bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unique actions of GABA arising from cytoplasmic chloride microdomains
Authors: Rahmati Negah , Normoyle Kieran P. , Glykys Joseph , Dzhala Volodymyr I. , Lillis Kyle P. , Kahle Kristopher T. , Raiyyani Rehan , Jacob Theju , Staley Kevin J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDevelopmental, cellular, and subcellular variations in the direction of neuronal Cl−currents elicited by GABAAreceptor activation have been frequently reported, and we found a corresponding variance in the reversal potential (EGABA) for individual interneurons synapsing on a single pyramidal cell. These findings suggest a corresponding variance in the cytoplasmic concentration of Cl−([Cl−i]). We determined [Cl−]iby: 1) two-photon imaging of the Cl−sensitive, ratiometric fluorescent protein SuperClomeleon (sCLM); 2) Fluorescence Lifetime IMaging (FLIM) of the Cl−sensitive fluorophore MEQ; and 3) electrophysiological measurements of EGABA. These methods collectively demonstrated stable [Cl−]imicrodomains in individual neuronsin vivo. Fluorometric and electrophysiological estimates of local [Cl−]iwere highly correlated. [Cl−]imicrodomains persisted after pharmacological inhibition of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) but steadily decreased after inhibiting the polymerization of the anionic macromolecule actin. These studies highlight the existence of functionally significant neuronal Cl−microdomains that modify the impact of GABAergic inputs.
The eyes reflect an internal cognitive state hidden in the population activity of cortical neurons
Authors: Johnston Richard , Snyder Adam C. , Khanna Sanjeev B. , Issar Deepa , Smith Matthew A. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryDecades of research have shown that global brain states such as arousal can be indexed by measuring the properties of the eyes. Neural signals from individual neurons, populations of neurons, and field potentials measured throughout much of the brain have been associated with the size of the pupil, small fixational eye movements, and vigor in saccadic eye movements. However, precisely because the eyes have been associated with modulation of neural activity across the brain, and many different kinds of measurements of the eyes have been made across studies, it has been difficult to clearly isolate how internal states affect the behavior of the eyes, and vice versa. Recent work in our laboratory identified a latent dimension of neural activity in macaque visual cortex on the timescale of minutes to tens of minutes. This ‘slow drift’ was associated with perceptual performance on an orientation-change detection task, as well as neural activity in visual and prefrontal cortex (PFC), suggesting it might reflect a shift in a global brain state. This motivated us to ask if the neural signature of this internal state is correlated with the action of the eyes in different behavioral tasks. We recorded from visual cortex (V4) while monkeys performed a change detection task, and the prefrontal cortex, while they performed a memory-guided saccade task. On both tasks, slow drift was associated with a pattern that is indicative of changes in arousal level over time. When pupil size was large, and the subjects were in a heighted state of arousal, microsaccade rate and reaction time decreased while saccade velocity increased. These results show that the action of the eyes is associated with a dominant mode of neural activity that is pervasive and task-independent, and can be accessed in the population activity of neurons across the cortex.
Adolescent sleep is critical for the developmental shaping of social novelty preference
Authors: Bian Wen-Jie , de Lecea Luis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSleep takes one-third of our lives, yet its functions remain largely unknown. A large proportion of young patients with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia have sleep problems, including delayed sleep onset, shortened sleep duration and sleep fragmentation, which have been linked to social interaction deficit, a shared symptom of these disorders. However, the causal relationship between sleep disruption and social defects as well as the underlying mechanisms have not yet been established despite its importance in understanding the etiology of these disorders and developing potential therapeutic means. Here using the three-chamber social interaction test, we found that developmental sleep disruption (SD) in adolescent mice caused significant and long-lasting impairment in the preference towards social novelty during adult social interactions without affecting the overall sociality. Interestingly, SD performed in the adulthood did not induce any social defect, indicating a critical period within adolescence during which sleep shapes social novelty preference. Furthermore, by analyzing the adolescent sleep and adult social behavior in a mouse model of Shank3 mutation that mimics a genetic aberrance in ASDs, we found that the development of sociality is correlated with adolescent NREM sleep while social novelty preference is correlated with adolescent REM sleep. Collectively, these results demonstrate a critical role of adolescent sleep in the forming of social novelty preference and the developmental shaping of social behavior.
Limited evidence for parallel evolution among desert adaptedPeromyscusdeer mice
Authors: Colella Jocelyn P. , Tigano Anna , Dudchenko Olga , Omer Arina D. , Khan Ruqayya , Bochkov Ivan D. , Aiden Erez L. , MacManes Matthew D. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTPhenotypic plasticity enables an immediate response to changing conditions, but for most species, evolutionary change through adaptation will be more important for long-term survival. Warming climate and increasing desertification urges the identification of genes involved in heat-and dehydration-tolerance to better inform and target biodiversity conservation efforts. Comparisons among extant desert adapted species can highlight parallel or convergent patterns of genome evolution through the identification of shared signatures of selection. We generate chromosome-level genome assembly for the canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus) and test for signature of parallel evolution by comparing signatures of selective sweeps across population-level genomic resequencing data from another desert specialist deer mouse (P. eremicus) and a widely-distributed habitat generalist (P. maniculatus), that may locally adapted to arid conditions. We identify few shared candidate loci involved in desert adaptation and do not find support for a shared pattern of parallel evolution. Instead, we hypothesize divergent molecular mechanisms of desert adaptation among deer mice, potentially tied to species-specific historical demography, which may limit or enhance adaptation. We identify a number of candidate loci experiencing selective sweeps in theP. crinitusgenome that are implicated in osmoregulation (Trypsin, Prostasin) and metabolic regulation (Kallikrein, eIF2-alpha kinase GCN2, APPL1/2), which may be important to accommodating hot and dry environmental conditions.
Modeling the hemodynamic response function using EEG-fMRI data during eyes-open resting-state conditions and motor task execution
Authors: Prokopiou Prokopis C. , Xifra-Porxas Alba , Kassinopoulos Michalis , Boudrias Marie-Hélène , Mitsis Georgios D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this work, we investigated the regional characteristics of the dynamic interactions between oscillatory sources of ongoing neural activity obtained using electrophysiological recordings and the corresponding changes in the BOLD signal using simultaneous EEG-fMRI measurements acquired during a motor task, as well as under resting conditions. We casted this problem within a system-theoretic framework, where we initially performed distributed EEG source space reconstruction and subsequently employed block-structured linear and non-linear models to predict the BOLD signal from the instantaneous power in narrow frequency bands of the source local field potential (LFP) spectrum (<100 Hz). Our results suggest that the dynamics of the BOLD signal can be sufficiently described as the convolution between a linear combination of the power profile within individual frequency bands with a hemodynamic response function (HRF). During the motor task, BOLD signal variance was mainly explained by the EEG oscillations in the beta band. On the other hand, during resting-state all frequency bands of EEG exhibited significant contributions to BOLD signal variance. Moreover, the contribution of each band was found to be region specific. Our results also revealed considerable variability of the HRF across different brain regions. Specifically, sensory-motor cortices exhibited positive HRF shapes, whereas parietal and occipital cortices exhibited negative HRF shapes under both experimental conditions.
Accounting for imperfect detection reveals role of host traits in structuring viral diversity of a wild bat community
Authors: Sjodin Anna R. , Anthony Simon J. , Willig Michael R. , Tingley Morgan W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how multi-scale host heterogeneity affects viral community assembly can illuminate ecological drivers of infection and host-switching. Yet, such studies are hindered by imperfect viral detection. To address this issue, we used a community occupancy model – refashioned for the hierarchical nature of molecular-detection methods – to account for failed detection when examining how individual-level host traits affect herpesvirus richness in eight species of wild bats. We then used model predictions to examine the role of host sex and species identity on viral diversity at the levels of host individual, population, and community. Results demonstrate that cPCR and viral sequencing failed to perfectly detect viral presence. Nevertheless, model estimates correcting for imperfect detection show that reproductively active bats, especially reproductively active females, have significantly higher viral richness, and host sex and species identity interact to affect viral richness. Further, host sex significantly affects viral turnover across host populations, as females host more heterogeneous viral communities than do males. Results suggest models of viral ecology benefit from integration of multi-scale host factors, with implications for bat conservation and epidemiology. Furthermore, by accounting for imperfect detection in laboratory assays, we demonstrate how statistical models developed for other purposes hold promising possibilities for molecular and epidemiological applications.
Data-driven estimation of change points reveals correlation between face mask use and accelerated curtailing of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy
Authors: Pedersen Morten Gram , Meneghini Matteo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractItaly was the first Western country to be seriously affected by COVID-19, and the first to implement drastic measures, which have successfully curtailed the epidemic. To understand which containment measures altered disease dynamics, we estimate change points in COVID-19 dynamics from official Italian data. We find excellent correlation between nationwide lockdown and the epidemic peak in late March 2020. Surprisingly, we find a change point in mid April, which does not correspond to national measures, but may be explained by regional interventions. Change points in regional COVID-19 dynamics correlate well with local distribution of free face masks and regional orders requiring their mandatory use. Regions with no specific interventions showed no change point during April. We speculate that widespread use of face masks and other protective means has contributed substantially to keeping the number of new Italian COVID-19 cases under control in spite of society turning towards a new normality.
Warming temperatures could expose more than 1.3 billion new people to Zika virus risk by 2050
Authors: Ryan Sadie J. , Carlson Colin J. , Tesla Blanka , Bonds Matthew H. , Ngonghala Calistus N. , Mordecai Erin A. , Johnson Leah R. , Murdock Courtney C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the aftermath of the 2015 pandemic of Zika virus, concerns over links between climate change and emerging arboviruses have become more pressing. Given the potential that much of the world might remain at risk from the virus, we use a model of thermal bounds on Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission to project climate change impacts on transmission suitability risk by mid-century (a generation into the future). In the worst-case scenario, over 1.3 billion new people could face suitable transmission temperatures for ZIKV by 2050. Given these suitability risk projections, we suggest an increased priority on research establishing the immune history of vulnerable populations, modeling when and where the next ZIKV outbreak might occur, evaluating the efficacy of conventional and novel intervention measures, and increasing surveillance efforts to prevent further expansion of ZIKV.Author SummaryFirst discovered in Uganda in the 1950s, Zika virus (ZIKV) is a new threat to global health security. The virus is spread primarily by female Aedes mosquitoes, with occasional sexual transmission in humans, and can cause Zika congenital syndrome (which includes fetal abnormalities like microcephaly) when women are infected during pregnancy. Our study is the first to quantify how many people may be exposed to temperatures suitable for ZIKV transmission in a changing climate. In the worst-case scenario, by 2050, climate change could expose more than 1.3 billion people worldwide to temperatures suitable for transmission - for the first time. The next generation will face substantially increased ZIKV transmission temperature suitability in North America and Europe, where naïve populations might be particularly vulnerable. Mitigating climate change even to moderate emissions scenarios could significantly reduce global expansion of climates suitable for ZIKV transmission, potentially protecting around 200 million people.
COVID-19, smoking, vaping and quitting: A representative population survey in England
Authors: Tattan-Birch Harry , Perski Olga , Jackson Sarah , Shahab Lion , West Robert , Brown Jamie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsTo explore 1) associations between suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, hand washing, smoking status, e-cigarette use, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use and 2) whether COVID-19 has prompted smoking and vaping quit attempts, and more smoking inside the home.DesignCross-sectional household surveys of a representative sample of the population in England from April–May 2020.ParticipantsThe sample included 3,285 adults aged ≥18 years.MeasurementsParticipants who reported they definitely or think they had coronavirus were classified as having a suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants were asked how often they wash their hands after returning home, before eating, before preparing foods or before touching their face. They were also asked whether, due to COVID-19, they had i) attempted to quit smoking, ii) attempted to quit vaping, and iii) changed the amount they smoke inside the home.FindingsOdds of suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection were significantly greater among current smokers (20.9%, adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]=1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.04–1.73) and long-term (>1-year) ex-smokers (16.1%, ORadj=1.33, 95%CI=1.05–1.68) than never smokers (14.5%). Recent (<1-year) ex-smokers had non-significantly greater odds of suspected infection (22.2%, ORadj=1.50, 95%CI=0.85–2.53, Bayes factor= 0.55–1.17). Bayes factors indicated there was sufficient evidence to rule out large differences in suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection by NRT use and medium differences by e-cigarette use. With the exception of hand washing before face touching, engagement in hand washing behaviours was high (>85%) regardless of nicotine use. A minority (12.2%) of past-year smokers who made a quit attempt in the past three months were triggered by COVID-19, and approximately one-in-ten current e-cigarette users reported attempting to quit vaping because of COVID-19. Most people reported smoking the same amount inside the home.ConclusionsIn a representative sample of the adult population in England, current smokers and long-term ex-smokers had higher odds of suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection than never smokers, but there were no large differences by NRT or e-cigarette use. In general, engagement in hand washing was high regardless of nicotine or tobacco use. A minority of past-year smokers and current e-cigarette users, respectively, attempted to quit smoking/vaping due to COVID-19.
Synthesis and crystal structures of 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-2H-thiophen-5-one and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-thiophen-5-one
Authors: Nashawi Asma , Lawson Christopher P. , Abdel-Sattar M. Omar , Horst Joop H. ter , Coxon Geoffrey D. , Kennedy Alan R. 
Published: June 2020

The structures of two hydroxy-thiophenone derivatives related to the antibiotic thiolactomycin are presented. These are the racemic 3-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-2H-thiophen-5-one, C6H8O2S, and 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-thiophen-5-one, C5H6O2S. The main structural feature of both compounds is C(6) hydrogen-bonded chains formed between the OH and C=O groups. In achiral C5H6O2S, these chains propagate only by translation, corresponding to x + 1, y, z + 1. However, in contrast, for racemic C6H8O2S the hydrogen-bonded chains propagate through a −x + {3\over 2}, y + {1\over 2}, z operation, giving chains lying parallel to the crystallographic b-axis direction that are composed of alternate R and S enantiomers. The crystals of 3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-thiophen-5-one were found to be twinned by a 180° rotation about the reciprocal 001 direction. In the final refinement the twin ratio refined to 0.568 (2):0.432 (2).
The sublime in scent: a comparative study of Japanese Kodo and Chinese incense tradition in the 21st century
Authors: Cheung Sidney C. H. 
Published: June 2020

PurposeThe sublime in scent refers to the use of language and description that excites thoughts and emotions beyond ordinary olfactory experience, and I would like to borrow this literary concept to explore the recent development of incense traditions in Japan and China from a sociocultural perspective. In order to understand how olfactory characters of incense have been verbally expressed, we can start by looking into the sublime in scent through the articulation of relevant subtle approaches since ancient times.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explains how the description of scent experienced by individuals has been associated with thoughts and history and why the sublime in scent is more complicated than the aroma people can tell. The data collected for this research is mostly based on observations by participating in various events and conversations with different people.FindingsIn Japan and China, the use of incense has a long history, and relevant scent cultures have been developed not only for offerings in religious practices, but also as a kind of scent appreciation together with a poetic presentation. Again, it is important and significant to discern several interactions of incense traditions in these two countries, since the transformations became obvious in the last two decades, while Japanese Kodo participated more in international exchange, and the Chinese people's view of intangible cultural heritage has become more important in their daily social practices.Originality/valueAs a way of showing how the study of scent can enhance ethnographic writing and the understanding of changes in the appreciation of incense, this paper hopes to contribute to the study of art and tradition.
The asymmetry effect of oil price changes on inflation, and the welfare implication for Ghana
Authors: Ayisi Richard K. 
Published: June 2020

PurposeHigh inflation levels remain a challenge in macroeconomic stabilization policies among developing economies. Oil price is identified as an important driver of inflation. In the wake of high and unstable international oil prices, the question regarding the relationship between inflation and crude oil prices, and its implication for economic welfare has become a fundamental empirical issue.Design/methodology/approachThis question is explored by estimating a non-linear autoregressive distribution lags (NARDL) model of inflation-oil nexus that examined the asymmetric response of inflation to oil price changes. The study then derived the welfare implication of the asymmetric responses, with implications for the petroleum pricing regime in Ghana.FindingsThe study found that inflation responds asymmetrically to oil prices in the long-run but not in the short-run. The welfare cost associated with the asymmetric response increases with increasing rate.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study have some implications for petroleum product pricing in Ghana. Recently, Ghana has moved from regulating petroleum prices to the automatic adjustment system. By this policy, petroleum prices change in tandem with the crude oil prices and exchange rates on the international market. Whiles this policy might be comparatively efficient, the evidence of asymmetric response of inflation to changes in oil prices raises some issues about the welfare effect of the policy.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature on the inflation-oil price nexus by investigating critical questions that remain puzzling. These questions include; Does inflation respond asymmetrically to the positive and negative shock of equal magnitude in oil prices? Does inflation response to the asymmetry changes in oil prices have any implications for the welfare of the country? Is the effect of oil price changes pernicious?
Key influencing factors of consumers’ vegetable e-commerce adoption willingness, behavior, and willingness-behavior consistency in Beijing, China
Authors: Li Bo , Yin Zhengqing , Ding Junqi , Xu Suyao , Zhang Biao , Ma Yunfei , Zhang Lingxian 
Published: June 2020

PurposeVegetable e-commerce is of great significance for improving the efficiency of vegetable circulation, and for solving the problems of high circulation cost and poor connection between production and marketing. The purpose of this study is to explore the key factors that influence consumers’ vegetable e-commerce adoption willingness, behavior, and willingness-behavior consistency.Design/methodology/approachA total of 427 valid questionnaires were collected from 16 districts of Beijing in 2019 via the internet, yielding a response rate of 94.9%. Bivariate probit and binary logistic regression were used for analysis.FindingsThe results show that 62.84% of vegetable e-commerce consumers have the same willingness and behavior, and 37.16% of consumers have a deviation of willingness and behavior; the key factors influencing the willingness, behavior, and willingness-behavior consistency of vegetable e-commerce consumers are different. The three variables of usefulness perception, logistics service quality perception, and nearest vegetable market distance have significant effects on and are positively correlated with the adoption willingness, behavior, and willingness-behavior consistency of vegetable e-commerce consumers.Research limitations/implicationsConsumers in Beijing, a first-tier city, were taken as the research object in this study. Second-tier and even third-tier cities can be investigated as comparative studies in a follow-up study. In addition, the key factors that affect the differences in the willingness and behavior of vegetable e-commerce adoption can be studied.Originality/valueThe results obtained in the present study and their implications could aid in vegetable e-commerce optimization, and contribute to the understanding of how to improve consumers’ awareness and participation in vegetable e-commerce. The suggestions of this study could also be used for the improvement of vegetable e-commerce in other cities facing similar issues.