bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment cascades and the entangled relationship between human impact and natural dynamics at the pre‐pottery Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe, Anatolia
Authors: Nykamp Moritz , Becker Fabian , Braun Ricarda , Pöllath Nadja , Knitter Daniel , Peters Joris , Schütt Brigitta 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThis study presents a meta‐analysis of radiocarbon ages for the environs of Göbekli Tepe – one of the oldest monumental structures worldwide – using cumulative probability functions to diachronically assess phases of geomorphodynamic activity as controlled by natural or anthropogenic drivers. We employsediment cascadesas a heuristic framework to study the complex responses of the geomorphological system to various triggers at local to supra‐regional scales. Possible triggers include climatic variability as documented by supra‐regional hydroclimatic proxy data, regional demographic trends, and local to regional socioeconomic developments such as the emergence of sedentism or the introduction and dispersal of livestock herding. Our results show that phases of intensified geomorphodynamic activity occurred between ca. 7.4–7.0 and 5.8–3.3 ka BP. These phases roughly coincide with phases of population growth in southern Turkey and climatic variations in Turkey and the Levant. The phase between ca. 5.8–3.3 ka BP also corresponds to the time when organized agriculture and the seeder plough were introduced. Also, the identified phases are in agreement with the general trend of varying geomorphodynamic activity in the Eastern Mediterranean as driven by human impact and climatic change. However, neither the Younger Dryas–Holocene transition nor the development of herding during the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic left a clear signature. We demonstrate how the different depositional environments in the studied landscape compartments vary with respect to their spatiotemporal coverage and discuss challenges when trying to understand processes that once shaped landscapes of past societies. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Robust low‐dissipative scheme for curvilinear grids
Authors: Arshed Ghulam M. , Khan Ovais U. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis work describes a detailed mathematical procedure in relation to a novel third‐order WENO scheme for the inviscid term of a system of nonlinear equations in the generalized grid system. The scheme developed minimizes the linear and nonlinear sources of dissipation error associated with the classical fifth‐order WENO scheme. The former is minimized by optimizing the resolving efficiency of the scheme whereas the latter is minimized by fixing the accuracy at the second‐order critical point via redefining the nonlinear weights. Moreover, the spectral property of second‐order viscous derivative, approximated by the single and double applications of the standard fourth‐order central finite difference scheme, is presented. The two‐dimensional Euler and Navier–Stokes equations in the generalized grids are mainly pursued. For the robustness in terms of capturing discontinuous and smooth structures, particularly two problems, which are difficult to handle in Cartesian grids, are chosen for discussion. The first one deals with a supersonic shock hitting the circular cylinder and generating all the possible flow inconsistencies. The other one deals with a subsonic flow over a circular cylinder at the incompressible limit. The numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
Gender differences in barriers to participation in after‐school physical activities and related factors in Australian schoolchildren: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lazarowicz Andrew , O’Hara Rebecca L. , Broder Jonathan C. , Grunberg Diana M. S. , Gasevic Danijela 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study investigated the gender differences in reported barriers to participation in after‐school physical activity (PA) and related health and socio‐behavioural factors in Australian schoolchildren.Methods5001 students aged 10 to 16 years completed the health and well‐being survey in 2014 indicating that they would like to participate in after‐school PA. Negative binomial regression models, stratified by gender, tested the relationship of age, reported health, junk food, participation in leisure PA, TV watching, weight status and socio‐economic index for area score (related factors) with the total number of barriers.ResultsGirls were more likely to report a greater number of barriers to participation in after‐school PA than boys (P < .05). Older age was associated with a higher number of barriers in girls (B(95% CI) = 1.061 (1.032, 1.090)) but not in boys. In both boys and girls, being overweight (boys: very overweight (1.367 (1.081, 1.730)); girls: slightly overweight (1.186 (1.100, 1.278)) or very overweight (1.414 (1.197, 1.667))), compared to students who reported “being about the right weight,” was associated with a greater number of barriers. Schoolchildren who reported less than excellent health status perceived a greater number of barriers to after‐school PA (girls: good (1.141 (1.060, 1.228)), fair (1.189 (1.070, 1.321)) and poor health (1.329 (1.093, 1.614)); boys: good health (1.166 (1.0728, 1.267))).ConclusionsThere are gender differences in barriers to participation in after‐school PA; these should be taken into account when developing programs to increase schoolchildren's after‐school PA.So whatThe prevalence of physical inactivity in Australian adolescents is staggering. We observed that girls reported a greater number of barriers to participation in after‐school PA than boys; and being overweight and reporting poorer overall health were associated with a greater number of barriers. Affordable, gender‐ and age‐specific after‐school PA programs suitable for schoolchildren of all body shapes and sizes and all abilities are needed.
Medication management of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia—A narrative review
Authors: Isohanni Matti , Jääskeläinen Erika , Miller Brian J. , Hulkko Anja , Tiihonen Jari , Möller Hans‐Jurgen , Hartikainen Sirpa , Huhtaniska Sanna , Lieslehto Johannes 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground/ObjectiveThe risk‐benefit ratio of antipsychotics in schizophrenia depends primarily on their effect on brain chemistry. An important factor influencing the efficacy of prescribed drugs is medication management, which can be defined as an ongoing process to manage and monitor the recommended use of antipsychotics to facilitate their cost‐effective, adherent, and acceptable use.MaterialsWe reviewed narratively relevant literature that examined the medication management of antipsychotics in schizophrenia based on a search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycARTICLES, and Cochrane in May 2020. We also included controlled interventional studies with a follow‐up period of at least 2 years.ResultBased on the previous literature, there is no unified approach for optimal medication management, but multiple useful strategies are presented for individual patients, prescribers, and organizations.ConclusionsSystematic medication management may improve the risk‐benefit balance of antipsychotics by achieving the lowest effective dose, minimizing adverse effects, and improving adherence. There is a need for well‐designed naturalistic studies and clinical trials to optimize management in schizophrenia.
Uterine PEComa initially misdiagnosed as a leiomyoma: Sonographic findings and review of the literature
Authors: Fontana Enrico , Savelli Luca , Alletto Andrea , Seracchioli Renato 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPerivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal tumors with malignant potential that arise from gynecological organs in up to 25% of cases. The lack of data regarding the preoperative US features of uterine PEComas is reflected by the frequent misdiagnosis with leiomyomas. We describe the sonographic appearance of a richly vascularized cervical PEComa mimicking a myoma and report the analysis of six additional cases in the literature with a description of their ultrasound features. Most cases involved a single lesion arising from the uterine cervix with a rapid growth pattern, regular margins, heterogeneous echogenicity, absence of shadowing, and moderate‐to‐rich vascularity.
Can lung ultrasound differentiate between bacterial and viral pneumonia in children?
Authors: Malla Deepawali , Rathi Vinita , Gomber Sunil , Upreti Lalendra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeThis study evaluates whether LUS can differentiate between bacterial and viral pneumonia in children and thus affect their management.MethodsThe prospective, cross‐sectional, analytical study included 200 children under 12 years of age (excluding neonates) with clinical suspicion of pneumonia who had undergone a chest radiograph (CR). The CR and LUS findings were classified as bacterial or viral pneumonia. The final diagnosis was made on the basis of a combination of clinical profile, available routine laboratory investigations and CR diagnosis which was taken as the gold standard for the study and LUS was compared with the gold standard.ResultsLUS has a high sensitivity (91%; 95% CI [84‐96]) and specificity (91.3%; 95% CI [84‐96]) in diagnosing bacterial pneumonia with a high positive predictive value (91.9%; 95% CI [85‐96]) and negative predictive value (90.3%; 95% CI [82‐95]). For diagnosing viral pneumonia, the sensitivity of LUS was 78.4%; (95% CI [68‐86]), specificity was high (90.4%; 95% CI [83‐95]) and so was the positive predictive value (87.3%; 95% CI [78‐94]) and negative predictive value (91.3%; 95% CI [84‐96]).ConclusionLUS has a high accuracy in differentiating between bacterial and viral pneumonia in children and can help in their management by avoiding an ill‐advised use of antibiotic therapy.
Low excretor glutaric aciduria type 1 of insidious onset with dystonia and atypical clinical features, a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Foran Jason , Moore Michael , Crushell Ellen , Knerr Ina , McSweeney Niamh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA 4‐year‐old girl was referred for reassessment of dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Initial investigations in her country of birth, India, had not yielded a diagnosis. MRI brain in infancy revealed bilateral putamen hyperintensity. She had generalized dyskinesia predominantly bulbar and limbs. Motor and speech development were most affected with preservation of cognitive development. There was no history of acute encephalopathic crisis or status dystonicus. Initial urine organic acids and amino acids and acylcarnitine profile (ACP) were normal. A dystonia genetic panel showed compound heterozygosity with a pathogenic variant and a variant of uncertain significance in the GCDH gene. The latter is hitherto undescribed and is indicative of a potential diagnosis of glutaric aciduria type 1 (alternatively glutaric acidemia type 1) (GA‐1), an autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial lysine/hydroxylysine and tryptophan metabolism. Repeat urine organic acids showed isolated slightly increased 3‐hydroxy glutarate excretion consistent with GA‐1 and characterizing the patient as a “low excretor,” a diagnostic sub‐group where diagnosis is more challenging but prognosis is similar. Repeat MRI Brain at age 4 showed volume loss and symmetric T2 hyperintensity in the posterior putamina bilaterally. This case highlights the diagnostic dilemma of GA‐1 where differing clinical courses, genetic variants, neuroradiological findings, and biochemical excretion patterns may lead to a later diagnosis. The presence of newborn screening for GA‐1 should not dull the clinician's suspicion of the possibility that GA‐1 may present with a complex movement disorder. Timely diagnosis and treatment is essential, as neurological sequelae are largely irreversible.
Immunolabeling indicates that sulfhydryl oxidase is absent in anamniote epidermis but marks the process of cornification in the skin of terrestrial vertebrates
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe passage between keratinization to cornification of the epidermis and skin appendages in vertebrates requires formation of a stratum corneum rich in SS bonds among other cross‐linking chemical bonds. A key enzyme, sulfhydryl oxidase (SOXase) catalyzes the oxidation of SH groups present in keratins and in corneous proteins of the epidermis into SS. Presence and distribution of SAXase has been studied by immunohistochemistry in all vertebrates, from fish to mammals. SOXase is immunohistochemically absent in all fish and amphibian species tested with the exception of a thin pre‐corneous layer in the epidermis of adult anurans. SOXase is low to absent in corneous appendages such as horny teeth of lamprey or claws and horny beaks of amphibians. Conversely, SOXase is detected in the transitional (pre‐corneous) and inner corneous layers of the epidermis of sauropsids and mammals. In lepidosaurian reptiles, SOXase appears in both beta‐ and alpha‐corneous‐layers, but is limited to the pre‐corneous and corneous layers of the thin soft epidermises of birds and mammals, including the granular layer. SOXase is localized in pre‐corneous layers and disappears in external corneous layers of amniote skin appendages such as claws, beaks of turtles and birds, and in developing feathers. This distribution further indicates that the increase activity of epidermal SOXase is/was essential, in addition to other enzymes such as epidermal transglutaminases, for the evolution of the corneous layer and of the different hard skin appendages present in terrestrial vertebrates.
Self‐Contained Focus‐Tunable Lenses Based on Transparent and Conductive Gels
Authors: Liu Sijun , Qiu Yan , Yu Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFocus‐tunable lenses have found wide applications in optical communications, medical diagnostics, and consumer electronics. However, many focus‐tunable lenses have complex architecture, slow response, and low focal length variation, due principally to the separate design of optical path and activation mechanism and the use of liquid medium. Herein, a new self‐contained focus‐tunable lenses based on transparent and conductive gels are developed. The plano‐convex gels, acting both as lens and electrodes of actuator, with desirable curvature are precisely patterned by inkjet 3D printing. When a voltage is applied to the gel lenses, the elastomer membrane is stretched radially by Maxwell force, resulting in a reduction of lens thickness that corresponds to an increase of curvature radius. Therefore, a large focal length variation of 32–81% and a fast response speed of 80–153 ms are obtained. It is believed that this self‐contained focus‐tunable gel lenses can find many applications in portable optical devices, particularly suitable for space‐constrained tasks.
Phase Evolution of Polyamide 6 (PA6)‐Based Thermoplastic Elastomers during Heating and Cooling Investigated by Moving‐Window 2D Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Yuan Ruchao , Wang Xueli , Yu Jianyong , Wu Dequn , Li Faxue 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo illustrate the complex phase evolution of polyamide 6 (PA6)‐based thermoplastic elastomer (TPAE‐50) with a three‐phase system (a pure PA6 crystalline phase, a phase‐separated mesophase, and a mixed phase) during cooling and heating, the in situ IR spectroscopy combined with moving‐window 2D correlation analysis is employed. The mixing of PA6 amorphous domains with soft domains and the melting of imperfect PA6 crystalline domains of TPAE‐50 occur from 60 °C with the increasing temperature. Brill transition happens to the elastomer during heating and cooling at 140–160 and 170–135 °C, respectively. Microphase separation of TPAE‐50 during cooling is formed and can be composed of three processes: the first process (200–180 °C) is motivated by the crystallization of the elastomer; the second process (170–140 °C) results from the transition of homo‐mixed domains in the mixed phase to PA6 amorphous and soft domains; the third process (125–60 °C) leads to the formation of imperfect PA6 crystalline domains in phase‐separated mesophase.
The single nucleotide variant at c.662A>G in human RRM2B is a loss‐of‐function mutation
Authors: Tseng Yen‐Tzu , Li Shang‐Wei , HuangFu Wei‐Chun , Yen Yun , Liu I‐Hsuan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundMitochondrial DNA maintenance defects (MDMDs) is one of the critical pediatric dysfunction. One of the recent report indicated that a severe patient of MDMDs carries the NP_056528.2:p.Asn221Ser (N221S) variation in the RRM2B gene (NM_015713.5). However, there is no direct evidence demonstrating the nature of the N221S variation.Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to utilize zebrafish and morpholino oligomer (MO) knockdown technique to provide direct evidence for the nature of the N221S variation in the RRM2B.ResultsThe results showed that two distinct MOs were both able to perturb the expression of rrm2b in zebrafish and dose‐dependently induced morphological defects. Furthermore, co‐injection of human wild‐type RRM2B mRNA with MO‐e4i4 successfully rescued the developmental defects, whereas co‐injection of RRM2B/N221S mRNA with MO‐e4i4 did not rescue the developmental defects.ConclusionIn conclusion, the functional assay in this study provided the direct evidence proving that the N221S variation is a loss‐of‐function mutation and plausibly related to the pathogenic developmental defects found in the infants of previous clinical reports.
Effect of gas content in macropores on hydraulic fracturing in rocks using a fully coupled DEM/CFD approach
Authors: Krzaczek M. , Nitka M. , Tejchman J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe paper focuses on the effect of the gas content in rock macropores on a hydraulic fracturing process. The process was simulated by combining the discrete element method (DEM) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under two‐dimensional (2D) isothermal conditions. The mechanical behavior of the rock matrix was simulated with DEM, and CFD was used for describing the behavior of laminar two‐phase fracturing fluid (liquid and gas) flow in pre‐existing and newly developed fractures. Geometry changes of pores and fractures in the rock matrix were precisely reproduced. Fully coupled hydro‐mechanical simulation tests were carried out with a rock segment of simplified particulate mesostructure under plane strain compression. The rock segment contained one or two injection slots. The effect of the initial gas‐phase content in macropores on the propagation of hydraulic fractures was estimated in numbers for different initial rock porosities. In addition, the influence of different pre‐existing discontinuities in the rock segment was studied. The main characteristics of a fractured rock segment due to a high‐pressure fluid injection were realistically reproduced with a proposed approach. The initial gas‐phase fraction in macropores and pre‐existing discontinuities were found to be strongly influential in the course of hydraulic fracturing.
Thermo‐poroelasticity under temporal flux in low permeable layer confined with flexible sealing media
Authors: Zhai X. , Atefi‐Monfared K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAnalytical formulation of nonisothermal injection in geological reservoirs remains challenging, and researchers have adopted a number of simplifying assumptions to theoretically predict the resulting geomechanical alterations. One common assumption behind current thermo‐poroelastic solutions is a constant temperature and constant pore pressure in the reservoir rock adjacent to the source/sink, which results in an unrealistic discontinuity in the rock temperature profile, ignoring the gradual geomechanical changes at this location. Another common assumption in previous studies is the plane strain approximation, thus ignoring vertical interactions between the target layer and the surrounding rocks. This paper presents new closed‐form thermo‐poroelastic solutions for nonisothermal injection in a low permeable porous layer confined with flexible sealing rocks. The transient nature of temperatures in the rock adjacent to the source/sink is incorporated through implication of a temporal heat and fluid flux boundary condition. The impact of vertical confinement is also integrated using the Winkler model. The proposed solutions are proven to capture generation of short‐term thermal‐induced pore pressures near the wellbore, which cannot be captured using conventional solutions. It is also demonstrated that the conventional solutions obtained using constant pore pressure and temperature boundary are in fact a special case of the proposed solutions, and the latter yield the former where the heat transfer between the source/sink and the rock occurs quite rapidly. The vertical confinement is also shown to have a notable impact on the induced stresses‐strains, and thus should be incorporated when studying wellbore stability or assessing seal rock integrity during nonisothermal injection.
Ultrasonographic cystometry for neurogenic bladder using elastography
Authors: Do Minh‐Tung , Kim Keewon , Kim Louis , Im Young Jae , Choi Young Hun , Park Kwanjin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimUltrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) has been used to measure elasticity (Young's modulus: YM) in solid organs. It was reported to show a better correlation with intravesical pressure (Pves) than with compliance, supporting its potential use in noninvasive cystometry. Contrariwise, conceptually, YM should be more correlated with compliance than with Pves. To optimize the potential use of YM as a noninvasive urodynamic study, the relationship between YM, Pves, and compliance was reassessed in this study.MethodYM was serially measured using SWE along with bladder filling. To overcome problems inherent to current compliance measurements, modified dynamic compliance was developed from cystometry by a locally weighted scatter plot smoothing algorithm. Then it was matched with YM from SWE. YM was also correlated with Pves. Furthermore, to understand the nature of YM, which was measured by ultrasound, the bladder wall's modulus, which was the mathematical assessment of YM derived from cystometric data, was also calculated and compared.ResultsThirty‐two neurogenic bladder patients were included in this study. YM correlated with Pves (r = .72, p < .0001) better than with modified dynamic compliance (r = −0.43, p < .0001). The correlation of YM with Pves was even higher than that with the calculated bladder wall's modulus (r = .52, p < .0001).ConclusionYM measured by SWE associates with Pves better than with compliance, confirming the results of previous studies. SWE reflects the integration of both the holding capability of the bladder wall and urine rather than either of one, implying its potential utilization in noninvasive cystometry.