bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of the infrared spectrum of the -clays: application to the evaluation of the layer charge
Authors: Petit S. , Righi D. , Madejová J. , Decarreau A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe IR spectra of-saturated smectites were examined in terms of their charge characteristics. The υ4band near 1440 cm-1, observed in the DRIFTS spectra (obtained without use of a KBr matrix), was assigned to the vibrations ofions compensating the negative charge of the clays. When KBr was used as a diluting matrix, the υ4band was located at 1400 and/or 1440 cm-1. The band at 1400 cm-1, related to NH4Br, originated from the replacement ofin the clay by K+from the KBr. For swelling clay minerals this band indicates that layers have permanent low charge density and/or variable charge. For non-swelling clay minerals, the 1400 cm-1band characterizes the presence of variable charges only. The υ4band at 1440 cm-1suggests thatin the clay was not replaced by K+from KBr and remains in the interlayer space of the clay minerals. This absorption is due tocompensating only permanent charge in the interlayers, or part of the interlayers with a high charge density. The presence of both bands at 1400 cm-1and 1440 cm-1in the IR spectrum suggests that the clays studied have a heterogeneous interlayer charge.
Chemistry of Hf-rich zircons from the Laoshan I- and A-type granites, Eastern China
Authors: Wang R. C. , Zhao G. T. , Lu J. J. , Chen X. M. , Xu S. J. , Wang D. Z. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractZircon commonly occurs as one of important accessory HFSE-bearing minerals in A-type granite. A detailed electron microprobe study was carried out on zircon from the Laoshan complex, Eastern China, which is composed of I- and A-type granites. Zircon from the I-type rocks is relatively poor in trace elements (HfO2<2 wt.%, UO2, ThO2 and Y2O3 <1 wt.%), but that from the A-type rocks is richer in Hf, U, Th and Y. Hafnian zircon with a HfO2 content of up to 12.37 wt.% was found in the arfvedsonite granite, which is considered the most evolved facies in the A-type suite. Enrichment in Hf is generally observed at the rims of zircon crystals relative to the cores. The Hf enrichment in zircon, and the association of exotic REE- and HFSE-bearing minerals are linked to hydrothermal activity, suggesting that during the last stage of crystallization of the A-type magma, fluids enriched in REE, HFSE, F−, CO32− and PO43− were released.
Rengeite, Sr4ZrTi4Si4O22, a new mineral, the Sr-Zr analogue of perrierite from the Itoigawa-Ohmi district, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan
Authors: Miyajima H. , Matsubara S. , Miyawaki R. , Yokoyama K. , Hirokawa K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRengeite, Sr4ZrTi4Si4O22, is a new member of the perrierite–chevkinite group found in the jades from the Itoigawa-Ohmi district, central Japan. It is monoclinic,P21/a,a= 13.97(1),b= 5.675(7),c= 11.98(1)Å, β = 114.26(8)°,V= 866 Å3andZ= 2. The six strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are 3.12 (s) (40-3), 3.05 (vvs) (31-3), 2.99 (vs) (311), 2.84 (s) (020), 2.74 (s) (004), 2.20 (s) (31-5). Electron microprobe analysis gave SiO222.58, TiO229.88, ZrO29.49, Nb2O50.24, Ta2O50.07, Al2O30.20, FeO 0.10, CaO 0.43, SrO 34.32, BaO 0.13, La2O30.00, Ce2O30.38, Pr2O30.10, Nd2O30.29, Sm2O30.04, total 98.25 wt.%, corresponding to (Sr3.62Ca0.08Ce0.03Nd0.02Ba0.01Pr0.01)∑3.76(Zr0.84Ti0.09Al0.04Fe0.02Nb0.02)∑1.01Ti4.00Si4.11O22on the basis of O = 22. The unitcell parameters and chemical composition imply that rengeite is the Sr and Zr-analogue of perrierite or high-β analogue of strontiochevkinite. It is transparent, dark brown with adamantine lustre. Its streak is pale greenish brown, and no cleavage was observed. The hardness is VHN100606–698 kg mm−2(Mohs 5–5.5). The calculated density is 4.12 g cm−3. It is strongly pleochroic from pale green to pale greenish brown where theREEcontents are <1 wt.% and pale violet to greenish brown where theREEcontents are between 3 and 10 wt.%. It occurs as anhedral grains in close association with titanite, zircon and tausonite in a pebble of blue titanian omphacite-jadeite rock from the seashore of Oyashirazu, Ohmi Town, in a boulder of lavender-coloured Ti-bearing jadeitite from the bed of the Kotaki-gawa river, Itoigawa City, and in a boulder of green jade from the bed of the Hime-kawa river, Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. Rengeite is considered to have crystallized by interaction between pre-existing minerals (rutile, anatase, titanite and zircon) and Sr-rich metamorphic fluid during later stage activity of high-P/Tmetamorphism. The name is for Mt. Renge near the locality and the Renge metamorphic belt where jadeitite deposits are found.
Melt inclusions in granitoids of the Timna Igneous Complex, Southern Israel
Authors: Vapnik Ye. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHigh temperature microthermometry and Scanning Electron Microprobe (SEM) analyses were used to study natural magmatic remnants in quartz crystals in granitoids from the Timna Igneous Complex, southern Israel, and to constrain physicochemical parameters during their crystallization. For the porphyritic granite, alkali granite and quartz monzodiorite, liquidus temperatures are 710–770, 770–830 and 770–840°C, respectively; solidus temperatures are 690–770, 710–790 and 770°C, respectively. Pressures during crystallization and water content in the magmas were determined using the phase diagram of the modal granite system. The determined P-T-conditions are typical for water-saturated granitoid magmas (>4–8 wt.%) generated and crystallized at a shallow crustal level.SEM data on melt inclusions support conclusions of previous investigations on two types of granitoid magmas exposed in the Timna Igneous Complex: the porphyritic and alkali granites. Different trends of crystallization are proposed for these granites. Crystallization of the porphyritic granite started with cotectic crystallization of plagioclase and terminated in residual K-feldspar-rich crystallization; crystallization of the alkali granite took place at higher temperatures, starting with K-rich alkali-feldspar crystallization and terminating in residual Na-rich eutectic crystallization.Parameters not available from other sources — temperature and pressure of the liquidus and solidus stages, water content, trends of crystallization — were obtained for the porphyritic and alkali granites.
Subsolidus rubidium-dominant feldspar from the Morrua pegmatite, Mozambique:
paragenesis and composition
Authors: Teertstra D. K. , Černý P. , Hawthorne F. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
At the Morrua pegmatite, Mozambique, alkali feldspar has replaced pollucite
under low-temperature (250–150°C) hydrothermal conditions. Fluids invading a
fracture system in pollucite formed round granular aggregates of (K-Rb)-feldspar
in three stages: (1) a compositionally heterogeneous core of the feldspar cluster
(+cookeite ± apatite) with 7–20 mol.%
RbAlSi3O8, grading outward into a
Rb-dominant feldspar with 66 mol.%
RbAlSi3O8 (20 wt.%
Rb2O); (2) an intermediate layer of non-porous,
inclusion-free, end-member K-feldspar; (3) an outer layer of porous end-member
K-feldspar. Feldspars of all three stages seem to be monoclinic and disordered,
with metastable sanidine structure. Zoning in K/Rb, preserved on a fine scale, was
formed during growth at a temperature too low for subsequent alkali-cation
diffusion or (Al,Si)-ordering.
Silvialite, a new sulfate-dominant member of the scapolite group with an Al-Si composition near the 14/m–P42/nphase transition
Authors: Teertstra D. K. , Schindler M. , Sherriff B. L. , Hawthorne F. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSilvialite, ideally Ca4Al6Si6O24SO4, is tetragonal,I4/m, Z = 2, witha= 12.160(3),c= 7.560(1) Å,V= 1117.9(8) Å3,c:a= 0.6217:1, ω = 1.583, ε = 1.558 (uniaxial negative), Dm= 2.75 g/cm3, Dcalc= 2.769 g/cm3and H (Mohs) = 5.5. It is transparent and slightly yellow, has a good {100} cleavage, chonchoidal fracture, white streak and a vitreous lustre. It occurs in upper-mantle garnet-granulite xenoliths hosted by olivine nephelinite, from McBride Province, North Queensland, Australia. The empirical formula, derived from electron-microprobe analysis, is (Na1.06Ca2.86)(Al4.87Si7.13)O24[(SO4)0.57(CO3)0.41]. Crystal-structure refinement shows disordered carbonate and sulfate groups along the fourfold axis. Silvialite is a primary cumulate phase precipitated from alkali basalt at 900–1000°C and 8–12 kbar under highfSO2andfO2. The name silvialite, currently used in literature to describe the sulfate analogue of meionite, was suggested by Brauns (1914).
Isotopic and geochemical investigation of a carbonatite-syenite-phonolite diatreme, West Eifel (Germany)
Authors: Riley T. R. , Bailey D. K. , Harmer R. E. , Liebsch H. , Lloyd F. E. , Palmer M. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Rockeskyll complex in the north, central part of the Quaternary West Eifel volcanic field encapsulates an association of carbonatite, nephelinite and phonolite. The volcanic complex is dominated by three eruptive centres, which are distinct in their magma chemistry and their mode of emplacement. The Auf Dickel diatreme forms one centre and has erupted the only known carbonatite in the West Eifel, along with a broad range of alkaline rock types. Extrusive carbonatitic volcanism is represented by spheroidal autoliths, which preserve an equilibrium assemblage. The diatreme has also erupted xenoliths of calcite-bearing feldspathoidal syenite, phonolite and sanidine and clinopyroxene megacrysts, which are interpreted as fragments of a sub-volcanic complex. The carbonate phase of volcanism has several manifestations; extrusive lapilli, recrystallized ashes and calcite-bearing syenites, fragmented during diatreme emplacement.A petrogenetic link between carbonatites and alkali mafic magmas is confirmed from Sr and Nd isotope systematics, and an upper mantle origin for the felsic rocks is suggested. The chemistry and mineralogy of mantle xenoliths erupted throughout the West Eifel indicate enrichment in those elements incompatible in the mantle. In addition, the evidence from trace element signatures and melts trapped as glasses support interaction between depleted mantle and small volume carbonate and felsic melts. This close association between carbonate and felsic melts in the mantle is mirrored in the surface eruptives of Auf Dickel and at numerous alkaline-carbonatite provinces worldwide.
Antigenicity of putative phospholipid membrane-binding residues in factor VIII
Authors: Barrow Rachel T. , Healey John F. , Jacquemin Marc G. , Saint-Remy Jean-Marie R. , Lollar Pete 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMost inhibitory antibodies to human factor VIII (fVIII) bind to epitopes in the A2, ap-A3, or C2 domains. The anticoagulant action of antibodies to the C2 domain is due to inhibition of binding of fVIII to phospholipid. The x-ray structure of the human fVIII C2 domain shows a putative hydrophobic, 3-prong, phospholipid membrane-binding site consisting of Met2199/Phe2200, Val2223, and Leu2251/Leu2252. Additionally, Lys2227, near Val2223, is part of a ring of positively charged residues that may contribute to electrostatic interaction of fVIII with negatively charged phosphatidylserine. In this study, 8 active mutants of human fVIII (Met2199Ile, Leu2252Phe, Phe2200Leu, Val2223Ala, Lys2227Glu, Met2199Ile/Phe2200Leu, Val2223Ala/Lys2227Glu, and Met2199Ile/Phe2200Leu/Val2223Ala/Lys2227Glu), which were constructed on the basis of differences between human, porcine, murine, and canine fVIII at proposed phospholipid binding sites, were expressed. The antigenicity of the mutants toward 5 C2-specific polyclonal human antibodies was measured by using the Bethesda assay. A human monoclonal anti-C2 antibody, BO2C11, and a murine C2-specific monoclonal antibody, NMC VIII-5, were also included in the analysis. In comparison with wild-type, B-domainless fVIII, the Met2199Ile, Phe2200Leu, and Leu2252 single mutants had lower antigenicity toward most of the inhibitors. In contrast, the Val2223Ala and Lys2227Glu mutants usually showed increased antigenicity. These results suggest that C2 inhibitors frequently target the Met2199/Phe2200 and Leu2251/Leu2252 β-hairpins and are consistent with the hypothesis that these residues participate in binding to phospholipid membranes. In contrast, Val2223 and Lys2227 may oppose antibody binding sterically or through stabilization of a low-affinity membrane-binding conformation of the C2 domain.
Blood levels of immune cells predict survival in myeloma patients: results of an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group phase 3 trial for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Kay Neil E. , Leong Tracy L. , Bone Nancy , Vesole David H. , Greipp Philip R. , Van Ness Brian , Oken Martin M. , Kyle Robert A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPreviously, it was reported that patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who have higher baseline levels of blood CD4+or CD19+ cells have longer survival. This article extends the analysis of immune cell levels and survival in a large cohort (N = 504) of patients with MM entered on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) phase 3 trial (9486). Newly diagnosed patients with MM received 2 cycles of vincristine, bischloroethylnitrosourea, melphalan, cytoxan, prednisone (VBMCP) and were treated on one of 3 randomized arms: VBMCP with either interferon or high-dose cyclophosphamide, or VBMCP alone. Blood immune cell levels were studied at trial entry (baseline), after 2 cycles of chemotherapy, after 2 years of therapy, and at relapse. Baseline CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD4+ subset cell levels were all positively associated with survival (P = .0087 toP &lt; .0001). A multivariate analysis incorporating CD4+ and CD19+ cell levels defined 3 separate groups of patients with MM to survival outcome. Higher CD19+ blood levels were positively associated with MM-patient survival at entry to the study, at year 2, and at relapse (P &lt; .0001 at all 3 timepoints). Patients with MM had evidence of immune cell reconstitution after 2 years of therapy, but the rate and extent of recovery was greater for CD8+, which was greater than CD4+, which was greater than CD19+. This latter data affirms the positive relationship between the quantitative status of the blood immune system in MM and survival. In addition, the importance of the CD19+ blood cells to survival is evident throughout the course of MM. Therapeutic efforts to maintain an intact immune system may be crucial in maximizing chemotherapeutic and/or immunotherapy efforts in this disease.
Benefit of cyclosporine modulation of drug resistance in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study
Authors: List Alan F. , Kopecky Kenneth J. , Willman Cheryl L. , Head David R. , Persons Diane L. , Slovak Marilyn L. , Dorr Robert , Karanes Chatchada , Hynes Harry E. , Doroshow James H. , Shurafa Muhammad , Appelbaum Frederick R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCyclosporine A (CsA) inhibits P-glycoprotein (Pgp)–mediated cellular export of anthracyclines at clinically achievable concentrations. This randomized controlled trial was performed to test the benefit of CsA addition to treatment with cytarabine and daunorubicin (DNR) in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A total of 226 patients were randomly assigned to sequential treatment with cytarabine and infusional DNR with or without intravenous CsA. Remitting patients received one course of consolidation chemotherapy that included DNR with or without CsA as assigned during induction. Addition of CsA significantly reduced the frequency of resistance to induction chemotherapy (31% versus 47%,P = .0077). Whereas the rate of complete remission was not significantly improved (39% versus 33%, P = .14), relapse-free survival (34% versus 9% at 2 years,P = .031) and overall survival (22% versus 12%,P = .046) were significantly increased with CsA. The effect of CsA on survival was greatest in patients with moderate or bright Pgp expression (median 12 months with CsA versus 4 months for controls) compared to patients with absent or low Pgp expression (median 6 months in both arms). The frequency of induction deaths was 15% with CsA and 18% in controls. Steady-state serum concentrations of DNR (P = .0089) and daunorubicinol (P &lt; .0001) were significantly higher in CsA-treated patients. Survival (P = .0003) and induction response (P = .028) improved with increasing DNR concentration in CsA-treated patients but not in controls, suggesting a targeted interaction by CsA to enhance anthracycline cytotoxicity. These results indicate that addition of CsA to an induction and consolidation regimen containing infusional DNR significantly reduces resistance to DNR, prolongs the duration of remission, and improves overall survival in patients with poor-risk AML.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor inhibits the mitochondria-dependent activation of caspase-3 in neutrophils
Authors: Maianski Nikolai A. , Mul Frederik P. J. , van Buul Jaap D. , Roos Dirk , Kuijpers Taco W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe exact mechanism of apoptosis in neutrophils (PMNs) and the explanation for the antiapoptotic effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in PMNs are unclear. Using specific fluorescent mitochondrial staining, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and flow cytometry, this study found that PMNs possess an unexpectedly large number of mitochondria, which are involved in apoptosis. Spontaneous PMN apoptosis was associated with translocation of the Bcl-2–like protein Bax to the mitochondria and subsequent caspase-3 activation, but not with changes in the expression of Bax. G-CSF delayed PMN apoptosis and prevented both associated events. These G-CSF effects were inhibited by cycloheximide. The general caspase inhibitor z-Val-Ala-DL-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) prevented caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in PMNs, but not Bax redistribution. PMN-derived cytoplasts, which lack a nucleus, granules, and mitochondria, spontaneously underwent caspase-3 activation and apoptosis (phosphatidylserine exposure), without Bax redistribution. zVAD-fmk inhibited both caspase-3 activation and phosphatidylserine exposure in cultured cytoplasts. Yet, G-CSF prevented neither caspase-3 activation nor apoptosis in cytoplasts, confirming the need for protein synthesis in the G-CSF effects. These data demonstrate that (at least) 2 routes regulate PMN apoptosis: one via Bax-to-mitochondria translocation and a second mitochondria-independent pathway, both linked to caspase-3 activation. Moreover, G-CSF exerts its antiapoptotic effect in the first, that is, mitochondria-dependent, route and has no impact on the second.
End‐tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring during Procedural Sedation
Authors: Miner James R. , Heegaard William , Plummer David 
Published: July 2002

Abstract.Objective:To prospectively determine whether end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitors can detect respiratory depression (RD) and the level of sedation in emergency department (ED) patients undergoing procedural sedation (PS).Methods:This was a prospective observational study conducted in an urban county hospital of adult patients undergoing PS. Patients were monitored for vital signs, depth of sedation per the physician by the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale (OAA/S), pulse oximetry, and nasal‐sample ETCO2during PS. Respiratory depression was defined as an oxygen saturation <90%, an ETCO2>50 mm Hg, or an absent ETCO2waveform at any time during the procedure. The physician also determined whether protective airway reflexes were lost during the procedure and assisted ventilation was required, or whether there were any other complications. Rates of RD were compared with the physician assessment of airway loss and between agents using chi‐square statistics. Spearman's rho analysis was used to determine whether there was a correlation between ETCO2and the OAA/S score.Results:Seventy‐four patients were enrolled in the study. Forty (54.1%) received methohexital, 21 (28.4%) received propofol, ten (13.5%) received fentanyl and midazolam, and three (4.1%) received etomidate. Respiratory depression was seen in 33 (44.6%) patients, including 47.5% of patients receiving methohexital, 19% receiving propofol (p = 0.008), 80% receiving fentanyl and midazolam, and 66.6% receiving etomidate. No correlation between OAA/S and ETCO2was detected. Eleven (14.9%) patients required assisted ventilation at some point during the procedure, all of whom met the criteria for RD. Pulse oximetry detected 11 of the 33 patients with RD. Post‐hoc analysis revealed that all patients with RD had an ETCO2>50 mm Hg, an absent waveform, or an absolute change from baseline in ETCO2>10 mm Hg.Conclusions:There was no correlation between ETCO2and the OAA/S score. Using the criteria of an ETCO2>50 mm Hg, an absolute change >10 mm Hg, or an absent waveform may detect subclinical RD not detected by pulse oximetry alone. The ETCO2may add to the safety of PS by quickly detecting hypoventilation during PS in the ED.
Influence of Unrecognized Molecular Heterogeneity on Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Betensky Rebecca A. , Louis David N. , Gregory Cairncross J. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: In solid tumor oncology, decisions regarding treatment and eligibility for trials are governed by histologic diagnosis. Despite this reliance on histology and the assumption that histology defines the disease, underlying molecular heterogeneity likely differentiates among patients’ outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To illustrate how unrecognized molecular heterogeneity might obscure a truly effective new therapy for cancer, we analyzed the planning assumptions and results of a hypothetical randomized controlled trial of chemoradiotherapy for a cancer found to be drug sensitive in preliminary phase II studies. RESULTS: Randomized controlled trials of effective cancer therapies can be falsely negative if therapeutic benefit is overestimated during study design because of enrichment of phase II trials for treatment-sensitive subtypes, a beneficial effect in responding patients is diluted by large numbers of nonresponding patients, or a beneficial effect in responders is reversed by a negative effect in nonresponders. CONCLUSION: Molecular heterogeneity, if it confers different risks to patients and is unaccounted for in the design of a randomized study, can result in a clinical trial that is underpowered and fails to detect a truly effective new therapy for cancer.