bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent Regional Climate Consequences of Maintaining Current Irrigation Rates in the 21st Century
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , McDermid Sonali Shukla , Puma Michael J. , Williams A. Park , Seager Richard , Kelley Maxwell , Nazarenko Larissa , Aleinov Igor 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere is strong evidence that the expansion and intensification of irrigation over the twentieth century has affected climate in many regions. However, it remains uncertain if these irrigation effects, including buffered warming trends, will weaken or persist under future climate change conditions. Using a 20‐member climate model ensemble simulation, we demonstrate that irrigation will continue to attenuate greenhouse gas‐forced warming and soil moisture drying in many regions over the 21st century, including Mexico, the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and China. Notably, this occurs without any further expansion or intensification of irrigation beyond current levels, even while greenhouse gas forcing steadily increases. However, the magnitude and significance of these moderating irrigation effects vary across regions and are highly sensitive to the background climate state and the degree to which evapotranspiration is supply (moisture) versus demand (energy) limited. Further, limitations on water and land availability may restrict our ability to maintain modern irrigation rates into the future. Nevertheless, it is likely that irrigation, alongside other components of intensive land management, will continue to strongly modulate regional climate impacts in the future. Irrigation should therefore be considered in conjunction with other key regional anthropogenic forcings (e.g., land cover change and aerosols) when investigating the local manifestation of global climate drivers (e.g., greenhouse gases) in model projections.
Transport From the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone Over the Western Pacific
Authors: Honomichl Shawn B. , Pan Laura L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe subseasonal scale dynamics of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) upper troposphere (UT) anticyclone has been identified as a primary mechanism for convectively lofted Asian boundary layer air to leave the confinement of the anticyclone and impact the global UT and lower stratosphere (UTLS). This work quantifies eastward eddy shedding associated with the subseasonal scale oscillation of the anticyclone and associated chemical transport. Using reanalysis data together with satellite trace gas data, we examine the correlation between enhanced tropospheric trace gas species and the presence of a secondary anticyclone over the western Pacific Ocean. To diagnose the role of the western Pacific anticyclone (WPA) in the transport of ASM air into the global UTLS, transport pathways and transit times of air found within the WPA are analyzed using Lagrangian kinematic trajectories. Results show that about two thirds of the air within the WPA originates from, or is influenced by, the greater region of the Tibetan anticyclone. After leaving the WPA, air favors two pathways forward: eastward following the subtropical jet and southwestward following UTLS anticyclonic flow. Approximately 60% of the air parcels cross the tropopause into the lower stratosphere within 30 days, though most cross within a few days. These results highlight opportunities for investigating the impact of the ASM on global UTLS chemical and aerosol composition over the western Pacific via research aircraft.
Inverted Responses of the Carbon Cycle to Orbital Forcing in Mesozoic Periplatform Marginal Basins: Implications for Astrochronology
Authors: Martinez Mathieu , Guillois Landry , Boulvais Philippe , Deconinck Jean‐François 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAstrochronology depends on the faithful record of insolation forcing in climatic proxies, including the carbon isotope composition measured on bulk carbonates (δ13Ccarb). In marginal basins close to carbonate platforms, the source of carbonate is varied, which can impact the record of the astronomical cycles in the δ13Ccarb signal. We compare here the δ13Ccarb values together with detrital and weathering proxies before and during a crisis in the platform carbonate production (Weissert event, Valanginian, ~135 Ma) to document how a change in the carbonate source can affect the record of the orbital forcing by the carbon isotope system. The level of burial diagenesis was insufficient to alter the clay mineral assemblages, which are linked to cyclic changes in weathering conditions. The δ13Ccarb values correspond to the values measured in other parts of the basin, which experienced various levels of burial diagenesis, suggesting that they also reflect a paleoenvironmental signal. In marl beds, the δ13Ccarb values increase with detrital and kaolinite content, suggesting that humid/arid cycles controlled the evolution of the δ13Ccarb signal in marl beds. Before the Weissert event, the δ13Ccarb values in the limestone beds increase with CaCO3 content and arid conditions. This can reflect the change of type of carbonate produced in shallow‐marine environments and exported to the basin. These environmental changes disrupted the record of the eccentricity cycles in the δ13Ccarb signal. The sources of carbonate must therefore be clearly identified and documented before using the δ13Ccarb series for orbital tuning in hemipelagic areas close to carbonate platforms.
Improving the Effectiveness of Multiobjective Optimization Design of Urban Drainage Systems
Authors: Lin Ruozhou , Zheng Feifei , Savic Dragan , Zhang Qingzhou , Fang Xiangen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCapacity of urban drainage systems (UDSs) can substantially influence flooding properties of urban catchments. This motivates many studies to optimally design UDSs often using multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) as they can explore trade‐offs between conflicting objectives (e.g., cost vs. system reliability). However, MOEA‐based approaches are typically computationally demanding and their solutions are often practically unacceptable as engineering domain knowledge is often not explicitly considered. To address these two issues, this paper proposes an efficient optimization framework for UDS design, where an engineering‐based design method (EBDM) is developed to generate approximate solutions to initialize the MOEA's search, thereby greatly enhancing the optimization efficiency. To improve the solution practicality, two ideas have been implemented in the proposed optimization method (PM): (i) the variability of peak depths across pipes is minimized and (ii) a constraint is introduced to ensure that sizes of pipes in the downstream direction are no smaller than their corresponding upstream diameters. Two real‐world UDSs of different size are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the PM. Results show that (i) the proposed EBDM is effective in producing initial solutions that are very close to the final solutions identified by the optimization methods, (ii) the minimization of the variability of peak depths in pipes is practically meaningful as it can facilitate to identify solutions with great ability in handling future uncertainties (e.g., rainfall variability), and (iii) the PM significantly improves optimization efficiency and solution practicality compared to the traditional optimization approach, with benefits being more prominent for larger UDSs.
Attribution of Evapotranspiration Changes in Humid Regions of China from 1982 to 2016
Authors: Zhang Dan , Liu Xiaomang , Zhang Lu , Zhang Qi , Gan Rong , Li Xianghu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study quantifies the influences of climate variation and vegetation greening on the changes in evapotranspiration (ET) over 110 humid catchments of China from 1982 to 2016. A process‐based model considering climate and vegetation changes is employed to estimate ET. The simulated ET compared well with the observed values based on the flux measurements and water balance equation, with the coefficients of determination above 0.62. During the study period, environmental change of the study area was characterized by the increases in air temperature and leaf area index, that is, climate warming and vegetation greening. Annual ET increased at 104 catchments with the trends ranging from 0.01 to 6.2 mm yr−2. The numerical experiment approach and sensitivity method are used to attribute ET changes to climate variation and vegetation greening. The results show that the contributions of climate variation to ET changes estimated by the two methods are 90.6% and 91.3%, respectively, whereas the contributions of vegetation greening to ET changes are only 9.4% and 8.7%, indicating that climate variation controls ET changes in the study area. However, vegetation greening alters the proportions of ET components, which contributes 59.0%–62.0% to the increase in the ratio of transpiration to ET. This study quantifies the roles of climate and vegetation changes in the dynamics of ET, suggesting that more concerns should be paid on the interactions between ecological processes and hydrological cycle in humid regions.
Long‐Term Trends and Solar Responses of the Mesopause Temperatures Observed by SABER During the 2002–2019 Period
Authors: Zhao X. R. , Sheng Z. , Shi H. Q. , Weng L. B. , Liao Q. X. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe global distribution and variations of the monthly mesopause temperature are presented during 2002–2019 covering the latitudes of 83°S to 83°N based on Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations. To investigate the long‐term trend and solar response of the mesopause temperature, a three‐component harmonic fit is first applied to remove the seasonal variation from the monthly temperature data series. Then a multiple linear regression model is performed to residual temperatures versus constant, linear trend, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity terms. In this study, the mesopause temperature shows a cooling trend through all latitudes ranging from ~0 to −0.14 K/year with a mean of −0.075 ± 0.043 K/year. The cooling trends in the Southern Hemisphere are stronger than those in the Northern Hemisphere. For high latitudes (60–80°), significant negative trends can be observed during nonsummertime, while no significant trends are found for summertime. The mesopause temperature shows apparent positive responses to solar activity through all latitudes ranging from 3.03 to 4.80 K per 100 solar flux units (sfu) with a mean of 3.99 ± 0.49 K per 100 sfu, which is more significant and stable in the Northern Hemisphere. There is a pronounced drop for mesopause height at polar latitudes, which reflects the shrinking effect at lower altitudes mainly caused by greenhouse gas cooling. We show that the length of the time interval analyzed strongly influences the results. Our results, obtained from 18‐year SABER observations, are expected to be a robust measure of the mesopause temperature variability.
Nonlinear interference in crystal superlattices
Authors: Paterova Anna V. , Krivitsky Leonid A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNonlinear interferometers with correlated photons hold promise to advance optical characterization and metrology techniques by improving their performance and affordability. These interferometers offer subshot noise phase sensitivity and enable measurements in detection-challenging regions using inexpensive and efficient components. The sensitivity of nonlinear interferometers, defined by the ability to measure small shifts of interference fringes, can be significantly enhanced by using multiple nonlinear elements, or crystal superlattices. However, to date, experiments with more than two nonlinear elements have not been realized, thus hindering the potential of nonlinear interferometers. Here, we build a nonlinear interferometer with up to five nonlinear elements, referred to as superlattices, in a highly stable and versatile configuration. We study the modification of the interference pattern for different configurations of the superlattices and perform a proof-of-concept gas sensing experiment with enhanced sensitivity. Our approach offers a viable path towards broader adoption of nonlinear interferometers with correlated photons for imaging, interferometry, and spectroscopy.
Spatially resolved and multiplexed MicroRNA quantification from tissue using nanoliter well arrays
Authors: Nagarajan Maxwell B. , Tentori Augusto M. , Zhang Wen Cai , Slack Frank J. , Doyle Patrick S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSpatially resolved gene expression patterns are emerging as a key component of medical studies, including companion diagnostics, but technologies for quantification and multiplexing are limited. We present a method to perform spatially resolved and multiplexed microRNA (miRNA) measurements from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Using nanoliter well arrays to pixelate the tissue section and photopatterned hydrogels to quantify miRNA, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model for non-small cell lung cancer (K-rasLSL-G12D/+; p53fl/fl). This technology could be used to quantify heterogeneities in tissue samples and lead to informed, biomarker-based diagnostics.
Intervention Effects on Language in Children With Autism: A Project AIM Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sandbank Micheal , Bottema-Beutel Kristen , Crowley Shannon , Cassidy Margaret , Feldman Jacob I. , Canihuante Marcos , Woynaroski Tiffany 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
This study synthesized effects of interventions on language outcomes of young children (ages 0–8 years) with autism and evaluated the extent to which summary effects varied by intervention, participant, and outcome characteristics.

Method
A subset of effect sizes gathered for a larger meta-analysis (the Autism Intervention Meta-analysis or Project AIM) examining the effects of interventions for young children with autism, which were specific to language outcomes, was analyzed. Robust variance estimation and metaregression were used to calculate summary and moderated effects while controlling for intercorrelation among outcomes within studies.

Results
A total of 221 outcomes were gathered from 60 studies. The summary effect of intervention on language outcomes was small but significant. Summary effects were larger for expressive and composite language outcomes compared to receptive language outcomes. Interventions implemented by clinicians, or by clinicians and caregivers together, had summary effects that were significantly larger than interventions implemented by caregivers alone. Participants' pretreatment language age equivalent scores positively and significantly moderated intervention effects, such that effects were significantly larger on average when samples of children had higher pretreatment language levels. Effects were not moderated by cumulative intervention intensity, intervention type, autism symptomatology, chronological age, or the proximity or boundedness of outcomes. Study quality concerns were apparent for a majority of included outcomes.

Conclusions
We found evidence that intervention can facilitate improvements in language outcomes for young children with autism. Effects were largest for expressive and composite language outcomes, for children with initially higher language abilities, and for interventions implemented by clinicians or by caregivers and clinicians combined. However, quality concerns of included studies and borderline significance of some results temper our conclusions regarding intervention effectiveness and corresponding moderators.
Photometric properties of lunar regolith revealed by the Yutu-2 rover
Authors: Lin Honglei , Yang Yazhou , Lin Yangting , Liu Yang , Wei Yong , Li Shuai , Hu Sen , Yang Wei , Wan Wenhui , Xu Rui , He Zhiping , Liu Xiaohui , Xing Yan , Yu Chengwu , Zou Yongliao 
Published: May 2020

Context.The surface composition of the Moon has mainly determined based on the visible and near-infrared spectra achieved from orbits and/or landing sites, and the spectroscopic analysis is based on photometric properties of the topmost lunar regolith. However, the lack of a ground truth for the photometric parameters of the undisturbed lunar surface has limited accurate applications of spectral observations.Aims.Here we report the photometric properties of the small-scale (i.e., centimeter level) undisturbed lunar regolith around the Chang’E-4 landing site, determined from a series of photometric experiments conducted by the rover Yutu-2.Methods.The simplified Hapke model was used to derive the photometric properties. The micro-topographic effect on the spectral measurements was corrected for the first time in thein situphotometric investigations on the Moon, which improves the accuracy of the derived photometric parameters.Results.The single-scattering albedowand two parameters (b,c) of the Henyey-Greenstein phase function were derived, and they show a wavelength dependence. The regolith at the Chang’E-4 landing site exhibits strong forward scattering according to the retrievedcvalues, and the higher asymmetry parameter indicates that the regolith here is more strongly forward scattering than the Apollo lunar soil samples. The derived photometric parameters can serve as ground truth and can be used in the radiative transfer modeling analysis of the orbital remote-sensing data.
GHRH Antagonists Protect Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Breakdown of Brain Microvascular Endothelium Integrity
Authors: Barabutis Nektarios , Akhter Mohammad S. , Uddin Mohammad A. , Kubra Khadeja-Tul , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGrowth hormone releasing hormone is a hypothalamic neuropeptide, which regulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Growth hormone releasing hormone antagonists are anticancer agents, associated with strong anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the GHRH antagonist MIA-602 in the integrity of the brain microvascular endothelium in vitro. Our observations suggest that MIA-602 protects against the H2O2-induced breakdown of the brain endothelium and enhances its integrity by inducing P53, deactivating cofilin, and suppressing the RhoA inflammatory pathway. Thus, GHRH antagonists may offer an exciting possibility for the treatment of pathologies related to the blood brain barrier dysfunction, including the Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Serum Vitamin D Level and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomized Control Trials
Authors: Säidifard Nasim , Tangestani Hadith , Djafarian Kurosh , Shab-Bidar Sakineh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt is reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). In addition, several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have studied the influence of vitamin D supplement on CIMT. However, results are inconclusive. This review aimed to systematically explore the potential link of the serum vitamin D level with CIMT pooling together observational studies and RCTs. PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies published until February 13, 2018. The Fisher’s z (SE) correlation coefficient, odds ratio (OR), and mean (SD) of changes in CIMT from baseline were used to perform meta-analysis in observational studies and RCTs, respectively. To pool data, both a fixed-effects model and a random-effects model (in case of heterogeneity) were used. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q and I2 tests. Nineteen observational studies and 3 RCTs met inclusion criteria. The pooled correlation coefficients of 17 observational studies showed [(Fisher’s z=− 0.41, 95% CI: –0.63 to –0.19, p<0.001), I2=96.9%, p < 0.001] a significant inverse association between serum vitamin D and risk of CIMT. Pooling three risk estimates of three studies [(OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.74 to 3.86, p=0.209); I2=085.1%, p<0.001)] indicated no significant association between serum vitamin D status and risk of CIMT. Combining data of RCTs showed vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced CIMT [(MD: –0.034, 95% CI: –0.62 to –0.05, p=0.012), I2=16.6%, p = 0.301]. Our findings show that serum vitamin D is inversely associated with CIMT and vitamin D supplementation may reduce CMIT.
The Effect of Extracellular Calcium Metabolism on Aldosterone
Biosynthesis in Physiological and Pathological Status
Authors: Gao Xin , Yamazaki Yuto , Tezuka Yuta , Omata Kei , Ono Yoshikiyo , Morimoto Ryo , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Satoh Fumitoshi , Sasano Hironobu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrimary aldosteronism (PA) was reported to frequently harbor not only
cardiovascular diseases but also some metabolic disorders including
secondary calcium metabolic diseases. Recently, the potential association
between aldosterone producing cells and systemic calcium metabolism has been
proposed. For instance, PA is frequently associated with hypercalciuria or
hypocalcemia, which subsequently stimulates parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secretion. This altered calcium metabolism in PA patients could frequently
result in secondary osteoporosis and fracture in some patients. On the other
hand, extracellular calcium itself directly acts on adrenal cortex and has
been also proposed as an independent regulator of aldosterone biosynthesis
in human adrenals. However, it is also true that both PTH and vitamin D
pathways stimulate endocrine functions of adrenal cortical adenomas to
co-secret both aldosterone and cortisol. Therefore, it has become pivotal to
explore the potential crosstalk between aldosterone and systemic calcium
metabolism. We herein reviewed recent advances in these fields.
Synthetic Approaches to Acyl Hydrazides and Their Use as Synthons in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Triandafillidi Ierasia , Kokotos Christoforos G. , Spiliopoulou Nikoleta , Constantinou Constantinos T. 
Published: May 2020

Acyl hydrazides constitute very important moieties in organic chemistry and have been employed as starting materials for different transformations to many classes of organic compounds. In this review, at first the approaches towards the synthesis of acyl hydrazides are presented. Furthermore, in the second part, the uses of this skeleton as an important intermediate for the synthesis of useful organic compounds are analyzed.1	Introduction2	Approaches towards the Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides2.1	Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides from Aldehydes2.2	Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives3	Acyl Hydrazides as Useful Synthons in Synthetic Organic	Transfor	mations­3.1	Acyl Hydrazides as Synthetic Precursors for the Synthesis of	Car	bonyl Compounds3.2	Acyl Hydrazides as Synthetic Precursors for the Synthesis of	Het	erocyclic Rings4	Conclusion
Non Coronary Interventions In Contemporary Cardiac Practice
Authors: Srivastava Savitri 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYCatheter based techniques, whether palliative or corrective, are now the accepted therapy for many congenital cardiac defects. The spectrum of transcatheter procedures has rapidly increased over the last three decades with improving technical skills of the operator combined with sound anatomic and hemodynamic understanding of the patient's condition and the choice of appropriate equipments. In today's pediatric cardiology practice many congenital defects can be treated with balloons used for dilatation of the stenotic valves or vessels combined with the use of various stents for prevention of recurrence of stenosis, some defects can be closed with various devices or coils. With rapidly growing concepts, innovative hardware improvements, development and expertise of interventionalists and surgeons, the application of catheter interventions and hybrid procedures are becoming standard practice. Some of these are practiced in India. Many of them at present are not being practiced in India due to non availability of hardware and the prohibitive cost.