bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrent hybridization underlies the evolution of novelty in Gentiana (Gentianaceae) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Fu Peng-Cheng , Twyford Alex D , Sun Shan-Shan , Wang Hong-Yu , Xia Ming-Ze , Tan Cheng-Xi , Zhou Xiao-Jun , Chen Shi-Long 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent areas are centres of diversity for several alpine groups. Although it is known that the QTP acted as a source area for diversification of the alpine genus Gentiana, the evolutionary processes underlying diversity in this genus, especially the formation of narrow endemics, are still poorly understood. Hybridization has been proposed as a driver of plant endemism in the QTP but few cases have been documented with genetic data. Here, we describe a new endemic species in Gentiana section Cruciata as G. hoae sp. nov., and explore its evolutionary history with complete plastid genomes and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence data. Genetic divergence within G. hoae ~3 million years ago was followed by postglacial expansion on the QTP, suggesting Pleistocene glaciations as a key factor shaping the population history of G. hoae. Furthermore, a mismatch between plastid and nuclear data suggest that G. hoae participated in historical hybridization, while population sequencing show this species continues to hybridize with the co-occurring congener G. straminea in three locations. Our results indicate that hybridization may be a common process in the evolution of Gentiana and may be widespread among recently diverged taxa of the QTP.
Local community participation challenges in community-based ecotourism development in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Kunjuraman Velan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Community-based ecotourism (CBE) is a popular research area, which focuses on destination community participation in ecotourism development for livelihood enhancement. Scholarship on this area evidently elucidated CBE as having delivered benefits to the local community in terms of economic, social, and environmental aspects. However, challenges faced by them to ensure their active participation in CBE still persist and are empirically vague in the context of developing countries. This qualitative study gives primacy to the local communities’ voices especially the challenges faced by those who have been engaged in ecotourism scheme for decades in one of the pioneer ecotourism destination in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. The study discovered that local communities’ challenges in ecotourism development are manifold, thematically categorized into internal and external challenges. The study advised that ecotourism development in Sabah, Malaysia will be in danger, if it fails to emphasize the local community participation and their aspirations, thus weakening the sustainability. The study proposes that stakeholder approach be taken as a remedy to overcome the challenges faced by the local communities in ecotourism in the study site. Finally, the study concludes by highlighting its contribution to the body of knowledge and practical implications based on research findings.
Estimation of cancers caused by light to moderate alcohol consumption in the European Union
Authors: Rovira Pol , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Research has identified alcohol to be an important risk factor for several types of cancers. This study estimates the number of incident cancers attributable to alcohol consumption in the European Union (EU) in 2017, with a special focus on those caused by light to moderate drinking levels.

Methods
The attributable-fraction methodology is used to estimate the number of new cancer cases in the year 2017 in the EU caused by alcohol use, and further examines those due to light to moderate drinking levels, defined here as alcohol consumption of &lt;20 g of pure alcohol per day.

Results
Light to moderate drinking levels of alcohol caused almost 23 000 new cancer cases in the EU in 2017, and accounted for 13.3% of all alcohol-attributable cancers, and 2.3% of all cases of the seven alcohol-related cancer types. Almost half of these (∼11 000 cases) were female breast cancers. Also, more than a third of the cancer cases due to light to moderate drinking resulted from a light drinking level of &lt;1 standard drink per day (total: 37%; women: 40%; men: 32%).

Conclusions
Alcohol use, including light to moderate drinking, continues to cause considerable cancer burden, and efforts should be made to reduce this burden. In addition to the alcohol control policies suggested by the World Health Organization, public information campaigns and the placement of warning labels on alcohol containers advising of the cancer risk associated with alcohol use should be initiated to increase knowledge about the alcohol-cancer link.
Wide-spread vulnerability of black ash (Fraxinus nigraMarsh.) wetlands in Minnesota USA to loss of tree dominance from invasive emerald ash borer
Authors: Palik Brian J , D’Amato Anthony W , Slesak Robert A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe emerald ash borer (EAB) has killed ash species (Fraxinus L.) in much of eastern North America, but it has yet to reach the vast ash wetlands in northern Minnesota, USA. In these wetlands, a single species, black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) comprises a majority of trees and has a foundational role in controlling ecosystem function. Given the likelihood of wide-spread mortality of black ash from EAB and the likelihood of severe ecosystem impacts, we examined the potential for co-occurring tree species to replace black ash, either through gap filling in the overstory or release from the understory. We addressed this objective by examining woody plant communities in 32 mature black ash sites located across a large geographic region and inclusive of two distinct wetland types as defined by hydrologic regime. Our results indicate a region-wide lack of species capable of replacing black ash in both wetland hydrologic types; thus there is very low existing potential for replacement of black ash from expansion in the overstory or through release in the understory. These results point to an urgent need for silvicultural intervention to identify and establish future-adapted non-ash tree species so as to promote resilience in the face of EAB by maintaining aspects of the foundational role of black ash in controlling ecosystem functions.
∞-Operads as Analytic Monads
Authors: Gepner David , Haugseng Rune , Kock Joachim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We develop an $\infty $-categorical version of the classical theory of polynomial and analytic functors, initial algebras, and free monads. Using this machinery, we provide a new model for $\infty $-operads, namely $\infty $-operads as analytic monads. We justify this definition by proving that the $\infty $-category of analytic monads is equivalent to that of dendroidal Segal spaces, known to be equivalent to the other existing models for $\infty $-operads.
212 Biosecurity practices associated with negative farm status for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and swine influenza virus in farrow-to-finish pig farms
Authors: Calderon Diaz Julia A , da Costa Maria Rodrigues , Manzanilla Edgar Garcia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify biosecurity practices associated negative status (-) for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv), and swine influenza virus (SIV) in pig farms. Biosecurity practices were assessed using the Biocheck.UGentTM questionnaire in 54 Irish farrow-to-finish pig farms. For each farm, a batch of pigs was observed at slaughter and blood samples were collected from 32 randomly selected pigs per farm at exsanguination. Serology analysis was performed using IDEXX ELISA kits and farms were classified with either positive or negative status for each of the respiratory diseases. Data were analysed using univariable logistic regression in PROC GENMOD of SAS v9.4. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and their associated 95% confidence interval (CI). Regularly cleaning materials used for disease treatment between litters (OR=8.2, CI=0.97-69.87), cleaning driving boards (OR=5.5, CI=1.07-28.20) and a maximal density of 3 pigs/m2 in the nursery were associated (P&lt; 0.05) with an increased likelihood of MHYO(-). The feeding company meeting special hygienic requirements (OR=3.84, CI=1.14-12.95) and a strict all-in-all-out management in each finishing room (OR=3.84, CI=1.14-12.95) were associated (P&lt; 0.05) with an increased likelihood of PRRSv(-). However, having disinfection baths between each room (OR=0.20, CI=0.06-0.68) and footbaths installed at the entrance of each building (OR=0.15, CI=0.04-0.52) were associated (P&lt; 0.05) with decreased likelihood of PRRSv(-). Only allowing visitors’ access to the farm from a hygiene lock (OR=4.41, CI=1.04-18.71), and minimal piglet handling during lactation were associated with an increased likelihood of SIV(-) (P&lt; 0.05). Results indicate that biosecurity practices regarding cleaning and disinfection and animal management are the most associated with a negative farm status for respiratory disease. It is possible that the biosecurity practices implemented in farms with lower likelihood for negative status were applied in a more ‘reactionary’ than ‘preventive’ manner.
244 Algae taste preference of Chlorella sp. from dairy wastewater by weaned dairy calves
Authors: Heins Bradley J , Luzzi Siane C , Gardner Robert D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the taste preference of calves fed Chlorella sp. microalgae produced from dairy lagoon wastewater. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN, dairy during May 2019. Six Holstein and crossbred dairy heifer calves were fed 0 (control), 30, and 60 g of Chlorella sp. daily in a sequential elimination study. For the 7-d experiment, day 1 to 2 were for diet adaptation and day 3 to 4 were for data collection. During the final 3 days, the primarily consumed treatment was removed to determine the second preferred treatment. The microalgae used in this study was isolated from the dairy wastewater lagoon. The microalgae biomass was produced using outdoor hanging bag bioreactors with Chlorella sp. to recycle the dairy wastewater. The biomass was sterilized and kept frozen at -4°C until fed to calves. Calves were housed individually in hutches with outdoor access under solar panels, with free-choice water. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was calculated to rank the consumption of the treatments from most to least preferred using JMP 14.3 statistical software. Pairwise comparisons and Tukey adjustment were applied to evaluate the difference between the treatments for total intake. Calves consumed more (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter from control grain (3.4 kg/d) compared to 30 g microalgae grain (2.42 kg/d) and 60 g microalgae grain (1.56 kg/d) during the first 2-d period. During the second 2-d (d 3 and 4) segment, dry matter intake was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for the 60 g microalgae treatment compared to the control and 30 g microalgae treatment. Five of six calves in this study always ranked the control treatment first (P &lt; 0.05) when given a choice, and ranked the 30 g microalgae second choice. Results indicated that microalgae maybe added to calf starter grains without any adverse effects; however, calves preferred calf starter grains without microalgae.
14 Challenges and opportunities for formulating low-protein diets for maintaining growth and N-retention of weanling and growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Htoo John K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For more than two decades, numerous studies have been conducted evaluating the effects of lowering CP level in pig diets. It is now accepted that lowering dietary CP level and adding crystalline amino acids (CAA) improves N utilization and consequently reduces N excretion. Increased availability of CAA such as Lys, Thr, Met, Trp, Val (Ile, Arg and His) allows nutritionists to further reduce dietary CP level while meeting pigs’ AA requirements more closely. However, pig performance was sometimes compromised when the dietary CP level was reduced more than 4 percentage units and adding high inclusion levels of CAA. An increase in backfat thickness was also sometimes reported when feeding finishing pigs with low CP diets. The potential reasons for such inconsistent results are due to the deficiency of the next limiting AA (typically Val and Ile), inaccurate feed mixing and insufficient amount of non-essential AA (NEAA) in the low CP diets. Formulating low CP diets on similar energy content as for the high CP diets on ME basis sometimes led to a greater backfat thickness in finishing pigs which was mainly due to increased energy utilization of pigs fed low CP diets coupled with the excess energy being stored as carcass fat. Based on the results of these experiments, optimal growth performance, carcass quality and N retention of pigs can be maintained when low CP diets are balanced for adequate levels of both essential AA and NEAA on the standardized ileal digestible basis combined with formulating on NE basis. Research suggests that keeping a maximum total Lys:CP ratio of 7.4% could overcome deficiency of NEAA in the low CP diets. Based on published N-balance studies, 1 percent unit dietary CP reduction results on average 9% reduction in N excretion in pigs which is an effective approach to become more sustainable pork production.
246 Effect of increasing levels of dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota
Authors: Halpin Michael Y , Drouillard James , Douthit Teresa , Ran Qinghong , Bradford Barry J , Marthaler Douglas , Ochonski Patricia , Lattimer James M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted with 6 cecally cannulated horses (524 ± 65.5 kg BW) to evaluate effects of increasing dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota. Starch was supplied via corn pellets and was increased by 0.5 g starch/kg BW/meal every 7 d until horses received 3.5 g starch/kg BW/meal. Throughout the experiment, Smooth Bromegrass hay and water were offered ad libitum. Meals were fed every 6 h, starting at 0600 h. On d 7 of each period, cecal digesta was collected every 2 h for 12 h. Within period, cecal samples for each horse were pooled and DNA was extracted for PCR amplification of the 16 S rRNA gene (V3 and V4 regions) and sequencing via Illumina MiSeq. Alpha and beta diversity were measured. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with fixed effect of starch level and random effect of horse (SAS version 9.4). If a horse presented with colic, it was removed from the experiment. Parameters when feeding 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal were compared between horses which completed the trial and those removed using covariate of 0 g starch/kg BW/meal. Feeding 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal elicited the greatest changes in microbiota, indicated by reduced (P ≤ 0.02) operational taxonomical units and Faith phylogenetic diversity and different (P ≤ 0.017) beta diversity compared to all other treatments. Across treatments, Firmicutes was the most abundant phyla, followed by Bacteroidetes. Feeding 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal led to lowest (P ≤ 0.0342) relative abundance (RA) of Prevotella, Treponema, Phascolarctobacterium, and [Prevotella]. Horses that persisted throughout the experiment had reduced (P = 0.0163) RA of Ruminococcus and greater RA of Phascolarctobacterium (P = 0.0057) when consuming 1.5 g starch/kg BW/meal compared to those removed. This is the first report describing effects of gradually increasing dietary starch on equine cecal microbiota in vivo.
191 Equine Extension Program Delivery Methods
Authors: Brady Colleen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Equine Extension programs have existed since the beginning of extension. Although traditionally programs have been delivered through face to face meetings, workshops, camps and fact sheets, in the 21st century the clientele are seeking information in the traditional ways, as well as through other outlets. Electronic and digital methods of delivery are becoming increasingly used, and popular for delivery of equine extension programs. These range from the use of social media outlets such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, to the development and dissemination of online courses and seminars that are targeted to equine audiences. The national group Extension Horses, Inc., has used all of these methods to increase their reach and impact to national, and international, horse extension audiences. As of November, 2019, Extension Horses, Inc. had 11,059 likes on Facebook, with a reach of 125,478 for the week the report was generated, and engagement of 10,120. YouTube has been a very successful delivery method for the group, with 14,532 followers, 8.436 million views, and over 148,000 minutes of video watched. Webinars are frequently used to conduct equine extension programs, and Pulec, et al (2016), showed that they were an effective tool for reaching horse owner audiences. One of the advantages of using digital methods to conduct equine extension programs is that they allow the audience to access the programs 24/7/365. This is especially important in areas where there may not be enough clientele in a geographical area to justify a face to face event. In this presentation, we will discuss best practices for development of digitally based equine extension delivery, as well as educational theoretical frameworks to assist in the assessment of the effectiveness of these programs.
35 Effect of feeding 60% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles or the equivalent sulfur on performance, hormone concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase activity in yearling Angus bulls
Authors: Kassetas Cierrah J , Caton Joel S , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , McCarthy Kacie L , Crouse Matthew , Neville Bryan , Sedivec Kevin K , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives were to investigate the effects of feeding 60% dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DCD) or equivalent sulfur as calcium sulfate (CaSO4) on performance, hormone concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in yearling bulls. Thirty-six half-sibling Angus bulls [256 ± 8 d; initial BW = 320 ± 2 kg] were assigned one of three treatments: 1) corn-based diet containing 60% concentrate (CON; S = 0.18%; n = 12); 2) diet containing 60% DCD as a replacement for corn (DDGS; S = 0.53% DM; n = 12); 3) CON diet + equivalent sulfur of the DDGS diet added as CaSO4 (SULF; S = 0.51%; n = 12). Bulls were fed in Calan gates to target an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.6 kg/d. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using PROC MIXED in SAS. Blood and semen samples were collected on d 0, 56, and 112 then evaluated for concentrations of testosterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine in serum, and GPx activity in seminal plasma. By design, no differences (P ³ 0.14) were observed among treatments for final BW, ADG or dry matter intake. However, DDGS tended (P = 0.07) to have reduced gain: feed when compared with CON, whereas SULF was intermediate. No differences (P ³ 0.13) were observed among treatments for serum concentrations of testosterone and thyroxine; however, DDGS had reduced (P = 0.009) triiodothyronine concentrations compared with CON and SULF. A treatment ′ d interaction (P = 0.03) was observed for seminal plasma GPx. On d 56, GPx activity was greater (P = 0.03) for DDGS compared with CON, whereas SULF was intermediate, but on d 112, DDGS had greater (P £ 0.02) GPx activity compared with CON and SULF. Therefore, alterations in triiodothyronine concentrations and GPx activity among treatments indicates that DDGS may influence characteristics of semen quality.
39 Effects of increasing iron dextran dosage at birth on the hematological profile and growth performance of piglets during the lactation period
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Monegue Harold J , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of the experiment was to critically monitor the blood profile and growth performance of piglets during the lactation period after receiving various amounts of injectable iron at birth. A total of 70, newborn pigs (initial BW 1.51 ± 0.26 kg) from 7 litters were assigned to 1 of 5 iron dosage treatments on d 0. Injectable iron dosage treatments were 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg iron from iron dextran. BW and blood samples were collected on d 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 22 (weaning) and blood was analyzed for a complete blood count (CBC). Blood was only sampled from 50 of the 70 pigs as the pigs not sampled were used for tissue collection at weaning and postweaning. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the individual pig as the experimental unit. As early as d 1 after the injection, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) improved (linear: P &lt; 0.05). The Hb response was both linear (P &lt; 0.001) and quadratic (P ≤ 0.01) from d 3 through weaning at d 22. For the 50 and 100 mg iron treatments, Hb peaked at d 6, whereas Hb for the 200 and 300 mg iron treatments peaked on d 17. Other CBC measures followed a similar pattern of improvement from d 2-3 through weaning as the iron dosage increased. Average daily gain was greater (linear: P = 0.04 and quadratic: P = 0.05) from d 0 to 22 which, in turn, led to a linear improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in weaning BW. Increasing iron injection dosage at birth leads to an improved blood profile and greater ADG during the nursing period (d 0-22). The dosage provided also affects the timing and magnitude of the peak Hb response.
121 The impact of changing consumer preferences on production and management practices at cow-calf level
Authors: Pritchard Robbi H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Changes in cow-calf operations and management need to be deliberate and focus on consumer preferences that are substantive and enduring. For the sake of argument these preference changes could include: 1) continued erosion of the image of the cattle industry; 2) growth in demand of high quality grade beef, likely branded, and available at an affordable price; 3) production systems that yield improvements in cattle health, have a lesser environmental impact, and demonstrate prudent animal care and well-being; 4) Specification systems that may or may not include stipulations such as grass fed or non-implanted. At the ranch level there will be continued pressure to pursue rapid, efficient growth, marbling, structural soundness, and immunocompetence via genetic selection. A major step to reduce health problems is to reduce co-mingling. To achieve this goal breeding programs will change to improve the genetic and phenotypic uniformity and possibly the heterosis of the calf crop on each ranch. The National calving season needs to be more uniformly distributed throughout the year. New, more relevant cattle performance metrics will be developed. Calves that fit a branded production stream will have more value. Production streams that require Verified processes will be inequitably distributed across herd size because of associated costs, forcing smaller herds to either coop, vertically integrate, or accept generic cattle prices. Because of the diversity of environments and corresponding compatible bio-types of cows, identifying the profitable combination of specific branded systems with the genetics, calving season, labor, resource management and nutrition program of the ranch is very complicated. It will be increasingly necessary to put incremental response assessments in the context of the greater production-product system. Successful adaptors will place a much greater reliance on strong technical support in the areas of genetics, nutrition, growth, animal handling, documentation, and branded production streams.