bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inexact Newton regularization combined with two-point gradient methods for nonlinear ill-posed problems
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Authors: Fan Bin , Xu Chuanju 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we propose an inexact Newton regularization combined with two-point gradient methods for nonlinear ill-posed problems. The basic idea of the proposed method is to linearize the equation around each outer iteration and subsequently apply a so-called two-point gradient method in the inner loop to accelerate the iterative process. Under suitable assumptions, we show that the iteration sequence generated by the proposed algorithm converges to a solution of the related problem in the noiseless situation. Furthermore, the stability and regularization properties of the proposed algorithm are analyzed in the noise-data case. Several numerical examples are provided to validate the theoretical results and to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Flexoelectricity in non-oriented liquids
Authors: Zhang Shuwen , Liu Kaiyuan , Ji Hui , Wu Tonghui , Xu Minglong , Shen Shengping 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Flexoelectricity is a universal electromechanical effect in dielectric materials, describing strain gradient-induced electric polarization, of which, significant research has been performed for solid dielectrics and liquid crystals. Flexoelectricity of non-oriented liquids may have an impact on the research of bioelectronics, programmed droplets, energy harvesting and ionotronic devices, but it is not accessible for research due to a lack of theory and experimental approaches. In this work, flexoelectricity in non-oriented liquids is theoretically predicted and obtained by applying a shear strain gradient and the flexoelectric response of several types of liquids are demonstrated. Shear strain gradient of liquids is applied with a special-designed geometry and loaded by cyclic rotation from the chamber and the induced electric polarization is measured for flexoelectric coefficients. Experiments are designed and the shear flexoelectric response of non-oriented dielectric liquid materials are theoretically estimated and experimentally verified. This work opens the field of research for flexoelectricity in general non-oriented liquids and highlights the electromechanical properties of liquid materials.
Spatially and temporally discontinuous two-plasmon decay with relatively low laser irradiance
Authors: Kang Ning , Liu Huiya , Lei Anle , Ji Shengzhe , Zhou Shenlei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The direct-drive inertial confinement fusion scheme with a gradually increasing intensity nanosecond pulse needs to avoid fuel preheating during the low-temperature implosion stage, in which the occurrence and characteristics of two-plasmon decay with low laser intensity is worthy of attention as it produces hot electrons that preheat the fuel. In this paper, we present experimental results regarding the occurrence and characteristics of two-plasmon decay inferred from the observation of three-halves harmonic light under an irradiance of ∼1 ×  1013 W cm−2, with which three plasma density scale-lengths were obtained using different laser pulses. Spatial and temporal discontinuities of the laterally emitting three-halves harmonic light in both the parallel and the perpendicular directions with respect to the target surface were observed, which are interpreted by laser filamentation analyses based on plasma parameters calculated from the measured spectra and interferograms, and supported by radiation hydrodynamics and particle-in-cell simulations. From the perspective of filamentation, suppression methods of the observed phenomena under such conditions are discussed.
Approaching depairing current in dirty thin superconducting strip covered by low resistive normal metal
Authors: Ustavschikov S S , Levichev M Yu , Pashenkin I Yu , Klushin A M , Vodolazov D Yu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate that a thin dirty superconducting (S) strip covered by low resistive normal metal (N) approaches closer to the depairing current than a single S strip, which makes its non-linear properties stronger. The obtained result comes from proximity-induced superconductivity in the N layer, its large contribution to the superconducting properties of the SN bilayer and larger sensitivity to the current than that of the host S layer. We argue that such an SN bilayer could be a promising system for different applications based on the current-dependent kinetic inductance. In addition, we also find that in the presence of the N layer the maximal vortex velocity in the resistive state considerably increases.
Does oil palm certification create trade-offs between environment and development in Indonesia?
Authors: Lee Janice Ser Huay , Miteva Daniela A , Carlson Kimberly M , Heilmayr Robert , Saif Omar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEnvironmental and social problems triggered by rapid palm oil expansion in the tropics have spurred the proliferation of sustainability certification systems such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). While the RSPO aims to improve the impact of oil palm production on people and environments, its effect on local development, environmental quality, and, especially, potential trade-offs between these outcomes remain unclear. Here, we evaluate whether RSPO certification of large-scale industrial concessions has promoted village development and supported environmental quality in Indonesia, the top global palm oil producer. Using a panel dataset with observations from 11 000 villages in Kalimantan and Sumatra from 2003 to 2014, we apply rigorous quasi-experimental methods to quantify the RSPO’s impacts on village development and environmental outcomes. In the short-run, RSPO contributed to environmental conservation, but had limited development outcomes. On average, relative to villages with non-certified concessions, RSPO certification reduced deforestation and protected primary forests in Sumatra and lowered the incidence of village-reported land pollution in Kalimantan. RSPO certification also increased the number of private educational facilities in Kalimantan, but had no statistically significant impacts on other development indicators. However, the trade-offs and complementarities between conservation and development vary by slope, a proxy for ecosystem fragility and oil palm profitability. On gentler slopes, we generally find complementarities between conservation and development outcomes. In Kalimantan, certification increased the number of private educational facilities and reduced deforestation and the incidence of land pollution on slopes < 2°. In Sumatra, certification retained more primary forests, decreased deforestation and the incidence of water pollution on slopes < 1°, along with a decrease in population density. Higher slopes in both locations were associated with environment and development trade-offs. We highlight the need to better understand the mechanisms behind the impacts of RSPO and emphasized how the outcomes of certification depend on the communities’ bargaining power and the profitability of the land for oil palm production. Thus, we provide insights into understanding these mechanisms behind the impacts of RSPO, which is a prerequisite for improving the design of certification systems and their impacts on the ground.
Building capacity for societally engaged climate science by transforming science training
Authors: Rozance Mary Ann , Krosby Meade , Meadow Alison M , Snover Amy , Ferguson Daniel B , Owen Gigi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A major barrier to achieving wide-spread progress on planning for impacts from climate change is the lack of trained scientists skilled at conducting societally-relevant research. Overcoming this barrier requires us to transform the way we train scientists so they are equipped to work with a range of different societal partners and institutions to produce the science needed to address climate change and society’s other pressing environmental challenges. As researchers at climate research organizations that work directly with decision-makers and stakeholders to produce decision-relevant science, we are entrenched in advancing actionable climate science. Based on our experience preparing scientists for similar careers, we offer a perspective on a path for the academy to better develop, train and support scientists to conduct societally relevant research. We emphasize the need for science training that builds collaborative science skills at different career stages to develop a strong community of practice around actionable climate science. We offer insights from our training and capacity-building programs to demonstrate this transformation, and point to strategies that can be adopted at other universities to grow the capacity of scientists to support society in achieving rapid progress on climate action.
Effect of VC additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC-based cermets
Authors: Chen Min , Zhang Xuefeng , Xiao Xuan , Zhao Haiquan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
VC is important carbide additive and has a similar crystal structure with TiC. In this study, the effect of adding VC amounts at content levels of 1–8 wt% on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of TiC-based cermets is examined. The specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy observations, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis, Image-Pro plus statistical analysis, transverse rupture strength tests, and hardness tests. The results show that VC addition is beneficial to promote the liquid-phase sintering process. When the VC addition amount is lower than 4 wt%, added VC mainly distributes in the surrounding outer rims. With increasing VC additive, the black cores are slowly dissolved and the average thickness of rims increases slightly. Many dimples exist in the fracture morphology and the strength increases gradually. Furthermore, when the VC content increased to 6–8 wt%, a part of VC is solid-dissolved with TiC, black cores with large grain appear and surround with thick outer rims. The large core-rim structure exhibits transgranular fracture mode and causes the toughness decreased.
Small-field output ratio determination using 6 mol% Ge-doped silica fibre dosimeters
Authors: Lam S E , Noor N Mohd , Bradley D A , Mahmud R , Pawanchek M , Abdul Rashid H A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This work investigates the suitability of locally fabricated 6 mol% Ge-doped optical fibres as dosimeters for small-field output ratio measurements. Two fabrications of fibre, cylindrical (CF) and flat (FF) fibres, were used to measure doses in small photon fields, from 4 to 15 mm. The findings were compared to those of commercial Ge-doped fibre (COMM), EBT3 film and an IBA CC01 ionization chamber. Irradiations were carried out using a 6 MV SRS photon beam operating at a dose rate of 1000 cGy min−1, delivering a dose of 16 Gy. To minimise the possibility of the fibres failing to be exposed to the intended dose in small fields, the fibres were accommodated in a custom-made Perspex phantom. For the 4 mm cone the CF and FF measured output ratios were found to be smaller than obtained with EBT3 film by 32% and 13% respectively. Conversely, while for the 6 to 15 mm cone fields the FF output ratios were consistently greater than those obtained using EBT3 film, the CF output ratios differed from those of EBT3 film by at most 3.2%, at 6 mm, otherwise essentially agreeing with EBT3 values at the other field sizes. For the 4 to 7.5 mm cones, all output ratios obtained from Ge-doped optical fibre measurements were greater than those of IBA CC01 ionization chamber. The measured FF and CF output ratios for the 7.5 to 15 mm cones agreed with published MC estimates to within 15% and 13%, respectively. Down to 6 mm cone field, present measurements point to the potential of CF as a small-field dosimeter, its use recommended to be complemented by the use of EBT3 film for small-field dosimetry.
Fabrication of self-standing Si–TiO2 web-nanowired anodes for high volumetric capacity lithium ion microbatteries
Authors: Ko Wen-Yin , Fang Man-Jyun , Li Meng-Shan , Lin Kuan-Jiuh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Silicon nanowire has been perceived as one of the most promising anodes in the next generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its superior theoretical capacity. However, its high-cost and complicated fabrication process presents significant challenges for practical applications. Herein, we propose a simple scalable process, thermal-alkaline treatment followed by sputtering deposition, for preparing a unique self-standing anode of three-dimensional (3D) porous Si–TiO2 web-nanowired nanostructure for micro-LIBs. One-step thermal-alkaline synthesis of TiO2 nanowire scaffolds (TNS) with well-controlled thickness of 600–800 nm is reproducibly obtained onto Cu foils, achieving a 3D porous geometry for further growing Si active materials onto it to form 3D web-nanowired TiO2-Si composite material with interstitial voids. Profiting from the coverage of Si, direct contact of active materials on current collector, and the unique 3D web-nanowired structure, it exhibits high reversible volumetric charge capacity of 2296 mAh cm−3 with a coulombic efficiency of ∼95%, higher capacity retention, better capacity recovery ability and improved rate capability. Importantly, this work paves a simple way to directly build reliable 3D nanostructures or nanowired frameworks on selected current collectors as self-standing anodes for high volumetric capacity microbatteries; thus it is easy to scale up and beneficial for microelectronics industry.
Patterns of Gonadic Development and Operational Sex Ratio Promote Promiscuity ofEuxesta bilimeki(Diptera:Ulidiidae)
Authors: Rodríguez-Enríquez Christian L , Pérez-Staples Diana , Rios-Cardenas Oscar , Rull Juan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPromiscuous mating systems are widely distributed among animals and can be promoted by operational sex ratios (number of receptive adults; OSR). In populations where OSR is not biased towards any sex, the possibility that males and females mate with several individuals increases. For both sexes to synchronize in time and space for reproduction, adults should possess or simultaneously acquire nutrients required to reach sexual maturity. Among synovigenic (without a full complement of eggs at eclosion) species, nutrient acquisition, protein in particular, may influence the OSR. In the Agave fly Euxesta bilimeki (Hendel) (Diptera: Ulidiidae), both sexes engage in multiple mating and females frequently expel all or part of the ejaculate. Here, we assessed the effect of protein intake on gonadic development, and estimated OSR from field-collected individuals. Body protein content was compared between wild and laboratory individuals with access to different diets, and mating frequency and individual mating rate were analyzed for cohorts at a 1:1 sex ratio. Both sexes required protein ingestion for gonadic development, but there were no differences in protein content between field-collected males and males fed protein and sugar in the laboratory, despite the fact that males assigned 9.3% of their corporal weight to testicles. Euxesta bilimeki is a promiscuous species where both males and females mate multiply with one or several individuals in short periods of time; thus, large testes size may be linked to the need of voluminous ejaculate production, and might be further exacerbated by female ejaculate expulsion.
Exposure to Bioaerosols During Fish Processing on Board Norwegian Fishing Trawlers
Authors: Heidelberg Cecilie T , Bang Berit , Thomassen Marte R , Kamath Sandip D , Ruethers Thimo , Lopata Andreas L , Madsen Anne M , Sandsund Mariann , Aasmoe Lisbeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The main objective was to gain more knowledge on exposure to bioaerosols in the processing area on board fishing trawlers.

Methods
Exposure sampling was carried out during the work shifts when processing fish in the processing area on board five deep-sea fishing trawlers (trawlers 1–5). Exposure samples were collected from 64 fishermen breathing zone and from stationary sampling stations on board five deep-sea fishing trawlers (1–5). Trawlers 2, 3, and 4 were old ships, not originally built for on board processing of the catch. Trawlers 1 and 5 were relatively new and built to accommodate processing machineries. On trawlers 1–4 round fish was produced; the head and entrails were removed before the fishes were frozen in blocks. Trawler 5 had the most extensive processing, producing fish fillets. Samples were analysed for total protein, trypsin activity, parvalbumin, and endotoxin. One side analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis H test were used to compare levels of exposure on the different trawlers.

Results
Personal exposure to total protein were higher on the three oldest trawlers (2, 3, and 4) compared with the two new trawlers (1 and 5). Highest activity of trypsin was detected on the four trawlers producing round fish (1–4). Parvalbumin was detected in 58% of samples from the fillet-trawler (5) compared with 13% of samples from the four trawlers producing round fish. The highest level of endotoxin was detected when using high-pressure water during cleaning machines and floors in the processing area.

Conclusions
Fishermen in the processing area on board Norwegian trawlers are exposed to airborne bioaerosols as proteins, trypsin, fish allergen parvalbumin, and endotoxin. Levels varied between trawlers and type of production.
Large-scale comparative review and assessment of computational methods for anti-cancer peptide identification
Authors: Liang Xiao , Li Fuyi , Chen Jinxiang , Li Junlong , Wu Hao , Li Shuqin , Song Jiangning , Liu Quanzhong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnti-cancer peptides (ACPs) are known as potential therapeutics for cancer. Due to their unique ability to target cancer cells without affecting healthy cells directly, they have been extensively studied. Many peptide-based drugs are currently evaluated in the preclinical and clinical trials. Accurate identification of ACPs has received considerable attention in recent years; as such, a number of machine learning-based methods for in silico identification of ACPs have been developed. These methods promote the research on the mechanism of ACPs therapeutics against cancer to some extent. There is a vast difference in these methods in terms of their training/testing datasets, machine learning algorithms, feature encoding schemes, feature selection methods and evaluation strategies used. Therefore, it is desirable to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods, provide useful insights and suggestions for the development and improvement of novel computational tools to characterize and identify ACPs. With this in mind, we firstly comprehensively investigate 16 state-of-the-art predictors for ACPs in terms of their core algorithms, feature encoding schemes, performance evaluation metrics and webserver/software usability. Then, comprehensive performance assessment is conducted to evaluate the robustness and scalability of the existing predictors using a well-prepared benchmark dataset. We provide potential strategies for the model performance improvement. Moreover, we propose a novel ensemble learning framework, termed ACPredStackL, for the accurate identification of ACPs. ACPredStackL is developed based on the stacking ensemble strategy combined with SVM, Naïve Bayesian, lightGBM and KNN. Empirical benchmarking experiments against the state-of-the-art methods demonstrate that ACPredStackL achieves a comparative performance for predicting ACPs. The webserver and source code of ACPredStackL is freely available at http://bigdata.biocie.cn/ACPredStackL/ and https://github.com/liangxiaoq/ACPredStackL, respectively.
MicroRNA-210 regulates placental adaptation to maternal hypoxic stress during pregnancy†
Authors: Bian Xiaotao , Liu Juan , Yang Qian , Liu Yanlei , Jia Wentong , Zhang Xiaodong , Li Yu-Xia , Shao Xuan , Wang Yan-Ling 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMicroRNA (miR)-210 is a well-known hypoxia-inducible small RNA. Increasing in vitro evidence demonstrates its involvement in regulating multiple behaviors of placental trophoblasts. However, direct in vivo evidence remains lacking. In the present study, we generated a miR-210-deficient mouse strain using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, in which miR-210 expression was markedly deficient in various tissues. Little influence on fertility rate and litter size was observed after the deletion of miR-210 in mice. Continuous exposure of pregnant mice to hypoxia (10.5% O2) from E6.5 to E10.5 or to E18.5 led to reduction in fetal weight, and such fetal weight loss was markedly worsened in miR-210-knockout dams. Analysis of the placental structure demonstrated the reduced expansion of placental spongiotrophoblast layer and hampered development of labyrinth fetal blood vessels in knockout mice compared to the wild-type controls upon hypoxia stimulation. The findings indicate that miR-210 participates in regulating placental adaptation to hypoxic stress during pregnancy.
Age, Period and Cohort Differences Between the Homicide Trends of Canada and the United States
Authors: Rennó Santos Mateus , Lu Yunmei , Fairchild Rachel E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A robust literature has investigated homicide trends in the United States since 1950. The prevalence of homicide in the country almost doubled in the 1960s, remained high until the 1990s and then declined precipitously. Surprisingly, Canada displayed the same trend. We decompose the age, period and cohort effects on the homicide trends of the United States and Canada since 1950, exploring shared effects in light of these countries’ historical and policy differences over the past seven decades. Our study reveals remarkably similar trends and effects in Canada as those previously documented for the United States, despite diverging approaches to criminal justice and to the use of incarceration since the 1950s. We explore these findings and expand on their implications.
Reconfiguration of Directed Functional Connectivity Among Neurocognitive Networks with Aging: Considering the Role of Thalamo-Cortical Interactions
Authors: Das Moumita , Singh Vanshika , Uddin Lucina Q , Banerjee Arpan , Roy Dipanjan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA complete picture of how subcortical nodes, such as the thalamus, exert directional influence on large-scale brain network interactions across age remains elusive. Using directed functional connectivity and weighted net causal outflow on resting-state fMRI data, we provide evidence of a comprehensive reorganization within and between neurocognitive networks (default mode: DMN, salience: SN, and central executive: CEN) associated with age and thalamocortical interactions. We hypothesize that thalamus subserves both modality-specific and integrative hub role in organizing causal weighted outflow among large-scale neurocognitive networks. To this end, we observe that within-network directed functional connectivity is driven by thalamus and progressively weakens with age. Secondly, we find that age-associated increase in between CEN- and DMN-directed functional connectivity is driven by both the SN and the thalamus. Furthermore, left and right thalami act as a causal integrative hub exhibiting substantial interactions with neurocognitive networks with aging and play a crucial role in reconfiguring network outflow. Notably, these results were largely replicated on an independent dataset of matched young and old individuals. Our findings strengthen the hypothesis that the thalamus is a key causal hub balancing both within- and between-network connectivity associated with age and maintenance of cognitive functioning with aging.