bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress of Metal Carbides Encapsulated in Carbon‐Based Materials for Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yan Xiang‐Hui , Prabhu P. , Xu Hao , Meng Ziwei , Xue Tong , Lee Jong‐Min 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFuel cells represent the most suitable energy conversion, capable of addressing energy crises and environmental pollution. Recently, as one of nonprecious metal catalysts (NPMCs), the MC@N‐C (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, W) catalysts, especially for Fe3C encased in carbon layer (denoted as Fe3C@N‐C) have emerged as promising replacements for costly Pt‐based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This review highlights the synthetic strategies undertaken such as hard template, soft template, and template‐free methods for deriving enhancements in electrocatalytic activity and durability. It also provides a comparison on the synthetic methods and catalytic performance and points out issues in the ORR measurements and activity comparison. In addition, understanding of the proposed active sites and corresponding mechanisms for ORR are covered. The recent advances shed light on contributions of morphology, hierarchical pore structures, density and dispersion of active sites, and synergistic effects of multiple active sites, which endow Fe3C@N‐C electrocatalysts with enhanced ORR performance. These interesting effects are attained as a result of increased exposure and accessibility of the active sites to O2 molecules, faster charge and mass transfer, and finally, protection of active sites by carbon shells. Finally, the challenges and perspectives to further improve performance of Fe3C@N‐C are discussed.
Nucleus‐specific modulation of phasic and tonic inhibition by endogenous neurosteroidogenesis in the murine thalamus
Authors: Christian Catherine A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNeurosteroids are potent allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors (GABAARs). Although the effects of exogenous neurosteroids on GABAAR function are well documented, less is known about effects of neurosteroids produced by local endogenous biosynthesis. The neurosteroidogenic enzymes 5α‐reductase and 3α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are expressed in two nuclei of somatosensory thalamus, the thalamic reticular nucleus (nRT) and ventrobasal nucleus (VB). Here, the effects of acute blockade of neurosteroidogenesis by the 5α‐reductase inhibitor finasteride on phasic and tonic GABAAR‐mediated currents were examined in nRT and VB of mice. In nRT, finasteride altered the decay and amplitude, but not the frequency, of phasic currents, with no effect on tonic inhibition. In VB neurons, by contrast, finasteride reduced both the size and frequency of phasic currents, and also reduced the degree of tonic inhibition. These studies thus provide novel evidence for endogenous modulation of GABAAR function by 5α‐reduced neurosteroids in the mature thalamus.
Reproductive behavior of the captive Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822)
Authors: Zhang Fuhua , Yu Yishuang , Yu Jiaming , Wu Shibao , Li Shaoshan , Wang Qiaoyun , Min Yue , Sun Ruyong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUnderstanding reproductive behavior is important for the conservation of endangered species, but research on the reproductive behavior of Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822) is still very scarce. In this study, we used focal animal sampling and all‐occurrence recording by an infrared monitor to observe the behaviors of two Sunda pangolins during a 5‐day breeding period at the Pangolin Research Base for Artificial Rescue and Conservation Breeding of South China Normal University (PRB‐SCNU). The behavioral characteristics and breeding strategies were analyzed, and the results were discussed together with information on other captive Sunda pangolin pairs at PRB‐SCNU. The results found that there was no obvious estrus behavior in the captive female, while the male could exhibit sexual excitement and courtship behavior after a brief introduction period. Repeated copulation continued over many days after the female accepted the courtship. The average duration of copulatory behavior was 248.9 ± 148.7 s (n = 25), and all copulation occurred between 20:00 and 08:00 hr in the natural day–night photoperiod. The mating position of Sunda pangolins was lateral–ventral and was classified as the ninth or eleventh pattern under both Dewsbury's and Dixson's classification systems. This study can provide scientific guidance for the captive breeding and management of Sunda pangolins and other pangolin species, which is of great significance for ex situ conservation tactics.
Introduction: Intellectual History in Imperial Practice
Authors: Koekkoek René , Richard Anne-Isabelle , Weststeijn Arthur 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe introduction asks where the Dutch empire fits in the intellectual history of empire. It explains the need to examine the trope of Dutch exceptionalism over the long term in transnational and transimperial perspectives. Methodologically it argues for including meaningful practices as sources and to look beyond systemic thinkers and examine how ‘intermediate thinkers of empire’ from across the globe articulated their visions in practice. Drawing on the concepts of upward and downward hermeneutics, this entails examining the interactions between ideas and practice; how ideas formed and were formed by socio-cultural and political practice. Such a history of visions of empire sheds new light on historiography and public debate, precisely because dominant notions within these are rooted in the intellectual history of Dutch imperial practice.
Recent Developments in Primatology and Their Relevance to the Study of Tibetan Macaques
Authors: Sun Lixing , Li Jin-Hua , Sueur Cédric , Garber Paul A. , Fichtel Claudia , Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGiven their shared evolutionary history with humans, nonhuman primates play an exceptional role in the study of animal behavior, ecology, and evolution. This close phylogenetic relationship has led scholars from a diverse set of disciplines (e.g., biological and social sciences, notably psychology and anthropology) and theoretical perspectives (e.g., kinship theory, multilevel selection, social interactions, cultural traditions, competition, cooperation, innovation) to examine a broad range of research topics and methodologies in primatology. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that primatology is an intellectual “melting pot” in the study of animals.
Considering Social Play in Primates: A Case Study in Juvenile Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)
Authors: Mayhew Jessica A. , Funkhouser Jake A. , Wright Kaitlin R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSocial play in animals has long intrigued ethologists, and current research in this field, especially pertaining to primates, has revealed that the behavioral lives of juveniles in particular are rich and behaviorally and socially complex. It is widely acknowledged that play contributes to the biological, social, and cognitive growth of juveniles, but the impact of this growth on fitness, future adult social relationships, or general social group experiences remains unknown. Comparative social play research can enhance our understanding of how play influences these variables critical to juvenile development and fitness. Comparisons across taxa with varying social organizations, e.g.,Macacaspp., can further this understanding. In this chapter, we introduce the 2017 social play network of Yulingkeng A1 infant and juvenile Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) and discuss how social play is organized in this species.
Social Media and Social Awareness
Authors: Ye Xinyue , Zhao Bo , Nguyen Thien Huu , Wang Shaohua 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe human behaviors and interactions on social media have maintained themselves as highly dynamic real-time social systems representing individual social awareness at fine spatial, temporal, and digital resolutions. In this chapter, we introduce the opportunities and challenges that human dynamics-centered social media bring to Digital Earth. We review the information diffusion of social media, the multi-faced implications of social media, and some real-world cases. Social media, on one hand, has facilitated the prediction of human dynamics in a wide spectrum of aspects, including public health, emergency response, decision making, and social equity promotion, and will also bring unintended challenges for Digital Earth, such as rumors and location spoofing on the other. Considering the multifaceted implications, this chapter calls for GIScientists to raise their awareness of the complex impacts of social media, to model the geographies of social media, and to understand ourselves as a unique species living both on the Earth and in Digital Earth.
Digital Earth for Climate Change Research
Authors: Jia Gensuo , Zhang Li , Zhu Lanwei , Xu Ronghan , Liang Dong , Xu Xiyan , Bao Tao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOur planet is undergoing one of the most rapid climate changes in Earth’s history. The current change is particularly significant because it is most likely a consequence of human activities since the 19th century. The Digital Earth platform, which includes Earth-orbiting satellites, ground-based observations, and other technologies for collecting, analyzing and visualizing data, has enabled scientists to see our climate and its impacts at regional and global scales. The Digital Earth platform offers valuable information on the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere to understand Earth’s past and present, and it supports Earth system models for climate prediction and projection. This chapter gives an overview of the advances in climate change studies based on Digital Earth and provides case studies that utilize Digital Earth in climate change research, such as in the observation of sensitive factors for climate change, global environmental change information and simulation systems, and synchronous satellite-aerial-ground observation experiments, which provide extremely large and abundant datasets. The mapping of climate extremes and impacts improves preparedness for climate change-related risks and provides robust evidence to support climate risk management and climate change adaptation for the public, decision makers, investors, and vulnerable communities. However, Digital Earth faces the challenges of multisource data coordination and integration, requiring international partnerships between governments and other organizations to advance open data policies and practices.
Digital Earth for Disaster Mitigation
Authors: Konecny Milan , Bandrova Temenoujka , Kubicek Petr , Marinova Silvia , Stampach Radim , Stachon Zdenek , Reznik Tomas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes the state-of-the-art of the potential of Digital Earth for progressively better solutions for disaster mitigation. The chapter illustrates the use of strong Digital Earth tools for data sharing and important potential for users, such as 2D or multi-D visualizations. Milestones of developments in early warning, disaster risk management and disaster risk reduction concepts are highlighted as a continuous movement between sustainable development and original concepts of disaster risk reduction. Improved solutions have been based on new research directions formulated in Sustainable Development Goals tasks and by expanding the possibilities of new effective solutions via newly organized data ecosystems generated by the United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management, the Group on Earth Observations and the Group on Earth Observations System of Systems, Copernicus and, more recently, the Digital Belt and Road initiative. The new trends in spatial big data are emphasized; the most important for disaster risk reduction are the basic theses of the U.N. Conference in Sendai. This chapter describes three aspects: innovative Digital Earth development, national and local disaster risk assessment and the benefits arising from the use of maps and dynamic data, and analyses of the contributions of cartography to disaster risk reduction.
Digital Earth Platforms
Authors: Alderson Troy , Purss Matthew , Du Xiaoping , Mahdavi-Amiri Ali , Samavati Faramarz 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, we provide a thorough discussion on Digital Earth with particular focus on Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS), which are a standardized representation of the Earth. We describe the necessary components of a DGGS, such as the underlying 2D representation, indexing system, projection, and cell types. We also discuss a selection of well-known public and commercial DGGSs followed by current DGGS standards.
Digital Earth in Europe
Authors: Marconcini Mattia , Esch Thomas , Bachofer Felix , Metz-Marconcini Annekatrin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In recent years, with the advancements in technology and research as well as changes in society, Digital Earth transformed. It evolved from its original concept of a 3D multilayer representation of our planet into a more practical system design to fulfil the demand for information sharing, which now embraces fields such as global climate change, food security and natural disaster prevention. In this novel scenario, Europe has become one of the major players at the global level; accordingly, the goal of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the major European contributions to the overall objectives of Digital Earth. These include the establishment of a European spatial data infrastructure through the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) directive, the initiation of the Galileo and Copernicus programs that provide a wealth of big data from space, the launch of novel cloud-based platforms for data processing and integration and the emergence of citizen science. An outlook on major upcoming initiatives is also provided.
Digital Earth in Australia
Authors: Mohamed-Ghouse Zaffar Sadiq , Desha Cheryl , Perez-Mora Luis 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Australia must overcome a number of challenges to meet the needs of our growing population in a time of increased climate variability. Fortunately, we have unprecedented access to data about our land and the built environment that is internationally regarded for its quality. Over the last two decades Australia has risen to the forefront in developing and implementing Digital Earth concepts, with several key national initiatives formalising our digital geospatial journey in digital globes, open data access and ensuring data quality. In particular and in part driven by a lack of substantial resources in space, we have directed efforts towards world-leading innovation in big data processing and storage. This chapter highlights these geospatial initiatives, including case-uses, lessons learned, and next steps for Australia. Initiatives addressed include the National Data Grid (NDG), the Queensland Globe, G20 Globe, NSW Live (formerly NSW Globe), Geoscape, the National Map, the Australian Geoscience Data Cube and Digital Earth Australia. We explore several use cases and conclude by considering lessons learned that are transferrable for our colleagues internationally. This includes challenges in: 1) Creating an active context for data use, 2) Capacity building beyond ‘show-and-tell’, and 3) Defining the job market and demand for the market.
Digital Earth in Russia
Authors: Baturin Yuri M. , Dmitrieva Valentina T. , Eremchenko Eugene N. , Massel Lyudmila V. , Nikonov Oleg A. , Romanov Alexei A. , Tikunov Vladimir S. , Zakharova Alena A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A brief overview of the history of Digital Earth in Russia, its current status and prospects for further development are proposed and discussed in this chapter. The anticipation of the concept of Digital Earth in Russian culture is demonstrated and explained. Conclusions about the specificity of the development of the concept of Digital Earth in Russia due to its geographical, historical and cultural characteristics are drawn, and development factors are revealed. The vital need for the concept in ensuring the effective governance and sustainable development of the country is emphasized. Theoretical and applied results achieved by the Russian Digital Earth community are presented. Special attention is paid to the outreach of the Digital Earth vision to state governance, business, society and education. The key importance of international cooperation for the successful implementation of Digital Earth in Russia is explained.
Digital Earth Challenges and Future Trends
Authors: van Genderen John , Goodchild Michael F. , Guo Huadong , Yang Chaowei , Nativi Stefano , Wang Lizhe , Wang Cuizhen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The previous 25 chapters introduced relevant technologies, applications, and other topics related to Digital Earth. Respective challenges and future research were also proposed by various authors. In this concluding chapter, we briefly review Digital Earth past and present, followed by a set of challenges and future trends, speculating on how Digital Earth may evolve over the coming years. Such challenges and trends are discussed in the context of science drivers, technological advances, application adoption, and relevant virtual—physical community building.
Remote Sensing Satellites for Digital Earth
Authors: Fu Wenxue , Ma Jianwen , Chen Pei , Chen Fang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The term remote sensing became common after 1962 and generally refers to nonintrusive Earth observation using electromagnetic waves from a platform some distance away from the object of the study. After more than five decades of development, humankind can now use different types of optical and microwave sensors to obtain large datasets with high precision and high resolution for the atmosphere, ocean, and land. The frequency of data acquisition ranges from once per month to once per minute, the spatial resolution ranges from kilometer to centimeter scales, and the electromagnetic spectrum covers wavebands ranging from visible light to microwave wavelengths. Technological progress in remote sensing sensors enables us to obtain data on the global scale, remarkably expanding humanity’s understanding of its own living environment from spatial and temporal perspectives, and provides an increasing number of data resources for Digital Earth. This chapter introduces the developments and trends in remote sensing satellites around the world.
Geospatial Information Processing Technologies
Authors: Li Zhenlong , Gui Zhipeng , Hofer Barbara , Li Yan , Scheider Simon , Shekhar Shashi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe increasing availability of geospatial data offers great opportunities for advancing scientific discovery and practices in society. Effective and efficient processing of geospatial data is essential for a wide range of Digital Earth applications such as climate change, natural hazard prediction and mitigation, and public health. However, the massive volume, heterogeneous, and distributed nature of global geospatial data pose challenges in geospatial information processing and computing. This chapter introduces three technologies for geospatial data processing: high-performance computing, online geoprocessing, and distributed geoprocessing, with each technology addressing one aspect of the challenges. The fundamental concepts, principles, and key techniques of the three technologies are elaborated in detail, followed by examples of applications and research directions in the context of Digital Earth. Lastly, a Digital Earth reference framework called discrete global grid system (DGGS) is discussed.
Entanglement content of quantum particle excitations. Part II. Disconnected regions and logarithmic negativity
Authors: Castro-Alvaredo Olalla A. , De Fazio Cecilia , Doyon Benjamin , Szécsényi István M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper we study the increment of the entanglement entropy and of the (replica) logarithmic negativity in a zero-density excited state of a free massive bosonic theory, compared to the ground state. This extends the work of two previous publications by the same authors. We consider the case of two disconnected regions and find that the change in the entanglement entropy depends only on the combined size of the regions and is independent of their connectivity. We subsequently generalize this result to any number of disconnected regions. For the replica negativity we find that its increment is a polynomial with integer coefficients depending only on the sizes of the two regions. The logarithmic negativity turns out to have a more complicated functional structure than its replica version, typically involving roots of polynomials on the sizes of the regions. We obtain our results by two methods already employed in previous work: from a qubit picture and by computing four-point functions of branch point twist fields in finite volume. We test our results against numerical simulations on a harmonic chain and find excellent agreement.
Increased risk for postoperative periprosthetic fracture in hip fracture patients with the Exeter stem than the anatomic SP2 Lubinus stem
Authors: Mellner Carl , Mohammed Jabbar , Larsson Magnus , Esberg Sandra , Szymanski Maciej , Hellström Nils , Chang Cecilia , Berg Hans E. , Sköldenberg Olof , Knutsson Björn , Morberg Per , Mukka Sebastian 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to compare the cumulative incidence of postoperative periprosthetic fracture (PPF) in a cohort of femoral neck fracture (FNF) patients treated with two commonly used cemented stems: either a collarless, polished, tapered Exeter stem or the anatomic Lubinus SP2 stem.

Methods
In this retrospective multicenter cohort study of a consecutive series of patients, we included 2528 patients of age 60 years and above with an FNF who were treated with either hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty using either a polished tapered Exeter stem or an anatomic Lubinus SP2 stem. The incidence of PPF was assessed at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively.

Results
The incidence of PPF was assessed at a median follow-up of 47 months postoperatively. Thirty nine patients (1.5%) sustained a PPF at a median of 27 months (range 0–96 months) postoperatively. Two of the operatively treated fractures were Vancouver A (5%), 7 were Vancouver B1 (18%), 10 were Vancouver B2 (26%), 7 were Vancouver B3 (18%), and 13 were Vancouver C (32%). The cumulative incidence of PPF was 2.3% in the Exeter group compared with 0.7% in the SP2 group (p < 0.001). The HR was 5.4 (95% CI 2.4–12.5, p < 0.001), using the SP2 group as the denominator.

Conclusions
The Exeter stem was associated with a higher risk for PPF than the Lubinus SP2 stem. We suggest that the tapered Exeter stem should be used with caution in the treatment of FNF.

Trial registration
The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT03326271).
PIRCHE-II: an algorithm to predict indirectly recognizable HLA epitopes in solid organ transplantation
Authors: Geneugelijk Kirsten , Spierings Eric 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches between donors and recipients may lead to alloreactivity after solid organ transplantation. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of the complexity of the HLA system has dramatically increased, as numerous new HLA alleles have been identified. As a result, the likelihood of alloreactive responses towards HLA mismatches after solid organ transplantation cannot easily be assessed. Algorithms are promising solutions to estimate the risk for alloreactivity after solid organ transplantation. In this review, we show that the recently developed PIRCHE-II (Predicted Indirectly ReCognizable HLA Epitopes) algorithm can be used to minimize alloreactivity towards HLA mismatches. Together with the use of other algorithms and simulation approaches, the PIRCHE-II algorithm aims for a better estimated alloreactive risk for individual patients and eventually an improved graft survival after solid organ transplantation.