bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to teach science in urban schools: Context as content
Authors: Marco‐Bujosa Lisa M. , Friedman Audrey A. , Kramer Allison 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore how science teachers who persisted in urban schools interpreted and responded to the unique features of urban educational contexts. With 17 alumni who taught in metropolitan areas across seven states, the Science Educators for Urban Schools (SEUS) program provided a research setting that offered a unique view of science teachers’ development of knowledge of urban education contexts. Data sources included narratives of teaching experiences from interviews and open‐ended survey items. Findings were interpreted in light of context knowledge for urban educational settings. Findings indicated that science teaching in urban contexts was impacted by the education policy context, notably through accountability policies that narrowed and marginalized science instruction; community context, evident in teacher efforts to make science more relevant to students; and school contexts, notability their ability to creatively adjust for resource deficiencies and continue their own professional growth. Participants utilized this context knowledge to transform student opportunities to learn science. The study suggests that future science education research and teacher preparation efforts would benefit from further attention to the unique elements of urban contexts, specifically the out of classroom contexts that shape science teaching and learning.
Motivators of and barriers to becoming a COVID‐19 convalescent plasma donor: A survey study
Authors: Masser Barbara M. , Ferguson Eamonn , Thorpe Rachel , Lawrence Claire , Davison Tanya E. , Hoad Veronica , Gosbell Iain B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the motivators and barriers to COVID‐19 convalescent plasma donation by those in the United Kingdom who have been diagnosed with or who have had symptoms of SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) but who have not donated.BackgroundConvalescent plasma from people recovered from COVID‐19 with sufficient antibody titres is a potential option for the treatment and prevention of COVID‐19. However, to date, recruiting and retaining COVID‐19 convalescent plasma donors has been challenging. Understanding why those eligible to donate COVID‐19 convalescent plasma have not donated is critical to developing recruitment campaigns.Methods/MaterialsA total of 419 UK residents who indicated that they had been infected with COVID‐19 and who lived within 50 km of sites collecting COVID‐19 convalescent plasma completed an online survey between 25th June and 5th July 2020. Respondents completed items assessing their awareness of convalescent plasma, motivations and barriers to donation and intention to donate COVID‐19 convalescent plasma.ResultsAwareness of COVID‐19 convalescent plasma was low. Exploratory factor analysis identified six motivations and seven barriers to donating. A stronger sense of altruism through adversity and moral and civic duty were positively related to intention to donate, whereas generic donation fears was negatively related.ConclusionsOnce potential donors are aware of convalescent plasma, interventions should focus on the gratitude and reciprocity that those eligible to donate feel, along with a focus on (potentially) helping family and norms of what people ought to do. Fears associated with donation should not be neglected, and strategies that have been successfully used tor recruit whole‐blood donors should be adapted and deployed to recruit COVID‐19 convalescent plasma donors.
Effect of patient blood management system and feedback programme on appropriateness of transfusion: An experience of Asia's first Bloodless Medicine Center on a hospital basis
Authors: Shin Hyeon Ju , Kim Jong Hun , Park Yujin , Ahn Ki Hoon , Jung Jae Seung , Park Jong Hoon ,   Korea University Bloodless Medicine Center Scientific Committee
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatient blood management (PBM) programmes minimise red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and improve patient outcomes worldwide. This study evaluated the effect of a multidisciplinary, collaborative PBM programme on the appropriateness of RBC transfusion in medical and surgical departments at a hospital level.Methods/MaterialsIn 2018, the revised PBM programme was launched at the Korea University Anam Hospital, a tertiary hospital with 1048 hospital beds and the first Asian institution where a new computer PBM programme was implemented. Monthly RBC usage and adequacy were analysed from January 2018 to December 2019. The trend of adequacy over time was assessed.ResultsA total of 2 201 021 patients were hospitalised and visited an outpatient clinic. The number of RBC units transfused per 10 000 patients decreased from 139.8 for 2018 to 137.3 for 2019. The proportion of patients with Hb <7 g/dL receiving RBC transfusion increased significantly: 29.1%, 34.5%, 40.4% and 40.6% for periods 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively (p < 0.001). The appropriateness of RBC transfusion significantly increased for medical (35.2%, 41.5%, 49.6% and 74.3% for periods 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively [p < 0.001]) and surgical (37.8%, 33.3%, 45.5% and 71.1% for periods 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively [p < 0.001]) departments.ConclusionImplementation of a PBM programme through a multidisciplinary clinical community approach increased the appropriateness of RBC transfusion in medical and surgical departments. Therefore, expanding publicity and PBM education to health care providers is important to maintain the appropriateness of blood transfusion.
Occurrence of spilled genetically modified oilseed rape growing along a Japanese roadside over 10 years
Authors: Nakajima Nobuyoshi , Nishizawa Toru , Aono Mitsuko , Tamaoki Masanori , Saji Hikaru 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo map the distribution of feral oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in Japan, we conducted a roadside survey along 19 km of Route 51 for 10 years, from 2005 to 2014. We found more than 2,000 plants in the first 2 years. The number decreased to 150–305 from 2007 to 2010, and to only 27 in 2014, likely owing to extensive road repairs. Three areas of high frequency were found. One area features frequent hills. The second was where the road narrows, likely where seeds spill from trucks as they decelerate or accelerate. The third is in a fenced patch, showing that if spilled seeds fall in places where they cannot be managed, they can perpetuate. Our survey confirms that feral oilseed rape has nearly disappeared from this road. The proportion of genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape in the feral population was low, and it decreased as the total number of rape plants decreased. Therefore, we conclude that the distribution of GM oilseed rape growing along Route 51 has no effect on biodiversity such as suppression of other species' distribution and introgressive hybridization with wild relatives. This is the first report of a long‐term survey on the fate of oilseed rapes growing along transportation route in Japan.
Bone metastases induce metabolic changes and mitophagy in mice
Authors: Wilcox‐Hagerty Jenna , Xu Haifang , Hain Brian A. , Arnold Amy C. , Waning David L. 
Published: December 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Cachexia causes severe changes in skeletal muscle metabolism and function and is a key predictor of negative outcomes in cancer patients: what are the changes in whole animal energy metabolism and mitochondria in skeletal muscle?
What is the main finding and its importance?
There is decreased whole animal energy expenditure in mice with cachexia. They displayed highly dysmorphic mitochondria and mitophagy in skeletal muscle.
AbstractCachexia causes changes in skeletal muscle metabolism. Mice with MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer bone metastases and cachexia have decreased whole animal energy metabolism and increased skeletal muscle mitophagy. We examined whole animal energy metabolism by indirect calorimetry in mice with MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer bone metastases, and showed decreased energy expenditure. We also examined skeletal muscle mitochondria and found that mitochondria in mice with MDA‐MB‐231 bone metastases are highly dysmorphic and have altered protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. In addition, LC3B protein was increased in mitochondria of skeletal muscle from cachectic mice, and colocalized with the mitochondrial protein Tom20. Our data demonstrate the importance of mitophagy in cachexia. Understanding these changes will help contribute to defining treatments for cancer cachexia.
Priming the cardiodynamic phase of pulmonary oxygen uptake through voluntary modulations of the respiratory pump at the onset of exercise
Authors: Stucky Frédéric , Aliverti Andrea , Kayser Bengt , Uva Barbara 
Published: December 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
The initial increase in oxygen uptake () at exercise onset results from pulmonary perfusion changes secondary to an increased venous return. Breathing mechanics contribute to venous return through abdominal and intrathoracic pressures variation. Can voluntary breathing techniques (abdominal or rib cage breathing) increase venous return and improve at exercise onset?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Abdominal and rib cage breathing increase venous return and at exercise onset. This mechanism could be clinically relevant in patients with impaired cardiac function limiting oxygen transport.

AbstractWe examined how different breathing patterns can modulate venous return and alveolar gas transfer during exercise transients in humans. Ten healthy men transitioned from rest to moderate cycling while breathing spontaneously (SP) or with voluntary increases in abdominal (AB) or intrathoracic (RC) pressure swings. We used double body plethysmography to determine blood displacements between the trunk and the extremities (Vbs). From continuous signals of airflow and O2 fraction, we calculated breath‐by‐breath oxygen uptake at the mouth and used optoelectronic plethysmography to correct for lung O2 store changes and calculate alveolar O2 transfer (). Oesophageal (Poes) and gastric (Pga) pressures were monitored using balloon‐tipped catheters. Cardiac stroke volume was measured using impedance cardiography. During the cardiodynamic phase (Φ1) of ‐on kinetics (20 s following exercise onset), AB and RC increased total alveolar oxygen transfer compared to SP (227 ± 32, P = 0.019 vs. 235 ± 27, P = 0.001 vs. 206 ± 20 ml, mean ± SD). Pga and Poes swings increased with AB (by 24.4 ± 9.6 cmH2O, P < 0.001) and RC (by 14.5 ± 5.7 cmH2O, P < 0.001), respectively. AB yielded a greater increase in intra‐breath Vbs swings compared with RC and SP (+0.30 ± 0.14 vs. +0.16 ± 0.11, P < 0.001 vs. +0.10 ± 0.05 ml, P = 0.006) and increased the sum of stroke volumes compared to SP (4.47 ± 1.28 vs. 3.89 ± 0.96 litres, P = 0.053), while RC produced significant central blood translocation from the extremities compared with SP (by 493 ± 311 ml, P < 0.001). Our findings indicate that combining exercise onset with AB or RC increases venous return, thus increasing mass oxygen transport above metabolic consumption during Φ1 and limiting the oxygen deficit incurred.
Maximum axonal following frequency separates classes of cutaneous unmyelinated nociceptors in the pig
Authors: Werland Fiona , Hirth Michael , Rukwied Roman , Ringkamp Matthias , Turnquist Brian , Jorum Ellen , Namer Barbara , Schmelz Martin , Obreja Otilia 
Published: December 2020

Key points
C‐nociceptors are generally assumed to have a low maximum discharge frequency of 10–30 Hz. However, only mechano‐insensitive ‘silent’ C‐nociceptors cannot follow electrical stimulation at 5 Hz (75 pulses) whereas polymodal C‐nociceptors in the pig follow stimulation at up to 100 Hz without conduction failure.
Sensitization by nerve growth factor increases the maximum following frequency of ‘silent’ nociceptors in pig skin and might thereby contribute in particular to intense pain sensations in chronic inflammation.
A distinct class of C‐nociceptors with mechanical thresholds >150 mN resembles ‘silent’ nociceptors at low stimulation frequencies in pigs and humans, but is capable of 100 Hz discharge and thus is suited to encode painfulness of noxious mechanical stimuli.
AbstractUsing extracellular single‐fibre recordings from the saphenous nerve in pig in vivo, we investigated peak following frequencies (5–100 Hz) in different classes of C‐nociceptors and their modulation by nerve growth factor. Classes were defined by sensory (mechano‐sensitivity) and axonal characteristics (activity dependent slowing of conduction, ADS).Mechano‐insensitive C‐nociceptors (CMi) showed the highest ADS (34% ± 8%), followed only 66% ± 27% of 75 pulses at 5 Hz and increasingly blocked conduction at higher frequencies. Three weeks following intradermal injections of nerve growth factor, peak following frequency increased specifically in the sensitized mechano‐insensitive nociceptors (20% ± 16% to 38% ± 23% response rate after 72 pulses at 100 Hz). In contrast, untreated polymodal nociceptors with moderate ADS (15.2% ± 10.2%) followed stimulation frequencies of 100 Hz without conduction failure (98.5% ± 6%). A distinct class of C‐nociceptors was exclusively sensitive to strong forces above 150 mN. This class had a high ADS (27.2% ± 7.6%), but displayed almost no propagation failure even at 100 Hz stimulation (84.7% ± 17%). Also, among human mechanosensitive nociceptors (n = 153) those with thresholds above 150 mN (n = 5) showed ADS typical of silent nociceptors. C‐fibres with particularly high mechanical thresholds and high following frequency form a distinct nociceptor class ideally suited to encode noxious mechanical stimulation under normal conditions when regular silent nociceptors are inactive. Sensitization by nerve growth factor increases maximum discharge frequency of silent nociceptors, thereby increasing the frequency range beyond their physiological limit, which possibly contributes to excruciating pain under inflammatory conditions.
Abnormal cerebellar function and tremor in a mouse model for non‐manifesting partially penetrant dystonia type 6
Authors: van der Heijden Meike E. , Kizek Dominic J. , Perez Ross , Ruff Elena K. , Ehrlich Michelle E. , Sillitoe Roy V. 
Published: December 2020

Key points
Loss‐of‐function mutations in the Thap1 gene cause partially penetrant dystonia type 6 (DYT6).
Some non‐manifesting DYT6 mutation carriers have tremor and abnormal cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical signalling.
We show that Thap1 heterozygote mice have action tremor, a reduction in cerebellar neuron number, and abnormal electrophysiological signals in the remaining neurons.
These results underscore the importance of Thap1 levels for cerebellar function.
These results uncover how cerebellar abnormalities contribute to different dystonia‐associated motor symptoms.
AbstractLoss‐of‐function mutations in the Thanatos‐associated domain‐containing apoptosis‐associated protein 1 (THAP1) gene cause partially penetrant autosomal dominant dystonia type 6 (DYT6). However, the neural abnormalities that promote the resultant motor dysfunctions remain elusive. Studies in humans show that some non‐manifesting DYT6 carriers have altered cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical function with subtle but reproducible tremor. Here, we uncover that Thap1 heterozygote mice have action tremor that rises above normal baseline values even though they do not exhibit overt dystonia‐like twisting behaviour. At the neural circuit level, we show using in vivo recordings in awake Thap1+/− mice that Purkinje cells have abnormal firing patterns and that cerebellar nuclei neurons, which connect the cerebellum to the thalamus, fire at a lower frequency. Although the Thap1+/− mice have fewer Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei neurons, the number of long‐range excitatory outflow projection neurons is unaltered. The preservation of interregional connectivity suggests that abnormal neural function rather than neuron loss instigates the network dysfunction and the tremor in Thap1+/− mice. Accordingly, we report an inverse correlation between the average firing rate of cerebellar nuclei neurons and tremor power. Our data show that cerebellar circuitry is vulnerable to Thap1 mutations and that cerebellar dysfunction may be a primary cause of tremor in non‐manifesting DYT6 carriers and a trigger for the abnormal postures in manifesting patients.
Energy, Exergy, Economic and Environmental Analyses of Air-Based High-Temperature Thermal Energy and Electricity Storage: Impacts of Off-Design Operation
Authors: Rahbari Hamid Reza , Arabkoohsar Ahmad , Jannatabadi Mohsen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present study presents a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of the off-design operation of an air-based high-temperature thermal energy and electricity storage (also known as high-temperature heat and power storage) system on its energy, exergy, economic, and environmental aspects. Here, the effects of load variations on the mass flowrate, pressure ratio, and isentropic efficiency of the turbomachinery are considered to give the most accurate possible picture of the techno-economic aspects of the performance of the system. The results of such an assessment will be extremely useful in achieving the optimal performance of the energy storage system while working parallel with solar and wind power plants. The results prove that the system will present high overall energy and exergy efficiencies of 91.5% and 88.16% when working at full load all the time. These indices, however, will be as low as 67.8% and 65.9% at an annual average operation load of 70% and even further lower to 34% and 32.7% at 40% load, respectively. The payback period of the system will decrease from 11 to 23 years when the operation load falls from 100% to 80%. The environmental effects of such an energy storage unit for an energy market like Denmark (for instance) will be about 6355, 3227, and 823 tonnes of reduced equivalent carbon-dioxide when working at 100%, 70%, and 40% loads, respectively.
Technoeconomic Design of a Geothermal-Enabled Cold Climate Zero Energy Community
Authors: Becker William , Christensen Dane , Cutler Dylan , Maguire Jeff , McCabe Kevin , Reese Samantha , Speake Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Development of a zero energy community is more costly in northern cold climates than in moderate regions. Building energy loads are higher, thanks to the colder weather, and site solar photovoltaics (PV) are less productive due to lower solar incidence and misalignment with the buildings’ energy needs (summer production, winter demands). Geothermal energy production can support a zero energy community through application of energy efficiency (demand design), geothermal production (supply design), and asset dispatch as an integrated techno-economic package. This article presents the process used to explore geothermal system integration, our findings, and technical challenges for community-scale adoption of geothermal as an electric and thermal resource. We show that under a wide range of conditions, community-scale geothermal electric power and direct-use thermal energy is economically competitive with “business-as-usual” design and construction practices for zero energy communities. Furthermore, geothermal-produced energy will be self-consumed to a much greater extent than PV, resulting in significant reductions in site energy import and export. We conclude that under appropriate conditions, community-scale geothermal can be the most economically favorable energy resource for northern-climate zero energy community developments. Ongoing geothermal research and development to improve performance and reduce costs will further enhance the value proposition for community-scale geothermal technologies. We expect that including geothermal power and thermal energy in zero energy community design can improve its cost-effectiveness and therefore enhance the benefits of zero energy in more northern climates.
Fiber-Filled Hybrid Hydrogel for Bio-Manufacturing
Authors: Habib Ahasan , Khoda Bashir 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing deposits cell-laden bio-ink with high spatial resolution and may offer living tissue regeneration. Due to the biocompatibility, very low cytotoxicity, and high-water content, natural hydrogels are commonly considered as the cell-laden bio-ink for scaffold fabrication. However, due to the low mechanical integrity, a large-scale scaffold (&gt;10 layers) with intricate architecture is a challenge. In this paper, we developed and characterized a novel bio-ink consisting of alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and 2,2,6,6 tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-mediated nanofibrillated cellulose (TO-NFC) for bio-printing applications. The potential of cellulose derivatives in terms of rheological property to satisfy scaffold architecture and cell viability is explored with a relatively small amount of solid content (&lt;5%). By combining alginate, CMC, and TO-NFC as a hybrid hydrogel, we design to overcome their individual challenges as bio-ink. At the design stage, we have considered two main characteristics: printability and shape fidelity with quantitative indices following their rheological characteristics. Our proposed hydrogel blend (5% solid content) demonstrates a 0% collapse rate for 3-mm pillar distance and 25% fusion rate for 5 mm × 5 mm pore size which can ensure shape fidelity. We fabricated 42 layers and a 9-mm tall scaffold structure with relatively lower applied pressure (10 psi). The proposed hybrid hydrogel is used to prepare bio-ink encapsulating cells, and cell viability is measured as 90% after 10 days of incubation.
Exploration of the Patterns of Physical Education Teachers’ Participation Within Self-Directed Online Professional Development
Authors: Lee Okseon , Choi Euichang , Goodyear Victoria , Griffiths Mark , Son Hyukjun , Jung Hyunsoo , Lee Wonhee 
Published: December 2020

Although physical education (PE) teachers have increased access to digital/online continuous professional development activities, there are few robust accounts of how they engage with and experience these environments.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine PE teachers’ participation patterns within self-directed online PE continuous professional development activities using mobile instant messenger.Methods: Data were generated from (a) 5,246 messages exchanged in the mobile instant messenger chatroom from 281 teachers, (b) semistructured interviews with 10 teachers, and (c) 1,275 messages posted by the 10 interviewed teachers. Quantitative data were analyzed for measures of central tendency, and qualitative data were analyzed inductively.Findings: Five patterns of PE teachers’ usage of mobile instant messenger were identified: (a) ringmasters, (b) passive uploaders, (c) active uploaders, (d) requesters, and (e) bystanders.Discussion: The findings suggest that each engagement pattern illustrates the differential goals of learning, types of interaction, and forms of participation by teachers engaged in online continuous professional development.