bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of temporal and spatial changes of global ecosystem health
Authors: Ran Chen , Wang Shijie , Bai Xiaoyong , Tan Qiu , Wu Luhua , Luo Xuling , Chen Huan , Xi Huipeng , Lu Qian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the spatial distribution pattern and driving factors behind ecosystem health is beneficial to ecosystem management and restoration. However, the literature shows little in‐depth exploration of regional heterogeneity and the factors that influence ecosystem health on a global scale. This study assesses global ecosystem health for the period 2000–2015 based on the vigor, organization, resilience, and service (VORS) model, and it explores the factors that influence regional differences in ecosystem health. Our results show that: (a) regions with high levels of ecosystem health are distributed mainly near the Equator and within the north–south regression line (0°N–13°N, 0°S–18°S); (b) seven critical zones with high levels of ecosystem health are identified (13°N–18°S, 45°N–65°N, 35°S–56°S, 47°W–80°W, 120°W–130°W, 8°E–37°E, 92°E–157°E); and (c) average annual precipitation and soil moisture play a key role in ecosystem health globally, with correlations of 0.574 and 0.399, respectively. Socioeconomic factors act as bridges, linking and reinforcing the influence of other factors in areas with medium to low levels of ecosystem health. Our study contributes to better understanding of ecosystem health, fills gaps in global ecosystem health diagnosis, and provides reference points for management and recovery of ecosystems.
Stable sediment retention and rapid economic growth occurred together from the end of the 1970s to 2015 in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
Authors: Li Shicheng , Liu Xin , Paudel Basanta , Xu Fei , Deng Qinghai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStudies of land use/cover change (LUCC) and its impact on sediment retention services (SRS) can provide references for governments to aid them in identifying priorities for conservation or development. We analysed the LUCC characteristics of the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA) and their impact on SRS for the period from the end of the 1970s to 2015 using the Sediment Delivery Ratio model of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs, and we further explored the relationship between SRS and economic growth. Our major findings were as follows. (a) Expansion of construction land and waterbodies with gross rates of 9.245% and 0.950%, respectively, and conversion from cropland to forestland/grassland with an area of 41,379 ha constitute the three main LUCC characteristics in the TGRA. (b) The amount of sediment retention was stable at about 1.42 × 106 t ha−1yr−1 from the end of the 1970s to 2015, with a decrease of <1%. Spatially, ecological programmes resulted in an increase in SRS in the central areas of the TGRA, and urbanization undermined the capacity of SRS supply in the Chongqing urban centres. (c) SRS was concentrated in regions with an altitude of 500–2,200 m. As the slope increased, the percentage of grids with high SRS increased dramatically. (d) Stable SRS and rapid economic growth co‐occurred in TGRA from the end of the 1970s to 2015, which offers a positive reference for achieving sustainable development.
Long‐Term Observational Results from the ASPIRE Study: OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment for Adult Lower Limb Spasticity
Authors: Esquenazi Alberto , Bavikatte Ganesh , Bandari Daniel S. , Jost Wolfgang H. , Munin Michael C. , Tang Simon Fuk Tan , Largent Joan , Adams Aubrey Manack , Zuzek Aleksej , Francisco Gerard E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionOnabotulinumtoxinA treatment for spasticity varies according to numerous factors and is individualized to meet treatment goals.ObjectiveTo explore real‐world onabotulinumtoxinA utilization and effectiveness in patients with lower limb spasticity from the Adult Spasticity International Registry (ASPIRE) study.DesignTwo‐year, multicenter, prospective, observational registry (NCT01930786).SettingFifty‐four international clinical sites.PatientsAdults (naïve or non‐naïve to botulinum toxin[s] treatment for spasticity, across multiple etiologies) with lower limb spasticity related to upper motor neuron syndrome.InterventionsOnabotulinumtoxinA administered at the clinician's discretion.Main Outcome MeasuresOnabotulinumtoxinA treatment utilization, clinician‐ and patient‐reported satisfaction.ResultsIn ASPIRE, 530 patients received ≥1 onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for lower limb spasticity (mean age, 52 years; stroke, 49.4%; multiple sclerosis, 20.4%). Equinovarus foot was treated most often (80.9% of patients), followed by flexed knee (26.0%), stiff extended knee (22.5%), and flexed toes (22.3%). OnabotulinumtoxinA doses ranged between 10 and 1100 U across all presentations. Electromyography (EMG) was most commonly used for injection localization (≥41.1% of treatment sessions). Despite low patient response on the satisfaction questionnaire, clinicians (94.6% of treatment sessions) and patients (84.5%) reported satisfaction/extreme satisfaction that treatment helped manage spasticity, and clinicians (98.3%) and patients (91.6%) would probably/definitely continue onabotulinumtoxinA treatment. These data should be interpreted with care. Twenty‐one adverse events (AEs) in 18 patients (3.4%) were considered treatment‐related. Sixty‐seven patients (12.6%) reported 138 serious AEs; 3 serious AEs in two patients (0.4%) were considered treatment‐related. No new safety signals were identified.ConclusionsASPIRE provides long‐term observational data on the treatment of lower limb spasticity with onabotulinumtoxinA. Real‐world data from this primary analysis can help to guide the clinical use of onabotulinumtoxinA to improve spasticity management.
Lung ultrasound in bronchiolitis
Authors: La Regina Domenico Paolo , Bloise Silvia , Pepino Daniela , Iovine Elio , Laudisa Marco , Cristiani Luca , Nicolai Ambra , Nenna Raffaella , Mancino Enrica , Di Mattia Greta , Petrarca Laura , Matera Luigi , Frassanito Antonella , Midulla Fabio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundBronchiolitis is the most common acute viral infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants. Clinical severity is associated with different risk factors; however, no clinical, laboratory, or radiological findings are able to predict the course of the disease in full‐term infants. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a valid technique for the diagnosis and evaluation of pediatric respiratory diseases.AimsThe aim of our study was to correlate an LUS score with a clinical score, to describe lung ultrasound findings in cases and controls, and to compare LUS findings with chest X‐ray (CXR) in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis.MethodsWe conducted a single‐center, longitudinal, prospective study on 92 infants. Sixty‐three out of 92 infants were hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis (cases) and twenty‐nine out of 92 for diseases not involving the respiratory system (controls). All patients with bronchiolitis underwent a clinical evaluation with the assignment of a clinical severity score and performed lung ultrasound with the assignment of an LUS score. Twenty‐three out of 63 infants with bronchiolitis underwent also a CXR for clinical indications. Control infants performed only LUS.ResultsIn infants with bronchiolitis LUS score showed a positive correlation with the clinical score (r = .62, p < .001) and the length of hospitalization (r = .42; p < .001). The need of oxygen therapy was more frequent in the patients with higher LUS score (p < .001). LUS findings observed in the cases were the presence of B‐lines, subpleural consolidations, and abnormalities of the pleural line. No LUS alterations were observed in the controls. In patients who performed LUS and CXR, we found a correlation between the presence of abnormalities of the pleural line with LUS and the presence of air trapping with CXR (r = .55; p = .007).
Plastic Dissipation and Hot‐Spot Formation in HMX‐Based PBXs Subjected to Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Drouet David , Picart Didier , Bailly Patrice , Bruneton Eric 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLow‐velocity, shock‐free impact is one of the accidental loads that can lead to a thermal explosion, the latter being the consequence of a chain of mechanisms depending on the microstructure of the material. To investigate the causes, the predictive capability of numerical tools depends on the physics embedded in the models. While a consensus has developed around the concept of hot spots, the exact nature of the thermo‐mechanical heat‐generating processes that preceded them remains to be clarified. We are studying a composition similar to the PBX 9501. HMX crystals are mixed with a few percent of a polymer binder. Recent experiments (reverse edge‐on impact test) have revealed the influence of the plasticity of HMX grains even at low strain rates and low confinement. The heat released by the plastic dissipation has been identified as a potential candidate for the formation of hot spots. In this study, a numerical representation based on a polycrystalline β‐HMX material subjected to intense shear is presented. Due to the high pressure generated by the impact, the intergranular slip is ignored. Emphasis is placed on the heterogeneity resulting from the micro‐structural characteristics and the interaction between the anisotropic single crystals. The behavior of the binder and the influence of other heterogeneities such as friction or micro cracks are set aside. Finally, the mechanical dissipation is calculated in the models and the maximum temperature is deduced.
A Human Vascular Injury‐on‐a‐Chip Model of Hemostasis
Authors: Poventud‐Fuentes Izmarie , Kwon Keon Woo , Seo Jeongyun , Tomaiuolo Maurizio , Stalker Timothy J. , Brass Lawrence F. , Huh Dongeun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHemostasis is an innate protective mechanism that plays a central role in maintaining the homeostasis of the vascular system during vascular injury. Studying this essential physiological process is often challenged by the difficulty of modeling and probing the complex dynamics of hemostatic responses in the native context of human blood vessels. To address this major challenge, this paper describes a microengineering approach for in vitro modeling of hemostasis. This microphysiological model replicates the living endothelium, multilayered microarchitecture, and procoagulant activity of human blood vessels, and is also equipped with a microneedle that is actuated with spatial precision to simulate penetrating vascular injuries. The system recapitulates key features of the hemostatic response to acute vascular injury as observed in vivo, including i) thrombin‐driven accumulation of platelets and fibrin, ii) formation of a platelet‐ and fibrin‐rich hemostatic plug that halts blood loss, and iii) matrix deformation driven by platelet contraction for wound closure. Moreover, the potential use of this model for drug testing applications is demonstrated by evaluating the effects of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents that are in current clinical use. The vascular injury‐on‐a‐chip may serve as an enabling platform for preclinical investigation of hematological disorders and emerging therapeutic approaches against them.
The Journey of Higher Degree Apprenticeships
Authors: Hughes Claire , Saieva Gillian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHughes and Saieva outline the history and rationale of the development of Higher Degree Apprenticeships (HDAs) as well as explore how to embed the real world ideologies to innovate curriculum. The necessity of strong support structures across the tripartite relationship to best meet the requirements of both apprentices and employers are also emphasised. The chapter will also review the added value that HDAs bring, not only to the individual apprentices, but to the organisations too, with the use of case studies and feedback from employers on the impact that the apprentice’s work-based learning journey. Reflections are provided on the lessons learnt so far and the chapter presents some of the main areas for consideration.
Making Inspiration Mainstream: Innovative Pedagogies for the Real World
Authors: Buckley Carina , Kukhareva Maria 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInnovative pedagogies represent a flexible, student-centred approach to learning by focusing on authentic, situated, real world tasks, which are complex and non-linear. When contextualised with learning development, this type of real world learning allows for engagement that goes beyond the individual, beyond the curriculum and beyond the classroom.This ‘beyondness’ of learning allows for alternative ways of seeing through the cross-pollination of disciplinary approaches, interactivity outside the subject group and flexibility in teaching spaces. The model presented makes explicit a learning community that exists beyond the immediate experience of the student. All three case studies present a means by which the student can negotiate their role and construct knowledge alongside others, in complex, dynamic and situated learning environments that value student-centred, emancipatory practices.
‘Getting to the Soul’: Radical Facilitation of ‘Real World’ Learning in Higher Education Programmes Through Reflective Practice
Authors: Trelfa Jo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter foregrounds reflective practice as integral to ‘real world’ learning in higher education. Concerning the development of professional ‘artistry’ of and for post-degree life, literature focuses on the nature and form of reflective activities to foster student scrutiny therefore control of self and situation whilst engaged in real world learning. Yet, Trelfa’s doctoral research suggests the only real ‘learning’ is correct performance to pass their course. Reflective practice, and real world learning, has ‘lost its soul’. Drawing on Lefebvre’s (Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life. London: Continuum, 1992/2004) concept of ‘breaking-in’ to understand this soul-less situation (illustrated in case study one), Trelfa calls for it to be radically different: if real world learning is to live up to its name then its reflective practice needs to be authentic (illustrated in case study 2).
Real World Learning and Authentic Assessment
Authors: Archer Melenie , Morley Dawn A. , Souppez Jean-Baptiste R. G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractArcher, Morley and Souppez critique the value of building authentic assessment to reflect better a real world learning approach that prepares students more explicitly for employment after graduation. The two case studies within this chapter are drawn from the different disciplines of festival and event management and yacht design; both aim to prepare students for their respective industries from the onset of their degree programmes. The case studies present how the use of well-managed pedagogic strategies, such as peer review and assessment, reflective practice and the use of formative feedback, can prepare students successfully for authentic and high-risk summative assessments. The authors argue for a learning and teaching approach that emphasises sequential, real world assessment that focuses on student longitudinal development.
Internal Knowledge Transfer: Professional Development Programmes and Embedding Real World Learning for Full-Time Undergraduates
Authors: Perrin David , Hancock Connie , Miller Ruth 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPerrin, Hancock and Miller provide a discussion of the distinctive features of negotiated work-based learning frameworks that help capture and develop learning for part-time students who are professional practitioners. They demonstrate how approaches to teaching, learning and assessment established in these frameworks can also be leveraged for programmes aimed at full-time undergraduate students wishing to engage with ‘real world’ learning. In this way, full-time students are able to develop the type of professional practice outlooks and skills redolent of part-time students already in employment. The chapter includes two case studies of where this has occurred in UK universities and the methods that were used for this type of internal knowledge transfer.
Forschungsdesign
Authors: Rutter Sabrina 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Im Folgenden sollen mit Blick auf die im letzten Kapitel herausgearbeiteten Implikationen zunächst die Zielsetzung und Fragestellungen der vorliegenden Untersuchung konkretisiert werden. Daran anschließend wird der Untersuchungskontext, das Forschungsprojekt „Soziale Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften zur Entwicklung von Bildungschancen für Kinder in besonderen Lebenslagen (SKILL)“, vorgestellt. Nach der Beschreibung der Fallauswahl und der konkreten Zusammensetzung des Samples folgt eine ausführliche Erläuterung der Erhebungs- und Auswertungsmethode.
Fazit und Diskussion
Authors: Rutter Sabrina 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende Arbeit hat sich mit den Fragen befasst, über welche habituellen Dispositionen die Lehrkräfte im Hinblick auf die Unterstützung sozial benachteiligter und bisher im Bildungssystem ausgegrenzter Schüler*innen verfügen und inwiefern diese handlungsleitenden Orientierungen milieuspezifisch eingebettet sind. Ziel der Arbeit war es, Passungskonstellationen zwischen Lehrkräften und Schüler*innen vertiefend zu analysieren und dabei nicht nur Formen der Differenzherstellung und Benachteiligung, sondern vor allem kompensatorische Bearbeitungsformen von Bildungsungleichheit in den Blick zu nehmen. Im Forschungsfokus standen somit bislang kaum untersuchte soziale Determinanten des Lehrer*innenhandelns im Kontext bereits vorhandener Ressourcen der pädagogischen Arbeit.
Wem gehören die Daten? – Rechtliche Aspekte der digitalen Souveränität in der Wirtschaft
Authors: Froese Julia , Straub Sebastian 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungAusgehend von einer konkreten Diskussion in der Luftfahrtbranche über Zugriffs- und Nutzungsrechte an den Daten, die durch Flugzeuge generiert werden, nimmt dieser Beitrag die rechtlichen Aspekte rund um das Thema „Datenhoheit“ in den Blick. Aufbauend auf einer Darstellung der gegenwärtigen Rechts- und Interessenlage, allgemein und insbesondere in der Dreieckskonstellation Maschinenhersteller-Plattformbetreiber-Maschinennutzer in Bezug auf Rechte an Daten, werden Hinweise für eine mögliche vertragliche Ausgestaltung gegeben und bestehende Regelungslücken einschließlich ihrer möglichen Folgen aufgezeigt. Ferner wird kurz auf weitere, vom Ausgangsproblem mittelbar betroffene juristische Fragen eingegangen. Schließlich erfolgt eine Auseinandersetzung mit möglichen Ansätzen zur Beseitigung der bestehenden Regelungslücken, Rechtsunsicherheiten und daraus resultierender Probleme.
Intelligente Systeme für das Bauwesen: überschätzt oder unterschätzt?
Authors: Kropp Cordula , Wortmeier Ann-Kathrin 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Einzug digitaler Technologien in die Baubranche verändert mit den Beziehungen zwischen Menschen und Maschinen auch die Handlungsfähigkeit der Beschäftigten. Neben Chancen auf Entlastung von schwerer Arbeit und eine verbesserte Repräsentation komplexer Bauwelten steht die Herausforderung, die hohen Sicherheits- und Qualitätsanforderungen für langlebige Bauprojekte ohne oder mit nur wenigen menschlichen Eingriffen zu erfüllen. Dafür kommt es auf eine kluge Integration von menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz an, bei der ausreichend Handlungsfähigkeit und -kompetenz auf Seiten der menschlichen Maschinensteuerung verbleibt. In unserem Beitrag diskutieren wir drei (Ideal-)Typen von Mensch-Maschine-Beziehungen und ihre Implikationen für Handlungsfähigkeit und Resilienz in künftigen Bauwelten. Dabei wird die Bedeutung vertrauenswürdiger und lernförderlicher Konfigurationen der Mensch-Maschine-Kooperationen herausgestellt.
The first law of differential entropy and holographic complexity
Authors: Sarkar Debajyoti , Visser Manus 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We construct the CFT dual of the first law of spherical causal diamonds in three-dimensional AdS spacetime. A spherically symmetric causal diamond in AdS3 is the domain of dependence of a spatial circular disk with vanishing extrinsic curvature. The bulk first law relates the variations of the area of the boundary of the disk, the spatial volume of the disk, the cosmological constant and the matter Hamiltonian. In this paper we specialize to first-order metric variations from pure AdS to the conical defect spacetime, and the bulk first law is derived following a coordinate based approach. The AdS/CFT dictionary connects the area of the boundary of the disk to the differential entropy in CFT2, and assuming the ‘complexity=volume’ conjecture, the volume of the disk is considered to be dual to the complexity of a cutoff CFT. On the CFT side we explicitly compute the differential entropy and holographic complexity for the vacuum state and the excited state dual to conical AdS using the kinematic space formalism. As a result, the boundary dual of the bulk first law relates the first-order variations of differential entropy and complexity to the variation of the scaling dimension of the excited state, which corresponds to the matter Hamiltonian variation in the bulk. We also include the variation of the central charge with associated chemical potential in the boundary first law. Finally, we comment on the boundary dual of the first law for the Wheeler-deWitt patch of AdS, and we propose an extension of our CFT first law to higher dimensions.
An estimate for narrow operators on $$L^p([0, 1])$$
Authors: Shargorodsky Eugene , Sharia Teo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe prove a theorem, which generalises C. Franchetti’s estimate for the norm of a projection onto a rich subspace of $$L^p([0, 1])$$

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and the authors’ related estimate for compact operators on $$L^p([0, 1])$$

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Deciphering neural heterogeneity through cell lineage tracing
Authors: Figueres-Oñate María , Sánchez-González Rebeca , López-Mascaraque Laura 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how an adult brain reaches an appropriate size and cell composition from a pool of progenitors that proliferates and differentiates is a key question in Developmental Neurobiology. Not only the control of final size but also, the proper arrangement of cells of different embryonic origins is fundamental in this process. Each neural progenitor has to produce a precise number of sibling cells that establish clones, and all these clones will come together to form the functional adult nervous system. Lineage cell tracing is a complex and challenging process that aims to reconstruct the offspring that arise from a single progenitor cell. This tracing can be achieved through strategies based on genetically modified organisms, using either genetic tracers, transfected viral vectors or DNA constructs, and even single-cell sequencing. Combining different reporter proteins and the use of transgenic mice revolutionized clonal analysis more than a decade ago and now, the availability of novel genome editing tools and single-cell sequencing techniques has vastly improved the capacity of lineage tracing to decipher progenitor potential. This review brings together the strategies used to study cell lineages in the brain and the role they have played in our understanding of the functional clonal relationships among neural cells. In addition, future perspectives regarding the study of cell heterogeneity and the ontogeny of different cell lineages will also be addressed.