bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Myth of Prometheus in Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Kołakowska Katarzyna 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 58–59 (2010–2011), issue 3
Protagoras is an exceptional dialogue of Plato as it uses two modes of expression: mythos and logos. Both are used by Protagoras in Great Speech, but the first one seems to be the most important. Protagoras chose the mythical mode of expression when he described to Socrates how he makes his pupils good citizens and politicians. The famous sophist told the story about two brothers: Prometheus and Epimetheus. It is easy to notice that Protagoras identifies with the clever Prometheus. However, the attentive reader can notice that Prometheus from Protagoras’ myth made a decision with fatal consequences. He entrusts his brother Epimetheus with a too re­sponsible task. If Prometheus had been clever he should have predicted the dramatic conse­quences of his decision (see the etymology of his name). It might have been a conscious and in­tentional effort of Plato who wanted to ridicule Protagoras, the main opponent of Socrates. The resulting effect is so strong because Protagoras, who identifies with Prometheus, told the myth by himself in which Prometheus is in fact the less clever of the two brothers.
The Concept of Brutishness (Thēriotēs) in Aristo¬tle’s Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Marcinkowska-Rosół Maria 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 64 (2016), issue 3.
The article deals with “brutishness” or “beastliness” (thēriotēs), a concept introduced by Aristotle in the seventh book of the Nicomachean Ethics and defined by him as a negative ethical disposition, different both from vice (kakia) and from incontinence (akrasia), and leading to such pathological behaviours as cannibalism, paedophilia, omophagy, phobias and compulsions. Aristotle’s statements concerning brutishness (VII 1, 1145a15–35, VII 5, 1148b15–1149a24 and VII 6, 1149b23–1150a8) are examined and interpreted in order to clarify the following issues: the essence of thēriotēs as a specific ethical disposition (Sections I–II), its concrete forms and their causes (Section III), the moral-psychological condition of persons with a brutish hexis (Section IV), and their self-consciousness and moral responsibility for their brutish acts (Section V).
King, Prophet or Priest? The Charisma of a Consecrated Ruler in the Ottonian Miniatures: Ideological Contents and the Functions of Presentations of the Saxon Dynasty Emperors
Authors: Tabor Dariusz 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 64 (2016), issue 4.
The article focuses on miniatures of an enthroned emperor. These are: the miniature showing Otto II from the Registrum Gregorii (Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 14), two miniatures from the so-called Gospels of Otto III (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 4453)—one showing Otto III and the other one showing the allegories of the provinces of the empire, two miniatures (Otto II and the provinces) contained in the Gospels bound in the code also containing works by Flavius Josephus (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Class. 79) and the miniature with the figure of Otto III found in the Liuthar Gospels, also called the Aachener Evangeliars (Aachen, Domshatz). The pictures were studied by Percy Ernst Schramm, Piotr Skubiszewski, Henry Mayr-Harting, Wolfgang Christian Schneider, Ludger Körntgen, Hagen Keller and Eric Palazzo. Exaltation of the emperor has its precedents in the Carolingian art. Placing the royal space in the upper gallery of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen and the miniature showing the exalted Charles the Bald in the Count Vivian Bible witness to the Carolingian approach to the person of the ruler. The sources of the consecration of an exalted ruler over bishops and princes in miniatures should be looked for in the theological-political views of the epoch. Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, Smaragdus, Alcuin and Thietmar of Merseburg define the ruler as one chosen and anointed by God for ruling the people. However, the exaltation of the ruler should be looked for in the liturgy of the consecration of the king that is documented in the Pontifical Romano-Germanique. The most important act of this liturgy is the anointing, unction, practiced during the consecration prayer. The image of the enthroned emperor mirrors the moment of the liturgy in which the consecrated one, after being anointed and handed the regalia, ascends the throne in the apse, led there by the metropolitans and princes. The anointing is derived from the Old Testament consecration of kings, prophets and judges. However, the consecration of a king is different from the consecration of a bishop, presbyter or deacon, so defining the anointed king as a sacerdos is unjustified. The image of the bishop consecrated and exalted on the pattern of a ruler also appears in the Ottonian art—in the Psalterium Egberti and the Codex Egberti. The analysed and interpreted pictures are put in the context of the set of Christological miniatures found in liturgical books where the mentioned miniatures appear. It follows from the above statements that the figure of the ruler as one who listens to God’s Word, and the figure of the ruler who is not a type of Christ, but should be shaped on the pattern of Christ, are the basic features of the contents of all the four miniatures.
The Concordia Novi Et Veteris Testamenti in its Juxtaposition of Illustrations: the Hitting of the Hammers of Tubalcain and the Hammering of the Nails into the Hands and Feet of Christ During the Crucifixione
Authors: Kobielus Stanisław 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 61 (2013), issue 4.
In the Gospels relating the passion of Christ, there is no description of the act of nailing Him to the cross, but there are clearly other biblical testimonies that nails were used for the crucifixion. In many representations, parallel to the nailing of the members of Christ to the cross or raising it with His body, we find placed alongside it, the scene of hammering iron with hammers by Tubal-Kain for the purpose of drawing out the appropriate tones. He hits on the anvil, while Jabal makes a notation of the tones. With this type of illustration, the sound of the hammers during the crucifixion of Christ meets with the sound of the hammers hitting the anvil. Hence, painting and music meet in the iconography of the crucifixion of Christ. It was a sort of Concordia Novi et Veteris Testamenti. In showing this prefiguration, there is also a going back to the history of Pythagoras. It was also an example for the functioning in the Middle Ages, and still later in the Renaissance, of the formulation of the Concordia divi Moysi et divini Platonis.
The Coral Altar with the Apocalyptic Woman in the Treasury of St Mary’s Basilica in Krakow. Theological Contents
Authors: Kobielus Stanisław 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 64 (2016), issue 4.
In Polish museum collections there are a few objects made of coral or decorated with it. They are, among others, altars, holy water fonts, crucifixes and other liturgical items. Most often they were bought during Poles’ travels to Italy in the Mannerism and Baroque epochs. St Mary’s Basilica’s treasury boasts of a portable coral altar dated to the middle of the 17th century, a gift from Maria Josepha, the wife of King Augustus III. It has a golden frame and is embellished with enamel and coral. Its centre features the figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary standing on a crescent, in a radiant coral glory, surrounded by Marian symbols. It is an apotheosis of the Blessed Virgin Mary based on a fragment of the Apocalypse of St John. The figure of Mary is presented with her cosmic attributes: twelve stars around her head; she is clothed with a radiant glory; and she has a crescent under her feet. Around her seven symbolic biblical signs are presented, ones connected in the exegetic tradition with her being the mother of the Messiah. The term Cedrus exaltata—is perceived as the symbol of majesty, sublimity, loftiness, paradisaical beauty, safety. Fons signatus is a sealed spring, an enclosed one, accessible only to the Mother of God’s Son, chosen by God. Hortus conclusus is the symbol of St Mary’s virginity. Oliva speciosa points to St Mary’s charity, her extraordinary fertility, inner peace, the gift of relieving sufferings. Rosa plantata is a metaphor of wisdom, love, medicine for sinners. Puteus aquarum viventium, a well of living waters, indicates St Mary’s mediation for people redeemed by Jesus. Turris eburnea—the ivory tower is another feature of the Virgin Mary’s beauty, of her immaculate body and fortitude.
Still Life in 17th-Century Seville Painting
Authors: Witko Andrzej 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 60 (2012), issue 4.
Although still nature did not enjoy a lot of prestige as a genre of paining in 17th-century Seville, it still accompanied many scenes that had a religious or secular character. With time, it even gained an autonomous status and some popularity, resulting rather from decorative reasons. It was to be ensured by presenting various objects made by man, but also appetizing articles of food and beautiful, colourful flowers. It was in this convention that, among others, works by Francisco de Zurbarán and his son Juan, Francisco Barranco or Pedro de Camprobín y Passano were painted. A feature typical of Seville painting was also the use of the language of symbols in still lifes, especially in a religious context, as Zurbarán’s paintings. Historical circumstances connected with the spreading famine and the plague gave the still life a new function. It was to satisfy the longing for the lost wealth of life, showing tasteful and beautiful still lifes, like those in the works by Pedro de Medina Valbuena, Cornelio Schut and Andrés Peréz. The toll of the Black Death also inspired artists. However, they painted works emphasizing the briefness and futility of human life, didactic and moralizing, which culminated in the paintings by Juan de Valdés Leal and his son Lucas.
Ordering the World. The Aims of Art in Zbigniew Herbert’s Letters
Authors: Nowak Maciej 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 57, issue 1 (2009).
This article is devoted to Zbigniew Herber’s thoughts concerning esthetics. The author interprets the poet’s letters written to various people (among others, to Halina Misiołkowa, Czesław Miłosz and Jerzy Zawieyski) and looks for his opinions on art and creativity. He treats the letters not as auxiliary materials for the study of poetry, but as the main subject of his research. He perceives the transition from private letters to writing poetry as a consequence of the axiological connections joining both of these types of expression. He pays special attention to Herbert’s care for the consciousness of the aims of art, stemming from historical experience. The poet himself defined them in one of the letters as “ordering the world.”
The Unknown Czycz
Authors: Niedziałkowska Dorota 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 61, issue 1 (2013).
The presented material contains the first edition of an unknown story by the writer and poet Stanisław Czycz (1929–1996) with an introduction concerning the history of the work and with the editor’s commentary. The typescript survived in the writer’s home archive. Owing to another archive record it was possible to establish that the humorous sketch was written for a competition organized by the Magazyn Turystyczny Światowid. It was also possible to try to date the text more precisely. The rules of the competition said that its aim was to arouse writers’ interest in the subject of tourism and to win readers for good fiction dealing with this subject. The story is about a Sunday trip to the woods. The protagonist meets his friend who is riding a motorbike and offers him his company. The confrontation of the lover of walking tourism and the motorcyclist ends with the former one winning it. A cheerful tale has the same tone as Czycz’s Krzeszowice stories printed in the Przekrój weekly at that time, and then published in the volumes Nim zajdzie księżyc (Before the Moon Sets) (1968) and Nie wiem co ci powiedzieć (I Don’t Know What to Tell You) (1983). It reveals a different face of the writer, whose debut was the innovative And (1961), and who, after writing Ajol (1967) and Pawana (Pavane) (1977) was called the Polish James Joyce.
On Bruno Schulz’s Bookplates
Authors: Piekarski Ireneusz 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 64, issue 1 (2016).
The article enters into a dialogue with the interpretation of Bruno Schulz’s bookplates made by Władysław Panas in his book Bruno od Mesjasza (Bruno of the Messiah) (Lublin 2001). An attempt to understand them in a different (less holistic) way leads the author of the article to the conclusion that in Schulz’s plates the first veiled variant of the mythical Book may be seen—of the fundamental motif of Bruno Schulz’s later literary work.
A Bystander or a (Passive) Witness? A Few Remarks on the Consequences of the Choice of Terminology in Research into the Shoah or the Holocaust
Authors: Karwowska Bożena 
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 64, issue 1 (2016).
The article is an attempt at an analysis of the usefulness of the concept of “bystander” that is becoming increasingly popular in social sciences, and in modern studies of the Shoah and the Holocaust. The author points to objective terminological dependencies, but she also takes into consideration the differences in the historical and cultural experience that require different perceptions of the role of witnesses in English language discourse and in the East European, and especially Polish, perspective.
A Gloss for the Judgement of the Supreme Court of 22 June 2017, File Ref. No. Iv Kk 189/17
Authors: Joachimiak Sławomir 
Published: October 2019

In this gloss, the author offers a mostly favourable commentary on the content of the judgement of the Supreme Court of 22 June 2017, file ref. no. IV KK 189/17, which provides a backdrop for a discussion of the recent legislative changes made to Article 76 of the Criminal Code that formed the basis for the said judicial decision. The relationship between this provision and Article 108 of the Code is discussed in the context of the amendments, the doctrine and case law. The article also addresses the possibility of including a conditionally suspended custodial sentence in a concurrent sentence after the probation period is over and the expiry of the period referred to in Article 75 § 4 of the Criminal Code.
Amicable Methods for Collective Dispute Resolution—Selected Legal Issues
Authors: Mikos Daria 
Published: October 2019

The article deals with the issue of asserting the rights and interests of all employees who enjoy the representation of trade union organisations in their disputes with the employer. The aim of the article is to give a detailed presentation of issues related to collective labour disputes.
To achieve this aim, the stages at which the rights and interests underlying collective labour disputes are presented in detail. This study employs the dogmatic-legal method. The author carries out an analysis and interpretation of the provisions relating to collective labour disputes in the field of labour law. It was vital to examine the legal norms established by the legislator. A description and systematisation of the applicable legislation was also conducted. Issues relating to the resolution of collective disputes in the workplace are presented theoretically with a detailed discussion of the specific stages.
This presented work is divided into four parts. The first presents the basic notions related to collective labour disputes. The sections that follow present the problems involved in the particular stages of claims enforcement based on employment relationship, i.e. bargaining, mediation, and arbitration. The rules for joining specific stages of resolving the above mentioned disputes were also discussed.
To a large extent, the issues elucidated here bring the reader, and above all entities involved in collective labour conflicts, closer to the methods of asserting their own rights and interests.
Tobacco Taxation in Old-Time Poland
Authors: Naworski Zbigniew 
Published: October 2019

The article deals with taxation of tobacco and tobacco products in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After tobacco was imported into Poland, its use spread extremely quickly; initially it was used as snuff, and from the 18th century onwards, smoking in pipes became prevalent. Importantly, tobacco and tobacco products were then regarded as a medicine to prevent and cure almost all diseases.
Duties on tobacco/snuff were first imposed in 1643 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in the Crown tobacco monopoly was introduced in 1659. From that time, tobacco/snuff duties were imposed regularly in Lithuania; in the Crown duty on these products was imposed once again in 1677, and then in the 1690s tobacco monopoly ended throughout the Polish Republic. The issue was revived only in the times of King Stanisław August Poniatowski, when tobacco monopoly was introduced, initially managed by a private company called Kompania Tabaczna, and then, in the 1690s, by the state-owned Manipulacja Tabaczna.
However, over the whole period under consideration, revenues from tobacco/snuff taxation were relatively small.
A Few Remarks on Regulations Concerning Delationes in Fiscal Matters in the Imperial Legislation of the First Half of the 4th Century A.D.
Authors: Nowicka Dobromiła 
Published: October 2019

The aim of the article is to examine the constitutions contained in the Theodosian Code dating to the first half of the 4th century, and related to the phenomenon of fiscal denunciation (C. Th. 10,10,1–8). For years, controversy among the authors has been aroused by the first two constitutions of this title and their reference to issues related only to either criminal procedure or fiscal procedure, or both. The first issue addressed by the presented article is therefore the question of the nature of delationes, referred to in C.Th. 10,10,1 and 2. The second problem, formulated and subjected to scrutiny, is the question of the nature of the ban on reporting activities in fiscal matters – whether it was of a general nature or related only to certain forms of denunciation. It seems that, in the light of the last constitutions within our scope, it is not possible to assume that all forms of providing information in fiscal matters were severely punished.
Stages in Canonical Provision of the Office of Pastor under the Current Polish Synodal Legislation
Authors: Wnuk Radosław 
Published: October 2019

According to Polish synodal legislation, similarly to the Code of Canon Law, the provision of the office of pastor consists of three stages: 1) designation of a person, 2) conferral of the title, and 3) taking possession of the office.
In accordance with both universal and particular law, the provision may be free or dependent. The diocesan bishop confers the office freely (cc. 523–525). In the case of a dependent provision, however, another competent ecclesiastical authority nominates a candidate, and the diocesan bishop only confers the title to the office (c. 525; 682, §1).
According to legislators of particular law, the conferral of a legal title to an office should take place by a nomination decree. The decree should meet the requirements of a singular administrative act (cc. 48–57).
The placement in the possession of a parish by the local ordinary or his delegate and the assumption of the office by a pastor is the final stage of the provision. Under particular law, two aspects of this act are distinguished: the legal aspect (the drawing up and signing of a handover protocol by the pastor and other competent bodies), and the liturgical one (solemn entry of a new pastor into the parish church according to the ritual of a specific particular Church).
Legislators of particular law also places the presbyter who has been promoted to the office of pastor under an obligation to make a profession of faith (c. 833, 6°) and take the oath of fidelity, according to the formulas approved by the Holy See.
Municipal Mortgage Loan Institutions in the Kingdom of Poland. A Contribution to the Discussion on the Organisatioal Model of Mortgage Credit in Poland
Authors: Fermus-Bobowiec Anna 
Published: October 2019

The article presents the legal underpinnings of the operation of municipal credit societies in the Kingdom of Poland, which were institutions providing municipal mortgage loans. This is presented using the example of the Lublin Land Credit Society, and the author draws general conclusions about the model of mortgage loan offered by loan societies. At that time, the credit society was the most popular organisational model used with mortgage loans, not only in towns (municipal credit societies) but also in the countryside (land credit societies).
Furthermore, when seeking the origins of mortgage banking, the author presents other institutions granting long-term loans in the Polish territories, apart from credit societies. This analysis, with its legal and historical perspective, is considered by the author to be a contribution to discussion on mortgage loan and the place of contemporary mortgage banking in Poland.
Introduction of the Concept of an Independent Central Bank into the Polish Political System in Light of the European Experience
Authors: Chęciński Remigiusz , Przychodzki Michał 
Published: October 2019

The article is intended to outline the development of central banking in terms of its independence, with particular emphasis on the implementation of the idea of an independent central bank in Poland, also comparison with some other countries. The idea of central-bank independence was presented from personnel, financial and functional perspectives.
In the initial phase of their development, central banks were mainly established in the form of capital-based companies. Their position and importance was determined by special privileges. The Maastricht Treaty was a normative act that had a major influence on the shape of the currently dominant concept of an independent central bank, which pursues a free monetary policy at its own discretion. The Constitution of 1997 and the Act 29 August 1997 on the National Bank of Poland of were crucial in guaranteeing the strong position and independence of NBP from state authorities.