bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods for safety and endpoint ascertainment: identification of adverse events through scrutiny of negatively adjudicated events
Authors: Fanaroff Alexander C. , Haque Ghazala , Thomas Betsy , Stone Allegra E. , Perkins Lynn M. , Wilson Matthew , Jones W. Schuyler , Melloni Chiara , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Alexander Karen P. , Lopes Renato D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
The primary goal of phase 2 and 3 clinical trials is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, and efficient and reproducible ascertainment of important clinical events, either as clinical outcome events (COEs) or adverse events (AEs), is critical. Clinical outcomes require consistency and clinical judgment, so these events are often adjudicated centrally by clinical events classification (CEC) physician reviewers using standardized definitions. In contrast, AEs are reported by sites to the trial coordinating center based on common reporting criteria set by regulatory authorities and trial sponsors. These different requirements have led to the development of separate tracks for COE and AE review.

Main body
Potential COEs that fail to meet standardized definitions for CEC adjudication – i.e. negatively adjudicated events (NAE) – may meet criteria for AEs. Trial oversight practices require the sponsor to process AEs regardless of how the AEs are submitted; therefore, review of NAEs may be necessary to ensure that important AEs do not go unreported. The Duke Clinical Research Institute (DCRI) developed and implemented a process for scrutinizing NAEs to detect potential missed serious AEs. Initial experience with this process across two trials suggests that approximately 0.2% of NAEs are serious unexpected AEs that were not otherwise reported and another 1.5% are serious expected AEs.

Conclusions
Given their infrequent concealment of serious AEs in two large trials assessing cardiovascular outcomes, routine scrutiny of NAEs to identify AEs is not recommended at this time, though it may be useful in some trials and should be carefully considered by the trial team. Closer integration of data across safety surveillance and endpoint adjudication systems may enable scrutiny of NAEs when indicated while limiting complexity associated with this process.
Developmental changes in attention to social information from childhood to adolescence in autism spectrum disorders: a comparative study
Authors: Fujioka Toru , Tsuchiya Kenji J. , Saito Manabu , Hirano Yoshiyuki , Matsuo Muneaki , Kikuchi Mitsuru , Maegaki Yoshihiro , Choi Damee , Kato Sumi , Yoshida Tokiko , Yoshimura Yuko , Ooba Sawako , Mizuno Yoshifumi , Takiguchi Shinichiro , Matsuzaki Hideo , Tomoda Akemi , Shudo Katsuyuki , Ninomiya Masaru , Katayama Taiichi , Kosaka Hirotaka 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Elucidating developmental changes in the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is important to support individuals with ASD. However, no report has clarified the developmental changes in attention to social information for a broad age range. The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental changes in attention to social information from early childhood to adolescence in individuals with ASD and typically developed (TD) children.

Methods
We recruited children with ASD (n = 83) and TD participants (n = 307) between 2 and 18 years of age. Using the all-in-one-eye-tracking system, Gazefinder, we measured the percentage fixation time allocated to areas of interest (AoIs) depicted in movies (the eyes and mouth in movies of a human face with/without mouth motion, upright and inverted biological motion in movies showing these stimuli simultaneously, people and geometry in preference paradigm movies showing these stimuli simultaneously, and objects with/without finger-pointing in a movie showing a woman pointing toward an object). We conducted a three-way analysis of variance, 2 (diagnosis: ASD and TD) by 2 (sex: male and female) by 3 (age group: 0–5, 6–11, and 12–18 years) and locally weighted the scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) regression curve on each AoI.

Results
In the face stimuli, the percentage fixation time to the eye region for the TD group increased with age, whereas the one for the ASD group did not. In the ASD group, the LOESS curves of the gaze ratios at the eye region increased up to approximately 10 years of age and thereafter tended to decrease. For the percentage fixation time to the people region in the preference paradigm, the ASD group gazed more briefly at people than did the TD group.

Limitations
It is possible that due to the cross-sectional design, the degree of severity and of social interest might have differed according to the subjects’ age.

Conclusions
There may be qualitative differences in abnormal eye contact in ASD between individuals in early childhood and those older than 10 years.
Hypoxia imaging and theranostic potential of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] and ionic Cu(II) salts: a review of current evidence and discussion of the retention mechanisms
Authors: Liu Tengzhi , Karlsen Morten , Karlberg Anna Maria , Redalen Kathrine Røe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Tumor hypoxia (low tissue oxygenation) is an adverse condition of the solid tumor environment, associated with malignant progression, radiotherapy resistance, and poor prognosis. One method to detect tumor hypoxia is by positron emission tomography (PET) with the tracer [64Cu][Cu-diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone)] ([64Cu][Cu(ATSM)]), as demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies. In addition, emerging studies suggest using [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] for molecular radiotherapy, mainly due to the release of therapeutic Auger electrons from copper-64, making [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] a “theranostic” agent. However, the radiocopper retention based on a metal-ligand dissociation mechanism under hypoxia has long been controversial. Recent studies using ionic Cu(II) salts as tracers have raised further questions on the original mechanism and proposed a potential role of copper itself in the tracer uptake. We have reviewed the evidence of using the copper radiopharmaceuticals [60/61/62/64Cu][Cu(ATSM)]/ionic copper salts for PET imaging of tumor hypoxia, their possible therapeutic applications, issues related to the metal-ligand dissociation mechanism, and possible explanations of copper trapping based on studies of the copper metabolism under hypoxia.

Results
We found that hypoxia selectivity of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] has been clearly demonstrated in both preclinical and clinical studies. Preclinical therapeutic studies in mice have also demonstrated promising results, recently reporting significant tumor volume reductions and improved survival in a dose-dependent manner. Cu(II)-[Cu(ATSM)] appears to be accumulated in regions with substantially higher CD133+ expression, a marker for cancer stem cells. This, combined with the reported requirement of copper for activation of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), provides a possible explanation for the therapeutic effects of [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)]. Comparisons between [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] and ionic Cu(II) salts have showed similar results in both imaging and therapeutic studies, supporting the argument for the central role of copper itself in the retention mechanism.

Conclusions
We found promising evidence of using copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals for both PET imaging and treatment of hypoxic tumors. The Cu(II)-[Cu(ATSM)] retention mechanism remains controversial and future mechanistic studies should be focused on understanding the role of copper itself in the hypoxic tumor metabolism.
Spiro-Conjugated Carbon/Heteroatom-Bridged p-Phenylenevinylenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Microcrystal Electron Crystallographic Analysis of Racemic Solid Solutions
Authors: Hamada Hiroyoshi , Nakamuro Takayuki , Yamashita Keitaro , Yanagisawa Haruaki , Nureki Osamu , Kikkawa Masahide , Harano Koji , Shang Rui , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Two planar conjugated systems perpendicularly connected via a quaternary sp3 carbon center interact with each other through the spiro linkage. Such spiro-conjugated π-systems show useful optoelectronic properties. Herein, we present a unified modular synthetic strategy for a series of chiral spiro-conjugated carbocycles utilizing a C–H activation reaction as a key step. The chiral spiro-conjugated carbon/heteroatom-bridged p-phenylenevinylenes (spiro-X compounds) possessing C, O, N, S, and SO2 as bridging groups are thermally stable, and exhibit circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Spiro-SO2 undergoes intramolecular charge transfer. It exhibits CPL with a large |glum| of 2.1 × 10−3 and shows rarely reported solvatofluorochromism for CPL luminophores. The racemic spiro-O compound solidifies as a racemic solid solution (or pseudoracemate). It did not form X-ray-quality crystals. This therefore provided us with a unique opportunity to examine the potential of the microcrystal electron crystallography popularized recently. The diffraction data sets, merged over many micrometer-sized solid particles, afforded the 3D molecular structure and the crystal packing of the spiro compound.
Pepper's Ghost and the augmented reality of modernity
Authors: Conner Thomas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The emergence of augmented-reality (AR) displays has inspired scholarship examining the social effects and communicative impacts of these visual technologies. But the broader concept of reality augmentation – of overlaying information onto everyday experience – has been likened to the imposition of social discourses and ideologies. This article examines the nineteenth-century stage illusion Pepper's Ghost as an early AR media system in service to the particular ideological mission of the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. Despite its spectral imagery and historical parallels to spiritualism, Pepper's Ghost was instrumental in servicing the Polytechnic's goals of promoting rational modernity and scientific progress, which it accomplished by mediating the epistemic divide between superstition and science and blending Polytechnic ideology with the phenomenological experience of the screened image. In this article, I make visible the ideological function of two apparatuses: the Pepper's Ghost illusion as a media system, and the social institution of the Polytechnic itself. In the end, I situate the current revival of Pepper's Ghost stagings as a twenty-first-century phenomenon amid new restagings of Pepper's Ghost as performing 'holograms'.
PERSEPSI MAHASISWA TERHADAP KUALITAS WEBSITE GEOPARK : KASUS PADA GEOPARK BATUR
Authors: Yuliawati Ayu Krishna , Budiman Arief , Wulung Shandra Rama Panji , Aryanti Asti Nur 
Published: April 2020

Geopark Global Geopark Batur as a geopark is not as well known as other geoparks in the world. Promotional efforts are carried out using the geopark website. The purpose of this study is to obtain the perception of students on Batur Global Geopark’s website quality. The research method used is qualitative and respondents are students at UPI management study program. The results shows Batur Global Geopark website quality is quite good according to the respondents and able to attract several new customer and increase knowledge about geopark as a tourism destination.
Sustainable Development Model of a Hydrocarbons Project in Arauca, Colombia - Caño Limón: Ecological Protection Zone
Authors: Ortega Paula Andrea , Martín José Luis , Díaz Germán Ricardo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Occidental de Colombia, LLC has been developing and operating the Caño Limon field, located at the Arauca department in Colombia, throughout the last three decades, drilling more than 600 wells. Taking into account that the oil industry is seen as an invasive activity, and, based on the biodiversity conditions and conservation of this area where the field is located, environmental good practices were incorporated in a positive way. Results of these practices are seen on an increase in the ecosystem structure, revegetalization areas and restoration within production facilities, with a 54.7% increase between 1993 and 2012 for the Tropical Rainforest (ShT, as per Spanish acronym). Available habitats have been generated while a very important decrease in cropping areas has been noticed (98.02%) because of the conservation systems that have been implemented in the field.
Meanwhile, an important reduction of floodplain ecosystem because of the increase in rainforest areas, and the successive processes of regeneration of these ones for the last 19 years, allows that the Caño Limon area acted as a refuge for the third part of the regional fauna. These conditions aimed at environmental sustainability, and ensuring that the ecosystem services of the area are maintained.
These activities have only been achieved with a clear policy and actions that have been directed by the company in favor of a synergy between industry and environment. As a consequence of these strategies, the field of operations is another element within the environmental components that integrate the landscape.
Clay-Induced Permeability Damage from Injected Scale Inhibitor Solutions
Authors: Shuler P. J. , Kato C. L. , Daniels E. J. , Mohan K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We conducted an experimental investigation of the formation damage caused by the interaction of common scale inhibitor chemistries with reservoir clays. It is important to minimize permeability loss during scale inhibitor squeeze treatments because this process involves injecting a high concentration inhibitor solution into the near wellbore region of a producer. One motivation for this study was to explain the formation damage observed after some squeeze treatments in a California field.
Two types of sandstones were studied: unfired Berea (100-200 md, has nonswelling, kaolinite clay) and a San Joaquin Valley reservoir rock (1-10 md, has swelling, smectite clays). We performed a series of corefloods to examine the tendency of these scale inhibitor solutions to reduce permeability via clay deflocculation, swelling, or dispersion over a wide range of NaCl salinities.
Two scale inhibitors were tested: diethylenetriaminepenta (methylene phosphonic acid) (DETPMP) and a phosphino-polycarboxylic acid (PPCA). Neutral pH solutions were used in all coreflood experiments to prevent mineral dissolution and other complicating effects. Some floods included a preflush with a clay stabilizer (dimethylamine-epichlorohydrin copolymer — DEC). The experimental program included X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies to verify inhibitor/clay damage mechanisms indicated by the coreflood results.
Results and Conclusions are: The minimum salinity required to prevent damage (critical salt concentration — CSC) is roughly twice as high in the California sandstone versus Berea sandstone, with or without inhibitor present (Figure 1 and 2).At any given sodium salinity, brines containing either type of scale inhibitor caused more damage to both sandstones than NaCl brines (no scale inhibitor). See Figures 1 and 2.Clay-related permeability loss can be avoided by using a makeup brine with a salinity that is greater than the CSC for that scale inhibitor solution/rock combination.In Berea sandstone, a DEC clay stabilizer preflush eliminated formation damage caused by injection of DETPMP (even in distilled makeup water). However, severe damage occurred in Berea cores where the DEC preflush was followed by the PPCA, due to an incompatibility between DEC and PPCA.For the California sandstone, a DEC preflush reduced, but did not eliminate formation damage for both inhibitor types (Figure 3). In this case there was no apparent DEC/PPCA incompatibility. XRD studies indicate that the stabilizer was adsorbed into the interlayers of the smectite structure, thereby reducing the interaction with the inhibitor.Formation damage associated with scale inhibitor squeezes in this California field were the result of in-situ emulsions, not clay swelling or migration.
Modeling Oilfield Mixed Scales (Coprecipitation) and Formation Damage
Authors: Zhu Chen , Rafal Marshall , Sanders S. J. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
A thermodynamic approach is used as the basis for a computer model to simulate the coprecipitation of mixed scales (e.g., multi-cation sulfates and carbonates), which occur during enhanced oil recovery processes. Traditionally, coprecipitation is studied using partitioning coefficients (fractionation, distribution coefficients), which are empirical parameters that are not applicable to processes involving complex fluid chemistry and involving multiple component solids (mixed scales). The rigorous approach undertaken, permits coupling coprecipitation equations with the calculation of aqueous speciation, which permits modeling of complex fluid compositions and their influences on the coprecipitation. The model also uses regular solid solution models to calculate the activities of solid components, which predicts the increased scale tendency of the host phase (e.g., barite) due to the incorporation of minor components (e.g., Sr), and the inadvertent coprecipitation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs, e.g., Ra) with the scales.
As an example, computer simulations using this model have reproduced, very closely, the BaRaSO4 coprecipitation experiments published by Doerner and Hoskins. These simulations also demonstrate the empirical nature of partitioning coefficients and their limited applicability. The partitioning coefficients are not constant, but, rather, are a function of chloride concentrations. Partitioning coefficients are shown to vary from 1.8 in dilute solution, to 2.1 in 0.4 and 2.7 in 1.1 C1- molal solutions due to Ra2+ and Cl-complex formation. These results demonstrate the need for and advantage of using a computer model, in which a thermodynamic approach is employed, to simulate scale formation and the coprecipitation of NORMs in oil-field studies.
Brief: Turning Data Into Information - Case History
Authors: Moore Gary C. 
Published: April 2020

Summary
In Feb. 1993, Bow Valley Energy (BVE) shut down its mainframe and replaced all applications that ran on it with purchased packages. This massive project, which affected almost every area in the firm, was conceived and completed in less than 1 year and moved BVE from being a laggard to an innovator in the use of information technology (IT). The project was the result of recognizing that a major key to enhancing productivity was harnessing the value in information. This paper briefly describes the project's beginnings, major activities, and results. The project has been the subject of numerous publications, and its benefits resulted in BVE's receiving the Canadian Productivity Award, a national prize recognizing leadership in IT.

Background
The challenges facing E&P companies are significant. Oil prices are soft and are expected to remain so for some time. Some also expect, however, with current practices, production costs outside the Middle East may rise to $20/bbl. Because most companies cannot control prices, they attempt to maximize potential profits through reducing costs. With staffs already "downsized" and many functions "outsourced," one of the few remaining means of reducing costs is through application of technology.
BVE's technology consisted of a mainframe, a minicomputer, and approximately 20 PC's, which were used primarily for word processing. All major applications were designed to support particular vertical functions, such as accounting, exploration, or reserves management. This "stove-pipe" approach did not allow interfunction integration. As a result, crucial data routinely were replicated in various areas, leading to inconsistencies and inaccuracies. The CEO opined that he could ask the same question of several managers and get different answers, all supported by the various databases. The prevailing opinion among managers was that the company's data were generally inaccurate, inconsistent, untimely, and inaccessible.
Acceptability and practicability of self-management for patients with Parkinson's disease based on smartphone applications in China
Authors: Hu Jie , Yuan Dezhi , Zhao Qiuye , Wang Xuefei , Zhang Xiaotian , Jiang Qihui , Luo Huirong , Li Jing , Ran Jianhua , Li Jinfang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background China has had about 1.2 billion mobile-phone users, and this number continues to grow. However, mobile-health services (mHealth) are currently in the initial stage, and have not yet prevailed in China. Additionally, the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in China is 1700/100,000 (≥65 years). Indeed, these PD patients would benefit from mHealth to manage their disease. Therefore, we designed a study to determine attitudes toward smartphone applications (apps) for chronic condition self-management, and to discover the practicality of these apps among PD patients in China.Methods We selected 204 participants with PD between 52 and 87 years old and surveyed their attitudes concerning the use of smartphone apps for chronic condition management via questionnaires. Results Among the participants, 65.19％ had smartphones. Among these smartphone users, 82.84％ expressed a preference for using apps for PD management. This group tended to be younger and more frequent web users with higher education and better medication compliance, and they tended to have a longer PD course and worse conditions (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.041, P < 0.001, P = 0.013) .Additionally, the willingness to apply apps for PD self-management was positively related to education (P < 0.001) and negatively related to age and PD course (P = 0.017, P < 0.001). Conclusion In China, patients with PD have a generally positive attitude towards self-management through smartphone apps. Consequently, improving the coverage of smartphones with practical and handy apps is a promising strategy for PD self-management.
Identification of Significant Climatic Risk Factors and Machine Learning Models in Dengue Outbreak Prediction
Authors: Nejad Felestin Yavari , Varathan Kasturi Dewi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Dengue fever is a widespread viral disease and one of the world’s major pandemic vector-borne infections, causing serious hazard to humanity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that the incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically across the world in recent decades. WHO currently estimates an annual incidence of 50–100 million dengue infections worldwide. To date, no tested vaccine or treatment is available to stop or prevent dengue fever. Thus, the importance of predicting dengue outbreaks is significant. The current issue that should be addressed in dengue outbreak prediction is accuracy. A limited number of studies have conducted an in-depth analysis of climate factors in dengue outbreak prediction. Methods: The most important climatic factors that contribute to dengue outbreaks were identified in the current work. Correlation analyses were performed in order to determine these factors and these factors were used as input parameters for machine learning models. Top five machine learning classification models (Bayes network (BN) models, support vector machine (SVM), RBF tree, decision table and naive Bayes) were chosen based on past research. The models were then tested and evaluated on the basis of four-years data (January 2010 to December 2013) collected in Malaysia. Results: This research has two major contributions. A new risk factor, called the TempeRain Factor (TRF), was identified and used as an input parameter for the model of dengue outbreak prediction. Moreover, TRF was applied to demonstrate its strong impact on dengue outbreaks. Experimental results showed that the Bayes Network model with the new meteorological risk factor identified in this study increased accuracy to 92.35% and reduced the root-mean-square error to 0.26 for predicting dengue outbreaks. Conclusions: This research explored the factors used in dengue outbreak prediction systems. The major contribution of this study is identifying new significant factors that contribute to dengue outbreak prediction. From the evaluation result, we obtained a significant improvement in the accuracy of a machine learning model for dengue outbreak prediction.