bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Lean Body Mass With Aging to the Development of Diabetes
Authors: Kalyani Rita R , Metter E Jeffrey , Xue Qian-Li , Egan Josephine M , Chia Chee W , Studenski Stephanie , Shaffer Nancy Chiles , Golden Sherita , Al-Sofiani Mohammed , Florez Hermes , Ferrucci Luigi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Context
Older adults have the greatest burden of diabetes; however, the contribution of age-related muscle loss to its development remains unclear.

Objective
We assessed the relationship of lean body mass with aging to incident diabetes in community-dwelling adults.

Design and Setting
We studied participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with median follow-up of 7 years (range 1-16). Cox proportional hazard models with age as the time scale were used. Time-dependent lean body mass measures were updated at each follow-up visit available.

Participants
Participants included 871 men and 984 women without diabetes who had  ≥ 1 assessment of body composition using dual x-ray absorptiometry.

Main Outcomes
Incident diabetes, defined as self-reported history and use of glucose-lowering medications; or fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL either at the same visit or 2 consecutive visits.

Results
The baseline mean [standard deviation] age was 58.9  [17.3] years. Men and women with a higher percentage of total lean body mass had lower fasting and 2-hour glucose levels, and less prediabetes (all P &lt; 0.01). Among men, comparing highest versus lowest quartiles, percentage of total lean body mass (hazard ratio [HR],  0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.97), percentage leg lean mass (HR, 0.38; 0.15-0.96), and lean-to-fat mass ratio (HR, 0.39; 0.17-0.89) were inversely associated with incident diabetes after accounting for race and attenuated after adjustment for height and weight. Conversely, absolute total lean body mass was positively associated with incident diabetes among women, with similar trends in men. No associations were observed with muscle strength or quality.

Conclusions
Relatively lower lean body mass with aging is associated with incident diabetes in men and partially related to anthropometrics, but not so in women.
Plasma Soluble αKlotho, Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 23, and Mobility Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Shardell Michelle , Drew David A , Semba Richard D , Harris Tamara B , Cawthon Peggy M , Simonsick Eleanor M , Kalyani Rita R , Schwartz Ann V , Kritchevsky Stephen B , Newman Anne B 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Context
αKlotho is a hormone and co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a hormone that downregulates active vitamin D synthesis and promotes phosphate excretion. Low αKlotho and high FGF23 occur in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Objective
We aimed to assess the relationships of αKlotho and FGF23 with mobility disability in community-dwelling older adults.

Design and Setting
We estimated associations of plasma-soluble αKlotho and serum FGF23 concentrations with mobility disability over 6 years. Additional analyses was stratified by CKD.

Participants
Participants included 2751 adults (25.0% with CKD), aged 71 to 80 years, from the 1998 to 1999 Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study visit.

Main Outcome Measures
Walking disability and stair climb disability were defined as self-reported “a lot of difficulty” or an inability to walk a quarter mile and climb 10 stairs, respectively.

Results
Median (interquartile range [IQR]) serum FGF23 and plasma soluble αKlotho concentrations were 46.6 (36.7, 60.2) pg/mL and 630.4 (478.4, 816.0) pg/mL, respectively. After adjustment, higher αKlotho concentrations were associated with lower walking disability rates (Rate Ratio [RR] highest vs. lowest tertile = 0.74; 95% confidence interval l [CI] = 0.62, 0.89; P = 0.003). Higher FGF23 concentrations were associated with higher walking disability rates (RR highest vs. lowest tertile = 1.24; 95%CI = 1.03, 1.50; P = 0.005). Overall, higher αKlotho combined with lower FGF23 was associated with the lowest walking disability rates (P for interaction = 0.023). Stair climb disability findings were inconsistent. No interactions with CKD were statistically significant (P for interaction &gt; 0.10).

Conclusions
Higher plasma soluble αKlotho and lower serum FGF23 concentrations were associated with lower walking disability rates in community-dwelling older adults, particularly those without CKD.
Membrane trafficking in health and disease
Authors: Yarwood Rebecca , Hellicar John , Woodman Philip G. , Lowe Martin 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Membrane trafficking pathways are essential for the viability and growth of cells, and play a major role in the interaction of cells with their environment. In this At a Glance article and accompanying poster, we outline the major cellular trafficking pathways and discuss how defects in the function of the molecular machinery that mediates this transport lead to various diseases in humans. We also briefly discuss possible therapeutic approaches that may be used in the future treatment of trafficking-based disorders.
Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Hina , Hussain Sadiq , Zahra Samar , Hussain Talib 
Published: April 2020

Objective: To assess the prevalence of domestic violence, associated risk factors, and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Pakistan.
Methods: This is a sequential explanatory strategy that is a mixed-method research design was conducted at Department of Behavioral Sciences, Karakoram International University Gilgit from January 2017 to June 2018 on 160 married women. Quantitative data were collected using Karachi domestic violence screening scale and mental health inventory and qualitative data were collected through interview guides. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results: Married women in GB reported higher levels of domestic violence (88.8%; psychological (69.4%), physical (37.5%) & sexual (21.2%)). Abused women reported lower levels of mental health (t=3.19, p=0.00); psychological wellbeing (t=2.03, p=0.04), general positive affect (t=2.09, p=0.03), and life satisfaction (t=2.39, p=0.01) and higher levels of psychological distress (t=3.27, p=0.00), anxiety (t=3.06, p=0.00), depression (t=2.60, p=0.01), and loss of emotional/behavioral control (t=3.05, p=0.00) as compared to non-abused women. Risk factors behind domestic violence were identified as; poverty, the influence of in-laws, second marriage, stepchildren, forceful intimate relationships, husband’s irresponsibility, and addiction, and handicapped children.
Conclusions: We found higher level of domestic violence, associated risk factors, and poor mental health of abused women in GB.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1530
How to cite this:Hussain H, Hussain S, Zahra S, Hussain T. Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):627-631. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1530
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Perioperative hypothermia in pediatric patients operated in a tertiary care center: Incidence and correlates
Authors: ESEN Osman , YILMAZ Gülseren , AYDIN Nevin 
Published: April 2020

Background & Objectives: Hypothermia, described as temperature < 35°C, is a frequent condition encountered in patients operated under general anesthesia. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to estimate its incidence and to investigate the conditions associated with hypothermia in pediatric patients.
Methods: This prospective clinical study was carried out in the operating theatre of a tertiary care center between August 2015 and September 2015. A total of 108 pediatric patients who underwent various surgical procedures that lasted for more than 30 minutes were enrolled. Baseline demographic data, types of surgical procedures, duration of operations, preoperative and perioperative body temperatures were recorded. The incidence of hypothermia and its possible correlates were sought.
Results: Our series consisted of 108 children (77 males, 71.3%; 31 females, 28.7%) with an average age of 6.08±5.09 years were included in the study. There was no case diagnosed with hypothermia in the preoperative, perioperative and postoperative periods. Patients in American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (ASA) three group had significantly higher preoperative body temperatures compared to those in ASA-1 and ASA-2 groups (p = 0.027). The postoperative body temperature in patients receiving intravenous fluid replacement was significantly lower (p=0.017).
Conclusion: For pediatric patients scheduled for surgical interventions, we recommend close monitorization and follow-up of body temperature, implementation of preventive measures to avoid hypothermia and routine perioperative heating. Avoidance of hypothermia may prevent hazardous consequences of postoperative hypothermia.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.456
How to cite this:Esen O, Yilmaz G, Aydin N. Perioperative hypothermia in pediatric patients operated in a tertiary care center: Incidence and correlates. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):793-798. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.456
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Augmented ustekinumab dosing is needed to achieve clinical response in patients with anti-TNF refractory pediatric Crohn’s disease: a retrospective chart review
Authors: Do Phinga , Andersen John , Patel Ashish , Semrin Gaith , Sifuentes-Dominguez Luis , Luu Phuong , Gurram Bhaskar 
Published: April 2020

Background: Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits interleukins 12 and 23. It is approved for treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD) in adults; however, there is a paucity of data regarding its use in pediatric CD. We describe our experience using ustekinumab in anti-TNF refractory CD pediatric patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review on pediatric patients with CD who were started on ustekinumab from January 2016 to November 2018. We collected patient’s clinical history, previous treatment history, surgeries related to CD, disease severity, as measured by abbrPCDAI, and endoscopic severity as recorded by SES-CD before and after ustekinumab. Results: We identified 10 patients with CD who were started on ustekinumab due to non-response to currently approved agents. Seven patients needed augmented maintenance dosing every 4-6 weeks to achieve clinical response or remission. Six of these seven patients had therapeutic drug monitoring during the course of treatment, with five patients showing subtherapeutic drug levels of <4.5 μg/mL while on standard maintenance dosing every 8 weeks, and four patients showing therapeutic drug levels of >4.5 μg/mL on augmented dosing interval. The remaining three patients were on standard maintenance dosing for the duration of treatment. Conclusion: In this retrospective chart review, 7 out of 10 patients with anti-TNF refractory pediatric-onset CD required augmented maintenance doses of ustekinumab to achieve clinical response or remission. A prospective study is needed to define appropriate ustekinumab dosing and interval in management of pediatric CD.
SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in India: epidemiological features and in silico analysis of the effect of interventions
Authors: Mazumder Archisman , Arora Mehak , Bharadiya Vishwesh , Berry Parul , Agarwal Mudit , Behera Priyamadhaba , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Lohiya Ayush , Gupta Mohak , Rao Aditi , Parameswaran Giridara Gopal 
Published: April 2020

Background: After SARS-CoV-2 set foot in India, the Government took a number of steps to limit the spread of the virus in the country. This included restricted testing, isolation, contact tracing and quarantine, and enforcement of a nation-wide lockdown starting 25 March 2020. The objectives of this study were to i) describe the age,gender distribution and mortality among COVID-19 patients identified till 14 April 2020 and predict the range of contact rate; and ii) predict the number of active COVID-19 patients after 40 days of lockdown. Methods: We used a cross-sectional descriptive design for first objective and a susceptible-infected-removed model for in silico predictions. We collected data from government-controlled and crowdsourced websites. Results: Studying age and gender parameters of 1161 Indian COVID-19 patients, the median age was 38 years (IQR, 27-52) with 20-39 year-old males being the most affected group. The number of affected patients were 854 (73.6%) men and 307 (26.4%) women. If the current contact rate continues (0.25-27), India may have 110460 to 220575 infected persons at the end of 40 days lockdown. Conclusion: The disease is majorly affecting a younger age group in India. Interventions have been helpful in preventing the worst-case scenario in India, but will be unable to prevent the spike in number of cases.
Mapping population mental health concerns related to COVID-19 and the consequences of physical distancing: a Google trends analysis
Authors: Knipe Duleeka , Evans Hannah , Marchant Amanda , Gunnell David , John Ann 
Published: April 2020

Background: The 2020 Coronavirus pandemic is a major international public health challenge. Governments have taken public health protection measures to reduce the spread of the virus through non-pharmalogical measures. The impact of the pandemic and the public health response on individual and population mental health is unknown. Methods: We used Google Trends data (1 Jan 2020 - 1 Apr 2020) to investigate the impact of the pandemic and government measures to curb it on people’s concerns, as indexed by changes in search frequency for topics indicating mental distress, social and economic stressors and mental health treatment-seeking. We explored the changes of key topics in Google trends in Italy, Spain, USA, UK, and Worldwide in relation to sentinel events during the pandemic. Results: Globally there appears to be significant concerns over the financial and work-related consequences of the pandemic, with some evidence that levels of fear are rising. Conversely searching for topics related to depression and suicide fell after the pandemic was announced, with some evidence that searches for the latter have risen recently. Concerns over education and access to medication appear to be particular social stressors. Whilst searches for face-to-face treatments have declined, those for self-care have risen. Conclusions: Monitoring Google trends shows promise as a means of tracking changing public concerns. In weeks to come it may enable policy makers to assess the impact of their interventions including those aiming to limit negative consequences, such as government funded financial safety nets.
Steering in Online Markets: The Role of Platform Incentives and Credibility
Authors: Barach Moshe A. , Golden Joseph M. , Horton John J. 
Published: April 2020

Platform marketplaces can potentially steer buyers to certain sellers by recommending or guaranteeing those sellers. Money-back guarantees—which create a direct financial stake for the platform in seller performance—might be particularly effective at steering as they align buyer and platform interests in creating a good match. We report the results of an experiment in which a platform marketplace—an online labor market—guaranteed select sellers for treated buyers. The presence of a guarantee strongly steered buyers to these guaranteed sellers, but offering guarantees did not increase sales overall, suggesting financial risk was not determinative for the marginal buyer. This preference for guaranteed sellers was not the result of their lower financial risk, but rather because buyers viewed the platform’s decision to guarantee as informative about relative seller quality. Indeed, a follow-up experiment showed that simply recommending the sellers that the platform would have guaranteed was equally effective at steering buyers. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
LEITURA DO TEXTO LITERÁRIO NA ESCOLA: EXPERIÊNCIAS LEITORAS NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE SENTIDOS / Reading the literary text at school: reading experiences in the construction of meaning
Authors: Pinto Maria Isaura Rodrigues , Godoy Christianne Teixeira da Matta 
Published: April 2020

A concepção de leitura adotada nesta pesquisa é a de leitura como espaço de construção de sentido, em que interagem autor-texto-leitor por meio de estratégias discursivas (KOCH, 2002). Tendo em vista essa premissa e visando contemplar a natureza humanizadora da literatura (CANDIDO, 2017), o estudo buscou, em favor da ampliação da competência leitora dos alunos, promover na turma 901, do CIEP Brizolão 239 Professora Elza Vianna Fialho, um ensino de leitura literária que, assentado numa proposta dialógica, levasse o leitor a adotar uma atitude responsiva (BAKHTIN, 2011) em face do texto. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, inserida no âmbito da pesquisa-ação, em que a atitude interativa do aluno-leitor em relação à leitura literária constituiu o foco central nas ações desenvolvidas no processo investigativo. O trabalho elegeu, como percurso didático para alcançar o objetivo a que se propõe, o modelo de sequência didática elaborado pelos pesquisadores de Genebra, Dolz, Noverraz e Schneuwly (2004, p. 81), adaptando-o para atender às especificidades da pesquisa. Ao longo da sequência didática, foram desenvolvidas oficinas, a partir de leituras compartilhadas, que buscaram aprimorar o conhecimento do aluno quanto ao gênero conto, seu conhecimento enciclopédico e sua competência leitora. O resultado obtido demonstra que o procedimento teórico-metodológico adotado proporciona um ensino mais significativo, transformando os leitores em sujeitos de sua própria leitura.
Evolution of concentricity after closed reduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Zhou Weizheng , Sankar Wudbhav N. , Zhang Fangfang , Li Lianyong , Zhang Lijun , Zhao Qun 
Published: April 2020

Aims The goal of closed reduction (CR) in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is to achieve and maintain concentricity of the femoral head in the acetabulum. However, concentric reduction is not immediately attainable in all hips and it remains controversial to what degree a non-concentric reduction is acceptable. This prospective study is aimed at investigating the dynamic evolution of the hip joint space after CR in DDH using MRI. Methods A consecutive series of patients with DDH who underwent CR since March 2014 were studied. Once the safety and stability were deemed adequate intraoperatively, reduction was accepted regardless of concentricity. Concentricity was defined when the superior joint space (SJS) and medial joint space (MJS) were both less than 2 mm, based on MRI. A total of 30 children, six boys and 24 girls, involving 35 hips, were recruited for the study. The mean age at CR was 13.7 months (3.5 to 27.6) and the mean follow-up was 49.5 months (approximately four years) (37 to 60). The joint space was evaluated along with the interval between the inverted and everted limbus. Results Only three hips (8.6%) were fully concentric immediately after CR. During follow-up, 24 hips (68.6%) and 27 hips (77.1%) became concentric at six months and one year, respectively. Immediate SJS after CR decreased from 3.51 mm to 0.79 mm at six months follow-up (p = 0.001). SJS in the inverted group decreased from 3.75 mm to 0.97 mm at six months follow-up. SJS or MJS in the everted group were less than those in the inverted group at each time of follow-up (p = 0.008, p = 0.002). Conclusion A stable, safe but non-concentric reduction achieved before the age of two years appears to improve over time with nearly 80% of hips becoming fully concentric by one year. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):618–626.
The cost of consent: why healthcare providers must be compliant with the Montgomery principles
Authors: Birch Nick , Todd Nick V. 
Published: April 2020

The cost of clinical negligence in the UK has continued to rise despite no increase in claims numbers from 2016 to 2019. In the US, medical malpractice claim rates have fallen each year since 2001 and the payout rate has stabilized. In Germany, malpractice claim rates for spinal surgery fell yearly from 2012 to 2017, despite the number of spinal operations increasing. In Australia, public healthcare claim rates were largely static from 2008 to 2013, but private claims rose marginally. The cost of claims rose during the period. UK and Australian trends are therefore out of alignment with other international comparisons. Many of the claims in orthopaedics occur as a result of “failure to warn”, i.e. lack of adequately documented and appropriate consent. The UK and USA have similar rates (26% and 24% respectively), but in Germany the rate is 14% and in Australia only 2%. This paper considers the drivers for the increased cost of clinical negligence claims in the UK compared to the USA, Germany and Australia, from a spinal and orthopaedic point of view, with a focus on “failure to warn” and lack of compliance with the principles established in February 2015 in the Supreme Court in the case of Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board. The article provides a description of the prevailing medicolegal situation in the UK and also calculates, from publicly available data, the cost to the public purse of the failure to comply with the principles established. It shows that compliance with the Montgomery principles would have an immediate and lasting positive impact on the sums paid by NHS Resolution to settle negligence cases in a way that has already been established in the USA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):550–555.
Emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: what you need to know for practice
Authors: De Simone B , Chouillard E , Di Saverio S , Pagani L , Sartelli M , Biffl WL , Coccolini F , Pieri A , Khan M , Borzellino G , Campanile FC , Ansaloni L , Catena F 
Published: April 2020

Introduction Several articles have been published about the reorganisation of surgical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic but few, if any, have focused on the impact that this has had on emergency and trauma surgery. Our aim was to review the most current data on COVID-19 to provide essential suggestions on how to manage the acute abdomen during the pandemic. Methods A systematic review was conducted of the most relevant English language articles on COVID-19 and surgery published between 15 December 2019 and 30 March 2020. Findings Access to the operating theatre is almost exclusively restricted to emergencies and oncological procedures. The use of laparoscopy in COVID-19 positive patients should be cautiously considered. The main risk lies in the presence of the virus in the pneumoperitoneum: the aerosol released in the operating theatre could contaminate both staff and the environment. Conclusions During the COVID-19 pandemic, all efforts should be deployed in order to evaluate the feasibility of postponing surgery until the patient is no longer considered potentially infectious or at risk of perioperative complications. If surgery is deemed necessary, the emergency surgeon must minimise the risk of exposure to the virus by involving a minimal number of healthcare staff and shortening the occupation of the operating theatre. In case of a lack of security measures to enable safe laparoscopy, open surgery should be considered.