bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry ethanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (sweet Orange) peels
Authors: Oikeh Ehigbai I. , Oviasogie Faith E. , Omoregie Ehimwenma S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Citrus sinensis is one of the most abundant citrus species consumed. Orange peels are a waste by-product of the fruit and may potentially contain useful phytonutrients with biological relevance.

Methods
Fresh and dry peels of sweet orange were subjected to Soxhlet extraction and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content were determined using standard methods. Antimicrobial activities against five (5) bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and three (3) fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum) was carried out by observing the zone of inhibition using disc diffusion method.

Results
The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content was higher in the fresh peel extract compared to the dry peel extract. Antimicrobial activities revealed that the fresh peel extract had better antibacterial activities against all bacterial strains and one fungal strain studied compared to the dry peel extract. Growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum were however better inhibited by the dry peel extract than the fresh peel extract.

Conclusion
This study investigated the phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry Citrus sinensis peel extracts. The results from the study conclude that the fresh Citrus sinensis peel extract contains more phenolics and possesses better antimicrobial activities against the studied microbial strains compared to the dry peel extract. The findings in this study suggest that drying plant parts before extraction for phytonutrients may lead to loss of active components.
Effect of forward head and rounded shoulder posture on hand grip strength in asymptomatic young adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mosaad Dalia Mohammed , Abdel-aziem Amr Almaz , Mohamed Ghada Ismail , Abd-Elaty Enas Anwr , Mohammed Karima Salah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Forward head and rounded shoulder posture (FHRSP) is a common clinical postural misalignment. It leads to flexion posture of the spine which increases the amount of tension on the nerve roots, which inversely affects muscle strength and function of the upper extremity. So, this study was conducted to examine the effect of FHRSP on hand grip strength in asymptomatic young adults and to explore the relationship between the craniovertebral angle (CVA) and hand grip strength.

Results
There was no significant difference in hand grip strength between the groups (p = 0.812). There was no correlation between the CVA and right and left hand grip of the normal group (p = 0.840, 0.816 respectively), rounded shoulder posture (RSP) group (p = 0.523, 0.650 respectively), and FHRSP group (p = 0.855, 0.736 respectively). Regarding the right and left hand grip strength, there was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.798, 0.826 respectively). The right hand grip strength was significantly higher than the left hand for all groups (p = 0.001).

Conclusion
This study displayed that hand grip strength was not affected by FHRSP nor RSP in asymptomatic young adults. Moreover, the degree of the CVA was not associated with an inverse effect on hand grip strength.
Virtual monoenergetic images preserve diagnostic assessability in contrast media reduced abdominal spectral detector CT
Authors: Lennartz Simon , Große Hokamp Nils , Zäske Charlotte , Zopfs David , Bratke Grischa , Glauner Andreas , Maintz David , Persigehl Thorsten , Chang De-Hua , Hickethier Tilman 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
To investigate if low-keV virtual monoenergetic images (VMI40keV) from abdominal spectral detector CT (SDCT) with reduced intravenous contrast media application (RCM) provide abdominal assessment similar to conventional images with standard contrast media (SCM) dose.

Methods:
78 patients with abdominal SDCT were retrospectively included: 41 patients at risk for adverse reactions who received 44 RCM examinations with 50 ml and 37 patients who underwent 44 SCM examinations with 100 ml of contrast media (CM) and who were matched for effective body diameters. RCM, SCM images and RCM-VMI40keV were reconstructed. Attenuation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of liver, pancreas, kidneys, lymph nodes, psoas muscle, aorta and portal vein were assessed ROIs-based. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) of lymph nodes vs aorta/portal vein were calculated. Two readers evaluated organ/vessel contrast, lymph node delineation, image noise and overall assessability using 4-point Likert scales.

Results:
RCM were inferior to SCM images in all quantitative/qualitative criteria. RCM-VMI40keV and SCM images showed similar lymph node and muscle attenuation (p = 0.83,0.17), while for all other ROIs, RCM-VMI40keV showed higher attenuation (p ≤ 0.05). SNR was comparable between RCM-VMI40keV and SCM images (p range: 0.23–0.99). CNR of lymph nodes was highest in RCM-VMI40keV (p ≤ 0.05). RCM-VMI40keV received equivalent or higher scores than SCM in all criteria except for organ contrast, overall assessability and image noise, where SCM were superior (p ≤ 0.05). However, RCM-VMI40keV received proper or excellent scores in 88.6/94.2/95.4% of the referring cases.

Conclusions:
VMI40keV counteract contrast deterioration in CM reduced abdominal SDCT, facilitating diagnostic assessment.

Advances in knowledge:
SDCT-derived VMI40keV provide adequate depiction of vessels, organs and lymph nodes even at notable CM reduction.
Pomiędzy filozofią a nauką – rozważania o francuskich korzeniach wiedzy o polityce na Akademii Krakowskiej w dobie reform kołłątajowskich
Authors: Włodarski Bartosz 
Published: July 2020

Between Philosophy and Science – Reflections on the French Roots of Political Science at the Cracovian University in the Era of Kołłątaj’s Reforms
This paper aims to present the history of the political sciences at the Academy of Cracow during its reorganisation by Hugo Kołłataj in the 18th century. Kołłątaj and other patriots – professors and representatives of the law faculty, precursors of French physiocratic political doctrine in Poland – established „The Chair of the Law of Nature, Economical and Political Law and Law of Nations”. It was the institutional and theoretical base for all political sciences at that time. The plan of developing this particular branch of science was put into practice by Antoni Popławski – great philosopher, reformer and the author of the first book on physiocracy in Poland inspired by dr. Quesnay’s doctrine. The article also presents the origin of the 20th century’s modern political sciences rooted in the knowledge of the 18th Central Crown School – at present known as the Jagiellonian University.
Особенности жизненных стратегий молодежи в условиях Арктики
Authors: Недосека Елена Владимировна , Шарова Екатерина Николаевна 
Published: July 2020

Цель работы — представить региональный контекст социализации молодых людей, проживающих в особых условиях, детерминированных рядом объективных обстоятельств, а также субъективными факторами. В качестве теоретико-методологической рамки работы выступил рискологический подход Ю.А. Зубок, на основе которого сделан акцент на социальной обусловленности жизненных стратегий молодежи Арктической зоны РФ. Последние рассматриваются через средовые факторы риска макро- и мезоуровня в условиях Арктики, а также через деятельностные факторы риска, реализующиеся на микроуровне через планы, установки, ориентиры, выборы и другие элементы жизненных стратегий. Представлен обобщающий анализ статистических данных и материалов социологических исследований по теме жизненных стратегий, проводимых во всех регионах, входящих в Арктическую зону РФ. Эмпирическую базу статьи составили результаты социологических исследований, проведенных методом анкетного опроса среди различных групп населения, в том числе и молодежи, в Мурманской области в период с 2014 по 2018 гг. под руководством авторов статьи.
В результате исследований получены систематизированные данные об отношении молодежи к проживанию в регионе, миграционных установках и наличии миграционного опыта, ожиданиях и притязаниях молодежи в различных сферах, социально-групповых и статусных характеристиках молодых северян. Выявлены основные противоречия между управленческими решениями органов власти федерального и регионального уровней, отраженными в основных документах, и фактическим положением дел, представленным статистическими показателями и результатами социологических исследований. С одной стороны, в стратегических документах декларируется отказ от вахтовой модели освоения Севера в пользу комплексного социально-экономического развития, в том числе направленного на удержание и привлечение человеческих ресурсов, на повышение качества и уровня жизни населения. С другой стороны, отмечается неуклонное снижение численности населения, преимущественно за счет миграционного оттока молодежи, что демонстрирует низкую удовлетворенность условиями жизни в регионе, возможностями самореализации в различных сферах.
Experimental Study of the Performance Characteristics of Sandy Soil Debris Flow under the Effect of Artificial Rainfall
Authors: Yao Z. X. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mechanisms and dynamic processes that drive debris flows are complex and require a multidisciplinary approach to study. A major component of debris flow is soil-water interaction, which is difficult to examine internally in a slope but can be studied using physical tests. In this paper, the results of a debris flow experiment in sandy soil are presented, with the aim of studying the performance of such soil when subjected to artificial rainfall. The method involves advanced data acquisition techniques, image measurement, and image analysis. The results show that the debris flow undergoes backward sliding failure in layers and blocks and has a large impact force. The failure can be divided into four stages: rainwater infiltration, start-up, main failure, and postfailure. The characteristic parameters, such as sand displacement, soil particle velocity, pore water pressure, and particle long-axis orientation, are analyzed. We show that the essential processes of sliding failure are hierarchical: sliding failure develops from a mesoscopic slope, followed by formation of a potential sliding surface in the sandy soil when subjected to rainfall, and ultimately a local sliding mass forms. Particle collision and separation can also be observed, along with expansion of the sliding mass until the debris flow occurs at the macroscopic scale. In practice, the complex soil-water interactions are hidden within the debris flow, which means that when monitoring and providing warnings of debris flows it will be necessary to examine global deformation, key local movement, and external deformation that occurs with changes in soil-water parameters for prediction purposes. This is over and above monitoring of conventional surface subsidence. This work provides an experimental method for studying other kinds of soil debris flow mechanisms, including key physical parameters, and may also be useful for developing engineering treatment and early warning systems.
An Analysis of Variability in “CatWalk” Locomotor Measurements to Aid Experimental Design and Interpretation
Authors: Aceves Miriam , Dietz Valerie A. , Dulin Jennifer N. , Jeffery Unity , Jeffery Nicholas D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPreclinical studies in models of neurologic injury and disease rely on behavioral outcomes to measure intervention efficacy. For spinal cord injury, the CatWalk system provides unbiased quantitative assessment of subtle aspects of locomotor function in rodents and so can powerfully detect significant differences between experimental and control groups. Although clearly of key importance, summary group-level data can obscure the variability within and between individual subjects and therefore make it difficult to understand the magnitude of effect in individual animals and the proportion of a group that may show benefit. Here, we calculate reference change intervals (RCIs) that define boundaries of normal variability for measures of rat locomotion on the CatWalk. Our results indicate that many commonly-used outcome measures are highly variable, such that differences of up to 70% from baseline value must be considered normal variation. Many CatWalk outcome variables are also highly correlated and dependent on run speed. Application of calculated RCIs to open access data (https://scicrunch.org/odc-sci) on hindlimb stride length in spinal cord-injured rats illustrates the complementarity between group-level (16 mm change;p = 0.0009) and individual-level (5/32 animals show change outside RCI boundaries) analysis between week 3 and week 6 after injury. We also conclude that interdependence among CatWalk variables implies that test “batteries” require careful composition to ensure that different aspects of defective gait are analyzed. Calculation of RCIs aids in experimental design by quantifying variability and enriches overall data analysis by providing details of change at an individual level that complement group-level analysis.
A Nanopore Based Chromosome-Level Assembly Representing Atlantic Cod from the Celtic Sea
Authors: Kirubakaran Tina Graceline , Andersen Øivind , Moser Michel , Árnyasi Mariann , McGinnity Philip , Lien Sigbjørn , Kent Matthew 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Currently available genome assemblies for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have been constructed from fish belonging to the Northeast Arctic Cod (NEAC) population; a migratory population feeding in the Barents Sea. These assemblies have been crucial for the development of genetic markers which have been used to study population differentiation and adaptive evolution in Atlantic cod, pinpointing four discrete islands of genomic divergence located on linkage groups 1, 2, 7 and 12. In this paper, we present a high-quality reference genome from a male Atlantic cod representing a southern population inhabiting the Celtic sea. The genome assembly (gadMor_Celtic) was produced from long-read nanopore data and has a combined contig length of 686 Mb with an N50 of 10 Mb. Integrating contigs with genetic linkage mapping information enabled us to construct 23 chromosome sequences which mapped with high confidence to the latest NEAC population assembly (gadMor3) and allowed us to characterize, to an extent not previously reported large chromosomal inversions on linkage groups 1, 2, 7 and 12. In most cases, inversion breakpoints could be located within single nanopore contigs. Our results suggest the presence of inversions in Celtic cod on linkage groups 6, 11 and 21, although these remain to be confirmed. Further, we identified a specific repetitive element that is relatively enriched at predicted centromeric regions. Our gadMor_Celtic assembly provides a resource representing a ‘southern’ cod population which is complementary to the existing ‘northern’ population based genome assemblies and represents the first step toward developing pan-genomic resources for Atlantic cod.
Gestión en Salud del Programa de Cáncer de Mama en Chile
Authors: Parra Giordano Denisse , Saldías Fernández María Angélica 
Published: July 2020

El cáncer de mama es objeto de una de las políticas públicas de mayor impacto en la población mundial. En Chile, el aumento de los indicadores de incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de mama lo convirtieron en un problema de salud pública, abordado con: objetivos sanitarios, programa nacional del cáncer, garantía explícita en salud y guías clínicas a nivel nacional. No obstante, sin impacto en los indicadores de salud de la población en el contexto actual de sociedad de mercado y la salud como un bien de consumo. Ante lo cual, se discute el Programa de Cáncer de Mama en la realidad chilena, para, así, contribuir al análisis de la Gestión en Salud de este problema de salud pública y mejorar su abordaje actual. El 2018, comenzó la implementación de nuevas directrices y estrategias a nivel nacional. Será necesario el compromiso y esfuerzo de cada región para la consumación de estos lineamientos.
Migration, transferts, et développement
Authors: Profitos Par Adrian 
Published: July 2020

Cet article explore les dynamiques et les impacts des transferts issus de la migration dans les pays en développement, et au Sénégal en particulier. L’auteur outient que malgré les attentes, les effets des transferts sur le développement montrent un bilan très mitigé et complexe. En effet, ni le développement économique ni le développement entendu comme une amélioration des capacités et des choix des individus ne peuvent être directement associés à l’effet des transferts. Au contraire, une dépendance cyclique survient facilement entre et envers la migration et ses transferts, ceux-ci jouant alors un rôle important pour assurer la stabilité des ménages mais sans pour autant réduire les contraintes qui poussent à migrer. D’autres conditions structurelles et conjoncturelles interviennent, tant au niveau local, national qu’international. Ces conditions sont analysées pour en dégager des recommandations telles que le renforcement des organisations sociales au niveau local, la démocratisation, et la décentralisation des institutions nationales. De même, ces mesures doivent être accompagnées d’une régulation prudentielle et bienveillante des transferts, et d’une réduction des coûts de transaction des transferts au niveau international. Dans un contexte où la libre circulation des personnes n’existe pas et où les circonstances sont contraignantes, ni les migrants ni leurs transferts ne peuvent être les seuls responsables du développement de leur pays d’origine.
Abraham dans le texte coranique : ItinÃ©raire vers la convergence universelle
Authors: Sayegh Majida 
Published: July 2020

BasÃ©e sur le texte coranique, lâ€™Ã©tude vise Ã examiner le trajet dâ€™Abraham jalonnÃ© par ses observations rigoureuses et sa lutte contre le paganisme pour aboutir au socle du monothÃ©isme. La faÃ§on de confronter lâ€™idolÃ¢trie de son peuple montre quâ€™Abraham a Ã©tÃ© le fondement dâ€™une approche intellectuelle basÃ©e sur la raison et la rÃ©flexion. Ses luttes sur les diffÃ©rents fronts ne sont quâ€™une confirmation de cette dÃ©marche, un point de dÃ©part pour raser le bourbier de la superstition et d'aller de lâ€™avant sur les plans individuel et universel.
Based on the Koranic text, the study aims to examine Abraham's path marked by his rigorous observations and his struggle against the paganism to achieve the foundation of monotheism. The way of confront the idolatry of his people shows that Abraham was the foundation of an intellectual approach based on reason and reflection. His struggles on the various fronts are only a confirmation of that path, a starting point to raze the quagmire of superstition and move forward on the individual and universal levels.
Impacts Socio-Ã‰conomiques Du DiabÃ¨te Chez Les DiabÃ©tiques Suivis Ã€ Porto-Novo En 2016
Authors: AdÃ©bayo Alassani , Ibrahim Mama Cisse , Jules Gninkoun , Fabien Gounongbe , LÃ©opold Codjo , Prosper Gandaho 
Published: July 2020

Le diabÃ¨te est une affection qui pose un problÃ¨me de santÃ© publique avec des complications sur divers organes. Son impact socio-Ã©conomique est peu Ã©tudiÃ© au BÃ©nin. Lâ€™objectif de la prÃ©sente Ã©tude Ã©tait de dÃ©crire lâ€™impact socio-Ã©conomique du diabÃ¨te chez les diabÃ©tiques suivis Ã lâ€™hÃ´pital universitaire de Porto-Novo en 2016. Il sâ€™est agi dâ€™une Ã©tude transversale et descriptive allant du 7 Novembre au 23 DÃ©cembre 2016. La population dâ€™Ã©tude Ã©tait constituÃ©e des diabÃ©tiques des deux sexes, Ã¢gÃ©s dâ€™au moins 18 ans et ayant donnÃ© leur consentement. Lâ€™Ã©chantillonnage a Ã©tÃ© exhaustif. Lâ€™impact social et Ã©conomique du diabÃ¨te a Ã©tÃ© apprÃ©ciÃ© grÃ¢ce Ã un questionnaire prÃ©-Ã©tabli. La saisie et lâ€™analyse des donnÃ©es ont Ã©tÃ© faites par les logiciels EPI DATA 3.1, EPI INFO 7 et STATA 11. Au total, 133 diabÃ©tiques ont Ã©tÃ© recrutÃ©s pour lâ€™Ã©tude. Lâ€™Ã¢ge moyen est de 54Â±8 ans. Il y avait une prÃ©dominance fÃ©minine avec un sexe ratio de 0,6. Sur le plan social, 26,3 % avaient une attÃ©nuation des relations avec le conjoint, 83,5 % nâ€™arrivaient pas Ã remplir les besoins de la famille et 69,9 % avaient une altÃ©ration de la qualitÃ© de vie. Sur le plan Ã©conomique, 94 % avaient des absences rÃ©pÃ©tÃ©es au travail, 68,4 % avaient diminuÃ© les heures de travail, 54,3 % ont signalÃ© une diminution de leur revenu mensuel et tous avaient signalÃ© lâ€™augmentation de leurs dÃ©penses mensuelles. Le diabÃ¨te a un impact socio-Ã©conomique nÃ©gatif important sur les diabÃ©tiques Ã Porto-Novo. La prise en charge des diabÃ©tiques devrait aborder ce volet.
Diabetes is a disease that poses a public health problem with complications on various organs. Its socio-economic impact is little studied in Benin. The objective of this study was to describe the socio-economic impact of diabetes in diabetics followed in teaching hospital of Porto-Novo in 2016. This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study from November 7 to December 23, 2016. The study population consisted of diabetics of both sexes who have age at least 18 years old and have given their consent. The sampling was exhaustive. The social and economic impact of diabetes was assessed using a pre-established questionnaire. Data entry and analysis was done by software EPI DATA 3.1, EPI INFO 7 and STATA 11. A total of 133 diabetics were recruited for the study. The average age is 54 Â± 8 years. The sex ratio men/women is 0.6. On a social level, 26.3% had a weakening of relationships with the spouse, 83.5% could not meet the needs of the family and 69.9% had an impairment in the quality of life. Economically, 94% had repeated absences fromwork, 68.4% had reduced work hours, 54.3% reported a decrease in their monthly income and all had reported an increase in their monthly expenses. Diabetes has a significant negative socio-economic impact on diabetics in Porto-Novo. The management of diabetics should address this aspect.