bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative statistical study of characteristics of plasma in planar and non-planar ICME sheaths during solar cycles 23 and 24
Authors: Shaikh Zubair I , Raghav Anil N , Vichare Geeta , Bhaskar Ankush , Mishra Wageesh 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Planar magnetic structures (PMS) are often observed in sheath regions driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and in corotating interaction regions (CIRs). Here, we study plasma properties statistically within planar and non-planar ICME sheath regions using in situ data from the Advanced Composition Explore (ACE) spacecraft. The study includes 420 ICME-driven sheaths from 1998–2017. We found that 146 ($\sim 35{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) ICME-driven sheaths are planar, whereas 274 ($\sim 65{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) are non-planar. This study found that the average plasma temperature, density, speed, plasma beta, thermal pressure and magnetic pressure are higher in planar sheaths than in non-planar sheaths. This implies that high compression plays an essential role in the formation of PMS in sheath regions. Interestingly, our analysis reveals explicitly that the strength of the southward/northward magnetic field component is almost double in planar sheath regions compared with non-planar sheath regions. This suggests that planar sheaths are more geoeffective than non-planar sheaths.
The rotation of α Oph investigated using polarimetry
Authors: Bailey Jeremy , Cotton Daniel V , Howarth Ian D , Lewis Fiona , Kedziora-Chudczer Lucyna 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Recently we have demonstrated that high-precision polarization observations can detect the polarization resulting from the rotational distortion of a rapidly rotating B-type star. Here, we investigate the extension of this approach to an A-type star. Linear-polarization observations of α Oph (A5IV) have been obtained over wavelengths from 400 to 750 nm. They show the wavelength dependence expected for a rapidly rotating star combined with a contribution from interstellar polarization. We model the observations by fitting rotating-star polarization models and adding additional constraints including a measured vesin i. However, we cannot fully separate the effects of rotation rate and inclination, leaving a range of possible solutions. We determine a rotation rate (ω = Ω/Ωc) between 0.83 and 0.98 and an axial inclination i &gt; 60°. The rotation-axis position angle is found to be 142 ± 4°, differing by 16° from a value obtained by interferometry. This might be due to precession of the rotation axis due to interaction with the binary companion. Other parameters resulting from the analysis include a polar temperature Tp = 8725 ± 175 K, polar gravity log gp = 3.93 ± 0.08 (dex cgs), and polar radius Rp = 2.52 ± 0.06 R⊙. Comparison with rotating-star evolutionary models indicates that α Oph is in the later half of its main-sequence evolution and must have had an initial ω of 0.8 or greater. The interstellar polarization has a maximum value at a wavelength (λmax) of 440 ± 110 nm, consistent with values found for other nearby stars.
Do fragmentation and accretion affect the stellar initial mass function?
Authors: Riaz R , Schleicher D R G , Vanaverbeke S , Klessen R S 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
While the stellar initial mass function (IMF) appears to be close to universal within the Milky Way galaxy, it is strongly suspected to be different in the primordial universe, where molecular hydrogen cooling is less efficient and the gas temperature can be higher by a factor of 30. In between these extreme cases, the gas temperature varies depending on the environment, metallicity, and radiation background. In this paper we explore if changes of the gas temperature affect the IMF of the stars considering fragmentation and accretion. The fragmentation behaviour depends mostly on the Jeans mass at the turning point in the equation of state (EOS) where a transition occurs from an approximately isothermal to an adiabatic regime due to dust opacities. The Jeans mass at this transition in the EOS is always very similar, independent of the initial temperature, and therefore the initial mass of the fragments is very similar. Accretion on the other hand is strongly temperature dependent. We argue that the latter becomes the dominant process for star formation efficiencies above 5–7 per cent, increasing the average mass of the stars.
Regulation of the RNA and DNA nuclease activities required for Pyrococcus furiosus Type III-B CRISPR–Cas immunity
Authors: Foster Kawanda , Grüschow Sabine , Bailey Scott , White Malcolm F , Terns Michael P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Type III CRISPR–Cas prokaryotic immune systems provide anti-viral and anti-plasmid immunity via a dual mechanism of RNA and DNA destruction. Upon target RNA interaction, Type III crRNP effector complexes become activated to cleave both target RNA (via Cas7) and target DNA (via Cas10). Moreover, trans-acting endoribonucleases, Csx1 or Csm6, can promote the Type III immune response by destroying both invader and host RNAs. Here, we characterize how the RNase and DNase activities associated with Type III-B immunity in Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu) are regulated by target RNA features and second messenger signaling events. In vivo mutational analyses reveal that either the DNase activity of Cas10 or the RNase activity of Csx1 can effectively direct successful anti-plasmid immunity. Biochemical analyses confirmed that the Cas10 Palm domains convert ATP into cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) compounds that activate the ribonuclease activity of Pfu Csx1. Furthermore, we show that the HEPN domain of the adenosine-specific endoribonuclease, Pfu Csx1, degrades cOA signaling molecules to provide an auto-inhibitory off-switch of Csx1 activation. Activation of both the DNase and cOA generation activities require target RNA binding and recognition of distinct target RNA 3′ protospacer flanking sequences. Our results highlight the complex regulatory mechanisms controlling Type III CRISPR immunity.
Real-world Experience of Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Hengel Richard L , Ritter Timothy E , Nathan Ramesh V , Van Anglen Lucinda J , Schroeder Claudia P , Dillon Ryan J , Marcella Stephen W , Garey Kevin W 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundBezlotoxumab is approved for prevention of recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in adults receiving standard of care (SoC) therapy based on findings from MODIFY clinical trials. However, utilization practices and validation of trial results in the real world are limited.MethodsRecords of patients receiving bezlotoxumab between April 2017 and December 2018 across 34 infusion centers in the United States were retrospectively reviewed. Recurrent CDI (rCDI), defined as diarrhea lasting ≥2 days resulting in treatment, was assessed 90 days postbezlotoxumab.ResultsThe study cohort included 200 patients (median age, 70 years; 66% female; median Charlson comorbidity index, 5), of whom 86% (n = 173) had prior CDI episodes and 79% (n = 158) had ≥2 risk factors for rCDI. SoC antibiotics included vancomycin (n = 137, 68%), fidaxomicin (n = 60, 30%), and metronidazole (n = 3, 2%). Median time from C. difficile stool test to bezlotoxumab and initiation of SoC to bezlotoxumab were 15 days and 11 days, respectively. Within 90 days, 31 of 195 patients (15.9%) experienced rCDI, which corresponds to a success rate of 84.1%. Patients with ≥2 CDI recurrences prebezlotoxumab had a higher risk of subsequent rCDI compared with those with 1 recurrence or primary CDI (hazard ratio, 2.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–6.76; P = .025).ConclusionsThis real-world multicenter study demonstrated successful prevention of rCDI with bezlotoxumab comparable to clinical trial results regardless of type of SoC and timing of infusion. Multiple prior CDI recurrences were associated with a higher risk of subsequent rCDI, supporting the use of bezlotoxumab earlier in the disease course.
Taking America Back for God
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Taking America Back for God conclusively reveals that understanding the current cultural and political climate in the United States requires reckoning with Christian nationalism. Christian ideals and symbols have long played an important role in public life in the United States, but Christian nationalism demands far more than a recognition of religious heritage. At heart, Christian nationalism fights to preserve a particular kind of social order, an order in which everyone—Christians and non-Christians, native-born and immigrants, whites and minorities, men and women—recognizes their “proper” place in society. The first comprehensive empirical analysis of Christian nationalism in the United States, Taking America Back for God illustrates the scope and tremendous influence of Christian nationalism on debates surrounding the most contentious social issues dominating American public discourse. Drawing on multiple sources of national survey data collected over the past several decades and in-depth interviews, Whitehead and Perry document how Christian nationalism radically shapes what Americans think about who they are as a people, what their future should look like, and how they should get there. Regardless of Americans’ political or religious characteristics, whether they are Ambassadors, Accommodators, Resisters, or Rejecters of Christian nationalism provides powerful insight into what they think about immigration, Muslims, gun control, police shootings, atheists, gender roles, and many other political issues—even who they want in the White House. Taking America Back for God convincingly shows how Christian nationalists’ desire for political power, rigid social boundaries, and hierarchical order creates significant consequences for all Americans.
Salafism Goes Global
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Salafism has emerged as one of the most visible and questioned faces in contemporary Islam. In many countries, from the East to the West, this fundamentalist vision seeking to restore a version of Islam that is supposed to be pure and unchanged is increasingly successful. This is the case in France, where thousands of Muslims are now dedicated to living this puritanical and fundamentalist religiosity. In connection with some Islamic countries, starting with Saudi Arabia, they appeal to a transnational narrative through which they promote a new face of globalization. Reacting to both political Islam and jihadism, they prefer to become entrepreneurs in order to seek economic success. Splitting from the rest of society, they are building a counternarrative in which they represent the purest form of the Islamic identity. Using research from a prolonged immersion in French Salafist communities, this book sheds light on the lifestyle, representations, profiles, and trajectories of these communities. By focusing on quietist Salafism and its formative ties with several Gulf countries, especially with Saudi Arabia, this book is also an attempt to understand contemporary religious globalizations. It also sheds light on a dynamic that is less centered on formal political entities and primarily refers to a globalization taking place in the margins that have been little studied for too long.
The Value of Science in Space Exploration
Authors: Schwartz James S.J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Value of Science in Space Exploration provides a rigorous assessment of the value of scientific knowledge and understanding in the context of contemporary space exploration. It argues that traditional spaceflight rationales are deficient, and that the strongest defense of spaceflight comes from its potential to produce intrinsically and instrumentally valuable knowledge and understanding. It engages with contemporary epistemology to articulate an account of the intrinsic value of scientific knowledge and understanding. It also parleys with recent work in science policy and social philosophy of science to characterize the instrumental value of scientific research, identifying space research as an effective generator of new knowledge and understanding. These values found an ethical obligation to engage in scientific examination of the space environment. This obligation has important implications for major space policy discussions, including debates surrounding planetary protection policies, space resource exploitation, and human space settlement. Whereas planetary protection policies are currently employed to prevent biological contamination only of sites of interest in the search for extraterrestrial life, it contends that all sites of interest to space science ought to be protected. Meanwhile, space resource exploitation and human space settlement would result in extensive disruption or destruction of pristine space environments. The overall ethical value of these environments in the production of new knowledge and understanding is greater than their value as commercial or real commodities, and thus, exploitation and settlement of space should be avoided until the scientific community adequately understands these environments.
The Need for Forbearance in Space Resource Exploitation
Authors: Schwartz James S.J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that space resource exploitation should not be encouraged through enabling legislation. It discusses the legal context of space exploitation, rejecting oft-repeated promises that space exploitation will yield tangible benefits for the majority of humanity. Surveying recent planetary science research, it argues that most of the easily accessible space resources are scarce, and so do not exist in quantities capable of ameliorating terrestrial resource depletion. It also identifies a need to regulate the use of space resources to prevent especially scarce resources such as lunar and asteroidal water from being wasted on projects that benefit only the already fortunate. It argues that scientific uses of space and its resources should be prioritized.
A Brief History of Digital Copyright and Google
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides important contextual information for understanding the influence of Google on copyright law and practice. It introduces the central objectives that define copyright law including both public and private interests. It provides a brief history of digital copyright politics, including the dominant interests and ideologies. This chapter also outlines Google’s origins and core business activities, search and advertising, as well as the reasons why Google is a unique force in the history of copyright.
Introduction
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
What induced Alexander to embark upon a war of conquest against Persia? How did the peoples he attacked resist him, and why? The undertaking was bequeathed to him by his father, Philip II, whose expedition to the East was cut short by his assassination. The ostensible motives, which were presented in the form of slogans concerning vengeance and Panhellenism, were those that had been promoted in the Greek world since the years that followed the invasion of Greece by Xerxes in 480/79. The target of Alexander’s counter-invasion was the Achaemenid Empire, but the apparent soft underbelly was formed by the states thought to be held in servitude by the Persian king. Indeed, the king’s subjects were generally referred to as douloi, “slaves” of their vainglorious master. But their attitudes toward “liberation” varied according to experience, and although some welcomed the Conqueror, the notion that they welcomed a new master was mistaken.
In the Face of Panhellenic War
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The years that preceded the invasion of Asia Minor were marked by assassination and palace uprisings. Philip’s murder in 336 proved less detrimental—indeed, it brought to the throne of Macedon a man more determined to impose Greco-Macedonian rule on the East than his father was. Persia, too, had experienced the assassinations of kings and appeared weakened by the upheavals at court. Nevertheless, the basic structure of the Achaemenid Empire was sound, and the actions of some states—Ephesos, and cities on Lesbos—or local dynasts (notably Pixodarus of Caria) proved premature and were met with counter-revolution. The stage had been set for Alexander’s invasion, but there were clear signs that the Greeks of Asia Minor, and some of its barbarian rulers, were in no hurry to espouse the cause of the invader.
From the Aegean to Cappadocia
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Persian defeat at the Granicus opened the way for the Macedonian conquest of Asia Minor. Darius III assigned the defense of the coast to Memnon of Rhodes, whose brother Mentor had been an efficient and faithful servant of Artaxerxes III. Hellespontine Phrygia (Dascyleum), whose unsuccessful satrap had committed suicide, was the first Achaemenid satrapy annexed by the Conqueror. On the coast, would-be defectors were hesitant, weighing the chances of the Macedonians against the forces of Memnon. But Miletus fell, and Halicarnassus succumbed to a lengthy siege, despite the fact that Alexander had disbanded his fleet; Ada of Halicarnassus was reinstated as ruler of Caria, and Alexander led a portion of the army into Lycia and Pamphylia. After a victorious campaign there, he reunited with the forces under Parmenion, who had been in winter quarters. In late spring news arrived of Memnon’s death, and the Macedonian annexed Phrygia before moving to Cappadocia and Cilicia. There the Conqueror expected to encounter Darius for what he hoped would be the decisive battle of the campaign.
Persian Countermeasures
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Macedonian invasion force was not a large one, 50,000 men at the most. And the conquest of Asia Minor was at best superficial, with the largest and most influential cities as the main targets. It would be left for the newly appointed governors—such as Calas, Antigonus, and Asander—to secure those regions that had been bypassed or had made an insufficient show of submission. Furthermore, the fleet had been disbanded after the capture of Miletus, only to be reconstituted some months later, but by then rebels on the Greek mainland (notably the Spartans) had made contact with Memnon of Rhodes and Pharnabazus, who hoped to regain control of the Aegean. Even after the defeat at Issus, there were troops who escaped to Cappadocia and Paphlagonia. Their efforts were, however, disorganized and their numbers insufficient. Cut off from their king, who was retreating eastward, the survivors of Issus were defeated in Lydia. The naval strength in the Aegean simply melted away. In the end, the Spartan rebels could not stand up to Alexander’s regent in Greece.
The Great King and His Armies
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Darius III, after the defeat of his forces at the Granicus and the death of Memnon of Rhodes in the following year, prepared a massive army, drawing on the forces from the heart of the empire. The number of troops was disputed, as was the soundness of the Great King’s strategy: should he fight on the open plains of northern Mesopotamia or in the restricted terrain of Cilicia? Greco-Macedonian advisers urged caution, but one of them, Charidemus, allegedly paid with his life for criticizing the king’s strategy and the quality of his troops. Darius III was also derided by the historians (both the contemporary sources and those who based their accounts on them) as inept and cowardly. Inept he may have been, but the charge of cowardice was surely unfounded and based on a misunderstanding of the Persian situation. The stage was set for the Battle of Issus.
The Campaign in Cilicia
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the middle of 333, the Macedonian army invaded Cilicia, finding the difficult terrain of the Cilician Gates undefended. At Tarsus, the satrapal capital, Alexander became ill after bathing in the Cydnus River. Probably he suffered a bout of malaria. Darius, who had encamped in northern Mesopotamia, at Sochi, believed that the Macedonian king’s inaction betrayed caution, if not outright cowardice. He enter the satrapy via the Amanic Gates, to the north of Alexander’s position, and surprised the Macedonian army as it moved along the coast of the Gulf of Issus in the direction of the Beilan Pass, near Myriandrus. Alexander had to turn back to meet his enemy at a narrow place between the sea and the mountains, not far from the city of Issus. The site of the battlefield has been debated by scholars for more than a century, but it is generally believed to have been on the banks of the Payas River. Darius’ army was defeated when Alexander overcame the Persian center, where some of the best Persian troops (the Kardakes) and the Greek mercenaries were positioned. Darius found it necessary to flee in order to avoid capture. The collapse of the Persian forces all but sealed the fate of Asia Minor and allowed Alexander to threaten the Levantine coast and Egypt. Persian casualty figures are spectacular but cannot be verified.
Return to the West
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The return from India was a mixture of disaster (in the Gedrosian desert) and refreshment, as the army made a leisurely march through Carmania. But news of misdeeds on the part of administrators, both Persian and Macedonian, detracted from the overall success of history’s most glorious expedition. Persian nobles, especially those who claimed descent from the Seven, considered themselves more worthy of power than their conqueror, especially during his absence. Greek and Macedonian administrators used the resources of their satrapies for their own debaucheries and luxurious lifestyles. Others, such as the mercenaries in the Upper Satrapies, were deluded by false reports of Alexander’s death in India into thinking they could abandon their obligations with impunity. The king called them to account. Malefactors were purged, but this was not a “reign of terror,” as some have wrongly labeled it. It was condign punishment meted out to traitors and outright criminals. Once affairs had stabilized, Alexander instituted further changes and greater racial integration. There was a predictable reaction: the troops mutinied at Opis, although they were easily overcome. Persian brides for Macedonian nobles were greeted with indifference at best and in some cases with hostility. Later, in October 324, the king’s best friend, Hephaestion, died of illness at Ecbatana. Some eight or nine months later, Alexander himself died. His accomplishments were soon undone by his own officers.
Epilogue
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Alexander’s conquests were both aided and hampered by internal divisions in both West and East. The rivalry of the Greek city-states, Athens, Thebes, and Sparta, limited their willingness and ability to cooperate with one another and made them easy prey for the Macedonian conqueror. And here the principle of divide and conquer came into play. In the East the checkerboard of allies and enemies worked equally well, but the fact that beyond the Indus there were very few who had had a strong allegiance to the Achaemenids, and thus equally few to transfer this allegiance to Alexander. Not surprisingly these areas were the first to test the new master, now ensconced in his new capital virtually equidistant from the fringes. In the Achaemenid heartland, the Iranian nobility, whom Alexander had indulged in the hope of creating stability, reverted to their old ways—testing the power of the central authority for their own advantage. Persia had given them a long leash, but Alexander and his Successors were less forgiving. Nevertheless, the fragmentation of the empire under the new regime resulted as much from the aspirations of those who sought to replace Alexander as from agitations for “freedom” on the part of the conquered. They had, in fact, simply changed masters, and the rest—if Alexander had not died prematurely—would have been “business as usual.”