bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamic performance of a bristled wing of a very small insect
Authors: Kolomenskiy Dmitry , Farisenkov Sergey , Engels Thomas , Lapina Nadezhda , Petrov Pyotr , Lehmann Fritz-Olaf , Onishi Ryo , Liu Hao , Polilov Alexey 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAerodynamic force generation capacity of the wing of a miniature beetleParatuposa placentisis evaluated using a combined experimental and numerical approach. The wing has a peculiar shape reminiscent of a bird feather, often found in the smallest insects. Aerodynamic force coefficients are determined from a dynamically scaled force measurement experiment with rotating bristled and membrane wing models in a glycerin tank. Subsequently, they are used as numerical validation data for computational fluid dynamics simulations using an adaptive Navier–Stokes solver. The latter provides access to important flow properties such as leakiness and permeability. It is found that, in the considered biologically relevant regimes, the bristled wing functions as a less than$$50\%$$50%leaky paddle, and it produces between 66 and$$96\%$$96%of the aerodynamic drag force of an equivalent membrane wing. The discrepancy increases with increasing Reynolds number. It is shown that about half of the aerodynamic normal force exerted on a bristled wing is due to viscous shear stress. The paddling effectiveness factor is proposed as a measure of aerodynamic efficiency.Graphic abstract
Solving the questions regarding 5-aminosalitylate formulation in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Naganuma Makoto 
Published: August 2020

Abstract5-aminosalicylate is a fundamental treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis with mild-to-moderate disease; however, evidence for 5-aminosalicylate treatment is unclear in some situations. This review discusses the clinical guidelines and previous studies, and highlights the following points: (1) Although rectal 5-aminosalicylate is effective for proctitis, physicians should endeavor to reduce patient's distress when administering suppositories or enema as the first-line therapy. It should be clarified whether oral 5-aminosalicylate alone with a drug delivery system that allows higher 5-aminosalicylate concentrations to reach the distal colon would be as effective as rectal 5-aminosalicylate therapy. (2) There has been no direct evidence demonstrating the clinical efficacy of switching the 5-aminosalicylate treatment to other 5-aminosalicylate formulations. However, switching to a different 5-aminosalicylate formulation may be indicated if clinical symptoms are not progressive. (3) Several studies have shown that colonic mucosal 5-aminosalicylate concentration correlates with clinical and endoscopic severity; however, it is unclear whether a high 5-aminosalicylate concentration has therapeutic efficacy. (4) The maximum dose of 5-aminosalicylate is necessary for patients with risk factors for recurrence or hospitalization. (5) Optimization of 5-aminosalicylate dosage may be indicated even for quiescent patients with ulcerative colitis if mucosal healing is not obtained, and if patients have multiple risk factors for recurrence. (6) Furthermore, the discontinuation of 5-aminosalicylate is acceptable when biologics are used. Because there are many “old studies” providing evidence for 5-aminosalicylate formulations, more clinical studies are needed to establish new evidence.
In Situ Direct Displacement Information on Fault Reactivation During Fluid Injection
Authors: Kakurina Maria , Guglielmi Yves , Nussbaum Christophe , Valley Benoît 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe three dimensional (3D) displacement induced by fluid injection was measured during two fault reactivation experiments conducted in carbonate rocks at the Rustrel Low Noise Underground Laboratory (LSBB URL), France, and in shale rocks at the Mont Terri Rock laboratory, Switzerland. The faults were activated by injecting high pressure fluid and using the Step-Rate Injection Method for Fracture In-Situ Properties, which allows a coupled pressure-flowrate-3D displacement monitoring in boreholes. Both experiments mainly show complex aseismic deformation of preexisting fractures that depend on (1) the fluid pressure variations related to chamber pressurization and leakage into the formation and (2) irreversible shear slip and opening of the reactivated fractures. Here we detail the processing of the 3D displacement data from both experiments to isolate slip vectors from the complex displacement signal. Firstly, we explain the test protocol and describe the in situ hydromechanical behavior of the borehole/fault system. Secondly, we define the methodology of the displacement data processing to isolate slip vectors with high displacement rates, which carry information about the key orientation of fault reactivation. Finally, we discuss which slip vectors can potentially be used to solve the stress inversion problem.
Frequency and characteristics of dysautonomic symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional double-center study with the validated Italian version of the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31
Authors: Foschi Matteo , Giannini Giulia , Merli Elena , Mancinelli Luca , Zenesini Corrado , Viti Beatrice , Guaraldi Pietro , Cortelli Pietro , Lugaresi Alessandra 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Dysautonomic symptoms (DS) are frequent but often underrecognized in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, despite the relevant impact on quality of life and physical performance.

Objectives
To assess frequency and characteristics of DS in our MS population compared with healthy controls (HC). To investigate the relationship between DS and disease characteristics (MS subtype, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), clinical and/or radiological activity, disability progression).

Patients and methods
Cross-sectional study includes 324 MS patients (mean age 44.9 ± 10.7 years; 66% female) and 190 HC (mean age 40.60 ± 12.83 years; 63% female). DS were assessed using the Italian validated version of the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31 (COMPASS-31). Possible confounding factors were considered.

Results
More than 94% of enrolled MS patients reported alterations in ≥ 2 domains of the COMPASS-31 scale (score > 0) and significantly higher COMPASS-31 total and single domain median scores compared with HC, independently from possible confounding factors (orthostatic intolerance: p = 0.001; vasomotor: p = 0.017; secretomotor: p = 0.040; gastrointestinal: p = 0.047; bladder: p < 0.001; pupillomotor: p < 0.001; COMPASS-31 total score: p < 0.001). COMPASS-31 total, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, and bladder domain scores showed weak to moderate correlation with disease duration (Rho = 0.19, p < 0.001; Rho = 0.18, p = 0.01; Rho = 0.25, p = 0.030; Rho = 0.28, p < 0.001, respectively). A moderate correlation between EDSS score, COMPASS-31 total, and bladder domain scores (Rho = 0.32, p < 0.001 and Rho = 0.48, p < 0.001, respectively) was observed. Progressive subtypes showed higher COMPASS-31 total (p = 0.025), gastrointestinal (p = 0.07), and bladder (p < 0.001) domain scores vs relapsing-remitting patients.

Conclusions
Our findings confirm that MS-related DS are frequent and tend to increase paralleling disease duration and clinical worsening, reaching the highest clinical impact in progressive subtypes.
Design, Implementation, and Validation of a Pulsatile Heart Phantom Pump
Authors: Tuncay Volkan , Zijlstra Jan , Oudkerk Matthijs , van Ooijen Peter M. A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe developments in Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance allow visualization of blood flow in vivo using these techniques. However, validation tests are needed to determine a gold standard. For the validation tests, controllable systems that can generate pulsatile flow are needed. In this study, we aimed to develop an affordable pulsatile pump and an artificial circulatory system to simulate the blood flow for validation purposes. Initially, the prerequisites for the phantom were pulsating flow output equal to that of the human cardiac pulse pattern; the flow pattern of the mimicked cardiac output should be equal to that of a human, a variable stroke volume (40–120 ml/beat), and a variable heart rate (60–170 bpm). The developed phantom setup was tested with CT scanner. A washout profile was created based on the image intensity of the selected slice. The test was successful for a heart rate of 70 bpm and a stroke volume of 68 ml, but the system failed to work at various heartbeats and stroke volumes. This was due to the problems with software of the microcontroller. As conclusion in this study, we present a proof of concept for a pulsatile heart phantom pump that can be used in validation tests.
Stochastic Sequential Modeling: Toward Improved Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Through Temporal-Ultrasound
Authors: Nahlawi Layan , Imani Farhad , Gaed Mena , Gomez Jose A. , Moussa Madeleine , Gibson Eli , Fenster Aaron , Ward Aaron , Abolmaesumi Purang , Mousavi Parvin , Shatkay Hagit 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) is a common, serious form of cancer in men that is still prevalent despite ongoing developments in diagnostic oncology. Current detection methods lead to high rates of inaccurate diagnosis. We present a method to directly model and exploit temporal aspects of temporal enhanced ultrasound (TeUS) for tissue characterization, which improves malignancy prediction. We employ a probabilistic-temporal framework, namely, hidden Markov models (HMMs), for modeling TeUS data obtained from PCa patients. We distinguish malignant from benign tissue by comparing the respective log-likelihood estimates generated by the HMMs. We analyze 1100 TeUS signals acquired from 12 patients. Our results show improved malignancy identification compared to previous results, demonstrating over 85% accuracy and AUC of 0.95. Incorporating temporal information directly into the models leads to improved tissue differentiation in PCa. We expect our method to generalize and be applied to other types of cancer in which temporal-ultrasound can be recorded.
From hogs to HABs: impacts of industrial farming in the US on nitrogen and phosphorus and greenhouse gas pollution
Authors: Glibert Patricia M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNutrient pollution and greenhouse gas emissions related to crop agriculture and confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the US have changed substantially in recent years, in amounts and forms. This review is intended to provide a broad view of how nutrient inputs—from fertilizer and CAFOs—as well as atmospheric NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions, are changing regionally within the US and how these changes compare with nutrient inputs from human wastewater. Use of commercial nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the US, which now exceeds 12,000,000 metric tonnes (MT) continues to increase, at a rate of 60,000 MT per year, while that of phosphorus (P) has remained nearly constant over the past decade at around 1,800,000 MT. The number of CAFOs in the US has increased nearly 10% since 2012, driven largely by a near 13% increase in hog production. The annualized inventory of cattle, dairy cows, hogs, broiler chickens and turkeys is approximately 8.7 billion, but CAFOs are highly regionally concentrated by animal sector. Country-wide, N applied by fertilizer is about threefold greater than manure N inputs, but for P these inputs are more comparable. Total manure inputs now exceed 4,000,000 MT as N and 1,400,000 MT as P. For both N and P, inputs and proportions vary widely by US region. The waste from hog and dairy operations is mainly held in open lagoons that contribute to NH3 and greenhouse gas (as CH4 and N2O) emissions. Emissions of NH3 from animal waste in 2019 were estimated at > 4,500,000 MT. Emissions of CH4 from manure management increased 66% from 1990 to 2017 (that from dairy increased 134%, cattle 9.6%, hogs 29% and poultry 3%), while those of N2O increased 34% over the same time period (dairy 15%, cattle 46%, hogs 58%, and poultry 14%). Waste from CAFOs contribute substantially to nutrient pollution when spread on fields, often at higher N and P application rates than those of commercial fertilizer. Managing the runoff associated with fertilizer use has improved with best management practices, but reducing the growing waste from CAFO operations is essential if eutrophication and its effects on fresh and marine waters–namely hypoxia and harmful algal blooms (HABs)—are to be reduced.
Informing UK governance of resilience to climate risks: improving the local evidence-base
Authors: Howarth Candice , Morse-Jones Sian , Kythreotis Andrew , Brooks Katya , Lane Matt 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInternational assessments of evidence on climate change (e.g. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) or national climate change risk assessments (e.g. UK Climate Change Risk Assessment, CCRA) do not offer a sufficiently granular perspective on climate impacts to adequately inform governance of resilience to climate risks at the local level. Using an analysis of UK decision-makers managing and responding to heatwaves and flood risks, this paper argues how more robust local evidence is needed to inform decision-making regarding adaptation options for enhancing local resilience. We identify evidence gaps and issues relating to local climate change impacts, including sources and quality of evidence used, adequacy and accessibility of evidence available, ill-communicated evidence and conflicting or misused evidence. A lack of appreciation regarding how scientific evidence and personal judgement can mutually enhance the quality of decision-making underpins all of these gaps. Additionally, we find that the majority of evidence currently used is reductively based upon socio-economic and physical characteristics of climate risks. We argue that a step change is needed in local climate resilience that moves beyond current physical and socio-economic risk characterisation to a more inclusive co-constitution of social and politically defined climate risks at the local scale that are better aligned with the local impacts felt and needs of stakeholders.
Semiotics and the Origin of Language in the Lower Palaeolithic
Authors: Barham Lawrence , Everett Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper argues that the origins of language can be detected one million years ago, if not earlier, in the archaeological record ofHomo erectus. This controversial claim is based on a broad theoretical and evidential foundation with language defined as communication based on symbols rather than grammar. Peirce’s theory of signs (semiotics) underpins our analysis with its progression of signs (icon, index and symbol) used to identify artefact forms operating at the level of symbols. We draw on generalisations about the multiple social roles of technology in pre-industrial societies and on the contexts tool-use among non-human primates to argue for a deep evolutionary foundation for hominin symbol use. We conclude that symbol-based language is expressed materially in arbitrary social conventions that permeate the technologies ofHomo erectusand its descendants, and in the extended planning involved in the caching of tools and in the early settlement of island Southeast Asia.
Frequency dependence of dielectrophoretic fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors
Authors: Sadabad Yousef Adeli , Khodadadian Amirreza , Istadeh Kiarash Hosseini , Hedayati Marjan , Kalantarinejad Reza , Heitzinger Clemens 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA new theoretical model for the dielectrophoretic (DEP) fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is presented. A different frequency interval for the alignment of wide-energy-gap semiconductor SWCNTs is obtained, exhibiting a considerable difference from the prevalent model. Two specific models are study, namely the spherical model and the ellipsoid model, to estimate the frequency interval. Then, the DEP process is performed and the obtained frequencies (from the spherical and ellipsoid models) are used to align the SWCNTs. These empirical results confirm the theoretical predictions, representing a crucial step towards the realization of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) via the DEP process based on the ellipsoid model.
An evaluation of the performance of rock fall protection measures and their role in hazard zoning
Authors: Jaccard Camille-Jean , Abbruzzese Jacopo Maria , Howald Erika Prina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRock falls threaten human lives and assets in mountainous regions all over the world. Protection measures are one of the most effective solutions for mitigating rock fall-related hazards and risks; however, their optimal working conditions must be ensured throughout their whole life span, in order for the measures to play their role properly and not to have their performance compromised. This paper presents a methodology for a simple yet effective evaluation of the performance of existing rock fall protections, whose goal is to establish their actual performance capacity and, based on that, whether they can play their mitigation role. The methodology is articulated into four main steps. In the first, data and information about the hazard affecting a site, the current state of existing protections and possible faults/causes of malfunctioning of the protections are collected. The second and third steps evaluate the actual performance capacity of the protections in comparison with their nominal capacity, after the potential influence of the factors degrading the effectiveness, detected in the first step, is considered (i.e. factors reflecting negative interaction between site and measures, structural design issues of the protections, faults and malfunctioning due to lack of maintenance, etc.). These three steps were implemented in a spreadsheet tool, allowing to store relevant data on protection measures collected during a field survey and to perform the evaluation analysis directly on site, semi-automatically, based on the data collected. Finally, once an actual performance capacity is obtained from these evaluations, the last step of the methodology is to compare this capacity to the hazard at the site, in terms of energy and return period of the events at each location of interest, to establish whether the protections can in fact mitigate such hazard or need intervention (reparations, replacement, etc.). A detailed application of the whole procedure is shown, by means of a demonstrative example carried out at a Swiss site where rock fall protections measures were previously installed and hazard zoning maps are available.
Cardiac Regeneration After Myocardial Infarction: an Approachable Goal
Authors: Giacca Mauro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewUntil recently, cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction has remained a holy grail in cardiology. Failure of clinical trials using adult stem cells and scepticism about the actual existence of such cells has reinforced the notion that the heart is an irreversibly post-mitotic organ. Recent evidence has drastically challenged this conclusion.Recent FindingsCardiac regeneration can successfully be obtained by at least two strategies. First, new cardiomyocytes can be generated from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells and administered to the heart either as cell suspensions or upon ex vivo generation of contractile myocardial tissue. Alternatively, the endogenous capacity of cardiomyocytes to proliferate can be stimulated by the delivery of individual genes or, more successfully, of selected microRNAs.SummaryRecent experimental success in large animals by both strategies now fuels the notion that cardiac regeneration is indeed possible. Several technical hurdles, however, still need to be addressed and solved before broad and successful clinical application is achieved.
A Cascade of Interventions to Promote Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in African Countries
Authors: Jopling Rebecca , Nyamayaro Primrose , Andersen Lena S , Kagee Ashraf , Haberer Jessica E , Abas Melanie Amna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
We reviewed interventions to improve uptake and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in African countries in the Treat All era.

Recent Findings
ART initiation can be improved by facilitated rapid receipt of first prescription, including community-based linkage and point-of-care strategies, integration of HIV care into antenatal care and peer support for adolescents. For people living with HIV (PLHIV) on ART, scheduled SMS reminders, ongoing intensive counselling for those with viral non-suppression and economic incentives for the most deprived show promise. Adherence clubs should be promoted, being no less effective than facility-based care for stable patients. Tracing those lost to follow-up should be targeted to those who can be seen face-to-face by a peer worker.

Summary
Investment is needed to promote linkage to initiating ART and for differentiated approaches to counselling for youth and for those with identified suboptimal adherence. More evidence from within Africa is needed on cost-effective strategies to identify and support PLHIV at an increased risk of non-adherence across the treatment cascade.
Being yourself for the ‘greater good’: An empirical investigation of the moderation effect of authenticity between self-compassion and compassion for others
Authors: Bayır-Toper Aydan , Sellman Edward , Joseph Stephen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSelf-compassion offers profound benefits to well-being and healthy psychological functioning. Surprisingly however, the relationship assumed between compassion for self and others has been questioned by recent research findings and is at best inconsistently correlated. The aim of this study is to throw further light on this debate by testing whether the association between self-compassion and compassion for others is moderated by authenticity amongst 530 participants who completed the Authenticity Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Compassion Scale. The results show that authenticity has a moderation effect on the association between self-compassion and the kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and indifference subscales of the Compassion Scale. These results offer some initial insight into understanding the association between compassion for self and others and establish a case for researching the role of authenticity more thoroughly. The findings of this investigation call for further empirical attention to socially constructive aspects of authenticity and the development of new authenticity measurements that may better assess the interaction effect.