bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GSP expiration and declining exports from developing countries
Authors: Hakobyan Shushanik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates whether the 2011 expiration of the most comprehensive trade preference program (Generalized System of Preferences or GSP) offered by the US had a detrimental impact on the exports from developing countries. The effect of GSP expiration is examined with a triple difference‐in‐differences estimation that controls for both country‐ and product‐level export changes. Even though the duties collected during the period of expiration are ultimately refunded after GSP is reauthorized, the findings of this paper suggest that the expiration of GSP had a considerable impact on the level of exports to the US. On average exports dropped by 3% in 2011, with exports of agricultural products and textiles and clothing declining as much as 5% and 9%, respectively. The decline is increasing in the tariff rates and rates of utilization. The effect appears to be persistent over time as exports do not fully recover by 2012. The 2011 expiration is also found to be similar in magnitude to the 1995–1996 and 2013–2015 expirations, the longest episodes of expiration in the history of the GSP.Résumé.Suspension du SGP et baisse des exportations en provenance des pays en voie de développement. Cet article cherche à déterminer si la suspension en 2011 du Système Généralisé de Préférences (SGP) proposé par les États‐Unis eut des conséquences négatives sur les exportations en provenance des pays en voie de développement. Nous étudions l’effet de la suspension du SGP grâce à une estimation basée sur la méthode des triples différences tenant compte des changements en matière d’exportation, à la fois au niveau des produits mais aussi des pays. Même si les droits perçus au cours de la période d’interruption du SGP furent finalement restitués au moment de sa réintroduction, les conclusions de cet article suggèrent que la suspension du SGP engendra des répercussions considérables quant au niveau des exportations vers les États‐Unis. En moyenne, les exportations chutèrent de 3% en 2011; les exportations de produits agricoles et les exportations de textiles et de vêtements chutèrent quant à elles de 5% et 9% respectivement. Cette baisse entraîna une hausse des droits de douane et des taux d’utilisation. Ces effets semblent persister dans le temps puisque les exportations en 2012 ne retrouvèrent pas totalement les niveaux antérieurs. Il apparaît que la suspension du SGP en 2011 fut de même ampleur que les interruptions de 1995–1996 et de 2013–2015, les plus longues de l’histoire du SGP.
Feeding During Infancy: Interpersonal Behavior, Physiology, and Obesity Risk
Authors: Hodges Eric A. , Propper Cathi B. , Estrem Hayley , Schultz Michael B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInfancy is a sensitive developmental period that presents both opportunities and challenges for caregivers to feed their infants in ways that support healthy growth and development. The capacity to eat in a way that supports energy (caloric) intake aligned with the body’s physiologic need for growth and development appear to diminish in the years following infancy, but the reasons for this and whether this is developmentally typical are unclear. Feeding interactions that undermine infants’ ability to regulate their intake in response to hunger and satiety are thought to confer risk for obesity in infancy and beyond. In this integrative review, we consider what we know about the emergence of self‐regulation of behavior and emotion from both a behavioral and a physiological perspective. Then, we apply this information to our emerging understanding of how self‐regulation of energy intake may be derailed through feeding interactions between caregivers and infants.
European expert consensus on a structured approach to training robotic‐assisted low anterior resection using performance metrics
Authors: Tou S. , Gómez Ruiz M. , Gallagher A. G. , Matzel K. E. ,   the ESCP ASPIRE collaborative
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThe aim was to develop and operationally define ‘performance metrics’ that characterize a reference approach to robotic‐assisted low anterior resection (RA‐LAR) and to obtain face and content validity through a consensus meeting.MethodThree senior colorectal surgeons with robotic experience and a senior behavioural scientist formed the Metrics Group. We used published guidelines, training materials, manufacturers’ instructions and unedited videos of RA‐LAR to deconstruct the operation into defined, measurable components – performance metrics (i.e. procedure phases, steps, errors and critical errors). The performance metrics were then subjected to detailed critique by 18 expert colorectal surgeons in a modified Delphi process.ResultsPerformance metrics for RA‐LAR had 15 procedure phases, 128 steps, 89 errors and 117 critical errors in women, 88 errors and 118 critical errors in men. After the modified Delphi process the final performance metrics consisted of 14 procedure phases, 129 steps, 88 errors and 115 critical errors in women, 87 errors and 116 critical errors in men. After discussion by the Delphi panel, all procedure phases received unanimous consensus apart from phase I (patient positioning and preparation, 83%) and phase IV (docking, 94%).ConclusionA robotic rectal operation can be broken down into procedure phases, steps, with errors and critical errors, known as performance metrics. The face and content of these metrics have been validated by a large group of expert robotic colorectal surgeons from Europe. We consider the metrics essential for the development of a structured training curriculum and standardized procedural assessment for RA‐LAR.
Advanced metameric dimension framework for heterogeneous industrial Internet of things
Authors: Khan Mohammad Ayoub , Abuhasel Khaled Ali 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe heterogeneous industrial Internet of things (HetIoT) is a recent area of research that can change both our perception of fundamental informatics and the effectiveness of future machines. The HetIoT is rapidly used in a variety of industries, including healthcare smart cities, smart mobility, smart transportation, and advanced manufacturing. In industrial settings, outdated machines consume an inordinate amount of energy and time to produce effective output. The efficient functioning of the HetIoT machines plays a vital role in the industrial management. To demonstrate efficiency of the functioning, the continuous monitoring of machines becomes mandatory. To describe the efficiency of updated HetIoT machines, this article introduces the concept of advanced machine‐metameric dimension (AmD) to analyze efficacy, efficiency, and effectiveness. This article proposes a HetIoT framework to identify the real‐time resembling of continuous monitoring of a metameric dimension of the machines. This demonstration of the concept is attempted through the analysis of machine efficiency, efficacy, effectiveness, and so on. The proposed AmD with a HetIoT has achieved higher precision, recall, F1‐Score, and higher purity.
Colour management system: Monte Carlo implementation for camouflage pattern generation
Authors: Przybył Wojciech , Radosz Wojciech , Januszko Adam 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Monte Carlo method provides a simple yet powerful and flexible tool for simulation of complex or random systems. This paper contains an overview of the theory behind the method and some simple examples to illustrate its implementation to model the refinement of patterns on the camouflaged surface. The objective is to provide an introduction to the method and to present a useful tool for solving practical problems. The first attempts of its application for military camouflage pattern generation are presented. A colour management system utilising the Monte Carlo method and based on the imaging and spectral data enabled the design of a dedicated camouflage pattern for both small‐ and large‐size military objects.
Diagnostic performance of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided elastography for solid pancreatic lesions: Shear‐wave measurements versus strain elastography with histogram analysis
Authors: Ohno Eizaburo , Kawashima Hiroki , Ishikawa Takuya , Iida Tadashi , Suzuki Hirotaka , Uetsuki Kota , Yashika Jun , Yamada Kenta , Yoshikawa Masakatsu , Gibo Noriaki , Aoki Toshinori , Kataoka Kunio , Mori Hiroshi , Yamamura Takeshi , Furukawa Kazuhiro , Nakamura Masanao , Hirooka Yoshiki , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro 
Published: July 2020

Background and aimsEndoscopic ultrasound (EUS) elastography (EUS‐EG) is a minimally invasive diagnostic method for evaluating tissue elasticity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of newly developed EUS shear‐wave measurement (EUS‐SWM) and to compare diagnostic performance between EUS‐SWM and the conventional strain elastography (SE) for the measurement of elasticity of solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs).MethodsFrom December 2017 until August 2019, we retrospectively reviewed 64 consecutive cases with SPLs who underwent both EUS‐SWM and SE. EUS‐SWM was used to measure the shear‐wave velocity, Vs (m/s), and the unique measurement reliability index, VsN (%), in the target lesion. SE images were assessed by strain histogram (SH) analysis, and the mean strain value of the elasticity index was measured. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of EUS‐SWM and SE with SH to characterize the SPLs.ResultsThe Vs (m/s) values of SPLs were 2.19 for pancreatic cancer (PC), 1.31 for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (PanNEN), 2.56 for mass‐forming pancreatitis (MFP) and 1.58 for metastatic tumors. Vs showed no significant difference based on the disease. The mean strain values were 45.5 for PC, 47.3 for PanNEN, and 74.5 for MFP. In the comparison of tissue elasticity between PC and MFP, Vs showed no significant difference (P = 0.5687); however, the mean strain value was significantly lower in PC cases (45.4 vs 74.5: P = 0.0007).ConclusionEndoscopic ultrasound SWM tended to be unstable for the measurement of elasticity of SPLs, and conventional SE with SH was superior for their characterization.
What does resilience imply for development practice? Tools for more coherent programming and evaluation of resilience
Authors: Constas Mark A. , Mattioli Laura , Russo Luca 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMotivationThe concept of resilience is widely embraced by practitioners and analysts concerned with development and humanitarian aid. It is less clear how to apply the concept in practice.PurposeTwo questions are addressed: What makes resilience programmes distinctive or different? How should evaluations of resilience be conducted?Approach and MethodsA typology of applications of resilience to development programming and evaluations is proposed. From considering the requirements of the different uses, two practical tools have been devised: the resilience programming matrix (RPM) and the resilience evaluation matrix (REM).Results or FindingsThe RPM defines six features of programming for resilience, covering concepts and implementation. The REM defines ten features by which to evaluate resilience, covering evaluation design, data analysis, and reporting. Together they aim to foster greater coherence and consistency in applications of resilience.Conclusions and Policy ImplicationsThe two heuristic tools offered should foster more dialogue among programme staff, reviewers and evaluators about resilience programming and evaluation. The conceptual frameworks highlight the distinctive features of the concept of resilience.
Learning from Friends and Terminating Friendships: Retrieving Friendship as a Moral Educational Concept
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn contrast to ancient times, friendship is rarely discussed nowadays as a resource in moral education. Even within Aristotle‐inspired character education, where it could naturally claim pride of place, its coverage is miniscule compared, say, to that of the emulation of moral exemplars. The aim of the present article is to retrieve friendship as a moral educational concept: to explain how moral educational goals define and sustain deep friendships, and how the thorny issue of when friendships should be terminated is best understood in terms of considerations as to whether they have exhausted their educational potential. By arguing that education is the raison d'être of deep friendship, Kristján Kristjánsson shows how friendship is developmentally constituted and, in its most complete form as “character friendship,” educationally executed. There is no such thing as friendship per se, but rather friendship at a certain developmental niveau (or level), with its specific developmental assets and liabilities: qualitatively differentiated according to its educational affordances. While operating within a broad Aristotelian framework, Kristjánsson devotes two sections to charting the moral educational liabilities that may dissipate even the most complete friendships, a topic mostly overlooked by Aristotle himself.
Walker Percy's The Moviegoer: On the Existential Novel as Educational Text
Authors: Kline Kip , Knight Abowitz Kathleen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this essay, Kip Kline and Kathleen Knight Abowitz use Walker Percy's novel The Moviegoer to examine the existential plight of young Americans today who, as they turn the broad and long corner from youth to adulthood, are engaged in a search for self‐knowledge and identity construction. They are particularly interested in the young adult as “college student,” engaged in the work of postsecondary education, autonomous from but often still very closely connected to their family of origin in a culture saturated by late‐capitalist consumerism and commercial media. Kline and Knight Abowitz interpret this novel in order to examine a malaise specific to our current historical moment that may characterize how young people experience institutions such as U.S. colleges and universities as well as the institution of the contemporary American family. They also wish to show that particular themes in existentialism, which can be teased out in novels such as The Moviegoer, can assist our analysis of the contemporary malaise of the college student and provide theorists, educators, and advocates with possible ways of responding to
it.
A routine outcome measure for youth mental health: Clinically interpreting MyLifeTracker
Authors: Kwan Benjamin , Rickwood Debra J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimMyLifeTracker is a session‐by‐session mental health outcome measure for young people aged 12 to 25 years. The aim of this study was to determine clinically significant change indexes for this measure that would identify developmentally appropriate thresholds. The study also aimed to determine expected change trajectories to enable clinicians to compare a client's progress against average rates of change.MethodsParticipants comprised young people aged 12 to 25 years from both a clinical and a community sample from Australia. The clinical sample was 63 840 young people that attended a headspace centre. The non‐clinical group was an Australian representative community sample of 4034 young people.ResultsClinically significant change indexes were developed for MyLifeTracker specific for age and gender groups by comparing clinical and non‐clinical samples. Males and young people aged 12 to 14 years needed to reach higher scores to achieve clinically significant change compared to females and other age groups, respectively. MyLifeTracker expected change trajectories followed a cubic pattern for those with lower baseline scores of 0 to 50, whereas those with baseline scores of 51 and above had varying patterns. For those with lower baseline scores, expected change trajectories showed that stronger change was evident early in treatment, which then tapered off before accelerating again later in treatment.ConclusionsThe development of MyLifeTracker benchmarks allows the measure to be used for Feedback Informed Treatment by supporting treatment planning and decision‐making. This information can help clinicians to identify clients who are not on track or deteriorating and identify when clients are improving.
Haematological manifestations of COVID‐19: From cytopenia to coagulopathy
Authors: Agbuduwe Charles , Basu Supratik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEmerging data from the management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) suggests multi‐systemic involvement, including the hemopoietic system. The haematological manifestations of COVID‐19 include blood count anomalies notably lymphopenia and neutrophilia which are of prognostic significance. Hyperferritinemia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase have also been associated with increased mortality. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence of a distinct coagulopathy associated with COVID‐19 characterised by elevated D‐dimers and an increased risk of thrombotic events. This comprehensive review summarises the latest evidence from published studies and discusses the implications of the various haematological manifestations of COVID‐19 with a view to guiding clinical management and risk stratification in this rapidly evolving pandemic.
Drivers of future alien species impacts: An expert‐based assessment
Authors: Essl Franz , Lenzner Bernd , Bacher Sven , Bailey Sarah , Capinha Cesar , Daehler Curtis , Dullinger Stefan , Genovesi Piero , Hui Cang , Hulme Philip E. , Jeschke Jonathan M. , Katsanevakis Stelios , Kühn Ingolf , Leung Brian , Liebhold Andrew , Liu Chunlong , MacIsaac Hugh J. , Meyerson Laura A. , Nuñez Martin A. , Pauchard Aníbal , Pyšek Petr , Rabitsch Wolfgang , Richardson David M. , Roy Helen E. , Ruiz Gregory M. , Russell James C. , Sanders Nathan J. , Sax Dov F. , Scalera Riccardo , Seebens Hanno , Springborn Michael , Turbelin Anna , van Kleunen Mark , von Holle Betsy , Winter Marten , Zenni Rafael D. , Mattsson Brady J. , Roura‐Pascual Nuria 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the likely future impacts of biological invasions is crucial yet highly challenging given the multiple relevant environmental, socio‐economic and societal contexts and drivers. In the absence of quantitative models, methods based on expert knowledge are the best option for assessing future invasion trajectories. Here, we present an expert assessment of the drivers of potential alien species impacts under contrasting scenarios and socioecological contexts through the mid‐21st century. Based on responses from 36 experts in biological invasions, moderate (20%–30%) increases in invasions, compared to the current conditions, are expected to cause major impacts on biodiversity in most socioecological contexts. Three main drivers of biological invasions—transport, climate change and socio‐economic change—were predicted to significantly affect future impacts of alien species on biodiversity even under a best‐case scenario. Other drivers (e.g. human demography and migration in tropical and subtropical regions) were also of high importance in specific global contexts (e.g. for individual taxonomic groups or biomes). We show that some best‐case scenarios can substantially reduce potential future impacts of biological invasions. However, rapid and comprehensive actions are necessary to use this potential and achieve the goals of the Post‐2020 Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Water loss and temperature interact to compound amphibian vulnerability to climate change
Authors: Lertzman‐Lepofsky Gavia F. , Kissel Amanda M. , Sinervo Barry , Palen Wendy J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEctotherm thermal physiology is frequently used to predict species responses to changing climates, but for amphibians, water loss may be of equal or greater importance. Using physical models, we estimated the frequency of exceeding the thermal optimum (Topt) or critical evaporative water loss (EWLcrit) limits, with and without shade‐ or water‐seeking behaviours. Under current climatic conditions (2002–2012), we predict that harmful thermal (>Topt) and hydric (>EWLcrit) conditions limit the activity of amphibians during ~70% of snow‐free days in sunny habitats. By the 2080s, we estimate that sunny and dry habitats will exceed one or both of these physiological limits during 95% of snow‐free days. Counterintuitively, we find that while wet environments eliminate the risk of critical EWL, they do not reduce the risk of exceeding Topt (+2% higher). Similarly, while shaded dry environments lower the risk of exceeding Topt, critical EWL limits are still exceeded during 63% of snow‐free days. Thus, no single environment that we evaluated can simultaneously reduce both physiological risks. When we forecast both temperature and EWL into the 2080s, both physiological thresholds are exceeded in all habitats during 48% of snow‐free days, suggesting that there may be limited opportunity for behaviour to ameliorate climate change. We conclude that temperature and water loss act synergistically, compounding the ecophysiological risk posed by climate change, as the combined effects are more severe than those predicted individually. Our results suggest that predictions of physiological risk posed by climate change that do not account for water loss in amphibians may be severely underestimated and that there may be limited scope for facultative behaviours to mediate rapidly changing environments.
Climate regime shift and forest loss amplify fire in Amazonian forests
Authors: Xu Xiyan , Jia Gensuo , Zhang Xiaoyan , Riley William J. , Xue Ying 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFrequent Amazonian fires over the last decade have raised the alarm about the fate of the Earth's most biodiverse forest. The increased fire frequency has been attributed to altered hydrological cycles. However, observations over the past few decades have demonstrated hydrological changes that may have opposing impacts on fire, including higher basin‐wide precipitation and increased drought frequency and severity. Here, we use multiple satellite observations and climate reanalysis datasets to demonstrate compelling evidence of increased fire susceptibility in response to climate regime shifts across Amazonia. We show that accumulated forest loss since 2000 warmed and dried the lower atmosphere, which reduced moisture recycling and resulted in increased drought extent and severity, and subsequent fire. Extremely dry and wet events accompanied with hot days have been more frequent in Amazonia due to climate shift and forest loss. Simultaneously, intensified water vapor transport from the tropical Pacific and Atlantic increased high‐altitude atmospheric humidity and heavy rainfall events, but those events did not alleviate severe and long‐lasting droughts. Amazonia fire risk is most significant in the southeastern region where tropical savannas undergo long seasonally dry periods. We also find that fires have been expanding through the wet–dry transition season and northward to savanna–forest transition and tropical seasonal forest regions in response to increased forest loss at the “Arc of Deforestation.” Tropical forests, which have adapted to historically moist conditions, are less resilient and easily tip into an alternative state. Our results imply forest conservation and fire protection options to reduce the stress from positive feedback between forest loss, climate change, and fire.