bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melatonin prevents neuroinflammation and relieves depression by attenuating autophagy impairment through FOXO3a regulation
Authors: Ali Tahir , Rahman Shafiq Ur , Hao Qiang , Li Weifen , Liu Zizhen , Ali Shah Fawad , Murtaza Iram , Zhang Zaijun , Yang Xifei , Liu Gongping , Li Shupeng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a life‐threatening illness characterized by mood changes and high rates of suicide. Although the role of neuroinflammation in MMD has been studied, the mechanistic interplay between antidepressants, neuroinflammation, and autophagy is yet to be investigated. The present study investigated the effect of melatonin on LPS‐induced neuroinflammation, depression, and autophagy impairment. Our results showed that in mice, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment induced depressive‐like behaviors and caused autophagy impairment by dysregulating ATG genes. Moreover, LPS treatment significantly increased the levels of cytokines (TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6), enhanced NF‐ᴋB phosphorylation, caused glial (astrocytes and microglia) cell activation, dysregulated FOXO3a expression, increased the levels of redox signaling molecules such as ROS/TBARs, and altered expression of Nrf2, SOD2, and HO‐1. Melatonin treatment significantly abolished the effects of LPS, as demonstrated by improved depressive‐like behaviors, normalized autophagy‐related gene expression, and reduced levels of cytokines. Further, we investigated the role of autophagy in LPS‐induced depressive‐like behavior and neuroinflammation using autophagy inhibitors 3‐MA and Ly294002. Interestingly, inhibitor treatment significantly abolished and reversed the anti‐depressive, pro‐autophagy, and anti‐inflammatory effects of melatonin. The present study concludes that the anti‐depressive effects of melatonin in LPS‐induced depression might be mediated via autophagy modulation through FOXO3a signaling.
The effect of caffeine abstinence on sleep among habitual caffeine users with poor sleep
Authors: Irish Leah A. , Mead Michael P. , Cao Li , Veronda Allison C. , Crosby Ross D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCaffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance in the world and is known to disrupt healthy sleep. However, very few studies have directly tested the effect of caffeine abstinence on sleep, and these have yielded inconsistent findings. The purpose of the present study was to examine changes in sleep following caffeine abstinence and examine the extent to which characteristics of habitual caffeine use moderated this change. Participants included 66 healthy, young adults with habitual caffeine use and poor sleep. During the 2‐week baseline, sleep was assessed using wrist actigraphy and daily caffeine use was assessed with bedtime diaries. Eligible participants then completed 1 week of caffeine abstinence, during which sleep was measured with wrist actigraphy. Multilevel models found no significant differences between either mean levels or growth trajectories of total sleep time or sleep efficiency between baseline and caffeine abstinence. Mean levels of sleep onset latency also did not differ between baseline and caffeine abstinence. A small but significant quadratic effect was observed, such that sleep onset latency decreased during the first few days of caffeine abstinence, then increased to levels above baseline. Characteristics of caffeine use did not moderate changes in sleep between baseline and caffeine abstinence. These data suggest that abstaining from caffeine may not result in long‐term sleep improvement for habitual caffeine users, which contradicts the common sleep health recommendation. The present findings encourage more rigorous investigation of the effectiveness of caffeine restriction on sleep.
Müllerian mimicry of a quantitative trait despite contrasting levels of genomic divergence and selection
Authors: Curran Emma V. , Stankowski Sean , Pardo‐Diaz Carolina , Salazar Camilo , Linares Mauricio , Nadeau Nicola J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHybrid zones, where distinct populations meet and interbreed, give insight into how differences between populations are maintained despite gene flow. Studying clines in genetic loci and adaptive traits across hybrid zones is a powerful method for understanding how selection drives differentiation within a single species, but can also be used to compare parallel divergence in different species responding to a common selective pressure. Here, we study parallel divergence of wing colouration in the butterfliesHeliconius eratoandH. melpomene, which are distantly related Müllerian mimics which show parallel geographic variation in both discrete variation in pigmentation, and quantitative variation in structural colour. Using geographic cline analysis, we show that clines in these traits are positioned in roughly the same geographic region for both species, which is consistent with direct selection for mimicry. However, the width of the clines varies markedly between species. This difference is explained in part by variation in the strength of selection acting on colour traits within each species, but may also be influenced by differences in the dispersal rate and total strength of selection against hybrids between the species. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing also revealed weaker population structure inH. melpomene, suggesting the hybrid zones may have evolved differently in each species, which may also contribute to the patterns of phenotypic divergence in this system. Overall, we conclude that multiple factors are needed to explain patterns of clinal variation within and between these species, although mimicry has probably played a central role.
The genetic basis of animal behavioural diversity in natural populations
Authors: Bubac Christine M. , Miller Joshua M. , Coltman David W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIndividual differences in animal behaviour influence ecological and evolutionary processes. Much behavioural variation has a heritable component, suggesting that genetics may play a role in its development. Yet, the study of the mechanistic description linking genes to behaviour in nature remains in its infancy, and such research is considered a challenge in contemporary biology. Here, we performed a literature review and meta‐analysis to assess trends in analytical approaches used to investigate the relationship between genes and behaviour in natural systems, specifically candidate gene approaches, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). We aimed to determine the efficacy and success of each approach, while also describing which behaviours and species were examined by researchers most often. We found that the majority of QTL mapping and GWAS results revealed a significant or suggestive effect (Zr = 0.3 [95% CI: 0.25:0.35] andZr = 0.39 [0.33:0.46], respectively) between the trait of interest and genetic marker(s) tested, while over half of candidate gene accounts (Zr = 0.16 [0.11:0.21]) did not find a significant association. Approximately a third of all study estimates investigated animal personality traits; though, reproductive and migratory behaviours were also well‐represented. Our findings show that despite widespread accessibility of molecular approaches given current sequencing technologies, efforts to elucidate the genetic basis of behaviour in free‐ranging systems has been limited to relatively few species. We discuss challenges encountered by researchers, and recommend integration of novel genomic methods with longitudinal studies to usher in the next wave of behavioural genomic research.
Distinct patterns of myogenic motor activity identified in isolated human distal colon with high‐resolution manometry
Authors: Rosli Reizal M. , Heitmann Paul T. , Kumar Raghu , Hibberd Tim J. , Costa Marcello , Wiklendt Lukasz , Wattchow David A. , Arkwright John , de Fontgalland Dayan , Brookes Simon J. H. , Spencer Nick J. , Dinning Phil G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundColonic high‐resolution manometry (HRM) has been used to reveal discrete, propagating colonic motor patterns. To help determine mechanisms underlying these patterns, we used HRM to record contractile activity in human distal colon ex vivo.MethodsSurgically excised segments of descending (n = 30) or sigmoid colon (n = 4) were immersed in oxygenated Krebs solution at 36°C (n = 34; 16 female; 67.6 ± 12.4 years; length: 24.7 ± 3.5 cm). Contractility was recorded by HRM catheters. After 30 minutes of baseline recording, 0.3 mM lidocaine and/or 1 mM hexamethonium were applied. Ascending neural pathways were activated by electrical field stimulation (EFS; 10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 50 V, 5‐s duration) applied to the anal end before and after drug application.ResultsSpontaneous propagating contractions were recorded in all specimens (0.1‐1.5 cycles/minute). Most contractions occurred synchronously across all recording sites. In five specimens, rhythmic antegrade contractions propagated across the full length of the preparation. EFS evoked local contractions at the site of stimulation (latency: 5.5 ± 2.4 seconds) with greater amplitude than spontaneous contractions (EFS; 29.3 ± 26.9 vs 12.1 ± 14.8 mm Hg; P = .02). Synchronous or retrograde propagating motor patterns followed EFS; 71% spanned the entire preparation length. Hexamethonium and lidocaine modestly and only temporarily inhibited spontaneous contractions, whereas TTX increased the frequency of contractile activity while inhibiting EFS‐evoked contractions.Conclusions and InferencesOur study suggests that the propagated contractions recorded in the organ bath have a myogenic origin which can be regulated by neural input. Once activated at a local site, the contractions do not require the propulsion of fecal content to sustain long‐distance propagation.
Antidotal effects of methylene blue against cyanide neurological toxicity: in vivo and in vitro studies
Authors: Haouzi Philippe , McCann Marissa , Wang JuFang , Zhang Xue‐Qian , Song Jianliang , Sariyer Ilker , Langford Diane , Santerre Maryline , Tubbs Nicole , Haouzi‐Judenherc Annick , Cheung Joseph Y. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine whether methylene blue (MB) could directly oppose the neurological toxicity of a lethal cyanide (CN) intoxication. KCN, infused at the rate of 0.375 mg/kg/min intravenously, produced 100% lethality within 15 min in unanaesthetized rats (n = 12). MB at 10 (n = 5) or 20 mg/kg (n = 5), administered 3 min into CN infusion, allowed all animals to survive with no sequelae. No apnea and gasping were observed at 20 mg/kg MB (P < 0.001). The onset of coma was also significantly delayed and recovery from coma was shortened in a dose‐dependent manner (median of 359 and 737 seconds, respectively, at 20 and 10 mg/kg). At 4 mg/kg MB (n = 5), all animals presented faster onset of coma and apnea and a longer period of recovery than at the highest doses (median 1344 seconds, P < 0.001). MB reversed NaCN‐induced resting membrane potential depolarization and action potential depression in primary cultures of human fetal neurons intoxicated with CN. MB restored calcium homeostasis in the CN‐intoxicated human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. We conclude that MB mitigates the neuronal toxicity of CN in a dose‐dependent manner, preventing the lethal depression of respiratory medullary neurons and fatal outcome.
Is the prevalence of anemia in children living at high altitudes real? An observational study in Peru
Authors: Choque‐Quispe Benita Maritza , Alarcón‐Yaquetto Dulce E. , Paredes‐Ugarte Wilber , Zaira Arturo , Ochoa Adelayda , Gonzales Gustavo F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAnemia diagnosis in populations residing at high altitude (HA) involves an adjustment of hemoglobin (Hb) values owing to the increase in its concentration with altitude. The suitability of the adjustment has been questioned since Hb concentrations depend on how adapted a population is to HA. In Peru, anemia in preschool children (PSC) is a matter of severe public concern for its high rates; in the city of Puno (∼3800 MASL), for example, 67.7% of children under 3 years are diagnosed with anemia. Here, we conducted an observational study in PSC living at different altitudes in Puno to assess Hb, iron status, and the suitability of altitude‐adjusted Hb values in defining iron deficiency anemia. After adjusting Hb, 65.66% of the population had anemia, while only 4.8% of PSC had anemia when using unadjusted Hb. Receiver‐operating characteristic curves using total body iron (TBI) as a marker of iron status are presented. In the 36‐ to 59‐month age group, unadjusted Hb performed better than altitude‐adjusted Hb. In the 6‐ to 35‐month age group, anemia (adjusted or unadjusted) was not associated with TBI. We conclude that Hb adjustment by altitude is not appropriate. Anemia at an early age is not entirely attributable to iron deficiency.
Assessment of body composition in pediatric overweight and obesity: A systematic review of the reliability and validity of common techniques
Authors: Orsso Camila E. , Silva Maria Ines B. , Gonzalez Maria Cristina , Rubin Daniela A. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Prado Carla M. , Haqq Andrea M. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryAccurate measurement of body composition is required to improve health outcomes in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. This systematic review aimed to summarize the reliability and validity of field and laboratory body composition techniques employed in pediatric obesity studies to facilitate technique selection for research and clinical practice implementation. A systematic search in MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus from inception up to December 2019 was conducted, using a combination of the following concepts: body composition, pediatric overweight/obesity, and reliability/validity. The search strategy resulted in 66 eligible articles reporting reliability (19.7%), agreement between body composition techniques cross sectionally (80.3%), and/or diagnostic test accuracy (10.6%) in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity (mean age range = 7.0–16.5 years). Skinfolds, air‐displacement plethysmography (ADP), dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), and ultrasound presented as reliable techniques. DXA, ADP, and isotope dilution showed similar and the best agreement with reference standards. Compared with these laboratory techniques, the validity of estimating body composition by anthropometric equations, skinfolds, and BIA was inferior. In conclusion, the assessment of body composition by laboratory techniques cannot be replaced by field techniques due to introduction of measurement errors, which potentially conceal actual changes in body components.
Perioperative management of children with urea cycle disorders
Authors: Del Río Cristina , Martín‐Hernández Elena , Ruiz Alicia , Quijada‐Fraile Pilar , Rubio Paloma 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundUrea cycle disorders are congenital metabolism errors that affect ammonia elimination. Clinical signs and prognosis are strongly influenced by peak ammonia levels. Numerous triggers associated with metabolic decompensation have been described with many of them, including fasting or stress, being related to the perioperative period.AimsWe aimed to assess perioperative complications in pediatric patients with urea cycle disorders requiring general anesthesia in our center.MethodsWe reviewed the clinical history of all the pediatric patients with a confirmed urea cycle disorders diagnosis requiring surgery or a diagnostic procedure with anesthesia between January 2002 and June 2018.ResultsWe included 33 operations (major surgery, minor surgery, and diagnostic procedures) carried out on 10 patients via different anesthetic techniques. We observed the following complications: intraoperative hyperglycemia in one case, postoperative vomiting in eight cases, and slightly increased postoperative ammonia levels (54, 59, and 69 µmol/L) with normal preoperative levels in three cases without associated metabolic decompensation. There were two cases of perioperative hyperammonemia (72 and 69 µmol/L) secondary to preoperative metabolic decompensation (137 and 92 µmol/L) with the levels progressively dropping and normalizing in the first 24‐48 hours, respectively.ConclusionsProcedures under anesthesia on pediatric patients with urea cycle diseases should be performed by experienced multidisciplinary teams at specialized centers. Perioperative management focused on avoiding catabolism (especially during fasting) and monitoring signs associated with metabolic decompensation to allow for its early treatment should be included in routine anesthetic techniques for children with urea cycle disorders.
A PCR diagnostic assay for rapid detection of plant pathogenic pseudomonads
Authors: Visnovsky Sandra B. , Panda Preeti , Everett Kerry R. , Lu Ashley , Butler Ruth C. , Taylor Robert K. , Pitman Andrew R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMolecular detection of phytopathogens is increasingly being applied to identify regulated organisms at the border in many parts of the world. However, even with molecular tests, complete phenotyping and identification of a strain is often time consuming and sometimes inconclusive. In this study, a leaf‐based pathogenicity test was used to separate pseudomonads into two groups, Group A containing pathogens, and Group B containing saprotrophs. Comparative genomics of 56 pseudomonad genomes from different plant hosts (including 29 strains from kiwifruit) agreed with kiwifruit pathogenicity test results, placing pathogens into Group A and saprotrophs into Group B. Sixteen loci were found unique to Group A. A PCR assay was developed for amplification of one of these loci, the trehalose phosphatase gene. The generation of this 655 bp amplicon was associated with production of water‐soaked lesions on inoculated kiwifruit leaves by pseudomonads in Group A. This test was validated for further strains from all seven pathogenic Pseudomonas phylogroups, non‐pathogenic pseudomonads, and other bacterial genera. The sensitivity of the PCR was comparable to the limit of recovery of pseudomonads by culturing. This simple PCR assay could be used as part of a testing pipeline at the border and for general surveillance for screening plants with and without symptoms, offering the potential to detect uncharacterized pseudomonads that may pose a biosecurity risk. The method was shown to be able to rapidly identify pathogens cultured from plant material with symptoms, or, more importantly, to detect pathogens directly from plant tissue.
Transitional Stages: Transcultural Competence through Performances of Migration and Identity
Authors: Parkes Lisa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn offering an account of teaching and performing Nurkan Erpulat and Jens Hillje'sVerrücktes Blut(2010) with advanced German students, this article reflects on the theme of cultural identity, particularly with regard to current issues related to migrant populations. As a play that showcases theater as a transitional space where linguistic and cultural identities may be negotiated, and where social and linguistic agency are interdependent, this particular play affords many rich learning opportunities for language students in today's global context. The play's ingenious staging devices – formulated as a play within a play within a play – provides an ideal opportunity for investigating the complexities and nuanced difficulties of ethnic identity and cultural expectations.
Convalescent plasma to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): considerations for clinical trial design
Authors: Barone Paul , DeSimone Robert A. 
Published: May 2020

KEY IDEAS
Case series studying convalescent plasma use in the treatment of COVID‐19 have been promising, but additional, high‐quality studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the treatment when applied for prophylaxis, for early phases of illness, and for severe illness.
Previous studies of convalescent plasma in treating other viral diseases have identified factors to consider when designing treatment protocols, including timing of administration relative to onset of illness, timing of donation relative to resolution of symptoms, severity of illness of the donor, pretransfusion serology of the recipient, and antibody titers of the donor.
There are many clinical trials studying treatment of, and prophylaxis against, COVID‐19 using convalescent plasma. In addition to clinical trials, the FDA also allows treatment through two other pathways: the “Expanded Access to Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Patients with COVID‐19” protocol, and emergency investigational new drug applications. The FDA also provides criteria for donation of convalescent plasma.
English in the identity practices of black male township youth in South Africa
Authors: Makukule Idah , Brookes Heather 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the role of English in peer interactions among black male youth in two Johannesburg townships. We demonstrate how social meanings attached to English shape ways of using English in the expression of social identities. English is a central tool in processes of authentification and delegitimization in relation to notions of African urban male township identity. Longitudinal ethnographic work, with recordings of spontaneous peer interactions on the township streets, show how social meanings attached to using English have shifted with socio‐economic changes since 1994. These changes have impacted patterns of English use among black youth and male youth in particular. The way in which youth use English challenges structural variety approaches to youth languages in African contexts that treat them as separate linguistic varieties.
Impact of Generational Commonality of Short Life Cycle Products in Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Processes
Authors: Kim Jinju , Kim Harrison M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractShort life cycle products are frequently replaced and discarded, even though they are resource-intensive products. Technological advances and rapid changes in demand have led manufacturers to develop their innovative next-generation products quickly, which not only enables multiple generations to coexist in the market but also speeds up the technological obsolescence of products. Diversity of collected end-of-life (EoL) and rapid technological obsolescence make the effective recovery of EoL products difficult. The low utilization rate of EoL products causes serious environmental problems such as e-waste and waste of natural resources. To deal with the conflict between the technical evolution of products and the promotion of social benefits in solving environmental problems, this paper focuses on the impact of generational commonality effects on the overall production process including manufacturing and remanufacturing. Generational commonality leads to an increase in the efficiency of manufacturing due to reducing related costs. Additionally, from the remanufacturing perspective, the interchangeability between generations can help collect the EoL products needed for remanufacturing. On the other hand, it causes a weakening of the level of performance and technology evolution between generations that significantly affect the demand for short life cycle products. Therefore, this study identifies these trade-offs of generational commonality levels in both manufacturing and remanufacturing based on a quantitative approach. This study finds how different pricing strategies, production plans, and recovery costs are based on the designs of a new generation with a different degree of generational commonality.