bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encoding fear intensity in human sweat
Authors: de Groot Jasper H. B. , Kirk Peter A. , Gottfried Jay A. 
Published: April 2020

Humans, like other animals, have an excellent sense of smell that can serve social communication. Although ample research has shown that body odours can convey transient emotions like fear, these studies have exclusively treated emotions ascategorical, neglecting the question whether emotionquantitycan be expressed chemically. Using a unique combination of methods and techniques, we explored a dose–response function: Canexperiencedfear intensity beencodedin fear sweat? Specifically, fear experience was quantified using multivariate pattern classification (combining physiological data and subjective feelings with partial least-squares-discriminant analysis), whereas a photo-ionization detector quantified volatile molecules in sweat. Thirty-six male participants donated sweat while watching scary film clips and control (calming) film clips. Both traditional univariate and novel multivariate analysis (100% classification accuracy;Q2: 0.76;R2: 0.79) underlined effective fear induction. Using their regression-weighted scores, participants were assigned significantly above chance (83% > 33%) to fear intensity categories (low–medium–high). Notably, the high fear group (n= 12) produced higher doses of armpit sweat, and greater doses of fear sweat emitted more volatile molecules (n= 3). This study brings new evidence to show that fear intensity is encoded in sweat (dose–response function), opening a field that examines intensity coding and decoding of other chemically communicable states/traits.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
Patient-derived mutations impact pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Yao Hangping , Lu Xiangyun , Chen Qiong , Xu Kaijin , Chen Yu , Cheng Linfang , Liu Fumin , Wu Zhigang , Wu Haibo , Jin Changzhong , Zheng Min , Wu Nanping , Jiang Chao , Li Lanjuan 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe sudden outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally with more than 1,300,000 patients diagnosed and a death toll of 70,000. Current genomic survey data suggest that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) are abundant. However, no mutation has been directly linked with functional changes in viral pathogenicity. We report functional characterizations of 11 patient-derived viral isolates. We observed diverse mutations in these viral isolates, including 6 different mutations in the spike glycoprotein (S protein), and 2 of which are different SNVs that led to the same missense mutation. Importantly, these viral isolates show significant variation in cytopathic effects and viral load, up to 270-fold differences, when infecting Vero-E6 cells. Therefore, we provide direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 has acquired mutations capable of substantially changing its pathogenicity.
Insect group II chitinase OfChtII promotes chitin degradation during larva–pupa molting
Authors: Qu Ming‐Bo , Sun Shao‐Peng , Liu Yuan‐Sheng , Deng Xiao‐Rui , Yang Jun , Yang Qing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe insect group II chitinase (ChtII, also known as Cht10) is a unique chitinase with multiple catalytic and chitin‐binding domains. It has been proven genetically to be an essential chitinase for molting. However, ChtII's role in chitin degradation during insect development remains poorly understood. Obtaining this knowledge is the key to fully understanding the chitin degradation system in insects. Here, we investigated the role of OfChtII during the molting of Ostrinia furnacalis, a model lepidopteran pest insect. OfChtII was expressed earlier than OfChtI (OfCht5) and OfChi‐h, at both the gene and protein levels during larva–pupa molting as evidenced by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. A truncated OfChtII, OfChtII‐B4C1, was recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris cells and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant OfChtII‐B4C1 loosened compacted chitin particles and produced holes in the cuticle surface as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. It synergized with OfChtI and OfChi‐h when hydrolyzing insoluble α‐chitin. These findings suggested an important role for ChtII during insect molting and also provided a strategy for the coordinated degradation of cuticular chitin during insect molting by ChtII, ChtI and Chi‐h.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of an important pine defoliator, Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Zhang Sufang , Shen Sifan , Peng Jiong , Zhou Xin , Kong Xiangbo , Ren Pingping , Liu Fu , Han Lingling , Zhan Shuai , Huang Yongping , Zhang Aibing , Zhang Zhen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDendrolimus spp. are important destructive pests of conifer forests, and Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera; Lasiocampidae) is the most widely distributed Dendrolimus species. During periodic outbreaks, this species is said to make “fire without smoke” because large areas of pine forest can be quickly and heavily damaged. Yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the unique ecological characteristics of this forest insect. Here, we combined Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RSII single‐molecule long reads and high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) genomics‐linked reads to produce a high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome for D. punctatus. The final assembly was 614 Mb with contig and scaffold N50 values of 1.39 and 22.15 Mb, respectively, and 96.96% of the contigs anchored onto 30 chromosomes. Based on the prediction, this genome contained 17,593 protein‐coding genes and 56.16% repetitive sequences. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that D. punctatus diverged from the common ancestor of Hyphantria cunea, Spodoptera litura and Thaumetopoea pityocampa ~ 108.91 million years ago. Many gene families that were expanded in the D. punctatus genome were significantly enriched for the xenobiotic biodegradation system, especially the cytochrome P450 gene family. This high‐quality, chromosome‐level reference genome will be a valuable resource for understanding mechanisms of D. punctatus outbreak and host resistance adaption. Because this is the first Lasiocampidae insect genome to be sequenced, it also will serve as a reference for further comparative genomics.
Reporting trigger factors for (hypo)manic episodes in bipolar disorder: association with personality and prognosis
Authors: Smedler E. , Sparding T. , Hattab A. , Sellgren C. M. , Landén M. 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate external factors that trigger manic and hypomanic relapses and how this is associated with personality and clinical outcome measured as number of affective episodes over a 7‐year period.MethodThis is a prospective cohort study of 204 meticulously characterized Swedish bipolar disorder patients. Personality was evaluated at baseline using the Swedish universities Scales of Personality in 170 patients, and 90 patients were followed up after approximately 7 years in order to evaluate clinical outcomes.ResultsWe found that 44% of the patients reported trigger factors, including sleep disturbance, work‐ or family‐related issues, medication, and illicit drug use. There were no significant differences in any of the personality traits when comparing the 74 patients that reported triggers with the 90 patients that did not. At 7‐year follow‐up, there was no difference between the groups in number of affective episodes (depressive, hypomanic, manic, or mixed), involuntary commitments, suicide attempts, or self‐harm incidents since baseline.ConclusionsAround 40% of the patients reported external triggers for manic and hypomanic episodes. However, this was neither associated with personality traits nor number of affective episodes at 7‐year follow‐up.
Intrapartum non‐invasive electrophysiological monitoring: A prospective observational study
Authors: Lempersz Carlijn , Noben Lore , van Osta Gonnie , Wassen Martine L. H. , Meershoek Bert P. J. , Bakker Petra , Jacquemyn Yves , Cuerva Marcos Javier , Vullings Rik , Westerhuis Michelle E. M. H. , Oei Guid S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionDoppler ultrasound cardiotocography is a non‐invasive alternative that, despite its poor specificity, is often first choice for intrapartum monitoring. Doppler ultrasound suffers from signal loss due to fetal movements and is negatively correlated with maternal body mass index (BMI). Reported accuracy of fetal heart rate monitoring by Doppler ultrasound varies between 10.6 and 14.3 bpm and reliability between 62.4% and 73%. The fetal scalp electrode (FSE) is considered the reference standard for fetal monitoring but can only be applied after membranes have ruptured with sufficient cervical dilatation and is sometimes contra‐indicated. A non‐invasive alternative that overcomes the shortcomings of Doppler ultrasound, providing reliable information on fetal heart rate, could be the answer. Non‐invasive fetal electrocardiography (NI‐fECG) uses a wireless electrode patch on the maternal abdomen to obtain both fetal and maternal heart rate signals as well as an electrohysterogram. We aimed to validate a wireless NI‐fECG device for intrapartum monitoring in term singleton pregnancies, by comparison with the FSE.Material and methodsWe performed a multicenter cross‐sectional observational study at labor wards of 6 hospitals located in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain. Laboring women with a healthy singleton fetus in cephalic presentation and gestational age between 36 and 42 weeks were included. Participants received an abdominal electrode patch and FSE after written informed consent. Accuracy, reliability, and success rate of fetal heart rate readings were determined, using FSE as reference standard. Analysis was performed for the total population and measurement period as well as separated by labor stage and BMI class (≤30 and >30 kg/m2).ResultsWe included a total of 125 women. Simultaneous registrations with NI‐fECG and FSE were available in 103 women. Overall accuracy is −1.46 bpm and overall reliability 86.84%. Overall success rate of the NI‐fECG is around 90% for the total population as well as for both BMI subgroups. Success rate dropped to 63% during second stage of labor, similar results are found when looking at the separate BMI groups.ConclusionsPerformance measures of the NI‐fECG device are good in the overall group and the separate BMI groups. Compared with Doppler ultrasound performance measures from the literature, NI‐fECG is a more accurate alternative. Especially, when women have a higher BMI, NI‐fECG performs well, resembling FSE performance measures.
Nuchal translucency of 3.0‐3.4 mm an indication for NIPT or microarray? Cohort analysis and literature review
Authors: Petersen Olav B. , Smith Eric , Van Opstal Diane , Polak Marike , Knapen Maarten F. C. M. , Diderich Karin E. M. , Bilardo Caterina M. , Arends Lidia R. , Vogel Ida , Srebniak Malgorzata I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionCurrently fetal nuchal translucency (NT) ≥3.5 mm is an indication for invasive testing often followed by chromosomal microarray. The aim of this study was to assess the risks for chromosomal aberrations in fetuses with an NT 3.0‐3.4 mm, to determine whether invasive prenatal testing would be relevant in these cases and to assess the residual risks in fetuses with normal non‐invasive prenatal test (NIPT) results.Material and methodsA retrospective study and meta‐analysis of literature cases with NT between 3.0 and 3.4 mm and 2 cohorts of pregnant women referred for invasive testing and chromosomal microarray was performed: Rotterdam region (with a risk >1:200 and NT between 3.0 and 3.4 mm) tested in the period July 2012 to June 2019 and Central Denmark region (with a risk >1:300 and NT between 3.0 and 3.4 mm) tested between September 2015 and December 2018.ResultsA total of 522 fetuses were referred for invasive testing and chromosomal microarray. Meta‐analysis indicated that in 1:7.4 (13.5% [95% CI 8.2%‐21.5%]) fetuses a chromosomal aberration was diagnosed. Of these aberrant cases, 47/68 (69%) involved trisomy 21, 18, and 13 and would potentially be detected by all NIPT approaches. The residual risk for missing a (sub)microscopic chromosome aberration depends on the NIPT approach and is highest if NIPT was performed only for common trisomies–1:21 (4.8% [95% CI 3.2%‐7.3%]). However, it may be substantially lowered if a genome‐wide 10‐Mb resolution NIPT test was offered (~1:464).ConclusionsBased on these data, we suggest that the NT cut‐off for invasive testing could be 3.0 mm (instead of 3.5 mm) because of the high risk of 1:7.4 for a chromosomal aberration. If women were offered NIPT first, there would be a significant diagnostic delay because all abnormal NIPT results need to be confirmed by diagnostic testing. If the woman had already received a normal NIPT result, the residual risk of 1:21 to 1:464 for chromosome aberrations other than common trisomies, dependent on the NIPT approach, should be raised. If a pregnant woman declines invasive testing, but still wants a test with a broader coverage of clinically significant conditions then the genome‐wide >10‐Mb resolution NIPT test, which detects most aberrations, could be proposed.
Umbilical artery carbon dioxide decreases the risk for hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Daboval Thierry , Ouellet Paul , Racinet Claude 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimAn accurate biomarker for metabolic acidosis at birth is needed. Our aims were to investigate the link between umbilical artery pCO2 and the risk for hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and to compare false‐negative screen results in newborn infants with HIE using three umbilical artery blood gas biomarkers.MethodsFrom a cohort of newborn infants ≥35 weeks born in Ottawa, Canada, between January 2007 and December 2016, we highlighted those with HIE or who died. We compared the umbilical artery pCO2 for matched pH >mean versus matched pH ≤mean. We compared false‐negative rates for three umbilical artery biomarkers—pH <7.0, base deficit ≥16 mmol/L and neonatal eucapnic pH ≤7.14.ResultsThis study included 51 286 newborn infants, 51% male and a mean gestational age of 38.9 ± 1.5 weeks. The rate for HIE or death with umbilical artery pCO2 for matched pH >mean was 22%, compared to 78% for matched pH ≤mean. In 60 HIE or deaths, the false‐negative rate for umbilical artery neonatal eucapnic pH ≤7.14 was 8%; compared to 31% for pH <7.00 and 36% for base deficit ≥16 mmol/L.ConclusionThe rate of HIE or death is lower in newborn infants with higher pCO2. Using neonatal eucapnic pH decreases the risk of missing newborn infants with HIE.
Prompting Metacognition During a Job Search: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial with University Job Seekers
Authors: Kanar Adam M. , Bouckenooghe Dave 
Published: April 2020

Searching for a job is a self‐directed activity that requires self‐regulation over significant periods of time; yet, in the scientific community, we know little about proximal support interventions that shape the self‐regulation processes during a job search. Using an experimental design, we tested a proximal support intervention in the form of metacognitive prompts and how this shaped metacognition and effort in 123 university job seekers over a period of 9 weeks. Job seekers who were exposed to the intervention reported higher levels of metacognition, effort, and a greater number of job interviews compared to job seekers in a control condition. Additionally, the present study revealed that the prompting intervention, compared to the active control condition, resulted in higher levels of metacognition for job seekers who were less committed to finding a job than for job seekers who were more committed to finding a job. In summary, the current study makes important contributions to the job search literature and practice by fine‐tuning our understanding of the interventions that may support metacognition during the job search process and the individuals for whom these interventions may be most effective.
Parameter estimation for discretely observed linear birth‐and‐death processes
Authors: Davison A. C. , Hautphenne S. , Kraus A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBirth‐and‐death processes are widely used to model the development of biological populations. Although they are relatively simple models, their parameters can be challenging to estimate, as the likelihood can become numerically unstable when data arise from the most common sampling schemes, such as annual population censuses. A further difficulty arises when the discrete observations are not equi‐spaced, for example, when census data are unavailable for some years. We present two approaches to estimating the birth, death, and growth rates of a discretely observed linear birth‐and‐death process: via an embedded Galton‐Watson process and by maximizing a saddlepoint approximation to the likelihood. We study asymptotic properties of the estimators, compare them on numerical examples, and apply the methodology to data on monitored populations.
A practical algorithm to predict postsurgical recurrence and progression of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNET)s
Authors: Guaraldi Federica , Zoli Matteo , Righi Alberto , Gibertoni Dino , Marino Picciola Valentino , Faustini‐Fustini Marco , Morandi Luca , Bacci Antonella , Pasquini Ernesto , Mazzatenta Diego , Asioli Sofia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivePituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNET)s can be aggressive, thus presenting local invasion, postsurgical recurrence and/or resistance to treatment, responsible for significant morbidity. The study aimed at identifying prognostic factors of postsurgical outcome using data‐driven classification of patients.DesignRetrospective observational study.MethodsClinicopathological and radiological data of patients with PitNET treated via endoscopic endonasal surgery were collected. Tumour recurrence/progression and progression‐free survival were assessed by classification tree analysis (CTA) and Kaplan‐Meier curves, respectively. Histological subtype, cavernous/sphenoid sinus invasion, mitosis, Ki‐67, p53, Trouillas’ grading, degree of tumour exeresis and postsurgery disease activity were also evaluated.ResultsA total of 1066 (466 gonadotroph, 287 somatotroph, 148 lactotroph, 157 corticotroph and 8 thyrotroph) tumours were included; 21.7% invaded the cavernous/sphenoid sinus. Based on Trouillas’ classification, 64.3% were grade 1a, 14.2% 1b, 16.1% 2a, and 5.4% 2b; 18.3% had >2/10 HPF mitoses, 24.9% had Ki‐67 ≥3%; 15.8% were positive for p53. Exeresis was radical in 81.2% of the cases. Median follow‐up was 59.2 months. At last evaluation, 79.4% of the patients were cured; 20.6% had disease persistence, controlled by medical treatment in 18.3% of them. Disease recurrence/progression was recorded in 10.9% of the cases. CTA identified 5 distinct patient subgroups with different risk of disease recurrence/progression. Grade 2 of the Trouillas’ grading, >2/10 HPF mitoses, Ki‐67 ≥3%, p53 protein expression (P < .001), tumour invasion (P = .002) and ACTH‐subtype (P = .003) were identified as risk factors of disease recurrence/progression.ConclusionsThe combined evaluation of Trouillas’ grading, proliferation indexes and immunohistochemistry appears promising in the prediction of surgical outcome in PitNET.
Age‐ and sex‐specific reference ranges are needed for the aldosterone/renin ratio
Authors: Solanki Pravik , Gwini Stella May , Doery James C. G. , Choy Kay Weng , Shen Jimmy , Young Morag J. , Fuller Peter J. , Yang Jun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveCurrent Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines use a specific aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) threshold to screen for primary aldosteronism (a treatable disease causing up to 15% of hypertension in primary care) in all patients. We sought to characterize demographic variations in the ARR, hypothesizing a need for age‐ and sex‐specific reference ranges to improve the accuracy of the test.DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional analysis of ARR measurements at a single tertiary hospital from December 2016 to June 2018.PatientsA total of 442 patients with clinically indicated ARR were included, after excluding those who were on spironolactone or the oral contraceptive pill, were pregnant or had an existing adrenal condition.MeasurementsAldosterone, renin and the ARR.ResultsAmong those aged 20‐39 years (n = 74), females had significantly higher median aldosterone (369 vs 244 pmol/L, P = .028), lower median renin (17.0 vs 27.6 mIU/L, P = .034) and higher median ARR (20.7 vs 10.3 (pmol/L)/(mIU/L), P = .001) than males, despite having lower systolic (135 vs 145 mmHg, P = .021) and diastolic (89 vs 96.5 mmHg, P = .007) blood pressure. The ≥ 60‐year age group (n = 157) also had significant sex differences in the ARR. With increasing age (20‐39 vs ≥ 60 years), there was a significant fall in plasma aldosterone in females (369 pmol/L vs 264 pmol/L, P = .005), with no change observed in males.ConclusionsFor those 20‐39 years old, aldosterone and the ARR are significantly higher in females despite a lower systolic and diastolic BP, highlighting the potential for false‐positive results. Our findings indicate the need for prospective studies with a control population to define age‐ and sex‐specific ARR reference ranges.
Maternal care of heterozygous dopamine receptor D4 knockout mice: Differential susceptibility to early‐life rearing conditions
Authors: Knop Jelle , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Joëls Marian , van der Veen Rixt 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe differential susceptibility hypothesis proposes that individuals who are more susceptible to the negative effects of adverse rearing conditions may also benefit more from enriched environments. Evidence derived from human experiments suggests the lower efficacy dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) 7‐repeat as a main factor in exhibiting these for better and for worse characteristics. However, human studies lack the genetic and environmental control offered by animal experiments, complicating assessment of causal relations. To study differential susceptibility in an animal model, we exposed Drd4+/− mice and control litter mates to a limited nesting/bedding (LN), standard nesting (SN) or communal nesting (CN) rearing environment from postnatal day (P) 2‐14. Puberty onset was examined from P24 to P36 and adult females were assessed on maternal care towards their own offspring. In both males and females, LN reared mice showed a delay in puberty onset that was partly mediated by a reduction in body weight at weaning, irrespective of Drd4 genotype. During adulthood, LN reared females exhibited characteristics of poor maternal care, whereas dams reared in CN environments showed lower rates of unpredictability towards their own offspring. Differential susceptibility was observed only for licking/grooming levels of female offspring towards their litter; LN reared Drd4+/− mice exhibited the lowest and CN reared Drd4+/− mice the highest levels of licking/grooming. These results indicate that both genetic and early‐environmental factors play an important role in shaping maternal care of the offspring for better and for worse.