bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognition and equilibrium regulation in development and aging
Authors: Labouvie-Vief Gisela 
Published: December 2019

Purpose: Changes in emotion-cognition relationships in later life comprise a pattern of both vulnerabilities and strengths. To integrate this pattern of diversity, I propose a neo-Piagetian extension of the concepts of equilibrium and disequilibrium processes to the relationship beyond cognition to encompass emotional activation and arousal, and beyond youth to the full life span. Content: Beginning with a simple, Cannon-type equilibrium based on the response to increasing deviation from ideal end states of correcting through tension reduction, a more complex model is outlined that additionally uses tension amplification aimed at enlargement of the range over which stability is maintained, i.e., permits processes of developmental progression. Parallel to cognitive development, emotional development is described as the emergence of more complex cognitive-affective structures out of original automatic, biologically based ones. In that process, tension thresholds are raised, and the functional range over which equilibrium can be maintained is widened, as higher-order representations become part of the regulatory network. These progressive movements provide well automated emotion regulation whose effectiveness increases well into middle and late life. Conclusions: In contrast to development, aging is ultimately characterized by a lowering of tension thresholds similar to developmental regression. However, as in the purely intellectual realm, that process is offset by the previous automatization and crystallization of cognitive-affective schemas becomes evident only as a result of increasing constraints on fluid capacities, as in advancing age and/or high load of cognitive effort and/or emotional activation.
Postural compensation for vestibular loss and implications for	rehabilitation
Authors: Horak Fay B. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose: This chapter summarizes the role of the vestibular system in postural control so that specific and effective rehabilitation can be designed that facilitates compensation for loss of vestibular function. Methods: Patients with bilateral or unilateral loss of peripheral vestibular function are exposed to surface perturbations to quantify automatic postural responses. Studies also evaluated the effects of audio- and vibrotactile-biofeedback to improve stability in stance and gait. Results: The most important role of vestibular information for postural control is to control orientation of the head and trunk in space with respect to gravitoinertial forces, particularly when balancing on unstable surfaces. Vestibular sensory references are particularly important for postural control at high frequencies and velocities of self-motion, to reduce trunk drift and variability, to provide an external reference frame for the trunk and head in space; and to uncouple coordination of the trunk from the legs and the head-in-space from the body CoM. Conclusions: The goal of balance rehabilitation for patients with vestibular loss is to help patients 1) use remaining vestibular function, 2) depend upon surface somatosensory information as their primary postural sensory system, 3) learn to use stable visual references, and 4) identify efficient and effective postural movement strategies.
Saccade and vestibular ocular motor adaptation
Authors: Schubert Michael C. , Zee David S. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose: This paper focuses on motor learning within the saccadic and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) oculomotor systems, vital for our understanding how the brain keeps these subsystems calibrated in the presence of disease, trauma, and the changes that invariably accompany normal development and aging. We will concentrate on new information related to multiple time scales of saccade motor learning, adaptation of the VOR during high-velocity impulses, and the role of saccades in VOR adaptation. The role of the cerebellum in both systems is considered. Methods: Review of data involving saccade and VOR motor learning. Results: Data supports learning within the saccadic and VOR oculomotor systems is influenced by 1). Multiple time scales, with different rates of both learning and forgetting (seconds, minutes, hours, days, and months). In the case of forgetting, relearning on a similar task may be faster. 2). Pattern of training, learning and forgetting are not similarly achieved. Different contexts require different motor behaviors and rest periods between training sessions can be important for memory consolidation. Conclusions: The central nervous system has the difficult task of determining where blame resides when motor performance is impaired (the credit assignment problem). Saccade and VOR motor learning takes place at multiple levels within the nervous system, from alterations in ion channel and membrane properties on single neurons, to more complex changes in neural circuit behavior and higher-level cognitive processes including prediction.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery	protects cortical neurons from dying following a traumatic brain injury
Authors: Minnich Jennie E. , Mann Sarah L. , Stock Megan , Stolzenbach Kathryn A. , Mortell Bridget M. , Soderstrom Katherine E. , Bohn Martha C. , Kozlowski Dorothy A. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose: The therapeutic potential of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene delivery was examined in a rodent model of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the controlled cortical impact (CCI). Methods: An adenoviral vector harboring human GDNF (AdGDNF) or green fluorescent protein (AdGFP) was injected unilaterally into the forelimb sensorimotor cortex (FL-SMC) of the rat one week prior to a unilateral CCI. Tests of forelimb function and asymmetry were administered for 2 weeks post-injury. At 2 weeks post-injury, animals were sacrificed and contusion size, neuronal survival, neurodegeneration, and virally-mediated GDNF and GFP protein expression were measured. Results: Rats injected with AdGDNF had significantly smaller contusions, more surviving neurons, and less neurodegeneration than AdGFP injected and uninjected injured animals. GDNF gene delivery also resulted in significantly faster recovery of forelimb coordination and a smaller initial preference for the uninjured forelimb during exploration of the walls of a platform. However, overall recovery of symmetrical forelimb use was not achieved. Conclusions: The discrepancy between neural protection and behavioral recovery suggests that while GDNF gene delivery provided a high degree of protection of damaged cortical neurons in this model of TBI, it may not have fully protected their terminals and synaptic functioning, resulting in only mild protection against behavioral deficits.
Vimentin and GFAP responses in astrocytes after contusion trauma	to the murine brain
Authors: Ekmark-Lewén Sara , Lewén Anders , Israelsson Charlotte , Li Gui Lin , Farooque Mohammad , Olsson Yngve , Ebendal Ted , Hillered Lars 
Published: December 2019

Purpose: Astroglial responses after traumatic brain injury are difficult to detect with routine morphological methods. The aims for this study were to compare the temporal and spatial expression pattern of vimentin- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in a weight drop model of mild cerebral contusion injury in the rat. We also wanted to study the vimentin response with immunohistochemistry and vimentin mRNA RT-PCR analysis in severe cortical contusion injury produced by the controlled cortical impact in the mouse. Methods: Vimentin and GFAP immunohistochemistry (1day, 3 days and 7 days) combined with vimentin mRNA RT-PCR analysis (1 h, 4 h, 22 h, 3 days and 7 days) were used after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat and mouse. Results: Increases in post-traumatic vimentin mRNA levels in the cortex and in the hippocampus appeared together with vimentin immunoreactivity in astrocytes in the perimeter of the cortical lesion, in the subcortical white matter and in the hippocampus starting at one day after severe trauma. GFAP immunostaining revealed hypertrophic astrocytes peaking at day 3 in the perifocal cortical region. There was no significant increase in GFAP immunoreactivity in the white matter in the rat. However, in the mouse there was a slight increase in the number of GFAP positive cells in this region, 3 days after trauma. Overall the pattern of vimentin immunoreactivity was very similar in the rat and mouse. Conclusions: Vimentin immunoreactivity was more sensitive than the GFAP staining method to demonstrate the distribution and time course of astrocyte reactions after a contusion injury, especially in the white matter distant from the cortical lesion.
Vestibular function after acute vestibular neuritis
Authors: Halmagyi G.M. , Weber K.P. , Curthoys I.S. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose: To review the extent and mechanism of the recovery of vestibular function after sudden, isolated, spontaneous, unilateral loss of most or all peripheral vestibular function – usually called acute vestibular neuritis. Methods: Critical review of published literature and personal experience. Results: The symptoms and signs of acute vestibular neuritis are vertigo, vomiting, nystagmus with ipsiversive slow-phases, ipsiversive lateropulsion and ocular tilt reaction (the static symptoms) and impairment of vestibulo-ocular reflexes from the ipsilesional semicircular canals on impulsive testing (the dynamic symptoms). Peripheral vestibular function might not improve and while static symptoms invariably resolve, albeit often not totally, dynamic symptoms only improve slightly if at all. Conclusions: The persistent loss of balance that some patients experience after acute vestibular neuritis can be due to inadequate central compensation or to incomplete peripheral recovery and vestibular rehabilitation has a role in the treatment of both.
Restoration of cognitive deficits after statin feeding in TBI
Authors: Chauhan Neelima B. , Gatto Rodolfo 
Published: December 2019

Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health concern and growing socio-economic burden with limited treatment options. Behavioral assessment in experimental TBI with candidate therapeutic interventions is critical in order to expedite clinical translation. Statins constitute one of the potential treatment options based on their proven beneficial effects in various models of neurotrauma. We compared functional outcome after dietary intervention with representative hydrophilic Pravastatin or lipophilic Simvastatin and Lovastatin to test if different statins will differentially affect cognitive outcomes after injury in a controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) mouse model of TBI. Methods: Mice were subjected to TBI with a controlled cortical impact produced on the left somatosensory-parietal cortex between bregma −1.82 and −2.06, fed with Simvastatin/Lovastatin/Pravastatin (2 mg/kg) for 8 weeks, evaluated for learning, memory and spontaneous exploration behavior followed by immunocytochemistry of an axonal marker. Results: Results indicate that feeding of TBI mice with Simvastatin and Lovastatin significantly improved spatial learning and memory, restored spontaneous exploration and restored axonal integrity (Simvastatin > Lovastatin). On the other hand, Pravastatin failed to improve spatial learning or memory or exploration or axonal damage. Conclusions: Current findings confirm maximum benefits rendered by Simvastatin and reinforce Simvastatin as the candidate therapy for treating TBI.
Industrial relations reform and the occupational transition of	Australian workers: A critical discourse analysis
Authors: Lo Bartolo Luciano , Sheahan Marie 
Published: December 2019

The 2005 WorkChoices legislation delivered a significant diminution of Australian workers' rights in the form of choice and control over numerous aspects of working life. WorkChoices extended previous neoliberal reforms and consolidated the negative impacts of those reforms on marginalized groups of workers, especially those in precarious employment. This paper reports on the findings of an occupational science-based, critical discourse analysis of a government newspaper advertisement that promotes the reforms. The construction of a WorkChoices discourse, one that was based on and sought to extend neoliberal hegemony, is identified by exploring the ways that particular ideas are presented as natural and mutually beneficial and, in response, the development of a counter-hegemonic argument, based on occupational justice theory, is discussed. The broader application of critical social research is also recommended in extending the occupational justice paradigm.
Compromised careers: The occupational transition of immigration	and resettlement
Authors: Suto Melinda 
Published: December 2019

Background: Work is a significant occupational transition that occurs with immigration and resettlement. Problems finding work and regaining economic capital are multi-factorial, differentiated by gender and mediated by specific contexts. Surprisingly, past education and work experience are unreliable predictors of successful employment outcomes. Approach: Critical theory and ethnographic concepts informed the methodological approach. Data were generated primarily through in-depth interviews, conducted in English, with 14 well-educated women who immigrated to Canada as adults and sought employment in their professions. The thematic findings were analyzed using Bourdieu's [7] concepts of capital, field and habitus. Findings: The theme Compromised Careers describes the downward occupational (work) mobility that occurs despite expectations that education, credentials and work experience are transferable to desirable employment. A devaluation of foreign qualifications and no relevant Canadian work experience function with gendered responsibilities, less social support, and time spent in resettlement activities to create negative work trajectories. The role that federal policies and professional organizations play is examined to reveal the tension between individuals' efforts to find employment and institutional barriers that impede these actions. Conclusion: A critical inquiry approach examined the ruling relations to show how power and privilege function in relation to migrants' occupational transitions.
Participation in work: A source of wellness for people with	psychiatric disability
Authors: van Niekerk Lana 
Published: December 2019

Background: Not enough is known about the relationship between work and health, particularly for people with psychiatric disability. A review of research investigating variables that predict success at work showed inconsistent and contradicting results. The voice of people with psychiatric disability was found to be largely missing from literature. A study was therefore undertaken to explore the influences that impacted on the work-lives of people with psychiatric disability. This paper elucidates the importance of participation in work as an essential ingredient in the promotion of occupational justice, in identity construction and in the process of recovery for persons with psychiatric disability. Method: Interpretive biography was utilised to explore the experiences of people with psychiatric disability in the Western Cape, South Africa. Seventeen participants were identified using maximum variation sampling. Life story narratives were elicited during an average of three individual interviews per participant. Processes of analysis and interpretation were informed by a combination of paradigmatic narrative analysis and narrative analysis strategies. Findings: A complex interplay of influences that shaped the identities of participants in ways that can assist or hinder their participation in work was revealed. Participation in work was perceived to be a means of recovery and a source of wellness for participants. Conclusions: More conscious effort is needed to promote the use of work as source of support and resource for health for persons who live with psychiatric impairment.
Monte Carlo study of the dose enhancement effect of gold	nanoparticles during X-ray therapies and evaluation of the anti-angiogenic	effect on tumour capillary vessels
Authors: Amato Ernesto , Italiano Antonio , Leotta Salvatore , Pergolizzi Stefano , Torrisi Lorenzo 
Published: December 2019

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are a promising radiosensitizer agent in radiotherapy. Through a simulation performed with the Geant4 Monte Carlo code, we evaluated the dose enhancement effect of GNPs during therapies with an x-ray tube operating at 150 kV (E=55 keV and E $_{max}$ = 150 keV) and we studied the impact of GNP diffusion out of the tumour vessels, in terms of antiangiogenic and cytotoxic effects. Firstly, a single x-ray beam was assumed to irradiate a parallelepiped volume of soft tissue, in which a GNP-doped "target" volume was placed at different depths. Average dose enhancement factors (DEF) in presence of GNPs were obtained as a function of the target depth and GNP concentration, uniformly distributed; values ranging between 1.6 for 10 mg Au/g at 0 cm and 7.2 for 200 mg Au/g at 5 cm were determined. Furtherly, a second geometry was adopted, in which a blood capillary vessel (10 μm thick and 10 μm of inner radius) was placed at the centre of a cubic volume of soft tissue; doses and DEFs to the capillary endothelium as well as to the surrounding viable tumour were evaluated, for different models of GNP diffusion. Our results indicate that the radial DEF profiles around the vessel are in close relationship with the radial profiles of GNP concentration assumed, except for at sharp gradients of concentration. DEFs at the endothelium ranged from 1.6 to 6.5, for GNP concentrations in the blood of 10 and 200 mg/ml, respectively. These data can be helpful for the development of new and more specific GNP-based radiosensitizers of potential interest in radiotherapy, exploiting the combined benefit of anti-angiogenic and cytotoxic dose enhancement effects.
Comparison of aspiration-sclerotherapy versus laparoscopic	decortication in management of symptomatic simple renal cysts
Authors: Shao Qiang , Xu Jianfeng , Adams Tamara , Tao Sha , Cui Yon , Shen Hua , Cao Wenzhou , Xie Jianjun , Fan Youzhang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Huang Min 
Published: December 2019

PURPOSE: To perform a retrospective study to compare the efficiency, safety and costs using aspiration-sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol vs. laparoscopic decortications in management of symptomatic simple renal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with simple renal cysts (diamante ⩾ 4 cm) were recruited from our hospital between October 2008 and October 2012. A total of 986 patients (Group 1) underwent aspiration-sclerotherapy with 95% ethanol and 208 patients (Group 2) underwent laparoscopic decortication. All patients were followed up with ultrasonography or computerized tomography (CT) for one year. Regression rates, recurrence rates and costs were compared. RESULTS: Similarity in symptoms (back pain, cloudy urine or mass in abdomen), renal cyst size, and cyst distribution, complete regression rate after treatment between the two groups; A higher recurrence rate, but shorter procedure times and lower cost in Group 1 compared to Group 2. The procedures used for both groups were safe and had minimum complications. CONCLUSION: Aspiration-sclerotherapy, as well as laparoscopic decortication are effective and safe therapy for symptomatic simple renal cysts. Aspiration-sclerotherapy is more suitable for medium size of renal cysts, while Laparoscopic decortication is superior to the cysts in large sizes.
Adaptive zooming in X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Dabravolski Andrei , Batenburg Kees Joost , Sijbers Jan 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: In computed tomography (CT), the source-detector system commonly rotates around the object in a circular trajectory. Such a trajectory does not allow to exploit a detector fully when scanning elongated objects. OBJECTIVE: Increase the spatial resolution of the reconstructed image by optimal zooming during scanning. METHODS: A new approach is proposed, in which the full width of the detector is exploited for every projection angle. This approach is based on the use of prior information about the object's convex hull to move the source as close as possible to the object, while avoiding truncation of the projections. RESULTS: Experiments show that the proposed approach can significantly improve reconstruction quality, producing reconstructions with smaller errors and revealing more details in the object. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed approach can lead to more accurate reconstructions and increased spatial resolution in the object compared to the conventional circular trajectory.
Modulation of β-adrenergic receptor in rat lung after gamma irradiation
Authors: Qiang Yong-Gang , Liao Yong-Hua , Zhang Xiu-Ping , Li Jian , Huang Zheng 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of γ irradiation on β-adrenergic receptors of the lung. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were used as an animal model. Cell membrane proteins of lung tissue were harvested after the whole lung received 20 Gy of $^{60}$ Co γ irradiation. $^{125}$ I-labeled iodopindolol ( $^{125}$ I-IPIN) was used as a ligand of β-adrenergic receptors. The numbers of the β-adrenergic receptors were determined by radioligand-receptor binding assay (RBA). Data were compared with irreversible blockage using antagonist bromoacetylalprenololmenthan (BAAM). RESULTS: The post-radiation RBA assay showed that the number of β-adrenergic receptors in lung tissue decreased at a steady rate. It decreased to 48% of the normal level at the 15th day after irradiation. At 40 days after radiation the level of β-adrenergic receptors started to increase at a steady rate and reached to the normal level around 70 days after radiation. There were significant differences in receptor synthesis, degradation and regeneration rates between irradiation group and BAMM group. CONCLUSIONS: The whole lung irradiation could severely affect the levels of β-adrenergic receptors. The potential clinical implications of radiation-induced changes of β-adrenergic receptors warrant further investigation.
Micro X-ray computed tomography of pits and fissures
Authors: Arhatari Benedicta D. , Andrewartha Kathy , White Maurice 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: Most tooth cavities start to develop inside pits and fissures where brushing, saliva, fluoride toothpaste or mouthwashes have no access. Therefore, 3D morphology of pits and fissures is an important subject to be studied in relation to maintaining proper oral hygiene. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to present high resolution images of pits and fissures in human teeth using a laboratory-based micro X-ray Computed Tomography (mXCT) and also to present the basic structure evaluation that could be obtained. METHODS: Three human wisdom teeth were examined. Two different set-ups were used in this study achieving resolution of 14.59 μm (Field of View of 14.9 mm) and resolution of 4.43 μm (FOV of 4.5 mm) respectively. Automated segmentation was performed for further evaluation to distinguish between empty space (pits and fissures) and the filled space (enamel). RESULTS: The 3D tomography results demonstrate detailed morphology with accurate dimensions and the locations of the pits and fissures, which is important to investigate the relationship with tooth decay that mostly starts deep inside pits and fissures. CONCLUSIONS: Segmentation from the mXCT imaging of pits and fissures provides obvious visual evidence to help in promotion of oral health and to improve personal tooth care in preventive treatment protocols.