bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1F Toxin Resistance in Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations in the United States
Authors: Coates Brad S , Abel Craig A , Swoboda-Bhattarai Katharine A , Palmquist Debra E , Montezano Débora G , Zukoff Sarah N , Wang Yangzhou , Bradshaw Jeffrey D , DiFonzo Christina D , Shields Elson , Tilmon Kelley J , Hunt Thomas E , Peterson Julie A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The western bean cutworm (WBC), Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), can be a severe pest of transgenic corn in the western Plains and Great Lakes regions of North America, including on hybrids expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1F toxin. The level and geographic distribution of Cry1F resistance are not completely known. Neonate S. albicosta from 10 locations between Nebraska and New York state were subjected to dose–response trypsin-activated native Cry1F toxin overlay bioassays. In 2017, the mean estimated lethal concentration causing 50% larval mortality (LC50) ranged from 15.1 to 18.4 µg Cry1F cm−2, and were not significantly different among locations. In 2018, LC50 estimates at Scottsbluff, NE (22.0 µg Cry1F cm−2) and Watertown, NY (21.7 µg Cry1F cm−2) were significantly higher when compared to locations in Michigan (15.8 µg Cry1F cm−2). Significantly lower 14-day larval weight among survivors was correlated with higher Cry1F dose. Results from this study indicate that S. albicosta survivorship on purified Bt Cry1F toxin shows a relatively even distribution across the native and range expansion areas where seasonal field infestations typically occur.
Low Tunnels Reduce Insect Populations, Insecticide Application, and Chewing Insect Damage on Brussels Sprouts
Authors: Acharya Tej P , Welbaum Gregory E , Arancibia Ramón A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Low tunnels covered with spun-bonded fabric (row covers) provide season extension for vegetable production and also afford a physical barrier against airborne insects and other non-soil pests. Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea L. group Gemmifera (Brassicaceae), is a popular vegetable in local markets in Virginia; however, unprotected field production is severely affected by insect pest infestation. This study’s objective was to determine the level of protection low tunnels provide against insect infestation and leaf herbivory injury. The experiment was conducted at the Virginia Tech Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Painter, Virginia. The experimental design was split-plot with polyethylene soil mulches (white or black) as whole plot factors and production systems (low tunnel or open field) as subplot factors. In this study, low tunnels reduced insect infestation and chewing herbivory leaf injury to Brussels sprouts. Compared to an unprotected open field, infestations of lepidopteran insects and harlequin bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were reduced on plants under low tunnels. However, aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidae) infestation occurred under low tunnels in fall. There was no effect of color mulches (white or black) and no interaction between tunnel and mulch color on insect infestation and chewing injury. Fewer insect infestations and feeding injury indicate that low tunnels can be an effective management tool for sustainable vegetable production.
A protective seam mining method by cutting roof with chainsaw arm machine
Authors: Kuang Tiejun , Tai Yang , Huo Bingjie , Xia Binwei , Zhang Yanqun , Xia Hongchun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Multiple-layered coal seams widely exist in main coal mining areas of China. When these coal seams are exploited, the pillar mining method is always employed. This leads to many coal pillars left in the upper coal seams as a protective barrier. As a result, these residual pillars will not only cause the loss of coal resources but also could trigger environmental issues and a serious of mine disasters. A theoretical model was built to analyse the effect of the residual pillars. From the theoretical model, it was found that four stress concentration areas were formed by the upper residual coal pillars. To address the issues of the residual coal pillars, Datong Coal Mine Group has developed an innovative technology of the roof cutting with a chainsaw. A new protective coal seam mining method using chainsaw roof-cutting technology is introduced. A numerical model is constructed to analyse the mining pressure distribution law in working face within the lower layer coal seam. From the numerical simulation, the new protective layer mining method could reduce about 15.2% of the advancing stress, which contributes a lot to controlling the mining pressure within the lower layer. The field measurement showed that the hydraulic support utilised at the site was at lower pressure levels, which proves the new protective seam mining method can significantly reduce the working face pressure.
Taxes and Custom: Tax Treaties as Evidence for Customary International Law
Authors: Braumann Céline 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Scholars of public international law have not paid attention to international tax law in the past. This article seeks to fill this vacuum and to foster cross-field research by studying customary international law in international tax law. It assesses the value of international tax law’s most prominent feature for the identification of custom: the dense network of almost identical, bilateral double tax treaties. The primacy of source-based taxation for business profits serves as a test case for this purpose. The International Law Commission’s conclusions on the identification of customary international law constitute the theoretical reference point that informs the empirical analysis. Thus, this article simultaneously serves as a treadmill test to appraise whether the International Law Commission’s conclusions actually offer practical guidance. The analysis culminates in the conclusion that tax treaties have only little value for the identification of customary international law. First, tax treaties alone do not entail representative state practice. Second, tax treaties give rise to the pitfalls of the Baxter paradox. Third, the tax treaty network yields no evidence that any state practice originates from opinio juris. Judging by the evidence brought into play so far, states likely display uniform treaty practice in international taxation because they believe it is in their best interest, not due to any legal conviction.
A Beginner’s Guide to Collecting Questing Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A Standardized Tick Dragging Protocol
Authors: Salomon Jordan , Hamer Sarah A , Swei Andrea 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTick-borne diseases are emerging globally, necessitating increased research and coordination of tick surveillance practices. The most widely used technique for active collection of host-seeking, human-biting tick vectors is ‘tick dragging’, by which a cloth is dragged across the top of the vegetation or forest floor and regularly checked for the presence of ticks. Use of variable dragging protocols limits the ability of researchers to combine data sets for comparative analyses or determine patterns and trends across different spatial and temporal scales. Standardization of tick drag collection and reporting methodology will greatly benefit the field of tick-pathogen studies. Based on the recommendations of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and other ecological considerations, we propose that tick dragging should be conducted to sample at least 750 m2 along linear transects when habitat allows in a manner that reduces bias in the sampled area, and report density of each tick species and life stage separately. A protocol for constructing a standard drag cloth, establishing linear transects, and drag sampling is presented, along with a downloadable datasheet that can be modified to suit the needs of different projects. Efforts to align tick surveillance according to these standard best practices will help generate robust data on tick population biology.
Perceptions and Responses of Residents to the Nuisance Black Fly Simulium jenningsi (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Mid-Atlantic United States
Authors: Wilson-Ounekeo Rebecca C , Lamp William O 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Current management practices of nuisance black flies are conducted on an area-wide level and rely on the support of the public to implement programs. In Maryland, a vocal group of residents campaigned their representatives to begin a management program for the black fly Simulium jenningsi Malloch. To determine how residents in Maryland and its surrounding states perceived the severity of black fly nuisance, we deployed surveys online and in-person on the ways their outdoor activities were impacted and the preventive methods used to mitigate nuisance. Online respondents, those with children, and those who had lived in the region for a shorter amount of time were more likely to report black flies as ‘extremely annoying’. Quality-of-life concerns stemming from black fly swarms were primarily related to avoiding outdoor exercise and recreation. The majority of respondents used at least one method of personal protection against black fly annoyance, but satisfaction with any method was low. Methods used by respondents included the removal of standing water and rotting vegetation from their properties, indicating a lack of knowledge about black fly breeding habitats. The results contextualized the needs of residents in future management and topics for outreach efforts to address misconceptions about black fly biology. This study offers an example of the application of social science methodology in understanding the needs of stakeholders in area-wide pest management.
Body Mass Index and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Floris Giuseppe , Richard François , Hamy Anne-Sophie , Jongen Lynn , Wildiers Hans , Ardui Jan , Punie Kevin , Smeets Ann , Berteloot Patrick , Vergote Ignace , De Croze Diane , Meseure Didier , Salomon Anne , Laé Marick , Reyal Fabien , Biganzoli Elia , Neven Patrick , Desmedt Christine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
High levels of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTIL) are associated with increased pathological complete response (pCR) rate and longer survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Here, we evaluated the value of sTIL in predicting pCR and explored prognosis in TNBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to body mass index (BMI).

Methods
sTIL were scored centrally on pretreatment biopsies from 2 retrospective series of nonunderweight TNBC patients (n = 445). sTIL and BMI were considered as binary (sTIL: &lt;30.0% vs ≥30.0%; BMI: lean vs overweight and obese) and continuous variables. Associations with pCR (ypT0/isN0) were assessed using logistic regression, and associations with event-free survival and overall survival were assessed using Cox regressions.

Results
236 (53.0%) patients were lean and 209 (47.0%) overweight and obese. pCR was achieved in 181 of 445 (41.7%) patients. Median sTIL was 11.0%, and 99 of 445 (22.2%) tumors had high sTIL. A statistically significant interaction between sTIL and BMI, considered as categorical or continuous variables, for predicting pCR was observed in the multivariable analysis (Pinteraction = .03 and .04, respectively). High sTIL were statistically significantly associated with pCR in lean (odds ratio [OR] = 4.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.10 to 8.56; P &lt; .001) but not in heavier patients (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.75 to 2.91; P = .26) in the multivariable analysis. High sTIL were further associated with increased event-free survival in lean (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.62; P = .004) but not in heavier patients (HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.26 to 1.08; P = .08). Similar results were obtained for overall survival.

Conclusion
BMI is modifying the effect of sTIL on pCR and prognosis in TNBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
The Singapore Convention: Towards a Universal Standard for the Recognition and Enforcement of International Settlement Agreements?
Authors: Treichl Clemens 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Singapore Convention seeks to establish a universal standard for the recognition and enforcement of international settlement agreements resulting from mediation. Assuming it finds wide acceptance, the Convention could harmonize existing enforcement mechanisms, the effect of which typically does not extend to foreign jurisdictions. Ideally, this could leverage mediation in a similar way as the New York Convention helped establish arbitration as the prime means of dispute settlement on the international plane. After contextualizing the Singapore Convention in light of the increasing diversification of dispute resolution methods, this article concludes that this aspiration is unlikely to turn into reality anytime soon. To this end, it considers traditional approaches to the enforcement of settlement agreements as well as the genesis and cornerstones of the Singapore Convention and briefly examines its interplay with arbitral proceedings and domestic legal systems.
Ramipril reduces incidence and prolongates latency time of radiation-induced rat myelopathy after photon and carbon ion irradiation
Authors: Saager Maria , Hahn Eric W , Peschke Peter , Brons Stephan , Huber Peter E , Debus Jürgen , Karger Christian P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) during radiotherapy may be ameliorative for treatment-related normal tissue damage, a pilot study was conducted with the clinically approved (ACE) inhibitor ramipril on the outcome of radiation-induced myelopathy in the rat cervical spinal cord model. Female Sprague Dawley rats were irradiated with single doses of either carbon ions (LET 45 keV/μm) at the center of a 6 cm spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) or 6 MeV photons. The rats were randomly distributed into 4 experimental arms: (i) photons; (ii) photons + ramipril; (iii) carbon ions and (iv) carbon ions + ramipril. Ramipril administration (2 mg/kg/day) started directly after irradiation and was maintained during the entire follow-up. Complete dose-response curves were generated for the biological endpoint radiation-induced myelopathy (paresis grade II) within an observation time of 300 days. Administration of ramipril reduced the rate of paralysis at high dose levels for photons and for the first time a similar finding for high-LET particles was demonstrated, which indicates that the effect of ramipril is independent from radiation quality. The reduced rate of myelopathy is accompanied by a general prolongation of latency time for photons and for carbon ions. Although the already clinical approved drug ramipril can be considered as a mitigator of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity in the central nervous system, further examinations of the underlying pathological mechanisms leading to radiation-induced myelopathy are necessary to increase and sustain its mitigative effectiveness.
Ten technical considerations revisited in tissue expansion
Authors: Geoghegan Luke , Nikkhah Dariush 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTissue expansion is a versatile tool in resurfacing soft tissue defects of the breast, extremity, head and neck that involves the placement of a temporary implant adjacent to a soft tissue defect. Incremental expansion exploits the viscoelastic properties of skin to generate a skin flap that can be used to resurface defects and provide cover over permanent protheses. Infection, implant extrusion and skin necrosis are recognized complications of tissue expansion. This article presents a revised framework of 10 technical factors to reduce the risk of complications and optimize outcomes with tissue expansion using an illustrative case presentation.
Dealing with Inaccurate Measures of Size in Two-Stage Probability Proportional to Size Sample Designs: Applications in African Household Surveys
Authors: Kalton Graham , Flores Cervantes Ismael , Arieira Carlos , Kwanisai Mike , Radin Elizabeth , Saito Suzue , De Anindya K , McCracken Stephen , Stupp Paul 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe units at the early stages of multi-stage area samples are generally sampled with probabilities proportional to their estimated sizes (PPES). With such a design, an overall equal probability (EP) sample design would yield a constant number of final stage units from each final stage cluster if the measures of size used in the PPES selection at each sampling stage were directly proportional to the number of final stage units. However, there are often sizable relative differences between the measures of size used in the PPES selections and the number of final stage units. Two common approaches for dealing with these differences are: (1) to retain a self-weighting sample design, allowing the sample sizes to vary across the sampled primary sampling units (PSUs) and (2) to retain the fixed sample size in each PSU and to compensate for the unequal selection probabilities by weighting adjustments in the analyses. This article examines these alternative designs in the context of two-stage sampling in which PSUs are sampled with PPES at the first stage, and an equal probability sample of final stage units is selected from each sampled PSU at the second stage. Two-stage sample designs of this type are used for household surveys in many countries. The discussion is illustrated with data from the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment surveys that were conducted using this design in several African countries.
Shades of green: untying the knots of green photoperception
Authors: Battle Martin W , Vegliani Franco , Jones Matthew A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The development of economical LED technology has enabled the application of different light qualities and quantities to control plant growth. Although we have a comprehensive understanding of plants’ perception of red and blue light, the lack of a dedicated green light sensor has frustrated our utilization of intermediate wavelengths, with many contradictory reports in the literature. We discuss the contribution of red and blue photoreceptors to green light perception and highlight how green light can be used to improve crop quality. Importantly, our meta-analysis demonstrates that green light perception should instead be considered as a combination of distinct ‘green’ and ‘yellow’ light-induced responses. This distinction will enable clearer interpretation of plants’ behaviour in response to green light as we seek to optimize plant growth and nutritional quality in horticultural contexts.
Searching for electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational-wave merger events with the prototype Gravitational-Wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO-4)
Authors: Gompertz B P , Cutter R , Steeghs D , Galloway D K , Lyman J , Ulaczyk K , Dyer M J , Ackley K , Dhillon V S , O’Brien P T , Ramsay G , Poshyachinda S , Kotak R , Nuttall L , Breton R P , Pallé E , Pollacco D , Thrane E , Aukkaravittayapun S , Awiphan S , Brown M J I , Burhanudin U , Chote P , Chrimes A A , Daw E , Duffy C , Eyles-Ferris R A J , Heikkilä T , Irawati P , Kennedy M R , Killestein T , Levan A J , Littlefair S , Makrygianni L , Marsh T , Mata Sánchez D , Mattila S , Maund J , McCormac J , Mkrtichian D , Mong Y -L , Mullaney J , Müller B , Obradovic A , Rol E , Sawangwit U , Stanway E R , Starling R L C , Strøm P A , Tooke S , West R , Wiersema K 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the results of optical follow-up observations of 29 gravitational-wave (GW) triggers during the first half of the LIGO–Virgo Collaboration (LVC) O3 run with the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) in its prototype 4-telescope configuration (GOTO-4). While no viable electromagnetic (EM) counterpart candidate was identified, we estimate our 3D (volumetric) coverage using test light curves of on- and off-axis gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae. In cases where the source region was observable immediately, GOTO-4 was able to respond to a GW alert in less than a minute. The average time of first observation was 8.79 h after receiving an alert (9.90 h after trigger). A mean of 732.3 square degrees were tiled per event, representing on average 45.3 per cent of the LVC probability map, or 70.3 per cent of the observable probability. This coverage will further improve as the facility scales up alongside the localization performance of the evolving GW detector network. Even in its 4-telescope prototype configuration, GOTO is capable of detecting AT2017gfo-like kilonovae beyond 200 Mpc in favourable observing conditions. We cannot currently place meaningful EM limits on the population of distant ($\hat{D}_L = 1.3$ Gpc) binary black hole mergers because our test models are too faint to recover at this distance. However, as GOTO is upgraded towards its full 32-telescope, 2 node (La Palma & Australia) configuration, it is expected to be sufficiently sensitive to cover the predicted O4 binary neutron star merger volume, and will be able to respond to both northern and southern triggers.
Discovery of a near-infrared bar and a pseudo-bulge in the collisional ring galaxy Cartwheel
Authors: Barway Sudhanshu , Mayya Y D , Robleto-Orús Aitor 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of a bar, a pseudo-bulge, and unresolved point source in the archetype collisional ring galaxy Cartwheel using careful morphological analysis of a near-infrared (NIR) Ks-band image of excellent quality (seeing = 0.42″) at the ESO archive. The bar is oval-shaped with a semi-major axis length of 3.23″ (∼2.09 kpc), with almost a flat light distribution along it. The bulge is almost round (ellipticity = 0.21) with an effective radius of 1.62″ (∼1.05 kpc) and a Sersic index of 0.99, parameters typical of pseudo-bulges in late-type galaxies. The newly discovered bar is not recognizable as such in the optical images even with more than a factor of 2 higher spatial resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope, due to a combination of its red colour and the presence of dusty features. The observed bar and pseudo-bulge most likely belonged to the pre-collisional progenitor of the Cartwheel. The discovery of a bar in an archetype collisional ring galaxy Cartwheel is the first observational evidence to confirm the prediction that bars can survive a drop-through collision along with the morphological structures like a central bulge (pseudo).