bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and analytical stress analysis of spur gear
Authors: Vigneshwaran K , Shanmugam Dinesh , Balasuthagar C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Gears are most powerful machine element to transmit the motion between rotating shaft. It acts as a dominating transmission system from many years ago. In this work, a spur gear from stone crusher machine is analysed using theoretical Lewis equation and Finite element analysis method. Here, the bending stress on the spur gear is analysed since these stresses induced play a vital role in gear life. The analysis presented the effect of gear material on induced bending stress. The material C15 steel/CI 30 is replaced by C45 steel/CI 30.The C45 steel material has better mechanical properties than C15 material. The result explains that C45/CI30gives lower value of bending stress as compare to the existing material. Module is important parameter during modelling of spur gear. The parameter is varied and proportionally the bending stress are determined theoretically for both new and existing materials. Finally the results of both gear are compared and concluded with the American gear manufacturer association data. The results shows that the bending stress reduces with increase in module. The future work is to find the bending stress induced on spur gear by varying the module using FEA and varying the shape of meshing structure.
Spine curvature data measurement and its application on product development
Authors: Shanmugam Dinesh , Subramaniyam Murali 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Human Spinal Column important structure thatgives strength and support to the entire upper body. The entire vertebral column is divided into Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx. The normal spine curvature consists of cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumber curve andsacral curve. The normal spine has an S-shaped curve when viewed from the sideways. Two alternating curves to create an S like structure areLordotic Curve (Lordosis) andKyphotic curve (Kyphosis).It has been suggested that deviations in one or both of these variables may increase a person’s risk of developing back pain. Human spine curvature datarequiredin various field including – to study how heavy school bags affects posture/curvature of school going kids,spine curvature changes due to aging,posture changes with pregnancy,upper body posture changes due to mobile phone use,body posture changes due to sitting posture / office ergonomics, etc.Besides, the human spine curvature data are required for product development such as a mattress, chair, automobile seat, pillow, rehabilitation pads, school bag, baby carrier, assistive product for pregnant women/elderly, etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of spine curvature data measurement and its applications on product development.
Experimental Investigation of Particle Impact Damping On Machine Tools
Authors: Muthu E , Dashora Shashwat , Nandakumar P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In machine structure, the boring operations are extensively used for enlarging an existing hole. For large sized workpieces, the overhang length of the boring tool increased, which disturbs the slenderness of the tool (length to diameter ratio) leading to high amplitude vibrations. The tool-workpiece interaction strains the shank and induces vibrations in the workpiece. These vibrations bring along a package of defects such as poor surface finish, dimensional inaccuracy, reduced material removal rate etc. In order to suppress the damping, small metal particles were used. Particle impact damping [6] is a method of achieving high structural damping by using a particle filled enclosure in the region of high displacements. A series of experiments were performed where the closure was attached to the tool at three different locations, the material as well as the size of the particle was changed for obtaining different experimental observations. Further, a particle effectiveness or packing ratio of 25%,50%and 75% was used for experiments. Using NI signal software and LabVIEW we were able to obtain the natural frequency with and without the damper, in an experiment the frequency of vibration was reduced about 15% with the damper
Mechanical response of taper dental implants using finite element analysis
Authors: Jain Vinamra , Dommeti Vamsi Krishna , Nutu Emil , Merdji Ali , Biswas Jayanta Kumar , Roy Sandipan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Implants have created a great impact in the bio medical industry. There are different kinds of dental implants which are existing in the market. Every implant has a unique feature and withstands for different time period. This study on the dental implant creates a new model which includes the porous and tapered angle. Titanium alloy was used for making the implant and supporting bone tissue was considered. Computed tomography data were used to generate the mandible model. In the analysis both static and dynamic loading condition were considered. Three dimensional FEM was performed on the implant to find out the mechanical response for this specific type of implant. The von-Misses stress were calculated for implants and it was observed that safe when compared with yield strength of implant and abundant. In analysis it was also varied bone quality for cortical and cancellous bone and the effect of stress produced can be predated before the implantation done for the patients.
A Review on Analysis and Development of Mathematical Formulation Interpolants for a 4 Noded Polygon using Wachspress’ Interpolation Function
Authors: Sandeep Kumar D , Jeyakarthikeyan P V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed view of a methodology of using Wachspress’ Interpolation Function for the analysis and development of Interpolants by means of a mathematical formulation for a 4 Noded Element i.e. A 4 Noded Quadrilateral Element which has been already addressed by Stephane P.A. Bordas, Sundararajan Natarajan in their research work from where the authors have took have inspiration and worked for advancement. Here a 4 Noded Quadrilateral is taken for analysis and is sub divided into 4 equal Quadrilaterals using Smoothed Finite Element Analysis (SFEM) and the respective coordinates of the discretized element will be same as the local coordinates of the parent element without and coordinate transformation. Once it is done then we form the C Matrix (Shape function Values Matrix) which remains constant. Here we consider the line that connects two nodes and using that we will use to generate the Wachspress’ Interpolants. Later on multiplication of the B Matrix (First Derivative Matrix) with the C Matrix, D Matrix (Material Matrix) and the Area Matrix we can find the Element Stiffness Matrix and later the results will be validated with that of an already existing generic example.
Improvement in forming process using Magnetorheological Fluid Assisted Cushion in Hydraulic Press
Authors: Vijaya A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The role of cushion pressure in hydraulic press plays a vital role in forming the component. In the present work, an attempt was made to analyse the influence of Magnetorheological cushion in addition to the existing cushion system, in forming small cup shaped component. The innovative Magnetorheological assisted hydraulic press of 1 ton capacity is designed and fabricated. The formability of Aluminium and Galvanised Iron sheet of different thickness was analyzed. The Magnetorheological cushion improves the formability of components with the reduced number of wrinkles in it. The forming process with the Magnetorheological fluid assisted cushion hydraulic press was more efficient than ordinary hydraulic presses.
Process parameter optimization of abrasive water jet machining on monel k400 alloy
Authors: Senkathir S , Thulasi Prakash S , Sriram S , Arun Raj A C , Geethapriyan T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Nowadays it’s difficult to use a metal with high corrosion resistant properties in required applications. Monel 400 is one nickel based alloy having required property to be applicable in such scenarios. It is used in highly corrosive environments such as marine, chemical and aerospace industries as it has the property of maintaining its toughness over a range of temperature, however machining of this Monel alloy is relatively tough due to its characteristic work hardening properties. To tackle the mentioned issues, Abrasive water jet machining is used which is a widely known nontraditional machining technique. The process parameters and the response variables were chosen depending on the machine specifications, and parameter combinations were made using Minitab statistical software. The parameters and their interactions like the cut quality on the alloy, nozzle diameters effects, and water pressure were also studied. Response surface model and various statistical algorithms such as S-N ratio, ANOVA and regression equations were utilized for formation of the design of experiment, optimization of process parameters for the machining process were done using Grey relations. Reduction of surface roughness, maximization of Material removal rate while simultaneously reducing the cycle time for the operation was the primary objective. The results thus obtained indicates that the quality of cut was the most influential factor in the machining process followed by water-jet pressure value.
The role of laser in manufacturing of shape memory alloy (sma)
Authors: Karpagaraj A , Ramesh R , Arun Selva Kumar T , Rajesh Kumar N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Shape Memory Alloys are widely used smart materials in recent times for various applications from aerospace to biomedical field. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is made of mixture of different metal powders (Ni-Ti with 50 – 50 Wt% (approximate) can give Nitinol) and/or by using filler metals. However, fusing the selected powder mixture and making as SMA is a challenging task. Researchers used various techniques for making SMA which can be classifed into two major categories likely casting method and powder metallurgy method. Laser power to make SMA is widely used by most of the researchers. These processes are further classified by conventional and non-conventional methods. Under this method various classification like Direct Laser Melting, Selective Laser Melting, Laser Sintering and Laser Cladding are available. In this article, the above-mentioned production methods using laser as major source are studied carefully. The advantages and limitations are also discussed on justifying the suitability of processing SMA by lasers. Along with their limitations the influence of each parameter is focused. Finally, a conclusion is made based on this detailed study.
Controlling an humanoid robot using iot
Authors: Padhmesh U , Kumaraswamy A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The internet of things make peoples life easier, smarter and allow them to control over their surroundings. The project describe the design and understanding of the mobile application for the Android based system which is focused on manual control of humanoid robot using wireless technology. NodeMcu - ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi enabled chip, which is used for controlling the robot. Programming is done based on the requirement and uploaded to the Node Mcu by using Arduino IDE. Google Firebase is used as a cloud provides that helps information to be synchronized between users and to store that information on to the cloud. MIT APP IN-VENTOR is used to develop an application for Android phones. Robot can be now controlled from any device which has this application specifically developed for this robot and the major advantage is we control this robot from any location through internet.
Error analysis and point data processing of reconstructed surface by reverse engineering
Authors: Ann Joachim Martin R , Daniel Glad Stephen J , Vinoth A , Muthu E 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReverse engineering is the processes of extracting design information (data points) from a product in an attempt to duplicate it. But when generating a surface using the acquired data points, there are a lot of surface inaccuracies compared to the original CAD model. The goal of this work is to reveal the errors between the shapes through a comparative study of the original CAD models and the generated surface models. To accomplish this task a mouse structure and an aerofoil are modelled in CAD Software and their NC codes are generated using master CAM. The models are then machined with these codes in CNC milling machine. Using portable CMM, laser scanning is performed on the fabricated models to collect the data points. With these data points the surface models are generated in GEOMAGIC and compared with the input models structured using CAD software. On comparison, it is inferred that the number of input data points of point cloud data significantly affects the surface accuracy of the reverse engineered model especially at the edges of the model. Experimental results on error analysis are reported which validates the above work.
Optimization of Process Parameters using Taguchi Technique for Drilling Aluminium Matrix Composites (LM6 / B4C)
Authors: Sarala Rubi C , Udaya Prakash J , Rajkumar C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Due to their abrasive behaviour, metal matrix composites (MMCs) are difficult to machine, so it is necessary to develop a suitable technology for their efficient machining. The ultimate goal of the research is to study the impact of process variables such as reinforcement, drill type, speed and feed rate on the thrust force and burr height during AMCs drilling. Aluminium Matrix Composites were manufactured with LM6 aluminium alloy as matrix and B4C as reinforcement through the low cost stir casting process. Experiments were performed using L27 orthogonal array in a CNC Vertical Machining Centre equipped with cutting tool dynamometer to measure the thrust force and burr-height was measured using vision measuring system. Experimental results demonstrated that this strategy enhances the performance characteristics expected in the drilling phase.
Effect of MQL, wet and dry lubrication on functional behavior of end milled nimonic-263
Authors: Shekhar Shubham , Gowthaman S , Jagadeesha T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The demand for lower costs with eco-friendly characteristics has stimulated the use of alternate machining practices. The intrinsic properties of Ni-based aerospace alloy make it an uphill task to perform machining on it. The ease of machining of these alloys can be achieved by optimizing the cutting conditions with use of efficient and effective cooling mechanism. The methodology aims to predetermine the MQL performance on surface characteristics over dry and wet conditions and to determine the optimum machining parameters which provides substantial influence on functional attributes such as load bearing ability, wear resistance, etc. The feed rate (2, 20 and 50 mm/min), flow rate (5, 8 and 11 ml/min for MQL) and spindle speed (1000, 2500, 4000 rpm) were used as machining parameters (Independent variables) to govern the alterations in surface profile characteristics such as surface roughness, surface topography and surface morphology of the end milled Nimonic-263 alloy. Furthermore, the ANOVA statistical analysis shows the strong influence of the machining environment over the surface profile parameters. Additionally, the chip morphology (dry machining) was analyzed to examine the effect of variation in machining conditions over the shearing mechanism and its impact on generation of surface profiles. Finally, it has been found that the MQL with intermediate cutting conditions can be an alternative which offers better functional characteristics.
Zero Defect Assurance of Three-Wheeler Product Using IoT Systems
Authors: Hussain Muddubhai Asif , Mohammed Iqbal U 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
By considering quality improvement in three-wheeler vehicle, IOT based Zero Defect Assurance framework is created which can keep up basic discharge related processes and product parameters and parts alongside the vehicles. This includes various forms like IOT products and procedure parameters catching and child part capturing against the vehicle number and quality creation. The system will be created utilizing different IOT gadgets, sensors, PLC’s, programming’s and databases. This application will be conveyed in Engine Assembly, Vehicle Assembly and Sub Assembly lines. These frameworks will be utilized for maintaining a strategic distance from abandons going to the next stage and additionally to recover the information for dissecting field grumblings and emanation related grievances. It is likewise used to enhance the procedure and product characteristics in the system. The hard-wares utilized in this work are useful to peruse the information from the parts and to show the on-time capacity of the parts and guide against the Unique Vehicle Number (UVN).
Comparative study of tungsten inert gas and friction stir welding of aluminium alloy aa5083 (armour grade) aluminium alloy joints
Authors: Srinivasan Mouriya , Saravana Kumar R , Rajasekaran T. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Aluminium-magnesium Alloy AA5083 is used widely as a building and tooling material in aerospace, automobile, and marine industries. This Work shows the comparison of AA5083 (armor grade) – 6mm thickness plate weldments mechanical properties on TIG Welding and FSW processes. Welding of metals is based upon the input parameters as it has an important role of finalizing the weldment and the tool used for welding is H13 Tool Steel as the tool has less deformation due to high chromium content. Generally, the welding processes are aimed at achieving a welding joint with superior mechanical properties with minimum deformation. The tensile strength of the weldments is found by testing in the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTM) machine. The hardness test is performed by Vickers Hardness tester to characterize the welded area. Macro Vickers Hardness is performed in the welded area of the workpiece to finalize mechanical properties in different heat-affected zones of FSW welded workpiece to analyze and find the efficient input parameter of FSW. The efficient input parameter for TIG welding is identified and a comparative study is made and the result proves that FSW welding is a better welding technique.
Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis of the Impact of Tool Edge Geometry in Orthogonal Machining of Super Alloy Inconel 718
Authors: Veeranaath V , Anshuman Aakash , Sethia Suryaansh 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The demand for super alloys of extraordinary hardness and confrontation for automobile and aeronautical applications. However, the metal cutting of super alloys like Inconel 718 are very tough because of various factors like the formation of built up edges, increased machining forces, increased machining temperature, high tool wear, etc. These reasons may lead to poor surface finish, reduced tool life and improper chip formation. The edge dimensions of tool inserts play a vital in the orthogonal machining of aerospace super alloys which are hard to machine alloys. This tool insert geometry also directly have an influence in chip formation mechanism which in turn panels the chip morphology. In this paper, orthogonal machining test on Inconel 718 have been conducted to examine the impression of the edge geometry in machining outputs like surface roughness, machining forces, temperature and cutting insert wear. The consequence of machining constraints are also studied on the above mentioned outputs. Cutting edges are modified using Wire EDM technique. Silicon Nitride and Cubic Born Nitride tool inserts were used for orthogonal machining. This paper is mainly focused to compare the machining outputs beforehand and later alteration of tool insert geometry. The tool cracks and built up edge formation by means of microscopic images were inferred and examined. The parameters which are to be varied in the experiment are defined by L9 orthogonal array. The metal cutting was developed in AdvantEDGE software to analyse conforming stress dissemination.
Performance Characteristics of Electrochemical Micromachining on Pure Titanium using coated tool electrode
Authors: Geethapiriyan T , Arul Jeya Kumar A , Arun Raj A C , Kumarasamy Gowtham , Silkson John J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Owing to its hardenable nature and corrosive resistant, Titanium is mainly utilized in fabricating turbine blade applications. Since it is very tough to creating the complex shape on this material by using traditional machining process. Generally micro holes are produced over the turbine blades to reduce the heat using EDM and LBM process. These processes can produce a heat affected zone over the machining surface and higher operating cost. The target of this present study was to make a micro hole on titanium by using electro chemical micro machining process and also attempt to identify the performance of nickel coated copper electrode for embellishing the ECM process. Since the process involves with no tool wear and less heat affect zone, it is possible to improve the machinability of the material. Titanium specimens have been machined using ECM process with uncoated copper electrode and nickel coated electrode under different process parameters combinations. From the experimental results, the better MRR and surface finish were observed from the nickel coated copper electrode.
A novel three axis Semi Elliptic Manipulator Configuration for simultaneous Multi Point Operations
Authors: Srinivasan Shylesh , Thakur Shilpa 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A new three axes robotic configuration named as “Semi Elliptic Configuration” has been explored here. The configuration’s topology, working principle, forward kinematics, inverse kinematics and application have been described in this article. The inverse and forward kinematic equations have been derived using more fundamental mathematical tools like plane coordinate geometry, trigonometry and properties of triangles instead of using DH parameters, Transformation and Jacobian matrices. The configuration’s name has been derived from the unconventional geometry of the work volume within which it operates. Unlike the cubically shaped work volume of a typical XYZ Cartesian robotic configuration, its shape has been warped towards the edge containing the vertical Z-axis. It was found that the edges enclosing the face opposite to the Z-axis is part of an Ellipse. Two mutually perpendicular co-planar arms originating from the Z-axis enclose the semi elliptic boundary. Two manipulators of such configuration could be accommodated and be made to work independently within the cubical volume occupied by the perpendicular arms. It was found that the configuration’s work volume leaves a void region within the volume of occupancy of the configuration’s structure, which proved to be a disadvantage in certain applications and an advantage in others. An enhancement has been proposed to work around this restriction. The modification allows the configuration to expand its work volume into the void regions. The superior version of the Semi elliptic configuration was named “Enhanced Semi Elliptic Configuration”.