bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ЗАГРОЗИ БЕЗПЕЧНОГО ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ КІБЕРПРОСТОРУ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Прокопенко Євгеній , Мул Дмитро , Равлюк Віталій 
Published: February 2020

В статті проведено дослідження існуючого стану кіберпростору в Україні та проаналізовано кіберзагрози які можуть мати реалізацію в критичній інфраструктурі Державної прикордонної служби України. Аналіз функціонування критичної інформаційної інфраструктури Державної прикордонної служби України виявив необхідність в удосконаленні функціонування системи управління технологічними процесами та системи електронних комунікацій за рахунок запровадження індикаторів кіберзагроз. Постає необхідність у захисті критичної інфраструктури направлений на своєчасне виявлення, запобігання і нейтралізацію загроз безпеці об’єктів критичної інфраструктури, а також мінімізацію та ліквідацію наслідків у разі їх реалізації.
FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN DEPRESI PADA PASIEN PENYAKIT PARKINSON DI KOTA PADANG
Authors: Bestari Reno , Syafrita Yuliarni 
Published: February 2020

<p><em>Depresi merupakan gejala non-motor terbanyak pada pasien Parkinson yang sangat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup, namun pada praktek klinis sering terabaikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat angka kejadian depresi dan faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan depresi pada pasien penyakit Parkinson dengan menggunakan Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada pasien penyakit Parkinson yang berobat ke Poliklinik RS Dr. M. Djamil dan beberapa rumah sakit di Kota Padang. Didapatkan 62 pasien penyakit Parkinson (56,5% laki-laki) dengan rentang usia 35-78 tahun. Berdasarkan kuisioner MADRS didapatkan 34 pasien (54,8%) mengalami depresi, dimana 24 pasien depresi ringan (71%) dan 10 pasien depresi sedang (29%). Depresi pada pasien penyakit Parkinson cukup tinggi, dimana lebih setengah dari pasien penyakit Parkinson dalam penelitian ini mengalami depresi. </em></p><p> </p>
Penerapan Model PAIKEM dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar
Authors: Malik Abdul 
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari 2 siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri dari 3 pertemuan, 1 pertemuan untuk evaluasi. Masing-masing siklus terdiri dari kegiatan pelaksanaan yaitu: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, refleksi bertujuan untuk memperoleh data dan informasi tentang penerapan model PAIKEM bidang studi Alqur'an Hadis dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII B di SMP Cokroaminoto Tamalanrea Makassar. Adapun instrumen penelitian yang dilakukan dilapangan yaitu: observasi langsung, angket tertutup dan tes esay. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kelas VIII B Sekolah Menengah Pertama Cokroaminoto Tamalanrea Makassar dengan jumlah siswa 16 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara bertahap yang diperoleh dari pengamatan pada saat berlangsungnya proses pembelajaran selama penelitian, dan data dari tes hasil belajar pada tiap siklus. Selanjutnya data dianalisis secara kualitatif, yaitu menjelaskan hasil-hasil tindakan selama proses belajar mengajar, dan secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif yaitu skor rata-rata, tabel frekuensi, nilai minimum, nilai maksimum, dan presentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dan kualitas pembelajaran ditandai dengan meningkatnya keaktifan siswa dalam pembelajaran sesuai dengan hasil observasi selama tindakan kelas berlangsung dan Nilai rata-rata mulai siklus 1 sampai siklus 2, setelah dianalisis dari hasil penelitian yaitu dari pra siklus 62,18%, atau kriteria tingkat keberhasilan siswa dianggap “Gagal”, siklus 1 70,62%, kriteria tingkat keberhasilan siswa berada pada “Baik”, dan siklus II 82,62%, atau kriteria tingkat keberhasilan siswa berada pada “Sangat Baik”.
Changing Pattern of Shingles (Herpes Zoster) in Hill Tracts: A Study among Tribal Community of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Ahmed Tanjimul 
Published: February 2020

Background: Herpes zoster infection (shingles) is a common painful disease in Bangladesh. Changing pattern of the disease presentation can cause delayed diagnosis, inappropriate treatment, prolongation of the disease with debilitating symptoms and post herpetic neuralgia.
Objective: The study was done to evaluate the different changing clinical and dermatome pattern of shingles among tribal community in Hill tracts of Bangladesh.
Materials and method: This descriptive hospital based study was carried out among 74 shingles patients using simple, direct, standardized questionnaire with history, clinical and dermatological examination from July 2015 to July 2016 in Rangamati General Hospital, Rangamati, Bangladesh.
Results: August to October was the vulnerable period for Shingles (75.7%) with highest number of cases found in September (32.4%). Rural area (70.2%) is vulnerable than urban area. Lumbar region (39.1%) is the commonest dermatome involved during examination. Itching was the commonest complaint (41.9%) for physician consultation and 15% cases suffered reactivation within six months in the same dermatome region.
Conclusion: As changing and different pattern of manifestations are common in shingles in Hill Tracts, these are to be considered by local and consultant physicians in the total management to decrease delayed complications and reactivation.
Delta Med Col J. Jul 2019 7(2): 56-60
Materials Used for Suicidal Hanging Recorded during Autopsy from Sir Salimullah Medical College Morgue
Authors: Sumon Md Syedur Rahaman , Quader Kishoara Binte , Asha Moushumi Taher , Mollika Ferdows Ara , Rashid Mustafa Sumon Al , Khan Md Belayet Hossain , Ahmed Farzana 
Published: February 2020

Background: Suicide is one of the commonest causes of death worldwide and has a great public health effect. The cause of suicide is found to be multi-factorial in which biological, psychological, social and environmental factors act together. The choice of method depends on the accessibility and availability of the means on the spot at the time of act.
Objective: To find out the choice of ligature material used by the victims, type of hanging in relation to the point of suspension and other related factors.
Materials and method: This retrospective observational study summarizes the post mortem examinations on 187 cases of suicide by hanging during January 2012 to December 2013 in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ligature material used by the victim was noted from the available forensic reports.
Results: The current study is done to find out the commonly used material in cases of hanging. Male (63%) outnumbered females (37%) in committing suicide by hanging. Most commonly used ligature material was rope (28%) followed by ‘orna’/’dupatta’ (22%). The nature of ligature material was soft in 68% cases while hard material was used in 5% cases. The position of knot was observed on left side of neck in 63% cases followed by right side in 21% cases. The commonly used ligature was a rope with guider, and ceiling fan and tree branches as the point of suspension.
Conclusion: Rope is frequently used for domestic purposes and thus it is also the most commonly used ligature material. Social, cultural and economic values must be strengthened to reduce incidence of suicide.
Delta Med Col J. Jul 2019 7(2): 66-70
Relationship between Stature and Length of Tendo Achilles in Adult Male and Female of Bangladesh
Authors: Amin Sanjida , Ara Shamim , Naznin Rawshon , Marium Umma , Diba Farah , Amin Fatima 
Published: February 2020

Background: Tendo Achilles injuries are usually related to poor ankle flexibility and strength and to overuse. Morphology of tendo Achilles is an important tool for its assessment which can be done by measuring tendon thickness, cross-sectional area and length of tendon.
Objective: The aim of the study was to correlate length of tendo Achilles with stature in several age groups of sedentary people as measured by ultrasonography.
Materials and method: This cross sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2013 to June 2014. The present study was performed on 200 tendo Achilles of 100 people (50 male and 50 female) randomly selected from the patients who came to the Radiology department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital for ultrasonography of any region of their body other than leg.
Results: In this study length of tendo Achilles was measured in both legs of adult people and was correlated with stature. Highly significant correlation was found between length of tendo Achilles with stature (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The data of length of tendo Achilles obtained from the present study may provide valuable information in different aspects of medical science as a guide line for physiotherapists, radiologists, sports professionals and ortho-surgeons in early detection and monitoring of rehabilitation especially of professional athletes.
Delta Med Col J. Jul 2019 7(2): 80-83
Uses of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Their Prescribing Pattern among the Patients Attending the Out-Patient Department at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan Mohammad Quamrul , Mondal Nelson Taposh , Parvin Rukhsana , Perveen Irin 
Published: February 2020

Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most frequently prescribed classes of drugs in the world in the treatment of peptic ulcer, dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Objectives: To determine demographic, clinical response and practice characteristics of PPIs among the patients attending the out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study 100 patients attending the out-patient department and taking oral proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for different symptoms and duration were included. Patient’s socio-demographic characteristics, PPI-related information (duration, frequency of use, doses and classes of PPIs) and symptomatic responses after taking PPI were noted. Drugs or diseases that influenced the intake of PPI were also recorded. Investigations done before or during PPI use and their findings were also noted.
Results: Omeprazole (43%) and esomeprazole (35%) were the most frequently prescribed PPIs. Most of the patients (52%) were on PPI therapy for 1−3 months. Majority of the patients (72%) had taken PPIs on daily basis and 19% patients had taken irregularly or occasionally. Dosing frequency of PPIs prescribed were twice daily in most of the patients (77%). Sixty seven percent (67%) patients had taken PPI prescribed by doctors and 33% patients had taken PPI prescribed by non-doctors. Common indications for prescribing PPIs were heart burn (54%), upper abdominal pain/discomfort (38%) and bloating (33%). Symptoms reappeared after stopping the PPI in most of the patients (40%) and 35% patients had satisfactory relief of symptoms with PPI.
Conclusions: Omeprazole and esomeprazole are the most frequently prescribed PPIs. Majority of the patients had taken PPIs on daily basis. In around one-third of the patients PPIs were prescribed by non-doctors. Common indications for prescribing PPIs were heart burn, upper abdominal pain/discomfort and bloating. Symptomatic responses varied after taking PPI and symptoms reappeared after stopping the PPI in most of the patients.
J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 10-16
Comparison of Laparoscopic VS Open Inguinal Hernioplasty in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Momen Md Mahfuzul , Sarker Ashok Kumar , Paul Deb Prosad , Das Debasis , Akhter Sonia , Habibullah Tarafder 
Published: February 2020

Background: Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most common surgical procedures in Bangladesh. The option of surgical treatment remains controversial. Laparoscopic hernia repair has all the benefits of a tension free repair. We aimed to compare postoperative outcome and cost between laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repair.
Objective: This study was conducted with an objective to compare the effectiveness of each procedure and complications if any.
Materials and Methods: Fifty cases of inguinal hernia admitted in the tertiary care center were selected by nonprobability (purposive) sampling method. All patients with uncomplicated hernia treated by open or laparoscopic method were included. The age/sex, incidence, mode of presentation, surgical treatment and postoperative complications were evaluated and compared with standard published literature.
Results: Postoperative wound infection developed in three cases of open hernioplasty and one case in laparoscopic surgery. Hematoma and seroma at the operated site were found in one case of laparoscopic hernioplasty and in two cases of open hernioplasty. Orchitis was more prevalent in the laparoscopic hernioplasty patient with incidence among two cases as compared to one in open group. The mean duration of hospitalization was 59.62±6.11 hours in case of laparoscopic hernioplasty while 53.33±8.26 hours in open hernioplasty. The mean duration of procedure was 72.33 minutes in laparoscopic group while 64.62 minutes in open surgery. The mean cost for the laparoscopic repair group was around taka 63000/= whereas in the open group it was around 42000/= only with significant difference. Prolonged groin pain was seen in four cases in open group as compared to one in laparoscopically operated cases.
Conclusion: There were less post-operative complications in the laparoscopic group.
J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 17-22
Prescribing Pattern of Antimicrobials in Urinary Tract Infection at Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka
Authors: Khatun Shima Akter , Shaha Shusmita 
Published: February 2020

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common illness affecting both males and females in almost all age groups. Hence, continuous analysis of prescribing pattern in UTI is vital. Objective: The study was designed to determine the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in UTI patients at a tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out on 180 patients in Dhaka National Medical College Hospital from January to March 2012 by collecting data from outpatient department of Surgery, Medicine and Gynaecology & Obstetrics.
Results: Analysis of prescribed drugs revealed that use of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin (30.55%), cefuroxime (22.22%) and ciprofloxacin (16.66%) were significantly higher compared to other drugs. The most common isolated organisms were Escherichia coli (60%), Proteus (20%), Klebsiella (13.33%), and Pseudomonas (6.66%).
Conclusion: Present findings are suggestive of the need for periodic monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern to provide effective treatment.
J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 23-26
Prediction of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Population Using Diastolic Notch of Uterine Artery by Duplex Color Doppler Study
Authors: Sultana Sohely , Yasmin Tarana , Roy Shyamal Kumar , Hossain Mohammad Sazzad , Amin Abdullah Al 
Published: February 2020

Background: Use of Duplex Color Doppler Sonography is gaining increasing popularity for assessment of blood vessels in various disease processes around the world. The past 20 years have seen an enormous growth in both technical aspects of Doppler ultrasound and its application in obstetric and fetal medicine.
Objective: This cross-sectional study was carried out to observe Doppler wave form in subjects with preeclampsia. Specific objective was to see RI and PI in different groups of study subjects from 24th to 37th weeks and find out significant difference of different Doppler indices between two groups (i.e., to calculate the proportion of subjects having early diastolic notch in two groups).
Materials and Methods: Enrolling 40 subjects with preeclampsia, this study was done in the Department of Radiology & Imaging, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, over a period of six months from 20th June 2014 to 19th December 2014. A total number of 40 normal pregnancies were also included for comparison.
Results: Majority (35% in normal and 37.5% in preeclampsia) of the respondents were found in the age group of 21−30 years. Unpaired t-test revealed no significant difference between mean age of two groups. Among normal group, mean±SD of PI and RI were 1.12±0.0846 and 0.571±0.058 respectively and in preeclamptic group mean PI and RI were 2.497±0.369 and 0.8255±0.087. There was statistically significant (by unpaired t-test) difference in mean Doppler indices between these two groups. Early diastolic notch was found in 90% subjects with preeclampsia and 5% subjects with normal pregnancy. Chi-square test showed that there was statistically significant difference regarding presence of early diastolic notch between normal regarding subjects and subjects with preeclampsia.
Conclusion: From the study result it was concluded that Doppler indices with presence of early diastolic notch are reliable indicators for early detection of preeclampsia.
J Enam Med Col 2020; 10(1): 33-38
PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, KEPUTUSAN INVESTASI DAN KEBIJAKAN HUTANG TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN SUB SEKTOR KIMIA YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Ukhriyawati Catur Fatchu , Malia Rika 
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh profitabilitas, keputusan investasi dan kebijakan hutang terhadap nilai perusahaan. Objek penelitian adalah seluruh perusahaan sub sektor kimia yang go publik berjumlah 10 perusahaan, namun berdasarkan kelengkapan data maka hanya 8 perusahaan yang menjadi sampel dengan periode pengamatan 2013-2016. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu menggunakan purposive sampling. Varibel independen adalah profitabilitas diukur menggunakan return on equity, keputusan investasi diukur menggunakan price earning ratio dan kebijakan hutang diukur dengan debt to equity ratio sedangkan variabel dependennya nilai perusahaan diukur dengan price to book value.Analisis data yang digunakan terdiri dari uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linear berganda, uji t, uji f, dan uji koefisien determinasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa profitabilitas tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan nilai 0,076 dan keputusan investasi tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan nilai 0,263. Sedangkan kebijakan hutang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan nilai 0,000. Hasil analisis uji F menunjukkan bahwa variabel independen yakni profitabilitas, keputusan investasi dan kebijakan hutang secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan nilai signifikan 0,000.Kata kunci : Nilai Perusahaan, Profitabilitas, Keputusan Investasi, Kebijakan Hutang.
PENGARUH KONFLIK KERJA, STRES KERJA, DAN BEBAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PT. MUTIARA HUTAMA SUKSES
Authors: Ratnasari Sri Langgeng , Purba Winner Clinton 
Published: February 2020

Kinerja Karyawan menjadi perhatian utama dalam organisasi, karena kinerja karyawan menentukan kinerja organisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konflik kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan, untuk mengetahui pengaruh stress kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan, untuk mengetahui pengaruh beban kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konflik kerja, stress kerja, dan beban kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian adalah karyawan PT. Mutiara Hutama Sukses sebanyak 40 orang. Teknik yang digunakan dalam menetukan sampel adalah dengan menggunakan metode sensus. Pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Uji t, dan Uji f untuk mengetahui pengaruh penelitian secara keseluruhan, dengan bantuan program SPSS 21 for Windows. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: konflik kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan, stress kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan, beban kerja berpengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa F_Hitung adalah 30,798 dengan signifikan nilai F_Hitung sebesar 0,000 lebih rendah dari 0,05 sedangkan nilai F_Tabel pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (α=0,05) adalah 2,87 untuk itu konflik kerja, stres kerja dan beban kerja secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN, DISIPLIN KERJA DAN KOMPENSASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA ZULINDO TOUR & TRAVEL SERVICE
Authors: Tanjung Rona , Zulhardi Muhammad 
Published: February 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan, disiplin kerja dan kompensasi kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada ZULINDO Tour and Travel Service. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data mengunakan kuesioner. Populasi penelitian ini 47 orang dengan sempel 47 orang karyawan. Teknik samplingnya mengunakan sampling random. Hasil pengujian hipotesis untuk variabel gaya kepemimpinan (X1) menujukkan hasil t hitung 4,826 > t tabel 2,016 dan nilai signifikan 0,000 < 0,05 sehingga keputusan yang diambil adalah Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Hal ini berarti Gaya Kepemimpinan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Pengujian hipotesis untuk variabel disiplin kerja (X2) menunjukkan nilai t hitung 4,136 > t tabel 2,016 dan nilai signifikan 0,000 < 0,05 sehingga keputusan yang diambil adalah Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Hal ini berarti bahwa Disiplin Kerja berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Pengujian hipotesis variabel kompensasi kerj (X3) nilai t hitung 3,265 > t tabel 2,016 dan nilai signifikan 0,002 < 0,05 sehingga keputusan yang diambil adalah Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Hal ini berarti bahwa Kompensasi Kerja berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Hasil uji F sebesar memperlihatkan nilai F sebesar 47,320 (F hitung) > 2,82 (F tabel) dan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 < 0,05 sehingga keputusan yang diambil adalah Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel Gaya Kepemimpinan (X1), Disiplin Kerja (X2), dan Kompensasi Kerja (X3) secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap variabel Kinerja Karyawan (Y). Kata Kunci : Gaya Kepemimpinan, Disiplin Kerja, Kompensasi Kerja, Kinerja Karyawan
PENGARUH SUASANA TOKO, LOKASI DAN PROMOSI TERHADAP MINAT BELI DI TOKO ROTI MORNING BAKERY
Authors: Hardiansyah Raja 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengarus Suasana Toko, Lokasi dan Promosi Terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen di Toko roti Morning Bakery Batu 8 Kota Tanjungpinang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survey dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumenya. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumen toko Roti Morning Bakery Batu 8 Kota Tanjungpinang. Sampel yang digunakan adalah konsumen Toko Roti Morning Bakery Batu 8 Kota Tanjungpinang yang berjumlah 50 orang dengan menggunakan metode Purposive Sampling. Uji validitas instrument menggunakan Penelitian Corfirmatory factor Analysis dan uji reabilitas menggunakan Alpha Cronbach. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa Suasana Toko (X1) berpengaruh positif terhadap minat beli, Lokasi (X2) berpengaruh positif terhada minat beli, Promosi (X3) berpengaruh positif terhadap minat beli. Besarnya pengaruh Suasana Toko, Lokasi dan Promosi Terhadap Minat Beli (adjust R) adalah sebesar 0,561.Kata kunci Suasana toko, lokasi dan Promosi
التكنولوجيا كنظام تواصلي
Authors: Ali Khalel Ibrahim 
Published: February 2020

يحاط استخدام مفهوم التكنولوجيا بكثير من اللبس والغموض في التعاريف والدراسات النظرية .
وقد ساعدت نظرية النظم العامة في تكوين أرضية صلبة لتفسير ودراسة عدد من المواضيع النظرية
والعملية .
بالاعتماد طروحات هذه النظرية، تقدم الورقة التكنولوجيا باعتبارها نظاما له مكونات مرتبطة بنمط
العلاقات لغرض محدد مبرزة ان المرتكزات الأساسية للتكنولوجيا، هي مفردات هذا النظام اضافة الى
تحديدها نظم ثانوية تعمل من خلال الممارسة للتكنولوجيا وهي النظم التوالدية والنظم المفكرة التي
تستخدم الانتروبي لنقل القدرات الكامنة للنظام الى الواقع.
كما تنظرالورقة الى التكنولوجيا كنظام معالجة للمعلومات التي اذا ربطت بالانتروبي فأنها توفر
اطارا واضحا لدراسة التواصلية على العموم والعمارة بالتحديد.