bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Help to win the war’ or ‘Ireland above all’?: Remobilisation, politics, and elite boys’ education in Ireland, 1917–18
Authors: Bennett Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhile scholars have rightly recognised that the First World War transformed twentieth-century Ireland, this article queries assumptions regarding the scope and scale of public support for hostilities during 1917 and 1918. Eleven elite boys’ schools are used as case studies to assess civilian reactions to the ongoing war effort, food shortages, and the 1918 conscription crisis within specific institutional communities, illuminating the importance of socio-religious affiliations and political aspirations in determining late-war behaviour. Drawing on school magazines and newspaper coverage of college events, it is argued that alternative visions of statehood underpinned divergent reactions to the conflict; Protestant schools clung to fundraising and militaristic activities seen to support continued union with Britain but Catholic establishments rejected such endeavours in the wake of increased separatist sentiment. This research also casts new light on the interplay between conflict, educational socialisation and politicisation in revolutionary Ireland. Constitutional nationalist reputation aside, wartime mobilisation in elite Catholic schools proved extremely lacklustre, while the unionist expectations their Protestant counterparts had for the post-war world ultimately went unfulfilled. Prestigious colleges across the denominational spectrum demonstrably navigated late-war pressures on their own terms, shaping Ireland's political landscape both throughout and beyond the conflict's most contentious years.
Achieving Statistical Significance with Control Variables and Without Transparency
Authors: Lenz Gabriel S. , Sahn Alexander 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow often do articles depend on suppression effects for their findings? How often do they disclose this fact? By suppression effects, we mean control-variable-induced increases in estimated effect sizes. Researchers generally scrutinize suppression effects as they want reassurance that authors have a strong explanation for them, especially when the statistical significance of the key finding depends on them. In a reanalysis of observational studies from a leading journal, we find that over 30% of articles depend on suppression effects for statistical significance. Although increases in key effect estimates from including control variables are of course potentially justifiable, none of the articles justify or disclose them. These findings may point to a hole in the review process: journals are accepting articles that depend on suppression effects without readers, reviewers, or editors being made aware.
Publication Biases in Replication Studies
Authors: Berinsky Adam J. , Druckman James N. , Yamamoto Teppei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOne of the strongest findings across the sciences is that publication bias occurs. Of particular note is a “file drawer bias” where statistically significant results are privileged over nonsignificant results. Recognition of this bias, along with increased calls for “open science,” has led to an emphasis on replication studies. Yet, few have explored publication bias and its consequences in replication studies. We offer a model of the publication process involving an initial study and a replication. We use the model to describe three types of publication biases: (1) file drawer bias, (2) a “repeat study” bias against the publication of replication studies, and (3) a “gotcha bias” where replication results that run contrary to a prior study are more likely to be published. We estimate the model’s parameters with a vignette experiment conducted with political science professors teaching at Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States. We find evidence of all three types of bias, although those explicitly involving replication studies are notably smaller. This bodes well for the replication movement. That said, the aggregation of all of the biases increases the number of false positives in a literature. We conclude by discussing a path for future work on publication biases.
Child marriage, climate vulnerability and natural disasters in coastal Bangladesh
Authors: Asadullah M. Niaz , Islam Kazi Md Mukitul , Wahhaj Zaki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study examined the nature and correlates of child marriage in eight villages in climate-affected coastal Bangladesh using a mixed-methods approach: focus group discussions and in-depth qualitative interviews of female victims of child marriage as well as quantitative data collected using structured interviews of households. More than two-thirds of the qualitative survey respondents had encountered at least one event of natural disaster before marriage. Quantitative data confirmed significantly higher exposure to flood and river erosion among the coastal population. The quantitative data also suggested a positive association between shocks related to climate events and the incidence of child marriage, while the qualitative data indicated multiple themes related to the causes of child marriage, such as economic vulnerability, coping with risk and patriarchal norms. Yet the qualitative study respondents did not directly refer to natural disasters and climate changes when narrating their marital histories. The qualitative and quantitative evidence does not suggest that dowry-related factors are leading to early marriage. Rather, child marriage appears to be a coping strategy adopted by households in response to their increased vulnerability to natural disasters.
Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia
Authors: Vaira L A , Hopkins C , Sandison A , Manca A , Machouchas N , Turilli D , Lechien J R , Barillari M R , Salzano G , Cossu A , Saussez S , De Riu G 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundOlfactory dysfunction represents one of the most frequent symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, affecting about 70 per cent of patients. However, the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 has not yet been elucidated.Case reportThis report presents the radiological and histopathological findings of a patient who presented with anosmia persisting for more than three months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.ConclusionThe biopsy demonstrated significant disruption of the olfactory epithelium. This shifts the focus away from invasion of the olfactory bulb and encourages further studies of treatments targeted at the surface epithelium.
Effectiveness of doxycycline for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasisin vivo
Authors: Akulinina Iuliia K. , Berechikidze Iza A. , Larina Svetlana N. , Sakharova Tatyana V. , Degtyarevskaya Tatyana Yu. , Romanelli Marco 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere are available data onin vivostudies of monotherapy of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis with some antibacterial drugs (doxycycline) and their comparison with meglumine antimoniate (glucantime). We used golden Syrian hamsters as a laboratory model. Experimental groups were formed, each of which was treated with one of the tested drugs. Infection of animals was carried out withLeishmania majorpromastigotes. We selected highly virulent strains ofL. majorculture isolated from human ulcers or rodents. Meglumine antimoniate monotherapy and doxycycline monotherapy are quite effective and do not differ by the 30th day of their use in such indicators as the average degree of local damage and the average number ofLeishmaniain the lesions. The main differences were recorded in terms of average body weight gain and average clinical recovery in favour of doxycycline.Leishmaniain the lesion on the 60th day were completely absent in treatment with doxycycline. The experiment proved the effectiveness of doxycycline monotherapy:Leishmaniain the lesions were absolutely absent by the end of the treatment.
Decreased cortical gyrification in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Choi Kwan Woo , Han Kyu-Man , Kim Aram , Kang Wooyoung , Kang Youbin , Tae Woo-Suk , Ham Byung-Joo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAn aberrant neural connectivity has been known to be associated with bipolar disorder (BD). Local gyrification may reflect the early neural development of cortical connectivity and has been studied as a possible endophenotype of psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate differences in the local gyrification index (LGI) in each cortical region between patients with BD and healthy controls (HCs).MethodsLGI values, as measured using FreeSurfer software, were compared between 61 patients with BD and 183 HCs. The values were also compared between patients with BD type I and type II as a sub-group analysis. Furthermore, we evaluated whether there was a correlation between LGI values and illness duration or depressive symptom severity in patients with BD.ResultsPatients with BD showed significant hypogyria in various cortical regions, including the left inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis), precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal cortex, insula, right entorhinal cortex, and both transverse temporal cortices, compared to HCs after the Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05/66, 0.000758). LGI was not associated with clinical factors such as illness duration, depressive symptom severity, and lithium treatment. No significant differences in cortical gyrification according to the BD subtype were found.ConclusionsBD appears to be characterized by a significant regionally localized hypogyria, in various cortical areas. This abnormality may be a structural and developmental endophenotype marking the risk for BD, and it might help to clarify the etiology of BD.
Determining the importance and feasibility of various aspects of healthy ageing among older adults using concept mapping
Authors: Howell Britteny M. , Seater Mariah , Davis Kathryn , McLinden Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResearch shows that healthy ageing is defined differently by older adults and researchers, who may put more or less weight on the physiological, psychological, societal and personal aspects of ageing. Although there is growing interest in the research literature on lay models of healthy ageing in socio-cultural context, little work has been done to determine how important or feasible the various components of healthy ageing are viewed to be by older adults. This study asked a convenience sample of 54 older adults in the circumpolar North to rate the importance and feasibility of 36 previously identified components of healthy ageing in their community. Results indicate that seniors in the sample place the most importance on aspects of the social and physical environment, while least important concepts included psychological and individual behaviours. However, most feasible aspects were individual behaviours and least feasible were aspects of the social and physical environment. Although older adults are able to construct a model of what healthy ageing should look like in their community, they do not always view the most important aspects of healthy ageing to be the most feasible to achieve, providing ample opportunity for public and social policy change.
The Brandt Line after forty years: The more North–South relations change, the more they stay the same?
Authors: Lees Nicholas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Brandt Line is a way of visualising the world that highlights the disparities and inequalities between the wealthy North and the poorer Global South. Forty years after its popularisation as part of a call for global reform, is the Brandt Line now a misleading way of representing world politics? This article assesses whether the Global South has lost its distinctiveness and coherence relative to the North since 1980. Existing assessments of global inequality do not settle the question of whether the North–South divide remains relevant for international relations because they overlook the most politically significant measures of inequality. Drawing on power transition theory, this article provides a systematic assessment of the North–South divide in terms of levels of economic development, relative inequality, economic power, and political satisfaction. The evidence suggests that the Brandt Line is largely intact. Although the economic diversity of the South has increased and its collective economic power has risen, relative income rankings remain unaltered and the states of the Global South are as dissatisfied as they were four decades ago. Differential growth rates are reshaping world politics without eroding the North–South divide traced by the Brandt Line.
Seroprevalence of pertussis in Madagascar and implications for vaccination
Authors: Razafimahatratra Solohery L. , Wesolowski Amy , Rafetrarivony Lala , Heraud Jean-Michel , Jones Forrest K. , Cauchemez Simon , Razafindratsimandresy Richter , Raharinantoanina Sandratana J. , Harimanana Aina , Collard Jean Marc , Metcalf C. J. E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pertussis is a highly contagious infectious disease and remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Over the last decade, vaccination has greatly reduced the burden of pertussis. Yet, uncertainty in individual vaccination coverage and ineffective case surveillance systems make it difficult to estimate burden and the related quantity of population-level susceptibility, which determines population risk. These issues are more pronounced in low-income settings where coverage is often overestimated, and case numbers are under-reported. Serological data provide a direct characterisation of the landscape of susceptibility to infection; and can be combined with vaccination coverage and basic theory to estimate rates of exposure to natural infection. Here, we analysed cross-sectional data on seropositivity against pertussis to identify spatial and age patterns of susceptibility in children in Madagascar. A large proportion of individuals surveyed were seronegative; however, there were patterns suggestive of natural infection in all the regions analysed. Improvements in vaccination coverage are needed to help prevent additional burden of pertussis in the country.
The Irrationality of Adaptive Preferences: A Psychological and Semantic Account
Authors: Eftekhari Seena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere is little agreement among moral and political philosophers when it comes to determining what it is that makes adaptive preferences problematic. The large number of competing explanations offered by philosophers illustrates the absence of any consensus. The most prominent versions of these explanations have recently come under attack by Dale Dorsey, who argues that adaptive preferences are a red herring: the problematic nature of adaptive preferences is not explained by the fact of adaptation but by an appeal to some other normative consideration. In this article I offer an account of adaptive preferences that both accommodates the thought that only some of our adaptive preferences are problematic and responds to the skeptical challenge pressed by Dorsey. I argue that some adaptive preferences are prima facie irrational as they exhibit a peculiar error in reasoning where individuals change the semantic content of the reasons underpinning the new preference.
Lipschitz bijections between boolean functions
Authors: Johnston Tom , Scott Alex 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe answer four questions from a recent paper of Rao and Shinkar [17] on Lipschitz bijections between functions from {0, 1}n to {0, 1}. (1) We show that there is no O(1)-bi-Lipschitz bijection from Dictator to XOR such that each output bit depends on O(1) input bits. (2) We give a construction for a mapping from XOR to Majority which has average stretch
$O(\sqrt{n})$
, matching a previously known lower bound. (3) We give a 3-Lipschitz embedding
$\phi \colon \{0,1\}^n \to \{0,1\}^{2n+1}$
such that
$${\rm{XOR }}(x) = {\rm{ Majority }}(\phi (x))$$
for all
$x \in \{0,1\}^n$
. (4) We show that with high probability there is an O(1)-bi-Lipschitz mapping from Dictator to a uniformly random balanced function.
Transcarotid balloon aortic valvuloplasty for critical aortic stenosis in an infant weighing 890 g
Authors: Nakagawa Naomi , Kamada Masahiro , Moritoh Yuji 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe report the smallest case of the balloon aortic valvuloplasty via a carotid artery. A baby boy weighing 890 g suffered from a severe aortic stenosis. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty using a TMP-Ped 4-mm balloon catheter succeeded in resolving severe aortic stenosis without any complications. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty via a carotid artery can be a first-line treatment even for extremely-low-birth-weight infants.
Outcomes of adults with congenital heart disease that experience acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit
Authors: Fuhrman Dana Y. , Nguyen Lan , Joyce Emily L. , Priyanka Priyanka , Kellum John A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground:Young adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) are increasing in number with an increased risk for acute kidney injury. Little is known concerning the impact of non-recovery of kidney function for these patients. Therefore, we sought to explore the rates of acute kidney disease, persistent renal dysfunction, and their associations with adverse outcomes in young adults with CHD.Methods:This is a single-centre retrospective study including all patients at the ages of 18–40 with CHD who were admitted to an intensive care unit between 2010 and 2014. Patients with a creatinine ≥ 1.5 times the baseline at the time of hospital discharge were deemed to have persistent renal dysfunction, while acute kidney disease was defined as a creatinine ≥ 1.5 times the baseline 7–28 days after a diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Outcomes of death at 5 years and length of hospital stay were examined using multivariable logistic regression and negative binomial regression, respectively.Results:Of the (89/195) 45.6% of patients with acute kidney injury, 33.7% had persistent renal dysfunction and 23.6% met the criteria for acute kidney disease. Persistent renal dysfunction [odds ratio (OR), 3.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–9.29] and acute kidney disease (OR: 11.79; 95% CI: 3.75–39.09) were independently associated with mortality at 5 years. Persistent renal dysfunction was associated with a longer duration of hospital stay (Incidence Rate Ratio: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.53–2.51).Conclusions:In young adults with CHD, acute kidney injury was common and persistent renal dysfunction, as well as acute kidney disease, were associated with increased mortality and length of hospitalisation.
Food insecurity and depression among low-income adults in the USA: does diet diversity play a role? Findings from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Narcisse Marie-Rachelle , Felix Holly C , Long Christopher R , English Emily S , Bailey Mary M , McElfish Pearl A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:Food insecurity is associated with a greater risk of depression among low-income adults in the USA. Members of food-insecure households have lower diet diversity than their food-secure counterparts. This study examined whether diet diversity moderates the association between food insecurity and depression.Design:Multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine independent associations between food insecurity and depression, between diet diversity and depression, and the moderating effect of diet diversity in the food insecurity–depression link.Setting:Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014).Participants:2636 low-income adults aged 18 years and older.Results:There was a positive association between food insecurity and depression among low-income adults. Diet diversity was not associated with depression. Diet diversity had a moderating effect on the association between food insecurity and depression among low-income adults.Conclusions:Food insecurity is independently associated with depression among low-income adults in the USA. However, this association differs across levels of diet diversity. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the role diet diversity may play in the pathway between food insecurity and depression.
The Paradox of Chinese Investments in Sri Lanka: Between Investment Treaty Protection and Commercial Diplomacy
Authors: PATHIRANA Dilini 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe politically sensitive nature of Chinese investments in Sri Lanka has made investment protection by the China-Sri Lanka BIT highly relevant. However, the treaty has a pro-state orientation, with limited protection for investors. This gives rise to a modern paradox in which China has become the top investor in Sri Lanka, despite the absence of an international protective framework for their activities. Chinese investors are apparently managing this paradox mainly through commercial diplomacy. As an alternative to a rights-based approach, this may signal a return to a power-based approach to settling investment disputes, with the Chinese government a leading actor therein. This will be particularly prominent in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. While win-win co-operation is a stated principle of Chinese investment policy, whether mutually beneficial outcomes can be sustained with the asymmetrical power dynamics between China and BRI states remains to be seen.
Do initially non-dehydrated patients with acute ischemic stroke need fluid supplement?
Authors: Lin Leng Chieh , Tsai Yen Yun , Yang Jen Tsung , Chen Yi Chuan , Wu Yi Fang , Huang Yen Chu , Tsai Yuan Hsiung , Hsiao Kuang Yu , Seak Chen-June 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Background: We previously found that dehydration is an independent predictor of early deterioration after acute ischemic stroke and rehydration helps to improve outcomes. There is limited evidence of how to treat patients who are initially non-dehydrated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that rehydration therapy, based on the daily urine specific gravity, will improve the outcome of ischemic stroke patients who are initially non-dehydrated. Methods: We conducted a single-arm prospective study of patients with acute ischemic stroke with historical controls. For the first 5 days of study group, a daily urine specific gravity of > 1.020 g/ml was taken as indication for rehydration and patients were advised to drink water via oral or tubal feeding with a dose of 5 ml/kg body weight right away and after dinner. Control group patients were rehydrated without reference to urine specific gravity. An increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≥ 4 within three days was defined as having stroke-in-evolution. Scores of ≤ 1 on the modified Rankin scale at 3 months were considered to indicate a favorable outcome. Results: A total of 125 patients were analyzed, 46 in the study group and 79 in the control group. The groups did not significantly differ in the stroke-in-evolution rate (4.3% vs. 8.2%, P = 0.474). The rate of favorable outcome at 3 months was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (56.5% vs. 27.8%, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Urine specific gravity-based hydration might be a useful method to improve functional outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke who were non-dehydrated at admission.