bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vita käppen – redskapet som hjälper och stjälper
Authors: Bäckman Maria 
Published: November 2020

The White Cane – A tool that both helps and hinders
Bodies, shame, normality and the agency of objects

Maria Bäckman

The article discusses the attempts of visually impaired individuals tosometimes pass as seeing. The background is the resistance that many blind or visually impaired people testify they feel, during their ongoingrehabilitation, about a white cane. Often, on these occasions they provid descriptions of dramatic narratives in which the user explains what it was like when they first realized that it was now really time to start using a cane (for example: When I fell in the water from the quay, or stepped out in front of a bus, etc.). However, many also relate the way a cane, even in more mundane contexts, makes the individual’s visual inability obvious to others and thereby makes the person particularly vulnerable. The tool that connects the visually impaired with the outside world is thus also a material expression which makes both the visual damage and the cane usersmore noticeable as less than a fully functional individual.By holding on to the materiality of the cane and its nature of being a physical object, our understanding can be increased of the ambivalent relationship that many visually impaired people develop with a white cane. On the basis of social materiality studies and the concept of ableism, taken from critical handicap research, the article shows how the use of a white cane takes place in a public space; a space where the user variously inhabits an “imaginary” full-sighted body and another, existing body, which on the contrary is characterized by its weakened vision. However, it is important to realize that the persistent rejection mechanism that many visually impaired people have for a cane is intimately linked to ableism and existing norms of bodily functions. A desire to repel an object that reduces one to something else, and consequently to a somewhat lower standing, is a perfectly reasonable reaction to a deeply rooted social conflict. For many people with visual impairment, the resistance to a white cane must therefore be understood as a refusal to embody a functional normative failure.
Rätt kropp för integration och arbete
Authors: Högström Karin 
Published: November 2020

The Correct Body for Integration and Work
An ethnological study of courses for newly arrived and jobseekers

Karin Högström

Using ethnographic examples from Sweden this article focuses on a form of training through which people are taught new movements and postures to use during different processes; it also includes transmission of certain attitudes and ideals. These examples demonstrate how certain bodies, bodily attitudes and behaviors are perceived as problematic and are therefore considered in need of change.
In the integration-project Right step (Rätt steg) in Stockholm, great emphasis is placed on bodily aspects. Newly arrived Somali refugees without previous education are assisted to practice “correct” behavior and posture during job interviews: stand and walk upright, make eye-contact and give a firm handshake. Participants are also encouraged to eat healthier and exercise more.
Courses at the Swedish Public Employment Agency instruct jobseekers how to make a good impression on potential employers. Here, too, appropriate behavior and posture are addressed, and the correct way to shake hands and establish eye contact is taught.
The teachers aim at changing not only the participants’ behavior, but also their manners and, to a certain extent, their attitudes. The goal is to purposefully adapt bodies and minds to the expectations and ideals of potential employers and Swedish society.
Conforming to the behavior and norms provided by the teachers can seem to be the only viable option for the participants, given their subordinate position as immigrants or jobseekers. The course participants’ own ideals and physical attitudes are assigned low or almost no value. The asymmetry of power is also evident to those responsible and sometimes the participants protest against the teachers’ attempts to change them. However, learning the new norms and behaviors can provide benefits for the course participants. Mastering the codes can, to a certain extent, make it possible to choose how to use the new skills. Learning the correct behaviors can thus lead to a greater freedom of action, within very limited conditions.
Bläckfiskar
Authors: Kaijser Lars 
Published: November 2020

Cephalopods. On staged animals and popular science conventions at public aquariums.
Lars Kaijser
Keywords: Aquarium, cephalopod, popular science

The article discusses the way animals are portrayed in popular science, using cephalopods at public aquariums as the basis. Public aquariums tend to display a set of animals that could be described as flagship species. These are animals reoccurring as live examples in tanks, used in marketing and sold as toys in the gift shop.
Often, the presentations of these animals are enhanced with scientific facts that are combined with popular cultural stories and well-known iconographies. Together they form what could be labelled as popular science animals, easily recognisable animals with charismatic features. At aquariums, this generally refers to sharks, jellyfish, penguins, frogs or clownfish. The focus is on the biology of the animals, but equal importance is placed on the stories and popular-cultural association frameworks. The popular science animal is comprised of elements from different domains of knowledge, ranging from biology and cultural history to folklore and popular culture. These insights can be contradictory, and one important feature of presentations at aquariums is the endeavour to distinguish between fact and myth. At the same time, the myth is an important resource when curating exhibits and attracting attention. It is part of the convention that the selection of knowledge is not only chosen to inform people about animals but also to entertain and surprise them. The cephalopod is at the crossroad of research and imagination, viewed as enigmatic, fascinating, and fearful. It is characterised as smart, a superhero and a marker for both discoveries and knowledge gaps. The cephalopod, especially the octopus, is an animal that in many ways represents modernity.
I magen på en häst
Authors: Ingridsdotter Jenny , Silow Kallenberg Kim 
Published: November 2020

In a horse’s belly: Interspecies relations as a critique of civilization

Jenny Ingridsdotter & Kim Silow Kallenberg

Keywords: natureculture, animals, popular culture, masculinity

In this article, we analyse how the relationship between humans and other species is portrayed in contemporary films and series that have the rise and fall of civilization as their theme: Into the Wild (2007), The Revenant (2015), Into the Forest (2015) and The Walking Dead (2010-). The purpose is to understand how relationships between humans, animals and non-humans are portrayed. The films/series have been chosen on the basis of their portrayal of social downfall or social dissatisfaction and on the grounds that they are also widely recognised and popular portrayals. The analysis focuses on two male characters (The Revenant, Into the Wild) and two female characters (Into the Forest and The Walking Dead) to investigate relationships between humans and other species (animals and zombies) when it comes to survival, and how these relationships are possibly conditioned by gender. Methodologically, we approach these popular cultural depictions as ethnographers, with human meaning-making as the primary point of departure. Theoretically, we use concepts developed in the field of human-animal studies.

The analysis shows that there are differences between the representations of different species and that these representations are also conditioned by gender in the human characters. Where men are alone in their struggle against nature, women are part of social relationships where they, together with others (human and non-human), struggle to survive. The analysis further shows how animals and other species constantly condition and enable human existence. However, lacking human language, the animals – who are absolutely vital for the actions and survival of the human characters – are rendered unimportant.
Limites e possibilidades encontrados por professores ao trabalharem com atividades investigativas nas aulas de ciências: o que as pesquisas apontam?
Authors: Meneses Moura Antonio Reynaldo , De Souza Caroline Batista Silva , Cunha Aline Oliveira , Sedano Luciana 
Published: November 2020

Neste texto trazemos o resultado de uma pesquisa que analisou artigos de referência na área em busca das discussões sobre os limites e possibilidades que professores descrevem ao trabalharem com atividades investigativas nas aulas de Ciências. Para isso, realizamos um levantamento em periódicos nacionais com Qualis/Capes A1, A2 e B1 na área de Ensino no período de 2013 a 2018. Encontramos 76 artigos relacionados com o Ensino de Ciências por Investigação e a partir do nosso objetivo, destacamos 6 que abordassem a temática para análise. As pesquisas destacam o interesse, curiosidade e interação dos alunos como pontos positivos da abordagem. A falta de organização da sala de aula e de auxílio durante o desenvolvimento, e falhas na formação foram os limites que apareceram com maior frequência. Identificamos também a reflexão dos professores sobre a prática pedagógica e a possibilidade de trabalhar com essa abordagem em todos os níveis de ensino.
Effects of skin and hide defects on quality grades and physical characteristics of crust leather
Authors: Tsigab Tewelde , Bsrat Abrha , Alemayohu Redae , Arefe Mengstu Ashebre , Kumar Niraj , Hadush Birhanu 
Published: November 2020

Leather is one of the important export commodities in Ethiopia. However, itsquality and physical characteristics are affected by diseases, handling and storage problems. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify major hide and skin defects and assess their effect on quality grades and physical characteristics of crust leather. A total of 6530 hides and skins were inspected at Sheba Tannery and Leather Industry Private Limited Company (PLC) through standard operative procedures. For tests on physical characteristics of crust leather, top 6 defects of skin and hide were identified thereby each 5-crust leather per defect were evaluated by standard experiments for determining testing tensile strength, tear strength and percentage elongation at break. The overall hide and skin rejection was 32.7%. The rejection in wet blue hide (23.5%) was higher than for wet blue salted and dry goatskins (5.1%) and pickled sheepskins (4.1%). Scratch (20.5%), Wound (14.6%) and Cockle (12.7%), were the most common pre-slaughter skin and hide defects found in wet blue hide, goatskin and pickled sheepskin, respectively. Knife cut with proportion of 21.1%, 17.5% and 4.5% respectively in wet blue hide, goatskin and pickled sheepskin was the major slaughter defect. Putrefaction was of the most common post-slaughter defect in wet blue hide (5.3 %), pickled sheepskin (1.6%) and goatskin (2.7%). Among the identified major defects, statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) were noted in tensile strength, tear strength and percent elongation of the crust leather. Major skin and hide defects lead to considerable economical losses through reducing quality and physical performance characteristics of crust leather. Hence, innovative leather grade correction technologies are timely important.
Keywords: Defects; hide; physical characteristics; quality; skin
Prevalence, organ distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolated from chickens purchased from markets in selected districts of West Shoa, Ethiopia
Authors: Sarba Edilu Jorga , Kudama Kebene , Dandecha Morka , Megersa Lencho , Borena Bizunesh Mideksa , Gebremdhin Endrias Zewdu 
Published: November 2020

Salmonella is one of the major causes of heavy losses in chicken and foodborne diseases worldwide. The current study was conducted from November 2015 to May 2016 to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates in chickens. Chickens (n=205) were purchased from local markets of five selected districts of West Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia. Following clinical examination, chicken were euthanized and 2-3 ml of blood sample was collected immediately. Then after postmortem examination, samples were collected from the liver, kidney, ovary, and spleen. The slide agglutination test was used to assess the seroprevalence of Salmonella antibodies. Isolation of Salmonella was performed according to the ISO-6579 procedure. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (using 13 antimicrobial drugs) following the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The seroprevalence of Salmonella antibodies was 63.5% (95% CI: 55.9-70.5). The isolation rate of Salmonella was 19.0% (95% CI: 13.9-20.1) at the chicken level and 7.3% (95% CI: 5.5-9.4) at the organ level. The detection rate was 11.2%, 7.0%, 6.1%, and 4.4% for spleen, liver, ovary, and kidney, respectively. The majority of the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin (97.4%) and chloramphenicol (92.3%). All the 39 isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin. Three multidrug resistance patterns to six antimicrobial classes were observed. Four isolates were resistant to five antimicrobial classes. Therefore, regular surveillance of Salmonella and its antimicrobial resistance is needed for a better understanding of the epidemiological dynamics. Awareness creation for chicken farmers about improving farming practices and the risks of antimicrobial resistance warrants special attention.
Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Chicken; Prevalence; Salmonella; Ethiopia
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of irradiated Salmonella Gallinarum against homologous challenge infection in Bovans brown chickens
Authors: Lulie Solomon , Alemayehu Haile , Nuru Anwar , Abayneh Takele , Eguale Tadesse 
Published: November 2020

Fowl typhoid is a systemic poultry disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG). It is responsible for significant economic loss, due to its severe morbidity and mortality. An irradiated vaccine is one of the possible alternatives to prevent and control fowl typhoid. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of irradiated SG using a randomized control trial in chicken. A field strain of SG was exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation to determine its effect on the viability of SG. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed by administering irradiated SG orally to 3 groups (5 each) of 5 weeks old Bovans brown chickens at 2400, 2500, and 2600 gray (Gy). The protective efficacy of 108colony forming units (CFU) of SG irradiated at 2400 Gy administered orally and subcutaneously was then evaluated using homologous challenge infection and compared with SG 9R commercial vaccine using 40, 5-week old Bovans brown chickens where the chickens were randomly assigned to 4 groups. Chickens in Group 1were exposed to 108 CFU of irradiated SG orally; Group 2 to the same dose subcutaneously; Group 3 to SG 9R strain commercial vaccine subcutaneously, Group 4 to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) orally. Data related to survival, antibody response, and pathological lesions were recorded. Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine for statistical significance. Irradiation at 2600 Gy caused complete inactivation of SG whereas SG exposed to 2400 Gy showed better immunogenicity and was safe for chickens. Antibody response in a group of chickens vaccinated with irradiated SG administered subcutaneously (SC) was significantly higher than those vaccinated with the SG 9R vaccine on day 7 (p=0.003) and day 14 (p=0.002) post-immunization. Comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy based on the mortality rate of chickens after challenge showed that 2400 Gy irradiated SG vaccine administered SC and SG 9R vaccine-induced equal protection of 50% while the irradiated vaccine administered orally protected only 10% of chickens against homologous challenge infection. SG was not isolated from the liver, spleen, and feces of chickens that survived challenge infection until the end of the experiment. Irradiated SG administered SC is shown to be a promising vaccine against fowl typhoid. Further studies using a large sample size involving tuning of irradiation dose to improve immunogenicity and use of booster vaccination are recommended.
Keywords: Chicken; Fowl typhoid; Gamma irradiation; Salmonella Gallinarum; Vaccine
Hesperetin protects SH-SY5Y cells against 6- hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity via activation of NRF2/ARE signaling pathways
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Yue , Wang Li , Gu Zhaowei , Huan Zhigang , Fu Hui , Liu Qishuai 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: To investigation the protective effects of hesperetin against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)- induced neurotoxicity.
Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with 6-OHDA to create an in vitro model of neurotoxicity. This model was used to test the neuroprotective effects of hesperetin. Cell viability was assessed by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Flow cytometry and western blot were used to quantify apoptosis. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining intracellular glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Results: In SH-SY5Y cells, treatment with 6-OHDA decreased cell viability and promoted LDH release. However, exogenous hesperetin protected against 6-OHDA-mediated toxicity. Similarly, although incubation with 6-OHDA induced apoptosis and increased cleaved caspase-3 and -9 levels, treatment with hesperetin protected against these effects. Treatment with 6-OHDA also led to significant oxidative stress, as indicated by reduced GSH and SOD levels and increased MDA and ROS levels in SH-SY5Y cells. However, these changes were reversed by pre-treatment with hesperetin. Of interest, hesperetin led to changes in 6-OHDA-induced expression of NRF2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) catalytic subunit (GCLC), and GCL modulatory (GCLM).
Conclusion: Hesperetin protects against cell toxicity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress via activation of NRF2 pathway in a 6-OHDA-induced model of neurotoxicity. Future studies should investigate the use of hesperetin as a potential therapeutic approach for prevention or management of Parkinson’s disease.
Keywords: Hesperetin, 6-OHDA, Neurotoxicity, NRF2, Parkinson’s disease
In vitro comparative assessment of the inhibitory effects of single and combined spices against glucose-synthesizing enzymes
Authors: Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther , Balogun Fatai Oladunni , Ashafa Anofi Omotayo Tom 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: To assess the individual and synergistic inhibitory activities of five (5) tropical spices, viz, Zingiber officinale Rosc., Xylopia aethiopica (Dun.) A. Rich, Piper guineense Schum & Thonn, Myristica fragrans Houtt. and Allium sativum L. against glucose hydrolysing enzymes.Methods: In vitro assessment of the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of cold water, hot water, ethanol and aqueous-ethanol extracts of each of the five spices and their combination was investigated using enzymatic protocols. Acarbose was used as the standard.Results: Only four extracts showed strong inhibition against alpha-glucosidase and weak inhibition against alpha-amylase. Going by their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50), the combined spices exhibited the best concurrent inhibitory activity against both hydrolysing enzymes (665.83 ± 27.50 μg/mL for alpha-glucosidase) and (1166.86 ± 14.70 μg/mL for alpha-amylase).Conclusion: The findings from this study demonstrate the enhanced antihyperglycemic potentials of the combined spices compared to the individual spices for the management of diabetes.
Keywords: Hyperglycemia, Diabetes, Alpha-amylase, Alpha-glucosidase, Zingiber officinale, Xylopia aethiopica, Piper guineense, Myristica fragrans, Allium sativum, Spices
Anti-diabetic effect of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine) in rats with poorly-controlled blood glucose levels: A potential and novel therapeutic option for diabetes
Authors: Qiu Jingying , Li Chengjiang , Dong Zhichun , Wang Jing 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: To determine the anti-diabetic effect of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine) in sulphonyl urea-refractory rats with poorly-controlled blood glucose levels.Methods: Alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats were assigned to two groups (30 rats/group). One group received glibenclamide at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg, while the other group was given monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine) at a dose of 5 mg/day. The two groups were treated for 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline (before treatment) and at the end of treatment for determination of plasma glucose (fasting and fed), hemoglobin A1c, lipid profiles (serum total cholesterol, very-lowdensity lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides); oxidative stress parameters (anti-oxidant enzymes), insulin levels, and some hepatic enzymes of glucose metabolism.Results: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor treatment resulted in significant decrease in the levels of blood glucose, HbA1c, and lipid levels from baseline, relative to glibenclamide (p < 0.05). Greater improvements in oxidative stress biomarkers (glutathione and superoxide dismutase), insulin levels and hepatic enzymes of glucose metabolism were observed in monoamine oxidase inhibitor group than in glibenclamide group (p < 0.05). Oxidative stress was significantly inhibited by monoamine oxidase inhibitor via increases in glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, when compared to glibenclamide (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results suggest that monoamine oxidase inhibitor may be a better treatment option for diabetes than glibenclamide.
Keywords: Diabetes, Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, Glibenclamide, Sulphonyl urea, Poorly-controlledblood glucose
Leptin and systemic lupus erythematosus: A comprehensive review
Authors: Uzrail Amal H , Swellmeen Lubna 
Published: November 2020

Leptin, a cytokine-like hormone produced by adipocytes, modulates innate and adaptive responses of the immune system. Several reports have indicated that leptin exerts pro-inflammatory effects which significantly trigger autoimmune responses in chronic inflammatory diseases e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an inflammatory, multi-system disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies. Irrespective of contradictory results, many studies have indicated that leptin concentrations are increased in SLE patients. This might reflect genetic association, or a mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of SLE. To shed light on this possibility, recent studies investigated several polymorphism genes related to leptin in SLE patients from different ancestral groups. This review focuses on current understanding of the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of SLE and its immunomodulatory effects. This is expected to provide new leptin-based therapeutic interventions as modern approaches which are safer than the currently used ones for the treatment of SLE.
Keywords: Leptin, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Polymorphism, Gene expression
PROSPECTS FOR PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION IN ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Cherkasov Anatoliy , Petrova Elena 
Published: November 2020

The effect of rehabilitative non-drug methods on the normalization of blood pressure was studied in 33 study
participants. A theoretical analysis of the causes of arterial hypertension was carried out. A hypothesis has been formed on the role of the nervous system in the development of hypertension.