bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Oxidation of Lignin for Production of Value Added Chemicals
Authors: Ghahremani Raziyeh , Staser John A 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical oxidation of lignin for production of value added chemicals

Raziyeh Ghahremani and John A. Staser (Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University)

The polyphenolic structure of lignin makes it the ideal raw material to produce commercial aromatic compounds[1]. However, due to the difficulty of the conversion process of lignin, it is usually burned to produce heat and energy[2]. Electrochemical oxidation is an environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and efficient depolymerization process which can take place at relatively low pressure and temperature, and the reaction can be controlled by potential or current[1]. However, high cost of materials for preparing electrodes, also deactivation of the electrode during the reaction due to impurities makes electrochemical oxidation processes more elaborate and expensive, prohibiting its broad application[3]. Therefore, it is critical to develop a low cost and efficient electrode for the electrochemical oxidation of lignin.
In this work, the inexpensive Ni-Co electrocatalysts were developed for use in the electrochemical oxidation of lignin to produce other value added chemicals. We have developed nanoparticle electrocatalysts that are suitable for a continuous flow electrochemical reactor to be integrated into existing biorefineries. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the products and the results showed that valuable chemicals like vanillin, apocynin and other aromatic compounds are produced by the electrochemical oxidation of lignin, the concentration of chemicals also were increased during the time of oxidation. We will also present techno-economic analyses that can be used as a benchmark for integrating the electrochemical reactor into the biorefinery.
[1] O. Movil, M. Garlock, and J. A. Staser, “Non-precious metal nanoparticle electrocatalysts for electrochemical modification of lignin for low-energy and cost-effective production of hydrogen,” Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, vol. 40, no. 13, pp. 4519 – 4530, 2015.
[2] D. Klein-Marcuschamer, P. Oleskowicz-Popiel, B. A. Simmons, and H. W. Blanch, “Technoeconomic analysis of biofuels: A wiki-based platform for lignocellulosic biorefineries,” Biomass Bioenergy, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1914 – 1921, 2010.
[3] Y. Zhang, Y. Peng, X. Yin, Z. Liu, and G. Li, “Degradation of lignin to BHT by electrochemical catalysis on Pb/PbO2 anode in alkaline solution,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 89, no. 12, pp. 1954–1960, 2014.
Preparation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nano-Tube Composite Copper Plating from Acidic Solution
Authors: Kamebuchi Yota , Kamimoto Yuki , Ichino Ryoichi , Bessho Takeshi 
Published: February 2020

Copper has excellent thermal properties including thermal conductivity; therefore copper has been used as the thermal heat dissipation materials. However, the materials with more excellent thermal properties are needed for the increasing of the packaging density of electronic equipment. The authors have focused on the excellent thermal properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nano-Tube (MWCNT). MWCNT has excellent thermal properties, mechanical properties and electrical properties, then, it is expected to be applied to various fields such as electronic component, semiconductor, medical, biotechnology and so on. It was considered that the thermal properties of the copper plating could be greatly improved by compositing MWCNT with copper plating. The purpose of this study is to prepare MWCNT composite copper plating with more excellent thermal properties than conventional copper plating. MWCNT composite copper plating was obtained from the copper sulfate bath with suspended MWCNT by general electrolytic method. Various plating conditions had been investigated in order to increase the content of MWCNT in the films such as the concentration of MWCNT and pH of the plating baths, surfactant, current density, film thickness and agitation speed were researched. The content of MWCNT in the films was measured by combusting the samples in oxygen atmosphere and measuring amount of generated gas, CO and CO2, by infrared absorption method.
There were optimal conditions for preparing the composite copper plating with higher amount of MWCNT. It should be noted, that the higher amount of MWCNT in the films increased the thermal conductivity of the films, but that the using additives for MWCNT dispersion reduces the thermal conductivity comparing to the copper plating without additives by the thermal conductivity measurement.
Then the authors also focused on the hydrothermal treatment to MWCNT in various acidic solutions as a method that used no additives. It was effective for improvement of the amount of MWCNT in the films. The samples containing the largest amount of MWCNT was prepared when using MWCNT treated in mixed acid of sulfuric acid and nitric acid at the ratio of 3 to 1 at 150 °C for 2 hours. The MWCNT content in the copper film was 1.01 mass%, which was maximum value in this study. The sample which was prepared using hydrothermal treated MWCNT, without using addition agent, had slightly higher thermal conductivity than that of the conventional copper plating without additives.
(Invited) Memcomputing (Memristor + Computing) in Intrinsic SiOx-Based Resistive Switching Memory
Authors: Chen Ying-Chen , Wu Xiaohan , Guo Meiqi , Zhou Fei , Chang Yao-Feng , Fowler Burt , Pan Chih-Hung , Chang Ting-Chang , Lee Jack C. 
Published: February 2020

This study focuses on memcomputing (Memristor + Computing) in intrinsic SiOx-based resistive switching memory. Specifically, we investigate neuromorphic computing by a device with biological synaptic behaviors in integrating silicon oxide (SiOx) resistive switching memory with Si diodes. Minimal synaptic power consumption due to sneak-path current has been achieved and the capability for spike-induced synaptic behaviors has been demonstrated, representing critical milestones for the application of SiO2–based materials in future neuromorphic computing. The detailed biological synaptic behaviors such as long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD) and spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) are demonstrated systematically using a comprehensive analysis of spike-induced waveforms. We will also discuss a implementation technique of implication operations by using SiOx-based memristors in TaN/SiOx/Si. The implication function and its truth table have been implemented. The key factors for the operation of material implication, such as load resistance, characteristics of the memristor, and design tradeoffs have been investigated. Furthermore, we have demonstrated implication operation using a circuit with two SiOx-based memristor and CMOS transistor. A circuit with two one-diode and one resistor (1D-1R) memory elements and a transistor are designed to perform implication operations. A circuit consisting of a 4 × 4 crossbar structure 1D1R memristor array together with the select transistors is proposed. Based on this circuit, a total of 48 steps of operations are performed to realize the functionality of a one bit full adder. The advantages and disadvantages of the memristor enabled logic circuit are compared with CMOS logic circuits. The experimental results suggest a simple, robust approach to realize programmable memcomputing chips compatible with large-scale CMOS manufacturing technology.
(* This paper is invited by ECS 2016 Honolulu Meeting.)
Studies of Parylene C Microfibrous Thin Films Electrical Properties
Authors: Khawaji Ibrahim H , Awadelkarim Osama O. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: February 2020

Parylene C is known for its flexibility, transparency, biocompatibility, and dielectric reliability. Parylene C is, hence, researched for use as a gate dielectric in transistors and capacitors for flexible electronics as well as for nano/microelectromechanical system applications [1-3]. In this study, we use metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitor structures to examine the electrical characteristics of columnar microfibrous thin films (µFTFs) of Parylene C prepared using oblique-angle physicochemical deposition [4,5], whereby a collimated vapor Parylene C is directed at an angle χv with respect to the exposed face of a planar substrate. The values of χv used were 30°, 60°, and 90°. We found that the low-frequency relative permittivity of the columnar µFTF increases with χv. This is explained in terms of the porosity as a function of χv, the porosity being higher for lower χv. Leakage current and charge deep-level transient spectroscopy (Q-DLTS) measurements at temperatures in the 230–470 K range and at frequencies in the 1–1000 kHz range were used to evaluate the dielectric integrity of the columnar µFTFs. Observed capacitance transients and Q-DLTS peaks in temperature were analyzed to uncover carrier traps located in the Parylene C bulk and at the metal/Parylene C interfaces in the MIM structures. The variations of DC and AC conductivities can be explained in terms of charge transport mechanisms involving thermionic emission and electron hopping.

W. T. Wondmagegn, N. T. Satyala, I. Mejia-Silva, D. Mao, S. Gowrisanker, H. N. Alshareef, H. J. Stiegler, M. A. Quevedo–Lopez, and B. E. Gnade, Thin Solid Films, 519(13), 4313–4318 (2011).

T. Trantidou, D. J. Payne, V. Tsiligkiridis, Y.-C., Chang, C. Toumazou, and T. Prodromakis, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 186(1), 1–8 (2013).

B. Park B., K-J. Im, K. Cho, and S. Kim, Organic Electronics, 9(5), 878–882(2008).

C. Chindam, N. M. Wonderling, A. Lakhtakia, O. O. Awadelkarim, and W. Orfali, Applied Surface Science, 345(1), 145–155 (2015).

Khawaji, I. H., Chindam, C., Orfali, W., Awadelkarim, O. O., Lakhtakia, A. ECS Transactions, 69(5), 113-119 (2015).
Infrared Study of Room Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of SnO2 Using Sn(CH3)4 and Plasma Excited Humidified Argon
Authors: Hirose Fumihiko , Tokoro Kentaro , Kanomata Kensaku , Miura Masanori , Ahmmad Bashir , Kubota Shigeru 
Published: February 2020

Tin oxide (SnO2) is an oxide semiconductor material with an excellent optical transparency, where it is used as transparent conducting films. It is also used as a channel material for gas sensors. Recently atomic layer deposition (ALD) of SnO2 has been studied intensively since ALD allows the conformal deposition of the oxide film with an atomic level precision. However, the high process temperature in excess of 100 °C in the conventional SnO2 ALD is a major problem for its application for flexible electronics. We developed a room temperature deposition technique with a precursor of tetramethyl tin (Sn(CH3)4, TMT) and plasma excited humidified argon. The surface reaction of the precursor adsorption and its oxidization were monitored by infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) with a multiple-internal-reflection (MIR) geometry.
A p-type Si(100) substrate with a resistivity of 8-12 Ωcm was used as a sample. Prior to the experiment, the sample was cleaned with buffered HF acid and sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide mixture solutions. The Sn precursor of TMT was introduced with a variable leak valve. A plasma excited humidified argon source was installed to the ALD chamber as shown in Fig. 1. The source gas for OH-radical is a mixture of H2O vapor and Ar made by a water bubbler. The plasma was generated in a glass tube with an induction coil with a frequency of 13.56MHz and a RF power of 30 W. Before the ALD process, the substrate surface was treated with the plasma excited humidified argon for 5 min to be terminated with Si-OH. For the SnO2 deposition, we repeated the cycle of TMT saturation and plasma excited humidified argon at RT. The condition of TMT saturation and oxidization were determined by the MIR-IRAS experiment. In this experiment, the TMT saturation exposure and oxidization time were 2×105 Langmuir and 10 min, respectively. The oxidation state of the SnO2 film was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thickness of the grown film was measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry.
In Fig. 2, we show Sn 3d XPS spectra obtained from the RT grown SnO2 film, where we confirm the evolution of full oxidized state peak according to the increase in the ALD cycle number. We calculated the growth per cycle as 0.02 nm/cycle. In the conference, we present the results of RT ALD of SnO2 and discuss the surface-reaction mechanism based on the IRAS observation.
Acknowledgement; This work was partly supported by JST-CREST, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 15H03536 and 15K13299.

Figure 1
Challenges and Issues Facing Lithium Metal for Solid State Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Zaghib Karim , Mauger A , Julien C.M , Armand M 
Published: February 2020

Research on lithium metal combined with polymer electrolyte in lithium rechargeable batteries was started in 1979. Since that time, lithium battery research has expanded worldwide. Several new polymers, solid electrolytes and ionic liquids with improved conductivity were identified. These advances resulted from a better understanding of the major parameters controlling ion migration, such as favorable polymer structure, phase diagrams between solvating polymers and lithium salts, and the development of new lithium counter-anions. In spite of the progress so far, the quest for a highly conductive dry polymer at room temperature is still not available. However, effort is continuing, and all-lithium polymer battery (LPB) developers presently face the challenge of whether to heat the polymer electrolyte to enable high-power performance, as required for electric vehicles and energy storage. LPB developers have explored both the high-temperature and low-temperature options.
The commercial use of lithium metal/polymer batteries has been delayed because of the adverse effects of dendrites on the surface of the lithium electrodes, and the difficulty in finding a polymer that has both the mechanical strength and ionic conductivity required in a solid electrolyte. However, recent strategies have emerged to overcome these difficulties, and now these batteries are currently an option for different applications, including electric cars.
In this presentation, we review these strategies and discuss the different promising routes that should result in further progress on lithium metal/polymer batteries in the near future. This presentation also discusses the challenges and opportunities in developing thin lithium negative electrodes with stable SEI layers for three battery technologies using:

All solid-state Li-sulfur batteries

Rechargeable lithium batteries containing dry polymer and ionic liquid-polymer electrolytes
3. Li-air batteries.
In addition, we will discuss the safety of lithium, dendrite mechanism, interface phenomena, side reactions, protection of lithium metal, and lithium alloys that are relevant to lithium batteries.

Acknowledgement: The author thanks the SCE IREQ and LTE Shawinigan teams for helpful discussion.
Dimensionally-Stable Lithium Insertion Material of LiCoMnO4 for Long-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ariyoshi Kingo , Yamamoto Hiroya 
Published: February 2020

Lithium insertion materials of LiMO2 (M; transition metal ions) change in their lattice dimensions during lithium insertion and extraction reactions (charge and discharge) due to change in ionic radius of transition-metal ions. Dimensional instability of lithium insertion materials resulting from change in lattice dimension causes particle fracture which leads to a deterioration of lithium insertion electrodes. One of the approaches to achieve long cycleability of lithium insertion electrodes is to minimize change in lattice dimension during charge and discharge. The zero-strain lithium insertion material of the lithium titanium oxide (Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4; LTO) is one of the ideal electrode materials for long-life applications, because it shows no change in lattice dimension during charge and discharge. LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2, in which lattice volume is constant in the charge capacity below 180 mAh/g, exhibits excellent cycleability. In this paper, we report dimensionally-stable positive electrode material of LiCoMnO4, which is high operating voltage at ca. 5 V with small change in lattice dimension (< 1 %).
Highly-crystallized LiCoMnO4 was prepared by a two-step solid-state reaction, i.e., crystallization at a temperature above 900oC and oxidation below 700oC. When a Li / LiCoMnO4 cell was cycled in the voltage range in 3.0 – 5.4 V, discharge capacity was ca.120 mAh g-1 for the initial 3 cycles, which is 83% of the theoretical capacity (145 mAh g-1). In order to examine the change in crystal structures of the LiCoMnO4, the ex-situ XRD examination was carried out. A cubic lattice parameter of LiCoMnO4 contracted during charge, 8.06 Å at initial state and 8.00 Å at fully charged state. The change in lattice parameter of LiCoMnO4 was calculated to be 0.7 %, which is smaller than other lithium insertion material having spinel structure (ca. 2 %). To confirm dimensional stability of a LiCoMnO4 electrode, dilatometry of a LTO/LiCoMnO4 cell by means of high-precision dilatometer was carried out. Figure shows the dilatometric signal together with the cell voltage as function of time. Since the LTO negative electrode is a zero-strain lithium insertion electrode, a change in thickness of the cell corresponds to that of LiCoMnO4 electrode. The LiCoMnO4 electrode contracted during charge and expanded during discharge and a change in electrode thickness was only 0.5 % based on initial electrode thickness, which agrees well with the change in lattice dimension of LiCoMnO4.
From these results, we will describe crystal structure and electrochemistry of dimensionally-stable material of LiCoMnO4 and discuss its reaction mechanism with emphasis on dimensional change.

Figure 1
Paper-Based Ultra-High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Cell for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Liu Yadong , Aliahmad Nojan , Xie Jian , Agarwal Mangilal 
Published: February 2020

Flexible, ultra-thin, lightweight energy storage and conversion devices as power sources are in high demand for use in flexible, portable and wearable electronic devices with unusual shape diversity1. Among various power source systems for flexible electronic devices, flexible lithium-ion batteries have attracted great attention due to their high specific energy, high specific power, long cycle life and environmental friendliness2. However, conventional lithium-ion batteries with fixed sizes and shapes can be electrically shorted or cause fire/explosion when bent or stretched.
To meet growing demands for flexible batteries, we take an unique approach where a layer-by-layer (LbL) deposited CNT paper-based current collector is used for both anode and cathode to enable flexibility of the cell. In addition, a gel-polymer electrolyte is used to minimize the amount of liquid electrolyte in the system, and a V2O5/graphene composite (specific capacity: 438 mAh/g) and a silicon/graphene based material (specific capacity: >1000 mAh/g) are used as the cathode and anode materials, respectively. The resulting cell, with a flexible/bendable feature and high specific energy shows promise as a candidate power source for flexible electronic devices.
ADDIN EN.REFLIST (1) Gates, B. D. Science
2009, 323, 1566.
(2) Zhou, G.; Li, F.; Cheng, H.-M. Energy & Environmental Science
2014, 7, 1307.

Figure 1
Si-O-C Composites Prepared By Electrodeposition on CNTs/Cu or Carbon Paper Substrate and Electrochemical Performance for Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Ahn Seongki , Jeong Moongook , Nara Hiroki , Yokoshima Tokihiko , Momma Toshiyuki , Osaka Tetsuya 
Published: February 2020

Silicon have been attracted as promising anode material because of its higher theoretical capacity than commercial graphite (silicon: 4200 mA h g-1, graphite: 372 mA h g-1). We have been reported the novel Si-O-C composite as anode for lithium secondary batteries with high discharge capacity around of 1045 mA h (g of Si)-1 at 2000th cycle and 842 mA h (g of Si)-1 with outstanding cycle ability over 7200 cycles. Nevertheless, it is not easy to increase the thickness of Si-O-C composite for higher areal capacity due to its weak adhesion strength between Si-O-C with current corrector. To solve this problem, we reported the nickel micro-nanocones hierarchical structured (MHS) substrate and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) covered Cu substrate, and Si-O-C was deposited on those of current collectors, resulting in improved areal capacity and deposited Si amounts, 600 mA h cm-1 with Si-O-C deposited on MHS substrate and enhanced deposited Si amounts up to 16.7 % by CNTs/Cu substrate.
In this research, the Si-O-C deposited on to CNTs/Cu substrate was used as anode for full-cell test with LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode. The loading amounts of LCO and Si-O-C were controlled to find optimum loading amounts for good-balanced LCO//Si-O-C full cell. Besides, to enhance the areal capacity, carbon paper (CP) which has three-dimensional structure was used as current collector. The Si-O-C/CP was prepared by electrodeposition with two kinds of electrolytes, in PC and EC/DEC bath. Material and electrochemical properties of Si-O-C/CP was measured by FE-SEM, raman spectrum, inductively coupled plasma, and charge/discharge test by half-cell.

Acknowledgements

This work was partly supported by “Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Specially Promoted Research for Innovative Next Generation Batteries (ALCA-SPRING)” from Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan.

References

[1] M. Agostini, J.Hassoun, J. Liu, M. Jeong, H. Nara, T. Momma, T. Osaka, Y. Sun, and B. Scrosati, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 10924-10928 (2014).
[2] H. Nara, T. Yokoshima, T. Momma and T. Osaka, Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 6500 (2012).
[3] 22. T. Hang, H. Nara, T. Yokoshima, T. Momma, and T. Osaka, J. Power. Sources, 222, 503-509 (2013).

Figure 1
Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Anchored on Functionalized Graphene Oxide for High Performance Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Zhao Xianmin , Han Qiaofeng , Fu Yongsheng 
Published: February 2020

Today, owing to long-term stability, high-energy density and safety, rechargeable lithium ion batteries have been used in many portable electronic devices. Unfortunately, the commercial graphite anode materials cannot meet the rapidly increasing demand of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle and advanced energy storage devices. Attractively, due to the superior theoretical speciﬁc capacities, wide abundance and low cost, spinel structured ferrites (MFe2O4) stand out from various novel anode materials for next-generation LIBs. However, the application of MFe2O4electrodes was restricted by the enormous volume changes during the process of lithium insertion/extraction and low intrinsic electronic conductivity, which resulting in poor cycling stability and rate capability. Enormous efforts has been done to enhanced the stability and electronic conductivity, supporting on the graphene oxide as one of the most effective methods draws large attention, compared with carbon nanotubes, carbon black and carbon coating.
In this present work, graphene oxide was functionalized by piperazine (PG) to enhance the surface properties and the wettability. The ternary nanocomposites was synthesized through reflux process and subsequent hydrothermal treatment. The as-obtained CoFe2O4/PG nanocomposites delivered an excellent reversible capacity of 1050 mAh g-1 at the current density of 100 mA g-1 after 50 cycles. Even at a large current density of 1000 mA g−1, a reversible capacity of 720.8 mA h g−1 can still be retained. The outstanding cycling performance and rate capability can be contributed to the stability, predominant electroconductibility and favourable surface wettability of the functionalized graphene oxide, and the remarkable synergistic effect between CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and functionalized graphene oxide sheets.