bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M12. INCREASED SAFETY BEHAVIOR IN SUBJECTS WITH CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND DELUSIONS
Authors: Conring Frauke , Gangl Nicole , Walther Sebastian , Wüthrich Florian , Schäppi Lea , Rüter Maximilian , Cantisani Andrea , Stegmayer Katharina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Personal space is the safe area around us causing discomfort when violated by others. Previous research has shown that our need for personal space can be shaped by previous and current experiences. For instance, childhood maltreatment is associated with altered personal space in healthy controls. Additionally, space regulation is altered in schizophrenia (with personal space being increased in patients with paranoia). Whether childhood maltreatment and dimensions of delusions are associated with increased safety behaviour in patients with schizophrenia is unknown. We therefore aim to test the association of childhood trauma and delusions with interpersonal distance in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.

Methods
We assessed childhood trauma (CT) in both, healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients (matched for age, gender and education) with the childhood trauma scale. This scale is a self-report screening tool for experiences of abuse & neglect during childhood. Additionally, we assessed delusions in schizophrenia patients, using the dimensions of delusional experience scale (DDE), which includes ‘conviction’, ‘extension’, ‘bizarreness’, ‘disorganization’, and ‘pressure’ dimensions. We compared the interpersonal distance (stop-distance test) and comfort ratings at predetermined distances (fixed-distance test) between subjects with low/medium and high CT ratings. Likewise, interpersonal distance and comfort ratings of patients with and without delusions were compared.

Results
In our preliminary data (n = 27), subjects with high CT ratings showed an increased need for interpersonal space compared to subjects with low/medium CT. Additionally, the high CT group showed reduced comfort ratings at varying fixed distances. Likewise, patients with delusions had an increased interpersonal space and reduced comfort at fixed distances. Moreover, interpersonal space was associated with the severity of childhood trauma, and in particular with emotional neglect. Finally, interpersonal distance was associated with the degree to which the delusional belief involves various areas of patients’ lives (‘extension’ dimension of the DDE).

Discussion
Our preliminary data suggests that childhood maltreatment and dimensions of delusions are associated with increased safety behaviour in patients with schizophrenia. These findings are in line with previous studies, which found associations of interpersonal distance and childhood maltreatment in healthy controls as well as paranoia in patients with schizophrenia. Our findings are of particular interest, as increased safety behaviour may impact social functioning (i.e. lead to more social withdrawal) in patients with schizophrenia.
M23. ALTERATION OF REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW MEASURED BY ARTERIAL SPIN LABELING IN PATIENTS WITH TREATMENT-RESISTANT SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Ogyu Kamiyu , Honda Shiori , Matsushita Karin , Noda Yoshihiro , Kato Hideo , Kusudo Keisuke , Kim Julia , Plitman Eric , Koizumi Teruki , Koreki Akihiro , Fujii Shinya , Mallar Chakravarty M , Uchida Hiroyuki , Graff-Guerrero Ariel , Onaya Mitsumoto , Mimura Masaru , Nakajima Shinichiro 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia do not respond to antipsychotics, which is called treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). A recent systematic review showed decreased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the cerebral cortex and increased rCBF in the putamen in patients with schizophrenia. However, to date, no study has examined rCBF using arterial spin labeling (ASL) in patients with TRS. Thus, we compared rCBF between patients with TRS and those with non-TRS to investigate neural basis of this condition.

Methods
We acquired whole-brain rCBF measurements using 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with pseudo-continuous ASL in those with TRS and non-TRS. TRS was defined as 1) a Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score of ≧ 4 (moderate) and 2) a score of ≧ 4 (moderate) on two Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive symptom items after optimal antipsychotic treatment. Non-TRS was defined as 1) a CGI-S score of ≦3, 2) scores of ≦ 3 on all positive symptom items of the PANSS, and 3) no symptomatic relapse during the previous 3 months. Optimal antipsychotic treatment was defined as ≧ 6 consecutive weeks with ≧ 400 mg of chlorpromazine (CPZ) equivalent daily dose antipsychotic treatment. The rCBF maps were subsequently derived from the proton-density-weighted reference images. Group differences in rCBF between the two groups (non-TRS vs. TRS) were tested using two sample t-test with age, gender, and PANSS positive scores as covariates. Multiple comparisons were corrected using familywise error (FWE) method with a significance threshold of P &lt;.05.

Results
A total of 32 participants were included (13 TRS [6 females, age= 41.2±9.8, PANSS=80.3±9.7] and 19 non-TRS [6 females, age= 40.6±11.9, PANSS=58.9±10.0]). rCBF in the cerebellum was increased in the TRS group compared with the non-TRS group. In addition, there are inverse correlation between rCBF in the cerebellum and PANSS positive score in the non-TRS group.

Discussion
These preliminary results suggest that perfusion in the cerebellum may be implicated in the pathophysiology of TRS. This study will continue to enroll participants (our target sample is 30/each group). To identify the abnormal rCBF in patients with TRS will facilitate elucidating the pathophysiology of TRS and pave a way of developing novel treatment of this difficult-to-treat population.
M32. THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUICIDALITY WITH SCHIZOTYPY AND PSYCHOSIS EXPERIENCE
Authors: Linscott Richard , Wright Ellen , Parker Theresa , O’Hare Kirstie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Meehl portrayed pervasive, chronic suicidality as a key sign of schizotypy. Consistent with this view, positive schizotypy predicts concurrent and future suicidality, is particularly predictive of greater lethality, and is a more potent predictor of suicidality than other psychopathology. Whereas the most prominent explanation for this relationship is that it is spurious, several possible causal connections have not been tested. Also, most existing evidence relates to positive schizotypy and psychosis experience. We describe three studies of the schizotypy – suicidality link.

Methods
In the first, we tested whether, as Meehl argued, schizotypy is associated with suicide dread. A general population sample (n = 350) of young adults (18 to 24 years) reported on schizotypy and suicidality, including efforts to avert suicide attempts. In univariate analyses, positive, negative, and disorganized components of schizotypy each significantly predicted persistent or frequent suicidal ideation in the past month (ORs from 2.10 to 3.71), history of attempts with intent to die (1.59 to 2.15), fear or dread of the possibility of making an attempt (1.58 to 1.63), and worry about acting on an unwanted impulse to attempt suicide (2.48 to 2.62). In fully-adjusted analyses (controlling for depression, anxiety, stress, and all schizotypy components), positive schizotypy predicted reporting of greater worry about impulsive suicidal behaviour (OR = 1.71, p = .009, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.56).
In the second, we tested whether the schizotypy – suicidality link can be understood using contemporary suicide theory. In a random sample of high school pupils (n = 177), schizotypy components predicted classification as an active suicidal ideator (R2 = 0.76, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95). These effects were accounted by the influences of magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, and suspiciousness being mediated in part by perceived burdensomeness, as per the interpersonal theory of suicide. However, direct effects were also observed from social anxiety and magical ideation components of schizotypy.
In the third, we modelled latent growth mixtures of suicidality using data from five waves of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. We test how growth in suicidality (from 18 to 38 years) is related to psychosis experience (age 11 years) and schizotypy (age 13 and 15 years). Schizotypy predicted membership of a growth class characterised by chronically death- and suicidal-ideation that, in turn, predicted attempt behaviour.

Results
See above.

Discussion
The complexity of the observed links of schizotypy and psychosis experience with suicidality do not lend themselves to being discounted as spurious or due to common underlying causal factors. Research addressing possible causal connections is warranted, as are efforts to identify whether reduction of suicidality may result from interventions targeting features of subclinical psychosis.
M37. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION ON WORKING MEMORY OF PATIENTS WITH RECENT ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY
Authors: Farhang Sara , Hosseintirabi Behnaz , Edalatzadeh Golnaz , Reza Shafiee-Kandjani Ali , Bruggeman Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Working memory is impaired in many patients with psychotic disorder and influence their daily living. This study aimed to evaluate therapeutic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory of patients with recent onset schizophrenia.

Methods
40 patients with schizophrenia randomized to either 6 sessions of add-on active (2 mA, 20min) or sham tDCS (anode: left DLPFC/F3; cathode: right supraorbital/F4, duration of 30 minutes and 72 hours in between). Patients with predominant negative symptoms were excluded. Primary outcome was improvement of working memory performance on letter-number sequencing test and secondary outcome was reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Results
Majority of patients (90%) were male. Mean age was 34.12 (±11.20) ranging from 27 to 59 years. Mean score of PANSS was 9.8±2.1 in negative, 17.4±4.0 in positive and 19.2±3.2 in general symptoms. Cognitive performance of patients receiving tDCS improved significantly (7.7±2.3 to 10.3±1.7, p=0.001) compared to the sham group (8.9±3.5 to 9.1±2.4). PANSS score did not change significantly and had the same trend in the two groups.

Discussion
The results of the present study indicate that prefrontal tDCS may be a promising intervention for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with recent onset schizophrenia with prominent positive symptoms.
M50. THE PERSIAN VERSION OF THE SCREEN FOR COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN PSYCHIATRY (SCIP-P) AS A VALID SCREENING TOOL FOR COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: shirzad galin , Gomez Benito Juana , Guilera Georgina , Rojo Emilio , Pino Oscar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP; Purdon, 2005) is a screening tool of cognitive impairment that includes measures of verbal learning (immediate and delayed), working memory, verbal fluency, and psychomotor speed. The test has three alternative forms that require less than 15 minutes to complete.
The main objective of this preliminary study was to examine the Persian version of SCIP as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Methods
Reliability and validity data were collected from a sample of 98 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who completed three alternate forms of the Persian translations of the SCIP within a three-week period separated by a one-week delay.

Results
This study presents the first results of the Persian version of the SCIP in a sample of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and compares the results with those derived from the English and Spanish versions.

Discussion
The SCIP-P scores were reliable and valid for the detection of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Analyses confirmed that the three forms of the SCIP-P are equivalent and may prove useful for the rapid screening during routine clinical evaluation of schizophrenia.
M54. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN MUSICAL ABILITY SUBSCALE PERFORMANCE, PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS, AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Akagawa Yoshiki , Honer William , Sawada Ken 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Several studies showed that patients with schizophrenia have a lower musical ability that correlates with poorer cognitive functions and severer negative symptoms. Despite the strong relevance of musical ability to cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms, little is known about the correlation of each subscale of musical ability to cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, we sought to analyze the correlations of the subtests of musical ability to cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms.

Methods
Sixty-four patients with schizophrenia (36 males, mean age = 48.6 ± 10.9 years old) and 80 healthy control subjects (44 males, mean age = 45.3 ± 12.3 years old) consented to participate. We measured musical ability, cognitive functions, and symptom severity using the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA), Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), respectively. MBEA subscales include melody discrimination, rhythm discrimination, and musical memory. BACS subscales are comprised of verbal memory, working memory, motor speed, word fluency, attention/processing speed, and executive function. We used the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. For the BACS six subscales, and the three musical subscales, we considered p &lt; 0.00278 to be significant (18 tests), and for PANSS three symptom subscale scores and three musical subscales, we considered p &lt; 0.0056 to be significant (9 tests).

Results
All musical subscale scores of patients were significantly lower than controls. Lower musical ability subscales were correlated with lower cognitive functions in both healthy controls and patients. In schizophrenia, as previously reported, there were associations between lower musical ability subscales, lower cognitive functions, and more severe psychiatric symptoms. In patients with schizophrenia, while melody discrimination was not correlated with cognitive functions, rhythm discrimination was correlated with verbal memory (beta = 0.378, SE= 0.010, t = 3.42, p = 0.0012) and attention/processing speed (beta = 0.433, SE= 0.013, t = 3.20, p = 0.0022) adjusted for age, gender, and years of musical education. PANSS negative symptoms were correlated with melody discrimination (beta = 0.346, SE= 0.051, t = -2.82, p = 0.0066) and rhythm discrimination (beta = 0.3259, SE= 0.045, t = -2.88, p = 0.0056), but not musical memory.

Discussion
This study revealed an association between performance on rhythm discrimination and both verbal memory and word fluency. Furthermore, more severe negative symptoms were associated with lower abilities in melody and rhythm discrimination. Rhythm discrimination could be associated with language disturbances, possibly providing a new insight into the language and musical deficits contributing to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
M60. EARLY VERSUS DELAYED PRESCRIPTION OF CLOZAPINE AND THE COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE ON SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Amoretti Silvia , Garriga Marina , Mezquida Gisela , Mallorqui Andrea , Penadés Rafael , Oliveira Cristina , Parellada Eduard , Bernardo Miquel , Garcia-Rizo Clemente 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with schizophrenia display a wide and characteristic array of cognitive deficits. A range of factors has been shown to influence cognition, including cognitive reserve (CR). Amongst antipsychotics only clozapine has shown positive results on cognition to date. Although it is known that delayed initiation of clozapine may be related to poor clinical psychotic response, no previous results have been tested on relation to cognitive improvements.
This study aimed to analyze the improvement in cognitive performance after starting clozapine treatment according to the early versus late treatment initiation after diagnosis.

Methods
41 patients with schizophrenia were enrolled. All subjects were assessed clinically, neuropsychologically and functionally at baseline and at the 18th week of clozapine treatment. Premorbid IQ was calculated with the vocabulary subtest of the WAIS-III and it was considered a measure of CR. For study purposes, sample was divided into early or late treatment initiation of clozapine (± 3 years after diagnosis). Lineal mixed model analyses were used while confounding from different factors.

Results
There were no differences between groups in terms of gender, functional, clinical and neuropsychological outcomes at baseline and follow-up. Neither clozapine dose, nor plasma concentration of nor-clozapine, have been found to be different at 18 weeks. Significant difference in age was found (p&lt;0.001). In early initiation clozapine treatment group (n=22), improvements in working memory, attention, executive functions, and processing speed were found. Thus, CR was the only significant factor explaining these improvements in all cognitive domains, except in processing speed that was explained by time. Late onset group (n=19) improved their cognitive performance on working memory and executive functions, both explained by CR (not time or age).

Discussion
There were no differences between groups at baseline, except for age. Patients who started an early treatment of clozapine improved more cognitive domains at 18-week that those who started it later. In both cases, CR is a key factor in predicting cognitive improvement.
Reducing clozapine treatment delay might represent immediate prospective improvements on cognitive domains in comparison with delayed start. Time-wise cognitive monitoring and CR enhancement at early stages of the psychotic illness/treatment may be helpful in order to prevent cognitive impairment.
M95. DSM-5 CLINICIAN-RATED DIMENSIONS OF PSYCHOSIS SYMPTOM SEVERITY: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Authors: Liemburg Edith , Nienhuis Fokko , Veling Wim 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
In DSM-5, a number of “emerging measures” are included for further research and clinical evaluation. These patient assessment measures were developed to be administered at the initial patient interview and to monitor treatment progress. One of these instruments is the Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity (CRDPSS). Using this instrument, a clinician can rate the severity of eight symptom dimensions of psychotic disorders. The psychometric properties and the applicability of the instrument in clinical practice have not yet been investigated. The current study aims to investigate the internal consistency, factor structure and external validity with other assessment instruments.

Methods
The CRDPSS measures eight symptom dimensions, namely Hallucinations, Delusions, Disorganized speech, Abnormal psychomotor behavior, Negative Symptoms, Impaired Cognition, Depression and Mania. Items are scored on a five-point scale ranging from “Not present” to “Present and Severe”. This interview has been applied in the Psychosis Recent Onset GRoningen Survey (PROGR-S), a diagnostic protocol for patients with a suspected recent-onset psychotic disorder (n = 164 in the current analysis). Besides the CRDPSS, scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Health of Nations Outcome Measure (HoNOS), the Mongomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Cambridge Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and mini-Structural Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (mini-SCAN) were used for current analyses. The Crohnbach Alpha was calculated to investigate internal consistency, exploratory factor analysis was applied, and the convergent validity was investigated by calculating non-parametric correlations of the CRDPSS with similar items or subscales of the other instruments.

Results
The Cronbach’s alpha of the CRDPSS was 0.36, indicating low internal consistency. Factor analysis resulted in three Factors: 1. Delusions/Mania, 2. Abnormal psychomotor behavior/Negative Symptoms/Impaired cognition, 3. Hallucinations/Depression. For hallucinations, Delusions, and Depression a Kendall’s tau of 0.35 – 0.45 was observed with the other instrument scores and for Impaired cognition tau = 0.6, indicating a weak to moderate association. Negative symptoms resulted in tau &lt; 0.2 and for the other instruments tau &lt; 0.1, but in these cases the measure of the other instruments was of questionable quality.

Discussion
The internal consistency of the CRDPSS was poor and factor analysis resulted in factors that differed to some extent from previous findings. Moreover, the convergent validity with other instruments was poor to moderate. In conclusion, based on first analyses the reliability and clinical applicability of the CRDPSS appears limited. Future studies should investigate inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, use more optimal measures to investigate convergent validity and use larger samples.
M219. OVERESTIMATING FUNCTION – A RISK FACTOR FOR SUBOPTIMAL COMMUNITY AID IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Pontén Anna , Helldin Lars , Moradi Hawar , Olsson Anna-Karin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with schizophrenia have difficulties in judging their own performance. Patients with no or little practical experience of demands from active performance in society tends to overestimate their ability. Research has also found that patients who overestimate their function also runs a risk to be perceived as better functioning than what they actually are when judged by caregivers. The aim with this study is to examine if patients who overestimate their ability will receive less community support compared to patients who have an accurate perception of their ability?

Methods
The study population was 184 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. They were tested with the Swedish version of the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment–Brief Version (UPSA-B). Before the test they were asked how they thought their functioning were in four different domains covered in the UPSA-B. After the test they were divided into four groups: “Good functioning with realistic perception”, “Good functioning but underestimating their function”, “Impaired function with realistic perception” and “Impaired function but overestimating their performance”. The amount of received community support were investigated and related to patients′ actual performance and self-perception.

Results
Analyzes showed that patients who had an impaired function and a realistic view of their ability had more support than those who were impaired but overestimated their ability. Also, patients with good functioning but underestimating their performance had more support than those who had a good ability and a realistic perception. Finally, there were no difference in community support to the patients in the two groups “Good function with realistic perception” and “Impaired function but overestimating their performance”.

Discussion
Our results indicate that patients with impaired functioning who overestimate their ability risk an insufficient community support. This in combination with earlier findings, that staff-members in psychiatric out-patient settings are likely to base their judgement on patients′ report consequential leading to false positive conclusions, may have both short- and long-term implications. Not achieving symptomatic remission, as a consequence of inability to follow medical prescriptions, and sub-optimal social functioning with isolation are two possible implications. The findings once again raises the need for the testing of patients′ function instead of only conducting interviews.