing specific substrates and osmiophilic reagents. Distyryl ditetrazolium salt (DS-NBT) was used in the dehydrogenase experiments.1 In the cytochrome studies, 3.3' diaminobenzidine (DAB) was employed. Following incubation and washing, the entire cochleae were osmicated in 1% unbuffered 0s04. The cochleae were embedded in araldite, dissected, sectioned in a LKB ultratome, viewed, and photographed in an RCA-EMU-3F electron microscope.
Acetylcholinesterase Localization with 3-Acetoxy-5-Indoledia-Zonium Chloride in Rat Spinal Cord Motor Neuron
Authors: Shannon W. Allen , Seligman Arnold M. 
Published: June 2020

A number of methods based on different principles have been used in demonstrating acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the central nervous system at the light and electron microscopic levels. In most of these, very specific controls and stringent comparisons must be made especially where other carboxylic acid esterases may be present.The use of the substrate, 3-acetoxy-5-indolediazonium chloride (AID) (Fig. 1) gives a highly reliable method for cholinesterase due to the strong positive charge on the substrate and some specif icity for acetylcholinesterase due to the acetoxy moiety. The substrate can be used for light microscopy since it yields a reddish purple polymeric azo dye or black deposit on subsequent exposure to osmium tetroxide. For electron microscopy various osmication procedures are recommended, i.e., 2% osmium 60 min at room temperature, 2% osmium 60 min at 50°C or osmium vapor (0.5g/0.5ml distilled water) at 50°C for 30 or 60 min.
The Ultrastructure of the Nuclear Events of Binary Fission in Paramecium bursaria and the Effects of Colchicine on Cell Division
Authors: Lewis L. M. 
Published: June 2020

The effects of colchicine on extranuclear microtubules associated with the macronucleus of Paramecium bursaria were studied to determine the possible role that these microtubules play in controlling the shape of the macronucleus. In the course of this study, the ultrastructure of the nuclear events of binary fission in control cells was also studied.During interphase in control cells, the micronucleus contains randomly distributed clumps of condensed chromatin and microtubular fragments. Throughout mitosis the nuclear envelope remains intact. During micronuclear prophase, cup-shaped microfilamentous structures appear that are filled with condensing chromatin. Microtubules are also present and are parallel to the division axis.
Simplified Calculation of Phase Contrast for Finite Detector and Illumination Angles
Authors: Zeitler E. , Isaacson M. 
Published: June 2020

Modern microscopes are capable of resolutions of the order of 2 Å. To fully utilize this capability, the experimentalist must turn to reliable calculations of contrast to optimize the various parameters available.However, until recently (e.g. Ref. 1), most calculations of phase contrast were performed using restricted conditions such as parallel illumination in the CTEM and a point detector in the STEM, because exact calculations using general geometries became rather involved. This can be seen from Eq. (1) for phase contrast in the general case of finite illumination angle, αO, as a function of distance from and finite detector angle βO.
Electron Microscopy of Shock Loaded Polycrystalline Beryllium
Authors: Galbraith J. M. , Murr L. E. , Stevens A. L. 
Published: June 2020

Uniaxial compression tests and hydrostatic tests at pressures up to 27 kbars have been performed to determine operating slip systems in single crystal and polycrystal1ine beryllium. A recent study has been made of wave propagation in single crystal beryllium by shock loading to selectively activate various slip systems, and this has been followed by a study of wave propagation and spallation in textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. An alteration in the X-ray diffraction pattern has been noted after shock loading, but this alteration has not yet been correlated with any structural change occurring during shock loading of polycrystal1ine beryllium.This study is being conducted in an effort to characterize the effects of shock loading on textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. Samples were fabricated from a billet of Kawecki-Berylco hot pressed HP-10 beryllium.
Enhancement of Contrast in the CEM and STEM Using Bumpy Specimens and Employing the “Dappled Field” Mode of Operation
Authors: Gandolfi L. , Reiffel J. 
Published: June 2020

Calculations have been performed on the contrast obtainable, using the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, in the observation of thick specimens. Recent research indicates a revival of an earlier interest in the observation of thin specimens with the view of comparing the attainable contrast using both types of specimens.Potential for biological applications of scanning transmission electron microscopy has led to a proliferation of the literature concerning specimen preparation methods and the controversy over “to stain or not to stain” in combination with the use of the dark field operating mode and the same choice of technique using bright field mode of operation has not yet been resolved.
Electron Probe Microanalysis of Frozen Hydrated Kidneys, Isolated Cells, and Cultured Cells
Authors: Lechene Claude 
Published: June 2020

Electron probe microanalysis of frozen hydrated kidneysThe goal of the method is to measure on the same preparation the chemical elemental content of the renal luminal tubular fluid and of the surrounding renal tubular cells. The following method has been developed. Rat kidneys are quenched in solid nitrogen. They are trimmed under liquid nitrogen and mounted in a copper holder using a conductive medium. Under liquid nitrogen, a flat surface is exposed by sawing with a diamond saw blade at constant speed and constant pressure using a custom-built cryosaw. Transfer into the electron probe column (Cameca, MBX) is made using a simple transfer device maintaining the sample under liquid nitrogen in an interlock chamber mounted on the electron probe column. After the liquid nitrogen is evaporated by creating a vacuum, the sample is pushed into the special stage of the instrument. The sample is maintained at close to liquid nitrogen temperature by circulation of liquid nitrogen in the special stage.
Electron Microscopy in Cytology
Authors: Sjöstrand F. S. 
Published: June 2020

The electron microscope as a tool for recording structural data at the molecular or supramolecular level will be discussed, particularly in connection with the important demonstration by means of electron microscopy of membranes as the most common type of supramolecular structure in cells. Structural analysis as a technique aiming at collecting information that can shed light on the function of living systems has gained tremendously by extending the range of study to molecular and intramolecular dimensions. Correlation of structure and function will be emphasized.Electron microscopy as applied to the analysis of the circuitry of nervous centers will be discussed.The basic problems involved in the application of electron microscopy to biochemical problems where the biochemical technique is used to analyze problems in cell physiology will be illustrated by proper examples.Some important prospects for future application of electron microscopy in Biology will be mentioned.
A Comparison of the Formation and Structure of the Chromatoid Body in Two Strains of Entamoeba Histolytica
Authors: Miller J. H. , Nelson E. C. 
Published: June 2020

Recent studies have shown that the chromatoid bodies of the Entamoebidae are composed primarily of RNA in a crystalline array of parallel rods, each consisting of pentagonal dodecahedra stacked linearly. These studies have been confined to Entamoeba invadens, an ameba in the intestinal tract of reptiles. Therefore, it was decided to examine the formation of chromatoid bodies in two strains of E. histolytica, the human intestinal ameba. The Laredo strain, considered by some not to be a true E. histolytica because of certain biochemical and growth characteristics, was compared to a strain isolated recently by one of us (E.C.N.). This strain was obtained from a case which exhibited classical symptoms. The morphology of this organism under light microscopy was typical of the species.Both strains were grown in Nelson's encystment medium, fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium, embedded in Araldite and viewed in a Hitachi HU 11-A microscope.
Parameters of Successful Tissue Freezing, Studied After Substitution at – 50°C With 70% Glycol
Authors: Pease Daniel C. 
Published: June 2020

Much of the water of fresh tissue can be successfully substituted with an eutectic mixture of ethylene glycol (70%) at -50°C since this removes sufficient water to stabilize macromolecular systems. Dehydration then can be completed at subzero temperatures if it is so desired. The virtue of the method is its consistent reliability. It is also possible to add 5%. glutaraldehyde to the substitution medium and so fix the tissue as it is being dehydrated. It would appear that this obviates any gross specimen damage during dehydration. Thus it makes possible an accurate assessment of damage due to gross ice crystal formation during the freezing process itself.Kidney and pancreatic tissues in particular have been studied after subjecting them to different sorts of freezing in an effort to determine the simplest and most reliable method that is fully effective. It appears that preparations rapidly frozen in a supercooled 70%. ethylene glycol bath at dry ice temperature (-77°C) regularly are morphologically as well preserved as comparable specimens frozen at -160°C in a Freon 22 bath, or as specimens frozen as rapidly as possible at -196°C by direct contact with a massive polished brass block kept immersed in liquid nitrogen until immediately before use. Indeed, the -77°C glycol bath was superior to the -160°C Freon 22 bath in that there was never any problem with gaseous films forming protective envelopes, and it was superior to pressing specimens against the -196°C block in that there was no mechanical deformation of the tissue. The effect iveness of 70% glycol at -77°C as a quenching bath has been further demonstrated by studying liver, cartilage and brain.
Freeze-Fracture Replication in the Ultrastructure of Blue-Green Algae
Authors: Leak L. V. 
Published: June 2020

Electron microscopic observations of freeze-fracture replicas of Anabaena cells obtained by the procedures described by Bullivant and Ames (J. Cell Biol., 1966) indicate that the frozen cells are fractured in many different planes. This fracturing or cleaving along various planes allows one to gain a three dimensional relation of the cellular components as a result of such a manipulation. When replicas that are obtained by the freeze-fracture method are observed in the electron microscope, cross fractures of the cell wall and membranes that comprise the photosynthetic lamellae are apparent as demonstrated in Figures 1 & 2.A large portion of the Anabaena cell is composed of undulating layers of cytoplasm that are bounded by unit membranes that comprise the photosynthetic membranes. The adjoining layers of cytoplasm are closely apposed to each other to form the photosynthetic lamellae. Occassionally the adjacent layers of cytoplasm are separated by an interspace that may vary in widths of up to several 100 mu to form intralamellar vesicles.