bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Variation in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) Cultivars for Rust (Puccinia emaculata) Resistance1
Authors: Cheng Qunkang , Windham Alan S. , Lamour Kurt H. , Saxton Arnold M. , Windham Mark T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eleven switchgrass cultivars (eight ornamental and three agronomic) were inoculated with 40 switchgrass rust isolates collected from the southeastern U.S. to study host resistance, rust virulence and host/pathogen interactions by measuring urediniospore germination percentage, latent period, and the number of uredia and urediniospores produced per cm2 of leaf surface. In general, ornamental switchgrass cultivars had reduced number of uredia and urediniospores produced per cm2 than did agronomic cultivars. Rust isolates were variable for virulence in culture (on grass blades in petri dishes); however they could not be segregated into groups based on collection locations or years. The results of this study will provide information concerning durable horizontal resistance in switchgrass for the ornamental industry.
Index words:, Switchgrass, leaf rust, resistance.
Species used in the study: switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L., rust (Puccinia emaculata).
Changes in Tree Root Architecture Resulting from Field Nursery Production Practices1
Authors: Watson Gary , Hewitt Angela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNursery production practices subject tree root systems to mechanical and environmental factors that are not imposed on plants regenerated naturally from seed. Architecture of undisturbed root systems of nine trees species commonly planted in urban landscapes was compared to root architecture of these tree species produced using common field nursery production practices. When young nursery production seedlings are root-pruned prior to replanting, the loss of the lower portion of the main root and lateral roots emerging from it, and initiation of adventitious roots from the cut end, alter the root system architecture. Nursery production plants have 7 to 48 percent fewer natural lateral roots that could develop into flare roots than undisturbed plants. New roots initiated from the cut end of the main root on nursery production plants can substitute for the loss of lateral roots, if accepted practices are followed. Root architecture of trees is established early. With minor exceptions attributed to the loss of small roots less than 1 mm diameter, there were no significant changes in the number of lateral roots over the 4 year period in both nursery production and undisturbed plants. This consistent number of roots also suggests that pruning the main root did not stimulate additional lateral roots above the pruning cut. Root architecture of liner stock produced in nurseries can be equivalent to undisturbed root systems.Index words: Structural roots, root pruning, bare root, root depth, taproot, root flare.Species used in this study: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.); green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.); littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata L.); red maple (Acer rubrum L.); European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.); Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioicus L.); domestic apple (Malus spp.); red oak (Quercus rubra L.); Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila Jacq.).
Phytotoxicity of Herbicides to Spring Flowering Bulbs
Authors: Skroch W.A. , Warren S.L. , De Hertogh A.A. 
Published: August 2020

Biennial application for two years of nine commonly used turf and ornamental herbicides were evaluated for phytotoxicity to fourteen species of spring flowering bulbs. OH 2 significantly damaged foliage of Anemone ‘Rosea’, Crocus ‘Cream Beauty’, Endymion ‘Blue’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris reticulata ‘Harmony’, Muscari armeniacum, Narcissus ‘Geranium’, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Scilla ‘Spring Beauty’, Triteleia ‘Queen Fabiola’, and the Tulipa ‘Golden Apeldoorn’, ‘Purissima’, and ‘Paul Richter’. Ronstar damaged the foliage of Crocus ‘Cream Beauty’, Crocus ‘Remembrance’, Endymion ‘Blue’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris ‘Harmony’, Muscari armeniacum, Narcissus ‘Geranium’, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Scilla ‘Spring Beauty’, Trietleia ‘Queen Fabiola’, and the Tulipa ‘Golden Apeldoorn’, ‘Purissima’, and ‘Paul Richter’. Muscari foliage was damaged by Balan, Dacthal, Devrinol, Fusilade and Poast. Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’ foliage was damaged by Balan. Anemone ‘Rosea’ foliage was injured by Betasan and Pennant. Tulipa ‘Paul Richter’ foliage was deformed by Devrinol and Fusilade damaged Endymion.
No flower injury was noted from use of Balan, Betasan, Dacthal, Devrinol, Pennant, Fusilade or Poast for two seasons on the 14 bulb species. OH 2 and Ronstardamaged flowers of Crocus ‘Remembrance’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris germanica and I. reticulata ‘Harmony’, Narcissus ‘Unsurpassable’, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Scilla ‘Spring Beauty’, Triteleia ‘Queen Fabiola’, and Tulipa ‘Purissima’ and ‘Paul Richter’. OH 2 damaged the flowers of Crocus ‘Cream Beauty’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris germanica, Iris reticulata ‘Harmony’, Muscari armeniacum, Narcissus ‘Unsurpassable’, Ornithogalum umbellatum, Scilla ‘Spring Beauty’, Triteleia ‘Queen Fabiola’, and Tulipa ‘Golden Apeldoorn’, ‘Purissima’, and ‘Paul Richter’.
Bulb numbers harvested after two years were unaffected by Balan, Betasan, Devrinol, Pennant or Fusilade. Poast and Dacthal reduced bulb numbers of Muscari armeniacum. OH 2 reduced bulb numbers of Crocus ‘Cream Beauty’, Crocus ‘Remembrance’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris reticulata ‘Harmony’, Muscari armeniacum, Triteleia ‘Queen Fabiola’, and ‘Paul Richter’ and ‘Purissima’ tulips. Ronstar reduced the number of bulbs harvested of Crocus ‘Cream Beauty’ and Crocus ‘Remembrance’, Hyacinthus ‘Ostara’, Iris reticulata ‘Harmony’, and Triteleia ‘Queen Fabiola’.
Growth of Common Bermudagrass as Influenced by Plant Growth Regulators, Soil Type and Nitrogen Fertility
Authors: Devitt D. A. , Morris R. L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted on common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] in the greenhouse using three soil types, four nitrogen(N) levels and three plant growth regulators. Growth response was compared to a control. Cutting biomass, cumulative height, turf color, and evapotranspiration were studied over a 9 week period. Cutless® (flurprimidol) reduced cumulative height by as much as 83% and water consumption by as much as 27%. Embark® (mefluidide) and Limit® (amidochlor) did not provide significant long-term height suppression at any rate or any N level on the three soils. Biomass, cummulative height and color ratings of the bermudagrass were higher on the loam and clay soils compared to the sandy loam soil after growth regulators were applied. Phytotoxicity was observed in the form of leaf tip dieback and discoloration only with Cutless®. Turf discoloration was offset by increased nitrogen levels. However, nitrogen reduced the efficacy of Cutless®. By the ninth week, on the sandy loam soil, color exceeded the acceptable rating for Cutless® only at the 1.5 kg ai/ha (1.34 lb ai/ac) level and 73 kg/halmo (65/lb/ac/mo) nitrogen.
Directed Application of Goal (Oxyfluorfen) to Container Grown Euonymus, to Minimize Phytotoxicity and Leaching
Authors: Horowitz M. , Elmore C.L. , Boquist D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Goal 1.6E (Oxyfluorfen) was applied to rooted cuttings of Euonymus fortunei ‘Colorata’ planted in a U.C. Mix (peat:sand, 1:1 by vol), in 3.8 1 (#1) containers, either as a topical spray or mixed within the growth-medium to 2, 7 or 14 cm (0.8, 2.8, 5.6 in) depth. At comparable rates, phytotoxicity was much lower in layered treatments than when sprayed over-the-top. With an identical concentration of Goal in the growth medium, there was no difference in phytotoxicity between a shallow top layer, exposing all but the base of the root ball to treated soil, and planting the root ball into an entire container profile of treated soil. Incorporation slightly reduced the herbicidal activity—as assessed by oversown grass weeds—compared to surface application. The presence of herbicide in the effluent, collected under the containers, was determined 1 and 8 weeks after the application, by bioassay based on germinating bentgrass. In the first bioassay, no appreciable amount of Goal was detected from surface sprays up to 3 kg/ha (2.75 lb/A), nor from 2 and 7 cm (0.8, 2.8 in) layers containing up to 19 mg/kg (17 lb/A). In the second bioassay, no herbicide was detected from shallow layers containing up to 192 mg/kg (172 lb/A). Goal at 19 mg/kg incorporated 2 to 7 cm (0.8, 2.8 in) deep, at planting time, is suggested as an alternative to overall application on containers.
Effects of Preemergence Herbicides on Hosta and Daylily
Authors: Whitwell Ted , Kelly John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Thirteen preemergence herbicides were evaluated for phytotoxicity to container grown hosta (Hosta spp. Tratt. ‘Hyacinthina’) and daylily (Hemerocallis spp. L. ‘Sammy Russell’). Severe injury (28 to 55%) was observed from Ronstar (oxadiazon) and Goal (oxyfluorfen) for both species. The other herbicides did not cause visual injury. Three herbicides, Surflan (oryzalin), Endurance (prodiamine) and Pennant (metolachlor), were selected to investigate plant tolerance in field plantings at 1.1, 2.2, and 4.5 kg/ha (1, 2, and 4 lb/A). None of these herbicides caused visual injury or reduced shoot or root weight for 60 or 90 days after treatment. Daylily flower number was not affected by any of the herbicide treatments.
Nitrate in Runoff Water from Container Grown Juniper and Alberta Spruce Under Different Irrigation and N Fertilization Regimes
Authors: Rathier Thomas M. , Frink Charles R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Juniperus horizontalis Moench ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ (compact Andorra juniper) and Picea glauca Moench (Voss) ‘Conica’ (dwarf Alberta spruce) were grown for one season in 2.2 1 (#1) nursery containers in a potting medium containing composted hardwood bark, sphagnum peat moss and sand (1:1:1 by vol). The containers were placed over lysimeters permitting continuous collection and measurement of water passing through and around the containers. Slow release or soluble N was applied at an annual rate of 1.6 g of N per pot. Containers were irrigated by either trickle or overhead methods and water volumes were recorded. Subsamples of leachate were collected and analyzed for nitrate. Much less nitrate was leached by the trickle than by the overhead irrigation. Although slow release N sources lost considerably less nitrate in runoff water, there is still sufficient nitrate lost by these sources to pollute ground water unless annual fertilizer needs are supplied by split applications. Depending on sources, 58–80% of the N applied as slow release fertilizers was not recovered in either the plant or runoff water.
Control of Prostrate Spurge (Euphorbia humistrata) and Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanquinalas) in Container Grown Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’ With Herbicide Combinations
Authors: Whitwell Ted , Kalmowitz Kathie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Granular herbicide combinations were evaluated for longevity of prostrate spurge (Euphorbia humistrata Engelm.ex.Gray) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) control. Rout (oxytluorfen + oryzalin), Ornamental Herbicide 2 (oxytluorfen + pendimethalin), Ronstar plus Modown (oxadiazon + bifenox) and Ronstar (oxadiazon) were applied at labeled rates and twice labeled rate in container grown Compact Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’). Weeds were reseeded each month but herbicides were not reapplied. The normal use rate controlled both weeds during the first 30 days after treatment (DAT) while twice this rate controlled the weed species at 60 DAT. No herbicide treatment effectively (&gt;80%) controlled prostrate spurge 90 DAT. The high rate of Rout controlled (&gt;80%) crabgrass at 90 DAT. Weed numbers and above ground biomass retlected visual control ratings. Compact Japanese Holly was not injured by any treatment.
Weed Control with Gallery and Other Herbicides in Field-Grown Nursery Crops
Authors: Gilliam C.H. , Wehtje G. , Eason J.E. , Hicks T.V. , Fare D.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Selected herbicides were evaluated for weed control in a two-year field test with boxwood, holly, viburnum and nandina. Gallery (isoxaben), when applied alone, generally provided inferior grass control during year one compared to Surflan (oryzalin). Surflan in combination with Gallery at 3.4 + 1.1 kg/ha (3.0 + 1.0 lb/A) provided weed control similar to that obtained with traditional herbicide programs of Surflan in combination with Princep (simazine) and/or Goal (oxyfluorfen). Plant size of four woody plant species, treated twice annually with Surflan + Gallery over a two year period, was statistically equivalent to the maximum plant size obtained with any other treatment.
Control of Phytophthora Root Rot of Rhododendron chapmanii A. Gray with Subdue
Authors: Benson D. M. , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of Chapman's rhododendron (Rhododendron chapmanii) in soilless medium were challenged with inoculum of the soi1borne fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi (Rands). A portion of the plants received a soil drench of Subdue 2EC (metalaxyl) at 0.16 ml/L (2.0 oz/100 gal) at 2 month intervals. Chapman's rhododendron was highly susceptible to P. cinnamomi, but five of six plants treated with Subdue did not develop symptoms of Phytophthora root rot. In the one plant which developed root rot symptoms, P. cinnamomi was recovered in culture.
Influence of Phosphorus on Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirement of Melampodium leucanthum (Blackfoot Daisy) Grown in Perlite-Vermiculite Medium
Authors: Hipp Billy W. , Simpson Benny J. , Graff Paul S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We determined the influence of N and P fertilizers on growth and tissue N concentration of container grown blackfoot daisy (Melampodium leucanthum Ton. & Gray), a resource-efficient native landscape herbaceous perennial for the southwestern United States. Regression equations derived from the data indicated that maximum growth could be obtained by application of 166 mg N/liter (ppm) in irrigation water if 30 mg P/liter were also applied. However, near maximum growth was obtained with 100 mg N/liter at the 30 mg P/liter level. Fifteen mg P/liter in irrigation water were not adequate for maximum growth. Tissue nitrogen concentrations in whole plants should be &gt; 1.7% for growth not to be limited by N.
Plant Form In Relation To Root Spread
Authors: Gilman Edward F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four Juniperus chinensis cultivars, ‘Torulosa’, ‘Sylvestris’, ‘Pfitzeriana’ and ‘Hetzii’ had mean and maximum root spreads of 1.6m (4.8 ft) and 2.2 m (6.6 ft) resp, 12 months after planting. Despite large differences in plant form, root spread on all four cultivars was equal. The columnar cultivar ‘Torulosa’ had significantly less root length within the drip-line than the more spreading cultivars ‘Pfitzeriana’ and ‘Hetzii’. Percentage of total root length within the dripline was correlated (r= −.72) with the ratio of plant height to spread.
Direct-Seeded Kentucky Coffeetree Seed Tolerance to Preemergent Herbicides
Authors: Long C.E. , Geyer W.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Various soil types (loamy and sandy soils) were seeded with Kentucky coffeetree, treated with preemergent herbicides and grown in the greenhouse to determine their effect on seedling survival and growth. Tested were Lasso (alachlor) at 2.2 (2.0), Tenoran 50W (chloroxuron) at 2.2 (2.0), Dacthal (DCPA) at 11.2 (10.0), Eptam (EPTC) at 4.5 (4.0), Devrinol (napropamide) at 1.1 (1.0), Ronstar (oxadiazon) at 4.5 (4.0) and Tolban 4E (profluralin) at 0.6 (0.5) kg ai/ha (lb ai/a). All treatments tested allowed acceptable survival (82%) and height or dry weight growth.
Weed Control with Landscape Fabrics
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F. , Appleton Bonnie Lee 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Six polypropylene landscape fabrics were compared with black plastic and preemergence herbicides for weed control. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] shoots and roots and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) shoots penetrated all of the fabrics tested and developed into large plants. In greenhouse studies, black plastic plus mulch, and pennant (metolachlor) [2-chloro-N-(2ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] at 4.5 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb/A) plus mulch provided equal, or greater control of large crabgrass than the landscape fabrics. In the field study, more time was required to hand-weed landscape fabrics covered with mulch than uncovered fabrics. When covered with mulch, hand-weeding time and weed shoot fresh weights were similar for black plastic, surflan (oryzalin) [4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide] at 2.2 kg/ha (2.0 lb/A), and the landscape fabrics.
Growth and Quality of Colorado Spruce Transplanted during the Spring Growth Flush
Authors: Tripepi Robert R. , Carter Joseph E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Conifers transplanted during the spring growth flush can be injured or even killed due to severe root losses. In this study, 3-2 Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) were dug as balled and burlapped or bare-root plants in late April and May. Bare-root plants were treated with distilled water, absolute (100%) ethanol, or 1000 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (lBA) in 20% or absolute ethanol. Less than 2% of all trees transplanted in April died, whereas 80 and 100% of the plants dug in May and treated with absolute ethanol or IBA in absolute ethanol died. Terminal growth on balled and burlapped plants moved in April was 60% greater than that on bare-root spruces treated with water, the second best treatment. Terminal shoots expanded the most between five and seven weeks after bud break for plants transplanted in April, and balled and burlapped spruces grew the most. Visual ratings of bare-root plants treated with absolute ethanol alone or combined with IBA was significantly poorer than that of spruces receiving the other treatments in both months. This study demonstrated that 3-2 Colorado spruce can be successfully transplanted during its spring growth flush regardless of the digging method used.
Influence of Light and Temperature on Seed Germination of Mountain Laurel
Authors: Malek Asiah A. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Shelton James E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) were germinated at 2.5°C (77°F) and 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) with daily photoperiods of 0, ½, ½ twice daily, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr. Seeds exhibited an obilgate light requirement. At 25°C (77°F), increasing photoperiods increased germination with maximum germination (90%) occuring by day 18 under continuous illumination. The alternating temperature of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) enhanced germination when light was limiting. At this temperature, maximum germination of 86 to 87% was reached by day 24 for photoperiods ≥ 8 hr.
Response of Nine Herbaceous Flowering Perennials to Selected Herbicides
Authors: Skroch W.A. , Catanzaro C.J. , Yonce M.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nine herbicides registered for use on turf and ornamentals were applied semiannually for 2 years to 9 species of field grown herbaceous flowering perennials. The herbicides used were Balan (benefin), Betasan (bensulide), Dacthal (DCPA), Devrinol (napropamide), Fusilade (fluazifop), Ornamental Herbicide 2 (oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin), Pennant (metolachlor), Poast (sethoxydim), and Ronstar (oxadiazon). The perennials included fernleaf yarrow, shasta daisy, coreopsis, dianthus, daylily, candytuft, red hot poker, statice, and phlox. Betasan produced no visual phytotoxicity. All other treatments, excluding Ornamental Herbicide 2 (OH-2), caused less than 20% injury to all species tested. OH-2 caused 40%, 39%, and 30% injury to daylily, yarrow, and red hot poker, respectively. Economically tolerable (less than 25%) injury was exhibited by phlox and shasta daisy treated with OH-2, by daylily treated with Pennant, and by phlox treated with Ronstar. OH-2 increased flowering of coreopsis and statice by 97% and 235%, respectively, while it reduced plant area of phlox by 53% and flowering of phlox by 34%. Both Pennant and OH-2 reduced flowering of dianthus by nearly 30%.
Storage Molds of Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Hanchek A.M. , Everts K. , Maqbool M. , Cameron A.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fungi were subcultured and identified to genera from 24 species of bare-root herbaceous perennials held in commercial cold storage chambers. Ten genera dominated the cultures. Although no pathogenicity tests were conducted, most genera were usually considered to be saprophytes or opportunistic pathogens which often infect previously damaged tissue. Other species of perrennials were harvested from commercial fields and given a Benlate dip fungicide treatment prior to storage. After six months, crowns were removed, rated for mold development, potted, and evaluated for quality of regrowth. Surface molds were generally suppressed by Benlate (Benomyl 50WP), but regrowth was rarely improved and often reduced. Use of fungicides to improve cosmetic appearance of stored herbaceous perennials is not recommended on the basis of these results.
Chilling Units Used to Determine Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Junipers
Authors: Major John E. , Grossnickle Steven C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings from 10 juniper cultivars, representing 5 taxa of juniper (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Pfitzer Aurea’; J. horizontalis Moench ‘Bar Harbor’, ‘Prince of Wales’, ‘Wiltoni’, ‘Youngstown’; J. procumbens Endl. ‘Green Mound’; J. sabina L. ‘Broadmoor’, ‘Buffalo’, ‘Tamariscifolia’ and; J. scopulorium Sarg. ‘Wichita Blue’) were inserted into rooting beds twice monthly from October 15, 1986 to February 28, 1987. During this time period, air temperature was monitored continuously 1 m (39 in) above the stock plants and seasonal chilling units (i.e., hours at ≤55°C (41°F)) were determined. Chilling units of the donor stock plants affected the percent rooting of most juniper cultivars. Data suggest that the optimum rooting period of most cultivars of juniper can be determined by their chilling units.
Feasibility of Adding Surfactants to Slow-Release Herbicide Tablets for Container-Grown Landscape Plants
Authors: Horowitz Menashe , Smith Elton M. , Gorski Stanley F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Slow-release tablets made of dicalcium phosphate containing a herbicide and a surfactant were evaluated for weed growth. The addition of 1-2% surfactant to herbicides having a very low water solubility, such as Gallery (isoxaben), Surflan (oryzalin), Ronstar (oxadiazon), and Goal (oxyfluorfen), and for comparison, to Dual (metolachlor), markedly enhanced the release of herbicide and enlarged the area of weed inhibition. The surfactants that produced the best results were Triton X-100 and X-77. Tablets placed on the surface of containers filled with Metro Mix 350 or a pine bark-peat moss-sand medium, under intermittent mist in the greenhouse, or under sprinklers outdoors, produced up to 15 cm (6 in) diameter circular areas of weed control, around a single tablet. Initial release of herbicide from tablets was rapid upon exposure to moisture and the area of activity became close to maximum within a few days after placing the tablet on the soil surface. Tablets placed on surface produced larger areas of activity than when buried. The tablets retained their shape after 3 months of outdoor exposure.