bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practice
Authors: Gordon Eric , Mugar Gabriel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Too often quantifying engagement falls back on using metrics of efficiency that look at the effects of a final product rather than the value of the process that shaped it. This chapter offers an evaluation tool that civic designers can use to talk about the impact of their process. It includes a guide for reflective conversation designed to capture the four activities of civic design: network building, holding space for discussion, distributing ownership and persistent input. Additionally, it includes a self-administered survey that captures one’s progress over time. The evaluation tool was designed in collaboration with seven engagement journalists from the US and Europe. While it was designed specifically to accommodate the needs of civic designers in news organizations, the chapter concludes with exploration of its potential application in different professional contexts.
“Miscellaneous Writings” of Čaqar Gebši Luvsančültem
Authors: King Matthew W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents selections from the vast oeuvre of the eighteenth-century polymath Čaqar Gebši Luvsančültem (1740–1810). Among Mongolian, Siberian, and Tibetan Buddhists to this day, the Čaqar Gebši is honored as an authoritative, genre-fixing translator, philosopher, astronomer, physician, pilgrim, and biographer who helped mediate the Qing imperial formation in Mongol lands. Translated in this chapter are selections from his miscellaneous writings focused on producing a Buddhism fit for Čaqar (only relatively recently and brutally incorporated into the Qing) by extolling topics such as the routinization of daily life for Buddhist scholastics, hair-splitting philosophical distinctions important for the Géluk tradition, and synthetic (as well as revisionist) histories of Tibetan and Chinggisid royal lineages, warlords, and eminent monks who collectively brought the Dharma to Čaqar lands. Also included is a brief but fascinating set of meditative and liturgical exercises meant to accompany the reading of Čaqar Gebši’s famous biography of Tsongkhapa.
Contemporary Buddhist Poetry and Fiction
Authors: Wickham-Smith Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The literary response to Buddhism in the years since the democratic revolution of 1990 has reflected the revival of interest in spirituality that has accompanied the development of social freedom. Writers have begun to use Buddhist imagery and themes in order to describe not only their own spiritual lives and those of their readers, but also to understand and express the secular. Moreover, the interest in Mongolian traditions among those writers who have come of age since the late 1980s means that Buddhism is now a more common subject in the contemporary literature. Using contemporary language to explore metaphysics, and the human response to metaphysics, these works reflect the difficulties of reviving and healing the image of Buddhism, and of spiritual practice, in post-Soviet Mongolia.
Introduction
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The introduction to The Invention of Jewish Theocracy introduces the idea of the halakhic state, which is the belief that the State of Israel should be governed by traditional Jewish law (halakha). It offers a definition and history of the religious Zionist community, whose leaders are the main proponents of this belief, and provides an overview of the idea’s origins and development. The chapter proposes a framework and methodology, which is based on legal and political thought, and especially the ideas of legal centralism and legal pluralism. It lays out some of the main arguments of the book and its implications for Israeli society today, as well as for key debates in the fields of history and religious studies, particularly debates over theories of secularization in the modern world.
The Pluralistic Roots of Religious Zionism
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows that before 1948, religious Zionists were legal pluralists: that is, that they imagined the state being run by several parallel legal regimes, of which only one would be halakha, traditional Jewish law as interpreted by the rabbis. They were willing to accept a democratic legislature and did not call for halakha to rule Israel. This legal pluralism drew on a very long history of Jewish law and was congruent with the way that Jews had organized their legal institutions for centuries. Thinkers who adopted this position included Reuven Margulies, Shlomo Gorontchik (Goren), Shimon Federbusch, and Haim Ozer Grodzinski.
Isaac Herzog before Palestine
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The creator and champion of the ideology of the halakhic state was Isaac Herzog, Israel’s first Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi. Prior to his arrival in Palestine in 1937, he was the Chief Rabbi of Ireland. This chapter accounts the history of Herzog’s intellectual development, and in particular his writing about law. It places his legal philosophy in the context of the prevailing jurisprudence of the day, including ideas about the evolution of law and the centralizing reforms of European states at the end of the nineteenth century. It also shows how Herzog’s experience of the struggle for Irish independence from the British, and the role of law and religion in that struggle, helped to shape his attitudes to law and colonialism once he had arrived in Palestine.
Introduction
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that coming out has become what sociologists call a “master frame,” a way of understanding the world that is sufficiently elastic and inclusive that a wide range of social movements can use it in their own campaigns. It introduces five movements that are the focus of the book—(1) the American lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, plus (LGBTQ+) rights movement; (2) the fat acceptance movement; (3) the undocumented immigrant youth movement; (4) the plural-marriage family movement among Mormon fundamentalist polygamists; and (5) the #MeToo movement. It reviews the data and methods that form the basis of the book—participant observation, textual analysis, and 146 in-depth interviews. It argues that disparate groups use coming out to challenge negative stereotypes and overcome oppression, and that the close association of coming out with gay people informs the meaning of the term in other contexts. It previews the subsequent chapters.
Overcoming Fear
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the undocumented immigrant youth movement has evoked “coming out as undocumented and unafraid” to mobilize fearful constituents. It discusses the local and state-level legislative changes for which the movement as advocated, including the federal DREAM Act. It argues that while the DREAM Act never passed, the undocumented immigrant youth movement arguably led President Obama to sign the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) executive order in June 2012, which deferred deportation for “Dreamers” who meet certain criteria on a two-year renewable basis. It further argues that the undocumented immigrant youth movement has successfully challenged cultural understandings by offering an alternative image to that of “illegal immigrants” sneaking across the border—that of educated and talented “DREAMers.”
Conclusion
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how things have changed in the second half of the Obama administration and under the Trump administration. It shows how transgender rights activists used the politics of coming out to make important gains during Obama’s second term. It also shows that while Trump has worked to reverse LGBTQ+ rights during his presidency, public opinion has shifted in ways that are not easily or quickly reversed. Having felt the relief and joy of exiting the closet, people are not willing to return so easily. Dreamers have likewise refused to retreat into the shadows, and the undocumented immigrant movement continues to encourage coming out as a political strategy. Meanwhile, the Trump administration seems to have provided a catalyst for feminist organizing—including but not limited to the issue of sexual harassment and assault, while also emboldening members of the “alt-right,” or white nationalist movement, to “come out of the woodwork.”
Plato's Caves
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
From student protests over the teaching of canonical texts such as Plato’s Republic to the use of images of classical Greek statues in white supremacist propaganda, the world of the ancient Greeks is deeply implicated in a heated contemporary debate about identity and diversity. Plato’s Caves defends the bold thesis that Plato was a friend of cultural diversity, contrary to many contemporary perceptions. It shows that, across Plato’s dialogues, foreigners play a role similar to that of Socrates: liberating citizens from intellectual bondage. Through close readings of four Platonic dialogues—Republic, Menexenus, Laws, and Phaedrus—the author recovers Plato’s unique insight into the promise, and risk, of cross-cultural engagement. Like the Socratic “gadfly” who stings the “horse” of Athens into wakefulness, foreigners can provoke citizens to self-reflection by exposing contradictions and confronting them with alternative ways of life. The painfulness of this experience explains why encounters with foreigners often give rise to tension and conflict. Yet it also reveals why cultural diversity is an essential good. Simply put, exposure to cultural diversity helps one develop the intellectual humility one needs to be a good citizen and global neighbor. By illuminating Plato’s epistemological argument for cultural diversity, Plato’s Caves challenges readers to examine themselves and to reinvigorate their love of learning.
Three Sequences
Authors: Uva Christian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Leone’s aesthetic and cinematic language. In order to highlight the continuity and evolution of the director’s eye, it deconstructs and analyzes three famous sequences from The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), Duck, You Sucker! (1971), and Once Upon a Time in America (1984). The analysis of composition, mise-en-scène, and cinematography unveils the political and ethical symbolism of Leone’s cinema. It also references film theory (Sergei Eisenstein, among others) and critical contributions on Leone’s works tracing out the visual construction of his political perspective, and demonstrating the continuity and evolution of his unique style.
Hegel's Concept of Life
Authors: Ng Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This book defends a new interpretation of Hegel’s idealism as oriented by a philosophical and logical concept of life, focusing on Hegel’s Science of Logic. Beginning with the influence of Kant’s Critique of Judgment, Karen Ng argues that Hegel’s key philosophical contributions concerning self-consciousness, freedom, and logic all develop around the idea of internal purposiveness, which Hegel views as “Kant’s great service to philosophy.” Ng charts the development of the purposiveness theme in Kant and argues that its key innovation is the claim that the purposiveness of nature enables the operation of the power of judgment. Situating Hegel among contemporaries such as Fichte and Schelling, she further argues that this innovation is key for understanding Hegel’s philosophical method in the Differenzschrift (1801) and Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), in which the theory of self-consciousness plays a central role. In her new interpretation of Hegel’s Logic, Ng argues that the Subjective Logic can be understood as Hegel’s critique of judgment, where he defends the view that life opens up the possibility of intelligibility as such. She argues that Hegel’s theory of judgment is modeled on reflective, teleological judgments, in which something’s species or kind provides the objective context for predication. The Subjective Logic culminates in the argument that life is a primitive or original activity of judgment, the necessary presupposition for the actualization of self-conscious cognition. Ng demonstrates that absolute method is best interpreted as the ongoing dialectic between life and self-conscious cognition, providing a new way for understanding Hegel’s philosophical system.
Actuality and the Genesis of the Concept
Authors: Ng Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 takes up Hegel’s genesis of the Concept argument presented in the concluding section of the Doctrine of Essence on “Actuality.” Hegel traces the origins of the Concept to two sources: Spinoza’s notion of substance and Aristotle’s notion of ènérgeia. Hegel aims to show that the unity and activity of the Concept is immanent in actuality, and the goal of the concluding section of the Doctrine of Essence is to provide an account of actuality as activity (Tätigkeit) and activity of form (Formtätigkeit). To understand the process of actualization in terms of activity, the author defends two arguments. The first concerns why actuality is not adequately captured in terms of sheer contingency or blind necessity. The second concerns the concept of reciprocity (Wechselwirkung) and how the process of actualization can be understood as being a cause and effect of itself, displaying the activity and unity of self-determination.
Present at the Creation
Authors: Roger Charles B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the two-step theory of informality by observing the creation of two important organizations established at the dawn of the postwar period: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). These bodies emerged from the same multilateral framework, were intended to resolve problems that were similarly structured, and were established by nearly identical groups of states. Nonetheless, while one was formal (the IMF), the other was informal (the GATT). Why? The two-step theory offers a compelling explanation of these patterns. This is demonstrated by observing (1) how demand for governance first arose and then “selected” institutions to lead cooperative efforts, (2) how states formed preferences as to the legal design of each organization, and (3) how the distribution of preferences and power shaped the final outcome through processes of interstate bargaining.
Conclusion: Speak of the Devil
Authors: Laycock Joseph P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The final chapter considers the idea that Satanism is a sociopolitical counter-myth that counters and compliments the myth of America as a Christian nation. The idea that America is a nation favored by God has historically inspired those who feel they have been treated unjustly to side with the devil. This response is true not only in the modern era but can also be traced to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. Furthermore, modern American Satanists have argued that their values are truly American ones, while it is their conservative Christian opponents who have betrayed the founding principles of the nation. Ultimately, for groups like The Satanic Temple, Satan is a symbolic placeholder for a more abstract set of contested values and identity claims.
Promoting Political Accountability through Interactive Political Leadership
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The age of governance challenges traditional understandings and methods for holding political decision-makers to account. A hitherto-hegemonic party government approach to political accountability is losing ground to new theoretical perceptions of political accountability, and forty years of government reforms have brought with them a variety of new methods for holding public authorities to account. What unites these theoretical and empirical developments is a redefinition of what political accountability means and how it is to be obtained in a multi-actor governance context where not only governments but also a wide variety of political and social actors play an active and influential role in the policy-making process. Chapter 5 proposes a concept of political learning accountability, and argues that interactive political leadership offers itself as a suitable strategy for promoting the throughput legitimacy of representative democracy by involving citizens and stakeholders in concrete policy-making.
Prevention Policy as the Ultimate ‘Wicked’ Problem
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This book shows how to analyse, and seek to solve, the most enduring, puzzling, and important problems in public policy. Policy scholars often begin by relating such problems to two broad questions: why does policymaker attention and action seem disproportionate to the size of policy problems, and why is there such a gap between their policy aims and outcomes? The answer relates to (a) the limited resources of policymakers, in relation to (b) the complexity of their environments: policymakers only have the ability to pay attention to, and influence, a tiny proportion of their responsibilities, and they engage in a policymaking environment of which they have limited understanding and even less control. This insight resonates particularly in Westminster systems, in which most political debate rests on the idea that ministers are accountable because they can exert central government control. Rather, policymaking systems are complex and ‘multi-centric’ and a focus on the choices of a small number of powerful actors does not help us understand the system as a whole.
Prevention Policy in the UK
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter zooms out to identify the overall ‘weight’ of post-war initiatives, under the general banner of UK prevention policy, across multiple policy areas. Many UK governments have faced the same basic prevention puzzle, and the vague idea of prevention policy has risen up and fallen down the UK government policy agenda for most of the post-war era. However, there was a step-change of activity from 1997. The newly elected and self-styled New Labour government, led by Prime Minister Tony Blair, identified something akin to a ‘window of opportunity’ for major changes in policy and policymaking. Compared to its predecessors, it used the language of prevention more frequently, and was far more likely to describe it as a vehicle to address socio-economic inequalities, join up government, and pursue ‘evidence-based policy’. Initially, we find in its social construction of target populations some shift of emphasis from personal responsibility to structural causes of poor outcomes. Yet, we also detect a growing frustration with limited progress and more explicit moral judgements of target populations over time, prompting a more centralized approach to policymaking and a greater focus on ‘problem’ families towards the end of New Labour’s era of government. Most of this prevention agenda continued under the Conservative–Liberal Democrat Coalition government from 2010 to 2015, albeit with a greater focus on the economy, employability, ‘troubled families’, and individual responsibility.
Conclusion: Revisiting the Prevention Puzzle
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Prevention is the ultimate example of a policy problem with an intuitively appealing, but ultimately elusive, solution. There is a profound gap between policymaker expectations and policy outcomes. Governments describe a high commitment to radical changes in prevention policy and preventive policymaking, but fail to deliver. We reject the idea that this puzzle can be explained primarily with reference to insincere politics or low political will. The danger with such conclusions is that they encourage a cycle of failure. Each new generation of policymakers will think that it will perform differently, and make a difference, simply because it exhibits high and sincere commitment. Or, each new generation of advocates will think that they just have to get the evidence, strategy, and language right, to inspire politicians to make the kinds of ‘evidence-based’ decisions whose value they take for granted. Advocates will struggle to understand their failure to close an ‘evidence–policy gap’, and policymakers will fall into the same basic trap that we describe in this chapter. Instead, our explanation helps policymakers and practitioners solve the puzzle of prevention policy by facing up to its ever-present challenges.
Reactive Concepts
Authors: Braddon-Mitchell David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter recommends that we consider a kind of concept which bears a relation like the one traditional accounts of concepts bear to beliefs, but instead bears it to states individuated not only by their causal inputs, but also by their direct causal outputs. They will be called reactive representations, RRs for short. They are partially representational states which are reactive inasmuch as they bypass interaction with distinct desires to directly motivate behaviour. Associated with these representations are abilities that will be called Reactive Concepts. The chapter argues that taxonomizing mental states this way casts light on the nature of a range of phenomena, including hate speech, crypto-evaluative terms, and phenomenal concepts.
Neutralism and Conceptual Engineering
Authors: Greenough Patrick 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Conceptual engineers often invoke a distinction between happy-face and unhappy-face solutions to alethic paradoxes. Happy-face solutions are thoroughly specific: they isolate a single, basic principle (“the culprit”). Unhappy-face solutions, meanwhile, are thoroughly non-specific: they merely establish the collective guilt of a group of principles which together produce the paradox. According to this taxonomy, conceptual engineering can only take place via unhappy-face solutions. In this chapter, I: (1) give an expanded taxonomy which allows for both Happy-Face and two forms of Unhappy-Face Conceptual Engineering and show that (2) happy-face treatments represent a limit case. (3) Unhappy-face treatments also represent a kind of limit case. (4) Between these limit cases are treatments which are neither maximally specific nor maximally unspecific but nonetheless specific enough to treat a paradox. (5) Such treatments become thoroughly neutralist when they reject some principle at work in a paradox from a theory-neutral perspective. The upshot is Neutralism—the view that philosophical progress can take place when (and sometimes only when) a thoroughly neutral, non-specific theory is adopted.
Conceptual Evaluation
Authors: Carballo Alejandro Pérez 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
On a view implicitly endorsed by many, a concept is epistemically better than another if and because it does a better job at ‘carving at the joints’, or if the property corresponding to it is ‘more natural’ than the one corresponding to another. This chapter offers an argument against this seemingly plausible thought, starting from three key observations about the way we use and evaluate concepts from an epistemic perspective: that we look for concepts that play a role in explanations of things that cry out for explanation; that we evaluate not only ‘empirical’ concepts, but also mathematical and perhaps moral concepts from an epistemic perspective; and that there is much more complexity to the concept/property relation than the natural thought seems to presuppose. These observations, it is argued, rule out giving a theory of conceptual evaluation that is a corollary of a metaphysical ranking of the relevant properties.