bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition of the Reaction from Three‐Phase to Two‐Phase by Using a Hybrid Conductor for High‐Energy‐Density High‐Rate Solid‐State Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Zhao Changtai , Zhu Yuanmin , Sun Qian , Wang Changhong , Luo Jing , Lin Xiaoting , Yang Xiaofei , Zhao Yang , Li Ruying , Zhao Shangqian , Huang Huan , Zhang Li , Lu Shigang , Gu Meng , Sun Xueliang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSolid‐state Li‐O2 batteries possess the ability to deliver high energy density with enhanced safety. However, designing a highly functional solid‐state air electrode is the main bottleneck for its further development. Herein, we adopt a hybrid electronic and ionic conductor to build solid‐state air electrode that makes the transition of Li‐O2 battery electrochemical mechanism from a three‐phase process to a two‐phase process. The solid‐state Li‐O2 battery with this hybrid conductor solid‐state air electrode shows decreased interfacial resistance and enhanced reaction kinetics. The Coulombic efficiency of Li‐O2 battery is also significantly improved, benefiting from the good contact between discharge products and electrode materials. In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy under oxygen was used to illustrate the reversible deposition and decomposition of discharge products on the surface of this hybrid conductor, visually verifying the two‐phase reaction.
Modulating drug release from poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid microparticles by the addition of alginate and pectin
Authors: Karp Federico , Satler Florencia S. , Busatto Carlos A. , Luna Julio A. , Estenoz Diana A. , Turino Ludmila N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present work is the characterization of PLGA microparticles including biopolymers for the controlled release of tilmicosin, a broad‐spectrum antibiotic. Microparticles were prepared using the double‐emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The effect of alginate and pectin incorporation over particle size and porosity, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and pH‐responsive drug release was evaluated. Formulations presented a mean particle size of 5.5 μm approximately and a drug EE ranged from 22%–57%. PLGA‐Alginate particles showed an increased porosity. Tilmicosin release profiles from PLGA and PLGA‐biopolymer microparticles were affected by the particular combination of polymers and the pH of the release medium. The experimental data was simulated using a mathematical model, which takes into account the autocatalytic polymer degradation and the different mechanisms of drug transport. The combination of PLGA and biopolymers strongly influenced the morphology of the particles, offering the possibility of controlling the drug release profiles according to the therapy.
An innovative approach to fabricate a thermosensitive melatonin‐loaded conductive pluronic/chitosan hydrogel for myocardial tissue engineering
Authors: Torabi Hadis , Mehdikhani Mehdi , Varshosaz Jaleh , Shafiee Fatemeh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study aimed at designing and fabrication of a novel injectable and thermosensitive melatonin‐loaded pluronic/chitosan hydrogel containing gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and poly glycerol sebacate (PGS) for myocardial tissue engineering. The PGS nanoparticles were used as the melatonin (drug model) carrier. The gelation time, syringeability, stability, and swelling of the hydrogel were scrutinized. Rheological properties, chemical composition, and morphology of the samples were also investigated. The effect of GNPs addition on the electrical conductivity of hydrogel was assessed. The cytotoxicity of hydrogels was assessed through MTT assay in the exposure of H9C2 cells up to 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to evaluate the morphology of seeded cells. The synthesis parameters of PGS nanoparticles were optimized through which 2.5%w/v of PGS and 1:10 organic phase to aqueous phase (O/A) ratio were found desirable. The optimum hydrogel illustrated 2 min gelation time and was stable up to 20 days with 5% swelling in the first 12 h into phosphate buffered saline. The GNPs with a uniform distribution rendered the hydrogel electrically conductive (1500 μS/cm). According to the MTT assay results, 3.125 μM melatonin was considered as the suitable concentration by which a significant increase in the cell viability was observed. The results exhibited that the prepared hydrogel composed of pluronic/chitosan/GNPs, and 3.125 μM melatonin‐loaded PGS nanoparticles could be applied as a promising scaffold for myocardial tissue engineering.
Silicone‐containing polymer blend electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications
Authors: Hwang Byungchan , Kondo Shoichi , Kikuchi Takamasa , Sasaki Kazunari , Hayashi Akari , Nishihara Masamichi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPolymer electrolyte membranes are developed from blends of chemically durable silicone‐containing epoxy (Si‐Epoxy) and proton conducting sulfonic polyimide (SPI). A charge‐transfer (CT) complex is formed between electron‐donating dihydroxynaphthalene units in Si‐Epoxy, and electron‐accepting naphthalenediimide units in SPI, as confirmed via X‐ray diffraction and visible spectroscopy. The blend membranes show comparable mechanical strength to Nafion 211, but the elongation to break is much lower, indicating better resistance to deformation under strain stress, attributed to CT complex formation. The chemical durability of the blend membranes was much higher than pure SPI according to Fenton's test, also attributed to CT complex formation. Meanwhile, the proton conductivity is dependent on the sulfonic acid content of the SPI, which in turn affects the fuel cell performance. The maximum proton conductivity was measured to be 23.1 mS cm−1 at 80°C and 90 %RH for a 1:1 blend, and the membranes were successfully incorporated into PEFCs.
Different Ways of Making a Point: A Study of Gestural Communication in Typical and Atypical Early Development
Authors: Ramos‐Cabo Sara , Vulchanov Valentin , Vulchanova Mila 
Published: November 2020

Deictic pointing is among the most impaired gestures in children with autism. Research on typical development demonstrates that contact with the referent and handshape when pointing, are associated with different communicative intentions and developmental stages. Despite their importance, the morphological features of pointing remain largely unexplored in autism. The aim of the present study was to map out pointing production in autism with a focus on handshape and contact with the referent. Participants (age range = 1–6 years old) with ASD (n = 16), at high risk for autism (n = 13) and typically developing children (n = 18) interacted with their caregivers in a gesture elicitation task. Results showed that children with ASD produced fewer pointing gestures overall and fewer index finger pointing without contact with the referent compared to the typically developing children.Lay SummaryChildren with autism produce less gestures than typical children, and pointing gestures appear to be more affected than other gesture types. Whether children point using their index finger or the palm, and whether they touch or not the referent is crucial for understanding communicative intentions. This is the first study to document experimentally exactly how pointing gestures differ in autism in comparison to typical development. We found important qualitative differences in the communicative patterns of children with autism and at risk for autism, that may serve to identify potential new markers for early diagnosis. Autism Res 2021, 14: 984–996. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Production of recombinant butyrylcholinesterase from transgenic rice cell suspension cultures in a pilot‐scale bioreactor
Authors: Macharoen Kantharakorn , Du Min , Jung Seongwon , McDonald Karen A. , Nandi Somen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProducing recombinant proteins in transgenic plant cell suspension cultures in bioreactors provides controllability, reproducibility, scalability, and low‐cost production, although low yields remain the major challenge. The studies on scaling‐up to pilot‐scale bioreactors, especially in conventional stainless‐steel stirred tank bioreactors (STB), to produce recombinant proteins in plant cell suspension cultures are very limited. In this study, we scaled‐up the production of rice recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (rrBChE), a complex hydrolase enzyme that can be used to prophylactically and therapeutically treat against organophosphorus nerve agents and pesticide exposure, from metabolically regulated transgenic rice cell suspension cultures in a 40‐L pilot‐scale STB. Employing cyclical operation together with a simplified‐process operation (controlling gas sparging rate rather than dissolved oxygen and allowing natural sugar depletion) identified in lab‐scale (5 L) bioreactor studies, we found a consistent maximum total active rrBChE production level of 46–58 µg/g fresh weight in four cycles over 82 days of semicontinuous operation. Additionally, maintaining the overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa) in the pilot‐scale STB to be equivalent to the lab‐scale STB improves the maximum total active rrBChE production level and the maximum volumetric productivity to 85 µg/g fresh weight and 387 µg L−1 day−1, respectively, which are comparable to the lab‐scale culture. Here, we demonstrate pilot‐scale bioreactor performance using a metabolically regulated transgenic rice cell culture for long‐term, reproducible, and sustained production of rrBChE.
Diversity of Essential Oil‐Secretory Cells and Oil Composition in Flowers and Buds of Magnolia sirindhorniae and Its Biological Activities
Authors: Ghosh Dipayan , Chaudhary Neha , Uma Kumari K. , Singh Jyoti , Tripathi Prakhar , Meena Abha , Luqman Suaib , Yadav Anju , Chanotiya Chandan Singh , Pandey Gyanesh , Kumar Narendra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMagnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin produces fragrant flowers. The volatile oil secretary cells, quantity and quality as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the oils extracted from buds and flowers, have been investigated. The distribution of essential oil secretory cell in bud and flower revealed that the density and size of the oil cells were significantly higher in flowers compared to buds. In different floral parts, carpel has a higher oil cell density followed by gynophore and tepal. The histochemical analysis revealed the essential oil is synthesized in oil secretory cells. The volatile oil yield was 0.25 % in the buds and 0.50 % in flowers. GC/FID and GC/MS analysis identified 33 compounds contributing 83.2–83.5 % of the total essential oil composition. Linalool is the main constituent contributing 58.9 % and 51.0 % in the buds and flowers oils, respectively. The essential oil extracted from the flowers showed higher antimicrobial efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, the essential oil isolated from the flowers depicts higher free radical scavenging, and antioxidant activity compared to buds’ oil.
Homogeneous (De)hydrogenative Catalysis for Circular Chemistry – Using Waste as a Resource
Authors: Kumar Amit , Gao Chang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIncreasing production and usage of several consumer products and energy sources have resulted in the accumulation of a substantial amount of waste products that are toxic and/or difficult to biodegrade, thus creating a severe threat to our planet. With the recently advocated concepts of circular chemistry, an attractive approach to tackle the challenge of chemical waste reduction is to utilize these waste products as feedstocks for the production of useful chemicals. Catalytic (de)hydrogenation is an atom‐economic, green and sustainable approach in organic synthesis, and several new environmentally benign transformations have been reported using this strategy in the past decade, especially using well‐defined transition metal complexes as catalysts. These discoveries have demonstrated the impact and untapped potential of homogeneous (de)hydrogenative catalysis for the purpose of converting chemical wastes into useful resources. Four types of chemical waste that have been (extensively) studied in recent years for their chemical transformations using homogeneous catalytic (de)hydrogenation are CO2, N2O, plastics, and glycerol. This review article highlights how these chemical wastes can be converted to useful feedstocks using (de)hydrogenative catalysis mediated by well‐defined transition metal complexes and summarizes various types of homogeneous catalysts discovered for this purpose in recent years. Moreover, with examples of hydrogenative depolymerization of plastic waste and the production of virgin plastic via dehydrogenative pathways, we emphasize the potential applications of (de)hydrogenation reactions to facilitate closed‐loop production cycles enabling a circular economy.
Carbon Dioxide Capture by Chemical Solvents Based on Amino Acids: Absorption and Regeneration
Authors: Castro María , Gómez-Díaz Diego , Navaza José M. , Rumbo Antonio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of sodium salts of aqueous solutions of different amino acids (glycinate and prolinate) for carbon dioxide (CO2) separation by chemical absorption is analyzed in a bubble‐column reactor under different experimental conditions of solvent concentration and gas flow rate. The differences in absorption rate and reaction mechanism caused by the presence of carboxylic groups in comparison to the case without (monoethanolamine and pirrolidine) are evaluated. Glycinate solvent reaches a similar behavior than monoethanolamine aqueous solutions but with a higher destabilization of carbamate that allows to increase CO2 loading. Prolinate exhibits a similar behavior than pirrolidine at low CO2 loadings. Both solvents show a significant reduction in absorption capacity when stripping regeneration is carried out.
Model Studies on Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite Electrodes in Ethylene Carbonate and Dimethyl Carbonate II: Graphite Powder Electrodes
Authors: Weber Isabella , Wang Bin , Bodirsky Carina , Chakraborty Monalisa , Wachtler Mario , Diemant Thomas , Schnaidt Johannes , Behm R. Jürgen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs part of a systematic study on the formation and composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), going stepwise from highly idealized electrodes such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and conditions such as ultrahigh vacuum conditions to more realistic materials and reaction conditions, we investigated the decomposition of simplified electrolytes (ethylene carbonate (EC)+1 M LiPF6 and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)+1 M LiPF6) at binder‐free graphite powder model electrodes. The results obtained from cyclic voltammetry and ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy half‐cell measurements – in particular on the effect of cycling rate, solvent and electrode – are explained in terms of a mechanistic model where electrolyte decomposition occurs at the SEI | electrode interface and where transport of solvent and salt species through the growing SEI plays an important role for explaining the observed change from preferential salt decomposition to solvent decomposition with increasing cycling rate.
Modulating the Electron‐Donating Ability of Acridine Donor Units for Orange–Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters
Authors: Chen Tianheng , Lu Chen‐Han , Chen Zhanxiang , Gong Xu , Wu Chung‐Chih , Yang Chuluo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe development of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters with orange–red emission still lags behind that of their blue, green, and yellow counterparts. Recent research to address this problem mainly focused on developing new acceptor units. There were few donor units designed especially for orange–red emitters. Herein, with benzothiophene fused to a diphenylacridine donor unit, a new donor moiety, namely, 5,5‐diphenyl‐5,13‐dihydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[3,2‐c]acridine (BTDPAc), was designed and synthesized. Benefiting from the strong electron‐donating ability of the new donor moiety, a new TADF emitter, 2‐[4′‐(tert‐butyl)(1,1′‐biphenyl)‐4‐yl]‐6‐[5,5‐diphenylbenzo[4,5]thieno[3,2‐c]acridin‐13(5H)‐yl]‐1H‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3(2H)‐dione (BTDPAc‐PhNAI), shows an orange–red emission with a maximum at 610 nm in dilute toluene solution. Also, with the help of the diphenyl rings of the donor unit, high photoluminescence quantum yields were achieved for BTDPAc‐PhNAI over a wide concentration range. Consequently, an orange–red organic light‐emitting diode based on BTDPAc‐PhNAI achieved a high external quantum efficiency of nearly 20 %, which was comparable to state‐of‐the‐art device performances with similar emission spectra.
Filling the Gap in the Metallacrown Family: The 9‐MC‐3 Chromium Metallacrown
Authors: Lüpke Anne , Carrella Luca M. , Rentschler Eva 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this work, we report on a long‐sought missing complex in the metallacrown family. We synthesized and characterized the novel chromium metallacrown (MC) complex {CrIII(μ2‐piv)3[9‐MCCr(III)N(shi)‐3](morph)3}⋅MeOH (in which shi3−=salicyl hydroxamate, piv=pivalate, and morph=morpholine). The MC with a 9‐MC‐3 cavity of kinetically inert chromium(III) ions was synthesized by a solvothermal reaction. Magnetization measurements reveal a high spin ground state.
Direct Trifluoromethylation of Alcohols Using a Hypervalent Iodosulfoximine Reagent
Authors: Kalim Jorna , Duhail Thibaut , Pietrasiak Ewa , Anselmi Elsa , Magnier Emmanuel , Togni Antonio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe direct trifluoromethylation of a variety of aliphatic alcohols using a hypervalent iodosulfoximine reagent afforded the corresponding ethers in moderate to good yields (14–72 %). Primary, secondary, and even tertiary alcohols, including examples derived from natural products, underwent this transformation in the presence of catalytic amounts of zinc bis(triflimide). Typical reaction conditions involved a neat mixture of 6.0 equivalents of the alcohol with 1.0 equivalent of the reagent, with the majority of reactions complete within 2 h with 2.5 mol % of the Lewis acid catalyst. Furthermore, experimental evidence was provided that the C−O bond‐forming process occurred via the coordination of the alcohol to the iodine atom and subsequent reductive elimination.
Trends in Drug Discovery over Five Decades – The European Federation for Medicinal Chemistry International Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry (EFMC−ISMC)
Authors: Differding Edmond 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDrug discovery keeps evolving, as illustrated by the scientific programs of the European Federation for Medicinal Chemistry International Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry. The analysis of lecture topics over five decades reveals shifts in the importance given to therapeutic areas, treatment modalities, or technologies. All had an impact on the discipline of medicinal chemistry and contribute to a better understanding of the drug research industry as we know it today.
Success of resin infiltration treatment on interproximal tooth surfaces in young adults—A practice‐based follow‐up study
Authors: Tiuraniemi Susanna , Yli‐Mannila Jenny , Havela Päivi , Käkilehto Taina , Vähänikkilä Hannu , Laitala Marja‐Liisa , Anttonen Vuokko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesArresting active initial caries lesions is part of the modern caries controlling system. Resin infiltration (RI) system has been found a promising method in arresting interproximal initial lesions. The aim was to investigate whether RI arrests progression of active caries lesions.Materials and methodsParticipants (n = 20) of the retrospective study were patients in the Dental Teaching Unit, City of Oulu, Finland, mean age 26 years (SD5.2). Indication for RI was radiographically diagnosed progressing (ICDAS 1–3) interproximal lesions (n = 54). RI treatments were performed in 2015–2017. Controls were initial lesions in the same bitewing radiographs without RI or other treatment (n = 24). For analyzes teeth were categorized as lower and upper premolars and molars. The change in lesions during the follow‐up period was recorded surface wise as follows: deterioration / improvement from ICDAS score 3/improvement from ICDAS score 2/improvement per se/at follow‐up, lesion was less diffuse/no change. The changes in each tooth surface were analyzed between RI intervention and control teeth by using Chi‐square test. Proportions of successful and failed surfaces were given.ResultsThe mean length of follow‐up period was 17.4 m (SD7.2). Arresting of caries lesions (ICDAS scores 2 and 3) was distinctly better in RI group (63.0%) compared with the controls (29.1%). The situation progressed among 29.2% of the controls whereas the respective proportion among the intervention group was 14.8%. Progression of lesions was more distinct in all tooth groups in the control group. Outcome was successful despite the lesion depth.ConclusionsResin infiltration seems effective in arresting progression of initial caries lesions with monitoring period of 1.5 years.
Cognitive and non‐cognitive factors in educational and occupational outcomes—Specific to reading disability?
Authors: Kortteinen Hanna , Eklund Kenneth , Eloranta Anna‐Kaija , Aro Tuija 
Published: November 2020

Low education and unemployment are common adult‐age outcomes associated with childhood RD (c‐RD). However, adult‐age cognitive and non‐cognitive factors associated with different outcomes remain unknown. We studied whether these outcomes are equally common among individuals with c‐RD and controls and whether these outcomes are related to adult‐age literacy skills or cognitive and non‐cognitive factors or their interaction with c‐RD. We examined adult participants with c‐RD (n = 48) and their matched controls (n = 37). Low education was more common among c‐RD than the controls, whereas long‐term unemployment was equally common in both groups. Moreover, adult‐age literacy skills, cognitive skills and non‐cognitive factors were related to both low education and long‐term unemployment. Only a few c‐RD‐specific associations emerged: c‐RD, especially in interaction with low verbal or reading comprehension, was associated with low education, and c‐RD in interaction with slow adult‐age reading was associated with long‐term unemployment. Avoidant coping style, emotional wellbeing and social functioning were related to education, and life‐satisfaction to unemployment irrespective of c‐RD. Thus, the non‐cognitive factors associated with education and employment are similar in individuals with and without c‐RD. Special attention should be paid to training c‐RD individuals in basic academic, social and emotional skills.