bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of the NCMRWF convection‐permitting model during contrasting monsoon phases of the 2016 INCOMPASS field campaign
Authors: Jayakumar A. , Abel Steven J. , Turner Andrew G. , Mohandas Saji , Sethunadh Jisesh , O'Sullivan D. , Mitra A. K. , Rajagopal E. N. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study uses INCOMPASS aircraft, radiosonde and satellite observations for verifying hydrometeors and associated state variables predicted by the regional model of the NCMRWF (NCUM‐R) for contrasting phases of the 2016 monsoon. INCOMPASS flights B957 and B975 took place between Lucknow in northern India and Bhubaneswar near the east coast, and represent a contrast between dry pre‐monsoon and active monsoon conditions, respectively. A moist profile above 4 km in Bhubaneswar measured on B957 showed a dry‐air intrusion being eroded by mid‐level clouds, whereas the Lucknow profile showed a drier, pre‐monsoon profile. Aerosol extinction coefficient and cloud‐top height measured using lidar showed an influx of continental aerosol, and intermittent multiple clouds below the aircraft in the mid‐troposphere and boundary layer. Measurements from B975 match well with cyclonic wind patterns estimated from satellite observations and the convective tendency represented in radiosonde profiles. Extensive clouds were detected below 5 km during the active monsoon. Two model formulations for cloud representation (prognostic cloud and prognostic condensate, PC2, and diagnostic schemes, Diag) are compared with observations during the campaign. Vertical structures of state variables from both schemes are generally in agreement along the flight tracks. Surface energy budget and cloud diagnoses indicate higher cloud cover in Diag consistent with lower surface temperatures through reduced surface downwelling short‐wave flux than in PC2, while the latent‐heat flux is found to be insensitive to cloud scheme chosen. In‐cloud water content is larger in PC2 for lower cloud fraction, and the autoconversion process is faster with respect to Diag. Higher total condensed‐water content in the model with respect to aircraft measurements and an enhanced light precipitation bias with respect to satellite data is common to both cloud schemes. Further work to improve the representation of clouds and precipitation for the tropical implementation of the model is clearly warranted.
Reading Text When Studying in a Second Language: An Eye‐Tracking Study
Authors: Dirix Nicolas , Vander Beken Heleen , De Bruyne Ellen , Brysbaert Marc , Duyck Wouter 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe authors investigated how eye movements are influenced by different reading goals in participants’ first (L1) and second language (L2). Participants read or studied the contents of texts while their eye movements were recorded. One group was asked to read L1 and L2 texts as they would read any expository text (informational reading). Another group was asked to study L1 and L2 texts for subsequent tests involving true/false questions (study condition). After reading, all participants, including those in the informational reading condition, completed the true/false tests without being able to further consult the texts, which allowed the authors to investigate the extent to which reading goal and text language affect recognition memory for texts. In general, more reading time was spent on studying than on informational reading, which also resulted in higher test scores in the study condition. The L2‐processing cost was larger in the study condition than in the informational reading condition: Participants needed approximately 20% more time to study L2 texts. The results of various eye movement measures suggest that this is caused by slower word recognition processes and a smaller amount of information that can be processed simultaneously in L2. This was true not only for the first reading of the text but also for the rereadings in the study condition. Interestingly, the additional time for L2 studying seemed to compensate for the less efficient processing, as the recognition test scores were the same in L2 as in L1.
How Relevance Affects Understanding of Conflicts Between Multiple Documents: An Eye‐Tracking Study
Authors: Stadtler Marc , Scharrer Lisa , Bromme Rainer 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe authors examined how information relevance affects readers’ understanding of conflicting information in multiple documents and how relevance affects the processing of conflicting information on a moment‐by‐moment level. Sixty‐four undergraduate students read a set of documents about a medical topic containing three intertextual conflicts addressing subtopics that were either highly relevant or irrelevant to the readers’ task. Eye movements were recorded during reading, and afterward, readers’ memory for conflicting information and their ability to apply their knowledge about the conflicting information was assessed. Relevance had a powerful influence on readers’ understanding of conflicts between multiple documents: Readers for whom the intertextual conflicts were relevant remembered conflicting information better and reported conflicts more frequently than readers for whom the conflicts were irrelevant. The time course of this effect revealed that relevance exerts its influence only during a later stage of processing. Readers appear to initially detect conflicts regardless of their relevance, but only readers for whom conflicts are relevant invest the additional regulatory effort needed to include them in their mental representation.
Detecting associations between intact connectomes and clinical covariates using recursive partitioning object‐oriented data analysis
Authors: Yang Dake , Deych Elena , Shands Berkley , Campbell Meghan C. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Petersen Steve , Schlaggar Bradley L. , Shannon William 
Published: October 2019

Many neuroscientists are interested in how connectomes (graphical representations of functional connectivity between areas of the brain) change in relation to covariates. In statistics, changes like this are analyzed using regression, where the outcomes or dependent variables are regressed onto the covariates. However, when the outcome is a complex object, such as connectome graphs, classical regression models cannot be used.The regression approach developed here to work with complex graph outcomes combines recursive partitioning with the Gibbs distribution. We will only discuss the application to connectomes, but the method is generally applicable to any graphical outcome. The method, called Gibbs‐RPart, partitions the covariate space into a set of nonoverlapping regions such that the connectomes within regions are more similar than they are to the connectomes in other regions. This paper extends the object‐oriented data analysis paradigm for graph‐valued data based on the Gibbs distribution, which we have applied previously to hypothesis testing to compare populations of connectomes from distinct groups (see the work of La Rosa et al).
Activity and Stability Evaluation of Nickel Supported over Al‐Meso‐Microporous Hybrids in Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene
Authors: Mohammadian Zahra , Peyrovi Mohammad Hasan , Parsafard Nastaran 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBenzene selective hydrogenation has very important due to the need to reduce the carcinogenic effects of benzene as a toxic and volatile compound and production of cyclohexane as a green solvent for the production of nylons. Nickel loaded composites were prepared by the wet‐impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared, X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and N2 adsorption‐desorption techniques. The aim of this study is to evaluate the catalytic performance as a function of zeolite nature, reaction temperature and relative pressure of the reactants. The obtained results confirm that the nickel nanoparticles supported on Al‐MCF‐Zeolites hybrids have acceptable performance. Also, the best activity and high selectivity were obtained for Ni/Al−M‐MOR at all temperatures (150‐210 °C) and Ni/Al−M‐13X about 83% at 170 °C.
Mesoporous Hybrid NiCo2O4/CeO2 Hierarchical Hollow Spheres for Enhanced Supercapacitors
Authors: Wei Chengzhen , Zheng Xuan , Li Ru , Wang Xiaorui , Xaio Zhenyu , Wang Lei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHollow architecture electrode materials, which are regarded as desired candidates for supercapacitors, possess large specific surface area, porous structure and inner cavities. In the current work, nanosheet assembled mesoporous hybrid NiCo2O4/CeO2 hierarchical hollow spheres are first successfully synthesized by a facile self‐template method, which includes the preparation of hierarchical hollow sphere precursors as the template by a solvothermal method and then calcinations in air. The hybrid NiCo2O4/CeO2 hierarchical hollow spheres exhibit specific surface area of 136.3 m2 g−1. As an electrode material, it exhibits a large specific capacitance of 2781.3 F g−1 at 8.0 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability (approximately 3% loss after 5,000 charging‐discharging cycles) in 3.0 M KOH + 0.10 M K4[Fe(CN)6] electrolyte. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor device is assembled with the mesoporous hybrid NiCo2O4/CeO2 hierarchical hollow spheres and activated carbon. The fabricated device exhibits an energy density of 59.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 3298.7 W kg−1. When the power density reaches 8243.6 W kg−1, the energy density remains as high as 44.2 Wh kg−1. Such notable electrochemical properties illustrate that mesoporous hybrid NiCo2O4/CeO2 hierarchical hollow spheres are ideal electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Atomic‐Level Insight of self‐assembled Nanorods from 4‐Biphenylcarboxy Protected L‐Phenylalanine
Authors: Sasmal Supriya , Nandi Sujay Kumar , Kumar Santosh , Haldar Debasish 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAtomic‐level understanding of supramolecular materials from self‐assembly of molecular building blocks is highly important for the design of functional biomaterials. Here, we have synthesized three compounds exploiting 4‐biphenyl carboxylic acid and L‐alanine, L‐leucine and L‐Phenylalanine. From FE‐SEM, the compounds show poly disperse microspheres morphology, sheet like morphology and nano rod‐like morphology. The single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that compounds containing alanine and leucine form duplex structures, whereas compound containing phenylalanine shows rod like assembly. Irrespective of N‐terminal 4‐biphenylcarboxy protection, the minor change in the amino acid side chain has significant effect on structure and morphology.
Vanadium Nitride/Porous Carbon Composites on Ni Foam for High‐Performance Supercapacitance
Authors: Wang Cong , Liang Xizhuang , Wang Zeyan , Liu Yuanyuan , Wang Peng , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Dai Ying , Li Yingjie , Huang Baibiao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA template‐free method for preparing vanadium nitride/carbon (VN/C) composites on Ni foam is developed by combining hydrothermal and nitridation methods. The VN/C composites on the Ni foam can be used as an electrode without any further treatment, and is found to be a good capacitance material. The highest specific capacitance of 386.6 F g−1 is obtained when the scan rate at 2 mV s−1, and the electrode demonstrates good cycling stability, owing to the synergistic integration of vanadium nitride with porous carbon, as well as the high surface area and conductive network provided by the microporous three‐dimensional Ni foam structure.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Antimicrobial Activity and Computational Studies of Some Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Metal(II) Complexes of 2‐Furoic Acid Hydrazone
Authors: Ugwu Nwanneka F. , Anarado Chigozie J. O. , Ibeji Collins U. , Okpareke Obinna C. , Ezeorah Chigozie J. , Okagu Ogadimma D. , Ekennia Anthony C. , Cömert Füsun , Babahan Ilknur , Coban Burak , Ujam Oguejiofo T. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHomoleptic Co(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of a hydrazone derived from 3‐acetyl‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one (dehydroacetic acid) and 2‐furoic acid hydrazide, and their heteroleptic analogues with 2,2′‐bipyridine were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods (ESI‐MS, IR and NMR), elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance measurements. The homoleptic complexes adopted octahedral geometry, while the heteroleptic analogous had four‐coordinate tetrahedral (Co and Cu complexes) and square‐planar (Ni complex) geometries. The homoleptic complexes were non‐electrolytes, while the heteroleptic complexes were 1:1 electrolytes in DMSO. Antimicrobial experiments indicated that [Cu(L)2] and [Cu(L)(bipy)](CH3COO) had the best antibacterial activities, with MIC of 31.2 and 61.5 μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, respectively. Molecular docking determined that [Cu(L)(bipy)]⋅CH3COO had the highest binding energy and hydrogen bonding interactions with one of the active sites of amino acid residue (LEU73). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the complexes revealed that [Cu(L)(bipy)]⋅CH3COO possessed low energy gap, suggesting a higher activity and ability to donate electrons to electron‐accepting species of biological targets.
Microfluidic Platforms toward Rational Material Fabrication for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhao Qilong , Cui Huanqing , Wang Yunlong , Du Xuemin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe emergence of micro/nanomaterials in recent decades has brought promising alternative approaches in various biomedicine‐related fields such as pharmaceutics, diagnostics, and therapeutics. These micro/nanomaterials for specific biomedical applications shall possess tailored properties and functionalities that are closely correlated to their geometries, structures, and compositions, therefore placing extremely high demands for manufacturing techniques. Owing to the superior capabilities in manipulating fluids and droplets at microscale, microfluidics has offered robust and versatile platform technologies enabling rational design and fabrication of micro/nanomaterials with precisely controlled geometries, structures and compositions in high throughput manners, making them excellent candidates for a variety of biomedical applications. This review briefly summarizes the progress of microfluidics in the fabrication of various micro/nanomaterials ranging from 0D (particles), 1D (fibers) to 2D/3D (film and bulk materials) materials with controllable geometries, structures, and compositions. The applications of these microfluidic‐based materials in the fields of diagnostics, drug delivery, organs‐on‐chips, tissue engineering, and stimuli‐responsive biodevices are introduced. Finally, an outlook is discussed on the future direction of microfluidic platforms for generating materials with superior properties and on‐demand functionalities. The integration of new materials and techniques with microfluidics will pave new avenues for preparing advanced micro/nanomaterials with enhanced performance for biomedical applications.
Metal Oxide Heterostructure Array via Spatially Controlled–Growth within Block Copolymer Templates
Authors: Azoulay Rotem , Shomrat Neta , Weisbord Inbal , Atiya Galit , Segal‐Peretz Tamar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNanofabrication is continuously searching for new methodologies to fabricate 3D nanostructures with 3D control over their chemical composition. A new approach for heterostructure nanorod array fabrication through spatially controlled–growth of multiple metal oxides within block copolymer (BCP) templates is presented. Selective growth of metal oxides within the cylindrical polymer domains of polystyrene‐block‐poly methyl methacrylate is performed using sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS). Tuning the diffusion of trimethyl aluminum and diethyl zinc organometallic precursors in the BCP film directs the growth of AlOx and ZnO to different locations within the cylindrical BCP domains, in a single SIS process. BCP removal yields an AlOx‐ZnO heterostructure nanorods array, as corroborated by 3D characterization with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography and a combination of STEM and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy tomography. The strategy presented here will open up new routes for complex 3D nanostructure fabrication.
Effect of Amorphization Methods on the Properties and Structures of Potato Starch‐Monoglyceride Complex
Authors: Lan Xiaohong , Wu Qiaoyu , Yang Danlu , Lin Jingjie , Xu Shannan , Wu Jinhong , Wang Zhengwu , Wang Shaoyun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Recently, starch‐based fat replacers (FRs) have emerged as unique ingredients, possessing few calories and high vascular scavenger function without adverse organoleptic changes. Here, a two‐step modification method for the development of a starch‐based FRs is reported. First, native potato starch is amorphized by grinding, alkali and ethanol treatment. Then, the amorphized starch is complexed with monoglyceride. The results show that alkaline amorphous potato starch (AAPS) has the best emulsifying activity; ethanol amorphous potato starch complex (EAPSC) has the highest content of resistant starch (RS) (21.49%), while grinding amorphous potato starch (GAPS) retains the granular structure of the original starch best. The amorphization reduces the amylose content of starch, leading to reduced swelling power and increased digestibility. Complexation, on the other hand, is more like attaching a layer of the hydrophobic membrane. Combined with DSC and XRD, amorphization reduces the value of enthalpy and crystallinity, while the complexation process does the opposite. Overall, EAPSC is the best candidate for novel FRs, due to its greater emulsion stability and enzyme resistance. The experimental results provide a theoretical basis for the application of a novel potato starch‐monoglyceride complex in foods such as cakes and snack fillings.
Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite trigger and enhance release of neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Manda-Handzlik Aneta , Bystrzycka Weronika , Cieloch Adrianna , Glodkowska-Mrowka Eliza , Jankowska-Steifer Ewa , Heropolitanska-Pliszka Edyta , Skrobot Agnieszka , Muchowicz Angelika , Ciepiela Olga , Wachowska Malgorzata , Demkow Urszula 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDespite great interest, the mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release is not fully understood and some aspects of this process, e.g. the role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), still remain unclear. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underlying RNS-induced formation of NETs and contribution of RNS to NETs release triggered by various physiological and synthetic stimuli. The involvement of RNS in NETs formation was studied in primary human neutrophils and differentiated human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60 cells). RNS (peroxynitrite and nitric oxide) efficiently induced NETs release and potentiated NETs-inducing properties of platelet activating factor and lipopolysaccharide. RNS-induced NETs formation was independent of autophagy and histone citrullination, but dependent on the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and myeloperoxidase, as well as selective degradation of histones H2A and H2B by neutrophil elastase. Additionally, NADPH oxidase activity was required to release NETs upon stimulation with NO, as shown in NADPH-deficient neutrophils isolated from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. The role of RNS was further supported by increased RNS synthesis upon stimulation of NETs release with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187. Scavenging or inhibition of RNS formation diminished NETs release triggered by these stimuli while scavenging of peroxynitrite inhibited NO-induced NETs formation. Our data suggest that RNS may act as mediators and inducers of NETs release. These processes are PI3K-dependent and ROS-dependent. Since inflammatory reactions are often accompanied by nitrosative stress and NETs formation, our studies shed a new light on possible mechanisms engaged in various immune-mediated conditions.
Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and voluntary commands on the spinal reflex excitability of remote limb muscles
Authors: Kato Tatsuya , Sasaki Atsushi , Yokoyama Hikaru , Milosevic Matija , Nakazawa Kimitaka 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is well known that contracting the upper limbs can affect spinal reflexes of the lower limb muscle, via intraneuronal networks within the central nervous system. However, it remains unknown whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which can generate muscle contractions without central commands from the cortex, can also play a role in such inter-limb facilitation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of unilateral upper limb contractions using NMES and voluntary unilateral upper limb contractions on the inter-limb spinal reflex facilitation in the lower limb muscles. Spinal reflex excitability was assessed using transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to elicit responses bilaterally in multiple lower limb muscles, including ankle and thigh muscles. Five interventions were applied on the right wrist flexors for 70 s: (1) sensory-level NMES; (2) motor-level NMES; (3) voluntary contraction; (4) voluntary contraction and sensory-level NMES; (5) voluntary contraction and motor-level NMES. Results showed that spinal reflex excitability of ankle muscles was facilitated bilaterally during voluntary contraction of the upper limb unilaterally and that voluntary contraction with motor-level NMES had similar effects as just contracting voluntarily. Meanwhile, motor-level NMES facilitated contralateral thigh muscles, and sensory-level NMES had no effect. Overall, our results suggest that inter-limb facilitation effect of spinal reflex excitability in lower limb muscles depends, to a larger extent, on the presence of the central commands from the cortex during voluntary contractions. However, peripheral input generated by muscle contractions using NMES might have effects on the spinal reflex excitability of inter-limb muscles via spinal intraneuronal networks.
Preparing first-time slope failures hazard maps: from pixel-based to slope unit-based
Authors: Domènech Guillem , Alvioli Massimiliano , Corominas Jordi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this work, we present a novel quantitative geographical information system-based procedure to obtain the magnitude (area) and frequency of medium to large first-time shallow slope failures. The procedure has been set up at the Barcedana Valley, in the Tremp Basin (Eastern Pyrenees). First, pixel-based susceptibility classes were defined using a slope stability index obtained with the physically based model SINMAP. The frequency calculated from the number of first-time failures recorded during the last 60 years was then assigned to each susceptibility class. We devised a procedure to estimate the size of potential failures by means of the aggregation of pixels within the boundaries of morphological slope units, optimized for the purpose. Finally, the landslide hazard was prepared using the magnitude-frequency matrix. Results show that a proper pixel clustering has been carried which avoids the generation of small groups of pixels with different susceptibility degrees within the same slope unit. For a given hill slope, the area of the cluster of pixels depends on the size of the slope unit, which is not unique as it depends on the criterion used to delineate them. Therefore, the latter is a key factor in the final results. In this study, we validated our results with the size distribution of the observed landslides. The methodology presented in this work can be applied using any susceptibility assessment method with a pixel-based output.