bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A bibliometric review of the water security concept in Central Asia
Authors: Xenarios Stefanos , Assubayeva Aliya , Xie Lei , Sehring Jenniver , Amirkhanov Daulet , Sultanov Alisher , Fazli Siamac 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Engineering, economic, social sciences, geophysical, and integrated modeling studies have approached the assessment of water security in Central Asia (CA) in distinct ways. Different indicators and indexes have been introduced to assess the most vulnerable aspects of water use in this region. Until now, though, the suggested approaches are often represented in a fragmented manner, while the relevant indicators cannot fully attribute the vulnerability status of a country or on a regional level. This can result in diverging perceptions of the water security situation in policy dialogues, also affecting bilateral and multilateral relations among the countries in CA. In this study, we conduct a bibliometric review on the approaches and methods that directly or indirectly touch upon the water security perceptions in CA. We employ data mining techniques to explore trends in the conceptualization of water security in the region since the breakup of the Soviet Union by also identifying the water interests and priorities set by each country. The findings reveal that within the last decade, the water security-related studies have given much importance to technical and infrastructural means to protect human livelihoods against global environmental changes but also to foster economic growth. The water governance and management aspects are largely overlooked in favour of more techno-centric approaches. These findings are expected to clarify further the perception of the water security concept within CA by indicating the geophysical, institutional, and historical challenges that need to be met for a mutual understanding among the countries in the region.
Beyond SOx reductions from shipping: assessing the impact of NOx and carbonaceous-particle controls on human health and climate
Authors: Bilsback Kelsey R , Kerry Deanna , Croft Betty , Ford Bonne , Jathar Shantanu H , Carter Ellison , Martin Randall V , Pierce Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Historically, cargo ships have been powered by low-grade fossil fuels, which emit particles and particle-precursor vapors that impact human health and climate. We used a global chemical-transport model with online aerosol microphysics (GEOS-Chem-TOMAS) to estimate the aerosol health and climate impacts of four emission-control policies: (1) 85% reduction in sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions (Sulf); (2) 85% reduction in SOx and black carbon (BC) emissions (Sulf-BC); (3) 85% reduction in SOx, BC, and organic aerosol (OA) emissions (Sulf-BC-OA); and (4) 85% reduction in SOx, BC, OA, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (Sulf-BC-OA-NOx). The SOx reductions reflect the 0.5% fuel-sulfur cap implemented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on 1 January 2020. The other reductions represent realistic estimates of future emission-control policies. We estimate that these policies could reduce fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-attributable mortalities by 13 300 (Sulf) to 38 600 (Sulf-BC-OA-NOx) mortalities per year. These changes represent 0.3% and 0.8%, respectively, of annual PM2.5-attributable mortalities from anthropogenic sources. Comparing simulations, we estimate that adding the NOx cap has the greatest health benefit. In contrast to the health benefits, all scenarios lead to a simulated climate warming tendency. The combined aerosol direct radiative effect and cloud-albedo indirect effects (AIE) are between 27 mW m−2 (Sulf) and 41 mW m−2 (Sulf-BC-OA-NOx). These changes are about 2.1% (Sulf) to 3.2% (Sulf-BC-OA-NOx) of the total anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing. The emission control policies examined here yield larger relative changes in the aerosol radiative forcing (2.1%–3.2%) than in health effects (0.3%–0.8%), because most shipping emissions are distant from populated regions. Valuation of the impacts suggests that these emissions reductions could produce much larger marginal health benefits ($129–$374 billion annually) than the marginal climate costs ($12–$17 billion annually).
A review of chemical stabilisation in road construction
Authors: Tan E H , Zahran E M M , Tan S J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a literature review of the application of cement, lime and polymer emulsion in road construction. The focus is mainly on the soil candidates, binding mechanism, the reported strengths and weaknesses for each chemical stabiliser used in soil stabilisation. While it is generally agreed that cement is best suited for sand-sized to gravel-sized soil mixtures (well-graded), lime is mainly used for wet heavy-clay soil mixtures. Polymer emulsion is more suitable for silt-sized to fine gravel-sized soil mixtures (well-graded). Organic soils are the most difficult soil type to stabilise, and for any kind of chemical stabiliser used, the strength gain is relatively minimal. Cement undergoes hydration reaction which is rapid, and results in high compressive strength, while lime undergoes a slower pozzolanic reaction is slower, and provide lower compressive strength. Polymer emulsion depends on the rate of evaporation for the film formation to complete, and results in ductile polymer-soil matrix. Like lime, polymer does not provide significant compressive strength but does provide great flexural strength that prevents crack propagations. The outcomes from this paper provide an insight into recent and upcoming research trend using chemical soil stabilisers on local soil mixtures to improve the engineering properties of pavement layers made of these soil mixtures.
Manipulation of Electrolyte Concentration and Cathode Morphology to Control the size of the Carbon Nanoparticles
Authors: Ranjit M S , Yang B L Y , Julaihi M R M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The research aims to study the effects of concentration of the electrolyte and morphology of the cathode rod on the synthesis and size control of the carbon nanoparticles. The research was conducted using the submerged glow discharge plasma (SGDP) method. Potassium carbonate a strong electrolyte was used to maintain the accuracy of the results. The glow discharge voltage and any instabilities were recorded and monitored to obtain trends during the synthesis of carbon nanoparticles. Moreover, the shapes and sizes of the carbon nanoparticles formed were also observed and analyzed. The SGDP method is both eco-friendly and cheap to conduct. Carbon nanoparticles range from 1 – 100 nm. The small size of these nanoparticles gives it a high surface area to its volume ratio over sheet and bulk metals. The nanoparticles have different mechanical properties with respect to their sizes. The ability to control the sizes of the nanoparticles will enable manufacturers to obtain the mechanical properties they desire. The research conducted was able to determine the factors which enables the control of the sizes of carbon nanoparticles formed. At higher electrolyte concentration and higher cathode thickness, the size of the carbon nanoparticles decreased.
Characterization and evaluation of copper-doped akermanite ceramic
Authors: Htun M M , Noor A F M , Kawashita M , Ismail Y M B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of copper (Cu2+) on structural and mechanical properties of akermanite ceramic synthesized via high-energy wet planetary ball-milling route. Based on structural analysis, partial substitution of copper ions did not affect the phase stability of host akermanite. Moreover, Cu2+ suppressed the grain growth, thus considerably improved the sinterability and mechanical properties of akermanite ceramic. Vickers microhardness values of doped samples increased to five- or six-times compared to that of pure akermanite at 1200°C. Our study indicated that the Cu2+-doped akermanite ceramic could potentially be used as an alternative material for bone replacement in biomedical applications.
Study on size control of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized using solution plasma process
Authors: Yii B W M , Yek P Y N , Ranjit M S , Liew B Y Y , Julaihi M R M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Abstract The research was conducted to study the size control of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesised. The TiO2 nanoparticles was formed using the solution plasma process. This method is an electrolysis of water-based experiment. When compared to other methods, the solution plasma method offers both a shorter synthesis time as well as a simple setup. Researches conducted on nanomaterials have proven that these materials tend to have varying properties when compared to bulk metals. With this, being able to vary the sizes of the TiO2 nanoparticles meant being able to study its possible future applications. One being using these nanoparticles for the fabrication of solar cells. Varying the sizes of these nanoparticles could bring a difference in the reactivity which can help enhance the performance of the solar cells. In order to vary the sizes of the nanoparticles, the concentration of the electrolyte was varied. During the research, it was found that the sizes of the TiO2 nanoparticles decreases with the increase in the concentration of the electrolyte.
Temperature on the Mechanical, Thermal and Barrier Property of Polyurethane
Authors: Yeap P I , Yuhana N Y , Fariz S , Otoh M Z 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Polyurethane is a type of segmented polymer which is synthesized from polyisocyanate, polyol and chain extender. The reaction between isocyanate and hydroxyl bond is known as polymerization. Two-step synthesis is used in synthesizing polyurethane, where polyisocyanate reacts with polyol to form pre-polymer, follows by the reaction between pre-polymer and diol. In this research, different weight percentages of triethylenediamine catalyst (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%) are used. Moreover, curing time and temperature that examined in this research is at a temperature of 70ºC for 24 hours (Set A), which is practised in the industry. Curing at shorter time and higher temperature is proposed, which is 70ºC for 2 hours followed by 100ºC for 3 hours (Set B). Mechanical property and absorption property of polyurethane is studied by Shore A hardness test and water absorption test respectively. Morphology of polyurethane is studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Moreover, density test, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis are carried out.
Extraction of reinforced epoxy nanocomposite using agricultural waste biomass
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Mubarak N. M. , Lai Fui Chin Bridgid , Khalid Mohammad , Rao Karri Rama , Walvekar Rashmi , Abdullah E.C. , Amri Tanjung Faisal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The growing awareness and concern of having greener and biodegradable materials has promoted researchers over the world to focus their attention on studies related to natural fibre reinforced polymer composites. In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of the coconut shell powder and lignin obtained from different extraction methods such as Alkaline and Organosolv, on the epoxy composites were studied. The composite was fabricated using hand lay-up method, where the coconut shell and lignin fibers of 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt.% were mixed with the matrix consisting of epoxy resin and hardener in the ratio of 10:3. The obtained result showed that the usage of coconut shell powder and lignin as reinforcing fillers enhances the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of composite when compared to neat epoxy composite by 16.4%, 14.6%, 9.70%, and 31.4%, 25.3%, 17.2% respectively at filler content of 3 wt. % but reduced the elongation at break up to 49.9% with respect to higher content of filler. Similarly, the flexural strength and Young’s modulus was enhanced by 13.5%, 10.0%, 6.57% and 49.6%, 39.1%, 19.6% respectively at filler content of 3 wt.% but reduced the elongation at fracture up to 19.0% with respect to higher filler content. Structural characterization was also carried out where fillers were proven to enhance the purity and strength of the lignin.
A Review on Biodiesel Synthesis using Iron Doped Catalyst
Authors: Foo Yu Herng , Hua Tan Yie , Mujawar Mubarak Nabisab , Kansedo Jibrail , Shi Tan Inn , Chee Yew Foo Henry , Lokman Ibrahim Mohd 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper summarized on the history of biodiesel synthesis, biodiesel synthesis using iron doped catalyst. Biodiesel are gaining enormous attention from researches and manufacturers considering its advantages of non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, and environment-friendly in order to improve the air quality over the atmosphere followed by reducing the global warming problems effectively. Regarding the conventional biodiesel production method, manufacturers generally utilize vegetable oil and alcohols to pass through the transesterification process with the presence of homogeneous base catalyst. The utilization of this types of catalyst lead to another environmental issues that most of the researches are concerning about since the homogeneous catalysts are not reusable and causing separation problems between oil products and the catalyst itself. Therefore, it is highly necessary for the researches and manufacturers to further explore and investigate some catalyst types that are truly feasible for high-scale or industrial usage. Heterogeneous catalysts are known to consists of an identical phase with the reacting medium where the liquid phase contains the feedstock and reaction medium whereas the catalyst retain within the solid phase, hence resolving the separation problems that the homogeneous catalyst would lead to. Recently, researches have introduced the novel method of magnetic properties impregnation of catalytic active component onto the carbonaceous compound. This proposed action tends to provide the advantages of high surface area, separation ease, and preventing the leaching of catalytic active components from the catalyst. Both the potential iron doped carbon catalyst have been extensively researched and studied within this report. Besides, the catalyst properties have discussed further for analyzing the effects of the biodiesel yield that introduced by the chemical and physical properties of various types of catalysts.
The effect of the spacing and angle arrangement of the droplet on the spreading area in simultaneous multiple droplets deposition
Authors: Pau K Y , Sung A N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Simultaneous multiple droplet deposition involves dispensing of multiple droplets at the same instant on the substrate. A newly defined parameter, arrangement angle is considered as one of the factor that influencing the coalescence of the multiple droplets. However, the effect of such factor on the coalescence is largely neglected in the past. The paper aims to investigate the effect of droplet centre-to-centre distance and arrangement angle on the spreading area of four droplet deposited simultaneously using simulation method. The project starts with single droplet deposition and following by simultaneous multiple droplet deposition. For single droplet deposition, the spreading area of 80% wt aqueous glycerin droplet on the glass substrate were obtained using simulation and experimental methods. A correlation function was introduced to match the simulation result with the experiment result. For simulations of multiple droplet deposition, three droplet centre-to-centre distances as 2.22 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm and three droplet arrangement angles as 90°, 110° and 120° were studied. The larger the droplet spacing, the larger the spreading area for arrangement angle of 90°. The spreading area are largest for spacing of 4 mm, followed by 2.22 mm and 3 mm for arrangement angle of 110° and 120°. The arrangement angle is proven as a factor that affect the spreading area.
The Effect of Fertilizer on Epipremnum Aureum in Phytoremediating Soil Contaminated with Crude Oil
Authors: Tang K H D , Chai H T J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Epipremnum aureum is a common ornamental foliage which is used mainly for indoor decoration. It demonstrates tolerance to low light environment and the ability to remove atmospheric chemicals such as gasoline and formaldehyde. A previous screening study showed the ability of Epipremnum aureum to remove crude oil from soil. Further to the screening study, this study examined the effect of fertilization on phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil by Epipremnum aureum Epipremnum aureum was grown in pots with soil contaminated with 5%, 10% and 15% of crude oil by weight respectively, with and without the addition of fertilizer. In line with previous study, Epipremnum aureum showed the ability to remove crude oil contaminants. The plant demonstrated highest crude oil removal rate in pots with 15% contamination. Application of fertilizer enhanced the removal of crude oil in all experimental pots by Week 6, hence increasing the rate of crude oil decline over the experimental duration. It is deemed that application of fertilizer provides nutrients to promote plant growth and proliferation of roots which enhance rhizodegradation of crude oil in soil. This study extends on the existing knowledge that Epipremnum aureum can phytoremediate crude-oil contaminated soil by characterizing its tolerance to crude oil and its response to fertilization, which is crucial to its practical application in phytoremediation. Phytoremediation presents a promising yet cost-effective measure in treating contaminated land. Further study can examine the optimum fertilizer concentration for phytoremediation and the tolerance level of Epipremnum aureum to crude oil contamination.
A Review on One-Way Concrete Wall Under Axial Loading
Authors: Ting T Z H , Rahman M E , Lau H H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As concrete wall panel is gaining popularity in precast construction industry, better insight into its behaviour is of paramount importance. Considerable research has been carried out on concrete wall under axial loading. Most of the published literatures have proposed design equations for wall design purpose. In this aspect, the paper is aimed to review the design equations of one-way concrete wall. The limitations of existing design equations are subsequently identified.
Multi-Compartment Vehicle Routing Problem to Find the Alternative Distribution Route of Petroleum Product Delivery
Authors: Febriandini I F , Yuniaristanto  , Sutopo W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Distribution is an activity that the firm has to do to deliver their product to the customers. The product has to deliver to the customers on the right condition, at the right time, and with the minimal cost of delivery. This paper focuses to solve the planning distribution problem on petrol product delivery or Petrol Station Replenishment Problem. One of the ways to solve the planning distribution is VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem). VRP aims to find the minimal total cost delivery with some constraints depend on the factory. In this research, VRP is used by the distribution center to find the optimal route of distribution of petrol products. Using Multi-Compartment Vehicle Routing Problem (MC-VRP) that considers the demand for the petrol product, tank-truck capacity, distribution cost, and the number of the compartment. In this work, a mathematical formulation for MC-VRP is developed in the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model. Using Ilog Cplex with branch and bound algorithm to solve this distribution problem with the minimum total distribution cost. There are 10 customers with different distances, different time deliveries and different travel costs in this research. The mathematic formulation produces the best alternative that is Rp 1.898.584 to deliver products from depot to the customers.
Strategy Business of Battery Swap for Electric Vehicle Using Business Model Canvas
Authors: Sholichah AI , Sutopo W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Electric vehicles have developed rapidly in this global era. Many countries have replaced conventional vehicles into electric vehicles. Electric vehicles need batteries as electric reservoirs. The way to charge batteries for electric vehicles is only through charging and it takes a long time, so the idea of battery exchange grows to simplify battery changes in electric vehicles. This study aims to design a business for battery exchange with a canvas model business approach consisting of 9 important factors such as customer segments to map the market, channels to facilitate information provided to consumers, value propositions or set prices according to consumers by providing some advantages from battery replacement products, customer relationships or maintaining good relationships with consumers, revenue streams provide or provide other services in addition to battery changes, key resources to establish cooperation with raw material suppliers or banks to facilitate and provide discounts to consumers, key activities describe the activities to be carried out in the company, key partners give discounts to consumers who want to become members or regular customers, and the cost structure makes a breakdown of funds or costs from raw materials to commercial costs such as promotions, water, electricity, and so forth. The business model that has been formed will be the basis for designing a busines plan consisting of a management profile and financial analysis. Researchers conducted qualitative research, namely data collection is done by searching from the previous literatre. This research and analysis is to design a battery exchange business that can be done in the future.
Adoption of Building Information Modelling in Malaysia Road Construction
Authors: Yung A T B , Aminudin E , Liat C N S , Neardey M , Zakaria R , Hamid A R A , Ahmad F , Yong L Y 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has changed the road development industry in the most recent decades. In spite of the fact that there are activities by administration of Malaysia to improve the selection of BIM in road development, yet the usage of BIM is still not true to form because of misty guide of BIM reception plan in Malaysia. Along these lines, it is essential to recognize the issues and difficulties in usage of BIM so as to improve the selection of BIM in this industry. This paper plans to analyze the street development industry in Malaysia to build up an unmistakable comprehension about BIM execution and to give the key arrangements and system for street development industry to expand the reception of BIM in Malaysia. This paper has built up broad BIM understanding which makes ready for the investigation by means of subjective and quantitative technique where the information is gathered through study poll among the street development partners in Malaysia and the gathered information is dissected with Average Index utilizing SPSS Software. The outcomes indicated the degree of current BIM usage in Malaysia street development industry is still extremely low and the issues and difficulties of BIM are distinguished in six zones incorporate specialized, process, legitimate, return of venture, government and individuals. Government has been recognized to assume a significant job in offering help to improve appropriation of BIM in Malaysia. The result of this investigation is communicated as a system for the usage of BIM in Malaysia involving issues that require thought for association to advance on BIM development stepping stool. This investigation clears a firm establishment for association to settle on choice in the appropriation of BIM in street development inside the general association structure.