bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of the size of metal particles on the catalytic activity of Ni and Cu-supported catalysts in methanol reforming reaction
Authors: Shtyka Oleksandr , Ciesielski Radoslaw , Kitsyuk Evgeny , Savitsky Andrey , Maniecki Tomasz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The aim of the work was to investigate how the size of Ni and Cu-supported nanoparticles influence their activity in an oxidative steam reforming of methanol. The size of metal particles was controlled by the initial introduction or elimination of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of carbon nanotubes. The results of the activity tests showed that catalysts with the smallest metal nanoparticles were the least active since they easily underwent oxidation during the process.
The Role of Psychological Sense of School Membership and Postcode as Predictors of Profiles of Socio-emotional Health in Primary School Children in England
Authors: Castro-Kemp Susana , Palikara Olympia , Gaona Carolina , Eirinaki Vasiliki , Furlong Michael J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A dual approach to mental health in schools has been widely defended, where the assessment of psychological distress and the examination of strengths/well-being are two separate continua. In line with a well-being approach, school belonging has been referenced as an important indicator of mental health in children. This study explored the predictive role of school sense of belonging alongside other demographic variables (gender, main language spoken at home, and socio-economic status of postcode) on the socio-emotional health profiles of primary school children in England. Children (N = 522) were recruited from three primary schools in Greater London. A survey including measures of school belonging and socio-emotional health was administered to all children. Results showed that it is possible to identify groups of students at primary school level based on socio-emotional health ratings on gratitude, zest, optimism, and perseverance. School sense of membership, as measured by the psychological sense of school membership primary (PSSM-P), was the best predictor of group membership and, together with socio-economic status, explains 37% of the variance in socio-emotional health profiles. Belonging starts affecting well-being and socio-emotional health as early as in primary school, hence the importance of universal screening and early preventive actions to promote well-being in this age range. The study provides evidence supporting the use of the abbreviated (PSSM-P) in predicting socio-emotional health profiles, with potential to complement distress-based measures.
The perverse fisheries consequences of mosquito net malaria prophylaxis in East Africa
Authors: Jones Benjamin L. , Unsworth Richard K. F. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMalaria is a serious global health issue, with around 200 million cases per year. As such, great effort has been put into the mass distribution of bed nets as a means of prophylaxis within Africa. Distributed mosquito nets are intended to be used for malaria protection, yet increasing evidence suggests that fishing is a primary use for these nets, providing fresh concerns for already stressed coastal ecosystems. While research documents the scale of mosquito net fisheries globally, no quantitative analysis of their landings exists. The effects of these fisheries on the wider ecosystem assemblages have not previously been examined. In this study, we present the first detailed analysis of the sustainability of these fisheries by examining the diversity, age class, trophic structure and magnitude of biomass removal. Dragnet landings, one of two gear types in which mosquito nets can be utilised, were recorded across ten sites in northern Mozambique where the use of Mosquito nets for fishing is common. Our results indicate a substantial removal of juveniles from coastal seagrass meadows, many of which are commercially important in the region or play important ecological roles. We conclude that the use of mosquito nets for fishing may contribute to food insecurity, greater poverty and the loss of ecosystem functioning.
Does Hypersegregation Matter for Black-White Socioeconomic Disparities?
Authors: Hess Chris , Gabriel Ryan , Leibbrand Christine , Crowder Kyle 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Massey and Denton’s concept of hypersegregation describes how multiple and distinct forms of black-white segregation lead to high levels of black-white stratification. However, numerous studies assessing the association between segregation and racial stratification applied only one or two dimensions of segregation, neglecting how multiple forms of segregation combine to potentially exacerbate socioeconomic disparities between blacks and whites. We address this by using data from the U.S. Census from 1980 to 2010 and data from the American Community Survey from 2012 to 2016 to assess trajectories for black-white disparities in educational attainment, employment, and neighborhood poverty between metropolitan areas with hypersegregation and black-white segregation, as measured by the dissimilarity index. Using a time-varying measure of segregation types, our results indicate that in some cases, hypersegregated metropolitan areas have been associated with larger black-white socioeconomic disparities beyond those found in metropolitan areas that are highly segregated in terms of dissimilarity but are not hypersegregated. However, the contrasts in black-white socioeconomic inequality between hypersegregated metropolitan areas and those with high segregation largely diminish by the 2012 to 2016 observation.
Fragmentation or Diversification? Ethnoracial Change and the Social and Economic Heterogeneity of Places
Authors: Tach Laura , Lee Barrett , Martin Michael , Hannscott Lauren 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOur study investigates the diversification and fragmentation theses, fueled by claims that greater diversity is reshaping the social fabric of American life and that the United States is an increasingly fragmented nation. We take a multidimensional view of heterogeneity that considers whether growing ethnoracial diversity within U.S. communities (i.e., incorporated and unincorporated places) has resulted in the consolidation or differentiation of demographic, sociocultural, and economic distinctions between 1980 and 2010. As communities have become more ethnoracially diverse, they have become more heterogeneous in language and nativity—two characteristics tied closely to Latino and Asian population growth. However, ethnoracial diversity within communities is only weakly associated with household, age, educational, occupational, or income heterogeneity despite large racial/ethnic differences in these characteristics nationally. This trend does not apply to all forms of ethnoracial diversity equally: Hispanic and especially Asian population growth is more likely to generate community sociodemographic and economic heterogeneity than is black population growth. Consistent with the fragmentation hypothesis, we also find that broader geographic context matters, with more ethnoracially diverse metropolitan and micropolitan areas experiencing reduced social and economic heterogeneity inside their constituent places. We conclude by discussing the social implications of these patterns for intergroup relations, spatial exclusion, and ethnoracial inequality.
Antibacterial activity of LaNiO3 prepared by sonicated sol-gel method using combination fuel
Authors: Jadhav Ashwini Lalaso , Khetre Sanjay Mahadev 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSonicated sol-gel method was used to prepare LaNiO3from lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate La(NO3)3.6H2O(LN), nickel nitrate Ni(NO3)3.6H2O(NN), glycine and urea. Nanocrystalline LaNiO3powder was formed after heating at 175 °C in 5 min. Particle size of LaNiO3nanopowder was determined by Debay Scherrer’s equation and was found 48 nm. Prepared nanocatalyst characterized with the help of XRD, TGA, SEM, IR, BET surface area, EDX. Surface area of LaNiO3was 9.22 m2/g. We have reported first time good antibacterial activity of LaNiO3forStaphylococcus aureus. Zone of inhibition for LaNiO3was 13 mm studied with the help of agar cup method.
Keratoconus Indices and Their Determinants in Healthy Eyes of a Rural Population
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Pakzad Reza , Heydarian Samira , Yekta AbbasAli , Ostadimoghaddam Hadi , Mortazavi Mahdi , Ramin Shahroukh , Khabazkhoob Mehdi 
Published: November 2019

Purpose:
To determine the distribution of keratoconus indices in a 5-93-year-old healthy eyes of a rural population in Iran.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, multi-stage cluster sampling was applied to select subjects from two villages in the north and southwest of Iran. After obtaining informed consent, all subjects underwent ophthalmologic and optometric examinations. Corneal imaging by the Pentacam was done in subjects above 5 years between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m., at least 3 h after wakeup. All subjects who had abnormal keratoconus indices were excluded. Our main outcome was keratometry-flat (Kf), keratometry-steep (Ks), keratoconus index (KI), and central keratoconus index (CKI).

Results:
The mean ± standard deviation of Kf, Ks, KI, and CKI was 43.12 ± 1.74, 44.25 ± 1.65, 1.02 ± 0.02, and 1.01 ± 0.01, respectively. According to multiple linear regression analysis, the mean index surface variance (ISV) (b: -1.367,P< 0.001), index vertical asymmetry (IVA) (b: -0.012,P< 0.001), KI (b: -0.011,P< 0.001), CKI (b: -0.001,P< 0.001), index height asymmetry (IHA) (b: -0.491, P: 0.005), and index height decentration (IHD) (b: -0.001,P< 0.001) were lower in men compared to women. Moreover, age had an indirect association with ISV (b: -0.030,P< 0.001) and average pachymetric progression index (RPI_avg) (b: -0.001,P< 0.001), and a direct association with KI, CKI, and IHA. Spherical equivalence had an indirect association with KI (b: -0.001,P< 0.001) and RPI_avg (b: -0.004,P< 0.001) and a direct association with CKI (b: 0.001,P< 0.001). Among all variables, sex had the greatest impact on ISV, IVA, KI, IHA, IHD, and minimum sagittal curvature.

Conclusions:
The Keratoconus indices of our study were similar to other studies. Although age, living place, and type of refractive error were associated with some indices, sex was the strongest determinant of Keratoconus indices in a population of healthy eyes.
Monetizing Bowser: A Contingent Valuation of the Statistical Value of Dog Life
Authors: Carlson Deven , Haeder Simon , Jenkins-Smith Hank , Ripberger Joseph , Silva Carol , Weimer David 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHouseholds in the USA spend about $70 billion annually on pets. Dogs, the most common pet, can be found in nearly half of American households. An important shadow price in the analysis of policies affecting human mortality is the value of statistical life (VSL), which is imputed from how people make decisions involving tradeoffs between small mortality risks and other goods. The value of statistical dog life (VSDL) is also an important, but until now unavailable, shadow price for use in regulation of such goods as pet foods and environmental toxins. Additionally, an estimate of the VSDL would have uses outside the regulatory process in valuing programs involving zooeyia, in setting tort awards for wrongful dog death, and in property divisions in divorce settlements where joint custody of dogs is not feasible. In order to estimate the VSDL, we conducted a contingent valuation of a national sample of dog owners that elicited willingness-to-pay for changes in mortality risk for pet dogs. Specifically, respondents were asked about willingness-to-pay for a vaccine that would reduce the risk of canine influenza. The design included both quantity (different magnitudes of risk reduction from the offered vaccine) and quality (differences in nature of death from the influenza) treatments as scope tests. It also included treatments involving spillover effects to other dogs and a priming question about disposable income. Based on the analysis and consideration of its assumptions, we recommend $10,000 as the VSDL.
Searching for specific sentence meaning in context: the conceptual relation between participants
Authors: LAI YAO-YING , PIÑANGO MARIA MERCEDES 
Published: November 2019

abstractWe argue that the interpretation of transitive aspectual-verb sentences like “Sue finishes the book” results from an evaluation of the degree of asymmetry in control power between the participants in the sentence.Control asymmetryis proposed as one conceptual constraint on sentence meaning precisification. An evaluation of ‘high control asymmetry’ for the relation between “Sue” and “book” yields an agentive/actor-undergoer interpretation (Sue is doing something involving the book). An evaluation of ‘low control asymmetry’ yields a constitutive/part–whole interpretation (Sue’s story is the last one in the book). Which reading emerges depends on the comprehender’s control-asymmetry evaluation based on contextual cues or, in the absence of explicit context, based on conventionalized control asymmetry expectations given the participants’ denotations. Results show that semantically under-specified aspectual-verb sentences such as “Sue finishes/begins/continues the book” (i) receive multiple readings in a control-asymmetry neutral context, (ii) are judged as less acceptable than their control asymmetry-biased counterparts, and (iii) clearly evidence theconstitutivereading as part of their core reading. These findings are consistent with a real-time linguistic meaning composition system that systematically draws from context guided by lexically driven semantic demands and that presents the structure of these demands as a cognitively viable metric of complexity.
Prograde polyphase regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks, NW of Jamshedpur, eastern India: constraints from textural relationship, pseudosection modelling and geothermobarometry
Authors: Prakash D , Patel DK , Yadav MK , Vishal B , Tewari S , Yadav R , Rai SK , Singh CK 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe study area belongs to the Singhbhum metamorphic belt of Jharkhand, situated in the eastern part of India. The spatial distribution of the index minerals in the pelitic schists of the area shows Barrovian type of metamorphism. Three isograds, viz. garnet, staurolite and sillimanite, have been delineated and the textural study of the schists has revealed a time relation between crystallization and deformation. Series of folds with shifting values of plunges in the supracrustal rocks having axial-planar schistosity to the folds have been widely cited. Development of these folds could be attributed to the second phase of deformation. In total, two phases of deformation, D1and D2, in association with two phases of metamorphism, M1and M2, have been lined up in the study area. Chemographic plots of reactant and product assemblages corresponding to various metamorphic reactions suggest that the pattern of metamorphic zones mapped in space is in coherence with the temporal-sequential change during prograde metamorphism. The progradeP–Tevolution of the study area has been obtained using conventional geothermobarometry, internally consistent winTWQ program and Perple_X software in the MnNCKFMASHTO model system. Our observations suggest that the progressive metamorphism in the area is not related to granitic intrusion or migmatization but that it was possibly the ascending plume that resulted in the M1phase of metamorphism followed by D1deformation. The second and prime metamorphic phase, M2,with its possible heat source generated by crustal overloading, was preceded by D1and it lasted until late- to post-D2deformation.
Human Rights Half Measures: Avoiding Accountability in Postwar Sri Lanka
Authors: Cronin-Furman Kate 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhy do repressive states create human rights institutions that cost them money and political capital but fail to silence international criticism? The academic literature assumes that states engaging in disingenuous human rights behavior are hoping to persuade (or deceive) liberal Western states and international advocates. But if human rights promoters in the West are the target audience for the creation of these half measures institutions, the strategy appears puzzlingly miscalculated. It reveals that the repressive state is sensitive to international opinion, and often results in increased pressure. The author argues that states engaging in human rights half measures are playing to a different, previously overlooked audience: swing states that can act as veto points on multilateral efforts to enforce human rights. The article illustrates these dynamics with a case study of Sri Lanka’s response to international pressure for postwar justice. The author shows that although the creation of a series of weak investigative commissions was prompted by pressure from Western governments andngos, it was not an attempt to satisfy or hoodwink these actors. Instead, it was part of a coalition-blocking strategy to convince fellow developing states on the UN Human Rights Council to oppose the creation of an international inquiry and to give them the political cover to do so.
Above-ground biomass estimation for a shrubby mistletoe in an Amazonian savanna
Authors: Fadini Sarah Rosane M. C. , Barbosa Reinaldo I. , Rode Rafael , Corrêa Viviane , Fadini Rodrigo F. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMistletoes are considered keystone species on woodlands and savannas worldwide, providing a food resource for a diversified fauna, as well as a nutrient-enriched litter. Infections can be large (∼1–3 m) and, in some parts of the Amazonian savannas, parasitize up to 70% of hosts locally. Despite these facts, biomass of mistletoes is rarely investigated. Here we constructed allometric models to predict the biomass stock of the shrubby mistletoe Psittacanthus plagiophyllus in an Amazonian savanna. In addition, we determined whether host size could be used as a proxy for mistletoe biomass. Finally, we compared the biomass of mistletoes with that of trees, to evaluate their relative importance. We have shown that: (1) biomass of leaves (46.1% ± 13.5%) are as important as of stems (47.8% ± 13.5%), and relative contribution of stems increases as plant grows; (2) the model including width, breadth and vertical depth was the best (SE = 0.39, R2 = 0.9) for predicting individual mistletoe biomass; (3) mistletoe load and biomass per host had a positive, but weak (R2 = 0.11 and 0.09, respectively), relationship with host size, and thus such host information is a poor predictor of mistletoe biomass; and (4) in comparison with trees, mistletoes constituted less than 0.15% (0.5–22 kg ha−1) of the total above-ground biomass, suggesting that this life-form is irrelevant to the local biomass stock despite its unequivocal biological importance.
Extensions of unification modulo ACUI
Authors: Baader Franz , Marantidis Pavlos , Mottet Antoine , Okhotin Alexander 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe theory ACUI of an associative, commutative, and idempotent binary function symbol + with unit0was one of the first equational theories for which the complexity of testing solvability of unification problems was investigated in detail. In this paper, we investigate two extensions of ACUI. On one hand, we consider approximate ACUI-unification, where we use appropriate measures to express how close a substitution is to being a unifier. On the other hand, we extend ACUI-unification to ACUIG-unification, that is, unification in equational theories that are obtained from ACUI by adding a finite setGof ground identities. Finally, we combine the two extensions, that is, consider approximate ACUI-unification. For all cases we are able to determine the exact worst-case complexity of the unification problem.
On the street in nineteenth-century London
Authors: Pooley Colin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article uses statements made at London's Central Criminal Court (the Old Bailey) by victims and witnesses of crime in nineteenth-century London to reveal the hidden history of pedestrian movement on the city's streets. It demonstrates that men and women of all ages and social groups walked the streets at most times of the day and night, and argues that walking was not only a normal and taken-for-granted activity, but that pedestrianism could contribute to the development of a community of the street.
Economic burdens on parents of children with autism: a literature review
Authors: Liao Xiaoli , Li Yamin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This review aims to summarize evidence from published articles regarding the economic burdens on parents of children diagnosed with autism to elaborate on current research status, discern key findings and provide suggestions for future studies. A total of 1024 records were identified through our systematic literature research, and 33 studies were included in the review. The 33 included studies reported findings from 10 different countries around the world. These articles (published from 2003 to 2017) used a variety of research methods, including quantitative (n = 26), qualitative (n = 4), and mixed (n = 3) study designs. In summary, parents of autistic children were susceptible to adverse employment impacts and increased financial burdens, especially mothers. More attention should be given to the development of appropriate medical resource allocation and the alleviation of economic burdens on parents of children with autism.
Including Stable Carbon Isotopes to Evaluate the Dynamics of Soil Carbon in the Land‐Surface Model ORCHIDEE
Authors: Camino‐Serrano Marta , Tifafi Marwa , Balesdent Jérôme , Hatté Christine , Peñuelas Josep , Cornu Sophie , Guenet Bertrand 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component of the terrestrial carbon cycle and its turnover time in models is a key source of uncertainty. Studies have highlighted the utility of δ13C measurements for benchmarking SOC turnover in global models. We used 13C as a tracer within a vertically discretized soil module of a land‐surface model, Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems‐ Soil Organic Matter (ORCHIDEE‐SOM). Our new module represents some of the processes that have been hypothesized to lead to a 13C enrichment with soil depth as follows: 1) the Suess effect and CO2 fertilization, 2) the relative 13C enrichment of roots compared to leaves, and 3) 13C discrimination associated with microbial activity. We tested if the upgraded soil module was able to reproduce the vertical profile of δ13C within the soil column at two temperate sites and the short‐term change in the isotopic signal of soil after a shift in C3/C4 vegetation. We ran the model over Europe to test its performance at larger scale. The model was able to simulate a shift in the isotopic signal due to short‐term changes in vegetation cover from C3 to C4; however, it was not able to reproduce the overall vertical profile in soil δ13C, which arises as a combination of short and long‐term processes. At the European scale, the model ably reproduced soil CO2 fluxes and total SOC stock. These findings stress the importance of the long‐term history of land cover for simulating vertical profiles of δ13C. This new soil module is an emerging tool for the diagnosis and improvement of global SOC models.