bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cohort study evaluating the burden of wounds to the UK’s National Health Service in 2017/2018: update from 2012/2013
Authors: Guest Julian F , Fuller Graham W , Vowden Peter 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of wounds managed by the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) in 2017/2018 and associated health outcomes, resource use and costs.DesignRetrospective cohort analysis of the electronic records of patients from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database.SettingPrimary and secondary care sectors in the UK.ParticipantsRandomly selected cohort of 3000 patients from the THIN database who had a wound in 2017/2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPatients’ characteristics, wound-related health outcomes, healthcare resource use and total NHS cost of patient management.ResultsThere were an estimated 3.8 million patients with a wound managed by the NHS in 2017/2018, of which 70% healed in the study year; 89% and 49% of acute and chronic wounds healed, respectively. An estimated 59% of chronic wounds healed if there was no evidence of infection compared with 45% if there was a definite or suspected infection. Healing rate of acute wounds was unaffected by the presence of infection. Smoking status appeared to only affect the healing rate of chronic wounds. Annual levels of resource use attributable to wound management included 54.4 million district/community nurse visits, 53.6 million healthcare assistant visits and 28.1 million practice nurse visits. The annual NHS cost of wound management was £8.3 billion, of which £2.7 billion and £5.6 billion were associated with managing healed and unhealed wounds, respectively. Eighty-one per cent of the total annual NHS cost was incurred in the community.ConclusionThe annual prevalence of wounds increased by 71% between 2012/2013 and 2017/2018. There was a substantial increase in resource use over this period and patient management cost increased by 48% in real terms. There needs to be a structural change within the NHS in order to manage the increasing demand for wound care and improve patient outcomes.
Inappropriate end-of-life cancer care in a generalist and specialist palliative care model: a nationwide retrospective population-based observational study
Authors: Boddaert Manon S , Pereira Chantal , Adema Jeroen , Vissers Kris C P , van der Linden Yvette M , Raijmakers Natasja J H , Fransen Heidi P 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of provision and timing of palliative care (PC) on potentially inappropriate end-of-life care to patients with cancer in a mixed generalist—specialist PC model.MethodA retrospective population-based observational study using a national administrative health insurance database. All 43 067 adults in the Netherlands, who were diagnosed with or treated for cancer during the year preceding their death in 2017, were included. Main exposure was either generalist or specialist PC initiated >30 days before death (n=16 967). Outcomes were measured over the last 30 days of life, using quality indicators for potentially inappropriate end-of-life care.ResultsIn total, 14 504 patients (34%) experienced potentially inappropriate end-of-life care; 2732 were provided with PC >30 days before death (exposure group) and 11 772 received no PC or ≤30 days before death (non-exposure group) (16% vs 45%, p<0.001). Most patients received generalist PC (88%). Patients provided with PC >30 days before death were 5 times less likely to experience potentially inappropriate end-of-life care (adjusted OR (AOR) 0.20; (95% CI 0.15 to 0.26)) than those with no PC or PC in the last 30 days. Both early (>90 days) and late (>30 and≤90 days) PC initiation had lower odds for potentially inappropriate end-of-life care (AOR 0.23 and 0.19, respectively).ConclusionTimely access to PC in a mixed generalist—specialist PC model significantly decreases the likelihood of potentially inappropriate end-of-life care for patients with cancer. Generalist PC can play a substantial role.
Double-edged MAiD death family legacy: a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Frolic Andrea N , Swinton Marilyn , Murray Leslie , Oliphant Allyson 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundIndividuals who accompany a loved one through medical assistance in dying (MAiD) have to live with the experience and the psychological, moral and social consequences of their involvement in the process long after the death occurs.AimTo explore the legacy of a MAiD death for individuals who accompanied a loved one through the process.DesignUsing a qualitative descriptive approach we conducted semi-structured interviews to collect data from family members who had accompanied a loved one through MAiD. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis.Setting/participants16 family members of 14 patients who received MAiD at a Canadian hospital with an interdisciplinary MAiD programme.ResultsThe main theme in the analysis is the opposing tensions experienced by individuals who accompany a loved one through a MAiD death, which we conceptualise as a double-edge experience. This double-edge experience is illustrated through four thematic opposing tensions: (1) support for patient autonomy and ambivalence about the MAiD choice, (2) gratitude for suffering relieved for loved one and grief for lost time with loved one, (3) time as a gift and time as a burden and (4) positive legacy and challenging bereavement experience.ConclusionThe nature of the MAiD experience for involved families is rooted in complexity, ambiguity and ambivalence and thus resists easy categorisation. Families would benefit from structured psychosocial and spiritual supports that acknowledge this complexity, along with MAiD-specific bereavement support following the death.
The Reachability Problem for Petri Nets Is Not Elementary
Authors: Czerwiński Wojciech , Lasota Sławomir , Lazić Ranko , Leroux JÉrôme , Mazowiecki Filip 
Published: December 2020

Petri nets, also known as vector addition systems, are a long established model of concurrency with extensive applications in modeling and analysis of hardware, software, and database systems, as well as chemical, biological, and business processes. The central algorithmic problem for Petri nets is reachability: whether from the given initial configuration there exists a sequence of valid execution steps that reaches the given final configuration. The complexity of the problem has remained unsettled since the 1960s, and it is one of the most prominent open questions in the theory of verification. Decidability was proved by Mayr in his seminal STOC 1981 work, and, currently, the best published upper bound is non-primitive recursive Ackermannian of Leroux and Schmitz from Symposium on Logic in Computer Science 2019. We establish a non-elementary lower bound, i.e., that the reachability problem needs a tower of exponentials of time and space. Until this work, the best lower bound has been exponential space, due to Lipton in 1976. The new lower bound is a major breakthrough for several reasons. Firstly, it shows that the reachability problem is much harder than the coverability (i.e., state reachability) problem, which is also ubiquitous but has been known to be complete for exponential space since the late 1970s. Secondly, it implies that a plethora of problems from formal languages, logic, concurrent systems, process calculi, and other areas, which are known to admit reductions from the Petri nets reachability problem, are also not elementary. Thirdly, it makes obsolete the current best lower bounds for the reachability problems for two key extensions of Petri nets: with branching and with a pushdown stack.We develop a construction that uses arbitrarily large pairs of values with ratioRto provide zero testable counters that are bounded by R. At the heart of our proof is then a novel gadget, the so-called factorial amplifier that, assuming availability of counters that are zero testable and bounded by k, guarantees to produce arbitrarily large pairs of values whose ratio is exactly the factorial of k. Repeatedly composing the factorial amplifier with itself by means of the former construction enables us to compute, in linear time, Petri nets that simulate Minsky machines whose counters are bounded by a tower of exponentials, which yields the non-elementary lower bound. By refining this scheme further, we, in fact, already establish hardness forh-exponential space for Petri nets withh+ 13 counters.
Obesity is Associated with Shorter Telomere Length in Prostate Stromal Cells in Men with Aggressive Prostate Cancer
Authors: Joshu Corinne E. , Heaphy Christopher M. , Barber John R. , Lu Jiayun , Zarinshenas Reza , Davis Christine , Han Misop , Lotan Tamara L. , Sfanos Karen S. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Meeker Alan K. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In our prior studies, obesity was associated with shorter telomeres in prostate cancer-associated stromal (CAS) cells, and shorter CAS telomeres were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death. To determine whether the association between obesity and shorter CAS telomeres is replicable, we conducted a pooled analysis of 790 men who were surgically treated for prostate cancer, whose tissue samples were arrayed on five tissue microarray (TMA) sets. Telomere signal was measured using a quantitative telomere-specific FISH assay and normalized to 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for 351 CAS cells (mean) per man; men were assigned their median value. Weight and height at surgery, collected via questionnaire or medical record, were used to calculate body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and categorize men as normal (&lt;25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI &lt; 30), or obese (≥30). Analyses were stratified by grade and stage. Men were divided into tertiles of TMA- (overall) or TMA- and disease aggressiveness- (stratified) specific distributions; short CAS telomere status was defined by the bottom two tertiles. We used generalized linear mixed models to estimate the association between obesity and short CAS telomeres, adjusting for age, race, TMA set, pathologic stage, and grade. Obesity was not associated with short CAS telomeres overall, or among men with nonaggressive disease. Among men with aggressive disease (Gleason≥4+3 and stage&gt;T2), obese men had a 3-fold increased odds of short CAS telomeres (OR: 3.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.07–8.75; Ptrend = 0.045) when compared with normal weight men. Telomere shortening in prostate stromal cells may be one mechanism through which lifestyle influences lethal prostate carcinogenesis.

Prevention Relevance:
This study investigates a potential mechanism underlying the association between obesity and prostate cancer death. Among men with aggressive prostate cancer, obesity was associated with shorter telomeres prostate cancer associated stromal cells, and shorter CAS telomeres have been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death.
DNA Polymerase and Mismatch Repair Exert Distinct Microsatellite Instability Signatures in Normal and Malignant Human Cells
Authors: Chung Jiil , Maruvka Yosef E. , Sudhaman Sumedha , Kelly Jacalyn , Haradhvala Nicholas J. , Bianchi Vanessa , Edwards Melissa , Forster Victoria J. , Nunes Nuno M. , Galati Melissa A. , Komosa Martin , Deshmukh Shriya , Cabric Vanja , Davidson Scott , Zatzman Matthew , Light Nicholas , Hayes Reid , Brunga Ledia , Anderson Nathaniel D. , Ho Ben , Hodel Karl P. , Siddaway Robert , Morrissy A. Sorana , Bowers Daniel C. , Larouche Valérie , Bronsema Annika , Osborn Michael , Cole Kristina A. , Opocher Enrico , Mason Gary , Thomas Gregory A. , George Ben , Ziegler David S. , Lindhorst Scott , Vanan Magimairajan , Yalon-Oren Michal , Reddy Alyssa T. , Massimino Maura , Tomboc Patrick , Van Damme An , Lossos Alexander , Durno Carol , Aronson Melyssa , Morgenstern Daniel A. , Bouffet Eric , Huang Annie , Taylor Michael D. , Villani Anita , Malkin David , Hawkins Cynthia E. , Pursell Zachary F. , Shlien Adam , Kunkel Thomas A. , Getz Gad , Tabori Uri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Although replication repair deficiency, either by mismatch repair deficiency (MMRD) and/or loss of DNA polymerase proofreading, can cause hypermutation in cancer, microsatellite instability (MSI) is considered a hallmark of MMRD alone. By genome-wide analysis of tumors with germline and somatic deficiencies in replication repair, we reveal a novel association between loss of polymerase proofreading and MSI, especially when both components are lost. Analysis of indels in microsatellites (MS-indels) identified five distinct signatures (MS-sigs). MMRD MS-sigs are dominated by multibase losses, whereas mutant-polymerase MS-sigs contain primarily single-base gains. MS deletions in MMRD tumors depend on the original size of the MS and converge to a preferred length, providing mechanistic insight. Finally, we demonstrate that MS-sigs can be a powerful clinical tool for managing individuals with germline MMRD and replication repair–deficient cancers, as they can detect the replication repair deficiency in normal cells and predict their response to immunotherapy.

Significance:
Exome- and genome-wide MSI analysis reveals novel signatures that are uniquely attributed to mismatch repair and DNA polymerase. This provides new mechanistic insight into MS maintenance and can be applied clinically for diagnosis of replication repair deficiency and immunotherapy response prediction.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 995
Mismatch Profile Influences Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Olivot Jean-Marc , Albucher Jean-François , Guenego Adrien , Thalamas Claire , Mlynash Michael , Rousseau Vanessa , Drif Amel , Christensen Soren , Sommet Agnes , Viguier Alain , Darcourt Jean , Calvière Lionel , Menegon Patrice , Raposo Nicolas , Januel Anne-Christine , Bonneville Fabrice , Tourdias Thomas , Mazighi Mikael , Sibon Igor , Albers Gregory W. , Cognard Christophe , Chollet François , Barbieux Marianne , Michelozzi Caterina , Tall Philippe , Caparros François , Pouzet Brigitte , Calvas Fabienne , Galitzki Monique , Renou Pauline , Rouanet François , Berge Jerome , Marnat Gauthier , Lucas Ludovic , Coignon Cyrielle , Sagnier Sharmila , Debruxelle Sabrina , Ledure Sylvain 
Published: December 2020

Background and Purpose:
Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the recommended treatment for acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior circulation large vessel occlusion. However, despite a high rate of reperfusion, the clinical response to successful MT remains highly variable in the early time window where optimal imaging selection criteria have not been established. We hypothesize that the baseline perfusion imaging profile may help forecast the clinical response to MT in this setting.

Methods:
We conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study of patients with large vessel occlusion–related acute ischemic stroke treated by MT within 6 hours. Treatment decisions and the modified Rankin Scale evaluation at 3 months were performed blinded to the results of baseline perfusion imaging. Study groups were defined a posteriori based on predefined imaging profiles: target mismatch (TMM; core volume <70 mL/mismatch ratio >1.2 and mismatch volume >10 mL) versus no TMM or mismatch (MM; mismatch ratio >1.2 and volume >10 mL) versus no MM. Functional recovery (modified Rankin Scale, 0–2) at 3 months was compared based on imaging profile at baseline and whether reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2bc3) was achieved.

Results:
Two hundred eighteen patients (mean age, 71±15 years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 17 [interquartile range, 12–21]) were enrolled. Perfusion imaging profiles were 71% TMM and 82% MM. The rate of functional recovery was 54% overall. Both TMM and MM profiles were independently associated with a higher rate on functional recovery at 3 months Adjusted odds ratios were 3.3 (95% CI, 1.4–7.9) for TMM and 5.9 (95% CI, 1.8–19.6) for MM. Reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction 2bc3) was achieved in 86% and was more frequent in TMM and MM patients. Reperfusion was associated with a higher rate of functional recovery in MM and TMM patients but not among those with no MM.

Conclusions:
In this cohort study, about 80% of the patients with a large vessel occlusion–related acute ischemic stroke had evidence of penumbra, regardless of infarction volume. Perfusion imaging profiles predict the clinical response to MT.
Meaningful Work
Authors: Voswinkel Stephan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Though work is important for people’s self-esteem and recognition, the sociology of work pays little attention to the meaning of work. This reflects that work in capitalist societies tends to be alienated. But empirical findings show that employees nevertheless try to appropriate their work by asking for its meaning. They claim for a meaningful work and for the possibility to execute work in a meaningful way. If they have to carry out work they feel to be meaningless they can suffer psychological strain. Meaning has not only an individual dimension but it refers to the meaning for society and other people and there are social institutionalizations of recognized meanings of work. Fordism and flexible capitalism are connected to different forms of alienation and difficulties to appropriate work as meaningful. Therefore, meaningful work is embedded in relations of collegiality and cooperation and can be damaged by the fragmentation of work.
‘The Masses Make History’: On Jameson’s Allegory and Ideology
Authors: Noys Benjamin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay responds to Frederic Jameson’s Allegory and Ideology by arguing that this book is centrally concerned with the masses. By developing Jameson’s own model of allegorical reading, the pressure of the masses on the text is explored. This is demonstrated through a reading of Albert Camus’s The Plague, Jameson’s central example of ‘bad’ allegory. While this novel is ‘bad’ for implying a one-to-one allegorical relationship between the plague infection and the Occupation of France during World War Two, or to the human condition, a reading of the text as biopolitical allegory reveals the complex presence of the masses. Finally, this response considers the ‘immortality’ of the masses as the utopian moment traced within Allegory and Ideology.
On the Reform, Measures and Evolution of the Journalism System in Late Soviet Union
Authors: Juxi Zhang , Wenjuan Wang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Using a combination of literature analysis and historical literature comparison methods, the study analyzes the international and domestic social background of Glasnost and journalism reform, reviews and studies Gorbachev’s objectives, measures and development process of carrying out journalism reform. Journalism reform is a part of Glasnost and also a method demand of other reforms within socialism. The implementation of the reform of the journalism has taken a variety of measures, and has gone through three historical stages: impediment stage, expansion stage and development of liberalization stage. The results show that the failure of journalism reform and the disintegration of the state are caused by the political and economic situation in the Soviet Union and the historical legacy problems. However, a series of improper measures carried out by the journalism reform undoubtedly accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Religious Parental Transmission and the Importance of Authenticity
Authors: Høeg Ida Marie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
During the last decades, European historic churches have experienced a decline in the number of baptisms. This paper maps, describes, and analyses existing relevant empirical research from the Norwegian context by focusing on the social-economic transformation of the society and how it has impacted upon the parents’ generation and the transmission of Christian tradition. The paper examines empirical studies of parents who are themselves baptized in the Church of Norway but have opted out of infant baptism for their child. The paper argues that this practice refers jointly to consumption and the subjectivation of worldviews. The parents’ narratives give the child a strong voice. They emphasize the child’s authenticity and the child’s right to make his/her own decisions. Embedded in consumption norms, the parents relate to a plural market of religious and secular alternatives where the child is viewed as a future actor for positive encounters and critical views.
Corporate Belligerency and the Delegation Theory from Grotius to Westlake
Authors: Giladi Rotem 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article starts with a critical reflection on John Westlake’s reading of the history of empire and the English/British East India Company – for him, essentially, the proper concern of ‘constitutional history’ rather than international law. For Westlake, approaching this history through the prism of nineteenth-century positivist doctrine, the Company’s exercise of war powers could only result from state delegation. Against his warnings to international lawyers not to stray from the proper boundaries of international legal inquiry, the article proceeds to recover Hugo Grotius’s theory of corporate belligerency in his early treatise De iure praedae. For Grotius, corporations could wage public war on behalf of the state yet, at the same time, were in law capable of waging private war in their own right. The article proceeds to reflect on the practice of corporate belligerency in the centuries separating Westlake and Grotius; it concludes with observations on the implications of Grotius’s theory of corporate belligerency today.
Cities, States, and Citizens in the Atlantic World: Towards a New Narrative
Authors: Hart Emma , Allison Robert J. , Musselwhite Paul P. , Richter Daniel K. , Peterson Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In his book Mark Peterson presents an innovative perspective on the development of Boston and its New England hinterland as an early modern city-state. His purpose was to tell the story of Boston in its own right, shedding US national history as the dominant interpretative framework. The four reviewers pick up various strands, focusing, among others, on the validity of the city-state concept, especially as Boston did not become an incorporated city until 1822, criticize what one of them sees as an attempt to return New England to the center of early American historiography, and assess whether the city-state model can be applied elsewhere in early America and in the Atlantic World. In his response, Peterson argues that his aim was not to propose a city-state paradigm for comparative purposes, but rather to employ the city-state concept as the best way to explain Boston’s historical trajectory over two centuries, and to highlight the contingency of US history.
The Phonology of Anglicisms in French, German and Czech: A Contrastive Approach
Authors: Duběda Tomáš 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this article, I analyse the phonological adaptation of Anglicisms in three languages (French, German and Czech) from a contrastive perspective. The classification of standard phonological forms, based on a system of eight adaptation principles, aims at capturing the degree of phonological permeability/resistance for each of the languages. Phonological approximation (the substitution of foreign phonemes with native ones) seems to be the fundamental principle in all three languages analysed. The spelling pronunciation principle is observed predominantly in French; phonological import occurs only in German. Globally, phonological resistance increases in the following order: German – Czech – French.