bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Use Trajectories in Young Adults: Analyses of Predictors Across Systems Levels
Authors: Berg Carla J , Haardörfer Regine , Lanier Angela , Childs Donyale , Foster Bruce , Getachew Betelihem , Windle Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Research is needed to examine trajectories of tobacco use beyond cigarette smoking, particularly during emerging middle young adulthood, and to identify distinct multilevel influences of use trajectories.

Aims and Methods
We examined (1) tobacco use trajectories over a 2-year period among 2592 young adult college students in a longitudinal cohort study and (2) predictors of these trajectories using variables from a socioecological framework, including intrapersonal-level factors (eg, sociodemographics, psychosocial factors [eg, adverse childhood experiences, depressive symptoms, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms], early-onset substance use), interpersonal factors (eg, social support, parental substance use), and community-level factors (eg, college type, rural vs. urban).

Results
About 64.5% were female and 65.0% were white. From age 18 to 26, 27%–31% of participants reported past 30-day use of any tobacco product. We identified four trajectory classes: Abstainers/Dabblers who never or infrequently used (89.2%); Adult users who began using frequently around age 20 and continued thereafter (5.9%); College Smokers who began using before 19 but ceased use around 25 (2.5%); and Teenage users who used during their teenage years but ceased use by 22 (1.9%). Multinomial regression showed that, compared to Abstainers/Dabblers, significant predictors (p &lt; .05) of being (1) Adult users included being male, earlier onset marijuana use, attending public universities or technical colleges (vs. private universities), and living in urban areas; (2) College users included being male, earlier onset marijuana use, and parental alcohol or marijuana use; and (3) Teenage users included only earlier onset marijuana use.

Conclusion
Distinct prevention and intervention efforts may be needed to address the trajectories identified.

Implications
Among young adult college students, the largest proportion of tobacco users demonstrate the risk of continued and/or progression of tobacco use beyond college. In addition, specific factors, particularly sex, earlier onset marijuana use, parental use of alcohol and marijuana, and contextual factors such as college setting (type of school, rural vs. urban) may influence tobacco use outcomes. As such, prevention and cessation intervention strategies are needed to address multilevel influences.
Relationship of maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation to offspring health
Authors: Gawlińska Kinga , Gawliński Dawid , Filip Małgorzata , Przegaliński Edmund 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A balanced maternal diet is essential for proper fetal development, and the consumption of a nutritionally inadequate diet during intrauterine development and early childhood is associated with a significantly increased risk of metabolic and brain disorders in offspring. The current literature indicates that maternal exposure to a high-fat diet exerts an irreversible influence on the general health of the offspring. This review of preclinical research examines the relationship between a maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy or lactation and metabolic changes, molecular alterations in the brain, and behavioral disorders in offspring. Animal models indicate that offspring exposed to a maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation manifest increased depressive-like and aggressive behaviors, reduced cognitive development, and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Recently, epigenetic and molecular studies have shown that maternal nutrition during pregnancy and the suckling period modifies the development of neurotransmitter circuits and many other factors important to central nervous system development. This finding confirms the importance of a balanced maternal diet for the health of offspring.
A Review of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Techniques Targeting the Medial Branches of the Lumbar Dorsal Rami in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Gilmore Christopher A , Patel Janus , Esebua Lasha-Giorgi , Burchell Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The lumbar medial branch nerve has historically been a focus for ablative techniques in the treatment of chronic low back pain (CLBP) of facetogenic origin. Recent developments in the field of neuromodulation have been employed to target these nerves for analgesia and/or functional restoration in broader populations of CLBP patients. The objective of this article was to provide an introductory review of procedural techniques and devices employed for peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) of the lumbar medial branch of the dorsal ramus for the treatment of CLBP.

Methods
A literature search via PubMed.gov was performed through September 2019 with key words focusing on peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic low back pain. This was refined to include only those articles that focused specifically on stimulation of the lumbar medial branch of the dorsal ramus. References within selected articles and unpublished data currently in the peer review process were also utilized.

Results
Ninety articles from PubMed.gov were obtained. Two approaches to PNS of the medial branch of the dorsal ramus were identified.

Conclusions
Our review of the current literature regarding techniques for neuromodulation of the medial branch of the dorsal ramus revealed two dominant methods: a temporarily implanted percutaneous coiled-lead approach and a permanently implanted system. The two techniques share some similarities, such as targeting the medial branch of the dorsal ramus, and also have some differences, such as indwelling time, stimulation parameters, duration of treatment, image guidance, and degrees of invasiveness, but they are both demonstrating promising results in clinical trials.
What effects does international mobility have on scientists’ careers? A systematic review
Authors: Netz Nicolai , Hampel Svenja , Aman Valeria 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe internationalization and specialization of science confront scientists with opportunities and sometimes even a need to become internationally mobile during their careers. Against this background, we systematically reviewed empirical studies on the effects that mobility across national borders has on the careers of scientists. Using several search channels, we identified 96 studies – published between 1994 and 2019 – that examine how international mobility influences eight dimensions of scientists’ careers. Listed in descending order of the number of identified studies, these dimensions comprise scientists’ (1) international networks, (2) scientific productivity, (3) occupational situation, (4) scientific impact, (5) competences and personality, (6) scientific knowledge, (7) access to research infrastructures and funds, and (8) symbolic capital. Existing research provides robust evidence of positive effects of international mobility on the broadening of scientists’ networks. Moreover, several solid studies examine the effect of international mobility on scientists’ productivity, impact, and occupational situation. Most of them find positive effects, but some also find no or negative effects. Studies on the other career dimensions are not only less frequent, but mostly also less robust. Our review reveals potential to advance research in the field by using less selective samples and more rigorous methodological approaches. Intending to spur further theory-driven empirical research, we develop a model integrating research on the identified career dimensions and derive various questions for future research. We conclude by highlighting policy implications of existing research.
Changes in plant function and root mycobiome caused by flood and drought in a riparian tree
Authors: Martínez-Arias Clara , Sobrino-Plata Juan , Macaya-Sanz David , Aguirre Natalie Marie , Collada Carmen , Gil Luis , Martín Juan Antonio , Rodríguez-Calcerrada Jesús 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUnder increasingly harsh climatic conditions, conservation of threatened species requires integrative studies to understand stress tolerance. Riparian Ulmus minor Mill. populations have been massively reduced by Dutch Elm disease (DED). However, resistant genotypes were selected to restore lost populations. To understand the acclimation mechanisms to the succession of abiotic stresses, ramets of five DED-tolerant U. minor genotypes were subjected to flood and subsequently to drought. Physiological and biochemical responses were evaluated together with shifts in root-fungal assemblages. During both stresses, plants exhibited a decline in leaf net photosynthesis and an increase in percentage loss of stem hydraulic conductivity and in leaf and root proline content. Stomatal closure was produced by chemical signals during flood and hydraulic signals during drought. Despite broad similarities in plant response to both stresses, root-mycobiome shifts were markedly different. The five genotypes were similarly tolerant to moderate drought, however, flood tolerance varied between genotypes. In general, flood did not enhance drought susceptibility due to fast flood recovery, nevertheless, different responses to drought after flood were observed between genotypes. Associations were found between some fungal taxonomic groups and plant functional traits varying with flood and drought (e.g. proline, chlorophyll and starch content) indicating that the thriving of certain taxa depends on host responses to abiotic stress.
Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis
Authors: Serling-Boyd Naomi , Stone John H. 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) has classically been diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy and treated with high-dose, long-term glucocorticoid therapy. Noninvasive imaging increasingly is employed for diagnostic purposes, but further studies are needed to determine the role of imaging in monitoring longitudinal disease activity. Glucocorticoid-sparing therapy mitigates the numerous adverse effects of glucocorticoids. This review addresses new developments in these areas.

Recent findings
For diagnosis, when performed at a center with expertise in its use, temporal artery ultrasound has an estimated sensitivity and specificity of 78 and 79%, respectively. State-of-the-art time-of-flight positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has an estimated sensitivity and specificity of 71 and 91%, respectively. The sensitivities of both imaging modalities decrease following glucocorticoid administration. Tocilizumab is an effective glucocorticoid-sparing therapy, demonstrating sustained glucocorticoid-free remission in 56% of patients receiving weekly tocilizumab compared with 18% of patients receiving a 52-week prednisone taper. The traditional acute phase reactants are of no value in patients treated with interleukin-6 receptor (IL6-R) blockade, and thus, the development of new biomarkers is an important priority in the field.

Summary
Noninvasive imaging techniques are increasingly used in the absence of temporal artery biopsy to confirm diagnostic suspicions of GCA. Tocilizumab reduces the cumulative glucocorticoid exposure and increases the rate of sustained remission. Ongoing efforts are directed towards new methods to identify disease flares.
Twitter
Authors: Paradis Noémie , Knoll Miriam A. , Shah Chirag , Lambert Carole , Delouya Guila , Bahig Houda , Taussky Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Objective:
The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between Twitter mentions and the number of academic citations of radiation oncology articles.

Materials and Methods:
We reviewed all 178 clinical manuscripts of the 2 most important radiation oncology journals and “Brachytherapy,” and all clinical manuscripts relating to radiation oncology from the top 10 impact factor oncology journals, published between January and February 2018. We collected the record of citations utilizing Scopus and Google Scholar platforms and the number of times an article was tweeted about using the “Altmetric Bookmarklet.” χ2 test was used to compare distributions between groups and the Pearson coefficient was used for correlations between the Twitter metrics and academic citations.

Results:
Overall, 71% of all articles were tweeted about at least once. There was a significant correlation between the number of tweets and the number of citations in Google Scholar (r=0.55, P<0.001) and in Scopus (r=0.59, P<0.001). The 11% of articles with a prepublication Twitter “buzz” (defined as an article with ≥10 tweets before publication) had 3.6 times more citations in Scopus (mean: 14.8 vs. 4.2, P<0.001) and 2.9 times more citations in Google Scholar (17.8 vs. 6.0, P<0.001) when compared with papers with no “buzz.”

Conclusions:
Presence on Twitter was correlated with the number of academic citations of an article in radiation oncology. This suggests that Twitter is being utilized by the oncology community as a platform to discuss and disseminate high impact scientific articles. The correlation between Twitter and increasing the number of citations of an article through larger dissemination and exposure requires further studies.
Fine particulate matter exposure and lipid levels among children in Mexico city
Authors: McGuinn Laura A. , Coull Brent A. , Kloog Itai , Just Allan C. , Tamayo-Ortiz Marcela , Osorio-Yáñez Citlalli , Baccarelli Andrea A. , Wright Rosalind J. , Téllez-Rojo Martha M. , Wright Robert O. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Studies have identified associations between air pollution and lipid levels in adults, suggesting a mechanism by which air pollution contributes to cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the association between early life air pollution exposure and lipid levels in children.

Methods:
Participants included 465 mother–child pairs from a prospective birth cohort in Mexico City. Daily particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) predictions were estimated using a satellite-based exposure model and averaged over trimesters, the entire pregnancy, and the first year of life. We assessed associations with several lipid measures at 4–6 years of age, including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Linear regression models were used to estimate change in lipid levels with each interquartile range increase in PM2.5. We additionally assessed if associations between PM2.5 and lipid levels varied across lipid quantiles using quantile regression. Models were adjusted for maternal education, body mass index, and age, child’s age at study visit, prenatal environmental tobacco smoke, and season of conception.

Results:
PM2.5 exposure during the third trimester was associated with increases in childhood total cholesterol, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C, and decreases in HDL-C and triglycerides. There was additionally an increasing trend in the effect estimate across higher quantiles of total cholesterol, LDL-C, and non-HDL-C during the third trimester and entire pregnancy period. There were no consistent associations for first year of life exposures.

Conclusion:
In this longitudinal birth cohort in Mexico City, associations between prenatal PM2.5 and childhood lipid (total cholesterol, LDL-C, non-HDL-C) levels were greater for children at higher lipid quantiles.
Prospective cohort study of respiratory effects at ages 14 to 26 following early life exposure to arsenic in drinking water
Authors: Khan Md Alfazal , Hira-Smith Meera , Ahmed Syed Imran , Yunus Mohammad , Hasan S. M. Tafsir , Liaw Jane , Balmes John , Raqib Rubhana , Yuan Yan , Kalman David , Roh Taehyun , Steinmaus Craig , Smith Allan H. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
We previously reported chronic respiratory effects in children who were then 7–17 years of age in Matlab, Bangladesh. One group of children had been exposed to high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water in utero and early childhood (average 436 µg/L), and the other group of children were never known to have been exposed to >10 µg/L. The exposed children, both males and females, had marked increases in chronic respiratory symptoms.

Methods:
The current study involves a further follow-up of these children now 14–26 years of age with 463 located and agreeing to participate. They were interviewed for respiratory symptoms and lung function was measured. Data were collected on smoking, body mass index (BMI), and number of rooms in the house as a measure of socioeconomic status.

Results:
Respiratory effects were still present in males but not females. In the high exposure group (>400 µg/L in early life) the odds ratio (OR) among male participants for dry cough in the last 12 months was 2.36 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21, 4.63, P = 0.006) and for asthma OR = 2.51 (95% CI = 1.19, 5.29, P = 0.008). Forced vital capacity (FVC) was reduced in males in the early life high-exposure group compared with those never exposed (−95ml, P = 0.04), but not in female participants.

Conclusions:
By the age range 14–26, there was little remaining evidence of chronic respiratory effects in females but pronounced effects persisted in males. Mechanisms for the marked male female differences warrant further investigation along with further follow-up to see if respiratory effects continue in males.
Recent developments in pediatric retina
Authors: Cai Sophie , Therattil Anthony , Vajzovic Lejla 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review
Pediatric retina is an exciting, but also challenging field, where patient age and cooperation can limit ease of diagnosis of a broad range of congenital and acquired diseases, inherited retinal degenerations are mostly untreatable and surgical outcomes can be quite different from those for adults. This review aims to highlight some recent advances and trends that are improving our ability to care for children with retinal conditions.

Recent findings
Studies have demonstrated the feasibility of multimodal imaging even in nonsedated infants, with portable optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography in particular offering structural insights into diverse pediatric retinal conditions. Encouraging long-term outcomes of subretinal voretigene neparvovec-rzyl injection for RPE65 mutation-associated Leber congenital amaurosis have inspired research on the optimization of subretinal gene delivery and gene therapy for other inherited retinal degenerations. In retinopathy of prematurity, machine learning and smartphone-based imaging can facilitate screening, and studies have highlighted favorable outcomes from intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections. A nomogram for pediatric pars plana sclerotomy site placement may improve safety in complex surgeries.

Summary
Multimodal imaging, gene therapy, machine learning and surgical innovation have been and will continue to be important to advances in pediatric retina.
Utilization of imaging for staging in bladder cancer: is there a role for MRI or PET-computed tomography?
Authors: Cipollari Stefano , Carnicelli Giorgia , Bicchetti Marco , Campa Riccardo , Pecoraro Martina , Panebianco Valeria 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of reviewAccurate staging of bladder cancer is essential to guide appropriate management. In this review, we discuss the principles, applications and performance of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and PET-computer tomography (PET-CT) for local and distant staging of bladder cancer.Recent findingsBladder mpMRI has a high diagnostic performance in local staging of bladder cancer, superior to other imaging modalities. It can accurately differentiate muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) from non-MIBC (NMIBC), as well as ≤T2 from ≥T3 stages. mpMRI can be used to assess pelvic lymph nodes, although its sensitivity is relatively low. For the assessment of the upper urinary tract, CT urography is the imaging modality of choice. magnetic resonance urography is a viable alternative to CT in selected cases. Although PET-CT is accurate for nodal and distant staging of bladder cancer, there is no clear evidence on its superior diagnostic performance compared with contrast-enhanced CT.SummarympMRI is the most accurate imaging modality for local staging of bladder cancer, capable to accurately distinguish MIBC from NMIBC. Nodal and distant staging relies primarily on contrast-enhanced CT.
Prognostic Value and Clinical Predictors of Lymph Node Metastases in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Liu Mengqi , Ji Shunrong , Luo Guopei , Xu Wenyan , Liu Wensheng , Hu Qiangsheng , Sun Qiqing , Ye Zeng , Qin Yi , Fan Guixiong , Yu Xianjun , Xu Xiaowu 
Published: March 2020

Objectives
To investigate the correlation between lymph node metastasis (LNM) and various clinicopathological features of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and its impact on prognosis.

Methods
We searched the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (2004–2015) for patients with surgically treated pNETs. Factors correlated with LNMs were analyzed by logistic regression and by Cox analysis.

Results
For tumors of 1 to 4 cm, age (P < 0.001, P = 0.014), grade (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), LNMs (P = 0.008, P < 0.001), and size (P = 0.038, P = 0.002) predicted overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). For tumor greater than 4 cm, age (P < 0.001, P = 0.001) and grade (P = 0.011, P = 0.048) were independent prognostic factors of OS and DSS. Lymph node metastasis modestly predicted DSS (P = 0.028) but not OS (P = 0.218).

Conclusions
In pNETs greater than 4 cm, LNM is not a predictor of OS and modestly predicts DSS, and lymphadenectomy may be unhelpful in these patients. For pNETs 1 to 4 cm, LNM predicts poor OS and DSS, which supports lymphadenectomy in these patients. Pancreas-sparing resection with only limited peripancreatic node sampling needs to be questioned.
Overexpression of Nrf2 Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide and Cerulein-Induced Pancreatitis In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Fu Xu , Li Peiwu , Yin Wen , Ma Li , Zhang Bei , Zhen Lingling , Meng Yanfei , Han Li , Wang Yingzhen 
Published: March 2020

Objectives
In this study, we focused on the function of nuclear factor E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) in acute pancreatitis (AP), which has been shown to have protective effects in gliomas, hepatocytes, and astrocytes.

Methods
Acute pancreatitis cell line and animal model were induced by administration of lipopolysaccharide and cerulein into the cell supernatant or intraperitoneal injection. Oxidative stress status was evaluated by measuring the level of amylase, C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and myeloperoxidase. Morphological alterations in the pancreas were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, the wet-to-dry weight ratio, and the pathology injury scores. Western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to analyze the expression of Nrf2, Heme oxygenase 1, and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1.

Results
Overexpression of Nrf2 inhibits oxidative stress and inflammatory responses by inducting the expression of superoxide dismutase as well as reducing the level of amylase, malondialdehyde, and myeloperoxidase in the AR42J rat pancreatic acinar cells in AP. Importantly, overexpression of Nrf2 displayed the same protective effect in vivo. Data from an AP rat model showed that Nrf2 could relieve pancreatic damage.

Conclusions
These results indicated that Nrf2 has a protective role in lipopolysaccharide and cerulein-induced cytotoxicity, providing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AP.