bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High resolution computed tomography and chest radiography findings among interstitial lung disease patients
Authors: Pal Anusmriti , Yadav Manoj Kumar , Pant Chiranjibi , Shrestha Bishow Kumar 
Published: January 2020

Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, characterized by restrictive physiology, impaired gas exchange, pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Chest radiograph (CXR) may appear normal during initial course of the disease and may show few abnormalities. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest is a most ac­curate non-invasive, high spatial resolution descriptive imaging modality for evaluation of lung parenchyma. It assesses presence, location, type and characterization of ILD in appropriate clinical setting. Our aim was to study radiological patterns and its distribution in CXR and HRCT chest of ILD patients.
Methods: This was an observational, single centered, cross-sectional study conducted at author’s place over the period of 6 months starting from January 2018 using convenient sampling method. Data analysis was done using students t-test for comparison of means and chi-square test for proportions.
Results: A total of 30 suspected or diagnosed patients of ILD were enrolled in our study and pat­terns found on CXR were correlated with that on HRCT chest. The number of findings in HRCT chest for a patient was significantly higher than CXR (Median number: 4 verses 2, P<0.001), commonest reticular opacity 50% in CXR and 56.6% HRCT. One subject had normal CXR.
Conclusion: HRCT was superior to CXR in detection of all basic patterns and their distribution as­sociated with ILD as higher numbers of findings were detected by HRCT chest as compared to CXR. HRCT chest could characterize the abnormality and specify its location much more accurately.
High resolution computed tomography and chest x-ray findings in patient with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Pant Chiranjibi , Pal Anusmriti , Yadav Manoj Kumar , Shrestha Bishow Kumar 
Published: January 2020

Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is a major public health problem in Nepal. Diag­nosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is done by bacteriological confirmation of respiratory speci­men however Negative smear needs clinical and radiological evaluation for the diagnosis in suspected patient. This study focuses on radiological findings in both Pulmonary bacterio­logically confirmed (PBC) and pulmonary clinically diagnosed (PCD) Tuberculosis.
Methods: This observational study was conducted at Chitwan Medical College between Feb 2019 to July 2019. 45 Patient diagnosed with PTB were enrolled. Chest X-ray (CXR) and High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) chest reports were analysed for the presence of findings that suggest active infection like cavity, consolidation, tree in bud, etc in PBC and PCD.
Results: A total of 45 PTB patients with mean age: 54.60 ± 19 years were included. 53.3 % were PBC and 46.7 % were PCD tuberculosis, CXR findings in PBC and PCD tuberculosis was nodular infiltrate 45.8% versus 2.4%, consolidation 45% versus 42.9%, cavity 8.3% versus 14.3% respectively however 12.5% PBC tuberculosis patient had a normal chest x-ray. HRCT chest in PBC and PCD showed cavity in 45.8% versus 23%, tree in bud 25% versus 52.4%, con­solidation 62.5 versus 57.1%, ground glass opacity 29.2% versus 23.8% respectively and none of the HRCT chest was normal. In comparison to the CXR, HRCT chest shows more cavitary lesions in PBC and tree in bud was more common in PCD.
Conclusions: This study has found that radiological findings suggestive of active PTB was more obvious in HRCT than CXR. Presence of cavity, lobar consolidation and tree in bud lesion in HRCT chest were more frequently observed in both PBC and PCD Tuberculosis.
Ultrasound guided peripheral nerve block as alternative to subarachnoid block in total hip replacement arthroplasty: a retrospective study
Authors: Rayamajhi Anuj Jung , Paudel Prashanta , Paudel Subash Chandra , Dhungel Bidur Kumar , Yadav Rupesh Kumar 
Published: January 2020

Background: Ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks have become increasingly popular in the lower limb orthopaedic and gaining more acceptances in total hip replacement surger­ies too. The main objective of this study was to compare peripheral nerve block and spinal anesthesia for total hip replacement surgeries.
Methods: In this retrospective study, total patients that underwent total hip replacement in our institution during specific time period were included for the study. They were divided into spinal and peripheral nerve block groups, and data were collected for the analysis. USG guided lumbar plexus, sacral plexus, superior gluteal nerve block was done and conventional landmark technique was done for spinal group. Mean arterial blood pressure, total fluid con­sumption, total fentanyl consumption, pain scores and incidence of nausea was compared.
Results: We included 43 patients for the study in which 23 patients were included in nerve block group, and 20 patients in the spinal group. In compared to spinal group, nerve block group had more stable mean arterial blood pressure (P <0.05), less total fluid consumption (P=.000), lower pain scores and fentanyl consumption (P <0.05), and less incidence of nausea (4% to 20%).
Conclusions: Peripheral nerve block can be good alternative to spinal anesthesia for total hip replacement surgeries, with more hemodynamic stability and better pain management along with less opioid and fluid consumption.
Hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation using Macintosh, Miller and McCoy blades
Authors: Deo Gopendra Prasad , Gautam Suresh , Shrestha Indra Narayan , Regmi Bharati Sharma , Shrestha Subin , Yadav Nabin Krishna 
Published: January 2020

Background: Direct Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation are essential components of administration of general anaesthesia but trigger major stress response, in the form of in­creased catecholamines leading to tachycardia and hypertension. This study is designed to compare the haemodynamic stress response with the Macintosh, McCoy and Miller blades.
Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted in 150 ASA grade I and II pa­tients, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia from March 2017, were randomly divided into three groups using Macintosh, McCoy and Miller blade for endotracheal intubation respectively.
Results: The groups were also comparable in respect to gender, mean age, ASA grade, Cor­mack and Lehane grade, Laryngoscopic intubation time, baseline heart rate, heart rate before laryngoscopy, baseline mean arterial pressure and Mean Arterial Pressure before laryngos­copy. The mean heart rates at end of 1, 3 and 5 minute were 93.58±13.11, 88.28±11.57 and 83.64±10.94 bpm with Macintosh blade; 93.08±12.09, 94.54±11.87 and 87.50±10.72 bpm with McCoy blades; 108.20±13.94, 95.18±12.75 and 93.22±12.32 bpm with Miller blades. Rise in heart rate as well as mean arterial pressure following intubation was greatest with Miller blade, followed by Macintosh blade and least with McCoy blade and was statistically significant (P< 0.01).
Conclusions: Miller blade produced maximum haemodynamic stress response, followed by Macintosh blade and McCoy blade produced the least haemodynamic response, hence the latter is preferable when less haemodynamic response is desired.
Radiographic assessment of mandibular canal in Nepalese population: a study based on cone beam computed tomography images
Authors: Shrestha Pragya , Mansur Dil Islam , Humagain Manoj , Koju Sushmit , Maskey Sunima 
Published: January 2020

Background: Mandibular canal runs in the body and ramus of mandible and provides pas­sage for inferior alveolar nerve. Knowledge on spatial relationship of canal with adjacent structures prevent damage to nerve during surgical procedures. This study aims to find three-dimensional relationship of canal as well as its relation with third molar.
Methods: This was a cross sectional and retrospective study conducted on Cone Beam Com­puted Tomography images. The relation and position of canal with third molar and position of canal in vertical and horizontal dimensions were analyzed.
Results: Mandibular canal was found to be progressively descended in 43% of the canals. The canal was located apical to third molar in 61.9% cases and regarding contact relation, 121(56%) of the third molars had no contact with the canal. Buccal cortical plate was maxi­mum at the level of distal root of second molar and minimum at the level of mesial root of first molar and was reverse for lingual cortical plate. The highest distance between upper border of canal and inferior border of mandible was at mental foramen 13.55±2.27 mm and lowest at mesial root of second molar, 8.72±2.59 mm. Minimum distance between superior border of canal and alveolar crest was distal to second molar (13.78±3.54 mm) and maximum between first molar and second premolar (17.91±3.08 mm).
Conclusions: It was observed that canal was interradicularly placed and was by penetrated by third molar in some cases. Thickness of cortical plates varied in various locations buccally and lingually.
Investigation of leucinuria as a marker of progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Pokharel Kabita Khaniya , Pradhan Santosh 
Published: January 2020

Background: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide leading to an extreme burden in healthcare system. Insulin resistance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A number of studies have been done to investigate the role of leucine in insulin resistance. These studies have elucidated raised serum leucine level in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine leucine in random urine of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to assess the association of urine leucine with the progression of the disease.
Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 187 participants after ethical approval. Patients already diagnosed with chronic kidney disease were excluded from the study. Urine microalbumin level was determined by nephelometry technique, HbA1c test was done by high performance liquid chromatoghrapy and urine leucine was detected by thin layer chromatography method.
Results: The mean age of the case population was 55.7±11.6 years and that of control population was 49.98±13.7 years. Out of 105 cases, 15 (14.3%) of them had leucine in random urine where as only 3 (3.6%) of them from control showed the presence of leucine in their urine. There was a significant association observed between diabetic patient and urinary leucine excretion, P = 0.014.
Conclusion: This study indicates an association of type 2 diabetes and urinary leucine excretion. However, presence of leucine in urine does not suggest the progression of the disease.
Correlation of peak expiratory flow rate with body mass index in school children of a government school of Kathmandu
Authors: Nepal Archana 
Published: January 2020

Background: Peak expiratory flow rate is a reliable data to assess the severity and effectiveness of management in adolescent with asthma. There is no study done in Nepalese children to relate it with the body mass index. The present study tries to find out its relation with age, sex, weight, height, body mass index.
Objectives: To identify the effect of body mass index on peak expiratory flow rate among healthyNepalese school children.
Methodology: Three hundred and ten students of a government school at Kalimati wereincluded in this study. Highest of the three peak expiratory flow rate readings were recorded using Wright’s peak flow meter. Questionnaire were used to find out the pre-existing disease conditions for exclusion from the study population. Weight and height were measured using standardized instruments and body mass index was calculated using formula: weight (kg)/height2(m).
Results: Peak expiratory flow rate initially increased with increasing body mass index from -1SD to +2SD and it declined as body mass index increased above +2SD. Pearson’s correlation r was positive with values of 0.7, 0.65, 0.64, 0.35 for height, weight, age and body mass index respectively. Height had highest positive correlation with peak expiratory flow rate while body mass index though had positive but weak correlation with peak expiratory flow rate.
Conclusion: Body mass index is positively correlated with peak expiratory flow rate. However, mean Peak expiratory flow rate initially increases with increasing body mass index and it starts declining as body mass index reaches overweight range.
Sprawozdanie z X Forum Etycznego „Moralny status zwierząt"
Authors: Urbaniak Marcin 
Published: January 2020

Dziesiąta edycja Forum Etycznego, zatytułowana Moralny status zwierząt, odbyła się w dniach 20–22 czerwca 2018 roku w Uniwersytecie Pedagogicznym im. KEN w Krakowie, przy ul. Podchorążych 2. Był to jubileusz, gdyż Forum Etyczne odbywa się – z inicjatywy dr hab. prof. UP Doroty Probuckiej – już od 1998 roku, regularnie co dwa lata. Warto przypomnieć, że temat przewodni każdego dotychczasowego Forum Etycznego był odmienny, jednak zawsze związany z moralnością oraz wartościami etycznymi, jak Etyka i odpowiedzialność czy Współczesne oblicza dobra.
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Language as semiosis – A short reflection on Paul Rastall’s article
Authors: Brandt Per Aage 
Published: January 2020

Paul Rastall’s small models can be understood in a semiotic framework, as functions relating signifiers (‘forms’) to signifieds (‘meanings’): forms of semiosis. If different properties of language are modeled as semiosic components in this sense, it is possible to heuristically use the linguist Louis Hjelmslev’s principle of embedding of semioses to identify distinct minimal functions and study their embedding in a complex architecture, not only involving phonetics, grammar, and semantics, but also enunciation, pragmatics, and finally discourse. Both Rastall’s approach and this elaboration could support the view that (a) language is not one system but rather a constellation of subsystems.
Multikulturalisme di Indonesia Menurut Al-Qur’an
Authors: Yasin Nur 
Published: January 2020

Abstract: Multiculturalism is a form of cultural diversity in Indonesia. This variety has been established for a long time before the existence of the Indonesian state, still in the form of an archipelago. The diversity turns out to be fertile until now, because it is based on the spirit of the Qur'an. It's just that this symbol still needs to be fought continuously because there are always problems and imperfect shapes. So that at one time really manifested the Qur'anic multiculturalism. Keywords: Multiculturalism, Culture, and Indonesian
PENILAIAN PERFORMA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SAINS
Authors: R. Dicky Agus Purnama  , Benny Agus Pribadi  
Published: January 2020

This article will elaborate the use of performance assessment to measure students competencies in learning science. What type of performance assessment appropriate to assess students learning outcome of science? The answer of this question is necessary for the teachers to determine the best assessment technique in science. Basically science can be considered as the root of knowledge and technology. Learning activities in science should be designed in order to facilitate students learning. It is a constructive process which requires students to study concepts inductively. Learning activities in science should be based on constructivism learning theory which encourages students to build their own knowledge and to apply it in the real world. Learning science should involve several essentials activities such as student involvement (engagement); extracting knowledge (exploration); presenting the findings (explanation); understanding knowledge (elaboration); and achievement learning competencies (assessment). It is necessary to implement performance assessment to measure the students learning outcome in science.
Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengelaborasi implementasi penilaian performa siswa untuk mengukur kemampuan siswa dalam mempelajari isi atau mata pelajaran sains. Bentuk penilaian seperti apa yang diperlukan untuk mengetahui kompetensi siswa setelah mempelajari mata pelajaran sains? Jawaban terhadap pertanyaan ini sangat diperlukan untuk dapat merancang dan mengembangkan sistem penilaian untuk mengukur kemampuan siswa dalam mata pelajaran sains. Sains atau science pada hakekatnya merupakan akar perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (iptek). Pembelajaran sains pada semua jenjang pendidikan perlu dirancang agar menarik dan bermakna bagi siswa. Aktivitas dalam pembelajaran sains harus memanfaatkan pendekatan dan teori belajar konstruktivistik yang mendorong siswa dapat membangun pengetahuan dan mengaplikasikannya dalam dunia nyata. Pembelajaran sains berbasis teori belajar konstruktivistik bercirikan belajar seperti: Keterlibatan siswa (engagement); penggalian pengetahuan (exploration); penjelasan (explanation); penjabaran (elaboration); dan penilaian (assessment). Dalam aktivitas pebelajaran sains berbasis teori belajar konstruktivistik penilaian hasil belajar menekankan pada performa siswa dalam mengintegrasikan pengetahuan-fenomena alam. Artikel ini akan mengupas implementasi konsep penilaian performa atau performance assessmentdalam pembelajaran sains berbasis teori belajar konstruktivistik.
EKSPERIMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISIONS MODIFIKASI PENEMUAN TERBIMBING TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA DITINJAU DARI KEMAMPUAN VERBAL
Authors: Herlina Herlina  
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the learning achievement using cooperative learning model Student Teams Achievement Divisions with cooperative learning model Student Teams Achievement Divisions modification of guided discovery in terms of verbal abality. Based on the results of the study concluded that (1) based on a model of learning, the mathematics achievement of students who use cooperative learning model Student Teams Achievement Divisions as good with mathematics achievement of students who use cooperative learning model Student Teams Achievement Divisions modifications guided discovery, both onstudents who have the high verbal skills, medium and low, (2) base on terms of verbal skills, mathematics achievement of students who have high verbal ability is better than mathematics achievement of students who have medium and low verbal ability, and mathematics achievement of students have medium verbal skillsbetter than mathematics achievement of students have the ability low verbal skills.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan prestasi belajar yang menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Student Teams Achievement Divisions dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Student Teams Achievement Divisions modifikasi penemuan terbimbing ditinjau dari kemamuan verbal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa (1) berdasarkan model pembelajaran, prestasi belajar matematika peserta didik yang menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Student Teams Achievement Divisions sama baiknya dengan prestasi belajar matematika peserta didik yang dikenai model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Student Teams Achievement Divisions modifikasi penemuan terbimbing,baik pada peserta didik yang memiliki kemampuan verbal tinggi, sedang dan rendah, (2) ditinjau dari kemampuan verbal, peserta didik yang memiliki kemampuan verbal tinggi lebih baik daripada peserta didik yang memiliki kemampuan verbal sedang dan rendah, dan peserta didik yang memiliki kemampuan verbal sedang lebih baik daripada peserta didik yang memiliki kemampuan verbal rendah.
KARYA VISUAL ANAK USIA DINI DEVELOPING VISUAL ART IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
Authors: Settings Siti Aisyah  
Published: January 2020

Early childhood need proper media when they want to express their willingnesses and feelings due to they havent got verbal communication ability well. Pictures or visual art can be used as media that can depicture children feelings when they can not talk. In more mature age phase, pictures or visual art made by children can be rendered as expressive media to measure perceptions they have. Hence, pictures can be made as aid media to develop language skill to children. There are some steps that need to be conducted for giving stimulus that can produce visual art containing typical original story for children. Creating visual art is one of steps that can be conducted to enhance kinds of intelligence components in early age children. Besides, it is used to develop spatial-visual intelligence in the children, creating visual art can be proceeded as one of ways of developing language creativity. Utilizing visual art can enact the children more helpful in narrating about something. Describing a thing experienced by the children then narrates it, is one of step for them in expressing their feelings on something. Therefore, by means of visual creation development, a teacher is be able to increase children capabilities in communication and their ability in intellectual.
Anak usia dini membutuhkan media yang tepat ketika akan mengungkapkan keinginan serta perasaannya saat mereka belum memiliki kemampuan komunikasi verbal yang baik. Gambar atau karya visual dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media yang menceritakan perasaan anak ketika mereka tidak berbicara. Pada tahapan usia yang lebih matang, gambar atau karya visual yang dibuat oleh anak-anak dapat dijadikan sebagai media ekspresi serta untuk mengukur wawasan yang dimiliki oleh mereka. Karena itu, gambar dapat dijadikan sebagai media yang membantu mengembangkan keterampilan berbahasa pada anak. Agar dapat menghasilkan karya visual yang kaya dengan cerita asli khas anak-anak, banyak langkah yang perlu dilakukan untuk memberi stimulus. Menciptakan karya visual adalah salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengembangkan berbagai komponen kecerdasan pada anak usia dini. Selain untuk mengembangkan kecerdasan visual-spasial pada anak, menciptakan karya visual dapat dilakukan sebagai salah satu cara pengembangan kreativitas berbahasa. Menggunakan karya visual membuat anak-anak lebih terbantu dalam bercerita mengenai suatu hal. Menggambarkan hal yang dialami oleh anak kemudian menceritakannya adalah merupakan salah satu jalan bagi mereka mengekspresikan perasaannya terhadap sesuatu. Dengan demikian, melalui pengembangan karya visual, guru dapat meningkatkan kemampuan anak dalam berkomunikasi serta peningkatan kemampuan berpikirnya.