bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW OF ACTIVE IONIZING RADIATION DOSEMETERS FOR PHOTON FIELDS
Authors: Pavelic Luka , Lackovic Igor , Mihic Marija Suric , Prlic Ivica 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Radiation protection and radiation dosimetry strongly rely on measurements performed by dosimetry instrumentation. Two categories of dosimetry instrumentation prevail: personal dosemeters and survey meters. Passive dosemeters were for many years the base of personal and area dosimetry (environmental, including workplace). Survey meters have been long-established between area meters due to their dose rate measurement capability, but just over a decade ago, debates over possibility that electronic personal dosemeters (EPDs) could replace passive personal dosemeters as legal monitoring devices have started. These debates have now branched into the use of EPDs, but also survey meters in various exposure scenarios, where some concerns have been reported. These concerns were mostly related to the response in pulsed X-ray fields and poor energy response. This article summarizes recent literature related to electronic dosemeters for strongly penetrating photon radiation and covers technologies used in contemporary EPDs and survey meters, their performance and future perspectives.
The challenge of mental simulation in preference-sensitive treatment decisions
Authors: Pighin Stefania , Tentori Katya 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis commentary discusses the importance for preference-sensitive treatment decisions of episodic future thinking, which is the capacity to mentally simulate and pre-experience what might occur in one’s personal future. Our aim is to call attention to this important topic since patients confronted with preference-sensitive treatment decisions could benefit from professional support that promotes the construction of comprehensive and detailed mental simulations of what might affect their future well-being and satisfaction.
Genome-wide investigation of WRKY transcription factors in sweet osmanthus and their potential regulation of aroma synthesis
Authors: Ding Wenjie , Ouyang Qixia , Li Yuli , Shi Tingting , Li Ling , Yang Xiulian , Ji Kongshu , Wang Lianggui , Yue Yuanzheng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
WRKY transcription factors, one of the largest transcription factor families, play important roles in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites. In sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), the monoterpenes have been demonstrated as the most important volatile compounds, and the W-box, which is the cognate binding site of WRKY transcription factors, could be identified in most of the terpene-synthesis-related genes’ promoters. However, the role of the WRKY family in terpene synthesis in sweet osmanthus has rarely been examined. In this study, 154 WRKY genes with conserved WRKY domain were identified and classified into three groups. The group II was further divided into five subgroups, and almost all members of IId contained a plant zinc cluster domain. Eight OfWRKYs (OfWRKY7/19/36/38/42/84/95/139) were screened from 20 OfWRKYs for their flower-specific expression patterns in different tissues. Simultaneously, the expression patterns of OfWRKYs and emission patterns of volatile compounds during the flowering process were determined and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed that monoterpenes, such as linalool and ocimene, accounted for the highest proportion, contributing to the floral scent of sweet osmanthus in two cultivars. In addition, correlation analysis revealed the expression patterns of OfWRKYs (OfWRKY7/19/36/139) were each correlated with distinct monoterpenes (linalool, linalool derivatives, ocimene and ocimene derivatives). Subcellular localization analysis showed that p35S::GFP–OfWRKY7/38/95/139 were localized in the nucleus and OfWRKY139 had very strong transactivation activity. Collectively, the results indicated potential roles of OfWRKY139 and OfWRKYs with plant zinc cluster domain in regulating synthesis of aromatic compounds in sweet osmanthus, laying the foundation for use of OfWRKYs to improve the aroma of ornamental plants.
Internal clock and the surgical ICU patient
Authors: Coppola Silvia , Caccioppola Alessio , Chiumello Davide 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of reviewThe alteration of circadian rhythms in the postoperative period has been demonstrated to influence the outcomes. With this narrative review we would revise how anesthesia, surgery and intensive care can interfere with the circadian clock, how this could impact on the postsurgical period and how to limit the disruption of the internal clock.Recent findingsAnesthesia affects the clock in relation to the day-time administration and the type of anesthetics, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists or gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors agonists. Surgery causes stress and trauma with consequent alteration in the circadian release of cortisol, cytokines and melatonin. ICU represents a further challenge for the patient internal clock because of sedation, immobility, mechanical ventilation and alarms noise.SummaryThe synergic effect of anesthesia, surgery and postoperative intensive care on circadian rhythms require a careful approach to the patient considering a role for therapies and interventions aimed to re-establish the normal circadian rhythms. Over time, approach like the Awakening and Breathing Coordination, Delirium Monitoring and Management, Early Mobility and Family engagement and empowerment bundle can implement the clinical practice.
Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections and Vaccine Failures in Children in Ireland From the Postvaccine Era From 2007 to 2018
Authors: Corcoran Mary , Mereckiene Jolita , Cotter Suzanne , Murchan Stephen , Cunney Robert , Humphreys Hilary 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) causes life-threatening illnesses including meningitis and bloodstream infection. Here, we report the impact of 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7/PCV13) after introduction into the Irish pediatric immunization schedule in 2008 and 2010, respectively, and the clinical details surrounding suspected PCV vaccine failures.

Methods:
Serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all culture-confirmed cases referred from children <16 years of age from July 2007 to June 2018 were assessed. Surveillance data were assessed to identify any potential vaccine failures.

Results:
The number of IPD cases has decreased by >50% since the introduction of PCVs. The most significant decline PCV serotypes in children <2 years of age, with a 97% decline in PCV7 serotypes, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.00–0.21; and a 78% decline PCV13-only (PCV13-7) serotypes, IRR 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05–1.04, respectively. However, there has been an increase in non-PCV13 serotypes in children <2 years during the same period (IRR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.02–7.84; P = 0.0463), with similar serotype trends observed for those 2–4 and 5–15 years of age. There were no clear vaccine replacement serotypes, instead a number of different serotypes emerged. Sixteen vaccine failures were identified, 10 of which were postbooster vaccine failures. Most failures were serotype 19A and resistant to antimicrobials.

Conclusions:
Further reducing the incidence of IPD is more challenging as the number of non-PCV13 serotypes has expanded and is now less susceptible to antimicrobials. Consequently, higher valency or broader target vaccines are now required to further prevent IPD in children.
Gastrointestinal peptides and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Tarantino Giovanni , Balsano Clara 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
In this review, authors have selected from literature the most recent and suggestive studies on therapy of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The selected interventions regulate the action of gastrointestinal peptides, such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), nesfatin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). These hormones have been found frequently modified in obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, morbidities mostly associated with NAFLD. This disease has a very high prevalence worldwide and could evolve in a more severe form, that is, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. The findings shown by this article describe the metabolic effects of new drugs, mainly but not only, as well of some old substances.

Recent findings
Recent approaches, in animal models or in humans, use synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, a centrally administered antibody neutralizing GIP receptor, curcumin, compound being active on nesfatin, resveratrol (antiinflammatory agent), and Ginseg, both of them acting on nesfatin, a cholecystokinin receptor analogue, and finally coffee functioning on YY peptide.

Summary
The implications of the presented findings, if they are confirmed in larger clinical trials, likely open the door to future application in clinical practice. In fact, nowadays, patients have only diet and article (incl abstract and keywords) exercise as well accepted recommendations. Thus, there are unmet needs to find substances that could really improve the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis toward liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Out of hospital cardiac arrest and uncontrolled donation after circulatory death in a tertiary cardiac arrest center
Authors: Lazzeri Chiara , Bonizzoli Manuela , Franci Andrea , Cianchi Giovanni , Batacchi Stefano , Ciapetti Marco , Fulceri Giorgio Enzo , Rugna Mario , Peris Adriano 
Published: December 2019

Objectives
Out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is worldwide quite a common disease, whose mortality still remains high. We aimed at assessing the number of potential donors after OHCA in a tertiary cardiac arrest center with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECPR) and uncontrolled donation after circulatory death (uDCD) programs.

Methods
In our single center, prospective, observational study (June 2016 to December 2018), we included all OHCA consecutive patients aged or less 65 years.

Results
Our series included 134 OHCA patients. The percentage of patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 36% (48/134). Among patients with no ROSC, ECPR was implanted in 26 patients (26/86, 30%). Among patients without ROSC, 25 patients were eligible for uDCD (25/86, 29%), while 35 patients died at the emergency department. Among patients with ROSC, 15 patients died (15/48, 31%), among whom seven became donors after brain death (7/15, 49%), a percentage which did not vary during the study period. In the subgroup of the 26 patients treated with ECPR, 24 patients died (24/26, 92%) among whom eight were potential donors (33%, 8/34), and only two patients survived (7.7%, 2/26) though with good neurological outcome.

Conclusions
The implementation of ECPR and uDCD programs in a tertiary cardiac center is feasible and increased the number of donors, because despite organizational and technical challenges, the uDCD donor pool was 62.5% of all potential donors (25/40).
Nonesterified fatty acids, cognitive decline, and dementia
Authors: Mukamal Kenneth J. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
Dementia is rapidly growing as sources of morbidity and mortality as the US population ages, but its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. As a result, no disease-modifying treatments currently exist. We review the evidence that nonesterified fatty acids may play a key role in this condition.

Recent findings
Nonesterified fatty acids appear to influence several pathways leading to dementia. In addition to their vascular effects, these moieties cross the blood–brain barrier, where they are toxic to several cell types. They may also influence insulin metabolism in the brain directly and indirectly, and some drugs that lower circulating levels appear to slow cognitive decline and brain atrophy in diabetes.

Summary
Nonesterified fatty acids may contribute to dementia, much as they do to diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several therapeutic agents lower circulating levels of nonesterified fatty acids and should be tested for their potential preventive effects on cognitive decline in healthy populations before irreversible neuronal attrition occurs.
Targeting RAS in pediatric cancer: is it becoming a reality?
Authors: Vaseva Angelina V. , Yohe Marielle E. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
The current review aims to highlight the frequency of RAS mutations in pediatric leukemias and solid tumors and to propose strategies for targeting oncogenic RAS in pediatric cancers.

Recent findings
The three RAS genes (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene family in human cancer. RAS mutations are commonly observed in three of the leading causes of cancer death in the United States, namely lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. The association of RAS mutations with these aggressive malignancies inspired the creation of the National Cancer Institute RAS initiative and spurred intense efforts to develop strategies to inhibit oncogenic RAS, with much recent success. RAS mutations are frequently observed in pediatric cancers; however, recent advances in anti-RAS drug development have yet to translate into pediatric clinical trials.

Summary
We find that RAS is mutated in common and rare pediatric malignancies and that oncogenic RAS confers a functional dependency in these cancers. Many strategies for targeting RAS are being pursued for malignancies that primarily affect adults and there is a clear need for inclusion of pediatric patients in clinical trials of these agents.
Immunosuppression in sensitized recipients
Authors: Echterdiek Fabian , Latus Joerg , Schwenger Vedat 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
Due to a substantial lack of kidney donor organs and an increasing number of sensitized recipients, a growing number of kidney transplantations has to be performed across human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and ABO barriers. These transplantations carry an inherent risk of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) with subsequently impaired graft and patient survival. This review focuses on new developments in desensitization strategies and dedicated programs for sensitized allograft recipients.

Recent findings
Whereas ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation using rituximab-based desensitization achieves long-term survival rates comparable with ABO-compatible kidney transplantation, HLA-incompatible living kidney transplantation shows no definite survival advantage as compared with staying on the waiting list for an HLA-compatible organ. To overcome HLA-incompatibilities dedicated programs for highly sensitized recipients (such as the Eurotransplant Acceptable Mismatch program) have been established. For optimal graft outcome, these programs should be based on proven acceptable mismatches and not just on avoiding unacceptable antigens. Novel desensitizing agents (e.g. complement inhibitors) that specifically inhibit the molecular pathways of AMR have shown promising results in HLA-incompatible kidney transplantation in smaller studies.

Summary
Despite ever more challenging conditions, kidney transplantation in highly sensitized patients can be achieved with the use of dedicated programs, well established desensitizing agents and new drugs that specifically inhibit the molecular processes of AMR.
Flexible ureteroscopy: reuse? Or is single use the new direction?
Authors: Ventimiglia Eugenio , Somani Bhaskar K. , Traxer Olivier 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
Single-use flexible ureteroscopes (su-fURS) aim at overcoming the main limitations of conventional reusable ureteroscopes in terms of acquisition and maintenance costs, breakages, and reprocessing. However, little data exist to date regarding the superiority of su-fURS at this regard. We aimed to perform a systematic literature review on available su-fURS performance with a focus on clinical data for all articles in the last 10 years.

Recent findings
To date, more than 10 different su-fURS are available on the market, with different characteristics and performance. Some of these devices have top-level features, almost catching up with those observed in reusable flexible ureteroscopes. Clinical evidence is mainly available only for two models, LithoVue and Uscope PU3022, and to date it is not strong enough to support routine adoption and use of su-fURS, with a consequent lack of consensus of specific clinical indications. Cost-effectiveness analyses seem to indicate an economic disadvantage in the routine adoption of su-fURS. Environmental issues related to the use of su-fURS also remain to be inquired and addressed.

Summary
Since their introduction, su-fURS have gained widespread popularity. Despite their ability at addressing reusable ureteroscope limitations, high-cost and a substantial lack of evidence are still limiting their routine adoption.
Perceptions of Birth Fathers about their Open Adoption
Authors: Clutter Lynn B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background:
Birth fathers are the least known of the adoption triad (adoptee, birth family, adoptive family). There is a gap in evidence about birth father involvement in open adoptions.

Purpose:
The purpose of the study was to explore birth fathers' experiences of open adoption and contact patterns with birth children.

Methods:
Ten birth fathers of open adoptions were recruited from two agencies. Birth fathers participated in recorded telephone interviews using naturalistic inquiry. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed for qualitative content themes.

Results:
At conception and birth, birth fathers were not in a situation suitable to raising a child but wanted to do the right thing and have ongoing contact. Birth fathers' experiences and contact patterns within the adoption triad revealed positive impact on their own lives and on other triad members. Openness provided opportunities to develop relationships. Contact and time together were beneficial and valued. Birth fathers believed themselves to be an important part of the village needed to raise the child well and emerge as a new kind of family.

Clinical Implications:
Nurses interface with birth fathers and adoption triads in a variety of settings. Birth father status and degree of openness in the adoption placement can have an impact on his wellbeing. Nurses can participate in optimizing outcomes during pregnancy, childbirth, and childhood.
Measures of Motor and Functional Skills for Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ferre-Fernández Marina , Murcia-González María Antonia , Barnuevo Espinosa María Dolores , Ríos-Díaz José 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
To review the level of evidence of the psychometric properties of outcome measures for motor or functional skills for children with cerebral palsy classified across I to V levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System.

Methods:
A systematic search was completed in PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, CINAHL, and 4 complementary databases. The COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist and the updated criteria for good measurement properties were applied to assess the quality.

Results:
Four outcome measures were identified from 12 articles: Gross Motor Function Measure, Gross Motor Performance Measure, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and Functional Independence Measure for Children. Evidence levels for validity, reliability, and responsiveness varied among measures.

Conclusions:
Gross Motor Function Measure in all versions was the most investigated measure providing the best results, with the strongest evidence for validity and responsiveness properties. Reliability evidence should be improved to determine stability.
Facilitating supportive care in cardiac intensive care units
Authors: Romanò Massimo 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
The number of patients who die in the hospital in the Western world is high, and 20–30% of them are admitted to an ICU in the last month of life, including those in cardiac ICUs (CICUs) where invasive procedures are performed and mortality is high. Palliative consultation is provided in only a few cases. The ethical and decisional aspects associated with the advanced stages of illness are very rarely discussed.

Recent findings
The epidemiological and clinical landscape of CICUs has changed in the last decade; the incidence of acute coronary syndromes has decreased, whereas noncardiovascular diseases, comorbidities, the patients’ age and clinical and therapeutic complexity have increased. The use of advanced and invasive treatments, such as mechanical ventilation, mechanical circulatory support and renal replacement therapies, has increased. This evolution increases the possibility of developing a life-threatening clinical event.

Summary
This review aimed to analyze the main epidemiological, clinical, ethical and training aspects that can facilitate the introduction of supportive/palliative care programs in the CICU to improve symptom management during the advanced/terminal stages of illness, and address such issues as advance care planning, withdrawing/withholding life-sustaining treatments, deactivation of implantable defibrillators and palliative sedation.
Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Children: Perioperative Risk Factors and a Nomogram for Prediction of Survival
Authors: Lu Yu-Gang , Pan Zhi-Ying , Zhang Song , Lu Ye-Feng , Zhang Wei , Wang Long , Meng Xiao-Yan , Yu Wei-Feng 
Published: December 2019

Background.
Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children has achieved promising outcomes during the past few decades. However, it still poses various challenges. This study aimed to analyze perioperative risk factors for postoperative death in pediatric LDLT.

Methods.
We retrospectively analyzed medical records of pediatric patients who underwent LDLT surgery from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016, in our hospital. Predictors of mortality following LDLT were analyzed in 430 children. Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier curve analysis were used for covariates selection. A nomogram was developed to estimate overall survival probability. The performance of the nomogram was assessed using calibration curve, decision curve analysis, and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results.
Among the 430 patients in this cohort (median [interquartile range] age, 7 [6.10] mo; 189 [43.9%] female; 391 [90.9%] biliary atresia), the overall survival was 91.4% (95% confidence interval, 89.2-94.4), and most of the death events (36/37) happened within 6 months after the surgery. Multivariate analysis indicated that the Pediatric End-stage Liver Disease score, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, graft-to-recipient weight ratio, and intraoperative norepinephrine infusion were independent prognostic factors. A novel nomogram was developed based on these prognostic factors. The C index for the final model was 0.764 (95% confidence interval, 0.701-0.819). Decision curve analysis and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve suggested that this novel nomogram performed well at predicting mortality of pediatric LDLT.

Conclusions.
We identified several perioperative risk factors for mortality of pediatric LDLT. And the newly developed nomogram can be a convenient individualized tool in estimating the prognosis of pediatric LDLT.