bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
78 Effects of Isomaltooligosaccharide and Bacillus supplementation on sow performance, serum metabolite and oxidative status in serum and placenta
Authors: Gu Xueling , Li Hao , Song Zehe , Ding Yanan , He Xi , Fan Zhiyong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) and Bacillus supplementation on sow performance, serum metabolite and oxidative status in serum and placenta. One hundred and thirty multiparous gestating sows with similar body condition were randomly allocated to five groups (n = 26), receiving basal diet (CON group) or basal diet supplemented with 0.5% IMO (IMO group), 0.5% IMO and 0.02% Bacillus subtilis (IMO+S group), 0.5% IMO and 0.02% Bacillus licheniformis (IMO+L group), and 0.5% IMO, 0.02% Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (IMO+S+L group), respectively. The reproductive performance of sows was recorded. During farrowing, serum of sow from the ear vein and umbilical vein were collected for determining the metabolite and antioxidatant capacity. The placenta also was collected to determine antioxidant capacity. Statistical analysis was performed with covariance analysis and one-way analysis of variance followed by a Duncan multiple range test with SPSS 21.0. The results showed that no difference was observed in litter size among all groups (P &gt; 0.05), while the average piglet birth weight was improved in all treatments and the placental efficiency was increased in IMO+S group and IMO+S+L group compared with CON group (P &lt; 0.05). IMO+S+L increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduced total cholesterol (TC) concentration in umbilical venous serum (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, sows in all treatment groups had greater malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in umbilical venous serum compared with CON group (P &lt; 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of placenta was increased in IMO+L group and IMO+S+L group (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of growth hormone (GH) in umbilical venous serum was improved (P &lt; 0.05) in all treatments group. In conclusion, IMO and Bacillus supplementations during late gestation changed the lipid and protein metabolism of sows, improved the placental antioxidant capacity, increased GH levels in umbilical venous serum, ultimately improved the piglet birth weight and placental efficiency.
97 The effects of excess iron on growth performance, intestinal and liver morphology and antioxidant capacity in weaned piglets
Authors: Yu Xiaonan , Han Jianan , Feng Jie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Iron is one of the essential trace elements for animals and involved in many important physiological processes, thus exogenous iron is often supplemented as feed additive. However, the addition of excess iron may have adverse effects on animals and the environment. To investigate the effects of excess iron on growth performance, intestinal and liver morphology and antioxidant capacity in weaned piglets, in this study, forty 23-day-old weaned piglets were allotted to 4 treatments，respectively received the basal diet containing 100, 400, 3000 or 10000 mg Fe/kg as FeSO4. The experiment lasted for 28 days and then the piglets were euthanized and sampled. Lower average daily gain and higher diarrhea rate were detected in the piglets received the diet with 3000 or 10000 mg Fe/kg. Iron excretion in piglets’ feces was dependent on the iron concentration in the diet. In addition, iron overload induced mitochondrial swelling and cell death in the duodenum and liver of piglets. Excessive iron also increased piglets’ serum malondialdehyde content and reduced glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, significant increase of malondialdehydecontent and protein carbonyl content in the intestine and decrease of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activity and superoxide dismutase activity in the liver were observed in the piglets received diet containing high concentrations of iron. In conclusion, the results indicated that excess iron would reduce the growth performance of weaned piglets and increase the iron excretion in feces which adversely affect the environment. It may also negatively affect intestine and liver morphology and reduce the antioxidant capacity of piglets.
103 Mizzou Repro: Exploring short-form video communication on social media platforms to improve the reach of Extension
Authors: Thomas Jordan M , Bonacker Rachael C , Stoecklein Katy S , Ketchum Jaclyn N , Poock Scott E , Ellis Anita M , Bishop Brianne E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Extension is a vital component of the Land Grant mission, facilitating transfer of knowledge and technology to end users. However, traditional Extension publications, particularly print, reach an ever-shrinking audience. With each new generational transfer of farm management, decision-makers in animal agriculture are less familiar with Extension as an authoritative source of information. As a consequence, producers may be more likely to receive misinformation from less reliable yet more readily accessible sources online, such as forums, blogs, or social media posts. In an attempt to address this challenge, we have explored use of program-specific Extension communications through social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter). We hypothesized that video content in particular would result in significant viewership due to organic sharing behavior. Accounts were created using Mizzou Repro as branding, with content specifically focused on University of Missouri Extension efforts related to reproductive management of beef cattle. Videos are approximately 2 min (range 1.8 to 2.7 min) and are designed to communicate a single concept thoroughly but concisely. Scripts are prepared in advance, but videos feature a rotating speaker, typically a faculty member, graduate student, or Extension field specialist. To retain viewer interest for the full duration, videos incorporate changing camera angles, live animals, and graphs or figures. Of the platforms evaluated, content published on Facebook generated the most engagement (views, comments, and other interaction). Specifically, videos published to Facebook generated the most engagements as compared to other types of content such as photos or written text. In addition, we observed willingness of viewers to subscribe to future account posts, as well as significant interest from allied industry in sharing content with their audiences. Together, these observations suggest that social media videos and program-specific branding are effective tools to communicate Extension messages and build a long-term audience in the digital age.
260 Comparison of nutrients and in vitro degradability of ryegrass (Lolium Multiforum L.) and alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) in central region of Turkey
Authors: Basalan Mehmet , Cetinkaya A Volkan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Study was conducted to determine the adaptability of ryegrass to the ration of ruminants in central region of Turkey. Both ryegrass and alfalfa were planted in Cankiri and Corum cities which are located in similar geographic and climatic conditions. Forage samples were obtained during second, third and fourth harvesting times. in each sample, dry matter (DM), crude fat (EE), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), crude cellulose (CS), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels were determined based on AOAC methods. Metabolizable Energy levels of both ryegrass and alfalfa were calculated. In vitro disappearance of dry matter was measured by incubation of dacron bags in rumen fluid for 72 hours in Ankom® daisy incubator and extent of disappearance were determined. Generalized linear model was applied to analyze data and means were separated by using LSD. Although dry matter levels were similar (P &gt; 0,05), ash and fat levels were significantly higher in ryegrass than those in alfalfa (P &lt; 0,05). Additionally, as it was expected, crude protein content of ryegrass was significantly lower than that of alfalfa (P &lt; 0,05). NDF contents of both feeds were similar and ADF levels of alfalfa were slightly higher in only second harvest date. Metabolizable energy levels of ryegrass in all harvested times were statistically higher than those in all harvested dates in alfalfa (P &lt; 0,05). DM disappearance of ryegrass was significantly higher than that of alfalfa (P &lt; 0,05). In conclusion, ryegrass may have some advantages in regions with limited forage sources. Additionally it may be alternative or substitute to the traditional small grain forages. Further research needed to show those advantages of ryegrass in nutrients to extrapolate consumption preferences or performance of beef or dairy cattle.
269 Attempts to improve equine athletic performance via hypoxia-inducing techniques
Authors: Nielsen Brian D 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Hypoxic conditions encountered at high altitudes result in potential adaptations such as increased hematocrit, hemoglobin, and muscle mitochondrial function. However, living at high altitudes is not practical for many equine athletes. Unfortunately, many trainers have resorted to administering erythropoietin to stimulate red cell production or a large dose of cobalt which reportedly has a hypoxic-inducing effect. Both practices can result in serious health complications (including death) and are typically banned, with a testing threshold of 25 ppb for serum cobalt. Results from Spartan Equine Research confirmed that oral supplementation with 60X the 2007 NRC recommendation of cobalt resulted in serum concentration of 4.7 ppb – far below the testing threshold. These results suggest injectable cobalt, not dietary, is the source of concern. A means of inducing hypoxic effects in humans without living at altitude involves a “tent” covering a bed in which low oxygen concentrations are maintained while sleeping. Similar low-oxygen stalls have been designed for horses. Recent Spartan Equine Research failed to detect any improvement in racing performance in Thoroughbreds housed in such stalls. Challenges not experienced with human athletes were encountered relating to humidity and gases associated with urination and defecation within the airtight chamber – rendering such stalls of limited practicality and safety.
275 Replacing cottonseed meal and sorghum grain with corn dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: carcass characteristics and sensory panel traits
Authors: Hodges Kade M , Kerth Chris R , Whitney Travis R , Ramsey Wesley S , Wall Kayley R , Hicks Zena M , Tucker Dylan H , Woerner Dale 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Carcass and sensory panel traits were evaluated in Dorper ram lambs (n = 46) fed feedlot diets where cottonseed meal (CSM) and sorghum grain were replaced with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). In a randomized design study, lambs were individually fed ad libitum 70.9% concentrate diets for 61 d in individual pens. The positive control diet (CNTL) contained CSM, sorghum grain, and other concentrates, but no DDGS. Four treatment diets were similar to CNTL, but did not contain CSM. Corn DDGS replaced 0% (0DDGS), 33% (33DDGS), 66% (66DDGS) or 100% (100DDGS) of the sorghum grain in the treatment diets. Lambs fed CNTL were contrasted to those fed 0DDGS and linear and quadratic effects were evaluated within the four treatment diets. At 48-h postmortem, the longissimus thoracis was removed from the carcass, frozen, thawed, cooked, and evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Lambs fed CNTL had greater (P ≤ 0.03) hot carcass weight (HCW) and ribeye area (REA) than lambs fed 0DDGS. As DDGS incrementally replaced sorghum grain, HCW and flank fat quadratically increased (P ≤ .05), marbling linearly decreased (P = 0.03), ribeye area tended to linearly increase (P = 0.06), and skeletal maturity tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.06). No differences in sensory characteristics were observed (P ≥ 0.06) between lambs fed CNTL or 0DDGS. As DDGS incrementally replaced sorghum grain, juiciness linearly increased (P = 0.03), cook loss quadratically increased (P = 0.05), lamb flavor identity tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.09) and certain flavor attributes quadratically increased (brown, roasted, umami; P ≤ 0.03), quadratically decreased (metallic; P = 0.004), or linearly increased (bloody; P = 0.003). Results indicated that carcass and sensory characteristics are not negatively affected (some are enhanced) when DDGS replaces CSM and sorghum grain in Dorper lamb feedlot diets.
132 Short-term and long-term intake of high-level pea fiber specifically affects the bacterial community and metabolites in the cecum of pigs
Authors: Luo Yuheng , Chen Hong , Yu Bing , He Jun , Zheng Ping , Mao Xiangbing , Luo Junqiu , Huang Zhiqing , Chen Daiwen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Current study was conducted to investigate the influence of short-term and long-term feeding of high-level pea-hull fiber (PF) on the bacterial community and metabolites in the cecum of pigs. A total of 50 healthy weaned Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (7.2 ± 0.5 kg) were selected and randomly allocated in two groups with 5 replicates (5 piglets per replicate) in each group. Pigs in control group were given basal diets. For pigs in another group, expanded corn in the basal diet was replaced by PF at 10%, 20% or 30% for the post-weaning period (from weaning to 30 d post-weaning), growing period (30–90 d post-weaning), and finishing period (90–160 d post-weaning), respectively. At the end of the first and the last period, one pig from each replicate was sacrificed and the cecal digesta was collected immediately. Results showed that: 1) short-term or long-term intake of high-level PF had no significant effect on the ADFI and ADG of the pigs (P &gt; 0.05), but the F/G was significantly decreased in the long-term fed pigs (P &lt; 0.05). 2) The long-term feeding of PF significantly increased the concentration of cecal volatile fatty acids and decreased the ratio of propionate (P &lt; 0.05). 3) Compared with control group, the ratio of phylum Firmicutes in the cecum of piglets with short-term feeding of PF was reduced by 5.6%, with an increase of Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas (BPP), Enterococcus, Clostridium cluster IV, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (P &lt; 0.05). While in the cecum of pigs with long-term feeding of PF, the ratio of phylum Bacteroidetes was increased by 4.8%, with an increase of D. desulfuricans (P &lt; 0.01) and a decrease of BPP, Helicobacter-Flexispira-Wollinella, Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Clostridium cluster I (P &lt; 0.05). Results indicate that bacteria in the hindgut of pigs can rapidly response to the high-level PF in the diet.
90 Effect of supplemental threonine on growth performance of pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium and fed high fiber diets
Authors: Wellington Michael , Agyekum Atta K , Hamonic Kimberley , Htoo John K , Kessel Andrew Van , Columbus Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In a previous study, high dietary fiber (DF) and immune stimulation with systemic E. coli lipopolysaccharide independently, but not additively, increased the threonine (Thr) requirement for protein deposition. The current study investigated whether supplementing Thr to meet high DF and systemic immune challenge requirements would maintain performance of pigs exposed to an enteric immune challenge when fed high DF. A total of 128 pigs (22.6 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment; 4 pigs/pen) for 28 d. Treatments were low fiber (LF; 13% total DF) or high fiber (HF; 20% total DF) diets with standard (STD; 0.65% SID) or supplemental (SUP; 0.78% SID) Thr. After a 7-d adaptation, all pigs were orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium (2.3 × 109 CFU/ml). Blood samples and rectal swabs were obtained and rectal temperature recorded to determine clinical responses and Salmonella shedding. On d 7 post-inoculation, 1 pig/pen was euthanized and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and digesta (ileum, cecum, and colon) were sampled to assess Salmonella colonization and translocation. Body weight and feed intake were measured on d 0, 7, and 21 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Rectal temperature increased (P &lt; 0.05) 24 h post-inoculation and remained elevated at d 6. Serum albumin concentration decreased (P &lt; 0.05), whereas haptoglobin concentration increased (P &lt; 0.05) post-inoculation. Fiber and Thr had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on Salmonella count in ileum and cecum. Supplemental Thr increased (P &lt; 0.05) growth performance in LF- and HF-fed challenged pigs. However, performance of supplemented HF challenged pigs was less than (P &lt; 0.05) supplemented LF challenged pigs. These results suggest that Thr supplemented to meet requirements for high DF and systemic immune challenge was not sufficient to maintain growth performance of pigs fed HF diets and challenged with an enteric pathogen.
283 Ordered logistic regression analyze the effect of elements in serum and seminal plasma on abnormal sperm rate in boars
Authors: wu Yinghui , Wang chao , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Poor sperm morphology decrease sow litter size and the economic profitability of breeding herds. Our previous results revealed elements in serum and seminal plasma, such as copper, iron, and lead affects abnormal sperm rate (ABR) in boars. In this study, sperm morphology and elements in serum and seminal plasma of 385 boars were analyzed using CASA and ICP-MS, respectively from June to August in 2016. Multivariate ordered logistic regression model, which includes variables of boar breed, age, serum and seminal plasma elements was used to identify the influence degree of elements on ABR. The degree of ABR was classified grade 0: &lt; 10%, grade 1: 10–20%, and grade 2: &gt; 20%. Results showed ABR was influenced by boar breed, serum Cu and Fe, and seminal Pb contents (P &lt; 0.0001). Yorkshire boars (OR: 0.321; CI: 0.187 to 0.551) and Landrace boars (OR: 0.224; CI: 0.135 to 0.371) had lower ABR than Duroc boars. Boars with serum Cu ≤2.0 mg/L had lower ABR than those with serum Cu ≥2.5 mg/L (OR: 0.483; CI: 0.281 to 0.830). ABR of boars with serum Fe ≤ 1.0mg/L was greater than that of boars with serum Fe 1.5 mg/L (OR: 2.213; CI: 1.188 to 4.120). In addition, boars with seminal plasma Pb 0 μg/L had lower ABR than those with seminal Pb ≥ 10 μg/L (OR: 0.362; CI: 0.174 to 0.757). In conclusion, Duroc boars had more risk of ABR compared with Yorkshire and Landrace boars. The decrease of seminal plasma Pb and serum Cu, and increased of serum Fe content can decrease ABR in boars.
285 Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil improves growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Heugten Eric van , Martinez Gabriela , McComb Alejandra , Koutsos Elizabeth 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Insect-derived protein and lipid sources are sustainable, alternative ingredients for the feed industry. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of increasing levels of supplemental black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil on growth performance and serological and hematological indices in nursery pigs. Newly weaned, 21-day old pigs (n = 192; BW=6.9±0.15 kg) were randomly assigned within sex and BW blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 48 pens (4 pigs/pen; 12 replicates/treatment). Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, and 6% supplemental BSFL oil (mainly contained C12:0, C18:2, C16:0, C18:1, and C14:0 at 36.9, 17.3, 14.6, 13.1, and 9.8 g/100 g of lipid, respectively), replacing equal amounts of corn oil. Dietary treatments were fed in 3 dietary phases (14, 11, and 15 d for Phase 1 to 3, respectively). Supplementation of BSFL oil linearly increased BW (P ≤ 0.052) on d 14, 21, 25, 33, and 40 (final BW of 27.83, 27.62, 28.84, and 28.44 kg, respectively) and ADG during Phase 1 (P = 0.017), 2 (P = 0.055), and overall (P = 0.048; 523, 518, 548, and 539 g/d). Gain:feed was improved linearly during Phase 1 (P = 0.001) and 2 (P = 0.049), but ADFI was not affected (P &gt; 0.36). Supplemental BSFL oil did not affect (P &gt; 0.18) serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, urea N, creatinine, glucose, Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, triglycerides, amylase, lipase, or creatine phosphokinase, but linearly increased (P &lt; 0.001) serum cholesterol. White blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were not affected (P &gt; 0.17) by BSFL oil, but platelet count tended to linearly increase (P = 0.082). All serological and hematological analytical results were within normal expected ranges. In conclusion, BSFL oil is a promising, high energy feed ingredient that can be successfully fed to nursery pigs, while improving their growth performance.
286 Effects of dietary peroxidized lipids and antioxidant supplementation in the drinking water on growth, oxidative and immune status of newly weaned piglets
Authors: Silva-Guillen Ysenia Victoria , Martinez Gabriela , Arellano Consuelo , Heugten Eric van 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of vitamin E (VitE) and phytogenic compounds (PHYTO) in drinking water on performance, oxidative stress, and immune status of weaned piglets fed peroxidized lipids. In a 35-day study, 21-d old weaned piglets (n = 96; 6.10±0.64 kg BW) were assigned within sex and BW blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 24 pens (4 pigs/pen; 6 replications/treatment). Diets contained either 6% human-grade soybean oil or 6% soybean oil which was peroxidized for 12 d at 80°C with constant air flow at 50 L/min (initial peroxide value, anisidine value, hexanal, and 2,4-decadienal concentrations were 4.1 vs. 141.6 meq/kg, 1.7 vs. 106, &lt; 5 vs. 99 mg/kg, and 8 vs. 720 mg/kg for control and peroxidized oil, respectively). Pigs fed peroxidized lipids received drinking water without (control) or with supplemental VitE (100 IU/L d-α-tocopherol) or PHYTO (60 µL/L from d 1–7; 30 µL/L from d 8–35). Pigs fed control diet received control water only. Overall, peroxidized lipids decreased (P &lt; 0.001) BW (18.20 vs. 21.55 kg) and ADG (347 vs. 441 g/day), and tended to decrease ADFI (P = 0.14; 537 vs. 617 g/day) and G:F (P = 0.07; 645 vs. 715 g/kg). Peroxidation decreased serum vitamin E (P = 0.03) which could be restored (P = 0.01) by VitE in the water, but not PHYTO. Serum concentrations of interferon-γ, interleukin(IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL2, IL4, IL-6, IL10, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and total antioxidant capacity were not impacted by treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was reduced (P = 0.001) with feeding peroxidized lipids and this was not altered by supplemental antioxidants (P = 0.45). Peroxidized lipids clearly reduced growth performance, which did not appear to be related to oxidative stress markers or immune-regulatory cytokines. The negative effects of peroxidized lipids could not be improved by vitamin E or PHYTO supplemented in drinking water.