bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tools for Tragedy: Procedures for Assessing Historic Redress Claims
Authors: Winter Stephen 
Published: December 2020

Programs providing monetary redress for historical injustices are often heralded as praiseworthy acts of national accountability. However, critics tend to judge their implementation harshly. Those unfavorable judgments respond, at least in part, to trade‐offs between important values that are “hard‐wired” into the basic tools of assessment. Exposing those trade‐offs can help observers understand the compromises inherent in program design and, hopefully, support policy makers in creating more rational programs.Related ArticlesKahn‐Nisser, Sara. 2018. “Constructive Criticism: Shaming, Incentives, and Human Rights Reforms.”Politics & Policy46 (1): 58‐83.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12240Ryan, Susannah. 2015. “White Gold and Troubled Waters in Southern Africa: Hydropolitical Policy's Effect on Peace in Lesotho and South Africa.”Politics & Policy43 (2): 239‐255.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12114Woessner, Matthew, and April Kelly‐Woessner. 2006. “Slavery Reparations and Race Relations in America: Assessing how the Restitutions Debate Influences Public Support for Blacks, Civil Rights, and Affirmative Action.”Politics & Policy34 (1): 134‐154.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00007.x
Street‐Level Bureaucrats as Policy Entrepreneurs: The Nexus between Timing of Traffic Enforcement Activities and Road Safety Policy Outcomes
Authors: Sidha Zedekia , Asingo Patrick , Magutu Justine 
Published: December 2020

This article examines the influence of street‐level bureaucratic discretion over the timing of implementation on road safety policy outcomes. It is premised on freshly collected data from road users and traffic enforcement officers in Nairobi, Kenya. It employed Street‐Level Bureaucratic Theory for purposes of conceptualization. It observed that traffic police divisions, like most street‐level bureaucracies, are chronically under‐resourced. They do not have sufficient officers and equipment to monitor safety police compliance and conduct traffic control activities among other roles. To cope with these challenges, they make discretionary choices over activities to concentrate on at any given time. Given that the police play an important role in fostering road safety policy compliance, the study concludes that their failure to target safety implementation at the time when the violations are prevalent is linked to the incessant road safety policy failures across the globe.Related ArticlesBrogan, Michael James. 2017. “Evaluating Risk and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety.” Politics & Policy 45 (4): 657‐680. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12211Shock, David R. 2013. “The Significance of Opposition Entrepreneurs on Local Sales Tax Referendum Outcomes.” Politics & Policy 41 (4): 588‐614. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12028Shrock, Peter. 2010. “Changes in Relationships between State Characteristics and Regulatory Enforcement over Time.” Politics & Policy 38 (5): 991‐1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00261.x
The Historical Presidency: The Gilded Age Presidents and the Economy
Authors: Zachary Taylor Mark 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDo presidents matter for America's economic performance? This article reports several findings and hypotheses derived from a set of least likely cases, the Gilded Age presidents. These executives are often dismissed as weak and ineffective non‐entities. However, statistical data and qualitative evidence suggest that presidents do matter, even during the Gilded Age. They are powerful and essential actors who can deeply affect American economic performance in three subtle ways. The (in)action of Gilded Age presidents during economic crises appears to have mattered most. More tentatively, presidential vision and skill at coalition building also appear to correlate strongly with economic performance. These findings are not merely of historical interest, as the similarities with the twenty‐first century are striking. These cases therefore have important implications for theories of presidential power and performance, American political development, and the role of ideas in politics.
Neural responses to social acceptance predict behavioral adjustments following peer feedback in the context of a real‐time social interaction task
Authors: Weinberg Anna , Ethridge Paige , Pegg Samantha , Freeman Clara , Kujawa Autumn , Dirks Melanie A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStrong social connections are important predictors of both mental and physical health. The ability to effectively process social feedback from other people and adjust behavior accordingly is a critical part of skillfully navigating the social landscape. However, relatively few studies have considered neural systems driving these behavioral adjustments. In this study, 254 participants engaged in a peer interaction game while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. In this game, participants repeatedly “interact” with a small set of virtual peers over a series of rounds, in which they provide feedback to their peers, and receive feedback from them in turn. A reward‐sensitive event‐related potential called the Reward Positivity (RewP) was extracted from the EEG following positive feedback from peers, and multilevel modeling was used to examine whether the RewP moderated associations between the feedback participants received during the task and their subsequent behavior. Participants were more likely to accept coplayers who had previously voted to accept them, and to like coplayers who had voted to accept them on the same round. A larger RewP was associated with a stronger tendency to modify behavior following feedback from peers, both in terms of voting behavior and expressions of liking. These data suggest that initial neural responsiveness to reward within 300 ms of positive social feedback may guide social behaviors. Thus, this line of research represents an important step toward a more complete understanding of the ways in which neural responses to feedback are involved in human social behaviors.
Unsettling Resilience: Colonial Ecological Violence, Indigenous Futurisms, and the Restoration of the Elwha River*
Authors: Mauer K. Whitney 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study challenges dominant, academic conceptualization of resilience in light of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe's (LEKT) experiences of ecosystem restoration. Resilience has gained traction in social science as a framework for a community's response to environmental, social, and political disturbances, the contours of which are not well understood in Indigenous contexts. Interviews with LEKT members on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State reveal that colonial ecological violence associated with the damming of the Elwha River in the early half of the 20th century continues to shape contemporary possibilities for Klallam resurgence, sovereignty, and self‐determination. Cultural resurgence has been enhanced; but unanticipated burdens and heightened feelings of powerlessness and deprivation remain. Resilience‐based approaches to ecosystem restoration support aspects of Indigenous survival and collective continuance, but they are unlikely to support significant revitalization and self‐determined development unless the structural basis of ecological violence and Indigenous futurisms of resurgence, self‐determination, and sovereignty are addressed.
Low cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity for ADHD in childhood and adolescence: A 6‐year cohort study
Authors: Muntaner‐Mas Adrià , Ortega Francisco B. , Femia Pedro , Kiive Evelyn , Eensoo Diva , Mäestu Jarek , Franke Barbara , Reif Andreas , Faraone Stephen V. , Harro Jaanus 
Published: December 2020

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder in childhood and identifying risk factors associated with developing ADHD during childhood and adolescence is relevant from a clinical and epidemiological point of view. This work examines (a) whether overweight/obesity and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased ADHD symptoms in childhood (cross‐sectional analysis), and (b) whether overweight/obesity and low CRF levels during childhood predict increased ADHD symptoms in adolescence (longitudinal analysis). Data were examined from a longitudinal study of Estonian inhabitants who took part in the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) in 1998 and 1999 (baseline age 9 years), who were re‐evaluated 6 years later as part of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (ECPBHS). CRF was determined via an incremental maximal cycle‐ergometer test, overweight/obesity was based on body mass index (BMI), and the 7‐point af Klinteberg Hyperactivity Scale was used to assess ADHD symptoms at both time points. In the cross‐sectional analysis, children with overweight/obesity were at greater risk of ADHD symptoms compared to underweight/normal weight children, as were those unfit compared to fit children (OR = 1.92 and 95%CI = 1.02‐3.55, and OR = 1.84 and 95%CI = 1.13‐2.98, respectively). The cross‐sectional association between BMI and ADHD symptoms was mediated by CRF (z = 2.116, 42.9%; P = .034). The longitudinal analysis showed being unfit in childhood was associated with a greater risk of increased ADHD symptoms 6 years later in adolescence (OR = 2.26 and 95%CI = 1.14‐4.47), even after adjusting for baseline ADHD symptoms and BMI. Our result suggests that being unfit is an additional risk factor for increased ADHD symptoms during childhood and adolescence. The association between BMI and ADHD symptoms was mediated by CRF in the cross‐sectional analysis, and no association was seen between overweight/obesity and increased ADHD symptoms.
Nordic Hamstring Exercise training induces improved lower‐limb swing phase mechanics and sustained strength preservation in sprinters
Authors: Alt Tobias , Severin Jannik , Komnik Igor , Nodler Yannick T. , Benker Rita , Knicker Axel J. , Brüggemann Gert‐Peter , Strüder Heiko K. 
Published: December 2020

Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) training improves eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance. However, detraining causes rapid reductions of achieved adaptations. Furthermore, the transfer of improved hamstring capacity to swing phase mechanics of sprints is unknown. This longitudinal study aimed (a) to quantify NHE‐induced adaptations by camera‐based isokinetic assessments and sprint analyses, (b) to relate the magnitude of adaptations to the participants' initial performance level, (c) to investigate the transferability to sprints, and (4) to determine strength preservations after 3 months. Twelve sprinters (21 years, 1.81 m, 74 kg) were analyzed throughout 22 weeks. They performed maximal sprints and eccentric knee flexor and concentric knee extensor tests before and after a 4‐week NHE training. Sprints and isokinetic tests were captured by ten and four high‐speed cameras. The dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (DCRe) evaluated thigh muscle balance. High‐intensity NHE training elicited significant improvements of hamstring function (P range: <.001‐.011, d range: 0.44‐1.14), thigh muscle balance (P < 0.001, d range: 0.80‐1.08) and hamstring‐related parameters of swing phase mechanics (P range: <0.001‐0.022, d range: 0.12‐0.57). Sprint velocity demonstrated small increases (+1.4%, P < 0.001, d = 0.26). Adaptations of hamstring function and thigh muscle balance revealed moderate to strong transfers to improved sprint mechanics (P range: <0.001‐0.048, R2 range: 34%‐83%). The weakest participants demonstrated the highest adaptations of isokinetic parameters (P range: 0.003‐0.023, R2 range: 42%‐62%), whereas sprint mechanics showed no effect of initial performance level. Three months after the intervention, hamstring function (+6% to +14%) and thigh muscle balance (+8% to +10%) remained significantly enhanced (P < 0.001, ƞp2 range: 0.529‐0.621). High‐intensity NHE training induced sustained improved hamstring function of sprinters, which can be transferred to swing phase mechanics of maximal sprints. The initial performance level, NHE training procedures and periodization should be considered to optimize adaptations.
Resisting, recognizing, and returning: A three‐component model and review of persistence in episodic goals
Authors: Moshontz Hannah , Hoyle Rick H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAccording to prior work, persistent goal pursuit is a continuous process where persisting is a matter of resisting the urge to give up. In everyday goals, however, persistence is often episodic, and its causes are more complex. People pause and resume pursuit many times. Whether people persist reflects more than will power and motivation, it also reflects the other goals they pursue, their resources, and the attentional demands of daily life. People can fail to persist not just because they gave up, but also because they failed to act. We propose a general model of persistence that accommodates the complexity of episodic goals. We argue that persistent goal pursuit is a function of three processes: resisting the urge to give up, recognizing opportunities for pursuit, and returning to pursuit. The broad factors that help and hurt persistence can be organized within these components. These components can also explain the mechanisms of four effective strategies for persistence: removing distractions, using reminders, using implementation intentions, and forming habits. The recognizing‐resisting‐returning model integrates and improves on extant theories of persistence and goal pursuit and is consistent with empirical work from laboratory and naturalistic settings.
No Justice! Black Protests? No Peace: The Racial Nature of Threat Evaluations of Nonviolent #BlackLivesMatter Protests
Authors: Peay Periloux C. , Camarillo Tyler 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective: Nonviolent protests have been at the center of minority interest advocacy for nearly a century, as marginalized communities air their grievances in search for substantive policy change. While groups organize and demonstrate in a peaceful manner, there is no guarantee that onlookers will perceive them as such. We find it necessary to explore what factors shape perceptions of social movement protests and how the racial composition of a demonstration can elicit dramatically different responses from onlookers.Methods: To examine the impact of racial identity on protest evaluations, we conduct a survey experiment on a total of 921 respondents. We simulate a media report concerning a Black Lives Matter protest to determine how subtle changes in the racial composition of the demonstration elicit varying perceptions of a potential for violence.Results: We find that protests that comprise all‐Black participants are perceived to have a higher probability to end in violence than more diverse demonstrations. These findings come despite an assurance that the protest in question was peaceful. Consistent with minority threat theory, these perceptions are largely driven by the sentiments of white respondents.Conclusion: We argue that ill‐conceived threat perceptions, rooted in the racial composition of Black Lives Matter protests, complicate the mission of those charged with making visible the plight of Black Americans. Even when Black protesters adhere to the “rules” of non‐violent protest, there is no guarantee that the biases of onlookers will not drown out their efforts. These findings have wide reaching implications on the exercise of First Amendment right to protest, the role of the media in reporting on protests, and the expectations of government interactions with protesters.
Unveiling geothermal potential sites along Gulf of Suez (Egypt) using an integrated geoscience approach
Authors: Abdel‐Fattah Mohamed I. , Shendi El‐Arabi H. , Kaiser Mona F. , Abuzied Sara M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe appraisal of geothermal sites along Gulf of Suez, is important to develop the renewable energy resources in Egypt. An integrated approach based on remote sensing, Geographic Information System and geophysical methods were used to predict the ubication of promising geothermal sites. Multi‐source datasets were selected, analysed and integrated to develop a Geothermal Potential Model. Information‐Value and Weight‐of‐Evidence analyses were adopted to derive ranks and weights to spatial factors and their classes. The spatial factors were summarized in eight thematic maps indicating the possible sites of geothermal reservoirs. The developed geothermal potential model defines the promising sites, which are distributed in Ras‐Badran, Ras‐Matarma, Abu‐Durba, El‐Tur and some other locations in southwestern Gulf of Suez. Seismic interpretation is a fundamental tool for depicting subsurface major faults controlling the geothermal reservoir in the promising sites. The holistic integrated approach provides a powerful technique to design development plans in the study area.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) management in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: Pre‐transplant predictors of survival, reactivation, and spontaneous clearance
Authors: Lindsay Julian , Othman Jad , Kerridge Ian , Fay Keith , Stevenson William , Arthur Chris , Chen Sharon C.‐A. , Kong David C. M. , Pergam Steven A. , Liu Catherine , Slavin Monica A. , Greenwood Matthew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is a frequent complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (alloHCT).MethodWe analyzed 159 alloHCT recipients with 4409 quantitative CMV viral loads to determine pre‐transplant predictors of CMV reactivation, clinically significant CMV infection (cs‐CMVi, defined as CMV viral load >1000 IU/mL), CMV disease, kinetics of spontaneous clearance of CMV, and survival using a standardized pre‐emptive therapy approach to identify at‐risk groups to target prevention strategies.ResultsCs‐CMVi was most common in D−/R+ unrelated donor transplants (URD). Spontaneous CMV clearance occurred in 26% of patients who reached a viral load of 56‐137 IU/mL, 6% at 138‐250 IU/mL and in one patient >250 IU/mL. Median time between the first CMV reactivation (>56 IU/mL) and a viral load >250 IU/mL was 13 days, whereas the time from the first viral load >250 IU/mL to reach a vial load >1000 IU/mL was 4 days. Cs‐CMVi was associated with a significant increase in non‐relapse mortality (NRM) on multivariate analysis.ConclusionsOverall, this study indicates that D−/R+ URD recipients are at high‐risk for cs‐CMVi‐ and CMV‐related mortality, and are potential candidates for targeted CMV prophylaxis. Spontaneous clearance of CMV beyond a viral load of 250 IU/mL is uncommon, suggesting that this could be used as an appropriate threshold to initiate pre‐emptive therapy.
Comparison of four methods to measure haemoglobin concentrations in whole blood donors (COMPARE): A diagnostic accuracy study
Authors: Bell Steven , Sweeting Michael , Ramond Anna , Chung Ryan , Kaptoge Stephen , Walker Matthew , Bolton Thomas , Sambrook Jennifer , Moore Carmel , McMahon Amy , Fahle Sarah , Cullen Donna , Mehenny Susan , Wood Angela M. , Armitage Jane , Ouwehand Willem H. , Miflin Gail , Roberts David J. , Danesh John , Di Angelantonio Emanuele ,   COMPARE Study Group
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare four haemoglobin measurement methods in whole blood donors.BackgroundTo safeguard donors, blood services measure haemoglobin concentration in advance of each donation. NHS Blood and Transplant's (NHSBT) customary method have been capillary gravimetry (copper sulphate), followed by venous spectrophotometry (HemoCue) for donors failing gravimetry. However, NHSBT's customary method results in 10% of donors being inappropriately bled (ie, with haemoglobin values below the regulatory threshold).MethodsWe compared the following four methods in 21 840 blood donors (aged ≥18 years) recruited from 10 NHSBT centres in England, with the Sysmex XN‐2000 haematology analyser, the reference standard: (1) NHSBT's customary method; (2) “post donation” approach, that is, estimating current haemoglobin concentration from that measured by a haematology analyser at a donor's most recent prior donation; (3) “portable haemoglobinometry” (using capillary HemoCue); (4) non‐invasive spectrometry (using MBR Haemospect or Orsense NMB200). We assessed sensitivity; specificity; proportion who would have been inappropriately bled, or rejected from donation (“deferred”) incorrectly; and test preference.ResultsCompared with the reference standard, the methods ranged in test sensitivity from 17.0% (MBR Haemospect) to 79.0% (portable haemoglobinometry) in men, and from 19.0% (MBR Haemospect) to 82.8% (portable haemoglobinometry) in women. For specificity, the methods ranged from 87.2% (MBR Haemospect) to 99.9% (NHSBT's customary method) in men, and from 74.1% (Orsense NMB200) to 99.8% (NHSBT's customary method) in women. The proportion of donors who would have been inappropriately bled ranged from 2.2% in men for portable haemoglobinometry to 18.9% in women for MBR Haemospect. The proportion of donors who would have been deferred incorrectly with haemoglobin concentration above the minimum threshold ranged from 0.1% in men for NHSBT's customary method to 20.3% in women for OrSense. Most donors preferred non‐invasive spectrometry.ConclusionIn the largest study reporting head‐to‐head comparisons of four methods to measure haemoglobin prior to blood donation, our results support replacement of NHSBT's customary method with portable haemoglobinometry.
Kinases and protein motifs required for AZI1 plastid localization and trafficking during plant defense induction
Authors: Cecchini Nicolás M. , Speed DeQuantarius J. , Roychoudhry Suruchi , Greenberg Jean T. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe proper subcellular localization of defense factors is an important part of the plant immune system. A key component for systemic resistance, lipid transfer protein (LTP)‐like AZI1, is needed for the systemic movement of the priming signal azelaic acid (AZA) and a pool of AZI1 exists at the site of AZA production, the plastid envelope. Moreover, after systemic defense‐triggering infections, the proportion of AZI1 localized to plastids increases. However, AZI1 does not possess a classical plastid transit peptide that can explain its localization. Instead, AZI1 uses a bipartite N‐terminal signature that allows for its plastid targeting. Furthermore, the kinases MPK3 and MPK6, associated with systemic immunity, promote the accumulation of AZI1 at plastids during priming induction. Our results indicate the existence of a mode of plastid targeting possibly related to defense responses.