bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Note on Captive Atlantic Flows: Estimating Missing Data by Slave-Voyage Routes
Authors: Manning Patrick , Liu Yu 
Published: March 2020

This essay provides new estimates of the number of captives carried in the Atlantic slave trade during each decade from the 1650s to the 1860s. It relies on two categories of known data—on the routes of voyages and the numbers of captives recorded on those voyages—as a basis for estimation of missing data and totals of captive flows. It uses techniques of Bayesian statistics to estimate missing data on routes and flows of captives. As a framework for the Bayesian estimates, it focuses on analysis of 40 distinct routes linking the African coast to the Americas and traces the captive flows—that is, the number of captives embarked on or disembarked from voyages along those routes. The dataset that provides the basis for this research note is available at: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/6HLXO3.
Consequences and Mitigation Strategies of Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Stallworth Shandrea , Schumaker Brooklyn , Gracen Fuller Mary , Tseng Te-Ming 
Published: March 2020

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food for more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. Yield levels in Asia have tripled and are expected to increase by 70% over the next 30 years due to population growth. In the US, Arkansas accounts for more than 50% of rice production. Over the last 68 years, rice production has continued to grow in Mississippi, placing it in fourth place after Arkansas, Louisiana, and California. Due to increasing rice acreage, regionally and worldwide, the need to develop abiotic stress tolerant rice has increased. Unfortunately, current rice breeding programs lack genetic diversity, and many traits have been lost through the domestication of cultivated rice. Currently, stressors stemming from the continued effects of climate change continue to impact rice. This chapter highlights current research that strives to discover abiotic and biotic stress tolerant rice. This chapter calls for directed research in genetics and genomics to address the need to discover biotic and abiotic stress tolerant traits. While many genes have been uncovered to arm rice against these stresses, decreased genetic variability in current rice traits presents a small gene pool for discovery.
Nutrient Intakes among Jordanian Adolescents Based on Gender and Body Mass Index
Authors: ALjaraedah Thana’ Y. , Tayyem Reema F. , Takruri Hamed R. 
Published: March 2020

Background: This study was conducted to examine the dietary intakes of macro- and micronutrients for a Jordanian adolescents based on gender and compare their intake to the Dietary Recommended Intakes (DRIs).
Methods: A sample of 398 male and female adolescents, aged 14-18 years, were recruited from private and public schools using convenience sampling. Socio-demographic questionnaire and 3-days food record were self-reported. Bodyweight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for all participants.
Results: There were no significant differences between male and female adolescents regarding the intake of micro and macronutrients except for protein, insoluble fibre, saturated fat, cholesterol, omega-6, vitamin E and calcium. The intake of insoluble fibre (g/day), omega-6(g/day), and vitamin E (mg/day) was significantly higher in female adolescents (3.1±0.1, 5.6±0.5, and 3.1±0.3, respectively, P≤0.05) compared to male adolescents (2.9±0.1, 5.1±0.4, and 2.5±0.2, respectively, P≤0.05). On the other hand, the intakes of protein (g/day), saturated fat (g/day), cholesterol (mg/day), calcium (mg/day) were significantly higher in male adolescents (90.1±2.3, 31.7±1.0, 339.2±18.3, and 651.5±27.8) as compared with female adolescents (79.2±2.1, 29.2±1.2, 263.6±14.9, and 555.2±21.7) (P≤ 0.05). Comparing of the adolescents’ nutrients intake to the DRIs, many nutrients were found to be below or above the recommendations.
Conclusion: The study findings highlighted that there is an urgent need to establish a plan of action to combat malnutrition among adolescents in Jordan.
Comparative functional genomic analysis of Alzheimer’s affected and naturally aging brains
Authors: Peng Yi-Shian , Tang Chia-Wei , Peng Yi-Yun , Chang Hung , Chen Chien-Lung , Guo Shu-Lin , Wu Li-Ching , Huang Min-Chang , Lee Hoong-Chien 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent progressive neurodegenerative human disease whose cause remains unclear. Numerous initially highly hopeful anti-AD drugs based on the amyloid-β (Aβ) hypothesis of AD have failed recent late-phase tests. Natural aging (AG) is a high-risk factor for AD. Here, we aim to gain insights in AD that may lead to its novel therapeutic treatment through conducting meta-analyses of gene expression microarray data from AG and AD-affected brain.MethodsFive sets of gene expression microarray data from different regions of AD (hereafter, ALZ when referring to data)-affected brain, and one set from AG, were analyzed by means of the application of the methods of differentially expressed genes and differentially co-expressed gene pairs for the identification of putatively disrupted biological pathways and associated abnormal molecular contents.ResultsBrain-region specificity among ALZ cases and AG-ALZ differences in gene expression and in KEGG pathway disruption were identified. Strong heterogeneity in AD signatures among the five brain regions was observed: HC/PC/SFG showed clear and pronounced AD signatures, MTG moderately so, and EC showed essentially none. There were stark differences between ALZ and AG. OXPHOS and Proteasome were the most disrupted pathways in HC/PC/SFG, while AG showed no OXPHOS disruption and relatively weak Proteasome disruption in AG. Metabolic related pathways including TCA cycle and Pyruvate metabolism were disrupted in ALZ but not in AG. Three pathogenic infection related pathways were disrupted in ALZ. Many cancer and signaling related pathways were shown to be disrupted AG but far less so in ALZ, and not at all in HC. We identified 54 “ALZ-only” differentially expressed genes, all down-regulated and which, when used to augment the gene list of the KEGG AD pathway, made it significantly more AD-specific.
P-wave and QT Interval Dispersion Analysis in Children with End Stage Renal Disease on Regular Hemodialysis
Authors: Attia Mai , El-Nemr Shimaa , Abd-Elnabi Hend , Zoair Amr 
Published: March 2020

Objectives: The consequences of hemodialysis on P-wave dispersion and QT dispersion have not been unequivocally documented and understood and may be complex. To investigate homogeneity disorders of atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization and tendency to develop various arrhythmias by demonstrating the effects of hemodialysis in children with end stage renal disease through assessment of P-wave dispersion and QT dispersion (By electrocardiograghy).
Methods: Twenty end stage renal disease patients on conventional hemodialysis for at least 12 months and twenty healthy, age and sex matched volunteers were included. Patients underwent echocardiography to exclude any abnormalities of cardiac valves or muscle. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was undertaken in order to measure minimal and maximal (P wave and QT interval) durations, P wave dispersion and QT dispersion.
Results: In patient group, males were 13, females were 7 with mean age of 11.9 ± 3.4 years, mean P wave dispersion and QT dispersion were significantly longer than control group. P wave dispersion was significantly shorter after dialysis (mean= 34 ± 13.1 ms) than before dialysis (mean=42.4 ± 14 ms), whereas QT dispersion was longer after dialysis (59 ± 19 ms) than before dialysis (55.5 ± 17 ms) but the differences in QT dispersion was not significant. Also, there was no correlation between neither P wave dispersion nor QT dispersion and the electrolytes.
Conclusion: P wave dispersion and QT dispersion was found to be higher in end stage renal disease children on regular hemodialysis than healthy control subjects, indicating heterogeneity disorders of atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization in these patients and tendency to develop various arrhythmias.
T
hermoanaerobaculia
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Lawson Paul 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Ther.mo.an.a.e.ro.ba.cu'li.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Thermoanaerobaculales
type order of the class; ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Thermoanaerobaculia
the class of the order
Thermoanaerobaculales
.

Acidobacteria / Thermoanaerobaculia

The class
Thermoanaerobaculia
was circumscribed on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from one cultured representative and several environmental clone sequences retrieved from terrestrial hot springs and thermal marine habitats. The class is equivalent to the former subdivision 23 of the phylum
Acidobacteria
and comprises the single order
Thermoanaerobaculales
, which consists of one family of anaerobic, thermophilic, chemoheterotrophic bacteria,
Thermoanaerobaculaceae
.
D
esulfarculaceae
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

De.sulf.ar.cu.la.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Desulfarculus,
type genus of the family; suff.
‐aceae,
ending to denote family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfarculaceae,
the family of
Desulfarculus
.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfarcalia / Desulfarculales / Desulfarculaceae

Cells are vibrio‐shaped which occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Motile. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory or fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotroph or chemolithoautotroph. Substrate oxidation can be complete or incomplete. For complete oxidation, the anaerobic C
1
‐pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CODH] pathway, Wood–Ljungdahl pathway) is used. In
Dethiosulfatarculus
, the same pathway is used for autotrophic growth on H
2
and CO
2
. Thiosulfate (all genera), sulfate (
Desulfarculus
and
Desulfocarbo
) and sulfite (Desulfarculus) are used as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Mesophilic and neutrophilic. The family currently comprises three genera
Desulfarculus
,
Desulfocarbo
, and
Dethiosulfatarculus
. The type genus of the family is
Desulfarculus
. Members of the family are found in various habitats including marine and freshwater systems.

DNA G + C content (mol%):
52–65.7 (genome).

Type genus:
Desulfarculus
Kuever et al. 2005c, VL107.
S
yntrophaceae
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Syn.tro.pha.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Syntrophus,
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Syntrophaceae
, the family of
Syntrophus
.

Desulfobacterota / Syntrophia / Syntrophales / Syntrophaceae

Cells are rod‐shaped which occur singly or in pairs. Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not observed. Motility might occur. Strict anaerobes with a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic. Crotonate is fermented by all species, whereas aromatic compounds such as gentisate, hydroquinone, benzoate, and cinnamate are only fermented by some species. Some aromatic and nonaromatic substrates are only oxidized in the presence of H
2
/formate‐utilizing methanogenic or sulfate‐reducing prokaryotic partners. Substrate oxidation is incomplete and leads to acetate production. Mesophilic and neutrophilic. The family currently accommodates a single genus
Syntrophus
. Occur in anoxic freshwater sediment or sludge from anaerobic wastewater treatment facilities.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 51.5–54.6 (genome,
T
m
).

Type genus
:
Syntrophus
Mountfort et al. 1984
VP
.
D
esulfotomaculaceae

fam. nov.
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Kuever Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

De.sul.fo.to.mac.u.la.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Desulfotomaculum
type genus of the family; suff.
‐aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Desulfotomaculaceae
the family of
Desulfotomaculum
.

Desulfotomaculota (Firmicutes_B) / Desulfotomaculia / Desulfotomaculales /
Desulfotomaculaceae
fam. nov.

Cells are straight or slightly curved rods. Gram‐staining reaction varies within the genus
Desulforamulus
.
Desulfotomaculum
species stain Gram‐positive. Oval spores occur terminal or subterminal of cells. Motile by means of flagella. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Thermophilic or mesophilic. Neutrophilic. NaCl is not essential for growth. Chemoorganoheterotrophic growth occurs using organic acids, alcohols, amino acids, and sugars.
Desulfotomaculum
species can utilize CO. Substrate oxidation is incomplete. For growth on H
2
and CO
2
(chemolithoheterotrophic growth) and formate, acetate is required. One member of
Desulforamulus
grows chemolithoautotrophically without acetate. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate are electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Grows fermentatively on organic acids or sugars. CO fermentation is observed with one strain of the genus
Desulfotomaculum
. Desulfoviridin is absent. The major cellular fatty acid composition varies with species, mainly including C
16:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
17:0
. Major menaquinone is MK‐7. The family currently accommodates two genera,
Desulfotomaculum
and
Desulforamulus
. The type strain of the genus
Desulfotomaculum
was isolated from freshwater in the Netherlands (Table 1).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 42.9–52.4 (LC,
T
m
); 42.3–49.5 (genome).

Type genus
:
Desulfotomaculum
Campbell and Postgate 1965
AL
.
Salinicola
Authors: Plotnikova Elena G. , Anan'ina Lyudmila N. , Ariskina Elena V. , Evtushenko Lyudmila I. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSa.li.ni'co.la. L. fem. pl. n.salinaesalterns, salt works; N.L. suff. ‐cola(from L. masc. or fem. n.incola), inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.Salinicola,inhabitant of salterns.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / SalinicolaThe genusSalinicola, classified within the familyHalomonadaceae, orderOceanospirillales, and in the classGammaproteobacteria, currently includes 12 species with validly published names. Cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, nonsporulating rods, motile by means of a single lateral/subpolar/polar flagellum or by peritrichous flagella. Aerobes or facultative anaerobes, chemoorganotrophs. Moderately halophilic, grow in the salinity range of 0–30% (w/v) NaCl, with the optimum of 0.5–20%, at near‐neutral pH. Mesophilic, optimal growth at 25–37°C, growth range 4–45°C. The predominant respiratory lipoquinone is ubiquinone with nine isoprene units (Q‐9). Major fatty acids mostly include C18:1ω7c, C16:0, and cyclo‐C19:0ω8c. Major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Members of the genus are widely distributed in saline aquatic and terrestrial habitats such as seawater, deep sea sediments, saline soil, salt mines, and solar saltern and can be associated with halophyte plants and sea animals.Salinicolaspecies or strains have never been isolated from unequivocally pathological material from humans, animals, or plants.DNA G + C content (mol%): 60.6–65.8 (genome); 58.8–67.7 (HPLC).Size of sequenced genomes (bp): 3,620,402–4,628,485.Type species:Salinicola sociusAnan'ina et al. 2007, VL124.
T
hiohalorhabdus
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Muyzer Gerard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Thi.o.ha.lo.rhab'dus. Gr. neut. n.
thion
sulfur; Gr. masc. n.
hals, halos
salt of the sea; Gr. fem. n.
rhabdos
rod, stick; N.L. fem. n.
Thiohalorhabdus
halophilic sulfur rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiohalorhabdales / Thiohalorhabdaceae / Thiohalorhabdus

The genus
Thiohalorhabdus
was originally classified as a deep unaffiliated lineage within the
Gammaproteobacteria
. It is an extremely halophilic, neutrophilic chemolithoautotroph using reduced sulfur compounds as the energy source and electron donor and O
2
or nitrate as the electron acceptor. CO
2
is assimilated via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. The genus includes a single species
Thiohalorhabdus denitrificans
, which is the type species. Habitat—hypersaline lakes and solar salterns.

DNA G
+
C content (mol
%
)
: 68.9 (genome of type strain).

Type species
:
Thiohalorhabdus denitrificans
Sorokin et al. 2008a
VP
.
The impact of isocentric shifts on delivery accuracy during the irradiation of small cerebral targets—Quantification and possible corrections
Authors: Wack Linda J. , Exner Florian , Wegener Sonja , Sauer Otto A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeTo assess the impact of isocenter shifts due to linac gantry and table rotation during cranial stereotactic radiosurgery on D98, target volume coverage (TVC), conformity (CI), and gradient index (GI).MethodsWinston‐Lutz (WL) checks were performed on two Elekta Synergy linacs. A stereotactic quality assurance (QA) plan was applied to the ArcCHECK phantom to assess the impact of isocenter shift corrections on Gamma pass rates. These corrections included gantry sag, distance of collimator and couch axes to the gantry axis, and distance between cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) isocenter and treatment beam (MV) isocenter. We applied the shifts via script to the treatment plan in Pinnacle 16.2. In a planning study, isocenter and mechanical rotation axis shifts of 0.25 to 2 mm were applied to stereotactic plans of spherical planning target volumes (PTVs) of various volumes. The shifts determined via WL measurements were applied to 16 patient plans with PTV sizes between 0.22 and 10.4 cm3.ResultsArcCHECK measurements of a stereotactic treatment showed significant increases in Gamma pass rate for all three measurements (up to 3.8 percentage points) after correction of measured isocenter deviations. For spherical targets of 1 cm3, CI was most severely affected by increasing the distance of the CBCT isocenter (1.22 to 1.62). Gradient index increased with an isocenter‐collimator axis distance of 1.5 mm (3.84 vs 4.62). D98 (normalized to reference) dropped to 0.85 (CBCT), 0.92 (table axis), 0.95 (collimator axis), and 0.98 (gantry sag), with similar but smaller changes for larger targets. Applying measured shifts to patient plans lead to relevant drops in D98 and TVC (7%) for targets below 2 cm3 treated on linac 1.ConclusionMechanical deviations during gantry, collimator, and table rotation may adversely affect the treatment of small stereotactic lesions. Adjustments of beam isocenters in the treatment planning system (TPS) can be used to both quantify their impact and for prospective correction of treatment plans.
Autobiographical memory after 40 years
Authors: White Richard T. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe procedure in this study of autobiographical memory after forty years had three phases: uncued recall of experiences of 1978 to 1980, recall cued by descriptions made in 1979 of selected events, and recall cued by a diary written between 1978 and 1980. The schema theory of autobiographical memory describes memory of individual experiences as embedded in longer extended events. In uncued recall in 2019 all bar one of the extended events later found in the diary were remembered, with approximate dates and extents. Few specific episodes that occurred outside an extended event were recalled. In cued recall, characteristics of episodes associated with recall were rarity, vividness, and emotional intensity, and to a lesser extent importance to self. There was no difference between recall of pleasant and unpleasant episodes.
Fundamentals of Materials Selection for Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Youssef Kareem , Li Ying , O'Keeffe Samantha , Li Lu , Pei Qibing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe in situ formation of a light‐emitting p–n or p–i–n junction in light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) necessitates mixed ionic–electronic conductors in the active layer. This unique characteristic requires electronic, luminescent, and ionic ingredients that work synergistically in the LECs. The material requirements that lead to promising electroluminescent properties are discussed and the important components reported so far are surveyed. Particular attention is paid to the working mechanisms behind junction formation and stabilization to create efficient and stable electroluminescence in conjugated‐polymer‐based LECs. Keeping these fundamentals in mind explains how LEC devices have evolved from classic conjugated polymer blends into highly stable crosslinked, hybrid composite, and stretchable device architectures. To conclude, a future development strategy is proposed based on a dual approach: develop new materials specifically for LEC devices and explore novel ways to efficiently process and stabilize the p–i–n junction, which will drive improvements in both LEC external quantum efficiency and operating lifetime toward truly low‐cost solid‐state lighting applications.
Half‐Fused Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Conjugated Donor–Acceptor Polymer for Ambipolar Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Shi Dandan , Liu Zitong , Ma Jing , Zhao Zhiyuan , Tan Luxi , Lin Gaobo , Tian Jianwu , Zhang Xisha , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Deqing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA novel building block, denoted as half‐fused diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) (9‐(3‐octadecylhenicosyl)‐8‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐7H‐pyrrolo[3,4‐a]thieno[3,2‐g]indolizine‐7,10(9H)‐dione), in which one of the flanking thiophene units is fused to one of the DPP rings via a carbon‐carbon double bond at the N‐position is reported. The half‐fused DPP is successfully utilized as an electron acceptor to prepare the conjugated donor–acceptor polymer PTFDFT, which exhibits ambipolar semiconducting behavior in ambient air. Theoretical calculations and absorption spectral studies show that the backbone of PTFDFT is more planar compared to the reference polymer with conventional DPP units. As a result, PTFDFT shows a narrow bandgap and low lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level. The more planar backbone with fewer side chains favors the dense packing of the polymer chains of PTFDFT with a short π–π stacking distance (3.49 Å). Grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering data further confirm the predominant edge‐on packing mode of the PTFDFT polymer chains on the substrate. As expected, the PTFDFT thin film shows excellent ambipolar semiconducting properties under ambient conditions, reaching 2.23 and 1.08 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the n‐ and p‐channels, respectively. In addition, complementary‐like inverter with gain value as high as 141 is successfully constructed using the PTFDFT thin film.
A Chemically Orthogonal Hole Transport Layer for Efficient Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Biondi Margherita , Choi Min‐Jae , Ouellette Olivier , Baek Se‐Woong , Todorović Petar , Sun Bin , Lee Seungjin , Wei Mingyang , Li Peicheng , Kirmani Ahmad R. , Sagar Laxmi K. , Richter Lee J. , Hoogland Sjoerd , Lu Zheng‐Hong , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractColloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are of interest in light of their solution‐processing and bandgap tuning. Advances in the performance of CQD optoelectronic devices require fine control over the properties of each layer in the device materials stack. This is particularly challenging in the present best CQD solar cells, since these employ a p‐type hole‐transport layer (HTL) implemented using 1,2‐ethanedithiol (EDT) ligand exchange on top of the CQD active layer. It is established that the high reactivity of EDT causes a severe chemical modification to the active layer that deteriorates charge extraction. By combining elemental mapping with the spatial charge collection efficiency in CQD solar cells, the key materials interface dominating the subpar performance of prior CQD PV devices is demonstrated. This motivates to develop a chemically orthogonal HTL that consists of malonic‐acid‐crosslinked CQDs. The new crosslinking strategy preserves the surface chemistry of the active layer beneath, and at the same time provides the needed efficient charge extraction. The new HTL enables a 1.4× increase in charge carrier diffusion length in the active layer; and as a result leads to an improvement in power conversion efficiency to 13.0% compared to EDT standard cells (12.2%).