bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Bonds
Authors: Ouedraogo Soutonnoma , Scofield David , Smith Garrett C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Given the size of the global sovereign debt market is nearly as large as the entire international equity market, a thorough understanding of this market is useful to academics and practitioners alike. Sovereign bond markets allow nations to balance trade and fiscal policy, but a well-functioning domestic bond market and access to international investors are more complex than merely issuing sovereign debt. A nation’s credit rating affects both its economy in terms of domestic market stability as well as the economic stability of trade partners. Default and the restructuring of sovereign debt can trigger economic crisis. Moreover, the so-called sovereign ceiling has a real economic impact on domestic firms and can substantially affect access to credit as well as the cost of both debt and equity capital. The chapter also discusses the role of integration, effects of global macroeconomic risk factors, and diversification benefits.
Inflation-Linked Bonds
Authors: Lettieri John , O’donnell Gerald , Ong Seow Eng , Tsang Desmond 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Inflation is a critical factor that can influence investment strategies and returns. The relation between realized inflation and expected inflation are driving factors for both interest rates and the performance of fixed income products. Adding inflation-linked bonds to existing portfolios can help to minimize the risk associated with future inflation. Although nominal bonds offer protection from current inflation expectations, which is sometimes measured by the break-even inflation rate, inflation-linked bonds offer a guaranteed real return with inherent protection from unexpected inflation. The relative performance of inflation-linked bonds versus nominal bonds is primarily dependent on changes in both inflation and the real interest rate. This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of inflation-linked bonds including issuers, pricing, and measuring inflation expectations. It examines how such bonds reduce inflation risk and discusses the type of market environments that favor investments in inflation-linked bonds relative to nominal bonds.
Mortgage-Backed SecuritiesMortgage Pass-Through Securities
Authors: Liang Mingwei (Max) , Petrova Milena 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) have played an important role in the housing and financial markets, providing liquidity to mortgage originators, offering investment opportunities for investors, and helping to set minimum mortgage underwriting standards. This chapter provides an overview of MBSs as an investment tool by presenting an analysis of the MBS market, discussing the securitization process, describing the main MBS pool characteristics, and examining the different types of MBSs in terms of underlying loans (residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage-backed securities), maturity, interest rate terms, pass-through of interest and principal (pass-through securities versus collateralized mortgage obligations) and issuers (private-label versus agency MBS). The chapter also highlights the major risks inherent to MBSs, particularly prepayment and credit risks.
Asset-Backed Securities
Authors: Guidolin Massimo , Pedio Manuela 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the mechanics of the origination process and the main characteristics of asset-backed securities (ABSs). In particular, it provides an overview of why and how unencumbered assets, such as loans, may be pooled into special legal entities, such as trusts, that are isolated from potential bankruptcy proceedings that may involve the issuer of the assets. The discussion also explores the cash flow structures that are typical of securitization as applied to ABSs. Special attention is given to the role played by the rating process in determining the value of ABSs and hence to credit enhancement mechanisms and the typical rules of allocation of default losses. The second part of the chapter is devoted to a detailed analysis of the key features of the most important categories of ABSs, namely, auto loans and leases, credit card receivables, student loans, and residential ABSs.
Valuing and Analyzing Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities
Authors: Dyer Matthew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how to value and analyze asset-backed securities (ABSs) with an emphasis on mortgage-backed securities (MBSs). Valuation differs fundamentally from traditional fixed-income securities due to the risks presented by fluctuations in the securities’ monthly cash flows derived from unscheduled principal repayments. For an MBS, prepayments, which are largely a function of interest rates, housing turnover, refinancing sensitivity, burnout, and a host of borrower inefficiencies, can cause drastic fluctuations in the security’s theoretical or intrinsic value. Once an estimate of forecasted prepayment rates and default rates, if applicable, has been calculated, monthly cash flows are determined and discounted at the appropriate discount rate. Spread measures such as the zero-volatility spread (Z-spread) and the option-adjusted spread can be used to approximate the necessary discount rates applicable to monthly cash flows, the latter of which can be calculated via the Monte Carlo simulation method.
Bond Accounting
Authors: Awoga Oluwaseyi Adebayo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Bonds play an important role in capital markets and in shaping micro- and macroeconomic activities designed to meet a government’s fiscal and monetary policy objectives. Yet many accounting and finance professionals and practitioners do not fully understand how to properly record and report bond transactions on financial statements. Therefore, this chapter discusses the accounting and disclosure requirements for bond instruments to help bridge this knowledge gap. The chapter begins by reviewing the relevant bond accounting literature, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and fundamental terminologies such as amortization, effective interest rate, derivatives, and valuation. Finally, examples illustrate some bond accounting problems from both asset and liability perspectives.
High Yield Bonds
Authors: Barnes Byron C. , Calenda Tony , Rodriguez Elvis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
High yield bonds (HYBs) have become an integral part of the funding and investment landscape. HYBs are bonds rated below investment grade, indicating a potentially greater default risk and concomitant return. Although often associated with leveraged buyouts (LBOs), corporations also use HYBs to finance general corporate needs. The key drivers of HYB issuance include general economic activity, the number and size of transactions requiring financing, interest rates, and the availability of substitute financial products such as leveraged loans. Leveraged loans are another source of financing for issuers with a similar profile as HYB issuers. A key difference between HYBs and leveraged loans is that the covenants associated with a leveraged loan are typically more lender friendly. Similar to investment grade bonds, investors can purchase insurance to hedge a long HYB position against a credit event by using a credit default swap.
Debt Trends and Future Outlook
Authors: Preece Dianna 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The United States had a combined $47 trillion of public and private sector debt outstanding in the third quarter of 2016. This staggering figure is larger than many countries’ gross domestic products (GDPs) combined. Borrowers include the U.S. government, businesses, and households. The debt is held by both domestic and foreign investors. The amount of debt affects everything from a country’s ability to grow to an individual’s ability to get married or buy a home when saddled with crushing student loans. In early 2018, the most notable trends in debt markets include increased borrowing across all sectors and rising interest rates that will affect the ability of some borrowers to repay their debts. These trends are not just domestic, but global, as the U.S. Federal Reserve begins to roll back a decade-long period of quantitative easing and other central banks are likely to soon follow. This chapter considers trends in debt markets and their implications for the future.
Meaning of the Living State
Authors: Mathis Cole 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws inspiration from statistical physics to describe a statistical category that can be termed the “living state.” References to a living state can be found throughout origin of life and astrobiology science. Some researchers have used the concept of the living state to explicitly place biological phenomena within the epistemological scope of statistical physics. Within this framework, biological phenomena at a given scale of organization are explained and understood by appealing to the statistical properties of the dynamics of the smaller and larger scales. This is analogous to how distinct states of matter are understood by appealing to the statistical properties of atoms, with the important distinction that statistical physicists have historically not included constraints from larger levels of organization, which are essential in determining the properties of living systems. This conception of the living state may enable astrobiologists to integrate progress from different disciplinary perspectives into a quantitative theory of life.
Do Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence?
Authors: McMahon Sean 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Carl Sagan's famous dictum: extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. The gist seems to be that one does not have sufficient reason to credit an extraordinary claim unless one also has commensurately extraordinary evidence to support it. This looks reasonable enough at first glance but its vagueness leaves it open to several interpretations, some of which are incompatible with the norms of rational inquiry. In particular, while Sagan's dictum is a justified skeptical response to claims that are known to be highly improbable or contrary to well-substantiated science, it is irrational and contrary to scientific objectivity to demand extraordinary evidence for those that are merely amazing or bizarre, and thus Sagan's dictum must be handled with caution in astrobiology. The chapter then sets out the conditions under which an appeal to Sagan's dictum is justified and those under which it is not, with special reference to existing and anticipated astrobiological debates.
Unnatural Selection or the Best of Both Worlds?
Authors: Newman Christopher J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter details the current state of space law and, in particular, the mechanisms that might be used to deal with the discovery of extraterrestrial life. The law in such discovery events will operate in a number of ways, defining the roles of different terrestrial agencies, protecting the scientific integrity of any discovered life, and providing valuable protection for the newly discovered life form. The chapter then argues that existing planetary protection and contamination rules, with their clearly anthropocentric bias (preserve the science), are outmoded and the resulting regulatory gap should be filled with nonbinding soft laws. It also proposes some ways forward to ensure that the seminal discovery event does not lead to conflict on Earth, the loss of irreplaceable scientific information, or even the destruction of the alien life. Ultimately, at present, there is little consensus as to how to start formulating laws to govern relations with alien lifeforms, no matter what their composition.
Brains Through Time
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Much is conserved in vertebrate evolution, but significant changes in the nervous system occurred at the origin of vertebrates and in most of the major vertebrate lineages. This book examines these innovations and relates them to evolutionary changes in other organ systems, animal behavior, and ecological conditions at the time. The resulting perspective clarifies what makes the major vertebrate lineages unique and helps explain their varying degrees of ecological success. One of the book’s major conclusions is that vertebrate nervous systems are more diverse than commonly assumed, at least among neurobiologists. Examples of important innovations include not only the emergence of novel brain regions, such as the cerebellum and neocortex, but also major changes in neuronal circuitry and functional organization. A second major conclusion is that many of the apparent similarities in vertebrate nervous systems resulted from convergent evolution, rather than inheritance from a common ancestor. For example, brain size and complexity increased numerous times, in many vertebrate lineages. In conjunction with these changes, olfactory inputs to the telencephalic pallium were reduced in several different lineages, and this reduction was associated with the emergence of pallial regions that process non-olfactory sensory inputs. These conclusions cast doubt on the widely held assumption that all vertebrate nervous systems are built according to a single, common plan. Instead, the book encourages readers to view both species similarities and differences as fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of nervous systems.
The Developmental and Cultural Origins of Our Beliefs about Self-Control
Authors: Wente Adrienne , Zhao Xin , Gopnik Alison , Kang Carissa , Kushnir Tamar 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Self-control is quite difficult—sometimes people are successful, but frequently they are not. So why do people believe that they can choose, by their own free will, to exercise self-control? This chapter summarizes recent research exploring the cultural and developmental origins of beliefs about self-control and free will. It discusses how two factors contribute to the development of children’s beliefs about self-control: culture and first-person experiences. The authors’ studies of four- to eight-year-old children (N = 441; mean age = 5.96 years; range = 3.92–8.90 years) from China, Singapore, Peru, and the United States indicate that self-control beliefs differ across cultures, and that, comparatively, US children hold intuitions that they can freely choose to exercise self-control. Additionally, evidence indicates that the experience of self-control failure impacts beliefs about free will in US children, but that these experience effects are not culturally universal.
Inhibitory Control and Self-Control
Authors: Sel Alejandra , Shepherd Joshua 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter first considers what it would take to offer a scientific account of self-control. It then focuses on one aspect of this larger project, by focusing on a capacity central to many exercises of self-control, namely, inhibitory control. The chapter discusses recent research on inhibitory control, as well as how this research bears on the continued study of the sensitivity of inhibitory control mechanisms to an agent’s intentions.
Moralizing Self-Control
Authors: Mooijman Marlon , Meindl Peter , Graham Jesse 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors synthesize current research and thinking on the topic of self-control moralization. They focus on three parts: (1) similarities and differences between morality and self-control, (2) the process of moralizing self-control, and (3) the consequences of moralizing self-control. They use a moral pluralistic perspective—the idea that there are multiple, sometimes conflicting, moral concerns within and between cultures and individuals—to argue that research on self-control moralization could benefit greatly from exploring the roles of different types of moral concerns, emotions, and social contexts. The chapter discusses when self-control and morality overlap and when they don’t, what this means for moralizing self-control, and how one might be able to leverage moral concerns to achieve greater self-control success and prevent self-control failure.
Liberals used to love religious freedom
Authors: Koppelman Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The idea of religious liberty was, for a long time, uncontroversial common ground between right and left. The idea of a private sphere that government must respect—an idea at the core of the gay rights movement—has its roots in dissenting Protestantism. It became the basis for the practice of religious exemptions from generally applicable laws. As recently as 1993, Congress almost unanimously enacted a federal statute codifying that practice. That law continues to produce results that liberals admire, protecting prisoners from arbitrary treatment and religious minorities, notably Muslims, from discrimination. If you want to protect the right to be different, this is a good place to start.
Voices of the Ritual
Authors: Stadler Nurit 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Voices of the Ritual analyzes the revival of and manifestation of rituals at female saint shrines in the Holy Land. In the Middle East, a turbulent, often violent place, states tend to have no clear physical borders, and lands are constantly in flux. Here, groups with no voice in the political, cultural, media, and legal arenas look for alternative venues to voice their entitlements. Members of religious minorities employ rituals in various sacred places to claim their belonging to and appropriation of territory. What does this female ritualistic revival mean—politically, culturally, and spatially? The author bases her analysis on a long ethnographic study (2003–2017) that analyzes the rise of female sacred shrines, focusing on four dimensions of the ritual: the body in motion, female materiality, place, and the rituals encrypted in the Israel/Palestine landscape. In the practices at these shrines, mostly canonical, the idea of the “body in motion” is central, with rituals imitating birth and the cycle of life using a set of body gestures. These rituals, performed by men and women, are intimate forces that extend between the female saint and the worshippers. Female materiality strengthens intimacy and creates a bridge between the experience and the material. The intimacy between saint and worshipper created with the body and the female material scattered around represent keys to intimate claims to the land, making the land familiar to worshippers. Rituals encrypt female themes into the landscape that has for decades been dominated by masculine-disseminated war and conflict.
Compromise in an Age of Party Polarization
Authors: Wolak Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Congressional debates are increasingly defined by gridlock and stalemate, with partisan showdowns that lead to government shutdowns. Compromise in Congress seems hard to reach. But do politicians deserve all the blame? Legislators who resist concessions and stand firm to their convictions might be doing just what voters want them to do. If this is true, however, then citizens must shoulder some of the responsibility for gridlock in Congress. This book challenges this wisdom and argues that Americans value compromise as a way to resolve differences in times of partisan division. Using evidence from a variety of surveys and innovative experiments, the book demonstrates that citizens want more from politics than just ideological representation—they also care about the processes by which disagreements are settled. Americans believe that compromise is a virtuous way to resolve political disputes. Because people’s desire for compromise is deeply rooted in socialized support for democratic values, principled beliefs about compromise can serve as a check on partisan thinking. Across a range of settings, people’s support for compromise persists even when it comes at the cost of partisan goals and policy objectives. People give warmer evaluations to members of Congress who are willing to compromise and view compromise legislation as more legitimate. People care about not just outcomes, but also the way decisions are reached. Winning isn’t everything in politics. People also value the democratic principle of compromise.
Conclusions
Authors: Wolak Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The conclusion discusses the implications of the findings and reflects on the book’s major contributions. The factors that make it hard to find compromise in Congress are described, as well as some of the reasons why observers may have misjudged the level of public opposition to compromise. This chapter describes why it is important to show that people care about other goals beyond just winning in politics. Because people are socialized to support compromise as a democratic value, their principled support for compromise can check their partisan instincts in a time of deep ideological divides and profound party polarization.
Theorizing Adaptation in the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Elliott Kamilla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChapter 2 documents that, in contrast to more recent theories that have rendered adaptation a bad theoretical object, prior to the late eighteenth century, adaptation was theorized as a good theoretical object, fostering an innovative, progressive, national aesthetic culture and situating artists in a long lineage reaching back to classical Greece. Subsequently, late eighteenth-century Romantic theories of originality and theories of the arts as separate species militated against adaptation in the same way that theologies of original creation and scientific theories of separate species would militate against theories of biological adaptation in the late nineteenth century. Even so, some nineteenth-century theorists continued to valorize adaptation equivocally as a means of civilizing the lower classes and foreign cultures, even as its aesthetic deficiencies offended the higher ranked, fiercely nationalist arbiters of civilization and culture. Copyright laws, which did not apply when a work changed medium until the early twentieth century in Britain and other nations, intensified the opprobrium cast upon adaptation in a rhetoric of theft at home and piracy abroad. Even so, some critics maintained that adaptation is original when created by an original genius; others valorized intermedial adaptation in a pseudo-religious discourse of realization of the word made flesh; yet others pitted sister arts theories against theories of the arts as separate species that cannot mate to produce adaptation, although both militated against the reproductive, generative capacities of adaptation. These discourses were not limited to academics and reviewers, but extended to the adaptation industry.