bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness of Frequent HIV Screening Among High-risk Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States
Authors: Neilan Anne M , Bulteel Alexander J B , Hosek Sybil G , Foote Julia H A , Freedberg Kenneth A , Landovitz Raphael J , Walensky Rochelle P , Resch Stephen C , Kazemian Pooyan , Paltiel A David , Weinstein Milton C , Wilson Craig M , Ciaranello Andrea L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Of new HIV infections in the US, 20% occur among young men who have sex with men (YMSM, ages 13–24), but &gt;50% of YMSM with HIV are unaware of their status. Using Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN) data, we projected the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of frequent HIV screening among high-risk YMSM from age 15.

Methods
Using a mathematical simulation, we examined 3 screening strategies: Yearly, 6-monthly, and 3-monthly, each in addition to the Status quo (SQ, 0.7–10.3% screened/year, stratified by age). We used published data (YMSM-specific when available) including: HIV incidences (0.91–6.41/100PY); screen acceptance (80%), linkage-to-care/antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation (76%), HIV transmission (0.3–86.1/100PY, by HIV RNA), monthly ART costs ($2290-$3780), and HIV per-screen costs ($38). Projected outcomes included CD4 count at diagnosis, primary HIV transmissions from ages 15–30, quality-adjusted life expectancy, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs, $/quality-adjusted life-year saved [QALY]; threshold ≤$100 000/QALY).

Results
Compared to SQ, all strategies increased projected CD4 at diagnosis (296 to 477–515 cells/µL) and quality-adjusted life expectancy from age 15 (44.4 to 48.3–48.7 years) among YMSM acquiring HIV. Compared to SQ, all strategies increased discounted lifetime cost for the entire population ($170 800 to $178 100-$185 000/person). Screening 3-monthly was cost-effective (ICER: $4500/QALY) compared to SQ and reduced primary transmissions through age 30 by 40%. Results were most sensitive to transmission rates; excluding the impact of transmissions, screening Yearly was ≤$100 000/QALY (ICER: $70 900/QALY).

Conclusions
For high-risk YMSM in the US, HIV screening 3-monthly compared to less frequent screening will improve clinical outcomes and be cost-effective.
The Rise of Screening Mechanisms in the Global North: Weaponizing the Law against China’s Weaponized Investments?
Authors: Carrai Maria Adele 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Investment screening mechanisms are proliferating, especially in the global North, apparently in direct reaction to China’s global rise and what is perceived to be its ‘weaponized investments’. Given the lack of clear shared objectives and coordination between screening mechanisms, which remain a core prerogative of each sovereign State’s self-judgment on national security, and the possible negative repercussions on the international economy and cooperation, this article looks at the increase of screening mechanisms for foreign direct investments in Europe and the USA in relation to China’s global rise. What does it entail for Chinese outward foreign direct investments and for the international economic legal order more broadly? In discussing the strengths and limitations of screening mechanisms, this article argues that, while the concerns for Chinese commercial investments aimed at acquiring technology and critical assets are legitimate, at the same time, Western States can disproportionally discriminate against Chinese investments by creating an investment regime that is overly protectionist. The article, adopting the recent screening mechanism of the European Union as a model, proposes how screening mechanisms could be improved through harmonization and cooperation among States, alongside the setting of clear objectives to limit their discriminatory, unjustified, and overly discretionary use.
Baseline haematology, biochemistry, blood gas values and health status of the Galapagos swallow-tailed gull (Creagrus furcatus)
Authors: Valle Carlos A , Ulloa Catalina , Regalado Cristina , Muñoz-Pérez Juan-Pablo , Garcia Juan , Hardesty Britta Denise , Skehel Alice , Deresienski Diane , Passingham Ronald K , Lewbart Gregory A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The swallow-tailed gull, Creagrus furcatus, is a seabird endemic to the Galápagos archipelago. In general health, blood chemistry and haematology, parameters have not been published for this species. Blood analyses were run on samples drawn from 58 clinically healthy swallow-tailed gulls captured at Islote Pitt on San Cristóbal Island in July 2016 (28) and South Plaza Island in June 2017 (30). A point of care blood analyzer (iSTAT) was used in the field to obtain results for HCO3−, pH, pCO2, pO2, TCO2, anion gap, chloride, creatinine, glucose, haematocrit, haemoglobin, ionized calcium, potassium, sodium and urea nitrogen. A portable Lactate Plus™ analyzer was used to measure lactate. The baseline data reported is valuable for comparisons amongst different populations in the archipelago and to detect changes in health status of Galápagos swallow-tailed gulls.
Inflammation and adiposity: new frontiers in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Vyas Vishal , Hunter Ross J , Longhi M Paula , Finlay Malcolm C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The aetiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly understood, despite its growing prevalence and associated morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Obesity is implicated in myriad different disease processes and is now recognized a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of AF. Moreover, the role of distinct adipose tissue depots is a matter of intense scientific interest with the depot directly surrounding the heart—epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) appearing to have the greatest correlation with AF presence and severity. Similarly, inflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of AF with EAT thought to act as a local depot of inflammatory mediators. These can easily diffuse into atrial tissue with the potential to alter its structural and electrical properties. Various meta-analyses have indicated that EAT size is an independent risk factor for AF with adipose tissue expansion being inevitably associated with a local inflammatory process. Here, we first briefly review adipose tissue anatomy and physiology then move on to the epidemiological data correlating EAT, inflammation, and AF. We focus particularly on discussing the mechanistic basis of how EAT inflammation may precipitate and maintain AF. Finally, we review how EAT can be utilized to help in the clinical management of AF patients and discuss future avenues for research.
Regional variations and socio-economic disparities in neonatal mortality in Angola: a cross-sectional study using demographic and health surveys
Authors: Yaya Sanni , Zegeye Betregiorgis , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Oladimeji Olanrewaju , Shibre Gebretsadik 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Inequalities in neonatal mortality rates (NMRs) in low- and middle-income countries show key disparities at the detriment of disadvantaged population subgroups. There is a lack of scholarly evidence on the extent and reasons for the inequalities in NMRs in Angola.

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the socio-economic, place of residence, region and gender inequalities in the NMRs in Angola.

Methods
The World Health Organization Health Equity Assessment Toolkit software was used to analyse data from the 2015 Angola Demographic and Health Survey. Five equity stratifiers: subnational regions, education, wealth, residence and sex were used to disaggregate NMR inequality. Absolute and relative inequality measures, namely, difference, population attributable fraction (PAF), population attributable risk (PAR) and ratio, were calculated to provide a broader understanding of the inequalities in NMR. Statistical significance was calculated at corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals.

Findings
We found significant wealth-driven [PAR = −14.16, 95% corresponding interval (CI): −15.12, −13.19], education-related (PAF = −22.5%, 95% CI: −25.93, −19.23), urban–rural (PAF = −14.5%, 95% CI: −16.38, −12.74), sex-based (PAR = −5.6%, 95% CI: −6.17, −5.10) and subnational regional (PAF = −82.2%, 95% CI: −90.14, −74.41) disparities in NMRs, with higher burden among deprived population subgroups.

Conclusions
High NMRs were found among male neonates and those born to mothers with no formal education, poor mothers and those living in rural areas and the Benguela region. Interventions aimed at reducing NMRs, should be designed with specific focus on disadvantaged subpopulations.
Forging memory: the aftermath of the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre in Lyon
Authors: Mingous Gautier 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacres, Catholics and Protestants often had to explain or justify the extreme violence that marked this bloody episode. A process of memory construction therefore took place in the days and weeks immediately following the killings. Taking the city of Lyon as a case study, this article analyses how Catholics and Protestants constructed a partisan memory of the massacres and studies the role of these memories in subsequent conflicts and in the interpretation of the massacres, both during and after the Wars of Religion. The article shows that whereas Protestants relied on the model of the martyrology to formulate a theological response to the violence, Lyon’s Catholic elites preferred to insist on the legality of their actions and their respect of the royal will. This dual memory was not only built up gradually, it was also rewritten and reconstructed over the years and in different contexts.
Multiplex melanoma families are enriched for polygenic risk
Authors: Law Matthew H , Aoude Lauren G , Duffy David L , Long Georgina V , Johansson Peter A , Pritchard Antonia L , Khosrotehrani Kiarash , Mann Graham J , Montgomery Grant W , Iles Mark M , Cust Anne E , Palmer Jane M ,   Melanoma GWAS Consortium, Baxter A , de Nooyer M , Gardner I , Statham D , Haddon B , Wright M J , Symmons J , Castellano B , Bowdler L , Smith S , Smyth D , Wallace L , Campbell M J , Caracella A , Kvaskoff M , Zheng O , Chapman B , Beeby H , Baxter A , de Nooyer M , Gardner I , Statham D , Haddon B , Wright M J , Symmons J , Castellano B , Bowdler L , Smith S , Smyth D , Wallace L , Campbell M J , Caracella A , Kvaskoff M , Zheng O , Chapman B , Beeby H , Shannon Kerwin F , Spillane Andrew J , Stretch Jonathan R , Thompson John F , Saw Robyn P M , Scolyer Richard A , Martin Nicholas G , Hayward Nicholas K , MacGregor Stuart 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cancers, including cutaneous melanoma, can cluster in families. In addition to environmental etiological factors such as ultraviolet radiation, cutaneous melanoma has a strong genetic component. Genetic risks for cutaneous melanoma range from rare, high-penetrance mutations to common, low-penetrance variants. Known high-penetrance mutations account for only about half of all densely affected cutaneous melanoma families, and the causes of familial clustering in the remainder are unknown. We hypothesize that some clustering is due to the cumulative effect of a large number of variants of individually small effect. Common, low-penetrance genetic risk variants can be combined into polygenic risk scores. We used a polygenic risk score for cutaneous melanoma to compare families without known high-penetrance mutations with unrelated melanoma cases and melanoma-free controls. Family members had significantly higher mean polygenic load for cutaneous melanoma than unrelated cases or melanoma-free healthy controls (Bonferroni-corrected t-test P = 1.5 × 10−5 and 6.3 × 10−45, respectively). Whole genome sequencing of germline DNA from 51 members of 21 families with low polygenic risk for melanoma identified a CDKN2A p.G101W mutation in a single family but no other candidate high-penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes. This work provides further evidence that melanoma, like many other common complex disorders, can arise from the joint action of multiple predisposing factors, including rare high-penetrance mutations, as well as via a combination of large numbers of alleles of small effect.
Mechanical and morphology properties of titanium oxide-epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Gaaz Tayser Sumer , Hussein Emad Kamil , Subhi Kussay Ahmed , Al-Amiery Ahmed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the current work, the influences of titanium oxide (TO) on nanocomposites using epoxy (EP) resin have been investigated. EP resin was added to various contents in terms of volume of TO (6%). Based on the casting method, the TO-EP nanocomposites were prepared. Mechanical properties in terms of tensile, impact and hardness properties exhibited improvements in the mechanical results of the TO-EP nanocomposites. The experimental results exhibited that the enhancement in the tensile strength, impact, and hardness was found to be 14 MPa, 40.1 J/mm2 and 228.9 HV, respectively. Moreover, the effect of the strength has decreased compared with pointing to brittleness that increased the TO-EP nanocomposites. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis was used to perform a microstructure analysis which in turn revealed how TO obstruction the cracks propagation in the nanocomposites. The interface between the TO and the EP nanocomposites was observed using the FESEM images. The results highlighted that the TO-EP nanocomposites can be used a wide range of industrial applications such as biomedical application.
Evidence-Based Guidelines and Secondary Meta-Analysis for the Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Fregni Felipe , El-Hagrassy Mirret M , Pacheco-Barrios Kevin , Carvalho Sandra , Leite Jorge , Simis Marcel , Brunelin Jerome , Nakamura-Palacios Ester Miyuki , Marangolo Paola , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan , San-Juan Daniel , Caumo Wolnei , Bikson Marom , Brunoni André R ,   Neuromodulation Center Working Group, Cardenas-Rojas Alejandra , Giannoni-Luza Stefano , Leao Judah , Teixeira Leffa Douglas , Mejia-Pando Piero F , Alejandra Luna-Cuadros Maria , Gnoatto-Medeiros Marina , Balbuena-Pareja Ana , Machado Roberto M , Toyama Mayumi , Gianlorenco Anna C , Zeng Huiyan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation has shown promising clinical results, leading to increased demand for an evidence-based review on its clinical effects.ObjectiveWe convened a team of transcranial direct current stimulation experts to conduct a systematic review of clinical trials with more than 1 session of stimulation testing: pain, Parkinson’s disease motor function and cognition, stroke motor function and language, epilepsy, major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia, and drug addiction.MethodsExperts were asked to conduct this systematic review according to the search methodology from PRISMA guidelines. Recommendations on efficacy were categorized into Levels A (definitely effective), B (probably effective), C (possibly effective), or no recommendation. We assessed risk of bias for all included studies to confirm whether results were driven by potentially biased studies.ResultsAlthough most of the clinical trials have been designed as proof-of-concept trials, some of the indications analyzed in this review can be considered as definitely effective (Level A), such as depression, and probably effective (Level B), such as neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, migraine, post-operative patient-controlled analgesia and pain, Parkinson’s disease (motor and cognition), stroke (motor), epilepsy, schizophrenia, and alcohol addiction. Assessment of bias showed that most of the studies had low risk of biases, and sensitivity analysis for bias did not change these results. Effect sizes vary from 0.01 to 0.70 and were significant in about 8 conditions, with the largest effect size being in postoperative acute pain and smaller in stroke motor recovery (nonsignificant when combined with robotic therapy).ConclusionAll recommendations listed here are based on current published PubMed-indexed data. Despite high levels of evidence in some conditions, it must be underscored that effect sizes and duration of effects are often limited; thus, real clinical impact needs to be further determined with different study designs.
Robust chaos and the continuity of attractors
Authors: Glendinning Paul A , Simpson David J W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
As the parameters of a map are varied an attractor may vary continuously in the Hausdorff metric. The purpose of this paper is to explore the continuation of chaotic attractors. We argue that this is not a helpful concept for smooth unimodal maps for which periodic windows fill parameter space densely, but that for many families of piecewise-smooth maps it provides a way to think about changing structures within parameter regions of robust chaos and form a stronger notion of robustness. We obtain conditions for the continuity of an attractor and demonstrate the results with coupled skew tent maps, the Lozi map and the border-collision normal form.
Harnessing Iron Acquisition Machinery to Target Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Sargun Artur , Gerner Romana R , Raffatellu Manuela , Nolan Elizabeth M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria can be challenging to treat due to the outer membrane permeability barrier and the increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance. During infection, Gram-negative pathogens must acquire iron, an essential nutrient, in the host. Many Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated iron acquisition machineries based on siderophores, small molecules that bind iron with high affinity. In this review, we provide an overview of siderophore-mediated iron acquisition in Enterobacteriaceae and show how these systems provide a foundation for the conceptualization and development of approaches to prevent and/or treat bacterial infections. Differences between the siderophore-based iron uptake machineries of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and commensal microbes may lead to the development of selective “Trojan-horse” antimicrobials and immunization strategies that will not harm the host microbiota.
Expanding frontiers of risk management: care safety in nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Scopetti Matteo , Santurro Alessandro , Tartaglia Riccardo , Frati Paola , Fineschi Vittorio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Nursing homes provide long-term care and have residential-oriented hospitalizations characterized by medical, nursing and social-care treatments for a typically geriatric population. In the current emergency phase, the problem of infections in residential structures for the elderly is taking on considerable importance in relation to the significant prevalence rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Safety improvement strategies
Prevention and control measures for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in nursing homes should be planned before a possible outbreak of COVID-19 occurs and should be intensified during any exacerbation of the same. Each facility should identify a properly trained contact person—also external—for the prevention and control of infections, who can refer to a multidisciplinary support committee and who is in close contact with the local health authorities. The contact person should collaborate with professionals in order to prepare a prevention and intervention plan that considers national provisions and scientific evidence, the requirements for reporting patients with symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and the indications for the management of suspected, probable or confirmed cases of COVID-19.

Discussion
Adequate risk management in residential structures implies the establishment of a coordination committee with dedicated staff, the implementation of a surveillance program for the rapid recognition of the outbreaks, the identification of suitable premises and equipment, the application of universal precautions, the adaptation of care plans to reduce the possibility of contagion among residents and the protection of operators and staff training initiatives.
A genome-wide analysis of Escherichia coli responses to fosfomycin using TraDIS-Xpress reveals novel roles for phosphonate degradation and phosphate transport systems
Authors: Turner A Keith , Yasir Muhammad , Bastkowski Sarah , Telatin Andrea , Page Andrew J , Charles Ian G , Webber Mark A 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundFosfomycin is an antibiotic that has seen a revival in use due to its unique mechanism of action and efficacy against isolates resistant to many other antibiotics. In Escherichia coli, fosfomycin often selects for loss-of-function mutations within the genes encoding the sugar importers, GlpT and UhpT. There has, however, not been a genome-wide analysis of the basis for fosfomycin susceptibility reported to date.MethodsHere we used TraDIS-Xpress, a high-density transposon mutagenesis approach, to assay the role of all genes in E. coli involved in fosfomycin susceptibility.ResultsThe data confirmed known fosfomycin susceptibility mechanisms and identified new ones. The assay was able to identify domains within proteins of importance and revealed essential genes with roles in fosfomycin susceptibility based on expression changes. Novel mechanisms of fosfomycin susceptibility that were identified included those involved in glucose metabolism and phosphonate catabolism (phnC-M), and the phosphate importer, PstSACB. The impact of these genes on fosfomycin susceptibility was validated by measuring the susceptibility of defined inactivation mutants.ConclusionsThis work reveals a wider set of genes that contribute to fosfomycin susceptibility, including core sugar metabolism genes and two systems involved in phosphate uptake and metabolism previously unrecognized as having a role in fosfomycin susceptibility.
Local economic conditions and the nature of new housing supply
Authors: Hilber Christian A. L , Rouwendal Jan , Vermeulen Wouter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We explore the effects of local economic conditions on the type and size of newly constructed housing units in a city. Exploiting the 1984–2004 metro area samples of the American Housing Survey and US Census building permit data from 1980 to 2018, we find that positive local income shocks (i) increase a city’s share of multi-family housing in new construction and (ii) trigger the construction of smaller units. These responses are driven by migration. Our findings are consistent with a modified open monocentric city model that more realistically assumes land is available for conversion into new housing throughout the city.
Species-specific effects of moonlight on insectivorous bat activity in central Chile
Authors: Vásquez Diana A , Grez Audrey A , Rodríguez-San Pedro Annia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Moonlight intensity influences the activity patterns of bats. Some bat species reduce their activity levels during brighter nights, a phenomenon known as “lunar phobia.” While lunar phobia of bats has been extensively studied in tropical regions, the same is not the case of bats in temperate regions. By using acoustic detectors, we examined differences in the activity of insectivorous bats on nights with different moonlight intensity in an agricultural landscape of central Chile. We also examined the hourly activity patterns throughout the night and how these varied between full and new moon nights. All bat species modified their activity based on the moonlight intensity; however, their effects were species-specific. The activity of Lasiurus varius, L. villosissimus, Myotis chiloensis, and Histiotus montanus was lower during bright nights, while Tadarida brasiliensis was the only species whose activity was higher during bright nights. Hourly activity throughout the night differed between full moon nights and new moon nights in most bat species. During full moon, bats concentrated their activities in the early hours of the nights; a more homogeneous activity pattern was exhibited during new moon night. Our study demonstrates that moonlight affects the activity of bats in Chile, a factor that should be considered when studying bats.