bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fe-Rich Intermetallic Formation and Mechanical Properties of Recycled AA6111 Alloy Strips Produced by Melt Conditioning Twin Roll Casting
Authors: Al-Helal Kawther , Patel Jayesh B. , Fan Zhongyun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe impact of high shear melt conditioning on the morphology and distribution of Fe intermetallic compounds was investigated in the processing of recycled AA6111 alloy by the twin roll casting process.
The optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph studies were carried out on twin roll casting (TRC) and melt conditioning twin roll casting (MC-TRC) samples. The microstructural analysis showed fine and uniformly distributed Fe-rich intermetallic phases for MC-TRC strips compared with the TRC strips. There was a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of MC-TRC strips after applying melt conditioning. The as-cast MC-TRC samples showed 18.7%, 19.2% and 9.8% increases in elongation, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, respectively, in the longitudinal direction, while in the transverse section, the MC-TRC samples showed 32.3%, 2.2% and 3.8% increases in elongation, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, respectively.
An Insight into the Ultrastructural and Physiochemical Characterization of Potato Starch: a Review
Authors: Jagadeesan Sreeshna , Govindaraju Indira , Mazumder Nirmal 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPotatoes are highly consumed food around the world, usually following processing of some kind. Apart from its noteworthy presence in diets, potato starch has a multitude of industrial applications as a food additive and recently in novel domains such as nanotechnology and bioengineering. This review examines the microscopic and spectroscopic methods of characterizing potato starch and compares the different properties. The microscopic techniques such as optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) allow observation of structural elements of potato starch. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) delves into the thermal behavior of starch in presence of water, while Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyze the behavior of various chemical bonds and crystallinity of starch. These characterizations are important from a dietary point of view for patients requiring a low-glycemic diet, as well as in facilitating research into a wider array of industrial applications.
Novel metal mesh filter using water-based regeneration for small-scale biomass boilers
Authors: Baumgarten Björn , Grammer Peter , Ehard Ferdinand , Winkel Oskar , Vogt Ulrich , Baumbach Günter , Scheffknecht Günter , Thorwarth Harald 
Published: August 2020

AbstractParticulate matter emissions are a key issue of modern biomass boilers. A novel gas cleaning method using a metal mesh filter combined with water-based cleaning was developed and tested. The filter was tested batch-wise. Flue gas of a commercial 50-kW boiler was filtered until a pressure drop of 2000 Pa was reached. Afterwards, the filter was regenerated. The initial prototype used ultrasound in order to remove the filter cake from the filter candles. Regeneration was complete and, even after boiler malfunctions producing tar, the filter cake could still be removed. Given the good results, a second cleaning mode, flushing the filter candles with water, was tested. The results were as good as with ultrasonic cleaning. Peak mass collection efficiency was very high with 98 ± 2% (burning wood pellets). However, directly after cleaning, the first layer of filter cake has to be developed. In this initial phase, collection efficiency is low. Service time until maximum pressure drop was reached depended on the gas velocity. Using pellets as fuel, at a gas velocity of 66.6 m/h, 12-h service time was reached and 4.1 g dust was collected per square meter filter surface, while at 33.3 m/h, service time increased to 55 h and collected dust to 13.9 g/m2. Using low-quality wood chips, the raw gas dust loading was much higher but also the maximum loading of the filter was higher with 13.3 to 28.9 g dust separated per square meter. Still, the service time decreased to 3.4 respective 38 h. Peak collection efficiency increased to 99.5 ± 0.8%. The overall collection efficiency including the buildup of the filter cake depends on the gas velocity and fuel. It ranges from 74 ± 4 to 91 ± 1%. The feasibility of the filter concept could be proven, and further development towards a commercial application is in progress. Metal mesh filters with countercurrent cleaning showed a high potential given their simple and robust design, as well as high collection efficiency.
The insect-killing bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens has the lowest mutation rate among bacteria
Authors: Pan Jiao , Williams Emily , Sung Way , Lynch Michael , Long Hongan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMutation is a primary source of genetic variation that is used to power evolution. Many studies, however, have shown that most mutations are deleterious and, as a result, extremely low mutation rates might be beneficial for survival. Using a mutation accumulation experiment, an unbiased method for mutation study, we found an extremely low base-substitution mutation rate of 5.94 × 10–11per nucleotide site per cell division (95% Poisson confidence intervals: 4.65 × 10–11, 7.48 × 10–11) and indel mutation rate of 8.25 × 10–12per site per cell division (95% confidence intervals: 3.96 × 10–12, 1.52 × 10–11) in the bacteriumPhotorhabdus luminescensATCC29999. The mutations are strongly A/T-biased with a mutation bias of 10.28 in the A/T direction. It has been hypothesized that the ability for selection to lower mutation rates is inversely proportional to the effective population size (drift-barrier hypothesis) and we found that the effective population size of this bacterium is significantly greater than most other bacteria. This finding further decreases the lower-bounds of bacterial mutation rates and provides evidence that extreme levels of replication fidelity can evolve within organisms that maintain large effective population sizes.
THE LIMITS OF LIBERAL INCLUSIVITY: HOW DEFINING ISLAMOPHOBIA NORMALIZES ANTI-MUSLIM RACISM
Authors: Gould Rebecca Ruth 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResponding to recent calls made within the UK Parliament for a government-backed definition of Islamophobia, this article considers the unanticipated consequences of such proposals. I argue that, considered in the context of related efforts to regulate hate speech, the formulation and implementation of a government-sponsored definition will generate unforeseen harms for the Muslim community. To the extent that such a definition will fail to address the government's role in propagating Islamophobia through ill-considered legislation that conflates Islamist discourse with hate speech, the concept of a government-backed definition of Islamophobia appears hypocritical and untenable. Alongside opposing government attempts to define Islamophobia (and Islam), I argue that advocacy efforts should instead focus on disambiguating government counterterrorism initiatives from the government management of controversies within Islam. Instead of repeating the mistakes of the governmental adoption of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA)'s definition of antisemitism by promoting a new definition of Islamophobia, we ought to learn from the errors that were made. We should resist the gratuitous securitization of Muslim communities, rather than use such definitions to normalize compliance with the surveillance state.
The Influence of Interplanetary Magnetic Field Direction on Martian Crustal Magnetic Field Topology
Authors: Weber Tristan , Brain David , Xu Shaosui , Mitchell David , Espley Jared , Halekas Jasper , Mazelle Christian , Lillis Robert , DiBraccio Gina , Jakosky Bruce 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCrustal magnetic fields influence a range of plasma processes at Mars, guiding the flow of energy from the solar wind into the planet's atmosphere at some locations while shielding the atmosphere at others. In this study we investigate how the topology of crustal fields varies with changes in the direction of the incoming interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Using plasma measurements from Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), we identify magnetic topology throughout the Martian ionosphere and perform a statistical analysis of crustal magnetic field topology during different IMF configurations. We find that the topology of crustal field cusp regions is dependent on IMF direction and that cusps transition between open and closed topology regularly as they rotate through the nightside of Mars. Finally, we determine that cusps often become topologically closed due to reconnection with open magnetic fields in the Martian magnetotail, creating large closed loops that connect the dayside and nightside of Mars.
Seismic Evidence for Crustal Modification Beneath the Hartford Rift Basin in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Gao Haiying , Yang Xiaotao , Long Maureen D. , Aragon John C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExtensive Mesozoic rifting along the eastern North American margin formed a series of basins, including the Hartford basin in southern New England. Nearly contemporaneously, the geographically widespread Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) was emplaced. The Hartford basin provides an ideal place to investigate the roles of rifting and magmatism in crustal evolution, as the integration of the dense SEISConn array and other seismic networks provides excellent station coverage. Using full‐wave ambient noise tomography, we constructed a detailed crustal model, revealing a low‐velocity (Vs = 3.3–3.6 km/s) midcrust and a high‐velocity (Vs = 4.0–4.5 km/s) lower crust beneath the Hartford basin. The low‐velocity midcrust may correspond to a layer of radial anisotropy due to extension and crustal thinning during rifting. The high‐velocity crustal root likely represents the remnant of magmatic underplating resulting from the CAMP event. Our findings shed light on crustal modification associated with supercontinental breakup, rifting, extension, and magmatism.
Oscillations in Neutral Winds Observed by GOCE
Authors: Dhadly Manbharat S. , Emmert John T. , Jones McArthur , Doornbos Eelco , Zawdie Kate A. , Drob Douglas P. , Conde Mark G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study explores intra‐annual oscillations (IAOs) in upper thermospheric winds using GOCE cross‐track wind measurements between 70°S and 70°N. Due to the Sun‐synchronous dawn‐dusk orbit of GOCE, the cross‐contamination between seasonality and local time variations in winds is minimal, which makes it a unique space‐based data set to extract IAOs and study their latitudinal variation. Our analysis reveals that the annual (AO), semiannual (SAO), and terannual (TAO) oscillations are robust features in thermospheric winds. The AO is strongest at middle latitudes; SAO and TAO amplitudes increase with increasing latitude. The latitudinally averaged amplitudes of the AO, SAO, and TAO for dusk/dawn are 30.0/35.0, 8.5/11.3, and 6.0/6.6 m/s, respectively. The phase of AO reverses around the equator. SAO and TAO phases vary with latitude but do not reverse like the AO. For both the SAO and TAO, the average phase at dusk and dawn differs by ∼30 days.
Recent (1980 to 2015) Trends and Variability in Daily‐to‐Interannual Soluble Iron Deposition from Dust, Fire, and Anthropogenic Sources
Authors: Hamilton Douglas S. , Scanza Rachel A. , Rathod Sagar D. , Bond Tami C. , Kok Jasper F. , Li Longlei , Matsui Hitoshi , Mahowald Natalie M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe iron cycle is a key component of the Earth system. Yet how variable the atmospheric flux of soluble (bioaccessible) iron into oceans is, and how this variability is modulated by human activity and a changing climate, is not well known. For the first time, we characterize Satellite Era (1980 to 2015) daily‐to‐interannual modeled soluble iron emission and deposition variability from both pyrogenic (fires and anthropogenic combustion) and dust sources. Statistically significant emission trends exist: dust iron decreases, fire iron slightly increases, and anthropogenic iron increases. A strong temporal variability in deposition to ocean basins is found, and, for most regions, dust iron dominates the absolute deposition magnitude, fire iron is an important contributor to temporal variability, and anthropogenic iron imposes a significant increasing trend. Quantifying soluble iron daily‐to‐interannual deposition variability from all major iron sources, not only dust, will advance quantification of changes in marine biogeochemistry in response to the continuing human perturbation to the Earth System.
The Global‐Mean Precipitation Response to CO2‐Induced Warming in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Pendergrass A. G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe examine the response of globally averaged precipitation to global warming—the hydrologic sensitivity (HS)—in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) multi‐model ensemble. Multi‐model mean HS is 2.5% K−1 (ranging from 2.1–3.1% K−1 across models), a modest decrease compared to CMIP5 (where it was 2.6% K−1). This new set of simulations is used as an out‐of‐sample test for observational constraints on HS proposed based on CMIP5. The constraint based on clear‐sky shortwave absorption sensitivity to water vapor has weakened, and it is argued that a proposed constraint based on surface low cloud longwave radiative effects does not apply to HS. Finally, while a previously proposed mechanism connecting HS and climate sensitivity via low clouds is present in the CMIP6 ensemble, it is not an important factor for variations in HS. This explains why HS is uncorrelated with climate sensitivity across the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ensembles.
ULF Wave Activity Observed in the Nighttime Ionosphere Above and Some Hours Before Strong Earthquakes
Authors: Ouyang X. Y. , Parrot M. , Bortnik J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe examine the relationship between earthquakes and ultralow frequency (ULF) wave activity in the nighttime ionosphere based on the electric field data in the direct current/ULF range observed by the DEMETER satellite over a ~5.5 year period from May 2005 to November 2010. ULF wave activity is identified by an automatic detection algorithm and those which occur on the geomagnetic disturbed days (Kp > 3 at any time intervals) are discarded. Only the earthquakes with depth ≤70 km and occurring in the region of |MLat| < 40° are selected. A superposed epoch analysis is performed to study the statistical association between ULF wave activity and the selected earthquakes. The results show that (1) there are clearly temporal and spatial correlations between ULF wave activity and earthquakes whose catalog magnitudes are both ≥4.8 and ≥5.0, and (2) enhanced ULF wave occurrence rate happens ~1 day and 1 week before the earthquakes and at less than 200 km distance from the epicenters.
Statistical Study of the Midlatitude Mesospheric Vertical Winds Observed by the Wuhan and Beijing MST Radars in China
Authors: Zhang Weifan , Chen Gang , Zhang Shaodong , Gong Wanlin , Chen Feilong , He Zhiqiu , Huang Kaiming , Wang Zhihua , Li Yaxian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBased on the long‐term observations of the Wuhan and Beijing Mesosphere‐Stratosphere‐Troposphere (MST) radars, the statistic characteristics of the mesospheric vertical winds at midlatitudes are investigated for the first time. The vertical wind data come from the Wuhan MST radar (29.51°N, 114.13°E) during 2012–2017 and from the Beijing MST radar (39.75°N, 116.96°E) during 2012–2014. The subdaily, seasonal, and annual variations of the mesospheric vertical winds at Wuhan and Beijing are presented. No obvious subdaily and seasonal variations are found and the annual variations of the mean vertical winds are downward in most of time. The mean vertical winds at Wuhan become smaller in summer and turn to upward at some heights, while those of Beijing only become smaller in summer. The difference of summer vertical winds over Wuhan and Beijing is closely related to the gravity wave activity. The Wuhan MST radar is located to the east side of the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau and also in the East Asian monsoon region, thus the mesospheric winds over Wuhan may experience more influence of gravity waves compared with those over Beijing. The possible bias sources in the vertical wind measurement of the two MST radars are carefully analyzed and the presented wind velocities are proved to be credible. The measured velocity magnitude is similar to other Very High Frequency radar observations, but much larger than that of the WACCM simulation. The Stokes drift, multicellular circulation structures, the wave influence on the radar echoes are raised as the potential sources for this discrepancy.
Seasonal Variation of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation Descent
Authors: Coy L. , Newman P. A. , Strahan S. , Pawson S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study examines variations through the year in the rate of descent of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) wind in the tropical lower stratosphere. The work is based on the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2) multiyear global reanalysis. A 10‐member ensemble of free‐running atmospheric simulations using the Global Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric general circulation model is also examined. The QBO winds are decomposed into two orthogonal modes that describe amplitude and phase propagation. This reveals a semiannual signal in descent rate, with slow descent at times of large middle‐latitude planetary wave activity, suggesting that this wave activity influences equatorial vertical velocity. This result also explains the suppression of QBO wind transitions during active wave times. Results also show a variation in descent speed when plotted against QBO phase. These results provide a baseline of QBO behavior for future QBO modeling.
Cortical thickness abnormalities in long-term remitted Cushing’s disease
Authors: Bauduin S. E. E. C. , van der Pal Z. , Pereira A. M. , Meijer O. C. , Giltay E. J. , van der Wee N. J. A. , van der Werff S. J. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLong-term remitted Cushing’s disease (LTRCD) patients commonly continue to present persistent psychological and cognitive deficits, and alterations in brain function and structure. Although previous studies have conducted gray matter volume analyses, assessing cortical thickness and surface area of LTRCD patients may offer further insight into the neuroanatomical substrates of Cushing’s disease. Structural 3T magnetic resonance images were obtained from 25 LTRCD patients, and 25 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs). T1-weighted images were segmented using FreeSurfer software to extract mean cortical thickness and surface area values of 68 cortical gray matter regions and two whole hemispheres. Paired samplettests explored differences between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; region of interest), and the whole brain. Validated scales assessed psychiatric symptomatology, self-reported cognitive functioning, and disease severity. After correction for multiple comparisons, ROI analyses indicated that LTRCD-patients showed reduced cortical thickness of the left caudal ACC and the right rostral ACC compared to HCs. Whole-brain analyses indicated thinner cortices of the left caudal ACC, left cuneus, left posterior cingulate cortex, right rostral ACC, and bilateral precuneus compared to HCs. No cortical surface area differences were identified. Cortical thickness of the left caudal ACC and left cuneus were inversely associated with anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and disease duration, although certain associations did not persist after correction for multiple testing. In six of 68 regions examined, LTRCD patients had reduced cortical thickness in comparison to HCs. Cortical thickness of the left caudal ACC was inversely associated with disease duration. This suggests that prolonged and excessive exposure to glucocorticoids may be related to cortical thinning of brain structures involved in emotional and cognitive processing.
Shared and distinct roles of T peripheral helper and T follicular helper cells in human diseases
Authors: Yoshitomi Hiroyuki , Ueno Hideki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe interactions of CD4+T cells and B cells are fundamental for the generation of protective antibody responses, as well as for the development of harmful autoimmune diseases. Recent studies of human tissues and blood samples have established a new subset of CD4+B helper T cells named peripheral helper T (Tph) cells. Unlike T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which interact with B cells within lymphoid organs, Tph cells provide help to B cells within inflamed tissues. Tph cells share many B helper-associated functions with Tfh cells and induce B cell differentiation toward antibody-producing cells. The differentiation mechanism is also partly shared between Tph and Tfh cells in humans, and both Tfh and Tph cells can be found within the same tissues, including cancer tissues. However, Tph cells display features distinct from those of Tfh cells, such as the expression of chemokine receptors associated with Tph cell localization within inflamed tissues and a low Bcl-6/Blimp1 ratio. Unlike that of Tfh cells, current evidence shows that the target of Tph cells is limited to memory B cells. In this review, we first summarize recent findings on human Tph cells and discuss how Tph and Tfh cells play shared and distinct roles in human diseases.
Single-neuron representation of learned complex sounds in the auditory cortex
Authors: Wang Meng , Liao Xiang , Li Ruijie , Liang Shanshan , Ding Ran , Li Jingcheng , Zhang Jianxiong , He Wenjing , Liu Ke , Pan Junxia , Zhao Zhikai , Li Tong , Zhang Kuan , Li Xingyi , Lyu Jing , Zhou Zhenqiao , Varga Zsuzsanna , Mi Yuanyuan , Zhou Yi , Yan Junan , Zeng Shaoqun , Liu Jian K. , Konnerth Arthur , Nelken Israel , Jia Hongbo , Chen Xiaowei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe sensory responses of cortical neuronal populations following training have been extensively studied. However, the spike firing properties of individual cortical neurons following training remain unknown. Here, we have combined two-photon Ca2+ imaging and single-cell electrophysiology in awake behaving mice following auditory associative training. We find a sparse set (~5%) of layer 2/3 neurons in the primary auditory cortex, each of which reliably exhibits high-rate prolonged burst firing responses to the trained sound. Such bursts are largely absent in the auditory cortex of untrained mice. Strikingly, in mice trained with different multitone chords, we discover distinct subsets of neurons that exhibit bursting responses specifically to a chord but neither to any constituent tone nor to the other chord. Thus, our results demonstrate an integrated representation of learned complex sounds in a small subset of cortical neurons.