bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Untold History of the United Nations, the US State Department, and Organized Interests in the Postwar Era
Authors: Mathews-Schultz A. Lanethea 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTIn 1945, a vast range of US civic organizations and other groups were mobilized into a state-sanctioned campaign on behalf of a new international governance structure: the United Nations. This was a novel collaboration, one that demonstrated the State Department’s acknowledgment of the value of civic activity and organized interests to securing foreign policy goals and that positioned US groups to assert an independent role in shaping the formal institutions of the United Nations. While scholars of American political development (APD) have tentatively embraced the notion that international institutions matter to American politics, past research on mid-twentieth century interests, conventionally focused on domestic business and trade associations, has underappreciated how and why the United Nations marked an important movement for interest development. Of particular significance, US voluntary and civic organizations were instrumental in securing a role for nongovernmental organizations in the UN Economic and Security Council, thereby further linking American and international politics and reshaping state-society relationships. In brief, this article argues that the State Department’s campaign to mobilize public support around the United Nations, as well as the creation of the United Nations, generated new incentives for the maintenance and mobilization of existing groups and subsidized the formation of new groups.
Multivariate Statistical and Multiproxy Constraints on Earthquake‐Triggered Sediment Remobilization Processes in the Central Japan Trench
Authors: Schwestermann T. , Huang J. , Konzett J. , Kioka A. , Wefer G. , Ikehara K. , Moernaut J. , Eglinton T. I. , Strasser M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the impact of earthquakes on subaqueous environments is key for submarine paleoseismological investigations seeking to provide long‐term records of past earthquakes. For this purpose, event deposits (e.g., turbidites) are, among others, identified and stratigraphically correlated over broad areas to test for synchronous occurrence of gravity flows. Hence, detailed spatiotemporal petrographic and geochemical fingerprints of such deposits are required to advance the knowledge about sediment source and the underlying remobilization processes induced by past earthquakes. In this study, we develop for the first time in paleoseismology a multivariate statistical approach using X‐ray fluorescence core scanning, magnetic susceptibility, and wet bulk density data that allow to test, confirm, and enhance the previous visual and lithostratigraphic correlation across two isolated basins in the central Japan Trench. The statistical correlation is further confirmed by petrographic heavy grain analysis of the turbidites and additionally combined with our novel erosion model based on previously reported bulk organic carbon 14C dates. We find surficial sediment remobilization, a process whereby strong seismic shaking remobilizes the uppermost few centimeters of surficial slope sediment, to be a predominant remobilization process, which partly initiates deeper sediment remobilization downslope during strong earthquakes at the Japan Trench. These findings shed new light on source‐to‐sink transport processes in hadal trenches during earthquakes and help to assess the completeness of the turbidite paleoseismic record. Our results further suggest that shallow‐buried tephra on the slope might significantly influence sediment remobilization and the geochemical and petrographic fingerprints of the resulting event deposits.
Reconstruction of Three‐Dimensional Ocean Structure From Sea Surface Data: An Application of isQG Method in the Southwest Indian Ocean
Authors: Chen Zhiqiang , Wang Xidong , Liu Lei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUsing sea surface data, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and sea surface salinity (SSS), from two reanalysis data sets as input, we explore the potential for retrieving subsurface three‐dimensional (3‐D) structures in the Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) based on the “interior+surface quasi‐geostrophy” (isQG) method. We find that the isQG method is particularly successful south of 35°S corresponding to greater SSH anomaly (SSHA) and to higher ratio of the barotropic mode (BT) and the first baroclinic mode (BC1). Meanwhile, higher‐resolution surface data may provide more coherent retrieved results with original reanalysis data in the inactive eddy regions north of 35°S, where coarser data set cannot resolve mesoscale signals. Based on a long time series reconstruction by the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) surface data from 2011 to 2015 in the SWIO, our spectrum correlation analysis shows that the isQG solution achieves a better skill near the surface layer and under the thermocline depth with horizontal scale larger than 50 km, but it degrades from ~30‐ to 200‐m depth south of 35°S. In contrast, the spectral correlation north of 35°S is relatively low, with correlation coefficient beyond (below) 0.5 for signals with a wavelength longer (shorter) than 200 km near surface layer and from 250‐ to 500‐m depth. Mechanisms about the regional‐dependent isQG skill are also discussed. This study should have important implications for both operational oceanography and ocean dynamics research in the SWIO, including the greater Agulhas system.
Differentiation Between Nitrate Aerosol Formation Pathways in a Southeast Chinese City by Dual Isotope and Modeling Studies
Authors: Xiao Hong‐Wei , Zhu Ren‐Guo , Pan Yuan‐Yuan , Guo Wei , Zheng Neng‐Jian , Liu Yong‐Hui , Liu Cheng , Zhang Zhong‐Yi , Wu Jing‐Feng , Kang Chang‐An , Luo Li , Xiao Hua‐Yun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNitrate (NO3−), one of the most important inorganic aerosols in the atmosphere, is mainly formed by oxidation of NOx by the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone (O3) in urban atmospheres. However, the fractional contributions of its various oxidation pathways remain unclear. Here, we collected particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) samples in a second‐tier city in southeast China from 1 September to 31 December 2017 and measured the NO3− and nitrate isotopic compositions (δ15N and δ18O). The average concentration of NO3−, δ15N, and δ18O values were 14.7 ± 11.6 μg/m3, (+4.3 ± 4.3)‰, and (+71.8 ± 14.7)‰ with the ranges from 0.8 to 57.7 μg/m3, −10.5‰ to +12.5‰ and +34.5‰ to +91.9‰, respectively. All three species were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Based on a Bayesian mixing model with a dual isotope array for NO3−, contributions of (37.1 ± 33.4)%, (60.3 ± 32.2)%, and (2.6 ± 2.7)% to NO3− could be attributed to OH oxidation, N2O5 hydrolysis, and NO3 + hydrocarbon (HC) pathways, respectively. Higher OH radical concentrations with higher ratios of OH to O3 led to lower NO3− concentrations, while lower OH radical concentrations with higher ratios of O3 to OH led to higher contributions of N2O5 hydrolysis, forming higher NO3− concentrations in winter. Under low OH, an increased O3 to NOx ratio increased the contribution of the NO3 + HC pathway. The comprehensive analysis of the isotopic compositions of nitrate helped identify the importance of major oxidation pathways of NOx in this city.
Interannual and Seasonal Variability of Snow Depth Scaling Behavior in a Subalpine Catchment
Authors: Mendoza Pablo A. , Musselman Keith N. , Revuelto Jesús , Deems Jeffrey S. , López‐Moreno J. Ignacio , McPhee James 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUnderstanding and characterizing the spatial distribution of snow are critical to represent the energy balance and runoff production in mountain environments. In this study, we investigate the interannual and seasonal variability in snow depth scaling behavior at the Izas experimental catchment of the Spanish Pyrenees (2,000 to 2,300 m above sea level). We conduct variogram analyses of 24 snow depth maps derived from terrestrial light detection and ranging scans, acquired during six consecutive snow seasons (2011–2017) that span a range of hydroclimatic conditions. We complement our analyses with bare ground topography data and wind speed and direction measurements. Our results show temporal consistency in the spatial variability of snow depth, with short‐range fractal behavior and scale break lengths that are similar to the optimal search distance (25 m) previously reported for the topographic position index, a terrain‐based predictor of snow depth. Beyond the 25‐m scale break, there is little to no fractal structure. We report a long‐range scale break of the order of 185–300 m for most dates—aligned with the dominant wind direction—and patterns between anisotropies in scale break lengths of shallow snow cover and directional terrain scaling behavior. The temporal consistency of snow depth scaling patterns suggests that, in addition to guiding the spatial configuration of physically based models, fractal analysis could be used to inform the design of independent variables for statistical models used to predict snow depth and its variability.
Microcavity top-emission perovskite light-emitting diodes
Authors: Miao Yanfeng , Cheng Lu , Zou Wei , Gu Lianghui , Zhang Ju , Guo Qiang , Peng Qiming , Xu Mengmeng , He Yarong , Zhang Shuting , Cao Yu , Li Renzhi , Wang Nana , Huang Wei , Wang Jianpu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLight-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on perovskites show great potential in lighting and display applications. However, although perovskite films with high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies are commonly achieved, the efficiencies of perovskite LEDs are largely limited by the low light out-coupling efficiency. Here, we show that high-efficiency perovskite LEDs with a high external quantum efficiency of 20.2% and an ultrahigh radiant exitance up to 114.9 mW cm−2 can be achieved by employing the microcavity effect to enhance light extraction. The enhanced microcavity effect and light out-coupling efficiency are confirmed by the study of angle-dependent emission profiles. Our results show that both the optical and electrical properties of the device need to be optimized to achieve high-performance perovskite LEDs.
β-arrestin2 deficiency protects against hepatic fibrosis in mice and prevents synthesis of extracellular matrix
Authors: Sun Wu-Yi , Gu Yuan-Jing , Li Xin-Ran , Sun Jia-Chang , Du Jia-Jia , Chen Jing-Yu , Ma Yang , Wang Qing-Tong , Wei Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHepatic fibrosis is a disease of the wound-healing response following chronic liver injury, and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a crucial role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. β-arrestin2 functions as a multiprotein scaffold to coordinate complex signal transduction networks. Although β-arrestin2 transduces diverse signals in cells, little is known about its involvement in the regulation of liver fibrosis. Our current study utilized a porcine serum-induced liver fibrosis model and found increased expression of β-arrestin2 in hepatic tissues with the progression of hepatic fibrosis, which was positively correlated with collagen levels. Furthermore, changes in human fibrotic samples were also observed. We next used β-arrestin2−/− mice to demonstrate that β-arrestin2 deficiency ameliorates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and decreases collagen deposition. The in vitro depletion and overexpression experiments showed that decreased β-arrestin2 inhibited HSCs collagen production and elevated TβRIII expression, thus downregulating the TGF-β1 pathway components Smad2, Smad3 and Akt. These findings suggest that β-arrestin2 deficiency ameliorates liver fibrosis in mice, and β-arrestin2 may be a potential treatment target in hepatic fibrosis.
A unified neurocognitive model of semantics language social behaviour and face recognition in semantic dementia
Authors: Ding Junhua , Chen Keliang , Liu Haoming , Huang Lin , Chen Yan , Lv Yingru , Yang Qing , Guo Qihao , Han Zaizhu , Lambon Ralph Matthew. A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe anterior temporal lobes (ATL) have become a key brain region of interest in cognitive neuroscience founded upon neuropsychological investigations of semantic dementia (SD). The purposes of this investigation are to generate a single unified model that captures the known cognitive-behavioural variations in SD and map these to the patients’ distribution of frontotemporal atrophy. Here we show that the degree of generalised semantic impairment is related to the patients’ total, bilateral ATL atrophy. Verbal production ability is related to total ATL atrophy as well as to the balance of left > right ATL atrophy. Apathy is found to relate positively to the degree of orbitofrontal atrophy. Disinhibition is related to right ATL and orbitofrontal atrophy, and face recognition to right ATL volumes. Rather than positing mutually-exclusive sub-categories, the data-driven model repositions semantics, language, social behaviour and face recognition into a continuous frontotemporal neurocognitive space.
A quantitative sequencing framework for absolute abundance measurements of mucosal and lumenal microbial communities
Authors: Barlow Jacob T. , Bogatyrev Said R. , Ismagilov Rustem F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA fundamental goal in microbiome studies is determining which microbes affect host physiology. Standard methods for determining changes in microbial taxa measure relative, rather than absolute abundances. Moreover, studies often analyze only stool, despite microbial diversity differing substantially among gastrointestinal (GI) locations. Here, we develop a quantitative framework to measure absolute abundances of individual bacterial taxa by combining the precision of digital PCR with the high-throughput nature of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In a murine ketogenic-diet study, we compare microbial loads in lumenal and mucosal samples along the GI tract. Quantitative measurements of absolute (but not relative) abundances reveal decreases in total microbial loads on the ketogenic diet and enable us to determine the differential effects of diet on each taxon in stool and small-intestine mucosa samples. This rigorous quantitative microbial analysis framework, appropriate for diverse GI locations enables mapping microbial biogeography of the mammalian GI tract and more accurate analyses of changes in microbial taxa in microbiome studies.
N6-methyladenosine regulates glycolysis of cancer cells through PDK4
Authors: Li Zihan , Peng Yanxi , Li Jiexin , Chen Zhuojia , Chen Feng , Tu Jian , Lin Shuibin , Wang Hongsheng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStudies on biological functions of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in mRNA have sprung up in recent years. We find m6A can positively regulate the glycolysis of cancer cells. Specifically, m6A-sequencing and functional studies confirm that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is involved in m6A regulated glycolysis and ATP generation. The m6A modified 5′UTR of PDK4 positively regulates its translation elongation and mRNA stability via binding with YTHDF1/eEF-2 complex and IGF2BP3, respectively. Targeted specific demethylation of PDK4 m6A by dm6ACRISPR system can significantly decrease the expression of PDK4 and glycolysis of cancer cells. Further, TATA-binding protein (TBP) can transcriptionally increase the expression of Mettl3 in cervical cancer cells via binding to its promoter. In vivo and clinical data confirm the positive roles of m6A/PDK4 in tumor growth and progression of cervical and liver cancer. Our study reveals that m6A regulates glycolysis of cancer cells through PDK4.
Truncation of mutant huntingtin in knock-in mice demonstrates exon1 huntingtin is a key pathogenic form
Authors: Yang Huiming , Yang Su , Jing Liang , Huang Luoxiu , Chen Luxiao , Zhao Xianxian , Yang Weili , Pan Yongcheng , Yin Peng , Qin Zhaohui S , Tang Beisha , Li Shihua , Li Xiao-Jiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPolyglutamine expansion in proteins can cause selective neurodegeneration, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. In Huntington’s disease (HD), proteolytic processing generates toxic N-terminal huntingtin (HTT) fragments that preferentially kill striatal neurons. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 to truncate full-length mutant HTT in HD140Q knock-in (KI) mice, we show that exon 1 HTT is stably present in the brain, regardless of truncation sites in full-length HTT. This N-terminal HTT leads to similar HD-like phenotypes and age-dependent HTT accumulation in the striatum in different KI mice. We find that exon 1 HTT is constantly generated but its selective accumulation in the striatum is associated with the age-dependent expression of striatum-enriched HspBP1, a chaperone inhibitory protein. Our findings suggest that tissue-specific chaperone function contributes to the selective neuropathology in HD, and highlight the therapeutic potential in blocking generation of exon 1 HTT.
Design of hidden thermodynamic driving for non-equilibrium systems via mismatch elimination during DNA strand displacement
Authors: Haley Natalie E. C. , Ouldridge Thomas E. , Mullor Ruiz Ismael , Geraldini Alessandro , Louis Ard A. , Bath Jonathan , Turberfield Andrew J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecent years have seen great advances in the development of synthetic self-assembling molecular systems. Designing out-of-equilibrium architectures, however, requires a more subtle control over the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions. We propose a mechanism for enhancing the thermodynamic drive of DNA strand-displacement reactions whilst barely perturbing forward reaction rates: the introduction of mismatches within the initial duplex. Through a combination of experiment and simulation, we demonstrate that displacement rates are strongly sensitive to mismatch location and can be tuned by rational design. By placing mismatches away from duplex ends, the thermodynamic drive for a strand-displacement reaction can be varied without significantly affecting the forward reaction rate. This hidden thermodynamic driving motif is ideal for the engineering of non-equilibrium systems that rely on catalytic control and must be robust to leak reactions.
Vibrational hierarchy leads to dual-phonon transport in low thermal conductivity crystals
Authors: Luo Yixiu , Yang Xiaolong , Feng Tianli , Wang Jingyang , Ruan Xiulin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany low-thermal-conductivity (κL) crystals show intriguing temperature (T) dependence of κL: κL ∝ T−1 (crystal-like) at intermediate temperatures whereas weak T-dependence (glass-like) at high temperatures. It has been in debate whether thermal transport can still be described by phonons at the Ioffe-Regel limit. In this work, we propose that most phonons are still well defined for thermal transport, whereas they carry heat via dual channels: normal phonons described by the Boltzmann transport equation theory, and diffuson-like phonons described by the diffusion theory. Three physics-based criteria are incorporated into first-principles calculations to judge mode-by-mode between the two phonon channels. Case studies on La2Zr2O7 and Tl3VSe4 show that normal phonons dominate low temperatures while diffuson-like phonons dominate high temperatures. Our present dual-phonon theory enlightens the physics of hierarchical phonon transport as approaching the Ioffe-Regel limit and provides a numerical method that should be practically applicable to many materials with vibrational hierarchy.
Sexual signaling pattern correlates with habitat pattern in visually ornamented fishes
Authors: Hulse Samuel V. , Renoult Julien P. , Mendelson Tamra C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSexual signal design is an evolutionary puzzle that has been partially solved by the hypothesis of sensory drive. Framed in signal detection theory, sensory drive posits that the attractiveness of a signal depends on its detectability, measured as contrast with the background. Yet, cognitive scientists have shown that humans prefer images that match the spatial statistics of natural scenes. The explanation is framed in information theory, whereby attractiveness is determined by the efficiency of information processing. Here, we apply this framework to animals, using Fourier analysis to compare the spatial statistics of body patterning in ten species of darters (Etheostoma spp.) with those of their respective habitats. We find a significant correlation between the spatial statistics of darter patterns and those of their habitats for males, but not for females. Our results support a sensory drive hypothesis that recognizes efficient information processing as a driving force in signal evolution.
Cryo-EM structures from sub-nl volumes using pin-printing and jet vitrification
Authors: Ravelli Raimond B. G. , Nijpels Frank J. T. , Henderikx Rene J. M. , Weissenberger Giulia , Thewessem Sanne , Gijsbers Abril , Beulen Bart W. A. M. M. , López-Iglesias Carmen , Peters Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The increasing demand for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reveals drawbacks in current sample preparation protocols, such as sample waste and lack of reproducibility. Here, we present several technical developments that provide efficient sample preparation for cryo-EM studies. Pin printing substantially reduces sample waste by depositing only a sub-nanoliter volume of sample on the carrier surface. Sample evaporation is mitigated by dewpoint control feedback loops. The deposited sample is vitrified by jets of cryogen followed by submersion into a cryogen bath. Because the cryogen jets cool the sample from the center, premounted autogrids can be used and loaded directly into automated cryo-EMs. We integrated these steps into a single device, named VitroJet. The device’s performance was validated by resolving four standard proteins (apoferritin, GroEL, worm hemoglobin, beta-galactosidase) to ~3 Å resolution using a 200-kV electron microscope. The VitroJet offers a promising solution for improved automated sample preparation in cryo-EM studies.
Evolutionary history and past climate change shape the distribution of genetic diversity in terrestrial mammals
Authors: Theodoridis Spyros , Fordham Damien A. , Brown Stuart C. , Li Sen , Rahbek Carsten , Nogues-Bravo David 
Published: May 2020

AbstractKnowledge of global patterns of biodiversity, ranging from intraspecific genetic diversity (GD) to taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, is essential for identifying and conserving the processes that shape the distribution of life. Yet, global patterns of GD and its drivers remain elusive. Here we assess existing biodiversity theories to explain and predict the global distribution of GD in terrestrial mammal assemblages. We find a strong positive covariation between GD and interspecific diversity, with evolutionary time, reflected in phylogenetic diversity, being the best predictor of GD. Moreover, we reveal the negative effect of past rapid climate change and the positive effect of inter-annual precipitation variability in shaping GD. Our models, explaining almost half of the variation in GD globally, uncover the importance of deep evolutionary history and past climate stability in accumulating and maintaining intraspecific diversity, and constitute a crucial step towards reducing the Wallacean shortfall for an important dimension of biodiversity.