bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Good Reasons?
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to identify discursive commonalities in a critical manner. If categories from practical philosophy are of significance for understanding social norms and how these can be adequately described, then taking a look at the philosophical discourse provides an entry point. Of course, speaking of practical philosophy as such is somewhat limiting in light of the sheer breadth of such discourse, even more so in that philosophical debates are contentious not only in their solutions but in the very definition of problems. However, the chapter makes the attempt nevertheless. Its focus here is driven by the presumption that at least the identification of problems is not too vague an enterprise in contemporary practical philosophy, and that it indeed plays a decisive role for a theory of the normative. Möllers analyzes the deficits of philosophical concepts of normativity, focusing on theories that conceive of norms as reasons for action. He concludes that they fail to offer an adequate description of the social practice of the normative.
Research Ethics
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Accepting ethic norms involves naturalization of beliefs, assuming them as unalterable truths. Social sciences have been inscribed with certain standards for years. In the last twenty-five years, the practice of having research projects approved by ethics committees has become institutionalized, in some cases leading to extreme bureaucracy and changing the character of the issue, shifting the weight from the personal moral obligation of the researcher and an issue that requires high flexibility and individualism towards a set of forms to be filled out, pseudo-warrants of the safety of the research subjects. However, Internet research has opened the eyes of the sociologists to new problems and caused reconsideration of some issues of research ethics. This chapter discusses key notions of research ethics in the digital studies context. It shows how internet can be a source of infamy, and warns against improper use of data. It positions the fundamental rules of anonymity, privacy, informed consent, data ownership, as well as data confidentiality in the context of digital social studies.
Ethiopia
Authors: Weis Toni 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ethiopia has chosen to diverge from international standards and not to adopt any aspect of Basel II or III. Ethiopia has the least internationalized banking sector among our case countries. Despite significant exposure to the Basel standards through donors and the IMF, banking supervisors at the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) have little use for Basel II and III. Ethiopia’s decision to diverge from the international Basel framework results from a strong preference for political control over the financial industry. The Ethiopian government seeks to emulate the example of East Asian ‘tiger’ economies, for whom financial repression was a key tool in the pursuit of rapid industrialization. However, as Ethiopia’s domestic banks struggle to sustain transformative growth, pressures for greater financial openness (and, by extension, for increased regulatory convergence) are beginning to mount.
Burn Out and Fade AwayMarxism in Italian International Legal Scholarship
Authors: Gradoni Lorenzo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Against the prevailing opinion, the present chapter argues that the impact of Marxism on Italian international legal scholarship, although quantitatively marginal, has been important and fruitful, so much so that its rediscovery should not be seen as merely a matter of antiquarian interest. This minor tradition of legal studies failed to take root in the first quarter of a century after World War II, despite the endorsement of a powerful communist party. Cultural changes that took place in the 1960s reverberated throughout international legal scholarship only during the 1970s. Although Marxist international legal studies subsided within the space of a few years they produced a significant body of work whose pioneering character and unsurpassed subtlety should be acknowledged in the context of current revivals of Marxist legal studies.
The Unification of Italy and International Law
Authors: Marchisio Sergio 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the legal implications of the Italian political unification occurred in 1861 as it emerges from the relevant—and not yet fully analysed—practice. The main objective is to ascertain whether the process of the Italian unification was realized within the empire of international law and, in the affirmative, to what extent the juridical categories of international law were used to achieve the objective of independence and to consolidate the new unitarian State in the international community. Thus, three issues are clearly relevant in this respect: the first concerns the conduct of the Kingdom of Sardinia in its relations with the pre-unitary States in the light of the norms of international law in force at the time of the facts; the second is the emergence of the principle of nationality and its consequences on the legal conceptions of the statehood; and, finally, the legal consequences of the alleged continuity between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the new Italian State.
Accountability in the Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book looks at accountability in the field of Economic and Monetary Union, including the Banking Union. It looks at the emergence of a new constitutional and governance architecture in the Eurozone, following the measures that were adopted in response to the crisis. It shows how the rules and institutions that were put in place in response to the financial and public debt crisis affect not only the economies of the Member States but also the lives of European citizens. It makes the case for instilling more democratic legitimacy into the Economic and Monetary Union and examines the impact of the new EU economic governance framework on the horizontal and vertical distribution of power in the EU and the Member States. The key question is: what is the appropriate level, type, and degree of accountability and transparency that should be involved in the development of the EU’s governance structures in the areas of fiscal/economic governance and the Banking Union? The book evaluates the powers conferred on the European and national parliaments in the fields of economic governance, monetary policy, and banking supervision/resolution, as well as the European Parliament’s input into the crisis-induced measures. It further looks at access to EU courts, the available remedies, and the role of the EU and national courts in reviewing economic and monetary policy measures. Finally, it sets out the author’s own proposals regarding the reforms needed to strengthen the Eurozone, as well as transparency, accountability, and—more broadly—legitimacy in the Economic and Monetary Union.
Democracy, Legitimacy, and Accountability in Euro Crisis Management
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at democracy, legitimacy, and accountability in Euro crisis management. It looks at the main critiques of the EU’s response to the crisis. It will be shown that scholars in this area castigate the EMU governance framework for its shortcomings in terms of input, output, and social legitimacy. The chapter makes the case for increased democratic controls and intense inter-institutional dialogue in the functioning of the EMU. It demonstrates how the crisis-induced developments have impacted on the horizontal and vertical distribution of power in the EU and the Member States. First, more powers were conferred on the Commission, Council, and Eurogroup in the measures enacted to combat the crisis. Though the European Parliament was heavily involved in norm production and had a pretty good strike rate in getting its amendments included in the final legislation, its role in policy implementation remains minimal. Second, the EU legislature put much of its reforming faith in a new recruit to strengthen democratic control in the EMU—the national parliaments. The crisis-induced legal and economic developments have circumscribed their budgetary sovereignty in many ways, but the newly enacted rules also serve to empower them vis-à-vis the executive. Third, the de facto division between borrower and lender states might have a bearing on the intra-institutional balance of power in the EU, and the emerging patterns of geographical fragmentation threaten the unity of the EU-28. The chapter set outs concrete proposals on how to enhance transparency and accountability in the EMU.
Action and Interaction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Action and Interaction is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the nature of action, starting with questions about action individuation, context, the notion of ?basic action? and the temporal structure of action. The importance of circumstance for understanding action is stressed. These topics lead to questions about intention and the sense of agency and ultimately to the idea that we need to consider action in the social contexts of interaction. The second part looks at the role of interaction in discussions of social cognition, building a contrast between standard theory- of-mind approaches and embodied/enactive accounts. Gallagher defends an enactive-interactionist account drawing on evidence from both phenomenology and empirical studies of development, ecological psychology, and studies of communicative and narrative practices, especially in more complex social practices. The third part transitions from considerations that focus on social-cognitive issues to understanding their implications for concepts that are basic to the development of a critical theory that addresses social and political issues, especially with respect to basic concepts of autonomy, recognition and justice, and the effects of norms and social institutions on our actions and interactions
A Practice of Justice
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks what justice is as it pertains to immediate embodied intersubjective interactions, and how it extends from there to institutionally mediated social interactions. Rather than attempting to work out principles of justice as they might derive from or pertain to the abstractions of original positions or ideal situations of communication, or as they might apply to large-scale social-economic-political regimes, I take everyday practices as a guide. I also draw on animal behavior studies and discussions of justice in Anaximander and Aristotle. By focusing on the practice of justice my aim is not to provide an ideal or necessarily universal notion of justice, but to ask whether there is a conception of justice already at work in our everyday practices. Are there criteria to be found within the analyses of action and interaction that would define the practice of justice or a set of just practices?
Aid and Development in the 1990s
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Momentous political and economic events shook the established world order during the early 1990s and shaped the future course of aid and development. In 1991, the peaceful demise of the Soviet Union ushered a period of international cooperation on global issues. Reducing poverty became the central objective of global institutions. A new theme was emerging from these declarations: the developing countries had to take charge of their own destiny. They should be in the driver’s seat in shaping plans and programmes to reduce poverty. Aid should be used to address partner country objectives not to promote developed country political and economic interests. And a number of global UN conferences were articulating a new international consensus on goals to be achieved in many areas including education, the environment, and the status of women. But by the middle of the decade, on the ground reality still differed greatly from these lofty pronouncements. The burden of debt had not been fully lifted from poor countries; aid allocation had not adapted significantly to reflect changing developing country needs; and old-style aid continued to suffocate developing country governments and impede progress. This chapter first summarizes the development progress and the varying needs for external assistance of different groups of developing countries in the 1990s. Next, the emerging consensus on how to best utilize economic assistance to reduce poverty is discussed. Finally, the chapter addresses the issue of how to bridge the disconnect between global pronouncements reflecting international goodwill and the continuing challenges of poverty affecting hundreds of millions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
Aid Effectiveness
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The collaboration the U4 launched at Utstein covered a wide variety of development issues handled by different international institutions. This involved in the first place coordination of their positions at the World Bank and the IMF, and the UN and its funds, programmes, and agencies. The World/Bank IMF were very important both because of the size and extent of their own programmes but also for helping developing countries manage the overall poverty reduction strategies within which all bilateral aid was supposed to fit. Increasing the effectiveness of bilateral aid could only succeed if it were part of a consistent overarching multilateral effort. This chapter starts with a discussion of U4 efforts to ensure that the poverty reduction strategies developed with the help of the World Bank/IMF in connection with debt relief actually reflected developing country priorities. It then moves on to U4’s efforts to improve the effectiveness of UN programmes which tended to be characterized by fragmentation and inefficiencies. The last part addresses the problem of coherence and collaboration between the IMF and the World Bank—the international financial institutions, on the one hand, and the UN and its agencies, on the other.
Women Spies
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
If ever anyone had an incentive to establish a channel of communication by rigorously excluding third parties, it is surely the spy with hard-earned intelligence to transmit from behind enemy lines. This chapter examines how the thriller as a genre adapted to the increasing range and sophistication of telecommunications technologies. Examples discussed include John Buchan’s The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915), and the film Hitchcock made of it, The 39 Steps (1935); Sax Rohmer’s The Mystery of Dr Fu Manchu (1913); and Jose Luis Borges’s ‘The Garden of Forking Paths’ (1941). But the main focus is on espionage as an extension of the ‘feminization of channelling’ (Jill Galvan) which had long seen women act as go-betweens under a variety of circumstances. Examples discussed include Marthe Cnockaert McKenna’s neglected memoir, I Was a Spy! (1932), and British spy films from Victor Saville’s Dark Journey (1937) to Charles Crichton’s Against the Wind (1948).
The Subscript View
Authors: Tierney Hannah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Pluralism about personal identity has been understudied and underdeveloped in the literature. It merits greater attention, especially in light of recent work by philosophers and psychologists, which illuminates the great number of our evaluative practices that presuppose personal identity. It is unlikely that traditional monistic approaches to personal identity can ground or explain all of these practices and concerns. If philosophical theories are taken to be saying anything about the commonsense conception of personal identity, then this empirical work ought to be taken seriously. Chapter 5 proposes the author’s own pluralist account of personal identity—the Subscript View. On this view, there typically exist (at least) two individuals whenever it was once thought there was only one, a psychological individual (selfp) and a biological individual (selfb). According to Tierney, the Subscript View can better account for many identity-related practical concerns than traditional monistic approaches to persistence.
The Ship of Theseus Puzzle
Authors: Rose David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Does the Ship of Theseus present a genuine puzzle about persistence due to conflicting intuitions based on “continuity of form” and “continuity of matter” pulling in opposite directions? Philosophers are divided. Some claim that it presents a genuine puzzle but disagree over whether there is a solution. Others claim that there is no puzzle at all since the case has an obvious solution. To assess these proposals, a cross-cultural study involving nearly 3,000 people across twenty-two locations, speaking eighteen different languages was conducted. The results speak against the proposal that there is no puzzle at all and against the proposal that there is a puzzle but one that has no solution. Moreover, the results also suggest that there are two criteria—“continuity of form” and “continuity of matter”—that constitute our concept of persistence and these two criteria receive different weightings in settling matters concerning persistence.
False Memories and Quasi-Memories are Memories
Authors: Dranseika Vilius 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
There are two constraints that are often taken to be essential features of ordinary use of ‘remembering’ and ‘having a memory’: the factivity constraint (i.e., that one can be truly said to ‘remember’ some event only if that person originally experienced or observed that event) and the strong previous awareness condition (i.e., that remembering presupposes identity between the person who remembers an event and the person who originally experienced that event). This chapter reports studies suggesting that neither the factivity constraint nor the strong previous awareness condition is a necessary part of ordinary use of ‘remembering’ and ‘having a memory’.
I Owe You an Explanation
Authors: Nancekivell Shaylene , Friedman Ori 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To cohesively interact with others, we must recognize that we are sometimes obligated to explain our actions. In three experiments, this chapter provides evidence that young children are aware of social norms governing when explanations are owed, and judge that people are obligated to explain their actions when they directly interfere with others’ goals. In Experiment 1, 3–6-year-olds were more likely to say that agents had to explain their actions when they interfered with others’ goals, than when agents did not interfere. In Experiment 2, children differentiated between when explanations are owed and when they are desired. Finally, in Experiment 3, children showed they understand that an explanation is owed to the person whose goal was frustrated, but not to other people. These findings build on recent work in experimental philosophy on norms that govern the content of utterances, by examining norms governing when certain utterances should be said.
Place and Memory
Authors: Sutton John 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Despite the new mobility of early modern English society, practices of personal and shared remembering were still anchored in experienced place. Even as technologies and strategies for dealing with past and future altered, memory was richly scaffolded by landscapes, artefacts, architecture, and institutions which themselves bore traces of individual and cultural intervention. This chapter discusses historical variation in two forms of remembering: explicit memories of specific past events, and embodied memories enacted in routine and habitual or skilful action. It is motivated by recent historical scholarship, especially from Nicola Whyte and Andy Wood, on topographies of remembrance in early modern landscape. It connects this new cultural history to the focus on lived bodily experience which characterizes historical phenomenology. It shows personal memory and embodied or habitual memory in play together, interacting in coordinated or competing ways, and assesses the historical utility of the idea of distributed cognitive ecologies.
Meteorology, Embodiment, and Environment in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Crane Mary Thomas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The fairies in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream represent agents of meteorology, the branch of natural philosophy that explained the unruly and impermanent world of elements that existed below the sphere of the moon. Although the conclusion of the play stages a resecuring of social and institutional control over unruly natural forces, it leaves questions about how permanent that control can be. As anthropomorphized forces of nature, the fairies reveal the limits of human ability to control the natural world, highlighting the power of what Jane Bennett has called ‘vital materialism’.
‘My Hand Would Dissolve, Or Seem to Melt’
Authors: Poole Kristen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Early modern English literary texts resound with references to ‘melting’ and ‘dissolving’—persons, the earthly environment, and the larger cosmos are associated with dissolution. This concern with melting and dissolving originates in Stoic physics: as with Galen’s model of the humoral body, Stoics understood the material universe to be composed of a fiery liquid known as pneuma. The inheritance of Stoic theories of cosmology and material physics provided early moderns with a vibrant and dynamic way of understanding matter; this material understanding inflected the experience of the body as well as expectations for the behaviour of the earthly environment and the wider cosmos. Stoic physics thus influenced not only the particular idea of the humoral body, but the very relationship of human and environment and corresponding affective states. This influence is exemplified in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra.
Passions of the Flock
Authors: Yates Julian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
How did the modelling of human emotions through sheep and wolf avatars in early modern humoral psychology contribute to understandings of how and why theatre appealed to human spectators? Reading Thomas Wright’s The Passions of the Mind in General through the lens provided by the work of Gail Kern Paster, this chapter offers an account of these dynamics in the context of the public theatre as remembered in Thomas Nashe’s Piers Pennilesse.
The Habitation of Airy Nothings in A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Floyd-Wilson Mary 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Faith in an invisible, intrusive spirit world necessarily shapes how early moderns understood the various and constant transactions between self and place. A Midsummer Night’s Dream not only stages the unseen spirit world for its audience, but it also suggests that the embodied minds of Demetrius, Bottom, and even Theseus have been unknowingly breached and altered by invisible spirituous entities. Cognition and affect in A Midsummer Night’s Dream prove to be ecological. However, our understanding of how early moderns perceived this ecology should encompass their belief in indiscernible, nonhuman agents. As scholars have observed, the distribution of cognitive and affective processes across brain, body, and world extends the human mind into the environment. A Midsummer Night’s Dream helps us see how early moderns also discerned this process in reverse, where an animated, and surprisingly motivated, spirit world extends through brains and bodies.