bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Aging of a Star in Camelot
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
“It takes me ten years to make a dancer,” Martha Graham declared, and by 1961, at age sixty-seven, she had created a generation of stars. Her technically powerful company trained with the matriarch of modern dance, its “Picasso,” as they readied to tour for a new, young president, John F. Kennedy, and his sophisticated wife, Jackie. He needed to show sophistication and gravitas; in 1962, Graham and her twenty glowing dancers toured Greece, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Poland, Sweden, West Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, and Norway, traversing a complex geographic puzzle of territories contested between East and West, engaging with “containment,” the “Iron Curtain,” old-fashioned wartime European neutrality, and Bandung’s issues of nonalignment, all refashioned by the changing Cold War. Yet the tour would start in Israel, again courtesy of private funding. Greece and Turkey had been named by Truman in his “containment” policy, led by George Kennan; Graham performed as Clytemnestra for the Greeks. Kennan sponsored Graham as she went “behind the Iron Curtain” to Yugoslavia and Poland, where religious works were foregrounded to fight the Soviet “atheists.” As in 1957, she would perform in West Germany, a Cold War hotspot. In Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, and Norway, she engaged with European neutrality, nonalignment, and the Non-Aligned Movement that demanded softer power. As Graham aged, she presented increasingly sexually charged works with the cover of modernism and myth. Yet her alcoholism took hold and compromised her work. Many suggested this should be a “farewell tour.”
Triumphing over “Exhaustion,” 1963–1974
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
“She may be too tired to tour again,” announced a State Department official at a meeting to discuss Martha Graham’s 1962 tour. Performance shots of Graham’s sexually explicit Phaedra showed her as the aging protagonist in a long, bejeweled cocktail dress costume, with an extended leg inarticulate and bent, foot unpointed, its rounded, bunioned joints in evidence. Although she had used the cover of modernism to challenge the boundaries of sexuality with Phaedra on tour in 1962 in order to keep herself relevant, the strategy backfired. After touring for the Kennedys, the company performed at the Edinburgh Festival, and Graham came under congressional scrutiny for her work. In addition, foundation funding began to dry up as ageism enveloped Graham and modernism. After the assassination of Kennedy, Graham performed in London and Portugal with State Department support under Lyndon B. Johnson, but her failing physicality became a press refrain. With great reluctance, she retired and lapsed into an alcoholic coma. As the company struggled to survive, Graham recovered and retook control with Ron Protas. With renewed vigor, Graham tapped old contacts in Washington and staged fundraising events, drawing on her expertise with glamour and diplomacy. She obtained a tour under the Richard M. Nixon administration back to Asia, a primary area of diplomatic concern. After Nixon’s resignation, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger continued to support Graham, and she also latched on to the new first lady, Betty Ford, and left for Asia as the “First Lady of Modern Dance.”
“Grahamized and Americanized”
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Upon Graham’s return to the United States, the State Department declared her a “very valuable asset.” As the “First Lady” of modern dance, Graham had “made a positive contribution to overall Department of State foreign relations objectives.” Performances “convinced everyone that modern American culture had made an important contribution to the development of the twentieth century.” While photographs of Graham and Kissinger show a mutual if stiff respect, Graham’s principal alliance shifted to First Lady Betty Ford as Graham looked for White House invitations and financial support. Even as her company remained unstable, plagued by deficits that left it veering toward bankruptcy, Graham stayed on the government diplomatic resource list, and she tightened her alliance with the East Wing through to the West. As New York City veered toward bankruptcy, Graham staged lavish galas and star-studded events with Soviet defector and ballet star Rudolf Nureyev in tow. Betty Ford and Halston became key figures in her promotional efforts. Graham received the Medal of Freedom from Ford, but with his election loss to Jimmy Carter, Graham refocused her strategy.
Estrogen Receptor Distribution in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Torres-Reveron Annelyn , Brake Wayne G. , Milner Teresa A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents anatomical evidence for the distribution of estrogen receptors in the brain. First, the chapter presents a brief discussion of the historical findings that led to the discovery of nuclear and extranuclear estrogen receptors in the brain. A distribution pattern for each one of the receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), is presented in sequential subsections. The discussion focuses on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex areas, as these are largely involved in memory and cognitive behaviors, further discussed in other chapters in this book. In addition, co-localization studies with other neurotransmitter systems and molecules important for the functional activity of estrogen receptors is reviewed.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Rapid Effects of Estradiol on Memory Consolidation
Authors: Frick Karyn M. , Kim Jaekyoon , Koss Wendy A. , Tuscher Jennifer J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Research from the past decade has begun to shed light on the neural mechanisms through which the potent estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) regulates the formation of memories. Consolidation is a rapid process which appears to take advantage of the ability of estrogen receptors to quickly trigger cell signaling alterations that increase gene expression, local protein synthesis, and dendritic spinogenesis. This chapter discusses recent advances in understanding how the rapid effects of E2 on the hippocampus influence memory consolidation in female and male rodents and examines new directions for exploring similar mechanisms in other interconnected brain regions.
Estrogens Have Their Ups and Downs
Authors: Korol Donna L. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Estrogens produce robust yet mixed effects on cognition, at times enhancing learning and memory, at times impairing learning and memory, and still at other times having no measurable effects on learning and memory. When viewed through a multiple memory systems lens, these variable actions of estrogenic compounds are explained in part by the strategies required and the neural systems tapped during learning and memory. Estrogens tend to promote hippocampus-sensitive functions yet impair striatum-sensitive functions through the activation of multiple estrogen receptor subtypes. Thus, there are cognitive costs and benefits resulting from exposures to estrogens that illuminate an important notion: Depleting circulating ovarian hormones is not singularly detrimental to learning but instead can lead to learning improvements depending upon the type of task at hand. Approaching the effects of estrogens on problem-solving from this perspective may provide important insight to the range of cognitive health risks that may accompany menopause and hormone therapies.
Ovarian Hormones, Cognition, and Reproductive Aging
Authors: Prakapenka Alesia V. , Peña Veronica L. , Bimonte-Nelson Heather A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as estrogens and progestogens, impact nonreproductive behaviors such as cognitive function in women and nonhuman animals. In addition to cognitive alterations associated with the reproductive cycle in young females, endocrine changes in middle-aged and aged females can impact cognition in ways that may increase risk of dementia and neurodegenerative disease. As such, understanding how aging and reproductive senescence influence cognitive functions like memory, and whether hormone therapy can mitigate these effects, is extremely important to maintaining women’s mental health. This chapter reviews the endocrine changes that occur at reproductive senescence in women and rodents, describes rodent models of menopause and memory assessment and discusses the effects of various hormone therapies on learning and memory in aging females. Various factors influencing the effects of hormone therapy on cognition are discussed, as are considerations for future research.
Effects of Dietary Estrogens on Dementia
Authors: Kassam Shelina , Hogervorst Eef 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Following menopause, endogenous estrogen levels decrease, which has been identified as a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. However, modifiable lifestyle factors, such as diet, may be able to decrease dementia risk. Phytoestrogens, found in soy food products, are structurally similar to natural estradiol, which enables their interaction with estrogen receptors in brain areas important for learning and memory. The aim of this review is to synthesize findings showing cognitive effects of phytoestrogen consumption and present data from observational and randomized controlled trials. The available data suggest some benefit of phytoestrogen consumption to cognitive functions. However, results are inconsistent. Future research should attempt to establish the optimum dose and length of treatment, in addition to identifying the best soy food products to elicit beneficial cognitive effects.
Concepts and Categories of Art: A Very Brief Primer
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 expands on the discussion of categories of art. The chapter evaluates four models for a theory of concepts for categories of art: a classical account derived from traditional, definitional theories of art; a prototype theory derived from Kendall Walton’s canonical discussion of categories of art; an exemplar theory derived from Morris Weitz’s anti-essentialism; and a knowledge-based account derived from Arthur Danto and Noël Carrol’s cognitivist theories of art. The chapter continues with a discussion of artworks and artifact concepts and concludes by arguing that a knowledge-based account of concepts provides the best model for understanding the structure of categories of art. and their role in our engagement with artworks.
The Ancient Near Eastern Canon in the University Classroom, and Beyond
Authors: Shafer Ann 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the university classroom as an opportunity to create dynamic change in Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Through interviews with specialists, three main trajectories emerge. First, scholars discuss their own backgrounds and their experiences as students and instructors. This discussion is framed by reflections upon early twenty-first century educational trends and speculations about the future. Second, the same scholars discuss their innovative teaching methods, highlighting hands-on, collaborative learning. Here, the chapter reflects upon the evolving nature of audiences and knowledge consumption, and brainstorms new teaching strategies. The third section contains a case study in innovative pedagogy, and ultimately is a rallying cry for the relevance of the ancient canon. Here the chapter looks at the ancient Near East through the lens of contemporary art, a viewpoint that raises direct questions about the parameters of the canon itself and simultaneously about those politically unresolved and thus destabilizing issues that continue to mark the field.
Between Hazor and Masada
Authors: Avni Gideon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the link between remains from “biblical” and classical times and modern Israel as a significant theme in constructing local identities. Excavations of sites of the Bronze and Iron Ages yielded new monuments and artifacts that were occasionally used for the creation of a new collective memory for modern Israelis, and the epic excavations at Masada conducted by Yigael Yadin in the 1960s became a significant landmark in the creation of a collective memory linking modern Israel to its past. However, the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries evinced profound changes in the attitude of Israelis toward archaeology. A constant decline in the status of archaeology as a national emblem has occurred as part of major changes in Israeli society.
Earth, Rocks, and Blood
Authors: Donabed Sargon George 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The tale presented in this chapter illustrates a symbiosis between land and identity, and heritage and culture, as seen through the eyes of a young Assyrian woman living in Boston, Massachusetts. From identity appropriation to abject denial, the antagonist, an embodiment of the legacy of Mesopotamia, experiences the lives of her dispossessed community in what appears to be a waking dream. It is a story of the elephant in the room from the perspective of a people who see culture and heritage and home in a vastly different light—through experience. This story describes a community navigating an ongoing existential threat somewhere between apathy and empathy toward inevitability with but a small rudder of hope.
6,000 Years
Authors: Farhat Maymanah 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Iraq millions of people live among ruins. First, there are the archaeological sites of the ancient civilizations that settled the area, which rural and urban communities have grown around. These spaces were crucial to how local cultural heritage was conceptualized in the twentieth century, as artists, writers, and thinkers formulated postcolonial aesthetics. At the same time, there are the remnants of modern-day wars: pockmarked buildings, bombed neighborhoods, and makeshift memorials that serve as the physical reminders of catastrophic events and the precarious conditions of everyday life in the region. In both cases, ruins reflect the failure of political systems, the neglect of people, and the privileging of individual power over sustained collectivity, not to mention insurmountable loss. This chapter explores how visual artists make these links by appropriating the imagery of ancient artifacts in works that address recent conflicts.
Crafting the Ancient Near Eastern Canon
Authors: Kamash Zena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a personal reflection on two projects that seek to find alternative ways to respond to Middle Eastern heritage: “Remembering the Romans in the Middle East and North Africa” and “Rematerialising Mosul Museum.” Both projects aim to provide ways for people to rejuvenate friendships with heritage objects through a range of craft and art practices (felting, drawing, photograph, and creative writing). This chapter reflects on the author’s own crafted responses and uses these to explore how crafting can help people think more deeply about how they relate to the canon as individuals and how they might use crafting to make their own personal canon. In particular, this chapter thinks through why practices of this kind are important to the author as a person who is a British Iraqi, as well as an archaeologist.
Contemporary Art and Archaeology in the Arab World
Authors: Mikdadi Salwa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Contemporary Arab artists are increasingly engaging with the past to make sense of present-day issues. Mining historical regional archives for inspiration, they are placing ancient art and archaeology at the center of their research for art projects and exhibitions. This engagement continues a trend that started in the early decades of the twentieth century, when Egyptian and Iraqi artists employed archaeology in the construction of national narratives, re-appropriating ancient art from its colonial construct—its iconic images of the exotic Orient—to serve the emerging nation states. Twenty-first-century artists are now reflecting upon the discipline of Archaeology and examining the politics of excavations and the display and interpretation of historical artifacts. This chapter presents examples of diverse approaches and techniques in contemporary art that explore archaeological and museological practices in the context of current sociopolitical and economic concerns.
Clever drummers, primitivism, entrepreneurialism, and the invention of the trap drummer’s outfit
Authors: Brennan Matt 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter documents the prehistory of drum kit performance practice and the invention of the trap drummer’s outfit. First, it examines the impact of the transatlantic slave trade on American musical culture. Second, it explores the history of the snare drum, bass drum, and cymbals, and how they come together in ensemble performance. Third, it discusses the emergence of highbrow and lowbrow culture and the consequences for the status of drummers. Fourth, it discusses the types of music that a drummer was likely to play working in nineteenth-century USA. Fifth, it examines the tinkerers, inventors, and entrepreneurs who developed the key components of the early drum kit, known in its time as the ‘trap drummer’s outfit’.
Conclusion
Authors: Brennan Matt 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In explaining his move away from radio-oriented pop music, songwriter Nick Lowe once recalled in an interview that he had successfully escaped from ‘the tyranny of the snare drum’. This comment resonated with some musicians presumably because it expressed an uneasiness regarding the drum kit’s slow and steady ascent in the aesthetics of record mixes. The drummer’s status has arguably shifted over history from a position of conspicuous absence and ‘hanging around with musicians’ to a position of ‘tyranny’ where the freedom of contemporary commercial songwriting is restricted through a conservative reliance on a 4/4 beat, rigidly enforced by a regime of kick and snare. This chapter discusses area for future research on the drum kit.
Play
Authors: Gordon Eric , Mugar Gabriel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Play is the precondition of civic action taking. This chapter explores what it means when people play and how the creation of trusted, accessible, and inclusive play spaces is central to civic design. Distinct from gamification, civic design looks for games to structure play, creating less, not more, efficiencies in systems. With an extended case study of a project involving the popular augmented reality game Pokémon Go, which invited Boston youth into questioning and changing the game’s data, the chapter explores how play can inform and shape civic life.
A Trilogy of Ngawang Palden and Shedrub Tendar
Authors: Erdene-Ochir ErdeneBaatar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
“A Trilogy of Ngawang Palden and Shedrub Tendar” consists of three works composed by two Khalkha Mongolian Buddhist scholars, Ngawang Palden (1797–1864) and Shedrub Tendar (1835–1915). The trilogy consists of versified eulogies to the three aspects of the mind: the mind of enlightenment, the correct view, and renunciation, while pointing to various Buddhist doctrinal views and tales mentioned in various Indian sources. The authors were trained in a Mongolian Buddhist institution and eventually became highly respected scholars in the Buddhist scholastic circle of the Géluk world. In this regard, their works rightfully represent the nineteenth-century Mongolian Buddhist literature composed by then educated monastics.
Čaqar Gebši Luvsančültem’s Offering Ritual to the Fire God
Authors: Norov Batsaikhan , Usukhbayar Batchimeg 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Gebši Luvsančültem (1740–1810), born in Čaqar of current Inner Mongolia, authored hundreds of texts on various subjects in Buddhism, and dedicated all his life to the development of Buddhism. In his texts, nomadic Mongolian lifestyle and culture were widely reflected and syncretized with Buddhist rituals. As he was not only a Buddhist scholar but also a famous medical practitioner, Luvsančültem documented smallpox inoculation and other newly spread infectious diseases among Mongols for the first time. Many of his works are also related to the nāga deity and devil’s wickedness, and to treatments for the unhappy spirits. One of the best examples of them is an offering ritual to the fire, which has two versions, written in Tibetan and Mongolian. Interestingly, the fire deity was described differently in these two versions. In the Mongolian version, the fire deity is appeared as a pleasant looking White Old Man whereas in the Tibetan version who is visualized as fierce imaged God with three faces and six armes. In addition, the fire offering ritual was recognized by traditional medical practitioners as one of the last, most effective, and fierce rituals for nāga spirits that are associated with diseases, when other rituals such as water rituals and sacrificial cake offerings do not show efficacy.
Three Ritual Prayers by Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar
Authors: Majer Zsuzsa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers three main works of Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar (1635–1723), who was the first head of Mongolian Buddhism. All three prayers translated in this chapter were composed in the Tibetan language. The first of them remains the most important prayer in the daily practice of Mongolian Buddhists, thus being the main prayer of Mongolian Buddhism in general, in which the texts of different Tibetan Buddhist traditions and lineages are otherwise used. The second translated prayer is a food offering text, often used in tantric rituals, and the third prayer is connected to a mantra recitation and the sādhana (“method of realization”) of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. It contains a profound tantric doctrinal meaning and is closely related to the soyombo writing system created by Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar himself.
Failure and Resistance
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The attempts of religious Zionists to establish halakha as the law of Israel failed. This chapter examines the response of religious Zionist leaders to this failure, and their bitter resentment of Israel’s secular legal institutions that, in their view, had usurped halakhic rule. It shows that, resigned to these circumstances, religious Zionists adopted a double strategy. Among themselves, they persevered in their commitment to the idea of the halakhic state. When speaking to others, however, they embraced a more pragmatic position. In Knesset speeches, for example, they argued for a pluralistic position in which the rabbinical courts would have equal authority to the state’s secular courts. The chapter also shows how the legal rhetoric of religious Zionists, particularly of Zerah Warhaftig, shored up the identity of the community during the time of setback.
Sergio Leone’s Short Century
Authors: Uva Christian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the eccentric and heterogeneous experiences, interests, and influences that contributed to the development of Sergio Leone’s authorial identity, particularly in the sword-and-sandal and Spaghetti Western genres. It investigates the exceptional intersection of cultural, technical, stylistic, and ideological influences coming from different, often contradictory, directions, creating a complete portrait of the artist. The chapter provides an overview of Leone’s career, and it also emphasizes his experience in roles other than that of film director, from assistant director on De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves and many Hollywood epics, to producer of films such as My Name is Nobody (1973) by Tonino Valerii and Fun is Beautiful (1980) by Carlo Verdone. The chapter therefore reconstructs Leone’s background and puts it into communication with the historical, cultural, and cinematic national and international contexts from Fascism up to the director’s death in 1989.