bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS): Literature review and Italian validation
Authors: Contaldo Maria , della Vella Fedora , Raimondo Eugenio , Minervini Giuseppe , Buljubasic Merima , Ogodescu Alexandru , Sinescu Cosmin , Serpico Rosario 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is a questionnaire to elucidate the relationship between parental perception of the quality of life of their preschool children and their oral health status. Aim of the present work was to validate an Italian ECOHIS version and review the literature.MethodsAfter adapting the original ECOHIS questionnaire from English to Italian (I‐ECOHIS), I‐ECOHIS was administered to parents of children afferent to the Dental Clinic of the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” regardless of age. Children under 6 years of age underwent anamnestic survey and physical examination, to correlate the dmft index with the ECOHIS score.Results366 children have come to our observation. I‐ECOHIS was administered to all parents to establish its comprehensibility. 87 children (44 females and 43 males) under 6 years (5.2 ± 1.4 years) underwent dmft evaluation to determine I‐ECOHIS/oral health status correlation. Among the 87 children examined, the higher total score reached was 25/50. ANOVA analysis confirmed statistically significant correlations between ECOHIS score and dmft = 0 vs dmft equal/higher than 4.ConclusionThe present pilot study validated the I‐ECOHIS questionnaire and revealed to be a good tool to distinguish children without caries experience from those with a high dmft. However, it was not correlated with the intermediate dmft level, thus confirming the importance of screening for caries.
Is there burnout related to work among Dutch dental hygienists?: Combining studies by using the UBOS and the UWES
Authors: Buunk‐Werkhoven Yvonne A. B. , Folgerts Oddy A. , Oudeman Stephanie E. M. , Hollaar Vanessa R. Y. , Schaufeli Wilmar B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of burnout among Dutch young and more experienced dental hygienists and the work experience of young professional dental hygienists.Material and methodsTwo studies were carried out using the Dutch version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory; the Utrecht Burnout Scale (UBOS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). In Study I, 400 participants completed an online questionnaire, including the UBOS‐general version. In Study II, a questionnaire was distributed via social media to young professionals, including the UBOS‐health care version and the UWES‐9.Results2.5% of 157 dental hygienists (Study I) satisfied the norm of burnout. Dental hygienists' average work experience was 16.6 years, and one‐thirds worked 25‐32 hours per week. In Study II, 73 young professionals (M = 26.5 years) reported 32.9 weekly working hours. Three‐quarters were employed and worked in a dental clinical team practice. UWES‐mean scores indicated a moderate to high level of work engagement. Mostly, all aspects of burnout were low compared with the test Manual norms.ConclusionsExploratory findings show that generally burnout appears no threat for Dutch dental hygienists, and moderate to high level of work engagement coincides with a low level of burnout‐related symptoms.
Effect of water vapor and thermal history on nuclear waste feed conversion to glass
Authors: Marcial José , Pokorný Richard , Kloužek Jaroslav , Vernerová Miroslava , Lee SeungMin , Hrma Pavel , Kruger Albert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWater affects the glass melting process by interacting with the foam layer at the glass melt surface and by influencing the batch conversion reactions. Nuclear waste aqueous slurry feed maintains a high water vapor pressure in the melter atmosphere. To investigate to what extent water vapor affects the foaming during vitrification of nuclear waste in joule‐heated cold‐top melters, a series of feed expansion experiments were performed under humid and dry atmospheres using samples of low‐activity waste (LAW) melter feed simulants. Melting of feed pellets in the presence of water vapor slightly decreased the temperature of primary foam onset for an extensively foaming feed, but did not significantly affect the feed volume expansion by foaming or the foam‐collapse temperature. Sets of feed expansion experiments and evolved gas analyses were also performed to check the effect of thermal history on conversion behavior of LAW feed samples. The thermal history was varied by testing feed samples prepared as direct slurry, loose powder, and slow‐ and fast‐dried pellets. The sample preparation methods and the sample shape were not found to influence foaming parameters, except for the direct slurry where the low‐temperature swelling prevented the foam onset and collapse temperatures to be determined.
Modulation of immune responses using adjuvants to facilitate therapeutic vaccination
Authors: Schijns Virgil , Fernández‐Tejada Alberto , Barjaktarović Žarko , Bouzalas Ilias , Brimnes Jens , Chernysh Sergey , Gizurarson Sveinbjorn , Gursel Ihsan , Jakopin Žiga , Lawrenz Maria , Nativi Cristina , Paul Stephane , Pedersen Gabriel Kristian , Rosano Camillo , Ruiz‐de‐Angulo Ane , Slütter Bram , Thakur Aneesh , Christensen Dennis , Lavelle Ed C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTherapeutic vaccination offers great promise as an intervention for a diversity of infectious and non‐infectious conditions. Given that most chronic health conditions are thought to have an immune component, vaccination can at least in principle be proposed as a therapeutic strategy. Understanding the nature of protective immunity is of vital importance, and the progress made in recent years in defining the nature of pathological and protective immunity for a range of diseases has provided an impetus to devise strategies to promote such responses in a targeted manner. However, in many cases, limited progress has been made in clinical adoption of such approaches. This in part results from a lack of safe and effective vaccine adjuvants that can be used to promote protective immunity and/or reduce deleterious immune responses. Although somewhat simplistic, it is possible to divide therapeutic vaccine approaches into those targeting conditions where antibody responses can mediate protection and those where the principal focus is the promotion of effector and memory cellular immunity or the reduction of damaging cellular immune responses as in the case of autoimmune diseases. Clearly, in all cases of antigen‐specific immunotherapy, the identification of protective antigens is a vital first step. There are many challenges to developing therapeutic vaccines beyond those associated with prophylactic diseases including the ongoing immune responses in patients, patient heterogeneity, and diversity in the type and stage of disease. If reproducible biomarkers can be defined, these could allow earlier diagnosis and intervention and likely increase therapeutic vaccine efficacy. Current immunomodulatory approaches related to adoptive cell transfers or passive antibody therapy are showing great promise, but these are outside the scope of this review which will focus on the potential for adjuvanted therapeutic active vaccination strategies.
Differential responses to expansion and crisis? The role of urban‐rural divides in long‐term demographic dynamics
Authors: Salvati Luca 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEconomic downturns in advanced countries may influence demographic dynamics, increasing regional differences in population trends and consolidating social divides in accessible and marginal regions. The present study proposes a quantitative framework analysing the latent impact of economic expansions and recessions on regional population dynamics in Greece. Selected indicators (population density, contribution of natural balance and migration balance to total population growth, gross fertility rate and crude birth rate, crude marriage rate, births per marriage, and crude mortality rate) were used to distinguish long‐term transitional processes (1956‐2017) from short‐term dynamics characterising the most recent economic expansion (2000‐2008) and recession (2009‐2017) in Greece. Indicators were calculated separately for Attica, a metropolitan region centred on Athens, where more than 30 per cent of country population was (and still is) settled, and the rest of Greece, allowing a detailed analysis of socio‐demographic dynamics in urban and rural areas. Results of this study indicate that regional population trends in Greece were influenced by a combination of factors reflecting long‐term transitional forces, urbanisation/suburbanisation processes, and short‐term impact of economic downturns.
Preventive measures to limit the spread of Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in mainland Europe
Authors: Urbaneja‐Bernat Pablo , Hernández‐Suárez Estrella , Tena Alejandro , Urbaneja Alberto 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTrioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) vectors the most important citrus disease, namely huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening. This vector has been recently found on the European mainland in the north‐western region of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), although HLB has not yet been detected in Europe. Thus, preventing the spread of the vector is currently an urgent priority. Here, we show two prevention methods to avoid the spread of this psyllid from areas where it is present to psyllid‐free areas. Our results showed that two types of anti‐insect mesh with a pore size of 0.4 × 0.77 mm2 and 0.27 × 0.77 mm2 were effective in excluding T. erytreae in two field experiments. These results have direct implications in the nursery plant production system, which should adopt meshes with pore sizes small enough to guarantee the exclusion of T. erytreae. Additionally, we evaluated the longevity of T. erytreae on fruit to understand the risk of dispersion of the psyllid with unprocessed fruit movement between infested and non‐infested areas. The longevity of T. erytreae on mandarin and lemon fruit under winter conditions (13.8°C and 85.4% of relative humidity) was 11 days for both fruits. We anticipate that our results could help enhance the preventive measures in citrus fruit areas without a presence of T. erytreae.
Regulation of Pv‐specific interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and reward‐seeking behaviors
Authors: Nahar Lailun , Grant Caleb A. , Hewett Cameron , Cortes Diego , Reker Ashlie N. , Kang Seungwoo , Choi Doo‐Sup , Nam Hyung W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe corticostriatal circuitry and its glutamate‐γ‐aminobuturic acid (GABA) interactions play an essential role in regulating neuronal excitability during reward‐seeking behavior. However, the contribution of GABAergic interneurons in the corticostriatal circuitry remains unclear. To investigate the role of GABAergic interneurons, we focused on parvalbumin‐expressing fast‐spiking interneurons (Pv‐FSI) in the corticostriatal circuitry using the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs approach in a Pv‐Cre mouse model. We hypothesize that Pv‐FSI activation elicits changes in cortical glutamate levels and reward‐seeking behaviors. To determine molecular and behavioral effects of Pv‐FSI, we performed microdialysis and operant conditioning tasks for sucrose and alcohol rewards. In addition, we also examined how alcohol reward itself affects Pv‐FSI functioning. Interestingly, our microdialysis results demonstrate that alcohol exposure inhibits Pv‐FSI functioning in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and this consequently can regulate glutamate levels downstream in the nucleus accumbens. For sucrose reward‐seeking behaviors, Pv‐FSI activation in the mPFC increases sucrose self‐administration whereas it does not promote alcohol seeking. For alcohol rewards, however, Pv‐FSI activation in the mPFC results in increased compulsive head entry in operant chambers during devaluation procedures. Overall, our results suggest that not only do Pv‐FSI contribute to changes in the cortical microcircuit and reward‐seeking behaviors but also that alcohol affects Pv‐FSI neurotransmission. Therefore, Pv‐FSI has prompted interest in their role in maintaining a balance in neuronal excitation/inhibition and in regulating reward‐seeking processes such as compulsivity, all of which are important factors for excessive alcohol seeking.
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Lysine in the lariat loop of arrestins does not serve as phosphate sensor
Authors: Vishnivetskiy Sergey A. , Zheng Chen , May Mira B. , Karnam Preethi C. , Gurevich Eugenia V. , Gurevich Vsevolod V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArrestins demonstrate strong preference for phosphorylated over unphosphorylated receptors, but how arrestins “sense” receptor phosphorylation is unclear. A conserved lysine in the lariat loop of arrestins directly binds the phosphate in crystal structures of activated arrestin‐1, ‐2, and ‐3. The lariat loop supplies two negative charges to the central polar core, which must be disrupted for arrestin activation and high‐affinity receptor binding. Therefore, we hypothesized that receptor‐attached phosphates pull the lariat loop via this lysine, thus removing the negative charges and destabilizing the polar core. We tested the role of this lysine by introducing charge elimination (Lys‐>Ala) and reversal (Lys‐>Glu) mutations in arrestin‐1, ‐2, and ‐3. These mutations in arrestin‐1 only moderately reduced phospho‐rhodopsin binding and had no detectable effect on arrestin‐2 and ‐3 binding to cognate non‐visual receptors in cells. The mutations of Lys300 in bovine and homologous Lys301 in mouse arrestin‐1 on the background of pre‐activated mutants had variable effects on the binding to light‐activated phosphorylated rhodopsin, while affecting the binding to unphosphorylated rhodopsin to a greater extent. Thus, conserved lysine in the lariat loop participates in receptor binding, but does not play a critical role in phosphate‐induced arrestin activation.
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Covid‐19 health crisis and lockdown associated with high level of sleep complaints and hypnotic uptake at the population level
Authors: Beck Francois , Léger Damien , Fressard Lisa , Peretti‐Watel Patrick , Verger Pierre ,   The Coconel Group
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Covid‐19 pandemic has disrupted the habits of billions of people around the world. Lockdown at home is mandatory, forcing many families, each member with their own sleep–wake habits, to spend 24 hr a day together, continuously. Sleep is crucial for maintaining immune systems and contributes deeply to physical and psychological health. To assess sleep problems and use of sleeping pills, we conducted a cross‐sectional study of a representative sample of the general population in France. The self‐reported sleep complaint items, which covered the previous 8 days, have been used in the 2017 French Health Barometer Survey, a cross‐sectional survey on various public health issues. After 2 weeks of confinement, 74% of the participants (1,005 subjects) reported trouble sleeping compared with a prevalence rate of 49% in the last general population survey. Women reported more sleeping problems than men, with greater frequency or severity: 31% vs. 16%. Unusually, young people (aged 18–34 years) reported sleep problems slightly more frequently than elderly people (79% vs. 72% among those aged 35 or older), with 60% of the younger group reporting that these problems increased with confinement (vs. 51% of their elders). Finally, 16% of participants reported they had taken sleeping pills during the last 12 months, and 41% of them reported using these drugs since the lockdown started. These results suggest that the COVID crisis is associated with severe sleep disorders among the French population, especially young people.
Safety and tolerability of elbasvir/grazoprevir in chronic hepatitis C virus therapy: Integrated analysis from clinical trials
Authors: Nangia Gayatri , Vierling John M. , Kwo Paul , Brown Deborah D. , Klopfer Stephanie O. , Robertson Michael N. , Haber Barbara A. , Reddy K. Rajender 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDirect‐acting antiviral treatments for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are generally safe; however, understanding the safety profile of each regimen is essential for their continued use. Safety data were pooled from 12 clinical trials of elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) that enrolled adult participants with HCV infection. Pooled analyses are presented for participants receiving EBR/GZR for 12 weeks and those receiving EBR/GZR plus ribavirin (RBV) for 16‐18 weeks. Safety data are also presented for participants with comorbidities receiving EBR/GZR for 12 weeks in individual clinical trials (chronic kidney disease [CKD] stage 4/5, inherited blood disorders [IBLD] or receiving opioid agonist therapy [OAT]). Among 1743 participants receiving EBR/GZR for 12 weeks, 1068 (61.3%) reported ≥1 adverse event (AE) and 491 had AEs (28.2%) considered drug‐related. The most frequent AEs were headache (10.6%), fatigue (8.7%), nasopharyngitis (5.8%), nausea (5.1%) and diarrhoea (5.0%). Serious AEs were reported by 37 participants (2.1%), and 12 (0.7%) discontinued treatment due to an AE. In populations with CKD 4/5 or IBLD or receiving OAT, safety was similar in participants receiving EBR/GZR for 12 weeks and those receiving placebo. Some AEs occurred at higher frequencies in participants receiving RBV compared with those receiving EBR/GZR alone: fatigue (32.7% vs 8.7%); headache (21.6% vs 10.6%); and nausea (15.8% vs 5.1%). Safety was similar in participants with and those without cirrhosis. Grade 3/4 alanine aminotransferase elevations were reported in 0.7% participants. EBR/GZR is a safe treatment option for individuals with HCV genotype (GT) 1 or GT4 infections, even those with challenging comorbidities such as CKD or IBLD and those receiving OAT.
Educator, judge, public defender: Conflicting roles for remediators of practising physicians
Authors: Bourgeois‐Law Gisèle , Regehr Glenn , Teunissen Pim W. , Varpio Lara 
Published: June 2020

AbstractContextPractising physicians who remediate their peers face unique challenges. Recent research suggests that leaders of regulatory and educational institutions (ie, those who might be seen as responsible for overseeing remediation programmes for practising physicians) view remediation as a duality: education and regulation. Research has yet to study the perspectives of remediators; therefore, to address that gap we asked: What is the nature of remediation as experienced by remediators?MethodsWe used a theory‐informing inductive data analysis study design with positioning theory as a sensitising concept. We interviewed nine remediators from five Canadian provinces, asking them to narrate particularly memorable remediation experiences, then exploring the stories in more depth by asking probing questions around topics related to the research question. We used a hermeneutic analytic approach to explore the meanings that participants gave to their remediation work by iteratively reading their stories, examining the sense making that participants achieved through these narratives, and identifying the positions and responsibilities they described.ResultsIn their remediation narratives, participants variably position themselves in three different ways: (a) educator; (b) judge, and (c) public defender. For each position, remediators in turn framed the remediatee in a particular way. Participants shifted between educator, judge and public defender in response to evolving experiences with the remediatee, but they expressed preference for the educator position. However, they sometimes encountered serious obstacles to enacting that educator position. Those obstacles were imposed both by regulators and by remediatees.ConclusionsThis study suggests that the duality of remediation as both education and regulation may be contributing to the challenges faced by those working one to one with remediatees. Understanding the dual nature of remediation and equipping remediators with the tools to manage this duality might contribute to improving the experience for both remediators and remediatees, and ultimately to a greater number of successful remediation outcomes.
Mobilization of pdif modules in Acinetobacter: A novel mechanism for antibiotic resistance gene shuffling?
Authors: Balalovski Phillip , Grainge Ian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractXerCD‐dif site‐specific recombination is a well characterized system, found in most bacteria and archaea. Its role is resolution of chromosomal dimers that arise from homologous recombination. Xer‐mediated recombination is also used by several plasmids for multimer resolution to enhance stability and by some phage for integration into the chromosome. In the past decade, it has been hypothesized that an alternate and novel function exists for this system in the dissemination of genetic elements, notably antibiotic resistance genes, in Acinetobacter species. Currently the mechanism underlying this apparent genetic mobility is unknown. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is an increasingly problematic pathogen that can cause recurring infections. Sequencing of numerous plasmids from clinical isolates of A. baumannii revealed the presence of possible mobile modules: genes were found flanked by pairs of Xer recombination sites, called plasmid‐dif (pdif) sites. These modules have been identified in multiple otherwise unrelated plasmids and in different genetic contexts suggesting they are mobile elements. In most cases, the pairs of sites flanking a gene (or genes) are in inverted repeat, but there can be multiple modules per plasmid providing pairs of recombination sites that can be used for inversion or fusion/deletion reactions; as many as 16 pdif sites have been seen in a single plasmid. Similar modules including genes for surviving environmental toxins have also been found in strains of Acinetobacter Iwoffi isolated from permafrost cores; this suggests that these mobile modules are an ancient adaptation and not a novel response to antibiotic pressure. These modules bear all the hallmarks of mobile genetic elements, yet, their movement has never been directly observed to date. This review gives an overview of the current state of this novel research field.
Basal ganglia calcification in a patient with static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration
Authors: Umehara Fujio , Iwama Kazuhiro , Mizuguchi Takeshi , Matsumoto Naomichi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA 46‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with slowly progressing parkinsonism/dystonia in adulthood. She had a history of epilepsy and intellectual disability in childhood. Additionally, brain CT revealed bilateral calcification of the globus pallidus. Further investigation using T2‐weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging showed low signal intensity in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra; T1‐weighted imaging revealed a parallel line of hyperintensity in the midbrain. We identified a de novo c.233C > A, p. Ser78* mutation on the WDR45 gene. Static encephalopathy of childhood with neurodegeneration in adulthood/β‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration should be enlisted among the causes for parkinsonism/dystonia with basal ganglia calcification.