bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanization is associated with shifts in bumblebee body size, with cascading effects on pollination
Authors: Theodorou Panagiotis , Baltz Lucie M. , Paxton Robert J. , Soro Antonella 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUrbanization is a global phenomenon with major effects on species, the structure of community functional traits and ecological interactions. Body size is a key species trait linked to metabolism, life‐history and dispersal as well as a major determinant of ecological networks. Here, using a well‐replicated urban–rural sampling design in Central Europe, we investigate the direction of change of body size in response to urbanization in three common bumblebee species, Bombus lapidarius, Bombus pascuorum and Bombus terrestris, and potential knock‐on effects on pollination service provision. We found foragers of B. terrestris to be larger in cities and the body size of all species to be positively correlated with road density (albeit at different, species‐specific scales); these are expected consequences of habitat fragmentation resulting from urbanization. High ambient temperature at sampling was associated with both a small body size and an increase in variation of body size in all three species. At the community level, the community‐weighted mean body size and its variation increased with urbanization. Urbanization had an indirect positive effect on pollination services through its effects not only on flower visitation rate but also on community‐weighted mean body size and its variation. We discuss the eco‐evolutionary implications of the effect of urbanization on body size, and the relevance of these findings for the key ecosystem service of pollination.
Insect–plant relationships predict the speed of insecticide adaptation
Authors: Crossley Michael S. , Snyder William E. , Hardy Nate B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHerbivorous insects must circumvent the chemical defenses of their host plants and, in cropping systems, must also circumvent synthetic insecticides. The pre‐adaptation hypothesis posits that when herbivorous insects evolve resistance to insecticides, they co‐opt adaptations against host plant defenses. Despite its intuitive appeal, few predictions of this hypothesis have been tested systematically. Here, with survival analysis of more than 17,000 herbivore–insecticide interactions, we show that resistance evolution tends to be faster when herbivorous insect diets are broad (but not too broad) and when insecticides and plant defensive chemicals are similar (but not too similar). These general relations suggest a complex interplay between macro‐evolutionary contingencies and contemporary population genetic processes, and provide a predictive framework to forecast which pest species are most likely to develop resistance to particular insecticide chemistries.
Venous blood gas parameters, electrolytes, glucose and lactate concentration in sick neonatal foals: Direct venipuncture versus push‐pull technique
Authors: Del Prete Chiara , Lanci Aliai , Cocchia Natascia , Freccero Francesca , Di Maio Chiara , Castagnetti Carolina , Mariella Jole , Micieli Fabiana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundBlood collection by indwelling intravenous catheter (IVC) avoids repeated venipuncture, which could cause thrombophlebitis risk, anxiety and pain in patients.ObjectivesTo compare blood gas parameters, electrolytes, glucose, lactate and haematocrit concentration obtained from venous blood samples collected via a jugular IVC by push‐pull (PP) technique to those obtained by venipuncture in hospitalised foals, at the time of catheter placement (T0) and 24 hours after the beginning of intravenous therapy (T24).Study designProspective observational study.MethodsPaired blood samples were drawn from hospitalised foals at T0 and T24. In each foal, one venous blood sample was collected via IVC by the following PP technique: 2.4 mL of blood was aspirated and immediately reinfused through the catheter three times consecutively, then 1 mL of blood was collected using a 1 mL heparinised syringe. Thereafter, another sample was collected by direct venipuncture of the contralateral jugular vein, with an identical 1 mL heparinised syringe, with a 1‐inch, 20‐G needle. All samples were analysed with an automated blood gas analyser within 10 minutes of collection. The agreement between the two techniques was assessed by Bland‐Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsThe level of agreement of blood gas values obtained by the two different techniques was high with very small bias and clinically acceptable ICC (>0.907 at T0; >0.794 at T24) for all variables, except for haematocrit (bias −3.52 at T0; −2.44 at T24) and PvO2at T0 and T24 (ICC 0.669 and 0.733, respectively).Main limitationsPotential sub‐clinical catheter‐related complications were not investigated by ultrasound or bacterial culture of the catheter; short duration of the study.ConclusionsPP technique appears to be acceptable for collection of blood samples for venous blood gas parameters, as well as electrolytes, glucose and lactate in sick neonatal foals.
Remembering your enemies: mechanisms of within‐generation and multigenerational immune priming in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Willis Alexandra R. , Sukhdeo Ronesh , Reinke Aaron W. 
Published: August 2020

Pathogens are abundant and drive evolution of host immunity. Whilst immune memory is classically associated with adaptive immunity, studies in diverse species now show that priming of innate immune defences can also protect against secondary infection. Remarkably, priming may also be passed on to progeny to enhance pathogen resistance and promote survival in future generations. Phenotypic changes that occur independent of DNA sequence underlie both ‘within‐generation’ priming and ‘multigenerational’ priming. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these phenomena are still poorly understood. Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple and genetically tractable model organism that has enabled key advances in immunity and environmental epigenetics. Using both natural and human pathogens, researchers have uncovered numerous examples of innate immune priming in this animal. Viral infection models have provided key evidence for a conserved antiviral RNA silencing mechanism that is inherited in progeny. Bacterial infection models have explored mechanisms of within‐generation and multigenerational priming that span chromatin modification and transcriptional changes, small RNA pathways, maternal provisioning and pathogen avoidance strategies. Together, these studies are providing novel insight into the immune reactivity of the genome and have important consequences for our understanding of health and evolution. In this review, we present the current evidence for learned protection against pathogens in C. elegans, discuss the significance and limitations of these findings and highlight important avenues of future investigation.
Kawasaki syndrome: role of superantigens revisited
Authors: Leung Donald Y. M. , Schlievert Patrick M. 
Published: August 2020

Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is an acute vasculitis in children complicated by the development of heart disease. Despite its description over 50 years ago, the etiology of coronary artery disease in KS is unknown. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin is the most effective approach to reduce cardiovascular complications. It remains unclear why patients with KS develop coronary artery aneurysms. A subset of patients is resistant to immunoglobulin therapy. Given the heterogeneity of clinical features, variability of history, and therapeutic response, KS may be a cluster of phenotypes triggered by multiple infectious agents and influenced by various environmental, genetic, and immunologic responses. The cause of KS is unknown, and a diagnostic test remains lacking. A better understanding of mechanisms leading to acute KS would contribute to a more precision medicine approach for this complex disease. In the current viewpoint, we make the case for microbial superantigens as important causes of KS.
Structure‐based design of peptides that trigger Streptococcus pneumoniae cell death
Authors: Kang Sung‐Min , Jin Chenglong , Kim Do‐Hee , Park Sung Jean , Han Sang‐Woo , Lee Bong‐Jin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractToxin–antitoxin (TA) systems regulate key cellular functions in bacteria. Here, we report a unique structure of the Streptococcus pneumoniae HigBA system and a novel antimicrobial agent that activates HigB toxin, which results in mRNA degradation as an antibacterial strategy. In this study, protein structure‐based peptides were designed and successfully penetrated the S. pneumoniae cell membrane and exerted bactericidal activity. This result represents the time during which inhibitors triggered S. pneumoniae cell death via the TA system. This discovery is a remarkable milestone in the treatment of antibiotic‐resistant S. pneumoniae, and the mechanism of bactericidal activity is completely different from those of current antibiotics. Furthermore, we found that the HigBA complex shows a crossed‐scissor interface with two intermolecular β‐sheets at both the N and C termini of the HigA antitoxin. Our biochemical and structural studies provided valuable information regarding the transcriptional regulation mechanisms associated with the structural variability of HigAs. Our in vivo study also revealed the potential catalytic residues of HigB and their functional relationships. An inhibition study with peptides additionally proved that peptide binding may allosterically inhibit HigB activity. Overall, our results provide insights into the molecular basis of HigBA TA systems in S. pneumoniae, which can be applied for the development of new antibacterial strategies.DatabasesStructural data are available in the PDB database under the accession number 6AF4.
Etiology and prognosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in the elderly
Authors: Takahashi Fuminari , Takihara Takahisa , Nakamura Noriko , Horio Yukihiro , Enokida Keito , Hayama Naoki , Oguma Tsuyoshi , Aoki Takuya , Masayuki Iwazaki , Asano Koichiro 
Published: August 2020

AimSpontaneous pneumothorax shows a bimodal age distribution, with the secondary peak including patients aged ≥50 years. The purpose of this study was to clarify the etiology and prognosis of spontaneous pneumothorax in the elderly.MethodsPatients aged ≥50 years who were admitted to a tertiary university hospital between 2006 and 2016 due to spontaneous pneumothorax were retrospectively investigated.ResultsAmong 136 consecutive patients aged ≥50 years with spontaneous pneumothorax (mean age, 70 years; 114 men), 124 (91%) had underlying lung diseases, including pulmonary emphysema (42%) and interstitial pneumonia (27%). The median period of thoracic drainage was longer (14 days) in the cases with interstitial pneumonia than in the cases of primary pneumothorax (4 days; P < 0.001) and emphysema (9 days; P < 0.005). Eighteen patients (13%) died within 180 days after the onset of pneumothorax. The mortality rate was highest in the cases with interstitial pneumonia (27%) and was mostly associated with infectious complications. Death or worsened respiratory failure within 180 days from admission was associated with older age, systemic corticosteroid use and interstitial pneumonia in multivariate logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsPulmonary emphysema is the most common underlying disease associated with spontaneous pneumothorax in the elderly population. Pneumothorax associated with interstitial pneumonia is less frequent, but it requires prolonged tube thoracostomy and demonstrates higher mortality and morbidity, particularly in those receiving systemic corticosteroids. Different treatment strategies are warranted for patients with interstitial pneumonia‐related pneumothorax. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 878–884.
Dementia education is the first step for cooperation: An observational study of the cooperation between convenience stores and community general support centers
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroshige , Igarashi Ayumi , Suzuki Miho , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko 
Published: August 2020

AimThe dementia supporter training program is conducted by community general support centers (CGSCs) to raise dementia awareness. Convenience stores are widespread throughout Japan, and they play an important role in the daily lives of older adults. We examined whether participation of convenience stores in the program promotes cooperation between the stores and CGSCs.MethodsUsing data from a nationwide survey, we conducted a longitudinal observational study. Participation of stores in the program and cooperation with CGSC were measured. The proportion of cooperation with CGSCs in 2017 and 2018 were compared between stores that had already participated in the program in 2016 (participation group) and those that did not (non‐participation group).ResultsOf the 14 884 stores, 542 stores participated in the program in 2016. In 2017 and 2018, 8.1% and 7.2% of the participation group cooperated with CGSCs, while 3.2% and 4.0% of the non‐participation group did.ConclusionsDementia supporter training programs could be an opportunity to promote cooperation between convenience stores and CGSCs to support older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 956–960.
Continuous venovenous hemodialysis may be effective in digoxin removal in digoxin toxicity: A case report
Authors: Gokalp Cenk , Dogan Aysun Fatma , Aygun Guray , Kurultak Ilhan , Ustundag Sedat 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDigoxin is a cardiac glycoside that is used for the treatment of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Besides its careful close follow‐up, toxicity affects nearly 1% of congestive heart failure patients. Cessation of the drug, appropriate electrolyte and rhythm control and digoxin‐Fab antibody are the mainstay for toxicity treatment in these patients. As known, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective by the means of digoxin removal. We present a 66‐year‐old patient who admitted to hospital with digoxin toxicity and severe acute kidney injury. The patient was treated with continuous venovenous hemodialysis because of her hypervolemia, hyperkalemia, cardiac instability, and the thought of probable decrease in digoxin levels concerning the continuous nature of solute clearance. Without the treatment using digoxin‐specific Fab antibodies, the patient's digoxin level was decreased successfully with continuous venovenous hemodialysis. In conclusion, continuous venovenous hemodialysis may be a treatment option in digoxin toxicity especially those who suffer from severe renal dysfunction and cannot access digoxin antidote.
A Historical Review of Headaches: Who First Described Them and When did This Occur?
Authors: Souza Wallyson Pablo de Oliveira , Sousa‐Santos Patrick Mesquita , Silva‐Néto Raimundo Pereira 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundHeadache is as old as human history and has been able to report, and the first descriptions were found in Greece and Mesopotamia.ObjectiveOur objective was to know the date of the first description of ICHD‐3 headaches, with their respective author.MethodsWe searched for articles that addressed the historical aspects of primary and secondary headaches and painful cranial neuropathies.ResultsTwenty‐seven different headaches were analyzed according to the occurrence of their first description, with the respective author and country of origin.ConclusionsThe knowledge of the first description of ICHD‐3 headaches, with their respective author, showed us how and when the different headaches appeared over the years.
Risk factors for recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection after successful eradication in Chinese children: A prospective, nested case‐control study
Authors: Zhang Yuanda , Dong Qingwei , Tian Lei , Zhang Shaohui , Zuo Naying , Zhang Sisi , Ding Zhaolu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundLimited research has been published on the recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors in Chinese children. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence after successful eradication in children.Materials and MethodsA prospective, nested case‐control study was performed. A cohort of 230 children with successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Baoding (China) was selected from January 2018 to February 2019. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain socioeconomic details. Eradication regimens and Helicobacter pylori antibiotic susceptibility testing results were also recorded. Interleukin‐1β level, interferon‐γ level, and genetic susceptibility (IFNGR1 and PTPRZ1 gene polymorphisms) were analyzed. All children were followed for 1 year.ResultsAmong 218 (94.8%) children who were successfully followed, 41 children (18.8%) had a Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence. The recurrence rate was higher in children ≤10 years old than >10 years old (22.8% vs 7.1%, P = .01). There was no significant difference between the recurrence group and the non‐recurrence group in terms of types of therapy and antibiotic sensitivity (P > .05). Multivariable regression results indicated that residence in urban areas, higher household income, and having lunch at home were significantly protective against recurrence (OR 0.155, 0.408, and 0.351 respectively), whereas Helicobacter pylori infection in family members increased the risk of recurrence (OR 2.283). The levels of IL‐1β and IFN‐γ exhibited no significant difference between the recurrence group and the non‐recurrence group. The allele frequency of G in the IFNGR1‐56 site, A in the IFNGR1‐600 site, and T in the IFNGR1‐565 site was significantly higher in the recurrence group when compared to the non‐recurrence group (P < .05).ConclusionsThe Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence rate is high in children in Baoding region and is closely correlated to socioeconomic factors. The IFNGR1 gene polymorphism may be an independent risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection recurrence.
Diagnostic challenges of intra‐operative frozen consultation for gastrointestinal signet ring cell carcinoma†
Authors: Chen Fengming , Jiang Kun , Han Bing 
Published: August 2020

AimsSignet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is challenging to recognise on intra‐operative frozen sections, with known high false‐negative rates. The objective of this study was to investigate common factors contributing to discrepancies between intra‐operative frozen diagnoses and those made upon review of permanent sections, and summarise our experiences gained and lessons learned on minimising errors on intra‐operative frozen diagnoses of gastrointestinal SRCC.Methods and resultsWe retrospectively examined our pathology database from 25 May 2000 to 1 January 2018 and re‐reviewed intra‐operative frozen sections and permanent haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides for specimens confirmed with SRCC on permanent sections. This study includes 83 specimens taken from 50 patients, with an accuracy of 85.5%. Main common factors causing discordance or deferral in recognising SRCC between intra‐operative frozen procedures and permanent sections include: (i) resemblance of clusters of SRCC cells with a myxoid background; (ii) disguise as normal or reactive cells (histiocytes, macrophages, large reactive lymphocytes, plasma cells or adipocytes) due to their relatively clear or depleted cytoplasmic mucin; and (iii) histological sampling errors, leading to misses of small foci of SRCC on frozen section slides.ConclusionsAn accurate diagnosis of SRCC during intra‐operative frozen consultations remains challenging. Based on our experiences and lessons, the most important strategies to reduce diagnostic errors are: (i) understanding the unusual histomorphological features of SRCC cells on frozen sections including, but not limited to, intracellular mucin depletion, absence of desmoplasia and no adjacent pre‐cancer changes; and (ii) close attention to abrupt transition from normal architecture (e.g. glandular or submucosal loose connective tissue) to myxoid and/or inflammatory‐like appearance, which potentially harbours SRCC.
Programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 but not HER2 is a potential therapeutic target in gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Yamashita Satoshi , Abe Hiroyuki , Kunita Akiko , Yamashita Hiroharu , Seto Yasuyuki , Ushiku Tetsuo 
Published: August 2020

AimsGastric neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare and aggressive subtype with a poor prognosis. We aim to investigate expression profiles of HER2 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in gastric NEC to test the potential applicability of drugs targeting these molecules.Methods and resultsExpression levels of HER2 and PD‐L1 were evaluated in 25 gastric NECs, including 10 pure NECs and 15 mixed adenocarcinoma–NECs, and a combined positive score (CPS) was used to evaluate PD‐L1 expression. The correlations of expression levels with both clinicopathological features and the expression of p53, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and mismatch repair proteins were also analysed. Eighteen of the 25 (72%) cases showed a PD‐L1 CPS of ≥ 1, which was previously shown to be associated with response to pembrolizumab. Positive nodal metastasis and low tumour‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) levels at the invasive margin were significantly associated with a PD‐L1 CPS of < 1. The NEC component was HER2‐negative in all cases, whereas HER2 positivity was observed in the adenocarcinoma component of six of 15 (40%) mixed adenocarcinoma–NECs. Mismatch repair deficiency, a mutant pattern of p53 expression and loss of Rb expression were observed in four (16%), 17 (68%) and nine (36%) cases, respectively, although these alterations were not associated with the PD‐L1 CPS or other clinicopathological characteristics.ConclusionsHER2 is unlikely to be an effective target in gastric NEC owing to the lack of HER2 expression, whereas the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for gastric NEC because of the relatively high prevalence of a PD‐L1 CPS of ≥ 1 in this subtype.
Bending, buckling and torsional resistance of rotary and reciprocating glide path instruments
Authors: Lopes W. S. P. , Vieira V. T. L. , Silva E. J. N. L , Silva M. C. D , Alves F. R. F. , Lopes H. P. , Pires F. R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate the bending, buckling and torsional resistance of ProGlider (PG) (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), R‐Pilot (RP) (VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne Gold Glider (WOGG) (Dentsply Sirona).MethodologyNinety instruments were used: 30 PG (size 0.16, .02v taper), 30 RP (size 0.125, .04 taper) and 30 WOGG (size 0.15, .02v taper). The bending resistance test was performed on 10 randomly selected instruments of each system according to ISO 3630‐1 specifications. For the buckling resistance test, a loading was applied in the axial direction of each instrument using a universal test machine, with a 20 N cell and 15 mm min−1 speed, in the axial direction. When a lateral elastic displacement of 1 mm occurred, the force was registered. The torsional resistance test was performed according to ISO 3630‐1 specifications. Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way anova and post hoc Student–Newman–Keuls test (P < 0.05).ResultsWOGG had the lowest bending resistance, whilst RP had the highest bending resistance (P < 0.05). RP also had the highest buckling resistance, and WOGG had the lowest (P < 0.05). PG had intermediate results regarding bending and buckling resistance, with significant differences to RP and WOGG (P < 0.05). RP had the highest torsional strength and the lowest angular deflection when compared to PG and WOGG (P < 0.05). No differences in the torsional strength and angular deflection were observed between WOGG and PG (P> 0.05).ConclusionThe glide path instruments had different behaviours in term of bending, buckling and torsional resistance.