bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of beta bursts in subthalamic sensorimotor circuits predicts improvement in bradykinesia
Authors: Kehnemouyi Yasmine M , Wilkins Kevin B , Anidi Chioma M , Anderson Ross W , Afzal Muhammad Furqan , Bronte-Stewart Helen M 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNo biomarker of Parkinson’s disease exists that allows clinicians to adjust chronic therapy, either medication or deep brain stimulation, with real-time feedback. Consequently, clinicians rely on time-intensive, empirical, and subjective clinical assessments of motor behaviour and adverse events to adjust therapies. Accumulating evidence suggests that hypokinetic aspects of Parkinson’s disease and their improvement with therapy are related to pathological neural activity in the beta band (beta oscillopathy) in the subthalamic nucleus. Additionally, effectiveness of deep brain stimulation may depend on modulation of the dorsolateral sensorimotor region of the subthalamic nucleus, which is the primary site of this beta oscillopathy. Despite the feasibility of utilizing this information to provide integrated, biomarker-driven precise deep brain stimulation, these measures have not been brought together in awake freely moving individuals. We sought to directly test whether stimulation-related improvements in bradykinesia were contingent on reduction of beta power and burst durations, and/or the volume of the sensorimotor subthalamic nucleus that was modulated. We recorded synchronized local field potentials and kinematic data in 16 subthalamic nuclei of individuals with Parkinson’s disease chronically implanted with neurostimulators during a repetitive wrist-flexion extension task, while administering randomized different intensities of high frequency stimulation. Increased intensities of deep brain stimulation improved movement velocity and were associated with an intensity-dependent reduction in beta power and mean burst duration, measured during movement. The degree of reduction in this beta oscillopathy was associated with the improvement in movement velocity. Moreover, the reduction in beta power and beta burst durations was dependent on the theoretical degree of tissue modulated in the sensorimotor region of the subthalamic nucleus. Finally, the degree of attenuation of both beta power and beta burst durations, together with the degree of overlap of stimulation with the sensorimotor subthalamic nucleus significantly explained the stimulation-related improvement in movement velocity. The above results provide direct evidence that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation-related improvements in bradykinesia are related to the reduction in beta oscillopathy within the sensorimotor region. With the advent of sensing neurostimulators, this beta oscillopathy combined with lead location could be used as a marker for real-time feedback to adjust clinical settings or to drive closed-loop deep brain stimulation in freely moving individuals with Parkinson’s disease.
Sex Differences in Anatomical Rich-Club and Structural–Functional Coupling in the Human Brain Network
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Wang Gongshu , Yan Ting , Xiang Jie , Yu Xuexue , Li Hong , Wang Bin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Structural and functional differences between the brains of female and male adults have been well documented. However, potential sex differences in the patterns of rich-club organization and the coupling between their structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) remain to be determined. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging techniques were combined to examine sex differences in rich-club organization. Females had a stronger SC-FC coupling than males. Moreover, stronger SC-FC coupling in the females was primarily located in feeder connections and non–rich-club nodes of the left inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe and the right superior frontal gyrus and superior parietal gyrus, whereas higher coupling strength in males was primarily located in rich-club connections and rich-club node of the right insula, and non-rich-club nodes of the left hippocampus and the right parahippocampal gyrus. Sex-specific patterns in correlations were also shown between SC-FC coupling and cognitive function, including working memory and reasoning ability. The topological changes in rich-club organization provide novel insight into sex-specific effects on white matter connections that underlie a potential network mechanism of sex-based differences in cognitive function.
Olfactory Deprivation and Enrichment: An Identity of Opposites?
Authors: Fitzwater Emily , Coppola David M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The effects of deprivation and enrichment on the electroolfactogram of mice were studied through the paradigms of unilateral naris occlusion and odor induction, respectively. Deprivation was shown to cause an increase in electroolfactogram amplitudes after 7 days. We also show that unilateral naris occlusion is not detrimental to the gross anatomical appearance or electroolfactogram of either the ipsilateral or contralateral olfactory epithelium even after year-long survival periods, consistent with our previous assumptions. Turning to induction, the increase in olfactory responses after a period of odor enrichment, could not be shown in CD-1 outbred mice for any odorant tried. However, consistent with classical studies, it was evident in C57BL/6J inbred mice, which are initially insensitive to isovaleric acid. As is the case for deprivation, enriching C57BL/6J mice with isovaleric acid causes an increase in their electroolfactogram response to this odorant over time. In several experiments on C57BL/6J mice, the odorant specificity, onset timing, recovery timing, and magnitude of the induction effect were studied. Considered together, the current findings and previous work from the laboratory support the counterintuitive conclusion that both compensatory plasticity in response to deprivation and induction in response to odor enrichment are caused by the same underlying homeostatic mechanism, the purpose of which is to preserve sensory information flow no matter the odorant milieu. This hypothesis, the detailed evidence supporting it, and speculations concerning human odor induction are discussed.
Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Related Hospitalization Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the ISARIC World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterization Protocol (UK): A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Geretti Anna Maria , Stockdale Alexander J , Kelly Sophie H , Cevik Muge , Collins Simon , Waters Laura , Villa Giovanni , Docherty Annemarie , Harrison Ewen M , Turtle Lance , Openshaw Peter J M , Baillie J Kenneth , Sabin Caroline A , Semple Malcolm G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Evidence is conflicting about how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) modulates coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We compared the presentation characteristics and outcomes of adults with and without HIV who were hospitalized with COVID-19 at 207 centers across the United Kingdom and whose data were prospectively captured by the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterization Protocol (CCP) study.

Methods
We used Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression to describe the association between HIV status and day-28 mortality, after separate adjustment for sex, ethnicity, age, hospital acquisition of COVID-19 (definite hospital acquisition excluded), presentation date, 10 individual comorbidities, and disease severity at presentation (as defined by hypoxia or oxygen therapy).

Results
Among 47 592 patients, 122 (0.26%) had confirmed HIV infection, and 112/122 (91.8%) had a record of antiretroviral therapy. At presentation, HIV-positive people were younger (median 56 vs 74 years; P &lt; .001) and had fewer comorbidities, more systemic symptoms and higher lymphocyte counts and C-reactive protein levels. The cumulative day-28 mortality was similar in the HIV-positive versus HIV-negative groups (26.7% vs. 32.1%; P = .16), but in those under 60 years of age HIV-positive status was associated with increased mortality (21.3% vs. 9.6%; P &lt; .001 [log-rank test]). Mortality was higher among people with HIV after adjusting for age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.14; P = .05), and the association persisted after adjusting for the other variables (aHR 1.69; 95% CI 1.15–2.48; P = .008) and when restricting the analysis to people aged &lt;60 years (aHR 2.87; 95% CI 1.70–4.84; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
HIV-positive status was associated with an increased risk of day-28 mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
Time-Dependent Displacement of Commensal Skin Microbes by Pathogens at the Site of Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Holder-Murray Jennifer , Yeh Andrew , Rogers Matthew B , Firek Brian , Mahler Brandon , Medich David , Celebrezze James , Morowitz Michael J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Although the healthy human skin microbiome has been the subject of recent studies, it is not known whether alterations among commensal microbes contribute to surgical site infections (SSIs). Our objective in this study was to characterize temporal and spatial variation in the skin microbiota of patients undergoing colorectal surgery and determine if dysbiosis contributes to SSIs.

Methods
Sixty one adults scheduled to undergo elective colon or rectal resection were identified by convenience sampling. By analyzing bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences isolated from clinical samples, we used a culture-independent strategy to monitor perioperative changes in microbial diversity of fecal samples and the skin.

Results
A total of 990 samples from 61 patients were analyzed. Alpha diversity on the skin decreased after surgery but later recovered at the postoperative clinic visit. In most patients, we observed a transient postoperative loss of skin commensals (Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium) at the surgical site, which were replaced by potential pathogens and intestinal anaerobes (eg, Enterobacteriaceae). These changes were not observed on skin that was uninvolved in the surgical incision (chest wall). One patient developed a wound infection. Incisional skin swabs from this patient demonstrated a sharp postoperative increase in the abundance of Enterococcus, which was also cultured from wound drainage.

Conclusions
We observed reproducible perioperative changes in the skin microbiome following surgery. The low incidence of SSIs in this cohort precluded analysis of associations between dysbiosis and infection. We postulate that real-time monitoring of the skin microbiome could provide actionable findings about the pathogenesis of SSIs.
The Antigallican Affair: Public and Ministerial Responses to Anglo-Spanish Maritime Conflict in the Seven Years War, 1756–1758
Authors: Brinkman-Schwartz Anna 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the first year of the Seven Years War, on 26 December 1756, the British privateer Antigallican captured the French East Indiaman Le Duc de Penthièvre some way off of the Spanish town of Ferrol. In short order the Duc de Penthièvre was given back to the French by Spanish authorities. The actions of the Spanish were a violation of Spain’s stated neutrality in the conflict and led to a protracted diplomatic incident that tested the commitment of Britain’s government to the preservation of Spain’s maritime neutrality, which was key to Britain’s overall wartime maritime strategy. Focusing on the Antigallican affair, this article presents a case-study which affords insight into how ministers dealt with public opinion that was in opposition to strategic needs at a specific political point in time, and over a specific issue. It also suggests that using measures based on the volume and intensity of press coverage as a proxy for public influence on policy making is an uncertain approach. By looking more deeply into the political, personal, and historical contexts of making policy, a micro-history offers a more certain method for understanding the complexity of policy-making and the power of the press at any given time. The point of such a close study is not to generalise about the power of the press to influence policy in the mid-eighteenth century, rather, it is to show that such generalisations are fraught with unanticipated errors and assumptions that gloss over the complexity of interactions between politics and public opinion.
‘Hot phase’ clinical presentation in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bariani Riccardo , Cipriani Alberto , Rizzo Stefania , Celeghin Rudy , Bueno Marinas Maria , Giorgi Benedetta , De Gaspari Monica , Rigato Ilaria , Leoni Loira , Zorzi Alessandro , De Lazzari Manuel , Rampazzo Alessandra , Iliceto Sabino , Thiene Gaetano , Corrado Domenico , Pilichou Kalliopi , Basso Cristina , Perazzolo Marra Martina , Bauce Barbara 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical features of patients affected by arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC), presenting with chest pain and myocardial enzyme release in the setting of normal coronary arteries (‘hot phase’).

Methods and results
We collected detailed anamnestic, clinical, instrumental, genetic, and histopathological findings as well as follow-up data in a series of AC patients who experienced a hot phase. A total of 23 subjects (12 males, mean age at the first episode 27 ± 16 years) were identified among 560 AC probands and family members (5%). At first episode, 10 patients (43%) already fulfilled AC diagnostic criteria. Twelve-lead electrocardiogram recorded during symptoms showed ST-segment elevation in 11 patients (48%). Endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 11 patients, 8 of them during the acute phase showing histologic evidence of virus-negative myocarditis in 88%. Cardiac magnetic resonance was performed in 21 patients, 12 of them during the acute phase; oedema and/or hyperaemia were detected in 7 (58%) and late gadolinium enhancement in 11 (92%). At the end of follow-up (mean 17 years, range 1–32), 12 additional patients achieved an AC diagnosis. Genetic testing was positive in 77% of cases and pathogenic mutations in desmoplakin gene were the most frequent. No patient complained of sustained ventricular arrhythmias or died suddenly during the ‘hot phase’.

Conclusion
‘Hot phase’ represents an uncommon clinical presentation of AC, which often occurs in paediatric patients and carriers of desmoplakin gene mutations. Tissue characterization, family history, and genetic test represent fundamental diagnostic tools for differential diagnosis.
Socioeconomic position and risk of unplanned hospitalization among nursing home residents: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Allers Katharina , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia , Fors Stefan , Morin Lucas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Socioeconomic inequalities in health and healthcare use in old age have been on the rise during the past two decades. So far, it is unknown whether these inequalities have permeated the nursing home setting. This study aimed to assess whether the socioeconomic position of newly admitted nursing home residents had an influence on their risk of unplanned hospitalization.

Methods
We identified older persons (≥75 years) who were newly admitted to a nursing home between March 2013 and December 2014 using a set of linked routinely collected administrative and healthcare data in Sweden. The number of unplanned hospitalizations for any cause and the cumulative length of stay were defined as primary outcomes. Unplanned hospitalizations for potentially avoidable causes (i.e. fall-related injuries, urinary tract infections, pneumonia and decubitus ulcers) were considered as our secondary outcome.

Results
Among 40 545 newly admitted nursing home residents (mean age 86.8 years), the incidence rate of unplanned hospitalization ranged from 53.9 per 100 person-years among residents with tertiary education up to 55.1 among those with primary education. After adjusting for relevant confounders, we observed no meaningful difference in the risk of unplanned hospitalization according to the education level of nursing home residents (IRR for tertiary vs. primary education: 0.96, 95% CI 0.92–1.00) or to their level of income (IRR for highest vs. lowest quartile of income: 0.98, 0.95–1.02). There were also no differences in the cumulative length of hospital stays or in the risk of experiencing unplanned hospitalizations for potentially avoidable causes.

Conclusions
In sum, in this large cohort of newly admitted nursing home residents, we found no evidence of socioeconomic inequalities in the risk of unplanned hospitalization.
Lifetime costs and lifetime net public expenditures of smoking
Authors: Rasmussen Susanne R , Søgaard Jes , Kjellberg Jakob 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundCurrent estimates of lifetime costs of smoking are largely based on model analyses using etiologic fractions for a variety of diseases or Markov chain models. Direct estimation studies based on individual data for health costs by smoking status over a lifetime are non-existent.MethodsWe estimated lifetime costs in a societal perspective of 18-year-old daily-smokers (continuing smoking throughout adult life) and never-smokers in Denmark, as well as lifetime public expenditures in the two groups. Main outcomes were lifetime net public expenditures and lifetime health costs according to OECD definitions and lifetime earned incomes. Estimates of these outcomes were based on registries containing individual-level data. Confounder-adjusted differences between daily-smokers and never-smokers were interpreted as smoking-attributable lifetime public expenditures and costs.ResultsThe net lifetime public expenditure is, on average, €20 520 higher for male 18-year-old daily-smokers than for never-smokers, but €9771 lower, for female daily-smokers compared with never-smokers. In male 18-year-old daily-smokers, average lifetime health costs are €9921 higher and average lifetime earned incomes are €91 159 lower than for never-smokers. The corresponding figures are €5849 higher and €23 928 lower, respectively, for women.Conclusion18-year-old male daily-smokers are net public spenders over their lifetime compared with never-smokers, while the opposite applies for women. In Denmark, smoking is associated with higher lifetime health costs for society and losses in earned incomes—both for men and women.
Splenic-vasculature involvement is associated with poor prognosis in resected distal pancreatic cancer
Authors: Yin Feng , Saad Mohammed , Lin Jingmei , Jackson Christopher R , Ren Bing , Lawson Cynthia , Karamchandani Dipti M , Bernabeu Belen Quereda , Jiang Wei , Dhir Teena , Zheng Richard , Schultz Christopher W , Zhang Dongwei , Thomas Courtney L , Zhang Xuchen , Lai Jinping , Schild Michael , Zhang Xuefeng , Xie Hao , Liu Xiuli 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDistal pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most lethal cancers largely due to its high incidence of distant metastasis. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of splenic-vasculature involvement in resected distal pancreatic carcinoma.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we collected the clinicopathologic information of 454 patients with pancreatic cancer and performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), with an emphasis on the prognostic value of splenic-artery and -vein involvement.ResultsUnivariate analysis revealed that larger tumor size, non-intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (non-IPMN)-associated adenocarcinoma, poor differentiation, stage pT3, nodal metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and pathologic and radiographic evidence of splenic-vein invasion were significantly associated with shorter PFS and OS (all P &lt; 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed non-IPMN-associated adenocarcinoma, stage pT3, stage pN1–2, and post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy as independent risk factors for both PFS and OS, and larger tumor size and radiographic evidence of splenic-artery invasion as predictors of PFS only.ConclusionGuidelines should be developed for a uniform approach with regard to the examination and reporting of the status of the splenic vasculature when dealing with distal-pancreatic-cancer specimens.
Records of the Laschamps geomagnetic polarity excursion from Black Sea sediments: magnetite versus greigite, discrete sample versus U-channel data
Authors: Nowaczyk Norbert R , Liu Jiabo , Arz Helge W 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARY
Magnetostratigraphic investigation of sediment cores from two different water depths in the SE Black Sea based on discrete samples, and parallel U-channels in one of the cores, yielded high-resolution records of geomagnetic field variations from the past about 68 ka. Age constrains are provided by three tephra layers of known age, accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating, and by tuning element ratios obtained from X-ray fluorescence scanning to the oxygen isotope record from Greenland ice cores. Sedimentation rates vary from a minimum of ∼5 cm ka−1 in the Holocene to a maximum of ∼50 cm ka−1 in glacial marine isotope stage 4. Completely reversed inclinations and declinations as well as pronounced lows in relative palaeointensity around 41 ka provide evidence for the Laschamps geomagnetic polarity excursion. In one of the investigated cores also a fragmentary record of the Mono Lake excursion at 34.5 ka could be revealed. However, the palaeomagnetic records are more or less affected by greigite, a diagenetically formed magnetic iron sulphide. By definition of an exclusion criterion based on the ratio of saturation magnetization over volume susceptibility, greigite-bearing samples were removed from the palaeomagnetic data. Thus, only 25–55 per cent of the samples were left in the palaeomagnetic records obtained from sediments from the shallower coring site. The palaeomagnetic record from the deeper site, based on both discrete samples and U-channels, is much less affected by greigite. The comparison of palaeomagnetic data shows that the major features of the Laschamps polarity excursion were similarly recovered by both sampling techniques. However, several intervals had to be removed from the U-channel record due to the presence of greigite, carrying anomalous directions. By comparison to discrete sample data, also some directional artefacts in the U-channel record, caused by low-pass filtering of the broad magnetometer response functions, averaging across fast directional and large amplitude changes, can be observed. Therefore, high-resolution sampling with discrete samples should be the preferred technique when fast geomagnetic field variations, such as reversals and excursions, shall be studied from sedimentary records in the very detail.