bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Printing of Electrically Conductive Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials
Authors: Shah Shreyas , Shiblee MD Nahin Islam , Basher Samiul , Rahman Julkarnyne M. Habibur , Nagahara Larry A , Thundat Thomas , Sekhar Praveen K. , Kawakami Masaru , Furukawa Hidemitsu , Khosla Ajit 
Published: February 2020

We present preparation, characterization, and 3D printing of electrically conductive Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer. The electrically conducting ABS was prepared by doping carbon fibers (150μm in length, acquired from Nippon Graphite Corporation), at 200 ̊C by using a thermo-plasto mill, with different weight percentages (wt%) of carbon fibers in ABS polymer matrix. Electrical conductivity of samples with following weight percentages (10, 15, 25, 50 and 60 wt% carbon fibers in ABS polymer matrix) were measured using 4-point probe method [1, 2], with a result that percolation threshold occurs at 25wt%, as shown in Fig 1. SEM analysis (Fig. 2) shows uniform dispersion of carbon fibers in ABS polymer matrix, when compared to previously reported methods [3, 4]. Electrical conductivity of 1.013S/m is observed at 50 wt %. We employed melt extrusion technique in order to fabricate cylindrical filament with a diameter of 1.75 mm. A standard Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) type printer (Makerbot) was used to print the developed filament (Fig. 3). The developed ABS electrically conductive composite is being applied in applications, such as 3D printing of wires, circuits, sensors, resistors, heaters, robotics, MEMS and microfluidics devices.
References:

Khosla, A. (2011). Micropatternable multifunctional nanocomposite polymers for flexible soft MEMS applications(Doctoral dissertation, Applied Science: School of Engineering Science). http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12017

Khosla, A. (2012). Nanoparticle-doped electrically-conducting polymers for flexible nano-micro Systems. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 21(3-4), 67-70. doi: 10.1149/2.F04123-4if

Gray, B. L., & Khosla, A. (2010). Microfabrication and applications of nanoparticle doped conductive polymers. Nanoelectronics: Nanowires, Molecular Electronics, and Nanodevices, 227.

Khosla, A., & Gray, B. L. (2010, March). Fabrication of multiwalled carbon nanotube polydimethylsiloxne nanocomposite polymer flexible microelectrodes for microfluidics and MEMS. In Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7642, p. 76421V). doi: 10.1117/12.847292

Figure 1
Silicon Nanowire Based Sensors By Using Nickel-Oxide Membrane for Sarcosine Sensing
Authors: Roy Anisha , Maikap Siddheswar 
Published: February 2020

Now-a-days different kinds of bio-analytes sensing like creatinine [1], dopamine, uric acid [2], H2O2 [3] and so on using different methods like metal-insulator-metal structure, amperometric, cyclic voltammetry [2], colorimetric, capacitor-voltage [3] method has huge demand in bio-chemical industry. Sarcosine is also one type of bio-analyte that remains in human urine. Sreekumar et al. [4] have marked sarcosine as prostate cancer bio-marker. A lower range of 50 pM sarcosine is reported by Samanta et al. and Z. Heger et al. with GeOx and paramagnetic nanoparticles respectively [5-6]. In presence of sarcosine oxidase (SOx) enzyme, sarcosine produces formaldehyde (HCHO), glycine and H2O2 [5-6]. Sarcosine sensing is realized by detecting this product H2O2. We have detected sarcosine as a prostate cancer bio-marker by fabricating silicon nanowire based sensors in electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure (EIS). The silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are etched in chemical etching method (Fig. 1) as it has low cost, quick and easier process among the well known SiNWs growth processes like CVD, laser ablation, MBE [7], and so on. Etching was performed on n-type Si wafer in 0.02 M AgNO3 and 5 M aqueous HF solution. A 10-nm thick SiO2 layer was grown in thermal oxidation method and 300-nm thick back sides Al contact was performed by thermal evaporator. Then, a 2 nm-thick NiOx layer was deposited on it by RF sputtering. Finally, the device was patterned in photolithography and attached to printed circuit board. The SiNWs based sensors with NiOx layer show improvement in sensitivity (̴ 49 mV/pH), linearity (̴ 99.78%), drift (̴ 3.4 mV/hr) and hysteresis (̴ 3.4 mV) characteristics due to increase in surface sites. The NiOx sensing membrane shows novel nature on SiNWs as well as the chemically etched NWs are rough on surface. These results enhance the catalytic activity of the NiOx membrane. In practice planar SiO2 based sensors cannot show H2O2 sensing due to its stoichiometric structure. But the SiNWs sensor is capable of 1 nM H2O2 sensing because the Ni2+oxidation state changes to Ni3+. This sensor is also able to sense sarcosine as a prostate cancer biomarker. In presence of 25 units SOx it has detected 1 nM sarcosine with a higher shift towards negative direction (Fig. 2) because of NiOx work function changes. This novel sensor paves a way to detect prostate cancer at early state of a patient in near future.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan under contract number: 105-2221-E-182-002.

References

1) S. Roy et al., J. Alloys Comp., vol. 726, 2017, p. 30-40.
2) G. A. Tiget al., J. Appl.Electrochem., vol. 47, 2017, p. 607.
3) S. Chakrabarti et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 19, 2017, p. 25938-25948.
4) A. Sreekumar et al., Nature, vol. 457, 2009, p. 9810-8914.
5) S. Samanta et al., Sci. Rep., vol.7, 2017, p. 11240.
6) Z. Heger et al., Sci. Rep., vol. 5, 2015, p. 8868.
7) V. Schmidt et al., Adv. Mater., vol. 21, 2009, p. 2681-2702.

Figure 1
3D Printed Shape Memory Hydrogels for Soft Robotics
Authors: Shiblee MD Nahin Islam , Ahmed Kumkum , Khosla Ajit , Furukawa Hidemitsu 
Published: February 2020

Hydrogels possess three-dimensional polymeric networks and capable of absorbing large amounts of water or biological fluids. Due to their high water content, porosity and low friction they closely simulate natural living tissue. The properties of a polymer gel depend on the chemical structures of the component molecule and can be controlled or tuned by external stimuli such as heat, optics, solvent, and pH. Shape-memory gels (SMGs) are unique materials that have the ability to return from a temporary deformed state to their permanent i.e. original shape induced by an external stimulus like temperature change. Poly(dimethyl acrylamide-co-stearyl acrylate) (DMMA-co-SA)-based SMGs [1] show thermoresponsive shape memory behavior when temperature was raised above 40 °C. Although being a hydrogel they are mechanically very strong along with good flexibility and transparency. In this work, we applied stereolithographic (SLA) process to fabricate DMMA-co-SA SMGs using our customized 3D printer named as SWIM-ER. Using SWIM-ER we were able to print sample models like gel sheets and tubes of SMGs that were transparent, flexible and strong. However, printing of SMGs was not an easy task due a number of issues like sample polymerization inhibition, turbidity, swelling during printing and shape deformation. We critically maintained these conditions and resulted SMGs were compared with that of conventionally synthesized SMGs to find out the effect of printing on the mechanical and swelling properties. Finally, we analyzed the limitation and potential of 3D printing process and discussed a possible approach for application of 3D printed SMGs in soft actuators and sensors.
Reference:
[1] Amano, Y; Hidema, R; Gong, J; Furukawa, H. Chem Lett.,41, 1029-1031 (2012)
3D Printed Wearable Glucose Sensors
Authors: Song Yang , Nesaei Sepehr , Du Dan , Gozen Arda , Lin Yuehe 
Published: February 2020

School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
Wearable biosensor technology has attracted intensive research interests since it provides accurate monitoring of physiological samples for diagnosing, managing and treating disease and monitoring individual physical health without extracting blood sample. The most common detection technique depends on frequently correcting blood samples for measurement or continuous monitoring devices, which are expensive, painful and inconvenient. Thus, extensive efforts have been devoted to develop noninvasive sensors that rely on electrical and electrochemical techniques. Mechanical properties are important to wearable devices since they directly contact with human skin, which should need the Young’s modulus around 130–657 kPa [1, 2]. To meet this requirement, electrode materials should hold high viscosity at low-shear rates (103 to 105 Pa s) with shear thinning and viscoelastic behavior with high extensional relaxation times (>1 s), limiting their processing using common electrode fabrication technology. 3D printing technologies typically can process the materials with high concentration as well as high viscosity and shear-thinning behavior; utilize stretchable polymer composites with conductive compounds and have ability to construct complex, customized 3D geometries [3-4]. It can easily employ thin conductive films on stretchable substrates.
In our study, our micro additive manufacturing of wearable glucose/lactase biosensor shows the advantage over conventional methods, including: (1) feasible design of objects with higher levels of integrate enzyme/electrode co-production (layer by layer), and (2) appropriate for modifications due to fine resolution and significant materials saving. This will enable us to achieve high conductivity and physiochemical stability of electrode on flexible substrates as well as thinner, higher aspect ratio structures with ideal three-dimensional stacking. We found that the sensitivity of our wearable sensor was much higher than that of traditional printed biosensor (~ 3 folds) due to the extreme fine and less defected surface area printed by DIW technique, which resulting in uniform surface carbon nanoparticle distribution. Besides, our wearable sensors show excellent reproducibility and long-time stability.

Reference

(1) Guo S Z, Qiu K, Meng F, et al. 3D Printed Stretchable Tactile Sensors[J]. Advanced Materials, 2017.
(2) Muth J T, Vogt D M, Truby R L, et al. Embedded 3D printing of strain sensors within highly stretchable elastomers[J]. Advanced Materials, 2014, 26(36): 6307-6312.
(3) Nesaei S, Rock M, Wang Y, et al. Additive Manufacturing With Conductive, Viscoelastic Polymer Composites: Direct-Ink-Writing of Electrolytic and Anodic Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Composites[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 2017, 139(11): 111004.
(4) Truby R L, Lewis J A. Printing soft matter in three dimensions[J]. Nature, 2016, 540(7633): 371-378.
Smartphone Based Microanalytical Device for Immunoassay of 2,4-D Determination
Authors: Wang Yijia , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe 
Published: February 2020

Onsite rapid detection of herbicide and herbicide residuals in environmental and biological specimens is important for agriculture, environment, food safety, and health care.1-2 Traditional method for herbicide detection requires expensive laboratory equipment and a long turn-round time.3-5 In this work, we developed a single-stripe microtiter plate smartphone colorimetric device for rapid and low-cost in-field test (Figure). This portable smartphone platform is capable of screening 8 samples in a microplate single-stripe. The device was validated with good sensitivity. Reliable linear relationship for detection were obtained comparing with microplate reader. This optosensing device were put into practical application for 2,4-D detection. Different concentration of 2,4-D from 80 ng/mL to 1 ng/mL were detected by the smartphone device, good linear relationship was obtained. The detection limit is down to 1 ng/mL which is lower than ELIASA reader. For real ground water sample and blood sample, it gives a good recovery rate and good linear relationship. It validated that the smartphone optical sensing platform is eligible for onsite rapid and low-cost detection of herbicide in practical samples for environmental evaluation and biological monitoring.
Figure . (a) Three-dimensional structure of the smartphone based single stripe microplate reader. (b) Linear analysis of 2,4-D under the best experiment condition.
References：

McDuffie, H. H.; Pahwa, P.; McLaughlin, J. R.; Spinelli, J. J.; Fincham, S.; Dosman, J. A.; Robson, D.; Skinnider, L. F.; Choi, N. W. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark. 2001, 10 (11), 1155–1163.

Takashima-Uebelhoer, B. B.; Barber, L. G.; Zagarins, S. E.; Procter-Gray, E.; Gollenberg, A. L.; Moore, A. S.; Bertone-Johnson, E. R. Environ. Res. 2012, 112, 171–176.

Hughes, D. L.; Ritter, D. J.; Wilson, R. D. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 2001, 36 (6), 755–764

Jia, J.-L.; Xu, H.-H.; Zhang, G.-R.; Hu, Z.; Xu, B.-Q. Nanotechnology 2012, 23 (49), 495710.

Wang, X.; Yu, J.; Wu, X.; Fu, J.; Kang, Q.; Shen, D.; Li, J.; Chen, L. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2016, 81, 438–444.

Figure 1
Correlation of Surface Free Energy and Hydrophobicity of Aluminum Alloy with and without Corrosion Resistant Organic Coatings
Authors: Nardeli Jéssica Verger , Benedetti Assis Vicente , Fugivara Cecilio Sadao 
Published: February 2020

Crambe oil, castor oil and two different proportions of crosslinking agent (Trimethylolpropane) were made to react to form two types of hydroxylated polyesters. Hexamethylene diisocyanate was reacted with castor oil and oxygenated organic compounds to produce a prepolymer. The polyesters were combined with prepolymer in two different proportions to result four polyurethane resins which were applied on AA1200 aluminum alloy surface, giving to the aluminum alloy high corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution at 25 oC [1]. This study deals with the wetting characteristic of bare and coated aluminum surfaces by measuring the dynamic contact angle. The determination of the contact angle has helped to interpret the hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of the surface. Surface free energy components (γs, γs
p, γs
d), and adhesion work (WA) values were calculated by the OWRK method (Owens-Wendt-Rabel and Kaelble) according to the contact angle (Ө) data. For comparison, three liquids with different polarities (distilled water, ethylene glycol and ethanol) were used on the surface of the aluminum alloy with and without organic coating. The results of the contact angle measurements allowed to evaluate the wettability of the substrate surface (with and without coating) and to estimate the free surface energy. The greater the contact angle of the liquid in the organic coating, the more hydrophobic the surface is, and consequently less susceptible to wetting and corrosion. Compared to the substrate (AA1200 aluminum) contact angle of 102.4°, the coatings are less hydrophobic (PEC2 H3 1:2 contact angle of 73.6° and PEC2 H3 1:3 equal to 82.0°). Already the coatings have higher surface energy: substrate (22.2 mN/m), PEC2 H3 1:2 (31.3 mN/m) and PEC2 H3 1:3 (25.4 mN/m). Changes in contact angle and surface free energy are associated with the possibility of forming more hydrogen bonds with the coating.
Reference
[1] J.V. Nardeli, D.V. Snihirova, C.S. Fugivara, M.F. Montemor, E.R.P. Pinto, Y. Messaddecq, A.V. Benedetti, Localised corrosion assessement of crambe-oil-based polyurethane coatings applied on the ASTM 1200 aluminum alloy, Corros. Sci. 111 (2016) 422-435.
Acknowledgement
Process FAPESP: 2015/10554-9.
Noncovalent Chemistry of SWNTs Inside-Out
Authors: Perez Emilio M 
Published: February 2020

Here, we present novel strategies to interface molecules and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs).
In particular, we will present the synthesis of mechanically interlocked derivatives of SWNTs (MINTs), which are rotaxane-type materials, the first example of, a 0D-1D mixed dimensional heterostructure interfaced through the mechanical bond (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, Chem. Commun. 2015, Chem. Sci. 2017, Chem. Eur. J. 2017). We will also show that the effect of the mechanical bond on the properties of SWNTs is unique, and clearly different from the noninterlocked, supramolecular compounds (Nanoscale 2016, ACS Nano 2016)
We will also show that the encapsulation of viologen derivatives into metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) results in the opening of a band gap, making the SWNTs semiconducting. Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirm the encapsulation process. Through the fabrication of field-effect transistor devices, the change of the electronic structure of the tubes from metallic to semiconducting upon the encapsulation is confirmed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017).
In summary we present two novel noncovalent strategies to functionalize the outside and the inside of SWNTs, with direct consequences to their electronic properties.
Processing and Manufacturing High Performing Polymer:Ceramic Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Hatzell Kelsey B , Harkey Brice , Dixit Marm , Shen Fengyu 
Published: February 2020

Scalable manufacturing and processing of high-aspect ratio multi-material solid-state electrolytes are important for advanced energy storage and conversion systems. Recently, there has been a push toward all solid-state batteries to eliminate flammability issues in portable electronics. Several solid conductors exist and broadly fall into two material categories: (1) polymers and (2) ceramics. Polymer ionic conductors are advantageous because they can be manufactured easily into thin films, are mechanically robust, and flexible. However, polymer conductors have lower ionic conductivities when compared with their ceramic counterpart. Ceramic conductors boast outstanding ionic conductivities (>10 mS/cm) but processing the electrolyte into thin films (50-100μm) for efficient device integration still remains a challenge because of the brittle nature of the ceramic. There have been a few studies which have investigated a hybrid approach which combines the polymer and ceramic into a composite electrolyte1,2,3. Fundamentally, if achieved, the polymer/ceramic electrolyte could be an effective means for meeting manufacturing requirements for battery systems. Herein, we focus on understanding and building structure-processing-property relationships for scalable manufacturing of high performing polymer/ceramic composite electrolytes. Colloidals suspensions composed of LLZO, PEO, and a range of solvents are explored as inks systems for advanced printing applications4,5. A range of electrolyte architectures are examined for fundamental transport properties and electrochemical performance metrics and synchrotron nanotomography6 is used to discern the local structure of the ceramic within the polymer.
[1] Yang, Ting, et al. "Composite Polymer Electrolytes with Li7La3Zr2O12 Garnet-Type Nanowires as Ceramic Fillers: Mechanism of Conductivity Enhancement and Role of Doping and Morphology." ACS applied materials & interfaces 9.26 (2017): 21773-21780.
[2] Zheng, Jin, and Yan Yan Hu. "New Insights into Compositional Dependence of Li-Ion Transport in Polymer-Ceramic Composite Electrolytes." ACS applied materials & interfaces(2018)
[3] Zheng, Jin, et al. "Li-ion transport in a representative ceramic–polymer–plasticizer composite electrolyte: Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12–polyethylene oxide–tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5.35 (2017): 18457-18463.
[4] Hatzell, Kelsey B., et al. "Understanding inks for porous-electrode formation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5.39 (2017): 20527-20533.
[5] Dixit, Marm B., et al. "Catalyst Layer Ink Interactions That Affect Coatability." Journal of The Electrochemical Society165.5 (2018): F264-F271.
[6] Hatzell, Kelsey B., et al. "Direct observation of active material interactions in flowable electrodes using X-ray tomography." Faraday discussions 199 (2017): 511-524.
The Effect of Concentration on Electron Transfer Kinetics for 9,10-Anthraquinone-2,7-Disulfonic Acid (AQDS) Its Impact on Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Performance
Authors: Wiberg Cedrik , Wang Ergang 
Published: February 2020

With the recent great increase in utilization of renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines and solar cells, the need for environmentally friendly large-scale energy storage has also increased. Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (AqORFBS) are considered a promising technology for a new generation of grid-connected storage devices due to the possibility to decouple power output and capacity, inexpensive active material utilization, cheap aqueous electrolyte and ease of maintenance. One of the top-performing molecules for the negative electrolyte for AqORFBS is 9,10-Anthraquinone-2,7-Disulfonic Acid (AQDS) owing to its chemical stability, high solubility, low reduction potential and fast kinetics.
Building off of previous work[1], where AQDS was found to dimerize in aqueous solution and that the electrochemical reaction was impeded at higher concentrations, this study employed cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry to evaluate the electron transfer kinetics over a range of AQDS concentrations in both a 1 M sulfuric acid electrolyte and a 1 M pH 10 sodium carbonate buffered electrolyte. It was found that both the diffusion coefficient as well as the kinetic parameters of the electron transfer reaction changed with concentration of AQDS in the investigated range of 1-50 mM, with the strength of the effect depending on the choice of electrolyte. AQDS, along with a multitude of other organic molecules have been characterized electrochemically in regards of their suitability for redox flow batteries, but almost always at concentrations of no more than a few mM, which is likely not characteristic for the final application which often employs concentrations of upwards of 2 M[2]. Thus, this work points out the importance of taking concentration effects into account when considering the performance of a molecule for full-scale redox flow batteries.

Carney, T. J., et al. (2017). "Concentration-Dependent Dimerization of Anthraquinone Disulfonic Acid and Its Impact on Charge Storage." Chemistry of Materials 29(11): 4801-4810.

Pan, F. and Q. Wang (2015). "Redox Species of Redox Flow Batteries: A Review." Molecules 20(11): 20499-20517.