bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrification of the lowermost stratosphere during the exceptionally cold Arctic winter 2015–2016
Authors: Braun Marleen , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Woiwode Wolfgang , Johansson Sören , Höpfner Michael , Friedl-Vallon Felix , Oelhaf Hermann , Preusse Peter , Ungermann Jörn , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin , Ziereis Helmut , Braesicke Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract. The Arctic winter 2015–2016 was characterized by exceptionally low stratospheric temperatures, favouring the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) from mid-December until the end of February down to low stratospheric altitudes. Observations by GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) on HALO (High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft) during the PGS (POLSTRACC–GW-LCYCLE II–SALSA) campaign from December 2015 to March 2016 allow the investigation of the influence of denitrification on the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) with a high spatial resolution.
Two-dimensional vertical cross sections of nitric acid (HNO3) along the flight track and tracer–tracer correlations derived from the GLORIA observations document detailed pictures of wide-spread nitrification of the Arctic LMS during the course of an entire winter. GLORIA observations show large-scale structures and local fine structures with enhanced absolute HNO3 volume mixing ratios reaching up to 11 ppbv at altitudes of 13 km in January and nitrified filaments persisting until the middle of March. Narrow coherent structures tilted with altitude of enhanced HNO3, observed in mid-January, are interpreted as regions recently nitrified by sublimating HNO3-containing particles.
Overall, extensive nitrification of the LMS between 5.0 and 7.0 ppbv at potential temperature levels between 350 and 380 K is estimated.
The GLORIA observations are compared with CLaMS (Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere) simulations. The fundamental structures observed by GLORIA are well reproduced, but differences in the fine structures are diagnosed. Further, CLaMS predominantly underestimates the spatial extent of HNO3 maxima derived from the GLORIA observations as well as the overall nitrification of the LMS. Sensitivity simulations with CLaMS including (i) enhanced sedimentation rates in case of ice supersaturation (to resemble ice nucleation on nitric acid trihydrate (NAT)), (ii) a global temperature offset, (iii) modified growth rates (to resemble aspherical particles with larger surfaces) and (iv) temperature fluctuations (to resemble the impact of small-scale mountain waves) slightly improved the agreement with the GLORIA observations of individual flights. However, no parameter could be isolated which resulted in a general improvement for all flights. Still, the sensitivity simulations suggest that details of particle microphysics play a significant role for simulated LMS nitrification in January, while air subsidence, transport and mixing become increasingly important for the simulated HNO3 distributions towards the end of the winter.
Cross-comparison of cloud liquid water path derived from observations by two space-borne and one ground-based instrument in northern Europe
Authors: Kostsov Vladimir S. , Kniffka Anke , Stengel Martin , Ionov Dmitry V. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Cloud liquid water path (LWP) is one of the target
atmospheric parameters retrieved remotely from ground-based and space-borne
platforms using different observation methods and processing algorithms.
Validation of LWP retrievals is a complicated task since a cloud cover is
characterised by strong temporal and spatial variability while remote
sensing methods have different temporal and spatial resolutions. An attempt
has been made to compare and analyse the collocated LWP data delivered by
two satellite instruments SEVIRI and AVHRR together with the data derived
from microwave observations by the ground-based radiometer RPG-HATPRO.
The geographical region of interest is the vicinity of St. Petersburg,
Russia, where the RPG-HATPRO radiometer is operating. The study is
focused on two problems. The first one is the so-called scale difference
problem, which originates from dissimilar spatial resolutions of
measurements. The second problem refers to the land–sea LWP gradient. The
radiometric site is located 2.5 km from the coastline where the effects of
the LWP gradient are pronounced. A good agreement of data obtained at the
microwave radiometer location by all three instruments (HATPRO, SEVIRI, and
AVHRR) during warm and cold seasons is demonstrated (the largest correlation
coefficient 0.93 was detected for HATPRO and AVHRR datasets). The analysis
showed no bias of the SEVIRI results with respect to HATPRO data and a large
positive bias (0.013–0.017 kg m−2) of the AVHRR results for both
warm and cold seasons. The analysis of LWP maps plotted on the basis of the
SEVIRI and AVHRR measurements over land and water surfaces in the vicinity
of St. Petersburg revealed the unexpectedly high LWP values delivered by
AVHRR during the cold season over the Neva River bay and over the Saimaa Lake
and the abnormal land–sea LWP gradient in these areas. For the detailed
evaluation of atmospheric state and ice cover in the considered geographical
regions during the periods of ground-based and satellite measurements,
reanalysis data were used. It is shown that the most probable reason for the
observed artefacts in the AVHRR measurements over water and ice surfaces is the
coarse resolution of the land–sea and snow–ice masks used by the AVHRR
retrieval algorithm. The influence of a cloud field inhomogeneity on the
agreement between the satellite and the ground-based data is studied. For
this purpose, the simple estimate of the LWP temporal variability is used as
a measure of the spatial inhomogeneity. It has been demonstrated that both
instruments are equally sensitive to the inhomogeneity of a cloud field
despite the fact that they have different spatial resolutions.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Diabetes in Medical Students: Observational Study, Experience in Colombia
Authors: Enriquez Diego Mauricio Bados , Oyola Karoll Vanessa Ladino , Ruiz Juan Esteban Yucuma 
Published: November 2019

Background: Cardiovascular Disease is a leading cause of preventable death. Cardiovascular risk factors’ identification is the cornerstone for effective and early interventions decreasing the frequency of acute health-threatening events. Since adolescence and youth are very vulnerable stages to develop risky habits, we decided to run this study in the Multidisciplinary Universitary Camp for Research and Service.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in the Multidisciplinary Universitary Camp for Research and Service in which 450 medical students from Colombia were assessed. After a probabilistic random simple sampling (n=50), we applied the World Health Organization test and Finnish Risk Score to calculate Cardiovascular and Diabetes Mellitus risk, respectively. We characterized the population by sociodemographic variables and anthropometric measurements.
Results: The study shows that from 18 participating universities (n=50), the mean age of the participants was 21.14 years (SD 7.3) of whom 40% were male and 60% were female. Overall, 92% have a low risk of cardiovascular disease, 6% are at moderate risk and 2% are at high risk. 92% have low risk of diabetes mellitus and 8% are at moderate risk of having diabetes mellitus in the long term.
Conclusion: The early identification of and intervention on risk factors could decrease significantly the onset of acute health-threatening cardiovascular pathologies. As medical students, adolescents and young adults are at risk of developing unhealthy habits which increase the incidence of cardiovascular disorders. The use of anthropometric measures and validated risk score scales is an appropriate way to get evidence for starting early interventions.
Amoxicillin Morbilliform Drug Eruption in Pediatric Male with Poor Feeding Treated with Cyproheptadine: A Case Report
Authors: Nguyen Daniel , Vo Christina 
Published: November 2019

Background: Cyproheptadine (CY) is an antihistaminic agent that is commonly used for symptom relief in skin conditions. The most common pattern of cutaneous drug eruption in children is the exanthematous type, with the penicillin family often cited. CY is also an antiserotoninergic agent with the side effect of appetite stimulation and has been used in children with poor feeding and poor weight gain.
The Case: We report a case of a 31-month-old male patient seen in the outpatient setting with a diffuse morbilliform rash after use of amoxicillin for right otitis media. The patient was a post-operative congenital heart disease (CHD) patient, actively being treated with CY for feeding difficulties and low weight often seen in the CHD population. Amoxicillin was discontinued, while CY was continued. The patient did not encounter any pruritic symptoms during morbilliform rash, while weight gain of 3.1 kg occurred over a 9 months period, increasing patient from the 10th to 41st percentile.
Conclusion: A review of studies on CY has shown antiallergic properties in histamine-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, most likely through H1 receptor antagonism. This mechanism may be used to address the pruritic symptoms during type IV T-cell mediated hypersensitivity cutaneous drug eruptions. CY also possesses 5-HT receptor antagonist properties with demonstrated ability to increase appetite in poor feeding pediatric patients. CY was successfully used for this purpose in our CHD patient.
HLA-G in Preeclampsia: a Pilot Study to Propose a Tolerogenic Treatment
Authors: Lucio García César , Lucio García Cynthia Ayerim , Alonso Barreto Arely Sarai , Camarillo Romero María del Socorro , Layton Tovar Cristian Fabian , Abril Riaño Deisy Julieth , Mendieta Zerón Hugo 
Published: November 2019

Background: The serum level of soluble Human Leukocyte Antigen-antigen-D Related (HLA)-(DR) (sHLA-DR) may appear as a useful parameter to monitor maternal immune response during pregnancy. Objective: The aim was to compare HLA-G serum levels in patients with or without preeclampsia.
Methods: Pregnant women seen at the “Mónica Pretelini Sáenz” Maternal-Perinatal Hospital (HMPMPS) were recruited at their first visit. Two groups were conformed: a) women with healthy pregnancies, and b) women with preeclampsia. The patients’ sociodemographic and laboratory data were introduced into the SPSS software program. HLA-G quantification was performed in peripheral blood samples through the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method.
Results: The total number of women seen was 16 (mean age, 24 ± 8 years), eight healthy women (mean age, 22 ± 3 years) and eight women with preeclampsia (mean age, 27 ± 7 years). Women with preeclampsia were older, heavier, had higher levels of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and referred less sexual intercourse per week than healthy pregnant women. There was no difference in HLA-G levels.
Conclusion: The sexual intercourse frequency is a major factor to develop preeclampsia and the serum HLA-G levels measured previous to the child delivery or cesarean are not different between women with or without preeclampsia.
A Case Report Looking at An Incidental Finding of A Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) Using Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
Authors: Qamar Iqra , Waleed Mohammad 
Published: November 2019

Background: Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a rare congenital defect where one or more of the pulmonary veins drain to the right atrium or its tributaries. This may cause a left to right shunt (LTRS) which may need surgical management. This case looks at a 58-year-old lady with a background of Non-­ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and co-­morbidities, who presented with central chest pain. Cardiac magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) was used in the diagnosis and management of her PAPVC.
Results: On MRA an incidental finding of PAPVC was found (left upper pulmonary vein drained into brachiocephalic vein) creating a LTRS which wasn’t substantial (Qp/Qs <1.5). Delayed hyper-enhancement of the septal regions indicated a myocardial infarction, however the right and left ventricles remained unremarkable. Despite being asymptomatic, this patient was followed up, with informed consent, and if symptoms developed, she would be considered for PAPVC surgery.
Conclusion: Studies showed PAPVC patients developing symptoms or LTRS as candidates for operation. However, the issue lied in using multimodality imaging to diagnose the PAPVC, as one modality was insufficient. Physicians should be aware of rare anomalies like PAPVC and should follow up these patients closely in case of worsening of the LTRS, in which case surgical correction may be possible. Overall, PAPVC i) can be overlooked ii) diagnosis requires multimodality imaging iii) constant follow up and iv) may be operable.
Impact of Family History on Acute Appendicitis – An Iraqi Study at Baghdad Teaching Hospital
Authors: Yaseen Tabarek , Qais Zahraa , Abass Zahraa 
Published: November 2019

Background: Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of the acute abdomen worldwide, but many patients present with atypical signs and symptoms. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of positive family history in the diagnosis of appendicitis in a limited diagnostic setting.
Methods: Gender matched case control study of ratio (1:2) was carried out from July 2016 to September 2016 with a sample size of 300 patients. Cases were patients presented in surgical department with acute abdominal pain diagnosed as having appendicitis for whom appendectomy was performed, while controls were hospital based with other abdominal problems. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Primary analysis was a Chi square (χ2) test and the calculation of odds ratio (OR) for the association between final diagnosis of appendicitis and family history.
Results: Females were 55% in both groups. Cases were younger than controls (27.05± 12.58 vs. 42.43±17.39 years). Positive family history of appendectomy was higher among cases (66%) than controls (31.5%). The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was 3.8 times higher among those with positive family history of appendectomy and abdominal pain, with a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 66.4%. Cases with more than one relative with family history of appendectomy, increased suspicion by 13 times when compared to those without family history.
Conclusion: Positive family history of appendectomy in patients with acute abdominal pain and more than one relative with history of appendicitis can be considered as important parameters in the diagnosis of appendicitis in limited diagnostic setting.
Lexical Fallacies in Rendering αὐθεντει̂ν in 1 Timothy 2:12: BDAG in Light of Greek Literary and Nonliterary Usage
Authors: Belleville Linda 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
On the basis of the studies of George Knight (1984) and Leland Wilshire (1988) in NTS, the 2000 edition of BDAG eliminated “domineer over” as a meaning of the Greek word αὐθεντέω and substituted “assume a stance of independent authority,” thereby calling into question lexicons dating from AD 1st-century Harpocration and translations of 1 Tim 2:12 dating back to the Old Latin, which render the phrase οὐδὲ αὐθεντεῖν ἀνδρός negatively as “nor to domineer over a man” or “nor to usurp authority over a man.” Indeed, examination of αὐθεντ- forms in Classical and Hellenistic literary and nonliterary materials shows that modern translations of αὐθεντεῖν as “to exercise authority” or “assume authority over” have no basis in the Greek of antiquity. Instead, “to murder” or “perpetrate a murder” surface exclusively in the literary materials, and “to domineer” or “to originate” appear without exception in the nonliterary materials.
Metaphor at Sinai: Cognitive Linguistics in the Decalogue and Covenant Code
Authors: Imes Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Recent studies in cognitive linguistics demonstrate metaphor’s indispensability to meaning. Still, the presence of metaphor in biblical law is largely unrecognized. Utilizing Zoltán Kövecses’s categories of complex conceptual metaphor—orientational, ontological, and structural—this essay identifies and classifies such metaphors in the Decalogue (Exod 20:1–17) and Covenant Code (Exod 20:23–23:19), demonstrating their ubiquity and their influence on meaning. Exodus 20:7 is a potent example. Most interpretations of this prohibition—from false oaths to mispronunciation to magic—neglect the metaphorical nature of the expression. Exodus 20:7 exhibits metonymy embedded in metaphor, where name stands for Yhwh’sclaim to ownership (declared at Sinai). The command assumes that the divine name is worn as an invisible brand, and it charges the people to conduct themselves as befits Yhwh’s own people. The field of associations and entailments generated by this metaphor are a rich source of reflection on biblical election.
Effect of object weight and experience on the organization of object management tasks in infants of 10 months of age
Authors: Silva Laísla Camila da , Marques Inara , Medina-Papst Josiane 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Little is known about the real impact the practice of manipulating objects on the development of infants perception-action and it is assumed that this newly acquired knowledge is useful for planning future actions. Objective: To analyse the effects of controlled practice on the tasks of reaching and transporting objects in 10-month-old infants when the weight of the object was changed. Methods: Sixteen infants were divided into two groups: heavy/ light group (HLG) and light/heavy group (LHG). The task consisted in reaching, grasping, and lifting a lighter or heavier bar 9 times. On the tenth trial, the object weight was switched to the heavier or lighter weight object (whichever was opposite to the object weight experienced in the first 9 trials) to assess whether infants had learned and adapted their object-directed movement strength to the initial weight condition practiced during the first 9 trials. Results: No significant differences were found when comparing the reaching and lifting phases within groups (LHG, P = 0.06 and HLG, p = 0.41). However, group comparisons revealed that HLG infants presented increased velocity peak (p = 0.01) during the trials. Conclusion: The reaching and object lifting trials of the infants throughout the attempts were very variable, indicating that, possibly, at 10 months of age, infants present transitions from one organizational state to another. However, it is necessary to carry out more detailed investigations on reaching and lifting actions of objects to understand the processes involved in these transition periods.
Modulação autonômica cardíaca durante diferentes modos de desmame em ventilação mecânica
Authors: Guerra Marcelle , Zangirolami-Raimundo Juliana , Sarmento George Jerre Vieira , Salatini Renata , Silva Pammela de Jesus , Raimundo Rodrigo Daminello 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive method to analyze variations of time intervals between heart beats. HRV is a promising method to analyze autonomic balance quantitatively. During the weaning process of mechanical ventilation, alterations occur in the autonomic activity. Methods to identify increased risk for weaning failure are needed. Objective: To analyze the behavior of cardiac autonomic modulation in different phases of weaning mechanical ventilation. Methods: Cardiorespiratory parameters (SBP, DBP, MAP, RR, SpO2) of 18 participants were collected and a cardio-frequency meter was placed. The subjects were kept in supine Fowler's position t, ventilating for 10 minutes in the assist-controlled (A/C) ventilation mode the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) mode, pressure support ventilation (PSV) 18 and 10, and with nebulization through a T-piece. At the end of all ventilator modes, the pre-specified variables were measured. The HRV parameters were analyzed in the domains of time, frequency and geometric indexes. Results: There was an increase in the mean rMSSD of the A/C moment of 20.67 ± 19.36ms for the PSV 10 time 29.96 ± 21.26ms (p = 0.027), increase between the SIMV moments of 24.04 ± 18.31ms and PSV 10 to 29.96 ± 21.26ms (p = 0.042), but reduced between PSV 10 and T-Tube moments 21.22 ± 13.84ms (p = 0.035). There was an increase in the LF mean of the SIMV moments 158.46 ± 229.77ms2 and PSV 10 265.50 ± 359.88ms2 for T-tube 408.92 ± 392.77ms2 (p = 0.011 and p = 0.037 respectively). The mean LF showed a decrease between C/A and SIMV moments, respectively, 62.48 ± 17.99nu and 54.29 ± 15.29nu (p = 0.024), increase in SIMV moments 54.29 ± 15.29nu and PSV 10 55.05 ± 23.07nu for TUBE T 65.57 ± 17.08nu (p = 0.049 and p = 0.027 respectively). HF increased between SIMV moments 162.89 ± 231.19ms2 and PSV 10 247.83 ± 288.99ms2 (p = 0.020) and also between SIMV and T-Tube moments 248.28 ± 214.46 ms2 (p = 0.044). There was a reduction in mean HF between PSV 10 times 44.71 ± 22.95nu and T-tube 34.22 ± 17.03nu (p = 0.026). Conclusions: The present study showed that in comparison with spontaneous breathing, controlled breathing was associated with lower HRV during weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Efficacy Evaluation of a non-human experimental model for ultrasound-guided superficial venous puncture: clinical randomized assay
Authors: Nardino Érica Patricio , Kafejian-Haddad Andrea Paula , Silva Danilo Argollo Pirutti , Correa João Antonio 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: The use of a venipuncture simulator facilitates technique learning and improves skills, which reduces the risk of venipuncture complications in humans. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a non-human experimental model for Ultrasound guided superficial venipuncture. Methods: We randomized 39 nurses in two groups: A and B. The training had three steps: 1 - theoretical class, 2 - practical class, with the ultrasound device and 3 - ultrasound-guided puncture training in the non-human model. The group A participated in steps 1, 2 and 3 and group B in steps 1 and 2. After training, both groups were released for ultrasound guided venipuncture. Results: The success in puncture in group A (n = 20) was 90% and in group B (n = 19) it was 68.42%. In the sum of the identification and the puncture times, the average of group A was 61.5 seconds (95% CI, 33.58; 106.95) and in group B was 148.0 seconds (95% CI, 114.54; 208.44), which was statistically significant (p = 0.007, without overlapping the interval estimates). Conclusion: Nurses who received training with the nonhuman model had better identification and puncture times.