bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perovskite solar cells from lab to fab: the main challenges to access the market
Authors: Galagan Yulia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Research progress in the field of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) highlights perovskite-based photovoltaic as a very promising candidate for future energy technologies. Despite the number of advantages, PSCs still remain within laboratories. Several critical issues need to be solved before PSC technology enters the industrial stage and will undergo the commercialization process. This review summarizes current challenges in the commercialization of the PSCs and discusses possible solutions to overcome these issues. The review is focused on scaling up of the perovskite technologies, development of industry compatible manufacturing, selection of functional materials and solvents suitable for mass manufacturing. Moreover, the stability of the cells and modules, as a critical condition for future commercialization, is also discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to the stability of the modules and identifying specific aspects that differentiate the stability of cells and modules. The environmental aspects and lead toxicity are also discussed among the challenges for the commercialization of PSCs.
Psychoanalysis
Authors: Rabaté Jean-Michel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article explores the relationship of decadence and psychoanalysis in the work of four major figures: Max Nordau, Sabina Spielrein, Georg Groddeck, and Italo Svevo. Sigmund Freud and Nordau agreed on the need to launch a scientific psychology but disagreed on the relative function of disease and health in culture, the latter famously explored in Nordau’s Entartung (Degeneration; 1892–1893). Spielrein’s “Destruction as the Cause of Becoming” (1912) influenced Freud’s concept of the “death drive” while also examining the “decadent” interaction between Wagner and Nietzsche. Spielrein’s thinking, along with Otto Gross’s, influenced Georg Groddeck, from whom Freud derived the concept of the id. Groddeck’s psychoanalytical novel Der Seelensucher (The soulseeker; 1921) anticipates Svevo’s Zeno’s Conscience (1923) and Regeneration (1928), a comic play that meditates on health and disease and gives a final twist to a psychoanalytically inflected rethinking of the uses and abuses of the concept of decadence.
Globalization and Cosmopolitanism in the Middle Eastern City
Authors: Vignal Leïla 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The chapter questions the extent to which globalization has had the effect of bringing about a reassessment of urban societies and cosmopolitanism in the Middle East. It revisits orientalist urban narratives and firmly places the analysis of Middle Eastern cities within the analytical scope of contemporary global urban dynamics. It shows that these dynamics translate into the emergence of a regional space of flows and networks within which cities have a renewed role. It then discusses the tensions that exist in Middle Eastern cities between elite and non-elite practices of urban cosmopolitanism. It shows how some discourses of urban cosmopolitanism are often used to justify unequal, polarized, and segregated societies.
Religion and the City
Authors: Hammond Timur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to some of the conceptual issues raised by the study of religion and the city. It identifies four broad meta-questions that frame this interdisciplinary field of study: the nature of the relationship between religion and the city, the challenges of reconciling the plurality of religious experience and the need for a general definition, the question of a single urban process, and the ongoing importance of the “region” as an analytical lens. The chapter argues that greater attention to these meta-questions would provide one strategy for expanding conversations and collaborations across multiple disciplinary and methodological approaches.
Metaphors and Analogies as Heuristics in Policymaking
Authors: Zhang Qingmin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Metaphors and analogies are two of the most popular heuristics utilized by decision makers, promoting an unconscious inference into the realm of rationality within the mind. A master of metaphor and analogy, the late leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Mao Zedong, offers an illuminating example of such heuristic reasoning. Analyzing the metaphors and analogies most frequently invoked by the PRC leader, this chapter demonstrates that Mao’s conceptual system was highly metaphorical. While historical analogies explain Mao’s heuristic reasoning for China’s revolutionary diplomacy, his use of metaphors reveals how stereotypes influenced his understanding of his enemies, which in turn explained and shaped China’s major foreign policy decisions. Mao’s use/misuse of metaphors and analogies also showcases their fallacies, mainly their tendency to exaggerate similarities and move from the realization that something is like something else to assuming that something is exactly like something else.
The Mesopotamian Context of Ezekiel
Authors: Bodi Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The book of Ezekiel explicitly locates its material in Babylon between the years 593 and 571 BCE. The book’s language and imagery correspond to that setting. This chapter surveys the rich research of the book’s Mesopotamian context in three areas: comparative cultural elements, iconography and imagery, and philological research. The abundance of the evidence demonstrates that the prophet’s activity took place mainly in Babylonia, influencing the language, metaphors, content, and rich imagery of the book that bears his name and is essential for reconstructing the book’s composition.
US Law Relating to Noncommunicable Diseases
Authors: Parmet Wendy E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines US laws that seek to reduce the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) by targeting the sale, marketing, or use of the products with which they are associated. It reviews some of the broad debates that have helped shape the US response to NCDs, such as concerns about paternalism, individual responsibility, and the appropriate role for law regarding noncommunicable health threats. It also examines the allocation of authority between US jurisdictions to address NCDs. This chapter provides an overview of key US laws and policies that relate to tobacco, unhealthy foods, firearms, and opioids. It tackles the roles of the regulation of commercial speech and the First Amendment's protection for speech on reducing the threat of NCDs.
Rural Indonesian Youths’ Conceptions of Success
Authors: Larasati Rara Sekar , Wood Bronwyn E. , Laksana Ben K. C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pierre Bourdieu is a preeminent Northern theorist whose concepts and ideas have been applied extensively in global youth studies. Yet Bourdieu has been critiqued for his assumptions of cultural homogeneity and failure to include local voices in his theory making. Therefore, the question arises: Are Bourdieu’s concepts still useful for research in the Global South? Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in a remote Indonesian village (Ngadas), this essay interrogates Bourdieu’s concepts of cultural capitals in explaining young people’s conceptions of ‘success.’ In contrast to acquisition of capital for individual distinction and competitive advantage, Ngadas youth accumulate capital in order to maintain collective harmony and sustain a gift-giving cycle (guyub rukun). This study presents an expanded understanding of capital as a collective endeavor which challenges narrow interpretations of Bourdieu in the context of Southern youth studies and suggests the need for more contextually nuanced usage of his theories. It is central to the merging theory of navigational capacities which draws on Bourdieu’s notion of capitals but places emphasis on the collective nature of these capitals.
Silence as Collective Resistance among Adivasi Youth in India
Authors: Wadhwa Gunjan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In modern social democracies, ideas about participation and resistance are generally understood through the actions of citizens, in relation to the state, with individual agency assumed to exist in both participation and resistance. This essay critiques modern liberal conceptualizations of agency and resistance as inadequate for understanding contexts of violence, conflict, and precarity, such as those of Adivasi youth in India. The emphasis on active participation in the state renders acts of (dis)engagement with governance structures unintelligible. Terms like agency and resistance need to account for the multiple configurations of power that operate in and beyond communities, as well as acts such as silence and nonparticipation, which do not simply mean disaffection or apathy. These actions cannot be understood within liberal conceptualizations of citizens participating in the workings of the state and require new theoretical frameworks and analytical tools to render these collective silences audible.
The Politics of Australia’s Economic Development
Authors: Bell Stephen , Keating Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of state–economy relations in Australia since the late nineteenth century. Although Australia is typically categorized as a liberal market economy, this chapter argues that the state has been of central importance in shaping and managing the Australian economy over time. The chapter outlines the changing role of the state in the Australian economy, a process typically shaped by alterations to state–economy relations following major economic crises, such as the Depressions of the 1890s and 1930s, as well as the stagflationary crisis of the 1970s, which ushered in more market-based, neoliberal forms of economic policy. The chapter’s key argument for the contemporary era is that supply-side-focused neoliberal policies have run their course, and that a new demand-side policy focus aimed at dealing with weak aggregate demand, inequality, and flat wages is now required in order to spur aggregate demand and economic growth.
Religion and Politics
Authors: Maddox Marion 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Religious and secular institutions, forces and impulses have intersected repeatedly in Australian political life, not always along clear-cut lines. This chapter begins by analysing ways in which settler society sometimes deemed Indigenous peoples too irreligious for full participation in the new (Christian) polity, and at other times found their traditions too religious to be recognized under (secular) Australian law. It then considers how ideas of the Australian nation have assumed and disputed religious foundations. Religious institutions and their members have played prominent parts in party politics and in public policy. After considering key examples, the chapter reverses the standard analysis by considering how politics has shaped religion.
New Public Management and Service Privatization in Australia
Authors: O’Sullivan Siobhan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since at least the 1980s, New Public Management (NPM) has had a dramatic impact on public service delivery in Australia. NPM is a contested concept, but it is often closely associated with making government more businesslike, using a range of techniques such as the establishment of quasi-markets for the delivery of goods and services by private companies that work for government on short-term contracts. Australia’s strong embrace of NPM principles is most evident in its transformation of welfare-to-work under the Keating and Howard governments. Yet the evolution of Australia’s employment services system also points to some of the unresolved tensions inherent in NPM. In particular, the Australian experience suggests that it is difficult to strike a balance between maintaining control in a way that meets the expectations of citizens and allowing private companies freedom to innovate and capitalize.
Classical Daoist Meditation, 400–100 bce
Authors: Roth Harold D. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Daoism is the indigenous Chinese religious tradition that has been a major feature of this culture for over two thousand years. It is grounded in a comprehensive cosmology of the Way (Dao) that derives from the ancient practice of a meditation that emphasizes attentional focus and mental tranquility attained through an apophatic (self-negating) practice of systematically emptying consciousness of its normal contents. These foundational ideas are present in a series of surviving works that include the famous Laozi and Zhuangzi, which have recently been supplemented by newly excavated texts and newly appreciated extant ones known for millennia. They contain a meditative practice that has been called “inner cultivation” and that emphasizes methods that develop concentration in order to empty the mind of all common thoughts, desires, emotions, and perceptions. These lead ultimately to self-transcending experiences in which adepts experience a complete union with the non-dual Way. The return to dualistic consciousness is accompanied by a fresh and transformed cognition in which adepts are able to spontaneously and effortlessly act in harmony with all new circumstances. This flowing cognition is able to effect transformations in other people and in the body politic and so becomes part of the arcana of government advocated to local kings by the scholar-practitioners of this tradition. These apophatic methods constitute one of the main contemplative practice streams within the Daoist religious tradition and its continuities with later Daoism are detailed by Louis Komjathy in another chapter of this volume.
Meditation and the Brain in Health and Disease
Authors: Fox Kieran C. R. , Cahn B. Rael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide an accessible introduction to the neuroscience of meditation. First, a review of studies examining the relationship between meditation and alterations in the structure of the brain’s grey and white matter (so-called morphometric neuroimaging) is offered. Next, the chapter discusses findings from functional neuroimaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and what they have taught us about the brain’s patterns of activity during different forms of meditation, how meditation alters the brain’s response to various tasks and experiences, and how the expertise of long-term meditators might be harnessed to help us explore subtle aspects of human cognition. Third, the chapter reviews electrophysiological methods of measuring brain activity during meditation, such as electroencephalography (EEG), and how these findings relate to what we have learned from morphometric and functional neuroimaging. Finally, there is a discussion of the implications of this research and of meditation more generally for brain health and psychological well-being. Specifically, the discussion focuses on how meditation might offset the deficits related to cognitive aging, as well as help ameliorate the symptoms and underlying neural substrates associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease.
A Library in Progress
Authors: Chambliss Melanie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Libraries function as more than just repositories of information: they produce knowledge, and they create and fill absences worthy of examination. This chapter explores the early history of the Moorland Foundation Library at Howard University and the absences that this collection was designed to address. The Moorland Foundation started as the personal library of Howard trustee Jesse Moorland, who accumulated books, pamphlets, pictures, and other items about African diasporic history. Moorland used this material for his own private study, but Howard professors Kelly Miller and Alain Locke saw the potential for a research collection and comprehensive bibliography that would respond to needs on campus and in their respective fields. Although it would take the hiring of librarian Dorothy Porter to fulfill these professors’ ambitions, the three distinct ideas behind this one collection demonstrate the versatility of Black thought and the motivations behind Black collecting.
What is a Book?
Authors: Cummings Brian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The book is difficult to define, caught between a physical object, usually rectangular, made by tying together a stack of pages so that one side is bound and fixed, and the other free and loose; and an intellectual object, one that delimits a project that is self-sufficient and of reasonably substantial (though indeterminate) length. Clearly these physical and non-physical definitions are intimately related, yet they also involve considerable philosophical indeterminacy. A book is both finite and indefinite, open and restricted. This chapter considers both dimensions of the book, arguing that object and idea are inseparable. It discusses the 5,000 year history of the book from cuneiform to the Kindle, and theories of the book from Augustine to Petrarch, or from Freud to Heidegger. It is divided into five sections: the Book as Object; Contents; Metaphor; Technology; and Machine.
Reading Platforms
Authors: Tenen Dennis Yi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Reflecting on the history and future of the book, the chapter imagines several possible alternatives to electronic texts as we know them today. The terms “platform” and “format” guide a speculative exploration through an archive of extant literary technologies—micrographic prints, Computexts, HyperCards, and ePUBs—and consideration of these distant materialities and their associated practices, interfaces, and affordances. The way in which a book’s spine or a reading chair realign the positions of the back, eye, and hand suggests another type of structuring when reading electronically, within environments made of polymer, rare metals, and liquid crystal. How does one mold the human senses to fit such alien media? The history of electronic books ultimately attests to the process of trans-mediation, contested at the boundary of hardware—paper or silicon—and software—body and code.
Islam, Law, and the State
Authors: Müller Dominik M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the ever-growing corpus of anthropological scholarship addressing Islam and Muslim lifeworlds, comparably few studies centre on the intersections of Islam, law, and state power. This chapter begins with an introduction to some classical legal anthropological works that were influential in fields such as Islamic courtroom ethnography, disputing, and legal pluralism and that reflected on positivistic reconfigurations of the sharia caused by (post)colonial forces, most of which were not overly interested in the state as a core object of empirical and analytic enquiry. The chapter then shifts attention to more recent works that have opened up new directions and dealt increasingly with Islam’s intricate and contingent relationships with law, the state, and wider legal politics in specific contextual settings, factoring in overlapping sovereignties such as marketization in the religious and political field. These studies address, for example, the (trans)formation of sharia norms in corporate workplace settings, halal politics and related state-market dynamics, and the societal workings of state attempts to govern and bureaucratize Islam. They derive their strength from long-term ethnographic endeavours that follow social actors into spheres where they render the sharia meaningful, often in ways that would not immediately be associated with law or legal studies as a result of European-rooted secular distinctions. These and other emerging fields offer sociolegal scholars a range of timely and often understudied avenues for future research that could potentially hold significance for broad readerships within and beyond anthropology and sociolegal studies.
LegalismRules, Categories, and Texts
Authors: Pirie Fernanda 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLaws, rules, and texts, this chapter argues, deserve more sustained attention by legal anthropologists. They have tended to turn their backs on doctrine and texts, but law and legal phenomena have taken legalistic forms practically since the invention of writing. Historical and anthropological examples indicate that legalism – that is, the use of general rules and abstract categories – is typical of law as a social form. Paying attention to this aspect of law helps to explain legal phenomena that have long puzzled anthropologists, in particular, an enduring fascination with law, despite its repeated use to enact and legitimate power. A focus on legalism, moreover, allows scholars to compare diverse empirical examples from the rich corpus of historical legal studies with more contemporary ethnographic work in order to reflect upon the nature of law as a social form.
The Persistence of Chinese Rights Defenders
Authors: Davis Sara L. M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractScholars have recently critiqued human rights as a purely Eurocentric construct that has failed to find wider appeal and is now on the decline. Some cite the apparent success of China’s repressive political regime in support of this argument, but depicting China as uniformly authoritarian risks missing the persistence of domestic forms of human rights advocacy and mobilization. This chapter reviews the history of civil society mobilization in China since 2000, including actions taken in domestic courts, in non-governmental organizations, and through social media. Despite repeated crackdowns, the arrest and disappearance of leading human rights defenders, and Chinese authorities’ interference with UN human rights mechanisms, some Chinese human rights defenders do find innovative ways to persist in rights-based advocacy, such as the practice of weiguan (public counterveillance during political trials). The author argues that the world has entered a more intense phase of struggle over the meaning and application of human rights norms in diverse local contexts, and that the human rights framework facilitates transnational solidarity.
Norm Creation beyond the State
Authors: Dann Philipp , Eckert Julia M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe generation of law beyond the state is an unbroken dynamic. In international and transnational relations, the formulation and strategic use of rules through an increasing number of actors in diverse settings and across almost all fields of societal ordering provides a particularly fascinating and rich, but also contested field of inquiry for scholars of legal anthropology and law. We interrogate this dynamic of increasing deterritorialization of law production, which brings particular questions to the centre of our enquiries: Who are the actors involved in such norm creation? What are the conditions of participation in these norm-producing processes? How do such norms gain authority? To address these questions, we claim that the combination of anthropological and legal reservoirs of knowledge is particularly fruitful. What is more, we conclude that an important common task of anthropological and legal scholarship should be to ‘de-naturalize’ legal concepts and categories in order to make room for critical perspectives and interrogate, if not destabilize, structures of power and domination.