bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior in childhood is associated with romantic partnering patterns in adulthood
Authors: Vergunst Francis , Zheng Yao , Domond Pascale , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E. , Nagin Daniel , Park Jungwee , Côté Sylvana M. 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundMost people will partner at some point during their lives. Yet little is known about the association between childhood behavior and patterns of long‐term romantic partnering in adulthood.MethodsIn this population‐based cohort study, behavioral ratings were prospectively obtained from teachers when children (n = 2,960) were aged 10–12 years – for inattention, hyperactivity, aggression–opposition, anxiety, and prosociality – and linked to their tax return records from age 18 to 35 years (1998–2015). We used group‐based based trajectory modeling to estimate the probability of partnership (marriage/cohabitation) over time and multinomial logistic regression models to examine the association between childhood behavior and trajectory group membership. The child’s sex and family socioeconomic background were adjusted for.ResultsFive distinct trajectories of partnering were identified: early‐partnered (n = 420, 14.4%), mid‐partnered (n = 620, 21.3%), late‐partnered (n = 570, 19.2%), early‐partnered‐separated (n = 460, 15.5%), and delayed‐or‐unpartnered (n = 890, 30.0%). Participants in the early‐partnered‐separated and delayed‐or‐unpartnered trajectories were more likely to have left high school without a diploma and to have lower earnings and higher welfare receipt from age 18 to 35 years. After adjustment for sex and family background, inattention and aggression–opposition were uniquely and additively associated with increased likelihood of following an early‐partnered‐separated trajectory, while inattention and anxiety were associated with an increased likelihood of following a delayed‐or‐unpartnered trajectory. Childhood prosocial behaviors were consistently associated with earlier and more sustained patterns of partnership.ConclusionsChildren with behavioral problems are more likely to separate or to be unpartnered across early adulthood. This may have consequences for their psychological health and wellbeing and that of their families.
The impact of language and ethnicity on preparation for endoscopy: A prospective audit of an East London Hospital Ward
Authors: Essex Ryan , Cucos Mihaela , Dibley Lesley 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe efficacy, cost‐effectiveness, and safety of a number of endoscopic procedures are largely dependent on optimal preparation. Despite this however, inadequate or suboptimal preparation is relatively common. Most studies have revealed inadequate preparation for between 20% and 30% of patients. This audit sought to examine the impact of English language proficiency, and ethnicity, on endoscopic preparation and procedure success or failure.MethodA prospective audit was developed. Using convenience sampling, participants were consecutive patients recruited over a six‐month period, who were aged 18 and over, attending an east London endoscopy ward for a routine (pre‐booked) endoscopy procedure for which they had received preparation instructions to carry out at home.ResultsAlmost one‐third of the sample had adequate or very poor English proficiency. When an interpreter was used it was overwhelmingly a member of the patients' family or a member of staff. There was no significant relationship between gender, age, ethnic group, English language proficiency, whether an interpreter was needed, the type of procedure carried out and inadequate preparation.ConclusionsAmongst these patients, we found that a little more than 20% of participants were inadequately prepared for their endoscopic procedure. We found no relationship between language proficiency on preparation. Given the mixed literature on interventions to improve preparation before endoscopic procedures, further directions are identified to work toward the development and testing of a novel intervention amongst this population. In identifying those who may be at risk for inadequate preparation for endoscopic procedures, practice needs to take into account a range of factors beyond language and ethnicity. Furthermore, the persistent reliance on family members to interpret information sheets and preparation advice suggests that revision and/or development of culture and language‐specific materials is necessary.
The fossil record of extant elasmobranchs
Authors: Paillard Adele , Shimada Kenshu , Pimiento Catalina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSharks and their relatives (Elasmobranchii) are highly threatened with extinction due to various anthropogenic pressures. The abundant fossil record of fossil taxa has allowed the tracing of the evolutionary history of modern elasmobranchs to at least 250 MYA; nonetheless, exactly how far back the fossil record of living taxa goes has never been collectively surveyed. In this study, the authors assess the representation and extent of the fossil record of elasmobranchs currently living in our oceans by collecting their oldest records and quantifying first appearance dates at different taxonomic levels (i.e., orders, families, genera and species), ecological traits (e.g., body size, habitat and feeding mechanism) and extinction risks (i.e., threatened, not threatened and data deficient). The results of this study confirm the robust representation of higher taxonomic ranks, with all orders, most of the families and over half of the extant genera having a fossil record. Further, they reveal that 10% of the current global species diversity is represented in the geological past. Sharks are better represented and extend deeper in time than rays and skates. While the fossil record of extant genera (e.g., the six gill sharks, Hexanchus) goes as far back as c. 190 MYA, the fossil record of extant species (e.g., the sand shark, Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 1810) extends c. 66 MYA. Although no significant differences were found in the extent of the fossil record between ecological traits, it was found that the currently threatened species have a significantly older fossil record than the not threatened species. This study demonstrate that the fossil record of extant elasmobranchs extends deep into the geologic time, especially in the case of threatened sharks. As such, the elasmobranch geological history has great potential to advance the understanding of how species currently facing extinction have responded to different stressors in the past, thereby providing a deep‐time perspective to conservation.
New insights into the trophic ecology of blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) from a subtropical estuary in the western Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Matich Philip , Plumlee Jeffrey D. , Weideli Ornella C. , Fisher Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs environmental change persists, understanding resource use patterns is of value to predict the consequences of shifting trophic structures. While many sharks are opportunistic predators, some exhibit prey selectivity, putting them at higher risk compared to species with greater trophic plasticity. In the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), Clupeids and Sciaenids comprise 69% of blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) diets, which is consequential considering potential responses of these prey groups to disturbance and over harvesting. We assessed if blacktips exhibit selectivity for Clupeids and Sciaenids in the western GOM based on stomach contents from sharks in coastal Texas. Clupeids comprised <2% of diets, while striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) comprised >70% of identifiable prey. Ontogenetic shifts from smaller (Clupeids, small Sciaenids) to larger, higher trophic level (Ariidae, Elasmobranchii) prey fits our understanding of foraging among coastal sharks, and suggests our regional understanding of blacktip trophic ecology may be limited by the sizes of sampled sharks. Observed increases in blacktip densities coupled with declines in prey (Mugilids, Sciaenids) is concerning if blacktips have limited diet plasticity. Yet GOM blacktips may be more generalized than previously thought, which is promising for conservation and management.
Nondestructive determination of the total mold colony count in green tea by hyperspectral imaging technology
Authors: Cao Yan , Li Haoran , Sun Jun , Zhou Xin , Yao Kunshan , Nirere Adria 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the process of tea production and storage, mold is constantly multiplying due to improper production methods and environmental conditions. To realize the nondestructive detection of the total mold colony count in green tea, an accurate and rapid method based on visible–near‐infrared (431–962 nm) hyperspectral image was proposed. Firstly, the spectral data extracted from hyperspectral images was preprocessed and partial least squares regression model based on different preprocessing methods was established to determine the best preprocessing method. Then, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and variable combination population analysis were used to select the characteristic wavelengths and support vector regression (SVR) was introduced to establish quantitative detection model. Because the parameter setting of SVR directly affects the effect of the model, a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) was adopted to optimize the parameters c (penalty factor) and g (kernel function parameter). The results showed that based on the wavelength selected by CARS, the SVR model optimized by GA‐PSO (CARS‐GA‐PSO‐SVR) achieved accuracy with of 0.9577 and root mean square error of prediction set of 0.1140 lg(CFU/g). Therefore, hyperspectral imaging technology can realize the nondestructive determination of the total mold colony count in green tea.Practical applicationsSome molds, such as aspergillus and penicillium, are the main factors of tea mildew. These molds can produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxin and citreoviridin, which can not only cause damage to the tea quality, but also threaten the health of tea drinkers. In this paper, the total mold colony count of green tea was studied based on hyperspectral imaging technology. The experiment result indicated that the use of hyperspectral imaging technology can achieve accurate, nondestructive, and rapid detection of the total mold colony count in green tea. This research provides an effective solution to the quantitative detection of the total mold colony count in green tea.
Multiplex and optimization of dCas9‐TV‐mediated gene activation in plants
Authors: Xiong Xiangyu , Liang Jieping , Li Zhenxiang , Gong Ben‐Qiang , Li Jian‐Feng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSynthetic gene activators consisting of nuclease‐dead Cas9 (dCas9) for single‐guide RNA (sgRNA)‐directed promoter binding and a transcriptional activation domain (TAD) represent new tools for gene activation from endogenous genomic locus in basic and applied plant research. However, multiplex gene coactivation by dCas9‐TADs has not been demonstrated in whole plants. There is also room to optimize the performance of these tools. Here, we report that our previously developed gene activator, dCas9‐TV, could simultaneously upregulate OsGW7 and OsER1 in rice by up to 3,738 fold, with one sgRNA targeting to each promoter. The gene coactivation could persist to at least the fourth generation. Astonishingly, the polycistronic tRNA‐sgRNA expression under the maize ubiquitin promoter, a Pol II promoter, could cause enormous activation of these genes by up to >40,000‐fold in rice. Moreover, the yeast GCN4 coiled coil‐mediated dCas9‐TV dimerization appeared to be promising for enhancing gene activation. Finally, we successfully introduced a self‐amplification loop for dCas9‐TV expression in Arabidopsis to promote the transcriptional upregulation of AtFLS2, a previously characterized dCas9‐TV‐refractory gene with considerable basal expression. Collectively, this work illustrates the robustness of dCas9‐TV in multigene coactivation and provides broadly useful strategies for boosting transcriptional activation efficacy of dCas9‐TADs in plants.
Economic development dimension of intellectual property as investment in international investment law
Authors: Stepanov Ivan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntellectual property (IP) and foreign direct investment (FDI) are seen as important contributors to economic development. However, once given a closer look, a complex economic landscape emerges. Although, both IP and FDI can be beneficial to the economic development of a country their presence does not automatically guarantee it. From a legal perspective, the treaties governing the two international legal regimes, international IP law and international investment law (IIL), reflect the positive developmental aspirations ascribed to IP and FDI. Nevertheless, once these international treaties are put to the test in international adjudication, economic development becomes a contested notion. In particular, investor‐state dispute settlement (ISDS) tribunals are often confronted with economic development as a legal concept and the way they treat it can vastly differ. By relying on the Salini test in ISDS cases dealing with IP, the Tribunals had the chance to address the developmental dimension of IP as FDI. Philip Morris v. Uruguay and Bridgestone v. Panama give a detailed outlook on the different outcomes such considerations might result in. Focusing on those cases this article will argue that economic development deserves a place in the realm of IP and IIL.
Robot on the shoulders of humans
Authors: Gudkov Aleksei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecent trends in artificial intelligence (AI) development have led to a proliferation of studies on the ability of AI systems generate artistic works. Debate continues about the general benefit of society from artistic and scientific works made by AI systems. Questions have been raised about infringement of copyright by AI. The present article examines the modern approaches to regulation of AI and the role of humans in the creation of artistic work. The main purpose of the research is to prevent unfair use of original works created by human and discuss originality in artistic work generated by AI. Overall, these studies highlight the needs for the protection of human copyrights in the event of commercial exploitation by AI system and the protection of the general public from mass distribution of artificial pseudo‐scientific works.
Shear wave elastography accurately detects chronic changes in renal histopathology
Authors: Leong Sook Sam , Wong Jeannie Hsiu Ding , Md Shah Mohammad Nazri , Vijayananthan Anushya , Jalalonmuhali Maisarah , Chow Tak Kuan , Sharif Nur H. M. , Ng Kwan Hoong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimRenal biopsy is the gold standard for the histological characterization of chronic kidney disease (CKD), of which renal fibrosis is a dominant component, affecting its stiffness. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between kidney stiffness obtained by shear wave elastography (SWE) and renal histological fibrosis.MethodsShear wave elastography assessments were performed in 75 CKD patients who underwent renal biopsy. The SWE‐derived estimates of the tissue Young's modulus (YM), given as kilopascals (kPa), were measured. YM was correlated to patients' renal histological scores, broadly categorized into glomerular, tubulointerstitial and vascular scores.ResultsYoung's modulus correlates significantly with tubulointerstitial score (ρ = 0.442, P < .001) and glomerular score (ρ = 0.375, P = .001). Patients with no glomerular sclerosis showed lower mean YM measurements compared to those with glomerular sclerosis. The mean YM increased as the percentage of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy increased. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for SWE in differentiating between mildly and moderately impaired kidneys was 0.702.ConclusionShear wave elastography accurately detects chronic renal damage resulting from glomerular sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, using the optimal cut‐off YM value of ≥5.81 kPa.
Understanding the opposite effects of sex hormones in mediating renal injury
Authors: Lima‐Posada Ixchel , Bobadilla Norma A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAccording to epidemiological studies, chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more women than men, but the incidence of end‐stage renal disease is higher in men than in women. However, most of these studies have not considered the incidence of CKD in women of reproductive or post‐menopausal age, and even fewer with hormone replacement therapy. Some meta‐analyses have reported an exacerbated progression of CKD in men compared with women. Consequently, in most of the experimental models of renal injury, men of reproductive age exhibit more abnormalities in renal function and structure that lead to greater progression to CKD than women, which suggests that these differences are mediated by sex hormones rather than by other factors. This review intends to show the mechanisms regulated by oestrogen or testosterone that may explain the different risks and evolution of renal diseases between men and women. Regardless of the initial cause of kidney disease, sex hormones have been implicated in modulating vascular tone, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Finally, our previous study highlights the mechanisms by which the transition from acute kidney injury to CKD does not occur in female rats as commonly as it does in male rats. This review not only identifies sex differences in several kidney diseases but also supports potential therapeutic opportunities to reduce or prevent the progression of CKD and highlights the importance of considering sex differences in the design of any clinical study.
Evaluation of pain intensity in patients treated with aligners and conventional fixed appliances: Randomized clinical trial
Authors: Casteluci Cleomária Evelyn Vieira Freire , Oltramari Paula Vanessa Pedron , Conti Paulo César Rodrigues , Bonjardim Leonardo Rigoldi , de Almeida‐Pedrin Renata Rodrigues , Fernandes Thaís Maria Freire , de Almeida Marcio Rodrigues , de Castro Ferreira Conti Ana Cláudia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the pain intensity in patients treated with orthodontic aligners and conventional fixed appliances.Setting and sample populationThis study was a randomized clinical trial. The sample comprised 39 patients randomly allocated into 2 groups: OA (orthodontic aligners, n = 20) and FA (Fixed Appliance, n = 19).Material and methodsThe pain intensity was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) in the following periods: T0 (baseline), T1 (seven days after appliance placement) and seven days after each return on the first (T2), third (T3) and sixth (T4) months. The following variables were also investigated in the baseline: conditioned pain modulation, anxiety levels, hypervigilance and catastrophizing. The VAS measurements between groups were compared by the Mann‐Whitney test. Comparisons between periods within each group were performed by the Friedman test. Data regarding catastrophizing and hypervigilance were compared by the t test. All tests were applied at a significance level of 5%, with 95% confidence interval.ResultsBoth groups presented similar levels of anxiety, hypervigilance, catastrophizing and conditioned pain modulation. Both groups did not differ concerning the pain intensity in all periods. The intragroup evaluation revealed statistical differences between days in the FA group at all moments evaluated, for the OA group, similar findings between days were found for the T1 evaluation; however, at the 6‐month period (T4), the pain levels varied over these days without statistical difference. Higher levels of pain were observed in the first seven days after appliance placement.ConclusionThe pain intensity, usually mild, was not influenced by the appliance design, although different patterns of reported pain seem to occur between groups.
Melatonin application differentially modulates the enzymes associated with antioxidative machinery and ascorbate‐glutathione cycle during arsenate exposure in indica rice varieties
Authors: Samanta S. , Banerjee A. , Roychoudhury A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Arsenic (As) contamination and accumulation in rice is a serious concern causing severe oxidative damage. Melatonin acts as a protective agent in plant defence against multiple abiotic stresses. The mechanism of antioxidant function of melatonin during As stress in rice genotypes is less studied.

In this study, hydroponically‐grown As‐susceptible (Khitish) and As‐tolerant (Muktashri) rice cultivars, subjected to 150 µm arsenate stress, were supplemented with exogenously applied melatonin (20 µm) to examine the plant defence mechanism.

Melatonin (Mel) increased root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and activated reducing power and free radical scavenging capacity in both rice cultivars. The role of Mel in the sensitive variety appeared to be more prominent with respect to reduced water saturation deficit by reducing endogenous As and H2O2 accumulation, and enhancing overall antioxidant capacity by imposing reduced requirement of catalase for ROS detoxification, and restoring As‐inhibited activity of glutathione‐S‐transferase, glutathione peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase. In contrast, melatonin treatment in the tolerant cultivar required reduced involvement of ascorbate peroxidase to deal with As toxicity, and complemented the stress‐mediated inhibition of guaiacol peroxidase activity. Isozyme profiling also established extensive varietal differences with regard to induction of new isoform(s) by Mel during As treatment.

This study provides clear insights into mechanistic details of the regulation of antioxidative enzymes by melatonin in contrasting rice genotypes, which may prove helpful in generating As tolerance in susceptible rice varieties grown in marginalized soils, thereby improving crop yield and productivity.
Influence of light on the Monilinia laxa–stone fruit interaction
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pires Silvia , Garcia‐Companys Marina , Espeso Eduardo A. , Melgarejo Paloma , de Cal Antonieta 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLight represents a signal for the regulation of virulence in many microbial pathogens. Two stone fruits, nectarines and cherries, were used to investigate the influence of light on brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa. Three single‐spore isolates were inoculated on nectarines and incubated under different white lights, red light, blue light, green light, and black light with two photoperiods. In addition, to understand the effect of daylight irradiance on brown rot, M. laxa was inoculated on different cherry cultivars and incubated under two simulated solar irradiations. Significantly higher disease severity and sporulation were reported on inoculated nectarines incubated under 58 W white light for 12 hr light/12 hr darkness than on nectarines incubated in continuous darkness. Only red light caused a significant increase in the incidence and severity of the disease in nectarines inoculated with the three M. laxa isolates, compared to fruit incubated under white light. High light intensity (185.45 W/m2), caused greater brown rot severity in all cherry cultivars, both early and late varieties, than low irradiance (145.85 W/m2). Significant up‐regulation of the pathogenicity‐related MlPNL2 gene was observed as an early response after cherry inoculation under high‐intensity light, especially in late cherry cultivars, while MlPG1 expression did not show any changes under different light irradiances. M. laxa was shown to be a light‐responsive fungal pathogen, and light seemed to play an active role in brown rot development.