bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cobalt Boride Graphene Composites As a Novel Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Abdel-Fattah Tarek M , Biehler Erik , Phillips Erin , Quach Qui , Elzamzami Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

Carbon allotropes like carbon nanotubes and graphene like materials are useful for improving the catalytic ability of transition metals.1 These materials are notable for structural stability and high surface area for the dispersion of catalyst.2 This study explored a novel cobalt catalyst supported on graphene like materials CoB@G for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Sodium borohydride is a hydrogen feedstock material (HFM) that contains 10.8% hydrogen by weight and reacts in water.3 This makes it a choice material for the generation of hydrogen gas; however, this react occurs slowly. CoB@G was synthesized from the reduction of a cobalt metal organic framework (MOF) supported on graphene oxide (CoMOF-5@GO). Hydrolysis of NaBH4 was conducted at temperatures of 283K-303K. Compared to bulk metals: nickel, cobalt, and raney nickel, our catalyst had a great activation energy of 54 kJ mol-1.4 Our product was characterized with Powder X-Ray Diffraction (P-XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, Figure 1), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). This product also should good reusability, producing similar amounts of hydrogen after 5 consecutive trials. The hydrolysis of sodium borohydride using our novel catalyst will aid in the mass production of hydrogen for use as an alternative energy source.
Works Cited:

Huff, C., Dushatinski, T., & Abdel-Fattah, T. M.. Gold nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite as novel catalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017) 42(30), 18985 18990.doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.226

Machado, B. F.; Serp, P. Graphene-Based Materials for Catalysis. The Royal Society of Chemistry
2011, 43 (13), 54–75.

Schlesingehr H.I.; Brown, H.C.; Finholt A.E.; Gilbreath J.R.; Hoekstra H.R.; Hyde E.L.; Sodium Borohydride, Its Hydolysis and its Use as a Reducing Agent in the Generation of Hydrogen; Chem. Soc., (1953), 75 (1), pp 215–219

Kaufman, C. M., & Sen, B. (). Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of sodium tetrahydroborate: effects of acids and transition metals and their salts. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 1985 (2), 307. doi:10.1039/dt9850000307

Figure 1: Graphene supported cobalt borides are shown with SEM imaging. The graphene sheets formed large structures, some of which were over 100 microns in length

Figure 1
Lightweight 3D Structured Carbon Nanofiber Current Collector for Li/S Batteries
Authors: Kalybekkyzy Sandugash , Yerkinbekova Yerkezhan , Baikalov Nurzhan , Kahraman Vezir , Bakenov Zhumabay , Mentbayeva Almagul 
Published: December 2020

Light weight carbon nanofibers (CNF) fabricated from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers by simple electrospinning method. Electrospinning is one of the simplest and cost-effective techniques to produce carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Furthermore, it is easy to control/manage the diameter, morphology and density/structure of fibers by adjusting spinning parameters like polymer concentration, applied voltage, speed of rotation of drum and distance between nozzle and collector. Prepared CNFs were used as 3D structured current collector for sulfur cathode. The 3D current collector allowed to accommodate a higher amount of sulfur composite which led to a remarkable increase of the electrode capacity from 200 to 500 mAh per 1 gram of the electrode including the mass of the current collector. Varying the electrospinning solution concentration enabled obtaining carbonized nanofibers of uniform structure and controllable diameter from several hundred nanometers to several micrometers. Structural characterization of nanofibers by XRD and Raman spectroscopies revealed that the improvement in ordering graphitic layers of CNFs can be achieved by increasing the heating temperature. PAN nanofibers carbonized at 800 oC were applied as 3D structured current collector for sulfur-based cathode (Figure 1), and electrochemical performance of this cathode was investigated. An initial specific capacity of 1620 mAh g−
1 was achieved with carbonized PAN nanofiber (cPAN) current collector.
It exhibited stable cycling over 100 cycles maintaining a reversible capacity of 1104 mAh g−1 at 100th cycle, while the same composite on Al foil delivered only 872 mAh g−
1 . At the same time, 3D structured CNFs with a highly developed surface have a very low areal density of 0.85 mg cm−2 (thickness of ~25 µm), which is lower for almost ten times than commercial Al current collector with the same thickness (7.33 mg cm−2).
Acknowlegments:
This work was supported by the State Targeted Program #BR05236524 from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan and by the Faculty-development competitive research grant #110119DF4514 from Nazarbayev University.

Figure 1
Oxide Scale Evolution on Binary Alloys: Transient State Kinetics from First Principles
Authors: Xiao Penghao , Wood Brandon C. 
Published: December 2020

Metal oxidation is a major cause of structural materials degradation. Alloying has been a successfully strategy to mediate metal degradation by forming protective oxides of minor elements. Understanding factors that affect the formation of such a protective film is essential for the rational design of corrosion resistant alloys. The Wagner theory focused on oxygen permeability and metal diffusion in the alloy beneath the oxide scale. Cation kinetics in the oxides is also important for the oxide composition evolution and thus the protective layer formation, which was missing in previous models. In this work, we study the competing cation diffusion and segregation dynamics in the oxide from first principles. By doing so, we are able to predict the oxide composition as a function of time with atomic resolutions at different conditions. Effective cation diffusivities through the oxide film can be obtained as a function of composition as well, which quantifies the protectivity of the oxide. Comparison will be made between alumina former and chromia former in Ni based alloys and steel.
In our approach, energetics of various local configurations is calculated from DFT+U and parameterized into a surrogate model by cluster expansion. Hopping barriers are calculated from the nudged elastic band method. The above two are combined by the Bell–Evans–Polanyi (BEP) relation to provide essential inputs for kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. This approach enables large length scale and long-time scale atomistic kinetic simulations with the quantum level of accuracy.
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract Number DEAC52-07NA27344. IM release number: LLNL-ABS-810184
The Practical Fit of Concepts: Ecosystem Services and the Value of Nature
Authors: Stevenson Hayley , Auld Graeme , Allan Jen Iris , Elliott Lorraine , Meadowcroft James 
Published: December 2020

AbstractConceptual innovations are a central feature of global environmental governance. Confronting degradation and unsustainability, scholars and practitioners turn to new concepts to identify, make sense of, and chart new directions towards meaningful governance solutions. But why do some concepts create lasting changes to governance institutions and governance practices, while others do not? Ideational theories of international relations highlight the importance of normative fit. In this paper we analyze the concept of ecosystem services to show that normative fit is just one dimension of governance fitness, which also includes practical fitness. Ecologists and economists coined the concept of ecosystem services to make biodiversity conservation intelligible to decision-makers versed in economic thinking. It has gained rhetorical traction, but ultimately failed to change how we treat nature because it lacks practical fitness. We interviewed fifty-six individuals working in twelve international organizations that have sought to translate the concept of ecosystem services into practice. Our analysis reveals forces limiting practical fit and constraining institutional uptake at three levels of analysis: structural, organizational, and agent. We present a cautionary tale that pushes scholars to carefully consider practical fit alongside normative fit when suggesting new concepts as organizing frames for how we govern global environmental challenges.
Geography and Caribbean Integration
Authors: Griffin Clifford E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Using the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) countries as the units of analysis, this article seeks to achieve three goals: 1) explain theoretically the basis for the existence of self-determination or fragmentation agendas; 2) show how geography, exploitation, neglect and historical memory contribute to fragmentation by fostering the emergence of self-determination movements; and 3) argue from a policy perspective that these self-determination agendas must become integral parts of the policy discourse if a region is to achieve meaningful integration and solidarity.
Osteobiographies at the Edge of Empire
Authors: Tica Cristina I. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this research is to employ osteobiography as a means of learning about individuals in the past. Osteobiography entails a life-history approach in the analysis of skeletal human remains. Two groups that have been characterized in the literature as ‘Romans’ and ‘barbarians’ were analyzed by the author. The research questions used skeletal remains to address how the daily life of people under Roman control compared to that of their neighbors to the north, the ‘barbarians’. Looking at two contemporaneous populations from the territory of modern Romania and dating from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the study examines pathological conditions and traumatic injuries, in order to gain a better understanding of the general quality of life for these individuals. One collection comes from the site of Ibida (Slava Rusă) from the Roman province of Scythia Minor, and the other originates from the Târgşor site, located to the north of the Danube frontier, in what was considered the ‘barbaricum’ (the land beyond Roman administrative control).1 For the purposes of this article, two individuals from each group were selected and are presented in depth herein.
“Or Else Were this a Savage Spectacle”: the Narrative Possibilities of Spectacle in I Tamburlaine
Authors: Tran Jeanette Nguyen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay examines representations of violence in I Tamburlaine. In the play, Marlowe weds Tamburlaine’s desire for recognition to brutal spectacular violence and attunes audiences to the normative violence that recognition entails for the vulgar or common classes to which Tamburlaine, a poor Scythian shepherd, belongs. In a world that marks certain bodies, social classes and even names as unworthy of certain kinds of recognition, the creation of bloody spectacles, such as the slaughtering of the virgins of Damascus, becomes Tamburlaine’s only means to gain political visibility. By yoking Tamburlaine’s ascendance and eventual triumph to his increasingly effective use of spectacle, Marlowe’s I Tamburlaine makes a case for the narrative possibilities of spectacle to make a life like Tamburlaine’s both visible and compelling.
Three-Dimensional Assessment of Cervical Vertebrae Anomalies in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: de Rezende Barbosa Gabriella L. , Pimenta Luiz A. , Tyndall Donald A. , Allareddy Trishul V. , Sousa Melo Saulo L. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of cervical vertebrae anomalies (CVA) in patients with unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. Design: Retrospective assessment of CBCT images. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Fisher exact test or χ2 test was performed to evaluate the differences among each CVA between sex and type of cleft. Setting: School of Dentistry. Participants: One hundred fifty-one patients with cleft lip and palate (103 UCLP/48 BCLP). Interventions: No relevant intervention. Main Outcome Measures: Cone beam computed tomography images were assessed for the presence or absence of 12 most commonly observed CVA: spina bifida, dehiscence, cleft of the posterior arch, cleft of the anterior arch, fusion between cervical vertebrae, block fusion, occipitalization, narrowing of the intervertebral space, posterior ponticle, os odontoideum, ossiculum terminale, and subdental cartilaginous remnants. Results: The presence of subdental cartilaginous remnants was the most frequently observed alteration—found in 81.45% of the sample—and it was the only CVA with statistically significant frequencies in the individuals with BCLP. Considering only the other CVA, 22.51% presented 1 and 5.29% presented 2 or more CVA. Conclusions: Patients with cleft lip and palate may present an overall high incidence of CVAs. However, when comparing the distribution of the CVAs among sex and types of cleft, the only significant difference noted was a higher incidence of subdental cartilaginous remnants among patients with BCLP.
Measurement of Perceived Interpersonal and Societal Anti-Muslim Discrimination in the United States
Authors: Ahmed Naheed 
Published: December 2020

Background: Hate crimes against Muslim Americans have increased exponentially in the past 20 years, but there are few scales for measuring the spectrum of perceived anti-Muslim discrimination in the United States. To fill this gap, this study used a mixed-method approach to develop scales for measuring perceived anti-Muslim discrimination. Method: Qualitative data informed the development and validation of the 19-item Societal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index and the 9-item Interpersonal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index. Quantitative data ( N = 347) were collected from Muslim Americans using an online survey and used to assess the anti-Muslim indexes. Results: Qualitative data contributed to the refinement scale items. Quantitative results indicated one-component models and modest to high reliability of the Interpersonal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index (.77) and Societal Anti-Muslim Discrimination Index (.88) scales. Discussion: Study results established the validity of these novel scales for measuring the distinct facets of anti-Muslim discrimination not captured by the Everyday Discrimination Index. These scales will facilitate research on anti-Muslim discrimination and the health implications of this form of religious-based discrimination.
Catheter-related venous thrombosis in NICU: A case-control retrospective study
Authors: Chojnacka Karolina , Krasiński Zbigniew , Wróblewska-Seniuk Katarzyna , Mazela Jan 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Newborns treated in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are susceptible to several complications one of them being vein thrombosis. Aim: The study aims to evaluate risk factors of catheter-related venous thrombosis, clinical manifestations, treatment, and the outcomes of thrombotic events (TE) during the neonatal period. Methods: This work is a case-control retrospective study performed on patients in the tertiary NICU between January 2013 and June 2016. The analysis includes data from infants with CVC diagnosed with thrombosis and infants with CVC, not being diagnosed with thrombosis (control group). Statistica 10 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Vein thrombosis was diagnosed in 19 NICU infants including 16 cases of catheter-related vein thrombosis (84% of complicated cases). Other statistically significant risk factors were asphyxia, infection, and the duration of CVC use. The incidence of thrombosis in our population increased during the study which may result from a statistically significant increase in the number of inserted CVC (294 vs 435), and more frequent diagnosis of incidental thrombosis (1 vs 9). Conclusion: Vein catheterization, asphyxia, infection, and prolonged CVC use are critical risk factors for thrombosis in the neonatal period. Given the hereinbefore mentioned increased number of central line catheterizations in the NICU, it would be useful to conduct a prospective study with a scheduled routine ultrasound protocol applied not only as a tool to diagnose thrombosis but also to prevent it by determining a proper catheter for a particular vein.
Targeted proteomics of right heart adaptation to pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Amsallem Myriam , Sweatt Andrew J. , Arthur Ataam Jennifer , Guihaire Julien , Lecerf Florence , Lambert Mélanie , Ghigna Maria Rosa , Ali Md Khadem , Mao Yuqiang , Fadel Elie , Rabinovitch Marlene , de Jesus Perez Vinicio , Spiekerkoetter Edda , Mercier Olaf , Haddad Francois , Zamanian Roham T. 
Published: December 2020

No prior proteomic screening study has centred on the right ventricle (RV) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This study investigates the circulating proteomic profile associated with right heart maladaptive phenotype (RHMP) in PAH.Plasma proteomic profiling was performed using multiplex immunoassay in 121 (discovery cohort) and 76 (validation cohort) PAH patients. The association between proteomic markers and RHMP, defined by the Mayo right heart score (combining RV strain, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)) and Stanford score (RV end-systolic remodelling index, NYHA class and NT-proBNP), was assessed by partial least squares regression. Biomarker expression was measured in RV samples from PAH patients and controls, and pulmonary artery banding (PAB) mice.High levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), stem cell growth factor-β, nerve growth factor and stromal derived factor-1 were associated with worse Mayo and Stanford scores independently from pulmonary resistance or pressure in both cohorts (the validation cohort had more severe disease features: lower cardiac index and higher NT-proBNP). In both cohorts, HGF added value to the REVEAL score in the prediction of death, transplant or hospitalisation at 3 years. RV expression levels of HGF and its receptor c-Met were higher in end-stage PAH patients than controls, and in PAB mice than shams.High plasma HGF levels are associated with RHMP and predictive of 3-year clinical worsening. Both HGF and c-Met RV expression levels are increased in PAH. Assessing plasma HGF levels might identify patients at risk of heart failure who warrant closer follow-up and intensified therapy.
Outcome of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: insights from the LUNG SAFE Study
Authors: Pham Tài , Pesenti Antonio , Bellani Giacomo , Rubenfeld Gordon , Fan Eddy , Bugedo Guillermo , Lorente José Angel , Fernandes Antero do Vale , Van Haren Frank , Bruhn Alejandro , Rios Fernando , Esteban Andres , Gattinoni Luciano , Larsson Anders , McAuley Daniel F. , Ranieri Marco , Thompson B. Taylor , Wrigge Hermann , Brochard Laurent J. , Laffey John G. 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundCurrent incidence and outcome of patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU) are unknown, especially for patients not meeting criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).MethodsAn international, multicentre, prospective cohort study of patients presenting with hypoxaemia early in the course of mechanical ventilation, conducted during four consecutive weeks in the winter of 2014 in 459 ICUs from 50 countries (LUNG SAFE). Patients were enrolled with arterial oxygen tension/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio ≤300 mmHg, new pulmonary infiltrates and need for mechanical ventilation with a positive end-expiratory pressure of ≥5 cmH2O. ICU prevalence, causes of hypoxaemia, hospital survival and factors associated with hospital mortality were measured. Patients with unilateralversusbilateral opacities were compared.Findings12 906 critically ill patients received mechanical ventilation and 34.9% with hypoxaemia and new infiltrates were enrolled, separated into ARDS (69.0%), unilateral infiltrate (22.7%) and congestive heart failure (CHF; 8.2%). The global hospital mortality was 38.6%. CHF patients had a mortality comparable to ARDS (44.1%versus40.4%). Patients with unilateral-infiltrate had lower unadjusted mortality, but similar adjusted mortality compared to those with ARDS. The number of quadrants on chest imaging was associated with an increased risk of death. There was no difference in mortality comparing patients with unilateral-infiltrate and ARDS with only two quadrants involved.InterpretationMore than one-third of patients receiving mechanical ventilation have hypoxaemia and new infiltrates with a hospital mortality of 38.6%. Survival is dependent on the degree of pulmonary involvement whether or not ARDS criteria are reached.
Indications and patterns of use of benzodiazepines and opioids in severe interstitial lung disease: a population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Genberg Jenny , Davies Joanna M. , Ahmadi Zainab , Currow David , Johnson Miriam J. , Tanash Hanan , Bajwah Sabrina , Ekström Magnus 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundDespite evidence that opioids might relieve chronic breathlessness, physicians may still be reluctant to prescribe them due to safety concerns. By contrast, benzodiazepine (BDZ) prescribing often seeks to reduce chronic breathlessness despite no evidence of net benefit. Prescribing patterns and indications for these medications in severe interstitial lung disease (ILD) are unknown. Here, our objective was to evaluate the indications, medications and temporal patterns of BDZ and opioid prescriptions in people with oxygen-dependent ILD.MethodsThis was an observational, population-based, longitudinal study of adults starting long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) for ILD between 2005 and 2014 in the Swedish National Registry for Respiratory Failure (Swedevox). People dispensed BDZs (n=2000) and opioids (n=2000) from 6 months before start of LTOT throughout follow-up (first of death or study end) were analysed.ResultsOf 1635 included patients, 651 (39.8%) received BDZs and 710 (43.4%) received opioids during the study period; 373 (22.8%) patients received both. The most frequently prescribed BDZs and opioids were oxazepam (85.6%) and oxycodone (28.7%), respectively. Indications for breathlessness were uncommon for BDZs (1.4%) and opioids (6.4%). During the last year of life, opioid indications for breathlessness increased from 2.5% (12–10 months before death) to 10.2% in the last 3 months of life (p=0.048).ConclusionsIn oxygen-dependent ILD, opioids are rarely prescribed for breathlessness even in the last months of life, when chronic breathlessness often increases in prevalence and intensity.