bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans-Planckian Censorship and the Swampland
Authors: Bedroya Alek , Vafa Cumrun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new Swampland condition, the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC), based on the idea that in a consistent quantum theory of gravity sub-Planckian quantum fluctuations should remain quantum and never become larger than the Hubble horizon and freeze in an expanding universe. Applied to the case of scalar fields, it leads to conditions that are similar to the refined dS Swampland conjecture. For large field ranges, TCC is stronger than the dS Swampland conjecture but it is weaker for small field ranges. In particular for asymptotic regions of field space, TCC leads to a bound $$ \left|V^{\prime}\right|\ge \frac{2}{\sqrt{\left(d-1\right)\left(d-2\right)}}V, $$

V
′

≥

2

d
−
1

d
−
2

V
,
which is consistent with all known cases in string theory. Like the dS Swampland conjecture, the TCC forbids long-lived meta-stable dS spaces, but it does allow sufficiently short-lived ones.
Impact of radiation techniques on lung toxicity in patients with mediastinal Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Pepper Niklas Benedikt , Oertel Michael , Kittel Christopher , Kröger Kai Jannes , Elsayad Khaled , Haverkamp Uwe , Eich Hans Theodor 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Mediastinal radiotherapy (RT), especially when combined with bleomycin, may result in substantial pulmonary morbidity and mortality. The use of modern RT techniques like intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is gaining interest to spare organs at risk.

Methods
We evaluated 27 patients who underwent RT for Hodgkin’s lymphoma between 2009 and 2013 at our institution. For each patient, three different treatment plans for a 30-Gy involved-field RT (IFRT) were created (anterior-posterior-posterior-anterior setup [APPA], 5‑field IMRT, and 7‑field IMRT) and analyzed concerning their inherent “normal tissue complication probability” (NTCP) for pneumonitis and secondary pulmonary malignancy.

Results
The comparison of different radiation techniques showed a significant difference in favor of standard APPA (p < 0.01). The risk of lung toxicity was significantly higher in plans using 7‑field IMRT than in plans using 5‑field IMRT. The absolute juxtaposition showed an increase in risk for radiation pneumonitis of 1% for plans using 5‑field IMRT over APPA according to QUANTEC (Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic) parameters (Burman: 0.15%) and 2.6% when using 7‑field IMRT over APPA (Burman: 0.7%) as well as 1.6% when using 7‑field IMRT over 5‑field IMRT (Burman: 0.6%). Further analysis showed an increase in risk for secondary pulmonary malignancies to be statistically significant (p < 0.01); mean induction probability for pulmonary malignoma was 0.1% higher in plans using 5‑field IMRT than APPA and 0.19% higher in plans using 7‑field IMRT than APPA as well as 0.09% higher in plans using 7‑field IMRT than 5‑field IMRT. During a median follow-up period of 65 months (95% confidence interval: 53.8–76.2 months), only one patient developed radiation-induced pneumonitis. No secondary pulmonary malignancies have been detected to date.

Conclusion
Radiation-induced lung toxicity is rare after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma but may be influenced significantly by the RT technique used. In this study, APPA RT plans demonstrated a decrease in potential radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary malignancies. Biological planning using NTCP may have the potential to define personalized RT strategies
A novel image feature descriptor for SLM spattering pattern classification using a consumable camera
Authors: Ji Ze , Han Quanquan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn selective laser melting (SLM), spattering is an important phenomenon that is highly related to the quality of the manufactured parts. Characterisation and monitoring of spattering behaviours are highly valuable in understanding the manufacturing process and improving the manufacturing quality of SLM. This paper introduces a method of automatic visual classification to distinguish spattering characteristics of SLM processes in different manufacturing conditions. A compact feature descriptor is proposed to represent spattering patterns and its effectiveness is evaluated using real images captured in different conditions. The feature descriptor of this work combines information of spatter trajectory morphology, spatial distributions, and temporal information. The classification is performed using support vector machine (SVM) and random forests for testing and shows highly promising classification accuracy of about 97%. The advantages of this work include compactness for representation and semantic interpretability with the feature description. In addition, the qualities of manufacturing parts are mapped with spattering characteristics under different laser energy densities. Such a map table can be then used to define the desired spatter features, providing a non-contact monitoring solution for online anomaly detection. This work will lead to a further integration of real-time vision monitoring system for an online closed-loop prognostic system for SLM systems, in order to improve the performance in terms of manufacturing quality, power consumption, and fault detection.
Review of analytical performance of COVID-19 detection methods
Authors: Giri Basant , Pandey Shishir , Shrestha Retina , Pokharel Krisha , Ligler Frances S. , Neupane Bhanu B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, public health experts have emphasized testing, tracking infected people, and tracing their contacts as an effective strategy to reduce the spread of the virus. Several diagnostic methods are reported for detecting the coronavirus in clinical, research, and public health laboratories. Some tests detect the infection directly by detecting the viral RNA and other tests detect the infection indirectly by detecting the host antibodies. A diagnostic test during the pandemic should help make an appropriate clinical decision in a short period of time. Recently reported diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 have varying throughput, batching capacity, requirement of infrastructure setting, analytical performance, and turnaround times ranging from a few minutes to several hours. These factors should be considered while selecting a reliable and rapid diagnostic method to help make an appropriate decision and prompt public health interventions. This paper reviews recent SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic methods published in journals and reports released by regulatory agencies. We compared the analytical efficiency including limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, and throughput. In addition, we also looked into ease of use, affordability, and availability of accessories. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the methods and provide our perspectives on priorities for future test development.
Absence of Eigenvalues of Dirac and Pauli Hamiltonians via the Method of Multipliers
Authors: Cossetti Lucrezia , Fanelli Luca , Krejčiřík David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBy developing the method of multipliers, we establish sufficient conditions on the magnetic field and the complex, matrix-valued electric potential, which guarantee that the corresponding system of Schrödinger operators has no point spectrum. In particular, this allows us to prove analogous results for Pauli operators under the same electromagnetic conditions and, in turn, as a consequence of the supersymmetric structure, also for magnetic Dirac operators.
Middle Neolithic farming of open-air sites in SE France: new insights from archaeobotanical investigations of three wells found at Les Bagnoles (L’Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, Dépt. Vaucluse, France)
Authors: Jesus Ana , Prats Georgina , Follmann Franziska , Jacomet Stefanie , Antolín Ferran 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPrevious reviews of Middle Neolithic agricultural practice (4400–3500 calbc) in southern France have highlighted a change in crop assemblages after 4000 calbc, with a reduction of naked wheat and an increase of emmer and partly of einkorn. The recent investigation of three wells from the site of Les Bagnoles (4250–3800 calbc) in the periphery of the southern Rhône valley yielded an unprecedented amount of waterlogged uncharred and charred plant macro remains that offer new insights into crop diversity and its changes over time. The results from the wells at Les Bagnoles were compared with other dated sunken features from open-air sites (in contrast to caves and rock shelters), with the aim of identifying patterns suggesting changes in the crop spectra between the early (MN1) and late (MN2) Middle Neolithic phases from taphonomically comparable contexts. The results from Les Bagnoles demonstrate that oil crops and pulses are underrepresented in dry sites and that they were a significant part of Middle Neolithic agriculture. They also indicate an increase in the representation of einkorn (instead of emmer) during MN2 that is also visible in other open-air sites. The comparison of the archaeobotanical results with silo storage capacity values as a proxy for average production capacity per household leads us to propose a possible drop in naked wheat productivity and opens new questions in factors affecting crop choice at the beginning of the 4th millennium calbc.
Characterization of the angular-dependent emission of nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamond
Authors: Christinck Justus , Rodiek Beatrice , López Marco , Hofer Helmuth , Georgieva Hristina , Kück Stefan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report on the characterization of the angular-dependent emission of single-photon emitters based on single nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in nanodiamond at room temperature. A theoretical model for the calculation of the angular emission patterns of such an NV-center at a dielectric interface will be presented. For the first time, the orientation of the NV-centers in nanodiamond was determined from back focal plane images of NV-centers and by comparison of the theoretical and experimental angular emission pattern. Furthermore, the orientation of the NV-centers was also obtained from measurements of the fluorescence intensity in dependence on the polarization angle of the linearly polarized excitation laser. The results of these measurements are in good agreement. Moreover, the collection efficiency in this setup was calculated to be higher than 80% using the model of the angular emission of the NV-centers.
How linear reinforcement affects Donsker’s theorem for empirical processes
Authors: Bertoin Jean 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA reinforcement algorithm introduced by Simon (Biometrika 42(3/4):425–440, 1955) produces a sequence of uniform random variables with long range memory as follows. At each step, with a fixed probability $$p\in (0,1)$$

p
∈
(
0
,
1
)

, $${\hat{U}}_{n+1}$$

U
^

n
+
1

is sampled uniformly from $${\hat{U}}_1, \ldots , {\hat{U}}_n$$

U
^

1

,
…
,

U
^

n

, and with complementary probability $$1-p$$

1
-
p

, $${\hat{U}}_{n+1}$$

U
^

n
+
1

is a new independent uniform variable. The Glivenko–Cantelli theorem remains valid for the reinforced empirical measure, but not the Donsker theorem. Specifically, we show that the sequence of empirical processes converges in law to a Brownian bridge only up to a constant factor when $$p<1/2$$

p
<
1
/
2

, and that a further rescaling is needed when $$p>1/2$$

p
>
1
/
2

and the limit is then a bridge with exchangeable increments and discontinuous paths. This is related to earlier limit theorems for correlated Bernoulli processes, the so-called elephant random walk, and more generally step reinforced random walks.
A Possibility of a Long Range Three-Body Force in the Hadron System
Authors: Oryu Shinsho 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe existence of a kinematic long range component in the one particle transfer three-body potential or so-called “general particle transfer (GPT) potential” was proposed several years ago. In this investigation the mass dependence of the exchanged particle and the index number of the long range property are clarified. On the basis of the GPT potential, a new long range three-body force is proposed in the hadron system, which will be compared with the Efimov potential.
Quality provision under conditions of oligopoly
Authors: Willner Johan , Grönblom Sonja 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe analyse a market where quality is reflected in sunk costs and/or marginal costs. Firms provide too low quality as compared to the socially optimal solution whenever quality affects (at least) sunk costs. Entry would then increase welfare, but the number of firms is restricted by an upper limit that depends on how sunk costs and consumer utility are affected by a quality change. Firms may even produce an excessive output if both types of costs are dependent on quality. Moreover, entry reduces quality except for when the number of firms increases from two to three. Quality is on the other hand socially optimal and independent of market structure if only marginal costs are affected by quality, but output is too low unless the number of firms is very high.
Did we find a copycat? Do as I Do in a domestic cat (Felis catus)
Authors: Fugazza Claudia , Sommese Andrea , Pogány Ákos , Miklósi Ádám 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study shows evidence of a domestic cat (Felis catus) being able to successfully learn to reproduce human-demonstrated actions based on the Do as I Do paradigm. The subject was trained to reproduce a small set of familiar actions on command “Do it!” before the study began. To test feature–contingent behavioural similarity and control for stimulus enhancement, our test consisted of a modified version of the two-action procedure, combined with the Do as I Do paradigm. Instead of showing two different actions on an object to different subjects, we applied a within-subject design and showed the two actions to the same subject in separate trials. We show evidence that a well-socialized companion cat was able to reproduce actions demonstrated by a human model by reproducing two different actions that were demonstrated on the same object. Our experiment provides the first evidence that the Do as I Do paradigm can be applied to cats, suggesting that the ability to recognize behavioural similarity may fall within the range of the socio-cognitive skills of this species. The ability of reproducing the actions of a heterospecific human model in well-socialized cats may pave the way for future studies addressing cats’ imitative skills.
A quantitative assessment of rockfall influence on forest structure in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Moos Christine , Khelidj Nora , Guisan Antoine , Lischke Heike , Randin Christophe F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractForests below rocky cliffs often play a very important role in protecting settlements against rockfall. The structure and development of these forests are expected to be substantially affected by the disturbance of the falling rocks. Knowing about this effect is important to predict the development of protection forests and consider potential effects of the falling blocks in management strategies. The goal of this study is to quantify differences in forest structure depending on rockfall activity in four different sites in the Swiss Alps. For this, we collected data on forest structure in zones of different rockfall activity and derived rockfall impact probabilities based on rockfall simulations. We assessed whether differences in forest structure and signs of rockfall disturbance could be observed between the rockfall zones. We additionally built mixed-effects models to identify the key variables explaining the forest characteristics described by diameter (DBH) and basal area (bA). The forest structure differs between the rockfall zones, however, with varying effects amongst the sites. DBH tends to decrease with increasing rockfall activity, whereas tree density appears to be little impacted by rockfall. For most sites, the number of deposited blocks and the simulated tree impact probability have a significant effect in the models along with the species, whereas for one site, hardly any effect of rockfall was found. Our results, obtained either from direct measurements or modelling, show that rockfall can locally influence the structure of forests, whereas the influence depends on the frequency and intensity of the rockfall disturbance. Impact probabilities obtained by simulations can serve as a good proxy for rockfall disturbances.
Towards an algorithmic synthesis of thermofluid systems
Authors: Weber Jonas B. , Hartisch Michael , Herbst Alexander D. , Lorenz Ulf 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIndividual technical components are usually well optimized. However, the design process of entire technical systems, especially in its early stages, is still dominated by human intuition and the practical experience of engineers. In this context, our vision is the widespread availability of software tools to support the human-driven design process with the help of modern mathematical methods. As a contribution to this, we consider a selected class of technical systems, so-called thermofluid systems. From a technical point of view, these systems comprise fluid distribution as well as superimposed heat transfer. Based on models for simple fluid systems as extensively studied in literature, we develop model extensions and algorithmic methods directed towards the optimized synthesis of thermofluid systems to a practical extent. Concerning fluid systems, we propose a Branch-and-Bound framework, exploiting problem-specific characteristics. This framework is then further analyzed using the application example of booster stations for high-rise buildings. In addition, we demonstrate the application of Quantified Programs to meet possible resilience requirements with respect to the systems generated. In order to model basic thermofluid systems, we extend the existing formulation for fluid systems by including heat transfer. Since this consideration alone is not able to deal with dynamic system behavior, we face this challenge separately by providing a more sophisticated representation dealing with the temporal couplings that result from storage components. For the considered case, we further show the advantages of this special continuous-time representation compared to the more common representation using discrete time intervals.
The Role of Nutraceuticals in the Optimization of Lipid-Lowering Therapy in High-Risk Patients with Dyslipidaemia
Authors: Penson Peter E. , Banach Maciej 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
We aimed to summarize recent guidelines, position papers, and high-quality clinical research relating the use of nutraceuticals in the management of individuals at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Recent Findings
It is essential that individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease receive guideline-directed evidence-based therapies to reduce their risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular events. Compared with conventional therapeutics, nutraceuticals have undergone relatively little investigation in randomized controlled trials. Thus, recommendations for nutraceuticals in international guidelines are rare, and nutraceuticals should not be used preferentially in place of statins. Nevertheless, recent position papers from the International Lipid Expert Panel and clinical evidence from studies of triglyceride reduction by polyunsaturated fatty acid administration demonstrate that nutraceuticals do have an important role in optimizing therapy in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Roles for nutraceuticals include as follows: (1) managing residual risk associated with lipids other than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); (2) managing non-lipid-mediated residual risk; (3) optimizing LDL-C treatment in statin intolerance; (4) optimizing LCL-C treatment when add-on therapies for statins are not available; (5) as adjuncts to lifestyle for individuals at high lifetime risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The strength of evidence for each of these applications is variable.

Summary
In addition to guideline-directed therapeutics, nutraceuticals may have roles in optimizing preventative therapy and targeting residual risk in individuals at high risk of ASCVD. Application of Good Manufacturing Practice and randomized controlled trials when producing and evaluating nutraceuticals will expand the armoury of evidence-based agents for the prevention of ASCVD.
The role of the tumour microenvironment in the angiogenesis of pituitary tumours
Authors: Marques Pedro , Barry Sayka , Carlsen Eivind , Collier David , Ronaldson Amy , Dorward Neil , Grieve Joan , Mendoza Nigel , Nair Ramesh , Muquit Samiul , Grossman Ashley B. , Korbonits Márta 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Angiogenesis has been studied in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs), but the role of the tumour microenvironment (TME) in regulating PitNET angiogenesis remains unknown. We aimed to characterise the role of TME components in determining the angiogenetic PitNET profile, focusing on immune cells and tumour-derived cytokines.

Methods
Immune cells were studied by immunohistochemistry in 24 human PitNETs (16 non-functioning-PitNETs (NF-PitNETs) and 8 somatotrophinomas): macrophages (CD68, CD163, HLA-DR), cytotoxic (CD8) and T helper (CD4) lymphocytes, regulatory T cells (FOXP3), B cells (CD20) and neutrophils (neutrophil elastase); endothelial cells were assessed with CD31. Five normal pituitaries (NP) were included for comparison. Microvessel density and vascular morphology were estimated with ImageJ. The cytokine secretome from these PitNETs were assessed on culture supernatants using a multiplex immunoassay panel.

Results
Microvessel density/area was higher in NP than PitNETs, which also had rounder and more regular vessels. NF-PitNETs had vessels of increased calibre compared to somatotrophinomas. The M2:M1 macrophage ratio correlated with microvessel area. PitNETs with more CD4+ T cells had higher microvessel area, while tumours with more FOXP3+ cells were associated with lower microvessel density. PitNETs with more B cells had rounder vessels. Of the 42 PitNET-derived cytokines studied, CCL2, CXCL10 and CX3CL1 correlated with microvessel density and vessel architecture parameters.

Conclusions
M2 macrophages appear to play a role in PitNET neovascularisation, while B, CD4+ and FOXP3+ lymphocytes, as well as non-cellular TME elements such as CCL2, CXCL10 and CX3CL1, may also modulate the angiogenesis of PitNETs.
Solid state NMR assignments of a human λ-III immunoglobulin light chain amyloid fibril
Authors: Pradhan Tejaswini , Annamalai Karthikeyan , Sarkar Riddhiman , Hegenbart Ute , Schönland Stefan , Fändrich Marcus , Reif Bernd 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aggregation of antibody light chains is linked to systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis, a disease where amyloid deposits frequently affect the heart and the kidney. We here investigate fibrils from the λ-III FOR005 light chain (LC), which is derived from an AL-patient with severe cardiac involvement. In FOR005, five residues are mutated with respect to its closest germline gene segment IGLV3-19 and IGLJ3. All mutations are located close to the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The sequence segments responsible for the fibril formation are not yet known. We use fibrils extracted from the heart of this particular amyloidosis patient as seeds to prepare fibrils for solid-state NMR. We show that the seeds induce the formation of a specific fibril structure from the biochemically produced protein. We have assigned the fibril core region of the FOR005-derived fibrils and characterized the secondary structure propensity of the observed amino acids. As the primary structure of the aggregated patient protein is different for every AL patient, it is important to study, analyze and report a greater number of light chain sequences associated with AL amyloidosis.