bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and muscle strength development in children with developmental coordination disorder
Authors: Demers Isabelle , Moffet Hélène , Hébert Luc , Maltais Désirée B 
Published: March 2020

AimTo assess effects of growth on lower limb maximal isometric muscle strength (MIMS) development in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).MethodThis observational study used hand‐held dynamometry to evaluate MIMS (hip abductors, flexors, extensors; knee flexors and extensors; ankle dorsiflexors) in children with DCD (n=33, 12 females, 21 males, 6–12y, mean [SD] age 9y [2y]). Regression analysis compared changes in MIMS for similar changes in growth (height or body mass) for children with DCD and typically developing children (pre‐existing database, n=183), controlling for age and sex.ResultsFor the same height gain, the gain in muscle strength was 37.3% to 69.2% less in children with DCD compared with typically developing children, with significantly lower slopes (p‐value between <0.001–0.042) in all muscle groups tested except knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors in females. Strength gains related to body mass gains were not different for children with DCD compared to typically developing children.InterpretationEven when growing at a similar rate, children with DCD do not develop muscle strength gains at the same rate as their typically developing peers.What this paper adds

Strength gains with growth (height) may be reduced in children with developmental coordination disorder.
Student Free Speech and Schools as Public Spaces
Authors: Dhingra Neil 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFree speech jurisprudence is caught between crediting the First Amendment rights of students when they resemble adults or restricting such rights when students seemingly act as children. In Morse v. Frederick (2007), the Supreme Court ruled against Joseph Frederick and his “Bong Hits 4 Jesus” banner because Frederick's speech seemed valueless as an adult act, as it lacked any discernible political value. In this essay, Neil Dhingra uses Hannah Arendt's thought to argue that schools should not be interpreted as political spaces but as social spaces where educational authorities should exercise forbearance as students such as Frederick learn to exercise their free speech rights. In particular, students will practice their First Amendment rights by exposing and exploring the discrepancy between appearance and reality, through dark forms of humor, and in forming different types of friendship, all of which schools are unlikely to be able to manage or interpret. Recognizing these unruly and quasi‐humorous forms of First Amendment practice helps make sense of Frederick's banner. Dhingra argues that in order to create space for students to develop freely — that is, without being subject to excessive scrutiny or succumbing to the danger of conformity, or both — schools should show a wide but not unlimited tolerance to speech like that of Frederick, which may otherwise be dismissed as childish and valueless “gibberish.”
Approximating Whiteness: Race, Class, and Empire in the Making of Modern Elite/White Subjects
Authors: Gaztambide‐Fernández Rubén , Angod Leila 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis essay takes up the messy relationship between whiteness and eliteness at the site of elite schools under conditions of global racial capitalism and empire. Rubén Gaztambide‐Fernández and Leila Angod theorize this relationship by describing the slippery ways in which whiteness and eliteness co‐constitute each other and by tracing how the relationship between eliteness and whiteness is both historical and spatial. They argue that, in the twenty‐first century, the entanglement between eliteness and whiteness produces a particular affective configuration and that elite schooling has become the key mechanism for producing what they call the elite/white subject. Gaztambide‐Fernández and Angod trace the making of the elite/white subject through three processes: the unhinging from time/history; the unhinging from space/land; and the obfuscation of whiteness/eliteness through the production of a particular cosmopolitan affect. They do this by looking specifically at how non‐White subjects are invited into eliteness, always in a paradoxically precarious approximation in which whiteness, and therefore eliteness, can always be revoked. The ongoing collusion between the particular spatial and historical dimensions of the production of eliteness obfuscates the ways in which becoming elite always requires an approximation to whiteness and how both whiteness and eliteness must be constantly produced and secured.
Aquatain AMF efficacy on juvenile mosquito stages in control ofCulex pipienscomplex andAedes albopictus
Authors: Kavran Mihaela , Pajović Igor , Petrić Dušan , Ignjatović‐Ćupina Aleksandra , Latinović Nedeljko , Jovanović Miomir , Quarrie Stephen Alexander , Zgomba Marija 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAquatain®mosquito formulation (AMF) is a silicone‐based monomolecular film, which has recently been approved for use in the European Union. The physical mode of action based on lowering water surface tension prevents mosquito larvae/pupae respiration. Additionally, AMF disables gravid females from landing on the water surface and obstructs the natural oviposition process. Due to multistage effects on mosquitoes, AMF could be a product of choice for defined water body and container breeders such asCulex pipiensL. complex, principal vector of West Nile virus in Europe, and the invasiveAedes albopictus(Skuse) (both Diptera: Culicidae), vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of AMF, to determine the susceptibility of the immature forms ofC. pipiensandA. albopictus, and the persistence/longevity of the product to suppress the eclosion of adults. AMF achieved high mortality rates of juvenileA. albopictusandC. pipiensunder laboratory conditions. However, in the fieldC. pipienslarvae showed higher susceptibility to AMF thanA. albopictus. Pupae of the two mosquito species were highly susceptible to the presence of AMF. WhenC. pipiensjuveniles were exposed to AMF in the wild, effects lasted for 21 days in densely covered water bodies and 56 days in water recipients with less vegetation. In both breeding sites, natural habitat and artificial water recipient, the two mosquito species with high impact on public health in Europe could successfully be suppressed by application of AMF (1 ml m−2).
Effects of high CO2 on mating success, mating duration, and sperm transfer in the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus
Authors: Nunohiro Ayame , Kumano Norikuni 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMost terrestrial animals live in natural atmospheric conditions, but some are also adapted to low oxygen (hypoxic) or high‐carbon dioxide (hypercapnic) conditions, such as in social insect nests, soil, caves, wood, and decaying material. Although it is possible that individuals adapt their behaviour to the environmental condition of their habitats, mating behaviour under ecologically possible ranges of CO2 has not been well studied. We compared walking activity, duration of mating behaviour, and sperm transfer ability in the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in high CO2 (10 000 p.p.m.) vs. normal atmospheric conditions (laboratory air, ca. 800 p.p.m.). We found that high CO2 enhanced walking activity and mounting frequency. Under such circumstances, we predicted that enhanced activities under a high‐CO2 environment would increase the risk of sperm competition, which induces an extended copulation period and an increase in sperm transfer. However, weevils shortened the mating period and did not alter their sperm transfer ability under high CO2. These findings are, as far as we are aware, the first report of the effect of ecologically relevant high CO2 on insect mating behaviour under mass‐rearing conditions. The effect of ambient conditions on mating behaviour and sperm transfer is discussed in relation to the intensity of female refusal behaviour directed against males.
Digital Module 12: Think‐aloud Interviews and Cognitive Labs https://ncme.elevate.commpartners.com
Authors: Leighton Jacqueline P. , Lehman Blair 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Jacqueline Leighton and Dr. Blair Lehman review differences between think‐aloud interviews to measure problem‐solving processes and cognitive labs to measure comprehension processes. Learners are introduced to historical, theoretical, and procedural differences between these methods and how to use and analyze distinct types of verbal reports in the collection of evidence of test‐taker response processes. The module includes details on (a) the different types of cognition that are tapped by different interviewer probes, (b) traditional interviewing methods and new automated tools for collecting verbal reports, and (c) options for analyses of verbal reports. This includes a discussion of reliability and validity issues such as potential bias in the collection of verbal reports, ways to mitigate bias, and inter‐rater agreement to enhance credibility of analysis. A novel digital tool for data collection called the ABC tool is presented via illustrative videos. As always, the module contains audio‐narrated slides, quiz questions with feedback, a glossary, and curated resources.
A retrospective comparison of phenobarbital and levetiracetam for the treatment of seizures following cardiac surgery in neonates
Authors: Thibault Céline , Naim Maryam Y. , Abend Nicholas S. , Licht Daniel J. , Gaynor J. William , Xiao Rui , Massey Shavonne L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the safety and efficacy of phenobarbital and levetiracetam in a cohort of neonates with seizures following cardiac surgery.MethodsWe performed a retrospective single‐center study of consecutive neonates with electrographically confirmed seizures managed with antiseizure medication after cardiac surgery from June 15, 2012 to December 31, 2018. We compared the safety and efficacy of phenobarbital and levetiracetam as first‐line therapy.ResultsFirst‐line therapy was phenobarbital in 31 neonates and levetiracetam in 22 neonates. Phenobarbital was associated with more adverse events (P = .006). Eight neonates (14%) experienced an adverse event related to phenobarbital use, including seven with hypotension and one with respiratory depression. No adverse events were reported with levetiracetam use. The cessation of electrographic seizures was similar in both groups, including 18 neonates (58%) with seizure cessation after phenobarbital and 12 neonates (55%) with seizure cessation after levetiracetam (P = 1.0). The combined cessation rates of phenobarbital and levetiracetam when used as first‐ or second‐line therapy were 58% and 47%, respectively (P = .47).SignificancePhenobarbital was associated with more adverse events than levetiracetam, and the two drugs were equally but incompletely effective in treating electrographically confirmed seizures in neonates following cardiac surgery. Given its more acceptable safety profile and potential noninferiority, levetiracetam may be a reasonable option for first‐line therapy for treatment of seizures in this population. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
Effects of hippocampus‐sparing resections in the temporal lobe: Hippocampal atrophy is associated with a decline in memory performance
Authors: Wagner Kathrin , Gau Karin , Metternich Birgitta , Geiger Maximilian J. , Wendling Anne‐Sophie , Kadish Navah E. , Reuner Gitta , Mayer Hans , Mader Irina , Beck Jürgen , Zentner Josef , Urbach Horst , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas , Kaller Christoph P. , Foit Niels A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with a nonlesional and nonepileptogenic hippocampus (HC), in order to preserve functionally intact brain tissue, the HC is not resected. However, some patients experience postoperative memory decline, possibly due to disruption of the extrahippocampal memory network and secondary hippocampal volume (HV) loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of hippocampal atrophy ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of the surgery and its relation to memory outcomes.MethodsHippocampal volume and verbal as well as visual memory performance were retrospectively examined in 55 patients (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] 30 ± 15 years, 25 female, 31 left) before and 5 months after surgery within the temporal lobe that spared the entire HC. HV was extracted based on prespecified templates, and resection volumes were also determined.ResultsHV loss was found both ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of surgery (P < .001). Postoperative left HV loss was a significant predictor of postoperative verbal memory deterioration after left‐sided surgery (P < .01). Together with the preoperative verbal memory performance, postoperative left HV explained almost 60% of the variance (P < .0001). However, right HV was not a clear predictor of visual memory performance. Larger resection volumes were associated with smaller postoperative HV, irrespective of side of surgery (left: P < .05, right: P < .01).SignificanceA disruption of the memory network by any resection within the TL, especially within the language‐dominant hemisphere, may lead to HC atrophy and memory decline. These findings may further improve the counseling of patients concerning their postoperative memory outcome before TL resections sparing the entire HC.
Mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament in three horses identified on computed tomographic examination
Authors: Lawson A. L. , Carslake H. B. , Kane‐Smyth J. , Maddox T. W. , Talbot A. M. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThree horses that were presented for computed tomography (CT) examination of the head and cranial cervical spine in which marked mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament of the dens was identified on CT examination are described. There are currently no reports of mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament in horses in the literature. Although the significance of this finding to the presenting clinical problems in the cases described remains speculative, an association between mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament and compatible clinical signs merits further investigation. The purpose of this case report is to describe three cases with mineralisation of the longitudinal odontoid ligament as identified on CT examination.
Ecological risk assessment of species impacted by fisheries in waters off eastern Taiwan
Authors: Lin Chih‐Yu , Wang Sheng‐Ping , Chiang Wei‐Chuan , Griffiths Shane , Yeh Hsin‐Ming 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn ecological risk assessment was undertaken using productivity‐susceptibility analysis (PSA) to determine the relative vulnerability of 52 species caught by fisheries in the waters off eastern Taiwan. Overall, eight and 20 species were classified as having high and moderate vulnerability, respectively, and the remaining 24 species were classified as having low vulnerability. The species with the highest vulnerability scores were caught mainly by longline and gillnet fisheries, highlighting the need for improved data collection to facilitate a more detailed investigation using more quantitative methods. The data quality analysis indicated that the quality of data was classified as “moderate” for economically important species. However, many species were considered data‐limited and thus collecting high‐resolution catch and effort information and conducting biological studies, especially relating to age, growth and reproduction, are recommended to improve the reliability of outputs from data‐limited assessments such as PSA.
Critical land change information enhances the understanding of carbon balance in the United States
Authors: Liu Jinxun , Sleeter Benjamin M. , Zhu Zhiliang , Loveland Thomas R. , Sohl Terry , Howard Stephen M. , Key Carl H. , Hawbaker Todd , Liu Shuguang , Reed Bradley , Cochrane Mark A. , Heath Linda S. , Jiang Hong , Price David T. , Chen Jing M. , Zhou Decheng , Bliss Norman B. , Wilson Tamara , Sherba Jason , Zhu Qiuan , Luo Yiqi , Poulter Benjamin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLarge‐scale terrestrial carbon (C) estimating studies using methods such as atmospheric inversion, biogeochemical modeling, and field inventories have produced different results. The goal of this study was to integrate fine‐scale processes including land use and land cover change into a large‐scale ecosystem framework. We analyzed the terrestrial C budget of the conterminous United States from 1971 to 2015 at 1‐km resolution using an enhanced dynamic global vegetation model and comprehensive land cover change data. Effects of atmospheric CO2 fertilization, nitrogen deposition, climate, wildland fire, harvest, and land use/land cover change (LUCC) were considered. We estimate annual C losses from cropland harvest, forest clearcut and thinning, fire, and LUCC were 436.8, 117.9, 10.5, and 10.4 TgC/year, respectively. C stored in ecosystems increased from 119,494 to 127,157 TgC between 1971 and 2015, indicating a mean annual net C sink of 170.3 TgC/year. Although ecosystem net primary production increased by approximately 12.3 TgC/year, most of it was offset by increased C loss from harvest and natural disturbance and increased ecosystem respiration related to forest aging. As a result, the strength of the overall ecosystem C sink did not increase over time. Our modeled results indicate the conterminous US C sink was about 30% smaller than previous modeling studies, but converged more closely with inventory data.
The influence of irrigant activation, concentration and contact time on sodium hypochlorite penetration into root dentine: an ex vivo experiment
Authors: Virdee S. S. , Farnell D. J. J. , Silva M. A. , Camilleri J. , Cooper P. R. , Tomson P. L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimTo establish whether irrigant activation techniques, namely manual dynamic activation (MDA), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and sonic irrigation (SI), improve the tubular penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) into root dentine when compared with conventional needle irrigation (CNI). Secondly, investigate if increasing NaOCl concentration and/or contact time improves the performance of these techniques.MethodologyA total of 83 extracted human maxillary permanent canines were decoronated to 15 mm, and root canals prepared to a size 40, .10 taper. Root dentine was stained with crystal violet for 72 h and embedded in silicone. Eighty specimens were randomly distributed into 16 groups (n = 5) according to the irrigant activation technique, NaOCl concentration (2%; 5.25%) and irrigant contact time (10 min; 20 min). All activation techniques were used for 60 s in the last minute of irrigation. Additionally, three teeth were not exposed to NaOCl to confirm adequate dentine staining had occurred (i.e. negative control). All specimens were subsequently dissected, observed under a light microscope and NaOCl penetration depth (µm) determined by measuring the average width of bleached dentine using ImageJ software. Statistical comparisons were made with paired and unpaired t‐tests, anovas followed by post hoc Tukey’s and Dunnett’s tests, and a general linear model (α < 0.05).ResultsOverall, NaOCl penetration ranged from 38.8 to 411.0 µm with MDA, PUI and SI consistently resulting in significantly greater tubular infiltration than CNI (P < 0.05). The deepest measurements in the coronal, middle and apical segments were all recorded in the MDA; 5.25%; 20 min group and the least in the CNI; 2%; 10 min group. Increasing either irrigant concentration or contact time resulted in significantly greater NaOCl penetration depths for all techniques and segments of the canal (P < 0.05). However, when irrigant concentration and contact time were increased together, a significant interaction effect between these two independent variables was observed on overall NaOCl penetration (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAgitating irrigants with MDA, PUI or SI, as well as using greater irrigant concentrations or contact times, potentiated NaOCl penetration into root dentine. However, longer durations of NaOCl exposure at lower concentrations resulted in similar depths of tubular penetration as those achieved at higher concentrations.
Combination of N, N′‐dicyclohexyl‐N‐arachidonic acylurea and tacrolimus prolongs cardiac allograft survival in mice
Authors: An Ke , Qin Qing , Yu Shengnan , Xue Mengjiao , Wang Zhenzhen , Lin Qingru , Ma Yunhan , Yan Guoliang , Mo Sirui , Chen Yingyu , Zhang Liyi , Zhong Jiaying , Qi Zhongquan , Xia Junjie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCurrent immunosuppressive agents for organ transplantation are not ideal because of their strong toxicity and adverse effects. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop novel immunosuppressive agents. The compound N, N′‐dicyclohexyl‐N‐arachidonic acylurea (DCAAA) is a novel highly unsaturated fatty acid from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Radix Isatidis. In this study, we systematically investigated the toxicity, immunosuppressive effect and mechanisms underlying the activity of DCAAA. The toxicity tests showed that DCAAA treatment did not lead to red blood cell hemolysis and did not affect the liver and kidney functions in mice. The lymphocyte transformation test showed that DCAAA treatment inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. An in vivo cardiac allotransplantation experiment showed that DCAAA treatment could suppress the immune rejection and significantly prolong the survival of cardiac allografts in recipient mice by reducing the proportion of CD4+ T cells in the spleen and grafts, concentration of interferon‐γ in the supernatant and serum and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the grafts. Moreover, a combination treatment with DCAAA and tacrolimus had a synergistic effect in preventing acute rejection of heart transplants. In vitro molecular biology experiments showed that DCAAA treatment inhibited activation of the T‐cell receptor‐mediated phosphoinostide 3‐kinase‐protein kinase B pathway, thereby arresting cell cycle transition from the G1 to the S phase, and inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation. Overall, our study reveals a novel, low‐toxicity immunosuppressive agent that has the potential to reduce the toxic side effects of existing immunosuppressive agents when used in combination with them.