bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complementary Effects of Adaptation and Gain Control on Sound Encoding in Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Pennington Jacob R. , David Stephen V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn important step toward understanding how the brain represents complex natural sounds is to develop accurate models of auditory coding by single neurons. A commonly used model is the linear-nonlinear spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF; LN model). The LN model accounts for many features of auditory tuning, but it cannot account for long-lasting effects of sensory context on sound-evoked activity. Two mechanisms that may support these contextual effects are short-term plasticity (STP) and contrast-dependent gain control (GC), which have inspired expanded versions of the LN model. Both models improve performance over the LN model, but they have never been compared directly. Thus, it is unclear whether they account for distinct processes or describe one phenomenon in different ways. To address this question, we recorded activity of neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1) of awake ferrets during presentation of natural sounds. We then fit models incorporating one nonlinear mechanism (GC or STP) or both (GC+STP) using this single dataset, and measured the correlation between the models’ predictions and the recorded neural activity. Both the STP and GC models performed significantly better than the LN model, but the GC+STP model outperformed both individual models. We also quantified the equivalence of STP and GC model predictions and found only modest similarity. Consistent results were observed for a dataset collected in clean and noisy acoustic contexts. These results establish general methods for evaluating the equivalence of arbitrarily complex encoding models and suggest that the STP and GC models describe complementary processes in the auditory system.
Normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism: least significant change for adjusted serum calcium
Authors: Schini Marian , Jacques Richard , Oakes Eleanor , Peel Nicola , Walsh Jennifer S , Eastell Richard 
Published: October 2020

Introduction
The least significant change (LSC) is a term used in individuals in order to evaluate whether one measurement has changed significantly from the previous one. It is widely used when assessing bone mineral density (BMD) scans. To the best of our knowledge, there no such estimate available in the literature for patients with disorders of calcium metabolism. Our aim was to provide an estimate of the least significant change for albumin-adjusted calcium in patients with normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT) and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).

Methods
We used the within-subject standard deviatio calculated in a population of NPHPT and PHPT patients and multiplied it by 2.77.

Results
The LSC for NPHPT and PHPT were found to be 0.25 and 0.24 mmol/L, respectively (1.00 and 0.96 mg/dL). In clinical practice, the value of 0.25 mmol/L could be used.

Discussion
The least significant change given, could be used in two ways in these patients. First, it gives a range to which values are expected. This can provide some reassurance for the patient and the physician in cases of intermittent hypercalcaemia. Moreover, it can be a marker of whether an individual has an actual significant change of his calcium after parathyroid surgery.
Body mass index rather than the phenotype impacts precocious ultrasound cardiovascular risk markers in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Pandurevic Srdjan , Bergamaschi Luca , Pizzi Carmine , Patton Laura , Rucci Paola , Corzani Francesca , Cecchetti Carolina , Pelusi Carla , Altieri Paola , Vicennati Valentina , Di Dalmazi Guido , Fanelli Flaminia , Macut Djuro , Pagotto Uberto , Gambineri Alessandra 
Published: October 2020

Objective
Research into cardiovascular disease (CV) prevention has demonstrated a variety of ultrasound (US) markers predicting risk in the general population but which have been scarcely used for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Obesity is a major factor contributing to CV disease in the general population, and it is highly prevalent in PCOS. However, it is still unclear how much risk is attributable to hyperandrogenism. This study evaluates the most promising US CV risk markers in PCOS and compares them between different PCOS phenotypes and BMI values.

Design
Women fulfilling the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS were recruited from our outpatient clinic for this cross-sectional study.

Methods
Participants (n = 102) aged 38.9 ± 7.4 years were stratified into the four PCOS phenotypes and the three BMI classes (normal-weight, overweight, obese). They were assessed for clinical and biochemical parameters together with the following US markers: coronary intima-media thickness (cIMT), flow-mediated vascular dilation (FMD), nitroglycerine-induced dilation (NTG), and epicardial fat thickness (EFT).

Results
There was no statistical difference among the four phenotypes in terms of cIMT, FMD, NTG or EFT, however all the US parameters except NTG showed significant differences among the three BMI classes. Adjusting for confounding factors in multiple regression analyses, EFT retained the greatest direct correlation with BMI and cIMT remained directly correlated but to a lesser degree.

Conclusions
This study showed that obesity rather than the hyperandrogenic phenotype negatively impacts precocious US CV risk markers in PCOS. In addition, EFT showed the strongest association with BMI, highlighting its potential for estimating CV risk in PCOS.
Guest Column: Naming the Problem That Led to the Question “Who Shall Teach African American Literature?”; or, Are We Ready to Disband the Wheadey Court?
Authors: McKay Nellie Y. 
Published: October 2020

We whose names are underwritten, do assure the World, that the poems in the following Page, were (as we verily believe,) written by phillis, a young Negro Girl, who was but a few Years since, brought an uncultivated Barbarian from Africa. […] She has been examined by some of the best Judges, and is thought qualified to write them.Attestation in Phillis Wheatley'sPoems on Various Subjects, Religious and MoralThe poems written by this young negro bear no endemial marks of solar fire or spirit. They are merely imitative; and, indeed, most of those people have a turn for imitation, though they have little or none for invention.Anonymous reviewer of Wheatley's poems in 1764 (Shields 267)It was not natural. And she was the first. […] Phillis Miracle Wheatley: The first Black human being to be published in America. […] But the miracle of Black poetry in America, the difficult miracle of Black poetry in America, is that we have been rejected […] frequently dismissed […] because, like Phillis Wheatley, we have persisted for freedom. […] And it was not natural. And she was the first. […] This is the difficult miracle of Black poetry in America; that we persist, published or not, and loved or unloved: we persist.June Jordan (252, 254, 261)More than two hundred years have gone by since the spring of 1773, when Phillis Wheatley, subject of the epigraphs of this essay, an African slave girl and the first person of her racial origin to publish a book in North America, collected her best poems and submitted them to public scrutiny. In search of authentication, she appeared with them before eighteen white men of high social and political esteem, “the best Judges” for such a case in colonial Boston. Wheatley's owners and supporters arranged this special audience to promote her as a writer. According to popular wisdom of the time, Africans were intellectually incapable of producing literature. None of the Anglo-Americans beyond her immediate circle could imagine her reading and writing well enough to create poetry.
The Child—What Sort of Human?
Authors: Bhabha Jacqueline 
Published: October 2020

The rights of the child [are] the first rights of citizenship.—Herbert Hoover's “Children's Charter”The assumption that children are not citizens is deeply rooted in our civic traditions.—Bill Bell, “Are Children Citizens?”The rubbish dump is close to where they live, but there is little money to be made there and it involves plenty of risks. The rats, the filth and the smell are all deeply unappealing; the risk of injury and infections from broken glass or jagged metal is high. Selling food is another option, but there are start-up costs…. In comparison with the jobs available, prostitution is well paid…. Without the school-leaving certificates… necessary for any sort of office or shop work …, the children's only other option, besides sorting rubbish, is begging, which is seen as a poor choice as earnings fluctuate greatly.—H. MontgomeryHuman rights doctrine defines its brief inclusively to encompass “all members of the human family” (Universal Declaration, preamble). But the vantage point from which human interactions are viewed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), although it invokes the family metaphor, is partial: all humans “should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood” (art. 1). This disjunction between inclusive membership and partial perspective encapsulates the position of children in human rights doctrine: they are included in the broad scope of protection but peripheral to the framing conception of agency. The particular conception of “human” motivating the doctrine is restrictive in other ways relevant to childhood: article 1 of the UDHR states, “All humans … are endowed with reason and conscience,” which is manifestly not true unless “endowed” is interpreted to indicate a capability rather than an ontological state. But “endowed” suggests a current reality, not a future possibility. As the Brazilian delegation to the UDHR drafting process wryly noted, “[U]nfortunately it is not exactly true that all men are endowed by nature with reason and conscience” (qtd. in Morsink 297). And it is certainly not true that all children are. How, then, do children fit into the human rights project?
Perfil clínico de pacientes oncológicos e reações de hipersensibilidade aos agentes antineoplásicos sistêmicos
Authors: Barbosa-Lima Ricardo , Kameo Simone Yuriko , Vassilievitch Andressa Cabral , Fonseca Tiago Vasconcelos , Silva Glebson Moura , Sawada Namie Okino 
Published: October 2020

OBJETIVO: Identificar o perfil clínico de pacientes oncológicos e reações de hipersensibilidade aos agentes antineoplásicos sistêmicos. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo documental e retrospectivo, com dados obtidos de prontuários clínicos de pacientes oncológicos em tratamento quimioterápico. Foram analisados 249 prontuários clínicos entre janeiro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014 para identificar reações de hipersensibilidade e extrair dados demográficos e clínicos. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados seis prontuários de pacientes com episódios de hipersensibilidade aos quimioterápicos. Na amostra 66,7% foram pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade média de 58,4 anos (DP: ± 14,9) e câncer em estágio III (66,7%), sendo os tumores de cólon e ovário os tipos mais prevalentes (33,3%). A incidência de reações de hipersensibilidade foi 2,4%. Nos 12 episódios estudados, o desconforto respiratório foi o sintoma mais frequente (58,3%) e hiperemia foi o sinal mais frequente (50%). O rituximabe foi o agente antineoplásico mais associado a tais reações (33,3%), seguido pela combinação de FOLFOX e bevacizumabe (25%). A maioria dos episódios ocorreram no segundo ciclo quimioterápico (25%). CONCLUSÃO: As reações de hipersensibilidade à quimioterápicos sistêmicos dependem dos fármacos selecionados e das respostas desenvolvidas pelos pacientes, com ampla variação de sinais e sintomas.
Postglacial Mw 7.0–7.5 Earthquakes on the North Olympic Fault Zone, Washington
Authors: Schermer Elizabeth R. , Amos Colin B. , Duckworth William Cody , Nelson Alan R. , Angster Stephen , Delano Jaime , Sherrod Brian L. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTHolocene crustal faulting in the northern Olympic Peninsula of Washington State manifests in a zone of west-northwest-striking crustal faults herein named the North Olympic fault zone, which extends for ∼80  km along strike and includes the Lake Creek–Boundary Creek fault to the east and the Sadie Creek fault and newly discovered scarps to the west. This study focuses on the Sadie Creek fault, which extends for &gt;14  km west-northwest from Lake Crescent. Airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) imagery reveals the trace of the Sadie Creek fault and offset postglacial landforms showing a history of Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes dominated by dextral displacement along a steeply dipping fault zone. Paleoseismic trenches at two sites on the Sadie Creek fault reveal till and outwash overlain by progressively buried forest and wetland soils developed on scarp-derived colluvial wedges. Trench exposures of complex faulting with subhorizontal slickenlines indicate dextral displacement with lesser dip slip. Correlation of broadly constrained time intervals for earthquakes at the Sadie Creek sites and those to the east along the Lake Creek–Boundary Creek fault is consistent with rupture of much of the length of the North Olympic fault zone three to four times: at about 11, 7, 3, and 1 ka, with a shorter rupture at about 8.5 ka. Dated ruptures from trenches only partially coincide with coseismic landslides and megaturbidites in Lake Crescent, indicating that some earthquakes did not trigger megaturbidites, and some turbidites were unrelated to local fault rupture. Landform mapping suggests single-event dextral displacement of 4±1  m on the Sadie Creek fault. Inferred maximum rupture length and single-event slip imply earthquake magnitudes Mw 7.0–7.5. Dextral slip rates of 1.3–2.3  mm/yr and the ∼11,000  yr slip history suggest that the North Olympic fault zone is a prominent contributor to permanent strain in the northern Cascadia fore-arc.
A cross-sectional study of predictors of hypertension among tribal women in Western Maharashtra
Authors: Rawat Shalini , Yadav Ashwini , Bhate Kamaxi 
Published: October 2020

Background: Hypertension is a major public health problem and also major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence and severity of hypertension increases with age, and it becomes difficult to control blood pressure with increasing age particularly in women. Thus present study aims to explores the risk factors contributing for hypertension among women.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre of Community Medicine Department for one month duration September to October 2017. All the women reporting to general OPD for routine visit to RHTC were included. Informed consent was obtained. The participants who were already known hypertensives and were already on medication were excluded. Total 200 subjects were included in the study. Percentages, chi-square test and P-value were calculated using Epi Info software.Results: Out of total 200 women maximum were in the age group of 40-60 years (64%) followed by (22.5%)in 60-70 years. 40% of women were found to be normotensive, 16% were in stage one 12% were in stage two and 32% were showing elevated blood pressure. Hypertension was found to be significantly associated with modifiable risk factors like BMI, physical activity, waist circumference. 66.66% of women who were obese were found to be hypertensive. 91.91% of women who had family history of hypertension were themselves hypertensive and 97 (48.5%) women who had diabetes out of them 82.47% were both diabetic as well as hypertensive.Conclusions: Screening, detection and treatment of NCDs, are key components of the response to non-communicable diseases.
Increased Level of Caspase-1 in the Serum of Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) Patients
Authors: Beheshti Masoumeh , Salehi Zahra , Abolfazli Roya , Shirzad Hedayatolah , Izad Maryam 
Published: October 2020

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, in which proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the pathogenic formation of lesions. Caspase-1 is a cysteine protease that proteolytically cleaves precursors of interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β and turns them into their active forms. These inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the development of MS. The aim of the present study was the investigation of caspase-1 and its downstream products, IL-18 and IL-1β, in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients. In this study, we used an ELISA assay to measure serum and cellular caspase-1 and serum levels of IL-18 and IL-1β in RRMS patients in the relapse phase (n=23) and healthy age-and gender-matched controls (n=19). We observed that the caspase-1 level was significantly increased in the serum of MS patients compared to the healthy controls (p=0.03). Although caspase-1 concentration in the lysate of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was higher than serum among patients and controls (p<0.001), no significant difference was found in cellular levels of caspase-1 between the two groups. There was no significant difference in serum levels of IL-18 and IL-1β between patients and controls. In this study, we found an elevation of extracellular caspase-1, as a reflection of its intracellular level, in the serum of RRMS patients during the relapse phase. Therefore, it suggests being a suitable peripheral biomarker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis.
Projeto Educabella: ações educativas para prevenção da violência contra a mulher nas escolas municipais de Ipojuca
Authors: Nascimento dos Santos Iraneide , Morais de Amorim Nayelli Clara , Da Silva Ysllaini Virgínia , Da Paz L. do Nascimento Luana , Mirelli Vasconcelos Viana Rafaela , Silva de Aguiar Alexsandro , Aguiar Teixeira Rezende Ana Paula 
Published: October 2020

O objetivo deste texto é descrever as ações de educação em saúde promovidas por discentes do Programa de Extensão do Curso de Segurança do Trabalho do Instituto Federal de Pernambuco (IFPE) com adolescentes do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Ipojuca/PE sobre violência contra a mulher. Trata-se de um relato de experiência embasado na vivência prática do Projeto “Educabella”, desenvolvido no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2019. As ações educativas do projeto foram fundamentadas nos princípios da pesquisa-ação, que teve a estratégia da oficina educativa para promover maior envolvimento e participação das estudantes na apresentação e discussão do tema. Nas atividades educativas foram abordados os seguintes assuntos, a saber: o que é violência; formas de violência; consequências da violência para a saúde; a lei Maria da Penha e o ligue 180; e empoderamento feminino. Todas as escolas selecionadas foram atendidas, sendo dez escolas alcançadas e 339 adolescentes participantes. Como resultados, nas visitas às escolas observou-se que a ação educativa proporcionou a construção de novos saberes sobre a violência contra a mulher, na qual houve participação ativa e grande interesse das adolescentes pelo assunto, pois a didática empregada permitiu a aquisição de novos conhecimentos a partir de um processo educativo-participativo. A experiência das discentes do curso de segurança em atividades de educação em saúde sobre violência contra a mulher no âmbito escolar, mostrou-se relevante para viabilizar a essas a aquisição de novas habilidades em ações educativas, como também, para difundir o conhecimento sobre violência contra a mulher às adolescentes.
­­Lyme borreliosis in Finland: A register-based linkage study
Authors: Feuth Eeva , Virtanen Mikko , Helve Otto , Hytönen Jukka , Sane Jussi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: In Finland, the routine surveillance of Lyme borreliosis (LB) is laboratory-based. In addition, we have well established national health care registers where countrywide data from patient visits in public health care units are collected. In our previous study based on these registers, we reported an increasing incidence of both microbiologically confirmed and clinically diagnosed LB cases in Finland during the past years. Here, we evaluated our register data, refined LB incidence estimates provided in our previous study, and evaluated treatment practices considering LB in the primary health care. Methods: Three national health care registers were used. The Register for Primary Health Care Visits (Avohilmo) and the National Hospital Discharge Register (Hilmo) collect physician-recorded data from the outpatient and inpatient health care visits, respectively, whereas the National Infectious Diseases Register (NIDR) represents positive findings in LB diagnostics notified electronically by microbiological laboratories. We used a personal identification number in register-linkage to identify LB cases on an individual level in the study year 2014. In addition, antibiotic purchase data was retrieved from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution in order to evaluate the LB treatment practices in the primary health care in Finland. Results: Avohilmo was found to be useful in monitoring clinically diagnosed LB (i.e. erythema migrans (EM) infections), whereas Hilmo did not add much value next to existing laboratory-based surveillance of disseminated LB. However, Hilmo gave valuable information about uncertainties related to physician-based surveillance of disseminated LB and the total annual number of EM infections in our country. Antibiotic purchases associated with the LB-related outpatient visits in the primary health care indicated a good compliance with the recommended treatment guidelines. Conclusions: Avohilmo and laboratory-based NIDR together are useful in monitoring LB incidence in Finland. A good compliance was observed with the recommended treatment guidelines of clinically diagnosed LB in the primary health care. In 2018, Avohilmo was introduced in the routine surveillance of LB in Finland next to laboratory-based surveillance of disseminated LB.
An immunochemistry-based screen for chemical inhibitors of DNA-protein interactions and its application to human CGGBP1
Authors: Patel Manthan , Patel Divyesh , Datta Subhamoy , Singh Umashankar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background Inhibition of DNA-binding of proteins by small-molecule chemicals holds immense potential in manipulating the activities of DNA-binding proteins. Such a chemical inhibition of DNA-binding of proteins can be used to modulate processes such as replication, transcription, DNA repair and maintenance of epigenetic states. This prospect is currently challenged with the absence of robust and generic protocols to identify DNA-protein interactions. Additionally, much of the current approaches to designing inhibitors requires structural information of the target proteins. Methods We have developed a simple dot blot and immunodetection-based assay to screen chemical libraries for inhibitors of DNA-protein interactions. The assay has been applied to a library of 1685 FDA-approved chemicals to discover inhibitors of CGGBP1, a multifunctional DNA-binding protein with no known structure. Additional in vitro and in cellulo assays have been performed to verify and supplement the findings of the screen. Results Our primary screen has identified multiple inhibitors of direct or indirect interactions between CGGBP1 and genomic DNA. Of these, one inhibitor, Givinostat, was found to inhibit direct DNA-binding of CGGBP1 in the secondary screen using purified recombinant protein as the target. DNA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reinforced the findings of the screen that Givinostat inhibits CGGBP1-DNA binding. Conclusions The assay we have described successfully identifies verifiable inhibitors of DNA-binding of protein; in this example, the human CGGBP1. This assay is customizable for a wide range of targets for which primary antibodies are available. It works with different sources of the target protein, cell lysates or purified recombinant preparations and does not require special equipment, DNA modifications or protein structural data. This assay is scalable and highly adaptable with the potential to discover inhibitors of transcription factors with implications in cancer biology.