bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Transition Metal(Al, Co) Ions Doping in α-MnO2 Materials As the Rechargeable Zinc Ion Battery
Authors: Jo Jae Hyeon , Myung Seung-Taek 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been drawn significant attention as energy storage devices with high energy density and high power. However, nowadays, the attention of many researchers has been focused on exploration of new battery systems. The promising battery systems are sodium ion battery, all-solid state battery, zinc ion battery and so on. In this study, we report a zinc ion battery system which uses MnO2 materials as the cathode, because zinc metal have advantages such as natural abundancy, safety, un-poisonous, low cost and easy handling in open air. Also, manganese dioxide (MnO2) has been widely investigated as electrode materials owing to high natural abundance, low cost and non-toxicity. This MnO2 appears in various crystallographic polymorphs such as α-, β-, γ-, δ-, and ε-MnO2. Among these materials, α-MnO2 is comprised of the basic MnO6 octahedral units which are linked through edges and/or corners to forms crystallographic structures that correspond to different type of polymorphs. However, α-MnO2/Zn ion battery has drawbacks such as the formation of by-product, poor electric conductivity and capacity retention during cycling. To improve the some properties, we conducted the doping of Al, Co ion in the α-MnO2 structure and we anticipate that the doped transition metal Al and Co ions would affect not only electrochemical property but also structural stabilization. Therefore, we report on the effect of transition metal (Al, Co) doping in α-MnO2 materials on structure and electrochemistry.
The Al∙Co-α-MnO2 nanorods was synthesized via hydrothermal method and the Al and Co source was added in molar ratios (5%, 15%, and 25%) to obtain Al∙ Co-α-MnO2 with various doping levels. The crystalline phase of the synthesized products was characterized by powder XRD using Cu-Kα radiation. Using these XRD data, lattice parameters were performed to identify the variation of a-,c- axis and volume. Also, ICP-AES was carried to measure the amount of Al and Co ion in the MnO2 structure. Also, SEM and TEM were employed to observe the surface and morphology of particle. The electrochemical tests were performed in coin type zinc cell. The used electrolyte solution was 1 M ZnSO4 (pH 4.0). The coin cells were charged and discharged between 1.0 and 1.8 V at room temperature.
The XRD patterns of bare α-MnO2 and doped α-MnO2 obvious appeared single phase with I4/m space group and the XRD data of the Al, Co-doped α-MnO2 exhibited peak shift. The result of lattice parameter appeared change in values of a-, c-axis and volume. According to ICP-AES results, we could identify the amount of doped Al and Co ions. The electrochemical performances of the bare and Al, Co doped MnO2 electrode were tested in the voltage range of 1.0 – 1.8 V. Details will be discussed in the conference site.

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Characterization of Carbon Materials for Redox Flow Battery Electrodes By Potential-Step Coulometry
Authors: Sato Yukari , Narita Ayumi , Kaneko Yuji , Negishi Akira , Nozaki Ken , Kato Tohru 
Published: February 2020

Redox-flow batteries, which are using organic compounds, aqueous solution, and new Ti/Mn redox systems, have been actively investigated [1,2,3]. Non-metal redox-flow batteries are strongly expected by the increasing in needs for low-cost, safe, and trusted energy storage applications. Both of redox active materials and cell systems of redox-flow batteries have made rapid and great progress in recent years. Redox-flow batteries are investigated frequently, and are now in a transition stage.
We evaluated the electrode performance of three different kind of carbon electrode materials with vanadium electrolyte solution by using potential-step coulometry measurement. Different kind of electrolyte solutions were also evaluated with similar system.
Figure 1 showed model of the half cell. In this experiment, electrolyte solution was stopped and charging and discharging current and coulomb number were measured. Figure 2 showed results of the voltage-step coulometry for two typical carbon electrodes (set voltages are 1.50 V for charging and 0.80 V for discharging). Electrochemical property of cathode and anode electrodes are also investigated individually.
References:
[1] B. Huskinson, M. P. Marshak, C. Suh, S. Er, M. R. Gerhardt, C. J. Galvin, X. Chen, A. Aspuru-Guzik, R. G. Gordon and M. J. Aziz, Nature, 505, 195 (2014).
[2] Y. -R. Dong, H. Kaku, K. Hanafusa, K. Moriuchi, and T. Shigematsu, ECS Trans., 69 (18), 59 (2015)
[3] S.-E. Chun, B. Evanko, X. Wang, D. Vonlanthen, X. Ji, G. D. Stucky and S. W. Boettcher, Nature Communications
6, 7818 (2015).

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The Influence of Flow Field and Electrode Design on Crossover of Ions in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Ashraf Gandomi Yasser , Houser Jacob , Aaron Douglas , Mench Matthew M. 
Published: February 2020

Among the many types of redox flow batteries (RFBs), the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the most viable chemistries for commercialization 1. One of the key factors obstructing the commercialization process of VRFBs is the high cost of these systems, resulting from relatively poor performance 2. Flow field and electrode design are considered to be key optimization factors in VRFBs that can enable high battery performance and resultant market competitiveness 3. The flow field and electrode designs are known to directly affect the mass transport, performance, capacity utilization, and parasitic pressure losses 4. Much experimental and modeling work has been done to understand the combined effect of flow field design and electrodes on mass transport behavior and performance of VRFBs 5 and other electrochemical systems 6. However, neither modeling nor experimental approaches targeting the direct effect of flow fields and electrodes on vanadium crossover has been reported.
In this work, we will present experimental data in which different flow fields, along with different electrode materials, have been tested from multiple perspectives including overall cell performance, pressure drop and vanadium crossover. A UV-Vis spectroscopy setup has been implemented to quantify vanadium crossover under different operating conditions. The results of this study should provide more in-depth insight to optimize VRFBs for enhanced performance and reduced vanadium crossover and pressure drop.
Fig.1 : The effect of the different flow plate design on the VRFB systems
(a) Performance
(b) Image of the solution at the end of experiment for different cell configurations

References:

1. M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Chakrabarti, S. Hajimolana, F. Mjalli, and M. Saleem, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158 (8), R55-R79 (2011).
2. D.S. Aaron, Q. Liu, Z. Tang, G.M. Grim, A.B. Papandrew, A. Turhan, T.A. Zawodzinski, M.M. Mench, Journal of Power Sources, 206 450-453 (2012).
3- J. Houser, J. Clement, A. Pezeshki, and M. M. Mench, Journal of Power Sources, 302 369-377 (2016).
4. Y. A. Gandomi, T. A. Zawodzinski, and M. M. Mench, ECS Transactions, 61 (13), 23-32 (2014).
5. Y. A. Gandomi, D. Aaron, T. Zawodzinski, and M. Mench, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 163 (1), A5188-A5201 (2016).
6. Y. A. Gandomi and M. M. Mench, ECS Transactions, 58 (1), 1375-1382 (2013).

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Pre-Treated Carbide-Derived Carbon for Enhanced Electrode Performance
Authors: Yeon Sun-Hwa , Lee Sang-Ho , Kim Dong-Ha , Park Se-Kook , Shin Kyoung-Hee , Jin Chang-Soo 
Published: February 2020

Various kinds of carbonaceous materials have been extensively studied for use as the electrodes in energy storage devices for transportation and renewable energy storage applications. Capacitive electrodes (CEs) are used in a broad range of systems related to both energy and water infrastructures across the globe. Carbide-derived Carbon (CDC), a suitable carbon material for supercapacitor applications, has been presented due to its simple preparation and easy control of structures and properties such as graphitization and porosity. CDCs produced by binary and ternary carbides showed significantly improved electrochemical capacity as various electrodes for supercapacitor and lithium ion battery.
In this work, we demonstrate significantly improved electrochemical capacitance of a CDC by controlling pore texture and crystallization through the introduction of pre-treatment at high temperature for supercapacitor application. By tailoring the pore texture and graphitic structure of CDCs as pre-vacuum treatment from carbide, the electrode showed a high increase of capacitance under wide range of various scan rates from 2 mV/s ~ 100 mV/s.
A Flame Spray Process for Cathode Materials Manufacturing for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Liao Jinyun , Rana Jatinkumar , Hamad Khaleel , Smith Taylor , Xing Yangchuan 
Published: February 2020

The EV Everywhere Blueprint of DOE has a goal to cut lithium ion battery costs from their current $500/kWh to $125/kWh. This 75% reduction can only be achieved with an array of technological innovations and process integrations. One major factor in the battery cost is the positive electrode, which is made of complex metal oxide powders, such as Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2. Therefore, reducing the cathode materials cost has been a major effort in the battery cost reduction endeavor.
Flame (combustion) processes are the most economic ones to produce fine powders and have been used to produce pigment titanium oxide and fused silica in large volumes. In this work a flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) process has been developed to make metal oxide powders for the positive electrode materials at low cost. In particular, the work was focused on making metal oxides of NMC materials with stoichiometric compositions and desired morphologies, as shown in Fig. 1. Our FSP is a green chemical process employing low cost biomass precursors for the battery material manufacturing. The detailed results of the synthesis, characterization, and battery testing of the NMC powder materials will be presented.

Fig. 1. Produced NMC powder from the FSP process and its elemental distribution of Ni, Mn, and Co uniformly distributed throughout the powder.

Figure 1
(Invited) Understanding the Role of Al3+ in Accelerated Testing and Its Impact on the Protective Oxide Film of AA2060
Authors: Kelly Robert G. , Parker Mary Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

In accelerated corrosion testing of aluminum-alloys, the stability of the protective oxide layer has a significant impact on corrosion rate and morphology. Many times the oxide layer is intentionally weakened during accelerated tests. An acidic solution pH can increase the general corrosion rate by uniformly thinning the oxide film, and a high chloride concentration can increase localized corrosion rates. Recent work has suggested that other chemical species may also impact the oxide film of aluminum during accelerated testing.
In this study, aluminum-lithium alloy 2060 was tested in solutions of 1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) and 0.1 M potassium sulfate (K2S2O8) with and without the addition of a small amount (0.022 M) of aluminum chloride (AlCl3). The K2S2O8 was an oxidizing agent added to provide a fast cathodic reaction during corrosion. It was found that even a small amount of Al3+ could dramatically increase the frequency of attack for AA2060 as shown in Figure 1. Linear polarization was used to compare electrochemical kinetics with and without added Al3+, and samples that were tested with 0.022 M AlCl3 had a significantly higher diffusion limiting current (ilim) and consequently, a higher corrosion rate. For the near peak-aged AA2060-T86 temper, ilim was twenty-eight times higher with 0.022 M AlCl3 than without. The impact on the under-aged AA2060-T36 temper was smaller, but still significant at over three times higher ilim with added Al3+. The concentration of oxidizing agent was the same in tests with and without added Al3+, so these results suggest that the increase in i­lim may be due to increased diffusion through the protective oxide film. To further investigate this phenomenon, electrochemical impedance measurements will be used to study the oxide film of AA2060 in solution with and without added Al3+.

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(Invited) Thin Porous Silicon Produced By Metal-Assisted Etching
Authors: Yae Shinji 
Published: February 2020

Metal-assisted etching of silicon can produce porous silicon and silicon nanowires by simply immersing metal-modified silicon in a hydrofluoric acid solution without electrical bias (1). Such etching proceeds by a local galvanic cell mechanism consisting of local anodic dissolution of silicon and local cathodic reduction of an oxidizing agent on metal. The structure of porous silicon is widely controlled from nm to sub-mm scale in pore size and from straight to an ants’ nest like in pore morphology by changing etching conditions (1-3). We have been studying the metal-assisted etching of silicon to produce porous structures for antireflection of solar cells (2), and for autocatalytic electroless formation of metal-nanorods and metal films on Si surfaces (4). In this paper, we present size-controlled thin porous silicon layers consisting of straight pores and those applications.
Noble metal nanoparticles were deposited on crystalline silicon wafers by electroless displacement deposition immersing the wafers into a metal salt solution containing hydrofluoric acid. The metal-particle-deposited silicon wafers were immersed in a hydrofluoric acid solution including hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent.
Under suitable etching conditions, uniform porous silicon thin layers consisting of straight pores were formed on silicon wafers. The diameter of pores was consistent with the size of metal nanoparticles remained at the bottom of each pore. Thus, the diameter of pores, that is, the porosity of porous layers is easily controlled in the nm scale with the deposition time of nanoparticles. The thickness of porous layers, that is, the length of the straight pores is also easily controlled by the etching time. Optical properties of the porous layers thinner than 1 μm depends on those porosity and thickness (5). This is applicable for antireflection of solar cells. The strength of metal nanorods, which were produced by electrolessly filling the pores, increased with the diameter of pores from 10 to 25 nm. These nanorods work as nanoanchors of metal films on silicon wafers.
Acknowledgements
The present work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI (26289276).
References
1) Z. Huang, N. Geyer, P. Werner, J. de Boor, U. Gösele, Adv. Mater., 23, 285 (2011).
2) S. Yae, H. Tanaka, T. Kobayashi, N. Fukumuro, H. Matsuda, Phys. Stat. Sol. (c), 2(9), 3476 (2005).
3) S. Yae, M. Tashiro, M. Abe, N. Fukumuro, H. Matsuda, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, D90 (2010).
4) S. Yae, K. Sakabe, N. Fukumuro, S. Sakamoto, and H. Matsuda, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, D573 (2011).
5) K. Yamakawa, S. Sakamoto, N. Fukumuro, S. Yae, ECS Trans., 69(2), 185 (2015).
Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Porous Electrodes for All-Solid-State Li-Ion Microbatteries
Authors: Djenizian Thierry 
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used to power portable devices, microelectronics, vehicles, etc. With many advantages such as high surface area and improved charge transport, self-supported 3-D nanostructured metal oxides are promising electrode materials for LIBs and their impact is particularly significant when considering the miniaturization of energy storage systems and the development of 3D microbatteries [1-3].
During this talk, it will be presented the fabrication and use of porous electrodes based on titania nanotubes (TiO2nts) as anode [4–8] and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) as cathode. This kind of 3D nanostructured electrodes is particularly interesting due to better electrochemical performance in terms of kinetics and stability during cycling.
Then, the fabrication of an all-solid-state Rocking-chair battery composed of vertical arrays of TiO2nts as anode, a polymer thin film as electrolyte, and a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) layer as cathode will be shown [9]. According to the electrochemical tests, this 2D full-solid microbattery exhibits high performance such as good discharge capacity and good capacity retention.
Finally, the current approaches developed to achieve the fabrication of a full 3D microcell will be highlighted. Particularly, the conformal electrodeposition of polymer electrolytes onto the electrodes will be discussed [10-12].
References
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[3] M. Nathan, D. Golodnitsky, V. Yufit, E. Strauss, T. Ripenbein, I. Shechtman, S. Menkin, E. Peled, Microelectromechanical Syst. J. 14 (2005) 879.
[4] G. Ortiz, I. Hanzu, T. Djenizian, P. Lavela, J.L. Tirado, and P. Knauth, Chem. Mater. 21 (2009) 63.
[5] N.A. Kyeremateng, C. Lebouin, P. Knauth, T. Djenizian, Electrochim. Acta 88 (2012) 814.
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[7] T. Djenizian, I. Hanzu, P. Knauth, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 9925.
[8] N.A. Kyeremateng, N. Plylahan, A.C.S. dos Santos, L. V Taveira, L.F.P. Dick, T. Djenizian, Chem. Commun. 49 (2013) 4205.
[9] N. Plylahan, M. Letiche, M. Barr, and T. Djenizian, Electrochem. Commun., 43, 121 (2014).
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[11] N. Plylahan, A. Demoulin, C. Lebouin, P. Knauth, T. Djenizian, RSC Adv., 5, 28474 (2015).
[12] N. Plylahan, M. Letiche, M. Barr, B. Ellis, S. Maria, T. N. T. Phan, E. Bloch, P. Knauth, and T. Djenizian, J. Power Sources, 273, 1182 (2015).
(Invited) Electrolyte Solutions Confined in Porous Silicon Electrodes
Authors: Fukami Kazuhiro , Koyama Akira , Kitada Atsushi , Abe Takeshi , Murase Kuniaki 
Published: February 2020

Electrolyte solutions confined in nanopores are of importance in the development of electrochemical devices such as batteries and electric double layer capacitors. We reported that tuning of hydration properties of porous silicon wall and metal ions can accelerate the deposition of metal within nanoporous silicon electrodes. To promote electrochemical deposition of metal within nanoporous silicon electrodes, combination of a hydrophobic pore wall and low charge density metal ions is desired when metal deposition is carried out in aqueous electrolyte solutions. In the present paper, three examples that show the role of hydration properties of pore wall and ions in aqueous solutions are given. First, accelerated penetration of Pt complex anion that results in fast deposition of Pt within nanoporous silicon is explained in detail. We prepared porous silicon electrodes with three different pore diameters such as 4 nm, 15 nm and 30 nm. The diffusion of Pt complex anions is gradually suppressed with decreasing pore size. However, porous silicon with the smallest nanopores shows drastic acceleration of the penetration of the Pt anions into the pores. The penetration rate of Pt anions becomes faster when using [PtBr4]2– than using [PtCl4]2–. This accelerated penetration is explained by considering the charge density of the anions. Second, we show that Zn complex ions also penetrate very quickly and the fast penetration realizes the high-rate charging Zn negative electrodes for metal anode batteries. When the current density for Zn deposition reaches the diffusion-limitation, the depletion of Zn cations in the vicinity of electrode surface occurs. If one uses nanoporous electrodes, the depletion is generally unavoidable under diffusion-limited conditions. However, under the occurrence of such fast penetration of Zn complex ions, we show that Zn is preferentially deposited within the nanopores. The continuous deposition of Zn within the nanopores enables the high-rate charging without roughening the top surface of the porous electrode. Third, we report that such accelerated penetration occur also in the case of alkylammonium cations. As observed in Pt and Zn deposition, it is observed that alkylammonium cations with low charge density are advantageous for the accelerated penetration into the nanopores.
We believe that the mechanism of the accelerated penetration of ions into nanopores is crucially important for further developments of electrochemical energy devices.
Self-Organized TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Towards Improved Ordering
Authors: Macak Jan M. , Sopha Hanna , Hromadko Ludek , Krbal Milos 
Published: February 2020

Synthesis of highly-ordered nanostructures of valve metal oxides has recently attracted huge scientific and technological interest motivated by their possible use in many applications. The nanoporous Al2O3 – most established member of this group of materials – has been prepared by anodic oxidation of Al under suitable electrochemical conditions two decades ago into perfectly ordered, honeycomb-like porous structures (1). Owing to the flexibility of the pore diameter/length and the relative ease of the Al2O3 dissolution, its porous membranes have been since than widely used as template material of the choice for a range of materials (2-4).
It is the TiO2 that has received the highest attention after Al2O3 motivated by its range of applications, including photocatalysis, water splitting, solar cells and biomedical uses. Very significant research efforts have led to reproducible synthesis of self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers by means of anodic oxidation, during which the starting Ti substrate is converted into highly-ordered nanotubular layer by anodization in suitable electrolytes (5-7). Although advancements in the anodic synthesis of self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers have been presented over past years (8), the degree of ordering has not reached so far the level known from porous alumina (1). Numerous factors influence the ordering and the homogeneity of the TiO2nanotube layers.
In the presentation, we aim to demonstrate significant advancements in the ordering of anodic TiO2nanotubes compared to known state-of-art. In particular, we will show recent results on the extremely ordered nanotube arrays. In addition, utilizing AFM, SEM and optical measurements, we will show how to obtain via tailored anodization protocols a very decent degree of uniformity and homogeneity of the nanotube layers. Moreover, based on SEM, EBSD and TEM measurements, we will demonstrate how the Ti grain structure influences the lateral uniformity of the nanotube layers (9-11). References
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