bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Root Cause Analysis of Particle Defects
Authors: Uritsky Yuri , Conti Giuseppina , Wang Charles , Brundle CR 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The analytical needs in semiconductor technology have grown under the increasing demands imposed by reduced critical dimensions, increased wafer size, and complexity. Optical visualization, localization and counting of particles and defects has been extended to morphological and chemical characterization owing to the shifting balance from quality control to root-cause defect analysis. This becomes increasingly important because, via knowledge of the particle defect material plus the process/ hardware features, it leads to a direct path for the particle culprit and a methodical defect reduction procedure.
We present here specific examples from Applied Materials development, particularly related to particles formed during poly Si etch and during two different cleaning procedures (a) NF3 rf process chamber clean and (b) pre-clean (before subsequent deposition) of SiON film via Ar+ sputtering. These cases include identification of Br-based particles after poly-gate etch, and attempts to classify a variety of Al-containing particles of differing origins caused by too aggressive cleaning.
Lattice defects in LiCoO2
Authors: Gabrisch H , Yazami R , Fultz B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Rechargeable Lithium ion batteries are widely used as portable power source in communication and computer technology, prospective uses include medical implantable devices and electric vehicles. The safety and cycle life of Li ion batteries is improved over that of batteries containing metallic lithium anodes because the insertion of Li between the crystal layers of both electrodes was proved to be safer than the electroplating of Li onto a metallic Lithium anode. in Li-ion batteries, the charge transport is governed by the oscillation of Li ions between anode and cathode. They are sometimes called “rocking-chair“ batteries. The most common materials for these batteries are lithiated carbons for anodes, and transition metal oxides (LixCoO2) as cathodes.
LixCoO2 has an ordered rhombohedral Rm structure consisting of alternating layers of Co-O-Li-O-Co. The capacity and energy density of the batteries is limited by the amount of Li that can be stored in the anode and cathode materials.
Asphaltene Aggregation Kinetics in Crude Oil Using Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Johnston Robert J , Mason Thomas G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has been used to study asphaltene aggregation kinetics by employing the microscope's automated acquisition to generate time-lapsed projection maps of aggregating asphaltenes in the autofluorescent matrix of crude oil. Heavy crude oils contain asphaltene particles resulting in the production of optically observable micron-sized asphaltene aggregates. These aggregates form as a result of attractive interactions induced by mixing the heavy crude oil with a poor solvent. This technique has been employed to determine the volume fraction of aggregated asphaltenes, ϕagg, and the time evolution of this phenomenon. The measurements cover a range of various concentrations of asphaltene volume fractions of the heavy asphaltenic oil, ϕm, from ϕm =0.001 to ϕm =0.4.
At each ϕm,after the mixtures have been made, approximately 20 μl of the crude oil is placed in a 20 μm deep flat-well quartz cell and immediately placed on a microscope stage.
Using Electron Diffraction Technique to Solve Real World Problems
Authors: Li Z G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electron diffraction can be a very useful technique in solving real world structure-related problems. However, electron diffraction is much less widely used in industry compared to x-ray diffraction for several reasons. So far, application of electron diffraction has been limited to large-sized companies either to characterize newly synthesized materials in a research division or to directly support business activities in an analytical laboratory. New materials produced on a commercial scale are more and more complex with micro-, even nano-meter sized structures. Development of these materials on a commercial scale, for example, high temperature superconducting compounds, fullerenes, and giant magneoresistance devices [1-7], has increased demand for electron diffraction techniques considerably. Here, I would like to review how electron microscopists in industry solve their real world problems using electron diffraction techniques [8].
Unit cell determination. Unit cell parameters and atom coordinates of a crystal can be routinely determined by single crystal x-ray technique if the crystal is large enough (about 0.1 mm in size).
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Planar Defects in Polycrystalline CdTe Thin Films
Authors: Yan Y , Jones KM , Al-Jassim MM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
CdTe is a promising photovoltaic material due to its near optimum band gap and high absorption coefficient. Polycrystalline, thin-film CdTe/CdS solar cells have demonstrated an efficiency of 15.8%. High density of extended defects is often found in polycrystalline CdTe films grown by close-spaced sublimation (CSS). So far, most investigations of defects in CdTe have focused on epitaxially grown films, and the reported extended defects are mainly lamellar twins. However, epitaxially grown films generally have a different microstructure compared to CSS grown polycrystalline CdTe thin films. in this paper, we report our study of extended defects in CSSgrown polycrystalline CdTe thin films by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). We found that the extended defects are mostly lamellar twins and stacking faults. The stacking faults always propagate across the grains, without ending at a partial dislocation inside the grains.
Growth and Characterization of Ge/Si (112) Islands
Authors: Floyd M , Smith David J , Zhang Y , Drucker J , Tari S , Brill G , Sivananthan S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The spontaneous formation of so-called self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) during heteroepitaxial growth has attracted much recent interest because of potential device applications. Much attention has been directed towards the Ge/Si(001) system, in particular to characterize the island shape and size distributions as a function of growth conditions, i.e., Ge coverage and substrate temperature. Due to the lattice mismatch, a layer-to-island transition occurs at coverages greater than about 3 monolayers, and thereafter small, coherent hut clusters and larger coherent and incoherent dome clusters are observed. Interdiffusion of Si into the Ge islands as a strain-relief mechanism also occurs. Strategies for achieving better control of island size, shape, composition and separation continue to be sought. in this paper, we report a preliminary investigation of island growth in the alternative Ge/Si(l12) system.
The Ge/Si(112) samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a Riber 2300 system equipped with a Ge Knudsen effusion cell.
Time Series Analysis of Transmesothelial Invasion by Endometrial Stromal and Epithelial Cells Using Three-dimensional Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Witz CA , Cho S , Centonze VE , Montoya-Rodriguez IA , Schenken RS 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using human peritoneal explants, we have previously demonstrated that endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) attach to intact mesothelium. Attachment occurs within one hour and mesothelial invasion occurs within 18 hours (Figure 1). We have also demonstrated that, in vivo, the mesothelium overlies a continuous layer of collagen IV (Col IV).
More recently we have used CLSM, to study the mechanism and time course of ESC and EEC attachment and invasion through mesothelial monolayers. in these studies, CellTracker® dyes were used to label cells. Mesothelial cells were labeled with chloromethylbenzoylaminotetramethylrhodamine (CellTracker Orange). Mesothelial cells were then plated on human collagen IV coated, laser etched coverslips. Mesothelial cells were cultured to subconfluence. ESCs and EECs, labeled with chloromethylfluorscein diacetate (CellTracker Green) were plated on the mesothelial monolayers. Cultures were examined at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours with simultaneous differential interference contrast and CLSM.
Segregation of Heterologous GPI-Anchored Proteins Into Separate Membrane Rafts
Authors: Ratnam M , Gunning W , Wang J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Specific lipid self-associations in the fluid bilayer, particularly involving sphingolipids and cholesterol, are believed to result in the formation of membrane microdomains or “rafts” that mediate recycling of proteins between the cell surface and intracellular compartments or function as platforms for signal transduction events. Such membrane microdomains may be recovered in a low-density fraction that is insoluble in Triton X-100 at 4°C and referred to as detergent-insoluble, glycolipid-enriched complexes (DIGs). Membrane microdomains that constitute cell surface invaginations called caveolae can also be recovered in the form of DIGs. Caveolae are typically associated with a protein called caveolin, which coats their cytoplasmic surface.
Various glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins such as the folate receptor (FR) are believed to be associated with membrane rafts and to constitutively internalize and recycle to the cell surface although FR is the only known GPI-anchored protein with a transport function, i.e.,
Autoschizic Death of Human Ovarian Carcinoma (MDAH 2774) Cells: LM and SEM Aspects
Authors: Gillotcaux J , Jamison JM , Arnold D , Von Greunigen V , Summers JL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Co-administration of Vitamin C (VC) and Vitamin K3 (VK3) combination (in a VC/VK3 ratio of 100:1) to several human carcinoma cell lines resulted in equivalent antineoplastic activity at concentrations that were 10-50 times lower than when either vitamin was administered alone. Peroxides generated by VC resulted in membrane lipid alteration. VC and VK3 combination resulted in cytoskeletal alterations, DNAses and RNase activation. This report documents LM and SEM morphological changes of ovarian carcinoma cells which accompany vitamin treatment and lead to autoschizic cell death.
MDAH cells were cultivated in titer dishes and on coverslips coated with polylysine. After exposure to either VC, VK3, or the VC/VK3 combination for 1 hour, cells on coverslips were fixed and processed for SEM. Cells in dishes (105 cells) were harvested, centrifuged (&lt;500 r/min), fixed and embedded in PolyBed. Sections, oneurn thick, were stained by Toluidine blue prior to LM and TEM studies.
The Use of Accurate Morphologic Criteria to Diagnose Chemically Induced Lung Tumors in the Mouse is Essential for Extrapolation of Molecular Data When Applied to the Study of Human Disease
Authors: Gunning WT 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. It has been estimated that in the year 2001 there will have be more than 157,400 deaths from lung cancer (28% of all cancer deaths) and 169,500 newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer (13.4% of all newly diagnosed cancer) recorded. The significance of this disease requires development of better treatments and of feasible means to prevent the development and progression of lung cancer, especially since the progression of initiation to clinical manifestation may take years. The use of an appropriate animal model is paramount to the study of human disease.
More than 95% of all primary human lung cancer is directly attributed to the use of tobacco products2. The most common forms of human lung cancer include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma.
Detecting Early Apoptosis in Whole Epithelial Sheets with a Caspase 3 Substrate, Phiphilux and Annexes V Using Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Svoboda Kathy K H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Many reagents have been developed recently to label living cells with substrates that will become fluorescent if an enzyme is active. The general principle is that the substrate will be taken up by living cells then detected only if the enzyme is active. These substrates work well with isolated individual cells, however, more difficulty can be encountered when studying whole tissues. Problems can range from substrate penetration into whole tissues to being able to detect the label effectively. We have used the chicken corneal epithelia for many studies, but the tissue is to thick to view with a conventional light microscope, therefore we have developed techniques using laser confocal microscopes to view this tissue in with a variety of techniques including in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and vital dyes/stains.
Whole embryonic corneal epithelial sheets can be isolated without the basal lamina.
Imaging and Flow Cytometry: Competing or Complementary Technologies?
Authors: Robinson JPaul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction This presentation will follow the pathways to convergence of two very complementary technologies - flow cytometry and imaging. Interestingly, each technology has evolved and matured almost exclusively isolated from the other. in the past several years it has become increasingly clear that these technologies are able to deliver complementary solutions and that when combined the end value of each exceeds the sum of the individual components.
History of development Flow cytometry has a rich history over the past 40 years. Ironically, as a technology, flow cytometry was almost a consolation prize to its imaging cousins. in fact, it seems that it might only have been because imaging solutions proved to be technologically difficult that flow cytometry not only thrived, but left the imaging field well behind for nearly 20 years. Initial interest in evaluating differences between normal and cancer cells was almost exclusively attempted by imaging techniques.
Identification of MHC-I Accessible Proteins from Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Ellefson D , Parker D , Heffron F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium secrete proteins into the host cell after infection. These proteins alter the normal structural and metabolic machinery of the host cell and benefit the bacterium by facilitating replication and avoidance of host immune surveillance. Since the host cytoplasmic localization of these proteins infers access to the class-I MHC antigen processing and presentation machinery of the host cell, we collectively refer to these proteins as Class- I Accessible Proteins (CAPs).
The design of vaccines for new and emerging bacterial pathogens is often constrained by the selection of appropriate and specific antigens. While vaccine design is being greatly aided by whole genome analysis of bacterial pathogens, it has been of limited use in the assignment of function and host subcellular localization of a large percentage of bacterial proteins. in addition, analysis of the bacteria/host interaction is further complicated by the complex lifestyle of the pathogen.
Computer Assisted Morphometry: A Pathologist’s Perspective
Authors: Holland JM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In spite of improved equipment and software, the routine application of quantitative microscopy to practical problems in drug development has been limited. This is due to a perceived and often real increase in project complexity and time added by quantitation of tissue changes, without an offsetting return of information. A major barrier to quantitative microscopy is the degree of difficulty in collecting data. The more steps in this process, the less attractive the task. Therefore, it follows that the more automated the task, the more likely quantitative methods will be applied. The purpose of this presentation will be to illustrate an approach taken to automate the morphometric quantification of muscle atrophy which follows dennervation.
The traditional morphometric approach to assess myofiber atrophy is based upon laborious planometric measurement of individual muscle fiber cross-sections. Examples of the type of data obtained using the traditional method are shown in text table 1.
Microscopic Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cells. II. Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Gales Tracy L , Maleeff Beverly E , Narayanan Padma K , Tirmenstein Mark A , Hart Timothy K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone (Rezulin) has been shown to cause severe hepatotoxicity and liver failure. While the toxic mechanism is still unknown, a component may be oxidative stress. We have demonstrated that increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione levels, and collapse in mitochondrial membrane potential occurred following exposure of cultured hepatocytes to troglitazone. These hallmarks of oxidative stress can manifest morphologically in several ways including damage to cellular membranes, mitochondrial abnormalities, and cell death. The purpose of this study was to assess morphologic changes caused by exposure to troglitazone or cumene hydroperoxide (CH), a compound known to induce oxidative stress.
HepG2 and Novikoff hepatoma cells were grown on poly-L-lysine coated 6-well plates overnight, and exposed to 10, 25, 50 or 100 μM concentrations of troglitazone or CH in the growth media for 2 hours. Cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, harvested, and pelleted. Pellets were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, and processed to epoxy resin.
Nuclear Channels in Hela Cells: Nucleocytoplasmic Transport or Reassembly of the Nuclear Envelope?
Authors: Palisano JR , Traister EK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although nuclear channels (NC) have been described in a variety of cells, their function has not been fully investigated. This investigation used immunofluorescent techniques to examine the formation and function of NC in HeLa cells, a human cervical cancer cell line. NC are defined as invaginations of the nuclear envelope (NE) that traverse the nucleoplasm, thus forming a ring-like nucleus. The resulting tunnel is devoid of nucleic acid and may contain cytoplasmic elements. to date, all the reports of the presence of NC are from electron microscopic investigations, which clearly demonstrate the occurrence of NC in the presence of what appear to be interphase nuclei. This investigation was initiated because the NC that we observed in HeLa cells could be seen with fluorescent microscopy and only appeared during telophase and early interphase.
HeLa cells, obtained from American Type Culture Collection, were cultured on glass coverslips in minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 5% calf serum (CS) and a mixture of 5% CO2 in air at 37°C.
Identification of Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I in the Hepatocytes of Hypercholesterolemic Rats
Authors: Wang J Y , Lee Y W , Hsiao H Y , Chao W T , Yang V C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The levels of plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) are inversely related to the incidence of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This protective effect of HDL is thought to be involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver. The scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) is the first HDL receptor that can mediate the selective uptake of HDL cholesterol in steroidogenic tissues and in liver. The expression of SR-BI in liver appears to be responsive to changes in the hormonal status and in the levels of HDL cholesterol. However, long-term effects of high-cholesterol diet on the SR-BI expression in liver parenchymal cells and KupfFer cells have not been studied. to investigate the in vivo effects of liver-specific SR-BI expression on lipid metabolism, we fed male Sprague-Dawley rats with high-cholesterol or normal diet for 1 and 12 months.
Enhancement and Co-Localization of Erk and Collagens in Human Myocardium with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Dong Y , Lin R , Wei C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mechanical stimuli frequently trigger signals leading to increase gene expression, protein synthesis, or mitogenesis. Cardiac fibroblasts respond to changes in ventricular hemodynamic loading by increasing matrix production in models of pressure-overload hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. Recent studies have identified some of the intracellular signaling pathways that mediate the biological effects observed upon mechanical stimulation in vitro. These include mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) and protein kinase C (PKC) family. MAPKs include extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), C-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. ERK pathway is frequently stimulated in response to mitogen.
Previous studies demonstrated that mechanical stretch stimulated MAPK activities in normal adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. On the other hand, mechanical stretch also increases transcription and production of the matrix proteins collagen (type I and HI) and fibronectin in cardiac fibroblasts. MAPKs are activated by mechanical stretch during cardiac myocytes hypertrophy through both PKCdependent and independent pathways.
Surface Ultrastructural Effects of Fumagillin on Cultured Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Majumdar S K , Marc C , Ruddy J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Fumagillin, an antibiotic isolated from the fungus Aspergillus famigatus and first utilized in the 1950’s for its antiprotozoal and antiamoebic properties, has recently been discovered to be a potent inhibitor of blood vessel growth, termed angiogenesis. A previous study indicated that fumagillin was toxic to murine erythroleukemic cells (MEL BB-88) and HeLa cervical carcinoma cells. This study was initiated to understand what effects the chemical has on the cell surface ultrastructural morphology of these two cancer cell lines.
MEL BB-88 cells were treated with 0.0, 5.0, or 10.0 μg/ml fumagillin for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, while HeLa cells received 0.0, 1.0, or 5.0 μg/ml fumagillin for the same time periods. Cells were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde for two hours, postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for one hour, dehydrated in an ascending alcohol series, critically point dried, coated with gold palladium, and observed under an ISI Super III scanning electron microscope
Postischemic Morphological Changes of the Dentate Gyrus in the Gerbil During Reperfusion
Authors: Yu SM , Wang JC 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Postischemic lesion following reperfusion have been investigated in the gerbil by temporary occlusion of a common carotid artery. Two phenomena have been reported in injured ischemic cells: the inability to restore mitochondrial function and evidence of plasma membrane damage. For Further understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of ischemic lesion, we have evaluated the various ischemic period and early postischemic reperfusion. in addition to the morphological changes of the dentate gyrus by light microscopy, we employed the immunocytochemical staining for iNOS and eNOS.
The mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, were anesthetized with α-chloralose (350mg/kg), bilateral common carotid artery occlusion was induced for 90 minutes. The right common carotid artery was ligated with 5-0 silk suture, and the left was clamped by a micro vascular/miniature aneurysmal clip. After an ischemic period of 90 minutes, restoration of the blood flow of the left common carotid artery was accomplished by withdrawing the microvascular clip.