bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastric‐type endocervical adenocarcinoma and cervical cytology: Experience at a general hospital and review of the literature
Authors: Greenland Nancy Y. , Wolsky Rebecca J. , Darragh Teresa M. , Vohra Poonam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionGastric‐type endocervical adenocarcinoma (GAS) is an uncommon type of endocervical adenocarcinoma that is not associated with human papillomavirus infection. This diagnosis is relatively rare and may portend a worse prognosis than usual‐type endocervical adenocarcinoma. Subtle morphological features make it an under‐recognised diagnostic challenge. Study of the cytological features of individual cases is valuable in order to increase awareness of this entity.MethodsThe pathology database of our institution was searched for the diagnosis of GAS and all cytological and surgical specimens for each patient were reviewed. The original cytological interpretation was compared to a retrospective central review interpretation. Clinical history and follow‐up results were obtained from the electronic medical record.ResultsFour cases of GAS were identified. The findings on initial cervical cytology varied, with GAS found in both patients with negative cervical cytology and those with atypical glandular cells. Cytological findings included endocervical cells arranged in three‐dimensional clusters and honeycomb sheets with abundant vacuolar cytoplasm, and in two patients, moderate nuclear atypia with irregular nuclear membranes, coarse chromatin, hyperchromatic nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. In one patient, GAS was incidentally discovered via thorough sampling of a cystic lesion in the superior portion of the endocervical canal.ConclusionsGAS is an aggressive human papillomavirus‐independent type of endocervical adenocarcinoma with subtle morphological features and, as our study shows, varying clinical presentation. Given the aggressive nature of GAS and the difficulties in initial diagnosis, increased awareness of this entity among pathologists is crucial.
Shifting aspect or elevation? The climate change response of ectotherms in a complex mountain topography
Authors: Feldmeier Stephan , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Zimmermann Niklaus E. , Veith Michael , Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Lötters Stefan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimClimate change is expected to cause mountain species to shift their ranges to higher elevations. Due to the decreasing amounts of habitats with increasing elevation, such shifts are likely to increase their extinction risk. Heterogeneous mountain topography, however, may reduce this risk by providing microclimatic conditions that can buffer macroclimatic warming or provide nearby refugia. As aspect strongly influences the local microclimate, we here assess whether shifts from warm south‐exposed aspects to cool north‐exposed aspects in response to climate change can compensate for an upward shift into cooler elevations.LocationSwitzerland, Swiss Alps.MethodsWe built ensemble distribution models using high‐resolution climate data for two mountain‐dwelling viviparous ectotherms, the Alpine salamander and the Common lizard, and projected them into various future scenarios to gain insights into distributional changes. We further compared elevation and aspect (northness) of current and predicted future locations to analyse preferences and future shifts.ResultsFuture ranges were consistently decreasing for the lizard, but for the salamander they were highly variable, depending on the climate scenario and threshold rule. Aspect preferences were elevation‐dependent: warmer, south‐exposed microclimates were clearly preferred at higher compared to lower elevations. In terms of presence and future locations, we observed both elevational upward shifts and northward shifts in aspect. Under future conditions, the shift to cooler north‐exposed aspects was particularly pronounced at already warmer lower elevations.Main conclusionsFor our study species, shifts in aspect and elevation are complementary strategies to mitigate climatic warming in the complex mountain topography. This complements the long‐standing view of elevational upward shift being their only option to move into areas with suitable future climate. High‐resolution climate data are critical in heterogeneous environments to identify microrefugia and thereby improving future impact assessments of climate change.
Slow wave sleep in naps supports episodic memories in early childhood
Authors: Lokhandwala Sanna , Spencer Rebecca M. C. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTNaps have been shown to benefit visuospatial learning in early childhood. This benefit has been associated with sleep spindles during the nap. However, whether young children's naps and their accompanying physiology benefit other forms of declarative learning is unknown. Using a novel storybook task, we found performance in children (N = 22, mean age = 51.23 months) was better following a nap compared to performance following an equivalent interval spent awake. Moreover, performance remained better the following day if a nap followed learning. Change in post‐nap performance was positively associated with the amount of time spent in slow wave sleep during the nap. This suggests that slow wave sleep in naps may support episodic memory consolidation in early childhood. Taken in conjunction with prior work, these results suggest that multiple features of brain physiology during naps may contribute to declarative memory processing in early childhood.
Allocation of scarce resources in Africa during COVID‐19: Utility and justice for the bottom of the pyramid?
Authors: Moodley Keymanthri , Rennie Stuart , Behets Frieda , Obasa Adetayo Emmanuel , Yemesi Robert , Ravez Laurent , Kayembe Patrick , Makindu Darius , Mwinga Alwyn , Jaoko Walter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has raised important universal public health challenges. Conceiving ethical responses to these challenges is a public health imperative but must take context into account. This is particularly important in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). In this paper, we examine how some of the ethical recommendations offered so far in high‐income countries might appear from a SSA perspective. We also reflect on some of the key ethical challenges raised by the COVID‐19 pandemic in low‐income countries suffering from chronic shortages in health care resources, and chronic high morbidity and mortality from non‐COVID‐19 causes. A parallel is drawn between the distribution of severity of COVID‐19 disease and the classic “Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid” model that is relevant in SSA. Focusing allocation of resources during COVID‐19 on the ‘thick’ part of the pyramid in Low‐to‐Middle Income Countries (LMICs) could be ethically justified on utilitarian and social justice grounds, since it prioritizes a large number of persons who have been economically and socially marginalized. During the pandemic, importing allocation frameworks focused on the apex of the pyramid from the global north may therefore not always be appropriate. In a post‐COVID‐19 world, we need to think strategically about how health care systems can be financed and structured to ensure broad access to adequate health care for all who need it. The root problems underlying health inequity, exposed by COVID‐19, must be addressed, not just to prepare for the next pandemic, but to care for people in resource poor settings in non‐pandemic times.
Cross‐sectional associations of device‐measured sedentary behaviour and physical activity with cardio‐metabolic health in the 1970 British Cohort Study
Authors: Huang B. H. , Hamer M. , Chastin S. , Pearson N. , Koster A. , Stamatakis E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to examine the cross‐sectional associations of thigh accelerometry‐assessed sedentary behaviour and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with cardio‐metabolic health markers and prevalent diabetes in a population sample of middle‐aged British adults.MethodsParticipants (n = 4892) from the age‐46‐to‐48 wave of the 1970 British Cohort Study were fitted with a waterproofed activPAL3 micro device. Total/prolonged sedentary time, breaks and MVPA were the main exposures. We dichotomized prolonged sedentary time and MVPA based on the corresponding median, generating four combinations as categorical exposures. Outcomes comprised of diabetes and seven cardio‐metabolic health markers. We used logistic regression and generalized linear models to examine independent/joint associations, conducting a minimally adjusted model including demographics and contextual covariates, and further adjusted for total sedentary time and/or MVPA as applicable.ResultsEach set of 10 sedentary breaks and 1 h of prolonged sedentary time were associated with HbA1c (mmol/mol) [B = −0.18 (−0.33, −0.03) and 2.35 (1.01, 3.69), respectively]. Each set of 10 sedentary breaks and 1 h of MVPA were favourably associated with diabetes [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.80 (0.71, 0.99) and 0.42 (0.26, 0.67), respectively]. Joint analyses showed that only the low MVPA × long sedentary time combination had significantly higher odds for diabetes than the referent high MVPA × short sedentary time combination [AOR: 1.89 (1.17, 3.03)].ConclusionsEach set of additional 10 sedentary breaks per day was associated with 20% lower odds for diabetes. A low physical activity level combined with long sedentary time might synergistically deteriorate cardio‐metabolic health.
Childhood food insecurity and incident diabetes: A longitudinal cohort study of 34 042 children in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Clemens K. K. , Le B. , Anderson K. K. , Shariff S. Z. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo examine the association between childhood food insecurity and incident diabetes.MethodsUsing health administrative databases linked to the Canadian Community Health Survey, we conducted a population‐based cohort study of children aged <18 years from Ontario, Canada. Children without diabetes who had a household response to the Canadian Community Health Survey Household Food Security Survey Module were followed for a median of 9.5 years for incident diabetes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between childhood food insecurity and incident diabetes, adjusted sequentially for important clinical and socio‐economic risk factors.ResultsWe included 34 042 children, of whom 5.3% lived in food‐insecure households. There were 184 new cases of diabetes, diagnosed at a median age of 16 and 18.5 years in food‐secure and food‐insecure children, respectively. In unadjusted analysis, childhood food insecurity was associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.81). When adjusted for clinical and socio‐economic confounders, the relationship was no longer statistically significant (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% CI 0.91 to 2.66, adjusted for clinical confounders; hazard ratio 1.30, 95% CI 0.72 to 2.37, adjusted for clinical/socio‐economic confounders). Our results remained robust in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsAlthough food‐insecure children are a medically and socially vulnerable population, they do not appear to be at increased risk of incident diabetes over a median of 9.5 years.
Sociodemographic, clinical and help‐seeking characteristics of homeless young people with recent onset of psychosis enrolled in specialized early intervention services
Authors: Lee Rufina , Scodes Jennifer , van der Ven Els , Alves‐Bradford Jean‐Marie , Mascayano Franco , Smith Stephen , Dixon Lisa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo examine differences in demographic, clinical, social, functional and help‐seeking characteristics of homeless vs housed individuals enrolled in specialized early intervention teams in the United States.MethodsParticipants comprised 1349 individuals enrolled across 21 teams. Teams report individual‐level data including homelessness status at admission. Bivariate differences between homeless and housed participants were analysed using Wilcoxon‐rank, chi‐square, Fisher‐exact and t tests, as appropriate.ResultsApproximately 5% of participants were homeless at admission. Homeless participants were less likely to be enrolled in school and/or employed (12.2% vs 43.4%); to have more involvement in the legal system (23.0% vs 6.2%); and to have had a more restrictive pathway to care, than housed participants.ConclusionsHomeless young people with recent‐onset psychosis have a substantially greater need for a diversity of services for psychosocial needs. Homeless individuals may also have a more adverse pathway to care and directed outreach to engage this population may be needed.
Technical Comment on Pande et al. (2020): Why invasion analysis is important for understanding coexistence
Authors: Ellner Stephen P. , Snyder Robin E. , Adler Peter B. , Hooker Giles , Schreiber Sebastian J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPande et al. (2020) point out that persistence time can decrease even as invader growth rates (IGRs) increase, which potentially undermines modern coexistence theory. However, because persistence time increases rapidly with system size only when IGR > 0, to understand how any real community persists, we should first identify the mechanisms producing positive IGR.
Invasion growth rate and its relevance to persistence: a response to Technical Comment by Ellner et al.
Authors: Pande Jayant , Fung Tak , Chisholm Ryan , Shnerb Nadav M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEllner et al. (2020) state that identifying the mechanisms producing positive invasion growth rates (IGR) is useful in characterising species persistence. We agree about the importance of the sign of IGR as a binary indicator of persistence, but question whether its magnitude provides much information once the sign is given.
Randomized trial of intravenous immunoglobulin maintenance treatment regimens in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Kuitwaard K. , Brusse E. , Jacobs B. C. , Vrancken A. F. J. E. , Eftimov F. , Notermans N. C. , van der Kooi A. J. , Fokkink W. ‐J. R. , Nieboer D. , Lingsma H. F. , Merkies I. S. J. , van Doorn P. A. 
Published: September 2020

Background and purposeHigh peak serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels may not be needed for maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and such high levels may cause side effects. More frequent lower dosing may lead to more stable IgG levels and higher trough levels, which might improve efficacy. The aim of this trial is to investigate whether high frequent low dosage IVIg treatment is more effective than low frequent high dosage IVIg treatment.MethodsIn this randomized placebo‐controlled crossover trial, we included patients with CIDP proven to be IVIg‐dependent and receiving an individually established stable dose and interval of IVIg maintenance treatment. In the control arm, patients received their individual IVIg dose and interval followed by a placebo infusion at half the interval. In the intervention arm, patients received half their individual dose at half the interval. After a wash‐out phase patients crossed over. The primary outcome measure was handgrip strength (assessed using a Martin Vigorimeter). Secondary outcome indicators were health‐related quality of life (36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey), disability (Inflammatory Rasch‐built Overall Disability Scale), fatigue (Rasch‐built Fatigue Severity Scale) and side effects.ResultsTwenty‐five patients were included and were treated at baseline with individually adjusted dosages of IVIg ranging from 20 to 80 g and intervals ranging from 14 to 35 days. Three participants did not complete the trial; the main analysis was therefore based on the 22 patients completing both treatment periods. There was no significant difference in handgrip strength change from baseline between the two treatment regimens (coefficient −2.71, 95% CI −5.4, 0.01). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in any of the secondary outcomes or side effects.ConclusionsMore frequent lower dosing does not further improve the efficacy of IVIg in stable IVIg‐dependent CIDP and does not result in fewer side effects.
Continuous EEG findings in patients with COVID‐19 infection admitted to a New York academic hospital system
Authors: Pellinen Jacob , Carroll Elizabeth , Friedman Daniel , Boffa Michael , Dugan Patricia , Friedman David E. , Gazzola Deana , Jongeling Amy , Rodriguez Alcibiades J. , Holmes Manisha 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveThere is evidence for central nervous system complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection, including encephalopathy. Encephalopathy caused by or arising from seizures, especially nonconvulsive seizures (NCS), often requires electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring for diagnosis. The prevalence of seizures and other EEG abnormalities among COVID‐19‐infected patients is unknown.MethodsMedical records and EEG studies of patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID‐19 infections over a 2‐month period at a single US academic health system (four hospitals) were reviewed to describe the distribution of EEG findings including epileptiform abnormalities (seizures, periodic discharges, or nonperiodic epileptiform discharges). Factors including demographics, remote and acute brain injury, prior history of epilepsy, preceding seizures, critical illness severity scores, and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) levels were compared to EEG findings to identify predictors of epileptiform EEG abnormalities.ResultsOf 111 patients monitored, most were male (71%), middle‐aged or older (median age 64 years), admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU; 77%), and comatose (70%). Excluding 11 patients monitored after cardiac arrest, the most frequent EEG finding was moderate generalized slowing (57%), but epileptiform findings were observed in 30% and seizures in 7% (4% with NCS). Three patients with EEG seizures did not have epilepsy or evidence of acute or remote brain injury, although all had clinical seizures prior to EEG. Only having epilepsy (odds ratio [OR] 5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4‐21) or seizure(s) prior to EEG (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.7‐13) was independently associated with epileptiform EEG findings.SignificanceOur study supports growing evidence that COVID‐19 can affect the central nervous system, although seizures are unlikely a common cause of encephalopathy. Seizures and epileptiform activity on EEG occurred infrequently, and having a history of epilepsy or seizure(s) prior to EEG testing was predictive of epileptiform findings. This has important implications for triaging EEG testing in this population.
Comparative transcriptomics of ice‐crawlers demonstrates cold specialization constrains niche evolution in a relict lineage
Authors: Schoville Sean D. , Simon Sabrina , Bai Ming , Beethem Zachary , Dudko Roman Y. , Eberhard Monika J. B. , Frandsen Paul B. , Küpper Simon C. , Machida Ryuichiro , Verheij Max , Willadsen Peter C. , Zhou Xin , Wipfler Benjamin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKey changes in ecological niche space are often critical to understanding how lineages diversify during adaptive radiations. However, the converse, or understanding why some lineages are depauperate and relictual, is more challenging, as many factors may constrain niche evolution. In the case of the insect order Grylloblattodea, highly conserved thermal breadth is assumed to be closely tied to their relictual status, but has not been formerly tested. Here, we investigate whether evolutionary constraints in the physiological tolerance of temperature can help explain relictualism in this lineage. Using a comparative transcriptomics approach, we investigate gene expression following acute heat and cold stress across members of Grylloblattodea and their sister group, Mantophasmatodea. We additionally examine patterns of protein evolution, to identify candidate genes of positive selection. We demonstrate that cold specialization in Grylloblattodea has been accompanied by the loss of the inducible heat shock response under both acute heat and cold stress. Additionally, there is widespread evidence of selection on protein‐coding genes consistent with evolutionary constraints due to cold specialization. This includes positive selection on genes involved in trehalose transport, metabolic function, mitochondrial function, oxygen reduction, oxidative stress, and protein synthesis. These patterns of molecular adaptation suggest that Grylloblattodea have undergone evolutionary trade‐offs to survive in cold habitats and should be considered highly vulnerable to climate change. Finally, our transcriptomic data provide a robust backbone phylogeny for generic relationships within Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea. Major phylogenetic splits in each group relate to arid conditions driving biogeographical patterns, with support for a sister‐group relationship between North American Grylloblatta and Altai‐Sayan Grylloblattella, and a range disjunction in Namibia splitting major clades within Mantophasmatodea.
MicroRNA‐215‐5p inhibits the proliferation of keratinocytes and alleviates psoriasis‐like inflammation by negatively regulating DYRK1A and its downstream signalling pathways
Authors: Liu Aimin , Zhang Buxin , Zhao Wei , Tu Yuanhui , Wang Qingxing , Li Jing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by abnormal hyperproliferation and differentiation. The object of this study is to explore the role of microRNA‐215‐5p in psoriasis‐like inflammation. The expression of miR‐215‐5p was found to be down‐regulated in pro‐inflammatory factor‐stimulated HaCaT cells and imiquimod (IMQ)‐treated skin tissues. Overexpression of miR‐215‐5p suppressed the proliferation and cell cycle progression of HaCaT cells. Further, miR‐215‐5p agomir alleviated the disease severity, pathological features and Ki67 positive cells in IMQ‐treated mice. Luciferase assay confirmed that miR‐215‐5p could bind to the 3′UTR of DYRK1A. The in vitro and in vivo results showed that miR‐215‐5p negatively regulates DYRK1A, which further inhibited EGFR and its downstream signalling pathways, AKT and ERK. Collectively, our results provide evidence that overexpression of miR‐215‐5p inhibits the proliferation of HaCaT cells and alleviates psoriasis‐like inflammation partly by DYRK1A mediated inhibition of the EGFR signalling pathway. miR‐215‐5p may serve as a novel small molecule for therapeutic intervention in psoriasis.
“Part‐Time Parent”: Mothering in the Context of Shared Physical Custody
Authors: Markham Melinda Stafford , Coleman Marilyn 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThis qualitative study examined women's identities as mothers when sharing postdivorce physical custody of children.BackgroundThe increase in divorced parents sharing physical custody can create challenges, especially for women whose identity is manifested through the social position of mother. Although researchers have investigated children's outcomes in connection with shared physical custody, little is known regarding the effects of shared custody on women's identities as mothers.MethodA secondary analysis was conducted using interviews from a grounded theory study of 20 divorced women with shared physical custody arrangements.ResultsMothers resolved the cognitive dissonance they experienced upholding the competing values of being physically present for their child and supporting their child's relationship with their father by prioritizing the belief that their child should maintain relationships with both parents. The mothers found ways in which their part‐time parent role supported their mothering identity. They also experienced challenges and developed individual solutions to overcome the challenges.ConclusionThe ideology of intensive mothering may be changing, particularly for women who undergo divorce or separation. Mothers' beliefs that their children should maintain relationships with both parents overrides their desire to always be physically present for their children and decreases the time women enact their role as mothers.ImplicationsPractitioners are encouraged to guide mothers' adjustment to their custody arrangement and help them “redo” the ways they view their mother identity.