bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Music Appreciation Online
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this book, readers will learn practical tips and strategies to teach music appreciation online. As online education is a growing field, an increasing number of teachers trained in traditional/live methods find themselves now teaching online and potentially without mentors to assist them. Students are also changing, seeking highly engaged, relevant, and interactive learning opportunities that connect to their lives. Here, readers will find helpful guidance in planning curriculum; integrating multimedia assets; designing forum discussions; developing assignments; preparing rubrics; engaging in forum discussions; preparing, managing, and teaching the course; providing feedback and grading; and following up with struggling and challenging students. The book can serve as a resource to those already teaching music appreciation online or as a comprehensive guide to those new to the field. Additionally, it may serve as a resource to instructors in other disciplines who seek to shift live courses to the online format, as well as music appreciation instructors who would like to integrate digital or online components into traditional face-to-face courses. The book is organized into five major sections, designed to guide the novice online educator in-depth while also appealing to the seasoned veteran through the ability to review each section as a stand-alone resource. Although some readers will desire to read from cover to cover, they will also be able to move in a nonlinear manner from chapter to chapter, using chapters in modular form, in order to benefit from the sections that most apply to them at any given time.
Philosophy and Mindset for Online Education
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces teaching philosophies that apply to music appreciation and online education, and ways in which music appreciation instructors might develop or refine a philosophy for teaching the course online that can withstand various inherent challenges. Developing a philosophy for teaching music appreciation online can support instructors by giving them purpose and clarity about instructional choices and daily online teaching. The philosophy traditionally associated with music appreciation classes, an aesthetic philosophy, is introduced, alongside the learner-centered, participatory praxial music education philosophy. Readers are provided with example philosophy statements that have guided some instructors’ approaches to teaching music appreciation and questions that can guide one’s development of a personal philosophy for teaching online music appreciation. Additional considerations for attitudes and assumptions are provided that promote success when teaching online. The idea that one’s philosophy and mindset drive the choice of methods and teaching strategies is core to this chapter. This chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight philosophical questions, mindset tips, and ways in which online music appreciation instructors can find satisfaction and identity in their roles.
Television at Work
Authors: Hughes Kit 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book explores how work, television, and waged labor come to have meaning in our everyday lives. However, it is not an analysis of workplace sitcoms or quality dramas. Instead, it explores the forgotten history of how American private sector workplaces used television in the twentieth century. It traces how, at the hands of employers, television physically and psychically managed workers and attempted to make work meaningful under the sign of capitalism. It also shows how the so-called domestic medium helped businesses shape labor relations and information architectures foundational to the twinned rise of the technologically mediated corporation and a globalizing information economy. Among other things, business and industry built extensive private television networks to distribute live and taped programming, leased satellite time for global “meetings” and program distribution, created complex closed-circuit television (CCTV) data search and retrieval systems, encouraged the use of videotape for worker self-evaluation, used videocassettes for training distributed workforces, and wired cantinas for employee entertainment. Television at work describes the myriad ways the medium served business’ attempts to shape employees’ relationships to their labor and the workplace in order to secure industrial efficiency, support corporate expansion, and inculcate preferred ideological orientations. By uncovering industrial television as a prolific sphere of media practice—one that continually sought to reshape the technology’s cultural meanings, affordances, and uses—Television at Work positions the medium at the heart of Post-Fordist experiments into reconfiguring the American workplace and advancing understandings of labor that increasingly revolved around dehumanized technological systems and information flows.
Navigating and Sustaining Musical Involvement at School and in Lessons
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter includes family reflections on musicking in both school music and private lessons, because these settings represented the main areas where parents viewed others as playing a primary role in their children’s music education. Issues of parental decision making, child agency, and family logistics are discussed. These factors were raised by many of the parents in this study when discussing school music and private lesson opportunities, often in recognition of the need to resist using music as a tool for advancement. This chapter argues that a combination of parenting musically and musical parenting skills was needed to navigate and sustain a family’s involvement and experience in music programs. There were four themes that arose from the data related to school and lessons: uneven access to formal music education, the complexity of parental decision making, the role of performance, and the challenges and rewards of home practice.
Community Musicking as Families
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter highlights examples of musicking that occurred outside of the home or school. Analysis was situated in community musicking literature and the philosophy of place. Community musicking was differentiated from most of the music making in the home based on the location, or space, of music making. The community music-making space was important because it brought parents and children into contact with others even as they were engaged in musicking together. Community musicking provided unique places for families to try new things, experience mutuality, be part of a larger community, and enjoy musicking together.
On Morality and Migration
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the ethical analysis of migration involves not a single question, but several; it encompasses any number of distinct topics, ranging from global distributive justice to the subjective experience of being a migrant. This chapter therefore limits the scope of the book, by identifying its organizing question: may a state ever rightly exclude an unwanted migrant? As a start on this question, the present chapter introduces the assumptions and moral principles which will be assumed to be true in the rest of the book—including, most importantly, the concept of the person with which that analysis will begin.
Coercion and Refuge
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter defends a particular account of how to understand the international right to refuge. It engages with the 1951 Convention setting up the international refugee regime, and demonstrates how the concept of the refugee found within that Convention might be defended. It does this, however, in the service of defending a two-layer account of the right to refuge. The first layer entails a right to be free from coercive interference with one’s movements; the second layer involves a claim to have others assist one in moving, where that assistance can sometimes involve the use of international coercion.
Social Welfare Functions
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The social welfare function (SWF) framework is a core methodology of welfare economics. This chapter describes the approach, discusses its application to health priority-setting, and illustrates this application with a concrete example. The SWF framework conceptualizes any given policy as a probability distribution over outcomes, with each outcome in turn a pattern of well-being among the population of concern. The well-being measure can be derived from utility functions representing individual preferences with respect to the attributes that determine well-being (e.g., health, longevity, income). Different rules for ranking well-being patterns are possible, including both “utilitarian” and “prioritarian” rules. Unlike cost-effectiveness analysis, the SWF framework is sensitive to the way in which a given individual’s income, health, and longevity interact to determine her lifetime well-being. Unlike cost-benefit analysis, the utilitarian and prioritarian SWFs take account of the declining marginal utility of income. Health scholars’ traditional concerns about considering income in allocating health care are mitigated by this feature of both SWFs and, even more so, by the extra concern for the well-being of the worse off that is characteristic of prioritarianism.
Discounting Future Health
Authors: Greaves Hilary 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To discount future benefits and costs is to assign them less weight in one’s cost-effectiveness calculations than one assigns to immediate benefits and costs. When the benefits and costs are monetary ones, there is a widespread and theoretically well-grounded consensus that discounting is appropriate. The case of discounting future health is more controversial, and many authors have argued for a zero discount rate for health. Here the author argues that while the usual arguments for discounting money do not apply to health, there are two other good reasons (related, respectively, to uncertainty and to instrumental effects) for discounting health within the simple models that form the basis of much cost-effectiveness analysis. Both of these reasons, however, would be inapplicable in more detailed models that represented uncertainties and instrumental effects explicitly.
Introduction
Authors: Pinfari Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents basic definitions, operational assumptions, and the key literature that form the basis for the analysis of “terrorists as monsters” in this book. It begins by discussing the concept of terrorism, drawing from speech-act theory but also arguing that linguistic conventions alone cannot explain the emotional appeal that can be associated with the use of monsters as political metaphors. It then elaborates on the role of culture in shaping the metaphorical use of monstrosity, before introducing and discussing in depth the concept of “archetypal metaphor”—which serves as the basis for explaining the different functions that monster metaphors play in framing and presenting performatively terrorist acts. The following sections then discuss the logic of “terrorizing” and the nature of terrorism as performance. The final part of the chapter summarizes the main themes and content of the book.
The Abominables
Authors: Pinfari Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of monster metaphors in framing “terrorist” actors since the French Revolution. While acknowledging that these metaphors effectively present the “terrorist” as an abject “other,” it argues that the main purpose of the use of monster imagery in framing “terrorists” is to highlight their unmanageability, which may be instrumental in securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. It presents these arguments while reviewing examples drawn from the origins of modern terrorism in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These include the gorgon Medusa, which appears for instance in relation to Robespierre’s “Reign of Terror,” and the many-headed hydra—one of the oldest metaphors for representing unruly behavior that proves unmanageable. It then introduces another type of unmanageable monster that would become particularly popular to frame terrorists—Frankenstein’s monster—and its use in the late nineteenth century to frame Irish nationalism.
Revolutionary monstrosity
Authors: Pinfari Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter engages with the idea of terrorists “acting” as monsters. In contrast to the view that the shocking and apparently beastly behavior of some “terrorist” actors has no rational justification, it suggests that the performative construction of terrorist acts by impersonating some of the components of the prototype of monstrosity can be seen (in most circumstances) as rational. In fact, it argues that this pattern of behavior has a long history in terrorism through the concept of “revolutionary terrorism.” This chapter traces the origin and evolution of this concept by discussing the idea of the “Propaganda of the Deed” and by presenting the stages through which, from Sergey Nechayev to Che Guevara and then on to the Red Brigades, the ideologues of the anarchist and left-wing guerrilla movements perfected the idea that “terrorists” and insurgents should act as cold, unpredictable, and emotionless “killing machines.”
Monsters in the “jihadi revolutionary atmosphere”
Authors: Pinfari Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter continues with the analysis of the terrorist “actor” by highlighting how the establishment of a “revolutionary atmosphere” through the use of political violence has been a goal of several insurgent and “terrorist” groups in the Middle East, from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to al-Qaeda in Iraq to the Islamic State. First, it focuses on the reception of European left-wing “terrorism” and third-worldism in the Middle East, especially within the Palestinian nationalist movement. Then, it explains why, in the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq in 2003, several ideologues affiliated with al-Qaeda (including Abu Musab al-Suri) have recommended the use of brutal fighting techniques for establishing what al-Suri described as a “jihadi revolutionary atmosphere.” Finally, it considers the extent to which the impersonation of the prototype of monstrosity (either in its entirety or in its individual components) can help explain the modus operandi of the Islamic State.
The monstrous enemy in the “terrorist” mind
Authors: Pinfari Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how monster-like creatures may be used by “terrorist” groups to frame their own enemy. If monster-like creatures play a crucial role in the “cosmic war” narrative adopted by many “terrorist” groups, their main goal usually is not to present the enemy as an uncontrollable monster but rather “othering” it in order to cause the “social death of the victim,” which in turn helps them justify the resort to morally liminal behavior and cement their in-group cohesion. The examples discussed in this chapter span from the use of exterminatory rhetoric to frame the targets of terror bombing during World War II, the “buck” and Incubus symbolism in white supremacist terrorism, the metaphorical constructs chosen by left-wing groups in the 1970s, and the use of concept of “taghout” by Islamist movements.
The Strategic Logic of Islamic State’s Full-Spectrum Propaganda
Authors: Ingram Haroro J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter broadly canvasses the strategic logic of the Islamic State’s (IS) propaganda strategy by examining how its key constituent parts are interlocking in a sophisticated approach to communications that is multidimensional, comprehensive, and cohesive. It explains how these parts connect together to produce a full-spectrum propaganda effort that maximizes the reach, relevance, and resonance of the groups’ message, with different outputs deployed with both a singular specific purpose and a particular role in the overall synchronization of all constituent elements. By broadly mapping the constituent parts of IS’s propaganda strategy, explaining variations throughout the group’s “boom-bust” history, and analyzing their connections with IS’s military activities and territorial situation, this chapter is designed to frame the “deep dive” chapters that explore individual components of IS propaganda.
The Fallen Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The writings of Paul, especially, prove crucial to Augustine’s diagnosis of the fallen condition of the human will, both in the more generalized discussion of texts such as Ad Simplicianum and in his intense personal reflections on the conflict of will leading up to his conversion in book 8 of Confessions. As Augustine adapts and reframes his thinking in response to texts such as Romans 9, his account of will becomes multidimensional, including two distinct characterizations of will, one corresponding to its created and another to its fallen state. In its first dimension, the will is a powerful hinge; in its second, it forms a link in the chain (ansula catenae) that holds human beings in bondage to sin. The account of this transition illustrates how Augustine’s multidimensional approach to willing can accommodate radical shifts within a coherent, biblically indexed scheme, thus preserving continuity in his thinking amid drastic developments.
Introduction
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the core concept of the book. Specifically, the premise of the book is that a focus on developmental milestones has limited our understanding of change, and that we will gain more insight about change by thinking about developmental cascades. The term development is defined, and the key tenants of the cascade approach are presented. These are: (a) All developmental change reflects the use of multiple mechanisms; (b) the mechanisms of any specific developmental change operate at many levels involving sensation, perception, and cognition, and (c) the emergence of any behavior or milestone represents one point in an ongoing developmental cascade.
The Oxford Reference Guide to Lexical Functional Grammar
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis is the most comprehensive reference work on Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), which will be of interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students, academics, and researchers in linguistics and in related fields. Covering the analysis of syntax, semantics, morphology, prosody, and information structure, and how these aspects of linguistic structure interact in the nontransformational framework of LFG, this book will appeal to readers working in a variety of sub-fields, including researchers involved in the description and documentation of languages, whose work continues to be an important part of the LFG literature The book consists of three parts. The first part examines the syntactic theory and formal architecture of LFG, with detailed explanation and comprehensive illustration, providing an unparalleled introduction to the fundamentals of the theory. The second part of the book explores nonsyntactic levels of linguistic structure, including the syntax-semantics interface and semantic representation, argument structure, information structure, prosodic structure, and morphological structure, and how these are related in the projection architecture of LFG. The third part of the book illustrates the theory more explicitly by presenting explorations of the syntax and semantics of a range of representative linguistic phenomena: modification, anaphora, control, coordination, and long-distance dependencies. The final chapter discusses LFG-based work not covered elsewhere in the book, as well as new developments in the theory.
Constituent structure
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the organization of overt phrasal syntactic representation, the constituent structure or c-structure. Section 3.1 discusses some traditional arguments for constituent structure representation. Many of these arguments prove to be flawed, since the theory of phrase structure has a different status in LFG than in theories in which grammatical functions are defined configurationally and abstract syntactic (and other) relations are represented in phrase structure terms. Valid criteria within LFG for phrase structure determination are proposed in Section 3.2. The inventory of constituent structure categories, both lexical and functional, that are crosslinguistically available and the theory of the organization of words and categories into phrases are explored in Section 3.3. The general theory of constituent structure organization is exemplified in Section 3.4, where we provide more specific discussion of the constituent structure organization of clauses. Section 3.5 discusses the relation between hierarchical constituent structure and surface linear order.
Syntactic relations and syntactic constraints
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter continues the discussion of the formal architecture of LFG and of ways to describe and constrain constituent structures and functional structures. The chapter introduces additional relations and constraints on structures, and discusses concepts fundamental to our formal theory, including regular expressions (Section 6.1); sets (Section 6.3); off-path constraints (Section 6.6); templates (Section 6.7); relations between f-structures such as f-command, subsumption, and restriction (Section 6.9); c-structure/f-structure constraints including empty nod rules (Section 6.10); and precedence relations (Section 6.11). For most readers, this chapter best serves as a reference to be consulted for definition and discussion of concepts and relations that are used in the analyses presented in the remainder of the book.
Prosodic structure
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter investigates the relationship between the phonological or prosodic structure of a spoken utterance and its syntactic, semantic, and information structural analysis. A full theory of the form-meaning correspondence must account for the effect of prosodic features such as intonation patterns on interpretation. In line with other work in LFG that is concerned with the contribution made by phonology or prosody to grammatical structure and interpretation, the existence of a separate level of prosodic structure or p-structure within the projection architecture is assumed. The chapter reviews previous LFG approaches to prosody and the place of prosodic structure within the grammar (Section 11.3), before presenting the approach that is adopted which relies on analyzing a string as having two distinct aspects: one syntactic, the s-string, the other phonological/ prosodic, the p-string (Section 11.4). This approach is exemplified with an account of declarative questions and prosodic focus marking.