bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Function Alternations of the Mandarin Particle Dou: Distributor, Free Choice Licensor, and ‘Even’
Authors: Xiang Yimei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Many languages have particles that possess multiple logical functions. Take the Mandarin particle dou for example. Varying by the item it is associated with and the prosodic pattern of the environment it appears in, dou can trigger a distributivity effect, license a pre-verbal free choice item, or evoke an even-like inference. Considering universal grammar a simple system, we need to figure out, for a multi-functional particle, which of its functions is primary, what parametric variations are responsible for the alternations in function, and how these variations are conditioned.
In this paper, I argue that the seemingly unrelated functions of dou share the same source: dou is a pre-exhaustification exhaustifier operating on sub-alternatives. Uniformly, dou affirms the truth of its propositional prejacent, negates the exhaustification of each sub-alternative, and presupposes a non-vacuity inference that there is at least one sub-alternative. Alternations in function result from minimal weakening operations on the semantics of sub-alternatives. In particular, sub-alternatives are primarily weaker alternatives, and the non-vacuity presupposition of dou yields a distributivity effect. When the semantics of sub-alternatives is weakened under particular syntactic or prosodic conditions, dou gains its other logical functions.
Love the Science, Hate the Scientists: Conservative Identity Protects Belief in Science and Undermines Trust in Scientists
Authors: Mann Marcus , Schleifer Cyrus 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe decline in trust in the scientific community in the United States among political conservatives has been well established. But this observation is complicated by remarkably positive and stable attitudes toward scientific research itself. What explains the persistence of positive belief in science in the midst of such dramatic change? By leveraging research on the performativity of conservative identity, we argue that conservative scientific institutions have manufactured a scientific cultural repertoire that enables participation in this highly valued epistemological space while undermining scientific authority perceived as politically biased. We test our hypothesized link between conservative identity and scientific perceptions using panel data from the General Social Survey. We find that those with stable conservative identities hold more positive attitudes toward scientific research while simultaneously holding more negative attitudes towards the scientific community compared to those who switch to and from conservative political identities. These findings support a theory of a conservative scientific repertoire that is learned over time and that helps orient political conservatives in scientific debates that have political repercussions. Implications of these findings are discussed for researchers interested in the cultural differentiation of scientific authority and for stakeholders in scientific communication and its public policy.
Implicit and explicit motor learning interventions have similar effects on walking speed in people after stroke: a randomized controlled single blind trial
Authors: Jie Li-Juan , Kleynen Melanie , Meijer Kenneth , Beurskens Anna , Braun Susy 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundTherapists may use (more) implicit or (more) explicit motor learning approaches to facilitate motor skill learning of stroke patients. The use of implicit motor learning approaches has shown promising results in healthy populations.ObjectiveTo assess whether an implicit motor learning walking intervention is more effective compared to an explicit motor learning walking intervention delivered at home with regard to walking speed in people after stroke in the chronic phase of recovery.DesignRandomized controlled single blind trial.SettingHome environment.Patients79 people in the chronic phase after stroke (66.4 ± 11.0 years; 70.1 ± 64.3 months after stroke; walking speed 0.7 ± 0.3 m/s; Berg Balance Scale score 44.5 ± 9.5) were randomly assigned to an implicit (n=39) or explicit (n=41) group.InterventionAnalogy learning was used as the implicit motor learning walking intervention, whereas the explicit motor learning walking intervention consisted of detailed verbal instructions. Both groups received nine training sessions, 30 minutes each, for a period of three weeks.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was walking speed measured by the 10-Meter Walk Test. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline, immediate and 1-month post intervention.ResultsNo statistically or clinically relevant differences between groups were obtained post intervention (between-group difference estimated 0.02 m/s [95% CI −0.04 to 0.08] and at follow-up (between-group difference estimated −0.02 m/s [95% CI −0.09 to 0.05], p=0,563).LimitationsThe treatment effects may have been diluted by “noise” accompanied with research within real life settings, complex tasks and a representative sample.ConclusionsImplicit motor learning was not superior to the explicit motor learning to improve walking speed in people after stroke in the chronic phase of recovery.
Violin plot data: A concerto of crucial information on valve thrombogenicity categorized in vitro by valve motion and inferred flow velocity
Authors: Scotten Lawrence N. , Blundon David , Deutsch Marcus-André , Siegel Rolland 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis in vitro study compares mechanical (MHV) and bioprosthetic (BHV) heart valves for high amplitude short duration regional flow velocities (RFV) near valve closure.BackgroundWe previously tested several clinical and prototype valves and observed RFV at levels which may be related to a dimensionless thrombogenic potential (TP).MethodsA total of four valves were tested in aortic and mitral sites under pulsatile circulation in a pulse duplicator. Valves included both clinical models and experimental prototypes. An optical approach measuring projected dynamic valve area (PDVA) to gauge valve motion was implemented. Pulsatile pressures and flow rates were measured by conventional techniques and a quasi-steady flow tester was used to measure valve leakage. RFV was derived using time-dependent volumetric flow rate/PDVA. Since flow velocity and fluid shear force are related through flow velocity gradient, TPs for valves that achieve near closure during the forward flow deceleration phase were determined as RFVs relative to the control mechanical valve RFV value of −126 m/s.ResultsTP is dimensionless and ranged between −0.45 and +1.0. Negative TPs arise when transient rebound of valve occluders is accompanied by water-hammer phenomena. Positive TPs occur during the decelerating forward flow. Bioprostheses had lowest TP transient of 0.15 with exception of a mock-transcatheter aortic valve (mTAVI) that incorporated by design a trivial perivalvular leak (∼1.35 ml/s). This device demonstrated a remarkably high transient TP of 0.95. The control mechanical valves had the highest TP of 1.0. The study implicates TP transients near mechanical valve closure, and not forward or non-flow phases, as primary to shear induced activation of the coagulation cascade.ConclusionsOur data reveals distinct TP profile differences between valve models. If verifiable, the design of future valves may utilize currently available experimental tools to determine TPs resulting in advanced devices with significantly reduced TP.
Elevated heart rate after non-cardiac surgery: post-hoc analysis of a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Patel Amour B. U. , May Shaun M. , Reyes Anna , Martir Gladys , Brealey David , Stephens Robert C. M. , Abbott Tom E. F. , Ackland Gareth L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundElevated heart rate (HR) is associated with accelerated mortality and independently predicts poorer outcomes in patients discharged from hospital after myocardial infarction and/or heart failure. We examined whether resting HR measured within 24 hours of hospital discharge following elective non-cardiac surgery was elevated compared to preoperative values. We also investigated the relationship between changes in HR with and/or autonomic function associated with morbidity after surgery.MethodsWe conducted a post-hoc analysis of HR data obtained in a prospective observational cohort study of patients ≥18years in whom serial Holter-based measurements of cardiac autonomic activity were made before, and for 48h after, surgery. The primary outcome was absolute discharge HR (beats minute-1), recorded at rest before hospital discharge. We examined the association between quartiles of discharge HR and autonomic measures (time/frequency domain heart rate variability) associated with morbidity (defined by Postoperative morbidity survey).ResultsIn 157 patients (66 (42%) male; age 67(9) years), HR at hospital discharge (range: 53-122) increased by 5 beats minute-1(95%CI:3–7;p<0.001) compared to preoperative values. Patients in the upper quartile of discharge HR (≥85bpm) were more likely to sustain pulmonary (odds ratio (OR):2.18 (95%CI:1.07-4.44);p=0.03) and infectious (OR:2.31 (95%CI:1.13-4.75);p=0.02) morbidity within seven days of surgery, compared to lower quartiles. Pulmonary/infectious morbidity was associated with loss of cardiac vagal activity.ConclusionsHeart rate on discharge from hospital following major elective non-cardiac surgery is frequently elevated and is promoted by morbidity associated with reductions in cardiac vagal activity.
Real-time Estimation of Disease Activity in Emerging Outbreaks using Internet Search Information
Authors: Aiken Emily L. , McGough Sarah F. , Majumder Maimuna S. , Wachtel Gal , Nguyen Andre T. , Viboud Cecile , Santillana Mauricio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the behavior of emerging disease outbreaks in, or ahead of, real-time could help healthcare officials better design interventions to mitigate impacts on affected populations. Most healthcare-based disease surveillance systems, however, have significant inherent reporting delays due to data collection, aggregation, and distribution processes. Recent work has shown that machine learning methods leveraging a combination of traditionally collected epidemiological information and novel Internet-based data sources, such as disease-related Internet search activity, can produce meaningful “nowcasts” of disease incidence ahead of healthcare-based estimates, with most successful case studies focusing on endemic and seasonal diseases such as influenza and dengue. Here, we apply similar computational methods to emerging outbreaks in geographic regions where no historical presence of the disease of interest has been observed. By combining limited available historical epidemiological data available with disease-related Internet search activity, we retrospectively estimate disease activity in five recent outbreaks weeks ahead of traditional surveillance methods. We find that the proposed computational methods frequently provide useful real-time incidence estimates that can help fill temporal data gaps resulting from surveillance reporting delays. However, the proposed methods are limited by issues of sample bias and skew in search query volumes, perhaps as a result of media coverage.
PET markers of tau and neuroinflammation are co-localized in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Malpetti Maura , Passamonti Luca , Rittman Timothy , Jones P. Simon , Vázquez Rodríguez Patricia , Bevan-Jones W. Richard , Hong Young T. , Fryer Tim D. , Aigbirhio Franklin I. , O’Brien John T. , Rowe James B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundProgressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is associated with tau-protein aggregation and neuroinflammation, but it remains unclear whether these pathogenic processes are relatedin vivo.ObjectivesWe examined the relationship between tau pathology and microglial activation using [18F]AV-1451 (indexing tau burden) and [11C]PK11195 (microglial activation) PET in n=17 patients with PSP-Richardson’s syndrome.MethodsNon-displaceable binding potential (BPND) for each ligand was quantified in 83 regions of interest (ROIs). [18F]AV-1451 and [11C]PK11195 BPNDvalues were correlated across all ROIs. The anatomical patterns of [18F]AV-1451 and [11C]PK11195 binding co-localization was determined across sets of regions derived from principal component analyses (PCAs). Finally, PCA-derived brain patterns of tau pathology and neuroinflammation were linked to clinical severity.Results[18F]AV-1451 and [11C]PK11195 binding were positively related across all ROIs (r=0.577, p<0.0001). PCAs identified four components for each ligand, reflecting the relative expression of tau pathology or neuroinflammation in distinct groups of brain regions. Positive associations between [18F]AV-1451 and [11C]PK11195 components were found in sub-cortical (r=0.769, p<0.0001) and cortical components(r=0.836, p<0.0001). PCA-derived components reflecting tau burden (r=0.599, p=0.011) and neuroinflammation (r=0.713, p=0.001) in sub-cortical areas related to disease severity.ConclusionsWe show that tau pathology and neuroinflammation co-localize in PSP, and that individual differences in subcortical tau pathology and neuroinflammation are linked to clinical severity. Although longitudinal studies are needed to determine how these molecular pathologies are causally linked, we suggest that the combination of tau- and immune-oriented strategies may be useful for effective disease-modifying treatments in PSP.
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and bone mineral density: results from the Bayesian weighted quantile sum regression
Authors: Colicino Elena , Pedretti Nicolo Foppa , Busgang Stefanie , Gennings Chris 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundPer- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemicals, detected in 95% of Americans, that induce osteotoxicity and modulate hormones thereby influencing bone health. Previous studies found associations between individual PFAS and bone mineral density but did not analyze their combined effects.ObjectiveTo extend weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to a Bayesian framework (BWQS) and determine the association between a mixture of serum PFAS and mineral density in lumbar spine, total and neck femur in 499 adults from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).MethodsWe used BWQS to assess the combined association of nine PFAS, as a mixture, with bone mineral density in adults. As secondary analyses, we focused on vulnerable populations (men over 50 years and postmenopausal women). Analyses were weighted according to NHANES weights and were adjusted for socio-demographic factors. Sensitivity analyses included bone mineral density associations with individual compounds and results from WQS regressions.ResultsThe mean age was 55 years old (Standard Error [SE]=1) with average spine, total and neck femur mineral densities of 1.01 (SE=0.01), 0.95 (SE=0.01), and 0.78 (SE=0.01) gm/cm2, respectively. PFAS mixture levels showed no evidence of association with mineral density (spine: β=-0.004; 95% credible interval [CrI]=-0.04, 0.04; total femur: β=0.002; 95%CrI=-0.04, 0.05; femur neck: β=0.005; 95%CrI=-0.03, 0.04) in the overall population. Results were also null in vulnerable populations. Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsWe introduced a Bayesian extension of WQS and found no evidence of the association between PFAS mixture and bone mineral density.
Determinants of normal haemoglobin concentration among children in Ghana: a positive deviance analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional survey data
Authors: Amugsi Dickson A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAnaemia among children under 5, is a public health problem of serious concern. In Ghana, 8 out of every 10 children are anaemic. This study employed a novel approach to investigate the determinants of normal haemoglobin (Hb) concentration among children aged 6 to 59 months, using data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys. The results showed that a year change in maternal education was positively associated with normal Hb concentration. Children of non-anaemic mothers were 1.67 (CI=1.32, 2.10; P<.001) times more likely to have normal Hb concentration relative to children of anaemic mothers. Compared to mothers who had less than 4 antenatal care (ANC) visits, mothers who had at least 4 ANC visits increased the odds of their children having a normal Hb concentration by 1.62 (CI=1.09, 2.40; P<.018). Children living in middle and rich households had respectively 1.48 (CI=1.06, 2.07; p<.021) and 1.59 (CI=1.08, 2.33; p<.018) increased odds of having a normal Hb concentration relative to those living in poor households. Maternal education, anaemia, ANC attendance, and household wealth index are strong determinants of normal Hb concentration among children in Ghana. Strategies aimed at addressing childhood anaemia should take into account maternal anaemia, education, poverty and ANC attendance.
Polygenic risk scores predict diabetic complications and their response to therapy
Authors: Tremblay J. , Haloui M. , Harvey F. , Tahir R. , Marois-Blanchet F.-C. , Long C. , Attaoua R. , Simon P. , Santucci L. , Hizel C. , Chalmers J. , Marre M. , Harrap S. , Cifkova R. , Krajcoviechova A. , Matthews D. , Williams B. , Poulter N. , Zoungas S. , Colagiuri S. , Mancia G. , Grobbee D.E. , Rodgers A. , Liu L. , Agbessi M. , Bruat V. , Favé M-J. , Harwood M. , Awadalla P. , Woodward M. , Hamet P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractType 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular and renal complications, but early risk prediction can lead to timely intervention and better outcomes. Through summary statistics of meta-analyses of published genome-wide association studies performed in over 1.2 million of individuals, we combined 9 PRS gathering genomic variants associated to cardiovascular and renal diseases and their key risk factors into one logistic regression model, to predict micro- and macrovascular endpoints of diabetes. Its clinical utility in predicting complications of diabetes was tested in 4098 participants with diabetes of the ADVANCE trial followed during a period of 10 years and replicated it in three independent non-trial cohorts. The prediction model adjusted for ethnicity, sex, age at onset and diabetes duration, identified the top 30% of ADVANCE participants at 3.1-fold increased risk of major micro- and macrovascular events (p=6.3×10−21 and p=9.6×10−31, respectively) and at 4.4-fold (p=6.8×10−33) increased risk of cardiovascular death compared to the remainder of T2D subjects. While in ADVANCE overall, combined intensive therapy of blood pressure and glycaemia decreased cardiovascular mortality by 24%, the prediction model identified a high-risk group in whom this therapy decreased mortality by 47%, and a low risk group in whom the therapy had no discernable effect. Patients with high PRS had the greatest absolute risk reduction with a number needed to treat of 12 to prevent one cardiovascular death over 5 years. This novel polygenic prediction model identified people with diabetes at low and high risk of complications and improved targeting those at greater benefit from intensive therapy while avoiding unnecessary intensification in low-risk subjects.
Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes
Authors: Reiman Eric M. , Arboleda-Velasquez Joseph F. , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Huentelman Matthew J. , Beach Thomas G. , Caselli Richard J. , Chen Yinghua , Su Yi , Myers Amanda J. , Hardy John , Vonsattel Jean Paul , Younkin Steven G. , Bennett David A. , De Jager Philip L. , Larson Eric B. , Crane Paul K. , Keene C. Dirk , Kamboh M. Ilyas , Kofler Julia K. , Duque Linda , Gilbert John R. , Gwirtsman Harry E. , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Dickson Dennis W. , Frosch Matthew P. , Ghetti Bernardino , Lunetta Kathryn L. , Wang Li-San , Hyman Bradley T. , Kukull Walter A. , Foroud Tatiana , Haines Jonathan L. , Mayeux Richard P. , Pericak-Vance Margaret A. , Schneider Julie A. , Trojanowski John Q. , Farrer Lindsay A. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Beecham Gary W. , Montine Thomas J. , Jun Gyungah R. ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTEach additional copy of the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer’s dementia, such that APOE4 homozygotes have a particularly high risk. While the APOE2 allele is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s dementia, it is not yet known whether APOE2 homozygotes have a particularly low risk. We generated Alzheimer’s dementia odds ratios and other findings in more than 5,000 clinically characterized and neuropathologically characterized Alzheimer’s dementia cases and controls. APOE2/2 was associated with exceptionally low Alzheimer’s dementia odds ratios compared to APOE2/3, 3/3 and 4/4, and the impact of APOE2 and APOE4 gene dose was significantly greater in the neuropathologically confirmed group than in more than 24,000 neuropathologically unconfirmed cases and controls. Finding and targeting the factors by which APOE and its variants influence Alzheimer’s disease could have a major impact on the understanding, treatment and prevention of this terrible disease.
Functional connectome fingerprinting accuracy in youths and adults is similar when examined on the same day and 1.5 years apart
Authors: Jalbrzikowski Maria , Liu Fuchen , Foran William , Klei Lambertus , Calabro Finnegan J. , Roeder Kathryn , Devlin Bernie , Luna Beatriz 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPioneering studies have shown that individual correlation measures from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies can identify another scan from that same individual. This method is known as “connectotyping” or functional connectome “fingerprinting”. We analyzed a unique dataset of 12-30 years old (N=140) individuals who had two distinct resting state scans on the same day and again 12-18 months later to assess the sensitivity and specificity of fingerprinting accuracy across different time scales (same day, ~1.5 years apart) and developmental periods (youths, adults). Sensitivity and specificity to identify one’s own scan was high (average AUC=0.94), although it was significantly higher in the same day (average AUC=0.97) than 1.5-year years later (average AUC=0.91). Accuracy in youths (average AUC=0.93) was not significantly different from adults (average AUC=0.96). Multiple statistical methods revealed select connections from the Frontoparietal, Default, and Dorsal Attention networks that enhanced the ability to identify an individual. Identification of these features generalized across datasets and improved fingerprinting accuracy in a longitudinal replication data set (N=208). These results provide a framework for understanding the sensitivity and specificity of fingerprinting accuracy in adolescents and adults at multiple time scales. Importantly, distinct features of one’s “fingerprint” contribute to one’s uniqueness, suggesting that cognitive and default networks play a primary role in the individualization of one’s connectome.