bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ascending and descending direct current on grip strength assessed through dynamometry and myofeedback: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ortiz Hernán Andrés de la Barra , Cancino Jaime Opazo , Goluboff Nicole Minzer , Obando Ghyslaing Andrade , Jara Macarena Herrera , Vera María Fernanda González 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionTo investigate effects of ascending and descending direct current (ADC and DDC) on muscle strength evaluated with dynamometry. Muscle strength values in kilograms were compared in 3 groups (ADC, DDC, and control) before and after galvanic electrical intervention.MethodsA randomized clinical trial was performed in the Physiotherapy Laboratory of Andrés Bello University among 83 healthy volunteers. The intervention was a direct current session at an intensity of 4 mA for 12 minutes with 48-cm2 electrodes (dose: 48 mA · min; current density: 0.04 mA/cm2). The difference between the groups was galvanic therapy type applied. Current application followed a hand dynamometric test and myofeedback evaluation. The main outcome was maximum strength difference (MSdif) and its corresponding value in microvolts (μV-MSdif) obtained with myofeedback.ResultsThere were statistically significant changes regarding MSdif in groups who received direct current (<i>p</i> = 0.0001). These variations were also seen when comparing the 3 groups with the consideration of men (p = 0.0012) and women <i>(p</i> = 0.0021) separately. No statistically significant changes were observed in the μV-MSdif values (<i>p</i> = 0.9409).ConclusionsADC can generate variations in grip strength after an intervention session, with an increase in strength of 8.9%. The increase in strength was observed both in men (6.7%) and in women (9%) of the ADC group.
Left of Poetry
Authors: Ehlers Sarah 
Published: May 2020

In this incisive study, Sarah Ehlers returns to the Depression-era United States in order to unsettle longstanding ideas about poetry and emerging approaches to poetics. By bringing to light a range of archival materials and theories about poetry that emerged on the 1930s left, Ehlers reimagines the historical formation of modern poetics. Offering new and challenging readings of prominent figures such as Langston Hughes, Muriel Rukeyser, and Jacques Roumain, and uncovering the contributions of lesser-known writers such as Genevieve Taggard and Martha Millet, Ehlers illuminates an aesthetically and geographically diverse matrix of schools and movements. Resisting the dismissal of thirties left writing as mere propaganda, the book reveals how communist-affiliated poets experimented with poetic modes—such as lyric and documentary—and genres, including songs, ballads, and nursery rhymes, in ways that challenged existing frameworks for understanding the relationships among poetic form, political commitment, and historical transformation. As Ehlers shows, Depression left movements and their international connections are crucial for understanding both the history of modern poetry and the role of poetic thought in conceptualizing historical change.
2020/3 Failure to reinstate an employee upon her return from parental leave in her initial position or a similar position with equivalent remuneration can constitute indirect gender discrimination (FR)
Authors: Toumieux Claire , Ekrami Susan 
Published: May 2020

2020/3 Failure to reinstate an employee upon her return from parental leave in her initial position or a similar position with equivalent remuneration can constitute indirect gender discrimination (FR)
Failure to reinstate an employee upon her return from parental leave in her initial position or a similar position with equivalent remuneration can constitute indirect gender discrimination.
The Past, Present and Future of Anglosphere Security Networks: Constitutive Reduction of a Shared Identity
Authors: Legrand Tim 
Published: May 2020

This chapter maps a new terrain of public policy collaboration in the Anglosphere. Over the past decade, ministers, mandarins and their deputies from across core Anglosphere states – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and United States – have begun to establish and entrench a new class of transgovernmental networks with their counterparts. Though such networks rarely come into public view, they are significant sources of the ideas and information used to forge domestic public policy. Increasingly, moreover, these networks are turning informal cooperation into distinctive quasi-institutional arrangements. This chapter contributes to new literatures in International Relations and Public Policy exploring the underlying normative ideas that contribute to transnational governance. Drawing from public statements from network participants, it considers the dynamics and political implications of three specific network cases: the Quintet of Attorneys-General, the Five Country Ministerial and the Five Country Conference. Here it is found that Anglosphere institutions are pursuing ever-deeper collaborative ‘transgovernmental’ strategies to overcome nascent global threats to national interests. These are cohered by a series of appeals to a shared construction of the Anglosphere’s identity, its globality and the threats it faces.
The Mortara Affair and the Question of Thomas Aquinas’s Teaching Against Forced Baptism
Authors: Tapie Matthew 
Published: May 2020

Contemporary scholars critical of Pope Pius IX’s decision to remove Edgardo Mortara from his parents in Bologna, Italy, in 1858, appeal to Thomas Aquinas’s teaching against forced baptism of Jewish children in the Summa theologiae. However, these scholars have overlooked the fact that the question of Aquinas’s teaching against forced baptism was actually at the center of a rather extensive theological exchange between the Mortara family, and the Vatican’s papal counsel in 1858. This article demonstrates that without attention to the 1858 exchange, the contemporary debate lacks an understanding of the key theological questions, including the problem that Aquinas’s teaching was claimed by both sides. After an analysis of the appeals to Aquinas in the 1858 exchange, the article demonstrates why the contemporary discussion could benefit from a closer examination of Aquinas’s teaching against forced baptism of Jewish children in its historical context.
Comparative analysis of fourZantedeschiachloroplast genomes: expansion and contraction of the IR region, phylogenetic analyses and SSR genetic diversity assessment
Authors: He Shuilian , Yang Yang , Li Ziwei , Wang Xuejiao , Guo Yanbing , Wu Hongzhi 
Published: May 2020

The horticulturally important genusZantedeschia(Araceae) comprises eight species of herbaceous perennials. We sequenced, assembled and analyzed the chloroplast (cp) genomes of four species ofZantedeschia(Z. aethiopica,Z. odorata,Z. elliottiana, andZ. rehmannii) to investigate the structure of the cp genome in the genus. According to our results, the cp genome ofZantedeschiaranges in size from 169,065 bp (Z. aethiopica) to 175,906 bp (Z. elliottiana). We identified a total of 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Comparison of our results with cp genomes from other species in the Araceae suggests that the relatively large sizes of theZantedeschiacp genomes may result from inverted repeats (IR) region expansion. The sampledZantedeschiaspecies formed a monophylogenetic clade in our phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, the long single copy (LSC) and short single copy (SSC) regions inZantedeschiaare more divergent than the IR regions in the same genus, and non-coding regions showed generally higher divergence than coding regions. We identified a total of 410 cpSSR sites from the fourZantedeschiaspecies studied. Genetic diversity analyses based on four polymorphic SSR markers from 134 cultivars ofZantedeschiasuggested that high genetic diversity (I = 0.934;Ne = 2.371) is present in theZantedeschiacultivars. High genetic polymorphism from the cpSSR region suggests that cpSSR could be an effective tool for genetic diversity assessment and identification ofZantedeschiavarieties.
Creatinine is a biochemical marker for assessing how untrained people adapt to fitness training loads
Authors: Chernozub Andrii , Potop Vladimir , Korobeynikov Georgiy , Timnea Olivia Carmen , Dubachinskiy Oleg , Ikkert Oksana , Briskin Yuriy , Boretsky Yuriy , Korobeynikova Lesia 
Published: May 2020

Background
To study the peculiarities of changes in creatinine concentration in blood serum of untrained men during the prolonged usage of training loads different in volume and intensity, and to determine the value of this biochemical marker for the assessment of adaptive body changes during fitness training.

Methods
We examined 50 untrained men aged 18–20 years who had no contraindications for practicing fitness. Taking into account the aim of the research, we divided these people into two groups: group A and group B. The research participants used training load regimes different in volume and intensity: representatives of group Aused low intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.53) and representatives of group B used high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). To assess the adaptive body changes in the examined contingent, we used the anthropometry method (circumference body size) and bioimpedansometry (body composition indicators). We also determined the features of adaptation-compensatory body reactions to different training loads by means of biochemical control of creatinine concentration in blood serum.

Results
The obtained results showed a significant increase in basal level of creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 17.6%) of group B representatives fixed after 3 months of practicing fitness in high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). This group representative also revealed the most pronounced manifestation of adaptive body changes confirmed by the results of the maximal muscle strength growth (1RM) and circumference body size, which was almost 2.5 times higher than the results of group A representatives for the same period of time. The parameters indicating the load volume in a set (Wn) were almost 62.0 % higher in group A representatives in comparison with group B during all stages of control. Nonetheless, the highest creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 11.1 % (p < 0.05) was fixed in group A representatives in response to training load after 3 months of practicing. This fact testifies to the important role of the creatine phosphokinase mechanism of energy supply of muscular activity in the conditions of high volume and low intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.53).

Conclusion
The analysis of the results obtained during a series of experimental studies indicates the need and feasibility of using the indicator of basal level of creatinine concentration in blood during fitness training, especially in the conditions of high intensity and low volume training load regime (Ra = 0.72), as an informative marker for assessing the process of long-term adaptation.
In silico analysis on the functional and structural impact of Rad50 mutations involved in DNA strand break repair
Authors: Remali Juwairiah , Aizat Wan Mohd , Ng Chyan Leong , Lim Yi Chieh , Mohamed-Hussein Zeti-Azura , Fazry Shazrul 
Published: May 2020

Background
DNA double strand break repair is important to preserve the fidelity of our genetic makeup after DNA damage. Rad50 is one of the components in MRN complex important for DNA repair mechanism. Rad50 mutations can lead to microcephaly, mental retardation and growth retardation in human. However, Rad50 mutations in human and other organisms have never been gathered and heuristically compared for their deleterious effects. It is important to assess the conserved region in Rad50 and its homolog to identify vital mutations that can affect functions of the protein.

Method
In this study, Rad50 mutations were retrieved from SNPeffect 4.0 database and literature. Each of the mutations was analyzed using various bioinformatic analyses such as PredictSNP, MutPred, SNPeffect 4.0, I-Mutant and MuPro to identify its impact on molecular mechanism, biological function and protein stability, respectively.

Results
We identified 103 mostly occurred mutations in the Rad50 protein domains and motifs, which only 42 mutations were classified as most deleterious. These mutations are mainly situated at the specific motifs such as Walker A, Q-loop, Walker B, D-loop and signature motif of the Rad50 protein. Some of these mutations were predicted to negatively affect several important functional sites that play important roles in DNA repair mechanism and cell cycle signaling pathway, highlighting Rad50 crucial role in this process. Interestingly, mutations located at non-conserved regions were predicted to have neutral/non-damaging effects, in contrast with previous experimental studies that showed deleterious effects. This suggests that software used in this study may have limitations in predicting mutations in non-conserved regions, implying further improvement in their algorithm is needed. In conclusion, this study reveals the priority of acid substitution associated with the genetic disorders. This finding highlights the vital roles of certain residues such as K42E, C681A/S, CC684R/S, S1202R, E1232Q and D1238N/A located in Rad50 conserved regions, which can be considered for a more targeted future studies.
Proteção Social e COVID-19: a resposta do Brasil e das maiores economias da América Latina
Authors: Tavares Amarílis Busch , Silveira Fabrício , Paes-Sousa Rômulo 
Published: May 2020

<p>Fatores como tempo de resposta, suficiência, coerência e coordenação são essenciais para o sucesso de políticas de proteção social. O presente estudo, de natureza exploratória, procurou avaliar o conteúdo e o tempo de resposta das principais políticas emergenciais de proteção social editadas pelo governo federal do Brasil e de outras cinco economias da América Latina: Argentina, Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru; como resposta à dupla crise – sanitária e socioeconômica – causada pela COVID-19. Chile e Argentina, países onde a resposta foi mais ágil e coordenada, são aqueles com maior sucesso no controle da pandemia. O Brasil, apesar do grande número de medidas sanitárias e gastos anunciados na proteção social, divide com o México, país que mais atrasou sua resposta, as piores trajetórias de contágio e mortalidade pela doença até o presente. Os resultados sugerem que a agilidade na edição das medidas emergenciais de proteção social foi essencial para proteger populações vulneráveis na atual epidemia e também um fator decisivo para o sucesso das medidas de combate à pandemia.</p>
Abortion and contraceptive practices in Eastern Europe
Authors: Kovács L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn countries of the CCEE region (Countries of Central and Eastern Europe) the very high incidence of pregnancy termination is characteristic of family planning and the notion ‘contraception instead of abortion’ has not yet been achieved. The causes and consequences of this unfortunate situation will be reviewed: the reproductive health indicators in the area; the status of contraceptive use and of abortion; the impact of legislation in the different countries; and the efforts to achieve changes. The conclusions of the ‘Szeged Declaration’ which led to an increase in contraceptive prevalence will be discussed.
A new model for collaboration: the alliance for microbicide development
Authors: Harrison P.F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractVaginal microbicides for preventing sexually‐transmitted infection and/or conception are a novel, much needed technology, yet not seen by industry as having attractive market potential. Nor is the public sector acting with the urgency, priority, and investment that would compensate for lack of private financing, shape the necessary basic and applied research agendas, and spur the dedicated development crucial to advancing this field. The Alliance for Microbicide Development was constituted through a Rockefeller Foundation grant to advocate for and educate about microbicide development, track and communicate product development and regulatory status, contribute to enhanced efficiency in preclinical and clinical processes and, later, help establish a base for matching funds to support combination and comparative studies. After 1 year of existence, the Alliance has proved its value as an innovative collaborative model, having generated and catalyzed a large volume of activity towards its objectives in all priority areas identified by its members.
Matrix and cell injury due to sub‐impact loading of adult bovine articular cartilage explants: effects of strain rate and peak stress
Authors: Quinn T. M. , Allen R. G. , Schalet B. J. , Perumbuli P. , Hunziker E. B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMechanical overloading of cartilage has been implicated in the initiation and progression of osteoarthrosis. Our objectives were to identify threshold levels of strain rate and peak stress at which sub‐impact loads could induce cartilage matrix damage and chondrocyte injury in bovine osteochondral explants and to explore relationships between matrix damage, spatial patterns of cell injury, and applied loads. Single sub‐impact loads characterized by a constant strain rate between 3 × 10−5 and 0.7 s−1 to a peak stress between 3.5 and 14 MPa were applied, after which explants were maintained in culture for four days. At the higher strain rates, matrix mechanical failure (tissue cracks) and cell deactivation were most severe near the cartilage superficial zone and were associated with sustained increased release of proteoglycan from explants. In contrast, low strain rate loading was associated with cell deactivation in the absence of visible matrix damage. Furthermore, cell activity and proteoglycan synthesis were suppressed throughout the cartilage depth, but in a radially dependent manner with the most severe effects at the center of cylindrical explants. Results highlight spatial patterns of matrix damage and cell injury which depend upon the nature of injurious loading applied. These patterns of injury may also differ in terms of their long‐term implications for progression of degradative disease and possibilities for cartilage repair. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Home Based Life Saving Skills: Promoting Safe Motherhood Through Innovative Community‐Based Interventions
Authors: Sibley Lynn , Buffington Sandra Tebben , Beck Diana , Armbruster Deborah 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn much of the developing world, home birth with unskilled attendants is the norm, and maternal and neonatal mortality rates are high. A comprehensive approach to address this problem needs to upgrade referral facilities and strengthen the skills of trained health care providers. To improve pregnancy outcomes, a program must also provide education, motivation, and mobilization of pregnant women, families, and communities (whose members must come to a common understanding of the need for and the means to prevent death of a woman or neonate). Consequently, the American College of Nurse Mid‐wives (ACNM) has expanded the Life Savings Skills Series to include Home Based Life Saving Skills (HBLSS). HBLSS is a community and competency‐based program that aims to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality by increasing access to basic life saving measures within the home and community and by decreasing delays in reaching referral facilities where life‐threatening problems can be managed.
Quality Monitoring and Control in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Colosimo Bianca M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Additive manufacturing has a great potential for the development of innovative industrial applications in different domains, as it enables the production of complex shapes, topologically optimized structures, and high‐value‐added components with novel embedded functionalities that are difficult or even impossible to produce with traditional technologies. However, stringent quality standards and qualification requirements impose defect‐free and first‐time‐right capabilities that are still challenging to achieve with state‐of‐the‐art AM systems. This article discusses existing solutions and open challenges for quality modeling, monitoring, and control in AM.
A comprehensive and clinical‐oriented evaluation criteria based on DVH information and gamma passing rates analysis for IMRT plan 3D verification
Authors: Yi Xin , Lu Wen‐li , Dang Jun , Huang Wei , Cui Hai‐xia , Wu Wan‐chun , Li Ying , Jiang Qing‐feng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposeTo accomplish the 3D dose verification to IMRT plan by incorporating DVH information and gamma passing rates (GPs) (DVH_GPs) so as to better correlate the patient‐specific quality assurance (QA) results with clinically relevant metrics.Materials and methodsDVH_GPs analysis was performed to specific structures of 51 intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plans (17 plans each for oropharyngeal neoplasm, esophageal neoplasm, and cervical neoplasm) with Delta4 3D dose verification system. Based on the DVH action levels of 5% and GPs action levels of 90% (3%/2 mm), the evaluation results of DVH_GPs analysis were categorized into four regions as follows: the true positive (TP) (%DE> 5%, GPs < 90%), the false positive (FP) (%DE ≤ 5%, GPs < 90%), the false negative (FN) (%DE> 5%, GPs ≥ 90%), and the true negative (TN) (%DE ≤ 5%, GPs ≥ 90%). Considering the actual situation, the final patient‐specific QA determination was made based on the DVH_GPs evaluation results. In order to exclude the impact of Delta4 phantom on the DVH_GPs evaluation results, 5 cm phantom shift verification was carried out to structures with abnormal results (femoral heads, lung, heart).ResultsIn DVH_GPs evaluation, 58 cases with FN, 5 cases with FP, and 2 cases with TP were observed. After the phantom shift verification, the extremely abnormal FN of both lung (%DE = 21.52%±8.20%) and heart (%DE = 19.76%) in the oropharyngeal neoplasm plans and of the bilateral formal heads (%DE = 26.41%±13.45%) in cervical neoplasm plans disappeared dramatically. DVH_GPs analysis was performed to all evaluation results in combination with clinical treatment criteria. Finally, only one TP case from the oropharyngeal neoplasm plans and one FN case from the esophageal neoplasm plans did not meet the treatment requirements, so they needed to be replanned.ConclusionThe proposed DVH_GPs evaluation method first make up the deficiency of conventional gamma analysis regarding intensity information and space information. Moreover, it improves the correlation between the patient‐specific QA results and clinically relevant metrics. Finally, it can distinguish the TP, TN, FP, and FN in the evaluation results. They are affected by many factors such as the action levels of DVH and GPs, the feature of the specific structure, the QA device, etc. Therefore, medical physicist should make final patient‐specific QA decision not only by taking into account the information of DVH and GPs, but also the practical situation.