bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does HIV infection increase male sexual behavior?
Authors: Starks Philip T , Kelsey Maxfield M G , Rosania David , Getz Wayne M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAfter 40 years of intense study on HIV/AIDS, scientists have identified, among other things, at risk populations, stages of disease progression and treatment strategies. What has received less attention is the possibility that infection might elicit an increase in sexual behavior in humans. In 2000, Starks and colleagues speculated that HIV infection could alter host behavior in a manner that facilitated the spread of the virus. Retrospective and self-report data from five studies now support this hypothesis. Individuals with acute—versus nonacute—stage infections report more sexual partners and more frequent risky sex. Additionally, male sexual behavior increases nonlinearly with HIV viral load, and data suggest a potential threshold viral level above which individuals are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. Taken together, these data suggest that HIV infection influences male sexual behavior in a manner beneficial to the virus. Here, we present these findings, highlight their limitations and discuss alternative perspectives. We argue for increased testing of this hypothesis and advocate for increased public health measures to mitigate the putative impact on male sexual behavior.Lay Summary In 2000, Starks and colleagues speculated that HIV infection could alter host behavior in a manner that facilitated the spread of the virus. Retrospective and self-report data from five studies now support this hypothesis. We argue for increased testing of this hypothesis and advocate for increased public health measures to mitigate the putative impact on male sexual behavior.
Estimated and projected burden of multiple sclerosis attributable to smoking and childhood and adolescent high body-mass index: a comparative risk assessment
Authors: Pakpoor Julia , Schmierer Klaus , Cuzick Jack , Giovannoni Gavin , Dobson Ruth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Smoking and childhood and adolescent high body-mass index (BMI) are leading lifestyle-related risk factors of global premature morbidity and mortality, and have been associated with an increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aims to estimate and project the proportion of MS incidence that could be prevented with elimination of these risk factors.

Methods
Prevalence estimates of high BMI during childhood/adolescence and smoking in early adulthood, and relative risks of MS, were obtained from published literature. A time-lag of 10 years was assumed between smoking in early adulthood and MS incidence, and a time-lag of 20 years was assumed between childhood/adolescent high BMI and MS incidence. The MS population attributable fractions (PAFs) of smoking and high BMI were estimated as individual and combined risk factors, by age, country and sex in 2015, 2025 and 2035 where feasible.

Results
The combined estimated PAFs for smoking and high BMI in 2015 were 14, 11, 12 and 12% for the UK, USA, Russia and Australia in a conservative estimate, and 21, 20, 19 and 16% in an independent estimate, respectively. Estimates for smoking are declining over time, whereas estimates for high early life BMI are rising. The PAF for high early life BMI is highest in the USA and is estimated to increase to 14% by 2035.

Conclusions
Assuming causality, there is the potential to substantially reduce MS incidence with the elimination of lifestyle-related modifiable risk factors, which are the target of global public health prevention strategies.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Disparate Health Impact on the Hispanic/Latinx Population in the United States
Authors: Macias Gil Raul , Marcelin Jasmine R , Zuniga-Blanco Brenda , Marquez Carina , Mathew Trini , Piggott Damani A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 we now refer to as COVID-19. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on 12 March 2020. In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed preexisting social and health disparities among several historically vulnerable populations, with stark differences in the proportion of minority individuals diagnosed with and dying from COVID-19. In this article we will describe the emerging disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on the Hispanic/Latinx (henceforth: Hispanic or Latinx) community in the United States, discuss potential antecedents, and consider strategies to address the disparate impact of COVID-19 on this population.
AmpR ofStenotrophomonas maltophiliais involved in stenobactin synthesis and enhanced β-lactam resistance in an iron-depleted condition
Authors: Liao Chun-Hsing , Chen Wei-Chien , Li Li-Hua , Lin Yi-Tsung , Pan Sz-Yun , Yang Tsuey-Ching 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIron is an essential nutrient for almost all aerobic organisms, including Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Fur is the only known transcriptional regulator presumptively involved in iron homeostasis in S. maltophilia. AmpR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, is known to regulate β-lactamase expression and β-lactam resistance in S. maltophilia.ObjectivesTo identify the novel regulator involved in controlling the viability of S. maltophilia in an iron-depleted condition and to elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms.MethodsThe potential regulator involved in iron homeostasis was identified by studying the cell viabilities of different regulator mutants in 2,2′-dipyridyl (DIP)-containing medium. Iron-chelating activity was investigated using the chrome azurol S (CAS) activity assay. An iron source utilization bioassay was carried out to examine utilization of different iron sources. Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and the Etest method was used to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility.ResultsOf the 14 tested mutants, the ampR mutant, KJΔAmpR, showed a growth compromise in DIP-containing medium. AmpR regulated stenobactin synthesis in an iron-depleted condition, but showed little involvement in the uptake and utilization of ferri-stenobactin and ferric citrate. AmpR was up-regulated by iron limitation and β-lactam challenge. S. maltophilia clinical isolates grown under conditions of iron depletion were generally more resistant to β-lactams compared with conditions of iron repletion.ConclusionsAmpR is a dual transcriptional regulator in S. maltophilia, which regulates the β-lactam-induced β-lactamase expression and iron depletion-mediated stenobactin synthesis. AmpR is, therefore, a promising target for the development of inhibitors.
Virtual care: a ‘Zoombie’ apocalypse?
Authors: Shachak Aviv , Alkureishi Maria Alcocer 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the wake of COVID-19, clinicians took to telehealth to continue providing services to their patients, mostly via telephone or videoconferencing technology. Telehealth has many promised and proven benefits including convenience to the patient, potentially less distraction from the electronic health record (EHR), saves in travel time and expenses, and lowering patients’ wait time in the clinic. However, there could be some unintended negative consequences including increased clinician burnout due to screen fatigue, potential loss of information due to the limitations of the medium, difficulty discussing sensitive issues and impacts on patient-clinician relationship, empathy, and compassion. In this perspective, we discuss some of the positives and potential negatives of telehealth and highlight some considerations that could guide the choice of media. We submit that for telehealth to become a sustainable solution that is widely applied, it is important to take these issues into consideration in both research and implementation of telehealth solutions.
Dermatan sulphate promotes neuronal differentiation in mouse and human stem cells
Authors: Ogura Chika , Hirano Kazumi , Mizumoto Shuji , Yamada Shuhei , Nishihara Shoko 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Dermatan sulphate (DS), a glycosaminoglycan, is present in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface. Previously, we showed that heparan sulphate plays a key role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and in the regulation of their differentiation. Chondroitin sulphate has also been to be important for pluripotency and differentiation of mESCs. Keratan sulphate is a marker of human pluripotent stem cells. To date, however, the function of DS in mESCs has not been clarified. Dermatan 4 sulfotransferase 1, which transfers sulphate to the C-4 hydroxyl group of N-acetylgalactosamine of DS, contributes to neuronal differentiation of mouse neural progenitor cells. Therefore, we anticipated that neuronal differentiation would be induced in mESCs in culture by the addition of DS. To test this expectation, we investigated neuronal differentiation in mESCs and human neural stem cells (hNSCs) cultures containing DS. In mESCs, DS promoted neuronal differentiation by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and also accelerated neurite outgrowth. In hNSCs, DS promoted neuronal differentiation and neuronal migration, but not neurite outgrowth. Thus, DS promotes neuronal differentiation in both mouse and human stem cells, suggesting that it offers a novel method for efficiently inducing neuronal differentiation.
Thrombocytopenia Is Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Outcome: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 5637 Patients with Multiple Outcomes
Authors: Zong Xiaolong , Gu Yajun , Yu Hongjian , Li Zhenyu , Wang Yuliang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is persistent worldwide. A prior meta-analysis suggested the association of thrombocytopenia (TCP) with more severe COVID-19 illness and high mortality. Considering newly published studies, we updated the previous meta-analysis to confirm and explain the association of TCP with COVID-19 severity and multiple outcomes. Twenty-four studies with 5637 patients with COVID-19 were included in this study. The weighted incidence of TCP in COVID-19 was 12.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9%–17.7%). Data synthesis showed that the platelet number was lower in patients with either more severe illness or poor outcomes and even lower in nonsurvivors, with weighted mean differences of −24.56 × 109/L, −22.48 × 109/L, and −49.02 × 109/L, respectively. The meta-analysis of binary outcomes (with and without TCP) indicated the association between TCP and 3-fold enhanced risk of a composite outcome of intensive care unit admission, progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and mortality (odds ratio [OR], 3.49; 95% CI, 1.57–7.78). Subgroup analysis by endpoint events suggested TCP to be significantly associated with mortality (OR, 7.37; 95% CI, 2.08–26.14). Overall, the present comprehensive meta-analysis indicated that approximately 12% of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 have TCP, which also represents a sign of more severe illness and poor outcomes.
The impact of unresolved magnetic spots on high-precision radial velocity measurements
Authors: Lisogorskyi M , Saikia S Boro , Jeffers S V , Jones H R A , Morin J , Mengel M , Reiners A , Vidotto A A , Petit P 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The Doppler method of exoplanet detection has been extremely successful, but suffers from contaminating noise from stellar activity. In this work, a model of a rotating star with a magnetic field based on the geometry of the K2 star ϵ Eridani is presented and used to estimate its effect on simulated radial velocity (RV) measurements. A number of different distributions of unresolved magnetic spots were simulated on top of the observed large-scale magnetic maps obtained from 8 yr of spectropolarimetric observations. The RV signals due to the magnetic spots have amplitudes of up to 10 m s−1, high enough to prevent the detection of planets under 20 Earth masses in temperate zones of solar-type stars. We show that the RV depends heavily on spot distribution. Our results emphasize that understanding stellar magnetic activity and spot distribution is crucial for the detection of Earth analogues.
Supersoft X-ray nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Farias Diego A , Clocchiatti Alejandro , Woods Tyrone E , Rest Armin 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Supersoft X-rays sources (SSSs) have been proposed as potential Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) progenitors. If such objects are indeed persistently X-ray luminous and embedded in sufficiently dense interstellar medium (ISM), they will be surrounded by extended nebular emission. These nebulae should persist even long after an SN Ia explosion, due to the long recombination and cooling times involved. With this in mind, we searched for nebular [O iii] emission around four SSSs and three SNRs in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using the 6.5-m Baade telescope at Las Campanas Observatory and the imacs camera. We confirm that, out of the four SSS candidates, only CAL 83 can be associated with an [O iii] nebula. The [O iii] luminosity for the other objects is constrained to ≲17 per cent of that of CAL 83 at 6.8 pc from the central source. Models computed with the photoionization code cloudy indicate that either the ISM densities in the environments of CAL 87, RX J0550.0-7151, and RX J0513.9-6951 must be significantly lower than surrounding CAL 83 or the average X-ray luminosities of these sources over the last ≲10  000 yr must be significantly lower than presently observed, in order to be consistent with the observed luminosity upper limits. For the three SNRs we consider (all with ages &lt;1000 yr), our [O iii] flux measurements together with the known surrounding ISM densities strongly constrain the ionizing luminosity of their progenitors in the last several thousand years, independent of the progenitor channel.
Convective turbulent viscosity acting on equilibrium tidal flows: new frequency scaling of the effective viscosity
Authors: Duguid Craig D , Barker Adrian J , Jones C A 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Turbulent convection is thought to act as an effective viscosity (νE) in damping tidal flows in stars and giant planets. However, the efficiency of this mechanism has long been debated, particularly in the regime of fast tides, when the tidal frequency (ω) exceeds the turnover frequency of the dominant convective eddies (ωc). We present the results of hydrodynamical simulations to study the interaction between tidal flows and convection in a small patch of a convection zone. These simulations build upon our prior work by simulating more turbulent convection in larger horizontal boxes, and here we explore a wider range of parameters. We obtain several new results: (1) νE is frequency dependent, scaling as ω−0.5 when ω/ωc ≲ 1, and appears to attain its maximum constant value only for very small frequencies (ω/ωc ≲ 10−2). This frequency reduction for low-frequency tidal forcing has never been observed previously. (2) The frequency dependence of νE appears to follow the same scaling as the frequency spectrum of the energy (or Reynolds stress) for low and intermediate frequencies. (3) For high frequencies (ω/ωc ≳ 1 − 5), νE ∝ ω−2. 4) The energetically dominant convective modes always appear to contribute the most to νE, rather than the resonant eddies in a Kolmogorov cascade. These results have important implications for tidal dissipation in convection zones of stars and planets, and indicate that the classical tidal theory of the equilibrium tide in stars and giant planets should be revisited. We briefly touch upon the implications for planetary orbital decay around evolving stars.
Gcn2 eIF2α kinase mediates combinatorial translational regulation through nucleotide motifs and uORFs in target mRNAs
Authors: Chikashige Yuji , Kato Hiroaki , Thornton Mackenzie , Pepper Whitney , Hilgers Madelyn , Cecil Ariana , Asano Izumi , Yamada Haana , Mori Chie , Brunkow Cheyenne , Moravek Carter , Urano Takeshi , Singh Chingakham Ranjit , Asano Katsura 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The protein kinase Gcn2 is a central transducer of nutritional stress signaling important for stress adaptation by normal cells and the survival of cancer cells. In response to nutrient deprivation, Gcn2 phosphorylates eIF2α, thereby repressing general translation while enhancing translation of specific mRNAs with upstream ORFs (uORFs) situated in their 5′-leader regions. Here we performed genome-wide measurements of mRNA translation during histidine starvation in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Polysome analyses were combined with microarray measurements to identify gene transcripts whose translation was up-regulated in response to the stress in a Gcn2-dependent manner. We determined that translation is reprogrammed to enhance RNA metabolism and chromatin regulation and repress ribosome synthesis. Interestingly, translation of intron-containing mRNAs was up-regulated. The products of the regulated genes include additional eIF2α kinase Hri2 amplifying the stress signaling and Gcn5 histone acetyl transferase and transcription factors, together altering genome-wide transcription. Unique dipeptide-coding uORFs and nucleotide motifs, such as ‘5′-UGA(C/G)GG-3′, are found in 5′ leader regions of regulated genes and shown to be responsible for translational control.
Rapid drift of the Tethyan Himalaya terrane before two-stage India-Asia collision
Authors: Yuan Jie , Yang Zhenyu , Deng Chenglong , Krijgsman Wout , Hu Xiumian , Li Shihu , Shen Zhongshan , Qin Huafeng , An Wei , He Huaiyu , Ding Lin , Guo Zhengtang , Zhu Rixiang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The India-Asia collision is an outstanding smoking gun in the study of continental collision dynamics. How and when the continental collision occurred remains a long-standing controversy. Here we present two new paleomagnetic data sets from rocks deposited on the distal part of the Indian passive margin, which indicate that the Tethyan Himalaya terrane was situated at a paleolatitude of ∼19.4°S at ∼75 Ma and moved rapidly northward to reach a paleolatitude of ∼13.7°N at ∼61 Ma. This implies that the Tethyan Himalaya terrane rifted from India after ∼75 Ma, generating the North India Sea. We document a new two-stage continental collision, first at ∼61 Ma between the Lhasa and Tethyan Himalaya terranes, and subsequently at ∼53−48 Ma between the Tethyan Himalaya terrane and India, diachronously closing the North India Sea from west to east. Our scenario matches the history of India-Asia convergence rates and reconciles multiple lines of geologic evidence for the collision.
Clinical Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Diagnosing COVID-19
Authors: Ridgway Jessica P , Pisano Jennifer , Landon Emily , Beavis Kathleen G , Robicsek Ari 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Utilizing 34,348 SARS CoV-2 NAAT results from two health systems, we estimated the clinical sensitivity of a single SARS CoV-2 NAAT. We found that SARS CoV-2 NAAT has 82-97% sensitivity for diagnosing COVID-19 among symptomatic patients.
An unusual finding of giant fat-rich retroperitoneal masses in a patient with Graves’ disease
Authors: Yoshida Hiromichi , Nakajima Kazuaki , Hayashi Haruyuki , Kimura Shinjiro , Irie Yasufumi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We report the case of a 48-year-old man who was unexpectedly found by abdominal ultrasonography to have large retroperitoneal masses accompanied by Graves’ disease. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging further demonstrated giant fat-rich soft masses arising within both renal sinuses. Histopathological examination of the mass was performed twice at 5-year intervals, with both examinations indicating fatty tissue cells with chronic fibrous panniculitis. Intravenous pulse therapy and successive oral glucocorticoid therapy were ineffective against Graves’ ophthalmopathy or mass lesion. An antithyroid hormone regimen was followed by subtotal thyroid resection, leading to improvements in hyperthyroidism. Mass growth then attenuated slowly as the thyroid hormones returned to normal levels. The long-term follow-up of this patient should carefully monitor the appearance of warning signs such as mass effects.
Introduction
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBorders today evoke exclusion, and they pose a dilemma for inclusive democrats: if borders define the people by exclusion, and democratic politics requires the people, then democracy requires exclusive borders. So, on one horn, there is democratic politics, but exclusion; on the other, inclusion, but no democracy. This chapter argues that this is a false dilemma, because it only arises if there is a tight connection between people and territory. Such a connection occurs in the mainstream model of territorial politics, which envisions countries as desert islands belonging to a people—but there are alternatives. This introductory chapter shows how turning to a neglected tradition of territorial politics that focuses on place and geography and takes the environment seriously can show a way out of the dilemma. It proposes a watershed model of territorial politics grounded on place, rather than identity. The rest of the book will use this model to tell us where should borders go, and how should they be governed.
The Desert Island Model of Territorial Politics
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe dominant model of territorial politics views territories as distinct, independent, and subject to ownership by its own people: it models countries on a newly occupied desert island. The model however, cannot accommodate crossborder populations, interconnected ecosystems, and other transborder flows. Why does the model withstand critiques? This chapter argues that the Desert Island Model endures because it is normative, not descriptive. The chapter examines this normative origin in Vitoria’s, Locke’s, and Kant’s work, as well as in contemporary Lockean and Kantian theories of territorial rights. It shows that to justify rule on the basis of individual or collective autonomy, these theories must also envision territory as subject to ownership, and thus as distinct and independent from other territories. This is an assumption, not a fact, but it conditions the practice of territorial politics.
STEEP
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose of a macro-environmental (STEEP) analysis is to capture and interpret what is happening (and what is likely to happen) in the environment in which a business operates. It accounts for the broad trends, forces, and changes beyond the boundaries of the firm, which may impact the operations and markets of the firm. STEEP stands for social, technical, economic, ecological, and political factors. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of STEEP analysis. Finally, the chapter offers the illustration of Japan Tobacco International and applies the steps of STEEP analysis to this case.