bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex Colorblindness in Police Processes and Practices
Authors: Welsh Megan , Chanin Joshua , Henry Stuart 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Racial disparities in police-community encounters are well documented, with people of color experiencing higher levels of police scrutiny. Far less is known about how police officers perceive the racial dynamics at play in their work. As part of a 2016 study of traffic stops in San Diego, we conducted in-depth interviews with 52 city police officers. Despite evidence of racial disparities in SDPD practices related to post-stop outcomes, officers denied, minimized, or even condemned racial profiling during traffic stops; officers described operating under a neutral policy of “colorblindness.” Our analysis identifies cognitive and discursive mechanisms which explain this complex and contradictory picture. We find that officers’ accounts excuse, justify, or otherwise negate the role of race in routine police work, yet officers’ thoughts and actions are based on racialized and, at times, dehumanizing narratives about people and communities of color. These morally neutral accounts form a pattern of micro-racialized discourse, constituting a layering of racialized processes and practices that cumulatively produce racially disparate outcomes. We argue that rejection of explicit racism alone is insufficient to address the progressive micro-racial aggression that emerges at key points during police-community encounters. We discuss the implications for law enforcement policy and practice.
Beyond Wallace: a new lineage of Chrysorthenches (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Glyphipterigidae) reveals a journey tracking its host-plants, Podocarpus (Pinopsida: Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Sohn Jae-Cheon , Kobayashi Shigeki , Yoshiyasu Yutaka 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A northward trans-Wallacean radiation is demonstrated for Chrysorthenches, a member of the Orthenches group. Here we review Chrysorthenches and allied genera resulting in a generic transfer of Diathryptica callibrya to Chrysorthenches and two new congeners: C. muraseaeSohn & Kobayashisp. nov. from Japan and C. smaragdinaSohnsp. nov. from Thailand. We review morphological characters of Chrysorthenches and allied genera, and find polyphyly of Diathryptica and the association of the Orthenches-group with Glyphipterigidae. These findings were supported in a maximum likelihood phylogeny of DNA barcodes from ten yponomeutoids. We analysed 30 morphological characters for 12 species of Chrysorthenches, plus one outgroup, via a cladistic approach. The resulting cladogram redefined two pre-existing Chrysorthenches species-groups and identified one novel lineage: the C. callibrya species-group. We review the host associations between Chrysorthenches and Podocarpaceae, based on mapping the working phylogenies. Our review suggests that ancestral Chrysorthenches colonized Podocarpus and later shifted to other podocarp genera. Biogeographical patterns of Chrysorthenches show that they evolved long after the Podocarpaceae radiation. Disjunctive trans-Wallacean distribution of the C. callibrya species-group is possibly related to the tracking of their host-plants and the complicated geological history of the island-arc system connecting Australia and East Asia.
Effect of Maternal Distress on Perceptions of Infant Behavior May Differ in Chinese-American and European-American Mothers and Infants
Authors: Liu Cindy H. , Snidman Nancy , Kagan Jerome , Tronick Ed 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
This study examined the associations between maternal distress (symptoms of depression and anxiety) and observer and maternal ratings of infant temperament in Chinese-American (CA) and European-American (EA) 4-month-old infants (N = 114 dyads).

Methods:
Maternal distress was obtained through self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety. Mothers reported infant temperament (distress at limitations, soothability, and fear) through the short form of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised. To obtain observer-rated infant reactivity, infants were administered a battery of visual and auditory stimuli in the laboratory, in which infant behaviors (fret/cry, limb activity, and arching of the back) were coded.

Results:
Maternal distress accounted more for the maternal perception of her infant among EA mothers than among CA mothers, but the relation was only observed for soothability. Higher maternal distress was associated with maternal report of lower soothability for EA mothers. Observer-rated infant reactivity, but not maternal distress, was positively associated with EA and CA maternal report of distress at limitations. Observer-rated infant negativity was associated with somewhat higher ratings of infant fear for EA mothers, although this association for EA mothers was not significantly different from CA mothers.

Conclusions:
Potential biases in maternal report of infant behavior due to effects from maternal distress may not be generalizable across cultures but may vary because of cultural norms for emotional experience and expectations for infant behavior. EA mothers' ratings of infant distress and soothability, but not fear, may be influenced by maternal distress.
Combined Treatment for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Brief History, the Multimodal Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Study, and the Past 20 Years of Research
Authors: Pelham William E. , Altszuler Amy R. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT:
Decades of research support 3 interventions for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): behavioral intervention, stimulant medication, and their combination. However, professional organizations have long disagreed regarding the best approach for implementing evidence-based interventions for ADHD in practice. The accompanying Society of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics guidelines for complex ADHD provide a framework for initiating treatment with behavioral intervention and adding stimulant medication as necessary, resulting in combined/multimodal treatment for many, if not most, children. In this special article, we review the extant literature on combined treatment, with special emphasis on the past 15 years of research that have led to the recommendation for this approach. Specifically, we review the literature on dosing and sequencing of multimodal treatment for youth with ADHD and the impact of multimodal interventions on areas of functional impairment. The extant research provides clear support for a psychosocial-first approach in treating youth with complex ADHD.
Psychosocial Interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Systematic Review with Evidence and Gap Maps
Authors: Schatz Nicole K. , Aloe Ariel M. , Fabiano Gregory A. , Pelham William E. , Smyth Alyssa , Zhao Xin , Merrill Brittany , Macphee Fiona , Ramos Marcela , Hong Natalie , Altszuler Amy R. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To inform the scope of future systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and treatment outcome studies, this review aims to describe the extent of the evidence for psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, with particular attention to specific types of interventions, targets of outcome assessment, and risk of bias.

Method:
A comprehensive search of relevant databases (i.e., Medline, PsychInfo, Education Resources Information Center, and ProQuest Dissertation Database) was conducted. Detailed information related to treatment type, outcome assessment, study design, and risk of bias was extracted by trained coders. Evidence and gap maps were created to summarize evidence within types of treatments and targets of outcome assessment. Indicators of risk of bias were assessed for selected combinations of treatments and outcome assessment.

Results:
We identified 185 eligible individual studies and 3817 effect sizes. Behavioral parent training and cognitive training (COG) were the most commonly studied stand-alone interventions. Treatment versus control comparisons for stand-alone interventions (s = 70) were less common than for complex interventions involving combinations of psychosocial interventions (s = 100). Combinations of behavioral and child training (e.g., COG, organizational training) interventions were the most frequently studied.

Conclusion:
There is a considerable variability within this literature regarding combinations of treatments across outcome assessment targets. To address gaps in existing evidence, more primary studies assessing direct comparisons of isolated and combined treatment effects of specific types of psychosocial treatments relative to control and other treatments are needed. Future meta-analyses should take into account the complexity and breadth of available evidence.
Incidence and outcomes of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in lung transplant patients: analysis of ISHLT Registry
Authors: Zaffiri L. , Long A. , Neely M.L. , Cherikh W. , Chambers D.C. , Snyder L. D. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundPost-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a life-threatening complication following lung transplant. We aimed to study the incidence of and risk factors for PTLD in adult lung transplant recipients.MethodsThe International Society of Heart and Lung Transplant (ISHLT) Registry was used to identify adult, first-time, single and bilateral lung transplant recipients with at least one year follow-up and from centers reporting PTLD between January 2006 and June 2015. Kaplan Meier method was used to describe timing and distribution of PTLD. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the clinical characteristics associated with PTLD.ResultsOf the 19,309 lung transplant recipients in the analysis cohort, we identified 454 cases of PTLD. Cumulative incidence of PTLD was 1.1% (95% CI = 1.0%, 1.3%) at 1 year and 4.1% (95% CI= 3.6%, 4.6%) at 10-years. We observed that 47.4% of all PTLD cases occurred within the first year following lung transplantation. In the multivariable model, independent risk factors for PTLD included age, EBV mismatch and native lung diseases. The risk of PTLD during the first year after transplant increased with increasing age in patients between 45 to 62 years at time of transplantation; the inverse was true for ages less than 45 year or greater than 62 years. Finally, receiving a donor organ with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types A1 and A24 was associated with an increased risk of PTLD while the recipient HLA type DR11 was associated with a decreased risk.ConclusionsOur study indicates that PTLD is a relatively rare complication among adult lung transplant recipients. We identified clinical characteristics that are associated with increased risk of PTLD.
A Precision Medicine Framework for Personalized Simulation of Hemodynamics in Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Frey Dietmar , Livne Michelle , Leppin Heiko , Akay Ela M , Aydin Orhun U , Behland Jonas , Sobesky Jan , Vajkoczy Peter , Madai Vince I 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionCerebrovascular disease is a major public health challenge. An important biomarker is cerebral hemodynamics. To measure cerebral hemodynamics, however, only invasive, potentially harmful or time-to-treatment prolonging methods are available. We present a simulation-based alternative which allows calculation of cerebral hemodynamics based on the individual vessel con figuration of a patient derived from structural vessel imaging.MethodsWe implemented a framework allowing annotation of extracted brain vessels from structural imaging followed by 0-dimensional lumped modelling of cerebral hemodynamics. For annotation, a 3D-graphical user interface (GUI) was implemented. For 0D-simulation, we used a modified nodal analysis (MNA), which was adapted for easy implementation by code. The code was written in-house in java. The simulation GUI allows inspection of simulation results, identification of vulnerable areas, simulation of changes due to different systemic blood pressures. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was implemented allowing the live simulation of changes of variables such as vessel lumen to simulate procedures and disease courses. In two exemplary patients, simulation results were compared to dynamic-susceptibility-weighted-contrast-enhanced magnetic- resonance(DSC-MR) perfusion imaging.ResultsThe successful implementation of the framework allowing individualized annotation and simulation of patients is presented. In two exemplary patients, both the simulation as well as DSC- MRI showed the same results pertaining to the identification of areas vulnerable to ischemia. Sensitivity analysis allows the individualized simulation of changes in vessel lumen and the effect on hemodynamics.DiscussionWe present the first precision medicine pipeline for cerebrovascular disease which allows annotation of the arterial vasculature derived from structural vessel imaging followed by personalized simulation of brain hemodynamics. This paves the way for further development of precision medicine in stroke using novel biomarkers and might make the application of harmful and complex perfusion methods obsolete for certain use cases in the future.
Low predictive power of clinical features for relapse prediction after antidepressant discontinuation in a naturalistic setting
Authors: Berwian Isabel M. , Wenzel Julia G. , Kuehn Leonie , Schnuerer Inga , Seifritz Erich , Stephan Klaas E. , Walter Henrik , Huys Quentin J. M. 
Published: January 2020

1AbstractBackgroundThe risk of relapse after antidepressant medication (ADM) discontinuation is high. Predictors of relapse could guide clinical decision-making, but are yet to be established.MethodWe assessed demographic and clinical variables in a longitudinal observational study before antidepressant discontinuation. State-dependent variables were re-assessed either after discontinuation or before discontinuation after a waiting period. Relapse was assessed during six months after discontinuation. We applied logistic general linear models in combination with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and elastic nets to avoid overfitting in order to identify predictors of relapse and estimated their generalisability using cross-validation.ResultsThe final sample included 104 patients (age: 34.86 (11.1), 77% female) and 57 healthy controls (age: 34.12 (10.6), 70% female). 36% of the patients experienced a relapse. Treatment by a general practitioner increased the risk of relapse. Although within-sample statistical analyses suggested reasonable sensitivity and specificity, out-of-sample prediction of relapse was at chance level. Residual symptoms increased with discontinuation, but did not relate to relapse.Conclusion and RelevanceDemographic and standard clinical variables appear to carry little predictive power and therefore are of limited use for patients and clinicians in guiding clinical decision-making.
Therapeutic Drugs Targeting 2019-nCoV Main Protease by High-Throughput Screening
Authors: Li Yan , Zhang Jinyong , Wang Ning , Li Haibo , Shi Yun , Guo Gang , Liu Kaiyun , Zeng Hao , Zou Quanming 
Published: January 2020

Abstract2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of the outbreak of pneumonia first detected in Wuhan, China. Investigations on the transmissibility, severity, and other features associated with this virus are ongoing. Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic antibody to prevent the infection, and more time is required to develop an effective immune strategy against the pathogen. In contrast, specific inhibitors targeting the key protease involved in replication and proliferation of the virus are the most effective means to alleviate the epidemic. The main protease of SARS-CoV is essential for the life cycle of the virus, which showed 96.1% of similarity with the main proteaseof 2019-nCoV, is considered to be an attractive target for drug development. In this study, we have identified 4 small molecular drugs with high binding capacity with SARS-CoV main protease by high-throughput screening based on the 8,000 clinical drug libraries, all these drugs have been widely used in clinical applications with guaranteed safety, which may serve as promising candidates to treat the infection of 2019-nCoV.
Effect of acute physical exercise on motor sequence memory
Authors: Bosch Blanca Marin , Bringard Aurélien , Logrieco Maria Grazia , Lauer Estelle , Imobersteg Nathalie , Thomas Aurélien , Ferretti Guido , Schwartz Sophie , Igloi Kinga 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTAcute physical exercise improves memory functions by increasing neural plasticity in the hippocampus. In animals, a single session of physical exercise has been shown to boost anandamide (AEA), an endocannabinoid known to promote hippocampal plasticity. Hippocampal neuronal networks encode episodic memory representations, including the temporal organization of elements, and can thus benefit motor sequence learning. While previous work established that acute physical exercise has positive effects on declarative memory linked to hippocampal plasticity mechanisms, its influence on memory for motor sequences, and especially on neural mechanisms underlying possible effects, has been less investigated.Here we studied the impact of acute physical exercise on motor sequence learning, and its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms in humans, using a cross-over randomized within-subjects design. We measured behavior, fMRI activity, and circulating AEA levels in fifteen healthy participants while they performed a serial reaction time task (SRTT) before and after a short period of exercise (moderate or high intensity) or rest.We show that exercise enhanced motor sequence memory, significantly for high intensity exercise and tending towards significance for moderate intensity exercise. This enhancement correlated with AEA increase, and dovetailed with local increases in caudate nucleus and hippocampus activity.These findings demonstrate that acute physical exercise promotes sequence learning, thus attesting the overarching benefit of exercise to hippocampus-related memory functions.
A workbench for the translational control of gene expression
Authors: Valleriani Angelo , Chiarugi Davide 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRibosome profiling (Ribo-seq profiling) is the most advanced tool to study the translational control of gene expression. Unfortunately, the resolution of this cutting edge technique is severely limited by a low signal to noise ratio. To tackle this issue, we introduce here a newly designed statistical method for the identification of reproducible Ribo-seq profiles. In the case ofE. coli, the analysis of 2238 Ribo-seq profiles across 9 independent datasets revealed that only 11 profiles are significantly reproducible. A subsequent data quality check led us to identify one outgroup dataset. By ruling it out, the number of highly reproducible profiles could be raised to 49. Despite its surprisingly small size, this set represents a reliable workbench to both assess the quality of the data and study the factors that influence the translation process.
Acceleration of the numerical solution for the radiative transfer equation using a modified relaxation factor
Authors: Torres-Aguilar Carlos Enrique , Xamán Jesús , Moreno-Bernal Pedro , Hernández-Pérez Iván , Zavala-Guillén Ivett , Hernández-López Irving Osiris 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to propose a novel relaxation modified factor to accelerate the numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) with several high-resolution total variation diminishing schemes. The methodology proposed is denoted as the X-factor method.

Design/methodology/approach
The X-factor method was compared with the technique deferred-correction (DC) for the calculations of a two-dimensional cavity with absorting-emiting-scatteting gray media using the discrete ordinates method. Four parameters were considered to evaluate: the absorption coefficient, the emissivity of boundary surface, the scattering albedo and under-relaxation factor.

Findings
The results showed the central processing unit (CPU) time of X-factor method was lower than DC. The reductions of CPU time with the X-factor method were observed from 0.6 to 75.4%.

Originality/value
The superiority of the X-factor method over DC was showed with the reduction of CPU time of the numerical solution of RTE for evaluated cases.
Structural topology optimization with positive and negative Poisson’s ratio materials
Authors: Jia Jiao , Hu Jianxing , Wang Yongbin , Wu Shiqing , Long Kai 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
Negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) material has huge potential applications in various industrial fields. However, lower Young’s modulus due to the porous form limits its further applications. Based on the topology optimization technique, this paper aims to optimize the structure consisting two isotropic porous materials with positive Poisson’s ratio (PPR) and NPR and void.

Design/methodology/approach
Under prescribed dual-volume fraction constraints, the structural compliance is taken as the objective. Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are, respectively, interpolated and expressed with Lamé’s parameters for easier programming. Accordingly, the sensitivities can be derived through the chain rule. Several two- and three-dimensional illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the capability and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The influences of Poisson’s ratios, volume fractions and Young’s moduli on the optimized results are investigated.

Findings
For NPR materials having unique load responses, the resulting topologies of PPR and NPR materials have distinct material distributions in comparison of the results from two PPR materials. Furthermore, it is observed that higher structural stiffness can be achieved from the hybrid of PPR and NPR materials than that obtained from the structures made of individual constituent materials.

Originality/value
A topology optimization methodology is proposed to design structures composed of PPR and NPR materials.