bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of energy-saving measures in industrial steam supply systems
Authors: Gasho E G , Kiseleva A I 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The high level of heat losses in Russia is determined by both the excessive centralization of many heat supply systems and the poor state of heat networks and the low quality of their service. For this reason, the development and application of energy-saving measures to reduce heat loss is a priority and urgent area in the power industry. The article is devoted to the assessment and analysis of energy-saving measures of industrial steam supply systems using the example of an industrial steam pipeline from Smolensk CHPP-1. The study examined the main factors affecting the parameters of the heat transfer agent in the consumer. The main measures to reduce heat losses in steam networks are considered and their calculation is carried out. Of the considered methods of energy saving, it is preferable to increase the thickness of the thermal insulation of steam pipelines. Moreover, the calculations showed that the optimal value of the insulation thickness for the investigated steam pipeline was 0.17 m, which corresponds to the highest quality of the supplied steam and the shortest payback period.
Feasibility study of collector-distributor district heating system
Authors: Romanov D O , Yavorovsky Y V , Zhigulina E V , Shelginsky A Y 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
One of the ways to improve efficiency of district heating systems is to use thermohydraulic dispatchers (THD) along with distributed variable speed pumps (DVSP) for reducing electricity consumption. First part of this paper deals with the application of THD at consumers to evaluate its technical and economic advantages. Although the result of the analysis shows that savings are quite small for Moscow conditions, the solution still might be applicable due to low additional capital expenditures. The second part of the paper uses the obtained result and summarizes previous works in this field to introduce collector-distributor district heating system which extensively incorporates THD and DVSP. Feasibility study of the proposed system was performed in comparison with a conventional district heating system. Electricity saving potential of collector-distributor district heating system is estimated to be 42-129 MW*hr/yr, while discounted payback period of additional capital expenditures is less than 2 years.
The system of indicators of street lighting systems energy efficiency
Authors: Valiullin K R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
One of the important tasks that arise when choosing a project for the modernization of any electric power system is estimation of its energy efficiency. Criterion of energy efficiency is one of the most important for development plans of electrical systems, as well as other criterions. Evaluation of energy efficiency of street lighting systems is complex task, because it should take in account effectivity of street lighting that cannot be directly measured. This paper propose a system of indicators of street lighting systems, based on process of energy transformation and requirements of regulatory documents. Suggested indicators rate every elements of street lighting systems from electrical grid to luminaires, and can be used for estimation of energy efficiency of existing street lighting systems or selection of the most energy efficient option of electrical street lighting system modernization. Proposed indicators can be also used for determination of the most effective geometrical position of luminaire and can be used for energy efficiency optimization of street lighting systems on the design stage.
Productivity of Enhanced Solar Still Under Various Environmental Conditions in Yekaterinburg city / Russia
Authors: Alwan N T , Shcheklein S E , Ali O M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Water is the most important source for human being and other living creatures. The naturul sources of water started to decline especially in the recent years. Researchers have focused on the productivity of drinking water as one of the main live requirements. Conversion of salt water into drinking water using solar distillation technology can be considered as the most viable methods in the dry climate regions. The productivity of solar stills effected by various parameters such as design, operational and environmental parameters. The current study aims to study the effect of different environmental conditions on improvement rate of productivity for suggested solar still. The tests were conducted at the Ural Federal University / Russia, during four months from June to September 2019 under different environmental conditions. The study results showed that there is a noticeable impact on the improvement rate in the productivity of the enhanced solar still, which depends mainly on solar radiation and ambient temperature. The rate of improvement fluctuated during the four months; the highest rete of enhancement obtained by 200% in September.
Algorithm and program for calculating the facility’s power supply system based on photovoltaic modules
Authors: Bekirov E A , Asanov M M , Polyanovsky D V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The popularity of renewable sources in design of the facility’s energy supply system is mainly due to their environmental safety. They are the sources of the so-called “clean energy”, the production of which is not accompanied by harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Renewable energy plants are complex systems with a large number of interconnected elements. Their design requires the solution of a number of problems, which include the selection of the functional, technical and technological structure of the system. The power plants components parameters depend on many factors, including the system’s installation location characteristics, the consumers operating mode features, the system components compatibility with each other. Design automation of power plants based on renewable sources will help reduce the workload on the designer during the system development, thereby will promote wider use of such sources in facility’s energy supply systems. In this work, the authors developed an algorithm and a program based on it for designing a facility’s power supply system with photovoltaic modules as an energy source. The program allows user to select the necessary system components based on databases; evaluate the system effectiveness depending on the facility location; calculate the selected power supply system cost. When simulating the system operation a check for the input data correctness is made to exclude possible errors.
Development of calculation and design of rotor-blade engine N.N. Tverskoy with a built-in electric generator
Authors: Korobets A S , Stepanov S F 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Current requirements are considered for an autonomous source of power supply for powering a consumer located in areas remote from a centralized power system in comparison with the method of connecting to a centralized power system, using a petrol, diesel and power plant using a Stirling engine with external heat supply in this article. The main aspects are identified power plants with external heat supply, analysed materials that support combustion, which can be used to operate an autonomous generator. The history is described and the purpose of the rotary engine of the Russian engineer N.N. Tverskoy. An economic assessment and engine performance have been considered, in which superheated steam is not required to be used, but steam with droplets of liquid for use is permissible. The design proposed rotary vane engine N.N. Tverskoy with a built-in electric generator, in which the expansion part (turbine) and the generator represent a single joint part. The design methodology is considered, in which the main sections on the calculations and design of the rotary machine with the main empirical formulas are highlighted. Further ways of using the engine are described in the low-grade heat recovery system.
Approaches to uranium dump processing by bioleaching technology
Authors: Gavrish V M , Chayka T V , Derbasova N M , Baranov G A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses a method of extracting uranium from uranium dumps by bacterial leaching using association of thion bacteria. Bioleaching mechanism is based on interaction of biological, chemical and electrochemical processes. The microstructure and composition of uranium-containing wastes were also investigated. The work presents the results of the study (changes in volumetric activity) before and after leaching. Results of the research proved that at microbiological processing of uranium production waste by association of thionic bacteria the degree of uranium leaching out of dumps at pachuca leaching was 59.3%. Nevertheless the residual radioactivity allows classifying the obtained material to be low-level radioactive waste one. At percolation leaching, having the aim to determine the effect of particle size of feed stock on the degree of uranium extraction, two samples were under study: breakstone in initial condition and ground breakstone. According to results of the study the degree of uranium extraction (a grinded one 0.3-0.5mm fraction) from dumps is 35.18%. Using breakstone in initial condition (10-25 mm fraction) degree of uranium leaching from dumps at percolation leach-ing measures up to 100%. Thus, residual radioactivity corresponds to all national sanitary standards for classifying a solid phase to a nonradioactive one. In addition, using microbial leaching there’s no need in further uranium ore grinding and that reduces costs to process ura-nium dumps. The work proposes a scheme for processing uranium dumps in the technological process. This technology will contribute to transforming the places for uranium waste storage into anthropogenic deposits.
Technological recommendations for the use of leaf litter based adsorption material to remove an oil slick from water bodies surface
Authors: Stepanova S V , Alekseeva A A , Khafizova L Y 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the study results on properties of leaf litter based adsorption material. The indicators of mixed leaf litter, characterizing it as an adsorption material, are established. Measurement of samples wetting angle with oil and water showed that the original material has hydrophobic properties. The oil intensity was about 10 g/g, and water absorption was 5-6 g/g, in addition, moisture, ash, total pore volume, bulk density were determined. Degree of water purification from oil was more than 98%, and biotest of purified water showed a decrease in toxicity 2.5 times. Based on this, technical options, are proposed for using mixed leaf litter for accidental oil spills response on the water surface with the help of mats, booms and universal design booms. Thermal combustion is proposed as a method of spent adsorption material disposal.
Effect of an integrated care model for pre-frail and frail older people living in community
Authors: Yu Ruby , Tong Cecilia , Woo Jean 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
to evaluate the effect of an integrated care model for pre-frail and frail community-dwelling older people.

Design
a quasi-experimental design.

Setting and participants
we enrolled people aged ≥60 years from a community care project. An inclusion criterion was pre-frailty/frailty, as measured by a simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) with a score of ≥1.

Methods
we assigned participants to an intervention group (n = 183) in which they received an integrated intervention (in-depth assessment, personalised care plans and coordinated care) or a control group (n = 270) in which they received a group education session on frailty prevention. The outcomes were changes in frailty, individual domains of frailty (‘fatigue’, ‘resistance’, ‘ambulation’, ‘illnesses’ and ‘loss of weight’) and health services utilisation over 12 months. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up.

Results
the mean age of the participants (n = 453) at baseline was 76.1 ± 7.5 years, and 363 (80.1%) were women. At follow-up, the intervention group showed significantly greater reductions in FRAIL scores than the control group (P &lt; 0.033). In addition, 22.4% of the intervention and 13.7% of the control participants had reverted from pre-frail/frail to robust status, with the difference reaching significance when the intervention was compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–2.4) after adjustments for age, sex, living arrangement/marital status and hypercholesterolemia. For individual domains of frailty, the adjusted OR for improved ‘resistance’ was 1.7 (95% CI 1.0–2.8). However, no effects were found on reducing use of health services.

Conclusion
the integrated health and social care model reduced FRAIL scores in a combined population of pre-frail/frail community-dwelling older people attending older people’s centres.
Appropriate Normative Powers
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA normative power is a power to alter rights and duties directly. This paper explores what it means to alter rights and duties directly. In the light of that, it examines the kind of argument that might support the existence of normative powers. Both simple and complex instrumentalist accounts of such powers are rejected, as is an approach to normative powers that is based on the existence of normative interests. An alternative is sketched, where normative powers arise based on the appropriateness of a person responding to a decision by limiting their freedom.
Corticostriatal White Matter Integrity and Dopamine D1 Receptor Availability Predict Age Differences in Prefrontal Value Signaling during Reward Learning
Authors: de Boer Lieke , Garzón Benjamín , Axelsson Jan , Riklund Katrine , Nyberg Lars , Bäckman Lars , Guitart-Masip Marc 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProbabilistic reward learning reflects the ability to adapt choices based on probabilistic feedback. The dopaminergically innervated corticostriatal circuit in the brain plays an important role in supporting successful probabilistic reward learning. Several components of the corticostriatal circuit deteriorate with age, as it does probabilistic reward learning. We showed previously that D1 receptor availability in NAcc predicts the strength of anticipatory value signaling in vmPFC, a neural correlate of probabilistic learning that is attenuated in older participants and predicts probabilistic reward learning performance. We investigated how white matter integrity in the pathway between nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) relates to the strength of anticipatory value signaling in vmPFC in younger and older participants. We found that in a sample of 22 old and 23 young participants, fractional anisotropy in the pathway between NAcc and vmPFC predicted the strength of value signaling in vmPFC independently from D1 receptor availability in NAcc. These findings provide tentative evidence that integrity in the dopaminergic and white matter pathways of corticostriatal circuitry supports the expression of value signaling in vmPFC which supports reward learning, however, the limited sample size calls for independent replication. These and future findings could add to the improved understanding of how corticostriatal integrity contributes to reward learning ability.
Clofazimine for Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Adults: An Experimental Medicine, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase 2a Trial
Authors: Iroh Tam Py , Arnold S L M , Barrett L K , Chen C R , Conrad T M , Douglas E , Gordon M A , Hebert D , Henrion M , Hermann D , Hollingsworth B , Houpt E , Jere K C , Lindblad R , Love M S , Makhaza L , McNamara C W , Nedi W , Nyirenda J , Operario D J , Phulusa J , Quinnan G V , Sawyer L A , Thole H , Toto N , Winter A , Van Voorhis W C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
We evaluated the efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK), and safety of clofazimine (CFZ) in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with cryptosporidiosis.

Methods
We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Primary outcomes in part A were reduction in Cryptosporidium shedding, safety, and PK. Primary analysis was according to protocol (ATP). Part B of the study compared CFZ PK in matched individuals living with HIV without cryptosporidiosis.

Results
Twenty part A and 10 part B participants completed the study ATP. Almost all part A participants had high viral loads and low CD4 counts, consistent with failure of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. At study entry, the part A CFZ group had higher Cryptosporidium shedding, total stool weight, and more diarrheal episodes compared with the placebo group. Over the inpatient period, compared with those who received placebo, the CFZ group Cryptosporidium shedding increased by 2.17 log2 Cryptosporidium per gram stool (95% upper confidence limit, 3.82), total stool weight decreased by 45.3 g (P = .37), and number of diarrheal episodes increased by 2.32 (P = .87). The most frequent solicited adverse effects were diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malaise. One placebo and 3 CFZ participants died during the study. Plasma levels of CFZ in participants with cryptosporidiosis were 2-fold lower than in part B controls.

Conclusions
Our findings do not support the efficacy of CFZ for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in a severely immunocompromised HIV population. However, this trial demonstrates a pathway to assess the therapeutic potential of drugs for cryptosporidiosis treatment. Screening persons living with HIV for diarrhea, and especially Cryptosporidium infection, may identify those failing ARV therapy.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03341767.
An update review of intradialytic hypotension: concept, risk factors, clinical implications and management
Authors: Kanbay Mehmet , Ertuglu Lale A , Afsar Baris , Ozdogan Elif , Siriopol Dimitrie , Covic Adrian , Basile Carlo , Ortiz Alberto 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a frequent and serious complication of chronic haemodialysis, linked to adverse long-term outcomes including increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. IDH is the end result of the interaction between ultrafiltration rate (UFR), cardiac output and arteriolar tone. Thus excessive ultrafiltration may decrease the cardiac output, especially when compensatory mechanisms (heart rate, myocardial contractility, vascular tone and splanchnic flow shifts) fail to be optimally recruited. The repeated disruption of end-organ perfusion in IDH may lead to various adverse clinical outcomes affecting the heart, central nervous system, kidney and gastrointestinal system. Potential interventions to decrease the incidence or severity of IDH include optimization of the dialysis prescription (cool dialysate, UFR, sodium profiling and high-flux haemofiltration), interventions during the dialysis session (midodrine, mannitol, food intake, intradialytic exercise and intermittent pneumatic compression of the lower limbs) and interventions in the interdialysis period (lower interdialytic weight gain and blood pressure–lowering drugs). However, the evidence base for many of these interventions is thin and optimal prevention and management of IDH awaits further clinical investigation. Developing a consensus definition of IDH will facilitate clinical research. We review the most recent findings on risk factors, pathophysiology and management of IDH and, based on this, we call for a new consensus definition of IDH based on clinical outcomes and define a roadmap for IDH research.
Variation in left ventricular cardiac magnetic resonance normal reference ranges: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Raisi-Estabragh Zahra , Kenawy Asmaa A M , Aung Nay , Cooper Jackie , Munroe Patricia B , Harvey Nicholas C , Petersen Steffen E , Khanji Mohammed Y 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Aims
To determine population-related and technical sources of variation in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) reference ranges for left ventricular (LV) quantification through a formal systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods and results
This study is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42019147161). Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches and assessed by two independent reviewers based on predefined criteria. Fifteen studies comprising 2132 women and 1890 men aged 20–91 years are included in the analysis. Pooled LV reference ranges calculated using random effects meta-analysis with inverse variance weighting revealed significant differences by age, sex, and ethnicity. Men had larger LV volumes and higher LV mass than women [LV end-diastolic volume (mean difference = 6.1 mL/m2, P-value = 0.014), LV end-systolic volume (MD = 4 mL/m2, P-value = 0.033), LV mass (mean difference = 12 g/m2, P-value = 7.8 × 10−9)]. Younger individuals had larger LV end-diastolic volumes than older ages (20–40 years vs. ≥65 years: women MD = 14.0 mL/m2, men MD = 14.7 mL/m2). East Asians (Chinese, Korean, Singaporean-Chinese, n = 514) had lower LV mass than Caucasians (women: MD = 6.4 g/m2, P-value = 0.016; men: MD = 9.8 g/m2, P-value = 6.7 × 10−5). Between-study heterogeneity was high for all LV parameters despite stratification by population-related factors. Sensitivity analyses identified differences in contouring methodology, magnet strength, and post-processing software as potential sources of heterogeneity.

Conclusion
There is significant variation between CMR normal reference ranges due to multiple population-related and technical factors. Whilst there is need for population-stratified reference ranges, limited sample sizes and technical heterogeneity precludes derivation of meaningful unified ranges from existing reports. Wider representation of different populations and standardization of image analysis is urgently needed to establish such reference distributions.
The Roles of Bacterial DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Proteins in Chromosomal DNA Replication
Authors: Sinha Anurag Kumar , Possoz Christophe , Leach David R F 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIt is well established that DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is required to underpin chromosomal DNA replication. Because DNA replication forks are prone to breakage, faithful DSB repair and correct replication fork restart are critically important. Cells, where the proteins required for DSB repair are absent or altered, display characteristic disturbances to genome replication. In this review, we analyze how bacterial DNA replication is perturbed in DSB repair mutant strains and explore the consequences of these perturbations for bacterial chromosome segregation and cell viability. Importantly, we look at how DNA replication and DSB repair processes are implicated in the striking recent observations of DNA amplification and DNA loss in the chromosome terminus of various mutant Escherichia coli strains. We also address the mutant conditions required for the remarkable ability to copy the entire E. coli genome, and to maintain cell viability, even in the absence of replication initiation from oriC, the unique origin of DNA replication in wild type cells. Furthermore, we discuss the models that have been proposed to explain these phenomena and assess how these models fit with the observed data, provide new insights and enhance our understanding of chromosomal replication and termination in bacteria.