bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the waning of forms – A corpus-based analysis of decline and loss in adjective amplification
Authors: Schweinberger Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study takes a corpus-based approach to investigating the decline and near-loss of very as an adjective amplifier in spoken New Zealand English (NZE) based on The Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English. The paper analyzes the replacement of very as the dominant adjective amplifier across apparent time to provide insights into what factors correlate with and trigger the loss of formerly dominant variants from a variable context. While a wealth of studies has analyzed what causes innovative variants to become dominant, only relatively little attention has been placed on the process of waning. As a consequence, the expansion of innovative variants, e.g. the processes that underlie the expansion in use of really, is well understood; showing that the trajectory of change accompanying the increase of really follows a highly systematic and layered expansion in use. In contrast, questions as to whether the loss of very as a variant in spoken data is equally systematic remain unclear. The results of binomial mixed-effects regression models show that the decrease of very is remarkably uniform and does not parallel the highly systematic and step-wise trajectory of innovative incoming variants. This lack of an ordered heterogeneity that accompanies the retreat of very raises questions about the systematicity of loss as a linguistic phenomenon more broadly.
Synthesis and optical nonlinear properties performance of azonaphthol dye
Authors: Jassem Ahmed Majeed , Hassan Qusay M A , Emshary C A , Sultan H A , Almashal Faeza Abdulkareem , Radhi Wisam Abdulhassan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Azonapthol dye viz., (E)-4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-ol (C16H11N3O3) is synthesized via diazotization of p-nitro aniline and subsequent coupling with α-naphthol. 1H NMR spectrum is used to identify the position of protons in obtained compound. FTIR spectrum is used to assign the absorption bands of vibration bonds at the expected regions. Mass spectrum proved a good agreement with structure of the prepared azonaphthol dye. The third order optical nonlinear properties of the azonaphthol dye 4 dissolved in acetone viz., the nonlinear index of refraction and the nonlinear absorption are obtained using 473 nm laser beam via diffraction ring patterns at 42 mW and Z-scan at 5 mW techniques separately. High nonlinear refractive index, 10−6 cm2 W−1, is obtained via diffraction ring pattern. Optical limiting property of azonapthol dye 4 solution is tested and a limiting threshold value of 17 mW is obtained, and prove that the sample can be used as an optical limiter. The Fraunhofer approximations of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff theory have led to the diffraction ring patterns simulation where very good agreement have been obtained.
Generation of an optical beam with two-dimensional dark focus in a fractionally-degenerate cavity
Authors: Gorbunkov M V , Kostryukov P V , Tunkin V G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An optical beam with a dark region surrounded by light in two dimensions, formed as a coherent superposition of mainly two Hermite–Gaussian eigenmodes HG04 and HG08, has been generated in an axially end-pumped Nd:YAG laser with an astigmatic fractionally degenerate semiconfocal cavity with an intracavity obstacle (a needle). Being focused with a lens, the beam has a dark region on its axis, surrounded by high-intensity regions only in z- and y-directions while maintaining Gaussian behavior in the x direction. The influence of the number of HG0n
eigenmodes and comparison of the beam with a geometric M-mode are studied numerically.
Brain-controlled cycling system for rehabilitation following paraplegia with delay-time prediction
Authors: Nakatani Shintaro , Araki Nozomu , Hoshino Takayuki , Fukayama Osamu , Mabuchi Kunihiko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective. Robotic rehabilitation systems have been investigated to assist with motor dysfunction recovery in patients with lower-extremity paralysis caused by central nervous system lesions. These systems are intended to provide appropriate sensory feedback associated with locomotion. Appropriate feedback is thought to cause synchronous neuron firing, resulting in the recovery of function. Approach. In this study, we designed and evaluated an ergometric cycling wheelchair, with a brain–machine interface (BMI), that can force the legs to move by including normal stepping speeds and quick responses. Experiments were conducted in five healthy subjects and one patient with spinal cord injury (SCI), who experienced the complete paralysis of the lower limbs. Event-related desynchronization in the β band (18–28 Hz) was used to detect lower-limb motor images. Main results. An ergometer-based BMI system was able to safely and easily force patients to perform leg movements, at a rate of approximately 1.6 s/step (19 rpm), with an online accuracy rate of 73.1% for the SCI participant. Mean detection time from the cue to pedaling onset was 0.83

±

0.31 s. Significance. This system can easily and safely maintain a normal walking speed during the experiment and be designed to accommodate the expected delay between the intentional onset and physical movement, to achieve rehabilitation effects for each participant. Similar BMI systems, implemented with rehabilitation systems, may be applicable to a wide range of patients.
SSVEP-assisted RSVP brain–computer interface paradigm for multi-target classification
Authors: Ko Li-Wei , Sandeep Vara Sankar D , Huang Yufei , Lu Yun-Chen , Shaw Siddharth , Jung Tzyy-Ping 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Brain–computer Interface (BCI) is actively involved in optimizing the communication medium between the human brain and external devices.Objective. Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) is a robust and highly efficient BCI technique in recognizing target objects but suffers from limited target selections. Hybrid BCI systems that combine steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) and RSVP can mitigate this limitation and allow users to operate on multiple targets.
Approach. This study proposes a novel hybrid SSVEP-RSVP BCI to improve the performance of classifying the target/non-target objects in a multi-target scenario. In this paradigm, SSVEP stimulation helps in identifying the user’s focus location and RSVP stimuli that elicit event-related potentials differentiate target and non-target objects. Main results. The proposed model achieved an offline accuracy of 81.59% by using 12 electroencephalography (EEG) channels and an online (real-time) accuracy of 78.10% when only four EEG channels are considered. Further, the biomarkers of physiological states are analyzed to assess the cognitive states (mental fatigue and user attention) of the participants based on resting theta and alpha band powers. The results indicate an inverse relationship between the BCI performance and the resting EEG power, validating that the subjects’ performance is affected by physiological states for long-term use of the BCI. Significance. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of SSVEP and RSVP stimuli improves the BCI performance and further enhances the possibility of performing multiple user command tasks, which are inevitable in real-world applications. Additionally, the cognitive state biomarkers discussed imply the need for an efficient and attractive experimental paradigm that reduces the physiological state disparities and provide enhanced BCI performance.
Increased preferential activation of small cutaneous nerve fibers by optimization of electrode design parameters
Authors: Poulsen Aida Hejlskov , Tigerholm Jenny , Andersen Ole Kæseler , Mørch Carsten Dahl 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective. Electrical preferential activation of small nociceptive fibers may be achieved with the use of specialized small area electrodes, however, the existing electrodes are limited to low stimulation intensities. As existing electrodes have been developed empirically, the present study aimed to use computational modeling and optimization techniques to investigate if changes in electrode design parameters could improve the preferential activation of small fibers. Approach. Two finite element models; one of a planar concentric and one of an intra-epidermal electrode were combined with two multi-compartmental nerve fiber models of an Aδ-fiber and an Aβ-fiber. These two-step hybrid models were used for the optimization of four electrode parameters; anode area, anode–cathode distance, cathode area, and cathode protrusion. Optimization was performed using a gradient-free bounded Nelder–Mead algorithm, to maximize the current activation threshold ratio between the Aβ-fiber model and the Aδ-fiber model. Main results. All electrode parameters were optimal at their lower bound, except the cathode protrusion, which was optimal a few micrometers above the location of the Aδ-fiber model. A small cathode area is essential for producing a high current density in the epidermal skin layer enabling activation of small fibers, while a small anode area and anode–cathode distance are important for the minimization of current spread to deeper tissues, making it less likely to activate large fibers. Combining each of the optimized electrode parameters improved the preferential activation of small fibers in comparison to existing electrodes, by increasing the activation threshold ratio between the two nerve fiber types. The maximum increase in the activation threshold ratio was 289% and 595% for the intra-epidermal and planar concentric design, respectively. Significance. The present study showed that electrical preferential small fiber activation can be improved by electrode design. Additionally, the results may be used for the production of an electrode that could potentially be used for clinical assessment of small fiber neuropathy.
Sulfated alginate based complex for sustained calcitonin delivery and enhanced osteogenesis
Authors: Chen Zhuoxin , Yu Peng , Miao Zhangshu , Zhang Haochen , Xiao Hong , Xie Jing , Ding Chunmei , Li Jianshu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Direct administration of salmon calcitonin (sCT) by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is limited by its low efficiency. Drug delivery systems with sustained delivery properties and high bioactivity are urgently needed. For clinical applications an economical and effective carrier is required, which has been a challenge until now. In this study, a simple alginate/alginate sulfate-sCT (Alg/AlgS-sCT) complex was successfully constructed for sustained release of sCT. The negatively charged sulfate groups facilitate bonding with sCT, which avoids the burst release of sCT and extends the release time up to 15 d (it is only 2 d for pure sCT). More importantly, the bioactivity of the released sCT is not affected during such a long release time, suggesting a conformation similar to that of native sCT. In vitro analysis implies that the complex is biocompatible. Moreover, the combination of AlgS and sCT synergistically improves the osteogenic ability of MC3T3 cells, which show higher alkaline phosphatase levels and intracellular and extracellular calcium ion concentrations. The concentration of intracellular calcium ions is 5.26-fold higher than in the control group after 10 d of incubation. This simple yet effective system has potential applications in clinical trials and may inspire the design of other protein delivery systems.
Gradient scaffold with spatial growth factor profile for osteochondral interface engineering
Authors: Dorcemus Deborah L , Kim Hyun S , Nukavarapu Syam P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Osteochondral (OC) matrix design poses a significant engineering challenge due to the complexity involved with bone-cartilage interfaces. To better facilitate the regeneration of OC tissue, we developed and evaluated a biodegradable matrix with uniquely arranged bone and cartilage supporting phases: a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) template structure with a porosity gradient along its longitudinal axis uniquely integrated with hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Micro-CT scanning and imaging confirmed the formation of an inverse gradient matrix. Hydroxyapatite was added to the PLGA template which was then plasma-treated to increase hydrophilicity and growth factor affinity. An osteogenic growth factor (bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMP-2) was loaded onto the template scaffold via adsorption, while a chondrogenic growth factor (transforming growth factor beta 1; TGF-β1) was incorporated into the hydrogel phase. Confocal microscopy of the growth factor loaded matrix confirmed the spatial distribution of the two growth factors, with chondrogenic factor confined to the cartilaginous portion and osteogenic factor present throughout the scaffold. We observed spatial differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into cartilage and bone cells in the scaffolds in vitro: cartilaginous regions were marked by increased glycosaminoglycan production, and osteogenesis was seen throughout the graft by alizarin red staining. In a dose-dependent study of BMP-2, hMSC pellet cultures with TGF-β1 and BMP-2 showed synergistic effects on chondrogenesis. These results indicate that development of an inverse gradient matrix can spatially distribute two different growth factors to facilitate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis along different portions of a scaffold, which are key steps needed for formation of an OC interface.
Early twenty-first century satellite-driven irrigation performance in the world’s largest system: Pakistan’s Indus Basin irrigated system
Authors: Peña-Arancibia Jorge L , Ahmad Mobin-ud-Din 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Evaluating irrigation performance in large systems is often limited by the availability of reliable water use data. Satellite-driven actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimates are used herein as water use surrogates to assess the year-to-year inter-seasonal irrigation performance in 46 canal commands in the Indus Basin irrigated system (IBIS), the largest in the world (∼160 000 km2). The accuracy and reliability of the ETa estimates are verified using two previously published locally adjusted satellite-driven ETa estimates, as well as field ETa estimates. Inter-seasonal variability (canal command water use in time) and equity (inter- and intra-canal command water use) are assessed from 2000 to 2018 using violin-plots time-series for the two irrigation seasons, the wet ‘Kharif’ and dry ‘Rabi’. The violin-plots probability density functions are used to assess intra-canal command equity; and their seasonal time-series to assess inter-seasonal variability. The long-term multi-year assessment conducted here, the first for the IBIS using consistent satellite-driven ETa time-series, shows that canal commands with ready access to groundwater exhibit more equity and less inter-seasonal variability when compared to canal commands chiefly reliant on surface water supplies; with the latter showing intra-canal command inequities between head-end and tail-end irrigated areas. Also, ETa in canal commands is mostly slightly increasing and there is low inter-seasonal variability in both irrigation seasons, except for two canal command at the system-end, which show higher inter-seasonal variability and inequity than their upstream counterparts. The methods employed here can be used in large irrigated systems elsewhere to assess ongoing irrigation performance and to verify results of targeted (non)structural irrigation management.
Globally prevalent land nitrogen memory amplifies water pollution following drought years
Authors: Lee M , Stock C A , Shevliakova E , Malyshev S , Milly P C D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Enhanced riverine delivery of terrestrial nitrogen (N) has polluted many freshwater and coastal ecosystems, degrading drinking water and marine resources. An emerging view suggests a contribution of land N memory effects—impacts of antecedent dry conditions on land N accumulation that disproportionately increase subsequent river N loads. To date, however, such effects have only been explored for several relatively small rivers covering a few episodes. Here we introduce an index for quantifying land N memory effects and assess their prevalence using regional observations and global terrestrial-freshwater ecosystem model outputs. Model analyses imply that land N memory effects are globally prevalent but vary widely in strength. Strong effects reflect large soil dissolved inorganic N (DIN) surpluses by the end of dry years. During the subsequent wetter years, the surpluses are augmented by soil net mineralization pulses, which outpace plant uptake and soil denitrification, resulting in disproportionately increased soil leaching and eventual river loads. These mechanisms are most prominent in areas with high hydroclimate variability, warm climates, and ecosystem disturbances. In 48 of the 118 basins analyzed, strong memory effects produce 43% (21%–88%) higher DIN loads following drought years than following average years. Such a marked influence supports close consideration of prevalent land N memory effects in water-pollution management efforts.
Convex resource theory of non-Markovianity
Authors: Bhattacharya Samyadeb , Bhattacharya Bihalan , Majumdar A S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We establish a convex resource theory of non-Markovianity inducing information backflow under the constraint of small time intervals within the temporal evolution. We identify the free operations and a generalized bona-fide measure of non-Markovian information backflow. The framework satisfies the basic properties of a consistent resource theory. The proposed resource quantifier is lower bounded by the optimization free Rivas–Huelga–Plenio (RHP) measure of non-Markovianity. We next define the robustness of non-Markovianity and show that it can directly linked with the RHP measure of non-Markovianity through a lower bound. This enables a physical interpretation of the RHP measure. We further relate robustness of non-Markovianity with the quantum capacity of dephasing channels.
The comparison of two exhaled nitric oxide analyzers: NIOX VERO and SUNVOU-CA2122
Authors: Lei Wei , Li Fei , Tang Xiao-miao , Bian Shuang , Wang Jia-jia , Huang Jian-an 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As a marker of eosinophilic airway inflammation, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was widely used in clinical practice. NIOX VERO (VERO) and SUNVOU-CA2122 (CA2122) are two commonly used eNO analyzers in China. However, what’s the difference and agreement between the two devices and whether the two types of devices can be replaced by each other in the application of common respiratory diseases have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to compare the two types of devices and to evaluate the difference between them in clinical use and whether they could be replaced. FeNO levels in 244 respiratory patients (including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic cough) were measured by CA2122 analyzer and VERO analyzer, respectively. The FeNO values obtained by the two devices were compared and the differences were analyzed. The success rate, the number of attempts and the total time required for a successful measurement by CA2122 and VERO were compared. The FeNO values measured by CA2122 online and offline were also compared. FeNO values obtained by CA2122 were slightly higher than those of VERO [median(range): 29.0(9–271) parts per billion (ppb) vs 25.5 (5–263) ppb, P = 0.000]. There was a high correlation between FeNO values measured by the two types of devices (r = 0.964, P = 0.000). By comparison, there was a high degree of agreement between the FeNO values measured by two devices, in all patients with different respiratory diseases. FeNO values measured online and offline by CA2122 were highly correlated and there was a high degree of agreement between online and offline methods. The success rate of CA2122 was higher than VERO, and the number of attempts (2.1 vs 2.4) and the total time (110.5 ± 35.7 vs 117.5 ± 48.1 s) required for a successful measurement by CA2122 were lower than those of VERO. CA2122 and VERO can be replaced by each other, and FeNO values can be converted if necessary. CA2122 has some advantages in success rate, the mean attempts and time required for successful measurement of FeNO.
Effect of rotating control cylinder location on vortex shedding behind a main cylinder
Authors: Deepakkumar R , Jayavel S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The dynamic behavior of flow over a circular main cylinder (MC) in presence of single small rotating control cylinder (CC) has been studied numerically at Reynolds number, Re = 100 and 200. The CC location (r

cc
= 0.6D–1D), rotational direction (clockwise and counterclockwise) and rotational rate (α = 0–2) of CC are taken as the study parameters. The flow field variables are computed using Ansys Fluent 15.0, the vortex shedding characteristics such as Strouhal number (St), drag (C

D
) and lift (C

L
) coefficients are analyzed. It is identified that the fluid shearing between MC and CC significantly controls the vortex formation behind the MC and subsequent vortex shedding. Unlike existing study, which reports the vortex shedding suppression only for the very closer location of CC, the present work identified new locations of CC for vortex shedding suppression. At Re = 100, suppression is identified at three different locations of CC (r

cc
= 0.7D, 0.9D and 1D) with lower α (α = 0.5, 1) due to a favorable pressure gradient (FPG) over MC. But with increasing Re, CC at higher r

cc
and lower α does not generate FPG. At Re = 200, shedding suppression is observed only at higher α (α = 2) and closer location of CC (

θ
=

75
∘

,

r

c
c

=
0.7
D

), which is identified as an optimum location based on vortex shedding suppression on the MC with reduced drag (65.45%, 75.8%) respectively for Re = 100 and 200.
Dry sliding wear behaviour of Al6061–5%SiC—TiB2 hybrid metal matrix composites synthesized by stir casting process
Authors: Hillary J Justin Maria , Ramamoorthi R , Chelladurai Samson Jerold Samuel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Functionally graded Al6061-SiC composites are widely used in the manufacturing of bearing surfaces, bushes, gears, cylinder liners, pistons and camshafts. However, due to the poor density and higher level of porosity, the usages of Al6061-SiC composites are limited. The Purpose of the study is to improve the wear behaviour of the Al606l–SiC composites to widen the engineering application of the Al6061 alloy. In this present work, an effort is made to examine the dry sliding wear characteristics on a newly developed hybrid metal matrix composite of Al6061%-5%SiC-x TiB2 (x = 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10 wt%) fabricated by stir casting route. The Wear Rate and Coefficient of Friction were examined using a Pin-on-Disc tribometer at various dry sliding conditions. The results of the experimental studies revealed that with the addition of secondary hard ceramic TiB2 particles, the wear behaviour was found to be significantly improved on the hybrid composite due to the new formation of Mechanically Mixed Layer (Fe2O3 layer). The Coefficient of Friction showed a decreasing trend in the case of varying loads and sliding distances. Conversely, the COF exhibit an increasing trend concerning the sliding velocities. The results have shown that the highly concentrated Al6061—5%SiC—10%TiB2 hybrid composite achieved the least COF values of 0.26, 0.31 and 0.29 at higher applied load (40N), sliding distance (2000 m) and sliding velocity (2.61 m s−1) conditions respectively. The worn surface of the hybrid composite indicates fine grooves with minimal abrasion.