bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Odpovědnost za jednání s péčí řádného hospodáře z pohledu teorií právnických osob
Authors: Novotná Krtoušová Lucie 
Published: June 2020

Občanský zákoník obsahuje povinnost člena statutárního orgánu jednat při výkonu funkce s péčí řádného hospodáře a s jejím porušením spojuje mimo jiné povinnost nahradit právnické osobě škodu způsobenou při výkonu funkce. Cílem tohoto článku je zodpovědět otázku, zda členové statutárních orgánů právnických osob odpovídají za jednání s péčí řádného hospodáře objektivně nebo subjektivně. Skutečnost, zda bude odpovědnost členů statutárních orgánů právnických osob chápána jako subjektivní či objektivní, je rozhodná z hlediska posouzení kritérií, na jejichž základě tyto osoby budou či nebudou povinny k náhradě škody. Autorka nejdříve připomíná právní úpravu odpovědnosti členů statutárních orgánů obchodních společností před rekodifikací soukromého práva, která je potřebná pro pochopení jádra současného sporu o koncepci odpovědnosti, a diskutuje dopady rekodifikace soukromého práva do oblasti právní úpravy postavení členů statutárních orgánů a jejich odpovědnosti. Autorka zastává tezi, že pro vyřešení problému konstrukce soukromoprávní odpovědnosti za jednání s péčí řádného hospodáře je třeba se nejdříve zabývat otázkami, jak právnická osoba jedná, jak je jednání právnické osoby ovlivněno teoriemi právnických osob a jakým způsobem se teorie právnických osob projevují v platné právní úpravě, proto věnuje pozornost teoriím právnické osoby a jejich současnému nahlížení. Na tomto teoretickém základě se pak zabývá recentními rozporuplnými názory doktríny a judikatury na povahu zastoupení právnické osoby členem statutárního orgánu a odpovědnosti za jednání s péčí řádného hospodáře.
Factors Related with Nurse Compliance in The Implementation of Patient Safety Indicators at The X Hospital in Cilacap, Indonesia
Authors: Alhidayah Taufik , Susilaningsih Fransisca Sri , Somantri Irman 
Published: June 2020

Patient safety is one of the five crucial hospital safety issues. This study aimed to determine factors related with nurses’ compliance in the implementation of indicators of patient safety goals (IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, and IPSG 6). This study was a descriptive correlative with a cross-sectional approach. Samples were recruited using a purposive sampling technique (n = 102). Data were analyzed using chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. The results of this study indicate that the leadership style of the head nurse, rewards, attitudes, and motivation had a significant relationship with the level of adherence in the implementation of IPSG 1 and IPSG 2. The level of nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 5 was only influenced by the leadership style of the room head and the nurses’ positive attitude. None of the factors had significant relationships with the level of nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 6. The consultative leadership style of the room head can change the level of nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 1 by 5.6 times, with 5.06 times toward IPSG 2 and 4.71 times toward IPSG 5. This research recommends the need for consultative leadership style from the room head to carry out the roles and functions as a supervisor to improve associate nurses’ compliance in the implementation of IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, and IPSG 6. Abstrak Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tingkat Kepatuhan Perawat dalam Implementasi Indikator Sasaran Keselamatan Pasien di Rumah Sakit X Cilacap, Indonesia. Keselamatan pasien adalah salah satu dari lima isu penting keselamatan di rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor yang terkait dengan kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan indikator sasaran keselamatan pasien (IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, dan IPSG 6). Desain penelitian menggunakan deskriptif korelatif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling (n = 102). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Chi-square dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruangan, penghargaan, sikap, dan motivasi memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan tingkat kepatuhan dalam penerapan IPSG 1 dan IPSG 2. Tingkat kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 5 hanya dipengaruhi oleh gaya kepemimpinan kepala ruangan dan sikap positif perawat. Tidak ada faktor yang memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tingkat kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 6. Gaya kepemimpinan konsultatif kepala ruangan dapat mengubah tingkat kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 1 sebesar 5,6 kali, dengan 5,06 kali terhadap IPSG 2 dan 4,71 kali terhadap IPSG 5. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya gaya kepemimpinan konsultatif dari kepala ruangan untuk melaksanakan peran dan fungsi sebagai pengawas untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan perawat dalam penerapan IPSG 1, IPSG 2, IPSG 5, dan IPSG 6. Kata Kunci: indikator sasaran keselamatan pasien, kepatuhan, perawat
Evaluating Financial Conflicts of Interest Among Contributors to Clinical Practice Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Authors: Wright Micah R. , Frye Lance , Vo Solis Luanne , Checketts Jake X. , Guevara Carlos , Smith Larissa , Vassar Matt 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Context
Patient care is an essential part of the practice of obstetrics and gynecology, and patient care is directed by clinical practice guidelines. To increase the validity of these guidelines, we must make sure that there is no outside influence by financial conflicts of interest.

Objective
To investigate the existence of and reporting patterns regarding payments received by contributors to guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), ACOG executive committee members, and companies making these payments and to examine the compliance of those receiving payments to ACOG's conflict of interest policies.

Methods
The Center for Medicare and Medicaid's Open Payments database was used to search practice bulletin committee members and practice bulletin collaborators from 2014-2016, as well as current executive committee board members. Open Payments was also used to evaluate companies that provided payments, and amounts were totaled. The main outcome measure was the monetary values of payments received and the compliance with disclosure statements enforced by ACOG. Manufacturer payments to physicians in the database were analyzed descriptively.

Results
General and research payments were calculated among 65 physicians in the Open Payments database: 44 physician members of both the obstetrics and the gynecology practice bulletin committees, 4 2016 ACOG executive board physician members, and 17 contributing physician authors. Research payments accounted for greater than 78% of all payments. Consulting, travel and lodging, and speaking fees totaled greater than $90,000 and contributed to more than 90% of the total amount of general payments. Food and beverage payments contributed to 10% of all general payments. Three covered members were noncompliant with the financial conflicts of interest guidelines, receiving industry payments exceeding $5000.

Conclusion
A small number of companies provide the majority of contributions; however, there is no evidence to suggest bias toward manufactures within ACOG practice bulletins. Future investigations into pharmaceutical manufacturer payments, specifically for consulting fees, may be warranted. (Clinical Trial Registry UMIN-CTR, UMIN000029165)
Effect of Opioid Prescribing Education for Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents in a Safety-Net Hospital
Authors: Evans Casey , McCullough Deanna , Best Kelly , Yorkgitis Brian K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Context
The number of deaths due to opioid overdose has steadily increased in the United States since the early 2000s. The US opioid epidemic calls for an urgent need to evaluate physician prescribing habits.

Objective
To educate obstetrics and gynecology residents about opioid abuse, the quantity typically prescribed postoperatively, and strategies to decrease adverse outcomes.

Methods
Obstetrics and gynecology residents at an urban safety-net hospital were given a preintervention evaluation to understand their opioid prescribing patterns and use of resources like prescription drug monitoring programs and opioid risk tool. Residents then attended a didactic session reviewing rates of adverse outcomes from overprescribing, resources to reduce adverse outcomes, and the number of opioids considered appropriate postoperatively. Residents completed an immediate postintervention evaluation to reevaluate prescribing patterns.

Results
Pre- and postintervention evaluations were completed by 13 residents. In the preintervention evaluation, all participants reported that they would prescribe at least 30 opioid pills for patients after cesarean delivery, but in the postintervention evaluation, none reported that they would prescribe more than 20 opioid pills (P=<.0001). Similar but less distinct shifts can be seen in laparoscopic hysterectomy and the use of preoperative gabapentinoids (ie, gabapentin and pregabalin). Before the intervention, 7 residents (54%) reported that they currently prescribed 20 opioid pills or more for patients after laparoscopic hysterectomy, whereas after the intervention, 1 resident (7.7%) reported that he or she would prescribe more than 20 opioid pills in (P=.0382). Before the intervention, 2 residents (15.4%) reported that they would consider gabapentinoids compared with 13 residents (100%) after the intervention.

Conclusion
Focused opioid education can reduce the intended number of opioid pills prescribed in a postoperative setting. This study highlights the effect that educational curricula can have on physician prescribing patterns to help mitigate the current epidemic and help optimize stepwise multimodal analgesia to avoid overprescribing opioids.
Conformational changes of DNA repair glycosylase MutM triggered by DNA binding
Authors: Landová Barbora , Šilhán Jan 
Published: June 2020

Bacterial MutM is a DNA repair glycosylase removing DNA damage generated from oxidative stress and, therefore, preventing mutations and genomic instability. MutM belongs to the Fpg/Nei family of prokaryotic enzymes sharing structural and functional similarities with their eukaryotic counterparts, for example, NEIL1–NEIL3. Here, we present two crystal structures of MutM from pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis: a MutM holoenzyme and MutM bound to DNA. The free enzyme exists in an open conformation, while upon binding to DNA, both the enzyme and DNA undergo substantial structural changes and domain rearrangement. Our data show that not only NEI glycosylases but also the MutMs undergo dramatic conformational changes. Moreover, crystallographic data support the previously published observations that MutM enzymes are rather flexible and dynamic molecules.
Bifunctional Heterostructured Transition Metal Phosphides for Efficient Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Haojie , Maijenburg A. Wouter , Li Xiaopeng , Schweizer Stefan L. , Wehrspohn Ralf B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReducing green hydrogen production costs is essential for developing a hydrogen economy. Developing cost‐effective electrocatalysts for water electrolysis is thus of great research interest. Among various material candidates, transition metal phosphides (TMP) have emerged as robust bifunctional electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their various phases and tunable electronic structure. Recently, heterostructured catalysts have exhibited significantly enhanced activities toward HER/OER. The enhancement can be attributed to the increased amount of accessible active sites, accelerated mass/charge transfer, and optimized adsorption of intermediates, which arise from the synergistic effects of the heterostructure. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of bifunctional TMP‐based heterostructure is introduced to provide an insight into their preparation and corresponding reaction mechanisms. It starts with summarizing general fundamental aspects of HER/OER and the synergistic effect of heterostructures for enhanced catalytic activity. Next, the innovational strategies to design and construct bifunctional TMP‐based heterostructures with enhanced overall water splitting activity, as well as the related mechanisms, are discussed in detail. Finally, a summary and perspective for further opportunities and challenges are highlighted for the further development of bifunctional TMP‐based heterostructures from the points of practical application and mechanistic studies.
Understanding the Effect of Crystalline Structural Transformation for Lead‐Free Inorganic Halide Perovskites
Authors: Shi Ming , Li Guanna , Tian Wenming , Jin Shengye , Tao Xiaoping , Jiang Yiming , Pidko Evgeny A. , Li Rengui , Li Can 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLead‐free inorganic halide perovskites have triggered appealing interests in various energy‐related applications including solar cells and photocatalysis. However, why perovskite‐structured materials exhibit excellent photoelectric properties and how the unique crystalline structures affect the charge behaviors are still not well elucidated but essentially desired. Herein, taking inorganic halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Br9 as a prototype, the significant derivation process of silver atoms incorporation to induce the structural transformation from Cs3Bi2Br9 to Cs2AgBiBr6, which brings about dramatic differences in photoelectric properties is unraveled. It is demonstrated that the silver incorporation results in the co‐operated orbitals hybridization, which makes the electronic distributions in conduction and valence bands of Cs2AgBiBr6 more dispersible, eliminating the strong localization of electron–hole pairs. As consequences of the electronic structures derivation, exhilarating changes in photoelectric properties like band structure, exciton binding energy, and charge carrier dynamics are verified experimentally and theoretically. Using photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity under visible light as a typical evaluation, such crystalline structure transformation contributes to a more than 100‐fold enhancement in photocatalytic performances compared with pristine Cs3Bi2Br9, verifying the significant effect of structural derivations on the exhibited performances. The findings will provide evidences for understanding the origin of photoelectric properties for perovskites semiconductors in solar energy conversion.
Ion Exchange Gels Allow Organic Electrochemical Transistor Operation with Hydrophobic Polymers in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bischak Connor G. , Flagg Lucas Q. , Ginger David S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractConjugated‐polymer‐based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are being studied for applications ranging from biochemical sensing to neural interfaces. While new polymers that interface digital electronics with the aqueous chemistry of life are being developed, the majority of high‐performance organic transistor materials are poor at transporting biologically relevant ions. Here, the operating mode of an organic transistor is changed from that of an electrolyte‐gated organic field‐effect transistor (EGOFET) to that of an OECT by incorporating an ion exchange gel between the active layer and the aqueous electrolyte. This device works by taking up biologically relevant ions from solution and injecting more hydrophobic ions into the active layer. Using poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl) thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] as the active layer and a blend of an ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) as the ion exchange gel, four orders of magnitude improvement in device transconductance and a 100‐fold increase in kinetics are demonstrated. The ability of the ion‐exchange‐gel OECT to record biological signals by measuring the action potentials of a Venus flytrap is demonstrated. These results show the possibility of using interface engineering to open up a wider palette of organic semiconductors as OECTs that can be gated by aqueous solutions.
Holistically Engineered Polymer–Polymer and Polymer–Ion Interactions in Biocompatible Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends for High‐Performance Triboelectric Devices in Self‐Powered Wearable Cardiovascular Monitorings
Authors: Wang Ruoxing , Mu Liwen , Bao Yukai , Lin Han , Ji Tuo , Shi Yijun , Zhu Jiahua , Wu Wenzhuo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe capability of sensor systems to efficiently scavenge their operational power from stray, weak environmental energies through sustainable pathways could enable viable schemes for self‐powered health diagnostics and therapeutics. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) can effectively transform the otherwise wasted environmental, mechanical energy into electrical power. Recent advances in TENGs have resulted in a significant boost in output performance. However, obstacles hindering the development of efficient triboelectric devices based on biocompatible materials continue to prevail. Being one of the most widely used polymers for biomedical applications, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) presents exciting opportunities for biocompatible, wearable TENGs. Here, the holistic engineering and systematic characterization of the impact of molecular and ionic fillers on PVA blends’ triboelectric performance is presented for the first time. Triboelectric devices built with optimized PVA‐gelatin composite films exhibit stable and robust triboelectricity outputs. Such wearable devices can detect the imperceptible skin deformation induced by the human pulse and capture the cardiovascular information encoded in the pulse signals with high fidelity. The gained fundamental understanding and demonstrated capabilities enable the rational design and holistic engineering of novel materials for more capable biocompatible triboelectric devices that can continuously monitor vital physiological signals for self‐powered health diagnostics and therapeutics.
Initiating a Reversible Aqueous Zn/Sulfur Battery through a “Liquid Film”
Authors: Zhao Yuwei , Wang Donghong , Li Xinliang , Yang Qi , Guo Ying , Mo Funian , Li Qing , Peng Chengxin , Li Hongfei , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSulfur cathodes have been under intensive study in various systems, such as Li/S, Na/S, Mg/S, and Al/S batteries. However, to date, Zn/S chemistry has never been reported. The first reliable aqueous Zn/polysulfide system activated by a “liquid film” comprising 4‐(3‐butyl‐1‐imidazolio)‐1‐butanesulfoni ionic liquid (IL) encapsulated within PEDOT:PSS. CF3SO3− anions in the IL operating as Zn2+‐transfer channels is reported. Moreover, the PEDOT:PSS network retains the IL, which renders Zn2+‐transfer channels and a polysulfide cathode with enhanced structural stability. The Zn/polysulfide system delivers extraordinary capacity of 1148 mAh g−1 and overwhelming energy density of 724.7 Wh kg−1cathode at 0.3 Ag−1. During the discharging phase, S62− is dominantly reduced by Zn to S2− (S6  →  S2−). During the charging phase, these short chains are oxidized to form long‐chain ZnxLiyS3‐6. A further optimized high‐concentrated salt electrolyte is used to improve the reversibility of the battery, demonstrating an extended lifetime over 1600 cycles at 1 Ag−1 with a capacity retention of 204 mAh g−1. This facile approach and the superior performance of the developed aqueous Zn/S chemistry provide a new platform for sulfur‐based battery and potentially solve the problems of other metal/sulfur batteries.
Analyzing Interface Recombination in Lead‐Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with Organic and Inorganic Hole‐Transport Layers
Authors: Haddad Jinane , Krogmeier Benedikt , Klingebiel Benjamin , Krückemeier Lisa , Melhem Stephanie , Liu Zhifa , Hüpkes Jürgen , Mathur Sanjay , Kirchartz Thomas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe interfaces between absorber and transport layers are shown to be critical for perovskite device performance. However, quantitative characterization of interface recombination has so far proven to be highly challenging in working perovskite solar cells. Here, methylammonium lead halide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite solar cells are studied based on a range of different hole‐transport layers, namely, an inorganic hole‐transport layer CuOx, an organic hole‐transport layer poly(triarylamine) (PTAA), and a bilayer of CuOx/PTAA. The cells are completed by a [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/bathocuproine/Ag electron contact. Energy levels are characterized using photoelectron spectroscopy and recombination dynamics by combining steady‐state photoluminescence and transient photoluminescence with numerical simulations. While the PTAA‐based devices hardly show any interface recombination losses and open‐circuit voltages >1.2 V, substantial losses are observed for the samples with a direct CuOx/perovskite interface. These losses are assigned to a combination of energetic misalignment at the CuOx/perovskite interface coupled with increased interface recombination velocities at the perovskite/PCBM interface.
Blood biomarkers for vibration‐induced white fingers. A case‐comparison study
Authors: Eriksson Kåre , Burström Lage , Nilsson Tohr 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundVibration induced white fingers (VWF) is one form of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP).MethodsVibration exposed workers with RP and vibration exposed controls without RP participated. Blood samples were collected before and after cold challenge exposure (COP). The concentration of von Willebrand factor (vonWf), thrombomodulin (TM), serotonin (SER), endothelin‐1 (ET1), calcitonin gene‐related peptide, or thromboxane A2 was calculated. The diagnostic usefulness of the substances for ruling in the diagnosis of Raynaud's was evaluated.ResultsThe cases showed a significant lower concentration of vonWf before and after COP, a significant increase of ET1 and a decrease of TM after COP. The diagnostic usefulness of vonWf showed a likelihood of defining a true case by 35%.ConclusionsvonWf, TM, SER, or ET1 are suggested biomarkers for VWF. Diagnostic evaluation of vonWf showed a likelihood of defining a true case by 35% in the diagnosis of RP related to vibration.
Beyond the bubble that is Robodebt: How governments that lose integrity threaten democracy
Authors: Braithwaite Valerie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRobodebt describes the automated process of matching the Australian Taxation Office's income data with social welfare recipients' reports of income to Centrelink. Discrepancies signalling benefit overpayment trigger debt notices. The scheme has been criticised for inaccurate assessment, illegality, shifting the onus of proof of debt onto welfare recipients, poor support and communication, and coercive debt collection. Beyond immediate concerns of citizen harm, Robodebt harms democratic governance. Through persisting with Robodebt, the government is launching a regulatory assault on its own integrity. Two Senate inquiries reveal government endorsing (1) incoherence and inconsistency in public engagement, (2) unsound purposes and processes and (3) disregard for citizens. Such actions destroy trustworthiness. Citizens keep their distance and as a result, cooperation falters. At particular risk is the tax system. Citizens harmed by government turn to alternative authorities for help and opportunity, not always along legitimate pathways. The underground economy provides one such opportunity for fearful welfare recipients.