bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Aposematism: An Evolutionary Analysis of Suicide
Authors: Wiley James C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe evolutionary advantage of psychological phenomena can be gleaned by comparing them with physical traits that have proven adaptive in other organisms. The present article provides a novel evolutionary explanation of suicide in humans by comparing it with aposematism in insects. Aposematic insects are brightly colored, making them conspicuous to predators. However, such insects are equipped with toxins that cause a noxious reaction when eaten. Thus, the death of a few insects conditions predators to avoid other insects of similar coloration. Analogously, human suicides may increase the credibility of future suicide threats and attempts from others, conveying an evolutionary advantage to the phenotypic expression of suicidal behavior in low-fitness contexts.
Linking a Storm Water Management Model to a Novel Two-Dimensional Model for Urban Pluvial Flood Modeling
Authors: Yang Yuhan , Sun Leifeng , Li Ruonan , Yin Jie , Yu Dapeng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article describes a new method of urban pluvial flood modeling by coupling the 1D storm water management model (SWMM) and the 2D flood inundation model (ECNU Flood-Urban). The SWMM modeling results (the overflow of the manholes) are used as the input boundary condition of the ECNU Flood-Urban model to simulate the rainfall–runoff processes in an urban environment. The analysis is applied to the central business district of East Nanjing Road in downtown Shanghai, considering 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-year return period rainfall scenarios. The results show that node overflow, water depth, and inundation area increase proportionately with the growing return periods. Water depths are mostly predicted to be shallow and surface flows generally occur in the urban road network due to its low-lying nature. The simulation result of the coupled model proves to be reliable and suggests that urban surface water flooding could be accurately simulated by using this methodology. Adaptation measures (upgrading of the urban drainage system) can then be targeted at specific locations with significant overflow and flooding.
Anionic polyacrylamide influence on the lead(II) ion accumulation in soil – the study on montmorillonite
Authors: Fijałkowska G. , Szewczuk-Karpisz K. , Wiśniewska M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposePolymeric substances, as soil conditioners, limit the erosion process as well as improve the soil structure. The same macromolecular compounds may influence the heavy metal accumulation in soil environment. The main aim of this study was investigation of anionic polyacrylamide (AN PAM) effect on the lead(II) ion sorption on the montmorillonite surface. The effects of Pb(II) ion concentration, sequence of heavy metal and anionic polymer addition into the system as well as anionic group content in the PAM macromolecules were also studied.Materials and methodsThe study was performed on montmorillonite (clay mineral). Two types of polymers were used: AN PAM 5% and AN PAM 30% containing 5% and 30% of carboxylic groups, respectively. The adsorbed amounts of Pb(II) ions or AN PAM on the solid were determined spectrophotometrically. Electrokinetic properties of the examined systems were established using potentiometric titration and microelectrophoresis method. The montmorillonite aggregation without and with selected substances was described based on the sedimentation study.ResultsAt pH 5 the Pb(II) adsorbed amount on montmorillonite equaled 0.05 mg/m2(for the initial concentration 10 ppm). Anionic polyacrylamide increased this value significantly (it was 0.11 mg/m2with AN PAM 5% and 0.11 mg/m2with AN PAM 30%). The lead(II) ions presence causes a slight increase of the anionic PAM adsorption on the montmorillonite surface. For example, for the initial polymer concentration 100 ppm, the AN PAM 5% adsorbed amount without Pb(II) equaled 0.49 mg/m2, whereas with Pb(II) – 0.57 mg/m2. What is more, anionic polyacrylamide and lead(II) ions affected electrokinetic properties and stability of the montmorillonite suspension.ConclusionsAnionic polyacrylamide makes the Pb(II) accumulation on the montmorillonite surface larger and, as a consequence, reduces the Pb(II) availability to organisms. Therefore, this macromolecular compound can certainly be used to remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals.
Sensitivity of Historical Climate Simulations to Uncertain Aerosol Forcing
Authors: Dittus Andrea J. , Hawkins Ed , Wilcox Laura J. , Sutton Rowan T. , Smith Christopher J. , Andrews Martin B. , Forster Piers M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe relative importance of anthropogenic aerosol in decadal variations of historical climate is uncertain, largely due to uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing. We analyze a novel large ensemble of simulations with HadGEM3‐GC3.1 for 1850–2014, where anthropogenic aerosol and precursor emissions are scaled to sample a wide range of historical aerosol radiative forcing with present‐day values ranging from –0.38 to –1.50 Wm–2. Five ensemble members are run for each of five aerosol scaling factors. Decadal variations in surface temperatures are strongly sensitive to aerosol forcing, particularly between 1950 and 1980. Post‐1980, trends are dominated by greenhouse gas forcing, with much lower sensitivity to aerosol emission differences. Most realizations with aerosol forcing more negative than about –1 Wm–2simulate stronger cooling trends in the mid‐20th century compared with observations, while the simulated warming post‐1980 always exceeds observed warming, likelydue to a warm bias in the transient climate response in HadGEM3‐GC3.1.
Magnetospheric Interactions of Saturn's Moon Dione (2005–2015)
Authors: Krupp N. , Kotova A. , Roussos E. , Simon S. , Liuzzo L. , Paranicas C. , Khurana K. , Jones G. H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe moon Dione orbits Saturn at 6.2 Saturn radii RS deep in the Kronian magnetosphere. In situ studies of the moon‐magnetosphere interaction processes near Dione were possible with the Cassini/Huygens mission which flew by close to Dione five times at distances between 99 and 516 km. In addition, Cassini crossed Dione's L‐shell more than 400 times between 2004 and 2017 and documented the variability of Saturn's magnetosphere. Different flyby geometries allowed to study the interaction processes upstream, in the low‐energy wake, and above the north pole of Dione. We describe here the energetic particle measurements from the Low Energy Magnetospheric Measurement System (LEMMS), part of the Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument (MIMI) onboard Cassini. We also use hybrid simulation results from “A.I.K.E.F.” to interpret the signatures in the particle fluxes. This paper is a continuation of Krupp et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.06.007) and Kotova et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.06.031). The key results are as follows: (1) Saturn's magnetosphere at Dione's orbit is highly variable with changes in energetic charged particle fluxes by 1–2 orders of magnitude. (2) The dropout signatures near Dione are basically consistent with a fully absorbing obstacle, but some features point to more complex interaction processes than plasma and energetic particle absorption. (3) Absorption signatures are found to be asymmetric with respect to the orientation of the moon, indicative of the presence of radial drift components for electrons. (4) The deepest absorption signatures were observed at the edge of the low‐energy wake pointing to gradient‐B drifts strongest in that part of the interaction region.
Cold Ocean Cavity and Weak Basal Melting of the Sørsdal Ice Shelf Revealed by Surveys Using Autonomous Platforms
Authors: Gwyther David E. , Spain Erica A. , King Peter , Guihen Damien , Williams Guy D. , Evans Eleri , Cook Sue , Richter Ole , Galton‐Fenzi Benjamin K. , Coleman Richard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBasal melting of ice shelves is inherently difficult to quantify through direct observations, yet it is a critical factor controlling Antarctic mass balance and global sea‐level rise. While much research attention is paid to larger ice shelves and those experiencing the most rapid change, many smaller, unstudied ice shelves offer valuable insights. Here, we investigate the oceanographic conditions and melting beneath the Sørsdal ice shelf, East Antarctica. We present results from the 2018/2019 Sørsdal deployment of the University of Tasmania's autonomous underwater vehicle nupiri muka. Oceanography adjacent to and beneath the ice shelf front shows a cold and relatively saline environment dominated by Winter Water and Dense Shelf Water, while bathymetry measurements show a deep (∼1,200 m) trough running into the ice shelf cavity. Two multiyear deployments of Autonomous Phase‐sensitive Radar Echo Sounders on the surface of the ice shelf show weak melt rates (average of 1.6 and 2.3 m yr−1) with low temporal variability. These observations are supported by numerical ocean model and satellite estimates of melting. We speculate that the presence of a ∼825 m thick (350 m to at least 1,175 m) homogeneous layer of cold, dense water blocks access from warmer waters that intrude into Prydz Bay from offshore, resulting in weak melt rates. However, the newly identified trough means that the ice shelf is vulnerable to any decrease in polynya activity that allows warm water to enter the cavity. This could lead to increased basal melting and mass loss through this sector of Antarctica.
A Semiprognostic Phenology Model for Simulating Multidecadal Dynamics of Global Vegetation Leaf Area Index
Authors: Xin Qinchuan , Zhou Xuewen , Wei Nan , Yuan Hua , Ao Zurui , Dai Yongjiu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVegetation leaf phenology, often reflected by the dynamics in leaf area index (LAI), influences a variety of land surface processes. Robust models of vegetation phenology are pivot components in both land surface models and dynamic global vegetation models but remain challenging in terms of the model accuracy. This study develops a semiprognostic phenology model that is suitable for simulating time series of vegetation LAI. This method establishes a linear relationship between the steady‐state LAI (i.e., the LAI when the environment conditions remain unchanging) and gross primary productivity, meaning that the LAI an unchanging environment can carry is proportional to the photosynthetic products produced by plant leaves and implements with a simple light use efficiency algorithm of MOD17 to form a closed set of equations. We derive an analytical solution based on the Lambert W function to the closed equations and then apply a simple restricted growth process model to simulate the time series of actual LAI. The results modeled using global climate data demonstrate that the model is able to capture both the spatial pattern and intra‐annual and interannual variation of LAI derived from the satellite‐based product on a global scale. The results modeled using the flux tower data suggest that the developed model is able to explain over 70% variation in daily LAI for each plant functional type except evergreen broadleaf forest. The developed semiprognostic approach provides a simple solution to modeling the spatiotemporal variation in vegetation LAI across plant functional types on the global scale.
Thermochronological and Geochronological Constraints on Late Cretaceous Unroofing and Proximal Sedimentation in the Sevier Orogenic Belt, Utah
Authors: Pujols Edgardo J. , Stockli Daniel F. , Constenius Kurt N. , Horton Brian K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA source‐to‐sink analysis incorporating geochronometric and thermochronometric data from the Sevier fold‐thrust belt (SFTB) and proximal synorogenic strata of the Canyon Range Conglomerate (CRC) and Indianola Group (IG) provides new insights into orogenic exhumation, erosional unroofing, and the interplay between thrusting and coarse clastic deposition in the Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin of western North America. Zircon (U‐Th)/He ages from the Pavant and Nebo thrust sheets record significant Cenomanian cooling indicative of synchronous exhumation and thrusting along a large segment of the SFTB in central and northern Utah. Detrital zircon (U‐Th)/He (DZHe) ages indistinguishable from depositional ages from the Cenomanian Dakota Formation and lower CRC also record rapid unroofing of the SFTB and synchronous deposition. DZHe data from wedge‐top deposits of the CRC record two significant unroofing episodes: Albo‐Cenomanian exhumation of the Pavant thrust and progressive unroofing of the Canyon Range culmination. For the IG, the presence of Paleozoic DZHe ages along with Paleozoic‐Mesozoic DZ U‐Pb ages in the Cenomanian Sanpete Formation suggests derivation from Paleozoic to Jurassic strata exhumed in the frontal Pavant and Nebo thrust sheets. After the Cenomanian episode of rapid exhumation, proximal foredeep strata recorded a widespread DZ provenance shift in the Turonian. Short DZHe lag time values from Campanian CRC and IG deposits reveal rapid exhumation of the SFTB during the Campanian. The synchroneity of major shortening and Campanian and Cenomanian changes in foreland basin architecture and provenance supports models proposing that active shortening in the fold‐thrust belt coincides with coarse clastic influx in foreland basins.
A Spatially Variable Time Series of Sea Level Change Due to Artificial Water Impoundment
Authors: Hawley William B. , Hay Carling C. , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Kopp Robert E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe artificial impoundment of water behind dams causes global mean sea level (GMSL) to fall as reservoirs fill but also generates a local rise in sea level due to the increased mass in the reservoir and the crustal deformation this mass induces. To estimate spatiotemporal fluctuations in sea level due to water impoundment, we use a historical data set that includes 6,329 reservoirs completed between 1900 and 2011, as well as projections of 3,565 reservoirs that are expected to be completed by 2040. The GMSL change associated with the historical data (−0.2 mm yr−1 from 1900–2011) is consistent with previous studies, but the temporal and spatial resolution allows for local studies that were not previously possible, revealing that some locations experience a sea level rise of as much as 40 mm over less than a decade. Future construction of reservoirs through ~2040 is projected to cause a GMSL fall whose rate is comparable to that of the last century (−0.3 mm yr−1) but with a geographic distribution that will be distinct from the last century, including a rise in sea level in more coastal areas. The analysis of expected construction shows that significant impoundment near coastal communities in the coming decades could enhance the flooding risk already heightened by global sea level rise.
Improving Early Estimates of Large Earthquake's Final Fault Lengths and Magnitudes Leveraging Source Fault Structural Maturity Information
Authors: Hutchison Allie A. , Böse Maren , Manighetti Isabelle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEarthquake early warning would be improved if the final size of an ongoing earthquake could be predicted early in the rupture process. Previous research relies largely on parameters derived from seismic waveforms, resulting in widely varied estimates of how much of the rupture must be complete before final sizes can be predicted. We demonstrate here that incorporating prior information on along‐strike variation in source fault structural maturity helps improve constraints on the earthquake's final size. Using surface slip profiles from 26 large continental earthquakes worldwide, we derive a generic empirical relation between earthquake slip, rupture length, and along‐strike variability in source fault maturity. Using this equation, we fit successive slip profiles developing during each earthquake and find that, on average, we predict the final length and magnitude of an earthquake once it has reached ~20% of its total length. Our findings thus demonstrate a clear determinism in the rupture process.
Morphology, Development, and Sediment Dynamics of Elongating Linear Dunes on Mars
Authors: Davis Joel M. , Banham Steven G. , Grindrod Peter M. , Boazman Sarah J. , Balme Matthew R. , Bristow Charlie S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLinear dunes occur on planetary surfaces, including Earth, Mars, and Titan, yet their dynamics are poorly understood. Recent studies of terrestrial linear dunes suggest they migrate by elongation only in supply‐limited environments. Here, we investigate elongating linear dunes in the Hellespontus Montes region of Mars which are morphologically similar to terrestrial systems. Multitemporal, high‐resolution orbital images show these linear dunes migrate by elongation only and that the fixed sediment source of the dunes probably restricts any lateral migration. Some linear dunes maintain their along‐length volume and elongate at rates comparable to adjacent barchans, whereas those which decrease in volume show no elongation, suggesting they are near steady state, matching morphometric predictions. Limited sediment supply may restrict Martian linear dunes to several kilometers, significantly shorter than many terrestrial linear dunes. Our results demonstrate the close similarities in dune dynamics across the two planetary surfaces.
Understanding the Response of Tropical Ascent to Warming Using an Energy Balance Framework
Authors: Jenney A. M. , Randall D. A. , Branson M. D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrevious work has established that warming is associated with an increase in dry static stability, a weakening of the tropical circulation, and a decrease in the convective mass flux. Using a set of idealized simulations with specified surface warming and superparameterized convection, we find support for these previous conclusions. We use an energy and mass balance framework to develop a simple diagnostic that links the fractional area covered by the region of upward motion to the strength of the mean circulation. We demonstrate that the diagnostic works well for our idealized simulations and use it to understand how changes in tropical ascent area and the strength of the mean circulation relate to changes in heating in the ascending and descending regions. We show that the decrease in the strength of the mean circulation can be explained by the relatively slow rate at which atmospheric radiative cooling intensifies with warming. In our simulations, decreases in tropical ascent area are balanced by increases in nonradiative heating in convective regions. Consistent with previous work, we find a warming‐induced decrease in the mean convective mass flux. However, when we condition by the sign of the mean vertical motion, the warming‐induced changes in the convective mass flux are nonmonotonic and opposite between the ascending and descending regions.
Combined PARP and ATR inhibition potentiates genome instability and cell death in ATM-deficient cancer cells
Authors: Lloyd Rebecca L. , Wijnhoven Paul W. G. , Ramos-Montoya Antonio , Wilson Zena , Illuzzi Giuditta , Falenta Katarzyna , Jones Gemma N. , James Neil , Chabbert Christophe D. , Stott Jonathan , Dean Emma , Lau Alan , Young Lucy A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib is FDA approved for the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. Olaparib inhibits PARP1/2 enzymatic activity and traps PARP1 on DNA at single-strand breaks, leading to replication-induced DNA damage that requires BRCA1/2-dependent homologous recombination repair. Moreover, DNA damage response pathways mediated by the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases are hypothesised to be important survival pathways in response to PARP-inhibitor treatment. Here, we show that olaparib combines synergistically with the ATR-inhibitor AZD6738 (ceralasertib), in vitro, leading to selective cell death in ATM-deficient cells. We observe that 24 h olaparib treatment causes cells to accumulate in G2-M of the cell cycle, however, co-administration with AZD6738 releases the olaparib-treated cells from G2 arrest. Selectively in ATM-knockout cells, we show that combined olaparib/AZD6738 treatment induces more chromosomal aberrations and achieves this at lower concentrations and earlier treatment time-points than either monotherapy. Furthermore, single-agent olaparib efficacy in vitro requires PARP inhibition throughout multiple rounds of replication. Here, we demonstrate in several ATM-deficient cell lines that the olaparib and AZD6738 combination induces cell death within 1–2 cell divisions, suggesting that combined treatment could circumvent the need for prolonged drug exposure. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo combination activity of olaparib and AZD6738 in xenograft and PDX mouse models with complete ATM loss. Collectively, these data provide a mechanistic understanding of combined PARP and ATR inhibition in ATM-deficient models, and support the clinical development of AZD6738 in combination with olaparib.
Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing
Authors: Dickin Sarah , Bayoumi Moustafa , Giné Ricard , Andersson Kim , Jiménez Alejandro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough sanitation systems are fundamental for human health and sustainable development, limited focus has been placed on their contributions to climate mitigation and adaptation. Climate change threatens existing systems, as well as efforts to increase services for 2.3 billion people who lack even a basic sanitation service. At the same time, the sanitation and wastewater sector directly produces emissions associated with breakdown of organic matter, and treatment processes require large energy inputs. In light of these challenges, we describe gaps in how sanitation is being addressed in mitigation and adaptation, discuss how this results in little inclusion of sanitation in climate policy and financing at the global level, and implications of these gaps for different sanitation systems and geographic regions. Finally, we describe the need for planning frameworks to facilitate integration of climate change into sanitation policy and programming. This will be critical to increasing understanding of sanitation and climate change linkages among stakeholders, and more effectively including sanitation in climate action.
SATB1 as oncogenic driver and potential therapeutic target in head & neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
Authors: Panchal Omkar , Wichmann Gunnar , Grenman Reidar , Eckhardt Lisa , Kunz-Schughart Leoni A. , Franke Heike , Dietz Andreas , Aigner Achim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1) is a genome organizer protein that controls gene expression of numerous genes by regulating chromatin architecture and targeting chromatin-remodeling/-modifying enzymes onto specific chromatin regions. SATB1 is overexpressed in various tumors. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), SATB1 upregulation is correlated with TNM classification, metastasis, poor prognosis and reduced overall survival. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze cellular and molecular effects of SATB1 in a large set of primary cell lines from primary HNSCC or metastases, using RNAi-mediated knockdownin vitroand, therapeutically, in tumor xenograft mouse modelsin vivo. In a series of 15 cell lines, major differences in SATB1 levels are observed. In various 2-D and 3-D assays, growth inhibition upon efficient siRNA-mediated SATB1 knockdown depends on the cell line rather than initial SATB1 levels. Inhibitory effects are found to be based on cell cycle deceleration, apoptosis induction, decreased HER3 and Heregulin A&B expression, and effects on EMT genes.In vivo, systemic treatment of tumor xenograft-bearing mice with siRNAs formulated in polymeric nanoparticles inhibits tumor growth of two HNSCC xenograft models, resulting from therapeutic SATB1 reduction and concomitant decrease of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, SATB1 represents a promising target in HNSCC, affecting crucial cellular processes and molecular pathways.