bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ideology
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that dehumanizing beliefs are ideological beliefs. So, to understand how dehumanization works, and to resist it effectively, the chapter stresses the need for a clear conception of ideology. One popular conception of ideology is that ideologies are beliefs that have the function of fostering oppression. The chapter agrees with and adopts this notion of ideology, because it homes in on something important that we do not have the term for. But to truly understand what ideology is, this chapter pushes the analysis further and looks closely at the two core elements of the definition: the concepts of oppression and function.
Genocide
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the exterminationist form of dehumanization—the form of dehumanization that often leads to genocide. One of its most striking features is how repetitive its themes are. With small, local variations, each example seems to be cut from more or less the same cloth. Almost always, the dehumanized group is regarded as an inferior race, and described as resembling predatory or unclean animals. No matter how tiny and vulnerable the persecuted population is, their dehumanizers perceive them as posing an existential threat from which they urgently need to defend themselves. Often, the dehumanizers regard those whom they dehumanize as part of a powerful, shadowy conspiracy that controls world governments and the mass media. And sex is an ever-present element. The dehumanized group is seen as hypersexual and therefore bestial. They are rapists and pedophiles, and they reproduce so rapidly that they will soon replace the dominant group as the majority.
Nothing Hidden in the Entire Universe
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In considering the roots, basis, and aftermath of the Verse Comments, which was composed as a lyrical interpretation of the 60-fascicle edition of Dōgen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye, several facts are well known about when and why it was written. However, many aspects of the historical context remain unclear in regard to the reasons for the textual production, so that there is no choice but to make some conjectures based on compelling literary and chronological evidence. Speculation about the formation and dissemination (or lack thereof) of Giun’s work in relation to the significance of the 60-fascicle edition should be argued by assessing traditional records along with contemporary research that has uncovered important archival materials for Treasury manuscripts previously unavailable to scholars. This chapter explains the evidence while summarizing recent theories about the possible rationale for how and why the Verse Comments was constructed.
Giun’s Verse Comments and Capping Phrases
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a complete translation of Giun’s verse comments on the Treasury of the True Dharma Eye along with the original kanbun (Sino-Japanese) text composed in the fourteenth century, including the four-line verses and capping phrases written by Giun and those by Honkō from the eighteenth century. In addition, the preface by Giun is included. A complete list of the fascicles with the translation, romanization, and original characters is also presented. The chapter additionally features the author’s own interpretative remarks concerning Giun’s medieval commentary by highlighting the meaning and significance of each of the 60 fascicles and discussing the symbolism and ramification of key examples of Giun’s and Honkō’s poetic imagery. Reading through these materials highlights various literary motifs and religious themes that characterize the verse comments.
Intimate Labor
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The pragmatic local management of out-of-wedlock pregnancy also relied on the paid work of landladies, midwives, and wet-nurses who made the smooth and even respectable handing of single parenthood possible. Some landladies specialized in short-term rentals to young expectant mothers for whom they provided pre- and post-natal care and arranged midwives and wet-nurses. Young men who did not or could not marry could save their reputations by meeting their paternal responsibilities—renting such a room, being present at the baby’s baptism, and taking custody of the newborn in arrangements that closely replicated what a paternity suit award would usually involve. Midwives also served as medico-legal experts who were gatekeepers to paternity suits as they had to confirm the alleged pregnancy for the courts.
Losing in the Courts
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Hage family and the Dann sisters grazed livestock on federal lands in Nevada through the last three sagebrush rebellions. Their stories illustrate the frustrations that many ranchers had with evolving federal land law and management over the last fifty years, as they went from being the dominant users of federal rangeland to one of multiple, competing users. Unlike the Bundy family, the Hages and the Danns battled the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service largely in court, fighting to defend what they believed were either private property rights or Native American treaty rights. After four decades of political and legal conflict, neither family is able to graze livestock on federal lands. When militia force means victory and courts mean defeat, the federal land has become a dangerous place.
“Spitting Mad”
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The War for the West started during the George H. W. Bush administration and exploded into a more narrowly partisan conflict when President Clinton took office. Tensions were driven by the rise of a new management paradigm, ecosystem management, which led to new emphases on riparian health in range management. They were also driven by ongoing disagreements over county road rights-of-way and economic development of federal resources. Skirmishes in the War for the West varied considerably. Individual ranchers battled the federal government to maintain their accustomed grazing practices; Catron County, New Mexico, launched the County Supremacy Movement by demanding that the federal government protect its established “customs and culture”; Nye County, Nevada, returned to battles from the Sagebrush Rebellion; and several counties in southeastern Utah reignited debates over their authority to manage ambiguous road claims in the wilderness. The net result was a rise in threats against federal employees during the 1990s.
Glenn Beck’s Common Sense
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Patriot Rebellion during the Obama administration demonstrated just how well conservative western frustrations with federal land management were woven into a national conservative challenge to federal authority, and it illustrated how well-integrated the militias were in conservative politics. Indeed, the line between mainstream and extreme political protest were blurred considerably compared to the Sagebrush Rebellion. The Patriot Rebellion was led by the largely Christian Tea Party movement, which used the language and symbols of the American Revolution to condemn the Obama administration and the federal government generally as unconstitutional tyrants. And it was carried further by the armed Patriot Movement, in which people claimed they were prepared to kill for the Constitution.
Popular Constitutionalism Applied
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Patriot Rebellion that swept across the West, driven by a mature infrastructure of conservative interests, counties, states, and individuals challenged the federal government directly over access to federal lands and economic development. States, led by Utah, claimed the power of eminent domain over federal lands and demanded that the federal government relinquished most of its land to them. Counties once again demanded control over federal land use planning, this time by arguing that the federal government needed to coordinate with county officials to ensure that federal land use plans met county needs.
Defining Excellence, Quality, and Style
Authors: Uy Michael Sy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes several definitions and understandings of expertise, as well as its relational and social aspects. It investigates the role of artists and arts managers as “contributory experts.” Grantmaking institutions invited consultants and panelists to help them make cultural policy. One Rockefeller vice president referred to his music advisory committee as his “wise men” who guided the foundation in “the most creative and promising direction.” These experts, in turn, determined and defined artistic excellence and quality, deciding the fate of hundreds of millions of dollars in music. They chose which kinds of music and which composers and performers received foundation and government money. Experts evaluated criteria they believed to be objective, such as budgets and project feasibility, while also expressing their own subjective tastes and preferences. Peer and expert review provided a system of legitimization and authority while concentrating power in a remarkably small and overlapping network of artists.
Legislative Department
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses Article V of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the legislative department. Section 1 states that “the Legislative authority of the State shall be vested in a Legislature, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives.” However, “the people reserve to themselves the power to propose laws and amendments to the Constitution and to enact or reject the same at the polls independent of the Legislature, and also reserve power at their own option to approve or reject at the polls any act of the Legislature.” Section 2 provides for the designation and definition of reserved powers. Initiative means the power of the people to propose bills, and to enact or reject them at the polls. Referendum is the right of the people to have bills passed by the legislature submitted to the voters for their approval. Meanwhile, in May 1964, the Oklahoma constitution was amended to conform to the U.S. Supreme Court rulings. The amendment passed and Sections 9 through 16 were replaced with Sections 9A through 11E. The chapter then details the provisions for the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Homestead and Exemptions
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Article XII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns homestead and exemptions. Section 1 was amended in 1997 to clarify homestead rights when a property is used for both residential and commercial purposes and to set forth the percentage of use that must be for residential purposes in order to qualify for the exemption. Because of the Native American population in Oklahoma, the constitution contains a specific provision protecting Native Americans’ homestead rights. Section 2 operates as a paternalistic public policy to protect the family home. The home can only be sold for debts directly connected to the construction, improvement, or taxes regarding the homestead; a forced sale of a homestead for payment of ordinary debts, judgment liens, and other obligations is not available to a creditor in Oklahoma. Lastly, the primary objective of Section 3 is to undo parts of an old Oklahoma law regarding exemptions.
Banks and Banking
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies Article XIV of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns banks and banking. Section 1 expresses the state’s public policy of protecting people who deposit money in state banks. It provides for the creation of a banking department to be under the control of a bank commissioner with rights, duties, powers, and privileges defined by statute. Section 2 states that “the Legislature shall have authority to classify loans and lenders, license and regulate lenders, define interest and fix maximum rates of interest.” Meanwhile, Section 3 provides that “the taking, receiving, reserving, or charging a rate of interest greater than is allowed by the preceding section, when knowingly done, shall be deemed a forfeiture of the entire interest which the note, bill, or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which has been agreed to be paid thereon.” The common law remedy to recover for an excessive, illegal interest rate was “assumpsit” or an action for money had and received.
Oath of Office
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights Article XV of the Oklahoma constitution, which sets out the oath of office taken by public officials before assuming their duties. Failure to take this oath can result in a forfeiture of the office a person holds. Section 2 provides for the administration and filing of oath. It states that “any person refusing to take said oath, or affirmation, shall forfeit his office, and any person who shall have been convicted of having sworn or affirmed falsely, or having violated said oath, or affirmation, shall be guilty of perjury, and shall be disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit within the State.” Simply filing this oath in the wrong office—for example, by filing it in the court clerk’s office instead of the office of the county clerk—will not disqualify an official from performing the duties of their office.
Dangerous Art
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis book takes up the problem of judging works of art using moral standards. When we say that a work is racist, or morally dangerous, what do we mean? The book is divided into two parts. The first part takes up the moral question on its own. What could it mean to say that a work of art (rather than, say, a human being) is immoral? The second part steps back and asks about how moral evaluation fits into the larger task of evaluating artworks. If an artwork is immoral, what does that tell us about how to value the artwork? The overall approach of the book is moderately skeptical. The book argues that many of the reasons given for thinking that works of art are immoral do not stand up to careful scrutiny. It further tries to show that even when works of art are rightly condemned from a moral point of view, the relationship between that moral flaw and their value as artworks is complex. The book defends a moderate version of autonomism between morality and aesthetics. But the real purpose of the book is to highlight the complexities and difficulties in evaluating artworks morally—many philosophers of art have simply assumed that artworks can be evaluated morally and proceeded as though such assessments were unproblematic.
Introduction
Authors: Levin Dov H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes the long historical record of partisan electoral interventions, an attempt by a foreign power to intentionally intervene in an election in another country to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties using various costly covert and overt methods, going back to early modern Europe. This description is followed by an introduction of the two key questions, a discussion of their importance, and a summary of the main arguments regarding the causes of such interventions and their effects on election results. The chapter concludes with a description of the scant research on this topic and the limitations of that research and provides a brief outline of the book.
Throwing Their Hat into the Ring
Authors: Levin Dov H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 includes the first set of three detailed case studies of the decision-making process that led the U.S. government to decide to intervene in three foreign elections and the choice of the exact methods of intervention utilized: the American electoral interventions in the 1953 West German elections for Konrad Adenauer and the CDU, in the 1958 Guatemalan elections for Jose Luis Cruz Salazar and the MDN, and in the 1946 Argentinean elections for Jose Pascual Tamborini and the Democratic Union. In addition to providing strong support for the theoretical framework, these three electoral intervention cases also supply some real-life examples of the various methods used for this purpose by interveners: covert funding of the assisted side, dissemination of “scandalous” information on the “undesired” side, pre-election public threats and promises, provision of various benefits to the target, and so forth.
Surveying the Landscape
Authors: Levin Dov H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides an overview of the universe of American and Soviet/Russian interventions from 1946 to 2000 based upon the new dataset of such interventions utilized in this manuscript (PEIG). This chapter describes in detail the main methods used by the great powers for this purpose. It also answers some general questions of interest such as, for example, the regional and temporal patterns of electoral interventions throughout this period, the frequencies of the use of each of the main intervention methods, and the top targets of such U.S. and Russian interventions. It concludes with a discussion of additional evidence already visible from an early look at PEIG for the arguments made here and for other perspectives.
Potentia
Authors: Leonie Field Sandra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book offers a detailed study of the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and Benedict de Spinoza, focussing on their concept of power as potentia, concrete power, rather than power as potestas, authorized power. The focus on power as potentia generates a new conception of popular power. Radical democrats—whether drawing on Hobbes’s ‘sleeping sovereign’ or on Spinoza’s ‘multitude’—understand popular power as something that transcends ordinary institutional politics, as, for instance, popular plebiscites or mass movements. However, the book argues that these understandings reflect a residual scholasticism that Hobbes and Spinoza ultimately repudiate. Instead, on the book’s revisionist conception, a political phenomenon should be said to express popular power when it is both popular (it eliminates oligarchy and encompasses the whole polity) and also powerful (it robustly determines political and social outcomes). Two possible institutional forms that this popular power might take are distinguished: Hobbesian repressive egalitarianism and Spinozist civic strengthening. But despite divergent institutional proposals, the book argues that both Hobbes and Spinoza share the conviction that there is nothing spontaneously egalitarian or good about human collective existence. From this point of view, the book accuses radical democrats of pernicious romanticism; the slow, meticulous work of organizational design and maintenance is the true centre of popular power.
Nature’s Indifference
Authors: Field Sandra Leonie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that in Spinoza’s philosophy, popular movements do not necessarily testify to an underlying popular power driving political life; nor is efficacious political power necessarily popular. First, it argues that a collectivity’s own proper power, its power sui juris, is not some underlying disposition waiting to be expressed, but rather is manifested in the actual effects it durably produces. Correspondingly, it is a mistake to take social movements challenging oligarchy as exemplars of the power of the people, unless and until they durably consolidate an egalitarian social order. Second, it argues that within Spinoza’s metaphysics, nonideal regimes may well endure, either due to the support of an external power, or from their own power, but where that power is internally structured in an oligarchic or repressive manner. In sum, Spinoza accepts Chapter 6’s first two Hobbesian problems, and acknowledges the all-too-common divergence between ethics and efficacy in politics.
The Rise of a New Sexual Order
Authors: Smith Nicola J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to the empirical analysis of sex work in Britain as a case that is especially significant for understanding capitalism’s sexual history. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the author considers how England’s political economic order was structured around distinctions between married and unmarried sex rather than those between economy and sexuality. Yet the marriage/whoredom dualism also provided the conditions of possibility for a new dichotomy between economy and sexuality to emerge in early modern England, for it enabled the sexual division of labor to be reconstructed in service of capitalist development. The chapter interrogates how this dichotomy was not only sexualized, gendered, and classed but also racialized due to the critical role that colonialism and imperialism played in capitalism’s rise and expansion.
Buying Love in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Smith Nicola J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how the sex/work split became normalized in the twentieth century, and how this helped to render invisible the intimate connections between sexuality and economy. This involved something of a paradox for, on the one hand, large-scale consumer shifts meant that sexual and intimate life was increasingly governed by free-market rationalities whereas, on the other hand, ongoing moral panics meant that sex work was becoming ever more marked out against normality. The chapter argues that these apparently contradictory forces worked together to maintain the illusion that the sexual division of labor did little more than reflect women’s “natural” desires rather than operating as an instrument through which capitalism could extract their unpaid sexual labor.
Nazi Camps and their Neighbouring Communities
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Across Europe the Nazis established their concentration camps close to local communities. These communities were not perpetrators like the Nazis or victims like the internees. Yet they did not simply stand by aloof, untouched by the presence of such institutions. During the war local populations interacted with their nearby camps, willingly and unwillingly facilitating operations for the perpetrators as well as aiding inmates. Afterwards, the camps were often reused as internment camps, then as prisons, military compounds, or housing encampments. Over time, many were transformed into sites of memory to mark Nazi persecution. The fates of camps were often determined by governments and groups of survivors, but the steps taken to achieve those ends occurred on local territory and had direct implications for localized communities. Locals, therefore, continued to interact with camp legacies. Adopting a micro-historical comparative approach, this book examines how local populations evolved to live with ‘their’ Nazi camps. Using three case studies of major camps in Western Europe—Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, and Vught—it evaluates the different sorts of locality–camp relationships that developed in France, Germany, and the Netherlands during wartime, and how these played out in post-war scenarios of reuse and memorialization. It traces the contested developments of these camp sites in the changing political climates of the post-war years, and explores the interrelationships between local and national memory. These local communities were commonly scarred by their proximity to atrocity, but the nature of their involvements in the aftermath of the camps has varied significantly.