bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Verification of the Use of GFRP Reinforcement in the Ceiling Slab of a Garage House
Authors: Blaho Stanislav , Gajdošová Katarína , Sonnenschein Róbert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the major advantages of fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) is their high tensile strength and low weight to strength ratio. Compared to steel reinforcement, this is one of the main and decisive features that could determine the choice of materials used in the design. Since there is no corrosion for this type of reinforcement, it is very suitable for concrete structures in aggressive environments. This point, along with others, gives concrete structures reinforced with FRPs significant advantages over conventional concrete structures with steel reinforcement. Different material properties and behaviour of FRP when compared to steel reinforcement result in the need of the modification of established design procedures, especially in the area of the ultimate strain, because FRP reinforcement has a different σ-ε diagram than the steel reinforcement. The experimental verification of the new design procedures is necessarily needed. This paper summarizes the results of practical design and calculations of the resistance of alternatively steel and GFRP reinforced concrete ceiling slab of a garage house and experimental results on the beam specimens reinforced with GFRP reinforcement tested under four-points test. It was necessary to adjust the conventional procedures in calculating the required area of GFRP reinforcement in order to avoid brittle failure of the cross-section (rupture of reinforcement). This is ensured by abiding the balance reinforcement level. Another fact to be considered is the creep rupture phenomenon causing immediate rupture of GFRP reinforcement under a high level of sustained loading. The reduction of GFRP strength according to the long-term loading results in rising required area of reinforcement. Finally, the serviceability limit state is checked. According to the low modulus of elasticity of GFRP reinforcement, the deflection should be the limiting factor for the amount of reinforcement designed.
The Use of Photovoltaic Conversion in Innovative Solutions
Authors: Kozak-Jagieła Ewa , Klich Agnieszka , Mojkowska-Gawełczyk Małgorzata 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The year 2021 is inevitably coming, in which all newly built buildings should meet the standard of almost zero-energy all newly build constructions (nZEB). This means that buildings should have almost zero or low energy consumption. The energy demand should be covered to a very high degree from renewable sources, including renewable energy produced on-site or nearby. One of the renewable that can be used is solar energy, which for the 9th time in a row has achieved the largest share (42.5%) of new investments utilising renewable energy sources. Currently, solar energy is most often used by photovoltaic cells, which converts it into electricity. Over the past 15 years, the accumulated annual growth rate of photovoltaic production has been over 40%, which means that the photovoltaic industry is the fastest growing in the world. The annual capacity of new solar installations installed has increased from 29.5 GWp in 2012 to 107 GWp in 2018. The development of solar technology is huge. Previously known technologies are improving and refined, which stands for that the efficiency of electricity conversion is increasing. New innovative technologies using photovoltaic cells are also emerging. These include cells dedicated to the building facade BIPV, used in louvres of curtain blinds, filling mullion-transom facades, roof skylights or balustrades. NanoPV windows are a new product appearing on the market. This is a product that uses innovative material - quantum dots, i.e. small semiconductors with the sizes of several or several dozens of nanometers, having the ability to absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation. In this work, the authors present the development of photovoltaic technology and the most interesting solutions according to the authors regarding the use of solar technologies.
The Study of the Landscape of Populated areas for needs of the Development of the Concept of Greenery
Authors: Nitavska Natalija , Skujane Daiga , Markova Madara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Thematic planning of the blue-green infrastructure is increasingly incorporated in development plans of European cities, within which the qualitative green structure is implemented at various scales – of the county, of the populated areas and locally. European experience shows that it is important to divide several levels or scales of planning (national, regional, county, city, local level) in the planning of green structures, defining the objectives and tasks to be achieved in each level, and the hierarchy between them. The methodology for developing the concept of the greenery is based on the planning of a three-level / scale greening system, based on widely used in Europe approaches for the development of green infrastructure, green network (green grid, etc.), basic principles of ecological design and urban acupuncture (the activation of urban space with punctuated public outdoor objects, elements, territories).The aim of the paper is to present the linkage between the theory and practice in the development of the concept of greenery for small scale populated areas. It is written that the structure and elements of the landscape of the populated area of Ikšķile (Latvia) and its villages have been studied and analysed as the pilot area. The levels included in the landscape study, as well as in the concept of the greenery of Ikškile municipality – city, neighbourhood or village, landscape units and object levels – form a hierarchical system in which each subsequent level details the previous one. Similarly, the study of the existing greenery structure of the populated areas is based on a multi-level study which is linked to a future planning. The most significant natural and cultural historical elements of the city have been identified and analysed at the town level of Ikšķile, dwelling on the cultural historical structure of the populated area, as well as the day-to-day important objects and areas designated as “nodal points” in the town. The “nodal points” and the “linking elements” at the town level are analysed in two directions – objects and territories of daily importance and important for the development of tourism. At the level of neighbourhoods and municipality villages, the elements forming the identity of the place and the existing structure of greenery are more analysed. At the level of landscape units and objects, the existing greenery elements in specific functional zones and situations of the town (street greenery, greenery of residential areas, etc.) – their diversity, typology, quality and usability, accessibility are analysed. As a result, the existing image of Ikšķile, the forming elements of the identity and the existing greenery and spatial structure are obtained, as well as problematic situations at each level of the study are defined. The elaborated research serves as a basis for the development of the greenery concept of the populated area of Ikšķile and its villages.
Eco-City: Model Concept for Transforming Brownfield into Modern Urban District
Authors: Karwalska Roksana , Mazur-Belzyt Katarzyna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Brownfields are undoubtedly a problem in many 21st century cities. Abandoned, degraded, dangerous, overgrown and degrading the image of cities, they also have many potentials and assets. In the context of contemporary urban development trends related to sustainable development and the idea of creating a compact city with a high quality of life, post-industrial areas, especially those located in city centers, are ideal areas for new investments. Polish cities still have a tendency to urban sprawl, which is why the purpose of this article is to draw attention to the transformation of brownfield areas into modern eco and healthy urban districts as a way of creating sustainable urban space. In addition, the article deals with the topic of pro-ecological solutions, including those related to adaptation to climate change. The study uses the case study method. Five significant examples of post-industrial area transformation from Germany, Spain and France were selected. During the analyzes compared masterplans, functional schemes and location of these areas, and then the basic parameters and relationships between them were distinguished in four main categories: general data, environment, land development and attractiveness assessment. The conclusions of the comparative analysis allowed for the definition of detailed guidelines for creating a model concept for land development of the brownfields located in the city structure. The chosen location is placed in Katowice in former areas of Silesia Zinc Plant. The proposed concept presents functional solutions for connecting residential, recreational, commercial office and industrial areas. It is a template solution for the process of spatial, social and economic development. The project proposes pro-ecological solutions and technologies, including: water recycling, use of solar energy, energy storage, intelligent control and monitoring systems, sustainable mobility, building development based on natural ventilation of the city, rain gardens, reducing heat islands, etc. The transformation methods based on modern pro-ecological technologies in the context of adaptation to climate change which were presented in the article may constitute guidelines for the implementation in similar cases of transforming brownfield areas into modern urban districts.
Impact of Biochar on Water Permeability in Soil
Authors: Gliniak Maciej , Sikora Jakub , Sadowska Urszula , Klimek-Kopyra Agnieszka , Latawiec Agnieszka , Kuboń Maciej 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Water is the most important substance which occurs in nature. As a soil solution it is a basis of life for plants, both as an indispensable element of plant tissues as well as a carrier of mineral salts collected by plants through root hair. Ability to collect water by plants depends on the power of its binding with soil and thus on the quality of soil and amount of water. The objective of the article is to determine the water permeability in the superficial layer of soil in relation to the applied biochar dose. The research was provided in 2018 and 2019 year at agricultural field located in Krakow, Poland. The soil used for test was typical brown clay soil. The changes of soil granulometry were made with sunflower husk biochar. The biochar permeability was 3.2·10−5 m·s−1. The lowest value of water permeability 3.3·10−7 m·s−1 was observed for soil where 60 Mg·ha−1 of biochar was applied. Water permeability is strictly connected with general porosity and is often assumed as such in many papers. It was reported that the water permeability for control soil where no addition of biochar was used indicates up to two times lower permeability in comparison to the soil where biochar was added which indicates that biochar influences the amount of water available for plants which the investigated soils were able to store.
Improving Protective Equipment in the High-Rise Construction
Authors: Godunova Galina , Shushunova Natalia , Hoang Nguyen H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article considers the problem of organizing the workplace in the high-rise construction. If the workplace has a mark above 1.3 m from any base or closer than 2 m horizontally to the vertical drop, then it qualifies as a workplace at altitude. Climbing work begins at 5.0 m. It is estimated that approximately 50% of all accidents during installation work due to the fall of people from above. This is usually caused by deficiencies in the arrangement of the workplace. The analysis of existing and new types of devices for safe installation in the high-rise construction and the reasons of injury when working with building cranes are also investigated.
Architecture of a hybrid manufacturing plant: conceptual design issues
Authors: Pieczara Marta 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the presented paper is to identify and examine the key innovation areas in architectural design for manufacturing plants that are likely to appear due to the recent progress in the production technology. Firstly, the principles of the hybrid manufacturing system are discussed, with regard to the effects that the recent shift of production paradigm brings organisation to the work as well as to the character of human participation in the industry. In the next step, the analysis of exemplary designs is used to investigate new tasks and difficulties that this change is likely to pose to the architects. The research method is a logical analysis, while the material used consists of empirical designs realised with architecture master students. The most significant design issues encountered at different decision-making moments of the design process are subsequently discussed. They point to the stages of setting the functional programme, deciding upon the site selection, elaborating the factory plans and the composition of architectural form, as representing four key areas of design sequence for innovative concepts to emerge. Among other conclusions drawn from the study, the evidence for the growing importance of the aesthetics in design can be distinguished. This corresponds to the observed shift of design trends from the office to industry functions.
The Regeneration of Traditional Residential Block with Typological Approach-Taking Zhongnongli in Nanjing as an Example
Authors: Weng Weifan , Wu Jinxiu , Bao Li 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the rapid development of urbanization in China, the conservation and renewal of old cities face a huge challenge from a large amount of demolishment and construction without reasonable urban planning, which have been a widely discussed topic. As one of the most representative traditional residential blocks built in the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949), Zhongnongli has a great value in culture and plays a significant role in sustaining the continuity of history and maintaining the characteristics of the city in Nanjing. Taking Zhongnongli block as an example, based on the approach of architectural typology, this study aims to explore an organic renewal path to solve main problems in the process of regeneration, such as the confusion in space structure, the lack of public communication space and the protection of historical scene. Specifically, the research can be divided into two stages: typological extraction and typological transformation. Firstly, the thesis analyses and summarizes regional elements and deep structure of the block and buildings, trying to simplify and abstract them into prototypes like linear spatial pattern, pleasant spatial scale and patio house. Secondly, according to the traditional cultural connotation and modern life needs, these prototypes are appropriately transformed into new block morphology and building forms by means of reconstruction and translation. The experimental design we have done suggests that the application of the typological approach in contemporary urban planning and architectural design can contribute to realizing the harmonious coexistence of old and new buildings as well as the balance between inheritance and innovation, which serves as a model for the sustainable development of traditional residential blocks.
Resistance of Young Concrete on Frost Action at Early Age Part 1 – Compressive Strength
Authors: Osetek Wojciech 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Concreting at winter time and in cold weather regions causes technological problem by production of fresh mix prevented from temperature below 0°C. Generally problem concerns fresh mix as well as young concrete. Apart from higher costs of mix appears durability of this concrete. Young concrete is prevented from single freezing if its strength obtains minimum 3,5MPa according to ACI 306R-16 but based on other publications the range of compressive strength can be much wider. Nevertheless, standards do not precise how investigate and how looks in reality the durability of concrete, which was subjected to freezing at early age. High compressive strength of concrete after 28 days and 90 days cannot be an indicator for its durability. Admittedly, high early strength cannot lead to unambiguous statement, that durability was reached. The destructive mechanism differs from freeze-thaw resistance of hardened concrete and depends on free water content, which remains after 22each freezing and initial curing temperature. Used measurement technic can also play significant role by describing of results. This paper presents part of doctoral thesis entitled “Resistance of young concrete on frost action at early age”, scope and parameters of freezing test base instead on analysis and long-standing author’s practice on building sites. The objective of the paper is to evaluate compressive strength loss after cyclic freezing of young concrete in different air conditions with different material modification and its effectiveness. It was considered change in modification of concrete mainly standard air entrainment, polymer microspheres and cement replacement. Concrete series with microspheres reached on the one hand the lowest reference compressive strength on the other hand has shown resistance on freezing at early age, but not in all cases. Modified concrete series by sulphate aluminate as replacement in 10% of Portland cement showed lack of resistance on freezing. Air entrained concrete and self-compacting concrete have shown different behavior depending on cycles and initial curing temperature. Frozen samples independently for strength increment in time revealed different strength loss after 28 days and 90 days. It is interesting, that cyclic freezing at early age must not influence on strength increment, however concrete loses its permeability in almost all cases.
Load Bearing Capacity of Precast Concrete Slab–Wall Connection
Authors: Skadins Ulvis , Dandens Atis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Precast concrete slabs and their supporting walls are connected using dowel pins, anchoring loop bars, and cast-in-situ concrete. The design resistance of such connections can be calculated using multiple different methods. The design load bearing capacity can vary depending on the method used and assumptions made during calculation, making it difficult to determine, which methods are reliable and should be preferred. The study ordered by construction company JSC “UPB” discusses two design methods proposed by Eurocode 2 and fib Bulletin 43. A semi full-scale loading tests of concrete walls and slab specimens are carried out. The results show that the design methods considering only the contribution of steel dowel pins, underestimates the actual capacity of the connection by 2 to 4 times. On the other hand, the methods, considering both the contribution of the dowels and the friction between concrete interfaces, correspond well with the experimental results.
An Investigation on the Impact of Different Vegetation Types on Microenvironment in Winter
Authors: Yang Xiaojing , Liu Yu , Hao Shangkai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The carefully designed greening system can significantly improve the thermal comfort of a microenvironment. A greening system is usually composed of different vegetation types, which have different impacts on their surrounding microenvironment. In order to evaluate the impacts of different vegetation types on campus microenvironment, four representative plots with different vegetation types (arbor + lawn, shrub + lawn, lawn, bamboo forest + lawn) in a university campus in northwest China were selected for investigation. HOBO temperature and humidity recorder were used to monitor the temperature and humidity of four plots at a level of 1.5m high in for 24 consecutive hours in 5 days in winter of 2019. The results show that, during the observation period, all the four kinds of vegetation types have a certain influence on the microenvironment, and the degree of influence shows a trend of bamboo forest + lawn> arbor + lawn> shrub + lawn> lawn. The results of this research are expected to provide a reference in the selection of vegetation types for the design of campus greening system.
Analysing the implementation motivations of BIM Technology in Construction Project Management
Authors: Mesaros Peter , Spisakova Marcela , Mandicak Tomas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Construction project management is a difficult process. It includes a lot of participants in the construction project and the relationships between them. Currently, the construction industry is increasing demands on technology. BIM is a progressive intelligent 3D model-based process that gives architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) professionals the insight and tools to more efficiently in planning, designing, and buildings and infrastructure managing. The research discusses the issue of implementation motivations of BIM using in construction project management. The main aim of the paper is to analyse and give an overview of motivations groups of BIM in construction project management.
Energy Audit of Buildings Commissioned Upon Completion of Industrial Facility Conversion Projects
Authors: Topchiy Dmitriy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article deals with the problems of an integrated energy assessment of industrial and civil facilities commissioned upon completion of conversion projects for capital construction facilities located on former industrial sites. It describes the need for updating the regulatory framework that determines the general methodology of this type of works and specifies energy research methods and instruments. In addition, it formulates requirements to the professional skills of experts involved in this research. The article reviews the European experience of energy saving and enhancing the energy efficiency of this type of buildings. It should be noted that only every fourth subject of the Russian Federation, the largest energy producing country, has an approved energy saving and energy efficiency improvement governmental program for newly commissioned buildings and structures. The article also offers an organizational and methodological structure for raising the energy efficiency level of buildings being commissioned after conversion of industrial facilities.
Horizontal Forces on the Crane Runway during the Motion of the Crane
Authors: Musilek Josef 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
During the motion of an overhead travelling crane on the crane runway, horizontal forces between the crane and the crane runway girder occur. Some possibilities were presented in a paper by the author in 2018 and 2019. In the last one, a dynamic model was presented. This dynamic model enables us to determine the behaviour of the crane during its motion and also to calculate the horizontal transverse forces between the overhead double bridge crane wheels and the crane runway girder. This dynamic model consists of rigid parts connected by springs representing the elasticity of the steel structure of the overhead double bridge crane. The dynamic model can be used not only for the calculation of horizontal forces but also for the determination of the crane motion in general. The motion of the crane can be investigated both during its accelerating and during its motion with constant velocity. The basic assumption of this model is that there is no contact between the rim of the crane wheel and the rail of the crane runway. This paper shows the simulation of the motion of a specific overhead double bridge crane which is stationary and starts to move due to the engine’s torque. The data of the crane are shown in the paper as well as the result of the simulation. The initial conditions of the crane for the purpose of the simulation are described in the paper. The simulation assumes no contact between the rim of the crane wheel and the rail of the crane runway which is consistent with the model’s assumptions.