bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La dialéctica y la metafísica según santo Tomás de Aquino
Authors: Torrijos Castrillejo David 
Published: January 2020

En estas páginas se pretende examinar la idea bastante difundida entre los estudiosos recientes de Aristóteles según la cual el método de la metafísica sería principalmente dialéctico. Este problema es indagado en santo Tomás, el cual decididamente niega que la metafísica use la dialéctica porque ésta sólo proporciona probabilidad. El metafísico, a diferencia del dialéctico, no se funda sólo en el ente de razón sino en el ente natural. Por consiguiente, no constituye sólo un juego racional sobre quididades sino que estudia las cosas en su actualidad real y por eso debe apoyarse en evidencias. Aunque santo Tomás está de acuerdo con Aristóteles en que no toda ciencia goza de la misma certeza, esto se debe a distintos motivos. En primer lugar, a que todas las cosas no poseen la misma estabilidad y constancia. En segundo lugar, a que no siempre hay perfecta adecuación entre lo que se estudia y la capacidad de conocer del investigador. Esta adecuación entre el objeto y el sujeto es más decisiva para la certeza de las ciencias.
Chemical Composition and Size Distribution of Aerosol Particle in High Polluted Periods
Authors: Byun Sun-Ju , Choi Kum-Chan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this study, PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations were investigated in Busan Metropolitan City on high pollution episode periods. PM10 and PM2.5 were collected from December 2013 to January 2015. The aerosol samples were collected during Asian dust season and high polluted periods in winter respectively. The collected samples were analyzed by some techniques such as comparison of mass concentration, correlation analysis, chemical composition and particle size distribution. Mass concentration of PM10 in spring season ranged from 62.6 μg/m3 to 131.5 μg/m3. High PM10 and PM2.5 concentration on spring were contributed mainly by Asian-Dust. In wintertime, PM10 and PM2.5 high concentrations were almost contributed by anthropogenic source such as house heating and stagnant meteorological conditions. But, PM2.5 mass concentration did not show any difference according to sampling sites. SEM-EDS results showed that high polluted periods have different chemical composition elements such as Al, Ca, Mo, Zn in spring and Cu, Cr, Mn, Ti, Zr in winter. Particle number distribution on Asian dust season showed that particle counts were increased to the factor of 2 in the size of 5 μm , the size of 3 μm was increased to the factor of 2, the size of 1μm was increased the factor of 1.6 respectively. On the other hands, particle counts in the size of 1 μm and 0.5 μm were decreased to the factor of 1.6 and 0.3 μm was considerably decreased to the factor of 3.5. Finally, it is possible to establish the proper PM pollution control strategy to evaluate levels of high PM10 and PM2.5 pollution periods, chemical composition and size distribution by detail analysis.
Carboxy‐terminal truncations of mouse α‐synuclein alter aggregation and prion‐like seeding
Authors: Sorrentino Zachary A. , Xia Yuxing , Gorion Kimberly‐Marie , Hass Ethan , Giasson Benoit I. 
Published: January 2020

α‐synuclein (αsyn) forms pathologic inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. The inclusions are comprised of αsyn fibrils harboring prion‐like properties. Prion‐like activity of αsyn has been studied by intracerebral injection of fibrils into mice, where the presence of a species barrier requires the use of mouse αsyn. Post‐translational modifications to αsyn such as carboxy (C)‐terminal truncation occur in synucleinopathies, and their implications for prion‐like aggregation and seeding are under investigation. Herein, C‐truncated forms of αsyn found in human disease are recapitulated in mouse αsyn to study their seeding activity in vitro, in HEK293T cells, in neuronal–glial culture, and in nontransgenic mice. The results show that C‐truncation of mouse αsyn accelerates aggregation of αsyn but alters prion‐like seeding of inclusion formation.
Vanadium‐Based Nanomaterials: A Promising Family for Emerging Metal‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Xiaoming , Xiong Fangyu , Meng Jiashen , Wang Xuanpeng , Niu Chaojiang , An Qinyou , Mai Liqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe emerging electrochemical energy storage systems beyond Li‐ion batteries, including Na/K/Mg/Ca/Zn/Al‐ion batteries, attract extensive interest as the development of Li‐ion batteries is seriously hindered by the scarce lithium resources. During the past years, large amounts of studies have focused on the investigation of various electrode materials toward emerging metal‐ion batteries to realize high energy density, high power density, and a long cycle life. In particular, vanadium‐based nanomaterials have received great attention. Vanadium‐based compounds have a big family with different structures, chemical compositions, and electrochemical properties, which provide huge possibilities for the development of emerging electrochemical energy storage. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the recent progresses of promising vanadium‐based nanomaterials for emerging metal‐ion batteries is presented. The vanadium‐based materials are classified into four groups: vanadium oxides, vanadates, vanadium phosphates, and oxygen‐free vanadium‐based compounds. The structures, electrochemical properties, and modification strategies are discussed. The structure–performance relationships and charge storage mechanisms are focused on. Finally, the perspectives about future directions of vanadium‐based nanomaterials for emerging energy storage devices are proposed. This review will provide comprehensive knowledge of vanadium‐based nanomaterials and shed light on their potential applications in emerging energy storage.
Lightweight, Superelastic Boron Nitride/Polydimethylsiloxane Foam as Air Dielectric Substitute for Multifunctional Capacitive Sensor Applications
Authors: Tay Roland Yingjie , Li Hongling , Lin Jinjun , Wang Hong , Lim Jacob Song Kiat , Chen Shuai , Leong Wei Lin , Tsang Siu Hon , Teo Edwin Hang Tong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPorous polymeric foams as dielectric layer for highly sensitive capacitive based pressure sensors have been extensively explored owing to their excellent flexibility and elasticity. Despite intensive efforts, most of previously reported porous polymer foams still suffer from difficulty in further lowering the attainable density limit of ≈0.1 g cm−3 while retaining high sensitivity and compressibility due to the limitations on existing fabrication techniques and materials. Herein, utilizing 3D interconnected networks of few‐layer hexagonal boron nitride foams (h‐BNFs) as supporting frameworks, lightweight and highly porous BN/polydimethylsiloxane composite foams (BNF@PDMS) with densities reaching as low as 15 mg cm−3 and permittivity close to that of air are fabricated. This is the lightest PDMS‐based foam reported to date. Owing to the synergistic effects between BN and PDMS, these lightweight composite foams possess excellent mechanical resilience, extremely high compressibility (up to 95% strain), good cyclic performance, and superelasticity. Being electrically nonconductive, the potential application of BNF@PDMS as a dielectric layer for capacitive sensors is further demonstrated. Remarkably, the as‐fabricated device can perform multiple sensing functions such as noncontact touch sensor, environmental monitoring sensor, and high sensitivity pressure sensor that can detect extremely low pressures of below 1 Pa.
Active Control of Asymmetric Fano Resonances with Graphene–Silicon‐Integrated Terahertz Metamaterials
Authors: Li Quan , Gupta Manoj , Zhang Xueqian , Wang Shuang , Chen Tai , Singh Ranjan , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPlanar metamaterials are extensively studied in recent years due to their potential applications in design of flat optical components, ultrasensitive sensors, lasing spasers, and nonlinear devices. Recent studies have reported dynamic control of photoactive material–based metamaterials through optical excitation. However, most of the previous demonstrations rely on single stimulus control and typically require large fluence and ultrafast pulses of light. Here, graphene is integrated with Fano resonant metasurface on silicon substrate that provides active modulation of terahertz waves with low‐power, continuous wave (CW) optical (λ = 532 nm) excitation. More importantly, the hybrid graphene–silicon system provides “dual control” through a combination of applied electrical bias voltage and photodoping of silicon by CW illumination which alters the conductivity of the graphene resulting in an active modulation of the metamaterial resonance. Large real‐time tunability with dual control characteristics of resonant metasurfaces can be a promising route for designing active and functional terahertz metadevices.
Nanocarbon Catalysts: Recent Understanding Regarding the Active Sites
Authors: Zhang Lu‐Hua , Shi Yumeng , Wang Ye , Shiju N. Raveendran 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough carbon itself acts as a catalyst in various reactions, the classical carbon materials (e.g., activated carbons, carbon aerogels, carbon black, carbon fiber, etc.) usually show low activity, stability, and oxidation resistance. With the recent availability of nanocarbon catalysts, the application of carbon materials in catalysis has gained a renewed momentum. The research is concentrated on tailoring the surface chemistry of nanocarbon materials, since the pristine carbons in general are not active for heterogeneous catalysis. Surface functionalization, doping with heteroatoms, and creating defects are the most used strategies to make efficient catalysts. However, the nature of the catalytic active sites and their role in determining the activity and selectivity is still not well understood. Herein, the types of active sites reported for several mainstream nanocarbons, including carbon nanotubes, graphene‐based materials, and 3D porous nanocarbons, are summarized. Knowledge about the active sites will be beneficial for the design and synthesis of nanocarbon catalysts with improved activity, selectivity, and stability.
Impacts and management strategies for crop production in waterlogged or flooded soils: A review
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Singh Gurbir , Motavalli Peter P. , Nelson Kelly A. , Orlowski John M. , Golden Bobby R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGlobally, flooding is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses, besides drought, that affects 17 million km2 of land surface annually. Recent research indicates that climate change is resulting in more extreme weather events, such as flooding or soil waterlogging, that negatively affect crop production. Therefore, it is imperative to understand how flooding stress affects crops and to develop improved production practices that make cropping systems more resilient and able to cope with extreme weather events. This review paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the impacts of flooding or soil waterlogging on crop production losses, nitrogen (N) losses, and provides potential management strategies to reduce these losses. The factors affecting the extent of flooding injury in plants as well as plant adaptations under waterlogging stress are also discussed briefly. For the purpose of this review, “flooding” refers to the situation when all or part of the plant is submerged under water, whereas “soil waterlogging” refers to the situation where soil pores are saturated with water. Soil waterlogging also promotes soil N losses through runoff, leaching, and denitrification. Potential management practices that can be used to mitigate soil waterlogging stress include the use of flood‐tolerant varieties, adjusting management practices, improving drainage, and practicing adaptive nutrient management strategies. However, these might be site‐ or crop‐specific management practices and they should be validated for their economic viability before developing future management plans that promote sustainable crop yields from waterlogged soils.
Single‐stage retrograde endoscopic common bile duct stone removal might be sufficient in moderate acute cholangitis with a stone size ≤12 mm: A retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching
Authors: Hung Kuo‐Tung , Kuo Chung‐Mou , Tsai Cheng‐En , Chiu Yi‐Chun , Lu Lung‐Sheng , Wu Cheng‐Kun , Sou Fai‐Meng , Huang Pao‐Yuan , Tai Wei‐Chen , Kuo Chung‐Huang , Liang Chih‐Ming , Chuah Seng‐Kee 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStudies elucidating the efficacy and safety of single‐stage endoscopic treatment for acute moderate cholangitis with choledocholithiasis are limited. Therefore, we performed a retrospective analysis of single‐stage endoscopic treatment for common bile duct (CBD) stone removal in patients with moderate cholangitis to determine the rates of successful stone extraction and complications. A retrospective chart review was conducted for all consecutive patients (n = 632) undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for CBD stone removal between January 2010 and September 2013 at the study institution. A total of 346 patients excluded based on the following criteria: procedural failure requiring an anatomy‐modifying operation, stenosis of the pyloric ring, tumor‐related obstruction, treatment requiring only biliary drainage, failure to locate the papilla, intolerance due to inadequate sedation, CBD stone > 12 mm, CBD sludge, and non‐naïve papilla in ERCP. The remaining 286 patients were randomly matched at a 1:2 ratio using propensity score together with age and sex with the Number Cruncher Statistical System statistical software. After propensity score matching, there were 90 and 134 patients in the moderate and no/mild cholangitis groups, respectively. The baseline characteristics and endoscopic findings were comparable between the two groups. The success rate of complete stone extraction was similar between the moderate and no/mild cholangitis groups (90.0% vs 91.0%, P = .793). Additionally, the complication rates were comparable between the moderate and no/mild cholangitis groups (post‐ERCP pancreatitis, 13.3% vs 10.4%, P = .542; pneumonia, 4.4% vs 1.5%, P = .183; perforation, 0% vs 1.5%, P = .243; and mortality, 2.2% vs 0.7%, P = .350). However, there was a trend for higher bleeding rate in the moderate cholangitis group compared with the no/mild cholangitis group (2.2% vs 0%, P = .084). Single‐stage retrograde endoscopic CBD stone removal in patients with moderate cholangitis and choledocholithiasis sized ≤12 mm might be adequate based on the high success rate (90.0%) for stone removal and low complication rates.
Morphological characterization of newborns in Kinshasa, DR Congo: Common variants, minor, and major anomalies
Authors: Mubungu Gerrye , Lumaka Aimé , Mvuama Nono , Tshika Dahlie , Makay Prince , Tshilobo Prosper Lukusa , Devriendt Koenraad 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe evaluation of minor physical variation is crucial in a dysmorphological examination. Currently, data on the spectrum and incidence of minor physical variants in Central African newborns is lacking. We therefore conducted a cross‐sectional descriptive study of 722 newborns recruited within the first 24 hr of life, in two large maternities in Kinshasa, DR Congo. Minor anomalies were defined according to the series of articles in AJMG Part A and coded as human phenotype ontology terms. A total of 97 different morphological variants were recorded of which 13 were common. About 34.8% of the newborn carried one minor anomaly, 11.6% had two, and 4.3% had three minor anomalies. No gender differences were observed, but the incidence of specific anomalies appeared to vary with the geographical origin of parents within the DR Congo. The results of this study will aid clinicians to interpret morphological variation in Central African newborns.
A Corrole‐Based Covalent Organic Framework Featuring Desymmetrized Topology
Authors: Zhao Yanming , Dai Wenhao , Peng Yunlei , Niu Zheng , Sun Qi , Shan Chuan , Yang Hui , Verma Gaurav , Wojtas Lukasz , Yuan Daqiang , Zhang Zhenjie , Dong Haifeng , Zhang Xueji , Zhang Bao , Feng Yaqing , Ma Shengqian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHerein, for the first time, we present the successful synthesis of a novel two‐dimensional corrole‐based covalent organic framework (COF) by reacting the unusual approximately T‐shaped 5,10,15‐tris(p‐aminophenyl)corrole H3TPAPC with terephthalaldehyde, which adopts desymmetrized hcb topology and consists of a staggered AB stacking structure with elliptical pores. The resultant corrole‐based COF, TPAPC‐COF, exhibits high crystallinity and excellent chemical stability. The combination of extended π‐conjugated backbone and interlayer noncovalent π–π interactions endows TPAPC‐COF with excellent absorption capability in the entire visible‐light and even near‐infrared regions. Moreover, this work suggests the promise of TPAPC‐COF as a new class of photoactive material for efficient singlet‐oxygen generation with potential photodynamic therapy application as demonstrated by in vitro anticancer studies.
Crystalline BP‐Doped Phenanthryne via Photolysis of The Elusive Boraphosphaketene
Authors: Yang Wenlong , Krantz Kelsie E. , Dickie Diane A. , Molino Andrew , Wilson David J. D. , Gilliard Robert J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe synthesis and reactivity study of the first isolable boraphosphaketene, cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC)‐borafluorene‐P=C=O (2), is described. Photolysis of compound 2 results in the formation of CAAC‐stabilized BP‐doped phenanthryne (3) through tandem decarbonylation, monoatomic phosphide insertion, and ring‐expansion. Notably, while BN‐doped phenanthryne was previously discussed as a reactive intermediate which could not be isolated, the heavier BP‐doped analogue exhibits remarkable solution and solid‐state stability. The reactivity of 2 with stable carbenes was also explored. Addition of CAAC to 2 led to migration of the original CAAC ligand from boron to phosphorus and coordination of the added CAAC to carbon, affording compound 4. Reaction of 1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (NHC) with 2 resulted in N−C bond activation to give the unusual spiro‐heterocyclic compound (5).
Designing Atomic Active Centers for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts
Authors: Lei Yongpeng , Wang Yuchao , Liu Yi , Song Chengye , Li Qian , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe evolution of hydrogen from water using renewable electrical energy is a topic of current interest. Pt/C exhibits the highest catalytic activity for the H2 evolution reaction (HER), but scarce supplies and high cost limit its large‐scale application. Atomic active centers in single‐atom catalysts, single‐atom alloys, and catalysts with two atom sorts exhibit maximum atomic efficiency, unique structure, and exceptional activity for the HER. Interactions between well‐defined active sites and supports are known to affect electron transfer and dramatically accelerate the reaction. This Review first highlights methods for studying atomic active centers for the HER. Then, active sites with different coordination configurations are described. Active centers with one metal atom, two different metal atoms as well as nonmetal atoms are analyzed at the atomic scale. Finally, future research perspectives are proposed.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Strain‐Increase Ring Contraction Allows the Synthesis of Cyclobutyl Boronic Esters
Authors: Davenport Raffael , Silvi Mattia , Noble Adam , Hosni Zied , Fey Natalie , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere are a limited number of ring‐contraction methodologies which convert readily available five‐membered rings into strained four‐membered rings. Here we report a photo‐induced radical‐mediated ring contraction of five‐membered‐ring alkenyl boronate complexes into cyclobutanes. The process involves the addition of an electrophilic radical to the electron‐rich alkenyl boronate complex, leading to an α‐boryl radical. Upon one‐electron oxidation, ring‐contractive 1,2‐metalate rearrangement occurs to give a cyclobutyl boronic ester. A range of radical precursors and vinyl boronates can be employed, and chiral cyclobutanes can be accessed with high levels of stereocontrol. The process was extended to the preparation of benzofused cyclobutenes and the versatility of the boronic ester was demonstrated by conversion to other functional groups.
Homogeneous, Low‐volume, Efficient, and Sensitive Quantitation of Circulating Exosomal PD‐L1 for Cancer Diagnosis and Immunotherapy Response Prediction
Authors: Huang Mengjiao , Yang Juanjuan , Wang Teng , Song Jia , Xia Jinglu , Wu Lingling , Wang Wei , Wu Qiaoyi , Zhu Zhi , Song Yanling , Yang Chaoyong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but its efficacy is severely hindered by the lack of effective predictors. Herein, we developed a homogeneous, low‐volume, efficient, and sensitive exosomal programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1, a type of transmembrane protein) quantitation method for cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy response prediction (HOLMES‐ExoPD‐L1). The method combines a newly evolved aptamer that efficiently binds to PD‐L1 with less hindrance by antigen glycosylation than antibody, and homogeneous thermophoresis with a rapid binding kinetic. As a result, HOLMES‐ExoPD‐L1 is higher in sensitivity, more rapid in reaction time, and easier to operate than existing enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)‐based methods. As a consequence of an outstanding improvement of sensitivity, the level of circulating exosomal PD‐L1 detected by HOLMES‐ExoPD‐L1 can effectively distinguish cancer patients from healthy volunteers, and for the first time was found to correlate positively with the metastasis of adenocarcinoma. Overall, HOLMES‐ExoPD‐L1 brings a fresh approach to exosomal PD‐L1 quantitation, offering unprecedented potential for early cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy response prediction.
Tuning Internal Strain in Metal–Organic Frameworks via Vapor Phase Infiltration for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Yang Fan , Hu Wenhui , Yang Chongqing , Patrick Margaret , Cooksy Andrew L. , Zhang Jian , Aguiar Jeffery A. , Fang Chengcheng , Zhou Yinghua , Meng Ying Shirley , Huang Jier , Gu Jing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA gas‐phase approach to form Zn coordination sites on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by vapor‐phase infiltration (VPI) was developed. Compared to Zn sites synthesized by the solution‐phase method, VPI samples revealed approximately 2.8 % internal strain. Faradaic efficiency towards conversion of CO2 to CO was enhanced by up to a factor of four, and the initial potential was positively shifted by 200–300 mV. Using element‐specific X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, the local coordination environment of the Zn center was determined to have square‐pyramidal geometry with four Zn−N bonds in the equatorial plane and one Zn‐OH2 bond in the axial plane. The fine‐tuned internal strain was further supported by monitoring changes in XRD and UV/Visible absorption spectra across a range of infiltration cycles. The ability to use internal strain to increase catalytic activity of MOFs suggests that applying this strategy will enhance intrinsic catalytic capabilities of a variety of porous materials.