bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet A rush hardening for chronic actinic dermatitis: Pilot treatment outcomes
Authors: Wang Tianjing , Gong Yangyang , Rong Wei , Li Li , Zhang Jialin , Li Hui‐Zhong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) is a common debilitating photodermatosis. Patients often have to completely avoid outdoor activities, which severely impacts their quality of life. Phototherapy is effective for CAD and seems to increase patients’ tolerance towards sunlight and consequently decrease the extent of disease. Unfortunately, the slower onset and time‐consuming nature of phototherapy limits the clinical application. Considering the effectiveness and time‐saving nature of ultraviolet (UV)‐A rush hardening in solar urticaria, we performed a pilot study to determine whether UV‐A rush hardening is effective in CAD. Six patients with CAD were exposed to multiple sessions of UV‐A for 4–5 days at 1‐h intervals/day. Subsequently, maintenance UV‐A exposure was performed at 1–2‐week intervals. Phototesting at baseline showed that three patients were sensitive to both UV‐A and ‐B, and the other three patients only showed UV‐A sensitivity. All of the patients responded well to UV‐A rush hardening and four (67%) maintained a good remission status after 1 year. The results of this pilot study suggest that UV‐A rush hardening phototherapy is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of CAD, while future larger prospective studies using objective scores of disease activity and quality of life are needed.
Sensitive quantification of dipicolinic acid from bacterial endospores in soils and sediments
Authors: Rattray Jayne E. , Chakraborty Anirban , Li Carmen , Elizondo Gretta , John Nisha , Wong Michelle , Radović Jagoš R. , Oldenburg Thomas B. P. , Hubert Casey R. J. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryEndospore‐forming bacteria make up an important and numerically significant component of microbial communities in a range of settings including soils, industry, hospitals and marine sediments extending into the deep subsurface. Bacterial endospores are non‐reproductive structures that protect DNA and improve cell survival during periods unfavourable for bacterial growth. An important determinant of endospores withstanding extreme environmental conditions is 2,6‐pyridine dicarboxylic acid (i.e. dipicolinic acid, or DPA), which contributes heat resistance. This study presents an improved HPLC‐fluorescence method for DPA quantification using a single 10‐min run with pre‐column Tb3+ chelation. Relative to existing DPA quantification methods, specific improvements pertain to sensitivity, detection limit and range, as well as the development of new free DPA and spore‐specific DPA proxies. The method distinguishes DPA from intact and recently germinated spores, enabling responses to germinants in natural samples or experiments to be assessed in a new way. DPA‐based endospore quantification depends on accurate spore‐specific DPA contents, in particular, thermophilic spores are shown to have a higher DPA content, meaning that marine sediments with plentiful thermophilic spores may require spore number estimates to be revisited. This method has a wide range of potential applications for more accurately quantifying bacterial endospores in diverse environmental samples.
Nitrate respiration and diel migration patterns of diatoms are linked in sediments underneath a microbial mat
Authors: Merz Elisa , Dick Gregory J. , de Beer Dirk , Grim Sharon , Hübener Thomas , Littmann Sten , Olsen Kirk , Stuart Dack , Lavik Gaute , Marchant Hannah K. , Klatt Judith M. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryDiatoms are among the few eukaryotes known to store nitrate (NO3−) and to use it as an electron acceptor for respiration in the absence of light and O2. Using microscopy and15N stable isotope incubations, we studied the relationship between dissimilatory nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and diel vertical migration of diatoms in phototrophic microbial mats and the underlying sediment of a sinkhole in Lake Huron (USA). We found that the diatoms rapidly accumulated NO3−at the mat‐water interface in the afternoon and 40% of the population migrated deep into the sediment, where they were exposed to dark and anoxic conditions for ~75% of the day. The vertical distribution of DNRA rates and diatom abundance maxima coincided, suggesting that DNRA was the main energy generating metabolism of the diatom population. We conclude that the illuminated redox‐dynamic ecosystem selects for migratory diatoms that can store nitrate for respiration in the absence of light. A major implication of this study is that the dominance of DNRA over denitrification is not explained by kinetics or thermodynamics. Rather, the dynamic conditions select for migratory diatoms that perform DNRA and can outcompete sessile denitrifiers.
Coupling PCSWMM and WASP to Evaluate Green Stormwater Infrastructure Impacts to Storm Sediment Loads in an Urban Watershed
Authors: Beganskas Sarah , Ryan Robert J. , Walters Evelyn , Soro Manahel , Cushman Elizabeth , Toran Laura 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe coupled rainfall–runoff and instream water quality models to evaluate total suspended solids (TSS) in Wissahickon Creek, a mid‐sized urban stream near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Using stormwater runoff and instream field data, we calibrated the model at a subdaily scale and focused on storm responses. We demonstrate that treating event mean concentrations as a calibration parameter rather than a fixed input can substantially improve model performance. Urban stormwater TSS concentrations vary widely in time and space and are difficult to represent simply. Suspended and deposited sediment pose independent stressors to stream biota and model results suggest that both currently impair stream health in Wissahickon Creek. Retrofitting existing detention basins to prioritize infiltration reduced instream TSS loads by 20%, suggesting that infiltration mitigates sediment more effectively than detention. Infiltrating stormwater from 30% of the watershed reduced instream TSS loads by 47% and cut the frequency of TSS exceeding 100 mg/L by half. Settled loads and the frequency of high TSS values were reduced by a smaller fraction than suspended loads and duration at high TSS values. A widely distributed network of infiltration‐focused projects is an effective stormwater management strategy to mitigate sediment stress. Coupling rainfall–runoff and water quality models is an important way to integrate watershed‐wide impacts and evaluate how management directly affects urban stream health.
How Are Institutions Informed? Proactive Trading, Information Flows, and Stock Selection Strategies*
Authors: Wang Yan 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTUsing the relationship between institutional trades and sequential public information, this study provides a systematic way to identify institutional trades that are informative about future equity returns. By studying the US financial institutions from 1994 to 2016, I show that institutional trades initiated by managers responding proactively to upcoming informational signals strongly predict future stock returns. The predictability of informed institutions is more evident for stocks with higher information asymmetry and in periods of higher profit opportunities. The informed institutions outperform the uninformed ones by 2% on an annualized basis and their performance gap is persistent. Importantly, the return predictability of informed institutional trades is not subsumed by the return‐predictive signals documented in prior research, computed either from institutional holdings or from financial statements. Further analyses show that the informed institutional investors derive their superior ability to forecast future stock returns from processing corporate fundamentals and acquiring private information. This study derives a novel return predictor using the institutions' proactive trading behavior and identifies various informational sources of informed traders.
Improving the uptake of Kangaroo Mother Care in neonatal units: A narrative review and conceptual framework
Authors: Gill Victoria R. , Liley Helen G. , Erdei Carmina , Sen Sarbattama , Davidge Ruth , Wright Amy L. , Bora Samudragupta 
Published: December 2020

AbstractKangaroo Mother Care is a beneficial intervention for high‐risk infants; however, global uptake is lacking. Recent systematic reviews have collated the numerous studies that identify diverse barriers and enablers to the use of Kangaroo Mother Care. In this narrative review, we combine the findings of these systematic reviews with more recent studies to propose a conceptual framework, encompassing factors that may affect the initiation and maintenance of Kangaroo Mother Care in neonatal units.ConclusionThis conceptual framework includes parental, healthcare professional, and healthcare system factors, and highlights the potential interplay between them. In line with this, we suggest strategies to improve the uptake of Kangaroo Mother Care in neonatal units.
Meeting families where they are: Text‐based support in parent to parent programs
Authors: Dodds Robin L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundSocial support can be an important buffer to stress to parents when their child has a disability. Parent to parent (P2P) is an evidence‐based peer support program for parents of children with disabilities, where support is provided over the telephone. However, younger parents may prefer electronic communication platforms.MethodsThis paper reports on the results of an online survey of P2P stakeholders regarding: How text‐based support is being used in P2P programs and whether text‐based support is perceived as providing benefits to parents of children with disabilities. A 13‐item survey was developed, which included 10 opportunities to provide Likert, nominal, ordinal and dichotomous responses, as well as three open‐ended questions. Thirty‐one P2P coordinators participated.ResultsThe majority of participants reported that text‐based support was provided regularly in support relationships, most frequently to parents between 25 and 34. The most common platforms used included email and text messages, private Facebook groups and the Facebook Messenger application. Participants indicated that most P2P programs did not have a written policy or guidelines regarding text‐based support. Qualitative themes of best practice, connection, (mis)understanding, convenience, preferences and privacy are also presented.ConclusionBecause parents of young children are frequently referred to P2P programs for information and support, it is important the P2P program adapts to the preferences of a new generation while continuing to provide reliable and effective support. (word count: 225).
Possible involvement of regulatory T cell abnormalities and variational usage of TCR repertoire in children with autoimmune neutropenia
Authors: Goda S , Hayakawa S , Karakawa S , Okada S , Kawaguchi H , Kobayashi M 
Published: December 2020

Summary
Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) in childhood is characterized by chronic neutropenia and positivity for anti-neutrophil antibodies, resulting in the excessive destruction of neutrophils. In this study, we investigated the involvement of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the pathogenesis of AIN in childhood. Tregs have been classified into three subpopulations based on the expressions of CD45RA and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3): resting Tregs, activated Tregs and non-suppressive Tregs. The frequency of activated Tregs (CD4+CD25+FoxP3highCD45RA− T cells) as well as that of total Tregs (CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells) in peripheral blood was significantly decreased in patients with AIN. Analysis of the T cell receptor (TCR)-Vβ repertoire of CD4+ T cells revealed skewed usages in patients with AIN compared with that observed in age-matched control subjects. Regarding T cell subsets, the use of four of 24 TCR-Vβ families in Tregs and one in conventional T cells were increased in patients with AIN. The number of patients with AIN who showed skewed usages of TCR-Vβ family in conventional and Tregs was significantly higher than that reported in control subjects. When the preference between Tregs and conventional T cells in each TCR-Vβ family was individually compared, different use was prominently observed in the TCR-Vβ 9 family in patients with AIN. These results suggest that the quantitative abnormalities of Tregs and the skew of the TCR-Vβ repertoire in CD4+ T cells, including Tregs and conventional T cells, may be related to autoantibody production through a human neutrophil antigen-reactive T cell clone.
Neural induction: Historical views and application to pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Sasai Noriaki , Kadoya Minori , Ong Lee Chen Agnes 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEmbryonic stem (ES) cells are a useful experimental material to recapitulate the differentiation steps of early embryos, which are usually invisible and inaccessible from outside of the body, especially in mammals. ES cells have greatly facilitated the analyses of gene expression profiles and cell characteristics. In addition, understanding the mechanisms during neural differentiation is important for clinical purposes, such as developing new therapeutic methods or regenerative medicine. As neurons have very limited regenerative ability, neurodegenerative diseases are usually intractable, and patients suffer from the disease throughout their lifetimes. The functional cells generated from ES cells in vitro could replace degenerative areas by transplantation. In this review, we will first demonstrate the historical views and widely accepted concepts regarding the molecular mechanisms of neural induction and positional information to produce the specific types of neurons in model animals. Next, we will describe how these concepts have recently been applied to the research in the establishment of the methodology of neural differentiation from mammalian ES cells. Finally, we will focus on examples of the applications of differentiation systems to clinical purposes. Overall, the discussion will focus on how historical developmental studies are applied to state‐of‐the‐art stem cell research.
The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Patnana Arun Kumar , Chugh Ankita , Chugh Vinay Kumar , Kumar Pravin , Vanga Narasimha Rao V. , Singh Surjit 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsThe varied prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in primary teeth around the globe raises a serious knowledge gap in the available literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of TDI in primary teeth and also to evaluate the different factors associated with TDI in primary teeth.Materials and MethodsComprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials with predefined search criteria. The primary outcome was the prevalence of TDI in primary teeth, and the secondary outcomes were the factors associated with TDI in primary teeth. Qualitative analysis was done using the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale adapted for cross‐sectional studies. The random‐effect model was used for meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression analysis was done to evaluate the heterogeneity between the included studies. Meta‐analysis was done using the “meta” package of “R” language. The overall quality of evidence was assessed using GRADEpro GDT software.ResultsA total of 24 cross‐sectional studies met the inclusion criteria representing 4876 TDIs in 22 839 children aged between 0 and 6 years old. The overall prevalence of TDI in primary teeth was 24.2% (95% CI: 18.24‐31.43, P = 0, I2 = 99%). Falls contributed the highest number of TDI ‐ 59.3% (95% CI: 41.05‐76.40, P < .01, I2 = 98%) ‐ in primary teeth. The most common type of tooth fracture in primary teeth was an enamel fracture (61.9%), and prevalence of TDI in children with incompetent lip closure was 49.4%.ConclusionThe prevalence of TDI in cross‐sectional studies of primary teeth was 24.2% with very low quality of evidence. Falls contributed the highest number of TDI in primary teeth, accounting for 59.3%. Children with incompetent lip closure have the highest prevalence (49.4%) of TDI in primary teeth.
A guide to the design of synthetic gene networks in mammalian cells
Authors: Verbič Anže , Praznik Arne , Jerala Roman 
Published: December 2020

Synthetic biology aims to harness natural and synthetic biological parts and engineering them in new combinations and systems, producing novel therapies, diagnostics, bioproduction systems, and providing information on the mechanism of function of biological systems. Engineering cell function requires the rewiring or de novo construction of cell information processing networks. Using natural and synthetic signal processing elements, researchers have demonstrated a wide array of signal sensing, processing and propagation modules, using transcription, translation, or post‐translational modification to program new function. The toolbox for synthetic network design is ever‐advancing and has still ample room to grow. Here, we review the diversity of synthetic gene networks, types of building modules, techniques of regulation, and their applications.
Species sensitivities to a global pollutant: A meta‐analysis on acoustic signals in response to anthropogenic noise
Authors: Kunc Hansjoerg P. , Schmidt Rouven 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnthropogenically driven environmental changes affect our planet at an unprecedented rate. Among these changes are those in the acoustic environment caused by anthropogenic noise, which can affect both animals and humans. In many species, acoustic communication plays a crucial role to maintain social relationships by exchanging information via acoustic signals. However, how species relying on acoustic communication differ in their adjustments to anthropogenic noise is little understood. Yet, this is crucial because protecting species effectively depends on our capability to predict how species differ in their response to human‐induced environmental changes. Using a phylogenetically controlled meta‐analysis, we quantified differences in adjustments of acoustic signals to anthropogenic noise among species. The effect sizes included in the analysis were obtained from noise exposure experiments, as only carefully controlled experiments allow to establish cause‐and‐effect relationships. We found that animals changed acoustic signals when exposed to noise, but the magnitude and the direction of adjustments differed among species. Given the importance of communication in the animal kingdom, these adjustments can affect social relationships in many species. The diversity of responses among species highlights the necessity to assess the effect of environmental stressors not only for a few species, because an effect may be positive in one species but negative in another depending on the species’ biology. Thus, an effective conservation approach to protect different species is to preserve natural soundscapes of ecosystems to which species have adapted to by reducing or mitigating the emission of anthropogenic noise into the environment.
Inter‐ and intraspecific selection in alien plants: How population growth, functional traits and climate responses change with residence time
Authors: Brendel Marco R. , Schurr Frank M. , Sheppard Christine S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimWhen alien species are introduced to new ranges, climate or trait mismatches may initially constrain their population growth. However, inter‐ and intraspecific selection in the new environment should cause population growth rates to increase with residence time. Using a species‐for‐time approach, we test whether with increasing residence time (a) negative effects of climatic mismatches between the species’ new and native range on population growth weaken, and (b) functional traits converge towards values that maximize population growth in the new range.LocationGermany.Time period12,000 years BP to present.Major taxa studiedForty‐six plant species of the Asteraceae family.MethodsWe set up a common‐garden mesocosm‐experiment using annual plant species with a wide range of residence times (7–12,000 years) and followed their population dynamics over 2 years. We calculated climatic distance between the common garden and the species’ native range. We also measured key functional traits of each species to analyse trait–demography relationships and test trait convergence with increasing residence time.ResultsWe found no support for the hypothesis that negative effects of climatic mismatches on population growth weaken with residence time. However, seed mass had a clear negative effect on population growth. As expected under such strong directional selection between or within species, increasing residence time led seed mass to converge to low values that increase population growth. Accordingly, population growth tended to increase with residence time.Main conclusionsWe identify trait but not climatic mismatches as important constraints on population growth of invaders. Understanding how inter‐ and intraspecific selection shapes functional traits of alien species should improve the predictability of future invasions and help understanding of limits to the population growth and spread of invaders already present. In a broader context, this study contributes to the conceptual integration of invasion biology with community, functional and population ecology.
Prevalence of malignant neoplastic oral lesions among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Paula Dayrine Silveira , Nóbrega Malta Cássia Emanuella , de Brito Wendy Honório , Mota Lemos José Vitor , Cetira Fillho Edson Luiz , Gurgel Costa Fábio Wildson , Nunes Alves Ana Paula Negreiros , de Barros Silva Paulo Goberlânio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundMalignant neoplasms that affect children and adolescents are predominantly embryonic and generally affect blood system cells and supporting tissues.AimThis study aimed to summarize the scientific evidence about the prevalence of malignant lesions in the oral cavity of children and adolescents.DesignIn this systematic review and meta‐analysis (PROSPERO CRD42020158338), data were obtained from seven databases and the gray literature. Cross‐sectional observational studies on the prevalence of biopsied oral pediatric malignancies were included. The Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale assessed the quality of the included studies, and the GRADE approach evaluated the evidence certainty. The meta‐analysis prevalence was calculated using MedCalc® software, adopting a 95% confidence level (CI; random‐effect model).ResultsForty‐two studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Of the 64,522 biopsies, the prevalence of malignant lesions was 1.93% (n = 1,100; 95% CI = 1.21%‐2.80%). Countries with a low socioeconomic profile showed the highest prevalence. The sample size did not influence the prevalence of oral malignancies, and unspecified lymphomas (12.08%; 95% CI = 5.73%‐20.37%) and rhabdomyosarcoma (10.53%; 95% CI = 7.28%‐14.30%) were the most common lesions.ConclusionsOral malignant lesions biopsied in children and adolescents had a prevalence of <3%, and lymphomas and sarcomas were the most prevalent lesions.