bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grabbing “Green”: Markets, Environmental Governance and the Materialization of Natural Capital
Authors: Corson Catherine , MacDonald Kenneth Iain , Neimark Benjamin 
Published: February 2020

Over the past two decades, the incorporation of market logics into environment and conservation policy has led to a reconceptualization of “nature.” Resulting constructs like ecosystem services and biodiversity derivatives, as well as finance mechanisms like Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, species banking, and carbon trading, offer new avenues for accumulation and set the context for new enclosures. As these practices have become more apparent, geographers have been at the forefront of interdisciplinary research that has highlighted the effects of “green grabs”—in which “green credentials” are used to justify expropriation of land and resources—in specific locales. While case studies have begun to reveal the social and ecological marginalization associated with green grabs and the implementation of market mechanisms in particular sites, less attention has been paid to the systemic dimensions and “logics” mobilizing these projects. Yet, the emergence of these constructs reflects a larger transformation in international environmental governance—one in which the discourse of global ecology has accommodated an ontology of natural capital, culminating in the production of what is taking shape as “The Green Economy.” The Green Economy is not a natural or coincidental development, but is contingent upon, and coordinated by, actors drawn together around familiar and emergent institutions of environmental governance. Indeed, the terrain for green grabbing is increasingly cultivated through relationships among international environmental policy institutions, organizations, activists, academics, and transnational capitalist and managerial classes. This special issue of Human Geography brings together papers that draw on a range of theoretical perspectives to investigate the systemic dimensions and logics mobilizing green grabs and the creation of new market mechanisms. In inverting the title – “grabbing green” instead of the more conventional green grabs – we explore how “the environment” is being used instrumentally by various actors to extend the potential for capital accumulation under the auspices of “being green.” Using a diversity of empirical material that spans local to global scales, the papers reveal the formation of the social relations and metrics that markets require to function. They identify the “frictions” that inhibit the production of these social relations, and they link particular cases to the scalar configurations of power that mobilize and give them shape.
A Taste of Capitalism? Competing Notions of Cuban Entrepreneurship in Havana's Paladares
Authors: Henken Ted A. , Vignoli Gabriel 
Published: February 2020

This essay examines the meaning, function, and possible future(s) of entrepreneurship in Cuba. Within the larger process of Raúl Castro's unprecedented economic reforms and in the midst of an ongoing “normalization” of relations between Cuba and the United States, we ask: How is entrepreneurship being reconfigured both from above and from within? What effects will that reconfiguration have in shaping the popular response to the simplistic either-or model of a mere “updating” of socialism, on the one hand, versus an implicit “transition” to capitalism on the other? What was—and is—the meaning of entrepreneurship in the Cuban context, especially from the perspective of entrepreneurs themselves? To address these questions, we focus on a particular site: Havana's private, home-based restaurants, known popularly as paladares in Cuba 1 . Paladares are the most widespread, dynamic, and profitable mode of entrepreneurship in today's Cuba and—we argue—the quintessential experimental space for the articulation of different, competing notions of entrepreneurship. In other words, how do private restaurateurs balance state supervision and regulation with their need for innovation and flexibility especially since the enactment of major entrepreneurial reforms in late-2010? Our focus on entrepreneurship acquires more urgency (and demands deeper analysis) in the rapidly changing context of U.S.-Cuba bilateral relations following the historic thaw initiated on December 17, 2014, culminating in the establishment of diplomatic relations and the opening of embassies on July 20, 2015. Indeed, President Barack Obama's new “empowerment through engagement” policy explicitly targets Cuba's emerging entrepreneurial class as agents of change following Raúl Castro's 2010 liberalizations. Thus, we conclude by addressing how new state policies on each side are impacting Cuban entrepreneurs and how entrepreneurs themselves are strategically taking advantage of their role as economic protagonists in a new Cuba. 1 Except in cases where we discuss paladares whose travails have been covered in the media— “El Hurón Azul” and “El Cabildo”—all other names have been altered. Translations from the Spanish are our own. Henken carried out ethnographic interviews with nearly two-dozen paladar proprietors on multiple visits to Cuba between July 2000 and April 2011. Henken's ethnographic work was augmented by that done between 2010 and 2014 by Vignoli.
First case report of cutaneous sporotrichosis (Sporothrix species) in a cat in the UK
Authors: Makri Nikoleta , Paterson Gavin K , Gregge Fiona , Urquhart Catriona , Nuttall Tim 
Published: February 2020

Case summary A 12-year-old female neutered indoor–outdoor domestic longhair cat presented with frequent sneezing and a nodular, suppurative lesion on its dorsal nose. Histopathological examination revealed a fungal granuloma. PCR and sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) regions (ITS-F and ITS-R) confirmed an infection with a Sporothrix species. Further sequencing of the beta-tubulin and calmodulin genes confirmed Sporothrix humicola, which lies within the Sporothrix pallida complex. The cat had concurrent diabetes mellitus, which responded to insulin therapy and diet. Oral itraconazole at 10 mg/kg PO q24h resulted in resolution of the lesions after 12 months. Treatment was well tolerated. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of sporotrichosis in a cat in the UK and only the fifth worldwide involving the S pallida complex. Clinicians, pathologists and microbiologists need to be aware of the potential of Sporothrix infections in the UK and the ability of S pallida complex to cause opportunistic infections. Molecular techniques can achieve rapid and accurate identification of rare fungal organisms. A precise diagnosis with molecular testing can provide information regarding prognosis, treatment and zoonotic implications.
Perioperative Optimization of Patients With Neuromuscular Disorders Undergoing Scoliosis Corrective Surgery: A Multidisciplinary Team Approach
Authors: Sedra Fady , Shafafy Roozbeh , Sadek Ahmed-Ramadan , Aftab Syed , Montgomery Alexander , Nadarajah Ramesh 
Published: February 2020

Study Design: Narrative review. Objective: The high rate of complications associated with the surgical management of neuromuscular spinal deformities is well documented in the literature. This is attributed to attenuated protective physiological responses in multiple organ systems. Methods: Review and synthesis of the literature pertaining to optimization of patients with neuromuscular scoliosis undergoing surgery. Our institutional practice in the perioperative assessment and management of neuromuscular scoliosis is also described along with a clinical vignette. Results: Respiratory complications are the most common to occur following surgery for neuromuscular disorders. Other categories include gastrointestinal, cardiac, genitourinary, blood loss, and wound complications. A multidisciplinary approach is required for perioperative optimization of these patients and numerous strategies are described, including respiratory management. Conclusion: Perioperative optimization for patients with neuromuscular disorders undergoing corrective surgery for spinal deformity is multifaceted and complex. It requires a multidisciplinary evidence-based approach. Preadmission of patients in advance of surgery for assessment and optimization may be required in certain instances to identify key concerns and formulate a tailored treatment plan.
Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Latt L. Daniel , Jaffe David Eric , Tang Yunting , Taljanovic Mihra S. 
Published: February 2020

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of chronic heel pain in adults, affecting both young active patients and older sedentary individuals. It results from repetitive stress to the plantar fascia at its origin on the medial tubercle of the calcaneus and is often associated with gastrocnemius tightness. The diagnosis can be made clinically with a focused history and physical examination; imaging is reserved for atypical presentations and those that do not respond to initial treatment. The most common presenting symptom is aching plantar heel pain, which is worst with first step in the morning or after periods of rest. Diagnosis is confirmed with point tenderness at the origin of the plantar fascia on the medial tubercle of the calcaneus. Initial treatment consists of activity modification, anti-inflammatory medication, gastrocnemius and plantar fascia stretching, and an in-shoe orthosis that lifts and cushions the heel. These nonoperative treatments lead to complete resolution of pain in 90% of patients but can take 3-6 months. Patients who remain symptomatic despite a 6-month trial of nonoperative therapy may be considered for minimally invasive treatment or surgery. Platelet-rich plasma injections and therapeutic ultrasound are among a number of minimally invasive treatments that stimulate the body’s healing response. Corticosteroid injections temporarily relieve pain, but may increase the risk of plantar fascia rupture and fat pad atrophy. Botulinum toxin injections relax the calf muscles, which decreases the stress in the plantar fascia. Operative treatments include gastrocnemius recession and medial head of gastrocnemius release, which decrease the stress on the plantar fascia and partial planter fasciotomy, which stimulates a healing response. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Fractures of the Talus: Current Concepts
Authors: Schwartz Andrew M. , Runge William O. , Hsu Andrew R. , Bariteau Jason T. 
Published: February 2020

Talus fractures continue to represent a challenging and commonly encountered group of injuries. Its near-complete articular cartilage surface, and its role in force transmission between the leg and foot, makes successful treatment of such injuries a mandatory prerequisite to regained function. Familiarity with the complex bony, vascular, and neurologic anatomy is crucial for understanding diagnostic findings, treatment indications, and surgical techniques to maximize the likelihood of anatomic bony union. This review details the structure and function of the talus, a proper diagnostic workup, the treatment algorithm, and post-treatment course in the management of talus fractures. Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
An Authentic Murine Model of Fetal/Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Zhi Huiying , Ahlen Maria Therese , Rasmussen Trude , Skogen Bjørn , Newman Peter J. 
Published: February 2020

Fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a life-threatening bleeding disorder caused by maternal antibodies directed against paternally-inherited antigens present on the surface of fetal platelets. The human platelet alloantigen, HPA-1a (also known as the PlA1 alloantigen), is the most frequently implicated HPA for causing FNAIT in Caucasians. A single Leu33Pro amino acid polymorphism residing within the ~50 amino acid plexin/semaphorin/integrin (PSI) domain near the N-terminus of the integrin β3 subunit (platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP)IIIa), is responsible for generating the HPA-1a and HPA-1b epitopes in human GPIIIa. Neither human polyclonal nor mouse monoclonal anti-HPA-1a antibodies, however, recognize murine GPIIIa due to amino acid differences both within and surrounding the HPA-1a alloepitope. As a result, there are currently no authentic mouse models of FNAIT capable of recapitulating the human alloimmune response to this clinically important platelet alloantigen. We have recently shown that humanizing residues 30, 32, 33, and 39 within the PSI domain, as well as amino acid 470 within the linearly distant but conformationally close Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) 1 domain, of murine GPIIIa, is sufficient to re-create the epitope recognized by most maternal anti-HPA-1a alloantibodies. We therefore used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to generate transgenic mice whose platelets express human residues A30P32L33D39Q470 on a murine GPIIIa backbone - hereafter referred to as APLDQ mice. Intraperitoneal injection of an anti-HPA-1a mAb induced severe thrombocytopenia in these APLDQ, but not wild-type, mice. Furthermore, platelets from APLDQ mice, when introduced into wild-type mice, elicited a strong polyclonal immune response that was specific for, and importantly restricted to, the epitopes created by these humanized residues, demonstrating that the APLDQ humanized form of murine GPIIIa is immunogenic in mice. Wild-type female mice pre-immunized with APLDQ platelets, when bred with APLDQ male mice, gave birth to severely thrombocytopenic pups, many of whom exhibited an accompanying bleeding phenotype. Notably, administration of intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) into pregnant female mice at days 10 and 17 lowered the concentration of anti-APLDQ alloantibodies in both the maternal and fetal circulation, and importantly normalized the platelet count in the pups. Taken together, these data establish a novel murine model of FNAIT that recapitulates many of the clinically important features of FNAIT. Availability of APLDQ humanized transgenic mice should pave the way for the pre-clinical development and testing of novel therapeutic and prophylactic modalities to treat or prevent FNAIT in humans.

Disclosures
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
International consensus guideline for reporting transmission electron microscopy results in the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (BEAT PCD TEM Criteria)
Authors: Shoemark Amelia , Boon Mieke , Brochhausen Christoph , Bukowy-Bieryllo Zuzanna , De Santi Maria M. , Goggin Patricia , Griffin Paul , Hegele Richard G. , Hirst Robert A. , Leigh Margaret W. , Lupton Alison , MacKenney Karen , Omran Heymut , Pache Jean-Claude , Pinto Andreia , Reinholt Finn P. , Schroeder Josep , Yiallouros Panayotis , Escudier Estelle 
Published: February 2020

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a heterogeneous genetic condition. European and North American diagnostic guidelines recommend transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as one of a combination of tests to confirm a diagnosis. However, there is no definition of what constitutes a defect or consensus on reporting terminology. The aim of this project was to provide an internationally agreed ultrastructural classification for PCD diagnosis by TEM.A consensus guideline was developed by PCD electron microscopy experts representing 18 centres in 14 countries. An initial meeting and discussion were followed by a Delphi consensus process. The agreed guideline was then tested, modified and retested through exchange of samples and electron micrographs between the 18 diagnostic centres.The final guideline a) provides agreed terminology and a definition of Class 1 defects which are diagnostic for PCD; b) identifies Class 2 defects which can indicate a diagnosis of PCD in combination with other supporting evidence; c) describes features which should be included in a ciliary ultrastructure report to assist multidisciplinary diagnosis of PCD; and d) defines adequacy of a diagnostic sample.This tested and externally validated statement provides a clear guideline for the diagnosis of PCD by TEM which can be used to standardise diagnosis internationally.
α1Antitrypsin therapy modulates the neutrophil membrane proteome and secretome
Authors: Murphy Mark P. , McEnery Thomas , McQuillan Karen , McElvaney Oisín F. , McElvaney Oliver J. , Landers Sarah , Coleman Orla , Bussayajirapong Anchalin , Hawkins Padraig , Henry Michael , Meleady Paula , Reeves Emer P. , McElvaney Noel G. 
Published: February 2020

Obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with α1antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) occurs earlier in life compared with patients without AATD. To understand this further, the aim of this study was to investigate whether AATD presents with altered neutrophil characteristics, due to the specific lack of plasma AAT, compared with non-AATD COPD.This study focussed on the neutrophil plasma membrane and, by use of label-free tandem mass spectrometry, the proteome of the neutrophil membrane was compared in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)-matched AATD, non-AATD COPD and in AATD patients receiving weekly AAT augmentation therapy (n=6 patients per cohort). Altered protein expression in AATD was confirmed by Western blot, ELISA and fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis.The neutrophil membrane proteome in AATD differed significantly from that of COPD as demonstrated by increased abundance and activity of primary granule proteins including neutrophil elastase on the cell surface in AATD. The signalling mechanism underlying increased degranulation involved Rac2 activation, subsequently resulting in proteinase-activated receptor 2 activation by serine proteinases and enhanced reactive oxygen species production.In vitroandex vivo, AAT reduced primary granule release and the described plasma membrane variance was resolved post-AAT augmentation therapyin vivo, the effects of which significantly altered the AATD neutrophil membrane proteome to that of a non-AATD COPD cell.These results provide strong insight into the mechanism of neutrophil driven airways disease associated with AATD. Therapeutic AAT augmentation modified the membrane proteome to that of a typical COPD cell, with implications for clinical practice.
Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: international survey and call for harmonisation
Authors: Kreuter Michael , Polke Markus , Walsh Simon L.F. , Krisam Johannes , Collard Harold R. , Chaudhuri Nazia , Avdeev Sergey , Behr Jürgen , Calligaro Gregory , Corte Tamera , Flaherty Kevin , Funke-Chambour Manuela , Kolb Martin , Kondoh Yasuhiro , Maher Toby M. , Molina Molina Maria , Morais Antonio , Moor Catharina C. , Morisset Julie , Pereira Carlos , Quadrelli Silvia , Selman Moises , Tzouvelekis Argyrios , Valenzuela Claudia , Vancheri Carlo , Vicens-Zygmunt Vanesa , Wälscher Julia , Wuyts Wim , Wijsenbeek Marlies , Cottin Vincent , Bendstrup Elisabeth 
Published: February 2020

Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is an often deadly complication of IPF. No focussed international guidelines for the management of AE-IPF exist. The aim of this international survey was to assess the global variability in prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies for AE-IPF.Pulmonologists with ILD expertise were invited to participate in a survey designed by an international expert panel.509 pulmonologists from 66 countries responded. Significant geographical variability in approaches to manage AE-IPF was found. Common preventive measures included antifibrotic drugs and vaccination. Diagnostic differences were most pronounced regarding use of Krebs von den Lungen-6 and viral testing, while high-resolution computed tomography, brain natriuretic peptide and D-dimer are generally applied. High-dose steroids are widely administered (94%); the use of other immunosuppressant and treatment strategies is highly variable. Very few (4%) responders never use immunosuppression. Antifibrotic treatments are initiated during AE-IPF by 67%. Invasive ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are mainly used as a bridge to transplantation. Most physicians educate patients comprehensively on the severity of AE-IPF (82%) and consider palliative care (64%).Approaches to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of AE-IPF vary worldwide. Global trials and guidelines to improve the prognosis of AE-IPF are needed.
Potential therapeutic targets for lung repair during humanex vivolung perfusion
Authors: Wong Aaron , Zamel Ricardo , Yeung Jonathan , Bader Gary D. , Dos Santos Claudia C. , Bai Xiaohui , Wang Yubo , Keshavjee Shaf , Liu Mingyao 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionTheex vivolung perfusion (EVLP) technique has been developed to assess the function of marginal donor lungs and has significantly increased donor lung utilisation. EVLP has also been explored as a platform for donor lung repair through injury-specific treatments such as antibiotics or fibrinolytics. We hypothesised that actively expressed pathways shared between transplantation and EVLP may reveal common mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic targets for lung repair prior to transplantation.Materials and methodsRetrospective transcriptomics analyses were performed with peripheral tissue biopsies from “donation after brain death” lungs, with 46 pre-/post-transplant pairs and 49 pre-/post-EVLP pairs. Pathway analysis was used to identify and compare the responses of donor lungs to transplantation and to EVLP.Results22 pathways were enriched predominantly in transplantation, including upregulation of lymphocyte activation and cell death and downregulation of metabolism. Eight pathways were enriched predominantly in EVLP, including downregulation of leukocyte functions and upregulation of vascular processes. 27 pathways were commonly enriched, including activation of innate inflammation, cell death, heat stress and downregulation of metabolism and protein synthesis. Of the inflammatory clusters, Toll-like receptor/innate immune signal transduction adaptor signalling had the greatest number of nodes and was central to inflammation. These mechanisms have been previously speculated as major mechanisms of acute lung injury in animal models.ConclusionEVLP and transplantation share common molecular features of injury including innate inflammation and cell death. Blocking these pathways during EVLP may allow for lung repair prior to transplantation.