bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Ultrastructure of Synaptic Inputs to Distinct GABAergic Neurons in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Hwang Yang-Sun , Maclachlan Catherine , Blanc Jérôme , Dubois Anaëlle , Petersen Carl C H , Knott Graham , Lee Seung-Hee 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Synapses are the fundamental elements of the brain’s complicated neural networks. Although the ultrastructure of synapses has been extensively studied, the difference in how synaptic inputs are organized onto distinct neuronal types is not yet fully understood. Here, we examined the cell-type-specific ultrastructure of proximal processes from the soma of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) GABAergic neurons in comparison with a pyramidal neuron in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1), using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, each type of neuron organizes excitatory and inhibitory synapses in a unique way. First, we found that a subset of SST+ neurons are spiny, having spines on both soma and dendrites. Each of those spines has a highly complicated structure that has up to eight synaptic inputs. Next, the PV+ and SST+ neurons receive more robust excitatory inputs to their perisoma than does the pyramidal neuron. Notably, excitatory synapses on GABAergic neurons were often multiple-synapse boutons, making another synapse on distal dendrites. On the other hand, inhibitory synapses near the soma were often single-targeting multiple boutons. Collectively, our data demonstrate that synaptic inputs near the soma are differentially organized across cell types and form a network that balances inhibition and excitation in the V1.
Functional Connectivity Predicts Individual Development of Inhibitory Control during Adolescence
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Fan Lingzhong , Song Ming , Liu Bing , Wu Dongya , Jiang Rongtao , Li Jin , Li Ang , Banaschewski Tobias , Bokde Arun L W , Quinlan Erin Burke , Desrivières Sylvane , Flor Herta , Grigis Antoine , Garavan Hugh , Chaarani Bader , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Ittermann Bernd , Martinot Jean-Luc , Martinot Marie-Laure Paillère , Artiges Eric , Nees Frauke , Orfanos Dimitri Papadopoulos , Poustka Luise , Millenet Sabina , Fröhner Juliane H , Smolka Michael N , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Jiang Tianzi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDerailment of inhibitory control (IC) underlies numerous psychiatric and behavioral disorders, many of which emerge during adolescence. Identifying reliable predictive biomarkers that place the adolescents at elevated risk for future IC deficits can help guide early interventions, yet the scarcity of longitudinal research has hindered the progress. Here, using a large-scale longitudinal dataset in which the same subjects performed a stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging at ages 14 and 19, we tracked their IC development individually and tried to find the brain features predicting their development by constructing prediction models using 14-year-olds’ functional connections within a network or between a pair of networks. The participants had distinct between-subject trajectories in their IC development. Of the candidate connections used for prediction, ventral attention-subcortical network interconnections could predict the individual development of IC and formed a prediction model that generalized to previously unseen individuals. Furthermore, we found that connectivity between these two networks was related to substance abuse problems, an IC-deficit related problematic behavior, within 5 years. Our study reveals individual differences in IC development from mid- to late-adolescence and highlights the importance of ventral attention-subcortical network interconnections in predicting future IC development and substance abuse in adolescents.
Configural Cues Associated with Reward Elicit Theta Oscillations of Rat Retrosplenial Cortical Neurons Phase-Locked to LFP Theta Cycles
Authors: Yoshida Masashi , Chinzorig Choijiljav , Matsumoto Jumpei , Nishimaru Hiroshi , Ono Taketoshi , Yamazaki Mitsuaki , Nishijo Hisao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Previous behavioral studies implicated the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in stimulus–stimulus associations, and also in the retrieval of remote associative memory based on EEG theta oscillations. However, neural mechanisms involved in the retrieval of stored information of such associations and memory in the RSC remain unclear. To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying these processes, RSC neurons and local field potentials (LFPs) were simultaneously recorded from well-trained rats performing a cue-reward association task. In the task, simultaneous presentation of two multimodal conditioned stimuli (configural CSs) predicted a reward outcome opposite to that associated with the individual presentation of each elemental CS. Here, we show neurophysiological evidence that the RSC is involved in stimulus–stimulus association where configural CSs are discriminated from each elementary CS that is a constituent of the configural CSs, and that memory retrieval of rewarding CSs is associated with theta oscillation of RSC neurons during CS presentation, which is phase-locked to LFP theta cycles. The results suggest that cue (elementary and configural CSs)-reinforcement associations are stored in the RSC neural circuits, and are retrieved in synchronization with LFP theta rhythm.
Temporal Encoding is Required for Categorization, But Not Discrimination
Authors: Yao Justin D , Sanes Dan H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Core auditory cortex (AC) neurons encode slow fluctuations of acoustic stimuli with temporally patterned activity. However, whether temporal encoding is necessary to explain auditory perceptual skills remains uncertain. Here, we recorded from gerbil AC neurons while they discriminated between a 4-Hz amplitude modulation (AM) broadband noise and AM rates &gt;4 Hz. We found a proportion of neurons possessed neural thresholds based on spike pattern or spike count that were better than the recorded session’s behavioral threshold, suggesting that spike count could provide sufficient information for this perceptual task. A population decoder that relied on temporal information outperformed a decoder that relied on spike count alone, but the spike count decoder still remained sufficient to explain average behavioral performance. This leaves open the possibility that more demanding perceptual judgments require temporal information. Thus, we asked whether accurate classification of different AM rates between 4 and 12 Hz required the information contained in AC temporal discharge patterns. Indeed, accurate classification of these AM stimuli depended on the inclusion of temporal information rather than spike count alone. Overall, our results compare two different representations of time-varying acoustic features that can be accessed by downstream circuits required for perceptual judgments.
Assessment of the Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reinfection in an Intense Reexposure Setting
Authors: Abu-Raddad Laith J , Chemaitelly Hiam , Malek Joel A , Ahmed Ayeda A , Mohamoud Yasmin A , Younuskunju Shameem , Ayoub Houssein H , Al Kanaani Zaina , Al Khal Abdullatif , Al Kuwari Einas , Butt Adeel A , Coyle Peter , Jeremijenko Andrew , Kaleeckal Anvar Hassan , Latif Ali Nizar , Shaik Riyazuddin Mohammad , Abdul Rahim Hanan F , Yassine Hadi M , Al Kuwari Mohamed G , Al Romaihi Hamad Eid , Al-Thani Mohamed H , Bertollini Roberto 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Risk of reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unknown. We assessed the risk and incidence rate of documented SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a cohort of laboratory-confirmed cases in Qatar.

Methods
All SARS-CoV-2 laboratory-confirmed cases with at least 1 polymerase chain reaction–positive swab that was ≥45 days after a first positive swab were individually investigated for evidence of reinfection. Viral genome sequencing of the paired first positive and reinfection viral specimens was conducted to confirm reinfection.

Results
Out of 133 266 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, 243 persons (0.18%) had at least 1 subsequent positive swab ≥45 days after the first positive swab. Of these, 54 cases (22.2%) had strong or good evidence for reinfection. Median time between the first swab and reinfection swab was 64.5 days (range, 45–129). Twenty-three of the 54 cases (42.6%) were diagnosed at a health facility, suggesting presence of symptoms, while 31 (57.4%) were identified incidentally through random testing campaigns/surveys or contact tracing. Only 1 person was hospitalized at the time of reinfection but was discharged the next day. No deaths were recorded. Viral genome sequencing confirmed 4 reinfections of 12 cases with available genetic evidence. Reinfection risk was estimated at 0.02% (95% confidence interval [CI], .01%–.02%), and reinfection incidence rate was 0.36 (95% CI, .28–.47) per 10 000 person-weeks.

Conclusions
SARS-CoV-2 reinfection can occur but is a rare phenomenon suggestive of protective immunity against reinfection that lasts for at least a few months post primary infection.
Tariffs and Politics: Evidence from Trump’s Trade Wars
Authors: Fetzer Thiemo , Schwarz Carlo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We use the recent trade escalation between the USA and its trade partners to study whether retaliatory tariffs are politically targeted. We find comprehensive evidence using individual and aggregate voting data suggesting that retaliation is carefully targeted to hurt Trump. We develop a simulation approach to construct counterfactual retaliation responses allowing us to quantify the extent of political targeting while also studying potential trade-offs. China appears to place great emphasis on achieving maximal political targeting. The EU seems to have been successful in maximising political targeting while at the same time minimising the potential damage to its economy.
Hybrid robotic versus hybrid laparoscopic Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy: a case-matched analysis
Authors: Giulini Luca , Nasser Corinna A , Tank Julian , Papp Marton , Stein Hubert J , Dubecz Attila 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Robotic-assisted oesophagectomy for cancer has been increasingly employed worldwide; however, the benefits of this technique compared to conventional minimally invasive oesophagectomy are unclear. Since 2016, hybrid robotic minimally invasive oesophagectomy (R-HMIE) has increasingly replaced hybrid laparoscopic minimally invasive oesophagectomy (HMIE) as the standard of care in our institution. The aim of this study was to compare these procedures.

METHODS
Over a 10-year period, 686 patients underwent oesophagectomy at our institution. Out of these patients, 128 patients with cancer were treated with a hybrid minimally invasive technique. Each patient who underwent R-HMIE was matched according to gender, age, comorbidity, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Union International Contre le Cancer stage, localization, histology and neoadjuvant treatment with a patient who underwent HMIE. Perioperative parameters were extracted from our database and compared between the 2 groups.

RESULTS
After the matching procedure, 88 patients were included in the study. Between HMIE and R-HMIE, no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) were found in operating time (median 281 vs 300 min), R0 resection rate (n = 42 vs 42), harvested lymph nodes (median 28 vs 24), hospital stay (median 19 vs 17 days) and intensive care unit stay (median 7 vs 6.5 days). Regarding surgical complications, no difference could be observed either (n = 42 vs 44).

CONCLUSIONS
Minimally invasive oesophagectomy remains a challenging operation with high morbidity even in a high-volume institution. According to our intra- and short-term results, we have found no difference between R-HMIE and HMIE.
Education and health: long-run effects of peers, tracking and years
Authors: Fischer Martin , Gerdtham Ulf-G , Heckley Gawain , Karlsson Martin , Kjellsson Gustav , Nilsson Therese 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY
We investigate two parallel school reforms in Sweden to assess the long-run health effects of education. One reform only increased years of schooling, while the other increased years of schooling but also removed tracking leading to a more mixed socioeconomic peer group. By differencing the effects of the parallel reforms we separate the effect of de-tracking and peers from that of more schooling. We find that the pure years of schooling reform reduced mortality and improved current health. Differencing the effects of the reforms shows significant differences in the estimated impacts, suggesting that de-tracking and subsequent peer effects resulted in worse health.
Novel left ventricular cardiac synchronization: left ventricular septal pacing or left bundle branch pacing?
Authors: Wu Shengjie , Sharma Parikshit S , Huang Weijian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is well recognized that a high burden of right ventricular pacing results in deleterious clinical outcomes over the long term. His bundle pacing can achieve optimal ventricular synchronization; however, relatively high pacing thresholds, low R-wave amplitudes, and the long-term performance have been concerns. Recently, left ventricular (LV) septal endocardium pacing (LVSP) has demonstrated improved acute haemodynamics. Another novel technique of intraseptal left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) via transvenous approach has been adopted rapidly and has demonstrated its feasibility and effectiveness. This article reviews the clinical application and differences between LVSP and LBBP. Compared with LVSP, LBBP has strict criteria for left conduction system capture and lead location. In addition to LV septal capture it also stimulates the proximal left bundle branch, resulting in rapid and physiological LV activation. With a uniformity and standardization of the implant procedure and definitions, it may be possible to achieve widespread application of this form of physiological pacing.
Evaluation of a Novel Technology-Based Program Designed to Assess and Train Everyday Skills in Older Adults
Authors: Czaja Sara J , Kallestrup Peter , Harvey Philip D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Performance of everyday activities is often challenging for older adults. We evaluated a novel computer-based functional skills assessment and training (CFSAT) program, which includes simulations of everyday tasks (e.g., money and medication management).

Research Design and Methods
The sample included noncognitively impaired (NC) older adults (n = 51) and cognitively impaired (CI) older adults (n = 43), who ranged in age from 60 to 86 years (M = 73.12; SD = 6.06), were primarily female (90%), and ethnically diverse (23% Hispanic, 51% African American). Participants (stratified by cognitive status) were randomized to 1 of the 2 conditions training alone (CFSAT) or CFSAT with computerized cognitive training and trained up to 24 training sessions. Task performance, using measures of completion time and efficiency (accuracy/completion time), was evaluated at baseline, the final training session, and immediately posttraining with an alternate form of the CFSAT assessment.

Results
Both NC and CI participants demonstrated significant performance improvements across all tasks following training (all ps &lt; .001). The CI participants demonstrated reduced training gains compared to the NC participants (all ps &lt; .001). Training gains did not vary as a function of training conditions.

Discussion and Implications
The findings suggest that CFSAT is an efficacious program for assessing and training everyday task performance. CFSAT can ultimately be used as an intervention strategy to enhance functional independence for aging adults with and without cognitive impairments.
Estimating individual fish school biomass using digital omnidirectional sonars, applied to mackerel and herring
Authors: Peña Héctor , Macaulay Gavin J , Ona Egil , Vatnehol Sindre , Holmin Arne J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Economic profitability and responsible fisheries are objectives of fishermen and fisheries managers. In purse seine fisheries, an accurate biomass estimate of the targeted school is crucial to accomplish this. For this study, omnidirectional fisheries sonar was used to estimate individual school biomass of Norwegian spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus) and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). A sonar sampling design based on professional skipper’s experience provided detailed information on school dimensions and acoustic backscattering. Using calibrated digital sonar data, school volume and fish densities were obtained, and school biomass computed. A positive linear relation was found between the estimated sonar school biomass and purse seine catches for both species (r2 = 0.92; residual standard error, RSE = 4.7 t). Large variability in volume backscattering coefficient and uncertainty in side-aspect target strength (TS) are the main sources of discrepancy between the estimates and the catch. Using a 4 dB (39%) weaker mean TS for mean side-aspect TS than the normal mean dorsal aspect TS was needed for optimizing the 1:1 relationship between sonar biomass estimate and catch. Accurate estimation of single school biomass can reduce the catch of unexpectedly large schools, leading to improvements in economic efficiency and reduced release of dead or dying fish.
Oncological outcomes of unsuspected pN2 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: IJsseldijk Michiel A , ten Broek Richard P G , Wiering Bastiaan , Hekma Edo , de Roos Marnix A J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Optimal treatment of stage IIIA (N2) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is controversial. Guidelines advise induction therapy before surgical resection. A proportion of patients with cN0 NSCLC are postoperatively upstaged due to unsuspected N2 disease. Survival of unsuspected N2 NSCLC treated with surgery varies and technical feasibility of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess prevalence and survival of unsuspected N2 NSCLC treated with thoracotomy or VATS.

METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of all available literatures through Pubmed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science, Trials registries and System for Information on Grey Literature (SIGLE) from 2000 to 2019. Outcomes of interest were prevalence, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival of unsuspected N2 NSCLC. Secondary outcomes were number of harvested lymph nodes, postoperative complications and survival of unsuspected N2 NSCLC treated with VATS.

RESULTS
Seventeen studies with patients with clinical stage N0-1 and unsuspected pN2 NSCLC were included. Prevalence of unsuspected pN2 was 8.6%. Three- and 5-year OS was 58% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37–78%) (N = 4337] and 35% (95% CI 28–43%) (N = 4337). Three- and 5-y ear disease-free survival was 48% (95% CI 30–66%) (N = 109) and 35% (95% CI 24–46%) (N = 517). VATS resulted in a low complication rate with similar 5-year OS as thoracotomy.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with cN0-1 NSCLC, a minority has unsuspected pN2 NSCLC. Even for these patients, 5-year OS and disease-free survival are reasonable. VATS with adequate lymph node dissection is the treatment of choice when in experienced hands. Adjuvant therapy should be provided in absence of relevant comorbidity.
The combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol on life-expectancy trends in Europe
Authors: Janssen Fanny , Trias-Llimós Sergi , Kunst Anton E 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Smoking, obesity and alcohol abuse greatly affect mortality and exhibit a distinct time dynamic, with their prevalence and associated mortality rates increasing and (eventually) declining over time. Their combined impact on secular trends in life expectancy is unknown but is relevant for understanding these trends. We therefore estimate the combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol on life-expectancy trends in Europe.

Methods
We used estimated national age-specific smoking-, obesity- and alcohol-attributable mortality fractions for 30 European countries by sex, 1990–2014, which we aggregated multiplicatively to obtain lifestyle-attributable mortality. We estimated potential gains in life expectancy by eliminating lifestyle-attributable mortality and compared past trends in life expectancy at birth (e0) with and without lifestyle-attributable mortality. We examined all countries combined, by region and individually.

Results
Among men, the combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol on e0 declined from 6.6 years in 1990 to 5.8 years in 2014, mainly due to declining smoking-attributable mortality. Among women, the combined impact increased from 1.9 to 2.3 years due to mortality increases in all three lifestyle-related factors. The observed increase in e0 over the 1990–2014 period was 5.0 years for men and 4.0 years for women. After excluding lifestyle-attributable mortality, this increase would have been 4.2–4.3 years for both men and women.

Conclusion
Without the combined impact of smoking, obesity and alcohol, the increase over time in life expectancy at birth would have been smaller among men but larger among women, resulting in a stable increase in e0, parallel for men and women.
Mechanisms Underlying the Comorbidity of Schizophrenia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mizuki Yutaka , Sakamoto Shinji , Okahisa Yuko , Yada Yuji , Hashimoto Nozomu , Takaki Manabu , Yamada Norihito 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia is high, and life expectancy is shorter by 10 to 20 years. Metabolic abnormalities including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the main reasons. The prevalence of T2DM in patients with schizophrenia may be epidemiologically frequent because antipsychotics induce weight gain as a side effect and the cognitive dysfunction of patients with schizophrenia relates to a disordered lifestyle, poor diet, and low socioeconomic status. Apart from these common risk factors and risk factors unique to schizophrenia, accumulating evidence suggests the existence of common susceptibility genes between schizophrenia and T2DM. Functional proteins translated from common genetic susceptibility genes are known to regulate neuronal development in the brain and insulin in the pancreas through several common cascades. In this review, we discuss common susceptibility genes, functional cascades, and the relationship between schizophrenia and T2DM. Many genetic and epidemiological studies have reliably associated the comorbidity of schizophrenia and T2DM, and it is probably safe to think that common cascades and mechanisms suspected from common genes’ functions are related to the onset of both schizophrenia and T2DM. On the other hand, even when genetic analyses are performed on a relatively large number of comorbid patients, the results are sometimes inconsistent, and susceptibility genes may carry only a low or moderate risk. We anticipate future directions in this field.