bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High incidence of asymptomatic leptospirosis among urban sanitation workers from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Jeffree Mohammad Saffree , Mori Daisuke , Yusof Nur Athirah , Atil Azman Bin , Lukman Khamisah Awang , Othman Rafidah , Hassan Mohd Rohaizat , Suut Lela , Ahmed Kamruddin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLeptospirosis is a public health challenge in Sabah State of Malaysian Borneo. Rapid urbanization, rural-to-urban migration, and undocumented immigration in Sabah have increased the pressure on the urban garbage disposal system. Rodents and other small animals thrive under these conditions. We hypothesized that urban sanitation workers would be at risk of developing leptospirosis. In total, 303 urban sanitation workers with a mean age of 42.6 years were enrolled in this study. The serum samples collected from these workers were subjected to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons to confirm the presence of Leptospira. The phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor joining method was performed to assess whether they were pathogenic. In this study 43.8% (133/303) of the samples were MAT-seropositive and among them, 29 (21.8%) were positive by PCR. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons confirmed the presence of Leptospira. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our strains belonged to the pathogenic group of Leptospira. A high proportion of urban sanitation workers were seropositive for leptospirosis, and a considerable number were PCR positive for Leptospira, thereby indicating asymptomatic infections. Further research is needed to confirm whether this is a transient phenomenon or antibiotic therapy is required.
Mutual mate choice and its benefits for both sexes
Authors: Reyes-Ramírez Alicia , Sandoval-García Iván Antonio , Rocha-Ortega Maya , Córdoba-Aguilar Alex 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn mating interactions, it is common in nature for both sexes to choose simultaneously. However, this mutual mate choice and its consequences for progeny has received relatively little study; an approach where both male and female condition is manipulated is thus desirable. We compared both sexes’ preferences in Tenebrio molitor beetles when individual condition varied (healthy vs infected with a fungus), and observed the direct benefits of those preferences. We predicted that: (a) females and males in good condition would prefer high quality mates; (b) preferences would be weaker when the choosing individual is in poor condition (and thus less selective given, for example, time and energetic constrains); and, (c) high quality mates would lay a larger number of total eggs and/or viable eggs than low quality mates. We found that both males and females in good condition were not more likely to choose mates that were also in good condition. However, poor-condition animals were more likely to prefer similar quality animals, while high-condition animals did not necessarily prefer mates of similar condition. Choosing sick males or females had a negative impact on egg number and viability. Our results suggest a non-adaptive mate choice in this species. Possibly, a deteriorated condition may drive individuals to invest more in attracting mates, because their chances of surviving the infection are very low. However, we do not discount the possibility that the fungus is manipulating individuals to increase its transmission during mating.
Comprehensive profiling of extracellular RNA in HPV-induced cancers using an improved pipeline for small RNA-seq analysis
Authors: Tong Fangjia , Andress Arlise , Tang Gongyu , Liu Ping , Wang Xiaowei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExtracellular RNAs (exRNAs) have attracted great attention due to their essential role in cell-to-cell communication as well as their potential as non-invasive disease biomarkers. However, at present, there is no consensus on the best method to profile exRNA expression, which leads to significant variability across studies. To address this issue, we established an experimental pipeline for comprehensive profiling of small exRNAs isolated from cell culture. By evaluating six RNA extraction protocols, we developed an improved method for robust recovery of vesicle-bound exRNAs. With this method, we performed small RNA sequencing of exosomes (EXOs), microvesicles (MVs) and source cells from 14 cancer cell lines. Compared to cells, EXOs and MVs were similarly enriched in tRNAs and rRNAs, but depleted in snoRNAs. By miRNA profiling analysis, we identified a subset of miRNAs, most noticeably miR-122-5p, that were significantly over-represented in EXOs and MVs across all 14 cell lines. In addition, we also identified a subset of EXO miRNAs associated with cancer type or human papillomavirus (HPV) status, suggesting their potential roles in HPV-induced cancers. In summary, our work has laid a solid foundation for further standardization on exRNA analysis across various cellular systems.
Body mass index and body weight change during adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer patients: results from the AVANT trial
Authors: Lee Dae-Won , Cho Sooyoung , Shin Aesun , Han Sae-Won , Kim Tae-You 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhile obesity increases colorectal cancer incidence, there are inconsistent results in the prognostic role of obesity or body weight change on survival. This study investigated the prognostic impact of body weight and weight change in stage III or high risk stage II colon cancer patients. We used data from patients enrolled in the phase III AVANT trial. The AVANT trial investigated the efficacy of adding bevacizumab to standard adjuvant chemotherapy (FOFOX or XELOX). Weight change during the first 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy was measured. Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the prognostic influence of body weight and weight change. Among 3451 intention-to-treat population, body weight and weight change was measured in 3449 (99.9%) and 2455 (71.1%) patients, respectively. Among 2455 patients, 651 (26.5%) had weight gain over 5 kg and 179 (7.3%) had weight loss over 5 kg. Weight gain was more frequently observed in Asian and male. Neither baseline BMI nor weight change affected recurrence or survival in the Cox proportional hazard model.
Identification of an extracellular vesicle-related gene signature in the prediction of pancreatic cancer clinical prognosis
Authors: Xu Dafeng , Wang Yu , Zhou Kailun , Wu Jincai , Zhang Zhensheng , Zhang Jiachao , Yu Zhiwei , Liu Luzheng , Liu Xiangmei , Li Bidan , Zheng Jinfang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluid have been considered to be ideal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, it is still difficult to distinguish EVs derived from tumor tissue and normal tissue. Therefore, the prognostic value of tumor-specific EVs was evaluated through related molecules in pancreatic tumor tissue. NA sequencing data of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). EV-related genes in pancreatic cancer were obtained from exoRBase. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was used to identify modules related to clinical stage. CIBERSORT was used to assess the abundance of immune and non-immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. A total of 12 PPI modules were identified, and the 3-PPI-MOD was identified based on the randomForest package. The genes of this model are involved in DNA damage and repair and cell membrane-related pathways. The independent external verification cohorts showed that the 3-PPI-MOD can significantly classify patient prognosis. Moreover, compared with the model constructed by pure gene expression, the 3-PPI-MOD showed better prognostic value. The expression of genes in the 3-PPI-MOD had a significant positive correlation with immune cells. Genes related to the hypoxia pathway were significantly enriched in the high-risk tumors predicted by the 3-PPI-MOD. External databases were used to verify the gene expression in the 3-PPI-MOD. The 3-PPI-MOD had satisfactory predictive performance and could be used as a prognostic predictive biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
Data mining of immune-related prognostic genes in metastatic melanoma microenvironment
Authors: Han Wei , Huang Biao , Zhao Xiao-Yu , Shen Guo-Liang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is one of the most deadly malignancies. Although immunotherapies showed the potential to improve the prognosis for metastatic melanoma patients, only a small group of patients can benefit from it. Therefore, it is urgent to investigate the tumor microenvironment in melanoma as well as to identify efficient biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatments of SKCM patients. A comprehensive analysis was performed based on metastatic melanoma samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and ESTIMATE algorithm, including gene expression, immune and stromal scores, prognostic immune-related genes, infiltrating immune cells analysis and immune subtype identification. Then, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained based on the immune and stromal scores, and a list of prognostic immune-related genes was identified. Functional analysis and the protein–protein interaction network revealed that these genes enriched in multiple immune-related biological processes. Furthermore, prognostic genes were verified in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases and used to predict immune infiltrating cells component. Our study revealed seven immune subtypes with different risk values and identified T cells as the most abundant cells in the immune microenvironment and closely associated with prognostic outcomes. In conclusion, the present study thoroughly analyzed the tumor microenvironment and identified prognostic immune-related biomarkers for metastatic melanoma.
Feasible Implementation Strategies for Improving Vocabulary Knowledge of High-Risk Preschoolers: Results From a Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: Kelley Elizabeth Spencer , Barker R. Michael , Peters-Sanders Lindsey , Madsen Keri , Seven Yagmur , Soto Xigrid , Olsen Wendy , Hull Katharine , Goldstein Howard 
Published: November 2020

PurposeMany children begin school with limited vocabularies, placing them at a high risk of academic difficulties. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of a vocabulary intervention program,Story Friends, designed to improve vocabulary knowledge of at-risk preschool children.MethodTwenty-four early-childhood classrooms were enrolled in a cluster-randomized design to evaluate the effects of a revisedStory Friendscurriculum. In each classroom, three to four preschoolers were identified as having poor language abilities, for a total of 84 participants. In treatment classrooms, explicit vocabulary instruction was embedded in prerecorded storybooks and opportunities for review and practice of target vocabulary were integrated into classroom and home practice activities. In comparison classrooms, prerecorded storybooks included target vocabulary, but without explicit instruction, and classroom and home strategies focused on general language enrichment strategies without specifying vocabulary targets to teach. Intervention activities took place over 13 weeks, and 36 challenging, academically relevant vocabulary words were targeted.ResultsChildren in the treatment classrooms learned significantly more words than children in the comparison classrooms, who learned few target words based on exposure. Large effect sizes (meand= 1.83) were evident as the treatment group averaged 42% vocabulary knowledge versus 11% in the comparison group, despite a gradual decline in vocabulary learning by the treatment group over the school year.ConclusionsFindings indicate that a carefully designed vocabulary intervention can produce substantial gains in children's vocabulary knowledge. TheStory Friendsprogram is feasible for delivery in early childhood classrooms and effective in teaching challenging vocabulary to high-risk preschoolers.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13158185
Modeling proton and electron heating in the fast solar wind
Authors: Adhikari L. , Zank G. P. , Zhao L.-L. , Nakanotani M. , Tasnim S. 
Published: November 2020

Context. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) measures solar wind protons and electrons near the Sun. To study the thermodynamic properties of electrons and protons, we include electron effects, such as distributed turbulent heating between protons and electrons, Coulomb collisions between protons and electrons, and heat conduction of electrons.
Aims. We develop a general theoretical model of nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (NI MHD) turbulence coupled with a solar wind model that includes electron pressure and heat flux.
Methods. It is important to note that 60% of the turbulence energy is assigned to proton heating and 40% to electron heating. We use an empirical expression for the electron heat flux. We derived a nonlinear dissipation term for the residual energy that includes both the Alfvén effect and the turbulent small-scale dynamo effect. Similarly, we obtained the NI/slab time-scale in an NI MHD phenomenology to use in the derivation of the nonlinear term that incorporates the Alfvén effect.
Results. A detailed comparison between the theoretical model solutions and the fast solar wind measured by PSP and Helios 2 shows that they are consistent. The results show that the nearly incompressible NI/slab turbulence component describes observations of the fast solar wind periods when the solar wind flow is aligned or antialigned with the magnetic field.
Enhanced proton parallel temperature inside patches of switchbacks in the inner heliosphere
Authors: Woodham L. D. , Horbury T. S. , Matteini L. , Woolley T. , Laker R. , Bale S. D. , Nicolaou G. , Stawarz J. E. , Stansby D. , Hietala H. , Larson D. E. , Livi R. , Verniero J. L. , McManus M. , Kasper J. C. , Korreck K. E. , Raouafi N. , Moncuquet M. , Pulupa M. P. 
Published: November 2020

Context.Switchbacks are discrete angular deflections in the solar wind magnetic field that have been observed throughout the heliosphere. Recent observations by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) have revealed the presence of patches of switchbacks on the scale of hours to days, separated by ‘quieter’ radial fields.Aims.We aim to further diagnose the origin of these patches using measurements of proton temperature anisotropy that can illuminate possible links to formation processes in the solar corona.Methods.We fitted 3D bi-Maxwellian functions to the core of proton velocity distributions measured by the SPAN-Ai instrument onboard PSP to obtain the proton parallel,Tp,∥, and perpendicular,Tp,⊥, temperature.Results.We show that the presence of patches is highlighted by a transverse deflection in the flow and magnetic field away from the radial direction. These deflections are correlated with enhancements inTp,∥, whileTp,⊥remains relatively constant. Patches sometimes exhibit small proton and electron density enhancements.Conclusions.We interpret that patches are not simply a group of switchbacks, but rather switchbacks are embedded within a larger-scale structure identified by enhancedTp,∥that is distinct from the surrounding solar wind. We suggest that these observations are consistent with formation by reconnection-associated mechanisms in the corona.
Neuropathia vestibularis – Prävalenz der stationären Fälle in Deutschland
Authors: von Bernstorff Maximilian , Pudszuhn Annett , Obermueller Theresa , Hofmann Veit Maria 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Die Neuropathia vestibularis (NV) ist eine häufig diagnostizierte, akute peripher-vestibuläre Schwindelform. Sie ist gekennzeichnet durch Drehschwindel, ipsilaterale Fallneigung mit Stand- und Gangunsicherheit und vegetative Begleiterscheinungen. Epidemiologische Studien zur Abschätzung der Häufigkeit der NV in der Gesamtbevölkerung sind selten und werden regional sehr unterschiedlich angegeben.
Material und Methoden Es erfolgte die Auswertung aller stationären Fälle mit der Diagnose einer NV in Deutschland von 2000–2017. Die Daten wurden vom Statistischen Bundesamt bereitgestellt. Neben der jährlichen Fallzahl wurden zusätzlich Informationen über Alter bei Diagnose, Geschlecht und Liegedauer untersucht.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden in Deutschland 401 242 stationäre Fälle mit NV zwischen 2000 und 2017 gemeldet. Daraus ergibt sich für das Jahr 2017 eine Prävalenz von 36,7 Fällen/100 000 Einwohner. Die Anzahl der stationären Fälle mit NV ist in Deutschland in den untersuchten 17 Jahren um ca. 180 % gestiegen. Frauen wurden häufiger als Männer mit einer NV stationär behandelt. Die Liegedauer nahm im Beobachtungszeitraum kontinuierlich um insgesamt 3,3 Tage ab.
Diskussion Die beobachtete Prävalenz der stationären NV-Fälle von 36,7 Fällen/100 000 Einwohner im Jahr 2017 und die in der Literatur beschriebene ambulante Prävalenz der NV-Fälle von 162 Fällen/100 000 Einwohner im Jahr 2015 in Deutschland ist auch bei Berücksichtigung einer Bias bei der Erfassung der Fälle deutlich höher als bisher in der Literatur beschrieben. Die kontinuierliche jährliche Zunahme der stationären Fälle mit einer NV in Deutschland ist möglicherweise mit demografischen Veränderungen der Altersstruktur und der damit verbundenen höheren Morbidität assoziiert.
Effectiveness and Safety of Apixaban, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, and Warfarin among Venous Thromboembolism Patients with Active Cancer: A U.S. Claims Data Analysis
Authors: Cohen Alexander , Keshishian Allison , Lee Theodore , Wygant Gail , Rosenblatt Lisa , Hlavacek Patrick , Mardekian Jack , Wiederkehr Daniel , Sah Janvi , Luo Xuemei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background This study primarily evaluates the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding (MB) among patients with VTE and active cancer prescribed apixaban, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), or warfarin, with claims data.
Methods Four U.S. commercial insurance claims databases were used to identify patients with VTE and active cancer who initiated apixaban, LMWH, or warfarin within 30 days following the first VTE event. Stabilized inverse-probability treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance treatment cohorts. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate risk of recurrent VTE and MB.
Results All eligibility criteria were fulfilled by 3,393 apixaban, 6,108 LMWH, and 4,585 warfarin patients. After IPTW, all patient characteristics were balanced. When the follow-up was censored at 6 months, apixaban patients had a lower risk of recurrent VTE (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47–0.81) and MB (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47–0.86) versus LMWH. Apixaban patients had a lower risk of recurrent VTE (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.52–0.90) and similar risk of MB (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.53–1.00) versus warfarin. Warfarin patients had a similar risk of recurrent VTE (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.72–1.15) and MB (HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.68–1.12) versus LMWH. The trends were similar for the entire follow-up; however, apixaban patients had a lower risk of MB versus warfarin patients.
Conclusion Patients with VTE and active cancer who initiated apixaban had a lower risk of recurrent VTE and MB compared with LMWH patients. Apixaban patients also had a lower risk of recurrent VTE compared with warfarin patients.
Exploitative leaders incite intergroup warfare in a social mammal
Authors: Johnstone Rufus A. , Cant Michael A. , Cram Dominic , Thompson Faye J. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
A classic explanation for the prevalence of complex warfare in human societies is leadership by exploitative individuals who reap the benefits of conflict while avoiding the costs. Here, we extend the classic hawk−dove model to show that leadership of this kind can also explain the evolution of severe collective violence in certain animal societies. We test our model using long-term data from wild banded mongooses, and show that female leaders incite fights with rival groups to gain genetic benefits, while males bear the costs of fighting. The result is unusually severe levels of intergroup violence. Our findings suggest that the decoupling of leaders from the costs that they incite amplifies the destructive nature of intergroup conflict.
Oncogenic allelic interaction in
Xiphophorus
highlights hybrid incompatibility
Authors: Lu Yuan , Sandoval Angel , Voss Sarah , Lai Zhao , Kneitz Susanne , Boswell Will , Boswell Mikki , Savage Markita , Walter Christi , Warren Wes , Schartl Manfred , Walter Ronald 
Published: November 2020

Significance
The Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller (BDM) model describes negative epistatic interactions that occur between genes with a different evolutionary history to account for hybrid incompatibility and is a central theory explaining genetic mechanisms underlying speciation. Since the early 1900 s when the BDM model was forwarded examples of BDM incompatibility have been described in only a few nonvertebrate cases. This study reports the only vertebrate system, with clearly defined interacting loci, that supports the BDM model. In addition, this study also poses that tumorigenesis serves as a novel mechanism that accounts for postzygotic isolation.
Seasonal and diel patterns of abundance and activity of viruses in the Red Sea
Authors: Hevroni Gur , Flores-Uribe José , Béjà Oded , Philosof Alon 
Published: November 2020

Significance
The role of viruses in shaping microbial communities in the marine photic zone has been studied extensively in recent years. However, temporal patterns of abundance and activity of highly abundant viral groups and its relation to host abundance are still mostly unconstrained. By tracking changes in rank abundance patterns, we report evidence for seasonal succession in key viral groups alongside a persistence and low transcriptional activity of a large bank population. In addition, we show that high virion abundance does not necessarily translate to high host infection levels, suggesting the coexistence of a diverse repertoire of diel activity and life history traits, even within viral taxonomic groups. Our results highlight the diversity of viral life strategies in the ocean.
Selection on phenotypic plasticity favors thermal canalization
Authors: Svensson Erik I. , Gomez-Llano Miguel , Waller John T. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Organisms are increasingly challenged by increasing temperatures due to climate change. In insects, body temperatures are strongly affected by ambient temperatures, and insects are therefore expected to suffer increasingly from heat stress, potentially reducing survival and reproductive success leading to elevated extinction risks. We investigated how ambient temperature affected fitness in two insect species in the temperate zone. Male and female survivorship benefitted more from low temperatures than did reproductive success, which increased with higher temperatures, revealing a thermal conflict between fitness components. Male body temperature plasticity reduced survival, and natural and sexual selection operated on such thermal plasticity. Our results reveal the negative consequences of thermal plasticity and show that these insects have limited ability to buffer heat stress.
The origin of secondary microseism Love waves
Authors: Gualtieri Lucia , Bachmann Etienne , Simons Frederik J. , Tromp Jeroen 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Secondary microseisms are the strongest background seismic vibrations of the Earth and represent the major part of global seismographic data. Secondary microseisms are generated by wind-driven ocean storms, whose energy couples with the solid Earth at the seafloor. State-of-the-art generation theories are unable to justify the presence of secondary microseism Love waves, horizontally polarized surface waves observed in two-thirds of the seismic data archive since the beginning of the 20th century. Using unprecedented high-frequency numerical simulations of global seismic wave propagation, we shed light on this 100-y-old conundrum by demonstrating that secondary microseism Love waves originate ergodically due to lateral heterogeneities in Earth structure.