bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of short‐term exercise prehabilitation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and atrophy during bed rest in older men
Authors: Smeuninx Benoit , Elhassan Yasir S. , Manolopoulos Konstantinos N. , Sapey Elizabeth , Rushton Alison B. , Edwards Sophie J. , Morgan Paul T. , Philp Andrew , Brook Matthew S. , Gharahdaghi Nima , Smith Kenneth , Atherton Philip J. , Breen Leigh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPoor recovery from periods of disuse accelerates age‐related muscle loss, predisposing individuals to the development of secondary adverse health outcomes. Exercise prior to disuse (prehabilitation) may prevent muscle deterioration during subsequent unloading. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of short‐term resistance exercise training (RET) prehabilitation on muscle morphology and regulatory mechanisms during 5 days of bed rest in older men.MethodsTen healthy older men aged 65–80 years underwent four bouts of high‐volume unilateral leg RET over 7 days prior to 5 days of inpatient bed rest. Physical activity and step‐count were monitored over the course of RET prehabilitation and bed rest, whilst dietary intake was recorded throughout. Prior to and following bed rest, quadriceps cross‐sectional area (CSA), and hormone/lipid profiles were determined. Serial muscle biopsies and dual‐stable isotope tracers were used to determine integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (iMyoPS) over RET prehabilitation and bed rest phases, and acute postabsorptive and postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis (aMyoPS) rates at the end of bed rest.ResultsDuring bed rest, daily step‐count and light and moderate physical activity time decreased, whilst sedentary time increased when compared with habitual levels (P < 0.001 for all). Dietary protein and fibre intake during bed rest were lower than habitual values (P < 0.01 for both). iMyoPS rates were significantly greater in the exercised leg (EX) compared with the non‐exercised control leg (CTL) over prehabilitation (1.76 ± 0.37%/day vs. 1.36 ± 0.18%/day, respectively; P = 0.007). iMyoPS rates decreased similarly in EX and CTL during bed rest (CTL, 1.07 ± 0.22%/day; EX, 1.30 ± 0.38%/day; P = 0.037 and 0.002, respectively). Postprandial aMyoPS rates increased above postabsorptive values in EX only (P = 0.018), with no difference in delta postprandial aMyoPS stimulation between legs. Quadriceps CSA at 40%, 60%, and 80% of muscle length decreased significantly in EX and CTL over bed rest (0.69%, 3.5%, and 2.8%, respectively; P < 0.01 for all), with no differences between legs. No differences in fibre‐type CSA were observed between legs or with bed rest. Plasma insulin and serum lipids did not change with bed rest.ConclusionsShort‐term resistance exercise prehabilitation augmented iMyoPS rates in older men but did not offset the relative decline in iMyoPS and muscle mass during bed rest.
A Randomized Trial Evaluating Exercise for the Prevention of Weight Regain
Authors: Washburn Richard A. , Szabo‐Reed Amanda N. , Gorczyca Anna M. , Sullivan Debra K. , Honas Jeffery J. , Mayo Matthew S. , Krebill Ronald , Goetz Jeannine , Ptomey Lauren T. , Lee Jaehoon , Donnelly Joseph E. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three levels of exercise on weight regain subsequent to clinically meaningful weight loss (WL).MethodsAdults with overweight or obesity (n = 298) initiated a 3‐month behavioral WL intervention, which included reduced energy intake, increased exercise, and weekly behavioral counseling. Participants achieving ≥5% WL (n = 235) began a 12‐month behavioral WL maintenance intervention and were randomized to 150 min/wk (n = 76), 225 min/wk (n = 80), or 300 min/wk (n = 79) of partially supervised moderate‐to‐vigorous–intensity exercise.ResultsParticipants randomized to 150, 225, and 300 minutes of exercise completed 129 ± 30, 153 ± 49 and 179 ± 62 min/wk of exercise (supervised + unsupervised), respectively. Mean WL at 3 months (9.5 ± 3.1 kg) was similar across randomized groups (P = 0.68). Weight change across 12 months was 1.1 ± 6.5 kg, 3.2 ± 5.7 kg, and 2.8 ± 6.9 kg in the 150, 225, and 300 min/wk groups, respectively. Intent‐to‐treat analysis revealed no significant overall trend across the three treatment groups (P = 0.09), effects for group (P = 0.08), or sex (P = 0.21).ConclusionsThis study found no evidence for an association between the volume of moderate‐to‐vigorous–intensity exercise and weight regain across 12 months following clinically relevant WL. Further, results suggest that exercise volumes lower than those currently recommended for WL maintenance, when completed in conjunction with a behavioral weight‐maintenance intervention, may minimize weight regain over 12 months.
The Modal Status of Leibniz's Principle of Sufficient Reason
Authors: PIKKERT OWEN 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLeibniz's principle of sufficient reason (PSR) is the claim that everything has a sufficient reason. But is Leibniz committed to the necessity or to the contingency of his great principle? I argue that Leibniz is committed to its contingency, given that he allows for the absolute possibility of entities that he claims violate the PSR. These are all cases of qualitatively indiscernible entities, such as indiscernible atoms, vacua, and bodies. However, Leibniz's commitment to the contingency of the PSR seems to stand in tension with his inference of the PSR from his theory of truth. I argue that this apparent tension can be resolved satisfactorily. When it comes to his modal views on the PSR, Leibniz's position is entirely consistent.
Regional Differences in Mortality Rates During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Italy
Authors: Azzolina Danila , Lorenzoni Giulia , Silvestri Luciano , Prosepe Ilaria , Berchialla Paola , Gregori Dario 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak started in Italy on February 20, 2020, and has resulted in many deaths and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. This study aimed to illustrate the epidemic COVID-19 growth pattern in Italy by considering the regional differences in disease diffusion during the first 3 mo of the epidemic.Methods:Official COVID-19 data were obtained from the Italian Civil Protection Department of the Council of Ministers Presidency. The mortality and ICU admission rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated at the regional level and summarized by means of a Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis. Data were retrieved until April 21, 2020.Results:The highest cumulative mortality rates per 100 000 inhabitants were observed in northern Italy, particularly in Lombardia (85.3; 95% credibility intervals [CI], 75.7-94.7). The difference in the mortality rates between northern and southern Italy increased over time, reaching a difference of 67.72 (95% CI, 66-67) cases on April 2, 2020.Conclusions:Northern Italy showed higher and increasing mortality rates during the first 3 mo of the epidemic. The uncontrolled virus circulation preceding the infection spreading in southern Italy had a considerable impact on system burnout. This experience demonstrates that preparedness against the pandemic is of crucial importance to contain its disruptive effects.
The Price of Probity: Anticorruption and Adverse Selection in the Chinese Bureaucracy
Authors: Jiang Junyan , Shao Zijie , Zhang Zhiyuan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFighting corruption is often seen as a crucial step toward building better institutions, but how it affects political selection remains less well understood. This article argues that in systems where corruption functions as an informal incentive for government to attract talent, anticorruption initiatives that curb rent-seeking opportunities may unintentionally weaken both the quality and the representativeness of the bureaucracy. The authors test this argument in China using an original nationwide survey of government officials and an identification strategy that exploits exogenous variations in enforcement levels created by the recent anticorruption campaign. The study finds that intensified enforcement has generated two potentially negative selection effects: a deterrence effect that lowers the average ability of newly recruited bureaucrats, and a compositional effect that discourages the entry of lower-class individuals in favor of those who are affluent and well connected. These findings highlight important hidden human capital costs of corruption elimination in developing countries.
Behavioral and electrophysiological indices of inhibitory control in maltreated adolescents and nonmaltreated adolescents
Authors: Bruce Jacqueline , Kim Hyoun K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEarly adverse experiences are believed to have a profound effect on inhibitory control and the underlying neural regions. In the current study, behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were collected during a go/no-go task from adolescents who were involved with the child welfare system due to child maltreatment (n= 129) and low-income, nonmaltreated adolescents (n= 102). The nonmaltreated adolescents were more accurate than the maltreated adolescents on the go/no-go task, particularly on the no-go trials. Paralleling the results with typically developing populations, the nonmaltreated adolescents displayed a more pronounced amplitude of the N2 during the no-go trials than during the go trials. However, the maltreated adolescents demonstrated a more pronounced amplitude of the N2 during the go trials than during the no-go trials. Furthermore, while the groups did not differ during the go trials, the nonmaltreated adolescents displayed a more negative amplitude of the N2 than the maltreated adolescents during no-go trials. In contrast, there was not a significant group difference in amplitude of the P3. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the early adverse experiences encountered by maltreated populations impact inhibitory control and the underlying neural activity in early adolescence.
Timing of Seafloor Spreading Cessation at the Macquarie Ridge Complex (SW Pacific) and Implications for Upper Mantle Heterogeneity
Authors: Jiang Qiang , Merle Renaud E. , Jourdan Fred , Olierook Hugo K.H. , Whitehouse Martin J. , Evans Katy A. , Wang Xuan‐Ce , Conway Chris E. , Bostock Helen C. , Wysoczanski Richard J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Macquarie Ridge Complex (MRC) on the Australia‐Pacific plate boundary south of New Zealand is an extinct mid‐ocean ridge that has experienced a complex tectonic history and produced highly heterogeneous mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). When and how seafloor spreading ceased along the proto‐Macquarie mid‐ocean ridge remain elusive, and it is unclear how the mantle source of MORBs is affected by the gradual cessation of seafloor spreading at mid‐ocean ridges. To constrain the tectonic evolution of the MRC, the mantle source variations for MORBs at dying mid‐ocean ridges, and the mechanisms of mantle enrichment and asthenospheric heterogeneities, we report 11 pyroxene, plagioclase, basaltic glass, groundmass, and sericite 40Ar/39Ar and one zircon U‐Pb ages for the MRC MORBs. Our data reveal that basalts from the MRC seamounts were erupted between 25.9 and 1.6 Ma and Macquarie Island at ∼10 Ma. Combined age and plate reconstruction results reveal that the cessation of seafloor spreading at the MRC generally propagated from south to north along the ridge. Basalts produced by the then dying Macquarie mid‐ocean ridge at different times on different seamounts/island show a large variation in isotopic compositions and there is no clear correlation between ages and isotopic ratios. The heterogeneity of mantle source for MORBs from the proto‐Macquarie mid‐ocean ridge suggests that the upper asthenospheric mantle is heterogeneous, and such heterogeneity becomes most obvious at dying mid‐ocean ridges where the degrees of partial melting are low and a large range of melt compositions are produced.
Sensitivity analysis‐based optimal PMU placement for fault observability
Authors: Mohammadi Pooria , Mehraeen Shahab , Nazaripouya Hamidreza 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes an algorithm that finds the optimal sets of phasor measurement units (PMUs) to achieve a fault observable system, while it addresses the multi‐estimation issue. The optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem here is to find a set of PMU locations with minimum number of members that enables fault observability in a system and satisfies a defined minimum sensitivity requirement in measurements. The proposed algorithm generalizes the impedance method in fault analysis and optimizes PMU utilization to maintain a required minimum sensitivity in each set of measurements, given the required fault detection accuracy. Also, the set of measurements is unique and distinctive for each fault scenario, preventing multi‐estimation. A fault is referred to as a set of affected faulty line, fault location, and fault impedance. A sensitivity analysis is performed and sensitivity indices are derived to evaluate measurements quality to detect changes in fault line, location, or resistance. The algorithm is executed on IEEE 7‐bus, 14‐bus, and 30‐bus test systems. Subsequently, artificial neural networks (ANN) are employed to build fault locators through offline training. ANN use an optimal PMU set obtained by the proposed algorithm to uniquely map between the corresponding measurements set and the faults.
Novel method for power system synthesis load identification
Authors: Sheng Siqing , Ma Yunting , Ye Huarui , Zhu Siyu , Zhao Qing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPower load parameters are one of the most important parameters for power system model. The load has the characteristics of time‐varying, diversity and non‐linearity. Therefore, obtaining the load parameters accurately is crucial to the safe and stable operation of the power system. The research in this paper is based on the synthesis load model which takes into account the impedance of distribution network. The multi‐fault curves identification method and chaos‐whale algorithm are adopted to improve the accuracy and practicability of load parameter identification. First, the algorithm proposed in this paper applies chaos algorithm to whale algorithm, and uses the randomness and ergodicity of chaos algorithm to make up for the shortcomings of the whale algorithm that the solution accuracy is not high and it is easy to fall into local optimum. Secondly, the identification method of multi‐fault curves is to select several different faults for parameter identification, and the average value of each group of results obtained is regarded as the final result. Then compared with single curve identification, the multi‐fault curves method is more superior. Finally, the accuracy of the results is verified by other faults. Simulation results show that the method is reliable to a certain extent.
Laser Audits: What Is Looked at, and Being Prepared
Authors: Barat Ken 
Published: December 2020

While the emphasis of the laser user is their research activity, on occasion their workspace will receive an audit. This can be from a regulatory agency (most likely a rare event), in-house safety review by a laser safety officer or corporate review, or maybe even from funding sources. The goal of this chapter is to list and explain a number of auditable items and how to avoid noncompliance. For auditors and regulators, it is difficult to keep up with technological changes. In addition, lasers are usually a small part of an auditor's scope of work, so many times one will find their knowledge of life with lasers and user issues is limited. This is why they prefer black and white items, like whether you had training or not, rather than how creative your use of beam blocks is. That reality is not reflected in the list of audit items. Many of these items might go unnoticed by an auditor, but this section is written as if I was your auditor (sinister music).
Note: From years of experience, for anyone being audited, never offer to demonstrate how well something works, it will not.
“How dare you call her a pig, I know several pigs who would be upset if they knew”*
Authors: Esposito Eleonora , Zollo Sole Alba 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOn the occasion of the 2017 UK election campaign, Amnesty International conducted a large-scale, sentiment-based analysis of online hate speech against women MPs on Twitter (Dhrodia 2018), identifying the “Top 5” most attacked women MPs as Diane Abbott, Joanna Cherry, Emily Thornberry, Jess Phillips and Anna Soubry.Taking Amnesty International’s results as a starting point, this paper investigates online misogyny against the “Top 5” women MPs, with a specific focus on the video-sharing platform YouΤube, whose loosely censored cyberspace is known as a breeding ground for antagonism, impunity and disinhibition (Pihlaja 2014), and, therefore, merits investigation.By collecting and analysing a corpus of YouTube multimodal data we explore, critique and contextualize online misogyny as a techno-social phenomenon applying a Social Media Critical Discourse Studies (SM-CDS) approach (KhosraviNik and Esposito 2018). Mapping a vast array of discursive strategies, this study offers an in-depth analysis on how technology-facilitated gender-based violence contributes to discursively constructing the political arena as a fundamentally male-oriented space, and reinforces stereotypical and sexist representation of women in politics and beyond.
Distinct advantages of using sonochemical over laser ablation methods for a rapid-high quality gold nanoparticles production
Authors: Ali Dheyab Mohammed , Abdul Aziz Azlan , Moradi Khaniabadi Pegah , Jameel Mahmood S , Ahmed Naser Mahmoud , Taha Ali Abdullah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have numerous usage in various applications, primarily in chemical and biological sensing. There are also various methods of producing AuNPs. However, in some of those methods, removing excess reagents, including ions or residual surfactants, can be difficult and time-consuming, while the functionalization of AuNPs with other types of molecules can only be achieved at lower efficacy. In this report, the AuNPs were produced using a rapid and solvent-free sonochemical and laser ablation methods. Morphology, structure and the colloidal stability of AuNPs produced by the two methods were analyzed and compared. Results have shown that the purity, homogeneity and crystallinity of AuNPs produced using the sonochemical technique showed better characteristics than those acquired by the laser ablation method. AuNPs also demonstrated smaller particle sizes (22 nm), smooth surfaces with higher colloidal stability (50.7 mV). The findings indicate that ultrasound irradiation power improves the crystalline properties of AuNPs and inhibits their agglomeration. The sonochemical approach can, therefore, be used to produce AuNPs with better physicochemical characteristics compared to laser ablation methods.
Fabrication of chlorine nitrogen co-doped carbon nanomaterials by an injection catalytic vapor deposition method
Authors: Maboya Winny K , Coville Neil J , Mhlanga Sabelo D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The synthesis of both covalently bonded chlorine and nitrogen-doped carbon materials (Cl-N-CNMs) has been little studied. In this paper we report on the investigation of the synthesis of Cl-N-CNMs using a feedstock containing a mixture of dichlorobenzene (DCB), acetylene and acetonitrile over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst using an injection CVD method at 800 °C. By varying the acetonitrile:DCB concentration ratio (66.7:33.3; 33.3:66.7 and 20:80), the morphology and physicochemical properties of the CNMs was varied. The products contained varying amounts of Cl (0.5%–1.2%) and N (0.88%–1.47%) and the total amount of Cl and N increased with the Cl content in the feed, as determined by XPS. A graphitic N environment dominated in feeds containing 33.3 and 66.7 vol.% DCB, whilst pyrrolic N dominated in feeds containing pure acetonitrile and 80 vol.% DCB. The chlorine in the feed promoted the formation of CNMs with various shapes namely horn-shaped, spaghetti-like, and pencil-like shapes, some with open-ends and others with closed-ends as determined by TEM and SEM studies. Although no direct correlation with the amounts of the reactants used and the morphology of the products was established, trends in the product shapes were noted with highly defected products produced from 66.7 vol.% DCB, and feeds containing 33.3 and 80 vol.% had tubes with similar open-ended horn-shaped morphology and less defects.
Investigations of interfacial heat transfer efficiency in HFQ® process of high strength aluminum alloy
Authors: Jiang Y F , Ding H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Hot form quench (HFQ®) is a novel hot stamping process to deform complex-shaped parts applied in automobile industry, and interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) play an important role in HFQ® process. In this research, the average IHTC values were compared under different forming conditions during die quenching based on the calculation and finite element (FE) simulation results. Beside, transmission electron microscope (TEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and tensile tests were performed to investigate the relationship among IHTC, microstuructures and mechanical properties. The results show that the experimental results agree well with those achieved by FE simulation. The value of IHTC for AA7075 increased with the increased contact pressure during HFQ® process. In contrast, the increasing temperature of forming die has a negative impact on IHTC. The critical quenching rate (Qc), inducing the formation of a large number of equilibrium phases η, is between 14.3 °C s−1–18.5 °C s−1, and the corresponding IHTC range is 2468 W·m2 k–2656 W·m2 k. With regard to the condition with cooling rate lower than Qc, the formation of a large amount of η is recognized as the reason for the strength decrease.
The U.S. Must Embrace Partner-led Global Health Engagement
Authors: Callahan Robert P 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Direct-care Medical Readiness Training Exercises (MEDRETEs) are a popular method for conducting global health engagement. Unfortunately, direct-care MEDRETEs build partnerships without building partner nation capacity. This article proposes that global health engagement should instead focus on partner-led health engagements to accomplish both of these goals.
Quantifying the contributions technicians make to research
Authors: McLaren Clare , Dent Alan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTechnicians play a highly significant, but often invisible, role in research. Despite growing recognition of the importance of technicians, through initiatives such as the Technician’s Commitment, their contribution is inconsistently recognized across research groups, between disciplines, and within institutions. This article presents a simple framework, based on existing standards that can be easily integrated into common research workflows to capture technician contributions. By utilizing ORCID identifiers, Digital Object Identifiers, and the CRediT contributor role taxonomy, technician contribution can be quantified, recognized, and valuable additional data can be created for the planning and management of future research. Presented in the context of the Australasian higher education system, the framework is illustrated with a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics focus but is applicable across all disciplines.