bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of patients with early stage lung cancer – why do some patients not receive treatment with curative intent?
Authors: Lawrenson Ross , Lao Chunhuan , Brown Leonie , Moosa Lucia , Chepulis Lynne , Keenan Rawiri , Kidd Jacquie , Middleton Karen , Conaglen Paul , de Groot Charles , Aitken Denise , Wong Janice 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Backgrounds
This study aims to understand the factors that influence whether patients receive potentially curative treatment for early stage lung cancer. A key question was whether indigenous Māori patients were less likely to receive treatment.
Methods
Patients included those diagnosed with early stage lung cancer in 2011-2018 and resident in the New Zealand Midland Cancer Network region. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios of having curative surgery/ treatment. The Kaplan Meier method was used to examine the all-cause survival and Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio of death.
Results
In total 419/583 (71.9%) of patients with Stage I and II disease were treated with curative intent - 272 (46.7%) patients had curative surgery. Patients not receiving potentially curative treatment were older, were less likely to have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), had poorer lung function and were more likely to have an ECOG performance status of 2+. Current smokers were less likely to be treated with surgery and more likely to receive treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Those who were treated with surgery had a 2-year survival of 87.8% (95% CI: 83.8%-91.8%) and 5-year survival of 69.6% (95% CI: 63.2%-76.0%). Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) has equivalent effect on survival compared to curative surgery (hazard ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.37-1.61). After adjustment we could find no difference in treatment and survival between Māori and non-Māori.
Conclusions
The majority of patients with stage I and II lung cancer are managed with potentially curative treatment – mainly surgery and increasingly with SABR. The outcomes of those being diagnosed with stage I and II disease and receiving treatment is positive with 70% surviving 5 years.
Pattern and Timing of Diversification in the African Freshwater Fish Genus Distichodus (Characiformes: Distichodontidae)
Authors: Arroyave Jairo , Denton John S. S. , Stiassny Melanie L. J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Distichodus is a clade of tropical freshwater fishes currently comprising 25 named species distributed continent-wide throughout the Nilo-Sudan and most Sub-Saharan drainages. This study investigates the phylogenetic relationships, timing of diversification, and biogeographic history of the genus from a taxonomically comprehensive mutilocus dataset analyzed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference, coalescence-based species-tree estimation, divergence time estimation, and inference of geographic range evolution.Results: Analyses of comparative DNA sequence data in a phylogenetic context reveal the existence of two major clades of similar species-level diversity and provide support for the monophyletic status of most sampled species. Biogeographic reconstruction on a time-scaled phylogeny suggest that the origins of the genus date back to the late Oligocene and that current geographic distributions are the result of a Congo Basin origin followed by dispersal and range expansion into adjacent ichthyofaunal provinces at different times during the evolutionary history of the group.Conclusions: We present the most comprehensive phylogenetic, chronological, and biogeographic treatment yet conducted for the genus. The few instances of species paraphyly (D. teugelsi, D. fasciolatus) revealed by the resulting phylogenies are likely a consequence of post-divergence introgressive hybridization and/or incomplete lineage sorting due to recent speciation. Historical biogeographic findings are both in agreement and conflict with previous studies of other continent-wide African freshwater fish genera, suggesting a complex scenario for the assemblage of Africa’s continental ichthyofaunal communities.
TeamMate: A longitudinal study of New Zealand working farm dogs. I. Methods, population characteristics and health on enrolment.
Authors: Isaksen Katja Elisabeth , Linney Lori , Williamson Helen , Cave Nick J , Beausoleil Ngaio J , Norman Elizabeth Jane , Cogger Naomi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Working farm dogs are invaluable on New Zealand sheep and beef farms. To date no study describing farm dog population and health has included information about incidence of illness and injury, or risk factors affecting health and career duration. This paper describes the methodology and initial results from TeamMate, a longitudinal study that was designed to address this gap. We describe the study population, husbandry practices, and prevalence of clinical abnormalities on enrolment.
Methods
Data about the farms, owners, husbandry practices and dogs were collected on farm at approximately 6-month intervals. All dogs over 18 months old and in full work were enrolled. Dogs were given physical examinations by veterinarians. On examination all abnormalities were noted, regardless of clinical significance.
Results
Six hundred forty-one working farm dogs and 126 owners were enrolled from the South Island of New Zealand. Forty-nine percent of dogs were Heading dogs (314 of 641) and 48% Huntaways (308 of 641). Median age of dogs was four years (range 1.5 – 14) and median body condition score (BCS) was four on a 9-point scale (interquartile range (IQR) 3 – 5). Fifty-four percent of dogs were male (345 of 641), and 6% (41 of 641) were neutered.
Eighty-one percent of owners (102 of 126) fed dogs commercial biscuits and meat sourced on farm. Forty-four percent of dogs (279 of 641) had bedding in their kennel, 14% (55 of 393) had insulated kennels, 69% (442 of 641) had been vaccinated and 33% (213 of 641) were insured.
Clinical abnormalities were found in 74% of dogs (475 of 641). Common abnormalities involved the musculoskeletal system (43%, 273 of 641), skin (including scars and callouses; 42%, 272 of 641), and oral cavity (including worn and broken teeth; 35%, 227 of 641).
Conclusions
Our results expand on those from previous surveys and indicate that musculoskeletal illness and injury, and skin trauma are the most commonly seen clinical abnormalities in working farm dogs. These results will provide a baseline for investigation of incidence and risk factors for illness, injury, retirement and death in New Zealand working farm dogs.
Increased Respiratory Morbidity in Individuals with Interstitial Lung Abnormalities
Authors: Hoyer Nils , Thomsen Laura H. , Wille Mathilde M.W. , Wilcke Torgny , Dirksen Asger , Pedersen Jesper H. , Saghir Zaigham , Ashraf Haseem , Shaker Saher B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are common in participants of lung cancer screening trials and broad population-based cohorts. They are associated with increased mortality, but less is known about disease specific morbidity and healthcare utilisation in individuals with ILA. Methods We included all participants from the screening arm of the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial with available baseline CT scan data (n=1990) in this cohort study. The baseline scan was scored for the presence of ILA and patients were followed for up to 12 years. Data about all hospital admissions, primary healthcare visits and medicine prescriptions were collected from the Danish National Health Registries and used to determine the participants’ disease specific morbidity and healthcare utilisation using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The 332 (16.7%) participants with ILA were more likely to be diagnosed with one of several respiratory diseases, including interstitial lung disease (HR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.8–13.3, p=0.008), COPD (HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2–2.3, p = 0.01), pneumonia (HR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4–2.7, p<0.001), lung cancer (HR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.8–4.0, p<0.001) and respiratory failure (HR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–3.0, p=0.03) compared with participants without ILA. These findings were confirmed by increased hospital admission rates with these diagnoses and more frequent prescriptions for inhalation medicine and antibiotics in participants with ILA. Conclusions Individuals with ILA are more likely to receive a diagnosis and treatment for several respiratory diseases, including interstitial lung disease, COPD, pneumonia, lung cancer and respiratory failure during long-term follow-up.
The prevalence and correlates of burnout among Chinese preschool teachers
Authors: Li Shen , Li Yibo , Lv Hao , Jiang Rui , Zhao Peng , Zheng Xin , Wang Lili , Li Jie , Mao Fuqiang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: A series of studies have suggested that teachers are likely to experience professional burnout in various regions around the world. To date, no known research has been conducted to investigate the prevalence and correlates of burnout among preschool teachers in China. Objective: This study examined the level of self-reported burnout and correlates of burnout among Chinese preschool teachers. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted among1795 preschool teachers in Tianjin, China, during August 2018- October 2018. The validated Chinese version of the 15-item Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess burnout. A self-administered questionnaire collected the sociodemographic factors. The psychological factors were collected by the Chinese version of the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Perceived Stress Scale-14. Results : The prevalence of burnout in Chinese preschool teachers was 53.2% ( 95% CI：51%─56%). Burnout rate was significantly decreased in overweight ( P =0.001, OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.42-0.79) and obesity ( P =0.048, OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.56-1.00) teachers compared with teachers with normal weight. The type of school ( P =0.007, OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.11-1.91), income satisfaction ( P =0.001, OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.53-0.86), depression ( P <0.001, OR=3.08, 95% CI: 2.34-4.05) and perceived stress ( P <0.001, OR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.13-1.18) were significantly associated with burnout. Conclusions : The prevalence of burnout among preschool teachers in Tianjin, China, is high. Burnout was significantly associated with BMI, the type of school, income satisfaction, depression and perceived stress among Chinese preschool teachers. Keywords: Burnout, Stress, Preschool teachers, Depression
Characteristics of successful changes in health care organizations: an interview study with physicians, registered nurses and assistant nurses
Authors: Nilsen Per , Seing Ida , Ericsson Carin , Birken Sarah A. , Schildmeijer Kristina 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background: Health care organizations are constantly changing as a result of technological advancements, ageing populations, changing disease patterns, new discoveries for the treatment of diseases and political reforms and policy initiatives. Changes can be challenging because they contradict humans’ basic need for a stable environment. The present study poses the question: what characterizes successful organizational changes in health care? The aim was to investigate the characteristics of changes of relevance for the work of health care professionals that they deemed successful.Methods: The study was based on semi-structured interviews with 30 health care professionals: 11 physicians, 12 registered nurses and seven assistant nurses employed in the Swedish health care system. An inductive approach was applied using questions based on the existing literature on organizational change and change responses. The questions concerned the interviewees’ experiences and perceptions of any changes that they considered to have affected their work, regardless of whether these changes were “objectively” large or small changes. The interviewees’ responses were analysed using directed content analysis.Results: The analysis yielded three categories concerning characteristics of successful changes: having the opportunity to influence the change; being prepared for the change; valuing the change. The interviewees emphasized the importance of having the opportunity to influence the organizational changes that are implemented. Changes that were initiated by the professionals themselves were considered the easiest and were rarely resisted. Changes that were clearly communicated to allow for preparation increased the chances for success. The interviewees did not support organizational changes that were perceived to be implemented unexpectedly and/or without prior communication. They conveyed that it was important for them to understand the need for and benefits of organizational changes. They particularly valued and perceived as successful organizational changes with a patient focus, with clear benefits to patients.Conclusions: Organizational changes in health care are more likely to succeed when health care professionals have the opportunity to influence the change, feel prepared for the change and recognize the value of the change, including perceiving the benefit of the change for patients.
Ability of near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics to predict the age of mosquitoes reared under different conditions
Authors: Ong Oselyne , Kho Elise , Esperança Pedro , Freebairn Chris , Dowell Floyd , Devine Gregor , Churcher Thomas 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Practical, field-ready age-grading tools for mosquito vectors of disease are urgently needed because of the impact that daily survival has on vectorial capacity. Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), in combination with chemometrics and predictive modeling, can forecast the age of laboratory-reared mosquitoes with moderate to high accuracy. It remains unclear whether the technique has utility for identifying shifts in the age structure of wild-caught mosquitoes. Here we investigate whether models derived from the laboratory strain of mosquitoes can be used to predict the age of mosquitoes grown from pupae collected in the field.
Methods: NIR spectra from adult female Aedes albopictus mosquitoes reared in the laboratory (2, 5, 8, 12 and 15 days old) were compared to spectra from mosquitoes emerging from wild-caught pupae (1, 7 and 14 days old). Different partial least squares (PLS) regression methods trained on spectra from laboratory mosquitoes were evaluated on their ability to predict the age of mosquitoes from more natural environments.
Results: Models trained on spectra from laboratory-reared material were able to predict the age of other laboratory-reared mosquitoes with moderate accuracy and successfully differentiated all day 2 and 15 mosquitoes. Models derived with laboratory mosquitoes could not differentiate between field-derived age groups, with age predictions relatively indistinguishable for day 1-14. Pre-processing of spectral data and improving the PLS regression framework to avoid overfitting can increase accuracy, but predictions of mosquitoes reared in different environments remained poor. Principle component analysis confirms substantial spectral variations between laboratory and field-derived mosquitoes despite both originating from the same island population.
Conclusions: Models trained on laboratory mosquitoes were able to predict ages of laboratory mosquitoes with good sensitivity and specificity though they were unable to predict age of field-derived mosquitoes. This study suggests that laboratory-reared mosquitoes do not capture enough environmental variation to accurately predict the age of the same species reared under different conditions. Further research is needed to explore alternative pre-processing methods and machine learning techniques, and to understand factors that affect absorbance in mosquitoes before field application using NIRS.
Collaboration with community connectors to improve primary care access for hardly reached people: a case comparison of rural Ireland and Australia
Authors: Wallace Carolyn , Farmer Jane , White Carolynne , McCosker Anthony 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: This study presents a way for health services to improve service access for hardly reached people through an exploration of how staff can find and collaborate with citizens (referred to as connectors) who span socio-cultural boundaries in their community. The study explored the local socio-cultural contexts of connectors’ boundary spanning activities and if they are health related; boundary spanning occurring between connectors and health professionals at the interface of health systems and community; and the opportunities and barriers to actively seeking out and collaborating with community connectors to access marginalised and hardly reached people.
Methods: We conducted a qualitative case comparison from rural Ireland and Australia. Following purposive snow-ball sampling techniques to recruit participants, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 community informants, 21 healthcare staff and 32 connectors. Transcripts were coded and analysed using an inductive approach to ascertain categories and overall themes.
Results : We found a diverse sample of connectors relating to heterogenous, small and locally distinct groups of hardly reached people. Overall 26 connectors were active at the interface between health services and the community, with variation in how this occurred between cases. The majority (21) described one or more health related activities with hardly reached people. All connectors expressed a willingness to develop a relationship with local health services on issues they identified as relevant. Barriers to collaborations between connectors and health services related to bureaucracy, workload, and burnout.
Conclusions : Collaborating with connectors has potential as one strategy to improve access to health services for hardly reached people. To enact this, health staff need to identify local socio-cultural boundaries and associated connectors, facilitate two-way connections at the boundary between health services and community and enable collaboration by attending to activities in the community, at the interface between health services and community, and within the health system.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review Based on the Efficacy Model
Authors: Assiri Hassan , Dwasaz Ali , Alahmari Ahmad AA , Asiri Zuhair A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to address the diagnostic efficacy of cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging in periodontics based on a systematic search and analysis of the literature using the hierarchical efficacy model. Methods A systematic search of the electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane was conducted until February 2019 to identify studies addressing the efficacy of CBCT imaging in Periodontics. The identified studies were subjected to pre-identified inclusion criteria followed by an analysis using a hierarchical model of efficacy (model) designed for an appraisal of the literature on a diagnostic imaging modality. Two examiners performed the eligibility and quality assessment of relevant studies, and consensus was reached where disagreement was found.Results The search resulted in 64 studies. Of these, 35 publications were allocated to the relevant level of efficacy and quality assessments wherever applicable. The overall diagnostic accuracy studies showed the risk of bias and applicability concerns in the use of CBCT to be low to moderate. In addition, CBCT is accurate in identifying periodontal defects when compared to other modalities. The studies on the level of patient outcomes agreed that CBCT is a reliable tool for the assessment of the outcomes after the treatment of periodontal defects. Conclusion CBCT was found to be beneficial and accurate in cases of infra-bony defects and furcation involvements.
Playing sport injured is associated with osteoarthritis, joint pain and worse health related quality of life: A cross sectional study
Authors: Bullock Garrett Scott , Collins Gary S , Peirce Nick , Arden Nigel K , Filbay Stephanie R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Sports participants are faced with the decision to continue or cease play when injured. The implications of playing sport while injured on joint health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between having played sport while injured and HRQoL, osteoarthritis, and persistent joint pain; and compare findings in elite and recreational cricketers . Methods: The Cricket Health and Wellbeing Study cohort was used for this study. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥18 years, played ≥1 cricket season. Questionnaire data collected included a history of playing sport injured, SF-8 (physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component scores), physician-diagnosed osteoarthritis, and persistent joint pain (most days of the last month). Multivariable linear regressions and logistic regressions were performed. Continuous covariates were handled using fractional polynomials. Models were adjusted for age, sex, cricket-seasons played, playing status, joint injury, and orthopaedic surgery. All participants (n=2,233) were included in HRQoL analyses, only participants aged ≥30 years (n=2,071) were included in osteoarthritis/pain analyses. Results: Of the 2,233 current and former cricketers (mean age: 51.7 SD 14.7, played 30 IQR 24 cricket seasons, 60% were current cricketers, 62% played recreationally; median PCS: 51.4 IQR 9.0; MCS: 54.3 IQR 8.6) 1719 (77%) had played sport while injured. People who had played sport injured reported worse adjusted PCS (Effect(95% CI): -1.78(-2.62, -0.93) and MCS (-1.40(-2.25, -0.54), had greater odds of osteoarthritis (adjusted OR(95% CI): 1.86(1.39, 2.51) and persistent joint pain (2.34(1.85, 2.96)), compared to people who had not played sport injured. Similar relationships were observed regarding PCS, osteoarthritis and pain in elite and recreational subgroups. Playing injured was only related to worse MCS scores for elite cricketers (-2.07(-3.52, -0.63)); no relationship was observed in recreational cricketers (-0.70(-1.79, 0.39)). Conclusion: Cricketers that had played sport injured had impaired HRQoL, increased odds of osteoarthritis and persistent joint pain, compared to those who had not played sport injured. Playing sport injured was only related to impaired mental-components of HRQoL in elite cricketers. The long-term impact of playing injured, should be considered when advising athletes on their ability to compete.