bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Therapy for Lung Disease: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Rolandsson Enes Sara , Weiss Daniel J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)–based therapies provide a platform for new therapeutic strategies in lung diseases. This review provides an overview of the current status of the field, along with some of the challenges ahead including better understanding of MSC actions in different lung diseases, personalized approaches to select patients most likely to benefit, and the growing problem of stem cell tourism.

Recent Findings
A newly evolving concept suggests that MSCs shape their immunomodulatory actions depending on the environment they encounter. Furthermore, in some models, it appears that dying or dead cells may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy by activating the host response.

Summary
Despite many pre-clinical studies demonstrating that MSCs can be used to treat lung disorders, clinical trials have failed to show improved outcome. Understanding the complex interaction between MSCs and the host microenvironment is likely to be an important area for enhancing the efficacy of MSC-based cell therapies.
Fußballspiele, Polizeieinsätze und Steuerzahler: Ökonomische Anmerkungen zur Polizeikosten-Debatte
Authors: Mause Karsten 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob es aus ökonomischer Sicht zu rechtfertigen ist, dass in Deutschland der allgemeine Steuerzahler die Kosten für die an Spieltagen im Profifußball anfallenden Polizeieinsätze finanziert. Diese Frage wird zwar in Politik und Öffentlichkeit sowie im juristischen Schrifttum seit langem und anhaltend diskutiert, aber im Vergleich dazu in der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Literatur relativ selten behandelt. Die angestellte ökonomische Analyse, in der die Hauptargumente der Verteidiger einer Sozialisierung der Polizeikosten hinterfragt werden, kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Veranstalter unter bestimmten Bedingungen an den Polizeikosten zu beteiligen sind; was in Deutschland bislang lediglich bei sog. „Hochrisikospielen“ im Bundesland Bremen der Fall ist. Ein Ergebnis, das bei „Fans“ der Polizeikosten-Sozialisierung (insb. Fußballvereine/-verbände) sicher „Buhrufe“ und „Pfiffe“ ernten wird.
Non-invertible key exchange protocol
Authors: Lizama-Perez Luis Adrian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe investigate a cryptosystem through what we call non-invertible cryptography. As a result of a continuous refinement process, we present a new key exchange method to establish a secret key between two remote parties. Non-invertible KEP is supported by Euler’s theorem as RSA, it uses exponentiation to exchange a secret key as Diffie–Hellman, and it encrypts/decrypts through invertible multiplication as ElGamal. This method is public key; it allows secret key exchange and performs secret communication. Most remarkably, since it does not rely on computational problems as integer factorization or discrete logarithm whose difficulty is conjectured, non-invertible KEP becomes a promising candidate to protect communication in the quantum era. By contrast, the algorithm is supported on indistinguishability of public key and ciphertext so it achieves perfect secrecy. The protocol demonstrates minimum required time for encryption/decryption processes when is compared with the main public key algorithms as Diffie–Hellman, ElGamal or RSA.
In situ sounding of radiative flux profiles through the Arctic lower troposphere
Authors: Becker Ralf , Maturilli Marion , Philipona Rolf , Behrens Klaus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn situ profiles and fixed-altitude time series of all four components of net radiation were obtained at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (78.9° N, 11.9° E), in the period May 04–21, 2015. Measurements were performed using adapted high-quality instrumentation classified as “secondary standard” carried by a tethered balloon system. Balloon-lifted measurements of albedo under clear-sky conditions demonstrate the local dependence on altitude and on the surface inhomogeneity of this parameter over coastal terrain of Ny-Ålesund. Depending on the surface composition within the sensor’s footprint near the coastline, the albedo over predominantly snow-covered surfaces was found to decrease to 0.548 and 0.452 at 494 m and 881 m altitude compared with 0.731 and 0.788 measured with near-surface references, respectively. Albedo profiles show an all-sky maximum at 150 m above surface level due to local surface inhomogeneity, and an averaged vertical change rate of − 0.040/100 up to 750 m aboveground level (clear sky) and − 0.034/100 m (overcast). Profiling of arctic low-level clouds reveals distinct vertical gradients in all radiative fluxes but longwave upward at the cloud top. Observed radiative cooling at the top of a partly dissolving stratus cloud with heating rates of − 40.4 to − 62.1 Kd−1 in subsequent observations is exemplified.
A review article on epidural analgesia for labor pain management: A systematic review
Authors: Ashagrie Henos Enyew , Fentie Demeke Yilkal , Kassahun Habtamu Getinet 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Summary:
labor pain is described as the most severe pain experienced ever by most women where majority of parturients complained their pain as severe or extremely severe. This stressful condition leads to negative impacts on maternal and fetal physiology.
Optimal method of evidence-based management of pain in laboring mothers remains in debate. There is variety of controversial approaches based on different evidences. Therefore, it is important to review recent articles to recommend a relatively safe method that is feasible in our clinical set up to provide appropriate method of labor pain management. The objective of this review was to indicate safer options of labor pain management that help improve maternal care regarding pain management.

Methods:
Google Scholars, PubMed through HINARI, and other search engines were used to search high quality evidences that help to reach appropriate conclusions.

Discussion:
Compared with other techniques, Epidural analgesia is acknowledged as the most effective and the gold standard of labor pain management. Even though epidural analgesia was thought to prolong second stage of labor and increase the rate of instrumental delivery, recent studies have proved that duration of labor and incidence of instrumental delivery is comparable between those who receive epidural and parenteral opioids, there was less neonatal depression, better maternal satisfaction and no increased risk of the rate of cesarean section during labor epidural.

Conclusion:
In the absence of a medical contraindication, maternal request is a sufficient indication for pain relief during labor. The challenge of labor pain management is the choice of the technique. The management should be guided by a thorough evaluation to identify indications and contraindications, and the technique of management should be safe for both the mother and the fetus.

Highlights:
Descriptive and correlational study of peritonitis in the surgical department of the State University hospital of Haïti (HUEH): A cross sectional study
Authors: Paul Axler Jean , Toussaint Sterman , Alouidor Jean 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Generalized secondary peritonitis is one of the most common emergencies encountered in the surgical department. It is a major surgical condition with mortality of up to 20% and classified as the third most common cause of surgical abdomen after appendicitis and intestinal obstruction. In Haiti, few studies on surgical pathology are available.

Materials and methods:
This is a correlational descriptive study carried out in the State University Hospital of Haiti (HUEH) surgery department over 6 years (2013–2018) with a sample of 91 patients.

Results:
The mean patient age was 27.29 years (±13.28). The 3 most common diagnoses were appendicular peritonitis (48.35%), typhoid peritonitis (18.68%), and gastric perforation peritonitis (10.99%). Delays were more substantial for women than men (5.18 vs. 2.89 days, for the pre-operative period; 11.79 vs. 7.68 days, for the post-operative period, and 16.97 vs. 10.47 days, for duration of hospital stay). The mean MPI score is 23.3, and was an association between MPI severity score with age (r = 0.37; p = 0.002), pre-op duration (r = 0.28, p = 0.024) and duration of hospital stay (r = 0.24; p = 0.046). Multiple linear regression revealed that only creatininemia, pre-op duration, and age influence the severity score. Thus, we observed a strong correlation between these 3 variables and the MPI score (r = 0.69), with 48.7% of the score variation being influenced by these 3 variables (p = 0.014).

Conclusion:
Peritonitis is a disease mainly of young adult males, and the predominant etiology is appendicular peritonitis. Management is urgent, but delays in care are important and are correlated to the severity of the disease, potentially affecting outcomes for patients who need treatment the most.

Highlights:
The challenges of bonding composite materials and some innovative solutions
Authors: Powell Jane , Green Steve 
Published: May 2020

In this article we ﬁrst look at the beneﬁts of composite materials and why they have become so popular, as well as the challenges of joining composite materials together and the advantages that adhesives and tapes have over traditional metal fasteners. We also explore advice on choosing the right adhesive to use and what parameters to consider as well as comparing some of the new adhesives that are being used to bond composite materials, whilst evaluating the advantages some chemistries have over others. We also detail two recent Case Studies where Techsil has worked with manufacturers using carbon fiber composite parts in their product assemblies to overcome challenges in bonding their parts together. The first using a clear epoxy to provide an extremely strong butt joint between two carbon fiber parts. The second using a black epoxy to pot anchor points in a carbon fiber part to allow the component to be easily drilled and tapped so that metal fasteners could be used at the joints.
The size of the primes obstructing the existence of rational points
Authors: Sofos E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe sequence of prime numbers p for which a variety over ℚ has no p-adic point plays a fundamental role in arithmetic geometry. This sequence is deterministic, however, we prove that if we choose a typical variety from a family then the sequence has random behaviour. We furthermore prove that this behaviour is modelled by a random walk in Brownian motion. This has several consequences, one of them being the description of the finer properties of the distribution of the primes in this sequence via the Feynman–Kac formula.
Effects of dietary zinc level on growth performance, lipolysis and expression of genes involved in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β/AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in juvenile Pacific white shrimp
Authors: Shi Bo , Jin Min , Jiao Lefei , Betancor Mónica B. , Tocher Douglas R. , Zhou Qicun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effects of dietary Zn level on growth performance, serum and hepatopancreas metabolites, expression of genes involved in lipid and energy metabolism, and the signalling pathway of dietary Zn-induced lipolysis. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain different Zn levels: 46·4 (basal diet), 77·2, 87·0, 117·1 and 136·8 mg/kg, respectively. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diet containing Zn at 117·1 mg/kg had higher weight gain and specific growth rate, and the lowest feed intake and feed conversion rate, than shrimp fed the other diets. The deposition rate of Zn in whole body significantly decreased with increasing dietary Zn level. Dietary Zn prevented the accumulation of free radicals and improved antioxidant activities by increasing Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and reducing malondialdehyde in hepatopancreas. Dietary Zn supplementation enhanced lipase activity and adiponectin, which could promote TAG breakdown and fatty acid oxidation and lead to reduced lipid in hepatopancreas. The mRNA expressions ofob-rb,adipor,camkkβ,ampk,cd36,mcdandcpt1involved in Zn-induced lipid catabolism were up-regulated, and the expressions ofsrebp,acc,fasandscd1were down-regulated. The mRNA levels of SLC39 family genes (zip3,zip9,zip11andzip14) in hepatopancreas were up-regulated with increasing dietary Zn level. The results demonstrated that dietary Zn level could significantly affect growth performance, tissue deposition of Zn, lipid metabolites and expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis inLitopenaeus vannamei.
Targeted outdoor residual spraying, autodissemination devices and their combination againstAedesmosquitoes: field implementation in a Malaysian urban setting
Authors: Hamid Nurulhusna Ab , Alexander Neal , Suer Remco , Ahmed Nazni Wasi , Mudin Rose Nani , Omar Topek , Dapari Rahmat , Che Mat Din Shahrom Nor Azian , Rahman Roslinda Abdul , Jaraee Ropiah , Baur Frederic , Schmitt Frederic , Hamon Nick , Richardson Jason H. , Langlois-Jacques Carole , Rabilloud Muriel , Saadatian-Elahi Mitra 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCurrently, dengue control relies largely on reactive vector control programmes. Proactive vector-control using a rational, well-balanced integrated vector management approach may prove more successful for dengue control. As part of the development of a cluster randomized controlled epidemiological trial, a study was conducted in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The study included one control site (three buildings) and three intervention sites which were treated as follows: targeted outdoor residual spraying only (TORS site, two buildings); deployment of autodissemination devices only (ADD site, four buildings); and the previous two treatments combined (TORS + ADD site, three buildings). The primary entomological measurement was per cent of positive ovitraps—ovitrap index (OI). The effect of each intervention on OI was analyzed by a modified ordinary least squares regression model. Relative to the control site, the TORS and ADD sites showed a reduction in theAedesOI (−6.5%,P= 0.04 and −8.3%,P= 0.10, respectively). Analysis by species showed that, relative to control, theAe. aegyptiOI was lower in ADD (−8.9%,P= 0.03) and in TORS (−10.4%,P= 0.02). No such effect was evident in the TORS + ADD site. The present study provides insights into the methods to be used for the main trial. The combination of multiple insecticides with different modes of action in one package is innovative, although we could not demonstrate the additive effect of TORS + ADD. Further work is required to strengthen our understanding of how these interventions impact dengue vector populations and dengue transmission.
INTERPRETING PARLIAMENTARY INACTION
Authors: Bailey Diggory 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article considers the interpretive significance of legislative inaction. Section I considers the nature of arguments based on legislative inaction. Section II explores the practical, conceptual and constitutional problems with trying to rely on legislative inaction as an interpretive aid. Section III concludes that attempts to draw inferences from legislative inaction alone are deeply flawed, but that inferences might legitimately be drawn from inaction if it forms part of the context against which the legislation is enacted. Even then, however, there are practical difficulties in determining what inferences to draw.
ISOTOPY AND HOMEOMORPHISM OF CLOSED SURFACE BRAIDS
Authors: GRANT MARK , SIENICKA AGATA 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe closure of a braid in a closed orientable surface Ʃ is a link in Ʃ ×S1. We classify such closed surface braids up to isotopy and homeomorphism (with a small indeterminacy for isotopy of closed sphere braids), algebraically in terms of the surface braid group. We find that in positive genus, braids close to isotopic links if and only if they are conjugate, and close to homeomorphic links if and only if they are in the same orbit of the outer action of the mapping class group on the surface braid group modulo its centre.
Review of recent empirical research (2011–2018) on language assessment in China
Authors: Min Shangchao , He Lianzhen , Zhang Jie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article reviews a selected sample of 70 empirical studies in journal articles and doctoral dissertations on language assessment in China between 2011 and 2018. Following a brief introduction to the history and current state of language assessment in China, the article presents a critical review of language assessment research on six themes that have aroused the greatest interest from researchers in the country, including (1) test reliability and validity; (2) factors affecting test performance; (3) rating and rating scales; (4) technology and language testing; (5) test washback; and (6) classroom-based assessment. In addition to situating the commentary on the studies within the social, cultural and historical contexts of China, this article outlines the scholarly contributions of these studies to the wider international field of language learning, teaching and assessment. It concludes with recommendations on areas in need of further development over the coming decades.
Two cases of imported respiratory diphtheria in Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2019
Authors: Li Lucy , Ross Daniella , Hill Katherine , Clifford Sarah , Wellington Louise , Sumpter Colin , Gadsby Naomi J. , Crane Jennifer , Macsween Karen F. , Hopkins Katie L. , Fry Norman K. , Koch Oliver , Stevenson Janet 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We report two cases of respiratory toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection in fully vaccinated UK born adults following travel to Tunisia in October 2019. Both patients were successfully treated with antibiotics and neither received diphtheria antitoxin. Contact tracing was performed following a risk assessment but no additional cases were identified. This report highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for re-emerging infections in patients with a history of travel to high-risk areas outside Europe.
Experience on statin therapy in paediatric age: retrospective study in a Portuguese referral centre
Authors: Gomes Hugo A. , Garcia Paula , Diogo Luísa , Pires António , Martins Paula 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground:The use of statins in children, although not frequent, is recommended in specific clinical contexts, namely, familial hypercholesterolaemia, conditions carrying a moderate-high cardiovascular risk and sub-optimal cholesterol levels after implementation of lifestyle modifications. The aim of this study is to characterise children with dyslipidaemia managed with statins, followed at a tertiary referral centre in central Portugal.Methods and results:The authors carried out a retrospective and descriptive study made up of 66 patients (50% males, mean age of therapy onset 11.9 years) followed up at the Cardiovascular Clinic of a tertiary referral centre between January, 2012, and May, 2018. Clinical, analytical, and echocardiographic parameters were analysed. About 60.6% had clinical and/or molecular diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia. On average, each patient had three cardiovascular risk factors, obesity (31%) being most prevalent, followed by arterial hypertension (14%). Statin therapy showed a statistically significant reduction in the lipid profile, particularly in the total cholesterol (23%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (30%) levels, as well as in the carotid intima-media thickness (p = 0.015). Hepatic and muscle integrity markers were within normal range.Conclusions:Statins are safe and efficient in the management of children with hypercholesterolaemia. Our study showed that apart from its lipid-lowering properties, it also reduced significantly the carotid intima-media thickness and, implicitly, the cardiovascular risk of these patients.
Dietary pattern changes in Fukushima residents after the Great East Japan Earthquake: the Fukushima Health Management Survey 2011–2013
Authors: Ma Enbo , Ohira Tetsuya , Nakano Hironori , Maeda Masaharu , Yabe Hirooki , Sakai Akira , Yasumura Seiji , Kamiya Kenji 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective:
Dietary patterns more closely resemble actual eating behaviours because multiple food groups, not a single food group or nutrient, are considered. The present study aimed to identify and assess changes of dietary patterns in Fukushima residents.

Design:
Dietary data were collected using a short-form FFQ in annual Fukushima Health Management Survey between 2011 and 2013 after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Year- and sex-specific dietary patterns were determined by the principal component analysis.

Setting:
Evacuation and nonevacuation zones in Fukushima, Japan.

Participants:
Eligible participants aged ≥16 years answered the FFQ (n 67 358 in 2011, n 48 377 in 2012 and n 40 742 in 2013).

Results:
Three identified dietary patterns were assessed similarly in men and women and among years: typical, juice and meat. In total participants, the Spearman’s correlation coefficients between two survey years were 0·70–0·74 for the typical, 0·58–0·66 for the juice and 0·50–0·54 for the meat pattern scores. Adjusted for sociodemographic factors, evacuees had lower typical pattern scores, higher juice pattern scores and the same meat pattern scores compared with non-evacuees. The means of typical pattern scores in evacuees and it of juice pattern scores in non-evacuees continued declining over years. Similar profiles of dietary patterns and trends of pattern scores were observed in participants (n 22 805) who had provided three dietary assessments.

Conclusions:
Changes of dietary patterns have been observed between 2011 and 2013. Careful investigation of those with low intake of typical pattern foods and promotion of them, particularly in evacuees, are needed.
Developing a Monte Carlo model for MEVION S250i with HYPERSCAN and Adaptive Aperture™ pencil beam scanning proton therapy system
Authors: Chiang Bing-Hao , Bunker Austin , Jin Hosang , Ahmad Salahuddin , Chen Yong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAim:As the number of proton therapy facilities has steadily increased, the need for the tool to provide precise dose simulation for complicated clinical and research scenarios also increase. In this study, the treatment head of Mevion HYPERSCAN pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy system including energy modulation system (EMS) and Adaptive Aperture™ (AA) was modelled using TOPAS (TOolkit for PArticle Simulation) Monte Carlo (MC) code and was validated during commissioning process.Materials and methods:The proton beam characteristics including integral depth doses (IDDs) of pristine Bragg peak and in-air beam spot sizes were simulated and compared with measured beam data. The lateral profiles, with and without AA, were also verified against calculation from treatment planning system (TPS).Results:All beam characteristics for IDDs and in-air spot size agreed well within 1 mm and 10% separately. The full width at half maximum and penumbra of lateral dose profile also agree well within 2 mm.Finding:The TOPAS MC simulation of the MEVION HYPERSCAN PBS proton therapy system has been modelled and validated; it could be a viable tool for research and verification of the proton treatment in the future.