bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing timber and declining live plant diversity and volumes in global trade from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Naqinezhad Alireza , Morton Oscar , Edwards David P. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPlants are a vast, lucrative portion of global wildlife trade and the most speciose clade listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora-CITES. Here we used the CITES Trade Database and >420,000 records between 2000 and 2020 and assessed the diversity and volume of wild-sourced CITES-listed plants across space and time. Between 2000–2020, over 8.4 million cubic metres of timber, 197 million individual live plants, and 4.6 million kilograms of plant products were traded under CITES, comprising 53, 765, and 74 species, respectively. Most species are traded between key exporter and importer nations, especially China, USA, and Europe. Total diversity of timber species and volumes increased over time, whereas live diversity declined, and product diversity and mass fluctuated uncertainly. Most species were not evaluated by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List when first traded, with high volumes of timber and products concentrated among threatened taxa. The high prevalence of poorly understood species necessitates enhanced rigour in ensuring sustainable CITES trade.
A prospective cohort study of cochlear implantation as a treatment for tinnitus in post-lingually deafened individuals
Authors: Wang Qian , Kapolowicz Michelle R. , Li Jia-Nan , Ji Fei , Shen Wei-Dong , Wang Fang-Yuan , Chen Wei , Guo Wei-Wei , Zhang Chi , Liu Ri-Yuan , Zhang Miao , Hong Meng-Di , Chen Ai-Ting , Zeng Fan-Gang , Yang Shi-Ming 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background
Cochlear implants have helped over one million individuals restore functional hearing globally, but their clinical utility in suppressing tinnitus has not been firmly established.

Methods
In a decade-long study, we examined longitudinal effects of cochlear implants on tinnitus in 323 post-lingually deafened individuals including 211 with pre-existing tinnitus and 112 without tinnitus. The primary endpoints were tinnitus loudness and tinnitus handicap inventory. The secondary endpoints were speech recognition, anxiety and sleep quality.

Results
Here we show that after 24 month implant usage, the tinnitus cohort experience 58% reduction in tinnitus loudness (on a 0–10 scale from 4.3 baseline to 1.8 = −2.5, 95% CI: −2.7 to −2.2, p = 3 x 10−6; effect size d’ = −1.4,) and 44% in tinnitus handicap inventory (=−21.2, 95% CI: −24.5 to −17.9, p = 1 x 10−15; d’=−1.0). Conversely, only 3.6% of those without pre-existing tinnitus develop it post-implantation. Prior to implantation, the tinnitus cohort have lower speech recognition, higher anxiety and poorer sleep quality than the non-tinnitus cohort, measured by Mandarin monosyllabic words, Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. Although the 24 month implant usage eliminate the group difference in speech and anxiety measures, the tinnitus cohort still face significant sleep difficulties likely due to the tinnitus coming back when the device was inactive at night.

Conclusions
The present result shows that cochlear implantation can offer an alternative effective treatment for tinnitus. The present result also identifies a critical need in developing always-on and atraumatic devices for tinnitus patients, including potentially those with normal hearing.
Metacognition biases information seeking in assessing ambiguous news
Authors: Guigon Valentin , Villeval Marie Claire , Dreher Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHow do we assess the veracity of ambiguous news, and does metacognition guide our decisions to seek further information? In a controlled experiment, participants evaluated the veracity of ambiguous news and decided whether to seek extra information. Confidence in their veracity judgments did not predict accuracy, showing limited metacognitive ability when facing ambiguous news. Despite this, confidence in one’s judgment was the primary driver of the demand for additional information about the news. Lower confidence predicted a stronger desire for extra information, regardless of the veracity judgment. Two key news characteristics led individuals to confidently misinterpret both true and fake news. News imprecision and news tendency to polarize opinions increased the likelihood of misjudgment, highlighting individuals’ vulnerability to ambiguity. Structural equation modeling revealed that the demand for disambiguating information, driven by uncalibrated metacognition, became increasingly ineffective as individuals are drawn in by the ambiguity of the news. Our results underscore the importance of metacognitive abilities in mediating the relationship between assessing ambiguous information and the decision to seek or avoid more information.
Urban inequality, the housing crisis and deteriorating water access in US cities
Authors: Meehan Katie , Jurjevich Jason R. , Everitt Lucy , Chun Nicholas M.J.W. , Sherrill Justin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The housing unaffordability and cost-of-living crisis is affecting millions of people in US cities, yet the implications for urban dwellers’ well-being and social reproduction remain less clear. This Article presents a longitudinal analysis of household access to running water—a vital component of social infrastructure—in the 50 largest US cities since 1970. The results indicate that water access has worsened in an increasing number and typology of US cities since the 2008 global financial crash, disproportionately affecting households of color in 12 of the 15 largest cities. We provide evidence to suggest that a ‘reproductive squeeze’—systemic, compounding pressures on households’ capacity to reproduce themselves on a daily and societal basis—is forcing urban households into more precarious living arrangements, including housing without running water. We analyze the case study of Portland (Oregon) to illustrate the racialized nature of the reproductive squeeze under a housing crisis. Our insights reveal that plumbing poverty—a lack of household running water—is expanding in scope and severity to a broader array of US cities, raising doubts about equitable progress towards Sustainable Development Goals for clean water and sanitation for all (SDG 6) and sustainable cities (SDG 11) in an increasingly urbanized United States.
Feasibility and Repeatability of an Abbreviated Auditory Perceptual and Cognitive Test Battery
Authors: Cherri Dana , Ozmeral Erol J. , Gallun Frederick J. , Seitz Aaron R. , Eddins David A. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
Auditory perceptual and cognitive tasks can be useful as a long-term goal in guiding rehabilitation and intervention strategies in audiology clinics that mostly operate at a faster pace and on strict timelines. The rationale of this study was to assess test–retest reliability of an abbreviated test battery and evaluate age-related auditory perceptual and cognitive effects on these measures.

Method:
Experiment 1 evaluated the test–retest repeatability of an abbreviated test battery and its use in an adverse listening environment. Ten participants performed two visits, each including four conditions: quiet, background noise, external noise, and background mixed with external noise. In Experiment 2, both auditory perceptual and cognitive assessments were collected from younger adults with normal hearing and older adults with and without hearing loss. The full test battery included measures of frequency selectivity, temporal fine structure and envelope processing, spectrotemporal and spatial processing and cognition, and an external measure of tolerance to background noise.

Results:
Results from Experiment 1 showed good test–retest repeatability and nonsignificant effects from background or external noise. In Experiment 2, effects of age and hearing loss were shown across auditory perceptual and cognitive measures, except in measures of temporal envelope perception and tolerance to background noise.

Conclusions:
These data support the use of an abbreviated test battery in relatively uncontrolled listening environments such as clinic waiting rooms. With an efficient test battery, perceptual and cognitive deficits can be assessed with minimal resources and little clinician involvement due to the automated nature of the test and the use of consumer-grade technology.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28021070
Guest Editorial: Anomaly detection and open‐set recognition applications for computer vision
Authors: Cevikalp Hakan , Polikar Robi , Gerek Ömer Nezih , Chen Songcan , Geng Chuanxing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAnomaly detection is a method employed to identify data points or patterns that significantly deviate from expected or normal behaviour within a dataset. This approach aims to detect observations regarded as unusual, erroneous, anomalous, rare, or potentially indicative of fraudulent or malicious activity. Open‐set recognition, also referred to as open‐set identification or open‐set classification, is a pattern recognition task that extends traditional classification by addressing the presence of unknown or novel classes during the testing phase. This approach highlights a strong connection between anomaly detection and open‐set recognition, as both seek to identify samples originating from unknown classes or distributions. Open‐set recognition methods frequently involve modelling both known and unknown classes during training, allowing for the capture of the distribution of known classes while explicitly addressing the space of unknown classes. Techniques in open‐set recognition may include outlier detection, density estimation, or configuring decision boundaries to better differentiate between known and unknown classes. This special issue calls for original contributions introducing novel datasets, innovative architectures, and advanced training methods for tasks related to visual anomaly detection and open‐set recognition.
A power‐saving control voltage‐retention circuit for fast‐locking phase‐locked loops with sleep mode
Authors: Kim Min‐Ji , Lee Won‐Young 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study proposes a voltage‐retention circuit (VRC) for a low‐power phase‐locked loop (PLL) designed for mobile interfaces. The PLL, incorporating the proposed scheme, supports the sleep mode to achieve low power consumption and fast switching between the sleep and active modes. To facilitate rapid switching between these modes, the proposed VRC stores the filter information from the previous input during sleep mode, ensuring quick settling upon reactivation. The VRC comprises a resistor‐steering digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC), a comparator, and a counter. During the active mode, the circuit adjusts the DAC using the comparator and counter to track the loop‐filter voltage, and it holds the tracked voltage value during the sleep mode. The proposed circuit, designed using a 65‐nm CMOS process, demonstrates 54% improved settling time compared to conventional circuits. Additionally, it reduces power consumption during sleep mode by 88%.
Detection of characteristic component H2S in SF6 and SF6/N2 mixture using cavity ring‐down spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang Anhao , Zhang Chaohai , Zhu Min , Zhang Xiaoxing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA high‐sensitivity cavity ring‐down spectroscopy gas detection system with integrated optical components and embedded microprocessor units is presented for the detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and its mixture with nitrogen (N2). The system exploits a periodic laser wavelength modulation to simplify the mode matching. Spectral line profile fitting is used for sample quantitative analysis. To verify the sensitivity and stability of concentration detection, the effect of background gas and temperature on the responses of spectral line broadening and absorption cross‐section are investigated. The result deviation caused by variation of background gas can be compensated by the pre‐correction of empty cavity ring‐down time. It is also found that the implication of temperature on the spectra cannot be ignored. The full width at half maximum and peak value decreased linearly with the increase of temperature, while the baseline is undergoing accelerated growth. Using Allan variance analysis, the limits of detection reach 4.44 × 10−9 in SF6 and 2.96 × 10−9 in N2 with average time of 67 s. This study provides a meaningful approach for the online detection of characteristic gas in gas insulation equipment.
Train operation simulation and capacity analysis for a high‐speed maglev station
Authors: Deng Lianbo , Zhang Ying , Jing Enwei , Li Yongjun , Li Hengxin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractFocusing on the transportation organization characteristics of the high‐speed maglev station, this article simulates the train operation process based on the train running calculation and the train operation scheme for multi‐type trains, and analyzes the station capacity based on the simulation for multi‐type trains and typical‐layout stations. This study is carried out from the following three perspectives: (i) calculating train running in the train operation process, (ii) calculating the carrying capacity for single‐type trains, and (iii) simulating the train operation scheme at the station. By analyzing the running process and working conditions of a high‐speed maglev train during various operations, a kinematic model for the train running and a simulation method for the technical operation process based on the operation calculation are established. The simulation results for train running calculation are then used to determine the time required and the capacity for the station handing single‐type trains, which is the basis of analyzing multi‐type trains operations. In the simulation for operations of multi‐type trains, three simulation strategies are designed: track selection strategy, route segment lock/unlock strategy, and operation method choosing strategy. The operational process of a high‐speed maglev station under multi‐train and multi‐technology conditions is simulated based on the above strategies, and the capacity utilization of the station is calculated. The capacity utilization characteristics of typical‐layout stations and the recommended layouts for stations under different scenarios are given for capacity analysis and optimization.
Identifying abnormal driving states of drunk drivers using UAV
Authors: Zhou Guiliang , Xu Kaiwen , Chen Jian , Mao Lina 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe rising number of car owners has increased the frequency of drunk driving‐related traffic accidents, which is a significant danger to traffic safety. Many drawbacks of traditional drunk driving detection techniques include missed detection, interference with regular drivers, inadequate real‐time monitoring, and excessive labour costs. In this work, the intent is to increase the accuracy, real‐time performance, and coverage of drunk driving detection by proposing a method for differentiating abnormal driving conditions while intoxicated by utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle technology. The approach uses an unmanned aerial vehicle to identify the driver's facial expression to determine whether there is an evidence of drunk driving behaviour is drunk driving behaviour. It then uses these models to score vehicle trajectory anomalies, including vehicle sway, vehicle sudden speed change, and signalized intersection waiting time. According to the trial data, the system can successfully identify drunk drivers, and its accuracy has increased by 10.8% compared to the high accuracy and real‐time performance of traditional drunk driving detection methods.
Design of dynamic range adjustable laser ranging chip based on element sharing
Authors: Tong Xuanke , Zhao Chongzhuo , Huang Zhiwei , Teng Chuanxin , Deng Shijie 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis work proposes a design of a dynamic range adjustable laser ranging chip based on element sharing, which combines single photon avalanche diodes and direct time‐of‐flight (dToF) to address the uncertainty of detection distance in different usage scenarios of laser ranging technology. To achieve adjustable dynamic range of the chip, an element shared control logic circuit based on external control signals is designed and integrated, which can adjust the measurement dynamic range of the chip through external control signals, making it suitable for different usage scenarios. Moreover, when the dynamic range of the chip changes, the measurement resolution of the time‐to‐digital converter (TDC) in the chip can remain unchanged. Through the analysis of simulation results, it is found that the laser ranging chip designed in this work can adjust the dynamic range from 3 ns to 4.29 s based on external control signals at a resolution of 125 ps, with a reference clock signal input frequency of 20 MHz. The differential non‐linearity (DNL) error of TDC is −0.22 LSB to 0.19 LSB, and the integral non‐linearity (INL) error is −0.82 LSB to 0.52 LSB. The dynamic range adjustable laser ranging chip based on element sharing designed in this work provides a feasible solution to address the uncertainty of detection distance in laser ranging technology.
SIP-IFVM: Efficient time-accurate magnetohydrodynamic model of the corona and coronal mass ejections
Authors: Wang H. P. , Guo J. H. , Yang L. P. , Poedts S. , Zhang F. , Lani A. , Baratashvili T. , Linan L. , Lin R. , Guo Y. 
Published: December 2024

Context. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are one of the main drivers of space weather. However, robust and efficient numerical modelling applications of the initial stages of CME propagation and evolution process in the sub-Alfvénic corona are still lacking.
Aims. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solar coronal models are critical in the Sun-to-Earth model chain, but they do sometimes encounter low-β (<10−4) problems near the solar surface. This paper aims to deal with these low-β problems and make MHD modelling suitable for practical space weather forecasting by developing an efficient and time-accurate MHD model of the solar corona and CMEs. In this paper, we present an efficient and time-accurate three-dimensional (3D) single-fluid MHD solar coronal model and employ it to simulate CME evolution and propagation.
Methods. Based on a quasi-steady-state implicit MHD coronal model, we developed an efficient time-accurate coronal model that can be used to speed up the CME simulation by selecting a large time-step size. We have called it the Solar Interplanetary Phenomena-Implicit Finite Volume Method (SIP-IFVM) coronal model. A pseudo-time marching method was implemented to improve temporal accuracy. A regularised Biot-Savart Laws (RBSL) flux rope, whose axis can be designed into an arbitrary shape, was inserted into the background corona to trigger the CME event. We performed a CME simulation on the background corona of Carrington rotation (CR) 2219 and evaluated the impact of time-step sizes on simulation results. Our study demonstrates that this model is able to simulate the CME evolution and propagation process from the solar surface to 20 Rs in less than 0.5 hours (192 CPU cores, ~1 M cells). Compared to the explicit counterpart, this implicit coronal model is not only faster, but it also has improved numerical stability. We also conducted an ad hoc simulation with initial magnetic fields artificially increased. It shows that this model can effectively deal with time-dependent low-β problems (β < 10−4). Additionally, an Orszag-Tang MHD vortex flow simulation demonstrates that the pseudo-time-marching method used in this coronal model can simulate small-scale unsteady-state flows.
Results. The simulation results show that this MHD coronal model is very efficient and numerically stable. It is a promising approach to simulating time-varying events in the solar corona with low plasma β in a timely and accurate manner.
Observable and ionizing properties of star-forming galaxies with very massive stars and different initial mass functions
Authors: Schaerer D. , Guibert J. , Marques-Chaves R. , Martins F. 
Published: December 2024

Context. The presence of very massive stars (VMS) with masses > 100 M⊙ is now firmly established in the Local Group, nearby galaxies, and out to cosmological distances. If present, these stars could boost the UV luminosity and ionizing photon production of galaxies, helping to alleviate the overabundance of UV-bright galaxies found with JWST at high redshift.
Aims. To examine these questions, we quantify the impact of VMS on properties of integrated stellar populations, exploring different stellar initial mass functions (IMFs) extending up to 400 M⊙, and with slopes between standard (Salpeter-like) and flatter, more top-heavy IMFs.
Methods. Combing consistent stellar evolution and atmosphere models tailored to VMS at 1/2.5 Z⊙ metallicity with BPASS evolutionary synthesis models and including nebular emission, we computed integrated spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and derived quantities for a large set of models.
Results. We find that VMS contribute significantly to the UV luminosity and Lyman continuum emission of young stellar populations, and they are characterized by strong stellar He II emission, with EW(He IIλ1640) up to 4–8 Å at young ages or ∼2.5 − 4 Å for a constant star formation rate (SFR) (for the IMFs considered here). For IMFs with a Salpeter slope, the boost of the UV luminosity is relatively modest (up to a factor of ∼1.6). However, small changes in the IMF slope (e.g., from α2 = −2.35 to −2) lead to large increases in LUV and the ionizing photon production, Q. The ionizing photon efficiency, ξion, is also increased with VMS, by typically 0.14–0.2 dex for a Salpeter slope, and by up to ∼0.4 dex when the IMF is extended up to 400 M⊙. Stronger H recombination lines are also predicted in the presence of VMS. Interestingly, SEDs including VMS show smaller Lyman breaks, and the shape of the ionizing spectra remain essentially unaltered up to ∼35 eV, but become softer at higher energies. We derive and discuss the maximum values that quantities such as LUV per stellar mass or unit SFR, ξion, Q, and others can reach when VMS are included, and we show that these values become essentially independent of the IMF. We propose observational methods to test for the presence of VMS and constrain the IMF in star-forming galaxies. Finally, using published JWST observations, we examine if high redshift (z ≳ 5 − 6) galaxies show some evidence of the presence of VMS and/or signs of non-standard IMFs. Very top-heavy IMFs can be excluded on average, but we find that the IMF could well extend into the regime of VMS and be flatter than Salpeter in the bulk of high-z galaxies.
Conclusions. The predictions should improve our understanding of the stellar content and IMF of the most distant galaxies and allow us to establish if “extreme” or “unusual” populations extending well beyond 100 M⊙ existed in the early Universe.