bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Men Who Buy Sex Different from Men Who Do Not?: Exploring Sex Life Characteristics Based on a Randomized Population Survey in Sweden
Authors: Deogan Charlotte , Jacobsson Elin , Mannheimer Louise , Björkenstam Charlotte 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe buying and selling of sex is a topic of frequent discussion and a relevant public health issue. Studies of sex workers are available, while studies addressing the demand side of sex are scarce, especially based on robust population data. The current study provides national estimates of the prevalence of and factors associated with having paid for sex among men in Sweden. We used a randomized population-based survey on sexual and reproductive health and rights among ages 16–84 years, linked to nationwide registers. The sample consisted of 6048 men. With a logistic regression, we analyzed what sex life factors were associated with ever having paid for or given other types of compensation for sex. A total of 9.5% of male respondents reported ever having paid for sex. An increased probability of having paid for sex was identified in men who were dissatisfied with their sex life (aOR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.34–2.22), men reporting having had less sex than they would have liked to (aOR: 2.78; 95% CI: 2.12–3.66), men who had ever looked for or met sex partners online (aOR: 5.07; 95% CI: 3.97–6.46), as well as frequent pornography users (aOR: 3.02; 95% CI: 2.28–3.98) Associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, income, and educational attainment. Sex life characteristics such as poor sex life satisfaction, high online sex activity, and frequent pornography use are strongly associated with sex purchase. These findings can help guide and support counselling and prevention activities targeting sex buyers.
“Ningún lugar sagrado” de Rodrigo Rey Rosa: una ficción paranoica desde la diáspora centroamericana
Authors: La Haije Marileen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes “Ningún lugar sagrado” (1998) by the Guatemalan writer Rodrigo Rey Rosa as a ‘ficción paranoica’ (“La ficción paranoica”, Clarín, 10 de octubre de 1991; Blanco nocturno, Anagrama, Barcelona, 2010). I will explain that Rey Rosa’s short story does not include univocal clues to identify the protagonist as an unreliable narrator whose overinterpretations give rise to a misrepresentation of the facts. According to my reading of “Ningún lugar sagrado”, the paranoiac features of the main character contribute to the ambiguity of the text that, in fact, never explicitly confirms or discredits his persecutory ideas. Following this line of argument, I suggest that Rey Rosa’s short story narrates an “imaginario de amenaza” (“La ficción paranoica”, Clarín, 10 de octubre de 1991) that, alluding to the climate of repression, intrigues and complicities in postwar Guatemala, generates paranoia –including that of the reader. “Ningún lugar sagrado” points to a more general tendency in recent Central American literature that, from the realm of fiction, highlights the widespread nature of paranoia in the region. Unlike social discourses that discuss the topic, these literary texts make use of narrative techniques that do not necessarily respond to a referential notion of truth (including hyperboles, digressions, irony and narrative ambiguity), when constructing the voice of a paranoiac character. According to my perspective, such narrative techniques lend themselves especially to capturing the alienating dimensions of violence in Central America where paranoia, rather than being a question of truth or exaggeration, constitutes a survival strategy.
Decolorization and biodegradation of melanoidin contained in beet molasses by an anamorphic strain of Bjerkandera adusta CCBAS930 and its mutants
Authors: Korniłłowicz-Kowalska Teresa , Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk Kamila 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe used a ligninolytic strain of the white-rot fungusB. adustaCCBAS 930 and its mutants with modified ligninolytic activity to assess their potential to remove of molasses. The analyzed strains have been shown to be able to decolorize 1% or 2% molasses solutions containing brown-colored toxic melanoidins. It was found that the decolorization process was determined by the transition to the stage of production of sporulating aerial mycelium (liquid and agar cultures) coupled with an increase in peroxidase activity, which was accompanied by a decrease in the level of melanoidin, free radicals, and phenolic compounds. Four different peroxidase activities were detected in post-culture liquids, i.e. horseradish-like (HRP-like), manganese-dependent (MnP), lignin (LiP), and versatile (VP) peroxidase activities. The HRP-like peroxidase was characterized by the highest activity. The efficiency of removal of melanoidins from a 1% molasses solution by the parental strain and the mutants was dependent on the culture method. The highest efficiency was noted in immobilized cultures (threefold higher than in the mycelium-free cultures), which was accompanied by stimulation of HRP-like peroxidase activity. Mutant 930-5 was found to be the most effective in the decolorization and decomposition of melanoidin. The HRP-like activity in the immobilized cultures ofB. adusta930-5 was 640-fold higher than in the mycelium-free cultures of the fungus. Moreover, decolorization and biodegradation of melanoidin byB. adustaCCBAS 930 and 930-5 was coupled with detoxification.Graphic abstract
Exploring the potentials, barriers and option for support in the Nigeria renewable energy industry
Authors: Adeyanju Gbadebo Collins , Osobajo Oluyomi A. , Otitoju Afolabi , Ajide Olushola 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClimate change remains a pivotal area and a persistent challenging issue for deliberation among the nations of the world. Most especially in a country like Nigeria, where fossil fuel remains a pivotal source of socio-economic development and well-being of the society. Transforming the Nigeria electricity sector into a source for reducing the country’s carbon emission remains a significant challenge to policymakers, i.e. the Government. This is attributed to the fact that the nation’s primary energy sources come from traditional biomass and fossil fuel such as coal, and natural oil and gas, which has contributed significantly to the level of carbon emissions. In this paper, we explored and identified the potentials, barriers and option for renewable energy in Nigeria. The findings of the review revealed that the Nigerian electricity sector is crucial to reducing the carbon emission generated in the country. Likewise, it is of no doubt that Nigeria is endowed with a different mix of renewable energy sources. Hence, exploring and developing these renewable energy sources will aid the effort of the government in reducing the country’s input to the global carbon emission, instrumental to the socio-economic development of the country and improved well-being of the society at large. Also, policy recommendations to foster renewable energy development were identified.
‘Empty’ space in Central European medieval towns through an interdisciplinary perspective
Authors: Cembrzyński Paweł , Radomski Maciej 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEmpty, abandoned or covered with vegetation – such areas were inherent to the medieval urban space, yet remain overlooked in research. Here, we describe three major types of ‘empty’ space of various origins and functions in Central European towns and suggest how these types can be investigated and interpreted through an interdisciplinary approach combining archaeological, written, pictorial and cartographical sources. We propose a simple interdisciplinary protocol to trace empty spaces in the urban context. This study will help to change our perception of medieval urban space into one that is more dynamic and heterogeneous than commonly believed.
The role of income and neighbourhood poverty in the association between the 2009 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) food package change and child obesity among WIC-participating children in Los Angeles County, 2003–2016
Authors: Chaparro M Pia , Whaley Shannon E , Anderson Christopher E , Wang May C , Crespi Catherine M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine whether a previously reported association between the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) food package change and reduced child obesity risk among WIC-participating children in Los Angeles County holds across levels of family income and neighbourhood poverty.Design:Analysis of prospectively collected WIC administrative data. The outcome was obesity at age 4 years (BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile). Poisson regression was applied to a matched sample (n 79 502) to determine if the association between the WIC food package change and child obesity was modified by family income (<50 % federal poverty level (FPL), 50–100 % FPL, >100 % but <185 % FPL) and neighbourhood poverty.Setting:Los Angeles County, California.Participants:Children who participated in WIC in Los Angeles County between 2003 and 2016; children were grouped as receiving the old WIC food package (2003–2009) or the new WIC food package (2010–2016).Results:Receiving the new WIC food package (i.e., post-2009) was associated with 7–18 % lower obesity risk across all family income categories. Neither family income nor neighbourhood poverty significantly modified the association between the WIC food package and child obesity. However, certain sub-groups seemed to benefit more from the food package change than others. In particular, boys from families with income above poverty but residing in the poorest neighbourhoods experienced the greatest reductions in obesity risk (relative risk = 0·77; 95 % CI 0·66, 0·88).Conclusions:The WIC food package revisions were associated with reduced childhood obesity risk among all WIC-participating families in Los Angeles County, across levels of income eligibility and neighbourhood poverty.
New Developments in the Pathophysiology and Management of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Althaus Karina , Faul Christoph , Bakchoul Tamam 
Published: December 2020

AbstractImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by a significant reduction in the number of circulating platelets and frequently associated with bleeding. Although the pathogenesis of ITP is still not completely elucidated, it is largely recognized that the low platelet count observed in ITP patients is due to multiple alterations of the immune system leading to increased platelet destruction as well as impaired thrombopoiesis. The clinical manifestations and patients' response to different treatments are very heterogeneous suggesting that ITP is a group of disorders sharing common characteristics, namely, loss of immune tolerance toward platelet (and megakaryocyte) antigens and dysfunctional primary hemostasis. Management of ITP is challenging and requires intensive communication between patients and caregivers. The decision to initiate treatment should be based on the platelet count level, age of the patient, bleeding manifestation, and other factors that influence the bleeding risk in individual patients. In this review, we present recent data on the mechanisms that lead to platelet destruction in ITP with a particular focus on current findings concerning alterations of thrombopoiesis. In addition, we give an insight into the efficacy and safety of current therapies and management of ITP bleeding emergencies.
Geodesics near a curvature singularity of stationary and axially symmetric space–times
Authors: Del Águila Juan Carlos , Matos Tonatiuh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this work we study the local behavior of geodesics in the neighborhood of a curvature singularity contained in stationary and axially symmetric space–times. Apart from these properties, the metrics we shall focus on will also be required to admit a quadratic first integral for their geodesics. In particular, we search for the conditions on the geometry of the space–time for which null and time-like geodesics can reach the singularity. These conditions are determined by the equations of motion of a freely-falling particle. We also analyze the possible existence of geodesics that do not become incomplete when encountering the singularity in their path. The results are stated as criteria that depend on the inverse metric tensor along with conserved quantities such as energy and angular momentum. As an example, the derived criteria are applied to the Plebański–Demiański class of space–times. Lastly, we propose a line element that describes a wormhole whose curvature singularities are, according to our results, inaccessible to causal geodesics.
Aluminum–silicon interdiffusion in silicon heterojunction solar cells with a-Si:H(i)/a-Si:H(n/p)/Al rear contacts
Authors: Bryan Jonathan L , Carpenter III Joe V , Yu Zhengshan J , Leilaeioun Ashling (Mehdi) , Shi Jianwei , Weigand William , Fisher Kathryn C , Holman Zachary C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We characterize a-Si:H(i)/a-Si:H(n)/Al and a-Si:H(i)/a-Si:H(p)/Al contacts implemented on the rear side of silicon heterojunction solar cells. Electrical test structures and full-area solar cells employing these contacts demonstrate promising performance. For example, a-Si:H(i)/a-Si:H(p)/Al test structures with a 40 nm thick a-Si:H(p) layer that were annealed at 180 °C had contact resistivities of 48 mΩ · cm2 and implied open-circuit voltage losses after metallization of only 9 mV. Similarly, solar cells with full-area rear a-Si:H(i)/a-Si:H(n)/Al contacts that were annealed at 150 °C had open-circuit voltages of 717 mV and contact resistivities of 9.4 mΩ · cm2. For thinner doped a-Si:H layers and higher annealing temperatures, the contacts become less stable and performance degrades. Complementary transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis show the Al–Si interactions at these interfaces that explain the range of exhibited performance. This analysis leads to a better understanding of the materials properties limiting the contact stability.
Néel ordering in the distorted honeycomb pyrosilicate: C–Er2Si2O7
Authors: Hester Gavin , DeLazzer T N , Lim S S , Brown C M , Ross K A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The rare-earth pyrosilicate family of compounds (RE2Si2O7) hosts a variety of polymorphs, some with honeycomb-like geometries of the rare-earth sublattices, and the magnetism has yet to be deeply explored in many of the cases. Here we report on the ground state properties of C–Er2Si2O7. C–Er2Si2O7 crystallizes in the C2/m space group and the Er3+ atoms form a distorted honeycomb lattice in the a–b plane. We have utilized specific heat, DC susceptibility, and neutron diffraction measurements to characterize C–Er2Si2O7. Our specific heat and DC susceptibility measurements show signatures of antiferromagnetic ordering at 2.3 K. Neutron powder diffraction confirms this transition temperature and the relative intensities of the magnetic Bragg peaks are consistent with a collinear Néel state in the magnetic space group C2’/m, with ordered moment of 6.61 μ

B
canted 13° away from the c-axis toward the a-axis. These results are discussed in relation to the isostructural quantum dimer magnet compound Yb2Si2O7.
A facile and low-cost Al2O3 coating as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase layer on graphite/silicon composites for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhu Hongzheng , Shiraz Mohammad Hossein Aboonasr , Liu Liang , Hu Yuhai , Liu Jian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Graphite/silicon (G/Si) composites are considered as possible alternative anode materials to commercial graphite anodes. However, the unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on G/Si particles results in rapid capacity decay, impeding practical applications. Herein, a facile and low-cost Al2O3 coating was developed to fabricate stable artificial SEI layers on G/Si composites. The amorphous Al2O3 coating with a thickness of 10–15 nm was synthesized by a simple sol–gel method followed by high-temperature annealing. The Al2O3 coated G/Si anode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 540 mAh g−1 at 25 °C and has improved Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability. After 100 cycles, the capacity retention is 76.4%, much higher than the 56.4% of the uncoated anode. Furthermore, the Al2O3 coating was found to be more effective at improving the stability of G/Si at a higher temperature (55 °C). This was explained by the Al2O3 coating suppressing the growth of SEI on Si/G and thus reducing the charge transfer resistance at the G/Si–electrolyte interface. It is expected that the Al2O3 coating prepared by the sol–gel process can be applied to other Si-based anodes in the manufacture of practical high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
Tension–compression behavior in gold nanoparticle arrays: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Valencia Felipe J , Amigo Nicolás , Bringa Eduardo M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The mechanical properties of Au nanoparticle arrays are studied by tensile and compressive deformation, using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations which include up to 16 million atoms. Our results show that mechanical response is dominated by nanoparticle size. For compression, strength versus particle size shows similar trends in strength than full-density nanocrystals. For diameters (d) below 10 nm there is an inverse Hall–Petch (HP) regime. Beyond a maximum at 10 nm, strength decreases following a HP d
−1/2 dependence. In both regimes, interparticle sliding and dislocation activity play a role. The array with 10 nm nanoparticles showed the same mechanical properties than a polycrystalline bulk with the same grain size. This enhanced strength, for a material nearly 20% lighter, is attributed to the absence of grain boundary junctions, and to the array geometry, which leads to constant flow stress by means of densification, nanoparticle rotation, and dislocation activity. For tension, there is something akin to brittle fracture for large grain sizes, with NPs debonding perpendicular to the traction direction. The Johnson–Kendall–Roberts contact theory was successfully applied to describe the superlattice porosity, predicting also the array strength within 10% of molecular dynamics values. Although this study is focused on Au nanoparticles, our findings could be helpful in future studies of similar arrays with NPs of different kinds of materials.
Ce, Eu incorporation through doping of ALD-ZnO thin films for enhancing their photoluminescent properties
Authors: Cervantes-López J L , Rangel R , Meneses-Rodríguez D , Rodríguez-Gattorno G , Alvarado-Gil J J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nanostructured ZnO nanoarrays deposited on silicon oriented substrates is a very promising area in the study of the control of physicochemical properties, in which photoluminescence plays a crucial role. This optical property inherent to ZnO, can be favorably modified through the inclusion of doping elements, with the purpose of appropriately modifying their optical absorption and luminescence. Following this objective, in the present work we present the development of Zn(1−x–y)Ce(x)Eu(y)O nanostructured thin films. The samples were produced in two steps process by atomic layer deposition technique followed by a solvothermal synthesis. The purpose of Cerium and Europium incorporation into the ZnO compound is to enhance the photoluminescence in ZnO thin films. In a first stage textured thin films were obtained from diethylzinc at a temperature of 190 °C and a pressure of 3.29 × 10−4 atm, on silicon substrates (111). Subsequently, the perpendicular growth of nanostructures was induced under a solvothermal process, where Zn(NO3)2 was used as Zn precursor and hexamethylene-tetramine operating as a dual-ligand to promote the linking of Zn2+ ions. The growth of cerium-europium ZnO nanostructures was promoted with Ce(C2H3O2)3·H2O and Eu(NO3)3·5H2O. The obtained Zn(1–x–y)Ce(x)Eu(y)O nanostructured thin films, were examined through SEM-microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies. The attained results show that it is feasible to produce Ce–Eu-doped ZnO nanostructures with tailored photoluminescence and crystal size. Interestingly the Ce–Eu doping induces a strong shift in comparison to the typical UV emission of ZnO; an effect that can be related with the increase of lattice defects in ZnO.
Robust radiation therapy optimization using simulated treatment courses for handling deformable organ motion
Authors: Fredriksson Albin , Engwall Erik , Andersson Björn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We describe a radiation therapy treatment plan optimization method that explicitly considers the effects of interfraction organ motion through optimization on the clinical target volume (CTV), and investigate how it compares to conventional planning using a planning target volume (PTV). The method uses simulated treatment courses generated using patient images created by a deformable registration algorithm to replicate the effects of interfraction organ motion, and performs robust optimization aiming to achieve CTV coverage under all simulated treatment courses. The method was applied to photon-mediated treatments of three prostate cases and compared to conventional, PTV-based planning with margins selected to achieve similar CTV coverage as the robustly optimized plans. Clinical goals for the CTV and healthy tissue were used in comparison between the two types of plans. Out of the two clinical goals for overdosage of the CTV, the three robustly optimized plans violated respectively 2, 2, and 0 goals in the mean over the scenarios, whereas none of the PTV plans violated these goals. Of the ten clinical goals for rectum, bladder, anal canal, and bulbus, the robustly optimized plans violated respectively 0, 1, and 1 goals in the mean, whereas the PTV plans violated 5, 7, and 4 goals. Compared to PTV-based planning, the inclusion of treatment course scenarios in the optimization has the potential to reduce the dose to healthy tissues while retaining a high probability of target coverage. This may reduce the need for adaptive replanning.
Fat and fibrosis as confounding cofactors in viscoelastic measurements of the liver
Authors: Poul S S , Parker K J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Elastography provides significant information on staging of fibrosis in patients with liver disease and may be of some value in assessing steatosis. However, there remain questions as to the role of steatosis and fibrosis as cofactors influencing the viscoelastic measurements of liver tissues, particularly shear wave speed (SWS) and shear wave attenuation (SWA). In this study, by employing the theory of composite elastic media as well as two independent experimental measurements on oil-in-gelatin phantoms and also finite element simulations, it is consistently shown that fat and fibrosis jointly influence the SWS and SWA measurements. At a constant level of fat, fibrosis stages can influence the SWA by factors of 2–4. Moreover, the rate of increase in SWA with increasing fat is strongly influenced by the stages of fibrosis; softer background cases (low fibrosis stages) have higher rate of SWA increase with fat than those with stiffer moduli (higher fibrosis stages). Meanwhile, SWS results are influenced by the presence of fat, however the degree of variability is more subtle. The results indicate the importance of jointly considering fat and fibrosis as contributors to SWS and SWA measurements in complex liver tissues and in the design and interpretation of clinical trials.