bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gen(d)eralized Trust
Authors: Cappelen Cornelius , Linde Jonas , Olander Petrus 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this research note, the authors examine the extent to which one gender is more trusted than the other, relying on between-subjects survey experiments fielded in Germany, Norway and the United States. The authors’ findings reveal that respondents have substantially higher trust in women than in men, and that this is partly driven by gender role beliefs ascribing prosocial behavior more to women. Furthermore, across countries it is particularly trust in men that differs; trust in women is much more similar. The findings provide important insights into the sources of trust and why generalized trust differs between countries; they advance our understanding of how we relate to particular others and also groups of people with different ratios of men/women.
How Educational Systems Shape the Relationship between Social Origin and Educational Deprivation
Authors: Köthemann Dennis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper addresses how features of educational systems influence the association between social background and educational disadvantage up to the end of secondary school. Boudon’s ideas about the primary effects are brought together with preschool participation and the secondary effects are argued to be strongly related to the stratification of the educational system. The analyses are based on around 35,000 respondents from 29 countries provided by PIAAC. Two-step estimations combining logistic regression models within educational systems (first step) with estimated dependent variable models between educational systems (second step) are applied. The results suggest that a higher preschool participation rate is associated with a lower dependency of educational deprivation (low achievement) on social background in the early years after finishing secondary school.
Qatar and Prospects of Foreign Investment from a Developing Legal Perspective
Authors: Hawa Faten 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The current research focuses on the most important features of the Foreign Investment Law of 2019 in the State of Qatar, including guarantees and incentives for foreign investors. These include customs, tax, financial and investment advantages and exemptions, in addition to protection for the foreign investor from non-commercial risks that may be caused by his investment in the country. This research reached a number of conclusions and made recommendations that focus on strengthening as well as enforcing incentives and guarantees based on the Executive Regulation of the Law. These guarantees, along with some proposed recommendations, will be issued shortly, making the enforcement law a real and attractive element for foreign investment.
The Influence of the Avicennan Theory of Science on Philosophical Sufism
Authors: Daşdemir Yusuf 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the application of the Avicennan theory of demonstrative science on taṣawwuf, or the Divine Science (al-ʿilm al-ilāhī), by members of the Akbarian tradition, particularly Ibn ʿArabī’s (d. 1240) stepson and most influential disciple, Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī (d. 1274), and his commentators, among whom the most prominent was Mullā Muḥammad b. Ḥamza al-Fanārī (d. 1431). It aims to find out what kind of relationship was developed between Avicennan logic and Sufism by the two members of the Akbarian school in the post-classical Islamic thought. It also seeks to show that the convergence between different currents of Islamic thought—Sufism and philosophy in this case—led to some adaptation problems and internal inconsistencies for these currents.
Quantification of testosterone, androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in whole blood collected using Mitra microsampling devices
Authors: Marshall David J , Adaway Joanne E , Hawley James M , Keevil Brian G 
Published: June 2020

Background Measurement of testosterone (T), androstenedione (A4) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) usually requires a venous serum sample which may have implications for sample stability or collection. Objective A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed for samples collected using Mitra devices. Analytical validation was completed, and sample comparisons were undertaken to assess Mitra versus venous samples. Method Sample was combined with deionized water and internal standard. After mixing, MTBE was added for extraction. The supernatant was transferred to a deep-well plate and dried prior to re-constitution. A HSS T3 column and Waters TQS Micro was used, the detected quantifier transitions were T m/ z 289.2 > 96.95, A4 287.2 > 96.95 and 17OHP 331.25 > 96.95. Results Mean recovery was 102% for T, 98% for A4 and 97% for 17OHP. Lower limit of quantification was 1 nmol/L for T/A4 and 4 nmol/L for 17OHP. T was linear up to 41.6 nmol/L, A4 41.9 nmol/L and 17OHP 72.6 nmol/L. Ion suppression was <10% for all analytes. A4 and 17OHP showed minimal bias for Mitra samples collected from finger prick blood. The bias for T differed between capillary and venous blood, indicating differences in constituency. Discussion A simple, fast and reproducible LC-MS/MS assay has been developed for measurement of blood collected using Mitra devices for T, A4 and 17OHP. Further comparisons with serum and capillary blood collected onto Mitra devices serum may pave the way for future use in a clinical setting.
Specifying and Mitigating Thermal Stress Effects on Cognition During Personal Protective Equipment Use
Authors: Hancock P. A. 
Published: June 2020

Objective To report present understanding concerning selected task and environmental factors influencing the changing performance capacity associated with use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Background Much knowledge is available concerning change in complex cognitive capacities under the effects of thermal stress. Our science can inform critical care facilities as to remediation strategies such as work–rest schedules to minimize performance error in highly cognitively demanding circumstances such as intensive care units. Method The present exposition draws from the state-of-the-art understanding concerning thermal stress effects on cognition and workload in complex and demanding tasks. Results The summation and synthesis of HF/E findings provides important insights into combinatorial effects of forms of stress, typically dealt with only as discrete sources in traditional standards and regulations. The identified interaction between ascending thermal stress and cognitive task demand provides an instance of the plurality of ways HF/E can specify performance limitations in safety-critical circumstances, as witnessed in the current pandemic. Conclusion Accumulated HF/E insights provide systematic ways in which to address and ameliorate the combined forces of physical and cognitive stress on medical personnel constrained to use varying forms of PPE. These principles extend beyond this specific domain to all who are required to work in differential and isolated microclimates. Application To minimize the possibility of critical and life-threatening error in intensive care facilities which necessitate PPE use, we need principled work–rest ratio and heat stress mitigation guidance. To promote health, we need to champion healthy work practices in our health workers. HF/E insights can help achieve this important goal.
RANK and RANKL Expression in Salivary Gland Tumors
Authors: Aslan Figen , Küçük Ülkü 
Published: June 2020

Objectives: The pathogenesis and molecular basis of salivary gland tumors (SGT) are not well understood. We investigated the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL) in benign and malignant SGTs and their relationship with clinicopathological features. Methods: Fifty malignant and 38 benign SGTs were analyzed in this study. We evaluated the correlation between RANK and RANKL expression and benign and malignant tumors, as well as the correlation between clinicopathological prognostic parameters and RANK and RANKL expression. Results: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB was positive in 82% (41) malignant SGTs and in 34.2% (13) benign SGTs. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand was expressed in 28% (14) malignant and 5.3% (2) benign tumors. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB and RANKL expression were significantly different between benign and malignant SGTs ( P < .001, P = .006, respectively). However, a relationship was not found between positive expression of RANK or RANKL and clinicopathological features. Conclusions: In our study, RANK and RANKL expression was found to be higher in malignant SGTs compared to benign SGTs and RANK was more sensitive than RANKL. In addition, RANK and RANKL expression was higher in some malignant histological subtypes. Based on these results, we think that RANK and RANKL expression in SGTs and its potential as a target for treatment should continue to be investigated.
Office Laser Laryngology: A Paradigm Shift
Authors: Hantzakos Anastasios G. , Khan Mumtaz 
Published: June 2020

Objectives: To present the value of office-based laryngological procedures as an effective alternative method to the treatment of benign and malignant laryngeal pathologies. Methods: We have reviewed the technological advancements of fiber-guided laser systems, fiberoptic endoscopes, and high-definition imaging systems that have enabled office-based laryngological procedures. We describe the importance of case and patient selection, the available laser systems, and the technique applied. Results: Several benign and malignant pathologies can be now treated in the office under local anesthesia with angiolytic or thermocoagulative lasers and with success rate comparable to that of general anesthesia. Safety guidelines and laser precautions must be implemented invariably to protect the patient and caregivers from the untoward effects of laser. Although there is considerable reduction of cost with office procedures, there are risks of undertreatment, increased repeatability, as well as tissue edema from the burning effect. Conclusions: The low learning curve, high patient satisfaction rate, and excellent results indicate that in-office laser procedures have become an effective weapon in our armamentarium.
Utilization of Invasive Procedures for Adult Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Authors: McCoul Edward D. , Weinreich Heather M. , Mulder Hillary , Man Li‐Xing , Schulz Kristine , Shin Jennifer J. 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveEustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is a common diagnosis among adults presenting for outpatient care. We sought to determine national utilization and the associated cost of invasive procedures for adult ETD.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingNational health care database.Subjects and MethodsThe Truven Health MarketScan Databases (2010‐2014) analytic cohort included health care encounters of patients ≥18 years of age with a diagnosis of ETD or related conditions of otitis media with effusion (OME) or tympanic membrane retraction (TMR). Visits associated with recent diagnoses of acute upper respiratory infection, head and neck cancer, or radiation therapy were excluded. Invasive procedure usage was subdivided into nasal and otologic procedures.ResultsETD, OME, or TMR was diagnosed in 1,298,987 patients, 11.1% of which were chronic. The most common procedure was diagnostic endoscopy (including nasal endoscopy and laryngopharyngoscopy), which was used most frequently in the first 3 months after diagnosis, during which it was performed in 120,971 (9.3%) patients. The most frequent therapeutic nasal procedure was eustachian tube inflation without catheterization, performed in 11,412 patients over 5 years at a total cost of $1,210,939 ($106 per person annually). The most common therapeutic otologic procedure was myringotomy with tympanostomy, performed on 56,137 patients over 5 years at a total cost of $47,713,708 ($810 per person annually).ConclusionSeveral nasal and otologic procedures are associated with a diagnosis of adult ETD at substantial cost. Development of therapeutic alternatives should be sought to mitigate the need for invasive procedures to treat this condition.
Loading doses of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in preventing periprocedural myocardial infarction in Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Zhang Ya-Ru , Xue Zheng-Kai , Chen Kang-Yin , Xu Ling-Xia , Wang Wei-Ding , Tao Hua-Yue , Liu Tong- , Che Jing-Jin , Wang Xue-Wen , Rha Seung-Woon , Wang Jia-Rui , Wang Peng- 
Published: June 2020

Background: Periprocedural myocardial infarction is a common complication following percutaneous coronary intervention. The present study was conducted with an aim to compare the safety and efficacy of loading doses of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in preventing periprocedural myocardial infarction in Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: A total of 114 patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention were assigned to clopidogrel group (n = 57, the loading and maintenance doses were 300 and 75 mg qd for clopidogrel, and 300 and 100 mg qd for aspirin), or ticagrelor group (n = 57, the loading and maintenance doses were 180 and 90 mg bid for ticagrelor, and 300 and 100 mg qd for aspirin). Cardiac biomarkers were measured before, 8 hours, and 24 hours after percutaneous coronary intervention. The percutaneous coronary intervention–related periprocedural myocardial infarction was defined according to the fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Results: The overall incidence of percutaneous coronary intervention–related periprocedural myocardial infarction was 21.1%. The ticagrelor group showed a significantly lower incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction (12.3% vs 29.8%, p = 0.022) and numerically lower bleeding events (3.5% vs 8.8%, p = 0.242) as compared with clopidogrel group. No patient had major adverse cardiovascular events during the 1-month follow-up. The levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not differ significantly between the two groups (p > 0.05), indicating that the benefits of ticagrelor were not from its anti-inflammatory effects. Multivariable analysis showed that the use of ticagrelor (odds ratio: 0.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.29-0.87; p = 0.014) and number of stents (odds ratio: 2.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.25-6.06; p = 0.012) were independent predictors of periprocedural myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Pretreatment with a loading dose of ticagrelor seems to be superior in reducing the incidence of percutaneous coronary intervention–related periprocedural myocardial infarction in Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome as compared with clopidogrel.
Compared to conventional physiotherapy, does the use of an ankle trainer device after Weber B ankle fracture operation improve outcome and shorten hospital stay? A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Molund Marius , Hellesnes Jan , Berdal Gøran , Andreassen Bernt Stray , Andreassen Geir Stray 
Published: June 2020

Objective: To compare the functional outcomes and length of hospital stay for patients treated with conventional physiotherapy compared to a new ankle trainer device after Weber B ankle fractures. Design: The patients were randomized, and then followed up at 3, 6, 12 and 52 weeks by a blinded physiotherapist. Setting: This study was done at a level 1 trauma centre. Subjects: One hundred and forty consecutive patients with Weber B ankle fractures that were operated on were screened for eligibility, of whom 113 were included in the study. Interventions: Conventional physiotherapy with stretching exercises, using a non-elastic band or using new ankle trainer. Main measures: Outcomes were evaluated with Olerud–Molander ankle score, Visual analogue scale for pain and ankle dorsiflexion at 3, 6, 12 and 52 weeks follow-up. Time of hospitalization and complications were registered. Results: Superior Olerud–Molander ankle scores were observed at three weeks follow-up in the ankle trainer group 40.9 (10.8), compared to the conventional group 35.3 (14.2) ( P = 0.021). At one-year follow-up, there was no difference between the groups ( P = 0.386). The ankle trainer group had a shorter hospital stay with a mean 2.6 days (0.98) compared to 3.2 days (1.47) in the conventional group ( P = 0.026). Conclusion: The patients who were treated with the new ankle trainer device recovered more rapidly, evaluated by the Olerud–Molander ankle score and had a shorter stay in hospital compared to the conventional physiotherapy group. No between group differences could be observed at long-term follow-up.
Impact of Nutrition on the Next Generation: The INCAP Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ramakrishnan Usha 
Published: June 2020

Background: The design of the original nutrition supplementation trial that was conducted from 1969 to 1977 in 4 villages in rural Guatemala to evaluate the benefits of improving nutrition during pregnancy and early childhood, combined with several follow-up studies, provides unique data to examine the effects of improving nutrition on the next generation. Objective: This article provides a summary of the key findings from the INCAP Longitudinal Study on the intergenerational effects of improving nutrition on the growth and well-being of the next generation. Methods: The key outcomes include offspring birth size as well as attained size and body composition through age 11 years. The sample sizes varied from approximately 200 to 800 depending on the timing of the follow-up studies and data collection protocols. The effects of parental birth size, maternal linear growth from birth through adulthood, and exposure to the nutrition intervention, that is, Atole versus Fresco during critical periods from prenatal through age 15 years, have been examined using complex models and approaches. Results: Overall, these publications demonstrate clear improvements in the growth of the next generation. Effects were seen primarily for maternal exposure to Atole and were larger for boys compared to girls. Stunting during early childhood among girls was also a significant predictor of offspring birth size, and younger age at first pregnancy (<20 years) was associated with an increased risk of stunting in the offspring. Conclusions: These studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of the importance of investing in nutrition, especially during early childhood for future generations.
Market Access, Production Diversity, and Diet Diversity: Evidence From India
Authors: Gupta Soumya , Sunder Naveen , Pingali Prabhu L. 
Published: June 2020

Background: Recent literature, largely from Africa, shows mixed effects of own-production on diet diversity. However, the role of own-production, relative to markets, in influencing food consumption becomes more pronounced as market integration increases. Objective: This paper investigates the relative importance of two factors - production diversity and household market integration - for the intake of a nutritious diet by women and households in rural India. Methods: Data analysis is based on primary data from an extensive agriculture-nutrition survey of 3600 Indian households that was collected in 2017. Dietary diversity scores are constructed for women and households is based on 24-hour and 7-day recall periods. Household market integration is measured as monthly household expenditure on key non-staple food groups. We measure production diversity in two ways - field-level and on-farm production diversity - in order to account for the cereal centric rice-wheat cropping system found in our study locations. The analysis is based on Ordinary Least Squares regressions where we control for a variety of village, household, and individual level covariates that affect food consumption, and village fixed effects. Robustness checks are done by way of using a Poisson regression specifications and 7-day recall period. Results: Conventional measures of field-level production diversity, like the number of crops or food groups grown, have no significant association with diet diversity. In contrast, it is on-farm production diversity (the field-level cultivation of pulses and on-farm livestock management, and kitchen gardens in the longer run) that is significantly associated with improved dietary diversity scores, thus suggesting the importance of non-staples in improving both individual and household dietary diversity. Furthermore, market purchases of non-staples like pulses and dairy products are associated with a significantly higher dietary diversity. Other significant determinants of dietary diversity include women’s literacy and awareness of nutrition. These results mostly remain robust to changes in the recall period of the diet diversity measure and the nature of the empirical specification. Conclusions: This study contributes to the scarce empirical evidence related to diets in India. Additionally, our results indicate some key intervention areas - promoting livestock rearing, strengthening households’ market integration (for purchase of non-staples) and increasing women’s awareness about nutrition. These are more impactful than raising production diversity.
Building Research Capacity in Nursing Academia in 2020: Is the Road Less Perilous?
Authors: Tranmer Joan E. , Almost Joan , Plazas Pilar Camargo , Duhn Lenora , Galica Jacqueline , Goldie Catherine , Luctkar-Flude Marian , Medves Jennifer , Sears Kim , Tregunno Deborah 
Published: June 2020

Background Building research capacity in nursing academic units continues to be a challenge. There are a number of external contextual factors and internal factors that influence individual faculty as well as the collective to engage successfully in research. Purpose The overall aim of this opinion article is to provide an overview of the current external and internal, processes and structures, relevant to capacity of nursing faculty to engage in research. Methods To inform the external context, we reviewed national research funding trends for nursing. To inform the internal context, we provided an exemplar of the internal processes and structures designed to support research capacity building within our academic unit. Results Canadian Institutes of Health Research funding trends for research grants led by nurse principal applicants increased between 2010 and 2013, followed by a steady decline. In 2017 to 2018, there were only 24 research grants led by nurse principal applicants. These external challenges coupled with the traditional internal barriers, such as the imbalance between teaching and research time, threaten research capacity for nursing academics. Conclusion Organizational strategies to promote research capacity within academic nursing units are a necessary requirement to move forward.