bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Rituals of Pain: The Socio-Symbolic Meaning of Violence in Gang Initiations
Authors: Murer Jeffrey Stevenson , Schwarze Tilman 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMuch of criminological scholarship on street gangs focuses on the deviant and delinquent aspects of gang violence. Although the research tradition acknowledges that violence is central to the life in a gang, it often labels this form of violence as an “anti-social” behaviour. This article challenges this conceptualisation of gang violence and proposes instead that gang violence is a social performance. By using the example of gang initiation rites, this article suggests that violence in such rites possesses a socio-symbolic and performative function that informs about the social status of gang members. This article draws on Jeffrey Stevenson Murer’s theory of the performative and communicative function of violence as well as on Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of social field, habitus and social capital in order to demonstrate that violence during gang initiation rites is an inherently social act that reinforces and strengthens the social ties and bonds among the members of a gang. The aim of this piece is to broaden scholarship on gangs towards a more critical theorisation of the performative and communicative functions of gang violence. We suggest that a stronger engagement with critical social theory on collective identity, violence and social capital can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the socio-symbolic and cultural processes that underlie gang membership.
Almost-Periodic Response Solutions for a Forced Quasi-Linear Airy Equation
Authors: Corsi Livia , Montalto Riccardo , Procesi Michela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe prove the existence of almost-periodic solutions for quasi-linear perturbations of the Airy equation. This is the first result about the existence of this type of solutions for a quasi-linear PDE. The solutions turn out to be analytic in time and space. To prove our result we use a Craig–Wayne approach combined with a KAM reducibility scheme and pseudo-differential calculus on $$\mathbb {T}^\infty $$

T

∞

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Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Studies
Authors: de Vries Lianne P. , Baselmans Bart M. L. , Bartels Meike 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFeelings of well-being and happiness fluctuate over time and contexts. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies can capture fluctuations in momentary behavior, and experiences by assessing these multiple times per day. Traditionally, EMA was performed using pen and paper. Recently, due to technological advances EMA studies can be conducted more easily with smartphones, a device ubiquitous in our society. The goal of this review was to evaluate the literature on smartphone-based EMA in well-being research in healthy subjects. The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Searching PubMed and Web of Science, we identified 53 studies using smartphone-based EMA of well-being. Studies were heterogeneous in designs, context, and measures. The average study duration was 12.8 days, with well-being assessed 2–12 times per day. Half of the studies included objective data (e.g. location). Only 47.2% reported compliance, indicating a mean of 71.6%. Well-being fluctuated daily and weekly, with higher well-being in evenings and weekends. These fluctuations disappeared when location and activity were accounted for. On average, being in nature and physical activity relates to higher well-being. Working relates to lower well-being, but workplace and company do influence well-being. The important advantages of using smartphones instead of other devices to collect EMAs are the easier data collection and flexible designs. Smartphone-based EMA reach far larger maximum sample sizes and more easily add objective data to their designs than palm-top/PDA studies. Smartphone-based EMA research is feasible to gain insight in well-being fluctuations and its determinants and offers the opportunity for parallel objective data collection. Most studies currently focus on group comparisons, while studies on individual differences in well-being patterns and fluctuations are lacking. We provide recommendations for future smartphone-based EMA research regarding measures, objective data and analyses.
Young Generations' Activism in Italy: Comparing Political Engagement and Participation of Native Youths and Youths from a Migrant Background
Authors: Riniolo Veronica , Ortensi Livia Elisa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFocusing on individuals aged 14–35 still living with their family of origin, we compare the political activism of Italian natives with their first and second-generation migrant peers. We based our analysis on two different national household surveys, carried out by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) in 2011–2012: the survey 'Condizione e integrazione sociale dei cittadini stranieri' [Condition and Social Integration of Foreign Citizens] and 'Aspetti della vita quotidiana' [Multipurpose Survey on the Aspects of Everyday Life]. Our results revealed that natives are more likely to be involved in politics compared to their migrant peers. However, the migrant background is not a factor negatively affecting youth participation or involvement in politics in itself. The gap with native is fully explained by differences in socio-economic background and family political socialisation. When these aspects are controlled, data suggest that no differences exist in participation to most time-consuming acts (such as taking part in political meetings, demonstrations, participation in a political association, etc.). More of it, young people with migrant backgrounds are more likely to be engaged in activities that reflect a general interest in politics, such as discussing politics, seeking information on Italian politics, and listening to political debates, compared to their native counterparts.
Zur Rationalität der Intuition
Authors: Willke Helmut 
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung
Immer dann, wenn eine Entscheidungssituation zu schwierig, zu unübersichtlich, zu drängend, insgesamt also zu komplex erscheint, muss Entscheiden nach Intuition als Erklärung oder als Ausrede herhalten. Da niemand weiß, was nun genau Intuition ist, vielmehr sie irgendwie mit Gefühl, Bauch, Unbewusstem, Vorrationalem etc. zusammenhängen soll, eignet sich Intuition bestens dafür, Unerklärliches zu erklären. Ausgangspunkt dieses Textes ist, dass es sich bei Intuition um einen Modus der Entscheidungsfindung handelt. Es werden daher Argumentationen unterschiedlicher Entscheidungstheorien genutzt, um zu begründen, dass auch intuitives Entscheiden erfahrungsbasiertes Entscheiden ist.
The Road to Approval: a Perspective on the Role of Icosapent Ethyl in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Verma Subodh , Mason R. Preston , Bhatt Deepak L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Epidemiological studies have long suggested the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FAs). However, until recently, clinical trials using OM3FAs have been largely negative with respect to their cardioprotective effects. In this review, we aim to summarize key clinical trials, examine the clinical benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and potential mechanisms, and review the changes in guidelines and recommendations.

Recent Findings
The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) has demonstrated significant cardiovascular mortality benefits of purified EPA ethyl ester, with a 25% relative risk reduction in major cardiovascular events.

Summary
As first of its class to be approved, icosapent ethyl offers a new option to further reduce cardiovascular risks in patients already treated with maximally tolerated statins.
Primary Endoscopic Stapes Surgery: A Comparison of Adipose Tissue and Gelfoam Seal
Authors: Pradhan Pradeep , Nayak Anindya , Pradhan Sidharth , Sharma Prity , Preetam Chappity , Parida Pradipta Kumar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo compare the efficacy between the commonly used sealing materials, i.e., adipose tissue and the gelfoam in primary endoscopic stapedotomy. Lobular fat and gelfoam have been used in patients who underwent endoscopic stapedotomy between two groups, each containing 29 patients. The hearing outcomes and postoperative complications were compared at the end of 12 weeks between two groups. The ABG of ≤ 10 dB was achieved in 69% of cases in group A and 76% of cases in group B. There was a significant short-term (1 week) improvement in the Dizziness Handicap Inventory score (p = 00) with patients of adipose tissue seal compared to the gelfoam. Although the audiological outcomes were comparable between the two groups, the use of the adipose tissue can be a better alternative than gelfoam to control vertigo in the early postoperative period without causing any significant morbidity to the patient.
Modification of used commercial reverse osmosis membranes to nanofiltration modules for the production of mineral-rich packaged drinking water
Authors: Govardhan B. , Fatima S. , Madhumala M. , Sridhar S. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Global supply of commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is growing exponentially due to rapid population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. The continuous demand for enormous quantity of drinking water has brought about process improvements and technological advancements in membrane preparation. The transformation of used RO membranes into nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration membranes by opening up the pores using chemical treatment by inexpensive oxidizing agents could be one of the cost-effective options. The present study investigates the chemical oxidation of the indigenously synthesized RO membrane using aqueous sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The performance of the membrane was evaluated by conducting experiments under varying operating conditions of operating time, feed pressure, and total dissolved solids (TDS) in raw water for calculation of flux and salt rejection (%). From an initial flux of 25.2 L/m2 h and TDS rejection of 97.5% for original RO membrane, the values reached 80 L/m2 h and 25.5%, which is in NF range, after a reaction time of 780 min with 4000 ppm concentration of NaOCl oxidizing agent. Further extension of treatment time to 900 min enhanced the flux to 130 L/m2 h with salt rejection lowering to 5.67%. Membrane cleaning was performed efficiently using an advanced technique in which chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was used in combination with citric acid. This combination ensured rapid cleaning with restoration of water flux and % salt rejection. The process was scaled up to pilot plant level using RO membranes modified to NF range of pore size. Permeate water enriched with minerals was further packed using an indigenously designed semi-automatic bottling unit. The studies revealed that the indigenously developed RO membranes are easy to alter into high-performance NF membranes. Overall, the process for production of packaged drinking water was cost-effective, easy to operate, and environmentally friendly.
Applying low-salinity water to alter wettability in carbonate oil reservoirs: an experimental study
Authors: Hosseini Erfan , Chen Zhongwei , Sarmadivaleh Mohammad , Mohammadnazar Dana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSeawater has been widely used as an injection fluid for maintaining pressure in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. In the literature related to EOR research, it was noted that diluted seawater (low-salinity water) can highly improve recovery due to the specific ions (such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−). Such conclusions lead to the application of “Smart Water” in which changing the ion composition of injected water alters wettability and enhances recovery. Although many theories have been established to explain the mechanism of this phenomenon, almost all of them are limited to sandstone rocks, and the impact of smart water on carbonated reservoirs has rarely been explored. This study experimentally investigates the impact of the injection of high- and low-salinity and smart water on the change of wettability and recovery improvement in an Iranian South oil reservoir. Two different sets of experimental work were conducted. In the first set of experiments, the effect of formation water, diluted formation water (from 223,969 to 5000 ppm and 2000 ppm), seawater (initially 51,400 ppm), and diluted seawater on wettability alteration is investigated by monitoring the contact angle and relative permeability variation. The results showed that dilution of seawater to 2000 ppm has the most impact on wettability alteration. The relative permeability changed, and the contact angle decreased by a significant value of 100°, and recovery increased by about 71%. In the second set, the effect of ion change on the result was studied. For this purpose, the sulfate ion of diluted seawater (2000 ppm) is substituted by phosphate ion (H2PO4−). The results show the wettability alteration similar to the sulfate one. This study sheds light on the possible mechanism of wettability alteration in the carbonate reservoir, and the result will help to design a better low-salinity injection scenario.
Four New Limonoids from the Barks of Toona ciliata
Authors: Zhang Pan-Pan , Bu Yun-Ge , Xue Shang , Cui Zhi-Rong , Tang Peng-Fei , Luo Jun , Kong Ling-Yi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Four new limonoids, toonayunnanaes F − I (1 − 4), and six known compounds (5 − 10) were isolated from the barks of Toona ciliata. Their structures were elucidated by thoroughly analyzing of NMR and HRMS data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction of 1. The oxetane ring moiety in 1 was rare in limonoids and other natural products. Compound 1 showed nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory effect with an IC50 38.45 ± 0.41 µM in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Graphic Abstract
Nonlinear Controller Design for a Flexible Spacecraft
Authors: Gutiérrez Jose Luis Redondo , Heidecker Ansgar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper combines the nonlinear Udwadia-Kalaba control approach with the Assumed Mode Method to model flexible structures and derives an attitude controller for a spacecraft. The study case of this paper is a satellite with four flexible cantilever beams attached to a rigid central hub. Two main topics are covered in this paper. The first one is the formulation of the equation of motion and the second one is the nonlinear controller design. The combination of these two techniques is able to provide a controller that damps the vibration of a flexible structure while achieving the desired rigid-motion state.
Knowledge, Awareness, and Practices Regarding the Novel Coronavirus Among a Sample of a Pakistani Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tariq Saba , Tariq Sundus , Baig Mukhtiar , Saeed Muhammad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectives:We aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the new coronavirus in a sample of the general Pakistani population.Methods:This survey was carried out through The University of Faisalabad (TUF), Pakistan, between February 2020 and April 2020. The questionnaire was circulated on various online platforms to gather information. The data were analyzed on SPSS-22.Results:Out of 2121 respondents (13.7% were male, and 86.3% were females), 7.4% were married, 4.5% had a high income, and 5.8% had fewer family members. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) knowledge scores were significantly low in the < 21 years age group as compared to the 21 to 25 years age group (P < 0.001) and > 25 years age group (P < 0.001). The males, married community, high income people, and few family members groups had significantly higher coronavirus knowledge than their respective groups (P = 0.033; P = 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.042, respectively).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that the knowledge score among our study population was not up to the mark. However, a positive correlation between the correct knowledge and appropriate attitude and practice was found among study participants. Older age groups and the high income group were associated with adequate knowledge scores.
Preventive Measures for COVID-19 in Dental Treatments
Authors: Guo Jincai , Xie Hui , Wu Hao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread to most countries around the world, infecting millions of people and resulting in the pandemic. This presents great challenges for dental professionals. It is necessary to explore preventive measures for COVID-19 in dental treatments.Methods:In this paper, we outline several measures designed to prevent COVID-19 in dental treatments, such as 3-level pre-examination triage and 2-body temperature tests, 3-level protection for medical personnel, gargling before oral treatment, implementing the 4-hand operation, suctioning saliva during oral treatment, using a rubber dam, and strict enforcement of hand hygiene. These measures include recommendations for medical staff and give practical advice for managing treatment.Results:The epidemic has been brought under control, and routine oral examination and treatments have gradually been resumed from March 9, 2020, in Hunan Province, China. From January 24 to March 8, 2020, a total of 4272 patients received oral therapy during the COVID-19 epidemic in our hospital. We followed these guidelines during the COVID-19 epidemic, and none of the clinical dental staff, other workers, or patients were infected with COVID-19.Conclusions:These preventive measures for COVID-19 in dental treatments can be used as a reference for oral clinics and stomatological hospitals.
Nanoparticle Interactions and Molecular Relaxation in PLA/PBAT/Nanoclay Blends
Authors: Nofar M. , Heuzey M.-C. , Carreau P.J. , Kamal M.R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOrgano-modified clay nanoparticles were mixed at 1 and 5 wt% concentrations with a molten blend of 75 wt% of polylactide (PLA) and 25 wt% poly[(butylene adipate)-co-terephthalate] (PBAT). Three mixing strategies were used to control the localization of nanoclay. Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and stress growth tests were conducted to clarify the nanoclay interactions with the blend components and its effect on the molecular relaxation behavior. SAOS and weighted relaxation spectra properties were determined before and after pre-shearing at a rate of 0.01 s−1. Molecular relaxation and its characteristics were influenced by PLA degradation, PBAT droplet coalescence, and nanoclay localization.
Do paleontologists dream of electric dinosaurs? Investigating the presumed inefficiency of dinosaurs contact incubating partially buried eggs
Authors: Hogan Jason D. , Varricchio David J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTroodon formosus, a theropod from the Late Cretaceous, is one of the few species of dinosaurs with multiple nest sites uncovered. It has been consistently demonstrated that eggs within these nests would have been partially buried in life—an exceedingly rare state in modern vertebrates. There has been debate over Troodon's capacity to engage in thermoregulatory contact incubation, especially regarding an adult's ability to efficiently supply partially buried eggs with energy. An actualistic investigation was undertaken to determine the thermodynamic efficiency of contact incubating partially buried eggs. An efficient system would keep eggs at temperatures closer to the surrogate parent than the ambient, without prohibitively high energy input. For the experiment, a surrogate dinosaur was created and used in both indoor controlled ambient temperature trials and in an outdoor variant. Even with ambient temperatures that were likely cooler than Cretaceous averages, the results showed that contact incubating partially buried eggs did seem to confer an energetic advantage; egg temperatures remained closer to the surrogate than ambient in both indoor and outdoor tests. Still, critics of contact incubating partially buried eggs are correct in that there is a depth at which adult energy would fail to make much of an impact—perhaps more relevant to buried eggs, as partially buried eggs would be in contact with an adult and likely above the thermal input threshold. Additionally, results from this experiment provide evidence for a possible evolutionary path from guarding behavior to thermoregulatory contact incubation.
A new ELISA and western blot technique based on recombinant TES antigen and/or larval antigen for the detection of toxocariasis in humans
Authors: Raulf Marie-Kristin , Jordan Daniela , Auer Herbert , Warnecke Jens M. , Lepenies Bernd , Strube Christina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSerological antibody detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)- and immunoblot-based methods constitutes the best indicator of humanToxocarainfection. Nevertheless, the availability of serological tests, particularly western blots (WB), evaluated for sensitivity and specificity is limited. Therefore, an Anti-Toxocara-ELISA immunoglobulin g (IgG) prototype (Proto-ELISA) and an Anti-Toxocara-Westernblot (IgG) prototype (Proto-WB) were evaluated by testing 541 human sera pre-determined forToxocarainfection by an establishedin-houseAnti-Toxocara-ELISA (IH-ELISA). To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed ELISA and WB prototypes, results were compared to IH-ELISA and a commercial WB (Com-WB). Compared to the IH-ELISA, a sensitivity of 93.1% (229/246) and a specificity of 94.6% (279/295) of the Proto-ELISA with a Cohen'sκof 0.88 were obtained. The sensitivity of the Proto-WB was 76.7% (240/313) and specificity was 99.6% (227/228) with a Cohen'sκof 0.73 compared to those of Com-WB. A comparison to the IH-ELISA revealed 91.5% (225/246) sensitivity and 94.6% (279/295) specificity of the Proto-WB with a Cohen'sκof 0.86. Cross-reactivity was observed for some samples positive forAscarisandTrichinellaspp. in the Proto-ELISA, Proto-WB and Com-WB. Overall, the evaluated ELISA and WB prototypes showed high sensitivity and specificity, indicating high reliability of these newly developed tests.
Conceptualising place in historical fact and creative fiction: rural
communities and regional landscapes in Bernard Samuel Gilbert’s ‘Old
England’ (c. 1910–1920)
Authors: Jackson Andrew J. H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The theme of place guides much exploration in rural history and local
history. Attempts have been made to create definitions and typologies of
place, but these have had to contend with the diverse, complex and dynamic
realities of historical pattern and process, local and regional.
Nonetheless, historians and those in other disciplines have evolved
different approaches to the concept. This study considers how these can
inform the investigation of places existing in historical fact in particular
periods in the past, and can do similarly for those places located
contemporaneously in fictional constructions. Reference is made to various
academic writings on place, including by the local historian, David Dymond.
The analysis takes the work of the author of fiction, Bernard Samuel
Gilbert. Gilbert, although relatively obscure now, incorporated a feature of
special note into his later literary output, and one meriting greater
attention. This was his personalised, reflective and explicitly articulated
approach to forming and expressing place. Moreover, Gilbert’s ‘Old England’,
with its imaginary district of 'Bly', can be recognised as corresponding to
landscapes and communities existing more broadly in the years up to and
through the First World War, and with creations by other authors of regional
fiction.