bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re‐operating dams for environmental flows: From recommendation to practice
Authors: Owusu Afua G. , Mul Marloes , van der Zaag Pieter , Slinger Jill 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDam construction and operation are known to alter the hydrology of rivers and degrade riverine ecosystems. In recent decades, the call to reverse these negative impacts by re‐operating dams has become stronger. Dams can support riverine ecosystems by releasing environmental flows (e‐flows). Unfortunately, despite the development of numerous methodologies to determine e‐flows and optimise dam releases, actual implementation has not followed suit. Integrating e‐flow requirements in the design of new dams is relatively easier than changing operations of existing dams; however, re‐operating existing dams is essential to restore ecosystems and ecosystem services that have already been affected by the construction and operation of dams. This study provides insights into how e‐flows evolve from recommendation to practice through a systematic literature review on practical experiences to integrate e‐flows in dam operations. Sixty‐nine cases of successful dam re‐operation have been identified, ranging from the well‐documented case of the Glen Canyon Dam in the United States to less known cases such as the Katse Dam in Lesotho. We find that the most important factors that facilitate the successful implementation of e‐flows are the existence of e‐flows legislation or policy, the development of a research base in the form of an environmental impact study, and then flow experimentation. Illustrations of the important role of collaboration between various stakeholders and set timelines for implementation of recommendations are also given. These insights will inform how existing dams can be re‐operated and governed more equitably and sustainably for both humans and the environment.
Soil biogeochemistry of the capillary fringe in laboratory mesocosms with contrasting soil textures
Authors: Fiola Jaclyn C. , Rabenhorst Martin C. , Scaduto Erica , Seitz Christopher R. , Rankin Keegan M.S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe capillary fringe is a poorly defined, tension‐saturated region with important influences on soil biogeochemistry. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effects of the capillary fringe moisture gradient on biogeochemical processes and to assess whether these processes are more similar to those of unsaturated or saturated zones. Effects were documented during 118 d using two soils with contrasting textures in laboratory mesocosms. A water table was maintained at a constant height, and the parameters measured included soil moisture, inorganic N, decomposition, and reduction changes. Moisture levels suggest that capillary rise occurred ≥22.5 cm above the water table in both soils. Although limited by experimental methods, including using homogenized and sieved soil materials, biogeochemical trends for all measured parameters were seen by depth and between soils and seem to be influenced by water content and O2 diffusion. Nitrate concentrations increased above the water table. Decomposition was lowest in and immediately above the saturated water table and greatest where moisture and O2 were balanced. Reducing conditions existed ≥10 cm above the water table in the sandy soil and ≥5 cm in the loamy soil, indicating that these regions share characteristics with the saturated zone. The sandy soil showed reduction higher above the water table than the loamy soil, possibly due to structural and O2 diffusion differences due to experimental methods. Specific heights of capillary fringe were not identified; instead, the data support a model of a continuous moisture content gradient in the capillary fringe between the water table and soil surface.
Integration of Binary Active Sites: Co3V2O8 as Polysulfide Traps and Catalysts for Lithium‐Sulfur Battery with Superior Cycling Stability
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Wan Fang , Cao Hongmei , Liu Lili , Wang Yijing , Niu Zhiqiang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries as a promising energy storage candidate have attracted attention due to their high energy density (2600 Wh kg−1). However, the serious shuttle effect caused by the dissolution of the lithium polysulfides (LiPS) in electrolyte significantly degrades their cycling life and rate performance. Herein, the “binary active sites” concept in a Li‐S battery system via the design of a cobalt vanadium oxide (CVO) modified multifunctional separator is designed. In the case of CVO, active vanadium sites simultaneously anchor the LiPS through the chemical affinity and active cobalt sites can dominate a rapid kinetic conversion. Such a synergistic effect contributes to improving the utilization of sulfur in the electrochemical process for the enhanced electrochemical performance. As a result, the Li‐S battery with the CVO modified separator possesses a high reversible capacity of 1585.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and superior cycling stability with 0.012% capacity decay cycle−1 after 3000 cycles. More impressively, the assembled soft‐packaged Li‐S devices can exhibit the excellent stability under bending states. This binary active sites strategy provides a route to design the functional materials for modifying separators of Li‐S batteries to improve the performance.
Comparison of interpolation methods for soil moisture prediction on China's Loess Plateau
Authors: Xie Baoni , Jia Xiaoxu , Qin Zhanfei , Zhao Chunlei , Shao Ming'an 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDue to limited in situ observations, prediction of large‐scale soil moisture content (SMC) for deep soil layers via interpolation is usually very challenging. This is especially true for regions with high spatial variations of terrain features. For precise prediction at a regional scale, SMC data for the 0‐ to 500‐cm soil profile across China's Loess Plateau (CLP) region were collected and interpolated using four different methods. The methods included inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), multiple linear regression with residual kriging (MLR‐RK), and radial basis function neural network with residual kriging (RBFNN‐RK). The objective of the study was to determine the optimal interpolation method for predicting regional SMC at various soil layers. The study showed that the performances of IDW, OK, and RBFNN‐RK in predicting SMC were generally much better than that of MLR‐RK. Specifically, IDW performed best for soil depths of 200‒300 and 400‒500 cm. This was attributed to the more uniform distribution (smoother change of spatial clusters) of SMC in these two layers. The OK method performed best for the 10‐ to 40‐ and 40‐ to 100‐cm soil layers, which was due to the strong spatial dependence of the two layers. The RBFNN‐RK performed best for the 0‐ to 10‐, 100‐ to 200‐, and 300‐ to 400‐cm soil layers, because RBFNN‐RK captures nonlinear relations of SMC with environmental factors. Ordinary kriging, IDW, and RBFNN‐RK interpolation can therefore be used to predict regional SMC for different soil layers in CLP region. The RBFNN‐RK method was recommended for predicting regional SMC in complex topographic hilly‐gully regions where there is nonlinear relation between SMC and environmental variables.
From sequence to function: a new workflow for nitrilase identification
Authors: Egelkamp Richard , Friedrich Ines , Hertel Robert , Daniel Rolf 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNitrilases are industrially important biocatalysts due to their ability to degrade nitriles to carboxylic acids and ammonia. In this study, a workflow for simple and fast recovery of nitrilase candidates from metagenomes is presented. For identification of active enzymes, a NADH-coupled high-throughput assay was established. Purification of enzymes could be omitted as the assay is based on crude extract containing the expressed putative nitrilases. In addition, long incubation times were avoided by combining nitrile and NADH conversion in a single reaction. This allowed the direct measurement of nitrile degradation and provided not only insights into substrate spectrum and specificity but also in degradation efficiency. The novel assay was used for investigation of candidate nitrilase-encoding genes. Seventy putative nitrilase-encoding gene and the corresponding deduced protein sequences identified during sequence-based screens of metagenomes derived from nitrile-treated microbial communities were analyzed. Subsequently, the assay was applied to 13 selected candidate genes and proteins. Six of the generated correspondingEscherichia coliclones produced nitrilases that showed activity and one unusual nitrilase was purified and analyzed. The activity of the novel arylacetonitrilase Nit09 exhibited a broad pH range and a high long-term stability. The enzyme showed high activity for arylacetonitriles with aKMof 1.29 mM and aVmaxof 13.85 U/mg protein for phenylacetonitrile. In conclusion, we provided a setup for simple and rapid analysis of putative nitrilase-encoding genes from sequence to function. The suitability was demonstrated by identification, isolation, and characterization of the arylacetonitrilase.Key points•A simple and fast high-throughput nitrilase screening was developed.•A set of putative nitrilases was successfully screened with the assay.•A novel arylacetonitrilase was identified, purified, and characterized in detail.
Histographic analysis of oedema and fat in inflamed bone marrow based on quantitative MRI
Authors: Bray Timothy J. P. , Sakai Naomi , Dudek Alexandra , Fisher Corinne , Rajesparan Kannan , Lopes Andre , Ciurtin Coziana , Sen Debajit , Bainbridge Alan , Hall-Craggs Margaret A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective
To demonstrate proof-of-concept for a quantitative MRI method using histographic analysis to assess bone marrow oedema and fat metaplasia in the sacroiliac joints.

Materials and methods
Fifty-three adolescents aged 12–23 with known or suspected sacroiliitis were prospectively recruited and underwent quantitative MRI (qMRI) scans, consisting of chemical shift-encoded (at 3 T) and diffusion-weighted imaging (at 1.5 T), plus conventional MRI (at 1.5 T) and clinical assessment. qMRI scans produced proton-density fat fraction (PDFF) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps of the sacroiliac joints (SIJs), which were analysed using an in-house software tool enabling partially automated ROI definition and histographic analysis. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses assessed the predictive performance of ADC- and PDFF-based parameters in identifying active inflammation (oedema) and structural damage (fat metaplasia).

Results
ADC-based parameters were associated with increased odds of oedema (all p < 0.05); ROC-AUC was higher for histographic parameters representing the upper end of the ADC distribution than for simple averages. Similarly, PDFF-based parameters were associated with increased odds of fat metaplasia (all p < 0.05); ROC area-under-the-curve was higher for histographic parameters representing the upper end of the PDFF distribution than for simple averages. Both ADC- and PDFF-based histographic parameters demonstrated excellent inter- and intra-observer agreement (ICC > 0.9).

Conclusions
ADC-based parameters can differentiate patients with bone marrow oedema from those without, whilst PDFF-based parameters can differentiate patients with fat metaplasia from those without. Histographic analysis might improve performance compared with simple averages such as the mean and median and offers excellent agreement within and between observers.

Key Points
• Quantitative MRI with histographic analysis can identify bone marrow oedema (an active inflammatory lesion) and fat metaplasia (a ‘chronic’ inflammatory lesion) in patients with spondyloarthritis.
• The use of histographic analysis might improve the performance of quantitative MRI for detecting bone marrow oedema and fat metaplasia compared with simple averages such as the mean and median.
• Bone marrow oedema and fat metaplasia are known to be of diagnostic and prognostic significance, and the proposed method could support clinical decisions around biologic (and other) therapies in spondyloarthritis.
Die energetische Folgenutzung von ehemaligen Kohlestandorten: Nähere Bestimmungen und aktueller Stand
Authors: Wehmeyer Anna 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungIm Beitrag “Allgemeiner Rahmen der energetischen Folgenutzung von ehemaligen Kohlestandorten
im Zuge des Kohleausstiegs” (NuR 2020, 162) wurden die allgemeinen Bestimmungen besonders im Hinblick
auf den Kohleausstieg untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich den konkreten Bestimmungen für
Anlagen zur Zwischenspeicherung von Strom, bevor der aktuelle Stand beispielhaft anhand einiger umgesetzter,
geplanter oder überlegter Projekte dargestellt wird. Zuletzt werden der Strukturstärkungsgesetzentwurf
Kohleregionen und der Kohleausstiegsgesetzentwurf auf Bestimmungen zur energetischen Folgenutzung ehemaliger
Kohlestandorte untersucht.
Evaluation of circulating transcript analysis (NETest) in small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms after surgical resection
Authors: Laskaratos Faidon-Marios , Liu Man , Malczewska Anna , Ogunbiyi Olagunju , Watkins Jennifer , Luong Tu Vinh , Mandair Dalvinder , Caplin Martyn , Toumpanakis Christos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Surgical resection is the only effective curative strategy for small intestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms (SINENs). Nevertheless, the evaluation of residual disease and prediction of disease recurrence/progression remains a problematic issue.

Methods
We evaluated 13 SINENs that underwent surgical resection of the primary tumour and/or mesenteric mass. Patients were divided in three groups: (a) Group 1: SINENs that underwent resection with curative intent, (b) Group 2: SINENs treated with resection in the setting of metastatic disease, which remained stable and (c) Group 3: SINENs treated with resection in the setting of metastatic disease, with evidence of any progression at follow-up. NETest and chromogranin A were measured pre-operatively and post-operatively during a 22-month median follow-up period and compared with imaging studies. NETest score <20% was determined as normal, 20–40% low, 41–79% intermediate and ≥80% high score.

Results
NETest score was raised in all (100%) SINENs pre-operatively. Surgery with curative intent resulted in NETest score reduction from 78.25 ± 15.32 to 25.25 ± 1.75 (p < 0.05). Low NETest scores post-operatively were evident in all cases without clinical evidence of residual disease (Group 1). However, the low disease activity score suggested the presence of microscopic residual disease. In three cases (75%) with stable disease (Group 2) the NETest score was low consistent with indolent disease. In the progressive disease group (Group 3), a high NETest score was present in three cases (60%) and an intermediate NETest score in the remainder (40%).

Conclusions
Blood NETest scores accurately identified SINENs and were significantly decreased by curative surgery. Monitoring NETest post-operatively may facilitate management by identifying the presence of residual/progressive disease.
Donald Trump, the Reality Show: Populism as Performance and Spectacle
Authors: Brandt Stefan L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe rhetoric of U.S. President Trump is deeply ingrained into a populist discourse that caters to the emotional – rather than the rational – elements of human perception and interaction. Most notably, Trump’s populist rhetoric is marked by links to the genre of reality television. Rather than aspiring to educate viewers, reality television emphasizes personal conflict and dramatic tension. Trump’s performances (his rally speeches, but also his bestselling publications) are permeated by a reality-TV aesthetics, designed to effectively entertain audiences and create an impression of authenticity. Trump’s ›authentic populism,‹ however, is also deeply embedded into the conventional structures of nationalist thought, nativism, anti-elitism, and religious fundamentalism. An investigation of Trump’s populist rhetoric reveals four key components that are in tune with the key criteria that, according to Michael J. Lee, define the populist rhetoric: (1) a portrayal of ›ordinary people‹ as heroic figures; (2) a focus on presumptive enemies as threats to traditional values; (3) attacks against an ›establishment‹ threatening the people; and (4) an evocation of apocalyptic scenery. As a media persona, Trump combines these characteristics into a spectacle that resembles the type of entertainment program American viewers are familiar with from reality television.
Preserving an emerging digital arts landscape: digital preservation at University of the Arts London
Authors: Thurlow Elisabeth 
Published: April 2020

Digital technologies are affecting all aspects of modern life, with both art and libraries becoming more digital. This presents new opportunities for engagement, but also creates significant challenges to the long term future of our collections, due to the rapid changes in technology and the threat of digital obsolescence.This article will reflect on the ongoing work at the University of the Arts London (UAL) to preserve and provide access to the university's growing digital collections. Digital preservation is an emerging area of practice. What progress have we made so far and what does the future hold for our digital collections?
Research on Disaster Literacy and Affecting Factors of College Students in Central China
Authors: Zhang Di , Zhu Xiaofang , Zhou Zhengrong , Xu Xiao , Ji Xueying , Gong Aihua 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Disaster literacy, which is a concept involved in moral quality, knowledge, and ability, impacts the disaster response. This study aimed to evaluate disaster education needs and to determine the affecting factors of disaster literacy among college students.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted through questionnaires. A total of 7200 college students from 10 colleges and universities in 5 provinces and cities in China were investigated.Results:Disaster education needs were urgently. For the participants, 79.43% stated that their families were not prepared for disaster prevention items, 96.36% suggested a campus emergency rescue team, and 88.64% obtained disaster knowledge through TV or Internet, and only 12.89% had offered relevant courses in their disciplines. The total scores of college students’ disaster literacy were 87.85 ± 19.86, which was at a low level. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, major, grade, place of residence, parental education, mother’s occupation, disaster experience, disaster training experience, and family disaster preparedness significantly affected college students’ disaster literacy, especially grade, family disaster preparedness, and place of residence.Conclusions:College students’ disaster literacy education is urgently needed. Families, communities, colleges and the government should attach importance to disaster literacy education for college students.
Selective reporting of fluoroquinolone susceptibility as a stewardship measure is of marginal benefit
Authors: Ting Ting Geraldine Foo , Chew Ka Lip , Yeo Xier Emily , Jureen Roland , Fisher Dale , Bagdasarian Natasha 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA retrospective time series analysis was conducted to compare inpatient fluoroquinolone use when susceptibilities were masked and after susceptibilities were unmasked. Although inappropriate culture-directed prescriptions increased, overall fluoroquinolone usage decreased. Culture-directed therapy was a small part of fluoroquinolone usage; hence, efforts should target empiric use to reduce overall consumption.
PaxetBellumen Tripolitaine occidentale (partie tunisienne) à l’époque vandale
Authors: Ellefi Mohamed 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes a well-defined problem: that of relations between the Moors of Western Tripolitania (Tunisian part) and the Vandals. Notwithstanding the lack of textual sources, the subject will be addressed in an area that is both a border territory and pre-Saharan, namely Western Tripolitania. The period chosen is a poorly understood period and still debated by specialists. This work is based on two essential foundations: first, an attempt is made to demonstrate the main features and approximate boundaries of the Vandal State; and secondly the focus will be on the relations between the pre-Saharan Moors of Western Tripolitania and the Vandals. As a preliminary introduction, the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Tunisian Chotts, Nefzaoua, the hinterland of Jeffara and Jebel will be discussed. The best known of the tribes in these regions are the Arzuges. They would have circulated, according to Orose, along the limes of Africa. As a result, they developed various relationships with the Arians depending on the political situation and its evolution under the Vandals.
From Foreign Text to Local Meaning: The Politics of Religious Exclusion in Transnational Constitutional Borrowing
Authors: Nelson Matthew J. , Bâli Aslı , Mednicoff David , Lerner Hanna 
Published: April 2020

AbstractConstitutional drafters often look to foreign constitutional models, ideas, and texts for inspiration; many are explicit about their foreign borrowing. However, when implemented domestically, the meaning of borrowed elements often changes. Political scientists and scholars of comparative constitutional law have analyzed the transnational movement of constitutional ideas and norms, but the political processes through which the meaning of foreign provisions might be refashioned remain understudied. Sociolegal scholars have examined the “transplantation” and “translation” of laws and legal institutions, but they rarely scrutinize this process in the context of constitutions. Drawing on an examination of borrowed constitutional elements in four cases (Pakistan, Morocco, Egypt, Israel), this article builds on research in comparative politics, comparative constitutional law, and sociolegal studies to provide a nuanced picture of deliberate efforts to import “inclusive” constitutional provisions regarding religion-state relations while, at the same time, refashioning the meaning of those provisions in ways that “exclude” specific forms of religious, sectarian, doctrinal, or ideological diversity. Building on sociolegal studies regarding the translation of law, we argue that foreign constitutional elements embraced by politically embedded actors are often treated as “empty signifiers” with meanings that are deliberately transformed. Tracing the processes that lead political actors to engage foreign constitutional elements, even if they have no intention of transplanting their prior meaning, we highlight the need for detailed case studies to reveal both the international and the national dynamics that shape and reshape the meaning of constitutions today.
Density jump for parallel and perpendicular collisionless shocks
Authors: Bret Antoine , Narayan Ramesh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn a collisionless shock, there are no binary collisions to isotropize the flow. It is therefore reasonable to ask to which extent the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) jump conditions apply. Following up on recent works which found a significant departure from MHD in the case of parallel collisionless shocks, we here present a model allowing to compute the density jump for collisionless shocks. Because the departure from MHD eventually stems from a sustained downstream anisotropy that the Vlasov equation alone cannot specify, we hypothesize a kinetic history for the plasma, as it crosses the shock front. For simplicity, we deal with non-relativistic pair plasmas. We treat the cases of parallel and perpendicular shocks. Non-MHD behavior is more pronounced for the parallel case where, according to MHD, the field should not affect the shock at all.