bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavior of passive single pipe pile in sandy soil
Authors: Karkush M. O. , Aljorany A.N. , Jaffar G. S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research focuses on studying the effects of soil movement on the behavior of an existing pile driven in sandy soil. A physical model has been manufactured to investigate the effect of construction of an embankment adjacent to free head single pile driven in sand of dry unit weight of 13.5 kN/m3. The model pile of diameter (D) of 10 mm are tested under two conditions of loading: loaded axially and without load. The model piles are instrumented with strain gauges along the embedded length to measure strains resulting from the soil movement. The embankment loads are applied at distances of 2.5, 5, and 10D from the edge of the pile. The results obtained from the model pile are: the lateral and vertical displacements at soil surface, the rotation at soil surface, bending moment profiles, pile deflection profiles, pile rotation profiles and shear force profiles. Some of these results are measured experimentally and others are calculated theoretically based on the measured strains. Based on the results of tests, it was found that the maximum soil reaction increased axially loaded piles by 43, 19, and 43%, when the embankment is at distances 2.5, 5, and 10D, respectively. The flexible pile provides more resistance to soil movement pressure and increasing the distance between the embankment and pile reduces the effects of embankment. The behavior of axially loaded pile is different than that of the pile without axial loading.
The Behavior of Plugged Pipe Piles Strengthened with Biaxial Carbon-Fiber under the Effect of Lateral Loads
Authors: Al-Wakel Saad Faik Abbas , Ibrahim Karim Hadi , Ali Iman Abd Ul kadhim 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the behavior of plugged pipe pile strengthened with biaxial carbon fiber under the effect of lateral loads in sand. The change of plug length and incremental filling ratio of pipe pile under static lateral load is considered. The model of piles is embedded in dense sand with different slenderness ratios of pile. In addition, different ratios of confining length of biaxial carbon fiber are used. The results indicated that the ultimate lateral resistance of plugged pipe pile increases with increase of the confining length of carbon fiber.
Effect of Relative Compaction on the Bearing Capacity of Cohesive Soils
Authors: Al-Obaidi Anwar Luay , Yousif Mustafa A. , Hamid ALaa Ihssan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The study examined the effect of bearing capacity of soil on the relative compaction by taking samples from different sites and carrying out strength experiments and comparing bearing capacity with the relative compaction to investigate the possibility of reducing the percentage of the approved measurements in the specifications of the percentages allowed for buildings with fixed load. A number of parameters have been prepared to calculate the amount of the degree of measurement to be adopted and the light tolerance required in any engineering work and for various factor of safety and non-compliance with specifications, which require in most cases to be the degree of compaction more than 95%. Linear regression equation between bearing capacity and relative compaction was proposed that can be applied without complying with required specification.
Geotechnical properties of gypseous soil contaminated with crude oil
Authors: Al-Adhamii Rana A.J. , Rahil Falah H. , Kadhim Yasser M. , Atia Thaer A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Gypseous soils are extensively distributed and especially in Iraq where area of hot climate is extant. These soils may be contaminated by crude oil due to the multiple oil wells, the oil exploitation, damaged storage tanks and pipelines, natural seepage and the crude oil spills during the war. Therefore, this study presents the geotechnical properties of gypseous soils contaminated with crude oil and the possibility of using the crude oil as an improvement material. The soil used in this study has been brought from Haditha city at Al-Anbar Governorate in Iraq with (34%) average gypsum content and classified as silty sand (SM) according to unified soil classification system (USCS).
A series of laboratory tests included physical, chemical, shear strength, collapsibility test conducted on both clean and contaminated soil samples with crude oil. Compacted soil samples are prepared and three percentages of crude oil (3%, 6%, and 9%) are added to the gypseous soil samples and then tested. The results showed that the crude oil increases the liquid limit of the gypseous soils and changes the soil from non-plastic to plastic material, the crude oil also increased the maximum dry density (MDD) and decreases the optimum moisture content (OMC). The results also showed that using crude oil denotes good solution and appropriate alternate to improve the properties of gypseous soils by elimination the melting of gypsum when it comes in touch with water in addition to increase in stability and strength properties of gypseous soil by decreasing the collapse potential and increasing CBR values.
Numerical solution of rainfall infiltration beneath flexible pavement
Authors: Al-Adili Aqeel Sh. , Al-Rubaee Rasha H , Fouad Mays O. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Water in pavement systems can lead to moisture damage and loss of strength. This study considered the simulation of water effect on the pavement and presented as perception, two rain intensities were selected (50, 80) mm/min at duration of 120 and 60 minutes, respectively. The methodology of the study consisted of three stages, first is to collect information and extracting cores second stage was testing the cores in the laboratory and the third stage was simulating the pavement using the 2-D finite element (SEEP/W 2007). The permeability of five sections was chosen at various ranges. The shape of the slopes (one way, two way) was considered, also the position of the water table at (0.5, 2, and 3) meter below the surface.
Two types of cracks were taken: one sever crack that penetrates the wearing layer and the same crack penetrates the asphaltic layer. The results obtained indicted that the pavement is sensitive to the asphalt permeability, the infiltrated water inside the pavement increase by 27% when the permeability increased by 55% and water flux increased 70% when the permeability increased by 95%. Rain duration has more effect rather than its intensity.
Studying the performance of an Activated Carbon Filter using almond shell
Authors: Mahdi Ayat H. , Jaid Ghaidaa Majeed , Assi Nada S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Using new technologies and sustainable methods to obtain safe and clean water is considered one of the most important aims. In this work, almond shells have been used to prepare an activated carbon (AC) filter. Two types of sand filter media were used to simulate slow and rapid sand filters. Samples of raw water from Tigris River were taken, and the following parameters were studied (pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate and heavy metals (Iron(Fe), copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn)). Results showed that replacing sand with AC was better in the removal of Fe and Zn, when a slow sand filter was used the removal was 99% for both of them, while the enhancement in the removal seems to be small when the rapid sand filter was used.
Production of friendly cementations materials containing nano limestone powder
Authors: Tawfeeq Hasan N. , Salih Shakir A. , Frayyeh Qais J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Carbon dioxide gas emission from cement production is the result of the burning process and de-carbonation of limestone and cement material. Reducing carbon dioxide is a global challenge. The main objective of this study was to find an ideal alternative to cement in order to decrease energy consumption and carbon dioxide releases. Using limestone powder to replace cement binder is considered an effective method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production. This study focuses on the relationship between replacement levels of limestone powder for ordinary Portland cement and some properties of cement mortar. Using limestone powder as an admixture decreases compressive strength, thus the super-plasticizer content should be decreased in order to obtain the equivalent strength of plain cement. This research used nano-particle size limestone powder to replace with cement in a different ratio. The results showed that mortar cement containing a higher proportion of limestone powder reduces hydration temperature and reduces the compressive as well as flexural strength but it has also shown a significant increase in workability due to the effect of limestone powder.. Because of the weakening effect that is related to the replacement of a part of cement, there is a drop in the mechanical properties of the cement mortar.
Analyzing Urban Attraction Nodes by using GIS and Space Syntax (case study-Al-Adhamiya)
Authors: Hamzah M J , Ebraheem M A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
For the redevelopment of urban form and structure for any city, we should search for agent’s movement attraction places to identify their predilection to these places that can be called urban attraction nodes, these nodes has the most important and effective role in rearranging the urban structure and how to invest it in the right direction, by using spatial analysis methods (i.e. space syntax and geographic information system (GIS) tools) we can identify these attraction nodes and use them in the urban structure redevelopment process. As a case study, Al-Adhamiya urban structure is analyzed using these methods. From the analysis steps we can conclude that (Antar bin shaddad square (no.1), The Royal Cemetery (no.2), Abu Hanifa mosque (no.4), Corniche (no.7), Al delal square (no.9)) are the most significant features which are considered as important attraction nodes, so these features aid to organize the urban structure of Al-Adhamiya district, and the streets that lead to these attraction nodes are the most important participants in the reforming process of these attraction nodes.
Measuring Accessibility in low density Housing: The Role of neighbourhood design
Authors: Abass Zainab. I , Tucker Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Accessibility is a key contributor to the quality of life experienced by residents and others. This paper asks how might accessibility be measured in different contexts? Quantitative analyses were undertaken, and 247 residents were surveyed in three suburbs. Pearson correlations was used to investigate the relationship between perceived accessibility and a number of independent social and physical neighbourhood design variables. The findings suggest that a quantitative method can be usefully conducted to measure the perception of residents toward their social-spatial environment. The results presented that accessibility is strongly associated with physical design features, even with interaction of socio-demographic variables. Hierarchical multiple regression was also showed that some of the physical characteristics significantly predicted accessibility particularly street type, open space provision and trees coverage after socio-economic factors controlling such as income and length of residence. This indicates that well designed neighbourhoods can be more accessible for residents. The findings also suggest that accessibility associated with the social and physical needs of residents can be critical influences that planners and decision maker need to consider when designing for sustainable environment in contemporary suburban contexts.
Disaster and crises management strategy
Authors: Shamkhi A N , Ebraheem M A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The aim of the research is to deepen the preparation and early warning of all types of disasters, natural and artificial ones, considering the scarcity of resources and the difficulty of acting during and after disasters. The research discussed the mechanism of preparedness at various stages of disasters and the justification for including such a practical plan. A historical background was presented, the most important terms of disaster reduction were defined. The research also clearly discussed a vision of the disaster reduction effect from a purely environmental point of view. Many disasters are caused by excessive human exploitation of the environment or neglect of environmental resources. Which led to the inability of some ecosystems to withstand, therefore, collapsed and the disaster occurred.
The practical part, questioner was designed to assess the potential of Local Government and individuals to plan ahead, especially with the recent threat of flood, earthquakes and wars. The findings showed that there should be more efforts to cope the deficit in the adoption of mechanisms of disaster risk reduction in the stages (before - after - during) at the institutional and community level.
The second area of the practical part included the review of the experiences of 10 countries that had experienced natural disasters or wars and the impact of these crises on them compared with their readiness, infrastructure and social awareness. Data were introduced in the linear regression model and an inverse relationship was found between the inclusion of plans and the extent of damage caused by the disaster. The greater the readiness, the less harm and vice versa, which proves the hypothesis of research.
Evaluation of selected landfill sites using Landfill Site Rating Method (Diyala Governorate as a Case Study)
Authors: Jumaha G F. , YI. Jasem Z , Alshweikh M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Solid waste, containing hazardous materials, are generated and dumped simply into drains or landfills where the rag pickers are exposed to contamination, and the prevalence of diseases has become alarming in cities near the landfills. Efficient waste management has become increasingly significant. Siting of sanitary landfills submit into two considerations, siting considerations and environmental construction requirements. One of the simplest methods of evaluating selected landfills is Site Rating Method, based on the experience to recognise the most appropriate conditions to be adopted in comparison between sites. The data for Canaan and Zanbour sanitary landfills, located in the city of Baquba, capital of Diyala governorate, are collected, analysed and comprised with each other according to Instructions of Environmental Determinants for Projects Establishing and Implementation Monitoring, No. (3), 2011, Iraq [1] and other international limitations. Canaan landfill, which satisfied 13 criteria, provides minimum environmental shortage, while Zanbour site is not applicable for the same reasons.
Management of solid waste in two hospitals in Baghdad-Iraq
Authors: Dawood Faten Gh. , Hussen D. A. , Lateef B.Z. , Raad M. , Muthanna I. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to examine medical waste management practices in two governmental hospitals in Baghdad, which disposed of its medical waste by incineration. Simple observational, cross-sectional study was conducted as a case study approach of Baghdad Educational Hospital and Sheikh Zayed General Hospital, for the period from 28 Oct.2018 to 5 May 2019. The data were collected through a pre-designed questionnaire with a checklist. The study showed that segregation of the medical waste into hazardous and nonhazardous waste was done in both the hospitals. For nonhazardous waste, disposal through Municipal Corporation was conducted, while all other kind of medical wastes were burnt. Hospital waste segregation, collection, transportation & disposal practices were not in accordance with standard guidelines of the developed countries. A majority of medical solid waste in both the hospitals under study was mismanaged. The workers handling the transport, segregation, and disposal of waste were provided with gloves and masks along with other special equipment like leg protectors, boots and aprons. No color coded practices were observed in both hospitals. The janitors and sanitary staff were immunized against common communicable diseases. Our recommendation for further studies is to find alternatives and appropriate technologies for disposal of medical solid waste in Baghdad hospitals.
Urban expansion of Baghdad city and its impact on the formation of Thermal Island based upon Multi-Temporal Analysis of satellite images
Authors: Jasim Oday , Ali Abdul-Rahman B. , Hamed Noor Hashim 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The research deals with the thermal island in Baghdad city and the effect of urban expansion on it. Cities are suffering from a marked rise in temperature, compared with the surrounding rural areas, this problem occurs in most cities of the world. The reason for their formation is the increasing of human activity in the form of city components, such as buildings and roads that replace green spaces and open spaces. This means that most of these materials have the ability to absorb solar radiation and convert it into heat energy that increases the heat of their environment. Remote sensing technique is used to determine the thermal island through using Landsat satellite images as well as the use of GIS technology in mapping and analysis of spatial variation for thermal island. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is calculated to extract vegetation cover from 2003 to 2018. The land surface temperature is estimated from the thermal band of satellite images for the same period. The change in vegetation cover is linked to the change in land surface temperature to determine the effect of vegetation cover degradation on surface temperature, also to determine the relationship between thermal island and land uses. The values of NDVI was high in 2003 and it ranged from (-0.714 - 0.693); this indicates a high vegetal cover, while its value is decreased to (-0.22 - 0.509) in 2018, pointing out to the significant deterioration of vegetation cover in 15 years. The land surface temperature is increased from (10.93-36.26) in 2003 to (22.62-50.29) in 2018; all this at the expense of converting the green, open and agricultural areas to residential, commercial and industrial uses as well as the large number of random settlements that appeared in Baghdad after 2003.
Integrating various satellite images for identification of the water bodies through using machine learning: A case study of Salah Adin, Iraq
Authors: Nashait Ahmed Fouad , Jasim O Z , Ismail M M , Saad F H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research aims to extract water bodies from several types of satellite images by using machine learning. There are several methods to apply the extraction of information about water bodies such as unsupervised classification, supervised classification. This project applied the supervised classification method to extract water bodies and building geodatabase for the water bodies in Salah Adin, Iraq by applying remote sensing and GIS technique. The satellite images which have been used in this research include satellite images from RapideEye satellite with spatial resolution (5×5) m at 2011, where these images used to extract canals of water, also used images from Sentinel-2 satellite with spatial resolution (10 × 10) m at 2017 to extract lakes, and broad rivers. In addition, DEM raster (90) m at 2011 from ASTER satellite was used to extract the water streams, which are expected to be channels of water discharge in flood situations. During implementation of the methodology of the research the most important issue which appear is using multi data to extract all types of water bodies in study area also to avoid the pixel mixed problem, this case was evident when using RapidEye satellite images in the confluence of the river in the surrounding wetlands, which led to inaccurate results in the geometric dimensions of the river, although the high spatial resolution but the influenced element on the accuracy of results is radiometric resolution. The result shows the random forest of machine learning algorithm is overcome on the other algorithms such as decision tree machine learning, maximum likelihood and support vector machine. The high accuracy of image classification to extract the water bodies depend on integrating the three satellite images.
Effect of varying ethanol and water compositions on the acetone sensing properties of WO3 for application in diabetes mellitus monitoring
Authors: Saasa Valentine , Lemmer Yolandy , Malwela Thomas , Akande Amos , Beukes Mervyn , Mwakikunga Bonex 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Tungsten oxide based gas sensors have attracted a lot of attention in breath acetone analysis due to their potential in clinical diagnosis of diabetes. The major problem with this material in sensor application has been remarkable response to all gases but low selectivity to specific gases. Herein, we report the gas sensing performance of WO3 materials which were synthesized by varying water and ethanol ratios using a facile solvothermal method for acetone detection. The gas sensing properties of as-prepared WO3 were tested on acetone C7H8, NO2, NH3, H2S and CH4 under relative humidity. X-ray diffraction patterns show that as-prepared WO3 samples are mainly composed of monoclinic WO3, a phase having relatively high selectivity to acetone. The as-prepared WO3 sensors produced using 51:49 ratio of water: ethanol show an increase in acetone response as the acetone concentration increases and a decrease in acetone response as the relative humidity increases. The sensor responded to a very low acetone concentration ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 ppm which is normally found in human breath. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to low ppm of acetone at 100 °C. On contrary, the sensor showed significantly lower response to other gases tested.
Invited Commentary: Theoretical Considerations and Real-World Challenges for Research on Proxy Exposures and Ovarian Reserve
Authors: Whitcomb Brian W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this issue of the Journal, Upson et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(1):116–124) assess urinary cadmium level as a potential environmental influence on ovarian reserve, as measured using serum follicle-stimulating hormone, in data from 1,681 US women (1988–1994). They compare 3 methods for modeling urinary proxy exposures—standardization, covariate adjustment, and covariate-adjusted standardization. Observing positive associations with all 3 approaches but higher-magnitude estimates using covariate adjustment as compared with standardization and covariate-adjusted standardization—proposed to be the result of collider-stratification bias—the authors conclude that cadmium may affect ovarian aging, and they recommend careful consideration of modeling approach. Comparisons of methodology in practice using real data are not straightforward, and additional complication arises from using a proxy outcome—serum follicle-stimulating hormone level to represent diminished ovarian reserve. In this commentary, I describe the theoretical basis for approaches for modeling urinary proxy exposures; consider potential explanations for why the approaches may yield different results in practice and describe why measurement error may play a larger role than collider-stratification bias; discuss challenges related to studies of ovarian reserve; and emphasize the importance of addressing both theoretical concerns and real-world challenges in methodological research and epidemiologic studies of ovarian reserve.