bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining the shear acceleration model for the X-ray emission of large-scale extragalactic jets
Authors: Tavecchio F 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThe nature of the intense X-ray emission from powerful extragalactic jets at large (&gt;1 kpc) scale is still debated. The scenario that invokes the inverse Compton scattering of the cosmic microwave background by electrons is challenged by the lack of gamma-ray emission in the GeV band. An alternative assumes synchrotron emission by a distinct population of ultra-high energy electrons. Here, we present a concrete attempt to apply this scenario, exploring the specific model in which the ultra-high energy electrons are accelerated in a shear layer surrounding the jet. We limit the study to non-relativistic flows and particle acceleration is treated by a Fokker–Planck equation. The observed relation between low energy (radio, optical) and X-ray emission prompts us to assume that the required population of pre-accelerated particles is provided by a shock responsible for the acceleration of the electrons emitting at low frequencies. We apply the model to the emission of the principal knots of the jets of PKS 0637–752 and PKS 1136–135, two of the best-studied objects. For the set of fiducial parameters adopted, the condition that the jet power does not exceeds a limiting value of 1048 erg s−1 constrains the magnetic field above $10\, \mu$G and indicates moderate beaming (δ ≃ 2) for PKS 0637–752. For both sources, the requirement that acceleration of the electrons proceeds faster than radiative cooling can be met if the magnetic turbulence in the shear layer follows a Kolmogorov spectrum, I(k) ∝ k−q with q = 5/3, but cannot satisfied in the Bohm-like case (q = 1).
RPA complexes inCaenorhabditis elegansmeiosis; unique roles in replication, meiotic recombination and apoptosis
Authors: Hefel Adam , Honda Masayoshi , Cronin Nicholas , Harrell Kailey , Patel Pooja , Spies Maria , Smolikove Sarit 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReplication Protein A (RPA) is a critical complex that acts in replication and promotes homologous recombination by allowing recombinase recruitment to processed DSB ends. Most organisms possess three RPA subunits (RPA1, RPA2, RPA3) that form a trimeric complex critical for viability. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes RPA-1, RPA-2 and an RPA-2 paralog RPA-4. In our analysis, we determined that RPA-2 is critical for germline replication and normal repair of meiotic DSBs. Interestingly, RPA-1 but not RPA-2 is essential for somatic replication, in contrast to other organisms that require both subunits. Six different hetero- and homodimeric complexes containing permutations of RPA-1, RPA-2 and RPA-4 can be detected in whole animal extracts. Our in vivo studies indicate that RPA-1/4 dimer is less abundant in the nucleus and its formation is inhibited by RPA-2. While RPA-4 does not participate in replication or recombination, we find that RPA-4 inhibits RAD-51 filament formation and promotes apoptosis of a subset of damaged nuclei. Altogether these findings point to sub-functionalization and antagonistic roles of RPA complexes in C. elegans.
Guide-target mismatch effects on dCas9–sgRNA binding activity in living bacterial cells
Authors: Feng Huibao , Guo Jiahui , Wang Tianmin , Zhang Chong , Xing Xin-hui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As an effective programmable DNA targeting tool, CRISPR–Cas9 system has been adopted in varieties of biotechnological applications. However, the off-target effects, derived from the tolerance towards guide-target mismatches, are regarded as the major problems in engineering CRISPR systems. To understand this, we constructed two sgRNA libraries carrying saturated single- and double-nucleotide mismatches in living bacteria cells, and profiled the comprehensive landscape of in vivo binding affinity of dCas9 toward DNA target guided by each individual sgRNA with particular mismatches. We observed a synergistic effect in seed, where combinatorial double mutations caused more severe activity loss compared with the two corresponding single mutations. Moreover, we found that a particular mismatch type, dDrG (D = A, T, G), only showed moderate impairment on binding. To quantitatively understand the causal relationship between mismatch and binding behaviour of dCas9, we further established a biophysical model, and found that the thermodynamic properties of base-pairing coupled with strand invasion process, to a large extent, can account for the observed mismatch-activity landscape. Finally, we repurposed this model, together with a convolutional neural network constructed based on the same mechanism, as a predictive tool to guide the rational design of sgRNA in bacterial CRISPR interference.
Secondary infection of amoeba and typhoid fever in severe malnourished pediatric patient with Type I choledocal cyst: a case report
Authors: Adrizain Riyadi , Aprimadhansari  , Indriasari Vita , Kusmayadi Dikki Drajat , Setiabudi Djatnika 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Amebiasis is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Extraintestinal amebiasis manifestation includes liver abscess and other rare manifestations involving the lungs, heart and brain. Liver abscess is the most common extraintestinal manifestation. Only few cases of amebic splenic abscess and two cases of gall bladder abscess have been reported. Typhoid fever is an infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It can cause extraintestinal complications such as myocarditis, endocarditis, pneumonia, empyema, osteomyelitis, arthritis, cholecystitis, spleen abscess and liver abscess. Choledocal cyst is a congenital dilation of the biliary branch. If left untreated, it can cause morbidity from cholangitis, cyst perforation, liver failure and malignancy. Until now, there is no publication about double infection of amebic and salmonella infection in a child with choledocal cyst.
Point-of-care ultrasound diagnosis of flexor tenosynovitis caused by an unusual pathogen
Authors: Yates Margaret C , Chiasson Katherine F , Pacheco Zachary S , Gullett John P , Denney Brad D , Pigott David C 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Skin and soft tissue infections are commonly encountered in the emergency department and are typically caused by common gram-positive bacteria. In the immunocompromised patient, however, infections from unusual pathogens should also be considered. We describe the case of a 66-year-old male with a history of renal transplant who was diagnosed with flexor tenosynovitis by point-of-care ultrasound. Although initial wound cultures were negative, subsequent microbiological testing led to the underlying cause, a nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.
Anterior Cervical Discectomy With Fusion and Plating for Correction of Degenerative Cervical Kyphosis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Guinn Jeremy M V , Pennicooke Brenton , Rivera Joshua , Mummaneni Praveen V , Chou Dean 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This surgical video demonstrates the technique for correcting degenerative cervical kyphosis using an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Degenerative cervical kyphosis can cause radiculopathy, myelopathy, and difficulty holding up one's head. The goal of surgical intervention is to alleviate pain, improve the ability for upright gaze, and decompress the spinal cord or nerve roots. Posterior-only approaches and anterior corpectomies are alternative treatments to address cervical kyphosis. However, an ACDF allows for sequential induction of lordosis via distraction over multiple segments and for further lordosis induction by sequential screw tightening, pulling the spine towards a lordotic cervical plate.
1
This video shows 2 cases demonstrating a technique of correcting severe cervical degenerative kyphosis. The video illustrates our initial kyphotic Caspar pin placement coupled with sequential anterior distraction to correct kyphosis. The technique is most useful in patients who have good bone density, nonankylosed facets, and degenerative cervical kyphosis. We have received informed consent of this patient to submit this video.
Resection of Ventral Thoracic Calcified Meningiomas Through a Transpedicular Approach: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Galgano Michael A , Hoffman Haydn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The surgical resection of ventrally located thoracic lesions carries additional complexity because of the constraints of the mediastinum and pleural cavity as well as the intolerance of the spinal cord to manipulation. The creation of a ventrolateral operative corridor through a transpedicular, transarticular route is effective for accessing the ventral thoracic spinal cord. This operative video demonstrates the surgical management of a 67-yr-old female who presented with progressive gait ataxia and bilateral lower extremity weakness and was found to have noncontiguous calcified ventral thoracic meningiomas at T6 and T10. The surgical plan consisted of T4-11 posterior instrumentation, T5-6 and T9-10 laminectomies with unilateral facetectomies and pediculectomies at both segments, and microsurgical resection of both tumors. Postoperatively, the patient's gait and paraparesis improved. Although instrumentation is infrequently utilized when managing intradural pathology, it permitted aggressive bone removal in order to create an unobstructed ventrolateral corridor to the tumor. This allowed us to perform generous durotomies spanning the length of each lesion and obviated the need for spinal cord manipulation during tumor resection. The patient provided informed consent for the surgery and video recording, and institutional review board approval was determined to be unnecessary.
The interface of multisectoral and multilateral dimensions of public health policy: what’s new in the 21st century?
Authors: Nikogosian Haik 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article examines key developments unfolding in the 21st century in the intersection of multisectoral and multilateral dimensions of public health policy. Several processes and mechanisms, relatively new or rapidly evolving, are fuelling this dynamic interface. They include, in particular, expansion of the spectrum of sectors involved in the health domain, the upsurge of trans-border and commercial determinants of health, growing presence of health issues in multilateral instruments and processes that are outside of the health sector, and strengthening the legal base of intersectoral relations and responsibilities for health. They also encompass and reflect important transformations in health diplomacy and governance for health, some of the fundamentals of contemporary public and global health. The article argues that overall, multisectoral and multilateral dimensions tend to interact, inform and reinforce each other, and that such interaction would be one of important drivers of 21st century intersectoral policy—and international cooperation—for health.
RESEARCH ON THE ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION METHODS OF (250–450) KV X-RAY AIR KERMA AT NIM
Authors: Zhao Rui , WU Jin-Jie , XU Yang , REN Guo-Yue , DU Hai-Yan , YU Ji-Li , CHE Wei-Na 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the rapid application of nuclear technology, radiation protection is becoming more and more important. For external radiation protection, most of the national metrology institutes in the world have established the primary standard of X-ray air kerma in (10–250) kV and Cs-137 gamma ray, but the energy between 250 and 662 keV needs the establishment of traceability. To provide solution to such issue, a graphite cavity ionization chamber was constructed at National Institute of Metrology to measure the air kerma in (250–450) kV X-ray. The relative standard uncertainty of the method is 0.45%. Two different types of ionization chambers were used to measure the air kerma of N-300 radiation quality, and the result has a deviation of 0.09%.
The New Milk Carton Campaign: An Analysis of Social Media Engagement with Missing Persons’ Cases
Authors: Jeanis Michelle N , Powers Ráchael A , Miley Lauren N , Shunick Charlene E , Storms Margaret 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The unique feature of social media as a platform for news is that the public can directly engage with content. In this way, the public shapes the narrative on current issues, including crime. Criminal justice agencies have leveraged this engagement to relay information about missing persons’ cases quickly and efficiently to a large audience. Whereas previous research has explored disparities in news coverage of missing persons’ cases, it is unknown whether the public perpetuates these same disparities in the social media realm. This study contributes to the current literature by examining public engagement with missing persons’ social media content. Results suggest that engagement along some dimensions corresponds to disparities found in traditional news coverage, namely with regard to race, where marginalized victims experience less engagement. Further, there is evidence of an interaction between race and runaway status. Certain posting behaviors are also related to several forms of user engagement with missing persons’ posts; however, case characteristics remain prominent engagement-shaping factors. Implications for these findings are discussed from both a theoretical and practitioner standpoint.
Use of modelling to modify trachoma elimination strategies affected by the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Emerson Paul M , Hooper P J , Gebre Teshome 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Models predict that the negative effects of delayed implementation in trachoma elimination programmes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will be minimal, except in high prevalence districts where progress may be reversed. During times of change we must stand by our principles of evidence-based decision-making, but also be willing to show flexibility. Slow progress to elimination in high prevalence districts was already a significant challenge to the global programme and mitigation of COVID-related delays with enhanced implementation provides an opportunity to simultaneously address an unprecedented challenge and a pre-existing one.
Association of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with Severe Disability and Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Hijikata Yasukazu , Kamitani Tsukasa , Otani Koji , Konno Shinichi , Fukuhara Shunichi , Yamamoto Yosuke 
Published: December 2020

Study Design.
This prospective cohort study analyzed data from the Locomotive Syndrome and Health Outcomes in the Aizu Cohort Study.

Objective.
To investigate the association between lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and severe disability and mortality among community-dwelling older adults.

Summary of Background Data.
Only a few studies have investigated LSS longitudinally, and the study participants were limited to selected patients diagnosed with LSS during a hospital visit. Additionally, the prognosis of LSS remains unclear.

Methods.
We enrolled independent community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older at the time of a baseline health checkup in 2008. LSS was diagnosed using a validated diagnostic support tool for LSS. The primary endpoint was a composite of severe disability (long-term care insurance certification grade 4 or 5) and mortality. We used 1 minus Kaplan–Meier failure estimates and the log-rank test to compare the interval between baseline and the predetermined endpoint as well as a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the LSS group with adjustment for possible confounders. Multiple imputation by chained equations was performed for sensitivity analysis.

Results.
Of 2058 subjects enrolled, 1560 did not have missing covariates; 269 (17%) were diagnosed with LSS. After a median follow-up of 5.8 years, the rates of severe disability and mortality were 0.022 per year in subjects with LSS and 0.012 per year in those without (P = 0.006). The adjusted HR for the composite endpoint in the LSS group was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–2.38). A similar association was observed after multiple imputation of missing covariates (adjusted HR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.06–2.16]).

Conclusion.
LSS was associated with severe disability and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. Detection of adults with LSS in the community may contribute to local health promotion.

Level of Evidence: 2
Transanal Minimally Invasive Proctectomy With Two-Stage Turnbull-Cutait Pull-Through Coloanal Anastomosis for Iatrogenic Rectourethral Fistulas
Authors: Martín-Pérez Beatriz , Dar Ron , Bislenghi Gabriele , Stijns Jasper , Grégoir Tine , Wolthuis Albert M. , D´Hoore André 
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Rectourethral fistula is an uncommon pathology, usually iatrogenic, occurring as a complication of surgical or ablative treatments for prostate or rectal cancer. Among other surgical techniques, restorative ultralow rectal anterior resection may be an option of last resort to achieve fistula closure avoiding the need for a permanent stoma. This article aims to describe a transanal minimally invasive-assisted Turnbull-Cutait technique for radiated rectourethral fistulas with a complementary video.

TECHNIQUE:
Turnbull-Cutait pull-through with delayed coloanal anastomosis technique with a proctectomy by transanal minimally invasive surgery and loop ileostomy was performed in 3 patients who developed delayed rectourethral fistula after prostate cancer treatment. Ileostomy was reversed after fistula closure confirmation.

RESULTS:
The first patient had brachytherapy with no surgery. The second patient had radical prostatectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy, developing the fistula after a pelvic abscess drained transrectally. The third patient underwent prostatectomy and brachytherapy, developing the fistula after transanal endoscopic microsurgery resection of a rectal villous polyp. Surgical intervention and postoperative recovery was uneventful. Fistula closure was confirmed in the 3 cases, and all ileostomies were closed without further recurrence at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS:
Transanal minimally invasive proctectomy-assisted Turnbull-Cutait procedure for the treatment of rectourethral fistula is a new combination of already existing techniques, enabling the creation of safe colorectal anastomosis in high-risk cases. Given the difficulty obtaining healing with sphincter preservation in cases of postradiation rectourethral fistula, this technique aids in fistula closure and restoration of the intestinal continuity, and potentially represents an added resource in the surgical armamentarium for this challenging pathology.
VOGT–KOYANAGI–HARADA-LIKE UVEITIS FOLLOWED BY MELANOMA-ASSOCIATED RETINOPATHY WITH FOCAL CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY AND CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN A PATIENT WITH METASTATIC CUTANEOUS MELANOMA
Authors: Ng Caleb C. , Alsberge Joseph B. , Qian Ying , Freund K. Bailey , Cunningham Emmett T. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:
To report a case of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada-like uveitis followed by melanoma-associated retinopathy with focal chorioretinal atrophy and subsequent choroidal neovascularization in a patient with metastatic cutaneous melanoma.

Method:
Case report. Main outcome measures include external photography, anterior segment photography, ophthalmoscopic examination, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and electroretinography.

Results:
A 68-year-old man with a history cutaneous melanoma presented with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada-like uveitis. Work-up revealed a pelvic mass, which was excised and found to be metastatic melanoma. Two years later, the patient developed melanoma-associated retinopathy with focal chorioretinal atrophy and adjacent choroidal neovascularization.

Conclusion:
Patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma can develop distinct and sequential paraneoplastic ocular complications. Onset of a Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada-like uveitis may be a good prognostic factor for survival in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma.
Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized at Acute Care Services
Authors: Marsh Kassandra , Decano Arnold , Siegfried Justin , Ahmed Nabeela , Blum Sharon , Tirmizi Samad , Dong Mei Qin , Mehta Dhara , Pham Vinh P. , Papadopoulos John , Dubrovskaya Yanina 
Published: December 2020

Background
As New York became the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic early on, clinicians were challenged to provide optimal medical and pharmaceutical care, despite the paucity of supporting literature and guidance. We sought to describe prescribing patterns and outcomes of physician response to the urgent need to treat COVID-19 patients before initiation of randomized clinical trials.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with COVID-19 initially admitted to acute care services during March 2020. Critically ill patients requiring intensive care unit level of care on admission were excluded.

Results
A total of 639 consecutive patients (supportive care, n = 247; treatment n = 392) were included in the analysis. Overall, the 28-day mortality rate was 12.2%. The mortality was 8.7% higher in the treatment group (15.6% vs 6.9% in the supportive care group, P < 0.001). Treatment was not protective against progression to severe disease (18.4% vs 3.6% with supportive care, P < 0.0001). Time to defervescence, duration of oxygen support, and hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay were also higher in the treatment group. In multivariate analysis, 60 years or older, presence of severe disease, and need for ICU admission were identified as independent predictors of 28-day mortality. There were 41 (10.5%) adverse event in the treatment group, with the majority being QT prolongation and gastrointestinal effects.

Conclusions
In this cohort of hospitalized patients admitted to acute care services, treatment with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir or both could not be shown to improve mortality, progression to severe disease, or clinical response.
Developing clinical prediction models for nonrecovery in older patients seeking care for back pain: the back complaints in the elders prospective cohort study
Authors: van der Gaag Wendelien H. , Chiarotto Alessandro , Heymans Martijn W. , Enthoven Wendy T.M. , van Rijckevorsel-Scheele Jantine , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita M.A. , Bohnen Arthur M. , Koes Bart W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is common in older adults. No clinical prediction models for poor long-term outcomes have been developed in older patients with back pain. This study aimed to develop and internally validate 3 clinical prediction models for nonrecovery in this population. A prospective cohort study in general practice was conducted (Back Complaints in the Elders, Netherlands), including 675 patients >55 years with a new episode of care for back pain. Three definitions of nonrecovery were used combining 6-month and 12-month follow-up data: (1) persistent back pain, (2) persistent disability, and (3) perceived nonrecovery. Sample size calculation resulted in a maximum of 14 candidate predictors that were selected from back pain prognostic literature and clinical experience. Multivariable logistic regression was used to develop the models (backward selection procedure). Models' performance was evaluated with explained variance (Nagelkerke's R2), calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test), and discrimination (area under the curve [AUC]) measures. The models were internally validated in 250 bootstrapped samples to correct for overoptimism. All 3 models displayed good overall performance during development and internal validation (ie, R2 > 30%; AUC > 0.77). The model predicting persistent disability performed best, showing good calibration, discrimination (AUC 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.83-0.89; optimism-adjusted AUC 0.85), and explained variance (R2 49%, optimism-adjusted R2 46%). Common predictors in all models were: age, chronic duration, disability, a recent back pain episode, and patients' recovery expectations. Spinal morning stiffness and pain during spinal rotation were included in 2 of 3 models. These models should be externally validated before being used in a clinical primary care setting.