bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sublattices and Δ-blocks of orthomodular posets
Authors: Chajda Ivan , Länger Helmut 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStates of quantum systems correspond to vectors in a Hilbert space and observations to closed subspaces. Hence, this logic corresponds to the algebra of closed subspaces of a Hilbert space. This can be considered as a complete lattice with orthocomplementation, but it is not distributive. It satisfies a weaker condition, the so-called orthomodularity. Later on, it was recognized that joins in this structure need not exist provided the subspaces are not orthogonal. Hence, the resulting structure need not be a lattice but a so-called orthomodular poset, more generally an orthoposet only. For orthoposets, we introduce a binary relation $\mathrel \Delta$ and a binary operator $d(x,y)$ that are generalizations of the binary relation $\textrm{C}$ and the commutator $c(x,y)$, respectively, known for orthomodular lattices. We characterize orthomodular posets among orthogonal posets. Moreover, we describe connections between the relations $\mathrel \Delta$ and $\leftrightarrow$ (the latter was introduced by P. Pták and S. Pulmannová) and the operator $d(x,y)$. In addition, we investigate certain orthomodular posets of subsets of a finite set. In particular, we describe maximal orthomodular sublattices and Boolean subalgebras of such orthomodular posets. Finally, we study properties of $\Delta$-blocks with respect to Boolean subalgebras and distributive subposets they include.
Every Word is a Name: Autonymy and Quotation in Augustine
Authors: Nawar Tamer 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAugustine famously claims every word is a name. Some readers take Augustine to thereby maintain a purely referentialist semantic account according to which every word is a referential expression whose meaning is its extension. Other readers think that Augustine is no referentialist and is merely claiming that every word has some meaning. In this paper, I clarify Augustine’s arguments to the effect that every word is a name and argue that ‘every word is a name’ amounts to the claim that for any word, there exist tokens of that word which are autonymous nouns. Augustine takes this to be the result of universal lexical ambiguity or equivocity (that is, the fact that every word has more than one literal meaning) and I clarify how Augustine’s account of metalinguistic discourse, which is one of the most detailed to have survived from antiquity, differs from some ancient and modern theories.
Predictions of Gaia’s prize microlensing events are flawed
Authors: McGill Peter , Everall Andrew , Boubert Douglas , Smith Leigh C 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Precision astrometry from the second Gaia data release has allowed astronomers to predict 5787 microlensing events, with 528 of these having maximums within the extended Gaia mission (J2014.5–J2026.5). Future analysis of the Gaiatime-series astrometry of these events will, in some cases, lead to precise gravitational mass measurements of the lens. We find that 61 per cent of events predicted during the extended Gaia mission with sources brighter than G = 18 are likely to be spurious, with the background source in these cases commonly being either a duplicate detection or a binary companion of the lens. We present quality cuts to identify these spurious events and a revised list of microlensing event candidates. Our findings imply that half of the predictable astrometric microlensing events during the Gaiamission have yet to be identified.
Mechanistic models of signaling pathways deconvolute the glioblastoma single-cell functional landscape
Authors: Falco Matías M , Peña-Chilet María , Loucera Carlos , Hidalgo Marta R , Dopazo Joaquín 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSingle-cell RNA sequencing is revealing an unexpectedly large degree of heterogeneity in gene expression levels across cell populations. However, little is known on the functional consequences of this heterogeneity and the contribution of individual cell fate decisions to the collective behavior of the tissues these cells are part of. Here, we use mechanistic modeling of signaling circuits, which reveals a complex functional landscape at single-cell level. Different clusters of neoplastic glioblastoma cells have been defined according to their differences in signaling circuit activity profiles triggering specific cancer hallmarks, which suggest different functional strategies with distinct degrees of aggressiveness. Moreover, mechanistic modeling of effects of targeted drug inhibitions at single-cell level revealed, how in some cells, the substitution of VEGFA, the target of bevacizumab, by other expressed proteins, like PDGFD, KITLG and FGF2, keeps the VEGF pathway active, insensitive to the VEGFA inhibition by the drug. Here, we describe for the first time mechanisms that individual cells use to avoid the effect of a targeted therapy, providing an explanation for the innate resistance to the treatment displayed by some cells. Our results suggest that mechanistic modeling could become an important asset for the definition of personalized therapeutic interventions.
Correlation-Centric Network (CCN) representation for microbial co-occurrence patterns: new insights for microbial ecology
Authors: Yang Pengshuo , Tan Chongyang , Han Maozhen , Cheng Lin , Cui Xuefeng , Ning Kang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mainstream studies of microbial community focused on critical organisms and their physiology. Recent advances in large-scale metagenome analysis projects initiated new researches in the complex correlations between large microbial communities. Specifically, previous studies focused on the nodes (i.e. species) of the Species-Centric Networks (SCNs). However, little was understood about the change of correlation between network members (i.e. edges of the SCNs) when the network was disturbed. Here, we introduced a Correlation-Centric Network (CCN) to the microbial research based on the concept of edge networks. In CCN, each node represented a species–species correlation, and edge represented the species shared by two correlations. In this research, we investigated the CCNs and their corresponding SCNs on two large cohorts of microbiome. The results showed that CCNs not only retained the characteristics of SCNs, but also contained information that cannot be detected by SCNs. In addition, when the members of microbial communities were decreased (i.e. environmental disturbance), the CCNs fluctuated within a small range in terms of network connectivity. Therefore, by highlighting the important species correlations, CCNs could unveil new insights when studying not only the functions of target species, but also the stabilities of their residing microbial communities.
Iron in the NEEM ice core relative to Asian loess records over the last glacial–interglacial cycle
Authors: Xiao Cunde , Du Zhiheng , Handley Mike J , Mayewski Paul A , Cao Junji , Schüpbach Simon , Zhang Tong , Petit Jean-Robert , Li Chuanjin , Han Yeongcheol , Li Yuefang , Ren Jiawen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mineral dust can indirectly affect the climate by supplying bioavailable iron (Fe) to the ocean. Here, we present the records of dissolved Fe (DFe) and total Fe (TDFe) in North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core over the past 110 kyr BP. The Fe records are significantly negatively correlated with the carbon-dioxide (CO2) concentrations during cold periods. The results suggest that the changes in Fe fluxes over the past 110 kyr BP in the NEEM ice core are consistent with those in Chinese loess records because the mineral-dust distribution is controlled by the East Asian deserts. Furthermore, the variations in the dust input on a global scale are most likely driven by changes in solar radiation during the last glacial–interglacial cycle in response to Earth's orbital cycles. In the last glacial–interglacial cycle, the DFe/TDFe ratios were higher during the warm periods (following the post-Industrial Revolution and during the Holocene and last interglacial period) than during the main cold period (i.e. the last glacial maximum (LGM)), indicating that the aeolian input of iron and the iron fertilization effect on the oceans have a non-linear relationship during different periods. Although the burning of biomass aerosols has released large amounts of DFe since the Industrial Revolution, no significant responses are observed in the DFe and TDFe variations during this period, indicating that severe anthropogenic contamination has no significant effect on the DFe (TDFe) release in the NEEM ice core.
Sree Narayana Guru
Authors: Pati George 
Published: June 2020

Sree Narayana Guru (b. 1856?–d. 1928), a member of the Īzhava caste, a low-caste group in the fourfold caste system of Kerala, and a pioneer in socioreligious reform in early-20th-century Kerala, was born in Chempazhanthi, Kerala, possibly on August 20, 1856. A learned man, he was fluent in Malayalam, Sanskrit, and Tamil. From 1876 to 1879 he studied Sanskrit at Puthupalli in Karunagapally taluk, and was broadly trained in various traditions, including vyākarṇa (grammar), nyāya (logic), Vedānta, kāvya (poetry), nātaka (drama), and alaṁkāra (rhetoric), in addition to Ayurveda and astrology. After his formal education, he was more interested in finding the truth about the self and its relation to the Ultimate Reality. Once he had attained aṟivu (self-knowledge), he returned to his village and became an itinerant sanyāsin, recognized as a saint, and people from all strata of the caste-oriented Kerala society—Nāyars, Īzhavas, Christians, and Muslims—sought his teachings and blessings. In his teachings Guru emphasized the knowledge of self as essential to his notion of oneness. He claimed that oneness depends on consciousness of the self in relation to others and plays a significant role in spiritual and social emancipation. Guru, who at one point in life was a devotee of Viṣṇu, after attaining self-realization, emphasized the concept of “one God” and the unity of all being in a singular divinity. This oneness was not confined to his concept of God, but he considered the whole world to be of one family—vasudhaiva kudumbakam. In 1903 Guru founded the Śrī Nārāyaṇa Dharma Paripālana Yōgam (SNDP), with its manifesto, “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind,” which directed the many Hindus of Kerala from belief in many gods to belief in one God. Narayana Guru had the support of Dr. Palpu, a medical doctor and social revolutionary, and Kumaran Asan, a disciple and poet, and founding secretary of the SNDP. The oneness of God and unity of all humankind became apparent when Narayana Guru propelled religious and social reforms in Kerala. More importantly, his exposure to the inhumane condition of people in the lower castes and his education in the various philosophical schools, especially Advaita Vedānta, or nondualism, served as a foundation for his literary works and social and religious reforms in Kerala. On September 20, 1928, Guru attained samādhi (liberation upon death). Since his death, the SNDP organization has continued to function, propelled by those who follow Guru’s teachings, who hold regular meetings and worship services affirming Guru as a divine being.
Margaret Mead
Authors: Yans Virginia , Shin Ji-Hye 
Published: June 2020

Margaret Mead (b. 1901–d. 1978), one of the 20th century’s most accomplished and controversial anthropologists, pioneered modern childhood studies. Her ethnographies and popular writings established child socialization as a centerpiece for the transmission of human culture. Mead understood human behavior as a product of complex interactions between biology and the ways in which various human cultures shaped and embellished biological inheritance beginning at birth. When Mead began her career in the 1920s, anthropology’s unique fieldwork methodology and the impending disappearance of “whole cultures” required female scientists: most small pre-literate societies in remote areas of the world would not accept male “participant observers” of women’s daily activities which, of course, included child rearing. Mead’s early 1920s and 1930s fieldwork in Samoa, New Guinea, and Bali emphasized different cultural patterns of child rearing practices and child behavior. Her controversial finding that Samoan adolescent girls moved through adolescence without turmoil initiated her fame. As a young woman cultural anthropologist specializing in child behavior, Mead both engaged and disputed established Western scientific notions of universal, “normal” developmental stages including Freud’s psychosexual stages and Piaget’s innate cognitive development models. The early Samoa and New Guinea fieldwork initiated Mead’s trademark practice of using anthropological knowledge as a social reform tool. Returning to the developed Western world with her field research, for example, she encouraged lay audiences to examine their own child rearing practices. During the 1930s and 1940s, Mead joined the “culture and personality” and “national character” schools of anthropology, two early iterations of today’s psychological anthropology. As an example, her Balinese field studies conducted with her third husband Gregory Bateson (a trained biologist and ethnographer) worked within a neo-Freudian framework emphasizing parent-child interaction and cultural influences. The Balinese field work method involving both hundreds of unstaged, but carefully photographed and filmed, parent-child interactions and accompanying detailed field notes followed her earlier use of projective testing of New Guinea children, all now recognized as innovations. In the post–World War II era Mead’s interests turned to evolutionary change but she retained her interest in youth recognizing that the children of the 1960s faced an unprecedented historical change colloquially known as the “generation gap.” Mead presciently predicted a reversal of thousands of years of generational roles: 20th-century children, she correctly foresaw, would be teaching their less experienced elders how to navigate and survive in a world of rapid social and technological change into which the young were born.
A Retrospective Chart Review on the Role of Suppressive Therapy in the Management of Spinal Infections Involving Hardware
Authors: Beydoun Nour , Tandon Sonia , Krengel Sonia , Johnson Eric , Palacio Bedoya Federico , Moore Michael , Refai Daniel , Rouphael Nadine 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
One percent to 8% of patients undergoing spinal instrumentation surgeries develop infections. There is no consensus on the medical and surgical management of these infections.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, and Common Procedural Terminology codes relevant to spinal infections with hardware within Emory Healthcare over a 10-year period. Extracted data included patient demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory and microbiologic results, and surgical and medical management including choice and duration of suppressive therapy. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of length of use of suppressive antibiotics with treatment success and to identify predictors of use of suppressive antibiotics.

Results
Of 869 records, 124 met inclusion criteria. Fifty patients (40.3%) had an infection that occurred after hardware placement, mostly within 3 months postsurgery, while the remainder had vertebral osteomyelitis that required hardware placement. After initial intravenous antibiotic treatment for ≥4 weeks, 72 patients (64.5%) were given suppressive antibiotics. The overall treatment success rate was 78.2%. In spinal infections involving hardware with gram-negative rods, patients were less likely to receive suppressive antibiotics, less likely to have hardware removed, and less likely to have treatment success compared with patients with infections with Staphylococcus species.

Conclusions
Management of spinal infections involving hardware should be tailored to the timing of onset of infection and causative organism. Further studies are needed to determine best management practices, particularly for gram-negative rod infections where the role of further suppressive antibiotics and hardware removal may be warranted.
The Pandemic Academy: Reflections of Infectious Diseases Fellows During COVID-19
Authors: Beh Darius L L , Ng Dorothy H L , Ong Sean W X , Sutjipto Stephanie , Lee Pei Hua , Oon Jolene , Wong Chen Seong , Archuleta Sophia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has taken over the world at an unprecedented scale. As Infectious Diseases fellows, this has come straight into the heart of our specialty and created a unique impact on our training progress and perspective. Here, we reflect on our early experiences during the first three months of battling COVID-19 in Singapore and glean some lessons for this pandemic and beyond.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Petri Michelle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract:
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease most commonly involving skin, joints, and kidneys. Usually, it presents in women in puberty or early adulthood. This monograph provides an overview of the role of an obstetrician–gynecologist (ob-gyn) in the treatment of SLE patients. An ob-gyn is uniquely placed in the health care continuum throughout the life cycle of a woman. Notably, an ob-gyn often is the first physician to notice SLE-related rash, swollen joints, cytopenias, or proteinuria in a patient and is the first to provide initial management. Obstetrician–gynecologists must be familiar with SLE effects on reproductive issues, such as SLE effects on the choice of birth control, pregnancy outcomes, and the risks of hormone therapy use, as well as the pregnancy effects on the risk of lupus nephritis flares. Human papillomavirus and associated cancer also are of concern in patients with SLE. Providing care to women with SLE is multifaceted; therefore, ob-gyns often will need to liaise with rheumatologists and other specialists.
Sepsis and the Obesity Paradox: Size Matters in More Than One Way
Authors: Jagan Nikhil , Morrow Lee E. , Walters Ryan W. , Plambeck Robert W. , Wallen Tanner J. , Patel Tej M. , Malesker Mark A. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Multiple studies have demonstrated an obesity paradox such that obese ICU patients have lower mortality and better outcomes. We conducted this study to determine if the mortality benefit conferred by obesity is affected by baseline serum lactate and mean arterial pressure.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected clinical data.

Setting:
Five community-based and one academic medical center in the Omaha, NE.

Patients:
7,967 adults hospitalized with sepsis.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Patients were categorized by body mass index as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of in-hospital death by body mass index category; two-way interactions between body mass index and each covariate were also evaluated. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted using an ICU cohort and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III scores, respectively. The overall unadjusted mortality rate was 12.1% and was consistently lower in higher body mass index categories (all comparisons, p < 0.007). The adjusted mortality benefit observed in patients with higher body mass index was smaller in patients with higher lactate levels with no mortality benefit in higher body mass index categories observed at lactate greater than 5 mmol/L. By contrast, the association between lower MAP and higher mortality was constant across body mass index categories. Similar results were observed in the ICU cohort. Finally, the obesity paradox was not observed after including Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III scores as a covariate.

Conclusions:
Our retrospective analysis suggests that although patient size (i.e., body mass index) is a predictor of in-hospital death among all-comers with sepsis—providing further evidence to the obesity paradox—it adds that illness severity is critically important whether quantified as higher lactate or by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score. Our results highlight that the obesity paradox is more than a simple association between body mass index and mortality and reinforces the importance of illness severity.
The 10-Year Prognosis and Prevalence of Brugada-Type Electrocardiograms in Elderly Women
Authors: Yeh Sherri Shih-Fan , Chen Ching-Yu Julius , Wu I-Chien , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Chen Tzu-Yu , Tseng Wei-Ting , Tang Feng-Cheng , Wang Chi-Chung , Juan Chung-Chou , Chiu Hou-Chang , Lo Huey-Ming , Yang Dun-Hui , Juang Jyh-Ming Jimmy , Hsiung Chao Agnes 
Published: June 2020

Background
Brugada syndrome is a disorder associated with sudden cardiac death and characterized by an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG). Previous studies were predominantly conducted in men, and the data on long-term prognosis are limited. Information about women, especially elderly women, is lacking.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term prognosis of the Brugada ECG pattern in elderly women.

Method
We investigated the 10-year prognosis of the Brugada ECG pattern in elderly women in a nationwide community-based population in Taiwan. Community-dwelling women older than 55 years were prospectively recruited from December 2008 to March 2013 by a stratified random sampling method. All enrolled individuals were followed up annually until April 2019, and the cause of death was documented by citizen death records.

Results
Among 2597 women, 60 (2.31%) had a Brugada-type ECG, and this prevalence was higher than the mean global prevalence of 0.23%. One woman had a type 1 ECG (0.04%), whereas 15 (0.58%) and 44 (1.70%) women had type 2 and type 3 ECG patterns, respectively. Cox survival analysis revealed that all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality were similar in the individuals with and without a Brugada-type ECG during a mean follow-up of 96.1 ± 20.5 months.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that Brugada ECG patterns are not infrequent in elderly women but are not associated with increased risk of mortality in long-term follow-up; these findings may help reduce unnecessary anxiety for physicians, nurses, allied health caregivers, and patients.