bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Review of Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects in Canada and Recommendations for Planning Successful Future EOR projects
Authors: Vishnumolakala Narendra , Zhang Jingjing , Ismail Norasyikin Bte 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A database is developed from multiple sources to comprehensively present and evaluate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects in Canada. The datasets comprising of in-situ reserves, corresponding production and EOR information of Canada and worldwide EOR projects are made publicly available on a custom-built interactive data analysis platform TIBCO Spotfire. EOR projects for light, medium and heavy oils in Canada are classified into 65 solvent flooding, 6 polymer flooding and 13 Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) flooding. Thermal methods, particularly SAGD & CSS are conducted for extra heavy oil and bitumen in oil sands. Another 31 of immiscible flooding projects are also identified. Factors contributing to success of these projects in respective fields are evaluated based on reservoir properties and EOR parameters such as miscibility, wettability, mobility ratio, capillary number, minimum miscibility pressure. With detailed technical analysis, EOR screening criterion for each method is updated and validated with world EOR data as well as Alberta oil pools data of 2019. Primary and secondary flooding projects that have potential for tertiary recovery are matched with historic EOR data to estimate future enhanced production. It has been observed that 257 pools currently employing water flooding have some similarities to fields that have seen success with EOR. Upgrading these primary or secondary projects to enhanced recovery has the potential of increasing daily production by as much as 14%.
Impact of Carbonates on Reaction Kinetics of a Bitumen Combustion
Authors: Pope Connor , Ismail Norasyikin Bte , Hascakir Berna 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Reaction kinetics experiments are conducted to estimate important combustion parameters for crude oils. However, at elevated temperatures not only crude oil, but also reservoir rock is reactive, and the interaction of reservoir rocks with fluids may change the fate of the In-Situ Combustion (ISC) process. This study investigates the role of carbonates on the reaction kinetics of a bitumen sample from Canada.
To reach this goal, Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA/DSC) experiments were conducted at a constant heating rate on a bitumen sample and the blends of bitumen with calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) minerals. The bitumen sample has been divided into its saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) fractions. TGA/DSC experiments were conducted on the individual fractions and their pseudo blends in the presence and absence of carbonates to understand the contribution of each fraction in ISC success and their mutual interactions. Model fitting approach was used to analyze TGA/DSC graphs analytically to obtain activation energy and heat of reaction for each pseudo fraction, their blends, and initial bitumen samples at low (LTO) and high (HTO) temperature oxidation regions.
It has been observed that among all SARA fractions, the aromatics fraction alone generated the greatest amount of energy. Saturates are known as the ignitor for the combustion and its ignition characteristics are enhanced with the presence of carbonates. Similarly, the energy generation at low temperature oxidation (LTO) region for saturates becomes more significant for the saturates-aromatics pseudo blend. While the aromatics heat generation increased more for the pseudo blend with asphaltenes in the presence of carbonates, the energy generation of aromatics is negatively affected for the pseudo blend prepared with resins and carbonates. Thus, it was concluded that for the specific bitumen sample worked in this study, resins are the critical fraction determining the ISC fate in a carbonate reservoir. Moreover, we found that thermal decomposition of carbonate minerals negatively affects asphaltenes cracking and combustion reactions since both asphaltenes cracking and thermal decomposition of carbonate rock start at around the same temperature.
Our findings indicate that reaction kinetics studies should be conducted in the presence of all reservoir components (rock and fluids). However, because it is difficult to understand the contribution of each component to overall ISC performance, we recommend conducting reaction kinetics experiments on pseudo blends of reservoir fluid components. This procedure has been introduced for the first time with this study and enhanced our understanding towards ISC kinetics but should be extended to different crude oil and reservoir rock pairs.
Completion Optimization of Child Wells in a Depleted Environment, a Duvernay Example
Authors: Garcia Ferrer Giselle , Faskhoodi Majid , Zhmodik Alexey , Li Qiuguo , Mukisa Herman 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With increased drilling activity associated with development of unconventional reservoirs, many operators are reporting both stimulation and production interference between wells. Interference between existing production wells (parent wells) and newly completed infill wells (child wells) is often associated with production impairment (Marongiu-Porcu et al. 2015; Ajisafe et al. 2017; Defeu et al. 2018 and Manchanda et al. 2018a). The objective of this work is to develop guidelines concerning infill wells completion scheme to minimize parent-child wells interference in a typical pad, with infill drilling in the Duvernay formation.
The area of interest selected within the Duvernay formation consists of three parent wells and two child wells. An integrated mechanical earth model (MEM) was constructed for the area using public databases. The created 3D-geological model included petrophysical and geomechanical properties along with a 2D discrete natural-fracture network representing the distribution of natural fractures in the reservoir. Hydraulic fractures in parent wells were modeled using original stress settings from the 3D-MEM. Then, a dynamic model was constructed for the three parent wells and production simulation was run for five years. Pressure distribution at the time when child wells came into production was extracted and 3D depleted stress distribution was computed using a finite element method that included the effect of pore pressure decrease and principal stress magnitude and orientation changes. Then, hydraulic fracture modeling was performed for the two child wells using the new depleted stress distribution, and finally a five-well dynamic model was created. Sensitivity analyses were performed on the hydraulic fracture parameters of the child wells with the objective of maximizing recovery by accessing more virgin reservoir area between the parent wells. Hydraulic fracture modeling followed by dynamic simulation was done in the pad for multiple cases. Fracture geometry, hydraulic/propped surface area, and fracture conductivity in child wells were extracted and analyzed against production performance of the wells.
This study shows a holistic approach in modeling the impact of completion modifications on the child wells performance in an infill drilling scenario. A 3D-geomechanical model coupled with reservoir simulation allowed simulating the propagation of hydraulic fractures in the presence of pressure depleted regions. Results confirmed that the main reason for under-performance of child wells in Duvernay is the stress change induced by the reservoir pressure depletion associated with the parent wells production hence, influencing the child wells hydraulic fractures propagation patterns.
Analysis of Alberta Natural Gas Well Productivity, and its Effects on Price: Could Implementing Allowables, Better Stabilize the Market?
Authors: Chodzicki John D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The natural gas industry in Western Canada, has seen tremendous changes in the last decade, resulting in significantly increased horizontal well initial production rates. It is of interest to review some of the history of "allowables" and "prorationing", originally placed on Texas oil production in the 1930's, and also used in Alberta, in the past. It is hypothesized that allowable rate restrictions on high productivity gas wells, could restrict gas output enough, to provide a more stable market.
This paper examines output from a large "Control Area" in western Alberta. A review of the new wells drilled during the last 5 years, that produce a total of 6.2 Bcf/D, shows a wide distribution of productivity from high rate horizontal wells, contrasted with lower rate gas wells, and significant solution gas production from horizontal oil wells. Production from 10,170 oil and gas wells is reviewed, to see how applying different maximum allowable rates to individual wells, could change the area's total production rate.
Individual well decline rates might be high, but the aggregate production is significant, and 6.2 Bcf/D, of Alberta's total current raw gas production of 13.1 Bcf/D, comes from wells finished drilling, after 2013. The intent with many of the newer wells drilled in Alberta, has been to target liquids rich shale plays, to produce condensate or oil. Unfortunately, while liquid production might start out at decent rates, wells quickly produce a higher percentage of gas, over time. The end result is still more natural gas production, further squeezing into a maxed-out transportation system, causing additional localized downward price stress. Allowables are a regulatory tool that can be used to more fairly give market access for all producers, to the gas transportation system, and provide more of a price floor, by reducing excess production. The anticipation is that a slightly reduced total gas rate, could bring about a higher average price, as the local market is brought into a better supply/demand balance.
LNG plants, currently under construction on the west coast of British Columbia, will eventually provide some access to world LNG markets. Currently, the gas from British Columbia flows into Alberta, where it places additional strain on the gas transportation system, already full with gas from recently drilled, high rate horizontal wells. This has resulted in Alberta average market natural gas prices reaching decade lows, to the point where prices can barely cover operating costs, let alone pay capital costs, resulting in the shut-in of many uneconomic wells. Restricting production from higher rate gas wells, may cause other potential "unintended consequences", but needs to be considered as a way to help restore higher prices, in addition to working on other solutions, that industry has proposed.
Learning from Behavioral Frac Maps: A Montney Case Study in Integration of Modern Microseismic and Production Data Analyses
Authors: Moradi Peyman , Angus Doug , Jeziorski Katie , Greig Amanda , de Groot Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Aimed at sharing the unconventional wisdom gained from a hydraulic fracturing monitoring case study in the Montney tight gas play, the work showcases the ability of 4D modeling of collective behaviors of microseismic events to chase the frac fluid and navigate the spatiotemporal fracture evolution. Moreover, microseismicity-derived deformation fields are integrated with volumetric estimates made by rate transient analysis to calibrate spatially-constrained SRV models. Through the case study, we give evidence of fracture containment, evaluate the role of natural fractures and the use of diverting agents, estimate cluster efficiencies, conduct analytical well spacing optimization, model productivity decline induced by communication frac-hits from offsets, and provide contributing fracture dimensions and numerical production forecasts. To support the interpretations, we supplement the work by the results of 3D physics-based analytical modeling and multi-phase numerical simulations, and the findings are then validated using two extensive datasets: production profiles acquired by fiber optic DAS, and reservoir fluid fingerprints extracted from mud logs. Besides describing the evolution of seismicity during the treatment, the applied integrated fracture mapping process gives a more reliable and unique SRV structure that streamlines forward modeling and simulations in unconventional reservoirs as well as contributes to solving inverse problems more mechanistically.
Reducing Barriers to Post-9/11 Veterans’ Use of Programs and Servicesas They Transition to Civilian Life
Authors: Morgan Nicole R. , Aronson Keith R. , Perkins Daniel F. , Bleser Julia A. , Davenport Katie , Vogt Dawne , Copeland Laurel A. , Finley Erin P. , Gilman Cynthia L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background - Numerous programs exist to support veterans in their transitions to civilian life. Programs are offered by a host of governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. Veterans report encountering many barriers to program participation. This study identified barrier reduction strategies offered by programs that new post-9/11 veterans reported using, determined which strategies veterans use and value, and examined veteran characteristics that impact their odds of using programs that offer barrier reduction strategies. Method - This study reflects findings from the first wave of data collection of The Veterans Metrics Initiative (TVMI) , a longitudinal study examining the military-to-civilian reintegration of new post-9/11 veterans. The websites of programs used by respondents were coded for barrier reduction components. Veterans also indicated which barrier reduction components they found most helpful in meeting their reintegration goals. Results - Of 9,566 veterans who participated in Wave 1 data collection, 84% reported using a program that offered at least one barrier reduction component. Barrier reduction components included tangible supports (e.g., scholarships, cash), increased access to programs, decreased stigma, and encouraged motivation to change. Although only 4% of programs that were used by veterans focused on helping them obtain Veterans Administration benefits, nearly 60% of veterans reported that this component was helpful in reaching their goals. Access assistance to other resources and supports was also reported as a helpful barrier reduction component. For instance, approximately 20% of veterans nominated programs that offered transportation. The study also found evidence of a misalignment between the kinds of barrier reduction components veterans valued and those which programs offered. Veterans from the most junior enlisted ranks, who are at most risk, were less likely than those from other ranks to use barrier reduction components. Study limitations and ideas for future research are discussed.Conclusions – Despite the evidence that barrier reduction components enhance access to programs and contribute to program sustainability, many programs used by post-9/11 veterans do not offer them. There was also a misalignment between the barrier reduction strategies that veterans value and the strategies offered by programs. Veteran serving organizations should increasingly implement barrier reduction strategies valued by veterans.
Reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines in Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Dijck Anke Van , Barbosa Susana , Bermudez-Martin Patricia , Khalfallah Olfa , Gilet Cyprien , Martinuzzi Emanuela , Elinck Ellen , Kooy R Frank , Glaichenhaus Nicolas , Davidovic Laetitia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability and the most commonly identified monogenic cause of autism. Recent studies have shown that long-term pathological consequences of FXS are not solely confined to the central nervous system (CNS) but rather extend to other physiological dysfunctions in peripheral organs. To gain insights into possible immune dysfunctions in FXS, we profiled a large panel of immune-related biomarkers in the serum of FXS patients and healthy controls.
Methods: We have used a sensitive and robust Electro Chemi Luminescence (ECL)-based immunoassay to measure the levels of 52 cytokines in the serum of n=25 FXS patients and n=29 healthy controls. We then used univariate statistics and multivariate analysis, as well as an advanced unsupervised clustering method, to identify combinations of immune-related biomarkers that could discriminate FXS patients from healthy individuals.
Results: While the majority of the tested cytokines were present at similar levels in FXS patients and healthy individuals, nine chemokines, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CCL13, CCL17, CCL22, CCL26 and CXCL10, were present at much lower levels in FXS patients. Using robust regression, we show that six of these biomarkers (CCL2, CCL3, CCL11, CCL22, CCL26 and CXCL10) were negatively associated with FXS diagnosis. Finally, applying the K-sparse unsupervised clustering method to the biomarker dataset allowed for the identification of two subsets of individuals, which essentially matched the FXS and healthy control categories.
Conclusions: Our data show that FXS patients exhibit reduced serum levels of several chemokines. This paves the way for further study of immune phenotypes in FXS patients.
Geographic Availability to Optometry Services Across Canada: Mapping Distribution, Need and Self-Reported Use
Authors: Shah Tayyab , Milosavljevic Stephan , Bath Brenna 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: This research investigates the distribution of optometrists in Canada relative to population health needs and self-reported use of vision care services. Methods: Optometrist locations were gathered from provincial regulatory bodies. A geocoding approach converted descriptive data into geographic coordinates. Utilizationof vision care services was extracted from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2013-2014 question regarding self-reported contacts with optometrists or ophthalmologistsproviders. Data from the 2016 Statistics Canada census were used to create three population ‘need’ subgroups (65 years and over; low-income; and people aged 15 and over with less than a high school diploma). Optometrist-to-population ratios, expressed as number of providers per 10,000 people at the health region level, were then calculated.Three classes: low (< -1.5 standard deviation (SD); -1.5 to -0.50 SD), moderate (-0.5 to 0.5 SD), and high (0.50 to 1.5 SD, > 1.5 SD) were used as a cut-off for demonstrating distributionof optometrists across health regions). Cross-classification mapping compared optometrist distribution to self-reported use of vision care services in relation to need. Results: A total of 5,959 optometrists working across ten Canadian provinces were included in this analysis. The nationwide distribution of optometrists is variable across Canada and they are predominantly concentrated in urban areas. The mean ratio of optometrists across Canada was 1.70 optometrists per 10,000 people (range = 0.13 to 2.92). Out of 109 health regions (HRs), 26 were classified as low ratios, 51 HRs were classified as moderate ratios, and 32 HRs were high ratios. Thirty-five HRs were classified as low utilization, 39 HRs were classified as moderate, and 32 HRs as high utilization. HRs with a low optometrist ratio relative to eye care utilization and a high proportion of key sociodemographic characteristics (e.g. older age, low income) are located throughout Canada and identified with maps indicating areas of likely greater need for optometry services. Conclusion: This research provides a nationwide overview of vision care provided by optometrists identifying gaps in geographic availabilityrelative to “supply” and “need” factors. This examination of variation in accessibility to optometric services will be useful to inform workforce planning and policies.
Organ/space infection is a common cause of high output stoma and outlet obstruction in diverting ileostomy
Authors: Hara Yutaro , Miura Takuya , Sakamoto Yoshiyuki , Morohashi Hajime , Nagase Hayato , Hakamada Kenichi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Aim: The objectives of this study are to identify causes of high-output stoma (HOS) and outlet obstruction (OO), which are major complications of diverting ileostomy. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 103 patients who underwent colorectal surgery and diverting ileostomy between December 2015 and November 2018. Results: HOS was found in 32 patients (31.1%) and OO in 19 (18.4%). Organ/space surgical site infection (SSI), anastomotic leakage and OO were significant HOS-related factors in univariate analysis, and OO (odds ratio [OR] 3.39, p=0.034) was a independent HOS-related factor in multivariate analysis. Organ/space SSI and male were significant OO-related factors in univariate analysis, and organ/space SSI (OR 3.77, p=0.018) was a independent OO-related factor in multivariate analysis. The white blood cell (WBC) count on postoperative day (POD) 3 was significantly higher in the HOS group compared to the non-HOS group (9765 vs. 8130 /mL, p<0.05), and the WBC count (9400 vs. 7475 /mL, p<0.05) and C-reactive protein level (6.01 vs. 2.92 mg/L, p<0.05) on POD 6 were significantly higher in the OO group compared to the non-OO group.Conclusion: Organ/space infection is involved in the common pathology of HOS and OO. Decreased intestinal absorption due to intestinal edema caused by organ/space SSI and relative stenosis at the abdominal wall-penetrating site are major causes of HOS and OO.
Isolation, characterization and application of theophylline-degrading Aspergillus fungi
Authors: ZHOU Bin-Xing , Ma Cunqiang , Xia Tao , Li Xiaohong , Zheng Chengqin , Wu Tingting , Liu Xiaohui 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Caffeine, theobromine and theophylline are main purine alkaloid in tea. Theophylline is the downstream metabolite and it remains at a very low level in Camellia sinensis. In our previous study, Aspergillus sydowii could convert caffeine into theophylline in solid-state fermentation of pu-erh tea through N-demethylation. In this study, tea-derived fungi caused theophylline degradation in the solid-state fermentation. The purpose of this study is identify and isolate theophylline-degrading fungi and investigate their application in production of methylxanthines with theophylline as feedstock through microbial conversion. Results:Sseven tea-derived fungi were collected and identified by ITS, β-tubulin and calmodulin gene sequences, Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus sydowii associated with solid-state fermentation of pu-erh tea have shown ability to degrade theophylline in liquid culture. Particularly, A. ustus and A. tamarii could degrade theophylline highly significantly (p < 0.01). 1,3-Dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 3-methyluric acid, xanthine and uric acid were detected consecutively by HPLC in A. ustus and A. tamarii, respectively. The data from absolute quantification analysis suggested that 3-methylxanthine and xanthine were the main degraded metabolites in A. ustus and A. tamarii, respectively. 129.48 ± 5.81 mg/L of 3-methylxanthine and 159.11 ± 10.8 mg/L of xanthine were produced by A. ustus and A. tamarii in 300 mg/L of theophylline liquid medium, respectively. Conclusions: For the first time, we confirmed that isolated Aspergillus ustus, Aspergillus tamarii degrade theophylline through N-demethylation and oxidation. We were able to biologically produce 3-methylxanthine and xanthine efficiently from theophylline through a new microbial synthesis platform with A. ustus and A. tamarii as appropriate starter strains.