bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of marker‐free rice with stable and high resistance to rice black‐streaked dwarf virus disease through RNA interference
Authors: Feng Zhiming , Yuan Meng , Zou Jie , Wu Lin‐Bo , Wei Lang , Chen Taiyu , Zhou Nana , Xue Wenxia , Zhang Yafang , Chen Zongxiang , Hu Keming , Wang Guo‐Liang , Liu Wende , Pan Xuebiao , Zuo Shimin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) disease causes severe rice yield losses in Asia. RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely applied to develop antiviral varieties in plants. So far, only a few studies reported the application of RNAi in rice against RBSDV and most of them are lack of enough data to support its breeding potential, which limited the progress on developing RBSDV‐resistant variety. In this study, we generated three RNAi constructs to specifically target three RBSDV genes (S1, S2 and S6), respectively. We confirmed that RNAi targeting RBSDV S6 conferred rice with almost full immunity to RBSDV through phenotyping test in eight consecutive years in both artificial inoculation and field trials, while RNAi of S1 or S2 only leads to partially increased resistance. The S6RNAi was also found conferring strong resistance to southern rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a novel species closely related to RBSDV that outbroke recently in Southern China. In particular, no adverse effects on agronomical and developmental traits were found in S6RNAi transgenic lines. The marker‐free transgenic lines with S6RNAi, driven by either maize ubiquitin‐1 promoter or rice rbcS green tissue expression promoter, in elite rice background should have great potential in breeding of resistant varieties to both RBSDV and SRBSDV and provide a basis for further safety evaluation and commercial application.
Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying soybean (Glycine max) 100‐seed weight under different levels of phosphorus fertilizer application
Authors: Wu Depeng , Li Chunxia , Jing Yan , Wang Jun , Zhao Xue , Han Yingpeng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe “100‐seed weight (100‐SW)” trait is an important component of soybean quality and yield. Phosphorus (P) deficiency induces a wide array of metabolic effects that limits plant growth, especially in soybean. In this study, the 100‐SW values of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population constructed by a cross between “Zhongdou27” and “Jiunong20” were evaluated in three tested environments under regular P and low P level conditions. We detected 12 additive quantitative trait loci (QTL) on nine linkage groups, explaining 8.11%–17.21% of the total phenotype variations. Two of these identified QTLs, qSW2‐3 and qSW17‐2, were identified in multi‐environments both under regular and low P level conditions, and explained 10.10%–14.11% and 10.12%–12.06% of the observed variations, respectively. One QTL, qSW17‐2, was novel which has been reported for the first time. Additionally, three QTLs (qSW10‐1, qSW13‐1 and qSW17‐1) were detected under low P conditions and the other QTLs were detected specifically under regular P levels. These particular QTLs improve our understanding of the genetic basis of P efficiency in soybean.
During photosynthetic induction, biochemical and stomatal limitations differ between Brassica crops
Authors: Taylor Samuel H. , Orr Douglas J. , Carmo‐Silva Elizabete , Long Stephen P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInterventions to increase crop radiation use efficiency rely on understanding of how biochemical and stomatal limitations affect photosynthesis. When leaves transition from shade to high light, slow increases in maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate and stomatal conductance limit net CO2 assimilation for several minutes. However, as stomata open intercellular [CO2] increases, so electron transport rate could also become limiting. Photosynthetic limitations were evaluated in three important Brassica crops: Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus. Measurements of induction after a period of shade showed that net CO2 assimilation by B. rapa and B. napus saturated by 10 min. A new method of analyzing limitations to induction by varying intercellular [CO2] showed this was due to co‐limitation by Rubisco and electron transport. By contrast, in B. oleracea persistent Rubisco limitation meant that CO2 assimilation was still recovering 15 min after induction. Correspondingly, B. oleracea had the lowest Rubisco total activity. The methodology developed, and its application here, shows a means to identify the basis of variation in photosynthetic efficiency in fluctuating light, which could be exploited in breeding and bioengineering to improve crop productivity.
The incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of acute graft‐vs‐host disease in pediatric T‐cell‐replete haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Tang Fei‐Fei , Cheng Yi‐Fei , Xu Lan‐Ping , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Yan Chen‐Hua , Han Wei , Chen Yu‐Hong , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Wang Yu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe specific description, risk factors, and outcomes of aGVHD in pediatric haplo‐HSCT using TCR protocols without PT‐Cy have not been well described previously. We evaluated the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of aGVHD in 350 consecutive pediatric patients receiving TCR haplo‐HSCT without PT‐Cy according to the Glucksberg and NIH aGVHD classifications between January 2015 and December 2017 at Peking University Institute of Hematology. The cumulative incidences of grade I, II, III, and IV aGVHD were 28%, 29.7%, 8.3%, and 5.1%, respectively. The type of aGVHD onset was classic in 243 patients (97.2%), and persistent/recurrent/late‐onset aGVHD was in seven patients (2.8%). None of the considered variables significantly influenced the incidence of grade III‐IV aGVHD. The 3‐year OS, DFS, cumulative incidence of NRM, and relapse in malignant disease between severe aGVHD (III‐IV) group and grade 0‐II aGVHD group were 61.5% vs 77.2% (P = .027), 58.6% vs 75.1% (P = .014), 19.8% vs 5.3% (P = .002), and 21.6% vs 19.6% (P = .59), respectively; in non‐malignant diseases, the 3‐year OS, DFS, and NRM were 81.8% vs 97.4% (P = .05), 81.8% vs 97.4% (P = .05), and 18.2% vs 2.6% (P = .05), respectively. Under the protocol of pediatric TCR haplo‐HSCT without PT‐Cy, the persistent/recurrent/late‐onset aGVHD was rare, and the incidence of severe aGVHD was acceptable and significantly contributed to NRM and lower survival in both malignant disease and non‐malignant diseases.
The use of infrared spectroscopy and machine learning tools for detection ofMeloidogyneinfestations
Authors: San‐Blas Ernesto , Paba Gabriel , Cubillán Néstor , Portillo Edgar , Casassa‐Padrón Ana M. , González‐González César , Guerra Mayamarú 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlant parasitic nematodes are generally soilborne pathogens that attack plants and cause economic losses in many crops. The infested plants show nonspecific symptoms or, often, are symptomless; therefore, diagnosis is performed by taking soil and root tissue samples. Here, we show that a combination of different infrared spectra analysis and machine learning algorithms can be used to detect plant parasitic nematode infestations before symptoms become visible, using leaves instead of roots and soil as samples. We found that tomato and guava plants infested withMeloidogyne enterorlobiiproduced different spectral patterns compared to uninfested plants. Using partial spectra from 1,450 to 900/cm as the "fingerprint region", principal component analyses indicated that after 5 (tomatoes) or 8 weeks (guava), plants with no visible symptoms of infestations were positively diagnosed. To improve the early detection response, we used machine learning modelling. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to obtain more robust, accurate models. The SVM model contained 34 support vectors, 17 for each level. The overall performance of the model was >97% and the total accuracy was significantly higher, demonstrating the absence of chance prediction. The best prediction of infestation was obtained at the second and fourth weeks for tomatoes and guavas, respectively, reducing the diagnostic time by half. The combined application of these techniques reduces the processing time from field to laboratory and shows enormous advantages by avoiding root and soil sampling.
A polyetic modelling framework for plant disease emergence
Authors: Willocquet Laetitia , Savary Serge , McDonald Bruce A. , Mikaberidze Alexey 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlant disease emergences have dramatically increased recently as a result of global changes, especially with respect to trade, host genetic uniformity, and climate change. A better understanding of the conditions and processes determining epidemic outbreaks caused by the emergence of a new pathogen, or pathogen strain, is needed to develop strategies and inform decisions to manage emerging diseases. A polyetic process‐based model is developed to analyse conditions of disease emergence. This model simulates polycyclic epidemics during successive growing seasons, the yield losses they cause, and the pathogen survival between growing seasons. This framework considers one immigrant strain coming in a single event into a system where a resident strain is already established. Outcomes are formulated as probability of emergence, time to emergence, and yield loss, resulting from deterministic and stochastic simulations. An analytical solution to determine a threshold for emergence is also derived. Analyses focus on the effects of two fitness parameters on emergence: the relative rate of reproduction (epidemic speed), and the relative rate of mortality (decay of population between seasons). Analyses revealed that stochasticity is a critical feature of disease emergence. The simulations suggest that: (a) emergence may require a series of independent immigration events before a successful invasion takes place; (b) an explosion in the population size of the new pathogen (or strain) may be preceded by many successive growing seasons of cryptic presence following an immigration event; and (c) survival between growing seasons is as important as reproduction during the growing season in determining disease emergence.
Modified Likelihood root in High Dimensions
Authors: Tang Yanbo , Reid Nancy 
Published: August 2020

SummaryWe examine a higher order approximation to the significance function with increasing numbers of nuisance parameters, based on the normal approximation to an adjusted log-likelihood root. We show that the rate of the correction for nuisance parameters is larger than the correction for non-normality, when the parameter dimension p is O(nα) for α&lt;12. We specialize the results to linear exponential families and location–scale families and illustrate these with simulations.
Differentiating middle‐aged long‐term and short‐term frequent attenders by means of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study
Authors: Huhtakangas Moona , Kyngäs Helvi , Bloigu Risto , Kanste Outi 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundFrequent attendance is largely a temporary phenomenon, but only few previous studies have made a distinction between long‐term frequent attenders (FAs) and short‐term FAs.AimsThe aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of middle‐aged long‐term FAs and short‐term FAs.MethodsData from a large Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 studyʼs (NFBC1966) 46‐year follow‐up study (performed in 2012, N = 10 321) were used. The participants (n = 4390) had used public primary healthcare (PPHC) services at least once during 2013–2016 according to Finnish national register data on outpatient visits. A FA was considered a patient who had used PPHC services ≥8 times during 1 year. A long‐term FA: a patient who was a FA in at least 3 years during 2013–2016. A short‐term FA: a patient who was a FA in 1 or 2 years in 2013–2016. Cross‐tabulation, Pearson’s chi‐squared test, Mann–Whitney U test, and univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used.ResultsOf the 4390 participants, 132 (3.0%) were long‐term FAs, 645 (14.7%) were short‐term FAs, and 3613 (82.3%) were non‐FAs. During 2013–2016, long‐term FAs accounted for 34.8% of PPHC visits, while short‐term FAs accounted 15.4%. Compared to short‐term FAs, depression and high income (preventive attribute) were associated with long‐term FAs. Female gender and managing usual activities were associated with short‐term FAs. Poor self‐reported health was associated with both long‐term FAs and short‐term FAs but increased the risk of being a long‐term FA over three times compared to short‐term FAs.ConclusionsMiddle‐aged long‐term FAs and short‐term FAs have distinct characteristics; namely, depression and high income differentiate long‐term FAs from short‐term FAs. Poor self‐reported health was associated with long‐term FAs in particular. In order to identify FAs with prolonged service needs and to develop far‐reaching interventions, the focus of research should be on long‐term FAs.
Optical coherence tomography of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) eye
Authors: Go Seokmin , Kang Seonmi , Kwon Jun , Park Sechang , Seo Kangmoon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo provide images of the anterior and posterior structures of the gecko eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT).Animals and proceduresEight ophthalmologically normal Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) were used. The nose‐cloaca distance and body weight were measured for each gecko. Tomographic images were obtained using SD‐OCT without the use of anesthetic or mydriatic agents. The central corneal thickness (CCT), the anterior chamber depth (ACD), and the length of the conus papillaris (CP) were manually measured using OCT images. The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) around the CP and the retinal thickness in all four quadrants (superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal areas) were automatically measured using the OCT software program.ResultsThe mean values of the nose‐cloaca distance and body weight were 13.8 ± 0.9 cm and 41.3 ± 9.0 g, respectively. The mean values of CCT, ACD, and CP length were 177.6 ± 20.9 µm, 1205.0 ± 79.9 µm, and 1546.4 ± 208.8 µm, respectively. The mean value of RNFL thickness was 52.0 ± 8.2 µm, and the superior region was the thickest. The mean value of total retinal thickness was 202.5 ± 9.4 µm, and the temporal region was the thickest.ConclusionsTomographic images of the anterior and posterior segments of the living gecko eye could be obtained using the OCT unit. Multiple retinal layers and anatomical features of the CP were identified.
Development of maize cob‐based biochar filter for water purification
Authors: Oluk Isaac , Nagawa Christine Betty , Banadda Noble , Tumutegyereize Peter , Owusu Prosper Achaw 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe study aimed at biochar production from maize cob and its performance in improving water physiochemical attributes. Three feedstock masses (2, 2.5, 3 kg) were used for biochar production. Nine treatment combinations of T1L1, T1L2, T1L3, T2L1, T2L2, T2L3, T3L1, T3L2 and T3L3 in triplicate were used for biochar performance. Biochar yield of 50% was averagely achieved at slow pyrolysis conditions (300 to 600°C) and 120 min residence time. Biochar had 4.13% moisture content, 6.86% ash, 17.70% volatile matter, 71.28% fixed carbon, and a pH of 10.27. Odour, colour, and total hardness of the wastewater improved after filtration using biochar to acceptable levels for potable water use. Total hardness reduced by 51.9% in T2L2 and 44.4% in T3L2. Findings front maize cob biochar as a purification technology for domestic potable water use. There is need for maize cob biochar performance on heavy metals and when it is sandwiched with other materials.
Speech pathology students’ perceived learning outcomes following participation in a fluency booster program
Authors: Penman Adriana Marie , Brown Nicola , Hill Anne Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Intensive fluency programs are a service delivery option for adults and adolescents who stutter and can act as clinical education opportunities for speech pathology students. Previous research established that student participation in a five day intensive fluency program resulted in increased student confidence, knowledge and interest while decreasing student anxiety. Though effective, this service delivery model is time and resource intensive for students and clients alike. The aim of this study was to investigate students’ levels of confidence, knowledge, interest and anxiety pre- and post-participation in a shorter, two day intensive fluency booster program.Methods: Participants in this study were speech pathology students at an XXXX university. This mixed methods study used pre- and post-program Likert scale surveys to explore students’ perceptions of their learning. In addition, students’ general perceptions of the program were examined through responses to open-ended questions. Quantitative results were analysed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test and results of the qualitative data were analysed using content analysis.Results: Data was obtained from 68 students. Statistically significant changes (p.001) were observed on all surveyed items of confidence, knowledge, interest and anxiety. In their responses to open-ended questions, students reported that the booster program was well-structured, offered supported learning opportunities and a valued means to interact with clients who stutter. Recommendations for program improvements were noted. Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that a two day fluency booster program may be an appropriate clinical learning opportunity for speech pathology students.
Model comparison of $$\Lambda $$CDM vs $$R_h=ct$$ using cosmic chronometers
Authors: Singirikonda Haveesh , Desai Shantanu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn 2012, Bilicki and Seikel (Mon Not R Astron Soc 425:1664, 2012) showed thatH(z) data reconstructed using Gaussian Process Regression from cosmic chronometers and baryon acoustic oscillations, conclusively rules out the$$R_h=ct$$Rh=ctmodel. These results were disputed by Melia and collaborators in two different works (Melia and Maier in Mon Not R Astron Soc 432:2669, 2013; Melia and Yennapureddy in JCAP 2018:034, 2018), who showed using both an unbinned analysis and Gaussian Process reconstructedH(z) data from chronometers, that$$R_h=ct$$Rh=ctis favored over$$\Lambda $$ΛCDM model. To resolve this imbroglio, we carry out model comparison of$$\Lambda $$ΛCDM versus$$R_h=ct$$Rh=ctby independently reproducing the above claims using the latest chronometer data. We perform model selection between these two models using Bayesian model comparison. We find that no one model between$$\Lambda $$ΛCDM and$$R_h=ct$$Rh=ctis decisively favored when uniform priors on$$\Lambda $$ΛCDM parameters are used. However, if we use priors centered around the Planck best-fit values, then$$\Lambda $$ΛCDM is very strongly preferred over$$R_h=ct$$Rh=ct.
Particle pairs and trains in inertial microfluidics
Authors: Schaaf Christian , Stark Holger 
Published: August 2020

Abstract.Staggered and linear multi-particle trains constitute characteristic structures in inertial microfluidics. Using lattice-Boltzmann simulations, we investigate their properties and stability, when flowing through microfluidic channels. We confirm the stability of cross-streamline pairs by showing how they contract or expand to their equilibrium axial distance. In contrast, same-streamline pairs quickly expand to a characteristic separation but even at long times slowly drift apart. We reproduce the distribution of particle distances with its characteristic peak as measured in experiments. Staggered multi-particle trains initialized with an axial particle spacing larger than the equilibrium distance contract non-uniformly due to collective drag reduction. Linear particle trains, similar to pairs, rapidly expand toward a value about twice the equilibrium distance of staggered trains and then very slowly drift apart non-uniformly. Again, we reproduce the statistics of particle distances and the characteristic peak observed in experiments. Finally, we thoroughly analyze the damped displacement pulse traveling as a microfluidic phonon through a staggered train and show how a defect strongly damps its propagation.Graphical abstract
A Contrastive Approach to the Types of Hedging Strategies Used in Norwegian and English Informal Spoken Conversations
Authors: Johansen Stine Hulleberg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hedging strategies, i.e. downtoning expressions or expressions of tentativeness or possibility, are ubiquitous in most, if not all, languages. However, hedging is often realised differently across languages, making such strategies particularly interesting to study from a contrastive perspective. The primary aim of this study is to compare the types of hedging strategies employed in Norwegian and English informal spoken conversations by using recently compiled corpus data. To enable a cross-linguistic comparison, a probe was used, i.e. a search term was devised to find other, surrounding elements in the corpora, and thereby retrieve comparable speech situations in which hedging strategies were likely to occur. The probe was successful in retrieving hedging strategies, and these strategies were then described by using a combination of categories from existing classificatory frameworks. The analysis uncovered several significant differences in the types of hedging strategies used in the two languages.
How a participatory process with inclusive structural design allocates resources toward poor neighborhoods: the case of participatory budgeting in Seoul, South Korea
Authors: No Won , Hsueh Lily 
Published: August 2020

This study examines the relationship between inclusiveness with respect to the structural design of the participatory process and resource allocation outcomes in participatory budgeting. Empirically, this article examines the case of participatory budgeting in Seoul, South Korea, where redistribution is not an explicit goal. Findings suggest that creating organizational structures that enable and encourage public participation has led Seoul’s participatory budgeting to distribute public funds toward poor neighborhoods. Points for practitioners Participatory budgeting is an exemplar practice of public participation in the government decision-making process. It is a local budgeting practice that allows the public to participate, discuss, deliberate, and decide where and how to spend public money. This study highlights the importance of designing inclusive organizational structures in participatory budgeting to encourage public participation. Empirical results underscore the link between inclusive organizational structures and more equitable allocation outcomes.