bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-management and HeAlth Promotion in Early-stage dementia with e-learning for carers (SHAPE): study protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Testad Ingelin , Clare Linda , Anstey Kaarin , Selbæk Geir , Bjørkløf Guro Hanevold , Henderson Catherine , Dalen Ingvild , Gjestsen Martha Therese , Rhodes Shelley , Røsvik Janne , Bollen Jessica , Amos Jessica , Kajander Martine Marie , Quinn Lynne , Knapp Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
With an increasing number of people with dementia worldwide and limited advancement in medical treatments, the call for new and cost-effective approaches is crucial. The utility of self-management has been proven in certain chronic conditions. However, very little work has been undertaken regarding self-management in people with dementia.

Methods
The SHAPE trial will include 372 people with mild to moderate dementia to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an educational programme combining approaches of self-management, health promotion, and e-learning for care partners. The study is a multi-site, single-randomised, controlled, single-blinded trial with parallel arms. The intervention arm is compared with treatment as usual. The intervention comprises a 10-week course delivered as group sessions for the participants with dementia. The sessions are designed to develop self-management skills and to provide information on the nature of the condition and the development of healthy behaviours in a supportive learning environment. An e-learning course will be provided for care partners which covers similar and complementary material to that discussed in the group sessions for the participant with dementia.

Discussion
This trial will explore the effect of the SHAPE group intervention on people with mild to moderate dementia in terms of self-efficacy and improvement in key health and mental health outcomes and cost-effectiveness, along with carer stress and knowledge of dementia.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04286139, registered prospectively February 26, 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04286139
The role of socio-demographic determinants in the geo-spatial distribution of newly diagnosed HIV infections in small areas of Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Agustí Cristina , Font-Casaseca Núria , Belvis Francesc , Julià Mireia , Vives Núria , Montoliu Alexandra , Pericàs Juan M. , Casabona Jordi , Benach Joan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundSpatial visualization of HIV surveillance data could improve the planning of programs to address the HIV epidemic. The objectives of the study were to describe the characteristics and the spatial distribution of newly diagnosed HIV infection in Catalonia and to identify factors associated with HIV infection rates.MethodsSurveillance data from the national registry were presented in the form of descriptive and ring maps and used to study the spatial distribution of new HIV diagnoses in Catalonia (2012–2016) and associated risk factors at the small area level (ABS, acronym for “basic health area” in Catalan). Incident cases were modeled using the following as predictors: type of municipality, prevalence of young men and migrant groups, GBMSM activity indicators, and other variables at the aggregated level.ResultsNew HIV diagnoses are heterogeneously distributed across Catalonia. The predictors that proved to be significantly associated with a higher rate of new HIV diagnoses were ABS located in the city of Barcelona (IRR, 2.520;P < 0.001), a higher proportion of men aged 15–44 years (IRR, 1.193;P = 0.003), a higher proportion of GBMSM (IRR, 1.230;P = 0.030), a higher proportion of men from Western Europe (IRR, 1.281; P = 0.003), a higher proportion of men from Latin America (IRR, 1.260; P = 0.003), and a higher number of gay locations (IRR, 2.665;P < 0.001). No association was observed between the HIV diagnosis rate and economic deprivation.ConclusionsRing maps revealed substantial spatial associations for the rate of new HIV diagnoses. New HIV diagnoses are concentrated in ABS located in urban areas. Our results show that, in the case of HIV infection, the socioeconomic deprivation index on which the Catalan government bases its budget allocation policies among the ABS should not be the only criterion used.
Helping women transition out of sex work: study protocol of a mixed-methods process and outcome evaluation of a sex work exiting program
Authors: Shareck Martine , Buhariwala Pearl , Hassan Maha , O’Campo Patricia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
For women who want to, exiting sex work can be challenging. Numerous programs strive to help women wanting to exit sex work and secure alternative sources of income by providing targeted support at key moments during the transition, yet few of those initiatives are rigorously evaluated. In 2017 “Exit Doors Here”, a 9-month sex work exiting program based on the critical time intervention (CTI) approach, was developed to provide wrap-around support services (e.g., health, addiction, housing, education, and employment supports) to women wishing to transition towards exiting sex work.

Methods
We present the design of an evaluation study of Exit Doors Here which combines quantitative and qualitative methods to assess participant recruitment and retention into the program, program fidelity, and relationships with service providers (process evaluation), as well as progress made by participants in terms of strengthening their social support networks and moving closer to achieving their housing, pre-employment (i.e., educational, training and volunteering), and income-related goals, as well as their involvement in sex work (outcome evaluation). Each year for 4 years, between 25 and 30 Exit Doors Here clients will be invited to complete an interviewer-administered questionnaire at the beginning and after completing the program, and to share data from their CTI charts and related documentation. Once a year, program staff and peer workers will be interviewed, and service providers will be surveyed.

Discussion
Conducting a formative (process) evaluation will allow us to inform program implementation and improve program delivery early on for maximum benefit. The summative (outcome) evaluation will provide much needed evidence on the effectiveness of CTI in supporting a traditionally underserved population to achieve the housing, pre-employment and income-related goals they value, and their progress towards reducing their involvement in, and eventually exiting, sex work.
Relationship between serum B12 concentrations and mortality: experience in NHANES
Authors: Wolffenbuttel Bruce H. R. , Heiner-Fokkema M. Rebecca , Green Ralph , Gans Rijk O. B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is conflicting evidence in the literature on the association between (elevated) serum B12 concentrations and subsequent disease or mortality. We evaluated in the NHANES general population the association of serum B12 concentrations as well as vitamin B12 supplement intake with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality, while taking into account demographic and lifestyle factors and significant other diseases which are known to be associated with poorer outcome.MethodsThe main outcomes of our study were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cancer-related mortality. Mortality status and cause of death were determined by NHANES-linked National Death Index public access files through December 31, 2015. The association of serum B12 concentrations and vitamin B12 supplement intake with mortality was assessed with Cox proportional hazard (PH) models, with adjustment for a number of relevant demographic and lifestyle factors and comorbidity.ResultsThe final study population of 24,262 participants had a mean age of 48 (SD 19) years; 50.1% were males. The median follow-up duration was 109 months (range 1–201 months). On the census day of December 31, 2015, 3023 participants were determined as deceased (12.5%). The fully adjusted Cox PH model indicated that low serum B12 concentrations < 140 pmol/l were associated with a small increase in all-cause (hazard ratio, HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.08–1.78,p = 0.011) and cardiovascular (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08–2.47,p = 0.020) mortality. Similarly, high serum B12 concentrations > 700 pmol/l were associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality only (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.01–2.06,p = 0.042). Participants with a diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia, CVD, and cancer more frequently used vitamin B12-containing supplements than those without these diagnoses. We could not demonstrate an association between vitamin B12 supplement intake and mortality, when adjusted for comorbidity.ConclusionsIn the general population of NHANES, low serum B12 concentrations were associated with a moderate increase in all-cause mortality. There was a small but significant increase in cardiovascular mortality in the groups with low or high serum B12. High intake of vitamin B12 in the form of supplements was not associated with any adverse effect on mortality and therefore can be regarded as safe.
Translating evidence-based treatment for digital health delivery: a protocol for family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa using telemedicine
Authors: Hambleton A. , Le Grange D. , Miskovic-Wheatley J. , Touyz S. , Cunich M. , Maguire S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundFamily-based treatment (FBT) is an efficacious outpatient intervention for young people diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). To date, treatment to protocol has relied on standard face-to-face delivery. Face-to-face therapy is subject to geographic, temporal and human factors, rendering it particularly susceptible to inequities and disruption. This has resulted in poorer service provision for rural and regional families, and recently a significant challenge to providing face-to-face services during the COVID-19 global pandemic. The present study examines whether FBT for AN can be successfully translated to a digital delivery platform to address these access issues.MethodForty young people aged 12 to 18 years who meet DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for AN, and live in a rural or regional setting, will along with their family be recruited to the study. Trained therapists will provide 18 sessions of FBT over 9 months via telemedicine to the home of the young person and their family. The analysis will examine treatment effectiveness, feasibility, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness.DiscussionThe study addresses the treatment needs of families not able to attend face-to-face clinical services for evidence-based treatment for eating disorders. This might be due to several barriers, including a lack of local services or long travel distances to services. There has been a recent and unprecedented demand for telemedicine to facilitate the continuity of care during COVID-19 despite geographical circumstances. If delivering treatment in this modality is clinically and economically effective and feasible, it will facilitate access to potentially lifesaving, evidence-based treatments for families formerly unable to access such care and provide evidence for the continuity of services when and where face-to-face treatment is not feasible.
Use of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS®) to assess late-onset Pompe disease severity
Authors: Harfouche Melodi , Kishnani Priya S. , Krusinska Eva , Gault Jamie , Sitaraman Sheela , Sowinski Amanda , Katz Irina , Austin Stephanie , Goldstein Margi , Mulberg Andrew E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Patient-Reported Outcomes provide an opportunity for patients to establish dialogue with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies about their health conditions without interpretation by a clinician or anyone else. However, Patient-Reported Outcomes that can be widely applicable for use in patient-focused drug development or clinical trial designs are not yet validated for all diseases. The aim of this study report was to provide supportive evidence of the construct and content validity of selected Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) questionnaires compared with other disease-relevant clinical outcome measures, including the 6-Minute Walk Distance, forced vital capacity, and Manual Muscle Test, in late-onset Pompe disease and to provide supportive evidence that the selected PROMIS measures are relevant and important to these patients.

Methods
Thirty patients with late-onset Pompe disease completed five PROMIS questionnaires that were chosen based on patient and provider feedback, along with discussion with key opinion leaders who are experts in Pompe disease. The Amicus Pompe Patient Advisory Board also provided patient experience feedback using the PROMIS questionnaires. Clinical outcome measures (6-Minute Walk Distance, forced vital capacity, and Manual Muscle Test) were collected at the Duke University Pompe Disease Clinical Research Program during a single visit.

Results
The Patient Advisory Board rated the questionnaires as representative of an unmet need. Correlation data demonstrated moderate to strong correlations of PROMIS questionnaires with the specified clinical outcome measures (6-Minute Walk Distance, forced vital capacity, and Manual Muscle Test). These data supported the construct and content validity of the PROMIS questionnaires because they confirmed the motor signs and symptoms of functional disability observed in patients with Pompe disease.

Conclusions
The correlations indicate that the clinical outcome measures assess important concepts related to patient-reported experiences. The Patient Advisory Board findings suggest that the selected PROMIS questionnaires are meaningful and address important concepts to patients with Pompe disease. The data were collected from a small number of patients at a single time point; further studies are needed with additional PROMIS questionnaires, which should include measures of motor function and health-related quality of life, in a larger number of patients followed up longitudinally.
Screening of additives to reduce grain damage risk on unhairing by proteinase K
Authors: Chen Mei , Jiang Mingfang , Li He , Cheng Haiming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Enzymatic unhairing is a cleaner strategy for leather-making. It is a potential alternative to the traditional hair-burning process. However, several shortcomings, such as uncontrolled enzymatic reaction, and risk of grain looseness and damage have restricted the broad application of enzymatic unhairing. In this work, metal ions and organic additives were screened for lessening the hydrolytic activity of proteinase K to collagen fiber. Then, the selected additives were applied to the enzymatic unhairing process for bovine hide. The results showed that a suitable concentration of metal ions (Cu (II), Fe (III) and Al (III)) and organic additives (salicylate, laurate, adipate, gallate and epicatechin (ECG)) could diminish approximately 35% of the hydrolytic activity of proteinase K to collagen fibers. Then, the additives were applied for the bovine hide enzymatic unhairing process. Hydroxyproline determination in the unhairing float shows that applying additives could reduce collagen hydrolysis. The morphology results showed that the grain damage could be significantly reduced with the addition of the screened additives in the proteinase K enzymatic unhairing system, whereas the addition of ECG and gallate significantly slowed down the unhairing speed. This outcome provides new potential to reduce the risk of grain damage in enzymatic unhairing process.

Graphical abstract
Automatic seismic facies interpretation using supervised deep learning
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Chen Tiansheng , Liu Yang , Zhang Yuxi , Liu Jiong 
Published: October 2020

Seismic facies interpretation supports subsurface geologic environment analyses and reservoir predictions. Traditional interpretation methods require much manual work, and they heavily depend on the experience and expertise of the interpreters. We have developed advanced algorithms from supervised deep learning to perform automatic seismic facies interpretations. In deep learning, conventional convolutional neural networks (CNN) and encoder-decoder architectures are widely used for image classification and segmentation problems, respectively. Based on these two architectures, we build a 3D conventional CNN and a conventional encoder-decoder, and then we apply an enhanced encoder-decoder (DeepLabv3+) that integrates superior structures to our research. To train the networks, we develop an effective scheme to automatically and diversely augment data by using well-labeled 2D seismic sections in which facies are divided into nine classes. We perform experiments on the Netherlands F3 data set by training diverse samples and tuning parameters, implement the trained networks on the whole data volume, and then quantitatively evaluate the results. The testing results of the encoder-decoders are more accurate and efficient than those of the conventional CNN, as well as being more consistent with the geologic background. The mean intersection-over-union values for the encoder-decoders are 87.8% (conventional) and 92.4% (enhanced), respectively, whereas for the conventional CNN, the value is 67.8%. Besides, the prediction of one seismic section takes less than 1.0 s for the encoder-decoders, whereas it takes 4.0 min for the conventional CNN.
Factors Associated With the Decline of C-Peptide in a Cohort of Young Children Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Steck Andrea K , Liu Xiang , Krischer Jeffrey P , Haller Michael J , Veijola Riitta , Lundgren Markus , Ahmed Simi , Akolkar Beena , Toppari Jorma , Hagopian William A , Rewers Marian J , Elding Larsson Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Context
Understanding factors involved in the rate of C-peptide decline is needed to tailor therapies for type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Objective
Evaluate factors associated with rate of C-peptide decline after a T1D diagnosis in young children.

Design
Observational study.

Setting
Academic centers.

Participants
A total of 57 participants from the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study who were enrolled at 3 months of age and followed until T1D, and 56 age-matched children diagnosed with T1D in the community.

Intervention
A mixed meal tolerance test was used to measure the area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postdiagnosis.

Outcome
Factors associated with rate of C-peptide decline during the first 2 years postdiagnosis were evaluated using mixed effects models, adjusting for age at diagnosis and baseline C-peptide.

Results
Adjusted slopes of AUC C-peptide decline did not differ between TEDDY subjects and community controls (P = 0.21), although the former had higher C-peptide baseline levels. In univariate analyses combining both groups (n = 113), younger age, higher weight and body mass index z-scores, female sex, an increased number increased number of islet autoantibodies, and IA-2A or ZnT8A positivity at baseline were associated with a higher rate of C-peptide loss. Younger age, female sex, and higher weight z-score remained significant in multivariate analysis (all P &lt; 0.02). At 3 months after diagnosis, higher HbA1c became an additional independent factor associated with a higher rate of C-peptide decline (P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
Younger age at diagnosis, female sex, higher weight z-score, and HbA1c were associated with a higher rate of C-peptide decline after T1D diagnosis in young children.
How Quarantine Attempts to Universalize the Black Condition
Authors: Bezio Kelly L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay establishes similarities between control over Black bodies’ movement under chattel slavery and social distancing measures employed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its primary concern is how protecting public health necessitates undesired movement on the part of marginalized, historically disenfranchised populations to secure supply chains and ensure access to basic goods, foodstuffs, and medicines for those sheltering at home. Structuring its claims within the critical race theories of Saidiya V. Hartman, Achille Mbembe, and Elizabeth Maddock Dillon, it draws attention to how an enslaved condition in which one lacked the right to choose to move or hold still is now being extended to a class of workers deemed essential.
Plague Time (Again)
Authors: Waterman Bryan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay probes literary representations of pandemic temporalities to argue that plague reshapes our sense and experience of time in specific ways: It opens contact with the epidemic past to restructure historical understanding and attendant forms of identity; it promotes utopian or cosmopolitan fantasies of shared vulnerability and future inoculation; it marks survivors with a kind of zombie consciousness in an unending, limitless present. Drawing on American works from Charles Brockden Brown’s Arthur Mervyn (1799–1800) to Katherine Anne Porter’s Pale Horse, Pale Rider (1939) to Tony Kushner’s Angels in America (1992–95), this essay situates their discussions of plague time within broader traditions stretching from Thucydides to Daniel Defoe to Albert Camus.
Giving Up
Authors: Bérubé Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this essay examines a variety of visions of apocalypse and civilizational collapse, asking how we can imagine a world without us (as in Alan Weisman’s book of that title), or whether we will merely eke out a post–climate disaster existence like the one predicted in Ursula K. Le Guin’s 1974 novel The Dispossessed.
An Overstory for Our Time
Authors: Adams Rachel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCare is the intimate and necessary labor required to sustain those who are dependent, but it is also about acting in ways that sustain other species and the lives of strangers distant in time and space. The COVID-19 pandemic shines a spotlight on the vulnerabilities and gaps in global care networks. It creates a crisis of care on multiple levels—the immediate, the dispersed, and the systemic—and it is exceedingly difficult to keep them all in focus. Although Richard Powers’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel, The Overstory (2018), is not about illness or pandemic, it can illuminate varied scales of care at the level of form, by moving from individual stories that are the typical subject of literary realism to a grand vision of the webbed planetary systems—the environment, the internet, the global economy—in which they are enmeshed. This essay argues that, read through the lens of pandemic, the overstory of Powers’s novel is the networks of interdependency that have put the world in grave danger and that gesture to an uncertain future.