bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of social subordination and oestradiol on resting‐state amygdala functional connectivity in adult female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Reding Katherine M. , Grayson David S. , Miranda‐Dominguez Oscar , Ray Siddarth , Wilson Mark E. , Toufexis Donna , Fair Damien A. , Sanchez Mar M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPreclinical studies demonstrate that chronic stress modulates the effects of oestradiol (E2) on behaviour through the modification of the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neuronal structure. Clinical studies suggest that alterations in amygdala functional connectivity (FC) with the mPFC may be associated with stress‐related phenotypes, including mood and anxiety disorders. Thus, identifying the effects of stress and E2 on amygdala‐mPFC circuits is critical for understanding the neurobiology underpinning the vulnerability to stress‐related disorders in women. In the present study, we used a well‐validated rhesus monkey model of chronic psychosocial stress (subordinate social rank) to examine effects of E2 on subordinate (SUB) (i.e. high stress) and dominant (DOM) (i.e. low stress) female resting‐state amygdala FC with the mPFC and with the whole‐brain. In the non‐E2 treatment control condition, SUB was associated with stronger left amygdala FC to subgenual cingulate (Brodmann area [BA] 25: BA25), a region implicated in several psychopathologies in people. In SUB females, E2 treatment strengthened right amygdala‐BA25 FC, induced a net positive amygdala‐visual cortex FC that was positively associated with frequency of submissive behaviours, and weakened positive amygdala‐para/hippocampus FC. Our findings show that subordinate social rank alters amygdala FC and the impact of E2 on amygdala FC with BA25 and with regions involved in visual processing and memory encoding.
Sleep deprivation‐induced impairment of memory consolidation is not mediated by glucocorticoid stress hormones
Authors: Raven Frank , Heckman Pim R. A. , Havekes Robbert , Meerlo Peter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe general consensus is that sleep promotes neuronal recovery and plasticity, whereas sleep deprivation (SD) impairs brain function, including cognitive processes. Indeed, a wealth of data has shown a negative impact of SD on learning and memory processes, particularly those that involve the hippocampus. The mechanisms underlying these negative effects of sleep loss are only partly understood, but a reoccurring question is whether they are in part caused by stress hormones that may be released during SD. The purpose of the present study is therefore to examine the role of glucocorticoid stress hormones in SD‐induced memory impairment. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained in an object‐location memory paradigm, followed by 6 hr of SD by mild stimulation. At the beginning of the SD mice were injected with the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone. Memory was tested 24 hr after training. Blood samples taken in a separate group of mice showed that SD resulted in a mild but significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels, which was prevented by metyrapone. However, the SD‐induced impairment in object‐location memory was not prevented by metyrapone treatment. This indicates that glucocorticoids play no role in causing the memory impairments seen after a short period of SD.
Shock‐induced formation of wüstite and fayalite in a magnetite‐quartz target rock
Authors: Henrichs Leonard F. , Kontny Agnes , Reznik Boris , Gerhards Uta , Göttlicher Jörg , Genssle Tim , Schilling Frank 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProjectile–target interactions as a result of a large bolide impact are important issues, as abundant extraterrestrial material has been delivered to the Earth throughout its history. Here, we report results of shock‐recovery experiments with a magnetite‐quartz target rock positioned in an ARMCO iron container. Petrography, synchrotron‐assisted X‐ray powder diffraction, and micro‐chemical analysis confirm the appearance of wüstite, fayalite, and iron in targets subjected to 30 GPa. The newly formed mineral phases occur along shock veins and melt pockets within the magnetite‐quartz aggregates, as well as along intergranular fractures. We suggest that iron melt formed locally at the contact between ARMCO container and target, and intruded the sample causing melt corrosion at the rims of intensely fractured magnetite and quartz. The strongly reducing iron melt, in the form of μm‐sized droplets, caused mainly a diffusion rim of wüstite with minor melt corrosion around magnetite. In contact with quartz, iron reacted to form an iron‐enriched silicate melt, from which fayalite crystallized rapidly as dendritic grains. The temperatures required for these transformations are estimated between 1200 and 1600 °C, indicating extreme local temperature spikes during the 30 GPa shock pressure experiments.
Experimental constraints on the solidification of a hydrous lunar magma ocean
Authors: Lin Yanhao , Hui Hejiu , Xia Xiaoping , Shang Sheng , van Westrenen Wim 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe identification of hydrogen in a range of lunar samples and the similarity of its abundance and isotopic composition with terrestrial values suggest that water could have been present in the Moon since its formation. To quantify the effect of water on early lunar differentiation, we present new analyses of a high‐pressure, high‐temperature experimental study designed to model the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of the solidification material equivalent to 700 km deep lunar magma oceans first reported in Lin et al. (2017a). We also performed additional experiments to better quantify water contents in the run products. Water contents in the melt phases in hydrous run products spanning a range of crystallization steps were quantified directly using a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Results suggest that a significant but constant proportion (68 ± 5%) of the hydrogen originally added to the experiments was lost from the starting material independent of run conditions and run duration. The volume of plagioclase formed during our crystallization experiments can be combined with the measured water contents and the observed crustal thickness on the Moon to provide an updated lunar interior hygrometer. Our data suggest that at least 45–354 ppm H2O equivalent was present in the Moon at the time of crust formation. These estimates confirm the inference of Lin et al. (2017a) that the Moon was wet during its magma ocean stage, with corrected absolute water contents now comparable to estimates derived from the water content in a range of lunar samples.
Resilience in reef‐building corals: The ecological and evolutionary importance of the host response to thermal stress
Authors: Drury Crawford 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCoral reefs are under extreme threat due to a number of stressors, but temperature increases due to changing climate are the most severe. Rising ocean temperatures coupled with local extremes lead to extensive bleaching, where the coral‐algal symbiosis breaks down and corals may die, compromising the structure and function of reefs. Although the symbiotic nature of the coral colony has historically been a focus of research on coral resilience, the host itself is a foundational component in the response to thermal stress. Fixed effects in the coral host set trait baselines through evolutionary processes, acting on many loci of small effect to create mosaics of thermal tolerance across latitudes and individual coral reefs. These genomic differences can be strongly heritable, producing wide variation among clones of different genotypes or families of a specific larval cross. Phenotypic plasticity is overlaid on these baselines and a growing body of knowledge demonstrates the potential for acclimatization of reef‐building corals through a variety of mechanisms that promote resilience and stress tolerance. The long‐term persistence of coral reefs will require many of these mechanisms to adjust to warmer temperatures within a generation, bridging the gap to reproductive events that allow recombination of standing diversity and adaptive change. Business‐as‐usual climate scenarios will probably lead to the loss of some coral populations or species in the future, so the interaction between intragenerational effects and evolutionary pressure is critical for the survival of reefs.
Residency and abundance of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in Nemuro Strait, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kobayashi Hayao , Amano Masao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe examined the trend in residence patterns and abundance of male sperm whales in Nemuro Strait, Japan, based on long‐term photo‐identification (1,513 survey days, total 2,969 photos) between 2006 and 2017. A total of 225 unique individuals were identified during this study, with an average of 36 (SE = 2.55) new individuals identified in each season. The model chosen by maximum likelihood suggests that residence time around Nemuro Strait is 769 (SE = 372.4) days, with individuals staying in the strait about 48 days (SE = 8.36) per year. While the migration patterns of male sperm whales visiting this area are still unclear, these findings along with previous studies suggest that males move from one breeding area to another neighboring area every several weeks, shifting their home ranges gradually over a period of a few years. The abundance of sperm whales in Nemuro Strait varied greatly from year to year; from 28 (95%CI: 24–44) in 2015 and (95%CI: 22–48) in 2016 to 66 (95%CI: 57–84) in 2011. This study provides important knowledge of abundance and residency for Nemuro Strait, information which will contribute to further research on the social structure and movement pattern of male sperm whales.
Developing a newborn rat model of ventriculitis without concomitant bacteremia by intraventricular injection of K1 (−) Escherichia coli
Authors: Ahn So Yoon , Chang Yun Sil , Sung Dong Kyung , Kim Young Eun , Park Won Soon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal meningitis caused by Escherichia coli results in high mortality and neurological disabilities, and the concomitant systemic bacteremia confounds its mortality and brain injury. This study developed an experimental model of neonatal ventriculitis without concomitant systemic bacteremia by determining the bacterial inoculum of K1 capsule‐negative E. coli by intraventricular injection in newborn rats. MethodsWe carried out intraventricular injections 1 × 102 (low dose), 5 × 102 (medium dose), or 1 × 103 (high dose) colony‐forming units (CFU) of K1 (−) E. coli (EC5ME) in Sprague‐Dawley rats at postnatal day (P) 11. Ampicillin was started at P12. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures were performed at 6 h, 1 day, and 6 days after inoculation. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at P12 and P17. Survival was monitored, and brain tissue was obtained for histological and biochemical analyses at P12 and P17. ResultsSurvival was inoculum dose‐dependent, with the lowest survival in the high‐dose group (20%) compared with the medium‐ (67%) or low‐ (73%) dose groups. CSF bacterial counts in the low‐ and medium‐dose groups were significantly lower than that in the high‐dose group at 6 h, but not at 24 h after inoculation. No bacteria were isolated from the blood throughout the experiment or from the CSF at P17. Brain MRI showed an inoculum dose‐dependent increase in the extent of brain injury and inflammatory responses. ConclusionsWe developed a newborn rat model of bacterial ventriculitis without concomitant systemic bacteremia by intraventricular injection of EC5ME.
Assessing risks and mitigating impacts of harmful algal blooms on mariculture and marine fisheries
Authors: Brown Andrew Ross , Lilley Martin , Shutler Jamie , Lowe Chris , Artioli Yuri , Torres Ricardo , Berdalet Elisa , Tyler Charles R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAquaculture is the fastest growing food sector globally and protein provisioning from aquaculture now exceeds that from wild capture fisheries. There is clear potential for the further expansion of marine aquaculture (mariculture), but there are associated risks. Some naturally occurring algae can proliferate under certain environmental conditions, causing deoxygenation of seawater, or releasing toxic compounds (phycotoxins), which can harm wild and cultured finfish and shellfish, and also human consumers. The impacts of these so‐called harmful algal blooms (HABs) amount to approximately 8 $billion/yr globally, due to mass mortalities in finfish, harvesting bans preventing the sale of shellfish that have accumulated unsafe levels of HAB phycotoxins and unavoided human health costs. Here, we provide a critical review and analysis of HAB impacts on mariculture (and wild capture fisheries) and recommend research to identify ways to minimise their impacts to the industry. We examine causal factors for HAB development in inshore versus offshore locations and consider how mariculture itself, in its various forms, may exacerbate or mitigate HAB risk. From a management perspective, there is considerable scope for strategic siting of offshore mariculture and holistic Environmental Approaches for Aquaculture, such as offsetting nutrient outputs from finfish farming, via the co‐location of extractive shellfish and macroalgae. Such pre‐emptive, ecosystem‐based approaches are preferable to reactive physical, chemical or microbiological control measures aiming to remove or neutralise HABs and their phycotxins. To facilitate mariculture expansion and long‐term sustainability, it is also essential to evaluate HAB risk in conjunction with climate change.
Impact of environmental factors on the growth and maturation of farmed Arctic charr
Authors: Imsland Albert Kjartan Dagbjartarson , Gunnarsson Snorri , Thorarensen Helgi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFarming of Arctic charr mainly takes place in land‐based farms applying intensive rearing methods with relatively high production costs. Depending on local conditions at each site, it is possible to regulate important environmental factors to improve productivity and well‐being of the fish. Knowledge about how these different environmental factors affect various farming traits is important to reduce production costs. This review shows how rearing temperature, photoperiod, salinity and feeding rate can affect farming traits such as growth rate, maturation and feed conversion efficiency of Arctic charr. High growth rate during juvenile phase when the fish are reared at higher temperatures can result in higher incidence of maturation during the on‐growing period. Overall, more moderate rearing temperature regimes seem to result in better long‐term growth rates. Photoperiod manipulation and feed ration can be used as tools to improve growth and reduce maturation. It is possible to rear Arctic charr successfully up to market size in salinities up to c. 27–28 ppt. However, extended rearing resulted in higher ratio of sexually mature fish at 29 than at 25 possibly linked to higher rearing temperatures in brackish water. Future studies should focus on better preserving the potential high growth rate of Arctic charr during juvenile phase into the on‐growing period and establish protocols to improve the seawater tolerance of Arctic charr.
Improving police integrity in Uganda: Impact assessment of the police accountability and reform project
Authors: Wagner Natascha , Hout Wil , Namara Rose 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUganda and in particular the Ugandan police are perceived as highly corrupt. To address the integrity of police officers, an intervention called the Police Accountability and Reform Project (PARP) was implemented in selected police districts between 2010 and early 2013. This paper studies the impact of PARP for a sample of 600 police officers who were interviewed about police integrity by means of 12 hypothetical vignette cases depicting context‐specific, undesirable behavior of varying degrees of severity. The assessments of the cases by the police officers are analyzed using propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting, and seemingly unrelated regression techniques. We show that the self‐selection of police officers into the program is unlikely to drive the results. The results suggest that officers participating in PARP activities (1) judge the presented cases of misconduct more severely, (2) are more inclined to report misconduct, and (3) also expect their colleagues to judge misbehavior at the police level more critically although the latter two coefficient estimates are smaller in size. This suggests that PARP activities have affected the perception of police officers but only encouraged them moderately to actually take action against bad practices.
Expansion coding and computation in the cerebellum: 50 years after the Marr–Albus codon theory
Authors: Sanger Terence D. , Yamashita Okito , Kawato Mitsuo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFifty years ago, David Marr and James Albus proposed a computational model of cerebellar cortical function based on the pioneering circuit models described by John Eccles, Masao Ito and Janos Szentagothai. The Marr–Albus model remains one of the most enduring and influential models in computational neuroscience, despite apparent falsification of some of the original predictions. We re‐examine the Marr–Albus model in the context of the modern theory of computational neural networks and in the context of expanded interpretations of the connectivity and function of cerebellar cortex within the full motor system. By doing so, we show that the original elements of the codon theory continue to make important predictions for cerebellar mechanism, and we show that evidence appearing to contradict the original model is based on an artificially narrow interpretation of cerebellar structure and motor function.
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Design Optimization of Nonrotational and Rotational Needle Insertion for Minimal Cutting Forces
Authors: Lin Chi-Lun , Jheng Yu-Chen , Ng Si Yen , Yen Chun Jung 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The needle insertion is widely used in many medical procedures, particularly in the needle biopsy. The cutting force occurred during the insertion process has a significant effect on the cutting outcome. This paper focuses on minimizing the cutting force for two conventional needle insertion methods, the nonrotational and rotational needle insertion. For the nonrotational needle insertion, the secondary bevel angle and angle of rotation, which are two used for grinding the back-bevel and lancet needles, are considered. For the rotational needles, the effects of the insertion speed and the slice-push ratio on the cutting force are investigated. Levels of these design variables are defined using practical needle design configurations found in the literature. A clear trend of the cutting force decreases as the increase of the inclination angle was observed. The optimal cutting force of nonrotational needles was found as 0.242 N with inclination angle of 69.25 deg for the lancet needle and 0.254 N with inclination angle of 66.24 deg for the back-bevel needle. The optimization of rotational needles yielded a configuration of slice-push ratio as 4.66 and insertion speed as 2.01, which resulted in a minimal cutting force of 0.22 N. Besides, the main effects of and the interaction between the design variables on the cutting force are obtained and discussed. These results provide essential information for selecting geometric and cutting speed parameters for the design of nonrotational and rotational needles.
Thermal Transport in Nanoparticle Packings Under Laser Irradiation
Authors: Yuksel Anil , Yu Edward T. , Cullinan Michael , Murthy Jayathi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Nanoparticle heating due to laser irradiation is of great interest in electronic, aerospace, and biomedical applications. This paper presents a coupled electromagnetic-heat transfer model to predict the temperature distribution of multilayer copper nanoparticle packings on a glass substrate. It is shown that heat transfer within the nanoparticle packing is dominated by the interfacial thermal conductance between particles when the interfacial thermal conductance constant, GIC, is greater than 20 MW/m2K, but that for lower GIC values, thermal conduction through the air around the nanoparticles can also play a role in the overall heat transfer within the nanoparticle system. The coupled model is used to simulate heat transfer in a copper nanoparticle packing used in a typical microscale selective laser sintering (μ-SLS) process with an experimentally measured particle size distribution and layer thickness. The simulations predict that the nanoparticles will reach a temperature of 730 ± 3 K for a laser irradiation of 2.6 kW/cm2 and 1304 ± 23 K for a laser irradiation of 6 kW/cm2. These results are in good agreement with the experimentally observed laser-induced sintering and melting thresholds for copper nanoparticle packing on glass substrates.
The evolution of submarine slope-channel systems: Timing of incision, bypass, and aggradation in Late Cretaceous Nanaimo Group channel-system strata, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Englert R.G. , Hubbard S.M. , Matthews W.A. , Coutts D.S. , Covault J.A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Submarine channel systems convey terrestrially derived detritus from shallow-marine environments to some of the largest sediment accumulations on Earth, submarine fans. The stratigraphic record of submarine slope channels includes heterogeneous, composite deposits that provide evidence for erosion, sediment bypass, and deposition. However, the timing and duration of these processes is poorly constrained over geologic time scales. We integrate geochronology with detailed stratigraphic characterization to temporally constrain the stratigraphic evolution recorded by horizontally to vertically aligned channel-fill stacking patterns in a Nanaimo Group channel system exposed on Hornby and Denman Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Twelve detrital zircon samples (n = 300/sample) were used to calculate maximum depositional ages, which identified a new age range for the succession from ca. 79 to 63 Ma. We document five phases of submarine-channel evolution over 16.0 ± 1.7 m.y. including: an initial phase dominated by incision, sediment bypass, and limited deposition (phase 1); followed by increasingly shorter and more rapid phases of deposition on the slope by laterally migrating (phase 2) and aggrading channels (phase 3); a long period of deep incision (phase 4); and a final rapid phase of vertical channel aggradation (phase 5). Our results suggest that ∼60% of the evolutionary history of the submarine channel system is captured in an incomplete, poorly preserved record of incision and sediment bypass, which makes up &lt;20% of outcropping stratigraphy. Our findings are applicable to interpreting submarine channel-system evolution in ancient and modern settings worldwide and fundamentally important to understanding long-term sediment dispersal in the deep sea.