bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-12 Effect of PRRSV infection during gestation on sickness behaviors in the piglets after immune challenge
Authors: Rymut Haley E , Houser Alexandra K , Sizemore Courtni R , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) costs the U.S. pork industry millions of dollars yearly due to production losses and management costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal immune activation (MIA) elicited by PRRSV infection during gestation on the behavioral response of the offspring to subsequent immune challenge. On gestational day 76, PRRSV negative Camborough gilts (n = 6) were either inoculated with PRRSV or saline intranasally. Nineteen female and male piglets from these PRRSV positive and Control gilts were weaned at day 21 and subsequently housed in groups. At day 60, piglets were randomized by sex to receive either saline or an intraperitoneal injection of Poly(I:C) to represent immune challenge. Poly(I:C) is a synthetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid that mimics double-stranded RNA that activates host defense similar to viral infections by stimulating the release of cytotoxic cytokines and inducing interferon-gamma production. Post injection, binary laying, eating, vomiting, panting, and overall sickness behaviors were collected by instantaneous scan sampling at 1.5-minute intervals for 60 minutes by a trained experimenter blinded to the experimental design. Fisher’s exact test and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics were used to test the effects of gilt treatment, piglet challenge, and sex within and across factor levels. Male piglets from PRRSV-treated gilts exhibited significantly (P &lt; 0.0455) fewer sickness behaviors than piglets from control gilts between 31 and 45 minutes post-challenge. Significant associations between gilt treatment and both panting (P &lt; 0.0162) and overall sickness behavior (P &lt; 0.0245), while controlling for sex and piglet challenge, were observed. This study characterized the MIA and sex-dependent nature of the effect Poly(I:C) immune challenge on behavior. Our results indicate that MIA is correlated to increased behavioral response to secondary viral infection in male offspring. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.
PSIII-1 Characterization of eating pattern and animal behavior according to productive system of intensive beef fattening fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Verdú Marçal , Cucurull Jordi , Marti Sonia , Devant Maria 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Eating pattern and animal behavior of three different intensive beef fattening systems, combining cattle breed, gender, and fattening days were studied under the same commercial farming conditions. A total of 120 animals were allocated in 6 pens (two per treatment), and each pen was assigned to 1 of 3 treatments according to productive system: 1) Holstein bulls, slaughtered at 11.5 months of age (142 ± 3.3 days of age and 176 ± 5.5 kg of initial BW), 2) crossbred heifers at 10 months (141 ± 3.3 days of age and 165 ± 5.5 kg of initial BW), and, 3) crossbred Angus bulls at 12.5 months (154 ± 3.3 days of age and 192 ± 5.5 kg of initial BW). Each pen had two separate feeders for concentrate and straw, and a water trough. Eating pattern was recorded per day and animal, and animal behavior was analyzed fortnightly by scan pen sampling. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model with repeated measures. Most relevant interaction revealed that around 215 days of age (onset of puberty) heifers visited less frequently the feeder (7.5 vs 8.1 ± 0.23) and devoted more time to eat (7.5 vs 6.5 ± 0.22 min), decreasing eating rate (153.8 vs 177.4 ± 4.97 g/min) compared with bulls. Regardless of age, heifers tended (P &lt; 0.10) to exhibit more frequently non-agonistic (20.4 vs 13.0 ± 1.53 n/15 min), less agonistic (1.2 vs 3.8 ± 0.92 n/15 min) and sexual (1.3 vs 5.5 ± 1.65 n/15 min) behaviors, and more stereotypies (1.5 vs 0.3 ± 0.08 n/15 min) compared with bulls. In conclusion, when animals spent time performing agonistic and sexual behaviors, the time devoted to eat was reduced, identifying a gender effect. This finding could have implications in terms of feeder design, number of feeding spaces, and feeder access.
PSVI-16 Fecal microbiome of nursery pigs fed phytogenics and antibiotics
Authors: Tran Huyen , Johnson Timothy J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feeding two phytogenic products (PHY1 and PHY2; blends of essential oils and plant extracts) in diets with or without antibiotics (AureoMix S 10-10; AB) on fecal microbiome of nursery pigs. A total of 400 nursery pigs (6.8 kg BW; 20 d of age) were fed one of the six dietary treatments (9 pens/treatment), including: control (0% AB; 0% phytogenics), 0.5% AB, phytogenics (0.02% PHY1 or 0.03% PHY2) or the combination of phytogenic and AB (PHY1 x AB or PHY2 x AB). On d 46 postweaning, 48 fecal samples were collected (1 pig/pen; 7–9 pigs/treatment) and were subjected to the analyses of microbial communities by using 16S rRNA V4 amplicon sequencing with Illumina MiSeq. The sequence data were analyzed by using Qiime and the rarefied OTU table was submitted to Calypso to evaluate the alpha and beta diversity, taxonomic classification, and the differential taxa associated to the dietary treatments. There were differences among treatments on alpha diversity, where the control and PHY2 pigs had lower OTU richness (P = 0.05) and chao1 index (P &lt; 0.10) compared to pigs fed AB alone or AB with phytogenics. There were also differences among treatments on microbial beta diversity of pigs (P &lt; 0.01). The most abundant phyla included Firmicute, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and TM7. At family level, pigs fed AB had greater Ruminococcaceae compared to the control, but lower Coriobacteriaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae compared to PHY1 or PHY2 group (P &lt; 0.05). Feature selection by LEfSe indicated that dominant genus associated to AB treatment was Unclassified RF39, while dominant genera associated to PHY2 treatment were Cantenibacterium, unclassified Coriobacteriaceae, Blautia, Eubacterium, and Collinsella. In conclusion, feeding AB and phytogenic products had different impacts on the fecal bacteria of nursery pigs.
PSVI-28 Effects of Chinese herbal medicine and probiotics on the physicochemical properties of chicken
Authors: Chen Xiaofei , Zhu Yunfen , Yang Yongkang , Xiang Jiqian , Yin Hongqing , Ma Jin , Tan Dejun , Li Rong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective: In this study, we estimate the effects of probiotics, Chinese herbal medicine and antibiotics on chicken protein, fat, ash, some kind of amino acids and fatty acids, tenderness and other physical and chemical properties. Method: 240 hens were divided into six groups, including blank control group, probiotic group, antibiotic group, Chinese herbal medicine group (Three parallel groups were set in the Chinese herbal medicine group: 0.3%, 0.6% and 1%). Hens were fed on restricted diets for more than 120 days. Collecting six breast samples from each group randomly and assaying those items described in the objective. In this study, we performed some determination methods, such as HPLC, GC, Kjeldahl and Soxhelt Method. Data were collected by Excel and analyzed by SPSS18.0 software. The results were expressed as the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test was performed to determine statistical significance. ResultThe results showed that the contents of protein, fat, amino acid and fatty acid in chicken were not different significantly among these groups (P &gt; 0.05). So did the value of shear (P &gt; 0.05). Inosine acid content in 0.6% & 1% Chinese herbal medicine group was increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05). The ash value was decreased significantly in 1% Chinese herbal medicine group (P &lt; 0.05). Significance and Innovation: There are many alternatives of antibiotics in livestock and poultry breeding based on Chinese herbal medicine in China. Our study helps to illustrate the positive effect of Chinese herbal medicine on animal feeding and lay a foundation for the future rational application of Chinese herbal medicine in non-antibiotic feeding. Meanwhile, similar reports have not been found internationally. Conclusion Adding proper amount of Chinese herbal medicine in diet can promote the production of inosine acid and enhance the taste of meat, reduce the ash content similarly.
PSII-38 The effect of clitoral stimulation post fixed-time insemination in Bos indicus beef cattle
Authors: Filho Ramiro Oliveira , Mello Gustavo Azevedo de , Pereira Victor Mendonça , Vasconcelos Jose Luiz Moraes , Cooke Reinaldo F , Pohler Ky 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of clitoral stimulation post-insemination on pregnancy rates in Bos indicus beef cattle. A total of 1186 multiparous Nelore cows were assigned to an estradiol-based estrus synchronization + timed-AI protocol (FTAI, d 0), and randomly assigned to receive either 2 to 5 seconds of clitoral stimulation or no clitoral stimulation after artificial insemination. Estrus expression prior to AI was evaluated based on patch activation (estrus, ≥ 50% activated; no estrus, &lt; 50% activated) using Estrotect Heat Detector and chute exit velocity after AI was evaluated. Individual exit score was calculated within each group by dividing exit velocity into quintiles and assigning cows with a score from 1 to 5 (1 = slowest; 5 = fastest). Artificial insemination was performed by 7 different technicians. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30 days after FTAI via transrectal ultrasonography. Overall pregnancy rate at day 30 was 46.0% (545/1186). Clitoral stimulation had no beneficial effect (P = 0.42) on pregnancy rate of multiparous cows when compared to those not stimulated (47.5% ± 4.6 vs. 44.3% ± 4.6). Cows that expressed heat at d 0 (n = 602) had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) pregnancy rate compared to no heat expression (37.6% ± 4.7 vs. 60.6% ± 4.6), but no effect of the clitoral stimulation was observed on pregnancy rate in cows that did or did not express heat (P &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, clitoral stimulation did not affect exit score (P = 0.67) of cows after FTAI. No effect of the technician was observed on pregnancy rate when clitoral stimulation was applied or not (P = 0.21). In summary, clitoral stimulation was not a useful managerial tool to improve pregnancy rate in multiparous Bos indicus cows submitted to FTAI using estradiol-based protocols.
PSIV-20 TAS2R genes in sheep and cattle compared to humans
Authors: Henslee Dillan , Ellison Melinda , Murdoch Brenda , Taylor J Bret , Yelich Joel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The taste receptor gene family has been extensively studied in human and some genes have been linked to food preferences and addiction; however, research in foraging ruminants is limited. Identification of taste receptor genes in the sheep genome may provide insight regarding individual dietary range plant preferences. Bitter taste has been a large focus of research since Arthur Fox accidentally discovered the bitter tasting compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and observed that bitter taste perception in humans is a variable trait. In theory, individuals who are sensitive to bitter taste will likely consume less bitter tasting foods, which are often antioxidant rich, and be more prone to disease and illness. The objective of this study was to examine known taste receptor genes in sheep and cattle and compare them with humans to determine similarities and differences. Type 2 taste receptors (T2R’s) are the only receptor of the taste gene family to perceive bitterness in foods. Using NCBI genome data viewer, the taste genes were identified on the human (GRCh38.p12), cattle (ARS-UCD1.2), and sheep (Oar_4.0; OORI1) genomes. All 3 species have one T2R gene cluster in common, which includes T2R genes 3, 4, 5, 38, 39, 40, 60, and 41. The span of this cluster is similar for humans (1,457,940 bp), sheep (1,541,593 bp), and cattle (1,594,610 bp). One gene in particular (T2R38) has been associated with PTC sensitivity and linked to aversion of some bitter tasting food in humans. Previous research on T2R38 identified 5 haplotypes, each expressing aversion to bitter taste differently. There is another T2R gene cluster which contains 10 annotated genes in sheep and cattle genomes; however, this region contains an additional 10 genes annotated in the human genome. Understanding genetic variation in TAS2R genes may translate to dietary preferences of sheep grazing on rangelands.
PSIV-15 Effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 and/or chromium propionate supplementation on health, performance, and blood parameters of high-risk cattle during the feedlot receiving period
Authors: Smock Taylor M , Samuelson Kendall , Seiver Hannah A , Hergenreder Jerilyn , Rounds Whitney 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 and/or chromium propionate supplementation on health, performance, and blood parameters in high-risk beef calves during a 56-day receiving period. Four truckload blocks of crossbred beef calves (n = 384; BW=220±16.2 kg) were assigned randomly to treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial. The generalized complete block design consisted of 12 pen replications per treatment with pen as the experimental unit. Treatments were: 1) placebo control (CON); 2) 13 g/animal/d Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CLOSTAT®, Kemin Industries; CST); 3) 1 g/animal/d Cr propionate (KemTRACE® Chromium, Kemin Industries; CHR); and 4) CST+CHR. Treatments were top dressed in feed bunks daily using 0.45 kg/animal/d ground corn carrier. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, 28, and 56 for analysis of serum chemistry and complete blood count variables from a pen subset (n = 2/pen). Data were analyzed using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. The DMI was increased for CST during each interim period (P ≤ 0.03) and overall DMI was increased by 0.78 lb/animal/d for CST (P = 0.01). The CST supplemented cattle had greater BW on days 14, 28, and 56 (P ≤ 0.06). Likewise, ADG was improved for CST from day 0 to 14 (P = 0.04) and for the overall receiving period (P = 0.04). Main effects of CST (P = 0.02) and CHR (P = 0.03) decreased the percentage of calves treated for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Morbidity was 28.0 and 39.9% for cattle with and without CST supplementation and 28.6 and 39.3% for cattle with and without CHR supplementation, respectively. Cattle fed CHR had increased (P ≤ 0.04) total leukocytes, neutrophils, serum aspartate aminotransferase and less (P = 0.02) serum calcium. Performance was improved by CST and BRD morbidity was less for CST and CHR.
PSII-4 Changes in body temperature of lot-fed Bos taurus and Bos indicus steers during a heat wave
Authors: Sammes Stephanie L , Lees Angela M , Cawdell-Smith Judy A , Gaughan John B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Body temperature (BT) is a reliable method for evaluating the thermal status of cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the regulation of BT in B. indicus and B. taurus steers during a heat wave event. Thirty-five steers (466.30±10.2kg) of mixed genotypes (B. taurus, n = 18; B. indicus, n = 17) were used in a larger 100-d study. Cattle were housed in six un-shaded pens at a commercial feedlot. Body temperature data for this were obtained at 1 h intervals over a 3-d heat wave event using in situ abdominal data loggers. Data were analysed using a repeated measures model, using residual maximum likelihood estimation. The model included genotype (B. taurus; B. indicus) and animal ID as random effects and hour as a fixed effect. Mean maximum BT occurred at 1500 h for B. taurus (40.52±0.03ºC) and 0400 h for B. indicus (40.48±0.31ºC). The BT of B. indicus decreased between 0400 h and 0700 h, and then increased to 1100 h (+0.10±0.01ºC/h), before decreasing again. The BT of B. taurus decreased between 0500 h and 0600 h, and then slowly increased (+0.04±0.01ºC/h) to 1500 h. Mean minimum BT occurred at 2100 h for B. taurus (40.12±0.11ºC) and 0700 h for B. indicus (40.00±0.22ºC). B. taurus maintained lower BT (40.21±0.05ºC) between 1900 h and 2200 h compared to B. indicus (40.27±0.05ºC) which may be due to disrupted heat loss mechanisms during the day, highlighting the importance of night time cooling. In response to increasing heat load, BT in B. taurus had slower increases but retained heat for longer, whilst B. indicus BT responded by a series of rapid increases and decreases. Developing an understanding of the differences in BT regulation in B. indicus and B. taurus will allow for more effective heat load management strategies during heat waves to be established.
PSII-1 Blood metabolomics for biomarker discovery and the diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Blakebrough-Hall claudia R , Dona Anthony , D’occhio Michael , McMeniman Joe , Gonzalez Luciano 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Australian feedlot cattle. Diagnosis for BRD is based on visual scoring of illness and the use of rectal temperature above a defined level to trigger treatment protocols. These methods often have a low accuracy at diagnosing BRD. Blood metabolomics monitors alterations in small metabolites in the body and can be used to indicate the presence of disease. The aim of the current study was to search for biomarkers for BRD and develop alternate diagnosis methods for BRD using the blood metabolome profile of feedlot steers. Visually BRD affected (n = 148) and visually healthy (n = 152) steers were removed from their group pens for clinical assessment and blood sampling for metabolomics analysis. Lung lesions indicative of BRD were scored for all trial animals upon slaughter. A non-targeted metabolomics approach based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry was used to search for blood biomarkers using classification and regression trees. The data were split into training and validation datasets for model development. Visual diagnosis (VD), visual + clinical diagnosis (VCD; visually sick and elevated rectal temperature or lung auscultation score), and lung lesion diagnosis (LLD; lung consolidation ≥ 10% or pleurisy score ≥ 2) were used as reference diagnosis methods for BRD. Metabolomics demonstrated a high accuracy at detecting BRD in the validation dataset when using the VD (Acc=0.85, Se=0.82, SP = 0.87) and VCD (Acc=0.81, Se=0.88, SP = 0.74), but was less accurate at detecting animals defined as sick using the LLD (Acc=0.74, Se=0.38, SP = 0.89) (Table 1). The models selected nine metabolites important in differentiating sick and healthy animals. The results suggest the blood metabolome is a useful indicator of BRD status and could therefore be used for confirmation of BRD in feedlot cattle.
PSII-18 Awardee Poster: Direct fed microbial supplementation on apparent nutrient digestibility, visualization of the top three fecal microbial isolates, and blood metabolites in the moderately exercised horse
Authors: Heaton Courtney P , Cavinder Clay A , Smith Trent 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Performance horses subjected to intensive training and competition are exposed to elevated physiological stress. Decreased blood cortisol has been reported with direct fed microbial (DFM) supplementation. Eight stock-type horses (8.13 ± 1.31 yr; 489.77 ± 19 kg) were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of DFM on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, fecal microbial profile, and blood metabolites in moderately exercised horses. Diets were 1.5% BW/d of a 50/50 bermudagrass and alfalfa hay with 0.5% BW/d of control (CON) grain or grain with DFM. The DFM contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, Enterococcus faecium, and Saccharomyces cervisiae at a rate of 25.1 x 109 cfu/g of grain, averaging 61.5 x 1012 cfu/d. After a 21-d washout period, horses were transitioned to 1 of 2 diets for a 21-d treatment. Horses were moderately exercised 3 d/wk for 1 h. Blood was collected pre-and post-exercise and fresh per rectum fecal samples were collected to determine the top 3 microbial isolates. A total fecal collection was performed the last 72 h of the treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with horse within diet as a random block effect and as a subject of repeated measures. There were tendencies for increases in apparent ADF digestibility (P = 0.064) and mean HR (P = 0.075) for DFM. Resting lactate was decreased (P = 0.036) with DFM and post exercise cortisol was not affected (P = 0.944). Of the top 3 isolates identified, Escherichia coli (EC) and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus accounted for 90% of isolated bacteria. A heat map was created to assess fecal bacteria shifts, which found clustering dependent on sex, with mares excreting more EC than geldings. Results indicate DFM may have an impact on nutrient digestibility and microbial populations in exercise-stressed horses.
PSII-42 Kinetics of methanogenesis and acetogenesis under normal rumen conditions
Authors: Scott Jarvis , Kohn Richard 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Researchers are investigating numerous methods to reduce enteric methane emissions and improve the sustainability of US animal agriculture. Methane emissions from the rumen depend on principles of kinetics, where the profile of fermentation products depends on relative rates of competing reactions, substrate concentrations or enzymatic activities. We investigated the kinetics of methanogenesis and related VFA production under increasing concentrations of infused hydrogen. The H2 (0, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mL) was added to Hungate tubes containing 10 mL of rumen fluid with 10 mL of CO2 headspace gas. Then H2, CH4 and CO2, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were measured after 0 and 1 h incubation at 39 °C. Data were fit to a non-linear Michaelis-Menten (M-M) model to estimate Vmaxand Km. For initial rumen fluid without added H2gas, there was an increase in CH4, slight decrease in H2, and disappearance of acetate and propionate. When H2was added, H2disappearance increased linearly, and methane, acetate and propionate increased non-linearly. For example, methanogenesis Vmax was 0.209 mM 10mL-1minute-1 with Km of 67.2 mM (RMSPE = 0.09, n = 9). The ratio of appearance of CH4 to disappearance of H2 was 0.15, showing 60% of H2 disappearance was accounted for by methanogenesis. The H2 addition shifted fermentation from VFA degradation to synthesis via saturable pathways (e.g. at Vmax). Results show that rumen fluid has enzyme activity such that as H2 gas is made available to rumen fluid, most H2is used for methane and VFA synthesis, and rates and proportions of H2 utilization for different pathways can be measured in vitro.