bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gross Morphology of the Cerebrum and Brainstem of the Adult African Grasscutter (Thryonomys Swinderianus—Temminck, 1827)
Authors: Ibe C. S. , Ikpegbu E. , Ogbonnaya O. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In order to meet the increasing protein and income demand in Africa due to the rapid population growth, wildlife, such as the African grasscutter, is currently bred and domesticated as microlivestock. This study is one of the series on the brain morphology of this very large rodent, aimed at providing information that is lacking in the literature. Here, the gross anatomy of the cerebrum and brainstem in nine adult African grasscutters is described. The cerebral cortex was smooth, devoid of gyri and sulci, thus, placing the rodent in the lissencephalic group of mammals. However, blood vessels on the cortex created arterial and venous impressions. The cortex was asymmetrically-tapered oval in shape. The rostral and caudal colliculi were exposed through the cerebral transverse fissure. The rostro-caudal extent of the corpus callosum was from the mid-point of the frontal and parietal lobes, to a point just rostral to the occipital lobe. The rostral colliculi were grossly smaller than the caudal colliculi. The occulomotor and trochlear nerves emerged from the ventral midbrain, rostral to the pons. The pons was exceptionally large; it was pre-trigeminal. On either side of the ventral median fissure of the medulla oblongata were conspicuous pyramids. The trapezoid bodies were also conspicuous. These, and other findings, will be useful in future phylogenetic comparison of rodent brain morphology.
Strengthening Resilience of Lithuania in an Era of Great Power Competition: The Case for Total Defence
Authors: Zdanavičius Liudas , Statkus Nortautas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In response to the power redistribution in the international system, the United States prepares for long-term Great power competition. It is aiming at strengthening America's network of alliances and partnerships in order to counter a rising China and revisionist Russia. The other states react to greater or lesser extent to the changing constraints and opportunities in the international system. The article examines how Lithuania, being a small state that belongs to the North Atlantic Alliance, is adapting to these systemic pressures. Current NATO's deterrence posture in the Baltic region is something akin to deterrence by the assured response – NATO is sending a signal that if the Russians attacked, NATO would respond in the Baltics. Lithuania, as well as other Baltic countries, has undertaken many legal, procedural, financial and technical measures to boost resilience and deterrence. However, there are not enough national or NATO military forces that would be able to counter conventional Russian forces deployed in the region. There are challenges such as air defence and control of the Baltic Sea. Also land forces are not present in adequate quantities. As a result, Lithuania has to strengthen its own capabilities with the help of the allied countries. It argued in the article that building up a total defence system in Lithuania would be a right effort in this regard.
Chlamydiae – what’s new?
Authors: Zaręba-Marchewka Kinga , Szymańska-Czerwińska Monika , Niemczuk Krzysztof 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge of chlamydiae. These intracellular microorganisms belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family are widely distributed throughout the world. Constant development of culture-independent approaches for characterisation of microbial genomes enables new discoveries in the field of Chlamydia. The number of new taxa is continuously increasing as well as the range of hosts. New species and genotypes are constantly being discovered, particularly new avian and reptilian agents, which are discussed in this article. Interestingly, wild animals are the main hosts for new Chlamydia species including different species of bird, turtle and snake. The availability of next-generation sequencing opens up a new prospect for research and leads to deeper knowledge of these interesting microorganisms about which much is still to discover.
SGX-MR: Regulating Dataflows for Protecting Access Patterns of Data-Intensive SGX Applications
Authors: Alam A K M Mubashwir , Sharma Sagar , Chen Keke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntel SGX has been a popular trusted execution environment (TEE) for protecting the integrity and confidentiality of applications running on untrusted platforms such as cloud. However, the access patterns of SGX-based programs can still be observed by adversaries, which may leak important information for successful attacks. Researchers have been experimenting with Oblivious RAM (ORAM) to address the privacy of access patterns. ORAM is a powerful low-level primitive that provides application-agnostic protection for any I/O operations, however, at a high cost. We find that some application-specific access patterns, such as sequential block I/O, do not provide additional information to adversaries. Others, such as sorting, can be replaced with specific oblivious algorithms that are more efficient than ORAM. The challenge is that developers may need to look into all the details of application-specific access patterns to design suitable solutions, which is time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper, we present the lightweight SGX based MapReduce (SGX-MR) approach that regulates the dataflow of data-intensive SGX applications for easier application-level access-pattern analysis and protection. It uses the MapReduce framework to cover a large class of data-intensive applications, and the entire framework can be implemented with a small memory footprint. With this framework, we have examined the stages of data processing, identified the access patterns that need protection, and designed corresponding efficient protection methods. Our experiments show that SGX-MR based applications are much more efficient than the ORAM-based implementations.
Administration of Urban Public Transport in the Largest Polish Cities
Authors: Żukiewicz Przemysław 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this article, we compare the solutions which the largest Polish cities apply to effectively manage and administer public urban transport. We pay attention to the legal, administrative, and political limitations of current activities; we also analyse public transport strategies in terms of plans for the future. We state that large Polish cities prefer to entrust public transport services to fully dependent companies, do not seek to diversify service providers and do not allow the coexistence of public and private operators. Our research is the first comparative study which has used the eleven largest Polish cities as a research sample. Its results are important not only for decision-makers, but also for entrepreneurs in the transport industry. Not only does our analysis prove that, currently, urban transport in the largest Polish cities is carried out mostly by companies which fully belong to cities, but also that the future strategies of the target state will not be determined by political decision makers at all, or no significant changes are foreseen. In the largest Polish cities in the future, the tramway sector will be fully controlled by municipal companies; in the bus transport sector, private carriers will be able to count on a maximum of 20–30% share of transport work while the railway sector will remain under the control of regional administration, not local urban administration.
Collaborative Patterns of Long-Term Sustainability in Community Social Enterprises: An International Comparative Case Study
Authors: Kovanen Sunna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents results from a research on the relevance and challenges of collaboration for the long-term sustainability of rural community enterprises. The study relies on Communities of Practice and Degrowth theories. Methods include semi-standardised interviews and focused ethnography in two community enterprises in rural areas in Germany and Portugal. Main results confirm the relevance of collaborative relations with residents, public sector, peer organisations and within the teams for both stability and transformative power of the organisations’ work. Respectful handling of privileges and balance in participation and professionalisation support sustainability, whereas institutional stagnation and involuntary degrowth may risk it.
Demograficzny aspekt kurczenia się polskich miast
Authors: Cienkosz Ewelina 
Published: December 2020

AbstraktDepopulacja stanowi jeden z podstawowych czynników warunkujących proces kurczenia się miast (shrinking cities). Impulsem inicjującym zmiany w wielkości, gęstości zaludnienia lub w innych cechach populacji miasta są przeobrażenia demograficzne mierzone za pomocą przyrostu naturalnego, ruchów ludnościowych (migracje), struktury wieku. Specyfikę przemian demograficznych wpływających na proces wyludniania się miast w Polsce można porównać do przebiegu tych zjawisk w innych krajach Europy Środkowo–Wschodniej. Pomimo ogólnych podobieństw transformacji demograficznej, poszczególne elementy tego procesu w polskich warunkach różniły się od powszechnie przyjętego modelu drugiego przejścia demograficznego. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje kwestię kurczenia się miast ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektu demograficznego. Jego celem jest próba wyjaśnienia przyczyn wyludniania się polskich miast, a także określenia konsekwencji jakie niesie ze sobą zjawisko depopulacji.
Zielona infrastruktura jako element skutecznego planowania przestrzennego
Authors: Morawska Ilona , Zalasińska Magdalena 
Published: December 2020

AbstraktPlanowanie przestrzenne, zarówno na szczeblu krajowym, regionalnym, jak i lokalnym, wymaga podejmowania szeregu działań i szeroko zakrojonych analiz na wielu płaszczyznach. Jednym z elementów zagospodarowania przestrzeni, tak wiejskich, jak i miejskich, są tereny zieleni. Współcześnie coraz więcej mówi się o powiązanej z nimi tzw. zielonej infrastrukturze. Na tę chwilę nie istnieje jedna, konkretna definicja zielonej infrastruktury, nie ma również dokładnych, jednoznacznych wytycznych co do identyfikowania jej elementów składowych. Daje to możliwość badaczom, planistom i urbanistom na szeroką jej interpretację i włączanie w jej zasięg coraz to nowych elementów. W ostatnich latach działania lokalne skupiają się coraz bardziej na ochronie zieleni, w głównej mierze spowodowane jest to restrykcjami ze strony polityki zarówno międzynarodowej, jak i krajowej, uwarunkowanymi między innymi przez zmiany klimatu. Jednym z elementów, które mogą skutecznie działać na korzyść obszarów zielonych, jest odpowiednia polityka przestrzenna, której jednym z zadań i głównych celów jest prowadzenie zrównoważonego rozwoju.
Atención pedagógica a estudiantes con bajo rendimiento académico de primero de bachillerato general unificado
Authors: Cordero López Cristian Fernando , León García Margarita 
Published: December 2020

El artículo que se presenta parte de la observación profesional del autor, en la que se constata que algunos estudiantes poseen bajos resultados académicos. Dentro de las causas posibles se ha reflexionado acerca de la atención pedagógica que brindan los docentes. Los referentes teóricos establecen la importancia de una buena atención pedagógica docente y la influencia de esta en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia de la atención pedagógica en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de Primero de Bachillerato General Unificado. Se utilizó un enfoque mixto para indagar sobre las características de la atención pedagógica y los resultados en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes, analizando las relaciones entre ambas variables. El alcance de la investigación es descriptivo, y el tipo de investigación de campo y documental. Se emplearon métodos teóricos, matemáticos y empíricos. Entre ellos, la observación, entrevistas y encuestas para la obtención de la información. El resultado evidencia que la atención pedagógica que los docentes brindan a los estudiantes influye en el rendimiento académico.
Analysis of total suspended solid content based on rain characteristics in the Ciliwung River basin
Authors: Djajusman Sulistyo Ariebowo , Arifin Hadi Susilo , Riani Etty 
Published: December 2020

Total suspended solid (TSS) is one of the parameters that determines whether or not a body of water is polluted. One factor that influences the amount of TSS content is the characteristic of rainfall in an area. Purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the effect of rainfall characteristics and TSS content in Ciliwung River. Multiple regression analysis was used for analytical method. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that the correlation coefficient (adjusted R2) for the factors of rainfall, discharge and sediment show a low correlation to changes the content of TSS in Ciliwung River. The value of each correlation coefficient in the upstream, middle, and downstream of Ciliwung River are 0.21, 0.31, and 0.09 respectively. According to the F test, rainfall, discharge and sediment were significantly affect TSS content in the upstream and middle stream. Based on t test, it is known that only rainfall affect TSS content in the upstream and midlle stream.
A study conversion to be mining cement in Maruni protected forest Manokwari Regency
Authors: Mahmud Mahmud , Budirianto Heru Joko , Wahyudi Wahyudi , Kusumandari Ambar 
Published: December 2020

Protected forests play an important role in supporting human life, protecting land and water and preventing the dangers of flooding and landslides, but a lot of conversions have taken place today. Research-based on techniques for observation, interviews, and case studies. Measurement of respondents' perceptions and attitudes is carried out using instruments in the form of questionnaires that refer to the Likert scale. Data analysis was performed descriptively to describe the level of perception, attitude with simple non parametric linear regression. Maruni protected forest has the potential of limestone with 11 mineral elements, 5 of which are the largest Ca (93.62%), Si (2.45%), Mg (1.58%), Al (0.97%) ) and K (0.47%). This forest allows conversion area, from an area of ​​969.84 ha with limestone potential of only 250 ha (25.78%), another 719.84 ha (74.22%) can still be designated as a protected forest. The public perception of conversion to cement mining was 59.03% negative, 14.83% neutral and 26.12% positive. While the attitudes of the community 43.1% accept, 38.94% neutral and 47.92% reject the conversion to become cement mining. The community hopes that there will be economic improvement, community empowerment and employment, especially affected communities.
Keywords: Conversion, cement mining, Maruni protected forest/HLM, perception, attitude
Grain quality of the winter bread wheat varieties and lines in the Rostov region
Authors: Kravchenko N. S. , Nekrasova O. A. , Ignatieva N. G. , Oldyreva I. M. , Alty-Sadykh Yu. N. 
Published: December 2020

Grain quality of winter bread wheat is an urgent issue in Russia and in the world. The traits and properties of grain that characterize the quality are formed in the field under the effect of weather and climatic conditions. The current study was carried out in 2017–2019. The objects of the study were 12 varieties and 3 promising lines of winter bread wheat of the Competitive Variety Testing. The variety ‘Ermak’ was used as a standard variety. The purpose of the study was to carry out a comparative estimation of grain quality of the varieties and promising lines of winter bread wheat, to identify the variation of traits over the years and to determine the effect of growing conditions on the formation of grain quality. There has been established that the studied varieties and lines formed nature weight from 799 g/l (the variety ‘Aksiniya’) to 830 g/l (‘Yubiley Dona’) and corresponded to the 1-st quality class. There have been identified the varieties ‘Etyud’ (62%; Cv = 6.6%), ‘Ermak’ (62%; Cv = 7.0%) and the line ‘1005/14’ (68%; Cv = 8.1%) with a combination of high values of the general hardness and insignificant variation of the trait over the years. There has been determined that the variety ‘Nakhodka’ (14.11%; Cv = 3.6%) and the line ‘1261/13’ (14.10%; Cv = 6.1%) were characterized by the maximum protein percentage and low values of the coefficient of variation. There has been established that the varieties ‘Aksiniya’ (4.5 points; 7.9%) and ‘Tanais’ (4.0 points; 2.5%) combined a high baking value with the stability of the trait. When estimating the effect of the factors “genotype”, “year of study” and their correlation on the characteristics of grain quality, there has been found that general hardness (52.59%), mass fraction of grain protein (58.31%), dough deformation (57, 78%), valorimetric value (46.01%), volume of bread (41.77%) and general baking assessment (51.24%) were largely dependent on genotype. The growing conditions had an effect on the formation of the quantity and quality of gluten and the P/l ratio.
Brown rust damage of the winter wheat varieties with different levels of resistance to the pathogen in the south of the Rostov region
Authors: Derova T. G. , Shishkin N. V. , Pavlenko O. S. , Samofalov A. P. 
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the current work was to study the winter wheat varieties artificially infected with the North Caucasian population of brown rust to identify a damage degree. The study was carried out in two stages on two sets (8 and 10) of varieties with different level of resistance to the pathogen. The trials have established a high damage degree of rust on susceptible varieties, which resulted in productivity decrease from 16.3 to 32.2%. Among the varieties with the maximum damage degree, there was identified the most resistant variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’ which, when completely (100%) damaged by the disease, showed a minimum productivity decrease, no more than 10.6%. The varieties being poorly susceptible to brown leaf rust reduced the productivity from 11.2% to 20.7%. The smaller indices of productivity decrease among this group were shown by the variety ‘Spartak’. Among the five varieties that showed moderate leaf rust damage, there were different degrees of productivity decrease. The variety ‘Donskaya Yubileynaya’ artificially infected with brown rust, showed a minimal productivity decrease and its structural elements, and it could be identified as the leaf rust resistant variety like the variety ‘Tarasovskaya 29’. When predicting the brown leaf rust epiphytoty, the susceptible and half-resistant wheat varieties require obligatory protection with fungicides.
Integrated Circuit Waveform Probing Using Optical Phase Shift Detection
Authors: Wilsher Ken , Lo William , Eiles Travis M. , Xiao Guoqing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Single probe beam phase-sensitive detection has been applied to backside optical probing using an interferometer with a novel vibration cancellation scheme. Improved waveform quality and consistency, compared to amplitude-sensitive detection, has been successfully demonstrated on a number of CMOS microprocessors based on the 0.18 um logic process technology. The interferometric probing scheme will be described in detail and results will be presented.
Conductive Filament Formation in Printed Circuit Boards – Effects of Reflow Conditions and Flame Retardants
Authors: Sood Bhanu , Pecht Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Failures in printed circuit boards account for a significant percentage of field returns in electronic products and systems. Conductive filament formation is an electrochemical process that requires the transport of a metal through or across a nonmetallic medium under the influence of an applied electric field. With the advent of lead-free initiatives, boards are being exposed to higher temperatures during lead-free solder processing. This can weaken the glass-fiber bonding, thus enhancing conductive filament formation. The effect of the inclusion of halogen-free flame retardants on conductive filament formation in printed circuit boards is also not completely understood. Previous studies, along with analysis and examinations conducted on printed circuit boards with failure sites that were due to conductive filament formation, have shown that the conductive path is typically formed along the delaminated fiber glass and epoxy resin interfaces. This paper is a result of a year-long study on the effects of reflow temperatures, halogen-free flame retardants, glass reinforcement weave style, and conductor spacing on times to failure due to conductive filament formation.
Extending Acoustic Microscopy for Comprehensive Failure Analysis Applications
Authors: Brand Sebastian , Petzold Matthias , Czurratis Peter , Hoffrogge Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In industrial manufacturing of microelectronic components, non-destructive failure analysis methods are required for either quality control or for providing a rapid fault isolation and defect localization prior to detailed investigations requiring target preparation. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is a powerful tool enabling the inspection of internal structures in optically opaque materials non-destructively. In addition, depth specific information can be employed for two- and three-dimensional internal imaging without the need of time consuming tomographic scan procedures. The resolution achievable by acoustic microscopy is depending on parameters of both the test equipment and the sample under investigation. However, if applying acoustic microscopy for pure intensity imaging most of its potential remains unused. The aim of the current work was the development of a comprehensive analysis toolbox for extending the application of SAM by employing its full potential. Thus, typical case examples representing different fields of application were considered ranging from high density interconnect flip-chip devices over wafer-bonded components to solder tape connectors of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel. The progress achieved during this work can be split into three categories: Signal Analysis and Parametric Imaging (SA-PI), Signal Analysis and Defect Evaluation (SA-DE) and Image Processing and Resolution Enhancement (IP-RE). Data acquisition was performed using a commercially available scanning acoustic microscope equipped with several ultrasonic transducers covering the frequency range from 15 MHz to 175 MHz. The acoustic data recorded were subjected to sophisticated algorithms operating in time-, frequency- and spatial domain for performing signal- and image analysis. In all three of the presented applications acoustic microscopy combined with signal- and image processing algorithms proved to be a powerful tool for non-destructive inspection.
Failure Analysis of Electronic Material Using Cryogenic FIB-SEM
Authors: Antoniou Nicholas , Graham Adam , Hartfield Cheryl , Amador Gonzalo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Two-beam systems (focused ion beam (FIB) integrated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM)) have enabled site-specific analysis at the nano-scale through in situ “mill and view” capability at high resolution. In addition, a FIB-SEM can be used to cut away a lamella from a bulk sample and thin it for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. We studied the temperature dependence of FIB milling on compound semiconductors and thin films such as copper that are used in integrated circuits. These materials (GaAs, GaN, InN, etc) react chemically and physically with the gallium in the FIB and change chemical composition and may also change morphology. Copper metallization of IC’s has been difficult to mill without undesirable side effects. FIB milling for analysis of these materials becomes difficult if not impossible. Since temperature can be a big factor in chemical and physical reactions we investigated this and report here the effect of cooling the sample to cryogenic temperatures while milling. In addition, we report on the development of a process to prepare TEM lamellae with FIB entirely in a cryogenic environment.