bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Greeks and Their Rituals
Authors: Kowalzig Barbara 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFor the ancient Greeks, ritual was communication with the gods, aimed at achieving a communality between gods and humans, principally in the service of a community’s welfare, cohesion, and stability, and at the very least, configuring social relations between individuals. This chapter provides a brief methodological survey of how society, predominantly the ancient Greek city-state (polis), has been the main reference for the study of Greek ritual. Rituals derived their authority from tradition but were flexible actions in constant dialogue with the past, endowed with agency in all areas of Greek life: society, politics, economics, culture, and religion itself. After explaining the relationship of myth to ritual, the chapter examines how the Greeks developed strategies working up towards a ritual moment of temporary intimacy with the divine in sacrificial ritual, choral performance, festivals, processions, and dedications. The essay concludes with a section on how the individual relates to the community through ritual.
Narratives of Earliest Hindu–Muslim Encounters
Authors: Ahmed Asif Manan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter makes two broad claims. The first is to incorporate a longer history of statecraft in north India into our examination of Mughal regime. The second is to take medieval Indian Ocean texts as critical source material for understanding forms of state-making, negotiation of difference, and encounters between social actors. Toward these claims, the chapter reads a set of ninth- and tenth-century narratives linking Sindh and Gujarat to Aden and Cairo. Within these texts are representations of various forms of encounters between those understood as Arabs and Muslims and those labeled Hindi or Sindhi. The chapter explicates accounts of embeddedness of Islam in India, of crime and punishment as modes of statecraft, of everyday gendered lives, and of networks of exchange in order to provide a longer history of understanding pivotal concerns of the Mughal regime in the sixteenth century.
Deuteronomy and the Reigns of Kings Hezekiah and Josiah of Judah
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the modern debate concerning the sociohistorical setting of the composition of the book of Deuteronomy. It begins with discussion of the initial work of W. M. L. de Wette, who argued that Deuteronomy would have been the Book of Torah that was discovered in the Jerusalem Temple during the reign of King Josiah (640–609 bce). It then turns to the work of scholars such as Adam Welch, Albrecht Alt, Gerhard von Rad, and Ernst W. Nicholson, who argued that Deuteronomy was written in northern Israel, ostensibly by Levitical authors dissatisfied with northern practice, and brought south during the reign of King Hezekiah (715–687/6 bce). It builds upon the work of R. E. Clements, who observed that Deuteronomy’s call for a single sanctuary best fit the concerns of southern Judah, to offer additional reasons why the composition of Deuteronomy is best set during the reign of Josiah.
Priests, Levites, and the NasiNew Roles in Ezekiel’s Future Temple
Authors: Ganzel Tova 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In evaluating the roles of the temple personnel in Ezekiel’s vision of the future temple (Ezekiel 40–48), three spheres of concern are taken into account: the broader biblical context, the more restricted context of the book of Ezekiel, and the Babylonian backdrop of his prophecies. This chapter demonstrates that the temple functionaries differ from their biblical precedents, on the one hand, and from what was known of their Babylonian environment on the other. What determines the roles of the priests, the Levites, and the nasi in Ezekiel’s temple vision is the driving theological force of preserving the temples’ sanctity. Thus, for example, the uniquely positioned nasi integrates the roles of two Babylonian temple officials; unlike the Babylonian functionaries, however, the nasi is not second to a human king, but answers only to God.
The “Constitutional” System of Israel
Authors: Mahler Gregory 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Israel’s constitutional setting and “unwritten” constitution have evolved over the years, influenced by actions of the Supreme Court of Israel and the Knesset, Israel’s parliament. Israel’s constitutional status, with its constitutional structure not formally entrenched in writing, leaves many specific principles of the constitution and their impact more uncertain in many cases than might be the case if there were a more formalized, “written” constitution, something to which Israel committed itself over seven decades ago. Structures of the constitution, including the Basic Laws, are constitutional but are not the same as having a constitution, and this situation leaves the proper role of the Supreme Court in Israel open to debate. The constitutional system has direct and clear influence over the operation of day-to-day politics and affects a wide range of political and structural factors in the Israeli political world.
The Legislative Branch in Israel
Authors: Friedberg Chen , Hazan Reuven Y. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Knesset is the legislative body of Israel, which has been a parliamentary, unitary democracy since its foundation. It is a unicameral parliament, elected through a proportional election system that to a great extent reflects Israeli society. Because there is no written constitution, the Knesset alone delineates the three branches of government. On top of its legislative role, the Knesset also oversees the executive branch, handles political conflicts, and is in charge of decision-making. Although it is the main source of all political power in Israel and appears strong on paper, it operates under structural, legal, procedural, and historical constraints. The result is a relatively weak legislative branch in practice, in some roles more so than in others.
The Political Institutions of the Palestinian Minority in Israel
Authors: Ghanem As’ad 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the most prominent active partisan organizations representing the Palestinian population in Israel’s political arena. Some of these organizations act as political parties in the Israeli Knesset, while others have chosen to distance themselves from participation in parliamentary elections in order to avoid any cooperation with or legitimization for the Israeli state. The Palestinian political parties in Israel have been affected by political developments and implications resulting from the Arab–Israeli conflict and particularly the Palestinian problem, alongside Israeli national political, economic, and social developments since the creation of the state in 1948, in addition to being impacted by internal socioeconomic changes and transformations within the Palestinian community in Israel.
Democracy in Israel
Authors: Dowty Alan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Can Israel be both Jewish and democratic? If Jewishness is seen properly as ethnicity, Israeli democracy should be judged by the same standards as other nation-states. The Jewish community in Palestine, and later Israel, faced serious objective difficulties in democratization but drew on a traditional Jewish politics that emphasized voluntary consent and inclusion. Standard rankings of states on a democracy scale have consistently classified Israel as a democracy, if sometimes a flawed one. The relative weaknesses of this democracy, in both external and internal analysis, appear in freedom of expression, freedom of association, equality before the law, and judicial constraints on the executive. In practice, most of these problem areas are related to the Arab–Israeli conflict and the status of Israel’s Arab citizens.
“We Don’t Play”
Authors: Morgan Marcyliena 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe notion that black women know of and must confront offensive assumptions about their character and identity is often an unspoken truth visible in sociolinguistic research. How we understand and view black women in ways that may be outside the purview of traditional sociolinguistic analysis, how they are viewed within their community and how they are represented in wider society is necessarily embedded in their presentation of self and especially in their language and discourse. This chapter directly engages this observation by framing African American women’s language research and analysis within black women’s social, political and cultural worlds and highlights their use of intentionality and agency to represent and at times assert black women’s importance in society. It addresses how the language and discourse of black women in particular works to reveal the politics of intersectionality, where race, class, sexuality and gender oppression interrelate for some women and may be invisible or acceptable to others.
The Gendered Muslim Subject
Authors: Durrani Mariam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThrough feminist critique, this chapter attends to how gender and race are co-constitutive of the production and circulation of anti-Muslim racism/Islamophobia in three forms of U.S. public discourse: news media reports, political discourse, and popular culture. Discourse about the gendered Muslim body sustains the contemporary racialization of Muslims, playing a key role in the race- and gender-based discrimination and assault experienced by Muslim and Muslim-appearing/sounding individuals. Drawing on linguistic anthropology and critical Muslim studies, the chapter enlivens the scholarship on discursive mediatized formulations of the racialized Muslim figure by highlighting its gendered formulations.
Theorizing Linguistic Racisms from a Language Ideological Perspective
Authors: Kroskrity Paul V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrevious scholarship has linked the promotion of racializing projects to the larger political economic contexts of nation-states and their role in (re-)producing social hierarchies. Language, in the form of language ideologies (Kroskrity 2016), linguistic forms, and discursive practices, provides a special kind of resource in such racializing projects because it contributes not only overtly but also covertly to the hierarchical production of social inequality. This study builds on prior language ideological studies of linguistic racism in the United States (e.g., Hill 2008) and demonstrates how this theoretical orientation reveals patterns of overt and covert racism that derive from speakers’ consciousness across a continuum ranging from practical consciousness (Kroskrity 1998) to critical language awareness (Alim 2010). Language ideological data, including the publications of “salvage era” academic researchers, disclose a sector on the spectrum of linguistic racisms directed specifically at indigenous people and their culture by a settler-colonial state and its citizens.
Racializing, Ethnicizing, and Diversity Discourses
Authors: Urciuoli Bonnie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the United States, racializing, ethnicizing, and neoliberal diversity discourses construct the terms of belonging to a larger social order. All hierarchize markedness (the terms of inclusion or exclusion) but in ideologically distinct ways. Racializing discourses emphasize traits (social, psychological, linguistic) assumed to be natural and marked as a danger to the nation. Ethnicizing discourses emphasize traits marked by association with nationality or culture outside the United States but that are interpreted as contributions to the nation. Neoliberal diversity discourses emphasize traits marked by association with nationality or culture outside or marked social groups within the United States but that are also seen as contributions to a corporate order of productivity. The same people might be viewed through any of these three lenses, depending on what motivates the viewers and how that is realized through discursive elements and their linked social processes.
Growing the Grassroots: Reforming Talent Agent Legislation to Promote the Rights and Interests of Grassroots Artists
Authors: Biggers Bradfield E. A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The music of grassroots artists is no longer confined to dive bars and late-night rotations on college radio. Today, the digitalization of the contemporary music industry provides grassroots artists with unprecedented access to a global music ecosystem. Nevertheless, talent agency statutes drafted in a pre-Internet music industry impede grassroots artists from reaping the benefits of modern technologies. Due to the inflexibility of these statutes, grassroots artists become lost in a music industry oversaturated with content because their advisors are prohibited from providing meaningful support. This chapter proposes legislators include “grassroots exceptions” in state-level talent agency statutes that would conditionally allow advisors of grassroots artists to procure certain types of employment. These exceptions would allow grassroots artists to efficiently participate in emerging music markets, as well as ensure that these statutes purporting to protect artists are equally promoting the interests of all artists.
Consequentialism and Partiality
Authors: Jeske Diane 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConsequentialism has often been criticized for its inability to accommodate the partiality toward intimates that most people regard as not only morally permissible but as morally required. Consequentialists have responded to this objection by attempting to show, in various ways, that such partiality can, in some sense, be justified by their theory. While the classical utilitarians such as Mill and Sidgwick claimed that adherence to rules of thumb advising partial behavior is a good strategy for maximizing value, in recent years, Peter Railton has defended what is known as indirect consequentialism. According to the indirect consequentialist, consequentialism is to be understood as a criterion of right action, not as a decision procedure for agents to employ in their practical reasoning. Thus, according to Railton and others, a good consequentialist agent will often act and be motivated in the partial manner supposedly advocated by common sense. I argue that consequentialist moves such as those taken by Railton et al. are misguided, because the real issue is not how much partial behavior a moral theory is able to justify but, rather, the way in which it justifies that partial behavior.
Consequentialism and Promises
Authors: Liberman Alida 
Published: October 2020

AbstractI explore the debate about whether consequentialist theories can adequately accommodate the moral force of promissory obligation. I outline a straightforward act consequentialist account grounded in the value of satisfying expectations, and I raise and assess three objections to this account: that it counterintuitively predicts that certain promises should be broken when common-sense morality insists that they should be kept, that the account is circular, and Michael Cholbi’s argument that this account problematically implies that promise-making is frequently obligatory. I then discuss alternative act consequentialist accounts, including Philip Pettit’s suggestion that promise-keeping is an intrinsic good and Michael Smith’s agent-relative account. I outline Brad Hooker’s rule consequentialist account of promissory obligation and raise a challenge for it. I conclude that appeals to intuitions about cases will not settle the dispute, and that consequentialists and their critics must instead engage in substantive debate about the nature and stringency of promissory obligation.
Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character
Authors: Driver Julia L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis essay argues that consequentialist theories can both accommodate virtue evaluation, and, indeed, the most plausible versions must do so, and that consequentialist theories can also be structured as forms of virtue ethics. Different strategies available to the consequentialist are presented and criticized, including indirect strategies which argue that the right action is the action that the virtuous person would perform. The best way for the consequentialist to approach virtue is as another form of moral evaluation understood in consequentialist terms which is distinct from consequentialist act evaluation; that is, evaluating action is only one part of an overarching consequentialist account of moral evaluation, and the theory can also be applied to dispositions, motives, intentions, etc.
The Love–Hate Relationship between Feminism and Consequentialism
Authors: Brennan Samantha 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe early utilitarians were strong champions for the equal treatment of women, yet contemporary feminists are some of consequentialism’s biggest critics. Arguing from a more generous account of what counts as consequentialist moral reasoning, this chapter identifies feminist criticisms of consequentialism and sees whether, and to what extent, feminism and consequentialism can be reconciled. It argues that a feminist version of consequentialism is possible and, regardless, that all feminist moral theories contain significant consequentialist elements which it would be a mistake to ignore. Finally, it suggests that all feminist approaches to ethics ought to accord some role to consequences and results, and therefore ought to contribute to debates and discussions within consequentialist ethics.
Consequentialism and Nonhuman Animals
Authors: John Tyler M. , Sebo Jeff 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConsequentialism is thought to be in significant conflict with animal rights theory because it does not regard activities such as confinement, killing, and exploitation as in principle morally wrong. Proponents of the “Logic of the Larder” argue that consequentialism results in an implausibly pro-exploitation stance, permitting us to eat farmed animals with positive well-being to ensure future such animals exist. Proponents of the “Logic of the Logger” argue that consequentialism results in an implausibly anti-conservationist stance, permitting us to exterminate wild animals with negative well-being to ensure future such animals do not exist. We argue that this conflict is overstated. Once we have properly accounted for indirect effects, such as the role that our policies play in shaping moral attitudes and behavior and the importance of accepting policies that are robust against deviation, we can see that consequentialism may converge with animal rights theory significantly, even if not entirely.
Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism
Authors: Cohen Yishai , Timmerman Travis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe actualism/possibilism debate in ethics is about whether counterfactuals of freedom concerning what an agent would freely do if she were in certain circumstances even partly determine that agent’s obligations. This debate arose from an argument against the coherence of utilitarianism in the deontic logic literature. In this chapter, we first trace the historical origins of this debate and then examine actualism, possibilism, and securitism through the lens of consequentialism. After examining their respective benefits and drawbacks, we argue that, contrary to what has been assumed, actualism and securitism both succumb to the so-called nonratifiability problem. In making this argument, we develop this problem in detail and argue that it’s a much more serious problem than has been appreciated. We conclude by arguing that an alternative view, hybridism, is independently the most plausible position and best fits with the nature of consequentialism, partly in light of avoiding the nonratifiability problem.
Relativized Rankings
Authors: Hammerton Matthew 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn traditional consequentialism the good is position-neutral. A single evaluative ranking of states of affairs is correct for everyone, everywhere regardless of their positions. Recently, position-relative forms of consequentialism have been developed. These allow for the correct rankings of states to depend on connections that hold between the state being evaluated and the position of the evaluator. For example, perhaps being an agent who acts in a certain state requires me to rank that state differently from someone else who lacks this connection. In this chapter several different kinds of position-relative rankings related to agents, times, physical locations, and possible worlds are explored. Arguments for and against adopting a position-relative axiology are examined, and it is suggested that position-relative consequentialism is a promising moral theory that has been underestimated.
Consequentialism and Action Guidingness
Authors: Jackson Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Consequentialism says that consequences settle what ought to be done. What does this imply for how we should decide, on some given occasion, what ought to be done in the light of our beliefs about the consequences of the actions available to us, our options? We explore the issues generated by the fact that typically there is substantial uncertainty about the consequences of the actions we need to choose between—we perforce must rely on the subjective probabilities of the possible outcomes of those actions. We distinguish objective “oughts” from expective “oughts” and note the complications that arise with compound actions—actions that have actions as parts.
The Apartheid Project
Authors: Sparks Stephen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a wide-ranging overview of the extant historical literature and latest research on Apartheid South Africa. After assessing the contributions of scholars to debates about the origins and purposes of apartheid, the chapter focuses analytical attention on the paradoxical nature and legacies of the apartheid state. At the heart of the chapter is a concern with how the racially delimited political economy bequeathed by apartheid has shaped an increasingly dysfunctional post-apartheid order.
Patterns of Social Inclusion and Exclusion Among Youth Living in Stigmatized Neighborhoods
Authors: Espíndola Ferrer Fabiana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter is an ethnographic case study of the social integration trajectories of youth living in two stigmatized and poor neighborhoods in Montevideo. It explains the linkages between residential segregation and social inclusion and exclusion patterns in unequal urban neighborhoods. Most empirical neighborhood research on the effects of residential segregation in contexts of high poverty and extreme stigmatization have focused on its negative effects. However, the real mechanisms and mediations influencing the so-called neighborhood effects of residential segregation are still not well understood. Scholars have yet to isolate specific neighborhood effects and their contribution to processes of social inclusion and exclusion. Focusing on the biographical experiences of youth in marginalized neighborhoods, this ethnography demonstrates the relevance of social mediations that modulate both positive and negative residential segregation effects.
Social Violence and Privilege
Authors: Lungo Rodríguez Irene 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines various strategies deployed by El Salvador’s upper middle classes to contend with social violence and also addresses their role in configuring their nation’s persistent social inequalities. Specifically, it analyzes the way in which practices and representations associated with these strategies for dealing with violence contribute to creating a social distance between the upper middle class and the lower classes. El Salvador is characterized by persistent and profound inequality, and high levels of social violence and poverty. The approach considers the sociocultural practices associated with the reproduction of social inequalities.