bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
367 Combinational use of sodium butyrate and phytogenics on intestinal health of nursery pigs
Authors: Bloomer S , Cheng Y C , Yakout H M , Kim S W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The effects of encapsulated sodium butyrate (SB), phytogenics (PH), or a combination were studied on intestinal health of nursery pigs. Phytogenics were blends of dry herbs and essential oil components. Forty-eight weaned pigs (21-d-old; 6.9 ± 0.6 kg BW) were individually housed, blocked by initial BW and sex, allotted to 4 dietary treatments (n = 12) in a RCBD, and fed for 33-d (P1: 0–7; P2: 7–19; and P3: 19–33). Treatments were arranged by 2 factors: SB (P1: 0.2% and P2: 0.1%) and PH (P3: 0.033%). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient requirements and pigs were fed ad libitum. For each phase, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were measured. Fecal scores were assessed during d 3–19 and d 26–33. Blood samples were drawn in P2 and P3 to measure tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Four pigs at P2 and 8 pigs in P3 from each treatment were euthanized to collect jejunal tissue, jejunal mucosa, and ileal digesta to measure gut histology, TNF-α, IL-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Fixed effects were treatments and random effects were blocks. In P2 and P1-2, SB decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI whereas no effect on ADG and G:F. In P2, SB tended to decrease (P = 0.063) villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) whereas increased (P &lt; 0.05) enterocyte proliferation in P3. In P3 and overall, PH increased (P &lt; 0.05) G:F. No changes were found in TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, MDA, IgG, and protein carbonyl. Conclusively, SB and a combinational use of SB and PH showed minimal effects on growth performance and gut health when added to the diets of nursery pigs. However, PH supplementation increased feed efficiency of nursery pigs during 19–33 d post-weaning.
371 Effects of dietary supplementation with lauric acid and AviPlusS on growth performance and gut health of newly weaned pigs
Authors: Duarte M E , Grilli E , Kim S W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was to determine the supplemental effects of lauric acid and a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals (AviPlusS, Vetagro, Chicago, IL) on growth performance and gut health in newly weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs (48 barrows and 48 gilts, 21 d-of-age, 6.5 ± 0.4 kg BW) were randomly allotted (3 pigs/ pen) to 4 treatments in RCBD arranged by 2 factors: lauric acid (0 or 0.1%) and AviPlusS (0 or 0.3%). Initial BW and sex were blocks. Diets met the NRC (2012) requirements, medicated, included ZnO, and prepared in 3 phases (phase 1 for 7 d; phase 2 for 11 d; and phase 3 for 14 d). At the end of each phase, ADG, ADFI, and G:F was measured. On d 32, 1 pig representing the median BW of each pen was euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa to analyze immune and oxidative stress status and microbiome. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Two factors were fixed effects and blocks were random effects. Overall performance was not affected by 2 factors. Combinational use of lauric acid and AviPlusS tended to increase (P = 0.053) the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae (18.11 vs. 9.59 and 10.26%). Lauric acid tended to reduce (P = 0.081) the relative abundance of Methylobacteriaceae (10.34 to 6.30%). Lauric acid tended to increase (P = 0.083) the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae (2.05 to 9.28%) which tended to be reduced (P = 0.078) when combined with AviPlusS. Combinational use of lauric acid and AviPlusS increased (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillus (23.34 vs. 13.21 and 17.56%) compared with the use of lauric acid or AviPlusS alone. Collectively, lauric acid can modulate the microbiome to enhance gut health, which can be further enhanced when combined with AviPlusS.
296 Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) challenge duration on complete blood count and serum metabolites of growing beef cattle
Authors: Samuelson Kendall , Wright Meagan D , Richeson John T , Gifford Jennifer A Hernandez , Sanchez Nicole C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate stress challenge and duration on immunologic and metabolic variables of growing beef cattle. Thirty crossbred steers were used in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were i.v. injection of: 1) Control (3 mL saline for 4 consecutive days: n = 10), 2) Acute (0.3 µg/kg BW CRH and 1.0 µg/kg BW VP for 1 day, saline for 3 consecutive days; n = 10), or 3) Chronic (0.3 µg/kg BW CRH and 1.0 µg/kg BW VP for 4 consecutive days; n = 10) at hour 0, 24, 48, and 72. Rectal temperature and serum were collected at hour 0, 1, 2, 24, 25, 26, 48, 49, 50, 72, 73, 74, 144, and 336 for analysis of cortisol and serum metabolites. Whole blood was collected at hour 0, 24, 48, 72, 144, and 336 for analysis of complete blood count. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Rectal temperature tended to be greater for stress challenged cattle (stress vs. no; P = 0.06). Cortisol was greater for cattle receiving acute and chronic than control at hour 1 and greater for chronic than both acute and control at hour 25, 26, 49, 50, 73, and 74 (P ≤ 0.01). Similarly, serum glucose concentration was increased at hour 1 for acute and chronic and chronic had greater glucose at hour 25, 49, 50, 73, and 74 (P ≤ 0.04). Potassium was less for acute and chronic at hour 1 and 2 and chronic was less than acute and control at hour 24, 25, 26, 49, 50, 73, and 74 (P ≤ 0.02). Chronic had greater (P = 0.04) white blood cell count than control at 72 h. Monocyte concentration was least at hour 144 for chronic (P &lt; 0.01). Results demonstrate that stress influences cortisol, glucose, electrolyte, and white blood cell concentrations.
431 Increasing IGF-1 concentrations in late pregnancy stimulates mammary development of gilts
Authors: Farmer Chantal , Langendijk Pieter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The goal of this project was to determine if increasing insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in late pregnancy can stimulate mammogenesis in gilts. Yorkshire x Landrace gilts (196.2 ± 6.2 kg BW on day 89 of gestation) were separated in two groups: 1) controls (CTL, n = 17) injected with sterile water, and 2) porcine somatotropin-treated (pST, n = 20) injected daily with 5 mg of pST (Reporcin®) from days 90 to 109 of gestation. Gilts were slaughtered on day 110 to collect mammary glands and blood samples were obtained on days 89, 96, 103 and 109 of gestation. Treated gilts gained more BW (P &lt; 0.05) and lost more backfat (P &lt; 0.05) than CTL gilts during treatment. There was a treatment x day effect (P &lt; 0.01) on IGF-1, glucose and urea concentrations in blood. Concentrations of IGF-1 increased fourfold (P &lt; 0.01) in pST compared with CTL gilts on days 96, 103 and 109 of gestation. Insulin values were also greater on days 96 (P &lt; 0.01) and 103 (P = 0.01), and tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) on day 109 of gestation in pST gilts. Glucose was greater in pST than CTL gilts on days 96 (P &lt; 0.01), 103 (P &lt; 0.01) and 109 (P = 0.01). Injections of pST did not affect weight of mammary extraparenchyma (P &gt; 0.10) but increased mammary parenchymal mass (1922.2 vs 1576.1 ± 123.9 g, P &lt; 0.05). Mammary parenchyma contained more (P &lt; 0.05) protein, DNA and RNA and less fat (P &lt; 0.05) and dry matter (P &lt; 0.01) in pST than CTL gilts. These findings demonstrate that increasing circulating IGF-1 in late-pregnant gilts can stimulate mammary development both in terms of total parenchymal mass and of parenchymal tissue composition.
373 Response to kisspetin as a possible reference for puberty age in heifer
Authors: Nogueira Guilherme D , Paiva Ana Flavia T , Rodrigues Tiago , Frizzarini Waneska , Scaliante João 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the variation of LH concentrations in response to kisspeptin as a way to evaluate the neuroendocrine maturation of Nellore heifers. The hypothesis was that the LH response to kisspeptin increases with age as the number of kisspeptin receptors increase in the CNS. Initially 50 weaned heifers were segregated according to the weaning weight as light (174±1 kg) or heavy (232±2 kg). Both groups received a kisspeptin injection (10μg/kg; IM) monthly from weaning to 16 months, and blood samples were collected 20 minutes after each application. After 16 months of age, heifers were exposed to bulls (25:1) for 60 days and pregnancy was determined 30 days after the end of the breeding season. The LH concentration in response to kisspeptin increased over time (P = 0.001), but there was no difference between light and heavy heifers over the 8-month period (3.62±0.14, 3.34±0.16 ng/ml; P = 0.3853). Similarly, no differences were observed between heifers that became pregnant or not (3.42±0.12, 3.67±0.20 ng/ml; P = 0.3169). Due to the high LH concentrations at 8 months of age (3.06±0.19 ng/ml), another experiment was performed in younger heifers. Fifty newborn Nellore heifers (29±0.3 kg) from the same herd received monthly injections of kisspeptin until weaning. There was also an increase in LH concentrations in response to kisspeptin over time (P = 0.001), but the mean LH concentrations in this experiment (4.05±0.22ng/mL) were considerably greater than those in postweaning heifers. Our interpretation is that genetic differences likely contributed to the different responses to kisspeptin between the two experiments. In order to test this hypothesis, the LH response to kisspeptin will be evaluated in a large number of animals from different herds at weaning to determine the effect of genetic variability on kisspeptin response and possibly to use this phenotype as a marker for age at puberty.
375 The effect of supplemental protein from weaning until first breeding on heifer development and uterine environment characteristics
Authors: Brandt Kiernan J , Ault Taylor B , Schneider Liesel G , Myer Phillip R , McLean Kyle J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Replacement heifer development is one of the most critical components of productive beef operations. By identifying the ideal uterine environment in pre-breeding heifers, fertility and reproductive efficiency can be maximized. Our hypothesis was that different levels of protein supplementation would affect the rate of development and uterine environment of beef heifers. To test the effects of dietary supplementation on these outcomes, a randomized complete block design with repeated measures was implemented. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 60) were blocked by BW into 4 weight classes. Within each weight class, three pens of 5 heifers each were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups of supplemental protein [10% (control), 20% (P20), and 40% (P40)]. All heifers were allowed access to ad libitum grass hay. Bodyweight and BCS were collected every 2 weeks to monitor heifer development. Uterine fluid samples were collected monthly by flushing with sterile saline to evaluate components of the uterine environment. Relative uterine pH was calculated by subtracting saline pH from the uterine flush pH. Separate mixed model ANOVAs and mean separation via PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) were used to determine if protein supplementation treatments, time and their interactions influenced BW, BCS, or uterine environment. Bodyweight of the control group was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) than P20 or P40 groups from December to March. There was an interaction between treatment and time for relative uterine pH (P = 0.002). In November, the P40 group exhibited less change in pH compared to the control group (0.33±0.1 vs. 0.74±0.1; P &lt; 0.05). Whereas in December the P40 (0.23±0.1) group showed more basic uterine environment compared to the P20 (-0.22±0.1) or control (-0.13±0.1) groups (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, higher protein supplementation does improve heifer growth and development, as well as altering the pH of the uterine fluid from weaning to first breeding
382 Gene polymorphism of 5, 10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase is related to boar semen quality
Authors: lai wen , Wang chao , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
5, 10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an important enzyme in folate and homocysteine metabolism, and plays an important role in regulating folate levels, DNA synthesis and methylation in cells. Defects in the MTHFR gene can lead to spermatogenesis disorders and male sterility. Polymorphic loci of MTHFR gene and semen quality of 1,490 boars were examined to explore their relationship. Results showed there were 13 polymorphic loci on MTHFR gene exon in boars with different semen quality, among which loci 1 and 2 were missense mutations. For Duroc boars, although there were synonymous mutations at loci 3–5 and 11, the mutation had no effect on semen quality (P &gt; 0.05). In addition to loci 13, loci 1–12 of the MTHFR gene had mutations, but it had no effect on semen quality in Yorkshire boars (P &gt; 0.05). Interestingly, for Landrace boars, double mutation of MTHFR gene at 1–2, 6–10, and 12 loci (CC → TT) led to decreased sperm motility and increased abnormal sperm rate (P &lt; 0.05). Further analysis showed seminal plasma MDA and hydrogen peroxide levels were increased in Landrace boars with the mutation of MTHFR gene at loci 1–2, 6–10 and 12 (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, double mutation of MTHFR gene at 1–2, 6–10, and 12 loci decreased semen quality and increased oxidative stress in sperm, and these mutant loci may be potential biomarkers for predicting the semen quality of Landrace boars.
380 Effects of estradiol benzoate on reproductive characteristics in beef cows
Authors: Dysart Lacey M , Lemley Caleb O , Messman Riley , Larson Jamie E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ovulation prompted by exogenous GnRH may cause the release of sub-mature oocytes and lead to decreased pregnancy rates. Inclusion of estradiol benzoate (EB) has improved pregnancy rates. The objective was to determine if EB affects blood perfusion of follicles, CL, or uterus, concentrations of estradiol, or incidence of standing estrus. Forty-seven suckled beef cows were synchronized (GnRH+CIDR on d -9, PGF2a+CIDR removal on d -2, expected estrus=d 0). On d -1, 24 of 47 cows received an injection of EB (1mg/2mL) while the other 23 remained as a control group. Ovaries were evaluated via Doppler ultrasonography on d -1, 0, 6, 14, and 21. A laser Doppler probe was used to measure blood perfusion of the uterus on d -1, 0, and 6. Only cows that exhibited estrus (n = 29) were evaluated on d 14 and 21. Images were analyzed via ImageJ software to determine mean area of perfusion. Blood samples were collected on d -1 and 0 and analyzed for concentrations of estradiol using RIA. Using SAS, MIXED and FREQ were used to determine the influence of treatment on blood perfusion and estradiol, and incidence of standing estrus, respectively. Treatment with EB increased (P &lt; 0.001) the number of cows exhibiting standing estrus compared to control (21/24 vs 8/23, respectively). Treatment of EB did not (P &gt; 0.10) alter blood perfusion of the follicles or uterus on any day or perfusion of the CL on d 6. However, EB increased (P &lt; 0.036) the size of the CL on d 14 (25.06±1.7 vs 6.06±3.7) and tended (P &lt; 0.097) to increase the size of the CL on d 21. Treatment of EB increased (P &lt; 0.003) concentrations of estradiol on d 0 compared to control (21.35±4.49 vs 9.44±4.61 pg/mL). In conclusion, treatment with EB may play a role in changing the CL after ovulation.
146 Net protein contribution of feedlots from 2006 to 2017
Authors: Baber Jessica , Sawyer Jason , Holland Ben , Karr Kendall , Word Alyssa , Wickersham Tryon 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feedlot efficiency has increased as technologies are adopted and new feed ingredients, generally byproducts, have become available and readily incorporated. To evaluate the effect of diet changes and feedlot production over time on net protein contribution (NPC), a deterministic NPC model was used. Lot level production data from 2006 to 2017 for 8 commercial feedlots was used. Ingredient and nutrient composition were collected for a representative starter and finisher diet fed for each year and feedlot combination. Net protein contribution was calculated by multiplying the ratio of human-edible protein (HeP) in beef produced to HeP in feed by the protein quality ratio (PQR). A NPC &gt;1 indicates a production system is positively contributing to meeting human protein requirements, whereas a NPC &lt; 1 indicates competition with humans for HeP. Regressing NPC on year evaluated temporal change in NPC, and feedlots were categorized as increasing (INC; slope &gt; 0) or constant (CON; slope = 0). Four feedlots were categorized as INC and 4 were CON. A common slope was estimated for CON and INC for PQR (P ≥ 0.79). Slopes of INC and CON differed for byproduct and cereal grain inclusion (P ≤ 0.01). Feedlots categorized as INC reduced HeP consumed by 2.39% per year, but CON feedlots did not (0.28%). Cattle received and shipped by INC were lighter than CON cattle (P &lt; 0.01). Both feedlot types tended to improve HeP gained (0.1 kg per year; P = 0.10). Differences in slope for INC and CON were observed for conversion efficiency of HeP (P &lt; 0.01). Net protein contribution increased 0.027 units per year for INC (P &lt; 0.01) and was 0.94 in 2017. Net protein contribution by the feedlot sector increased from 2006 to 2017 as a result of using less human-edible feeds to produce human-edible beef protein.
148 Residual feed intake and body weight gain relate to feeding behavior in Nellore bulls: Implications for performance and maintenance requirements
Authors: Menezes Ana Clara B , Filho Sebastião Valadares , Benedetti Pedro , Pacheco Marcos , Pucetti Pauliane , Silva Breno , Zanetti Diego , Silva Fabyano , Paulino Mário , Chizzotti Mário , Neville Tammi , Caton Joel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study determined feed intake behavior, performance, feed efficiency, and maintenance requirements of bulls with high and low residual feed intake and body weight gain. Data were collected from 42 weaned Nellore bulls (initial BW 260 ± 8.1 kg; age 7 ± 1.0 mo) housed in a feedlot in a group pen that contained electronic feeders. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily and body weight (BW) was measured every 28 d over a 140-day period. Indexes of average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, and residual feed intake (RFI) were calculated. Residual feed intake and gain (RFIG) was calculated according to previously published equations. Frequency of meals, duration per visit, and time spent feeding per day were recorded as feeding behavior measures. Maintenance requirements were calculated according to the BR-CORTE system. High RFIG bulls had lower DMI (P &lt; 0.01), lower final BW (P &lt; 0.01), and were more feed efficient (P &lt; 0.01) than low RFIG bulls, but both groups had similar ADG (P = 0.55). No differences in feeding behavior were observed between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05). The net energy requirements for maintenance, metabolizable energy for maintenance, and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization were 76.5, 122.68 kcal/EBW0.75 daily, and 62.4%, respectively for high RFIG bulls, and 89.2, 143.76 kcal/EBW0.75 daily, and 62.0% for low RFIG bulls. This study reveals that low RFIG bulls are less feed efficient and have greater maintenance requirements than high RFIG bulls (0.16 ± 0.006 and 0.18 ± 0.006, respectively). As low RFIG eat more, and in beef cattle, feeding behavior is associated with methane emissions, we suggest further research evaluating this relationship be conducted. In addition, selection for high RFIG cattle would improve feed efficiency, reduce production costs, and could potentially reduce methane emissions.
157 Impact of weaning strategy on heifer performance and reproductive development
Authors: Ott Grace C , Poole Rebecca K , Poore Matt H , Pickworth Carrie L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Weaning is recognized as one of the most stressful times of a beef calf’s post-natal life. The objective of this study was to determine if weaning strategy impacts heifer development and reproduction. At 7 months of age, 96 predominantly Angus heifers at 2 locations were assigned to 1 of 3 weaning treatments: abrupt relocation of the calf on d0 (Abrupt, n = 32), fenceline contact starting on d0 prior to relocation of the calf on d7 (Fence, n = 33), and abrupt relocation of the calf on d84 (Late, n = 31). Calf weights, hip heights, and body condition scores (BCS) were collected to evaluate post-weaning performance. Reproductive tract scores (RTS; 0–5 scale, 5=most mature) were assigned every 54 days from d56 to d218. Heifers were synchronized using a 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR® protocol and artificially inseminated (AI) on d246. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Late heifers were heavier at d28 and d56 than Abrupt and Fence (P &lt; 0.05), but BW was similar across treatments starting at d84. Average daily gain (ADG) was greater for Late than Abrupt (0.39 and -0.03 kg/day respectively; P &lt; 0.01) and tended to be greater than Fence (0.16 kg/day; P = 0.07) to d28; however, Late had lower ADG than Abrupt and Fence from d28-84 (0.66, 0.83, and 0.81 kg/day respectively; P &lt; 0.05). No treatment differences were observed in BCS or hip height. Late tended to have greater RTS than Abrupt and Fence (2.54, 2.20, and 2.16 respectively; P ≤ 0.10) on d56, but there was no difference on or after d164. Fence tended to have greater AI conception rates than Abrupt and Late (66%, 44%, and 42% respectively; P ≤ 0.08). This data indicates there were initial performance differences based on weaning strategy, but this had minimal impact on heifer development.
386 Effect of essential oil and exogenous enzyme on feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation of finishing cattle fed different roughage sources
Authors: Toseti Laura B , Goulart Rodrigo S , Gouvêa Vinicius N , Acedo Tiago S , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Beline Mariane , Netto Arlindo S , Silva Saulo L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Eight rumen-cannulated Nellore steers (327 ± 30 Kg BW) were used in a 4x4 duplicate Latin square to evaluate the effects of two feed additives (MON - Sodium Monensin 26 mg/kg DM vs. Crina® RumistarTM - combination of blend of essential oils - 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase - 560 mg/kg DM, respectively; DSM Produtos Nutricionais Brasil S.A.) and two roughage sources at 10% of peNDF (CS - corn silage vs SB - sugarcane bagasse, on DM basis). Final diets contained 19.5% CS or 12% SB, corn grain (70.7 and 78.2% for CS and SB diets, respectively), 5.5% soybean meal, 4% mineral-vitamin mixture and 0.3% urea, on DM basis. The experimental periods had 14-d for adaptation and 5-d of collections. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS and means compared by Tukey test. No interaction between additives and roughage sources was observed. Animals fed Crina® RumistarTM had 0.600 kg increase (P = 0.03) on DM intake and decreased (P = 0.01) apparent crude protein digestibility (CP; 75.3 vs. 77.5%, respectively) compared to MON. Animals fed SB presented greater apparent CP digestibility (77.6 vs 75.2%, respectively; P = 0.003) compared to CS. No difference in apparent NDF digestibility for additives and roughage source was observed. Animals fed Crina® RumistarTM had lower acetate concentration (P = 0.01) compared to MON on time 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 hours. Animals fed CS had higher acetate:propionate (P = 0.03) compared to SB at all collection times–24 hours. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen was lower (P = 0.01) in animals fed Crina® RumistarTM compared to MON. To use Crina® RumistarTM increased DM intake and decreased ruminal ammonia-nitrogen compared to monensin, suggesting a higher CP by-passing the rumen. Crina® RumistarTM increased DM intake without negative impacts on nutrients digestibility, regardless roughage source, thus a higher amount of nutrients reaches the intestine to be absorbed and animal performance can be increased.