bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Design of EXOR Gate and its Application for Circuits using QCA Nanotechnology
Authors: Sharma Vijay Kumar , Khan Gulista , Kaushik Neeraj , Chauhan Sudakar Singh 
Published: December 2024

Background:
QCA nanotechnology is an emerging technology in the current scenario to
develop the digital circuits for area-efficient, energy-efficient, low-power, and high-speed
applications. The EXOR gate is broadly used in many digital applications. Therefore, an EXOR
gate needs to be designed in an emerging technology to tackle the issues of the nanoscale regime of
conventional metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) technology.

Aim:
This study aims to implement an efficient 3-input exclusive OR (EXOR) gate using quantumdot
cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology and check its performance for subsequent circuits.

Objective:
The objective of this research work is to develop an efficient translation-based 3-input
EXOR gate in QCA nanotechnology. The subsequent circuits are designed using the proposed
EXOR gate to evaluate the efficacy of extension work.

Method:
A unique feature of QCA nanotechnology is utilized for the design of the EXOR gate. The
translation-based approach is applied for the implementation of the proposed EXOR gate. A QCA
cell may be shifted from its initial position in order to form the logic function. The translation-based
method saves the area requirement.

Result:
The proposed EXOR gate consists of only 10 QCA cells and 0.50 clocks. The energy
dissipation and fault analyses are done for the proposed EXOR gate. A thorough comparative study
is prepared for the performance evaluation. The various subsequent circuits, such as a full adder, a
4-bit parity checker, and a 4-bit binary to gray (BTG) code converter, are also designed using the
proposed EXOR gate in order to check the extension work on the proposed EXOR gate.

Conclusion:
It is observed from the simulation work on the proposed EXOR gate that it saves
layout area and is most cost-effective. It is highly optimized in terms of cell count and clock. The
proposed EXOR gate saves 25% cell area and 23.08% design cost as compared to the best-reported
design. The designed subsequent circuits also outperform in terms of different parameters. The full
adder reduces 33.33% cell count and 34.85% cost as compared to the best-reported design. The 4-
bit parity checker improves the cell count by 47.50% and the design cost by 57.29% as compared to
the best-reported work. The 4-bit BTG code converter minimizes layout area by 25.81% and design
cost by 29.30% as compared to the best-reported work.
Haematological and Metabolic Disturbances Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Stress in Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Agarwal Vipul , Chaudhary Rishabh , Yadav Sachin , Kaushik Arjun Singh , Rehman Mujeeba , Kumar Anand , Kumar Dinesh , Mishra Vikas 
Published: December 2024

Introduction:
Chronic stress serves as a fundamental factor contributing to various health conditions, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiac
dysfunction. Previous findings from our laboratory have revealed a clear link between chronic stress and increased occurrence of heart dysfunction,
atherosclerosis, immune imbalance and psoriasis.

Methods:
However, the haematological and metabolic pathways involved remain unexplored. Therefore, our investigation focused on examining the
haematological and metabolic profiles of rats subjected to chronic stress. Animals were divided into two groups: Group-I (Control) was left
undisturbed for 56 days. Group-II (CUS) was exposed to a random stressor for 56 days, following which stress induction was verified by a
significant increase in serum corticosterone level (p<0.0001) and depressive-like behaviours using novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT)
(p<0.0001). Blood profile analysis of CUS animals demonstrated anaemia with decreased RBC (p=0.0001) and elevated WBC count (p<0.0001).

Results:
Serum electrolyte analysis of CUS rats revealed hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalaemia. Serum lipid profile analysis showed increased
triglyceride (p=0.007) and VLDL (p=0.007) levels. Serum proinflammatory cytokine levels were also increased in CUS rats. Moreover,
metabolomics analysis of CUS animals revealed decreased concentrations of myo-inositol, threonine, glycine, glutamine, methionine, and formate,
along with an increased fumarate-to-alanine and fumarate-to-glycine ratio. These metabolic alterations suggest reduced glycolysis and abnormal
amino acid metabolism and are associated with inflammation, cell damage, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, metabolic disorders, and
diabetes, among other conditions.

Conclusion:
These findings reveal haematological and metabolic alterations in response to stress and may provide critical insights to lay the foundation for
developing targeted therapeutic interventions to prevent stress-related diseases.
Energy-saving Trajectory Planning Method for Electric Vehicles Based on Dynamic Programming Optimization
Authors: Yang Yu , Liu Pan , Zhang Zhijun , Xie Chengwei 
Published: December 2024

Background:
To address the problem of high energy consumption of self-driving electric
vehicles when following a planned trajectory, constraints are added to path planning and speed
planning respectively.

Methods:
Given the limitations of the existing path planning algorithms in terms of search efficiency
and path length, this study introduces an innovative and improved strategy in the horizontal
dimension. Based on the cost function of the distance between sampling points, this strategy aims
to improve the search efficiency of the dynamic planning algorithm and reduce the search path
length. Furthermore, the smoothness of the path is optimized to suit the actual driving conditions
by applying a quadratic programming algorithm. An energy consumption model for pure electric
vehicles is established in the vertical dimension, effectively constraining energy use during speed
dynamic planning to reduce consumption while driving. Finally, the smoothness of speed planning
is improved using a quadratic programming algorithm.

Results:
The results of simulation experiments show that compared with traditional methods, the
proposed algorithm achieves a substantial improvement in path length reduction of 5.8%, average
curvature reduction of 31.6%, and average energy consumption reduction of 2.04% in static and
dynamic obstacle avoidance environments.

Conclusion:
The results show that the improved dynamic planning algorithm proposed in this
study is significantly optimized in terms of mean path length, mean curvature, and energy consumption.
Moreover, the proposed algorithm can meet the requirements of energy efficiency of
vehicle driving.
Experimental Study on Design and Calibration of Pedicle Screw Placement Force Sensing Instrument
Authors: Yao Lihua , Shi Xinge , Fang Yixun , Gao Weifan , Yang Jing 
Published: December 2024

Background:
In conventional pedicle screw placement, the surgeon adjusts the position
of the instrument by hand. The hand feel is very important for the accuracy of the surgery, and the
hand feel mainly depends on the surgical experience of the doctor. The essence of hand feel is the
force information between the intraoperative instrument and the biological tissue.

Objective:
To digitize the intraoperative force information, a screw placement instrument with multi-
dimensional force information perception capabilities was designed and calibrated

Methods:
Firstly, based on the analysis of force perception schemes for the screw placement instrument,
a micro-strain gauge sensor array was integrated into the main body unit of the instrument.
Subsequently, a multi-dimensional force perception instrument calibration experiment platform
was established, and the impact of various factors such as load size and loading depth on
force coupling was analyzed experimentally. Finally, through relevant loading force experiments, a
comprehensive force perception model for precise sensing of force information in pedicle screw
placement surgery. Established and verified by experiments.

Results:
The results show that the deviation force in X direction and Y direction calculated by theory
is close to the actual deviation force measured by 3D force sensor at different depths, different
angles and different corners, and the error is small.

Conclusions:
The correctness of the perceived force model was verified through precision validation
experiments. This research will provide technical support.
Pharmacological Blockade of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Reduces the Incidence of Brain Tumors Induced by Prenatal Exposure to
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in Rats
Authors: Arcella Antonietta , Alborghetti Marika , Traficante Anna , Oliva Maria Antonietta , Staffieri Sabrina , Russo Veronica , Caridi Matteo , Battaglia Giuseppe 
Published: December 2024

Background:
The study demonstrates that pharmacological blockade of type 3 metabotropic
glutamate (mGlu3) receptors at the time of tumor induction significantly reduces the incidence
of brain gliomas in rats. The overall survival of patients with high-grade brain gliomas is 14-20
months after current multimodal therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy.

Objective:
To demonstrate in this experimental model that pharmacological blockade of group II
metabotropic glutamate receptors reduces the incidence of brain tumors induced by prenatal exposure
to N- ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in rats.

Methods:
Dams received a single injection of ENU (40 mg/kg, e.v.) at day 20 of pregnancy, combined
with 5 daily injections of either saline or the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495 (10 mg/kg)
(from day 15 to day 21 of pregnancy). Assessment of brain tumors in the offspring at 5 months of age
showed the presence of mixed gliomas (astrocytomas/oligodendrogliomas) in 70% of the ENU + saline
group of rats and only in 30% of the ENU + LY341495 group.

Conclusion:
Tumors in both groups of rats showed a moderate/high expression of the astrocyte marker,
GFAP, and the oligodendrocyte marker, OLIG-2, and a low expression of the proliferation marker,
Ki-67. However, tumors of the ENU + LY341495 group showed a reduced density of Iba-1+ cells,
suggesting a lower extent of neuroinflammation in the tumor microenvironment. These findings
strengthen the hypothesis that mGlu3 receptors are candidate drug targets for the treatment of malignant
gliomas.
Clinical Profile of Impaired Hearing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at UGM Academic Hospital
Authors: Lestari Ade Febrina , Sitaresmi Mei Neni , Wibowo Anton Sony , Sari Shinta Kusumalarna , Ridhayanti Firda 
Published: December 2024

Background: Hearing tolerance is impaired in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which can affect social and academic functioning. This study aims to describe the clinical profile of hearing impairments in children with ASD and determine the prevalence of such impairments. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Academic Hospital UGM on pediatric ASD patients aged 18 months to 12 years who underwent hearing exams like BERA (brain-evoked response auditory) and/or audiometry. ASD severity was assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and a questionnaire on demographics and comorbidities, followed by BERA tests. Results: A total of 41 ASD children were obtained, with 31 children (76%) being boys and an average diagnosis age of 3.3 years (±1.3 SD). Hearing loss was suffered by 4 children (10%) and 37 children (90%) did not experience hearing loss. Sound sensitivity and degree of ASD correlated with head banging (p=0.01), and male gender correlated with hearing loss (P=0.006). CARS score was statistically associated with sound sensitivity (p=0.041) and degree of ASD (<0.001). Conclusion: Children diagnosed with ASD face an increased susceptibility to communication impairments which can be attributed to hearing impairments. This issue warrants particular attention in the context of ASD, highlighting the necessity for thorough screening of hearing capabilities.
«Времена не выбирают, в них живут и умирают». Д. А. Кунаев и его время
Authors:   Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology (28, Shevchenko St., 050010 Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan), Kabuldinov Ziyabek Y. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (71, Al-Farabi Ave., 050040 Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan), Cherepanov Konstantin V. ,   Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology (28, Shevchenko St., 050010 Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan), Kassymova Didar B. ,   Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology (28, Shevchenko St., 050010 Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan)
Published: December 2024

Introduction. The article deals with the life and endeavors of Dinmukhamed А. Kunayev ― a prominent Soviet statesman and party activist, who was long in charge of the Kazakh SSR Party Organization and greatly contributed to socioeconomic development of the Republic (and the whole Soviet Union) in 1942–1986. Goals. The article shall examine documentary sources pertaining to D. Kynayev’s life path to highlight his role in the Republic’s economic, scientific, and political development, emphasize his contribution to the preservation and successes of the Soviet state at large, and appreciate his significance to the birth of sovereign Kazakhstan (and its territorial integrity). Materials and methods. The study covers a variety of sources, including personal memories of D. Kunayev, recollections of his contemporaries and co-workers, materials and documents from Kazakhstan-based and foreign archives (Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, etc.). The article employs the historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods, addresses the concept of biographic approach and theory of ethnic mobilization to reconstruct some episodes of D. Kunayev’s biography in certain historical contexts with due regard of related national/ethnic mobilizing components. Much in Kunayev–Moscow relations can be explained by provisions of clientilism theory. Such methods of sociological research as discourse analysis of texts and speech patterns of Soviet Union and Kazakhstan’s executives have proven as instrumental. Conclusions. The paper shows D. Kunayev played a remarkable role in the development of all spheres of Soviet Kazakhstan, and either did he for the development of the whole Soviets, which also provided certain grounds for subsequent successful development of independent Kazakhstan.
The Fundamental Tradeoff between the Timing Benefits and Timing Costs of Accrual Accounting
Authors: Dichev Ilia D. 
Published: December 2024

SYNOPSIS
Since all accruals reverse, their effect on the recognition of income is, by definition, temporary and temporal. Exploring the implications of this key property, this paper argues that both the benefits and the costs of accrual accounting largely lie in the temporal domain and that they are inextricably linked by the nature of the accrual process. For example, it is impossible to have the benefit of early accruals for long-term obligations, such as pensions, without the noise in income introduced by the deviation of long-term pension estimates from their corresponding realizations. Thus, the fundamental tradeoff of timing benefits and timing costs lies at the heart of accrual accounting and critically shapes its characteristics and function. Although some of these core properties of accrual accounting have been long known, this paper argues that they are not fully appreciated and discusses a number of possible implications for standard setting and academic research.
FORMATION OF CRITICAL THINKING OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AS A COMPONENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN A HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION
Authors: Garvasiuk O.V. , Ilika V.V. , Tkachuk S.S. , Namestiuk S.V. , Batih I.V. , Malaiko S.S. 
Published: December 2024

In the global practice of critical thinking development, many techniques, methods, and programs have been developed, each of which leads to the desired result. When using different techniques for developing critical thinking, teachers face a number of difficulties in specific situations, including the age of the subjects of the learning process, the academic discipline in which critical thinking is being formed, the psychological climate within the collective, and the form of organizing the learning process. Therefore, for each case, the techniques will represent a set of tasks (techniques, methods) that are part of a specific criterion for developing critical thinking. The methods of developing critical thinking include the following: technology for developing critical thinking through reading and writing, insert, cluster, mind map, fish-bone technique, question cube, question daisy, cinquain, «thick» and «thin» question technique, «Six Thinking Hats», «Lotus Flower», «Predictions Tree (Decisions)», creating problematic situations, case studies, essay writing, incomplete sentence technique, knowledge building technique, etc. This article will focus on the most commonly used techniques for developing critical thinking in medical students studying the subject of pathomorphology at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of Bukovinian State Medical University.

The aim – to justify the appropriateness of using different methods of developing critical thinking in a higher education medical institution, as well as their implementation in the educational process of students studying the discipline «pathomorphology». Conclusions. Critical thinking is a crucial factor for success in the XXIst century. It is the art of analysis, scientific thinking, and making well-thought-out and independent decisions. Critical thinking represents a distinct type of thinking characterised by activity, purposefulness, independence, discipline, and reflection. In the process of educating medical students, it involves the development of the ability to identify problems, analyse, synthesise, assimilate information from any source, propose alternatives and evaluate them, choose the method of problem- solving or their own position and justify their views, make conscious choices and take action. A future doctor should possess critical thinking skills in order to quickly develop a treatment strategy in emergency situations. It is important introducing education that fosters the development of critical thinking (solving real problems and students making decisions in various situations) and provide sound reasons for choosing the most appropriate methods, techniques, forms, and means of teaching.
THE ROLE OF UROGENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA
Authors: Rak L.M. 
Published: December 2024

The aim of the study – to examine the species composition and role of infectious (bacterial) factors in the development of background and precancerous cervical pathology, in order to improve the treatment effectiveness of this condition.

Materials and Methods. A comprehensive examination of 64 women of the reproductive age was conducted. The patients had verified precancerous cervical pathology (mild and moderate dysplasia – CIN 1 and CIN 2, respectively), diagnosed through objective examination. They underwent cervical inspection using mirrors, simple and extended colposcopy, cytological diagnostics, and cervical biopsy with subsequent histological examination and proliferation marker analysis (p16 and Ki-67, as indicated). The species spectrum of vaginal and cervical canal microflora was studied in the above- mentioned patients.
The presence of pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial microflora, including sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogens (chlamydia, trichomonas, Gardnerella, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, gonococci, viral agents such as herpes simplex virus type II), was determined. Diagnostic methods for vaginal and cervical canal microbiocenosis and STIs included bacterioscopy (Gram stain), bacteriological examination with the determination of microbial count and antibiotic sensitivity, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA). For opportunistic microflora and mycoplasma/ureaplasma infection (Mycoplasma hominis/Ureaplasma urealyticum), a titer of 1x10^4 and above was considered etiologically significant. A systematic analysis method was employed to process various sources available through PubMed, BMC, ScienceDirect, The Lancet, and The WHO.

Results. As a result of the examinations, all patients (100 %) with confirmed cervical dysplasia had some form of pathogenic bacterial microflora or high-titer opportunistic microorganisms. The majority of women (81.2 %) had microbial associations (ranging from 2 to 5 microbial agents). High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) was detected in 51.6 % of the women, though it was not present in all patients. The combination of bacterial flora with HR-HPV correlated with the severity of dysplasia.
Conclusions: 1. At the diagnostic stage, in patients with background cervical pathology and cervical neoplasia, in addition to HR-HPV DNA diagnostics, testing for urogenital infections, sexually transmitted infections, and opportunistic microflora is essential, with microbial counts and antibiotic sensitivity taken into account. 2. Treatment for the above category of patients should be phased, starting with a conservative course of therapy for urogenital infections.
Proposta de implementação de logística reversa de munições em instituições de segurança pública brasileiras à luz da Inovação Aberta Sustentável
Authors: Haltenburg Neusa Rejane Pinheiro de Carvalho , Cândido Ana Clara 
Published: December 2024

Este artigo se trata de uma proposta de estudo destinada à área de segurança pública a ser aperfeiçoada (logística reversa das munições deflagradas em treinamento), com propósito de reciclagem dos resíduos produzidos. Problemas complexos de gestão de resíduos afligem a sociedade e já estão na agenda dos governantes e legisladores, porém ainda é grande o desafio. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar barreiras e incentivos à implementação de logística reversa de resíduos. Previamente, foram caracterizados os interesses dos atores envolvidos para a construção colaborativa de solução(ões) de logística reversa para o caso das munições. O estudo também busca descrever como o olhar para processos colaborativos – Inovação Aberta, com viés sustentável, pode contribuir efetivamente como oportunidades de solução a desafios de uma organização. Por meio da metodologia qualitativa foram realizadas entrevistas com instituições policiais e obtido destas quais os obstáculos internos ou externos à implementação de logística reversa, assim como as medidas incentivadoras da logística reversa a fim de direcionar e de aumentar esforços para superação dos obstáculos. Como resultado, verificou-se que os obstáculos apontados pelos entrevistados estão em maior número no âmbito interno, com itens essenciais. Neste estudo também foi possível incrementar o atual status do conhecimento quando se trata da logística reversa de estojos de munições deflagradas.