bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct individual differences in default mode network connectivity relate to off-task thought and text memory during reading
Authors: Zhang Meichao , Savill Nicola , Margulies Daniel S. , Smallwood Jonathan , Jefferies Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOften, as we read, we find ourselves thinking about something other than the text; this tendency to mind-wander is linked to poor comprehension and reduced subsequent memory for texts. Contemporary accounts argue that periods of off-task thought are related to the tendency for attention to be decoupled from external input. We used fMRI to understand the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon. First, we found that individuals with poorer text-based memory tend to show reduced recruitment of left middle temporal gyrus in response to orthographic input, within a region located at the intersection of default mode, dorsal attention and frontoparietal networks. Voxels within these networks were taken as seeds in a subsequent resting-state study. The default mode network region (i) had greater connectivity with medial prefrontal cortex, falling within the same network, for individuals with better text-based memory, and (ii) was more decoupled from medial visual regions in participants who mind-wandered more frequently. These findings suggest that stronger intrinsic connectivity within the default mode network is linked to better text processing, while reductions in default mode network coupling to the visual system may underpin individual variation in the tendency for our attention to become disengaged from what we are reading.
Imaging low-dimensional nanostructures by very low voltage scanning electron microscopy: ultra-shallow topography and depth-tunable material contrast
Authors: Zarraoa Laura , González María U. , Paulo Álvaro San 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe demonstrate the implications of very low voltage operation (<1 kV) of a scanning electron microscope for imaging low-dimensional nanostructures where standard voltages (2–5 kV) involve a beam penetration depth comparable to the cross-section of the nanostructures. In this common situation, image sharpness, contrast quality and resolution are severely limited by emission of secondary electrons far from the primary beam incidence point. Oppositely, very low voltage operation allows reducing the beam-specimen interaction to an extremely narrow and shallow region around the incidence point, enabling high-resolution and ultra-shallow topographic contrast imaging by high-angle backscattered electrons detection on the one hand, and depth-tunable material contrast imaging by low-angle backscattered electrons detection on the other. We describe the performance of these imaging approaches on silicon nanowires obtained by the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. Our experimental results, supported by Monte Carlo simulations of backscattered electrons emission from the nanowires, reveal the self-assembly of gold-silica core-shell nanostructures at the nanowire tips without any ad-hoc thermal oxidation step. This result demonstrates the capacity of very low voltage operation to provide optimum sharpness, contrast and resolution in low-dimensional nanostructures and to gather information about nanoscaled core-shell conformations otherwise impossible to obtain by standard scanning electron microscopy alone.
Inkjet Printing of Magnetic Particles Toward Anisotropic Magnetic Properties
Authors: Al-Milaji Karam Nashwan , Hadimani Ravi L. , Gupta Shalabh , Pecharsky Vitalij K. , Zhao Hong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUnique properties of one-dimensional assemblies of particles have attracted great attention during the past decades, particularly with respect to the potential for anisotropic magnetism. Patterned films can be created using inkjet printing; however, drying of particle-laden colloidal droplets on solid surfaces is usually accompanied by the well-known coffee-ring effect, deteriorating both the uniformity and resolution of the printed configurations. This study examines the effect of externally applied magnetic field on particle deposition patterns. Ferromagnetic Gd5Si4 particles were formulated in terpineol oil and directly deposited via magnetic field-assisted inkjet printing on a photopaper to generate patterned films with suppressed coffee-ring effect. The particle deposition morphology is determined by both solvent imbibition and particle-magnetic field interactions. Three characteristic times are considered, namely, the critical time for solvent imbibition into the substrate (tim), the time it takes for particles to form chains in the presence of the magnetic field (tch), and the time in which the particles reach the substrate in the direction normal to the substrate (tpz). The characteristic time ratios (tpz/tim) and (tpz/tch) determine the final deposition morphology in the presence of magnetic field. The ability to control particle deposition and assembly, thus tuning the magnetic anisotropic properties of nanostructured materials is a promising approach for many engineering applications.
Active control on switchable waveguide of elastic wave metamaterials with the 3D printing technology
Authors: Li Guan-Hua , Wang Yi-Ze , Wang Yue-Sheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPropagation of elastic waves along a direction has special interests in practical applications. These concerns generate the design of an elastic wave metamaterial with electrically switchable properties, which is studied in this work. The structure contains a T-shaped waveguide in a plate with the 3D printing technology; and the active control system is used to tune the propagation direction of the flexural wave. The piezoelectric patches which are connected by the negative capacitance circuits are applied to behave as the active control system. The finite element simulation is performed to give the theoretical prediction of the switchable waveguide and the tunable equivalent parameters are achieved by the electrical circuits. The active control experiments are finally carried out to support the numerical design.
Depression and Apathy After Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Stroke: Prevalence, Evolution and Predictors
Authors: Carnes-Vendrell Anna , Deus Joan , Molina-Seguin Jessica , Pifarré Josep , Purroy Francisco 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFew previous studies have focused on affective impairment after transient ischemic attack (TIA) and/or minor stroke. The aim was to establish the prevalence, evolution and predictors of post-stroke depression (PSD) and post-stroke apathy (PSA) over a 12-month follow-up period. We prospectively included TIA and minor stroke patients (NIHSS ≤4) who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging <7 days. PSD was diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria and PSA was defined based on an Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-C) score of ≥37. Clinical and neuroimaging variables (presence and patterns of lesion, cerebral bleeds and white matter disease) were analysed in order to find potential predictors for PSD and PSA. Follow-up was performed at 10 days and after 2, 6, 9 and 12 months. 82 patients were included (mean 66.4 [standard deviation11.0] years) of whom 70 completed the follow-up. At 10 days, 36 (43.9%) and 28 (34.1%) patients respectively were diagnosed with PSD and PSA. At 12 months, 25 of 70 (35.7%) patients still had PSA, but only 6 of 70 (8.6%) had PSD. Beck Depression Inventory-II score, mini mental state examination (MMSE) and a previous history of depression or anxiety were predictors for PSD. While MMSE score, The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale and having previously suffered a stroke were also risk factors for PSA. Acute basal ganglia lesion and periventricular leukoaraiosis were associated with PSA while deep leukorariosis with PSD. Despite the presence of few or only transient symptoms, PSD and PSA frequent appear early after TIA and minor stroke. Unlike PSD, apathy tends to persist during follow-up.
Recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 DNA Vaccine Induces Immunity Against Orf Virus and Inhibits Spermatogenesis In Rats
Authors: Wassie Teketay , Fanmei Zeng , Jiang Xunping , Liu Guiqiong , Girmay Shishay , Min Zhang , Chenhui Liu , Bo Dong Dong , Ahmed Sohail 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOrf is a highly contagious zoonotic disease of small ruminants caused by Parapoxvirus. Kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene with its cognate receptor GPR-54 is recognized as an upstream orchestrator in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This study was designed to construct a DNA vaccine that produces a fused peptide composed of a major immunodominant protein of the orf virus (B2L) and kisspeptin-54, a neuropeptide with recognized roles in mammalian reproductive biology. The administration of this recombinant vaccine is shown to produce a significant antibody and cell-mediated immune response directed against B2L compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we found that rats inoculated with PBK-asd vaccine up-regulated antigen-mediated splenocyte proliferation and significantly raised antigen-specific tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα-), interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) and interleukin (IL-2) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This recombinant vaccine also stimulated antibody responses to kisspeptin and decreased serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels. Moreover, the current recombinant vaccine caused testicular atrophy and arrested spermatogenesis. It is concluded that this recombinant B2L and Kisspeptin-54 vaccine could be a promising approach for construction of bivalent orf virus and immunocastration vaccine. Furthermore, we concluded that the orf virus envelope protein (B2L) could be used as an immunomodulator for kisspeptin-54 to produce a strong antibody response.
Rapid functionalisation and detection of viruses via a novel Ca2+-mediated virus-DNA interaction
Authors: Robb Nicole C. , Taylor Jonathan M. , Kent Amy , Pambos Oliver J. , Gilboa Barak , Evangelidou Maria , Mentis Alexios-Fotios A. , Kapanidis Achillefs N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCurrent virus detection methods often take significant time or can be limited in sensitivity and specificity. The increasing frequency and magnitude of viral outbreaks in recent decades has resulted in an urgent need for diagnostic methods that are facile, sensitive, rapid and inexpensive. Here, we describe and characterise a novel, calcium-mediated interaction of the surface of enveloped viruses with DNA, that can be used for the functionalisation of intact virus particles via chemical groups attached to the DNA. Using DNA modified with fluorophores, we have demonstrated the rapid and sensitive labelling and detection of influenza and other viruses using single-particle tracking and particle-size determination. With this method, we have detected clinical isolates of influenza in just one minute, significantly faster than existing rapid diagnostic tests. This powerful technique is easily extendable to a wide range of other enveloped pathogenic viruses and holds significant promise as a future diagnostic tool.
Meta-modeling on detailed geography for accurate prediction of invasive alien species dispersal
Authors: Pepper Nick , Gerardo-Giorda Luca , Montomoli Francesco 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInvasive species are recognized as a significant threat to biodiversity. The mathematical modeling of their spatio-temporal dynamics can provide significant help to environmental managers in devising suitable control strategies. Several mathematical approaches have been proposed in recent decades to efficiently model the dispersal of invasive species. Relying on the assumption that the dispersal of an individual is random, but the density of individuals at the scale of the population can be considered smooth, reaction-diffusion models are a good trade-off between model complexity and flexibility for use in different situations. In this paper we present a continuous reaction-diffusion model coupled with arbitrary Polynomial Chaos (aPC) to assess the impact of uncertainties in the model parameters. We show how the finite elements framework is well-suited to handle important landscape heterogeneities as elevation and the complex geometries associated with the boundaries of an actual geographical region. We demonstrate the main capabilities of the proposed coupled model by assessing the uncertainties in the invasion of an alien species invading the Basque Country region in Northern Spain.
Functional neuroanatomy of interoceptive processing in children and adolescents: a pilot study
Authors: Klabunde M. , Juszczak H. , Jordan T. , Baker J. M. , Bruno J. , Carrion V. , Reiss A. L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn adults, interoception – the sense of the physiological condition of the body - appears to influence emotion processing, cognition, behavior and various somatic and mental health disorders. Adults demonstrate frontal-insula-parietal-anterior cingulate cortex activation during the heartbeat detection task, a common interoceptive measure. Little, however, is known about the functional neuroanatomy underlying interoception in children. The current pilot study examined interoceptive processing in children and adolescents with fMRI while using the heartbeat detection task. Our main findings demonstrate that children as young as the age of six activate the left insula, cuneus, inferior parietal lobule and prefrontal regions. These findings are similar to those in adults when comparing heartbeat and tone detection conditions. Age was associated with increased activation within the dACC, orbital frontal cortex and the mid-inferior frontal gyri. Thus, our pilot study may provide important information about the neurodevelopment of interoceptive processing abilities in children and a task for future interoception neuroimaging studies in children.
Genomic and phenotypic insights point to diverse ecological strategies by facultative anaerobes obtained from subsurface coal seams
Authors: Vick Silas H. W. , Greenfield Paul , Tetu Sasha G. , Midgley David J. , Paulsen Ian T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMicrobes in subsurface coal seams are responsible for the conversion of the organic matter in coal to methane, resulting in vast reserves of coal seam gas. This process is important from both environmental and economic perspectives as coal seam gas is rapidly becoming a popular fuel source worldwide and is a less carbon intensive fuel than coal. Despite the importance of this process, little is known about the roles of individual bacterial taxa in the microbial communities carrying out this process. Of particular interest is the role of members of the genus Pseudomonas, a typically aerobic taxa which is ubiquitous in coal seam microbial communities worldwide and which has been shown to be abundant at early time points in studies of ecological succession on coal. The current study performed aerobic isolations of coal seam microbial taxa generating ten facultative anaerobic isolates from three coal seam formation waters across eastern Australia. Subsequent genomic sequencing and phenotypic analysis revealed a range of ecological strategies and roles for these facultative anaerobes in biomass recycling, suggesting that this group of organisms is involved in the degradation of accumulated biomass in coal seams, funnelling nutrients back into the microbial communities degrading coal to methane.
Polar cod in jeopardy under the retreating Arctic sea ice
Authors: Huserbråten Mats Brockstedt Olsen , Eriksen Elena , Gjøsæter Harald , Vikebø Frode 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Arctic amplification of global warming is causing the Arctic-Atlantic ice edge to retreat at unprecedented rates. Here we show how variability and change in sea ice cover in the Barents Sea, the largest shelf sea of the Arctic, affect the population dynamics of a keystone species of the ice-associated food web, the polar cod (Boreogadus saida). The data-driven biophysical model of polar cod early life stages assembled here predicts a strong mechanistic link between survival and variation in ice cover and temperature, suggesting imminent recruitment collapse should the observed ice-reduction and heating continue. Backtracking of drifting eggs and larvae from observations also demonstrates a northward retreat of one of two clearly defined spawning assemblages, possibly in response to warming. With annual to decadal ice-predictions under development the mechanistic physical-biological links presented here represent a powerful tool for making long-term predictions for the propagation of polar cod stocks.
Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber
Authors: Grimaldi David A. , Peñalver Enrique , Barrón Eduardo , Herhold Hollister W. , Engel Michael S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAngiosperms and their insect pollinators form a foundational symbiosis, evidence for which from the Cretaceous is mostly indirect, based on fossils of insect taxa that today are anthophilous, and of fossil insects and flowers that have apparent anthophilous and entomophilous specializations, respectively. We present exceptional direct evidence preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, 100 mya, for feeding on pollen in the eudicot genusTricolporoiditesby a basal new aculeate wasp,Prosphex anthophilos, gen. et sp. nov., in the lineage that contains the ants, bees, and other stinging wasps. Plume of hundreds of pollen grains wafts from its mouth and an apparent pollen mass was detected by micro-CT in the buccal cavity: clear evidence that the wasp was foraging on the pollen. Eudicots today comprise nearly three-quarters of all angiosperm species.Prosphexfeeding onTricolporoiditessupports the hypothesis that relatively small, generalized insect anthophiles were important pollinators of early angiosperms.
Endosperm prevents toxic amounts of Zn from accumulating in the seed embryo – an adaptation to metalliferous sites in metal-tolerant Biscutella laevigata
Authors: Babst-Kostecka Alicja , Przybyłowicz Wojciech J , van der Ent Antony , Ryan Chris , Dietrich Charlotte C , Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz Jolanta 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Seed germination represents the first crucial stage in the life cycle of a plant, and the seed must contain all necessary transition elements for the development and successful establishment of the seedling. Problematically, seed development and germination are often hampered by elevated metal(loid) concentrations in industrially polluted soils, making their revegetation a challenging task. Biscutella laevigata L. (Brassicaceae) is a rare perennial pseudometallophyte that can tolerate high concentrations of trace metal elements. Yet, the strategies of this and other plant species to ensure reproductive success at metalliferous sites are poorly understood. Here we characterized several parameters of germination and used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy to investigate the spatial distribution and concentration of elements within B. laevigata seeds from two metallicolous and two non-metallicolous populations. We find that average germination time was shorter and the seed weight was lower in the metallicolous compared to the non-metallicolous populations. By allowing for at least two generations within one growth season, relatively fast germination at metalliferous sites accelerates microevolutionary processes and likely enhances the potential of metallicolous accessions to adapt to environmental stress. We also identified different strategies of elemental accumulation within seed tissues between populations. Particularly interesting patterns were observed for zinc, which was found in 6-fold higher concentrations in the endosperm of metallicolous compared to non-metallicolous populations. This indicates that the endosperm protects the seed embryo from accumulating toxic concentrations of metal(loid)s, which likely improves reproductive success. Hence, we conclude that elemental uptake regulation by the seed endosperm is associated with enhanced metal tolerance and adaptation to metalliferous environments in B. laevigata.
Social Judgments of Digitally Manipulated Stuttered Speech: An Evaluation of Self-Disclosure on Cognition
Authors: Ferguson Ashley M. , Roche Jennifer M. , Arnold Hayley S. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
Persons who stutter (PWS) may be susceptible to discrimination because of negative judgments made by listeners. The current study sought to determine how the cognitive system's explicit (i.e., conscious) and implicit (i.e., nonconscious) biases about PWS are impacted by self-disclosure.

Method
A computer mouse–tracking paradigm was used to evaluate categorical social judgments about PWS. Computer mouse trajectories, which have been shown to reveal underlying cognitive pull or competition between opposing concepts, were used to measure implicit bias (i.e., nonconscious stereotypes). Participants were asked to explicitly categorize the speaker as either intelligent or unintelligent before and after listening to a speaker self-disclose. Mouse cursor trajectories during the explicit response categorization were used to evaluate implicit bias associated with the decision-making process.

Results
Results indicated that participants chose “intelligent” for a higher proportion of the trials in the disclosure condition compared to baseline, showing that listeners' explicit biases changed after listening to a self-disclosure that the speaker stutters. Results also indicated listeners exhibited a more negative implicit bias, based on computer mouse trajectories, when rating the PWS relative to the “persons who do not stutter” talker, but this negative implicit bias did seem to reduce over time after the disclosure was made.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that, even though explicit and implicit biases were evident when listeners heard stuttering, both explicit and implicit biases seemed to extinguish over time after a self-disclosure. Although the bias was not completely extinguished, these results provide promising evidence toward developing methods to reduce negative beliefs and reactions toward PWS.

Supplemental Material

http://osf.io/mwrp7/
Using Computer Programs for Language Sample Analysis
Authors: Pezold Mollee J. , Imgrund Caitlin M. , Storkel Holly L. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Although language sample analysis is widely recommended for assessing children's expressive language, few school-based speech-language pathologists routinely use it, citing a lack of time, resources, and training (
Pavelko, Owens, Ireland, & Hahs-Vaughn, 2016
). The purpose of this clinical tutorial is (a) to describe options for language sample analysis using computer programs and (b) to demonstrate a process of using language sample analysis focused on the assessment of 2 preschool children as case studies.

Method

We provide an overview of collecting and analyzing child language samples and describe 3 programs for language sample analysis: 2 dedicated software programs (Computerized Language Analysis [
MacWhinney, 2000
] and Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts [
Miller & Iglesias, 2015
]) and 1 protocol for using word processing software to analyze language samples (Sampling Utterances and Grammatical Analysis Revised;
Pavelko & Owens, 2017
). We also present analysis results from each program for play-based language samples from 2 preschool children and detailed analysis of the samples with potential treatment goals.

Results
Each program offers different analyses, comparison databases, and sampling contexts. We present options for additional analysis, clinical interpretations, and potential treatment goals based on the 2 preschool cases.

Conclusion
Clinicians can use computer programs for language sample analysis as part of a process to make naturalistic language assessment more feasible.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10093403