bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aflatoxin exposure in pregnant women of mixed status of human immunodeficiency virus infection and rate of gestational weight gain: a Ugandan cohort study
Authors: Lauer Jacqueline M. , Natamba Barnabas K. , Ghosh Shibani , Webb Patrick , Wang Jia‐Sheng , Griffiths Jeffrey K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the association between aflatoxin (AF) exposure during pregnancy and rate of gestational weight gain (GWG) in a sample of pregnant women of mixed HIV status in Gulu, northern Uganda.Methods403 pregnant women were included (133 HIV‐infected on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 270 HIV‐uninfected). Women’s weight, height and socio‐demographic characteristics were collected at baseline (~19 weeks’ gestation); weight was assessed at each follow‐up visit. Serum was collected at baseline and tested for aflatoxin B1‐lysine adduct (AFB‐lys) levels using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Linear mixed‐effects models were used to examine the association between AFB‐lys levels and rate of GWG.ResultsAFB‐lys levels (detected in 98.3% of samples) were higher among HIV‐infected pregnant women than HIV‐uninfected pregnant women [median (interquartile range): 4.8 (2.0, 15.0) vs. 3.5 (1.6, 6.1) pg/mg of albumin, P < 0.0001]. Adjusting for HIV status, a one‐log increase in aflatoxin levels was associated with a 16.2 g per week lower rate of GWG (P = 0.028). The association between AFB‐lys and the rate of GWG was stronger and significant only among HIV‐infected women on ART [−25.7 g per week per log (AFB‐lys), P = 0.009 for HIV‐infected women vs. −7.5 g per week per log (AFB‐lys), P = 0.422 for HIV‐uninfected women].ConclusionsPregnant women with higher levels of AF exposure had lower rates of GWG. The association was stronger for HIV‐infected women on ART, suggesting increased risk.
Signatures of adaptation to a monocot host in the plant‐parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera sacchari
Authors: Pokhare Somnath S. , Thorpe Peter , Hedley Pete , Morris Jennifer , Habash Samer S. , Elashry Abdelnaser , Eves‐van den Akker Sebastian , Grundler Florian M. W. , Jones John T. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryInteractions between plant‐parasitic nematodes and their hosts are mediated by effectors, i.e. secreted proteins that manipulate the plant to the benefit of the pathogen. To understand the role of effectors in host adaptation in nematodes, we analysed the transcriptome of Heterodera sacchari, a cyst nematode parasite of rice (Oryza sativa) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). A multi‐gene phylogenetic analysis showed that H. sacchari and the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae share a common evolutionary origin and that they evolved to parasitise monocot plants from a common dicot‐parasitic ancestor. We compared the effector repertoires of H. sacchari with those of the dicot parasites Heterodera glycines and Globodera rostochiensis to understand the consequences of this transition. While, in general, effector repertoires are similar between the species, comparing effectors and non‐effectors of H. sacchari and G. rostochiensis shows that effectors have accumulated more mutations than non‐effectors. Although most effectors show conserved spatiotemporal expression profiles and likely function, some H. sacchari effectors are adapted to monocots. This is exemplified by the plant‐peptide hormone mimics, the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION‐like (CLE) effectors. Peptide hormones encoded by H. sacchari CLE effectors are more similar to those from rice than those from other plants, or those from other plant‐parasitic nematodes. We experimentally validated the functional significance of these observations by demonstrating that CLE peptides encoded by H. sacchari induce a short root phenotype in rice, whereas those from a related dicot parasite do not. These data provide a functional example of effector evolution that co‐occurred with the transition from a dicot‐parasitic to a monocot‐parasitic lifestyle.
Possible mechanisms for the generation of phenyl glycoside‐type lignin–carbohydrate linkages in lignification with monolignol glucosides
Authors: Miyagawa Yasuyuki , Tobimatsu Yuki , Lam Pui Ying , Mizukami Takahito , Sakurai Sayaka , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Takano Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYThe existence and formation of covalent lignin–carbohydrate (LC) linkages in plant cell walls has long been a matter of debate in terms of their roles in cell wall development and biomass use. Of the various putative LC linkages proposed to date, evidence of the native existence and formation mechanism of phenyl glycoside (PG)‐type LC linkages in planta is particularly scarce. The present study aimed to explore previously overlooked mechanisms for the formation of PG‐type LC linkages through the incorporation of monolignol glucosides, which are possible lignin precursors, into lignin polymers during lignification. Peroxidase‐catalyzed lignin polymerization of coniferyl alcohol in the presence of coniferin and syringin in vitro resulted in the generation of PG‐type LC linkages in synthetic lignin polymers, possibly via nucleophilic addition onto quinone methide (QM) intermediates formed during polymerization. Biomimetic lignin polymerization of coniferin via the β‐glucosidase/peroxidase system also resulted in the generation of PG‐type as well as alkyl glycoside‐type LC linkages. This occurred via non‐enzymatic QM‐involving reactions and also via enzymatic transglycosylations involving β‐glucosidase, which was demonstrated by in‐depth structural analysis of the synthetic lignins by two‐dimensional NMR. We collected heteronuclear single‐quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR for native cell wall fractions prepared from pine (Pinus taeda), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), acacia (Acacia mangium), poplar (Populus × eurarnericana) and bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) wood samples, which exhibited correlations, albeit at low levels, that were well matched with those of the PG‐type LC linkages in synthetic lignins incorporating monolignol glucosides. Overall, our results provide a molecular basis for feasible mechanisms for the generation of PG‐type LC linkages from monolignol glucosides and further substantiates their existence in planta.
Utility of a combined approach using audit, education and information technology tools to improve transfusion practices
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Jain Romesh , Coshic Poonam , Pandey Hem Chandra 
Published: July 2020

Background and objectivesBlood requisition forms are important connection between clinician and transfusion laboratory and are required for safe transfusions. Incomplete blood requisition forms are thus either rejected, or pre‐transfusion testing may be delayed while additional clinical details are obtained. The objective of this study was to assess use of multiple tools (audit, education and information technology) in improving transfusion practices.Material and methodsClinical module of blood bank management software was implemented after identifying areas following audit of blood requisitions form for their completeness. Changes in completeness of information provided in blood requisitions post‐implementation were studied prospectively. Training for software functioning and transfusion practices was provided in identified areas pre‐implementation. Software was customized to autofill patient details sparing time for filling other information (e.g. patient diagnosis).ResultsBlood requisitions from all the wards were lacking complete information especially non‐mandatory parameter such as patient diagnosis, transfusion indication and transfusion history. Total 6537 and 6290 blood and component requisitions were received in pre‐ and post‐intervention period, respectively. Post‐intervention there was decrease in number of incomplete blood requisition forms from 5563 (85·1%) and 320 (5·08%) in pre‐ and post‐intervention period, respectively. A statistically significant (P < 0·0001) reduction of 97·21% in missing blood requisition parameters was observed.ConclusionInformation technology tools are gaining an important role in improving transfusion practices. Judicious use of blood bank management software with other tools such as audits and training of clinical staff in transfusion practices may provide maximum benefit in improving transfusion safety. Blood bankers also need to be knowledgeable in basic IT tools.
Legal approaches and government policies enacted to address the overdose epidemic: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Pawliuk Colleen , Park Mina , Buxton Jane A. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this scoping review is to map different past and present legal approaches and government policies that have an intended or unintended effect on the ongoing overdose epidemic.

Introduction:
In response to the current overdose epidemic, a number of different legal approaches and government policies have been implemented regarding prescription drugs, illicit substances, and drug use. Additionally, other legal approaches and government policies that do not directly target the overdose crisis (eg, cannabis legalization) may have unintentional effects on opioid use–related harms. The findings of this review will inform policy-makers and individuals working at the forefront of the overdose crisis to help them anticipate the consequences of legal approaches already in place or those that have been recently implemented.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will include all legal approaches or government policies that have an intended or unintended effect on the overdose epidemic or on opioid use–related harms or mortality. Only studies published in English from 2000 onward will be included.

Methods:
We will search health sciences databases, legal databases, and social sciences databases to ensure comprehensive identification of studies across disciplines. Two independent team members will screen titles and abstracts, and review full-text articles for potential inclusion. One team member will extract data for all studies, and a second team member will verify the data extraction. The results will be presented as a narrative synthesis and in tabular or diagrammatic form.
Drainage, irrigation and fibrinolytic therapy (DRIFT) for posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: 10-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Luyt Karen , Jary Sally L , Lea Charlotte L , Young Grace J. , Odd David E , Miller Helen E , Kmita Grazyna , Williams Cathy , Blair Peter S , Hollingworth William , Morgan Michelle , Smith-Collins Adam P , Walker-Cox Steven , Aquilina Kristian , Pople Ian , Whitelaw Andrew G 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundProgressive ventricular dilatation after intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants has a very high risk of severe disability and death. Drainage, irrigation and fibrinolytic therapy (DRIFT), in a randomised controlled trial (RCT), reduced severe cognitive impairment at 2 years.ObjectiveTo assess if the cognitive advantage of DRIFT seen at 2 years persisted until school age.ParticipantsThe RCT conducted in four centres recruited 77 preterm infants with IVH and progressive ventricular enlargement over specified measurements. Follow-up was at 10 years of age.InterventionIntraventricular injection of a fibrinolytic followed by continuous lavage, until the drainage was clear, and standard care consisting of control of expansion by lumbar punctures and if expansion persisted via a ventricular access device.Primary outcomeCognitive quotient (CQ), derived from the British Ability Scales and Bayley III Scales, and survival without severe cognitive disability.ResultsOf the 77 children randomised, 12 died, 2 could not be traced, 10 did not respond and 1 declined at 10-year follow-up. 28 in the DRIFT group and 24 in the standard treatment group were assessed by examiners blinded to the intervention. The mean CQ score was 69.3 (SD=30.1) in the DRIFT group and 53.7 (SD=35.7) in the standard treatment group (unadjusted p=0.1; adjusted p=0.01, after adjustment for the prespecified variables sex, birth weight and IVH grade). Survival without severe cognitive disability was 66% in the DRIFT group and 35% in the standard treatment group (unadjusted p=0.019; adjusted p=0.003).ConclusionDRIFT is the first intervention for posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation to objectively demonstrate sustained cognitive improvement.Trial registration numberISRCTN80286058.
Using checklists to improve patient safety during anaesthesia
Authors: Mair Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Background: It is inevitable that human errors will sometimes happen in practice, but these can be reduced by following some strict, straightforward checklists; these can serve as ‘aide‐mémoires’, ‘challenge/response’ or ‘read and do’ checks, and are particularly important during the induction of, and emergence from, anaesthetic procedures.Aim of the article: This article highlights the importance of checklists, and explores the comparison between human healthcare checklists and those used in veterinary medicine.
Anti-CASPR2 clinical phenotypes correlate with HLA and immunological features
Authors: Muñiz-Castrillo Sergio , Joubert Bastien , Elsensohn Mad-Hélénie , Pinto Anne-Laurie , Saint-Martin Margaux , Vogrig Alberto , Picard Géraldine , Rogemond Véronique , Dubois Valérie , Tamouza Ryad , Maucort-Boulch Delphine , Honnorat Jérôme 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveAntibodies against contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2-Abs) have been described in acquired neuromyotonia, limbic encephalitis (LE) and Morvan syndrome (MoS). However, it is unknown whether these constitute one sole spectrum of diseases with the same immunopathogenesis or three distinct entities with different mechanisms.MethodsA cluster analysis of neurological symptoms was performed in a retrospective cohort of 56 CASPR2-Abs patients. In parallel, immunological features and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) were studied.ResultsCluster analysis distinguished patients with predominant limbic symptoms (n=29/56) from those with peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH; n=27/56). In the limbic-prominent group, limbic features were either isolated (LE/−; 18/56, 32.1%), or combined with extralimbic symptoms (LE/+; 11/56, 19.6%). Those with PNH were separated in one group with severe PNH and extralimbic involvement (PNH/+; 16/56, 28.6%), resembling historical MoS descriptions; and one group with milder and usually isolated PNH (PNH/−; 11/56, 19.6%). LE/− and LE/+ patients shared immunogenetic characteristics demonstrating a homogeneous entity. HLA-DRB1*11:01 was carried more frequently than in healthy controls only by patients with LE (94.1% vs 18.3%; p=1.3×10−10). Patients with LE also had serum titres (median 1:40 960) and rates of cerebrospinal fluid positivity (93.1%) higher than the other groups (p<0.05). Conversely, DRB1*11:01 association was absent in PNH/+ patients, but only they had malignant thymoma (87.5%), serum antibodies against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 protein (66.7%) and against netrin-1 receptor deleted in colorectal carcinoma (53.8%), and myasthenia gravis (50.0%).InterpretationSymptoms’ distribution supports specific clinical phenotypes without overlap between LE and MoS. The distinct immunogenetic characteristics shared by all patients with LE and the particular oncological and autoimmune associations of MoS suggest two very different aetiopathogenesis.
Genetic testing in the acute setting: a round table discussion
Authors: McDermott John Henry 
Published: July 2020

Genetic testing has historically been performed in the context of chronic disease and cancer diagnostics. The timelines for these tests are typically measured in days or weeks, rather than in minutes. As such, the concept that genetic information might be generated and then used to alter management in the acute setting has, thus far, not been feasible. However, recent advances in genetic technologies have the potential to allow genetic information to be generated significantly quicker. The m.1555A>G genetic variant is present in one in 500 individuals and predisposes to profound hearing loss following the administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics. These antibiotics are used frequently in cases of neonatal sepsis and it is estimated that approximately 180 neonates in the UK are at risk of antibiotic induced hearing loss each year because of this genetic change. Knowledge of this variant in the acute setting would allow clinicians to prescribe alternative antibiotics. The Pharmacogenetics to Avoid Loss of Hearing study will implement a genetic point of care test (POCT) for the m.1555A>G variant within two major UK based neonatal intensive care units. This represents the first trial of a genetic POCT aimed at altering management in the acute setting. This round table discussion outlines the novel ethical issues faced in the development of this trial and the legal barriers to implementation. We ask five stakeholders to provide their opinions on this trial and their perspectives on the concept of genetic testing in the acute setting.Trial registration numberISRCTN-13704894.
Dark–dark solitons for the coupled spatially modulated Gross–Pitaevskii system in the Bose–Einstein condensation
Authors: Zhao Xin , Tian Bo , Qu Qi-Xing , Yuan Yu-Qiang , Du Xia-Xia , Chu Mei-Xia 
Published: July 2020

Investigation in this paper is the spatially modulated two-component GP system with Rabi coupling in a Bose–Einstein condensate consisting of the two hyperfine states. Based on the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy reduction, we derive the Gramian expression of the one- and two-dark–dark soliton solutions. The nonlinearity coefficients [Formula: see text] and the external spatially varying trapping potential [Formula: see text] can be constrained as the functions of [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the spatial coordinate, [Formula: see text] is the time coordinate, [Formula: see text] is the dispersion parameter. With the Rabi coupling coefficient [Formula: see text] increasing, period along [Formula: see text] decreases. When [Formula: see text] is a constant, soliton propagates stably with the amplitude and velocity unvarying; When [Formula: see text] is a function of [Formula: see text], background is periodic and velocity of the soliton varies with [Formula: see text] increasing. Head-on and overtaking elastic interactions between the two solitons are presented analytically and graphically.
Quasirandom estimations of two-qubit operator-monotone-based separability probabilities
Authors: Slater Paul B. 
Published: July 2020

We conduct a pair of quasirandom estimations of the separability probabilities with respect to 10 measures on the 15-dimensional convex set of two-qubit states, using its Euler-angle parametrization. The measures include the (nonmonotone) Hilbert–Schmidt one, plus nine others based on operator monotone functions. Our results are supportive of previous assertions that the Hilbert–Schmidt and Bures (minimal monotone) separability probabilities are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, as well as suggestive of the Wigner–Yanase counterpart being [Formula: see text]. However, one result appears inconsistent (much too small) with an earlier claim of ours that the separability probability associated with the operator monotone (geometric-mean) function [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]. But a seeming explanation for this disparity is that the volume of states for the [Formula: see text]-based measure is infinite. So, the validity of the earlier conjecture — as well as an alternative one, [Formula: see text], we now introduce — cannot be examined through the numerical approach adopted, at least perhaps not without some truncation procedure for extreme values.
СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ПІДГОТОВКИ ЛІКАРІВ-ІНТЕРНІВ ЗА СПЕЦІАЛЬНІСТЮ «ПСИХІАТРІЯ»
Authors: Venger O. P. , Smashna O. Ye. , Sas L. M. , Mysula Yu. I. , Bilous V. S. , Lyuta O. O. , Gusyeva T. P. 
Published: July 2020

Мета: систематизувати та удосконалити навчальні та практичні аспекти підготовки лікарів-інтернів за спеціальністю «Психіатрія».
Матеріали і методи. Використовуючи бібліосемантичний метод та метод системного аналізу, вивчено норма­тивно-правову базу з питань післядипломної підготовки спеціалістів лікарів-інтернів за спеціальністю «Психіатрія».
Результати. Висвітлено сучасні підходи до забезпечення підготовки лікарів-інтернів за спеціальністю «Психіат­рія». Працівники кафедри психіатрії, наркології та медичної психології Тернопільського національного медичного університету імені І. Я. Горбачевського МОЗ України активно удосконалюють підготовку майбутніх лікарів-психіатрів для втілення концепції «lifelong learning», тобто забезпечення безперервності освітнього процесу.
Традиційно основною метою підготовки є удосконалення професійних навичок з основних розділів психіатрії, вивчення клініки та діагностики психічних розладів, методів їх лікування, реабілітації та профілактики. Виконання курсів навчальної програми інтернами на базі стажування досягається шляхом їх практичної лікарської діяльності під керівництвом безпосереднього керівника інтернів у спеціалізованих відділеннях з впровадженням швейцарського досвіду психіатричної допомоги для пацієнтів з психічними розладами. Особливу увагу приділяють мотивації інтернів, оскільки вона корелює із самооцінкою та рівнем домагань особистості, визначає потенційні можливості особистості, активність або пасивність суб’єкта в професійній діяльності та професійний розвиток спеціаліста.
Лікарі-інтерни на кафедрі психіатрії долучаються до участі в об’єктивному структурованому клінічному іспиті, що позитивно впливає на рівень клінічної обізнаності інтернів.
Висновки. Такі напрямки удосконалення післядипломної освіти змінюють парадигму ставлення до психічно хворих, їх статус у суспільстві, пропагують толерантність та терпимість.
ШЛЯХИ ВИРІШЕННЯ ПРОБЛЕМ КАДРОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В УНІВЕРСИТЕТСЬКІЙ КЛІНІЦІ НА ПРИНЦИПАХ ДЕРЖАВНО-ПРИВАТНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА
Authors: Chopchyk V. D. 
Published: July 2020

Мета: обґрунтувати шляхи вирішення проблем кадрової політики в університетській клініці на принципах державно-приватного партнерства.
Матеріали і методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети у роботі застосовували загальнонаукові методи аналізу, синтезу, узагальнення, інтерпретації наукових даних, а також системний і структурно-функціональний підходи. Інформаційною базою дослідження стали наукові праці вітчизняних і зарубіжних спеціалістів із державно-приватного партнерства та менеджменту.
Результати. Кадри визначено як один з основних ресурсів реформування університетських клінік. Розкрито причини кадрового дисбалансу в галузі охорони здоров᾽я і негативні наслідки цього. Показано наявність проблеми низької ефективності використання кадрових ресурсів у системі охорони здоров᾽я і відсутність відповідних умов для здійснення професійної діяльності медичного персоналу. Доведено, що для вирішення проблем кадрової політики в охороні здоров᾽я України, у першу чергу, необхідні фінансові та матеріально-технічні ресурси, які на сьогодні можна отримати тільки за рахунок приватного інвестора. Таким чином, в існуючій економічній ситуації України для розвитку університетських клінік, як лікувальних баз університетів, необхідно переходити на державно-приватні підприємства. У статті представлено шляхи вирішення проблем кадрової політики в університетській клініці на принципах державно-приватного партнерства.
Висновки. З урахуванням досвіду країн Заходу та економічної ситуації в Україні обґрунтовано більш ефективні шляхи вирішення проблем кадрової політики в університетській клініці на принципах державно-приватного партнерства.