bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of resilience in dental students using the Resilience Scale for Adults
Authors: Smith Carlos S. , Carrico Caroline K. , Goolsby Susie , Hampton Alena C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesResilience is the ability to bounce back or recover from major life stressors. The aim of this study was to investigate resilience in dental students and how it may or may not vary across demographic characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, self‐reported health, and parental educational level.MethodsData were collected from 151 dental students at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry with an anonymous survey that included the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) and various demographic variables. Associations between RSA and variables of interest were assessed using linear models.ResultsDental students demonstrated relatively high levels of resilience. Resilience was significantly associated with gender (with females showing more resilience than males (P = 0.0395)), race (P = 0.0025), overall health (P = 0.0101), and mental health (P < 0.0001). Results from Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) supported a 5‐factor solution that explained 82.6% of the variability of resilience in the sample of dental students. The 5 factors were nearly identical to the 5 subscales originally described by the RSA demonstrating validity in this population. Overall health ratings were significantly related to resilience, suggesting that perceived resilience in dental students may protect against negative health outcomes. This study can inform internal and external support systems of dental students as well as institutional programmatic development to better support their educational experiences.
Innovations in pre‐doctoral dental education: Influencing attitudes and opinions about patients with substance use disorder
Authors: Odusola Folarin , Smith Jennifer L. , Bisaga Adam , Grbic John T. , Fine James B. , Granger Kelly E. , Hu Mei‐Chen , Levin Frances R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractScreening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence‐based model for managing patients with substance use disorders (SUD). Historically, SUD were seen as a criminal issue and access to treatment was limited, but that paradigm is shifting and substance abuse is now being recognized as a disease state and the management of patients with SUD is increasingly within the healthcare system starting with primary healthcare settings including dental facilities. In a new training initiative, first‐year dental students (DDS1) attended a 90‐minute SBIRT training. An Attitudes and Opinion Survey (AOS) consisting of 8 questions that separately assesses DDS1 attitudes toward alcohol and drug use disorders was utilized to evaluate the training. Assenting DDS1 anonymously completed the AOS before and following the training. Over 3 years, we analyzed changes in the AOS of 230 DDS1 using Chi‐squared test for bivariate comparison. We then applied a Bonferroni correction to the P‐values. Response rate was 95.5%. The SBIRT training improved DDS1 attitudes and opinions toward patients with SUD with respect to all AOS questions. There was a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.003) in DDS1 attitudes and opinions with respect to whether other patients care suffers because of time and resources spent on patients with SUD and whether the SBIRT training provided adequate education to prepare DDS1 to manage patients with SUD. SBIRT training is relevant to dental education. It fills an important educational gap and is a suitable model for other dental schools.
Death, dying, and bereavement in undergraduate dental education: A narrative review
Authors: Macdonald Mary Ellen , Singh Harprit K. , Bulgarelli Alexandre F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs the population ages, and bidirectional relationships between oral and general health become clearer, dentistry has to be prepared for the needs of older adults, including at end of life. Death does not only occur in geriatric populations however; death, dying and bereavement are issues that affect all patients and practitioners. Dental education is not preparing undergraduate students to meet clinical, spiritual, and psychosocial needs of patients and families requiring end‐of‐life care. Further, it does not prepare them for the emotional impact of death on their personal or professional lives. This review examines how death, dying, and bereavement could be integrated into undergraduate dental education. We conducted a narrative review using seven data bases, in English, up to 2018. We retrieved 159 papers, of which 36 were included and analysed thematically. The findings parse into two deductive and one inductive theme: 1. Supporting dental students experiencing death, dying, and bereavement; 2. Teaching death, dying and bereavement: curricula, content, and strategies; and 3. Fostering compassionate care in dental education. Health professions curricula are beginning to address how to support trainees experiencing death and dying in their personal lives and when working with patients and families. Dental education has been slow to adopt this trend. No robust studies addressing how best to educate and support learners and professionals were found. Future research should include an examination of what is currently included in training, and a study with educators and professionals to design how best to prepare learners in their training and practice.
Medication knowledge among dental students in Australia—a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Park Joon Soo , Li Jasmine , Turner Emma , Page Amy , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurpose/objectivesPrescribing medicine is integral to clinical dentistry. Future dental practitioners need to have a thorough knowledge of how to prescribe safely and effectively. To date, medication knowledge among dental students in Australia has not been assessed at a national scale.MethodsAustralian dental students were invited to undertake the survey comprising 12 multiple choice questions to investigate their medication knowledge. A total of 185 responses were received. The questions were 11 clinically relevant questions and 1 opinion‐based question with 4 options from which to select. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsThe 185 respondents had a mean correct response of 6.77 ± 1.8 (range: 2−11 out of 11). Out of 185 students, 142 students (77%) answered more than half of the questions correctly. Only 1 student (1%) answered all 11 questions correctly. There were 135 students (73%) who either agreed or strongly agreed that they would feel confident to prescribe safe and effective medication for their patients after having completed dental school.ConclusionMost respondents answered more than half, but not all, of the clinical questions correctly. Despite this, many reported confidence in their prescribing skills. Future research needs to further investigate pharmacotherapeutic knowledge to determine detailed knowledge gaps in prescribing.
Functional crosstalk between T cells and monocytes in cancer and atherosclerosis
Authors: Padgett Lindsey E , Araujo Daniel J , Hedrick Catherine C , Olingy Claire E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Monocytes and monocyte-derived cells, including Mϕs and dendritic cells, exhibit a diverse array of phenotypic states that are dictated by their surrounding microenvironment. These cells direct T cell activation and function via cues that range from being immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory. Solid tumors and atherosclerotic plaques represent two pathological niches with distinct immune microenvironments. While monocytes and their progeny possess a phenotypic spectrum found within both disease contexts, most within tumors are pro-tumoral and support evasion of host immune responses by tumor cells. In contrast, monocyte-derived cells within atherosclerotic plaques are usually pro-atherogenic, pro-inflammatory, and predominantly directed against self-antigens. Consequently, cancer immunotherapies strive to enhance the immune response against tumor antigens, whereas atherosclerosis treatments seek to dampen the immune response against lipid antigens. Insights into monocyte-T cell interactions within these niches could thus inform therapeutic strategies for two immunologically distinct diseases. Here, we review monocyte diversity, interactions between monocytes and T cells within tumor and plaque microenvironments, how certain therapies have leveraged these interactions, and novel strategies to assay such associations.
T regulatory cells-derived extracellular vesicles and their contribution to the generation of immune tolerance
Authors: Rojas Carolina , Campos-Mora Mauricio , Cárcamo Ignacio , Villalón Natalia , Elhusseiny Ahmed , Contreras-Kallens Pamina , Refisch Aarón , Gálvez-Jirón Felipe , Emparán Ivana , Montoya-Riveros Andro , Vernal Rolando , Pino-Lagos Karina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
T regulatory (Treg) cells have a major role in the maintenance of immune tolerance against self and foreign antigens through the control of harmful inflammation. Treg cells exert immunosuppressive function by several mechanisms, which can be distinguished as contact dependent or independent. Recently, the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by Treg cells has been reported as a novel suppressive mechanism capable of modulating immunity in a cell-contact independent and targeted manner, which has been identified in different pathologic scenarios. EVs are cell-derived membranous structures involved in physiologic and pathologic processes through protein, lipid, and genetic material exchange, which allow intercellular communication. In this review, we revise and discuss current knowledge on Treg cells-mediated immune tolerance giving special attention to the production and release of EVs. Multiple studies support that Treg cells-derived EVs represent a refined intercellular exchange device with the capacity of modulating immune responses, thus creating a tolerogenic microenvironment in a cell-free manner. The mechanisms proposed encompass miRNAs-induced gene silencing, the action of surface proteins and the transmission of enzymes. These observations gain relevance by the fact that Treg cells are susceptible to converting into effector T cells after exposition to inflammatory environments. Yet, in contrast to their cells of origin, EVs are unlikely to be modified under inflammatory conditions, highlighting the advantage of their use. Moreover, we speculate in the possibility that Treg cells may contribute to infectious tolerance via vesicle secretion, intervening with CD4+ T cells differentiation and/or stability.
Targeting NLRP3 and Staphylococcal pore-forming toxin receptors in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages
Authors: Chow Seong H , Deo Pankaj , Yeung Amy T Y , Kostoulias Xenia P , Jeon Yusun , Gao Mei-Ling , Seidi Azadeh , Olivier Françios Alwyn Benson , Sridhar Sushmita , Nethercott Cara , Cameron David , Robertson Avril A B , Robert Remy , Mackay Charles R , Traven Ana , Jin Zi-Bing , Hale Christine , Dougan Gordon , Peleg Anton Y , Naderer Thomas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes necrotizing pneumonia by secreting toxins such as leukocidins that target front-line immune cells. The mechanism by which leukocidins kill innate immune cells and trigger inflammation during S. aureus lung infection, however, remains unresolved. Here, we explored human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages (hiPSC-dMs) to study the interaction of the leukocidins Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and LukAB with lung macrophages, which are the initial leukocidin targets during S. aureus lung invasion. hiPSC-dMs were susceptible to the leukocidins PVL and LukAB and both leukocidins triggered NLPR3 inflammasome activation resulting in IL-1β secretion. hiPSC-dM cell death after LukAB exposure, however, was only temporarily dependent of NLRP3, although NLRP3 triggered marked cell death after PVL treatment. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the PVL receptor, C5aR1, protected hiPSC-dMs from PVL cytotoxicity, despite the expression of other leukocidin receptors, such as CD45. PVL-deficient S. aureus had reduced ability to induce lung IL-1β levels in human C5aR1 knock-in mice. Unexpectedly, inhibiting NLRP3 activity resulted in increased wild-type S. aureus lung burdens. Our findings suggest that NLRP3 induces macrophage death and IL-1β secretion after PVL exposure and controls S. aureus lung burdens.
The MPO system participates actively in the formation of an oxidative environment produced by neutrophils and activates the antioxidant mechanism of Naegleria fowleri
Authors: Flores-Huerta Nadia , Pacheco-Yépez Judith , Sánchez-Monroy Virginia , Rosales-Hernández Martha Cecilia , Silva-Olivares Angélica , Serrano-Luna Jesús , Shibayama Mineko 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Naegleria fowleri produces a fatal disease called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), which is characterized by an extensive inflammatory reaction in the CNS. It is known that the immune response is orchestrated mainly by neutrophils, which activate several defense mechanisms in the host, including phagocytosis, the release of different enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps. However, the mechanisms by which amoebas evade the neutrophil response are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the ability of N. fowleri to respond to the stress exerted by MPO. Interestingly, after the interaction of trophozoites with neutrophils, the amoeba viability was not altered; however, ultrastructural changes were observed. To analyze the influence of MPO against N. fowleri and its participation in free radical production, we evaluated its enzymatic activity, expression, and localization with and without the specific 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide inhibitor. The production of oxidizing molecules is the principal mechanism used by neutrophils to eliminate pathogens. In this context, we demonstrated an increase in the production of NO, superoxide anion, and reactive oxygen species; in addition, the overexpression of several antioxidant enzymes present in the trophozoites was quantified. The findings strongly suggest that N. fowleri possesses antioxidant machinery that is activated in response to an oxidative environment, allowing it to evade the neutrophil-mediated immune response, which may contribute to the establishment of PAM.
Association of cardiac biomarkers and comorbidities with increased mortality, severity, and cardiac injury in COVID‐19 patients: A meta‐regression and decision tree analysis
Authors: Toraih Eman A. , Elshazli Rami M. , Hussein Mohammad H. , Elgaml Abdelaziz , Amin Mohamed , El‐Mowafy Mohammed , El‐Mesery Mohamed , Ellythy Assem , Duchesne Juan , Killackey Mary T. , Ferdinand Keith C. , Kandil Emad , Fawzy Manal S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) has a deleterious effect on several systems, including the cardiovascular system. We aim to systematically explore the association of COVID‐19 severity and mortality rate with the history of cardiovascular diseases and/or other comorbidities and cardiac injury laboratory markers.MethodsThe standardized mean difference (SMD) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to estimate pooled results from the 56 studies. The prognostic performance of cardiac markers for predicting adverse outcomes and to select the best cutoff threshold was estimated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Decision tree analysis by combining cardiac markers with demographic and clinical features was applied to predict mortality and severity in patients with COVID‐19.ResultsA meta‐analysis of 17 794 patients showed patients with high cardiac troponin I (OR = 5.22, 95% CI = 3.73‐7.31, P < .001) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (OR = 3.64, 95% CI = 2.84‐4.66, P < .001) were more likely to develop adverse outcomes. High troponin I more than 13.75 ng/L combined with either advanced age more than 60 years or elevated AST level more than 27.72 U/L was the best model to predict poor outcomes.ConclusionsCOVID‐19 severity and mortality are complicated by myocardial injury. Assessment of cardiac injury biomarkers may improve the identification of those patients at the highest risk and potentially lead to improved therapeutic approaches.
Using coronary sinus ostium as the reference for the slow pathway ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in children
Authors: Young Ming‐Lon , Niu Jianli 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundSuccessful slow pathway (SP) ablation sites for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) are usually located inside the Koch's triangle (KT). This study aimed to determine the ablation site of SP using the coronary sinus (CS) ostium (CSO) as the reference and to evaluate the efficacy of the CSO‐guided SP ablation.MethodsA regional geometry around the KT was constructed by 3D mapping in 52 consecutive patients under age 18 with AVNRT. SP cryoablation was performed. If initial cryoablation was unsuccessful or cryoablation was deemed not suitable, then radiofrequency (RF) ablation was performed. The successful ablation site direction relative to the CSO was expressed as o'clock with the CSO viewed as a clock.RESULTSCryoablation was used as the primary energy source in 40 patients. Of which, 32 were successful and eight required additional RF ablation. Direct RF ablation was performed in 11 patients. Using the CSO as reference, the successful site with cryoablation was at its 2.2 ± 0.6 o'clock; the RF ablation success site was at CSO 2.7 ± 0.5 o'clock (P = .006). During a median follow‐up of 12 month, there was 98% success of SP ablation in these patients, with one patient with RF ablation had a tachycardia recurrence.ConclusionsUsing CSO as reference, the cryoablation site at its 2:00 o'clock and RF ablation at its 3:00 o'clock are highly efficacious for SP ablation with good short‐term outcomes, and may be a useful tool in guiding the ablation target for AVNRT.
Mechanical stress regulates bone regulatory gene expression independent of estrogen and vitamin D deficiency in rats
Authors: Nepal Ashwini Kumar , van Essen Huib W. , van der Veen Albert J. , van Wieringen Wessel N. , Stavenuiter Andrea W. D. , Cayami Ferdy Kurniawan , Pals Gerard , Micha Dimitra , Vanderschueren Dirk , Lips Paul , Bravenboer Nathalie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMechanical stress determines bone mass and structure. It is not known whether mechanical loading affects expression of bone regulatory genes in a combined deficiency of estrogen and vitamin D. We studied the effect of mechanical loading on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of bone regulatory genes during vitamin D and/or estrogen deficiency. We performed a single bout in vivo axial loading with 14 N peak load, 2 Hz frequency and 360 cycles in right ulnae of nineteen weeks old female control Wistar rats with or without ovariectomy (OVX), vitamin D deficiency and the combination of OVX and vitamin D deficiency (N = 10/group). Total bone RNA was isolated 6 hours after loading, and mRNA expression was detected of Mepe, Fgf23, Dmp1, Phex, Sost, Col1a1, Cyp27b1, Vdr, and Esr1. Serum levels of 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and estradiol were also measured at this time point. The effect of loading, vitamin D and estrogen deficiency and their interaction on bone gene expression was tested using a mixed effect model analysis. Mechanical loading significantly increased the mRNA expression of Mepe, and Sost, whereas it decreased the mRNA expression of Fgf23 and Esr1. Mechanical loading showed a significant interaction with vitamin D deficiency with regard to mRNA expression of Vdr and Esr1. Mechanical loading affected gene expression of Mepe, Fgf23, Sost, and Esr1 independently of vitamin D or estrogen, indicating that mechanical loading may affect bone turnover even during vitamin D deficiency and after menopause.
Remotely sensed vegetation indices for crop nutrition mapping
Authors: Sharifi Alireza 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDSpectral reflectance measurements and vegetation indices have been used widely to monitor plant nutritional status. Remote sensing methods are very fast, convenient, and non‐destructive techniques for estimating crop nutrition indices. With the rapid development of remote sensing satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, and the Internet of Things, remote sensing will increasingly be used in crop nutrition diagnosis. This can lead to lower operating costs for fertilization and can minimize loss of productivity.RESULTSIn this study, satellite images were used for 2 years to evaluate the use of vegetation indices for crop nutrition mapping, in two regions, located in the cities of Ray and Karaj. For each farm, eight reference points in each year were selected to determine the crop nutrition status for model development and accuracy assessment. Then, ten spectral vegetation indices were used to calculate the crop nutrition content at mid‐season and at the end of the season. The results indicated that transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (TCARI) and modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI) had the highest R2 and the lowest RMSE values, respectively (R2TCARI = 0.83, RMSETCARI = 12.47 kg ha−1 and R2MCARI = 0.75 and RMSEMCARI = 14.47 kg ha−1).CONCLUSIONThe performance of TCARI and MCARI was strong across the two farms and allowed the creation of highly accurate crop nutrition maps. In conclusion, the use of the near infra‐red and red‐edge bands in mid‐season led to better results than vegetation indices calculated at the end of the season or that do not included the red‐edge band. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of heat treatment, homogenization pressure, and overprocessing on the content of furfural compounds in liquid milk
Authors: Xing Qianqian , Ma Yanran , Fu Xiaofei , Cao Qing , Zhang Yue , You Chunping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDSterilization of milk is aimed at killing the microorganisms present. There are three main sterilization methods commonly used in milk processing: high temperature and short time (HTST) pasteurization, ultrahigh pasteurization (UP), and ultrahigh temperature (UHT) sterilization. The Maillard reaction is of special interest in studying the effect of heat treatment on milk quality. Furfural compounds are one of the typical intermediates of the Maillard reaction, which have safety risks related to mutagenic and genotoxic effects. The furfural compounds content is directly related to the heat treatment intensity.RESULTSThe furfural compounds content was measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection in 12 min. Then, 13 levels of heat treatment intensity (combinations of temperature and time) and three levels of homogenization pressure were selected to study the change of the furfural compounds content after different processing technologies in a pilot plant. The results show a higher temperature treatment can stimulate more Maillard reaction intermediates, such as hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural. A temperature regression evaluation model and content prediction models of hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural were developed to quantify the relationship between the furfural content and heat treatment with the data from the pilot plant.CONCLUSIONBased on the temperature evaluation model, the heating temperature of three milk products was evaluated. The homogenization pressures had little effect on the furfural content in liquid milk. The emergence of the furyl methyl ketone and methylfurfural can be detected after overprocessing of the liquid milk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry