bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Construction of a Quantitative Uniaxial Straining Stage For The Environmental SEM
Authors: Mansfield John F , Thouless Michael D , Stefano Justin A , Holbrook Judd 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The environmental scanning electron microscope (or Environmental SEM) is a powerful tool in the materials science laboratory. The large sample chamber and ability to operate in a very poor vacuum (&gt;5Torr) makes it an ideal device for a wide variety of in-situ studies. A three point bending stage has been used in the ElectroScan E3 environmental SEM at the University of Michigan for over four years. The stage is extremely flexible and can be used to view samples in both planar and transverse views. It also allows for quantitative recording of the stress and strain exerted on the sample via a load cell and a linear variable differential transducer. The output s of the load cell are acquired into an Apple Macintosh computer via a National Instruments analog-to-digital acquisition card. To extend the capability of EMAL's in-situ tensile testing laboratory, a uniaxial tensile stage has been constructed in collaboration with the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics.
In Situ Mechanical Testing of Dry and Hydrated Cellular Materials in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)
Authors: Stokes DJ , Donald AM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We present a method for directly observing and quantifying the mechanical deformation of cellular foods, such as breadcrumb and Chinese water chestnut, with the aim of identifying the key differences in the nature of cell wall failure and crack propagation. These factors are of importance to the food industry, and this work may enhance our understanding of the changes in behaviour of crisp cellular foods when subjected to a moist environment.
Breadcrumb coatings are commonly applied to a core substrate such as meat, poultry, fish and vegetables. After flash-frying the product is often frozen, but during storage there is a tendency for the coating to absorb water from the substrate. The driving force for this process is the large difference in water activity level aw between the two materials. Incorrect reconstitution of the product, for example by microwave cooking, leads to a significant loss of crispness.
Investigation of Medium to High Strain Deformation Microstructures Using an Automated Electron Backscattering Pattern (EBSP) System
Authors: Godfrey A , Krieger Lassen N C , Hughes D A , Juul Jensen D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The speed of automated EBSP orientation gathering has now increased to a point where it is possible to examine large areas of deformed material at a resolution close to the length scale of the dislocation substructures involved (typically &lt;1μm for strains of greater than ∊= l). Investigation of such deformed samples invariably gives rise to diffraction images of low quality and to many double patterns. To assist in a critical selection of the data, it is usual to store a measure of the indexing confidence for each point. Here we describe how deformed samples, which provide the appropriate range of pattern qualities, can be used to calibrate acceptance criteria for unsupervised EBSP measurements on deformation microstructures. An application in the use of such criteria is also described.
Two crystals, chosen with orientations that are known to develop a well defined texture spread during deformation, were channel die deformed to a strain of ∊=1.5 (78% reduction).
Esem Study of Film Formation in Latices Polymerised in Presence of Starch
Authors: Stelmashenko N , Donald AM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) was used to study film-formation in vinyl latices polymerised in the presence of varying amount and type of starch. An understanding of the effect of native biopolymers on film forming mechanisms in latex has technological and industrial relevance because it can lead to the creation of novel latices with potentially lower cost and improved biosustainability.
Film formation studies were carried out on a range of samples selected by ICI Paints as the most promising candidates for the novel latices. These included vinyl latices polymerised with 2 - 15% of potato and waxy maize starch, taken either in native or modified. Normally, no surfactants were used during latex polymerisation; a few samples were prepared for comparative purposes when polymerisation was carried out both with and without the addition of surfactant. Latex films were spun-cast on glass slides before insertion into the microscope.
Optimisation of the S.E. Signal to Background Ratio in ESEM
Authors: Keller TH , Thiel BL , Donald AM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We have performed a theoretical and experimental study of the signal composition in the Environmental SEM (ESEM) with the intention of forming a set of general guidelines for optimising the signal to background ratio. In the ElectroScan ESEM, a gas ionisation cascade is used to amplify the secondary electron signals emanating from the specimen surface. The presence of gas in the chamber also gives rise to a pressure dependent background signal derived from ionisation events between gas molecules and high energy primary beam and backscattered electrons, as well as secondary electrons generated by the probe skirt.
The signal collected by an environmental secondary detector (ESD) (ElectroScan, 1991) or a gaseous secondary detector (GSED) (ElectroScan, 1994) is an amplified signal which is a composite of at least three contributions. These are the amplified currents arising from the ionisation of the gas by high energy electrons from the primary (Ipe) and backscattered electrons (Ihse).
Using Secondary Electron Contrast for Imaging Water-Oil Emulsions in the Environmental SEM (ESEM)
Authors: Stokes DJ , Thiel BL , Donald AM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ESEM is able to image liquids in their natural state, unlike conventional SEM, and offers significantly better resolution than optical microscopy. The ability to image binary liquid mixtures, such as water-oil emulsions, depends upon sufficient contrast for differentiation of the dispersed and continuous phases. We have made observations of such water-oil emulsions in an Electroscan 2010 Environmental SEM, and have duly obtained images with good contrast. Experiments were carried out on emulsions of vegetable oil-in-water, polybutene-in-water and water-in-polybutene, all emulsified with nonionic polysaccharide surfactants. Each sample was imaged at a temperature of approximately 3°C, in water vapour at a pressure of 4 torr, in order to maintain the liquid state.
From the ESEM micrographs in Figures 1, 2 and 3, it is clear that water exhibits a greater secondary electron emission than an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Biometrology? Finding Biological, Pathological, Diagnostic Meaning From Critical Length-Scale Measurements
Authors: Allen MJ , Elings V B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) is now a fairly widely used metrological tool for measuring surfaces with nanometer-scale precision, in 3-D. A number of biologists have noticed that untreated biological cells and molecules deposited onto surfaces can also be analyzed by AFM in air or fluids provided the AFM imaging forces do not greatly excede the compressiblity of the specimen. What has gone largely unnoticed in the biological microscopy community is the fact that AFM provides a wealth of opportunity with regard to 3D, nanometer-scale morphometric and biochemical measurements of biomaterials, cells and molecules. The ability to obtain such precise length-scale measurements on biological structures does open up a whole new branch of biological microscopy- something we have termed, Biometrology. A broad definition of Biometrology is, the science of quantifying biological structures such that the measured quantities give rise to biological or diagnostic information.
Development of Polarization Modulation Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope and its Application to Mapping Defect-Induced Birefringence in SrTiO3 Bicrystals
Authors: Hsu Julia W P , McDaniel E B , McClain S C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Photoelastic measurement is a sensitive optical technique to map strain fields in otherwise isotropic materials. To extend this method to the submicron scale, we combine dynamic polarimetry with nearfield scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and construct a polarization modulation NSOM (PMNSOM). The 670 nm laser light passes first through a linear polarizer (oriented at 90°), and then through a photoelastic modulator (PEM), and finally through a quarter wave plate. The PEM introduces a sinusoidally time varying phase shift δ0sin(2πft) into the +45° polarization component, where the modulation frequency/is the resonant frequency (50 kHz) of the PEM quartz element. The quarter wave plate (oriented at 0°) transforms this elliptically polarized light into linearly polarized light with its orientation varying sinusoidally at the modulation frequency. This polarized light is then coupled into a single-mode optical fiber leading to the NSOM tip.
Magnetically-Oscillated Probe AFM for Imaging and Stiffness Measurements at the Liquid-Solid Interface
Authors: Lindsay SM , Han Wenhai , Tao Nongjian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The AFM is a natural tool for exploring liquid-solid interfaces, but oscillating probe methods are limited by the viscous action of the liquid on the probe. If the probe is driven acoustically, high driving amplitudes are required to obtain a response from the probe, and this can give rise to spurious responses. The problem is solved if the probe is driven directly, using a magnetic film on the tip and a solenoid to provide a driving field. This method, Magnetic A/C mode (MacMode) has provided the highest resolution in both images of biomolecules and in force spectroscopy at the liquid-solid interface.
The interaction force is reduced because the microscope can be operated at low amplitudes of oscillation (0.5 to 5nm) with small changes (0.1 to 0.5nm) in amplitude used for sensing. This often results in greatly improved resolution, presumably because small aperities on the tip are not damaged.
Comparative Surface Study of Atomic Images With Variable Temperature UHF-AFM and STM
Authors: Iwatsuki M , Suzuki K , Kitamura S , Kersker M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The AFM technique has made a remarkable progress recently. However, relatively few studies using the UHV-AFM have been reported compared to those using atmospheric AFMs or UHV-STMs. Atomic-resolution images of the clean sample surface in ultrahigh vacuum, which is relatively active and not observable in atmosphere, have been reported only few examples. The intense reaction between the tip of the cantilever and the sample in contact mode imaging, one of the techniques used in atomic imaging in atmosphere, often damages the surface of the sample, making it difficult to acquire atomic-resolution images in UHV.
In order to reduce the strong interaction between the tip and the sample, the noncontact imaging technique for the UHV-AFM (NC-AFM: JAFM-4500XT) has been developed. However, none of the atmospheric NC-AFMs has succeeded in achieving atomic level resolution.
The Surface Morphology and Characterisation of Electronic Properties of Boron Implanted Microwave Plasma CVD Diamond Films by Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopies
Authors: Fitzgerald A G , Fan Y , John P , Troupe C E , Wilson J I B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The surface morphology and electronic properties of a low energy boron implanted diamond films with shallow doping, prepared by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (CVD), have been characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) techniques.
Both AFM and STM images taken at different locations on the films have exhibited similar morphological features on the (100) crystal surfaces. The crystal surfaces are not atomically flat but are composed of many hillocks as shown in Fig 1(a) to 1(c). The majority of values measured from the peaks of hillocks to the valleys are in the range of 2 to 5 nm, and the diameter of these hillocks is in the range of 50 to 250 nanometers. These crystal surface morphological features are believed to be caused in the high energy boron ion implantation process.
Using AFM Phase Lag Data to Indentefy Microconstituents With Varying Values of Elastic Modulus
Authors: Leonard DN , Batchelor AD , Russell PE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) has allowed microscopists to observe surface topography of non-conductive samples on the atomic level. One AFM mode that scanned probe microscopists have recently shown an interest in is the phase lag imaging mode. It has already been demonstrated that the resulting phase lag data can be used to identify different densities of microlayered polyethylene. However a quantitative understanding of phase lag imaging has yet to be fully developed. With a better understanding of the phase lag data it may be possible to estimate the modulus or other material properties of a sample from an AFM phase image alone.
The need for better understanding phase lag data is essential to increasing the knowledge of a how a material's microstructure behaves on the nanometer scale. This investigation focused on AFM phase lag data produced while scanning microstructures with large differences in modulus values between the compositional phases.
Analysis of Selected Area Diffraction Patterns With Winjade
Authors: Walck S D , Ruzakowski-Athey P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The analysis of Selected Area Diffraction (SAD) patterns that are collected from a single phase material having sufficient crystallites to provide continuous rings is relatively straightforward. However, when this condition is not met and there may be several phases present having rings of a spotty nature, the pattern is complex and can be quite difficult to analyze manually because of the vast number of discrete spots. WinJade from MDI is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis program with an Electron Diffraction Program Module (EDPM) that can be used to aid in the analysis of SAD patterns. The EDPM produces Integrated Circular Density Plots (ICDP), which are one-dimensional intensity profiles plotted as a function of equivalent XRD 20 values or crystal d-spacings. These ICDP's can be overlayed with XRD patterns or with reference lines from the NIST and JCPDS crystalline databases for direct comparisons.
Trace Element Detection by X-Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Madden M C , Wong R , Wherry D C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Due primarily to the absence of Bremsstrahlung radiation, fluorescent spectra obtained with x-ray excitation of a sample have a lower background than those obtained with electron excitation. This can be used to detect elements in liquids at very low concentrations under certain conditions. The technique consists of placing a small measured volume of liquid to be analyzed for trace elements on a thin, low atomic number film; evaporating the liquid to dryness; placing it under an x-ray beam; and obtaining a fluorescent spectra. The residue from the evaporated liquid contains any trace elements present, which then produce characteristic peaks in the fluorescent spectrum. These peaks can be used to measure concentrations quantitatively.
This technique has been around for some time, but with detection limits at the parts per million (ppm) level. Although there are many definitions of detection limit, the most commonly used one is from Burton:
High Resolution X-ray Microscopy of Frozen Hydrated Samples
Authors: Schneider G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
X-ray microscopy is a rapidly developing field stimulated by the development of brilliant X-ray sources and high resolution X-ray lenses. It provides higher resolution than optical microscopy and higher penetration power than electron microscopy. Therefore, X-ray microscopy allows high resolution imaging of thick hydrated samples. The two dominating processes determining the contrast in X-ray microscopy are photoelectric absorption and phase shift. For this reason X-ray microscopy can be performed in amplitude and phase contrast. The Göttingen X-ray microscope at the BESSY electron storage ring in Berlin is operating in both contrast modes and is used for different application fields, for example in biology, biophysics, medicine, colloid chemistry, and soil sciences.
Especially biological objects are sensitive to ionizing radiation. Theoretical investigations show that X-ray images of frozen-hydrated specimen can be obtained without radiation induced artifacts. Therefore, an object stage for cryogenic specimen was developed and implemented on the Gottingen transmission X-ray microscope (TXM) at the electron storage ring BESSY.
High Spatial Resolution Soft X-Ray Microscopy and Microanalysis of Thick and Hydrated Materials
Authors: Meyer-Ilse W , Brown J T , Magowan C , Yeung J , Kurtis K E , Monteiro P , Tonner B P , Nealson K , Lelièvre S , Larabell C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Center for X-ray Optics (CXRO) built and operates a high-resolution soft x-ray microscope (XM-1) at the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley. We report on the use of this instrument in a variety of scientific fields, including biology, civil engineering and environmental sciences.
The microscope is a conventional (full field) x-ray microscope, which uses zone plate lenses to provide high resolution transmission images. The optical setup is similar to the Göttingen x-ray microscope, operated at the BESSY synchrotron radiation facility in Berlin, Germany. A condenser zone plate, fabricated by the Göttingen group, is illuminating the sample and an objective zone plate, fabricated by Erik Anderson (CXRO), is forming an enlarged image on an x-ray CCD camera. While the optical path of the microscope is in vacuum, the sample is at atmospheric pressure, flushed by helium. The spatial resolution of our microscope is 43 nm, measured as the distance from 10%-90% intensity in the image of a knife-edge.
Imaging, Spectroscopy and Tomography of Frozen Hydrated Specimens With the Cryo Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscope at The NSLS
Authors: Maser J , Jacobsen C , Wang Y , Osanna A , Winn B , Kirz J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
With the steady improvement of x-ray optics with high resolution and efficiency, and continued development or adaptation of different imaging and measuring techniques, soft x-ray microscopy has emerged as a powerful method to image and analyze fully hydrated specimens of several micrometer thickness at sub-optical resolution (for a recent overview, see ref. 1). We report on experiments performed with the cryo scanning transmission x-ray microscope (cryo-STXM), which has recently come into operation at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Cryo-STXM uses x-rays with energies between the absorption edge of Carbon (E = 284 eV) and Oxygen (E = 543 eV) from the soft x-ray undulator at the NSLS. Fully hydrated specimens such as eucaryotic cells in water or ice layers of up to 10 micrometer thickness can be imaged without any additional need for contrast enhancing techniques.
Applications of Laboratory-Based X-Ray Microfluorescence Analysis in Archaeometry
Authors: Pingitore NE , Leach JD , Iglesias A , Sampson CG , Carmichael DL , Peterson JA 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
X-ray microfluorescence (XRMF) is spatially resolved x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of elemental composition. Formerly available only at synchrotron sources, recent development of commercial instruments has brought a tamer version of this technique into the size and price range of the academic laboratory. Our Kevex Omicron system features a primary beam diameter as small as 30 μm, with an energy dispersive spectrometer collecting the x-ray spectrum from Na to U. The micro-positioning stage and optical microscope permit selective spatially resolved analysis on the surfaces of objects as large as a desktop dictionary. The large sample stage, functional spatial resolution, and non-destructive analysis present significant opportunities for elemental analysis of a variety of archaeological materials. In particular, objects which for aesthetic, religious, regulatory, or economic reasons cannot be subjected to any alteration in sample preparation may still be analyzed by XRMF. Our laboratory has been conducting a number of investigations which illustrate the potential impact of XRMF technology on archaeometry.
X-Ray Radiation Damage of Polymers in a Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscope
Authors: Coffey T , Ade H , Urquhart S , Smith AP 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We use the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) (1) to acquire images and spectra of polymers. To interpret data correctly, the effects X-ray radiation has on polymers must be understood. We have therefore started to characterize radiation damage in a variety of carbonyl containing polymers in two ways. First, we want to ascertain the critical dose for mass loss and the critical dose for the carbonyl in a variety of polymers and relate the critical dose to the polymer structure. (The critical dose is the radiation dose at which the optical density of the material is decreased by 1/e of its original value.) We also want to understand the damage mechanism. STXM acquires images and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra by using X-ray photons to excite inner shell electrons to unoccupied valence orbitals or to the continuum.
Characterizing Inhomogeneous Deformation Substructure in Large Single Crystals by Microscopy and XRD - A Synergystic Analysis
Authors: Kingman P W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Characterization of deformed crystals containing extensive inhomogeneities and localized lattice reorientations presents a formidable challenge, particularly when the available sample volume is limited and/or irregular in configuration. The crystals analyzed in this work were originally high-symmetry single crystal tungsten rods, 6.9 mm in diameter and 102 mm long, which had been ballistically launched against steel blocks. At ordnance velocities (1.5 km/sec), the rods evert as they penetrate the block, resulting in a cylindrical cavity partially lined with a hollow tube of tungsten, with a slug resting at the bottom. These tungsten residuals contained many localizations, fractures, and assemblages of discrete sub-entities, typically 100-200 microns in size, within a macroscopic flow pattern extending over many millimeters. The measured cavity depths displayed a strong crystallographic symmetry dependence. Because the post-event samples, which were either blocks containing polished axial sections through the cavity or loose ejecta, were both massive and frangible, area-resolved X-ray diffraction, utilizing a fine-beam Laue technique with a precision specimen translator to permit correlation with micrographs, was used to map and characterize the lattice sub-structure.