bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metacarpals and manual phalanges
Authors: Kivell Tracy L. , Ostrofsky Kelly R. , Richmond Brian G. , Drapeau Michelle S.M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents description and analysis of the metacarpals and manual phalanges from Sterkfontein. Although the morphology is generally similar across the sample where there are duplicates of the same element, there are differences in size that are quite remarkable within the context of all South African hominins. Some very large specimens suggest the presence of individuals at Sterkfontein with much larger hands, and presumably larger body size, at Sterkfontein than those of A. sediba MH2, H. naledi and the Swartkrans hominins. Australopithecus africanus had human-like proportions, but this may be plesiomorphic within the hominoid clade. The potentially less mobile trapezium-Mc1 joint, absence of a fully developed palmar pulp on the distal thumb, more limited pronation of the index finger, and potentially more wedge-shaped trapezoid inferred from the preserved external morphology, is consistent with lower manipulative loading of the thumb than is typical of later Homo. As for other forelimb elements, moderately curved manual phalanges suggests a greater reliance on forelimb-dominated locomotor behaviors and perhaps selection for more frequent use of an arboreal environment in A. africanus than is found in A. afarensis. Thus, within this broader context, the Sterkfontein fossil hominin remains are not unusual. The Sterkfontein hand fossils suggest an overall manipulative and locomotor loading regime that was more similar to that of other South African australopiths and distinct from that of later Homo, but more refined functional interpretations require additional fossil evidence, particularly from associated hand skeletons
Limb proportions and positional behavior
Authors: Gordon Adam D. , Green David J. , Jungers William L. , Richmond Brian G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Major changes in body shape occurred during human evolution, but questions remain about body shape in australopiths. The present study investigates the specifics of the presumed relationships between limb indices and positional behavior underlying prior work that compared proportions among extant hominids in order to make inferences about extinct hominins. We find that although both intermembral index or ratio of diaphyseal and articular proportions distinguish humans from great apes, neigher correlates well with variation in the degree of arboreality in the locomotor repertoire of extant hominids. Brachial index and a ratio of diaphyseal and articular dimensions from the fore- and hindlimb, however, do correlate with degree of arboreality, and scale slightly positively allometrically within species in all extant taxa. These two observations are taken into consideration in a more nuanced interpretation of a reanalysis of articular-diaphyseal limb proportions in an expanded sample of the Sterkfontein postcrania. This study confirms previous findings that Australopithecus africanus had larger forelimb dimensions in relation to hindlimb dimensions than modern humans and A. afarensis, similar to the patterns seen in extant apes, particularly western gorillas. However, data presented here suggest that interpreting a particular taxon as “human-like” or “ape-like” may be overly simplistic. Instead, while both A. africanus and A. afarensis were almost certainly committed bipeds that incorporated some arboreality into their locomotor repertoire, A. africanus apparently used a set of locomotor behaviors that was more distinct from that of A. afarensis than Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla are from each other.
An Angle of Vision
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the variety of types of cases Justice Antonin Scalia heard on the U.S. Supreme Court and notes their variety as well as the fact that in a few areas Scalia took originalist positions that brought results commonly regarded as “liberal,” such as his interpretation of the Confrontation Clause. The chapter then turns to the bulk of the cases where he supported “conservative” results. It points out that he used his originalist jurisprudence vigorously to defend certain positions that involved his own most intensely held personal values (those dealing with abortion, gay marriage, the death penalty, and assisted suicide), and it suggests that his originalism may have been designed to justify his views on those issues. The chapter then suggests that the true test of his jurisprudence and methodology lay not in his actions in those cases but rather in the more general run of cases where he applied his jurisprudential principles inconsistently, failed to apply them at all, or actually rejected them. That large and final category of cases constituted the majority of his decisions and opinions, the chapter argues, and it provides the best ground for testing his jurisprudential claims and ultimately identifying the true nature of his jurisprudence and the significance of his judicial career.
Setting a New Course
Authors: Bremer Francis J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
By 1617 members of the congregation discussed moving. The challenges of living in Leiden remained great. They also feared the Netherlands becoming engaged in war with Spain. After considerable discussion, the congregation decided to emigrate, and to seek a new home in North America. Representatives of the congregation sought a particular patent from the Virginia Company of London. Because the venture would be costly, they negotiated with investors led by Thomas Weston. The investors would put up most of the money. The settlers themselves would work for seven years with income from their effort paying off the investors. When one of the ships engaged for the voyage, the Speedwell, proved unseaworthy, most of the intended colonists crowded onto the Mayflower. Conditions forced them to settle at Cape Cod. Being outside the area specified in the patent, the passengers drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact, setting terms for self-government.
Evangelical Harmony and the Discord of Taste
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that harmony was a foundational concept in early evangelical poetics, which located the image of God in humanity within the capacity for poetry; and that this was in contradistinction to reigning British literary criticism that focused on elite poetic taste, especially in regard to enthusiasm, the sublime, and the imagination. Looking specifically at Reverend Samuel Davies’s book of poetry, which provoked an extended controversy in the Virginia Gazette, Roberts argues that the work was controversial because it introduced an evangelical anthropology grounded in the concept of harmony that challenged social hierarchies, including race and slavery. The common perception of revivalism as noisy is best understood in the context of eighteenth-century poetic taste that undergirded social structures. The Gazette controversy highlights that Davies’s poetic form expressed his revival practices, especially communion as the wedding banquet of Christ and the believer. As such, it materialized aesthetics as a bodily experience and opened up an evangelical disposition to the world that encouraged the mingling of senses, which had direct implications on how one imagined the capacity for aesthetic experience and an emerging racialization of the senses. Though Davies stopped short of realizing the abolitionist implications of his own poetics, his extension of the “plainest capacity” into a sublime poetics for the masses along with its social ramifications was ultimately outside of his control.
A Revivalist Ars Poetica for an Itinerant Coterie
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that evangelical wit and poetic networks were central to evangelical conversion, itinerancy, and verse culture (both evangelical and nonevangelical). In fact, to understand evangelicalism as an aesthetic movement means acknowledging itinerant networks as large scale poetic coteries and extemporenous preaching as part of the larger culture of wit in the eighteenth century. By looking at the Virginian itinerant minister James Ireland’s conversion narrative, Roberts shows how poetics and sociability could work in the opposite direction of Erskine, Moorhead, Davies, and Wheatley to help construct a muscularized and white evangelical masculinity among male poet-ministers. The chapter also shows how Ireland’s narrative reveals the importance of revival poetic forms to conversion and to a larger poetic history. Roberts argues that poems became crucial artifacts of evangelical conversion and its punctiliar and historical nature. Perhaps most importantly, she argues that revival poetics was crucial to the development of the lyric and helped constitute its particular mode of address to the stranger.
Conclusion
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Through examples of both print and manuscript poems, the conclusion argues that evangelicalism was a shift in the emphasis on aesthetics and its correct uses more than a theological tenet, and that revival poetry became a central part of not only eighteenth-, but nineteenth-century verse practices and beyond. These legacies, which include the revivalist poet-minister, the print itinerant, espousal piety, the Calvinist couplet, and women poet-minister personae, have important implications for later abolitionist poetry, the sentimental poetess, histories of racialized and gendered aesthetic capacities, the development of lyric address, and the integration of religious experience and practice in American literary history. Though elite defenders of enthusiasm tried to empty enthusiasm of religious radicalism and attach it to literary poetry, the eighteenth century (and beyond) saw the explosion of an enthusiastic poetry explicitly tied to religious revivalism. Ultimately, Roberts argues, literary scholars must grapple with how to write modern literary histories that account for people living with the gods fully present.
Compromise as a Democratic Value
Authors: Wolak Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes up the argument that people support the principle of compromise for the same reasons that they embrace other democratic values like free speech or rule of law—because they are socialized to believe that they should. In schools and in their civic lives, Americans learn that compromise is a normatively desirable way to resolve disagreements. With survey data, support for compromise is shown to be predicted by the same considerations that underlie support for other democratic values. When those predisposed to resist compromise gain education, live in places with high social capital, or engage in voluntary organizations, they are more likely to be open-minded about compromise. People’s partisan passions have little to do with their willingness to endorse compromise. In fact, those who are the most inclined to engage in partisan thinking are among the most supportive of compromise.
Histories of Theorizing Adaptation
Authors: Elliott Kamilla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChapter 1 surveys prior histories of theorizing adaptation and the neglect of history in adaptation studies. In spite of being charged with theoretical lack, the field of adaptation studies has tended to prioritize theory over history. History offers a perspective that theorization, often ahistorical in its claims, lacks. Many scholars substitute a myth of fidelity for an actual history of theorizing adaptation; the histories that we do have tend to begin with the birth of film and figure the history of theorizing adaptation as a progress toward greater truth. This history, which reaches beyond literary film adaptation to other media and farther back to the sixteenth century, finds that adaptation theorization has not unfolded as a linear progress but has regularly engaged in processes of theoretical repetition and return, together with variation and progressivism. In so doing, a history of theorization resembles adaptation itself as a process of repetition with variation.
Rethinking Theoretical Principles
Authors: Elliott Kamilla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChapter 7 examines how and why adaptation resists theorization at its third stage: the development of theoretical principles. Unlike most discussions of adaptation in relation to theoretical principles, the purpose of this chapter is not to adjudicate which principles are truest or best for adaptation, nor to generate new principles to govern adaptation, but to probe the relationship between the principles of theorization and the principles of adaptation. The principles of what theorization is and should do in the humanities have been extensively canvassed and debated; the principles of adaptation have been rarely addressed. Chapter 7 makes a small start on redressing that imbalance. It begins by considering humanities’ theorization’s preoccupation with truth by contrast to how little adaptation has been concerned with truth. It continues by pondering why the humanities have struggled more than the social sciences and sciences to theorize adaptation and what we can learn from their less problematic relations to adaptation. The lesson from the sciences is not to become more systematic, categorical, positivist, or objectivist but to learn from them not to fear our subject matter’s challenges to our theoretical principles and to theorize more experimentally, freely, and creatively, even at the risk of failure and error. It concludes by proposing what principles of adaptation might look like and by pondering how these principles might talk back to theoretical principles and how they might reach across the diasporic field that is adaptation studies to develop it through dialogue and debate over what the principles of adaptation are and how they challenge the theoretical principles that have been levied on adaptation.
Refiguring Adaptation Studies
Authors: Elliott Kamilla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChapter 9 considers how particular rhetorical figures have informed and can further inform particular theoretical problems within adaptation studies: for example, how figures of similarity can redress transtheoretical hierarchies valorizing difference over similarity, how synaesthesia can refigure medium specificity theory, and how figures of contiguity can theorize adaptation’s part/whole relations. It argues that figuration, as a relational rhetorical process, navigates far more complexly and variably between adaptation studies’ paired terms (adapted/adapting, entities/environments, repetition/variation) than theories have done, offering alternatives to aesthetic and cultural hierarchies, radical political revolutions of them, formalist and structuralist categoricity, poststructuralist deconstruction, and postmodern pastiche and pluralism. This chapter does not constrain figures such as antimetathesis, antimetabole, metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche, and synaesthesia to particular theoretical principles but probes them to generate adaptive concepts and methodologies by which to refigure adaptation studies. Whether we believe that there is a pre-existing reality that representation expresses or that representation is constructed, or a combination of the two—whether our interests lie in aesthetics, semiotics, narratology, history, culture, politics, industry, or anything else—figuration can revivify and refigure all theoretical and disciplinary purviews and create new ways of dialoguing between them. The chapter concludes with a discussion of metalepsis and the mysteries of adaptation and how the shift from analogical to digital technologies affects adaptation’s preferred figure of analogy.
Epilogue
Authors: Zeidman Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a more critical examination of the Nazi past within German and Austrian neuroscience. The Spiegelgrund euthanasia brains and brain parts in Vienna were finally buried by 2012 and victims were commemorated. More anonymous brain burials occurred in Munich and Tübingen in the early 1990s, which likely did not adequately commemorate victims and, furthermore, a recent comprehensive investigation of all brain specimens held by the Max Planck Society is underway. The Hugo Spatz Prize was renamed by the German Neurological Society, but the Heinrich Pette Prize still exists. This society and another have laudably conducted investigations leading to publications about Nazi-era neuroscience, but much work must still be done. Additionally, Hallervorden–Spatz disease has largely been renamed, but other collaborator eponyms remain in use and raise the question of what response the neuroscience community should take toward these, and toward experimental data from Nazi-era investigations.
The Unknowable
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book presents a history of nineteenth century metaphysics in Britain, providing close textual readings of the key contributions to First Philosophy made by the key philosophers of the period (such as Hamilton, Mansel, Spencer, Mill, and Bradley) as well as some lesser known figures (such as Bain, Clifford, Shadworth Hodgson, Ferrier, and John Grote). The story focuses on the elaboration of, and differing reactions to, the concept of the unknowable or unconditioned, first developed by Sir William Hamilton in the 1829. The idea of an ultimate but unknowable way that things really are in themselves may be seen as supplying a narrative arc that runs right through the metaphysical systems of the period in question as, relative to this concept, these thought schemes may be divided into three broad groups which were roughly consecutive in their emergence but also overlapping as they continued to develop. In the first instance there were the doctrines of the agnostics who further progressed Hamilton’s basic idea that fundamental reality lies for the great part beyond our cognitive reach, but these philosophies were followed, immediately by those of the empiricists and, in the last third of the century by those of the idealists, both of whom—albeit in profoundly different ways—reacted against the epistemic pessimism of the agnostics. By presenting, interpreting, criticizing and connecting together their various contrasting ideas this book explains how these three traditions developed and interacted with one another to comprise the history of metaphysics in Victorian Britain.
Genetics and the Literary Imagination
Authors: Hanson Clare 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book explores the impact of genetic and postgenomic science on British literary fiction over the last four decades, focusing on the challenge posed to novelists by gene-centric neo-Darwinism and examining the recent rapprochement between postgenomic perspectives and literary understandings of human nature. It assesses the rise to cultural prominence of neo-Darwinism in the form of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, thought styles which were predicated on scientific reductionism and genetic determinism. It explores the ways in which the fiction of Doris Lessing, A.S. Byatt, and Ian McEwan critiques neo-Darwinism but also registers the extent to which these writers are persuaded by the neo-Darwinian view of human behaviour as driven by genetic self-interest. It goes on to consider the ‘new biology’ that emerged around the turn of the millennium, as gene-centrism was displaced by a more dynamic and holistic view of the development and function of living organisms. It reads the work of Eva Hoffman, Kazuo Ishiguro, Margaret Drabble, and Jackie Kay as converging with this shift in which the organism is reconfigured as agentic and self-organizing but caught up in complex co-dependencies with other organisms. The archetypal postgenomic science of epigenetics is crucial in facilitating this change, disclosing the ways in which the genome is constantly modified in response to environmental cues and sponsoring a view of identity in terms of plasticity and mutability, a view more congenial to many writers than the concept of genetic predetermination.
Ian McEwan
Authors: Hanson Clare 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers Ian McEwan’s engagement with neo-Darwinism in its manifestation as evolutionary psychology. From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, human behaviour is driven by genetic self-interest and society is structured around competition, while our tendency to self-deception disguises our motives from ourselves and others. This bleak view of human nature, which was promoted in the 1990s by influential figures such as Daniel Dennett and Steven Pinker, informs the characterization and plot of McEwan’s major novels (Enduring Love, Atonement, and Saturday). It also inflects the movement known as literary Darwinism, with which McEwan was closely associated. Having charted McEwan’s tight connections with neo-Darwinism, the chapter concludes with a reading of his recent novel Nutshell (2016) as a witty subversion of the neo-Darwinian orthodoxies which shaped his earlier work
The Crusader States and their Neighbours
Authors: Morton Nicholas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Crusader States and their Neighbours explores the military history of the medieval Near East, piecing together the fault-lines of conflict which entangled this much-contested region. This was an area where ethnic, religious, dynastic, and commercial interests collided and the causes of war could be numerous. Conflicts persisted for decades and were fought out between many groups including Kurds, Turks, Armenians, Arabs, and the Crusaders themselves. This book recreates this world exploring how each faction sought to advance its own interests by any means possible, adapting its war craft to better respond to the threats posed by their rivals. Strategies and tactics employed by the pastoral societies of the Central Asian Steppe were pitted against the armies of the agricultural societies of Western Christendom, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, galvanizing commanders to adapt their practices in response to their foes. Today, we are generally encouraged to think of this era as a time of religious conflict and yet this vastly over-simplifies a complex region where violence could take place for many reasons and peoples of different faiths could easily find themselves fighting side-by-side.
Friends and Foes (1099–1129)
Authors: Morton Nicholas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 Friends and Foes discusses the Crusader States’ closest neighbours in the early years of the twelfth century. On their southern borders the Franks confronted the Egyptian Fatimid Empire and it will be shown here how the the Franks managed to overcome the many attacks launched against them by Fatimid commanders. On their eastern borders, the Franks faced the Turkish city-states of Damascus and Aleppo. This chapter shows how the Turks were never able to unite against the Franks due both to their continued infighting and to the many other threats to their rule. This was an era where the complete collapse of Turkish authority across Syria was a very real possibility, driven by Frankish attacks as well as by many local rebellions. In this environment, mere survival was often the goal steering these Turkish leaders’ policies and it was frequently in their interests to manage the threat posed by the Crusader States by diplomatic means rather than seeking to drive them out of the Near East altogether. Further North, in the wake of the First Crusade, the Armenian lords of Cilicia and Southern Anatolia seized the opportunity to drive back Turkish authority, but they then had to negotiate new relationships for themselves with the Crusader States. These included moments of both conflict and rivalry as well as and friendship and accord. The early history of their interactions is examined in detail.