bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin in the control of enzootic pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in pigs
Authors: Lopez Rodriguez Alfonso , Berge Anna Catharina , Ramage Cliff , Saltzman Ryan , Domangue Rickie J. , Gnozzio Mark J. , Muller Annika , Sierra Pascale , Benchaoui Hafid A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe efficacy of a water soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) was evaluated in the treatment and metaphylaxis of Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) in pigs. In all four trials, pigs in the tylvalosin group were administered 10 mg tylvalosin/kg bodyweight in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days (TVN). In a single-challenge study, pigs were inoculated with lung homogenate containingMycoplasma hyopneumoniae.In a dual challenge study, pigs were sequentially inoculated with pure culture ofM. hyopneumoniaeandPasteurella multocida.Efficacy was evaluated based on reduction of lung lesions compared to unmedicated control pigs (CTL).In two field studies at European commercial farms with confirmed outbreaks of EP, treatment efficacy in clinically affected fatteners was evaluated based on improved clinical conditions compared to pigs treated with tylosin at 10 mg/kg by injection for 3 consecutive days (TYL). In these field trials, healthy in contact pigs were enrolled for metaphylaxis efficacy evaluation based on reduction in incidence of new clinical cases of respiratory disease compared to unmedicated pigs (CTL).ResultsIn theM. hyopneumoniae-only challenge study, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (6.52 vs. 14.97;p <  0.001). In the dual challenge study withM. hyopneumoniaeandP. multocida, pigs in TVN group had lower lung lesion scores than CTL (3.32 vs. 8.37;p <  0.01) and the recovery of both challenge bacteria from the lungs was lower in TVN compared with CTL group (p <  0.01). In field outbreaks of EP, multicentre analysis showed that 13 days after the start of medication, treatment success for TVN pigs was significantly better than for TYL pigs (80.0% vs 48.7%p = 0.03) and metaphylactic administration of TVN significantly reduced the incidence of new clinical cases (2.1% vs. 7.8%;p <  0.01) compared with unmedicated controls.ConclusionsTylvalosin at 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days in drinking water was safe and effective in the treatment and metaphylaxis of EP in pigs associated with infections ofM. hyopneumoniaeeither alone or in combination withP. multocidaunder both experimental challenge and field natural infection conditions.
Significant reduction in the density of premature ventricular complex with ß-blocker medication in fast rate-dependent premature ventricular complex
Authors: Park Yae Min , Kim Chang Yun , Seo Jungduk , Jang Albert Youngwoo , Cha Mi Sook , Kang Woong Chol , Han Seung Hwan , Shin Mi-Seung , Choi In Suck 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
There is little data regarding types of idiopathic premature ventricular complex (PVC) according to heart rate dependence.

Methods
One hundred and sixty-eight patients with idiopathic PVC were enrolled in this study. Evaluation of the number of PVCs and total ventricular beats, and the density of PVC was done using 24 h Holter monitoring. Patients were divided into groups as having: fast rate-dependent (Group I), slow rate-dependent (Group II), and heart rate-independent PVC (Group III) based on the relationship between the number of hourly PVC and hourly heart rate. After ß-blocker medication, 24 h Holter monitoring was repeated.

Results
Among the 168 subjects, 66 (39.3%) patients were in Group I, 18 (10.7%) in Group II, and 84 (50.0%) in Group III. There were no significant differences in the baseline number of PVCs and total ventricular beats, and the density of PVC among the three groups. The number of PVCs was significantly reduced in patients with Group I (14,030 ± 11,463 beats/day vs. 7401 ± 10,464 beats/day, p < 0.001), and total ventricular beat was significantly reduced in patients with Group I (109,223 ± 17,564 beats/day vs. 96,182 ± 15,594 beats/day, p < 0.001) and Group III (106,515 ± 13,468 beats/day vs. 97,995 ± 12,960 beats/day, p < 0.001) after ß-blocker medication. The density of PVC was significantly reduced only in patients of Group I (12.9 ± 10.3% vs. 7.4 ± 10.3%, p = 0.001) after ß-blocker medication.

Conclusions
The type of PVC according to the heart rate dependence should be considered when treating idiopathic PVC with ß-blockers.
Indigenous and traditional foods of Sri Lanka
Authors: Mihiranie Sachithra , Jayasinghe Jagath K. , Jayasinghe Chamila V. L. , Wanasundara Janitha P. D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIndigenous and traditional foods of Sri Lanka inherit a long history and unique traditions continued from several thousands of years. Sri Lankan food tradition is strongly inter-wound with the nutritional, health-related, and therapeutic reasoning of the food ingredients and the methods of preparation. The diverse culinary traditions and preparations reflect multipurpose objectives combining in-depth knowledge of flora and fauna in relation to human well-being and therapeutic health benefits. Trans-generational knowledge dissemination related to indigenous and traditional food is now limited due to changing lifestyles, dwindling number of knowledge holders, and shrinking floral and faunal resources. Awareness on the relationship between non-communicable diseases and the diet has garnered the focus on traditional ingredients and foods by the consumers and major food producers in Sri Lanka. This review presents concise details on the indigenous and traditional foods of Sri Lanka, with scientific analysis when possible.
Improved precise positioning with BDS-3 quad-frequency signals
Authors: Li Bofeng , Zhang Zhiteng , Miao Weikai , Chen Guang’e 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe establishment of the BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has been completed, and the current constellation can independently provide positioning service globally. BDS-3 satellites provide quad-frequency signals, which can benefit the ambiguity resolution (AR) and high-precision positioning. This paper discusses the benefits of quad-frequency observations, including the precision gain of multi-frequency high-precision positioning and the sophisticated choice of extra-wide-lane (EWL) or wide-lane (WL) combinations for instantaneous EWL/WL AR. Additionally, the performance of EWL real-time kinematic (ERTK) positioning that only uses EWL/WL combinations is investigated. The results indicate that the horizontal positioning errors of ERTK positioning using ionosphere-free (IF) EWL observations are approximately 0.5 m for the baseline of 27 km and 1 m for the baseline of 300 km. Furthermore, the positioning errors are reduced to the centimetre level if the IF EWL observations are smoothed by narrow-lane observations for a short period.
Design and evaluation of atorvastatin-loaded chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite bioscaffolds for wound-healing activity
Authors: Tejaswini T. , Keerthana M. , Vidyavathi M. , Kumar R. V. Suresh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The study aimed at the formulation of atorvastatin-loaded chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite bioscaffolds and determination of its wound-healing activity on animals. Hydroxyapatite was prepared from the biowaste eggshell cross-linked with calcium chloride and loaded with atorvastatin. The prepared bioscaffold was characterized for physicomechanical properties, morphological studies, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro drug release study. In vitro antibacterial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method, and in vivo wound-healing activity was evaluated using the excision wound-healing model.

Results
Results exhibited that bioscaffold containing 1:1 ratio of chitosan to hydroxyapatite (Hac1) with calcium chloride of 1.5 g (Hbc3) and loaded with atorvastatin (Hcc3) showed effective physicomechanical properties, i.e., thickness (60 μm), swelling behavior (68%), folding endurance (101), tensile strength (0.0283 Mpa), and burst time (1.9 s). Hcc3 scaffold was highly effective and exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (3.2 cm), Staphylococcus aureus (3.0 cm), Escherichia coli (3.5 cm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.7 cm). The group treated with Hcc3 scaffold was significant in healing wounds by showing 100% wound contraction.

Conclusion
It can be concluded from the study that atorvastatin-loaded chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite bioscaffolds may be a significantly more effective scaffold in healing excision wounds.
Undergraduate physical therapy students’ attitudes towards using social media for learning purposes at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shaheen Afaf A. M. , Alanazi Fatim F. , Alrashid Lama B. , Almadani Raghad A. , Altamrah Shaden S. , Almusallam Shahad Z. , Buragadda Syamala , Melam Ganeswararao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Social media has become an almost essential part of daily life, especially among college students. The wide use of social media by students makes it an attractive tool for educational institutions. Therefore, this study aimed to ascertain physical therapy (PT) students’ attitudes towards using social media for learning purposes, assess the differences in attitudes between genders, and assess the benefits of using social media in the learning process. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data were collected from 158 undergraduate PT students at King Saud University (KSU) University in Riyadh using a custom self-reported questionnaire.

Results
Results indicate that, in general, PT students have positive attitudes towards using social media platforms for learning purposes. YouTube, Wikis, WhatsApp, and Twitter have been utilized for learning purposes by 82.9%, 44.3%, 30.4%, and 27.4% of the students, respectively. Furthermore, students favorably reported that social media platforms are better than traditional teaching methods. These platforms facilitate finding educational resources, develop writing, listening and social skills, share knowledge, enhance self-independent learning, increase collaborations, and develop creativity.

Conclusion
This study showed that PT students, both males and females, have positive attitudes towards using social media platforms. It is convenient to use social media platforms for learning purposes. It may help enhance the quality of the students’ learning experience and academic performance.
Psychological impact in non-infectious disease specialists who had direct contact with patients with COVID-19
Authors: Liu Tao , Zheng Zheng , Sha Xiaoyan , Liu Huishu , Zheng Wenjing , Su Huanxing , Xu Guiyun , Su Kuan-Pin , So Kwok-Fai , Lin Kangguang 
Published: December 2020

Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a pandemic. Obstetricians and midwives, among other medical staff, are tackling COVID-19 and are under immense psychological stress.

Aims
We aimed to survey the mental health of non-infectious disease specialist staff, specifically obstetricians and midwives, working in officially designated hospitals treating patients with COVID-19.

Method
A nationwide online survey was conducted from 7 March to 17 March 2020 investigating the mental health of obstetricians and midwives (who were not themselves infected with COVID-19) working in hospitals treating patients with COVID-19. We used the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to assess their symptoms of depression, anxiety and insomnia.

Results
A total of 885 (41.6%), 609 (28.6%) and 729 (34.3%) obstetricians and midwives reported depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 5), anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 5) and insomnia (ISI ≥ 8), respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regardless of whether or not they had direct contact with patients with COVID-19, obstetricians and midwives were more likely to report mild and moderate depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic when compared with before the pandemic. Those who had direct contact with patients with COVID-19 were more likely to report depression and insomnia than those who did not. Those who had sufficient protective equipment or training were less likely to report depression, anxiety and insomnia than those who did not.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that non-infectious disease specialist staff have experienced varying, but increased levels of depression, anxiety and insomnia during this COVID-19 pandemic, which could be reduced by sufficient levels of protective equipment and occupational COVID-19 workplace training.
Οι αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών για τα δίκτυα περιβαλλοντικής εκπαίδευσης των ΚΠΕ
Authors: Στυλιανού Πασχαλίνα 
Published: December 2020

Η συμμετοχή των εκπαιδευτικών σε δίκτυα περιβαλλοντικής εκπαίδευσης θεωρείται ένας τρόπος προώθησης της επαγγελματικής τους μάθησης και ανάπτυξης. Ένα περιβαλλοντικό δίκτυο σχολείων μπορεί να υποστηρίζει τις βιωματικές και μαθητοκεντρικές προσεγγίσεις διδασκαλίας για μια διεπιστημονική και διερευνητική Περιβαλλοντική Εκπαίδευση και Εκπαίδευση για την Αειφορία. Επίσης μπορεί να ενισχύσει τη συνεργασία των εκπαιδευτικών και τη συμμετοχή τους σε συλλογικότητες. Παρόλο που η χώρα μας διαθέτει πολλά περιβαλλοντικά δίκτυα, οι έρευνες για τον αντίκτυπο τους στην εκπαιδευτική κοινότητα είναι ελάχιστες. Στην παρούσα έρευνα διερευνώνται οι αντιλήψεις 30 εκπαιδευτικών Πρωτοβάθμιας και Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης για την έννοια, το σκοπό και τη λειτουργία των δικτύων Περιβαλλοντικής Εκπαίδευσης των Κέντρων Περιβαλλοντικής Εκπαίδευσης (Κ.Π.Ε.). Καταγράφονται οι προϋποθέσεις που θέτουν οι εκπαιδευτικοί για να συμμετάσχουν σε περιβαλλοντικά δίκτυα και για να αναπτύξουν συνεργασίες μεταξύ τους. Παρουσιάζονται οι επιθυμητοί τρόποι επικοινωνίας και αλληλεπίδρασης των εκπαιδευτικών για την ανταλλαγή εμπειριών και καλών πρακτικών καθώς και οι αντιλήψεις τους για την επαγγελματική τους ανάπτυξη μέσω της Περιβαλλοντικής Εκπαίδευσης.
The need for standardisation in life science research - an approach to excellence and trust.
Authors: Hollmann Susanne , Kremer Andreas , Baebler Špela , Trefois Christophe , Gruden Kristina , Rudnicki Witold R. , Tong Weida , Gruca Aleksandra , Bongcam-Rudloff Erik , Evelo Chris T. , Nechyporenko Alina , Frohme Marcus , Šafránek David , Regierer Babette , D'Elia Domenica 
Published: December 2020

Today, academic researchers benefit from the changes driven by digital technologies and the enormous growth of knowledge and data, on globalisation, enlargement of the scientific community, and the linkage between different scientific communities and the society. To fully benefit from this development, however, information needs to be shared openly and transparently. Digitalisation plays a major role here because it permeates all areas of business, science and society and is one of the key drivers for innovation and international cooperation. To address the resulting opportunities, the EU promotes the development and use of collaborative ways to produce and share knowledge and data as early as possible in the research process, but also to appropriately secure results with the European strategy for Open Science (OS). It is now widely recognised that making research results more accessible to all societal actors contributes to more effective and efficient science; it also serves as a boost for innovation in the public and private sectors. However for research data to be findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable the use of standards is essential. At the metadata level, considerable efforts in standardisation have already been made (e.g. Data Management Plan and FAIR Principle etc.), whereas in context with the raw data these fundamental efforts are still fragmented and in some cases completely missing. The CHARME consortium, funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Agency, has identified needs and gaps in the field of standardisation in the life sciences and also discussed potential hurdles for implementation of standards in current practice. Here, the authors suggest four measures in response to current challenges to ensure a high quality of life science research data and their re-usability for research and innovation.
Catheter placement selection for convection-enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents to brain tumors
Authors: Antoine Lisa H. , Koomullil Roy P. , Wick Timothy M. , Nabors Louis B. , Abdel Aal Ahmed K. , Bolding Mark S. 
Published: December 2020

Background: Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of therapeutic agents to brain tumors allows clinicians to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to infuse virus therapy, biological, or chemotherapy directly into a brain tumor through convection. However, the effectiveness of infusions via CED may depend on catheter placement. Methods: This study used diffusion maps from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of human brain tumors and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess therapy volume distribution percentages based on catheter placement locations. Results: The primary outcome showed differences in volume distribution based on the catheter placement location. Total tumor volume filled ranged from 144.40 mm3 to 317.98 mm3. Percent filled of tumor volume ranged from 2.87% to 6.32%. Conclusions: The selection of the location for catheter placement using the region with the highest volume filled may provide optimal therapeutic effect. The researchers conclude that CFD may provide guidance for catheter placement in CED of therapeutic agents.
A national survey of community rehabilitation service provision for people with long Covid in Scotland
Authors: Duncan Edward , Cooper Kay , Cowie Julie , Alexander Lyndsay , Morris Jacqui , Preston Jenny 
Published: December 2020

Background: Over 50 million cases of COVID-19 have been confirmed globally as of November 2020. Evidence is rapidly emerging on the epidemiology of COVID-19, and its impact on individuals and potential burden on health services and society. Between 10–35% of people with COVID-19 may experience post-acute long Covid. This currently equates to between 8,129 and 28,453 people in Scotland. Some of these people will require rehabilitation to support their recovery. Currently, we do not know how to optimally configure community rehabilitation services for people with long Covid. Methods: This national survey aimed to provide a detailed description of current community rehabilitation provision for people with long Covid in Scotland. We developed, piloted, and conducted a national electronic survey of current community rehabilitation service provision for people presenting with long Covid symptomatology. Our sample were the Allied Health Professions Directors of all 14 territorial NHS Health Boards in Scotland. Fixed response and narrative data were analysed descriptively. Results: Responses were received from all respondents (14/14), enabling a national picture to be gained. Almost all Health Boards (13/14) currently deliver rehabilitation for people with long Covid within pre-existing services. Fatigue (11/14) and respiratory conditions (9/14) were the two most common presenting problems of patients. Most long Covid community rehabilitation services are delivered through a combination of face-to-face and digital contact (13/14). Conclusions: Community rehabilitation for people with long Covid is an emerging reality. This survey provides a national picture of current community rehabilitation for people with long Covid. We do not know how community rehabilitation can be optimally delivered for this population. This is vital as community rehabilitation services were already under pressure prior to the emergence of COVID-19. Further research is urgently required to investigate the implementation, outcomes and cost-effectiveness of differing models of community rehabilitation for this patient population.
Care-seeking patterns amongst suspected paediatric pneumonia deaths in rural Malawi
Authors: King Carina , Banda Masford , Bar-Zeev Naor , Beard James , French Neil , Makwenda Charles , McCollum Eric D , Mdala Malizani , Bin Nisar Yasir , Phiri Tambosi , Ahmad Qazi Shamim , Colbourn Tim 
Published: December 2020

Background: Pneumonia remains a leading cause of paediatric deaths. To understand contextual challenges in care pathways, we explored patterns in care-seeking amongst children who died of pneumonia in Malawi. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods analysis of verbal autopsies (VA) amongst deaths in children aged 1-59 months from 10/2011 to 06/2016 in Mchinji district, Malawi. Suspected pneumonia deaths were defined as: 1. caregiver reported cough and fast breathing in the 2-weeks prior to death; or, 2. the caregiver specifically stated the child died of pneumonia; or 3. cause of death assigned as ‘acute respiratory infection’ using InterVA-4. Data were extracted from free-text narratives based on domains in the ‘Pathways to Survival’ framework, and described using proportions. Qualitative analysis used a framework approach, with pre-specified themes. Results: We analysed 171 suspected pneumonia deaths. In total, 86% of children were taken to a healthcare facility during their final illness episode, and 44% sought care more than once. Of children who went to hospital (n=119), 70% were admitted, and 25% received oxygen. Half of the children died within a healthcare setting (43% hospital, 5% health centre and 2% private clinics), 64 (37%) at home, and 22 (13%) in transit. Challenges in delayed care, transport and quality of care (including oxygen), were reported. Conclusions: Healthcare was frequently sought for children who died of suspected pneumonia, however several missed opportunities for care were seen. Sustained investment in timely appropriate care seeking, quick transportation to hospital and improved case management at all levels of the system is needed.
An exploration of young carers’ experiences of school and their perceptions regarding their future career - a scoping review protocol
Authors: Moloney Breda , Kroll Thilo , Lafferty Attracta 
Published: December 2020

Background: Young carers are young people who care for a relative or a friend with an illness, disability, frailty, a mental health issue or addiction. Across the world, it is challenging to calculate the exact numbers due to the invisible nature of their role that can exist due to stigmatisation and fear of authoritative intrusion. As young carers reach 16 years and over, future career prospects become more significant. Young carers are more likely than their peers not to be in education, employment, or training and are more likely to do poorly at school or college than their non-caregiving peers due to the demands of caring. Recognising that positive engagement at school is a vital correlate of positive employment outcomes, young carers are at risk as their caring role can limit the range of employment opportunities open to them. This paper outlines the protocol for a robust synthesis of the literature surrounding young carers and their career perceptions. The scoping review will address the research question ‘What is known from the literature about young carers in school and their career perceptions?’ The overall aim of this paper is to present a protocol for the scoping review to map the key concepts, types of evidence, and gaps in research related to young carers in school and their future careers. Methods: The review will follow Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and Levac et al.’s, (2010) scoping review framework. The steps involved include: (1) research question identification; (2) relevant studies identification; (3) selection of studies; (4) data charting; (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results; and (6) stakeholders' consultation. Conclusions: The scoping review is an appropriate first step to employ in presenting the literature to inform a larger research study on young carers’ experiences in school and their perceptions regarding their future careers.