bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Live Sun Smart!” Testing the effectiveness of a sun safety program for middle schoolers
Authors: Steele Chelsea , Burkhart Craig , Tolleson‐Rinehart Sue 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundSkin cancer is a well‐recognized public health issue, and primary prevention is the most effective strategy for reducing skin cancer risk. The current recommendations are that behavioral counseling for sun safety measures is most beneficial and effective for children and adolescents and that targeting this population at primary and middle schools is the ideal intervention strategy to increase sun‐protective behaviors and reduce UV exposure, sunburn incidence, and formation of new moles. Numerous studies on the effectiveness of school‐based sun safety interventions among elementary and middle school students have shown an increase in sun safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors following the intervention.ObjectiveTo conduct a pilot feasibility study of “Live Sun Smart!,” (LSS) a school‐based, multicomponent, interactive sun safety presentation, at changing sun safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among middle school students.MethodsA non‐randomized, single‐group pretest‐posttest interventional pilot study of the LSS program among children enrolled in grade 6.ResultsAfter exposure to LSS, participants were more likely to give correct answers to knowledge‐based sun safety questions and to report negative attitudes toward tanning. Minimal and not significant changes were found in self‐reported sun safety behaviors, though students did report an intention to change behaviors following the intervention. Participants were satisfied with the program and believed it increased their sun safety knowledge.ConclusionLive Sun Smart! appears to be an effective school‐based, multicomponent sun safety program for improving sun safety knowledge and attitudes toward tanning among middle school students in this initial test of it. The strengths and weaknesses of this pilot study have implications for future research.
Effect of phosphorus efficiency on elemental stoichiometry of two shrubs
Authors: Hu X. , Zhang L. , Zhang D. , Niu D. , Fu H. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient that can restrict plant growth. However, the influence of P deficiency on elemental homeostasis and application of the growth rate hypothesis in higher plants remain to be assessed.

Two shrubs, Zygophyllum xanthoxylum and Nitraria tangutorum, were used as experiment material and subjected to five P addition treatments: 0, 17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 mg P·kg−1 soil.

The biomass and relative growth rate of Z. xanthoxylum did not change with altered P supply. There was no significant difference in P concentration among the treatments for Z. xanthoxylum, but N. tangutorum showed an upward trend. The P stoichiometric homeostasis of Z. xanthoxylum was higher than that of N. tangutorum. For Z. xanthoxylum, available P in the rhizosphere improved significantly under extreme P deficiency conditions, and P concentrations in all treatments were lower than in N. tangutorum, showing that Z. xanthoxylum had stronger P absorption and P utilization capacity.

No relationships between growth rate and C:N:P ratios were found in Z. xanthoxylum. The strong P efficiency, and high and stable dry matter accumulation, are likely contributors in maintaining stoichiometric homeostasis. In addition, the relatively high biomass accumulation and high P utilization efficiency for Z. xanthoxylum does not support the growth rate hypothesis for this species.
Study of general practitioner consultations for tick bites at high, medium and low incidence areas for Lyme borreliosis in England and Wales
Authors: Gillingham Emma L. , Hall Jessica L. , Birtles Richard J. , Bown Kevin J. , Medlock Jolyon M. , Smith Robert , Hansford Kayleigh M. , Warner Jenny C. , Dryden Matthew , Pietzsch Maaike E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLyme borreliosis (LB) is a tick‐borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. In Europe, it is predominately transmitted by the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus. Compared with other European countries, the United Kingdom (UK) is considered to have a low incidence of LB, although this varies regionally. To determine whether an association exists between tick bite consultations and LB incidence in the UK, retrospective questionnaires were sent to general practitioners (GPs) in high (Wiltshire), medium (Cumbria) and low (Wales) incidence areas. During 2011, the greatest incidence of consultations for tick bites was reported by GPs in Cumbria (204 consultations per 100,000 inhabitants), followed by Wiltshire (160 per 100,000 population) and Wales (54 per 100,000 population). In Wiltshire and Cumbria, GPs predominantly provided advice on tick removal, whilst Welsh GPs mostly advised patients on tick bite prevention. Focusing on Cumbria during 2011–2013, 72.5% of GPs removed ticks from patients (incidence of 101 consultations per 100,000 population), and more GPs diagnosed LB based on clinical features than laboratory‐confirmed diagnoses. To date, this is the first study to investigate the incidence of tick bite consultations and LB in England and Wales.
Investigations on Strain Hardening During Cutting of Heat-Resistant Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Arif Rabiae , Fromentin Guillaume , Rossi Frédéric , Marcon Bertrand 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study presents a novel analysis of the machined subsurface layer formation dealing with strain hardening phenomenon which results from complex mechanisms due to cutting edge multiple passes in drilling. On the one hand, the hardened layer during drilling is characterized in relation with the local cutting geometry and thanks to a quick-stop device (QSD) to suddenly interrupt the operation. Micro hardness is used to determine the hardened thickness of the machined subsurface layers along the local cutting edge geometry. On the other hand, orthogonal cutting performed with a complex self-designed planing experiment is used to investigate in details the hardening accumulation aspects. Then, dedicated methodologies are proposed to quantify the strain hardening as well as the incremental plastic strain generated by consecutive tool passes. In addition to the subsurface hardness evolution, the work material strain is observed during the steady-state cutting process thanks to the high-speed camera. The digital image correlation technique is exploited to analyze not only the plastic strain remaining on the workpiece after the cut but also the effect of the incremental plastic strain generated by the consecutive planing passes as the cutting edges in drilling do. One of the outcomes is that the hardened layer thickness can reach from two to three times the cut thickness in drilling or in planing. As a consequence, this work demonstrates that the cutting process affects itself by hardening. Thus, the studied austenitic stainless steel in such a way that this last is never cut in its initial state.
Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance in Three-Sided Solar Air Heaters Having an Alignment of Multi-v and Transverse Wire Roughness on the Absorber Plate
Authors: Kumar Dhananjay , Prasad Laljee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The use of artificial roughness is an efficient and commercial way to appreciate the thermal performance from the collector to the air in solar air heater ducts, for numerous applications such as space-heating, crop-drying, and seasoning of timber industrial purpose. In this paper, the tentative inquiry on thermal enactment using new-fangled of three-sided roughened quadrilateral duct solar air heater having an alignment of multiple-v and transverse wire is performed and compared the outcomes with smooth duct air heater under similar operational circumstances. The modification of an arrangement and operational constraints is inspected within the restrictions, the moral of four-sided duct aspect ratio (W/H) = 8, the Reynolds number occupied from 3000 to 12,000, fraction of pitch to roughness height, P/e in the range of 10–25; ratio of roughness height to hydraulic diameter, e/D in the range of 0.018–0.042; at flow attack angle, α = 60 deg for constant moral of relative roughness width, (W/w) = 6. The augmentation on thermal efficiency in three-sided rugged duct is found to be 23–86% when compared to smooth duct, and the maximum thermal efficiency can occur at P/e = 10 and e/D = 0.042. The enhancement in air temperature flowing under three-sided roughened duct is found to be 49.27% more than that of a smooth duct. The instant innovative form of three-sided roughened solar air warmer would be preferable to those of a smooth solar air heater with respect to heat assignment.
Dynamics of Flexoelectric Materials: Subsonic, Intersonic, and Supersonic Ruptures and Mach Cone Formation
Authors: Giannakopoulos Antonios E. , Rosakis Ares J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Motivated by recent, unexpected, experimental observations of “intersonic” rupture growth in which both shear and dilatational Mach fronts were observed at the tips of dynamic frictional ruptures propagating at rupture speeds below the dilatational wave speed of the surrounding solid, and we formulate the general dynamic flexoelectric problem and we investigate its plane strain/plane polarization specialization. The coupling of the mechanical problem is analogous to a problem of Toupin–Mindlin gradient elasticity, where two micromechanical characteristic lengths and two microinertial lengths emerge as a combination of the mechanical, dielectric, and flexoelectric constants. The solution of the rupture growth problem allows us to provide an explanation of the experimental results. This becomes possible since flexoelectricity predicts a new aspect that was not observed in the classical analysis: subsonic super shear and supersonic crack tip (or rupture) motions are not related exclusively with the problem being elliptic or hyperbolic, respectively. This is due to the influence of the microinertial lengths, which, in addition to the ratios of the rupture to the wave speeds, also affect the slopes of the Mach cones. Moreover, we are able to explain the experimental paradox of the observation of double Mach cone pairs at the tips of supershear, but subsonic, frictional, ruptures in poly-methyl-methacrtylate (PMMA) by demonstrating that both dilatational and shear Mach cones could appear in flexoelectric solids at rupture speeds below the material dilatation wave speed, something that is impossible from the classical elasticity analysis and is due to the dispersive nature of the present problem. Our analysis is of relevance to the dynamic deformation and fracture of both synthetic and naturally occurring flexoelectric materials and systems, with implications to both engineering and earthquake source mechanics.
Sequential Radial Basis Function-Based Optimization Method Using Virtual Sample Generation
Authors: Tang Yifan , Long Teng , Shi Renhe , Wu Yufei , Gary Wang G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To further reduce the computational expense of metamodel-based design optimization (MBDO), a novel sequential radial basis function (RBF)-based optimization method using virtual sample generation (SRBF-VSG) is proposed. Different from the conventional MBDO methods with pure expensive samples, SRBF-VSG employs the virtual sample generation mechanism to improve the optimization efficiency. In the proposed method, a least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) classifier is trained based on expensive real samples considering the objective and constraint violation. The classifier is used to determine virtual points without evaluating any expensive simulations. The virtual samples are then generated by combining these virtual points and their Kriging responses. Expensive real samples and cheap virtual samples are used to refine the objective RBF metamodel for efficient space exploration. Several numerical benchmarks are tested to demonstrate the optimization capability of SRBF-VSG. The comparison results indicate that SRBF-VSG generally outperforms the competitive MBDO methods in terms of global convergence, efficiency, and robustness, which illustrates the effectiveness of virtual sample generation. Finally, SRBF-VSG is applied to an airfoil aerodynamic optimization problem and a small Earth observation satellite multidisciplinary design optimization problem to demonstrate its practicality for solving real-world optimization problems.
Optimizing the Torque Distribution of a Redundantly Actuated Parallel Robot to Study the Temporomandibular Reaction Forces During Food Chewing
Authors: Mostashiri Naser , Dhupia Jaspreet , Verl Alexander , Bronlund John , Xu Weiliang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Inverse dynamics solution of redundantly actuated parallel robots (RAPRs) requires redundancy resolution methods. In this paper, the Lagrange’s equations of the second kind are used to derive governing equations of a chewing RAPR. Jacobian analysis of the RAPR is presented. As redundancy resolutions, two different optimization cost functions corresponding to specific neuromuscular objectives, which are minimization of effort of the muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joints (TMJs) loads, are used to find the RAPR’s optimized actuation torque distributions. The actuation torques under the influence of experimentally determined dynamic chewing forces on molar teeth reproduced from a separate chewing experiment are calculated for realistic in vitro simulation of typical human chewing. These actuation torques are applied to the RAPR with a distributed-computed-torque proportional-derivative control scheme, allowing the RAPR’s mandible to follow a human subject’s chewing trajectory. TMJs loads are measured by force sensors, which are comparable with the computed loads from theoretical formulation. The TMJs loads for the two optimization cost functions are measured while the RAPR is chewing 3 g of peanuts on its left molars. Maximum and mean of the recorded loads on the left TMJ were higher in both cases. Moreover, the maximum and mean of the recorded loads on both TMJs were smaller for the cost function minimizing the TMJs loads. These results demonstrate validity of the model, suggesting the RAPR as a potential TMJ loads measurement tool to study the chewing characteristics of patients suffering from pain in TMJs.
Controlling Mechanism of Temperature Dependence of Kinetic Friction of Ice
Authors: Hong Jialin , Talalay Pavel , Zhang Nan , Fan Xiaopeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIce friction is one of the major technical issues in almost every application involving ice as one of the moving parts. Very few studies have placed emphasis on the effects of temperature on ice friction at low velocities, although this is important in the transportation of heavy loads in cold regions using sleds, particularly at the onset of sled movement. In this study, a linear tribometer was designed to move a surface of ice over the test surfaces under constant sliding velocity and load. We present new experimental results of the kinetic friction of ice on stainless steel and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates at low velocities and a wide range of temperatures to a minimum of −60 °C. The results show a strong reduction in friction with increase in temperature. Low friction at low velocities and high temperatures may be owing to the thicker quasi-liquid water from pre-melting at the points of sliding contact, while high friction at low velocities and low temperatures can be caused by the low mobility of the surface molecules. The huge difference between the thermal conductivities of stainless steel and PTFE as well as the relatively high glass transition temperature of PTFE most likely account for the divergence of their coefficient of kinetic friction (COF) curves.
Tranexamic acid is safe to use following mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury
Authors: Cook Rob , Lyon-Maris Johnny , Martin Rosie 
Published: March 2020

The studyThe CRASH-3 Trial Collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, disability, vascular occlusive events and other morbidities in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (CRASH-3): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet 2019;394:1713-23.This trial was funded by NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (project number 14/190/01), JP Moulton Charitable Trust, Department of Health and Social Care, Department for International Development, Global Challenges Research Fund, Medical Research Council, and the Wellcome Trust (Joint Global Health Trials scheme).To read the full NIHR Signal, go to: https://discover.dc.nihr.ac.uk/content/signal-000870/tranexamic-acid-following-mild-to-moderate-traumatic-brain-injury-is-safe-and-reduces-deaths
Effect of resting heart rate on the risk of all-cause death in Chinese patients with hypertension: analysis of the Kailuan follow-up study
Authors: Zhao Mao Xiang , Zhao Quanhui , Zheng Mengyi , Liu Tong , Li Yao , Wang Miao , Yao Siyu , Wang Chi , Chen Yan-Ming , Xue Hao , Wu Shouling 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that an elevated heart rate is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. This study aimed to prospectively examine the relationship between resting heart rate (RHR) and all-cause mortality in Chinese patients with hypertension.DesignAn observational, prospective and population-based cohort study.SettingThe Kailuan cohort study was conducted in Tangshan City in northern China.ParticipantsWe enrolled 46 561 patients who did not receive beta-blocker treatment and were diagnosed with hypertension for the first time during an employee health examination in Kailuan Group in 2006 and 2008.OutcomeThe primary outcome of this study was all-cause mortality.MethodsThe patients in this study were followed for 9.25±1.63 years. All patients were followed up face to face every 2 years. According to the distribution of RHR in the study population, RHR was categorised into five groups on the basis of quintiles: Q1: RHR ≤68 beats per minute (bpm); Q2: RHR >68 and ≤72 bpm; Q3: RHR >72 and ≤76 bpm; Q4: RHR >76 and ≤82 bpm; Q5: RHR >82 bpm. Cox proportional hazards model, which was adjusted for traditional risk factors, was used.ResultsDuring follow-up, 4751 deaths occurred. After adjustment for potential confounders, restricted cubic spline regression showed that the risk of all-cause mortality increased with heart rate. In multivariate Cox regression analyses adjusted for age, sex and major covariates, the HR for all-cause mortality was 1.31 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.33) in the highest quintile group (Q5) compared with the lowest quintile group (Q1).ConclusionAn increase in RHR is a long-term risk factor of all-cause mortality in Chinese patients with hypertension.Trial registration numberChiCTR-TNC-11001489.
Continuing professional development requirements for UK health professionals: a scoping review
Authors: Karas Marek , Sheen Nik J L , North Rachel V , Ryan Barbara , Bullock Alison 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesThis paper sets out to establish the numbers and titles of regulated healthcare professionals in the UK and uses a review of how continuing professional development (CPD) for health professionals is described internationally to characterise the postqualification training required of UK professions by their regulators. It compares these standards across the professions and considers them against the best practice evidence and current definitions of CPD.DesignA scoping review.Search strategyWe conducted a search of UK health and social care regulators’ websites to establish a list of regulated professional titles, obtain numbers of registrants and identify documents detailing CPD policy. We searched Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracs (ASSIA), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline, EMCare and Scopus Life Sciences, Health Sciences, Physical Sciences and Social Sciences & Humanities databases to identify a list of common features used to describe CPD systems internationally and these were used to organise the review of CPD requirements for each profession.ResultsCPD is now mandatory for the approximately 1.5 million individuals registered to work under 32 regulated titles in the UK. Eight of the nine regulators do not mandate modes of CPD and there is little requirement to conduct interprofessional CPD. Overall 81% of those registered are required to engage in some form of reflection on their learning but only 35% are required to use a personal development plan while 26% have no requirement to engage in peer-to-peer learning.ConclusionsOur review highlights the wide variation in the required characteristics of CPD being undertaken by UK health professionals and raises the possibility that CPD schemes are not fully incorporating the best practice.
Supporting the emotional needs of young people in care: a qualitative study of foster carer perspectives
Authors: Hiller Rachel M , Halligan Sarah L , Meiser-Stedman Richard , Elliott Elizabeth , Rutter-Eley Emily 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesYoung people who have been removed from their family home and placed in care have often experienced maltreatment and there is well-developed evidence of poor psychological outcomes. Once in care, foster carers often become the adult who provides day-to-day support, yet we know little about how they provide this support or the challenges to and facilitators of promoting better quality carer–child relationships. The aim of this study was to understand how carers support the emotional needs of the young people in their care and their views on barriers and opportunities for support.Design and participantsParticipants were 21 UK foster carers, recruited from a local authority in England. They were predominantly female (86%), aged 42–65 years old and ranged from those who were relatively new to the profession (<12 months’ experience) to those with over 30 years of experience as a carer. We ran three qualitative focus groups to gather in-depth information about their views on supporting their foster children’s emotional well-being. Participants also completed short questionnaires about their training experiences and sense of competence.ResultsOnly half of the sample strongly endorsed feeling competent in managing the emotional needs of their foster children. While all had completed extensive training, especially on attachment, diagnosis-specific training for mental health problems (eg, trauma-related distress, depression) was less common. Thematic analysis showed consistent themes around the significant barriers carers faced navigating social care and mental health systems, and mixed views around the best way to support young people, particularly those with complex mental health needs and in relation to reminders of their early experiences.ConclusionsFindings have important implications for practice and policy around carer training and support, as well as for how services support the mental health needs of young people in care.