bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA Methylation and Type 2 Diabetes: the Use of Mendelian Randomization to Assess Causality
Authors: Juvinao-Quintero Diana L. , Hivert Marie-France , Sharp Gemma C. , Relton Caroline L. , Elliott Hannah R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review summarises recent advances in the field of epigenetics in order to understand the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Recent Findings
DNA methylation at a number of loci has been shown to be robustly associated with T2D, including TXNIP, ABCG1, CPT1A, and SREBF1. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of many epidemiological studies and predominant analysis in samples derived from blood rather than disease relevant tissues, inferring causality is difficult. We therefore outline the use of Mendelian randomisation (MR) as one method able to assess causality in epigenetic studies of T2D.

Summary
Epidemiological studies have been fruitful in identifying epigenetic markers of T2D. Triangulation of evidence including utilisation of MR is essential to delineate causal from non-causal biomarkers of disease. Understanding the causality of epigenetic markers in T2D more fully will aid prioritisation of CpG sites as early biomarkers to detect disease or in drug development to target epigenetic mechanisms in order to treat patients.
The Future of Midlatitude Cyclones
Authors: Catto Jennifer L. , Ackerley Duncan , Booth James F. , Champion Adrian J. , Colle Brian A. , Pfahl Stephan , Pinto Joaquim G. , Quinting Julian F. , Seiler Christian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review brings together recent research on the structure, characteristics, dynamics, and impacts of extratropical cyclones in the future. It draws on research using idealized models and complex climate simulations, to evaluate what is known and unknown about these future changes.Recent FindingsThere are interacting processes that contribute to the uncertainties in future extratropical cyclone changes, e.g., changes in the horizontal and vertical structure of the atmosphere and increasing moisture content due to rising temperatures.SummaryWhile precipitation intensity will most likely increase, along with associated increased latent heating, it is unclear to what extent and for which particular climate conditions this will feedback to increase the intensity of the cyclones. Future research could focus on bridging the gap between idealized models and complex climate models, as well as better understanding of the regional impacts of future changes in extratropical cyclones.
Multi-modelling for Decarbonisation in Urban Rail Systems
Authors: Golightly David , Gamble Carl , Palacin Roberto , Pierce Ken 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper demonstrates a methodology for flexible, dynamic systems modelling relevant to urban rail decarbonisation. Decarbonisation of urban rail is a vital component of policy and strategy to minimize anthropogenic emissions. Decarbonisation is a systems problem, however, that needs to reflect the interaction between components and processes. Dynamic computer modelling of systems for decarbonisation involves interfacing multiple models together and running them in parallel in order to observe and predict systems-level effects. This is challenging due to the diverse nature of models, achieving parallel model integration and concerns around intellectual property (IP). One solution is the multi-modelling paradigm, which supports integrated, diverse, secure interfacing of models. This paper demonstrates the application of the multi-modelling approach, using the INTO-CPS tool chain. A multi-model was developed comprising key components required for urban rail decarbonisation problems. This multi-model was tested for power consumption in four different scenarios with an example drawn from the Tyne and Wear Metro in Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the United Kingdom. These scenarios compared combinations of decarbonisation intervention (baseline rolling stock versus lightweight, regenerative braking rolling stock and baseline driving style versus energy-efficient defensive driving style), generating different power consumption profiles for each. As such, this serves as a proof of the application of the multi-modelling approach and demonstrates a number of benefits for flexible and rapid systems modelling. This paper fills a knowledge gap by demonstrating a potentially valuable tool for future systems-level decarbonisation challenges in urban rail.
Discovering Latent Threads in Entity Histories
Authors: Duan Yijun , Jatowt Adam , Tanaka Katsumi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractKnowledge of entity histories is often necessary for comprehensive understanding and characterization of entities. Yet, the analysis of an entity’s history is often most meaningful when carried out in comparison with the histories of other entities. In this paper, we describe a novel task ofhistory-based entity categorizationandcomparison. Based on a set of entity-related documents which are assumed as an input, we determine latent entity categories whose members share similar histories; hence, we are effectively grouping entities based on the correspondences in their historical developments. Next, we generate comparative timelines for each determined group allowing users to elucidate similarities and differences in the histories of entities. We evaluate our approach on several datasets of different entity types demonstrating its effectiveness against competitive baselines.
A family of tractable graph metrics
Authors: Bento José , Ioannidis Stratis 
Published: November 2019

AbstractImportant data mining problems such as nearest-neighbor search and clustering admit theoretical guarantees when restricted to objects embedded in a metric space. Graphs are ubiquitous, and clustering and classification over graphs arise in diverse areas, including, e.g., image processing and social networks. Unfortunately, popular distance scores used in these applications, that scale over large graphs, are not metrics and thus come with no guarantees. Classic graph distances such as, e.g., the chemical distance and the Chartrand-Kubiki-Shultz distance are arguably natural and intuitive, and are indeed also metrics, but they are intractable: as such, their computation does not scale to large graphs. We define a broad family of graph distances, that includes both the chemical and the Chartrand-Kubiki-Shultz distances, and prove that these are all metrics. Crucially, we show that our family includes metrics that are tractable. Moreover, we extend these distances by incorporating auxiliary node attributes, which is important in practice, while maintaining both the metric property and tractability.
Investigating the foreign language effect as a mitigating influence on the ‘optimality bias’ in moral judgements
Authors: Bodig Emma , Toivo Wilhelmiina , Scheepers Christoph 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBilinguals often display reduced emotional resonance their second language (L2) and therefore tend to be less prone to decision-making biases in their L2 (e.g., Costa et al. in Cognition 130(2):236–254, 2014a, PLoS One 9(4):1–7, 2014b)—a phenomenon coined Foreign Language Effect (FLE). The present pre-registered experiments investigated whether FLE can mitigate a special case of cognitive bias, called optimality bias, which occurs when observers erroneously blame actors for making “suboptimal” choices, even when there was not sufficient information available for the actor to identify the best choice (De Freitas and Johnson in J Exp Soc Psychol 79:149–163, 2018. 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.011). In Experiment 1, L1 English speakers (N = 63) were compared to L2 English speakers from various L1 backgrounds (N = 56). In Experiment 2, we compared Finnish bilinguals completing the study in either Finnish (L1, N = 103) or English (L2, N = 108). Participants read a vignette describing the same tragic outcome resulting from either an optimal or suboptimal choice made by a hypothetical actor with insufficient knowledge. Their blame attributions were measured using a 4-item scale. A strong optimality bias was observed; participants assigned significantly more blame in the suboptimal choice conditions, despite being told that the actor did not know which choice was best. However, no clear interaction with language was found. In Experiment 1, bilinguals gave reliably higher blame scores than natives. In Experiment 2, no clear influence of target language was found, but the results suggested that the FLE is actually more detrimental than helpful in the domain of blame attribution. Future research should investigate the benefits of emotional involvement in blame attribution, including factors such as empathy and perspective-taking.
Left subclavian artery occlusion during endovascular repair of traumatic thoracic aortic injury, cohort study
Authors: Alhaizaey Abdullah , Aljabri Badr , Alghamdi Musaad , AlAhmary Ali , karmota Ahmad G. , Asiry Mohammed , Al-Omran Mohammed , Alhazmi Barrag , Abulyazied Ahmed , Abbass Mustaffa , Azazy Ahmed 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT

Background:
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is superior to open techniques, as it is a minimally invasive procedure with low morbidity and mortality rates. The aortic isthmus is usually the rupture site in aortic thoracic injuries. Therefore, the distance from the left subclavian artery (LSA) usually allows proximal stent graft fixation. The main challenge is the intentional coverage of the LSA without revascularization, which is necessary to expand the proximal landing zone and to achieve an adequate seal. Acute arm ischemia, claudication, stroke, and/or left subclavian steal syndrome may occur during intentional occlusion of the LSA without revascularization when performing thoracic aorta lesion endovascular repair. The present study was conducted to analyze the safety of coverage of the LSA without revascularization during the endovascular treatment of traumatic thoracic aorta injuries.

Methods:
A retrospectively collected data set from two trauma centers in Saudi Arabia was reviewed between April 2007 and January 2018 to analyze the safety of LSA coverage during TEVAR performed for traumatic thoracic aorta transection. In this data set, 69 patients presented with descending thoracic aortic injuries. All were treated urgently with TEVAR with intentional LSA occlusion without revascularization during aortic injury endovascular repair. Those who underwent thoracotomy and pre-TEVAR patients who died were excluded from this study.

Results:
A total of 69 patients underwent intentional left subclavian artery (LSA) coverage without revascularization during the procedure; the primary technical success reached 94.2% for patients who underwent TEVAR for traumatic aortic transection. The clinical success rate was 98.6%. Only 1 of 69 patients with LSA coverage developed a localized ischemic stroke (1.4%). The 30-day mortality rate was 4.3% due to multiple organ failure.

Conclusion:
Revascularization of LSA is not mandatory with TEVAR for treating traumatic thoracic aortic injury with an inadequate proximal landing zone. Extending the landing zone to zone 2 and coverage of LSA is considered safe and non-time-consuming, especially in urgent situations. It provides better fixation and a good sealing zone.

Highlights:
Management of Thyroid Eye Disease-Related Strabismus
Authors: Akbari Mohammad Reza , Mirmohammadsadeghi Arash , Mahmoudzadeh Raziyeh , Veisi Amirreza 
Published: November 2019

Purpose:
To review various treatment methods in thyroid eye disease (TED) related strabismus.

Methods:
We searched in PubMed and Google Scholar and Ovid MEDLINE for keywords including TED-related strabismus, strabismus in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, Graves' ophthalmopathy related strabismus or squint, and restrictive strabismus. Two expert strabismus specialists selected and evaluated the English articles that were related to our paper and had been published since 2000. Some articles were added based upon the references of the initial articles.

Results:
One hundred fifteen articles were found, 98 of which were mostly related to the topic of this review. Management of TED-related strabismus was reviewed and categorized in non-surgical and surgical. Botulinum toxin A (BTA) is a useful non-surgical management of strabismus in an active TED and residual deviation after strabismus surgery. Postoperative under-correction is relatively more common in TED-related esotropia. Lateral rectus resection and BTA are the options to manage the problem. Muscle rectus muscle resection should be performed after maximum recession of restricted muscles. It should be avoided on a restricted or enlarged muscle. Management of TED-related vertical deviation is challenging. In these cases, the surgical treatment selected depends on forced duction test (FDT) (pre and intraoperative), orbital imaging (which muscle is enlarged), and the amount of vertical deviation (in both down-gaze and primary position).

Conclusions:
TED-related strabismus needs careful evaluation and management to achieve optimal outcome. Different surgical and non-surgical options are available for intervention in TED-related strabismus.
Arousal Incontinence in Men Following Radical Prostatectomy: Prevalence, Impact and Predictors
Authors: Bach Phil Vu , Salter Carolyn A. , Katz Darren , Schofield Elizabeth , Nelson Christian J. , Mulhall John P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Arousal incontinence (AI) occurs during physical or psychological sexual stimulation in men and has been described after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Aim
The goals of this study are to describe the characteristics of men experiencing AI, outline the nature of their symptoms, and assess for predictors of this condition.

Methods
A survey with questions on AI, stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the International Index of Erectile Function and International Prostate Symptom Score were sent out to men who had undergone an RP within the past 24 months at a single institution. The data were deidentified and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Comparisons between men with and without AI were made using t-tests and χ2 and Fisher exact tests. Logistic regression in univariable and multivariable analyses were used to define predictors of AI.

Main Outcome Measures
The outcomes of this study included prevalence of AI, symptom severity and timing, patient and patient-perceived partner bother, management strategies used by the patients, and concurrent SUI.

Results
226 (32%) men completed the survey. Of these men, almost half (49%) experienced AI at some point during their recovery. Improvement over time was endorsed by 62% of men. 57% of men reported AI in less than half of the sexual encounters, with the amount of urine leakage being equivalent to a tablespoon or less in 88% of men. On univariate analysis, increasing degree of SUI, as measured by pads per day, was associated with AI (P = .01). A lower International Prostate Symptom Score was also associated (P = .05). On multivariate analysis, the absence of hypertension and pads per day were associated with AI (P = .01 for both).

Clinical Implications
AI occurred in almost half of the respondents in our series. Thus, AI should be discussed with patients before surgery to allow for realistic expectations.

Strengths & Limitations
Strengths of this study include the largest patient population analyzed to date regarding AI and that it is the only one to address timing and patient experiences with the use of validated instruments for erectile and urinary function. Limitations include single-center data, non-validated AI patient–reported outcomes, and poor survey response rate.

Conclusion
Based on the available data, AI is reported by almost half of men after RP and is associated with SUI.
Compliance With Fluoxetine Use in Men With Primary Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Jenkins Lawrence C. , Gonzalez Joshua , Tal Raanan , Guhring Patricia , Parker Marilyn , Mulhall John P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common sexual dysfunction for which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used effectively for treatment. However, compliance with therapy and predictors of long-term SSRI use in the treatment of PE are not well known.

Aim
To analyze our experience with drop-out rates with fluoxetine in the primary PE population and to identify predictors of continued use of this agent.

Methods
Men with primary PE constituted who used fluoxetine and had at least 12 months follow-up constituted the study population. Subjects underwent a comprehensive interview to ascertain self-reported (non-stopwatch) intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), self-rated control over ejaculation, and personal and patient-reported partner distress due to PE. Patients were treated with fluoxetine 20 mg daily, with the possibility of dose titration up or down based on efficacy and side effects.

Outcomes
The PE parameters of interest included self-reported IELT, self-rated control over ejaculation, personal and partner distress due to PE, and medication adherence.

Results
130 men were included in the study. Dropout rates at 6 and 12 months were 56% and 72%. Self-rated “poor” ejaculatory control decreased from 98%–41% (P &lt; .01), high personal distress from 47%–11% (P &lt; .01), and high partner distress rates from 72%–27% (P &lt; .01). Predictors of continued use at 12 months included high partner distress, being unpartnered, and having a post-treatment IELT ≥5 minutes (P &lt; .01). Overall side effects included headache (5%), dizziness (4%), nausea (5%), nervousness (5%), and sleepiness (8%); however, moderate to severe side effects reported included nausea (2%), sleepiness (2%), headache (2%), and dizziness (2%).

Clinical Implications
Compliance with SSRIs is a well-described problem in the depression literature, but data are sparse regarding continued use of SSRIs in the treatment of PE.

Strengths and Limitations
We report on 12-month compliance with SSRIs for the treatment of PE. Our early compliance rates were more encouraging than what has been reported in the past. However, IELT was self-reported and not measured objectively, and we did not use validated patient-reported outcomes but rather self-reported ejaculatory control and distress levels, which have limitations.

Conclusions
Fluoxetine is an effective agent for the treatment of PE with significant improvement realized in IELT, ejaculatory control, and distress levels for both men and their partners. Despite its efficacy, continued use of fluoxetine beyond 6 months is poor.
Effects of Alcohol Administered with Flibanserin in Healthy Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose Crossover Study
Authors: Simon James A. , Clayton Anita H. , Parish Sharon J. , Apfel Stuart C. , Millheiser Leah 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Flibanserin is approved in the United States and Canada for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Aim
The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the safety of concomitant administration of flibanserin with alcohol.

Methods
In this single-center, randomized, double-blind, single-dose, crossover study, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 sequences to receive each of 7 treatments: flibanserin 100 mg or placebo with ethanol 0.2 g/kg, 0.4 g/kg, or 0.6 g/kg, or flibanserin 100 mg only. Treatments were administered using a worst-case approach that included morning dosing and consumption of alcohol within 10 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure
The primary end point was the proportion of participants who experienced dizziness, syncope, or hypotension. Safety end points included orthostatic vital signs.

Results
The study included 96 premenopausal women (mean age 31 ± 8 years). The incidence of dizziness for ethanol + flibanserin was 39.8% for ethanol 0.6 g/kg, 34.1% for 0.4 g/kg, and 27.4% for 0.2 g/kg compared with 31.1% for flibanserin without ethanol. Based on the available vital signs data, there was no effect of ethanol concentration on orthostatic blood pressure, vertigo, or hypotension; no instances of syncope were observed. The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar when flibanserin was administered alone (96.7%) or with ethanol (90.5–97.6%).

Clinical Implications
Consumption of the tested amounts of alcohol (0.2–0.6 g/kg) does not have an additive effect on the AE profile of flibanserin 100 mg in healthy premenopausal women.

Strengths & Limitations
Strengths include the study population (premenopausal women, as indicated for flibanserin) and range of ethanol doses. Limitations include the morning dosing of study medication, which is inconsistent with the bedtime dosing recommended for flibanserin, and the method of handling missing vital sign measurements.

Conclusion
Co-administration of flibanserin 100 mg with varying doses of ethanol resulted in few AEs of special interest, with no notable alcohol dose response. However, a significantly greater percentage of participants administered flibanserin with 0.6 g/kg and 0.4 g/kg of alcohol were characterized as “Participants in Whom Standing Blood Pressure Was Not Obtained” compared with participants administered flibanserin alone.
Exact simulation of the extrema of stable processes
Authors: González Cázares Jorge I. , Mijatović Aleksandar , Bravo Gerónimo Uribe 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe exhibit an exact simulation algorithm for the supremum of a stable process over a finite time interval using dominated coupling from the past (DCFTP). We establish a novel perpetuity equation for the supremum (via the representation of the concave majorants of Lévy processes [27]) and use it to construct a Markov chain in the DCFTP algorithm. We prove that the number of steps taken backwards in time before the coalescence is detected is finite. We analyse the performance of the algorithm numerically (the code, written in Julia 1.0, is available on GitHub).
Responses of ocean biogeochemistry to atmospheric supply of lithogenic and pyrogenic iron-containing aerosols
Authors: Ito Akinori , Ye Ying , Yamamoto Akitomo , Watanabe Michio , Aita Maki N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAtmospheric supply of iron (Fe) to the ocean has been suggested to regulate marine productivity in large parts of the world’s ocean. However, there are still large uncertainties regarding how the atmospheric inputs of dissolved Fe (DFe) influence the seawater DFe concentrations and thus net primary production (NPP). Here, we use an atmospheric chemistry model and two ocean biogeochemistry models with high (Model H) and low (Model L) sensitivities to atmospheric sources of DFe to explore the responses of ocean biogeochemistry to different types of atmospheric inputs of DFe: mineral dust and combustion aerosols. When both Fe content in mineral dust of 3.5% and Fe solubility of 2% are prescribed in sensitivity simulations, the ocean models overestimate DFe concentration in the surface ocean downwind from the North African and East Asian dust plumes. Considering different degrees of atmospheric Fe processing reduces the overestimates of DFe concentration in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. The two ocean biogeochemistry models show substantially different magnitudes of responses to the atmospheric input of DFe. The more detailed Model H shows a much higher sensitivity of NPP to the change in combustion aerosols than to mineral dust, regardless of relative inputs of the sedimentary sources. This finding suggests that pyrogenic Fe-containing aerosols are more important sources of atmospheric bioavailable Fe for marine productivity than would be expected from the small amount of DFe deposition, especially in the Pacific and Southern oceans.