bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virulence variability across the Alternaria spp. population determines incidence and severity of alternaria leaf spot on rapeseed
Authors: Al‐lami Hebba F. D. , You Ming P. , Mohammed Akeel E. , Barbetti Martin J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlternaria leaf spot of Brassicaceae can be a devastating disease caused by several species of Alternaria. Differences in virulence (disease incidence and severity) and consequent defoliation were evaluated for 101 isolates across 10 Alternaria spp. (Alternaria alternata, A. brassicae, A. conjuncta, A. ethzedia, A. eureka, A. hordeicola, A. infectoria, A. japonica, A. metachromatica, and A. tenuissima) on seedlings of Brassica napus ‘Thunder TT’. In terms of disease incidence, severity, and defoliation, all isolates tested were virulent, but levels of isolate virulence varied within and between Alternaria spp. tested. Virulence also varied in relation to the disease assessment parameter used. A. japonica showed the highest virulence and overall mean values of percentage leaf disease incidence (%LDI 97.5), percentage leaf area diseased (%LAD 90.0) and percentage leaf senescence index (%LSI 70.0), followed by A. brassicae with 65.0, 55.0, and 35.0, A. ethzedia with 50.9, 41.8, and 15.9, and A. alternata with 48.4, 41.1, and 14.8, for %LDI, %LAD, and %LSI, respectively. The remaining Alternaria spp. also expressed varying levels of virulence in relation to the particular disease parameter used. These findings highlight the variation in relative levels of virulence, in terms of disease incidence, severity, and defoliation, within and between Alternaria spp. associated with leaf spot on rapeseed and reflect the relative importance of different pathogen populations of Alternaria spp. In particular, the potential of A. japonica and A. ethzedia to be significant pathogens of rapeseed in Australia, along with A. brassicae and A. alternata, is highlighted.
Out‐of‐home care placements of children and adolescents born preterm: A register‐based cohort study
Authors: Alenius Suvi , Kajantie Eero , Sund Reijo , Nurhonen Markku , Näsänen‐Gilmore Pieta , Vääräsmäki Marja , Gissler Mika , Hovi Petteri 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundPreterm birth predisposes to child protection action in the form out‐of‐home care. The impact of the degree of preterm birth on the likelihood for OHC placement(s) and their timing is unknown.MethodsThis population‐based register‐linkage study assessed the likelihood of OHC placement in different gestational age groups using multivariable Cox regression models. All 193 033 traceable singleton (8324 preterm, 4.3%) liveborn in Finland (January 1987‐September 1990), as the first index child of each mother within the cohort period, were followed up until their 18th birthday.ResultsA total of 6562 children (3.4%) experienced OHC. In comparison with full‐term children (39‐41 weeks), those born at 23‐33 completed weeks were predisposed to OHC (hazard ratio [HR] 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74, 2.56). For those born late preterm (34‐36 weeks) and early term (37‐38 weeks), the HR were 1.54 (95% CI 1.37, 1.73) and 1.19 (95% CI 1.12, 1.26), respectively. Adjustment for parental and child characteristics attenuated the HRs: 23‐33 weeks: 1.31 (95% CI 1.07, 1.59), 34‐36 weeks: 1.17 (95% CI 1.04, 1.31), and 37‐38 weeks: 1.08 (95% CI 1.02, 1.16). However, the adjusted HRs for first OHC entries at 0‐5 years of age were higher: 23‐33 weeks 2.29 (95% CI 1.72, 3.05), 34‐36 weeks 1.76 (95% CI 1.46, 2.13), and 37‐38 weeks 1.40 (95% CI 1.25, 1.56). Among those born preterm or early term, in comparison with their term born peers, no excess risk for OHC was seen after 5 years.ConclusionsA dose‐response relationship exists between the level of preterm birth and OHC placement risk. OHC placements are more common among early and late preterm, and early term children, compared with those born full term, and occur at younger age. Perinatal and postnatal adverse circumstances appear to explain the phenomenon only partly.
Outbreak‐BasedGiardiaDose–Response Model Using Bayesian Hierarchical Markov Chain Monte Carlo Analysis
Authors: Burch Tucker R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGiardiais a zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite responsible for a substantial global public health burden, and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is often used to forecast and manage this burden. QMRA requires dose–response models to extrapolate available dose–response data, but the existing model forGiardiaignores valuable dose–response information, particularly data from several well‐documented waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis. The current study updatesGiardiadose–response modeling by synthesizing all available data from outbreaks and experimental studies using a Bayesian random effects dose–response model. For outbreaks, mean doses (D) and the degree of spatial and temporal aggregation among cysts were estimated using exposure assessment implemented via two‐dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, while potential overreporting of outbreak cases was handled using published overreporting factors and censored binomial regression. Parameter estimation was by Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation and indicated that a typical exponential dose–response parameter forGiardiaisr= 1.6 × 10−2[3.7 × 10−3, 6.2 × 10−2] (posterior median [95% credible interval]), while a typical morbidity ratio ism= 3.8 × 10−1[2.3 × 10−1, 5.5 × 10−1]. Corresponding (logistic‐scale) variance components wereσr= 5.2 × 10−1[1.1 × 10−1, 9.6 × 10−1] andσm= 9.3 × 10−1[7.0 × 10−2, 2.8 × 100], indicating substantial variation in theGiardiadose–response relationship. Compared to the existingGiardiadose–response model, the current study provides more representative estimation of uncertainty inrand novel quantification of its natural variability. Several options for incorporating variability inr(andm) into QMRA predictions are discussed, including incorporation via Monte Carlo simulation as well as evaluation of the current study's model using the approximate beta‐Poisson.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) provision with a pediatric helmet for treatment of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure in dogs
Authors: Ceccherini Gianila , Lippi Ilaria , Citi Simonetta , Perondi Francesca , Pamapanini Michela , Guidi Grazia , Briganti Angela 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate arterial blood gas parameters and pulmonary radiography, before and after provision of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via a pediatric helmet in dogs with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.DesignSingle‐center, observational study conducted from 2016 to 2017.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsSeventeen dogs presenting with clinical signs compatible with respiratory failure, confirmed by arterial blood gas analyses.InterventionsFor each animal arterial blood samples and thoracic radiographs were performed at arrival (T0). Hypoxemic dogs (PaO2 <80 mm Hg), without evidence of pneumothorax or pleural effusion, received CPAP ventilation via a pediatric Helmet for at least 1 hour. At the end of CPAP ventilation, a second arterial blood gas analysis was performed at room air (T1). The F‐shunt was also calculated.Measurement and Main ResultsRespiratory rate, heart rate and rhythm, mean blood pressure, mucosal membrane color, and rectal temperature were recorded. Tolerance to the helmet was evaluated using a predetermined scoring system. Two dogs were excluded from the study for low tolerance to the helmet. In 15 of 17 dogs, a significant difference between T0 and T1 was noted for PaO2 (60.84 ± 3 mm Hg vs 80.2 ± 5.5 mm Hg), P(A‐a)O2 (52.4 ± 4.4 mm Hg vs 35.2 ± 6 mm Hg), PaO2/FiO2 (289.7 ± 14.3 vs 371 ± 21), and %SO2 (91.3 vs 98.8). In 15 of 17 dogs, the helmet was well tolerated. F‐shunt significantly decreased following provision of CPAP (37%; range, 8.4–68% vs 6%; range, −5.6–64.3%).ConclusionThe use of a pediatric helmet appears to be a suitable device for delivery of CPAP in dogs with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. The device appears to be reasonably tolerated and improved oxygenation in most dogs.
Simulation of Cavity Extension Formation in the Early Ignition Stage Based on a Coal Block Gasification Experiment
Authors: Xin Lin , Li Jian , Xie Jun , Li Chao , Han Limin , An Mingyu , Xu Min , Wang Zhigang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a highly efficient new type of coal mining technology with broad future prospects. In order to study the cavity extension formation in the early ignition stage of UCG, a block coal scale UCG simulation experiment was carried out. The results show that after the ignition, the temperature above ignition point rose fastest, and the coal combustion interface and high temperature area moved toward to the above of ignition point, while the temperature of the left and right sides of ignition point rose a little slowly. According to the results of dissected block coal, it is indicated that the extension scale in the vertical direction was significantly larger than other directions; the combustion cavity form was an irregular rectangle like a pear. The results of this experiment revealed the cavity extension process from ignition of UCG channels to the formation of cavity, which provided a foundation for the study of extension characteristics of UCG channel in the entire UCG process.
Improving the quality of care with a single-entry model of referral for total joint replacement: a preimplementation/postimplementation evaluation
Authors: Damani Zaheed , Bohm Eric , Quan Hude , Noseworthy Thomas , MacKean Gail , Loucks Lynda , Marshall Deborah A 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesWe assessed: (1) waiting time variation among surgeons; (2) proportion of patients receiving surgery within benchmark and (3) influence of the Winnipeg Central Intake Service (WCIS) across five dimensions of quality: accessibility, acceptability, appropriateness, effectiveness, safety.DesignPreimplementation/postimplementation cross-sectional design comparing historical (n=2282) and prospective (n=2397) cohorts.SettingRegional, provincial health authority.ParticipantsPatients awaiting total joint replacement of the hip or knee.InterventionsThe WCIS is a single-entry model (SEM) to improve access to total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR) surgery, implemented to minimise variation in total waiting time (TW) across orthopaedic surgeons and increase the proportion of surgeries within 26 weeks (benchmark). Impact of SEMs on quality of care is poorly understood.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcomes related to ‘accessibility’: waiting time variation across surgeons, waiting times (Waiting Time 2 (WT2)=decision to treat until surgery and TW=total waiting time) and surgeries within benchmark. Analysis included descriptive statistics, group comparisons and clustered regression.ResultsVariability in TW among surgeons was reduced by 3.7 (hip) and 4.3 (knee) weeks. Mean waiting was reduced for TKR (WT2/TW); TKR within benchmark increased by 5.9%. Accessibility and safety were the only quality dimensions that changed (post-WCIS THR and TKR). Shorter WT2 was associated with post-WCIS (knee), worse Oxford score (hip and knee) and having medical comorbidities (hip). Meeting benchmark was associated with post-WCIS (knee), lower Body Mass Index (BMI) (hip) and worse Oxford score (hip and knee).ConclusionsThe WCIS reduced variability across surgeon waiting times, with modest reductions in overall waits for surgery. There was improvement in some, but not all, dimensions of quality.
Complaint risk among mental health practitioners compared with physical health practitioners: a retrospective cohort study of complaints to health regulators in Australia
Authors: Veness Benjamin G , Tibble Holly , Grenyer Brin FS , Morris Jennifer M , Spittal Matthew J , Nash Louise , Studdert David M , Bismark Marie M 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo understand complaint risk among mental health practitioners compared with physical health practitioners.DesignRetrospective cohort study, using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to analyse complaint risk and a multivariate regression model to identify predictors of complaints.SettingNational study using complaints data from health regulators in Australia.ParticipantsAll psychiatrists and psychologists (‘mental health practitioners’) and all physicians, optometrists, physiotherapists, osteopaths and chiropractors (‘physical health practitioners’) registered to practice in Australia between 2011 and 2016.Outcome measuresIncidence rates, source and nature of complaints to regulators.ResultsIn total, 7903 complaints were lodged with regulators over the 6-year period. Most complaints were lodged by patients and their families. Mental health practitioners had a complaint rate that was more than twice that of physical health practitioners (complaints per 1000 practice years: psychiatrists 119.1 vs physicians 48.0, p<0.001; psychologists 21.9 vs other allied health 7.5, p<0.001). Their risk of complaints was especially high in relation to reports, records, confidentiality, interpersonal behaviour, sexual boundary breaches and the mental health of the practitioner. Among mental health practitioners, male practitioners (psychiatrists IRR: 1.61, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.85; psychologists IRR: 1.85, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.07) and older practitioners (≥65 years compared with 36–45 years: psychiatrists IRR 2.37, 95% CI 1.95 to 2.89; psychologists IRR 1.78, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.14) were at increased risk of complaints.ConclusionsMental health practitioners were more likely to be the subject of complaints than physical health practitioners. Areas of increased risk are related to professional ethics, communication skills and the health of mental health practitioners themselves. Further research could usefully explore whether addressing these risk factors through training, professional development and practitioner health initiatives may reduce the risk of complaints about mental health practitioners.
Assessing the relevance and implementation of patient-centredness from the patients’ perspective in Germany: results of a Delphi study
Authors: Zeh Stefan , Christalle Eva , Hahlweg Pola , Härter Martin , Scholl Isabelle 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivePatient-centredness (PC) has particularly grown in relevance in health services research as well as in politics and there has been much research on its conceptualisation. However, conceptual work neglected the patients’ perspective. Thus, it remains unclear which dimensions of PC matter most to patients. This study aims to assess relevance and current degree of implementation of PC from the perspective of chronically ill patients in Germany.MethodsWe conducted a Delphi study. Patients were recruited throughout Germany using community-based strategies (eg, newspapers and support groups). In round 1, patients rated relevance and implementation of 15 dimensions of PC anonymously. In round 2, patients received results of round 1 and were asked to re-rate their own results. Participants had to have at least one of the following chronic diseases: cancer, cardiovascular disease, mental disorder or musculoskeletal disorder. Furthermore, patients had to be at least 18 years old and had to give informed consent prior to participation.Results226 patients participated in round 1, and 214 patients in round 2. In both rounds, all 15 dimensions were rated highly relevant, but currently insufficiently implemented. Most relevant dimensions included ‘patient safety’, ‘access to care’ and ‘patient information’. Due to small sizes of subsamples between chronic disease groups, differences could not be computed. For the other subgroups (eg, single disease vs multi-morbidity), there were no major differences.ConclusionThis is one of the first studies assessing PC from patients’ perspective in Germany. We showed that patients consider every dimension of PC relevant, but currently not well implemented. Our results can be used to foster PC healthcare delivery and to develop patient-reported experience measures to assess PC of healthcare in Germany.
Determining the minimal important differences in the International Prostate Symptom Score and Overactive Bladder Questionnaire: results from an observational cohort study in Dutch primary care
Authors: Blanker Marco H , Alma Harma Johanna , Devji Tahira Sakina , Roelofs Marjan , Steffens Martijn G , van der Worp Henk 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo determine the minimal important difference (MID) of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire short form (OAB-q SF) assessed in primary care among patients treated for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).DesignSingle-arm, open-label observational cohort study with a 6-week follow-up.SettingTwenty-two pharmacies in the Netherlands.ParticipantsWe enrolled Dutch men with uncomplicated LUTS who received a new alpha-blocker prescription from their general practitioner or urologist.Primary and secondary outcomesThe IPSS and OAB-q SF were completed before and after 6 weeks of therapy. At 6 weeks, men also completed the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I). The mean change scores of the IPSS and OAB-q SF were calculated for each PGI-I outcome category, with the category ‘a little better’ used to determine the MID. The SE of measurement (SEM) was calculated for each questionnaire.ResultsIn total, 165 men completed follow-up. The MID was 5.2 points (95% CI 3.9 to 6.4; SEM 3.6) for the IPSS and 11.0 points (95% CI 7.1 to 14.9; SEM 9.7) for the OAB-q SF. For both questionnaires, CIs showed an overlap with the no-change categories. However, the MID for the IPSS was higher in men with severe baseline symptoms (7.1; 95% CI 5.3 to 9.0) than in men with moderate baseline symptoms (3.2; 95% CI 1.7 to 4.8).ConclusionIn this study, the MID for the IPSS was considerably higher than the MID of 3.1 reported in the only other study on this topic, but may be due to methodological differences. Interpretation of the MID for the OAB-q SF is hampered by the overlap with the SEM. Future studies are needed to confirm our results because correlations between the PGI-I and symptom questionnaires were suboptimal.
Study protocol: an investigation of the prevalence of autism among adults admitted to acute mental health wards: a cross-sectional pilot study
Authors: Tromans Sam , Yao Guiqing Lily , Kiani Reza , Alexander Regi , Al-Uzri Mohammed , Brugha Traolach 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionAutism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are associated with difficulties in social interaction, communication and restricted, repetitive behaviours. Much is known about their community prevalence among adults, data on adult inpatients within an acute mental health setting is lacking.This pilot study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ASDs among adults admitted to acute mental health wards and to examine the association between ASDs and psychiatric and physical comorbidities within this group.Methods and analysisA multiple-phase approach will be used. Phase I will involve testing of 200 patients and corresponding informants, using the autism quotient (AQ), the informant version of the Social Responsiveness Scale, second edition—Adult, the self and informant versions of the Adult Social Behaviour Questionnaire and the EuroQol-5D-5L. Patients with intellectual disability (ID) will bypass Phase I.Phase II will involve diagnostic testing of a subgroup of 40 patients with the Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule version 2 and the ASD interview within the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry version 3. 25±5 patients will not have ID and be selected via stratified random sampling according to AQ score; 15±5 patients will have ID. Phase II patients will be interviewed with the Physical Health Conditions and Mental Illness Diagnoses and Treatment sections of the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.Prevalence estimates will be based on the proportion of Phase II participants who satisfy the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Diagnostic Criteria for Research (ICD-10-DCR) and the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for ASD, adjusting for selection and non-response. Univariate analysis will be conducted for comorbidities to identify the level of their association with an ASD diagnosis.Ethics and disseminationStudy oversight is provided by the University of Leicester. The National Health Service Health Research Authority have provided written approval. Study results will be disseminated via conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberISRCTN27739943
Palliative and end of life care in prisons: a mixed-methods rapid review of the literature from 2014–2018
Authors: McParland Chris , Johnston Bridget Margaret 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo explore current practice in relation to palliative and end of life care in prisons, and to make recommendations for its future provision.DesignA rapid literature review of studies using qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods, with a narrative synthesis of results.Data sourcesSix databases searched between January 2014 to December 2018: ASSIA, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts and Scopus.Eligibility criteriaPrimary research articles reporting qualitative or quantitative findings about palliative and end of life care in prisons, published in peer-reviewed, English language journals between January 2014 to December 2018.ParticipantsPrisoners, prisoners’ families, prison healthcare staff and other prison staff.Data extraction/synthesisData extracted included: citation, design, aim, setting, sample/population, methods and key findings. Data were analysed thematically then subject to a narrative synthesis in order to answer the research questions.Quality appraisalTwo researchers independently appraised articles using the Qualsyst tool, by Kmet et al (2004). Aggregate summary quality scores are included with findings. Articles were not excluded based on quality appraisal.Results23 articles were included (16 qualitative, 6 quantitative, 1 mixed methods). Top three findings (by prevalence) were: fostering relationships with people both inside and outside of prison is important to prisoners with palliative and end of life care needs, inmate hospice volunteers are able to build and maintain close relationships with the prisoners they care for and the conflicting priorities of care and custody can have a negative impact on the delivery of palliative and end of life care in prisons.ConclusionsThe key findings are: relationships are important to prisoners at the end of life, inmate hospice volunteers can build close bonds with the prisoners in their care and the prison environment and regime conflicts with best practices in palliative and end of life care. Directions for future research are also identified.PROSPERO registration numberPROSPERO ID: CRD42019118737. Registered January 2019.