bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptual learning in the identification of lung cancer in chest radiographs
Authors: Sha Li Z. , Toh Yi Ni , Remington Roger W. , Jiang Yuhong V. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractExtensive research has shown that practice yields highly specific perceptual learning of simple visual properties such as orientation and contrast. Does this same learning characterize more complex perceptual skills? Here we investigated perceptual learning of complex medical images. Novices underwent training over four sessions to discriminate which of two chest radiographs contained a tumor and to indicate the location of the tumor. In training, one group received six repetitions of 30 normal/abnormal images, the other three repetitions of 60 normal/abnormal images. Groups were then tested on trained and novel images. To assess the nature of perceptual learning, test items were presented in three formats – the full image, the cutout of the tumor, or the background only. Performance improved across training sessions, and notably, the improvement transferred to the classification of novel images. Training with more repetitions on fewer images yielded comparable transfer to training with fewer repetitions on more images. Little transfer to novel images occurred when tested with just the cutout of the cancer region or just the background, but a larger cutout that included both the cancer region and some surrounding regions yielded good transfer. Perceptual learning contributes to the acquisition of expertise in cancer image perception.
Rational and irrational suicide in Plato and modern psychiatry
Authors: Dinkelaar Bianca M. 
Published: February 2020

SUMMARYSuicide is a complex issue that is sparking increasingly more debate in contemporary society. There is need for an open discussion on the concept of rational suicide, specifically in relation to psychiatric disorders, so as to resolve the conflict between the duty of care of psychiatrists and the autonomy of patients. To be able to conduct such a discussion in an objective manner, we must first be made aware of the potential prejudices that we harbour on the topic of suicide as a result of our societal and historical background. A historical and philosophical approach to the topic, through careful examination of the topic of suicide in the texts of Plato, helps create such an awareness.
Light flavour hadron and inclusive charged particle pT-spectra measured with the ALICE experiment at CERN
Authors: Ganoti P. 
Published: February 2020

Light flavor hadron and inclusive charged particle spectra provide an interesting probe of the particle production mechanisms and the transport properties of QCD matter. Charged particle and neutral meson inclusive pT-differential cross sections in pp, p-Pb, Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions have been measured by ALICE. Charged particles are studied in different multiplicity (for pp and p-Pb where available) and centrality classes (for A-A). The comparison of spectra at similar〈dNch/dη〉, the nuclear modification factors, the mean pTand particle ratios will also be presented considering those are observables important to get information on the properties of the medium formed in the collisions. Comparisons with model calculations will also be discussed.
Differential Cross Sections of 9Be(d,p0)10Be, 9Be(d,p1)10Be, 9Be(d,α0)7Li and 9Be(d,α1)7Li reactions
Authors: Tsavalas P. , Lagoyannis A. , Mergia K. , Ntemou E. , Lungu C. P. 
Published: February 2020

In the present work, the cross sections of the 9Be(d,p0)10Be, 9Be(d,p1)10Be,9Be(d,α0)7Li and 9Be(d,α1)7Li in the deuteron energy range Elab= 1 – 2.2 MeV with an energy step of 20 keV and at detection angles between 120o and 170o were measured, suitable for nuclear reaction analysis. A Si3N4film coated with a thin Be layer was used and the cross sections are determined relatively to the cross section of the natSi(d,d)natSi elastic scattering. Additionally, proton and oxygen beam measurements were carried out in order to determine the atomic areal density which is required to determine the cross sections.
A systematic analysis of nuclear charge radii data
Authors: Mamaloukas Patroklos-Miltiadis , Mertzimekis Theo J. 
Published: February 2020

Driven by the need to describe strong nuclear interactions between hadrons in a nucleus, we take a closer look at evaluated experimental data of nuclear charge radii acquired mainly with laser spectroscopy methods. Understanding the range at which the components of the nucleus interact with each other shall lead to even more accurate models of nuclear potentials, and even understanding limitations of fundamental symmetries. The present work takes advantage of the existing IAEA database by Angeli & Marinova, and an additional set of recently surveyed measurements, specifically between 2013–2018. Statistical treatment includes different polynomial fits for the entirety of the data set with the intention of confirming or improving the well-established empirical formula, R=roA1/3. Various trends of observed deviations from this formula are investigated in terms of structure effects spanning major shells and near magic numbers.
Rare Isotope Production in peripheral heavy-ion collisions at beam energy of 15 MeV/nucleon
Authors: Fasoula O. , Souliotis G. A. , Tshoo K. , Jeong S. C. , Kang B. H. , Kwon Y. K. , Veselsky M. , Bonasera A. 
Published: February 2020

This paper presents our recent study on the production of neutron-rich rare isotopes with heavy-ion beams in the energy region of 15 MeV/nucleon. We present calculated production cross sections of neutron-rich nuclides from collisions of a 86Kr (15 MeV/nucleon) beam with 238U targets. Our calculations are based on a two-step approach: the dynamical stage of the collision is described with either the phenomenological Deep-Inelastic Transfer model (DIT), or with the microscopic Constrained Molecular Dynamics model (CoMD). The de-excitation of the hot heavy projectile fragments is performed with the Statistical Multifragmentation Model (SMM). We also performed calculations with a radioactive beam of 92Kr (15 MeV/nucleon) with a target of 238U and observed that the multinucleon transfer mechanism leads to very neutron-rich nuclides toward and beyond the astrophysical r-process path. In the future, we plan to experimentally investigate such reactions in the KOBRA spectrometer at the RISP facility in Korea. We conclude that the reaction mechanism at beam energies below the Fermi energy involving periph- eral nucleon exchange, constitutes a novel and effective route to access extremely neutron-rich isotopes toward the r-process path and the neutron drip-line.
Radiation exposure of aircrews due to Space Radiation
Authors: Tezari A. , Paschalis P. , Gerontidou M. , Mavromichalaki H. , Karaiskos P. 
Published: February 2020

Space radiation mainly consists of trapped particles inside the Earth’s magnetosphere, galactic and solar cosmic rays. Cosmic rays propagating in the interplanetary medium, reach the top of the Earth’s atmosphere and collide with the molecules of the atmospheric layers creating showers of secondary particles that can be recorded by ground-based neutron monitors or muon detectors. Due to these cascades, the radiation environment in various atmospheric altitudes is entirely different than the one experienced on the Earth’s surface. Space radiation is ionizing (trapped particles, galactic and solar cosmic rays) as well as non-ionizing (ultra-violet radiation). It is known that ionizing radiation is very dangerous for all biological systems, causing a variety of acute and chronic effects. The determination of the occupational exposure of aircrews to space radiation is of great importance. DYnamic Atmospheric Shower Tracking Interactive Model Application (DYASTIMA), as well as its extension DYASTIMA-R, is a standalone application, based on the toolkit Geant4, that simulates the propagation of cosmic radiation into the atmosphere. DYASTIMA provides all the necessary information about the study of the cascade in different atmospheric altitudes, while DYASTIMA-R, as a dosimetry application, calculates radiobiological quantities, such as dose rate and equivalent dose rate for the determination of the exposure, based on the output provided by DYASTIMA. These quantities are calculated for solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. DYASTIMA can be accessed through the portals ofthe European Space Agency (ESA) (http://swe.ssa.esa.int/spaceradiation) and the Athens Neutron Monitor Station (A.Ne.Mo.S) (http://cosray.phys.uoa.gr/index.php/dyastima).
Variation of both tritium (3H) and beryllium (7Be) concentrations in air, rain and humidity samples collected at Ioannina, North-western Greece
Authors: Stamoulis K. C. , Tsiligou Z. , Aslanoglou X. , Ioannides K. G. 
Published: February 2020

Studies concerning hydrologicalcycle, the movement of water through the atmosphere, surface and underground but also the ocean circulation, often use radioactive isotopes with short or long half lives to evaluate the time scales of these processes. The study of the temporal and spatial distribution of such radioactive isotopes help to understand the water movement. Usually these isotopes are produced in the upper atmosphere from the interaction of cosmic rays with nuclei of atmospheric gases. Among these isotopes, tritium (3H) and beryllium (7Be) are very important due to their comparatively short half lives, 12.33 y for 3H and 53.12 d for 7Be. Observed annual fluctuations of the production and consequently the transportation and precipitation of the isotopes on the earth surface, can be attributed to the climate conditions of the troposphere and stratosphere and to the seasonal changes of the boundaries between them.In the present work results of a study of the variations of 3H and 7Be concentrations in air, liquefied air humidity and precipitation are presented. Tritium in precipitation and humidity were measured using liquid scintillation counting, while 7Be in air and rain samples with gamma spectroscopy. An overall trend of decreasing concentrations of 7Be during the winter months is observed showing a reversed behavior during the first spring months. Concentrations of 7Be in rain samples were for the majority of the cases, below the limit of detection. Tritium concentrations in rain similarly to those measured in humidity, tend to increase during the winter months and decrease during spring.
Systematic study of proton-induced spallation reactions with microscopic and phenomenological models
Authors: Assimakopoulou A. , Souliotis G. A. , Nicolis N. , Veselsky M. , Bonasera A. 
Published: February 2020

Proton induced spallation reactions on 238U, 208Pb, 181Ta and 197Au targets at high energies were investigated using the microscopic Contrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) model and the phenomenological models INC and SMM. We have calculated the total fission cross sections, the ratio fission cross section to residue cross section, the mass yield curves and the excitation energy after the intranuclear cascade using the CoMD model and the INC/SMM phenomenological models. We made a comparison between the models and the experimental data from the liter- ature. Our calculations showed satisfactory agreement with available experimental data and suggest further improvements in the models. Our study with the CoMD code represents the first complete dynamical description of the spallation process with a microscopic code based on an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction.
A systematic review of the agreement of recall, home-based records, facility records, BCG scar, and serology for ascertaining vaccination status in low and middle-income countries
Authors: Dansereau Emily , Brown David , Stashko Lena , Danovaro-Holliday M. Carolina 
Published: February 2020

Background: Household survey data are frequently used to estimate vaccination coverage - a key indicator for monitoring and guiding immunization programs - in low and middle-income countries. Surveys typically rely on documented evidence from home-based records (HBR) and/or maternal recall to determine a child’s vaccination history, and may also include health facility sources, BCG scars, and/or serological data. However, there is no gold standard source for vaccination history and the accuracy of existing sources has been called into question. Methods and Findings: We conducted a systematic review of literature published January 1, 1975 through December 11, 2017 that compared vaccination status at the child-level from at least two sources of vaccination history. 27 articles met inclusion criteria. The percentage point difference in coverage estimates varied substantially when comparing caregiver recall to HBRs (median: +1, range: -43 to +17), to health facility records (median: +5, range: -29 to +34) and to serology (median: -20, range: -32 to +2). Ranges were also wide comparing HBRs to facility-based records (median: +17, range: -61 to +21) and to serology (median: +2, range: -38 to +36). Across 10 studies comparing recall to HBRs, Kappa values exceeded 0.60 in 45% of comparisons; across 7 studies comparing recall to facility-based records, Kappa never reached 0.60. Agreement varied depending on study setting, coverage level, antigen type, number of doses, and child age. Conclusions: Recall and HBR provide relatively concordant vaccination histories in some settings, but both have poor agreement with facility-based records and serology. Long-term, improving clinical decision making and vaccination coverage estimates will depend on strengthening administrative systems and record keeping practices. Short-term, there must be greater recognition of imperfections across available vaccination history sources and explicit clarity regarding survey goals and the level of precision, potential biases, and associated resources needed to achieve these goals.
Changing perspectives of public health in India: the growing role of health economics
Authors: Tigga Nutan Shashi , Keshri Vikash R. 
Published: February 2020

Health economics is a sub-discipline of economics that has significant relevance to public health. The academic discipline of health economics has not evolved in India till now. Since India became independent country, the public health practice in India has revolved largely around public health systems; the private health system has functioned in parallel with negligible regulatory control by the government. The recent launch of a large health insurance program by the Indian government has opened the door of public resources for the private sector in health. It is envisaged that a substantial portion of public money will be diverted to the private sector with little regulation. This situation will potentially change the landscape of public health care delivery in the country. With this change, the role of health economists is bound to increase, given the increased demand for economic evaluation. Ironically, there is a complete dearth of educational institutions offering specialised training in health economics in India. To fulfil this demand-supply gap, there is an urgent need to introduce the discipline of health economics at master’s level within existing university economics departments and schools of public health. Building on this foundation, academic research degrees in health economics can be evolved to fulfil future research gaps.
The transmissibility of novel Coronavirus in the early stages of the 2019-20 outbreak in Wuhan: Exploring initial point-source exposure sizes and durations using scenario analysis
Authors: Abbott Sam , Hellewell Joel , Munday James ,   CMMID nCoV working group, Funk Sebastian 
Published: February 2020

Background: The current novel coronavirus outbreak appears to have originated from a point-source exposure event at Huanan seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. There is still uncertainty around the scale and duration of this exposure event. This has implications for the estimated transmissibility of the coronavirus and as such, these potential scenarios should be explored. Methods: We used a stochastic branching process model, parameterised with available data where possible and otherwise informed by the 2002-2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, to simulate the Wuhan outbreak. We evaluated scenarios for the following parameters: the size, and duration of the initial transmission event, the serial interval, and the reproduction number (R0). We restricted model simulations based on the number of observed cases on the 25th of January, accepting samples that were within a 5% interval on either side of this estimate. Results: Using a pre-intervention SARS-like serial interval suggested a larger initial transmission event and a higher R0 estimate. Using a SARs-like serial interval we found that the most likely scenario produced an R0 estimate between 2-2.7 (90% credible interval (CrI)). A pre-intervention SARS-like serial interval resulted in an R0 estimate between 2-3 (90% CrI). There were other plausible scenarios with smaller events sizes and longer duration that had comparable R0 estimates. There were very few simulations that were able to reproduce the observed data when R0 was less than 1. Conclusions: Our results indicate that an R0 of less than 1 was highly unlikely unless the size of the initial exposure event was much greater than currently reported. We found that R0 estimates were comparable across scenarios with decreasing event size and increasing duration. Scenarios with a pre-intervention SARS-like serial interval resulted in a higher R0 and were equally plausible to scenarios with SARs-like serial intervals.
Liderança ambiental brasileira? O hiato entre os recursos naturais e as ações do Brasil na política ambiental global | Brazilian environmental leadership? The gap between natural resources and in Brazil's policies in global environmental politics
Authors: Ribeiro Thais Lemos , Inoue Cristina Y.A. 
Published: February 2020

O trabalho debate o potencial de liderança brasileira na política ambiental global a partir dos recursos naturais. Utiliza os conceitos de governança global, estruturalismo temático, processo político, peso absoluto e estratégia e, juntamente com elementos contextuais, argumenta que recursos naturais não são suficientes para exercer liderança plena na política ambiental, sendo necessária estratégia clara que considere as dimensões doméstica e internacional.Palavras-chave: Brasil, interdependência, liderança potencial.ABSTRACTThis paper presents the Brazilian potential leadership in environmental politics based on natural resources. It uses the concepts of global governance, thematic structuralism, political process, sheer weight and strategy and, together with contextual elements, presents the hypothesis that natural resources are not enough to exercise full leadership in environmental politics, requiring a clear strategy that considers domestic and international dimensions.Keywords: Brazil, interdependence, potential leadership. Recebido em 08 jul. 2019 | Aceito em 16 dez. 2019.
A RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL À LUZ DO PRINCÍPIO JURÍDICO-CONSTITUCIONAL DA SOLIDARIEDADE SOCIAL
Authors: Lavôr Amanda Rodrigues , Girão de Castro Pinto Eduardo Régis 
Published: February 2020

O objetivo da pesquisa é entender o instituto da responsabilidade civil quanto à aplicação do princípio constitucional da solidariedade social e identificar se esse princípio é utilizado como argumento nas decisões para concessão de indenização. A pesquisa bibliográfica se baseia nos estudos de Emile Durkein, Léon Duguit e Nelson Rosenvald, para o embasamento teórico que orbita o tema ora em análise. No plano da pesquisa empírica, a abordagem utilizada foi de caráter quali-quanti, mediante o uso do Método de Análise das Decisões desenvolvidos pelo professor Roberto Freitas Filho. Evidencia-se a importância do desenvolvimento deste estudo para a obtenção de uma ampla visão sobre o campo da responsabilidade civil sob a luz do princípio da solidariedade o qual é inerente. Concluiu-se que o princípio da solidariedade social é utilizado como argumento nas decisões para concessão de indenização quando está ligado a ideia da responsabilidade objetiva do estado, contudo, não é um conceito absoluto que fundamenta todas as indenizações, podendo ser sopesado por outros interesses.
Interdisciplinary management for chronic pain in central neurological disorders: a retrospective study
Authors: Young Jamie , Mantopoulos Steven , Blanchard Megan , Tardif Hilarie , Hogg Malcolm , Khan Fary , Galea Mary P 
Published: February 2020

Background/aims Chronic pain in central neurological disorders is common and the current management of chronic pain is through an interdisciplinary approach. The aim of this study was to compare outpatient interdisciplinary-based treatment for chronic pain in patients with central neurological disorders to those without central neurological disorders. Methods This was a retrospective study and pain-related outcome measures were collected from a clinical outcomes registry (electronic Persistent Pain Outcomes Collaboration). This registry contained data on people who attended a pain management service who, for the purpose of this study, were categorised into those with a central neurological disorder and those without a central neurological disorder. The two sample t-test was used to determine the significance of the difference between the groups and statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. Outcome measures compared included the Brief Pain Inventory, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21, Patient Self-efficacy Questionnaire and Patient Catastrophisation Scale. Results There was a total of 1924 participants with a central neurological disorder. The electronic Persistent Pain Outcomes Collaboration registry shows that after engagement with an interdisciplinary pain management service, there was a reduction in pain severity scores, interference, mean depression, anxiety and stress in both groups at end of an episode of care compared to referral. There was a significant difference in mean changes for pain catastrophising between those with a central neurological disorder (−10.3) and those without (−7.8). Conclusions This study shows that people with central neurological disorders can also benefit from interdisciplinary management and have similar results to those without these conditions.
The Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction and Students With Extensive Support Needs in Inclusive Settings
Authors: Raley Sheida K. , Burke Kathryn M. , Hagiwara Mayumi , Shogren Karrie A. , Wehmeyer Michael L. , Kurth Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
There is a strong link between the development of skills associated with self-determination (i.e., choice-making, decision-making, problem solving, goal setting and attainment, planning, self-management, self-advocacy, self-awareness, and self-knowledge) and positive school (e.g., academic achievement) and postschool (e.g., employment, community access) outcomes. In this article, we advocate for an examination of research related to the impact, usability, and cultural sustainability of an evidence-based intervention intended to enable students to enhance skills associated with self-determination, the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI), when used to support students with extensive support needs, including students with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). Theoretical foundations of the construct of self-determination and its applicability for all people and extant research on implementation of the SDLMI and students with extensive support needs are presented. Implications for researchers are addressed, including the impact, usability, and cultural sustainability of the SDLMI for students with extensive support needs, and the potential of the SDLMI to support all students in inclusive settings when implemented as a universal support.