bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism on releasing and solubilizing of fish bone calcium during nano‐milling
Authors: Li Jinling , Yin Tao , Xiong Shanbai , Huang Qilin , You Juan , Hu Yang , Liu Ru , Li YaJie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFish bone, predominately composited by collagen and hydroxyapatite (HAP), is a natural calcium resource that possesses the potential to be used as functional ingredient in food application. In this study, five HAP suspensions with either collagen or amino acids were applied to simulate the releasing and solubilizing of fish bone calcium during nano‐milling. As milling time was increased, particle sizes from five suspensions gradually decreased and pH increased. The sizes and pH kept constant as the time was extended beyond 60 min (p < .05). Initial soluble calcium content of HAP suspension fluctuated with milling time and was not increased after milling for 240 min. However, soluble calcium contents of HAP suspensions with collagen and amino acids continuously increased and reached the highest values of 106.70 and 147.34–645.68 μg/g, respectively. After nano‐milling, crystallinity of HAP particles declined and calcium element on the surface decreased and contents of free amino acid and peptides from fish bone suspension significantly increased (p < .05). Our results suggested that the releasing and solubilizing of fish bone calcium during nano‐milling was mainly attributed to alterations on size and crystalline structure of HAP, and the chelating effects by amino acids and peptides.Practical ApplicationsFish bone is the main solid waste from fish processing industry. When properly processed, it possesses the potential to be used as food grade calcium additive. It has been reported that grittiness of fish bone could be neglected after reducing its particle to nanoscale. Furthermore, soluble calcium content was significantly increased, which might be benefit for improving calcium bioavailability of fish bone. However, there is no report regarding the release of calcium from fish bone during nano‐milling process so far. This research will provide scientific foundation for improving solubility of calcium from various natural resources in a physical method.
Complete metamorphic cycle and long‐lived anatexis in the c. 2.1 Ga Mistinibi Complex, Canada
Authors: Godet Antoine , Guilmette Carl , Labrousse Loic , Davis Donald W. , Smit Matthijs A. , Cutts Jamie A. , Vanier Marc‐Antoine , Lafrance Isabelle , Charette Benoit 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSecular changes in the architecture, thermal state, and metamorphic style of global orogens are thought to have occurred since the Archean; however, despite widespread research, the driving mechanisms for such changes remain unclear. The Paleoproterozoic may prove to be a key era for investigating secular changes in global orogens, as it marks the earliest stage of an eon that saw the onset of modern‐style global tectonics. The 2.1 Ga granulite‐facies Mistinibi‐Raude Domain (MRD), located in the Southeastern Churchill Province, Canada, offers a rare exposure of Paleoproterozoic high metamorphic grade supracrustal sequences (Mistinibi Complex, MC). Rocks from this domain were subjected to petrochronological investigations to establish P–T–t–X evolutions and to provide first order thermal state, burial and exhumation rates, and metamorphic gradients for the transient Paleoproterozoic times. To obtain comprehensive insight into the P–T–t–X evolution of the MRD, we used multi‐method geochronology—Lu–Hf on garnet and U–Pb on zircon and monazite—integrated with detailed petrography, trace element chemistry, and phase equilibria modelling. Despite the extensive use of zircon and monazite as geochronometers, their behaviour in anatectic conditions is complex, leading to substantial ambiguity in interpreting the timing of prograde metamorphism. Our results indicate a clockwise metamorphic path involving significant melt extraction from the metasedimentary rocks, followed by cooling from >815°C to ~770°C at ~0.8 GPa. The timing of prograde burial and cooling from supra‐ to subsolidus conditions is constrained through garnet, monazite, and zircon petrochronology at 2,150–2,120 Ma and at 2,070–2,080 Ma, respectively. These results highlight long‐lived residence of the rocks at mid‐crustal supra‐solidus conditions (55–70 Ma), with preserved prograde and retrograde supra‐solidus monazite and zircon. The rocks record extremely slow burial rates (0.25–0.30 km/Ma) along a high metamorphic gradient (900–1,000°C/GPa), which appears symptomatic of Paleoproterozoic orogens. The MC did not record any significant metamorphism after 2,067 Ma, despite having collided with terranes that record high‐grade metamorphism during the major 1.9–1.8 Ga Trans‐Hudson orogeny. The MC would therefore represent a remnant of a local early Paleoproterozoic metamorphic infrastructure, later preserved as superstructure in the large hot Trans‐Hudson orogen.
Gulper, ripper and scrapper: anatomy of the neck in three species of vultures
Authors: Böhmer Christine , Prevoteau Jocerand , Duriez Olivier , Abourachid Anick 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe head−neck system of birds is a highly complex structure that performs a variety of demanding and competing tasks. Morphofunctional adaptations to feeding specializations have previously been identified in the head and neck, but performance is also influenced by other factors such as its phylogenetic history. In order to minimize the effects of this factor, we here analyzed the anatomy of three closely related vultures that distinctly differ in feeding strategy. Vultures, as obligate scavengers, have occupied a special ecological niche by exclusively feeding on carrion. However, competition among sympatric vultures led to ecological differences such as preference of certain types of food from a carcass. Via comparative dissections we systematically described the craniocervical anatomy in the Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), the Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) and the Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) that exploit the same food resources in different ways. Our results revealed differences in the number of cervical vertebrae, in the morphology of the atlas−axis complex as well as in the neck musculature despite overall similarities in the musculoskeletal system. Gulpers, rippers and scrappers adopt specific postures while feeding from a carcass, but the cervical vertebral column is indispensable to position the head during all kinds of behavior. The great range of demands may explain the conservation of the overall muscle topography of the neck across the studied taxa.
Carapace scute pattern anomalies in the loggerhead turtle: are they indicative of hatchling’s survival probability?
Authors: Maffucci F. , Pace A. , Affuso A. , Ciampa M. , Treglia G. , Pignalosa A. , Hochscheid S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe carapacial scute pattern is a conserved trait in sea turtles that provides taxonomic information, although hatchlings with aberrant scute numbers are commonly described in all extant species. These anomalies have been associated with reduced individual fitness, but very little is known about their occurrence in the juvenile and adult portion of the population. Here, we compared the frequencies of major non‐modal scute patterns (i.e. number of vertebral/coastal scutes ≠ 5, MNMSP) in hatchling, juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. 20.5% of the analysed hatchlings exhibited MNMSP (N = 1047, range 0–52%). These individuals were significantly lighter than modals, but no other morphological difference was observed. Hatchlings from relocated nests (N = 241) had a lower rate of scute variation compared to those from natural nests (N = 806, MNMSP frequencies 10.37 and 23.57% respectively). The proportion of MNMSP decreased in early juveniles (12.1%, N = 149, SCLst < 41 cm) and even further in late juveniles/adults (4.8%, N = 124, SCLst > 41 cm). These results are coherent with those from previous studies and suggest that individuals with modal scute pattern may have a greater survival rate. However, selection against abnormal scute patterns may not occur within the first few days of life, as previously suggested, but it is probably a much slower process that may require several years. It is unlikely that alterations of the scute pattern affect survival directly; they may be a phenotypic expression of underlying morphological or physiological anomalies that stem from environmental stressors similar to those causing scute variations during embryonic development.
Transitions in paternal social status predict patterns of offspring growth and metabolic transcription
Authors: Cauceglia Joseph W. , Nelson Adam C. , Rubinstein Nimrod D. , Kukreja Shweta , Sasso Lynsey N. , Beaufort John A. , Rando Oliver J. , Potts Wayne K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOne type of parental effect occurs when changes in parental phenotype or environment trigger changes to offspring phenotype. Such nongenetic parental effects can be precisely triggered in response to an environmental cue in time‐locked fashion, or in other cases, persist for multiple generations after the cue has been removed, suggesting multiple timescales of action. For parental effects to serve as reliable signals of current environmental conditions, they should be reversible, such that when cues change, offspring phenotypes change in accordance. Social hierarchy is a prevalent feature of the environment, and current parental social status could signal the environment in which offspring will be born. Here, we sought to address parental effects of social status and their timescale of action in mice. We show that territorial competition in seminatural environments affects offspring growth. Although dominant males are not heavier than nondominant or control males, they produce faster growing offspring, particularly sons. The timing, effect‐size, and sex‐specificity of this association are modulated by maternal social experience. We show that a change in paternal social status is sufficient to modulate offspring weight: from one breeding cycle to the next, status‐ascending males produce heavier sons than before, and status‐descending males produce lighter sons than before. Current paternal status is also highly predictive of liver transcription in sons, including molecular pathways controlling oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism. These results are consistent with a parental effect of social experience, although alternative explanations are considered. In summary, changes in paternal social status are associated with changes in offspring growth and metabolism.
Volatiles or TIVA: Which is the standard of care for pediatric airway procedures? A pro‐con discussion
Authors: Lauder Gillian R. , Thomas Mark , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S. , Engelhardt Thomas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAnesthesia for pediatric airway procedures constitutes a true art form that requires training and experience. Communication between anesthetist and surgeon to establish procedure goals is essential in determining the most appropriate anesthetic management. But does the mode of anesthesia have an impact? Traditionally, inhalational anesthesia was the most common anesthesia technique used during airway surgery. Introduction of agents used for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) such as propofol, short‐acting opioids, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine has driven change in practice. Ongoing debates abound as to the advantages and disadvantages of volatile‐based anesthesia versus TIVA. This pro‐con discussion examines both volatiles and TIVA, from the perspective of effectiveness, safety, cost, and environmental impact, in an endeavor to justify which technique is the best specifically for pediatric airway procedures.
Pediatric syndromes with noncraniofacial anomalies impacting the airways
Authors: Oliveira Carlos Rogério Degrandi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSyndromes with noncraniofacial abnormalities can be a real challenge in terms of airway management. The key to success is effective preparation, presence of personnel with expertise in difficult pediatric airway management, regular training and familiarity with difficult intubation equipment, and teamwork. Considering that there are a very large number of syndromes, with variable phenotypic expression, the management strategy of every case will be dictated by the anatomical and functional airway as assessed on physical examination and subsidiary examinations before induction of anesthesia.
The ethics–mathematics analogy
Authors: Clarke‐Doane Justin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEthics and mathematics have long invited comparisons. On the one hand, both ethical and mathematical propositions can appear to be knowable a priori, if knowable at all. On the other hand, mathematical propositions seem to admit of proof, and to enter into empirical scientific theories, in a way that ethical propositions do not. In this article, I discuss apparent similarities and differences between ethical and mathematical knowledge, realistically construed—that is, construed as independent of human mind and languages. I argue that some are merely apparent, while others are of little consequence. There is a difference between the cases. But it is not an epistemological difference per se. The difference, surprisingly, is that ethical knowledge, if it is practical, cannot fail to be objective in a way that factual knowledge can. One upshot of the discussion is radicalization of Moore's Open Question Argument. Another is that the concepts of realism and objectivity, which are widely identified, are actually in tension.
Dose–Response and Temperature Dependence of the Mortality of Spider Mite and Predatory Mite Eggs Caused by Daily Nighttime Ultraviolet‐B Irradiation
Authors: Yuan Lifeng , Osakabe Masahiro 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is an economically important agricultural pest. A novel physical control method involving daily nighttime UV‐B irradiation was recently developed for use in strawberry greenhouses. However, the overlapping of leaves after March prevents direct irradiation to T. urticae on the lower leaf surface, decreasing control effect. Excessive UV‐B irradiation causes leaf sunscald in winter. Therefore, optimization of UV‐B irradiance and a compensatory control agent are desired. Temperature may affect the survival of organisms exposed to UV‐B, although the temperature dependence of UV‐B damage is controversial. A phytoseiid mite, Neoseiulus californicus, is a prominent predator but vulnerable to a single UV‐B irradiation. We compared dose–response and temperature dependence of UV‐B damage between T. urticae and N. californicus eggs under daily nighttime UV‐B irradiation. Unexpectedly, N. californicus showed greater resistance to UV‐B than T. urticae, and the mortality was increased and decreased at low and high temperatures, respectively. This makes possible the application of UV‐B doses that are lethal for spider mites but safe for phytoseiid mites. Overall, we concluded that combined use of phytoseiid mites with UV‐B lamps is advantageous to spider mite management in strawberry greenhouses.
Irradiance, Photofrin® Dose and Initial Tumor Volume are Key Predictors of Response to Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy of Locally Advanced Cancers in Translational Models
Authors: Oakley Emily , Bellnier David , Hutson Alan , Cooper Hannah , Habitzruther Michael , Sexton Sandra , Curtin Leslie , Tworek Lawrence , Mallory Matthew , Henderson Barbara , Shafirstein Gal 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to develop a predictive model for Photofrin®‐mediated interstitial photodynamic therapy (I‐PDT) of locally advanced tumors. Our finite element method was used to simulate 630‐nm intratumoral irradiance and fluence for C3H mice and New Zealand White rabbits bearing large squamous cell carcinomas. Animals were treated with light only or I‐PDT using the same light settings. I‐PDT was administered with Photofrin® at 5.0 or 6.6 mg kg−1, 24 h drug‐light interval. The simulated threshold fluence was fixed at 45 J cm−2 while the simulated threshold irradiance varied, intratumorally. No cures were obtained in the mice treated with a threshold irradiance of 5.4 mW cm−2. However, 20–90% of the mice were cured when the threshold irradiances were ≥8.6 mW cm−2. In the rabbits treated with I‐PDT, 13 of the 14 VX2 tumors showed either local control or were cured when threshold irradiances were ≥15.3 mW cm−2 and fluence was 45 J cm−2. No tumor growth delay was observed in VX2 treated with light only (n = 3). In the mouse studies, there was a high probability (92.7%) of predicting cure when the initial tumor volume was below the median (493.9 mm3) and I‐PDT was administered with a threshold intratumoral irradiance ≥8.6 mW cm−2.
Physical and perceptual cooling: Improving cognitive function, mood disturbance and time to fatigue in the heat
Authors: Saldaris Jacinta M. , Landers Grant J. , Lay Brendan S. 
Published: December 2019

This study investigated the effects of menthol swilling and crushed ice ingestion on cognitive function, total mood disturbance (TMD), and time to fatigue (TTF). Twelve male long‐distance runners completed three counterbalanced running trials (3 × 30 minutes at 65% VO2peak and a TTF run at 100% VO2peak) in hot, humid conditions (35.3 ± 0.3°C, 59.2 ± 2.5% relative humidity). Trials consisted of precooling with crushed ice ingestion and mid‐cooling by menthol swilling (MIX), precooling with water ingestion and mid‐cooling by menthol swilling (MENTH), and control (CON). Swilling with either 25 mL of menthol solution or placebo occurred upon entry to the heat, at 15‐minute intervals during the run and prior to the TTF run. Core temperature, forehead skin temperature, tympanic temperature, perceived thermal sensation, and TMD were significantly lower with MIX compared with MENTH and CON (P < .05). Thirst was satiated in MIX compared with CON; however, MENTH did not have a significant effect. After 90 minutes of running and post‐TTF run, fewer errors occurred in the executive control task (P < .05), as well as decision‐making and working memory (P > .05; d = 0.5‐0.79) between MIX and CON; however, MENTH had no effect compared with CON. The TTF run was significantly longer with MENTH (34.38%; P = .02) and MIX (39.06%; P = .001) compared with CON, with no difference between MENTH and MIX (P = .618). The physical reduction in core and internal head temperature seen with crushed ice ingestion may lead to improvements in cognitive function; however, both MENTH and MIX were sufficient for improving exercise performance.
Comparative Study of Statistical Analysis Methods for Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Responses of Offshore Structures
Authors: Lim Dong-Hyun , Kim Yonghwan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe present study compares the statistical analysis methods for nonlinear hydrodynamic responses in offshore engineering. In particular, the Kac–Siegert and Hermite-moment methods were compared for estimating the probability distribution of the second-order responses represented via the two-term Volterra series. The Kac–Siegert method analytically formulates the probability density function (PDF) of the second-order Volterra series using an eigenvalue problem constructed with the frequency-domain transfer functions and the wave spectrum, whereas the Hermite-moment method utilizes the statistical moments to determine the coefficients of the fitting function. In addition, the probability distribution of the peak values in the second-order Volterra series with high spectral bandwidth was derived explicitly. The fatigue damage rate and the extreme response were estimated analytically. The accuracy and applicability of each method were investigated by comparing the methods with the results of the direct sampling obtained from the time series.
<p class="Body"><strong>Impact of leaflet trichomes on settlement and oviposition of <em>Tetranychus evansi </em>(Acari: Tetranychidae) in African and South American tomatoes</strong></p>
Authors: Savi P. J. , De Moraes G. J. , Boiça Junior A. L. , Melville C. C. , Carvalho R. F. , Lourenção A. L. , Andrade D. J. 
Published: December 2019

Red spider mite (Tetranychus evansi) is considered one of the main tomato pests in Africa. As an alternative to chemical control, the use of pest-resistant cultivars has been considered a desirable and environment-friendly choice. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the influence of trichomes on settlement and oviposition preferences of T. evansi in African tomato varieties, besides comparing them to South American wild tomato species. First, free- and no-choice laboratory tests were carried out to investigate settlement and oviposition preferences of females on leaflets of two South American wild tomato species (Solanum pennellii LA-716 and S. habrochaites var. hirsutum PI134417) and five African tomato varieties (S. lycopersicum cv. Kekefo, Akikon, TLCV15, Tounvi, and TOML4), the latter are widely grown in Benin. Thereafter, leaf trichome types were determined and densities were estimated and then correlated to numbers of settled females and laid eggs on leaflets of each assessed genotype. According to our findings, females strongly preferred to settle and oviposit on African varieties rather than on South American genotypes. Regarding trichome density, non-glandular type Va showed significant positive correlations with both studied parameters, with the highest amounts in African genotypes. Conversely, glandular trichome density (mainly types I, IV, and VI) presented significant negative correlations with preference indicators, with the largest densities in South American species. The high density of non-glandular trichomes on leaflets of the varieties Akikon, Tounvi, Kekefo, TOML4, and TLCV15 might have been one of the causes of preference of T. evansi females.
Selecting Core Outcomes for Randomised Effectiveness trials In Type 2 diabetes (SCORE-IT): a patient and healthcare professional consensus on a core outcome set for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Harman Nicola L , Wilding John P H , Curry Dave , Harris James , Logue Jennifer , Pemberton R John , Perreault Leigh , Thompson Gareth , Tunis Sean , Williamson Paula R 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesHeterogeneity in outcomes measured across trials of glucose-lowering interventions for people with type 2 diabetes impacts on the ability to compare findings and may mean that the results have little importance to healthcare professionals and the patients that they care for. The SCORE-IT study (Selecting Core Outcomes for Randomised Effectiveness trials In Type 2 diabetes) has addressed this issue by establishing consensus on the most important outcomes for non-surgical interventions for hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsA comprehensive list of outcomes was developed from registered clinical trials, online patient resources, qualitative literature and long-term studies in the field. This list was then scored in a two-round online Delphi survey completed by healthcare professionals, people with type 2 diabetes, researchers in the field and healthcare policymakers. The results of this online Delphi were discussed and ratified at a face-to-face consensus meeting.Results173 people completed both rounds of the online survey (116 people with type 2 diabetes, 37 healthcare professionals, 14 researchers and 6 policymakers), 20 of these attended the consensus meeting (13 people with type 2 diabetes and 7 healthcare professionals). Consensus was reached on 18 core outcomes across five domains, which include outcomes related to diabetes care, quality of life and long-term diabetes-related complications.ConclusionsImplementation of the core outcome set in future trials will ensure that outcomes of importance to all stakeholders are measured and reported, enhancing the relevance of trial findings and facilitating the comparison of results across trials.