bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Against Irreducibility-Parity
Authors: Cowie Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is argued that the second version of the parity premise—irreducibility-parity—is false. It is false because epistemic judgements, unlike moral judgements, are committed to merely reducibly normative properties. The argument for this is based on the same basic rationale outlined in chapter 3: epistemic judgements are normative or evaluative only in the sense of normative or evaluative judgements within ‘institutions’ such as sports and games, etiquette, fashion, and the law. A ‘back-up’ view is introduced: even if irreducibility-parity is true, the analogy between epistemic judgements and normative or evaluative judgements within institutions can yet be used to render the epistemic error theory less implausible than it may at first appear.
The Conventionalism Criticism
Authors: Cowie Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is sometimes claimed that ‘belief aims at truth’ in a sense that explains the existence and nature of epistemic norms. Furthermore it is sometimes claimed that there is no analogous explanation of moral norms. In this chapter it is asked whether these claims represent an alternative means of rejecting the parity premise to the basic rationale—comparing epistemic judgements to normative or evaluative judgements within ‘institutions’—offered in chapters 3 and 5. It is argued that they do not. Three different readings of ‘belief aims at truth’ are identified. None are found to be plausible as an alternative route to rejection of the parity premise.
Simple Veritism
Authors: Cowie Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In modelling epistemic judgements on normative or evaluative judgements within ‘institutions’—such as sports and games, etiquette, fashion, and the law—as has been done in earlier chapters it has been assumed that the final or basic epistemic value is true belief. This chapter considers objections to this from knowledge-first and anti-consequentialist conceptions of epistemic norms. It presents reasons for scepticism about these views and claims that these alternatives are still compatible with the basic view in the book of the contrast between epistemic norms and moral norms and so with its rejection of the parity premise.
Whence Justice?
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Justice requires proper consideration of right relationships between beings. What kind of philosophy might allow an extension of justice to animals? How did systems of justice evolve in deep history? Rather than constructing a comparative narrative between humans and advanced social animals, this chapter explores accounts of how systems of reciprocity and inequity aversion have evolved in other social animals, including primates. Inequity aversion is correlated with pro-social behaviour and cooperation in primates. Sarah Brosnan argues that while inequity aversion can be used to describe primate behaviour, there should be greater hesitation in using the language of fairness or justice, though she is prepared to use the language of morality. Marc Bekoff, who has worked as an ethologist among canids, is rather less hesitant about describing his observations of play behaviour as examples of wild justice. Examples of interspecies exchange that follows specific patterns of mutually entangled behaviour in Marcus Baynes-Rock’s work among hyenas in Ethiopia and Piers Locke’s work among elephants in Nepal are discussed. While there may be some convergence with the way justice has arisen in human communities, the basis for justice in a Christian theological sense often takes its bearings from transcendent norms of divine justice. Using Proverbs as a starting point, the argument is that there are at least some strands in the Christian tradition that widen an understanding of justice as inclusive of animals, though this is best understood as set in the context of a multispecies community.
Love’s Evolution
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The relationship between empathy, love, and compassion has long been contested in the history of moral theory. Drawing on Martha Nussbaum’s definition of compassion as a form of judgement, and its relationship to empathy as both emotive and cognitive, this chapter seeks to uncover some of the reasons why empathy and compassion are still contested by scientists working in moral psychology as being relevant for the truly moral life. It also draws on fascinating work by archaeologists that shows reasonable evidence for the existence of deep compassion far back in the evolutionary record of early hominins, even prior to the appearance of Homo sapiens. The long-term care of those with severe disabilities is remarkable and indicates the importance of empathy and compassion deep in history. This is not so much a romanticized view of the past, since violence as well as cooperation existed side by side, but an attempt to show that the rising wave of anti-empathy advocates have missed the mark. Compassion is the fruit of cooperative tendencies. Primatologist Frans de Waal has also undertaken important work on empathy operative in the social lives of alloprimates. The Thomistic concept of compassion in the framework of his approach to the virtues in the moral life is also discussed.
Becoming Wise
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the author discusses some recent evidence for the appearance of what appears to be a capacity for complex relational decision-making in the human evolutionary record. Unlike compassion and latent forms of justice known as inequity aversion, finding any traces of wisdom in the lives of other animals is much harder to discern. Some debates on animal intelligence and shared intention provide clues when comparing different primates, including humans and other social animals. Using the work of twentieth-century Jewish philosophers, including Hans Jonas, consideration is given as to how far and in what sense modern humans became doubly wise, Homo sapiens sapiens. It is suggested that this is a becoming wise in community with other hominins and other species, and is determined through a discussion of the different elements of practical wisdom that has been alluded to by the ancients. The faint traces left behind in the evolutionary record show both a sporadic and sometimes inconsistent pattern of distinctively human mental abilities, particularly those related to those elements of practical wisdom that in classic Thomistic thought were recognized as foresight (providentia) and memory (memoria). How far and in what sense such a process also aligned with a receptivity to the divine is difficult to judge, though it seems likely that humans reached a level of fairly sophisticated and consistent wisdom before they became conscious of divine agency. Wisdom, as an intellectual virtue of speculative reason, first required the imaginative capacity to speculate, but that capacity did not emerge in isolation, but in community with other species.
Laughter and Power at Henry II’s Court
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 shows how laughter became both a strategy for survival and a means for covert communication in the tense political environment of Henry II’s court. Contemporary writers described how public laughter worked as a potent weapon for shaming courtly rivals. As anxieties about mockery reached a new peak, public derision regularly destroyed careers and reputations. Laughter also became valued as a means of subtle communication, and as a way of exposing the hidden codes and power relationships of court life. As this chapter argues, laughter became so highly valued at Henry’s court because it allowed courtiers to appeal to a reason and dialogue that was otherwise beyond the restrictions of explicit discourse. Evading the culture of rigid procedure that was defining the operation of Angevin government, Henry’s courtiers were able to translate laughter’s growing conceptual and imagined power into a hard-edged, socially coercive political practice.
Thomas Becket, The Laughing Saint
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates the hagiographic transfiguration of Thomas Becket’s laughter, and the recasting of his courtly wit into a saintly virtue. Known as a frivolous joker at Henry’s court, Thomas was posthumously celebrated as a type of “laughing saint” (sanctus ridens). He was described laughing while making prophecies and even while being murdered, and a unique series of comic miracles was attributed to him after his death. As this chapter argues, the making of Thomas as a “laughing saint” ultimately crystallized the intellectual, literary, and courtly ideas of laughter explored in the previous chapters. Legitimated by emerging ideas of transcendent laughter, this saintly image also depended on the popular currency of laughing prophets and miracles in late twelfth-century hagiographies, chronicles, and epic poems. Most importantly, the reshaping of Thomas’s laughter retroactively endowed the witty political culture of Henry II’s court with a new moral, quasi-theological power.
Henry II, the Laughing King
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores how Henry II used laughter to exercise power indirectly, and how contemporary writers exploited this to comment on the changing direction of English government. Henry laughed while negotiating political compromises, wittily forced enemies into compliance, and joked while overturning operations of the law. He especially laughed and joked when he felt that abstract ideas of authority had produced injustices he wanted to overturn. By joking, Henry could supplement the mechanisms of government, reinforcing his charismatic authority without explicitly undermining official procedure. Some court writers thus amplified the king’s laughter as a way of critiquing government by code and bureaucracy. Referencing both the intellectual discourses that dignified joking as a truth-telling device, and the narrative tropes that imagined laughter as a mouthpiece for divine authority, these writers created an image that covertly reinstated the sublime authority of royal charisma at variance with the direction of contemporaneous governmental change.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion draws attention to three major arguments that have been developed throughout the book, suggesting that laughter’s transcendent power in twelfth-century texts produced a unique crossover between political and religious ideals of authority; situating humor in the lived experience of twelfth-century English politics; and reflecting on the implications of this research for our wider understanding of the development of medieval Europe. The rise of powerful laughter appears as a component in the evolving importance of the body in Christian devotion and equally, the escalating capital of humor in courtly society reveals something of the changing social nature of high political circles. This emerging power, ultimately, reveals modes of resistance to new forms of governance and political control. Both the laughing king and the laughing saint offered a resilient challenge to the networks of bureaucracy, law, codes, and protocols that were rapidly coming to dominate the rhythms of European life.
Some initial possibilities
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The present chapter surveys and critiques the leading competitors lined up against the global-workspace theory of consciousness, which will be presented and defended in Chapter 5. These are: integrated-information theory; a theory that identifies phenomenal consciousness with information represented in the upper brain-stem; a theory that identifies it with the contents of a fragile form of short-term memory, distinct from working memory; higher-order thought theory; and dual-content theory, which is also higher-order in character. The implications of these theories for the distribution of consciousness across the animal kingdom are also considered.
Rethinking Asian Drama
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Gunnar Myrdal published Asian Drama in 1968, which made important analytical contributions to our understanding of development but was deeply pessimistic about Asia’s future prospects. Since then, contrary to Myrdal’s expectations, Asia’s development has been remarkable, although transformations have been uneven across countries and unequal between people. This introductory chapter explains the conception and design of the study, which seeks to analyse the amazing story of economic development in Asia. It begins with reflections on Gunnar Myrdal, the author, and rethinking about Asian Drama, the book, in retrospect fifty years later. It then discusses some critical issues and lessons that emerge—diversity in development, history and context, economic growth and structural change, well-being of people, markets and governments, economic openness, and institutions and policies—to serve as a teaser. To conclude, it provides a brief narrative on the contents and scope of the book, meant as a road map for readers.
East Asia
Authors: Wade Robert H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Few non-Western countries have reached the general prosperity of Western Europe and North America in the past two centuries. The core–periphery structure of the world economy, created in the early decades of the Industrial Revolution, has proved robust, even after seven decades of self-conscious ‘development’ following the Second World War. Just about all the countries in the periphery in 1960 remain in the periphery today. The clearest ‘escapees’ are in capitalist Northeast Asia. This chapter argues that the East Asian ‘developmental states’ were crucial for their rapid ascent up the world hierarchies of income and production capability. Today, capital is no longer scarce and flourishing democracies are in place, but their erstwhile developmental states have not given up a central ‘developmental mindset’. Rather than becoming approximations to neo-liberal states, they have moved from developmental states 1.0 to 2.0. Other countries can learn from their experience of how to institute developmental states 2.0.
Conclusion
Authors: Mueller Valerie , Rosenbach Gracie , Thurlow James 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We answer the broader question of whether Timmer’s framework is relevant to development in Africa today drawing on findings from the chapters presented in this volume. We conclude with policy recommendations for sparking a youth-inclusive transformation given today’s challenges. First, providing incentives for young farmers to adopt improved agricultural technologies is key to enhancing productivity growth in the agricultural sector. Second, employment policies need to be restructured to focus on the RNFE and the informal sector. Third, improvements in rural access to finance and savings promotion are necessary to enable enterprises to expand and create more jobs for youth. Fourth, government investments in infrastructure and education are essential to increase market access to farmers and entrepreneurs and improve the quality of the labour force to attract additional investments from foreign and domestic firms.
The Democratic Ideal of Self-Government
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between two elements of the democratic ideal of self-government: political equality and citizens’ democratic control. With respect to democratic control, the author argues that we can evaluate the democratic promise of different conceptions of democracy and their proposals for institutional reform by assessing the extent to which they require or expect citizens to blindly defer to the decisions of others. Conceptions of democracy that include such expectation tacitly accept the possibility of a permanent misalignment between the beliefs and attitudes of the citizenry and the laws and policies to which they are subject. Thus, they cannot explain how citizens can identify with the policies that govern them and endorse them as their own. Since an expectation of blind deference is quintessentially incompatible with the democratic ideal of self-government, it offers a helpful criterion for identifying democratic shortcomings among conceptions of democracy that propose various “shortcuts” that would bypass political deliberation by the citizenry. It is also helpful for articulating and defending a conception of democracy “without shortcuts.”
Charles Chaumont’s Third-World International Legal Theory
Authors: Tourme Jouannet Emmanuelle 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This contribution explores the works and biography of Charles Chaumont, who influenced an important group of third-world scholars, among them Mohammed Bedjaoui. These scholars were shaped by the neo-Marxist analysis of international legal structures developed by the Reims school in international law headed by Chaumont himself. Chaumont published on decolonization issues and methodologically sought to replace Scelle’s interwar idealism with a highly realistic analysis of the relationship between the interests of Western economic elites and prevailing international legal structures. While using neo-Marxist insights in his analysis Chaumont did not succumb to a determinist perspective on law. Rather, this chapter portrays him as the father of a radical critique of the function of law in exploitative North-South relations both before and after decolonization.
Introduction
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Introduction defines the key terms of modernization, modernity, and modernism that inform the study as a whole. It then traces the development of Faulkner scholarship from a primarily aesthetic understanding of literary modernism, through a primarily philosophical and intellectual one, toward the culturalist and materialist emphases of the new modernism studies. It details Faulkner’s prolific early efforts to become a modernist writer in two novels and numerous short stories dealing with World War I, before The Sound and the Fury made “Great War modernism” the first version of modernism he was to put behind him as a novelist. Finally, it sketches the book’s four-part architecture and provides an overview of the seven chapters that follow.
Faulkner on Speed
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces a long arc from rural to urban, and from the railroad to the automobile, the airplane, and finally the telephone, as the culture of modernity scales up human velocities—of movement and of thinking—asymptotically toward light speed, with all the attendant epiphanies, stresses, and blindnesses such radical transformation brings. At the center of this analysis are the 1931 novel Sanctuary, with its conspicuous flirtations with popular formulae; the 1932 story “Death Drag,” which hinges on an aerial stunt performed by a Depression-era barnstorming outfit; and the 1935 novel Pylon, typically dismissed as “minor” Faulkner despite its explicit overtures toward the style and subject matter of international high modernism. In these fictions, speed also poses technical challenges to the author, who experiments with characterization, imagery, diction, and point of view to evoke the distortions, estrangements, and other intensities that modern velocities impose/bestow on human interiority and behavior.
Slavery, Modernity, and the Turn towards Death in the Black Atlantic World of Yoknapatawpha County
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
As Faulkner wrote his way into the crisis of Mississippi race relations across the 1930s and 1940s, he turned with increasing frequency to the subject of slavery and the figures of black slaves. In these figures he progressively recognized what Paul Gilroy identifies as a counter-Hegelian modernity that rewrites Hegel’s master–slave dialectic along new lines. Where for Hegel the struggle for recognition between lord and bondsman was predicated on the latter’s inevitable submission to the former, Faulkner’s fictions of slavery come more nearly to evoke a black intellectual legacy in which the dialectic pivots not on the slave’s fear of death but on what Gilroy calls the turn towards death. Here death functions not as an index of despair, surrender, or flight, but as a powerful ontological resource, a revolutionary negation of Atlantic slavery whose eschatological implications point to the possibility of a freer and more just world elsewhere.
The Making of Personality
Authors: Scolieri Paul A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the formative influences on Shawn’s decision to become a professional male dancer. In particular, it examines how a serious, paralyzing illness during his adolescence led him to study dance, thus derailing his plans to become a minister. It also considers how his early sexual experiences and the premature death of his parents and brother fueled his determination to become an artist. The chapter also details Shawn’s early appearances on stage (including his debut as a cross-dressing “Oriental sissy,” his move to Los Angeles to pursue a career in film, and his experience choreographing the “first all-dance film,” Dances of the Ages (1913), for the Thomas C. Edison Company, which gave him the confidence and finances to travel to the East Coast in pursuit of becoming a professional dancer.
Equity in Long-Term Mitigation
Authors: Kanitkar Tejal , Jayaraman T. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is well known that there are significant fault lines between different nations on contentious issues at the global climate change negotiations. There are a number of issues which characterize these fault lines, but it is equity in long-term mitigation action that is the subject of this chapter. We discuss here the nature of the debate on equity and its historical evolution, as well as the relevance of different approaches to operationalizing equity within and beyond the framework of the Paris Agreement. Specific proposals for operationalizing equity are critically reviewed both in terms of their adherence to the developments in climate science and the extent to which they focus on and include metrics of equity. Given the developments in global climate policy since the Paris Agreement, we also present an argument for the need for continued efforts in operationalizing equity in all aspects of climate action.
One Long Day in Copenhagen
Authors: Saran Shyam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Paris Agreement of 2015 was shaped by several rounds of negotiations in decades prior. Events in Copenhagen in 2009 were pivotal in defining negotiation dynamics between developing and developed countries. This chapter offers a vivid first-hand account of the pressures and intricacies of negotiations that year. It describes the uneasy coordination between India and China as they worked to represent the interests of the developing world under the umbrella of the BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, and China) grouping. It also lays bare the fundamental divergence in interests between the developed and developing worlds. It does so by detailing tense side negotiations on differentiated responsibilities in reducing emissions, the financial commitments of developed countries, and systems for transparent evaluation of commitments.