bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
States Divided: The Implications of American Federalism for COVID‐19
Authors: Kettl Donald F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe explosion of the coronavirus onto the global stage has posed unprecedented challenges for governance. In the United States, the question of how best to respond to these challenges has fractured along intergovernmental lines. The federal government left most of the decisions to the states, and the states went in very different directions. Some of those decisions naturally flowed from the disease's emerging patterns. But to a surprising degree, there were systematic variations in the governors’ decisions, and these variations were embedded in a subtle but growing pattern of differences among the states in a host of policy areas, ranging from decisions about embracing the Affordable Care Act to improving their infrastructure. These patterns raise fundamental questions about the role of the federal government's leadership in an issue that was truly national in scope, and whether such varied state reactions were in the public interest. The debate reinforces the emerging reality of an increasingly divided states of America.
Baloxavir for the treatment of Influenza in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients previously treated with oseltamivir
Authors: Salvatore Mirella , Laplante Jennifer M. , Soave Rosemary , Orfali Nina , Plate Markus , van Besien Koen , St. George Kirsten 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundSeasonal influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients. In this population, influenza virus can replicate for prolonged periods, despite neuraminidase inhibitor treatment, leading to resistance and treatment failure. Baloxavir targets the influenza polymerase and may be an effective treatment option in these patients.MethodsWe used baloxavir to treat five allogeneic SCT recipients that were still symptomatic and shedding influenza virus after completing one or more treatment courses of oseltamivir and characterized the viral isolates before and during treatment.ResultsTwo patients were infected with influenza A/H1pdm09 carrying a neuraminidase variant (H275Y) linked to oseltamivir resistance. Both these two patients were successfully treated with baloxavir. Of the three patients infected with wild‐type influenza virus, two cleared the virus after baloxavir treatment, while the third patient developed the polymerase I38T variant linked to baloxavir resistance.ConclusionsOur data suggest that baloxavir treatment can be effective in treating neuraminidase inhibitor‐resistant influenza in profoundly immunocompromised patients. Randomized clinical trials are needed to define the role of baloxavir alone and combined with oseltamivir for the treatment of influenza in SCT recipients and other immunocompromised populations.
Does performance‐based financing curb stock‐outs of essential medicines? Results from a randomised controlled trial in Cameroon
Authors: Sieleunou Isidore , De Allegri Manuela , Roland Enok Bonong Pascal , Ouédraogo Samiratou , Ridde Valéry 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn 2011, the government of Cameroon launched its performance‐based financing (PBF) scheme. Our study examined the effects of the PBF intervention on the availability of essential medicines (EM).MethodsRandomised control trial whereby PBF and three distinct comparison groups were randomised in a total of 205 health facilities across three regions. Baseline data were collected between March and May 2012 and endline data 36 months later. We defined availability of multiple EM groups by assessing stock‐outs for at least one day over the 30 days prior to the survey date and estimated changes attributable to PBF using a series of difference‐in‐difference regression models, adjusted for relevant facility‐level covariates. Data were analysed stratified by region and area to assess effect heterogeneity.ResultsOur estimates suggest that PBF intervention had no effect on the stock‐outs of antenatal care drugs (P = 0.160), vaccines (P = 0.396), integrated management of childhood illness drugs (P = 0.681) and labour and delivery drugs (P = 0.589). However, the intervention was associated with a significant reduction of 34% in stock‐outs of family planning medicines (P = 0.028). We observed effect heterogeneity across regions and areas, with significant decreases in stock‐outs of family planning products in North‐West region (P = 0.065) and in rural areas (P = 0.043).ConclusionsThe PBF intervention in Cameroon had limited effects on the reduction of EMs stock‐outs. These poor results were likely the consequence of partial implementation failure, ranging from disruption and discontinuation of services to limited facility autonomy in managing decision‐making and considerable delay in performance payment.
The plant beneficial rhizobacteriumAchromobactersp. 5B1 influences root development through auxin signaling and redistribution
Authors: Jiménez‐Vázquez Kirán R. , García‐Cárdenas Elizabeth , Barrera‐Ortiz Salvador , Ortiz‐Castro Randy , Ruiz‐Herrera León F. , Ramos‐Acosta Blanca P. , Coria‐Arellano Jessica L. , Sáenz‐Mata Jorge , López‐Bucio José 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYRoots provide physical and nutritional support to plant organs that are above ground and play critical roles for adaptation via intricate movements and growth patterns. Through screening the effects of bacterial isolates from roots of halophyte Mesquite (Prosopissp.) onArabidopsis thaliana, we identifiedAchromobactersp. 5B1 as a probiotic bacterium that influences plant functional traits. Detailed genetic and architectural analyses in Arabidopsis grownin vitroand in soil, cell division measurements, auxin transport and response gene expression and brefeldin A treatments demonstrated that root colonization withAchromobactersp. 5B1 changes the growth and branching patterns of roots, which were related to auxin perception and redistribution. Expression analysis of auxin transport and signaling revealed a redistribution of auxin within the primary root tip of wild‐type seedlings byAchromobactersp. 5B1 that is disrupted by brefeldin A and correlates with repression of auxin transporters PIN1 and PIN7 in root provasculature, and PIN2 in the epidermis and cortex of the root tip, whereas expression of PIN3 was enhanced in the columella. In seedlings harboringAUX1,EIR1,AXR1,ARF7ARF19,TIR1AFB2AFB3single, double or triple loss‐of‐function mutations, or in a dominant (gain‐of‐function) mutant ofSLR1, the bacterium caused primary roots to form supercoils that are devoid of lateral roots. The changes in growth and root architecture elicited by the bacterium helped Arabidopsis seedlings to resist salt stress better. Thus,Achromobactersp. 5B1 fine tunes both root movements and the auxin response, which may be important for plant growth and environmental adaptation.
Molecular mechanisms underpinning the multiallelic inheritance of MS5 in Brassica napus
Authors: Xin Qiang , Wang Xiang , Gao Yupeng , Xu Dongdong , Xie Zhaoqi , Dong Faming , Wan Lili , Yang Liyong , Yang Guangsheng , Hong Dengfeng 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYThe Brassica‐specific gene MS5 mediates early meiotic progression, and its allelic variants contribute to a valuable genic male sterility three‐line hybrid production system in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). However, the underlying mechanisms of its triallelic inheritance are poorly understood. Herein, we show that the restorer allele MS5a and the maintainer allele MS5c are both necessary for male fertility in B. napus. The functional divergence of MS5a and MS5c is strongly related to sequence variations in their coding regions and less strongly to their promoter regions. The male‐sterile allele MS5b encodes a chimeric protein containing only the complete MS5 coiled‐coil (CC) domain, having lost the MS5 superfamily domain. Both MS5a and MS5c can form homodimers in the nucleus via the CC domain. MS5b can interact competitively with MS5a or MS5c to form non‐functional heterodimers. Owing to the close transcript levels of MS5b and MS5c in MS5bMS5c, these heterodimers induced a dominant‐negative effect of MS5b on MS5c, resulting in a male‐sterile phenotype. The extremely high transcript abundance of MS5a maintains sufficient MS5a homodimers in MS5aMS5b, causing the recovery of male sterility. These findings provide substantial genetic and molecular evidence to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the multiallelic inheritance of MS5, and enable the construction of a solid foundation for improved use of the MS5‐controlled GMS system in Brassica species.
Linguistic (homo)nationalism, legitimacies, and authenticities in Singapore's Pink Dot discourse
Authors: Lazar Michelle M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPink Dot SG is an LGBTQ social movement in Singapore, which since its inception in 2009 organizes an annual free‐to‐all public gathering in the Speaker's Corner at Hong Lim Park. Over the years, the gathering has grown in size, and has gained national and international visibility. Prior to the event each year, a set of official YouTube promotional videos is released on its website in order to announce the event and garner support for the movement and participation at the event. In this article, I examine the politics of language performances in the videos from 2009 to 2019, which seeks to blend social legitimacy and authenticity in strategic ways in achieving a ‘linguistic homonationalism’. Linguistic homonationalism, in this study, refers to the harnessing of language ideological choices to align with nationalistic values in the promotion of LGBTQ interests.
Non-Contact Measurement of Residual Magnetization Caused by Plastic Deformation of Steel
Authors: Saleem Aroba , Ross Underhill P. , Krause Thomas W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPipelines are the primary means of land transportation of oil and gas globally, and pipeline integrity is, therefore, of high importance. Failures in pipelines may occur due to internal and external stresses that produce stress concentration zones, which may cause failure by stress corrosion cracking. Early detection of stress concentration zones could facilitate the identification of potential failure sites. Conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, such as magnetic flux leakage, have been used to detect defects in pipelines; however, these methods cannot be effectively used to detect zones of stress concentration. In addition, these methods require direct contact, with access to the buried pipe. Metal magnetic memory (MMM) is an emerging technology, which has the potential to characterize the stress state of underground pipelines from above ground. The present paper describes magnetic measurements performed on steel components, such as bars and tubes, which have undergone changing stress conditions. It was observed that plastic deformation resulted in the modification of measured residual magnetization in steels. In addition, an exponential decrease in signal with the distance of the sensor from the sample was observed. Results are attributed to changes in the local magnetic domain structure in the presence of stress but in the absence of an applied field.
Numerical Simulation of Vapor Deposition Process of Perovskite Solar Cells: The Influence of Methylammonium Iodide Vapor Flow to Perovskite Growth
Authors: Zhu Rui , Wei Xiangyang , Xie Gongnan , Simon Terrence , Cui Tianhong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a two-dimensional (2D) transient numerical model for simulating the vapor deposition process for growing perovskite films. The diffusion process of methylammonium iodide (MAI) vapor through the processing chamber to react with the lead iodide (PbI2) substrate and grow the perovskite layer is analyzed with a diffusion coefficient that has been determined by measuring thicknesses of perovskite layers grown in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber. Innovations applied to the CVD chamber to improve the uniformity of layer thickness and offer control over the growth process are applied and computationally assessed. One is the addition of screens at various strategic locations in the chamber to improve flow uniformity. Another is changing the locations of MAI sublimation bowls and chamber outlet numbers and locations. The results show that adding screens makes the MAI vapor flow more uniform in the plenum while allowing a quicker purge of the N2 inert gas. This leads to a higher and more uniform growth rate of perovskite. The MAI vapor flow is influenced by the reaction plenum geometry, so the chamber is expected to allow good control of the process to achieve uniform surface deposition rate and controlled grain growth of the perovskite layer.
On the Negative Influence of Roller-End Axial Profiling on Friction in Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubricated Finite Line Contacts
Authors: Habchi W. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a finite element model for the solution of thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication in finite line contacts, including edge effects. The model is used to investigate the influence of roller-end axial profiling on the frictional behavior of such contacts. Roller-end profiling in finite line contacts has always been used to enhance fatigue life by increasing lubricant minimum film thickness and reducing stress concentration at roller ends. The influence on friction on the other hand has often been overlooked in the literature. The current work reveals that roller-end profiling has a negative effect on friction. In fact, it turns out that the improvement in fatigue life comes at the expense of increased friction.
Energy Transfer Enhancement Inside an Annulus Using Gradient Porous Ribs and Nanofluids
Authors: Talesh Bahrami Hamid Reza , Aminian Ehsan , Saffari Hamid 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Porous media and nanofluid utilization are two passive heat transfer improvement tools, which have been employed extensively in recent years. Porous media with gradient properties result in both a higher effective thermal conductivity and better local convective heat transfer because of conducting the flow to the desired regions. In this study, distinct porous ribs are located on the internal border of an annulus. Four different conditions are considered for permeability change of ribs, including the minimum and maximum Darcy numbers and linearly increasing or decreasing variation in the radial direction, called LIV and LVD, respectively. In the first step, effects of porous rib relative height, porous rib porosity, and flow Reynolds number on the thermal efficiency and pressure drop are investigated. The results show that the configuration with Da = LVD and W/Rh = 0.25 has the maximum performance number PN = 2, that is the Nusselt improvement over pressure drop increment. Porous ribs arrangement with W/Rh = 0.25 and the minimum porosity (ɛ = 0.9) give the best PN. In the next step, the effects of nanoparticle addition with different volume fractions to the base fluid in different Reynolds numbers are investigated. In this step, porous rib relative height is set to W/Rh = 0.25. The results show that the maximum volume fraction has the highest heat transfer enhancement (about 2–2.5 times) but the lower volume fractions have higher PNs (PN ≈ 2.5 at ϕ = 1% and Re = 500).
Split Injection Strategies for Biodiesel-Fueled Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine—Part I: Combustion, Performance, and Emission Studies
Authors: Singh Akhilendra Pratap , Agarwal Avinash Kumar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this study, a single-cylinder research engine was used to investigate the comparative combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of the engine in a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode combustion vis-a-vis baseline compression ignition (CI) mode combustion using three test fuels, namely, B20 (20% v/v biodiesel blended with mineral diesel), B40 (40% v/v biodiesel blended with mineral diesel), and mineral diesel. For both combustion modes, experiments were performed at constant fuel injection pressure (FIP, 700 bar), engine speed (1500 rpm), and fuel energy input (0.7 kg/h diesel equivalent). PCCI mode combustion experiments were performed at four different start of main injection (SoMI) timings using two different pilot fuel injection strategies, namely, single pilot injection (SPI, 35 deg before top dead center (bTDC)) and double pilot injection (DPI, 35 deg, and 45 deg bTDC). Results showed that advancing SoMI timing for both CI and PCCI combustion modes resulted in knocking; however, the DPI strategy resulted in relatively lesser knocking compared with the SPI strategy. The performance of PCCI mode combustion was relatively inferior compared with baseline CI mode combustion; however, biodiesel blends slightly improved the performance of PCCI mode combustion. Overall, this study shows that the PCCI mode combustion operating load range can be improved by using the DPI strategy.
An Empirical Examination of U.K. Coaches’ Issues and Problems, and Their Support and Advice Networks
Authors: North Julian , Piggott David , Rankin-Wright Alexandra , Ashford Michael 
Published: May 2020

Although there have been increasing calls to recognise the “voice of the coach” in both policy and research, there has been very little work that has asked the coaches directly: “what are your main issues and problems?” and “where do you go for support?” Instead, assessments and decisions have been made on these issues by the media, policy makers, support agencies, governing bodies, and researchers with results often reflecting the perspectives and interests of the latter. This paper presents new research with a reasonably representative sample of over 1,000 U.K. coaches that considers the issues and problems, and support networks from the perspective of the coaches themselves. The results suggest that coaches experience a wide range of problems but that they can be broken down into 17 main categories with places to play sport (e.g., facilities), problems with player–coach interaction, and problems with coaching knowledge and skills, being most frequently mentioned. In terms of support networks, the coaches tended to look “closest to home”: to themselves, their family/friends, participants and parents, and local coaching networks. Governing bodies and coaching associations tend to be less well used. Some implications for policy and practise are discussed.
Stroke and mechanical thrombectomy in patients with COVID-19: technical observations and patient characteristics
Authors: Wang Arthur , Mandigo Grace K , Yim Peter D , Meyers Philip M , Lavine Sean D 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundCOVID-19 infections have been shown to be associated with a range of thromboembolic disease.ObjectiveTo describe our endovascular experience in a consecutive series of patients with COVID-19 who presented with large vessel occlusions, and to describe unique findings in this population.MethodsMechanical thrombectomy was performed on five consecutive patients with COVID-19 with large vessel occlusions. A retrospective study of these patients was performed. Patient demographics, laboratory values, mechanical thrombectomy technique, and clinical and angiographic outcomes were reviewed.ResultsFour patients with COVID-19 presented with anterior circulation occlusions and one patient with COVID-19 presented with both anterior and posterior circulation occlusions. All patients had coagulation abnormalities. Mean patient age was 52.8 years. Three patients presented with an intracranial internal carotid artery occlusion. Two patients presented with an intracranial occlusion and a tandem thrombus in the carotid bulb. One patient presented with an occlusion in both the internal carotid and basilar arteries. Clot fragmentation and distal emboli to a new vascular territory were seen in two of five (40%) patients, and downstream emboli were seen in all five (100%) patients. Patient clinical outcome was generally poor in this series of patients with COVID-19 large vessel occlusion.ConclusionOur series of patients with COVID-19 demonstrated coagulation abnormalities, and compared with our previous experience with mechanical thrombectomy in large vessel occlusion, this group of patients were younger, had tandem or multiple territory occlusions, a large clot burden, and a propensity for clot fragmentation. These patients present unique challenges that make successful revascularization difficult.
Test of cure study: a feasibility study to estimate the time to test of cure (TOC) for
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
and
Chlamydia trachomatis
infections
Authors: Sultan Binta , Benn Paul , Schembri Gabriel , Patel Hemanti , Brima Nataliya , Alexander Sarah , Ison Catherine A 
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Test of cure (TOC) for
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(NG) and
Chlamydia trachomatis
(CT) infection is an important tool in the public health management of STIs. However, there are limited data about the optimal time to perform TOC using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for NG and CT infections. A study was performed to assess the feasibility of a larger study to determine the optimal time to TOC using NAATS.

Methods
The Sexually Transmitted Bacteria Reference Unit at Public Health England undertook testing of gonococcal and chlamydial nucleic acids within neat urine stored in different conditions over 25 days to provide evidence of the stability of the nucleic acid prior to recruitment. Individuals diagnosed with uncomplicated NG or CT infection were recruited from three sexual health clinics. Individuals were asked to return nine self-taken samples from the site of infection over a course of 35 days. Survival analyses of time to first negative NAAT result for NG and CT infection and univariate regression analysis of factors that affect time to clearance were undertaken.

Results
At room temperature, chlamydial DNA in urine is stable for up to 3 weeks and gonococcal DNA for up to 11 days. We analysed data for 147 infections (81 NG and 66 CT). The median time to clearance of infection was 4 days (IQR 2–10 days) for NG infection and 10 days (IQR 7–14 days) for CT infection. Vaginal CT infections took longer to clear (p=0.031). NG infection in men who have sex with men took longer to clear (p=0.052).

Conclusion
Chlamydial and gonococcal nucleic acids are stable in urine before addition of preservatives, longer than recommended by the manufacturer. The TOC results suggest that it may be possible to undertake TOC for NG and CT infections earlier than current guidelines suggest and that anatomical site of infection may affect time to clearance of infection.