bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remembering the Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy One Hundred Years on: Three Master Interpretations
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article was first conceived as a commemorative address for the centenary of the extinction of the Habsburg monarchy, which occurred in November 1918. It seeks to take a correspondingly broad view, geographically and chronologically, of the factors that occasioned that collapse. It addresses three main themes, structured loosely around three classic historiographical analyses of the monarchy as a whole. The great irony of the last phase of Habsburg rule in Central Europe is that it was undermined by precisely those elements in the politics and society of the region that seemed, on the face of things, to derive most advantage from it. The article concentrates on the long-term dysfunctionality caused by the evolution of the Hungarian and German problems, and by the progressive enfeeblement of dynastic institutions. It also engages more briefly with a countervailing phenomenon, that some of those interests most conspicuously spurned by central government might have been the readiest to rescue it. On the argument presented here, World War I, which finally brought the monarchy low, was a catalyst rather than an independent determiner of that outcome.
Impact of improved observed hand hygiene on bloodstream infection rates in Ireland. A prospective segmented regression analysis, 2009–2016
Authors: Smiddy M.P. , Murphy O.M. , Savage E. , Fitzgerald A.P. , FitzGerald S. , Browne J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Participation in European surveillance for bloodstream infection (BSI) commenced in Ireland in 1999 with all laboratories (n = 39) participating by 2014. Observational hand hygiene auditing (OHHA) was implemented in 2011. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of OHHA on hand hygiene compliance, alcohol hand rub (AHR) procurement and the incidence of sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium and faecalis BSI. A prospective segmented regression analysis was performed to determine the temporal association between OHHA and outcomes. Observed hand hygiene improved from 74.7% (73.7–75.6) in 2011 to 90.8% (90.1–91.3) in 2016. AHR procurement increased from 20.1 l/1000 bed days used (BDU) in 2009 to 33.2 l/1000 BDU in 2016. A pre-intervention reduction of 2% per quarter in the ratio of methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus BSI/BDU stabilized in the time period after the intervention (P < 0.01). The ratio of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) BSI/BDU was decreasing by 5% per quarter pre-intervention, this slowed to 2% per quarter post intervention, (P < 0.01). There was no significant change in the ratio of vancomycin sensitive (P = 0.49) or vancomycin resistant (P = 0.90) Enterococcus sp. BSI/BDU post intervention. This study shows national OHHA increased observed hand hygiene compliance and AHR procurement, however there was no associated reduction in BSI.
Increased neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock
Authors: Gong Yuqiang , Li Diwen , Cheng Bihuan , Ying Binyu , Wang Benji 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There has been no study exploring the prognostic values of neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR). We hypothesised that NPAR is a novel marker of inflammation and is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Patient data were extracted from the MIMIC-III V1.4 database. Only the data for the first intensive care unit (ICU) admission of each patient were used and baseline data were extracted within 24 h after ICU admission. The clinical endpoints were 30-, 90- and 365-day all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Cox proportional hazards models and subgroup analyses were used to determine the relationship between NPAR and these clinical endpoints. A total of 2166 patients were eligible for this analysis. In multivariate analysis, after adjustments for age, ethnicity and gender, higher NPAR was associated with increased risk of 30-, 90- and 365-day all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Furthermore, after adjusting for more confounding factors, higher NPAR remained a significant predictor of all-cause mortality (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: HR, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.04–1.61; 1.41, 1.16–1.72; 1.44, 1.21–1.71). A similar trend was observed in NPAR levels stratified by quartiles. Higher NPAR was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.
Social Constructions of Rape at Columbia University and Barnard College, 1955–90
Authors: Abu-Odeh Desiree , Khan Shamus , Nathanson Constance A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSex on college campuses has fascinated scholars, reporters, and the public since the advent of coeducational higher education in the middle of the nineteenth century. But the emergence of rape on campus as a public problem is relatively recent. This article reveals the changing social constructions of campus rape as a public problem through a detailed examination of newspaper reporting on this issue as it unfolded at Columbia University and Barnard College between 1955 and 1990. Adapting Joseph R. Gusfield’s classic formulation of public problem construction, we show the ways police and other judicial and law enforcement authorities, feminists, university faculty, student groups, university administrators, and health professionals and institutions have struggled over ownership of how the problem should be defined and described, attribution of responsibility for addressing the problem, and prescriptions for what is to be done. Our findings show how beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the simultaneous swelling of the women’s liberation movement and the exponential integration of women into previously male-dominated institutions of higher education and medicine catalyzed the creation of new kinds of knowledge, institutions, and expertise to address rape and sexual violence more broadly on college campuses. New actors—feminists and health professionals—layered frames of gender and health over those of crime and punishment to fundamentally transform how we understand rape on campus, and beyond.
Determining the critical period for broadleaf weed control in high-yielding cotton using mungbean as a mimic weed
Authors: Charles Graham W. , Sindel Brian M. , Cowie Annette L. , Knox Oliver G. G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractResearch using the critical period for weed control (CPWC) has shown that high-yielding cotton crops are very sensitive to competition from grasses and large broadleaf weeds, but the CPWC has not been defined for smaller broadleaf weeds in Australian cotton. Field studies were conducted over five seasons from 2003 to 2015 to determine the CPWC for smaller broadleaf weeds, using mungbean as a mimic weed. Mungbean was planted at densities of 1, 3, 6, 15, 30, and 60 plants m−2 with or after cotton emergence and added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 degree days of crop growth (GDD). Mungbean competed strongly with cotton, with season-long interference; 60 mungbean plants m−2 resulted in an 84% reduction in cotton yield. A dynamic CPWC function was developed for densities of 1 to 60 mungbean plants m−2 using extended Gompertz and exponential curves including weed density as a covariate. Using a 1% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC defined by these curves extended for the full growing season of the crop at all weed densities. The minimum yield loss from a single weed control input was 35% at the highest weed density of 60 mungbean plants m−2. The relationship for the critical time of weed removal was further improved by substituting weed biomass for weed density in the relationship.
Dystrophic calcification and heterotopic ossification in fibrocartilaginous tissues of the spine in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
Authors: Fournier Dale E. , Kiser Patti K. , Beach Ryan J. , Dixon S. Jeffrey , Séguin Cheryle A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a prevalent noninflammatory spondyloarthropathy characterized by ectopic mineral formation along the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral column, yet little is known about its underlying pathogenesis. Our objective was to evaluate the histopathological features and composition of ectopic mineral within spinal tissues affected by DISH in humans. Thoracic spine segments from six embalmed cadaveric donors (one female and five males; median age 82 years) meeting the radiographic diagnostic criteria for DISH were evaluated using radiological, histological, and physical analyses. Overall, the histological features of ectopic mineralization at individual motion segments were heterogeneous, including regions of heterotopic ossification and dystrophic calcification. Heterotopic ossifications were characterized by woven and lamellar bone, multifocal areas of metaplastic cartilage, and bony bridges along the anterior aspect of the intervertebral disc space. Dystrophic calcifications were characterized by an amorphous appearance, a high content of calcium and phosphorus, an X-ray diffraction pattern matching that of hydroxyapatite, and radiodensities exceeding that of cortical bone. Dystrophic calcifications were found within the anterior longitudinal ligament and annulus fibrosus in motion segments both meeting and not meeting the radiographic criteria for DISH. In summary, our findings indicate that in DISH, ectopic mineral forms along the anterior aspect of the spine by both heterotopic ossification and dystrophic calcification of fibrocartilaginous tissues. Although both types of ectopic mineralization are captured by current radiographic criteria for DISH, dystrophic calcification may reflect a distinct disease process or an early stage in the pathogenesis of DISH.
The regulatory network among CircHIPK3, LncGAS5, and miR-495 promotes Th2 differentiation in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyuan , Wang Xueping , Wang Ying , Zhao Yulin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a common allergic disease which is characterized by the promotion of Th2 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. However, the mechanisms underlying Th2 differentiation remain unclear. Non-coding RNAs play a critical role in Th2 differentiation, whereas few studies have revealed the interactions among long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and microRNAs. In this study, the differential expressions of several circRNAs and lncRNAs were compared in nasal mucosa samples of AR patients and mice with experimentally induced AR as compared to healthy controls. The results showed that the highly expressed CircHIPK3 and LncGAS5 promoted Th2 differentiation of ovalbumin-induced CD4+ T cells and aggravated nasal symptoms of AR mice. We also found that CircHIPK3 and LncGAS5 induced the upregulation of Th2 cell-specific transcript factor GATA-3 via modulating their common target miR-495. Meanwhile, the intranasal administration of CircHIPK3 or LncGAS5 knockdown lentivirus decreased nasal symptoms of AR mice. In conclusion, our findings indicated that the interactions among CircHIPK3, LncGAS5, and miR-495 play a critical role in the regulation of Th2 differentiation in AR.
Magnetic field induced quantum phases in a tensor network study of Kitaev magnets
Authors: Lee Hyun-Yong , Kaneko Ryui , Chern Li Ern , Okubo Tsuyoshi , Yamaji Youhei , Kawashima Naoki , Kim Yong Baek 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecent discovery of the half quantized thermal Hall conductivity in $$\alpha$$
α
-RuCl$${}_{3}$$

3

, a candidate material for the Kitaev spin liquid, suggests the presence of a highly entangled quantum state in external magnetic fields. This field induced phase appears between the low field zig-zag magnetic order and the high field polarized state. Motivated by this experiment, we study possible field induced quantum phases in theoretical models of the Kitaev magnets, using the two dimensional tensor network approach or infinite tensor product states. We find various quantum ground states in addition to the chiral Kitaev spin liquid occupying a small area in the phase diagram. They form a band of emergent quantum phases in an intermediate window of external magnetic fields, somewhat reminiscent of the experiment. We discuss the implications of these results in view of the experiment and previous theoretical studies.
Dual functions of Aire CARD multimerization in the transcriptional regulation of T cell tolerance
Authors: Huoh Yu-San , Wu Bin , Park Sehoon , Yang Darren , Bansal Kushagra , Greenwald Emily , Wong Wesley P. , Mathis Diane , Hur Sun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAggregate-like biomolecular assemblies are emerging as new conformational states with functionality. Aire, a transcription factor essential for central T cell tolerance, forms large aggregate-like assemblies visualized as nuclear foci. Here we demonstrate that Aire utilizes its caspase activation recruitment domain (CARD) to form filamentous homo-multimers in vitro, and this assembly mediates foci formation and transcriptional activity. However, CARD-mediated multimerization also makes Aire susceptible to interaction with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) bodies, sites of many nuclear processes including protein quality control of nuclear aggregates. Several loss-of-function Aire mutants, including those causing autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1, form foci with increased PML body association. Directing Aire to PML bodies impairs the transcriptional activity of Aire, while dispersing PML bodies with a viral antagonist restores this activity. Our study thus reveals a new regulatory role of PML bodies in Aire function, and highlights the interplay between nuclear aggregate-like assemblies and PML-mediated protein quality control.
Ancestry deconvolution and partial polygenic score can improve susceptibility predictions in recently admixed individuals
Authors: Marnetto Davide , Pärna Katri , Läll Kristi , Molinaro Ludovica , Montinaro Francesco , Haller Toomas , Metspalu Mait , Mägi Reedik , Fischer Krista , Pagani Luca 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPolygenic Scores (PSs) describe the genetic component of an individual’s quantitative phenotype or their susceptibility to diseases with a genetic basis. Currently, PSs rely on population-dependent contributions of many associated alleles, with limited applicability to understudied populations and recently admixed individuals. Here we introduce a combination of local ancestry deconvolution and partial PS computation to account for the population-specific nature of the association signals in individuals with admixed ancestry. We demonstrate partial PS to be a proxy for the total PS and that a portion of the genome is enough to improve susceptibility predictions for the traits we test. By combining partial PSs from different populations, we are able to improve trait predictability in admixed individuals with some European ancestry. These results may extend the applicability of PSs to subjects with a complex history of admixture, where current methods cannot be applied.
A salvage pathway maintains highly functional respiratory complex I
Authors: Szczepanowska Karolina , Senft Katharina , Heidler Juliana , Herholz Marija , Kukat Alexandra , Höhne Michaela Nicole , Hofsetz Eduard , Becker Christina , Kaspar Sophie , Giese Heiko , Zwicker Klaus , Guerrero-Castillo Sergio , Baumann Linda , Kauppila Johanna , Rumyantseva Anastasia , Müller Stefan , Frese Christian K. , Brandt Ulrich , Riemer Jan , Wittig Ilka , Trifunovic Aleksandra 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRegulation of the turnover of complex I (CI), the largest mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, remains enigmatic despite huge advancement in understanding its structure and the assembly. Here, we report that the NADH-oxidizing N-module of CI is turned over at a higher rate and largely independently of the rest of the complex by mitochondrial matrix protease ClpXP, which selectively removes and degrades damaged subunits. The observed mechanism seems to be a safeguard against the accumulation of dysfunctional CI arising from the inactivation of the N-module subunits due to attrition caused by its constant activity under physiological conditions. This CI salvage pathway maintains highly functional CI through a favorable mechanism that demands much lower energetic cost than de novo synthesis and reassembly of the entire CI. Our results also identify ClpXP activity as an unforeseen target for therapeutic interventions in the large group of mitochondrial diseases characterized by the CI instability.
Antibacterial effects of nanopillar surfaces are mediated by cell impedance, penetration and induction of oxidative stress
Authors: Jenkins J. , Mantell J. , Neal C. , Gholinia A. , Verkade P. , Nobbs A. H. , Su B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSome insects, such as dragonflies, have evolved nanoprotrusions on their wings that rupture bacteria on contact. This has inspired the design of antibacterial implant surfaces with insect-wing mimetic nanopillars made of synthetic materials. Here, we characterise the physiological and morphological effects of mimetic titanium nanopillars on bacteria. The nanopillars induce deformation and penetration of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope, but do not rupture or lyse bacteria. They can also inhibit bacterial cell division, and trigger production of reactive oxygen species and increased abundance of oxidative stress proteins. Our results indicate that nanopillars’ antibacterial activities may be mediated by oxidative stress, and do not necessarily require bacterial lysis.
High efficiency and stability of ink-jet printed quantum dot light emitting diodes
Authors: Xiang Chaoyu , Wu Longjia , Lu Zizhe , Li Menglin , Wen Yanwei , Yang Yixing , Liu Wenyong , Zhang Ting , Cao Weiran , Tsang Sai-Wing , Shan Bin , Yan Xiaolin , Qian Lei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe low efficiency and fast degradation of devices from ink-jet printing process hinders the application of quantum dot light emitting diodes on next generation displays. Passivating the trap states caused by both anion and cation under-coordinated sites on the quantum dot surface with proper ligands for ink-jet printing processing reminds a problem. Here we show, by adapting the idea of dual ionic passivation of quantum dots, ink-jet printed quantum dot light emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency over 16% and half lifetime of more than 1,721,000 hours were reported for the first time. The liquid phase exchange of ligands fulfills the requirements of ink-jet printing processing for possible mass production. And the performance from ink-jet printed quantum dot light emitting diodes truly opens the gate of quantum dot light emitting diode application for industry.
Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions
Authors: Günther Anke , Barthelmes Alexandra , Huth Vytas , Joosten Hans , Jurasinski Gerald , Koebsch Franziska , Couwenberg John 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPeatlands are strategic areas for climate change mitigation because of their matchless carbon stocks. Drained peatlands release this carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). Peatland rewetting effectively stops these CO2 emissions, but also re-establishes the emission of methane (CH4). Essentially, management must choose between CO2 emissions from drained, or CH4 emissions from rewetted, peatland. This choice must consider radiative effects and atmospheric lifetimes of both gases, with CO2 being a weak but persistent, and CH4 a strong but short-lived, greenhouse gas. The resulting climatic effects are, thus, strongly time-dependent. We used a radiative forcing model to compare forcing dynamics of global scenarios for future peatland management using areal data from the Global Peatland Database. Our results show that CH4 radiative forcing does not undermine the climate change mitigation potential of peatland rewetting. Instead, postponing rewetting increases the long-term warming effect through continued CO2 emissions.
An unperceived acoustic stimulus decreases reaction time to visual information in a patient with cortical deafness
Authors: Carlsen Anthony N. , Maslovat Dana , Kaga Kimitaka 
Published: April 2020

AbstractResponding to multiple stimuli of different modalities has been shown to reduce reaction time (RT), yet many different processes can potentially contribute to multisensory response enhancement. To investigate the neural circuits involved in voluntary response initiation, an acoustic stimulus of varying intensities (80, 105, or 120 dB) was presented during a visual RT task to a patient with profound bilateral cortical deafness and an intact auditory brainstem response. Despite being unable to consciously perceive sound, RT was reliably shortened (~100 ms) on trials where the unperceived acoustic stimulus was presented, confirming the presence of multisensory response enhancement. Although the exact locus of this enhancement is unclear, these results cannot be attributed to involvement of the auditory cortex. Thus, these data provide new and compelling evidence that activation from subcortical auditory processing circuits can contribute to other cortical or subcortical areas responsible for the initiation of a response, without the need for conscious perception.
Hierarchically Nanoporous Pyropolymers Derived from Waste Pinecone as a Pseudocapacitive Electrode for Lithium Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Hyun Jong Chan , Kwak Jin Hwan , Lee Sang Moon , Choi Jaewon , Lee Kyu-Tae , Yun Young Soo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe non-aqueous asymmetric lithium ion hybrid capacitor (LIHC) is a tactical energy storage device composed of a faradic and non-faradic electrode pair, which aims to achieve both high energy and great power densities. On the other hand, the different types of electrode combinations cause severe imbalances in energy and power capabilities, leading to poor electrochemical performance. Herein, waste pinecone-derived hierarchically porous pyropolymers (WP-HPPs) were fabricated as a surface-driven pseudocapacitive electrode, which has the advantages of both faradic and non-faradic electrodes. The unique materials properties of WP-HPPs possessing high effective surface areas and hierarchically open nanopores led to high specific capacities of ~412 mA h g−1 and considerable rate/cycling performance as a cathode for LIHCs. In particular, nanometer-scale pores, approximately 3 nm in size, plays a key role in the pseudocapacitive charge storage behaviors because open nanopores can transport solvated Li-ions easily into the inside of complex carbon structures and a large specific surface area can be provided by the effective active surface for charge storage. In addition, WP-HPP-based asymmetric LIHCs assembled with a pseudocapacitive counterpart demonstrated feasible electrochemical performance, such as maximum specific energy and specific power of ~340 Wh kg−1 and ~11,000 W kg−1, respectively, with significant cycling stability.