bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Beta—Where Does It Fit in Valuation Theory
Authors: Grabowski Roger J. , Aboulamer Anas 
Published: December 2020

The valuation of any company by the discounted cash flow method is divided into two different tasks: forecasting cash flows and discounting these same cash flows using the appropriate discount rate. The latter requires a good understanding of the risks faced by the subject company's cash flows to be able to determine the appropriate risk premia to compensate a typical willing buyer and satisfy a typical willing seller. There is a high level of ambiguity and dispersion of opinions about how to quantify these risks especially when valuing closely held companies. To avoid dealing with the task of identifying and measuring components of the appropriate risk premia for the subject company, some practitioners have turned to a measure that, supposedly, lumps all risks together (which they term Total Beta) and purportedly then allows one to estimate a total cost of equity. The proponents of total beta believe that by using a “total risk” beta there is no need to consider size premia, lack of marketability premia or company specific risk premia.
Critics of total beta argue that there is no theoretical basis for total beta as a measure of total risk. This paper argues for the camp of the critics of total beta because we believe it represents a major departure from finance theory and does not adjust the cost of capital correctly for Company Specific Risk. Then, we examine academic research to show that the two major arguments used by total beta proponents to discredit the existing model do not hold. We do not argue that the existing models are absolute truth. We recognize the limitation of the CAPM and/or Modified CAPM models and we admit their inability of answer all questions regarding the cost of equity. However, we believe that total beta is not a step in the right direction.
“Cláusulas de permanencia”, prácticas comerciales desleales, y estrategias competitivas a la luz de ciertos contratos con operadoras móviles en España: Una visión holística del asunto
Authors: Ruiz Martin Anna María 
Published: December 2020

En el contenido de determinadas “condiciones generales de la contratación” establecidas en contratos de adhesión, y en concreto, de algunas compañías de telefonía móvil, es una práctica común, la inclusión de cierta “cláusula predispuesta” que por sus características y tras el análisis realizado en esta contribución podrían llegar a considerarse como una cláusula abusiva. Por otro lado, podrían además, tener la condición de práctica comercial desleal según lo establecido en la Ley 3/1991 de Competencia desleal española, atendiendo a lo dispuesto en la Directiva de prácticas comerciales desleales. El análisis pretende poner de relieve estos dos aspectos que están relacionados con otro problema de fondo. La dificultad y falta de mecanismos adecuados entre el reproche de deslealtad y el reproche que se hace en el ámbito del Derecho de los contratos de consumo Business to Consumer-B2C de abusividad a ciertas prácticas. De otro lado, se analiza de forma sucinta, si la inclusión de estas cláusulas podría considerarse como una estrategia competitiva en el Mercado de las Telecomunicaciones de tipo Business to Business-B2B por aquellos operadores que las predisponen en sus contratos de adhesión frente a los operadores, que siendo de menor tamaño, no las predisponen en estos mismos contratos.
General Conditions of the Contracts, which are included in certain Adhesion contracts (Standard Form Contracts) and are drafted by the telephone operators companies, include a very special kind of clauses, “retention covenants”. These clauses constitute a limitation for the users and consumers, which also it refrain them to withdrawal the contract with the Mobil operator. One of the drawbacks is that, these legal conditions are allowed to the detriment of the weaker party, the consumer. According to the analysis, these kinds of clauses can be also constitutive of aggressive practices typified in the current Spanish Unfair competition Act and the European Consumer Law, stressing the problems between the connection between the unfair commercial practices and Consumer Contract Law, i.e.: considering these clauses not only as abusives but also unfairs. Moreover, these practices from a Business-to-Business (B2B) approach could be considered an anti-competitive practice, because by means of its establishemnt in these contracts, are hampering the competition, in the Telecommunications Market
In vitro and in vivo hypolipidemic properties of the aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis, cultivated in colored flasks under artificial illumination
Authors: Al-Saman Mahmoud A. , Doleib Nada M. , Ibrahim Mohamed R. , Nasr Mohamed Y. , Tayel Ahmed A. , Hamouda Ragaa A. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Spirulina is blue-green algae that grows mainly in tropical and subtropical lakes and is commonly used due to its nutritional features including high concentrations of protein, vitamins, mineral salts, carotenoids and antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate the anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis cultivated in different colored flasks under artificial illumination; in vitro and in the diet induced hypercholesterolemic Swiss albino mice.

Methods
Spirulina platensis was cultivated in red, blue, green and colorless Erlenmeyer flasks containing Zarrouk’s medium under aerobic conditions, with incessant illumination by artificial cool white fluorescent with light intensity of 2500 lux (35 µmol photon m−2 s−1). Chlorophyll a and total carotenoid contents were estimated using colorimetric methods, fatty acids composition was determined by GC-Mass, in vitro and in vivo anti-cholesterol assays were used in assessing the anti-hypercholesterolemia potential of obtained Spirulina cells.

Results
The results showed that the highest cell dry weight, chlorophyl a, and carotenoid of S. platensis were observed in colorless flasks and that the lowest values were recorded with the green colored flasks. Also, the hot water extract of S. platensis obtained from colorless flasks at a concentration of 15 mg/mL after 60 min of incubation exhibited the greatest reduction of cholesterol level. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of S. platensis methanolic extract showed 15 bioactive compounds were identified and grouped according to their chemical structures. An experimental model of hypercholesterolemic mice had been examined for impact of S. platensis individually and combined with atorvastatin drug. All S. platensis groups resulted in a remarkable decrease in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein; and increase in high density lipoprotein.

Conclusion
The present study concluded that the hot aqueous extract of S. platensis developed in colorless flasks is recommended as a natural source for bioactive compounds, with anti-cholesterol and antioxidant potentialities.
Clinical significance of pretreatment prognostic nutritional index and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with advanced p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer—a retrospective study
Authors: Tsai Ming-Hsien , Huang Tai-Lin , Chuang Hui-Ching , Lin Yu-Tsai , Fang Fu-Min , Lu Hui , Chien Chih-Yen 
Published: December 2020

Background
Systemic inflammation and nutritional status both play roles in the survival of cancer patients. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) on the survival of patients with advanced p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer.

Methods
A total of 142 patients diagnosed with advanced p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer between 2008 and 2015 were enrolled in this study. All patients received primary treatment with definite concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Optimal cutoff values for PNI and LMR were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves for survival prediction. Survival rates for different level of PNI and LMR were estimated and compared using Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test to see if there were significant effects on these end points, including 5-year overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates. The effects of PNI and LMR on survival were assessed using Cox regression model adjusted for other prognostic factors.

Results
The results showed the optimal cutoff values for PNI and LMR were 50.5 and 4.45, respectively. A high PNI (≧50.5) was significantly improved the 5-year OS. A low LMR (<4.45) was significantly associated with a poor 5-year DFS, DSS, and OS. In multivariate analysis, both PNI and LMR were independent prognosticators for 5-year OS.

Conclusions
Elevated pretreatment PNI and LMR are both favorable prognosticators in advanced p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer patients undergoing CCRT.
Distribution of Two Species of Begomoviruses Infecting Blackgram in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Chaithanya B. H. , Reddy B. V. Bhaskara , Prasanthi L. , Devi R. Sarada Jayalakshmi 
Published: December 2020

Background: Yellow mosaic diseases of blackgram is caused by two species of begomoviruses (MYMV, MYMIV). It is known fact that certain varities which are resistant to one species are susceptible to another species when screened by agroinoculations. Hence data on distribution of DNA-A &B components of MYMV / MYMIV under field conditions were not available in Andhra Pradesh.
Methods: In the present study total eighty yellow mosaic infected blackgram samples were colleted from seven districts of Andhra Pradesh during rabi and kharif 2016-17. The total DNA was isolated and detected for presence DNA-A and B components of MYMV/ MYMIV by PCR with specific primers. Samples which showed negative in normal PCR are further detected by RCA-PCR.
Results: PCR results showed that out of 80 YMD infected blackgram samples tested from seven districts, positve results were otained in 50% samples for MYMV-A, 98.75% for MYMIV-A,and 90% for MYMV-B and none for MYMIV-B. However RCA-PCR detected MYMIV-B presence in all 7 samples (8.25%) collected from Guntur district, but none from other six districts. These results clearly shows that both species of begoviruses are present in Andhra Pradesh and MYMIV-A is predominant species in Andhra Pradesh as compared to MYMV-A. Hence germplasm and breedig material should be screened for both the species of begomovirses either under field or through agroinoculations to develop YMV resistant blackgram.
Bacterial Multidrug Resistant Patterns Associated with Intensive Care Unit Infections in Akum, Cameroon
Authors: Nji Asakizi Augustine , Duna Forcham Emmanuel 
Published: December 2020

Background: Patients admitted into the intensive care unit (ICU) usually have impaired immunity and are therefore at high risk of acquiring hospital associated infections. Infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria now constitute a major problem, limiting the choice of antimicrobial therapy.
Objectives: This study was aimed at determining the antimicrobial resistance pattern of pathogens causing ICU infections at the Catholic Holy Family Hospital Akum-Bamenda. The etiological agents, prevalence and types ICU infections were also determined.
Methods: Thirteen months hospital associated infections surveillance was conducted in the hospital for patients admitted into ICU. Blood, urine, tracheal aspirate and wound biopsies specimens were collected under strict asepsis and sent to the Medical Microbiology laboratory of the same institution for immediate processing. All pathogens were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.
Results: The overall prevalence of ICU infections was 30.9% out of which 12.9% were bloodstream infections, 31.5% urinary tract infections, 38.9% pneumonia, and 16.7% skin and soft tissue infections. Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli were the predominant pathogens. Multidrug resistant organisms constituted 59.3% of the pathogens, MDR Klebsiella spp and MDR E. coli were 70.8% and 71.4% respectively. Resistance to Cefuroxime was the highest (92.9%) while Meropenem had the least resistance (21.4%).
Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria causing ICU infections. With the advent of covid-19, infection control procedures and institution of functional antimicrobial stewardship are needed to be put in place in order to cover come this herculean task.
Factors Associated with Psychiatric Morbidity in Female Medical Doctors in Kwara State, North- Central, Nigeria
Authors: Buhari Oluwabunmi Idera Nimata , Ogunmodede Adebusola Jane , Ogunmodede James Ayodele 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The female doctor apart from being affected by the same variables that impose stress on the general population is also prone to stress because of the peculiarities of medical practice and the socio-cultural demands on them by virtue of their gender.
Objectives: This study was aimed at assessing the personal, work-stress as well as family related factors in female doctors associated with psychiatric morbidity in female doctors in Kwara state.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving female medical doctors in Ilorin, Kwara State, North-Central, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to the Members of the state Chapter of the Medical Women’s Association of Nigeria (MWAN) who were present at the general and scientific meeting of the association held in Kwara state in June 2018. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire designed to assess biodata, personal history, work related stress, family related history and self-care history of the participants as well as the 12 item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) was distributed to 80 participants that consented.
Results: The prevalence of 23.8% psychiatric morbidity found. Age, relationship with co-workers, feelings of frustration and anger at work, reconsidering a change in work environment, views of negative effect of stress on work as well as access to a maternity leave were found to be associated with psychiatric mobility.
Conclusions: These findings underline the need to pay attention to the welfare of female doctors and a need for routine evaluation, early identification and prompt intervention as well as support.
Socio-Cultural Risk Factors of Anemia among Children under Five Years of Age in District Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
Authors: Habib Nazneen , Abbasi Saif-Ur-Rehman Saif , Afzal Aneela , Arooj Sheeba , Farid Shahzad 
Published: December 2020

Aims: This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and to analyze its socio-cultural determinants among under five children to devise targeted delivery plan for pharmaceutical interventions to combat anemia.
Study Design: To investigate the socio-cultural risk factors, a cross-sectional field survey was conducted to gather data from 384 women and their last child up to five years of age in Muzaffarabad district of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan.
Methodology: A pretested interview schedule was constructed to collect socio-cultural characteristics of the women and their children. We use convenience sampling which is a non-probability sampling technique for data collection. Two government hospitals were selected for data and blood samples collection from respondents. We use univariate analysis for descriptive statistics and perform bivariate analysis to find the association of anemia with the socio-cultural risk factors. Binary logistic regression is used to calculate odd ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. The results were considered statistically significant for p-value <0.05.
Results: The overall prevalence of anemia is 47.7%, which is a severe health problem from public health perspective. Among anemic children 74(40.4%) are mildly anemic, 79(43.2%) are suffering from moderate and 30(16.4%) from severe anemia. Major risk factors of anemia include residential area, parental education, father’s profession, lower family income, maternal knowledge about balanced diet and anemia.
Conclusion: It is concluded that anemia among under five children is a multifactorial problem and policymakers should devise targeted pharmaceutical interventions (iron and folic acid supplementation) to combat anemia.
Synergistic reinforcing of poly(lactic acid) by poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) and alumina nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Jie , Hu Rong‐Rong , Jin Fan‐Long , Park Soo‐Jin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) blends and PLA/PBAT/Al2O3 nanocomposites were fabricated via solution blending. The influence of PBAT and Al2O3 content on the thermal stability, flexural properties, impact strength, and morphology of both the PLA/PBAT blends and the PLA/PBAT/Al2O3 nanocomposites were investigated. The impact strength of the PLA/PBAT/Al2O3 nanocomposites containing 5 wt% PBAT increased from 4.3 to 5.2 kJ/m2 when the Al2O3 content increased from 0 to 1 wt%. This represents a 62% increase compared to the impact strength of pristine PLA and a 20% increase compared to the impact strength of PLA/PBAT blends containing 5 wt% PBAT. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that the Al2O3 nanoparticles in the PLA/PBAT/Al2O3 nanocomposites function as a compatibilizer to improve the interfacial interaction between the PBAT and the PLA matrix.
In situ co‐polymerization of high‐performance polybenzoxazine/silica aerogels for flame‐retardancy and thermal insulation
Authors: Xiao Yunyun , Li Liangjun , Cai Huafei , Liu Fengqi , Zhang Sizhao , Feng Junzong , Jiang Yonggang , Feng Jian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMaterials with high‐performance thermal insulation and excellent flame‐resistance are incredibly desirable for energy conservation and fire safety. In this study, a novel hybrid nanostructure network polybenzoxazine/silica (PBO/SiO2) aerogels were fabricated through facile in situ co‐polymerization sol‐gel methods with ambient pressure drying using benzoxazine (BO) monomers and SiO2 sol as reaction source, N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the catalyst. The hybrid nanostructure network was retained by polymerization–induced nanoscale phase separation of PBO and SiO2. The resulting PBO/SiO2 aerogels exhibited finer microstructure, lower density (0.18 g/cm3), thermal conductivity (0.031 W/m·K), and better flame‐resistance in comparison with PBO aerogels. They demonstrated an excellent compressive strength of 0.81 to 1.12 MPa at 10% deformation. The remarkable improvement in thermal insulation and flame‐resistance of PBO/SiO2 aerogels could be attributed to the combined effects of finer microstructure and formation of SiO2 that was “in‐situ” interpenetrated and interacted with silanols (Si‐OH) in the PBO network during the combustion process. The successful synthesis of PBO/SiO2 aerogels highlights the possibility of fabricating a novel high‐performance thermal insulation and excellent flame‐resistance used for energy‐efficient buildings.
RNA Sequencing Reveals Interacting Key Determinants of Osteoarthritis Acting in Subchondral Bone and Articular Cartilage: Identification of IL11 and CHADL as Attractive Treatment Targets
Authors: Tuerlings Margo , van Hoolwerff Marcella , Houtman Evelyn , Suchiman Eka H. E. D. , Lakenberg Nico , Mei Hailiang , van der Linden Enrike H. M. J. , Nelissen Rob R. G. H. H. , Ramos Yolande Y. F. M. , Coutinho de Almeida Rodrigo , Meulenbelt Ingrid 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo identify key determinants of the interactive pathophysiologic processes in subchondral bone and cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsWe performed RNA sequencing on macroscopically preserved and lesional OA subchondral bone from patients in the Research Arthritis and Articular Cartilage study who underwent joint replacement surgery due to OA (n = 24 sample pairs: 6 hips and 18 knees). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and differential expression analyses were conducted. Results were combined with data on previously identified differentially expressed genes in cartilage (partly overlapping samples) as well as data on recently identified OA risk genes.ResultsWe identified 1,569 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between lesional and preserved subchondral bone, including CNTNAP2 (fold change [FC] 2.4, false discovery rate [FDR] 3.36 × 10−5) and STMN2 (FC 9.6, FDR 2.36 × 10−3). Among these 1,569 genes, 305 were also differentially expressed, and with the same direction of effect, in cartilage, including the recently recognized OA susceptibility genes IL11 and CHADL. Upon differential expression analysis with stratification for joint site, we identified 509 genes that were exclusively differentially expressed in subchondral bone of the knee, including KLF11 and WNT4. These genes that were differentially expressed exclusively in the knee were enriched for involvement in epigenetic processes, characterized by, e.g., HIST1H3J and HIST1H3H.ConclusionIL11 and CHADL were among the most consistently differentially expressed genes OA pathophysiology–related genes in both bone and cartilage. As these genes were recently also identified as robust OA risk genes, they classify as attractive therapeutic targets acting on 2 OA‐relevant tissues.
Inflammatory Myositis in Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Aldrich Jeffrey , Pundole Xerxes , Tummala Sudhakar , Palaskas Nicolas , Andersen Clark R. , Shoukier Mahran , Abdel‐Wahab Noha , Deswal Anita , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor–related myositis (ICI‐myositis) in cancer patients receiving ICIs, and to report associated clinical manifestations, patterns of care, and outcomes.MethodsWe identified a retrospective cohort of patients receiving ICIs between 2016 and 2019 seen at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Cases of ICI‐myositis were identified using International Classification of Disease codes and confirmed by reviewing medical records and pathology, as available.ResultsA total of 9,088 patients received an ICI. Thirty‐six patients (0.40%) were identified as having ICI‐myositis: 17 patients (47%) with ICI‐myositis alone and 19 (53%) with overlap manifestations (5 patients with myocarditis, 5 with myasthenia gravis, and 9 with both). The incidence of ICI‐myositis was 0.31% in those receiving ICI monotherapy and 0.94% in those receiving combination ICI therapy (relative risk 3.1 [95% confidence interval 1.5–6.1]). Twenty‐five patients (69%) received ≥1 treatment in addition to glucocorticoids: plasmapheresis in 17 patients (47%), intravenous immunoglobulin in 12 (33%), and biologics in 11 (31%). Patients with overlap conditions had worse outcomes than those with myositis alone, and 79% of them developed respiratory failure. Eight patients died as a result of ICI‐myositis, and all had overlap syndrome with myasthenia gravis or myocarditis (P < 0.05); 75% of these patients had a concomitant infection.ConclusionICI‐myositis is a rare but severe adverse event. More than half of the patients presented with overlap manifestations and had deleterious outcomes, including respiratory failure and death. None of the patients with ICI‐myositis alone died as a result of adverse events. Optimal treatment strategies have yet to be determined.