bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The limits of replicability
Authors: Guttinger Stephan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDiscussions about a replicability crisis in science have been driven by the normative claim that all of science should be replicable and the empirical claim that most of it isn’t. Recently, such crisis talk has been challenged by a new localism, which argues a) that serious problems with replicability are not a general occurrence in science and b) that replicability itself should not be treated as a universal standard. The goal of this article is to introduce this emerging strand of the debate and to discuss some of its implications and limitations. I will in particular highlight the issue of demarcation that localist accounts have to address, i.e. the question of how we can distinguish replicable science from disciplines where replicability does not apply.
Translational studies of intravenous and intracerebroventricular routes of administration for CNS cellular biodistribution for BMN 250, an enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Sanfilippo type B
Authors: Grover Anita , Crippen-Harmon Danielle , Nave Lacey , Vincelette Jon , Wait Jill C. M. , Melton Andrew C. , Lawrence Roger , Brown Jillian R. , Webster Katherine A. , Yip Bryan K. , Baridon Brian , Vitelli Catherine , Rigney Sara , Christianson Terri M. , Tiger Pascale M. N. , Lo Melanie J. , Holtzinger John , Shaywitz Adam J. , Crawford Brett E. , Fitzpatrick Paul A. , LeBowitz Jonathan H. , Bullens Sherry , Aoyagi-Scharber Mika , Bunting Stuart , O’Neill Charles A. , Pinkstaff Jason , Bagri Anil 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBMN 250 is being developed as enzyme replacement therapy for Sanfilippo type B, a primarily neurological rare disease, in which patients have deficient lysosomal alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) enzyme activity. BMN 250 is taken up in target cells by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR, insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor), which then facilitates transit to the lysosome. BMN 250 is dosed directly into the central nervous system via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route, and the objective of this work was to compare systemic intravenous (IV) and ICV delivery of BMN 250 to confirm the value of ICV dosing. We first assess the ability of enzyme to cross a potentially compromised blood–brain barrier in the Naglu−/− mouse model and then assess the potential for CI-MPR to be employed for receptor-mediated transport across the blood–brain barrier. In wild-type and Naglu−/− mice, CI-MPR expression in brain vasculature is high during the neonatal period but virtually absent by adolescence. In contrast, CI-MPR remains expressed through adolescence in non-affected non-human primate and human brain vasculature. Combined results from IV administration of BMN 250 in Naglu−/− mice and IV and ICV administration in healthy juvenile non-human primates suggest a limitation to therapeutic benefit from IV administration because enzyme distribution is restricted to brain vascular endothelial cells: enzyme does not reach target neuronal cells following IV administration, and pharmacological response following IV administration is likely restricted to clearance of substrate in endothelial cells. In contrast, ICV administration enables central nervous system enzyme replacement with biodistribution to target cells.
Male Urogenital System Mapped Onto the Sensory Cortex: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence
Authors: Allen Kachina , Wise Nan , Frangos Eleni , Komisaruk Barry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The projection of the human male urogenital system onto the paracentral lobule has not previously been mapped comprehensively.

Aim
To map specific urogenital structures onto the primary somatosensory cortex toward a better understanding of sexual response in men.

Methods
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we mapped primary somatosensory cortical responses to self-stimulation of the penis shaft, glans, testicles, scrotum, rectum, urethra, prostate, perineum, and nipple. We further compared neural response with erotic and prosaic touch of the penile shaft.

Main Outcome Measure
We identified the primary mapping site of urogenital structures on the paracentral lobule and identified networks involved in perceiving touch as erotic.

Results
We mapped sites on the primary somatosensory cortex to which components of the urogenital structures project in men. Evidence is provided that penile cutaneous projection is different from deep penile projection. Similar to a prior report in women, we show that the nipple projects to the same somatosensory cortical region as the genitals. Evidence of differential representation of erotic and nonerotic genital self-stimulation is also provided, the former activating sensory networks other than the primary sensory cortex, indicating a role of “top-down” activity in erotic response.

Clinical Implications
We map primary sites of projection of urogenital structures to the primary somatosensory cortex and differentiate cortical sites of erotic from nonerotic genital self-stimulation.

Strength & Limitations
To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive mapping onto the primary somatosensory cortex of the projection of the components of the urogenital system in men and the difference in cortical activation in response to erotic vs nonerotic self-stimulation. The nipple was found to project to the same cortical region as the genitals. Evidence is provided that superficial and deep penile stimulation project differentially to the cortex, suggesting that sensory innervation of the penis is provided by more than the (pudendal) dorsal nerve.

Conclusion
This study reconciles prior apparently conflicting findings and offers a comprehensive mapping of male genital components to the paracentral lobule. We provide evidence of differential projection of light touch vs pressure applied to the penile shaft, suggesting differential innervation of its superficial, vs deep structure. Similar to the response in women, we found nipple projection to genital areas of the paracentral lobule. We also provide evidence of differential representation of erotic and nonerotic genital self-stimulation, the former activating sensory networks other than the primary sensory cortex, indicating a role of top-down activity in erotic response.
The Role of Memory in Agential Self-Knowledge
Authors: Sorgiovanni Ben 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAgentialism about self-knowledge (hereafter simply “agentialism”) is the view that key to understanding our capacity for self-knowledge is appreciating the connection between that capacity and our identities as rational agents—as creatures for whom believing, intending, desiring, and so on are manifestations of a capacity to be responsive to reasons. This connection, agentialists maintain, consists in the fact that coming to know our own minds involves an exercise of our rational capacities in the service of answering the relevant first-order question. Agentialists face the task of accounting for the connection between our identities as rational agents and our capacity to know our stored beliefs. It’s plausible that one comes to know that one believes that p by exercising one’s rational capacities in those cases where the belief that p is formed on the basis of present consideration of the reasons for and against p. But what exactly is the relevance of our rational capacities in the case where one has already formed the belief in question? In this paper I provide an answer to this question. That answer involves an appeal to a particular model of memory. According to the model I favor, memory preserves, in addition to the content of one’s beliefs, one’s commitment to their truth.
Tornado Disaster Casualties Admitted to a County Hospital in the Jiangsu Province of China
Authors: Dong Junqiang , Wang Bing , Deng Qiangyu , Yu Wenya , Chen Haiping , Zhang Lulu 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:We analyzed characteristics of tornado-related injuries and medical impact on a county-level hospital in China in June 23, 2016. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze local government rescue responses following the tornado.Methods:County hospital medical records of 288 tornado-related injury patients were collected. Descriptive analyses to study injury characteristics and associated risk factors were performed.Results:Of the studied population, 84% of the wounded were older than 45 years. Only 30 (10.4%) people were sent to the hospital for treatment within 3 hours following the disaster. Heavy objects or collapsing houses accounted for 191 (66.3%) of the documented injuries. The proportion of people with resulting brain injuries was 46.2% of the entire injured population, and the incidence of lower extremity injuries was 27.8%. A total of 89.6% of the wounded had skin and soft tissue injuries. Multiple injuries were found in 129 (44.8%) people and 156 had a single injury (54.2%), and 3 cases with acute stress disorder were admitted to the hospital.Conclusions:Preparation plans, including tornado warnings, prevention, and rescue, are a basic requirement for the mitigation of tornado-related injuries. Protection awareness of tornado disasters is also critical to ensure injury prevention.
AN EXTENSION OF ROHRLICH’S THEOREM TO THE -FUNCTION
Authors: BRINGMANN KATHRIN , KANE BEN 
Published: January 2020

We start by recalling the following theorem of Rohrlich [17]. To state it, let

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\mathfrak{z}}$

denote half of the size of the stabilizer

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4}_{\mathfrak{z}}$

of

$\mathfrak{z}\in \mathbb{H}$

in

$\text{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{Z})$

and for a meromorphic function

$f:\mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$

let

$\text{ord}_{\mathfrak{z}}(f)$

be the order of vanishing of

$f$

at

$\mathfrak{z}$

. Moreover, define

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}(z):=q\prod _{n\geqslant 1}(1-q^{n})^{24}$

, where

$q:=e^{2\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}iz}$

, and set

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D55B}(z):=\frac{1}{6}\log (y^{6}|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}(z)|)+1$

, where

$z=x+iy$

. Rohrlich’s theorem may be stated in terms of the Petersson inner product, denoted by

$\langle ~,\,\rangle$

.
Population-based assessment of patient and provider characteristics influencing pediatric outpatient antibiotic use in a high antibiotic-prescribing state
Authors: Katz Sophie E. , Staub Milner , Ouedraogo Youssoufou , Evans Christopher D. , Kainer Marion A. , Griffin Marie R. , Banerjee Ritu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:To identify patient and provider characteristics associated with high-volume antibiotic prescribing for children in Tennessee, a state with high antibiotic utilization.Design:Cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of pediatric (aged <20 years) outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in Tennessee using the 2016 IQVIA Xponent (formerly QuintilesIMS) database.Methods:Patient and provider characteristics, including county of prescription fill, rural versus urban county classification, patient age group, provider type (nurse practitioner, physician assistant, physician, or dentist), physician specialty, and physician years of practice were analyzed.Results:Tennessee providers wrote 1,940,011 pediatric outpatient antibiotic prescriptions yielding an antibiotic prescribing rate of 1,165 per 1,000 population, 50% higher than the national pediatric antibiotic prescribing rate. Mean antibiotic prescribing rates varied greatly by county (range, 39–2,482 prescriptions per 1,000 population). Physicians wrote the greatest number of antibiotic prescriptions (1,043,030 prescriptions, 54%) of which 56% were written by general pediatricians. Pediatricians graduating from medical school prior to 2000 were significantly more likely than those graduating after 2000 to be high antibiotic prescribers. Overall, 360 providers (1.7% of the 21,798 total providers in this dataset) were responsible for nearly 25% of both overall and broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions; 20% of these providers practiced in a single county.Conclusions:Fewer than 2% of providers account for 25% of pediatric antibiotic prescriptions. High antibiotic prescribing for children in Tennessee is associated with specific patient and provider characteristics that can be used to design stewardship interventions targeted to the highest prescribing providers in specific counties and specialties.
A successful program preventing nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in a large hospital system
Authors: Lacerna Cristine C. , Patey Donna , Block Lawrence , Naik Sejal , Kevorkova Yulia , Galin Jessica , Parker Melanie , Betts Robin , Parodi Stephen , Witt David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:To develop and evaluate a program to presvent hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP).Design:Prospective, observational, surveillance program to identify HAP before and after 7 interventions. An order set automatically triggered in programmatically identified high-risk patients.Setting:All 21 hospitals of an integrated healthcare system with 4.4 million members.Patients:All hospitalized patients.Interventions:Interventions for high-risk patients included mobilization, upright feeding, swallowing evaluation, sedation restrictions, elevated head of bed, oral care and tube care.Results:HAP rates decreased between 2012 and 2018: from 5.92 to 1.79 per 1,000 admissions (P = .0031) and from 24.57 to 6.49 per 100,000 members (P = .0014). HAP mortality decreased from 1.05 to 0.34 per 1,000 admissions and from 4.37 to 1.24 per 100,000 members. Concomitant antibiotic utilization demonstrated reductions of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy per 100,000 members was measured as follows: carbapenem days (694 to 463; P = .0020), aminoglycoside days (154 to 61; P = .0165), vancomycin days (2,087 to 1,783; P = .002), and quinolone days (2,162 to 1,287; P < .0001). Only cephalosporin use increased, driven by ceftriaxone days (264 to 460; P = .0009). Benzodiazepine use decreased between 2014 to 2016: 10.4% to 8.8% of inpatient days. Mortality for patients with HAP was 18% in 2012% and 19% in 2016 (P = .439).Conclusion:HAP rates, mortality, and broad-spectrum antibiotic use were all reduced significantly following these interventions, despite the absence of strong supportive literature for guidance. Most interventions augmented basic nursing care. None had risks of adverse consequences. These results support the need to examine practices to improve care despite limited literature and the need to further study these difficult areas of care.
The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904
Authors: Rehling Joseph , Moncrieff Joanna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundContrasting historical views represent the asylum as a manifestation of humanitarian and therapeutic progress or as an institution of social control designed to bolster the capitalist economic order. More extreme critics suggest it was used to incarcerate people exhibiting only political or social deviance.MethodsCase notes of 200 consecutive male and female admissions to the Essex County Asylum in 1904 were inspected. The nature of presentations was classified in contemporary terms into broad categories of disorder. Outcomes were identified and differences between men and women were explored.ResultsWe found no evidence that patients were admitted without signs of significant mental and behavioural disturbance. In total, 44% of admissions had signs of an organic condition, and these were more frequent among men. Women were admitted at a faster rate and were 1.6 times more likely to have mania or a psychotic disorder. Overall, 45.5% of patients were discharged, with 62% of patients with non-organic disorders discharged recovered or improved.ConclusionsEvidence partially supports both views of the asylum. In line with other studies, there is no evidence that the asylum was used to incarcerate people who did not show significant signs of disorder, but it did provide care and containment for those who could not be accommodated elsewhere, including many with organic conditions. The asylum also had a therapeutic orientation, however, and encouraged discharge where possible. In contrast to some other studies, women were more likely to be institutionalised than men, possibly reflecting their greater economic dependency.
New Robust Control Method Applied to the Locomotion of a 5-Link Biped Robot
Authors: Mehdi Kakaei Mohammad , Salarieh Hassan 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a new design of robust control combining feedback linearization, backstepping, and sliding mode control called FLBS applied to the locomotion of five-link biped robot. Due to the underactuated robot’s model, the system has a hybrid nature, while the FLBS control can provide a stabilized walking movement even with the existence of large disturbances and uncertainties by implementing smooth chatter-free signals. Stability of the method is proven using the Lyapunov theorem based on the hybrid zero dynamics and Poincaré map. The simulations show the controller performance such as robustness and chatter-free response in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance.
A Novel Exoskeleton with Fractional Sliding Mode Control for Upper Limb Rehabilitation
Authors: Islam Md Rasedul , Rahmani Mehran , Rahman Mohammad Habibur 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYThe robotic intervention has great potential in the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients to regain their lost mobility. In this paper, firstly, we present a design of a novel, 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) upper limb robotic exoskeleton (u-Rob) that features shoulder scapulohumeral rhythm with a wide range of motions (ROM) compared to other existing exoskeletons. An ergonomic shoulder mechanism with two passive DOF was included in the proposed exoskeleton to provide scapulohumeral motion with corresponding full ROM. Also, the joints of u-Rob have more range of motions compared to its existing counterparts. Secondly, we propose a fractional sliding mode control (FSMC) to control u-Rob. Applying the Lyapunov theory to the proposed control algorithm, we showed the stability of it. To control u-Rob, FSMC has shown effectiveness to handle unmodeled dynamics (e.g. friction, disturbance, etc.) in terms of better tracking and chatter compared to traditional SMC.
The badness of pain
Authors: Bradford Gwen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhy is pain bad? The most straightforward theory of pain's badness,dolorism, appeals to the phenomenal quality of displeasure. In spite of its explanatory appeal, the view is too straightforward to capture two central puzzles, namely pain that is enjoyed and pain that is not painful (e.g. pain asymbolia). These cases can be captured byconditionalism, which makes the badness of displeasure conditional on an agent's attitude. But conditionalism fails where dolorism succeeds with explanatory appeal. A new approach is proposed,reverse conditionalism, which maintains the explanatory appeal of dolorism, but gives attitudes a value-defeating role. It is argued that this view does best in fulfilling the desiderata and capturing the cases.
A free-produce stand on campus: impact on fruit and vegetable intake in Dutch university students
Authors: van den Bogerd Nicole , Peppelenbos Herman , Leufkens Roos , Seidell Jacob C , Maas Jolanda , Dijkstra S Coosje 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:To investigate the effects of providing free fruit and snack vegetables at a university on students’ fruit intake, snack vegetable intake and total vegetable intake.Design:Free fruit and raw snack vegetables (e.g. bite-sized tomatoes) were provided in a stand in the form of a miniature wooden house located in the central hall of the university’s main building, which students regularly pass through on their way to lectures and the cafeteria. Three interventions tested with a pre-test/post-test design were performed. In these three interventions, small changes to the appearance of the stand were made, such as placing potted plants around it. Demographic characteristics and fruit and vegetable intakes were assessed with questionnaires.Setting:A Dutch university of applied science.Participants:Intervention 1 included 124 students; Intervention 2 included ninety-two students; Intervention 3 included 237 students.Results:Longitudinal linear regression analyses showed that post-test snack vegetable intake was consistently higher compared with pre-test. In the three interventions, post-test snack vegetable intakes were between 11 and 14 g/d higher than at the pre-test, which is comparable to three bite-sized tomatoes. No differences in fruit intake or total vegetable intake were found. Subgroup analyses showed that, in all three interventions, students with the lowest pre-test fruit intake and total vegetable intake reported the largest increase in fruit intake and snack vegetable intake after the interventions.Conclusions:Providing free fruit and vegetables to students at their university might be beneficial for those with low habitual intakes.
What to expect from the price of healthy and unhealthy foods over time? The case from Brazil
Authors: Maia Emanuella Gomes , dos Passos Camila Mendes , Levy Renata Bertazzi , Bortoletto Martins Ana Paula , Mais Laís Amaral , Claro Rafael Moreira 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:To measure change in price of food groups over time (1995–2030) in Brazil, considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations.Design:Data from the Household Budget Survey (2008–2009 HBS) and the National System of Consumer Price Indexes (NSCPI) were used to create a data set containing monthly prices for the foods and beverages most consumed in the country (n 102), from January 1995 to December 2017. Data on price of foods and beverages from 2008–2009 HBS (referring to January 2009) were used to calculate real price over time using the monthly variation in prices from NSCPI. All prices were deflated to December 2017. Foods and beverages were classified following the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations. The monthly price for each food group and subgroup was used to analyse changes in prices from 1995 to 2017 and to forecast prices up to 2030 using fractional polynomial models.Setting:Brazil.Participants:National estimates of foods and beverages purchased for Brazil.Results:In 1995, ultra-processed foods were the most expensive group (R$ 6·51/kg), followed by processed foods (R$ 6·44/kg), then unprocessed or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (R$ 3·45/kg). Since the early 2000s, the price of ultra-processed foods underwent successive reductions, becoming cheaper than processed foods and reducing the distance between it and the price of the other group. Forecasts indicate that unhealthy foods will become cheaper than healthy foods in 2026.Conclusions:Food prices in Brazil have changed unfavourably considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines’ recommendations. This may imply a decrease in the quality of the population’s diet.