bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waxing and Waning: Periods of Intermittency in Criminal Careers
Authors: van Koppen Vere , Rodermond Elanie , Blokland Arjan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Focusing on intermittency as a specific criminal career dimension, the present study explores the distribution of intermittency as it occurs across individuals and in the course of the criminal career.

Methods
Using conviction data on repeat offenders (N = 3716) from the Criminal Career and Life-Course Study (CCLS), overall patterns of intermittency (measured as conviction-free intervals between subsequent convictions) are analyzed. Given different levels of offending before and after conviction-free periods, we examine the length of the conviction-free interval and the extent to which offending in terms of frequency and specialization changes after a conviction-free period.

Results
On average, repeat offenders show relatively short intermittency periods. However, conviction-free intervals tend to increase towards the end of the criminal career regardless of offending frequency. A substantial minority of offenders has a criminal career characterized by more than one spell of frequent offending separated by an extended period of non-offending. As the intermittency period increases, offending specialization across offending periods declines, but not for all types of offenses.

Conclusions
This study shows that even after committing several offenses, some offenders experience a prolonged conviction-free interval only to resume offending at a non-trivial rate. Due to the length of their conviction-free interval, these offenders would erroneously have been labeled desisters in many prior studies.
Investigation of the relationship between dynamic and static deformation moduli of rocks
Authors: Davarpanah Seyed Morteza , Ván Peter , Vásárhelyi Balázs 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe determination of deformation parameters of rock material is an essential part of any design in rock mechanics. The goal of this paper is to show, that there is a relationship between static and dynamic modulus of elasticity (E), modulus of rigidity (G) and bulk modulus (K). For this purpose, different data on igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, all of which are widely used as construction materials, were collected and analyzed from literature. New linear and nonlinear relationships have been proposed and results confirmed a strong correlation between static and dynamic moduli of rock species. According to rock types, for igneous rocks, the best correlation between static and dynamic modulus of elasticity (E) were nonlinear logarithmic and power ones; for sedimentary rocks were linear and for metamorphic rocks were nonlinear logarithmic and power correlation. Moreover, with respect to different published linear correlations between static modulus of elasticity (Estat) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (Edyn), an interesting correlation for rock material constants was established. It was found that the static modulus of elasticity depends on the dynamic modulus only with one parameter formula.
DNA-Programmed Chemical Synthesis of Polymers and Inorganic Nanomaterials
Authors: Xu Xuemei , Winterwerber Pia , Ng David , Wu Yuzhou 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDNA nanotechnology, based on sequence-specific DNA recognition, could allow programmed self-assembly of sophisticated nanostructures with molecular precision. Extension of this technique to the preparation of broader types of nanomaterials would significantly improve nanofabrication technique to lower nanometer scale and even achieve single molecule operation. Using such exquisite DNA nanostructures as templates, chemical synthesis of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials could also be programmed with unprecedented accuracy and flexibility. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and assembly of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials using DNA nanostructures as templates, and discusses the current challenges and future outlook of DNA templated nanotechnology.
Seismic Response Analysis for Ordinary State-Based Peridynamics in a Linear Isotropic Elastic Material
Authors: Shimbo Taiki , Itto Ryota , Inaba Koutaro , Araki Kouichi , Watanabe Naoto 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEarthquakes may induce the failure of soil-structures built with a geo-material. It is therefore a crucially important aspect to study how a crack initiates and propagates in these soil-structures to analyze and improve their earthquake resistance. Peridynamics, although a powerful method for such an analysis, has not been applied to seismic response analysis of soil-structures on a viscous boundary surface that can consider an input seismic wave. To apply seismic response analysis to ordinary state-based peridynamics (OSB-PD), this paper proposed a fictitious viscous boundary layer and Rayleigh damping components constructed with time derivative of force density vectors. OSB-PD was semi-verified through the comparison of calculated response acceleration via the proposed method and via the dynamic finite element method (FEM). The discussions were stressed on the effect of Poisson’s ratio, the frequency, and the Rayleigh damping components relative to the calculated response acceleration in both methods. Moreover, the seismic response acceleration at the top of the analysis model was calculated through the proposed method using an actual seismic acceleration time history, and then the result was compared with that calculated by the dynamic FEM. The results of both methods in the seismic response analysis agreed well with each other. From these results, we verified that the fictitious viscous layer can represent incoming/outgoing acceleration wave from the bottom of the analysis domain, and that Rayleigh damping can be expressed using the time derivative of force density vectors.
The Association Between Pelvic Discomfort and Erectile Dysfunction in Adult Male Bicyclists
Authors: Balasubramanian Adithya , Yu Justin , Breyer Benjamin N. , Minkow Roger , Eisenberg Michael L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Bicycle riding's impact on erectile function remains a topic of great interest given cycling's popularity as a mode of transportation and exercise.

Aim
We evaluated risk factors for sexual dysfunction in male cyclists with the primary intention of determining if genital/pelvic pain and numbness are associated with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods
We surveyed male cyclists using an online anonymous questionnaire. Cyclists were queried on their demographics, cycling experience, and sexual function using the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM). ED was diagnosed when a completed SHIM score was &lt;22. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of ED in men with genital/pelvic pain or numbness after riding. The survey was designed in the United States.

Outcomes
Quantitative characterization of cycling habits, onset and timing of genital pain and numbness, and SHIM score.

Results
A total of 1635 participants completed the survey. A majority of men were over the age of 50 (58%, 934/1,607), Caucasian (88%, 1,437/1,635), had been active cyclists for over 10 years (63%, 1,025/1,635) and used road bikes (97%, 1,578/1,635). Overall, 22%, 30%, and 57% of men reported ED, genital pain, and genital numbness, respectively. While controlling for cohort demographics, body mass index, cycling intensity and equipment, and medical comorbidities, no saddle characteristics were associated with the risk of developing genital numbness. However, men reporting penile numbness were at higher risk of reporting ED (odds ratio [OR] = 1.453, P = .048). In addition, quicker onset of numbness and resolution of numbness within a day was associated with impaired erectile function. For example, numbness occurring less than 1 hour after cycling had greater odds of leading to ED than numbness after 5 hours (OR = 2.002, P = .032). Similarly, genital pain occurring less than 1 hour (OR = 2.466, P = .031) after cycling was associated with higher ED risk.

Strengths & Limitations
Strengths include a large sample size of high-intensity cyclists and validated questionnaire use. Limitations include reliance on anonymous self-reported survey data and minimal inquiry into the riding preferences and terrain traversed by cyclists.

Conclusions
Pelvic pain and numbness are common complaints among male riders in the United States. Men with such complaints are more likely to also report ED especially if it occurs earlier in the ride. Although direction of causality and temporality are uncertain, alleviation of factors resulting in pelvic discomfort may reduce cycling's impact on sexual function. Such interventions are critical given that cycling for both active travel and aerobic exercise confers numerous health benefits.
The Nocebo Effect and Informed Consent—Taking Autonomy Seriously
Authors: GELFAND SCOTT 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe nocebo effect, a phenomenon whereby learning about the possible side effects of a medical treatment increases the likelihood that one will suffer these side effects, continues to challenge physicians and ethicists. If a physician fully informs her patient as to the potential side effects of a medicine that may produce nocebogenic effects, which is usually conceived of as being a requirement associated with the duty to respect autonomy, she risks increasing the likelihood that her patient will experience these side effects and therefore suffer (unnecessary) harm, a violation of the duty of nonmaleficence. If, on the other hand, she intentionally withholds side effect information in an effort to protect her patient from suffering unnecessary harm from side effects, which is consistent with the duty of nonmaleficence, she violates the duty to respect patient autonomy. In this paper, the author discusses several previous attempts to deal with the nocebo effect and explains their weaknesses. He then proposes a means of managing the nocebo effect and argues that it does not share the weaknesses found in previous approaches. He concludes with a discussion of a simple, yet practical tool that might help clinicians manage the tension resulting from the nocebo effect.
Association Between Author Diversity and Acceptance Rates and Citations in Peer‐Reviewed Earth Science Manuscripts
Authors: Lerback J. C. , Hanson B. , Wooden P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe scientific community is becoming more demographically diverse, and team science is becoming more common. Here, we compare metrics of success in academic research, acceptance rates, and citations, among/across differing team compositions regarding demographic diversity. We collected the final decisions and citations as of 2019 of 91,427 manuscripts submitted from 2012–2018 to journals published by the American Geophysical Union. We matched the authors by email on each manuscript to self‐provided demographic information within the American Geophysical Union's membership database. This resulted in 20,940 manuscripts matched to nation, gender, and career stage, and 6,015 manuscripts matched to race/ethnicity for manuscripts in which the entire authorship team was affiliated with the United States.Among similar sized authorship teams (teams of two to four), acceptance rates were 2.7, 4.5, and 0.9% higher (pnation < 0.01, pgender < 0.05, pcareer stage = 0.51) with more than one nation, gender, and career stage, respectively, than nondiverse authorship teams. Diverse papers had 1.2 more citations for international teams than single‐nation teams (pnation < 0.01). There were 0.4 and 1.0 fewer citations for authorship teams with more than one gender or career stage than manuscripts with one gender or career stage (pgender = 0.21, pcareer stage = 0.36). Racially/ethnically diverse teams were associated with 5.5% lower acceptance rates (p < 0.01) and 0.8 fewer citations (p = 0.15) than racially/ethnically homogenous teams. Although not every difference is statistically significant, the overall results are consistent with the notion that diversity can benefit science, but equitable practices and inclusive cultures must also be fostered.
An Empirical Algorithm for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature From AMSR‐E Data Considering the Comprehensive Effects of Environmental Variables
Authors: Zhang Quan , Cheng Jie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMicrowave (MW) remote sensing has the potential to obtain all‐weather land surface temperature (LST) and serves as a complement to the thermal‐infrared (TIR) LST under cloudy sky conditions. However, the accuracy of MW LST is generally lower than that of TIR LST, making the retrieval of highly accurate all‐weather LST a challenging task. We propose an empirical algorithm for retrieving LST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR‐E) brightness temperature (BT) data. First, we constructed a comprehensive classification system of environmental variables (CCSEV), allowing for the influence of topography, land cover, solar radiation, and atmospheric condition on the spatiotemporal distribution of LST, then the LST was expressed as a function of the combination of different AMSR‐E channels for each CCSEV class. When performing the testing with the data from 2005, 2009 and 2011, the accuracy is 3.27 K, 2.65 K and 3.48 K in the daytime and 2.94 K, 2.63 K, 2.15 K at nighttime, respectively. The proposed algorithm was compared to an existing algorithm developed for China without considering the topography. The result shows that the accuracy of LST has improved by 2.81 K in the daytime and 2.14 K at nighttime in China, compared with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST. The verification at the Naqu sites in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau shows that the accuracy has improved by 1–2 K in the daytime and 0.7–1 K at nighttime. These results indicate that the developed algorithm is universal and accurate and benefits the retrieval of accurate all‐weather LST.
Scale‐Dependent Evanescence of River Dunes During Discharge Extremes
Authors: Naqshband S. , Hoitink A. J. F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDuring high river discharge extremes, the growth of dunes can reach a maximum beyond which a transition to upper stage plane bed may occur, enhancing the river's conveyance capacity and reducing flood risk. Our predictive ability of this bedform regime shift in rivers is exclusively built upon high Froude number flows dominated by asymmetric dunes with steep downstream‐facing slipfaces that are rare in natural rivers. By using light‐weight polystyrene particles as a substrate in an experimental flume setting, we present striking dune morphodynamic similarity between shallow laboratory flow conditions and deep rivers, preconditioned that both flow and sediment transport parameters are accurately scaled. Our experimental results reveal the first observation of upper stage plane bed in a shallow laboratory flume that is reached for a Froude number well below unity. This work highlights the need to rethink widely used dune scaling relationships, bedform stability diagrams, predictions of flow resistance, and flood risk.
The Influence of Elevated Smoke Layers on Stratocumulus Clouds Over the SE Atlantic in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Model
Authors: Das Sampa , Colarco Peter R. , Harshvardhan H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrevious evaluations of simulated aerosol transport over the south‐east Atlantic by global aerosol models, including the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric general circulation model, showed that the bulk of the modeled smoke aerosol layer resided ~1–2 km lower than Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar observations. Using this finding as the motivation, this study examines the changes in model‐simulated cloud properties in response to redistributing the vertical placement of the aerosol over the ocean. Ten years (2006–2015) of CALIOP‐retrieved smoke aerosol extinction profiles were used to redistribute the model‐simulated aerosol mass on a monthly mean basis, keeping the column aerosol mass conserved. The results from the model sensitivity experiments show that elevating the aerosol layer to higher levels in agreement with CALIOP observations causes an increase in cloud fractions by ~33% for shallow marine boundary layers (MBL) and a decrease by ~30% for deeper MBL. For a shallow MBL, aerosol‐induced warming within the cloud layers for the lower altitude aerosol case decreases relative humidity at these levels and leads to a reduction of overall cloud amount compared to the elevated aerosol case. For a deeper MBL, however, aerosol heating within the upper cloud levels in the lower altitude aerosol case increases the underlying MBL stability, which suppresses the cloud vertical extent, enhances cloud cover, and delays the stratocumulus to cumulus transition. Finally, aerosol redistribution impacts on radiative forcing are investigated, which appear to be mainly driven by the changes in cloud area fractions rather than in‐cloud liquid water path changes between the model experiments.
Geochemical Records of the Provenance and Silicate Weathering/Erosion From the Eastern Arabian Sea and Their Responses to the Indian Summer Monsoon Since the Mid‐Pleistocene
Authors: Chen Hongjin , Xu Zhaokai , Lim Dhongil , Clift Peter D. , Chang Fengming , Li Tiegang , Cai Mingjiang , Wang Wei , Yu Zhaojie , Sun Rongtao 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present a multiproxy record of Sr‐Nd isotopes and major and trace elements for clay‐sized (<2 μm) siliciclastic sediment fractions from the International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1456 in the eastern Arabian Sea to extract reliable chemical indicators not influenced by the grain‐size effect, quantitatively estimate detrital provenance, and constrain silicate weathering/erosion in response to the Indian summer monsoon over orbital timescales. A provenance analysis of fine‐grained siliciclastic sediments indicates a two end‐member mixture from the Indus River (20–90%) and rivers draining the Deccan Traps (10–80%). A prominent increase in terrigenous input from the Indus River occurred at ~0.5 Ma, probably resulting from an intensive erosional event in the Himalayan region. Moreover, αAlK at Site U1456, which is calculated as Al/K ratio of the study sample versus Al/K ratio of the upper continental crust, can be generally used to reflect the chemical weathering intensity in the source regions. During most interglacial and even certain glacial periods, the Indian summer monsoon reinforcement is closely coupled with enhanced continental chemical weathering and physical erosion. Wavelet and spectral analyses of the αAlK record display strong 125‐, 35‐, 29‐, and 23‐kyr periodicities since 1.2 Ma with significant ~100‐kyr cycles established at the end of the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (~0.7 Ma), suggesting forcing mechanisms linked with both Northern and Southern Hemispheric processes. Significant fluctuations observed in silicate weathering/erosion during ~1.2–0.7 Ma indicate an enhancement of the Indian summer monsoon with increased variability in association with the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition.
Water Stress and Productivity: An Empirical Analysis of Trends and Drivers
Authors: Doeffinger Tess , Hall Jim W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWater scarcity is a global risk that could arguably be mitigated by using water more efficiently, that is, increasing water's productivity. However, the effects of water productivity on water stress have not been empirically tested or validated across countries. Evidence from other natural resource sectors suggests that improving productivity may, in fact, lead to “rebound” effects that exacerbate resource exploitation. An econometric analysis is used to evaluate the relationship between water stress and productivity at the country level. A 1.0% increase in productivity is associated with a 0.81% decrease in water stress through time within a country, on average, and accounts for 75% of the variance of water stress. This suggests that targeting improvements in productivity have the ability to lower water stress. Analysis of trends in stress and productivity demonstrates that several developed countries are starting to exhibit decreasing trends in stress. Conversely, stress is low in developing countries, but rising. Productivity is generally increasing across all countries. Fixed effects panel regressions demonstrate that population, cultivated land, and political stability are also related to a variance in stress within a country. Differences in gross domestic product and precipitation explain variations in stress when looking across countries. The results of this analysis show that as a country develops, water stress is initially likely to increase. Increasing water productivity, which typically occurs later in a country's development pathway, is linked to decreasing stress, so water stress has the potential to be mitigated if a “productivity transition” were to take place sooner.
Mitochondrial peptide BRAWNIN is essential for vertebrate respiratory complex III assembly
Authors: Zhang Shan , Reljić Boris , Liang Chao , Kerouanton Baptiste , Francisco Joel Celio , Peh Jih Hou , Mary Camille , Jagannathan Narendra Suhas , Olexiouk Volodimir , Tang Claire , Fidelito Gio , Nama Srikanth , Cheng Ruey-Kuang , Wee Caroline Lei , Wang Loo Chien , Duek Roggli Paula , Sampath Prabha , Lane Lydie , Petretto Enrico , Sobota Radoslaw M. , Jesuthasan Suresh , Tucker-Kellogg Lisa , Reversade Bruno , Menschaert Gerben , Sun Lei , Stroud David A. , Ho Lena 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe emergence of small open reading frame (sORF)-encoded peptides (SEPs) is rapidly expanding the known proteome at the lower end of the size distribution. Here, we show that the mitochondrial proteome, particularly the respiratory chain, is enriched for small proteins. Using a prediction and validation pipeline for SEPs, we report the discovery of 16 endogenous nuclear encoded, mitochondrial-localized SEPs (mito-SEPs). Through functional prediction, proteomics, metabolomics and metabolic flux modeling, we demonstrate that BRAWNIN, a 71 a.a. peptide encoded by C12orf73, is essential for respiratory chain complex III (CIII) assembly. In human cells, BRAWNIN is induced by the energy-sensing AMPK pathway, and its depletion impairs mitochondrial ATP production. In zebrafish, Brawnin deletion causes complete CIII loss, resulting in severe growth retardation, lactic acidosis and early death. Our findings demonstrate that BRAWNIN is essential for vertebrate oxidative phosphorylation. We propose that mito-SEPs are an untapped resource for essential regulators of oxidative metabolism.
Exploiting loss of heterozygosity for allele-selective colorectal cancer chemotherapy
Authors: Rendo Veronica , Stoimenov Ivaylo , Mateus André , Sjöberg Elin , Svensson Richard , Gustavsson Anna-Lena , Johansson Lars , Ng Adrian , OʼBrien Casey , Giannakis Marios , Artursson Per , Nygren Peter , Cheong Ian , Sjöblom Tobias 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCancer chemotherapy targeting frequent loss of heterozygosity events is an attractive concept, since tumor cells may lack enzymatic activities present in normal constitutional cells. To find exploitable targets, we map prevalent genetic polymorphisms to protein structures and identify 45 nsSNVs (non-synonymous small nucleotide variations) near the catalytic sites of 17 enzymes frequently lost in cancer. For proof of concept, we select the gastrointestinal drug metabolic enzyme NAT2 at 8p22, which is frequently lost in colorectal cancers and has a common variant with 10-fold reduced activity. Small molecule screening results in a cytotoxic kinase inhibitor that impairs growth of cells with slow NAT2 and decreases the growth of tumors with slow NAT2 by half as compared to those with wild-type NAT2. Most of the patient-derived CRC cells expressing slow NAT2 also show sensitivity to 6-(4-aminophenyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)pyrazin-2-amine (APA) treatment. These findings indicate that the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs can be altered by bystander mutations affecting drug metabolic genes.