bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of mucosal disaccharidase kinetics and expression in the jejunum of steers with divergent average daily gain
Authors: Smith Wyatt N , Brake Derek W , Lindholm-Perry Amanda K , Oliver William T , Freetly Harvey C , Foote Andrew P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the differences in the activity of jejunal maltase and isomaltase between two groups of steers with average dry matter intake (DMI) and differing average daily gain (ADG). DMI and ADG were measured in crossbred steers (n = 69; initial body weight = 456 ± 5.0 kg) consuming a finishing diet containing 67.8% dry-rolled corn, 20.0% wet distillers grains with solubles, 8.0% alfalfa hay, and 4.2% vitamin/mineral supplement on a dry matter basis for 84 d. Jejunal mucosal samples were collected from eight steers with the greatest (high) or least (low) ADG and average DMI (± 0.55 standard deviation). Homogenates of jejunal mucosa were incubated with increasing amounts of maltose and isomaltose to determine the disaccharidase kinetics. Total mucosal protein concentration (mg protein/g tissue; P = 0.45) of the mucosa and small intestinal weights (P = 0.69) did not differ between the groups. Neither the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) of isomaltase (P = 0.15) nor maltase (P = 0.21) differed between groups. The isomaltase maximum velocity (Vmax) expressed per gram of protein tended to differ (P = 0.10) between groups of steers but did not differ (P = 0.13) when expressed on a tissue basis. Similarly, neither the maltase Vmax expressed per gram of protein (P = 0.31) nor tissue (P = 0.32) differed between groups. While previous studies have indicated that disaccharidase expression is associated with differences in ADG, data presented here indicate that differences in enzyme activity at the end of the finishing period are minimal.
What Is the Predictive Value of a Single Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR Swab Test in a Patient With COVID-Like Symptoms and/or Significant COVID-19 Exposure?
Authors: George Blessen , McGee James , Giangrasso Eileen , Finkelstein Sheila , Wu Susan , Glatt Aaron E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Utilizing results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and subsequent antibody titers, we report on the test characteristics of a PCR screening test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among hospital workers. The PCR test was found to be 87% sensitive and 97% specific, with a positive predictive value of 0.98 and a negative predictive value of 0.80.
Systemic inflammation as a moderator between sleep and incident dementia
Authors: Baril Andrée-Ann , Beiser Alexa S , Redline Susan , McGrath Emer R , Aparicio Hugo J , Gottlieb Daniel J , Seshadri Sudha , Pase Matthew P , Himali Jayandra J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
To determine whether C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, moderates the association between sleep and incident dementia.

Methods
We studied Framingham Heart Study participants who completed at baseline a serum CRP assessment and in-home polysomnography to measure sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), number of awakenings, arousal index, and apnea–hypopnea index. Participants were divided into groups according to their CRP level: low (&lt;1 mg/L), average (1–3 mg/L), and high inflammation (&gt;3 mg/L). Surveillance for outcomes (incident all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease [AD] dementia) commenced at baseline and continued up to 22.5 years.

Results
In 291 participants (mean age 67.5 ± 4.9 years, 51.6% men) followed for 13.4 ± 5.4 years, we observed 43 cases of all-cause dementia, 33 of which were clinically consistent with AD. Whereas no direct association between CRP or sleep exposures was observed with incident dementia, CRP levels interacted with nighttime wakefulness when predicting both incident all-cause and AD dementia. In the high CRP group, longer WASO (hazard ratio [HR], 2.89; 95% CI, 1.31–6.34) and more nighttime awakenings (HR, 4.55; 95% CI, 1.19–17.38) were associated with higher risk of incident dementia. In the low CRP group, fewer nighttime awakenings were associated with a higher risk of incident dementia (HR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01–0.68).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that inflammation moderates the association between sleep, particularly nighttime wakefulness, and dementia risk. The presence of inflammation may be an important determinant in evaluating how sleep disturbances relate to neurodegeneration.
A Flexible Neural Representation of Faces in the Human Brain
Authors: Cao Runnan , Li Xin , Todorov Alexander , Wang Shuo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An important question in human face perception research is to understand whether the neural representation of faces is dynamically modulated by context. In particular, although there is a plethora of neuroimaging literature that has probed the neural representation of faces, few studies have investigated what low-level structural and textural facial features parametrically drive neural responses to faces and whether the representation of these features is modulated by the task. To answer these questions, we employed 2 task instructions when participants viewed the same faces. We first identified brain regions that parametrically encoded high-level social traits such as perceived facial trustworthiness and dominance, and we showed that these brain regions were modulated by task instructions. We then employed a data-driven computational face model with parametrically generated faces and identified brain regions that encoded low-level variation in the faces (shape and skin texture) that drove neural responses. We further analyzed the evolution of the neural feature vectors along the visual processing stream and visualized and explained these feature vectors. Together, our results showed a flexible neural representation of faces for both low-level features and high-level social traits in the human brain.
Effect of Renal Denervation on Cardiac Function and Inflammatory Factors in Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Li Chao , Xia Wei , Wang Li , Zhang Jin , He Qiang , Liu Yin , Xia Dasheng , Lu Chengzhi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract:
Heart failure (HF) affects around 100 million people and is a staggering burden for health care system worldwide. Rapid and sustained activation of inflammatory response is an important feature of HF after myocardial infarction. Sympathetic overactivation is also an important factor in the occurrence and progression of HF. The beneficial effect of renal denervation (RDN) has been demonstrated in HF. In the current study, we hypothesized that RDN improves cardiac function in HF canine models due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and reduced inflammation might be involved. Twenty-four beagles were randomized into the control (n = 8), HF (n = 8), and HF + RDN group (n = 8). The HF model after AMI was established by embolization the anterior descending distal artery with anhydrous ethanol in the HF and HF + RDN group. Bilateral renal artery ablation was performed in the HF + RDN group. Cardiac function, serum creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB and NT-Pro BNP level, and expression of inflammation-related proteins in myocardial were examined. Because the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus might be involved in inflammation-induced central neural excitation in HF and plays an important role in regulating extracellular fluid volume and sympathetic activity, expression of inflammation-related proteins in hypothalamus was also examined. AMI and post-AMI HF model was created successfully. Compared with the HF group, dogs in the HF + RDN group showed better cardiac function 4 weeks after AMI: lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, and left ventricular end-systolic dimension and higher LEVF and left ventricular systolic pressure (P < 0.05 for all) were observed in the HF + RDN group. In addition, dogs in the HF + RDN group had slightly less ventricular fibrosis. Interestingly, RDN had lower expression of inflammation-related proteins including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factors-α, nuclear factor κB, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (P < 0.05 for all) in both myocardial tissue and hypothalamus. RDN can improve cardiac function in dogs with HF after myocardial infarction. Our results suggested that RDN might affect cytokine-induced central neural excitation in HF and later affect sympathetic activity. Our results suggested a potential beneficial mechanism of RDN independent of mechanism involving renal afferent and efferent sympathetic nerves.
Associations Between Neurochemistry and Gait Performance Following Concussion in Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Charney Molly F. , Howell David R. , Lanois Corey , Starr Tyler C. , Liao Huijun , Coello Eduardo , Breedlove Katherine M. , Meehan William P. , Koerte Inga , Lin Alexander P. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:To evaluate the strength of associations between single-task and dual-task gait measures and posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG) neurochemicals in acutely concussed collegiate athletes.Setting:Participants were recruited from an NCAA Division 1 University.Participants:Nineteen collegiate athletes acutely (<4 days) following sports-related concussion.Design:We acquired magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the PCG and gait performance measurements in the participants, acutely following concussion. Linear mixed-effects models were constructed to measure the effect of gait performance, in the single- and dual-task settings, and sex on the 6 neurochemicals quantified with MRS in mmol. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to determine the direction and strength of the relationship between MRS neurochemicals and gait performance, postconcussion symptom score, and number of previous concussions.Main Measures:Average gait speed, average cadence,N-acetyl aspartate, choline, myo-inositol, glutathione, glutamate plus glutamine, and creatine.Results:Single-task gait speed (P= .0056) and cadence (P= .0065) had significant effects on myo-inositol concentrations in the PCG, independent of sex, in concussed collegiate athletes. Single-task cadence (P= .047) also had a significant effect on glutathione in the PCG. No significant effects were observed between dual-task gait performance and PCG neurochemistry.Conclusions:These findings indicate that increased concentrations of neuroinflammatory markers in the PCG are associated with slower single-task gait performance within 4 days of sports-related concussion.
Pollutants in Breast Milk
Authors: Lapillonne Alexandre , Bocquet Alain , Briend André , Chouraqui Jean‐Pierre , Darmaun Dominique , Feillet François , Frelut Marie‐Laure , Guimber Dominique , Hankard Régis , Peretti Noel , Roze Jean‐Christophe , Simeoni Umberto , Turck Dominique , Dupont Christophe ,   Comité de Nutrition de la Société Française de Pédiatrie (CNSFP)
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTPregnant and lactating women are continuously and ubiquitously exposed to numerous environmental pollutants from various sources including air, food, water, and occupational and household environments. The available evidence shows that pollutants are present in human milk and one of the emerging questions is what happens when the nursing infant is involuntarily exposed to contaminants through breastfeeding.The available literature does not currently provide a conclusive evidence of any consistent or clinically relevant health consequences in infants exposed to environment chemicals through breast milk. The available data strongly suggest that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential harmful effects of pollutants contained in human milk. The committee of nutrition of the French Pediatric Society strongly supports breastfeeding but also calls for public health actions to reduce the overall contamination level in the environment, to continue promoting breastfeeding, and to support research in this area.
Ethics in the Pediatric Emergency Department: When Mistakes Happen
Authors: Dreisinger Naomi , Zapolsky Nathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The emergency department (ED) is an environment that is conducive to medical errors. The ED is a time-pressured environment where physicians aim to rapidly evaluate and treat patients. Quick thinking and problem-based solutions are often used to assist in evaluation and diagnosis. Error analysis leads to an understanding of the cause of a medical error and is important to prevent future errors. Research suggests mechanisms to prevent medical errors in the pediatric ED, but prevention is not always possible. Transparency about errors is necessary to assure a trusting doctor-patient relationship. Patients want to be informed about all errors, and apologies are hard. Apologizing for a significant medical error that may have caused a complication is even harder. Having a systematic way to go about apologizing makes the process easier, and helps assure that the right information is relayed to the patient and his or her family. This creates an environment of autonomy and shared decision making that is ultimately beneficial to all aspects of patient care.
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in Children
Authors: Powell Elizabeth C. , Leonard Jeffrey R. , Olsen Cody S. , Jaffe David M. , Anders Jennifer , Leonard Julie C. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives
Pediatric cervical injuries are uncommon. This study was to describe injury circumstances, clinical findings, and management among children diagnosed with atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AARS) to aid in its recognition and management.

Methods
Subanalysis of a large case-control study from January 2000 to December 2004 in 17 hospitals in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network was performed. Cases were children younger than 16 years with AARS after blunt trauma (n = 55); controls were (a) children with other cervical spine injuries (other CSI, n = 485) and (b) those with normal imaging of the cervical spine (non-CSI, n = 1060).

Results
Children with AARS were younger (mean [SD] age, 7.7 [3.8] vs 10.7 [4.6]; Wilcoxon P < 0.01). Falls accounted for 36% of injuries; there were no diving mechanisms (vs other CSI, falls 19%, Fisher exact P < 0.01, and diving 7%, P = 0.04). Children with AARS sought medical care more than 24 hours after the injury event (21% vs 1% for non-CSI controls, P < 0.01). Clinical findings associated with AARS included neck pain (67%) and torticollis (57%) versus other CSI, pain (47%) and torticollis (5%, P < 0.01) for each, and versus non-CSI controls, pain (33%) and torticollis (6%, P < 0.01) for each. Management of AARS included no intervention (n = 6, 11%), soft or rigid collar only (n = 24, 44%), traction (n = 14, 25%), halo (n = 9, 16%), internal fixation (n = 2, 4%), and varied across institutions (P = 0.02).

Conclusions
Children with AARS often have a delayed presentation with neck pain and torticollis; falls are a common injury mechanism. Treatment varied across institutions. Further work is needed to identify optimal management.
Vertical structure in chlorophyll profiles: influence on primary production in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Bouman Heather A. , Jackson Thomas , Sathyendranath Shubha , Platt Trevor 
Published: August 2020

Subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) layers are prevalent throughout the Arctic Ocean under stratified conditions and are observed both in the wake of retreating sea ice and in thermally stratified waters. The importance of these layers on the overall productivity of Arctic pelagic ecosystems has been a source of debate. In this study, we consider the three principal factors that govern productivity within SCMs: the shape of the chlorophyll profile, the photophysiological characteristics of phytoplankton and the availability of light in the layer. Using the information on the biological and optical parameters describing the vertical structure of chlorophyll, phytoplankton absorption and photosynthesis–irradiance response curves, a spectrally resolved model of primary production is used to identify the set of conditions under which SCMs are important contributors to water-column productivity. Sensitivity analysis revealed systematic errors in the estimation of primary production when the vertical distribution of chlorophyll was not taken into account, with estimates of water-column production using a non-uniform profile being up to 97% higher than those computed using a uniform one. The relative errors were shown to be functions of the parameters describing the shape of the biomass profile and the light available at the SCM to support photosynthesis. Given that SCM productivity is believed to be largely supported by new nutrients, it is likely that the relative contribution of SCMs to new production would be significantly higher than that to gross primary production. We discuss the biogeochemical and ecological implications of these findings and the potential role of new ocean sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles in furthering the study of SCMs in such highly heterogeneous and remote marine ecosystems.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.
Benthic-pelagic coupling in the Barents Sea: an integrated data-model framework
Authors: Freitas Felipe S. , Hendry Katharine R. , Henley Sian F. , Faust Johan C. , Tessin Allyson C. , Stevenson Mark A. , Abbott Geoffrey D. , März Christian , Arndt Sandra 
Published: August 2020

The Barents Sea is experiencing long-term climate-driven changes, e.g. modification in oceanographic conditions and extensive sea ice loss, which can lead to large, yet unquantified disruptions to ecosystem functioning. This key region hosts a large fraction of Arctic primary productivity. However, processes governing benthic and pelagic coupling are not mechanistically understood, limiting our ability to predict the impacts of future perturbations. We combine field observations with a reaction-transport model approach to quantify organic matter (OM) processing and disentangle its drivers. Sedimentary OM reactivity patterns show no gradients relative to sea ice extent, being mostly driven by seafloor spatial heterogeneity. Burial of high reactivity, marine-derived OM is evident at sites influenced by Atlantic Water (AW), whereas low reactivity material is linked to terrestrial inputs on the central shelf. Degradation rates are mainly driven by aerobic respiration (40–75%), being greater at sites where highly reactive material is buried. Similarly, ammonium and phosphate fluxes are greater at those sites. The present-day AW-dominated shelf might represent the future scenario for the entire Barents Sea. Our results represent a baseline systematic understanding of seafloor geochemistry, allowing us to anticipate changes that could be imposed on the pan-Arctic in the future if climate-driven perturbations persist.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning’.
Analysis and prediction of Covid-19 spreading through Bayesian modelling with a case study of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Deepmala  , Srivastava Nishant Kumar , Kumar Vineet , Singh Sanjay Kumar 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in Wuhan, China, and spread worldwide. In India, COVID-19 cases increased rapidly throughout India. Various measures like awareness program, social distancing, and contact tracing have been implemented to control the COVID-19 outbreak. In the absence of any vaccine, the prediction of the confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases is required to enhance the health care system’s capacity and control the transmission. In this study, the cumulative and daily confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases in Uttar Pradesh, India, were analyzed. We used the logistic and Gompertz non-linear regression model using a Bayesian paradigm. We build the prior distribution of the model using information obtained from some other states of India, which are already reached at the advanced stage of COVID-19. Results from the analysis indicated that the predicted maximum number of confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases will be around 1157335, 5843, and 1145829 respectively. The daily number of confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases will be maximum at 104th day, 73rd day, and 124th day from 16 June 2020. Further from this analysis we can conclude that the COVID-19 will be over probably by early-June, 2021. The analysis did not consider any changes in government control measures. We hope this study can provide some relevant information to the government and health officials.
Decline, and Regional Disparities, in Medical Cocaine Usage in the United States
Authors: Armbuster Youngeun C. , Banas Brian N. , Feickert Kristen D. , England Stephanie E. , Moyer Erik J. , Christie Emily L. , Chughtai Sana , Giuliani Tanya J. , Halden Rolf U. , McCall Kenneth L. , Piper Brian J. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTPurposeCocaine is a stimulant with a complex history that is used in otorhinolaryngological surgeries as a local anesthetic and vasodilator. There is extensive regulation in the United States for the storage and disposal of this Schedule II drug, potentially incentivizing health care professionals to avoid use. This descriptive study characterized medical cocaine use in the United States.MethodsRetail drug distribution from 2002-2017 in units of grams of weight was extracted for each state from the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System database, which reports on medical, research, and analytical-chemistry use. The percent of buyers (hospitals, pharmacies, providers) was obtained. Use per state, corrected for population, was determined. Available data on cocaine use, as reported by the Medicare and Medicaid programs for 2013 – 2017, also were examined.ResultsMedical cocaine use in the US, measured on the basis of mass, decreased 62.5% from 2002 to 2017. Hospitals accounted for 84.9% and practitioners for 9.9% of cocaine distribution in 2017. The number of pharmacies nationwide carrying cocaine dropped by 69.4% to 206. The percent of all US hospitals, practitioners, and pharmacies that carried cocaine in 2017 was 38.4%, 2.3%, and 0.3%, respectively. There was a seven-fold difference in distribution per state in 2002 (South Dakota = 76.1 mg/100 persons, Delaware = 10.1 mg/100 persons). Similarly, there was a ten-fold regional disparity observed for 2017. Relative to the average state, those reporting the highest values (Montana = 20.1 and North Dakota = 24.1 mg/100 persons), were significantly elevated. Cocaine use within the Medicare and Medicaid programs was negligible.ConclusionMedical cocaine use across the United States exhibited a pronounced decline over a fifteen-year period. If this pattern continues, licit cocaine will soon become an obscure pharmacological relic of interest only to analytical chemists and medical historians.Key PointsQuestion:How has medical use of cocaine, a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor administered for otorhinolaryngological surgeries and some diagnostic procedures, changed in the United States?Findings:Cocaine usage, as reported to the Drug Enforcement Administration has undergone a pronounced (62.5%) decline over the past fifteen-years, while some pronounced regional differences were noted.Meaning:Although cocaine has played a key role in the history of anesthesia, the development of safer and non-controlled alternatives may continue to supplant this agent in contemporary use.