bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3M Lithium Ion Battery Material and Solution for EV and Energy Storage Application
Authors: Lu Zhonghua 
Published: February 2020

3M Company is committed to providing high quality products and services to our customers to enable our customers to develop high quality products. In this presentation, we first share the potential application of 3M product Novec 1230 in the lithium-ion battery pack to improve its safety. Then we will discuss more on the 3M cathode status and new developments. We also cover 3M Si-alloy anode and 3M advanced high-voltage electrolyte.
In the battery pack for EV and HEV where a large number of lithium-ion batteries are used in the battery pack via serial or parallel connection, a safety issue is raised. The internal short inside the single battery via external force or from internal metal particle impurity cannot be avoided 100% completely. Once it happens, the whole battery pack may go into thermal runaway and produce fire. Several famous examples of this are published in consumer products every year.
3M is a major manufacturer of fluorinated chemicals. Novec 1230 was commercialized for fire protection. In this disclosing, we will report the benefits of the Novec 1230 to safety of the lithium-ion battery pack.
A set of 2.0Ah 18650 type lithium-ion batteries based on the LiCoO2/graphite chemistry were used to make 3P2S battery pack. The AC impedance at 1KHz for the single 18650 cell was about 40mOhm. Nail penetration was used to internally short a single 18650 causing thermal runaway in the 3P2S battery pack. We compared the response of the battery pack and its cell skin temperatures for one pack immersed in Novec 1230 to the another without Novec 1230. Fig 1 is the top view of the test device including the solvent container, 3P2S lithium ion battery pack and the position of the thermal couples. The Cell T0 was shorted at the location “X”. Without Novec 1230, after the cell T0 thermally runs away, the Cell T1 and T2 thermal runs away in about a 2.5mins interval, one by one. Flames were observed. The cell skin temperature reached more than 600oC. With immersing into about 300cc of Novec 1230, after cell T0 thermally runs away, all other cells never reach a temperature higher than 60oC It is very clear that Novec 1230 dramatically reduced the chance of the thermal runaway of the battery pack.
Facile Synthesis of a Carbon Encapsulated Metal Oxide Nanocomposite and Its Application As Conversion Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Ren Shuhua , Zhao Xiangyu , Chen Ruiyong , Fichtner Maximilian 
Published: February 2020

Metal oxide has been reported to be an active conversion anode material in lithium-ion-batteries (LIBs) owing to its high specific capacity. The large volume change and the poor electronic conductivity during the Li+ insertion/extraction process limited its application, leading to capacity fade and poor cycling performance. Great efforts have been devoted on the combination of nanosized metal oxide with versatile carbon materials of special forms, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, or fibers, in order to improve the cycling behavior. Most strategies to fabricate such functional composite structure involve multi-step processes or the use of certain templates, surfactants, or special solvents, removal of which in the post treatment complicates their practical applications. Thus, it is desirable to develop a facile straightforward synthetic strategy to generate such functional composite materials.
In our work, a simple pyrolysis-oxidation process has been developed to produce metal oxide/C-fiber composite in a solvent-free and template-free way. Metal oxide nanoparticles anchored onto in-situ formed carbon nanofibers were synthesized and have been investigated as promising conversion anode materials for Li-ion batteries. In the fabrication process, metallocene was used as precursor and acts as both metal and carbon source. As an example, Fe3O4 encapsulated into helical carbon nanofiber structure was fabricated by pyrolysis of ferrocene and subsequent oxidation of the pyrolysed product. The as-obtained Fe3O4/C composite shows a high and reversible capacity, good cycling and rate capability. The synthetic strategy has been further applied to a binary metal oxide CoFe2O4/C system through pyrolysis of the mixture of ferrocene and cobaltocene and further oxidation. The final composite shows a high and stable capacity. More than 700 mAhg-1 based on the total mass of the as-prepared composite was obtained in the composite after long-term cycling of 250 cycles. The synergistic effects by combining metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon and also their intimate contact developed in the synthetic process are suggested to be the major contribution to the observed superior electrochemical properties. This work opens a facile and broadly applicable way for fabrication and utilization of metal oxide/mixed metal oxide-C composites as anode materials for Li-ion batteries.
Low Voltage Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Clark Steve James , Armstrong Anthony Robert , Bruce Peter G 
Published: February 2020

Graphite has proved a highly successful anode for lithium ion batteries; however it is not without its limitations. There is intensive research to perfect silicon based anodes but important challenges still remain in the quest for high cycling efficiency and high cycle numbers. As a result, there remains much need for investigation of alternative anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Recently we investigated anodes based on LiVO2
1,2. Intercalation into this compound, which is isostructural with LiCoO2, occurs in a two phase process with the formation of hexagonal close packed Li2VO2.1 We have now extended these studies to related compounds, and solid solutions, and have identified anodes with a capacity of over 215 mAh/g at C rate, Fig. 1. The density of these materials is 3.34 g/cm3 resulting in a volumetric capacity of 718 mAh/cm3 at 1C. Volumetric capacity is important for applications such as electric vehicles. Detailed results of these investigations will be presented at the meeting.
References:
1) A.R. Armstrong, C. Lyness, P.M. Panchmatia, M.S. Islam, P.G. Bruce, Nat. Mater. 10 (2011) 223-228.
2) F.d.r. Pourpoint, X. Hua, D.S. Middlemiss, P Adamson, D Wang, P.G Bruce, C.P. Grey, Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 2880−2893.
Electron Microscopy Study of Structure and Defects in Li-Rich Layered Oxide
Authors: Shukla Alpesh Khushalchand , Ramasse Quentin , Darbal Amith , Das Partha Pratim , Mendoza Joan , Estrade Sonia , Ophus Colin , Duncan Hugues , Chen Guoying , Nicolopoulos Stavros , Yedra Lluis 
Published: February 2020

Transformations in Li-rich layered oxides have been extensively studied recently for their potential application in Li-ion batteries. These materials have attracted a lot of interest due to the high capacity offered by them. However, the structure of these materials in their pristine state is not clearly understood. Several reports have assigned their structure to be trigonal (R-3m), monoclinic (c2/m), or a combination of both (composite). The present study discusses the structure of Li1.2(Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13) O2 prepared with two different morphologies: plates and needles, using the results obtained from aberration corrected (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), convergent beam electron diffraction and precession electron diffraction tomography and question the validity of the the claims of them being “composite”. It was found that these materials consist of domains which correspond to variants of monoclinic structure. It will be shown how diffraction-based experiments on such materials can often lead to misleading conclusions, since analysis of diffraction-based techniques inevitably assign them as trigonal, although the present study shows that the three-fold symmetry observed in electron diffraction patterns result from the combination of the variants having monoclinic structure.
Furthermore, results from STEM and EELS experiments showed that the pristine materials have several defects consisting of differently ordered structure on their surface, and several Cobalt-rich line defects. These results prescribe that extreme care should be taken while interpreting the electron microscopy results obtained from cycled samples.
Bio-Electrochemical Treatment of Wastewater Organic Load: Comparison of Microbial Electrolysis, Microbial Fuel Cell and Microbial Electrochemical Snorkel Performances
Authors: Erable B , Blanchet E , Etcheverry L. , Desmond E , Bridier A , Bouchez T , Bergel A 
Published: February 2020

The removal of the total organic load (COD) from urban wastewater was studied in different bio-electrochemical systems (BES): microbial electrolysis, microbial fuel cell (MFC), and microbial electrochemical snorkel (MES). Here is presented the concept of MES [1], a simplified design of a “short-circuited” MFC.
The MES cannot provide current but it is optimized for wastewater treatment. Technically, the MES concept can simply consist of a single piece of conductive material on which there are (i) one end colonised by an electro-active biofilm acting as a microbial anode (anaerobic zone), and (ii) one end covered with oxygen (bio- or not) electro-catalyst that ensures electron removal to the final electron acceptor and allows bacteria “snorkelling” to oxygen. Unlike MFCs, a MES does not divert energy to produce electricity but it ensures maximum efficiency for the oxidation of organic matter.
COD removal comparison with the different BES was made starting from optimized graphite based microbial anodes already working at steady state rate of oxidation. Optimization of microbial anodes consisted of immersing a microbial anode already colonized with electoactive microorganisms together with a second polarized clean electrode resulting in the formation of an electroactive biofilm on the clean electrode that became more effective than the initial one. This strategy multiplied the current provided by the second electrode by a factor ranging from 2 to 20 in respect to the initial one. Comparative analysis of microbial diversity on electrodes was performed by pyrosequencing technology. Then, the comparative study using microbial anodes in different BES for the treatment of urban wastewater validated the MES concept since the MES process ensured about 75% of wastewater COD removal in less than 24 hours as well as a “short-circuited” MFC.
In conclusion, the MES technology, which aims at maximizing the reaction rates by elimination of current generation, provided degradation performance far higher than the MFCs that operated at optimum power. This demonstration opens a new route for the design of extremely simple electro-microbial devices for wastewater treatment.
[1] B. Erable et al., 2011. Biofouling 27(3):319-326. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2011.564615.
Engineered, Modular Microbial Communities for Simultaneous Wastewater Decontamination and Energy Generation
Authors: Ista Linnea K , Atanassov Plamen , Hanson David T , El-Naggar Mohamed 
Published: February 2020

We propose a strategy to produce biocatalytic wastewater cleaning materials that incorporate microorganisms simultaneously removing organic and inorganic contaminants while creating electricity (or hydrocarbon fuel) for energy generation in support of a sustainable and portable system.
Central to our work will be then encapsulation of dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria for energy generation on the anode of a microbial biofuel cell (MFC) . We have previously demonstrated both great stability and greater current densities produced Shewanella oneidensis when biofilms of this organism are immobilized on a carbon anode. 1While our published results indicate full operation for a week, one such device was active for a full 6 months in our laboratories, indicating the stability and functionality of such systems.
While DMRBs are able to remove a plethora of organic compounds, including pesticides, inorganic compounds, such as ammonia, phosphate and heavy metals must also be removed to produce clean water. Immobilized algae have recently been shown to effectively remove phosphorous and nitrogen from wastewater. 2 An advantage of an encapsulated system is demonstrated by the immunity of this system to population fluctuation, the presence of other solids, or competing bacteria that frequently plague phosphate removal in particular.3 Such a system could be combined with, for example, Shewanella oneidensis in a second module and Geobacter sp. in a third, and used to produce a self-regererating carbon neutral electrical system.
Alternatively, the Geobacter module could be replaced by a module containing an acetate/methanogen syntrophic community to generate methane.
Other example modules include algae to remove heavy metals 4, Acinetobacter venetianus to remove oil spills 5, or pesticide remediating heterotrophs 6.
Research areas for this program will include metabolic activity of constituent organisms upon encapsulation, optimization of the transport characteristics of the encapsulating silica and the integration of electrodes or other energy collection modalities.
(1) Luckarift, H., Sizemore, S., Roy, J., Lau, C., Gupta, G., Atanassov, P., Johnson, G. Chem.Comm.
2010, 46, 6048.
(2) Shi, J.; Padola, B.; Melkonian, M. Bioresource Tech
2014
154, 260.
(3) Tu, Y.; Schuler, A. J. Environ Sci Technol
2013, 47, 3816.
(4) Montiero, C. M.; Castro, P. M. L.; Makcata, F. X. Biotechnol Prog
2012, 28, 299.
(5) Luckarift, H. R.; Sizemore, S. R.; Farrington, K. E.; Fulmer, P. A.; Biffinger, J. C.; Nadeau, L. J.; Johnson, G. R. Biotechnol Prog
2011, 27, 1580.
(6) Nunez, O. C.; Lopes, A. R.; Manaia, C. M. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
2013, 97, 10275.
Growth and Features of TiO2 Nanotubes Surfaces on Industrial Titanium by Anodizing in Organic Medium
Authors: Zamudio-Torres Ildefonso , Perez-Bueno José Jesús , Meas-Vong Yunny 
Published: February 2020

This work shows the growth of TiO2 nanotube by anodizing of surfaces metallic titanium and its features as surface. The material used was titanium industrial plates (99 %). The baths were constituted by 98% v/v of ethylene glycol, 2.5 ppm of O2 (water as a source), 1,700 ppm of F-, and a pH of 6.6. The concentrations of O2 were oscillating between 2.3 and 1.9 ppm, and the conductivities in the cell were about 480 μS/cm. The potential was set using a ramp of 6 V/min and a final value of 60 V for 2 h. Along the experiment, constant dripping of water was used.
In a first step, a layer of early oxide was formed. Then, anions migrate through the oxide layer to the Ti/TiO2 interface and reacted with Ti as shown in reaction (1) and (2). Meantime, the applied electric field ejects Ti4+ cations from the Ti/TiO2 interface and made that Ti4+ move towards the TiO2/electrolyte interface. The chemical dissolution occurred at the interface of TiO2/electrolyte, where TiO2 was dissolved by F− with the help of H+ and the field assisted dissolution occurs at the Ti/TiO2 interface as indicated by reactions (3) and (4) [1].

2H2O → O2+ 4e− + 4H+

(1)

Ti + O2→ TiO2

(2)

TiO2+ 6F− + 4H+ → [TiF6]2− + 2H2O
(3)

Ti4+ + 6F−→ [TiF6]2−

(4)

These surfaces showed to be superhydrophilic. Studies about its surface energy, and corrosion resistance were realized, the roughness factor was determined by optical profilometer and cyclic voltammetry. The electroactive surface areas were determined by this technique too.
[1] T. Xu, J. Lin, J. Chen, and X. Chen, “The effect of pre-pattern on the morphology and growth speed of TiO2 nanotube,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 258, no. 1, pp. 76–80, 2011.
NiO-SDC Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting Anode for Low Temperature Thin Film SOFCs
Authors: Cho Gu Young , Cha Suk Won , Lee Yoon Ho , Park Taehyun , Noh Seungtak 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising candidates for next generation energy conversion devices due to its fuel flexibility, high efficiency, high energy density, and no CO poisoning. However, high operation temperature which is required due to poor ionic conductivity of oxide electrolyte of typical SOFCs disturbs the commercialization.
Various thin film techniques for fabrication of electrodes and electrolyte are applied to lower the operation temperature of SOFCs. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD), sputter, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and atomic layer deposition (ALD) are used to prepare thin film electrodes or electrolyte.
Typical low temperature SOFCs use platinum (Pt) as an electrode material due to high electrical conductivity and superior catalytic activity of Pt for both hydrogen oxidation reactions and oxygen reduction reactions. Despite of these strong points, high cost, thermal degradation due to agglomeration, mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient and limited triple phase boundaries (TPB) are still remained.
Mixed ionic electronic conducting (MIEC) anode materials such as NiO-YSZ, NiO-GDC, and NiO-SDC are usually used at typcial SOFCs due to high density of triple phase boundaries. These MIEC materials can relieve the thermal degradation and thermal stress. Cost is also reduced compared with Pt. Therefore, we applied the MIEC anode for low temperature thin film SOFCs.
In this study, we prepared anodic alumina oxide (AAO) based low temperature thin film SOFCs. NiO-SDC anode was fabricated via radio frequency sputtering method using NiO-SDC oxide target. The reactive RF sputtering process is conducted to prepare yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte on a NiO-SDC anode by using Y-Zr alloy target and Ar-O2 mixing gas. After electrolyte deposition, porous Pt cathode was deposited on the electrolyte by direct current sputtering method. Open circuit voltage (OCV), performance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were measured at 500C.
Operando Electron Magnetic Measurements in Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Gershinsky Gregory , Monconduit Laure , Zitoun David 
Published: February 2020

One of the challenges in the development of batteries consists in the investigation of new electrode materials and comprehension of the mechanism of lithium uptake. Herein, we report on the first in operando measurements of electron magnetism on a battery during cycling. We have succeeded in designing a non magnetic cell and have investigated the lithiation mechanism of FeSb2, a high energy density anode material. The stepwise increase of the magnetic moment reveals an increase of amorphous Fe nanoparticle size, while Sb undergoes a reversible alloying with Li.1

In operando electron magnetism brings macroscopic and quantitative data on the amorphous Fe nanostructures formed during cycling. The investigation of real time characterization techniques enables the collection of information at the nanoscale, required to elucidate electrochemical mechanism. Since most of the electrode materials are based on 3d transition metals with high electron magnetic moment, we believe in-situ electron magnetic measurements will bring valuable information on conversion or alloying mechanism to forecast more efficient electrodes.
[1] G. Gershinsky, E. Bar, L. Monconduit, D. Zitoun Energy and Environmental Sciences
2014, C4EE00490F
Dependence of the Lithiation/Delithiation Potentials of Silicon Microwire Anodes on Their State of Charge and Sizes
Authors: Nöhren Sandra , Quiroga-González Enrique , Föll Helmut 
Published: February 2020

Silicon microwires are a good alternative to graphite as active material in anodes for Li ion batteries. Besides a high gravimetric capacity of 4200 mAh/g, self-standing Si microwire anodes exhibit large cycle life (> 100) with a coulomb efficiency of 96 % without suffering of irreversible losses [1, 2]. It has been observed that for obtaining this exceptional performance it is necessary to charge the anodes within specific voltage limits depending on the dimensions of the Si microwires [1].
Four peaks have been found in voltammetry measurements which indicate that two lithiation and two delithiation events occur in the Li-Si system. In a previous study on Si mWs, a dependency of the lithiation and delithiation peaks during voltammetry studies on the dimensions of the Si microwires was observed [3]. In the present work the dependency of the lithiation/delithiation susceptibility of the anodes on their state of charge (SOC) has been studied. Si microwire anodes were charged to 0 %, 25%, 50 % and 75 % of their maximum capacity and analyzed by cyclic voltammetry. Single-crystalline Si wires with a lengths of 36, 46, 60, and 75 µm and widths of 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 µm were used for the study. For the test, paste electrodes composed of Si mWs, carbon black and CMC, coated on Cu foil were prepared. The current amplitude as well as the potential of the voltammetric peaks (lithiation/delithiation potentials) show a shift depending on the pre-lithiation levels. During the full-lithiation event, the current amplitude as well as the potential increase steadily when increasing the SOC, independently of the length of the wires (see Fig. 1a). The same effect is observed for wires of different thicknesses. The delithiation events are also affected by the SOC. They mainly decrease in potential when increasing the SOC, but at SOCs larger higher than 50 % the tendency is not so clear. According to the results, it can be inferred that the lithiation and delithiation are facilitated when increasing the SOC, probably until the pre-charge limit of 50 %.
[1] E. Quiroga-González, J. Carstensen, H. Föll, Electrochim. Acta, 101 (2013) 93.
[2] E. Quiroga-González, J. Carstensen, H. Föll, Materials, 6 (2013) 626.
[3] S. Nöhren, E. Quiroga-González, H. Föll, Size dependency study of Si mircowire anodes by cyclic voltammetry,
Kraftwerk Batterie 2013, Feb. 25-26, 2013, Aachen, Germany.
Invited Talk: Development of Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery Technologies
Authors: Wang Wei , Vijayakumar Murugesan , Wei Xiaoliang , Cosimbescu Lelia , Xu Wu , Liu Tianbiao , Sprenkle Vincent 
Published: February 2020

Nonaqueous redox flow batteries are generally considered to have higher energy densities than their aqueous counterparts because of their wider voltage windows. However, their performance has lagged far behind their inherent capability due to the combined limitations of redox chemistry, solubility of redox species, and cell design. Here we report a high-performance nonaqueous lithium–organic redox flow battery with a structure-modified ferrocene cathode. The ionic-liquid derivatization of ferrocene increases the solubility by more than 20 times in the supporting electrolyte (0.85 M as opposed to 0.04 M for pristine ferrocene). This improvement is confirmed by solvation chemistry studies through nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and density functional theory calculation. When coupled with a lithium-graphite hybrid anode, the flow battery exhibits a cell voltage of 3.49 V and energy efficiency over 75% (Figure 1). The method of material modification proved to be a viable way to prepare high-performance electrolyte for nonaqueous redox flow batteries.
Development on the total-organic redox flow battery will also be presented.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support primarily from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) (under Contract No. 57558) and the support from Laboratory-Directed Research and Development Program (LDRD) of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The NMR characterization was supported as part of the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, and was conducted in the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a national scientific user facility sponsored by DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at PNNL. PNNL is a multi-program national laboratory operated by Battelle for DOE under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.