bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speed Based Power Control of Integrated Powertrain With Two-Speed Transmission for PEV
Authors: Lu Zhenghong , Yu Liangyao , Song Jian , Fang Shengnan , Abi Lanie 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Multi-speed transmissions with 2–3 speed are considered to be an effective and compact equipment for pure electric vehicles’ (PEV) dynamic and economical improvement. However, the characteristics of fewer gears and larger speed ratio gap not only request uninterrupted shifting quality but also smooth pedalpower pattern to derive demand power of motor from drivers’ input. Due to these features of multi-speed transmissions for PEV, using one fixed pedal-power pattern in conventional ways will cause output torque shock after shifting or force drivers to passively adjust the pedal for constant acceleration. A speed-based unified pedal-power pattern (SUPP) is proposed to interpret the demand power of motor according to the vehicle speed instead of motor speed. The SUPP contains three components including a base, a feedforward and a feedback part to satisfied the different dynamic request under different gears and different speed. Furthermore, the SUPP is integrated with the innovative clutch-to-clutch shifting algorithm which achieves uninterrupted shifting on PEV, and realizes in optimal trajectory of motor operating points during and after shifting. A case study of SUPP is conducted with a two-speed transmission for PEV through both simulation and experiments. The simulation and experimental results prove that the SUPP is able to obtain uninterrupted wheel torque during and after shifting with constant drivers’ intention, and prevent drivers from unnecessary adaptation.
Reduced-Order Modeling and Experimental Studies of Two-Way Coupled Fluid-Structure Interaction in Flapping Wings
Authors: Schwab Ryan K. , Reid Heidi E. , Jankauski Mark A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Flapping, flexible wings deform under both aerodynamic and inertial loads. However, the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) governing flapping wing dynamics is not well understood. Conventional FSI models require excessive computational resources and are not conducive to parameter studies that consider variable wing kinematics or geometry. Here, we present a simple two-way coupled FSI model for a wing subjected to single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) rotation. The model is reduced-order and can be solved several orders of magnitude faster than direct computational methods. We construct a SDOF rotation stage and measure basal strain of a flapping wing in-air and in-vacuum to study our model experimentally. Overall, agreement between theory and experiment is excellent. In-vacuum, the wing has a large 3ω response when flapping at approximately 1/3 its natural frequency. This response is attenuated substantially when flapping in-air as a result of aerodynamic damping. These results highlight the importance of two-way coupling between the fluid and structure, since one-way coupled approaches cannot describe such phenomena. Moving forward, our model enables advanced studies of biological flight and facilitates bio-inspired design of flapping wing technologies.
A Blockchain Platform for Protecting Intellectual Property: Implications for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Esmaeilian Behzad , Deka Angshuman , Behdad Sara 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Prior studies have already predicted that enforcement of IP on the additive manufacturing industry will not be successful due to the widespread use of file-sharing technologies, similar to the entertainment and music industry. This paper discusses the capabilities of Blockchain technology for protecting IP in the design and manufacturing area. A conceptual framework for a digital platform is defined in this paper and further, a survey study of engineering design and manufacturing students has been conducted to identify the main motivation behind developing these platforms and the types of features that should be included in Blockchain-based IP platforms for asset protection, particularly for product design. In addition, respondents provided their opinions about the type of industry that might be affected more by the threat of counterfeiting products and the role of Blockchain-based IP systems on the growth and development of innovation.
The Study of Magnetorheological Elastomer Based on Natural Rubber (NR)/Thermoplastic Elastomer SEBS Hybrid Matrix: Experimental and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Song Xincheng , Wang Wenju , Yang Fufeng , Wang Guoping , Rui Xiaoting 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) is one kind of smart materials which is mainly made up of matrix materials and magnetic particles, their mechanical properties can be controlled under an external magnetic field. Applications of MREs are limited as a result of their poor MR effect and mechanical performance, so enhancing MR effect of MREs are critical for their application. This study aimed to fabricate MREs with high MR effect, the thermoplastic elastomer styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblockcopolymer (SEBS) was added into natural rubber (NR) and physical blending technology was used to fabricate hybrid matrix based MREs. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis showed that, with the addition of SEBS, zero modulus of MREs increased from 0.50 MPa to 0.64 MPa and MR effect increased from 28.00% to 43.75%. The multiphase model in ANSYS software was adopted to analysis the process of physical blending. The numerical simulation result showed that it was more easy to mix matrix evenly with the increase of volume fraction of SEBS.
Electrode-Skin Impedance Component Estimation in the Time-Domain
Authors: Fortune Benjamin C. , McKenzie Lachlan R. , Chatfield Logan T. , Pretty Christopher G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a method to estimate the individual component values of a bipolar electrode-skin interface, with future intent of applying compensatory electrode-skin impedance balancing prior recording bio-signals with electromyography. The electrode-skin interface was stimulated by a step input and the output behaviour was characterised using a single exponential model per electrode. The method was applied to simulated circuitry, passive component circuitry and a human subject. The accuracy of the method was determined using the known values that comprised the simulated and passive component circuitry. Nine of ten simulated data sets resulted in accurate estimations, with a maximum error of 0.763% and a mean error of 0.076% per component. The method also produced successful estimates for nine of the ten physical circuitry data sets, with a maximum error of 10.2% and a mean error of 3.49% per component. The method was unsuccessful in estimating the individual electrode-skin impedance components for the human subject: this was due to the system failing to reach steady state during the stimulation period. The authors suspect a DC offset caused by the half-cell potentials associated with the electrode-skin interface were the cause of the unexpected behaviour.
Transversal Vibration Analysis of Vehicle Track System
Authors: Wang Pingxin , Rui Xiaoting , Zhang Jianshu , Yu Hailong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The track is mainly composed of track shoes, track pins and rubber bushing elements. In order to suppress the transversal vibration of the upper track during the smooth running process of the tracked vehicle, it is necessary to study the important factors affecting the frequency characteristics of the kinematic chain and their interaction. Unlike the conventional chain drive system, the track in the natural state has a bending rigidity due to the action of the rubber bushing. Based on the dynamic theory of axially moving beam, the differential equation of transversal vibration of a beam element is established. The entire upper track is assumed to be a continuous multi-span axially moving Euler-Bernoulli beam with an axial tension. Based on the Transfer Matrix Method of Multibody System, the transfer equation is obtained. According to the boundary conditions, the natural frequency of the system is solved. The correctness of the beam model hypothesis is verified by experiments. The results show that the first-order natural frequency of the upper track increases with the increase of the tension and the decrease of the vehicle speed. Through frequency analysis, the main excitation source for the transversal vibration of the track is the polygon effect produced by the meshing of the track and the sprocket. This study provides a theoretical basis for the vibration analysis and stability control of the upper track on the tracked vehicle.
Investigating Information: A Qualitative Analysis of Expert Designers’ Information Representation and Structuring Behaviors
Authors: Damen Nicole B. , Toh Christine A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Information organization and utilization are integral to the design and development of creative ideas. However, navigating this often complex information space can be challenging, even for experienced designers. Therefore, deep analysis of how expert designers utilize and organize information is needed to provide qualitative insights into their information organization strategies. To address this, four professionals in the software design and development field were recruited for individual 3-hour design sessions. They were asked to generate ideas for a design challenge (reducing distraction-based pedestrian accidents) using information sheets specifically developed to contain different types of information, as identified by prior work. Results reveal individual differences in information approach and categorization, although these were motivated by similar underlying patterns of evaluating the relevance of information for its ability to inform the project constraints, resources or (user) requirements. Designer experience and use of design processes and knowledge transfer tools enhanced their ability to turn information into insights.
Lightweight Long-Reach 5-DOF Robot Arm for Farm Application
Authors: Zhang QianWei , Fotouhi Reza , Cote Joshua , Pour Majid Khak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Crop monitoring is frequently used by crop scientists to observe growth of plants and to relate plants phenotypes to their genotypes. Instead of traditional crop monitoring, which is labor intensive, high-throughput plant phenotyping (HTP) platforms using ground-based vehicle have several advantages over manual methods. Existing HTP platforms with robot arms has limited reach and payload, and they are sometimes not appropriate for monitoring large fields. In this research, a 5-DOF robot arm is developed and analyzed for monitoring several crops growth. This robot arm is a hybrid of both prismatic and rotational joints. This new mobile manipulator is light, has a compact structure, suitable for plant phenotyping, and doesn’t exist commercially. To investigate the performance of the robot arm, kinematics and dynamics analyses using Newton-Euler iterative method and MATLAB simulations are performed. Results matched with each other very well.
Exploiting Origami Shape Reconfiguration in Noise Control Applications
Authors: Fang Hongbin , Yu Xiang , Cheng Li 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Noise has been recognized as a serious health hazard in modern society. Among various noise reduction ways, control of the transmission path from the source to the receiver is a feasible option for both existing and new facilities. More specifically, acoustic barriers and reactive or dissipative mufflers are two characteristic measures. The performance of a noise barrier or a muffler always depends on geometries. For the former, the key geometry is the barrier height; for the latter, the key geometries are the shape and size of the expansion chamber or resonance tubes. Conventional barriers and mufflers are scarcely capable of altering their key geometries, and hence, their performance based on requirements, nor possessing adequate versatility to adapt to variable noise conditions. In this research, we show that origami, the ancient art of paper folding, provides abundant inspiration for developing reconfigurable noise controlling devices, exemplified by Miura-ori noise barrier, modular-origami silencer, Miura-ori quarter-wavelength tube, and origami-ball expansion chamber. We show that the shape and characteristic geometries of these devices can be significantly altered via folding with a single degree of freedom, which can be exploited for tuning their attenuation performances. Then the modular-origami silencer is employed to exemplify the folding-induced advantages. Finite element studies reveal that folding could reconfigure the silencer such that the sound attenuation bandwidth can be effectively tuned. In addition, by incorporating multiple origami layers in a silencer and by programming their geometries, prescribed noise control requirement can be achieved. Overall, with the modular-origami silencer as a proof-of-concept example, we demonstrate that origami could inspire new innovation in designing noise control devices with the long-desired shape re-configurability and acoustic tunability.
Optimizing Topology and Fiber Orientations With Minimum Length Scale Control in Laminated Composites
Authors: Luo Chuan , Guest James K. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Discrete Material Optimization (DMO) has proven to be an effective framework for optimizing the orientation of orthotropic laminate composite panels across a structural design domain. The typical design problem is one of maximizing stiffness by assigning a fiber orientation to each subdomain, where the orientation must be selected from a set of discrete magnitudes (e.g., 0°, ±45°, 90°). The DMO approach converts this discrete problem into a continuous formulation where a design variable is introduced for each candidate orientation. Local constraints and SIMP style penalization are then used to ensure each subdomain is assigned a single orientation in the final solution. The subdomain over which orientation is constant is typically defined as a finite element, ultimately leading to complex orientation layouts that may be difficult to manufacture. Recent literature has introduced threshold projections, originally developed for density-based topology optimization, into the DMO approach in order to influence the manufacturability of solutions. This work takes this idea one step further and utilizes the Heaviside Projection Method within DMO to provide formal control over the minimum length scale of structural features, holes, and patches of uniform orientation. The proposed approach is demonstrated on benchmark maximum stiffness design problems in terms of objective function, solution discreteness, and manufacturability. Numerical results suggest that projection-based methods can play an important role in controlling the manufacturability of optimized material distributions in optimized design and that solutions are near-discrete with performance properties comparable to designs without manufacturing considerations.
Machine Learning for Evaluating the Social Impact of Engineered Products: A Framework
Authors: Stringham Bryan J. , Smith Daniel O. , Mattson Christopher A. , Dahlin Eric C. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Evaluating the social impact indicators of engineered products is crucial to better understanding how products affect individuals’ lives and discover how to design for positive social impact. Most existing methods for evaluating social impact indicators require direct human interaction with users of a product, such as one-on-one interviews. These interactions produce high-fidelity data that are rich in information but provide only a single snapshot in time of the product’s impacts and are less frequently collected due to the significant human resources and cost associated with obtaining them. A framework is proposed that describes how low-fidelity data passively obtained using remote sensors, satellites, and digital technology can be collected and correlated with high-fidelity, low-frequency data using machine learning. Using this framework provides an inexpensive way to continuously monitor the social impact indicators of products by augmenting high-fidelity, low-frequency data with low-fidelity, continuously-collected data using machine learning. We illustrate an application of this framework by demonstrating how it can be used to examine the gender-related social impact indicators of water pumps in Uganda. The provided example uses a deep learning model to correlate pump handle movement (measured via an integrated motion unit) with user type (man, woman, or child) of 1,200 hand pump users.
An Association Rule Approach for Identifying Physical System-User Interactions and Potential Human Errors Using a Design Repository
Authors: Soria Zurita Nicolás F. , Tensa Melissa Anne , Ferrero Vincenzo , Stone Robert B. , DuPont Bryony , Demirel H. Onan , Tumer Irem Y. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
During the design process, designers must satisfy customer needs while adequately developing engineering objectives. Among these engineering objectives, human considerations such as user interactions, safety, and comfort are indispensable during the design process. Nevertheless, traditional design engineering methodologies have significant limitations incorporating and understanding physical user interactions during early design phases. For example, Human Factors methods use checklists and guidelines applied to virtual or physical prototypes at later design stages to evaluate the concept. As a result, designers struggle to identify design deficiencies and potential failure modes caused by user-system interactions without relying on the use of detailed and costly prototypes. The Function-Human Error Design Method (FHEDM) is a novel approach to assess physical interactions during the early design stage using a functional basis approach. By applying FHEDM, designers can identify user interactions required to complete the functions of the system and to distinguish failure modes associated with such interactions, by establishing user-system associations using the information of the functional model. In this paper, we explore the use of data mining techniques to develop relationships between component, functions, flows and user interactions. We extract design information about components, functions, flows, and user interactions from a set of distinct coffee makers found in the Design Repository to build associations rules. Later, using a functional model of an electric kettle, we compared the functions, flows, and user interactions associations generated from data mining against the associations created by the authors, using the FHEDM. The results show notable similarities between the associations built from data mining and the FHEDM. We are suggesting that design information from a rich dataset can be used to extract association rules between functions, flows, components, and user interactions. This work will contribute to the design community by automating the identification of user interactions from a functional model.
Overview of Remote Sensing Efforts at University of Maryland Eastern Shore
Authors: Nagchaudhuri Abhijit , Ford Travis , Hartman Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Remote sensing and aerial imaging efforts at University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) have been ongoing for over a decade. It was initiated with the UMESAIR (Undergraduate Multidisciplinary Earth Science Airborne Instrumentation Research) project in early part of the century as an exploratory experiential learning project as means to foster collaboration and provide exposure to science and engineering students to scientists and engineers at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility which is within 50 miles of campus. Subsequently, with significant support from USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) the remote sensing endeavors have been integrated with the smart farming and precision agriculture efforts closely aligned with the land grant mission of UMES and the regional emphasis in the Delmarva Peninsula. Maryland Space Grant Consortium (MDSGC) have also supported a synergistic project titled Aerial Imaging and Remote Sensing for Precision Agriculture and Environmental Stewardship (AIRSPACES) on an annual basis which has allowed continued involvement of multidisciplinary undergraduate students from the STEM fields to remain involved with the efforts.
Design of a Human-Powered Roll Stabilization Attachment for Utilitarian Two-Wheeled Vehicles
Authors: Diaz Lankenau Guillermo F. , Daigle Lea , Ihns Samuel H. , Koch Eric , Saadi Jana , Tornes Patrick , Wu Jessica M. , Winter Amos G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper describes the motivation and development of a human-powered roll stabilization attachment for utilitarian two-wheeled vehicles. The proposed design has been built and tested by the authors in both on- and off-road conditions. It provides balance by providing a rolling platform underneath the two-wheeled vehicle (motorcycle) for the user to push against with their feet. This platform is placed under the driver’s sitting position and is towed from a three degree-of-freedom joint behind the front axle (i.e. one of the implementations uses a ball hitch joint). Fifty eight percent of the world’s motorcycles are in Asia Pacific, and Southern and Eastern Asia. In most of those countries, motorcycles greatly outnumber cars and many of these motorcycles function as utility vehicles. The uses of motorcycles include transportation of goods on the bike frame, transportation of goods on a trailer, and even pulling agricultural implements in farms. If no modifications are made to the motorcycle, at slow speeds operators of motorcycles must drag their feet on the ground and lightly push upwards as needed to retain balance. Attaching conventional outrigger wheels, similar to a motorcycle side-car, can negate some of the advantages of motorcycles that users value by: (A) preventing leaning into turns when rigid outriggers arms are used, (B) significantly increasing complexity and mass when outrigger arms mounted on suspension systems are used, and (C) increasing the vehicle’s width such that it can no longer travel between car lanes or between rows of growing crop. An additional design consideration for balancing motorcycles is the user’s need for quick conversion between a statically balanced vehicle and a vehicle can lean dynamically in turns, for example for someone who wishes to operate a motorcycle on farms but also travel quickly between agricultural fields. This conversion convenience is affected not only by the ease of attaching and detaching the balancing system but also by the ability to comfortably carry on the balancing system on the motorcycle even when it is not being used, such that it can be deployed when it is needed. This paper describes a design for a human-powered roll stabilization attachment that address these concerns and other identified user needs. It also provides with general equations to design similar human-powered roll stabilization systems for motorcycles.