bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Global Warming and Urbanization to the Intensification of Human‐Perceived Heatwaves Over China
Authors: Kong Dongdong , Gu Xihui , Li Jianfeng , Ren Guoyu , Liu Jianyu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUrbanization and global warming are the two major drivers of the warming environment in cities. The contributions of urbanization and global warming to the past occurrence of human‐perceived heatwaves (HWs) over China are evaluated in this study. Both observations and model simulations show HWs have become more intensive, longer‐lasting, and more frequent in recent decades. Urbanization and greenhouse gases contribute to 21.9% and 72.9% of the intensification of HWs, respectively. The occurrence probability of observed human‐perceived HWs has doubled over 1961–2012 and is projected to be about 4.36/5.92 times under the 1.5/2°C warming relative to the preindustrial level. At the 3.5°C warming, the average duration of HWs is projected to increase to 43.63 days/year, and the occurrence probability is expected to increase by 11.95 times, 91% of which is attributable to human‐induced warming. The highest sensitivity of the increases in HWs due to human‐induced warming is in Southern China.
Influence of Clay Wettability Alteration on Relative Permeability
Authors: Fan Ming , McClure James E. , Armstrong Ryan T. , Shabaninejad Mehdi , Dalton Laura E. , Crandall Dustin , Chen Cheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the wettability of porous materials is important to model fluid flow in the subsurface. One of the critical factors that influences wetting in real reservoirs is the composition of geologic materials. The wetting properties for clay minerals can have a particularly strong impact on flow and transport. In this work, we analyze the chemical composition of a Mt. Simon sandstone core to resolve the microscopic structure of clay regions and assess how alterations to the local wetting properties influence multiphase transport based on core flooding experiments and relative permeability simulations. We show that whichever fluid has greater affinity toward clay minerals will tend to accumulate within these high surface area regions, leading to dramatic shifts in the relative permeability. This work establishes the essential importance of the mineral composition and associated wetting properties in the modeling of flow and transport in reservoir‐scale systems.
Dynamics of Gas Bubbles From a Submarine Hydrocarbon Seep Within the Hydrate Stability Zone
Authors: Wang Binbin , Jun Inok , Socolofsky Scott A. , DiMarco Steven F. , Kessler John D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe validate a new model for mass transfer and bubble transport for natural seeps on the continental margins using an integrated observation of a seep at 883 m in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. In the model, mass transfer is assumed to transition from clean to dirty bubble mass transfer rates following a characteristic hydrate formation time that depends on the initial bubble surface area and the hydrate subcooling. We show that buoyancy‐induced upwelling is negligible for the bubble stream. We initialize the model using precise data observed at the seafloor and validate the model results to optical and acoustic measurements within the bubble stream. The model accurately predicts the acoustic attenuation of the bubble flare by lateral spreading and bubble shrinkage throughout the water column. The model shows that up to 99.4% by mass of the released gases from this seep dissolves into the ocean within the hydrate stability zone.
Sources of the Intermodel Spread in Projected Global Monsoon Hydrological Sensitivity
Authors: Cao Jian , Wang Bo , Wang Bin , Zhao Haikun , Wang Chao , Han Ying 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe projected monsoon hydrological sensitivity, namely, the precipitation change rate per kelvin of global warming, shows substantial intermodel spread among 40 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 models. The hydrological sensitivity of the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon is negatively correlated with that of the Southern Hemisphere summer monsoon. The intermodel spread of the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon hydrological sensitivity is mainly attributed to the projected interhemispheric temperature gradients and the associated low‐level cross‐equatorial flows. The intermodel spread of the Afro‐Asia summer monsoon sensitivity is rooted in the projected continent‐ocean thermal gradients, while the spread of the North American monsoon sensitivity is related to the projected sea surface temperature pattern in the tropical eastern Pacific and Atlantic. These findings suggest that further constraining monsoon hydrological sensitivity requires a better projection of the warming rate between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and between the land and ocean, and the sea surface warming pattern in the tropical eastern Pacific and Atlantic.
Characterizing Subsiding Shells in Shallow Cumulus Using Doppler Lidar and Large‐Eddy Simulation
Authors: McMichael Lucas A. , Yang Fan , Marke Tobias , Löhnert Ulrich , Mechem David B. , Vogelmann Andrew M. , Sanchez Kevin , Tuononen Minttu , Schween Jan H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe existence of subsiding shells on the periphery of shallow cumulus clouds has major implications concerning the parameterization of shallow convection, with the mass exchange between the shell and cloudy air representing a significant deviation from the commonly used bulk‐plume parameterization. We examine the structure and frequency of subsiding shells in shallow cumulus convection using Doppler lidars at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains facility in the central United States and at the Jülich ObservatorY for Cloud Evolution in western Germany. Doppler lidar indicates that the vertical subsiding shell extent is asymmetric, while shell width is typically ~100 m. Large‐eddy simulation can reasonably simulate the observed shell structure using a grid spacing of 10 m and suggests that much of the observed asymmetry is not a result of transient cloud evolution.
Multifault Models of the 2019 Ridgecrest Sequence Highlight Complementary Slip and Fault Junction Instability
Authors: Jia Zhe , Wang Xin , Zhan Zhongwen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe 2019 Ridgecrest Mw 6.4 and Mw 7.1 earthquakes ruptured a complex fault system, posing challenges in understanding their physical processes. Modeling of the ruptures relies on fault geometries at depth, which are usually assumed based on surface traces and aftershocks. Here we use seismic and geodetic data to jointly constrain the fault geometries and slip distributions. We first represent the first‐order rupture processes with a series of subevents, then conduct slip inversions with subevent‐guided fault geometries. We find that the foreshock sequentially ruptured the NW and SW striking faults starting from their junction. The mainshock initiated at a complex three‐fault junction along the extension of the foreshock NW rupture, with major slip first occurring bilaterally near the hypocenter and then minor unilateral slip later to the southeast end. The slip distributions of the foreshock and mainshock are complementary to each other on the overlapping fault section.
Nascent Flux Rope Observations at Earth's Dayside Magnetopause
Authors: Eriksson S. , Souza V. M. , Cassak P. A. , Hoilijoki S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTwo THEMIS satellites, separated by only 0.38 Earth radii (RE), traversed two consecutive dayside magnetopause (MP) current sheets at 3.5 < ZGSM < 3.8 RE on 15 November 2010. An early‐stage crater‐like flux transfer event (FTE) with weakly enhanced total pressure is sampled at the first, complete outbound MP crossing. A mature FTE flux rope is observed just 70 s later across the second, inbound crossing of the MP current sheet. Two counterstreaming magnetosheath ion beams at the interface of two converging reconnection exhausts earthward of the MP current sheet provide direct evidence of two X‐lines across the early‐stage crater FTE. A D‐shaped ion beam observed along the southward magnetic field in the magnetosheath boundary layer and northward exhausts observed earthward of the MP provide evidence of two X‐lines across the mature FTE flux rope. Tripolar out‐of‐plane magnetic field perturbations (ΔBM) of substantial magnitudes were sampled across the MP current sheet in both stages of the FTE flux rope evolution. These dayside observations suggest an association between a tripolar ΔBM perturbation with two magnetic reconnection X‐lines and FTE flux rope formation. A dedicated particle‐in‐cell numerical simulation of magnetic reconnection reproduces similar ion velocity distributions and out‐of‐plane magnetic field perturbations at an asymmetric current sheet as those observed across a nascent flux rope between two X‐lines at the dayside asymmetric MP.
Compositional Layering in Io Driven by Magmatic Segregation and Volcanism
Authors: Spencer Dan C. , Katz Richard F. , Hewitt Ian J. , May David A. , Keszthelyi Laszlo P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe compositional evolution of volcanic bodies like Io is not well understood. Magmatic segregation and volcanic eruptions transport tidal heat from Io's interior to its surface. Several observed eruptions appear to be extremely high temperature (≥1600 K), suggesting either very high degrees of melting, refractory source regions, or intensive viscous heating on ascent. To address this ambiguity, we develop a model that couples crust and mantle dynamics to a simple compositional system. We analyze the model to investigate chemical structure and evolution. We demonstrate that magmatic segregation and volcanic eruptions lead to stratification of the mantle, the extent of which depends on how easily high temperature melts from the more refractory lower mantle can migrate upwards. We propose that Io's highest temperature eruptions originate from this lower mantle region and that such eruptions act to limit the degree of compositional stratification.
Hsa_circRNA_102002 facilitates metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer through regulating miR-488-3p/HAS2 axis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu Ting , Li Tianshu , Zhao Xudong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs important modulators in various physiological processes, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been increasingly demonstrated in tumors, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Hsa_circRNA_102002 (circ_102002) is a circRNA derived from alternative splicing of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) transcript, the role of which needs further investigation. Our results suggested the upregulation of circ_102002 in PTC tissues and cells, and its promoting effects on epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration. Mechanism studies showed that circ_102002 could sponge microRNA-488-3p (miR-488-3p) and downregulate its expression. The target relationship between miR-488-3p and hyaluronic acid synthetase 2 (HAS2) in PTC was systematically studied. In addition, our results showed that HAS2 overexpression could restore the inhibited cell EMT and migration. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of downregulation of circ_102002 on PTC growth was evaluated in a mouse xenograft model, which involved miR-488-3p and HAS2 regulation. These findings about the signal axis of circ_102002/miR-488-3p/HAS2 may further elucidate the PTC pathogenesis and improve clinical treatment.
Site-dependent reactivity of MoS2 nanoparticles in hydrodesulfurization of thiophene
Authors: Salazar Norberto , Rangarajan Srinivas , Rodríguez-Fernández Jonathan , Mavrikakis Manos , Lauritsen Jeppe V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe catalytically active site for the removal of S from organosulfur compounds in catalytic hydrodesulfurization has been attributed to a generic site at an S-vacancy on the edge of MoS2particles. However, steric constraints in adsorption and variations in S-coordination means that not all S-vacancy sites should be considered equally active. Here, we use a combination of atom-resolved scanning probe microscopy and density functional theory to reveal how the generation of S-vacancies within MoS2nanoparticles and the subsequent adsorption of thiophene (C4H4S) depends strongly on the location on the edge of MoS2. Thiophene adsorbs directly at open corner vacancy sites, however, we find that its adsorption at S-vacancy sites away from the MoS2particle corners leads to an activated and concerted displacement of neighboring edge S. This mechanism allows the reactant to self-generate a double CUS site that reduces steric effects in more constrained sites along the edge.
Societal benefits of halving agricultural ammonia emissions in China far exceed the abatement costs
Authors: Zhang Xiuming , Gu Baojing , van Grinsven Hans , Lam Shu Kee , Liang Xia , Bai Mei , Chen Deli 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMitigating agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions in China is urgently needed to avoid further damage to human and ecosystem health. Effective and feasible mitigation strategies hinge on integrated knowledge of the mitigation potential of NH3emissions and the associated economic costs and societal benefits. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of marginal abatement costs and societal benefits for NH3mitigation in China. The technical mitigation potential of agricultural NH3emissions is 38–67% (4.0–7.1 Tg N) with implementation costs estimated at US$ 6–11 billion. These costs are much lower than estimates of the overall societal benefits at US$ 18–42 billion. Avoiding unnecessary fertilizer use and protein-rich animal feed could provide 30% of this mitigation potential without additional abatement costs or decreases in agricultural productivity. Optimizing human diets with less animal-derived products offers further potential for NH3reduction of 12% by 2050.
Asthma exacerbations and worsenings in patients aged 1–75 years with add-on tiotropium treatment
Authors: Mark FitzGerald J. , Hamelmann Eckard , Kerstjens Huib A. M. , Buhl Roland 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis review explores the effect of tiotropium Respimat® add-on therapy on asthma exacerbations and worsenings, adverse events (AEs) related to exacerbations and symptoms and any effects on seasonality across the 10 UniTinA-asthma® clinical trials comprising over 6000 patients. When added on to inhaled corticosteroids ± additional therapies, tiotropium significantly reduced the risk of exacerbations and worsenings in adults with symptomatic severe asthma and provided a non-significant improvement in worsenings in adults with symptomatic moderate and mild asthma, which was significant for patients with moderate asthma receiving tiotropium 2.5 µg once daily vs. placebo. Trials in paediatric patients were not powered to assess exacerbations or worsenings, but when AEs related to asthma exacerbations and symptoms were grouped into a composite endpoint and pooled, tiotropium improved outcomes vs. placebo (rate ratio 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.63, 0.93). The reduction in exacerbations with tiotropium is apparent across all patients during the observed seasonal peaks of these events.
Winter-spring temperature pattern is closely related to the onset of cambial reactivation in stems of the evergreen conifer Chamaecyparis pisifera
Authors: Rahman Md Hasnat , Kudo Kayo , Yamagishi Yusuke , Nakamura Yusuke , Nakaba Satoshi , Begum Shahanara , Nugroho Widyanto Dwi , Arakawa Izumi , Kitin Peter , Funada Ryo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTemperature is an important factor for the cambial growth in temperate trees. We investigated the way daily temperatures patterns (maximum, average and minimum) from late winter to early spring affected the timing of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in stems of the conifer Chamaecyparis pisifera. When the daily temperatures started to increase earlier from late winter to early spring, cambial reactivation occurred earlier. Cambium became active when it achieves the desired accumulated temperature above the threshold (cambial reactivation index; CRI) of 13 °C in 11 days in 2013 whereas 18 days in 2014. This difference in duration required for achieving accumulated temperature can be explained with the variations in the daily temperature patterns in 2013 and 2014. Our formula for calculation of CRI predicted the cambial reactivation in 2015. A hypothetical increase of 1–4 °C to the actual daily maximum temperatures of 2013 and 2014 shifted the timing of cambial reactivation and had different effects on cambial reactivation in the two consecutive years because of variations in the actual daily temperatures patterns. Thus, the specific annual pattern of accumulation of temperature from late winter to early spring is a critical factor in determining the timing of cambial reactivation in trees.
Modelling the linkage between influenza infection and cardiovascular events via thrombosis
Authors: McCarthy Zachary , Xu Shixin , Rahman Ashrafur , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Corrales-Medina Vicente F. , Lee Jason , Seet Bruce T. , Neame Dion , Thommes Edward , Heffernan Jane , Chit Ayman , Wu Jianhong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is a heavy burden associated with influenza including all-cause hospitalization as well as severe cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory events. Influenza associated cardiac events have been linked to multiple biological pathways in a human host. To study the contribution of influenza virus infection to cardiovascular thrombotic events, we develop a dynamic model which incorporates some key elements of the host immune response, inflammatory response, and blood coagulation. We formulate these biological systems and integrate them into a cohesive modelling framework to show how blood clotting may be connected to influenza virus infection. With blood clot formation inside an artery resulting from influenza virus infection as the primary outcome of this integrated model, we demonstrate how blood clot severity may depend on circulating prothrombin levels. We also utilize our model to leverage clinical data to inform the threshold level of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα which initiates tissue factor induction and subsequent blood clotting. Our model provides a tool to explore how individual biological components contribute to blood clotting events in the presence of influenza infection, to identify individuals at risk of clotting based on their circulating prothrombin levels, and to guide the development of future vaccines to optimally interact with the immune system.
An appraisal of whole-room indirect calorimeters and a metabolic cart for measuring resting and active metabolic rates
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Scott Cory , Pearce Janina V. , Farrar Jared S. , Evans Ronald K. , Celi Francesco S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhole-room indirect calorimeters (WRICs) have traditionally been used for real-time resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurements, while metabolic rate (MR) during short-interval exercises has commonly been measured by metabolic carts (MCs). This study aims to investigate the feasibility of incorporating short-interval exercises into WRIC study protocols by comparing the performance of WRICs and an MC. We assessed the 40-min RMR of 15 subjects with 2-day repeats and the 10–15 min activity MR (AMR) of 14 subjects at three intensities, using a large WRIC, a small WRIC, and an MC. We evaluated the biases between the instruments and quantified sources of variation using variance component analysis. All three instruments showed good agreement for both RMR (maximum bias = 0.07 kcal/min) and AMR assessment (maximum bias = 0.53 kcal/min). Moreover, the majority of the variability was between-subject and between-intensity variation, whereas the types of instrument contributed only a small amount to total variation in RMR (2%) and AMR (0.2%) data. In Conclusion, the good reproducibility among the instruments indicates that they may be used interchangeably in well-designed studies. Overall, WRICs can serve as an accurate and versatile means of assessing MR, capable of integrating RMR and short-interval AMR assessments into a single protocol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is associated with increased B cell responses to unrelated pathogens
Authors: Kimuda Simon G. , Andia-Biraro Irene , Sebina Ismail , Egesa Moses , Nalwoga Angela , Smith Steven G. , Bagaya Bernard S. , Levin Jonathan , Elliott Alison M. , Raynes John G. , Cose Stephen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAntigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), have been shown to stimulate human B cell responses to unrelated recall antigens in vitro. However, it is not known whether natural M.tb infection or whether vaccination with, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, has a similar effect. This study investigated the effects of M.tb infection and BCG vaccination on B cell responses to heterologous pathogen recall antigens. Antibodies against several bacterial and viral pathogens were quantified by ELISA in 68 uninfected controls, 62 individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) and 107 active pulmonary TB (APTB) cases, and 24 recently BCG-vaccinated adolescents and naive controls. Antibody avidity was investigated using surface plasmon resonance and B cell ELISPOTs were used to measure plasmablast and memory B cell responses (MBC) in APTB cases and healthy donor controls. APTB was associated with higher levels of antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus and measles virus, compared to uninfected controls. BCG vaccination did not alter levels of antibodies against heterologous pathogens. Tetanus toxoid (TT)-specific antibody avidity was increased in APTB cases in comparison to uninfected individuals and the ratio of TT-specific plasmablasts to MBCs in the APTB cases was 7:1. M.tb infection is associated with increased antibody responses to heterologous pathogens in human subjects.
Alpha-lipoic acid alters the antitumor effect of bortezomib in melanoma cells in vitro
Authors: Takács Angéla , Lajkó Eszter , Láng Orsolya , Istenes Ildikó , Kőhidai László 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBortezomib (BOZ) is a proteasome inhibitor chemotherapeutic agent utilized to treat multiple myeloma and recently offered to cure melanoma. Bortezomib-induced neuropathy is one of the dose-limiting side-effects, which can be treated with antioxidants (e.g. alpha-lipoic acid—ALA and Vitamin B1—vit B1). We hypothesized that these antioxidants may counteract the antitumor activity by disrupting the BOZ-induced pathways (e.g. proteasome inhibition or reactive oxygen species generation). The objectives were: (i) to verify the anti-proliferative effect of BOZ; (ii) to compare the influence of the antioxidants on the antitumor effect of BOZ in melanoma (A2058) and myeloma (U266) cells. At first, the reduction in the anti-proliferative effect of BOZ by ALA was proved in melanoma cells. Analysis of p53 phosphorylation and the cell cycle progression revealed that ALA failed to counteract these effects of BOZ. Nevertheless, a good correlation was found between the inhibition of the anti-proliferative effect, the anti-proteasome activity and the oxidative stress level after the co-treatment with 20 ng/mL BOZ + 100 μg/mL ALA. Downregulation of apoptotic proteins such as HO-1 and Claspin along with the inhibition of the cleavage of Caspase-3 indicated the proteomic background of the altered responsiveness of the melanoma cells exposed to BOZ + ALA. This phenomenon draws attention to the proper application of cancer supportive care to avoid possible interactions.