bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Anisotropy in 2D plus Slab Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Solar Wind and Upper Corona
Authors: Zank G. P. , Nakanotani M. , Zhao L.-L. , Adhikari L. , Telloni D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The 2D + slab superposition model of solar wind turbulence has its theoretical foundations in nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (NI MHD) in the plasma beta ∼1 or ≪1 regimes. Solar wind turbulence measurements show that turbulence in the inertial range is anisotropic, for which the superposition model offers a plausible explanation. We provide a detailed theoretical analysis of the spectral characteristics of the Elsässer variables in the 2D + NI/slab model. We find that (1) the majority 2D component has a power spectrum

in perpendicular wavenumber k
⊥; (2) the strongly imbalanced minority NI/slab turbulence has power spectra

and

, where k

z
is aligned with the mean magnetic field; (3) NI/slab turbulence can exhibit a double-power-law spectrum, with the steeper part being G*(k) ∼ k
−5/3 and corresponding to strong turbulence and the flatter spectrum satisfying G*(k) ∼ k
−3/2 and corresponding to weak turbulence; (4) there is a critical balance regime for NI/slab turbulence that satisfies

and

; and (5) the forward and backward Elsässer power spectra can have different spectral forms provided that the triple-correlation times for each are different. We use the spectral analysis to compute the total power spectra in frequency parallel to the solar wind flow for the superposition model, showing that strongly imbalanced turbulence yields an f
−5/3 spectrum for all angles between the mean flow and magnetic field, and that double power laws are possible when the nonlinear and Alfvén timescales are both finite.
Antibiotic prescribing and the risk of antibiotic–associated diarrhoea in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana: a pilot study
Authors: Fredua-Agyeman Mansa , Onwukwe Blessing , Adu-Aryee Nii Armah 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: This study sought to identify the association of antibiotic prescribing and the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in Ghana.
Methodology: Patients from the Male Urology Ward and Treatment Room of the Surgical Department of KBTH were followed up over three months to determine if they had experienced any unusual diarrhoeal illness after antibiotic therapy. 81 eligible patients (adults) were included in the study but a total of 70 patients (mean age of 56.71 years) were successfully followed up during the study period.
Results: The top conditions presented by patients were urological infection (66.7%), cancer (15.3%) and leg ulcer (18.1%). Ciprofloxacin (50%) and ceftriaxone (28.5%) were the most prescribed antibiotics. Eleven patients (more than 1 in 7) developed diarrhoea that could be associated with their use of antibiotics. The occurrence of AAD was significantly associated with type of antibiotic used by patient. 73% of patients who developed symptoms of AAD had received Clindamycin. Risk of AAD was not significantly associated with age and comorbidities.
Conclusions: The rate of AAD in the Male Urology Ward and the Treatment Room of the Surgical Department of KBTH during the period of this study was 15.7%. Clindamycin was identified as the most implicated antibiotic.
Characteristics of HIV-positive pregnant women and HIV- and antiretroviral therapy-exposed fetuses: A case-control study
Authors: Hung Tung-Che , Lu Li-Cheng , Lin Mei-Hui , Hu Yu-Chia , Cheng Chien-Yu , Cheng Shu-Hsing , Lee Chien-Yu 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: This study determined risk factors, obstetric comorbidities, and fetal conditions among HIV-positive mothers to improve their maternal care.
Methodology: This retrospective case-control study included HIV-positive pregnant women 18 years of age or older and age-, parity-, and delivery method-matched HIV-negative controls between 2011 and 2018. Those who had stillbirth were excluded. Baseline demographics, labor process, CD4 count, plasma HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen were recorded. Fetal conditions were recorded as well.
Results: Forty HIV-positive women (45 parities; 22 via NSD, 23 via C/S) were included, with 45 HIV-negative parities as controls. Twenty-nine (72.5%) HIV-positive women had illicit drug use. In the HIV-positive group, 17% received ART prior to first perinatal visit, and 75.6% reached viral suppression pre-delivery. Zidovudine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir were the majorly prescribed ART. Mild perineal lacerations via NSD were observed in HIV-positive women. Fetal body weight was lower in HIV- and ART-exposed fetuses (2665 vs 3010 g, p < 0.001). Preterm delivery PTB (28.9% vs 8.9%, p= 0.015) and small-for gestational age SGA (28.9% vs 8.8%, p = 0.003) rates were higher in the HIV-positive group. There was no vertical transmission of HIV.
Conclusions: HIV-positive women tend to deliver fetuses with low body weight and have higher SGA and PTB rates. Given that most women received zidovudine and protease inhibitors, benefits of newer agents for HIV-positive pregnancies should be studied.
Effect of social development in reducing tuberculosis mortality In northeastern Brazil areas
Authors: Rêgo Queiroz Ana Angélica , Zamboni Berra Thaís , Inomata Bruce Alexandre Tadashi , da Cunha Garcia Maria Concebida , Dos Santos Danielle Talita , Moraes Arcoverde Marcos Augusto , Seles Alves Luana , Yamamura Mellina , Scatena Villa Tereza Cristina , Fredemir Palha Pedro , Chiaravalloti-Neto Francisco , Arcêncio Ricardo Alexandre 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death among infectious diseases affecting groups in extreme poverty. Social improvements could reverse this situation in Brazil. This study aims to demonstrate the spatial relationship between social development (SD) and TB mortality in Natal, a city in northeastern Brazil.
Methodology: Ecological study. The study population comprised TB deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System between 2008 and 2014. The units of analysis were 59 human development units (HDUs). Raw and smoothed mortality rates were calculated using the global empirical Bayes method. Primary components analysis was used to develop the SD indicators. An association between TB mortality and SD was verified using multiple linear regression analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was verified using models with global spatial effects. Analyses were performed using Statistica version 12.0, ArcGIS version 10.2, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0, and OpenGeoDa 1.0.1. The significance level was established at 5% (p < 0.05).
Results: The TB mortality rate with non-random spatial distribution ranged between 0.52 and 8.90 per 100,000 inhabitants. The spatial lag model was chosen because it presented the highest log-likelihood value, lowest AIC, and highest R2. A negative association was found between TB mortality and SD (R2 = 0.207; p = 0.03).
Conclusions: The results show a negative association between TB mortality and the high SD indicator. This study can support decision-making in terms of collective projects within public health in order to link the health field to other sectors, aiming for social well-being and human development.
Prevalence, risk factors and treatment outcomes of isoniazid resistant TB in Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe: A cohort study
Authors: Manyame-Murwira Barbara , Takarinda Kudakwashe Collins , Thekkur Pruthu , Payera Bright , Mutunzi Herbert , Simbi Raiva , Siziba Nicholas , Sibanda Edwin , Banana Catherine , Muleya Norbert , Makombe Evidence , Jongwe Paula Littia , Bhebhe Regina , Mangwanya Douglas , Dzangare Janet , Mudzengerere Fungai Hamilton , Timire Collins , Wekiya Enock , Sandy Charles 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: The isoniazid-resistant TB poses a threat to TB control efforts. Zimbabwe, one of the high TB burden countries, has not explored the burden of isoniazid resistant TB. Hence among all bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients diagnosed in Bulawayo City during March 2017 and December 2018, we aimed to assess the proportion with isoniazid resistant TB and associated factors. Also, we aimed to describe the TB treatment outcomes.
Methodology: A cohort study involving routinely collected data by the National TB Reference Laboratory (NTBRL) in Bulawayo City and National TB programme of Zimbabwe. The percentage with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to express the proportion with isoniazid-resistant TB. The modified Poisson regression was used to assess the association of demographic and clinical characteristics with isoniazid mono-resistant TB.
Results: Of 2160 bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients, 1612 (74.6%) had their sputum received at the NTBRL and 743 (46.1%) had culture growth. Among those with culture growth, 34 (4.6%, 95% CI: 3.5-6.7) had isoniazid mono-resistant TB, 25 (3.3%, 95% CI: 2.2-4.9) had MDR-TB. Thus, 59 (7.9%, 95% CI: 6.1-10.1) had isoniazid-resistant TB. Children < 15 years had a higher prevalence of isoniazid mono-resistant TB (aPR= 3.93; 95% CI: 1.24-12.45). Among those with rifampicin sensitive TB, patients with isoniazid-sensitive TB had higher favourable treatment outcomes compared to those with isoniazid-resistant TB (86.3% versus 75.5%, p = 0.039).
Conclusions: The prevalence of isoniazid-resistant TB was low compared to neighbouring countries with high burden of TB-HIV. However, Zimbabwe should consider reviewing treatment guidelines for isoniazid mono-resistant TB due to the observed poor treatment outcomes.
Après le COVID-19 : une terre démondialisée ?
Authors: Moreau Defarges Philippe 
Published: September 2020

Après une poussée sans précédent de mondialisation depuis 1945, le xxi e siècle amorce un choc en retour que vient démultiplier la crise sanitaire, puis économique, produite par le COVID-19. Mais entre exigences de re-localisation, mirages d’auto-suffisance, et contraintes de l’internationalisation, l’avenir de la planète mondialisée n’est pas écrit : on peut souhaiter que l’avenir voie l’émergence d’une mondialisation réformée, voire maîtrisée.
An overview of hosts of the New World genusLeschenaultia(Diptera: Tachinidae), with a new record forL. bicolorinHalysidota pearsoni(Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Brazil
Authors: Gudin Filipe Macedo , Carneiro Isabela Maciel Monteiro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSpecimens of the New World genusLeschenaultiaRobineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitise a wide range of lepidopteran hosts, including economically important pests. The female flies are attracted to volatile compounds released by host plants in response to the herbivory of caterpillars. They deposit microtype eggs on the leaves, which are then ingested by the hosts. We record a new host forL. bicolor(Macquart), obtained fromHalysidota pearsoniWatson (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The record is described herein and a comparative diagnosis for the identification of this parasitoid is provided, with discussion on similar species of the genus. The male and female terminalia ofL. bicolorare fully described and illustrated for the first time. We also review and update the host records forLeschenaultiain an annotated host catalogue. At least nine species ofLeschenaultiaare recorded from 53 species of Lepidoptera, including the families Apatelodidae, Erebidae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Saturniidae, and Sphingidae. Finally, we provide an overview of host use and host associations.
Chronic granulomatous ‘Aspergillus lung mass’
Authors: Venkatnarayan Kavitha , Devaraj Uma , Krishnaswamy Uma Maheswari , Ramachandran Priya , Balasundaram Sreekar , Ananthamurthy Anuradha , Savio Jayanthi 
Published: September 2020

The diverse clinicopathological spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis is a consequence of varying levels of invasiveness of this ubiquitous fungus, which largely depends on the host immune response and pre-existing lung disease. The clinical presentation of pulmonary aspergillosis spans a wide spectrum from hypersensitivity to life threatening angio-invasive and disseminated disease. We report the case of a young immunocompetent male with no underlying lung disease, who presented with an incidentally detected ‘infective mass’ lesion in the lung associated with minimal respiratory symptoms. The diagnostic challenges posed by the unusual clinical, radiological and histological picture as well as the therapeutic dilemmas faced are discussed in this report.
Psychosocial Burden of Caregivers Taking Care of Children in the Children's Emergency Room of Two Tertiary Hospitals in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Ndu Ikenna K. , Osuorah Chidiebere D. I. , Nwaneli Ezinne I. , Ekwochi Uchenna , Asinobi Isaac N. , Iloh Kenechukwu K. , Nduagubam Obinna C. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction:
In this study, we sought to determine the severity of caregiving burden among caregivers of children presenting to the emergency room and analyze its associated predictors.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional, study carried out on 332 caregivers of children admitted into the children emergency room (CHER) of two tertiary hospitals in Southeast Nigeria. A validated structured questionnaire was administered by an interviewer with the use of an interpreter where necessary.

Results:
A total of three hundred and thirty-two child–caregiver dyads were enrolled for this study. Fathers were 25.6%, mother 65.4%, and nonparent made up 9.0% of primary caregivers of child in index admission. The mean age of the enrolled children was 2.5 ± 1.9 years with age ranges of 1 month to 16 years. Male-to-female ratio was approximately 0.8. Two hundred and fifty-four (80.6%) of surveyed caregivers experienced high psychosocial burden. On the average, caregivers were faced with moderate burden in the CHER during care of their sick child with a mean caregiver burden score of 1.64 ± 0.67. Caregivers looking after independent children (odds ratio [OR]: 0.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2–0.9; P = 0.05), partially dependent children (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.3–0.9; P = 0.040), and those with someone assisting them in the care of admitted and/or children at home (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2–1.0; P = 0.050) were less likely to experience high psychosocial burden of care as compared with caregivers looking after dependent children and those with no assistance.

Conclusion:
There is a need to incorporate comprehensive psychosocial and instinctive support for caregivers during the care of their sick children in the emergency room.
Association of family history of schizophrenia and history of obstetric complications at birth: relationship with age at onset and psychopathology dimensions in a Nigerian cohort
Authors: Uchenna Onu Justus , Uzoma Ohaeri Jude 
Published: September 2020

Background: The nature of the association between obstetric complications (OCs) at birth and the genetic aetiology of schizo- phrenia remains unclear, as some authors suggest that it is an independent risk factor while others support either interactionism or an epiphenomenon perspective.
Objective: To examine the association of family history of schizophrenia (FHS) with history of OCs, with a view to assessing whether this relationship moderates clinical phenotypes such as symptom dimensions and age at onset of illness.
Methods: This study examined OCs among schizophrenia probands using the Obstetric Complications Scale. An inquiry into family history was performed using the Family history method. Psychopathological symptom dimensions were assessed using standard scales. Data were analyzed to examine the interaction of FHS and history of OCs with age at onset and symptom dimensions, using ANCOVA.
Results: FHS was significantly associated with the disorganized symptoms dimension (p=0.03). History of OCs was significant- ly associated with earlier age at onset (p=0.007). However, in ANCOVA, the effect of the interaction between FHS and history of OCs was not significant for age at onset and symptom dimensions (P = 0.059).
Conclusion: FHS was significantly associated with disorganization syndrome, and OCs was significantly associated with age at onset.
Keywords: Family history; schizophrenia; obstetric complications; symptom dimensions; age at onset.
Effect of community-based nutrition on infant nutrition and associated health practices in Narok, Kenya
Authors: Mapesa Job , Meme Joyce , Muthamia Olive 
Published: September 2020

Background: Lack of knowledge, and poor attitudes and practices among rural women have been shown to negatively influence maternal, infant and young child nutrition outcomes as well as child health and cognitive development.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of community-based nutrition on infant nutrition.
Methods: A mixed method approach using a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data (n=234) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) for qualitative data was used in Narok County, Kenya.
Results: About 57% of the participants received nutrition and health information from hospital trained health person- nel. Whereas most women indicated having attended antenatal clinics, very few delivered in the hospital (17%). Exclusive breastfeeding knowledge was below 50%, although not statistically significant (p=0.584) across the education spectrum as opposed to identification of malnutrition signs, which was significant (p<0.05). Whereas 74% of the participants had knowledge about signs of malnutrition, only 58% could identify the causes. Rating for complementary feeding among the study participants was about 61% for introduction of complementary foods and 80% for frequency of feeding. Vitamin A supplementation knowledge, antenatal clinic attendance and type of waste disposal were statistically significant (p<0.05) in relation to education level of the study participants.
Conclusion: This study reveals the need to educate rural women for increased understanding and practice of appropriate infant and nutrition care through sustainable and effective essential nutrition actions.
Keywords: Community; nutrition; breastfeeding; complementary foods; health; practice.
Lack of association between genetic variants in the 19q13.32 region and CHD risk in the Algerian population: a population-based nested case-control study
Authors: Boulenouar Houssam , Aicha Lardjam Hetraf Sarah , Ouhaibi Djellouli Hadjira , Naima Meroufel Djabaria , Zemani Fodil Faouzia , Hammani-Medjaoui Imane , Saidi Mehtar Nadhira , Houti Leila , Mediene Benchekor Sounnia 
Published: September 2020

Background: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality over the world; intermediate traits associated with CHD commonly studied can be influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Objective: We found previously significant association between three genetic polymorphisms, and the lipid profile variations in the Algerian population. Considering these findings, we therefore decided to assess the relationships between these polymorphisms and CHD risk.
Methods: We performed a population-based, cross-sectional study, of 787 individuals recruited in the city of Oran, in which, a nested case-control study for MetS, T2D, HBP, obesity and CHD were performed. Subjects were genotyped for four SNP rs7412, rs429358 rs4420638 and rs439401 located in the 19q13.32 region.
Results: The T allele of rs439401 confers a high risk of hypertension with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.46 (95% CI [1.12-1.9], p = 0.006) and the G allele of rs4420638 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of obesity, OR 0.48 (95% CI [0.29- 0.81], p = 0.004). No associations were found for MetS, T2D and CHD.
Conclusion: Although the studied genetic variants were not associated with the risk of CHD, the 19q13.32 locus was associated with some of the cardiometabolic disorders in Algerian subjects.
Keywords: Genetics; high blood pressure; CHD risk; obesity; Algerian population.
The differences of corneal astigmatism in different populations and its quantitative analysis
Authors: Zhang Ying , Chen Hongmei , Zhang Yingchun , Yang Yanzhen 
Published: September 2020

Objective: To analyze the differences of corneal astigmatism in different age groups.
Methods: The clinical data of the patients from the outpatient Department of Ophthalmology of the Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital from April 2014 to June 2014 was screened and statistically analyzed. The corneal curvature was measured by three different instruments: Keratometer, IOL Master and Sirius corneal topography. The changes of the corneal astig- matism in different groups were evalutaed in the study.
Results: Corneal astigmatism of different groups showed no statistical difference and the average corneal astigmatism of 70~79 age group were higher than younger groups. As the age grew, the with-the-rule astigmatism gradually reduced from 85.8% ( A Group) to 31.0% (F Group). The against-the-rule astigmatism increased from 6.7% ( A Group ) to 45.0% (F Group).
Conclusion: The proportion of the with-the-rule astigmatism gradually reduced with the growth of age. The proportion of the against-the-rule astigmatism increased significantly. The oblique astigmatism had no obvious change before the age of 40. The proportion of oblique astigmatism increased obviously at the 40~49 group and tended to be stable. After the age of 60, the proportion of different types of astigmatism tended to be stable.
Keywords: With-the-rule astigmatism; against-the-rule astigmatism; oblique astigmatism.
Subcutaneous ketamine prolongs the analgesic effect of local infiltration of plain Bupivacaine in children undergoing inguinal herniotomy
Authors: Oham Alex , Ekwere Ifeoma , Tobi Kingsley 
Published: September 2020

Background: Inguinal herniotomy is one of the commonest paediatric surgical procedures at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Incisional infiltration with plain bupivacaine has been used to provide postoperative analgesia for this procedure but with a short duration of action, 4- 6hours.
Aims/Objectives: The aim of this study therefore was to evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous ketamine on post-operative analgesia in children undergoing unilateral inguinal herniotomy.
Methods: Forty-six (46) ASA I or II patients aged three to seven years scheduled for unilateral inguinal herniotomy were recruited. The patients were randomized to receive surgical wound site infiltration with plain bupivacaine plus subcutaneous injection of ketamine for group I or surgical wound site infiltration plain bupivacaine plus 2ml of saline subcutaneously for group II at the end of surgery. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Continuous data were compared using student t-test while categorical data were compared using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. P- value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: In group, I, the mean time to first analgesic request was 667.7 minutes (11.12hours) and in group II, it was 371.3min- utes (6.2 hours) with p<0.001. The pain scores were better and more favourable in group I from the 8th hour and above of the assessment period. The mean post-operative analgesic consumption in 24 hours was less in group I (19.35±5.4mg) than in group II (27.32±5.8 mg) with p-value <0.001.
Conclusion: The study showed that subcutaneous ketamine prolonged the analgesic effect of plain bupivacaine surgical wound site infiltration in children undergoing unilateral inguinal herniotomy.
Keywords: Subcutaneous ketamine, inguinal herniotomy, children, postoperative analgesia.