bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The many faces of obligation
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
My response to the commentaries focuses on four issues: (1) the diversity both within and between cultures of the many different faces of obligation; (2) the possible evolutionary roots of the sense of obligation, including possible sources that I did not consider; (3) the possible ontogenetic roots of the sense of obligation, including especially children's understanding of groups from a third-party perspective (rather than through participation, as in my account); and (4) the relation between philosophical accounts of normative phenomena in general – which are pitched as not totally empirical – and empirical accounts such as my own. I have tried to distinguish comments that argue for extensions of the theory from those that represent genuine disagreement.
Relationship between gestational acrylamide exposure and offspring’s growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Zhan Yongle , Xiao Ying , Guan Tianjia , Zhang Shuyang , Jiang Yu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:To estimate the current evidence regarding the association between gestational acrylamide (AA) exposure and offspring’s growth.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Setting:A systematic literature search for relevant publications was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science databases from inception to 26 April 2019. The standardised mean difference (SMD) or OR with 95 % CI was selected as the effect sizes and was calculated using a random effects model.Results:Five cohort studies including 54 728 participants were identified. Offspring’s birth weight was significantly lower in high AA exposure group than in low AA exposure group (SMD –0·05, 95 % CI –0·09, –0·02, P = 0·005). There was also an association between maternal AA exposure and small for gestational age (OR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·23, P < 0·001). In addition, pooled ORs suggested that children had a high risk of developing overweight/obesity in the future in maternal high AA exposure group (OR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·08, 1·21, P < 0·001 at age 3; OR 1·13, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·19, P < 0·001 at age 5; OR 1·09, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·16, P = 0·020 at age 8).Conclusions:These findings have important implications for conducting health education, providing guidance on maternal diet and developing an appropriate dietary strategy for pregnant women to reduce dietary AA exposure.
Meal deals, combos and bundling: the impact on the nutrition composition of children’s meals in restaurants
Authors: Reeves Sue 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIncreased consumption of food outside the home means that the nutritional content of meals served in restaurants now makes a significant contribution to overall diet. Children’s menus in restaurants, usually aimed at those aged 10 years and younger, are frequently high in energy, fat, salt, sugar and lack variety. The food and drink on children’s menus are often bundled together as a combo or meal deal that may be convenient to order and sometimes, but not always, cheaper. Bundling has the potential to add additional foods that may not have been selected individually thus increasing the amount ordered and consumed. Substituting some meal deal items for healthier options has the potential to make it easier to eat well when eating outside the home and improve dietary intakes. However, the impact of such measures on child health has yet to be fully explored.
Freedom in the External Relation of All Human Beings: On Kant’s Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Rostbøll Christian F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAn influential interpretation of Kant’s Doctrine of Right suggests that the relationship between public right and freedom is constitutive rather than instrumental. The focus has been on domestic right and members’ relations to their own state. This has resulted in a statist bias which has not adequately dealt with the fact that Kant regards public right as a system composed of three levels – domestic, international and cosmopolitan right. This article suggests that the constitutive relationship is between all levels of right, on the one hand, and ‘freedom in the external relation’ of all human beings, on the other hand.
Determination of Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Th, U, Np, and Pu for Oxygen KαX-Rays Using an Electron Microprobe
Authors: Pöml Philipp , Llovet Xavier 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMass attenuation coefficients (MACs) of Th, U, Np, and Pu for oxygen X-rays have been experimentally determined using an electron microprobe. The MACs were obtained by measuring relative X-ray intensities emitted from ThO2, UO2, NpO2, and PuO2targets, for incident electron energies from 5 to 30 keV, and processing them with the help of the computer program XMAC. The accuracy of the measured MACs is estimated to be better than 5%. Results are compared with MAC tabulations commonly used in electron probe microanalysis as well as with theoretical photoionization calculations. It is concluded that the MACs implemented in the Monte Carlo simulation program PENELOPE which are based on the photoionization cross-section calculations of Sabbatucci & Salvat [(2016). Theory and calculation of the atomic photoeffect.Rad Phys Chem121, 122–140], provide the best agreement with our measurements. The use of different MAC schemes for the analysis of mixed actinide oxide materials is discussed.
The Brittle‐Plastic Transition, Earthquakes, Temperatures, and Strain Rates
Authors: Molnar Peter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMaximum depths of earthquakes in different settings are commonly thought to lie within a transition, many kilometers in width, from brittle deformation at shallow depths to plastic deformation by high‐temperature creep at greater depth. A review of temperatures and strain rates, both of which are low in intraplate settings, shows faster deformation in warmer tectonically active regions and highest strain rates in regions where the movement of magma affects strain rates and temperatures are especially high. Although intraplate earthquakes appear to occur in oceanic lithosphere only where colder than ~600°C, in tectonically active regions, where strain rates are several orders of magnitude higher than intraplate settings, earthquakes occur where temperatures exceed 600°C and perhaps 800°C. The temperature cutoff increases by ~100°C as strain rates increase by ~2 to 2.5 orders of magnitude. Nowhere, however, do any two of average strain rates, background stresses, and temperatures seem to be determined well enough that, when combined with laboratory‐based flow laws for high‐temperature creep, they can place a tight constraint on the third of these quantities. At the same time, the pattern of higher temperatures at higher strain rates follows the general forms of power law and Peierls creep that are appropriate for lithospheric conditions.
Constraints on the Abundances of Carbon and Silicon in Mercury's Core From Experiments in the Fe‐Si‐C System
Authors: Vander Kaaden Kathleen E. , McCubbin Francis M. , Turner Amber A. , Ross D. Kent 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe composition of a planet's core has important implications for the thermal and magmatic evolution of that planet. Here, we conducted carbon (C) solubility experiments on iron‐silicon (Fe‐Si) metal mixtures (up to 35 wt% [~52 atom%] Si) at 1 GPa and 800–1800°C to determine the carbon concentration at graphite saturation (CCGS) in metallic melt and crystalline metal with varying proportions of Fe and Si to constrain the C content of Mercury's core. Our results, combined with those in the literature, show that composition is the major controlling factor for carbon solubility in Fe‐rich metal with minimal effects from temperature and pressure. Moreover, there is a strong anticorrelation between the abundances of carbon and silicon in iron‐rich metallic systems. Based on the previous estimates of <1–25 wt% Si in Mercury's core, our results indicate that a carbon‐saturated Mercurian core has 0.5–6.4 wt% C, with 6.4 wt% C corresponding to an Si‐free, Fe core and 0.5 wt% C corresponding to an Fe‐rich core with 25 wt% Si. The upper end of estimated FeO abundances in the mantle (up to 2.2 wt%) are consistent with a core that has <1 wt% Si and up to 6.4 wt% C, which would imply that bulk Mercury has a superchondritic Fe/Si ratio. However, the lower end of estimated FeO (≤0.05 wt%) supports CB chondrite‐like bulk compositions of Mercury with core Si abundances in the range of 5–18.5 wt% and C abundances in the range of 0.8–4.0 wt%.
Modeling the Formation of Topographic Asymmetry by Aspect‐Dependent Erosional Processes and Lateral Channel Migration
Authors: Richardson P. W. , Perron J. T. , Miller S. R. , Kirchner J. W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSome landscapes exhibit the intriguing characteristic that the steepness of hillslopes varies systematically with the direction they face, even where there is no bias introduced by bedrock structure. This topographic asymmetry has inspired numerous explanations. In the simplest scenario, insolation‐driven microclimatic differences lead to different erosion rates on opposing slopes and topographic asymmetry develops. Alternatively, lateral channel migration and the corresponding steepening of undercut slopes have also been suggested as a dominant cause of topographic asymmetry. To examine these proposed origins of asymmetric topography, we adapted a numerical landscape evolution model to include lateral channel migration as well as aspect‐induced variations in soil creep, regolith strength, and runoff. We compared the resulting topography and erosional response produced by each mechanism and found that the model with lateral channel migration produces unique signatures in erosion rates and the ridgetop Laplacian of elevation. To further investigate lateral channel migration, we developed a model of hillslope profile evolution in which sediment fluxes from opposing slopes control lateral channel migration rate and direction. We find that topographic asymmetry in this system can be self‐sustaining. All else being equal, we find that the aspect‐dependent models with variable regolith strength or runoff predict that less topographic asymmetry should develop as slope length decreases. These two models also predict that weaker asymmetry should develop as rock strength increases, whereas the lateral channel migration model predicts that greater rock strength should lead to weaker asymmetry only if lateral channel migration efficiency increases faster than fluvial incision efficiency.
Enhanced Poleward Flux of Atmospheric Moisture to the Weddell Sea Region (ODP Site 690) During the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum
Authors: Kozdon Reinhard , Penman Donald E. , Kelly D. C. , Zachos J. C. , Fournelle John H. , Valley J. W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEarth's hydrological cycle was profoundly perturbed by massive carbon emissions during an ancient (56 Ma) global warming event referred to as the Paleocene‐Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). One approach to gaining valuable insight into the response of the hydrological cycle is to construct sea‐surface salinity (SSS) records that can be used to gauge changes in the rates of evaporation and precipitation during the PETM in such climatically sensitive areas as the circum‐Antarctic region. Here, we pair oxygen isotope (δ18O) and magnesium‐calcium (Mg/Ca) measurements to reconstruct PETM sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) and δ18O composition of seawater (δ18Osw) at austral Site 690 (Weddell Sea). Several discrepancies emerge between the δ18O‐ and Mg/Ca‐based SST records, with the latter indicating that the earliest PETM was punctuated by a short‐lived ~4°C increase in local SSTs. Conversion of the δ18Osw values to SSS reveals a ~4 ppt decrease ~50 ka after peak PETM warming at Site 690. This negative SSS (δ18Osw) anomaly coincides with a prominent minimum in the planktic foraminifer δ18O record published for the Site 690 PETM section. Thus, our revised interpretation posits that this δ18O minimum signals a decrease in surface‐ocean δ18Osw fostered by a transient increase in mean annual precipitation in the Weddell Sea region. The results of this study corroborate the view that the poleward flux of atmospheric moisture temporarily increased during a distinctive stage of the PETM.
Effects of Spatial Variability in the Groundwater Isotopic Composition on Hydrograph Separation Results for a Pre‐Alpine Headwater Catchment
Authors: Kiewiet Leonie , van Meerveld Ilja , Seibert Jan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIsotope hydrograph separation is a powerful tool to investigate catchment functioning. In most hydrograph separation studies, a pre‐event baseflow sample is used to represent the pre‐event water, and thus, baseflow is assumed to be a mixture of all the water that is stored in the catchment. However, baseflow may not be representative of all water stored in the catchment because some sources may not contribute to baseflow. This is problematic when the isotopic composition of the sources is highly variable. We quantified the effects of spatial variability in the shallow groundwater isotopic composition on pre‐event water characterization and hydrograph separation results. We compared the composition of groundwater sampled at 38 wells in a 0.2 km2 pre‐alpine catchment with stream water sampled before, during, and after three rainfall events. We estimated the number of groundwater samples needed to characterize the average groundwater composition in the catchment and its spatial variability and compared the results of two‐component hydrograph separations for different ways to characterize the pre‐event water. We found that differences in the calculated pre‐event water fractions and uncertainties were large and depended on which and how many samples were used to characterize the pre‐event water composition. Analyses based on a limited number of groundwater samples likely underestimate the real uncertainty and can give a false impression of accuracy. Our results highlight the importance of representing the variability in the pre‐event water composition when applying hydrograph separation analyses. We therefore recommend sampling pre‐event water at multiple locations or estimating the variability based on literature values.
Solid fuel use and early child development disparities in Ghana: analyses by gender and urbanicity
Authors: Nazif-Muñoz José Ignacio , Spengler John D. , Arku Raphael E. , Oulhote Youssef 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn Ghana, more than 77% of the population depends on biomass fuels for cooking. Previous studies show that solid fuel use (SFU) has adverse effects on pregnancy and child health outcomes. Yet, no previous study considered potential effects on early child development indicators (ECDI), nor how SFU effects may vary by gender, and rural and urban areas. We investigated the associations of SFU with ECDI measures, and whether these associations exhibited sex and urban/rural differences. We used the 2011–2012 Ghana’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys–UNICEF (N = 3326 children; 3–4 years). We derived a binary ECDI measure reflecting whether the child is developmentally on track or not from a caregiver-report of ten yes/no/do not know questions designed specifically to assess four domains of early child development: learning-cognition, literacy-numeracy, socio-emotional, and physical. We used multilevel Poisson regressions adjusting for neighborhood, household, mother, and child’s characteristics to estimate covariate-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) of the associations between SFU and ECDI and its four dimensions. We run stratified analyses and used z-score tests of differences to evaluate effect modification by sex and urbanicity. Overall, 85% of children were exposed to SFU and 28% of children were not developmentally on track. After adjustment for confounders, children exposed to SFU were more likely to be not developmentally on track in comparison with nonexposed children (PR = 1.16; 95% confidence interval, [95% CI]: 1.10,1.22). These associations were stronger in girls (PR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.03,1.79) in comparison with boys (PR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.73,1.04). No difference in associations was observed between urban and rural children. Overall, these associations were mainly driven by the literacy-numeracy dimension. In this study, we show that SFU was associated with developmental delays in Ghanaian girls. Policy efforts which tackle SFU should be mindful of gender disparities in susceptibility to indoor pollution.
A systematic analysis of apple root resistance traits to Pythium ultimum infection and the underpinned molecular regulations of defense activation
Authors: Zhu Yanmin , Saltzgiver Melody 
Published: April 2020

AbstractApple replant disease (ARD), caused by a pathogen complex, significantly impacts apple orchard establishment. The molecular regulation on ARD resistance has not been investigated until recently. A systematic phenotyping effort and a series of transcriptomic analyses were performed to uncover the underpinned molecular mechanism of apple root resistance to P. ultimum, a representative member in ARD pathogen complex. Genotype-specific plant survival rates and biomass reduction corresponded with microscopic features of necrosis progression patterns along the infected root. The presence of defined boundaries separating healthy and necrotic sections likely caused delayed necrosis expansion in roots of resistant genotypes compared with swift necrosis progression and profuse hyphae growth along infected roots of susceptible genotypes. Comprehensive datasets from a series of transcriptome analyses generated the first panoramic view of genome-wide transcriptional networks of defense activation between resistant and susceptible apple roots. Earlier and stronger molecular defense activation, such as pathogen perception and hormone signaling, may differentiate resistance from susceptibility in apple root. Delayed and interrupted activation of multiple defense pathways could have led to an inadequate resistance response. Using the panel of apple rootstock germplasm with defined resistant and susceptible phenotypes, selected candidate genes are being investigated by transgenic manipulation including CRISPR/Cas9 tools for their specific roles during apple root defense toward P. ultimum infection. Individual apple genes with validated functions regulating root resistance responses can be exploited for developing molecular tools for accurate and efficient incorporation of resistance traits into new apple rootstocks.
Integrative transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions on theanine metabolism in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Liu Zhi-Wei , Li Hui , Liu Jie-Xia , Wang Yu , Zhuang Jing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) is associated with amino acid metabolism in higher plants. Theanine is an important amino acid in tea plants. To explore the relationship between theanine metabolism and N conditions, we examined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins (DEPs), and microRNAs (DEMs) involved in theanine metabolism in tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. Transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analyses were performed on tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The contents of theanine, expression levels of genes involved in theanine metabolism, contents of proteinogenic amino acids, and activity of enzymes were analyzed. The DEP–DEG correlation pairs and negative DEM–DEG interactions related to theanine metabolism were identified based on correlation analyses. The expression profiles of DEGs and negative DEM–DEG pairs related to theanine biosynthesis were consistent with the sequencing results. Our results suggest that the molecular and physiological mechanism of theanine accumulation is significantly affected by N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The DEGs, DEPs, and DEMs and the activity of the enzymes involved in theanine biosynthesis might play vital roles in theanine accumulation under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions in the shoots and roots of tea plants.
Joint Iterative Fast Projection Matching for Fully Automatic Marker-free Alignment of Nano-tomography Reconstructions
Authors: Wang Chun-Chieh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHighly accurate, fully automatic marker-free image alignment plays an important role in nano-tomographic reconstruction, particularly in cases where the spatial resolution of the tomographic system is on the nanometer scale. However, highly accurate marker-free methods such as the projection matching method are computationally complex and time-consuming. Achieving alignment accuracy with reduced computational complexity remains a challenging problem. In this study, we propose an efficient method to achieve marker-free fully automatic alignment. Our method implements three main alignment procedures. First, the frequency-domain common line alignment method is used to correct the in-plane rotational errors of each projection. Second, real-space common line alignment method is used to correct the vertical errors of the projections. Finally, a single layer joint-iterative reconstruction and re-projection method is used to correct the horizontal projection errors. This combined alignment approach significantly reduces the computational complexity of the classical projection matching method, and increases the rate of convergence towards determining the accurate alignment. The total processing time can be reduced by up to 4 orders of magnitude as compared to the classical projection matching method. This suggests that the algorithm can be used to process image alignment of nano-tomographic reconstructions on a conventional personal computer in a reasonable time-frame.
A Posteriori Reconstruction of the Temperature Distribution in Surface Hardened Tempering Steel
Authors: Mevec Daniel G. , Raninger Peter , Prevedel Petri , Jászfi Vince 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProcess control in surface hardening depends greatly on the repeatability of the results. Induction heating facilities stand out in this aspect but challenges arise when it comes to the verification of the expected temperatures. In-situ temperature measurement of a workpiece may be made impossible due to it moving through an enclosed, automated induction facility that lacks built-in sensors. This paper uses transition patterns in the microstructure of the hardened region to reconstruct isothermal contour lines of the temperature field during austenitisation. It does so based on a continuous cooling transformation phase diagram and a time-temperature-austenitisation diagram of the considered steel. The presented method serves as a practical approach to validate simulations of the inductive austenitising process and supports simulations of the heat treatment of the work piece. Once these simulations have been iterated upon and validated thoroughly, they may then yield a reconstruction of the entire temperature field during the heat treatment process.