bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C
*-uniqueness Results for Groupoids
Authors: Austad Are , Ortega Eduard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For a 2nd-countable locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoid ${\mathcal{G}}$ with a continuous $2$-cocycle $\sigma $ we find conditions that guarantee that $\ell ^1 ({\mathcal{G}},\sigma )$ has a unique $C^*$-norm.
Postmarketing Analysis of Misuse, Abuse, and Diversion of Xtampza ER
Authors: Geoffrey Severtson Stevan , Kreider Scott E D , Amioka Elise C , Margolin Zachary R , Iwanicki Janetta L , Dart Richard C 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate abuse, misuse, and diversion of Xtampza ER, an extended-release (ER) abuse-deterrent formulation (ADF) of oxycodone.MethodsAbuse, misuse, and diversion of Xtampza ER were assessed using Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS) System data sources. Xtampza ER was compared with immediate-release (IR) oxycodone, other ADF ER products combined, and non-ADF ER products combined.ResultsXtampza ER prescriptions increased 50-fold during the study period. In contrast, cases from poison centers, substance abuse treatment centers, and diversion were infrequent and did not increase. Adjusted for prescriptions dispensed, poison center exposures were greater for IR oxycodone (rate ratio [RR] = 2.3, P = 0.008), other ADF ER opioids (RR = 5.2, P &lt; 0.001), and non-ADF ER opioids (RR = 2.5, P = 0.004) than for Xtampza ER. In Treatment Center Programs Combined, past-month abuse prevalence for other ADF ER opioids (odds ratio [OR] = 7.4, P &lt; 0.001) and non-ADF ER opioids (OR = 2.0, P = 0.002) was greater than Xtampza ER; IR oxycodone was not significantly different (OR = 1.2, P = 0.349). In the Drug Diversion Program, rates for IR oxycodone (RR = 3.7, P = 0.003), other ADF ER opioids (RR = 4.2, P = 0.002), and non-ADF ER opioids (RR = 3.4, P = 0.007) were greater than Xtampza ER. Adjustment using morphine equivalents provided similar results, except that IR oxycodone in Treatment Center Programs Combined became higher than Xtampza ER. Nonoral abuse cases involving Xtampza ER were infrequent; Web monitoring data support findings that Xtampza ER is difficult to abuse nonorally.ConclusionXtampza ER abuse, misuse, and diversion and tampering are low relative to other prescription opioid analgesics. Abuse and diversion did not increase over the study period.
Interventions to improve perioperative neurologic outcomes
Authors: Vandiver Matthew S. , Vacas Susana 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
Few outcomes in surgery are as important to patients as that of their neurologic status. The purpose of this review is to discuss and categorize the most common perioperative neurologic complications. We will also discuss strategies to help prevent and mitigate these complications for our patients.

Recent findings
There are several strategies the anesthesiologist can undertake to prevent or treat conditions, such as perioperative neurocognitive disorders, spinal cord ischemia, perioperative stroke, and postoperative visual loss.

Summary
A thorough understanding of threats to patients’ neurologic well-being is essential to excellent clinical practice.
MULTIFOCAL ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY AND SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN MACULA-OFF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT
Authors: Kosacki Julie , Gallice Mathilde , Palombi Karine , Labarere José , Creuzot-Garcher Catherine , Berthemy-Pellet Sylvie , Aptel Florent , Chiquet Christophe 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To analyze the temporal trends in structural changes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and functional changes using multifocal electroretinogram after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery.

Methods:
This prospective cohort study enrolled 69 patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent successful surgery. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity, multifocal electroretinogram evaluation of the central 5°, and spectral–domain optical coherence tomography were recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (M) after surgery. The fellow eye served as the control group for multifocal electroretinogram parameters.

Results:
Between M1 and M12, visual acuity improved from 64 to 75 letters (P = 0.001) and implicit time of N1 decreased from 27.8 to 25.2 milliseconds (P = 0.001), whereas the other parameters did not vary significantly. Amplitude and implicit time values did not reach normal values at M12. Alterations of the ellipsoid zone and the external limiting membrane decreased over time (P = 0.001). P1 implicit time correlated independently with the alteration of the external limiting membrane (P = 0.007).

Conclusion:
Foveal wave amplitudes remain lower than normal values after successful surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, whereas anatomical improvement was found for outer retinal abnormalities and subretinal edema fluid. Retinal recovery improves N1 implicit time over time. Disruption of external limiting membrane seems to be predictive of increased P1 implicit time.
Relationships Among Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, Emotional Dysregulation, and Affective Temperaments in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Cyclothymia
Authors: Quaranta Giuseppe , Barbuti Margherita , Pallucchini Alessandro , Colombini Paola , Moriconi Martina , Gemmellaro Teresa , Tripodi Beniamino , Palagini Laura , Schiavi Elisa , Perugi Giulio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study aims to explore the relationships between delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) and emotional dysregulation in 240 patients (134 with cyclothymia, 81 with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and 25 with both conditions). DSPD was assessed using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, followed by a clinical evaluation. Affective temperaments and emotional dysregulation were also investigated through the brief version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego and the Reactivity, Intensity, Polarity, Stability questionnaires, respectively. Clinical variables were compared in patients with and without DSPD, and a logistic regression model was used to identify the predictive value of the clinical characteristics on the presence of DSPD. DSPD patients (19% of the total sample) were significantly younger than patients without DSPD, showed an about 4 times higher lifetime history of comorbid ADHD and cyclothymia, and reported higher scores in the irritable and cyclothymic temperamental subscales and in the affective instability and impulsivity dimensions. In the multiple logistic regression, we found a negative predictive value of increasing age on the presence of DSPD, whereas comorbid cyclothymia and ADHD and cyclothymic temperament seem to represent risk factors for DSPD.
Anthropometric Parameters of Nasomaxillary Complex in 2, 4, 6, and 12-Month-Old Children as a Reference for Cleft Lip and Palate Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Jahanbin Arezoo , Emami Ahmad Kafi , Eslami Neda 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphology of the nasomaxillary complex of Iranian healthy infants of 2, 4, 6, and 12-month-old.
In this cross-sectional study, 232 healthy Fars infants of 2, 4, 6, and 12-month-old referred to Mashhad health centers were evaluated. Photographic images were taken from the infants’ frontal view at rest position. Anthropometric landmarks including width of the mouth, nose, columella, width and height of the philtrum, and height of the upper lip were measured by Photoshop software.
The authors did not find any considerable differences in nasolabial morphology of Fars children between boys and girls, except for columellar width and the width of superior philtrum at all intervals. The mean columellar width decreased with increasing age in both sexes. The width of the lower philtrum decreased from 2 to 4 months in both sexes, but increased from 4 to 6 months. In girls, the mean height of the right and left philtrum and height of the upper lip increased by increasing age from 2 to 4 months. But it consistently reduced from 4 months to 6 and 12-month-old. In boys, the mean height of the right and left philtrum and height of the upper lip decreased from 2 to 4 months. It showed a mild increase from 4 to 6 months, and a relatively large reduction from 6 to 12 months.
This study provides useful information for reconstructive surgeries of the nasolabial region in the population studied.
Transcriptome Analysis of Human Induced Excitatory Neurons Supports a Strong Effect of Clozapine on Cholesterol Biosynthesis
Authors: Das Debamitra , Peng Xi , Lam Anh-Thu , Bader Joel S. , Avramopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAntipsychotics are known to modulate dopamine and other neurotransmitters which is often thought to be the mechanism underlying their therapeutic effects. Nevertheless, other less studied consequences of antipsychotics on neuronal function may contribute to their efficacy. Revealing the complete picture behind their action is of paramount importance for precision medicine and accurate drug selection. Progress in cell engineering allows the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their differentiation to a variety of neuronal types, providing new tools to study antipsychotics. Here we use excitatory cortical neurons derived from iPSCs to explore their response to therapeutic levels of Clozapine as measured by their transcriptomic output, a proxy for neuronal homeostasis. To our surprise, but in agreement with the results of many investigators studying glial-like cells, Clozapine had a very strong effect on cholesterol metabolism. More than a quarter (12) of all annotated cholesterol genes (46) in the genome were significantly changed at FDR<0.1, all upregulated. This is a 35-fold enrichment with an adjusted p = 8 ×10−11. Notably no other functional category showed evidence of enrichment. Cholesterol is a major component of the neuronal membrane and myelin but it does not cross the blood brain barrier, it is produced locally mostly by glia but also by neurons. By singling out increased expression of cholesterol metabolism genes as the main response of cortical excitatory neurons to antipsychotics, our work supports the hypothesis that cholesterol metabolism may be a contributing mechanism to the beneficial effects of Clozapine and possibly other antipsychotics.
Development and characterization of infectious clones of two strains of Usutu virus
Authors: Bates Tyler , Chuong Christina , Hawks Seth A. , Rai Pallavi , Duggal Nisha K. , Weger-Lucarelli James 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUsutu virus (USUV; genusFlavivirus; familyFlaviviridae) is a mosquito-borne, positive-sense RNA virus that is currently causing significant die-offs in numerous bird species throughout Europe and has caused infections in humans. Currently, there are no molecular clones for USUV, hence, hindering studies on the pathogenesis and transmission of USUV. In this report, we demonstrate the development and characterization of infectious clones for two modern strains of USUV isolated from Europe and Africa. We show that the infectious clone-derived viruses replicated similarly to the parental strains in both mammalian and insect cells. Additionally, we observed similar levels of replication and pathogenesis in two mouse models. This reverse genetics system will aid the scientific community in studying and developing USUV infection, transmission, diagnostics, and vaccines.
Estimating the Changing Infection Rate of COVID-19 Using Bayesian Models of Mobility
Authors: Liu Luyang , Vikram Sharad , Lao Junpeng , Ben Xue , D’Amour Alexander , O’Banion Shawn , Sandler Mark , Saurous Rif A. , Hoffman Matthew D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn order to prepare for and control the continued spread of the COVID-19 pandemic while minimizing its economic impact, the world needs to be able to estimate and predict COVID-19’s spread. Unfortunately, we cannot directly observe the prevalence or growth rate of COVID-19; these must be inferred using some kind of model. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian extension to the classic susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) compartmental model that adds compartments to account for isolation and death and allows the infection rate to vary as a function of both mobility data collected from mobile phones and a latent time-varying factor that accounts for changes in behavior not captured by mobility data. Since confirmed-case data is unreliable, we infer the model’s parameters conditioned on deaths data. We replace the exponential-waiting-time assumption of classic compartmental models with Erlang distributions, which allows for a more realistic model of the long lag between exposure and death. The mobility data gives us a leading indicator that can quickly detect changes in the pandemic’s local growth rate and forecast changes in death rates weeks ahead of time. This is an analysis of observational data, so any causal interpretations of the model’s inferences should be treated as suggestive at best; nonetheless, the model’s inferred relationship between different kinds of trips and the infection rate do suggest some possible hypotheses about what kinds of activities might contribute most to COVID-19’s spread.
CONSERVED INTERACTIONS IN CARDIAC SYNTHETIC THICK FILAMENTS DIFFERENTLY AFFECT MYOSIN SUPER-RELAXED STATE IN HEALTHY, DISEASE AND MAVACAMTEN-TREATED MODELS
Authors: Gollapudi Sampath K. , Nag Suman 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTA hallmark feature of myosin-II is that it can spontaneously self-assemble into bipolar synthetic thick filaments (STFs) in low ionic strength buffers, thereby serving as a reconstituted in vitro model for muscle thick filament. While these STFs have been extensively used for structural characterization, their use for functional studies has been very limited. In this report, we show that the ultra-low ATP-consuming super-relaxed (SRX) state of myosin is electrostatically more stable in STFs as compared with shorter myosin sub-fragments that lack the distal tail required for thick filament assembly. However, this electrostatic stability of the SRX state is weakened by phosphorylation of myosin light chains or the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing myosin R403Q mutation. We also show that ADP binding to myosin depopulates the SRX population in STFs made of wild-type (WT) myosin, but not in S1, HMM, or STFs made of mutant R403Q myosin. Collectively, these findings emphasize that a critical network of inter- and intra-molecular interactions that underlie the SRX state of myosin are mostly preserved in STFs, establishing it as a native-like tool to interrogate myosin regulation. Next, using STFs, we show that a clinical-stage small molecule inhibitor, mavacamten, is more effective in promoting the myosin SRX state in STFs than in S1 or HMM and that it is equally potent in STFs made of atrial-WT, ventricular-WT, and mutant-R403Q myosin. Also, we found that mavacamten-bound heads are not permanently protected in the SRX state but can be recruited in response to physiological perturbations, thus providing new insights into its inhibitory mechanism.
Opposing effects of T cell receptor signal strength on CD4 T cells responding to acute versus chronic viral infection
Authors: Künzli Marco , Reuther Peter , Pinschewer Daniel D. , King Carolyn G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA hallmark of the adaptive immune response is the ability of CD4 T cells to differentiate into a variety of pathogen appropriate and specialized effector subsets. A long-standing question in CD4 T cell biology is whether the strength of TCR signals can instruct one Th cell fate over another. The contribution of TCR signal strength to the development of Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells has been particularly difficult to resolve, with conflicting results reported in a variety of models. Although cumulative TCR signal strength can be modulated by the infection specific environment, whether or not TCR signal strength plays a dominant role in Th1 versus Tfh cell fate decisions across distinct infectious contexts is not known. Here we characterized the differentiation of CD4 TCR transgenic T cells responding to a panel of recombinant wild type or altered peptide ligand lymphocytic choriomeningitis viruses (LCMV) derived from acute and chronic parental strains. We found that while TCR signal strength positively regulates T cell expansion in both infection settings, it exerts opposite and hierarchical effects on the balance of Th1 and Tfh cells generated in response to acute versus persistent infection. The observation that weakly activated T cells, which comprise up to fifty percent of an endogenous CD4 T cell response, support the development of Th1 effectors highlights the possibility that they may resist functional inactivation during chronic infection. We anticipate that the panel of variant ligands and recombinant viruses described herein will be a valuable tool for immunologists investigating a wide range of CD4 T cell responses.Graphical abstractHighlightsIdentification of a wide panel of altered peptide ligands for the LCMV-derived GP61 peptideGeneration of LCMV variant strains to examine the impact of TCR signal strength on CD4 T cells responding during acute and chronic viral infectionThe relationship between TCR signal strength and Th1 differentiation shifts according to the infection context: TCR signal strength correlates positively with Th1 generation during acute infection but negatively during chronic infection.
Clostridioides difficileexploits toxin-mediated inflammation to alter the host nutritional landscape and exclude competitors from the gut microbiota
Authors: Fletcher Joshua R. , Pike Colleen M. , Parsons Ruth J. , Rivera Alissa J. , Foley Matthew H. , McLaren Michael R. , Montgomery Stephanie A. , Theriot Casey M. 
Published: August 2020

Introductory paragraphClostridioides difficileis a bacterial pathogen that causes a range of clinical disease from mild to moderate diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, and toxic megacolon. Typically,C. difficileinfections (CDIs) occur after antibiotic treatment, which alters the gut microbiota, decreasing colonization resistance againstC. difficile. Disease is mediated by two large toxins and the expression of their genes is induced upon nutrient depletion via the alternative sigma factor TcdR. UsingtcdRmutants in two strains ofC. difficile, we defined how toxin-induced inflammation altersC. difficilemetabolism, tissue gene expression, and the gut microbiota to determine how inflammation by the host may be beneficial toC. difficile. Here we show thatC. difficilemetabolism is significantly different in the face of inflammation, with changes in many carbohydrate and amino acid uptake and utilization pathways. Host gene expression signatures suggest that degradation of collagen and other components of the extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases is a major source of peptides and amino acids that supportsC. difficilegrowthin vivo. Lastly, the inflammation induced byC. difficiletoxin activity alters the gut microbiota, excluding members from the genusBacteroidesthat are able to compete againstC. difficilefor the same essential nutrients released from collagen degradation.
Conscious perception modulates perceptual echoes
Authors: Luo Canhuang , VanRullen Rufin , Alamia Andrea 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlpha rhythms (~10Hz) in the human brain are classically associated with idling activities, being predominantly observed during quiet restfulness with closed eyes. However, recent studies demonstrated that alpha (~10Hz) rhythms can directly relate to visual stimulation, resulting in oscillations which can last for as long as one second. This alpha reverberation, dubbed Perceptual Echoes (PE), suggests that the visual system actively samples and processes visual information within the alpha-band frequency. Although PE have been linked to various visual functions, their underlying mechanisms and functional role are not completely understood. In the current study, we investigated whether conscious perception modulates the generation and the amplitude of PE. Specifically, we displayed two colored Gabor patches with different orientations on opposite sides of the screen, and using a set of dichoptic mirrors we induced a binocular rivalry between the two stimuli. We asked participants to continuously report which one of two Gabor patches they consciously perceived, while recording their EEG signals. Importantly, the luminance of each patch fluctuated randomly over time, generating random sequences from which we estimated two impulse-response functions (IRFs) reflecting the perceptual echoes generated by the perceived (dominant) and non-perceived (suppressed) stimulus respectively. We found that the alpha power of the PE generated by the consciously perceived stimulus was comparable with that of the PE generated during monocular vision (control condition), and significantly higher than the PE induced by the suppressed stimulus. Moreover, confirming previous findings, we found that all PEs propagated as a travelling wave from posterior to frontal brain regions, irrespective of conscious perception. All in all our results demonstrate that conscious perception modulates PE, suggesting that the synchronization of neural activity plays an important role in visual sampling and conscious perception.
Predictingin vivoescape dynamics of HIV-1 from a broadly neutralizing antibody
Authors: Meijers Matthijs , Vanshylla Kanika , Gruell Henning , Klein Florian , Lässig Michael 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTBroadly neutralizing antibodies are promising candidates for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infections. Such antibodies can temporarily suppress viral load in infected individuals; however, the virus often rebounds by escape mutants that have evolved resistance. In this paper, we map anin vivofitness landscape of HIV-1 interacting with broadly neutralizing antibodies, using data from a recent clinical trial. We identify two fitness factors, antibody dosage and viral load, that determine viral reproduction rates reproducibly across different hosts. The model successfully predicts the escape dynamics of HIV-1 in the course of an antibody treatment, including a characteristic frequency turnover between sensitive and resistant strains. This turnover is governed by a dosage-dependent fitness ranking, resulting from an evolutionary tradeoff between antibody resistance and its collateral cost in drug-free growth. Our analysis suggests resistance-cost tradeoff curves as a measure of antibody performance in the presence of resistance evolution.
scREAD: A single-cell RNA-Seq database for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Jiang Jing , Wang Cankun , Qi Ren , Fu Hongjun , Ma Qin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSummaryAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and the most common form of dementia among the elderly. The single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-Seq) techniques are extremely useful for dissecting the function/dysfunction of highly heterogeneous cells in the brain at the single-cell level, and the corresponding data analyses can significantly improve our understanding of why particular cells are vulnerable in AD. We developed an integrated database named scREAD (single-cellRNA-Seq databaseforAlzheimer’sDisease), which is the first database dedicated to the management of all the existing scRNA-Seq and snRNA-Seq datasets from human postmortem brain tissue with AD and mouse models with AD pathology. scREAD provides comprehensive analysis results for 55 datasets from eight brain regions, including control atlas construction, cell type prediction, identification of differentially expressed genes, and identification of cell-type-specific regulons.Availability and ImplementationscREAD is a one-stop and user-friendly interface and freely available athttps://bmbls.bmi.osumc.edu/scread/. The backend workflow can be downloaded fromhttps://github.com/OSU-BMBL/scread/tree/master/script, to enable more discovery-driven analyses.Contactqin.ma@osumc.eduorhongjun.fu@osumc.eduSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available atBioinformaticsonline.