bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
212 Feedlot performance of Nellore bulls fed different starch levels in the diet associated with feed additives
Authors: Silva Thaiano I S , de Carvalho Victor V Valério , Perdigão Alexandre , Acedo Tiago S , Vasconcellos Guilherme S F M , Tamassia Luis Fernando , Martins Cyntia L , Arrigoni Mário B , Millen Danilo D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study, conducted at DSM Beef Center, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effects of different starch levels in the diets associated to feed additives on performance of Nellore bulls. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, in which 210 18-mo-old yearling Nellore bulls (375.8 ± 16.8 kg) were fed in 30 pens (n = 7/pen), for 90 d according to the treatments: 25% starch (Low-S) + monensin (MON, 26 mg/kg DM); 35% starch (Med-S) + monensin; 45% starch (High-S) + monensin; Low-S + Essential Oils and amylase (CR, Crina®, 90 mg/kg DM and RumistarTM, 560 mg/kg DM, DSM Nutritional products); Med-S + CR; High-S + CR. Each treatment was replicated five times. Weight assessments were performed at day 0 and 90 of the study after 14 h fasting. A significant interaction was observed for final BW (P = 0.04) and HCW (P = 0.01). Cattle fed Med-S and High-S diets containing CR had heavier carcasses than those fed Med-S + monensin (287.4 vs. 270.9 kg) and High-S + monensin (281.4 vs. 263.0 kg), respectively; however, bulls fed Low-S diets with either monensin or CR had similar HCW (P &gt; 0.05, 279.9 vs. 282.8 kg, respectively). In addition, cattle fed CR had greater dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.01; 55.4 vs. 54.6%) regardless of starch levels. An interaction was observed (P = 0.02) for ADG, in which cattle fed Med-S + CR had greater ADG (1.58 kg) than cattle fed MON across all starch levels (1.48, 1.37 and 1.28, respectively) and then those fed High-S + CR (1.48 kg/d; P &lt; 0.01). Similar responses were observed for DMI (P = 0.02). Cattle fed monensin improved G:F in 2.7% compared to those fed CR (0.150 vs. 0.146, P = 0.02). In conclusion, Crina® and RumistarTM increases carcass production of feedlot cattle fed medium and high-starch diets.
201 Effects of feeding vitamin and mineral and (or) energy supplements to beef heifers during the first 83 days of gestation on progesterone concentrations, corpus luteum size, and fetal body measurements
Authors: McCarthy Kacie L , Nestande Jocelyn , Kassetas Cierrah J , Baumgaertner Friederike , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , Neville Tammi L , Ward Alison K , Borowicz Pawel P , Reynolds Lawrence P , Sedivec Kevin K , Forcherio J Chris , Scott Ronald , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objectives were to determine the effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) and (or) energy (NRG) supplements to beef heifers during the first 83 days of gestation on concentrations of progesterone (P4), corpus luteum (CL) size, and fetal body measurements. Crossbred beef heifers (n = 35; initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four treatments (n = 8 or 9/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of vitamin and mineral (NoVTM or VTM) and energy (NoNRG or NRG) supplements. A basal total mixed ration was fed once daily with VTM and NRG top-dressed. The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer-1•d-1) was initiated 71 to 148 d before AI. At AI, heifers were bred to a single sire, and NRG was initiated with target gains of 0.28 kg/d for NoNRG and 0.79 kg/d for NRG. Serum was collected on d 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 83 after AI and analyzed for. Gravid reproductive tracts were collected by ovariohysterectomy on d 83 ± 0.27 of gestation, and fetuses were dissected. An NRG × day interaction (P = 0.006) was observed for P4, with concentrations similar on d 14 to 56, a tendency (P = 0.09) for divergence at d 70, and greater (P = 0.002) concentrations for NRG on d 83 compared with NoNRG heifers. Furthermore, NRG heifers had greater CL weights than NoNRG (P = 0.003). Fetuses from NRG dams had greater (P = 0.009) femur weights than fetuses from NoNRG. Fetal liver weight was greater (P = 0.05) from dams fed VTM than NoVTM. Overall, providing NRG supplements during early gestation resulted in heavier CLs, that produced more P4, and greater fetal femur growth, whereas providing VTM supplements enhanced fetal liver growth.
386 Past, present and future of protein and N metabolism in ruminants
Authors: Huntington Gerald B , Eisemann Joan H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
By 1900, research identified urea, ammonia, and protein as the basic components of N metabolism in ruminants. Energy and protein metabolic interactions were outlined, amino acids were individually recognized as constituents of protein molecules, and the concept of enzyme-catalyzed reactions was established. Research stations were publishing research results and feeding recommendations. By 2000, the National Research Council built on the work of Henry and Morrison to create and revise publications of nutrient requirements for various classes of ruminants. Use of surgically altered animals, isotopically labelled molecules, and standardized laboratory analyses created quantitative information on ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of N-containing compounds. Protein composition and structure as well as the role of protein turnover to determine the concentration of cellular proteins were elucidated. Hypothesis-driven, statistically valid experimental designs created quantitative information on protein and amino acid requirements. Methionine was identified as the likely first-limiting amino acid for several ruminant species and production states. The internet and the advent of international symposia provided links among researchers around the globe. Today, multidisciplinary research teams are needed to enlarge the data base, to describe proteomics and metabolomics, and to integrate “big data” into insightful and useful models. Those models currently use or estimate rates and daily amounts of ruminal (in)degradability of dietary protein, ammonia production, urea recycling, microbial protein synthesis, postruminal protein digestion, metabolic fecal nitrogen, and amino acid absorption and metabolism. They predict use of metabolizable amino acids for maintenance, milk yield, growth, and fetal growth. Directions of future research include integration of functional roles of amino acids into recommended dietary supply and requirements, and focus on solutions to challenges presented by climate change, (in)sustainability of livestock production, and changes in public perception of humans’ use of ruminants and other animals.
235 Effects of cottonseed hulls and bermudagrass hay particle size on dry matter intake, physiological parameters, and growth performance of feedlot lambs
Authors: Quadros Danilo G , Whitney Travis R , Weishuhn Cassie , Diaz Jose M , Tolleson Douglas R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A randomized design trial was used to evaluated effects of cottonseed hulls (CSH) and bermudagrass hay (BGH) particle size in feedlot diets fed to female Rambouillet lambs (n = 10/treatment) on dry matter intake (DMI), physiological parameters, and growth performance. After 14 days of adaptation, lambs were individually fed 80% concentrate diets during two distinct 21-d periods with either CSH or BGH as the roughage source, respectively. Diets were identical except for the roughage particle size (3/8, 1/4, or 3/16-inch hammermill screens); control diets contained unground CSH or course-ground BGH. Data were analyzed by period using a model including treatment as main effect and animal as repeated measure. No differences in initial and final BW were observed. Lamb DMI (g/d) did not vary (P &gt; 0.10) among the different particle sizes. However, there was a linear decrease (P = 0.007) in DMI as a percentage of BW when CSH particle size increased, while no difference was observed for BGH (P &gt; 0.55). Rumen fluid pH was not affected by roughage particle size (P &gt; 0.19) in either Period. No differences (P &gt; 0.10) in rumen fluid FAs concentration were observed related to CSH despite a quadratic trend (P = 0.07) in acetate concentration. Total VFA (P = 0.01), acetate (P = 0.008), and propionate (P = 0.04) concentrations in ruminal fluid from lambs fed diets containing BGH quadratically increased, while butyrate linearly decreased (P = 0.03). There was a trend for a quadratic increase (P = 0.09) in blood serum ammonia when CSH particle size increased. Blood serum urea during both periods and ammonia during Period 2, did not vary with roughage particle size. Results suggested that particle size is dependent upon type of roughage. Generally, in high concentrate lamb feedlot diets a course particle size (3/8” screen) is recommended.
248 Application of computer vision and data analytics strategies for prediction of carcass composition in live pigs
Authors: Fernandes Arthur Francisco Araujo , Dorea João R R , Valente Bruno D , Fitzgerald Robert , Herring William O , Rosa Guilherme J M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The measurement of carcass traits in live pigs, such as muscle depth (MD) and backfat thickness (BF), is a topic of great interest for breeding companies and production farms. Breeding companies currently measure MD and BF using medical imaging technologies such as ultrasound (US). However, US is costly, requires trained personnel, and involves direct interaction with the animals, which is an added stressor. An interesting alternative in this regard is to use computer vision techniques. Farmers would also take advantage of such an application as they would be able to better adjust feed composition and delivery. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to develop a computer vision system for prediction of MD and BF from 3D images of finishing pigs; (2) to compare the predictive ability of statistical (multiple linear regression, partial least squares) and machine learning (elastic networks and artificial neural networks) approaches using features extracted from the images against a deep learning (DL) approach that uses the raw image as input. A dataset containing 3D images and ultrasound measurements of 618 pigs with average body weight of 120 kg, MD of 65 mm, and BF of 6 mm was used in this study. To assess the predictive performance of the different strategies, a 5-fold cross-validation approach was used. The DL achieved the best predictive performance for both traits, with predictive mean absolute scaled error (MASE) of 5.10% and 13.62%, root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 4.35mm and 1.10mm, and R2 of 0.51 and 0.45, for MD and BF respectively. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that it is possible to satisfactorily predict MD and BF using 3D images that were autonomously collected in farm conditions. Also, the best predictive quality was achieved by a DL approach, simplifying the data workflow as it uses raw 3D images as inputs.
253 What the best animal science teachers do
Authors: Whitaker Brian D , Lamberson William R , Smith Michael F , Walters Bonnie , Youngs Curtis 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Great teachers have the extraordinary ability to inspire and motivate even those that resist learning. The top educators are not only knowledgeable about the content of the course they are teaching but often conscious of the information, literature and practice of instructional delivery to their audience. Many exemplary educators have been profiled and studied, followed by attempting to emulate from ambitious peers. However, there is a gap between the examples of disciplines published and what the teachers of animal science do. The objective of this study was to identify and describe what the characteristics are of the best animal science teachers in addition to identifying and describing what the characteristics are of their classroom environments and students. The inclusion criterion for selecting faculty was being bestowed an excellence in teaching award through their professional organization. Each teacher answered a series of questions about themselves, their students and the class being taught both before and after the lecture. Lecture was captured using a digital all-inclusive camera and later analyzed for pedagogical trends, instructor-student interactions and student engagement. Despite a variety of topics being taught, there were multiple trends emerging from these classrooms. Common events included reviewing previous lectures, distributing something physical to the students, posing questions during class and calling on students by name. Most students in every class were not distracted and asked questions. Each teacher taught differently, but they all understood their audience; they grasped the subject matter and most importantly, they valued students learning. Collectively, these findings can be adopted by other teachers and be applied and utilized in their own environment in an attempt to foster improved classrooms and student learning through excellent teaching.
418 Paternal Programming of Offspring Health
Authors: Watkins Adam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is now a significant body of human and animal model data identifying common associations between perturbed development during gestation, disproportionate fetal growth and poor adult cardiovascular and metabolic health. Typically, these studies have focused on the impact of poor maternal health on offspring development and well-being. However, a growing evidence base now indicates that sub-optimal paternal factors (such as diet) can also program adult offspring ill-health. While the link between paternal health and offspring well-being is becoming established, attention is being focused on defining the underlying mechanism(s). Here, the father may influence post-fertilization development through two main pathways, the integrity and status of the sperm genome (including epigenome) and through components of the seminal plasma. We have used a mouse model of paternal low protein diet to study the impact sub-optimal nutrition has on the quality and epigenetic status of the sperm, embryonic development and fetal growth. We have also used our model to study the relative seminal plasma and sperm contributions to adult offspring cardiovascular and metabolic health. Our studied highlight the role of a father’s diet at the time of conception for the development and well-being of his offspring.
265 Evaluation of the genetic relationship amongst high elevation pulmonary arterial pressure, feedlot and carcass performance traits
Authors: Briggs Emma A , Speidel Scott , Enns Mark , Thomas Milt , Holt Tim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate if a genetic relationship exists between pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) measured at high elevation with traits associated with moderate elevation feedlot and carcass traits. For this analysis, PAP, feed intake, and carcass data were taken from 6,898, 558, and 1,627 animals, respectively. At an elevation of 2,115 m, PAP measurements were collected, then a selective group of steers was relocated to a moderate elevation feedlot (1,500 m) where feed intake data were collected. Genetic relationships were evaluated with 5-trait animal models using REML statistical analysis. For all traits in the analysis, fixed effects and contemporary groups were assigned as well as a direct genetic random effect. For weaning weight, a maternal permanent environmental effect was applied in the analysis. For PAP, the heritability estimate was 0.29 ± 0.03. Genetic correlations between PAP with feedlot traits was positive, with estimates of 0.34 ± 0.20 (average dry matter intake) and 0.05 ± 17 (average daily gain). The strongest genetic correlation between PAP and carcass performance traits were those of rib eye area (-0.30 ± 0.12) and calculated yield grade (0.29 ± 0.13). Genetic correlations between PAP and marbling score, back fat, or hot carcass weight were 0.00 ± 0.13, -0.07 ± 0.13, and 0.14 ± 0.10, respectively. These results suggest a favorable genetic relationship exists between PAP with feedlot and carcass traits.
405 WS Young Scholar Talk MS I: The impact of cow size on cow-calf and post-weaning progeny performance in the Nebraska Sandhills
Authors: Ziegler Rob , Musgrave Jacki , Meyer T L , Funston Rick N , Hanford Kathryn , MacDonald James C , Mulliniks Travis 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Optimizing beef production system efficiency requires an understanding of genetic potential suitable for a given production environment. Therefore, the objectives of this retrospective analysis were to determine the influence of cow body weight (BW) adjusted to a common body condition score (BCS) of 5 at weaning influenced cow-calf performance and post-weaning steer and heifer progeny performance. Data were collected at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, NE, on crossbred, mature cows (n = 1,715) from 2005 to 2017. Cow BCS at calving, pre-breeding, and weaning were positively associated (P &lt; 0.01) with greater cow BW. Increasing cow BW was positively associated (P &lt; 0.01) with the percent of cows that conceived during a 45-d breeding season. For every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW, calf BW increased (P &lt; 0.01) at birth (2.70 kg) and adjusted 205-d weaning BW (14.76 kg). Calf pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) increased (P &lt; 0.01) 0.06 kg/d for every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW. Heifer progeny BW increased (P &lt; 0.01) post-weaning with every addition 100-kg increase in dam BW. Dam BW did not influence (P ≥ 0.11) heifer puberty status prior to breeding, overall pregnancy rates, or the percent of heifers calving in the first 21-d of the calving season. Steer initial feedlot BW (7.20 kg¬), reimplant BW (10.47 kg), and final BW (10.29 kg) increased (P □ 0.01) for every additional 100-kg increase in dam BW. However, steer feedlot ADG was not influenced (P &gt; 0.67) by dam BW. Hot carcass weights of steers were increased (6.48 kg; P = 0.01) with every additional 100-kg increase in cow BW. In a hypothetical model using the regression coefficients from this study, total output (calf weaning and cull cow BW) would be 6,352 kg greater utilizing a 454 kg cowherd compared with a 554 kg cowherd. Overall, larger sized-cows within this herd and production system of the current study had increased reproductive performance and offspring BW; however, total production output and economic returns would be potentially greater when utilizing smaller-sized cows.
403 Supplementing omega-6 fatty acids to enhance reproductive performance of beef cows
Authors: Cooke Reinaldo F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our research group has focused on how Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) supplementation, a source of omega-6 fatty acids (FA), impacts reproductive performance of beef cows. In Nelore (Bos indicus) grazing cows assigned to fixed-time artificial insemination (AI), supplementing 100 g/d (as-fed basis) of CSSO for 21 d after AI increased (P &lt; 0.01) pregnancy rates from 38.1% (623/1635 as pregnant/total non-supplemented cows) to 49.0% (843/1720 as pregnant/total CSSO-supplemented cows). These outcomes were later associated with enhanced early embryonic development and pregnancy establishment from supplemental omega-6 FA. More specifically, supplementing 100 g/d of CSSO to Nelore cows increased (P ≤ 0.05) incorporation of omega-6 FA in circulation and in the conceptus, increased (P ≤ 0.04) conceptus length (2.2-fold increase), and upregulated mRNA expression of interferon-tau (4.1-fold increase) on d 15 of gestation. Similar outcomes were noted in B. taurus beef cows receiving 100 g/d of CSSO for 21 d after AI. Supplementing CSSO to Angus-influenced cows increased (P = 0.01) pregnancy rates from 51.7% (193/388 as pregnant/total non-supplemented cows) to 60.2% (226/383 as pregnant/total CSSO-supplemented cows), increased (P &lt; 0.01) plasma concentrations of omega-6 FA, and upregulated (P = 0.05) mRNA expression of interferon-tau in d 15 conceptuses (1.8-fold increase). Across these research efforts, CSSO was mixed with granular feed ingredients and hand-fed to cows, which demands labor and may discourage the use of CSSO supplementation by commercial cow-calf producers. Accordingly, our research group also demonstrated that CSSO inclusion into a self-fed low-moisture block resulted in similar incorporation (P ≥ 0.35) of omega-6 FA in the circulation of Angus-influenced cows compared with CSSO inclusion into a hand-fed granular concentrate. Collectively, CSSO improves reproductive performance of B. indicus and B. taurus beef cows, and may be supplemented via self-fed low-moisture blocks to minimize labor needs.
408 WS Distinguished Service Talk: Effects of steam flaking on the carbon-footprint of finishing beef cattle
Authors: Cole N A , Parker David B , Brown Mike S , Jennings Jenny S , Hales Kristen E , Gunter Stacey A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Grain processing has been used for many decades to improve the digestibility of feed grains fed to finishing beef cattle and to improve animal performance. The most common methods currently used by feedyards in the U.S. are dry rolling (DRC) and steam flaking (SFC). However, the environmental effects of gain processing have not been rigorously studied. This manuscript presents a comparative estimate of the carbon footprint of steam flaking corn in beef cattle finishing diets with and without wet distiller’s grains with solubles (WDGS). Estimates were based on results of published literature and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Although SFC required more natural gas and electricity for processing than DRC, feeding SFC decreased the total carbon-footprint by 9 to 13 % per steer. This was primarily due to 30% lower enteric methane production, 13% lower manure nitrous oxide emissions, and 8% lower feed production requirement than when DRC was fed. The carbon-footprints were slightly greater when the diet contained 20% WDGS than when it contained 0% WDGS.
PSIII-11 Effect of Breast cancer metastasis-suppressor 1-like (BRMS1L) genotype on teat number traits in Jeju native pigs (JNP) and Landrace
Authors: Shin Moon-Cheol , Choi Jae-young , Cho In-Cheol , Yang Byoung Chul , Kim Nam Young 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the changes of teat number traits of Jeju native pig (JNP) and Landrace varieties according to the breast cancer metastasis-suppressor 1-like (BRMS1L) genotype. The number of teat varies according to the single-base polymorphism with a G or A base 1,087 from the start codon ATG in the exon 1 region of the BRMS1L gene. The total teat number was examined at birth for 28 JNPs and 72 Landraces, and the BRMS1L genotype was analyzed by Pyrosequencing. As a result, the genotyping frequency of JNP was 1 A / A type, 9 A / G type, and 18 G / G type, whereas, on the contrary, Landrace had 70 A / A type, 2 A / C type, and C / C was identified as 0 heads. The total teat number was between the two varieties was 13.32 ± 0.95 and 14.51 ± 1.03, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). According to genotypes in Jeju native pig breeds, the total number of nipples was 15 A / A, 14.0 ± 0.82 A / G, and 12.89 ± 0.74 G / G (P &lt; 0.018). Conversely, Landrace was 14.54 ± 1.02 A / A and 13.5 ± 0.5 A / G. As a result of the above study, the frequency of varieties and genotypes was found to have a significant effect on the difference in nipple count. Based on the results of this study, if the improvement of Jeju native pigs is to be carried out, it is expected that the number of nipples will increase and the mammalian capacity will increase.