bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating future salinity dynamics in a coastal marshland under different climate scenarios
Authors: Eberhard Julius , van Schaik N. Loes M.B. , Schibalski Anett , Gräff Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSalinization is a well‐known problem in agricultural areas worldwide. In the last 20–30 yr, rising salinity in the upper, unconfined aquifer has been observed in the Freepsumer Meer, a grassland near the German North Sea coast. For investigating long‐term development of salinity and water balance during 1961–2099, the one‐dimensional Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model was set up and calibrated for a soil column in the area. The model setup involves a deep aquifer as the source of salt through upward seepage. In the vertical salt transport equation, dispersion and advection are included. Six different regional outputs of statistical downscaling methods were used as climate scenarios. These comprise different rates of increasing surface temperature and different trends in seasonal rainfall. The simulation results exhibit opposing salinity trends for topsoil and deeper layers. Although projections of some scenarios entail decreasing salinities near the surface, most of them project a rise in subsoil salinity, with the strongest trends of up to +0.9 mg cm−3 100 yr−1 at −65 cm. The results suggest that topsoil salinity trends in the study area are affected by the magnitude of winter rainfall trends, whereas high subsoil salinities correspond to low winter rainfall and high summer temperature. How these projected trends affect the vegetation and thereby future land use will depend on the future management of groundwater levels in the area.
What Is Multilevel Modelling?
Authors: Leyland Alastair H. , Groenewegen Peter P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we will introduce the basic methodological background to multilevel modelling in verbal form. The underlying graphs and algebra are not covered until Chap. 5. There are two principal reasons for the increasing popularity of multilevel analysis. Firstly, it is more efficient and uses more of the available information than the alternative approaches of distributing contextual information to all individual observations or of aggregating all individual observations to the contextual level. Secondly, multilevel analysis enables the testing of more interesting hypotheses, especially those referring specifically to variation in outcomes or concerning the interactions between characteristics of the context and of individuals. This chapter also covers the idea of what constitutes a level in multilevel research.
Conflict Analyses: A Methodology for Exploring Children’s Cultural Formation in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Grindheim Liv Torunn 
Published: February 2020

AbstractQuality in early childhood education (ECE) cannot be limited to measuring how young children reach normal development milestones. To depict the multifactorial relations that work together to obtain better quality in ECE, there is a need for rich and detailed material for analysis that emphasises both the context and the ways individuals act. It is, however, a challenge to analyse this material in a systematic and transparent manner that also includes the investigative and imaginative elements of activities such as explorative play. The analyses presented draw on Vygotsky’s outline of play, wherein he emphasises the importance of play for children’s development of exploration and imagination. To meet these challenges, the chapter is structured around the question: How can we analyse explorative play? The aim is to present an analytical method that is coherent and transparent for how such an analysis can be done. The analyses focus on exploration as conflicts between the involved person’s values/motives versus the contextual conditions and demands. These conflicts can be analysed from four contextual perspectives: conflicts in the activity, conflicts from an institutional perspective, conflicts from a cultural perspective and conflicts from the perspective of nature. The method formulated for analysing small-scale empirical material exemplifies how an activity involves aspects relevant for the people involved, the institution, the culture and even an understanding of nature. Thus, the multifactorial conditions for children’s development are depicted, along with the necessity for methodologies to be constantly evolving.
Same-Sex Families Challenging Norms and the Law in France
Authors: Thibeaud Matthias 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLegal context has become more inclusive for same-sex couples in French society over the recent decade. It was not until 2013 that the marriage law was amended to allow same-sex couples to marry and adopt children. However, the law still lacks collateral parenting rights: access to ART and surrogacy are still illegal in France for same sex couples, and they must turn to foreign countries to access these rights. Consequently, same-sex parenting is a bit of a “makeshift job”, i.e., a legal and social grey area. This chapter analyses how lesbian and gay individuals deal with the law to “make” family, based on a series of in-depth interviews. The retelling of the procreation process they adopt and the story of their daily life as parents provide revealing examples of the different way they negotiate the legal and social obstacles they face. With many roads leading to parenthood, one key aspect of same-sex parenting is the legal recognition of the status and obligations to parent(s), whatever their gender, sexual orientation or number. The different same-sex families configurations challenge the certainties about the “right way to be parent” supported by the law, questioning the dominant and legitimate definition of the “normal” family.
Corporate and Personal Income Tax
Authors: Kruschwitz Lutz , Löffler Andreas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the last chapter of this book we would like to look into the question of how to evaluate a firm if taxes are raised both at the investor and at the company level. Attentive readers of Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-37081-7_2 and 10.1007/978-3-030-37081-7_3 might expect a discussion on different strategies of financing policy (Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-37081-7_2) and of dividend policy (Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-37081-7_3). But, we are not going to do this. We will also, however, not dwell on the innumerable variations of possible combinations in this context, rather we will restrict ourselves to a manageable example. At the end, we will only discuss how to proceed in the cases of further possible financing and dividend policies.
Bulgaria
Authors: Trifonova Tihomira , Lillova Kamellia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on older workers and extended working life in Bulgaria, considering of ageing biological, chronological, social and mental/cognitive aspects. Key factors involved in the discussion are financial security, pension arrangements and health, social and workplace characteristics. The demographic situation in Bulgaria has recently been defined in national debates as ‘one of greatest challenges facing the country in the 21st century’. The uses a gender perspective on employment, pension and healthpolicies, and reflects on the on-going debate on extended working life.
Germany
Authors: Romeu-Gordo Laura , Sarter E. K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOver the last few decades, the German pension system has undergone important changes, from the introduction ofcarecreditsto account for care responsibilities to the extension of working lives. This chapter provides an overview of recent pension reforms in Germany. Following a Bismarckian tradition, the German pension system is reliant on contributions made over the course of individual working lives. To account for the strong interdependency between employment and pension entitlements, this chapter embeds the overview of pension reforms in the broader context of recent developments in the labour market and policies aiming to facilitate reconciliation between work and family life and those supporting the extension of working lives.
Italy
Authors: Addabbo Tindara 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn 2011 the legal retirement age in Italy was raised from 65 years for men and 60 years for women to 67 years for both by the year 2019. This reform remains controversial. Extending the legal retirement age has caused an increase in employment rates for the 55–64 age group. However, unemployed workers in this age group face difficulties in finding a job and in re-entering the labour market. The demanding family responsibilities of Italian women and the persistence of the gender wage gap result in lower levels of retirement pensions. Moreover, increasing the retirement agewithout improving childcareservices and addressing work-life balance policies negatively affects the working careers of young women. Extended working lifepolicies should be matched with gender sensitive activation policies to ensure equal access to work and age managementpolicies to achieve better working conditions forolder workers.
Data Issues and Indicators
Authors: Addabbo Tindara , Gstrein Michaela , Siemieńska Renata 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter documents a variety of national and cross national quantitative data sets and indicators for people aged 50 and over, which also include gender-sensitive measures and/or indicators for health and socio-economic wellbeing. Special attention is given to longitudinal data sets with indicators on relevant lifecourse eventscovering childcare activities, workforce participation and employment history. We give illustrative examples of some indicators and data sets as they pertain to issues associated to the duration of working lives. The context for this exploration of data sets starts with the definition across European countries of extended working life, which relates to institutional factors, norms, attitudes and status of labour markets and their implications for wellbeing in later life, accounting for gender issues where possible.
Slovenia
Authors: Rener Tanja , Kralj Ana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSlovenia is among the fastest ageing European countries and one with the most accentuated gender pensiongap. Partly, we can explain this by the fact that women spent more time engaged in domestic and care work and consequently less time in employment. However, the working conditions of the employed in general are not favourable for extending working life, which is the principal reason why the vast majority of people who reach the conditions for retirement, opt to do so immediately in spite of pension system incentives to postpone retirement. As far as gender and healthperspectives of extending working life in Slovenia are concerned, the following research data should be considered: poor physical and mentalhealth has been linked to a low income, low levels of education, working class and gender.
United Kingdom
Authors: Airey Laura , Jandrić Jakov 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn response to concerns about the rising cost of State Pensions and the prospect of skills shortages, successive United Kingdom (UK) governments have introduced a range of legislative changes designed to extend working life. Policy discourse emphasises individual responsibility for saving towards retirement, and in recent years there has been a shift away from collective pension provision. Changes to employment regulations and pension schemes have been portrayed both as an economic necessity and as offeringolder workers greater choice and control over work in later life. However, gendered patterns of paid employment and unpaid caring work over the lifecourse mean that women are systematically disadvantaged in terms of employment opportunities in later life and access to pension income in retirement. Extended working lifepolicies may also negatively impact uponolder workers in poor health, since the UK does not have a disabilitypension and individuals cannot claim their State Pension early.
Problems and Prospects for Current Policies to Extend Working Lives
Authors: Street Debra , Ní Léime Áine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter condenses several of the key take-away points from earlier chapters on empirical, theoretical, and policy issues elucidated in Part One and provides readers with additional context to consider in their understanding of gender and health issues in the country-specific chapters upcoming in Part Two. First, we detail the central problematics associated with ageing populations and the policy initiatives taken so far to extend working lives. Next, we argue that for effective policymaking that would enable extended working lives, it is important to consider the interests of all of the actors affected and to pay attention to different problems that are highlighted by thinking through different levels of analysis—macro, meso, and micro. Further, we challenge the dominant rhetorical frame that policy initiatives undertaken recently have been about extending working lives, arguing instead that most countries’ initiatives have been about delaying retirement. This has been embodied by policies very different from those that would be needed to ensure thatolder workers can remain employed longer in dignified, appropriate, and adequately compensated jobs. Both gender differences and variations in healthstatus differentially empower older workers to continue in employment. Finally, we conclude that research and policymaking that improves understanding and the potential for extended working lives is essential, and that it must be sensitive to variations among differently advantaged sub-groups of older people.
Albania
Authors: Xhumari Merita Vaso 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyses the most important policies influencing the gender and healthimplications of the extension of working life in Albania post 2000. Parametric reforms of social insurance will gradually increase and equalise retirement ages for men and women to 67 years by 2056, and extend the insurance period to 40 years by 2032. During the period 1993–2016, the average real retirement age has increased from 53.2 to 63.2 years old. People have the right to receive the pension and continue working and paying contributions, but if they postpone receiving pensions after retirement age, the pension amount increases by 0.5% each month; in the case of early retirement, the pension amount reduces by 0.6% each month. New types of private sector employment—part-time, self-employment, family businesses, remote working—have opened opportunities to extend working life beyond retirement age. However, high levels of unemployment, informal work, lack of adequate skills, and insufficient publicservices create difficulties, especially for women, to extend working life. To fully address the complexity of extending working lives, an integrated approach should involve all relevant policy areas including education, health, employment and social protection, as well as engaging stakeholders, public authorities, businesses and civil society.
Australia
Authors: Brooke Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough Australian women’s labour force participation has increased sharply since the turn of the century, there is a dichotomy between their participation at the pre pension threshold of 65 and after. Women’s gendersegregation in low waged occupations is institutionalised through the neoliberal policy of individual enterprise agreements, reinforcing gender wage gaps. In combination, the gendered healtheffectsofcaregiving, disrupted careers and the experience of precarity shorten working lives, limiting wages and retirementincomes, ultimately impacting on women’s economic status and class. Some gender responsive initiatives through the courts have been instituted supporting flexibility requests to employers applied to workers over 50 and employment entitlements by workers employed as casuals. Yet the lack of proactive ‘joined up’ gender and age policies across multidimensional domains enables the contradiction between public policies of women’s extending working lives and reality to persist.
Austria
Authors: Haas Barbara , Gstrein Michaela , Bildsteiner Roland 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter deals with the labour market situation of older (50+) workers and pension policies in Austria, a country where gender differences are strongly pronounced over the entire lifecourse. The target of recent policies is not primarily to tackle the negative effects of the system for women, but to decrease pension costs by discouraging early retirement and inducing employers to keep and/or employolder workers. However, this will have some gendered effects since recent policy changes will increase women’s lower legal retirement age stepwise (60) to match that of men (65) in 2033. Although caring time already partly contributes to pension payments, this does not substantially decrease the large gender pensiongap.
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Circulation in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Hashimoto Megumi , Kaneko Masahiro , Nishida Naohisa , Serizawa Hina , Kawata Kohei , Sekiya Rika , Senzaki Hideaki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere are several types of abnormalities in the integrated physiology of pulmonary circulation in congenital heart disease. The main pathology of Eisenmenger syndrome involves a change in pulmonary resistance and is the most commonly observed pathophysiology in pulmonary hypertension. Other diseases also present with the main pathophysiological characteristic of reduced pulmonary compliance, such as tetralogy of Fallot and multiple peripheral pulmonary stenosis. In addition, the cavo-pulmonary connection has the unique feature of both pulmonary circulation and regulation. According to the differences in the pathophysiological features of pulmonary circulation, therapeutic approaches may considerably differ between diseases and conditions. Physiology-based clinical insights with regard to pulmonary circulation in congenital heart disease will be discussed in this chapter.
Development of Novel Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension by Clinical Application of Basic Research
Authors: Satoh Kimio , Shimokawa Hiroaki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPulmonary hypertension is a lethal disease in which inflammation and oxidative stress are deeply involved in the disease state. We have recently screened novel pathogenic molecules and have performed drug discovery targeting those molecules. To confirm its clinical significance, we used patient-derived blood samples to evaluate the potential as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we conducted a high-throughput screening and found inhibitors for the pathogenic proteins. In this chapter, we would like to introduce the recent progress on the basic and clinical research focusing on the screening of pathogenic proteins in pulmonary hypertension.
The Ductus Arteriosus, a Vascular Outsider, in Relation to the Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: Gittenberger-de Groot Adriana C. , Roest Arno A. W. , Bökenkamp Regina , Jongbloed Monique R. M. , Bartelings Margot M. , DeRuiter Marco C. , Poelmann Robert E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe muscular ductus arteriosus (DA) has many unique characteristics setting it apart from the adjoining elastic arteries. Preparation for neonatal closure takes place in utero with the development of intimal thickening. Ductus-specific gene and protein expression patterns were demonstrated during this process. We postulated that the closing process, with increased expression of progerin, might reflect aspects of premature ageing. Persistent patency of the DA, can be congenitally or immaturity based. During embryonic development the sixth pharyngeal arch arteries are the last to develop. In avian embryos this arch is divided into a proximal (part of the future pulmonary artery) and a distal part (on the left side the origin of the DA). The consequence is that the pulmonary arteries have a double vascular contribution being a proximal sixth arch artery component and a distal true pulmonary artery segment. We have conclusive evidence that this is not encountered in the human embryo. Both sixth arch arteries and the right and left pulmonary arteries connect separately and at distinct locations to the pulmonary trunk side of the aortic sac. The insertion of the wall of the DA between the proximal and distal part of the left pulmonary artery, referred to as pulmonary coarctation, constitutes a congenital malformation and not a remnant of what is encountered during normal development. This configuration is found almost exclusively in combination with pulmonary atresia leading to neonatal interruption of the proximal left pulmonary artery with consequences for surgical or intervention repair.
Molecular, Genetic, and Pharmacological Modulation of the Ductus Arteriosus: KATP Channels as Novel Drug Targets
Authors: Shelton Elaine L. , Denton Jerod S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMaintaining fetal patency and facilitating neonatal closure of the ductus arteriosus are complex processes that involve nuanced developmental programing and a precise balance of perinatal vasodilators and constrictors. Work over the past 40 years has identified “master regulators” of ductus tone, namely oxygen, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide signaling. Yet, prolonged neonatal patency of the ductus remains a significant clinical problem with limited therapeutic options. Understanding the molecular and genetic underpinnings of normal ductus function and PDA pathophysiology will facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies to regulate ductus tone.
Fabrication of Implantable Human Arterial Graft by Periodic Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Saito Junichi , Yokoyama Utako , Takayama Toshio , Ito Hiroaki , Tadokoro Tomomi , Sugo Yoshinobu , Kurasawa Kentaro , Ogawa Miyuki , Miyagi Etsuko , Taniguchi Hideki , Kaneko Makoto , Ishikawa Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStructural heart disease is the most common congenital anomaly, affecting almost 1% of live births [1]. Approximately 25% of newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD) require surgical or trans-catheter intervention in the first year of life [2]. Artificial materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene are used for the surgical repair of CHD, but these materials lack growth potential and lead to stenosis according to patient’s growth. Therefore, biological tissue-engineered blood vessels are desired for pediatric patients. Recently, we fabricated implantable “scaffold-free” grafts consisting of rat vascular smooth muscle cells by periodic hydrostatic pressure (PHP) [3]. Here we aimed to fabricate implantable human grafts and examine the molecular response to PHP.
A Neurotrophic Factor Receptor GFRA2, a Specific Surface Antigen for Cardiac Progenitor Cells, Regulates the Process of Myocardial Compaction
Authors: Ishida Hidekazu , Miyagawa Shigeru , Ozono Keiichi , Suzuki Ken , Sawa Yoshiki , Yashiro Kenta 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA surface marker specific for cardiac progenitors (CPs) allows the robust isolation of CPs, effectively circumventing the necessity of genetic modification. Recently, we have reported that glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 2 (Gfra2), which is anchored to the plasma membrane via Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, specifically marks CPs of both the first and second heart fields within the early mouse embryo [1], identified by single-cell expression profiling on mouse embryonic CPs (Fig. 56.1) [2, 3].