bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cytoskeleton as a modulator of tension driven axon elongation
Authors: Sousa Sara C. , Sousa Mónica M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThroughout development, neurons are capable of integrating external and internal signals leading to the morphological changes required for neuronal polarization and axon growth. The first phase of axon elongation occurs during neuronal polarization. At this stage, membrane remodeling and cytoskeleton dynamics are crucial for the growth cone to advance and guide axon elongation. When a target is recognized, the growth cone collapses to form the presynaptic terminal. Once a synapse is established, the growth of the organism results in an increased distance between the neuronal cell bodies and their targets. In this second phase of axon elongation, growth cone‐independent molecular mechanisms and cytoskeleton changes must occur to enable axon growth to accompany the increase in body size. While the field has mainly focused on growth‐cone mediated axon elongation during development, tension driven axon growth remains largely unexplored. In this review, we will discuss in a critical perspective the current knowledge on the mechanisms guiding axon growth following synaptogenesis, with a particular focus on the putative role played by the axonal cytoskeleton.
Development and validation of a simple online‐SPE method coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of stanozolol‐N‐glucuronides in urine samples
Authors: Göschl Lorenz , Gmeiner Günter , Enev Valentin , Kratena Nicolas , Gärtner Peter , Forsdahl Guro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStanozolol is still the most commonly used illicit anabolic‐androgenic steroid (AAS) in professional sports. Therefore, accurate and fast analysis and long detection windows are of great interest in the field of antidoping analysis. In this work, a very simple, fast, and highly sensitive online solid‐phase extraction method coupled with liquid chromatography–high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐HRMSMS) for the analysis of stanozolol‐N‐glucuronides was developed. This fully validated procedure is characterized by only a few manual steps (dilution and addition of internal standard) in the sample preparation. A limit of identification (LOI) of 75 pg/mL, high accuracy (87.1%–102.1%), precision (3.1%–7.8%), and sensitivity was achieved. Furthermore, good linearity (> 0.99) and robustness, as well as no carry‐over effects, could be observed. In addition to excellent confirmation analysis performance, this method shows sufficient potential for the identification and characterization of unknown metabolites. Using this method, it was possible to unambiguously confirm the presence of 1′N‐ and 2′N‐stanozolol‐glucuronide in human urine for the first time due to the access to reference material.
Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods
Authors: Muschietti Liliana , Redko Flavia , Ulloa Jerónimo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAt present, there is a growing trend toward the intentional adulteration of dietary supplements (DS) with synthetic pharmaceuticals, which represents an alarming emerging risk to consumers and a serious problem for regulatory agencies. An amazing array of synthetic drugs and their analogues have been reported as adulterants in DS. Mainly, the presence of analogues represents a serious health risk as their efficacy and toxic effects have not been clinically assessed yet and may result in unpredictable adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview, over the period 2009–2019, of the most frequently reported adulterants in DS for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, obesity/overweight, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension and the analytical methods used for their detection.
In vitro and in vivo metabolism and detection of 3‐HO‐PCP, a synthetic phencyclidine, in human samples and pooled human hepatocytes using high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Davidsen Anders Bork , Mardal Marie , Johansen Sys Stybe , Dalsgaard Petur Weihe , Linnet Kristian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe new psychoactive substance (NPS) 3‐HO‐PCP, a phencyclidine (PCP) analog, was detected in a law enforcement seizure and in forensic samples in Denmark. Compared with PCP, 3‐HO‐PCP is known to be a more potent dissociative NPS, but no toxicokinetic investigations of 3‐HO‐PCP are yet available. Therefore, 3‐HO‐PCP was quantified in in vivo samples, and the following were investigated: plasma protein binding, in vitro and in vivo metabolites, and metabolic targets. All samples were separated by liquid chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The unbound fraction in plasma was determined as 0.72 ± 0.09. After in vitro incubation with pooled human hepatocytes, four metabolites were identified: a piperidine‐hydroxyl‐and piperidine ring opened N‐dealkyl‐COOH metabolite, and O‐glucuronidated‐ and O‐sulfate‐conjugated metabolites. In vivo, depending on the sample and sample preparation, fewer metabolites were detected, as the O‐sulfate‐conjugated metabolite was not detected. The N‐dealkylated‐COOH metabolite was the main metabolite in the deconjugated urine sample. in vivo analytical targets in blood and brain samples were 3‐HO‐PCP and the O‐glucuronidated metabolite, with 3‐HO‐PCP having the highest relative signal intensity. The drug levels of 3‐HO‐PCP quantified in blood were 0.013 and 0.095 mg/kg in a living and a deceased subject, respectively. The 3‐HO‐PCP concentrations in deconjugated urine in a sample from a living subject and in post‐mortem brain were 7.8 and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. The post mortem results showed a 1.5‐fold higher concentration of 3‐HO‐PCP in the brain tissue than in the post mortem blood sample.
Indigenous tenure security and local participation in climate mitigation programs: Exploring the institutional gaps of REDD+ implementation in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Dupuits Emilie , Cronkleton Peter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism faces implementation challenges related to tenure security and governance institutions. In response, multiple regional climate mitigation initiatives have emerged. In Peru, indigenous networks have created their own Indigenous Amazonian REDD (RIA), an initiative aiming to strengthen property rights for native peoples. At roughly the same time, the Peruvian government launched the National Forest Conservation Program (PNCB), a conditional payment scheme aiming to encourage sustainable forest management. However, these initiatives must still overcome fragmented institutional governance of forests at the regional scale and continued challenges related to indigenous tenure security. This article examines how indigenous federations and the Peruvian government are attempting to implement these initiatives in the Amazonian region of Madre de Dios to examine how challenges play out in practice. These cases illustrate the institutional gaps between national policies, regional capacities, and local needs and expectations. However, it also demonstrates how an innovative institutional partnership at the subnational scale may be overcoming some of these challenges.
Cost and health effects of case management compared with outpatient clinic follow‐up in a Dutch heart failure cohort
Authors: van Voorst Henk , Arnold Alfred Ernest Reiner 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimsHeart failure reduces quality of life and life expectancy; hospital admissions are frequent and create a burden on public resources. This study aims to quantify the benefits in terms of health effects [quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs)] and costs when heart failure patients receive case management at home compared with outpatient cardiology clinic follow‐up.Methods and resultsA health state transition (Markov) model was written, and transition probabilities were derived from a cohort of 1114 patients and available literature. QALYs in different health states of heart failure patients were retrieved from the literature, and costs were estimated with data from the financial department of the Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep and public cost sources. Monthly simulation cycles were repeated 60 times to generate 5 years of virtual follow‐up data. Baseline willingness to pay is assumed €50 000 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses were performed in a one‐way deterministic and a multiway probabilistic approach; the probabilistic approach used uniform and more plausible distributions of the model parameters.Case management reduced costs by €382 and increased QALYs by 0.261 for the baseline simulation; this results in a net monetary benefit of €13 428. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis based on uniform and most plausible distributions of parameters resulted in 96.2% and 83.3% of the simulations, favouring a treatment strategy of case management.ConclusionsCase management is cost effective in 83.3% of the probabilistic simulations and has a tendency towards reducing costs and increasing QALYs when considering a real‐world cohort of heart failure patients in the Netherlands.
Mindfulness meditation is related to sensory‐affective uncoupling of pain in trained novice and expert practitioners
Authors: Zorn Jelle , Abdoun Oussama , Bouet Romain , Lutz Antoine 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundMindfulness meditation can alleviate acute and chronic pain. It has been proposed that mindfulness meditation reduces pain by uncoupling sensory and affective pain dimensions. However, studies to date have reported mixed results, possibly due to a diversity of styles of and expertise in mindfulness meditation. Furthermore, the interrelations between mindfulness meditation and pain catastrophizing during acute pain remain little known.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study investigated the effect of a style of mindfulness meditation called Open Monitoring (OM) on sensory and affective pain experience by comparing novice (2‐day formal training; average ~20 hr practice) to expert practitioners (>10.000 hr practice). We implemented a paradigm that was designed to amplify the cognitive‐affective aspects of pain experience by the manipulation of pain anticipation and uncertainty of stimulus length (8 or 16 s thermal pain stimuli). We collected pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings and assessed trait pain catastrophizing with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS).ResultsAcross groups, mindfulness meditation reduced unpleasantness, but not intensity ratings compared to attentional distraction. Experts reported a lower score on PCS, reduced amplification of unpleasantness by long painful stimuli, and larger sensory‐affective uncoupling than novices particularly during long painful stimuli. In experts, meditation‐induced uncoupling spilled over the control condition. Across groups and task conditions, a higher score on PCS predicted lower sensory‐affective uncoupling during long painful stimuli and higher ratings of pain intensity during short painful stimuli.ConclusionThese findings suggest that mindfulness meditation specifically down‐regulates pain affect as opposed to pain intensity, and that pain catastrophizing undermines sensory‐affective uncoupling of pain.SignificanceIn this study, we found that a style of mindfulness meditation referred to as OM reduced unpleasantness but not intensity ratings compared to attentional distraction in trained novice (state effect) and expert meditators (state and trait effects). We also observed that trait pain catastrophizing scores predicted this sensory‐affective uncoupling. These findings advance our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying mindfulness meditation and can inform treatment strategies for chronic pain.
Orange peel volatile oil: A green solvent for propolis extraction, enhanced α‐amylase inhibition activity
Authors: Keskin Şaban 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOrange peel oil contains high amount of d‐limonene which is reported to have antidiabetic activity. Propolis contains many biologically active compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenes. Because of its rich phenolic composition, antidiabetic activity of propolis has also been shown in literature. Consumption of raw propolis is limited because of its resinous nature. It should be extracted to convert it into consumable form. Ethanol is the most used solvent for this purpose. Ethanol is the limiting factor for propolis consumption either for religious concerns or being harmful for human health. There is an increasing need for new, compatible and healthier solvents for propolis extraction. This is the first paper describing the extraction of propolis with orange peel oil. 1:10 (g/v) ratio was used for extraction. Orange peel oil (OPO), orange peel oil propolis extract (OPOPE) and ethanol propolis extract (EPE) were separately analysed by using GC‐MS technique. Total phenolic content of oil and propolis extract was also carried out. Inhibition of α‐amylase from barley malt with new extract was also reported. It was found that OPOPE was rich in volatile compounds of propolis, phenolic acid derivatives and free fatty acids. It was observed that OPOPE showed higher inhibition on α‐amylase enzyme (IC50 0.196 mg/mL). It can be concluded that orange peel oil could be used as solvent for preparing propolis extract. Propolis extract obtained with orange peel oil could also be used as complementary medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Separation of saturated fatty acids from docosahexaenoic acid‐rich algal oil by enzymatic ethanolysis in tandem with molecular distillation
Authors: He Jianlin , Hong Bihong , Lu Rong , Zhang Ruoqi , Fang Hua , Huang Wenwen , Bai Kaikai , Sun Jipeng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlgal oil, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and an environmentally sustainable source of ω‐3 fatty acids, is receiving increasing attention. In the present study, a novel approach combining ethanolysis with a 1,3‐specific immobilized lipase (Lipozyme® TL IM) and molecular distillation was investigated to increase the DHA content of algal oil. Algal oil with a 45.94% DHA content was mixed with ethanol, pumped into a column filled with Lipozyme® TL IM, and then circulated for 4 hr at room temperature. The ethanol was then recycled by vacuum distillation. At an evaporator temperature of 150°C, the residue was separated by molecular distillation into a heavy component enriched with DHA glycerides (in the form of triglyceride (TG), diglyceride (DG), and monoglyceride (MG)) and a light component enriched with palmitic acid (PA) and DHA ethyl ester (EE). As a result, 76.55% of the DHA from the algal oil was present in the heavy component, whose DHA content was 70.27%. DHA‐MG was collected in the heavy component mostly in the form of 1‐MG. Lipozyme® TL IM appeared to specifically target PA rather than DHA at the sn‐1(3) position. The Lipozyme® TL IM allowed 90.03% of the initial DHA yield to be retained after seven reaction cycles. Therefore, an eco‐friendly and simple method for increasing the DHA content in algal oil has been developed.
Effects of Agaricus blazei Murrill polysaccharides on hyperlipidemic rats by regulation of intestinal microflora
Authors: Li Yuxin , Lu Xuechun , Li Xiao , Guo Xiao , Sheng Yu , Li Yingna , Xu Guangyu , Han Xiao , An Liping , Du Peige 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe present research envisaged the effects of Agaricus blazei Murrill polysaccharides (ABPs) on blood lipids and its role in regulation of the intestinal microflora in hyperlipidemic rats. The acidic polysaccharide fraction of Agaricus blazei Murrill was obtained by DEAE‐cellulose ion exchange column chromatography. The sugar content of ABP was 75.1%. Compared with the model group (MG), the serum TC, TG, and LDL‐C levels decreased (p < .05 or p < .01) and the HDL‐C levels increased (p < .01) significantly in the ABP group. Expression of CYP7A1 was up‐regulated (p < .01), and that of SREBP‐1C (p < .05) was down‐regulated significantly in the liver tissue of rats in the ABP group. Additionally, the disordered hepatic lobules and the steatosis of hepatocytes were found to be significantly alleviated in the ABP group. We believe that ABP can reduce the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and reduce the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae_unclassified, and Ruminococcaceae, increasing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Clostridium_sensu_stricto, Allobaculum, Peptostreptococcaceae, Clostridiaceae_1, and Erysipelotrichaceae as targets to regulate blood lipids. The results showed ABP could regulate the dyslipidemia in rats with hyperlipidemia. The mechanism may be through the regulation of the imbalance of intestinal microflora induced by the high‐fat diet in rats, which may be one of the important ways of its intervention on the dyslipidemia induced by high‐fat diet.
Effect of fish paste products “Hanpen” intake in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Kadokura Kazunari , Tomita Tsuyoshi , Kobayashi Masakazu , Mitsui Tadahiko , Suruga Kohei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFish paste product, “Hanpen,” is a traditional type of Japanese food made from minced fish as well as imitation crab and kamaboko, and a marshmallow‐like soft texture is characteristic of hanpen. Hanpen is known as a high‐protein and low‐fat food. However, there is a lack of evidence on its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hanpen intake on organ weight and biomarker levels in Sprague‐Dawley rats with diets consisting of hanpen for 84 days as an initial study. Male, 6‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into two groups: group I, fed normal diets, and group II, fed normal diets with 5% dried hanpen. Throughout the 84‐day treatment period, we checked body weight and food intake, and after 84 days, we performed organ weight and blood biochemical analyses. No significant differences were seen in body weight, food intake, organ weight, and most biochemical parameters between group I and group II. Interestingly, total cholesterol (T‐CHO) and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels of group II were significantly higher than those of group I after administration for 84 days. Moreover, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level of group II was marked lower than that of group I, and other liver function parameters of group II tended to be lower than those of group I. As conclusion, “Hanpen,” a Japanese traditional food, could be effective as a functional food for human health management worldwide.
ENIGMA‐DTI: Translating reproducible white matter deficits into personalized vulnerability metrics in cross‐diagnostic psychiatric research
Authors: Kochunov Peter , Hong L. Elliot , Dennis Emily L. , Morey Rajendra A. , Tate David F. , Wilde Elisabeth A. , Logue Mark , Kelly Sinead , Donohoe Gary , Favre Pauline , Houenou Josselin , Ching Christopher R. K. , Holleran Laurena , Andreassen Ole A. , van Velzen Laura S. , Schmaal Lianne , Villalón‐Reina Julio E. , Bearden Carrie E. , Piras Fabrizio , Spalletta Gianfranco , van den Heuvel Odile A. , Veltman Dick J. , Stein Dan J. , Ryan Meghann C. , Tan Yunlong , van Erp Theo G. M. , Turner Jessica A. , Haddad Liz , Nir Talia M. , Glahn David C. , Thompson Paul M. , Jahanshad Neda 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe ENIGMA‐DTI (diffusion tensor imaging) workgroup supports analyses that examine the effects of psychiatric, neurological, and developmental disorders on the white matter pathways of the human brain, as well as the effects of normal variation and its genetic associations. The seven ENIGMA disorder‐oriented working groups used the ENIGMA‐DTI workflow to derive patterns of deficits using coherent and coordinated analyses that model the disease effects across cohorts worldwide. This yielded the largest studies detailing patterns of white matter deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and 22q11 deletion syndrome. These deficit patterns are informative of the underlying neurobiology and reproducible in independent cohorts. We reviewed these findings, demonstrated their reproducibility in independent cohorts, and compared the deficit patterns across illnesses. We discussed translating ENIGMA‐defined deficit patterns on the level of individual subjects using a metric called the regional vulnerability index (RVI), a correlation of an individual's brain metrics with the expected pattern for a disorder. We discussed the similarity in white matter deficit patterns among SSD, BD, MDD, and OCD and provided a rationale for using this index in cross‐diagnostic neuropsychiatric research. We also discussed the difference in deficit patterns between idiopathic schizophrenia and 22q11 deletion syndrome, which is used as a developmental and genetic model of schizophrenia. Together, these findings highlight the importance of collaborative large‐scale research to provide robust and reproducible effects that offer insights into individual vulnerability and cross‐diagnosis features.
Metastable neural dynamics underlies cognitive performance across multiple behavioural paradigms
Authors: Alderson Thomas H. , Bokde Arun L. W. , Kelso J. A. Scott , Maguire Liam , Coyle Damien 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDespite resting state networks being associated with a variety of cognitive abilities, it remains unclear how these local areas act in concert to express particular cognitive operations. Theoretical and empirical accounts indicate that large‐scale resting state networks reconcile dual tendencies towards integration and segregation by operating in a metastable regime of their coordination dynamics. Metastability may confer important behavioural qualities by binding distributed local areas into large‐scale neurocognitive networks. We tested this hypothesis by analysing fMRI data in a large cohort of healthy individuals (N = 566) and comparing the metastability of the brain's large‐scale resting network architecture at rest and during the performance of several tasks. Metastability was estimated using a well‐defined collective variable capturing the level of 'phase‐locking' between large‐scale networks over time. Task‐based reasoning was principally characterised by high metastability in cognitive control networks and low metastability in sensory processing areas. Although metastability between resting state networks increased during task performance, cognitive ability was more closely linked to spontaneous activity. High metastability in the intrinsic connectivity of cognitive control networks was linked to novel problem solving or fluid intelligence, but was less important in tasks relying on previous experience or crystallised intelligence. Crucially, subjects with resting architectures similar or 'pre‐configured' to a task‐general arrangement demonstrated superior cognitive performance. Taken together, our findings support a key linkage between the spontaneous metastability of large‐scale networks in the cerebral cortex and cognition.