bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding and managing suspended solids in intensive salmonid aquaculture: a review
Authors: Schumann Mark , Brinker Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe intensive aquaculture of salmonids is a relatively young discipline within the animal husbandry sector. It differs to terrestrial livestock farming in one obvious and fundamental aspect – the aquatic environment. Besides great advantages such as buoyancy, the fluid medium also poses specific challenges for fish and fish farmers. One issue identified as a central problem in aquaculture is the presence of undissolved particulate matter in the water column. The ideal of fish living in pure, transparent water is seldom a reality as virtually every water body is subject to multiple inputs of solid matter, for example from the ground, the air and from the organisms living in it. In aquaculture, these solids are derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources, but by far the biggest input comprises excreted waste from the relatively high biomass of fish. The ratio of different inputs varies significantly between individual systems, dependent on factors such as the type of husbandry system, water exchange rate, the species being farmed, stocking density and the composition of the feed being supplied. This review aims to summarize potential sources of solid wastes in salmonid aquaculture, the properties of those solids and their implications for system stability, the quality of connected environments and the welfare of fish being reared. We will also review the expanding opportunities for solid management.
Met and unmet blood demand, recipients profiles and associated trends in Eritrea
Authors: Ali Sham Adem , Tesfaghiorghis Yosief Kidane , Tesema Meron Tesfamariam , Achila Oliver Okoth 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate Eritrean national blood demand and demand satisfaction and to assess the associated trend of blood and blood products usage.BackgroundEstimating blood demand to determine collection goals is a challenge in many low‐income countries, including Eritrea.MethodologyThis study was a 5‐year survey of a representative sample of hospitals and was conducted in the National Blood Transfusion Center of Eritrea. Four referral hospitals in Asmara were selected. Blood bank registers and blood request papers were reviewed retrospectively from 2013 to 2017 to determine the number of components requested and the number and units issued. Data were calculated for annual trends in the difference between request and issue of blood products and the annual national estimate.ResultsThe largest met‐demand percentages were seen for International Organization for Cardiac Centre Asmara (IOCCA) (88.63%) followed by surgeries (79.49%), active bleeding (73.76%) and anaemia (67.82%), which were mostly requested for adult patients (>40 years). The mean value of requested products and issued products per patient were 2.50 (±0.972) and 1.81 (±0.839), respectively. The calculated correlation coefficient for the difference between demand and demand satisfaction was strong (R2 = 0.967), implying an increasing linear difference. It was estimated that nearly 72% of blood component demand was met over the 5 years.ConclusionEven though there was an increase in blood collection over years, the Eritrean National Blood Transfusion Services (NBTS) still falls short in satisfying the full demand.
Extended discourse‐pragmatic usage ofnowin Nigerian English
Authors: Oladipupo Rotimi O. , Unuabonah Foluke O. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractApart from the occurrence ofnowas a temporal adverb and as an attention pragmatic marker, there is the existence of a third type ofnowwhich until now has not been explored in Nigerian English. This paper, examines the phonetic properties, meaning, frequency, syntactic patterns, and extended discourse‐pragmatic functions of an indigenisednowin Nigerian English. The paper takes its data from conversations in the International Corpus of English‐Nigeria and analyses this nativisednowfrom a grammatical‐pragmatic approach. The results reveal that this third type ofnowhas adopted the tonal structure of some indigenous Nigerian languages and occurs mainly at the final position of utterances. This Nigerian indigenisednowperforms only interpersonal functions as it serves as an emphasis marker and as a mitigation marker.
Numerical and Dynamic Errors Analysis of Planar Multibody Mechanical Systems With Adjustable Clearance Joints Based on Lagrange Equations and Experiment
Authors: Li Hui , Xie Jin , Wei Wei 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
For theoretical study and engineering application, it is necessary to provide an accurate and simple dynamical model to simulate the multibody mechanical systems with clearance joints and it is also the subject of this article. Based on Lagrange equations of the first kind, a different numerical methodology, the length and rotation angle of the clearance joints are looked as independent coordinates for the first time, is presented in detail. The slider–crank mechanism, with a single or double adjustable revolute clearance joints, is used as a numerical model. A test rig and a simulink model, fully in accordance with the numerical model, are used to measure the velocity, displacement, and acceleration. The numerical results tally with experimental and simulink results reveal that the new methodology, presented in this paper, provides a correct approach to build the dynamical equations of mechanism with clearance joints. Lyapunov exponent is used to analyze the motion status, chaotic or periodic, of the slider. Based on data points, mean absolute deviation (MAD) is applied to judge the dynamical errors, displacement, velocity, and acceleration, of the slider due to clearance joints. With the help of Lyapunov exponent and MAD, the results indicated that various clearance sizes and drive speeds can change the dynamical behaviors of the slider, which is complex but can be predicted in some way.
On the Interrupted Creep Test Under Low Stress Levels for the Power Law Parameter Extraction
Authors: Yang Bin , Xuan Fu-Zhen , Jiang Wen-Chun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Low stress interrupted creep test, as an interim compromise, can provide essential data for creep deformation design. However, there are no clear guidelines on the characterization of the terminating time for interrupted low-stress creep test. To obtain a suitable terminating time in terms of economy and effectiveness, long-term creep strain data of 9%Cr steels are collected from literatures and their creep deformation characterization is analyzed. First, the variations of normalized time and strain of each creep stage with the stress level are discussed. Then, the effect of the terminating time on final fitted results of Norton–Bailey equation is estimated. Third, the relationship between demarcation points at different creep stages and minimum/steady-state creep rate is analyzed. The results indicate that when the creep rupture life is considered as an important factor for creep design, the tertiary creep stage is of greatest significance due to the largest life fraction and creep strain fraction at low stress level. However, the primary and secondary creep stages are of great significance for design due to their larger contribution to 1% limited creep strain. And the long-term secondary creep data could be extrapolated by combining the primary creep strain data obtained from interrupted creep tests with the time to onset of tertiary creep derived from a similar Monkman–Grant relationship.
Modeling the Interfacial Debonding Behavior Between Steel Wire and Adhesive
Authors: Shi Jun , Zeng Li , Wan Yu , Shi Jianfeng , Nie Xinyu , Chen Hanxin , Yu Zhen , Li Guangzhong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A polyethylene pipe reinforced by winding steel wires (PSP) has been widely used in the petroleum, chemical, and water supply industries. The PSP has outstanding mechanical properties due to its unique composite structure. However, interfacial debonding between steel wire and adhesive sometimes occurs when the temperature and inner pressure increases to some extent in the application. In this study, the interfacial behavior between steel wire and adhesive was investigated and the interfacial failure process was analyzed. First, to acquire test data of interfacial failure, pull-out tests were conducted using specimens consisted of steel wire and adhesive. Specimens were prepared per the PSP manufacturing process, and a temperature change occurred in the specimens' preparation. Second, as the details of failure process could not be observed directly, finite element models were established to represent the mechanical behavior of the steel-polymer interface in-order to reproduce the debonding failure process. The thermal preload was taken into account in the model, and its influence on interfacial behavior was discussed. Contact surface with cohesive behavior was utilized to characterize the interfacial property. Finally, the interfacial failure process including stick–slip interaction and frictional sliding interaction was modeled in the simulation. The simulation result agreed well with the experimental data. Based on the finite element model, the cause and the distribution of thermal residual stress in pull-out specimen were illuminated. Further, it is discussed that how the stress distribution changes along the adhesive interface.
Simplified External Pressure Design of ASME Pressure Vessels Using Closed Form Solution
Authors: Vinayka Sandip 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The procedure of design of cylindrical shells under external pressure as outlined in ASME Sec VIII Div.1 is iterative and tedious, not suitable for quick hand calculations. This paper provides an alternative simplified procedure to calculate the required thickness for shells under external pressure, as well as to size the stiffeners as required using closed form solutions. An example is provided to demonstrate the working of the procedure and to validate the results with the current ASME Sec VIII Div.1 methodology.
Best-Estimate Plus Uncertainty Analysis of CANDU Fuel Reliability Using Manufacturing and Simulated Core Data
Authors: Song Jason J. , Chan Paul K. , Bonin Hugues W. , Pandey Mahesh 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A novel method of assessing the reliability of 37-element Canada deuterium uranium (reactor) (CANDU) fuel bundle was explored. The method implements a “best-estimate plus uncertainty” (BEPU) approach where a probabilistic treatment of manufacturing and operating inputs is used to predict fuel performance. The fuel performance was predicted using the Canadian industry standard codes for fuel performance, ELESTRESS and ELOCA, which, respectively, model fuel behaviors during normal and transient conditions. The outputs of the codes were compared against failure criteria from industry norms to determine the probability of failure. A Monte Carlo simulation method was applied to analyze this problem. Probability distributions of manufacturing input variables were estimated from real data, which were then randomly sampled. The inputs for fuel burnup and power were simulated using core-following data generated using a three-dimensional diffusion code, the Reactor Fuelling Simulation Program (RFSP), which were also then randomly sampled. The results of the simulations predict significant improvements in margins to limits for all performance parameters. An average improvement of 500 °C in centerline temperature, 10 °C in sheath temperature, 12 MPa in element internal pressure, and 0.8% in pellet end sheath hoop strain was predicted for the highest-powered region of the core, during normal operations, in comparison with the limit-of-envelope (LOE) benchmark. An 80% reactor overhead break (ROH) transient simulation was also simulated, and an average improvement of 500 °C in centerline temperature, 150 °C in sheath temperature, 6.5 MPa in internal pressure, and 2% in sheath hoop strain was predicted.
Halogens in hydrothermal sphalerite record origin of ore-forming fluids
Authors: Frenzel Max , Cook Nigel J. , Ciobanu Cristiana L. , Slattery Ashley D. , Wade Benjamin P. , Gilbert Sarah , Ehrig Kathy , Burisch Mathias , Verdugo-Ihl Max R. , Voudouris Panagiotis 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The halogens Cl and Br are sensitive indicators for the origin of ore-forming fluids. Here, we use a combination of microchemical and microscopic methods to show that measurable concentrations of these elements commonly occur as atomic-scale substitutions in hydrothermal sphalerite. Furthermore, the Cl/Br ratios of halogen-rich sphalerites are indistinguishable from those of the corresponding ore-forming fluids. Thus, they record fluid compositions, which in turn record fluid origin. Given the abundance of sphalerite in hydrothermal base-metal deposits, as well as the relative ease of conducting in situ microchemical analyses, the halogen signature of sphalerite has the potential to become a sensitive proxy to distinguish between different ore-forming environments.
Causal associations of insulin resistance with coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Chen Weiqi , Wang Shukun , Lv Wei , Pan Yuesong 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionThe relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular diseases is unclear. We aimed to examine the causal associations of IR with cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and its subtypes, using Mendelian randomization.Research design and methodsDue to low sample size for gold standard measures and in order to well reflect the underlying phenotype of IR, we used 53 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with IR phenotypes (ie, fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides) from recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) as instrumental variables. Summary-level data from four GWASs of European individuals were used. Data on IR phenotypes were obtained from meta-analysis of GWASs of up to 188 577 individuals and data on the outcomes from GWASs of up to 446 696 individuals. Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates were calculated with inverse-variance weighted, simple and weighted-median approaches and MR-Egger regression was used to explore pleiotropy.ResultsGenetically predicted 1-SD increase in IR phenotypes were associated with a substantial increase in risk of coronary artery disease (OR=1.79, 95% CI: 1.57 to 2.04, p<0.001), myocardial infarction (OR=1.78, 95% CI: 1.54 to 2.06, p<0.001), ischemic stroke (OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.40, p=0.007) and the small-artery occlusion subtype of stroke (OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.49, p<0.001), but not associated with the large-artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolism subtypes of stroke. There was no evidence of pleiotropy. Results were broadly consistent in sensitivity analyses using simple and weighted-median approaches accounting for potential genetic pleiotropy.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence to support that IR was causally associated with risk of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and the small-artery occlusion subtype of stroke.
Viability of Bos taurus scapulae as a flat bone proxy for ballistic testing
Authors: Taylor Seth C , Kieser D C , Hammer N , Ondruschka B , Kranioti E , Pullen A , Hooper G 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundHandguns and rifles are often involved in violent deaths such as homicide and suicide. Consequently, forensic investigations are important to clarify the nature of ballistic trauma.MethodsThis study investigated the differences in entrance and exit wound morphology with Bos taurus (bovine) scapulae that have two cortical layers surrounding a central cancellous bone section which are comparable with human flat bones, with a series of experiments using six different calibres (0.22 Long Rifle, 9×19 mm North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 0.40 Smith & Wesson, 0.45 Automatic Colt Pistol, 5.56×45 mm and 7.62×51 mm). B. taurus (bovine) scapulae were used for closed range 30 cm simulated executions.ResultsThe ballistic experiments presented similarities in entrance wound morphology and exit wound bevelling with that of recognised forensic cases. As muzzle velocity increased, bevelling increased. Circumferential delamination is clearly visible with full metal jacket rounds, yielding similar bone damage morphology as human crania.ConclusionBovine scapulae seem appropriate for ballistic simulations of flat bone injuries on the macroscopic level, if the correct portion of the scapulae is deployed. More research is needed to further substantiate these interpretations.
Reporting of drug trial funding sources and author financial conflicts of interest in Cochrane and non-Cochrane meta-analyses: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Turner Kimberly , Carboni-Jiménez Andrea , Benea Carla , Elder Katharine , Levis Brooke , Boruff Jill , Roseman Michelle , Bero Lisa , Lexchin Joel , Turner Erick H , Benedetti Andrea , Thombs Brett D 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveTo (1) investigate the extent to which recently published meta-analyses report trial funding, author–industry financial ties and author–industry employment from included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), comparing Cochrane and non-Cochrane meta-analyses; (2) examine characteristics of meta-analyses independently associated with reporting funding sources of included RCTs; and (3) compare reporting among recently published Cochrane meta-analyses to Cochrane reviews published in 2010.DesignReview of consecutive sample of recently published meta-analyses.Data sourcesMEDLINE database via PubMed searched on 19 October 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting articlesWe selected the 250 most recent meta-analyses listed in PubMed that included a documented search of at least one database, statistically combined results from ≥2 RCTs and evaluated the effects of a drug or class of drugs.Results90 of 107 (84%) Cochrane meta-analyses reported funding sources for some or all included trials compared with 21 of 143 (15%) non-Cochrane meta-analyses, a difference of 69% (95% CI 59% to 77%). Percent reporting was also higher for Cochrane meta-analyses compared with non-Cochrane meta-analyses for trial author–industry financial ties (44% versus 1%; 95% CI for difference 33% to 52%) and employment (17% versus 1%; 95% CI for difference 9% to 24%). In multivariable analysis, compared with Cochrane meta-analyses, the odds ratio (OR) for reporting trial funding was ≤0.11 for all other journal category and impact factor combinations. Compared with Cochrane reviews from 2010, reporting of funding sources of included RCTs among recently published Cochrane meta-analyses improved by 54% (95% CI 42% to 63%), and reporting of trial author–industry financial ties and employment improved by 37% (95% CI 26% to 47%) and 10% (95% CI 2% to 19%).ConclusionsReporting of trial funding sources, trial author–industry financial ties and trial author–industry employment in Cochrane meta-analyses has improved since 2010 and is higher than in non-Cochrane meta-analyses.
Australian Suicide Prevention using Health-Linked Data (ASHLi): Protocol for a population-based case series study
Authors: Chitty Kate M , Schumann Jennifer L , Schaffer Andrea , Cairns Rose , Gonzaga Nicole J , Raubenheimer Jacques E , Carter Gregory , Page Andrew , Pearson Sallie-Anne , Buckley Nicholas A 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionIn Australia, suicide is the leading cause of death for people aged 15–44 years. Health professionals deliver most of our key suicide prevention strategies via health services, but other efficacious population-level strategies include means restriction and public awareness campaigns. Currently, we have no population-level data allowing us to determine which individuals, in what parts of Australia, are likely to use our most promising interventions delivered by health services. The aims of this study are to describe: (1) health service utilisation rates in the year prior to death by suicide, and how this varies by individual case characteristics; (2) prescribed medicines use in the year prior to death by suicide, medicines used in suicide by poisoning and how this varies by individual case characteristics.Methods and analysisThis is a population-based case series study of all suicide cases in Australia identified through the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) from 2013 to 2019. Cases will be linked to administrative claims data detailing health service use and medicines dispensed in the year before death. We will also obtain findings from the coronial enquiry, including toxicology. Descriptive statistics will be produced to characterise health service and prescribed medicine use and how utilisation varies by age, sex, method of death and socioeconomic status. We will explore the geographical variability of health service and medicine use, highlighting regions in Australia associated with more limited access.Ethics and disseminationThis project involves the use of sensitive and confidential data. Data will be linked using a third-party privacy-preserving protocol meaning that investigators will not have access to identifiable information once the data have been linked. Statistical analyses will be carried out in a secure environment. This study has been approved by the following ethics committees: (1) the Justice Department Human Research Ethics Committee (REF: CF/17/23250), (2) the Western Australian Coroners Court (REF: EC 14/18 M0400), (3) the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (REF: EO2017/4/366) and (4) NSW Population & Health Services Research Ethics Committee (REF: 2017/HRE1204). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and communicated to regulatory authorities, clinicians and policy-makers.
Is competitive body-building pathological? Survey of 984 male strength trainers
Authors: Steele Ian , Pope Harrison , Ip Eric J , Barnett Mitchell J , Kanayama Gen 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesHundreds of thousands, if not millions, of individuals worldwide engage in competitive body-building. Body-building often attracts derogatory characterisations such as as ‘bizarre’ or ‘narcissistic,’ or a ‘freak show’, seemingly implying that it is associated with pathology. Few studies have compared psychological features in competitive bodybuilders versus recreational strength trainers.MethodsUsing logistic regression with adjustment for age and race, we compared 96 competitive bodybuilders (‘competitors’) with 888 recreational strength trainers (‘recreationals’), assessed in a prior internet survey, regarding demographics; body image; use of anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS), other appearance-enhancing and performance-enhancing drugs (APEDs), and classical drugs of abuse; history of psychiatric diagnoses; and history of childhood physical/sexual abuse.ResultsCompetitors reported a higher lifetime prevalence of AAS (61 (63.5%) vs 356 (10.1%), p<0.001) and other APED use than recreationals but showed very few significant differences on other survey measures. AAS-using competitors were more likely than AAS-using recreationals to have disclosed their AAS use to a physician (31 (50.8%) vs 107 (30.0%), p=0.003). Both groups reported high levels of body image concerns but did not differ from one another (eg, ‘preoccupation with appearance’ caused significant reported distress or impairment in important areas of functioning for 18 (18.8%) competitors vs 132 (15.4%) recreationals, p=0.78). No significant differences were found on the prevalence of reported childhood physical abuse (9 (9.4%) vs 77 (8.8%), p=0.80) or sexual abuse (4 (4.2%) vs 39 (4.5%), p=0.83). Competitors reported a lower lifetime prevalence of marijuana use than recreationals (38 (39.6%) vs 514 (57.9%), p=0.001).ConclusionAside from their APED use, competitive bodybuilders show few psychological differences from recreational strength trainers.