bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Future of Priority-Setting in Global Health
Authors: Ottersen Trygve , Millum Joseph , Ruger Jennifer Prah , Verguet Stéphane , Johansson Kjell Arne , Emanuel Ezekiel J. , Jamison Dean T. , Norheim Ole F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book has sought to inform efforts to improve systematic, evidence-based priority-setting by assessing the state-of-the-art of methods for priority-setting, engaging with the fundamental normative issues at stake, and providing specific recommendations for improving current practice. This final chapter, written by the eight editors of this volume, provides seven key recommendations for future priority-setting in global health: (1) A more systematic approach to priority-setting in health is needed; (2) Information on cost-effectiveness is essential; (3) Distributional impact needs to be integrated; (4) Stillbirths need to be integrated; (5) Non-health effects need to be integrated; (6) Process needs to be emphasized alongside substantive criteria; and (7) New methods and tools need to be used and further developed.
Foreign Interests
Authors: Kim D. Brian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Foreign language dictionaries were produced with increasing frequency during the nineteenth century due to heightened contact between peoples separated by greater distances (physical, linguistic, and cultural). This chapter examines the history of such dictionaries in Russia and Japan, two national contexts characterized at this early stage of globalization by ongoing processes of modernization and changing terms of engagement with the foreign. Literary language in both Russia and Japan was transforming, influenced by translation from foreign languages and broader popular interest in peoples from afar. For their compilers, foreign language dictionaries afforded opportunities not only to explore and explain the correspondences between words among different languages, but also, in some cases, to contemplate the relationship between the status of their own language and others. In assessing various dictionary projects, some driven by interest in the foreign and others by the interests of foreign parties, in both Russia and Japan, Kim argues that there was a rich interplay between the production of foreign language dictionaries and the ground-breaking efforts to produce the first explanatory dictionaries of the native language.
Joost Halbertsma and the Lexicon Frisicum1
Authors: Dykstra Anne 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Joost Halbertsma’s Lexicon Frisicum, published by his son Tjalling in 1872, was the first dictionary to contain modern Frisian, spoken in the Dutch Province of Friesland. As such, it is considered the basis of modern Frisian lexicography. In his dictionary, Halbertsma focuses much attention on the cultural and linguistic history of the Frisians. At the same time, he was very concerned with the Netherlands as a free civil state, and he used ancient Frisian customs and habits to comment on the national and political situation of his time. Dykstra addresses criticism levelled at Halbertsma’s dictionary, such as that it lacked internal consistency and coherence, tends to digress, and uses Latin as meta-language, making it largely inaccessible to Halberstma’s contemporaries. Even with its shortcomings, Dykstra evaluates the ways in which Halbertsma’s Lexicon Frisicum provides insight into various aspects of nineteenth-century linguistics, lexicography, culture, and cultural nationalism.
French Lexicography in Québec
Authors: Remysen Wim , Vincent Nadine 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Remysen and Vincent discuss the biography and professional output of Oscar Dunn, contextualizing his work with attention to the earlier history of French Canadian lexicography and to the tension between British and French forces that characterized Québec during Dunn’s lifetime. Oscar Dunn defended and documented the French used in Québec, studying historical links between Canadian French and French from France and documenting Canadianisms that set apart speakers of Québécois French in terms of language and identity. The creator of the Glossaire franco-canadien (1880), the first glossary of Canadian French, Dunn contributed key work and thought to the understanding of Québécois French as distinct from European French, meriting attention as a linguistic and national entity in and of itself.
Christian Nationalism in Noah Webster’s Lexicography
Authors: Finegan Edward 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Finegan explores the expression of Noah Webster’s religious convictions and nationalistic beliefs as expressed in An American Dictionary of the English Language. He reviews Webster’s changing values over the course of his life, from idealistic enthusiasm surrounding the American Revolution to political disillusionment and intensified religious conviction later in his life. Becoming a born-again Christian in 1808, Webster adopted religious beliefs that shaped not only his personal life but also his etymologies, choice of illustrative quotations, and the very tone of his 1828 American Dictionary as a whole. While the definitions in the 1828 work are now most notably promoted in conservative religious contexts, Webster’s earlier and more secular Compendious Dictionary, first published in 1806, is consulted in a wider span of viewpoints in the United States today.
Lord of the Words
Authors: Vinitsky Ilya 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Vinitsky examines the cultural and historical elements of Vladimir Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, the major and most famous of Russian dictionaries. Dahl’s religious passions and experimental approach to language led to an organizing principle based not on scientific lexicography, but on entries centred on the notion of the word family or ‘nest’. In discussing these features of Dahl’s work, Vinitsky presents the dictionary as an inventive production that was meant to reveal to the reader the communal spirit of Russia through the words of living Russian language. Vinitsky surveys Dahl’s literary and intellectual goals and the structure and pragmatics of his dictionary alongside the interconnected contexts of lexicographical trends in England, reform in Russia, the literary foundations for Dahl’s interest in family structures, and Dahl’s religious and spiritual background. Through his unique approach to language, Dahl worked to cast the Russian language itself as a kind of national epic.
Steingass’s Comprehensive Persian–English Dictionary and the Rise and Fall of Persian as a Transregional Language
Authors: Hakala Walter N. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of British lexicographical projects documenting the Persian language as it was used in India. Hakala gives particular attention to Francis Joseph Steingass’s production of the Comprehensive Persian–English Dictionary in 1892. Steingass published his Persian–English dictionary at a moment of deep fascination among the British public with Orientalia in general and Persian in specific. Moreover, its publication took place at the end of a century during which British officials had insisted that they needed such a resource in order to administer India, where Persian was widespread as both an administrative and a literary language. By the time the dictionary came out, however, its value to the British Raj had diminished, since local vernaculars had gained in status and function.
Sharper Tools
Authors: Russell Lindsay Rose 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Discussing characteristics of nineteenth-century missionary women’s lives abroad, Russell demonstrates that the colonial, sociopolitical, and technological contexts involved in missionary work in Asia made dictionary-making a possible and appropriate employment for American women. Women involved in missionary work often enjoyed more opportunities for equality in education, allowing for language acquisition and scholarly pursuits that may not have been possible in their home country. These women gained linguistic proficiency through varied interactions—religious, educational, and otherwise—with members of their communities, and in many cases developed pragmatic lexicographical methods that tended to be less prescriptive and more inclusive and appreciative of native languages, in contrast to the colonializing discourse that characterized studies produced by male missionaries.
Dialect Joke Books and Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish Dictionaries
Authors: Safran Gabriella 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Safran examines the nineteenth-century publishing history of Jewish dialect joke books and Yiddish dictionaries and the generic links between dictionaries and joke books in Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish cases. In the 1870s in the Russian Empire and in the 1890s in the United States, Jewish speech style (Jewish Russian and Jewish English) was enregistered; that is, the concepts of ‘Jews’ and ‘Jewish speech’ took on new meanings. This was reflected in both dictionaries and joke books that, at least in some cases, were intended to teach their readers to be humorous as well as knowledgeable. These texts demonstrate the tension between dialect humour that is derogatory and that which embraces its subject; beyond this dichotomy, Safran argues that the confluence of Yiddish lexicography and Jewish dialect humour in the Russian Empire and the United States also reflected the marketing of distinctive spoken language by publishers for general readers. As Safran shows, the commodification of dialect humour and low-status spoken languages was facilitated by a nineteenth-century publishing boom fostered by cheap machine-made paper, fast printing techniques, the rise of literacy, the decline of book prices, the increase in railroad journeying, and the concomitant demand for portable entertainment.
Dictionaries of Libras from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bidarra Jorge , Martins Tania Aparecida 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Sign languages, structurally different from oral languages, are based on gestures and involve their own grammars and repertoires of lexical units (signals or signs), and they play an important role in establishing communication among deaf people around the world. This chapter primarily focuses on the development of dictionaries for Libras (an acronym for Língua Brasileira de Sinais, or ‘Brazilian Language of Signs’), the natural language of the Brazilian deaf community. It traces the influence of the first dictionary of the deaf in Brazil, Iconographia dos Signaes dos Surdos-Mudos (‘Iconography of Signs of Deaf-Mutes’), which was published in 1875 by the National Institute of Education of the Deaf (INES) and authored by Flausino José da Gama, a student at the Institute. In their demonstration of the influence and inspiration this dictionary gave to lexicographers who followed da Gama, Bidarra and Martins outline the historical trajectory of sign languages up to the present, considering different and parallel paths for sign languages in different countries, forms of stigmatization of sign language, and barriers to its use. Incorporating this historical and transnational analysis, Bidarra and Martins present both a broad discussion of the various models of sign language dictionaries that have been used around the world and an in-depth analysis of the development of Libras dictionaries in Brazil to the modern day.
Introduction: Full-Spectrum Propaganda
Authors: Baele Stephane J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter exposes the general framework uniting the various contributions to the volume, conceptualizing the “Islamic State (IS) moment” between innovation and continuity in the history of propaganda. Specifically, it claims that the unprecedented character of IS’s propaganda enterprise stands neither in the originality of the themes it promotes nor in the formats it uses, but rather in its project of constituting the first sustained and largely successful attempt from a terror group to build a “full-spectrum propaganda.” This chapter also clarifies the aims and goals of the book, identifies its contribution to the field, and presents its logic of progression.
Situating Islamic State’s Message
Authors: Laghmari Mehdi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a presentation of the message conveyed in Islamic State (IS) propaganda, as well as an in-depth exploration of its social and theological origins. The chapter thus clarifies the various theological interpretations and social dynamics that constitute the foundation of IS’s message and make it appealing for some. The key concepts structuring IS’s message are highlighted, their origins and evolutions are traced, and the way these concepts have eventually come to coalesce into an autonomous message distinct from those enunciated by other Islamist groups is explained. Such a “genealogy”—ranging from medieval thinker Ibn Taymiyyah to 2018 IS—is required to fully understand how these particular dimensions of this message are articulated and disseminated in specific ways by the various outlets constituting IS’ “full-spectrum propaganda” (magazines, videos, books, etc.).
From Music to Books, from Pictures to Numbers
Authors: Baele Stephane J. , Winter Charlie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores components of the Islamic State’s (IS) propaganda not usually taken into account by observers of the group. The authors scrutinize five components in particular: religious chants (anashīd), photo galleries/reports, infographics, books, and news communiqués (by al-Bayan Radio and A’maq News Agency). It is argued that only by incorporating these five elements can a comprehensive picture of IS’s full-spectrum approach toward propaganda emerge, one that clarifies its well-known visual and linguistic universe. Although these five components might be less familiar to Western audiences, they nonetheless deliver specific and singular contributions to IS’s propaganda efforts, especially among non-Western publics. This chapter shows that these elements play a tripartite role in the establishment of IS’s full-spectrum propaganda: first, their ubiquity and repetitive character heavily contribute to the relentless reiteration of the message constructed in other IS propaganda outputs; second, they accentuate the emotional impact of the propaganda; and, third, they reinforce IS’s legitimacy.
Salafism in the Maghreb
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This volume explores the growth and transformation of a particular variant of Islamism—Salafism—in the Maghreb region. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and from previous scholarship on Salafi typologies—specifically, quietist, political, and jihadist variants—it seeks to understand the socioeconomic and political drivers between the growth or diminishing of each trend. The volume pays particular attention to exploring how state-sponsored Salafists compete with more informal, nonstate, and transnational variants, particularly jihadists. It analyses how local political contexts determine the calculations and trajectories of Salafist factions that appear to share a certain doctrinal uniformity but whose actual practice on the ground, in the sphere of Arab politics, varies significantly. Specifically, it assesses state capacities and policies toward Salafis as a crucial variable that has shaped the transformation of Salafism across the Maghreb’s different countries. A key feature of the book is its attention to the blurring of the boundaries between Salafi quietism, political activism, and the imperative, in some countries, for Salafis to modulate aspects of their doctrine to gain public support. It concludes with the observation that Salafism’s growth is the product of a growing and youthful disenchantment with the existing order and especially authoritarianism, corruption, and dislocation. At a time of heightened polarization in the region and unfortunate American misapprehensions of Islamism—at both public and official levels—the book’s granular insights provide correctives for understanding a diverse religious current that has too often been synonymous with extremism.
The Paradoxical Mutations of Salafism in Morocco
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes Morocco as a case study to investigate the bifurcating paths that the most dominant strands of Salafism have taken in the kingdom. Special attention is paid to how the Arab uprisings of 2011 expedited the mutations, paradoxes, and adaptations of quietist Salafism. On the one hand, Morocco’s “Arab” Spring nudged Salafis toward political engagement as a means to protect their interests. On the other hand, the subsequent derailment of the Arab uprisings exposed major fault lines within the Salafi community. The chapter illustrates this great rift by tracing the course taken by two of the most prominent figures of this current and the critical stages that have influenced their ideological postures, relations with the ruling regime, and adaptability to local and regional changes.
The Fragmentation of Salafism in Algeria
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the ebbs and flows of Salafi ideology and activity in Algeria and explains how such evolutionary process has been largely dependent on shifting opportunity structures and Salafis’ own interactions with the governing authorities. From the tortuous road to jihadi Salafism in the 1990s to the entrenchment of quietist Salafism in the new millennium, the chapter expounds a detailed analysis of the complex and thorny relationship between and among the different Salafi factions and how, during critical junctures, they have positioned themselves vis-à-vis each other and vis-à-vis the Algerian regime. The chapter also examines the many forces that contributed to the forceful re-emergence of Salafi ideology and activism as the locus of societal contention and controversy in the wake of the Arab uprisings.
Democracy without Journalism?
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Democracy without Journalism? is about the ongoing journalism crisis and the policies we need to confront it. It exposes the historical roots, market failures, and policy inaction that led to the loss of local journalism and the proliferation of misinformation through both social media and mainstream news. In underscoring these threats to democracy, the book also draws attention to the growing problem of monopoly control over digital infrastructures in general and the rise of platform monopolies in particular, especially the “Facebook problem.” The book proposes that now is an opportune moment to address core weaknesses in US news and information systems and push for alternatives. Above all, the book argues that to understand the underlying pathologies in our news media and the reforms that are needed, we must penetrate to the roots of systemic problems. Toward this aim, Democracy without Journalism? emphasizes the structural nature of journalism’s collapse. The book concludes with an in-depth discussion of new models for journalism, emphasizing the need for a publicly owned and democratically governed media system. Ultimately, the goal is to reinvent journalism.
Introduction
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the broader context of the book by drawing attention to core pathologies in US news and information systems. In particular, it draws attention to the run-amok commercialism that lies at the heart of these structural problems. Using President Donald Trump’s election as a departure point, it covers a wide array of symptoms, ranging from low-quality information, sensationalism, and other problems in mainstream news media to misinformation proliferating through social media. The chapter gives an overview of the entire book and lays out the major arguments. It also describes the political economic theoretical framework that guides the book’s analysis.
Solitary Confinement across Borders
Authors: Shalev Sharon 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the use of solitary confinement in three jurisdictions where the author has conducted research: England and Wales, New Zealand, and the United States. It asks when and why prisoners are placed in solitary confinement in these jurisdictions, and what are the conditions of their confinement. The chapter's main focus is on the long-term use of solitary confinement as a tool for managing individuals classified and labeled as the most dangerous or troublesome in the prison system, including in New Zealand's Management Units and England and Wales’s Close Supervision Centres. Finally, it examines recent developments and asks what learning there might be for other jurisdictions.
The Rise of Supermax Imprisonment in the United States
Authors: Reiter Keramet 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history of supermax prisons: facilities built across the United States in the 1980s and 1990s in order to hold “problem” prisoners, like gang members, the seriously mentally ill, the extremely violent, and those sentenced to death, in solitary confinement for months and years at a time. Since nearly every state opened one of these facilities in the late twentieth century, prisoners have litigated the constitutionality of the harsh conditions: no human contact, 24-hour fluorescent lighting, limited time outdoors. In spite of these conditions, supermaxes were not just another popular tough-on-crime innovation; state (not federal) prison administrators designed the first supermaxes with little public knowledge or oversight, in response to organized protests in prisons in the 1970s and 1980s. Although prisoners have sought to challenge these facilities, litigation has, in many cases, played a legitimizing in the history of supermaxes.
First Do No Harm
Authors: Williams Brie , Ahalt Cyrus 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the scientific, practical, and ethical limitations of studying the physical health effects of solitary confinement. First, the authors describe the strategies that can be used to conduct such research and the limitations inherent in each. Because of these limitations, they then argue for using a harm/benefit analysis (commonly employed by the medical profession to assess the health impact of any intervention) to determine whether the use of solitary confinement is harmful to physical health. Use of that method leads to the conclusion that solitary confinement is harmful, and that the costs to health far outweigh the potential benefits of its use. The authors also describe how in such a situation the medical profession’s response should be to “do no harm,” and they recommend against use of a practice that presents serious health risks to those exposed to it. Indeed, using this approach, many correctional systems have already eliminated the use of solitary confinement for some populations (e.g., juveniles, the mentally ill) based on the determination that its mental health risks outweigh any potential benefits (e.g., prevention of future violence).