bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of groundwater potentials of Orogun, South–South part of Nigeria using electrical resistivity method
Authors: Nwachukwu Sixtus , Bello Rasaq , Balogun Ayomide O. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn investigation has been made of the groundwater potentials of Orogun Town, Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, using electrical resistivity survey. This study motivated to determine electrical resistivity parameters of the area. The aim of this work is to use electrical resistivity method to explore the groundwater potentials of Orogun Town with the determination of its Dar Zarrouk parameters. A total of eight vertical electrical sounding (VES) were conducted with maximum electrode spacing of 150 m. The data were acquired using ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter and processed using IPI2win and Interpex softwares. The groundwater potentials of the area are evaluated based on the longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (T), coefficient of electrical anisotropy (λ), resistivity for the formation ($$\rho_{\text{m}}$$ρm), reflection coefficient (RC) and resistivity contrast (FC). The results reveal four subsurface geoelectric layers in seven of the eight VES while one VES revealed three subsurface geoelectric layers. Resistivity values for all the layers in the study area are very high, higher than what is expected in a sedimentary basin as we have in the study area. The resistivity values range from 8470 Ωm (layer 1, VES 7) to 118,030,000 Ωm (layer 3, VES 8). Depth to aquifer in the study area ranged from 1.61 m (VES 2) to 12.41 m (VES 1), while resistivity values of the aquifer ranged from 64,182 Ωm (VES 3) to 118,030,000 Ωm (VES 8). The results from the formation parameters evaluated showed that the area has good groundwater potential but might have been highly contaminated, especially from hydrocarbon sources and other man-made pollutants. The suggested contamination of the aquifer is as a result of the high values of resistivity of the aquifer layers.
Analysis of a Frequency Response of a Noisy Optical Network for Its Self-adaptation
Authors: Rataj Artur , Kamli Amira , Atmaca Tulin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe study the quality of frequency response in a noisy optical network. Such a response can be useful in traditional frequency-domain industrial loop controllers. In particular, we analyse a (step, frequency) response of a simulated computer network, where the stimulus is one of the coefficients which regulate the network’s strategy of packet transmission, and the response is the network’s momentary performance. This way, we find a frequency range, where an instantaneous dependence between the stimulus and the response can direct a self-adaptation scheme of the proposed strategy due to changing network conditions. To stay in the safe limits of the network’s behaviour, we make the stimulus weak. We use a bursty traffic model to test the limits of this approach. We use a model of an optical ring of an experimental NGREEN network developed at NOKIA. The discussed technique was capable of optimising the network’s behaviour.
The state of operational technology security
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve 
Published: October 2019

It's a sad and worrying fact that awareness about cyber security – and subsequent action – has lagged behind as technology has progressed. This is true in every domain, but perhaps none more so than operational technology (OT). The systems used to run manufacturing plants, control power stations and water utilities and manage countless industrial processes – with many of the installations being deemed critical national infrastructure (CNI) because of their importance to safety, daily life and a country's economy – have often been left poorly protected from cyber attacks. In this interview, Tim Ennis and David Gray of NTT Security discuss the state of OT security and what can be done about it. This is particularly true with operational technology (OT). The systems used to run manufacturing plants, control power stations and water utilities, as well as manage countless industrial processes, have often been left poorly protected from cyber attacks. In this interview, Tim Ennis and David Gray of NTT Security discuss the state of OT security and what can be done about it.
Horizontal tail local angle-of-attack and total pressure measurements through static pressure ports and Kiel pitot
Authors: Granzoto R. M. , Algodoal L. A. , Zambrano G. J. , Becker G. G. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTAircraft handling qualities may be influenced by wing-tip flow separations and horizontal tail (HT) reduced efficiency caused by loss of local dynamic pressure or local tailplane flow separations in high angle-of-attack manoeuvres. From the flight tester’s perspective, provided that the test aircraft presents sufficient longitudinal control authority to overcome an uncommanded nose-up motion, this characteristic should not be a safety factor. Monitoring and measuring the local airflow in the aircraft’s HT provides information for safe flight-test envelope expansion and data for early aerodynamic knowledge and model validation. This work presents the development, installation and pre-flight calibration using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), flight-test calibration, results and benefits of differential pressure based local angle-of-attack and total pressure measurements through 20 static pressure ports and a Kiel pitot. These sensors were installed in a single-aisle, four-abreast, full fly-by-wire medium-range jet airliner with twin turbofan engines and conventional HT (low vertical position).
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE CHINA INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL COURT
Authors: Cai Wei , Godwin Andrew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChina has confirmed its ambition to join the global competition for international business dispute resolution services by establishing the China International Commercial Court (CICC). The CICC has now begun operation following a judicial interpretation issued by the Supreme People's Court. By examining the trial process of the CICC as set out by the Supreme People's Court and comparing the rules with other international commercial courts, this article provides a detailed overview and critical analysis of the issues surrounding cases brought to the CICC. Overall, compared with the approaches adopted by other international commercial courts, the approach adopted by the CICC is conservative. Without bold innovations to China's existing judicial system, the competitiveness of the CICC is likely to be limited. This article argues that it is desirable for the Court to be more actively reformed. Such reforms might also promote judicial reform in China generally and increase China's institutional competitiveness in the global business world. This article also aims to outline the challenges that parties (in particular those from overseas) may face in litigation before the CICC and provide the international community with a critical analysis of the operation and framework of the CICC.
THE EXPANDING PROTECTION OF MEMBERS OF A PARTY'S OWN ARMED FORCES UNDER INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
Authors: Kenny Cóman , McDermott Yvonne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDoes international law govern how States and armed groups treat their own forces? Do serious violations of the laws of war and human rights law that would otherwise constitute war crimes or crimes against humanity fall squarely outside the scope of international criminal law when committed against fellow members of the same armed forces? Orthodoxy considered that such forces were protected only under relevant domestic criminal law and/or human rights law. However, landmark decisions issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) suggest that crimes committed against members of the same armed forces are not automatically excluded from the scope of international criminal law. This article argues that, while there are some anomalies and gaps in the reasoning of both courts, there is a common overarching approach under which crimes by a member of an armed group against a person from the same forces can be prosecuted under international law. Starting from an assessment of the specific situation of the victim, this article conducts an in-depth analysis of the concepts of ‘hors de combat’ and ‘allegiance’ for war crimes and that of the ‘lawful target’ for crimes against humanity, providing an interpretative framework for the future prosecution of such crimes.
INTERNATIONAL LITIGATION AND THE DISAGGREGATION OF DISPUTES: UKRAINE/RUSSIA AS A CASE STUDY
Authors: Hill-Cawthorne Lawrence 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article explores the phenomenon of ‘disaggregation’ of disputes in international law, that is, the carving up of broader disputes into discrete legal claims based on different international legal rules and subject to the jurisdiction of different international tribunals. In particular, its focus is on certain under-explored consequences of this phenomenon for the jurisdiction of international tribunals, asking whether the relationship between the specific claims and the broader dispute might affect the jurisdiction of the tribunals. Employing the ongoing Ukraine/Russia dispute, which has yielded multiple claims before different international tribunals, the article offers an original analysis of these jurisdictional questions. It presents three approaches discernible from case law where tribunals face claims over which they appear to have jurisdiction that implicate a broader dispute over which they do not. The article ends with a consideration of possible explanations for why a tribunal might follow one approach over the others in any given case.
Distribution and conservation status of Magnolia ovoidea (Magnoliaceae): a Critically Endangered species in Yunnan, China
Authors: Han Chunyan , Tao Lidan , Sun Weibang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMagnolia ovoidea is a narrowly endemic, Critically Endangered tree with a fragmented distribution in south-west Yunnan, China. We examined the size structure of this species, documented threats and assessed its extinction risk. We found the species in six locations, all in unprotected areas, in Maguan County. The largest subpopulations are in Donggua Lin and Youfang Po, with 17 and 50 living individuals, respectively. The distribution of the diameter at breast height of the M. ovoidea population has an inverse J-shape, indicating a stable size structure. However, the distribution of the height of seedlings is L-shaped, suggesting inhibited regeneration. The natural vegetation is severely fragmented in all six locations, surrounded by roads, farmlands, and Alnus nepalensis or Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations. We recommend that M. ovoidea should be categorized on the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered based on criteria B2ab(iii) + C2a(i).
A role for 5-HT4 receptors in human learning and memory
Authors: Murphy Susannah E. , Wright Lucy C. , Browning Michael , Cowen Philip J. , Harmer Catherine J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground5-HT4 receptor stimulation has pro-cognitive and antidepressant-like effects in animal experimental studies; however, this pharmacological approach has not yet been tested in humans. Here we used the 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist prucalopride to assess the translatability of these effects and characterise, for the first time, the consequences of 5-HT4 receptor activation on human cognition and emotion.MethodsForty one healthy volunteers were randomised, double-blind, to a single dose of prucalopride (1 mg) or placebo in a parallel group design. They completed a battery of cognitive tests measuring learning and memory, emotional processing and reward sensitivity.ResultsPrucalopride increased recall of words in a verbal learning task, increased the accuracy of recall and recognition of words in an incidental emotional memory task and increased the probability of choosing a symbol associated with a high likelihood of reward or absence of loss in a probabilistic instrumental learning task. Thus acute prucalopride produced pro-cognitive effects in healthy volunteers across three separate tasks.ConclusionsThese findings are a translation of the memory enhancing effects of 5-HT4 receptor agonism seen in animal studies, and lend weight to the idea that the 5-HT4 receptor could be an innovative target for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Contrary to the effects reported in animal models, prucalopride did not reveal an antidepressant profile in human measures of emotional processing.
Function of leukaemia inhibitory factor in spermatogenesis of a teleost fish, the medakaOryzias latipes
Authors: Satoh Ryuichi , Bando Hisanori , Sakai Noriyoshi , Kotani Tomoya , Yamashita Masakane 
Published: October 2019

SummaryIn response to gonadotropins and androgens, testicular cells produce various molecules that control proper proliferation and differentiation of spermatogenic cells through their paracrine and autocrine actions. However, molecules functioning downstream of the hormonal stimulation are poorly understood. Leukaemia inhibitory factor (Lif) is known to maintain the pluripotency of stem cells including embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells at leastin vitro, but its actual rolesin vivoremain to be elucidated. To clarify the function of Lif in teleost (medaka) testes, we examined the effects of Lif on spermatogenesis in a newly established cell culture system using a cell line (named Mtp1) derived from medaka testicular somatic cells as feeder cells. We found that addition of baculovirus-produced recombinant medaka Lif to the culture medium or co-culture with Lif-overexpressing Mtp1 cells increased the number of spermatogonia.In situhybridization and immunohistochemical analyses of the medaka testes showed that mRNAs and proteins of Lif are expressed in spermatogonia and the surrounding Sertoli cells, with higher expression levels in type A (undifferentiated) spermatogonia than in type B (differentiated) spermatogonia. Our findings suggest that Lif regulates spermatogonial cell proliferation in the medaka.
Bilingualism and statistical learning: Lessons from studies using artificial languages
Authors: Weiss Daniel J. , Schwob Natalie , Lebkuecher Amy L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStudies of statistical learning have shaped our understanding of the processes involved in the early stages of language acquisition. Many of these advances were made using experimental paradigms with artificial languages that allow for careful manipulation of the statistical regularities in the input. This article summarizes how these paradigms have begun to inform bilingualism research. We focus on two complementary goals that have emerged from studies of statistical learning in bilinguals. The first is to identify whether bilinguals differ from monolinguals in how they track distributional regularities. The second is determining how learners are capable of tracking multiple inputs, which arguably is an important facet of becoming proficient in more than one language.
Temperature Spatiotemporal Correlation Scales in the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence from High‐Resolution In Situ and Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Orúe‐Echevarría Dorleta , Castellanos Paola , Sans Joel , Emelianov Mikhail , Vallès‐Casanova Ignasi , Pelegrí Josep L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOcean frontal systems may act both as barriers and mixers between different water masses, the latter thanks to very energetic structures with relatively short temporal and spatial scales. Here, we explore the high‐frequency temperature variability in the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence through the joint analysis of novel high‐resolution SeaSoar measurements and sea surface temperature imagery. Surface spatiotemporal correlation scales range between 1.5 and 6 days and between 20 and 50 km, with the shortest scales along the shelf‐break path of the Brazil Current and over the confluence and the longest ones along the Malvinas Current. The spatial scales display minima along the front, at the surface because of the presence of brackish shelf waters and at the subsurface due to both mesoscale and submesoscale thermohaline intrusions. The smallest cross‐frontal vertical correlations, in the 5‐ to 10‐m range, are associated with submesoscale processes. Overall, temperature variability is enhanced at depth in the frontal system.
Migrations and Clusters of Shallow Very Low Frequency Earthquakes in the Regions Surrounding Shear Stress Accumulation Peaks Along the Nankai Trough
Authors: Takemura Shunsuke , Noda Akemi , Kubota Tatsuya , Asano Youichi , Matsuzawa Takanori , Shiomi Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe spatiotemporal characteristics of shallow slow earthquake activity are linked to the tectonic environments of shallow plate boundaries. In this work, the spatiotemporal variations of shallow very low frequency earthquake (SVLFE) activity along the Nankai Trough were investigated using a cross‐correlation analysis. The SVLFEs migrated or spread eastward along the strike direction of the trench during large SVLFE episodes. Migrations and clusters of SVLFEs suggest the occurrence of shallow slow slip events. The observed lateral variations in SVLFE activity patterns reflect the heterogeneous distributions of effective strengths at the shallow plate boundary along the Nankai Trough. Migrations and clusters of SVLFEs tended to be concentrated in the regions surrounding the stress accumulation peaks on the Philippine Sea Plate boundary. The stress accumulated in the transitional regions between high‐strength and low‐strength zones can be released by shallow slow earthquakes.
One‐Year Analysis of Dust Impact‐Like Events Onto the MMS Spacecraft
Authors: Vaverka Jakub , Pavlů Jiří , Nouzák Libor , Šafránková Jana , Němeček Zdeněk , Mann Ingrid , Ye Shengyi , Lindqvist Per‐Arne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe present an analysis of 1‐year data of dust impacts observed on two of the Earth‐orbiting Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) spacecraft. The dust impact signals were identified in observations of the electric field probes and were registered simultaneously by monopole and dipole configurations of the instrument. This unique setup allows us to reliably identify changes in the spacecraft potential as candidates for dust impacts. We present a detailed study of the properties of the pulses generated by the dust impacts and show the influence of the local plasma environment (spacecraft location in the Earth magnetosphere) on signals generated by dust impacts and their detection. We discuss the credibility of impact identification and possible sources of signal misinterpretation. We find a total of 784 observed events that we can interpret as dust impacts and that we use to derive a dust flux. We show that MMS1 registered 0.7 and MMS3 0.8 dust impact‐like events per hour. This corresponds to dust flux of 2.5–6 × 10−5 m−2 s−1.
Late Miocene Hinterland Crustal Shortening in the Longmen Shan Thrust Belt, the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Shen Xiaoming , Tian Yuntao , Zhang Guihong , Zhang Shimin , Carter Andrew , Kohn Barry , Vermeesch Pieter , Liu Rui , Li Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLong‐term (million year time scale) fault‐slip history is crucial for understanding the processes and mechanisms of mountain building in active orogens. Such information remains elusive in the Longmen Shan, the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin affected by the devastating 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. While this event drew attention to fault deformation on the foreland side (the Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault), little is known about the deformation history of the hinterland Wenchuan‐Maoxian fault. To address this gap, thermochronological data were obtained from two vertical transects from the Xuelongbao massif, located in the hanging wall of the Wenchuan‐Maoxian fault. The data record late Miocene rapid cooling and rock exhumation at a rate of 0.9–1.2 km/m.y. from ~13 Ma to present. The exhumation rate is significantly higher than that in the footwall (~0.3–0.5 km/m.y.), indicating a differential exhumation of ~0.6 km/m.y. across the fault. This differential exhumation provides the first and minimum constraint on the long‐term throw rate (~0.6 km/m.y) of the Wenchuan‐Maoxian fault since the late Miocene. This new result implies continuous crustal shortening along the hinterland fault of Longmen Shan, even though it has not been ruptured by major historic earthquakes. Our study lends support to geodynamic models that highlight crustal shortening as dominating deformation along the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Laboratory Observation of Turbulence and Wave Shear Stresses Under Large Scale Breaking Waves Over a Mild Slope
Authors: Hsu Wen‐Yang , Huang Zhi‐Cheng , Na Byoungjoon , Chang Kuang‐An , Chuang Wei‐Liang , Yang Ray‐Yeng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLaboratory measurements of turbulent flow and shear stresses in a surf zone under monochromatic breaking waves in a large‐scale wave flume are presented. Waves with various surf similarity parameters were generated to break at nearly identical water depths over a 1/100 mild slope. Free surface elevations were measured along the plane beach. Velocities in a water column located at the breaking region were measured by acoustic Doppler velocimeters. Results from wave shoaling coefficient, breaking index, and images are inconsistent with the breaker type categorizations from the surf similarity parameter. This suggests that a modification of the surf similarity parameter for very mild slopes may be necessary. For the plunging breakers, the ensemble‐averaged results indicate that intense turbulence kinetic energy was initially generated by large eddies at the surface then transported to the bottom frequently. The instantaneous results demonstrate that the intermittency of turbulence kinetic energy near the bed was caused by large eddies generated by wave overturning and relatively smaller obliquely descending eddies. Moreover, the magnitude of the wave shear stress (WSS) is one order of magnitude larger than that of the turbulent shear stress, indicating that the effects of the bottom slope, wave breaking, and bed friction are significant in the surf zone. The sign of the time‐averaged WSS switched between positive and negative, depending on the occurrences of phase lag and phase lead of the vertical coherent velocity. It suggests that a change may be required in Zou et al.'s (2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003300) theory on the formulation of wave‐breaking induced WSS.