bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical coherence tomography image denoising using a generative adversarial network with speckle modulation
Authors: Dong Zhao , Liu Guoyan , Ni Guangming , Jerwick Jason , Duan Lian , Zhou Chao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used for biomedical imaging and clinical diagnosis. However, speckle noise is a key factor affecting OCT image quality. Here, we developed a custom generative adversarial network (GAN) to denoise OCT images. A speckle‐modulating OCT (SM‐OCT) was built to generate low speckle images to be used as the ground truth. In total, 210 000 SM‐OCT images were used for training and validating the neural network model, which we call SM‐GAN. The performance of the SM‐GAN method was further demonstrated using online benchmark retinal images, 3D OCT images acquired from human fingers and OCT videos of a beating fruit fly heart. The denoise performance of the SM‐GAN model was compared to traditional OCT denoising methods and other state‐of‐the‐art deep learning based denoise networks. We conclude that the SM‐GAN model presented here can effectively reduce speckle noise in OCT images and videos while maintaining spatial and temporal resolutions.
Bone Mineral Density, Body Composition, and Mineral Homeostasis Over 24 Months in Urban South African Women With HIV Exposed to Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Hamill Matthew M , Pettifor John M , Ward Kate A , Norris Shane A , Prentice Ann 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus‐ (HIV‐) infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure are associated with bone loss. African data are limited despite the region's HIV burden. Of 247 ART‐naïve, premenopausal, urban, black African women aged 33.9 ± 6.6 years from Soweto, South Africa, measured at baseline, 110 underwent anthropometry, DXA, and blood and urine collections at 12 and 24 months; 39 were HIV‐negative (Nref), 28 were people with HIV (PWH) not ART‐exposed for the duration of the study (ART‐N), and 43 were PWH who were ART‐exposed within the first 12 months (ART‐Y). At baseline, the ART‐Y group had lower BMI and fat mass than the Nref group. Within 12 months of ART initiation, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) had decreased at the lumbar spine and at the whole body less head, despite increased weight, and hip aBMD had not increased in line with the Nref group. There was no evidence of further bone changes between 12 and 24 months. By 24 months, the ART‐Y women had gained weight and fat mass, but remained lighter with less fat than the Nref women. ART initiation normalized the low serum albumin of the ART‐Y group at baseline, but was associated with elevated bone turnover markers at 12 and 24 months. Vitamin D status and renal phosphate handling were normal. ART‐N had similar aBMD and other characteristics to the Nref group throughout, except unlike the Nref group, weight and fat mass did not increase and serum albumin decreased. This study in African women of childbearing age demonstrated that the bone loss that had occurred in these PWH after ART initiation did not continue after 12 months and that bone loss did not occur in ART‐unexposed PWH over 2 years. At 24 months, despite gains in weight and fat mass, ART‐exposed women remained lighter, with lower aBMD, fat mass, and higher bone turnover than women without HIV. More studies are required to establish if the bone loss and fat gain reverse, stabilize, or continue with further ART exposure, particularly during and after menopause. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Community and well‐being: A qualitative study of how youth experiencing homelessness define community and its relations to their well‐being
Authors: Stewart Katricia , Townley Greg 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPrior research with youth experiencing homelessness suggests that community experiences can play an important role in their resilience and well‐being. This literature suggests that a sense of community (SOC) and social support may be two key interpersonal factors related to the well‐being of this population. However, quantitative research exploring these relationships has resulted in inconsistent findings, which may be due to a lack of understanding regarding youth's definitions of and experiences with community. This study utilized semistructured qualitative interviews with 24 youth experiencing homelessness to explore their definitions of community, how it is important to them, what communities they are a part of, and how these communities contribute to their well‐being. Overall, findings suggest that (a) youth generally define community in ways that align with current theory on SOC, (b) youth view community as important, and (c) their experiences within community settings promote their overall well‐being in various ways. However, the findings also suggest that community is not always a positive experience for these youth. This study has implications for how to promote the well‐being of youth experiencing homelessness, as well as how SOC and social support may relate to the well‐being of this population.
IFN‐γ/mTORC1 decreased Rab11 in Schwann cells of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, inhibiting cell proliferation via GLUT1 downregulation
Authors: Du Wei , Zhao Song , Gao Fan , Wei Mengyu , An Jiahui , Jia Keqi , Li Fan , Zhu Lin , Hao Jun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus. Rab11 is conserved gene‐regulating vesicle traffic and reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by affecting insulin sensitivity. We aimed to investigate the role of Rab11 in the pathogenesis of DPN. In this study, Rab11 expression decreased in the sciatic nerves of diabetic mice with impaired conduction function versus those of normal mice. In vitro experiment revealed interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), not high glucose and interleukin 1β was the main factor to lead to Rab11 downregulation in RSC96 cells. Again, both Rab11 knockdown and IFN‐γ treatment caused cell viability inhibition and the decrease in BrdU‐positive cells. In contrast, overexpression of Rab11 reversed IFN‐γ‐reduced cell proliferation. Furthermore, mTORC1 not mTORC2 was proven to be suppressed by IFN‐γ treatment in RSC96 cells, indicated in decreased phospho‐p70S6K. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway resulted in Rab11 expression downregulation in RSC96 cells. Activation of the mTORC1 pathway effectively prevented IFN‐γ‐reduced Rab11 expression in RSC96 cells. Also, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) was found to be downregulated in RSC96 cells with Rab11 silence and overexpression of GLUT1 reversed Rab11 blocking‐caused proliferation inhibition. Taken together, our findings suggest that IFN‐γ decreases Rab11 expression via the inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, causing reduced cell proliferation in Schwann cells of DPN by GLUT1 downregulation.
ROCK‐TAZ signaling axis regulates mechanical tension‐induced osteogenic differentiation of rat cranial sagittal suture mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Li Wenlei , Zhao Jing , Wang Jialu , Sun Lian , Xu Haiyang , Sun Wen , Pan Yongchu , Wang Hua , Zhang Wei‐Bing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMechanical force across sutures is able to promote suture osteogenesis. Orthodontic clinics often use this biological characteristic of sutures to treat congenital cranio‐maxillofacial malformations. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain poorly understood. Craniofacial sutures provide a special growth source and support primary sites of osteogenesis. Here, we isolated rat sagittal suture cells (rSAGs), which had mesenchymal stem cell characteristics and differentiating abilities. Cells were then subjected to mechanical tension (5% elongation, 0.5 Hz; sinusoidal waveforms) showing that mechanical tension could enhance osteogenic differentiation but hardly affect proliferation of rSAGs. Besides, mechanical tension could increase Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK) expression and enhance transcriptional coactivator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ) nuclear translocation. Inhibiting ROCK expression could suppress tension‐induced osteogenesis and block tension‐induced upregulation of nuclear TAZ. In addition, our results indicated that TAZ had direct combination sites with runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in rSAGs, and knock‐downed TAZ simultaneously decreased the expression of Runx2 no matter with or without mechanical tension. In summary, our findings demonstrated that the multipotency of rSAGs in vitro could give rise to early osteogenic differentiation under mechanical tension, which was mediated by ROCK‐TAZ signal axis.
Morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla in a parasitoid fly, Gymnosoma rotundatum (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Roh Gwang H. , Lee Yeon J. , Park Chung G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMorphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of the parasitoid fly Gymnosoma rotundatum (Diptera: Tachinidae) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The overall length and shape were not different between males and females from each other. Three basic types of sensilla (sensilla basiconica, s. chaetica, and s. coeloconica) were identified from both sexes, but with variations in numbers and distribution along the antennae. The s. basiconica and s. chaetica could be divided further into subtypes; s. basiconica into three subtypes and s. chaetica into two subtypes. All the basiconica subtypes 1, 2, and 3 were multiporous, indicating that their primary function was olfactory. The sensilla basiconica was most abundant on the antennae of both sexes. The abundance of s. basiconica subtype 1 was different, but other subtypes 2 and 3 were similar between males and females. There was no pore on the cuticular surface of the s. chaetica and s. coeloconica, suggesting that they are likely to be a mechanosensory or a thermohygroreceptory function. The abundance of the two sensillum types was similar between males and females. The morphological information obtained in our study provides a basis for future investigations into the sensory physiological function, and associated behaviors, of each type of sensilla in this parasitoid fly.
Evolution of cellular stress response mechanisms
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe cellular stress response (CSR) is pervasive to all domains of life. It has shaped the interaction between organisms and their environment since the origin of the first cell. Although the CSR has been subject to a myriad of nuanced modifications in the various branches of life present today, its core features remain preserved. The scientific literature covering the CSR is enormous and the broad scope of this brief overview was challenging. However, it is critical to conceptually understand how cells respond to stress in a holistic sense and to point out how fundamental aspects of the CSR framework are integrated. It was necessary to be extremely selective and not feasible to even mention many interesting and important developments in this expansive field. The purpose of this overview is to sketch out general and emerging CSR concepts with an emphasis on the initial cellular strain resulting from stress (macromolecular damage) and the evolutionarily most highly conserved elements of the CSR. Examples emphasize fish and aquatic invertebrates to highlight what is known in organisms beyond mammals, yeast, and other common models. Nonetheless, select pioneering studies using canonical models are also considered and the concepts discussed are applicable to all cells. More detail on important aspects of the CSR in aquatic animals is provided in the accompanying articles of this special issue.
Family storytelling about hereditary cancer: Framing shared understandings of risk
Authors: Campbell‐Salome Gemme , Rauscher Emily A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFamily communication about the family's health history (FHH) is an important step in alerting individuals to their hereditary disease risks and facilitating prevention. Individuals often communicate about the FHH of hereditary cancer as a story, which highlights the importance of analyzing family narratives of hereditary cancer to better understand their relation to psychological and physical well‐being. This study investigates the content of family stories by examining how narrative tone and framing relate to coping, perceptions of risk, and medical decision‐making. The current study recruited 42 family dyads with a prevalent FHH of hereditary cancer to participate in dyadic phone interviews to jointly tell their family narrative of hereditary cancer. Using an iterative analysis, findings examine how families create a shared understanding of FHH and hereditary risk. Narrative tone reflects participants' psychological well‐being and contributed to the way families framed their experiences. Common frames to family narratives of hereditary cancer included empowerment, adversity, laissez faire, and discrepant. Each frame gave insight into how families were coping, their perceptions of risk, and how they make medical decisions to manage those risks. Developing a better understanding of how families communicate about their hereditary cancer risks can aid in designing clinical interventions to help families re‐frame their stories to promote improved health outcomes.
Efficient reactions for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine and pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives from N‐methyl‐1‐(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethen‐1‐amine
Authors: Ji Yifan , Li Li , Zhu Guangzhou , Zhou Ya , Lu Xinchi , He Wenjing , Gao Lijiu , Rong Liangce 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe efficient and novel method for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine and pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives from the multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes (isatins), N‐methyl‐1‐(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethen‐1‐amine, and 3‐aminopyrazole or methyl 3‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrazole‐5‐carboxylate under normal laboratory conditions was reported in this research. The advantages of this research are wide range of substrates, high yields, and simple operation.
Climatological seasonal changes of wind and rainfall in the Philippines
Authors: Matsumoto Jun , Olaguera Lyndon Mark P. , Nguyen‐Le Dzung , Kubota Hisayuki , Villafuerte Marcelino Q. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractClimatological seasonal changes of rainfall and lower tropospheric circulation in and around the Philippines are analysed by utilizing the TRMM 3B42 to obtain the 5‐day mean rainfall and ERA‐Interim wind data for the period 1998–2013. In particular, climatological onset and withdrawal processes of the southwest (SW) and northeast (NE) monsoon are investigated. It is found that the onset of the SW monsoon occurs abruptly in mid‐May almost simultaneously over the Philippines except in the southern region. The start of the SW monsoon in the Philippines occurs earlier in the north than in the south. In addition, a climatological increase in rainfall on the west coast precedes the SW monsoon arrival by approximately two pentads, due to tropical cyclone influences in some years. After the SW monsoon onset, the monsoon trough is located over the southern Philippines. In mid‐June, the monsoon trough begins to deepen, and migrates northward to the central Philippines, and easterly winds intrude shortly to the northern Philippines. Then, the entire Philippines is covered by the summer monsoon westerly in early July, which is followed by the rainfall peak over the west coast region occurring in early August. The SW monsoon begins to retreat from the north in mid‐September, and fully retreats from the Philippines rather suddenly in late September. In general, the rainfall amount in the west coastal region remains high for approximately 2 months after this wind reversal, showing relatively larger post monsoon rainfall due mainly to tropical cyclone effects. During the NE monsoon season, the rainfall centre in the east coast is located in the northern and central region until mid‐December. Afterwards it is anchored in the southern region from late December to mid‐March, indicating the fully established NE monsoon season.
Multiple possibilities for future precipitation changes in Asia under the Paris Agreement
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Wang Fang , Tokarska Katarzyna B. , Yang Zongliang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFuture precipitation changes impact the availability of water resources and related flood and drought events. Recent studies have focused on the variations in precipitation based on the Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios, which do not reflect the current mitigation commitments of the Paris Agreement to stabilize the global mean temperature below the 2.0°C threshold. This paper analyzes the Asian precipitation response to emissions scenarios from warming. This response is a result of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) pledges (as of August 2018), which would satisfy the Paris Agreement target over the next few decades. Our results demonstrate that by the end of 21st century, mean precipitation in Asia will increase by 12.9% (11.7–14.7%) for a delayed action (No‐policy) scenario, 8.0% (6.7–8.8%) for a continued mitigation action (continued INDC‐pledge) scenario, and 2.4% (1.9–3.5%) and 4.4% (3.7–5.4%) for scenarios that stabilize the global mean temperature at the 1.5 and 2.0°C levels, respectively. The spatial heterogeneity of precipitation changes, however, reflects the complexity of precipitation responses in future climate projections. Furthermore, heavy rainfall events will become stronger as warming increases; however, the trend of dry spell events varies depending on the region. Considering the impacts of precipitation‐related extremes, we determined that the projected population exposure to heavy rainfall and dry spell events will significantly increase in most Asian regions. Limiting warming to lower levels (such as 1.5 or 2.0°C) would reduce the population exposure to heavy rainfall, thereby avoiding impacts associated with precipitation extremes. These results contribute to an improved understanding of the risks related to future climate extremes. Such information is crucial for planning mitigation and adaptation activities in Asia, which is home to nearly 60% of the global population.
Polarized Raman spectra of hematite and assignment of external modes
Authors: Marshall Craig P. , Dufresne William J.B. , Rufledt Carson J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNotwithstanding the significant practical importance of hematite, α‐Fe2O3, the complete assignment and understanding of the Raman spectrum acquired on this crystalline solid are uncertain. Above all, only one of the two external Eg phonons arising from the Γ point has been resolved and hence assigned. It is well known that the Eg mode at 294 cm−1 has been attributed to one of the two external phonons arising from the Γ point. To this end, we have undertaken studies to examine the polarized Raman scattering on a pure single crystal to gain a better understanding and assignment of phonons arising from the Γ point in the Raman spectrum of hematite. Here, we resolve and assign the previously unidentified external Eg phonon at 245 cm−1 and, additionally, confirm that the band at 294 cm−1 is an external Eg phonon, in the first‐order Raman spectrum of hematite. Further, our polarized Raman spectra display interesting polarization behavior of the 2LO mode at 1320 cm−1, where this band is only Raman active in ei||es polarization configurations.
Brazilian consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of extremities soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Spencer Ranyell M. S. S. B. , de Camargo Veridiana P. , Silva Maria L. G. , Pinto Fabio F. E. , Costa Felipe D'Almeida , Cequeira Wagner S. , Munhoz Rodrigo R. , Mello Celso A. , Schmerling Rafael A. , Filho Waldec J. D. , Coelho Tharcisio M. , Ambrosio Alexandre V. A. , Leite Elton T. T. , Hanna Samir A. , Nakagawa Sueli A. , Baptista Andre M. , Pinheiro Rodrigo N. , de Oliveira Jadivan L. , de Araújo Marcelo Sá , de Araujo Raphael L. C. , Laporte Gustavo A. , de Almeida Quadros Claudio , de Oliveira Alexandre F. , Lopes Ademar 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionSoft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare tumors and constitute only 1% of all tumors in adults. Indeed, due to their rarity, most cases in Brazil are not treated according to primary international guidelines.MethodsThis consensus addresses the treatment of STSs in the extremities. It was made by workgroups from Brazilian Societies of Surgical Oncology, Orthopaedics, Clinical Oncology, Pathology, Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, and Radiation Oncology. The workgroups based their arguments on the best level of evidence in the literature and recommendations were made according to diagnosis, staging, and treatment of STSs. A meeting was held with all the invited experts and the topics were presented individually with the definition of the degree of recommendation, based on the levels of evidence in the literature.ResultsRisk factors and epidemiology were described as well as the pathological aspects and imaging. All recommendations are described with the degree of recommendation and levels of evidence.ConclusionRecommendations based on the best literature regional aspects were made to guide professionals who treat STS. Separate consensus on specific treatments for retroperitoneal, visceral, trunk, head and neck sarcomas, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor, are not contemplated into this consensus.
Distinct Influence of Saturated Fatty Acids on Malignant and Nonmalignant Human Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Reczyńska Katarzyna , Khanal Dipesh , Pielichowska Kinga , Pamuła Elżbieta , Chrzanowski Wojciech 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe impact of saturated fatty acids (FA) on viability and properties of malignant and nonmalignant cells has not been studied in detail so far. The present study was aimed at evaluation of the influence of saturated FA (10:0–18:0) on malignant (A459) and nonmalignant (BEAS‐2B) human lung epithelial cells. FA strongly affected A549 cells, but not BEAS‐2B cells. Viability of A549 cells incubated with 14:0–18:0 was decreased by 53–91% as compared to untreated cells. Cell membrane stiffness in those cells as measured by atomic force microscopy was also reduced. Median value of apparent Young's modulus of untreated A549 cell membrane was 16.9 kPa and it decreased to 8.9 kPa for cells incubated with 14:0. Viability and mechanical properties of BEAS‐2B cells were not altered by presence of FA. Those surprising discrepancies can be related to the differences in FA uptake rate. A549 cells were found to incorporate higher amount of FA and this corresponded to decrease in cell membrane stiffness and reduced cell viability. The performed studies showed that saturated FA have distinct influence on various types of cells, which may be exploited in development of the advanced lipid drug delivery systems.