bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Special Invited Talk) The Lithium Battery Saga: From the Origin to the Future
Authors: Scrosati Bruno 
Published: February 2020

After a brief excursus on the history of batteries, the development of lithium and lithium-ion batteries will be discussed with particular attention on their initial issues and the various directions followed to properly address them. The presentation will be then focused on the latest directions presently under way promoted by the rising concern on air pollution in large urban areas, as well as on the constantly increasing world’s temperature, which calls with urgency for a wide road distribution of sustainable vehicles, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and for a larger use of renewable energy source plants (REPs), which in turn has promoted large worldwide efforts to develop batteries suitable to operate as energy storage systems in REPs, as well as to power the electric engine. Clearly, these functions cannot be properly performed by lithium batteries (LIBs), namely the presently the power sources of choice for popular devices such as laptops, cellular phones and similar.
1
However, the present LIBs, based on intercalation chemistry, are not yet adequate for meeting the REP and EV requirements. In this respect, reduction in cost, as well as enhancement in safety, and particularly in energy density are required and this can only be achieved by totally renewing the battery chemistry, involving all three components, namely anode, cathode and electrolyte. Some approaches to reach this goal will be here presented and discussed. In particular it will be shown that, by exploiting adequate electrode nanoconfigurations, considerable progress may be obtained in the LIB technology
2,3
Results in high-energy, lithium batteries, such as lithium-sulfur and, in particular lithium-air batteries
4,5
will be also reported, in particular for discussing the most promising attempts to address the issues that still limit their practical development. The role of solid
6
and polymeric electrolytes
7
in enhancing the performance of the lithium batteries is evaluated. Some approaches towards the safe use of Li metal anode are also presented. Finally, a brief discussion of the role of graphene in the lithium battery field , as well as the rising concern on the lithium world resources, will be included.8,9

References

Scrosati, B., Garche, J. , Journal of Power Sources 195:(2010) 241

Jung, H.G. , Hassoun, J., Park, J.-B., Sun, Y.-K. , Scrosati, B. , Nature Communications, 2 (2011) 516

Hassoun,J., Lee, K.-S, Sun, Y.-K., Scrosati, B., JACS 133 (2011) 3139

Jung, H.G. , Hassoun, J., Park, J.-B., Sun, Y.-K. , Scrosati, B. , Nature Chemistry, 4(2012) 579

Elia, G.A.,.Hassoun,J,, Kwak, W.-J. , Sun,Y.-K., Scrosati, ,F.Mueller, F., .Bresser, D., Passerini, S. ,Oberhumer,P., Tsiouvaras, N., Reiter, J. , Nano Letters, 14(2014)6572

Agostini, M., Ahiara,Yamada, T.,:Scrosati, B, Hassoun, J. Solid State Ionics, 244 (2013) 48

Hassoun, J. ,Scrosati, B., Adv.
Materials, 22(2010) 5198

Raccichini, R., Varzi, A., Passerini, S. Scrosati, B., Nature Materials, 14 (2015) 271

B. Scrosati, Nature, (2011) 473, 448
Electrochemical Behaviors of All-Phosphate Lithium-Ion Battery and All-Phosphate Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Yu Shicheng , Tempel Hermann , Schierholz Roland , Aslanbas Özgür , Mertens Josef , de Haart L.G.J. , Kungl Hans , Eichel Rüdiger-Albrecht 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries are in focus of research around the world, due to their high volumetric and gravimetric energy density. For inorganic all-solid-state batteries since many years considerable effort has been devoted to the development of thin film batteries for their application in microelectronics [1, 2]. Recent research activities are directed to develop high capacity all solid state batteries for automobile applications (Toyota) [3, 4]. These kinds of applications of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries require high cycling performance, high thermal stability, high capacity and high rate capacity.
The main objective of the current work is to build up an all-solid-state battery system which meets the previously listed. Electroactive phosphate materials with different microstructures were synthesized. Based on several combinations of materials, three phosphate compounds were synthesized and used as electrolyte and electrode materials, respectively. The carbon coated cathode (Li3V2(PO4)3/C) and anode (LiTi2(PO4)3/C) materials were first investigated in half-cells that use metallic lithium foil as counter electrode and reference electrode, 1 M LiPF6 in a 1:1 solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (LP30) was used as electrolyte. Afterwards, the selected electrode materials were used to make full cells by using LP30 liquid electrolyte. The working voltage, capacity as well as high-rate performance of the full cells were characterized. The optimum ratio of Li3V2(PO4)3/C and LiTi2(PO4)3/C in the full cell was investigated based on the electrochemical performances. Finally, an all-phosphate solid-state lithium-ion battery was made by using the electrode materials and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 solid state electrolyte. The electrochemical behavior of the all-phosphate solid-state lithium-ion battery was investigated and compared with a full cell using liquid LP30 electrolyte. The working voltage of the Li3V2(PO4)3/C-LiTi2(PO4)3/C battery is in the range of 0.2-2.2V, which well matched with the electrochemical window of the solid electrolyte Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3. Applying materials with high Li-ion conductivities such as Li3V2(PO4)3 and LiTi2(PO4)3provides the advantage of high rate capability for all solid state batteries.

Reference

[1] M. Koo, K. Park, S. H. Lee, M. S. Duh, D. Y. Jeon, J. W. Choi, K. Kang and K. J. Lee, Nano Lett., 2012, 12, 4810–4816.
[2] Y. J. Nam, S. J. Cho, D. Y. Oh, J. M. Lim, S. Y. Kim, J. H. Song, Y. G. Lee, S. Y. Lee and Y. S. Jung, Nano Lett., 2015, 15, 3317–3323.
[3] M. S. Beal, B. E. Hayden, T. L. Gall, C. E. Lee, X. Lu, M. Mirsaneh, C. Mormiche, D. Pasero, D. C. A. Smith, A. Weld, C. Yada and S. Yokoishi, ACS Comb. Sci., 2011, 13, 375–381.
[4] C. Yada, C. E. Lee, D. Laughman, L. Hannah, H. Iba and B. E. Hayden, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, 162, A722–A726.
NaFe1-xMnxPO4 (0≤x≤1) as Positive Electrode Materials for Na-ion Batteries
Authors: Giner Morgane , Galceran Montse , Reynaud Marine , Saurel Damien , Casas-Cabanas Montse , Rojo Teófilo 
Published: February 2020

Recent progress in the development of sodium insertion materials for Na-ion batteries show that they can be considered as interesting alternative to Li-ion batteries owing to more abundant and widespread sodium resources and lower cost as compared to lithium [1,2].
Olivine transition metal phosphates isostructural to the well-known LiFePO4are good positives electrode candidates for Na-ion batteries. Indeed, it has been shown that 1 Na per formula unit can be reversibly deintercalated from olivine NaFePO4 at a potential of 2.8 V vs. Na/Na+ delivering a theoretical capacity of 154 mAh/g [3,4]. However, materials working at higher voltage and with higher cycling potential are highly desirable to increase the energy density. Following this approach, mixed Na[Fe,Mn]PO4compositions with olivine structure are very promising[5].
In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterisation of the solid solution NaMnxFe1-xPO4 (0≤x≤1) prepared from their lithium counterparts (LiMnxFe1-xPO4). We have analysed the structural evolution of these materials with varying Mn content and the electrochemical properties of carbon coated NaMnxFe1-xPO4(0≤x≤1) phosphate materials have been characterized in Na half-cells by galvanostatic cycling under various conditions. The results obtained will be here presented and discussed in terms of energy density and efficiency.
[1]B. L. Ellis, W. R. M. Makahnouk, Y. Makimura, K. Toghill and L. F. Nazar, Nat. Mater. (2007), 6, 749.
[2]V. Palomares, P. Serras, I. Villaluenga, K. B. Hueso, J. Carretero-Gonzalez and T. Rojo, Energy Environ. Sci., (2012), 5, 5884.
[3] P. Moreau, D. Guyomard, J. Gaubicher, F. Boucher. Chem Mater. (2010), 22, 4126-4128.
[4] M. Casas-Cabanas, V. Roddatis, D. Saurel, P. Kubiak, J. Carretero-Gonzalez, V. Palomares, P. Serras and T. Rojo, J. Mater. Chem. (2012), 22, 17421.
[5] K. T. Lee, T. N. Ramesh, F. Nan, G. Botton, L. F. Nazar. Chem. Mater. (2011), 23, 3593-3600.
Novel Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Magnesium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Lu , Vullum-Bruer Fride 
Published: February 2020

Over the past few years, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of new energy storage devices with high power and energy density to substitute Lithium-based batteries, because the predicted high demand associated with many large-scale applications has generated serious concerns regarding the safety and sustainability of metallic Li.[1] In particular, Mg ion battery (MIB) has been regarded as the most promising candidate because of its ‘green’ character, high natural abundance in the Earth’s crust (13.9% as compared to 7*10-4 % for Li), and chemical stability.[2] In comparison with Li, Mg is inherently much safer due to its air stable and free of dendritic formation during electrochemical cycling,[3] the latter feature could enable Mg has a theoretical volumetric capacity of 3833 mAh/cm3, nearly twice as that of Li, 2061 mAh/cm3, indicating the good potential of MIB to reach a high volumetric energy density.[4,5] However, it is still in high demand to find the electrode materials that unites with metallic Mg and fulfills requirements such as high specific capacity, power density, rate performance and good recyclability.[2,6,7]
Here, we report two novel electrode materials, Mn3O4 nanoparticles with high specific surface area (102.4 m2/g) and graphene nanosheets. The studies of Mg-battery performances were carried out in a standard coin cell which the synthesized materials as cathode (or anode), magnesium ribbon as anode (or cathode), glass fiber as separator and (PhMgCl)2-AlCl3/THF as electrolyte. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques.

References:

[1] L. G. Lu, X. B. Han, J. Q. Li, J. F. Hua and M. G. Ouyang, J. Power Sources, 2013, 226, 272.

[2] E. Levi, Y .Gofer and D. Aurbach, Chem. Mater., 2010, 22, 860.

[3] J. O. Besenhard and M. Winter, ChemPhysChem, 2002, 3, 155.

[4] M. Matsui, J. Power Sources, 2011, 196, 7048.

[5] C. Ling, D. Banerjee and M. Matsui, Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 76, 270.

[6] H. D. Yoo, I. Shterenberg, Y. Gofer, G. Gershinsky, N. Pour and D. Aurbach, Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 2265.

[7] I. Shterenberg, M. Salama, Y. Gofer, E. Levi and D. Aurbach, MRS Bull., 2014, 39, 453.
Fabrication of Nano-Rod Structures By Cu Galvanic Displacement Reaction on Fe-Ni-Co Nanowires
Authors: Geng Xiaohua , Podlaha Elizabeth J 
Published: February 2020

Introduction

The use of nanoscale, nanowires in microfluidic devices and sensors require the tip size to be of the order of molecules to be detected, while integrating them to micro and macro-scale connectors. The work presented here creates multiscale wires through galvanic displacement and subsequent etching techniques. Nanosized, rod-like structures were generated from electrodeposited Fe-Ni-Co nanowires, followed by displacement of a part of the Fe-Ni-Co by Cu. A second Fe-Ni-Co layer was then deposited onto the Cu layer. Once the wires are released, a part of the Cu was selectively etched.

Experimental

Then Fe-Ni-Co nanowires were fabricated with a pulsed current electrodeposition method, 2 s on/2 s off1, in a polycarbonate membrane having pores of ~100 nm, from a boric acid-sulfate-sulfamate electrolyte. Displacement was carried out in a copper citrate solution and the etching step was completed in a citrate-boric acid electrolyte. The pH of the copper displacement solution was a variable. A commercial gold displacement solution was used to coat the resulting nanowire. A rotating cylinder electrode cell design was also used to characterize the deposition and displacement reactions. The resulting structure was characterized with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).

Results and Discussion

FESEM and TEM results indicate that rod-like regions occurred between two supporting Fe-Ni-Co regions in the nanowires (Figure 1), with the diameter of the rods on the order of 10 nm. Inner-rods was formed at low pH (pH=0, 1) however gaps were generated at high pH (pH=4). A complexation model predicted different Cu(II) species that govern the displacement reaction at low and high pH. SEM-EDS analysis show that there is indeed Fe and Ni remaining in the rod-like region. The results suggest that the copper ions are penetrating into the template and around the Fe-Ni-Co nanowires. A thin (~5 nm) Au layer was successfully coated on the rod-like nanowires.

Conclusion

A new multistep method was developed to create nanowires with smaller, inner rod regions via electrodeposition, galvanic displacement and etching. The displacement reaction was affected by pH attributed to the type of complex Cu-citrate species. The resulting structure was then uniformly coated with gold by displacement.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge and thank Roche Diagnostics for support of this project.

Reference

H. Kim, S. A. Soper, E. J. Podlaha, ECS Trans.
53, 9 (2013).

Figure 1
Morphology and Electrical Properties of Copper Thin Films Electroplated on Ni/n+-Si(100) for Silicon Solar Contact
Authors: Mebarki Mourad , Moussi Abderrahmane , Azizi Amor , Khelladi Mohamed redha , Mahiou Linda 
Published: February 2020

Cu thin films were electrodeposited on Ni/n+-Si(100) substrate from sulfuric solution with fixed pH at room temperature. The effect of deposition time of Cu coatings was studied by using the chronoamperometry method (CA), the atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and four- point probe to investigate surface topography , structure and electrical properties of Cu films. From electrochemical measurements, the Cu film thickness ranging from 63 nm to 8.9 µm was calculated using Faraday’s law. The AFM study showed a rugose surface of the Cu films and the variation of film morphology with deposition time were established. The XRD spectra revealed the formation of thin Cu films with a preferential orientation. Sheet resistance and resistivity showed strong dependence on the deposition time of Cu films. Cu films being the future metal contact for silicon solar cells.

Keywords: Cu , Electrodeposition , Morphology , Structure , Thin films , resistivity.

Figure 1
Effects of Organic Additives on Formation of Copper Pillar during Electroplating Process
Authors: Lee Yu-Jin , Lee Woon-Young , Lee Dong-Ryul , Jin Sang-Hoon , Lee Min-Hyung 
Published: February 2020

Cu electroplating process has been extensively used in the fabrication of on-chip interconnects such as Cu pillar, TSV, micro-bump of microelectronic devices for their further integration [1]. In general, the process is performed in a acid plating bath made up of inorganic components (copper sulfate, chloride ion, and sulfuric acid) and organic additives including suppressor, accelerator, and leveler. The organic additives play very critical roles in changing the shape, uniformity of deposits [2]. In the case of Cu pillar for flip chip packaging, a flat surface on the top of Cu pillar is required for implementation of the stacking materials like Sn-Ag solder [3].
In this study, Cu pillar with flat surface was successfully electroplated onto photoresist(PR) patterned Si wafer by controlling composition of the three organic additives. In order to understand the correlation between characteristics of additives (functional group, molar mass, N density and so on) and deposits, electrochemical behavior, PR reactivity and shape of Cu pillar have been investigated by galvanostatic potential transient measurements, contact angle measurement and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. As a result of the investigation, we will identify effects of the additives on formation of Cu pillar during electroplating process, and apply electroplating technology to many part of electronic devices from wide pillar to fine-pitch micro-bump.
Fig. 1. SEM images of (a) cross-section view and (b) tilted view of Cu pillar (100 um in diameter and 40um in height) and (c) chronopotentiometry graph (inner image: confocal laser scanning microscopic graph and OM image of top view)
[1] P.C. Andricacos, The Electrochemical Society Interface, spring (1999) 32-37.
[2] W.C. Chen, T.T. Huang, C.H. Lai, S.W. Chou, C.H. Shih, ECS Transactions, 52 (2013) 453-460.
[3] S. Chung, E. Kuo, M. Tseng, IMPACT 2009. 4th International. IEEE, (2009) 432-435.

Figure 1
Analysis of a Hydrogen Pump Driven Refrigeration Cycle
Authors: Darling Robert M. 
Published: February 2020

Hydrogen oxidation and reduction are fast reactions in polymer-electrolyte cells with modest amounts of noble metal catalyst. Hydrogen can be pumped and compressed in a cell that oxidizes hydrogen at the anode at low pressure and reduces protons at high pressure at the cathode. A typical hydrogen cell resembles a polymer-electrolyte fuel cell or electrolyzer with gas-diffusion electrodes containing platinum or a platinum alloy catalyst surrounding a polymer-electrolyte membrane like Nafion. Hydrogen pumps can be more efficient and durable than mechanical compressors.
Conventional polymer-electrolyte membranes like Nafion need to be moist in order to have high ionic conductivity. This water is a nuisance in most applications; however one exception is a refrigeration cycle. The thermodynamics of a refrigeration cycle with water as the working fluid driven by an electrochemical hydrogen pump is studied in this work. In particular, an expression for the work done by the reactor is derived that includes terms associated with the partial pressure changes of hydrogen and water and irreversible losses.
The coefficient-of-performance (COP) of the hydrogen-pump system approaches the Carnot limit when the mole fraction of hydrogen entering the reactor is small (< 0.01). Unfortunately, the amount of water crossing the membrane under these conditions far exceeds what can be supplied by osmotic drag. The calculated COP at a hydrogen mole fraction of 0.1 is approximately half of the Carnot limit, a promising result, when the hot and cold reservoirs are at 40oC and 20oC. Unfortunately, replacing a mechanical compressor with a hydrogen pump does not address the main issue with using water as refrigerant which is low total gas pressure. Water has low vapor pressures at typical hot and cold reservoir temperatures. Therefore, the electrochemical reactor would need to operate under vacuum and be designed to simultaneously provide low pressure drop and high mass transport rates.
Black Liquor Electrolysis for Hydrogen and Lignin Extraction
Authors: Oliveira Raisa Costa Paes , Mateus Maria , Santos Diogo M.F. 
Published: February 2020

Black liquor is a pulp mill effluent from wood cooking and has a solid content of 15-18% (weak black liquor), which is mostly lignin, an organic compound that finds wide applications in the market. Black liquor is currently used for steam generation purposes, by burning it, which is not an efficient process due to the undifferentiated combustion of the liquor, losing most of the lignin potential. Considering the world’s energy picture, it is essential to develop sustainable energy generation alternatives, including through waste recovery.
Having this in mind, the current work focuses on the electrolysis of black liquor for energy recovery. The process has several economic and environmental advantages, as it simultaneously generates a clean fuel (hydrogen) at the cathode and a precipitated material with economic value (lignin) at the anode surface [1]. The generated hydrogen can be eventually fed to a fuel cell that partially powers the electrolysis plant, thereby decreasing the electricity costs.
Herein, platinum (Pt), nickel (Ni), and AISI 304 stainless steel bulk electrodes are tested for black liquor electrolysis, both as anodes and as cathodes. Voltammetric methods are used to study the lignin anodic oxidation at the Pt, Ni and AISI 304 electrodes at temperatures ranging from 25 to 55 ºC. Kinetic and diffusional parameters are calculated (e.g., charge transfer and diffusion coefficients, number of exchanged electrons). The hydrogen evolution reaction in the black liquor is also evaluated at the same electrodes, with Pt and Ni showing the best performance. Activation energies are calculated for both electrochemical processes.
Finally, a small-scale laboratory black liquor electrolyzer using Ni plates, both for anode and for cathode, is assembled and its operation parameters are evaluated, specifically the applied cell voltage and the electrolysis duration. The produced lignin is characterized by MIR and reveals a high purity compared with typical lyophilized and Klason lignin.
[1] H.R. Ghatak, S. Kumar, P.P. Kundu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 2904-2911.
Cobalt-Free Mixed Conducting Ba0.95La0.05FeO3-δ Thin Films As Cathodes for Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Ciucci Francesco 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are devices that can convert chemical energy to electricity directly with high efficiency and fuel flexibility. Here, we fabricate perovskite single crystal thin films as cathodes with the composition of Ba0.95La 0.05FeO3-δ (BLF) by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates. Sm-doped Ceria (SDC) is deposited between YSZ and perovskite thin films in this study as an interlayer. The phase structure, surface morphology and roughness of the BLF thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to analyze the elemental composition and chemical state of the deposited thin film [1-2]. Electrochemical impedance spectra measurements obtained from the symmetric cells with the configuration of BLF /SDC/YSZ/SDC/ BLF reveal that polarization resistance of BLF (001) thin films (100 nm) is as low as ~0.1 Ω cm2 at 700 °C and 0.21 atm oxygen pressure. The polarization resistances of BLF are lower than those of other perovskite electrodes, e.g., La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ. Furthermore, our computational results, including density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, show that the BLF is characterized by low vacancy formation energy and fast oxygen transport [3-4].
References:
[1] D. Chen, C. Chen, F. Dong, Z. Shao, F. Ciucci, J. Power Sources, 250, 188-195 (2014)
[2] C. Chen, D. Chen, Y. Gao, Z. Shao, & F. Ciucci. J. Materials Chemistry A, 2, 14154-14163 (2014)
[3] Z.M. Baiyee, C. Chen, & F. Ciucci. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 23511-23520 (2015)
[4] C. Chen, Z.M. Baiyee, & F. Ciucci. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 24011-24019 (2015)