bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of turf height and growth using a laser distance device
Authors: Patton Aaron J. , Braun Ross C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGrowth or yield is an important characteristic to measure in crop science experiments. Turf researchers often use rulers or harvest grass clippings to measure growth and yield, respectively. Rising plate meters or floating disk meters are used for nondestructive measurements of forage canopy height to estimate herbage biomass, but this technique is not commonly used by turf scientists. Using the rising plate concept and integrating new technology, our objective was to develop an easy‐to‐construct, low‐cost device that could rapidly and accurately measure canopy height, growth, and estimate yield in turf research. A device called the “Turf Height Tester” with a floating platform and a laser distance measurement tool was constructed within a US$167 budget. The tester was able to precisely measure recently mown turf canopy height at the tested bench heights of 4.9–10.2 cm. The Turf Height Tester was advantageous for comparing the growth of turfgrasses with contrasting growth rates, and turf response from N fertilizer applications in a nondestructive manner. The tester, which outputs data via Bluetooth to the nearest 0.1 mm, correlated well with other turf canopy height measuring tools but had a lower CV. Collecting ∼18 measurements per minute, the tester allows for data collection from 1.8 plots per minute (includes 5 pre‐ and 5 post‐mowing measurements) compared with the more labor‐intensive practice of harvesting and weighing grass clippings from a rotary mower with a bagging attachment at 0.2 plots per minute. Further, there was a strong relationship across experiments (R2 = .62–.94) between growth measurements using the tester and dry matter clipping yield.
Genomic Cytometry and New Modalities for Deep Single‐Cell Interrogation
Authors: Salomon Robert , Martelotto Luciano , Valdes‐Mora Fatima , Gallego‐Ortega David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the past few years, the rapid development of single‐cell analysis techniques has allowed for increasingly in‐depth analysis of DNA, RNA, protein, and epigenetic states, at the level of the individual cell. This unprecedented characterization ability has been enabled through the combination of cytometry, microfluidics, genomics, and informatics. Although traditionally discrete, when properly integrated, these fields create the synergistic field of Genomic Cytometry. In this review, we look at the individual methods that together gave rise to the broad field of Genomic Cytometry. We further outline the basic concepts that drive the field and provide a framework to understand this increasingly complex, technology‐intensive space. Thus, we introduce Genomic Cytometry as an emerging field and propose that synergistic rationalization of disparate modalities of cytometry, microfluidics, genomics, and informatics under one banner will enable massive leaps forward in the understanding of complex biology. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Genetic and physiological bases for variation in water use efficiency in canola
Authors: Raman Harsh , Raman Rosy , McVittie Brett , Borg Lauren , Diffey Simon , Singh Yadav Avilash , Balasubramanian Sureshkumar , Farquhar Graham 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDrought stress due to water deficiency threatens production of canola worldwide. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), a trait that can be used to assess efficient water use, provides an opportunity to exploit natural variation in canola for stable production. Here, we show that substantial genetically controlled phenotypic variation in water use efficiency (WUE) component trait, Δ13C (20.4 to 23.6‰) exists among accessions of canola. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed ten loci for Δ13C, each accounting for 2.5% to 16.5% of the genotypic variation. One of the significant QTL for Δ13C was co‐localized with a QTL for flowering time, a trait implicated in drought escape and was mapped in the vicinity of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) on chromosome A07. Gene expression analyses revealed that among FT paralogs, BnC6.FTb expression was significantly correlated (r = 0.33, p < .01) with variation in Δ13C across at least two environments in a canola DH population. Integration of data based on instantaneous single leaf gas exchange, dry matter Δ13C, and whole plant measurements suggests a possible trade‐off between early flowering and WUE. Our findings provide insights into the complexity of Δ13C and WUE which could enable the development of canola varieties resilient to drought and increasing canola productivity under water‐limited conditions.
Basic verification of a numerical framework applied to a morphology adaptive multifield two‐fluid model considering bubble motions
Authors: Meller Richard , Schlegel Fabian , Lucas Dirk 
Published: August 2020

SummaryA morphology adaptive modeling framework is derived that is able to handle computationally efficiently dispersed as well as resolved interfacial structures coexisting in the computational domain with the same set of equations. The Eulerian multifield two‐fluid model is combined with the compact momentum interpolation method for multiple phases, which has been proposed in the literature as an extension to the Rhie‐Chow pressure‐velocity coupling. Additionally to the interfacial drag force, the virtual mass force is consistently accounted for in the model. Utilizing a specialized interfacial drag formulation, large interfacial structures can be described with the presented method in a volume‐of‐fluid‐like manner, additionally to the disperse description. The strong phase coupling due to the drag closure model in interfacial regions is resolved with a partial elimination algorithm, which is adapted to work in an approximate manner for more than two phases via a sum formulation. The presented model is implemented in the C++ library OpenFOAM and solver performance is compared with results obtained with the homogeneous model approach in two cases of a single rising gas bubble for two‐ and three‐dimensional space, respectively. Additionally, for both three‐dimensional cases, the results are compared with experimental data. Finally, the presented method's capability of representing dispersed and resolved interfacial structures at the same time is demonstrated with two test cases: a two‐dimensional gas bubble, rising in a liquid, which is laden with micro gas bubbles, and a two‐dimensional stagnant stratification of water and oil, sharing a large‐scale interface, which is penetrated by micro gas bubbles.
Global wave hindcast with Australian and Pacific Island Focus: From past to present
Authors: Smith Grant A. , Hemer Mark , Greenslade Diana , Trenham Claire , Zieger Stefan , Durrant Tom 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWind‐wave hindcast data have many applications including climatology assessments for renewable energy projects, maritime engineering design, event‐based impact assessments, generating boundary conditions for further downscaling, amongst others. Here, we present a global wave hindcast with nested high‐resolution grids for the Exclusive Economic Zones of Australia and south west Pacific Island Countries, that is extended in time monthly. The model employs strategic methods to incorporate the effects of subgrid sized features such as small islands and islets. Various bulk wave parameters are available hourly from January 1979 to present, along with the full wave spectra at a set of 3,683 predetermined points distributed globally.
The Commensal Microbe V eillonella as a Marker for Response to an FGF19 Analog in NASH
Authors: Loomba Rohit , Ling Lei , Dinh Duy M. , DePaoli Alex M. , Lieu Hsiao D. , Harrison Stephen A. , Sanyal Arun J. 
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims
The composition of the human gut microbiota is linked to health and disease, and knowledge of the impact of therapeutics on the microbiota is essential to decipher their biological roles and to gain new mechanistic insights. Here we report the effect of aldafermin, an analog of the gut hormone FGF19, versus placebo on the gut microbiota in a prospective, phase 2 study in patients with NASH.

Approach and Results
A total of 176 patients with biopsy‐confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score ≥ 4), fibrosis (F1‐F3 by NASH Clinical Research Network criteria), and elevated liver fat content (≥ 8% by magnetic resonance imaging–proton density fat fraction) received 0.3 mg (n = 23), 1 mg (n = 49), 3 mg (n = 49), and 6 mg (n = 28) aldafermin or placebo (n = 27) for 12 weeks. Stool samples were collected on day 1 and week 12 and profiled using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing; 122 patients had paired stool microbiome profiles at both day 1 and week 12. Overall, the state of the gut microbial community was distinctly stable in patients treated with aldafermin, with all major phyla and genera unaltered during therapy. Patients treated with aldafermin showed a significant, dose‐dependent enrichment in the rare genus Veillonella, a commensal microbe known to have lactate‐degrading and performance‐enhancing properties, which correlated with changes in serum bile acid profile.

Conclusions

Veillonella may be a bile acid–sensitive bacteria whose enrichment is enabled by aldafermin‐mediated suppression of bile acid synthesis and, in particular, decreases in toxic bile acids. This study provides an integrated analysis of gut microbiome, serum bile acid metabolome, imaging, and histological measurements in clinical trials testing aldafermin for NASH. Our results provide a better understanding of the intricacies of microbiome–host interactions (clinicaltrials.gov trial No. NCT02443116).
Influence of relaxation‐retardation viscous dissipation on chemically reactive flow of Oldroyd‐B nanofluid with hyperbolic boundary conditions
Authors: Nayak Manoj Kumar , Saranya Sekar , Ganga Bhose , Hakeem Abdul Kaffoor Abdul , Sharma Ram Prakash , Makinde Oluwole Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe present analysis is meant to explore the computational solution of the problem dealing with the impact of relaxation‐retardation viscous dissipation and chemical reaction on the flow of Oldroyd‐B nanofluid over a Riga plate. Hyperbolic time‐varying boundary conditions are taken into consideration. The basic modeled problem being transformed into nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically by efficient fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta method along with shooting technique. Characteristics of controlling parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration along with skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number profiles are presented with the help of well‐featured graphs. The relaxation and retardation parameters affect well flow profiles. In addition, an accelerated flow pattern is accomplished due to the augmentation of the modified Hartmann number. Furthermore, the presence of relaxation‐retardation viscous dissipation improves the temperature field.
Macroeconomic conditions and investment–cash flow sensitivity: Evidence from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Guizani Moncef 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the investment–cash flow (ICF) sensitivities vary with macroeconomic conditions. A fixed‐effect panel technique with OLS regression is used to investigate the impact of macroeconomic factors on the ICF sensitivity applying data from a sample of 74 non‐financial firms listed on the Saudi stock market over the period 2004–2018. The results show that the ICF sensitivity is positive, and is a lot larger for more constrained firms. Compared to developed markets, the results show higher ICF sensitivity in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Moreover, the results reveal that business environment of KSA has a considerable influence on the sensitivity of investment to internal funds. The evidence also shows that better macroeconomic conditions relax financial constraints faced by firms, and thereby reduce the sensitivity of investment to internal financing. Expansionary monetary policy, financial development and liquidity abundance reduce the dependence of firms on their internally generated funds when undertaking new investment projects. Finally, the results show that investment expenditures are more sensitive to internal cash flow during the crisis period, supporting our conjecture that constrained access to capital markets is more likely to be detected during times of liquidity crises.
MXD1 regulates the H9N2 and H1N1 influenza A virus–induced chemokine expression and their replications in human macrophage
Authors: Yim Howard C H , Leon Thomas Y Y , Li James C B 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Human infection with influenza A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) avian influenza virus is associated with a high mortality rate of 60%. This virus is originated from influenza A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2/G1) avian influenza virus. Since the 1990s, four lineages of H9N2 viruses have been circulating in poultry and cause occasional infection in humans in different countries. Due to its zoonotic and genetic reassortment potential, H9N2/G1 and H5N1 viruses are believed to be the next pandemic candidates. Previous reports, including ours, showed that the virulence of avian virus strains correlates with their ability to dysregulate cytokine expression, including TNF-α, CXCL10, and related chemokines in the virus-infected cells. However, the transcriptional factors required for this cytokine dysregulation remains undefined. In light of our previous report showing the unconventional role of MYC, an onco-transcriptional factor, for regulating the antibacterial responses, we hypothesize that the influenza virus–induced cytokine productions may be governed by MYC/MAX/MXD1 network members. Here, we demonstrated that the influenza A/Hong Kong/54/98 (H1N1)- or H9N2/G1 virus–induced CXCL10 expressions can be significantly attenuated by knocking down the MXD1 expression in primary human blood macrophages. Indeed, only the MXD1 expression was up-regulated by both H1N1 and H9N2/G1 viruses, but not other MYC/MAX/MXD1 members. The MXD1 expression and the CXCL10 hyperinduction were dependent on MEK1/2 activation. By using EMSAs, we revealed that MXD1 directly binds to the CXCL10 promoter–derived oligonucleotides upon infection of both viruses. Furthermore, silencing of MXD1 decreased the replication of H9N2 but not H1N1 viruses. Our results provide a new insight into the role of MXD1 for the pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses.
TGF-β2 interfering oligonucleotides used as adjuvants for microbial vaccines
Authors: Tu Liqun , Sun Xiaomeng , Yang Lei , Zhang Tiefeng , Zhang Xian , Li Xin , Dong Boqi , Liu Ye , Yang Ming , Wang Liying , Yu Yongli 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The success of using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancers implies that inhibiting an immunosuppressive cytokine, such as TGF-β2, could be a strategy to develop novel adjuvants for microbial vaccines. To develop nucleic acid based TGF-β2 inhibitors, we designed three antisense oligonucleotides, designated as TIO1, TIO2, and TIO3, targeting the conserve regions identical in human and mouse TGF-β2 mRNA 3′-untranslated region. In cultured immune cells, TIO3 and TIO1 significantly reduced the TGF-β2 mRNA expression and protein production. In mice, the TIO3 and TIO1, when formulated in various microbial vaccines, significantly enhanced the antibody response to the vaccines, and the TIO3-adjuvanted influenza virus vaccine induced effective protection against the influenza virus challenge. In the immunized mice, TIO3 formulated in microbial vaccines dramatically reduced surface-bound TGF-β2 expression on CD4+T cells and CD19+ B cells in the lymph node (LN) cells and spleen cells; up-regulated the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II molecules on CD19+ B cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells; and promoted IFN-γ production in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the LN cells. Overall, TIO3 or TIO1 could be used as a novel type of adjuvant for facilitating the microbial vaccines to elicit more vigorous and persistent antibody response by interfering with TGF-β2 expression.
The Functional & Quality of Life Outcomes of Total Glossectomy with Laryngeal Preservation
Authors: Pyne Justin M. , Dziegielewski Peter T. , Constantinescu Gabriela , Dzioba Agnieszka , O'Connell Daniel A. , Côté David W. J. , Ansari Khalid , Harris Jeffrey , Conrad Dustin , Makki Fawaz M. , Hearn Matthew , Biron Vincent L. , Seikaly Hadi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe tongue is an essential organ for human interaction, communication and survival. To date, there is a paucity of objective functional, patient reported, or quality of life outcomes of patients undergoing a total glossectomy with preservation of the larynx (TGLP).ObjectiveTo examine prospectively collected objective, self‐reported functional and quality of life (QOL) data in patients undergoing TGLP and free flap reconstruction.MethodsSixteen TGLP patients were identified in the prospective head and neck cancer and functional outcomes database between January of 2009 and December 2017. Data collection included patient age, sex, performance status, TNM staging, diagnosis and adjuvant treatment. Swallowing and speech functions were measured and prospectively recorded pre‐ and postoperatively. Patient reported outcomes were measured with the Speech Handicap Index (SHI) and the M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI).ResultsAll patients had a significant reduction in their objective swallowing (P = 0.035), sentence (P = 0.001) and word intelligibility (P < .001) scores. There was no significant reduction in SHI or total MDADI scores. All patients maintained their QOL in the post‐treatment time frame. There was no relationship between free‐flap type and outcome.ConclusionTotal glossectomy with laryngeal sparing and free flap reconstruction results in significant reduction in objective functional measurements, but patients report stable functional and quality of life outcomes after treatment.
Numerical Optimization Methods for Metasurfaces
Authors: Elsawy Mahmoud M. R. , Lanteri Stéphane , Duvigneau Régis , Fan Jonathan A. , Genevet Patrice 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years, metasurfaces have emerged as revolutionary tools to manipulate the behavior of light at the nanoscale. These devices consist of nanostructures defined within a single layer of metal or dielectric materials, and they offer unprecedented control over the optical properties of light, leading to previously unattainable applications in flat lenses, holographic imaging, polarimetry, and emission control, amongst others. The operation principles of metaoptics include complex light–matter interactions, often involving insidious near‐field coupling effects that are far from being described by classical ray optics calculations, making advanced numerical modeling a requirement in the design process. In this contribution, recent optimization techniques used in the inverse design of high performance metasurfaces are reviewed. These methods rely on the iterative optimization of a Figure of Merit to produce a final device, leading to freeform layouts featuring complex and non‐intuitive properties. The concepts in numerical inverse designs discussed herein will push this exciting field toward realistic and practical applications, ranging from laser wavefront engineering to innovative facial recognition and motion detection devices, including augmented reality retro‐reflectors and related complex light field engineering.
Turning the other cheek: Facial orientation influences both model attractiveness and product evaluation
Authors: Park Jaewoo , Spence Charles , Ishii Hiroaki , Togawa Taku 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe layout of visual elements in advertising influences consumers' perception and judgments. The research reported here investigates the influence of the face orientation of a human model on the perception of their attractiveness and its downstream consequences on product evaluation. Across five experiments, we first demonstrate that consumers tend to perceive a model's face showing his or her left cheek as more attractive than when showing the right cheek, even when the images are otherwise identical. More importantly, we demonstrate the downstream influence of face orientation on the evaluation of advertised products whereby the leftward (vs. rightward) model's face increases the evaluation of the advertised product through perceived model attractiveness. We identify the underlying mechanism of the face orientation effect, namely, that consumers perceive those faces showing their left (vs. right) cheek as more prototypical, and that this perception of prototypicality elicits an aesthetic preference for the model's leftward face which in turn carries over to influence product evaluation. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are also discussed.
Reversible Redox Crosslinking of Thiopropylsilicones
Authors: Zheng Sijia , Brook Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost silicone elastomers are thermosets. As a response to the new paradigm of polymer recyclability, the development of silicone elastomers that can be reversibly and repeatedly cured and uncrosslinked using redox conditions is reported. Thiopropyl‐modified silicones are oxidized to elastomers with disulfide crosslinks using the organosoluble oxidant PhI(OAc)2. As with any elastomer, mechanical properties can be tuned by varying crosslink density. Thermal stabilities in air show that the products are comparable to traditional silicone thermosets, with degradation only starting over 300 °C. Uncrosslinking back to the same thiopropyl‐modified silicones involves reductive S–S bridge cleavage using a Piers–Rubinsztajn reaction with hydrosilanes catalyzed by B(C6F5)3; HSiMe2OSiMe3is identified as a convenient reducing agent. The initially formed silicone‐(CH2)3S‐SiMe2OSiMe3products need deprotection with water in isopropanol/water to completely regenerate the thiopropylsilicones. This oxidation/reduction crosslinking/uncrosslinking cycle is practiced thrice, with a yield of 89% per cycle, with essentially no change in the Young's moduli of the elastomers, or1H NMR spectra of the uncrosslinked fluids after reduction. Further oxidation of disulfide groups on the elastomer surface permanently and significantly improved water wettability.