bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEM Si Dopant Contrast Enhancement Using Sample Charging
Authors: Hsieh Yi-Wei , Russell Jeremy D. , Chen Pei-Yi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
One of the approaches to visualize dopant regions is to use SEM dopant contrast. In silicon, the technique is rather more problematical, presumedly because typical pn-junction built-in potentials are three times smaller. Dapor et al. have reviewed the literature, and made Monte Carlo simulations of dopant contrast. This paper shows that a surface insulator can be used to improve the dopant contrast between p- and n-regions obtainable on SEMs equipped with in-lens SE detectors. Based on the experimental results, it is clear that an organic material can enhance the dopant contrast effect by around 10%, provided that it is exposed to the electron beam. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the dopant contrast enhancement is due to charging of the insulator. Dopant contrast is also influenced by imaging position and scanning time. The method is easy, repeatable, and obtains clear results quickly, solving analysis cases which are quite intractable.
تطور كتابة قصة سيدنا يوسف عليه السلام في التراث العربي
Authors: بن يعقوب عدلي , بنت دين روسما 
Published: January 2021

ملخص البحث
تناول هذا البحث تطور كتابة قصة سيدنا يوسف عليه السلام في التراث العربي من عصر صدر الإسلام إلى العصر الحديث. فقصته عليه السلام واردة ضمن قصص الأنبياء في كثير من المخطوطات وكتب التاريخ والتفسير،كما ورد اسمه في دواوين الشعر. وهناك دراسات وبحوث للكشف عن شخصيته وجماله وصبره تجاه كل الابتلاءات التي مرّ بها في مراحل حياته المختلفة إلى أن آتاه الله الملك. ويهدف هذا البحث إلى جمع وترتيب أسماء الرواة والمؤرخين والمفسرين والشعراء والأدباء العرب وإنتاجهم الشعري والنثري، بالإضافة إلى الدراسات العلمية حول قصة سيدنا يوسف عليه السلام، والكشف عن التطور الذي طرأ على كتابة هذه القصة. ويعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي، كما يستعين بالمنهج التحليلي لمناقشة الآراء المتصلة بالموضوع وتحليلها، وتلاحظ الباحثة أن كتابة قصة سيدنا يوسف عليه السلام عملية مستمرة مر العصور، كتب عنها المفسرون والمؤرخون والباحثون والأدباء والشعراء، ورتبتهم الباحثة حسب العصور، كما أن بعض الدارسين قاموا بدراسة هذه القصة من عدة نواح خاصة الاقتصادية والتربوية، بالإضافة إلى أن هذه القصة طرأت عليها تطورات عديدة وهي الترجمة والدراسات المقارنة إلى أن صدرت منها مسرحية ومسلسل في العصر الحديث. وقد أورد المفسرون والمؤرخون القصة بأكملها، ومنهم من اعتمد على الإسرائيليات، ومنهم من فرق بين الصحيح منها، وبين الأساطير والموضوع. أما الأدباء والشعراء فكانت عنايتهم بحدث من أحداث القصة، وكان حب امرأة العزيز ومراودتها ليوسف عليه السلام هو الحدث الأبرز الذي التفت إليه الأدب والشعر.

الكلمات الافتتاحية: التراث العربي، المخطوطات، التطور، الترجمة، الإسرائيليات.
The Influence of Shi’ism on the Malay Muslims of Malaysia (Pengaruh Fahaman Shi‘Ah Ke Atas Orang Islam Di Malaysia)
Authors: M Amin W Mohd Azam 
Published: January 2021

This article aims to make a preliminary and general observation on some of the influences of Shi’ism on the Malay Muslims in Malaysia since post Iranian revolution in 1979 onwards. This research emphasizes on the impact of the Iranian revolution in 1979 on the Malay Muslim society of Malaysia and the effort of some to develop the Shi’ite community in the Malay Sunnite majority. Cases in focus are in the field of education, social and politics. The researcher employed the qualitative method that includes textual analysis of the materials related to Shi’ism, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD) with those who sympathize with the Shiite groups. Among the findings are the Malay sect of Shi’ism emerged officially after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. After the revolution, many Malay students were sent to pursue their studies at the Republic of Iran. This led to the formation of Malay Shi’ites organizations that went in line with the aspiration of the Iranian Revolution. It also to some extent influenced some of the social activities of Malay Muslims of Malaysia.
Keywords: Schism, Shi’ism, Sunnism, Malay, Islam.
Abstrak
Artikel ini bertujuan membuat satu pemerhatian awal dan umum keatas orang-orang Melayu Islam di Malaysia pasca revolusi Iran pada tahun 1979 dan selepasnya. Kajian ini menekankan impak revolusi Iran 1979 ke atas masyarakat Melayu Islam di Malaysia dan usaha sebahagian mereka untuk membentuk komuniti Shi‘ah di dalam masyarakat Melayu yang majoritinya Sunni. Kes-kes yang dikaji adalah dalam bidang pendidikan, sosial dan politik. Para pengkaji menggunakan metod kualitatif termasuk analisa tekstual terhadap bahan-bahan yang berkaitan fahaman Shi‘ah, temubual dan perbincangan kumpulan berfokus (FGD) dengan kumpulan-kumpulan yang bersimpati dengan fahaman tersebut. Di antara penemuan-penemuan dari kajian ini adalah kum-pulan Melayu Shi’ah muncul secara rasmi selepas revolusi Iran 1979. Selepas revolusi itu, ramai pelajar-pelajar Melayu Sunni telah dihantar menyambung pengajian mereka di republik Iran. Hal yang demikian menjurus kepada pembentukan organisasi-organisasi yang selari dengan aspirasi revolusi Iran. Dalam beberapa aspek, ia juga mempengaruhi aktiviti-aktiviti sosial orang-orang Melayu Islam di Malaysia.
Kata Kunci: Skete, Shī‘ah, Sunni, Melayu, Islam.
The role of diffusion tensor imaging and tractography in the surgical management of brainstem gliomas
Authors: Xiao Xiong , Kong Lu , Pan Changcun , Zhang Peng , Chen Xin , Sun Tao , Wang Mingran , Qiao Hui , Wu Zhen , Zhang Junting , Zhang Liwei 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVEDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) have the ability to noninvasively visualize changes in white matter tracts, as well as their relationships with lesions and other structures. DTI/DTT has been increasingly used to improve the safety and results of surgical treatment for lesions in eloquent areas, such as brainstem cavernous malformations. This study aimed to investigate the application value of DTI/DTT in brainstem glioma surgery and to validate the spatial accuracy of reconstructed corticospinal tracts (CSTs).METHODSA retrospective analysis was performed on 54 patients with brainstem gliomas who had undergone surgery from January 2016 to December 2018 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. All patients underwent preoperative DTI and tumor resection with the assistance of DTT-merged neuronavigation and electrophysiological monitoring. Preoperative conventional MRI and DTI data were collected, and the muscle strength and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score before and after surgery were measured. The surgical plan was created with the assistance of DTI/DTT findings. The accuracy of DTI/DTT was validated by performing direct subcortical stimulation (DsCS) intraoperatively. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between quantitative parameters of DTI/DTT (such as the CST score and tumor-to-CST distance [TCD]) and postoperative muscle strength and mRS scores.RESULTSAmong the 54 patients, 6 had normal bilateral CSTs, 12 patients had unilateral CST impairments, and 36 had bilateral CSTs involved. The most common changes in the CSTs were deformation (n = 29), followed by deviation (n = 28) and interruption (n = 27). The surgical approach was changed in 18 cases (33.3%) after accounting for the DTI/DTT results. Among 55 CSTs on which DsCS was performed, 46 (83.6%) were validated as spatially accurate by DsCS. The CST score and TCD were significantly correlated with postoperative muscle strength (r = −0.395, p < 0.001, and r = 0.275, p = 0.004, respectively) and postoperative mRS score (r = 0.430, p = 0.001, and r = −0.329, p = 0.015, respectively). The CST score was independently linearly associated with postoperative muscle strength (t = −2.461, p = 0.016) and the postoperative mRS score (t = 2.052, p = 0.046).CONCLUSIONSDTI/DTT is a valuable tool in the surgical management of brainstem gliomas. With good accuracy, it can help optimize surgical planning, guide tumor resection, and predict the postoperative muscle strength and postoperative quality of life of patients.
Neurotoxicity of subarachnoid Gd-based contrast agent accumulation: a potential complication of intraoperative MRI?
Authors: Lauer Monika , Lauer Arne , You Se-Jong , Kluge Sara , Hattingen Elke , Harter Patrick N. , Senft Christian , Wagner Marlies , Voss Martin 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVEIntraoperative MRI with Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) improves the extent of resection of contrast-enhancing brain tumors. Signal changes of CSF due to perioperative GBCA leakage in the subarachnoid space have been reported. However, although GBCA potentially exhibits neurotoxic effects, so far no associated complications have been described. In this case series, the authors report a single-center cohort of patients with subarachnoid GBCA extravasation after intraoperative MRI and discuss potential neurotoxic complications and potential ways of avoiding them.METHODSAll patients with CSF signal increase on unenhanced T1-weighted and FLAIR images on postoperative MRI, who had previously undergone tumor resection with use of intraoperative MRI, were retrospectively included and compared with a control cohort. The control group was matched in age, tumor characteristics, and extent of resection; comparisons were made regarding postoperative seizures and ICU stay. A subgroup with initially diagnosed malignant glioma was additionally analyzed for potential delay of initiation of adjuvant treatment and overall survival.RESULTSSeven patients with postoperative GBCA accumulation in the subarachnoid space were identified; 5 presented with focal seizures and altered mental status postoperatively. Poor patient condition led to extended ICU stay and prolonged delay of the initiation of adjuvant treatment in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. Overall survival was reduced compared to the matched control group.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that there might be a risk of neurotoxic complications if GBCA that is intravenously applied during neurosurgery leaks into the subarachnoid space. Patients with highly vascularized tumors with intraoperative bleeding seem to be especially at risk for GBCA accumulation and neurotoxic complications. Therefore, awareness of the potential risk of complicating GBCA leakage is mandatory in the application of intraoperative GBCA.
Navigated ultrasound-based image guidance during resection of gliomas: practical utility in intraoperative decision-making and outcomes
Authors: Shetty Prakash , Yeole Ujwal , Singh Vikas , Moiyadi Aliasgar 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVEIntraoperative imaging is increasingly being used for resection control in diffuse gliomas, in which the extent of resection (EOR) is important. Intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) has emerged as a highly effective tool in this context. Navigated ultrasound (NUS) combines the benefits of real-time imaging with the benefits of navigation guidance. In this study, the authors investigated the use of NUS as an intraoperative adjunct for resection control in gliomas.METHODSThe authors retrospectively analyzed 210 glioma patients who underwent surgery using NUS at their center. The analysis included intraoperative decision-making, diagnostic accuracy, and operative outcomes, particularly EOR and related factors influencing this.RESULTSUS-defined gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 57.6% of patients. Intermediate resection control scans were evaluable in 115 instances. These prompted a change in the operative decision in 42.5% of cases (the majority being further resection of unanticipated residual tumor). Eventual MRI-defined GTR rates were similar (58.6%), although the concordance between US and MRI was 81% (170/210 cases). There were 21 false positives and 19 false negatives with NUS, resulting in a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 83%, positive predictive value of 77%, and negative predictive value of 84%. A large proportion of patients (13/19 patients, 68%) with false-negative results eventually had near-total resections. Tumor resectability, delineation, enhancement pattern, eloquent location, and US image resolution significantly influenced the GTR rate, though only resectability and eloquent location were significant on multivariate analysis.CONCLUSIONSNUS is a useful intraoperative adjunct for resection control in gliomas, detecting unanticipated tumor residues and positively influencing the course of the resection, eventually leading to higher resection rates. Nevertheless, resection is determined by the innate resectability of the tumor and its relationship to eloquent location, reinforcing the need to combine iUS with functional mapping techniques to optimize resections.
Benefits of endoscope-assisted microsurgery in the management of pediatric brain tumors
Authors: El Beltagy Mohamed A. , Atteya Mostafa M. E. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVEMicrosurgical and endoscopic techniques are vastly utilized in brain tumor surgery. Combining both techniques in the same procedure has different forms and applications. The aim of this work was to discuss the usefulness and describe the technical benefits of endoscope-assisted microsurgery (EAMS) in treating pediatric brain tumors in various anatomical locations.METHODSThe medical records of 106 children who had undergone EAMS for brain tumors at Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE-57357) between January 2009 and January 2017 were reviewed. The patients’ ages ranged from 1 to 16 years (mean age 7.5 years). Technical variations, difficulties, complications, strategies, and extent of resection were addressed according to anatomical location.RESULTSIn general, EAMS enabled closer inspection of tumor extension and surrounding vital structures, especially in the hidden corners not appreciable by the microscope alone, such as tumors in the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle contents in 14 cases, all of which were totally excised, and the undersurface of the optic apparatus in 65 craniopharyngiomas. Total excision was achievable in 51 of the 65 craniopharyngiomas; residual tumor was intentionally left behind under endoscopic guidance in the remaining 14 patients to ensure better hypothalamic function. Vision improved in 15 of 16 patients who initially presented with visual defects. Only 4 patients had new-onset postoperative endocrinopathies. For intraventricular tumors, EAMS allowed earlier recognition of tumor pedicle and, hence, earlier control of the blood supply of the tumor and safer total excision of 12 lateral ventricle, 6 pineal and third ventricle, and 9 fourth ventricle tumors. The tandem use of the endoscope and microscope enabled safer tumor dissections that were performed with more confidence in situations in which pure microscopic excision was either not achievable or less safe. Technical strategies, pitfalls, difficulties, and precautions were categorized and described per tumor location.CONCLUSIONSEAMS of pediatric brain tumors is a promising, user-friendly tool that complements microsurgery in the management of these complex lesions. The benefits of 2D endoscopy are added to the benefits of stereoscopic perception. EAMS is especially helpful during the removal of different complex pediatric brain tumors. Simultaneous or tandem endoscopic and microscopic approaches may have the potential for better functional outcomes through better visualization and preservation of vital structures in corners that are hidden from the microscope.
Intraoperative real-time near-infrared optical imaging for the identification of metastatic brain tumors via microscope and exoscope
Authors: Muto Jun , Mine Yutaka , Nakagawa Yu , Joko Masahiro , Kagami Hiroshi , Inaba Makoto , Hasegawa Mitsuhiro , Lee John Y. K. , Hirose Yuichi 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVEAs chemotherapy and radiotherapy have developed, the role of a neurosurgeon in the treatment of metastatic brain tumors is gradually changing. Real-time intraoperative visualization of brain tumors by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is feasible. The authors aimed to perform real-time intraoperative visualization of the metastatic tumor in brain surgery using second-window indocyanine green (SWIG) with microscope and exoscope systems.METHODSTen patients with intraparenchymal brain metastatic tumors were administered 5 mg/kg indocyanine green (ICG) 1 day before the surgery. In some patients, a microscope was used to help identify the metastases, whereas in the others, an exoscope was used.RESULTSNIRS with the exoscope and microscope revealed the tumor location from the brain surface and the tumor itself in all 10 patients. The NIR signal could be detected though the normal brain parenchyma up to 20 mm. While the mean signal-to-background ratio (SBR) from the brain surface was 1.82 ± 1.30, it was 3.35 ± 1.76 from the tumor. The SBR of the tumor (p = 0.030) and the ratio of Gd-enhanced T1 tumor signal to normal brain (T1BR) (p = 0.0040) were significantly correlated with the tumor diameter. The SBR of the tumor was also correlated with the T1BR (p = 0.0020). The tumor was completely removed in 9 of the 10 patients, as confirmed by postoperative Gd-enhanced MRI. This was concomitant with the absence of NIR fluorescence at the end of surgery.CONCLUSIONSSWIG reveals the metastatic tumor location from the brain surface with both the microscope and exoscope systems. The Gd-enhanced T1 tumor signal may predict the NIR signal of the metastatic tumor, thus facilitating tumor resection.
Intraoperative MRI–based elastic fusion for anatomically accurate tractography of the corticospinal tract: correlation with intraoperative neuromonitoring and clinical status
Authors: Ille Sebastian , Schroeder Axel , Wagner Arthur , Negwer Chiara , Kreiser Kornelia , Meyer Bernhard , Krieg Sandro M. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVETractography is a useful technique that is standardly applied to visualize subcortical pathways. However, brain shift hampers tractography use during the course of surgery. While intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) has been shown to be beneficial for use in oncology, intraoperative tractography can rarely be performed due to scanner, protocol, or head clamp limitations. Elastic fusion (EF), however, enables adjustment for brain shift of preoperative imaging and even tractography based on intraoperative images. The authors tested the hypothesis that adjustment of tractography by ioMRI-based EF (IBEF) correlates with the results of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and clinical outcome and is therefore a reliable method.METHODSIn 304 consecutive patients treated between June 2018 and March 2020, 8 patients, who made up the basic study cohort, showed an intraoperative loss of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during motor-eloquent glioma resection for a subcortical lesion within the corticospinal tract (CST) as shown by ioMRI. The authors preoperatively visualized the CST using tractography. Also, IBEFs of pre- and intraoperative images were obtained and the location of the CST was compared in relation to a subcortical lesion. In 11 patients (8 patients with intraoperative loss of MEPs, one of whom also showed loss of MEPs on IBEF evaluation, plus 3 additional patients with loss of MEPs on IBEF evaluation), the authors examined the location of the CST by direct subcortical stimulation (DSCS). The authors defined the IONM results and the functional outcome data as ground truth for analysis.RESULTSThe maximum mean ± SD correction was 8.8 ± 2.9 (range 3.8–12.0) mm for the whole brain and 5.3 ± 2.4 (range 1.2–8.7) mm for the CST. The CST was located within the lesion before IBEF in 3 cases and after IBEF in all cases (p = 0.0256). All patients with intraoperative loss of MEPs suffered from surgery-related permanent motor deficits. By approximation, the location of the CST after IBEF could be verified by DSCS in 4 cases.CONCLUSIONSThe present study shows that tractography after IBEF accurately correlates with IONM and patient outcomes and thus demonstrates reliability in this initial study.
Applications of indocyanine green in brain tumor surgery: review of clinical evidence and emerging technologies
Authors: Teng Clare W. , Huang Vincent , Arguelles Gabriel R. , Zhou Cecilia , Cho Steve S. , Harmsen Stefan , Lee John Y. K. 
Published: January 2021

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a water-soluble dye that was approved by the FDA for biomedical purposes in 1956. Initially used to measure cardiocirculatory and hepatic functions, ICG’s fluorescent properties in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum soon led to its application in ophthalmic angiography. In the early 2000s, ICG was formally introduced in neurosurgery as an angiographic tool. In 2016, the authors’ group pioneered a novel technique with ICG named second-window ICG (SWIG), which involves infusion of a high dose of ICG (5.0 mg/kg) in patients 24 hours prior to surgery. To date, applications of SWIG have been reported in patients with high-grade gliomas, meningiomas, brain metastases, pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas, chordomas, and pinealomas.The applications of ICG have clearly expanded rapidly across different specialties since its initial development. As an NIR fluorophore, ICG has advantages over other FDA-approved fluorophores, all of which are currently in the visible-light spectrum, because of NIR fluorescence’s increased tissue penetration and decreased autofluorescence. Recently, interest in the latest applications of ICG in brain tumor surgery has grown beyond its role as an NIR fluorophore, extending into shortwave infrared imaging and integration into nanotechnology. This review aims to summarize reported clinical studies on ICG fluorescence–guided surgery of intracranial tumors, as well as to provide an overview of the literature on emerging technologies related to the utility of ICG in neuro-oncological surgeries, including the following aspects: 1) ICG fluorescence in the NIR-II window; 2) ICG for photoacoustic imaging; and 3) ICG nanoparticles for combined diagnostic imaging and therapy (theranostic) applications.
Evaluation of the precision of operative augmented reality compared to standard neuronavigation using a 3D-printed skull
Authors: Haemmerli Julien , Davidovic Alioucha , Meling Torstein R. , Chavaz Lara , Schaller Karl , Bijlenga Philippe 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVEAugmented reality (AR) in cranial surgery allows direct projection of preregistered overlaid images in real time on the microscope surgical field. In this study, the authors aimed to compare the precision of AR-assisted navigation and standard pointer-based neuronavigation (NV) by using a 3D-printed skull in surgical conditions.METHODSA commercial standardized 3D-printed skull was scanned, fused, and referenced with an MR image and a CT scan of a patient with a 2 × 2–mm right frontal sinus defect. The defect was identified, registered, and integrated into NV. The target was physically marked on the 3D-printed skull replicating the right frontal sinus defect. Twenty-six subjects participated, 25 of whom had no prior NV or AR experience and 1 with little AR experience. The subjects were briefly trained in how to use NV, AR, and AR recalibration tools. Participants were asked to do the following: 1) “target the center of the defect in the 3D-printed skull with a navigation pointer, assisted only by NV orientation,” and 2) “use the surgical microscope and AR to focus on the center of the projected object” under conventional surgical conditions. For the AR task, the number of recalibrations was recorded. Confidence regarding NV and AR precision were assessed prior to and after the experiment by using a 9-level Likert scale.RESULTSThe median distance to target was statistically lower for AR than for NV (1 mm [Q1: 1 mm, Q3: 2 mm] vs 3 mm [Q1: 2 mm, Q3: 4 mm] [p < 0.001]). In the AR task, the median number of recalibrations was 4 (Q1: 4, Q3: 4.75). The number of recalibrations was significantly correlated with the precision (Spearman rho: −0.71, p < 0.05). The trust assessment after performing the experiment scored a median of 8 for AR and 5.5 for NV (p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSThis study shows for the first time the superiority of AR over NV in terms of precision. AR is easy to use. The number of recalibrations performed using reference structures increases the precision of the navigation. The confidence regarding precision increases with experience.