bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inertial effects on fatigue crack growth
Authors: de Almeida C.D. , Moresco R.L. , Bittencourt E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a cohesive zone model is used to study the influence of inertial effects on crack growth considering cyclic loading in homogenous rate‐independent materials. Quasi‐static and dynamic solutions are compared in order to establish the conditions in which the inertial effects become important in the analysis. It is discussed how speed and frequency of the loading and specimen sizes modify crack growth characteristics. In general, an increase in the loading frequency leads to a higher propagation velocity. Very high loading frequencies may lead to the formation of microcracks ahead of the crack tip and may change the failure mode of the cracked structure from crack propagation to uniform debonding. This work shows that inertial effects are specially noticeable for frequencies in the kHz range. However, applied frequencies close to natural frequencies of the cracked specimen can give rise to strong inertial effects and then a substantial reduction of fatigue life for much lower frequencies. This work also shows that critical frequencies depend on the specimen size.
Assessing the developmental trajectory of mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders: Social and communication deficits in mice with Neurexin 1α deletion
Authors: Armstrong Emily C. , Caruso Angela , Servadio Michela , Andreae Laura C. , Trezza Viviana , Scattoni Maria L. , Fernandes Cathy 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNeurexin 1α mutations are strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in humans. Studies using the Neurexin 1α knock‐out mouse have showed behavioral abnormalities of relevance to these disorders and baseline deficits in excitatory synaptic function have been described. However, little is known about the effect of Neurexin 1α deletion on behavior during development. This study examined the effects of Neurexin 1α deletion on behavior across a range of developmental time points to determine whether potential abnormalities follow a developmental trajectory. Pups lacking Neurexin 1α emitted a reduced number of ultrasonic vocalizations early in development combined with a restricted repertoire of calls indicative of a loss in complexity in vocal production and showed delays in reaching certain developmental milestones. Behavioral testing showed that juvenile and adult male Neurexin 1α knock‐out mice exhibited social deficits and increased levels of aggression, confirming previous findings. No increases in repetitive behaviors or deficits in motor learning or olfaction were seen. In conclusion, this research showed that Neurexin 1α deletion does result in social and communication deficits that follow a developmental trajectory. These are the first experimental data that associate a deletion of Neurexin 1α with alterations in behaviors relevant to autism spectrum disorder across development and highlight the importance of assessing the developmental trajectory in mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Potential changes to the biology and challenges to the management of invasive sea lampreyPetromyzon marinusin the Laurentian Great Lakes due to climate change
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Bravener Gale A. , Lin Hsien‐Yung , Madenjian Charles P. , Muir Andrew M. , Remucal Christina K. , Robinson Kelly F. , Rous Andrew M. , Siefkes Michael J. , Wilkie Michael P. , Zielinski Daniel P. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractControl programs are implemented to mitigate the damage caused by invasive species worldwide. In the highly invaded Great Lakes, the climate is expected to become warmer with more extreme weather and variable precipitation, resulting in shorter iced‐over periods and variable tributary flows as well as changes to pH and river hydrology and hydrogeomorphology. We review how climate change influences physiology, behavior, and demography of a damaging invasive species, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), in the Great Lakes, and the consequences for sea lamprey control efforts. Sea lamprey control relies on surveys to monitor abundance of larval sea lamprey in Great Lakes tributaries. The abundance of parasitic, juvenile sea lampreys in the lakes is calculated by surveying wounding rates on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and trap surveys are used to enumerate adult spawning runs. Chemical control using lampricides (i.e., lamprey pesticides) to target larval sea lamprey and barriers to prevent adult lamprey from reaching spawning grounds are the most important tools used for sea lamprey population control. We describe how climate change could affect larval survival in rivers, growth and maturation in lakes, phenology and the spawning migration as adults return to rivers, and the overall abundance and distribution of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. Our review suggests that Great Lakes sea lamprey may benefit from climate change with longer growing seasons, more rapid growth, and greater access to spawning habitat, but uncertainties remain about the future availability and suitability of larval habitats. Consideration of the biology of invasive species and adaptation of the timing, intensity, and frequency of control efforts is critical to the management of biological invasions in a changing world, such as sea lamprey in the Great Lakes.
Spatiotemporal assessment of farm‐gate production costs and economic potential of Miscanthus × giganteus, Panicum virgatum L., and Jatropha grown on marginal land in China
Authors: Zhang Bingquan , Hastings Astley , Clifton‐Brown John C. , Jiang Dong , Faaij André P. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpatially explicit farm‐gate production costs and the economic potential of three types of energy crops grown on available marginal land in China for 2017 and 2040 were investigated using a spatial accounting method and construction of cost–supply curves. The average farm‐gate cost from all available marginal land was calculated as 32.9 CNY/GJ for Miscanthus Mode, 27.5 CNY/GJ for Switchgrass Mode, 32.4 CNY/GJ for Miscanthus & Switchgrass Mode, and 909 CNY/GJ for Jatropha Mode in 2017. The costs of Miscanthus and switchgrass were predicted to decrease by approximately 11%‐15%, whereas the cost of Jatropha was expected to increase by 5% in 2040. The cost of Jatropha varies significantly from 193 to 9,477 CNY/GJ across regions because of the huge differences in yield across regions. The economic potential of the marginal land was calculated as 28.7 EJ/year at a cost of less than 25 CNY/GJ for Miscanthus Mode, 4.0 EJ/year at a cost of less than 30 CNY/GJ for Switchgrass Mode, 29.6 EJ/year at a cost of less than 25 CNY/GJ for Miscanthus & Switchgrass Mode, and 0.1 EJ/year at a cost of less than 500 CNY/GJ for Jatropha Mode in 2017. It is not feasible to develop Jatropha production on marginal land based on existing technologies, given its high production costs. Therefore, the Miscanthus & Switchgrass Mode is the most economical way, because it achieves the highest economic potential compared with other modes. The sensitivity analysis showed that the farm‐gate costs of Miscanthus and switchgrass are most sensitive to uncertainties associated with yield reduction and harvesting costs, while, for Jatropha, the unpredictable yield has the greatest impact on its farm‐gate cost. This study can help policymakers and industrial stakeholders make strategic and tactical bioenergy development plans in China (exchange rate in 2017: 1€ = 7.63￥; all the joules in this paper are higher heat value).
Rheological, tribological and sensory attributes of texture‐modified foods for dysphagia patients and the elderly: A review
Authors: Munialo Claire Darizu , Kontogiorgos Vassilis , Euston Stephen R. , Nyambayo Isabella 
Published: December 2019

SummaryTexture‐modified foods (TMFs) and thickened fluids have been used as a therapeutic strategy in the management of food intake in the elderly and people with dysphagia. Despite recent advances in describing rheological features of TMFs for dysphagia management, there is still paucity of research regarding the sensory attributes, therapeutic thickness levels and swallowing safety of these foods. Additionally, the relationship between mechanical and structural properties of TMFs throughout the oral processing is not yet fully understood. The present review discusses several properties of food boluses that are important during oral processing to allow for safe swallowing. Dynamic changes that occur during oral processing of TMFs will be reviewed. The use of hydrocolloids to improve the cohesiveness of TMFs and how this impacts the sensory properties of TMFs will be also discussed. Additionally, this review will suggest potential new research directions to improve textural and sensory properties of TMFs.
Microbial orchestra in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Sounds of disarray?
Authors: Arvonen Miika , Vänni Petri , Sarangi Aditya Narayan , V Tejesvi Mysore , Vähäsalo Paula , Aggarwal Amita , Stoll Matthew L 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe role of the microbiota in multiple autoimmune diseases, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has earned substantial attention in the last 10 years. Increasing evidence suggests that the microbiota's link to JIA begins in early childhood, as early life events that influence the nature of the microbiota also appear to influence disease risk. In this review, we discuss these early life events including mode of delivery, infant feeding practice, antibiotics exposure, and other events and their impacts on the microbiota and on disease risk; reported abnormalities of the microbiota in children with JIA; mechanisms by which an altered microbiota at birth and later on in childhood may influence disease risk; and the prospects for therapeutic alteration of the microbiota in children with JIA.
Impact of waterlogging and temperature on autumn growth, hardening and freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense)
Authors: Jørgensen Marit , Torp Torfinn , Mølmann Jørgen Alexander Barosen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrecipitation has generally increased in Norway during the last century, and climate projections indicate a further increase. The growing season has also become longer with higher temperatures, particularly in autumn. Previous studies have shown negative effects of high temperatures and, depending upon temperature conditions, contrasting effects of waterlogging on hardening capacity of timothy. We studied effects of waterlogging on seedlings of timothy (Phleum pratense, cv. Noreng) under three pre‐acclimation temperatures: 3°C, 7°C, 12°C, and in autumn natural light in a phytotron at Holt, Tromsø (69°N). After temperature treatments, all plants were cold acclimated at 2°C for three weeks under continued waterlogging treatments. Freezing tolerance was determined by intact plants being frozen in pots at incremental temperature decreases in a programmable freezer. Waterlogging resulted in a higher probability of death after freezing, and a significantly reduced regrowth after three weeks at 18°C, 24 hrs light in a greenhouse. Increasing pre‐acclimation temperatures also had a clear negative effect on freezing tolerance, but there was no interaction between temperatures and waterlogging. The results indicate that waterlogging may have negative implications for hardening of timothy and may contribute to reduced winter survival under the projected increase in autumn temperatures and precipitation.
Combined effects of soil silicon and drought stress on host plant chemical and ultrastructural quality for leaf‐chewing and sap‐sucking insects
Authors: Teixeira Natália C. , Valim Janete Oliveira S. , Oliveira Maria Goreti A. , Campos Wellington G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt was postulated that Si‐mediated plant resistance to herbivory changes with soil water status, increasing when plants are under drought stress. We subjected collard (Brassica oleracea) to such soil variables and assessed plant responses and effects on the leaf‐chewing larvae of Plutella xylostella and the sap‐sucking aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. Silicon accumulated in collard leaves independently of soil water conditions, but it influenced mainly drought‐stressed plants. Silicon suppressed harmful effects of drought on leaf and root length and raised leaf water content and stomatal size to the same conditions of well‐watered plants. Drought stress reduced hemicellulose and cellulose, but Si did not influence them or lignin. Combination of drought and Si increased total and soluble leaf nitrogen. Drought decreased total glucosinolates, but Si increased such defence metabolites to similar concentrations that were found in well‐watered plants. Nutritional changes mediated by drought and Si in fibre, leaf water content, soluble nitrogen and glucosinolates did not increase insect performance in any feeding guild. Instead, caterpillars performed worse in drought‐stressed or Si‐treated collards, mainly in plants under combined conditions. Silicon improved plant resistance to drought and herbivore stresses.
How does the executive pay gap influence audit fees? The roles of R&D investment and institutional ownership
Authors: Ge Wenxia , Kim Jeong‐Bon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUsing a sample of US firms from 2003–2014, this study examines how the executive pay gap affects audit fees for firms with different levels of R&D investment and institutional ownership. Consistent with managerial power theory, we find that the executive pay gap is positively associated with audit fees, and that the positive association is attenuated by intense R&D investment and higher institutional ownership. We also find that the executive pay gap more strongly affects audit fees after the passage of the 2010 Dodd–Frank Act and the PCAOB's 2012 call to identify the audit risk related to executive incentive compensation. Additional analyses show that the moderating effects of R&D investment and institutional ownership on the pay gap–audit fees association are not conditional on auditor tenure, but the moderating effect of institutional ownership is stronger for firms hiring specialist auditors. Collectively, our findings suggest that auditors consider the business context, such as innovation initiative and external monitoring, when assessing audit risk related to the executive pay gap.
Incidence and mortality for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: comparison across three continents
Authors: Stang A. , Khil L. , Kajüter H. , Pandeya N. , Schmults C.D. , Ruiz E.S. , Karia P.S. , Green A.C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundPopulation‐based incidence and mortality studies of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have been few owing to the commonness of the disease, and rare deaths making accurate mortality statistics difficult.ObjectivesOur aim was to summarize SCC incidence and mortality in populations across three continents, exemplified by Australia, the United States (US) and Germany.MethodsWe estimated age‐specific and age‐standardized (Australian Standard 2001 Population) incidence and mortality rates per 100 000 person‐years.ResultsSquamous cell carcinoma incidence is plateauing or falling in Australia, stable in the United States (2013–2015) and rising in Germany (2007–2015). Current incidence estimates in men and women are 341 and 209, 497 and 296, and 54 and 26, respectively, for the three countries. Incidence increases strongly with age in all countries. Mortality of non‐melanoma skin cancer appears to be increasing in Germany and stable in Australia (unavailable for the US population).ConclusionsSquamous cell carcinoma is an important health issue, particularly among older men, with incidence exceeding most other cancers. More precise and uniform population‐based studies of incidence and mortality are needed to better quantify the impact of SCC on healthcare systems worldwide and to gauge the effect of new treatments such as anti‐PD1 therapy on mortality.
Identifying Amsterdam's nutrient hotspots: A new method to map human excreta at building and neighborhood scale
Authors: Wielemaker Rosanne , Stuiver John , Zeeman Grietje , Weijma Jan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRecovering nutrients from human excreta and wastewater has been receiving increasing attention as a means to supplement or replace synthetic fertilizer production. Apart from technologies for nutrient recovery at centralized wastewater treatment plants, numerous decentralized, source‐separated sanitation systems, also known as new sanitation systems, have been developed to facilitate recovery. Decision‐making for the planning and implementation of new sanitation systems would benefit from a spatially explicit inventory of nutrient hotspots in urban areas. To provide visual representations of nutrient loads, we developed a methodology that combines spatial‐temporal modeling with geographic information system analysis, and used it for the city of Amsterdam. The methodology is new in the field of nutrient mapping, especially at the smallest geographical scale: building. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium loads and hotspots are mapped at both building and neighborhood scale, drawing attention to the need for multiple scale analyses in decision‐making. This study concludes with a discussion on the potential to further develop the method proposed to include more detailed and verified data and to identify nutrient hotspots that are promising as nutrient recovery sites with new sanitation systems.
Extracellular tau induces microglial phagocytosis of living neurons in cell cultures
Authors: Pampuscenko Katryna , Morkuniene Ramune , Sneideris Tomas , Smirnovas Vytautas , Budvytyte Rima , Valincius Gintaras , Brown Guy C. , Borutaite Vilmante 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTau is a microtubule‐associated protein, found at high levels in neurons, and its aggregation is associated with neurodegeneration. Recently, it was found that tau can be actively secreted from neurons, but the effects of extracellular tau on neuronal viability are unclear. In this study, we investigated whether extracellular tau2N4R can cause neurotoxicity in primary cultures of rat brain neurons and glial cells. Cell cultures were examined for neuronal loss, death, and phosphatidylserine exposure, as well as for microglial phagocytosis by fluorescence microscopy. Aggregation of tau2N4R was assessed by atomic force microscopy. We found that extracellular addition of tau induced a gradual loss of neurons over 1–2 days, without neuronal necrosis or apoptosis, but accompanied by proliferation of microglia in the neuronal‐glial co‐cultures. Tau addition caused exposure of the ‘eat‐me’ signal phosphatidylserine on the surface of living neurons, and this was prevented by elimination of the microglia or by inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase. Tau also increased the phagocytic activity of pure microglia, and this was blocked by inhibitors of neutral sphingomyelinase or protein kinase C. The neuronal loss induced by tau was prevented by inhibitors of neutral sphingomyelinase, protein kinase C or the phagocytic receptor MerTK, or by eliminating microglia from the cultures. The data suggest that extracellular tau induces primary phagocytosis of stressed neurons by activated microglia, and identifies multiple ways in which the neuronal loss induced by tau can be prevented.
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Factors influencing self‐management behaviours among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Solomon Islands
Authors: Bezo Benjamin Harry , Huang Yu‐Tung , Lin Chiu‐Chu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesThis study aims to explore the current state of self‐management behaviours among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Solomon Islands and to discuss the factors influencing these behaviours.BackgroundThe prevalence of diabetes and diabetes complications is increasing in the Solomon Islands. However, the effective diabetes prevention and care are not provided in the country.DesignThis is a cross‐sectional study.MethodsA convenience sample of 150 persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus was recruited from a hospital in the Solomon Islands from August 2017–September 2017. Self‐report questionnaires were used to measure the self‐management behaviours, diabetes knowledge and illness perception. In addition, the study adhered to the EQUATOR checklist, STROBE (see Appendix S1).ResultsThe overall score for self‐management was 56.9 ± 13.2 and diabetes knowledge and illness perception, as influencing factors of self‐management, earned total scores of 13.3 ± 4.0 and 55.8 ± 12.0, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis identified illness perception, diabetes knowledge and smoking as significant influencing factors, explaining 20.8% of the total variance in self‐management.ConclusionsThe level of diabetes self‐management behaviours demonstrated by persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study was rated as less than ideal. Diabetes knowledge and illness perception were the two main factors influencing patient self‐management in the Solomon Islands.Relevance to clinical practiceThe study addressed the current state of the self‐management behaviours of persons with diabetes and discussed the factors influencing these behaviours. The findings indicated that knowledge and illness perception of diabetes were the two main factors and provided baseline information for policymakers, health planners and healthcare providers highlighting diabetes as an important issue in Solomon Islands.
How Does Credit Supply Expansion Affect the Real Economy? The Productive Capacity and Household Demand Channels
Authors: MIAN ATIF , SUFI AMIR , VERNER EMIL 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTCredit supply expansion can affect an economy by increasing productive capacity or by boosting household demand. In this study, we develop a test to determine if the household demand channel is present, and we implement the test using both a natural experiment in the United States in the 1980s and an international panel of 56 countries over the last several decades. Consistent with the importance of the household demand channel, we find that credit supply expansion boosts nontradable sector employment and the price of nontradable goods, with limited effects on tradable sector employment. Such credit expansions amplify the business cycle and lead to more severe recessions.
Coupling High Self‐Perceived Creativity and Successful Newcomer Adjustment in Organizations: The Role of Supervisor Trust and Support for Authentic Self‐Expression
Authors: Dufour Lucas , Maoret Massimo , Montani Francesco 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study addresses how supervisors can facilitate the socialization of newcomers with high self‐perceived creativity into their new jobs. We combine self‐verification theory and current literature on socialization in a dual‐stage moderated mediation model where a) newcomer self‐perceived creativity interacts with supervisor trust in the newcomer to trigger supervisor perception of newcomer creativity; and b) supervisor perception of newcomer creativity, in turn, interacts with supervisor support for newcomer authentic self‐expression to impact newcomer adjustment outcomes (i.e., task performance, job satisfaction, and stress symptoms). A two‐wave, multisource study of 146 newcomer–supervisor dyads provides support for our predictions, suggesting that high levels of supervisor trust and support for authentic self‐expression serve as moderating conditions allowing supervisor perception of newcomer creativity to positively mediate the relationship between newcomer self‐perceived creativity and newcomer adjustment.