bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and Creatinine Index Equally Predict the Risk of Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: J-DOPPS
Authors: Yamada Shunsuke , Yamamoto Shungo , Fukuma Shingo , Nakano Toshiaki , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Inaba Masaaki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and creatinine (Cr) index are indexes often used as nutritional surrogates in patients receiving hemodialysis. However, few studies have directly compared the clinical characteristics of these two indexes. We investigated 3,536 hemodialysis patients enrolled in the Japan DOPPS phases 4 and 5. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and the main exposures were the GNRI and Cr index. We confirmed and compared the association between these indexes and mortality risk as estimated by a multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. During the median 2.2-year follow-up period, 414 patients died of any cause. In the multivariable-adjusted model, lower GNRI and Cr index were both associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, and these associations were further confirmed by restricted cubic spline curves. The predictability of all-cause mortality, as represented by the c-statistic, was comparable between the two indexes. Furthermore, baseline nutritional surrogates that corresponded with lower GNRI or Cr index values were comparable between the two indexes. Given that calculating the GNRI is simpler than calculating the Cr index, our data suggest that the GNRI may be preferable to the Cr index for predicting clinical outcomes in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.
Photonic effects in natural nanostructures on Morpho cypris and Greta oto butterfly wings
Authors: Barrera-Patiño C. P. , Vollet-Filho J. D. , Teixeira-Rosa R. G. , Quiroz H. P. , Dussan A. , Inada N. M. , Bagnato V. S. , Rey-González R. R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPhotonic crystals are some of the more spectacular realizations that periodic arrays can change the behavior of electromagnetic waves. In nature, so-called structural colors appear in insects and even plants. Some species create beautiful color patterns as part of biological behavior such as reproduction or defense mechanisms as a form of biomimetics. The interaction between light and matter occurs at the surface, producing diffraction, interference and reflectance, and light transmission is possible under suitable conditions. In particular, there are two Colombian butterflies, Morpho cypris and Greta oto, that exhibit iridescence phenomena on their wings, and in this work, we relate these phenomena to the photonic effect. The experimental and theoretical approaches of the optical response visible region were studied to understand the underlying mechanism behind the light–matter interaction on the wings of these Colombian butterflies. Our results can guide the design of novel devices that use iridescence as angular filters or even for cosmetic purposes.
Systemic Hyperalgesia in Females with Gulf War Illness, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia
Authors: Surian Amber A. , Baraniuk James N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPain is a diagnostic criterion for Gulf War Illness (GWI), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and fibromyalgia (FM). The physical sign of systemic hyperalgesia (tenderness) was assessed in 920 women who were stratified by 2000 Kansas GWI, 1994 CFS, and 1990 FM criteria. Pressure was applied by dolorimetry at 18 traditional tender points and the average pressure causing pain determined. GWI women were the most tender (2.9 ± 1.6 kg, mean ± SD, n = 70), followed by CFS/FM (3.1 ± 1.4 kg, n = 196), FM (3.9 ± 1.4 kg, n = 56), and CFS (5.8 ± 2.1 kg, n = 170) compared to controls (7.2 ± 2.4 kg, significantly highest by Mann-Whitney tests p < 0.0001, n = 428). Receiver operating characteristics set pressure thresholds of 4.0 kg to define GWI and CFS/FM (specificity 0.85, sensitivities 0.80 and 0.83, respectively), 4.5 kg for FM, and 6.0 kg for CFS. Pain, fatigue, quality of life, and CFS symptoms were equivalent for GWI, CFS/FM and CFS. Dolorimetry correlated with symptoms in GWI but not CFS or FM. Therefore, women with GWI, CFS and FM have systemic hyperalgesia compared to sedentary controls. The physical sign of tenderness may complement the symptoms of the Kansas criteria as a diagnostic criterion for GWI females, and aid in the diagnosis of CFS. Molecular mechanisms of systemic hyperalgesia may provide new insights into the neuropathology and treatments of these nociceptive, interoceptive and fatiguing illnesses.
An uranyl sorption study inside functionalised nanopores
Authors: Pinaeva U. , Ollier N. , Cavani O. , Balanzat E. , Al-Sheikhly M. , Wade T. L. , Clochard M.-C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSorption mechanism of uranyl by poly(bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate) (PB2MP) functionalised polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) track-etched membranes, PB2MP-g-PVDF, was investigated. It was found that uranyl sorption obeyed Langmuir isotherm model giving a maximum U(VI) membrane uptake of 6.73μmol g−1and an affinity constant of 9.85 ⋅ 106L mol−1. XPS and TRPL measurements were performed to identify sorbed uranyl oxidation state and its environment. Uranyl was found to be mainly in its hexavalent state,i.e. U(VI), showing that the trapping inside the PB2MP-g-PVDF nanoporous membranes did not change the ion speciation. Two sorbed uranyl life-times (τ1= 8.8μs andτ2= 102.8μs) were measured by TRPL which pointed out different complexations taking place inside the nanopores. Uranyl sorption by PB2MP-g-PVDF membranes was also found to be pH dependent demonstrating the highest performance at circumneutral pH. In addition, TRPL was demonstrated to be not only a remarkable technique for U(VI) characterization, but also an alternative to voltammetry detection for trace on-site uranyl monitoring using PB2MP-g-PVDF nanoporous membranes.
Metagenomic views of microbial dynamics influenced by hydrocarbon seepage in sediments of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Zhao Rui , Summers Zarath M. , Christman Glenn D. , Yoshimura Kristin M. , Biddle Jennifer F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMicrobial cells in the seabed are thought to persist by slow population turnover rates and extremely low energy requirements. External stimulations such as seafloor hydrocarbon seeps have been demonstrated to significantly boost microbial growth; however, the microbial community response has not been fully understood. Here we report a comparative metagenomic study of microbial response to natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Subsurface sediments (10–15 cm below seafloor) were collected from five natural seep sites and two reference sites. The resulting metagenome sequencing datasets were analyzed with both gene-based and genome-based approaches. 16S rRNA gene-based analyses suggest that the seep samples are distinct from the references by both 16S rRNA fractional content and phylogeny, with the former dominated by ANME-1 archaea (~50% of total) and Desulfobacterales, and the latter dominated by the Deltaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi phyla. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are present in both types of samples, with higher relative abundances in seep samples than the references. Genes for nitrogen fixation were predominantly found in the seep sites, whereas the reference sites showed a dominant signal for anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). We recovered 49 metagenome-assembled genomes and assessed the microbial functional potentials in both types of samples. By this genome-based analysis, the seep samples were dominated by ANME-1 archaea and SRB, with the capacity for methane oxidation coupled to sulfate reduction, which is consistent with the 16S rRNA-gene based characterization. Although ANME-1 archaea and SRB are present in low relative abundances, genome bins from the reference sites are dominated by uncultured members of NC10 and anammox Scalindua, suggesting a prevalence of nitrogen transformations for energy in non-seep pelagic sediments. This study suggests that hydrocarbon seeps can greatly change the microbial community structure by stimulating nitrogen fixation, inherently shifting the nitrogen metabolism compared to those of the reference sediments.
Maize GOLDEN2-LIKE genes enhance biomass and grain yields in rice by improving photosynthesis and reducing photoinhibition
Authors: Li Xia , Wang Peng , Li Jing , Wei Shaobo , Yan Yanyan , Yang Jun , Zhao Ming , Langdale Jane A. , Zhou Wenbin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPhotosynthetic efficiency is a major target for improvement of crop yield potential under agricultural field conditions. Inefficiencies can occur in many steps of the photosynthetic process, from chloroplast biogenesis to functioning of the light harvesting and carbon fixation reactions. Nuclear-encoded GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors regulate some of the earliest steps by activating target genes encoding chloroplast-localized and photosynthesis-related proteins. Here we show that constitutive expression of maize GLK genes in rice leads to enhanced levels of chlorophylls and pigment-protein antenna complexes, and that these increases lead to improved light harvesting efficiency via photosystem II in field-grown plants. Increased levels of xanthophylls further buffer the negative effects of photoinhibition under high or fluctuating light conditions by facilitating greater dissipation of excess absorbed energy as heat. Significantly, the enhanced photosynthetic capacity of field-grown transgenic plants resulted in increased carbohydrate levels and a 30–40% increase in both vegetative biomass and grain yield.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Comfort Level With Use of Term “Stuttering” During Evaluations
Authors: Byrd Courtney T. , Werle Danielle , St. Louis Kenneth O. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) anecdotally report concern that their interactions with a child who stutters, including even the use of the term “stuttering,” might contribute to negative affective, behavioral, and cognitive consequences. This study investigated SLPs' comfort in providing a diagnosis of “stuttering” to children's parents/caregivers, as compared to other commonly diagnosed developmental communication disorders.

Method
One hundred forty-one school-based SLPs participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two vignettes detailing an evaluation feedback session. Then, participants rated their level of comfort disclosing diagnostic terms to parents/caregivers. Participants provided rationale for their ratings and answered various questions regarding academic and clinical experiences to identify factors that may have influenced ratings.

Results
SLPs were significantly less likely to feel comfortable using the term “stuttering” compared to other communication disorders. Thematic responses revealed increased experience with a specific speech-language population was related to higher comfort levels with using its diagnostic term. Additionally, knowing a person who stutters predicted greater comfort levels as compared to other clinical and academic experiences.

Conclusions
SLPs were significantly less comfortable relaying the diagnosis “stuttering” to families compared to other speech-language diagnoses. Given the potential deleterious effects of avoidance of this term for both parents and children who stutter, future research should explore whether increased exposure to persons who stutter of all ages systematically improves comfort level with the use of this term.
Energy‐efficient bi‐directional visible light communication using thin‐film corner cube retroreflector for self‐sustainable IoT
Authors: Chellam Jenila , Jeyachitra Ramasamy Kandasamy 
Published: April 2020

This study presents the design and analysis of energy‐efficient visible light communication‐based downlink and uplink using a thin‐film corner cube retroreflector (TCCR). The uplink establishment from the user device (UD) to base station (BS) is achieved with the retroreflection of the downlink light beams using TCCR in UD. It eliminates the requirement of active optical source in the UD that reduces the power consumption for communication from the battery‐constrained devices. Additionally, the photoelectric effect‐based energy harvesting from lighting sources is also incorporated in the UD. By utilising the thin‐film deposition of photosensitive alkali metals Na, K, Rb, and Cs, light energy has been harvested, and the harvested energy is utilised in the UD for the uplink modulation process. It makes the real self‐sustainable communication towards the battery‐less execution of internet of things (IoT). The proposed system offers the downlink and uplink for the distance of 2.15 m with the data rates of 10 Gbps and 1 kbps, respectively. The maximum harvested energy from the 18 W optical source by using the 100 nm Cs‐TCCR is 104.40 µJ, and it can serve the energy consumption of the uplink modulator to transmit the UD data to the BS.
NLTE for APOGEE: simultaneous multi-element NLTE radiative transfer
Authors: Osorio Y. , Allende Prieto C. , Hubeny I. , Mészáros Sz. , Shetrone M. 
Published: April 2020

Context.Relaxing the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) in modelling stellar spectra is a necessary step to determine chemical abundances to better than about 10% in late-type stars.Aims.We describe our multi-element (Na, Mg, K, and Ca) non-LTE (NLTE) calculations, which can be applied to the APOGEE survey.Methods.The new version ofTLUSTYallows for the calculation of restricted NLTE in cool stars using pre-calculated opacity tables. We demonstrate thatTLUSTYgives consistent results withMULTI, a well-tested code for NLTE in cool stars. We usedTLUSTYto perform LTE and a series of NLTE calculations that simultaneously used all combinations of one, two, three and four of the elements in NLTE.Results.We take into account that departures from LTE in one element can affect others through changes in the opacities of Na, Mg, K, and Ca. We find that atomic Mg, which provides strong UV opacity and exhibits significant departures from LTE in the low-energy states, can affect the NLTE populations of Ca, leading to abundance corrections as large as 0.07 dex. The differences in the derived abundances between the single-element and the multi-element cases can exceed those between the single-element NLTE determinations and an LTE analysis. We therefore caution that this is not always a second-order effect. Based on detailed tests for three stars with reliable atmospheric parameters (Arcturus, Procyon, and the Sun), we conclude that our NLTE calculations provide abundance corrections that can in the optical amount to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.7 dex for Ca, Na and K, but LTE is a good approximation for Mg. In theH-band, NLTE corrections are much smaller and always lower than 0.1 dex. The derived NLTE abundances in the optical and in the IR are consistent. In all three stars, NLTE line profiles fit the observations better than the LTE counterparts for all four elements.Conclusions.The atomic elements in ionisation stages where over-ionisation is an important NLTE mechanism are likely affected by departures from LTE in Mg. Particular care must be taken with the collisions that are adopted for high-lying levels when NLTE profiles of lines in theH-band are calculated. The derived NLTE corrections in the optical and in theH-band differ, but the derived NLTE abundances are consistent between the two spectral regions.
First spectroscopic study of ionised gas emission lines in the extreme low surface brightness galaxy Malin 1
Authors: Junais  , Boissier S. , Epinat B. , Amram P. , Madore B. F. , Boselli A. , Koda J. , Gil de Paz A. , Muños Mateos J. C. , Chemin L. 
Published: April 2020

Context. Malin 1 is the largest known low surface brightness (LSB) galaxy, the archetype of so-called giant LSB galaxies. The structure and origin of such galaxies are still poorly understood, especially because of the lack of high-resolution kinematics and spectroscopic data.
Aims. We use emission lines from spectroscopic observations of Malin 1 aiming to bring new constraints on the internal dynamics and star formation history of Malin 1.
Methods. We extracted a total of 16 spectra from different regions of Malin 1 and calculated the rotational velocities of these regions from the wavelength shifts and star formation rates from the observed Hα emission line fluxes. We compared our data with existing data and models for Malin 1.
Results. For the first time we present the inner rotation curve of Malin 1, characterised in the radial range r < 10 kpc by a steep rise in the rotational velocity up to at least ∼350 km s−1 (with a large dispersion), which had not been observed previously. We used these data to study a suite of new mass models for Malin 1. We show that in the inner regions dynamics may be dominated by the stars (although none of our models can explain the highest velocities measured) but that at large radii a massive dark matter halo remains necessary. The Hα fluxes derived star formation rates are consistent with an early-type disc for the inner region and with the level found in extended UV galaxies for the outer parts of the giant disc of Malin 1. We also find signs of high metallicity but low dust content for the inner regions.
Surface optical reflectance combined with x-ray techniques during gas-surface interactions
Authors: Albertin S , Gustafson J , Zhou J , Pfaff S , Shipilin M , Blomberg S , Merte L R , Gutowski O , Dippel A-C , Zetterberg J , Lundgren E , Hejral U 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
High energy surface x-ray diffraction (HESXRD), x-ray reflectivity (XRR), mass spectrometry (MS) and surface optical reflectance (SOR) have been combined to simultaneously obtain sub-second information on the surface structure and morphology from a Pd(100) model catalyst during in situ oxidation at elevated temperatures and pressures resulting in Pd bulk oxide formation. The results show a strong correlation between the HESXRD and SOR signal intensities during the experiment, enabling phase determination and a time-resolved thickness estimation of the oxide by HESXRD, complemented by XRR measurements. The experiments show a remarkable sensitivity of the SOR to changes in the surface phase and morphology, in particular to the initial stages of oxidation/reduction. The data imply that SOR can detect the formation of an ultrathin PdO surface oxide layer of only 2–3 Å thickness.
Investigating conditional GAN performance with different generator architectures, an ensemble model, and different MR scanners for MR-sCT conversion
Authors: Fetty Lukas , Löfstedt Tommy , Heilemann Gerd , Furtado Hugo , Nesvacil Nicole , Nyholm Tufve , Georg Dietmar , Kuess Peter 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Recent developments in magnetic resonance (MR) to synthetic computed tomography (sCT) conversion have shown that treatment planning is possible without an initial planning CT. Promising conversion results have been demonstrated recently using conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs). However, the performance is generally only tested on images from one MR scanner, which neglects the potential of neural networks to find general high-level abstract features. In this study, we explored the generalizability of the generator models, trained on a single field strength scanner, to data acquired with higher field strengths. T2-weighted 0.35T MRIs and CTs from 51 patients treated for prostate (40) and cervical cancer (11) were included. 25 of them were used to train four different generators (SE-ResNet, DenseNet, U-Net, and Embedded Net). Further, an ensemble model was created from the four network outputs. The models were validated on 16 patients from a 0.35T MR scanner. Further, the trained models were tested on the Gold Atlas dataset, containing T2-weighted MR scans of different field strengths; 1.5T(7) and 3T(12), and 10 patients from the 0.35T scanner. The sCTs were dosimetrically compared using clinical VMAT plans for all test patients. For the same scanner (0.35T), the results from the different models were comparable on the test set, with only minor differences in the mean absolute error (MAE) (35-51HU body). Similar results were obtained for conversions of 3T GE Signa and the 3T GE Discovery images (40-62HU MAE) for three of the models. However, larger differences were observed for the 1.5T images (48-65HU MAE). The overall best model was found to be the ensemble model. All dose differences were below 1%. This study shows that it is possible to generalize models trained on images of one scanner to other scanners and different field strengths. The best metric results were achieved by the combination of all networks.
Fingerprints of external forcings on Sahel rainfall: aerosols, greenhouse gases, and model-observation discrepancies
Authors: Marvel Kate , Biasutti Michela , Bonfils Céline 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Over the 20th and 21st centuries, both anthropogenic greenhouse gas increases and changes in anthropogenic aerosols have affected rainfall in the Sahel. Using multiple characteristics of Sahel precipitation, we construct a multivariate fingerprint that allows us to distinguish between the model-predicted responses to greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols. Models project the emergence of a detectable signal of aerosol forcing in the middle of the 20th century and a detectable signal of greenhouse gas forcing at the beginning of the 21st. However, the signals of both aerosol and greenhouse gas forcing in observations emerge earlier and are stronger than in the models, far stronger in the case of aerosols. The similarity between the response to aerosol forcing and the leading mode of internal variability makes it difficult to attribute this model-observation discrepancy to errors in the forcing, errors in the forced response, model inability to capture the amplitude of internal variability, or some combination of these. For greenhouse gases, however, the forced response is distinct from internal variability as estimated by models, and the observations are largely commensurate with the model projections.
Cellulose conversion into renewable chemicals and fuels over supported metal catalysts
Authors: Hassan N S , Jalil A A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, the development of biomass as an alternative energy source has been explored for the production of energy, chemicals and transportation fuels. Cellulose is an abundant, low-cost and renewable energy source that can be transformed into solid, liquid and gas products by pyrolysis. Sustainable, low cost and efficient catalysts are needed for catalytic cellulose conversion by pyrolysis. Among heterogeneous catalysts, supported metal catalysts have been extensively studied which demonstrated distinct reactivity and/or selectivity in a variety of chemical reactions. This paper reviews and provides a summary of the cellulose conversion by supported metal catalysts into value added chemicals and fuels. Emphases will be put on the reaction mechanism and key factors that exert effect on the catalytic performance.