bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing a Modern Biography of an Ancient Roman
Authors: Gibson Roy K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractModern biographies of ancient individuals focus on emperors and generals, as a form of political or military history. A biography of a ‘private’ individual like Pliny raises more urgently the question of the distorting effects of our biographical norms. Modern biography encourages the recreation of a ‘unique individual’, insight into the effects of childhood, or the reconstruction of a rich inner life. Approaches of this sort are not suited to Pliny: he was not interested in the ‘interiority’ found in Catullus or Augustine. Pliny’s individuality can be captured by working along the grain of the Letters: by focusing on the range of locales in which he lived, worked, and owned properties. No Roman writer, not even Vergil, ties his identity to the regions of Italy more successfully than Pliny. This approach is suited to the episodic nature both of Pliny’s own life and of the evidence available.
Return to Comum
Authors: Gibson Roy K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPliny was a generous donor to Comum as an adult, building a library and baths and contributing funds. It is unlikely that he was able to travel to the distant Transpadana very often as a senator. Pliny’s donations took place in a context of the contemporary flourishing of the Transpadana. His marriage to Calpurnia in the late 90s C.E. went hand in hand with his investments in the town. The epigraphic record suggests he did not begin to donate to Comum until late in his marriage to ‘Venuleia’. Calpurnia brought with her the aura of the virtuous Transpadana: a connection with more symbolic advantages than ‘Venuleia’. Pliny’s promotion of his union with Calpurnia is marked by unusual emotion. But Calpurnia was expected to make a success of the relationship by focusing on Pliny’s interests. In Comum, Pliny’s eye is caught by the villas on the lake rather than the cityscape or sub-Alpine setting.
Pontus-Bithynia
Authors: Gibson Roy K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPliny was governor of Pontus-Bithynia c. 110–12 C.E. He had spent time as a young military tribune in the Greek east, and remained well disposed to connections from Syria. His attitude to Pontus-Bithynia was rather different. In Rome, he defended guilty former governors against prosecution by the province. He viewed the inhabitants of Pontus-Bithynia as different from the ‘free’ Greeks of Achaia. His subsequent arrival as governor was presumably greeted with apprehension. Government of the province was conducted by correspondence with Trajan: long delays in the return of replies from Rome posed severe challenges to effective government. Pliny’s term there provides evidence of how thinly Roman power was stretched, and of the endemic opportunism Rome fostered in the provinces. In Pontus, Pliny met the future in a form he could not have recognized: the Black Sea Christians, whose novel cult would one day usher in the decline (or transformation) of the classical world Pliny knew.
Glass Floors and Glass Ceilings: Sex Homophily and Heterophily in Job Interviews
Authors: Rivera Lauren A , Owens Jayanti 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A widely assumed but little-tested theory of employment interviewing suggests that female job applicants will be evaluated more favorably when they are paired with female versus male interviewers. To capitalize on this hypothesized affinity, a number of organizations have begun explicitly pairing female job applicants with female interviewers, in hopes of increasing the representation of women among new hires. However, whether this practice actually results in more favorable outcomes for female job candidates remains an open empirical question. Using data on job interview evaluations from a large, professional service organization, we test the effect of matching female job candidates with female interviewers on interview scores. Highlighting the contextually dependent nature of sex homophily, we find that the effect of being matched with a female interviewer varies by the female candidate’s perceived skill level. Sex matches in job interviews work in favor of those female candidates perceived to be lowest in skill; have a small, statistically nonsignificant negative effect for female candidates of average perceived skill; and have a significant, negative effect for women at the highest level of perceived skill. We argue that matching female candidates with female evaluators in job interviews can operate both as a glass floor that can prevent female applicants from falling below a certain scoring threshold but also a glass ceiling that can prevent the most skilled female applicants from receiving the most favorable interview ratings.
High Breath-by-Breath Variability Is Associated With Extubation Failure in Children
Authors: Knox Kelby E. , Nava-Guerra Leonardo , Hotz Justin C. , Newth Christopher J. L. , Khoo Michael C. K. , Khemani Robinder G. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Extubation failure is multifactorial, and most tools to assess extubation readiness only evaluate snapshots of patient physiology. Understanding variability in respiratory variables may provide additional information to inform extubation readiness assessments.

Design:
Secondary analysis of prospectively collected physiologic data of children just prior to extubation during a spontaneous breathing trial. Physiologic data were cleaned to provide 40 consecutive breaths and calculate variability terms, coefficient of variation and autocorrelation, in commonly used respiratory variables (i.e., tidal volume, minute ventilation, and respiratory rate). Other clinical variables included diagnostic and demographic data, median values of respiratory variables during spontaneous breathing trials, and the change in airway pressure during an occlusion maneuver to measure respiratory muscle strength (maximal change in airway pressure generated during airway occlusion [PiMax]). Multivariable models evaluated independent associations with reintubation and prolonged use of noninvasive respiratory support after extubation.

Setting:
Acute care, children’s hospital.

Patients:
Children were included from the pediatric and cardiothoracic ICUs who were greater than 37 weeks gestational age up to and including 18 years who were intubated greater than or equal to 12 hours with planned extubation. We excluded children who had a contraindication to an esophageal catheter or respiratory inductance plethysmography bands.

Interventions:
Noninterventional study.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 371 children were included, 32 of them were reintubated. Many variability terms were associated with reintubation, including coefficient of variation and autocorrelation of the respiratory rate. After controlling for confounding variables such as age and neurologic diagnosis, both coefficient of variation of respiratory rate(p < 0.001) and low PiMax (p = 0.002) retained an independent association with reintubation. Children with either low PiMax or high coefficient of variation of respiratory rate had a nearly three-fold higher risk of extubation failure, and when these children developed postextubation upper airway obstruction, reintubation rates were greater than 30%.

Conclusions:
High respiratory variability during spontaneous breathing trials is independently associated with extubation failure in children, with very high rates of extubation failure when these children develop postextubation upper airway obstruction.
Effects of Adjunctive Therapeutic Hypothermia Combined With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Acute Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Kim Sun Ju , Thom Stephen R. , Kim Hyun , Hwang Sung Oh , Lee Yoonsuk , Park Eung Joo , Lee Seok Jeong , Cha Yong Sung 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
To determine the effects of adjunctive therapeutic hypothermia, by comparing hyperbaric oxygen therapy versus hyperbaric oxygen therapy combined with therapeutic hypothermia in acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of data from our prospectively collected carbon monoxide poisoning registry.

Setting:
A single academic medical center in Wonju, Republic of Korea.

Patients:
Patients with acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning older than 18 years. Acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning was defined as mental status showing response to painful stimulus or unresponsive at the emergency department, and a continuation of this depressed mental status even after the first hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Patients were classified into the no-therapeutic hypothermia and therapeutic hypothermia groups. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was performed up to twice within 24 hours after emergency department arrival, whereas therapeutic hypothermia was performed at a body temperature goal of 33°C for 24 hours using an endovascular cooling device after the first hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Interventions:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy versus hyperbaric oxygen therapy combined with therapeutic hypothermia.

Measurements and Main Results:
We investigated the difference in the Global Deterioration Scale score at 1 and 6 months after carbon monoxide exposure, between the no-therapeutic hypothermia and therapeutic hypothermia groups. Global Deterioration Scale scores were classified as follows: 1–3 points (favorable neurocognitive outcome) and 4–7 points (poor neurocognitive outcome). During the study period, 37 patients were treated for acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning, with 16 and 21 patients in the no-therapeutic hypothermia and therapeutic hypothermia groups, respectively. The therapeutic hypothermia group demonstrated significantly higher number of patients with favorable outcomes (p = 0.008) at 6 months after carbon monoxide exposure and better improvement of the 6-month Global Deterioration Scale score than the 1-month score (p = 0.006).

Conclusions:
Our data suggest that in acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning, patients who were treated using therapeutic hypothermia combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy had significantly more favorable neurocognitive outcomes at 6 months after carbon monoxide exposure than those treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy alone.
The effect of rs1076560 (DRD2) and rs4680 (COMT) on tardive dyskinesia and cognition in schizophrenia subjects
Authors: Punchaichira Toyanji Joseph , Kukshal Prachi , Bhatia Triptish , Deshpande Smita Neelkanth , Thelma B.K. 
Published: June 2020

Objective
The aim of the study is to test the association of a functional variant each in DRD2 and COMT genes with schizophrenia and its endophenotypes.

Basic methods
Effect of two functional variants rs1076560 in DRD2 and rs4680 in COMT on (1) schizophrenia (502 cases, 448 controls) diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria and in subsets with (2) tardive dyskinesia (80 positive, 103 negative), assessed by Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), positive and negative symptoms assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and (3) cognition (299 cases, 245 controls), estimated by Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery, were analysed either using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or regression analysis.

Main results
No association of two SNPs with schizophrenia, but association of rs4680 (P < 0.05) with tardive dyskinesia was observed. On ANOVA, main effect of smoking [F(2,148) = 16.3; P = 3.9 × 10−7]; rs4680 [F(2,148) = 3.3; P = 0.04] and interaction effect of tardive dyskinesia-status*Smoking [F(2,148) = 5.4, P = 0.006]; Smoking*rs1076560 [F(3,148) = 3.6; P = 0.01]; Smoking*rs4680 [F(4,148) = 5.3; P = 4.7 × 10−4] were significant with AIMS tardive dyskinesia score. The main effect of rs1076560 [F(2,148) = 4.5; P = 0.013] and rs4680 [F(2,148) = 4.0; P = 0.02] were significant with limb truncal tardive dyskinesia. Allelic/genotypic (P = 0.004/P = 0.01) association of rs1076560 with negative scale of PANSS in tardive dyskinesia-negative; diminished expression factor of PANSS in tardive dyskinesia-negative subcohort (allelic/genotypic P = 3.3 × 10−5/6.6 × 10−5) and tardive dyskinesia cohorts (P = 0.003/0.002); genotypic association (P = 0.05) with disorganised/concrete factor in tardive dyskinesia-positive subcohorts were observed by regression analysis using gPLINKv2.050. Further allelic/genotypic (P = 0.02) association of rs4680 with depressed factor of PANSS in tardive dyskinesia cohort was observed. Allelic/genotypic association of rs1076560 with abstraction and mental flexibilityaccuracy (P = 0.03/0.04), abstraction and mental flexibilityefficiency (P = 0.01/0.02); allelic association with spatial abilityprocessing speed (P = 0.03), emotionefficiency (P = 0.05); and with spatial abilityefficiency (genotypic, P = 0.05) in healthy controls and allelic association of rs4680 with emotionefficiency in cases with schizophrenia (P = 0.04) were notable.

Principal conclusion
Dopaminergic genes seem to contribute to tardive dyskinesia and cognition warranting replication.
Time-series analyses of directional sequence changes in SARS-CoV-2 genomes and an efficient search method for advantageous mutations for growth in human cells
Authors: Wada Kennosuke , Wada Yoshiko , Ikemura Toshimichi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe first conducted time-series analysis of mono- and dinucleotide composition for over 10,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomes, as well as over 1500 Zaire ebolavirus genomes, and found clear time-series changes in the compositions on a monthly basis, which should reflect viral adaptations for efficient growth in human cells. We next developed a sequence alignment free method that extensively searches for advantageous mutations and rank them in an increase level for their intrapopulation frequency. Time-series analysis of occurrences of oligonucleotides of diverse lengths for SARS-CoV-2 genomes revealed seven distinctive mutations that rapidly expanded their intrapopulation frequency and are thought to be candidates of advantageous mutations for the efficient growth in human cells.
Evaluation of specimen types and saliva stabilization solutions for SARS-CoV-2 testing
Authors: Griesemer Sara B , Van Slyke Greta , Ehrbar Dylan , Strle Klemen , Yildirim Tugba , Centurioni Dominick A , Walsh Anne C , Chang Andrew K. , Waxman Michael J , George Kirsten St. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIdentifying SARS-CoV-2 infections through aggressive diagnostic testing remains critical in tracking and curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Collection of nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), the preferred sample type for SARS-CoV-2 detection, has become difficult due to the dramatic increase in testing and consequential supply strain. Therefore, alternative specimen types have been investigated, that provide similar detection sensitivity with reduced health care exposure and potential for self-collection. In this study, the detection sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 in nasal swabs (NS) and saliva was compared to that of NPS, using matched specimens from two outpatient cohorts in New York State (total n = 463). The first cohort showed only a 5.4% positivity but the second cohort (n=227) had a positivity rate of 41%, with sensitivity in NPS, NS and saliva of 97.9%, 87.1%, and 87.1%, respectively. Whether the reduced sensitivity of NS or saliva is acceptable must be assessed in the settings where they are used. However, we sought to improve on it by validating a method to mix the two sample types, as the combination of nasal swab and saliva resulted in 94.6% SARS-CoV-2 detection sensitivity. Spiking experiments showed that combining them did not adversely affect the detection sensitivity in either. Virus stability in saliva was also investigated, with and without the addition of commercially available stabilizing solutions. The virus was stable in saliva at both 4°C and room temperature for up to 7 days. The addition of stabilizing solutions did not enhance stability and in some situations reduced detectable virus levels.
High fat diet disrupts diurnal interactions between REG3γ and small intestinal gut microbes resulting in metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Frazier Katya , Kambal Amal , Zale Elizabeth A. , Pierre Joseph F. , Hubert Nathaniel , Miyoshi Sawako , Miyoshi Jun , Ringus Daina , Harris Dylan , Yang Karen , Cham Candace , Musch Mark W. , Chang Eugene B. , Leone Vanessa 
Published: June 2020

SummaryGut microbial diurnal oscillations are important diet-dependent drivers of host circadian rhythms and metabolism that ensure optimal energy balance. Yet, the interplay between diet, microbes, and host factors that sustain intestinal oscillations is complex and poorly understood. Here, we report the host C-type lectin antimicrobial peptideReg3γworks with key ileal microbes to orchestrate these interactions in a bi-directional manner, independent from the intestinal core circadian clock. High fat diet diminishes physiologically relevant microbial oscillators essential for host metabolic homeostasis, resulting in arrhythmic hostReg3γexpression and increased abundance and oscillation ofReg3γ-independent gut microbes. This illustrates a transkingdom co-evolved biological rhythm involving reciprocating, sensor-effector signals between key host and microbial components that ultimately drive metabolism, but are also heavily influenced by diet. Restoring the gut microbiota’s capacity to sense and transduce dietary signals mediated by specific host factors such asReg3γcould be harnessed to improve metabolic dysfunction.
CROCCP2 acts as a human-specific modifier of cilia dynamics and mTOR signalling to promote expansion of cortical progenitors
Authors: Van Heurck Roxane , Wojno Marta , Suzuki Ikuo K. , Velez-Bravo Fausto D. , Bonnefont Jérôme , Erkol Emir , Nguyen Dan Truc , Herpoel Adèle , Bilheu Angéline , Ledent Catherine , Vanderhaeghen Pierre 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThe primary cilum is a central component of signalling during neural development, from regional patterning to neuronal differentiation. Here we focus on CROCCP2, a hominid-specific gene duplicate from CROCC (Ciliary Rootlet Coiled Coil), also known as rootletin, that encodes the major protein component of the ciliary rootlet. We find that CROCCP2 is highly expressed in the human fetal brain and not in other primate species. CROCCP2 gain of function in the mouse embryonic cortex results in decreased ciliogenesis, increased mTOR signalling, and increased cell size of radial glial cells, leading to increased generation of intermediate/basal progenitors and increased neuronal output. CROCCP2 impacts cilia dynamics and neurogenesis by inhibition of the IFT20 ciliary trafficking protein. Our data identify a human-specific protein that drives cortical basal progenitor expansion through modulation of ciliary dynamics.
Baseline and Innate Immune Response Characterization of aZfp30Knockout Mouse Strain
Authors: Laudermilk Lucas T. , Tovar Adelaide , Homstad Alison K. , Thomas Joseph M. , McFadden Kathryn M. , Tune Miriya K. , Cowley Dale O. , Mock Jason R. , Ideraabdullah Folami , Kelada Samir N. P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAirway neutrophilia is correlated with disease severity in a number of chronic and acute pulmonary diseases, and dysregulation of neutrophil chemotaxis can lead to host tissue damage. The geneZfp30was previously identified as a candidate regulator of neutrophil recruitment to the lungs and secretion of CXCL1, a potent neutrophil chemokine, in a genome-wide mapping study using the Collaborative Cross. ZFP30 is a putative transcriptional repressor with a KRAB domain capable of inducing heterochromatin formation. Using a CRISPR-mediated knockout mouse model, we investigated the role thatZfp30plays in recruitment of neutrophils to the lung using models of allergic airway disease and acute lung injury. We found that theZfp30null allele did not affect CXCL1 secretion or neutrophil recruitment to the lungs in response to various innate immune stimuli. Intriguingly, despite the lack of neutrophil phenotype, we found there was a significant reduction in the proportion of liveZfp30homozygous mutant mice produced from heterozygous matings. This deviation from the expected mendelian inheritance (i.e. transmission ratio distortion) implicatesZfp30in fertility or embryonic development. Overall, our results indicate thatZfp30is an essential gene but does not influence neutrophilic inflammation in this particular knockout model.
Enhanced recovery of CD9-positive extracellular vesicles from human specimens by chelating reagent
Authors: Kurimoto Ayako , Kawasaki Yuki , Ueda Toshiki , Inuzuka Tatsutoshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained attention as potential targets of early diagnostics and prognosis in the field of liquid biopsy. Despite clinical potentials, the best method to isolate EVs from specimens remains controversial due to low purity, low specificity, and lack of reproducibility with current isolation methods. Here we show that a chelating reagent enhances the recovery efficiency of EVs from crude biological samples by immunoprecipitation using an anti-CD9 antibody. Proteomic and western blotting analyses show that the EVs isolated using the chelating reagent contain a wider variety of proteins than those isolated with PBS.
Ultra-pure isolation of low density neutrophils casts doubt on their exceptionality in health and disease
Authors: Hardisty Gareth R , LLanwarne Frances , Minns Danielle , Gillan Jonathan L , Davidson Donald J , Findlay Emily Gwyer , Gray Robert D 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLow density neutrophils (LDNs) are described in a number of inflammatory conditions, cancers and infections and associated with immunopathology, and a mechanistic role in disease. The role of LDNs at homeostasis in healthy individuals has not been investigated. We have developed an isolation protocol that generates high purity LDNs from healthy donors. Healthy LDNs were identical to healthy NDNs, aside from reduced neutrophil extracellular trap formation. CD66b, CD16, CD15, CD10, CD54, CD62L, CXCR2, CD47 and CD11b were expressed at equivalent levels in LDNs and normal density neutrophils (NDNs) and underwent apoptosis and ROS production interchangeably. Healthy LDNs had no differential effect on CD4+or CD8+T cell proliferation or IFNγ production compared with NDNs. LDNs were generated from healthy NDNsin vitroby activation with TNF, LPS or fMLF, suggesting a mechanism of LDN generation in disease however, we show neutrophilia in people with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) was not due to increased LDNs. LDNs are present in the neutrophil pool at homeostasis and have limited functional differences to NDNs. We conclude that increased LDN numbers in disease reflect the specific pathology or inflammatory environment and that neutrophil density alone is inadequate to classify discrete functional populations of neutrophils.Graphical abstract
Cortical microinfarcts potentiate recurrent ischemic injury through NLRP3-dependent trained immunity
Authors: Feng Yiwei , Wu Tengteng , Feng Yukun , Liang Fengyin , Li Ge , Li Yongchao , Guan Yalun , Liu Shuhua , Zhang Yu , Xu Guangqing , Pei Zhong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMicroinfarcts are common among the elderly, and patients with microinfarcts are more vulnerable to another stroke. However, the potential effect of microinfarct on recurrent stroke remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the detrimental effect of microinfarct on recurrent stroke in mice. Microinfarct was induced using two-photon laser and photothrombotic stroke was induced in the cortex contralateral to microinfarct four weeks later. We found that CMI could trigger the formation of innate immune memory, which exacerbated the pro-inflammatory response and ischemic injury in second photothrombotic stroke. Furthermore, we clarified the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the nuclei of microglia, which interacts with the MLL1 complex and thereby increases H3K4 methylation, suggesting that NLRP3 is critical in microinfarct-induced innate immune memory. Additionally, NLRP3 knockout in microglia attenuated microinfarct-induced detrimental effects on recurrent stroke. Our study highlights the detrimental effect of trained immunity on the recurrent stroke and reveals the important role of NLRP3 in mediating the formation of this memory, which may be a therapeutic target to mitigate recurrent strokes.