bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The utility of failure: a&nbsp;taxonomy for research and scholarship
Authors: Young Meredith 
Published: December 2019

Introduction Health professions education (HPE) research and scholarship utilizes a range of methodologies, traditions, and disciplines. Many conducting scholarship in HPE may not have had the opportunity to consider the value of a well-designed but failed scholarly project, benefitted from role-modelling of the value of failure, nor have engaged with the common nature of failure in research and scholarship.
Methods Drawing on key concepts from philosophy of science, this piece describes the necessity and benefit of failure in research and scholarship, presents a taxonomy of failure relevant to HPE research, and applies this taxonomy to works published in the Perspectives on Medical Education failures/surprises series.
Results I propose three forms of failure relevant to HPE scholarship: innovation-driven, discovery-oriented, and serendipitous failure. Innovation-driven failure was the most commonly represented type of failure in the failures/surprises section, and discovery-oriented the least common.
Conclusions Considering failure in research and scholarship, four conclusions are drawn. First, failure is integral to research and scholarship—it is how theories are refined, discoveries are made, and innovations are developed. Second, we must purposefully engage with the opportunities that failure provide—understanding why a particular well-designed project failed is an opportunity for further insight. Third, we must engage publicly with failure in order to better communicate and role model the complexities of executing scholarship or innovating in HPE. Fourth, in order to make failure truly an opportunity for growth, we must, as a community, humanize and normalize failure as part of a productive scholarly approach.
The multi-scale nature of the solar wind
Authors: Verscharen Daniel , Klein Kristopher G. , Maruca Bennett A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe solar wind is a magnetized plasma and as such exhibits collective plasma behavior associated with its characteristic spatial and temporal scales. The characteristic length scales include the size of the heliosphere, the collisional mean free paths of all species, their inertial lengths, their gyration radii, and their Debye lengths. The characteristic timescales include the expansion time, the collision times, and the periods associated with gyration, waves, and oscillations. We review the past and present research into the multi-scale nature of the solar wind based on in-situ spacecraft measurements and plasma theory. We emphasize that couplings of processes across scales are important for the global dynamics and thermodynamics of the solar wind. We describe methods to measure in-situ properties of particles and fields. We then discuss the role of expansion effects, non-equilibrium distribution functions, collisions, waves, turbulence, and kinetic microinstabilities for the multi-scale plasma evolution.
Odd bedfellows: how choice architecture can enhance autonomy and mitigate inequality
Authors: TULLY KENDRA 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe concept and use of choice architecture in public policy arouses warranted suspicion among scholars and the general public. Liberal scholars fear that without limitations, the contemporary wave of nudge theory and policies threaten individual autonomy. In this paper, I argue that the use of choice architecture in particular policy areas can not only enhance individual autonomy, but also work to mitigate larger social inequalities. Research demonstrates that too much choice leads to ‘choice paralysis’, especially in instances where knowledge is low and stakes are high. By limiting and nudging choices in these contexts, individuals are likely to feel less overwhelmed and more in control. A stronger sense of control and additional resources elevates the experience of autonomy felt by vulnerable populations (those with low knowledge and resources). This paper offers a theoretically robust defense of choice architecture by examining the relationship between choice architecture and autonomy.
How Individuals Constitute Group Agents
Authors: Harris Keith 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSeveral social metaphysicians have argued that groups are constituted by, but not identical to, their members. While the constitution view is promising, there are significant difficulties with existing versions of that view. Fortunately, lessons may be extracted from more traditional metaphysics and applied to the case of group agents. Drawing on such lessons, I present a novel account of the constitution relation holding between individuals and group agents. According to the resulting structural-constitution view, when individuals constitute a group of a certain kind, they do so in virtue of exhibiting the structure characteristic of groups of that kind.
Exploring sample size limits of AMS gas Ion Source 14C analysis at Cologneams
Authors: Melchert Jan Olaf , Stolz Alexander , Dewald Alfred , Gierga Merle , Wischhöfer Philipp , Rethemeyer Janet 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTIncreasing demands for small-scale radiocarbon (14C) analyses required the installation of a “SO-110 B” type ion source (HVE Europa B.V.) at our 6 MV Tandetron AMS (HVE) dedicated for the direct injection of CO2 using either the gas injection system (GIS) from Ionplus AG or a EuroVector EA 3000 elemental analyzer (EA). We tested both systems with multiple series of 14C-free and modern standards (2.5–50 µg C) combusted in quartz ampoules or EA containers and were able to quantify exogenous C introduced. In EA-GIS-AMS analysis exogenous C is mainly derived from the EA sample containers. Blank values for 50 µg C combusted in solvent-cleaned tin (Sn) vessels were 0.0127 ± 0.0012 F14C (boats) and 0.0090 ± 0.0010 F14C (capsules), while they were much higher for thermally cleaned silver (Ag) capsules. The processing of gas samples for GIS-AMS yields similar blank values corresponding to 0.30 ± 0.08 µg exogenous C with 0.93 ± 0.23 F14C consisting of 0.28 µg C modern and 0.02 µg C fossil C. The combustion of larger amounts of blank material (1 mg C) in a single quartz tube split into aliquots gives lower blanks (0.0064 ± 0.0008 F14C; 50 µg C). Thus, 14C analysis of small, gaseous samples is now possible at CologneAMS.
The characteristics of glucose homoeostasis in grass carp and Chinese longsnout catfish after oral starch administration: a comparative study between herbivorous and carnivorous species of fish
Authors: Su Jingzhi , Gong Yulong , Mei Lingyu , Xi Longwei , Chi Shuyan , Yang Yunxia , Jin Junyan , Liu Haokun , Zhu Xiaoming , Xie Shouqi , Han Dong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAn oral starch administration trial was used to evaluate glucose homoeostasis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostrisGünther). Fish were administered with 3 g of a water and starch mixture (with 3:2 ratio) per 100 g body weight after fasting for 48 h. Fish were sampled at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after oral starch administration. In grass carp, plasma levels of glucose peaked at 3 h but returned to baseline at 6 h. However, in Chinese longsnout catfish, plasma glucose levels peaked at 6 h and returned to baseline at 48 h. The activity of intestinal amylase was increased in grass carp at 1 and 3 h, but no significant change in Chinese longsnout catfish was observed. The activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase fell significantly in grass carp but change was not evident in Chinese longsnout catfish. The expression levels and enzymic activity of hepatic pyruvate kinase increased in grass carp, but no significant changes were observed in the Chinese longsnout catfish. Glycogen synthase (gys) and glycogen phosphorylase (gp) were induced in grass carp. However, there was no significant change ingysand a clear down-regulation ofgpin Chinese longsnout catfish. In brief, compared with Chinese longsnout catfish, grass carp exhibited a rapid increase and faster clearance rate of plasma glucose. This effect was closely related to significantly enhanced levels of digestion, glycolysis, glycogen metabolism and glucose-induced lipogenesis in grass carp, as well as the inhibition of gluconeogenesis.
A simple molecular identification method of theThrips tabaci(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) cryptic species complex
Authors: Farkas Péter , György Zsuzsanna , Tóth Annamária , Sojnóczki Annamária , Fail József 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe onion thrips (Thrips tabaciLindeman, 1889) is a key pest of a wide range of crops because of its ecological attributes such as polyphagy, high reproduction rate, ability to transmit tospoviruses and resistance to insecticides. Recent studies revealed thatT. tabaciis a cryptic species complex and it has three lineages (leek-associated arrhenotokous L1-biotype, leek-associated thelytokous L2-biotype and tobacco-associated arrhenotokous T-biotype), however, the adults remain indistinguishable.T. tabaciindividuals were collected from different locations of Hungary to create laboratory colonies from each biotypes. Mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) region was sequenced from morphologically identified individuals. After sequence analysis SNPs were identified and used for CAPS marker development, which were suitable for distinguishing the threeT. tabacilineages. Genetic analysis of theT. tabacispecies complex based on mtCOI gene confirmed the three well-known biotypes (L1, L2, T) and a new biotype because the new molecular evidence presented in this study suggests T-biotype ofT. tabaciforming two distinct (sub)clades (T1 and T2). This genetic finding indicates that the genetic variability ofT. tabacipopulations is still not fully mapped. We validated our developed marker on thrips individuals from our thrips colonies. The results demonstrated that the new marker effectively identifies the differentT. tabacibiotypes. We believe that our reliable genotyping method will be useful in further studies focusing onT. tabacibiotypes and in pest management by scanning the composition of sympatricT. tabacipopulations.
Previous herbivory alerts conspecific gravid sawflies to avoid unsuitable host plants
Authors: Valladares G. A. , Coll-Aráoz M. V. , Alderete M. , Vera M. T. , Fernández P. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe willow sawfly,Nematus oligospilus(Förster), is a pest inSalixcommercial forests and has been reported worldwide. Female adults must recognize a suitable host plant to oviposit, since her offspring lack the ability to move to another host. We evaluated the effect of conspecific herbivory on the oviposition choices ofN. oligospilusfemales by providing damaged (DP) and undamaged (UP) plants ofSalix humboldtiana, a native willow from South America, as oviposition substrates. Local and systemic effects were studied. For the local treatment, a twig from the DP with damaged leaves was contrasted to a twig from a UP in dual choice experiments. For systemic treatment, a twig from the DP with intact leaves was contrasted to a twig from a UP. We estimated the use of olfactory and contact cues by comparing volatile emission of DP and UP, and by analysing the behaviour of the females during host recognition after landing on the leaf surface. In the context of the preference–performance hypothesis (PPH), we also tested if oviposition site selection maximizes offspring fitness by evaluating neonate hatching, larval performance and survival of larvae that were born and bred on either DP or UP. Our results demonstrate that previous conspecific herbivory onS. humboldtianahas a dramatic impact on female oviposition choices and offspring performance of the sawflyN. oligospilus.Females showed a marked preference for laying eggs on UP ofS. humboldtiana.This preference was found for both local and systemic treatments. Volatile emission was quantitatively changed after conspecific damage suggesting that it could be related toN. oligospilusavoidance. In the dual choice preference experiments, the analysis of the behaviour of the females once landing on the leaf surface suggested the use of contact cues triggering egg laying on leaves from UP and avoidance of leaves from DP. Furthermore, 48 h of previous conspecific feeding was sufficient to dramatically impair neonate hatching, as well as larval development and survival, suggesting a rapid and effective reaction of the induced resistance mechanisms of the tree. In agreement with the PPH, these results support the idea that decisions made by colonizing females may result in optimal outcomes for their offspring in a barely studied insect model, and also opens the opportunity for studying tree-induced defences in the unexplored South American willowS. humboldtiana.
Potassium rates on the cationic balance of an Oxisol and soybean nutritional status after 8 years of K deprivation
Authors: Firmano Ruan Francisco , de Oliveira Adilson , de Castro Cesar , Alleoni Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHighly weathered soils from humid tropics naturally have low contents of available potassium (K) to plants. Under these conditions, the K deprivation can change the equilibrium among cations in the soil and the nutritional status of some crops as soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). A field experiment related to K fertilisation, spring soybean and diverse species of fall/winter crops, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) or oat (Avena strigosa L.), has been carried out in Southern Brazil since 1983. The K deprivation for 8 years reduced soybean grain yield and the K contents in soil and plant tissues. K extractants, such as Mehlich-1 and ion exchange resins, had diverse sensitivities with the variation in the K exchangeable contents induced by K rates. The increased soil K content after K fertilisation reduced calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in index leaves and altered its contents in the soil extracted by 1 mol L−1 KCl and ion exchange resins. Among the micronutrients, only B contents changed due to increased K rates, and had significant correlations with K and Ca contents in index leaves. The calculated Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) indices were compatible with soybean yield and K contents in soybean index leaves.
The inhibitory action mode of nitrocompounds on in vitro rumen methanogenesis: a comparison of nitroethane, 2-nitroethanol and 2-nitro-1-propanol
Authors: Zhang Z. W. , Wang Y. L. , Wang W. K. , Li Y. H , Cao Z. J. , Li S. L. , Yang H. J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNitroethane (NE), 2-nitroethanol (NEOH) and 2-nitro-1-propanol (NPOH) were investigated in order to determine their inhibitory effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane (CH4) production of a hay-rich substrate (alfalfa hay: maize meal = 4:1, w/w). The rumen liquor collected from cannulated Holstein dairy cows was incubated at 39 °C for 72 h. The addition of NE, NEOH and NPOH slowed down the fermentation process and notably decreased molar CH4 proportion by 96.8, 96.4 and 35.0%, respectively. The abundance of total methanogen and methanogens from the order Methanobacteriales were all decreased with NE, NEOH and NPOH supplementation. Meanwhile, the nitrocompound addition reduced mcrA gene expression, coenzyme F420 and F430 contents. The correlation analysis showed that CH4 production was correlated positively with the population abundance of total methanogens, Methanobacteriales, mcrA gene expression, coenzyme contents of F420 and F430. The nitrocompound addition decreased acetate concentration and increased propionate and butyrate concentrations in the culture fluid. In summary, both NE and NEOH addition presented nearly the same inhibitory effectiveness on in vitro CH4 production; they were more effective than NPOH. The results of the current study provide evidence that NE, NEOH and NPOH can dramatically decrease methanogen population, mcrA gene expression and the coenzyme content of F420 and F430 in ruminal methanogenesis.
Corporate Leverage and the Dynamics of Its Components
Authors: Hovakimian Armen , Hovakimian Gayané 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe investigate the dynamics of observed and target leverage ratios and deviations from the targets. The cross-sectional persistence in leverage ratios is driven by persistent targets, whereas time-series variation is driven by transitory deviations from targets. Consistent with dynamic trade-off theories, persistence is higher when the costs of deviating from targets are lower and when the adjustment costs are higher. Deviations are less persistent for firms that are over-levered and firms that are smaller, younger, or more focused or that have lower credit ratings. In recessions, excess leverage is less persistent for larger firms and is more persistent for smaller firms.
Distribution and assessment of the conservation status ofErioderma pedicellatumin Asia
Authors: TAGIRDZHANOVA Gulnara , STEPANCHIKOVA Irina S. , HIMELBRANT Dmitry E. , VYATKINA Marina P. , DYOMINA Aleksandra V. , DIRKSEN Veronika G. , SCHEIDEGGER Christoph 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe first detailed survey is presented of a recently discovered population ofErioderma pedicellatum, a globally rare lichen, in the primeval spruce forests of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Three subpopulations are described, located in the Levaya Schapina River basin, in the Kimitina River basin, and on the slopes of the extinct volcano, Nikolka. In total, we observed 1894 thalli on 167 Yezo spruce trunks. In Kamchatka,E. pedicellatumoccurs exclusively on bark-covered spruce twigs of mainly young and dwarf-stressed older trees. We discovered a high number of juvenile thalli, which suggests that this population is reproducing. However, its habitat is declining because spruce forests in the region are the target of industrial clear-cutting and there is a high incidence of forest fires. Over the next 60 years, which corresponds to three generations ofE. pedicellatum, we infer that continued habitat loss will induce a 48% decline in these lichen populations. As a result of our analyses, the Asian population is classified as ‘Vulnerable’, based on IUCN Red List criteria.
GraphisandAllographa(lichenized Ascomycota:Graphidaceae) in Sri Lanka, with six new species and a biogeographical comparison investigating a potential signature of the ‘biotic ferry’ species interchange
Authors: WEERAKOON Gothamie , APTROOT André , LÜCKING Robert , ARACHCHIGE Omal , WIJESUNDARA Siril 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe provide an updated survey for Sri Lanka of species ofGraphis sensuStaiger, recently divided intoGraphiss. str. andAllographa, including brief descriptions and a key to all 124 species currently known. Six new species are described:Allographa bambusicolaWeerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a bambusicolousAllographawith entire labia, a laterally carbonized excipulum, 80–100 × 15–17 µm large, muriform ascospores and a rather thick, irregularly verrucose lateral thalline margin of the lirellae;A. weerasooriyanaWeerakoon, Arachchige & Lücking, a corticolousAllographaresemblingA. rusticaKremp. in overall anatomy and chemistry, but with a verrucose thalline margin of the lirellae and labia not distinctly raised above the thalline margin;Graphis flosculiferaWeerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a corticolousGraphisresemblingG. insulanabut differing in the unique disposition of the lirellae and the slightly more elongate ascospores;G. rajapakshanaWeerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a corticolousGraphisresemblingG. desquamescens, including in ascospore size, but with lirellae with a distinct lateral thalline margin;G. rimosothallinaWeerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a corticolousGraphiswith a thick, uneven, rimose thallus andFissurina-like lirellae, a completely carbonized excipulum and transversely 7-septate ascospores, 32–37 × 8–10 µm; andG. thunsinhalayensisWeerakoon, Arachchige & Lücking, a corticolousGraphisresemblingG. subalbostriatabut with smaller ascospores and lacking white lines between the striae of the labia. We also validate the nameG. verrucoserpensLücking. A total of 106 species are reported here for the first time from Sri Lanka. A biogeographical comparison with two other well-sampled countries (Costa Rica and Thailand) revealed a significantly higher similarity in species composition with Costa Rica than between Thailand and Costa Rica, suggesting a potential signature of the ‘biotic ferry’ hypothesis, that is the migration of lineages from Gondwana (partly corresponding to the modern Neotropics) via the north-eastwards drifting Indian subcontinent and subsequent interchange with Laurasia (partly corresponding to the modern eastern Paleotropics). However, the evolutionary timeline of the clades involved does not support this hypothesis and suggests an alternative explanation of geologically more recent mid- to long-distance dispersal.
New species and first records of Eremothecella (Arthoniales) from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: JAGADEESH RAM T. A. M. , SINHA G. P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFive species of Eremothecella are recorded from the Andaman Islands, two of which are described as new: Eremothecella ajaysinghii Jagad. Ram & G. P. Sinha and E. nicobarica Jagad. Ram & G. P. Sinha. Eremothecella ajaysinghii has whitish grey, pruinose ascomata and 8–10(–11)-septate ascospores, while E. nicobarica has non-pruinose ascomata and (14–)15–17-septate ascospores. Eremothecella calamicola Syd., E. macrosperma (Zahlbr.) Sérus. and E. variratae (Aptroot & Sipman) Sérus. are reported as new records for India. An updated worldwide key to species of the genus is presented.
Staurothele nemorumsp. nov. (Ascomycota:Verrucariaceae), with a revised key to North AmericanStaurotheles. lat.
Authors: MORSE Caleb A. , LADD Douglas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStaurothele nemorumis described as new to science from the southern Great Plains of central North America. The species is characterized by a thin, areolate, epilithic thallus, sessile perithecia, globose to oblong hymenial algal cells and 8-spored asci.Staurothele hymenogoniais restored to the North American flora, based on material from the south-western Great Plains. An updated key to North American members ofStaurotheles. lat. is provided.
Strongholds of Ostrea edulis populations in estuaries in Essex, SE England and their association with traditional oyster aquaculture: evidence to support a MPA designation
Authors: Allison Sarah , Hardy Malcolm , Hayward Kate , Cameron Tom C. , Underwood Graham J. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe flat oyster Ostrea edulis has declined significantly in European waters since the 1850s as a result of anthropogenic activity. Ostrea edulis was designated a UK Biodiversity Action Plan Species and Habitat in 1995, and as a Feature of Conservation Importance (FOCI) within the UK Marine & Coastal Access Act 2009. To promote the recovery of oyster beds, a greater understanding of its abundance and distribution is required. Distribution of O. edulis across the proposed Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne MCZ in Essex was determined between 2008 and 2012. Ostrea edulis were present in four estuary zones; with highest sample abundance in the Blackwater and Ray Sand zones. Size structure of populations varied, with the Ray Sand and Colne zones showing a significant lack of individuals with shell height <39 mm. Ostrea edulis occurred in highest number on shell substratum, followed by silty sediments. There were no significant associations between O. edulis abundance or size structure with water column Chl a, suspended solids, oxygen, nitrate or ammonium concentrations, temperature or pH. Highest abundance and most equitable population shell-size distribution for O. edulis were located within, or adjacent to, actively managed aquaculture zones. This suggests that traditional seabed management contributed to the maintenance or recovery of the species of conservation concern. Demonstration that the Essex estuaries were a stronghold for Ostrea edulis in the southern North sea area led to the designation of the Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne estuaries Marine Conservation Zone in 2013.