bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interval estimation and inference
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInterval estimation is the attempt to define intervals that quantify the degree of uncertainty in an estimate. The standard deviation of an estimate is called a standard error. Confidence intervals are designed to cover the true value of an estimand with a specified probability. Hypothesis testing is the attempt to assess the degree of evidence for or against a specific hypothesis. One tool for frequentist hypothesis testing is the p value, or the probability that if the null hypothesis is in fact true, the data would depart as extremely or more extremely from expectations under the null hypothesis than they were observed to do. In Neyman–Pearson hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis is rejected if p is less than a pre-specified value, often chosen to be 0.05. A test’s power function gives the probability that the null hypothesis is rejected given the significance level γ, a sample size n, and a specified alternative hypothesis. This chapter discusses some limitations of hypothesis testing as commonly practiced in the research literature.
Postlude: models and data
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBecoming a well-rounded data analyst requires more than the skills covered in this book. This postlude sketches some ways in which the types of thinking covered here can be extended to real problems in data analysis. Different ways of evaluating the assumptions of linear regression are considered, including plotting, hypothesis tests, and out-of-sample prediction. If the assumptions are not met, simple linear regression can be extended in various ways, including multiple regression, generalized linear models, and mixed models (among many other possibilities). This postlude concludes with a short discussion of the themes of the book: probabilistic models, methodological pluralism, and the value of elementary statistical thinking.
Italy's Economic Revolution
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book explores the connection between economic activities and integration—how did economic activities contribute to the unification of Italy in the Republican period in the civic, legal, social, and cultural senses? On the one hand, this book will investigate whether Italy became more integrated in an economic sense after the Roman conquest, and will trace the widely varying local reactions to the globalization of the Italian economy. On the other hand, it will investigate whether and how economic activities carried out by Italians contributed to the integration of the Italian peoples into the Roman framework. Throughout the Republican period, Italians had been able to profit from the expansion of the Roman dominion in the Mediterranean; through overseas trade and commercial agriculture they had gained significant wealth, which they invested in the Italian landscape. They were often ahead of Romans when it came to engagement with Hellenistic culture. However, their economic prosperity and cultural sophistication did not lead to civic equality with Roman citizens, nor to equal opportunities to exploit the territories that the Italians had conquered under Rome’s lead. Eventually, the Italians rebelled against Rome in the Social War (91–88 bc), after which they were granted Roman citizenship. This stimulated further interaction and integration between Romans and Italians in the economic, political, social, and cultural senses. This book will investigate how, if at all, economic interaction was related to civic integration, as well as cultural change, and will highlight the importance of the Roman citizenship as an instrument of integration.
Health inequalities
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
‘Health inequalities—persistence and change in European welfare states’ studies why frequencies of disease, disability, and premature mortality are higher among people with a lower socioeconomic position, even in countries with advanced welfare states. Drawing upon data from 30 countries covering more than three decades, it provides a comprehensive overview of trends and patterns of health inequalities, showing that these are not only ubiquitous and persistent, but also highly variable and dynamic. It provides a critical assessment of recent research into the explanation of health inequalities, discussing methodological pitfalls, summarizing findings from epidemiological, sociological, economic, and genetic studies, and reviewing nine overarching theories. Based on in-depth studies of the determinants of health inequalities in European countries, it shows that the persistence of health inequalities is due to a combination of mostly favourable changes in social stratification, massive but differential health improvements, and persistence of social inequality in material and non-material living conditions. It discusses why social inequality is so persistent, and whether welfare state reform could contribute to reducing health inequalities, and provides a systematic analysis of the inequitableness of health inequalities according to five theories of justice. It reviews recent attempts by European national governments to reduce health inequalities, showing that it is realistic to expect evidence-based policies to reduce absolute but not relative inequalities in health. This title is written for scientists and advanced students from various disciplines, as well as for public health professionals and policymakers, and is profusely illustrated and referenced.
‘Cet universel naufrage du monde’
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter marks the transition from portent to actuality, addressing the prospect of political shipwreck in the troubled latter part of the sixteenth century by considering not only incarnations and reconfigurations of the suave mari magno commonplace but also shipwrecks that are narrated from the inside. It explores the distinction between the struggling ship in Lucretius and the eagerly spectated shipwreck of a political enemy in Cicero’s letters, taking account of the model of the ship of state as elaborated in Plato, Cicero, and medieval sources. It argues that the role of the spectator is most often not at a safe distance, and that the ethical relationship between the spectator and those on board is significantly developed from that in Lucretius. Through the work of three writers (Michel de L’Hospital, Pierre de Ronsard and Michel de Montaigne), it shows that the powerful metaphor of the ship of state struggling on troubled waters is itself articulated in a variety of ways during the political storm of the late sixteenth century—ways that, ethically speaking, variously implicate or exonerate the politician, poet or author. This chapter poses a series of questions concerning the difference between public and private spheres, the unique moral implications of civil war, and the author or poet’s own position, be it personal, political, or philosophical—or all three—with relation to what Montaigne calls ‘cet universel naufrage du monde’.
Introduction
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the early 1520s, a ship of remarkable proportion was built in Le Havre, commissioned by François I in response, in part, to the size, success, and renown of Henry VIII’s Mary Rose. The story of the Grande Françoise, reported locally as the largest vessel ever witnessed, demonstrates the rich cultural and political symbolism (intentional or otherwise) of the ship in the sixteenth century, and the significance of its potential failure, destruction, and recuperation. This Introduction moves from the example of the Grande Françoise, including its swiftly traceable literary reception, to survey the classical, biblical, and medieval traditions that inform the writing of shipwreck in the sixteenth century, before turning to previous critical study of shipwreck, with particular focus on Hans Blumenberg’s essay Shipwreck with Spectator. The Direful Spectacle is in some senses a response to Blumenberg, offering a ‘close-up’ on French culture of the sixteenth century, and a challenge to his separation of the aesthetic from the moral or ethical in shipwreck texts. Situating this new study in relation to previous scholarship, the Introduction then proceeds to set out its distinctive themes and arguments, before concluding with an outline of the structure and summaries of the contents and argument of each chapter.
The Powers Metaphysic
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSystematic metaphysics is defined by its task of solving metaphysical problems through the repeated application of a single, fundamental ontology. The dominant contemporary metaphysic is that of neo-Humeanism, built on a static ontology typified by its rejection of basic causal and modal features. This book offers and develops a radically distinct metaphysic, one that turns the status quo on its head. Starting with a foundational ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’, a metaphysic is developed that appeals to powers in explanations of causation, persistence, laws, and modality. Powers are properties that have their causal natures internal to them: they are responsible for the effects in the world. A unique account of powers is developed that understands this internal nature in terms of a blueprint of potential interaction types. After the presentation of the powers ontology, it is put to work in offering solutions to broad metaphysical puzzles, some of which take on different forms in light of the new tools that are available. The defence of the ontology comes from the virtues of metaphysic it can be used to develop. Particular attention is paid to the problems of causation and persistence, simultaneously solving them as it casts them in a new light. The resultant powers metaphysic is offered as a systematic alternative to neo-Humeanism.
Revolutionary Metaphysics
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis first chapter serves as the introduction to the book, and presents its overarching argumentative structure. In the chapter it is argued that solving metaphysical problems via repeated applications of a fundamental ontology results in a systematic metaphysic, and that we are presently in the grips of a neo-Humean metaphysic. A distinct metaphysic is introduced as an alternative and a competitor, one that is based on an ontology of inherently causal properties known as ‘powers’. Adopting a metaphysic based on powers requires a massive upheaval in one’s metaphysical framework, but promises a variety of pay-offs. The chapter closes with a quick rundown of the ontological assumptions on which the book relies.
The Powers Ontology: Monism and Dualism
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChapter 5 argues for a monistic account of power properties that sees them as at once powerful and qualitative. The chapter is divided into three sections: the first two are negative, arguing against the two main competitor fundamental power ontologies—power monism (pandispositionalism) and dualism, respectively—and the third is positive, describing the version of mixed dualism on offer. In the first section it is argued that power monism fails to generate the sort of quality or character the world requires. This is tied to the many regresses that power monism has been charged with generating. The second section deals with power dualism, and raises a difficulty regarding the ability of non-power properties to be causally relevant without also being causally operative. The third section locates the form of mixed monism on offer among the space of extant mixed monisms.
Loose Ends
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe aim of this final chapter is to tie up some of the loose ends in the powers metaphysic. The first part of the chapter discusses what a powers theorist might say about the laws of nature. A hybrid powers-based account of the laws is offered that combines fundamental lawlessness with a best-systems account. Attention then shifts to macroscopic objects. The primary focus of the book has been on the fundamental powers; here the focus turns to the dispositions of middle-sized dry goods and the question of macroscopic persistence. In considering the former, something of a proto-analysis of macroscopic dispositionality is offered. The chapter ends with a discussion of systematic metaphysics.
Exporting Francoist Modernity
Authors: Brydan David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Social experts played an important but contested role in Francoist attempts to establish Spain as an influential power in Latin America during the 1940s and 1950s. By encouraging Spanish experts to form ties with their Latin American colleagues, the Franco regime aimed to promote an image of itself as modern, scientific, and technically advanced on the one hand, and as socially progressive on the other. Despite the significant resources dedicated to this task, the Francoist narrative was strongly resisted both by Latin American leftists and by exiled Republican social experts who promoted a more collaborative model of Ibero-American identity. Nevertheless, Latin America did offer a route through which Francoist experts were able to engage with wider forms of international health and welfare. In areas such as social security, it also provided an opportunity for the regime to promote its vision of Francoist modernity to the outside world.
Spain’s Catholic Internationalists
Authors: Brydan David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
International Catholic organizations and networks provided a welcoming environment for Spanish intellectuals and experts, and a crucial conduit for Franco’s Spain to engage with the outside world in the aftermath of the Second World War. Health and humanitarian organizations played an important part in Spain’s post-war engagement with international Catholicism, particularly the nursing group Salus Informorum and the Catholic charity Caritas. Spanish women enjoyed a prominent role within these international activities, despite the political and professional marginalization of women in Franco’s Spain. But there were important limits to Spain’s involvement in post-war Catholic internationalism. During the immediate post-war period, therefore, Catholic internationalism represented one of the primary ways in which Franco’s Spain engaged with the outside world, at the same time as the country remained semi-detached from the global Catholic mainstream.
The Christian Year and the Consolations of Synchronized Time
Authors: Lysack Krista 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows how the material arrangements and the chronometrics of Keble’s bestselling devotional volume are parallel features. The consolations of The Christian Year were such that they calibrated readers not only to the long time of the liturgical year but also synchronized them to clock time. While many contemporary readers lauded The Christian Year for its soothing properties, its long Victorian print afterlife is indicative of how devotion was being redefined as that century went on as a set of reading practices premised upon distraction and divided time. The eventual work of The Christian Year, in other words, was to console its readers according to a new realization of the replicable, interval time of modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Lysack Krista 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The introduction lays out the argument that what distinguished Victorian devotional literature was not a set of generic conventions but the experience of time, that is to say the form and feel of devotion’s reading durations. After identifying Victorian chronometrical print as a unique variety of devotional literature, the introduction goes on to explore the multi-scalar nature of the Victorian period with particular attention to industrial clock time and “empty time.” After discussing reading as a peculiarly temporal everyday practice, it goes on to note the affective nature of durational reading. By focusing on the operations of measured and felt time, the introduction makes a case for Victorian devotion as the uniquely material and affective observance of incremental time. After a brief discussion of the book’s relevance to recent critiques of the secularization thesis and to recent scholarship on the religious turn, the introduction closes with a brief summary of each of the book’s six chapters and with some speculations about the temporal affinities between conceptions of eternity and the quotidian.
Speaking Books
Authors: Gallagher John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
If you wanted to learn a foreign language in early modern England, the cheapest and most useful tool available was a multilingual conversation manual. Working from a corpus of over 300 editions, this chapter charts the changing place of these texts in the early modern print market: price, authorship, what languages they offered, and how they developed as a physical object. Using these books, readers engaged with the multilingual oral and aural worlds of early modern Europe. Changes in the form of these manuals over time were closely tied to developments in pedagogy and reading. The kind of reading advocated by these manuals was rarely silent or abstract. In teaching skills from correct pronunciation to social interaction, these manuals demanded that readers confer the text with the oral, sociable world beyond. This chapter offers a new way of understanding linguistic education, multilingual reading, and shifting ideals of linguistic competence.
Digital Discrimination
Authors: Criado Natalia , Such Jose M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a particular normative concern associated with machine decision-making that has attracted considerable attention in policy debate—the problem of bias in algorithmic systems, which gives rise to various forms of ‘digital discrimination’. Digital discrimination entails treating individuals unfairly, unethically, or just differently based on their personal data that is automatically processed by an algorithm. Digital discrimination often reproduces the existing instances of discrimination in the offline world by either inheriting the biases of prior decision-makers, or simply reflecting widespread prejudices in society. The chapter highlights various forms and sources of digital discrimination, pointing to a rich and growing body of technical research seeking to develop technical responses aimed at correcting for, or otherwise removing, these sources of bias.
Algorithms, Regulation, and Governance Readiness
Authors: Andrews Leighton 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Taking the UK as its subject of analysis, this chapter asks how prepared public administrators and political leaders are for the challenges of algorithmic decision-making and artificial intelligence: in other words, what is the state of governance readiness? It begins by examining the literature on governance readiness and administrative capacity. It considers whether this literature is adequate to the task of identifying such capacity issues in a context where the discourse is dominated by the larger technology companies, and raises the question of whether ‘discursive capacity’ is a requirement for governance readiness in this area. It then sets out evidence from empirical research on algorithmic harms and the consideration given to these issues in the political sphere. The chapter then discusses the state of administrative capacity at multiple levels of governance in the UK and concludes by setting out questions to guide further research.
Overriding Virtue
Authors: Chappell Richard Yetter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Richard Yetter Chappell examines the moral status of a disposition he calls “abstract benevolence”, viz. the disposition to allow abstract considerations of the greater good to override one’s natural inclinations towards prioritizing those whose needs are lesser but in some way more emotionally salient. Many people feel that it is callous to act in this manner, and this view seems to comport well with the traditional view of “sympathy” as an important virtue. Chappell argues to the contrary: according to him, we must recognize abstract benevolence as an important virtue for imperfectly virtuous agents living in present times.
Lightspeed
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book tells the human story of one of mankind’s greatest intellectual adventures—how we understood that light travels at a finite speed, so that when we look up at the stars we are looking back in time. And how the search for an absolute frame of reference in the universe led inexorably to Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 for the energy released by nuclear weapons which also powers our sun and the stars. From the ancient Greeks measuring the distance to the Sun, to today’s satellite navigation and Einstein’s theories, the book takes the reader on a gripping historical journey. How Galileo with his telescope discovered the moons of Jupiter and used their eclipses as a global clock, allowing travellers to find their longitude. How Roemer, noticing that the eclipses were sometimes late, used this delay to obtain the first measurement of the speed of light, which takes eight minutes to get to us from the Sun. From the international collaborations to observe the transits of Venus, including Cook’s voyage to Australia, to the extraordinary achievements of Young and Fresnel, whose discoveries eventually taught us that light travels as a wave but arrives as a particle, and the quantum weirdness which follows. In the nineteenth century we find Faraday and Maxwell, struggling to understand how light can propagate through the vacuum of space unless it is filled with a ghostly vortex Aether foam. We follow the brilliantly gifted experimentalists Hertz, discoverer of radio, Michelson with his search for the Aether wind, and Foucault and Fizeau with their spinning mirrors and lightbeams across the rooftops of Paris. The difficulties of sending messages faster than light, using quantum entanglement, and the reality of the quantum world conclude this saga.
The Transformation of UK Tobacco Control
Authors: Cairney Paul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The UK has one of the most comprehensive set of tobacco controls in the world. For public health advocates, its experience is an ‘evidence-based’ model for tobacco control across the globe, and for alcohol and obesity policies in the UK. In Scotland, policy-makers often described the ‘smoking ban’ as legislation so innovative that it helped justify devolution. These broad and specific experiences allow us to identify and explain different types of success. The UK’s success relates to smoking ‘denormalization’ and reduction, and the explanation comes partly from the ways in which policy-makers framed tobacco as a public health epidemic and produced a policy environment conducive to policy change. The ‘smoking ban’ success relates to the implementation and behavioural change that is lacking in most other countries. The explanation comes from the ‘window of opportunity’ for specific policy change, and the design of the policy instrument backed by the prioritization of its delivery by key public bodies. The overall lesson, particularly for advocates of evidence-informed policymaking, is that evidence only ‘wins the day’ when it helps reframe debate, produce a conducive policy environment, and actors exploit ‘windows of opportunity’ for specific reforms. In most countries, this did not happen.