bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A high-resolution view of the jets in 3C 465
Authors: Bempong-Manful E , Hardcastle M J , Birkinshaw M , Laing R A , Leahy J P , Worrall D M 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present new high-resolution and high-sensitivity studies of the jets in the WAT source 3C 465, using deep transverse-resolved radio observations from e-MERLIN, and with complementary observations from the Very Large Array (VLA). We derive a lower limit βj = (νj/c) ≳ 0.5 for the jet speed, and an upper limit $\theta _{\rm j}\, \lesssim$ 61° for the jet angle to the line of sight. The jet spectral index (α, defined in the sense S ∝ να) is fairly constant (&lt;αjet &gt; = − 0.7), and spectral flattening within 4.4 kpc of the core coincides with bright knots and is consistent with the site of X-ray particle acceleration at the base of the radio jet found in previous studies. There is little difference between the spectra of the two hotspot components, plausibly indicating that electron populations of the same properties are injected there. The north-west (NW) and south-east (SE) plumes are approximately homologous structures, with variations in mass injection and propagation in external pressure and density gradients in the two regions plausibly accounting for the slightly steeper spectrum in the NW plume, &lt;αNWp&gt; = −1.43 compared with the SE plume, &lt;αSEp&gt; = −1.38. Our synchrotron lifetime model supports plausible reacceleration of particles within the plume materials. Overall, our results show that the first-order Fermi process at mildly relativistic and non-relativistic shocks is the most likely acceleration mechanism at play in 3C 465 and distinguish differences between the acceleration at $\beta _{\rm j}\, \gt $ 0.5 and $\beta _{\rm j}\, \lt $ 0.5. The former case can accelerate electrons to higher Lorentz factors.
Differentiable strong lensing: uniting gravity and neural nets through differentiable probabilistic programming
Authors: Chianese Marco , Coogan Adam , Hofma Paul , Otten Sydney , Weniger Christoph 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTSince upcoming telescopes will observe thousands of strong lensing systems, creating fully automated analysis pipelines for these images becomes increasingly important. In this work, we make a step towards that direction by developing the first end-to-end differentiable strong lensing pipeline. Our approach leverages and combines three important computer science developments: (i) convolutional neural networks (CNNs), (ii) efficient gradient-based sampling techniques, and (iii) deep probabilistic programming languages. The latter automatize parameter inference and enable the combination of generative deep neural networks and physics components in a single model. In the current work, we demonstrate that it is possible to combine a CNN trained on galaxy images as a source model with a fully differentiable and exact implementation of gravitational lensing physics in a single probabilistic model. This does away with hyperparameter tuning for the source model, enables the simultaneous optimization of nearly 100 source and lens parameters with gradient-based methods, and allows the use of efficient gradient-based posterior sampling techniques. These features make this automated inference pipeline potentially suitable for processing a large amount of data. By analysing mock lensing systems with different signal-to-noise ratios, we show that lensing parameters are reconstructed with per cent-level accuracy. More generally, we consider this work as one of the first steps in establishing differentiable probabilistic programming techniques in the particle astrophysics community, which have the potential to significantly accelerate and improve many complex data analysis tasks.
Shock within a shock: revisiting the radio flares of NS merger ejecta and gamma-ray burst-supernovae
Authors: Margalit Ben , Piran Tsvi 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Fast ejecta expelled in binary neutron star (NS) mergers or energetic supernovae (SNe) should produce late-time synchrotron radio emission as the ejecta shocks into the surrounding ambient medium. Models for such radio flares typically assume the ejecta expands into an unperturbed interstellar medium (ISM). However, it is also well known that binary NS mergers and broad-lined Ic SNe Ic can harbour relativistic jetted outflows. In this work, we show that such jets shock the ambient ISM ahead of the ejecta, thus evacuating the medium into which the ejecta subsequently collides. Using an idealized spherically symmetric model, we illustrate that this inhibits the ejecta radio flare at early times $t \lt t_{\rm col} \approx 12 \, {\rm yr} \, (E_{\rm j}/10^{49} \, {\rm erg})^{1/3} (n/1 \, {\rm cm}^{-3})^{-1/3} (\upsilon _{\rm ej}/0.1c)^{-5/3}$, where Ej is the jet energy, n the ISM density, and $\upsilon$ej the ejecta velocity. We also show that this can produce a sharply peaked enhancement in the light curve at t = tcol. This has implications for radio observations of GW170817 and future binary NS mergers, gamma-ray burst (GRB) SNe, decade-long radio transients such as FIRST J1419, and possibly other events where a relativistic outflow precedes a slower moving ejecta. Future numerical work will extend these analytic estimates and treat the multidimensional nature of the problem.
Which Method of Assessing Depression and Anxiety Best Predicts Smoking Cessation: Screening Instruments or Self-Reported Conditions?
Authors: Watson Noreen L , Heffner Jaimee L , Mull Kristin E , McClure Jennifer B , Bricker Jonathan B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Affective disorders and symptoms (ADS) are predictive of lower odds of quitting smoking. However, it is unknown which approach to assessing ADS best predicts cessation. This study compared a battery of ADS screening instruments with a single, self-report question on predicting cessation. Among those who self-reported ADS, we also examined if an additional question regarding whether participants believed the condition(s) might interfere with their ability to quit added predictive utility to the single-item question.

Methods
Participants (N = 2637) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of web-based smoking treatments completed a battery of five ADS screening instruments and answered a single-item question about having ADS. Those with a positive self-report on the single-item question were also asked about their interference beliefs. The primary outcome was complete-case, self-reported 30-day point prevalence abstinence at 12 months.

Results
Both assessment approaches significantly predicted cessation. Screening positive for ≥ one ADS in the battery was associated with 23% lower odds of quitting than not screening positive for any (p = .023); those with a positive self-report on the single-item had 39% lower odds of quitting than self-reporting no mental health conditions (p &lt; .001). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for the two assessment approaches were similar (p = .136). Adding the interference belief question to the single-item assessment significantly increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value (p = .042).

Conclusions
The single-item question assessing ADS had as much predictive validity, and possibly more, than the battery of screening instruments for identifying participants at risk for failing to quit smoking. Adding a question about interference beliefs significantly increased the predictive utility of the single-item question.

Implications
This is the first study to demonstrate that a single-item question assessing ADS has at least as much predictive validity, and possibly more, than a battery of validated screening instruments for identifying smokers at highest risk for cessation failure. This study also demonstrates adding a question about interference beliefs significantly adds to the predictive utility of a single, self-report question about mental health conditions. Findings from this study can be used to inform decisions regarding how to assess ADS in the context of tobacco treatment settings.
Universal access to quality childcare is good policy and a positive determinant of health. Let’s invest.
Authors: Armstrong Shafeeq 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Research shows that affordable nonprofit childcare results in a variety of beneficial developmental outcomes for children, as well as benefitting families and society at-large. As leaders and influencers, paediatricians are well positioned to advocate for access to affordable, nonprofit childcare. This commentary aims to provide a framework and evidence base for Canadian paediatricians interested in learning more about this issue and how they can support increased access to nonprofit childcare.
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation of the Brachial Plexus for Chronic Refractory CRPS Pain of the Upper Limb: Description of a New Technique and Case Series
Authors: Frederico Thiago Nouer , da Silva Freitas Tiago 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
Upper limb complex regional pain syndrome is an important cause of chronic pain, and its treatment is challenging. In this pilot case series, we preliminarily evaluated the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of a new technique for brachial plexus neuromodulation in the treatment of this disease in patients refractory to conservative treatment.

Methods
Between 2017 and 2018, 14 patients considered to be refractory to optimized conservative treatment were recruited to this study. In the first stage, patients were trialed for seven days with a new technique of implant of the brachial plexus. Patients with ≥50% pain relief in visual analog scale (VAS) score received a definitive implantation in the second stage. Follow-ups were conducted at pre-implant and 12 months using the Neuropathic Pain Scale, SF-32, and the visual analogic scale for pain.

Results
After the initial trial, 10 patients had a pain reduction of ≥50% and received a permanent implant. At 12-month follow-up, VAS, Neuropathic Pain Scale, SF-12 physical and mental scores improved by 57.4% +/- 10% (P = 0.005), 60.2% +/- 12.9% (P = 0.006), and 21.9% +/- 5.9% (P = 0.015), respectively.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that this new technique of brachial plexus stimulation may have long-term utility in the treatment of painful upper limb complex regional pain syndrome. New more detailed comprehensive studies should be carried out to confirm our findings in a larger population and to further refine the clinical implementation of this technique.
Feasibility and Acceptability of an Abbreviated, Four-Week Mindfulness Program for Chronic Pain Management
Authors: Brintz Carrie E , Roth Isabel , Faurot Keturah , Rao Sanjana , Gaylord Susan A 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program is effective at improving chronic pain outcomes, but the time demand hinders participation. This preliminary study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential effects of providing an abbreviated mindfulness program for patients with chronic pain.DesignA single-arm, mixed-methods, pre–post intervention study.SettingAn outpatient rehabilitation clinic at an academic medical center.SubjectsParticipants were N = 23 adults with chronic pain who were new to mindfulness practice.MethodsMindfulness-based Stress Reduction was adapted to shorten the program to four weekly 90-minute sessions and to focus content on pain management. Three cohorts of six to nine participants completed baseline and post-treatment measures of 1) patient-reported outcomes, including pain intensity, pain interference, physical functioning, depressive/anxiety symptoms, positive affect and well-being, and sleep disturbance; 2) pain medication dosages; 3) psychosocial variables including pain acceptance, pain catastrophizing, and perceived stress; 4) dispositional mindfulness, as well as postintervention structured interviews about their experiences.ResultsAcceptable rates of retention and attendance and high ratings of satisfaction indicated that the intervention was feasible and acceptable. In interviews, participants found the program acceptable and beneficial and provided suggestions to improve it. From pre- to post-treatment, significant improvements were reported in all measures except physical functioning and anxiety.ConclusionsIn adults with chronic pain, a four-week mindfulness program is feasible and acceptable, addresses the barrier of a lengthy program, and may improve quality of life and psychological functioning. An appropriately powered randomized controlled trial with a comparison group is needed to assess the intervention’s effectiveness.
0002 Decreased Concentration of Klotho and Increased Concentration of FGF-23 in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Narcolepsy
Authors: Oliveira G P , Elias R M , Fernandes G B , Moyses R , Tufik S , Bichuetti D B , Coelho F M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by hypersomnolence, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hallucinations and sleep fragmentation. Patients with type 1 narcolepsy have cataplexy and/or hypocretin-1 deficiency. Klotho is a protein expressed by kidneys and choroid plexus, with anti-aging properties. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a hormone secreted by osteocytes with actions on mineral metabolism. The purpose of study was to explore the status of concentration of klotho and FGF23 in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of patients with narcolepsy.

Methods
59 patients with narcolepsy and 17 individuals were enrolled. We used a radioimmunoassay technique, human klotho enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), human intact FGF23 ELISA and spectrophotometry to measure hypocretin-1, klotho, FGF-23 and phosphorus, respectively. T-Student Test was used to compare klotho and phosphate concentrations and Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare FGF-23 levels between groups. ANOVA Test was used to compare klotho and phosphate CSF concentrations among narcolepsy patients with CSF hypocretin-1 &lt;110pg/ml (HCRT-) and narcolepsy patients with CSF hypocretin-1 &gt;110pg/ml (HCRT+) versus control subjects.

Results
Klotho and phosphorus CSF levels were lower in narcoleptic patients than in control (908.18 ± 405.51 versus 1265.78 ± 523.26 pg/ml; p=0.004 and 1.34 ± 0.25 versus 1.58 ± 0.23 mg/dl; p= 0.001, respectively). We found higher median FGF-23 levels in narcoleptic patients (5.51 versus 4.00 RU/ml; p= 0.001). Klotho and phosphorus CSF levels were lower in both HCRT-/HCRT+ than controls (892.63 ± 388.34/ 925.95 ± 430.76 versus 1265.78 ± 523.26 pg/ml; p=0.014 and 1.35 ± 0.28/ 1.33 ± 0.22 versus 1.58 ± 0.23 mg/dl; p= 0.004). Moreover, we found higher median FGF-23 levels in both HCRT-/HCRT+ groups versus controls (5.51/ 6.02 versus 4.00 RU/ml in controls), p= 0.009.

Conclusion
Patients with narcolepsy have decreased CSF concentration of klotho and increased CSF levels of FGF-23. These findings may play a role in understanding the pathogenesis of narcolepsy.

Support
0003 LGI1 and CASPR2 Autoimmunity: Sleep Symptoms, Polysomnography, and Quantitative REM Sleep without Atonia
Authors: Devine M F , Feemster J C , Lieske E A , McCarter S J , Sandness D J , Steele T , Boeve B F , Silber M H , McKeon A , St. Louis E K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep disturbances, including rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder (RBD), are known manifestations of voltage-gated-potassium-channel-complex VGKC-IgG seropositivity (VGKC+). Discovery of leucine-rich, glioma inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) and contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2) have refined our understanding of VGKC+. VGKC+ without LGI1/CASPR2-IgG (“double-negative”) has lost its clinical significance. Previous detailed sleep analysis of these subtypes has been limited.

Methods
We performed a retrospective study to characterize clinical and polysomnographic features of LGI1/CASPR2 seropositive (LGI1+/CASPR2+) and VGKC double-negative patients, including quantitative REM sleep without atonia (RSWA). Quantified RSWA was compared to matched controls and normative RSWA percentiles.

Results
Eleven LGI1+/CASPR2+ (LGI1+, 9) and twelve VGKC double-negative patients were analyzed. Insomnia was seen in 55% of LGI1+/CASPR2+ and 8% of VGKC double-negative patients (p=0.05). The LGI1+/CASPR2+ group had reduced slow wave sleep compared to the VGKC double-negative group. Five LGI1+ patients had clinical dream enactment behavior (DEB). Eight LGI1+ patients met quantitative diagnostic levels of RSWA. Higher RSWA levels were seen in the LGI1+/CASPR2+ group. Ten LGI1+/CASPR2+ patients received immunotherapy; all ten neurologically benefited with sleep benefits in 6/10.

Conclusion
Sleep disorders such as insomnia and RBD are part of the LGI1/CASPR2 autoimmune phenotype. Objective sleep manifestations can be seen on polysomnogram in the form of reduced N3 and elevated RSWA as compared to controls. Quantitative RSWA analysis identified RBD in more LGI1+ patients than clinical report or qualitative RSWA. In this study, RBD was only seen with LGI1+, not CASPR2+. The intermediate RSWA levels of the VGKC double-negative patients may suggest a spectrum of abnormal motor activity in these related antibodies. Additional studies are needed to further explore the biomarker potential of quantitative RSWA in autoimmune neurological conditions.

Support
This project was supported by the National Center forResearch Resources, National Institutes of Health, through Grant Number 1 UL1 RR024150- 01.
0004 TS-142: A Novel and Potent Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Sleep-Promoting Effects in Rats
Authors: Kambe D , Hikichi H , Tokumaru Y , Ohmichi M , Konno Y , Hino N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The orexin system plays a pivotal role in regulating sleep and wakefulness, thus, orexin receptors (OX1 and OX2 receptors) have gained much attention as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of insomnia. We synthesized a novel and potent dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), ORN0829 (investigation code name as TS-142), which was designed to have short-acting effects. Here we report pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles of ORN0829 in rats.

Methods
The antagonistic activities of ORN0829 were assessed using calcium mobilization assays. Ala-orexin A-induced [Ca2+]i response was measured with CHO-K1 cells stably expressing human/rat orexin receptor. Rats implanted the EEG/EMG electrodes were orally administrated ORN0829 at doses of 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg at the dark onset and sleep-wake stages were inspected visually. In addition, pharmacokinetic profiles of ORN0829 were investigated in rats.

Results
ORN0829 inhibited Ala-orexin A-increased [Ca2+]i response with a Kb of 0.67/0.44 nmol/L (for human/rat OX1 receptor), and with a Kb of 0.84/0.80 nmol/L (for human/rat OX2 receptor), respectively, indicating that ORN0829 is a potent DORA with no species differences. ORN0829 dose-dependently increased total sleep time and reduced sleep onset latency at doses of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg. Importantly, the ORN0829 levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid rapidly reached a maximum concentration, and decreased with an elimination half-life of less than 1 h.

Conclusion
The present study indicates that ORN0829 is a novel and potent DORA with sleep-promoting effects, and that it exhibits ideal pharmacokinetic profiles (rapid absorption and short half-life) in rats. A phase 2a study of TS-142 using patients with insomnia has been completed, which is presented in a separate poster.

Support
Taisho Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.
0019 Investigating Novel-Sleep Related Genes in Drosophila Melanogaster: A Follow Up on KOMP2 Identified Genes in Mus Musculus
Authors: Guerriero R , Shaw P , O’Hara B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep is well-conserved across phylogeny, yet the function of sleep and its underlying mechanisms are currently poorly understood. Novel-sleep related genes were previously identified by our lab in part of the Knockout Mouse Phenotyping Program (KOMP2). This international effort generated single-gene knockouts on a Mus musculus C57BL6/NJ background and proceeded to gather data on over 200 phenotypes, including five days of baseline sleep and wake parameters. Sleep data was gathered using the non-invasive, high-throughput PiezoSleep System (Signal Solutions, LLC) which uses a piezoelectric film to gather movement data which then can be assigned to be wake or sleep. These data identified 122 novel genes that influence sleep phenotypes such as sleep duration and bout length.

Methods
Homologous proteins were identified and a subset of these genes are under investigation in Drosophila melanogaster, including myosin heavy chain (Mhc) and spinophillin (Spn). Using both genetic mutants and RNAi knockdowns, the effect of gene reduction on activity profiles and sleep are being analyzed. Sleep and activity data is recorded using DAM2 monitors (TriKinetics Inc.) while being maintained on a 12:12 light:dark cycle.

Results
Preliminary data analysis show that aberrations in Mhc and Spn impact sleep percentage. Both Mhc and Spn are known to be involved in structure and development of synapses. Spn is involved in the neurexin scaffolding of presynaptic neurons and also help with maintaining these synapses once formed. Synaptic reorganization and regulation is known to take place during sleep, showing a potential connection of these proteins and sleep.

Conclusion
These genes that show effects on sleep in both D. melanogaster and M. musculus show a conservation of the underlying sleep machinery.

Support
0023 Neuropeptidergic Regulation of Drosophila Larval Sleep
Authors: Poe A R , Szuperak M , Kayser M S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep during early life is thought to be important for brain development. Indeed, disruptions in sleep during development have long-lasting effects on cognitive functioning. Recently, our lab has developed the LarvaLodge platform for monitoring sleep in developing Drosophila larvae. Using this system we can investigate the neural circuits and signals controlling sleep during early neurodevelopmental periods. Neuropeptides play critical roles in regulating many behaviors in both larvae and adult flies.While several neuropeptides modulate sleep in adult flies, it is not known what role neuropeptides play in controlling larval sleep.

Methods
To identify peptidergic neurons that regulate 2nd instar larval sleep, we activated neurons labeled by 34 independent Gal4 driver lines corresponding to 25 different neuropeptide genes using the heat-sensitive cation channel, TrpA1.

Results
Of the 34 Gal4 driver lines, we determined that 2 lines are wake-promoting and 7 lines are sleep-promoting. A subset of these exert effects on sleep without associated changes in wake activity levels. We also observed sleep fragmentation (increase in sleep bout number and decrease in sleep bout length) in 3 lines. Subsequent analysis indicated that manipulation of activity in Diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44)-labeled neurons bidirectionally modulates sleep-wake. Additionally, pan-neuronal knockdown of Dh44 altered sleep duration.

Conclusion
This work indicates that neuropeptidergic signaling modulates sleep during early development and provides a platform to examine how neuropeptidergic regulation of sleep/wake changes throughout the lifespan.

Support
NIH T32