bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Теорія аргументації: формальна contra неформальна логіка
Authors: Matvienko Iryna 
Published: July 2020

У статті представлено дослідження теорії аргументації через дві бінарні позиції, а саме – формальну та неформальну логіку. Формальний підхід до теорії аргументації дає чітку структуру, формальні умови та систему аргументації, але, як засвідчує життєва практика, для того, щоб переконати, недостатньо мати істинні судження та формулювати правильні умовиводи відповідно до основних законів логіки. Для переконливості у своїй аргументації слід використовувати і неформальні методи, адже комунікація між людьми має відносний, не сталий характер. Теорію аргументації на сьогодні досліджують у різних сферах життєдіяльності людини, і хоча її витоки сягають часів Аристотеля, на сьогодні цим питанням, крім філософії та логіки, займаються ще й такі дисципліни, як психологія, юриспруденція, політологія, філологія та багато інших. Саме це визначає той факт, що до теорії аргументації вибудовуються все нові і нові підходи до її дослідження та вивчення. Традиційна теорія аргументації є формальною, і вона принципово відрізняється від сучасної, для якої теоретичних відповідей вже недостатньо, а потрібні чіткі практичні настанови. Цей розрив між теорією та практикою в науці ХІХ–ХХ ст. дав можливість сформулювати неформальний підхід до теорії аргументації.
Протестантська неоортодоксія: витоки, суть та вплив
Authors: Shymanovych Andrii 
Published: July 2020

Найбільш видатними представниками неоортодоксального богослов’я були К. Барт, П. Тілліх та Р. Бультман, хоча богословські погляди кожного з них характеризуються специфічними індивідуальними особливостями. Рух неоортодоксії був ретельно досліджений з перспектив богослов’я (С. Гренц, А. Макґрат, Дж. Вебстер, Дж. Хансінгер), герменевтики (Б. Ремм, К. Ванхузер, Е. Тісельтон) та соціології (П. Бергер). Результати цих досліджень взяті до уваги у даній статті. Неоортодоксія здійснила великий вплив на сучасну їй теологію, але з плином часу (починаючи з 60-х років) вона поступово почала або витіснятися на маргінеси академічного життя, або зазнавала трансформації у більш іманентні, раціональні та прийнятні форми. Саме тому сьогодні ми є свідками того, як історико-критичні підходи до досліджень у сфері біблеїстики знов займають домінуючу позицію на багатьох факультетах та кафедрах теології по всьому світу.
A Self-Centered Story about Yourself in the Text of Literary Autobiography
Authors: Nyubina Larisa 
Published: July 2020

The article demonstrates the narrator’scomplexity in the autobiographical text of the literary biography at the basis of which egocentrism lies as a principle of this prose type construing. Layering refers both to the author and to
the narrator. However, layering of the author causes a change of the narrator’s point of view and its transfer to the 3-rd person’s narration while layering of the narrator is caused by a temporary interval between the time of the narration and the time of the autobiographical event. Ambivalence and a poly discourse character of the autobiographical narration are determined by an ability of the speech person to create texts of different genres and various types.
Cognitive Models and Narrative Construction
Authors: Tarasov Mikhail 
Published: July 2020

The article deals with the narrative text construction. The study thoroughly analyzes cognitive models that can become the basis of this process. Firstly, the author is studying the theory of rhetoricalcommonplaces. The article shows that this theory is suitable for constructing a rhetorical text, but not a narrative one. The second model discussed is the concept model. The article argues that this model is most convenient for text analysis, but not for its formation. Marvin Minsky's frame theory is analyzed in detail. It is stated that the theory of frames and individual narrative concepts, in particular those formulated by R. Barth, have much in common.
It is concluded that the theory of frames can be perceived as the ontological basis of the narrative scientific description. In addition, the article briefly discusses the cognitive
model by R. Quillian and R. Langacker. Their essence is to highlight the main and secondary content in the text. The possibility of using these models in the text
analysis and its synthesis is proved by their conceptual similarity with G.Y. Solganik’s analysis of the novel by L. Tolstoy. Special attention is paid to the theory of R. Abelson. It is argued that the proposed hierarchy of cognitive structures has a
generalizing character and is adequate to the text. The article gives an example based on a local narrative figure analysis undertaken by V.V. Vinogradov. The paper
indicates the possibility to describe this figure within Abelson's theory. As a result of different cognitive models and narrative conceptscomparison, the article formulates the sequence of stages in the analysis and synthesis of text units found at
different levels. The first stage of this sequence is the narrative figures analysis. The second one is the analysis of episodes, which are narrative figures associations. The third one is the analysis of the text plot structures. It is proposed to consider text
units as realizations of cognitive structures. It is argued that the cognitive approach to the narrative provides its holistic and detailed adequate description.
Safety and efficiency of outpatient coronary angiography. Review article
Authors: Данилушкин Ю.В. , Агеев Ф.Т. , Матчин Ю.Г. 
Published: July 2020

Резюме Представлен обзор работ по изучению безопасности и эффективности амбулаторной коронарографии с применением различных артеP риальных доступов. Рассмотрены зарубежные и отечественные экономические аспекты использования метода, а также критерии отбора больных для проведения амбулаторной коронарографии и факторы, повышающие риск исследования.Summary We have reviewed the studies of safety and efficacy of outpatient coronary angiography, peformed with use of various arterial approaches. The economic aspects of using this method abroad and in our country and the criteria of the selection of patients for outpatient coronary angiography with factors that increase the risk of procedure are also reviewedSummary We have reviewed the studies of safety and efficacy of outpatient coronary angiography, peformed with use of various arterial approaches. The economic aspects of using this method abroad and in our country and the criteria of the selection of patients for outpatient coronary angiography with factors that increase the risk of procedure are also reviewed
Syphilitic aortocoronaritis with the left main subtotal coronary ostial stenosis as a cause of severe angina in a young man
Authors: МЕРКУЛОВА И.А. , СУХИНИНА Т.С. , ШАХНОВИЧ Р.М. , ВЕСЕЛОВА Т.Н. , ЖУКОВА Н.С. , МЕРКУЛОВА И.Н. , МИРОНОВ В.М. , ТЕРНОВОЙ С.К. , СТАРОВЕРОВ И.И. 
Published: July 2020

Резюме В статье представлен редкий клинический случай тяжелой стенокардии у мужчины 35 лет вследствие субтотального стеноза устья ствола левой коронарной артерии, обусловленного сифилисом. Рассматривается дифференциальноPдиагностический поиск, обсуждается воP прос о выборе лечебной тактики в контексте этиотропной терапии и стратегии реваскуляризации.Summary The article represents a rare clinical case of severe angina in a 35 years old manowing to the syphilitic left main subtotal coronary ostial stenosis. The article reviews the differential diagnosis and discusses the selection of the treatment algorithm in the scope of the etiotropic therapy and the revascularization strategy.
Media Coverage on General Issues: A Constructionist Study of News Frames and Government Performance of PML-Q (2002-07)
Authors: Salman Amin  , Dr. Ghulam Shabir  , Dr. Saqib Riaz  
Published: July 2020

The paper tries to establish the performance modality of government. In this study, selected frames (thematic) were examined in four major English newspapers of Pakistan regarding general issues and evaluate the performance of government (PML-Q 2002-07) based on framing tone, i.e. "Good" and "Bad". All news stories related to general issues published in the selected newspapers from the last five years of the selected regime. A systematic random sampling method has deemed appropriate and employed for the study. For hypotheses testing, applied comparison model and Chi-square through AMOS. The study revealed that the PML-Q government response on these issues has remained sufficient, and they know how to control the terrorism in whole Pakistan, besides maintaining law and order situation, policies made should be immediately implemented. The findings of this framing table (s) explain the PML-Q government performances that the government gradually performed well and also imply the policy to sort out the issues.
Optogenetics and photopharmacology in pain research and therapeutics
Authors: Iseppon Federico , Arcangeletti Manuel 
Published: July 2020

Pain afflicts billions of people worldwide, who suffer especially from long-term chronic pain. This gruelling condition affects the nervous system at all levels: from the brain to the spinal cord, the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) and the peripheral fibres innervating the skin. The nature of the different molecular and cellular components of the somatosensory modalities, as well as the complexity of the peripheral and central circuitry are yet poorly understood. Light-based techniques such as optogenetics, in concert with the recent advances in single-cell genetic profiling, can help to elucidate the role of diverse neuronal sub-populations in the encoding of different sensory and painful stimuli by switching these neurons on and off via optically active proteins, namely opsins. Recently, photopharmacology has emerged from the efforts made to advance optogenetics. The introduction of azo-benzene-based light-sensitive molecular switches has been applied to a wide variety of molecular targets, from ion channels and receptors to transporters, enzymes and many more, some of which are paramount for pain research and therapy.
In this Review, we summarise the recent advances in the fields of optogenetics and photopharmacology and we discuss the use of light-based techniques for the study of acute and chronic pain physiology, as well as their potential for future therapeutic use to improve pain treatment.
Penerapan ‘Urf Sebagai Metode dan Sumber Hukum Ekonomi Islam
Authors: Rizal Fitra 
Published: July 2020

The development of an increasingly advanced industry has an impact on the development of transactions in an increasingly complex economy so that many transaction activities that require ijtihad to find solutions to problems that may arise. The hope is that the transaction can run smoothly and in accordance with Islamic law. This study aims to discuss matters relating to how ‘urf becomes the methods and sources of Islamic law in economic activities using a qualitative research methodology with a library research approach. The results showed that 'urf' is a thing that is known and has become a habit of the community, both in the form of words or deeds. So ‘urf can be used as a method and legal basis for economic transaction activities. Some examples of the application of ‘urf in Islamic economic transactions are buying and selling transactions in modern shopping centers and some online-based economic transactions without saying shighat (I sell-I buy). Although the practice of buying and selling is not like the shighat described in classical literature, but because it contains a meaning that indicates the willingness of both parties it can be concluded that the transaction law may be based on ‘urf.
Perkembangan industri yang semakin maju berdampak pada perkembangan transaksi dalam ekonomi yang semakin komplek sehingga banyak kegiatan transaksi yang membutuhkan ijtihad untuk mencari solusi dari permasalan yang mungkin muncul. Harapanya agar transaksi tersebut dapat berjalan lancar dan sesuai dengan syariat Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan bagaimana ‘urf menjadi metode dan sumber hukum Islam dalam kegiatan perekonomian dengan menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan kepustakaan (library research). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ‘urf ’merupakan suatu hal yang dikenal dan sudah menjadi kebiasaan masyarkat, baik berupa ucapan ataupun perbuatan. Sehingga ‘urf dapat dijadikan metode dan landasan hukum dalam kegiatan transaksi ekonomi. Beberapa contoh penerapan ‘urf dalam transaksi ekonomi Islam dalah transaksi jual beli di pusat perbelanjaan modern dan beberapa transaksi ekonomi yang berbasis online tanpa mengucapkan shighat (saya jual-saya beli). Walaupun praktik jual beli yang dilakukan tidak seperti shighat yang dijelaskan di literature klasik, namun karena mengandung arti yang menunjukkan kerelaan dari kedua belah pihak maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa hukum transaksi tersebut boleh berdasarkan ‘urf.
Pengelolaan Bank Sampah Sebagai Upaya Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Perspektif Maqashid al-Syari’ah: Studi Kasus di Bank Sampah Srikandi Dolopo Madiun
Authors: Juwita Dwi Runjani 
Published: July 2020

Waste is a trivial thing, even considered dirty and disgusting. When the waste is held by people who do not know how to manage it, this will be a very big and complicated problem. But on the contrary, when the waste is held and managed properly and correctly by people who understand, then the waste will become something very valuable. The Srikandi Waste Bank, which was established in 2015, is a place where people can save waste, then it will be transformed into something very valuable can even make money. With the establishment of the Srikandi Waste Bank, it launched handicraft products from Dolopo which produced from waste materials that had been recycled. With the existence of a Waste Bank, it also helps in empowering the community of housewives who do not have permanent jobs. The results of this study are: that there are many benefits that can be obtained from the existence of a Waste Bank such as a savings system, profit sharing cooperation, reduce unemployment, and cleanliness of the environment.
Sampah merupakan hal yang sepele,bahkan dianggap kotor dan menjijikkan. Ketika dipegang oleh orang-orang yang tidak mengetahui bagaimana mengelola sampah maka hal ini akan menjadi permasalahan yang sangat besar dan kompleks. Tapi sebaliknya, ketika sampah dipegang oleh orang-orang yang mengetahui dan dikelola dengan baik dan benar, maka sampah akan menjadi sesuatu yang sangat berharga bahkan menjadi barang yang bernilai ekonomis. Bank Sampah Srikandi yang berdiri sejak tahun 2015 adalah sebuah tempat dimana masyarakat bisa menabung sampah yang nantinya sampah tersebut akan disulap menjadi sesuatu yang sangat berharga bahkan bisa menghasilkan uang.Dengan berdirinya Bank Sampah Srikandi ini muncul berbagai produk kreatif dari warga Dolopo yang dihasilkan dari bahan dasar sampah yang telah didaur ulang. Dengan adanya Bank Sampah ini juga membantu dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat terutama para ibu-ibu rumah tangga yang tidak mempunyai pekerjaan tetap. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah, terdapat banyak manfaat yang bisa diperoleh dari adanya bank sampah seperti sistem tabungan, kerja sama bagi hasil, mengurangi pengangguran serta kebersihan lingkungan hidup.
THE POTENTIAL OF SMALL INNOVATIVE FIRMS IN PRESERVING A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE TERRITORIES OF ADVANCED SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Gasanov E. A. , Boiko T. S. , Frolova N. S. 
Published: July 2020

According to the target characteristics, innovative mesoeconomics is a complex structural transformation. Under the new conditions, a rational principle of effective interaction of production factors is being formed and is functioning, based on a system of innovative technological regimes. They reduce the value of traditional economic resources and preserve the global ecological space. The key factors of mesoeconomic innovation are the possession and effective use of new knowledge in the field of science, high technology, various means of individualization and other intangible assets.
The dominant principles, conditions, factors, mechanisms and tools for the implementation of innovative mesoeconomics are being formed. Standards are being created to achieve the intellectual and technological platforms of innovative mesoeconomics.
CosTuuM: Polarized Thermal Dust Emission by Magnetically Oriented Spheroidal Grains
Authors: Vandenbroucke Bert , Baes Maarten , Camps Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We present the new open-source C++-based Python library CosTuuM that can be used to generate infrared absorption and emission coefficients for arbitrary mixtures of spheroidal dust grains that are (partially) aligned with a magnetic field. We outline the algorithms underlying the software, demonstrate the accuracy of our results using benchmarks from literature, and use our tool to investigate some commonly used approximative recipes. We find that the linear polarization fraction for a partially aligned dust grain mixture can be accurately represented by an appropriate linear combination of perfectly aligned grains and grains that are randomly oriented, but that the commonly used picket fence alignment breaks down for short wavelengths. We also find that for a fixed dust grain size, the absorption coefficients and linear polarization fraction for a realistic mixture of grains with various shapes cannot both be accurately represented by a single representative grain with a fixed shape, but that instead an average over an appropriate shape distribution should be used. Insufficient knowledge of an appropriate shape distribution is the main obstacle in obtaining accurate optical properties. CosTuuM is available as a standalone Python library and can be used to generate optical properties to be used in radiative transfer applications.
Accurate Treatment of Comptonization in X-Ray Illuminated Accretion Disks
Authors: García Javier A. , Sokolova-Lapa Ekaterina , Dauser Thomas , Madej Jerzy , Różańska Agata , Majczyna Agnieszka , Harrison Fiona A. , Wilms Jörn 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A large fraction of accreting black hole and neutron star systems present clear evidence of the reprocessing of X-rays in the atmosphere of an optically thick accretion disk. The main hallmarks of X-ray reflection include fluorescent K-shell emission lines from iron (∼6.4–6.9 keV), the absorption iron K-edge (∼7–9 keV), and a broad featureless component known as the Compton hump (∼20–40 keV). This Compton hump is produced as the result of the scattering of high-energy photons (E ≳ 10 keV) of the relatively colder electrons (T

e
∼ 105–107 K) in the accretion disk, in combination with photoelectric absorption from iron. The treatment of this process in most current models of ionized X-ray reflection has been done using an approximated Gaussian redistribution kernel. This approach works sufficiently well up to ∼100 keV, but it becomes largely inaccurate at higher energies and at relativistic temperatures (T

e
∼ 109 K). We present new calculations of X-ray reflection using a modified version of our code xillver, including an accurate solution for Compton scattering of the reflected unpolarized photons in the disk atmosphere. This solution takes into account quantum electrodynamic and relativistic effects allowing the correct treatment of high photon energies and electron temperatures. We show new reflection spectra computed with this model, and discuss the improvements achieved in reproducing the correct shape of the Compton hump, the discrepancies with previous calculations, and the expected impact of these new models in the interpretation of observational data.
The Variable and Non-variable X-Ray Absorbers in Compton-thin Type II Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Laha Sibasish , Markowitz Alex G. , Krumpe Mirko , Nikutta Robert , Rothschild Richard , Saha Tathagata 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We have conducted an extensive X-ray spectral variability study of a sample of 20 Compton-thin type II galaxies using broadband spectra from XMM-Newton, Chandra, and Suzaku. The aim is to study the variability of the neutral intrinsic X-ray obscuration along the line of sight and investigate the properties and location of the dominant component of the X-ray-obscuring gas. The observations are sensitive to absorption columns of

∼ 1020.5–24 cm−2 of fully and partially covering neutral and/or lowly ionized gas on timescales spanning days to well over a decade. We detected variability in the column density of the full-covering absorber in 7/20 sources, on timescales of months to years, indicating a component of compact-scale X-ray-obscuring gas lying along the line of sight of each of these objects. Our results imply that torus models incorporating clouds or over-dense regions should account for line-of-sight column densities as low as ∼a few ×1021 cm−2. However, 13/20 sources yielded no detection of significant variability in the full-covering obscurer, with upper limits of ΔN
H spanning 1021–23 cm−2. The dominant absorbing media in these systems could be distant, such as kiloparsec-scale dusty structures associated with the host galaxy, or a homogeneous medium along the line of sight. Thus, we find that overall, strong variability in full-covering obscurers is not highly prevalent in Compton-thin type IIs, at least for our sample, in contrast to previous results in the literature. Finally, 11/20 sources required a partial-covering, obscuring component in all or some of their observations, consistent with clumpy near-Compton-thick compact-scale gas.
The Role of Turbulence for Heating Plasmas in Eruptive Solar Flares
Authors: Ye Jing , Cai Qiangwei , Shen Chengcai , Raymond John C. , Lin Jun , Roussev Ilia. I. , Mei Zhixing 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence is ubiquitous in the process of solar eruptions, and it is crucial for the fast release of energy and the formation of complex thermal structures that have been found in observations. In this paper, we focus on the turbulence in two specific regions: inside the current sheet (CS) and above the flare loops, considering the standard flare model. The gravitationally stratified solar atmosphere is used in MHD simulations, which include the Lundquist number of S = 106, thermal conduction, and radiative cooling. The numerical results are generally consistent with previous simulation work, especially the thermal structures and reconnection rate in flare phases. We can observe the formation of multiple termination shocks (TSs) as well as plasmoid collisions, which make the region above the loop-top more turbulent and heat plasmas to the higher temperature. The spectrum studies show that the property of the MHD turbulence inside the CS is anisotropic, while it is quasi-isotropic above the loop-top. The magnetic spectrum becomes softer when the plasmoids interact with the multiple TSs. Meanwhile, synthetic images and light curves of the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly 94, 131, 171, 304, and 193 Å channels show intermittent radiation enhancement by turbulence above the loop-top. The spectrum study of the radiation intensity in these five wavelengths gives quite different power indices at the same time. In particular, quasiperiodic pulsations (QPPs) in the turbulent region above the loop-top are investigated, and we also confirm that the heating for plasmas via turbulence is an important contributor to the source of QPPs.