bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning and artificial intelligence to aid climate change research and preparedness
Authors: Huntingford Chris , Jeffers Elizabeth S , Bonsall Michael B , Christensen Hannah M , Lees Thomas , Yang Hui 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Climate change challenges societal functioning, likely requiring considerable adaptation to cope with future altered weather patterns. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have advanced dramatically, triggering breakthroughs in other research sectors, and recently suggested as aiding climate analysis (Reichstein et al 2019 Nature
566 195–204, Schneider et al 2017 Geophys. Res. Lett.
44 12396–417). Although a considerable number of isolated Earth System features have been analysed with ML techniques, more generic application to understand better the full climate system has not occurred. For instance, ML may aid teleconnection identification, where complex feedbacks make characterisation difficult from direct equation analysis or visualisation of measurements and Earth System model (ESM) diagnostics. Artificial intelligence (AI) can then build on discovered climate connections to provide enhanced warnings of approaching weather features, including extreme events. While ESM development is of paramount importance, we suggest a parallel emphasis on utilising ML and AI to understand and capitalise far more on existing data and simulations.
In situ measurements and backward-trajectory analysis of high-concentration, fine-mode aerosols in the UTLS over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Jinqiang , Wu Xue , Liu Shang , Bai Zhixuan , Xia Xiangao , Chen Bing , Zong Xuemei , Bian Jianchun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
An aerosol layer in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) regions, namely, the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL), has been observed based on satellite remote sensing and in situ measurements; however, its source is still under debate. In August 2018, an experimental campaign over the Tibetan Plateau at Golmud (GLM, 36.48 °N, 94.93 °E) was performed, during which a balloon-borne Portable Optical Particle Counter was used to measure the aerosol particle profile. Backward-trajectory simulations were conducted with the Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations model to investigate the possible sources and transport pathways of the observed particles. The in situ measurements showed a robust ATAL around the tropopause, 16 km above sea level, with a maximum aerosol number density of 35 cm−3 and a maximum aerosol mass concentration of 0.15 μg m−3 for particles with diameters between 0.14 and 3 μm. The aerosol particles in the ATAL are mostly smaller than 0.25 μm in diameter, accounting for 98% of all aerosol particles detected. The backward-trajectory analysis revealed that the air parcels arrived at the altitude of the ATAL through two separate pathways: (1) the uplift below the 360 K isentropic surface, where air parcels were first elevated to the upper troposphere and then joined the ASM anticyclonic circulation; and (2) the quasi-horizontal transport along the anticyclonic circulation, located approximately between the 360 and 420 K isentropic surfaces. The complex transport pathways may aggravate the challenge of analyzing the composition of the ATAL, and further observation campaigns are required to extend our knowledge.
Global ecosystem service values in climate class transitions
Authors: Watson Lisa , Straatsma Menno W , Wanders Niko , Verstegen Judith A , de Jong Steven M , Karssenberg Derek 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Ecosystem service assessments facilitate the valuation of nature and support decision-making. Ecosystem services are connected to climate; however, ecosystem service values affected by climate change remain unclear. We mapped global ecosystem service values totaling ∼1.3 trillion international dollars for 2005. Transitions in Köppen–Geiger climate classes projected with General Circulation Models under the four IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were modeled providing 20 climate scenarios. The mapped global ecosystem service values were combined with the 20 climate scenarios in order to identify where and how much of the global ecosystem service value is within a climate class transition. By 2050, 252–375 billion international dollars of ecosystem service value (20%–30% of total value) are in a Köppen–Geiger climate transition for both RCP 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios. In RCP 2.6, the 2015 Paris Agreement carbon emission scenario target, Köppen–Geiger climate transitions stabilize after 2050. However, in the RCP 8.5 scenario, ecosystem service values amounting to 467–632 billion international dollars (37%–50% of total value) are in a Köppen–Geiger climate transition by 2085. These results provide an inclusive global overview of climate change impact on evaluated ecosystem services that affect populations and economies.
Spatio-temporal organization of geosystems of the central part of Barguzinskii range
Authors: Bilichenko I N , Sedykh S A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper presents the results of the ecological study, with the analysis of landscapes and mapping of the area of the testing ground (80 km2). The testing ground is located in the Eastern Transbaikalia, covering the part of the Urbican basin and its mountainous frame. For the analysis of the structure of geosystems and the estimation of disturbance, the basic geosystem approach is applied to modern geoinformation-cartographic and remote methods. Based on V. B. Sochava theory of geosystems it is assumed for use in processing and ordering a large volume of information. In the paper we analyzed the regional background and main factors of the landscape differentiation of the study areas. It is established that the main factors influencing the landscape diversity are the aspect and steepness of the slopes, the composition and structure of rocks, the absolute height, the amount of atmospheric precipitation, and anthropogenic impacts. It is determined that the influence of the lithomorphic factor is widespread throughout the study areas, the hydromorphic factor is also important, the cryomorphic factor occurs additionally in the alpine and goletz zones. There are structural-dynamic characteristics of landscapes of a topological level. Structural features of topological geosystems are revealed, and large-scale maps of key areas are compiled. Map of the landscape-typological structure was created on the basis of the structural-dynamic and facies analysis of landscapes.
Natural law and principles of sustainable development of nature and society in a heterogeneous landscape environment
Authors: Cherkashin A K 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Axioms of natural law are revealed using principles of sustainable development of nature and society and taking into account the heterogeneity of the geographical environment reflected in landscape maps. In the axiomatic system, the environmental characteristics are not considered, and the laws are interpreted in a “pure” form as the laws of internal freedom of sustainable development of social systems. Axioms of natural law occur through the interpretation of the laws of the general systems theory in terms of the activity theory. The postulates of sustainable development determine the need to preserve nature, save sustained economic growth and maintain accelerated free development of society. In mathematics, the number of independent coordinates that completely determine the position of objects in space is called the number of freedom degrees. In this case, a high degree of freedom of life is a prerequisite for freedom in the socio-political and ethical terms as freedom of will in the local space of activity determined by the external environment. This is the geopolitical essence of landscape planning as well as legal zoning and territorial land-use policy where the same legal laws are manifested in different ways in different locations, taking into account local geographical restrictions.
Pine nut collection facilities in oil and gas development areas
Authors: Dugarova G B 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The total area under the Siberian stone pine forests in Russia is 39.5 million hectares, 57.2% of which are in Eastern Siberia, including 17.5% in Irkutsk region. However, human economic activities lead to a permanent reduction in the area of Siberian stone pine forests. For example, many Siberian cities emerged in places where Siberian stone pines once flourished. Mass fires are cause enormous damage to pine nut gathering. Exploration and development of the Kovykta gas and condensate field also led to the reduction in the area of Siberian stone pine forests and in yields. In this article we have presented the retrospective analysis of pine nut business to identify its features and significance for the area, to determine the possibility of its revival. The authors provided the analysis of pine nut business on example of Zhigalovskii fir farm (FF) in Irkutsk region. It has been found that pine seeds harvesting was inefficient during the Soviet time although there were a lot of activities for the organization of pine nut business. We believe that despite the existing problems, pine nut business has the necessary prerequisites for development and great demand. Pine nut business is considered as an alternative to illegal logging. Based on that experience the prospects for development of local economy are considered
Environmental and medical and social factors in the quality of life, reproductive health of the population: Priamurye as a case study
Authors: Grigorieva E A , Sukhoveeva A B 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Quality of life (QL) is one of the most important indicators of human wellbeing and health. We have developed the systematic approach to analyze natural, environmental, medical and social features of the region. We were aimed to study the factors affecting the QL of pregnant women and women of reproductive age: assessment of drinking water quality, medical and social situation in rural and urban areas of Priamurye. To assess the quality of drinking and surface water, 64 samples were analyzed in different functional zones of five settlements; a sociological survey of women of reproductive age and pregnant women was carried out to study the impact of medical, social and environmental factors on their health and quality of life. The results of the study have shown that the ecological state of surface water and underground drinking water is relatively satisfactory: there is an excess in iron and manganese, which is typical for the Ussuri geochemical province; barium content is insignificant. The use of groundwater for drinking purposes requires special purification. More than a half of women are satisfied with their health status; approximately 40% of women claim that high income can provide a certain set of goods and services necessary to maintain and strengthen their health potential.
Approach to Impact of Human Capital and Foreign Trade on Regional Economy Based on Threshold Estimation
Authors: Huang J , Li F 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the period of world economic integration and China’s economic reform, this paper takes R&D input intensity and FDI spillover as the threshold of human resources and foreign trade for economic growth to establish the threshold regression model to empirical analyze the relation between human resources, foreign trade and economic growth based on 2004-2015 Provincial Panel Data in China. Studies have shown that the contribution of human resources for economic growth by a significant effect of the threshold of R&D. With the increase of R&D input intensity, the relationship between high-quality human resources and economic development was a significant positive correlation. And with the improvement of the level of FDI spillover, the effects of foreign trade on economic growth become weakened. The research provides scientific basis and references for human resources management foreign trade policy establishment, ensuring the steady and healthy development of economy.
The development of social entrepreneurship in the territories of oil and gas condensate complex projects
Authors: Klepikova T V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The development of social entrepreneurship aims to solve problems of reducing social tension in society and raising the standard of living of the low-income segments of the population. Social entrepreneurship is a business, but the profit obtained is invested in further development, serving as a resource for achieving social goals. Social entrepreneurs create employment for local residents, socially disadvantaged groups of the population with subsequent reorientation to meet local social needs to create positive changes in society. The development of social entrepreneurship is an innovative solution for the interaction between the business community and the public. Representatives of Russia’s largest businesses such as Rosneft and Gazprom are implementing a program in Eastern Siberia, which has become a powerful engine for the socioeconomic development of the Eastern regions of our country. Social investments of these companies are focused on social problems by increasing the level of social and business activity in the Eastern regions of the Russian Federation. The adoption of the law on legal regulation in the field of social entrepreneurship in July 2019 will allow socially responsible businesses to realize the support of social entrepreneurs with new expanded opportunities.
Pattern of National Financial Industry along the Belt and Road with China Strategy
Authors: Li F J , Liu Q , Dong S C , Cheng H , Yang Y , Bilgaev A , Boldanov T , Tsydypov B , Ayurzhanaev A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
“Silk Road Economic Zone” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” strategic conception is China’s response to today’s complex international geopolitical and economic situation, to combat the international economic crisis, to build a sustainable development of the new international political and economic order Major strategic conception. The implementation of the strategy of “one way” provides an important strategic opportunity for the construction of a new international financial industry in China and a new pattern. Through the analysis of the development pattern of the financial industry along the area and way, the possible future development trend and potential, proposed: to promote the financial opening up, and build our leading overseas financial organizations; implementation of cross-border financial support program, focusing on “Field and people’s livelihood projects to carry out cross-border financial assistance; take the initiative to participate in the reform of the international monetary system to speed up the international development of the RMB; conducive to cross-border financing integration of specialized and systematic financial system and other strategic countermeasures and suggestions. It is of great practical significance and decision-making reference value to play a better role in supporting the “one way” strategy and promoting the implementation of the strategy of “one way”.
The “Mercury breathing” of the Baikal rift zone according to the study of tree annual rings (on the example of Tunkinskaya depression)
Authors: Lyapina E E , Tursunalieva E M , Rikhvanov L P , Yusupov D V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The work evaluates the general distribution of mercury in the rings of trees of the Tunkinskaya depression (the Republic of Buryatia, the national park “Tunkinsky”).The used methods of dendrochronology and dendrogeochemistry allow us to estimate the contribution of different factors affecting the quality of the environment and ascertain the history of natural components pollution. In this research, the phenomenon of natural degassing of mercury in the Baikal Rift Zone (BRZ) according to the study of annual tree rings is considered. The BRZ covers 13 large parallel lobes separated from each other by high mountain ridges and bridges. Geodynamic activity of the zone is shown by contrast relief transformation and high seismicity. High tectonic and seismic activity causes the “output” of mercury to the surface. The dynamics of Hg concentration changes in the Tunkinskaya lobe for more then half a century was observed. The average mercury content in the sample was 7 ng/g, the max – 35ng/g. The max concentration is detected in areas of the territory associated with free tectonic faults. The connection between the peaks of high mercury concentration in wood and periods of major earthquakes was detected.
Analysis of regional traffic dominance based on different indicators – taking Shandong Province as an example
Authors: Meng D , Li Y , Dong S , Zheng J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Taking Shandong Province as an example, select prefecture-level cities and county towns as research nodes, and use traffic network density (road network), proximity, and accessibility indicators to construct a comprehensive evaluation model of regional traffic dominance, using GIS network analysis and IDW. Spatial interpolation technique quantitatively analysed the spatial characteristics of the transportation network in Shandong Province. Through the spatial distribution characteristics of Shandong Province’s traffic dominance, the results show that the traffic dominance is closely related to the level of economic development, forming a spatial structure centred on Jinan and Qingdao. The single indicator to indicate the traffic dominance has certain limitations. And there is high spatial coupling between traffic dominance and economic development. The density of the traffic network is limited by the topography and geomorphology. The accessibility is closely related to the choice of the central city and the location of the county. Qingdao and Jinan, the spatial coupling between traffic network density and economic development level in Shandong Province is not high and some county and city in the central region have higher accessibility level but their economic development ranking is not advanced.
Provision of expert status for scientific institutions while making decisions on protection of Lake Baikal
Authors: Orlova I I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Creation of international and Russian legal basis of Lake Baikal preservation and examples of prevention of its ecosystem threats are determined by professionalism and consolidation of scientific community, joint actions of Russian and international experts and NGOs. The examples of inclusion of Lake Baikal into the World Heritage Site list, adoption of the federal law “On protection of Lake Baikal” and transfer of the “Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean” oil pipeline, show the central role of subjective factor in decision making by authorities and consideration of opinion of scientific and expert community. Interests and actions of authorities in regards to global threats to the Lake Baikal ecosystem are studied. Having defined scientific community as the only institution that is capable to find ecologically safe solutions for development of Baikal region, it is necessary to integrate functions of the science as an expert body in decision making by authorities. The article includes a set of measures for achieving of common positions of scientific community based on the Scientific council on Lake Baikal problems, and for achieving of legal support of the council’s status as an expert body which position is considered in governmental decision making for Lake Baikal.
Substantiation of the narrow-jet plasma technology for finishing cutting of steel sheets
Authors: Anakhov S V , Pugacheva N B , Bykova T M , Guzanov B N , Matushkin A V , Pykin Y A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper presents a study of the effect of the PMVR-5.2 plasma torch inclination angle on the cut surface profile, the structure and hardness of the material of the edge on 10 mm thick 09G2S steel plates. The plasma torch implements the narrow-jet technology. The heat-affected zones prove to have a gradient structure. When cutting is performed at an angle of 30°, there appear ∼500 μm thick edges with a 15 to 30 μm thick surface zone of structureless martensite having a microhardness of 900 HV 0.025 and a zone of fine-lamellar pearlite with a hardness of 350 HV 1. This requires mechanical removal of a 40 μm thick layer from the cut surface before subsequent welding. When the plasma torch is inclined at an angle of 90°, the quality of the edge material requires no mechanical removal of the heat-affected zone for subsequent welding.
New approaches to the rational manufacturing of combined constructions by EBW
Authors: Dragunov V K , Goncharov A L 
Published: November 2019

Annotation
The paper derives a relation describing the shape of an electron beam axis affected by thermoelectric currents during welding of dissimilar materials. The treatise suggests a new method for determining the adjustment actions for preventing lack of penetration in the weld root and derives an expression for determining the critical degree of weld penetration during welding of dissimilar austenitic and pearlitic steels. The received results can be used to make high-quality welding connections of thick dissimilar materials by eliminating incomplete penetration and ensuring necessary penetration degree of welded edges along the whole part thickness.
Development of electron-beam welding method with inserts
Authors: Kharitonov I A , Dragunov V K , Goncharov A L , Titarev E K , Portnov M A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the study of welded joints formation process both from homogeneous and dissimilar materials. The investigated welded joints were made by an electron beam using intermediate inserts of small thickness in a narrow gap. The influence of insert size as well as gap size on the stability of weld formation is shown. Electron beam oscillation configurations which eliminate incomplete penetration in weld root are determined. Values of thermal efficiency are experimentally found for different welding speeds. The results of structure study for dissimilar welded joints of plates from carbon steel 20 and austenitic corrosion-resistant AISI 316L steel are presented. The values of penetration rate for base and filler metal are calculated and experimentally confirmed.
Regularities of the influence of temperature and pressure on the grain size in the synthesized intermetallic compound Ni3Al
Authors: Ovcharenko V E , Akimov K O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The intermetallic compound Ni3AI (γ′-phase, ordered solid solution) is the main strengthening phase of nickel superalloys is, the content of which in modern superalloys reaches up to 0.89. The efficiency of the intermetallic phase as a heat-resistant component in large part limited by low ductility and by strength in a wide temperature range accordingly. An increase in strength limit of the intermetallic component is possible with a decrease in grain size less than a critical value, less than 10 microns. Application of the known methods of plastic deformation for refining an intermetallic grain is almost impossible, but it is physically justified in the period of the grain structure nucleation under non-equilibrium conditions of the exothermic reaction of an intermetallic compound formation in a powder mixture of nickel and aluminum. The retention of low-dimensional grain structure in the synthesized intermetallic compound is possible with combining the processes of crystallization and compaction of the high-temperature synthesis product. This paper presents the results of investigation of the influence of high-temperature synthesis product deformation on the formation of a grain structure in a Ni3Al intermetallic compound synthesized under pressure.