bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport Properties of Evaporative Cooling in a Seashell Packed Bed Cooling Tower
Authors: Syahirah Amir Kusin Amalina , Aishah Afifah Zahari Siti , Irfan Hatim Mohd , Afif Mohd Ruslan Mahfuz , Nabil Adzim Mohd , Omar Razif , Sani Jamailudin Mohd , Radi Wan Yaakub Ahmad , Mahmad Puzi Syazwani 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This project was aimed to investigate the transport properties of evaporative cooling using seashell as packing material in a packed bed tower. Cockle shell was used as the packing material, which usually discharged as waste from marine life and fishery industry. The packing section is 15 inch high and filled with seashell which consists of 15 mm to 14 mm of equivalent diameter. The performance of cooling tower using seashell packing is compared to HDPE pipe packing. The results show that seashell packing have higher cooling water range, lower cooling approach and higher cooling tower efficiency than HDPE pipe packing. Meanwhile, cooling water range, R and cooling tower efficiency, e decrease with increasing of water to air ratio, L/G for all circulation rate. The heat transfer coefficient, KaV/L decreases with increasing of L/G ratio with lower circulation rate.
Microencapsulation of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) using Alginate and Chitosan : Effect of Alginate and Chitosan Concentration upon Microcapsule Diameter
Authors: Danarto YC. , Rochmadi  , Budhijanto  
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Riboflavin ( Vitamin B2) plays an important role in the development of human body tissue, the production of red blood cells and helps release energy derived from protein. Riboflavin cannot be produced and stored by the human body therefore must be supplied outside via food. Riboflavin is very sensitive and unstable to environmental influence such as light and reductor. One of technology for maintaining the stability of riboflavin is microencapsulation which is composed of polymer matrix containing riboflavin. Alginate was chosen as a polymer matrix because of riboflavin’s absorption ability, biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. The matrix polymer is strengthened by coating it with chitosan. The layer is then reinforced by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. This research aims to study the microencapsulation process of riboflavin with alginate and chitosan. This research also studied the effect of alginate and chiton concentrations upon the diameter of microcapsules.The results showed that microencapsulation of riboflavin with alginate and chitosan can be done. The increase in chitosan concentration will reduce the size of microcapsules diameter. The concentration of alginate does not significantly affect the size of microcapsules diameter. Average diameter microcapsule range 380 – 610 µm, smaller than other research studies
Kinetic study of epoxidation of Tung oil (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) by peroxyacetic acid
Authors: Budiyati E , Budhijanto  , Budiman A , Rochmadi  
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The use of vegetable oils (VOs) to replace petroleum derivatives is very interesting. This is due to the advantages of VOs, which are relatively biodegradable and renewable. The VOs containing high unsaturated fatty acid, such as Tung oil, soybean oil, rubber oil are very potential materials for biopolymers, which can be reacted further into epoxy, polyols, and even polymers. The kinetic of epoxidation of Tung oil by peroxyacetic acid produced in-situ process was studied. In this study, the formation of peroxyacetic acid was considered as rate determining step, which controlled the overall reaction rate. The process was conducted in batch reaction at atmospheric pressure, constant mixing rate and constant ratio of raw material to acetic acid. The temperature was varied at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. The reaction samples were taken at specific time during 2-4 hours of reaction. The result shows that the proposed simple kinetics model fits appropriately at lower reaction temperature, but does not agree at higher temperature (more than 60°C). The reaction rate constants is in the range of (3.307–9.634) × 10−6 L.mol−1.s−1, in which its collision factor and activation energy are 286,768 gram.mol−1.min−1 and 30,900 Joule/mol, respectively.
Bio-hydrocarbon Production from Sorbitol using FeI2 to accelerate HI regeneration reaction
Authors: Krisnayana Rina , Subagjo  , Rasrendra CB , Hernas Soerawidjaja Tatang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Petroleum reserve decrease, while the dominant fuel used for daily needs and industry comes from petroleum. These fossil fuels cause global warming. Because of the above, hydrocarbon fuel from biomass is needed. On the laboratory-scale (1990’s), bio-hydrocarbon can be produced from sorbitol. This was obtained in 2 steps. The first step uses HI and H3PO3 and the second step is heating using KOH-ethanol. In the first step, HI regeneration using H3PO3 produces H3PO4, which is difficult to be reduced back to H3PO3. It makes the process become expensive, so it needs modification. The modification is done by using HCOOH for regenerating iodine into HI. In order to reduce the need for HI in the system, HI regeneration reaction is expected not slower than sorbitol reduction reaction by HI, so it requires FeI2 catalyst. Referring to the previous description, the purpose of this study is to investigate bio-hydrocarbon production from sorbitol using HI for sorbitol conversion, HCOOH for iodine regeneration, and FeI2 as catalyst to accelerate HI regeneration reaction. A sorbitol, HI, HCOOH and FeI2 mixture is refluxed in three-neck flask. Bio-hydrocarbon (C6H12) can be produced from sorbitol. Maximum sorbitol conversion is 85.84%, maximum iodohexane yield is 62.41% and maximum biohydrocarbon (C6H12) yield is 64.2%.
Synthesis of graphene oxide from industrial waste
Authors: Siaw W C , Tsuji T , Abdul Manaf N , Abdul Patah M F , Mohamed Jan B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates a synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) from industrial waste via leaching and modified Hummers method. In leaching process, most of the impurities were effectively removed by dissolving into 6 M HCl at 70 °C for 210 mins to produce 92.28 % purity graphite residue. Subsequently, GO was synthesis via modified Hummers method with a combination of concentrated H2SO4 and KMnO4. The result from XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed that GO was successfully synthesized. Additionally, a monolayer and multilayer GO with wrinkles surface was observed by TEM which evident the existence of GO surface morphology.
Microwave-assisted Acid Pretreatment of Sago Wastewater for Fermentable Sugar Production
Authors: Illi Mohamad Puad Noor , Madihah Mohd Rashidi Ummul , Suhaida Azmi Azlin , Firdaus Abd Wahab Mohd 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Sago wastewater (SWW) is one of by-products from sago starch industry. In most practice, SWW is discharged to the nearby rivers. As it contains high amount of organic compounds, usual practice of disposing the wastewater will cause a detrimental impact to the environment. The organic compounds found in SWW such as starch can be utilized as substrate for biofuel and biohydrogen fermentations. However, this starch needs to first undergo pretreatment process to breakdown its complex sugars to the simpler ones. This study aimed to investigate the effect of microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of SWW for fermentable sugar (glucose) production using sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Three parameters that influenced microwave-assisted acid pretreatment were chosen for optimization which are residence time (3-9 min), acid concentration (0.2-0.6 M) and solid loading (5-15% w/v). Faced Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD) tool under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design Expert v9.0.6.2 software was used for designing the experiments and optimization purposes. The response was the amount of glucose converted (g/L). The maximum fermentable sugar produced was 3.920 g/L, obtained at 9 minutes with 15% solid loading using 0.6 M of H2SO4. Then, the kinetic study of acid hydrolysis was performed by following the first order reaction kinetics. The rate constant of reaction obtained was 0.1684 min−1. It can be concluded that microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of SWW is able to produce high amount of fermentable sugar within a short residence time.
Characterization and Catalytic Activity of γ-Al2O3-ITB on Methanol Dehydration
Authors: Ardy A , Rizkiana J , Gunawan M L , Susanto H 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
National Plan on Energy of Indonesia 2017 states that dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3) will be used as partial substitution of LPG for household fuel. Methanol dehydration using a solid catalyst is a common technology to produce DME. In this research, a catalyst γAl2O3 prepared in our laboratory has been characterized. This catalyst had a surface area of 194.4 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.55 mL/g, and an average pore diameter of 112, 3 A˙. This catalyst had medium and high acidity sites. Activity tests of this catalyst were carried out in a fixed bed reactor at temperatures of 240, 260 and 280°C. The gas flow rates were related to the gas hourly space velocity of 1500, 2142 and 3000 h−1. Experimentally, the conversions of methanol were closed to that of thermodynamic conversions, i.e about 90% depending on the reaction temperature. The outlet gas was found to contain H2 up to 2% indicating that there were side reactions besides the dehydration of methanol to DME.
Kinetic Study of Simultaneous Ethanol Decomposition and Reduction of Low-grade Iron ore at Transient Temperature
Authors: Kurniawan A , Abe K , Sanada M , Nomura T , Akiyama T 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn ethanol-assisted ironmaking method had previously been proposed, resulting in a significantly lower temperature of iron reduction. However, the kinetic mechanism remains unknown. A kinetic model for transient temperature condition was introduced, then numerically solved and curve-fitted to the experimental data using MATLAB software. There were 8 main reactions involved: (1) decomposition of ethanol, (2) decomposition of methane, (3) steam reforming of methane, (4) water-gas shift, (5) Boudoard reaction, (6) direct reduction by C, (7) indirect reduction of iron oxide by CO, and (8) iron reduction by H2. Curve fitting methods were successfully conducted with satisfying results (R2> 0.90) calculating three parameters consisting of reaction rate constants, activation energies, and diffusion factors of each reaction. The interpretation of the calculated diffusion factors reveals that the reaction of gases inside pore might be inhibited by carbon deposition on the pore surface of iron ore. It revealed that the direct reduction by C predominates the overall reduction process.
Aspen Plus simulation-based parametric study of Benfield process using hot potassium carbonate promoted by diethanolamine
Authors: Ngu L W W , Mahmoud A , Sunarso J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Simulating Benfield process that uses hot potassium carbonate as a chemical absorbent is a challenging task given the absence of the electrolyte system package in the more widely used simulation software such as Aspen Hysys and the fact that all of the existing simulation works have featured either the absorption column or the stripping column as a stand-alone process scenario. In this work, Benfield process is simulated using the Aspen Plus software as a whole process where the absorption column is integrated to the stripping column in a closed-loop mode. The chemical absorbent, i.e., hot potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is promoted by 3 wt.% of diethanolamine (DEA) to enhance the solubility of the carbon dioxide in the absorbent via higher reaction rate. The absorption column is simulated using rate-based approach while the stripping column is simulated using equilibrium approach. The simulation is validated against the industry data. The effects of stripping column boil-up ratio, solvent circulation rate, and K2CO3 concentration on the reboiler duty and the sweet gas CO2 concentration are studied. The lowest reboiler duty of 48 GCal h−1 and the lowest CO2 concentration of less than 50 ppmv are obtained using a boil-up ratio of 0.3, a solvent circulation rate of 35,000 kmol h−1, and K2CO3 concentration of 15 wt.%.
Effect of urea loading on the anodic synthesis of titania nanotube arrays photoanode to enhance photoelectrochemical performance
Authors: Elysabeth Tiur , Mulia Kamarza , Slamet  
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The development of efficient photoanode to improve the photoelectrochemical performance under UV light was investigated. The nitrogen-doped titania nanotube array was prepared by one step anodic oxidation of titanium foil in a solution of electrolyte-containing urea as nitrogen precursor at 50 V for 2h. During the process, the urea was added to the electrolyte solution with different concentrations, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% based on the weight of electrolyte that containing 25% water, 0.5% ammonium fluoride, and glycerol. The synthesis was followed by annealing at 500°C for 3h under 60ml/min of N2 gas to induce the crystalline phase. SEM analysis showed that titania nanotube was successfully synthesized with average diameter is 72 - 153 nm. Refer to XRD analysis titania nanotube mostly have anatase phase with the crystallite size of 27-37 nm depending on loading of urea. Bandgap energy was determined by UV-DRS analysis and showed that nitrogen-doped titania nanotube arrays have smaller bandgap energy. The photoelectrochemical responses of titania nanotube before and after nitrogen doping were examined by linear sweep voltammetry method. Photocurrent density measurements showed better activity on nitrogen-doped titania nanotube. Nitrogen-doped titania nanotube caused the flatband potential shifted to a negative value and the smaller space charge layer, resulting in the higher photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency.
Selective Short Chain Carboxylic Acid Production over Fe:Zeolite Nanoparticles from CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction
Authors: Amat Bahari Nurazni , Nor Roslam Wan Isahak Wan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In recent years, formic acid become as an alternative fuel that offer useful solution for the efficient energy storage. The formic acid was synthesized by the carbon dioxide hydrogenation reaction by using catalyst. The preliminary study on catalyst between zeolite that act as support while hematite iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) that act as co-catalyst produced a new composite which is Fe-Zeolite. The Fe-Zeolite was synthesized by using sol-gel method with a weight ratio of 1:2 and 2:2. 1:2 of Fe-Zeolite gives the good activity for the production of formic acid which is 1305.41 ppm. The presence of different support material such as zeolite and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) showed a significant difference in the catalytic performance and formic acid selectivity. The morphological and textural properties of the synthesized catalysts were determined by FTIR, XRD, TEM, and FESEM while the formation of formic acid from CO2 hydrogenation reaction was evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
A design method for the integration of heat and control in a process of toluene hydrodealkylation
Authors: Kim Nguyen Trung , Khoi Phuc Nguyen Nguyen , Dinh Nguyen Thu , Nguyen Tuan-Anh , Tetsuo Fuchino 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The integration of heat and process control, strategies for designing a process that consumes minimum energy and improves controllability has been received an increasing interest by process engineers. The techniques of heat integration to improve efficiency of energy consumption normally consume necessary degree of freedom and raise difficulties in control design. This study aims to develop a method that compromise between heat recovery of a heat exchanger network and control performance of a process by balancing the duties of utility streams. A process without heat recovery should transfer all required energy (Q-Total) using utilities. This study suggested to leave a part of Q-Total as utility streams (Q-Utility) to serve as manipulated variables of a control system. This method can be described in a four-step procedure. In the first step, the Q-Utility of a process is determined. The pinch technology is applied to develop a heat exchanger network for heat recovery in the second step. The streams which relates to the Q-Utility should not be included in the pinch analysis. In the third step, a control system is properly designed by using the Q-Utility streams as manipulated variables. In the fourth step, some disturbances are introduced to the system in the form of pulse inputs to test the controllability and resiliency of the control system. This method was applied successfully to an industrial scale case study which was hydrodealkylation of toluene process. The control system was considered with three levels of Q-Utility which were 5%, 10% and 100% of Q-Total. The dynamic performance results revealed that when disturbances occurred, the process with 100%-Utility was very stable at its designed parameters. However, the alternative with 100%-Utility is not a good option because of its economic waste. Either 5% case or 10% case involved its own benefits and drawbacks. If a plant is well equipped with a good emergency response system and fast troubleshooting, then the 5% case should be chosen. It means the utility percentage for control design can be decreased and economic benefits of heat recovery can be increased. If the 10% case is chosen, the controllability can be improved but it should be compensated by increasing the utility cost.
Parametric and optimization studies for biochar production from municipal solid wastes (MSW) via pyrolysis
Authors: Castillo Katrina Joy T. , Concepcion Maguyon-Detras Monet , Migo Veronica P. , Alfafara Catalino G. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The accumulation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and the negative implications of using fossil fuels are some of the current environmental issues in the Philippines. Hence, this study aimed to utilize MSW by converting it into biochar through pyrolysis and maximize biochar production for energy application. The effects of pyrolysis parameters such as temperature and holding time on biochar yield were initially determined using 2k factorial experiment. Results showed that both factors had negative effects on biochar yield wherein temperature had a relatively higher impact. For the optimization study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was performed to determine the optimum pyrolysis conditions for maximum biochar production. The optimum conditions were found to be 300°C and 20 min holding time resulting to maximum biochar yield of 69.64 % by wt. Biochar characteristics were evaluated in terms of higher heating value (HHV), proximate and elemental analyses to determine its suitability as alternative fuel. The HHV of biochar obtained at optimum conditions was about 15.82 MJ/kg which is higher compared to that of the raw MSW (14.42 MJ/kg) and biochar obtained at extreme conditions (13.03 MJ/kg). Moreover, the energy recovery at optimum conditions based on biochar yield was about 76.37% which was also higher compared to that of the biochar obtained at higher temperature and holding time which was about 32.75 %. Using van Krevelen diagram, MSW-derived biochar at the optimum conditions can be classified as lignite, while MSW-derived biochar at extreme conditions is comparable to anthracite coal.
Model predictive control of vinyl chloride monomer process by Aspen Plus Dynamics and MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation approach
Authors: Chinprasit J , Panjapornpon C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Characteristics of a vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) process is complex and nonlinear due to interactions between units in a reaction-separation network, multiple process streams, and multiple control loops involved. A fluctuation of the thermal cracking unit could result in a difficulty in maintaining downstream units at the setpoints. In this work, an approach to develop a model predictive control (MPC) for the VCM process by deploying a co-simulation between MATLAB/Simulink and Aspen Plus Dynamics is presented. The co-simulation provides more capability and comfortability to design the MPC controller, and evaluate controllability. The VCM process consisting of thermal cracking, quench and distillation is modelled by Aspen Plus Dynamics. The MPC is developed by integrating the concept of plant-wide control and subsystem partitioning. To reduce the burden of mathematical modeling, the MATLAB system identification toolbox is used to develop a multivariable linear model for the MPC controller by reconciling dynamics data from the VCM plant model. Performances of the developed MPC is evaluated under the regulatory test of the EDC feed disturbance. By comparison with the multiple single-input-single-output proportional-integral controllers through the efficiency indexes—an integral squared error, an overshoot and a settling time. Simulation results supported that the MPC controller outperforms proportional-integral controllers.
Dynamic Multi-Objective Optimization of Autocatalytic Esterification in Semi Batch by Using Control Vector Parameterization (CVP) and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II)
Authors: Rohman F S , Aziz N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Catalyzed Esterification of sec-butyl propionate in semi batch reactor prefers to be solved by dynamic-nonlinear programming (NLP) based optimization for determining optimal temperature and feed flowrate trajectories. In this autocatalytic esterification process, there are contrary objective functions, i.e. maximum productivity and minimum process time. Simultaneous optimization of these objectives yields in a dynamic multi-objective optimization (DMOO) problem, which is characterized by a set of multiple solutions, known as non-dominated or Pareto solutions. In this work, a control vector parameterization (CVP) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) approach were used to generate the Pareto solutions for two objectives: maximize conversion and minimize process time. Each point of Pareto solutions consists of different optimal temperature reactor and feed rate profiles, which lead to a variation combination of conversion and process time. These solutions give multiple alternatives in evaluating the trade-offs and selecting the most suitable operating policy.
Optimal Control of Carbon Dioxide Exchange Process in a Membrane Oxygenator Using Particle Swarm Optimization Approach
Authors: Hazfiza Manap Hany , Khairi Abdul Wahab Ahmad , Mohamed Zuki Fathiah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of Zeigler-Nichols continuous cycling and particle swarm optimization (PSO) method in tuning the optimal gains for Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID). PID controller is implemented to control the rate of CO2 elimination from a membrane oxygenator during extracorporeal blood purification process. The sweep gas flow rate is chosen as the manipulated variable to control arterial CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in blood. The Zeigler-Nichols continuous cycling tuning method is employed for tuning purpose and the performance of each controller (P-only, PI and PID) are evaluated based on three performance indices, namely integral absolute error (IAE), integral squared error (ISE) and integral time absolute error (ITAE). Next, the optimization algorithm known as PSO is used to calculate the gain parameter that can produce the best control action. The robustness of these tuning methods is assessed for set point tracking and load disturbance rejection tests. Results indicated that the PID is seen as the best controller compared to the classical controllers such as P and PI when Zeigler-Nichols continuous cycling as the tuning method is implemented. However, further tests highlighted the PSO-PID strategy (PID parameters that are optimized by PSO) showed even better control responses compared to PID alone. Thus, it can be concluded that optimization strategy by PSO method is the best tuning method to be used in determining the controller parameters for the automation of extracorporeal circulation control for both set point tracking and load disturbance rejection tests.