bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ZnO Gate Based Mosfets for Sensor Applications
Authors: Saikumar Ashwin Kumar , Skaria Giji , Sundaram Kalpathy B 
Published: February 2020

In recent years, studies on zinc oxide (ZnO) films have drawn considerable interest because of their good electrical and optical properties, in combination with their wide bandgap, abundance in nature, and absence of toxicity. Owing to its varied physical properties such as electro-optical, acousto-optical, piezoelectrical and luminescence characteristics make ZnO as one of the most obvious choices for sensor applications [1].
Monitoring and control of the environment is very crucial part everywhere ranging from small scale laboratories to the most advanced industrial facilities. The interface that operates between the system and its surroundings and enables us to act accordingly is called as a sensor. Sensors are one of the most indispensable parts of today’s technology.
For the investigation of this, we fabricate a MOSFET with ZnO as its gate metal. We use a four level mask to fabricate the MOSFET, the first level for making the diffusion wells for source and drain. The second level to form the via holes for Aluminum deposition followed by the third level to shape the source and drain contact structures. Finally the fourth level mask to deposit ZnO gate metal. The ZnO gate metal was deposited by sputtering process. The electrical characteristic analysis was performed on the fabricated MOSFETs. We investigate the usage of these MOSFETs for various sensor applications which include but not restricted to gas and UV sensor applications.
REFERENCES
[1] P.P.Sahay, Journal of Material Sciences 40 (2005) 4383-4385
[2] Yongki Min, “Properties and Sensor Performance of Zinc Oxide Thin Films”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, September 2003
[3] Eujune Lee, Dong-Il Moon, Ji-Hwan Yang, Keong Su Lim, and Yang-Kyu Choi, “Transparent Zinc Oxide Gate Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor for High-Responsivity Photodetector” IEEE Electron Devices Letters, Vol 30, No.5, May 2009
Electrochemical Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures
Authors: Jayaraman Shrisudersan 
Published: February 2020

Metal and metal oxide nanostructures immobilized on substrates are extensively studied material systems due to their immense practical and industrial applications such as catalysis and photocatalysis, photovoltaics, electrochromics, energy storage, sensors, functional coatings and biomedical applications [1-6]. Nanomaterials possess unique properties that are not observed in bulk material. In addition to very high surface area – to – volume ratios, they exhibit quantum chemical and quantum mechanical effects which open doors for novel applications that are otherwise impossible with bulk material [7]. A major problem with nanotechnology is the difficulty associated with manufacture of the nanomaterial economically, as a result of which only a few nanotechnology based applications have been commercially realized [8]. In this talk, a simple, low-cost electrochemical process for synthesis of a titanium oxide nanostructures will be reported. This process works at ambient conditions and uses low electrochemical potentials (≤ 5V) and low current densities (few 10’s of A•m-2), which results in use of less energy compared to conventional synthesis processes. As it is an electrochemical process, it also highly scalable with a good degree of reproducibility and controllability even on a manufacturing scale. The size and structure of the nanostructures can be tweaked using process parameters such as voltage, electrode polarity, electrolyte composition and temperature. This methodology opens up possibilities of synthesizing a wide spectrum of nanomaterials at ambient conditions and more importantly, at low cost to enable more nanomaterial-based applications.

References

1. Chen, X. and S.S. Mao, Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications. Chemical Reviews, 2007. 107(7): p. 2891-2959.
2. Guo, S.J. and E.K. Wang, Noble metal nanomaterials: Controllable synthesis and application in fuel cells and analytical sensors. Nano Today, 2011. 6(3): p. 240-264.
3. Seil, J.T. and T.J. Webster, Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2012. 7: p. 2767-2781.
4. Tian, Y.F., S.R. Bakaul, and T. Wu, Oxide nanowires for spintronics: materials and devices. Nanoscale, 2012. 4(5): p. 1529-1540.
5. Zhao, X., et al., The role of nanomaterials in redox-based supercapacitors for next generation energy storage devices. Nanoscale, 2011. 3(3): p. 839-855.
6. Duncan, T.V., Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: Barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2011. 363(1): p. 1-24.
7. Haruta, M., Size- and support-dependency in the catalysis of gold. Catalysis Today, 1997. 36(1): p. 153-166.
8. Kang, H.-Y., A Review of the Emerging Nanotechnology Industry: Materials, Fabrications, and Applications, 2010, Department of Toxic Substances Control Pollution Prevention and Green Technology.
The Influence of the Interaction Between Silicon and Hydroxyl Radicals before the Copper Electrodeposition. Activity Changes of the Silicon Surface
Authors: Muñoz Eduardo Carlo , Navarrete Emilio Alonso , Heyser Cristopher Alejandro , Henríquez Rodrigo Gonzalo , Schrebler Ricardo Silvio , Córdova Ricardo Alejandro 
Published: February 2020

Several studies have emerged in an attempt to explain the aging process which occurs in the human body, where free radicals (FR) are species involved in these alterations. Considering this subject, there is a great interest in being able to detect, quantify and control the amount of FR that human body produces at certain periods, and especially the hydroxyl radical (OH) [i, ii].
In this study we examined the changes in the surface activity of n-Si after its exposition to a solution containing hydroxyl radicals. Changes in the surface activity caused by the interaction between silicon and OH radicals were characterized by analyzing the nucleation and growth mechanism (NGM) of copper on silicon electrodes. For this aim, we studied the copper deposition on: i) n-Si without exposure to hydroxyl radicals and ii) n-Si exposes at different periods of time to hydroxyl radical. It was observed a change in the copper NGM on n-Si, from 3D progressive nucleation diffusion-controlled growth (PN3DDIFF), for the system without exposure to the OH radical, toward 3D instantaneous nucleation diffusion-controlled growth (IN3DDIFF), when the semiconductor substrate was exposed to the OH radicals. In both cases analysis by the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique was performed confirming these mechanisms.

[i] Tomasz Rapecki, Anna M. Nowicka, Mikolaj Donten, Fritz Scholz, Zbigniew Stojek, Electrochem. Commun. 12, (2010), 1531-1534.

[ii] Anna Maria Nowicka, Ulrich Hasse, Mikolaj Donten, Michael Hermes, Zbigniew Jan Stojek, Fritz Scholz, J Solid State Electrochem., 15, (2011), 2141–2147.
Sensor Technologies and Applications for Smart Roads and Smart Buildings
Authors: Grace Roger Henry 
Published: February 2020

Smart System Integration (SSI) principles currently have widespread applications in the societal infrastructure sector addressing critical needs of safety, quality of environment and energy conservation applications. This is easy to understand since SSI approaches provide a small and cost-effective approach to monitoring and controlling the many environments surrounding us vis-à-vis the utilization of broad selection of sensors in their front end. In addition to these front end sensors, Smart Systems also include a diverse array of other functions including signal conditioning circuits (e.g. ASICs with embedded microcontrollers), energy sources, and communication back ends….either wired or wireless and all assembled and packaged. The sensors, when linked together to form a network are frequently referred to as Wireless Autonomous Sensor Networks (WASNs).
Major opportunities for these Smart System Integration solutions currently exist in structural bridge monitoring. In the US alone, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has recently reported that there are over 583,000 bridges and of these over 25% are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. ASCE also reports that of the 76,926 dams that exist in the US of which 1,819 have high hazard potential. Various organizations including the University of Michigan and the University of Illinois have been developing solutions to monitor these and other civil engineering structures including dams, buildings, levees and pipelines.
Additionally, infrastructure monitoring has expansive applications in building monitoring from a structural, energy management, security and quality of environment perspectives. The US census reported that there are over 160 million households in the US and it is reported that there are 1.7 billion households internationally. Most provide heating (and many also provide cooling) to their inhabitants. This is in addition to commercial buildings. WASNs are critical to the efficient monitoring and control of these systems especially in these times of minimizing the systems’ thermal footprint and minimizing energy consumption.
This presentation will address several of the systems currently in use and/or under development at commercial organizations and research facilities in the US to be able to monitor and control these infrastructure applications. Applications include bridge monitoring, smart roads (traffic control and parking) and smart buildings. We will present functional analysis of the systems, address specific elements of the systems (with a focus on sensors) and provide measured results to establish the feasibility and efficacy of such approaches.
Commercialization of Technology: Examples in Chemical Sensors
Authors: Stetter Joseph R , Carter Michael T , Stetter Edward F 
Published: February 2020

It takes a special and concerted effort to get technology successfully into the marketplace. Commercialization of technology requires a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach. Not only is the science and engineering important from basic understanding to manufacturing design, but also market and sales efforts have to be integrated with the team’s management, financing, and organizational skills. You can start this conversation anywhere you wish, but knowledge of the customer need you are solving is critical and this requires serious research to understand the details well enough to design a successful product. Figure 1 illustrates the central position of technology in solving the customer problems, but highlights the overall goal of knowing the customer need. How your product will fill this need is of primary importance in getting to realize the commercial potential of any technology. It is not so important for your technology to solve many needs or be placed in many markets: just one substantive solution to one important need is required for success. If you attempt to write a detailed engineering description of the hardware and software needed to solve your application, you quickly find out what information you still need. The way to resolve your questions is to talk to the marketing group and, often better, to talk to the customer and convince yourself and the rest of the team that the specific product you describe works. While Figure 1 illustrates a nanosensor example that can start a dialog with different markets like safety, process control, medical or environmental and can be useful for solving problems therein, it also show some of the complexities of commercialization. That is to say, there are myriad questions to answer to design a product that will be successful in even one of the above applications.
There are of course many factors to consider besides technology and market when bridging the gap from a technical idea to successful monetization of the technology. Figure 2 illustrates seven different areas that may be important in a startup venture. In the USA, there are a myriad of ways that each of these elements play out in the commercialization scenario. For example, it is sometimes possible to get patent protection and then sell the invention and then not get involved in many of the other details of commercialization like finding distribution for your product or service idea. In the end, realizing the connection of your idea and technological developments can be very rewarding intellectually, personally, and financially.
Characterization of Steam Generated Anticorrosive Oxide Films on Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Din Rameez Ud , Jellesen Morten Stendahl , Ambat Rajan 
Published: February 2020

Aluminium and its alloys are widely used in structural and transportation industry owing to their high strength to weight ratio. The surface of aluminium under normal conditions has a thin oxide film (2.5-10 nm) responsible for its inherent corrosion resistance. This oxide film can further be converted or transformed into functional conversion coatings in order to enhance corrosion resistance and adhesion to paint systems. Chromium based conversion coatings have been extensively used on aluminium alloys to improve adhesion of subsequent paint layers and corrosion resistance. However, the use of hexavalent chromium is strictly regulated due to its toxic nature and suspected carcinogenicity. So, it is highly imperative to develop other alternatives for chrome conversion coatings. Treatment of aluminium with natural water at elevated temperatures results in the formation of different forms of aluminium oxide (γ-AlO(OH) , Al(OH)3) depending on the preparation parameters/conditions. Moreover, with the knowledge of factors controlling film growth, composition and morphology, such oxide layers carry huge potential for practical applications.
Pure aluminium (AA1090, 99.94 wt. %) and other aluminium alloy surfaces were exposed to high pressure steam produced by an autoclave at a temperature of 107 – 121 °C and pressure of 15 -17 psi for 10 minutes to produce a thin coating of aluminium oxide. The aim of this study is to understand the effect of high pressure steam with and without different chemical additives on surface morphology and growth of oxide film on aluminium alloys and the effect of microstructure. Performance of the grown oxide film was evaluated by electrochemical testing and corrosion testing such as salt spray and filiform testing. Surface morphology was observed by using FEG-SEM, EDX and FIB-SEM. Metal oxide surface characterization and compositional depth profiling were investigated by using XRD, XPS and GD-OES respectively.
Corrosion Studies of Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels in Solution Containing Chloride Ions
Authors: Ribeiro Josimar , de Andrade Adalgisa Rodrigues , Soares Thiago Freitas , Moreira Roberta Rossi 
Published: February 2020

The corrosion behavior of stainless steel AISI 304 and AISI 430 was investigated in NaCl 3.0% in the presence and absence of the pyridine and benzimidazole inhibitors. The electrochemical study was performed using the technique of polarization, the surface morphology of the electrodes was characterized by using the techniques of X-rays Diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the composition was investigated by EDX (Energy Dispersive X-rays). Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of stainless steels investigated in this paper. As can be seen in this Figure, the AISI 304 steel has diffraction peaks at the following 2θ angles: 44.59 °, 50.79 °, 74.71 ° and 90.62 ° that have been associated of nickel-iron (FeNi) phase composed (PDF [3-1209]). Beyond this phase was also observed phase of chromium (Cr) peaks (at 44.56 ° and 84.84 °) associated with the X-ray diffraction pattern PDF-data [1-1261]. It is perceived that there is a separation between two different cubic phases, but the chromium phase has a space group Im3m while the iron-nickel phase has not been identify the spatial group. The results obtained by the potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that the AISI 304 steel is more resistant AISI 430. The efficiency of the inhibitor was tested at six different concentrations (2 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm) for each, and all concentrations was observed an increase in potential, so raising corrosion resistance. All analyzes obtained show that higher corrosion resistance with 50 ppm of pyridine for steel AISI 304 and 50 ppm of benzimidazole to AISI 430.
Figure 1. XRD pattern of the AISI 304.
Table 1. Results obtained from Tafel studies for the alloys in different concentration of the pyridine inhibitor.

AISI 304
AISI 430

Solution (NaCl 3%)
Ecorr (mV)
Rp(kΩ cm2)
I (%)
Ecorr (mV)
Rp(kΩ cm2)
I (%)

Absence of inhibitor
-283
31.05
-
-426
1.94
-

5 ppm
-200
79.00
61.0
-415
2.19
11.4

25 ppm
-193
94.65
67.9
-403
3.83
49.3

50 ppm
-186
105.80
70.7
-385
4.42
56.1

100 ppm
-203
83.48
62.8
-327
8.87
78.1

500 ppm
-213
62.54
50.4
-300
18.44
89.5

1000 ppm
-221
49.27
37.0
-314
5.09
61.9

This paper was supported by the funding agencies: FAPES, CAPES and CNPq.
Analysis of Water Quality for Pitting Corrosion Risk of Copper Used in Heat Exchanger of Air Conditioner
Authors: Hoshi Yoshinao , Ochi Kentaro , Shitanda Isao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: February 2020

The leakage accident of the water supply pipe and the pipe heat exchanger was the major problem [1, 2], which is attributed to the pitting corrosion of copper. The mechanism of the pitting corrosion of copper has been investigated widely [1-5]. Campbell [1, 3, 4] discussed the occurrence of the pitting corrosion of copper under flowing hard and soft water in the water pipes, indicating that the dissolution of copper was influenced by the water quality significantly.
In the present study, the pitting corrosion risk of copper used in the heat exchanger of air conditioner was investigated by the parameters of the water quality sampled by the copper heat exchanger of the air conditioner of all over the country in Japan. The parameters (pH, acid consumption, total hardness) and the concentrations of Cl- and SO4
2- of the sampled water were analyzed to construct two-dimensional phase diagrams. The polarization curve measurement was performed by three-electrode system. The working electrode (0.20 cm2) was the copper plate and the counter electrode was the platinum wire. The KCl-saturated silver/silver chloride electrode (SSE) was used as the reference electrode. The measurement was started from the rest potential to 1.0 V vs. SSE at 100 mV/min. All the potentials in this paper were referred to SSE. The compositions of test solution were determined by the results of the analysis for the sampled water from the copper heat exchanger of the air conditioner of all over the country in Japan. All measurements were made at 25 oC. The results of the two-dimensional phase diagrams and the electrochemical measurement were discussed in this paper.
Reference
[1] H. S. Campbell, Journal of Applied Chemistry, 4, 633 (1954).
[2] V. F. Lucey, British Corrosion Journal, 2, 175 (1967).
[3] H. S. Campbell, Water Treatment and Examination, 20, 11(1971).
[4] H. S. Campbell, Journal Institute of Metals, 77, 345 (1950).
[5] R. May, Journal Institute of Metals, 82, 65 (1953).
Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Corrosion Behavior of High Strength Steel in Alkaline Solutions
Authors: Beck Justin , Feng Ruishu , Lvov Serguei N. , Ziomek-Moroz Margaret 
Published: February 2020

The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the corrosion of high strength carbon steel have been studied due to their relevance to the oil and natural gas industries. Since H2S behaves as an acid in aqueous solutions, the presence of dissolved H2S results in a decrease in pH through dissociation into H+(aq) and HS-(aq) ions. It is known that the effects of sulfide on iron oxidation dependent on the solution pH. For example, at very low pH the metal surface is free of corrosion products and resulting in high rates of active corrosion. In a pH region from 3 to 5, the addition of H2S can result in an initial increase in corrosion rate that decreases over time as a protective iron sulfide layer forms and passivates the metal. Our goal was address the corrosion processes on high strength carbon steel due to H2S at high pH values.
In-situ electrochemical corrosion measurements were performed for high strength low alloy steel in 5 %wt. NaCl solution at 85 °C. The solution pH was tested from 7 and 12 to simulate conditions that may be present for drill pipes operating in deep-well environments. Exposure for each sample was at least 60 hours to allow for the observation of steady-state behavior. It was found that the calculated corrosion rate dramatically increased from around 3 mm y-1 or less to over 10 mm y-1 as the solution pH fell below 9, which is an event that could occur if pH control is temporarily lost during gas or oil extraction operations.
The change in corrosion rate corresponded to an observed change in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) behavior, with a shift from two well-defined time constants at more alkaline conditions to what appeared to be a single low-frequency time constant at more neutral pH. Varying the rate of stirring in the test vessel did not appear to change the corrosion behavior across the pH range tested, suggesting that the corrosion process was not diffusion limited.
The results were correlated to previous work that found the mechanical failure mechanism to shift from stress corrosion cracking at alkaline conditions to hydrogen induced cracking over a similar pH range. This would suggest that changing the pH alters the nature of the corrosion process, possibly by changing the mechanism or the nature of the corrosion product film. Thermodynamic modeling has been performed to investigate the stable corrosion products and aqueous species at each condition. Pourbaix diagrams suggest that corrosion products shift from iron sulfides to iron oxides as the solution pH is increased.