bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large male proboscis monkeys have larger noses but smaller canines
Authors: Matsuda Ikki , Stark Danica J. , Saldivar Diana A. Ramirez , Tuuga Augustine , Nathan Senthilvel K. S. S. , Goossens Benoit , van Schaik Carel P. , Koda Hiroki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe uniquely enlarged noses of male proboscis monkeys are prominent adornments, and a sexually selected male trait. A recent study showed significant correlations among nose, body, and testis sizes and clear associations between nose size and the number of females in a male’s harem. However, to date, the analyses of other common male traits, i.e., canines, are lacking. Whereas male nose size had a positive correlation with body size, we unexpectedly found a negative correlation between body and canine sizes. We explain this by an interaction between sexual and natural selection. Larger noses in males may interfere with the use of canines, thereby reducing their effectiveness as weapons. Additionally, longer canines are opposed by natural selection because the larger gape it imposes upon its bearer reduces foraging efficiency, particularly in folivores. This unique case of decoupling of body and canine size reveals that large canines carry an ecological cost.
Comparison of Automated Acoustic Methods for Oral Diadochokinesis Assessment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Novotny Michal , Melechovsky Jan , Rozenstoks Kriss , Tykalova Tereza , Kryze Petr , Kanok Martin , Klempir Jiri , Rusz Jan 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this research note is to provide a performance comparison of available algorithms for the automated evaluation of oral diadochokinesis using speech samples from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Method
Four different algorithms based on a wide range of signal processing approaches were tested on a sequential motion rate /pa/-/ta/-/ka/ syllable repetition paradigm collected from 18 patients with ALS and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs).

Results

The best temporal detection of syllable position for a 10-ms tolerance value was achieved for ALS patients using a traditional signal processing approach based on a combination of filtering in the spectrogram, Bayesian detection, and polynomial thresholding with an accuracy rate of 74.4%, and for HCs using a deep learning approach with an accuracy rate of 87.6%. Compared to HCs, a slow diadochokinetic rate (
p
< .001) and diadochokinetic irregularity (
p
< .01) were detected in ALS patients.

Conclusions
The approaches using deep learning or multiple-step combinations of advanced signal processing methods provided a more robust solution to the estimation of oral DDK variables than did simpler approaches based on the rough segmentation of the signal envelope. The automated acoustic assessment of oral diadochokinesis shows excellent potential for monitoring bulbar disease progression in individuals with ALS.
Improving Automatic IPSyn Coding
Authors: MacWhinney Brian , Roberts Jenny A. , Altenberg Evelyn P. , Hunter Madison 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
The Computerized Language ANalysis–Index of Productive Syntax (CLAN-IPSyn) system is designed to facilitate automatic computation of the IPSyn measure of productive child syntax. Roberts et al. (2020) conducted a thorough comparison of hand-generated and automatic scores on the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) measure (Scarborough, 1990) and found a high level of error for CLAN-IPSyn. We report on the use of the Roberts et al. analysis to reduce and eliminate errors in CLAN-IPSyn, to improve its accuracy.

Method
Scores provided by manual and machine scoring of the 20 transcripts used in Roberts et al. (2020) were compared. Divergences in point assignment were examined and significant modifications made to the CLAN-IPSyn program to increase its accuracy.

Conclusion

The currently available, free version of CLAN at
https://talkbank.org
is now significantly more correct in terms of exemplars produced, and should assist clinicians and researchers in using the revised IPSyn (Altenberg et al. 2018).
Vocational Stereotyping of People Who Stutter: Human Resource Management Students
Authors: Abou-Dahech Tala , Gabel Rodney 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether human resource management (HR) students report negative vocational stereotypes of people who stutter (PWS). Though past research has explored how a variety of population groups perceived career choices for PWS, no studies have explored the perceptions that HR students hold regarding career options for PWS.

Method
An online questionnaire using the Vocational Advice Scale) was completed by 220 students pursuing a degree in HR or related fields at the University of Toledo. The Vocational Advice Scale has been used often to explore career advice and vocational stereotyping of PWS. It consists of 43 career choices ranked by participants from strongly disagree to highly disagree on advice given to an adult male who stutters.

Results
The study found that the participants were less likely to advise an adult male who stutters to pursue 42 of the 43 careers, when compared with advice given for an adult male who does not stutter. Participants reported that the lowest rated careers were judge, speech-language pathologists, and attorney. This finding supports the notion that PWS suffer from role entrapment, in that there appear to be limitations in the types of careers viewed to be appropriate and that careers rated lowest appear to be those that require high levels of communication.

Conclusions
The findings suggest the presence of role entrapment in this group of students. Future research might consider using different research approaches, including qualitative studies, when studying role entrapment by HR students and professionals.
Effect of winding transposition structure on the distribution of transverse leakage magnetic field
Authors: Zhao Yi , Chen Weijiang , Jin Mingkai , Wen Tao , Zhang Qiaogen , Xue Jiyin 
Published: September 2020

Winding transposition structures are commonly built into transformers to suppress winding circulation and minimize loss. They alter the distribution of the transverse leakage magnetic field and electromagnetic force. Researchers have not yet considered the winding transposition structures when investigating the transverse leakage magnetic field distribution. The relative position of conductors in a transposition structure is analyzed in this paper, and a scale model experiment is conducted to verify the effect of the structure. In the meantime, a finite element method model which includes the winding transposition structure of the scale models is established and verified by comparison with experimental observations. Then, the distribution of the transverse leakage magnetic field and the axial electromagnetic force of the 110 kV transformer under rated tapping are obtained. The transverse leakage magnetic field and axial electromagnetic force in the low‐voltage winding are affected by the transposition structure, while the high‐voltage winding is not affected. Compared with models without transposition structure, the amplitude of the axial electromagnetic force linear density of the 40th winding disk under rated tapping increases from a value close to zero to 25 N/m. The transposition structure needs to be considered when calculating the electromagnetic force and winding mechanical characteristics.
Periodicity of quasar and galaxy redshift
Authors: Mal Arindam , Palit Sarbani , Bhattacharya Ujjwal , Roy Sisir 
Published: September 2020

Context. An approach for studying the large-scale structure of the Universe lies in the detection and analysis of periodicity of redshift values of extragalactic objects, galaxies, and quasi stellar objects (QSO), in particular. Moreover, the hypothesis of the existence of multiple periodicities in the redshift distributions deserves exploration. The task is compounded by the presence of confounding effects and measurement noise.
Aims. Studies of periodicity detection in redshift values of extragalactic objects obtained from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) have been conducted in the past, largely based on the Fourier transform. The present study aims to revisit the same thing using the singular value decomposition (SVD) as the primary tool.
Methods. Periodicity detection and the determination of the fundamental period have been performed using a standard spectral approach as well as a SVD-based approach for a variety of simulated datasets. The analysis of the quasar redshift data from DR12 and galaxy redshift dataset of DR10 from SDSS data has been carried out.
Results. A wide range of periodicities are observed in different redshift ranges of the quasar datasets. For redshifts greater than 0.03, a period length of 0.2094 was determined while periodicities of 0.1210 and 0.0654 were obtained for redshift ranges (0.03, 1) and (3, 4), respectively. Twin periodicities of 0.1153 and 0.0807 were obtained for the redshift range (1, 3). Determining the ranges to be examined has been done based on histogram computation; the binwidths of which have been obtained by employing a kernel density estimation. The redshift sequence for the galaxy samples exhibits a somewhat different nature, but still contains periodic components. Twin periodicities of 0.0056 and 0.0079 were observed for a redshift range greater than 0.03.
Conclusions. Galaxy and quasar redshift values form sequences, which are not only discrete in amplitude but also contain periodic components. The superiority of the singular value decomposition method over the spectral estimation approach, in redshift periodicity analysis especially from the point of view of robustness, is demonstrated through simulations. The existence of periodicity for quasar and galaxy families is thus firmly established, lending further support to the Hoyle-Narlikar variable mass theory.
The chemodynamics of prograde and retrograde Milky Way stars
Authors: Kordopatis Georges , Recio-Blanco Alejandra , Schultheis Mathias , Hill Vanessa 
Published: September 2020

Context. The accretion history of the Milky Way is still unknown, despite the recent discovery of stellar systems that stand out in terms of their energy-angular momentum space, such as Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage. In particular, it is still unclear how these groups are linked and to what extent they are well-mixed.
Aims. We investigate the similarities and differences in the properties between the prograde and retrograde (counter-rotating) stars and set those results in context by using the properties of Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage, Thamnos/Sequoia, and other suggested accreted populations.
Methods. We used the stellar metallicities of the major large spectroscopic surveys (APOGEE, Gaia-ESO, GALAH, LAMOST, RAVE, SEGUE) in combination with astrometric and photometric data from Gaia’s second data-release. We investigated the presence of radial and vertical metallicity gradients as well as the possible correlations between the azimuthal velocity, vϕ, and metallicity, [M/H], as qualitative indicators of the presence of mixed populations.
Results. We find that a handful of super metal-rich stars exist on retrograde orbits at various distances from the Galactic center and the Galactic plane. We also find that the counter-rotating stars appear to be a well-mixed population, exhibiting radial and vertical metallicity gradients on the order of ∼ − 0.04 dex kpc−1 and −0.06 dex kpc−1, respectively, with little (if any) variation when different regions of the Galaxy are probed. The prograde stars show a vϕ − [M/H] relation that flattens – and, perhaps, even reverses as a function of distance from the plane. Retrograde samples selected to roughly probe Thamnos and Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage appear to be different populations yet they also appear to be quite linked, as they follow the same trend in terms of the eccentricity versus metallicity space.
Rotational spectral modulation of cloudless atmospheres for L/T brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets
Authors: Tremblin P. , Phillips M. W. , Emery A. , Baraffe I. , Lew B. W. P. , Apai D. , Biller B. A. , Bonnefoy M. 
Published: September 2020

Aims. The rotational spectral modulation (spectro-photometric variability) of brown dwarfs is usually interpreted as a sign indicating the presence of inhomogeneous cloud covers in the atmosphere. This paper is aimed at exploring the role of temperature fluctuations in these spectral modulations. These fluctuations could naturally arise in a convective atmosphere impacted by such diabatic processes as complex chemistry, namely, a mechanism recently proposed to explain the L/T transition: CO/CH4 radiative convection.
Methods. After exploring the observed spectral-flux ratios between different objects along the cooling sequence, we used the 1D radiative-convective code ATMO, with ad hoc modifications of the temperature gradient, to model the rotational spectral modulation of 2MASS 1821, 2MASS 0136, and PSO 318.5-22. We also explored the impact of CH4 abundance fluctuations on the spectral modulation of 2MASS 0136.
Results. The spectral-flux ratio of different objects along the cooling sequence and the rotational spectral modulation within individual objects at the L/T transition have similar characteristics. This strongly suggests that the main parameter varying along the cooling sequence, namely, temperature, might play a key role in the rotational spectral modulations at the L/T transition. Modeling the spectral bright-to-faint ratio of the modulation of 2MASS 1821, 2MASS 0136, and PSO 318.5-22 shows that most spectral characteristics can be reproduced by temperature variations alone. Furthermore, the approximately anti-correlated variability between different wavelengths can be easily interpreted as a change in the temperature gradient in the atmosphere, which is a consequence we expect from CO/CH4 radiative convection as an explanation of the L/T transition. The deviation from an exact anti-correlation could then be interpreted as a phase shift similar to the hot-spot shift at different bandpasses in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters.
Conclusions. Our results suggest that the rotational spectral modulation from cloud opacity and temperature variations are degenerate. If the nearly anti-correlated signal between different wavelengths is, indeed, a strong sign of a change in the temperature gradient, the detection of direct cloud spectral signatures, for instance, the silicate absorption feature at 10 μm, would help to confirm the presence of clouds and their contribution to spectral modulations (which does not exclude temperature variations or other mechanisms that may also be at play). Future studies considering the differences in the spectral modulation of objects with and without the silicate absorption feature may give us some insight into how to distinguish cloud-opacity fluctuations from temperature fluctuations.
Lokalisationsdiagnostik von Nebenschilddrüsenadenomen mittels PET/CT
Authors: Odparlik Andreas , Hering Andreas Hendrik 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungDie häufigste Ursache eines primären Hyperparathyreoidismus ist ein funktionell relevantes Nebenschilddrüsenadenom, welches meist solitär, teils jedoch auch ektop vorkommen kann. In Vorbereitung der kausalen Therapie, dem operativen Vorgehen, ist eine exakte Lokalisationsdiagnostik essenziell um den Eingriff genau zu planen und so wenig traumatisch wie möglich zu gestalten. Dadurch kann die Häufigkeit von Komplikationen wie postoperativem Hypoparathyreoidismus, aber z. B. auch einer Recurrensparese deutlich vermindert werden. In der Regeldiagnostik kommen zervikaler Ultraschall, MRT und 99 mTc-MIBI-Szintigrafie zur Anwendung. Bei fehlendem oder uneindeutigem Befund kann eine ergänzende PET-Diagnostik (18F-Cholin; 11C-Cholin; 11C-Methionin) erfolgen, wodurch häufig doch noch eine Lokalisierung gelingt. Im Vergleich zum Einsatz von Subtraktionsszintigrafie und SPECT/CT wird für den Einsatz der PET/CT zudem eine niedrigere Strahlenexposition für die Patienten beschrieben.
Behandlung des postoperativen Hypoparathyreoidismus
Authors: Feldkamp Joachim 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungHypokalzämien treten nach Operationen an der Schilddrüse oder Nebenschilddrüse relativ häufig auf. Sie sind bei etwa drei Viertel der Fälle nur transient und es kommt zu einer spontanen Normalisierung innerhalb weniger Tage. In einem kleinen Teil der Fälle (1 – 6 %) resultiert jedoch ein permanenter postoperativer Hypoparathyreoidismus mit lebenslanger Substitutionspflicht für Kalzium, aktive Vitamin D-Präparate oder Parathormon jeweils allein oder in Kombination. Langzeitfolgen eines schlecht behandelten Hypoparathyreoidismus betreffen mehrere Organsysteme und beinhalten auch intrazerebrale Verkalkungen, eine Nephrosklerose und eine verminderte Lebensqualität.
Magnetresonanz-gesteuerter (MR-gesteuerter) fokussierter Ultraschall (MRgFUS) zur Tremor-Behandlung
Authors: Wüllner Ullrich 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Behandlung von Tremor stellt eine Herausforderung im klinischen Alltag dar; nur selten gelingt es, Tremor bei Bewegungsstörungen, wie beim essentiellen oder orthostatischen Tremor (ET, OT) oder bei Morbus Parkinson (MP), durchgreifend medikamentös zu lindern. Eine Alternative zur Tiefenhirnstimulation bietet die gezielte lokale Ausschaltung spezifischer Strukturen des Thalamus und der Basalganglien mittels transkraniellem Magnet-Resonanz-Tomographie-gesteuerten fokussierten Ultraschall (MRgFUS). MRgFUS erlaubt es, kleine Bereiche des Gehirns sicher und präzise thermisch zu abladieren. Die MRgFUS-Behandlungen erfolgen ohne Öffnung des Schädels unter MRT-Kontrolle („incisionless surgery“). Durch diesen schonenden, minimal-invasiven Eingriff kann die oft stark beeinträchtigte Lebensqualität der meist älteren Betroffenen innerhalb kurzer Zeit grundlegend verbessert werden. Die Erfolge der Läsionsbehandlung wurden bislang über 4 Jahre nachuntersucht und dokumentiert.
Photochemical Flow Oximation of Alkanes
Authors: Baxendale Ian R. , Griffiths Oliver M. , Ruggeri Michele 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe nitrosation of several alkanes using tert-butyl nitrite has been performed in flow showing a remarkable reduction in the reaction time compared with batch processing. Due to the necessity for large excesses of the alkane component a continuous recycling process was devised for the preparation of larger quantities of material.
Ligamentum Flavum Hematoma Associated with L5–S1 Pars Interarticularis Defect: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kıbıcı Kenan , Erok Berrin , Çolak Ahmet 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLigamentum flavum hematoma (LFH) is an extremely rare compressive epidural lesion of the spine. The clinical manifestations of LFH are similar to that caused by other more common pathologies of nerve root compression like disc herniation. In the diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very important but challenging due to the changing intensities of the hematoma in relation to the stages of the aging blood. Herein, we report a case of LFH compressing the spinal canal in a 60-year-old man with pars interarticularis defect. He presented with low back pain radiating to the left leg. The neurological examination was consistent with left S1 nerve root compression. The MRI revealed a left posterior epidural mass compressing the thecal sac and S1 nerve root at the left L5–S1 level near the pars interarticularis defect. After surgical removal of the lesion, histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of LFH. Following surgery, he recovered rapidly. LFH due to spinal instability is important in terms of the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms related with LFH.
Triple Conjoined Nerve Root—An Unreported Anatomical Variant and Its Surgical Implications
Authors: Gassie Kelly , Ravindran Krishnan , Rahmathulla Gazanfar , Deen H. Gordon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConjoined nerve roots are an infrequent and uncommon finding, rarely noted preoperatively. The conjoined root anomaly has potential for significant neurological injury during surgery. Preoperative recognition may avert disastrous nerve root injury but requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. We present the case of a 44-year-old patient with left L5/S1 radiculopathy caused by a herniated disc. During surgery we identified a triple conjoined nerve root anatomy. This anatomical variant, to our knowledge, has not been reported in literature. We describe the anatomical findings and surgical implications.
Enterovirus Encephalitis in Newborns: Not-Periventricular Brain Involvement and Vascular Pathogenesis in a Novel Case
Authors: Giustina Elvio Della , Giannelli Costanza , Sintini Michele 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNeonatal encephalitis by either enteroviruses (EVs) or parechoviruses (PeVs) is often complicated by hemispheric periventricular white matter lesions. Although showing many similarities, the two types of encephalitis differ in some clinical and laboratory aspects, mostly because PeV encephalitis does not show any change of protein and white cell content in the cerebrospinal fluid, and clinically, the onset of PeV encephalitis is often marked by early seizures accompanying a fever of sepsis-like disease. Instead, no difference exists relative to the white matter lesions, which are constantly described as periventricular, even in rare detailed neuropathological studies. Herein, taking a cue from a neonate with EV encephalitis who showed occipital white matter lesions involving the overlying cortex, but completely sparing the periventricular area, we demonstrate that the brain lesions in EV encephalitis in newborns can be more extended than known. To our knowledge, the not-periventricular involvement of the white matter with EV encephalitis has never been described so far, as well as the potential of EV to injure the cortex. We confirm the pathogenetic role of a vascular mechanism for the tissue injury, but other proposed mechanisms are also discussed. It is noteworthy that the neurological outcome of this newborn remained favorable, and no epileptic seizures occurred in the first few days nor afterward.
Multiple Ischemic Strokes Associated with Childhood Progressive Radiation-Induced Occlusive Cerebral Vasculopathy
Authors: Garcez Daniela , Passos João , Pedro Cátia , Nzwalo Hipólito , Nunes Sofia , Borges Alexandra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere is little knowledge on the pathophysiology of pediatric stroke associated with radiation-induced occlusive cerebral vasculopathy (RIOCV). Herein, we present an extremely rare case of a child with multiple ischemic strokes in association with progressive RIOCV. The possibility of hemodynamic compromise and artery-to-artery embolism as a cause of the ischemic events is discussed.
Tonal morphology in Sama Nubri
Authors: Donohue Cathryn 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper reports on the Tibeto-Burman language, Nubri, of the high Himalayan region of northern central Nepal. Specifically,
data is presented to illustrate the use of tone to mark two morphological features in the language: the use of a H tone suffix to mark the
genitive case, and the use of a H tone prefix to mark an increase in transitivity. This is the first account of these phenomena in Nubri and
an analysis is presented before contextualizing the phenomena in a typological perspective.