bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional and cognitive outcomes after COVID-19 delirium
Authors: Mcloughlin Benjamin C. , Miles Amy , Webb Thomas E. , Knopp Paul , Eyres Clodagh , Fabbri Ambra , Humphries Fiona , Davis Daniel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurposeTo ascertain delirium prevalence and outcomes in COVID-19.MethodsWe conducted a point-prevalence study in a cohort of COVID-19 inpatients at University College Hospital. Delirium was defined by DSM-IV criteria. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 4 weeks; secondary outcomes were physical and cognitive function.ResultsIn 71 patients (mean age 61, 75% men), 31 (42%) had delirium, of which only 12 (39%) had been recognised by the clinical team. At 4 weeks, 20 (28%) had died, 26 (36%) were interviewed by telephone and 21 (30%) remained as inpatients. Physical function was substantially worse in people after delirium − 50 out of 166 points (95% CI − 83 to − 17,p = 0.01). Mean cognitive scores at follow-up were similar and delirium was not associated with mortality in this sample.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that delirium is common, yet under-recognised. Delirium is associated with functional impairments in the medium term.
Advances in targeting EGFR allosteric site as anti-NSCLC therapy to overcome the drug resistance
Authors: Maity Swastika , Pai K. Sreedhara Ranganath , Nayak Yogendra 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors represent the first-line therapy regimen for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most of these inhibitors target the ATP-site to stop the aggressive development of NSCLC. Stabilization of the ATP-binding on EGFR is difficult due to autophosphorylation of the EGFR domain. This leads to activation of nonintrinsic influence of the tumor microenvironment and expression of anti-apoptotic pathways and drug resistance.

Methods
The NSCLC related literature search was carried out using online databases such as Scopus, Web of Sciences, PubMed, Protein Data Bank and UniPort for the last ten years and selected articles are referred for discussion in this review.

Results
To overcome the problem of mutations in NSCLC, the allosteric site of EGFR was targeted, which shows significant therapeutic outcome without causing resistance. Compounds like EAI001, EAI045 JBJ-04-125-02, DDC4002 and a series of small molecules with an affinity towards the EGFR allosteric site are reported and are under the investigational stage. These compounds are categorized under fourth-generation anti-NSCLC agents.

Conclusion
Composition of this review highlights the advantage of inhibiting allosteric site in the EGFRTK receptor domains and presents a comparative analysis of the new fourth-generation anti-NSCLC agents to overcome the drug resistance.
Solidification effects of snowfall on sea-ice freeze-up: results from an onsite experimental study
Authors: Toyota Takenobu , Ono Takashi , Tanikawa Tomonori , Wongpan Pat , Nomura Daiki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough the effects of snow during sea-ice growth have been investigated for sea ice which is thick enough to accommodate dry snow, those for thin sea ice have not been paid much attention due to the difficulty in observing them. Observations are complicated by the presence of slush and its subsequent freeze-up, and the surface heat budget might be sensitive to the additional ice thickness. An onsite short-term land fast sea-ice freeze-up experiment in the Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan was carried out to examine the effects of snowfall on the structure and surface heat budget of thin sea ice, based on observational results and a 1-D thermodynamic model. We found that snowfall contributes to the solidification of the surface slush layer, contributing ice thickness that is comparable to the snowfall amount and affecting the crystal texture significantly. On the other hand, the basal ice growth rate and turbulent heat flux were not significantly affected, being <3.1 × 10−8m s−1and 3 W m−2, respectively. This finding may validate the omission in past studies of snow effect in estimating ice production rates in polynyas and has implications about the reconstruction of growth history from sample analysis.
Response of the Public to Preventive Measures of COVID-19 in Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Abdulah Deldar Morad , Aziz Qazli Salem Said , Suleman Sherzad Khudeida 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:On March 1, 2020, the Kurdistan Region Government (KRG) announced 4 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We aimed to explore the response of the public toward the prevention principles against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.Methods:The investigators invited individuals from different geographic areas of Duhok Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan in March 2020.Results:The mean age of the participants was 25.74 (16‐95 years). The mean score and prevalence of fear toward SARS-CoV-2 infection was 4.40 of 10 and 81.9%, respectively. A small percentage of participants did not minimize their exposures by reducing close contacts and transmission of respiratory droplets (14.5%) and visited public areas during the epidemic (28.7%). The study revealed that 30.8% of the participants do not use face masks or tissues when they sneeze in public areas. Most of the participants wash their hands when they suspect a possible transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen (94.6%) and clean or disinfect pathogen contamination-suspected areas at home (84.6%). The study also revealed that some participants (11.2%), due to a lower education, did not visit a medical clinic when they experienced possible symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants agreed with the health policies of KRG against the COVID-19 outbreak (90.8%).Conclusions:Some individuals do not adhere to preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Changes in Body Weight, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle During the Semi-lockdown Period After the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: An Online Survey
Authors: He Ming , Xian Yin , Lv Xiaodong , He Jinsong , Ren Yixing 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) provided an opportunity to undertake an online survey to study the relationships between body weight changes with changes in physical activity and lifestyle during an unusual event of forced isolation, or quarantine.Methods:We distributed an electronic questionnaire using the popular social application WeChat to adults from any province of China except Hubei Province, the epicenter of the outbreak. The questionnaire asked for demographic information, body weight, physical activity, and lifestyle factors before and during the quarantine.Results:Of 376 questionnaires returned, 339 were valid (90.2%). During the period of semi-lockdown, both females and males with BMI <24 gained weight, males with BMI ≥24 lost weight, and females with BMI ≥24 gained weight. The average steps per day and the average moderate or vigorous-intensity exercise declined significantly for both males and females during the semi-lockdown. Changes in body weight inversely correlated with changes in steps per day and moderate or vigorous-intensity exercise during the quarantine.Conclusions:Normal weight individuals, who are not normally troubled by overweight or obesity, had less awareness of weight gain than people with a BMI ≥ 24. Under the conditions of the semi-lockdown, they tended to gain weight.
Emergency Care Systems: The Missing Link for Effective Treatment of COVID-19 in Africa
Authors: Calvello Hynes Emilie J. , Bills Corey B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCases of COVID-19 are rising quickly on the African continent. A critical element of any health system response to such a surge of active cases is the existence of functional emergency care systems. Yet, these systems are markedly underdeveloped in African countries. This short letter reviews the key role emergency medicine plays in epidemic disease response and actions that ministries of health can take now to shore up gaps in emergency care capacity to avoid needless death and suffering of COVID-19 patients.
Estimating dispersal and evolutionary dynamics in diploporan blastozoans (Echinodermata) across the great Ordovician biodiversification event
Authors: Lam Adriane R. , Sheffield Sarah L. , Matzke Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEchinoderms make up a substantial component of Ordovician marine invertebrates, yet their speciation and dispersal history as inferred within a rigorous phylogenetic and statistical framework is lacking. We use biogeographic stochastic mapping (BSM; implemented in the R package BioGeoBEARS) to infer ancestral area relationships and the number and type of dispersal events through the Ordovician for diploporan blastozoans and related species. The BSM analysis was divided into three time slices to analyze how dispersal paths changed before and during the great Ordovician biodiversification event (GOBE) and within the Late Ordovician mass extinction intervals. The best-fit biogeographic model incorporated jump dispersal, indicating this was an important speciation strategy. Reconstructed areas within the phylogeny indicate the first diploporan blastozoans likely originated within Baltica or Gondwana. Dispersal, jump dispersal, and sympatry dominated the BSM inference through the Ordovician, while dispersal paths varied in time. Long-distance dispersal events in the Early Ordovician indicate distance was not a significant predictor of dispersal, whereas increased dispersal events between Baltica and Laurentia are apparent during the GOBE, indicating these areas were important to blastozoan speciation. During the Late Ordovician, there is an increase in dispersal events among all paleocontinents. The drivers of dispersal are attributed to oceanic and epicontinental currents. Speciation events plotted against geochemical data indicate that blastozoans may not have responded to climate cooling events and other geochemical perturbations, but additional data will continue to shed light on the drivers of early Paleozoic blastozoan speciation and dispersal patterns.
BRITAIN'S ROYAL BALLET IN APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA, 1960
Authors: QUINTON LAURA 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article reconstructs and analyses, for the first time, the Royal Ballet's state-sponsored tour of apartheid South Africa from February to April 1960. It traces the public outcry surrounding the company's decision to exclude its only dancer of colour, as well as the tour's planning, execution, and continuation through the Sharpeville massacre, local reception, and aftermath. In this episode of the post-war period, politics and high culture operated in tandem to sustain Britain's imperial connections amid decolonization and the Cold War. The article proposes a reframing of the ‘Wind of Change’ moment, analyses the role of ballet in Britain's cultural Cold War, and underscores the British state's willingness to set aside human and moral concerns for political advantage. Above all, it argues that, rather than being peripheral to, or merely reflecting, the British state's agenda, ballet enacted its politics.
THE COSMOPOLITAN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY FEDERALISM
Authors: FEJZULA MERVE 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article examines the historiographical debate over federalism between the 1930s and 1960s. In their most sweeping iterations, revisionists have sought to unravel the history of the nation-state, by using the history of anti-colonial federalist demands for equal incorporation into imperial states as evidence against a teleology of nationalist independence. In perceiving the democratic potentialities embedded within imperial state forms, revisionists argue that anti-colonial federalists therefore belong within a cosmopolitan tradition of seeking democratic supra-national governance beyond empire and nation. Some iterations of ‘post-colonial cosmopolitanism’ have unfortunately channelled debate into an opposition between federalism and nationalism, while also generating methodological republicanism, the tendency to view proto-republics within imperial formations. This review challenges these interpretive shortcomings and argues instead that federalism ought to be understood as part of a contest about the state as such. By integrating scholarship on French and British imperial federalism with recent work on regional federalisms in European and African contexts, this essay centres a whole range of ideological variations of ‘cosmopolitanism’ that adapted federalism to their critiques of the state. Ultimately, this reframing of federalist historiography enables new insights into contests about, and not just over, twentieth-century states.
Timing and order of exposure to two echinostome species affect patterns of infection in larval amphibians
Authors: Billet Logan S. , Wuerthner Vanessa P. , Hua Jessica , Relyea Rick A. , Hoverman Jason T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe study of priority effects with respect to coinfections is still in its infancy. Moreover, existing coinfection studies typically focus on infection outcomes associated with exposure to distinct sets of parasite species, despite that functionally and morphologically similar parasite species commonly coexist in nature. Therefore, it is important to understand how interactions between similar parasites influence infection outcomes. Surveys at seven ponds in northwest Pennsylvania found that multiple species of echinostomes commonly co-occur. Using a larval anuran host (Rana pipiens) and the two most commonly identified echinostome species from our field surveys (Echinostoma trivolvis and Echinoparyphium lineage 3), we examined how species composition and timing of exposure affect patterns of infection. When tadpoles were exposed to both parasites simultaneously, infection loads were higher than when exposed to Echinoparyphium alone but similar to being exposed to Echinostoma alone. When tadpoles were sequentially exposed to the parasite species, tadpoles first exposed to Echinoparyphium had 23% lower infection loads than tadpoles first exposed to Echinostoma. These findings demonstrate that exposure timing and order, even with similar parasites, can influence coinfection outcomes, and emphasize the importance of using molecular methods to identify parasites for ecological studies.
Effect of alcohol use disorder family history on cognitive function
Authors: Khemiri Lotfi , Franck Johan , Jayaram-Lindström Nitya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with cognitive deficits but little is known to what degree this is caused by genetically influenced traits, i.e. endophenotypes, present before the onset of the disorder. The aim of the current study was to investigate to what degree family history (FH) of AUD is associated with cognitive functions.MethodsCase-control cross-sectional study at an outpatient addiction research clinic. Treatment-seeking AUD patients (n = 106) were compared to healthy controls (HC; n = 90), matched for age and sex. The HC group was further subdivided into AUD FH positive (FH+; n = 47) or negative (FH−; n = 39) based on the Family Tree Questionnaire. Participants underwent psychiatric and substance use assessments, completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and performed a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests assessing response inhibition, decision making, attention, working memory, and emotional recognition.ResultsCompared to HC, AUD patients exhibited elevated self-rated impulsivity (p < 0.001; d = 0.62), as well as significantly poorer response inhibition (p = 0.001; d = 0.51), attention (p = 0.021; d = 0.38) and information gathering in decision making (p = 0.073; d = 0.34). Similar to AUD patients, FH+ individuals exhibited elevated self-rated impulsivity (p = 0.096; d = 0.46), and in addition significantly worse future planning capacity (p < 0.001; d = 0.76) and prolonged emotional recognition response time (p = 0.010; d = 0.60) compared to FH−, while no other significant differences were found between FH+ and FH−.ConclusionsElevated impulsivity, poor performance in future planning and emotional processing speed may be potential cognitive endophenotypes in AUD. These cognitive domains represent putative targets for prevention strategies and treatment of AUD.
Effects of semantic plausibility, syntactic complexity and n-gram frequency on children's sentence repetition
Authors: POLIŠENSKÁ Kamila , CHIAT Shula , SZEWCZYK Jakub , TWOMEY Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTheories of language processing differ with respect to the role of abstract syntax and semantics vs surface-level lexical co-occurrence (n-gram) frequency. The contribution of each of these factors has been demonstrated in previous studies of children and adults, but none have investigated them jointly. This study evaluated the role of all three factors in a sentence repetition task performed by children aged 4–7 and 11–12 years. It was found that semantic plausibility benefitted performance in both age groups; syntactic complexity disadvantaged the younger group but benefitted the older group; while contrary to previous findings, n-gram frequency did not facilitate, and in a post-hoc analysis even hampered, performance. This new evidence suggests that n-gram frequency effects might be restricted to the highly constrained and frequent n-grams used in previous investigations, and that semantics and morphosyntax play a more powerful role than n-gram frequency, supporting the role of abstract linguistic knowledge in children's sentence processing.
On different load configurations for mixed-mode load-pull measurements, hybrid imperfections, and tuning ranges
Authors: Veit David , Gadringer Michael , Leitgeb Erich 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEach of the various methods for mixed-mode load-pull measurements, which can be found in literature, has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this publication, we analyze two of the most commonly used setups and a third setup of which we provided an initial treatment in a previous publication. We investigated the impact of 180° hybrids on the tuning capabilities of a mixed-mode load-pull system. Furthermore, we provide a rule-of-thumb to easily estimate this impact using only some specifications of hybrids. For all analyzed setups, we use measurement results to show that the tuning range of the newly proposed setup is superior compared to the other setups, though hardware effort and tuning complexity are greater.
Miniature drone antenna design for the detection of airliners
Authors: Sidibe Alassane , Loubet Gaël , Takacs Alexandru , Ferré Guillaume , Ghiotto Anthony 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the design of a miniature antenna dedicated to the detection of airliners through the demodulation of Automatic Dependence Surveillance-Broadcast system (ADS-B) signals is presented. This antenna is designed for being embedded on the top of a drone in order to detect and avoid collisions with airliners. This antenna consists of an array of Planar Inverted-F Antennas, a quadrature feed network (FN) and a reflector plane (RP). The FN is designed to have output signals with the same amplitude and a 90° phase difference between each other. It achieves circular polarization and maintains the axial ratio of the antenna under −3 dB at the desired frequency (1.09 GHz). The antenna with the FN was manufactured and characterized. It weighs approximately 145 kg with its RP. The measured gain of the proposed antenna is about +3.7 dBi. To validate the design, the manufactured antenna was tested with a Universal Software Radio Peripheral for the processing of ADS-B signals at the French National Microwaves Days 2019 (JNM) student contest. The detection of airliners can reach up to 437 km.
Insulin sensitivity in male sheep born to ewes treated with testosterone during pregnancy
Authors: Carrasco Albert , Recabarren Mónica P. , Rojas-García Pedro P. , Silva Nelson , Fuenzalida Jonathan , Sir-Petermann Teresa , Recabarren Sergio E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn animal models, exposure to excess testosterone during gestation induces polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like reproductive and metabolic traits in female offspring, suggesting that the hyperandrogenemic intrauterine environment may have a role in the etiology of PCOS. Additionally, few studies have also addressed metabolic and reproductive outcomes in male offspring. In the present study, the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IGTT) was used to assess the insulin–glucose homeostasis at various ages during sexual development in male sheep born to testosterone-treated ewes. To further analyze the programming effect of testosterone on insulin–glucose homeostasis, indexes of insulin sensitivity were assessed in orchidectomized post-pubertal males born to testosterone-treated ewes (Torq-males) and orchidectomized post-puberal controls (Corq-males) before and 48 h after a testosterone injection. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity indexes between males born to testosterone-treated ewes (T-males) and control males born to control ewes (C-males) at 5, 10, 20 and 30 weeks of age, representing the infantile, early and late pre-pubertal, and early post-pubertal stage of sexual development, respectively. In orchidectomized males, basal levels of insulin and glucose were not different between both groups before and after the testosterone injection; however, Torq-males released more insulin before and after T challenge during the first 20 min of the test. Despite this, plasma glucose concentrations were not different in both groups during IVGTT, resulting in an insulin sensitivity index composite similar between groups. We concluded that the effect of prenatal exposure to excess testosterone may reprogram the pancreatic β-cells insulin release in ovine males, with effects more evident in castrated males versus intact males.
The Costs of Conflict and Support for the Use of Force: Accounting for Information Equivalence in Survey Experiments
Authors: McDonald Jared , Walsh James Igoe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
How do the costs of conflict influence public support for the use of force? Existing research finds that weapons that eliminate the possibility of military casualties, such as drones, increase popular support for engaging in conflict. We argue that this effect may be overstated because the choice of weapons technology is endogenous to conflict. Leaders may select to use drones in conflicts where the risk of harm to ground forces is especially high. To address this, we replicate and extend the research design of Walsh and Schulzke across three survey experiments. The key innovation in our experiments is that subjects are led to believe that the choice of attack type – drones or ground troops – is determined by weather conditions rather than strategic considerations. We find that support for military action does not differ across treatments in which subjects are told that the attack involves drone strikes or ground troops.
Rad50 mediates DNA demethylation to establish pluripotent reprogramming
Authors: Park Hanseul , Cho Byounggook , Kim Jongpil 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDNA demethylation is characterized by the loss of methyl groups from 5-methylcytosine, and this activity is involved in various biological processes in mammalian cell development and differentiation. In particular, dynamic DNA demethylation in the process of somatic cell reprogramming is required for successful iPSC generation. In the present study, we reported the role of Rad50 in the DNA demethylation process during somatic cell reprogramming. We found that Rad50 was highly expressed in pluripotent stem cells and that Rad50 regulated global DNA demethylation levels. Importantly, the overexpression of Rad50 resulted in the enhanced efficiency of iPSC generation via increased DNA demethylation, whereas Rad50 knockdown led to DNA hypermethylation, which suppressed somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs. Moreover, we found that Rad50 associated with Tet1 to facilitate the DNA demethylation process in pluripotent reprogramming. Therefore, our findings highlight the novel role of Rad50 in the DNA demethylation process during somatic cell reprogramming.