bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention-based hierarchical recurrent neural networks for MOOC forum posts analysis
Authors: Capuano Nicola , Caballé Santi , Conesa Jordi , Greco Antonio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMassive open online courses (MOOCs) allow students and instructors to discuss through messages posted on a forum. However, the instructors should limit their interaction to the most critical tasks during MOOC delivery so, teacher-led scaffolding activities, such as forum-based support, can be very limited, even impossible in such environments. In addition, students who try to clarify the concepts through such collaborative tools could not receive useful answers, and the lack of interactivity may cause a permanent abandonment of the course. The purpose of this paper is to report the experimental findings obtained evaluating the performance of a text categorization tool capable of detecting the intent, the subject area, the domain topics, the sentiment polarity, and the level of confusion and urgency of a forum post, so that the result may be exploited by instructors to carefully plan their interventions. The proposed approach is based on the application of attention-based hierarchical recurrent neural networks, in which both a recurrent network for word encoding and an attention mechanism for word aggregation at sentence and document levels are used before classification. The integration of the developed classifier inside an existing tool for conversational agents, based on the academically productive talk framework, is also presented as well as the accuracy of the proposed method in the classification of forum posts.
Gender recognition in the wild: a robustness evaluation over corrupted images
Authors: Greco Antonio , Saggese Alessia , Vento Mario , Vigilante Vincenzo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the era of deep learning, the methods for gender recognition from face images achieve remarkable performance over most of the standard datasets. However, the common experimental analyses do not take into account that the face images given as input to the neural networks are often affected by strong corruptions not always represented in standard datasets. In this paper, we propose an experimental framework for gender recognition “in the wild”. We produce a corrupted version of the popular LFW+ and GENDER-FERET datasets, that we call LFW+C and GENDER-FERET-C, and evaluate the accuracy of nine different network architectures in presence of specific, suitably designed, corruptions; in addition, we perform an experiment on the MIVIA-Gender dataset, recorded in real environments, to analyze the effects of mixed image corruptions happening in the wild. The experimental analysis demonstrates that the robustness of the considered methods can be further improved, since all of them are affected by a performance drop on images collected in the wild or manually corrupted. Starting from the experimental results, we are able to provide useful insights for choosing the best currently available architecture in specific real conditions. The proposed experimental framework, whose code is publicly available, is general enough to be applicable also on different datasets; thus, it can act as a forerunner for future investigations.
Characterizing Immune Responses in Whole Slide Images of Cancer With Digital Pathology and Pathomics
Authors: Gupta Rajarsi , Le Han , Van Arnam John , Belinsky David , Hasan Mahmudul , Samaras Dimitris , Kurc Tahsin , Saltz Joel H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Our goal is to show how readily available Pathomics tissue analytics can be used to study tumor immune interactions in cancer. We provide a brief overview of how Pathomics complements traditional histopathologic examination of cancer tissue samples. We highlight a novel Pathomics application, Tumor-TILs, that quantitatively measures and generates maps of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer by leveraging deep learning computer vision applications to perform automated analyses of whole slide images.

Recent Findings
Tumor-TIL maps have been generated to analyze WSIs from thousands of cases of breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer. We report the availability of these tools in an effort to promote collaborative research and motivate future development of ensemble Pathomics applications to discover novel biomarkers and perform a wide range of correlative clinicopathologic research in cancer immunopathology and beyond.

Summary
Tumor immune interactions in cancer are a fascinating aspect of cancer pathobiology with particular significance due to the emergence of immunotherapy. We present simple yet powerful specialized Pathomics methods that serve as powerful clinical research tools and potential standalone clinical screening tests to predict clinical outcomes and treatment responses for precision medicine applications in immunotherapy.
Tele-medicine versus face-to-face consultation in Endocrine Outpatients Clinic during COVID-19 outbreak: a single-center experience during the lockdown period
Authors: Ceccato F. , Voltan G. , Sabbadin C. , Camozzi V. , Merante Boschin I. , Mian C. , Zanotto V. , Donato D. , Bordignon G. , Capizzi A. , Carretta G. , Scaroni C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Context
The COVID-19 outbreak in Italy is the major concern of Public Health in 2020: measures of containment were progressively expanded, limiting Outpatients’ visit.

Objective
We have developed and applied an emergency plan, tailored for Outpatients with endocrine diseases.

Design
Cross-sectional study from March to May 2020.

Setting
Referral University-Hospital center.

Patients
1262 patients in 8 weeks.

Interventions
The emergency plan is based upon the endocrine triage, the stay-safe procedures and the tele-Endo. During endocrine triage every patient was contacted by phone to assess health status and define if the visit will be performed face-to-face (F2F) or by tele-Medicine (tele-Endo). In case of F2F, targeted stay-safe procedures have been adopted. Tele-Endo, performed by phone and email, is dedicated to COVID-19-infected patients, to elderly or frail people, or to those with a stable disease.

Main outcome measure
To assess efficacy of the emergency plan to continue the follow-up of Outpatients.

Results
The number of visits cancelled after endocrine triage (9%) is lower than that cancelled independently by the patients (37%, p < 0.001); the latter reduced from 47 to 19% during the weeks of lockdown (p = 0.032). 86% of patients contacted by endocrine-triage received a clinical response (F2F and tele-Endo visits). F2F visit was offered especially to young patients; tele-Endo was applied to 63% of geriatric patients (p < 0.001), visits’ outcome was similar between young and aged patients.

Conclusions
The emergency plan respects the WHO recommendations to limit viral spread and is useful to continue follow-up for outpatients with endocrine diseases.
The distribution of the tax burden and the income distribution: theory and empirical evidence
Authors: Benassi Corrado , Randon Emanuela 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe compare the tax burden distribution across incomes and the income share distribution, based on a stochastic dominance approach. We find conditions to assess the progressivity of different sources of taxes, given knowledge of the income share elasticities, which measure the relative marginal change in the income share accruing to each class of income, associated to a marginal increase in income. We first consider a simple setting with only indirect taxes and then extend it to savings and direct taxation. The progressivity of a given set of taxes depends on the correlation between the relative incidence of the different sources of taxation and the income elasticity of household net expenditure. We use this approach to test empirically for the progressivity of the fiscal system.
Zwischen Wunde und twalm
Authors: von Müller Mareike 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Begriff der Vulnerabilität ist interdisziplinär verbreitet, erfährt aber erst in jüngerer Zeit eine zunehmende historische Profilierung. Trotz eines gegenwärtig erstarkten Interesses an Vulnerabilitätskonzepten in der Literatur sind grundlegende terminologische Differenzierungen gerade in historischer Perspektive noch zu leisten. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt bei der Unterscheidung der Begriffe ›Verletzung‹ und ›Verwundung‹ an, um mit dem axiologischen Mehrwert der Wunde gegenüber der Verletzung einen wesentlichen Aspekt von Vulnerabilität herauszuarbeiten. An Beispiel von Hartmanns Erec soll gezeigt werden, dass Differenzierungen dieser Art literarisch nicht nur antizipiert, sondern poetisch reflektiert werden. Erecs Kampfverletzung, die wiederaufgebrochene Wunde und sein twalm auf Limors adressieren unterschiedliche Modi von Verletzlichkeit und Vulnerabilität, die der Beitrag zu konturieren anstrebt. Dabei steht die produktive Dynamik, die vulnerablen Zuständen eignet, im Fokus der Diskussion. Dieses Potential möchte der Beitrag mit der Unterscheidung von narrativer, metaphorischer und strategischer Vulnerabilität näher beleuchten.
New Work: Die Effekte von Leader-Member Exchange auf psychologisches Empowerment, extraproduktives Verhalten und Fluktuationsabsicht der Mitarbeitenden
Authors: Lorra Jana , Möltner Hannah 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungNew Work ist aktuell fraglos ein Trendthema, wobei darunter je nach Façon jedoch unterschiedlichste neue Formen der Arbeitsgestaltung verstanden werden. Trotz der Unterschiedlichkeit steht die Demokratisierung von Unternehmen und die Ermächtigung der darin arbeitenden Menschen im Fokus von New Work. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt daher Bezüge zwischen New Work und der Literatur zum psychologischen Empowerment her. Letzteres beschreibt einen Zustand, in dem Mitarbeitende Macht und Selbstbestimmung erleben. Dafür ist die Beziehung zwischen Führung und Mitarbeitenden besonders relevant, da die neuen Arbeitsformen darauf abzielen Hierarchien abzubauen. Anhand einer quantitativen Erhebung (N = 150) an zwei Erhebungszeitpunkten wird untersucht, ob der Zusammenhang zwischen Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) und Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) bzw. der Fluktuationsabsicht über psychologisches Empowerment mediiert wird. Die Ergebnisse des Strukturgleichungsmodells stützen die angenommen indirekten Zusammenhänge zwischen LMX und OCB als auch zwischen LMX und Fluktuationsabsicht, vermittelt jeweils durch das psychologische Empowerment. Der direkte Effekt zwischen LMX und OCB und zwischen LMX und Fluktuationsabsicht erreichte keine statistische Signifikanz. Somit mediiert psychologisches Empowerment die beiden Zusammenhänge vollständig.Praktische Relevanz:Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung von psychologischem Empowerment im Führungskontext. Somit ist die Förderung von psychologischem Empowerment für Führungskräfte ein zentraler Ansatzpunkt zur Verringerung der Fluktuationsabsicht der Mitarbeitenden und zur Aufrechterhaltung und Stärkung von OCB.
Dyke failures in the Province of Groningen (Netherlands) associated with the 1717 Christmas flood: a reconstruction based on geoscientific field data and numerical simulations
Authors: Röbke Björn R. , Oost Albert , Bungenstock Friederike , Fischer Peter , Grasmeijer Bart , Hadler Hanna , Obrocki Lea , Pagels Julia , Willershäuser Timo , Vött Andreas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe 1717 Christmas flood is one of the most catastrophic storm surges the Frisian coast (Netherlands and Germany) has ever experienced. With more than 13,700 casualties it is the last severe storm surge with a death toll of this order. At the same time, little is known about the hydrodynamic conditions and the morphological effects associated with this storm surge.In this study, 41 potential dyke failures in the Province of Groningen (Netherlands) associated with the 1717 Christmas flood were systematically reconstructed and mapped by using historical maps and literature and by analysing the recent topography in search of typical pothole structures and sediment fans. The dimensions of the sediment fans as derived from the topography show a good accordance with the dimensions documented by vibracore profiles, direct push tests and electrical resistivity tomography data taken at three fieldwork sites. Moreover, the fan dimensions closely agree with the dimensions as simulated using a process-based morphodynamic numerical model for one of the three sites, the village of Wierhuizen. Consequently, the recent topography is still indicative for the locations and dimensions of dyke failures and sediment fans associated with the 1717 Christmas flood. Considering the large number of detected dyke failures (41) and the large dimensions of the potholes and particularly of the sediment fans up to a few hundred metres wide and up to 0.7 m thick, this study proves significant morphological effects of the 1717 Christmas flood on the mainland of the Province of Groningen.Based on the numerical simulation approach and the comparison with field data and field observations, a maximum seaward water level of 5 m NAP for the dyke failure at Wierhuizen during the Christmas flood can be derived. A similar maximum water level is indicated for the two other fieldwork sites Vierhuizen and Kohol, which is in good agreement with the maximum storm surge level of 4.62 m NAP historically documented for the city of Emden located almost 50 km to the east of Wierhuizen.The results of the current study demonstrate that the reconstruction of historical dyke failures based on (i) historical sources, (ii) recent lidar/high-resolution topographical data, (iii) multi-proxy sedimentary field data and (iv) hydro- and morphodynamic numerical simulations is a highly promising approach to derive hydrodynamic conditions and the morphological onshore response of the 1717 Christmas flood in the Province of Groningen. This knowledge is essential to improve our understanding of extreme storm surge dynamics, their influence on the coastal landscape and the associated hazards for the coastal population.
Environmental factors drive the release of Perkinsus marinus from infected oysters
Authors: Gignoux-Wolfsohn Sarah A. , Newcomb Matilda S. R. , Ruiz Gregory M. , Pagenkopp Lohan Katrina M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSince the discovery of Perkinsus marinus as the cause of dermo disease in Crassostrea virginica, salinity and temperature have been identified as the main environmental drivers of parasite prevalence. However, little is known about how these variables affect the movement of the parasite from host to water column. In order to elucidate how environmental factors can influence the abundance of this parasite in the water column, we conducted a series of experiments testing the effects of time of day, temperature and salinity on the release of P. marinus cells from infected oysters. We found that P. marinus cells were released on a diurnal cycle, with most cells released during the hottest and brightest period of the day (12:00–18:00). Temperature also had a strong and immediate effect on the number of cells released, but salinity did not, only influencing the intensity of infection over the course of several months. Taken together, our results demonstrate that (1) the number of parasites in the water column fluctuates according to a diurnal cycle, (2) temperature and salinity act on different timescales to influence parasite abundance, and (3) live infected oysters may substantially contribute to the abundance of transmissive parasites in the water column under particular environmental conditions.
Human-carnivore coexistence: factors influencing stakeholder attitudes towards large carnivores and conservation in Zimbabwe
Authors: van der Meer Esther , Dullemont Hans 
Published: December 2020

SummaryPromoting human-carnivore coexistence is a main component of carnivore conservation. Coexistence programmes are usually informed by attitudinal studies that evaluate intended behaviour towards carnivores. This questionnaire survey assesses attitudes of governmental and non-governmental conservation stakeholders in Zimbabwe towards living with carnivores, large carnivore species and the conservation of wildlife, and determines whether being part of coexistence programmes (CAMPFIRE, TFCAs) positively affects attitudes. Stakeholder attitudes were most positive when employment was directly related to wildlife and stakeholders had knowledge about and exposure to carnivores. Stakeholders who depend on livestock and/or had little knowledge about and less exposure to carnivores were most negative, this included governmental stakeholders responsible for natural resource management. Positive attitudes were largely based on the aesthetic and economic value of carnivores, while negative attitudes were based on the fear of livestock loss and perceived danger to humans. Subsistence farmers were the most negative stakeholders, as such, the focus on this group to promote coexistence seems justified. However, although some stakeholders were more positive in CAMPFIRE areas or TFCAs, CAMPFIRE and TFCAs failed to improve attitudes of subsistence farmers, which highlights a need to evaluate and adapt these programmes.
Contextual risks and psychosocial outcomes among rural African American emerging adults: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Goings Trenette Clark , Yu Tianyi , Brody Gene H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAfrican American emerging adults face unique contextual risks that place them at heightened risk for poor psychosocial outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify profiles of contextual risks among rural African American emerging adults and determine how risk profiles relate to psychosocial outcomes. Our representative sample included 667 fifth graders who live in the rural South and were followed from preadolescence into emerging adulthood. Contextual risks were assessed at ages 19–21 years via six indicators: perceived stress, daily stress, community disadvantage, parent–child conflict, racial discrimination, and childhood trauma. Four psychosocial variables were also assessed at ages 19–21 years: self-regulation, racial identity, parent support, and friend support. Psychosocial outcomes were assessed at age 25 years: education, substance use, future orientation, depressive symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Latent profile analysis results indicated that the sample could be characterized by three patterns of contextual risk: low contextual risk, high contextual risk, and high contextual risk–childhood trauma. Risk profiles were associated with psychosocial outcomes, with the childhood trauma and high-risk profiles faring worse than the low-risk profile. Further, childhood trauma was particularly predictive of worse outcomes for emerging adults. Findings highlight the need for research and prevention programs that mitigate the effects of contextual risks on psychosocial outcomes for African American emerging adults in rural areas.
Emergency Basic Income during the Pandemic
Authors: DE WISPELAERE JURGEN , MORALES LETICIA 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper focuses on an emergency basic income (EBI) as a tool for avoiding financial insecurity during the time of pandemic. The authors argue that paying each resident a monthly cash amount for the duration of the crisis would serve to protect them from the economic fallout.They suggest three reasons why the EBI proposal is particularly well-suited to play an important role in a comprehensive public health response to COVID-19: it offers an immediate and agile response; it prioritizes the most vulnerable in the affected population; and it promotes a solidaristic response to the pandemic crisis. To go beyond the need to shut down and restart an EBI assistance scheme each time a pandemic hits, the authors propose considering turning the program into a permanent feature.
Interplanetary Origins of Some Intense Geomagnetic Storms During Solar Cycle 24 and the Responses of African Equatorial/Low‐Latitude Ionosphere to Them
Authors: Arowolo O. A. , Akala A. O. , Oyeyemi E. O. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe interplanetary origins of eight selected intense geomagnetic storms that occurred during solar cycle 24 and the responses of total electron content (TEC) at eight African equatorial/low‐latitude stations to these storms were investigated. The responses of scintillations at Dakar and Addis Ababa to the 2011 and 2013 storms were also studied. Six of the eight storms were driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) transients: sheath fields, magnetic clouds, or both. The other two were driven by Co‐rotating interaction region (CIR). In the African equatorial/low‐latitude ionosphere, the TEC was particularly modified by the geomagnetic storms investigated. Our results showed that TEC responses to these storms' initial phases were generally negative. The ICME‐driven storms with daytime main phases caused pole‐ward transport of plasma from the magnetic equator toward the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests and equator‐ward movement of plasma from the daytime EIA crests’ locations, for those with local nighttime main phases, which we attributed to the effect of prompt penetration electric field diurnal orientations. We observed that all the phases of the two CIR‐driven storms majorly recorded negative ionospheric phases. Overall, the storm‐phase‐related equatorial/low‐latitude ionospheric responses were observed to be local time‐dependent and governed by the geomagnetic storms' interplanetary drivers. Comparatively, the CIR‐driven storms investigated were less geoeffective than the ICME transients‐driven storms investigated.
Effect of Decreasing Biological Lability on Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in Streams
Authors: Li Angang , Drummond Jennifer D. , Bowen Jennifer C. , Cory Rose M. , Kaplan Louis A. , Packman Aaron I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRespiration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in streams contributes to the global CO2 efflux, yet this efflux has not been linked to specific DOM sources and their respective uptake rates. Further, removal of DOM inferred from longitudinal concentration gradients in river networks has been insufficient to account for observed CO2 outgassing. We hypothesize that understanding in‐stream dynamics of DOM, which is a heterogeneous mixture spanning a wide range of biological labilities, requires considering that DOM lability decreases during downstream transport. To test this hypothesis, we paired seasonal bioreactor measurements of DOM biological lability with whole‐stream tracer data from White Clay Creek, Pennsylvania, USA, and used a particle‐tracking model to predict in‐stream DOM dynamics. The model simulates continuous inputs of DOM and uses storage time in the stream bioactive regions plus kinetic parameters from bioreactors to assess differential uptake of DOM fractions (i.e., fractionation) in the stream. We compared predictions for in‐stream dynamics of bulk DOM concentration (quantified as dissolved organic carbon) and fluorescent DOM components. Our model‐data synthesis approach demonstrates that more labile fractions of DOM in stream water preferentially originate and are consumed within short travel distances, causing spiraling metrics to change with downstream distance. Our model can account for local sources of rapidly cycled labile DOM, providing a basis for improved interpretation of DOM dynamics in streams that can reconcile apparent discrepancies between respiratory outgassing of CO2 and longitudinal DOM concentration gradients within river networks.