bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keine Angst vor der Entropie
Authors: Müller‐Plathe Florian 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung

Die rein klassisch‐thermodynamische Deutung der Entropie ist folgende: Die Änderung der Entropie eines Systems ist proportional zur relativen Änderung der thermischen Energie dieses Systems (Gleichung 3) durch reversiblen Transfer von Wärme; der Proportionalitätsfaktor ist nR. Diese Interpretation gilt in differentieller Form immer. In integraler Form gilt sie nur, wenn der Wärmetransfer isotherm verläuft (Gleichung 5).
Diese klassische‐thermodynamische Interpretation der Entropie ist konsistent mit der rein statistischen Betrachtung der Entropie und kann aus den Entropie‐Definitionen von Boltzmann (Gleichung 6) oder Gibbs (Gleichung 9) abgeleitet werden.
Bringt man die klassische und die statistische Definition der reduzierten Entropie zusammen, so erschließt sich unmittelbar, dass auch Änderungen in der Mikrozustandsverteilung von der relativen, nicht der absoluten Menge transferierter thermischer Energie bestimmt werden.
Didaktik: Im Rahmen des Chemiestudiums lässt sich mit Punkt 1 die Entropie in der klassischen Thermodynamik ohne Vorgriff auf die statistischen Definitionen interpretieren. Die Äquivalenz von klassischem und statistischem Ergebnis bietet die Möglichkeit zur späteren Auffrischung des Sachverhalts innerhalb der statistischen Thermodynamik.
Patient personality and psychotherapist reactions in individual psychotherapy setting: a systematic review
Authors: Stefana Alberto , Bulgari Viola , Youngstrom Eric A. , Dakanalis Antonios , Bordin Chiara , Hopwood Christopher J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDespite the importance of psychotherapists' subjective experiencse working with patients with mental issues, little is known about the relationship between therapists' emotional reactions and patients' personality problems. The present study is a systematic review of quantitative research on the association between patients' personality pathology and psychotherapists' emotional, cognitive and behavioural reactions in individual psychotherapy setting. A systematic database search (from January 1980 to August 2019) supplemented by manual searches of references and citations identified seven relevant studies. Significant and consistent relationships were found between therapist reactions and specific personality traits or disorders. In general, odd and eccentric patients tend to evoke feelings of distance and disconnection; emotionally dysregulated patients tend to evoke anxiety and incompetence, and anxious and withdrawn patients tend to evoke sympathy and concern. However, the relatively small sample of studies and methodological inconsistencies across studies limit firm conclusions and suggest the need for more systematic research. Findings from this review indicate that patients who share the same personality disorder or symptoms tend to evoke specific and similar cognitive, emotional and behavioural reactions in their therapists. This suggests that therapists overall reactions toward patients may be source of valuable diagnostic information.
Performance of eight‐color dry antibody reagent in the detection of minimal residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples
Authors: Bento Laiz , Correia Rodolfo , de Sousa Flávia , Vaz Andressa , Pedro Eduardo , Schimidell Daniela , Millan Nadila , Passaro Marilia , Barroso Rodrigo , Bacal Nydia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundMinimal residual disease (MRD) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has prognostic and predictive significance. One of the approaches to detect MRD by flow cytometry (FC) is the use of dry antibody reagents such as DuraClone® RE CLB (Beckman Coulter—BC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the DuraClone® RE CLB in detecting MRD in CLL compared to liquid reagents.MethodsDuraClone® RE CLB is composed by CD81FITC, ROR1PE, CD79bPC5.5, CD19PC7, CD5APC, CD43APCA750, CD20PB, and CD45KrO. For the liquid reagent assay, we used CD43FITC, ROR1PE, CD3ECD, CD5PC5.5, CD20PC7, CD79bAPC, CD19APC750, CD81 APCH7, and CD45KrO. The liquid and dry tubes were used to detect 20 MRD‐positive CLL samples. The samples were analyzed using Radar Plots Kaluza Software (BC).ResultsThe statistical correlation between the liquid and dry reagents was acceptable (R2 = .9583) and no discrepancy was observed in MRD percentages. The average of the total number of acquired events in DuraClone® RE CLB was 758.583 (362.632–2.290.387), which allowed accurate sensitivity for the FC assay. The lowest MRD frequency detected by DuraClone® RE CLB was 0.01%, corresponding to a cluster with 106 events in a total of 737.030. The radar plots allowed the discrimination between normal B‐cell population and CLL cells.ConclusionThe DuraClone® RE CLB method allowed the accurate detection of MRD in clinical and interlaboratorial CLL samples, thereby supporting the use of this method to potentially increase productivity, reduce pipetting‐associated errors and cost, and allow better standardization.
Advanced glycation end products reduce macrophage‐mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus by ARL8 upregulation and inhibition of autolysosome formation
Authors: Xie Xiaoying , Yang Chuan , Duan Chaohui , Chen Hongxing , Zeng Tingting , Huang Songyin , Li Hongyu , Ren Meng , Lin Wei‐Jye , Yan Li 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus, a pathogen most frequently found in diabetic foot ulcer infection, was recently suggested as an intracellular pathogen. Autophagy in professional phagocytes like macrophages allows selective destruction of intracellular pathogens, and its dysfunction can increase the survival of internalized pathogens, causing infections to worsen and spread. Previous works have shown that S. aureus infections in diabetes appeared more severe and invasive, and coincided with the suppressed autophagy in dermal tissues of diabetic rat, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contributed to the diminished autophagy‐mediated clearance of S. aureus in the macrophages differentiated from PMA‐treated human monocytic cell line THP‐1. Importantly, infected macrophages showed increased S. aureus containing autophagosome, but the subsequent fusion of S. aureus containing autophagosome and lysosome was suppressed in AGEs‐pretreated cells, suggesting AGEs blocked the autophagic flux and enabled S. aureus survival and escape. At the molecular level, elevated lysosomal ARL8 expression in AGEs‐treated macrophages was required for AGEs‐mediated inhibition of autophagosome‐lysosome fusion. Silencing ARL8 in AGEs‐treated macrophages restored autophagic flux and increased S. aureus clearance. Our results therefore demonstrate a new mechanism, in which AGEs accelerate S. aureus immune evasion in macrophages by ARL8‐dependent suppression of autophagosome‐lysosome fusion and bactericidal capability.
Intact and middle‐down CIEF of commercial therapeutic monoclonal antibody products under non‐denaturing conditions
Authors: Schmailzl Johannes , Vorage Marcel W. , Stutz Hanno 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA two‐step CIEF with chemical mobilization was developed for charge profiling of the therapeutic mAb rituximab under non‐denaturing separation conditions. CIEF of the intact mAb was combined with a middle‐down approach analyzing Fc/2 and F(ab´)2 fragments after digest with a commercial cysteine protease (IdeS). CIEF methods were optimized separately for the intact mAb and its fragments due to their divergent pIs. Best resolution was achieved by combining Pharmalyte (PL) 8–10.5 with PL 3–10 for variants of intact rituximab and of F(ab´)2 fragments, respectively, whereas PL 6.7–7.7 in combination with PL 3–10 was used for Fc/2 variants. Charge heterogeneity in Fc/2 dominates over F(ab´)2. In addition, a copy product of rituximab, and adalimumab were analyzed. Both mAbs contain additional alkaline C‐terminal lysine variants as confirmed by digest with carboxypeptidase B. The optimized CIEF methods for intact mAb and Fc/2 were tested for their potential as platform approaches for these mAbs. The CIEF method for Fc/2 was slightly adapted in this process. The pI values for major intact mAb variants were determined by adjacent pI markers resulting in 9.29 (rituximab) and 8.42 (adalimumab). In total, seven to eight charge variants could be distinguished for intact adalimumab and rituximab, respectively.
Cerebellar–cortical dysconnectivity in resting‐state associated with sensorimotor tasks in schizophrenia
Authors: Kim Dae‐Jin , Moussa‐Tooks Alexandra B. , Bolbecker Amanda R. , Apthorp Deborah , Newman Sharlene D. , O'Donnell Brian F. , Hetrick William P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAbnormalities of cerebellar function have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since the cerebellum has afferent and efferent projections to diverse brain regions, abnormalities in cerebellar lobules could affect functional connectivity with multiple functional systems in the brain. Prior studies, however, have not examined the relationship of individual cerebellar lobules with motor and nonmotor resting‐state functional networks. We evaluated these relationships using resting‐state fMRI in 30 patients with a schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder and 37 healthy comparison participants. For connectivity analyses, the cerebellum was parcellated into 18 lobular and vermal regions, and functional connectivity of each lobule to 10 major functional networks in the cerebrum was evaluated. The relationship between functional connectivity measures and behavioral performance on sensorimotor tasks (i.e., finger‐tapping and postural sway) was also examined. We found cerebellar–cortical hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia, which was predominantly associated with Crus I, Crus II, lobule IX, and lobule X. Specifically, abnormal cerebellar connectivity was found to the cerebral ventral attention, motor, and auditory networks. This cerebellar–cortical connectivity in the resting‐state was differentially associated with sensorimotor task‐based behavioral measures in schizophrenia and healthy comparison participants—that is, dissociation with motor network and association with nonmotor network in schizophrenia. These findings suggest that functional association between individual cerebellar lobules and the ventral attentional, motor, and auditory networks is particularly affected in schizophrenia. They are also consistent with dysconnectivity models of schizophrenia suggesting cerebellar contributions to a broad range of sensorimotor and cognitive operations.
Various forms of HIF‐1α protein characterize the clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Swiatek Monika , Jancewicz Iga , Kluebsoongnoen Jakkapong , Zub Renata , Maassen Anna , Kubala Szymon , Udomkit Apinunt , Siedlecki Janusz A. , Sarnowski Tomasz J. , Sarnowska Elzbieta 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents around 2–3% of all malignancies diagnosed in adult patients. Most frequent (around 70–80% cases) and the most aggressive subtype is clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Mutations in VHL (von Hippel Lindau) gene, characteristic for this cancer type, lead to altered activity of the trimeric VBC (pVHL‐elongin B‐C) complex and consequently to HIF‐1α stabilization. In this study, we present results of exhaustive investigation of HIF‐1α alternative transcript variants abundance in A498, CAKI‐1, and 786‐O ccRCC cell lines. We proved the existence of truncated HIF‐1α protein form (HIF1A∆‐6) in A498 and HIF1A gene rearrangements in 786‐O cell lines. Subsequently, we found that HIF1A∆2‐6 was more stable than the full‐length HIF‐1α. Moreover, the shorter HIF‐1α was insensitive for hypoxia and was overaccumulated after proteasome inhibitor treatment indicative of potential diversified roles of full‐length and truncated HIF‐1α forms in the cell. We also showed that A498, CAKI‐1, and 786‐O exhibit differential expression of various regulatory genes involved in the control of metabolic processes, that is, glucose and lipid metabolism, and encoding subunits of such machineries like SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Furthermore, these cell lines exhibited differential responses to axitinib, everolimus, and sunitinib—anticancer drugs—in normoxia and hypoxia as well as various alterations in metabolism‐related regulatory processes. Finally, we have shown that overexpression of truncated HIF1A∆2‐6 form may affect the protein level of endogenous full‐length HIF‐1α protein. Thus, our study proves an important role of HIF‐1α in the ccRCC development.
Structural variations in human ACE2 may influence its binding with SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein
Authors: Hussain Mushtaq , Jabeen Nusrat , Raza Fozia , Shabbir Sanya , Baig Ayesha A. , Amanullah Anusha , Aziz Basma 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe recent pandemic of COVID‐19, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, is unarguably the most fearsome compared with the earlier outbreaks caused by other coronaviruses, SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV. Human ACE2 is now established as a receptor for the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein. Where variations in the viral spike protein, in turn, lead to the cross‐species transmission of the virus, genetic variations in the host receptor ACE2 may also contribute to the susceptibility and/or resistance against the viral infection. This study aims to explore the binding of the proteins encoded by different human ACE2 allelic variants with SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein. Briefly, coding variants of ACE2 corresponding to the reported binding sites for its attachment with coronavirus spike protein were selected and molecular models of these variants were constructed by homology modeling. The models were then superimposed over the native ACE2 and ACE2‐spike protein complex, to observe structural changes in the ACE2 variants and their intermolecular interactions with SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, respectively. Despite strong overall structural similarities, the spatial orientation of the key interacting residues varies in the ACE2 variants compared with the wild‐type molecule. Most ACE2 variants showed a similar binding affinity for SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein as observed in the complex structure of wild‐type ACE2 and SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein. However, ACE2 alleles, rs73635825 (S19P) and rs143936283 (E329G) showed noticeable variations in their intermolecular interactions with the viral spike protein. In summary, our data provide a structural basis of potential resistance against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection driven by ACE2 allelic variants.
Sex‐specific sagittal and frontal plane gait mechanics in persons post‐hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome
Authors: Brown‐Taylor Lindsey , Schroeder Brittany , Lewis Cara L. , Perry Jennifer , Hewett Timothy E. , Ryan John , Di Stasi Stephanie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPostoperative gait mechanics in persons with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) remain understudied as a treatment outcome despite observed, yet inconclusive, preoperative gait abnormalities. Females with FAIS demonstrate worse preoperative patient‐reported hip function and altered hip mechanics when compared with males; it is unknown whether these sex differences persist postarthroscopy. The purpose of this study was to compare sex‐specific gait kinematics between persons at least 1 year postarthroscopy for FAIS and healthy comparisons. General linear models with estimating equations were used to evaluate the effect of (a) limb and sex within each group, and (b) limb and group within each sex for peak sagittal and frontal plane trunk, pelvis, and hip kinematics during stance phase of gait. Analyses were covaried by gait speed. Seventeen females and eight males an average 2.5 years postarthroscopy (1.1‐7.2 year) for FAIS were compared with healthy females (n = 7) and males (n = 5). Females in the FAIS group presented with an average of 4.6° more anterior pelvic tilt, and 4.8° less hip extension compared with healthy females (P ≤ .03) and 8.6° less trunk flexion, 4.8° more anterior pelvic tilt, 3.1° more pelvic drop, and 7.5° more hip flexion than males with FAIS (P ≤ .03). Males in the FAIS group presented with 2.9° less pelvic drop, and 3.2° less hip adduction than healthy males. Preoperative gait mechanics were not collected and thus changes in mechanics could not be evaluated. This study is significant to clinicians who treat patients postarthroscopy to consider sex‐specific gait impairments.
Measurement of Freeform Optical Surfaces: Trade‐Off between Accuracy and Dynamic Range
Authors: Chen Shanyong , Xue Shuai , Zhai Dede , Tie Guipeng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFreeform optical surfaces are advantageous to optical designers, as they provide additional degrees of freedom for optimization. The loss of rotational symmetry, however, makes measurement of freeforms more challenging. Herein, advances in interferometric areal measurement of freeform optical surfaces, including null tests, non‐null tests, near‐null tests, and adaptive null tests, are reviewed. Some new developments, in the Hartmann test, deflectometry, and phase retrieval, as representatives of non‐interferometric areal measurement, are then presented. Overall, the focus is on single‐point‐probe‐based profilometry categorized into coordinate measurements and slope‐ or curvature‐based measurements. Innovative measurement technology is trying to bridge the gap between high accuracy and high dynamic range as freeform optical surfaces are finding more applications in visible and shorter‐wavelength optics.
Tunability of the Free‐Spectral Range by Microwave Injection into a Mid‐Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser
Authors: Rodriguez Etienne , Mottaghizadeh Alireza , Gacemi Djamal , Jeannin Mathieu , Asghari Zahra , Vasanelli Angela , Todorov Yanko , Wang Qi Jie , Sirtori Carlo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe free‐spectral range (FSR) of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at 4.7 µm can be tuned through direct microwave modulation. The intrinsic short carrier lifetime of inter‐subband transitions, along with impedance matched electrical packaging, allows a high‐speed modulation up to more than 30 GHz. A significant broadening and flattening of the lasing spectrum is observed under radio frequency (RF) injection with frequencies close to the round‐trip cavity. An accurate analysis of the high resolution spectra of the laser shows a comb‐like regime for both free‐running and RF modulated QCLs, if the modulation frequency is within the locking‐range of the device. One of the main advantages of collecting high‐resolution mid‐infrared spectra, over the plain investigation of the beatnote in the microwave region, is the access to all the longitudinal modes and thus the accurate measure of the FSR over the whole optical spectrum. The use of high‐resolution spectroscopy provides an in‐depth and comprehensive analysis of lasing spectra under microwave modulations.
Kinetic Investigations of Quaternization Reactions of Poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] with Diverse Alkyl Halides
Authors: De Jesús‐Téllez Marco A. , Sánchez‐Cerrillo Dulce M. , Quintana‐Owen Patricia , Schubert Ulrich S. , Contreras‐López David , Guerrero‐Sánchez Carlos 
Published: April 2020

AbstractKinetic investigations of the quaternization reactions of poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) with alkyl halides (1‐iodobutane, 1‐iodoheptane, and 1‐iododecane) are carried out at different temperatures. For this purpose, a PDMAEMA (Mn = 17.8 kDa, Ð = 1.35) synthesized via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization is utilized. The progress of the quaternization reactions is followed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. As expected, the rate of quaternization is higher with increasing temperature. The experimental data are used to determine the following kinetic parameters: order of the reaction, Arrhenius' pre‐exponential factor, and activation energy. To the best of knowledge, this is the first contribution that provides detailed kinetic data of the quaternization reactions on PDMAEMA.
Iminoboronate Backbone‐Based Hyperbranched Polymeric Micelles with Fenton‐Like Enhanced ROS Response
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Li Guo , Liu Zhaotie , Liu Zhongwen , Jiang Jinqiang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCompared to normal cells, there is a relatively high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells caused by defecting ROS scavenging systems. To this issue, developing ROS‐responsive nanocarriers has been a promising way to cancer therapy. However, it is always difficult for a certain ROS‐responsive nanocarrier to be perfectly triggered due to the complexity of cancerous tissues. Thus, it is pressing to improve the response sensitivity of ROS‐responsive nanocarriers. Herein, the Fenton‐like reaction enhanced ROS response of polymeric nanocarriers of an iminoboronate backbone‐based hyperbranched polymer with metallisable 8‐hyroxyquinoline (HQ) moieties is demonstrated. HQ‐Cu catalytic sites can be formed at the prepared nanocarriers via the complexation of Cu(II) ions and HQ moieties. Upon H2O2, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are quickly generated via the Fenton‐like reaction between H2O2 and HQ‐Cu. Then, the oxidative cleavage of iminoboronate moieties can be effectively activated to disrupt the nanocarriers, leading to a rapid release of encapsulated drugs. It is proposed that this kind of polymeric nanocarriers with Cu‐complexed catalyzing‐triggered ROS response may achieve highly effective oxidation therapy.
Comprehensive single institute experience with melanoma TIL: Long term clinical results, toxicity profile, and prognostic factors of response
Authors: Besser Michal J. , Itzhaki Orit , Ben‐Betzalel Guy , Zippel Douglas B. , Zikich Dragoslav , Kubi Adva , Brezinger Karin , Nissani Abraham , Levi Michal , Zeltzer Li‐at , Ben‐Nun Alon , Asher Nethanel , Shimoni Avichai , Nagler Arnon , Markel Gal , Shapira‐Frommer Ronnie , Schachter Jacob 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAdoptive cell transfer (ACT) of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) mediates objective responses in 30% to 50% of patients with metastatic melanoma according to multiple, small phase 2 trials. Here we report the long‐term clinical results, intent‐to‐treat analysis, predictors of response and toxicity profile in a large patient cohort. A total of 179 refractory melanoma patients were enrolled in the ACT trial. TIL were administered in combination with high‐dose bolus interleukin‐2 following preconditioning with cyclophosphamide and fludarabine. Patients were followed‐up for a median of 7.2 years. A total of 107 (60%) of 179 enrolled patients were treated. The main reason for the drop out of the study was clinical deterioration. Of 103 evaluated patients, 29 patients (28%) achieved an objective response (OR), including complete remission (8%) or partial response (20%). Sixteen pateints exhibited stable disease. Predictors of response were performance status, time of TIL in culture and CD8 frequency in the infusion product. The absolute lymphocyte count 1 and 2 weeks after TIL infusion was the most predictive parameter of response. With a medium follow‐up time of 7.2 years, OR patients reached a median overall survival (OS) of 58.45 months and a median progression‐free survival (PFS) of 15.43 months, as compared with nonresponders, with 6.73 months OS and 2.60 months PFS. By 6 years, 50% of OR patients were alive and 43% had no documented progression. TIL ACT can yield durable objective responses, even as salvage therapy in highly advanced metastatic melanoma patients.