bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Repress or to Co‐opt? Authoritarian Control in the Age of Digital Surveillance
Authors: Xu Xu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article studies the consequences of digital surveillance in dictatorships. I first develop an informational theory of repression and co‐optation. I argue that digital surveillance resolves dictators' information problem of not knowing individual citizens' true anti‐regime sentiments. By identifying radical opponents, digital surveillance enables dictators to substitute targeted repression for nonexclusive co‐optation to forestall coordinated uprisings. My theory implies that as digital surveillance technologies advance, we should observe a rise in targeted repression and a decline in universal redistribution. Using a difference‐in‐differences design that exploits temporal variation in digital surveillance systems among Chinese counties, I find that surveillance increases local governments' public security expenditure and arrests of political activists but decreases public goods provision. My theory and evidence suggest that improvements in governments' information make citizens worse off in dictatorships.
Are most randomised trials in anaesthesia and critical care wrong? An analysis using Bayes’ theorem
Authors: Sidebotham D. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryFalse findings are an inevitable consequence of statistical testing. In this article, I use Bayes’ theorem to estimate the false positive and false negative risks for randomised controlled trials related to our speciality. For small trials in peri‐operative medicine, the false positive risk appears to be at least 50%. For trials reporting weakly significant p values, the risk is even higher. By contrast, large, multicentre trials in critical care appear to have a high false negative risk. These findings suggest much of the evidence that underpins our clinical practice is likely to be wrong.
Learning curve for pancreatoduodenectomy: can it be generalized?
Authors: Park Hyeong Min , Han Sung‐Sik , Park Sang‐Jae , Kim Sun‐Whe 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe hypothesized that a learning curve exists for pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and that the factors that show a learning curve and the degree of improvement over time differ among surgeons.MethodsWe analysed the outcomes of PD in 300 patients operated by two surgeons between 2001 and 2014; these comprised the first 150 patients operated by each surgeon. Patients operated by each surgeon were classified into three groups according to the chronological sequence of operation (50 patients per group).ResultsFor surgeon A, the median operation time (496 versus 454 versus 418 min, P < 0.001) and the mean amount of red blood cell transfusion (3.76 versus 2.76 versus 1.26 packs, P < 0.001) showed a slight but progressive decrease from the first 50 cases to the second and the third 50 cases. For surgeon B, only the operation time, which decreased and ultimately plateaued at approximately case 100, was significantly different among the groups. There was no improvement in post‐operative complications, re‐operation rates, mortality, length of stay and re‐admission rates over time for both surgeons.ConclusionWe demonstrated that a learning curve for PD exists with respect to various factors. However, the factors for which learning curves were exhibited and the degree of improvement over time were different between the two surgeons.
Post‐operative and oncological 3‐year follow‐up outcomes in stage 2 colonic cancer in the emergency and elective setting: a cohort study
Authors: Frago Ricardo , McDermott Frank , Campillo Beatriz , Kreisler Esther , Biondo Sebastiano 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundStage 2 colonic cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of patients with a spectrum of disease, from invasion of the sub‐serosa to tumour perforation into visceral peritoneum/adjacent organs. This study evaluates the post‐operative outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with both emergency and elective presentations of stage 2 colonic cancer treated with curative intent.MethodsRetrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of adult patients (emergency and elective) who underwent curative surgery for stage 2 colonic cancer in a single tertiary referral centre between 2007 and 2016 was conducted. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors. Measured variables included demographics, complications, histology, disease‐free survival and overall survival (OS).ResultsA total of 428 patients with stage 2 colonic cancer received curative surgical resection, and negative resection margins were achieved in all cases: T3 group (stage 2A): 316 (73.8%); T4a group (stage 2B): 78 patients (18.2%); and T4b group (stage 2C): 34 (8%). There were 187 (45.7%) post‐operative complications, 32 (7.5%) anastomotic leaks and eight (1.9%) 30‐day mortalities. Eighty patients (19.3%) died during the follow‐up. During the follow‐up period, 45 patients developed recurrence (all distant). Multivariate analysis identified age >70 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists grades III–IV and male gender as factors associated with poor OS, while recurrence was higher in those aged over 70 years and with stages 2B–2C disease.ConclusionSurgical morbidity in patients with stage 2 colonic cancer who have undergone curative surgery is high. Older and more co‐morbid patients have poorer OS. Stages 2B and 2C colon cancer patients have worse prognosis than those with stage 2A regarding recurrence. Future larger data sets are required to determine the role of transmural spread as a prognostic factor.
Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID‐19: A systematic review of 108 pregnancies
Authors: Zaigham Mehreen , Andersson Ola 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has exposed vulnerable populations to an unprecedented global health crisis. The knowledge gained from previous human coronavirus outbreaks suggests that pregnant women and their fetuses are particularly susceptible to poor outcomes. The objective of this study was to summarize the clinical manifestations and maternal and perinatal outcomes of COVID‐19 during pregnancy.Material and methodsWe searched databases for all case reports and series from 12 February to 4 April 2020. Multiple terms and combinations were used including COVID‐19, pregnancy, maternal mortality, maternal morbidity, complications, clinical manifestations, neonatal morbidity, intrauterine fetal death, neonatal mortality and SARS‐CoV‐2. Eligibility criteria included peer‐reviewed publications written in English or Chinese and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or dual fluorescence PCR‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Unpublished reports, unspecified date and location of the study or suspicion of duplicate reporting, cases with suspected COVID‐19 that were not confirmed by a laboratory test, and unreported maternal or perinatal outcomes were excluded. Data on clinical manifestations, maternal and perinatal outcomes including vertical transmission were extracted and analyzed.ResultsEighteen articles reporting data from 108 pregnancies between 8 December 2019 and 1 April 2020 were included in the current study. Most reports described women presenting in the third trimester with fever (68%) and coughing (34%). Lymphocytopenia (59%) with elevated C‐reactive protein (70%) was observed and 91% of the women were delivered by cesarean section. Three maternal intensive care unit admissions were noted but no maternal deaths. One neonatal death and one intrauterine death were also reported.ConclusionsAlthough the majority of mothers were discharged without any major complications, severe maternal morbidity as a result of COVID‐19 and perinatal deaths were reported. Vertical transmission of the COVID‐19 could not be ruled out. Careful monitoring of pregnancies with COVID‐19 and measures to prevent neonatal infection are warranted.
Osteoprotegerin levels in children with subclinical hypothyroidism
Authors: Giannakopoulos Aristeidis , Katsantoni Elena , Kritikou Dimitra , Chrysis Dionisios 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimIn this study, we investigated the osteoprotegerin (OPG) and soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa Β ligand (sRANKL) serum levels in association with thyroid function in children with subclinical hypothyroidism.MethodsIn 143 children and adolescents with subclinical hypothyroidism and 343 with normal thyroid function, age, height, weight and pubertal status were recorded and TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), anti‐thyroid antibodies, OPG and sRANKL were measured in serum. Multiple linear regression was used for the statistical analysis with P < .05.ResultsChildren with subclinical hypothyroidism had higher TSH and lower FT4 serum levels than the control group (P < .05). Both groups had similar BMI Z‐score, OPG and sRANKL serum levels. After multiple regression analysis, in children with subclinical hypothyroidism, OPG was negatively associated with FT4 (P < .05) whilst no association was observed between OPG and sRANKL, as well as between FT4 serum levels and RANKL.ConclusionOsteoprotegerin levels in children with subclinical hypothyroidism do not differ from those of euthyroid children. However, there is a negative association between FT4 and OPG levels observed only in the SH group. Considering the link between vascular dysfunction and alterations in osteoprotegerin levels, further research is needed to establish the role of childhood subclinical hypothyroidism in the long‐term cardiovascular risk.
Toward a climate‐informed North American protected areas network: Incorporating climate‐change refugia and corridors in conservation planning
Authors: Stralberg Diana , Carroll Carlos , Nielsen Scott E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGlobal and national commitments to slow biodiversity loss by expanding protected area networks also provide opportunities to evaluate conservation priorities in the face of climate change. Using recently developed indicators of climatic macrorefugia, environmental diversity, and corridors, we conducted a systematic, climate‐informed prioritization of conservation values across North America. We explicitly considered complementarity of multiple conservation objectives, capturing key niche‐based temperature and moisture thresholds for 324 tree species and 268 songbird species. Conservation rankings were influenced most strongly by climate corridors and species‐specific refugia layers. Although areas of high conservation value under climate change were partially aligned with existing protected areas, ∼80% of areas within the top quintile of biome‐level conservation values lack formal protection. Results from this study and application of our approach elsewhere can help improve the long‐term value of conservation investments at multiple spatial scales.
Synthesis, structural characterization, and thermal properties of Ca‐ and La‐doped soda‐lime glasses by laser melting
Authors: Ali Sharafat , Wójcik Natalia A. , Jonson Bo , Kamitsos E.I. , Li Xinghua , Luo Jian , Möncke Doris 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTLaser melting techniques have been used in the preparation of unconventional glass compositions with high melting temperatures. Thus, we wanted to test the feasibility of using a CO2 laser in the preparation of nitrogen‐rich oxynitride glasses and nitride silicate glasses. Melting from oxides and metallic raw materials, we wanted to study first glass formation and possible evaporation losses of the glass components. Two glass series were prepared and studied for their structure and thermal properties, one with Ca2+‐ and a higher melting La3+‐doped soda‐lime‐silicate (SLS) series. In less than 3 minutes of laser melting, spheres of up to 6 mm diameter were successfully fabricated. The obtained glass samples were homogeneous and transparent in the visible region. X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the synthesized samples. Sodium losses increase as calcium is added to the soda‐lime‐silicate glass. As expected, increasing Ca2+ or La3+ addition lead to increased depolymerization of the silicate network. Moreover, the increases in Tg with the addition of Ca2+ or La3+ ions indicating strengthening of the soda‐lime‐silicate glass by increasing strength of the M‐O bonds of divalent and trivalent ions over monovalent sodium ions, weak Na‐O bonds also resulting in significant evaporation loss during the short laser melting times. The thermal stability decreases upon addition of Ca2+ or La3+ ions to the soda‐lime‐silicate glasses.
Selective and ATP‐competitive kinesin KIF18A inhibitor suppresses the replication of influenza A virus
Authors: Cho Yong‐Bin , Hong Sungguan , Kang Kyung‐Won , Kang Ji‐Hun , Lee Sang‐Myeong , Seo Young‐Jin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe influenza virus is one of the major public health threats. However, the development of efficient vaccines and therapeutic drugs to combat this virus is greatly limited by its frequent genetic mutations. Because of this, targeting the host factors required for influenza virus replication may be a more effective strategy for inhibiting a broader spectrum of variants. Here, we demonstrated that inhibition of a motor protein kinesin family member 18A (KIF18A) suppresses the replication of the influenza A virus (IAV). The expression of KIF18A in host cells was increased following IAV infection. Intriguingly, treatment with the selective and ATP‐competitive mitotic kinesin KIF18A inhibitor BTB‐1 substantially decreased the expression of viral RNAs and proteins, and the production of infectious viral particles, while overexpression of KIF18A enhanced the replication of IAV. Importantly, BTB‐1 treatment attenuated the activation of AKT, p38 MAPK, SAPK and Ran‐binding protein 3 (RanBP3), which led to the prevention of the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes. Notably, administration of BTB‐1 greatly improved the viability of IAV‐infected mice. Collectively, our results unveiled a beneficial role of KIF18A in IAV replication, and thus, KIF18A could be a potential therapeutic target for the control of IAV infection.
Hybridization and transgressive exploration of colour pattern and wing morphology in Heliconius butterflies
Authors: Mérot Claire , Debat Vincent , Le Poul Yann , Merrill Richard M. , Naisbit Russell E. , Tholance Adélie , Jiggins Chris D. , Joron Mathieu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHybridization can generate novel phenotypes distinct from those of parental lineages, a phenomenon known as transgressive trait variation. Transgressive phenotypes might negatively or positively affect hybrid fitness, and increase available variation. Closely related species of Heliconius butterflies regularly produce hybrids in nature, and hybridization is thought to play a role in the diversification of novel wing colour patterns despite strong stabilizing selection due to interspecific mimicry. Here, we studied wing phenotypes in first‐ and second‐generation hybrids produced by controlled crosses between either two co‐mimetic species of Heliconius or between two nonmimetic species. We quantified wing size, shape and colour pattern variation and asked whether hybrids displayed transgressive wing phenotypes. Discrete traits underlain by major‐effect loci, such as the presence or absence of colour patches, generate novel phenotypes. For quantitative traits, such as wing shape or subtle colour pattern characters, hybrids only exceed the parental range in specific dimensions of the morphological space. Overall, our study addresses some of the challenges in defining and measuring phenotypic transgression for multivariate traits and our data suggest that the extent to which transgressive trait variation in hybrids contributes to phenotypic diversity depends on the complexity and the genetic architecture of the traits.
Use of professional interpreters for children and families with limited English proficiency: The intersection with quality and safety
Authors: Brophy‐Williams Sam , Boylen Susan , Gill Fenella J , Wilson Sally , Cherian Sarah 
Published: April 2020

AimLinguistic diversity is increasing nationally; patients with limited English proficiency require provision of professional interpreters. We reviewed hospital‐wide use of interpreters for low English proficiency in a tertiary hospital across emergency (ED), outpatient and inpatient presentations.MethodsTwo cohorts with low English proficiency presenting to Princess Margaret Hospital were audited. Records of new Refugee Health Service patients (presenting between January and July 2015) and non‐Refugee Health Service low English proficiency patients (obtained through Language Services bookings) were reviewed to assess demographic profiles and use of interpreters for any occasion of service over the following 12 months (for each patient).ResultsData from 188 patients were reviewed (Refugee Health Service: 119 patients; non‐Refugee Health Service: 69 patients; total 1027 occasions of service); all were under 18 years of age. High socio‐economic disadvantage and limited education was noted. Almost all (98.5%) had low English proficiency; 3 Refugee Health Service parents spoke English; 68% of non‐Refugee Health Service patients were in families previously transitioned from that service. Interpreter use was poor across all areas. Thirty‐four patients had 46 inpatient admissions with documented interpreter use for 59% (20/34) of these. All patients underwent at least one procedure, with no instances of interpreter documentation for procedure consent. Documented interpreter use was minimal in outpatient occasions of service (32/118, 27% Refugee Health Service; 18/222, 8% non‐Refugee Health Service). Only one Refugee Health Service patient had evidence of ED interpreter use, out of 78 ED occasions of service (34 patients).ConclusionsDespite documented low English proficiency, suboptimal and inadequate use of professional interpreters persists. Low English proficiency patients are vulnerable, with socio‐economic disadvantage, likely to impact on health outcomes and compliance. Organisational risk also is highlighted, including impact on clinical handover, informed consent and non‐compliance with state language services policy. Further staff education and quality improvement work is essential.
Determinants of legacy effects in pine trees – implications from an irrigation‐stop experiment
Authors: Zweifel Roman , Etzold Sophia , Sterck Frank , Gessler Arthur , Anfodillo Tommaso , Mencuccini Maurizio , von Arx Georg , Lazzarin Martina , Haeni Matthias , Feichtinger Linda , Meusburger Katrin , Knuesel Simon , Walthert Lorenz , Salmon Yann , Bose Arun K. , Schoenbeck Leonie , Hug Christian , De Girardi Nicolas , Giuggiola Arnaud , Schaub Marcus , Rigling Andreas 
Published: April 2020

Summary

Tree responses to altered water availability range from immediate (e.g. stomatal regulation) to delayed (e.g. crown size adjustment). The interplay of the different response times and processes, and their effects on long‐term whole‐tree performance, however, is hardly understood.

Here we investigated legacy effects on structures and functions of mature Scots pine in a dry inner‐Alpine Swiss valley after stopping an 11‐yr lasting irrigation treatment. Measured ecophysiological time series were analysed and interpreted with a system‐analytic tree model.

We found that the irrigation stop led to a cascade of downregulations of physiological and morphological processes with different response times. Biophysical processes responded within days, whereas needle and shoot lengths, crown transparency, and radial stem growth reached control levels after up to 4 yr only. Modelling suggested that organ and carbon reserve turnover rates play a key role for a tree’s responsiveness to environmental changes. Needle turnover rate was found to be most important to accurately model stem growth dynamics.

We conclude that leaf area and its adjustment time to new conditions is the main determinant for radial stem growth of pine trees as the transpiring area needs to be supported by a proportional amount of sapwood, despite the growth‐inhibiting environmental conditions.
Histone demethylase SlJMJ6 promotes fruit ripening by removing H3K27 methylation of ripening‐related genes in tomato
Authors: Li Zhiwei , Jiang Guoxiang , Liu Xuncheng , Ding Xiaochun , Zhang Dandan , Wang Xiaowan , Zhou Yijie , Yan Huiling , Li Taotao , Wu Keqiang , Jiang Yueming , Duan Xuewu 
Published: April 2020

Summary

Fruit ripening is governed by a complex regulatory network. Reversible histone methylation and demethylation regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. However, little is known about the involvement of histone demethylases in regulating fruit ripening.

Here, we found that the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlJMJ6 encodes a histone lysine demethylase that specifically demethylates H3K27 methylation. Overexpression of SlJMJ6 accelerates tomato fruit ripening, which is associated with the upregulated expression of a large number of ripening‐related genes.

Integrated analysis of RNA‐seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing identified 32 genes directly targeted by SlJMJ6 and transcriptionally upregulated with decreased H3K27m3 in SlJMJ6‐overexpressed fruit. Numerous SlJMJ6‐regulated genes are involved in transcription regulation, ethylene biosynthesis, cell wall degradation and hormone signaling. Eleven ripening‐related genes including RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), 1‐aminocyclopropane 1‐carboxylate synthase‐4 (ACS4), 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate oxidase 1 (ACO1), pectate lyase (PL) and beta‐galactosidase 4 (TBG4), and a DNA demethylase DML2, were confirmed to be regulated directly by SlJMJ6 through removing H3K27me3.

Our results demonstrate that SlJMJ6 is a ripening‐prompting H3K27me3 demethylase that activates the expression of the ripening‐related genes by modulating H3K27me3, thereby facilitating tomato fruit ripening. Our work also reveals a novel link between histone demethylation and DNA demethylation in regulating fruit ripening. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the involvement of a histone lysine demethylase in the regulation of fruit ripening.
Diagnostic accuracy of R‐wave detection by insertable cardiac monitors
Authors: De Coster Margot , Demolder Anthony , De Meyer Veerle , Vandenbulcke Filiep , Van Heuverswyn Frederic , De Pooter Jan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundInsertable cardiac monitors (ICM) allow prolonged rhythm monitoring, but the diagnostic performance can be hampered by false positive arrhythmia alerts related to inadequate R‐wave sensing. This study assesses the prevalence and predictors of inadequate R‐wave sensing (both over‐ and undersensing) among different ICM types.MethodsPatients implanted with an ICM at Ghent University Hospital between January 2017 and August 2018 were included. ICM tracings recorded at interrogation or transmitted by remote monitoring were reviewed for inadequate R‐wave sensing leading to false arrhythmia alerts. Patient and implant characteristics were retrieved from the medical records and implant reports.ResultsThe study screened 135 patients (age 59 ± 19 years, 44% female) implanted with different ICM types: Reveal LINQ™ and XT (Medtronic): n = 92 (68%), Confirm and Confirm Rx (Abbott): n = 35 (26%), and BioMonitor 2 (Biotronik): n = 8 (6%). ICM tracings were analyzed in 112 patients (83%). False arrhythmia alerts occurred in 22 (20%) patients, most frequently related to undersensing (77%). False diagnosis of bradycardia or pause was documented in 64%, false high ventricular rates in 14%, and false atrial fibrillation alerts in 22%. Occurrence of R‐wave changes was not related to patient characteristics or implant R‐wave sensing. A trend toward higher number of inadequate R‐wave sensing seems to occur with nonparasternal implant sites (P = .074).ConclusionsFalse arrhythmia alerts due to inadequate R‐wave sensing occurred in 20% of ICM patients independent of implant features and patient characteristics.