bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia-responsive nanogel as IL-12 carrier for anti-cancer therapy
Authors: Zhang Changhuan , Li Qinghua , Wu Chenghu , Wang Jilong , Su Ming , Deng Junjie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the past two decades, protein drugs have evolved to become the most successful and important strategy in cancer therapy. However, systematical administration of protein drugs may cause serious side effects. In order to prepare a new promising hydrophilic drugs carrier, we constructed a PEGylated hyaluronic acid nanogel (NI-MAHA-PEG nanogel) with hypoxia and enzymatic responsiveness, which can selectively release hydrophilic drugs interleukin-12 (IL-12) on demand in a tumor microenvironment. We observed that release of IL-12 from nanogels by hypoxia-responsive stimulation, nanogels have anti-tumor effects on melanoma. Compared with physiological conditions, the IL-12 release rate has achieved remarkable growth under hypoxic conditions. Similarly, the drug release rate increased significantly with the addition of 500 U ml−1 hyaluronidase. We provide a novel strategy to allow efficient delivery, on-demand release, and enhanced access of proteins to hypoxic tumor regions. The rational design of this nanogels drug delivery system can further explore the use of various drugs to treat many cancers.
Selective synthesis of DC carbon arc-generated carbon nanotube and layered-graphene and the associated mechanism
Authors: Karmakar Soumen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Herein we report how an anode is eroded and the eroded mass is deposited on the cathode surface at different arc currents (

I

a
r
c

) in a DC carbon arc discharge using roughly oriented graphite (ROG) as electrodes. It was found that the nature of anode erosion critically depends on

I

a
r
c

,

and has profound effects on the morphology of the as-synthesized cathode deposits (CDs), the conversion efficiency of the system to form the CDs and their compositions. By characterizing the as-synthesized CDs in their totality by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction it was found that there exists a critical value of

I

a
r
c

,

below which the arc remains constricted, and above which the arc becomes intense. It was further found that the system can selectively generate both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and layered-graphene sheets (LGs) when the carbon arc runs in constricted and intense modes, respectively. By the suitable adjustment of

I

a
r
c

,

it is possible to switchover between the aforementioned arc-modes. Based on the experimental results, a semi-empirical model encompassing the plausible effects of rapid and random movement of the anode spot on the used ROG anode surface was developed to provide new insights into the growth mechanism of arc-generated CNTs and LGs. The state-of-the-art presented in this paper could facilitate the carbon arc discharge route for the tailored synthesis of highly crystalline CNTs and LGs.
Coefficient of restitution for an obliquely bouncing ball
Authors: Cross Rod 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A simple experiment for students is to measure the coefficient of restitution (COR) for a vertical bounce on a horizontal surface. In this paper, measurements are presented of the COR for a tennis ball bouncing at an oblique angle on a horizontal surface. Changes in the horizontal and rotation speeds were also measured, by filming the bounce with a video camera. A measurement of this type involves a more extensive examination of basic mechanics, since the friction force acting at the bottom of the ball acts to change both the horizontal speed of the ball and its rotational velocity. The COR for an oblique bounce was found to be larger than that for a vertical bounce and was also found to depend on the incident spin of the ball.
Enhancing digital tomosynthesis (DTS) for lung radiotherapy guidance using patient-specific deep learning model
Authors: Jiang Zhuoran , Yin Fang-Fang , Ge Yun , Ren Lei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) has been proposed as a fast low-dose imaging technique for image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). However, due to the limited scanning angle, DTS reconstructed by the conventional FDK method suffers from significant distortions and poor plane-to-plane resolutions without full volumetric information, which severely limits its capability for image guidance. Although existing deep learning-based methods showed feasibilities in restoring volumetric information in DTS, they ignored the inter-patient variabilities by training the model using group patients. Consequently, the restored images still suffered from blurred and inaccurate edges. In this study, we presented a DTS enhancement method based on a patient-specific deep learning model to recover the volumetric information in DTS images. The main idea is to use the patient-specific prior knowledge to train the model to learn the patient-specific correlation between DTS and the ground truth volumetric images. To validate the performance of the proposed method, we enrolled both simulated and real on-board projections from lung cancer patient data. Results demonstrated the benefits of the proposed method: (1) qualitatively, DTS enhanced by the proposed method shows CT-like high image quality with accurate and clear edges; (2) quantitatively, the enhanced DTS has low-intensity errors and high structural similarity with respect to the ground truth CT images; (3) in the tumor localization study, compared to the ground truth CT-CBCT registration, the enhanced DTS shows 3D localization errors of ≤0.7 mm and ≤1.6 mm for studies using simulated and real projections, respectively; and (4), the DTS enhancement is nearly real-time. Overall, the proposed method is effective and efficient in enhancing DTS to make it a valuable tool for IGRT applications.
Patient’s body composition can significantly affect RF power deposition in the tissue around DBS implants: ramifications for lead management strategies and MRI field-shaping techniques
Authors: Bhusal Bhumi , Keil Boris , Rosenow Joshua , Kazemivalipour Ehsan , Golestanirad Laleh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Patients with active implants such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices have limited access to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to risks associated with RF heating of implants in MRI environment. With an aging population and increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disease, the indication for MRI exams in patients with such implants increases as well. In response to this growing need, many groups have investigated strategies to mitigate RF heating of DBS implants during MRI. These efforts fall into two main categories: MRI field-shaping methods, where the electric field of the MRI RF coil is modified to reduce the interaction with implanted leads, and lead management techniques where surgical modifications in the trajectory reduces the coupling with RF fields. Studies that characterize these techniques, however, have relied either on simulations with homogenous body models, or experiments with box-shaped single-material phantoms. It is well established, however, that the shape and heterogeneity of human body affects the distribution of RF electric fields, which by proxy, alters the heating of an implant inside the body. In this contribution, we applied numerical simulations and phantom experiments to examine the degree to which variations in patient’s body composition affects RF power deposition. We then assessed effectiveness of RF-heating mitigation strategies under variant patient body compositions. Our results demonstrated that patient’s body composition substantially alters RF power deposition in the tissue around implanted leads. However, both techniques based on MRI field-shaping and DBS lead management performed well under variant body types.
Actual delivered dose calculation on intra-irradiation cone-beam computed tomography images: a phantom study
Authors: Iramina Hiraku , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Mizowaki Takashi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images acquired during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT; ii-CBCT) can be used to calculate actual delivered doses (ADDs). However, such ii-CBCT images are degraded by scattered megavoltage x-rays (MV-scatters). We aimed to evaluate the dose calculation accuracy of the MV-scatter uncorrected or corrected ii-CBCT images acquired during VMAT deliveries. For MV-scatter correction on concurrent kilovoltage projections (P
MVkV), projections consisting only of MV-scatters (P
MVS) were acquired under the same MV beam parameters and gantry angles and subtracted from P
MVkV (P
MVScorr). In addition, the projections by kilovoltage beams were acquired for reference (P
kV). The corresponding CBCT images were reconstructed using the Feldkamp–Davis–Kress algorithm (CBCTMVkV, CBCTMVScorr, and CBCTkV as reference). A multi-energy phantom with rods of various relative electron densities (REDs) was used to generate a CBCT-number-to-RED conversion table. First, CBCTkV was reconstructed. Then, the mean CBCT-numbers within each rod were extracted, and a reference table was generated. Concurrent kilovoltage imaging with various field sizes was also demonstrated, and CBCTMVkV and CBCTMVScorr were reconstructed. The extracted CBCT-numbers of each ii-CBCT image were converted into REDs using the reference table. Next, the absolute differences of RED between the ii-CBCT image and CBCTkV were calculated. Ten VMAT plans using a 10 MV flattening-filter-free beam were used for concurrent imaging of an anthropomorphic torso phantom. Moreover, an iterative reconstruction algorithm (IRA) was used for CBCTMVScorr. The plans were recalculated for the corresponding CBCTMVkV, CBCTMVScorr, CBCTMVScorr+IRA, and CBCTkV with the reference table. Finally, the doses were evaluated using 3D gamma analysis (1%/1 mm). The median difference ranges between CBCTMVkV/CBCTMVScorr and the reference values were −0.58 to −0.10/−0.03 to 0.00. The median gamma pass rates of the doses on CBCTMVkV, CBCTMVScorr, and CBCTMVScorr+IRA to the rate on CBCTkV were 70.4, 99.5, and 98.2%, respectively. CBCTMVScorr were comparable with CBCTkV for calculating the ADD from VMAT.
Age- and gender-associated differences in the sleepy brain’s electroencephalogram
Authors: Putilov Arcady A , Donskaya Olga G , Poluektov Mikhail G , Dorokhov Vladimir B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background. With the eyes closed, an increase in sleepiness is associated with a decrease of spectral electroencephalographic (EEG) power in the high-frequency rage (i.e. alpha activity) and an increase of the power in the low-frequency range (i.e. theta activity). It has been suggested that the changes in the high- and low-frequency ranges might determine the two (earlier and later) drowsiness stages that precede sleep onset, respectively. Objective. We tested whether such spectral EEG signatures of sleepiness vary with age or gender. Approach. The EEG signal was recorded at 2 h intervals in 48 volunteers (15–67 years, 27 females) deprived of sleep between Friday evening and Sunday evening. The EEG signatures of sleepiness were calculated by expressing each EEG spectrum as a deviation from the initial (Friday evening) EEG spectrum. Main results. An age- and gender-specific variation was found in the signatures. Only the pattern of age-associated variation changed with an increase in the sleepiness level. A two-stage response to the increase of sleepiness was confirmed, but only in younger study participants. Subjective sleepiness was associated with neither age nor gender. Significance. In sleep-deprivation research, accounting for age- and gender-specific variations in the spectral EEG measures of drowsiness might be recommended. The results did not reveal any disturbance of the motivational function of subjective sleepiness in older study participants.
Understanding asymmetries using integrated simulations of capsule implosions in low gas-fill hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Milovich J L , Casey D C , MacGowan B , Clark D , Mariscal D , Ma T , Baker K , Bionta R , Hahn K , Moore A , Schlossberg D , Hartouni E , Sepke S , Landen O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Current capsule implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) using high-density-carbon ablators and laser energies close to 2 MJ have shown neutron yields in excess of 50 kJ. Improving on this performance requires understanding of the different degradation mechanisms. For many NIF implosions, nuclear diagnostic signatures have inferred residual hot-spot velocities that correlate with fuel areal density variations consistent with a low-order mode-1 asymmetry. A current working hypothesis attributes these asymmetries to a combination of beam to beam variations in the laser delivery and possibly coupling to target features, such as the diagnostic holes needed for x-ray imaging. Recently, a new source has been identified, thickness variation in the ablator shell. To gain better understanding and eventually mitigate the causes of

<
ρ
R
>

asymmetries, 3D integrated simulations using the actual delivered laser powers are needed. To capture the effect of the diagnostic holes (DHs) using direct numerical simulation would require significantly large computational resources. Instead, our 3D simulations make use of a subgrid model developed using highly-resolved 2D simulations that include several details of the DH engineering complexity. Simulations of NIF shots using hohlraums without DHs, to isolate the effect of beam-to-beam variations, reproduce fairly well the observed nuclear diagnostic signatures. Similarly, reasonable agreement between data and simulations is also obtained in the presence of diagnostic holes. To account for the remaining discrepancies a sensitivity study of ablator thickness variation showed that 1% thickness asymmetries are comparable in effect to 1% peak drive mode-1 asymmetries. Additionally, this study identified sensitivity to variations in the imbedded doped layer (needed to shield the DT ice from the high energy x-rays generated in the hohlraum) thickness even when the inner and outer surface of the ablator are perfectly spherical.
Fast species ranking for iterative species-oriented skeletal reduction of chemistry sets
Authors: Hanicinec Martin , Mohr Sebastian , Tennyson Jonathan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A fast algorithm is developed for ranking the species in a chemistry set according to their importance to the modeled densities of user-specified species of interest. The species ranking can be constructed for any set of user-specified plasma conditions, but here we focus predominantly on low-temperature plasmas, with gas temperatures between 300 and 1500 K covering the typical range of ICP and CCP plasma sources. This ranking scheme can be used to acquire insight into complex chemistry sets for modeling plasma phenomena or for a species-oriented reduction of the given chemistry set. The species-ranking method presented is based on a graph-theoretical representation of the detailed chemistry set and establishing indirect asymmetric coupling coefficients between pairs of species by the means of widely used graph search algorithms. Several alternative species-ranking schemes are proposed, all building on the theory behind different flavors of the directed relation graph method. The best-performing ranking method is identified statistically, by performing and evaluating a species-oriented iterative skeletal reduction on six, previously available, test chemistry sets (including O2–He and N2–H2) with varying plasma conditions. The species-ranking method presented leads to reductions of between 10 and 75% in the number of species compared to the original detailed chemistry set, depending on the specific test chemistry set and plasma conditions.
Design of a triple pocket multi-gate material TFET structure for low-power applications
Authors: Ahmad Syed Afzal , Alam Naushad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper we propose a triple-pocket multi-gate material TFET (TP-TFET) device structure for a low-power and high-performance circuit design. The proposed device structure integrates the good features of both the conventional MOSFET and tunnel FET. This is achieved through three doped pockets and dual work-function gate material on near the source–channel junction. In the proposed device, the ON state conduction mechanism is dominated by an over-the-barrier thermal diffusion of carriers, thereby offering a high-value drive current. On the other hand, the subthreshold conduction mechanism is dominated by the tunnelling of carriers, thereby incurring a very small leakage current and offering a small subthreshold slope. We use 2D TCAD device simulations for the analysis of the TP-TFET and its comparison with the existing pocketed-heterogate TFET (PHG-TFET). We observe that the proposed TFET offers the average subthreshold slope (SSavg) of 2.85 mV dec−1 and ON current of ∼230 µA µm−1 as compared to the existing PHG-TFET, which offers SSavg of 44.91 mV dec−1 and I
ON = ∼62 µA µm−1. Further, some benchmark circuits are implemented using these devices. A ring oscillator designed using the TP-TFET shows approximately a 6× higher frequency as compared to that designed using the PHG-TFET. The power delay product of the NAND gate and NOR gate obtained using these devices differ by approximately 3× to 20× as the supply voltage is decreased from 1.0 to 0.5 V.
Time-reversal symmetry violations and entropy production in field theories of polar active matter
Authors: Borthne Øyvind L , Fodor Étienne , Cates Michael E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We investigate the steady-state entropy production rate (EPR) in the hydrodynamic Vicsek model (HVM) and diffusive flocking model (DFM). Both models display a transition from an isotropic gas to a polar liquid (flocking) phase, in addition to travelling polar clusters and microphase-separation in the miscibility gap. The phase diagram of the DFM, which may be considered an extension of the HVM, contains additional structure at low densities where we find a novel crystal phase in which a stationary hexagonal lattice of high-density ridges surround low density valleys. From an assessment of the scaling of the EPR at low noise, we uncover that the dynamics in this limit may be organised into three main classes based on the dominant contribution. Truly nonequilibrium dynamics is characterised by a divergent EPR in this limit, and sustains global time-reversal symmetry (TRS) violating currents at zero noise. On the other hand, marginally nonequilibrium and effectively equilibrium dynamics have a finite EPR in this limit, and TRS is broken only at the level of fluctuations. For the latter of these two cases, detailed balance is restored in the small noise limit and we recover effective Boltzmann statistics to lowest nontrivial order. We further demonstrate that the scaling of the EPR may change depending on the dynamical variables that are tracked when it is computed, and the protocol chosen for time-reversal. Results acquired from numerical simulations of the dynamics confirm both the asymptotic scaling relations we derive and our quantitative predictions.
Noether symmetry approach in energy-momentum squared gravity
Authors: Sharif M , Gul M Zeeshan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the newly developed f(R, T
2) theory (R is the Ricci scalar and T
2 = T

α
β

T

α
β
, T

α
β
demonstrates the energy-momentum tensor) to explore some viable cosmological models. For this purpose, we use the Noether symmetry approach in the context of flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe. We solve the Noether equations of this modified theory for two types of models and obtain the symmetry generators as well as corresponding conserved quantities. We also evaluate exact solutions and investigate their physical behavior via different cosmological parameters. For the prospective models, the graphical behavior of these parameters indicate consistency with recent observations representing accelerated expansion of the Universe. In the first case, we take a special model of this theory and obtain new class of exact solutions with the help of conserved quantities. Secondly, we consider minimal and non-minimal coupling models of f(R, T
2) gravity. We conclude that conserved quantities are very useful to derive the exact solutions that are used to study the cosmic accelerated expansion.
Peristaltically driven flow of hybrid nanofluid in a sinusoidal wavy channel with heat generation
Authors: Salahuddin T , Khan Muhammad Habib Ullah , Khan Mair , Alharbi Sayer Obaid , Chu Yu-Ming 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present analysis is reported to analyze the hybrid nanofluid (SiO
2 − CNT/H
2
O) flow as peristaltic transport under the influence of heat generation/absorption in a sinusoidal wavy channel. We have expressed the non-dimensional equations into two dimensional coordinate system by using vary long wavelength (δ < 1) and low Reynolds number

(
Re
)

assumptions. The non-dimensional hybrid nanofluid (SiO
2 − CNT/H
2
O) equations are solved approximately by using well known perturbation approach. The numerical solutions for temperature and two dimensional peristaltic flow are obtained by using Mathematica software. The obtaining solutions for temperature and peristaltic transport are expressed graphically with help of Matlab software. The graphical results show that pressure rise, temperature profile and pressure gradient of hybrid nanofluid (SiO
2 − CNT/H
2
O) flow increases due to increase of heat generation. The pressure rise and pressure gradient of hybrid nanofluid decreases due to increase of phase difference ϑ. Furthermore, pressure gradient and pressure rise of SiO
2 − CNT/H
2
O hybrid nanofluid also decreases by increase in channel width. The streamlines for peristaltic transport are also elucidated in present analysis. The streamlines show that bolus size increases due to increase of amplitude but decreases by increase of heat generation.
Nonlinear nonlocal-surface energy-based vibrations of a bidirectionally excited nanobeam at its supports
Authors: Xu Bo , Kiani Keivan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study concerns with nonlinear axial and lateral vibrations of nanoscaled beams under action of bidirectional support excitations. Using the Euler-Bernoulli beam model through considering the von-Karman terms, small-scale effect, and surface energy, the nonlinear equations of motion of an excited nanobeam are derived in terms of purely dynamical deformations. By utilizing the Galerkin approach on the basis of the appropriate modes, the resulting nonlinear equations are reduced to the nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and these are solved for the unknown elastic deformations due to the most general form of support excitations. The roles of the excitation amplitude, excitation frequency, geometry of the nanostructure, surface energy, and nonlocality on the nonlinear dynamic response are investigated constructively. The importance of nonlinear analysis in capturing the more realistic dynamic response of the bi-directionally excited nanobeam at its ends is also revealed and explained methodically.