bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-analyzing the prevalence and prognostic effect of antipsychotic exposure in clinical high-risk (CHR): when things are not what they seem
Authors: Raballo Andrea , Poletti Michele , Preti Antonio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis paradigm is changing psychiatric practice. However, a widespread confounder, i.e. baseline exposure to antipsychotics (AP) in CHR samples, is systematically overlooked. Such exposure might mitigate the initial clinical presentation, increase the heterogeneity within CHR populations, and confound the evaluation of transition to psychosis at follow-up. This is the first meta-analysis examining the prevalence and the prognostic impact on transition to psychosis of ongoing AP treatment at baseline in CHR cohorts.MethodsMajor databases were searched for articles published until 20 April 2020. The variance-stabilizing Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation was used to estimate prevalence. The binary outcome of transition to psychosis by group was estimated with risk ratio (RR) and the inverse variance method was used for pooling.ResultsFourteen studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, including 1588 CHR individuals. Out of the pooled CHR sample, 370 individuals (i.e. 23.3%) were already exposed to AP at the time of CHR status ascription. Transition toward full-blown psychosis at follow-up intervened in 112 (29%; 95% CI 24–34%) of the AP-exposed CHR as compared to 235 (16%; 14–19%) of the AP-naïve CHR participants. AP-exposed CHR had higher RR of transition to psychosis (RR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.18–1.83; z = 3.48; p = 0.0005), without influence by age, gender ratio, overall sample size, duration of the follow-up, or quality of the studies.ConclusionsBaseline AP exposure in CHR samples is substantial and is associated with a higher imminent risk of transition to psychosis. Therefore, such exposure should be regarded as a non-negligible red flag for clinical risk management.
What categorical induction variability reveals about typical and atypical development
Authors: TECOULESCO Lisa , FEIN Deborah , NAIGLES Letitia R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCategorical induction abilities are robust in typically developing (TD) preschoolers, while children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) frequently perform inconsistently on tasks asking for the transference of traits from a known category member to a new example based on shared category membership. Here, TD five-year-olds and six-year-olds with ASD participated in a categorical induction task; the TD children performed significantly better and more consistently than the children with ASD. Concurrent verbal and nonverbal tests were not significant correlates; however, the TD children's shape bias performance at two years of age was significantly positively predictive of categorical induction performance at age five. The shape bias, the tendency to extend a novel label to other objects of the same shape during word learning, appears linked with categorical induction ability in TD children, suggesting a common underlying skill and consistent developmental trajectory. Word learning and categorical induction appear uncoupled in children with ASD.
A distance sampling survey of the Critically Endangered Straw-headed BulbulPycnonotus zeylanicusin Singapore
Authors: CHIOK WEN XUAN , NG ELIZE Y. X. , TANG QIAN , LEE JESSICA G. H. , RHEINDT FRANK E. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe Straw-headed BulbulPycnonotus zeylanicusis one of South-East Asia’s most threatened songbirds due to relentless demand for the regional cage-bird trade. The species was recently uplisted from ‘Endangered’ to ‘Critically Endangered’ only two years after its previous uplisting. Intriguingly, populations in highly urbanised Singapore appear relatively secure. However, the last Singaporean density estimates, derived from traditional census methods, were obtained nearly two decades ago in 2001. A recent population estimate in 2016 was derived from the census work in 2001 coupled with relative abundance indices from population trends. We thus performed systematic field surveys using the distance sampling method, estimating 573 ± 185 individuals nation-wide, with a break-down of 217 ± 81 on the main island of Singapore and 356 ± 104 birds on the satellite of Pulau Ubin. Taken together, the total population estimate reported here comprises 22.9–57.3% of the global wild population, underscoring the importance of Singapore as a stronghold for the species. In spite of its apparently secure status in Singapore, the species remains susceptible to local and foreign trapping pressures. Based on our assessment, we propose a number of local and regional conservation measures to ensure the continued survival of populations in Singapore.
Culturable endophytic bacteria from Phelipanche ramosa (Orobanchaceae) seeds
Authors: Durlik Katarzyna , Żarnowiec Paulina , Piwowarczyk Renata , Kaca Wiesław 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEndophytic microbiomes play a beneficial role in the development and protection of plants. However, seed-borne endophytic bacteria have not yet been fully explored. Investigation of parasitic plants, whose existence depends on yet poorly understood and complicated relationships with microorganisms and hosts, is particularly crucial. Endophytic bacteria promote seed conservation and facilitate seed germination in soil. Several root holoparasites from the Orobanchaceae family are the most aggressive broomrape species, often causing serious yield losses in important crops. Parasitic plants are characterized by the production of a large number of some of the smallest seeds in the world's flora, allowing them to stay viable in the soil for several dozen years. This study's aim was to isolate and characterize the seed endophyte and surface bacteria of the most aggressive and widespread broomrape weed, Phelipanche ramosa. We isolated two endophytic bacteria from within the seeds which are closely related to Brevibacterium frigoritolerans and Bacillus simplex described as soil bacteria, highly resistant to environmental conditions, and as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Moreover, we isolated three strains from the surface of non-sterile seeds; all three isolates were related to the Bacillus cereus group.
Genetic diversity of Juglans sigillata Dode germplasm in Yunnan Province, China, as revealed by SSRs
Authors: Chen Shaoyu , Wu Tao , Xiao Liangjun , Ning Delu , Pan Li 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIron walnut, Juglans sigillata Dode, restricted to southwestern China, has its centre of distribution in Yunnan Province which has a varied climate, geography and rich plant diversity. Yunnan contains abundant J. sigillata germplasm. In this study, a provincial-scale set of walnut germplasm resources (14 populations comprising 1122 individuals) was evaluated for genetic diversity based on 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. The number of SSR alleles per locus ranged from 7 to 27, with an average of 17.55. Mean allelic richness and mean private allelic richness ranged from 3.40 to 4.62 and 0.11 to 0.36, with average of 3.93 and 0.30, respectively. Expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.26 to 0.78, with an average of 0.57. Polymorphism information content ranged from 0.22 to 0.79, with an average of 0.57. Genetic differentiation (FST) was 0.05, indicating that only 5% of total genetic variability was inter-populational, a finding supported by an analysis of molecular variance and STRUCTURE analysis. Relatively high gene flow (Nm = 6.70) was observed between populations. A unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic analysis classified the 14 populations into two major groups. Mantel testing uncovered a significant correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance (r = 0.33, P = 0.04). Overall, the research revealed a moderately high level of genetic diversity in the germplasm and low genetic differentiation among populations, which showed great potential for further development and exploitation of this resource.
River Co-governance and Co-management in Aotearoa New Zealand: Enabling Indigenous Ways of Knowing and Being
Authors: Fisher Karen , Parsons Meg 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLegislation emerging from Treaty of Waitangi settlements provide Māori, the Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand, with new opportunities to destabilize and decolonize the colonial knowledge, processes and practices that contribute towards negative material and metaphysical impacts on theirrohe[traditional lands and waters]. In this article we focus our attention on the Nga Wai o Maniapoto (Waipa River) Act 2012 and the Deed of Settlement signed between the Crown (the New Zealand government) and Ngāti Maniapoto (the tribal group with ancestral authority over the Waipā River) as an example of how the law in Aotearoa New Zealand is increasingly stretched beyond settler-colonial confines to embrace legal and ontological pluralism. We illustrate how this Act serves as the foundation upon which Ngāti Maniapoto are seeking to restore, manage, and enhance the health of their river. Such legislation, we argue, provides a far higher degree of recognition of Māori rights and interests both as an outcome of the settlement process and by strengthening provisions under the Resource Management Act 1991 regarding the role of Māori in resource management. We conclude by suggesting that co-governance and co-management arrangements hold great potential for transforming river management by recognizing and accommodating ontological and epistemological pluralism, which moves Aotearoa New Zealand closer to achieving sustainable and just river futures for all.
Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Weinan Fault, Shaanxi, Central China, and the Source of the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake
Authors: Feng X. , Ma J. , Zhou Y. , England P. , Parsons B. , Rizza M. A. , Walker R. T. 
Published: November 2020

The 1556 CE Huaxian earthquake resulted in an estimated 830,000 deaths and caused widespread devastation in the Weihe Basin, China. Seismic intensities from historical accounts yield, via magnitude‐intensity relations, a commonly quoted magnitude of 8¼ to 8½. The maximum recorded shaking was confined to a zone close to the Huashan and Weinan faults, which exhibit fresh scarps up to 7–8 m high. Recent palaeoseismic studies have suggested, however, that the Weinan fault has not ruptured at the surface for several thousand years. Furthermore, the 90‐km combined length of the Huashan and Weinan faults is short for an earthquake of magnitude 8¼ to 8½. We present a detailed analysis of the Weinan fault at one well‐preserved site, combining field observations and age constraints from fluvial terraces displaced by faulting, analysis of a high‐resolution digital elevation model (DEM), interpretation of the walls of a quarry that cuts through the fault zone, and from a profile of borehole cores across the fault. We find that the fault ruptured within the last ~900 years and is likely, along with the Huashan segment, to be the causative fault for the 1556 earthquake. The magnitude remains uncertain, withMw ~ 7.5 being a plausible estimate given the fault length, and no more thanMw8.0 if we use the maximum estimates of slip. These estimates are considerably smaller than magnitudes estimated from intensities, with importance in estimating the recurrence intervals between destructive earthquakes and hazard across central China.
Hydrogeochemical Evidence of Earthquake‐Induced Anomalies in Response to the 2017MW5.5 Pohang Earthquake in Korea
Authors: Kim Jaeyeon , Joun Won‐Tak , Lee Sanghoon , Kaown Dugin , Lee Kang‐Kun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSignificant changes in groundwater systems were observed after the 2017Mw5.5 Pohang earthquake. Groundwater level changes cannot be explained solely by poroelastic responses to the earthquake. In this study, we analyzed hydrogeochemical data, including environmental isotopes (18O,2H,87Sr/86Sr, and222Rn) of water samples as well as time‐series data of groundwater level, temperature, and electrical conductivity. Principal component analysis (PCA) and physical modeling of pore pressure changes were also used. Some anomalies in time‐series data could be explained by the distributions of pore pressure changes based on modeling. However, the other wells, which did not have the correlation between time‐series data and modeling results, exhibited abnormal patterns in hydrogeochemical and isotope data. Stiff diagrams showed differing patterns of temporal change among groundwater wells. These diagrams and isotopic anomalies revealed possible mechanisms underlying the aftereffects of earthquakes, including saline water mixing, water‐rock interactions, deep fluid upwelling, and bedrock fracture opening. These anomalous phenomena were related to the clusters derived by PCA and depended on the distance to the epicenter, faults, and sea water. This study highlights that a single measurement is insufficient to reliably interpret groundwater responses, whereas a combined hydrogeochemical and physical interpretation may provide critical information for clarifying anomalies related to earthquakes.
Repeating Earthquakes With Remarkably Repeatable Ruptures on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield
Authors: Abercrombie Rachel E. , Chen Xiaowei , Zhang Jiewen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe calculate rupture directivity and velocity for earthquakes in three well‐recorded repeating sequences (2001–2016) on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield using P waves from borehole recordings and the empirical Green's function method. The individual events in each sequence all show the same directivity; the largest magnitude sequence (M ~ 2.7, 8 events) ruptures unilaterally NW (at ~0.8Vs), the second sequence (M ~ 2.3, 9 events) ruptures unilaterally SE, and the smallest magnitude sequence (M ~ 2, 11 events) is less well resolved. The highly repetitive rupture suggests that geometry or material properties might control nucleation of small locked patches. The source spectra of the M ~ 2.7 sequence exhibit no detectable temporal variation. The smaller M sequences both exhibit a decrease in high‐frequency energy following the M6 earthquake that recovers with time. This could indicate a decrease in stress drop, an increase in attenuation, or a combination of the two, followed by gradual healing.
Detection of Melt Ponds on Arctic Summer Sea Ice From ICESat‐2
Authors: Tilling R. , Kurtz N. T. , Bagnardi M. , Petty A. A. , Kwok R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHemisphere‐wide observations of melt ponds on sea ice are needed to understand their influence on the surface radiation budget of the Arctic Ocean and to extend the satellite sea ice thickness data record. Here we present a first assessment of NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2) over individual Arctic sea ice melt ponds with different reflective properties. We use coincident high‐resolution satellite imagery from WorldView‐2 and Sentinel‐2 over different sea ice topographies to show that smooth ponds are highly reflective and can saturate the ICESat‐2 photon detection system. Rougher ponds have a more varied backscatter signal, and in some cases both the water and underlying ice surfaces are visible in photon height distributions. Characterizing the complex photon backscatter signals of melt ponds on sea ice is a first step toward automating retrievals of pond parameters such as width, melt pond fraction and depth, and improving higher‐level ICESat‐2 sea ice height and freeboard products.
Potential and Limitations of Machine Learning for Modeling Warm‐Rain Cloud Microphysical Processes
Authors: Seifert Axel , Rasp Stephan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of machine learning based on neural networks for cloud microphysical parameterizations is investigated. As an example, we use the warm‐rain formation by collision‐coalescence, that is, the parameterization of autoconversion, accretion, and self‐collection of droplets in a two‐moment framework. Benchmark solutions of the kinetic collection equations are performed using a Monte Carlo superdroplet algorithm. The superdroplet method provides reliable but noisy estimates of the warm‐rain process rates. For each process rate, a neural network is trained using standard machine learning techniques. The resulting models make skillful predictions for the process rates when compared to the testing data. However, when solving the ordinary differential equations, the solutions are not as good as those of an established warm‐rain parameterization. This deficiency can be seen as a limitation of the machine learning methods that are applied, but at the same time, it points toward a fundamental ill‐posedness of the commonly used two‐moment warm‐rain schemes. More advanced machine learning methods that include a notion of time derivatives, therefore, have the potential to overcome these problems.
Land Surface Model CAS‐LSM: Model Description and Evaluation
Authors: Xie Zhenghui , Wang Longhuan , Wang Yan , Liu Bin , Li Ruichao , Xie Jinbo , Zeng Yujin , Liu Shuang , Gao Junqiang , Chen Si , Jia Binghao , Qin Peihua 
Published: November 2020

AbstractComprehensive land surface models are very important for climate and weather forecasting and for improving our understanding of the relationships between humans and the Earth system. This work presents a land surface model of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS‐LSM) that considers groundwater lateral flow, human water regulation, soil freeze‐thaw front dynamics, riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport, anthropologic heat release, urban water usage, and urban planning based on the Community Land Model. Global simulations with the updated CAS‐LSM were conducted to evaluate its performance, and the results show its advantages in reproducing ecohydrological processes. Groundwater lateral flow can replenish the groundwater depletion cone caused by overexploitation, where the offset rate increases as the aquifer thickness increases. The maximum thaw depth increases by 3.62 mm yr−1 in permafrost areas, and the maximum frost depth decreases by 1.89 mm yr−1 in seasonally frozen areas. Nitrogen fertilizer use and point‐source pollution increase the riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen flow rate in western Europe and eastern China. To further verify the model's ability to simulate the effects of urban planning implementation, simulations over Beijing were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with CAS‐LSM. The results show that anthropogenic heat release enhances the sensible heat flux and temperature in the city center. In terms of urban water planning, most of the total water supply in Beijing should be used for urban irrigation, and a small part should be used for road sprinkling to obtain a greater cooling effect.
Growth differentiation factor 6, a repressive target of EZH2, promotes the commitment of human embryonic stem cells to mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Deng Pend , Yu Yongxin , Hong Christine , Wang Cun-Yu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have significant potential for cell-mediated bone regeneration. Our recent study revealed that inhibiting the epigenetic regulator EZH2 plays a key role in promoting the mesodermal differentiation of hESCs. In this study, an epigenome-wide analysis of hESCs and MSCs revealed that growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), which is involved in bone formation, was the most upregulated gene associated with MSCs compared to hESCs. Furthermore, we identified GDF6 as a repressive target of EZH2 and found that ectopic GDF6 selectively promoted hESC differentiation towards the mesodermal lineage and enriched the MSC population. Our results provide molecular insights governing the mesenchymal commitment of hESCs and identify an inducing factor that offers strong promise for the future of regenerative medicine.
Raloxifene prevents stress granule dissolution, impairs translational control and promotes cell death during hypoxia in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Attwood Kathleen M. , Robichaud Aaron , Westhaver Lauren P. , Castle Elizabeth L. , Brandman David M. , Balgi Aruna D. , Roberge Michel , Colp Patricia , Croul Sidney , Kim Inhwa , McCormick Craig , Corcoran Jennifer A. , Weeks Adrienne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor, and it has a uniformly poor prognosis. Hypoxia is a feature of the GBM microenvironment, and previous work has shown that cancer cells residing in hypoxic regions resist treatment. Hypoxia can trigger the formation of stress granules (SGs), sites of mRNA triage that promote cell survival. A screen of 1120 FDA-approved drugs identified 129 candidates that delayed the dissolution of hypoxia-induced SGs following a return to normoxia. Amongst these candidates, the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene delayed SG dissolution in a dose-dependent manner. SG dissolution typically occurs by 15 min post-hypoxia, however pre-treatment of immortalized U251 and U3024 primary GBM cells with raloxifene prevented SG dissolution for up to 2 h. During this raloxifene-induced delay in SG dissolution, translational silencing was sustained, eIF2α remained phosphorylated and mTOR remained inactive. Despite its well-described role as a SERM, raloxifene-mediated delay in SG dissolution was unaffected by co-administration of β-estradiol, nor did β-estradiol alone have any effect on SGs. Importantly, the combination of raloxifene and hypoxia resulted in increased numbers of late apoptotic/necrotic cells. Raloxifene and hypoxia also demonstrated a block in late autophagy similar to the known autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Genetic disruption of the SG-nucleating proteins G3BP1 and G3BP2 revealed that G3BP1 is required to sustain the raloxifene-mediated delay in SG dissolution. Together, these findings indicate that modulating the stress response can be used to exploit the hypoxic niche of GBM tumors, causing cell death by disrupting pro-survival stress responses and control of protein synthesis.
The dynamic behavior of lipid droplets in the pre-metastatic niche
Authors: Shang Chunliang , Qiao Jie , Guo Hongyan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe pre-metastatic niche is a favorable microenvironment for the colonization of metastatic tumor cells in specific distant organs. Lipid droplets (LDs, also known as lipid bodies or adiposomes) have increasingly been recognized as lipid-rich, functionally dynamic organelles within tumor cells, immune cells, and other stromal cells that are linked to diverse biological functions and human diseases. Moreover, in recent years, several studies have described the indispensable role of LDs in the development of pre-metastatic niches. This review discusses current evidence related to the biogenesis, composition, and functions of LDs related to the following characteristics of the pre-metastatic niche: immunosuppression, inflammation, angiogenesis/vascular permeability, lymphangiogenesis, organotropism, reprogramming. We also address the function of LDs in mediating pre-metastatic niche formation. The potential of LDs as markers and targets for novel antimetastatic therapies will be discussed.