bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A theory of “popular political legitimation”: A dual‐process model approach to legitimation and political socialization
Authors: Vila‐Henninger Luis Antonio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHow do everyday people—or actors who do not occupy positions of political authority—legitimate political systems? Responding to this question, I use work from sociology, political science, and cognitive science to build a theory of “Popular Political Legitimation” (PPL)—defined as everyday people's legitimation of a political system. To answer how PPL happens, we must answer two sub‐questions that address legitimacy as a normative phenomenon: 1) What are the processes of socialization through which individuals learn the norms, widely held beliefs, and values that legitimate a political system? 2) How do individuals subsequently use these norms, widely held beliefs, and/or values in their own legitimations of a political system? Thus, we see that a model of socialization is central to understanding how PPL happens. I proceed in four steps. First, I review the literature on political legitimation. Next, I review the literature on political socialization. Third, to address gaps in the two aforementioned literatures concerning a model of socialization that explains legitimation, I turn to neuroscience (for reviews see Greene, 2017; Cushman, 2020) and psychology to review models of socialization and rationalization. Finally, I synthesize these literatures to develop a theory of political socialization and how it generates PPL.
Maintained virological suppression and renal function with reduced dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in renally impaired chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Liem Kin Seng , Wong David K. , Fung Scott , Zahirieh Alireza , Yim Colina , Zanjir Wayel R. , Feld Jordan J. , Hansen Bettina E. , Janssen Harry L. A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) effectively suppresses viral replication in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but occasionally leads to renal impairment. We evaluated the prevalence of viral and biochemical breakthrough and renal function kinetics in renally impaired patients with CHB on reduced and on full‐dose TDF. This clinic‐based longitudinal cohort study included patients receiving full and reduced dose TDF (due to eGFR [Cockcroft‐Gault] <60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Viral and biochemical breakthroughs were assessed 1 month after starting full and reduced TDF dose until the end‐of‐follow‐up. Breakthroughs were studied in full and reduced dose TDF, and renal function (MDRD) longitudinally before and after dose reduction within patients starting on full‐dose TDF. Of 750 patients on TDF, 78 (10%) had reduced dose and 672 (90%) full dose. At the time of dose reduction, 36 (46%) patients had chronic kidney disease stage G3B. A viral breakthrough occurred in one cirrhotic dialysis‐dependent patient (dosed 300 mg weekly) which resolved without signs of decompensation, and in one patient on full dose which resolved spontaneously. One biochemical breakthrough occurred during dose reduction and resolved naturally without viral breakthrough. The MDRD improved within the first year of dose reduction (+3.0 [2.5] mL/min per year; P < .005) and remained stable thereafter. Fifty‐three (79%) patients reached an MDRD >50 mL/min during dose reduction. Low dose TDF maintains renal function and viral suppression in most renally impaired patients with CHB, even in those with advanced liver disease. This useful, yet simple strategy could be particularly viable in resource‐constrained settings.
Impact of a nurse‐led enhanced monitoring, management and contact tracing intervention for chronic hepatitis B in England, 2015‐2017
Authors: Beebeejaun Kazim , Amin‐Chowdhury Zahin , Letley Louise , Kara Edna , Mahange Beauty , Harrington Kate , Checkley Jacqui , Salimee Sultan , Poole Kristina , Ijaz Samreen , Alexander Graeme , Ramsay Mary , Mandal Sema , Edelstein Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAround 200,000 people live with chronic hepatitis B in England. Despite national guidance on identification and management of cases and their close contacts, testing rates of close contacts is as low as 43% in high prevalence areas of London. Our study aimed to determine whether a nurse‐led enhanced management and contact tracing of chronically infected individuals improved testing uptake, vaccination and onward referral of close contacts. The study was conducted across Greater Manchester and East of England regions between October 2015 and July 2017. All HBV chronically infected individuals registered with a GP and their close contacts were eligible for recruitment. The proportion of contacts who were tested, vaccinated and referred where appropriate were compared before and after the nurse‐led intervention. Baseline and outcome information was collected using questionnaires. The intervention improved case referral rates by an additional 14% (from 86% (88/102 cases) to 99.7%; 648/650 cases). The proportion of contacts tested increased from 34% to 72%‐94% with 18 new cases of HBV diagnosed. Amongst close contacts tested, vaccination rates of at least three doses increased from 77% (43/56) to 93% (452/491) during the study. Our study has shown that nurse‐led enhanced management greatly improves identification, testing and vaccination of close contacts. The identification of new acute and chronic cases is likely to make the intervention cost effective and local health commissioners should consider providing a nurse‐led service as part of hepatitis B care pathways.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 70 cases of coronavirus disease and concomitant hepatitis B virus infection: A multicentre descriptive study
Authors: Wu Jian , Yu Jiong , Shi Xiaowei , Li Wei , Song Shu , Zhao Liangping , Zhao Xinguo , Liu Jun , Wang Dawei , Liu Chengyuan , Huang Biao , Meng Yiling , Jiang Bin , Deng Yijun , Cao Hongcui , Li Lanjuan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe interaction between existing chronic liver diseases caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and COVID‐19 has not been studied. We analysed 70 COVID‐19 cases combined with HBV infection (CHI) to determine the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome. We investigated clinical presentation, imaging and laboratory parameters of COVID‐19 patients of seven hospitals from Jan 20 to March 20, 2020. Multivariate analysis was used to analyse risk factors for progression of patients with COVID‐19 combined with HBV infection. Compared with COVID‐19 without HBV infection (WHI) group, patients with dual infection had a higher proportion of severe/critically ill disease (32.86% vs. 15.27%,P = .000), higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and activated partial thromboplastin (APTT) [50(28‐69)vs 21(14‐30),P = .000; 40(25‐54) vs 23(18‐30),P = .000; 34.0(27.2‐38.7) vs 37.2(31.1‐41.4),P = .031]. The utilization rates of Arbidol and immunoglobulin were significantly higher than those in the co‐infected group [48.57% vs. 35.64%,P < .05; 21.43% vs. 8.18%,P < .001], while the utilization rate of chloroquine phosphate was lower (1.43% vs 14.00%,P < .05) in the co‐infected patients group. Age and c‐reactive protein (CRP) level were independent risk factors for recovery of patients with COVID‐19 combined with HBV infection. The original characteristics of COVID‐19 cases combined with HBV infection were higher rate of liver injury, coagulation disorders, severe/critical tendency and increased susceptibility. The elderly and patients with higher level of CRP were more likely to experience a severe outcome of COVID‐19.
Surface distribution of pyrethroids following topical application to veterinary species: Implications for lateral transport
Authors: Bäumer Wolfgang , Baynes Ronald 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPyrethroids like permethrin have been used as topical formulations for their ectoparasiticidal effects since the 1970s. There are numerous efficacy studies in dogs and livestock animals that indicate a fast spread of pyrethroids after topical administration onto rather confined areas of the skin. Some studies correlate the efficacy against ticks, fleas or lice with concentrations of pyrethroids in hair and, less frequently, stratum corneum samples. It is often stated that lateral transport is responsible for the distribution of the pyrethroids over the body surface. With this review, we attempt to demonstrate evidence for lateral transport of pyrethroids after topical administration in dogs, cattle and sheep and to present data gaps that should be addressed in follow‐up studies.
Determinants of tree seedling establishment in alpine tundra
Authors: Marsman Floor , Nystuen Kristin O. , Opedal Øystein H. , Foest Jessie J. , Sørensen Mia Vedel , De Frenne Pieter , Graae Bente Jessen , Limpens Juul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuestionsChanges in climate and herbivory pressure affect northern alpine ecosystems through woody plant encroachment, altering their composition, structure and functioning. The encroachment often occurs at unequal rates across heterogeneous landscapes, hinting at the importance of habitat‐specific drivers that either hamper or facilitate woody plant establishment. Here, we assess: (1) the invasibility of three distinct alpine plant community types (heath, meadow and Salix shrubland) by Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine); and (2) the relative importance of biotic (above‐ground interactions with current vegetation, herbivory and shrub encroachment) and microclimate‐related abiotic (soil temperature, moisture and light availability) drivers of pine seedling establishment success.LocationDovrefjell, Central Norway.MethodsWe conducted a pine seed sowing experiment, testing how factorial combinations of above‐ground removal of co‐occurring vegetation, herbivore exclusion and willow transplantation (simulated shrub encroachment) affect pine emergence, survival and performance (new stem growth, stem height and fraction of healthy needles) in three plant communities, characteristic of alpine tundra, over a period of five years.ResultsPine seedling emergence and survival were similar across plant community types. Herbivore exclusion and vegetation removal generally increased pine seedling establishment and seedling performance. Within our study, microclimate had minimal effects on pine seedling establishment and performance. These results illustrate the importance of biotic resistance to seedling establishment.ConclusionPine seedlings can easily establish in alpine tundra, and biotic factors (above‐ground plant interactions and herbivory) are more important drivers of pine establishment in alpine tundra than abiotic, microclimate‐related, factors. Studies aiming to predict future vegetation changes should thus consider local‐scale biotic interactions in addition to abiotic factors.
Soil nutrients, canopy gaps and topography affect liana distribution in a tropical seasonal rain forest in southwestern China
Authors: Liu Qi , Sterck Frank J. , Medina‐Vega José A. , Sha Li‐Qing , Cao Min , Bongers Frans , Zhang Jiao‐Lin , Poorter Lourens 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuestionsLianas are a conspicuous element of tropical forests but have largely been ignored in species‐level vegetation surveys. As a result, there is limited understanding of how environmental factors structure liana communities.LocationA 20‐ha forest dynamics plot in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, southwestern China.MethodsWe evaluated the distribution of the 50 most abundant liana species, comprising >18,000 individuals, in the 20‐ha forest plot. Ordination analysis and generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate how species distribution and abundance are associated with soil pH, soil phosphorus (P), soil nitrogen (N), and soil potassium (K), canopy gaps and topography. We calculated the average weighted distribution as a proxy for the optimum resource condition for each species.ResultsThe first two axes of a canonical correspondence analysis explained 65% of the variation in liana species composition, with pH and P being the strongest drivers and highly correlated with each other. We modelled the responses of liana species to soil nutrients, and found a negative, unimodal or positive response of liana abundance with increasing soil nutrient concentrations. Forty‐six of the 50 species occurred under significantly higher or lower soil nutrient conditions than expected at random. Lianas mainly separated along the P gradient, whereas for N and K most liana species tended to occupy locations with high nutrient concentrations.ConclusionsAlthough lianas are thought to be notoriously light‐demanding, soil conditions were stronger drivers of liana species distribution than gaps. Species differences in distributions were mainly driven by soil gradients in pH and P, highlighting the importance of soil nutrient status for liana niche partitioning in wet tropical forests on highly weathered soils. Most liana species had high resource requirements for N, K and light, which come along with their fast growth and acquisitive resource use strategy. Hence, below‐ground resource availability plays an important role in shaping the assembly of liana communities.
Limited genetic parallelism underlies recent, repeated incipient speciation in geographically proximate populations of an Arctic fish (Salvelinus alpinus)
Authors: Salisbury Sarah J. , McCracken Gregory R. , Perry Robert , Keefe Donald , Layton Kara K.S. , Kess Tony , Nugent Cameron M. , Leong Jong S. , Bradbury Ian R. , Koop Ben F. , Ferguson Moira M. , Ruzzante Daniel E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe genetic underpinnings of incipient speciation, including the genomic mechanisms which contribute to morphological and ecological differentiation and reproductive isolation, remain poorly understood. The repeated evolution of consistently, phenotypically distinct morphs of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) within the Quaternary period offer an ideal model to study the repeatability of evolution at the genomic level. Sympatric morphs of Arctic Charr are found across this species' circumpolar distribution. However, the specific genetic mechanisms driving this morph differentiation are largely unknown despite the cultural and economic importance of the anadromous morph. We used a newly designed 87k SNP chip to investigate the character and consistency of the genomic differences among sympatric morphs within three recently deglaciated and geographically proximate lakes in Labrador, Canada. We found genetically distinct small and large morph Arctic Charr in all three lakes consistent with resident and anadromous morphs, respectively. A degree of reproductive isolation among sympatric morphs is likely given genome‐wide distributions of outlier SNPs and high genome‐wide FSTs. Across all lakes, outlier SNPs were largely nonoverlapping suggesting a lack of genetic parallelism driving morph differentiation. Alternatively, several genes and paralogous copies of the same gene consistently differentiated morphs across multiple lakes suggesting their importance to the manifestation of morphs. Our results confirm the utility of Arctic Charr as a model for investigating the predictability of evolution and support the importance of both genetic parallelism and nonparallelism to the incipient speciation of Arctic Charr morphs.
MonitoringPlasmodium falciparumandPlasmodium vivaxusing microsatellite markers indicates limited changes in population structure after substantial transmission decline in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kattenberg Johanna Helena , Razook Zahra , Keo Raksmei , Koepfli Cristian , Jennison Charlie , Lautu‐Gumal Dulcie , Fola Abebe A. , Ome‐Kaius Maria , Barnadas Céline , Siba Peter , Felger Ingrid , Kazura James , Mueller Ivo , Robinson Leanne J. , Barry Alyssa E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMonitoring the genetic structure of pathogen populations may be an economical and sensitive approach to quantify the impact of control on transmission dynamics, highlighting the need for a better understanding of changes in population genetic parameters as transmission declines. Here we describe the first population genetic analysis of two major human malaria parasites,Plasmodium falciparum(Pf) andPlasmodium vivax(Pv), following nationwide distribution of long‐lasting insecticide‐treated nets (LLINs) in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Parasite isolates from pre‐ (2005–2006) and post‐LLIN (2010–2014) were genotyped using microsatellite markers. Despite parasite prevalence declining substantially (East Sepik Province:Pf = 54.9%–8.5%,Pv = 35.7%–5.6%, Madang Province:Pf = 38.0%–9.0%,Pv: 31.8%–19.7%), genetically diverse and intermixing parasite populations remained.Pfdiversity declined modestly post‐LLIN relative to pre‐LLIN (East Sepik:Rs = 7.1–6.4,HE = 0.77–0.71; Madang:Rs = 8.2–6.1,HE = 0.79–0.71). Unexpectedly, population structure present in pre‐LLIN populations was lost post‐LLIN, suggesting that more frequent human movement between provinces may have contributed to higher gene flow.Pvprevalence initially declined but increased again in one province, yet diversity remained high throughout the study period (East Sepik:Rs = 11.4–9.3,HE = 0.83–0.80; Madang:Rs = 12.2–14.5,HE = 0.85–0.88). Although genetic differentiation values increased between provinces over time, no significant population structure was observed at any time point. For both species, a decline in multiple infections and increasing clonal transmission and significant multilocus linkage disequilibrium post‐LLIN were positive indicators of impact on the parasite population using microsatellite markers. These parameters may be useful adjuncts to traditional epidemiological tools in the early stages of transmission reduction.
A complex network of additive and epistatic quantitative trait loci underlies natural variation of Arabidopsis thaliana quantitative disease resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum under heat stress
Authors: Aoun Nathalie , Desaint Henri , Boyrie Léa , Bonhomme Maxime , Deslandes Laurent , Berthomé Richard , Roux Fabrice 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlant immunity is often negatively impacted by heat stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Based on a genome‐wide association mapping approach, this study aims to identify in Arabidopsis thaliana the genetic bases of robust resistance mechanisms to the devastating pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum under heat stress. A local mapping population was phenotyped against the R. solanacearum GMI1000 strain at 27 and 30 °C. To obtain a precise description of the genetic architecture underlying natural variation of quantitative disease resistance (QDR), we applied a genome‐wide local score analysis. Alongside an extensive genetic variation found in this local population at both temperatures, we observed a playful dynamics of quantitative trait loci along the infection stages. In addition, a complex genetic network of interacting loci could be detected at 30 °C. As a first step to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, the atypical meiotic cyclin SOLO DANCERS gene was validated by a reverse genetic approach as involved in QDR to R. solanacearum at 30 °C. In the context of climate change, the complex genetic architecture underlying QDR under heat stress in a local mapping population revealed candidate genes with diverse molecular functions.
Heterozygous CAPN3 missense variants causing autosomal‐dominant calpainopathy in seven unrelated families
Authors: González‐Mera L. , Ravenscroft G. , Cabrera‐Serrano M. , Ermolova N. , Domínguez‐González C. , Arteche‐López A. , Soltanzadeh P. , Evesson F. , Navas C. , Mavillard F. , Clayton J. , Rodrigo P. , Servián‐Morilla E. , Cooper S. T , Waddell L. , Reardon K. , Corbett A. , Hernandez‐Laín A. , Sanchez A. , Esteban Perez J. , Paradas‐Lopez C. , Rivas‐Infante E. , Spencer M. , Laing N. , Olivé M. 
Published: September 2020

AimsRecessive variants in CAPN3 gene are the cause of the commonest form of autosomal recessive limb girdle muscle dystrophy. However, two distinct in‐frame deletions in CAPN3 (NM_000070.3:c.643_663del21 and c.598_621del15) and more recently, Gly445Arg and Arg572Pro substitutions have been linked to autosomal dominant (AD) forms of calpainopathy. We report 21 affected individuals from seven unrelated families presenting with an autosomal dominant form of muscular dystrophy associated with five different heterozygous missense variants in CAPN.MethodsWe have used massively parallel gene sequencing (MPS) to determine the genetic basis of a dominant form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy in affected individuals from seven unrelated families.ResultsThe c.700G> A, [p.(Gly234Arg)], c.1327T> C [p.(Ser443Pro], c.1333G> A [p.(Gly445Arg)], c.1661A> C [p.(Tyr554Ser)] and c.1706T> C [p.(Phe569Ser)] CAPN3 variants were identified. Affected individuals presented in young adulthood with progressive proximal and axial weakness, waddling walking and scapular winging or with isolated hyperCKaemia. Muscle imaging showed fatty replacement of paraspinal muscles, variable degrees of involvement of the gluteal muscles, and the posterior compartment of the thigh and minor changes at the mid‐leg level. Muscle biopsies revealed mild myopathic changes. Western blot analysis revealed a clear reduction in calpain 3 in skeletal muscle relative to controls. Protein modelling of these variants on the predicted structure of calpain 3 revealed that all variants are located in proximity to the calmodulin‐binding site and are predicted to interfere with proteolytic activation.ConclusionsWe expand the genotypic spectrum of CAPN3‐associated muscular dystrophy due to autosomal dominant missense variants.
Impact of pre‐transplant biopsy on 5‐year outcomes of expanded criteria donor kidney transplantation
Authors: Yap Yun Ting , Ho Quan Yao , Kee Terence , Ng Chee Yong , Chionh Chang Yin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimCompared to Standard Criteria Donors (SCD), Expanded Criteria Donor (ECD) kidneys are associated with poorer outcomes, although pre‐transplant biopsy may mitigate risks. This study assessed 5‐year outcomes of deceased‐donor kidney transplant recipients, comparing recipients of ECD allografts evaluated histologically to recipients of SCD and ECD kidneys assessed clinically.MethodsThis is a single‐centre retrospective study. From November 2005 to December 2009 (Era 1), donors were assessed clinically for suitability for kidney donation. From December 2009 to October 2017 (Era 2), kidneys from ECDs and diabetics underwent pre‐transplant biopsy and were allocated based on Remuzzi score. Outcomes of Era 1 and 2 recipients were compared.ResultsECD kidney transplantation increased from 30.4% to 40.0% from Era 1 to 2. Univariable Cox regression, stratified by transplant era, found that 5‐year graft loss was highest with Era 1 ECD (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1‐5.5, P = .027) while graft loss for Era 2 ECD recipients was similar to SCD recipients. There was no difference in 5‐year recipient survival. Amongst Era 1 ECD recipients, 51.2% experienced rejection compared to 30.8‐41.5% for other subgroups. Five‐year eGFR was higher with Era 2 ECD at 48.4 (33.3‐60.7) ml/min/1.73 m2 compared to 42.2 (35.8‐57.3) ml/min/1.73 m2 for Era 1 ECD. However, these differences were not statistically significant.ConclusionIntroduction of pre‐transplant biopsy assessment may be associated with improved outcomes of ECD kidney recipients such that they are now comparable to SCD kidney recipients, with benefits persisting over 5 years.