bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The quest for infrastructure development from a “market creation” perspective: China’s “Belt and Road”, Japan’s “Quality Infrastructure” and the EU’s “Connecting Europe and Asia”
Authors: Pascha Werner 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe paper deals with the interplay of major international infrastructure initiatives, in particular China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Japan’s Partnership for Quality Infrastructure and the EU strategy on “Connecting Europe and Asia”. Their co-evolution is interpreted as the creation and further development of a new market, whose characteristics like its complexity, its properties as an international public good and its oligopolistic supply structure create interesting insights. The paper finds that initiatives have adjusted to each other, in line with expectations from a market perspective. While China’s initiative at first followed a “low-price” strategy, Japan reacted with a “quality infrastructure” approach, also winning support from multilateral fora like G7 and G20. With the Second Belt and Road Forum, China has signaled to move closer to this line as well, and the EU is pursuing a similar approach as Japan, signing a partnership agreement with it. Interpreting this interaction as an oligopolistic structure, a chaotic competitive process has so far been avoided. The contest is actually evolving towards superior solutions, raising the quality of institutional infrastructure initiatives and, hopefully, of specific projects as well.
Depression and quality of life in old age: a closer look
Authors: Hussenoeder Felix S. , Jentzsch Doreen , Matschinger Herbert , Hinz Andreas , Kilian Reinhold , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , Conrad Ines 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDepressive disorders are among the most widespread mental disorders in old age, with negative consequences for quality of life (QOL). Understanding QOL as a multidimensional construct, in this article we have a closer look on what specific aspects are affected by depression. We used a representative sample of the German population (n = 805) and one of individuals diagnosed with depression (n = 106) to compare QOL using the WHOQOL-BREF and the WHOQOL-OLD. Multivariate analysis showed that individuals diagnosed with depression exhibited lower QOL with regard to WHOQOL-BREF-dimensions physical health, psychological, social relationships and global QOL and with regard to WHOQOL-OLD-facets sensory abilities, past, present, and future activities and social participation. In addition, in the regression analysis, there were no significant differences between individuals with and without depression with regard to environment (WHOQOL-BREF), autonomy, death and dying, intimacy and overall (WHOQOL-OLD). Associations between depression and QOL in older age are selective in terms of which aspects of QOL are affected. From a methodological perspective, a multidimensional approach to QOL is recommended. From a clinical perspective, our research highlights those areas of QOL that are relevant for health professionals working with older people and that could be the focus of interventions.
Picky losers and carefree winners prevail in collective risk dilemmas with partner selection
Authors: Santos Fernando P. , Mascarenhas Samuel , Santos Francisco C. , Correia Filipa , Gomes Samuel , Paiva Ana 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how to design agents that sustain cooperation in multi-agent systems has been a long-lasting goal in distributed artificial intelligence. Proposed solutions rely on identifying free-riders and avoiding cooperating or interacting with them. These mechanisms of social control are traditionally studied in games with linear and deterministic payoffs, such as the prisoner’s dilemma or the public goods game. In reality, however, agents often face dilemmas in which payoffs are uncertain and non-linear, as collective success requires a minimum number of cooperators. The collective risk dilemma (CRD) is one of these games, and it is unclear whether the known mechanisms of cooperation remain effective in this case. Here we study the emergence of cooperation in CRD through partner-based selection. First, we discuss an experiment in which groups of humans and robots play a CRD. This experiment suggests that people only prefer cooperative partners when they lose a previous game (i.e., when collective success was not previously achieved). Secondly, we develop an evolutionary game theoretical model pointing out the evolutionary advantages of preferring cooperative partners only when a previous game was lost. We show that this strategy constitutes a favorable balance between strictness (only interact with cooperators) and softness (cooperate and interact with everyone), thus suggesting a new way of designing agents that promote cooperation in CRD. We confirm these theoretical results through computer simulations considering a more complex strategy space. Third, resorting to online human–agent experiments, we observe that participants are more likely to accept playing in a group with one defector when they won in a previous CRD, when compared to participants that lost the game. These empirical results provide additional support to the human predisposition to use outcome-based partner selection strategies in human–agent interactions.
Enzymatic pulp modification: an excellent way to expand the raw material base for Lyocell applications?
Authors: Kosan Birgit , Römhild Katrin , Meister Frank , Pelenc Vincent , Kühnel Stefan , Gerhardt Matthias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe potential of enzymatic modification procedures was studied to adjust pulp properties for Lyocell process applications. Cellulases with well-defined activity compositions were identified and tested for pulp treatment. The changes of the pulp properties by such biotechnological modification were investigated especially concerning the resulting average degrees of polymerisation (DP) and the molecular weight distributions (MWD).
Several industrial cellulases catalysed endo-splitting on solid cellulose. The selected compositions of the tested enzymes effected the intended decrease of the cellulose DP as suitable adaption of the MWD as well as an improvement of the pulp solubility in NMMO. The DP reduction of tested pulp qualities (paper, viscose and plant pulps) reached 20–35% related to the DP of initial pulp. Depending on the used pulp quality, different changes of the molecular weight distributions with increase or decrease of the polydispersities were detected. Because of improved pulp solubility, spinning dopes with excellent solution qualities could be obtained, even when paper pulps with lower α-cellulose were applied. Exemplary, softwood TCF paper pulp was tested for upscaling in staple fibre. Also filament spinning could be successfully carried out. The prepared fibre samples showed good textile-physical properties. Enzymatic treatment could have a great potential for expansion of raw material base in Lyocell process. It could cause cost savings by applying cheaper cellulose pulps. It also provides options for use of alternative pulps from recycled textile fabrics or annual plants, outside of wood or cotton.
The Hawking energy on photon surfaces
Authors: Bengtsson Ingemar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Hawking energy has a monotonicity property under the inverse mean curvature flow on totally umbilic hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature in Einstein spaces. It grows if the hypersurface is spacelike, and decreases if it is timelike. Timelike examples include Minkowski and de Sitter hyperboloids, and photon surfaces in Schwarzschild.
Radon and thoron radiation exposure of the Angolan population living in adobe houses
Authors: Salupeto-Dembo Judith , Szabó-Krausz Zsuzsanna , Völgyesi Péter , Szabό Csaba 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study investigates radon and thoron activity concentrations in adobe houses of Angola. Activity concentrations were recorded by passive detectors in rainy and dry seasons in 40 dwellings located at three areas with different climatic and geological backgrounds (Cabinda, Huambo, Menongue). Regarding seasonal and spatial variations, radon activity concentrations are higher in the rainy than in the dry season and both radon and thoron levels are the highest in Huambo, the central part of the country. The number of adobe houses above certain radon and thoron levels were estimated and the contribution of thoron to the inhalation dose was significant.
The implicit preference of bibliometrics for basic research
Authors: Donner Paul , Schmoch Ulrich 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBy individually associating articles to basic or applied research, it is shown that basic articles are cited more frequently than applied ones. Dividing the subject categories of the Web of Science into a basic and an applied part, the mean field-normalization rate is referred to the applied or basic part depending on the research orientation of the paper analysed. By this approach, a distinct difference of the citations for the applied and basic parts of most subject categories is found. However, differences of the citation scores of applied and basic research organisations are found as well, but are less clear. The explanation is that applied and basic research organisations generally publish a mix of basic and applied articles. In consequence, the standard normalization without distinction of basic and applied papers is generally sufficient for the bibliometric assessment of research organisations.
Double Negation Semantics for Generalisations of Heyting Algebras
Authors: Arthan Rob , Oliva Paulo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper presents an algebraic framework for investigating proposed translations of classical logic into intuitionistic logic, such as the four negative translations introduced by Kolmogorov, Gödel, Gentzen and Glivenko. We view these asvariant semanticsand present a semantic formulation of Troelstra’s syntactic criteria for a satisfactory negative translation. We consider how each of the above-mentioned translation schemes behaves on two generalisations of Heyting algebras: bounded pocrims and bounded hoops. When a translation fails for a particular class of algebras, we demonstrate that failure via specific finite examples. Using these, we prove that the syntactic version of these translations will fail to satisfy Troelstra’s criteria in the corresponding substructural logical setting.
Site factors are more important than management for indicator species in semi-natural grasslands in southern Sweden
Authors: Milberg Per , Bergman Karl-Olof , Glimskär Anders , Nilsson Sigrid , Tälle Malin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractManagement of semi-natural grasslands is essential to retain the characteristic diversity of flora and fauna found in these habitats. To maintain, restore or recreate favourable conditions for grassland species, knowledge regarding how they occur in relation to grazing intensity and soil nutrient availability is crucial. We focused on grassland plant species, i.e., species selected to indicate high natural values in semi-natural grasslands. Environmental monitoring data collected at 366 grassland sites in southern Sweden between 2006 and 2010 were used to relate the occurrence of indicator species to factors describing geographic location, local site conditions related to nutrients and moisture, and management. Site productivity, soil moisture and cover of trees and shrubs were the main structuring factors, while other factors related to management had a lesser effect (grass sward height, amount of litter, type of grazer). Not surprisingly, these patterns were also reflected in species-wise analyses of the 25 most commonly occurring indicator species, with almost all species negatively related to site productivity and most also to soil moisture. Furthermore, many species were negatively affected by increasing sward height and litter. In contrast, species-wise responses varied among species in relation to increasing cover of trees and shrubs. In comparison to cattle grazing, sheep grazing was detrimental to six species and beneficial to none, while horse grazing was detrimental to no species and beneficial to four species. When evaluating species traits, taller plant species were favoured when site productivity, grass sward height and the amount of grass litter were high. There were no strong patterns related to the flowering time, leaf arrangement, or nutrient and light requirements of species. These results highlight the importance of nutrient-poor and dry sites, e.g., when selecting sites for conservation, and the importance of the type of management executed.
Progress in Psychological Science. The Importance of Informed Ignorance and Curiosity-Driven Questions
Authors: Mazur Lucas B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn recent decades we have seen an exponential growth in the amount of data gathered within psychological research without a corresponding growth of theory that could meaningfully organize these research findings. For this reason, considerable attention today is given to discussions of such broader, higher-order concepts as theory and paradigm. However, another area important to consider is the nature of the questions psychologists are asking. Key to any discussion about the scientific status of psychology or about progress in the field (scientific or otherwise) is the nature of the questions that inspire psychological research. Psychologists concerned about scientific progress and the growth of theory in the field would be well served by more robust conversations about the nature of the questions being asked. Honest, curiosity-driven questions—questions that admit to our ignorance and that express an active and optimistic yearning for what we do not yet know—can help to propel psychology forward in a manner similar to the development of theory or paradigm. However, existing as it does in the “twilight zone” between the natural sciences and the humanities, psychology is fertile ground for questions of wide-ranging natures, and thus the nature of progress in the field can be variously understood, not all of which will be “scientific.” Recent psychological research in three areas (cognition, memory, and disorders/differences of sex development) are discussed as examples of how curiosity-driven questions being asked from a position of informed ignorance can lead to progress in the field.
Inequalities for $$L^p$$-Norms that Sharpen the Triangle Inequality and Complement Hanner’s Inequality
Authors: Carlen Eric A. , Frank Rupert L. , Ivanisvili Paata , Lieb Elliott H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn 2006 Carbery raised a question about an improvement on the naïve norm inequality $$\Vert f+g\Vert _p^p \le 2^{p-1}(\Vert f\Vert _p^p + \Vert g\Vert _p^p)$$

‖
f
+
g
‖

p
p

≤

2

p
-
1

(
‖
f
‖

p
p

+

‖
g
‖

p
p

)

for two functions f and g in $$L^p$$

L
p

of any measure space. When $$f=g$$

f
=
g

this is an equality, but when the supports of f and g are disjoint the factor $$2^{p-1}$$

2

p
-
1

is not needed. Carbery’s question concerns a proposed interpolation between the two situations for $$p>2$$

p
>
2

with the interpolation parameter measuring the overlap being $$\Vert fg\Vert _{p/2}$$

‖
f
g
‖

p
/
2

. Carbery proved that his proposed inequality holds in a special case. Here, we prove the inequality for all functions and, in fact, we prove an inequality of this type that is stronger than the one Carbery proposed. Moreover, our stronger inequalities are valid for all real $$p\ne 0$$

p
≠
0

.
Pearl formation in an Early Cretaceous belemnite
Authors: Stevens Kevin , Hoffmann René , Picollier Marie-Claire , Mutterlose Jörg 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany aspects of the paleobiology and biomineralization of belemnites, the most common fossil coleoid cephalopods of the Mesozoic, are still unclear. Here, we describe a pearl from an Early Cretaceous belemnite rostrum (Duvalia emerici) using high-resolution micro-CT imaging. After initial formation of a free pearl within the soft tissue, the pearl was fused to the rostrum and later overgrown by rostrum increments, thereby forming a blister pearl. The contact zone of the pearl with the rostrum shows resorption and deformation of earlier rostrum increments. Formation of a free pearl inside the soft tissue of the belemnite demonstrates a relatively thick (min. 5.6 mm) tissue layer surrounding the rostrum in this species. Our data show that classification of paleopathologies based on external features alone might lead to false inferences of formation mechanisms.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: A Policy Analysis of the Swedish Guidelines for Trans-Specific Healthcare
Authors: Linander Ida , Lauri Marcus , Alm Erika , Goicolea Isabel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionSweden has one of the world’s longest histories of providing subsidized gender-confirming medical procedures for people with trans experiences. However, until 2015, Swedish trans-specific healthcare lacked formal guidelines.MethodsIn this study, we analyse the Swedish guidelines for trans-specific healthcare from 2015 using Bacchi’s approach: “What’s the problem represented to be?” Following this approach, we analyse problem representations in the guidelines with special focus on evaluation, diagnosis of gender dysphoria and criteria for access to care.ResultsThree problem representations were identified in our analysis: “the problem of (non)linear gender”, “the mental health paradox” and “gender dysphoria as a psychiatric, psychological and psychosocial problem”. Together, these problem representations construct gender dysphoria as a psychopathology and allocate the decision-making power to mental health care providers. Hence, the guidelines reconstruct the gatekeeping function among care providers while undermining care seekers’ ability to attain self-determination. While the guidelines do allow for non-linear embodiment, they simultaneously reconstruct a linear relationship between gender identity and social gender role. Mental healthiness and, for migrants, having a residence permit seem to be favoured in the evaluation of gender dysphoria and for access to gender-confirming medical procedures, while aspects of gendereuphoriaare silenced.ConclusionsWe conclude that the guidelines resemble, and have similar effects to, the psychomedical understandings of gender dysphoria prevalent in medical research and practice. At the same time, the guidelines attempt to depathologize trans experiences and open up space for new subjectivities to be eligible for access to gender-confirming medical procedures.Policy ImplicationThe knowledge from this study can be useful when constructing, revising or analysing guidelines for trans-specific healthcare in several contexts.
Making the Body Tangible: Elementary Geometry Learning through VR
Authors: Price Sara , Yiannoutsou Nikoleta , Vezzoli Yvonne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGiven increasing evidence of the importance of sensorimotor experience and meaningful movement in geometry learning and spatial thinking, the potential of digital designs to foster specific movements in mathematical learning is promising. This article reports a study with elementary children engaging with a learning environment designed to support meaningful mathematical movement through the use of two shared, but alternative, representations around Cartesian co-ordinates: a 3D immersive virtual environment, where one child collects flowers from target co-ordinates selected by another child using a 2D visual representation of the virtual garden and person location in space. In this design, the body becomes a ‘tangible’ resource for thinking, learning and joint activity, through bodily experience, and where body movement, position and orientation are made visible to collaborators. A qualitative, multimodal analysis examining collaborative interaction among twenty-one children 8–9 years old shows ways in which the ‘body’ became an instrument for children’s thinking through, and reasoning about, finding positions in space and movement in relation to Cartesian co-ordinates. In particular, it shows how the use of different representations (tangible and visual 2D screen-based) situated the meaning-making process in a space where children, using their bodies, crafted connections between the different representations and used transcending objects to facilitate an integration of the different perspectives.
Durability and Compression Properties of High-Strength Concrete Reinforced with Steel Fibre and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Yang Jianhui , Tang Xujun , Wang Hongju , Wang Qinting , Cosgrove Tom 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHigh-strength concrete (HSC) reinforced with steel fibre (SF) and carbon nanotube (HSCRSC) is a new type of high-strength composite concrete with good fluidity, high strength, toughness, durability and other remarkable advantages. HSCRSC can be widely used in underground structures, such as wellbores. In this study, HSCs ranging from 70 to 100 MPa were designed, and the effects of fibre on the performance of the HSCs were compared and analysed through single-doped and double-mixed SF and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Results showed that the fibre effectively improved the uniaxial and multiaxial compressive strengths and durability of HSCs and changed the failure mode from brittle to ductile, especially in the case of multiaxial compression failure. HSCs remained intact, but the plain concrete specimens had fractured forms, such as flakes, columns and layers. Moreover, the ultimate strength of the biaxial compression was between 1.10 and 1.39 times higher than that of the uniaxial compression, satisfying the Kufer–Gerstle criterion. The ultimate strength of the triaxial compression was between 1.24 and 2.55 times higher than that of the uniaxial compression, adhering to the Willam–Warnke meridian criterion. The modified B3 model met the prediction accuracy of shrinkage and creep for HSC and surpassed the biaxial and triaxial compression ultimate strength models provided in this study. The absolute value of the relative error was less than 6%, indicating that the model and test data were reliable. All test results showed that HSCRSC exhibited satisfactory comprehensive performance.
Transfer Metric Learning for Unseen Domains
Authors: Kumagai Atsutoshi , Iwata Tomoharu , Fujiwara Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe propose a transfer metric learning method to infer domain-specific data embeddings for unseen domains, from which no data are given in the training phase, by using knowledge transferred from related domains. When training and test distributions are different, the standard metric learning cannot infer appropriate data embeddings. The proposed method can infer appropriate data embeddings for the unseen domains by using latent domain vectors, which are latent representations of domains and control the property of data embeddings for each domain. This latent domain vector is inferred by using a neural network that takes the set of feature vectors in the domain as an input. The neural network is trained without the unseen domains.
The proposed method can instantly infer data embeddings for the unseen domains without (re)-training once the sets of feature vectors in the domains are given. To accumulate knowledge in advance, the proposed method uses labeled and unlabeled data in multiple source domains. Labeled data, i.e., data with label information such as class labels or pair (similar/dissimilar) constraints, are used for learning data embeddings in such a way that similar data points are close and dissimilar data points are separated in the embedding space. Although unlabeled data do not have labels, they have geometric information that characterizes domains. The proposed method incorporates this information in a natural way on the basis of a probabilistic framework.
The conditional distributions of the latent domain vectors, the embedded data, and the observed data are parameterized by neural networks and are optimized by maximizing the variational lower bound using stochastic gradient descent. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through experiments using three clustering tasks.