bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law and Anthropology in the NetherlandsFromAdatLaw School to Anthropology of Law
Authors: von Benda-Beckmann Keebet 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers an overview of the Dutch tradition of legal anthropology as it developed from the Adat Law School of the early twentieth century, especially from the contributions of its leading member, Cornelis van Vollenhoven. It begins with a brief sketch of the precursors of the Adat Law School, then traces the development of the Dutch tradition from the work of Van Vollenhoven and his colleagues to that of later scholars, showing how, in the last two decades of the colonial era, research on adat law became an ever more conservative and shallow legal science. The second part of the chapter focuses on the emerging Dutch anthropology of law after 1950, describing its institutional bases and emphasizing its increasing embeddedness in international debates. It also discusses some of the conceptual problems posed by the Indonesian indigenous rights movement, which draws both on international legal concepts and on concepts developed by the Adat Law School.
Wars, States, and Gender in Early Modern European Warfare, 1600s–1780s
Authors: Wilson Peter H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe major changes in preparing, conducting, and controlling war in Europe from around 1650 to about 1780 are the central themes of this chapter, which studies them from the perspective of gender history. The chapter suggests that a closer integration of the approaches of the early modern history of military and war and gender history will allow a better understanding of the impact of gender on war, as well as its place in war and military institutions. The chapter therefore explores first how gender featured in the regulatory framework consolidated by later seventeenth-century states to curb warfare’s costs and excesses. Afterward, it studies the place of gender in command, combat, and logistical support and examines military institutions as elements within a corporate social order. Throughout, the chapter argues that change across this period remained a matter of degrees rather than absolutes, with the characterization of male and female roles and spaces broadly similar to those prior to 1650, but marked by greater regulation and permanence.
Gender, the Wars of Decolonization, and the Decline of Empires after 1945
Authors: Branche Raphaëlle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the post-1945 Wars of Decolonization, gender was often an issue of contestation. Colonial repression was based on a gender order that intersected with the constructed racial and social hierarchies in the colonies. The way imperial powers’ policies used and impacted gender relations to secure their rule must be taken into account in any study of the anticolonial struggle. The chapter argues that the Wars of Decolonization after 1945 were as much total wars as the First and Second World Wars. They, too, affected all areas of the economy, society, and culture. The struggle for liberation challenged the ideas of white manhood of the colonial powers and led to conflicts in the construction of male identity within the armies of the insurgents. One challenge was the fact that not only men, but also women actively participated in the struggle for national liberation, which undermined dominant ideas of the gender order and led to a reconsideration of gender relations during and after the conflicts.
War and Gender
Authors: Hagemann Karen , Rose Sonya O. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe chapter focuses on the development from the Global Cold War and anticolonial struggle to the global conflicts of the post–Cold War period. It first provides an overview of the complex features of a period that starts in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War with the challenges of the aftermath of the conflict and a post war reordering of economies, societies and national and international politics, and continues with the rise of the Global Cold War and the spread of the Wars of Decolonization in Asia and Africa that led to the decline of European empires. Then it explores the consequences of the collapse of communism, the end of the Global Cold War, and the proliferation of Wars of Globalization along with new forms of humanitarianism and peacekeeping. In the last section, it discusses the research by gender scholars from different disciplines on the Global Cold War and the Wars of Globalization and their attempts to rewrite mainstream narratives.
War, Gender, and Society in Late Colonial and Revolutionary Spanish America
Authors: Davies Catherine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Military conflicts and wars shaped Spanish America in the transformative period from the 1780s to the 1830s with its first anticolonial uprisings and the Spanish American Wars of Independence. This chapter explores the impact of warfare and militarization on the social and gender order in the Spanish Atlantic Empire in this transformative period and examines, conversely, how ideas about the gender order shaped society, warfare, and military culture. It focuses on the first anticolonial uprisings, especially the Tupac Amaru Rebellion in the South American Andes and the Rebellion of the Comuneros in New Granada—two of the largest and earliest in the history of Latin America—and the Spanish American Wars of Independence and their aftermath.
Introduction
Authors: Hagemann Karen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The introduction provides a broad overview of the development and state of research on the subject of gender and war in political and social sciences, as well as history, and of the themes, periods and regions this research covered since it emerged in the 1980s. It also explains the understanding of the central concepts of gender, war, violence, and sexual violence used in the handbook. Furthermore, it discusses in more detail the aims, central questions, theoretical approach, and regional and temporal focus of the handbook, as well as its thematic, comparative and transnational approach, and its chronological organization. The introduction, like the handbook as whole, starts from the assumption that gender, an amalgam of ideals and practices that give meaning to and socially differentiate male and female, contributed to the shaping of warfare and the military and was at the same time transformed by them. It thus suggests on the one hand a closer integration of the approaches of the history of military and war and gender history; and emphasizes on the other hand the necessity to “provincialize” the so-called Western world by treating it as a changing and contested construct and as a historical phenomenon with long-lasting consequences.
The Sahara
Authors: Nixon Sam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces the neglected Islamic archaeology of the Sahara. First, it draws together for the first time some of the important but little-known archaeological sites of the early Islamic Sahara. This is then followed by an exploration of key research themes: trade; urban planning and architecture; technology; religion and the early Islamization of the Sahara. The chapter is framed in reference to the particular conditions of Islam in the Sahara, as both a region removed from the landscape of the core centers of power within the Islamic world and one strongly influenced by its role in long-distance “trans-Saharan” trade and exchange networks.
Al-Andalus
Authors: Cressier Patrice , Lloret Sonia Gutiérrez 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe archaeology of al-Andalus did not emerge as a discipline until the end of the 1970s, slightly later than medieval archaeology in Northern Europe. Its spectacular development in subsequent decades goes hand in hand with the revision, sometimes conflicting, of a historiography which traditionally underestimated and sometimes even denied the societal transformations following the Arab-Berber conquest of 711. The principal themes of controversy relate to the degree of transformation that occurred, the existence of ruptures, and the “Oriental” character of the new political, social, and familial structures that emerged. Focusing on the materiality of historical processes, archaeology has made it possible to approach these debates from different perspectives and to give new meaning to the concepts of Islamization and Arabization. This chapter examines some of the most significant research themes in the archaeology of al-Andalus.
Eastern African Coast
Authors: Wynne-Jones Stephanie , Fleisher Jeffrey 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers an overview of historical and archaeological research on Islam and Islamic practice on the pre-colonial eastern African coast during the late first and early second millennium ce. Due to the visible remains of mosques, tombs, and other stylistic elements influenced by the Islamic heartlands, researchers have always regarded Islam as important to the emergence of Swahili coastal towns. In this way, the archaeology of the Swahili has always been an archaeology of Islam. Archaeological research during the past thirty years, however, has challenged the way an earlier generation of archaeologists characterized Swahili society as resulting from immigrant settlers from the Arab world. These debates, which continue today, are centered on how researchers position the Swahili within the dar al-Islam: Are they increasingly marginalized descendants of early colonists or the result of cosmopolitan engagements of local communities? Uncovering the first-millennium roots of east African Islam has allowed archaeologists to explore the development of coastal Islam, its particular material legacy, and its possible sectarian associations. Building on this research, the authors argue for a shift in research emphasis, from the study of Islamic presence to that of Islamic practice and demonstrate how research on mosques, burials, and coins can provide insights into the way coastal residents enacted Islam in their daily lives.
Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa
Authors: Insoll Timothy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Islamic archaeology of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa remains largely unexplored. This chapter reviews research that has been completed in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Somaliland, providing a survey of the main sites that have been investigated. Relevant research themes that have emerged such as rural and urban landscapes, Islamization, trade, diet, and epigraphy are also considered within these geographical sections. The main routes for Muslim contacts from the coast to the interior are evaluated. Primary focus is given to research in eastern Ethiopia, exploring Islamization via archaeological evidence. This is indicating significantly entangled inter-African and international connections as well as allowing reconstruction of regional settlement and trade patterns involving the transfer of material, objects, technologies, and ideas. The importance of results of recent archaeological analysis in Somaliland is also highlighted in facilitating understanding of various categories of sites and particularly in relation to past nomad lifeways. Finally, future directions for research are considered.
Heritage Management and Community Development
Authors: de Vries Bert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis section deals with the incipient practice of heritage management in Islamic archaeology through the deliberate engagement of local communities in the preservation of Islamic material culture. This growing expansion of the nature of the academic Islamic Archaeology has been enabled by the maturation of the discipline. An it was encouraged by a post-colonial activist agenda among some scholars to restore the rightful access of previously by excluded local communities to their own archaeological and architectural heritage. This thematic introduction will treat the emergence and nature of this process, and the ensuing chapters will give diverse instances of its practice.
The Islamic West
Authors: Fenwick Corisande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This text provides a brief introduction to the chapters focusing on the Islamic West. Long neglected by Anglophone academics, this region was pivotal in the development of Islamic art history and archaeology as a discipline, but, over the course of the 20th century it came to be regarded as peripheral to broader debates in Islamic archaeology. Since the 1970s, a new generation of Islamic archaeologists working in Europe, North Africa, and the Sahara has transformed our understanding of the region, though the amount and quality of research remains uneven in different countries.
Persia
Authors: Rante Rocco 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLong the stepchild of the study of Ancient, Classical, and Late Antique civilizations, the archaeology of Islamic-era Persia is a relatively new discipline, and one that has been dominated by the exploration of urban forms and the documentation of monuments. This chapter, then, uses the evolution of cities as a window on medieval Islamic societies in the region. The reorganization of old fortified settlements, the constitution of new well-organized quarters as rabads, and the creation of cities ex novo show the major contribution of Islamic culture to Iranian urbanization. What we know archaeologically about the rural hinterland, its relationship to the “urban,” and industry is summarized here, placing scholarship on the Islamic Persian city into a larger perspective.
Medieval Turkey
Authors: Redford Scott 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, Islamic archaeology of the medieval (11th–14th centuries) period in Turkey is related to international as well as national developments in the late Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey in areas like cultural policy, economic development, and tourism. These and other factors directly impacted the choice of sites to be excavated, thereby affecting the archaeological record. The author also examines Islamic archaeology in Turkey in relation to that of other historical periods there and raises cases in which the archaeology of this period can address the cultural and economic shift that accompanied the establishment of Turco-Islamic states in former Byzantine lands.
Ifriqiya and the Central Maghreb
Authors: Fenwick Corisande 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNorth Africa played a pivotal part in the development of Islamic archaeology as a discipline through the important French excavations at the Qal’a of the Beni Hammad in Algeria in the late 19th century, one of the earliest excavations at an Islamic site by European archaeologists anywhere in the Islamic world. Despite this early promise, for most of the 20th century, the Islamic period was the preserve of art historians, with only a handful of small-scale excavations conducted at the spectacular palatial-cities, mosques, ribats, and fortresses of Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Since the 1990s, there has been a significant rise in the number of projects and amount of evidence available, as well as a new interest in revisiting old questions and models for the Islamic period. This chapter charts the development of Islamic archaeology and lays out the key scholarly debates in Ifriqiya and the central Maghreb, broadly understood as encompassing modern-day Tunisia, Algeria, and western coastal Libya.
Subclinical synovitis in arthralgia: how often does it result in clinical arthritis? Reflecting on starting points for disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment
Authors: Rogier Cleo , Wouters Fenne , van Boheemen Laurette , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , de Jong Pascal H P , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
According to guidelines, clinical arthritis is mandatory for diagnosing RA. However, in the absence of clinical synovitis, imaging-detected subclinical synovitis is increasingly used instead and is considered as a starting point for DMARD therapy. To search for evidence we studied the natural course of arthralgia patients with subclinical synovitis from three longitudinal cohorts and determined the frequencies of non-progression to clinically apparent inflammatory arthritis (IA) (i.e. ‘false positives’).

Methods
Subclinical synovitis in the hands or feet of arthralgia patients was visualized with US (two cohorts; definition: greyscale ≥2 and/or power Doppler ≥1) or MRI (one cohort; definition: synovitis score ≥1 by two readers). Patients were followed for 1  year on for IA development; two cohorts also had 3  year data. Analyses were stratified for ACPA.

Results
Subclinical synovitis at presentation was present in 36%, 41% and 31% in the three cohorts. Of the ACPA-positive arthralgia patients with subclinical synovitis, 54%, 44% and 68%, respectively, did not develop IA. These percentages were even higher in the ACPA-negative arthralgia patients: 66%, 85% and 89%, respectively. Similar results were seen after 3 years of follow-up.

Conclusion
Replacing clinical arthritis with subclinical synovitis to identify RA introduces a high false-positive rate (44–89%). These data suggest an overestimation regarding the value of ACPA positivity in combination with the presence of subclinical synovitis in patients with arthralgia, which harbours the risk of overtreatment if DMARDs are initiated in the absence of clinical arthritis.
Impacts of commingling cattle from different sources on their physiological, health, and performance responses during feedlot receiving
Authors: Wiegand Jacob B , Cooke Reinaldo F , Brandão Alice P , Schubach Kelsey M , Colombo Eduardo A , Daigle Courtney L , Duff Glenn C , Gouvêa Vinicius N 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis experiment compared physiological, health, and performance responses of beef heifers assigned to different commingling schemes (one, two, or four sources per pen) during a 56-d feedlot receiving period. Ninety-six recently weaned Angus-influenced heifers were obtained from an auction facility. Heifers originated from four cow-calf ranches, and were reared in the same herd within each ranch since birth. Heifers were loaded into two livestock trailers at the auction yard (two sources per trailer; d −2), arranged in two sections of each trailer according to source, and transported for 10 h to stimulate the stress of a long-haul. Heifers were not mixed with cohorts from other sources prior to and at the auction yard. Upon arrival (d −2), shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded and heifers were maintained in four paddocks by source with ad libitum access to a complete starter feed and water for 36 h. On d 0, heifers were ranked by source and shrunk BW and allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (four heifers per pen) containing: 1) heifers from a single source (1SRC, n = 8), 2) heifers from two sources (2SRC, n = 8), or 3) heifers from four sources (4SRC, n = 8). From d 0 to d 55, heifers had free-choice access to the complete starter feed and water. Heifers were assessed daily for symptoms of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and feed intake was recorded from each pen daily. Blood samples were collected on d 0, d 6, d 13, d 27, d 41, and d 55, and shrunk BW (after 16 h of water and feed withdrawal) was recorded on d 56 for average daily gain (ADG). No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.56) for heifer ADG (mean ± SE = 0.853 ± 0.043 kg/d), final shrunk BW, feed intake, and feed efficiency. No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.27) for plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin, and serum concentrations of antibodies against BRD viruses and Mannheimia haemolytica. No treatment differences were noted (P ≥ 0.17) for incidence of BRD (mean ± SE = 59.3 ± 5.0%) or mortality. The proportion of heifers diagnosed with BRD that required three antimicrobial treatments to regain health increased linearly (P = 0.03) according to the number of sources (0.0, 12.3, and 20.8% of 1SRC, 2SRC, and 4SRC heifers, respectively; SEM = 7.0). Hence, commingling heifers from different sources did not impact performance, physiological responses, and BRD incidence during a 56-d receiving period, although recurrence of BRD after the second antimicrobial treatment increased according to commingling level.
Risk Factors of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Blood Stream Infections: Comparison With Other Gram-Negative Blood Stream Infections in Children
Authors: Gayretli Aydιn Zeynep Gökçe , Tanir Gonul , Bayhan Gulsum Iclal , Aydin Teke Turkan , Metin Akçan Ozge , Kaman Ayse , Yasar Durmus Sevgi , Oz Fatma Nur 
Published: November 2020

Background:

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, is a nonfermentative, aerobic, Gram-negative bacilli which is intrinsically resistance to several antibiotics. Treatment options for this bacteria are quite different from the other Gram-negative bacilli, which can represent a therapeutic challenge. To initiate appropriate empiric treatment and to reduce mortality, differentiation of S. maltophilia from other Gram-negative bacteria is critically important. The aim of this study is to distinguish the risk factors of S. maltophilia blood stream infections (BSI) from other Gram-negative BSI.

Methods:
This was a retrospective, case-control study. Patients with S. maltophilia BSI were selected as cases and patients with non-S. maltophilia Gram-negative BSI were selected as controls. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were recorded.

Results:
Forty-eight cases with S. maltophilia BSI and 144 controls were enrolled in the study. Risk factors for S. maltophilia BSI compared with the control group includes prior use of antibiotics, especially carbapenem, pediatric intensive care unit stay, mechanical ventilator use, indwelling catheters and duration of hospitalization.

Conclusions:
Breakthrough infection by S. maltophilia can occur in severely ill patients being treated with carbapenem. In the presence of risk factors, to reduce morbidity and mortality, S. maltophilia should be kept in mind when starting empiric treatment.
Prevention of veteran suicide in community settings: Patient safety resources
Authors: Yackel Edward E. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
As a recently retired Army Nurse Corps officer with almost 30 years of service to my country, I want to ensure that my fellow nurse practitioners (NPs) are aware of their role in ensuring high quality and safe patient care to all veterans who are accessing care outside of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Specifically, NPs who work outside the VHA have an opportunity to participate in patient safety efforts aimed at reducing veteran suicide. On June 6, 2018, Congress passed Public Law 115–182 or the Veterans Affairs Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks (MISSION) Act. A goal of the MISSION Act is to ensure that veterans have access to health care by streamlining eligibility criteria for community care. A veteran who drives more than 30 minutes or waits more than 20 days for a primary care or mental health appointment may be eligible to be sent to a community care provider such as an NP. Therefore, NPs and other providers who work in community settings have an obligation to know more about the mental and physical health care needs of veterans as well as the resources that have been developed by the VHA to assist them.