bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La question de la discipline dans le développement de l’Armée de terre japonaise à l’époque de Meiji (1868-1912)
Authors: Seizelet Éric 
Published: January 2020

Cet article vise à identifier la place de la discipline militaire lors de la phase de création, puis de développement d’un appareil militaire moderne dans le Japon de Meiji. Il s’appuie sur les différents instruments, politiques, administratifs, juridiques, psychologiques mis en place à cet effet par le haut commandement afin de sécuriser la « neutralité » politique des nouvelles forces armées dans cette phase délicate de transition. Il mesure l’impact des guerres contre la Chine et la Russie, au moment même où la question de la discipline militaire devient un enjeu majeur, non seulement pour légitimer le service militaire à l’intérieur, mais aussi pour consolider la position internationale du Japon en tant que nation « civilisée ».
Entre apolitisme et anticommunisme. Les officiers des états-majors généraux et le Front populaire, 1936-1937
Authors: Catros Simon 
Published: January 2020

L’histoire politique et sociale des officiers français à l’époque républicaine a mis en évidence un rapport particulier de ceux-ci au politique. En leur sein, les officiers des états-majors généraux représentent un groupe socioprofessionnel spécifique, exerçant leur activité au service ou à proximité immédiate de décideurs gouvernementaux. Dans les années trente, la plupart d’entre eux, d’opinions globalement conservatrices, étaient familiers du monde politique et parlementaire. La victoire électorale du Front populaire généra cependant durant le second semestre 1936 une véritable « psychose » alimentée par les rumeurs de putsch communiste lancées par les milieux d’extrême droite. L’apaisement survint dès les premières semaines de l’année 1937. Finalement, l’historien doit constater que les officiers des états-majors généraux demeurèrent légalistes en dépit de tentations.
Continuous Versus Bolus Gastric Feeding in Children Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Brown Ann-Marie , Madsen Erik C. , Leonard Charlene P. , Leslie Sharon L. , Allen Christine , Srinivasan Vijay , Irving Sharon Y. 
Published: January 2020

Background
Nutrition guidelines recommend enteral nutrition in the form of gastric feedings for critically ill children and acknowledge a lack of evidence describing an optimal method for providing these feedings.

Objective
To determine the state of the science regarding the efficacy of bolus (intermittent) or continuous gastric feedings to improve nutrition delivery in critically ill children receiving mechanical ventilation.

Methods
Five hundred seventy-nine abstracts met the inclusion criteria and were screened by 2 reviewers according to prespecified criteria. Full-text reviews were performed on 28 articles; 11 studies were selected for detailed analysis. Because of the small number of eligible studies, broader searches were conducted.

Results
Only 5 studies with a collective enrollment of fewer than 200 children closely addressed the specific research question. These 5 studies did not report any similarity in feeding regimens, nor did they report nutritional outcomes. Two of the articles described findings from the same study population. Although 4 of the 5 studies randomized children to bolus versus continuous feedings, only 3 studies described attainment of nutrient delivery goals in both the intervention and the control groups; the remaining study did not report this outcome. The heterogeneity in methodology and outcomes among the 5 studies did not allow for a meta-analysis.

Conclusions
The dearth of evidence regarding best practices and outcomes related to bolus versus continuous gastric feedings in critically ill children receiving mechanical ventilation requires additional rigorous investigation.
IL-7R–Dependent Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Competes with the STAT5 Signal to Modulate T Cell Development and Homeostasis
Authors: Cui Guangwei , Shimba Akihiro , Ma Guangyong , Takahara Kazuhiko , Tani-ichi Shizue , Zhu Yuanbo , Asahi Takuma , Abe Akifumi , Miyachi Hitoshi , Kitano Satsuki , Hara Takahiro , Yasunaga Jun-ichirou , Suwanai Hirotsugu , Yamada Hisakata , Matsuoka Masao , Ueki Kohjiro , Yoshikai Yasunobu , Ikuta Koichi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
T cell development and homeostasis requires IL-7R α-chain (IL-7Rα) signaling. Tyrosine Y449 of the IL-7Rα is essential to activate STAT5 and PI3K, whereas PI3K recruitment requires IL-7Rα methionine M452. How IL-7Rα activates and regulates both signaling pathways differentially remains unclear. To characterize differential signaling, we established two lines of IL-7Rα mutant mice: IL-7R–Y449F mice and IL-7R–M452L mice. IL-7R–Y449F mice showed decreased PI3K and STAT5 signals, whereas IL-7R–M452L mice showed decreased PI3K but significantly increased STAT5 signaling, owing to a competition between PI3K and STAT5 signaling through Y449 of IL-7Rα. The number of T, B, and mature innate lymphoid cells were markedly reduced in IL-7R–Y449F mice, whereas IL-7R–M452L mice showed impaired early T cell development and memory precursor effector T cell maintenance with the downregulation of transcription factor T cell factor–1. Peripheral T cell numbers increased in IL-7R–M452L mice with enhanced survival and homeostatic proliferation. Furthermore, although wild type and IL-7R–Y449F mice showed comparable Th1/Th2 differentiation, IL-7R–M452L mice exhibited impaired Th17 differentiation. We conclude that PI3K competes with STAT5 under IL-7Rα and maintains an appropriate signal balance for modulating T cell development and homeostasis. To our knowledge, this study provides a new insight into complex regulation of IL-7Rα signaling, which supports immune development and responses.
TCR Repertoires of Thymic Conventional and Regulatory T Cells: Identification and Characterization of Both Unique and Shared TCR Sequences
Authors: Ko Annette , Watanabe Masashi , Nguyen Thomas , Shi Alvin , Achour Achouak , Zhang Baojun , Sun Xiaoping , Wang Qun , Zhuang Yuan , Weng Nan-ping , Hodes Richard J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Thymic regulatory T cells (tTreg) are critical in the maintenance of normal T cell immunity and tolerance. The role of TCR in tTreg selection remains incompletely understood. In this study, we assessed TCRα and TCRβ sequences of mouse tTreg and thymic conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconv) by high-throughput sequencing. We identified αβ TCR sequences that were unique to either tTreg or Tconv and found that these were distinct as recognized by machine learning algorithm and by preferentially used amino acid trimers in αβ CDR3 of tTreg. In addition, a proportion of αβ TCR sequences expressed by tTreg were also found in Tconv, and machine learning classified the great majority of these shared αβ TCR sequences as characteristic of Tconv and not tTreg. These findings identify two populations of tTreg, one in which the regulatory T cell fate is associated with unique properties of the TCR and another with TCR properties characteristic of Tconv for which tTreg fate is determined by factors beyond TCR sequence.
PASTOR, ¿USTED EN QUÉ CREE? SOCIOLOGÍA DE LOS PROCESOS DE LIDERAZGO E INSTITUCIONALIZACIÓN EN IGLESIAS EVANGÉLICAS DE PEQUEÑA Y MEDIANA ESCALA
Authors: Mosqueira Mariela Analía , Algranti Joaquín 
Published: January 2020

Las ciencias sociales de la religión tienden a priorizar el punto de vista de los creyentes sobre el de los especialistas a la hora de explorar la vida interna de las iglesias y sus lógicas de funcionamiento. El objetivo del artículo consiste en analizar las representaciones de pastores y líderes evangélicos, en torno a las tareas que involucra su actividad cotidiana en iglesias de pequeña y mediana escala de la Argentina. El trabajo explora analíticamente tres dimensiones dominantes en el ejercicio del liderazgo pastoral: (a) los modos de acceso a posiciones de jerarquía y sus estrategias de profesionalización (b) la construcción de las iglesias como unidades religiosas-familiares y (c) las relaciones que se establecen con los miembros de la sociedad civil. En lo que respecta a la metodología, los resultados corresponden a una encuesta realizada durante el 2017 en uno de los principales retiros de pastores de la Argentina.
Stackable SiC-Embedded Ceramic Packages for High-Voltage and High-Temperature Power Electronic Applications
Authors: Bach Hoang Linh , Dirksen Daniel , Blechinger Christoph , Endres Tobias Maximilian , Bayer Christoph Friedrich , Schletz Andreas , März Martin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study encompasses the development of a high-voltage and high-temperature–capable package for power electronic applications based on the embedding of silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor devices in the ceramic circuit carrier such as the direct bonded copper (DBC) substrate. By sealing semiconductor devices into DBC substrates, high temperature, high voltage, and high current capability as well as high corrosion resistance can be achieved compared with the state-of-the-art printed circuit board (PCB) embedding technology. The power devices are attached with high-temperature stable solder and sinter material and are surrounded by thermal conductive ceramic and high-temperature–capable potting materials that enable the complete package to operate at 250°C or above. Furthermore, the single embedded packages can be stacked together to multilevel DBC topologies with increased voltage blocking characteristics. Thus, current limits of the PCB and low-temperature cofired ceramic–based multilayer solutions are exceeded and will be confirmed in the course of this study. This package is designed to carry out the maximal performance of SiC and future wide bandgap devices. It is a promising solution not only for applications in harsh ambient environments such as aerospace and turbine, geothermal well logging, and downhole oil and gas wells but also for hybrid electric/electric vehicle and energy conversion.
Process Optimization and Implementation of Online Monitoring Process in the Transfer Molding for Electronic Packaging
Authors: Kaya Burcu , Kaiser Jan-Martin , Becker Karl-Friedrich , Braun Tanja , Lang Klaus-Dieter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The quality of molded packages heavily depends on the process parameters of the molding process and on the material characteristics of epoxy molding compounds (EMCs). When defects are introduced into the electronic packages in one of the last steps in the manufacturing process, namely, during encapsulation, it may cause high failure costs. To decrease the number of defects due to the molding process, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of process parameters and variations in the characteristics of the EMC on package quality is necessary. This study aimed at supporting a deeper understanding of the influence of process parameters and variations in the material characteristics of the EMC on package quality. A systematic approach was introduced to generate a process model describing the correlation between process parameters and package quality to obtain optimum process parameters for the transfer molding process. The influence of the alterations in material characteristics of the EMC due to prolonged storage duration and humidity on void formation and wire sweep was investigated. An online monitoring method, dielectric analysis (DEA), was implemented into the transfer molding process to monitor the variations in the cure behavior of the EMC. A second molding compound was used to analyze the similarities in the alteration behavior of the molding compounds when subjected to the same preconditioning and to generalize the characteristic information obtained from DEA.
Rapid and Localized Soldering Using Reactive Films for Electronic Applications
Authors: Khazaka Rabih , Martineau Donatien , Youssef Toni , Le Thanh Long , Azzopardi Stéphane 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The rapid and localized heating techniques allow the joining of temperature-sensitive materials and components without thermal induced damage commonly encountered when high-temperature solder reflow processes are used. This is also advantageous for making assemblies with materials having a large difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion without induced bowing or cracking. The use of exothermic reactive foil sandwiched between solder preforms is a promising local and rapid soldering process because it does not require any external heat source. The reactive foil is formed from alternatively stacked nanolayers of Ni and Al until it reaches the total film thickness. Once the film is activated by using an external power source, a reaction takes place and releases such an amount of energy that is transferred to the solder preforms. If this amount of energy is high enough, solder preforms melt and insure the adhesion between the materials of the assembly. The influences of the applied pressure, the reactive film (RF) thickness as well as the solder, and the attached materials chemical composition and thickness were investigated. It was shown that the applied pressure during the process has a strong effect on the joint initial quality with voids ratio decreases from 64% to 26% for pressure values between .5 and 100 kPa, respectively. This can be explained by the improvement of the solder flow under higher pressure leading to a better surface wettability and voids elimination. Otherwise, the joint quality was found to be improved once the solder melting duration is increased. This relationship was observed when the thickness of the reactive foil is increased (additional induced energy) or the thickness of solders, Cu, and/or Si is decreased (less energy consumption). The microstructure of the AuSn joint achieved using the RFs shows very fine phase distribution compared with the one obtained using conventional solder reflow process in the oven because of high cooling rate. The mechanical properties of the joint were evaluated using shear tests performed on 350-μm-thick silicon diodes assembled on active metal brazed substrates under a pressure of 100 kPa. The RFs were 60 μm thick and sandwiched between two 25-μm-thick 96.5Sn3Ag.5Cu (SAC) preforms. The voids ratio was about 37% for the tested samples and shear strength values above 9.5 MPa were achieved which remains largely higher than MIL-STD-883H requirements. Finally, the process impact on the electrical properties of the assembled diodes was compared with a commonly used solder reflow assembly and the results show a negligible variation.
Effects of indoor air pollution on respiratory symptoms of non-smoking women in Niš, Serbia
Authors: Stanković Aleksandra , Nikolić Maja , Arandjelović Mirjana 
Published: January 2020

Rationale: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of indoor air pollution exposure on respiratory symptoms and illnesses in non-smoking women in Niš, Serbia.
Materials and methods: The study was carried out in 1,082 never-smoking females, aged 20-40 years, who were not occupationally exposed to indoor air pollution. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and illnesses was assessed using the American Thoracic Society questionnaires. Multivariate methods were used in the analysis.
Results: A strong association was found between respiratory symptoms and indoor air pollution. The associations between home dampness and sinusitis and bronchitis were also found to be statistically significant.
Conclusions: Indoor air pollution exposure is an important risk factor for respiratory symptoms and illnesses in nonsmoking women in Niš, Serbia.
A new tuning fork with different vibration frequencies as an aid to bronchopulmonary hygiene physiotherapy
Authors: De Alcântara José Roberto , Munhoz Manzano Roberta , Gonçalves Maicon Gabriel , Dos Santos Rodrigo Leonel , Donaire Albino Daniel , Apostólico Nadua , Teixeira Fonseca Nina , Julioti Urbano Jéssica , Lombardi Daibem Célio Guilherme , Donner Claudio F. , Gimenes Camila , Pepe Ambrozin Alexandre Ricardo , Franco de Oliveira Luis Vicente 
Published: January 2020

Background: The main function of the mucociliary system is the removal of particles or substances that are potentially harmful to the respiratory tract. The tuning fork therapeutic for the purpose of bronchial hygiene has still not been described in the literature. The optimal vibration frequency to mobilize secretions is widely debated and varies between 3 and 25 Hz. It is expected that a tuning fork is able to generate vibrations in the thorax, facilitating bronchial hygiene. The aim of the present study is to develop tuning forks with different frequencies, for use in bronchopulmonary hygiene therapy.
Methods: The first tuning fork was made with a fixed frequency of 25 Hz and it was recorded in the Brazilian institution of patent registration. This device generated a frequency of 25 Hz and had a weight of 521 g, with dimensions of 600 mm in total length. The device is characterized by a bottom end containing a transducer with a diameter of 62 mm and a thickness of 5/16 mm (8''), a rod removable 148 mm, fork length of 362 mm and an extension at the upper end of sinuous shape bilaterally.The tuning forks must be applied at an angle of 90° directly on the chest wall of the patient after pulmonary auscultation for location of secretions. The tuning fork is activated by squeezing the tips of the extensions together and releasing them in a sudden movement.
Results: This study shows the result of the development of others three tuning forks of different dimensions to generate different frequencies. Each equipment reaches a fixed frequency preset of 12, 15 and 20 Hz measured by digital oscilloscope.
Conclusions: The tuning fork models developed in this study generated different frequencies proposed by the scientific literature as effective in the mobilization of pulmonary secretions.
Sedation in non-invasive ventilation: do we know what to do (and why)?
Authors: Longrois Dan , Conti Giorgio , Mantz Jean , Faltlhauser Andreas , Aantaa Riku , Tonner Peter 
Published: January 2020

This review examines some of the issues encountered in the use of sedation in patients receiving respiratory support from non-invasive ventilation (NIV). This is an area of critical and intensive care medicine where there are limited (if any) robust data to guide the development of best practice and where local custom appears to exert a strong influence on patterns of care. We examine aspects of sedation for NIV where the current lack of structure may be contributing to missed opportunities to improve standards of care and examine the existing sedative armamentarium. No single sedative agent is currently available that fulfils the criteria for an ideal agent but we offer some observations on the relative merits of different agents as they relate to considerations such as effects on respiratory drive and timing, and airways patency. The significance of agitation and delirium and the affective aspect(s) of dyspnoea are also considered.We outline an agenda for placing the use of sedation in NIV on a more systematic footing, including clearly expressed criteria and conditions for terminating NIV and structural and organizational conditions for prospective multicentre trials.
COPD: adherence to therapy
Authors: Sanduzzi Alessandro , Balbo Piero , Candoli Piero , Catapano Giosuè A. , Contini Paola , Mattei Alessio , Puglisi Giovanni , Santoiemma Luigi , Stanziola Anna A. 
Published: January 2020

Adherence to medical therapies is a growing issue, so much so that the World Health Organization defined it as “a new pharmacological problem”. The main factors affecting compliance are: frequency of administration, rapid onset of action, role of device. The most severe consequence of non-adherence is the increased risk of poor clinical outcome, associated with worsening of the quality of life and increase in health-care expenditure. It appears crucial to identify those COPD patients who are “poorly or not at all compliant with their treatment”. In order to evaluate adherence to the medical therapy, several methods were proposed, the most effective of which turned out to be self-reports, i.e. simple, brief questionnaires (e.g. Morisky test). To increase the likelihood of quickly identifying non-compliant patients, it may be useful to administer a simple questionnaire to naïve subjects (for example, in the waiting room before an examination) including six specific items allowing to identify the patient’s key characteristics. Depending on the answers, patients who do not comply with their pharmacological treatment may be classified as belonging to 6 phenotypes. For patients who are already under treatment it might be useful to administer another short questionnaire during follow up examination. Once the risk of non-compliance is identified, four possible types of measures can be taken: prescription-related, educational, behavioral and complex combined measures (combination of two or more actions).
Therefore, while it is clear that adherence in COPD is a critical issue, it is also obvious that raising awareness on the disease and improving cooperation among specialists, general practitioners, health-care professionals, and patients is the starting point at which this evolution should immediately begin. Each medication is able to foster good compliance with the therapy, and consequently to maximize the efficacy, by virtue of its specific inhaler and its own active ingredient.
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on alveolar macrophage gene expression: preliminary results of a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Gerke Alicia K. , Pezzulo Alejandro A. , Tang Fan , Cavanaugh Joseph E. , Bair Thomas B. , Phillips Emily , Powers Linda S. , Monick Martha M. 
Published: January 2020

Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated as a factor in a number of infectious and inflammatory lung diseases. In the lung, alveolar macrophages play a key role in inflammation and defense of infection, but there are little data exploring the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on innate lung immunity in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on gene expression of alveolar macrophages.
Methods: We performed a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to determine the effects of vitamin D on alveolar macrophage gene expression. Vitamin D3 (1000 international units/day) or placebo was administered to adults for three months. Bronchoscopy was performed pre- and post-intervention to obtain alveolar macrophages. Messenger RNA was isolated from the macrophages and subjected to whole genome exon array analysis. The primary outcome was differential gene expression of the alveolar macrophage in response to vitamin D supplementation. Specific genes underwent validation by polymerase chain reaction methods.
Results: Fifty-eight subjects were randomized to vitamin D (n = 28) or placebo (n = 30). There was a marginal overall difference between treatment group and placebo group in the change of 25-hydroxyvitaminD levels(4.43 ng/ml vs. 0.2 ng/ml, p = 0.10). Whole genome exon array analysis revealed differential gene expression associated with change in serum vitamin D levels in the treated group. CCL8/MCP-2 was the top-regulated cytokine gene and was further validated.
Conclusions: Although only a non-significant increased trend was seen in serum vitamin D levels, subjects treated with vitamin D supplementation had immune-related differential gene expression in alveolar macrophages.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.org: NCT01967628.