bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct Orogenic Processes in the South‐ and North‐Central Tien Shan From Receiver Functions
Authors: Zhang Bingfeng , Bao Xuewei , Xu Yixian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUplifting mechanisms for the Tien Shan, an active intracontinental orogenic belt, have been under debate for decades, a key issue being how the convergence has been accommodated at depth. Here we investigate the Moho structure across the Central Tien Shan by common‐conversion‐point imaging and H‐k‐c stacking of receiver functions from a dense array. The observed Moho exhibits distinct characteristics among subblocks. A southward‐dipping diffuse Moho is imaged in the South‐Central Tien Shan (SCTS), in contrast with the relatively flat and sharp Moho beneath the Tarim Basin. This feature along with the large Moho offset beneath the South‐Boundary Fault suggests that the shortening and thickening of the Tien Shan crust rather than the underthrusting of the Tarim Basin are responsible for the uplift of the SCTS. In the North‐Central Tien Shan, however, the imaged Moho doublet provides direct evidence for the underthrusting of the Kazakh Shield accommodating the convergence there.
Strain Partitioning and Exhumation in Oblique Taiwan Collision: Role of Rift Architecture and Plate Kinematics
Authors: Conand Clément , Mouthereau Frédéric , Ganne Jérome , Lin Andrew Tien‐Shun , Lahfid Abdeltif , Daudet Maxime , Mesalles Lucas , Giletycz Slawek , Bonzani Marta 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTaiwan is an archetypal example of continental accretionary wedges. Yet the generally poor knowledge of three‐dimensional strain distribution over time and role of architecture of the rifted margin shed doubt on the cylindrical two‐dimensional kinematic models of Taiwan collision. Here we provide new field‐based constraints on strain distribution, new Raman Spectroscopy on Carbonaceous Materials temperatures and apply mica‐chlorite multiequilibrium approach to determine pressure‐temperature in the Central Range of Taiwan. We identify three distinct structural domains that define zones of orthogonal shortening in the western Backbone Range and left‐lateral ductile shearing overprinted by left‐lateral transtensional brittle deformation in eastern Central Range. Field surveys show the lack of nappe stacking in the Backbone Range. Combining new temperature estimates with existing thermochronological constraints we emphasize that western Taiwan mostly inherited preorogenic thermal history. We show that metamorphic peak conditions of 5–6 kbar and 330–400 °C in the eastern Backbone Range and HP rocks of the Yuli Belt exhumed along the P‐T paths related to transcurrent deformation. We propose a three‐dimensional kinematic model of Taiwan accounting for the oblique motion of the Philippine Sea Plate relative to the plate boundary and the reactivation of a NS striking transform fault in the South China Sea rifted margin. Recent and ongoing strain partitioning in the Taiwan accretionary wedge is reflected by the coexistence of brittle left‐lateral shear, oblique extension, and contraction. Our results have impact on orogen‐based plate kinematic reconstructions that consider two‐dimensional kinematic evolution of orogens.
The Impact of Dams on Design Floods in the Conterminous US
Authors: Zhao Gang , Bates Paul , Neal Jeffrey 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe propose a method to describe the impact of dams on design floods for ungauged areas and validate the method over the conterminous US (CONUS). A Random Forest (RF) model was chosen to capture the relationship between the change in 100‐year return period flow up‐ and downstream of different dams and dam parameters available in the Global Reservoir and Dam (GRanD) database. The results showed that: (1) the RF model showed a greater accuracy in terms of Nash Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (0.92 in training and 0.88 in testing) than a benchmark Multiple Linear Regression model (0.68 in training and 0.61 in testing); (2) Dam inflow, upstream catchment area, and long‐term average discharge at reservoir location were the three most important factors for dam outflow; (3) flood attenuation effect indices (FAI) for >1400 dams over the CONUS were derived with the proposed method. To further validate the accuracy of the FAI, a new module considering flood attenuation effects was developed for the LISFLOOD‐FP hydrodynamic model and two dams in the CONUS were selected to compare simulated flooded area against Federal Emergency Management Agency flood hazard maps. The result showed that the overestimation in flood hazard maps caused by not taking dams into account can be significantly corrected using the FAI and the enhanced LISFLOOD‐FP model. We conclude that the proposed methodology is a valid approach to describe the impact of dams on design floods, thereby improving the accuracy of flood hazard maps, especially in ungauged areas.
A Perspective on the Future of Transient Storage Modeling: Let's Stop Chasing Our Tails
Authors: Knapp Julia L.A. , Kelleher Christa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDue to its simplicity, adaptability, and accessibility, the transient storage model has become one of the most widely used tools to investigate transport and exchange processes in streams. In spite of its ubiquitous use, a number of challenges remain, in particular with respect to model conceptualization and interpretation. Are parameters good approximations of physical processes and properties? What is the relevance of parameter interactions in increasingly complex conceptualizations of the transient storage model? How does novel data inform, improve, or falsify our models? In this commentary, we illuminate several open questions and provide an outlook on how we can use the transient storage model to improve our understanding of solute transport. We propose the incorporation of novel and different data, the comparison of multiple models as working hypotheses for stream reach exchange, and call for a synthesis of the data collected and analyzed over the past years.
Gravity Monitoring of Underground Flash Flood Events to Study Their Impact on Groundwater Recharge and the Distribution of Karst Voids
Authors: Watlet A. , Van Camp M. , Francis O. , Poulain A. , Rochez G. , Hallet V. , Quinif Y. , Kaufmann O. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFlash flood events are expected to become increasingly common with the global increases in weather extremes. They are a significant natural hazard that affects karst landscapes, which host large resources of drinking water worldwide. The role played by underground flood events in the karst aquifer recharge is complex due to the heterogeneity of the basement which remains poorly understood. We present the analysis of 20 incave flash flood events affecting the Rochefort karst system (Belgium) using continuous gravity measurements at one single station and water level sensors installed in caves. Underground flood events typically produce a peak in the gravity signal, due to an increase in the associated mass change. After the flood, the gravity values drop but remain slightly increased compared to before the flood event. Via forward gravity modeling, we demonstrate that this remaining anomaly can be reasonably explained by the infiltration of local rainfall within the karst system rather than by allogenic recharge of the aquifer. Flash floods are mainly restricted to connected voids. This allows us to utilize them as proxies to investigate the distribution of cavities in the karst system. Forward modeling of the gravitational attraction induced by the mapped caves being flooded yields a gravity signal much smaller than the observed one. We conclude that at least 50% more cavities than those previously mapped are required to match the measured anomalies. This presents opportunities for implementing similar approaches in other diverse porous media, using gravity monitoring of hydrological processes (e.g., infiltration fronts, hydrothermalism, or tide effects in coastal aquifers) as proxies to characterize underground properties.
Interhemispheric Transport of the Ionospheric F Region Plasma During the 2009 Sudden Stratosphere Warming
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Liu Huixin , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding , Zhang Hui 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe field‐aligned plasma drift in the equatorial ionosphere drives the interhemispheric transport of the ionospheric F region plasma between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. We use the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite measurements, for the first time, to present the responses of the equatorial field‐aligned drift during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming (SSW). The observations show that the equatorial field‐aligned drift presents a southward disturbance in the morning sector and a large northward disturbance in the afternoon sector and gradually shifts to later local time during the SSW. Further, this new finding of semidiurnal disturbance in field‐aligned drift can well explain the hemispheric differences of the responses of the total electron content to the SSW. Based on the whole atmosphere model Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy, it is suggested that the meridional wind can contribute to the disturbance field‐aligned drift. Our results give a new perspective for understanding the ionospheric perturbations during SSWs.
Short-term effects of carbohydrates differing in glycemic index (GI) consumed at lunch on children’s cognitive function in a randomized crossover study
Authors: Jansen Kathrin , Tempes Jana , Drozdowska Alina , Gutmann Maike , Falkenstein Michael , Buyken Anette E. , Libuda Lars , Rudolf Henrik , Lücke Thomas , Kersting Mathilde 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Intervention studies suggest an influence of breakfast dietary glycemic index (GI) on children’s cognition. The Cognition Intervention Study Dortmund-GI-I study examined whether lunch dietary GI might have short-term effects on selected cognitive parameters.

Methods
A randomized crossover study was performed at a comprehensive school on 2 test days. One hundred and eighty-nine participants (5th and 6th grade) were randomly assigned to one of the two sequences, medium-high GI (m-hGI) or high-medium GI (h-mGI), following block randomization. In the first period, one group received a dish containing hGI rice (GI: 86) ad libitum, the other mGI rice (GI: 62)—1 week later, in the second period, vice versa. Tonic alertness, task switching, and working memory updating were tested with a computerized test battery 45 min after beginning of lunch break. Treatment effects were estimated using the t test for normally distributed data or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non-normally distributed data.

Results
The crossover approach revealed no effects of lunch dietary GI on the tested cognitive parameters in the early afternoon. However, we determined carryover effects for two parameters, and therefore analyzed only data of the first period. The reaction time of the two-back task (working memory updating) was faster (p = 0.001) and the count of commission errors in the alertness task was lower (p = 0.04) in the hGI group.

Conclusion
No evidence of short-term effects of lunch dietary GI on cognition of schoolchildren was found. Potential positive effects on single parameters of working memory updating and tonic alertness favoring hGI rice need to be verified.
Epitaxial nucleation and lateral growth of high-crystalline black phosphorus films on silicon
Authors: Xu Yijun , Shi Xinyao , Zhang Yushuang , Zhang Hongtao , Zhang Qinglin , Huang Zengli , Xu Xiangfan , Guo Jie , Zhang Han , Sun Litao , Zeng Zhongming , Pan Anlian , Zhang Kai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) is a promising two-dimensional layered semiconductor material for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics, with a thickness-dependent tunable direct bandgap and high carrier mobility. Though great research advantages have been achieved on BP, lateral synthesis of high quality BP films still remains a great challenge. Here, we report the direct growth of large-scale crystalline BP films on insulating silicon substrates by a gas-phase growth strategy with an epitaxial nucleation design and a further lateral growth control. The optimized lateral size of the achieved BP films can reach up to millimeters, with the ability to modulate thickness from a few to hundreds of nanometers. The as-grown BP films exhibit excellent electrical properties, with a field-effect and Hall mobility of over 1200 cm2V−1s−1 and 1400 cm2V−1s−1 at room temperature, respectively, comparable to those exfoliated from BP bulk crystals. Our work opens the door for broad applications with BP in scalable electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Ultra-efficient frequency comb generation in AlGaAs-on-insulator microresonators
Authors: Chang Lin , Xie Weiqiang , Shu Haowen , Yang Qi-Fan , Shen Boqiang , Boes Andreas , Peters Jon D. , Jin Warren , Xiang Chao , Liu Songtao , Moille Gregory , Yu Su-Peng , Wang Xingjun , Srinivasan Kartik , Papp Scott B. , Vahala Kerry , Bowers John E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecent advances in nonlinear optics have revolutionized integrated photonics, providing on-chip solutions to a wide range of new applications. Currently, state of the art integrated nonlinear photonic devices are mainly based on dielectric material platforms, such as Si3N4 and SiO2. While semiconductor materials feature much higher nonlinear coefficients and convenience in active integration, they have suffered from high waveguide losses that prevent the realization of efficient nonlinear processes on-chip. Here, we challenge this status quo and demonstrate a low loss AlGaAs-on-insulator platform with anomalous dispersion and quality (Q) factors beyond 1.5 × 106. Such a high quality factor, combined with high nonlinear coefficient and small mode volume, enabled us to demonstrate a Kerr frequency comb threshold of only ∼36 µW in a resonator with a 1 THz free spectral range, ∼100 times lower compared to that in previous semiconductor platforms. Moreover, combs with broad spans (>250 nm) have been generated with a pump power of ∼300 µW, which is lower than the threshold power of state-of the-art dielectric micro combs. A soliton-step transition has also been observed for the first time in an AlGaAs resonator.
Quantum dissipation driven by electron transfer within a single molecule investigated with atomic force microscopy
Authors: Berger Jan , Ondráček Martin , Stetsovych Oleksandr , Malý Pavel , Holý Petr , Rybáček Jiří , Švec Martin , Stará Irena G. , Mančal Tomáš , Starý Ivo , Jelínek Pavel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntramolecular charge transfer processes play an important role in many biological, chemical and physical processes including photosynthesis, redox chemical reactions and electron transfer in molecular electronics. These charge transfer processes are frequently influenced by the dynamics of their molecular or atomic environments, and they are accompanied with energy dissipation into this environment. The detailed understanding of such processes is fundamental for their control and possible exploitation in future technological applications. Most of the experimental studies of the intramolecular charge transfer processes so far have been carried out using time-resolved optical spectroscopies on large molecular ensembles. This hampers detailed understanding of the charge transfer on the single molecular level. Here we build upon the recent progress in scanning probe microscopy, and demonstrate the control of mixed valence state. We report observation of single electron transfer between two ferrocene redox centers within a single molecule and the detection of energy dissipation associated with the single electron transfer.
Massive and massless charge carriers in an epitaxially strained alkali metal quantum well on graphene
Authors: Hell Martin , Ehlen Niels , Marini Giovanni , Falke Yannic , Senkovskiy Boris V. , Herbig Charlotte , Teichert Christian , Jolie Wouter , Michely Thomas , Avila Jose , Santo Giovanni Di , Torre Diego M. de la , Petaccia Luca , Profeta Gianni , Grüneis Alexander 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe show that Cs intercalated bilayer graphene acts as a substrate for the growth of a strained Cs film hosting quantum well states with high electronic quality. The Cs film grows in an fcc phase with a substantially reduced lattice constant of 4.9 Å corresponding to a compressive strain of 11% compared to bulk Cs. We investigate its electronic structure using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and show the coexistence of massless Dirac and massive Schrödinger charge carriers in two dimensions. Analysis of the electronic self-energy of the massive charge carriers reveals the crystallographic direction in which a two-dimensional Fermi gas is realized. Our work introduces the growth of strained metal quantum wells on intercalated Dirac matter.
Earthquake nucleation in the lower crust by local stress amplification
Authors: Campbell L. R. , Menegon L. , Fagereng Å. , Pennacchioni G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDeep intracontinental earthquakes are poorly understood, despite their potential to cause significant destruction. Although lower crustal strength is currently a topic of debate, dry lower continental crust may be strong under high-grade conditions. Such strength could enable earthquake slip at high differential stress within a predominantly viscous regime, but requires further documentation in nature. Here, we analyse geological observations of seismic structures in exhumed lower crustal rocks. A granulite facies shear zone network dissects an anorthosite intrusion in Lofoten, northern Norway, and separates relatively undeformed, microcracked blocks of anorthosite. In these blocks, pristine pseudotachylytes decorate fault sets that link adjacent or intersecting shear zones. These fossil seismogenic faults are rarely >15 m in length, yet record single-event displacements of tens of centimetres, a slip/length ratio that implies >1 GPa stress drops. These pseudotachylytes represent direct identification of earthquake nucleation as a transient consequence of ongoing, localised aseismic creep.
Digenic inheritance of mutations in EPHA2 and SLC26A4 in Pendred syndrome
Authors: Li Mengnan , Nishio Shin-ya , Naruse Chie , Riddell Meghan , Sapski Sabrina , Katsuno Tatsuya , Hikita Takao , Mizapourshafiyi Fatemeh , Smith Fiona M. , Cooper Leanne T. , Lee Min Goo , Asano Masahide , Boettger Thomas , Krueger Marcus , Wietelmann Astrid , Graumann Johannes , Day Bryan W. , Boyd Andrew W. , Offermanns Stefan , Kitajiri Shin-ichiro , Usami Shin-ichi , Nakayama Masanori 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEnlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) is one of the most commonly identified inner ear malformations in hearing loss patients including Pendred syndrome. While biallelic mutations of the SLC26A4 gene, encoding pendrin, causes non-syndromic hearing loss with EVA or Pendred syndrome, a considerable number of patients appear to carry mono-allelic mutation. This suggests faulty pendrin regulatory machinery results in hearing loss. Here we identify EPHA2 as another causative gene of Pendred syndrome with SLC26A4. EphA2 forms a protein complex with pendrin controlling pendrin localization, which is disrupted in some pathogenic forms of pendrin. Moreover, point mutations leading to amino acid substitution in the EPHA2 gene are identified from patients bearing mono-allelic mutation of SLC26A4. Ephrin-B2 binds to EphA2 triggering internalization with pendrin inducing EphA2 autophosphorylation weakly. The identified EphA2 mutants attenuate ephrin-B2- but not ephrin-A1-induced EphA2 internalization with pendrin. Our results uncover an unexpected role of the Eph/ephrin system in epithelial function.
Direct solid-phase synthesis of molecular heterooligonuclear lanthanoid-complexes
Authors: Kreidt Elisabeth , Leis Wolfgang , Seitz Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMolecular lanthanoid complexes are highly valuable building blocks for a number of important technological applications, e.g. as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or as luminescent probes for bioassays. For the next generation of advanced applications based on molecular species, heterooligonuclear lanthanoid complexes with well-defined chemical and structural compositions are required. The great kinetic lability of trivalent lanthanoids so far prevents the realization of such molecular architectures with a universally applicable methodology. Here, we have developed functionalized molecular lanthanoid cryptates as monomeric building blocks which can be directly linked by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis to yield sequence-specific heterooligonuclear lanthanoid complexes. These molecular materials enable unique applications such as the generation of molecular codes with very convenient luminescence read-out.
Interlayer gap widened α-phase molybdenum trioxide as high-rate anodes for dual-ion-intercalation energy storage devices
Authors: Yu Minghao , Shao Hui , Wang Gang , Yang Fan , Liang Chaolun , Rozier Patrick , Wang Cai-Zhuang , Lu Xihong , Simon Patrice , Feng Xinliang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEmploying high-rate ion-intercalation electrodes represents a feasible way to mitigate the inherent trade-off between energy density and power density for electrochemical energy storage devices, but efficient approaches to boost the charge-storage kinetics of electrodes are still needed. Here, we demonstrate a water-incorporation strategy to expand the interlayer gap of α-MoO3, in which water molecules take the place of lattice oxygen of α-MoO3. Accordingly, the modified α-MoO3 electrode exhibits theoretical-value-close specific capacity (963 C g−1 at 0.1 mV s−1), greatly improved rate capability (from 4.4% to 40.2% at 100 mV s−1) and boosted cycling stability (from 21 to 71% over 600 cycles). A fast-kinetics dual-ion-intercalation energy storage device is further assembled by combining the modified α-MoO3 anode with an anion-intercalation graphite cathode, operating well over a wide discharge rate range. Our study sheds light on a promising design strategy of layered materials for high-kinetics charge storage.
Ancient mtDNA from the extinct Indian cheetah supports unexpectedly deep divergence from African cheetahs
Authors: Rai Niraj , Verma Sunil Kumar , Gaur Ajay , Iliescu Florin Mircea , Thakur Mukesh , Golla Tirupathi Rao , Chandra Kailash , Prakash Satya , Tabasum Wajeeda , Ara Sreenivas , Singh Lalji , Thangaraj Kumarasamy , Jacobs Guy S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Indian cheetah was hunted to extinction by the mid-20th century. While analysis of 139 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has confirmed that the Indian cheetah was part of the Asiatic subspecies (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), the detailed relationships between cheetah populations remains unclear due to limited genetic data. We clarify these relationships by studying larger fragments of cheetah mtDNA, both from an Indian cheetah museum specimen and two African cheetah, one modern and one historic, imported into India at different times. Our results suggest that the most recent common ancestor of cheetah mtDNA is approximately twice as ancient as currently recognised. The Indian and Southeast African (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) cheetah mtDNA diverged approximately 72 kya, while the Southeast and Northeast African (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) cheetah mtDNA diverged around 139 kya. Additionally, the historic African cheetah sampled from India proved to have an A. j. jubatus haplotype, suggesting a hitherto unrecognised South African route of cheetah importation into India in the 19th century. Together, our results provide a deeper understanding of the relationships between cheetah subspecies, and have important implications for the conservation of A. j. venaticus and potential reintroduction of cheetahs into India.