bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considering Genomic Scans for Selection as Coalescent Model Choice
Authors: Harris Rebecca B , Jensen Jeffrey D 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFirst inspired by the seminal work of Lewontin and Krakauer (1973. Distribution of gene frequency as a test of the theory of the selective neutrality of polymorphisms. Genetics 74(1):175–195.) and Maynard Smith and Haigh (1974. The hitch-hiking effect of a favourable gene. Genet Res. 23(1):23–35.), genomic scans for positive selection remain a widely utilized tool in modern population genomic analysis. Yet, the relative frequency and genomic impact of selective sweeps have remained a contentious point in the field for decades, largely owing to an inability to accurately identify their presence and quantify their effects—with current methodologies generally being characterized by low true-positive rates and/or high false-positive rates under many realistic demographic models. Most of these approaches are based on Wright–Fisher assumptions and the Kingman coalescent and generally rely on detecting outlier regions which do not conform to these neutral expectations. However, previous theoretical results have demonstrated that selective sweeps are well characterized by an alternative class of model known as the multiple-merger coalescent. Taken together, this suggests the possibility of not simply identifying regions which reject the Kingman, but rather explicitly testing the relative fit of a genomic window to the multiple-merger coalescent. We describe the advantages of such an approach, which owe to the branching structure differentiating selective and neutral models, and demonstrate improved power under certain demographic scenarios relative to a commonly used approach. However, regions of the demographic parameter space continue to exist in which neither this approach nor existing methodologies have sufficient power to detect selective sweeps.
Polycentric governance and the provision of free healthcare services at public hospitals in the Philippines
Authors: Omori Sawa , Alagon Marah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
What explains the variation among public hospitals in implementing the free healthcare policy of the Philippines? We draw on Ostrom’s theory of polycentric governance, which assumes that policy actors’ autonomous interactions at various levels produce better policy implementation when managing the provision of public goods. To explain the various degrees of implementation, we analyse the effects of face-to-face horizontal and vertical interactions between public hospitals and other policy actors by employing sequential explanatory mixed methods. Using originally collected survey data of public hospitals in two regions of the Philippines, we quantitatively demonstrate that the vertical interactions between hospitals and implementing agencies at local levels as well as monitoring and prompt disbursement of the costs by the implementation agency matter when seeking to enhance the delivery of free health care at public hospitals in the Philippines. We further qualitatively explore why horizontal and vertical interactions are made possible by comparing three public hospitals.
Mediterranean Diet conceptual model and future trends of its use in Portugal
Authors: Real Helena , Dias Rui Rosa , Graça Pedro 
Published: May 2020

Summary
The aim of this study was to present a new model for the Mediterranean Diet definition and to identify the major trends for the use of the Mediterranean Diet concept by 2028, in Portugal. A Delphi panel was implemented with 28 experts with solid knowledge and understanding of the Mediterranean Diet concept. The first round evaluated the degree of expert self-knowledge, which also contributed to the final questionnaire building. It was answered in 2 successive rounds with 21 statements, divided into 2 dimensions: Mediterranean Diet concept and use. A Mediterranean Diet model definition was produced with 73.8% of agreement. Culture, education, environment, health, food industry/distribution and tourism were identified as the future trends of Mediterranean Diet use areas. The model presented can be used as a pedagogical tool. For the first time, it was possible to explore the future trends of Mediterranean Diet use, which can help with the initiatives to safeguard the Mediterranean Diet concept.
Long Limbless Locomotors Over Land: The Mechanics and Biology of Elongate, Limbless Vertebrate Locomotion
Authors: Astley Henry C 
Published: May 2020

SynopsisElongate, limbless body plans are widespread in nature and frequently converged upon (with over two dozen independent convergences in Squamates alone, and many outside of Squamata). Despite their lack of legs, these animals move effectively through a wide range of microhabitats, and have a particular advantage in cluttered or confined environments. This has elicited interest from multiple disciplines in many aspects of their movements, from how and when limbless morphologies evolve to the biomechanics and control of limbless locomotion within and across taxa to its replication in elongate robots. Increasingly powerful tools and technology enable more detailed examinations of limbless locomotor biomechanics, and improved phylogenies have shed increasing light on the origins and evolution of limblessness, as well as the high frequency of convergence. Advances in actuators and control are increasing the capability of “snakebots” to solve real-world problems (e.g., search and rescue), while biological data have proven to be a potent inspiration for improvements in snakebot control. This collection of research brings together prominent researchers on the topic from around the world, including biologists, physicists, and roboticists to offer new perspective on locomotor modes, musculoskeletal mechanisms, locomotor control, and the evolution and diversity of limbless locomotion.
On closed finite gap curves in spaceforms II
Authors: Klein Sebastian , Kilian Martin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We prove that the set of closed finite gap curves in hyperbolic 3-space $\mathbb{H}^{3}$ is $W^{2,2}$-dense in the Sobolev space of all closed $W^{2,2}$-curves in $\mathbb{H}^{3}$. We also show that the set of closed finite gap curves in any two-dimensional space form $\mathbb{E}^{2}$ is $W^{2,2}$-dense in the Sobolev space of all closed $W^{2,2}$-curves in $\mathbb{E}^{2}$.
Epidemiology of mobile colistin resistance genes mcr-1 to mcr-9
Authors: Ling Zhuoren , Yin Wenjuan , Shen Zhangqi , Wang Yang , Shen Jianzhong , Walsh Timothy R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The identification of the first mobile colistin resistance (MCR) gene, mcr-1, in 2015 triggered a rash of mcr screening reports. Subsequently, nine MCR-family genes and their variants have been described. However, a comprehensive overview concerning the epidemiology of the whole MCR family, which is essential for facilitating rational interventions against mcr dissemination, is lacking. Here, based on the National Database of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms and published studies, we have summarized the latest epidemiological characteristics of the mcr genes.
Close to Home
Authors: Seelinger Kim Thuy 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
For decades, the ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court have taken the presumptive spotlight in prosecuting international crimes cases, including those involving conflict-related sexual violence. However, recent progress in prosecuting conflict-related sexual violence in national courts has started to both fulfil and complicate the notion of ‘complementarity’ between these two arenas of international criminal justice. This article presents the historical antecedents and current diversity of national courts addressing conflict-related sexual violence. It first casts back to the 1940s, to the little-known efforts of the United War Crimes Commission that guided national authorities in their prosecution of wartime atrocities including rape and forced prostitution. It then focuses on three kinds of national courts addressing conflict-related sexual violence today: military tribunals, hybrid tribunals and ‘purely domestic’ specialized chambers, highlighting key case studies and different ways these courts have engaged international actors. In conclusion, the article confirms the growing importance and diversity of national courts in the prosecution of conflict-related sexual violence, identifying ways the international community can better support survivors’ access to this more local justice.
Product Safety and Harm-Mitigation Incentives When Mitigation Lowers Consumption Benefits
Authors: Baumann Florian , Friehe Tim 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To reduce the expected harm its product causes to consumers, a firm can invest in a product’s safety before sale or mitigate harm after sale in the event product risks materialize. After-sale harm mitigation interferes with consumers’ product use and reduces consumption benefits. We describe a firm’s incentives for safety investments and harm mitigation as a function of the level of the firm’s liability. Whereas post-sale mitigation incentives are scaled up by liability, pre-sale product safety is a U-shaped function of liability, making the two harm reduction instruments substitutes at low levels of liability and complements at high levels. To induce efficient harm mitigation, liability must be less than full. Further reducing the level of liability improves product safety at the cost of the firm’s profits. (JEL K13, D42).
Combined physiological, transcriptome, and genetic analysis reveals a molecular network of nitrogen remobilization in maize
Authors: Gong Xiaoping , Liu Xiaoyang , Pan Qingchun , Mi Guohua , Chen Fanjun , Yuan Lixing 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In plants, nitrogen remobilization from source to sink organs is an important process regulated by complex transcriptional regulatory networks. However, the relationship between nitrogen remobilization and leaf senescence and the molecular regulatory network that controls them are unknown in maize. Here, using 15N labeling and a transcriptome approach, a dynamic analysis of the nitrogen remobilization process was conducted in two elite maize inbred lines (PH4CV and PH6WC) with contrasting leaf senescence. PH4CV showed higher nitrogen remobilization efficiency (NRE) than PH6WC, mainly in the middle and lower leaves from 15 d to 35 d after silking. The co-expression network analysis revealed that ethylene and cytokinin metabolism-related genes triggered the onset of nitrogen remobilization, while abscisic acid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis-related genes controlled the progression of nitrogen remobilization. By integrating genetic analysis, functional annotation, and gene expression, two candidate genes underlying a major quantitative trait locus of NRE were identified, namely an early senescence acting gene (ZmASR6) and an ATP-dependent Clp protease gene (GRMZM2G172230). Hormone-coupled transcription factors and downstream target genes reveal a gene regulatory network for the nitrogen remobilization process after silking in maize. These results uncovered a sophisticated regulatory mechanism for nitrogen remobilization, and further provided characterization of valuable genes for genetic improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in maize.
UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration
Authors: Roth Marianne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (Model Law) of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The UNCITRAL Model Law is considered one of the most important texts in international commercial arbitration and serves as a basis for harmonizing national legislation in this field. The chapter examines the drafting process for the UNCITRAL Model Law as well as the underlying objectives and principles of the Model Law, its structure (nine chapters and thirty-six articles), and its adoption by various states. It concludes with a commentary on the UNCITRAL Model Law, which covers topics ranging from basic definitions and general provisions to the arbitration agreement, the composition of the arbitral tribunal, the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal, the conduct of arbitral proceedings, the making of the arbitral award and recourse against the award, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign awards.
Project Participants and Structures
Authors: Davies Aled , Pendleton Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Project financing is characterized by financial and legal advisers assisting their clients to allocate rights and obligations between the project participants, spreading risks and responsibilities to those best suited to bear them, to create a bankable project. In so doing, complex structures evolve. Thus, an understanding of the objectives and goals of the key project participants is absolutely critical to the successful negotiation of a project financing. This chapter provides an accessible and general overview of project financing. The first part examines the key project participants by addressing the following simple questions: (i) who are they, (ii) what are their roles, and (iii) to a lesser extent, what are their key motivations? The second part gives an overview of typical structures employed for a project, in terms of both the ownership structure employed by the sponsors of a project and also the underlying structure of the project as a whole.
Sources of Funding
Authors: Ransome Clive , Pridgeon Benjamin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
From the very beginning of the development process relating to any specific project, the project’s sponsors will continually assess and analyse the best available sources of capital for the project. The sponsors will seek to obtain funding at the lowest achievable cost; they will seek to minimize as far as practicable the sponsors’ equity contribution and will look to achieve the longest-possible debt tenors. This chapter discusses a variety of sources potentially available to sponsors pursuing a project finance funding plan. These sources include equity, equity bridge loans, subordinated shareholder debt, mezzanine debt, bank debt, Islamic project finance, capital markets, public sector lenders in project financings, export credit finance, multilateral agencies and development finance institutions, and leveraged and finance lease arrangements. The chapter concludes with an overview of the reasons for entering into, and a description of the role of, term sheets, letters of intent, commitment letters, and mandate letters.
Principal Loan Finance Documentation
Authors: May Vicky , Holmes Patrick 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Project financing will generate volumes of documentation. The financing arrangements between the project company (i.e. the borrower) and the lenders will be recorded in a suite of bespoke documents tailored to the needs of the particular transaction and its various stakeholders. Needless to say, the complexities of the projects themselves, coupled with the differing interests and objectives of the participants, make the exercise of documenting the contractual arrangements anything but straightforward, with the result that it is difficult and time-consuming to ensure that there are no ‘holes’ in the contractual arrangements arising from things being overlooked (or, more likely, not fully developed). This chapter analyses the core finance documents typically encountered in project financing and a selection of the key documentation issues that most often arise in practice. It covers credit agreements, account agreements, mezzanine facility agreements, equity bridge facility agreements, and intercreditor agreements.
Official Funding Sources: Export Credit Agencies
Authors: Borisoff Alexander , Pendleton Andrew , Blundell Lewis 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on export credit agencies (ECAs). ECAs are government-backed suppliers of financing and other credit support. As enablers of government policy and ‘soft diplomacy’, they possess a variety of tools that are not available to commercial financial institutions alone. Among the most important of these tools is the ability to offer financial terms that are more competitive than those available in the market. ECAs are able to provide financial liquidity in challenging times, making them attractive market participants in all types of credit environments. ECAs are an essential source of capital for the financing of cross-border trade, including for the financing of major infrastructure projects worldwide. In the coming years ECAs will likely continue to play a pivotal role in the financing of global energy, natural resources and infrastructure projects.
Official Funding Sources: Multilateral and Development Finance Agencies
Authors: Dewar John , Ofori-Quaah Felicia Hanson 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses multilateral development and finance agencies. The primary goal of these agencies is to support economic and social development goals in economically challenged countries or regions. While these institutions have always played a major role in facilitating cross-border investment, upheavals in the global markets arising from the global financial crisis and the resulting constriction of available capital to project developers from traditional commercial funding sources, served to enhance the importance of multilateral and development institutions in global commerce and international development. The fundamental difference between export credit agencies and multilaterals is that the former exist to promote or facilitate exports from the relevant nation, whilst the latter is focused on development.
Project Finance in Civil Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Cazali Jean-Renaud , de Cintré Kilian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Until recently, project financing of public infrastructure projects in France, as in other civil law jurisdictions, was limited to concessions. This evolved in the early 2000s with the emergence of partnership agreements between public authorities and sponsors. Nowadays, project financing of public infrastructure projects is structured around two distinct contractual frameworks: concessions and public-private partnerships. The two main differences between public-private partnerships and concessions lie in (i) the way the project is designed and (ii) the remuneration of the private company. This chapter discusses public projects and tender offers, creating and perfecting security interests, daily assignment and pledges over business concerns, direct agreements and step-in rights, issues arising from secured lending, and the influence of the civil code in African countries.
Defaults and Workouts: Restructuring Project Financings
Authors: Angel Nick , Szczetnikowicz Suzanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses restructuring, which is defined as a transaction which results in some form of an adjustment to a project company’s capital structure, or the terms of its debt, which is intended to avoid a default and the subsequent failure of the business. In the context of project financing or a company operating a group of project assets, decisions taken relating to any restructuring can be driven by the strategic nature of the assets or the need to secure energy supply or the ongoing monetization of natural assets. Topics covered include restructuring protagonists (e.g. directors, financial creditors, sponsors, etc.); process (e.g. restructuring ‘trigger’, project finance covenants, impact of covenant ‘loosening’, etc.); and restructuring options (e.g. creditors’ rights under project finance documents, defaults during development/construction, defaults during operation, etc.).
Financial Services Litigation
Authors: Russen QC HHJ Jonathan , Kingham Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The material covered in this book is both broad and highly focused. It is broad in that it covers matters of civil, criminal, administrative, and public law. It is highly focused in that it is intended to act as a practical handbook for litigators; detailed explanations are given of practice, procedure, evidence, and remedies at the expense of general commentary on the non-contentious aspects of financial regulation. The book begins with an overview of the UK financial regulators whilst paying particular attention to the relationships between them and the ways in which those interactions can pose problems for litigators and the firms they represent. It summarizes the authorisation process and its procedures, and considers the authorisation of EEA firms following Brexit with a focus on procedure and the steps necessary for EEA firms to retain their authorisation following the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. The book then deals with the increasingly important topic of investigations and information gathering. The heart of the book covers the various forums in which firms can be challenged for failing to adhere to regulatory standards. Criminal liability is covered in detail across two chapters, as is civil liability, which is followed by a review of individual action by investors and consumers. The book continues with redress, complaints, the Financial Ombudsman Service, and relevant procedure are analysed, with a final chapter providing an overview of the independent methods of challenging regulators, including judicial review and the Financial Services Complaints Commissioner.
Investigations and Information Gathering
Authors: Russen Jonathan , Kingham Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the extensive powers of investigation of the FCA and the PRA. The regulators’ powers to gather information and to investigate the affairs of regulated—and, in some cases, non-regulated—firms are found in Part 11 of the FSMA. They include a power to require the authorised person or appointed representative to produce documents, or to produce a report upon the business by a ‘skilled person’, as well as a power to appoint an investigator to investigate the affairs of such a person. In addition, the FCA has further powers to gather information and appoint investigators under Schedule 5 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (CRA). Aside from the statutory provisions in Part 11 of the FSMA, the most important text for firms and practitioners is the FCA’s Enforcement Guide (EG). EG provides both a helpful summary of the relevant law in this area, but also guidance on the FCA’s approach to investigations and to the factors which will influence FCA decision making. The PRA also has its own investigations guidance set out in its Policy Statement. The two regulators have also agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding that covers, among other things, coordination in the context of investigation and enforcement action.
Criminal Prosecutions by Regulators—The Offences
Authors: Russen Jonathan , Kingham Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the main substantive financial services offences, their individual components and their distinguishing features. Specifically, it considers the criminal offences of insider dealing, making misleading statements or impressions (either in relation to benchmark arrangements or more generally), fraud, and money laundering. The commission of any one of these offences in England and Wales will risk prosecution by the appropriate regulator, the Secretary of State, or the Director of Public Prosecutions. However, there are a number of statutory defences that relate to each offence. The most commonly encountered specific defence is that of ‘due diligence’. The due diligence defence is formulated slightly differently between statutes, but generally it is a defence for the defendant to prove that he ‘took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence to avoid commission of the offence by himself or by a person under his control’.