bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Female Authorship in High Impact Surgical Journals Between 2008 and 2018
Authors: Hart Kamber L. , Boitano Laura T. , Tanious Adam , Conrad Mark F. , Eagleton Matthew J. , Lillemoe Keith D. , Perlis Roy H. , Srivastava Sunita D. 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
This study evaluates the distribution of authorship by sex over the last 10 years among the top 25 surgical journals.

Summary of Background Data:
Despite an increase in women entering surgical residency, there remains a sex disparity in surgical leadership. Scholarly activity is the foundation for academic promotion. However, few studies have evaluated productivity by sex in surgical literature.

Methods:
Original research in the 25 highest-impact general surgery/subspecialty journals were included (1/2008–5/2018). Journals with <70% identified author sex were excluded. Articles were categorized by sex of first, last, and overall authorship. We examined changes in proportions of female first, last, and overall authorship over time, and analyzed the correlation between these measurements and journal impact factor.

Results:
There were 71,867 articles from 19 journals included. Sex was successfully predicted for 87.3% of authors (79.1%–92.5%). There were significant increases in the overall percentage of female authors (β = 0.55, P < 0.001), female first authors (β = 0.97, P < 0.001), and female last authors (β = 0.53, P < 0.001) over the study period. Notably, all cardiothoracic subspecialty journals did not significantly increase the proportion of female last authors over the study period. There were no correlations between journal impact factor and percentage of overall female authors (r

s
= 0.39, P = 0.09), female first authors (r

s
= 0.29, P = 0.22), or female last author (r

s
= 0.35, P = 0.13).

Conclusions:
This study identifies continued but slow improvement in female authorship of high-impact surgical journals during the contemporary era. However, the improvement was more apparent in the first compared to senior author positions.
Injuries associated with electronic nicotine delivery systems: A systematic review
Authors: Vyncke Tom , De Wolf Edward , Hoeksema Henk , Verbelen Jozef , De Coninck Petra , Buncamper Marlon , Monstrey Stan , Claes Karel E.Y. 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND
Since its introduction on the market in 2007, the number of reports on injuries caused by the overheating, ignition, or explosion of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) has increased significantly. These injuries appear to have different causes, the most important one being lithium-ion battery overheating to the point of ignition or explosion.

METHODS
A literature search for all relevant studies concerning ENDS-related traumatic injuries of all kinds was conducted, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses protocol. The search started with the first introduction of ENDSs in 2007 and ended February 2020. Articles included were reports on patients who sustained flame, chemical, or traumatic injuries of the skin, soft tissue, and/or bone, related to the use of ENDSs.

RESULTS
This systematic review includes 180 patients from 41 case series and reports, published between 2016 and 2020. The mean age was 30.8 years (range, 17–59 years) with an overall male predominance (168 of 180 patients, 93%). In most injuries, multiple anatomical sites were affected, with the thigh/lower limb being the most commonly injured area (77%) followed by the upper limb/hand (43%). Eighty-two patients (51%) required a surgical treatment, 70 patients (43%) were managed conservatively with dressings or ointments, and 9 patients (6%) underwent enzymatic debridement. Thirty-five percent of all patients underwent skin grafting.

CONCLUSION
Injuries from overheating, ignition, or explosion of ENDSs are an emerging, underreported, and underresearched issue. There is a need for increased regulation of ENDSs and improved surveillance of related injuries. Both health care providers and consumers should be made aware of the risks and be advised about how to safely handle these devices. In contrast to other articles, this systematic review includes all types of injuries related to ENDS overheating, ignition, and explosion. To our knowledge, this is the most extensive systematic review performed to date.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Review article, level III.
Save it—don’t waste it! Maximizing utilization of erythrocytes from previously stored whole blood
Authors: Pulliam Kasiemobi E. , Joseph Bernadin , Veile Rosalie A. , Friend Lou Ann , Makley Amy T. , Caldwell Charles C. , Lentsch Alex B. , Goodman Michael D. , Pritts Timothy A. 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUNDRecent military and civilian experience suggests that fresh whole blood may be the preferred for treatment of hemorrhagic shock, but its use is limited by its 21-day shelf life. The red blood cell storage lesion and coagulation status of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) salvaged from expired whole blood are unknown. We hypothesized that pRBCs can be salvaged from previously stored whole blood.METHODSCold stored, low-titer, O-positive, nonleukoreduced, whole blood units were obtained at 21 days of storage. Erythrocytes were separated by centrifugation, resuspended in AS-3, and stored for 21 additional days as salvaged pRBCs. The red blood cell storage lesion parameters of microvesicles, Band-3, free hemoglobin, annexin V, and erythrocyte osmotic fragility were measured and compared with pRBCs prepared at the time of donation and stored in AS-3 for 42 days (standard pRBCs). In additional experiments, murine pRBCs were prepared from expired whole blood units and compared with those stored under standard conditions. Mice underwent hemorrhage and resuscitation with standard and salvaged pRBC units, and serum cytokines and free hemoglobin were determined.RESULTSThere were no significant differences in microvesicle formation or cell-free hemoglobin concentration between salvaged and standard pRBCs. There was decreased Band-3 and increased phosphatidylserine in the salvaged units as well as greater osmotic fragility. Salvaged pRBCs maintained consistent clot firmness. After hemorrhage and resuscitation in a murine model, salvaged pRBCs did not demonstrate increased serum cytokine levels.CONCLUSIONSalvaged pRBCs from previously stored whole blood accumulate the red blood cell storage lesion in a similar fashion to standard pRBCs and maintain consistent coagulability when reconstituted with plasma. Salvaged pRBCs are not associated with an increased inflammatory response when used for resuscitation in a murine model. Salvaged pRBCs may be a viable product for utilization in the treatment of traumatic hemorrhagic shock.
Contemporary management of traumatic cervical and thoracic esophageal perforation: The results of an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional study
Authors: Raff Lauren A. , Schinnerer Eric A. , Maine Rebecca G. , Jansen Jan , Noorbakhsh Matthew R. , Spigel Zachary , Campion Eric , Coleman Julia , Saquib Syed , Carroll Joseph T. , Jacobson Lewis E. , Williams Jamie , Young Andrew Joseph , Pascual Jose , Burruss Sigrid , Gordon Darnell , Robinson Bryce R.H. , Nahmias Jeffry , Kutcher Matthew E. , Bugaev Nikolay , Jeyamurugan Kokila , Bosarge Patrick 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND
Traumatic esophageal perforation is rare and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is substantial variability in diagnosis and treatment. Esophageal stents have been increasingly used for nontraumatic perforation; however, stenting for traumatic perforation is not yet standard of care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate current management of traumatic esophageal perforation to assess the frequency of and complications associated with esophageal stenting.

METHODS
This was an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multi-institutional retrospective study from 2011 to 2016 of patients with traumatic cervical or thoracic esophageal injury admitted to one of 11 participating trauma centers. Data were collected and sent to a single institution where it was analyzed. Patient demographics, injury characteristics, initial management, complications, and patient mortality were collected. Primary outcome was mortality; secondary outcomes were initial treatment, esophageal leak, and associated complications.

RESULTS
Fifty-one patients were analyzed. Esophageal injuries were cervical in 69% and thoracic in 31%. Most patients were initially managed with operative primary repair (61%), followed by no intervention (19%), esophageal stenting (10%), and wide local drainage (10%). Compared with patients who underwent operative primary repair, patients managed with esophageal stenting had an increased rate of esophageal leak (22.6% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.02). Complication rates were higher in blunt compared with penetrating mechanisms (100% vs. 31.8%, p = 0.03) despite similar Injury Severity Score and neck/chest/abdomen Abbreviated Injury Scale. Overall mortality was 9.8% and did not vary based on location of injury, mechanism of injury, or initial management.

CONCLUSION
Most patients with traumatic esophageal injuries still undergo operative primary repair; this is associated with lower rates of postoperative leaks as compared with esophageal stenting. Patients who have traumatic esophageal injury may be best managed by direct repair and not esophageal stenting, although further study is needed.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic, level IV.
Prehospital end-tidal carbon dioxide predicts massive transfusion and death following trauma
Authors: Campion Eric M. , Cralley Alexis , Robinson Caitlin , Sauaia Angela , Pieracci Fredric M. , Lawless Ryan A. , Platnick Barry , Robinson James , Edwards David , McVaney Kevin , Moore Ernest E. , Cohen Mitchell J. , Coleman Jamie J. , Fox Charles , Burlew Clay Cothren 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND
The lack of an accurate marker of prehospital hemorrhagic shock limits our ability to triage patients to the correct level of care, delays treatment in the emergency department, and inhibits our ability to perform prehospital interventional research in trauma. End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) is the measurement of alveolar carbon dioxide concentration at end expiration and is measured noninvasively in the ventilator circuit for intubated patients in continuous manner. Several hospital-based studies have been able to demonstrate that either low or decreasing levels of ETCO2 as well as disparities between ETCO2 and plasma carbon dioxide correlate with increasing mortality in trauma. We hypothesized that prehospital ETCO2 values will be predictive of mortality and need for massive transfusion following injury.

METHODS
This is a single-center retrospective study from an urban level 1 trauma center. We reviewed all intubated adult patients transported for injury who had prehospital ETCO2 values available. Unadjusted comparisons of continuous variables were done with the Wilcoxon two-sample test. The predictive performance of prehospital ETCO2, the prehospital shock index, and prehospital systolic blood pressure were assessed and compared using areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves. Optimal cutoffs were estimated by maximizing the Youden index. Massive transfusion was defined as >10 U of blood or death in 24 hours.

RESULTS
A total of 173 patients were identified with prehospital ETCO2 values during the 2-year study period. Population was 78.5% male with a median age of 37.5 years (interquartile range, 23.5–53.5 years). Injury mechanism was penetrating in 22.8%. This cohort had a median Injury Severity Score of 26 (interquartile range, 17–36), massive transfusion rate of 34.7%, and mortality of 42.1%. In the evaluation of prediction of postinjury mortality and massive transfusion, ETCO2 outperformed systolic blood pressure and shock index, but these differences did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSION
End-tidal carbon dioxide is a novel prehospital predictor of mortality and massive transfusion after injury.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic/Epidemiologic, level III.
Multicolor Imaging for the Detection of Inner Nuclear Layer Microcysts Secondary to Optic Nerve Atrophy
Authors: Jimenez-Rolando Belen , Carreño Ester , Alonso-Peralta Miguel A. , Lopez-Molina Maria I. , Fernandez-Sanz Guillermo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract:
Inner nuclear layer (INL) microcysts have been reported in diseases affecting the optic nerve. The new ocular imaging techniques detect minimal structural alterations at the macula and correlate these findings to different etiologies with less invasive procedures. The relationship between ganglion cells distribution at the macula and chiasmal nerve fibers enables the diagnosis and location of neurological lesions by new generation optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging devices. We report the evaluation of a patient with a history of optic nerve trauma and macular INL microcysts with multicolor SD-OCT technology that shows a pattern that localizes the lesion to the left optic nerve and proximal segment of the chiasm.
Papilledema Secondary to Neurologic Lyme Borreliosis: A Meta-Case Series
Authors: Vaysbrot Elizaveta E. , Bannuru Raveendhara R. , Christopher Mia-Cara , Osani Mikala C. , Halperin John J. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Papilledema can be a manifestation of neurologic Lyme borreliosis (LB). The clinical manifestations and progression of these cases have not been comprehensively documented to date. We aimed to describe clinical and diagnostic features and to assess patient outcomes in cases of papilledema secondary to neurologic LB.

Methods:
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database from inception to August 2019. We did not restrict our search by study design or by publication date, status, or language.

Results:
Twenty-eight studies describing 46 cases of papilledema secondary to neurologic LB were included. Common clinical features included cranial neuropathy (68%) and diplopia (61%). Most patients did not recall tick bite (71%) and were afebrile (74%). Brain imaging was normal in 64% cases. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis (77%). Initial treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone was given in 52% of cases and resulted in a 100% resolution rate. Concomitant treatment with acetazolamide resulted in favorable outcomes.

Conclusions:
For patients in endemic regions who describe symptoms suggestive of intracranial hypertension and papilledema, especially accompanied by facial nerve palsy and other cranial nerve palsies, underlying neurologic LB should be considered.
Absence of Decussation in Optic Pathway Inflammation in Neuromyelitis Optica and Its Implications for Astrocyte Localization
Authors: Harvey Joshua P. , Hart Jonathan , Palace Jacqueline , O'Sullivan Eoin P. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract:
A 39-year-old woman presented with acute visual loss in her right eye. Brain and orbit MRI demonstrated T2 hyperintensity along a long section of her right optic nerve, chiasm, and tract with no evidence of decussation of the inflammation. Subsequent seropositivity for the aquaporin 4 antibody confirmed a diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica. Posterior pathway involvement is typical in neuromyelitis optica and supports the hypothesis that the condition is an astrocytopathy. Furthermore, the absence of decussation in the condition may be a function of astrocyte localization within the chiasm.
The Value of Macular Optical Coherence Tomography in Watchful Waiting of Suprasellar Masses: A 2-Year Observational Study
Authors: Jørstad Øystein Kalsnes , Wigers Andreas Reidar , Marthinsen Pål Bache , Evang Johan Arild , Moe Morten Carstens 
Published: June 2020

Background:
A possible benefit of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the approach to tumors involving the optic chiasm may be the ability to foresee visual deterioration. This study investigated the value of OCT in watchful waiting for compressive optic neuropathy as the primary management of suprasellar masses.

Methods:
The research was conducted as a 2-year observational study of a patient cohort with conservatively managed mass lesions involving the optic chiasm on MRI. Threshold perimetry and macular OCT were performed at baseline and each follow-up examination. Univariate Cox regression was used to determine the effect of baseline and longitudinal covariates upon development of visual field (VF) loss compatible with chiasmal dysfunction.

Results:
Nineteen eyes of 19 patients were included. The optic chiasm–tumor relationship on baseline MRI was abutment in 6 cases and compression in 13 cases. Seven eyes developed VF loss. None of the baseline covariates were predictors of VF loss. The longitudinal decrease in mean macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) thickness on OCT was 2.5 μm/yr for eyes that developed VF loss and 0.2 μm/yr for eyes that did not develop VF loss (P = 0.02). The hazard ratio for VF loss per 1-μm/yr decrease in mGCC thickness was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.62; P = 0.02) for the inferior nasal quadrant and 1.45 (95% CI 1.02–2.07; P = 0.04) for the inferior temporal quadrant.

Conclusions:
OCT offers a valuable complement to perimetry in monitoring for compressive optic neuropathy. Longitudinal mGCC thinning can anticipate VF loss.
Follow-up of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy With Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Aghsaei Fard Masoud , Ghahvechian Hossein , Subramanian Prem S. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Peripapillary and macular microvasculature alterations after nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) have been investigated in several studies. We aimed to explore the vascular changes from acute NAION (aNAION) to chronic NAION (cNAION).

Methods:
This prospective observational study composed of 16 eyes with aNAION and 40 healthy age-matched controls. Eyes with NAION were followed up for more than 6 months after acute event. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to evaluate peripapillary and macular vessel densities (VDs). The customized software was used for calculating deep retinal VD to attenuate the large superficial vessel projection effect.

Result:
The mean age of patients with NAION and controls was 56.13 ± 13.2 and 54.46 ± 15.5 years, respectively (P = 0.195). Radial peripapillary capillary density was significantly lower in both eyes with aNAION and eyes with cNAION than healthy eyes. Peripapillary capillary density decreased significantly from the acute to the chronic phase of NAION with values of 41.77 ± 4.05% and 34.35 ± 7.30%, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean superficial macular VD was 46.83 ± 3.47% in aNAION and 44.49 ± 4.50% in cNAION eyes with no significant difference between them (P = 0.252), but both were lower than control eyes. Deep macular VD was not affected in aNAION and cNAION eyes compared with control eyes. Correlation analysis in eyes with cNAION revealed that there were significant correlations between peripapillary nerve fiber layer and the capillary density (r = 0.772, P < 0.001) and between ganglion cell complex thickness and corresponding superficial macular VD.

Conclusions:
Although a decrease in peripapillary capillary density in aNAION eyes with active disc edema progressed when evaluated in the cNAION state, progressive VD loss was not observed in the macular area, suggesting a nonprogressive nature of macular vessel involvement in NAION.
Abnormal Vestibular–Ocular Reflexes in Children With Cortical Visual Impairment
Authors: Mansukhani Sasha A. , Ho Mai-Lan , Brodsky Michael C. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
To determine whether the vestibular–ocular reflexes (VORs) can be affected by central nervous system injury in children with cortical visual impairment (CVI).

Methods:
Retrospective case series. Twenty consecutive children with CVI who presented to a pediatric ophthalmology practice over an 18-month period were included in the study. Horizontal and vertical VORs were assessed by a pediatric neuro-ophthalmologist using the standard doll's head maneuver. MRI studies were independently reviewed by a pediatric neuroradiologist in a masked fashion. The main outcome measures were the integrity of the VORs and the presence of brainstem abnormalities on MRI.

Results:
VORs were found to be absent or severely impaired in 13/20 (65%) children with CVI. More surprisingly, the doll's head maneuver failed to substantially overcome the deviated eye position in 8/13 (62%) children with conjugate gaze deviations. Reduced brainstem size and signal abnormalities were found in 4/7 children with normal VORs and in 9/13 children with abnormal VORs (P = 0.6), showing noncorrelation with the integrity of the VOR.

Conclusion:
VORs are commonly impaired in children with CVI. This ocular motor deficit reflects the diffuse cortical and subcortical injury that often accompanies perinatal injury to the developing brain. Consequently, these children may lack important visual compensatory mechanisms to stabilize gaze during head movements. This knowledge can help in planning visual rehabilitation.
Neuro-Ophthalmic Features of Autoimmune Encephalitides
Authors: Bohm Parker E. , Chen John J. , Bhatti Tariq M. , Eggenberger Eric R. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Over the past decade, there has been a remarkable advancement in the understanding of autoimmune etiologies of encephalitis. The first identified generation of paraneoplastic encephalitis tends to occur in older populations, responds poorly to immunotherapy, and is mediated by T-cell damage with antibodies directed toward intracellular antigens. A new generation of autoimmune encephalitides has been described, which are mediated by antibodies to cell-surface proteins, tend to occur in younger individuals, are less frequently associated with malignancy, and often respond better to treatment compared to their intracellular antigen-related paraneoplastic counterparts. This review will focus on several specific antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitides with neuro-ophthalmic pertinence.

Evidence Acquisition:
Literature review and personal clinical experience.

Results:
Several of the antibody-mediated encephalitides, specifically N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6, glial fibrillary acidic protein, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), collapsing response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5), and kelch-like protein 11 (KLHL11), contain features of neuro-ophthalmic interest.

Conclusions:
The novel cell-surface protein-directed autoimmune encephalitis group can present with a wide range of afferent and efferent neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. Neuro-ophthalmologists should be familiar with these antibody-associated syndromes, which are treatable and often require a high index of suspicion for diagnosis.