bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The case for philanthropic investment to increase colorectal cancer screening rates: A novel paradigm to address a public health challenge
Authors: Carmeli Ariel , Dranikoff Lee , Kundu Arnab , Ladabaum Uri 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer‐related death despite being highly preventable. Efforts to increase participation in CRC screening have not met national goals. We developed a novel approach: building a business case for philanthropic investment in CRC screening.MethodsA taskforce representing the public health community, professional societies, charitable foundations, academia, and industry was assembled to: (a) quantify the impact of improving CRC screening rates; (b) identify barriers to screening; (c) estimate the “activation cost” to overcome barriers and screen one additional person; (d) develop a holistic business case that is attractive to philanthropists; and (e) launch a demonstration project.ResultsWe estimated that of 50 600 CRC deaths annually in the US, 55% occur in 50‐ to 85‐year‐olds and are potentially addressable by improvements in CRC screening. Barriers to screening were identified in all patient journey phases, including lack of awareness or insurance and logistical challenges in the pre‐physician phase. The cost to activate one person to undergo screening was $25‐175. This translated into a cost of $6000‐36 000 per CRC death averted by philanthropic investment. Based on this work, the Colorectal Cancer Alliance launched the effort “March Forth” to prevent 100 000 CRC deaths in the US over 10 years, with the first pilot in Philadelphia.ConclusionsA holistic business plan can attract philanthropy to promote CRC screening. A simple message of “You can save a life from CRC with a $25 000 donation” can motivate demonstration projects in regions with high CRC rates and low screening participation.
Cognitive complexity of social images revealed by Jewish Israeli adolescents relating to drawings of Jews and Arabs
Authors: Teichman Yona , Stein Hila , Shechner Tomer 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe present study examined age‐related differences among Israeli youth regarding the complexity of their mental images of Jews and Arabs, two groups that are adversaries in the Middle East conflict. The participants, 494 Jewish children and adolescents ranging from 8–16 years old each, drew two human figures, one Jewish and one Arab, and then attributed a forename and a profession to each drawn image. Four complexity variables were scored as follows: image complexity (number of items included in the figure), embellishments (number of items added to the drawing and in the space around the figure), image name, and image profession. Overall, participants depicted members of their in‐group as more complex. However, early adolescence was found to be a critical age at which differences emerged. The findings suggest that introducing complexity to social representations in early adolescence may facilitate prevention of negative associations related to outgroups and enhance intervention to reduce stereotypes, prejudice, and racism.
Self‐Standing Hydrogels Composed of Conducting Polymers for All‐Hydrogel‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Zhaokun , Shi Dongjian , Dong Weifu , Chen Mingqing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractConducting polymer hydrogels that are capable of contacting with electrolytes at the molecular level, represent an important electrode material. However, the fabrication of self‐standing hydrogels merely composed of conducting polymers is still challenging owing to the absence of reliable methods. Herein, a novel and facile macromolecular interaction assisted route is reported to fabricate self‐standing hydrogels consisting of polyaniline (PANi: providing high electrochemical activity) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT: enabling high electronic conductivity). Owing to the synergistic effect between them, the self‐standing hydrogels possess good mechanical properties and electronic/electrochemical performances, making them an excellent potential electrode for solid‐state energy storage devices. A proof‐of‐concept all‐hydrogel‐state supercapacitor is fabricated, which exhibits a high areal capacitance of 808.2 mF cm−2, and a high energy density of 0.63 mWh cm−3 at high power density of 28.42 mW cm−3, superior to many recently reported conducting polymer hydrogels based supercapacitors. This study demonstrates a novel promising strategy to fabricate self‐standing conducting polymer hydrogels.
Trends of stress and stress coping in patients with atopic dermatitis: Analysis using the brief coping orientation to problems experienced inventory
Authors: Kaneko Sakae , Sumikawa Yasuyuki , Murota Hiroyuki , Tabara Mayuko , Katayama Ichiro , Morita Eishin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe nature of the stress experienced by adult atopic dermatitis (AD) patients is not fully understood.ObjectivesWe investigated the experience of stress in these patients and their coping methods using a questionnaire.MethodsFifty‐one AD patients under the care of the Department of Dermatology at Shimane University Hospital and 50 AD patients under the care of the Department of Dermatology at Sapporo Medical University Hospital were surveyed. The Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) inventory was used to examine coping.ResultsThe most common cause of stress associated with AD was work, followed by the presence of allergy symptoms and being ill. The patients reported using positive coping methods such as self‐distraction and humor, and negative coping methods such as behavioral disengagement and self‐blame. Women used coping methods significantly more often than men, and patients aged 30 years and older used alcohol as a coping strategy more often than younger patients. Patients with severe conditions used coping methods less frequently. A group that experienced stress often used positive reframing less frequently, but more often used methods such as emotional support, substance use, behavioral disengagement, and self‐blame.ConclusionsWe observed differences in stress coping based on gender, age, severity of AD symptoms, severity of stress, and how stress was experienced, which highlights the importance of dealing with stress in ways that take the AD patient's characteristics into consideration.
Patient‐hematologist discordance in perceived chance of cure in hematologic malignancies: A multicenter study
Authors: Loh Kah Poh , Xu Huiwen , Back Anthony , Duberstein Paul R. , Gupta Mohile Supriya , Epstein Ronald , McHugh Colin , Klepin Heidi D. , Abel Gregory , Lee Stephanie J. , El‐Jawahri Areej , LeBlanc Thomas W. 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundEnsuring that patients with hematologic malignancies have an accurate understanding of their likelihood of cure is important for informed decision making. In a multicenter, longitudinal study, the authors examined discordance in patients' perception of their chance of cure versus that of their hematologists, whether patient‐hematologist discordance changed after a consultation with a hematologist, and factors associated with persistent discordance.MethodsBefore and after consultation with a hematologist, patients were asked about their perceived chance of cure (options were <10%, 10%‐19%, and up to 90%‐100% in 10% increments, and “do not wish to answer”). Hematologists were asked the same question after consultation. Discordance was defined as a difference in response by 2 levels. The McNemar test was used to compare changes in patient‐hematologist prognostic discordance from before to after consultation. A generalized linear mixed model was used to examine associations between factors and postconsultation discordance, adjusting for clustering at the hematologist level.ResultsA total of 209 patients and 46 hematologists from 4 sites were included in the current study. Before consultation, approximately 61% of dyads were discordant, which improved to 50% after consultation (P < .01). On multivariate analysis, lower educational level (<college vs postgraduate: odds ratio [OR], 2.24; 95% CI, 1.02‐4.92), higher social support–affection subscale score (1‐unit change in score: OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00‐1.32), and discordance before consultation (OR, 6.17; 95% CI, 2.99‐12.72) were found to be significantly associated with discordance after consultation.ConclusionsPatient‐hematologist concordance in prognostic understanding appears to improve after a hematology consultation, but approximately one‐half of patients' views of their prognoses were found to remain discordant with those of their hematologists. Interventions are needed to improve prognostic understanding among patients with hematologic malignancies.
Numerical evaluation of cardiac mechanical markers as estimators of the electrical activation time
Authors: Colli Franzone Piero , Pavarino Luca F. , Scacchi Simone 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRecent advances in the development of noninvasive cardiac imaging technologies have made it possible to measure longitudinal and circumferential strains at a high spatial resolution also at intramural level. Local mechanical activation times derived from these strains can be used as noninvasive estimates of electrical activation, in order to determine, eg, the origin of premature ectopic beats during focal arrhythmias or the pathway of reentrant circuits. The aim of this work is to assess the reliability of mechanical activation time markers derived from longitudinal and circumferential strains, denoted by ATell and ATecc, respectively, by means of three‐dimensional cardiac electromechanical simulations. These markers are compared against the electrical activation time (ATv), computed from the action potential waveform, and the reference mechanical activation markers derived from the active tension and fiber strain waveforms, denoted by ATta and ATeff, respectively. Our numerical simulations are based on a strongly coupled electromechanical model, including bidomain representation of the cardiac tissue, mechanoelectric (ie, stretch‐activated channels) and geometric feedbacks, transversely isotropic strain energy function for the description of passive mechanics and detailed membrane and excitation‐contraction coupling models. The results have shown that, during endocardial and epicardial ectopic stimulations, all the mechanical markers considered are highly correlated with ATv, exhibiting correlation coefficients larger than 0.8. However, during multiple endocardial stimulations, mimicking the ventricular sinus rhythm, the mechanical markers are less correlated with the electrical activation time, because of the more complex resulting excitation sequence. Moreover, the inspection of the endocardial and epicardial isochrones has shown that the ATell and ATecc mechanical activation sequences reproduce only some qualitative features of the electrical activation sequence, such as the areas of early and late activation, but in some cases, they might yield wrong excitation sources and significantly different isochrones patterns.
Bis(Acylhydrazone)‐Based Bolaamphiphiles: Effect of Spacer Length on Metalloorganogel Formation, Fluorescence, and Conductance Properties
Authors: Kumar Dixit Manish , Kumar Yeeshu , Shukla Jay , Mahendar Chinthakuntla , Dubey Mrigendra 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGelation of chain‐length‐selective bolaamphiphiles (1 % w/v) from succinic (n=2, H2SL) and adipic acid (n=4, H2AL) derived ligands from six different bis(acylhydrazone)‐based saturated homologous dicarboxlylates has been demonstrated. Deprotonation of H2SL (SL2−) with LiOH led to the formation of a fluorescent metalloorganogel upon addition of Cd(OAc)2. The coordination complexes responsible for metalloorganogel or solution formation have been studied with UV/Vis, Job's plot, ESI‐MS and fluorescence studies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the diluted metalloorganogel revealed unusual nanospherical aggregates (∼50 nm diameter) aligned together to create fibrous morphology, which was further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Nyquist impedance plot indicated that the metalloorganogel has a much lower resistance (R1=3.6 kΩ) than its non‐gelling counterpart (R2=5.6 kΩ) suggesting the formation of well‐organized fibres.
Value‐Added Formate Production from Selective Methanol Oxidation as Anodic Reaction to Enhance Electrochemical Hydrogen Cogeneration
Authors: Li Mei , Deng Xiaohui , Xiang Kun , Liang Yue , Zhao Bin , Hao Jie , Luo Jing‐Li , Fu Xian‐Zhu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractElectrolytic overall water splitting is a promising approach to produce H2, but its efficiency is severely limited by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the low activity of current electrocatalysts. To solve these problems, in addition to the development of efficient precious‐metal catalysts, an effective strategy is proposed to replace the OER by the selective methanol oxidation reaction. Ni–Co hydroxide [NixCo1−x(OH)2] nanoarrays were obtained through a facile hydrothermal treatment as the bifunctional electrocatalysts for the co‐electrolysis of methanol/water to produce H2 and value‐added formate simultaneously. The electrocatalyst could catalyze selective methanol oxidation (≈1.32 V) with a significantly lower energy consumption (≈0.2 V less) than OER. Importantly, methanol was transformed exclusively to value‐added formate with a high Faradaic efficiency (selectivity) close to 100 %. Specifically, a cell voltage of only approximately 1.5 V was required to generate a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the Ni0.33Co0.67(OH)2/Ni foam nanoneedle arrays presented an outstanding stability for overall co‐electrolysis.
Kinetic‐diffusion asymptotic‐preserving Monte Carlo algorithms for plasma edge neutral simulation
Authors: Mortier Bert , Baelmans Martine , Samaey Giovanni 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe developed novel Monte Carlo simulation strategies for the neutral model in plasma edge simulations where both low‐collisional and high‐collisional regimes are present. To maintain accuracy and reduce simulation costs in high‐collisional regimes, we use hybridized particles that exhibit both kinetic and diffusive behaviour depending on the local collisionality. The method maintains an asymptotically correct distribution and a correct mean, variance, and time correlation for all values of the collisionality. We apply this scheme to a fusion case with a strongly heterogeneous background, prompting the inclusion of a diffusion‐induced drift. Our numerical results show a large increase in efficiency at the expense of a minor bias.
Combined effects of global climate change and nutrient enrichment on the physiology of three temperate maerl species
Authors: Qui-Minet Zujaila Nohemy , Coudret Jérôme , Davoult Dominique , Grall Jacques , Mendez‐Sandin Miguel , Cariou Thierry , Martin Sophie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMade up of calcareous coralline algae, maerl beds play a major role as ecosystem engineers in coastal areas throughout the world. They undergo strong anthropogenic pressures, which may threaten their survival. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the future of maerl beds in the context of global and local changes. We examined the effects of rising temperatures (+3°C) and ocean acidification (−0.3 pH units) according to temperature and pH projections (i.e., the RCP 8.5 scenario), and nutrient (N and P) availability on three temperate maerl species (Lithothamnion corallioides, Phymatolithon calcareum, and Lithophyllum incrustans) in the laboratory in winter and summer conditions. Physiological rates of primary production, respiration, and calcification were measured on all three species in each treatment and season. The physiological response of maerl to global climate change was species‐specific and influenced by seawater nutrient concentrations. Future temperature–pH scenario enhanced maximal gross primary production rates in P. calcareum in winter and in L. corallioides in both seasons. Nevertheless, both species suffered an impairment of light harvesting and photoprotective mechanisms in winter. Calcification rates at ambient light intensity were negatively affected by the future temperature–pH scenario in winter, with net dissolution observed in the dark in L. corallioides and P. calcareum under low nutrient concentrations. Nutrient enrichment avoided dissolution under future scenarios in winter and had a positive effect on L. incrustans calcification rate in the dark in summer. In winter conditions, maximal calcification rates were enhanced by the future temperature–pH scenario on the three species, but P. calcareum suffered inhibition at high irradiances. In summer conditions, the maximal calcification rate dropped in L. corallioides under the future global climate change scenario, with a potential negative impact on CaCO3 budget for maerl beds in the Bay of Brest where this species is dominant. Our results highlight how local changes in nutrient availability or irradiance levels impact the response of maerl species to global climate change and thus point out how it is important to consider other abiotic parameters in order to develop management policies capable to increase the resilience of maerl beds under the future global climate change scenario.
Hydraulic requirements of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) and a conceptual framework for how they respond to high flows
Authors: Randklev Charles R. , Hart Michael A. , Khan Jennifer M. , Tsakiris Eric T. , Robertson Clinton R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpatiotemporal variability in flow determines the physical structures of habitat. During low flows, aquatic organisms can be exposed to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations, increased water temperature, and desiccation, whereas at high flows, increased velocity and hydraulic forces on the streambed can be equally detrimental. These constraints create a mosaic of habitat that influences the distribution and abundance of aquatic biota. This mosaic can change due to stochastic events or those mediated by humans. Understanding how low and high flow conditions affect aquatic organisms is critical not only for advancing ecological knowledge but also for protecting imperiled aquatic species such as unionid mussels. The overall goal of this project was to examine how substrate and hydrologic conditions affect mussel habitat and to then use the resulting information combined with life‐history traits and shell morphology (i.e., sculpturing) to better understand how flow shapes mussel assemblage structure. Using quantile regression, we found that low values of relative shear stress (RSS), a measure of substrate stability, were associated with high mussel species richness and density. Change point analysis using threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN) indicated species‐specific preferences for varying levels of bed stability. These preferences were best explained by life‐history strategy and shell morphology based on the results of a principal component analysis. Using these results, we then present a conceptual model from which to derive expectations concerning taxonomic composition, life‐history strategy, and shell sculpture type based on the degree of substrate mobility using RSS and variability in RSS.
Soil erosion rates assessed by RUSLE and PESERA for a Chinese Loess Plateau catchment under land‐cover changes
Authors: Li Pengfei , Zang Yuzhe , Ma Doudou , Yao Wanqiang , Holden Joseph , Irvine Brian , Zhao Guangju 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTOn the Chinese Loess Plateau, soil erosion models are often employed to predict erosion rates and responses to land‐use/‐cover changes (LUCCs). Previous Loess Plateau studies employed individual models with specific emphases but model comparisons have not been undertaken so the relative performance of different models is not known. In this study we employed two extensively applied models (RUSLE and PESERA) to investigate the impact of LUCCs during 1990–2000 and 2000–2011 on soil erosion rates for a typical Loess Plateau catchment (i.e. Huangfuchuan), and compared their modelling results. Land‐cover patterns for 1990, 2000 and 2011 were derived from Landsat images. The catchment was dominated by grassland (over 70%) and experienced considerable LUCCs: vegetation coverage increased from 38.3% in 1990 to 48.7% in 2011. Modelling results suggested that mean soil erosion rates of the catchment increased under the 1990–2000 LUCC and decreased under the 2000–2011 LUCC. Sandy land and scrubland were found to suffer from most severe soil erosion and thus should be the focus of future conservation work. Mean soil erosion rates on steep slopes (i.e. > 25°) were predicted to increase under the 2000–2011 LUCC, implying that further work is still needed to study soil erosion processes and their conservation on steep slopes. Model comparisons showed that RUSLE predictions were higher than PESERA predictions for most areas (particularly for steep slopes), and the former were generally closer than the latter to check‐dam sediment yield measurements. RUSLE and PESERA results were not linearly correlated, possibly due to differences in their underlying principles and their sensitivity to crucial parameters – RUSLE is more sensitive to slope gradients while PESERA is more sensitive to vegetation coverage. PESERA needs improvement to better account for steep slope erosion processes on the Loess Plateau, while RUSLE needs improvement in the description of vegetation effects. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Half‐Cells to Membrane‐Electrode Assemblies: a Comparison of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst Performance Characteristics
Authors: Kim O.‐H. , Ahn C.‐Y. , Kang S. Y. , Kim S. , Choi H. J. , Cho Y.‐H. , Sung Y.‐E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSeveral studies relying on the improvements to the important oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity for increasing the performance of fuel cells have been reported. However, the application of catalyst conditions used for realizing the excellent activity in a half‐cell to a single‐cell does not guarantee the translation of the excellent performance. Therefore, we investigated the performance characteristics of various types of commercially available catalysts, including alloy catalysts, and compared the trends between the half‐cells and single‐cells using linear scan voltammetry (LSV), polarization curves (IVP), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Furthermore, regression analysis was performed to identify the influential factors for examining the complex relationship between the half‐cell and single‐cell performance parameters. The study reveals, that it is highly challenging to express the performances of the catalyst and single‐cell using isolated factors. Additionally, even though the measured activity of the catalyst in a half‐cell is higher than that in the other half‐cells, the difference does not manifest significantly in the single‐cell when the conditions required for its activity are not optimized, indicating that the overall performance of the fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is not determined solely by the catalyst.