bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal patterning of the central nervous system by a shared transcription factor code
Authors: Sagner Andreas , Zhang Isabel , Watson Thomas , Lazaro Jorge , Melchionda Manuela , Briscoe James 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms that ensure the reproducible generation of neuronal diversity in the vertebrate nervous system are incompletely understood. Here we provide evidence of a temporal patterning program consisting of cohorts of transcription factors expressed in neurons generated at successive developmental timepoints. This program acts in parallel to spatial patterning, diversifying neurons throughout the nervous system and in neurons differentiated in-vitro from stem cells. We demonstrate the TGFβ signalling pathway controls the pace of the temporal program. Furthermore, targeted perturbation of components of the temporal program, Nfia and Nfib, reveals their requirement for the generation of late-born neuronal subtypes. Together, our results provide evidence for the existence of a previously unappreciated global temporal program of neuronal subtype identity and suggest that the integration of spatial and temporal patterning programs diversifies and organises neuronal subtypes in the vertebrate nervous system.
Tonic dopamine, uncertainty and basal ganglia action selection
Authors: Gilbertson Tom , Steele Douglas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo make optimal decisions in uncertain circumstances flexible adaption of behaviour is required; exploring alternatives when the best choice is unknown, exploiting what is known when that is best. Using a detailed computational model of the basal ganglia, we propose that switches between exploratory and exploitative decisions can be mediated by the interaction between tonic dopamine and cortical input to the basal ganglia. We show that a biologically detailed action selection circuit model of the basal ganglia, endowed with dopamine dependant striatal plasticity, can optimally solve the explore-exploit problem, estimating the true underlying state of a noisy Gaussian diffusion process. Critical to the model’s performance was a fluctuating level of tonic dopamine which increased under conditions of uncertainty. With an optimal range of tonic dopamine, explore-exploit decision making was mediated by the effects of tonic dopamine on the precision of the model action selection mechanism. Under conditions of uncertain reward pay-out, the model’s reduced selectivity allowed disinhibition of multiple alternative actions to be explored at random. Conversely, when uncertainly about reward pay-out was low, enhanced selectivity of the action selection circuit was enhanced, facilitating exploitation of the high value choice. When integrated with phasic dopamine dependant influences on cortico-striatal plasticity, the model’s performance was at the level of the Kalman filter which provides an optimal solution for the task. Our model provides an integrative account of the relationship between phasic and tonic dopamine and the action selection function of the basal ganglia and supports the idea that this subcortical neural circuit may have evolved to facilitate decision making in non-stationary reward environments, allowing a number of experimental predictions with relevance to abnormal decision making in neuropsychiatric and neurological disease.
High-throughput imaging of mRNA at the single-cell level in human primary immune cells
Authors: Gadkari Manasi , Sun Jing , Carcamo Adrian , Alessi Hugh , Hu Zonghui , Fraser Iain D.C. , Pegoraro Gianluca , Franco Luis M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMeasurement of gene expression at the single-cell level has led to important advances in the study of transcriptional regulation programs in healthy and disease states. In particular, single-cell gene expression approaches have shed light on the high level of transcriptional heterogeneity of individual cells, both at baseline and in response to experimental or environmental perturbations. We have developed a method for High-Content Imaging (HCI)-based quantification of transcript abundance at the single-cell level in primary human immune cells and have validated its performance under multiple experimental conditions to demonstrate its general applicability. This method, which we abbreviate as hcHCR, combines the high sensitivity of the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for the visualization of mRNA molecules in single cells, with the speed, scalability, and technical reproducibility of HCI. We first tested eight microscopy-compatible attachment substrates for short-term culture of primary human B cells, T cells, monocytes, or neutrophils. We then miniaturized HCR in a 384-well format and documented the ability of the method to detect increased or decreased transcript abundance at the single-cell level in thousands of cells for each experimental condition by HCI. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of multiplexing gene expression measurements by simultaneously assaying the abundance of two transcripts per cell, both at baseline and in response to an experimental stimulus. Finally, we tested the robustness of the assay to technical and biological variation. We anticipate that hcHCR will be a suitable and cost-effective assay for low- to medium-throughput chemical, genetic or functional genomic screens in primary human cells, with the possibility of performing personalized screens or screens on cells obtained from patients with a specific disease.
Germline Selection by Meiosis Defends the Transmission of defective Mitochondria with mtDNA variants
Authors: Sha Hongying , Yang Yimin , Shi Sanbao , Ji Dongmei , Pan Jianxin 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYGermline selection of mtDNA is vital in maternal inheritance of mtDNA, as it can eliminate severe mtDNA mutations. However, current evidence concerning germline selection at meiosis level comes from incomplete mtDNA sequencing in human first polar body (PB1), which lacks persuasion. Here, we found various variants, including pathogenic mutation sites, present on whole genome of mtDNA in human PB1 compared with its oocyte. And that PB1 mitochondria with mtDNA variants were defective. Afterwards, to further explore how mitochondria enter PB, the defective mitochondria transfer in mouse germline, including cumulus-oocyte-complexes at germinal vesicle and matured oocytes stage. It confirmed that in the first and second meiosis, active purification selected defective mitochondria into PB1 and PB2. Thus, twice meiosis is the last defense system for purifying selection of mtDNA mutations during oogenesis, which also demonstrated that PB1 and PB2 would be final destination of deleterious mtDNA mutations in germline selection.
Sucrose promotes D53 accumulation and tillering in rice
Authors: Patil Suyash B. , Barbier Francois F. , Zhao Jinfeng , Zafar Syed Adeel , Uzair Muhammad , Sun Yinglu , Fang Jingjing , Perez-Garcia Maria-Dolores , Bertheloot Jessica , Sakr Soulaiman , Fichtner Franziska , Chabikwa Tinashe G. , Yuan Shoujiang , Beveridge Christine A. , Li Xueyong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract- Shoot branching, a major component of shoot architecture, is regulated by multiple signals. Previous studies have indicated that sucrose may promote branching through suppressing the inhibitory effect of the hormone strigolactone (SL). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown.- Here we used molecular and genetic tools to identify the molecular targets underlying the antagonistic interaction between sucrose and SL.- We showed that sucrose antagonises the suppressive action of SL on tillering in rice and on the degradation of D53, a major target of SL signalling. Sucrose inhibits the expression ofD3, the orthologue of the arabidopsis F-box protein MAX2 required for SL signalling. Over-expression ofD3prevents sucrose from inhibiting D53 degradation and enabled the SL inhibition of tillering under high sucrose. Sucrose also prevents SL-induced degradation of D14, the SL receptor involved in D53 degradation. Interestingly,D14over-expression enhances D53 protein levels and sucrose-induced tillering.- Our results show that sucrose inhibits SL perception by targeting key components of SL signalling and, together with previous studies reporting the inhibition of SL synthesis by nitrate and phosphate, demonstrate the central role played by strigolactones in the regulation of plant architecture by nutrients.
What social enterprises can learn from the freemium business model
Authors: Layrisse Francisco , Reficco Ezequiel , Barrios Andrés 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify how the value dynamics of the freemium business model (BM) play out in a social enterprise.Design/methodology/approachWe draw on a multiple case study of two social enterprises –one nonprofit (Aravind Eyecare) in Asia and one for-profit in Latin America (Biodent)– to analyze the implications of applying the value architecture of a freemium BM to social enterprises.FindingsThe freemium BM departs from standard practice when applied in social enterprises. Meaningful differences include the feasibility/desirability of converting free users to paying ones, the presence of significant variable costs –which requires balancing the ratio of free and paying customers– and the use of nontraditional pricing schemes to enhance value capture. The social freemium BM can increase scalability, value creation and value capture. Under this model, “beneficiaries” can be more than passive recipients of value and contribute to a venture's success in various ways –such as lowering its operational costs or enhancing its value proposition toward third parties.Originality/valueWhile in the past years commercial enterprises have been disrupted by the emergence of freemium platforms, the social enterprise field has barely taken notice. We extract lessons and implications from this paradigmatic change for the theory and practice of business model innovation in social enterprises, of particular relevance to Latin America, where social and environmental disequilibria remain a recurring feat.
Weight gain and chronic disease progression among individuals incarcerated in Canadian federal penitentiaries: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Johnson Claire , Bien-Aimé Iva , Dubois Lise 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Very little is known about how weight gain during incarceration influences the health of people living in Canadian federal penitentiaries. To fill this knowledge gap, this study aims to determine how the observed weight gain influenced the development of obesity-related chronic diseases during incarceration.

Design/methodology/approach
This retrospective cohort study examined the association between weight gain and obesity-related chronic diseases for 1,420 participants incarcerated in federal penitentiaries in Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To participate, individuals had to be incarcerated for at least six months at the time of the study (2016–2017). Current anthropometric data were measured or taken from medical records, then compared to anthropometric data at the beginning of incarceration (mean follow-up of 5.0 years) to determine weight change (kg) and body mass index change (kg/m2) during incarceration. Then, information about obesity-related chronic diseases was drawn from the participants’ medical records.

Findings
Chi-square and nonparametric median comparison tests were performed to detect statistically significant changes in anthropometric data, to determine if a relationship was present. This study observed a significant association between weight gain and disease development for many types of obesity-related chronic diseases (e.g. cancer, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and sleep apnea). This confirmed an association between weight gain and chronic disease development in the prison population.

Originality/value
Participants who gained a significant amount of weight, during incarceration, were also more frequently diagnosed with obesity-related chronic diseases. These findings suggest that weight gain may contribute to the deterioration of peoples’ health during incarceration.
From metaphor to militarized response: the social implications of “we are at war with COVID-19” – crisis, disasters, and pandemics yet to come
Authors: Chapman Connor M. , Miller DeMond Shondell 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the framing of the emergency response to the novel coronavirus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]; severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus [SARS-CoV-2]) in 2020 with wartime combat language. Metaphors have been used throughout American politics and society to frame perceived social problems, to both mobilize support and demobilize opposition. By simplifying and dichotomizing social problems, latent negative consequences frequently emerge, which tend to have a disproportionate impact on minority communities.Design/methodology/approachThis paper used a case study and applied text from presidential press conferences and policy speeches from multiple sources on the War on Poverty, the War on Drugs and the War on COVID-19. The work identified common themes, actions and policies that can lead to other stakeholders adapting the “war” rhetoric.FindingsAn apparent cycle emerged – from disdain to metaphorical “war,” to policy, to law, to consequences and back to disdain – that fueled the American political system and, by extension, systematic oppression. The COVID-19 pandemic appears to be another crucible for this cycle to repeat itself. The series of examples illustrate how public leaders use the “war metaphor” as an all-out victory approach to galvanize policy responses to social issues, crises and natural disasters. By local, national and international stakeholders.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations of this study are the limited use of the metaphor and the time of completing this manuscript. The paper only views the presidential use and interpretation of the war metaphor. The COVID-19 pandemic disaster is persisting and the race for a vaccine is underway. While the authors present the immediate policy impacts, it is too early to understand the long-term policy impacts typically measured over decades.Practical implicationsThis paper contributes to the literature by employing three case studies: the War on Poverty, the War on Drugs and the War on COVID-19 pandemic to draw comparisons between wartime rhetoric, social policies and the sociopolitical implications of those policies, as well as how these policies have the potential to disproportionately affect socially vulnerable populations.Originality/valueThis paper builds on research regarding the use of metaphor, this analysis bridges a knowledge gap by employing the COVID-19 case to the historical use of the war metaphor.
Planning for what? An analysis of root cause quality and content in school improvement plans
Authors: Meyers Coby V. , VanGronigen Bryan A. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeLimited research on root cause analysis exists in educational leadership. Accurately diagnosing and detailing root causes—the why—of organizational failure, as is relatively common in other fields, could improve principals' ability to devise situationally- and contextually-responsive solutions in their improvement plans. In this study, the authors analyze school improvement plans to provide insight into how principals use root cause analysis to identify their and their school's failures as a way to respond strategically with goals and action steps.Design/methodology/approachIn this exploratory qualitative study, the authors develop coding schemes and leverage an existing rubric of school improvement plan quality to assess what principals identify as root causes for 216 priorities across 111 school improvement plans.FindingsThe overall quality of root causes submitted by principals was low, typically between “beginning” and “developing” stages. The majority of root causes aligned with priorities and desired outcomes, but fewer than one-third had a systems focus. Moreover, less than half of root causes suggested that school leaders played a part in the organizational failures. The vast majority of plans instead identified teachers as the root cause, foundational fault or “why” of the problem.Originality/valueAn increased understanding of root cause analysis conceptualization and development seems necessary if improvement planning is to be a strategic response to a school's most serious organizational challenges. The predominant approach to school improvement planning has focused almost exclusively on how to succeed or become better with little investment in identifying root causes of organizational decline or failure. This initial study of root cause quality in school improvement planning is a key first step in critically thinking about how improvement is to be achieved when failure is unconceived.
Network science and sustainable performance of family businesses in tourism
Authors: Baggio Rodolfo , Valeri Marco 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThere is a little appreciation for the role network science can play in sustainable tourism, and it is not quite clear to what extent generic models from the tourism network analysis literature are applicable. In the international management literature, then, few significant studies exist that deal with the effects of network structures on the sustainable performance of tourism family businesses. This research analyzes these issues and discusses the state of the art of this area.Design/methodology/approachBased on a scrutiny of the literature conducted on research papers published in the last twenty years, this analysis focuses on the relation between network analysis methods and sustainable performance within the tourism family business domain. The paper uses a limited set of keywords, restricting the selection to tourism and hospitality works on sustainability. A qualitative content analysis is performed.FindingsThe results suggest a critical reflection on how the methods of network science can be profitably and advantageously used for supporting a sustainable performance of family businesses in tourism.Originality/valueThe paper contains a critical consideration on the potential drivers and drawbacks of the relationship between sustainability and networking in tourism and highlights some managerial implications. The analysis closes with some suggestions and indications for future research work.
A methodology for structured literature network meta-analysis
Authors: Murugaiyan Pachayappan , Ramakrishnan Venkatesakumar 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Little attention has been paid to restructuring existing massive amounts of literature data such that evidence-based meaningful inferences and networks be drawn therefrom. This paper aims to structure extant literature data into a network and demonstrate by graph visualization and manipulation tool “Gephi” how to obtain an evidence-based literature review.

Design/methodology/approach
The main objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to structure existing literature data into a network. This network is examined through certain graph theory metrics to uncover evidence-based research insights arising from existing huge amounts of literature data. From the list metrics, this study considers degree centrality, closeness centrality and betweenness centrality to comprehend the information available in the literature pool.

Findings
There is a significant amount of literature on any given research problem. Approaching this massive volume of literature data to find an appropriate research problem is a complicated process. The proposed methodology and metrics enable the extraction of appropriate and relevant information from huge quantities of literature data. The methodology is validated by three different scenarios of review questions, and results are reported.

Research limitations/implications
The proposed methodology comprises of more manual hours to structure literature data.

Practical implications
This paper enables researchers in any domain to systematically extract and visualize meaningful and evidence-based insights from existing literature.

Originality/value
The procedure for converting literature data into a network representation is not documented in the existing literature. The paper lays down the procedure to structure literature data into a network.
Human and organizational responses to extreme threats: a comparative developmental approach
Authors: Mithani Murad A. , Kocoglu Ipek 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe proposed theoretical model offers a systematic approach to synthesize the fragmented research on organizational crisis, disasters and extreme events.Design/methodology/approachThis paper offers a theoretical model of organizational responses to extreme threats.FindingsThe paper explains that organizations choose between hypervigilance (freeze), exit (flight), growth (fight) and dormancy (fright) when faced with extreme threats. The authors explain how the choice between these responses are informed by the interplay between slack and routines.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s theoretical model contributes by explaining the nature of organizational responses to extreme threats and how the two underlying mechanisms, slack and routines, determine heterogeneity between organizations.Practical implicationsThe authors advance four key managerial considerations: the need to distinguish between discrete and chronic threats, the critical role of hypervigilance in the face of extreme threats, the distinction between resources and routines during threat mitigation, and the recognition that organizational exit may sometimes be the most effective means for survival.Originality/valueThe novelty of this paper pertains to the authors’ use of the comparative developmental approach to incorporate insights from the study of individual responses to life-threatening events to explain organizational responses to extreme threats.