bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ethanolic Extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. Enhances the Metabolic Benefits of Exercise in Diet-induced Obese Mice
Authors: ALLERTON TIMOTHY D. , KOWALSKI GREG M. , STAMPLEY JAMES , IRVING BRIAN A. , LIGHTON JOHN R. B. , FLOYD Z. ELIZABETH , STEPHENS JACQUELINE M. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. (5011) combined with exercise on in vivo glucose and fat metabolism in diet-induced obese male mice.

Methods
After 8 wk of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, 52 mice were randomly allocated to a voluntary wheel running group (HFD Ex), a 5011 + HFD sedentary group (5011 Sed), a 5011 + HFD Ex (5011 Ex), or an HFD sedentary group (HFD Sed) for 4 wk. Real-time energy expenditure and substrate utilization were measured by indirect calorimetry. A stable isotope glucose tolerance test was performed before and after the 4-wk wheel running period to determine changes in endogenous glucose production and glucose disposal. We also performed an analysis of genes and proteins associated with the early response to exercise and exercise adaptations in skeletal muscle and liver.

Results
When compared with HFD Ex mice, 5011 Ex mice had increased fat oxidation during speed- and distance-matched wheel running bouts. Both HFD Ex and 5011 Ex mice had reduced endogenous glucose during the glucose tolerance test, whereas only the 5011 Sed and the 5011 Ex mice had improved glucose disposal after the 4-wk experimental period when compared with HFD Sed and HFD Ex mice. 5011 Ex mice had increased Pgc1-α and Tfam expression in skeletal muscle when compared with HFD Ex mice, whereas Pdk4 expression was reduced in the liver of HFD Ex and 5011 Ex mice.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that 5011, an ethanolic extract of A. dracunculus L., with a history of medicinal use, enhances the metabolic benefits of exercise to improve in vivo fat and glucose metabolism.
Exercise Intolerance in Cystic Fibrosis: Importance of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: RODRIGUEZ-MIGUELEZ PAULA , SEIGLER NICHOLE , ISHII HARUKI , CRANDALL REVA , MCKIE KATHLEEN T. , FORSEEN CARALEE , HARRIS RYAN A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Exercise intolerance, evaluated by O2 consumption, predicts mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). People with CF exhibit skeletal muscle dysfunctions that may contribute to an imbalance between O2 delivery and utilization. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, increases blood flow and improves O2 consumption, although the exact mechanisms in CF have yet to be elucidated. Thus, we hypothesized that exercise intolerance in CF is limited primarily by an impaired skeletal muscle O2 utilization, and sildenafil improves exercise tolerance in CF by addressing this mismatch between O2 demand and extraction.

Methods
Fifteen individuals with mild to moderate CF and 18 healthy controls completed an incremental exercise test and measurements of gaseous exchange, chronotropic response, hemodynamics, and O2 extraction and utilization. People with CF also completed a 4-wk treatment with sildenafil with a subsequent follow-up evaluation after treatment.

Results
Skeletal muscle O2 extraction and utilization during exercise were reduced in people with CF when compared with controls. Exercise capacity in our CF population was minimally limited by hemodynamic or chronotopic responses, whereas peripheral O2 extraction was more closely associated with exercise capacity. The study also demonstrated that 4 wk of sildenafil improved skeletal muscle O2 utilization during exercise to similar values observed in healthy individuals.

Conclusions
Individuals with mild to moderate CF exhibit exercise intolerance secondary to a reduction in O2 utilization by the exercising skeletal muscle. The present study demonstrated that 4 wk of sildenafil treatment improves the capacity of the skeletal muscle to use O2 more efficiently during exercise. Findings from the present study highlight the importance of targeting skeletal muscle O2 utilization to improve exercise tolerance in CF.
The worldwide clinical trial research response to the COVID-19 pandemic - the first 100 days
Authors: Janiaud Perrine , Axfors Cathrine , van't Hooft Janneke , Saccilotto Ramon , Agarwal Arnav , Appenzeller-Herzog Christian , Contopoulos-Ioannidis Despina G. , Danchev Valentin , Dirnagl Ulrich , Ewald Hannah , Gartlehner Gerald , Goodman Steven N. , Haber Noah A. , Ioannidis Angeliki Diotima , Ioannidis John P. A. , Lythgoe Mark P. , Ma Wenyan , Macleod Malcolm , Malički Mario , Meerpohl Joerg J. , Min Yan , Moher David , Nagavci Blin , Naudet Florian , Pauli-Magnus Christiane , O'Sullivan Jack W. , Riedel Nico , Roth Jan A. , Sauermann Mandy , Schandelmaier Stefan , Schmitt Andreas M. , Speich Benjamin , Williamson Paula R. , Hemkens Lars G. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Never before have clinical trials drawn as much public attention as those testing interventions for COVID-19. We aimed to describe the worldwide COVID-19 clinical research response and its evolution over the first 100 days of the pandemic.Methods:Descriptive analysis of planned, ongoing or completed trials by April 9, 2020 testing any intervention to treat or prevent COVID-19, systematically identified in trial registries, preprint servers, and literature databases. A survey was conducted of all trials to assess their recruitment status up to July 6, 2020.Results:Most of the 689 trials (overall target sample size 396,366) were small (median sample size 120; interquartile range [IQR] 60-300) but randomized (75.8%; n=522) and were often conducted in China (51.1%; n=352) or the USA (11%; n=76). 525 trials (76.2%) planned to include 155,571 hospitalized patients, and 25 (3.6%) planned to include 96,821 health-care workers. Treatments were evaluated in 607 trials (88.1%), frequently antivirals (n=144) or antimalarials (n=112); 78 trials (11.3%) focused on prevention, including 14 vaccine trials. No trial investigated social distancing. Interventions tested in 11 trials with >5,000 participants were also tested in 169 smaller trials (median sample size 273; IQR 90-700). Hydroxychloroquine alone was investigated in 110 trials. While 414 trials (60.0%) expected completion in 2020, only 35 trials (4.1%; 3,071 participants) were completed by July 6. Of 112 trials with detailed recruitment information, 55 had recruited <20% of the targeted sample; 27 between 20-50%; and 30 over 50% (median 14.8% [IQR 2.0-62.0%]).Conclusions:The size and speed of the COVID-19 clinical trials agenda is unprecedented. However, most trials were small investigating a small fraction of treatment options. The feasibility of this research agenda is questionable, and many trials may end in futility, wasting research resources. Much better coordination is needed to respond to global health threats.
Supplementation of rice husk activated charcoal in feed and its effects on growth and histology of the stomach and intestines from giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis
Authors: Firdus Firdus , Samadi Samadi , Muhammadar Abdullah A. , Sarong Muhammad A. , Muchlisin Zainal A. , Sari Widya , Mellisa Siska , Satria Satria , Boihaqi Boihaqi , Batubara Agung Setia 
Published: October 2020

Background:Research on supplementing feed with rice husk activated charcoal was carried out to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of rice husk activated charcoal on the growth and histological features of theCaranx ignobilisintestine.Methods:This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments and four replications, including adding activated charcoal to feed at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% for 42 days. The measured parameters included daily growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), survival rate (SR), length of foveola gastrica, width of foveola gastrica, length of intestinal villi, and width of intestinal villi. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s test.Results:The results showed that supplementing fish feed with rice husk activated charcoal at different concentrations significantly affected the values of DGR, AGR, FCR, FE, SR, length of the foveola gastrica, length of the villous intestine, and width of the villous intestine, but did not significantly affect SGR or foveola gastrica width.Conclusion:The 2% rice husk activated charcoal treatment showed the best results for all parameters.
Organizational Learning Processes and Outcomes: Major Findings and Future Research Directions
Authors: Argote Linda , Lee Sunkee , Park Jisoo 
Published: October 2020

We trace the evolution of research on organizational learning. As organizations acquire experience, their performance typically improves at a decreasing rate. Although this learning-curve pattern is found in many industries, organizations vary in the rate at which they learn. In order to understand this variation, we separate organizational learning into four processes: search, knowledge creation, knowledge retention, and knowledge transfer. Within each process, we present research on how dimensions of experience and of the organizational context affect learning processes and outcomes. Our goals are to describe major findings and to identify opportunities for future research. The article concludes with a discussion of research directions that are likely to be productive in the future. These directions include investigating how new technological and organizational developments are likely to affect organizational learning.This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, Special Section of Management Science: 65th Anniversary.
Knee arthroplasty for acute fractures around the knee
Authors: Tampere Thomas , Ollivier Matthieu , Jacquet Christophe , Fabre-Aubrespy Maxime , Parratte Sébastien 
Published: October 2020

Results of open reduction and internal fixation for complex articular fractures around the knee are poor, particularly in elderly osteoporotic patients. Open reduction and internal fixation may lead to an extended hospital stay and non-weight-bearing period. This may lead to occurrence of complications related to decubitus such as thrombo-embolic events, pneumonia and disorientation. Primary arthroplasty can be a valuable option in a case-based and patient-specific approach. It may reduce the number of procedures and allow early full weight-bearing, avoiding the above-mentioned complications. There are four main indications: 1) Elderly (osteoporotic) patients with pre-existing (symptomatic) end-stage osteoarthritis. 2) Elderly (osteoporotic) patients with severe articular and metaphyseal destruction. 3) Pathological fractures of the distal femur and/or tibia. 4) Young patients with complete destruction of the distal femur and/or tibia. The principles of knee (revision) arthroplasty should be applied; choice of implant and level of constraint should be considered depending on the type of fracture and involvement of stabilizing ligaments. The aim of treatment is to obtain a stable and functional joint. Long-term data remain scarce in the literature due to limited indications.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:713-723. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190059
Frontiers in non-union research
Authors: Gómez-Barrena Enrique , Padilla-Eguiluz Norma G. , Rosset Philippe 
Published: October 2020

Multifactorial aetiology defines non-unions, with a biological and a mechanical distortion of the timeline of bone healing. Research on new advances to increase osteogenesis and promote non-union healing is strongly directed towards new forms of cell products. Basic science and research on non-union treatments is needed to compile preclinical data on new treatments. Bone marrow concentration and expanded mesenchymal stromal cells still require extensive clinical research to confirm efficacy in non-union treatment. Solid preclinical studies, precise cell product definition and preparation, and appropriate ethical and regulatory approvals are needed to assess new advanced therapy medicinal products.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:574-583. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190062
Definition and diagnosis of fracture-related infection
Authors: McNally Martin , Govaert Geertje , Dudareva Maria , Morgenstern Mario , Metsemakers Willem-Jan 
Published: October 2020

Fracture-related infection (FRI) is common and often diagnosed late. Accurate diagnosis is the beginning of effective treatment. Diagnosis can be difficult, particularly when there are no outward signs of infection. The new FRI definition, together with clear protocols for nuclear imaging, microbiological culture and histological analysis, should allow much better study design and a clearer understanding of infected fractures. In recent years, there has been a new focus on defining FRI and avoiding non-specific, poorly targeted treatment. Previous studies on FRI have often failed to define infection precisely and so are of limited value. This review highlights the essential principles of making the diagnosis and how clinical signs, serum tests, imaging, microbiology, molecular biology and histology all contribute to the diagnostic pathway. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:614-619. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190072
Individualized surgery in primary total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Karachalios Theofilos , Komnos George A. 
Published: October 2020

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a satisfactory procedure for end-stage knee joint pathology. However, there is a significant incidence of unsatisfied patients. In recent years conventional total knee arthroplasty surgical technique has been challenged and a modern trend to respect individual anatomy, alignment and soft tissue laxities has been developed. The indications, limits and outcomes of these modern techniques in selected patients are not well-defined. Modern technology (navigation, patient-specific instrumentation and robotics) has improved accuracy of the osteotomies but their effect on long-term outcomes is still unclear. A technique which respects individual anatomy, laxities and alignment in combination with an implant which is designed to incorporate contemporary knee kinematics, without the use of modern technology, is presented.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:663-671. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190085
Artificial intelligence in orthopaedics: false hope or not? A narrative review along the line of Gartner’s hype cycle
Authors: Oosterhoff Jacobien H.F. , Doornberg Job N. ,   Machine Learning Consortium
Published: October 2020

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in general, and Machine Learning (ML)-based applications in particular, have the potential to change the scope of healthcare, including orthopaedic surgery. The greatest benefit of ML is in its ability to learn from real-world clinical use and experience, and thereby its capability to improve its own performance. Many successful applications are known in orthopaedics, but have yet to be adopted and evaluated for accuracy and efficacy in patients’ care and doctors’ workflows. The recent hype around AI triggered hope for development of better risk stratification tools to personalize orthopaedics in all subsequent steps of care, from diagnosis to treatment. Computer vision applications for fracture recognition show promising results to support decision-making, overcome bias, process high-volume workloads without fatigue, and hold the promise of even outperforming doctors in certain tasks. In the near future, AI-derived applications are very likely to assist orthopaedic surgeons rather than replace us. ‘If the computer takes over the simple stuff, doctors will have more time again to practice the art of medicine’.76 Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:593-603. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190092
Global diversity in bearings in primary THA
Authors: Tsikandylakis Georgios , Overgaard Soren , Zagra Luigi , Kärrholm Johan 
Published: October 2020

Choice of articulating materials, head size and the design of the articulation will become decisive for the long-term performance of a total hip arthroplasty (THA) and especially in terms of risk for dislocation and wear-related problems. Here we account for common alternatives based on available studies and the evidence that can be derived from them. Metal or ceramic femoral heads articulating against a liner or cup made of highly cross-linked polyethylene and ceramic-on-ceramic articulations have about similar risk for complications leading to revision, whereas the performance of metal-on-metal articulations, especially with use of big heads, is inferior. The clinical significance of problems related to ceramic-on-ceramic articulations such as squeaking remains unclear. With use of current technology ceramic fractures are rare. Large femoral heads have the potential to increase the range of hip movement before impingement occurs and are therefore expected to reduce dislocation rates. On the other hand, issues related to bearing wear, corrosion at the taper-trunnion junction and groin pain may arise with larger heads and jeopardize the longevity of THA. Based on current knowledge, 32-mm heads seem to be optimal for metal-on-polyethylene bearings. Patients with ceramic-on-ceramic bearings may benefit from even larger heads such as 36 or 40 mm, but so far there are no long-term reports that confirm the safety of bearings larger than 36 mm. Assessment of lipped liners is difficult because randomized studies are lacking, but retrospective clinical studies and registry data seem to indicate that this liner modification will reduce the rate of dislocation or revision due to dislocation without clear evidence of clinically obvious problems due to neck-liner impingement. The majority of studies support the view that constrained liners and dual mobility cups (DMC) will reduce the risk of revision due to dislocation both in primary and revision THA, the latter gaining increasing popularity in some countries. Both these devices suffer from implant-specific problems, which seem to be more common for the constrained liner designs. The majority of studies of these implants suffer from various methodological problems, not least selection bias, which calls for randomized studies preferably in a multi-centre setting to obtain sufficient power. In the 2020s, the orthopaedic profession should place more effort on such studies, as has already been achieved within other medical specialties, to improve the level of evidence in the choice of articulation when performing one of the most common in-hospital surgical procedures in Europe.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:763-775. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200002
Prevention of infection in primary THA and TKA
Authors: Dobson Philip F. , Reed Michael R. 
Published: October 2020

Rates of peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI) in primary total hip and total knee arthroplasty range between 0.3% and 1.9%, and up to 10% in revision cases. Significant morbidity is associated with this devastating complication, the economic burden on our healthcare system is considerable, and the personal cost to the affected patient is immeasurable. The risk of surgical site infection (SSI) and PJI is related to surgical factors and patient factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidities, and lifestyle. Reducing the risk of SSI in primary hip and knee arthroplasty requires a multi-faceted strategy including pre-operative patient bacterial decolonization, screening and avoidance of anaemia, peri-operative patient warming, skin antisepsis, povidone-iodine wound lavage, and anti-bacterial coated sutures. This article also considers newer concepts such as the influence of bearing surfaces on infection risk, as well as current controversies such as the potential effects of blood transfusion, laminar flow, and protective hoods and suits, on infection risk.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:604-613. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200004
Development and Testing of the Power Transmission System of a Crawler Electric Tractor for Greenhouses
Authors: Liu Jing , Xia Changgao , Jiang Donglin , Sun Yan 
Published: October 2020

HighlightsBuilt a functional electric drive system of a crawler tractor for greenhouses.Properly integrated the electric components into a traditional tractor.Performed field rotary tillage, field transport, and plowing energy consumption tests to verify the correctness of the matching of the core components of the power transmission system and some performance of the prototype crawler electric tractor.Abstract. Greenhouses are among the most rapidly developing sectors of the Chinese agricultural industry, and they require considerable mechanization. Currently, the machinery used in greenhouses mainly include micro cultivators powered by internal combustion engines. The micro cultivators have various problems such as small output power, low operating efficiency, and poor quality. Also, they harm the growth environment of crops and the working environment of farmers due to gas emissions and noise. In this study, a crawler electric tractor suitable for greenhouses is proposed. It can function in small working areas and narrow working spaces. The electric tractor is suitable for towing, transportation, lifting, and power output. A power transmission system scheme was designed for the electric tractor and a parameter matching method for the core components of the power transmission system is proposed. The prototype of the electric tractor was manufactured and underwent field rotary tillage, field transport, and plowing energy consumption tests. The results of rotary tillage and transportation testing showed that the operating parameters such as the depth and width of rotary tillage and transportation speed met the design requirements, which validated the matching of core components of the power transmission system and the operating performance of the prototype crawler electric tractor. The mean rotary tillage depths of the prototype on the left side and the right side are 11.0 and 12.1 cm, respectively. The mean width is 113 cm. The mean speed of rotary tillage is 4.99 km h-1. The measured speed of the prototype in the field is within the speed demand range at gears I, II, and III. According to the results of plowing energy consumption test, the mean electrical energy consumption of plowing one mu of land was 5.60 kW h mu-1, which showed that the prototype crawler electric tractor had good economic performance. To sum up, the prototype of the electric tractor for greenhouses manufactured is economic and practical. Keywords: Electric tractor, Facility agriculture, Field test, Power transmission.