bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The West’s Democracy Promotion Playbook
Authors: Herrold Catherine E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChapter 3 outlines the West’s democracy promotion playbook and presents its promise and perils. It shows how democracy aid has been criticized by both scholars and leaders of Egyptian NGOs for failing to effectively confront dictators or to resonate with local populations in its focus on reforming procedures and institutions and technical outputs. But local foundations typically have fewer resources than their Western counterparts and may be constrained by government control and co-optation. So democracy aid often provides crucial funding for organizations that otherwise have limited sources of cash. This chapter introduces a range of perspectives on the strengths and weaknesses of the West’s democracy promotion strategies.
Political Opportunities for Participation and China’s Leadership Transition
Authors: Fu Diana , Distelhorst Greg 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
How does China manage political participation? This chapter analyzes changing opportunities for participation in the leadership transition from Hu Jintao to Xi Jinping. Contentious political participation—where individuals and independent organizations engage in protest and other disruptive behavior—has been further curtailed under Xi’s leadership. Yet institutional participation by ordinary citizens through quasi-democratic institutions appears unaffected and is even trending up in certain sectors. Manipulation of the political opportunity structure is likely strategic behavior on the part of authoritarian rulers, as they seek to incorporate or appease the discontented. The political opportunity structure in non-democracies is therefore multifaceted: one channel of participation can close as others expand.
Diffusion-Proofing
Authors: Koesel Karrie J. , Bunce Valerie J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Do authoritarian leaders take preemptive actions to deter their citizens from joining cross-national waves of popular mobilizations against authoritarian rulers? Are they more likely to engage in such behavior when these uprisings appear to be more threatening—in particular, when they take place in neighboring countries and in regimes that resemble their own? This chapter provides answers to these questions by comparing the responses of the Russian and Chinese leaderships to two such waves: the color revolutions and the Arab uprisings. It concludes that despite differences in the ostensible threats posed by these two waves, they nonetheless prompted the leaders of both of these countries to introduce similar preemptive measures in order to “diffusion-proof” their rule against the color revolutions and the Arab upheavals. These findings have some important implications for an understanding of authoritarian politics and diffusion processes. One is to reinforce the emphasis in many recent studies on the strategic foundations of authoritarian resilience. That recognized, however, this chapter adds that the authoritarian tool kit needs to be expanded to include policies that preempt international threats as well as domestic ones. The other is to provide further confirmation, in this case derived from the behavior of authoritarian rulers, of how scholars have understood the drivers of cross-national diffusion. At the same time, however, students of diffusion should pay more attention to the role of resisters, as well as to adopters. In this sense, the geographical reach of diffusion is much broader than many analysts have recognized
Introduction: “Everybody knows about Mississippi goddam”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The introduction offers an overview of the shootings of May 15, 1970, and the effort by students to protect the evidence and memory of what happened. An HBCU in the most racially repressive state, Jackson State College opened in the midst of the counterrevolution against Reconstruction and was determined to provide a first-rate education. The school struggled against white supremacy from the beginning. Activism following World War Two, the Brown decision, and the civil rights movement produced an epic backlash, including violence against activists, leading to the growing dominance of Black Power as an organizing philosophy. Activism on campus had long been repressed by the administration, acting on behalf of the all-white Board of Trustees, but by the end of the decade the campus was changing, influenced by Black Power and a new president, and opportunities to grow and express racial consciousness emerged. It was this campus law enforcement assaulted.
“Wake up brothers and sisters”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the convergence of forces that led to the 1970 shootings at Jackson State, beginning with the shooting of local activist Benjamin Brown in 1967 and then the tensions between conservatism and reform on campus from 1967 to 1970. Even as a new racial consciousness emerged on the campus after the ascension of John Peoples to the presidency, Jackson State remained largely isolated from the growing antiwar and student activism on campuses nationwide. Civil rights gains, student activism, the antiwar movement, urban rebellions, and the growing appeal of Black Power, though, had produced near-hysteria among white Mississippians and a broader backlash in white communities nationwide, a mood President Richard Nixon tapped into with his Southern Strategy and his deployment of racially veiled law and order rhetoric. In such a context, law enforcement in Jackson felt empowered to answer even limited unrest on the campus with force.
Conclusion: “It was not a story to pass on”
Authors: Bristow Nancy K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The May 1970 shootings at Jackson State had an enduring impact for many of its victims. Many dedicated themselves to fighting the racism that had killed James Earl Green and Phillip Gibbs. others ensured the story would not be forgotten. For some the injuries and trauma were long-lasting. Their tragic experiences were not unique, but part of a long history of state violence against communities of color, a history routinely absent from most white Americans’ educations and consciousness. Ongoing state violence against people of color—both police shootings and the growth of the largest prison system in the world—has required evading the history of white supremacist violence and an ongoing embrace of the law and order narrative. The conclusion illustrates how the role of race in the shootings at Jackson State provides context for understanding more recent police shootings and the emergence of the Black Lives Matter movement.
Propertius
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
While Augustus in Propertius stands for Roman military power, Jupiter’s additional association with sex makes him a far more complex figure. The erotic rivalry between Jupiter and Propertius throughout book 2, the lovesickness book, would devolve into even greater absurdity if Jupiter were metonymy for Augustus. Whether or not Augustus is on his way to becoming a “Jupiter figure,” the four poems in which he and the god are juxtaposed make clear the increasing concentration of power in the hands of one man. In book 2, Jupiter’s unsung Gigantomachy, followed immediately by Augustus’s unsung Aeneid, creates a connection; the inability of either Jupiter or Caesar to separate devoted lovers strengthens it. Book 3 floats the idea—playfully, one hopes—of an opposition between the chief man and the chief god, as the poet claims that Rome should not fear even Jupiter while Augustus is safe. By book 4, Jupiter has been further upstaged by Augustus, merely sitting in the audience while Caesar’s victory at Actium is sung. On the other hand, the rise and fall of Jupiter the Lover throughout Propertius’s poems does tell us something about the changing mores of Augustan Rome. The absence of this figure from book 4, and his replacement with the censorious persona who refuses to “suffer” Tarpeia’s love-wounds, may reflect the moral climate that Augustus’s marriage and adultery legislation sought to foster. Yet like the revenant Cynthia of 4.8, combining Juno’s wrath with Jupiter’s might, amor cannot really be killed.
Ovid
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the beginning, Ovid’s depiction of Jupiter accords with the usual elegiac fare. There is a certain amount of rivalry, as Ovid fears Jupiter might steal his girl; some flippant one-upmanship, as Ovid drops Jupiter-cum-thunderbolt when his girlfriend locks her door; copious irony, as the praeceptor Amoris instructs his pupils to imitate Jupiter in perjuring themselves. Ovid particularly enjoys “correcting” his predecessor Propertius on certain points of Jovian theology. The great works written close to the time of Ovid’s exile add a bitter edge to this playfulness, revisiting elegiac scenarios with a dramatic shift in focalization. Jupiter’s rapes and the suffering they cause are a leitmotif of Ovid’s epic Metamorphoses. In the Fasti, Jupiter is subjected to complex manipulation, instructed, diminished, and reframed according to the poet’s wish-fulfilling fantasies. As Augustus transformed the Roman experience of time by modifying the calendar, so Ovid seizes control of the discourse by shaping the calendar to his own poetic ends. When the thunderbolt strikes, banishing him to the Black Sea, Ovid creates a Jovian/Augustan mythology all his own. Like the Metamorphoses and Fasti, the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto show two possibilities for Jupiter, yet the Tristia’s impression of the cruelly wrathful Thunderer predominates over the Ex Ponto’s possibility of revivifying rain. Most importantly, by figuring himself as the heroes and—especially—heroines persecuted by the autocratic ruler of the Olympian pantheon, Ovid defines his poetry and his very self as a work of artistically fruitful, politically hopeless opposition to the new “Jupiter.”
Introduction
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter describes the contribution of the book to key historiographic and intellectual approaches to music and Latin American history. It locates historically and conceptually the emergence of the category of Latin American music within the history of the idea of Latin America since the nineteenth century. It focuses on the emergence of a cultural definition of Latin America as a region and argues about the centrality of music in it. It is a conversation with many intellectual, political, and aesthetic histories of the region. It describes the main concepts utilized in the book—musical practices, transnationalism, modernity—and the overall content of each chapter.
People, Places, and Things
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes the life history of Vernon, a middle-aged Black man with a history of crack addiction and four prior imprisonments. He moved to Houston in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and has successfully desisted from crime. In self-help, peer-group programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, it is commonly stressed that to manage addiction it is necessary to avoid the “people, places, and things” associated with previous substance use. Doing so is easier said than done, given that a lack of income and limited housing opportunities often push individuals back to the same environments where they used drugs in the past. Vernon’s case adds validity to the notion that residential change can provide the foundation for true behavioral change for people with substance abuse problems by separating them from the people and places of their past and by fostering an alternate set of daily routines and situations.
Epilogue
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Epilogue takes the policy discussion a step further, describing an experimental demonstration project that uses housing subsidies to incentivize recently released prisoners to move to new cities. This demonstration project, which is called the Maryland Opportunities through Vouchers Experiment, or MOVE for short, was designed to determine if residential change, in this case induced through a real-world housing intervention, might yield the same reductions in recidivism that the moves from Hurricane Katrina produced. Thus, the book ends with a discussion of how the lessons of a unique but tragic natural experiment might be put to use to lower criminal recidivism. The Epilogue describes pilot results which suggest that residential relocation, along with stable housing, can yield significant reductions in the likelihood of criminal recidivism.
Duke’s Day and First Features 1929–1940
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A survey and analysis of films taking jazz as a topic, from early talkies through the birth and development of the swing era. Such films include two innovative 1929 shorts by director Dudley Murphy, one featuring Bessie Smith and the other featuring Duke Ellington. Smith and Ellington play fictionalized versions of themselves. Paul Whiteman and Artie Shaw play their not-quite selves in feature films. Controversy over jazz in the African American community is explored in Broken Strings. Musicians “swing the classics” there and in another film. The 1937 feature Champagne Waltz includes an early instance of a stock jazz-film ending—a big New York concert that reconciles people and/or musical styles in conflict. That ending is tweaked by placing it at Carnegie Hall in 1938’s Alexander’s Ragtime Band. Other films are also discussed.
Origin Stories 1941–1947
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines 1940s jazz films that depict the early days of jazz and its spread from the African American community to white musicians and audiences. These films are placed in the context of early research into the music’s origins, and of the 1940s dixieland revival. Two films feature child prodigies. Parallels between the plots of 1942’s Syncopation and 1947’s New Orleans are highlighted, and the ways they depict the closing of New Orleans’ Storyville prostitution district are compared. The George Gershwin biopic Rhapsody in Blue erases the direct influence of African American musicians on Gershwin’s development as composer. The 1943 black musical Stormy Weather is briefly discussed, noting its portrayal of ragtime-to-jazz bandleader James Reese Europe.
The Jazz Musician (and Fan) as Character 1951–1961
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Characters who play or love jazz turn up in many films that aren’t about jazz itself. Hollywood loves the colorfully seedy milieu, and all that feeling jazz folk put into the music. In the 1950s, jazz folk turn up all over: in film noir, musical, sex comedy, cartoon, social-issue “problem picture,” and on TV. A representative sampling is discussed. Also, the 1950s saw the emergence of rock-and-roll, whose partisans display hostility to jazz fans in Blackboard Jungle and Jailhouse Rock. Three screen narratives in which Tony Curtis plays a jazz musician are briefly recounted, also one where he torments a jazz musician. The nominally “crummy” all-woman band in the period comedy Some Like It Hot is defended, and placed in the context of other women’s jazz bands. Actor/director John Cassavetes plays a TV jazz musician/detective on Johnny Staccato, and a few episodes are examined.
Movies within Movies and New Orleans Comes Back 2008–2019
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the 2000s and 2010s, screen jazz stories explored new forms to tell a new century’s jazz stories—longform television included. The surreal comedy Be Kind Rewind critiques jazz narrative conventions, with a movie within a movie: a new trend in jazz pictures. Born to Be Blue depicts a Chet Baker biopic within the biopic. A Miles Davis biopic is configured as a self-contained double feature, dividing his charming and evil personas. Nina Simone and Joe Albany biopics likewise focus on lulls in their careers. Queen Latifah plays Bessie Smith in a sexually frank biopic. Damien Chazelle’s Whiplash is hysterical like a too-fast drum solo, and his La La Land echoes Scorsese’s New York, New York in various particulars. As the jazz film approached the music’s centenary on record, new stories keep harking back to early ones—even the earliest, drawing connections back to The Jazz Singer.
Print the Legend
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As described in this short chapter, movies about jazz sometimes inspire impressionable viewers to become professional musicians. Such films may even influence the specific ways they play. In addition, screen portrayals of jazz may influence how musicians (such as Sidney Bechet and Nina Simone) talk about their own lives, or about the music they play—though the evidence is often circumstantial.
Problem Solving
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how to design rehearsal strategies that take advantage of the brain’s natural tendency to learn efficiently through problem solving. After a brief discussion of the science of learning, this chapter offers pragmatic exercises and ideas to increase singer engagement through the embedding of problem solving throughout the rehearsal process. Areas explored include how to begin rehearsal with a problem to solve, encouraging autonomous decision-making from your singers, experimentation with tuning forks, and teaching your students to self-monitor. It also looks at ways to allow for singer analysis and experimentation, create provisions for follow up, incorporate reflective exercises, use the Socratic method, and utilize collaborative problem-solving techniques in rehearsal.
Identifying Ways We Learn
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the validity and relevance of two frequently discussed educational theories: Multiple Intelligence Theory and Learning Styles. Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory encourages educators to look beyond the standard IQ test as a single measurement of a student’s potential. Rather, he encourages educators to look at students more holistically as defined by eight different intelligences. The chapter continues by explaining that scientific studies do not support the commonly held belief that students learn best through their preferred learning style. Instead, research demonstrates that information learned through multiple sensory entry points will have more triggers for recollection, thus increasing chances for recall. The author shares a variety of exercises created to take advantage of this brain principle in the choral rehearsal. This chapter further explores the brain’s affinity as a pattern-seeking device to respond to structure, and ways to use that affinity as an aid to learning.
It’s All in Your Mind
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores strategies to maintain student focus in a world of ever-shrinking attention spans. The author examines the use of mindfulness as a rehearsal tool both to encourage sharpened attention, and to reenergize a lagging rehearsal. The chapter looks at research that supports mindfulness as a significant strategy to improve focus and skillfully deal with distractions, which can thereby yield benefits to rehearsal engagement and enjoyment. This chapter also explores the importance of maintaining a positive atmosphere in rehearsal, and ways educators can avoid unintentionally creating an environment of learned helplessness, the situation where students’ repeated, perceived failures discourage future efforts. It discusses how maintaining a high level of focus, positivity, and creative flow in rehearsal will more likely result in concert performances that reflect these qualities as well.
The Write Choice
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of writing as a tool for learning and retention in the choral rehearsal. Writing ensures a level of participation in analytical exercises not guaranteed during discussions, where students can easily disengage without notice. This chapter also notes the opportunity that writing can afford to the more introverted students, or those less likely to speak up to share their insights. The author suggests numerous ways to incorporate writing into various points of a rehearsal, such as during the opening minutes, at midway points, as exit cards at the conclusion, those occasions when singers need to sit out, or as journal entries written during or outside of rehearsal. No matter the type of writing activity, whether reflective, predictive, analytical, or summative, the chapter investigates exercises that keep students mentally engaged, encouraging creative and active participation in rehearsal.
Score Study—Look at Your Fish!
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores various methods for thoroughly learning a score. Although not the focal point of this book, having a well-prepared score before stepping onto the podium will provide better opportunities to design engaging and productive rehearsals. Each broad category of score study (such as text, time, architecture, harmony, etc.) includes sample brain-compatible rehearsal strategies. The chapter concludes with a consideration of frequently asked questions regarding how best to prepare a score for rehearsals and performance. Topics include methods for marking a score, how much or how little to listen to recordings, use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, and how to introduce a new score to your ensemble.
Introduction
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Amateurs musicians and their manuscript music books provide valuable insights into the nature of music in everyday life in the post-Revolutionary United States. Examining the cultural practices of amateur music-making allows us to see the instrumental role music played in the construction of gender, social class, race, and the nation. Much of the repertoire popular among white amateur women and men was imported from Britain and reflected an aesthetic conservatism that belied the impulse toward cultural nationalism in the early republic. Moreover, this repertoire was avowedly conventional and eschews the traits heralded as innovative by musicologists who work on the Classical and early Romantic periods. As nonprofessionals, as people engaged in manuscript copying in the age of print, and in their choice of repertoire, amateurs’ contributions have been triply obscured. Nevertheless, the experience of learning, copying, and performing such repertoire was critical for amateurs’ self-fashioning as genteel, erudite, pious, and cosmopolitan.
Epilogue
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The biographies of amateur musicians unveil how gendered ideologies functioned in lived experiences: didactic prescriptions pertaining to consumerism and luxury, and to patriarchy and marriage, are complicated when we attend to individuals’ pleasures and hopes. The next generations of amateur musicians operated within the patterns established by the post-Revolutionary generation. The epilogue casts forward into the antebellum period to consider the similarities and differences with what came before. Most notably, a shift in attitudes toward female music teachers represents a marked change in the nineteenth century. However, separate gender roles remained entrenched. A summary of how manuscript music books’ materiality intersected with gendered experiences of music in amateurs’ daily lives in the early republic reminds us how this came to be the case.