bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGGUNAAN GRAF POHON DALAM MENGAJARKAN KONSEP MAHRAM
Authors: Ishartono Naufal 
Published: June 2020

<span>Munculnya berbagai kekerasan seksual yang terjadi di masyarakat yang disebabkan oleh orang terdekat, terutama dari lingkungan keluarga, memunculkan masalah pentingnya memahami masyarakat terhadap konsep mahram, sebuah konsep dalam ajaran Islam yang mengatur batasan seseorang untuk menikah atau menikahi seseorang berdasarkan nasab, saudara kandung, dan mushoharoh. Dengan memahami konsep itu, seorang Muslim akan tahu bagaimana harus bersikap dengan mahramnya dan bukan mahramnya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penggunaan grafik pohon dalam topik teori grafis untuk mempelajari konsep mahram yang terkandung dalam surah An Nisa ayat 23. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif analitik dengan menggunakan instrumen tes, kuesioner dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan konsep grafik pohon dapat membantu seorang Muslim untuk belajar dan memahami konsep mahram dengan mudah.</span><em> </em>
Iron Sulfide Scale Formation: A New Anaerobic Setup and New Insights
Authors: Alduailej Yaser K. , Sorbie Kenneth S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Scale formation is mostly governed by scaling ion concentrations and fluid conditions (pressure, temperature, and pH). Sulfide scale formation is most commonly initiated through the mixing fluids containing scaling cations (Fe2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+) or sulfidic anions (H2S(aq), HS- and S2-), or, more rarely, in a single fluid containing both ions which is undergoing physical condition changes, such as a pressure drop or pH change. The literature has extensive reviews of sulfide scales formed by mixing two fluids in both static and dynamic tests. The self-scaling of metal sulfides in a single fluid, however, has been less investigated.
An experimental setup and procedure have been developed to investigate the impact of various factors, such as pH (0 - 10), sulphide and metal ion concentrations and salinity (3.5 - 20 wt. %), on the formation of sulfide scales in general and iron sulfide (FeS) in particular. This new setup provides anaerobic conditions to isolate and prevent the interference of atmospheric oxygen, while retaining aqueous and gaseous sulfide in solution. The setup is comprised of airtight vials and Hungate-type tubes equipped with septum-caps to facilitate the gas-tight liquid transfers required in such experiments. The concentrations of sulfide ranged from 100 to 1,000 mg/L, and iron, zinc and lead were studied at levels in the range of 50 - 100 mg/L.
The formation of sulfide scales was measured by monitoring the depletion of cation concentration in aqueous solution at various pH values. The excess amount of sulfide concentration significantly affected the formed iron sulfide by affecting the pH at which initial cation depletion occurred. The higher sulfide excesses gave an FeS precipitation onset at lower pH levels, and larger FeS particle size than lower levels of sulfide excess.
These findings directly affect the scale inhibition design, as most sulfide scale control chemicals are dispersants. Therefore, particle size is very relevant to these dispersants in terms of the inhibitor loading and efficiency. The assumption that sulfide scale is principally reliant on the cation concentration, particularly if limiting, is inaccurate, and sulfide excess must also be quantified and taken into consideration in the inhibition design.
Multi-Year Scale Inhibition using a Ceramic Proppant Based Particulate Chemical Carrier – Learning from the First Application Offshore Congo
Authors: Leasure Joshua , Lieng Thu , Hicks Brian , Saldungaray Pedro 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A ceramic proppant based chemical delivery system is known to be able to deliver multiyear inhibition of scale with a onetime treatment. The delivery system can be used to replace part of the proppant in frac and frac packs completions, be used as the gravel in gravel packs, or simply as a transport mechanism to place production chemicals in an acid-frac stimulated reservoir.
This chemical delivery system has been recently applied offshore Congo for the first time. Learnings from the implementation of this technology both onshore and offshore in the United States have enabled the product usage to expand internationally. The use of this delivery system has eased the operational challenges seen in offset wells caused by repeated treatment of scale inhibitor. Increased space has been freed on the platform and all interventions for scale control have been eliminated.
Results presented in this paper will include the design of this work for the application in Congo, including infusion and release of the inhibitor from the ceramic carrier and design of the control membrane to achieve the desired protection time. This design work also includes the learnings from multiple other applications that were combined for this new area of implementation, including case histories from other basins.
This paper will be beneficial for production engineers who desire a cost effective solution to deploy production assurance chemicals in a one-time treatment, regardless of well type, resulting in a multi-year solution.
The Impact of EOR Polymers on Scale Inhibitor Adsorption
Authors: Beteta Alan , McIver Katherine , Vazquez Oscar , Boak Lorraine , Jordan Myles , Shields Robin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
With the current trend for application of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies, there has been much research into the possible upsets to production, from the nature of the produced fluids to changes in the scaling regime. One key question that is yet to be addressed is the influence of EOR chemicals, such as hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM), on scale inhibitor (SI) squeeze lifetime. Squeeze lifetime is defined by the adsorption of the inhibitor onto the reservoir rock, hence any chemical that interacts with the adsorption process will have an impact on the squeeze lifetime. This paper experimentally demonstrates potential changes to inhibitor adsorption from a polymer EOR project by demonstrating the complex interactions between HPAM and phosphonate scale inhibitors with respect to adsorption.
This work presents a detailed coreflooding programme, supplemented with bottle tests, to identify the impact of HPAM on a diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DETPMP) squeeze lifetime. A range of pH values, representing the expected inhibitor injection pH, have been studied on consolidated and crushed Bentheimer sandstone. A temperature of 70°C is used throughout as it represents the likely maximum temperature at which HPAM would be applied and the typical temperature at which DETPMP would be used in squeeze applications.
The results presented show that scale inhibitor application pH is key in defining the impact of HPAM on DETPMP adsorption. Neutral pH displays a reduced squeeze lifetime, believed to be due to reduction of adsorption sites by HPAM. However, this impact could be countered by injecting this type of scale inhibitor at a low pH (e.g. pH 2). Static tests performed alongside the corefloods show that even low inhibitor concentrations (as found in SI pre-flushes) are sufficiently acidic to fully precipitate the HPAM from solution, but did not impact the adsorption.
This study suggests, contrary to the commonly held view in the industry that EOR polymers may negatively impact squeeze lifetime, that with the correct selection of inhibitor type and their application pH it is possible to achieve the same results as in a conventional reservoir.
The Biggest Elephant in the Room in Unconventional Scale Programs: Iron
Authors: Spicka Kevin , Bhandari Manojkumar , Bhandari Narayan , Colmenares Laura , Littlehales Ian , Seufferlein Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The development of unconventional basins across North America for the past decade initially caused some in the industry to wonder if challenges found in unconventional basins would require new chemistries and technologies. As the basins have been produced and water chemistries evaluated and treated, it has become clear that established scale inhibitor chemistries and methodologies are suitable to treat unconventional scaling scenarios. However, the number of applicable chemistries can be limited as some of the most common scale inhibitor chemistries have been found lacking in iron tolerance. The biggest lesson learned over the course of the past decade has been to not underestimate the role that iron can play as spoiler not only in performance of scale inhibitor chemistries, but also in test methodologies and monitoring techniques. While the need to account for iron in conventional programs has not been taken for granted, the amount of iron produced in unconventional production basins has led to a re-evaluation of just how severely iron in solution can impact scale programs from product testing and selection all the way through to program monitoring.
This paper highlights the brine chemistries in major North American unconventional basins, especially regarding iron. Test methods and results from dynamic scale loop and anaerobic static bottle testing will be highlighted as well as the limitations of using field brines in product evaluations. Field observations will be discussed to support the importance of proper product selection as well as monitoring techniques.
This subject has implications for the industry as unconventional basins across North America continue to search for program improvements to drive reductions in total operational costs. Additionally, as unconventional basins are developed outside of North America, the lessons learned can be applied to efficiently develop best in class scale inhibitor programs. As appreciation for the impact of high levels of iron on scale inhibitor performance continues to evolve, there is a possibility that a smaller amount of iron tolerant scale inhibitors will limit the treatment options available in unconventional production basins.
Uncertainty Quantification of Pseudo-Adsorption Isotherm History Matching
Authors: Vazquez Oscar , Azari Vahid , Fursov Ilya , Igben Enohor , Mackay Eric 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Scale Inhibitor Squeeze treatments are some of the most common techniques to prevent oilfield mineral scale deposition in oil producers. A squeeze treatment design's effectiveness and lifespan is determined by the scale inhibitor (SI) retention, which can be described using a pseudo-isotherm adsorption, commonly derived from coreflooding experiments, although in some certain circumstances a new isotherm will need to be re-derived to match the field return concentration profile, once the treatment is deployed and samples are collected to measure SI return concentration. This new isotherm is used to design the next treatment. The objective of this manuscript is to quantify the uncertainty, which depends of the number of samples analyzed. In any inverse problem, there might not be a unique solution, which is in our context a pseudo-isotherm matching the return concentration profile. As a consequence, there will be a certain level of uncertainty predicting the next squeeze treatment lifetime. Solving this inverse problem in Bayesian formulation, incorporating the prior information, and the likelihood involving the return concentration profile, it is possible to quantify the posterior distribution, and therefore calculate the uncertainty range, commonly known as P90/P50/P10, based on the Randomized Maximum Likelihood (RML) approach. The P90/P50/P10 was calculated as a function of the number of samples available, differentiating from the early production and late production.
The results suggest that there is a correlation between the P90/P50/P10 interval and the number of samples, i.e. the differences between the P10 and P90 in terms of the forecast squeeze lifetime was wider the smaller number of samples. The methodology proposed may be used to determine the number of samples required to reduce the level of uncertainty predicting the lifetime of the next squeeze treatment. Although taking more samples may increase the cost per barrel for a treatment, the ability to predict accurately treatment lifetime will be more cost effective in the long term, as production might not be affected.
Factors associated with the perceived barriers of health care access among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: a secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Tamirat koku , Tessema Zemenu Tadesse , Kebede Fentahun Bikale 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Health care access is the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes. Difficulties in accessing health care among reproductive-age women may lead to different adverse health outcomes like death and disability. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with the perceived barriers of health care access among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Method: This study was based on the 2016 Ethiopia Demography and Health Survey. Individual women record (IR) file was used to extract the dataset, and 15, 683 women were included in the final analysis. A composite variable of health care access was created from four questions used to rate health care access problems among women of reproductive age. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model fitted to identify factors associated with perceived barriers of health care access. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) computed to assess the strength of association between independent and outcome variables.Result: This study revealed that the magnitude of perceived barriers of health care access among reproductive-age women found to be 69.9% with 95%CI (69.3 to 70.7) to at least one or more of the four reasons. Rural resident (AOR= 2.13, 95%CI: 1.79 to 2.53), age 35-49 years (AOR= 1.24, 95%CI: 1.09 to 1.40), divorced/separated (AOR= 1.34, 95%CI: 1.17 to 1.54), had no health insurance coverage (AOR=1.19, 95%CI: 1.01 to 1.45), poorer (AOR=2.09,95%CI: 1.86 to 2.35) and middle wealth (AOR=1.57,95%CI:1.38 to 1.79), no education (AOR=2.30, 95%CI:1.95 to 2.72), primary education (AOR= 1.84, 95%CI :1.58 to 2.15) and secondary education (AOR= 1.31, 95%CI: 1.13 to 1.51) were factors associated with the perceived barriers of health care access.Conclusion: A significant proportion of women of reproductive age faced barriers to health care access, of which money and distance were the most frequently perceived barriers. Divorced/separated marital status, old age, rural dwelling, no health insurance coverage, low economic situation, and level of education were factors associated with perceived barriers. These findings suggest further strengthening and improving health care access to those women with low socio-economic status for the realization of universal health coverage.
MicroRNA-200b reduced ZEB1 to inhibit cell proliferation and migration in human gastric cancer
Authors: Chen He , Liu Pengcheng , Wang Lei , Yu Yanxia , Zhao Yan , Cai Yihong , Wang Zhongxin , Zhang Min 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUND : Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant cancers, with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The present study was to explore whether miR-200b is a tumor suppressor in GC and to unveil the potential mechanisms. METHODS: Levels of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression were detected respectively by qRT-PCR and Western blot assay. BrdU proliferation assay, Cell cycle analysis, Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to study the role of miR-200b with inhibitor, mimics or ZEB1-RNAi in TGF-β1-treated SGC-7901/DDP cells. The xenograft model with nude mice was established to unveil the role of miR-200b in vivo . RESULTS : Compared with the paracancerous tissues, miR-200b was decreased in GC patients and SGC-7901/DDP cells. Lower level of miR-200b induced by its inhibitor promoted TGF-β1-treated SGC-7901/DDP cells proliferation and migration, and increased the levels of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-3, MMP-9, β-catenin and APC. Interestingly, miR-200b mimics and ZEB1-RNAi were able to reduce the proliferation and migration of TGF-β1-induced SGC-7901/DDP cells as well as their levels of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-3 MMP-9, β-catenin and APC. In addition, ZEB1 was indeed the potential target of miR-200b identified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Xenograft model also suggested that over-expression of miR-200b suppressed the growth of tumor in vivo. CONCLUSION : Taken together, our findings suggest that miR-200b be likely to play an important role in activating TGF-β1-induced SGC-7901/DDP cells and perform as a tumor suppressor by targeting ZEB1 in GC. What’s more, miR-200b may modulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in TGF-β1-induced SGC-7901/DDP cells.
Prognosis of Pregnancy-associated Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis
Authors: SHAO Chunchun , YU Zhi gang , XIAO Juan , LIU Li yuan , HONG Fan zhen , ZHANG Yuan , JIA Hong ying 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is defined as breast cancer that is diagnosed during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period. Deﬁnitions of the duration of the postpartum period have been controversial, and this variability may lead to diverse results regarding prognosis. Moreover, evidence on the dose-response association between the time from the last pregnancy to breast cancer diagnosis and overall mortality has not been synthesized. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for observational studies on the prognosis of PABC published up to June 1, 2019. We estimated summary-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses based on diagnosis time, PABC definition, geographic region, year of publication and estimation procedure for HR were performed. Additionally, dose-response analysis was conducted by using the variance weighted least-squares regression (VWLS) trend estimation. Results A total of 54 articles (76 studies) were included in our study. PABC was associated with poor prognosis for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS), and the pooled HRs with 95% CIs were 1.45 (1.30-1.63), 1.39 (1.25-1.54) and 1.40 (1.17-1.68), respectively. The corresponding reference category was non-PABC patients. According to subgroup analyses, the varied definition of PABC led to diverse results. The dose-response analysis indicated a nonlinear association between the time from the last delivery to breast cancer diagnosis and the HR of overall mortality ( P <0.001). Compared to nulliparous women, the mortality was almost 60% higher in women with PABC diagnosed at 30 months after the last delivery (HR=1.58, 95% CI 1.39-1.74), and the mortality was not significantly different at 68 months after the last delivery (HR=1.11, 95% CI 0.99-1.24). This finding suggests that the definition of PABC should be extended to include patients diagnosed up to approximately six years postpartum (68 months after the last delivery) to capture this ongoing increased risk. Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that PABC is associated with poor prognosis, and the definition of PABC should be extended to include patients diagnosed up to approximately six years postpartum.
Standardising Care in the ICU: A Protocol for a Scoping Review of Tools used to Improve Care Delivery
Authors: Allum laura , Apps Chloe , Hart Nicholas , Pattison Natalie , Connolly Bronwen , Rose Louise 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Increasing numbers of critically ill patients experience a prolonged intensive care unit stay contributing to greater physical and psychological morbidity, strain on families, and cost to health systems. Quality improvement tools such as checklists concisely articulate best practices with the aim of improving quality and safety, however these tools have not been designed for the specific needs of patients with prolonged ICU stay. Objectives: The primary objective of this review will be to determine the characteristics including format and content of multicomponent tools designed to standardise or improve ICU care. Secondary objectives are to describe the outcomes reported in these tools, the type of patients and settings studied, and to understand how these tools were developed and implemented in clinical practice. Methods: We will search the Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, OpenGrey, NHS evidence and Trial Registries from January 2000 onwards. We will include primary research studies (e.g. experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, and qualitative studies) recruiting more than 10 adult participants admitted to ICUs, high dependency units and weaning centres regardless of length of stay, describing quality improvement tools such as structured care plans or checklists designed to standardize more than one aspect of care delivery. We will extract data on study and patient characteristics, tool design and implementation strategies and measured outcomes. Two reviewers will independently screen citations for eligible studies and perform data extraction. Data will be synthesised with descriptive statistics; we will use a narrative synthesis to describe review findings. Discussion: The findings will be used to guide development of tools for use with prolonged ICU stay patients. Our group will use experience-based co-design methods to identify the most important actionable processes of care to include in quality improvement tools these patients. Such tools are needed to standardise practice and thereby improve quality of care. Illustrating the development and implementation methods used for such tools will help to guide translation of similar tools into ICU clinical practice and future research.Systematic Review Registration: This protocol is registered on the Open Science Framework, https://osf.io/, DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/Z8MRE