bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Solving Groundwater Flow and Transport Models with Algebraic Multigrid Preconditioning
Authors: Sbai M. Adil , Larabi A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIterative solvers preconditioned with algebraic multigrid have been devised as an optimal technology to speed up the response of large sparse linear systems. In this work, this technique was implemented in the framework of the dual delineation approach. This involves a single groundwater flow linear solution and a pure advective transport solution with different right‐hand sides. The new solver was compared with other preconditioned iterative methods, the MODFLOW's GMG solver, and direct sparse solvers. Test problems include two‐ and three‐dimensional benchmarks spanning homogeneous and highly heterogeneous and anisotropic formations. For the groundwater flow problems, using the algebraic multigrid preconditioning speeds up the numerical solution by one to two orders of magnitude. The algebraic multigrid preconditioner efficiency was preserved for the three dimensional heterogeneous and anisotropic problem unlike for the MODFLOW's GMG solver. Contrarily, a sparse direct solver was the most efficient for the pure advective transport processes such as the forward travel time simulations. Hence, the best sparse solver for the more general advection‐dispersion transport equation is likely to be Péclet number dependent. When equipped with the best solvers, processing multimillion grid blocks by the dual delineation approach is a matter of seconds. This paves the way for its routine application to large geological models. The paper gives practical hints on the strategies and conditions under which algebraic multigrid preconditioning would remain competitive for the class of nonlinear and/or transient problems.
Enzyme assisted extraction of pectin and inulin enriched fractions isolated from microwave treated Cynara cardunculus tissues
Authors: Santo Domingo Cinthia , Otálora González Carlos , Navarro Diego , Stortz Carlos , Rojas Ana M. , Gerschenson Lía N. , Fissore Eliana N. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryArtichoke flower heads are consumed fresh or industrialized. Agroindustrial by‐products of this plant can be used for the production of dietary fiber. A microwave heating procedure is proposed for polysaccharides concentration in the residues. It consumed less time (36 min vs 75 min) and solvent volume (110 mL vs 140 mL) and allowed the extraction of a higher amount of total carbohydrates (95 g/100g vs 83 g/100g) than the habitually used convective procedure. A subsequent stage involving buffer/enzymes allowed to isolate pectin and inulin enriched fractions. Their inulin content was 32–45 g/100g. The galacturonic acid content oscillated between 22 and 29 g/100g. The fractions were slightly yellow/red colored and formed gels in the presence of calcium ion. The procedure proposed is of importance in the frame of emerging biorefinery because it uses vegetable by‐products to produce fractions with potential for being used in the formulation of healthy foods.
Effects of winter wheat N status on assimilate and N partitioning in the mechanistic agroecosystem model DAISY
Authors: Gyldengren Jacob Glerup , Abrahamsen Per , Olesen Jørgen E. , Styczen Merete , Hansen Søren , Gislum René 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) management in modern farming needs to balance the interests of yield quantity and quality with environmental impact of reactive N lost to the atmosphere and aquatic environments. Mechanistic agroecosystem models are useful tools to analyse the combined effects of management options and natural conditions, including soil fertility and climate, site‐specific optimal N application rates and environmental impact. An important component of the system description is the crop module, including the responses to N status and N stress. To improve the description of crop growth response to N status in the DAISY model system, we implemented an empirical model for N status effects in winter wheat on the partitioning of assimilated dry matter and N between leaves and stems, originally described by Ratjen and Kage (Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2016, 202, 576s). To our knowledge, this mechanism has not been included in any of the most widespread and commonly used mechanistic agroecosystem models. We tested and compared the model performance with and without the new N status response against data from a two‐season winter wheat experiment in Denmark, where crop growth and partitioning of dry matter and N were measured. Implementation of the new N status response function improved model performance and ensured a more robust crop growth description, especially in scenarios with periods of low crop N status or N stress. The mechanism mimics an adaptation strategy, where the crop balances N stress and growth potential by dynamically adjusting the leaf‐stem ratio and thereby N demand. This behaviour opens a discussion regarding the empirical concept of a biomass driven critical N curve.
Structure and physical properties of Ba(PO3)2–AlF3–BaSO4 fluoro‐sulfo‐phosphate glasses
Authors: Xiao Yongbao , Ji Yao , Ye Yichen , Huang Shujing , Wang Weichao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlkali‐earth‐metaphosphate‐based fluoro‐sulfo‐phosphate M(PO3)2–AlF3–MSO4 (MPFS, M = Ca, Sr, Ba) glasses have been developed via simultaneously incorporating fluoride and sulfate into metaphosphate glass. Their glass‐forming regions were efficiently determined under the guidance of thermodynamic calculation method. The physical and structural properties of BaPFS glass were investigated in detail. Furthermore, near‐infrared spectroscopic properties of Er3+‐doped BaPFS (Er–BaPFS) glass were studied. Physical parameters, such as Abbe's number νd (55‐75) and nonlinear refractive index n2 (1.17‐1.86 × 10−13 esu), of BaPFS glass are strongly depended on P/F/S ratio. The structure of BaPFS glass gradually depolymerizes and tends to become multianionic when Ba(PO3)2 is substituted by AlF3 and BaSO4. Anion‐substitution strategy effectively modulates the property and structure of glass, providing a scheme to derive glass materials. In addition, enhanced emission at ~1.5 μm has been observed from Er–BaPFS glass along with large emission cross section (5.0‐5.5 × 10−21 cm2) and long lifetime (6.7‐7.3 ms), resulting in large figure of merit (3.46‐3.84 × 10−23 cm2·s), which is a promising candidate for solid‐state laser.
Preparation of MGF phosphor by O2 postannealing and impact on luminescence properties and crystal lattice
Authors: Hasegawa Takuya , Tanaka Ryo , Ueda Tadaharu , Toda Kenji 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMn4+‐activated phosphors, Mg28Ge10O48‐δFδ:Mn4+ (MGFs), can be obtained through an oxygen postannealing process. Analyses of the crystal structure and elemental composition by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), respectively, indicated that under an O2 atmosphere, oxygen atoms were substituted with fluorine atoms in the original MGF structure to leach the fluorine atoms with germanium atoms as GeF4 by oxygen postannealing. The MGF phosphor annealed in O2 exhibited ~1.3 times higher quantum efficiency (QE) than that annealed in ambient air. The Raman spectroscopy results suggested that an increase in the content of the [Mn4+O6] octahedron led to an increase in the QE values. Additionally, the relaxation of lattice defects in the lattice interior and on the surface observed by XRD and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements could explain the change in thermal quenching behavior between the different atmospheres, and the decrease in lattice defects increased the QE. The investigation of MGF phosphors prepared by different processes provides insight into the relationships among the surface and local structures, chemical composition, and photoluminescence properties. The optimized synthetic procedure increases the Mn4+ content and decreases the Mn2+ and Mn3+ contents in the phosphor, which drastically increases the luminescence efficiency.
The impact of a modified electronic probe tip design on patient perception of discomfort during periodontal probing using standardized probing force: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Harrison Peter L. , Stuhr Sandra , Shaddox Luciana M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimsThis study evaluated pain associated with electronic probing comparing two commercially available probe tip designs using standardized force.Material and MethodsTwenty adult patients with slight‐moderate chronic periodontitis received periodontal probing using controlled‐force electronic probe at 2 visits. In visit 1, a random arch was probed with either a ball‐end (0.6 mm diameter, 408 kPa; Test) or straight (0.45 mm diameter, 726 kPa; Control) probe tip. The opposing arch was then probed using the other probe tip. Discomfort associated with each probing episode was recorded using visual analogue scale (VAS). 7 days later, tip assignments were alternated from visit 1 and VAS re‐scored. VAS scores were compared by probe tip, arches and visits.ResultsBoth tips provided similar VAS scores (median 13.5 for ball‐end and 14 for straight, p = .3713). However, the straight tip was associated with decreased VAS scores in the maxilla (p = .01). Overall, VAS values did not differ by arch or study visit. Individual VAS scores showed high levels of correlation between study visits and between tips used (R2 = .86 and 0.64, respectively, p < .0001).ConclusionsBoth probing approaches were associated with low levels of pain on probing. The straight tip may be perceived as more comfortable in the maxilla.
Simultaneous operation of opposing reaction mechanisms: The influence of matrix heterogeneity on post‐kinematic garnet crystallization in an inverted metamorphic sequence
Authors: George Freya R. , Gaidies Fred 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMetapelites from the inverted Barrovian sequence in the Sikkim Himalaya (northeast India) are shown to be largely continuous with respect to their bulk rock compositions, microstructures and pressure–temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–D) histories. However, the upper garnet–lower staurolite zone demarcates a region of microstructurally anomalous post‐kinematic garnet populations contained within strongly segregated matrices. The different microstructures within samples from this region cannot be attributed to differences in their thermobarometric histories or bulk compositions, but are instead interpreted to represent an otherwise unexposed level of the Daling Group that is now exposed along a post‐metamorphic thrust splay. These heterogeneous samples contain several discrete garnet populations that progressively crystallized with increasing P–T. Garnet populations that experienced the most protracted growth now form complex polycrystals that exhibit crystallographically controlled and morphologically irregular interfaces adjacent to micaceous and quartzofeldspathic domains respectively. Electron backscatter diffraction indicates that these polycrystalline garnet structures contain numerous coalesced porphyroblasts that are structurally uncorrelated across their grain boundaries. However, a crystallographically preferred orientation at the polycrystal scale is interpreted to derive from epitaxial crystallization of early‐formed garnet porphyroblasts on precursor mica. Later‐nucleated porphyroblasts within polycrystals preferentially concentrated towards quartzofeldspathic domains, with the overall nucleation distribution likely controlled by a complex interplay between chemical heterogeneities, strain partitioning and epitaxial crystallization. The subsequent growth of these polycrystals was equally spatially heterogeneous; it was moderated by differences in the efficiency of grain boundary transfer between quartzofeldspathic and micaceous domains that precluded thin section‐scale chemical equilibration. In contrast to samples from Sikkim containing more typical porphyroblastic populations in continuous and disseminated matrices, heterogeneous availability of garnet‐forming components within this strongly layered matrix is shown to have resulted in grain‐scale variations in growth rates and the spatial juxtapositioning of interface‐controlled microstructures and locally equilibrated chemical compositions with those that were transport controlled.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging reveals regulation of presynaptic Ca2+ by glutamate uptake and mGluRs, but not somatic voltage in cortical neurons
Authors: Tyurikova Olga , Zheng Kaiyu , Nicholson Elizabeth , Timofeeva Yulia , Semyanov Alexey , Volynski Kirill E. , Rusakov Dmitri A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBrain function relies on vesicular release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses. The release probability depends on action potential‐evoked presynaptic Ca2+ entry, but also on the resting Ca2+ level. Whether these basic aspects of presynaptic calcium homeostasis show any consistent trend along the axonal path, and how they are controlled by local network activity, remains poorly understood. Here, we take advantage of the recently advanced FLIM‐based method to monitor presynaptic Ca2+ with nanomolar sensitivity. We find that, in cortical pyramidal neurons, action potential‐evoked calcium entry (range 10–300 nM), but not the resting Ca2+ level (range 10–100 nM), tends to increase with higher order of axonal branches. Blocking astroglial glutamate uptake reduces evoked Ca2+ entry but has little effect on resting Ca2+ whereas both appear boosted by the constitutive activation of group 1/2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. We find no consistent effect of transient somatic depolarization or hyperpolarization on presynaptic Ca2+ entry or its basal level. The results unveil some key aspects of presynaptic machinery in cortical circuits, shedding light on basic principles of synaptic connectivity in the brain.
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The six different injection techniques for the temple relevant for soft tissue filler augmentation procedures – Clinical anatomy and danger zones
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Gaete Andres , Hernandez Claudia A. , Casabona Gabriela , Bay Shino , Pavicic Tatjana , Coimbra Daniel , Suwanchinda Atchima , Swift Arthur , Green Jeremy B. , Nikolis Andreas , Frank Konstantin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe most promising facial region for inducing pan‐facial effects is the temporal region. The temple displays signs of facial aging itself which include temporal volume loss and increased visibility of the temporal crest, the temporal vasculature, the lateral orbital rim, and the upper zygomatic arch. The objective of this article is to provide a detailed review of temple anatomy pertaining to routinely performed temporal injection techniques, their expected esthetic outcomes as well as the intendant advantages, disadvantages, and procedure pearls.Materials and MethodsThis narrative review is based on the clinical experience of the authors treating the temporal region for esthetic purposes. The postulated outcome of each technique was observed during the routine clinical practice of the authors.ResultsThe temporal region is based on a bony platform consisting of the parietal, frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. The overlying soft tissues are arranged in layers which contain the temporal neurovascular structures. The temporal soft tissues consist of 10 parallel layers which vary in their thickness depending on age‐related influences. Six different techniques will be addressed, which include subdermal and interfascial techniques for volumizing, low and high supraperiosteal techniques for volumizing, and supraauricular and temporal lifting techniques.ConclusionThis narrative provides a detailed anatomic overview of the temporal region and describes each commonly performed injection technique with respect to anatomy, esthetic outcome, as well as potential pearls and pitfalls. It is hoped that the description contained herein may guide esthetic practitioners toward safer and more natural outcomes when treating the face.
Imaging Mechanisms of Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: Beyond Brain Atrophy
Authors: Bagnato Francesca , Gauthier Susan A. , Laule Cornelia , Moore George R. Wayne , Bove Riley , Cai Zhengxin , Cohen‐Adad Julien , Harrison Daniel M. , Klawiter Eric C. , Morrow Sarah A. , Öz Gülin , Rooney William D. , Smith Seth A. , Calabresi Peter A. , Henry Roland G. , Oh Jiwon , Ontaneda Daniel , Pelletier Daniel , Reich Daniel S. , Shinohara Russell T. , Sicotte Nancy L. ,   NAIMS Cooperative
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTClinicians involved with different aspects of the care of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and scientists with expertise on clinical and imaging techniques convened in Dallas, TX, USA on February 27, 2019 at a North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative workshop meeting. The aim of the workshop was to discuss cardinal pathobiological mechanisms implicated in the progression of MS and novel imaging techniques, beyond brain atrophy, to unravel these pathologies. Indeed, although brain volume assessment demonstrates changes linked to disease progression, identifying the biological mechanisms leading up to that volume loss are key for understanding disease mechanisms. To this end, the workshop focused on the application of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques to assess and measure disease progression in both the brain and the spinal cord. Clinical translation of quantitative MRI was recognized as of vital importance, although the need to maintain a relatively short acquisition time mandated by most radiology departments remains the major obstacle toward this effort. Regarding PET, the panel agreed upon its utility to identify ongoing pathological processes. However, due to costs, required expertise, and the use of ionizing radiation, PET was not considered to be a viable option for ongoing care of persons with MS. Collaborative efforts fostering robust study designs and imaging technique standardization across scanners and centers are needed to unravel disease mechanisms leading to progression and discovering medications halting neurodegeneration and/or promoting repair.
Divergent Findings in Brain Reorganization After Spinal Cord Injury: A Review
Authors: Melo Mariana Cardoso , Macedo Dhainner Rocha , Soares Alcimar Barbosa 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a general lack of sensory and motor functions below the level of injury and may promote deafferentation‐induced brain reorganization. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been established as an essential tool in neuroscience research and can precisely map the spatiotemporal distribution of brain activity. Task‐based fMRI experiments associated with the tongue, upper limbs, or lower limbs have been used as the primary paradigms to study brain reorganization following SCI. A review of the current literature on the subject shows one common trait: while most articles agree that brain networks are usually preserved after SCI, and that is not the case as some articles describe possible alterations in brain activation after the lesion. There is no consensus if those alterations indeed occur. In articles that show alterations, there is no agreement if they are transient or permanent. Besides, there is no consensus on which areas are most prone to activation changes, or on the intensity and direction (increase vs. decrease) of those possible changes. In this article, we present a critical review of the literature and trace possible reasons for those contradictory findings on brain reorganization following SCI. fMRI studies based on the ankle dorsiflexion, upper‐limb, and tongue paradigms are used as case studies for the analyses.
Redefining Self‐Advocacy: A Practice Theory‐Based Approach
Authors: Petri Gabor , Beadle‐Brown Julie , Bradshaw Jill 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe disabled people's movements have successfully influenced public policies and laws. Self‐advocates who are autistic or have an intellectual disability have been working alongside other advocates for recent decades. Practice theory has rarely been used in disability research. This study explores “practice theory” through the analysis of interviews with advocates and self‐advocates within the autism and intellectual disability advocacy movements. This is a qualitative, empirical study based on interviews and focus groups with 43 participants in two countries. The data were collected in 2016–17. Content analysis was used to identify themes. Data indicate that everyday practices of self‐advocates and advocates such as parent advocates and professional advocates largely overlap. There are five major types of practices that are done by nearly all advocates: “informing and being informed,” “using media,” “supporting each other,” “speaking up,” and “bureaucratic duties.” Contrary to several previous studies on self‐advocacy that emphasized “speaking up” as the main activity in advocacy, this study found that most practices of advocates and self‐advocates are “para‐advocacy” practices that may or may not lead directly to “speaking up.” Practices of self‐advocates are often embedded in other everyday activities people do. The line between practices that belong to self‐advocacy and practices outside self‐advocacy may not always be clear even to self‐advocates. Findings also indicate that hierarchies in the disability movement influence strongly the position of self‐advocates.
Phosphate and Nitrate Uptake Dynamics in Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyceae): Ecological and Physiological Aspects of Nutrient Availability
Authors: Lubsch Alexander , Timmermans Klaas R. 
Published: May 2020

Uptake dynamics of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrate (DIN) in young Palmaria palmata (n = 49), cultivated in a range of DIP concentrations (0.0–6.0 µmol · L−1) and nonlimiting DIN concentration (50 µmol · L−1) under fully controlled laboratory conditions, were quantified in a ‘pulse‐and‐chase’ approach over 5 weeks. Two different uptake rates were specified: (1) surge uptake (VS) after starvation and (2) maintenance uptake with filled nutrient pools (VM). VS for DIP of 1.57 ± 0.29 µmol · cm−2 · d−1 and DIN of 15.6 ± 4.3 µmol · cm−2 · d−1, as well as VM for DIP of 0.57 ± 0.22 µmol · cm−2 · d−1 and DIN of 5.6 ± 2.1 µmol · cm−2 · d−1 were calculated. In addition, an absolute size of the internal storage capacity (ISC) for DIP of 22 µmol · cm2 and DIN of 222 µmol · cm2 was determined. A DIP‐to‐DIN uptake ratio of 1:10 under VM showed a weekly rhythmic uptake pattern, highlighted by a high correlation between DIP and DIN uptake (R = 0.943). VS for DIN did not occur under DIP depletion, but uptake rates increased with increasing DIP availability. Hence, DIP availability limited access to DIN, which was also reflected by total dissolvable protein concentrations in sporophytes, which ranged from 10.2 ± 2.5% to 24.6 ± 8.0% dry weight depending on DIP availability. Similarly, total dissolvable carbohydrate concentration ranged from 22.1 ± 3.6% to 54.3 ± 12.3% dry weight. The data presented in this study open further insight into ecological and physiological aspects of nutrient availability in P. palmata and allow for an optimization in cultivation.