bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleavage-furrow formation without F-actin inChlamydomonas
Authors: Onishi Masayuki , Umen James G. , Cross Frederick R. , Pringle John R. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceStudies of eukaryotic cell division have focused on the actomyosin ring, whose filaments of F-actin and myosin-II are hypothesized to generate the contractile force for ingression of the cleavage furrow. However, myosin-II has a very limited taxonomic distribution, whereas division by furrowing is much more widespread. We used the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiito investigate how a furrow can form without myosin-II and the potential roles of F-actin in this process. Although F-actin was associated with ingressing furrows, its complete removal only modestly delayed furrowing, suggesting that an actin-independent mechanism (possibly involving microtubules) drives furrow ingression. Such a mechanism presumably emerged early in eukaryotic evolution and may still underlie cell division in a diverse range of modern species.
TNNT2
mutations in the tropomyosin binding region of TNT1 disrupt its role in contractile inhibition and stimulate cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Madan Aditi , Viswanathan Meera C. , Woulfe Kathleen C. , Schmidt William , Sidor Agnes , Liu Ting , Nguyen Tran H. , Trinh Bosco , Wilson Cortney , Madathil Sineej , Vogler Georg , O’Rourke Brian , Biesiadecki Brandon J. , Tobacman Larry S. , Cammarato Anthony 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Roughly two decades ago, troponin T (TnT) of the trimeric thin filament regulatory troponin complex, was shown to contribute directly to the inhibition of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, independent of troponins I and C. The molecular basis of this enigmatic role for TnT remains unknown. Hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies (HCM and RCM) are characterized by impaired relaxation and, thus, an inability of the heart muscle to properly “turn off.” Based on data gleaned from multiple model systems used to investigate HCM and RCM TnT mutations, and recently published thin filament structural models, we propose a mechanism that potentially underlies TnT’s heretofore poorly understood role in muscle relaxation, which, when compromised, may cause disease.
Elevated dust depositions in West Asia linked to ocean–atmosphere shifts during North Atlantic cold events
Authors: Safaierad Reza , Mohtadi Mahyar , Zolitschka Bernd , Yokoyama Yusuke , Vogt Christoph , Schefuß Enno 
Published: July 2020

Significance
North Atlantic cold events in the past have been shown to cause large-scale atmospheric reorganizations. Results of our dust record from southeastern Iran, which is highly susceptible to capture dust storms from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula—the largest dust source on Earth—show a direct link between North Atlantic cooling and enhanced eastward dust transport from the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. This finding suggests that climate conditions over western Asia during these cold events were controlled by a southward shift in the winter position of the Northern Hemisphere westerlies and more susceptible to variations in the North American winter ice cover.
Subdomain cryo-EM structure of nodaviral replication protein A crown complex provides mechanistic insights into RNA genome replication
Authors: Unchwaniwala Nuruddin , Zhan Hong , Pennington Janice , Horswill Mark , den Boon Johan A. , Ahlquist Paul 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Positive-strand RNA [(+)RNA] viruses constitute the largest genetic class of viruses and include many high-impact pathogens, such as SARS–CoV-2 (COVID-19 pandemic coronavirus), MERS CoV, Zika, chikungunya, dengue, and hepatitis C viruses. (+)RNA virus genome replication invariably occurs on virus-induced, membrane-bound organelles called RNA replication complexes, an attractive potential target for broadly active antivirals. To better understand, control and beneficially employ (+)RNA viruses, urgent needs exist to define RNA replication complex structure and function at a molecular level. This study uses cryoelectron microscopy and complementary approaches to provide previously inaccessible native, near atomic-resolution views of the well-characterized nodavirus RNA replication complex, advancing fundamental understanding of (+)RNA virus genome replication complex structure, organization, stability, and function.
Exoplanet secondary atmosphere loss and revival
Authors: Kite Edwin S. , Barnett Megan N. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceEarth and Venus have significant atmospheres, but Mercury does not. Thousands of exoplanets are known, but we know almost nothing about rocky exoplanet atmospheres. Many rocky exoplanets were formed by a sub-Neptune-to-super-Earth conversion process during which planets lose most of their H2-rich (primary) atmospheres and are reduced in volume by a factor of >2. Does such a gas-rich adolescence increase or decrease the likelihood that super-Earths will subsequently exhibit a H2-poor (secondary) atmosphere? We show that secondary atmospheres exsolved from the magma ocean are unlikely to be retained by super-Earths, but it is possible for volcanic outgassing to revive super-Earth atmospheres. For M-dwarf planetary systems, super-Earths that have atmospheres close to the star likely were formed with abundant volatiles.
Relating size and functionality in human social networks through complexity
Authors: West B. J. , Massari G. F. , Culbreth G. , Failla R. , Bologna M. , Dunbar R. I. M. , Grigolini P. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceDunbar hypothesized, on the basis of empirical evidence, that a typical individual can have a stable relation with at most 150 other people. We establish that this number results from the internal dynamics of a complex network. Two network models having phase transitions are used to determine the optimal size for the most efficient information exchange. Such criticality generates intermittent events, with time intervals between successive events being independent (renewal) and scaling. The scaling index depends nonmonotonically on network size and direct calculations show that the index is maximum for networks the size of the Dunbar number and provides maximal information exchange efficiency. This result provides a theory-based bridge to span the conceptual gap between psychology and sociology.
Variability in French word-final schwa
Authors: Athanasopoulou Angeliki , Vogel Irene 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The production of schwa in French is highly variable. Some of this variability is predictable based on sociolinguistic (e.g., dialects), phonological (e.g., segments, word position), and stylistic (e.g., reading) factors. We investigate the effect of prosodic structure on the production of word-final schwa in Parisian French, while controlling for the other factors. We also investigate variability in schwa production within and between speakers of the same variety. Our findings show that prosody does affect the production of schwa: the stronger the prosodic boundary, the more probable schwa production is. While this is true for all the speakers, we also found considerable variation in the rates of schwa production, despite our controlling for dialect and style.
French causal puisque-clauses in the light of (not)-at-issueness
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the discourse status of French causal clauses introduced by puisque ‘since’. Puisque-clauses are associated with two implications: the relation expressed by puisque and the content of their clause. Several diagnostics show that neither implication is at-issue and that the two implications belong to two different types of projective content (cf. Tonhauser et al. 2013). This is due to syntactic and lexical reasons: the relation expressed by puisque is not at-issue because puisque-clauses modify high (evidential and speech act) phrases that are not at-issue; the content of the puisque-clause is not at-issue because puisque is lexically factive, i.e. selects true facts. Puisque thus exemplifies an unrecognized type of double presuppositional trigger.
Geminates and vowel laxing in Quebec French
Authors: Cuerrier Anaële , Reiss Charles 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Laxing and harmony in Quebec French (QF) high vowels shows dialectal, register and perhaps even lexical variation. A recent proposal to handle some of the data (Poliquin 2006) contains a radical innovation to phonological theory concerning long-distance segment interactions. We question the necessity of such an account by pointing out that recognition of geminate sonorants in QF can explain some puzzling forms without recourse to new devices. Our account is supported by phonetic considerations, as well as by recognizing that the alternative both under and overgenerates lax vowels in surface forms.
Number as an adjunct in Romance
Authors: Cyrino Sonia M. L. , Espinal M. Teresa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we argue that Spanish (and other Romance languages such as Catalan), contrary to what has been believed up to now, patterns with languages such as Brazilian Portuguese and French. We present several different arguments to support our proposal that in the Romance languages we investigate plural marking is specified and interpreted on functional categories, namely on Determiners. We propose that in these languages plural marking is a syntactic adjunct to D (i.e., a categorized d root) by default, and to a categorized n root in marked cases. Manifestations of (plural) Number on other constituents within the nominal domain are to be considered solely as the output of morphophonological agreement or concord.
Articles in an article-less language
Authors: Petroj Vanessa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
I will explore the interaction between Romanian and Serbian elements within the Traditional Noun Phrase (TNP) that participate in code-switching, including Romanian definite articles (D), Romanian and Serbian adjectives (A), and Serbian nouns (N), focusing on the definite article affixation. Following Bošković (2008, 2012), I assume Serbian to be an NP language (lacking definite articles) and Romanian a DP language (having definite articles), leading to semantic and syntactic consequences for the rest of the structure. Finally, I argue against CS-specific constraints such as Free Morpheme Constraint (Poplack 1980), Functional Head Constraint (Belazi, Rubin, & Toribio 1994), and PF Disjunction Theorem (MacSwan 1999), and in support of Bandi-Rao and den Dikken (2014) reformulated PF Disjunction Theorem.
Opportunities to Boost Naloxone Awareness among People who Misuse Opioid Analgesics who have not used Illegal Opioids
Authors: Gicquelais Rachel E. , Bohnert Amy S.B. , Fernandez Anne C. 
Published: July 2020

Background Increasing naloxone awareness and carrying among individuals who misuse opioid analgesic medications (OAs) could reduce opioid overdose mortality. Methods Self-report surveys were completed by 322 adults receiving residential addiction treatment who misused OAs in the past year. Descriptive analyses and prevalence ratios (using Poisson generalized estimating equations) examined whether illegal opioid (e.g., heroin) initiation was associated with naloxone awareness. Results Among this sample of participants who misused OAs, naloxone awareness was lowest among those who never used illegal opioids (26%) and highest among those who transitioned from OAs to illegal opioid use over time (83%). Naloxone awareness remained higher among participants who had used illegal opioids after adjustment for sociodemographic and substance use characteristics. Those who used OAs before initiating illegal opioids were 2.3-fold (95% CI: 1.5–3.3) more likely to have naloxone awareness than those who had only misused OAs after adjustment. Half of participants who had only used OAs had experienced an overdose, 75% had witnessed an overdose, and 61% were prescribed OAs to treat pain in the past 6 months. Conclusions Implementing overdose education and naloxone distribution programs during addiction treatment could bolster naloxone awareness among people who misuse OAs but who have not used illegal opioids.
Weak magnetic field corrections to light vector or axial mesons mixings and vector meson dominance
Authors: Braghin F L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Weak magnetic-field-induced corrections to effective coupling constants describing light vector meson mixing and vector meson dominance (VMD) are derived. The magnetic field must be weak with respect to an effective quark mass M* such that:

e

B

0

/

M

*

2

<
1

or

e

B

0

/

M

*

2

≪
1

. On that basis, a flavor SU(2) quark–quark interaction due to a non-perturbative one gluon exchange is considered. By means of methods usually applied to the Nambu—Jona-Lasinio and global color models, the equations for leading light vector/axial meson coupling to a background electromagnetic field are derived. The corresponding effective coupling constants are resolved in structureless mesons and long-wavelength limits. Some of the resulting coupling constants are redefined, so as to become magnetic-field-induced corrections to vector or axial meson couplings. Due to the approximated chiral symmetry of the model, light axial meson mixing induced by the magnetic field is also obtained. Numerical estimates are presented for the coupling constants and some of the corresponding momentum-dependent form factors. The contributions of the induced VMD and vector meson mixing couplings for the low-momentum pion electromagnetic form factor and for the (off-shell) charge symmetry violation potential at the constituent quark level are estimated. The relative overall weak magnetic-field-induced anisotropic corrections are of the order of

(

e

B

0

/

M

*

2

)

n

, where n = 2 or n = 1, respectively.
Virtual reality, video screen shots and sensor data for a large drop tower ride
Authors: Burt Malcolm , Pendrill Ann-Marie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Large drop towers let you experience a couple of seconds of nearly free fall before stopping gracefully in magnetic brakes or bouncing a number of times on compressed air, as in the Turbo Drop tower considered in this work, where many complementary representations are used. An accelerometer taken along on the ride captured the forces experienced by the body, and a pressure sensor provided a simultaneous proxy measurement of elevation. These data can be treated numerically: integration of the accelerometer data gives a velocity graph which can be compared to derivatives of the elevation data obtained from the pressure sensor. Plotting elevation versus velocity gives a phase portrait for the damped oscillations of the gondola before it comes to a stop. These abstract mathematical and graphical representations are complemented by screen shots from a video as well as from a virtual reality movie offering the view from the point of a rider. Forces and acceleration overlaid in a 2D version of the VR movie give a geometric illustration of Newton’s second law, in addition to the mathematical treatment. This work thus provides a wide range of representations, aimed to support student representational fluency and conceptual understanding of important force and motion concepts.
Setup for studying Fresnel diffraction by photographing diffraction patterns
using a smartphone
Authors: Mayer V V , Varaksina E I 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For conducting laboratory experiments on Fresnel diffraction, the use of a simple point light
source from an LED and the application of a modern smartphone for photographing the diffraction
patterns are proposed. The developed devices allow the experiments to be carried out under
normal laboratory lighting.
The first CREDO registration of extensive air shower
Authors: Karbowiak Michał , Wibig Tadeusz , Alvarez-Castillo David , Beznosko Dmitriy , Duffy Alan R , Góra Dariusz , Homola Piotr , Kasztelan Marcin , Niedźwiecki Michał 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is the project to search and study ultra high-energy cosmic ray particles from deep space producing simultaneous extensive air showers over the entire exposed surface of the Earth. The concept of the CREDO infrastructure assumes absorbing all kinds of cosmic ray data from any apparatus all over the world, including professional instruments, educational detectors and arrays, and popular devices such as smartphones. We discuss here the usefulness and possibilities of using the last one and present the educational CREDO-Maze mini array comprised of four CosmicWatch detectors. This simple and affordable apparatus is shown to be able to register the extensive air showers and can be used to study cosmic rays much more effectively than the simple two-detector CosmicWatch muon telescope station. The further development direction is indicated.
Experimental validation of a coincidence time resolution metric including depth-of-interaction bias for TOF-PET
Authors: Loignon-Houle Francis , Toussaint Maxime , Sun Lee Min , Cates Joshua W. , Lecomte Roger 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Depth-of-interaction (DOI) variability of annihilation photons is known to be a source of coincidence time resolution (CTR) degradation for fast time-of-flight–positron emission tomography detectors. An analytical model was recently proposed to explicitly include the DOI time bias separately from variance-related statistical factors, such as scintillation photon emission and photosensor jitter, in the CTR evaluation. In the present work, an experimental validation of this new model is provided. An unconventional signal readout configuration was used to magnify the DOI bias with 20 mm long LYSO:Ce crystals. In a head-to-head orientation of the crystals, simulations performed using the metric with DOI bias exhibited a much better agreement (within 21 ps) with the experimentally measured CTR of 413 ± 8 ps full-width at half maximum, whereas simulations without DOI bias underestimated the CTR by 138 ps. The metric including DOI bias was shown to also be effective at predicting the CTR of the head-to-head setup (without DOI information) using data from a DOI-collimated experimental setup (with partial DOI information). With the development of new low-variance ultra-fast detectors, the DOI timing blur will become increasingly important and will need to be taken into account in analytical predictions and in some experimental measurements through the proposed metric.
Comprehensive data set to include interference effects in Monte Carlo models of x-ray coherent scattering inside biological tissues
Authors: Paternò G , Cardarelli P , Gambaccini M , Taibi A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Interference effects are included in the x-ray coherent scattering models used in Monte Carlo codes by modifying each material form factor through a proper interference function, which is obtained directly from the measured scattering pattern. This approach is effective for non-biological materials, but it is impractical for biological tissues, due the wide composition variability they can feature. Instead, a given biological sample can be considered as a proper mixture of four basis materials: fat, water, collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite. The sample form factor can then be obtained through a weighted mean of the form factors of the basis materials, which include interference effects. Here, we fully demonstrate the validity of the proposed segmentation method by applying it to 31 biological tissue samples whose form factors are available in the literature. The segmentation, namely the determination of the optimal weight of the basis components, was carried out through a multiple linear regression or, in some cases, by using a controlled trial and error sequence. The form factors of the basis materials were extracted from previous works and elaborated to include more scattering features. In particular, they were interpolated at a denser grid. Furthermore, the data measured separately in wide angle and small angle regimes, for fat and collagen, were merged. In general, a very good agreement was obtained between the original sample and the calculated mixture, being the mean relative difference of their scattering profiles and their attenuation coefficients ∼10%. The segmentation method is fully supported by our extension to the Geant4 model of x-ray coherent scattering, which was used to compare simulated scatter distributions with known experimental data. The developed Geant4 code and a series of molecular form factors, including those of the basis materials, are freely downloadable from a dedicated web repository.
Control of higher-silane generation by dilution gases in SiH4 plasmas
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Xiaobing 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Higher-silane related reactive species (HSRS) is considered as a key factor in increasing the degree of photo-induced degradation, which is a serious problem for hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) film. Dilution gases (H2, He, Ar) are used to control the generation of HSRS. A global model for SiH4-containing discharge is developed to investigate the concentration of HSRS. The model calculations are compared with the available measurements, presenting a reasonable agreement. Increasing pressure contributes to more power loss via volumetric processes, which brings about the decline in the electron density and temperature with the same absorbed power. The average electronegativity rises with the silane content or pressure log-linearly, but decreases with the power log-linearly. As the main precursor of the anion formation,

S
i
H

3

−

is the starting point for the formation of large silyl anions (

S
i

n

H

2
n
+
1

−

). The HSRS density rises first and then falls with the increase of the absorbed power, which can be explained by the decomposition of SiH4. The dilution of H2 promotes the generation of H atomics, enhancing the production of SiH2 with abstraction reaction (H + SiH3 ⇒ H2 + SiH2). However, due to the declined content of SiH4, the insertion reaction (SiH2 + SiH4 ⇒ Si2H6) is inhibited. A higher Ar fraction results in more total ionization and a larger ion density. Due to the high threshold energies of He for both excitation and ionization, the dilution of He does not contribute much to the variation of the neutral radical density.