bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the Violent Typhoon Events Seriously Affecting Hainan Island and Its Relationship with PDO
Authors: Zhu Jingjing , Zhao Xiaoping , Wu Shengan , Xing Caiying , Yang Jing 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
With the typhoon cyclone data, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets and PDO index data from 1949 to 2018, the characteristics of violent typhoon events seriously affecting Hainan Island (VTESAHs for short) in the past 70 years are analyzed. On this basis, the characteristics of VTESAHs in the different phases of PDO and their relationship with SST are analyzed. The results show that there is obvious inter-annual variation in the frequency of VTESAHs. The VTESAHs have good continuity in both calm and active periods, and have obvious clustering. VTESAHs are more likely to occur in the cold phase years of PDO, almost generated in the western Pacific. The source of VTESAHs in the cold phase years of PDO are mainly concentrated in the sea area of 5 °N -15°N and 125 °E -150°E, while the source of VTESAHs in the warm phase years of PDO are mainly around 10°N. When the PDO phase is cold (warm), there is a significant negative (positive) correlation between the frequency of VTESAHs and the sea surface temperature in the western Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines at low latitudes.
Analysis and Experiment of Flow Field in Sugarcane Leaf Cutting and Returning Machine
Authors: Dai Haiyan , Wang Yuxing , Wen Fujun , Tang Yanqin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In order to improve the sugarcane leaves cutting effect of electric sugarcane leaves returning machine, the sugarcane cutting process is modeled and simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. It shown that in the double-support cutting mode, the cutter roller ensures the multi-layer sugarcane leaves were cut at the rotate speed of 800r/min. During the cutting process of sugarcane leaves, the stress is mainly concentrated at the incision, and the sugarcane leaves on the side of the blade are subjected to greater stress. The smaller the distance between the rotary blade and the fixed blade of the same combination, the easier the sugar cane leaves are cut off. In the cutting test of sugarcane leaves, the cutting rate was 91.47%, which echoed the simulation results, indicating that modeling and simulation have reference value.
The Study of Thermal Environment during the Movement of Air-conditioned Train
Authors: Li Hongmin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
During the movement of air-conditioned train, outdoor temperature is constantly changing with the shift of time and space, and the thermal environment of compartment is affected by periodic temperature variation. In this paper, we simulated outdoors thermal environment in the period of the movement of air-conditioned train, and obtained outdoor temperature wave, sol-air temperature waves and temperature waves of interior wall for all orientations of compartment. As the effect of periodic temperature variation, it leads to the variety of quantity of heat transmitted from enclosure to compartment. By calculated the attenuation and delay for temperature wave, the fluctuation of quantity of heat transmitted from enclosure is obtained. It will establish theoretical basis for the study of thermal comfort about compartment and real time regulation about air-conditioned unit.
Drilling Fluid Leakage Model Based on the Dual-Medium Theory
Authors: Liu Jinjiang , Wu Wenlin , Qian Peng , Wang Shuo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In view of the lost circulation in carbonate formation, based on the dual-medium model, a two-dimensional transient model for fracture-porous formation is established. All the factors that influence the leakoff rate in the fracture-porous formation are analyzed. The result shows that the leakoff rate increases as the normal stiffness of the crack decreases; the leakoff rate increases as the initial fracture aperture increases; The larger the pressure difference is, the larger the drilling fluid leakage is; The larger the porosity is, the more drilling fluid flows from fracture to matrix, the slower the leakoff descent is; The larger the permeability of matrix is, the larger of leakoff rate is at the initial stage of leakage.
The Influence of Particle Sizes and Inlet-Outlet Configuration on The Hydraulic Characteristics of Horizontal Subsurface Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Zhong Hua , Li Peng , Guo Xuan , Zhang Chengjun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of inlet and outlet location and matrix particle size on the hydraulic efficiency of horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands. A quasi-two-dimensional model was set up to evaluate its hydraulic efficiency by salt tracer test, and the change of flow state in the system was observed by dye tracer test. Three inlet and outlet settings: top inlet-bottom outlet, middle inlet-middle outlet and bottom inlet-top outlet; three particle size distributions are 3 mm, 5 mm and 3/5 mm (one half part 3 mm, the other 5 mm). According to the tracer test, the position of inlet and outlet and the size distribution of matrix have an effect on the hydraulic characteristics of constructed wetlands. Larger substrate size with bottom inlet–top outlet configuration could improve hydraulic behaviour, improve water treatment efficiency.
Study on the Theory of High Pressure Water Jet Coal Breaking and Its Main Controlling Factors
Authors: Zhang Yongjiang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In order to solve the problems of gas extraction and pressure relief and permeability enhancement under low permeability and high surrounding rock stress conditions in deep coal seams, the ultra-high pressure hydraulic cutting technology is proposed. The mechanical mechanism of coal breaking by high pressure water jet is analyzed. The process of coal breaking by jet is divided into stress wave effect and secondary crack propagation effect. The effects of physical and mechanical properties of coal and rock and jet parameters on jet cutting depth are analyzed theoretically. The results show that the shear strength, tensile strength, fracture and pore development degree of coal and rock correspond to different types of coal and rock failure. With the increase of jet pressure and flow rate (nozzle diameter), the jet cutting depth increases gradually. The influence of jet rotating speed on cutting depth is analyzed. It is concluded that reducing rotating speed should be adopted to improve cutting depth in field practice. The research results can effectively improve the stress state of coal body, play the role of pressure relief and permeability enhancement, and improve coal seam permeability and gas release capacity, which can well meet the control needs of coal mine gas complex dynamic disasters.
Selective bias deposition of CuO thin film on unpolished Si wafer
Authors: Su Jiangbin , Wang Zhiwei , Ma Ji , Bin Tang  , Lang Xianzhong , Jiang Meiping , He Zuming 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In order to enhance the performances of CuO-based surface-sensitive materials and devices, one feasible scheme is depositing CuO thin films on textured Si wafers to enlarge the specific surface area. In this work, the bias deposition of CuO thin film on unpolished Si wafer was carried out in a RF balanced magnetron sputtering system. The as-achieved CuO thin film was further characterized with scanning electron microscope, powder x-ray diffractometer and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. It was found that the CuO thin film shows a pyramid-textured film morphology consisting of composite structures: a loose and porous thinner film at the bottom of bevel, a dense and compact thicker film at the top of bevel and on the underside, and many nanosheets standing on the film surface. The tip charging effect and bevel influence were discussed to reveal the selective deposition mechanism of CuO thin film on the unpolished Si wafer. It was also demonstrated that the unpolished rough Si wafer surface seems more suitable for the crystallization of CuO along (002) orientation rather than (111) orientation. Meanwhile, the CuO thin film on unpolished Si wafer exhibits the strongest absorption at the wavelength of ∼554 nm and a band gap of 1.94 eV, both of which show redshift relative to those of CuO thin film on polished Si wafer.
Molecular dynamics simulation of lateral ultrasonic excitation in atomic-scale friction
Authors: Wang Zining , Duan Zaoqi , Dong Yun , Zhang Yan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The normal and lateral (in the sliding direction) vibration can achieve ‘dynamic superlubricity’ at the atomic scale which has been studied and proved by other researchers. In this study, we have found that the lateral excitation (perpendicular to the sliding direction) which has rarely been studied before can also reduce the average friction force greatly. By utilizing the tip path on the interaction potential energy surface and plotting the interaction potential energy as a function of support position, we elucidated the reason of dynamic superlubricity caused by lateral excitation. The details of the lateral excitation at the atomic scale friction have been demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations and numerical computation based on the Prandtl-Tomlinson model. This study can increase the understanding of the ultrasonic vibration excitation at atomic scale friction.
Analysis of Historical Worker Exposures to Respirable Dust from Talc Mining and Milling Operations in Vermont
Authors: Rossner Alan , Williams Pamela R D , Mellas-Hulett Elayna , Rahman Mohammad Arifur 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Talc is mined and milled throughout the world for use in a variety of industrial and consumer products. Although prior studies have evaluated workplace exposures or health effects from talc operations, the primary emphasis of these investigations has been on certain mineral contaminants (e.g. crystalline silica and asbestos) rather than talc itself. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate historical worker exposures to respirable dust (as a measure of talc exposures) in the Vermont talc mines and mills, which involved a relatively pure form of talc (i.e. no asbestos and &lt;0.25% or &lt;1% crystalline silica).

Methods
Respirable dust sampling data collected for workers in the Vermont mines and mills, which have not been previously published, were obtained from both mining company records and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) inspections. Because of differences in sampling design, the company and MSHA data were analyzed and reported separately. Overall, nearly 700 respirable dust samples collected for 44 job categories at 7 site locations over an approximate 30-year period were analyzed.

Results
Average respirable dust concentrations were found to exceed occupational exposure limits (OELs) in the United States and other countries for several job categories and site locations. Regardless of data source, the highest observed exposures were for mining jobs involving the operation of heavy equipment to break up, move, or load raw ore from the mines and milling or shipping jobs involving the crushing of raw ore, cleaning and drying of processed talc, and bagging and packaging of the final talc product. When analyzing the company data, the arithmetic mean respirable dust concentration was 2.73 mg m−3 for Muckerman at Hammondsville Mine, 3.18 mg m−3 for dosco operator at Ludlow mines, 1.35 mg m−3 for crusher operator at Gassetts Mill, 2.4 mg m−3 for palletizer at West Windsor Mill, and 2.68 mg m−3 for bagging operator at Columbia Shipping Center. When analyzing the MSHA data, the arithmetic mean respirable dust concentration was 3.5 mg m−3 for kiln/dryer operator at Hammondsville Mine, 1.27 mg m−3 for driller at Ludlow mines, 3.69 mg m−3 for ball mill operator at Columbia mill, 3.02 mg m−3 for flotation operator at West Windsor Mill, and 3.24 mg m−3 for bagging operator at Columbia Shipping Center. Worker exposures were found to decline over time for many, but not all, jobs.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight potential high-risk jobs that might benefit from additional exposure control strategies at current or future talc manufacturing sites. The respirable dust measurements summarized here may also be used to reconstruct historical worker exposures at the Vermont sites or aid in subsequent epidemiology studies of this cohort focused on malignant or non-malignant respiratory disease.
For things to stay the same, things must change: polyploidy and pollen tube growth rates
Authors: Williams Joseph H , Oliveira Paulo E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Pollen tube growth rate (PTGR) is an important single-cell performance trait that may evolve rapidly under haploid selection. Angiosperms have experienced repeated cycles of polyploidy (whole genome duplication), and polyploidy has cell-level phenotypic consequences arising from increased bulk DNA amount and numbers of genes and their interactions. We sought to understand potential effects of polyploidy on several underlying determinants of PTGR – pollen tube dimensions and construction rates – by comparing diploid–polyploid near-relatives in Betula (Betulaceae) and Handroanthus (Bignoniaceae).

Methods
We performed intraspecific, outcrossed hand-pollinations on pairs of flowers. In one flower, PTGR was calculated from the longest pollen tube per time of tube elongation. In the other, styles were embedded in glycol methacrylate, serial-sectioned in transverse orientation, stained and viewed at 1000× to measure tube wall thicknesses (W) and circumferences (C). Volumetric growth rate (VGR) and wall production rate (WPR) were then calculated for each tube by multiplying cross-sectional tube area (πr2) or wall area (W × C), by the mean PTGR of each maternal replicate respectively.

Key Results
In Betula and Handroanthus, the hexaploid species had significantly wider pollen tubes (13 and 25 %, respectively) and significantly higher WPRs (22 and 18 %, respectively) than their diploid congeners. PTGRs were not significantly different in both pairs, even though wider polyploid tubes were predicted to decrease PTGRs by 16 and 20 %, respectively.

Conclusions
The larger tube sizes of polyploids imposed a substantial materials cost on PTGR, but polyploids also exhibited higher VGRs and WPRs, probably reflecting the evolution of increased metabolic activity. Recurrent cycles of polyploidy followed by genome reorganization may have been important for the evolution of fast PTGRs in angiosperms, involving a complex interplay between correlated changes in ploidy level, genome size, cell size and pollen tube energetics.
Spreading Pattern and Tissue Response to Hyaluronic Acid Gel Injections in the Subcutis: Ultrasound Videos, Ultrasound Measurements, and Histology
Authors: Vandeputte Joan , Leemans Gaëlle , Dhaene Karl , Forsyth Ramses , Vanslembrouck Jurgen , Hatem Frank , Micheels Patrick 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Despite the popularity of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler treatments, few publications focus on their effects on adipose tissue.

Objectives
The authors assessed the deposition pattern in the subcutis of injected HA, the tissue response at short and intermediate term, and the effects of remodeling the filler by strong finger pressure immediately after the treatment.

Methods
Two brands, specifically developed by the industry for deep injection, were compared. The gels were injected subcutaneously in 5 candidates for abdominoplasty or breast reduction, in the area of excision, 6 to 98 days before surgery. Ultrasound measurements and films were compared with postoperative histological findings. Tissue response was scored semi-quantitatively.

Results
Real-time ultrasound showed a slightly different deposition pattern of the 2 brands. Histologically, both were present in large pools of the same magnitude and looked the same. Linear retrograde injection sometimes resulted in a globular deposit due to elastic recoil of septae. After remodeling and over time, HA deposits became difficult to detect by ultrasound. Firm remodeling of the tissue immediately after injection or time had no significant effect on filler spread or tissue response. Except for 1 zone of granuloma formation, tolerance for both fillers was good.

Conclusions
HA deposition in adipose tissue occurs in much larger pools than in the dermis. Ultrasound examination is useful during and immediately after the injection but less reliable after filler remodeling or over time. Filler deposition can be less precise, and reshaping by finger pressure can have less effect than expected.

Level of Evidence: 4
Does Collective Efficacy Matter at the Micro Geographic Level?: Findings from a Study Of Street Segments
Authors: Weisburd David , White Clair , Wooditch Alese 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Many scholars argue that collective efficacy is not relevant to understanding crime at the microgeographic level. We examine variation in collective efficacy across streets with different levels of crime in Baltimore City, MD, and, then, employ multilevel modelling to assess this relationship. We find that people who live in crime hot spots have much lower levels of collective efficacy than people who live in non-hot spot streets and that this relationship persists when controlling for a large number of potential confounders both at the street and community levels. These findings suggest the importance of collective efficacy both in understanding and controlling crime at microgeographic units.
Dynamics of recovery from anaesthesia-induced unconsciousness across primate neocortex
Authors: Patel Shaun R , Ballesteros Jesus J , Ahmed Omar J , Huang Pamela , Briscoe Jessica , Eskandar Emad N , Ishizawa Yumiko 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
How the brain recovers from general anaesthesia is poorly understood. Neurocognitive problems during anaesthesia recovery are associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients. We studied intracortical neuronal dynamics during transitions from propofol-induced unconsciousness into consciousness by directly recording local field potentials and single neuron activity in a functionally and anatomically interconnecting somatosensory (S1, S2) and ventral premotor (PMv) network in primates. Macaque monkeys were trained for a behavioural task designed to determine trial-by-trial alertness and neuronal response to tactile and auditory stimulation. We found that neuronal dynamics were dissociated between S1 and higher-order PMv prior to return of consciousness. The return of consciousness was distinguishable by a distinctive return of interregionally coherent beta oscillations and disruption of the slow-delta oscillations. Clustering analysis demonstrated that these state transitions between wakefulness and unconsciousness were rapid and unstable. In contrast, return of pre-anaesthetic task performance was observed with a gradual increase in the coherent beta oscillations. We also found that recovery end points significantly varied intra-individually across sessions, as compared to a rather consistent loss of consciousness time. Recovery of single neuron multisensory responses appeared to be associated with the time of full performance recovery rather than the length of recovery time. Similar to loss of consciousness, return of consciousness was identified with an abrupt shift of dynamics and the regions were dissociated temporarily during the transition. However, the actual dynamics change during return of consciousness is not simply an inverse of loss of consciousness, suggesting a unique process.
Outcomes Associated With Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Among Persons Hospitalized for Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Barocas Joshua A , Morgan Jake R , Wang Jianing , McLoone Dylan , Wurcel Alysse , Stein Michael D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Endocarditis, once predominately found in older adults, is increasingly common among younger persons who inject drugs. Untreated opioid use disorder (OUD) complicates endocarditis management. We aimed to determine if rates of overdose and rehospitalization differ between persons with OUD with endocarditis who are initiated on medications for OUD (MOUDs) within 30 days of hospital discharge and those who are not.

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study using a large commercial health insurance claims database of persons ≥18 years between July 1, 2010, and June 30, 2016. Primary outcomes included opioid-related overdoses and 1-year all-cause rehospitalization. We calculated incidence rates for the primary outcomes and developed Cox hazards models to predict time from discharge to each primary outcome as a function of receipt of MOUDs.

Results
The cohort included 768 individuals (mean age 39 years, 51% male). Only 5.7% of people received MOUDs in the 30 days following hospitalization. The opioid-related overdose rate among those who did receive MOUDs in the 30 days following hospitalization was lower than among those who did not (5.8 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval [CI], 5.1–6.4] vs 7.3 per 100-person years [95% CI, 7.1–7.5], respectively). The rate of 1-year rehospitalization among those who received MOUDs was also lower than those who did not (162.0 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 157.4–166.6] vs 255.4 per 100 person-years [95% CI, 254.0–256.8], respectively). In the Cox hazards models, the receipt of MOUDs was not associated with either of the outcomes.

Conclusions
MOUD receipt following endocarditis may improve important health-related outcomes in commercially insured persons with OUD.
Impaired Cytokine Responses to Live Staphylococcus epidermidis in Preterm Infants Precede Gram-positive, Late-onset Sepsis
Authors: Strunk Tobias , Hibbert Julie , Doherty Dorota , Nathan Elizabeth , Simmer Karen , Richmond Peter , Currie Andrew , Burgner David 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Late-onset sepsis (LOS) with Staphylococcus epidermidis is common in preterm infants, but the immunological mechanisms underlying heightened susceptibility are poorly understood. Our aim is to characterize the ontogeny of cytokine responses to live S. epidermidis in preterm infants with and without subsequent Gram-positive LOS.

Methods
We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of preterm infants (&lt;30 weeks gestational age [GA]) with blood sampling on Days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 of life. Cytokine responses in peripheral whole blood stimulated with live S. epidermidis were analyzed by 11-plex immunoassay.

Results
Of 129 infants (mean GA, 26.2 weeks; mean birth weight, 887g), 23 (17.8%) had confirmed LOS with Gram-positive organisms and 15 (11.6%) had clinical sepsis, with median onsets at 13 and 15 days, respectively. Blood cytokine responses to an in vitro S. epidermidis challenge were similar between infected and uninfected infants on Day 1, but diverged thereafter. Infants with subsequent LOS displayed broadly reduced S. epidermidis–induced responses from Day 7 onwards, compared to those who did not develop LOS. This pattern was observed with chemokines (interleukin [IL]-8, monocyte chemotactic protein–1, and macrophage inflammatory protein–1α), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor–α) and the regulatory cytokine IL-10.

Conclusions
Cytokine responses to a live S. epidermidis challenge are impaired in infants with LOS and precede the onset of clinical illness. Quantifying pathogen-specific cytokine responses at Day 7 may identify those high-risk preterm infants at the greatest risk of LOS, and prospective replication is warranted.