bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nerves innervating copulatory organs show common FMRFamide, FVRIamide, MIP and serotonin immunoreactivity patterns across Dinophilidae (Annelida) indicating their conserved role in copulatory behaviour
Authors: Kerbl Alexandra , Winther Tolstrup Emilie , Worsaae Katrine 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundMales of the microscopic annelid family Dinophilidae use their prominent glandomuscular copulatory organ (penis) to enzymatically dissolve the female’s epidermis and thereafter inject sperm. In order to test for putative conserved copulatory structures and neural orchestration across three dinophilid species, we reconstructed the reproductive myo- and neuroanatomy and mapped immunoreactivity patterns against two specific neurotransmitter markers with reported roles in invertebrate male mating behaviour (FVRIamide, MIP) and three general neural markers (acetylated α-tubulin, serotonin, FMRFamide).ResultsSeminal vesicles (one or two pairs), surrounded by a thin layer of longitudinal and circular muscles and innervated by neurites, are found between testes and copulatory organ in the larger males ofDinophilus vorticoidesandTrilobodrilus axi, but are missing in the only 0.05 mm longD. gyrociliatusdwarf males. The midventral copulatory organ is in all species composed of an outer muscular penis sheath and an inner penis cone. Neurites encircle the organ equatorially, either as a ring-shaped circumpenial fibre mass or as dorsal and ventral commissures, which are connected to the ventrolateral nerve cords. All three examined dinophilids show similar immunoreactivity patterns against serotonin, FMRFamide, and FVRIamide in the neurons surrounding the penis, supporting the hypotheses about the general involvement of these neurotransmitters in copulatory behaviour in dinophilids. Immunoreactivity against MIP is restricted to the circumpenial fibre mass inD. gyrociliatusand commissures around the penis inT. axi(but not found inD. vorticoides), indicating its role in controlling the copulatory organ.ConclusionsThe overall myo- and neuroanatomy of the reproductive organs is rather similar in the three studied species, suggesting a common ancestry of the unpaired glandomuscular copulatory organ and its innervation in Dinophilidae. This is furthermore supported by the similar immunoreactivity patterns against the tested neurotransmitters around the penis. Smaller differences in the immunoreactivity patterns around the seminal vesicles and spermioducts might account for additional, individual traits. We thus show morphological support for the putatively conserved role of FMRFamide, FVRIamide, MIP and serotonin in dinophilid copulatory behaviour.
Commentary on Interest-Driven Creator theory: a US perspective on fostering interest, creativity, and habit in school
Authors: Roschelle Jeremy , Burke Quinn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this commentary on Interest-Driven Creator (IDC) theory, the authors reflect on the proposed three-step cycles of (i) sparking students’ interest, (ii) fostering individual creativity, and (iii) inculcating lifelong learning habits. Each component of IDC theory pulls together a wide span of prior research and emphasizes active roles for students. Although the context of IDC as a prototype for educational reform is K-12 Asian classrooms, we note that some US schools are also mired in a focus on test scores. This is especially true among the US most struggling, low-income schools, where a lack of electives and afterschool programs correspond to diminished student perceptions about their own autonomy as learners and their future creative potential. Thus, while IDC is an important provocation for curricular reform in Asia, there is also the need to broaden its scope and begin to explore the potential of IDC as a leadership tool beyond Asia. The wider learning sciences community, the commentary concludes, is uniquely suited to support such an extension, and there are many opportunities for productive international collaboration.
An isolated beating pig heart platform for a comprehensive evaluation of intracardiac blood flow with 4D flow MRI: a feasibility study
Authors: Peper Eva S. , Leopaldi Alberto M. , van Tuijl Sjoerd , Coolen Bram F. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Baan Jan , Planken R. Nils , de Weger Arend , Nederveen Aart J. , Marquering Henk A. , van Ooij Pim 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in large animals is cumbersome for various reasons, including ethical considerations, costs of housing and maintenance, and need for anaesthesia. Our primary purpose was to show the feasibility of an isolated beating pig heart model for four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI for investigating intracardiac blood flow patterns and flow parameters using slaughterhouse side products. In addition, the feasibility of evaluating transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in the model was investigated.

Methods
Seven slaughterhouse pig hearts were installed in the MRI-compatible isolated beating pig heart platform. First, Langendorff perfusion mode was established; then, the system switched to working mode, in which blood was actively pumped by the left ventricle. A pacemaker ensured a stable HR during 3-T MRI scanning. All hearts were submitted to human physiological conditions of cardiac output and stayed vital for several hours. Aortic flow was measured from which stroke volume, cardiac output, and regurgitation fraction were calculated.

Results
4D flow MRI acquisitions were successfully conducted in all hearts. Stroke volume was 31 ± 6 mL (mean ± standard deviation), cardiac output 3.3 ± 0.9 L/min, and regurgitation fraction 16% ± 9%. With 4D flow, intracardiac and coronary flow patterns could be visualised in all hearts. In addition, we could study valve function and regurgitation in two hearts after TAVR.

Conclusions
The feasibility of 4D flow MRI in an isolated beating pig heart loaded to physiological conditions was demonstrated. The platform is promising for preclinical assessment of cardiac blood flow and function.
Association of Genetic Variants Related to Serum Calcium Levels with Reduced Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Li Gloria Hoi-Yee , Robinson-Cohen Cassianne , Sahni Shivani , Au Philip Chun-Ming , Tan Kathryn Choon-Beng , Kung Annie Wai-Chee , Cheung Ching-Lung 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
The role of serum calcium in bone metabolism is unknown, even though calcium/vitamin D supplementations have been widely used and are expected to improve bone health. We aim to determine the independent role of serum calcium in bone mineral density (BMD).

Design and setting
Two epidemiological analyses with 5478 and 5556 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2006 and the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study (HKOS) to evaluate the cross-sectional association of serum calcium with BMD. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using genetic variations as instrumental variables to infer causality. Summary statistics of genome-wide association study of serum calcium (N = 39 400) and lifelong whole-body BMD (N = 66 628) were used.

Main outcome measure
BMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Results
In NHANES 2003–6 and HKOS, each standard deviation (SD) increase in serum calcium was significantly associated with 0.036–0.092 SD decrease in BMD at various sites (all P &lt; .05). In multivariable inverse-variance weighted MR analysis, genetic predisposition to higher serum calcium level was inversely associated with whole-body BMD after adjustment for serum parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and phosphate (–0.431 SD per SD increase in serum calcium; 95% CI: –0.773 to –0.089, P = .014). Similar estimates were obtained in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions
Our study reveals that genetic predisposition to higher serum calcium level per se may have a negative impact on bone metabolism. Whether increased serum calcium caused by calcium/vitamin D supplementations would have the same negative effect on bone remains unknown, which warrants further investigation. In addition to other adverse clinical outcomes, careful use of high-dose supplementations is required.
Active Surveillance in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinomas is Feasible and Safe: Experience at a Single Italian Center
Authors: Molinaro Eleonora , Campopiano Maria Cristina , Pieruzzi Letizia , Matrone Antonio , Agate Laura , Bottici Valeria , Viola David , Cappagli Virginia , Valerio Laura , Giani Carlotta , Puleo Luciana , Lorusso Loredana , Piaggi Paolo , Torregrossa Liborio , Basolo Fulvio , Vitti Paolo , Tuttle R Michael , Elisei Rossella 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
The dramatic rise in the incidence of thyroid cancer over the last 30 years is largely attributable to the increasing diagnosis of papillary microcarcinomas (mPTCs). Current guidelines endorse an observational management approach in properly selected cases.

Objective
To evaluate the feasibility of active surveillance in mPTC in Italy, its impact on real life, and to identify risk factors of progression.

Design and setting
In 2014 we started a prospective–observational study of active surveillance in mPTC patients.

Patients
Included patients demonstrated a single Thy4 or Thy5 thyroid nodule, with largest diameter ≤1.3 cm, and no suspicious laterocervical lymph nodes by neck ultrasonography. Of 185 eligible subjects, 50.3% (93/185) enrolled in the observational management protocol while the others opted for surgery and were excluded from this analysis.

Intervention
Enrolled patients were followed with neck ultrasound at 6- to 12-month intervals. Disease progression was defined as the appearance of abnormal lymph nodes or nodule enlargement during follow-up. In these cases, patients were directed to surgery.

Results
Three patients (3/93, 3%) showed clinical progression and required surgery. Another 19 patients (19/93, 20%) decided to transition to surgical intervention even though there was no evidence of disease progression. All operated patients had excellent response to initial treatment despite the delayed surgery.

Conclusions
Within an Italian medical context, active surveillance appears to be a feasible and safe alternative to immediate surgery in healthy mPTC patients. Only 3% of mPTC demonstrated disease progression during a median follow-up of 19 months (range 6–54) and importantly demonstrated excellent outcomes after surgical intervention in a short-term follow-up.
Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in Prone Neurosurgical Patients Undergoing Protective Ventilation: Role of Dynamic Indices, Tidal Volume Challenge, and End-Expiratory Occlusion Test
Authors: Messina Antonio , Montagnini Claudia , Cammarota Gianmaria , Giuliani Fabiana , Muratore Lara , Baggiani Marta , Bennett Victoria , Della Corte Francesco , Navalesi Paolo , Cecconi Maurizio 
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND:
In patients in the prone position, the reliability of pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation (PPV and SVV) and the use of functional hemodynamic tests to predict fluid responsiveness have not previously been established. Perioperatively, in this setting, optimizing fluid management can be challenging, and fluid overload is associated with both intraoperative and postoperative complications. We designed this study to assess the sensitivity and specificity of baseline PPV and SVV, the tidal volume (VT) challenge (VTC) and the end-expiratory occlusion test (EEOT) in predicting fluid responsiveness during elective spinal surgery.

METHODS:
The study protocol was started during a period of intraoperative hemodynamic stability after prone positioning and before the administration of any vasopressor: (1) at baseline, the controlled ventilation was set at 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight (PBW) (T
0); (2) patients underwent the first EEOT (EEOT6) by interrupting the mechanical ventilation for 30 seconds; (3) the ventilation was set again at 6 mL/kg PBW for 1 minute (T
1); (4) the VTC was applied by increasing the VT up to 8 mL/kg PBW for 1 minute; (5) the ventilation was kept at 8 mL/kg PBW for 1 minute (T
2); (6) a second EEOT (EEOT8) was performed; (7) the VT was reduced back to 6 mL/kg PBW for 1 minute (T
3); (8) a fluid challenge of 250 mL of Ringer’s solution was infused over 10 minutes. After each step, a complete set of hemodynamic measurements was recorded.

RESULTS:
Neither PPV and SVV values recorded at T
3 nor the EEOT6 or the EEOT8 predicted fluid responsiveness. The change in PPV after VTC application predicted fluid responsiveness with an area under the curve of 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.87–1.00), showing a sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 94.7%, using a cutoff increase of 12.2%. The change in SVV after VTC application predicted fluid responsiveness with an area under the curve 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.89–1.00) showing a sensitivity of 95.2% and a specificity of 94.7%, using a cutoff increase of 8.0%. A linear correlation between stroke volume index changes after fluid challenge administration and the changes in PPV and SVV after VTC application was observed (r = 0.71; P < .0001 and r = 0.68; P < .0001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:
In prone elective neurosurgical patients, the baseline values of PPV and SVV and the EEOT fail to predict fluid responsiveness, while the VTC is a very reliable functional hemodynamic test and could be helpful in guiding intraoperative fluid therapy.
Antitrans State Terrorism
Authors: Hiner Hillary , Garrido Juan Carlos , Walters Brigette 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article analyzes the ways in which trans and travesti women experienced state terrorism during the Chilean military dictatorship (1973–90), a subject that has received little attention in memory and recent history studies in Chile. In particular, the authors propose that the use of the concept of human rights by truth commissions, as well as its inclusion in public policies, has largely excluded trans and travesti women. This text therefore introduces the concept of antitrans state terrorism and, given the limited studies that exist on the subject, encourages more historiographic research of state terrorism and trans and travesti women in Chile.
IL-15Rα membrane anchorage in either cis or trans is required for stabilization of IL-15 and optimal signaling
Authors: Quéméner Agnès , Morisseau Sébastien , Sousa Rui P. , Trillet Kilian , Maillasson Mike , Leray Isabelle , Jacques Yannick , Dion Johann , Barbieux Isabelle , Frutoso Marie , Laurent Adèle D. , Le Questel Jean-Yves , Mortier Erwan 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Interleukin (IL)-15 plays an important role in the communication between immune cells. It delivers its signal through different modes involving three receptor chains: IL-15Rα, IL-2Rβ and IL-2Rγc. The combination of the different chains result in the formation of IL-15Rα/IL-2Rβ/γc trimeric or IL-2Rβ/γc dimeric receptors. In this study, we have investigated the role of the IL-15Rα chain in stabilizing the cytokine in the IL-2Rβ/γc dimeric receptor. By analyzing the key amino acid residues of IL-15 facing IL-2Rβ, we provide evidence of differential interfaces in the presence or in the absence of membrane-anchored IL-15Rα. Moreover, we found that the anchorage of IL-15Rα to the cell surface regardless its mode of presentation – i.e. cis or trans – is crucial for complete signaling. These observations show how the cells can finely modulate the intensity of cytokine signaling through the quality and the level of expression of the receptor chains.
Increasing Students’ Activity in Physical Education: Results of the Self-determined Exercise and Learning For FITness Trial
Authors: HA AMY S. , LONSDALE CHRIS , LUBANS DAVID R. , NG JOHAN Y. Y. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To examine the effects of the Self-determined Exercise and Learning For FITness (SELF-FIT) intervention on students’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and motivation in physical education (PE).

Methods
In a clustered randomized controlled trial, 667 students (mean age, 14.4 yr; SD, 0.78) from 26 schools (i.e., clusters) were randomized into either an experimental group or a waitlist control group. Students in the experimental group received the SELF-FIT intervention, a school-based intervention designed to infuse fitness and game-like elements into PE using self-determination theory principles, whereas those in the control continued their classes using usual practices. Intervention content was provided by teachers who received training from the research team. The primary outcome was percentage of time spent in MVPA during PE. Secondary outcomes included basic psychological need satisfaction, motivation toward PE, leisure-time MVPA, and mental well-being. Data were analyzed using multilevel regression analyses and prespecified interactions were tested (i.e., group–time–sex).

Results
Positive intervention effects were found on MVPA during PE (B, 4.00; 95% confidence interval, 2.96–5.04; d = 0.36). Regarding the participants’ competence and autonomy need satisfaction, and autonomous motivation, the intervention effects were stronger in girls, compared with boys.

Conclusions
Fitness infusion and game-like elements, used according to self-determination theory principles, can enhance students’ physical activity and motivation toward PE. This low-cost intervention has the potential to be scaled up and disseminated in secondary schools.
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis: A Retrospective Population-based Study
Authors: LUETMER MARIANNE T. , BOETTCHER BRENNAN J. , FRANCO JOHN M. , REISNER JACOB H. , CHEVILLE ANDREA L. , FINNOFF JONATHAN T. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) in a population-based cohort.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was performed in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2003 to 2015. Incident ER cases were ascertained through the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical record linkage system through electronic searches of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes and clinical note text. Population incidence rate was calculated using the corresponding Rochester Epidemiology Project census populations specific to calendar year and sex. Descriptive statistics were used.

Results
Of the 430 patients, 431 cases met the inclusion criteria for rhabdomyolysis; 4.9% of cases (n = 20; males n = 18; Caucasian n = 17) were ER, with one recurrence. There were no deaths secondary to ER. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of ER was 1.06 ± 0.24 (95% confidence interval = 0.59–1.52) per 100,000 person-years. Endurance activity (n = 7), manual labor (n = 5), and weight lifting (n = 4) were common causes. Complications included kidney injury (n = 5), mild electrolyte abnormalities (n = 10), elevated transaminases (n = 12), and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities (n = 4). A majority of patients were hospitalized (n = 16) for a median of 2 d, had mild abnormalities in renal and liver function and electrolytes, and were discharged without sequelae.

Conclusion
ER in the civilian population occurs at a much lower incidence than the military population. The most common causes were endurance exercise, manual labor, and weight lifting. The majority of cases were treated conservatively with intravenous fluid resuscitation during a brief hospital stay, and all were discharged without sequela. Only one case of recurrence occurred in this cohort, indicating the recurrence rate was low.
Early clinical results of proton spatially fractionated GRID radiation therapy (SFGRT)
Authors: Mohiuddin Majid , Lynch Connor , Gao Mingcheng , Hartsell William 
Published: October 2019

Objective:
Approximately 70 patients with large and bulky tumors refractory to prior treatments were treated with photon spatially fractionated GRID radiation (SFGRT). We identified 10 additional patients who clinically needed GRID but could not be treated with photons due to adjacent critical organs. We developed a proton SFGRT technique, and we report treatment of these 10 patients.

Methods:
Subject data were reviewed for clinical results and dosimetric data. 50% of the patients were metastatic at the time of treatment and five had previous photon radiation to the local site but not via GRID. They were treated with 15–20 cobalt Gray equivalent using a single proton GRID field with an average beamlet count of 22.6 (range 7–51). 80% received an average adjuvant radiation dose to the GRID region of 40.8Gy (range 13.7–63.8Gy). Four received subsequent systemic therapy.

Results:
The median follow-up time was 5.9 months (1.1–18.9). At last follow-up, seven patients were alive and three had died. Two patients who had died from metastatic disease had local shrinkage of tumor. Of those alive, four had complete or partial response, two had partial response but later progressed, and one had no response. For all patients, the tumor regression/local symptom improvement rate was 80%. 50% had acute side-effects of grade1/2 only and all were well-tolerated.

Conclusion:
In circumstances where patients cannot receive photon GRID, proton SFGRT is clinically feasible and effective, with a similar side-effect profile.

Advances in knowledge:
Proton GRID should be considered as a treatment option earlier in the disease course for patients who cannot be treated by photon GRID.
Clinico-pathology of newly diagnosed breast cancer with expression of ER, PR, and HER/2neu in cell blocks: An observational prospective study
Authors: Albaldawy Mazin Judy Ibrahim , Mubark Ahmed Abdulshahed 
Published: October 2019

Background: Breast cancer is a worldwide problem, and early positive diagnosis is critical for establishing the optimal therapeutic strategy. Following a preliminary diagnosis, fine-needle aspirate cytology (FNAC) may be used to obtain cells for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and histopathological examination. This study aimed to assess the FNAC method combined with embedding samples in paraffin blocks (cell blocks) and comparing this with core biopsies (tissue blocks). Methods: This observational, prospective study was performed at our hospital and involved 50 female participants who presented with breast masses and were subsequently evaluated for high-risk status by FNAC and IHC. Tests for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human EGF receptor 2 (HER2/neu) were performed and the sensitivity, specificity, and discrepancy rates between methodologies were calculated using correlation analysis and agreement tests. Results: The correlation analysis between immuno-staining of sections from cell blocks and histopathological examination of sections from tumor-tissue blocks revealed a high concordance for HR and HER2/neu. Conclusion: IHC of cell-block sections was found to be better for the determination of HR status and HER2/neu levels. It is very important to obtain high-quality cell blocks with strict quality control for their clarification.
Ist Angst ein guter Ratgeber?
Authors: Heblich Stephan 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Eine transparente Kosten-Nutzen-Rechnung kann dazu beitragen, die Unsicherheit über zukünftige Entwicklungen zu reduzieren und gleichzeitig bietet sie auch einen Richtwert für mögliche Kompensationszahlungen and Eigentümer.