bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Néprajz a magyar egyetemeken 1960-ig
Authors: Paládi-Kovács Attila 
Published: January 2020

At the University of Budapest at the end of the 18th century it was Dániel Cornides (1732–1787) who dealt with issues of Hungarian ancient religion, while András Dugonics (1740–1818) paid attention to various aspects of Hungarian folk poetry (tales, idiomatic phrases, proverbs) and folk customs in his lectures. Descriptive statistics, reports of the state of affairs in various regions and ethnic groups within the country documented the ethnographic character of these areas and groups in the first half of the 19th century. In the second half of the century professors of Hungarian literature and language investigated and discussed these topics with a comparative European perspective at universities. Ethnographic and folklore-related knowledge was disseminated by excellent professors of classical philology and oriental studies. Professors of geography (János Hunfalvy, Lajos Lóczy) played a crucial role in providing information about faraway peoples and continents at the University of Budapest.
The first associate professor (Privatdozent) in ethnography was Antal Herrmann at the University of Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca, now Romania) in 1898. He delivered his lectures until 1918 in Kolozsvár, and between 1921 and 1926 in Szeged where the University of Cluj was relocated to. The first university department for ethnographic and folklore studies was established at the University of Szeged, where Sándor Solymossy, a scholar of comparative folkloristics, became professor. At the University of Budapest the first department for ethnography and folklore studies was founded for professor István Györffy, who primarily studied material culture and the people of the Great Hungarian Plain. His successors were Károly Viski (1942), then folklorist Gyula Ortutay (1946). In 1951 at the University of Budapest another department came into being for István Tálasi who was a scholar of material culture studies and historical ethnography.
The head of the ethnography and folklore department of the Hungarian University of Kolozsvár (Klausenburg, Cluj) was Károly Viski in 1940–1941, and Béla Gunda between 1943 and 1948. At the University of Debrecen established in 1912 a number of associate professors held ethnographic and folklore lectures between 1925 and 1949 (István Ecsedi, Károly Bartha N., Tibor Mendöl, Gábor Lükő), but an autonomous department was established only in 1949, led by Béla Gunda until 1979. At the University of Szeged Sándor Bálint was appointed professor of ethnography and folklore studies in 1949, but only after 1990 became it possible to provide M. A. degrees in ethnography and folkloristics. M.A. degrees in ethnography and folkloristics have been provided at the University of Budapest since 1950, while at the University of Debrecen since 1959.
Competency-based Credentialing: A New Model from the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine Expert Panel on Credentialing
Authors: Whittemore Anthony D. , Leape Lucian L. , Riley Stancel M. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Concern about the adequacy of the credentialing process led the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine to create the Expert Panel on Credentialing for the purpose of ensuring that all physicians on a medical staff are providing safe and competent care throughout the entire duration of their careers. The Panel was charged with creating a standardized framework that facilities could use for both the initial credentialing and the re-credentialing processes.
The Panel began its deliberations in September 2006. An initial survey of selected health care facilities in Massachusetts was conducted to understand the current spectrum of credentialing criteria. The Panel reviewed the literature and developed core credentialing criteria. These criteria, or guidelines, suggest several assessment measures for each of the six core competencies endorsed by The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and The Joint Commission (Table 4). Health care facilities may elect to use these guidelines during the credentialing process to ensure that every licensed and certified physician is competent to provide current evidence-based care.
A Study of Medical Board Peer Reviews in Nevada
Authors: Calvanese Jerry C. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Study Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain data on various characteristics of peer reviews. These reviews were performed for the Nevada State Board of Medical Examiners (NSBME) to assess physician licensees' negligence and/or incompetence. It was hoped that this data could help identify and define certain characteristics of peer reviews.
Methods: This study examined two years of data collected on peer reviews. The complaints were initially screened by a medical reviewer and/or a committee composed of Board members to assess the need for a peer review. Data was then collected from the peer reviews performed. The data included costs, specialty of the peer reviewer, location of the peer reviewer, and timeliness of the peer reviews.
Results: During the two-year study, 102 peer reviews were evaluated. Sixty-nine percent of the peer-reviewed complaints originated from civil malpractice cases and 15% originated from complaints made by patients. Eighty percent of the complaint physicians were located in Clark County and 12% were located in Washoe County. Sixty-one percent of the physicians who performed the peer reviews were located in Washoe County and 24% were located in Clark County. Twelve percent of the complaint physicians were in practice in the state for 5 years or less, 40% from 6 to 10 years, 20% from 11 to 15 years, 16% from 16 to 20 years, and 13% were in practice 21 years or more. Forty-seven percent of the complaint physicians had three or less total complaints filed with the Board, 10% had four to six complaints, 17% had 7 to 10 complaints, and 26% had 11 or more complaints. The overall quality of peer reviews was judged to be good or excellent in 96% of the reviews. A finding of malpractice was found in 42% of the reviews ordered by the medical reviewer and in 15% ordered by the Investigative Committees. There was a finding of malpractice in 38% of the overall total of peer reviews. The total average cost of a peer review was $791. In 47% of the peer reviews requested, materials were sent from the Board to the peer reviewer within 60 days of the original request and 33% took more than 120 days for the request to be sent. In 48% of the reviews, the total time for the peer review to be performed by the peer reviewer was less than 60 days. Twenty seven percent of the peer reviews took more than 120 days to be returned.
Conclusion: Further data is needed to draw meaningful conclusions from certain peer review characteristics reported in this study. However, useful data was obtained regarding timeliness in sending out peer review materials, total times for the peer reviews, and costs.
A Census of Actively Licensed Physicians in the United States, 2010
Authors: Young Aaron , Chaudhry Humayun J. , Rhyne Janelle , Dugan Michael 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
As part of their ongoing effort to protect the public, the nation's 70 state and territorial medical and osteopathic boards regularly collect and disseminate information about actively licensed physicians in their jurisdictions to the FSMB's Federation Physician Data Center. This article summarizes results from the first-ever comprehensive analysis by FSMB of this information, from state boards and additional sources, to present a census of actively licensed physicians in the United States and the District of Columbia in 2010. While noting the value to state boards and multiple stakeholders of an accurate count of physicians — including information about their gender, age, specialty certification and location by region — the article acknowledges opportunities for future collaboration among organizations and agencies to better define current physician supply in order to better predict future physician needs for a growing and aging national population.
Biological Denitrification of Nitrate Contaminated Ground Water with Elementary Sulfur
Authors: Gorathoki Madan , Amatya Iswar Man 
Published: January 2020

Extensive utilization of synthetic fertilizer and release of improperly treated wastewater from industrial or municipal facilities are the causes of nitrate contamination in natural water systems. Nitrate is one of the main contributors to eutrophication of surface water bodies which can cause severe ecological and environmental problems. Consumption of nitrates can have several detrimental health effects. One adverse health effect is methemoglobinemia or “blue-baby" syndrome.
Sulfur based biological denitrification process is autotrophic denitrification using Thiobacillus denitriflcans, in which process is conducted by denitrifying bacteria which require inorganic carbon for carbon source. These denitrifying bacteria oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulphate while reducing nitrate to nitrogen gas, thereby eliminating the need for addition of organic carbon compounds as energy sources to drive denitrification.
This Study was conducted on biological denitrification with elemental sulfur packed small-scale bed columns and it was found to be maximum 39 percent efficiency of NO3-N removal at 1.5 hours HRT having bicarbonate range 153.72 to 207.40 mg/l and that of TIN removal was up to 35 percent removal efficiency. In this biological process, elemental sulfur is converted into sulfate, and this renders the method unsuitable for the treatment of ground water containing high levels of endogenous sulfate.
Awareness, Knowledge and Willingness Regarding Eye Donation among Dental Students of Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Basnet Anjila , Basnet Pragya Singh , Lamichhane Ram Sudhan , Shrestha Prabhat 
Published: January 2020

Background: Corneal disease constitutes a significant cause for visual im­pairment and blindness in the developing world. Visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation for which increased awareness regarding an eye donation is essential, remains the only treatment option for restoring sight in those who suffer from corneal blindness. Hence, the present study con­ducted to assess the awareness, knowledge and willingness about eye do­nation among dental students of KIST medical college & teaching hospital, Nepal
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in KIST medical college and teaching hospital in Nepal during the period of 21st to 30th April 2019. A total of 185 dental students were selected as study group by con­venience sampling technique. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed by using SPSS 16. Descriptive statistics and Chi square/ Fischer exact tests were used for data analysis.
Results: Out of total 185 dental students who participated in this study, 176 (95.1%) were aware about eye donation, 133 (71.9%) knew that the cornea is used for eye donation and 70 (37.8%) knew that ideal time for eye donation is within six hours of death. Awareness regarding eye dona­tion in male and female students was found to be statistically significant (p =0.013).
Conclusions: The present study revealed that most of the dental students were aware regarding eye donation and most of them were willing to do­nate their eyes. Awareness regarding eye donation will form the prime base for the elimination of avoidable corneal blindness in Nepal.
Determination & comparison of maxillary first premolar pulp chamber landmarks using intraoral periapical radiograph and cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Joshi Amatya Neera , Prajapati Kranti , Shrestha Suraj , Wagle Sharada 
Published: January 2020

Background: Dimension and location of pulp chamber are important during access cavity preparation. It allows clinician in instruments selection, orientation and depth of cutting dur­ing the process. Analysis of these has been done in preoperative intraoral periapical radio­graph that gives two-dimensional image. The radiograph has been blamed now and then for the inaccurate results and iatrogenic damage occurred due to the inaccurate results. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional images and is taken as standard. Hence the aim of the study is to compare intra-oral periapical (IOPA) radiograph and CBCT to determine the landmarks for accurate results
Methods: 50 intact two-rooted maxillary first premolars were collected and numbered. Peri­apical radiograph Images and CBCT images of these 50 teeth were taken and divided as; Group I: 50 IOPAR and Group II: 50 CBCT images. Landmarks marking and measurement was done using tracing paper and x-ray viewer for IOPA images and Planmeca Romexis software for CBCT images. Data were collected and analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics by using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software version 16.
Results: The averages of group I are 7.44, 10.23mm 14.33mm, 4.1mm, 6.89mm and 2.79mm respectively. The averages of in group II are 6.95mm, 9.58mm, 14.03mm, 4.45mm, 7.07mm and 2.63mm respectively. There is statistically significant difference in measurement A and measurement B between group I and group II.
Conclusions: This indicates that there are chances of overestimation of measurement A and B with IOPAR.
Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in urinary tract infection among adults in central part of Nepal
Authors: Sedhain Arun , Sapkota Abja , Shrestha Bidhan 
Published: January 2020

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is characterized by pathological invasion of the urinary tract by microorganisms. Majorities of organisms causing UTI are gram negative bacteria, most common of which is E. coli. Urine culture and sensitivity test is used to isolate the organism and to identify the susceptible drug of choice for appropriate treatment. This hospital-based study was carried out to analyze the spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms causing UTI.
Methods: A retrospective study was done to analyze the results of urine culture and sensitivity test done at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital over a period of two and half years. Standard guideline and protocol were used to collect the urine sample and to perform the test. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0.
Result: Out of 12, 925 urine samples submitted for culture and sensitivity test during the study period, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 3, 173 (24.54%) samples, which was significantly higher among females (28%) than the males (17%). The most common organism isolated on the culture was E. coli (68.5%) followed by Klebsiella (18.4%). Sensitivity of the uropathogens was seen highest with colistin (79.2%) followed by teicoplanin (64.58%), Aztreonam (63.25%) and Ni­trofurantoin (61.16%). Most common antibiotics that showed resistance to the microorganisms in this study were Ampicillin (60.93%), Cotrimoxazole (53.72%), Cefixime (40.57%) and Levofloxacin (32.93%).
Conclusions: This study has found a usual pattern of UTI with higher prevalence among females and E. coli being the most common organism. Nitrofurantoin has been found to have a good sus­ceptibility for the treatment of UTI.
Occlusal characteristics including spacing among preschool children: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Pradhan Megha , Dhital Shweta , Dahal Srijana , Joshi Ujjwal , Sherchan Prabesh , Pokhrel Prafen 
Published: January 2020

Background: Understanding the association between morphological aspects in the primary dentition and its transition to the permanent dentition provides the possibility of predicting the final permanent occlusion. Study on the occlusal characteristics in deciduous dentition in Nepalese population is limited. This study was aimed to assess the occlusal characteristics and spacing in primary dentition in preschool children.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 preschool children around Kathmandu valley after getting permission from Institutional Review Committee of Kath­mandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Each child fulfilling the inclusion criteria was enrolled on the study only after their assent and their parent’s consent. The primary molar relation, canine relation, overjet, overbite was assessed using Foster and Hamilton criteria with the teeth in centric occlusion. Primate and physiological spaces were assessed. Data was collected and analysis was done in SPSS version 16.
Results: Among the participants, (51.9%) were male and (48.1%) female. Primate spaces was seen to be absent on157 (36.3%) children. Physiological space was seen among 190 (44%) children. Flush terminal plane molar relationship was more prevalent among 294 (68%) chil­dren. Class I canine relationship was found in 257(59.5%) children. Ideal overjet was seen in 333 (77.1%) children and ideal overbite was seen among 337(78%) children.
Conclusions: Favorable characteristics traits were seen in the studied population yet longi­tudinal studies are recommended to predict the possible outcome in permanent dentition.
Preemptive use of oral gabapentin or pregabalin for acute postoperative pain following lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Acharya Utsav , Ghimire Aashish , Bhattarai Balkrishna , Singh Satyendra Narayan , Prasad Jagat Narayan , Maharjan Rajiv 
Published: January 2020

Background: Postoperative pain is a major cause of perioperative morbidity and functional impairment. Preemptive analgesia is an analgesia regimen instituted before the surgery, to desensitize the pain pathways. Pregabalin and gabapentin have been claimed to be effective in reducing postoperative pain without significant alterations in hemodynamics.
Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin in reducing postoperative pain, total opioid consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting and sedation in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgeries under spinal anaesthesia.
Methodology: Eighty patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgeries under spinal anaesthesia were divided into two groups, to either receive 300mg gabapentin or 150mg pregabalin, one hour before surgery. The patients were evaluated at one, two, six, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively and Visual Analogue Scale score for pain, postoperative nausea vomiting, and sedation score were monitored. Tramadol 50 mg was used as rescue analgesic and total consumption over 24 hours was recorded.
Results: The mean duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly higher with pregabalin (282±106 minutes versus 234 ± 97minutes, p=0.009). The sedation score was significantly higher with pregabalin in the first hour (p=0.001). The total tramadol consumption was higher with gabapentin; however, it was statistically insignificant. The occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was comparable between the groups. Minor adverse effects such as dizziness, sedation and headache were observed in both groups.
Conclusion: Pregabalin 150 mg orally significantly increases the duration of postoperative analgesia than gabapentin 300mg following lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Although sedation is frequently observed, it doesn’t alter the hemodynamics and thus, may be used safely.
Accuracy of Call-Taker Assessment of Patient Level of Consciousness: A Systematic Review
Authors: Belcher Jason , Finn Judith , Whiteside Austin , Ball Stephen 
Published: January 2020

Introduction When triaging an emergency phone call for ambulance assistance, one of the key areas of questions asked in internationally used triage decision support systems is around the patient's level of consciousness. A patient with a reduced level of consciousness can be indicative of a requirement for a high level of urgency of ambulance response. However, the value of this as a triage criterion is dependent on how accurately it can be determined by the call-taker. We sought to identify and summarise the results from published studies which determine the accuracy of call-taker assessment of conscious state during an emergency phone call. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Scopus databases for studies relating to concepts of emergency medical services, conscious state, triage and/or accuracy. Studies were screened and included if they dealt with emergency calls in the community, reported call-taker determination and on-scene determination of conscious state, and included sufficient data for at least one measure of diagnostic accuracy to be calculated. Results Out of 5753 articles initially identified, only two were found that matched the inclusion criteria. Both reported accuracy of a binary determination of consciousness versus unconsciousness, and found that it is common for the reported consciousness to differ from actual findings at scene. There were no studies identified that measured accuracy of determination of altered conscious states among conscious patients. Conclusion There is a notable gap in the literature regarding accuracy of determination of the patient's conscious state in an emergency call, which needs to be addressed.
Konsep Kemudahan dalam Hukum Perspektif Al Quran dan Hadist
Authors: Siroj A. Malthuf 
Published: January 2020

Every law has its own features and characteristics that reflect its identity and essence, Islamic law is no exception. One of the peculiarities of Islamic law is that it is rabbani (not man-made), comprehensive, easy, realistic, there is no legal imposition beyond human capability, and it's moderate. The characteristics of Islamic law in addition to showing the value of compassion (mercy), also makes the Sharia brought by the Prophet Muhammad always survives and relevant in every place, time and circumstance. Al-Qur'an and Hadith as two main sources of Islamic teachings explain a lot, both explicitly and implicitly, about the principle of ease in law. This is a form of Islamic attention to the situations and conditions experienced by humans that are relatively different in relation to the practice of Islamic teachings. From the two sources of the Shari'a the scholars formulated a number of rules which substantively contained the spirit of ease in law. So that even in difficult and narrow conditions, Islam guarantees its adherents not to come out of the Shari'a frame with an alternative dispensation called rukhshah.Keywords: Ease, law, rukhshah, al-Qur’an, hadith