bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and Reversed Intergenerational Equity: the Problem of Costs Now, for Benefits Later
Authors: Davies Gareth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Climate change is often seen as an issue of intergenerational equity—consumption now creates costs for future generations. However, radical mitigation now would reverse the problem, creating immediate costs for current generations, while the benefits would be primarily for future ones. This is a policy problem, as persuading those living now to bear the cost of changes whose benefits will mostly accrue after their deaths is politically difficult. The policy challenge is then how to temporally match costs to benefits, either by deferring mitigation costs, or by speeding up climatic benefits. Geoengineering may provide some help here, as it might enable climate change to be slowed more immediately, at a lower upfront cost, and allow a greater share of the mitigation and adaptation burden to be passed on to those in the future who will benefit most.
Isabelle de Charrière and Skepticism in the Literary Life
Authors: Laursen John Christian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article explores some senses in which Isabelle de Charrière (1740–1805) may be understood as a skeptic in her personal life and in her literary life, although the two cannot really be separated since she lived the literary life. She called herself a skeptic a number of times, and also showed some knowledge of the Academic or Socratic and especially of the Pyrrhonian traditions of skepticism in her novels and extensive correspondence. This Dutch-Swiss writer provides an example of what it might be to live as a skeptic, serving as a case study for the debates about the feasibility and moral status of living with skepticism.
Is It Rational to Reject Expert Consensus?
Authors: Frances Bryan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Philosophers defend, and often believe, controversial philosophical claims. Since they aren’t clueless, they are usually aware that their views are controversial—on some occasions, the views are definitely in the minority amongst the relevant specialist-experts. In addition, most philosophers are aware that they are not God’s gift to philosophy, since they admit their ability to track truth in philosophy is not extraordinary compared to that of other philosophers. In this paper I argue that in many real-life cases, such beliefs in controversial claims are irrational. This means that most philosophers have irrational philosophical beliefs.
“The Cause Is a Worthy One, So Come Along with Your Sixpence and Enjoy Yourselves with One Hour of Lusty Sport”
Authors: Gennaro Michael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article argues that the fissures and fun times within colonial society during the war become visible when looking through the lens of wartime sport. Specifically, the commentary that sport generated about social, political, and economic conditions in the colony reveals the various ways Nigerians used sport to challenge the colonial system, while for the British, sport was used to cement the bonds of empire and to gauge Nigerians’ patriotism for the war. Sport as a lens, then, has a lot to contribute to our understandings of the war, the experiences of Nigerians, and the transformations to the social economy, through which sport was an integral aspect of leisure, labor, politics, and wartime fundraising. As sport continued throughout the war in Nigeria, as elsewhere across the continent, sport was used by Britain to tie the colonies into a wider cultural bond. In addition, sport allowed Nigerians to contest colonialism’s unequal social state.
“We Cannot Suffer in Burma and Return to Face Trials in Our Own Country”
Authors: Mordi Emmanuel Nwafor 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Second World War demobilization and reintegration of Nigerian veterans into civilian life, neglected previously by scholars, is examined within the broad literature on African post-war demobilization. Scholars’ focus on the anxieties that heralded demobilization, dashed hopes, grievances and political roles of ex-servicemen exposed lacunae about how the soldiers that survived the war were reintegrated into civilian life. This historical study interrogates archival sources to examine Nigerian demobilization and reintegration policies, programmes, challenges and solutions. It posits that the government ignored the lessons of hindsight, dashed ex-servicemen’s hopes, and generated grievances that nationalists failed to capitalize upon to hasten Nigeria’s independence.
Yi Chema and the Psychosocial Body in Late Nineteenth Century Korea
Authors: Yi Kiebok 
Published: November 2020

Conventional understandings of Chinese medicine, and by extension East Asian medicine, are that historical and contemporary discourses on the medical body have essentially revolved around a unitary body perception—the cosmological body as demonstrated by the use of concepts such as qi, yinyang, and the Five Phases. Notably, in this body conception, the material, spiritual and emotional dimensions are not separable from each other but are rather interconnected by means of allpervasive qi that resonates in the universe.
However, East Asian medicine has in fact provided a far more diverse and dynamic landscape of conceptualizations of the body than has previously been assumed. Addressing this relatively ignored topography, this paper investigates medical thought about body structure that was proposed and practiced by Yi Chema 李濟馬 (1837-1900), a physician and Confucian in late nineteenth century Chosŏn 朝鮮 Korea. Rather than considering cosmological factors, he brought into play human affairs and agency in his discussion of the medical body. In the framework of his medical system, later referred to as Sasang 四象 (fourfold imaging) medicine, psychosocial characteristics—such as affective temperaments, cognitive traits, and behavioral dispositions—are inherently interwoven with the configuration of the viscera and body parts. Importantly, the physiological processes of this psychosocial body are not so much maintained by cosmologically resonating qi flowing throughout the body, but rather, they are activated by the human agent’s psychosocial drive to engage with the world.
Yi Chema, through his conceptualization of the psychosocial body, envisaged an ideal world in which the qualities and differences of people should be acknowledged to the fullest extent. Thus he rejected hierarchical socio-cultural orderings of human beings in favor of a respect of heterogeneity. Yi Chema’s effort to promote the psychosocial body can be understood against the backdrop of late nineteenth century East Asia, where the mechanistic body of what was then seen as modern medicine was encroaching upon the cosmological body.
Exploring Inland Tropical Cyclone Rainfall and Tornadoes under Future Climate Conditions through a Case Study of Hurricane Ivan
Authors: Carroll-Smith Dereka , Trapp Robert J. , Done James M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe overarching purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic climate change both on the rainfall and tornadoes associated with tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall in the U.S. Atlantic basin. The “pseudo–global warming” (PGW) approach is applied to Hurricane Ivan (2004), a historically prolific tropical cyclone tornado (TCT)-producing storm. Hurricane Ivan is simulated under its current climate forcings using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. This control simulation (CTRL) is then compared with PGW simulations in which the current forcings are modified by climate-change differences obtained from the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (NCAR); Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 5 (MIROC); and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 3 (GFDL). Changes in TC intensity, TC rainfall, and TCT production, identified for the PGW-modified Ivan, are documented and analyzed. Relative to CTRL, all three PGW simulations show an increase in TC intensity and generate substantially more accumulated rainfall over the course of Ivan’s progression over land. However, only one of the TCs under PGW (MIROC) produced more TCTs than CTRL. Evidence is provided that, in addition to favorable environmental conditions, TCT production is related to the TC track length and to the strength of the interaction between the TC and an environmental midlevel trough. Enhanced TCT generation at landfall for MIROC and GFDL is attributed to increased values of convective available potential energy, low-level shear, and storm-relative environmental helicity.
Toward Cloud Tomography from Space Using MISR and MODIS: Locating the “Veiled Core” in Opaque Convective Clouds
Authors: Forster Linda , Davis Anthony B. , Diner David J. , Mayer Bernhard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For passive satellite imagers, current retrievals of cloud optical thickness and effective particle size fail for convective clouds with 3D morphology. Indeed, being based on 1D radiative transfer (RT) theory, they work well only for horizontally homogeneous clouds. A promising approach for treating clouds as fully 3D objects is cloud tomography, which has been demonstrated for airborne observations. However, more efficient forward 3D RT solvers are required for cloud tomography from space. Here, we present a path forward by acknowledging that optically thick clouds have “veiled cores” (VCs). Sunlight scattered into and out of this deep region does not contribute significant information about the inner structure of the cloud to the spatially detailed imagery. We investigate the VC location for the MISR and MODIS imagers. While MISR provides multiangle imagery in the visible and near-infrared (IR), MODIS includes channels in the shortwave IR, albeit at a single view angle. This combination will enable future 3D retrievals to disentangle the cloud’s effective particle size and extinction fields. We find that, in practice, the VC is located at an optical distance of ~5, starting from the cloud boundary along the line of sight. For MODIS’s absorbing wavelengths the VC covers a larger volume, starting at smaller optical distances. This concept will not only lead to a reduction in the number of unknowns for the tomographic reconstruction but also significantly increase the speed and efficiency of the 3D RT solver at the heart of the algorithm by applying, say, the photon diffusion approximation inside the VC.
Predictable Mode of Tropical Intraseasonal Variability in Boreal Summer
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Tang Youmin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis work uses a 19-yr ensemble hindcast of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the average predictable time (APT) method to detect the most predictable tropical intraseasonal variability (ISV) mode. The first and most predictable mode (APT1) of tropical ISV is similar to a joint merger of the two Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) modes with more weight on the second mode and is characterized by a tripole pattern with two positive centers in the equatorial western Indian Ocean and central Pacific Ocean and a negative center over the Maritime Continent. The APT1 doubles the skillful prediction period made by the MJO defined by a correlation skill of 0.5 (approximately 25 days in the ECMWF model), demonstrating its potential to become a skillful prediction target and to offer powerful subseasonal prediction sources. The underlying physical process and predictability source of the APT1 are further analyzed. The APT1 is very similar to the pattern triggered by the most predictable tropical intraseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies mode, suggesting its oceanic origin. Tropical ocean–atmosphere interaction plays a critical role in the APT1 by enhancing the evolution of tropical convection cells under WES (wind–evaporation–SST) and Bjerknes feedbacks. The internal atmospheric processes also have an important impact on the formation and maintenance of the APT1.
On the Value of River Network Information in Regional Frequency Analysis
Authors: Jung Kichul , Ouarda Taha B. M. J. , Marpu Prashanth R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRegional frequency analysis (RFA) is widely used in the design of hydraulic structures at locations where streamflow records are not available. RFA estimates depend on the precise delineation of homogenous regions for accurate information transfer. This study proposes new physiographical variables based on river network features and tests their potential to improve the accuracy of hydrological feature estimates. Information about river network types is used both in the definition of homogenous regions and in the estimation process. Data from 105 river basins in arid and semiarid regions of the United States were used in our analysis. Artificial neural network ensemble models and canonical correlation analysis were used to produce flood quantile estimates, which were validated through tenfold cross and jackknife validations. We conducted analysis for model performance based on statistical indices, such as the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, root-mean-square error, relative root-mean-square error, mean absolute error, and relative mean bias. Among various combinations of variables, a model with 10 variables produced the best performance. Further, 49, 36, and 20 river networks in the 105 basins were classified as dendritic, pinnate, and trellis networks, respectively. The model with river network classification for the homogenous regions appeared to provide a superior performance compared with a model without such classification. The results indicated that including our proposed combination of variables could improve the accuracy of RFA flood estimates with the classification of the network types. This finding has considerable implications for hydraulic structure design.
Severe Convective Windstorms in Europe: Climatology, Preconvective Environments, and Convective Mode
Authors: Pacey George P. , Schultz David M. , Garcia-Carreras Luis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe frequency of European convective windstorms, environments in which they form, and their convective organizational modes remain largely unknown. A climatology is produced using 10 233 severe convective wind reports from the European Severe Weather Database between 2009 and 2018. Severe convective wind days have increased from 50 days yr−1 in 2009 to 117 days yr−1 in 2018, largely because of an increase in reporting. The highest frequency of reports occurred across central Europe, particularly Poland. Reporting was most frequent in summer, when a severe convective windstorm occurred every other day on average. The preconvective environment was assessed using 361 proximity soundings from 45 stations between 2006 and 2018, and a clustering technique was used to distinguish different environments from nine variables. Two environments for severe convective storms occurred: Type 1, generally low-shear–high-CAPE (convective available potential energy; mostly in the warm season) and Type 2, generally high-shear–low CAPE (mostly in the cold season). Because convective organizational mode often relates to the type of weather hazard, convective organizational mode was studied from 185 windstorms that occurred between 2013 and 2018. In Type-1 environments, the most frequent convective mode was cells, accounting for 58.5% of events, followed by linear modes (29%) and the nonlinear noncellular mode (12.5%). In Type-2 environments, the most frequent convective mode was linear modes (55%), followed by cells (36%) and the nonlinear noncellular mode (9%). Only 10% of windstorms were associated with bow echoes, a lower percentage than other studies, suggesting that forecasters should not necessarily wait to see a bow echo before issuing a warning for strong winds.
Seasonal Calendars Enhance Climate Communication in the Pacific
Authors: Chambers Lynda E. , Plotz Roan D. , Lui Siosinamele , Aiono Faapisa , Tofaeono Tile , Hiriasia David , Tahani Lloyd , Fa’anunu ‘Ofa , Finaulahi Seluvaia , Willy Albert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTraditional calendars document seasonal cycles and the communities’ relationships to their biophysical environment and are often used by communities, particularly subsistence farmers, to synchronize their livelihood activities with the timing of ecological processes. Because the timing of these ecological processes is not always consistent from year to year, the use of traditional seasonal calendars can help communities to cope with climate variability, particularly when biophysical phenomena become less predictable in relation to the Gregorian calendar, as has been observed in relation to climate change. Although the structure and content of seasonal calendars vary across the Pacific Ocean region, for many indigenous communities, knowledge of seasonal calendars can increase their capacity to cope with climate variability and change. To increase the effectiveness of their products and enhance their relevance to and uptake by the community, several Pacific meteorological services are now using traditional seasonal calendars in their climate communication and education, including in forecasts and warnings. The use of a participatory approach resulted in strong relationships and improved dialogues. Local communities appreciated assistance in enabling their knowledge to become available to future generations, and its inclusion in meteorological service products makes these products more accessible and relevant to community members.
Effect of Expertise on Shoulder and Upper Limb Kinematics, Electromyography, and Estimated Muscle Forces During a Lifting Task
Authors: Goubault Etienne , Martinez Romain , Assila Najoua , Monga-Dubreuil Élodie , Dowling-Medley Jennifer , Dal Maso Fabien , Begon Mickael 
Published: November 2020

Objective To highlight the working strategies used by expert manual handlers compared with novice manual handlers, based on recordings of shoulder and upper limb kinematics, electromyography (EMG), and estimated muscle forces during a lifting task. Background Novice workers involved in assembly, manual handling, and personal assistance tasks are at a higher risk of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). However, few studies have investigated the effect of expertise on upper limb exposure during workplace tasks. Method Sixteen experts in manual handling and sixteen novices were equipped with 10 electromyographic electrodes to record shoulder muscle activity during a manual handling task consisting of lifting a box (8 or 12 kg), instrumented with three six-axis force sensors, from hip to eye level. Three-dimensional trunk and upper limb kinematics, hand-to-box contact forces, and EMG were recorded. Then, joint contributions, activation levels, and muscle forces were calculated and compared between groups. Results Sternoclavicular–acromioclavicular joint contributions were higher in experts at the beginning of the movement, and in novices at the end, whereas the opposite was observed for the glenohumeral joint. EMG activation levels were 37% higher for novices but predicted muscle forces were higher in experts. Conclusion This study highlights significant differences between experts and novices in shoulder kinematics, EMG, and muscle forces; hence, providing effective work guidelines to ensure the development of a safe handling strategy is important. Application Shoulder kinematics, EMG, and muscle forces could be used as ergonomic tools to identify inappropriate techniques that could increase the prevalence of shoulder injuries.
The Reserve Powers in Times of Political Crisis: The Dutton/Turnbull Leadership Challenge and Royal Assent to the Medevac Bill and Brexit Bills
Authors: Twomey Anne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe period of 2018–19 threw up political crises in Australia and the United Kingdom that raised circumstances in which the reserve powers of the Queen or the Governor-General might have been exercised. This article discusses in depth the 2018 challenge to Prime Minister Turnbull’s leadership, including how the Governor-General should have responded if he had been asked to dissolve Parliament in the midst of the challenge or if he had been advised not to appoint Dutton as Prime Minister due to concerns about his eligibility to sit in Parliament. The second part deals with the question of whether royal assent should be refused, upon ministerial advice, to a bill, such as the Medevac Bill in Australia and two Brexit delay bills in the United Kingdom, which were passed against the wishes of the relevant government, including when procedural or non-justiciable constitutional requirements were breached in the passage of the bills. It concludes that the best way of resolving such issues is to resort to the application of fundamental constitutional principles.
The effect of the calibre and length of needle on the stability of sclerosing foam
Authors: Skuła Marcin , Hobot Jacek , Czaja Joanna , Simka Marian 
Published: November 2020

Objectives Little is known how calibre and length of needles affect the stability of sclerosing foam. Methods Foams were made of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% polidocanol, and 0.2%, 0.5%, 1% and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS), which were mixed with air in the proportion of 4:1. These foams were ejected through needles with the length of: 4 mm, 6 mm and 13 mm, and diameter of: 0.26 mm, 0.3 mm and 0.4 mm. Results Foams made of more concentrated polidocanol were more stable. Regarding STS an opposite relationship was revealed. Foams made of polidocanol were more stable if ejected through a longer needle, while the length of needle did not significantly affect stability of STS foams. Foams ejected through 0.26 mm diameter needles were very unstable. In the case of 0.5% polidocanol, 0.3x6mm needle provided atypically stable foam. Conclusion In order to inject maximally stable foam, calibre and length of needle should be taken into account.
Positive expiratory pressure in postoperative cardiac patients in intensive care: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pieczkoski Suzimara Monteiro , de Oliveira Amanda Lino , Haeffner Mauren Porto , Azambuja Aline de Cassia Meine , Sbruzzi Graciele 
Published: November 2020

Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of positive expiratory pressure blow-bottle device compared to expiratory positive airway pressure and conventional physiotherapy on pulmonary function in postoperative cardiac surgery patients in intensive care unit. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Settings: Tertiary care. Subjects: 48 patients (16 in each group; aged 64.5 ± 9.1 years, 38 male) submitted to cardiac surgery. Interventions: Patients were randomized into conventional physiotherapy (G1), positive expiratory pressure blow-bottle device (G2) or expiratory positive airway pressure, both associated with conventional physiotherapy (G3). G2 and G3 performed three sets of 10 repetitions in each session for each technique. Main measures: Pulmonary function (primary); respiratory muscle strength, radiological changes, pulmonary complications, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay (secondary) assessed preoperatively and on the 3rd postoperative day. Results: Pulmonary function (except for forced expiratory volume in one second/ forced vital capacity % predicted) and respiratory muscle strength showed significant reduction from the preoperative to the 3rd postoperative in all groups ( P < 0.001), with no difference between groups ( P > 0.05). Regarding radiological changes, length of intensive care unit stay and length of hospital stay, there was no significant difference between groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Both positive expiratory pressure techniques associated with conventional physiotherapy were similar, but there was no difference regarding the use of positive expiratory pressure compared to conventional physiotherapy. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03639974. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03639974