bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The need for improved discharge criteria for hospitalised patients with COVID-19—implications for patients in long-term care facilities
Authors: Sze Shirley , Pan Daniel , Williams Caroline M L , Barker Joseph , Minhas Jatinder S , Miller Chris J , Tang Julian W , Squire Iain B , Pareek Manish 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the COVID-19 pandemic, patients who are older and residents of long-term care facilities (LTCF) are at greatest risk of worse clinical outcomes. We reviewed discharge criteria for hospitalised COVID-19 patients from 10 countries with the highest incidence of COVID-19 cases as of 26 July 2020. Five countries (Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Chile and Iran) had no discharge criteria; the remaining five (USA, India, Russia, South Africa and the UK) had discharge guidelines with large inter-country variability. India and Russia recommend discharge for a clinically recovered patient with two negative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests 24 h apart; the USA offers either a symptom based strategy—clinical recovery and 10 days after symptom onset, or the same test-based strategy. The UK suggests that patients can be discharged when patients have clinically recovered; South Africa recommends discharge 14 days after symptom onset if clinically stable. We recommend a unified, simpler discharge criteria, based on current studies which suggest that most SARS-CoV-2 loses its infectivity by 10 days post-symptom onset. In asymptomatic cases, this can be taken as 10 days after the first positive PCR result. Additional days of isolation beyond this should be left to the discretion of individual clinician. This represents a practical compromise between unnecessarily prolonged admissions and returning highly infectious patients back to their care facilities, and is of particular importance in older patients discharged to LTCFs, residents of which may be at greatest risk of transmission and worse clinical outcomes.
Dual-Task Performance in Multiple Sclerosis’ Patients: Cerebellum Matters?
Authors: Argento Ornella , Spanò Barbara , Pisani Valerio , Incerti Chiara C , Bozzali Marco , Foti Calogero , Caltagirone Carlo , Nocentini Ugo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
Gait, cognitive impairments, and their mutual influence in dual tasking (cognitive–motor dual tasking, CM-DT) are important to address therapeutic approaches in patients with multiple sclerosis (PMS). CM-DT correlates have been widely investigated with variable and dissimilar results, due to differences in methods. However, although the cerebellum has recently shown to be involved in both motor and cognitive functions, few studies have explored its role in the integration of the concurrent execution of gait and cognition. This case–control study aims to explore the effects of adding a cognitive task to walking in PMS and to investigate the role of the cerebellum in the interfering process.

Methods
In total, 20 patients and 18 healthy controls (HC) underwent clinical assessments, dual task (DT), and 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DT was composed by three 2-min trials requiring fast walking. In 2 of them 2 different cognitive tasks were added.

Results
Both groups evidenced the presence of cognitive–motor interference (CMI) for both cognitive conditions with a greater effect of word list generation task in PMS. Analysis of variance between HC and patients with high or low performances showed a significantly increased volume in Vermis lobules VIIIa and IX of high performers compared with HC.

Conclusion
Our results show that CMI is also present in healthy individuals but is significantly more disabling in PMS. Furthermore, MRI data point to the existence of an initial mechanism of cerebellar reorganization in PMS with lower interference. Subsequently, the failure of this mechanism due to the progression of disability leads to a more evident expression of symptoms.
VIII—Vagueness at Every Order
Authors: Bacon Andrew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere are some properties, like being bald, for which it is vague where the boundary between the things that have it and the things that do not lies. A number of arguments threaten to show that such properties can still be associated with determinate and knowable boundaries: not between the things that have it and those that don’t, but between the things such that it is borderline at some order whether they have it and the things for which it is not. I argue that these arguments, if successful, turn on a contentious principle in the logic of determinacy: Brouwer’s Principle, that every truth is determinately not determinately false. Other paradoxes which do not appear to turn on this principle often tacitly make assumptions about assertion, knowledge and higher-order vagueness. In this paper I’ll show how one can avoid sharp higher-order boundaries by rejecting these assumptions.
Selection of fewer dominant follicles in Trio carriers given GnRH antagonist and luteinizing hormone action replaced by nonpulsatile human chorionic gonadotropin†
Authors: Gomez-León Victor E , Andrade João Paulo , Kirkpatrick Brian W , Moghbeli Sadrollah Molaei , García-Guerra Alvaro , Ginther O J , Wiltbank Milo C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Studying selection of multiple dominant follicles (DFs) in monovulatory species can advance our understanding of mechanisms regulating selection of single or multiple DFs. Carriers of the bovine high fecundity Trio allele select multiple DFs, whereas half-sib noncarriers select a single DF. This study compared follicle selection during endogenous gonadotropin pulses versus during ablation of pulses with Acyline (GnRH antagonist) and luteinizing hormone (LH) action replaced with nonpulsatile human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment in Trio carriers (n = 28) versus noncarriers (n = 32). On Day 1.5 (Day 0 = ovulation), heifers were randomized: (1) Control, untreated; (2) Acyline, two i.m. doses (Days 1.5 and D3) of 3 μg/kg; (3) hCG, single i.m. dose of 50 IU hCG on Day 1.5 followed by daily doses of 100 IU; and (4) Acyline + hCG. Treatments with nonpulsatile hCG were designed to replace LH action in heifers treated with Acyline. Acyline treatment resulted in cessation of follicle growth on Day 3 with smaller (P &lt; 0.0001) maximum follicle diameter in Trio carriers (6.6 ± 0.2 mm) than noncarriers (8.7 ± 0.4 mm). Replacement of LH action (hCG) reestablished follicle diameter deviation and maximum diameter of DFs in both genotypes (8.9 ± 0.3 mm and 13.1 ± 0.5 mm; P &lt; 0.0001). Circulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was greater in Acyline-treated than in controls. Finally, Acyline + hCG decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) the number of DFs from 2.7 ± 0.2 to 1.3 ± 0.2 in Trio carriers, with most heifers having only one DF. This demonstrates the necessity for LH in acquisition of dominance in Trio carriers (~6.5 mm) and noncarriers (~8.5 mm) and provides evidence for a role of GnRH-induced FSH/LH pulses in selection of multiple DFs in Trio carriers and possibly other physiologic situations with increased ovulation rate.
Ephrin and Eph receptor signaling in female reproductive physiology and pathology†
Authors: Adu-Gyamfi Enoch Appiah , Czika Armin , Liu Tai-Hang , Gorleku Philip Narteh , Fondjo Linda Ahenkorah , Djankpa Francis Tanam , Ding Yu-Bin , Wang Ying-Xiong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ephrins are ligands of Eph receptors (Ephs); both of which are sorted into two classes, A and B. There are five types of ephrin-As (ephrin-A1–5) and three types of ephrin-Bs (ephrin-B1–3). Also, there are 10 types of EphAs (EphA1–10) and six types of EphBs (EphB1–6). Binding of ephrins to the Eph receptors activates signaling cascades that regulate several biological processes such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling. Clarification of their roles in the female reproductive system is crucial to understanding the physiology and pathology of this system. Such knowledge will also create awareness regarding the importance of these molecules in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic medicine. Hence, we have discussed the involvement of these molecules in the physiological and pathological events that occur within the female reproductive system. The evidence so far suggests that the ephrins and the Eph receptors modulate folliculogenesis, ovulation, embryo transport, implantation, and placentation. Abnormal expression of some of these molecules is associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome, ovarian cancer, tubal pregnancy, endometrial cancer, uterine leiomyoma (fibroids), cervical cancer, and preeclampsia, suggesting the need to utilize these molecules in the clinical setting. To enhance a quick development of this gradually emerging field in female reproductive medicine, we have highlighted some “gaps in knowledge” that need prospective investigation.
Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in Macaque Monkeys
Authors: De Castro V , Smith A T , Beer A L , Leguen C , Vayssière N , Héjja-Brichard Y , Audurier P , Cottereau B R , Durand J B 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In humans, the posterior cingulate cortex contains an area sensitive to visual cues to self-motion. This cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) is structurally and functionally connected with several (multi)sensory and (pre)motor areas recruited during locomotion. In nonhuman primates, electrophysiology has shown that the cingulate cortex is also related to spatial navigation. Recently, functional MRI in macaque monkeys identified a cingulate area with similar visual properties to human CSv. In order to bridge the gap between human and nonhuman primate research, we examined the structural and functional connectivity of putative CSv in three macaque monkeys adopting the same approach as in humans based on diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI. The results showed that putative monkey CSv connects with several visuo-vestibular areas (e.g., VIP/FEFsem/VPS/MSTd) as well as somatosensory cortex (e.g., dorsal aspects of areas 3/1/2), all known to process sensory signals that can be triggered by self-motion. Additionally, strong connections are observed with (pre)motor areas located in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (e.g., F3/F2/F1) and within the anterior cingulate cortex (e.g., area 24). This connectivity pattern is strikingly reminiscent of that described for human CSv, suggesting that the sensorimotor control of locomotion relies on similar organizational principles in human and nonhuman primates.
Distinct Populations of Amygdala Somatostatin-Expressing Neurons Project to the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and Parabrachial Nucleus
Authors: Bartonjo Jane J , Lundy Robert F 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Rostral forebrain structures, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), send projections to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) that modulate taste-elicited responses. However, the proportion of forebrain-induced excitatory and inhibitory effects often differs when taste cell recording changes from the NST to the PBN. The present study investigated whether this descending influence might originate from a shared or distinct population of neurons marked by expression of somatostatin (Sst). In Sst-reporter mice, the retrograde tracers’ cholera toxin subunit B AlexaFluor-488 and -647 conjugates were injected into the taste-responsive regions of the NST and the ipsilateral PBN. In Sst-cre mice, the cre-dependent retrograde tracers’ enhanced yellow fluorescent protein Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and mCherry fluorescent protein HSV were injected into the NST and the ipsilateral PBN. The results showed that ~40% of CeA-to-PBN neurons expressed Sst compared with ~ 23% of CeA-to-NST neurons. For both the CeA Sst-positive and -negative populations, the vast majority projected to the NST or PBN but not both nuclei. Thus, a subset of CeA-to-NST and CeA-to-PBN neurons are marked by Sst expression and are largely distinct from one another. Separate populations of CeA/Sst neurons projecting to the NST and PBN suggest that differential modulation of taste processing might, in part, rely on differences in local brainstem/forebrain synaptic connections.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spreads to Lymph Nodes and Strongly Expands CD4+ Effector Memory RA Cells in a Patient With Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Roldán-Santiago Ernesto , Benito-Berlinches Amparo , Martínez-García Laura , Quereda Carmen , Rodríguez-Martín Eulalia , Pérez-Elías Pilar , López-Pintor Jose María , Walo-Delgado Paulette Esperanza , Moreno-Zamora Ana , Fernández-Velasco Jose Ignacio , García-Abellás Patricia , Ballester-González Rubén , Villar Luisa M , Pérez-Elías María Jesús 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A woman with mild coronavirus disease 2019 developed cervical adenopathy, being diagnosed of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. We performed fine needle aspiration, and demonstrate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is found in lymph nodes even in mild disease along with a strong expansion of terminally differentiated effector memory CD4+ T cells, a cell population that is practically absent in lymph nodes.
Transcriptome analysis of non human primate-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in 2D monolayer culture vs. 3D engineered heart tissue
Authors: Yang Huaxiao , Shao Ningyi , Holmström Alexandra , Zhao Xin , Chour Tony , Chen Haodong , Itzhaki Ilanit , Wu Haodi , Ameen Mohamed , Cunningham Nathan J , Tu Chengyi , Zhao Ming-Tao , Tarantal Alice F , Abilez Oscar J , Wu Joseph C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aims
Stem cell therapy has shown promise for treating myocardial infarction via re-muscularization and paracrine signalling in both small and large animals. Non-human primates (NHPs), such as rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), are primarily utilized in preclinical trials due to their similarity to humans, both genetically and physiologically. Currently, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) are delivered into the infarcted myocardium by either direct cell injection or an engineered tissue patch. Although both approaches have advantages in terms of sample preparation, cell–host interaction, and engraftment, how the iPSC-CMs respond to ischaemic conditions in the infarcted heart under these two different delivery approaches remains unclear. Here, we aim to gain a better understanding of the effects of hypoxia on iPSC-CMs at the transcriptome level.

Methods and results
NHP iPSC-CMs in both monolayer culture (2D) and engineered heart tissue (EHT) (3D) format were exposed to hypoxic conditions to serve as surrogates of direct cell injection and tissue implantation in vivo, respectively. Outcomes were compared at the transcriptome level. We found the 3D EHT model was more sensitive to ischaemic conditions and similar to the native in vivo myocardium in terms of cell–extracellular matrix/cell–cell interactions, energy metabolism, and paracrine signalling.

Conclusion
By exposing NHP iPSC-CMs to different culture conditions, transcriptome profiling improves our understanding of the mechanism of ischaemic injury.
Hypertension and renin-angiotensin system blockers are not associated with expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the kidney
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Eales James M , Scannali David , Nazgiewicz Alicja , Prestes Priscilla , Maier Michelle , Denniff Matthew , Xu Xiaoguang , Saluja Sushant , Cano-Gamez Eddie , Wystrychowski Wojciech , Szulinska Monika , Antczak Andrzej , Byars Sean , Skrypnik Damian , Glyda Maciej , Król Robert , Zywiec Joanna , Zukowska-Szczechowska Ewa , Burrell Louise M , Woolf Adrian S , Greenstein Adam , Bogdanski Pawel , Keavney Bernard , Morris Andrew P , Heagerty Anthony , Williams Bryan , Harrap Stephen B , Trynka Gosia , Samani Nilesh J , Guzik Tomasz J , Charchar Fadi J , Tomaszewski Maciej 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aims
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular entry point for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)—the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the effect of renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-inhibition on ACE2 expression in human tissues of key relevance to blood pressure regulation and COVID-19 infection has not previously been reported.

Methods and results
We examined how hypertension, its major metabolic co-phenotypes, and antihypertensive medications relate to ACE2 renal expression using information from up to 436 patients whose kidney transcriptomes were characterized by RNA-sequencing. We further validated some of the key observations in other human tissues and/or a controlled experimental model. Our data reveal increasing expression of ACE2 with age in both human lungs and the kidney. We show no association between renal expression of ACE2 and either hypertension or common types of RAS inhibiting drugs. We demonstrate that renal abundance of ACE2 is positively associated with a biochemical index of kidney function and show a strong enrichment for genes responsible for kidney health and disease in ACE2 co-expression analysis.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that neither hypertension nor antihypertensive treatment is likely to alter the expression of the key entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in the human kidney. Our data further suggest that in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, kidney ACE2 is most likely nephro-protective but the age-related increase in its expression within lungs and kidneys may be relevant to the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Fast and accurate evaluation of geomagnetic field elements at arbitrary points in space
Authors: Ivanov Kamen G , Petrushev Pencho 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARY
An algorithm and software are developed for fast and accurate evaluation of the elements of the geomagnetic field represented in high-degree (&gt;720) solid spherical harmonics at many scattered points in the space above the surface of the Earth. The algorithm is based on representation of the geomagnetic field elements in solid ellipsoidal harmonics and application of tensor product needlets. Open source FORTRAN and MATLAB realizations of this algorithm that rely on data from the Enhanced Magnetic Models 2015, 2017 (EMM2015, EMM2017) have been developed and extensively tested. The capabilities of the software are demonstrated on the example of the north, east and down components of the geomagnetic field as well as the derived horizontal intensity, total intensity, inclination and declination. For the range from −417 m under the Earth reference ellipsoid up to 1000 km above it the FORTRAN and MATLAB versions of the software run 465 and 189 times faster than the respective FORTRAN and MATLAB versions of the software using the standard spherical harmonic series method, while the accuracy is less than 1 nT and the memory (RAM) usage is 9 GB.
Ecological footprint for environmental sustainability in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Fadeyibi Mary , Sawyerr Henry O , Salako Gabriel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ecological footprint (EF) is an indicator that accounts for human demand in the environment compared with the sizes of the bio-productive land and sea areas. This research was carried out to determine the EF for environmental sustainability in Ilorin Metropolis. Empirical surveying, which involved systematic random sample technique, was used to select residential households in each community for this investigation. The EF indicators, which include food, energy and waste consumptions, were determined empirically. The bio-capacity (BC), ecological stress and deficit were determined, from the land used as environmental sustainable areas in Ilorin, using Google Earth Mapping. The results revealed that energy has the highest EF of 44%, followed by waste and food with the footprint of 25% and 5%, respectively. A deficit of 38% was obtained, and this requires eight times the BC to balance the EF of the population. This implies that people are consuming more of the energy and generating more wastes than they consumed food.
Legal Consciousness and the Sociology of Labour Law
Authors: Kirk Eleanor 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Building on recent calls to expand the field of empirical labour law research, this article seeks to delineate a special place for legal consciousness research within a new sociology of labour law. The idea that employment relations have become increasingly juridified has been used to justify important policy interventions such as reforms to the employment tribunal system, restricting the ability of workers to bring claims. Yet, we know remarkably little about work-related legal consciousness in order to assess the purported growth of ‘litigiousness’ in society and its implications for policy. This article provides an extended critique of a recent text in the field of legal consciousness studies, Nobody’s Law by Marc Hertogh.1 What began as a straightforward review of Hertogh’s book became a defence of an earlier, seminal work by Ewick and Silbey,2 which Hertogh seeks but ultimately fails to discredit. Ewick and Silbey’s critical approach stands up well against close scrutiny. The debate centres upon issues of legal hegemony, and on epistemology and ontology in the sociological study of labour law.
Plasmodium vivax Strains Use Alternative Pathways for Invasion
Authors: Kanjee Usheer , Grüring Christof , Babar Prasad , Meyers Anosha , Dash Rashmi , Pereira Ligia , Mascarenhas Anjali , Chaand Mudit , Rangel Gabriel W , Clark Martha A , Chery Laura , Gomes Edwin , Rathod Pradipsinh K , Duraisingh Manoj T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Plasmodium vivax has 2 invasion ligand/host receptor pathways (P. vivax Duffy-binding protein/Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines [DARC] and P. vivax reticulocyte binding protein 2b/transferrin receptor [TfR1]) that are promising targets for therapeutic intervention. We optimized invasion assays with isogenic cultured reticulocytes. Using a receptor blockade approach with multiple P. vivax isolates, we found that all strains utilized both DARC and TfR1, but with significant variation in receptor usage. This suggests that P. vivax, like Plasmodium falciparum, uses alternative invasion pathways, with implications for pathogenesis and vaccine development.