bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Wavelength Photo‐Magnetic Imaging System for Photothermal Therapy Guidance
Authors: Algarawi Maha , Erkol Hakan , Luk Alex , Ha Seunghoon , Burcin Unlu Mehmet , Gulsen Gultekin , Nouizi Farouk 
Published: November 2020

Background and ObjectivesIn photothermal therapy, cancerous tissue is treated by the heat generated from absorbed light energy. For effective photothermal therapy, the parameters affecting the induced temperature should be determined before the treatment by modeling the increase in temperature via numerical simulations. However, accurate simulations can only be achieved when utilizing the accurate optical, thermal, and physiological properties of the treated tissue. Here, we propose a multi‐wavelength photo‐magnetic imaging (PMI) technique that provides quantitative and spatially resolved tissue optical absorption maps at any wavelength within the near‐infrared (NIR) window to assist accurate photothermal therapy planning.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted using our recently developed multi‐wavelength PMI system, which operates at four laser wavelengths (760, 808, 860, and 980 nm). An agar tissue‐simulating phantom containing water, lipid, and ink was illuminated using these wavelengths, and the slight internal laser‐induced temperature rise was measured using magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT). The phantom optical absorption was recovered at the used wavelengths using our dedicated PMI image reconstruction algorithm. These absorption maps were then used to resolve the concentration of the tissue chromophores, and thus deduce its optical absorption spectrum in the NIR region based on the Beer–Lambert law.ResultsThe optical absorption of the phantom was successfully recovered at the used four wavelengths with an average error of ~1.9%. The recovered absorption coefficient was then used to simulate temperature variations inside the phantom. A comparison between the modeled temperature maps and the MRT measured ones showed that these maps are in a good agreement with an average pseudo R2 statistic of 0.992. These absorption values were used to successfully recover the concentration of the used chromophores. Finally, these concentrations are used to accurately calculate the total absorption spectrum of the phantom in the NIR spectral window with an average error as low as ~2.3%.ConclusionsMulti‐wavelength PMI demonstrated a great ability to assess the distribution of tissue chromophores, thus providing its total absorption at any wavelength within the NIR spectral range. Therefore, applications of photothermal therapy applied at NIR wavelengths can benefit from the absorption spectrum recovered by PMI to determine important parameters such as laser power as well as the laser exposure time needed to attain a specific increase in temperature prior to treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:00–00, 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
High Molecular Weight Poly(methyl methacrylate) Synthesis Using Recyclable and Reusable Zeolitic Imidazole Framework‐8 Catalyst
Authors: Abdur Rahaman M. , Mousavi Bibimaryam , Shahadat Hossain M. , Akther Nishat , Chaemchuen Somboon , Verpoort Francis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHere, one‐step synthesis of high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA; 1000–1650 kg mol−1) is reported by using zeolitic imidazole framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) catalyst without any co‐catalyst in the absence of a solvent. This type of high molecular weight PMMA has different applications, mainly in gel polymer electrolyte and bone cement. Zwitterionic type mechanism is proposed where the active acid site of the catalyst dominates for initiation of polymerization. Without any significance loss of structural morphology and catalytic activity, ZIF‐8 can easily be recycled for further uses. ZIF‐8 exhibits superior activities for the synthesis of high molecular weight PMMA compared to the heterogeneous catalysts mentioned earlier.
Biostable highly aligned polyurethane fibres for the potential application of small calibre vascular grafting
Authors: Tan C.J. , Ang B.C. , Andriyana A. , Chagnon G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSynthetic vascular grafting is necessarily when the autografting is not possible in some cases. Conventional polyethylene terephthalate and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts are found to be effective for diameter bigger than 6 mm but not for the diameter smaller than 4 mm due to the compliance mismatch and thrombogenicity. Endothelization on the surface of the graft can reduce the risks of compliance mismatch and thrombogenicity. In order to catalyst the endothelization process, fibrous morphology similar to the extracellular matrix of our body is preferable in the vascular grafts. Apart from that, the biostability of the grafts is also an essential element to be considered as the biodegradation may reduce the efficiency of the grafts. Many polyurethanes have been recognised as biostable materials. Hence, in this study, highly aligned polyurethane fibres are fabricated using a facile dry spinning technique in the view of providing effective sites for endothelization process to occur. These fibres are immersed into the simulated body fluid for as long as 24 weeks before conducting the biostability characterisations. The biostability is assessed in three aspects, physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Results show that the fibres do not have observable or significant deteriorations in all the three aspects mentioned.
Design and development of engineering component using natural rubber biocomposites
Authors: Patmanathan T. , Chai A.B. , Kamaruddin S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe potential usage of natural rubber biocomposites in engineering products was investigated. The engineering product fabricated is a rubber bush which is widely used in the automobile industry. Three different types of rubber: 25 % mol epoxidised natural rubber, 50 % mol epoxidised natural rubber and deproteinised natural rubber reinforced with eggshell powder and oil palm fibres hybrid biofillers were studied. The mould flow simulation was carried out to study the flow of the rubber in an existing mould cavity. A thermogravimetric analysis was carried out on both the eggshell powder and oil palm fibres and it was observed that the eggshell powder is more stable thermally compared to the oil palm fibres. Static test was conducted to study the static stiffness properties. Dynamic test was also conducted to study the dynamic stiffness and the loss angle. The results of the tests showed promising mechanical properties of the 25 % mol epoxidised natural rubber biocomposites. Further research should be conducted on other biofillers that is capable of improving the properties of the rubber to replace the use of carbon black in the 25 % mol epoxidised natural rubber biocomposite.
Intraoperative vasopressors in head and neck free flap reconstruction
Authors: Taylor Robert J. , Patel Rusha , Wolf Bethany J. , Stoll William D. , Hornig Joshua D. , Skoner Judith M. , Hand William R. , Day Terry A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionHistorically, there were concerns vasopressors impair free flap outcomes, but recent studies suggest vasopressors are safe. Here we investigate this controversy by (1) evaluating vasopressors' effect on head and neck free‐flap survival and surgical complications, and (2) performing soft tissue and bony subset analysis.Patients and methodsPost hoc analysis was performed of a single‐blinded, prospective, randomized clinical trial at a tertiary care academic medical center involving patients ≥18 years old undergoing head and neck free flap reconstruction over a 16‐month period. Patients were excluded if factors prevented accurate FloTrac™ use. Patients were randomized to traditional volume‐based support, or goal‐directed support including vasopressor use. Primary data was obtained by study personnel through intraoperative data recording and postoperative medical record review.ResultsForty‐one and 38 patients were randomized to traditional and pressor‐based algorithms, respectively. Flap survival was 95% (75/79). There was no significant difference between the pressor‐based and traditional protocols' flap failure (1/38 [3%] vs. 3/41 [7%], RR 0.36, 95% CI of RR 0.04–3.31, p = .63) or flap‐related complications (12/38 [32%] vs. 18/41 [44%], RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.40–1.29, p = .36) Soft tissue flaps had surgical complication rates of 12/30 (40%) and 9/27 (33%) for traditional and pressor‐based protocols, respectively. Bony flaps had surgical complication rates of 6/11 (55%), and 3/11 (27%) for traditional and pressor‐based protocols, respectively.ConclusionsIntraoperative goal‐directed vasopressor administration during head and neck free flap reconstruction does not appear to increase the rate of flap complications or failures.
Vitamin A and D Absorption in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome versus Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study Utilizing Targeted and Untargeted LC–MS Lipidomics
Authors: Chatelaine Haley , Dey Priyankar , Mo Xiaokui , Mah Eunice , Bruno Richard S. , Kopec Rachel E. 
Published: November 2020

ScopePersons with metabolic syndrome (MetS) absorb less vitamin E than healthy controls. It is hypothesized that absorption of fat‐soluble vitamins (FSV) A and D2 would also decrease with MetS status and that trends would be reflected in lipidomic responses between groups.Methods and ResultsFollowing soymilk consumption (501 IU vitamin A, 119 IU vitamin D2), the triglyceride‐rich lipoprotein fractions (TRL) from MetS and healthy subjects (n = 10 age‐ and gender‐matched subjects/group) are assessed using LC–MS/MS. Absorption is calculated using area under the time‐concentration curves (AUC) from samples collected at 0, 3, and 6 h post‐ingestion. MetS subjects have ≈6.4‐fold higher median vitamin A AUC (retinyl palmitate) versus healthy controls (P = 0.07). Vitamin D2 AUC is unaffected by MetS status (P = 0.48). Untargeted LC‐MS lipidomics reveals six phospholipids and one cholesterol ester with concentrations correlating (r = 0.53–0.68; P < 0.001) with vitamin A concentration.ConclusionsThe vitamin A‐phospholipid association suggests increased hydrolysis by PLB, PLRP2, and/or PLA2IB may be involved in the trend in higher vitamin A bioavailability in MetS subjects. Previously observed differences in circulating levels of these vitamins are likely not due to absorption. Alternate strategies should be investigated to improve FSV status in MetS.
Investigation and design of enhanced decoupled UWB MIMO antenna for wearable applications
Authors: Dey Amit Baran , Pattanayak Soumya Sundar , Mitra Debasis , Arif Wasim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA lightweight multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) two‐element wearable ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna having a port isolation of greater than 21 dB is introduced in this communication. The proposed structure includes wearable jeans cloth as a substrate, wherein two inverted u‐formed stubs are mounted in the middle position located on the backside of antenna and attached to the partially etched ground for enhancing the characteristics of port isolation. The developed UWB MIMO antenna has a size of 50 x 35 mm2 and covers the frequency range operating from 1.83 to 13.82 GHz (~153.2%). The suggested MIMO antenna is inexpensive and functions across a broad frequency range of applications including WLAN (2.4‐2.484 GHz/5.15‐5.35 GHz/5.72‐5.825 GHz), Downlink‐uplink WiMAX (3.2‐3.85 GHz), and C‐band (3.7‐4.2 GHz/5.925‐6.425 GHz). The diversity gain (DG) is found to be greater than 9.9 along with envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) to be less than 0.059 across the entire operating bandwidth. The proposed MIMO antenna's channel power loss is bestowed to be less than 0.35 bit/s/Hz. The SAR results of the proposed UWB MIMO design admits that the antenna performs satisfactorily and is suitable for wearable applications. Simulation and testing fairly proved the output of the proposed antenna as a righteous candidate applicable for UWB MIMO applications.
Theoretical analysis of thulium‐doped fiber amplifier based on in‐band pumping scheme
Authors: Mukhtar Sani , Aliyu Kabiru N. , Magam Musab G. , Qureshi Khurram Karim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a rigorous theoretical analysis of a thulium doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) operating at around 1900 nm. The performance of the amplifier is analyzed based on the concentration of Tm3+ ions, TDF length, and the pumping power, respectively. A broadband gain of around 41 dB is demonstrated for a Tm3+ doped fiber length of 10 m, and an optimized pump power of 400 mW, while employing an in‐band pumping scheme. The minimum noise figure of 4.15 dB is achieved within a broad bandwidth of around 120 nm.
Detecting and analyzing border gateway protocol blackholing activity
Authors: Farasat Talaya , Khan Akmal 
Published: November 2020

SummaryDDoS attack is a traditional malicious attempt to make an authorized system or service inaccessible. Currently, BGP blackholing is an operational countermeasure that builds upon the capabilities of BGP to protect from DDoS attacks. BGP enables blackholing by leveraging the BGP community attribute. This paper presents the analysis of BGP blackholing activity and propose a machine learning‐based mechanism to detect BGP blackholing activity. In BGP blackholing analysis, we find that many networks, including Internet service providers (ISPs) and Internet exchange points (IXPs), offer BGP blackholing service to their customers. We collect networks' blackhole communities and make BGP blackhole communities dictionary. Within 3‐month period (from August to October, 2018), we find a significant number of BGP blackhole announcements (97,532) and distinct blackhole prefixes (8,120). Most of the blackhole prefixes are IPv4 (99.1%). Among IPv4 blackhole prefixes, mostly are /32 (79.9%). The daily patterns of BGP blackholing highlight that there is a variable number of blackhole announcements and distinct blackhole prefixes every day. Furthermore, we apply machine learning techniques to design a BGP blackholing detection mechanism based on support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, and long short‐term memory (LSTM) classifiers. The results are compared based on accuracy and F‐score. Experimental results show that LSTM achieves the best classification accuracy of 95.9% and F‐score of 97.2%. This work provides insights for network operators and researchers interested in BGP blackholing service and DDoS mitigation in the Internet.
Matrix‐free preconditioning for high‐orderH(curl) discretizations
Authors: Barker Andrew T. , Kolev Tzanio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe greater arithmetic intensity of high‐order finite element discretizations makes them attractive for implementation on next‐generation hardware, but assembly of high‐order finite element operators as matrices is prohibitively expensive. As a result, the development of general algebraic solvers for such operators has been an open research challenge. Fast matrix‐free application of high‐order operators has received significant attention in the literature in the context of Poisson‐type problems, but preconditioners and solvers for inverting more general operators are not very well‐developed. In this paper, we consider the problem of preconditioning a definite Maxwell operator at high polynomial order without assembling a matrix. We show that given efficient preconditioners for high‐orderH1finite element problems on the same mesh, efficientH(curl)preconditioners can be constructed in an auxiliary space framework. We demonstrate the resulting preconditioners in a practical setting with tensor‐product basis functions on an unstructured mesh of quadrilaterals. Our approach uses a sparsifiedH1solver constructed on a low‐order mesh of the nodal points of the underlying high‐order space, and we show that the resultingH(curl)preconditioner is effective at very high polynomial orders for two‐dimensional model problems with complicated geometry, varying piecewise constant coefficients, and curved elements. The resulting preconditioner scales with nearly optimalO(pd + 1)floating point operation count and optimalO(pd)memory transfer requirements, outperforming existing Maxwell preconditioners in the high‐order regime.
Exact solutions of (2 + 1)‐dimensional Schrödinger's hyperbolic equation using different techniques
Authors: Rehman Hamood Ur , Imran Muhammad Asjad , Ullah Naeem , Akgül Ali 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we derive new optical soliton solutions to (2 + 1)‐dimensional Schrödinger's hyperbolic equation using extended direct algebraic method and new extended hyperbolic function method. New acquired solutions have the form of bright, dark, combined dark‐bright, singular, and combined bright‐singular solitons solutions. These solutions reveal that our techniques are straightforward and dynamic. The solutions are also demonstrated through 3‐d and 2‐d plots to make clear the physical structures for such kind of model. The obtained results illustrate the power of the present method to determine soliton solution of nonlinear evolution equations.
Diversity of molecular targets and signaling pathways for CBD
Authors: de Almeida Douglas L. , Devi Lakshmi A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCannabidiol (CBD) is the second most abundant component of the Cannabis plant and is known to have effects distinct from Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Many studies that examined the behavioral effects of CBD concluded that it lacks the psychotomimetic effects attributed to THC. However, CBD was shown to have a broad spectrum of effects on several conditions such as anxiety, inflammation, neuropathic pain, and epilepsy. It is currently thought that CBD engages different targets and hence CBD’s effects are thought to be due to multiple molecular mechanisms of action. A well‐accepted set of targets include GPCRs and ion channels, with the serotonin 5‐HT1A receptor and the transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV1 channel being the two main targets. CBD has also been thought to target G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as cannabinoid and opioid receptors. Other studies have suggested a role for additional GPCRs and ion channels as targets of CBD. Currently, the clinical efficacy of CBD is not completely understood. Evidence derived from randomized clinical trials, in vitro and in vivo models and real‐world observations support the use of CBD as a drug treatment option for anxiety, neuropathy, and many other conditions. Hence an understanding of the current status of the field as it relates to the targets for CBD is of great interest so, in this review, we include findings from recent studies that highlight these main targets.
Quantitative determination of proxalutamide in rat plasma and tissues using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sang Hua , Wang Yu , Zhong Yunxi , Gu Shiyin , Wang Guangji , Sun Jianguo , Peng Ying 
Published: November 2020

RationaleProxalutamide is a novel drug for the treatment of prostate cancer. However, to date, there are almost no reports on the pharmacokinetics of proxalutamide in vivo. This study developed a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method to determine the concentrations of proxalutamide in biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies.MethodsChromatographic separation was achieved on a Kromasil 100‐5C8 column followed by gradient elution using a Shimadzu HPLC system. MS was performed in positive ion electrospray ionization mode using a SCIEX API 4000 triple quadrupole system. A simple and rapid one‐step protein precipitation method was used for sample processing, and a low sample volume of 10 μL was used for processing and analysis.ResultsThe method was validated to show good selectivity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. Good linearity (r2 > 0.99) was observed for rat plasma (range: 2–5000 ng/mL) and rat tissue homogenates (range: 2–2000 ng/mL). The extraction recovery was above 98%, and no significant matrix effect was observed. This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of proxalutamide in rats.ConclusionsA rapid and sensitive LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine the quantity of proxalutamide in rat plasma and tissue homogenates and to further study the pharmacokinetic parameters of proxalutamide in a rat model. The results showed that proxalutamide had good oral bioavailability and wide tissue distribution in vivo.
An All‐Organic D‐A System for Visible‐Light‐Driven Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Mo Zhao , Di Jun , Yan Pengcheng , Lv Chade , Zhu Xingwang , Liu Daobin , Song Yanhua , Liu Chuntai , Yu Qing , Li Huaming , Lei Yucheng , Xu Hui , Yan Qingyu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDirect water splitting over photocatalysts is a prospective strategy to convert solar energy into hydrogen energy. Nevertheless, because of the undesirable electron accumulation at the surface, the overall water‐splitting efficiency is seriously restricted by the poor charge separation/transfer ability. Here, an all‐organic donor–acceptor (D‐A) system through crafting carbon rings units‐conjugated tubular graphitic carbon nitride (C‐TCN) is proposed. Through a range of characterizations and theoretical calculations, the incorporation of carbon rings units via continuous π‐conjugated bond builds a D‐A system, which can drive intramolecular charge transfer to realize highly efficient charge separation. More importantly, the tubular structure and the incorporated carbon rings units cause a significant downshift of the valence band, of which the potential is beneficial to the activation for O2 evolution. When serving as photocatalyst for overall water splitting, C‐TCN displays considerable performance with H2 and O2 production rates of 204.6 and 100.8 µmol g−1 h−1, respectively. The corresponding external quantum efficiency reaches 2.6% at 405 nm, and still remains 1.7% at 420 nm. This work demonstrates that the all‐organic D‐A system conceptualized from organic solar cell can offer promotional effect for overall water splitting by addressing the charge accumulation problem rooted in the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Single‐Atom Cu Catalysts for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction with Significant Alleviation of Nitrite Production
Authors: Zhu Tonghe , Chen Qiongshan , Liao Peng , Duan Weijian , Liang Sheng , Yan Zhang , Feng Chunhua 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetallic Cu is a well‐known electrocatalyst for nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), but it suffers from relatively low activity, poor stability, and inducing nitrite accumulation during the long‐term operation. Herein, it is found that Cu catalysts minimized at the single‐atom level can overcome the limitations of bulk materials in NO3RR. A metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (M‐N‐C) electrocatalyst composed of carbon nanosheets embedding isolated copper atoms coordinated with N, Cu‐N‐C‐800, is synthesized by pyrolysis of a Cu‐based metal–organic framework at 800 °C. In comparison with Cu nanoparticles and Cu plate‐800, kinetic measurements show that the Cu‐N‐C‐800 electrocatalyst is more active and stable and distinctly suppresses the release of nitrite intermediate into the solution. The combined results of experimental data and density functional theory calculations indicate that Cu bound with N (particularly Cu‐N2) is the key to favorable adsorption of NO3− and NO2−. This strong binding is responsible for the enhanced rate of nitrate conversion to the end products of ammonia and nitrogen. These findings highlight the promise of single‐atom Cu electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction with desirable performance.