bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Grain Refinement Induced by High-Speed Machining of OFHC Copper Using Cellular Automata Method
Authors: Zhang Jun , Xu Xiang , Outeiro José , Liu Hongguang , Zhao Wanhua 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
During high-speed machining (HSM), the microstructure of materials evolves with significant plastic deformation process under high strain rate and high temperature, which affects chip formation and material fracture mechanisms, as well as surface integrity. The development of models and simulation methods for grain refinement in machining process is of great importance. There are few models which are developed to predict the evolution of the grain refinement of HSM in mesoscale with sufficient accuracy. In this work, a cellular automata (CA) method with discontinuous (dDRX) and continuous (cDRX) dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms is applied to simulate the grain refinement and to predict the microstructure morphology during machining oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper. The process of grain evolution is simulated with the initial conditions of strain, strain rate, and temperature obtained by finite element (FE) simulation. The evolution of dislocation density, grain deformation, grain refinement, and growth are also simulated. Moreover, cutting tests under high cutting speeds (from 750 m/min to 3000 m/min) are carried out and the microstructure of chips is observed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show a grain refinement during HSM, which could be due to the occurrence of dDRX and cDRX. High temperature will promote grain recovery and growth, while high strain rate will significantly cause a high density of dislocations and grain refinement. Therefore, HSM contributes to the fine equiaxed grain structure in deformed chips and the grain morphology after HSM can be simulated successfully by the CA model developed in this work.
Investigation of the Tribological and Tribochemical Interactions of Different Ferrous Layers Applied to Nitride Surfaces
Authors: Khan Thawhid , Tamura Yukio , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Morina Ardian , Neville Anne 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Nitriding is a widely used industrial process aiming to improve the tribological properties and performance of components. Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of the treatment with friction and wear performance, but very few have focused on the influence of different ferrous layers formed by variant nitriding treatments on tribological and tribochemical behavior. The influence of an oxide (Fe3O4) and sulfide (FeS) layer on friction and wear performance alongside tribochemical formation was investigated when using a fully formulated hydraulic lubricant. The tribological behavior of the variant nitride samples was analyzed using a tribometer and surface profiler. Scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to identify the morphologies and chemical compositions of the treated surface before and after testing. No real effect on friction or wear was observed with the presence of an oxide (Fe3O4) layer, even though the formation of FeS2 was observed within the tribofilm. However, the formation of a sulfide (FeS) layer after sulfur nitriding produced the lowest friction and wear in comparison to the alternative nitride variants. This was due to the lubrication properties of the FeS layer. The study effectively demonstrated that the type of the ferrous layer could impact tribological and tribochemical properties of nitride samples.
Evaluating the Hydrocarbon Yield of Oil Shale Using Electrically Tunable Terahertz Wave
Authors: Miao Xinyang , Chen Mengxi , Zhan Honglei , Zhao Kun , Yue Wenzheng 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hydrocarbons in oil shale are significant for the output of fossil fuels and petrochemical materials; thus, the oil yield characterization is of great significance for efficient utilization and commercial exploitation of these resources. In this paper, we propose an evaluating means combined with electrical testing and terahertz (THz) measurements, named as resistivity-THz analysis (RTA), to characterize the oil shale from different places in China. Electrical and THz measurements were performed together to characterize the oil yield-dependent resistivity and THz absorption. Owing to the divergence in structures and compositions, both the electrical conductivity and THz parameters varied non-monotonic with the oil yield. However, electrically tunable THz wave absorption of oil shale can be realized by the linear correlation between the resistivity and THz attenuation coefficient, with the tunability varies monotonously with the oil yield. The results demonstrate that the carbon structures in kerogens are not only the conductive medium in oil shale but also the main source of THz absorption. As a non-contacting means for organic content characterization in oil shale, RTA is helpful to optimize the comprehensive utilization of this unconventional resource.
Co-Pyrolysis of Chicken and Cow Manure
Authors: Selim Osama M. , Amano Ryoichi S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Conventional pyrolysis is a relatively simple way for biochar production; however, a single biomass feedstock approach is not promising for the development of multiple properties of biochar used in various applications. This study provides a detailed comparison in terms of pyrolysis kinetics between the cow manure and chicken manure, in addition to the co-pyrolysis by mixing the two livestock at different ratios. Eight different heating rates were tested, 5–40 °C/min with 5 °C/min step, on both livestock using the nitrogen as a gas agent with a flowrate of 50 ml/min. The initial results show that for the slow heating rates, 5 °C/min, the thermal degradation of the cow manure is different compared to that obtained from chicken manure. For the cow manure, the first peak, associated with hemicellulose decomposition, is higher than the second peak, associated with cellulose decomposition, which is the other way around for chicken manure. At 5 °C /min, the hemicellulose decomposition took place at 250 °C and 300 °C for the chicken manure and cow manure, respectively. The cellulose decomposition was started at 300 °C for chicken manure and 470 °C for cow manure. The lowest heat rate was selected for the co-pyrolysis case study to allow a quasi-equilibrium state to avoid measurement errors and heat transfer limitation in terms of thermal lag. Co-pyrolysis is studied with different blend ratios between the chicken and cow manure, where the 40% cow manure shows a positive result in terms of keeping an exothermic reaction over the co-pyrolysis process.
Physics-Based Part Orientation and Sentencing: A Solution to Manufacturing Variability
Authors: Lee Wen Yao , Dawes William N. , Coull John D. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Casting deviations introduce geometric variability that impacts the aerodynamic performance of turbomachinery. These effects are studied for a high-pressure turbine rotor blade from a modern aero-engine. A sample of 197 blades were measured using structured-light three-dimensional scanning, and the performance of each blade is quantified using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. Casting variation is typically managed by applying geometric tolerances to determine the suitability of a component for service. The analysis demonstrates that this approach may not be optimal since it does not necessarily align with performance, in particular the capacity and efficiency. Alternatively, functional acceptance based on the predicted performance of each blade removes the uncertainty associated with geometric tolerancing and gives better performance control. Building on these findings, the paper proposes a method to set the orientation of the fir-tree, which is machined after casting. By customizing the alignment of each blade, performance variability and scrap rates can be significantly reduced. The method uses predictions of performance to reorient the castings to compensate for manufacturing-induced errors, without changing the design-intent blade geometry and with minimal changes to the manufacturing facility.
Evaluation of the completeness of intervention reporting in Cochrane surgical systematic reviews using the TIDieR-SR checklist: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Vassar Matt , Page Matthew J , Glasbey James , Cooper Craig , Jorski Austin , Sosio Jessica , Wayant Cole 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionComplete reporting of systematic reviews of interventions is essential to the interpretation of research findings and the reproducibility of research results. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist—and the version specific to systematic reviews (TIDieR-SR)—was created to provide authors and researchers an evidence-based guide for reporting trial and systematic review interventions. In this study, we apply TIDieR-SR to Cochrane systematic reviews of surgical interventions.MethodsWe searched the Cochrane Database for relevant systematic reviews. Two investigators applied inclusion/exclusion criteria to all titles/abstracts and full texts. These same investigators extracted all data in duplicate while masked to the other’s data. The primary outcome was adherence to TIDieR-SR items.ResultsTwo hundred and thirty-eight systematic reviews were included. Overall, included SRs adhered to a median of 6 (IQR 5–7) out of eight TIDieR-SR items. The item with the lowest adherence was item 7 (share intervention materials, 1/238 (0.4%).DiscussionOur results are encouraging, but the generalisability of our findings is compromised by the inclusion of only Cochrane systematic reviews. Future reporting of intervention materials is likely to improve the application of effective surgical interventions in the clinical practice.
Real-world programmed death-ligand 1 prevalence rates in non-small cell lung cancer: correlation with clinicopathological features and tumour mutation status
Authors: Holmes Mikaela , Mahar Annabelle , Lum Trina , Kao Steven , Cooper Wendy Anne 
Published: June 2020

AimsThe detection of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein expression on tumour cells by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a predictor of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. New immunotherapeutic options are changing the treatment paradigm for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate real-world prevalence of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC and any correlations with clinicopathological features.MethodsWe reviewed 425 NSCLC cases at a Sydney metropolitan hospital that had PD-L1 IHC (SP263 clone) expression estimated as part of routine diagnostic assessment during a 30-month period.ResultsOverall, 32.2% of cases were negative for PD-L1 expression (<1%), 40.3% demonstrated low expression (1%–49%) and 27.5% exhibited high protein expression (≥50%). High PD-L1 expression rates were more likely in non-lung resection cases and inKRASmutant NSCLC as opposed toKRASwildtype, while lower expression rates were more commonly found inEGFRmutant NSCLC compared withEGFRwildtype tumours.ConclusionsOngoing observation and comparison of PD-L1 expression rates is an important practice for ensuring its validity as a predictive biomarker. The results from our study align with and contribute to the growing field of published real-world PD-L1 prevalence rates in NSCLC.
Homozygosity for CHEK2 p.Gly167Arg leads to a unique cancer syndrome with multiple complex chromosomal translocations in peripheral blood karyotype
Authors: Paperna Tamar , Sharon-Shwartzman Nitzan , Kurolap Alina , Goldberg Yael , Moustafa Nivin , Carasso Yariv , Feinstien Miora , Mory Adi , Reznick-Levi Gili , Gonzaga-Jauregui Claudia , Shuldiner Alan R , Basel-Salmon Lina , Ofran Yishai , Half Elizabeth E , Baris Feldman Hagit 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundChromosomal instability, as reflected by structural or copy-number changes, is a known cancer characteristic but are rarely observed in healthy tissue. Mutations in DNA repair genes disrupt the maintenance of DNA integrity and predispose to hereditary cancer syndromes.ObjectiveTo clinically characterise and genetically diagnose two reportedly unrelated patients with unique cancer syndromes, including multiorgan tumourogenesis (patient 1) and early-onset acute myeloid leukaemia (patient 2), both displaying unique peripheral blood karyotypes.MethodsGenetic analysis in patient 1 included TruSight One panel and whole-exome sequencing, while patient 2 was diagnosed by FoundationOne Heme genomic analysis; Sanger sequencing was used for mutation confirmation in both patients. Karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral blood, bone marrow and other available tissues.ResultsBoth patients were found homozygous for CHEK2 c.499G>A; p.Gly167Arg and exhibited multiple different chromosomal translocations in 30%–60% peripheral blood lymphocytes. This karyotype phenotype was not observed in other tested tissues or in an ovarian cancer patient with a different homozygous missense mutation in CHEK2 (c.1283C>T; p.Ser428Phe).ConclusionsThe multiple chromosomal translocations in patient lymphocytes highlight the role of CHK2 in DNA repair. We suggest that homozygosity for p.Gly167Arg increases patients' susceptibility to non-accurate correction of DNA breaks and possibly explains their increased susceptibility to either multiple primary tumours during their lifetime or early-onset tumourigenesis.
Hyperbaric oxygen and focused rehabilitation program: a feasibility study in improving upper limb motor function after stroke
Authors: Schiavo S. , Richardson D. , Santa Mina D. , Buryk-Iggers S. , Uehling J. , Carroll J. , Clarke H. , Djaiani C. , Gershinsky M. , Katznelson R. 
Published: June 2020

Neuroplasticity and recovery after stroke can be enhanced by a rehabilitation program pertinent to upper limb motor function exercise and mental imagery (EMI) as well as hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). We assessed feasibility and safety of the combined approach utilizing both HBOT and EMI, and to derive preliminary estimates of its efficacy. In this randomized controlled trial, 27 patients with upper extremity hemiparesis at 3–48 months after stroke were randomized to receive either a complementary rehabilitation program of HBOT-EMI (intervention group), or EMI alone (control group). Feasibility and safety were assessed as total session attendance, duration of sessions, attrition rates, missing data, and intervention-related adverse events. Secondary clinical outcomes were assessed with both objective tools and self-reported measures at baseline, 8 weeks (end of treatment), and 12-weeks follow-up. Session attendance, duration, and attrition rate did not differ between the groups; there were no serious adverse events. Compared with baseline, there were significant sustained improvements of objective and subjective outcomes’ measures in the intervention group, and a single improvement in an objective measure in the control group. Between-group outcome comparisons were not statistically significant. This study demonstrated that the combination HBOT-EMI was a safe and feasible approach in patients recovering from chronic stroke. There were also trends for improved motor function of the affected upper limb after the treatments. ClinicalTrials.gov registration no.: NCT02666469. Novelty HBOT combined with an upper limb exercise and mental imagery rehabilitation program is feasible and safe in chronic stroke patients. This combined approach showed trends for improved functional recovery.
Caloric restriction-induced weight loss with a high-fat diet does not fully recover visceral adipose tissue inflammation in previously obese C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Rodrigues M.O.M. , Evangelista-Silva P.H. , Neves N.N. , Moreno L.G. , Santos C.S. , Rocha K.L.S. , Ottone V.O. , Batista-da-Silva B. , Dias-Peixoto M.F. , Magalhães F.C. , Esteves E.A. 
Published: June 2020

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces body weight and systemic inflammation, but the effects on adipose tissue under dietary lipid overload are controversial. We evaluated the effects of CR-induced weight loss with a high-fat diet on adipose tissue inflammation of obese mice. Male mice were assigned into low-fat diet (LF) and high-fat diet (HF) groups. After 8 weeks, the mice in the HF group were reassigned for another 7 weeks into the following 3 conditions: (i) kept in the HF condition; (ii) changed to low-fat diet ad libitum (LFAL); and (iii) changed to high-fat calorie-restricted (RHF) diet to reach LFAL body weight. Serum markers, adipocytokines, morphology, and inflammatory infiltrates in retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RAT) were accessed. The body weights of the LFAL and RHF groups were reduced, equaling the body weights of the LF group. The LFAL mice had restored almost all inflammatory markers as the LF mice, except tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and adiponectin. Compared with the HF group, the RHF group had lowered visceral adiposity, retroperitoneal adipocyte sizes, and RAT inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as TNF-α, interleukin-6, and hepatic and serum C-reactive protein, which were higher than that of the LFAL group; adiponectin and MCP-1 did not change. CR with high-fat diet reduced body weight and attenuated visceral adiposity but did not fully recover visceral tissue inflammation.Novelty Caloric restriction in a high-fat diet ameliorated visceral adiposity. Caloric restriction in a high-fat diet did not recover visceral adipose tissue inflammation.
Effect of salinity on soil structure and soil hydraulic characteristics
Authors: Tang Shengqiang , She Dongli , Wang Hongde 
Published: June 2020

Revealing the influences of soil salinity on soil structure and hydraulic properties contributes to understanding the mechanism of salinity restraining rehabilitation of saline sodic soil in coastal area. After being passed through a 1 mm sieve, silt loam and silty clay were irrigated with saline water to achieve different soil salinities to highlight the effect of irrigation salinity on aggregate formation from primary particles. Three irrigation events with different saline water were conducted in the same 2 mo interval in soil columns; the soil columns were subjected to natural evaporation during the interval. The soil salinity, soil structure, soil–water characteristic curve, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) results were determined after the end of the third drying subprocess. The results showed that the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm) in the silt loam and silty clay increased as the soil salt content (SSC) increased. Under the same matric suction, the retention capacity and plant-available water capacity (PAWC) of the silt loam first increased and then decreased, with the SSC increasing to a maximum of approximately 14.5 g kg−1. The retention capacity of the silty clay increased with the SSC, whereas the PAWC decreased with the SSC. The Ksof the silt loam increased with SSC. This study reveals the effects of soil salinity on aggregate formation from primary particles in wetting–drying cycles and describes the corresponding changes in hydraulic properties, which influence the rehabilitation of saline sodic soils in coastal areas.
Ladies with hammers – exploring a social paradox in early nineteenth-century Britain
Authors: Kölbl-Ebert M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, long before the Geological Society of London opened its doors to female members, geology was a fashionable science in Britain. Numerous women collected fossils and minerals, and read or even wrote popular geology books. There was also a considerable number of female helpmates to renowned pioneers of geology, acting as secretaries, draughtswomen, curators and field geologists. Access to a full geological education via universities, public libraries or membership in scientific societies, however, was largely denied to these women, causing considerable frustration. Wherever possible, women interested in geology pressed for changes by enlisting sympathetic husbands to speak on their behalf, by forcing admission to the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science or by supporting political women's rights movements. They were, however, not the direct pathfinders for the first female members of the Geological Society. Increasing professionalization of geology rendered the female amanuensis of previous decades obsolete and, when university education was opened to women in the late 1870s, the Geological Society saw females as unwelcome competitors. Anti-discrimination laws in the wake of World War I finally forced the conservatives at the Geological Society to admit female fellows.
THE IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF MODERN DOCTORS: PHILISOPHICAL AND BIOETHICAL ASPECTS
Authors: Khrystenko O. M. 
Published: June 2020

The task of modern higher medical education in Ukraine is to provide professional training for future doctors on the relevant principles of philosophy and bioethics involving knowledge, values, attitudes and behavior within the category “moral responsibility of a doctor”.
This paper is dedicated to basic modern philosophical and bioethical concepts which are related to the moral responsibility of the doctor for human life, as well as analysis of their axiological essence.
Research methods: content analysis and comparative analysis.
Feminist bioethics seeks to show the special, exceptional value of a woman’s spiritual world; at the same time the dependence of her social position on the traditional patriarchal society is taken into account. Therefore, when it comes to abortion, women’s interests are dominant.
In contrast, conservatives and Christians protect the unborn child’s right to life. But now secularism, more assertive in Europe than elsewhere, proposes the exclusion of religious belief and expression from public life. In aspiring to be the legitimate judge of the religious sphere, secularism claims not merely separation from religion but control over it.
Besides, there is serious discussion on the morality of abortion under conditions of some medical indications, assumptions or forecasts. For instance, concerning a fetus with Down syndrome. On the one hand, this is a serious genetic disease that can cause a difficult life for the child and his or her parents. On the other hand, these special children can even be very talented and achieve great success in various fields of social life, especially in the arts and sports.
So, it is defined that ideological foundations of modern doctor must be based on the humanistic values’ system. It means that health, safety and life of human, including unborn child, have to be accepted as the highest values. Moral responsibility of doctor is related to implementing of these values into practice.