bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle‐Specific Relation of Acetylcarnitine and Intramyocellular Lipids to Chronic Hyperglycemia: A Pilot 3‐T 1H MRS Study
Authors: Klepochová Radka , Leutner Michael , Bastian Magdalena , Krebs Michael , Weber Michael , Trattnig Siegfried , Kautzky‐Willer Alexandra , Krššák Martin 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveAcetylcarnitine plays an important role in fat metabolism and can be detected in proton magnetic resonance spectra in skeletal muscle. An inverse relationship of acetylcarnitine to intramyocellular lipids and metabolic markers of chronic hyperglycemia has been suggested. This study aimed to compare the acetylcarnitine concentrations and intramyocellular lipids measured noninvasively by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in the tibialis anterior and the soleus of three different groups of volunteers with a broad range of glycemic control.MethodsAcetylcarnitine and intramyocellular lipid concentrations were measured in 35 individuals stratified into three groups according to glucose tolerance and/or manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. All MRS measurements were performed on a 3‐T MR system.ResultsThe differences in patient phenotype were mirrored by increased intramyocellular lipids in the tibialis anterior and decreased acetylcarnitine concentrations in the soleus muscle of type 2 diabetes patients when compared with normal glucose‐tolerant individuals. Results suggest that intramyocellular lipids mirror whole‐body glucose tolerance better in the tibialis anterior muscle, whereas acetylcarnitine is a better discriminator in the soleus muscle.ConclusionsThis muscle‐specific behavior of metabolites could represent different fiber compositions in the examined muscles and should be considered when planning future metabolic studies.
Molecular characterization of organoids derived from pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms
Authors: Huang Bo , Trujillo Maria A , Fujikura Kohei , Qiu Miaozhen , Chen Fei , Felsenstein Matthäus , Zhou Cancan , Skaro Michael , Gauthier Christian , Macgregor‐Das Anne , Hutchings Danielle , Hong Seung‐Mo , Hruban Ralph H , Eshleman James R , Thompson Elizabeth D , Klein Alison P , Goggins Michael , Wood Laura D , Roberts Nicholas J 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are commonly identified non‐invasive cyst‐forming pancreatic neoplasms with the potential to progress into invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma. There are few in vitro models with which to study the biology of IPMNs and their progression to invasive carcinoma. Therefore, we generated a living biobank of organoids from seven normal pancreatic ducts and ten IPMNs. We characterized eight IPMN organoid samples using whole genome sequencing and characterized five IPMN organoids and seven normal pancreatic duct organoids using transcriptome sequencing. We identified an average of 11,344 somatic mutations in the genomes of organoids derived from IPMNs, with one sample harboring 61,537 somatic mutations enriched for T→C transitions and T→A transversions. Recurrent coding somatic mutations were identified in 15 genes, including KRAS, GNAS, RNF43, PHF3, and RBM10. The most frequently mutated genes were KRAS, GNAS, and RNF43, with somatic mutations identified in six (75%), four (50%), and three (37.5%) IPMN organoid samples, respectively. On average, we identified 36 structural variants in IPMN derived organoids, and none had an unstable phenotype (> 200 structural variants). Transcriptome sequencing identified 28 genes differentially expressed between normal pancreatic duct organoid and IPMN organoid samples. The most significantly upregulated and downregulated genes were CLDN18 and FOXA1. Immunohistochemical analysis of FOXA1 expression in 112 IPMNs, 113 mucinous cystic neoplasms, and 145 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas demonstrated statistically significant loss of expression in low‐grade IPMNs (p < 0.0016), mucinous cystic neoplasms (p < 0.0001), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of any histologic grade (p < 0.0001) compared to normal pancreatic ducts. These data indicate that FOXA1 loss of expression occurs early in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Our study highlights the utility of organoid culture to study the genetics and biology of normal pancreatic duct and IPMNs. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving access to care for children with cancer through implementation of an electronic referral system (IMPACT): A single‐center experience from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Jastaniah Wasil , Justinia Taghreed , Alsaywid Basim , Alloqmani Riyadh Maneea , Alloqmani Saleh Maneea , Alnakhli Amal Talal , Alganawi Abdualrahman 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDelayed access to cancer care has been associated with childhood cancer death. Improving timely access to cancer care is the first important step in the cancer treatment journey. We introduced an electronic referral system (e‐RS) to improve timely access to cancer care. This study aimed to assess the impact of implementing an e‐RS on timely access to cancer care.MethodsA retrospective cross‐sectional study of pediatric oncology patients selected through a consecutive nonprobability sampling technique was performed to determine the turnaround time (TAT) of children with cancer diagnosed 12 months before and after implementation of the e‐RS. TAT was defined as time in hours from referral to approval for admission.ResultsOf the 326 pediatric oncology patients diagnosed between January 2014 and December 2015, 59.9% were male and 40.1% were female. Median age for both sexes was 5.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.5‐9.0 years). Among these, 98.2% were Saudi nationals. Hematological malignancies accounted for 50.6% of referrals and 16.6% had lymphoma. The median TAT of the manual referral system (m‐RS) and e‐RS was 18 h (IQR: 2‐25 h) and 2 h (IQR: 1‐16 h; P = .0001), median length of hospital stay during first admission was 11 days versus 9 days (P = .14), and death events occurred in 11 patients versus zero patients referred using the m‐RS versus e‐RS (P = .003), respectively.ConclusionThe introduction of an e‐RS was associated with more rapid processing of pediatric patients for cancer treatment and fewer patient deaths during the initial evaluation and treatment during that time period.
Identification of Lathyrus sativus plant volatiles causing behavioral preference of Aphis craccivora
Authors: Mitra Paroma , Das Swati , Debnath Rahul , Mobarak Syed Husne , Barik Anandamay 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe viviparous aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious threat to the crop yield of Lathyrus sativus L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as grass pea. The synthetic insecticides applied to control this insect pest are not safe for the environment. Hence, it is necessary to find volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from two cultivars [BIO L 212 Ratan (BIO) and Nirmal B‐1 (NIR)] of L. sativus plants causing behavioral preference of A. craccivora.RESULTSThe VOCs from undamaged (UD), insect‐damaged (ID) [plants on which 50 or 100 adults of A. craccivora were fed for 4 h (ID 50 or ID 100)], and mechanically damaged (MD) plants were identified and quantified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection analyses, respectively. Total VOCs were higher in ID plants compared to UD plants of each cultivar. However, total VOCs were higher in NIR cultivar compared to BIO cultivar for both UD and ID plants. Benzyl alcohol was predominant in volatile extracts of all treatments. In Y‐tube olfactometer bioassays, females showed preference towards volatile extracts of UD, ID, and MD plants of each cultivar compared to the control solvent (CH2Cl2). Insects preferred certain synthetic blends comparable to volatile extracts of UD, ID, and MD plants of each L. sativus cultivar against the control solvent.CONCLUSIONFemales preferred a synthetic blend of benzyl alcohol, 1,3‐diethylbenzene, thymol, and 1‐hexadecene at ratios of 142.49: 62.03:1.18:1 dissolved in 25 μL of CH2Cl2 in olfactometer bioassays, which could be used in developing lures to control this insect pest.
Tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of the rare and endemic fish of the upper Yangtze River to total dissolved gas supersaturation by hydropower stations
Authors: Wang Yuanming , Liang Ruifeng , Li Kefeng , Li Ran 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeveral superhigh dams (greater than 200 m in height) and many high dams have been built in the upper Yangtze River basin in recent years, and these dams have made total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation a serious environmental problem. A few studies have examined the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of rare and endemic fish in TDG‐supersaturated water in the upper Yangtze River over the past 10 years. These studies focused on specific species and specific sizes and did not identify a regular pattern that can be applied to all resident fish in the upper Yangtze River. However, elucidating this type of pattern is crucial for fishery management and dam operations in the upper Yangtze River. Data on the median lethal time (LT50), horizontal avoidance percentage, and vertical water depth of three rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River from previous studies were used in the current work. An exponential relationship was found between LT50 of fish and TDG supersaturation. The avoidance percentage of fish has a linear relationship with TDG supersaturation. Fish in the upper Yangtze River can use depth compensation to avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is 130% or above but rarely avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is less than 125%. We also described the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of fish in a TDG‐supersaturated river downstream from a super‐high dam. When the dam discharged a two‐year flood, the LT50 values of fish downstream ranged from 9.1 to 27.5 hr regardless of depth compensation. The avoidance percentage of resident fish ranged from 8.4 to 44.8%. The resident fish swam to a water depth of 2.43–3.33 m to avoid the threat of TDG.
Behaviour and ability of a cyprinid (Schizopygopsis younghusbandi) to cope with accelerating flows when migrating downstream
Authors: Li Minne , Shi Xiaotao , Jin Zhijun , Ke Senfan , Lin Chenyu , An Ruidong , Li Jia , Katopodis Christos 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe migration corridors in regulated rivers lead downstream fish migrants, particularly juveniles to pass through water infrastructure. Accelerating flow, experienced by fish, might trigger avoidance behaviour and then influence the downstream migration efficacy. It is essential to understand the causes of avoidance behaviour exhibited by downstream migratory fish in accelerating flow. In this study, the effect of three different accelerating flows on the downstream migration behaviour of Schizopygopsis younghusbandi (S.Y) was investigated using a constriction wedge in a circulating flume. The results showed that some fish (30%, 23%, and 39% under low, medium, and high flow conditions, respectively) repeatedly attempted to burst upstream with positive rheotaxis prior to successful passage downstream. Under the low‐, medium‐, and high‐accelerating levels, the average fish swimming speeds were 89.19, 91.28, and 111.94 cm/s, respectively; these values were close to the critical swimming speed (110.42 cm/s) of the target fish. The water velocities at the fish avoidance points were centrally distributed at approximately 73.03 cm/s. Regarding turbulence, the results exhibited that the S.Y generally responded to a discrete range of <50 cm2/s2 of turbulent kinetic energy and < 2 N/m2 of the horizontal component of the Reynolds shear stress (RSSxy). Also, the fish that exhibited avoidance behaviour were not centrally distributed in the lateral and longitudinal velocity locations, where there was an abrupt change in the gradient. This study highlighted the impact of accelerating flow on the downstream fish migration behaviour of a cyprinid. Furthermore, this study quantified the hydraulic factors that triggered this avoidance. Thus, it provided experimental support for optimizing the design of the hydraulic factors for downstream fishways.
Human perivascular stem cells prevent bone graft resorption in osteoporotic contexts by inhibiting osteoclast formation
Authors: Negri Stefano , Wang Yiyun , Sono Takashi , Lee Seungyong , Hsu Ginny Ching-Yun , Xu Jiajia , Meyers Carolyn A. , Qin Qizhi , Broderick Kristen , Witwer Kenneth W. , Peault Bruno , James Aaron W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe vascular wall stores mesenchymal progenitor cells which are able to induce bone regeneration, via direct and paracrine mechanisms. Although much is known regarding perivascular cell regulation of osteoblasts, their regulation of osteoclasts, and by extension utility in states of high bone resorption, is not known. Here, human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) were used as a means to prevent autograft resorption in a gonadectomy-induced osteoporotic spine fusion model. Furthermore, the paracrine regulation by PSCs of osteoclast formation was evaluated, using coculture, conditioned medium, and purified extracellular vesicles. Results showed that PSCs when mixed with autograft bone induce an increase in osteoblast:osteoclast ratio, promote bone matrix formation, and prevent bone graft resorption. The confluence of these factors resulted in high rates of fusion in an ovariectomized rat lumbar spine fusion model. Application of PSCs was superior across metrics to either the use of unpurified, culture-defined adipose-derived stromal cells or autograft bone alone. Under coculture conditions, PSCs negatively regulated osteoclast formation and did so via secreted, nonvesicular paracrine factors. Total RNA sequencing identified secreted factors overexpressed by PSCs which may explain their negative regulation of graft resorption. In summary, PSCs reduce osteoclast formation and prevent bone graft resorption in high turnover states such as gonadectomy-induced osteoporosis.Significance statement Perivascular progenitor cells exert positive regulatory effects on osteoblasts to heal bones, yet their potential role in osteoclast regulation is not known. It is observed that human perivascular progenitor cells reduce osteoclast formation, thereby preventing bone graft resorption and yielding better outcomes in a preclinical xenograft model. In the future, perivascular stem cells could be used to augment bone grafts, serving as a pro-anabolic, antiosteoclastic stimulus for better outcomes in orthopaedics.
Toward Controlling the Electronic Structures of Chemically Modified Superatoms of Gold and Silver
Authors: Omoda Tsubasa , Takano Shinjiro , Tsukuda Tatsuya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAtomically precise gold/silver clusters protected by organic ligands L, [(Au/Ag)xLy]z, have gained increasing interest as building units of functional materials because of their novel photophysical and physicochemical properties. The properties of [(Au/Ag)xLy]z are intimately associated with the quantized electronic structures of the metallic cores, which can be viewed as superatoms from the analogy of naked Au/Ag clusters. Thus, establishment of the correlation between the geometric and electronic structures of the superatomic cores is crucial for rational design and improvement of the properties of [(Au/Ag)xLy]z. This review article aims to provide a qualitative understanding on how the electronic structures of [(Au/Ag)xLy]z are affected by geometric structures of the superatomic cores with a focus on three factors: size, shape, and composition, on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The knowledge accumulated here will constitute a basis for the development of ligand‐protected Au/Ag clusters as new artificial elements on a nanometer scale.
Self‐Formed Electronic/Ionic Conductive Fe3S4 @ S @ 0.9Na3SbS4⋅0.1NaI Composite for High‐Performance Room‐Temperature All‐Solid‐State Sodium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Wan Hongli , Cai Liangting , Yao Yu , Weng Wei , Feng Yuezhan , Mwizerwa Jean Pierre , Liu Gaozhan , Yu Yan , Yao Xiayin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFe3S4 @ S @ 0.9Na3SbS4⋅0.1NaI composite cathode is prepared through one‐step wet‐mechanochemical milling procedure. During milling process, ionic conduction pathway is self‐formed in the composite due to the formation of 0.9Na3SbS4⋅0.1NaI electrolyte without further annealing treatment. Meanwhile, the introduction of Fe3S4 can increase the electronic conductivity of the composite cathode by one order of magnitude and nearly double enhance the ionic conductivities. Besides, the aggregation of sulfur is effectively suppressed in the obtained Fe3S4 @ S @ 0.9Na3SbS4⋅0.1NaI composite, which will enhance the contact between sulfur and 0.9Na3SbS4⋅0.1NaI electrolyte, leading to a decreased interfacial resistance and improving the electrochemical kinetics of sulfur. Therefore, the resultant all‐solid‐state sodium–sulfur battery employing Fe3S4 @ S @ 0.9Na3SbS4⋅0.1NaI composite cathode shows discharge capacity of 808.7 mAh g−1 based on Fe3S4@S and a normalized discharge capacity of 1040.5 mAh g−1 for element S at 100 mA g−1 for 30 cycles at room temperature. Moreover, the battery also exhibits excellent cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 410 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 for 50 cycles, and superior rate capability with capacities of 952.4, 796.7, 513.7, and 445.6 mAh g−1 at 50, 100, 200, and 500 mA g−1, respectively. This facile strategy for sulfur‐based composite cathode is attractive for achieving room‐temperature sodium–sulfur batteries with superior electrochemical performance.
Mechanical Terahertz Modulation by Skin‐Like Ultrathin Stretchable Metasurface
Authors: Fan Xuanqing , Li Yuhang , Chen Sihong , Xing Yufeng , Pan Taisong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe modulation of terahertz plays a key role in realizing the tunable terahertz devices. The concept of flexible and stretchable electronics provides the possibility to dynamically modulate the terahertz with mechanical strain rather than additional electrical components. Here, the mechanical modulation of the terahertz transmission with a freestanding, skin‐like, and highly stretchable metasurface is experimentally illustrated. The stretchable metasurface is fabricated by merely constructing an Al/PI mesh film consisting of serpentine‐like unit cells, with total thickness of only 7 µm. With the flexibility realized by the extremely small thickness, the metasurface can be stretched, bended, and twisted, which provides the possibility to modulate terahertz transmission properties by the mechanical deformation of the metasurface. The terahertz time domain spectroscopy results indicate that the stretchable metasurface shows the band‐stop frequency selective effect and the transmission of the terahertz wave can be modulated from 0.15 to 0.5 with applied external tensile strains up to 28%, while only 3.4% of the shift of the resonance frequency is observed. The mechanisms of the metasurface and the relation between the modulation effect and the structural mesh parameters are also discussed with the electromagnetic simulations and the LC equivalent circuit model.
Porous BN Nanofibers Enable Long‐Cycling Life Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wang Hui , Liang Jianli , Wu Yan , Kang Tianxing , Shen Dong , Tong Zhongqiu , Yang Rui , Jiang Yang , Wu Di , Li Xinjian , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSodium metal anode, featuring high capacity, low voltage and earth abundance, is desirable for building advanced sodium‐metal batteries. However, Na‐ion deposition typically leads to morphological instability and notorious chemical reactivity between sodium and common electrolytes still limit its practical application. In this study, a porous BN nanofibers modified sodium metal (BN/Na) electrode is introduced for enhancing Na‐ion deposition dynamics and stability. As a result, symmetrical BN/Na cells enable an impressive rate capability and markedly enhanced cycling durability over 600 h at 10 mA cm−2. Density functional theory simulations demonstrate BN could effectively improve Na‐ion adsorption and diffusion kinetics simultaneously. Finite element simulation clearly reveals the intrinsic smoothing effect of BN upon multiple Na‐ion plating/stripping cycles. Coupled with a Na3V2O2(PO4)2F/Ti3C2X cathode, sodium metal full cells offer an ultrastable capacity of 125/63 mA h g−1 (≈420/240 Wh kg−1) at 0.05/5 C rate over 500 cycles. These comprehensive analyses demonstrate the feasibility of BN/Na anode for the establishment of high‐energy‐density sodium‐metal full batteries.
Capillary and Non‐Capillary Absorption of Wood Evaluated by FT–Raman Spectroscopy and Capillary Rise Method
Authors: Shen Qing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTaking the laser‐based FT–Raman spectroscopy and liquid‐based capillary rise as two methods, the wood absorption at the capillary and non‐capillary are studied and quantitatively evaluated. According to the optical method, the natural capillary has greater absorption ability of about two to three times than that of the non‐capillary for pine wood while this value would be reduced in liquid absorption process due to accompanied Lifshitz–van der Waals and Lewis acid–base interactions. The absorption amount is always greater in the capillary as compared with the non‐capillary due to the former with natural pore structure. The absorption of the non‐polar liquid in wood is linearly with the same slow rate in both the capillary and non‐capillary while the absorbed amount is greater. The absorption of polar liquid in wood is non‐linearly in both the capillary and non‐capillary while the faster rate is in non‐capillary as compared with the capillary, especially the liquid with greater Lewis base component. Results comparison suggest that the wood capillary is greater in the Lewis base component and the non‐capillary is greater in the Lewis acid component.
A network perspective on assessing system architectures: Robustness to cascading failure
Authors: Potts Matthew W. , Sartor Pia A. , Johnson Angus , Bullock Seth 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite a wealth of system architecture frameworks and methodologies available, approaches to evaluate the robustness and resiliency of architectures for complex systems or systems of systems are few in number. As a result, system architects may turn to graph‐theoretic methods to assess architecture robustness and vulnerability to cascading failure. Here, we explore the application of such methods to the analysis of two real‐world system architectures (a military communications system and a search and rescue system). Both architectures are found to be relatively robust to random vertex removal but more vulnerable to targeted vertex removal. Hardening strategies for limiting the extent of cascading failure are demonstrated to have varying degrees of effectiveness. However, in taking a network perspective on architecture robustness and susceptibility to cascade failure, we find several significant challenges that impede the straightforward use of graph‐theoretic methods. Most fundamentally, the conceptualization of failure dynamics across heterogeneous architectural entities requires considerable further investigation.