bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formal reasoning of knowledge in systems engineering through epistemic modal logic
Authors: Kannan Hanumanthrao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLarge‐scale systems engineering projects consist of hundreds to thousands of agents (stakeholders, managers, designers, etc.) spread across the organizational hierarchy. Each of these agents possesses knowledge in some form or the other, be it the knowledge of stakeholder needs, domain‐specific knowledge, knowledge of rules and regulations, knowledge gained from experience on previous projects, etc. It is important to formally represent this knowledge possessed by various agents in the systems engineering lifecycle, as this will enable knowledge reuse, reasoning capabilities, inferring new knowledge, and mitigate misinterpretation of knowledge as prevalent in document‐centric approaches. Such a formal representation will also help alleviate some of the challenges posed by the current document‐centric approaches concerning project delays and cost overruns in the development of large‐scale systems. This paper focuses on formally representing knowledge that exists in various phases of the systems engineering lifecycle by leveraging epistemic modal logic. Descriptive examples are used to demonstrate the practical reasoning capabilities of such a formal representation of knowledge in systems engineering projects.
Gamma irradiation‐induced modifications in the structural, thermal, and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol‐polyethylene glycol/cobalt oxide nanocomposite films
Authors: Alhazime Ali A. , Barakat Mai M. ME. , Benthami Kaoutar , Nouh Samir A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCobalt oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are highly consistent dispersed into the blend polymers rather than other NPs. Also, the ability of polyvinyl alcohol‐polyethylene glycol (PVA‐PEG) to form homogenous blend attained it essential characteristics that allow it to be suitable candidate for numerous industrial applications. Thus in the present work, Co3O4 nano‐oxide, was synthesized by the sol‐gel procedure and PVA‐PEG/Co3O4 nanocomposite NCP films were synthesized by the casting technique. Samples from the synthesized NCP were exposed to γ doses between 20 and 230 kGy. The induced alterations in the synthesized NCP due to gamma irradiation have been illustrated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV spectroscopes. Further, Color divergence between the blank and the irradiated films has been estimated. Gamma doses between 60 and 230 kGy lead to the prevalence of intermolecular crosslinking, which enhances the disordered phase. This is reflected in a rise in the degradation temperature values from 225°C to 236°C indicating an improvement in the thermostability of the NCP samples. Moreover, the γ‐radiation induces defects that split the ordered portion, reducing Tm from 238°C to 229°C. In addition, the band gap decreases from 5.24 to 4.61 eV with increasing the γ doses to 230 kGy, signifying disorder character. Finally, the NCP samples showed a color change by γ radiation, as ΔE raised with increasing dose. The resultant improvements in the optical properties of the NCP samples allow it to be used in optoelectronic and dosimetric applications.
Guardians of Public Value: How Public Organizations Become and Remain Institutions
Authors: Boin Arjen , Fahy Lauren A. , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt’s an institution—a phrase we have all come across or may have used. We intuitively understand what it means. There is something special, perhaps mythical, about them. We value these institutions. We may even find it hard to imagine a life without some of these institutions. In this chapter, we offer a definition of institutions and introduce our theoretical framework (based on the work of Philip Selznick). We introduce the case studies in this book and identify patterns of institution building.
The Election Commission of India: Guardian of Democracy
Authors: Ahuja Amit , Ostermann Susan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter tells the story of how the Election Commission of India (ECI) became one of the most awe-inspiring electoral regulatory bodies in the world. One of the most widely celebrated and trusted public institutions in India, it has ensured the integrity—free and fair—of 17 national and more than 370 state elections since 1947, in what is not only the most populous but also one of the most potentially fractious democracies in the world. Ever under pressure from the executive branch and governing parties to bow to demands fed by their desire for electoral windfalls, the ECI managed to strengthen its autonomy through assertive leadership by a series of Chief Electoral Commissioners following the decline of the Congress Party’s political dominance. The rise of the Hindu Nationalist BJP as the new dominant force in Indian politics provides a crucial test for the endurance of the ECI’s role as India’s guardian of electoral integrity.
The BBC: Guardian of Public Understanding
Authors: Seaton Jean 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a long-standing institution with a worldwide reputation as the maker and supplier of trustworthy news embedded in programmes aimed at serving the public not commoditising it. This chapter describes the BBC’s institutional DNA and explains how its birth characteristics informed its institutional trajectory over the decades. The chapter discusses the internal principles and the particular ‘craft’ that has made this a true British institution that has become equally revered outside Britain’s borders. It analyses how the BBC survived institutional crises to reach a moment in history where the very idea underlying this venerable but agile institution has come under fire.
The European Court of Justice: Guardian of European Integration
Authors: Boin Arjen , Schmidt Susanne K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe European Court of Justice (ECJ) was founded in 1952. At that time, few observers would have predicted a future of a powerful institution, shaping Europe’s faith through its rulings. But that is exactly what happened. After a slow start, the ECJ gradually evolved into one of the most important institutions of the European Union. This chapter describes how this little court shrouded in secrecy managed to climb the institutional ladder. It analyses the role of institutional leadership, the relation between the ECJ and its authorizing environment, the near-existential crisis it faced in the 1970s, and the potential vulnerabilities that have grown over the years.
The World Anti-Doping Agency: Guardian of Elite Sport’s Credibility
Authors: van Bottenburg Maarten , Geeraert Arnout , de Hon Olivier 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWADA is a hybrid public–private agency that leads the global fight against doping. This chapter explores why and how this agency developed into an institution that receives support from sports organizations and governments worldwide. Despite initial scepticism about its ability to overcome the ineffectiveness of anti-doping policies prior to its foundation in 1999, WADA quickly grew into a broadly trusted and well-respected organization. It successfully developed a globally harmonized anti-doping system that reinforced the credibility of international sports competitions and the legitimacy of elite sport policies. From its inception, it had a distinct identity as a neutral, impartial and objective standard setter and referee agent in a morally challenging organizational field. Nonetheless, being relatively young, WADA remains a vulnerable institution. It must continuously take an independent position with regard to partial interests of sporting and public authorities that are responsible for WADA’s funding and governance. This requires institutional leadership that the organization cannot always offer, as recent doping affairs show.
CERN: Guardian of the Human Aspiration to Understand the Universe
Authors: Engelen Jos , ‘t Hart Paul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the world’s most formidable centre for particle physics. Its mission is radically ambitious: uncovering what the universe is made of and how it works. It advances that mission by providing particle accelerator facilities that enable world-class research in fundamental physics, bringing together scientists from all over the world to push the frontiers of science and technology. It has become widely recognized as one of the most successful cross-national collaborative research organizations of all times. Smart institutional design, good governance, resourceful leadership and resilient collaboration have underpinned the strong sense of interdependence, entrenched norms of mutual respect, trust, empathy and consensual decision-making that have allowed it to thrive.
Surface operators in superspace
Authors: Cremonini C. A. , Grassi P. A. , Penati S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We generalize the geometrical formulation of Wilson loops recently introduced in [1] to the description of Wilson Surfaces. For N = (2, 0) theory in six dimensions, we provide an explicit derivation of BPS Wilson Surfaces with non-trivial coupling to scalars, together with their manifestly supersymmetric version. We derive explicit conditions which allow to classify these operators in terms of the number of preserved supercharges. We also discuss kappa-symmetry and prove that BPS conditions in six dimensions arise from kappa-symmetry invariance in eleven dimensions. Finally, we discuss super-Wilson Surfaces — and higher dimensional operators — as objects charged under global p-form (super)symmetries generated by tensorial supercurrents. To this end, the construction of conserved supercurrents in supermanifolds and of the corresponding conserved charges is developed in details.
Intraspecific macroscopic digestive anatomy of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), including a comparison of frozen and formalin-stored specimens
Authors: Clauss Marcus , Trümpler Jelscha , Ackermans Nicole L. , Kitchener Andrew C. , Hantke Georg , Stagegaard Julia , Takano Tomo , Shintaku Yuta , Matsuda Ikki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDigestive tract measurements are often considered species specific, but little information exists on the degree to which they change during ontogeny within a species. Additionally, access to anatomical material from nondomestic species is often limited, with fixed tissues possibly representing the only available source, though the degree to which this material is representative in terms of dimensions and weight is debatable. In the present study, the macroscopic anatomy of the digestive tract (length of intestinal sections, and tissue weights of stomach and intestines) of 58Lemur catta[ranging in age from 1 month (neonates) to 25 years], which had been stored frozen (n = 27) or fixed in formalin (n = 31), was quantified. Particular attention was paid to the caecum and the possible presence of an appendix. The intraspecific allometric scaling of body mass (BM)0.46[0.40;0.51]for total intestine length and BM0.48[0.41;0.54]for small intestine length was higher than the expected geometric scaling of BM0.33, and similar to that reported in the literature for interspecific scaling. This difference in scaling is usually explained by the hypothesis that, to maintain optimal absorption, the diameter of the intestinal tube cannot increase geometrically. Therefore, geometric volume gain of increasing body mass is accommodated for by more-than-geometric length scaling. According to the literature, not allL. cattahave an appendix. No appendix was found in the specimens in the present study. The proportions of length measurements did not change markedly during ontogeny, indicating that the proportions of the foetus are representative of those of the adult animal. By contrast, width and tissue-mass scaling of the caecum indicated disproportionate growth of this organ during ontogeny that was not reflected in its length. Compared to overall intraspecific variation, the method of storage (frozen vs. formalin) had no relevant impact on length or weight measurements.
Can sodium MRI be used as a method for mapping of cartilage stiffness?
Authors: Brinkhof Sander , Froeling Martijn , Janssen Rob P. A. , Ito Keita , Klomp Dennis W. J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective
Sodium concentration is responsible for (at least part of) the stiffness of articular cartilage due to the osmotic pressure it generates. Therefore, we hypothesized that we could use sodium MRI to approximate the stiffness of cartilage to assess early cartilage degeneration.

Methods
Four human tibial plateaus were retrieved from patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR), and their cartilage stiffness mapped with indentation testing, after which samples were scanned in a 7 T MRI to determine sodium concentration. The relation of biomechanical parameters to MRI sodium and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration was explored by a linear mixed model.

Results
Weak correlations of GAG concentration with apparent peak modulus (p = 0.0057) and apparent equilibrium modulus (p = 0.0181) were observed and lack of correlation of GAG concentration versus MRI sodium concentration was observed. MRI sodium concentration was not correlated with apparent peak modulus, though a moderate correlation of MRI sodium concentration with permeability was shown (p = 0.0014).

Discussion and conclusion
Although there was correlation between GAG concentration and cartilage stiffness, this was not similar with sodium concentration as measured by MRI. Thus, if the correlation between MRI sodium imaging and GAG concentration could be resolved, this strategy for assessing cartilage functional quality still holds promise.
Stability of Drinking Reductions and Long-term Functioning Among Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Witkiewitz Katie , Kranzler Henry R. , Hallgren Kevin A. , Hasin Deborah S. , Aldridge Arnie P. , Zarkin Gary A. , Mann Karl F. , O’Malley Stephanie S. , Anton Raymond F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes alcohol consumption according to grams consumed into low-, medium-, high-, and very-high-risk drinking levels (RDLs). Although abstinence has been considered the ideal outcome of alcohol treatment, reductions in WHO RDLs have been proposed as primary outcomes for alcohol use disorder (AUD) trials.

Objective
The current study examines the stability of WHO RDL reductions and the association between RDL reductions and long-term functioning for up to 3 years following treatment.

Design and Participants
Secondary data analysis of patients with AUD enrolled in the COMBINE Study and Project MATCH, two multi-site, randomized AUD clinical trials, who were followed for up to 3 years post-treatment (COMBINE: n = 694; MATCH: n = 806).

Measures
Alcohol use was measured via calendar-based methods. We estimated all models in the total sample and among participants who did not achieve abstinence during treatment.

Key Results
One-level RDL reductions were achieved by 84% of patients at the end of treatment, with 84.9% of those individuals maintaining that reduction at a 3-year follow-up. Two-level RDL reductions were achieved by 68% of patients at the end of treatment, with 77.7% of those individuals maintaining that reduction at a 3-year follow-up. One- and two-level RDL reductions at the end of treatment were associated with significantly better mental health, quality of life (including physical quality of life), and fewer drinking consequences 3 years after treatment (p < 0.05), as compared to no change or increased drinking.

Conclusion
AUD patients can maintain WHO RDL reductions for up to 3 years after treatment. Patients who had WHO RDL reductions functioned significantly better than those who did not reduce their drinking. These findings are consistent with prior reports suggesting that drinking reductions, short of abstinence, yield meaningful improvements in patient health, well-being, and functioning.
The ‘end of the world’ vs. the ‘end of the month’: understanding social resistance to sustainability transition agendas, a lesson from the Yellow Vests in France
Authors: Martin Mathilde , Islar Mine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the Yellow Vests movement and the extent it constitutes an original platform for resistance to a sustainability transition agenda in the French context. The movement represents a disruption to global climate mitigation solutions that are often formalized at a global scale, and illustrates cultural and economic constraints in providing social justice in the age of climate change. Using a cultural performative approach, this case study reveals the relevance of framing and cultural analyses to understand such resistance. This qualitative exploration initiates a narrative analysis to assess how the universal resolve of the 2015 Paris Conference and the related legitimacy of the sustainability discourse has been further contested by the Yellow Vests and their fractured framing. From the ‘end of the world’ to the ‘end of the month’, we investigate the rise and fall of the legitimacy of the French sustainability discourse by analysing politicians’ and activists’ speeches, historical narratives as well as visual materials of resistance in France in the context of sustainability transitions. Tip of a broader social crisis, the movement reveals an original conflict of temporalities, symptomatic of the inevitable interdependency of socio-economic inequalities to sustainability transitions. Beyond the resistance itself, the Yellow Vests embody an original exemplar for the importance of cultural appropriation within the sustainability discourse’ legitimation processes.
The African golden cat Caracal aurata in Tanzania: first record and vulnerability assessment
Authors: Greco Ilaria , Rovero Francesco 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe report on the first population found in Tanzania of the Vulnerable African golden cat Caracal aurata, extending its documented range c. 200 km to the south and south-east. This is one of the least-known and truly forest-dependent felines in Africa, ranging across the Guinea–Congolian forest block. We recorded the new population in Minziro Nature Forest Reserve, north-west Tanzania, during a 3-month survey in 2018. We deployed 70 camera traps on a regular grid and obtained 33 detection events of the golden cat at 26% of sites, with a minimum of 10 individuals across 257 km2. We estimated occupancy and detection probability and modelled these in relation to the distance of sampling sites to the forest edge, which coincides with both the Reserve boundary and proximity to human settlements surrounding the Reserve. Mean estimated occupancy was 0.41 ± SE 0.12 (mean detectability = 0.13 ± SE 0.05), with occupancy increasing significantly with distance from the forest edge. Detectability did not vary significantly with distance from the forest edge, but was higher for camera models that had a shorter trigger time. Our findings add to the scant data available for this species. It appears threatened by human activity, which we recorded both outside and within the Reserve, and the presence of the species indicates Minziro Forest is an important site for its conservation.
GLM Observations of the Brightest Lightning in the Americas
Authors: Peterson Michael , Lay Erin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTwo years of Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) science data are used to document the brightest lighting flashes observed on the Americas continent. The most radiant optical lightning emissions—termed “superbolts”—were first identified by the Vela satellite constellation in the 1970s (Turman, 1977, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC082i018p02566) and are defined in terms of peak optical power. GLM is an integrating sensor that, instead, measures the total optical energy from a lightning pulse. While GLM might not correctly classify short‐duration superbolts, its top lightning cases certainly fall in the superbolt category, and the wealth of GLM measurements over its stationary hemispheric field of view provide an unmatched sample of extraordinarily bright lightning. While radiant bolts in excess of 100× the optical energy of typical lightning are ubiquitous across the Americas and result from many types of lightning processes, we find the most radiant cases (>1,000×) are concentrated in the central United States and in the La Plata basin in South America. Coincident Earth Networks Global Lightning Network (ENGLN) observations reveal that these extremely bright emissions usually result from + CG strokes with high peak currents in long horizontal flashes outside of the convective core. Single cases of these megaflashes might produce multiple superbolts over their durations.
Reproductive potential does not cause loss of heat shock response performance in honey bees
Authors: Shih S. R. , Huntsman E. M. , Flores M. E. , Snow J. W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn other species characterized to date, aging, as a function of reproductive potential, results in the breakdown of proteaostasis and a decreased capacity to mount responses by the heat shock response (HSR) and other proteostatic network pathways. Our understanding of the maintenance of stress pathways, such as the HSR, in honey bees, and in the reproductive queen in particular, is incomplete. Based on the findings in other species showing an inverse relationship between reproductive potential and HSR function, one might predict that that HSR function would be lost in the reproductive queens. However, as queens possess an atypical uncoupling of the reproduction-maintenance trade-off typically found in solitary organisms, HSR maintenance might also be expected. Here we demonstrate that reproductive potential does not cause loss of HSR performance in honey bees as queens induce target gene expression to levels comparable to those induced in attendant worker bees. Maintenance of HSR function with advent of reproductive potential is unique among invertebrates studied to date and provides a potential model for examining the molecular mechanisms regulating the uncoupling of the reproduction-maintenance trade-off in queen bees, with important consequences for understanding how stresses impact different types of individuals in honey bee colonies.