bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact des températures extrêmes sur la demande de soins primaires en France : l’étude CHAFO (2010-2018)
Authors: Goix Laurent , Petrovic Tomislav , Chanzy Erick , De Stefano Carla , Akodad Hayatte , Reuter Paul-Georges , Linval Frédéric , Adnet Frédéric , Lapostolle Frédéric 
Published: December 2019

Introduction : L’impact sanitaire des vagues de froid et de chaleur est majeur. Néanmoins, l’impact respectif des températures extrêmes, hautes et basses, demeure controversé. Méthode : Le nombre quotidien de (1) dossiers de régulation médicale (DRM) gérés par le SAMU 93 – indicateur de la demande en soins primaires, (2) interventions des équipes SMUR – indicateur de sévérité des patients et (3) patients décédés ont été relevés. Les températures minimales et maximales quotidiennes ont été relevées de 2010 à 2018. L’analyse a porté sur les 10 journées plus chaudes et les plus froides de chaque année (2 × 70 journées), et sur les 30 journées les plus chaudes et les plus froides de la période (2 × 30 journées). Résultats : Sur 2 702 jours, 1 513 070 DRM, 89 478 interventions SMUR et 7 350 décès ont été analysés. Température médiane : 16,0[10,4-21,6]°C. Les journées les plus froides étaient associées à une augmentation significative des DRM (665[609-764] vs 538[474-619] ; p<0,001), des interventions SMUR (35[32-39] vs 33[28-38] ; p = 0,006) et des décès (3[2-5] vs 2[1-4] ; p = 0,0008) en considérant les 10 jours de températures extrêmes de chaque année ainsi qu’à une augmentation significative des DRM (615[580-698] vs 542[475-627] ; p<0,001) en considérant les 30 jours extrêmes de la période. Les journées les plus chaudes étaient associées à une diminution significative des DRM (484[443-549] vs 538[474-619] ; p <0,001), des interventions SMUR (31[25-37] vs 33[28-38] ; p = 0,006) et des décès (2[1-3] vs 2[1-4] ; p = 0,0008) en considérant les 10 jours extrêmes de chaque année et à une diminution significative des DRM (536[479-576] vs 542[475-627] ; p < 0,001) en considérant les 30 jours extrêmes de la période. Conclusion : La demande de soins primaires, le nombre de patients sévères et la mortalité augmentaient significativement avec les températures extrêmes basses.
Prospective, Randomized Trial of Diclofenac and Ketorolac After Refractive Surgery
Authors: Narváez Julio , Krall Peter , Tooma Tom S 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of diclofenac and ketorolac in relieving corneal pain after refractive surgery, and determine if there is a difference in stinging on instillation.
METHODS: Thirty patients were randomized prospectively to postoperative diclofenac in one eye and ketorolac in the other. Patients and surgeon did not know which medications were used. Ocular postoperative pain and discomfort on instillation of medication were measured after radial keratotomy with a visual analog scale and a questionnaire.
RESULTS: Both medications were highly effective in relieving pain. There was no significant difference in pain relief, or stinging on instillation (P=.29).
CONCLUSION: There was no statistical difference in the effectiveness of the medications on pain relief, or in stinging on instillation. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:76-78]
Simulation of Eye-tracker Latency, Spot Size, and Ablation Pulse Depth on the Correction of Higher Order Wavefront Aberrations With Scanning Spot Laser Systems
Authors: Bueeler Michael , Mrochen Michael 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this theoretical work was to investigate the robustness of scanning spot laser treatments with different laser spot diameters and peak ablation depths in case of incomplete compensation of eye movements due to eye-tracker latency.
METHODS: Scanning spot corrections of 3rd to 5th Zernike order wavefront errors were numerically simulated. Measured eye-movement data were used to calculate the positioning error of each laser shot assuming eye-tracker latencies of 0, 5, 30, and 100 ms, and for the case of no eye tracking. The single spot ablation depth ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 pm and the spot diameter from 250 to 1000 pm. The quality of the ablation was rated by the postoperative surface variance and the Strehl intensity ratio, which was calculated after a low-pass filter was applied to simulate epithelial surface smoothing.
RESULTS: Treatments performed with nearly ideal eye tracking (latency - 0) provide the best results with a small laser spot (0.25 mm) and a small ablation depth (250 pm). However, combinations of a large spot diameter (1000 pm) and a small ablation depth per pulse (0.25 pm) yield the better results for latencies above a certain threshold to be determined specifically. Treatments performed with tracker latencies in the order of 100 ms yield similar results as treatments done completely without eye-movement compensation.
CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of spot diameter was shown to make the correction more susceptible to eye movement induced error. A smaller spot size is only beneficial when eye movement is neutralized with a tracking system with a latency <5 ms. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:28-36.]
Echocardiographic Study of Left Ventricular False Tendons
Authors: Ahmad Z. Sajan , Koshy Cherian , Koshy George A. 
Published: December 2019

Introduction:
Left ventricular false tendons (LVFTs) are discrete, fibromuscular structures of varying length and thickness that traverse the left ventricular (LV) cavity. The aim of the present study was to describe the echocardiographic characteristics and associations of 100 consecutive cases of LVFTs that presented to the echocardiography laboratory at a tertiary care teaching hospital in India.

Subjects and Methods:
One hundred consecutive patients with LVFTs were studied. They were classified based on the number (single and multiple), morphology (simple and complex), and location (apical, mid, and basal). The individuals were divided into three groups (Group 1: with LV dilatation and/or LV hypertrophy [LVH], Group 2: abnormal echocardiogram other than Group 1, and Group 3: normal echocardiogram). Analysis was done using SPSS 15 software.

Results:
A total of 121 LVFTs were identified in the 100 individuals. The LVFTs were more commonly single (81%), simple (92.56%), and apically located (52.90%). Complex LVFTs and apical location were more common among males, while multiple LVFTs and mid location were more common among females. LVFTs were most commonly visualized in the apical four-chamber view. There was a preponderance of males (67%), patients with structural heart disease (79%), and patients with LVH and/or dilatation (44%) in the study group.

Conclusions:
LVFTs are readily identifiable on echocardiography and can be characterized based on their number, location, and morphology. Their relationship to structurally abnormal hearts, male gender, LVH, and dilatation requires further study.
Technological and nutritional properties of meat from female wild boars (&lt;i&gt;Sus scrofa scrofa&lt;/i&gt; L.) of different carcass weights
Authors: Kasprzyk Anna , Stadnik Joanna , Stasiak Dariusz 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The aim of this work was to assess the technological and
nutritional quality of meat from female wild boars. The muscle samples – Musculus longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and Musculus semimembranosus (SM) – were taken from a total of 40 female wild
boar after a hunt. Carcasses were allocated to five groups according to weight (group I – 30±5 kg; group II – 45±4.9 kg; group III – 60±4.7 kg; group IV – 75±5.2 kg; group V – 90±5 kg). Studies that have been carried out have shown that technological and nutritional
properties of meat from wild boars depend on the mass of carcasses and the type of muscle. The pH of analyzed wild boar meat proved that there was normal glycolysis and
glycogenolysis progress in all groups. The water holding capacity (WHC) of SM
muscles from the lowest-weight carcasses was significantly (P≤0.01)
lower as compared to the heavier carcasses. There were significant
differences (P≤0.01) in the shear force of the LTL muscle between
groups I, IV and V. The muscles cut from carcasses of a higher mass represent
higher values of this parameter. The higher-mass carcasses were
characterized by a darker color, which resulted from the higher
concentration of myoglobin. The protein concentration increased with carcass
weight. A similar effect of carcass weight on the content of intramuscular fat
(IMF) was found. Due to the low calorie content, the meat of young wild boar may
be an interesting and attractive component of the diet.
Inferring the anthropogenic NOx emission trend over the United States during 2003–2017 from satellite observations: was there a flattening of the emission trend after the Great Recession?
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Wang Yuhang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. We illustrate the nonlinear relationships among anthropogenic NOx
emissions, NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs), and
NO2 surface concentrations using model simulations for July 2011 over
the contiguous United States (CONUS). The variations in NO2 surface
concentrations and TVCDs are generally consistent and reflect anthropogenic NOx emission variations for high anthropogenic NOx
emission regions well. For low anthropogenic NOx emission regions, however,
nonlinearity in the anthropogenic-emission–TVCD relationship due to
emissions from lightning and soils, chemistry, and physical processes makes
it difficult to use satellite observations to infer anthropogenic NOx
emission changes. The analysis is extended to 2003–2017. Similar
variations in NO2 surface measurements and coincident satellite
NO2 TVCDs over urban regions are in sharp contrast to the large
variation differences between surface and satellite observations over rural
regions. We find a continuous decrease in anthropogenic NOx emissions
after 2011 by examining surface and satellite measurements in CONUS urban
regions, but the decreasing rate is lower by 9 %–46 % than the
pre-2011 period.
The sensitivity of Southern Ocean aerosols and cloud microphysics to sea spray and sulfate aerosol production in the HadGEM3-GA7.1 chemistry–climate model
Authors: Revell Laura E. , Kremser Stefanie , Hartery Sean , Harvey Mike , Mulcahy Jane P. , Williams Jonny , Morgenstern Olaf , McDonald Adrian J. , Varma Vidya , Bird Leroy , Schuddeboom Alex 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. With low concentrations of tropospheric aerosol, the Southern Ocean offers a “natural laboratory” for studies of aerosol–cloud interactions. Aerosols over the Southern Ocean are produced from biogenic activity in the ocean, which generates sulfate aerosol via dimethylsulfide (DMS) oxidation, and from strong winds and waves that lead to bubble bursting and sea spray emission. Here, we evaluate the representation of Southern Ocean aerosols in the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3, Global Atmosphere 7.1 (HadGEM3-GA7.1) chemistry–climate model. Compared with aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from two satellite instruments (the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS-Aqua c6.1, and the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer, MISR), the model simulates too-high AOD during winter and too-low AOD during summer. By switching off DMS emission in the model, we show that sea spray aerosol is the dominant contributor to AOD during winter. In turn, the simulated sea spray aerosol flux depends on near-surface wind speed. By examining MODIS AOD as a function of wind speed from the ERA-Interim reanalysis and comparing it with the model, we show that the sea spray aerosol source function in HadGEM3-GA7.1 overestimates the wind speed dependency. We test a recently developed sea spray aerosol source function derived from measurements made on a Southern Ocean research voyage in 2018. In this source function, the wind speed dependency of the sea spray aerosol flux is less than in the formulation currently implemented in HadGEM3-GA7.1. The new source function leads to good agreement between simulated and observed wintertime AODs over the Southern Ocean; however, it reveals partially compensating errors in DMS-derived AOD. While previous work has tested assumptions regarding the seawater climatology or sea–air flux of DMS, we test the sensitivity of simulated AOD, cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number concentration to three atmospheric sulfate chemistry schemes. The first scheme adds DMS oxidation by halogens and the other two test a recently developed sulfate chemistry scheme for the marine troposphere; one tests gas-phase chemistry only, while the second adds extra aqueous-phase sulfate reactions. We show how simulated sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid profiles over the Southern Ocean change as a result and how the number concentration and particle size of the soluble Aitken, accumulation and coarse aerosol modes are affected. The new DMS chemistry scheme leads to a 20 % increase in the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplets, which improves agreement with observations. Our results highlight the importance of atmospheric chemistry for simulating aerosols and clouds accurately over the Southern Ocean.
WAYS v1: a hydrological model for root zone water storage simulation on a global scale
Authors: Mao Ganquan , Liu Junguo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The soil water stored in the root zone is a critical variable for many applications, as it plays a key role in several hydrological and atmospheric processes. Many studies have been conducted to obtain reliable information on soil water in the root zone layer. However, most of them are mainly focused on the soil moisture within a certain depth rather than the water stored in the entire rooting system. In this work, a hydrological model named the Water And ecosYstem Simulator (WAYS) is developed to simulate the root zone water storage (RZWS) on a global scale. The model is based on a well-validated lumped model and has now been extended to a distribution model. To reflect the natural spatial heterogeneity of the plant rooting system across the world, a key variable that influences RZWS, i.e., root zone storage capacity (RZSC), is integrated into the model. The newly developed model is first evaluated based on runoff and RZWS simulations across 10 major basins. The results show the ability of the model to mimic RZWS dynamics in most of the regions through comparison with proxy data, the normalized difference infrared index (NDII). The model is further evaluated against station observations, including flux tower and gauge data. Despite regional differences, generally good performance is found for both the evaporation and discharge simulations. Compared to existing hydrological models, WAYS's ability to resolve the field-scale spatial heterogeneity of RZSC and simulate RZWS may offer benefits for many applications, e.g., agriculture and land–vegetation–climate interaction investigations. However, the results from this study suggest an additional evaluation of RZWS is required for the regions where the NDII might not be the correct proxy.
Analysis of spatiotemporal variations in middle-tropospheric to upper-tropospheric methane during the Wenchuan Ms = 8.0 earthquake by three indices
Authors: Cui Jing , Shen Xuhui , Zhang Jingfa , Ma Weiyu , Chu Wei 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. This research studied the spatiotemporal variation in methane in the middle to upper troposphere during the Wenchuan earthquake (12 May 2008) using AIRS retrieval data and discussed the methane anomaly mechanism.
Three indices were proposed and used for analysis. Our results show that the methane concentration increased significantly in 2008, with an average increase of 5.12×10-8, compared to the average increase of
1.18×10-8 in the previous 5 years. The absolute local index of change of the environment (ALICE) and differential value (diff) indices can be used to identify methane concentration anomalies. The two indices showed that the methane concentration distribution before and after
the earthquake broke the distribution features of the background field.
As the earthquake approached, areas of high methane concentration gradually
converged towards the west side of the epicenter from both ends of
the Longmenshan fault zone. Moreover, a large anomalous area was centered at the epicenter 8 d before the earthquake occurred, and a trend of strengthening, weakening and strengthening appeared over time.
The gradient index showed that the vertical direction obviously increased before the main earthquake and that the value was positive. The gradient value is negative during coseismic or post-seismic events. The gradient index reflects the gas emission characteristics to some extent. We also determined that the methane release was connected with the deep crust–mantle stress state, as well as micro-fracture generation and expansion. However, due to the lack of any technical means to accurately identify the source and content of methane in the atmosphere before the earthquake, an in-depth discussion has not been conducted, and further studies on this issue may be needed.
DVT prophylaxis in critical care: role of NOACS
Authors: Lancé Marcus D. 
Published: December 2019

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the critically ill ranges from 3.6% to 37%. Despite seemingly adequate prophylaxis the risk for DVT is still between 4 and 15%.
Currently the known risk factors can be divided into inherited and acquired. In addition, the underlying disease and comorbidities play a major role, e.g., history of DVT, malignancy, ongoing infectious disease, cardiovascular disease and pregnancy.
DVT prevention is applied in various ways and timings. Principally, the choice is between mechanical, pharmacological and a combination of both.
Regarding the mechanical prophylaxis, recommendations point more to the use of intermittent pneumatic stockings (IPS), which are more effective with less side effects than simple stockings. Whenever pharmacological treatment carries a relatively high risk (e.g., fresh bleeding, traumatic brain injury) mechanical prevention might be started. However, it is still under debate whether the combination of IPS with pharmacological prophylaxis is superior.
Like all anticoagulant therapy, the risk (and consequences) of DVT should be balanced against the risk of bleeding. A variety of scoring systems, like the Well's score, the Caprini score and the Has-Bled score exist to group the risks. In terms of risk assessment, bleeding after peripheral surgery might be less dangerous than after intracranial surgery.
In general, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are preferred above unfractionated heparin (UFH). One reason might be the risk of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which is higher with UFH than with LMWH. On the other hand, UFH have a shorter half-life necessitating at least two daily injections, while the LMWH schemes apply a once daily injection. However, the shorter half-life and the ease of reversal might be an argument for UFH use in patients at bleeding risk. In contrast, LMWH's carry a higher risk of bioaccumulation. The route of application seems to be another point of concern. In the critically ill, peripheral organ perfusion might be disturbed by the disease or the therapy (i.e. vasoconstriction or edema).
It is still a debate if oral anticoagulants should be used in critical care. Mainly concerns are raised from pharmacological considerations. For instance, if enteral feeding is only possible via tubes, grinding of tablets will change the galenic of the drugs and their bioavailability. In addition, it is not clear whether orally applied drugs will be resorbed completely. Excretion of drugs might be altered due to impairment of kidney and/or liver function which could result in their accumulation.
Finally, changes in the coagulation system due to the underlying disease might occur unexpectedly and therefore unanticipated.
In concert with difficulties in laboratory measurement and reversal of the drug benefits of oral anticoagulants do not outweigh risks and disadvantages. Therefore, it seems not recommendable to start any kind of oral anticoagulation before the patient's condition is stable enough which is mostly the moment of discharge from the ICU.
Social media and critical care
Authors: Yusaf Mamoon 
Published: December 2019

Social media has transformed the way we communicate with each other in the last decade or so. Out of 4 billion internet users, more than 3 billion are on social media. The medical community has also been transformed in terms of how we approach this vast medium of information. Microblogging sites like Twitter are beneficial in the way we share and disseminate professional knowledge. The critical care community has recently gained a lot of pace on the social media platform and are showing their presence in numbers. Although use of social media in critical care has great potential to benefit its users, it comes with its own challenges. This includes inaccurate information and slow adaptation. So the question arises: How can the critical care community make the best use of social media resources while ensuring the right knowledge is shared and practiced, and patient confidentiality is always respected?
Twitter has been used as a medium to not only spread information but also as a platform to teach critical care physicians and nurses. There are elements which affect the usability, efficiency, effectiveness, and widespread acceptance of Twitter as a teaching aid. FOAM, free open access medical education, is an online movement taking place across social media, blogs, and podcasts that is challenging traditional methods of medical education. FOAM provides a free platform for learners to not only receive information but also share it with other users. It gives the learner a chance to tailor their resources according to their individual needs. In addition, learners can reach out for assistance from the source much more easily as compared to traditional ways. But concern has been raised on how to best approach these resources as they do not undergo vigorous checks like peer reviewed articles. Check and balance of the validity of the provided information is often left up to the learners discretion. It can leave educational gaps at times and may not be applicable worldwide. Similarly, declaration of conflict of interest is not mandatory on these platforms hence it is often impossible to identify commercial bias.
It can be quite difficult to keep track of all the continuing professional development hours spent on social media but new applications are being developed, which can help. While on social media, all the norms and etiquette of healthcare professionalism should be maintained such as patient confidentiality and appropriate interprofessional relationships. There are evolving tools to evaluate the quality of various resources like SMi (Social Media Index) and HONcode (Health on the Net Code of Conduct).
Social media, when used correctly, can be effective for self-directed learning, holding discussions with other critical care and healthcare professionals while reflecting on newly-acquired knowledge. Although the information must be used with due care, as the peer review is mostly inexistent in social media as people can post what they want, it is one of the most exciting and evolving areas in critical care practice.