bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined body mass index and abdominal obesity, lifestyle and health in a Norwegian adult population: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Oellingrath Inger M. , Svendsen Martin V. , Fell Anne K. M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Aim
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of combined body mass index and waist circumference (BMI-WC) disease risk categories in a Norwegian adult population aged 18–51 years and describe selected health indicators (lifestyle factors, medical conditions, self-perceived health and high sensitive serum C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)) within these categories.

Subjects and methods
A sample of 1318 adults (aged 18–51 years) answered a comprehensive questionnaire covering lifestyle factors, medical conditions, self-perceived health and background variables in the population-based cross-sectional Telemark study, Norway, 2014–2015. BMI, WC and hs-CRP were determined as part of a broader medical examination. Four combined BMI-WC risk categories were constructed, based on recommendations provided by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and associations with health indicators examined using multiple logistic regression analyses.

Results
More than half of the participants represented combined BMI-WC categories with elevated disease risk (27% with increased risk, 11% with high risk and 19% with very high risk). Unfavourable health indicators (low physical activity, cardiovascular disease (CVD) history, physician-diagnosed high blood pressure and diabetes, lowered self-perceived health and elevated hs-CRP) increased in line with BMI-WC disease risk. Associations were observed independent of gender, age, education level and residential area.

Conclusion
The findings highlight the importance of using both BMI categories and WC for personalised assessment of obesity-related risk and need for follow-up. The findings are considered relevant to public health intervention programmes targeting adults with overweight and obesity. Follow-up studies are warranted to study morbidity development in the BMI-WC risk categories.
Differentiating captive and wild African lion (Panthera leo) populations in South Africa, using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis
Authors: Hutchinson Alison , Roberts David L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe international trade in lion (Panthera leo) products, particularly bone, has increased substantially over the last decade. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has established a zero-export quota for wild-origin lion bones. Whilst the trade of lion bone is permittable from captive-bred South African populations, there is no established method to differentiate between captive and wild-sourced lion derivatives in trade. This study acts as a preliminary investigation, by examining the stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope composition of hair from wild and captive lion populations as well as wild prey animals in South Africa, to judge the accuracy and applicability of this method for future bone analysis. Isotopic values for δ15N are found to be significantly enriched in some wild populations, however it is not possible to discriminate between captive and wild populations using δ13C analysis alone. Using the classification algorithm k-Nearest Neighbour, the origin of simulated data was identified with 70% accuracy. When using the model to test the origin of seized samples, 63% were classified as of wild origin. Our study indicates the potential for stable isotope analysis to discriminate between captive and wild populations. Additional study of captive husbandry, and analysis of bone samples from populations of a known origin and feeding regime is recommended to improve the utility of this method for maintaining transparency in trade.
Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers and phenotypes during breast cancer progression
Authors: Jørgensen Charlotte Levin Tykjær , Forsare Carina , Bendahl Pär-Ola , Falck Anna-Karin , Fernö Mårten , Lövgren Kristina , Aaltonen Kristina , Rydén Lisa 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The study aimed to investigate expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins and phenotypes during breast cancer progression and to relate this to patient outcome.

Methods
Protein expression patterns of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, twist, and vimentin were examined by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from primary tumors (PTs) (n = 419), synchronous lymph node metastases (LNMs) (n = 131) and recurrences (n = 34) from patients included in an observational prospective primary breast cancer study. Markers were evaluated individually and combined as defined EMT phenotypes (epithelial, mesenchymal, partial EMT, and negative). EMT profiles were compared between matched tumor progression stages, and related to clinicopathological data and distant recurrence-free interval (DRFi).

Results
N-cadherin-positivity, vimentin-positivity, mesenchymal and partial EMT phenotypes were associated with more aggressive tumor characteristics such as triple-negative subtype. Single EMT markers and phenotype discordance rates between paired tumor samples were observed in the range of 2–35%. Non-epithelial phenotypes were more frequently identified in recurrences compared to PTs, however, no skewness of expression or phenotype was detected between PTs and matched LNMs or between PTs and matched recurrences (Exact McNemar test). Interestingly, patients with a twist positive PT had shorter DRFi, compared to patients with a twist negative PT (hazard ratio (HR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–5.1, P = 0.02). Essentially, the same effect was seen in multivariable analysis (HR 2.5, 95% CI 0.97–6.6, P = 0.06).

Conclusion
The epithelial phenotype was indicated to be lost between PTs and recurrences as a reflection of tumor progression. Twist status of the PT was related to long-term prognosis warranting further investigation in larger cohorts.
Morphological differentiation in African weakly electric fish (genus Campylomormyrus) relates to substrate preferences
Authors: Amen Rahma , Nagel Rebecca , Hedt Maximilian , Kirschbaum Frank , Tiedemann Ralph 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnder an ecological speciation scenario, the radiation of African weakly electric fish (genusCampylomormyrus) is caused by an adaptation to different food sources, associated with diversification of the electric organ discharge (EOD). This study experimentally investigates a phenotype–environment correlation to further support this scenario. Our behavioural experiments showed that three sympatricCampylomormyrusspecies with significantly divergent snout morphology differentially react to variation in substrate structure. While the short snout species (C. tamandua) exhibits preference to sandy substrate, the long snout species (C. rhynchophorus) significantly prefers a stone substrate for feeding. A third species with intermediate snout size (C. compressirostris) does not exhibit any substrate preference. This preference is matched with the observation that long-snouted specimens probe deeper into the stone substrate, presumably enabling them to reach prey more distant to the substrate surface. These findings suggest that the diverse feeding apparatus in the genusCampylomormyrusmay have evolved in adaptation to specific microhabitats, i.e., substrate structures where these fish forage. Whether the parallel divergence in EOD is functionally related to this adaptation or solely serves as a prezygotic isolation mechanism remains to be elucidated.
Exposure to carbamate fungicide iodocarb does not affect reproductive behavior or milt volumes in precocious male brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) parr
Authors: Olsén K. Håkan , Olsén Hanna L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPrevious studies with olfactory-disturbing pesticides resulted after exposure in disturbed behavior and physiology in fish. In the present experiment, reproductive behavior and milt volumes of precocious brown trout (Salmo truttaL.) male parr were studied in a large stream aquarium after exposure to the olfactory-disturbing fungicide 15 μg l−1IPBC (iodocarb; 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate) for 96 h. The statistical analyses did not reveal any significant differences for time attending females between controls and IPBC-exposed males. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in milt volumes. However, when taking all fish into consideration, there were significant differences in milt volumes between parr that had been attending females and those had not been attending females. Controls that had attended females had significantly higher milt volumes than controls or IPBC-exposed males that had not attended females. Taking all control and IPBC parr into consideration, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between time attended females and volume of milt and gonadosomatic index (GSI), respectively. In summary, 15 μg l−1IPBC did not have any significant effects on mature male parr reproductive behavior and milt volumes.
Effect of water on the breakdown and dielectric response of polypropylene/nano-aluminium nitride composites
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Qiang Dayuan , Hosier Ian , Zhu Yanqiu , Chen George , Andritsch Thomas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe influence of water immersion and silane treatment on the AC breakdown and the complex dielectric response of polypropylene/nano-aluminium nitride (PP/nano-AlN) composites has been investigated. The as-received filler was examined to have a nanoscale particle distribution with a hexagonal shape and slight hydrolysation. Grafting the aluminium nitride with an octyl silane reduces the weight increase in samples filled with 10 wt% of aluminium nitride during water immersion by 3, from 0.29 to 0.09%. The results suggest that the AC breakdown strength and complex permittivity of “wet” composite samples are related to the silane treatment of the nanofiller. The AC breakdown strength of octyl silane-treated samples after 9 days of water immersion shows comparable results to the dry samples, while a reduction can be seen on non-treated samples. Although silane-treated samples still show an increased dielectric loss at low frequency after water immersion, a significant reduction in low-frequency dispersion of real and imaginary permittivity can be seen when compared to the non-treated composites. This indicates that significant gains can be obtained for PP/nano-AlN composites by suitable silane treatments.
Molecular dynamics simulations in photosynthesis
Authors: Liguori Nicoletta , Croce Roberta , Marrink Siewert J. , Thallmair Sebastian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPhotosynthesis is regulated by a dynamic interplay between proteins, enzymes, pigments, lipids, and cofactors that takes place on a large spatio-temporal scale. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide a powerful toolkit to investigate dynamical processes in (bio)molecular ensembles from the (sub)picosecond to the (sub)millisecond regime and from the Å to hundreds of nm length scale. Therefore, MD is well suited to address a variety of questions arising in the field of photosynthesis research. In this review, we provide an introduction to the basic concepts of MD simulations, at atomistic and coarse-grained level of resolution. Furthermore, we discuss applications of MD simulations to model photosynthetic systems of different sizes and complexity and their connection to experimental observables. Finally, we provide a brief glance on which methods provide opportunities to capture phenomena beyond the applicability of classical MD.
The Dynamics of Euphemisation in Legal Language: An Analysis of Legal Terms Referring to People with Disabilities Used in Poland and Spain
Authors: Nowak-Michalska Joanna 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSocio-political developments can result in a change of perception of people with disabilities and increase sensitivity towards language, especially legal language, used in relation to them. Some terms perceived as offensive or stigmatising are rejected in favour of more neutral and inclusive ones. Such terms can often be categorised as euphemisms or orthophemisms (Allan and Burridge inForbidden Words, Taboo, and the Censoring of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 2006). With the passage of time, such new words frequently cease to serve their purpose and new ones need to be proposed to refer to a given concept (euphemism treadmill). In order to examine this issue, a number of legal terms denoting persons with disabilities used, currently and historically, in legal regulations in Poland and Spain are discussed. They are analysed in the context of changing the model of perception of people with disabilities (medical model vs. social model). Next, the differentiation between the so-called Identity-First Language (the term denoting disability comes first linearly) and Person-First Language (the term denoting disability comes second linearly, often in the form of a prepositional phrase), advocated by some members of the disability rights movement, is discussed. In this context, important syntactic and morphological differences (word-order, number of the term denoting disability) between English, serving as a model, and Spanish and Polish are focused on.
The Effect of Working Parameters upon Elastohydrodynamic Film Thickness Under Periodic Load Variation
Authors: Zhang Xingnan , Glovnea Romeo , Morales-Espejel Guillermo E. , Félix-Quiñonez Armando 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThere are a number of widely used machine components, such as rolling element bearings, gears and cams, which operate in the lubrication regime known as Elastohydrodynamics (EHD), where lubricant film thickness is governed by hydrodynamic action of convergent geometry, elastic deformation between non-conformal contacting surfaces, and the increase of lubricant viscosity with pressure. Variable loading conditions occur not only in all the machine components mentioned above, but also in natural joints such as hip or knee joints of humans or many vertebrates. Experimental studies of the behaviour of EHD films under variable loading are scarce and to authors’ knowledge systematic studies of the evolution of lubricant film thickness in EHD contacts subjected to forced harmonic variation of load are even less common. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of load amplitude on the EHD film behaviour. This is done in alternating cycles with the load varying about a fixed, preset value at various amplitudes. Experimental results are compared with a simple theoretical analysis based on the speed of change of contact’s dimensions, a semi-analytical solution which includes both speed variation and squeeze effect, and finally with a full numerical solution.
Metabolic characterization of colorectal cancer cells harbouring different KRAS mutations in codon 12, 13, 61 and 146 using human SW48 isogenic cell lines
Authors: Varshavi Dorna , Varshavi Dorsa , McCarthy Nicola , Veselkov Kirill , Keun Hector C. , Everett Jeremy R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionKirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) mutations occur in approximately one-third of colorectal (CRC) tumours and have been associated with poor prognosis and resistance to some therapeutics. In addition to the well-documented pro-tumorigenic role of mutant Ras alleles, there is some evidence suggesting that not allKRASmutations are equal and the position and type of amino acid substitutions regulate biochemical activity and transforming capacity ofKRASmutations.ObjectivesTo investigate the metabolic signatures associated with differentKRASmutations in codons 12, 13, 61 and 146 and to determine what metabolic pathways are affected by differentKRASmutations.MethodsWe applied an NMR-based metabonomics approach to compare the metabolic profiles of the intracellular extracts and the extracellular media from isogenic human SW48 CRC cell lines with differentKRASmutations in codons 12 (G12D, G12A, G12C, G12S, G12R, G12V), 13 (G13D), 61 (Q61H) and 146 (A146T) with their wild-type counterpart. We used false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine metabolites that were statistically significantly different in concentration between the different mutants.ResultsCRC cells carrying distinctKRASmutations exhibited differential metabolic remodelling, including differences in glycolysis, glutamine utilization and in amino acid, nucleotide and hexosamine metabolism.ConclusionsMetabolic differences among differentKRASmutations might play a role in their different responses to anticancer treatments and hence could be exploited as novel metabolic vulnerabilities to develop more effective therapies against oncogenicKRAS.
A novel electrocoagulation electrode configuration for the removal of total organic carbon from primary treated municipal wastewater
Authors: Hawari Alaa H. , Alkhatib Afnan M. , Hafiz MhdAmmar , Das Probir 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) from a primary treated municipal wastewater using a new electrode configuration in electrocoagulation was evaluated. The used electrode configuration induces a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force by using an asymmetrical aluminum electrode with an alternating current power supply. The impact of applied current, electrolysis time, and interelectrode distance on the removal efficiency of TOC were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the maximum removal efficiency of TOC was obtained at 30 min electrolysis time, 600 mA applied current, and 0.5 cm interelectrode distance. Under these operating conditions, the TOC removal was 87.7% compared to 80.5% using symmetrical aluminum electrodes with no DEP effect. The energy consumption at the selected operating conditions was 3.92 kWh/m3. The experimental results were comparable with the simulation results done by COMSOL Multiphysics software.
Short-term transcriptomic responses of Populus euphratica roots and leaves to drought stress
Authors: Jiao Peipei , Wu Zhihua , Wang Xu , Jiang Zhenbo , Wang Yanqin , Liu Hong , Qin Rui , Li Zhijun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPopulus euphratica Oliv., the Euphrates poplar, is the tallest tree species in the arid desert areas of Northwest China. Investigation of its drought-resistance genes is valuable to increase understanding of drought resistance mechanisms. RNA-seq of leaves and roots under drought simulation by 25% polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG 6000) were performed at 0, 4, and 12 h. Leaves and roots responded differently to drought via differentially upregulated and downregulated genes; more genes were downregulated than upregulated in both leaves and roots. Additionally, these differentially expressed genes were enriched in different GO terms and KEGG pathways. For example, GO term ‘response to organic substance’ and KEGG pathway ‘nitrogen metabolism’ were enriched for drought-stressed leaves, while GO term ‘cell wall organization or biogenesis’ and KEGG pathway ‘zeatin biosynthesis’ were enriched for drought-stressed roots. The enrichment of the GO term ‘enzyme linked receptor protein signalling pathway’ in both leaf and root drought responses suggests that these tissues may also have similar mechanisms. However, roots under drought stress for four hs responded by activating programed cell death. The KEGG pathway ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ was detected for 4- and 12-h drought-stressed leaves and 12-h drought-stressed roots, suggesting that plant hormone signal transduction plays an important role in both roots and leaves. GO enrichment of upregulated and downregulated genes for leaves and roots reflect differentially regulatory mechanisms of response to drought stress via different biological processes such as the regulation of photosynthesis and auxin signalling pathway in leaves, and the regulation of defence response and water homeostasis in roots. Fifteen candidate genes, including transcription factors, protein kinase, transporter, late embryogenesis abundant protein and mannitol dehydrogenase, were further selected to determine their response to drought using qRT-PCR. The results show that the expression patterns of 13 of the 15 genes correspond to the RNA-seq results. This study provides new insights into the drought response mechanism of P. euphratica and suggests new candidate gene resources.
Therapy management in bone sarcoma
Authors: Thaler Martin , Khosravi Ismail 
Published: April 2020

SummaryBone sarcomas are rare, representing only 0.2% of all diagnosed cancers. Incidence is higher in children and adolescents, but bone sarcomas are still numerically outnumbered by benign bone tumors in this patient cohort. This article summarizes the management of treatment for bone sarcomas. Systemic therapy, surgical therapy, and radiotherapy are presented. Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma are among the most frequently occurring bone sarcomas in all age groups. In recent decades, multimodal treatment of these rare entities has increased disease-free survival for these patients. As malignant primary bone tumors are rare cancers, and since management is complex, the standard of treatment should be performed by reference centers. If possible, wide en-bloc resection of the bone sarcoma should be performed. The role of radiotherapy in osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma is limited, but Ewing sarcoma is a radiation-responsive tumor. In primary bone sarcomas, the efficacy of chemotherapy varies according to histological type. Prognosis is poor in patients with osteosarcoma or Ewing’s sarcoma if surgery without neoaqdjuvant chemotherapy is performed. Despite advances in surgical, medical, and radiation therapy, few significant positive changes in overall survival have been observed in patients with these diseases in recent decades.
Minimum momentum flux ratio required to prevent air curtain breakthrough in case of cross-curtain pressure gradients: CFD versus analytical equation
Authors: Khayrullina Adelya , van Hooff Twan , Alanis Ruiz Claudio , Blocken Bert , van Heijst GertJan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical study on the required momentum flux ratio to prevent air curtain breakthrough in case of cross-curtain (i.e. cross-jet) pressure gradients. 2D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) CFD simulations with the RNG k-ε turbulence model are employed for jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 5,000 to 30,000. First, the computational model is validated based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Second, the influence of several jet parameters on the separation efficiency is evaluated for a moderate cross-jet pressure difference of 10 Pa. These are the ratio of the jet discharge momentum flux to the jet cross-flow momentum flux (momentum flux ratio), the jet height-to-width ratio and the jet discharge angle. Finally, the minimum deflection modulus to prevent jet breakthrough and the corresponding momentum flux ratio by an analytical equation and by CFD are compared. The results show that, for the configuration under study: (1) jets with the smallest height-to-width ratios (β = 18) provide the highest separation efficiency; (2) inclined jets with discharge angles α0 = 5° and 10° provide slightly higher separation efficiency than straight jets (α0 = 0°) and jets with α0 = 20°; (3) the maximum modified separation efficiency is reached at lower momentum flux ratios for jets with smaller height-to-width ratios and for inclined jets; (4) the analytical and CFD values of the optimal momentum flux ratio differ with up to 31.2%. This study shows how the separation efficiency of air curtains can be improved by adjusting certain jet parameters.