bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic similarities and differences between the limb bud AER and unique carapacial ridge of turtle embryos
Authors: Cordero Gerardo A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEvolutionary innovation may arise via major departures from an ancestral condition. Turtle shell morphogenesis depends on a unique structure known as the carapacial ridge (CR). This lateral tissue protrusion in turtle embryos exhibits similar properties as the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)—a well‐known molecular signaling center involved in limb development. Still, how the CR influences shell morphogenesis is not entirely clear. The present study aimed to describe the CR transcriptome shortly before ribs were halted within its mesenchyme, as required for shell development. Analyses exposed that the mesenchymal marker VIM was one of the most highly co‐expressed genes and numerous appendage formation genes were situated within the core of CR and AER co‐expression networks. However, there were tissue‐specific differences in the activity of these genes. For instance, WNT5A was most frequently assigned to appendage‐related annotations of the CR network core, but not in the AER. Several homeobox transcription factors known to regulate limb bud patterning exhibited their highest expression levels in the AER, but were underexpressed in the CR. The results of this study corroborate that novel body plans often originate via alterations of pre‐existing genetic networks. Altogether, this exploratory study enhances the groundwork for future experiments on the molecular underpinnings of turtle shell development and evolution.
Language teacher multilingualism in Norway and Russia: Identity and beliefs
Authors: Calafato Raees 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMultilingualism has witnessed growing interest as a subject of academic study and as a state to aspire to for many of the world's citizenry. In tandem with this growing interest, countries around the world have started to implement foreign language curricula at schools that seek to prepare the coming generations to thrive in an increasingly multilingual global environment. In this respect, language teachers are likely to play a pivotal role in promoting the learning of multiple languages among students, with their beliefs about multilingualism informing their practices. This study reports on the beliefs of 460 secondary school teachers of English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, and Chinese in Norway and Russia regarding the benefits of being or becoming multilingual, the affordances of multilingual teachers, and the promotion of multilingualism in their respective countries. The findings indicated statistically significant differences between the participants based on the number of languages they taught and, to some extent, their country of residence. The observed differences hold important implications for teacher education programs and initiatives promoting the use of multilingualism as a resource in language education.
Biomarkers of seizure response to vagus nerve stimulation: A scoping review
Authors: Workewych Adriana M. , Arski Olivia N. , Mithani Karim , Ibrahim George M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlthough vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a common procedure, seizure outcomes are heterogeneous, with few available means to preoperatively identify the ideal surgical candidate. Here, we perform a scoping review of the literature to identify biomarkers of VNS response in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy. Several databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, BIOSIS Previews, and Web of Science) were searched for all relevant articles that reported at least one biomarker of VNS response following implantation for intractable epilepsy. Patient demographics, seizure data, and details related to biomarkers were abstracted from all studies. From the 288 records screened, 28 articles reporting on 16 putative biomarkers were identified. These were grouped into four categories: network/connectomic‐based biomarkers, electrophysiological signatures, structural findings on neuroimaging, and systemic assays. Differences in brain network organization, connectivity, and electrophysiological synchronicity demonstrated the most robust ability to identify VNS responders. Structural findings on neuroimaging yielded inconsistent associations with VNS responsiveness. With regard to systemic biomarkers, heart rate variability was shown to be an independent marker of VNS response, whereas inflammatory markers were not useful. There is an unmet need to preoperatively identify candidates who are likely to benefit from VNS. Several biomarkers demonstrate promise in predicting seizure responsiveness to VNS, particularly measures of brain network connectivity. Further efforts are required to validate existing biomarkers to inform clinical decision‐making.
Protective effects of dexmedetomidine on small intestinal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in horses
Authors: VanderBroek Ashley R. , Engiles Julie B. , Kästner Sabine B. R. , Kopp Veronika , Verhaar Nicole , Hopster Klaus 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundStrangulating small intestinal lesions in the horse have increased morbidity and mortality compared to nonstrangulating obstructions due to mucosal barrier disruption and subsequent endotoxaemia.ObjectivesTo investigate protective effects of dexmedetomidine on small intestinal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in the horse.Study designRandomised, controlled, experimental study.MethodsEighteen systemically healthy horses were randomly assigned to three groups: control, preconditioning, and post‐conditioning. During isoflurane anaesthesia, complete ischaemia was induced in a 1‐m segment of jejunum for 90 minutes. Horses in the preconditioning and post‐conditioning groups received dexmedetomidine (3.5 µg/kg followed by 7 µg/kg/h) before (preconditioning) or after beginning ischaemia (post‐conditioning), and during reperfusion. Jejunal biopsies were collected before ischaemia (baseline‐1), at the end of the ischaemic period (ischaemia), and 30 minutes after reperfusion (reperfusion‐1). Additional biopsies were taken 24 hours after reperfusion from ischaemia‐reperfusion‐injured jejunum (reperfusion‐2). Epithelial injury was scored histologically, and morphometric analyses were used to calculate villus surface area (VSA) denuded of epithelium. Data were analysed using analysis of variance, Kruskal‐Wallis and Wilcoxon two‐sample tests.ResultsIn the control group, epithelial injury scores and percentage of VSA denudation for ischaemia‐reperfusion‐injured jejunum were higher compared to baseline‐1 at all time points. The ischaemia and both reperfusion samples from the pre‐ and post‐conditioning groups had lower epithelial injury scores and percentage of VSA epithelial denudation compared to the control group, with no difference from baseline‐1 at any time point for the preconditioning group.Main limitationsPreconditioning has limited application in the clinical setting with naturally occurring strangulating small intestinal lesions.ConclusionsDexmedetomidine was protective for small intestinal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in the horse when administered before or during ischaemia.
Distribution of CYP2C19, ABCB1 and PON1 polymorphisms in Chinese Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease
Authors: Ma Lijuan , Yuan Yuan , Li Jing , Yu Changzhi , Zhao Jun 
Published: August 2020

SummaryCYP2C19, ABCB1 and PON1 polymorphisms involve in the metabolism and absorption of clopidogrel, which may be associated with interethnic variability of clopidogrel response. In our study, we evaluated the prevalence of CYP2C19, ABCB1 and PON1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) of Chinese Han, Hui, Uygur and Kazak ethnic groups. Five SNPs were detected [CYP2C19 ∗2 (rs4244285), CYP2C19 ∗3 (rs4986893), CYP2C19 ∗17 (rs12248560), ABCB1 (rs1045642) and PON1 (rs662)]. The analysis was performed in 1,337 patients with CHD, including 831 Han, 85 Hui, 352 Uygur and 69 Kazak. The results revealed the differential distribution of the five SNPs. Frequencies of CYP2C19 no function variants in Uygur and Kazak were lower than those in Han and Hui groups (P < .05). CYP2C19 variants with increased function were more common in Uygur (13.6%) and Kazak (10.9%) groups (P < .05). Compared with Han and Hui groups, distribution of ABCB1 allele T was more prevalent in Uygur and Kazak groups (53.8% and 50.7%, respectively, P < .05). PON1 allele A frequencies of 55.7% and 58.7% in Uygur and Kazak showed higher prevalence than in the Han (38.4%) and Hui (43.5%) groups (P < .05). In conclusion, CYP2C19 *2 and *3 alleles are prevalent in Chinese Han and Hui groups, whereas CYP2C19 *17, ABCB1 T and PON1 A variants are relatively frequent in Chinese Uygur and Kazak ethnic groups. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis for the explanation of ethnic differences in determining clinical therapy strategies and predicting adverse effects.
Giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis breeding programmes: challenges and current developments
Authors: Schikora T. F. 
Published: August 2020

There is a history of over 130 years of Giant otters Pteronura brasiliensis in zoos. Thanks to the intensive work carried out at numerous holding institutions and huge progress in husbandry practices, especially over the past 20 years, significant success has been achieved in the breeding of this Endangered species. Initially kept for awareness and education purposes, the breeding programme for the Giant otter is gradually evolving into a global management programme capable of combining ex situ and in situ conservation. At the time of writing, zoos on four continents (South America, North America, Europe and Asia) work together with partners from research, conservation and the authorities to preserve this wonderful species, for which a reintroduction project is in the process of being established.
Highly efficient yellow‐orange emission and superior thermal stability of Ba2YAl3Si2O12:Ce3+ for high‐power solid lighting
Authors: Huang Dayu , Liu Zhiyuan , Wang Bo , Che Hailin , Zou Man , Zeng Qingguang , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWith great economic benefits, white LEDs (w‐LEDs) have aroused worldwide attention. For phosphor‐converted w‐LED, highly efficient emission and good thermal stability of phosphor are significant parameters in practical application. Here, a yellow‐orange garnet‐structural phosphor, Ba2YAl3Si2O12:xCe3+ (x = 0‐0.1) (BYAS:xCe3+) was developed by solid solution design. The broad emission spectrum of the as‐synthesized phosphor could guarantee the effective increase of the color rendering index when it is combined with the InGaN blue chip. Benefiting from the garnet‐type highly rigid framework, BYAS:xCe3+ exhibits an excellent thermal stability (50%@673K of the initial integrated intensity at 280 K) as well as high absolute quantum efficiency (80.4%@460 nm excitation light). Utilizing the approach of “phosphor‐in‐glass” (PiG), a high‐power warm w‐LED is achieved based on a blue LED plus PiG and the illuminance of this w‐LED device can be as high as 4227 lx.
Fixed‐dose combination of amlodipine and atorvastatin improves clinical outcomes in patients with concomitant hypertension and dyslipidemia
Authors: Lin Chia‐Pin , Tung Ying‐Chang , Hsiao Fu‐Chih , Yang Chia‐Hung , Kao Yi‐Wei , Lin Yu‐Sheng , Chu You‐Chia , Chu Pao‐Hsien 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHypertension and dyslipidemia are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the clinical outcomes of fixed‐dose combination (FDC) versus free‐equivalent combination (FEC) of amlodipine and atorvastatin in the treatment of concurrent hypertension and dyslipidemia remain unknown. In this study, we included patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and dyslipidemia, without previously established cardiovascular disease, and treated with either FDC or FEC of amlodipine and atorvastatin were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan and follow‐up for 5 years. By using 1:1 propensity score matching, a total of 1756 patients were enrolled in this study. The composite of major adverse cardiovascular events, including all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and coronary revascularization, occurred more frequently in the FEC group than in the FDC group (hazard ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42 to 2.5). Although the all‐cause mortality did not differ (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.59), the FEC group developed increased MI, stroke, and coronary revascularization (hazard ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.07 to 7.68; hazard ratio, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.74; and hazard ratio, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.26 to 4.69, respectively). Furthermore, as an unexpected result, a higher risk to develop new‐onset diabetes mellitus was observed with FEC regimens (hazard ratio, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.6 to 3.0). In conclusion, although the all‐cause mortality did not differ between the two groups, the FDC regimen of amlodipine and atorvastatin improved clinical outcomes when compared to FEC in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and dyslipidemia.
Factors Related to the Clinical Competence of Registered Nurses: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Gunawan Joko , Aungsuroch Yupin , Fisher Mary L. , Marzilli Colleen , Liu Ying 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo determine the factors associated with the clinical competence of registered nurses.MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis was used. The search strategy was limited to 10 years, ranging from January 2009 to December 2019, in Science Direct, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. A meta‐analysis was performed using R Studio with the metafor package (Boston, MA, USA; https://rstudio.com/products/rstudio/older‐versions/).ResultsA total of 22 studies were included, representing 33,961 nurses. There were 28 factors associated with clinical competence. Of those, 13 factors were significantly supported and included for meta‐analysis, grouped into (a) individual‐related factors, (b) job satisfaction, (c) bullying, (d) burnout, and (d) specific knowledge. The effect size of those factors ranged from ‐0.14 to 0.50.ConclusionsAmong individual‐related factors, salary has the largest effect size on competence and is considered important. Clinical competence is positively affected by job satisfaction, but negatively influenced by bullying and burnout. Although specific knowledge has a large effect size, it does not significantly affect the clinical competence of registered nurses.Clinical RelevanceIt is critical to understand factors related to the clinical competence of registered nurses to maintain quality care and patient outcomes in clinical settings. The findings serve as data to help nurse managers find effective ways to improve the knowledge, skill, attitudes, and performance of registered nurses.
Neuroimaging Characteristics of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Children
Authors: Orman Gunes , Tran Brandon H. , Desai Nilesh , Meoded Avner , Kralik Stephen , Smith Valeria , Hicks John , Kirsch Claudia , Huisman Thierry A. G. M. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare epithelial origin tumor associated with undifferentiated histology, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, and genetic risk factors. Childhood NPC is usually clinically silent, often presenting with advanced locoregional compromise, including skull base invasion and cervical lymphadenopathy, and has a better prognosis than adult NPC. This article describes computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features in a cohort of 28 pediatric NPC patients.METHODSA retrospective review was performed among children with histopathology proven NPC diagnoses between 1996 and 2019 for this study. The electronic medical records were reviewed to determine demographics, EBV serology, and World Health Organization (WHO) type. Nasopharyngeal CT and/or MRI at presentation for tumor spread as well as density and/or intensity, lymphadenopathy, postcontrast enhancement and diffusion characteristics before treatment were evaluated.RESULTSTwenty‐eight patients (21 males, 7 females) were included. The mean patient age at diagnosis was 13.3 (range 7 to 17) years. EBV was positive in 71.4% of patients. The majority of patients (78.6%) had a WHO type III tumor, unilateral fossa of Rosenmuller involvement (71.4%). Neuroimaging features were CT isodensity, T1‐isointensity, T2‐hyperintensity, and heterogeneous postcontrast enhancement for all patients (100%) and restricted diffusion (90%).CONCLUSIONSAlthough uncommon in pediatric patients, NPC should be in the differential diagnosis of adolescents presenting with a nasopharyngeal mass. Recognizing key imaging characteristics is helpful in the diagnosis of NPC.
High sugar content of European commercial baby foods and proposed updates to existing recommendations
Authors: Hutchinson Jayne , Rippin Holly , Threapleton Diane , Jewell Jo , Kanamäe Haidi , Salupuu Kristin , Caroli Margherita , Antignani Angelo , Pace Lucienne , Vassallo Charlene , Lande Britt , Hildonen Christina , Rito Ana Isabel , Santos Mariana , Gabrijelcic Blenkus Mojca , Sarkadi‐Nagy Eszter , Erdei Gergő , Cade Janet E. , Breda Joao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim was to determine whether commercial baby foods marketed within Europe (up to 36 months of age) have inappropriate formulation and high sugar content and to provide suggestions to update European regulations and recommendations as part of a nutrient profile model developed for this age group. The latter was produced following recommended World Health Organization (WHO) steps, including undertaking a rapid literature review. Packaging information from countries across the WHO European region was used to determine mean energy from total sugar by food category. The percentage of products containing added sugar and the percentage of savoury meal‐type products containing pureed fruit were also calculated. A total of 2,634 baby foods from 10 countries were summarised: 768 sold in the United Kingdom, over 200 each from Denmark (319), Spain (241), Italy (430) and Malta (243) and between 99–200 from Hungary, Norway, Portugal, Estonia and Slovenia. On average, approximately a third of energy in baby foods in these European countries came from total sugar, and for most food categories, energy from sugar was higher than 10%. Use of added sugars was widespread across product categories, with concentrated fruit juice most commonly used. Savoury meal‐type purees did not contain added sugars except in United Kingdom and Malta; however, fruit as an ingredient was found in 7% of savoury meals, most frequently seen in UK products. Clear proposals for reducing the high sugar content seen in commercial baby foods were produced. These suggestions, relating to both content and labelling, should be used to update regulations and promote product reformulation.
Losing confidence in luminosity
Authors: Goldstein Simon , Waxman Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA mental state is luminous if, whenever an agent is in that state, they are in a position to know that they are. Following Timothy Williamson's Knowledge and Its Limits, a wave of recent work has explored whether there are any non‐trivial luminous mental states. A version of Williamson's anti‐luminosity appeals to a safety‐theoretic principle connecting knowledge and confidence: if an agent knows p, then p is true in any nearby scenario where she has a similar level of confidence in p. However, the relevant notion of confidence is relatively underexplored. This paper develops a precise theory of confidence: an agent's degree of confidence in p is the objective chance they will rely on p in practical reasoning. This theory of confidence is then used to critically evaluate the anti‐luminosity argument, leading to the surprising conclusion that although there are strong reasons for thinking that luminosity does not obtain, they are quite different from those the existing literature has considered. In particular, we show that once the notion of confidence is properly understood, the failure of luminosity follows from the assumption that knowledge requires high confidence, and does not require any kind of safety principle as a premise.
The search for invertebrate consciousness
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is no agreement on whether any invertebrates are conscious and no agreement on a methodology that could settle the issue. How can the debate move forward? I distinguish three broad types of approach: theory‐heavy, theory‐neutral and theory‐light. Theory‐heavy and theory‐neutral approaches face serious problems, motivating a middle path: the theory‐light approach. At the core of the theory‐light approach is a minimal commitment about the relation between phenomenal consciousness and cognition that is compatible with many specific theories of consciousness: the hypothesis that phenomenally conscious perception of a stimulus facilitates, relative to unconscious perception, a cluster of cognitive abilities in relation to that stimulus. This “facilitation hypothesis” can productively guide inquiry into invertebrate consciousness. What is needed? At this stage, not more theory, and not more undirected data gathering. What is needed is a systematic search for consciousness‐linked cognitive abilities, their relationships to each other, and their sensitivity to masking.
Human immunodeficiency virus interaction with oral and genital mucosal epithelia may lead to epithelial–mesenchymal transition and sequestration of virions in the endosomal compartments
Authors: Tugizov Sharof M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOral and genital mucosal epithelia are multistratified epithelial barriers with well‐developed tight and adherens junctions. These barriers serve as the first line of defense against many pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV interaction with the surface of mucosal epithelial cells, however, may activate transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways. When activated, these pathways may lead to the disruption of epithelial junctions and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). HIV‐induced impairment of the mucosal barrier may facilitate the spread of pathogenic viral, bacterial, fungal, and other infectious agents. HIV‐induced EMT promotes highly motile/migratory cells. In oral and genital mucosa, if EMT occurs within a human papillomavirus (HPV)‐infected premalignant or malignant cell environment, the HPV‐associated neoplastic process could be accelerated by promoting viral invasion of malignant cells. HIV also internalizes into oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells. The majority (90%) of internalized virions do not cross the epithelium, but are retained in endosomal compartments for several days. These sequestered virions are infectious. Upon interaction with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, epithelial cells containing the virus can be transferred. The induction of HIV‐1 release and the cell‐to‐cell spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes is mediated by interaction of lymphocyte receptor function‐associated antigen‐1 with the epithelial cell receptor intercellular adhesion molecule‐1. Thus, mucosal epithelial cells may serve as a transient reservoir for HIV, which could play a critical role in viral transmission.