bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature is a regulator of leaf production in the family Dipterocarpaceae of equatorial Southeast Asia
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki J. , Ng Kevin Kit Siong , Lee Soon Leong , Muhammad Norwati , Tani Naoki 
Published: November 2020

PremiseLeaf phenology is an essential developmental process in trees and an important component in understanding climate change. However, little is known about the regulation of leaf phenology in tropical trees.MethodsTo understand the regulation by temperature of leaf phenology in tropical trees, we performed daily observations of leaf production under rainfall‐independent conditions using saplings of Shorea leprosula and Neobalanocarpus heimii, both species of Dipterocarpaceae, a dominant tree family of Southeast Asia. We analyzed the time‐series data obtained using empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) and conducted growth chamber experiments.ResultsLeaf production by dipterocarps fluctuated in the absence of fluctuation in rainfall, and the peaks of leaf production were more frequent than those of day length, suggesting that leaf production cannot be fully explained by these environmental factors, although they have been proposed as regulators of leaf phenology in dipterocarps. Instead, EDM suggested a causal relationship between temperature and leaf production in dipterocarps. Leaf production by N. heimii saplings in chambers significantly increased when temperature was increased after long‐term low‐temperature treatment. This increase in leaf production was observed even when only nighttime temperature was elevated, suggesting that the effect of temperature on development is not mediated by photosynthesis.ConclusionsBecause seasonal variation in temperature in the tropics is small, effects on leaf phenology have been overlooked. However, our results suggest that temperature is a regulator of leaf phenology in dipterocarps. This information will contribute to better understanding of the effects of climate change in the tropics.
Single‐Crystal Red Phosphors and Their Core–Shell Structure for Improved Water‐Resistance for Laser Diodes Applications
Authors: Zhou Jianbang , Wang Yunfeng , Chen Yingyuan , Zhou Yayun , Milićević Bojana , Zhou Lei , Yan Jing , Shi Jianxin , Liu Ru‐Shi , Wu Mingmei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA solvent‐vapor transport route produces centimeter‐sized single‐crystal red phosphors. The epitaxial growth route to yield its core–shell structure at ambient temperature was adopted. These red phosphors could be applied in all‐inorganic WLED devices. Cs2TiF6:Mn4+ (CTFM) single crystal provides enhancement of quantum efficiency, moisture resistance, and thermal stability compared to polycrystalline powders. The internal quantum efficiency can reach as high as 98.7 %. To further improve waterproof stability, the Cs2TiF6 (CTF) shell with tunable thickness has been epitaxially grown on the CTFM single crystal surface and a unique three‐step photoluminescence intensity evolution mechanism has been proposed. By combining as‐prepared CTFM@CTF core–shell structured single crystal, YAG:Ce single crystal and blue‐chip, warm WLEDs with excellent color rendition (Ra=90, R9=94), low correlated color temperature (CCT=3155 K), and high luminous efficacy were fabricated without any organic resins.
3‐(Methoxycarbonyl)Cyclobutenone as a Reactive Dienophile in Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reactions Catalyzed by Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Ions
Authors: Yan Peng , Zhong Changxu , Zhang Jie , Liu Yu , Fang Huayi , Lu Ping 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCyclobutenone has been used as a highly reactive dienophile in Diels–Alder reactions, however, no enantioselective example has been reported. We disclose herein a chiral oxazaborolidine‐aluminum bromide catalyzed enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction of 3‐alkoxycarbonyl cyclobutenone with a variety of dienes. Furthermore, a total synthesis of (−)‐kingianin F was completed for the first time via enantioenriched cycloadduct bicyclo[4.2.0]octane derivative.
The Challenge of Peptide Proteolytic Stability Studies: Scarce Data, Difficult Readability, and the Need for Harmonization
Authors: Cavaco Marco , Andreu David , Castanho Miguel A. R. B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProteolytic stability assessment is increasingly viewed as a fundamental component of peptide characterization, arguably of comparable importance as efficacy and toxicity data. A literature survey over the last decade reveals steady growth in the stability information available. However, it also uncovers two significant problems that hinder proper data comparison: 1) the use of different stability assays, and 2) the differences in how stability information is reported. In this Viewpoint, we present results from a database meta‐analysis as well as concerns about the stability assessments published so far. We also suggest guidelines for a proper discussion between experts in the field on how to improve data readability so that peptide stability, an often‐missing parameter in older literature, is adequately reported to take maximum advantage of it.
Efficient Suppression of Chain Transfer and Branching via Cs‐Type Shielding in a Neutral Nickel(II) Catalyst
Authors: Wang Chaoqun , Kang Xiaohui , Dai Shengyu , Cui Fengchao , Li Yunqi , Mu Hongliang , Mecking Stefan , Jian Zhongbao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn effective shielding of both apical positions of a neutral NiII active site is achieved by dibenzosuberyl groups, both attached via the same donors’ N‐aryl group in a Cs‐type arrangement. The key aniline building block is accessible in a single step from commercially available dibenzosuberol. This shielding approach suppresses chain transfer and branch formation to such an extent that ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylenes (5×106 g mol−1) are accessible, with a strictly linear microstructure (<0.1 branches/1000C). Key features of this highly active (4.3×105 turnovers h−1) catalyst are an exceptionally facile preparation, thermal robustness (up to 90 °C polymerization temperature), ability for living polymerization and compatibility with THF as a polar reaction medium.
Unique antimicrobial/thermally conductive polymer composites for use in medical electronic devices
Authors: Xiong Si‐Wei , Zhang Pan , Xia Yu , Zou Qian , Jiang Meng‐ying , Gai Jing‐Gang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe common neglect of the prominent bacterial growth and accumulation on polymer‐based thermal conductive materials used in medical electronic devices will hurt the functionality and lifetime of medical devices, and sometimes even lead to medical accidents. In this study, we developed a novel ternary composite with excellent antimicrobial and thermal conductive properties to solve this problem. This composite was composed of antimicrobial functionalized hexagonal boron nitride (AB@h‐BN) nanoplatelets, low melt alloys (LMAs), and epoxy. Antimicrobial testing showed that the AB@h‐BN/LMAs/epoxy composites were 100% against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; their antibacterial mechanism was contact killing and was harmless to the environment. Besides enhancing the antimicrobial property, the AB@h‐BN nanoplatelets connected the mutually independent LMAs, forming the continuous network for heat conduction in the epoxy. Benefited from this distinctive structure, the thermal conductivity of AB@h‐BN/LMAs/epoxy can reach 2.66 Wm−1 k−1, which represented an enhancement of about 1141% over the pure epoxy.
The synthesis of peptide‐conjugated poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐b‐poly(L‐lactide) (PEtOx‐b‐PLA) polymeric systems through the combination of controlled polymerization techniques and click reactions
Authors: Ozkose Umut Ugur , Gulyuz Sevgi , Parlak Khalily Melek , Ozcubukcu Salih , Bozkir Asuman , Tasdelen Mehmet Atilla , Alpturk Onur , Yilmaz Ozgur 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo optimize the therapeutic effect of pharmaceutical agents, drug delivery systems tailored from FDA‐approved polymers like poly(L‐lactide) (PLA) is an effective strategy. Because of their hydrophobic character, these systems greatly suffer from reduced circulation time thus, amphiphilic block copolymers became favorable to overcome this limitation. Of them, poly(oxazoline)‐b‐poly(L‐lactide) are of choice as poly(oxazoline) (PEtOx) is compatible, biodegradable, while exhibiting minimum cytotoxicity. To tailor selective drug targeting drug delivery systems, whereby their selectivity for tumor tissues is maximized, these polymers should be decorated with so‐called tumor‐homing agents, such as antibodies, peptides and so forth. To this respect, we designed a new block copolymer, allyl‐poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐b‐poly(L‐lactide) allyl‐(PEtOx‐b‐PLA) and its subsequent conjugation to tumor‐homing peptides, peptide‐18, and peptide‐563 at the terminal position. In this manuscript, we report our synthetic route to obtain this building block and its conjugation to tumor‐homing agents.
Coastal development threatens Datan area supporting greatest fish diversity at Taoyuan Algal Reef, northwestern Taiwan
Authors: Heard Joseph , Tung Wei‐Chen , Pei Yu‐De , Lin Tzu‐Hao , Lin Chien‐Hsiang , Akamatsu Tomonari , Wen Colin K. C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Taoyuan Algal Reef is a biodiverse coralline algal reef in north‐west Taiwan, that is currently threatened by coastal development and industrial waste runoff.
As the reef lies in an exposed area that is frequently disturbed by monsoons, it is difficult to survey using traditional methods. Knowledge of the reef is therefore limited, and has until recently, long been regarded as a barren environment.
However, recent studies have revealed that the reef is inhabited by a diverse array of organisms, particularly at Datan, where a natural gas receiving terminal is planned for construction. Due to challenging environmental conditions, otolith assemblage and soundscape analyses were used to supplement traditional sampling methods including clove oil, netting, and pole‐and‐line fishing in order to assess the diversity of the fish community at Taoyuan Algal Reef.
Several fish species that had not been recorded by previous surveys were observed. Fish diversity and the average size of commercially targeted species were greatest at Datan G2. Predatory reef fishes such as groupers (Serranidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae), as well as several small endangered scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini were recorded at G2, where otolith assemblage analysis also indicated increased predatory activity. However, fewer individuals and species were recorded from tidal pools across all sites compared to previous surveys, suggesting a loss of biodiversity.
If construction work resumes at Datan, it will be likely to have adverse consequences for the reef itself, the species that inhabit it, and by extension, the local fishermen that rely upon it. Halting additional coastal development, reducing industrial and domestic pollution, as well as improving the management of traditional fisheries is recommended to protect this unique reef ecosystem from further degradation.
Development of myodural bridge located within the atlanto‐occipital interspace of rats
Authors: Lai Hua‐Xun , Zhang Jian‐Fei , Song Ting‐Wei , Liu Bo , Tang Wei , Sun Shi‐Zhu , Qin Tao , Yun Zhi‐Fei , Zhu Shi‐Jie , Yu Sheng‐Bo , Sui Hong‐Jin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe myodural bridge (MDB) is a dense connective tissue structure that connects the subocciptal musculature to the spinal dura mater. The purpose of this study was to clarify morphological evolution characteristics and compositional changes in the fibrous structures of MDB during its growth and development in the atlanto‐occipital interspace. For this, histological sections from Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (age, E17 to adulthood) were stained with Masson's Trichrome and Picrosirius Red. The results demonstrated that at age E18, the posterior arch of the atlas was completely closed and MDB fibers had already begun to form. In rat embryos (E18‐E21), only few fibers and muscles were present in the suboccipital region, and these were lightly stained. In postnatal rats, an obvious increase in the amount of fibers and muscle tissues was noted. At age P1, MDB fibers originated from the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and merged into the atlanto‐occipital membrane, which was closely attached to the spinal dura mater. As rats matured, MDB fibers gradually became denser and more organized. This study also showed that in postnatal rats, MDB was mainly composed of type I collagen fibers. By observing the development of MDB in SD rats, the function of MDB can be further understood. This study provides a morphological basis for future functional studies involving the MDB.
Preparation of a Dual‐MOF Heterostructure (ZIF@MIL) for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity
Authors: Zhao Tao , Wang Dong , Cheng Chen , Zhong Dazhong , Hao Genyan , Liu Guang , Li Jinping , Zhao Qiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough metal‐organic frameworks have proven to be excellent electrocatalytic materials, their application as electrode materials remains limited. The preparation of heterostructures is considered an effective method to improve catalytic activity. Herein, we describe the design and assembly of a dual‐MOF heterostructure (CoNi−ZIF‐67@Fe−MIL‐100, denoted ZIF@MIL). Specifically, we grew a layer of MIL‐100 in situ on a bimetallic ZIF‐67 surface using a solvothermal method. We demonstrate that the ZIF@MIL has remarkable OER electrocatalytic performance, requiring a low overpotential and showing a small Tafel slope, compared to pure ZIF‐67 and MIL‐100 in 1.0 m KOH. More importantly, it has excellent operational durability for 50 h at 100 mA cm−2. The high catalytic activity of ZIF@MIL can be attributed to the heterostructure that can expose more active sites, the synergistic effect between ZIF‐67 and MIL‐100, and improvement of electron transfer ability. Our work provides a new way to design and prepare dual‐MOF crystals with different structures as electrocatalysts.
Finite frequency memory output feedback controller design for discrete‐time systems with state multiplicative noises
Authors: Wang Meng , Qiu Jianbin , Feng Gang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article studies the problem of output feedback control for discrete‐time systems with state multiplicative noises. Aiming at reducing the controller design conservatism, a novel finite frequency memory control approach is developed, which makes full use of both current and past output measurements together with the frequency spectrum information of disturbances. By augmenting the control input into the closed‐loop system state, a descriptor system approach is proposed to facilitate the controller synthesis. Then, based on the Fourier transform, Parseval's relation, and Projection lemma, the linear matrix inequalities (LMIs)‐based controller design results are obtained to guarantee the mean‐square asymptotic stability with finite frequency
performance for the resulting closed‐loop system. The effectiveness of the developed approach is validated by an antenna motion control system.
Proportion of treatment effect mediated by surrogate endpoints
Authors: Kuroki Manabu , Shingaki Ryusei , Qu Yongming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOne of the central aims in randomized clinical trials is to find well‐validated surrogate endpoints to reduce the sample size and/or duration of trials. Clinical researchers and practitioners have proposed various surrogacy measures for assessing candidate surrogate endpoints. However, most existing surrogacy measures have the following shortcomings: (i) they often fall outside the range [0,1], (ii) they are imprecisely estimated, and (iii) they ignore the interaction associations between a treatment and candidate surrogate endpoints in the evaluation of the surrogacy level. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a new surrogacy measure, the proportion of treatment effect mediated by candidate surrogate endpoints (PMS), based on the decomposition of the treatment effect into direct, indirect, and interaction associations mediated by candidate surrogate endpoints. In addition, we validate the advantages of PMS through Monte Carlo simulations and the application to empirical data from ORIENT (the Olmesartan Reducing Incidence of Endstage Renal Disease in Diabetic Nephropathy Trial).
Hypoxia‐induced SPOP attenuates the mobility of trophoblast cells through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway
Authors: Yuan Dong , Yang Zhu , Chen Yiyu , Li Siyuan , Tan Benxu , Yu Qiubo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlacental hypoxia has been implicated in pregnancy pathologies such as pre‐eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. However, the underlying mechanism by which the trophoblasts respond to hypoxia remains unclear. Speckle‑type POZ protein (SPOP), an E3 ubiquitin ligase adapter, was previously reported to play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This study aims to investigate the expression and biological functions of SPOP after exposure to cobalt chloride (CoCl2)‐mimicked hypoxia conditions using human trophoblast‐derived choriocarcinoma cell lines and extravillous cytotrophoblast. These data showed that SPOP protein was directly induced by CoCl2‐mimicked hypoxia and regulated by HIF‐1α at the posttranscription level. CoCl2 treatment could dramatically influence the localization of SPOP in trophoblasts, especially the accumulation of SPOP into the nucleus. In addition, both CoCl2‐mimicked hypoxia and induction of endogenous SPOP expression by lentivirus transfection attenuated the migration and invasion abilities of trophoblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SPOP was involved in CoCl2‐induced the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway in placental trophoblasts. Taken together, these data indicate that accumulation of HIF‐1α augments the expression of SPOP in trophoblasts, which impairs trophoblastic mobility by targeting the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway. This potentially leads to insufficient uterine spiral artery remodeling and suboptimal placental perfusion, and thus the development of pregnancy‐related complication.
Light‐Driven Syngas Production over Defective ZnIn2S4 Nanosheets
Authors: Wang Xuanwei , Chen Jianfeng , Li Qiuyun , Li Lingyun , Zhuang Zanyong , Chen Fei‐Fei , Yu Yan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhotocatalytic syngas (CO and H2) production with CO2 as gas source not only ameliorates greenhouse effect, but also produces valuable chemical feedstocks. However, traditional photocatalytic systems require noble metal or suffers from low yield. Here, we demonstrate that S vacancies ZnIn2S4 (VS‐ZnIn2S4) nanosheets are an ideal photocatalyst to drive CO2 reduction into syngas. It is found that building S vacancies can endow ZnIn2S4 with stronger photoabsorption, efficient electron–hole separation, and larger CO2 adsorption, finally promoting both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The syngas yield of CO and H2 is therefore significantly increased. In contrast to pristine ZnIn2S4, the syngas yield over VS‐ZnIn2S4 can be improved by roughly ≈4.73 times and the CO/H2 ratio is modified from 1:4.18 to 1:1. Total amount of syngas after 12 h photocatalysis is as high as 63.20 mmol g−1 without use of any noble metals, which is even higher than those of traditional noble metal‐based catalysts in the reported literatures. This work demonstrates the critical role of S vacancies in mediating catalytic activity and selectivity, and highlights the attractive ability of defective ZnIn2S4 for light‐driven syngas production.
Facile Access to Hetero‐poly‐functional Arenes and meta‐Substituted Arenes via Two‐Step Dimetalation and Mg/Halogen‐Exchange Protocol
Authors: Bruña Sonia , Kennedy Alan. R. , Fairley Michael , O'Hara Charles T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Grignard reagent, iPrMgCl and its lithium chloride‐enhanced ‘turbo’ derivative iPrMgCl⋅LiCl have been employed to investigate the single iodo/magnesium exchange reactions of the trisubstituted arenes, 2,5‐diiodo‐N,N‐diisopropylbenzamide 1, 1,4‐diiodo‐2‐methoxybenzene 2, and 1,4‐diiodo‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene 3. These three arenes themselves were initially prepared by a double ortho‐, meta′‐deprotonation of N,N‐diisopropylbenzamide, anisole and (trifluoromethyl)benzene, respectively, using the sodium magnesiate reagent [Na4Mg2(TMP)6(nBu)2] (where TMP is 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide), and subsequent electrophilic quenching with iodine/THF solution. Thus, by following a combined deprotonation and magnesium/halogen exchange strategy, the simple monosubstituted arenes can be converted to trisubstituted diiodoarenes, which can ultimately be transformed into the corresponding mono‐magnesiated arenes, in THF at −40 °C, within seconds in good yields. The other functional group (OMe, NiPr2 or CF3 respectively) present on the di‐iodoarenes helps direct the exchange reaction to the ortho position, whereas subsequent addition of different electrophiles permits the preparation of hetero‐poly‐functional‐arenes, with three different substituents in their structure. Intriguingly, if water is used as the electrophile, a new and facile route to prepare meta‐substituted arenes, which cannot be easily obtained by conventional processes, is forthcoming. In contrast to directed ortho‐metalation (DoM) chemistry, this reaction sequence can be thought of as InDirect meta‐Metalation (IDmM). The scope of the chemistry has been tested further by exposing the initial unreacted iodo‐functionality at the meta‐position to a second Mg/I‐exchange reaction and subsequent functionalization.
[2]Catenane Synthesis via Covalent Templating
Authors: Pilon Simone , Ingemann Jørgensen Steen , van Maarseveen Jan H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAfter earlier unsuccessful attempts, this work reports the application of covalent templating for the synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules (MiMs) bearing no supramolecular recognition sites. Two linear strands were covalently connected in a perpendicular fashion by a central ketal linkage. After subsequent attachment of the first strand to a template via temporary benzylic linkages, the second was linked to the template in a backfolding macrocyclization. The resulting pseudo[1]rotaxane structure was successfully converted to a [2]catenane via a second macrocyclization and cleavage of the ketal and temporary linkages.
CO2 mobility control by small molecule thickeners during secondary and tertiary enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Gandomkar Asghar , Torabi Farshid , Riazi Masoud 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecently, polymer thickeners have been considered for CO2 mobility control during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Despite that, the requirement of co‐solvents is a controversial challenge for the solution of high‐molecular weight thickeners in gases. This study is focused on small molecule thickeners for carbon dioxide EOR without adding co‐solvents. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as a CO2‐philic thickener in different low molecular weights. Cloud‐point pressure, relative viscosity, and interfacial tension (IFT) between intermediate crude oil and pure/thickened CO2 were measured at reservoir conditions. Also, the impact of PDMS‐CO2 thickener on gas mobility control was evaluated during the coreflooding experiments in secondary and tertiary modes. The experimental results show that PDMS caused an increase in relative viscosity up to 4.7‐fold and successfully thickened CO2. In addition, the minimum miscibility pressure of PDMS‐thickened CO2 was lower than that of pure CO2, and miscible PDMS‐CO2 thickener occurred at higher PDMS molecular weights. However, the gas breakthrough time can be considerably delayed if the PDMS‐thickened CO2 was flooded directly, which increased the oil recovery factor between 6% to 15% during tertiary recovery.