bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Non-Journalistic’ Traditional Publishers and Third-Generation European Data Protection Regulation
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the interface between data protection and professional artists and (academic and non-academic) writers both in the formal law under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and in terms of the approach that should be adopted by Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) here. The GDPR mandates that States set down derogations as are ‘necessary’ to reconcile data protection with not only journalism but other special forms of expression, namely artistic, literary, and (in a new departure) academic expression. Moreover, with a few exceptions, States grant all these forms of expression comparable shields within their statutory laws. However, contrary to the GDPR itself, most do not expressly extend these shields to ‘knowledge facilitation’ activities such as scientific research. This could undermine protections for academic expression. It is, therefore, imperative that DPAs adopt a purposive interpretation which ensures that all processing orientated towards contributing to public knowledge or discourse can benefit from these shields even if the activity could also be conceptualized as, for example, scientific research. Nevertheless, DPAs should develop specific standards and an enforcement strategy that recognizes that these shields are qualified. Both should foster co-regulatory engagement. However, co-regulation remains challenging here as a result of the entirely informal nature of norms amongst non-academic artists and writers and the dominance of a biomedical approach within many academic institutions which is alien to the much of the work in the social sciences and the humanities. DPAs will, therefore, need to be proactive rather than reactive in this area.
Attribution in Public International Law
Authors: de Stefano Carlo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter II illustrates the application of attribution rules in public international law, as resulting from the early arbitral practice, the decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the awards of the Iran–US Claims Tribunal, and eventually codified by ARSIWA. Accordingly, it explains the tests for attribution of conduct of State organs (de jure and de facto) under ARSIWA Article 4, ‘State entities’ under ARSIWA Article 5, and individuals under ARSIWA Article 8. The rule of attribution of acts ultra vires under ARSIWA Article 7 is also analysed, which applies to the conduct of State organs and ‘State entities’, but not of (private) individuals.
Channelling Movement
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Across the Empire, authorities competed to channel fiscally exploitable movements of goods and people through their dominions. Because it combined high traffic volumes with strong political fragmentation, this chapter focuses on Thuringia. Issuing letters of passage was one of the most effective means of monopolizing the legitimate means of movement. In practice, however, the issuance of passports and similar documents implied a bureaucratic burden and a symbolic subjection that not all were willing to accept. Distinctions between designated and forbidden roads were another hallmark of the early modern roadscape. By criminalizing the use of certain roads, authorities hoped to channel flows to their benefit, but local communities and travellers often had their own views on which roads were licit. The rulers’ deputies on the ground played a key role in a context where conflicts of interest and petty corruption were common, with their position often oscillating between unchecked authority and downright helplessness.
Freedom of Movement
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The normative problems raised by inter-polity mobility and its restriction engaged courts, councils, and universities throughout the Empire. Some jurists based their theories of free movement on the idea that roads and rivers were exempt from ownership and therefore free for all to use, replicating arguments from the ‘battle of the books’ around the freedom of the seas. Transit was another key concept for negotiating the ordering of movement. In spite of ubiquitous restrictions, some scholars advocated sweeping rights to inter-polity transit and free movement. Like other apologists for free movement, these authors catered to specific political interests. Consequently, the ideological opposition to freedom of movement was substantial. Many jurists argued that justified fears could warrant restrictions of free movement or even that it could be restricted at the full discretion of the ruler, often recurring to domestic analogies and to the language of property.
Introduction: Explaining Contingency
Authors: Wilson Alastair 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The first part of this introduction sketches the main project of the book, and the structure of the arguments for my proposed quantum modal realism. The second part describes the unsatisfying present state of the metaphysics of modality, setting out what I take to be the most serious objections facing the best extant proposals. A naturalistic approach to metaphysics promises to resolve these objections by providing an account of modality that draws only on scientifically respectable theoretical resources. In the third part, I distinguish two big-picture approaches to the metaphysics of modality, and argue for the viability of an unfamiliar approach that takes the nature of contingency as the core phenomenon that a theory of modality needs to explain. In the fourth part, I explain my methodology and briefly defend the general project of naturalistic metaphysics.
Anthropic Contingency
Authors: Wilson Alastair 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Distinguish contingency in general from anthropic contingency. The former is what really could happen; the latter is what really could be observed to happen. Quantum histories which host no life cannot, as a matter of obvious necessity, be observed. This distinction generates an anthropic observation selection effect, which has been employed in response to the fine-tuning argument for the design hypothesis. This chapter argues that fine-tuning is a genuine phenomenon that cries out for explanation; that in one-world approaches to quantum theory a chancy determination of cosmological parameters would render the one universe we are in preposterously lucky; that no preposterous luck is required from the perspective of quantum modal realism; and that the correct interpretation of quantum mechanics turns out to have a significant evidential bearing on the design question.
From Myth to Logos in Greek Studies
Authors: Lee Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses Pater’s understanding of myth and its creation in his Greek Studies (1895). Although the book was published posthumously, the majority of its essays appeared within a five-year period, beginning in 1876 with ‘The Myth of Demeter and Persephone’ and ‘A Study of Dionysus’. Pater follows a three-stage mythopoeic process, beginning with the myths of the people, which are collected and organized by the poets, and finally sculpted into ethical archetypes, conveying the development from myth to logos. Apollo comes to exemplify the archetypal character for Pater, influenced by Plato’s reverence for the god as the embodiment of reason, light, sanity, and music. Around the time of these first studies on myth, in their account of how traditional stories are created and characters are formed, Pater first turns his hand to publishing fiction.
Right of Exit and Entry
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the right of exit and entry provided for in the citizens’ Directive. Articles 4 and 5 of Directive 2004/38 affirm the right of Union citizens and members of their family to leave their Member State of origin and to enter any other Member State of their choosing. As such, these Articles constitute a ‘gateway’ for the exercise of rights of residence and rights of permanent residence provided for in the Directive. In addition to affirming the right of free movement, Articles 4 and 5 specify the administrative documentation and procedures governing travel between Member States. However, there have been significant failures to transpose these provisions correctly, with some Member States imposing exit controls on their own citizens, while some Member States blatantly ignore the clear legal requirements of the Directive.
International Relations in a Relational Universe
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is time for International Relations (IR) to join the relational revolution afoot in the natural and social sciences. To do so, more careful reflection is needed on cosmological assumptions in the sciences and also in the study and practice of international relations. In particular it is argued here that we need to pay careful attention to whether and how we think ‘relationally’. Building a conversation between relational cosmology, developed in the natural sciences, and critical social theory, this book seeks to develop a new perspective on how to think relationally in and around the study of IR. This book asks: What kind of cosmological background assumptions do we make as we tackle international relations today and where do our assumptions (about states, individuals or the international) come from? And can we reorient our cosmological imaginations towards more relational understandings of the universe and what would this mean for the study and practice of international politics? The book argues that we live in a world without ‘things’, a world of processes and relations. It also suggests that we live in relations which exceed the boundaries of the human and the social, in planetary relations with plants and animals. Rethinking conceptual premises of IR, Kurki points towards a ‘planetary politics’ perspective within which we can reimagine IR as a field of study and also political practices, including the future of democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the challenge of rethinking international relations and the field of International Relations as it embarks on its ‘second century’ of scholarship. It considers the varied criticisms of the field, in particular its inability to deal with questions of environmental degradation and planetary co-existence. In this context the chapter introduces why we should be interested in cosmology and relational cosmology in particular as we tackle these challenges. The chapter also introduces puzzles, and doubts, which may concern the reader as they start their engagement with cosmology as well as existing literatures tackling relevant puzzle-fields, such as literatures on new materialism, relationality, and new ways of thinking IR.
Reorienting to the International, the Global and the Planetary
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter extends the arguments developed in the previous chapters into a conversation with recent International Relations scholarship. First, the chapter argues against the notions of the international and the global as key conceptual tropes in the field, suggesting that there are important reasons to develop the notion of planetarity for the field. Through it we perceive aspects of political life and negotiation with relationalities which we do not via classical IR notions. However, the chapter also critically interrogates existing attempts to develop planet politics and planetarity, suggesting some ways forward. The chapter then explores the meaning of democracy and politics in a planetary politics setting, exploring an example around fisheries.
Urban Incumbent Hostility
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter is the first of two that provide quantitative cross-national evidence to support the book’s central theoretical claim. Responding directly to the puzzle of urban incumbent hostility discussed in Chapter 2, this chapter evaluates the expectation that the lower proclivity of urbanites to support incumbents and express satisfaction with democracy should be conditional on levels of urbanization. More specifically, analysis of public opinion data from twenty-eight countries across Africa shows that urban hostility towards incumbents and dissatisfaction with democracy are not only robust to a variety of potentially confounding factors but are decreasing with urbanization. The data come from multiple rounds of the Afrobarometer Survey Series, enabling the use of fixed effects models to estimate robust within-country effects by leveraging changes to urbanization over time. These findings are important because, as highlighted in Chapter 2, the expectation that urban incumbent hostility should be conditional on urbanization is a unique observable implication of the book’s argument. Although scholars have put forward a variety of reasons for why urbanites across Africa should be less likely than rural residents to support incumbents, none of these alternative explanations account for the conditional effects demonstrated in this chapter. As such, this evidence supports the theoretical claim that electoral competition leads African governments to pursue pro-rural development policies.
Mechanisms: Historical Evidence from Botswana
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe third stage of the empirical strategy considers a potential counter to the central theoretical argument; it is possible that rather than resulting from electoral incentives, any urban–rural differences in development may result from contemporaneous external forces, such as donor conditionality. If foreign donors encouraged both competitive elections and pro-rural policies, then the link between electoral competition and pro-rural development across Africa may be spurious. Chapter 6 addresses this possibility through a largely qualitative analysis of the historical case of Botswana in the period immediately following independence. This case is useful because uniquely in sub-Saharan Africa Botswana has held competitive elections consistently since gaining independence in 1966. Taking advantage of this, Chapter 6 explores the link between electoral competition and pro-rural development during a period when the international context was very different, and when no such external pressures to introduce competitive elections and rural development policies were likely to have been felt. Using archival resources such as original minutes from cabinet meetings and ministerial correspondence, the chapter traces the ruling party’s responses to electoral outcomes in the early post-independence period. Despite its dominant position, the ruling party responded strongly to losses of rural support with a major program of rural development policies. Interestingly, cabinet minutes document an explicit policy of prioritizing rural development projects that were both highly visible and likely to be completed prior to the next election, suggesting a strong role for electoral incentives. Alongside this archival evidence Chapter 6 also analyses the contents of the ruling party’s manifestos during this period to evaluate changes in policy emphasis during this period. Taken together, the evidence from this historical case strongly supports the proposed theoretical mechanism, suggesting that electoral competition does indeed lead to rural development in Africa.
The Crown as Machine
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is a commonplace to describe the modern state as one where sovereign power is depersonalized by mediating bureaucracies. This chapter offers tangible instances of this phenomenon in early modernity: the Court of Wards and Liveries, through which the crown exercised its feudal rights; and the colonial corporation, which limited the sovereign’s otherwise unfettered power abroad. The political philosophy of Hobbes is set in this context, showing its desire to translate feudal obligation into a modern idiom, one influenced by raison d’état, and to cast the sovereign as akin to the corporation. The career of William Fiennes, Lord Saye and Sele is also set in this context, but his is a markedly different response, being consistently committed to the principle of divided sovereignty. The chapter closes with consideration of the mechanization of the state as it appears in Schmitt’s writings, and in Leo Strauss’ famous critique of them.
Milton’s Unitary Sovereignty
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter complicates the received image of Milton as firebrand republican, showing a consistent sympathy in his thought with “red” unitary sovereignty. That sympathy displays itself differently at different points in his career, from an early acceptance of royal prerogative in the Ludlow Maske, to mid-career arguments for the sovereignty of Parliament, to a late godly republicanism anticipating the rule of a spiritual elect. Illumining these developments of Milton’s thought are, respectively, the precarity of the Council in the Marches of Wales, of which Milton’s patron the Earl of Bridgewater was president; a Tacitist approach to liberty and prudentia; and the manuscript writings of Sir Henry Vane, the younger, which include a lengthy commentary on the Book of Job. In closing, the role of the “people” in popular sovereignty is considered, as the category appears in Milton and in Schmitt.
Athens and Jerusalem
Authors: Pecora Vincent P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Autochthony is fundamental to ancient Greek notions of belonging to the land. While the motif had a negligible presence in the literature of European Christendom, it returns with some force in modern productions by Stéphane Mallarmé, Thomas Hardy, D. H. Lawrence, E. M. Forster, and James Joyce. Martin Heidegger too draws on pre-Socratic Greek thought on the theme of autochthony. But there is a parallel tradition of belonging to the land that begins in the Pentateuch. In Exodus, God speaks to Moses about a Promised Land. In medieval Europe, Meister Eckhart reads Exodus as providing a special, mystical understanding of God’s soul, one that intertwines promised land with the human soul’s creative capacities, and lays the foundation for theologically infused politics in the German tradition. In Alexander Baumgarten, Immanuel Kant, and J. G. Fichte, nationalism is linked to Eckhart. In the twentieth century, Heidegger phenomenologically reinscribes earth, divinities, and dwelling poetically.
Introduction
Authors: Sinykin Dan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To find the meaning of our apocalyptic times we need to look at the economics of the last five decades, from the end of the postwar boom. After historian Robert Brenner, I call this the long downturn. The economics of the long downturn worked interfered with the most intimate experiences of everyday life, and inspired the fear that there would be no tomorrow. This fear takes the form of what I call neoliberal apocalypse. The varieties neoliberal apocalypse—horror at the nation’s commitment to a racist, exclusionary economic system; resentment about threats to white supremacy; apprehension that the nation has unleashed a violence that will consume it; claustrophobia within the limited scripts of neoliberalism; suffocation under the weight of debt—together form the discordant chord that hums under American life in the twenty-first century.
Human Capital
Authors: Sinykin Dan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead describes characters struggling to survive amid the wreckage of finance and neoliberalism in the borderlands between the United States and Mexico. These characters live according to scripts provided for them, above all, by “human capital,” the neoliberal concept that people are inseparable from the knowledge, skills, health, and values that comprise their market value or capacity to earn. Characters extend the logic of privatizing public goods to its limit: they monetize state policing (via insurance); human bodies (via black markets); torture (via snuff films); suicide (via art). In the tradition of syncretic indigenous apocalypticism, best known through the Ghost Dance religion, Silko imagines the novel’s eponymous almanac as an enigmatic indigenous object that incites the apocalypse and prepares a life after neoliberalism.
Introduction and History of Rules of Engagement
Authors: Hosang J.F.R. Boddens 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This section provides an overall introduction to the book, explaining the methodology of studying rules of engagement in the context of (international) law. The book adopts the perspective of military and law enforcement personnel on the actual application of the use of force in military operations and in law enforcement. On these bases, the focus is principally directed at the rules on the use of force issued to such personnel in order to carry out their tasks, while their analyses and interpretations were directed at those rules themselves as the principal source of authorizations and restrictions on the use of force in the conduct of their operations. Furthermore, the chapter provides a historical overview of how rules of engagement have developed from ancient times to the present, with a particular focus on how they have been affected by the conflicts of the twentieth century onwards.
Rules of Engagement and Self-Defence
Authors: Hosang J.F.R. Boddens 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interaction between (the law of) self-defence and the rules of engagement (ROE), and how they play out against the military, and subsequently the political objectives of governments. It analyses the various forms of self-defence, from a national to individual perspective, including unit self-defence and force protection, and examines the legal basis and framework for each type of self-defence. The chapter goes on to analyse how these frameworks interact with, and influence, the ROE for military operations, discussing the concepts and applications of Hostile Act and Hostile Intent as followed by the North America Treaty Organization and the European Union in specific detail.
Conclusions
Authors: Hosang J.F.R. Boddens 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study has sought to contribute to the communication between the academic analysis of the legal aspects of the use of force and the realm of pragmatic application of the rules on the use of force during the conduct of military operations, presenting the case for the need, indeed necessity, for both these realms to remain connected. This chapter presents a conceptual model of rules of engagement (ROE) on the basis of the constituent chapters of the book, drawing on the introductory discussion of the classic ROE model in Chapter 1. It re-examines the influence of political, operational, and legal considerations on ROE and describes the overall function of ROE in terms of applicable law and in the context of the international law of military operations. Drawing on the underlying conclusions from this study, the main questions discussed in the Introduction will be addressed in order to answer the central question: what is the function of ROE and derivative (or similar) rules on the use of force in the context of the legal framework governing the use of force during military operations.