bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal vascular manifestations of obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: D'Souza Haley , Kapoor Kapil G. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
The aim of this article is to summarize up-to-date research on the effects of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on retinal vascular conditions.

Recent findings
OSA is associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and central serous chorioretinopathy. The severity of OSA and biomarkers such as the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) correlate with the severity of retinal disease. Dysregulation of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) genes that govern circadian rhythm is associated with development of proliferative retinal disease.

Summary
OSA and retinal vascular disease have a high cost burden on the healthcare system. OSA creates systemic changes and hypoxic conditions that may incite or exacerbate retinal vascular diseases. Retinal changes may be the first clinical manifestation of otherwise undiagnosed OSA, so it is important to refer patients with new-onset retinal vascular disease for appropriate sleep testing.
Orbital disease in neuro-ophthalmology
Authors: Dohlman Jenny C. , Cestari Dean M. , Freitag Suzanne K. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
Orbital disease represents a diverse spectrum of pathology and can result in a variety of neuro-ophthalmic manifestations. The aim of this review is to provide updates on recent advances in our understanding of orbital disease secondary to thyroid eye disease, myositis, IgG4-related disease, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and various tumours.

Recent findings
With regards to thyroid eye disease, there have been recent advances in the development of steroid-sparing therapies, new modalities for objectively monitoring disease activity and increased understanding of the role of environmental risk factors. There has been interest in characterizing the clinical course and underlying mechanism of optic nerve disease secondary to orbital disorders, which has led to advances in how we monitor for and prevent permanent vision loss. Increased knowledge of orbital tumour subtype histopathology and the development of novel classification systems has had prognostic value and aided medical decision-making.

Summary
Orbital disease occurs secondary to a wide variety of diseases and can lead to neuro-ophthalmic manifestations with significant morbidity. Advances in our understanding of different subtypes of orbital disease have improved our ability to treat these potentially debilitating conditions.
Optic nerve sheath meningioma
Authors: Douglas Vivian Paraskevi , Douglas Konstantinos A.A. , Cestari Dean M. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of reviewOptic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSMs) are rare benign tumors of the anterior visual pathway which present with slowly progressive and painless vision loss and account for approximately 2% of all orbital tumors. This article provides an overview as well as an update on the ONSMs with regards to cause, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management in adults and pediatric population.Recent findingsThe clinical presentation and prognosis of ONSMs can vary and largely depend on the location of tumor as well as the histologic type. Overall, the diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, examination, and neuroimaging findings. Nevertheless, delays in diagnosis or misdiagnosis are not uncommon and can result in higher morbidity rates. Recent advances in diagnostic as well as more effective and less-invasive treatment options are discussed in this review.SummaryONSMs are a rare cause of slowly progressive and inexorable visual loss. Although ONSM diagnosis depends on the characteristic clinical and radiologic findings, prompt diagnosis, and appropriate management is critical for favorable visual outcomes. Thus, current focus is optimizing diagnostic as well-treatment methods for patients with ONSMs.
Visual hallucinations in psychiatric, neurologic, and ophthalmologic disease
Authors: Coerver Katherine A. , Subramanian Prem S. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
Recent studies have increased our understanding of the biochemical and structural bases of visual hallucinations in patients with a variety of underlying causes.

Recent findings
Visual hallucinations may be related to disruption of functional connectivity networks, with underlying biochemical dysfunction such as decreased in cholinergic activity. Structural abnormalities in primary and higher order visual processing areas also have been found in patients with visual hallucinations. The occurrence of visual hallucinations after vision loss, the Charles Bonnet syndrome, may have more functional similarity to psychiatric and neurodegenerative causes than previously suspected despite retained insight into the unreal nature of the phenomena.

Summary
Visual hallucinations are common, and patients may not report them if specific inquiries are not made. Presence or absence of hallucinations may be of diagnostic and therapeutic importance, especially in patients with neurodegenerative conditions that have overlapping features. Treatment of visual hallucinations remains challenging and must be tailored to each patient based on the underlying cause and comorbid conditions.
Eye pain in the white and quiet eye
Authors: Kulenkamp Jerome , McClelland Collin M. , Lee Michael S. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
Eye pain is one of the most common presenting symptoms in ophthalmology. It can range from bothersome to debilitating for patients, and it can be vexing for clinicians, especially in the white and quiet eye. The purpose of this review is to provide updates of recent literature regarding eye pain and to communicate our current understanding regarding the evaluation and management of conditions that cause eye pain with a relatively normal examination.

Recent findings
This review concerns recent literature regarding eye pain in the white and quiet eye. It is arranged by cause of pain and discusses dry eye syndrome, recurrent corneal erosion, postrefractive surgical pain, eye strain, intermittent angle closure, benign essential blepharospasm, trochleodynia, trochleitis and trochlear headache, and posterior scleritis.

Summary
Eye pain in the white and quiet eye remains a difficult-to-navigate topic for practitioners. However, a careful history and focused physical examination can elucidate the diagnosis in many cases. Recent updates to the literature have advanced our knowledge of how to identify and treat the underlying causes of eye pain.
Update on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Holroyd Kathryn B. , Manzano Giovanna S. , Levy Michael 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of reviewNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is an autoimmune disease that causes optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Attacks can cause severe neurological damage leading to blindness and paralysis. Understanding of the immunopathogenesis of this disease has led to major breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment. In the past 18 months, three successful phase 3 clinical trials have been published using targeted approaches to preventing relapses.Recent findingsUpdates in epidemiology, imaging, quality of life and treatment for acute relapse and prevention have been published in the past 18 months. Epidemiology studies are distinguishing patients based on their antigen specificity for aquaporin-4 and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, which are increasingly recognized as separate immunological conditions. Imaging by MRI and optical coherence tomography continue to be developed as tools to distinguish neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) from other diseases. This is especially relevant as the recent clinical trials showed differences in response between aquaporin-4 seropositive and seronegative patients. The three drugs that were tested for prevention of NMOSD relapses were eculizumab, inebilizumab, and satralizumab. All of the trials were worldwide, placebo-controlled, double-masked studies that demonstrated a clear benefit with each approach.SummaryRecent research in NMOSD has resulted in improved diagnosis and approved treatments.
Ocular manifestations of Blau syndrome
Authors: Suresh Sandip , Tsui Edmund 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
This article summarizes the systemic and ocular manifestations of Blau syndrome, its genetic basis, and reviews recently published literature.

Recent findings
A large multicenter prospective case series is underway, with 3-year preliminary results indicating the prevalence of uveitis, clinical characteristics and early data on its visual prognosis. Case reports have demonstrated the successful use of newer biologic agents.

Summary
Blau syndrome is an exceedingly rare autoinflammatory disorder with skin, joint and eye manifestations. It is caused by autosomal dominant mutations of the NOD2 protein. Eye involvement is typically a chronic bilateral granulomatous iridocyclitis, often with multifocal choroiditis in the posterior segment. Treatment starts with topical and systemic steroids and often requires antimetabolites or biologic agents.
Surgical Site Infection Caused by Salmonella Enteritidis in a Patient With Meningioma
Authors: Gupta Parakriti , Angrup Archana , Ray Pallab , Karthigeyan Madhivanan , Salunke Pravin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Salmonella is known to cause gastrointestinal illness globally. Primarily being an enteric pathogen, other extraintestinal infections are often obscured by gastrointestinal disease. However, Salmonella has also been reported to cause wound infections, endovascular infections, pneumonia, abscess, and osteomyelitis. These are more commonly encountered in immunocompromised patients, especially in developing countries. The authors report a case of surgical-site infection caused by Salmonella in a patient with meningioma. Salmonella causes only less than 1% of infections involving bones and joints and is more commonly reported from patients with sickle-cell hemoglobinopathy or autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Our patient had no such risk factors. This report highlights the unusual presentation of Salmonella infection in a diabetic patient, which further complicated the ongoing illness, thereby increasing the morbidity.
Cecropins Activity Against Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Gholizadeh Abdolmajid , Moradi Bagher 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Today, resistant bacteria are challenges in the treatment of bacterial infections. Cecropins are compounds that kill bacteria by affecting the membrane of microorganisms, such as Acinetobacter, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of cecropins against bacterial pathogens quantitatively. In this study, articles reporting antimicrobial activity of cecropins were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using the Google Scholar search engine. Then, the results of the current study were evaluated quantitatively. In this study, we found 29 studies reporting cecropins antimicrobial activity against major bacterial pathogens. Also, there were 25 studies on cecropin antimicrobial activity against gram-negative pathogens, and it was cleared that cecropin B antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was lesser than others (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.4 μg/ML), and we showed that Staphylococcus aureus growth can be inhibited by Cecropin AD more than others (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.2 μg/Ml). Because cecropin peptides have no adverse effect on the human cells, and also, it has been demonstrated that cecropins have acceptable functions against pathogenic bacteria, we showed that they are potential candidates for research and construction of novel antibiotics.
Cefiderocol as Adjunctive Treatment of Necrotizing Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Due to Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Roy Amanda M. , Hodgson MacGregor , Brickman Cristina , MacDougall Conan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
There are few treatment options for patients with extensively drug-resistant gram-negative infections. Cefiderocol is a novel β-lactam with excellent in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative isolates, including carbapenem-resistant strains. However, this drug performed poorly versus best available therapy in an open-label randomized study of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative infections. Here, we present a case of a 32-year-old man with necrotizing ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa who developed resistance to meropenem and ceftolozane/tazobactam while on therapy. Addition of expanded-access cefiderocol to his antimicrobial regimen contributed to successful microbiological cure while limiting exposure to nephrotoxic therapeutic agents.
A Rare Etiology of Right-sided Pseudopneumoperitoneum
Authors: Arroyo Martínez Yadis , Segarra Chanlir , Pagán Bolívar Andrea , Ramsakal Asha , Greene John N. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chilaiditi sign is a rare, usually benign intestinal radiographic phenomenon, produced by the interposition of the colon or small bowel in the hepatodiaphragmatic space. Clinically, it can appear as an asymptomatic anatomic abnormality or with an array of gastrointestinal symptoms, most commonly abdominal pain. Diagnosis is usually an incidental finding noted on routine chest x-ray. Identification of Chilaiditi sign is important to recognize to limit unnecessary radiologic and surgical interventions. We present the case of a 71-year-old man with an incidental chest x-ray finding of gaseous distention below the right hemidiaphragm. He was asymptomatic and managed conservatively.
Combination of Remdesivir, Corticosteroid, and Convalescent Plasma for Severe COVID-19 in Periviable Pregnancy
Authors: Lam Helena , Lacasse Alexandre 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may lead to a disease spectrum named COVID-19, including a severe form of pneumonia characterized by an intense inflammatory response similar to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current management guidelines in pregnancy have been limited. In the setting of severe COVID-19 in pregnancy, including in the periviability period, combination multitargeted therapy should be strongly considered. We report a case of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a periviable pregnancy treated with concurrent combination of remdesivir, corticosteroids, and convalescent plasma therapy, leading to rapid maternal pulmonary improvement.
Three Properties of SARS-CoV-2 That Promote COVID-19
Authors: Rosenthal Ken S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Much of COVID-19 disease can be attributed to the stable structure of the envelope, which facilitates its transmission; the spike protein and its receptor which determine which tissues get infected and are susceptible to viral and immune cytolysis; and evasion of initiation of type 1 and 3 interferons, which gives the virus a replicative head start and ability to spread while simultaneously compromising the antiviral immune response.
Assessing the Impact of a Pharmacist-Managed Discharge Medication Reconciliation Pilot at a Community Hospital System
Authors: Petrovich Betty , Sweet Michelle , Gillian Sarah , Copenhaver Jennifer 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
With unintended medication discrepancy rates ranging from 30% to 70%, a formal discharge medication reconciliation process must be developed. One strategy shown to reduce medication errors is a pharmacist medication review at discharge. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of a pharmacist-driven discharge medication reconciliation program.

Methods:
The intervention group included pharmacist-reviewed patients with a high risk of unplanned readmission score and had a discharge order signed during a 2-month period. The control group included eligible patients who were not reviewed by a pharmacist. The after-visit summaries for both groups were then reviewed for additional medication discrepancies.

Results:
This study included 140 patients, with 70 patients in each group. A total of 176 discrepancies were identified in the intervention group and 235 were found in the control group. The median number of discrepancies per patient was not statistically different between groups (2 vs. 2, p-value = .196). There were 22 and 24 30-day hospital readmissions in the intervention and control groups, respectively (p-value = .857).

Conclusions:
More medication discrepancies were identified in the control group compared to pharmacist-reviewed patients. More robust studies including a pharmacist dedicated to discharge medication reconciliation should be conducted to identify the potential benefit.
Optimum waveform envelopes and amplitude ratios in oscillometric blood pressure estimation
Authors: Alvarado Alvarez Mariana , Padwal Raj , Ringrose Jennifer , Jalali Afrooz , Hiebert Wayne 
Published: September 2020

Objective
To determine if, when using the oscillometric method, there is a specific range of amplitude ratios in the fixed-ratio algorithm that will result in blood pressure estimates that consistently fall within a mean error ≤5 mmHg and a SD of the error <8 mmHg. Additionally, to apply different representations of the oscillometric waveform envelope to verify if this will affect the accuracy of the results.

Methods
SBP and DBP were obtained using the fixed-ratios method applied to a dataset of 219 oscillometric measurements obtained from 73 healthy volunteers and compared to their corresponding auscultation values. Ratio and envelope analysis were done on Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, USA).

Results
Depending on the envelope representation, ratios between 0.44–0.74 for systolic pressure and 0.51–0.85 for diastolic pressure yield results within the limits mentioned above. When a set of optimum envelope representations and ratios are selected based on population mean, the highest percentage of subjects presenting blood pressure estimates within the limits were 72.6% for systolic and 69.9% for diastolic.

Conclusion
The range of ratios presenting optimum results appears to be independent of the degree of arterial stiffness given the wide range of ages of the subjects in the study. Different representations of the oscillometric waveform envelope may improve the accuracy of the method. However, there remains a considerable percentage of the population with unreliable results. It is therefore important to only use devices that have been properly validated according to standard protocol.
Prognostic value of SYNTAX score and SYNTAX score II in an ‘all-comers’ population treated with angoplasty
Authors: Yanes Bowden Geoffrey J. , Bosa Ojeda Francisco , Jiménez Sosa Alejandro , Sánchez-Grande Flecha Alejandro , Méndez Vargas Corabel , Leiva Gordillo Miguel , Miranda Bacallado Julio 
Published: September 2020

Objectives
The SYNTAX score and SYNTAX score II have a high predictive capacity for adverse cardiovascular events. We aimed to demonstrate that both scores were good predictors of long-term adverse outcomes in an ‘all-comers’ population treated with a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods
In the study, we included 785 patients who received an angioplasty at our center between January 2011 and December 2012. The patients were distributed in tertiles according to the SYNTAX score and SYNTAX score II values; for the SYNTAX score – low ≤6.5 (n = 225); mid >6.5, <11.5 (n = 229); high  ≥11.5 (n = 221); and for the SYNTAX score II PCI: low ≤20.5 (n = 226); mid >20.5, < 29.6 (n = 221); and high ≥29.6 (n = 218).

Results
The rates of major adverse cardiovascular events, death, cardiac death and new revascularizations at 3 years were significantly higher in the highest tertile of both the scores. For SYNTAX score: major adverse cardiovascular events, 12–15.3–21.7%, P < 0.001; death, 7.6–8.3–14%, P = 0.04; cardiac death, 3.2–2.7–7.5%, P = 0.03; new revascularizations, 4.5–8.6–10.4%, P = 0.001. For SYNTAX score II PCI: major adverse cardiovascular events, 8–10.9–28.9%, P < 0.001; death, 3.1–3.6–21.5%, P < 0.001; cardiac death, 0.9–0.5–11.4%, P < 0.001; new revascularizations, 4.5–8.2–11.3%, P = 0.03.

Conclusion
The SYNTAX score II showed better predictive capacity than the SYNTAX score for major adverse cardiovascular events, death and cardiac death, with no difference noted for new revascularizations, and it was an independent predictor for these events in an ‘all-comers’ population.
18F-FDG-PET brain imaging may highlight brain metabolic alterations in dysautonomic syndrome after human papilloma virus vaccination
Authors: Vadalà Maria , Cistaro Angelina , Quartuccio Natale , Calcagni Maria Lucia , Fania Piercarlo , Margotti Simone , Schiera Irene Giovanna , Laurino Carmen , Palmieri Beniamino 
Published: September 2020

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate brain glucose metabolism by means of [18F]-fluoro-deoxygluycose (18F-FDG) PET in a group of patients presenting dysautonomic syndrome after human papilloma virus (HPV) immunization.

Methods
Medical records of patients, referred to the ‘Second Opinion Medical Consulting Network’ Medical Centre (Modena, Italy) diagnosed with dysautonomic syndrome were searched. Inclusion criteria were presence in the medical history of adverse drug reactions following HPV vaccine; a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score <25 and good quality of a 18F-FDG-PET brain scan performed within 12 months from the diagnosis of dysautonomic syndrome. 18F-FDG-PET images of patients (HPV-group) were compared to a control group, matched for age and sex, using statistical parametric mapping (SPM).

Results
The 18F-FDG-PET study was available for five female patients. The SPM-group analysis revealed significant hypometabolism (P < 0.05 false discovery rate corrected) in the right superior and medial temporal gyrus (Brodmann areas 22, 21) and insula (Brodmann area 13). At a threshold of P < 0.001 (uncorrected), further hypometabolic regions were revealed in the right superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 42) and caudate head and in the left superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 22), frontal subcallosal gyrus (Brodmann area 47) and insula (Brodmann area 13). Relative hypermetabolism (P = 0.001) was revealed in the right premotor cortex (Brodmann area 6).

Conclusion
This study revealed the possibility of altered brain glucose metabolism in subjects with dysautonomic syndrome post-immunization with HPV vaccine. These results could reinforce the hypothesis of a causal relationship between HPV vaccine, or some component included in the vaccine and the development of clinical manifestations.