bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural hole centrality: evaluating social capital through strategic network formation
Authors: Ghaffar Faisal , Hurley Neil 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStrategic network formation is a branch of network science that takes an economic perspective to the creation of social networks, considering that actors in a network form links in order to maximise some utility that they attain through their connections to other actors in the network. In particular, Jackson’s Connections model, writes an actor’s utility as a sum over all other actors that can be reached along a path in the network of a benefit value that diminishes with the path length. In this paper, we are interested in the “social capital” that an actor retains due to their position in the network. Social capital can be understood as an ability to bond with actors, as well as an ability to form a bridge that connects otherwise disconnected actors. This bridging benefit has previously been modelled in another “structural hole” network formation game, proposed by Kleinberg. In this paper, we develop an approach that generalises the utility of Kleinberg’s game and combines it with that of the Connections model, to create a utility that models both the bonding and bridging capabilities of an actor with social capital. From this utility and its associated formation game, we derive a new centrality measure, which we dub “structural hole centrality”, to identify actors with high social capital. We analyse this measure by applying it to networks of different types, and assessing its correlation to other centrality metrics, using a benchmark dataset of 299 networks, drawn from different domains. Finally, using one social network from the dataset, we illustrate how an actor’s “structural hole centrality profile” can be used to identify their bridging and bonding value to the network.
Morphological features of anterior segment: factors influencing intraocular pressure after cataract surgery in nanophthalmos
Authors: Lu Qiang , He Wenwen , Lu Yi , Zhu Xiangjia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the anterior segment in nanophthalmic eyes and their association with intraocular pressure after cataract surgery.MethodsThirty-two nanophthalmic eyes (axial length [AL] < 18.5 mm) in 18 patients and 35 normal eyes (21 ≤ AL ≤ 24.5 mm) in 35 controls who had undergone uneventful cataract surgery were included. Swept-source optical coherence tomography was used to compare the anterior segment structures between the two groups. The associations between the anterior segment characteristics of nanophthalmic eyes and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) were also investigated.ResultsThe IOP-lowering effect of cataract surgery was remarkably insufficient in nanophthalmic eyes. Peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) were observed in 56% (18/32) of nanophthalmic eyes, and a characteristic boomerang-shaped iris was observed in 28% (9/32). The anterior surface of the iris seemed “smoother” in nanophthalmic eyes than in normal eyes. Schlemm’s canal (SC) diameter, SC area, trabecular meshwork (TM) thickness, TM width, and TM area were generally smaller in the nanophthalmic eyes. Younger age, higher preoperative IOP, broader PAS, and smaller SC area were main contributors to higher postoperative IOP. AL and SC diameter may also be of great importance in IOP prediction in patients without glaucoma surgery and PAS.ConclusionsThe morphological features of the anterior segment in nanophthalmic eyes are significantly different from those of normal eyes. Influencing factors such as age, AL, preoperative IOP, extent of PAS, SC and TM size could all be prognostic for IOP after cataract surgery in nanophthalmic eyes.Trial registrationClinicalTrails.gov, Trial registration number:NCT02182921, Registered 8 July 2014.
A new measure of group decision-making efficiency
Authors: Hsieh Cheng-Ju , Fifić Mario , Yang Cheng-Ta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt has widely been accepted that aggregating group-level decisions is superior to individual decisions. As compared to individuals, groups tend to show a decision advantage in their response accuracy. However, there has been a lack of research exploring whether group decisions are more efficient than individual decisions with a faster information-processing speed. To investigate the relationship between accuracy and response time (RT) in group decision-making, we applied systems’ factorial technology, developed by Townsend and Nozawa (Journal of Mathematical Psychology 39, 321–359, 1995) and regarded as a theory-driven methodology, to study the information-processing properties. More specifically, we measured the workload capacity CAND(t), which only considers the correct responses, and the assessment function of capacity AAND(t), which considers the speed-accuracy trade-off, to make a strong inference about the system-level processing efficiency. A two-interval, forced-choice oddball detection task, where participants had to detect which interval contains an odd target, was conducted in Experiment 1. Then, in Experiment 2, a yes/no Gabor detection task was adopted, where participants had to detect the presence of a Gabor patch. Our results replicated previous findings using the accuracy-based measure: Group detection sensitivity was better than the detection sensitivity of the best individual, especially when the two individuals had similar detection sensitivities. On the other hand, both workload capacity measures, CAND(t) and AAND(t), showed evidence of supercapacity processing, thus suggesting a collective benefit. The ordered relationship between accuracy-based and RT-based collective benefit was limited to the AAND(t) of the correct and fast responses, which may help uncover the processing mechanism behind collective benefits. Our results suggested that AAND(t), which combines both accuracy and RT into inferences, can be regarded as a novel and diagnostic tool for studying the group decision-making process.
“America’s Scapegoats”
Authors: Staudenmaier Michael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the 1970s and 1980s, Puerto Rican and Chicana/o/x radicals from across the United States developed a sophisticated theory of fascism as part of a broader effort to defend themselves against government repression and apply the lessons of the rightward trajectories of many Latin American countries. In the process, they built panethnic alliances that helped spur the emergence of Latina/o/x identity as it is commonly understood in the twenty-first century. This article uses the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Movement, or MLN) as a case study of this broader process because of its binational character and its persistent willingness to grapple with both the theory and practice of fascism and anti-fascism in the United States and in Latin America. While the MLN abandoned its own panethnic structure in the early 1980s, its legacy of Latina/o/x struggle against far right and white nationalist forces persists into the present moment.
Anti-fascism in the Archive
Authors: Descartes Jan , Hardesty Michele , Hoyer Jen , Schreiner Maggie , Shuman Brooke 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The exhibit no. NOT EVER. opened at Interference Archive (IA) in January 2018. It featured a traveling installation from the Seattle-based collection If You Don’t They Will, which used stories from 1980s and 1990s rural working-class activism to inspire organizing against white nationalism in the current moment. This installation was contextualized with print culture from the IA collection. Creating this collaborative exhibition presented several challenges and opportunities, among them how to create a cohesive show with hybrid elements, how to create digital and physical safety for visitors and volunteers in a new storefront space, and how to foreground training and organizing through workshops.
Facet Dependence of Photocatalytic Activity in Anatase TiO2: Combined Experimental and DFT Study
Authors: Joutsuka Tatsuya , Yoshinari Hiroto , Yamauchi Satoshi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
For enhancing the photocatalytic performance of anatase TiO2, proper control of the reactive facets and its molecular-level understanding are crucial. This experimental and theoretical study clarifies the facet dependence of the photocatalytic reaction at the anatase TiO2 surface. The 〈112〉-oriented anatase TiO2 layer is deposited on a Ru(0001) substrate at 360 °C by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The deposition rate is three times higher than that of the multi-orientation layer on the Pyrex glass. The photocatalytic activity induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation around 365 nm in methylene blue aqueous solutions is significantly high, and the rate constant is 6.1 × 10−1 min−1, which is two orders of magnitude greater than that on the multi-orientation TiO2. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the constrained DFT method and the hybrid functionals show that the (112) surface stabilizes the adsorbed water molecule most strongly. The photogenerated hole is stably trapped not at the bare surface but at the hydroxylated surface, especially at the hydroxyl group of the hydroxylated (112) and (001) surfaces. The experimental and theoretical findings consistently indicate the high photocatalytic activity at the anatase TiO2(112) surface.
CT colonography evaluation of the relationship between colon anatomy and diverticula
Authors: Flor Nicola , Martinelli Andrea , Maconi Giovanni , Di Pietro Salvatore , Perillo Noemi , Maggi Luca 
Published: September 2020

Objectives: In this study, we aimed at investigating the relationship between diverticula and in vivo colonic features such as total colon length (TCL), using CTC. We also evaluated polyps, neoplastic lesions and the correlation among them. Methods: This retrospective study considered a series of patients who underwent CTC in our Hospital from 2010 to 2018. We evaluated TCL, the length of each colon segments and sigmoid colon diameter using dedicated software. We verified the presence of diverticula, polyps and neoplasm and measured the number of diverticula using a five-point class scale, evaluating the colonic segments involved by the disease and the number of diverticula for each segment. A logistic regression model was used to analyse the relationship between diverticula and the patients’ age, sigmoid colonic diameter and the length of each colonic segments. Results: The population finally included 467 patients, 177 males and 290 females (average age of 67 ± 12; range 45–96). The mean TCL was 169 ± 25 cm (range 115–241 cm). Out of the 467, 323 patients (69%) had at least one analyse. The patients with diverticula had a mean TCL significantly shorter than patients without diverticula (164 ± 22 vs 181 ± 27 cm; p = 0.001). Among the different variables, sigmoid colon length, sigmoid colon diameter and patient’s age were correlated with diverticula (p < 0.01). Otherwise there is no association among diverticula, polyps and neoplasm. Conclusions: The presence of colonic diverticula was significantly inversely correlated with TCL.The TCL was not significantly correlated with polyps and cancers. Advances in knowledge: The presence of colonic diverticula was significantly inversely correlated with total colon length, and in particular they significantly decreased with increasing colon length; our observation could contribute to the comprehension of diverticula pathogenesis.
A história de Esmeralda e seus cadernos de receitas
Authors: Silva Elza Fagundes da , Dudeque Pianovski Vieira Alboni Marisa 
Published: September 2020

O artigo, na perspectiva da História Cultural, analisa os cadernos de receitas como fontes documentais e como peças importantes do acervo familiar e cultural por sua representatividade na memória e na transmissão de saberes entre gerações. Trata da história de vida deN.L.M, neste artigo chamada de Esmeralda, nascida e criada no interior do estado do Paraná, Brasil. A pesquisa é bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Os cadernos de receitas são testemunhos de uma época, tratam de uma forma de vida centrada na família, na medida em que pretendem sistematizar a vivência alimentar desse grupo. Suaanálise revela não apenas aspectos relativos à autora, como emoções, lembranças e tradições familiares, mas também vestígios sobre o que privilegiava a educação feminina da época.
Afrocentricidade e pensamento decolonial: perspectivas epistemológicas para pesquisas sobre relações étnico-raciais
Authors: Reis Maria Conceição , Silva Joel Severino , Almeida Gabriel Swahili Sales 
Published: September 2020

As políticas educacionais impulsionadas no Brasil a partir da aprovação da Lei N. 10.639/2003 têm contribuído para o aumento de pesquisas nas Universidades sobre relações étnico-raciais, mas revelado como estas pesquisas ainda partem de perspectivas teóricas eurocêntricas para a produção do conhecimento. Em paralelo, abordagens a partir de outras matrizes vêm sendo desenvolvidas, como a afrocentricidade e o pensamento decolonial. Para este, a colonização europeia estabeleceu sistemas de controle do poder, do saber e do ser assentados no discurso naturalista de raça como condição determinista destes sistemas e dos vetores da colonialidade. Para a teoria da afrocentricidade é preciso superar a hegemonia de uma história única e encarar quaisquer fenômenos a partir de sua devida localização. A questão problematizadora desse estudo é: Como a afrocentricidade e o pensamento decolonial se configuram como perspectivas epistemológicas para as pesquisas sobre relações étnico-raciais? A partir desta problematização, o objetivo é identificar a presença da teoria da afrocentricidade e do pensamento decolonial enquanto perspectivas epistemológicas nas pesquisas sobre as relações étnico-raciais. Como procedimento teórico e metodológico, apoia-se numa revisão bibliográfica das referidas correntes epistemológicas, privilegiado as ideias de Quijano (2005; 2009) e Asante (2009; 2014) e nos trabalhos apresentados em dois congressos nacionais sobre a temática. Como conclusão deste estudo, defende a ideia de uma necessária e urgente disseminação de epistemologias inovadoras para a produção do conhecimento referente às relações étnico-raciais como resistência à colonização do saber e esforço de recentramento histórico e cultural das pessoas africanas.
Jovens negras periféricas: afloradas interseccionalidades de raça e gênero
Authors: Valentim Silvani Santos , Souza Andréia Carvalho de 
Published: September 2020

Objetiva-se com este artigo que as reflexões sobre a interseccionalidade de raça e gênero possam promover a articulação dessas categorias com o contexto socioeconômico e do mundo do trabalho, para elevá-las a um lugar sacramental nas discussões sobre esses marcadores. Esses marcadores são tomados, também, como categorias, por serem mais do que simplesmente ferramentas analíticas. Devem ser capazes de desvelar o racismo estrutural e institucional, para construção de um discurso que não se contente com visões parciais e dicotômicas no tratamento das diferenças. São interseccionalidades afloradas porque excitam e tensionam a realidade em que jovens negras trabalhadoras são protagonistas de suas experiências, no contexto de relações sociais que produzem subjetividades estruturadas a partir de processos renovadores de construções identitárias de raça e gênero.
The Authentic and Ideal Activist Identities: Having the ‘Right’ Motivation and Doing ‘Enough’ of the ‘Right’ Type of Activism
Authors: Craddock Emma 
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the ways in which the activist identity is constructed and negotiated within local anti-austerity activist culture. It begins by establishing the shared meanings and context-specific nature of the term before discussing in more detail the two main constructions of the activist identity present in participants’ narratives. The first identity is the ‘authentic’ activist who has the required lived experiences to possess the authority to speak about certain topics. Having explored barriers that prevent individuals and groups from doing activism under the question of who can do activism in Chapter 5, this chapter considers the question of who should do activism, according to participants. The second main construction of the activist identity that this chapter explores is the ‘ideal activist’, which is defined by the type and amount of activism one does. In order to be considered an ideal activist, individuals must do ‘enough’ of the ‘right’ type of activism (direct action rather than online activism). This chapter demonstrates that the ideal activist identity is underpinned by the distinction participants draw between talking and doing, which feeds into the construction of direct, offline action as the pinnacle of ‘real’ activism versus online ‘slacktivism’. The final section of this chapter interrogates this artificial dichotomy and reveals the enabling features of online activism, as well as the ways in which both forms of activism interact, rather than conflict.
Optimal configurations for different incident polarization states in linear polarization calibration
Authors: Li Xinkai , Chen Bo , He Lingping , Gao Xingjun 
Published: September 2020

The purpose of polarization calibration is to measure the response matrix of an instrument and the deviation of noise to correct for subsequent flight measurements. The precision, however, is relative to the states of incident light. We investigate the influence of partially polarized light, in the presence of signal-independent additive noise or signal-dependent Poisson shot noise. We obtain the estimation precision for different numbers of the polarization state generators and analyzers in linear Stokes measurements. To reduce the influence of incident light, we suggest that the numbers of the polarization state generators and analyzers should be greater than or equal to 4. In particular, for an instrument including three polarizers oriented at 0°, 60°, and 120°, estimation precision is found to be dependent on the response matrix and incident polarization states.
Implementation of the toroidal absorption cell with multi-layer patterns by a single ring surface
Authors: Chang Hong , Feng Shiling , Qiu Xuanbing , Meng Huiyan , Guo Guqing , He Xiaohu , He Qiusheng , Yang Xiaohua , Ma Weiguang , Kan Ruifeng , Fittschen Christa , Li Chuanliang 
Published: September 2020

We developed a type of toroidal multi-pass cell with multi-layer patterns based on the off-axis model. The effective path length of the original toroidal multi-pass cell is extended several roundtrips in comparison with the single-layer pattern, since the inner surface of the toroidal multi-pass cell is more efficiently utilized. The light pattern has been achieved by using the simple ring surface, which is easy to fabricate. The exact analytical equations for the design of the toroidal multi-pass cell were derived based on analytical vector calculations. A series of numerical ray tracing simulations is presented, and the maximum theoretical optical path length that can be reached is 30 m with a setup of 5 cm column radius. Furthermore, two practical spot patterns are demonstrated with a path length of 8.3 m for a two-layer pattern and 10 m for a three-layer pattern, with respective effective volumes of 63 mL and 94 mL. Furthermore, the fringe effect is substantially reduced to less than 0.5% by the usage of our designed mask.
Optically pumped magnetometers enable a new level of biomagnetic measurements
Authors: Sander Tilmann , Jodko-Władzińska Anna , Hartwig Stefan , Brühl Rüdiger , Middelmann Thomas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The electrophysiological activities in the human body generate electric and magnetic fields that can be measured noninvasively by electrodes on the skin, or even, not requiring any contact, by magnetometers. This includes the measurement of electrical activity of brain, heart, muscles and nerves that can be measured in vivo and allows to analyze functional processes with high temporal resolution. To measure these extremely small magnetic biosignals, traditionally highly sensitive superconducting quantum-interference devices have been used, together with advanced magnetic shields. Recently, they have been complemented in usability by a new class of sensors, optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs). These quantum sensors offer a high sensitivity without requiring cryogenic temperatures, allowing the design of small and flexible sensors for clinical applications. In this letter, we describe the advantages of these upcoming OPMs in two exemplary applications that were recently carried out at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB): (1) magnetocardiography (MCG) recorded during exercise and (2) auditory-evoked fields registered by magnetoencephalography.
The Prose Narrative of P.Freib. IV 47 Some Textual and Interpretative Remarks
Authors: Kanavou Nikoletta , Papathomas Amphilochios 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
P.Freib. IV 47 (two separate fragments) preserves a narrative text that is too fragmentary to allow the reconstruction of a plot. In the present paper, we suggest improvements to the text and collect parallels which reinforce the current view that it comes from a lost novel; we also address the possibility that this novel could have a Christian theme.
Towards a History of Immigration to Hellenistic Egypt: The Contribution of Ethnic Designations to Research
Authors: La’da Csaba A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study argues that ethnic designations in the documentary sources constitute our best evidence for immigration to Hellenistic Egypt, for the ethnic composition of the population and for the relative proportions of the different immigrant groups in relation to each other. Ethnic designations indicate that Hellenistic Egypt became ethnically diverse and that a substantial proportion of immigrants arrived from outside the Graeco-Macedonian world.
4D spatio-temporal convolutional networks for object position estimation in OCT volumes
Authors: Bengs Marcel , Gessert Nils , Schlaefer Alexander 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Tracking and localizing objects is a central problem in computer-assisted surgery. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be employed as an optical tracking system, due to its high spatial and temporal resolution. Recently, 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown promising performance for pose estimation of a marker object using single volumetric OCT images. While this approach relied on spatial information only, OCT allows for a temporal stream of OCT image volumes capturing the motion of an object at high volumes rates. In this work, we systematically extend 3D CNNs to 4D spatio-temporal CNNs to evaluate the impact of additional temporal information for marker object tracking. Across various architectures, our results demonstrate that using a stream of OCT volumes and employing 4D spatio-temporal convolutions leads to a 30% lower mean absolute error compared to single volume processing with 3D CNNs.