bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isokinetic eccentric exercise substantially improves mobility, muscle strength and size, but not postural sway metrics in older adults, with limited regression observed following a detraining period
Authors: Kay Anthony David , Blazevich Anthony John , Fraser Millie , Ashmore Lucy , Hill Mathew William 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Eccentric exercise can reverse age-related decreases in muscle strength and mass; however, no data exist describing its effects on postural sway. As the ankle may be more important for postural sway than hip and knee joints, and with older adults prone to periods of inactivity, the effects of two 6-week seated isokinetic eccentric exercise programmes, and an 8-week detraining period, were examined in 27 older adults (67.1 ± 6.0 years).

Methods
Neuromuscular parameters were measured before and after training and detraining periods with subjects assigned to ECC (twice-weekly eccentric-only hip and knee extensor contractions) or ECCPF (identical training with additional eccentric-only plantarflexor contractions) training programmes.

Results
Significant (P < 0.05) increases in mobility (decreased timed-up-and-go time [− 7.7 to − 12.0%]), eccentric strength (39.4–58.8%) and vastus lateralis thickness (9.8–9.9%) occurred after both training programmes, with low-to-moderate weekly rate of perceived exertion (3.3–4.5/10) reported. No significant change in any postural sway metric occurred after either training programme. After 8 weeks of detraining, mobility (− 8.2 to − 11.3%), eccentric strength (30.5–50.4%) and vastus lateralis thickness (6.1–7.1%) remained significantly greater than baseline in both groups.

Conclusion
Despite improvements in functional mobility, muscle strength and size, lower-limb eccentric training targeting hip, knee and ankle extensor muscle groups was not sufficient to influence static balance. Nonetheless, as the beneficial functional and structural adaptations were largely maintained through an 8-week detraining period, these findings have important implications for clinical exercise prescription as the exercise modality, low perceived training intensity, and adaptive profile are well suited to the needs of older adults.
Spatial knowledge acquired from first-person and dynamic map perspectives
Authors: van der Kuil M. N. A. , Evers A. W. M. , Visser-Meily J. M. A. , van der Ham I. J. M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs we become familiar with an environment through navigation and map study, spatial information is encoded into a mental representation of space. It is currently unclear to what degree mental representations of space are determined by the perspective in which spatial information is acquired. The overlapping model of spatial knowledge argues that spatial information is encoded into a common spatial representation independent of learning perspective, whereas the partially independent model argues for dissociated spatial representations specific to the learning perspective. The goal of this study was to provide insight into this debate by investigating the cognitive functions underlying the formation of spatial knowledge obtained through different learning perspectives. Hundred participants studied an ecologically valid virtual environment via a first-person and map perspective. The map employed in the study was dynamic, allowing for the disentanglement of learning perspective and sequential information presentation. Spatial knowledge was examined using an array of navigation tasks that assessed both route and survey knowledge. Results show that distinct visuospatial abilities predict route knowledge depending on whether an environment is learned via a first-person or map perspective. Both shared and distinct visuospatial abilities predicted the formation of survey knowledge in the two perspective learning conditions. Additionally, sequential presentation of map information diminishes the perspective dependent performance differences on spatial tasks reported in earlier studies. Overall, the results provide further evidence for the partially dissociated model of spatial knowledge, as the perspective from which an environment is learned influences the spatial representation that is formed.
Properties and temporal dynamics of choice- and action-predictive signals during item recognition decisions
Authors: Guidotti Roberto , Tosoni Annalisa , Sestieri Carlo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDecision-making is in the service of action regardless of whether the decision concerns perceptual information, goods or memories. Compared to recent advances in the neurobiology of perceptual or value-based decisions, however, the neural bases supporting the sampling of evidence in long-term memory, and the transformation of memory-based decisions into appropriate actions, are still poorly understood. In the present fMRI study, we used multivariate pattern analysis to investigate the temporal dynamics of choice- and action-predictive signals during an item recognition task that manipulated the association between memory choices (old/new) and motor responses (eye/hand) across subjects. Choice-predictive activity was mainly observed in striatal, lateral prefrontal and lateral parietal regions, was sensitive to the amount of decision evidence and showed a rapid increase after stimulus onset, followed by a fast decay. Action-predictive signals were found in primary sensory motor, premotor and occipito–parietal regions, were generally observed at the end of the decision phase and were not modulated by decision evidence. These findings suggest that a memory decision variable, potentially represented in a fronto–striato–parietal network, is not directly transformed into an action plan as often observed in perceptual decisions. Regions exhibiting choice predictive activity, and especially the striatum, however, also showed a second peak of decision-related activity that, unlike pure choice- or action-predictive signals, depended on the particular choice–response association. This second peak of activity in the striatum might represent the neural signature of the transformation of a memory decision into an appropriate motor response based on the specific choice–response association.
Uniform distribution of dislocations in Peierls–Nabarro models for semi-coherent interfaces
Authors: Fanzon Silvio , Ponsiglione Marcello , Scala Riccardo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper we introduce Peierls–Nabarro type models for edge dislocations at semi-coherent interfaces between two heterogeneous crystals, and prove the optimality of uniformly distributed edge dislocations. Specifically, we show that the elastic energy $$\Gamma $$
Γ
-converges to a limit functional comprised of two contributions: one is given by a constant $$c_\infty >0$$

c
∞

>
0

gauging the minimal energy induced by dislocations at the interface, and corresponding to a uniform distribution of edge dislocations; the other one accounts for the far field elastic energy induced by the presence of further, possibly not uniformly distributed, dislocations. After assuming periodic boundary conditions and formally considering the limit from semi-coherent to coherent interfaces, we show that $$c_\infty $$

c
∞

is reached when dislocations are evenly-spaced on the one dimensional circle.
Structural evolution of continental and marine Permian rock salt of the North German Basin: constraints from microfabrics, geochemistry and U–Pb ages
Authors: Henneberg Mareike , Linckens Jolien , Schramm Michael , Hammer Jörg , Gerdes Axel , Zulauf Gernold 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAnalyzing the dynamics of microstructural response on natural deformation in rock salt, we present microfabric, EBSD, geochemical and U–Pb data, obtained from Permian salt formations of the Kiel-Honigsee salt wall in Northern Germany. The samples were recovered from deep drillings, which penetrated through an overturned rock salt sequence of both Rotliegend and Zechstein deposits. The bromide concentration in halite indicates a continental and marine origin for the Rotliegend and Zechstein deposits, respectively. Despite intense deformation, relics of early diagenetic fabrics are still preserved. Deformation of the impure Rotliegend rock salt was accommodated by pressure solution and hydrofracturing as is indicated by the microfabrics and bromide concentration in halite. Fractures in siliciclastic domains were filled with fibrous halite and deformed by subgrain rotation recrystallization (SGR). Fluid-rich Zechstein rock salt, on the other hand, was deformed by formation of subgrains and grain boundary migration (GBM). The distribution of mineral phases and fluids had a significant impact on the fabric evolution and on strain localization. U–Pb dating of carbonate phases of the Rotliegend sequence yielded Permian depositional ages and Jurassic to Cretaceous deformation ages, the latter related to diapiric ascent. The combination of results traces a dynamic evolution of the rock fabric inside the diapir structure driven by locally active deformation processes that can be correlated with early stages of halite deposition and diagenesis and syntectonic fabric reorganization related to diapirism in an extensional setting.
Taylor spectrum approach to Brownian-type operators with quasinormal entry
Authors: Chavan Sameer , Jabłoński Zenon Jan , Jung Il Bong , Stochel Jan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce operators that are represented by upper triangular $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

block matrices whose entries satisfy some algebraic constraints. We call them Brownian-type operators of class $${\mathcal {Q}},$$

Q
,

briefly operators of class $${\mathcal {Q}}.$$

Q
.

These operators emerged from the study of Brownian isometries performed by Agler and Stankus via detailed analysis of the time shift operator of the modified Brownian motion process. It turns out that the class $${\mathcal {Q}}$$
Q
is closely related to the Cauchy dual subnormality problem which asks whether the Cauchy dual of a completely hyperexpansive operator is subnormal. Since the class $${\mathcal {Q}}$$
Q
is closed under the operation of taking the Cauchy dual, the problem itself becomes a part of a more general question of investigating subnormality in this class. This issue, along with the analysis of nonstandard moment problems, covers a large part of the paper. Using the Taylor spectrum technique culminates in a full characterization of subnormal operators of class $${\mathcal {Q}}.$$

Q
.

As a consequence, we solve the Cauchy dual subnormality problem for expansive operators of class $${\mathcal {Q}}$$
Q
in the affirmative, showing that the original problem can surprisingly be extended to a class of operators that are far from being completely hyperexpansive. The Taylor spectrum approach turns out to be fruitful enough to allow us to characterize other classes of operators including m-isometries. We also study linear operator pencils associated with operators of class $${\mathcal {Q}}$$
Q
proving that the corresponding regions of subnormality are closed intervals with explicitly described endpoints.
Student achievement goals and psychosomatic health complaints among Swedish adolescents: the role of sex
Authors: Bergh Daniel , Giota Joanna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Aim
School related determinants (e.g. student motivation and goals) may be important for student achievement as well as their mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the links between two goal orientations (mastery and performance) and psychosomatic health problems by investigating the general patterns as well as the patterns for specific classifications of students, in particular by investigating the potential statistical interaction effects by gender.

Subject and methods
Swedish nationally representative data among 4573 school year 9 students (15–16 years old) responding to the Evaluation Through Follow-up (ETF) questionnaire, in 2014, were used. Linear regression analysis as well as multinomial logistic regression were applied in order to address the research questions.

Results
Both the mastery orientation and the performance orientation are independently associated with adolescent psychosomatic health problems. The links between these goal orientations and psychosomatic health show different patterns. The mastery goal orientation may be considered a protective factor as there is a negative link to psychosomatic problems; the performance orientation may be considered a risk factor due to the positive association with psychosomatic health problems. The effect of performance orientation on psychosomatic health complaints was significantly stronger for girls (OR = 4.28) compared to boys (OR = 2.04). In particular, low mastery/high performance students may be at risk for experiencing poor psychosomatic health.

Conclusion
Adolescent psychosomatic health may be improved by the encouragement of student goals related to adaptive and successful goal profiles such as mastery orientation.
A novel network DEA-R model for evaluating hospital services supply chain performance
Authors: Gerami Javad , Kiani Mavi Reza , Farzipoor Saen Reza , Kiani Mavi Neda 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAssessing the efficiency of a supply chain (SC) is of great importance for managers and policy makers. For this aim, we propose a network data envelopment analysis (NDEA) model to reflect the internal structure of networks in efficiency evaluation. For many of the real-world performance evaluation problems, data of inputs and outputs are available, and their ratio conveys important messages to managers. However, conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are no longer able to deal with ratio data. This paper aims to extend the NDEA models with the ratio data (NDEA-R) to evaluate the performance of SCs. Therefore, given the internal structure of a supply chain, relationships among different divisions of an SC are determined under two assumptions of free-links and fixed-links. Applicability of the proposed models is illustrated by evaluating supply chain of 19 hospitals in Iran over 6 months. By performing sensitivity analysis, we find out that the overall efficiency score of decision-making units (DMUs) under the fixed link assumption is greater than or equal to the overall efficiency of DMUs under free link assumption. Our proposed model overcomes the underestimation of efficiency and pseudo-inefficiency scores.
Plug-and-play supervisory control using muscle and brain signals for real-time gesture and error detection
Authors: DelPreto Joseph , Salazar-Gomez Andres F. , Gil Stephanie , Hasani Ramin , Guenther Frank H. , Rus Daniela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEffective human supervision of robots can be key for ensuring correct robot operation in a variety of potentially safety-critical scenarios. This paper takes a step towards fast and reliable human intervention in supervisory control tasks by combining two streams of human biosignals: muscle and brain activity acquired via EMG and EEG, respectively. It presents continuous classification of left and right hand-gestures using muscle signals, time-locked classification of error-related potentials using brain signals (unconsciously produced when observing an error), and a framework that combines these pipelines to detect and correct robot mistakes during multiple-choice tasks. The resulting hybrid system is evaluated in a “plug-and-play” fashion with 7 untrained subjects supervising an autonomous robot performing a target selection task. Offline analysis further explores the EMG classification performance, and investigates methods to select subsets of training data that may facilitate generalizable plug-and-play classifiers.
Individual Driving Behaviour in Wildfire Smoke
Authors: Wetterberg Niklas , Ronchi Enrico , Wahlqvist Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis work presents the results of a virtual reality (VR) experiment aiming at investigating how individual driving behaviour is affected by the presence of wildfire smoke. The experiment included a driving simulation task to study the chosen driving speed at different smoke densities and the lateral position of the driven car on the road cross section. During the VR experiment, participants were presented with a simulated wildfire evacuation scenario including the presence of smoke through a head mounted display and were given a task to evacuate via car using a steering wheel and pedals on a single carriageway road with two lanes. A total of 46 participants took part in the experiments and their driven trajectories along with their instantaneous speed were collected in 5 different visibility conditions. Driving speed decreased with increasing smoke density. No difference in choice of speed was found in relation to the smoke density in the previously driven road segment (in thicker or thinner smoke). No difference in lateral position (closer to or further from the centreline of the road) at different smoke densities was found. Suggested correlations between driving speed and wildfire smoke density are provided in this paper, referring to either a fractional reduction of the speed in smoke-free conditions or an absolute choice of speed at a given visibility condition. These correlations are useful to provide more accurate estimation of evacuation times with traffic evacuation modelling tools in case of wildfire and wildland-urban interface fire scenarios.
Scientific Realism, Metaphysical Antirealism and the No Miracle Arguments
Authors: Alai Mario 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany formulations of scientific realism (SR) include some commitment to metaphysical realism (MR). On the other hand, authors like Schlick, Carnap and Putnam held forms of scientific realism coupled with metaphysical antirealism (and this has analogies in Kant). So we might ask: do scientific realists really need MR? or is MR already implied by SR, so that SR is actually incompatible with metaphysical antirealism? And if MR must really be added to SR, why is that so? And which additional arguments scientific realists need to support it? After reviewing and classifying a number of different kinds of realisms, metaphysical and not, I answer that SR and MR are logically independent of each other, so that there is no logical inconsistency in holding SR while rejecting MR. However, I argue that the “no miracle” argument (NMA) not only is the “ultimate” argument for SR, but by the same token it also supports MR. Therefore one cannot effectively defend SR without also subscribing to MR, but this can be done at no additional argumentative cost. I show this by discussing not only the standard version of the NMA, but also three more versions which are not usually considered as such in the literature.
Navigating the Healthy Context Paradox: Identifying Classroom Characteristics that Improve the Psychological Adjustment of Bullying Victims
Authors: Yun Hye-Young , Juvonen Jaana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe healthy context paradox—an unexpected pattern in which victims’ psychological adjustment worsens as the overall level of victimization in a classroom or school declines—implies that reducing the frequency of bullying or victimization incidents does not do enough to help victims of bullying. In light of this finding, it is imperative to identify protective factors that alleviate victimization-related distress in the peer ecology. The current study examines classroom-level peer victimization and peer-defending behaviors as moderators of the association between individual-level victimization and psychological adjustment. These classroom-level moderators were tested with a sample of 1373 adolescents (40% girls, Mage: 14 years) from 54 classrooms in South Korean middle schools. Consistent with past findings documenting the healthy context paradox, the results of multilevel modeling indicated that victimized youth experienced a lower level of depressive symptoms in classrooms where victimization was more common. Most importantly, bullied students reported fewer depressive symptoms, on average, in classrooms with relatively high levels of bully-oriented (i.e., confronting the bully), rather than victim-oriented (i.e., comforting the victim), defending behavior. These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the role of peers’ defending behaviors toward bullied adolescents and have significant implications for anti-bullying interventions.
In situ synthesis and characterization of sulfonic acid functionalized hierarchical silica monoliths
Authors: Kohns Richard , Meyer Ralf , Wenzel Marianne , Matysik Jörg , Enke Dirk , Tallarek Ulrich 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSurface functionalization of porous materials with sulfonic acid (SO3H) groups is of particular interest in applications involving ion exchange, acidic catalysis and proton conduction. Macro-mesoporous silica monoliths are ideal support structures for these applications, as they combine advection-dominated mass transport in the macropores with short diffusion lengths and a large surface area (available for functionalization) in their mesoporous skeleton. Here, we report on SO3H functionalized sol–gel silica monoliths with bimodal pore systems exhibiting macro- and mesoporosity, prepared according to a simple, efficient in situ synthesis protocol. Based on the co-condensation approach, thiol groups were introduced homogeneously into the pore structure, followed by their oxidation to SO3H groups and the simultaneous removal of the template. The macropore size, specific surface area, and coverage with SO3H groups are easily adjusted in this synthesis route. Importantly, the hybrid monoliths have a substantially narrower mesopore size distribution (relative standard deviation ~25%) than conventional sol–gel materials (>40%) and can be engineered crack-free in a robust column design (suitable for high-pressure flow-through operation) with mean mesopore size down to ~7 nm. They are characterized by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis as well as 13C and 29Si solid state NMR to corroborate the simple, efficient combination of sol–gel-based material synthesis, surface functionalization, and template removal (i.e., polymer extraction). Complementary, inverse gas chromatography is presented as a new approach to characterize the incorporated SO3H groups via surface energy analysis and particularly resolve changes in the Lewis acid–base characteristics engendered by that functionalization.