bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wellbore Stability in Layered Rocks: A Comparative Study of Strength Criteria
Authors: Shi Xiangchao , Zhuo Xiao , Xiao Yue , Guo Boyun , Zhu Cheng , Li Jiaxue 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWellbore instability is a critical issue restricting efficient well drilling and successful development of oil and gas field. Most instability problems originate from shale formations because of their distinct laminated structures that cause significant anisotropy and moderate to high clay contents that are prone to shrinkage and swelling. To account for these influences on the mechanical responses of shales, this study aims to identify an appropriate strength criterion for stability analyses. Two anisotropic criteria including single plane of weakness and the modified Hoek–Brown criteria were compared to evaluate their suitability in characterizing the anisotropic strength of layered rocks including shale, schist, and slate under different confining pressures. Comparative case studies indicated that the single plane of weakness criterion overestimates the strength of layered rocks at some orientation angles. The modified Hoek–Brown criterion can fit well with the experimental data of layered rocks. Moreover, wellbore stability analysis models for shale gas wells were built, respectively, for each criterion and applied to in situ scenarios. The single plane of weakness and modified Hoek–Brown criteria provide similar results of collapse pressure, and the shale failure is mainly determined by the bedding plane. This further validates that the modified Hoek–Brown criterion is a good choice for wellbore stability analysis in shale formations with bedding planes. This study shows the potential of using the modified Hoek–Brown criterion to enhance the safety and efficiency of well drilling and operation in shale formations.
Tribological Performance of Nickel-Plated Regular Hexagonal Texture on a Brass Surface Under Boundary Lubrication
Authors: Chen Xiangbo , Huang Xiaofang , Wan Zhenping , Lu Longsheng , Zhang Zhihui 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A novel bio-inspired nickel-plated regular hexagonal texture (NPRHT) was proposed and fabricated by photolithography combined with electroless nickel plating to improve the tribological performance of a shaft/bushing bearing under boundary lubrication. The friction coefficient, wear loss, and wear resistance mechanism of the NPRHT that was fabricated on the brass surface were investigated under line contact sliding. It is found that the nickel-plated textured samples show a lower friction coefficient than the non-textured samples with a maximum reduction of 43.6% at a sliding speed of 0.02 m/s. The wear rate coefficient of the nickel-plated textured sample decreases by 42.86% compared with that of the non-textured sample. The energy dispersive spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirm that the nickel element is transferred from the nickel-plated textured area to the brass zone, resulting in the formation of a Ni/Cu alloy, NiO and Ni2O3 successively. These three films can improve lubricity, repair wear defects, and protect surfaces from oxidation. The experimental results show that the NPRHT provides a novel strategy to manage the friction and wear of shaft/bushing bearings under boundary lubrication.
Southern Chile crustal structure from teleseismic receiver functions: Responses to ridge subduction and terrane assembly of Patagonia
Authors: Rodriguez E.E. , Russo R.M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractContinental crustal structure is the product of those processes that operate typically during a long tectonic history. For the Patagonia composite terrane, these tectonic processes include its early Paleozoic accretion to the South America portion of Gondwana, Triassic rifting of Gondwana, and overriding of Pacific Basin oceanic lithosphere since the Mesozoic. To assess the crustal structure and glean insight into how these tectonic processes affected Patagonia, we combined data from two temporary seismic networks situated inboard of the Chile triple junction, with a combined total of 80 broadband seismic stations. Events suitable for analysis yielded 995 teleseismic receiver functions. We estimated crustal thicknesses using two methods, the H-k stacking method and common conversion point stacking. Crustal thicknesses vary between 30 and 55 km. The South American Moho lies at 28–35 km depth in forearc regions that have experienced ridge subduction, in contrast to crustal thicknesses ranging from 34 to 55 km beneath regions north of the Chile triple junction. Inboard, the prevailing Moho depth of ∼35 km shallows to ∼30 km along an E-W trend between 46.5°S and 47°S; we relate this structure to Paleozoic thrust emplacement of the Proterozoic Deseado Massif terrane above the thicker crust of the North Patagonian/Somún Cura terrane along a major south-dipping fault.
Trends in antiepileptic drug treatment and effectiveness in clinical practice in England from 2003 to 2016: a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records
Authors: Powell Graham , Logan John , Kiri Victor , Borghs Simon 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the evolution of antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment patterns and seizure outcomes in England from 2003 to 2016.Design, setting and participantsRetrospective cohort study of electronic medical records from Clinical Practice Research Datalink and National Health Service Digital Hospital Episode Statistics databases. Patients newly diagnosed with epilepsy were identified and followed until end of data availability. Three eras were defined starting 1 April 2003 (first National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline); 1 September 2007 (Standard and New Antiepileptic Drugs publication); and 1 January 2012 (second NICE guideline).Outcome measuresTime from diagnosis to first AED; AED sequence; time from first AED to first 1-year remission period (no new AED attempts and no seizure-related healthcare events); time from first AED to refractoriness (third AED attempt regardless of reason); Kaplan-Meier analysis of time-to-event variables.Results4388 patients were included (mean follow-up: 6.8, 4.2 and 1.7 years by era). 84.6% of adults (≥16 years), 75.5% of children (<16) and 89.1% of elderly subgroup (65+) received treatment within 1 year; rates were generally stable over time. Treatment trends included reduced use of carbamazepine (adult first line, era 1: 34.9%; era 3: 10.7%) and phenytoin, earlier line and increased use of levetiracetam (adult first line, era 1: 2.6%; era 3: 26.2%) and lamotrigine (particularly in adults and elderly subgroup), and a larger number of different AEDs used. Valproate use shifted somewhat to later lines. Rates of 1-year remission within 2 years of starting treatment increased in adults (era 1: 71.9%; era 3: 81.4%) and elderly (era 1: 76.1%; era 3: 81.7%). Overall, 55.5% of patients relapsed after achieving 1-year remission. Refractoriness rates remained stable over time (~26% of adults within 5 years).ConclusionTreatment trends often were not aligned with era-relevant guidance. However, our results suggest a slight improvement in epilepsy treatment outcomes over the 13-year period.
Occupational exposure to dust and to fumes, work as a welder and invasive pneumococcal disease risk
Authors: Torén Kjell , Blanc Paul D , Naidoo Rajen N , Murgia Nicola , Qvarfordt Ingemar , Aspevall Olov , Dahlman-Hoglund Anna , Schioler Linus 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesOccupational exposures to metal fumes have been associated with increased pneumonia risk, but the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has not been characterised previously.MethodsWe studied 4438 cases aged 20–65 from a Swedish registry of invasive infection caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae. The case index date was the date the infection was diagnosed. Six controls for each case, matched for gender, age and region of residency, were selected from the Swedish population registry. Each control was assigned the index date of their corresponding case to define the study observation period. We linked cases and controls to the Swedish registries for socioeconomic status (SES), occupational history and hospital discharge. We applied a job–exposure matrix to characterise occupational exposures. We used conditional logistic analyses, adjusted for comorbidities and SES, to estimate the OR of IPD and the subgroup pneumonia–IPD, associated with selected occupations and exposures in the year preceding the index date.ResultsWelders manifested increased risk of IPD (OR 2.99, 95% CI 2.09 to 4.30). Occupational exposures to fumes and silica dust were associated with elevated odds of IPD (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.21 and OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.58, respectively). Risk associated with IPD with pneumonia followed a similar pattern with the highest occupational odds observed among welders and among silica dust exposed.ConclusionWork specifically as a welder, but also occupational exposures more broadly, increase the odds for IPD. Welders, and potentially others with relevant exposures, should be offered pneumococcal vaccination.
Nicotine in tobacco product aerosols: ‘It's déjà vu all over again’
Authors: Duell Anna K , Pankow James F , Peyton David H 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionThe distribution of nicotine among its free-base (fb) and protonated forms in aerosolised nicotine affects inhalability. It has been manipulated in tobacco smoke and now in electronic cigarettes by the use of acids to de-freebase nicotine and form ‘nicotine salts’.MethodsMeasurements on electronic cigarette fluids (e-liquids) were carried out to determine (1) the fraction of nicotine in the free-base form (αfb) and (2) the levels of organic acid(s) and nicotine. Samples included JUUL ‘pods’, ‘look-a-like/knock-off’ pods and some bottled ‘nicotine salt’ and ‘non-salt’ e-liquids.Resultsαfb= 0.12 ±0.01 at 40°C (≈ 37°C) for 10 JUUL products, which contain benzoic acid; nicotine protonation is extensive but incomplete.DiscussionFirst-generation e-liquids have αfb ≈ 1. At cigarette-like total nicotine concentration (Nictot) values of ~60 mg/mL, e-liquid aerosol droplets with αfb≈ 1 are harsh upon inhalation. The design evolution for e-liquids has paralleled that for smoked tobacco, giving a ‘déjà vu’ trajectory for αfb. For 17th-century ‘air-cured’ tobacco, αfb in the smoke particles was likely ≥ 0.5. The product αfbNictot in the smoke particles was high. ‘Flue-curing’ retains higher levels of leaf sugars, which are precursors for organic acids in tobacco smoke, resulting in αfb ≈ 0.02 and lowered harshness. Some tobacco cigarette formulations/designs have been adjusted to restore some nicotine sensory ‘kick/impact’ with αfb≈ 0.1, as for Marlboro. Overall, for tobacco smoke, the de-freebasing trajectory was αfb ≥ 0.5 → ~0 →~0.1, as compared with αfb= ~1 →~0.1 for e-cigarettes. For JUUL, the result has been, perhaps, an optimised, flavoured nicotine delivery system. The design evolution for e-cigarettes has made them more effective as substitutes to get smokers off combustibles. However, this evolution has likely made e-cigarette products vastly more addictive for never-smokers.
Exploring $$\hbox {CE}\nu \hbox {NS}$$ with NUCLEUS at the Chooz nuclear power plant
Authors: Angloher G. , Ardellier-Desages F. , Bento A. , Canonica L. , Erhart A. , Ferreiro N. , Friedl M. , Ghete V. M. , Hauff D. , Kluck H. , Langenkämper A. , Lasserre T. , Lhuillier D. , Kinast A. , Mancuso M. , Rubiales J. Molina , Mondragón E. , Munch G. , Nones C. , Oberauer L. , Onillon A. , Ortmann T. , Pattavina L. , Petricca F. , Potzel W. , Pröbst F. , Reindl F. , Rothe J. , Schieck J. , Schönert S. , Schwertner C. , Scola L. , Stodolsky L. , Strauss R. , Vivier M. , Wagner V. , Zolotarova A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCoherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering ($$\hbox {CE}\nu \hbox {NS}$$CEνNS) offers a unique way to study neutrino properties and to search for new physics beyond the Standard Model. Nuclear reactors are promising sources to explore this process at low energies since they deliver large fluxes of anti-neutrinos with typical energies of a few MeV. In this paper, a new-generation experiment to study$$\hbox {CE}\nu \hbox {NS}$$CEνNSis described. The NUCLEUS experiment will use cryogenic detectors which feature an unprecedentedly low-energy threshold and a time response fast enough to be operated under above-ground conditions. Both sensitivity to low-energy nuclear recoils and a high event rate tolerance are stringent requirements to measuring$$\hbox {CE}\nu \hbox {NS}$$CEνNSof reactor anti-neutrinos. A new experimental site, the Very-Near-Site (VNS), at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France is described. The VNS is located between the two 4.25 $$\hbox {GW}_{\mathrm {th}}$$GWthreactor cores and matches the requirements of NUCLEUS. First results of on-site measurements of neutron and muon backgrounds, the expected dominant background contributions, are given. In this paper a preliminary experimental set-up with dedicated active and passive background reduction techniques and first background estimations are presented. Furthermore, the feasibility to operate the detectors in coincidence with an active muon veto at shallow overburden is studied. The paper concludes with a sensitivity study pointing out the physics potential of NUCLEUS at the Chooz nuclear power plant.
“A Marvelous Painting”: the Erotic Dimension of Saʿdi’s Praise Poetry
Authors: Ingenito Domenico 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article approaches Saʿdi’s little-studied panegyric production. The contribution focuses on an encomiastic modality that is almost completely neglected when it comes to the study of the Persian qasida as a performative text that enacts the political, ethical, and aesthetic values of the court. This modality is primarily amatory, and combines the standard erotic discourse of the Ghaznavids and late Saljuq poems of praise with Saʿdi’s original theo-erotic lyricism, which is mostly known through his ghazals. This critical approach will unfold by unearthing its underlying functions in a broad variety of qasidas that relate to the courtly conversations between Saʿdi and two young rulers who patronized the majority of Saʿdi’s literary activities: the Salghurid prince Saʿd b. Abi Bakr (d. 1260), and the minister of finances (sāheb divān) of the Il-khanid empire, Shams al-Din Jovayni (d. 1284).
Rockefeller Foundation’s Rural Philanthropy in China: a Case Study of the North China Council for Rural Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang (张瑞胜) Ruisheng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, approximately eighty-five percent of the Chinese population relied on agriculture for their livelihood. Aiming to improve the well-being of China’s vast rural population, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) made their own efforts through conducting philanthropy in rural China. The North China Council for Rural Reconstruction (NCCRR), a RF-funded rural philanthropic program composed of six Chinese institutions, was established in Peiping (Beijing) on April 2, 1936. As a nontraditional and experimental program, the NCCRR brought together the leading professors from various disciplines at different universities into intimate contact with philanthropic and educational activities in rural China. Although the program perhaps pointed to the modest ways in which institutions conducted rural philanthropy, the task of reviving China’s countryside was ultimately too heavy for the RF as a foreign private foundation. Due to complicated circumstances far beyond their control, the RF had to terminate its rural reconstruction work in 1944.
Memory and Politics in the Chronicle Lists of Princes, 12th–15th Centuries
Authors: Bogatyrev Sergei 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper examines the lists of princes that can be found in the East Slavic chronicles compiled from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, including the Primary Chronicle and the Novgorodian chronicles. For the first time in the historiography, this work studies the corpus of princely lists as distinctive texts with specific cultural functions. The lists of princes were not reference tools but rather charters that validated political arrangements and shaped collective identities. On the basis of textual and formal analysis, the article demonstrates that the chronicle lists of princes legitimised kingship and served as a form of recorded collective memory for members of princely families and their Novgorodian allies. In a group of princely lists from the first half of the fifteenth century, the genealogical concepts of the Riurikid and Danilovichi dynasties appeared for the first time in East Slavic literature. These concepts reflected intensified contacts among literati in the East Slavic republic of letters and political changes caused by the expansionism of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the growth of the principalities of Moscow and Tver’.
Who Spoke for Russia’s Muslims?
Authors: Pollock Sean 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The article examines the ways that historians think about the evidence they use in their accounts of Russian-Muslim relations. It focuses on a neglected type of source that reflects relations between tsarist officials and the peoples of the Caucasus – North Caucasus Turki letters exchanged between members of the native population and tsarist officials. The article considers the extent to which historians of Russian-Muslim encounters discuss primary sources in their work. It draws attention to and considers the consequences of historians’ neglect of Caucasus-related tsarist and Muslim diplomatics. Finally, the article examines an array of Turki letters for what they reveal about Russian-Muslim encounters in the North Caucasus between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The article argues that tsarist officials used correspondence in Turki to claim Caucasus Muslims as subjects. For their part, Caucasus Muslims used Turki to communicate their needs and wants to tsarist officials locally, regionally, and centrally, and to express their willingness to advance Russia’s interests as the tsar’s servants (qullar). The article concludes that tsarist officials and Caucasus Muslims often had compelling reasons to cultivate mutually beneficial relationships, and that their ability to do so, to overcome the myriad internal and external challenges to Russian-Muslim comity, helps to explain the longevity of Russian empire in the Caucasus.
Religion and Literature: History and Method
Authors: Ziolkowski Eric 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Religion and literature is the study of interrelationships between religious or theological traditions and literary traditions, both oral and written, with special attention to religious or theological underpinnings of, influences upon, and reflections in, individual “texts” (oral and written) or authors’ oeuvres. This overview considers the origins and history of, and methods employed in, that scholarly enterprise, focusing upon the dual construals of “literature” in religious studies (as a body of sacred writings and as writing valued for artistic merit); the problematics of defining “religion”; the transformation of theology and literature as a “field” (pioneered by Nathan A. Scott Jr. et al.) to religion and literature; the affiliated fields of myth criticism, and of biblical reception; and the institutionalization, globalization, and future of the study of religion and literature.
Arctic Snowfall from CloudSat Observations and Reanalyses
Authors: Edel L. , Claud C. , Genthon C. , Palerme C. , Wood N. , L’Ecuyer T. , Bromwich D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhile snowfall makes a major contribution to the hydrological cycle in the Arctic, state-of-the-art climatologies still significantly disagree. We present a satellite-based characterization of snowfall in the Arctic using CloudSat observations, and compare it with various other climatologies. First, we examine the frequency and phase of precipitation as well as the snowfall rates from CloudSat over 2007–10. Frequency of solid precipitation is higher than 70% over the Arctic Ocean and 95% over Greenland, while mixed precipitation occurs mainly over North Atlantic (50%) and liquid precipitation over land south of 70°N (40%). Intense mean snowfall rates are located over Greenland, the Barents Sea, and the Alaska range (>500 mm yr−1), and maxima are located over the southeast coast of Greenland (up to 2000 mm yr−1). Then we compare snowfall rates with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim, herein ERA-I) and Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR). Similar general geographical patterns are observed in all datasets, such as the high snowfall rates along the North Atlantic storm track. Yet, there are significant mean snowfall rate differences over the Arctic between 58° and 82°N between ERA-I (153 mm yr−1), ASR version 1 (206 mm yr−1), ASR version 2 (174 mm yr−1), and CloudSat (183 mm yr−1). Snowfall rates and differences are larger over Greenland. Phase attribution is likely to be a significant source of snowfall rate differences, especially regarding ERA-I underestimation. In spite of its nadir-viewing limitations, CloudSat is an essential source of information to characterize snowfall in the Arctic.
An efficient exact algorithm for computing all pairwise distances between reconciliations in the duplication-transfer-loss model
Authors: Santichaivekin Santi , Mawhorter Ross , Libeskind-Hadas Ran 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Maximum parsimony reconciliation in the duplication-transfer-loss model is widely used in studying the evolutionary histories of genes and species and in studying coevolution of parasites and their hosts and pairs of symbionts. While efficient algorithms are known for finding maximum parsimony reconciliations, the number of reconciliations can grow exponentially in the size of the trees. An understanding of the space of maximum parsimony reconciliations is necessary to determine whether a single reconciliation can adequately represent the space or whether multiple representative reconciliations are needed.

Results
We show that for any instance of the reconciliation problem, the distribution of pairwise distances can be computed exactly by an efficient polynomial-time algorithm with respect to several different distance metrics. We describe the algorithm, analyze its asymptotic worst-case running time, and demonstrate its utility and viability on a large biological dataset.

Conclusions
This result provides new insights into the structure of the space of maximum parsimony reconciliations. These insights are likely to be useful in the wide range of applications that employ reconciliation methods.