bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
230Th Normalization: New Insights on an Essential Tool for Quantifying Sedimentary Fluxes in the Modern and Quaternary Ocean
Authors: Costa Kassandra M. , Hayes Christopher T. , Anderson Robert F. , Pavia Frank J. , Bausch Alexandra , Deng Feifei , Dutay Jean‐Claude , Geibert Walter , Heinze Christoph , Henderson Gideon , Hillaire‐Marcel Claude , Hoffmann Sharon , Jaccard Samuel L. , Jacobel Allison W. , Kienast Stephanie S. , Kipp Lauren , Lerner Paul , Lippold Jörg , Lund David , Marcantonio Franco , McGee David , McManus Jerry F. , Mekik Figen , Middleton Jennifer L. , Missiaen Lise , Not Christelle , Pichat Sylvain , Robinson Laura F. , Rowland George H. , Roy‐Barman Matthieu , Tagliabue Alessandro , Torfstein Adi , Winckler Gisela , Zhou Yuxin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract230Th normalization is a valuable paleoceanographic tool for reconstructing high‐resolution sediment fluxes during the late Pleistocene (last ~500,000 years). As its application has expanded to ever more diverse marine environments, the nuances of230Th systematics, with regard to particle type, particle size, lateral advective/diffusive redistribution, and other processes, have emerged. We synthesized over 1000 sedimentary records of230Th from across the global ocean at two time slices, the late Holocene (0–5,000 years ago, or 0–5 ka) and the Last Glacial Maximum (18.5–23.5 ka), and investigated the spatial structure of230Th‐normalized mass fluxes. On a global scale, sedimentary mass fluxes were significantly higher during the Last Glacial Maximum (1.79–2.17 g/cm2kyr, 95% confidence) relative to the Holocene (1.48–1.68 g/cm2kyr, 95% confidence). We then examined the potential confounding influences of boundary scavenging, nepheloid layers, hydrothermal scavenging, size‐dependent sediment fractionation, and carbonate dissolution on the efficacy of230Th as a constant flux proxy. Anomalous230Th behavior is sometimes observed proximal to hydrothermal ridges and in continental margins where high particle fluxes and steep continental slopes can lead to the combined effects of boundary scavenging and nepheloid interference. Notwithstanding these limitations, we found that230Th normalization is a robust tool for determining sediment mass accumulation rates in the majority of pelagic marine settings (>1,000 m water depth).
Inference of Retention Time From Tracer Tests in Crystalline Rock
Authors: Cvetkovic Vladimir , Poteri Antti , Selroos Jan‐Olof , Zou Liangchao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA statistical parametrization of transport combined with a new, general partition function for diffusive mass transfer (Cvetkovic, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021187) is here developed into a practical tool for evaluating tracer tests in crystalline rock. The research question of this study is how to separate the characteristic times of retention and advection, using tracer test information alone; this decoupling is critical for upscaling of transport. Three regimes are identified based on the unconditional mean number of trapping events. Analytical expressions are derived for inferring transport‐retention parameters; these are first tested on a series of generic examples and then using two sets of tracer test data. Our results indicate that the key transport‐retention parameters can be inferred separately with reasonable accuracy by a few simple steps, provided that the macrodispersion is not too large and retention not too strong. Of particular interest is inference of the retention time from the breakthrough curve peak that avoids costly asymptotic monitoring. Finally, we summarize the retention times as inferred from a series of nonsorbing tracer tests in the Swedish granite, demonstrating the uncertainties when estimating retention based on material and structural properties from samples. Possible strategies for reducing these uncertainties that combine improved understanding of crystalline rock evolution with numerical simulations are noted as topics for future research.
Sub-10 nm nanogap fabrication on suspended glassy carbon nanofibers
Authors: Salazar Arnoldo , Hosseini Samira , Sanchez-Domínguez Margarita , Madou Marc. J. , Montesinos-Castellanos Alejandro , Martinez-Chapa Sergio O. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGlassy carbon nanofibers (GCNFs) are considered promising candidates for the fabrication of nanosensors for biosensing applications. Importantly, in part due to their great stability, carbon electrodes with sub-10 nm nanogaps represent an attractive platform for probing the electrical characteristics of molecules. The fabrication of sub-10 nm nanogap electrodes in these GCNFs, which is achieved by electrically stimulating the fibers until they break, was previously found to require fibers shorter than 2 µm; however, this process is generally hampered by the limitations inherent to photolithographic methods. In this work, to obtain nanogaps on the order of 10 nm without the need for sub-2 µm GCNFs, we employed a fabrication strategy in which the fibers were gradually thinned down by continuously monitoring the changes in the electrical resistance of the fiber and adjusting the applied voltage accordingly. To further reduce the nanogap size, we studied the mechanism behind the thinning and eventual breakdown of the suspended GCNFs by controlling the environmental conditions and pressure during the experiment. Following this approach, which includes performing the experiments in a high-vacuum chamber after a series of carbon dioxide (CO2) purging cycles, nanogaps on the order of 10 nm were produced in suspended GCNFs 52 µm in length, much longer than the ~2 µm GCNFs needed to produce such small gaps without the procedure employed in this work. Furthermore, the electrodes showed no apparent change in their shape or nanogap width after being stored at room temperature for approximately 6 months.
Creation and validation of a new tool for the monitoring efficacy of neurogenic bowel dysfunction treatment on response: the MENTOR tool
Authors: Emmanuel Anton , Krogh Klaus , Kirshblum Steven , Christensen Peter , Spinelli Michele , van Kuppevelt Dirk , Abel Rainer , Leder Dietrich , Santacruz Bruno Gallo , Bain Kimberly , Passananti Valentina 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Study design
Prospective observational study.

Objectives
A tool to help decision-making tool for Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction (NBD) in individuals with SCI is needed. We present a project to create and validate a new tool, the Monitoring Efficacy of NBD Treatment On Response (MENTOR), and to determine its level of concordance with decisions made by experienced clinicians in the field.

Setting
UK, Denmark, USA, Italy, The Netherlands, Germany.

Methods
The first phase was creation of the tool through a modified Delphi process. The second phase was the validation, wherein individuals with spinal cord injury with NBD were asked to complete the MENTOR tool immediately prior to clinic consultation. From the responses to the questionnaire of the tool, each participant was allocated into one of three categories reflecting the possible therapeutic recommendations (“recommend change”, “further discussion” and “monitoring”). An expert clinician then assessed the participant, blinded to MENTOR results, and made an independent treatment decision.

Results
A total of 248 MENTOR forms were completed. Strong agreement was found when the MENTOR tool recommended monitoring (92%) or treatment change (83%); the lowest concordance when the decision was for the “further discussion” option (59%). Patient acceptability was reported by 97% of individuals.

Conclusions
MENTOR is an easy to use tool to monitor the treatment of NBD and determinate progression through the clinical pathway. This validation study shows good correspondence between expert clinician opinion and MENTOR result. The tool has potential to be used in other patient groups, following further studies.
Resolving the puzzle of single-atom silver dispersion on nanosized γ-Al2O3 surface for high catalytic performance
Authors: Wang Fei , Ma Jinzhu , Xin Shaohui , Wang Qiang , Xu Jun , Zhang Changbin , He Hong , Cheng Zeng Xiao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAg/γ-Al2O3 is widely used for catalyzing various reactions, and its performance depends on the valence state, morphology and dispersion of Ag species. However, detailed anchoring mechanism of Ag species on γ-Al2O3 remains largely unknown. Herein, we reveal that the terminal hydroxyls on γ-Al2O3 are responsible for anchoring Ag species. The abundant terminal hydroxyls existed on nanosized γ-Al2O3 can lead to single-atom silver dispersion, thereby resulting in markedly enhanced performance than the Ag cluster on microsized γ-Al2O3. Density-functional-theory calculations confirm that Ag atom is mainly anchored by the terminal hydroxyls on (100) surface, forming a staple-like local structure with each Ag atom bonded with two or three terminal hydroxyls. Our finding resolves the puzzle on why the single-atom silver dispersion can be spontaneously achieved only on nanosized γ-Al2O3, but not on microsized γ-Al2O3. The obtained insight into the Ag species dispersion will benefit future design of more efficient supported Ag catalysts.
Habitat compression and ecosystem shifts as potential links between marine heatwave and record whale entanglements
Authors: Santora Jarrod A. , Mantua Nathan J. , Schroeder Isaac D. , Field John C. , Hazen Elliott L. , Bograd Steven J. , Sydeman William J. , Wells Brian K. , Calambokidis John , Saez Lauren , Lawson Dan , Forney Karin A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractClimate change and increased variability and intensity of climate events, in combination with recovering protected species populations and highly capitalized fisheries, are posing new challenges for fisheries management. We examine socio-ecological features of the unprecedented 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heatwave to understand the potential causes for record numbers of whale entanglements in the central California Current crab fishery. We observed habitat compression of coastal upwelling, changes in availability of forage species (krill and anchovy), and shoreward distribution shift of foraging whales. We propose that these ecosystem changes, combined with recovering whale populations, contributed to the exacerbation of entanglements throughout the marine heatwave. In 2016, domoic acid contamination prompted an unprecedented delay in the opening of California’s Dungeness crab fishery that inadvertently intensified the spatial overlap between whales and crab fishery gear. We present a retroactive assessment of entanglements to demonstrate that cooperation of fishers, resource managers, and scientists could mitigate future entanglement risk by developing climate-ready fisheries approaches, while supporting thriving fishing communities.
White blood cell and cell-free DNA analyses for detection of residual disease in gastric cancer
Authors: Leal Alessandro , van Grieken Nicole C. T. , Palsgrove Doreen N. , Phallen Jillian , Medina Jamie E. , Hruban Carolyn , Broeckaert Mark A. M. , Anagnostou Valsamo , Adleff Vilmos , Bruhm Daniel C. , Canzoniero Jenna V. , Fiksel Jacob , Nordsmark Marianne , Warmerdam Fabienne A. R. M. , Verheul Henk M. W. , van Spronsen Dick Johan , Beerepoot Laurens V. , Geenen Maud M. , Portielje Johanneke E. A. , Jansen Edwin P. M. , van Sandick Johanna , Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg Elma , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M. , van der Peet Donald L. , van de Velde Cornelis J. H. , Verheij Marcel , Fijneman Remond , Scharpf Robert B. , Meijer Gerrit A. , Cats Annemieke , Velculescu Victor E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLiquid biopsies are providing new opportunities for detection of residual disease in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) after surgery but may be confounded through identification of alterations arising from clonal hematopoiesis. Here, we identify circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA) alterations through ultrasensitive targeted sequencing analyses of matched cfDNA and white blood cells from the same patient. We apply this approach to analyze samples from patients in the CRITICS trial, a phase III randomized controlled study of perioperative treatment in patients with operable gastric cancer. After filtering alterations from matched white blood cells, the presence of ctDNA predicts recurrence when analyzed within nine weeks after preoperative treatment and after surgery in patients eligible for multimodal treatment. These analyses provide a facile method for distinguishing ctDNA from other cfDNA alterations and highlight the utility of ctDNA as a predictive biomarker of patient outcome to perioperative cancer therapy and surgical resection in patients with gastric cancer.
How odor cues help to optimize learning during sleep in a real life-setting
Authors: Neumann Franziska , Oberhauser Vitus , Kornmeier Jürgen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEffortless learning during sleep is everybody’s dream. Several studies found that presenting odor cues during learning and selectively during slow wave sleep increases learning success. The current study extends previous research in three aspects to test for optimization and practical applicability of this cueing effect: We (1) performed a field study of vocabulary-learning in a regular school setting, (2) stimulated with odor cues during the whole night without sleep monitoring, and (3) applied the odor additionally as retrieval cue in a subsequent test. We found an odor cueing effect with comparable effect sizes (d between 0.6 and 1.2) as studies with sleep monitoring and selective cueing. Further, we observed some (non-significant) indication for a further performance benefit with additional cueing during the recall test. Our results replicate previous findings and provide important extensions: First, the odor effect also works outside the lab. Second, continuous cueing at night produces similar effect sizes as a study with selective cueing in specific sleep stages. Whether odor cueing during memory recall further increases memory performance hast to be shown in future studies. Overall, our results extend the knowledge on odor cueing effects and provide a realistic practical perspective on it.
Si-Mg isotopes in enstatite chondrites and accretion of reduced planetary bodies
Authors: Sikdar Jinia , Rai Vinai K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAmong the primitive meteorite classes, Enstatite Chondrites (EC) are believed to share a common origin with the Earth due to its close similarity with terrestrial mantle (Bulk Silicate Earth, BSE) for numerous isotope systematics. Si isotopes are an exception to this trend and the large δ30Si difference of ~0.3‰ between bulk EC and BSE has been used to argue against any major contribution of EC like planetary materials in Earth’s accretion. However, Si possess a bimodal distribution among silicate and metallic fractions of EC because of its formation under highly reducing conditions. Based on high precision Si isotope analyses in micro-milled phase separates of EH3 chondrites, here we report the presence of significantly light Si isotopes in EC-metals (δ30Si ≥ −6.94 ± 0.09‰, Mg/Si = ~0.001) whereas its silicate phases are isotopically heavier (Av. δ30SiEC-silicates = −0.33 ± 0.11‰, Mg/Si = ~1.01) and closer to BSE (δ30SiBSE = −0.29 ± 0.08‰). We discuss the origin of the observed Si isotope heterogeneity in terms of gas-solid interaction processes associated with metal-silicate condensation at high C/O environment (~0.83). Although the elevated δ30Si of BSE compared to chondrites is consistent with earlier conclusions that lighter Si has partitioned into Earth’s metallic core, our results indicate that the super-chondritic Si isotope composition of BSE does not reflect the sole consequence of high temperature-pressure core and mantle equilibration in a deep magma-ocean. Instead, Si along with Mg isotope analyses carried out in the same aliquot of EC micro-phase separates suggest that processes such as metal-silicate Si isotope fractionation at reduced nebular environment and vapor loss of lighter Si isotopes during planetary volatilization were also influential in establishing the Si isotope composition of terrestrial mantle.
Porcine CXCR1/2 antagonist CXCL8(3–72)G31P inhibits lung inflammation in LPS-challenged mice
Authors: Wang Xue , Li Yanchuan , Li Lintao , Jiao Zhe , Liu Xiaoli , Cheng Guofu , Gu Changqin , Hu Xueying , Zhang Wanpo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSwine pneumonia is a great threat for pig industry around the world, which is usually accompanied with neutrophils infiltration in the airway. Although interleukin-8 (CXCL8) and its receptors, CXC chemokine receptor 1 and 2 (CXCR1/2) in human have been well documented, the expression and function of CXCR1/2 is still unknown in swine. To explore the feasibility to develop new veterinary anti-inflammatory drugs targeting porcine CXCR1/2, we detected CXCR1/2 expression in swine pneumonia through Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry for the first time. Two porcine CXCR1/2 antagonists, CXCL8(3–72)N11R/G31P (pN11R) and CXCL8(3–72)G31P (pG31P) were prepared and their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using cell chemotaxis assays and animal experiments. Our data showed that CXCR1/2 expression, which was closely related to neutrophil infiltration in the lung, was significantly up-regulated in swine pneumonia. The pN11R and pG31P could effectively inhibit the directional migration of neutrophilsin vitro.In vivodata also indicated that both pN11R and pG31P significantly relieved LPS-induced pneumonia in mice through decreasing the expression ofTNF-α,CXCL8, andIL-1β, and inhibiting neutrophil influx into the lung. pG31P was more efficient. Our study suggested that it is possible to develop new veterinary anti-inflammatory drugs targeting porcine CXCR1/2, and pG31P is a promising candidate.
Predicting collapse of adaptive networked systems without knowing the network
Authors: Horstmeyer Leonhard , Pham Tuan Minh , Korbel Jan , Thurner Stefan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe collapse of ecosystems, the extinction of species, and the breakdown of economic and financial networks usually hinges on topological properties of the underlying networks, such as the existence of self-sustaining (or autocatalytic) feedback cycles. Such collapses can be understood as a massive change of network topology, usually accompanied by the extinction of a macroscopic fraction of nodes and links. It is often related to the breakdown of the last relevant directed catalytic cycle within a dynamical system. Without detailed structural information it seems impossible to state, whether a network is robust or if it is likely to collapse in the near future. Here we show that it is nevertheless possible to predict collapse for a large class of systems that are governed by a linear (or linearized) dynamics. To compute the corresponding early warning signal, we require only non-structural information about the nodes’ states such as species abundances in ecosystems, or company revenues in economic networks. It is shown that the existence of a single directed cycle in the network can be detected by a “quantization effect” of node states, that exists as a direct consequence of a corollary of the Perron–Frobenius theorem. The proposed early warning signal for the collapse of networked systems captures their structural instability without relying on structural information. We illustrate the validity of the approach in a transparent model of co-evolutionary ecosystems and show this quantization in systems of species evolution, epidemiology, and population dynamics.
Controlled clustering enhances PDX1 and NKX6.1 expression in pancreatic endoderm cells derived from pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Tran Raymond , Moraes Christopher , Hoesli Corinne A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived insulin-producing cells are a promising cell source for diabetes cellular therapy. However, the efficiency of the multi-step process required to differentiate PSCs towards pancreatic beta cells is variable between cell lines, batches and even within cultures. In adherent pancreatic differentiation protocols, we observed spontaneous local clustering of cells expressing elevated nuclear expression of pancreatic endocrine transcription factors, PDX1 and NKX6.1. Since aggregation has previously been shown to promote downstream differentiation, this local clustering may contribute to the variability in differentiation efficiencies observed within and between cultures. We therefore hypothesized that controlling and directing the spontaneous clustering process would lead to more efficient and consistent induction of pancreatic endocrine fate. Micropatterning cells in adherent microwells prompted clustering, local cell density increases, and increased nuclear accumulation of PDX1 and NKX6.1. Improved differentiation profiles were associated with distinct filamentous actin architectures, suggesting a previously overlooked role for cell-driven morphogenetic changes in supporting pancreatic differentiation. This work demonstrates that confined differentiation in cell-adhesive micropatterns may provide a facile, scalable, and more reproducible manufacturing route to drive morphogenesis and produce well-differentiated pancreatic cell clusters.
Estimating Traffic Disruption Patterns with Volunteered Geographic Information
Authors: Camargo Chico Q. , Bright Jonathan , McNeill Graham , Raman Sridhar , Hale Scott A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAccurate understanding and forecasting of traffic is a key contemporary problem for policymakers. Road networks are increasingly congested, yet traffic data is often expensive to obtain, making informed policy-making harder. This paper explores the extent to which traffic disruption can be estimated using features from the volunteered geographic information site OpenStreetMap (OSM). We use OSM features as predictors for linear regressions of counts of traffic disruptions and traffic volume at 6,500 points in the road network within 112 regions of Oxfordshire, UK. We show that more than half the variation in traffic volume and disruptions can be explained with OSM features alone, and use cross-validation and recursive feature elimination to evaluate the predictive power and importance of different land use categories. Finally, we show that using OSM’s granular point of interest data allows for better predictions than the broader categories typically used in studies of transportation and land use.
Single-cell dispensing and ‘real-time’ cell classification using convolutional neural networks for higher efficiency in single-cell cloning
Authors: Riba Julian , Schoendube Jonas , Zimmermann Stefan , Koltay Peter , Zengerle Roland 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSingle-cell dispensing for automated cell isolation of individual cells has gained increased attention in the biopharmaceutical industry, mainly for production of clonal cell lines. Here, machine learning for classification of cell images is applied for ‘real-time’ cell viability sorting on a single-cell printer. We show that an extremely shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification of low-complexity cell images outperforms more complex architectures. Datasets with hundreds of cell images from four different samples were used for training and validation of the CNNs. The clone recovery, i.e. the fraction of single-cells that grow to clonal colonies, is predicted to increase for all the samples investigated. Finally, a trained CNN was deployed on a c.sight single-cell printer for ‘real-time’ sorting of a CHO-K1 cells. On a sample with artificially damaged cells the clone recovery could be increased from 27% to 73%, thereby resulting in a significantly faster and more efficient cloning. Depending on the classification threshold, the frequency at which viable cells are dispensed could be increased by up to 65%. This technology for image-based cell sorting is highly versatile and can be expected to enable cell sorting by computer vision with respect to different criteria in the future.