bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute aortic dissection with entry tear at the aortic arch: long-term outcome
Authors: Koechlin Luca , Schuerpf Julia , Bremerich Jens , Sommer Gregor , Gahl Brigitta , Reuthebuch Oliver , Gurke Lorenz , Mujagic Edin , Eckstein Friedrich , Berdajs Denis A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The goal was to evaluate outcomes after conservative or surgical treatment of acute aortic arch dissections.

METHODS
Between January 2009 and December 2018, patients with a diagnosis of acute aortic dissection were analysed. Aortic arch aortic dissection was defined as a dissection with an isolated entry tear at the aortic arch with no involvement of the ascending aorta.

RESULTS
Aortic arch dissection was diagnosed in 31 patients (age 59 ± 11 years). Surgical intervention was performed in 13 (41.9%) cases. Overall in-hospital mortality was 3% (n = 1), and all deaths occurred in the conservative group (n = 1; 6%), whereas the overall stroke rate was 3% (n = 1), and all strokes occurred in the group treated surgically (n = 1; 8%). Surgical repair was necessary for the following conditions: end-organ malperfusion (n = 9; 69%), impending rupture (n = 3; 23%) and dilatation of the aorta with ongoing pain refractory to medical treatment (n = 1; 8%). Overall survival at the end of the follow-up period was 71%, with 77% in the surgical group and 63% in the conservative group (P = 0.91). Freedom from surgical intervention was 71%, with 82% in the surgical and 63% in the conservative group (P = 0.21), and freedom from a neurological event was 88%, with 89% versus 89% (P = 0.68) in the surgical and conservative groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Aortic arch dissection is a rare pathological condition that is one of the most challenging decision-making entities. Patients manifesting an uneventful course not requiring a surgical intervention during a hospital stay were at a higher risk for aorta-related intervention during the follow-up period. The treatment modality had no impact on survival or on the incidence of a neurological event.
Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Tan Tina Q , Kullar Ravina , Swartz Talia H , Mathew Trini A , Piggott Damani A , Berthaud Vladimir 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States has revealed major disparities in the access to testing and messaging about the pandemic based on the geographic location of individuals, particularly in communities of color, rural areas, and areas of low income. This geographic disparity, in addition to deeply rooted structural inequities, have posed additional challenges to adequately diagnose and provide care for individuals of all ages living in these settings. We describe the impact that COVID-19 has had on geographically disparate populations in the United States and share our recommendations on what might be done to ameliorate the current situation.
The case for open science: rare diseases
Authors: Rubinstein Yaffa R , Robinson Peter N , Gahl William A , Avillach Paul , Baynam Gareth , Cederroth Helene , Goodwin Rebecca M , Groft Stephen C , Hansson Mats G , Harris Nomi L , Huser Vojtech , Mascalzoni Deborah , McMurry Julie A , Might Matthew , Nellaker Christoffer , Mons Barend , Paltoo Dina N , Pevsner Jonathan , Posada Manuel , Rockett-Frase Alison P , Roos Marco , Rubinstein Tamar B , Taruscio Domenica , van Enckevort Esther , Haendel Melissa A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The premise of Open Science is that research and medical management will progress faster if data and knowledge are openly shared. The value of Open Science is nowhere more important and appreciated than in the rare disease (RD) community. Research into RDs has been limited by insufficient patient data and resources, a paucity of trained disease experts, and lack of therapeutics, leading to long delays in diagnosis and treatment. These issues can be ameliorated by following the principles and practices of sharing that are intrinsic to Open Science. Here, we describe how the RD community has adopted the core pillars of Open Science, adding new initiatives to promote care and research for RD patients and, ultimately, for all of medicine. We also present recommendations that can advance Open Science more globally.
Response Surface Methodology for Spectrophotometric Determination of Two β-Adrenergic Agonists-Terbium Chemosensors in Urine and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Sakr Marwa , Fouad Marwa , Hanafi Rasha , Al-Easa Hala , El-Moghazy Samir 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
According to literature reports, none of the previous methods of analysis had touched the multivariate approach for the quantification of significant factors affecting the interaction of dobutamine or hexoprenaline with Terbium.

Objective
Two novel β-adrenergic agonists-lanthanide chemosensors were prepared for the determination of dobutamine and hexoprenaline in their pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms and in urine samples. Fabrication of the two chemosensors was based on their ligand-metal interaction with the lanthanide Terbium.

Methods
A Plackett–Burman Design (PBD) was selected for the screening of four main variables (reaction time, metal volume, pH, and temperature). Applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a Central Composite Design (CCD) was executed for the optimization of the significant factors with narrower upper and lower limits. Spectrophotometric technique was exploited for the analysis of the two chemosensors.

Results
Maximum absorption was obtained at 299 and 298 nm for dobutamine-terbium and hexoprenaline-terbium complexes, respectively. Only factors that were found to bear significant effects on the formed complexes were promoted to the optimization level. Model verification was carried out, where target results coincided with those at the predicted levels, indicating the efficiency of the two proposed models. Validation of the proposed was implemented and linear ranges were found to be 3.30–13.50 and 1.90–10.00 µg/mL, for dobutamine and hexoprenaline, respectively.

Conclusions
Recovery and relative standard deviation values by application in pure powder, pharmaceutical dosage forms and spiked urine samples indicated high accuracy and reproducibility. Wide-ranging linear values and comparatively low detection limits inferred the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Highlights
RSM for optimization of spectrophotometric determination of dobutamine and hexoprenaline β-adrenergic agonists-lanthanide chemosensors; PBD was used for screening and CCD for optimization of variables affecting the spectrophotometric method; Determination of dobutamine and hexoprenaline in pure powder, pharmaceutical dosage form, and spiked urine samples was accomplished after method validation.
Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial composition of weaned pigs fed multi-enzyme supplemented diets
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Li Wenting , St-Pierre Benoit , Wang Qiong , Woyengo Tofuko Awori 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A study determined the effects of supplementing corn-based diets for weaned pigs with multi-enzymes on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fecal score, and fecal microbial composition. A total of 132 pigs (initial body weight = 7.23 kg) that had been weaned at 21 d of age and fed a drug-free nursery diet for 7 d were housed in 33 pens of 4 barrows or gilts, blocked by body weight and gender, and fed 3 experimental diets at 11 pens per diet. The diets were corn-based diet without or with multi-enzyme A or B. Multi-enzyme A supplied 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 3,500 U of protease, and 1,500 U of amylase per kilogram of diet. Multi-enzyme B was the same as multi-enzyme A except that it supplied amylase at 150 U/kg, and that its source of amylase was different from that of multi-enzyme A. All diets contained phytase at 1,000 U/kg. The diets were fed for 35 d in 2 phases; phase 1 for the first 14 d and phase 2 for the last 21 d of the trial. Fecal score was determined daily during the first 7 d of the trial. Fecal samples were collected from rectum of 1 pig per pen on days 2, 7, 14, and 35 of the trial for determining bacterial composition. Also, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 41 and 42 to determine ATTD of nutrients. Multi-enzyme B increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) for phases 1 and 2. For the overall study period, multi-enzyme B increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG from 262 to 313 g, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from 419 to 504 g. Multi-enzyme A increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG from 262 to 290 g, but did not affect ADFI. Multi-enzyme A or B did not affect ATTD of gross energy, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) the ATTD of ether extract from 30% to 36% or 37%, respectively. Multi-enzyme A did not affect fecal score; however, multi-enzyme B tended to decrease (P = 0.09) fecal score, implying that it tended to decrease diarrhea. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum of fecal bacteria (its relative abundance ranged from 58% to 72%). Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the 2nd and 3rd most abundant phyla of fecal bacteria. Neither multi-enzyme affected fecal bacterial composition. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme A or B to phytase-supplemented corn-based diet for weaned pigs can improve their growth performance and fat digestibility. However, multi-enzyme B was more effective than multi-enzyme A in terms of improving the growth performance of weaned pigs fed corn-based diet.
Effect of torula yeast on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, and blood characteristics in weanling pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Lagos L Vanessa , Stein Hans H 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that torula yeast may replace animal and plant proteins in diets for weanling pigs without negatively impacting growth performance or blood characteristics. In exp. 1, 128 weanling pigs (6.71 ± 0.76 kg) were allotted to four treatments with four pigs per pen and eight replicate pens per diet. Pigs were fed one of four diets from day 1 to 14 post-weaning (phase 1), whereas all pigs were fed a common diet in phase 2 (day 15 to 28). The four dietary treatments included a control diet with 5% fish meal, 2.5% plasma protein, and no torula yeast. The second diet contained 5% fish meal, 4.75% torula yeast, and no plasma protein. The third diet contained 2.5% plasma protein, 6% torula yeast, and no fish meal, and the last diet contained 10.75% torula yeast, no fish meal, and no plasma protein. The inclusion of torula yeast was calculated to replace the amount of digestible Lys provided by fish meal, plasma protein, or both fish meal and plasma protein in the control diet. During the initial 14 d, fecal scores were visually assessed. At the end of phase 1, blood samples were collected and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), peptide YY, immunoglobulin G, total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Results indicated that torula yeast could replace fish meal and plasma protein without affecting growth performance, fecal scores, or blood characteristics of pigs. In exp. 2, 160 weanling pigs (6.11 ± 0.62 kg) were allotted to one of four diets with five pigs per pen and eight replicate pens per diet. Phase 1 diets contained 0%, 10%, 18%, or 26% torula yeast, whereas phase 2 diets contained 0%, 8%, 14%, or 20% torula yeast. Torula yeast was included in diets at the expense of animal proteins and soybean meal. On days 14 and 28, blood samples were collected and concentrations of cytokines, BUN, total protein, and albumin were analyzed. Phase 2 gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) as the concentration of torula yeast increased in the diets. The concentration of albumin on day 14 linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) and the concentration of TNF-α was linearly reduced (P &lt; 0.01) as the concentration of torula yeast increased in the diets. In conclusion, under the conditions of this research, torula yeast could replace fish meal and plasma protein without affecting the growth performance of pigs, but inclusion of increasing levels of torula yeast improved G:F of pigs, which may be because of greater nutrient utilization.
Extubation Failure in a Burn Intensive Care Unit: Examination of Contributing Factors
Authors: Rizzo Julie A , Haq Mahdi , McMahon Ryan A , Aden James K , Brillhart Daniel B , Cancio Leopoldo C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Extubation failure is associated with negative outcomes making the identification of risk factors for failure paramount. Burn patients experience a high incidence of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. There is no consensus on the acceptable rate of extubation failure and many conventional indices do not accurately predict extubation outcomes in burn patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the rate of extubation failure in the burned population and to examine the impact of factors on extubation outcomes. Burn patients from a single center over 9 years were examined and included if they were intubated prior to arrival or within 48 hours of admission and underwent a planned extubation. From this cohort, a matched case–control analysis based on age, TBSA, and sex was performed of patients who succeeded after extubation, defined as not requiring reintubation within 72 hours, to those who failed. Characteristics and clinical parameters were compared to determine whether any factors could predict extubation failure. There was a 12.3% incidence of extubation failure. In the matched case–control analysis, the presence of inhalation injury was associated with extubation success. Higher heart rate and lower serum pH were associated with extubation failure. ANCOVA analysis demonstrated that a sodium trending higher before extubation was associated with more successes, possibly indicative of a lower volume status. Classic extubation criteria do not accurately predict extubation outcomes in burn patients; analysis of other parameters may be able to provide better predictions. A constellation of these parameters needs to be studied prospectively.
Combating Impunity in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kalanadan Supanki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Often referred to as a ‘war without witness’, over a decade has passed since the Sri Lankan armed conflict ended, with no significant progress towards fostering accountability for the alleged international crimes committed in the last phases of the war. Traditionally available legal mechanisms have served to be a barrier to address impunity as Sri Lanka is not a party to the International Criminal Court, and the United Nations Security Council has not taken any action for accountability. However, the last decade has witnessed a growing number of innovative approaches under ‘universal jurisdiction’, which can be applied to prosecute the alleged international crimes committed in Sri Lanka. This article examines the current options available under universal jurisdiction that can be applied in the Sri Lankan context, including Germany’s structural investigations model, the growing participation of regional organizations in international criminal justice, and the role of the International Court of Justice in addressing state violations of international human rights.
Conflict Actors and the International Criminal Court in Colombia
Authors: Jo Hyeran , Simmons Beth A , Radtke Mitchell 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To answer the symposium’s thematic question — ‘Who’s afraid of the International Criminal Court?’ — we offer an explanation as to how deterrence might work in the case of the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) preliminary examination cases. We argue that, as long as conflict actors are aware of the Court’s influence and wary of the social and political repercussions associated with the broader anti-impunity norm, the Court can exert influence on the conflict actors’ behaviour. We examine and trace these actors’ responses to ICC’s actions during the Colombian conflict, the ICC’s longest running preliminary examination case. The analysis demonstrates that over the course of the conflict’s history, the main belligerents were not necessarily afraid of the Court, but they were aware and wary of the ICC’s influence, and that in turn, this caution reshaped their conflict behaviours and resulted in institutional changes that increased accountability in Colombia. The finding carries implications for the role of the Court in a time when the power of global justice is being questioned.
Data privacy considerations for telehealth consumers amid COVID-19
Authors: Bassan Sharon 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 emergency poses particularly high infection risks in a clinical setting, where patients and health care providers are placed in the same room. Due to these risks, patients are encouraged to avoid clinics and instead use Telemedicine for safer consultations and diagnoses. In March, the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) at the U.S. Department for Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a notice titled Notification of Enforcement Discretion for Telehealth Remote Communications During the COVID-19 Nationwide Public Health Emergency (the ‘Notification’). The Notification relaxes the enforcement of privacy and security safeguards established by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) until further notice, in order to facilitate the transition to telehealth services for the broader purpose of promoting public health during the pandemic. Specifically, covered healthcare providers can use telehealth to provide all services that, in their professional judgment, they believe can be provided through telehealth. If providers make good faith efforts to provide the most timely and accessible care possible, they will not be subject to penalties for breaching the HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules. This paper examines the implications of the Notification on patients’ health information privacy. It recommends that patients should undertake a careful reading of provider privacy policies to make sure their protected health information (PHI) is not at risk before switching to telehealth consultation. Acknowledging the limitations of patient self-protection from bad privacy practices when in need for medical treatment during pandemic, the paper proposes that consumers’ data privacy should be protected through one of two alternative regulatory interventions: the FTC’s authority under §5, or HIPAA’s business associates agreements.
Small bowel obstruction secondary to obturator hernia in an elderly female
Authors: Devarakonda Aneela , Gupta-Kaistha Aarav , Kulkarni Nikhil 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Obturator hernia is an extremely rare type of pelvic hernia with relatively high mortality and morbidity due to delayed diagnosis. Most cases present with acute intestinal obstruction and typically affect elderly, emaciated females. A high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention. We present a rare case of an 81-year-old female who was initially discharged from the emergency department due to nonspecific symptoms. She represented with clinical features of bowel obstruction and was diagnosed preoperatively with computed tomography imaging identifying a left-sided obturator hernia with a loop of bowel extending through the obturator canal. She was taken to theater for lower midline laparotomy and repair of obturator hernia. Although many cases are identified intraoperatively, we will discuss preoperative means of diagnosis of obturator hernia from examination findings to imaging diagnosis.
Sarcomatoid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma presenting as a localized mesenteric tumor with no previous asbestos exposure
Authors: Notue Yves Alain , Mbessoh Ulrich Igor , Nganwa Grace , Pambe Judith Ngo , Mefire Alain Chichom , Moifo Boniface , Sando Zacharie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Sarcomatoid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is the rarest and most lethal form of peritoneal mesothelioma. We present the case of a sarcomatoid malignant peritoneal mesothelioma presenting as a localized mesenteric tumor in a 54-year-old female with no previous asbestos exposure. This clinical presentation is extremely rare and is the first documented in Cameroon.
The HD-Zip IV transcription factor SlHDZIV8 controls multicellular trichome morphology by regulating the expression ofHairless-2
Authors: Xie Qingmin , Gao Yanna , Li Jing , Yang Qihong , Qu Xiaolu , Li Hanxia , Zhang Junhong , Wang Taotao , Ye Zhibiao , Yang Changxian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTrichomes are specialized epidermal appendages that serve as excellent models to study cell morphogenesis. Although the molecular mechanism underlying trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis has been well characterized, most of the regulators essential for multicellular trichome morphology remain unknown in tomato. In this study, we determined that the recessive hairless-2 (hl-2) mutation in tomato causes severe distortion of all trichome types, along with increased stem fragility. Using map-based cloning, we found that the hl-2 phenotype was associated with a 100 bp insertion in the coding region of Nck-associated protein 1, a component of the SCAR/WAVE complex. Direct protein-protein interaction was detected between Hl-2 and Hl (SRA1, specifically Rac1-associated protein) using yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting that these proteins may work together during trichome formation. In addition, knock-down of a HD-Zip IV transcription factor, HDZIPIV8, distorted trichomes similar to the hl-2 mutant. HDZIPIV8 regulates the expression of Hl-2 by binding to the L1-box in the Hl-2 promoter region, and is involved in organizing actin filaments. The brittleness of hl-2 stems was found to result from decreased cellulose content. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Hl-2 gene plays an important role in controlling multicellular trichome morphogenesis and mechanical properties of stems in tomato plants.
Unique contributions of chlorophyll and nitrogen to predict crop photosynthetic capacity from leaf spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Sheng , Guan Kaiyu , Wang Zhihui , Ainsworth Elizabeth A , Zheng Ting , Townsend Philip A , Li Kaiyuan , Moller Christopher , Wu Genghong , Jiang Chongya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe photosynthetic capacity or the CO2-saturated photosynthetic rate (Vmax), chlorophyll, and nitrogen are closely linked leaf traits that determine C4 crop photosynthesis and yield. Accurate, timely, rapid, and non-destructive approaches to predict leaf photosynthetic traits from hyperspectral reflectance are urgently needed for high-throughput crop monitoring to ensure food and bioenergy security. Therefore, this study thoroughly evaluated the state-of-the-art physically based radiative transfer models (RTMs), data-driven partial least squares regression (PLSR), and generalized PLSR (gPLSR) models to estimate leaf traits from leaf-clip hyperspectral reflectance, which was collected from maize (Zea mays L.) bioenergy plots with diverse genotypes, growth stages, treatments with nitrogen fertilizers, and ozone stresses in three growing seasons. The results show that leaf RTMs considering bidirectional effects can give accurate estimates of chlorophyll content (Pearson correlation r=0.95), while gPLSR enabled retrieval of leaf nitrogen concentration (r=0.85). Using PLSR with field measurements for training, the cross-validation indicates that Vmax can be well predicted from spectra (r=0.81). The integration of chlorophyll content (strongly related to visible spectra) and nitrogen concentration (linked to shortwave infrared signals) can provide better predictions of Vmax (r=0.71) than only using either chlorophyll or nitrogen individually. This study highlights that leaf chlorophyll content and nitrogen concentration have key and unique contributions to Vmax prediction.