bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drawdown-Management and Fracture-Spacing Optimization in the Meramec Formation: Numerical- and Economics-Based Approach
Authors: Almasoodi Mouin , Vaidya Ravi , Reza Zulfiquar 
Published: July 2020

Summary
Optimal spacing between fracture clusters has eluded reservoir and completions engineers since the inception of multistage hydraulic fracturing. Very small fracture spacing could result in fracture to fracture (intrawell) interference and a higher completion cost, whereas very large fracture spacing could lead to inefficient hydrocarbon recovery, which is detrimental to the well economics.
Meramec Formation has moved to full-field development, and multiple wells are put on production in a relatively short time. Depending on the desired economic metric, net present value (NPV), or rate of return (ROR), the magnitude of intrawell interference can be optimized by adjusting fracture spacing. For instance, if the objective is to maximize ROR, then tighter fracture spacing can be accepted.
Furthermore, petroleum economics are often ignored in simulation studies, particularly the concepts of time value of money and oil-price sensitivity. This has led to a knowledge gap in identifying optimal drawdown procedure and fracture spacing from numerical models. This study proposes a framework that integrates petroleum economics with simulation results to optimize a horizontal well from the Meramec Formation. On the basis of this framework, we identified optimal drawdown procedure and fracture spacing. Then, oil-pricing sensitivity analysis was conducted to illustrate the effect of oil-price volatility on design parameters.
Moreover, this study investigates the relative contribution of reservoir and completions characteristics with regard to short- and long-term well performance. These characteristics include drawdown management, fracture spacing, pressure-dependent permeability, critical gas saturation, and petrophysical properties. Available geologic data were integrated to construct a geologic model that is used to history match a well from the Meramec Formation. The geologic model covers an area of 640 acres that encompasses a multistage hydraulically fractured horizontal well. The well is unique because it is unbounded and has more than 2 years of continuous production without being disturbed by offset operations.
Findings suggest that the drawdown strategy (aggressive vs. conservative) has more effect on short-term oil productivity than fracture spacing. Drawdown strategy even has more of an effect on short-term oil recovery than does a 20% error in porosity, or water saturation. Furthermore, the profile of the producing-gas/oil ratio (GOR) depends on completions efficiency, and it has been interpreted using linear-flow theory.
Challenges of acute peritoneal dialysis in extremely-low-birth-weight infants: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Noh Jihyun , Kim Chae Young , Jung Euiseok , Lee Joo Hoon , Park Young-Seo , Lee Byong Sop , Kim Ellen Ai-Rhan , Kim Ki-Soo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been used occasionally in extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants with acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of ELBW infants with AKI treated with PD.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the medical records of ELBW infants with AKI, who underwent PD from January 2008 to February 2018, were reviewed. A PD catheter (7.5–9.0 Fr) or central venous catheter (4 Fr) was used for the peritoneal access. Treatment with PD solutions (2.5 or 4.25%) was started at 10 mL/kg, which was increased to 20–30 mL/kg for 60–120 min/cycle continuing for 24 hours.Results: Twelve ELBW infants (seven male and five female infants) were treated, and their mean gestational age and birth weight were 27.2 (±3.3) weeks and 706.5 (±220.5) g, respectively. Two patients had severe perinatal asphyxia (5-min Apgar score ≤ 3). The most important indication for starting PD was AKI due to sepsis. The average duration of PD was 9.4 (± 7.7) days. The potassium levels in the ELBW infants with hyperkalemia decreased from 6.8 to 5.0 mg/mL after 9.3 (± 4.4) days. The most common complication of PD was mechanical dysfunction of the catheters, such as dialysate leakage (75 %). Two patients were successful weaned off PD. The mortality rate of the infants treated with PD was 91.7 %.Conclusions: The mortality rate of ELBW infants with AKI treated with PD is quite high because their organ system is not completely developed. Therefore, the use of PD should be carefully considered for the treatment of ELBW infants with AKI in terms of decisions regarding resuscitation.
Delivery of a Mental Health First Aid training package and staff peer support service in secondary schools: A process evaluation of uptake and fidelity of the WISE intervention
Authors: Fisher Harriet , Harding Sarah , Bell Sarah , Copeland Lauren , Evans Rhiannon , Powell Jillian , Araya Ricardo , Campbell Rona , Ford Tamsin , Gunnell David , Murphy Simon , Kidger Judi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Improving children and young people’s provision for mental health is a current health priority in England. Secondary school teachers have worse mental health outcomes than the general working population, which the Wellbeing in Secondary Education (WISE) cluster randomised controlled trial aimed to improve. The WISE intervention comprised a Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training package to at least 16 percent of staff, a short mental health awareness session to all teachers, and development of a staff peer-support service. Twenty-five schools were randomised to intervention or control arms. This paper reports findings regarding the extent of uptake and fidelity of the intervention, drawn from a wider process evaluation reported elsewhere. Methods: Mixed methods data collection comprised researcher observations of training delivery, training participant evaluation forms, trainer and peer supporter interviews, peer supporter feedback meetings, logs of support provided, and teacher questionnaires. Quantitative data were summarised descriptively, while thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data. Results: In the 12 schools assigned to the intervention arm, 113 (8.6%) staff completed the two-day standard MHFA training course, and a further 146 (11.1%) staff completed the one-day MHFA for Schools and Colleges training. In seven (58.3%) schools the required eight percent of staff completed the MHFA training packages. A one-hour mental health awareness raising session was attended by 666 (54.5%) staff. Delivery of the MHFA training package was achieved with high levels of fidelity and quality across schools. All schools set up the peer-support service following training, with a majority adhering to most of the operational guidelines developed from the pilot study at the outset. Teachers reported limited use of the peer support service during follow-up. At the one year follow up, only three (25.0%) schools indicated they had re-advertised the service and there was evidence of a reduction in support from senior leadership. Conclusion: The MHFA training package was delivered with reasonably high fidelity, and a staff peer support service was established with general, but not complete, adherence to guidelines. In some schools insufficient staff received MHFA training and levels of delivery of the peer support service compromised intervention dose and reach.
The regulatory role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway in the mechanisms of tooth eruption in patients with impacted teeth
Authors: Brodetska Ludmila , Natrus Larysa , Lisakovska Olha , Kaniura Olexandr , Iakovenko Liudmyla , Skrypnyk Irina , Flis Petro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Tooth impaction is a common problem in orthodontic practice and in some cases accompanied by pain and pathological changes of surrounding teeth. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tooth impaction allows finding the most effective orthodontic treatment for patients with impacted teeth (IT). RANK (receptor activator of NF-κB) / RANKL (RANK ligand) / OPG (osteoprotegerin) signaling pathway controls bone resorption and may be involved in the regulation of tooth eruption. The study aimed to evaluate bone remodeling based on the assessment of the RANKL/RANK/OPG status in patients with IT. Methods: Bone samples from 18 patients (mean age 25.27±3.34) were divided into 3 groups: 1 – bone tissue of healthy persons (control group); 2 – bone tissue, that was taken near the healthy tooth in patients with tooth impaction; 3 – bone tissue, that was collected near the IT. Levels of RANKL, RANK, OPG, osteocalcin (OC), NF-κB p65, NFATc1, and caspase-3 were determined by western blotting. The difference between groups was assessed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We established a 1.73-fold elevation of RANK level in the IT area vs. control, indicating the recruitment of preosteoclasts. An increase in RANKL, OPG, and OC content was demonstrated (1.46-, 1.48-, and 1.42-fold respectively), reflecting the high activity of osteoblasts near the IT. Despite the activation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in the impaction area, NF-κB and NFATc1 levels did not change compared vs. control, indicating a blocked/delayed process of osteoclastogenesis. We found a decrease in the content of procaspase-3 (1.28-fold), while the level of its active form p17 increased by 2.26 folds near the healthy tooth in patients with IT compared with control. In the area of ​​IT, we observed an increase in procaspase-3 and p17 levels (1.32- and 1.78-fold). This reflects impairments of caspase-3 activation and accumulation of its inactive form in the IT area that may contribute to the tooth eruption failure. Conclusions: Tooth impaction may be associated with the disturbances in the caspase-3 cascade activation and the imbalance in the RANKL/RANK/OPG system, and as a result, blocked bone resorption.
Case report on a swift shift in uropathogens from Shigella Flexneri to Escherichia Coli: a thin line between bacterial persistence and reinfection.
Authors: Tufon Kukwah Anthony , Yolande Fokam Djike Puepi , Kouanou Youmbi Sylvain , Meriki Henry Dilonga 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are mostly caused by bacteria. Urine cultures are usually a definitive measure to select the appropriate antibiotics for the elimination of a uropathogen and subsequent recovery from the infection. However, the preferred antibiotics as determined by urine culture and sensitivity may still not eliminate the infection and would require further examination to ascertain the cause of treatment failure which could be unresolved bacteriuria, bacterial persistence, immediate reinfection with a different uropathogen or misdiagnosis.Case presentation: A 2-years 7 months-old female was admitted in the Regional hospital of Buea following persistent fever. An auto medication with amoxicillin was reported. Urinalysis was done on the first day and the sediment of the cloudy urine revealed many bacteria and few pus cells. Ceftriaxone was prescribed as empirical treatment and a request for urine and blood culture was made. Three days after admission, the temperature and CRP were 39.0°c and 96 mg/l respectively. The urine culture results (>105 CFU/ml of Shigella flexneri sensitive to ofloxacin) were presented to the doctor on the 4th day of admission. Patient was put on ofloxacin. Three days after, the temperature (38.5°c) and CRP (24mg/l) were still elevated. The blood culture result came out negative. A second urine culture was requested which came back positive (>105 CFU/ml of Escherichia coli resistant to ofloxacin and sensitive to meropenem and amikacin). Ofloxacin was discontinued and the patient put on meropenem and amikacin. The third urine culture recorded no significant growth after 48 hours of incubation. The patient was discharged looking healthy once more with a normal body temperature. Conclusion: Antibiotics tailored towards the elimination of a particular bacterial species may as well provide a favorable environment for other bacterial species that are resistant to it in the course of treating a UTI episode. This apparent treatment failure may first of all require a second urine culture for confirmation rather than considering the possibilities of a misdiagnosis.
Viewing an alpine environment positively affects emotional analytics in patients with somatoform, depressive and anxiety disorders as well as in healthy controls
Authors: Hüfner Katharina , Ower Cornelia , Kemmler Georg , Vill Theresa , Martini Caroline , Schmitt Andrea , Sperner-Unterweger Barbara 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Patients with somatoform, depressive or anxiety disorders often don´t respond well to medical treatment and experience many side effects. It is thus of clinical relevance to identify alternative, scientifically based, treatments. Our approach is based on the recent evidence that urbanicity has been shown to be associated with an increased risk for mental disorders. Conversely green and blue environments show a dose-dependent beneficial impact on mental health. Methods: Here we evaluate the effect of viewing stimuli of individuals in an alpine environment on emotional analytics in 183 patients with psychiatric disorders (mostly somatoform, depressive and anxiety disorders) and 315 healthy controls (HC). Emotional analytics (valence: unhappy vs happy, arousal: calm vs excited, dominance: controlled vs in control) were assessed using the Self-Assessment Manikin. Further parameters related to mental health and physical activity were recorded.Results: Emotional analytics of patients indicated that they feel less happy, less in control and had higher levels of arousal than HC when viewing neutral stimuli. The comparison alpine>neutral stimuli showed a significant a positive effect of alpine stimuli on emotional analytics in both groups. Patients and HC both felt attracted to the scenes displayed in the alpine stimuli. Emotional analytics correlated positively with resilience and inversely with perceived stress.Conclusions: Preventive and therapeutic programs for patients with somatoform, depressive and anxiety disorders should consider taking the benefits of natural outdoor such as alpine environments, into account. Organizational barriers which are preventing the implementation of such programs in clinical practice need to be identified and addressed.
Verteporfin Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Different Subtypes of Breast Cancer Cell Lines Without Light Activation
Authors: Wei changran , Li xiangqi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) can be divided into five subtypes: Lumina1A, Lumina1B, HER-2 overexpression, Basal-like and Normal breast-like subtype, based on the differently expressed genes in breast cancer tissue. The Hippo signaling pathway plays an indispensable role in BC. The YAP gene is a terminal effector of Hippo pathway, and hyperactivation of YAP mediates tumorigenesis. As an inhibitor of YAP, non-photoactivated verteporfin (VP) can inhibit YAP-mediated tumor proliferation and angiogenesis by eliminating its interaction with TEAD. This study aimed to determine the effect and molecular mechanisms of VP-mediated inhibition of YAP in different subtypes of BC.Methods: Luminal A, Luminal B and Basal-like BC cells were cultivated in vitro to study effects of VP on proliferation and apoptosis of these three molecular BC subtypes. Results: Our experimental results showed that VP inhibited cell proliferation, YAP-TEAD interaction and expression of its downstream targets. VP also induced tumor cell apoptosis, and promoted the cleavage of Caspase-9 and PARP in the cells of various molecular subtypes of BC. Conclusion: These findings provide a basis for the use of VP as a potential anti-tumor therapeutic for BC by targeting the Hippo pathway effector YAP.
Dual-responsive doxorubicin-loaded nanomicelles for enhanced cancer therapy
Authors: Zhang Xinyi , Zhu Tiantian , Miao Yaxin , Zhou Lu , Zhang Weifang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: The enhancement of tumor retention and cellular uptake of drugs are important factors in maximizing anticancer therapy and minimizing side effects of encapsulated drugs. Herein, a delivery nanoplatform, armed with a pH-triggered charge-reversal capability and self-amplifiable reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced drug release, was constructed by encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) in pH/ROS-responsive polymeric micelle.Results: The surface charge of this system can be converted from negative to positive from pH 7.4 to pH 6.8, which facilitates the cellular uptake. In addition, methionine-based system was dissociated in a ROS-rich and acidic intracellular environment, resulting in the release of DOX and α-tocopheryl succinate (TOS). Then, the exposed TOS segments can further induced the generation of ROS, leading to self-amplifiable disassembly of the micelles and drug release. Conclusions: We confirmed efficient DOX delivery into cancer cells, upregulation of tumoral ROS level and induction of the apoptotic capability in vitro. The system exhibited outstanding tumor inhibition capability in vivo, indicating that dual stimuli nanosytem has great potential as an anticancer drug delivery platform.
Overexpression of TGFβ1 in murine mesenchymal stem cells improves lung inflammation by impacting the Th17/Treg balance in LPS-induced ARDS mice
Authors: Chen Jianxiao , Zhang Xiwen , Xie Jianfeng , Xue Ming , Liu Ling , Yang Yi , Qiu Haibo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: T helper 17 cells (Th17) /regulatory T cells (Treg), as subtypes of CD4 + T cells, play an important role in the inflammatory response of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, there is still a lack of effective methods to regulate the differentiation balance of Th17/Treg. It was proven that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could regulate the differentiation of CD4 + T cells, but the mechanism is still unclear. TGFβ1, a paracrine cytokine of MSCs, could also regulate the differentiation of Th17/Treg but is lowly expressed in MSCs. Therefore, mouse MSCs (mMSCs) overexpressing TGFβ1 were constructed by lentivirus transfection and intratracheally transplanted into LPS-induced ARDS mice in our study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of mMSCs overexpressing TGFβ1 on inflammation and immunoregulation by impacting the Th17/Treg balance in LPS-induced ARDS mice. Methods: mMSCs overexpressing TGFβ1 were constructed using lentiviral vectors. Then, mouse bone-marrow-derived MSCs (mBM-MSC) and mBM-MSC-TGFβ1 (mBM-MSC overexpressing TGFβ1) were transplanted intratracheally into ARDS mice induced by lipopolysaccharide. At 3 d and 7 d after transplantation, the mice were sacrificed, and the homing of the mMSCs was assayed by ex vivo optical imaging. The relative numbers of Th17 and Treg in the lungs and spleens of mice were detected by FCM. IL-17A and IL-10 levels in the lungs of mice were analysed by western blot. Permeability and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by analysing the protein concentration of BALF using ELISA. Histopathology of the lungs was assessed by haematoxylin and eosin staining and lung injury scoring. Alveolar lung fibrosis was assessed by Masson’s trichrome staining and Ashcroft scoring. The mortality of ARDS mice was followed until 7 days after transplantation. Results: The transduction efficiencies mediated by the lentiviral vectors ranged from 82.3-88.6%. Overexpressing TGF-β1 inhibited the proliferation of mMSCs during days 5-7 ( p <0.05) but had no effect on mMSCs differentiation or migration ( p >0.05). Compared to that in the LPS+mBM-MSC-NC group mice, engraftment of mMSCs overexpressing TGFβ1 led to much more differentiation of T cells into Th17 or Treg ( p <0.05), improved permeability of injured lungs ( p <0.05) and ameliorative histopathology of lung tissue in ARDS mice ( p <0.05). Moreover, IL-17A content was also decreased while IL-10 content was increased in the LPS+mBM-MSC-TGFβ1 group compared with those in the LPS+mBM-MSC-NC group ( p <0.05). Finally, mMSCs overexpressing TGFβ1 did not aggravate lung fibrosis in ARDS mice ( p >0.05). Conclusion: MSCs overexpressing TGFβ1 could regulate lung inflammation and attenuate lung injuries by modulating the imbalance of Th17/Treg in the lungs of ARDS mice.
Clinical implications of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition update in seminoma pT1 subclassification
Authors: Fontes-Sousa Mário , Lobo João , Magalhães Helena , Cassis João , Malheiro Mariana , Ramos Sância , Henrique Rui , Martins Ana , Maurício Maria Joaquina 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background Seminoma accounts for 30-50% of Testicular Germ-Cell Tumors (TGCT) - the most common solid malignancy in men aged 15-35 years. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition (2018) created the subclassifications pT1a (tumor size < 3 cm) and pT1b (≥ 3 cm), despite not universally recognized. The authors propose to further understand its potential impact in clinical practice, by reviewing current evidence and reviewing clinical cases at their institutions.Methods: All consecutive cases of seminoma stage I pT1 treated at two institutions between January 2005 and December 2016 were included. Clinical data were retrieved, and variables were analyzed using SPSS. Review of relevant literature on the topic.Results: Seminoma pT1 was identified in 58 patients. By using newly AJCC criteria, 29 (50.0%) would have been staged as pT1a and 29 (50.0%) pT1b. Median follow- up time 5.8 years. Three recurrences were recorded (2 in pT1a and 1 in pT1b, all under surveillance protocol); no deaths occurred. Rete testis invasion (RTI) and extensive necrosis (EN) were associated with pT1b (P<0.0001 and P=0.023, respectively), therefore pT1b was associated with RTI and EN, known adverse biological features, but the clinical impact could not to be assessed with the present methodology. Discussion: In our population, the retrospective analysis of the newly created AJCC criteria showed no significant difference in recurrence or death, although pT1b was associated to adverse biological markers. Our results also confirm an excellent prognosis, regardless of subcategorization, thus a larger population and a longer follow-up time are needed to understand the impact of the recently updated criteria. We would recommend using the latest AJCC staging system, although the individual risk of relapse, long-term toxicities and patient preferences should be taken into account when considering surveillance or active treatment options.