bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chromospheric component of coronal bright points
Authors: Madjarska Maria S. , Chae Jongchul , Moreno-Insertis Fernando , Hou Zhenyong , Nóbrega-Siverio Daniel , Kwak Hannah , Galsgaard Klaus , Cho Kyuhyoun 
Published: December 2020

Context. We investigate the chromospheric counterpart of small-scale coronal loops constituting a coronal bright point (CBP) and its response to a photospheric magnetic-flux increase accompanied by co-temporal CBP heating.
Aims. The aim of this study is to simultaneously investigate the chromospheric and coronal layers associated with a CBP, and in so doing, provide further understanding on the heating of plasmas confined in small-scale loops.
Methods. We used co-observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and Helioseismic Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory, together with data from the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph taken in the Hα and Ca II 8542.1 Å lines. We also employed both linear force-free and potential field extrapolation models to investigate the magnetic topology of the CBP loops and the overlying corona, respectively. We used a new multi-layer spectral inversion technique to derive the temporal variations of the temperature of the Hα loops (HLs).
Results. We find that the counterpart of the CBP, as seen at chromospheric temperatures, is composed of a bundle of dark elongated features named in this work Hα loops, which constitute an integral part of the CBP loop magnetic structure. An increase in the photospheric magnetic flux due to flux emergence is accompanied by a rise of the coronal emission of the CBP loops, that is a heating episode. We also observe enhanced chromospheric activity associated with the occurrence of new HLs and mottles. While the coronal emission and magnetic flux increases appear to be co-temporal, the response of the Hα counterpart of the CBP occurs with a small delay of less than 3 min. A sharp temperature increase is found in one of the HLs and in one of the CBP footpoints estimated at 46% and 55% with respect to the pre-event values, also starting with a delay of less than 3 min following the coronal heating episode. The low-lying CBP loop structure remains non-potential for the entire observing period. The magnetic topological analysis of the overlying corona reveals the presence of a coronal null point at the beginning and towards the end of the heating episode.
Conclusions. The delay in the response of the chromospheric counterpart of the CBP suggests that the heating may have occurred at coronal heights.
Reproductive Outcomes in Cases of Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Thyroid Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review
Authors: Carvalho Bruno Ramalho de , Nácul Andrea Prestes , Benetti-Pinto Cristina Laguna , Rosa-e-Silva Ana Carolina Japur de Sá , Soares Júnior José Maria , Maciel Gustavo Arantes Rosa , Baracat Edmund Chada 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThyroid diseases are relatively common in women in the reproductive period. It is currently understood that clinically-evident thyroid disorders may impair ovulation and, consequently, fertility. However, to date it has not been proven that high serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and/or positivity for antithyroid antibodies are associated to a reduction in fertility, mainly in the absence of altered thyroxine levels. The present comprehensive review aims to present current data on the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and/or thyroid autoimmunity and reproductive outcomes.
Fetal Echocardiography Indications and Lack of Association between Abnormal Exams and Advanced Maternal Age: A Cross-Sectional Study - Fetal Abnormal Echocardiography
Authors: Silveira Daniela Tarta da , Valete Cristina Ortiz Sobrinho , Lucas Eliane , Herdy Gesmar Volga Haddad 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective To analyze the most frequent referrals for fetal echocardiography, including advanced maternal age and its association with abnormal results.
Methods We included all pregnant women referred to perform fetal echocardiography (gestational age 22–32 weeks) in 2 health centers in Rio de Janeiro, from June 2015 to June 2016. Advanced maternal age was considered when age was > 35 years at the time of delivery). Referral reasons and results were recorded, according to the Brazilian Fetal Cardiology Statement. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated (Poisson regression). We considered p < 0.05 as significant.
Results A total of 1,221 tests were analyzed. Abnormal fetal echocardiography was observed in 14.82% of the cases. The most frequent abnormalities were interventricular septal defect (6.39%), septal hypertrophy (3.35%) and atrioventricular septal defect (1.14%). Routine exams were performed in 559 women, 289 were referred for advanced maternal age and 373 were referred according to the Brazilian Fetal Cardiology Statement criteria. An obstetric ultrasound suggesting fetal cardiac abnormality, maternal diabetes, increased nuchal translucency, and obstetric ultrasound suggesting a noncardiac abnormality were strongly associated with an abnormal fetal echocardiography. Abnormal results were not more frequent in women with advanced maternal age when compared with the rest of the study group.
Conclusions It was observed that routine exams and advanced maternal age referrals were very frequent. Those exams were not associated to fetal echocardiography abnormalities. In this scenario, when the obstetric ultrasound suggests a fetal cardiac abnormality, the fetal echocardiography probably is abnormal. Therefore, obstetric ultrasound is a good screening method.
Physical Performance Regarding Handgrip Strength in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Kogure Gislaine Satyko , Ribeiro Victor Barbosa , Gennaro Flávia Ganoa de Oliveira , Ferriani Rui Alberto , Miranda-Furtado Cristiana Libardi , Reis Rosana Maria dos 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to investigate the physical performance of handgrip strength (HGS) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Methods A case-control study that included 70 women with PCOS and 93 age-matched healthy women aged between 18 and 47 years with body mass index (BMI) between 18 Kg/m2–39.9 Kg/m2. The serum levels of total testosterone, androstenedione, insulin, estradiol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured. The free androgen index (FAI) and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. The body composition regions of interest (ROIs) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and the handgrip strength (HGS) was evaluated for both the dominant and the non-dominant hands with a manual Sammons Preston (Bolingbrook, IL, US) bulb dynamometer.
Results Women with PCOS had high serum levels of total testosterone (p < 0.01), androstenedione (p = 0.03), and insulin (p < 0.01), as well as high FAI (p < 0.01) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.01) scores. Compared with the non-PCOS group, the PCOS group had greater total lean mass in the dominant hand (p < 0.03) and greater HGS in both the dominant and the non-dominant hands (p < 0.01). The HGS was correlated with lean mass (p < 0.01).
Conclusion Women with PCOS have greater HGS. This may be associated with age and BMI, and it may be related to lean mass. In addition, the dominance effect on muscle mass may influence the physical performance regarding HGS in women with PCOS.
The Multigenerational Legacy of Diabetes, Emotional Reactions, and Insulin Adherence
Authors: Scollan-Koliopoulos Melissa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of having a multigenerational legacy of diabetes on insulin adherence by measuring memories of family members’ experiences with insulin self-injection.
Methods A cross-sectional correlational design was implemented by surveying hospitalized adults with type 2 diabetes who recently transitioned to using insulin. Surveys included items about the vividness, frequency, and controllability of memories of a family member self-injecting insulin and concordant emotional reaction, and one’s own emotional reaction to a diagnosis of diabetes and insulin regimen adherence.
Results A diverse sample responded to the surveys. Significant associations were revealed between having a recollection of a family member fearing insulin injections and a negative emotional reaction toward one’s own diabetes diagnosis with suboptimal insulin adherence. Suboptimal insulin adherence may be an indication of avoidance-based coping. Inquiry into how a multigenerational legacy of diabetes influences individual coping styles for diabetes self-management will help clinicians identify patients at risk for suboptimal insulin adherence.
Galphimia glauca (goldshower).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Galphimia glauca is a perennial shrub native to Mexico and Central America that has been introduced in tropical and sub-tropical warm regions to be used as a medicinal and ornamental plant. The species has escaped from cultivation and can be found naturalized in grasslands, disturbed sites and along roadsides. Currently it is listed as invasive only in Cuba.
Digitaria fuscescens (yellow crab grass).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

D. fuscescens is an annual, to perennial grass that is a weed of cultivated crops and disturbed soils (Useful Tropical Plants, 2016). It is also a weed of turf grass (Uddin et al., 2012). The species is listed as invasive in Asia (Chagos Archipelago), South America (Colombia, Peru) and Oceania (Fiji, French Polynesia, USA-Hawaii) (PIER, 2016).
Euphorbia umbellata (African milk bush).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Euphorbia umbellata is a succulent shrub, widely cultivated as an ornamental. It grows in dry open woodland, rocky areas and also in disturbed habitats, where it has escaped from cultivation. Currently it is listed as invasive in India and Cuba, although there is no information available about its environmental impacts in either country. In Australia, it is listed as a minor environmental weed.
Spatial radiation features of Thomson scattering from electron in circularly polarized tightly focused laser beams
Authors: Wang Yiqiu , Wang Conglin , Li Kang , Li Lingxiao , Tian Youwei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Within the frame of electrodynamic and nonlinearly Thomson scattering, we study the motion and spatial radiation features of a static electron irradiated by circularly polarized tightly focused laser with different laser intensities. Combining the existing

φ
,
θ

and our novel 3D Oxyz coordinate analysis, we find the azimuthal divergence and peak radiation azimuth decrease at varied speeds with laser intensity increasing, whereas both the total radiated power and motion intensity expand tremendously. Furthermore, the relation between angular radiation and electron’s motion is illustrated by investigating the evolvement of radiation’s 2D spectrum and 3D shape. Eventually, by means of separating the motion into two parts, similarities between the trajectory of the later part and Oxyz radiation image provide insights into the spatial coupling and decoupling process in angular radiation.
Quantum field fluctuations in the vicinity of a classical laser soliton
Authors: Fedorov S V , Rosanov N N , Aleksandrov I A , Popov R V , Tumakov D A , Dadeko A V , Vashukevich E A , Baeva A V 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An analysis of weak quantum fluctuations of a spatial soliton in a laser with fast saturable absorption in the possible presence of weak holding radiation is carried out. In the c-number representation with adiabatic elimination of atomic variables, the master Heisenberg–Langevin equation is linearized in the vicinity of a stable classical (in the absence of fluctuations) laser soliton. The linearized equation’s solution is constructed on the basis of the spectral expansion in eigenfunctions of the evolution operator unperturbed by fluctuations. The discrete spectrum of this operator is found and used to determine the mean values of the squared fluctuations of the coordinates of the soliton center and its momentum. A comparison is made with similar fluctuations in driven interferometers with Kerr non-linearity of the medium.
Ultrametric fitting by gradient descent
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Authors: Chierchia Giovanni , Perret Benjamin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We study the problem of fitting an ultrametric distance to a dissimilarity graph in the context of hierarchical cluster analysis. Standard hierarchical clustering methods are specified procedurally, rather than in terms of the cost function to be optimized. We aim to overcome this limitation by presenting a general optimization framework for ultrametric fitting. Our approach consists of modeling the latter as a constrained optimization problem over the continuous space of ultrametrics. So doing, we can leverage the simple, yet effective, idea of replacing the ultrametric constraint with a min–max operation injected directly into the cost function. The proposed reformulation leads to an unconstrained optimization problem that can be efficiently solved by gradient descent methods. The flexibility of our framework allows us to investigate several cost functions, following the classic paradigm of combining a data fidelity term with a regularization. While we provide no theoretical guarantee to find the global optimum, the numerical results obtained over a number of synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the good performance of our approach with respect to state-of-the-art agglomerative algorithms. This makes us believe that the proposed framework sheds new light on the way to design a new generation of hierarchical clustering methods. Our code is made publicly available at https://github.com/PerretB/ultrametric-fitting.
Data-dependence of plateau phenomenon in learning with neural network—statistical mechanical analysis
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Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Okada Masato 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The plateau phenomenon, wherein the loss value stops decreasing during the process of learning, has been reported by various researchers. The phenomenon was actively inspected in the 1990s and found to be due to the fundamental hierarchical structure of neural network models. Then, the phenomenon has been thought of as inevitable. However, the phenomenon seldom occurs in the context of recent deep learning. There is a gap between theory and reality. In this paper, using statistical mechanical formulation, we clarified the relationship between the plateau phenomenon and the statistical property of the data learned. It is shown that the data whose covariance has small and dispersed eigenvalues tend to make the plateau phenomenon inconspicuous.
Gauges, loops, and polynomials for partition functions of graphical models
Authors: Chertkov Michael , Chernyak Vladimir , Maximov Yury 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Graphical models represent multivariate and generally not normalized probability distributions. Computing the normalization factor, called the partition function, is the main inference challenge relevant to multiple statistical and optimization applications. The problem is #P-hard that is of an exponential complexity with respect to the number of variables. In this manuscript, aimed at approximating the partition function, we consider multi-graph models where binary variables and multivariable factors are associated with edges and nodes, respectively, of an undirected multi-graph. We suggest a new methodology for analysis and computations that combines the Gauge function technique from Chertkov and Chernyak (2006 Phys. Rev. E 73 065102; 2006 J. Stat. Mech.
2006 P06009) with the technique developed in Anari and Oveis Gharan 2017 arXiv:1702.02937; Gurvits 2011 arXiv:1106.2844; Straszak and Vishnoi 2017 55th Annual Allerton Conf. on Communication, Control, and Computing, based on the recent progress in the field of real stable polynomials. We show that the Gauge function, representing a single-out term in a finite sum expression for the partition function which achieves extremum at the so-called belief-propagation gauge, has a natural polynomial representation in terms of gauges/variables associated with edges of the multi-graph. Moreover, Gauge function can be used to recover the partition function through a sequence of transformations allowing appealing algebraic and graphical interpretations. Algebraically, one step in the sequence consists of the application of a differential operator over gauges associated with an edge. Graphically, the sequence is interpreted as a repetitive elimination/contraction of edges resulting in multi-graph models on decreasing in size (number of edges) graphs with the same partition function as in the original multi-graph model. Even though the complexity of computing factors in the sequence of the derived multi-graph models and respective Gauge functions grow exponentially with the number of eliminated edges, polynomials associated with the new factors remain bi-stable if the original factors have this property. Moreover, we show that BP estimations in the sequence do not decrease, each low-bounding the partition function.
Tractable minor-free generalization of planar zero-field Ising models
Authors: Likhosherstov Valerii , Maximov Yury , Chertkov Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present a new family of zero-field Ising models over N binary variables/spins obtained by consecutive ‘gluing’ of planar and O(1)-sized components and subsets of at most three vertices into a tree. The polynomial time algorithm of the dynamic programming type for solving exact inference (computing partition function) and exact sampling (generating i.i.d. samples) consists of sequential application of an efficient (for planar) or brute-force (for O(1)-sized) inference and sampling to the components as a black box. To illustrate the utility of the new family of tractable graphical models, we first build a polynomial algorithm for inference and sampling of zero-field Ising models over K
33-minor-free topologies and over K
5-minor-free topologies—both of which are extensions of the planar zero-field Ising models—which are neither genus- nor treewidth-bounded. Second, we empirically demonstrate an improvement in the approximation quality of the NP-hard problem of inference over the square-grid Ising model in a node-dependent nonzero ‘magnetic’ field.
Project based pedagogy in the development of physical-mathematical thinking
Authors: Gallardo Pérez H J , Villamizar Jaimes D , Maldonado E 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhysical-mathematical thinking is the visible representation of the relationship between physics and mathematics. It is based on the development of the five types of mathematical thinking and leads to the consolidation of the learning of physics through the construction, interpretation, abstraction and consolidation of meanings for the teacher and the student about physical phenomena. The work allows for the implementation of a pedagogical strategy based on project-based pedagogy, which facilitates the development and application of mathematical algorithms for the analysis, understanding and explanation of physics by students in the context of collaborative field work. The study is framed in the quantitative paradigm, in a quasi-experimental design, working with control and experimental groups. Pre-test is applied to identify the development of physical-mathematical thinking in students and as a support to the design of the intervention proposal. Once the proposal is developed, the results are evaluated by means of a post-test that allows identifying significant improvements in the students’ physical-mathematical thinking.
Diagnosis of road capacity and service level using the highway capacity manual
Authors: Rojas Suárez J P , Orjuela Abril M S , Prada Botia G C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Vehicle congestion is a phenomenon that affects the world due to the potential increase in its population. Consequently, the capacity and level of service of Norte de Santander, Colombia, main avenue was analyzed, being the epicenter of the problem. This article was carried out using the highway capacity manual 2000, in addition to collecting information by means of vehicle gauges, conceptualizing the causes and critical points of the sector to diagnose the vehicle situation, proceeding to classify and process according to the highway capacity manual 2000. It is concluded that currently the system is with a level of service D and E, being these unstable, with tolerable speeds in some specific hours, but an incident on the road would cause little mobility, long queues and high waiting times for its narrow road space.
The time-development of energy spectrum of a quantized vortex ring
Authors: Andryushchenko V A , Kondaurova L P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present work is devoted to the study of time dependence of the energy spectrum that is associated with quantized vortex ring movement in the superfluid helium at different temperatures. Temperature changes from 1.3 K to 1.9 K. The full Biot-Savart equation is used to calculate velocity fields. The energy spectrum is calculated by using the method of structure functions. It is established that the structure function amplitude is associated with energy dissipation, while the energy spectrum is independent of temperature and time. The relationship between the energy dissipation rate and the vortex ring length is also discussed.
Studying the efficiency of cooling and resistance of ribbed tubular elements
Authors: Koroleva M R , Saburova E A , Chernova A A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The cooling of compressed medium when passing through the set of ribbed tubular elements is numerically investigated. Numerical experiments are carried out with the model of viscous heat conductive turbulent compressed gas by the control volume method with application of different numerical schemes and algorithms. The process of convective heat exchange between the cold ribbed surface and the hot gas flow is studied as well as the heat conductance processes in tubular elements. After processing the obtained results recommendations are given on the arrangement of the set of ribbed tubular elements to provide the assigned temperature characteristics of the cooling system; and the engineering technique of evaluating the thermohydraulic parameters of the cooling system is developed.
The effect of convection on the position of the free liquid surface under zero and terrestrial gravity
Authors: Fedyushkin A I 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Theresults of numerical modelinghas based on the solution of Navier-Stokes equations for convection oftwo-layer system air-water are presented.The influence of thermo-capillary and gravitational convection on the deformation and time averaged position of the interface of air-water system under sudden lateral heating of a square-section cavity are shown.
The effect of air relative humidity on the evaporation temperature of water-ethanol droplets
Authors: Sterlyagov A N , Nizovtsev M I , Borodulin V Yu , Letushko V N 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Using the method of infrared thermography, an experimental study of the temperature of evaporating droplets of a water-ethanol solution of different concentrations suspended on polypropylene thread at different air relative humidity was carried out. It is shown that the amplitude of the diminution in droplet temperature during evaporation decreases with an increase in relative air humidity for all considered concentrations of the water-ethanol solution. It is shown that the pattern of decreasing the minimum temperature of cooling of the evaporating droplets with increasing ethanol concentration is characteristic of all the studied air relative humidity. The obtained experimental data are generalized and can be used when calculating the heat and mass transfer of evaporating droplets of the water-ethanol solution.