bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines an alternative theory of human capital based on job scarcity rather than labor scarcity. This is done in the context of a changing economy, wherein orthodox human capital theory has resulted in credential hyperinflation. The new human capital proposes to address challenges presented by global competition, new technologies, and economic inequalities. To develop an alternative theory, the chapter reexamines the role of human beings and their relationship to capital. It argues that the story of human capital represents a conflict at the very heart of capitalism, where the outcome is yet to be decided. The new human capital involves rethinking supply, demand, and return, and in doing so highlights a fundamental change in the relationship between them.
Origins
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of human capital theory. Before the mid-twentieth century the idea of human capital had a checkered history. Ideas linking the role of human labor to wealth creation can be traced to the works of Aristotle, Ibn Khaldun, and Thomas Aquinas. The chapter examines the ideas posed by notable economic theorists and thinkers such as Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Theodore Schultz, and Gary Becker. It shows how the ideas developed by these thinkers extended to a wide range of issues concerning the relationship between education and the labor market. In turn, they were able to influence policy in such powerful ways that their legacy remains. Above all, their influence shaped the way education is viewed in many countries: as an investment in the economic fortunes of the individual and the nation. This view gradually emerged as the dominant one, but was triumphantly sealed by the advent of neoliberalism in the 1980s.
Winners and Losers
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks who wins and who loses in the distribution of credentials, jobs, and wages. Orthodox theorists argue that human capital is the most important form of capital in modern economies, so by investing in education individuals can earn the returns on their rising productivity. This led to the view that knowledge workers would be the key beneficiaries of today’s economy, as they would supersede traditional capitalists as wealth creators. This chapter presents evidence of who have been the real winners and losers in Becker’s “age of human capital.” It shows how rates of return reflect social inequalities in class, gender, and ethnicity. This analysis challenges three key tenets of orthodox theory.
The Mirage of Opportunity
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how orthodox theory has contributed to the destruction of the neoliberal opportunity bargain, and how it has become part of the problem rather than a policy solution. Beyond stagnant, if not declining incomes, there are three further symptoms, namely, credential inflation, elite closure, and a narrowing of academic purpose to “education as employability.” Credential inflation is at the heart of a human capital currency crisis given a decline in the exchange value of credentials. The goal posts move with almost every graduation ceremony, and the rules of the game change as employers look beyond credentials in making their hiring decisions. Many people are being priced out of the market not because they are stupid or lack ambition but because they do not have the resources to stay in an extended competition; at the same time, elites are using their social advantage to win a competitive advantage by monopolizing elite institutions and accessing international networks.
Rethinking Economic Returns
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues for a fundamental revaluation of how the productive dividend is to be shared. If there is little prospect of narrowing income inequalities or upgrading the quality of life for all through existing supply-side policies, new human capital requires a wide-ranging policy response to address inequalities of condition alongside inequalities of opportunity. This is why the question of returns (economic prizes) is so important, because there is the need for a new narrative and public policy agenda aimed at spreading the benefits of economic activity to enable human flourishing across society. It requires a redefinition of economic purpose linked to reimagining both earning and learning and the relationship between them. A key insight of the chapter is that what is capitalized by individuals and firms rests on a social dividend that needs to be built into the distributional foundations of the new human capital. It shares the widely held view that the competition for economic prizes should be constructed so that every individual has an equal chance to win.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter provides arguments based on mounting research evidence showing that, for many, learning is not earning. It also rests on the contention that historical possibilities exist to improve the quality of individual and social life through the transformation of economic means—in other words, by developing a new way of thinking about human capital. The chapter goes on to confront future prospects for the new human capital, even as these prospects depend on rebalancing the power relations between capital and labor. To conclude, the chapter calls for a different narrative that connects with the disconnections in people’s lives—their sense of disappointment, alienation, and unfairness. However, the distributional conflict revealed at the very heart of capitalism, which is central to the crisis of human capital, remains to be resolved.
Integrating Virtues
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 moves beyond providing an account of individual virtues to advance a conception of character. Here “character” means the integration of a constellation of virtues within personality. The chapter presents and defends an “integration” thesis, which means that the distinctiveness of individual characters can be explained by investigating interrelations among the unique arrays of virtues that people possess and display. The integration thesis is essentially practical, maintaining that virtues develop together uniquely in individual personalities as people respond to the virtue-relevant circumstances of their daily lives. Character has been much discussed in the history of philosophy, especially in debates about the unity or reciprocity of the virtues. The chapter situates the integration thesis vis-à-vis this literature, arguing that it is preferable to a number of views on the virtues and how they are unified (or not) to form character.
Strange and Wonderful
Authors: Foster Karen Polinger 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Ever since the creation of the world’s first zoological and botanical gardens five thousand years ago, people have collected, displayed, and depicted animals and plants from lands far beyond their everyday experience. Some did so to demonstrate power over far-flung territories; others to enhance prestige by possessing something no one had ever seen before. Exotica also satisfied intellectual curiosity, educated and entertained, and furthered scientific inquiry. The earliest evidence we have shows that exotic fauna and flora—and the state-sponsored images of them—were instruments of political persuasion, and in turn often exerted considerable influence over expansionist policies. This book tells the fascinating story behind the many ways the exotic have appeared in Western art. Beginning in the world of Mesopotamia in the Bronze Age, the text travels chronologically through the Classical, Byzantine, Islamic, and Renaissance periods to end in the New World’s gardens of Eden, meeting such characters as Albrecht Durer’s rhinoceros, Hatshepsut’s beloved baboons, Empress Josephine’s kangaroos, and Seleucus’s tiger along the way.
Police Pushback
Authors: Brayne Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights how the police resist and contest big data analytics. Their resistance stems in large part from the proliferation of high-frequency observations and data collection sensors resulting in the police themselves coming under increased surveillance. New developments in surveillance technologies are frequently viewed with suspicion, with officers believing technology is a means of deskilling, entrenching managerial control, devaluing experiential knowledge, and threatening their professional autonomy. Novel tech ultimately serves to reinforce old divisions—such as those between managers and patrol officers—even as it creates new distinctions within the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Understanding these patterns of contestation underscores how big data is ultimately social. It also allows one to consider the extent to which data-based surveillance is—and is not—associated with deeper organizational change.
Living Lives of Resistance in Multiple Registers
Authors: Lykes M. Brinton 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores one Maya Ixil woman’s stories of resistance in the context of genocidal violence, exile, and postconflict transitional justice processes. Through the analysis and re-analysis of narratives from in-depth interviews in 1992 and 2015 that bookend nearly three decades of a dialogic relationship between the author and this Maya Ixil woman, the author explores her shifting understandings of Maria Izabel’s silence about her past upon her return from exile. Through repositioning herself vis-à-vis multiple possible meanings of silence in contexts of genocidal violence, human rights activism, and transitional justice processes, the author discusses how Maria Izabel’s co-constructed stories crafted through their decades-long dialogic relationship in diverse historical contexts, narrated changes in both of their lives. The chapter further documents processes through which the author sought to “stand under” Maria Izabel’s diverse narratives at these distinctly different historical moments of social change and Mayan struggle in Guatemala.
Cultural Identities and Narratives That “Race”
Authors: Kessi Shose 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how hegemonic representations of racialization are reproduced and/or resisted through stories told by a group of Black students located in a historically White university in South Africa, the University of Cape Town (UCT). The stories were collected through a photovoice project with 36 students from five different faculties at UCT over a period of three years, from 2013 to 2015.The photographs and written stories produced by the participants challenged and resisted the common social representations of Black underachievement and backwardness that prevail in higher education discourse. The students’ narratives, in the context of a transforming institution, shifted the terms of engagement in conversations about race and opened up spaces for meaningful dialogue and action toward social change. Their narratives not only constructed alternative frames of reference that provided positive resources for identity construction, but also conscientized and empowered them to influence the direction of the academic project.
Relational Approaches to Evaluating Teaching
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A central purpose of evaluating teaching is to help teachers develop professionally. In contrast to traditional teachers’ appraisal and teachers’ performance management, relational approaches can overcome the current impasse where student test scores are used to judge teachers. Such practices undermine teachers’ confidence and professionalism and foster alienation from each other and from teaching itself. As a relational alternative, the authors propose a fourfold framework, centering on practices of mutual learning among teachers, inviting students as learning partners, cultivating teacher strengths and talents, and developing teachers’ research into their own practices. The authors show how relationally enriched approaches to evaluating teaching can inject creative energy into the teaching process while simultaneously supporting teachers’ learning. Evaluation can thus be integral to teachers’ professional development.
Relational Approaches to School Evaluation
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
School inspection based on the standardized measurement of student test performance is among the significant causes of teachers’ stress and school leaders’ frustration. To truly understand how a school provides meaningful educational experiences, it is imperative to involve the reflection of all stakeholders. Viable alternatives from a relational standpoint are now emerging, and demonstrate how school evaluation in the form of collective and mutually supportive inquiry can enrich understanding of school functioning and stimulate effective change. Among the many relevant practices, the authors focus on two relationally sensitive approaches to replace the traditional models of school inspection: first, a community-based whole-school evaluation drawing on the perspectives of teachers, parents, students, and school governors, and then and an integral evaluation practice combining the evaluative concerns of the school community and policy makers. These practices demonstrate the value of including multiple voices in the school evaluation process, thus empowering and engaging the wider community in improving schools.
Toward Systemic Transformation in Education
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this conclusion, the authors consider steps toward systemic transformation in education. They offer proposals for relation-enriching actions in the classroom, the whole school, the community, higher education institutions, and beyond. In the classroom, the authors emphasize the art of inquiring, the art of listening, the art of appreciation, and the art of disagreeing; in the whole school, they advocate a relational ethos and the development of a culture of inquiry and collaboration, participative decision-making, and relational responsibility; in the community, they propose that parents should be co-learners and co-authors of the educational narrative and that neighborhood institutions should serve as school’s learning partners; in the case of higher education institutions, the authors stress these institutions’ role in expanding students’ learning and supporting teachers’ professional development. Finally, the authors point out that a systemic transformation in education invites a globally shared inquiry into new ways living together.
Sweet Mystery
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Rida Johnson Young (ca. 1869–1926) was one of the most prolific female playwrights of her time, as well as a lyricist and librettist in the musical theater. She wrote more than thirty full-length plays, operettas, and musical comedies, five hundred songs, and four novels. Despite her extensive output, no significant study of her work has been produced. This book examines her musical theater works with in-depth analyses of her librettos and lyrics, as well as her working relationships with other writers, performers, and producers, particularly Lee and J. J. Shubert. Using archival materials such as original typescripts, correspondence, and reviews, the book contextualizes Young’s work within the milieu of the early-twentieth-century professional theater and provides a window into the standard practices of writing and production of the era. The works examined are Naughty Marietta, Lady Luxury, The Red Petticoat, When Love Is Young, His Little Widows, Her Soldier Boy, Maytime, Sometime, Little Simplicity, and The Dream Girl.
An Old Story in a New Dress
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces Rida Johnson’s early life in Baltimore, her marriage to actor James Young, and the beginning of her playwriting career. After moving to New York at age eighteen, she started out as an actor in E. H. Sothern’s company, then worked as a staff lyricist for M. Witmark & Sons. She then turned to writing plays and had many early successes, including Brown of Harvard, The Boys of Company “B,” The Lottery Man, and several shows with the Irish-style actor-singer Chauncey Olcott. With Olcott, she wrote “Mother Machree,” which would become one of her most popular songs. The chapter also discusses the baseball play she wrote with professional baseball player Christy Mathewson, The Girl and the Pennant. The chapter concludes with information about her divorce from Young and her growing popularity as a dependable playwright and collaborator.
Ah! Sweet Mystery of Life
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins the analysis of Young’s individual musical works. The chapter focuses entirely on the 1910 operetta Naughty Marietta, with music by Victor Herbert. It gives the historical context of Young and Herbert’s process and of the time period in which the operetta is set. The libretto has long been criticized for its inferiority to Herbert’s music. However, a close reading of Young’s libretto reveals sophisticated management of the plot, lively characters, and subtle thematic threads. The chapter includes a plot synopsis, analysis of major themes, and close analyses of the songs and dramatic structure.
Dream Girl
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The final chapter recounts the last few plays of Young’s career, with a focus on The Dream Girl (music by Victor Herbert). This was an adaptation of the 1906 play The Road to Yesterday by Beulah Marie Dix and Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland. Soon before opening, the Shuberts brought in Harold Atteridge to write material for vaudeville comedian Billy B. Van, which greatly altered the script Young had spent about three years writing. As a result, the script is uneven and was panned by critics. Young only wrote one more play after this, Cock o’ the Roost, before falling ill with breast cancer. She died in 1926 and left behind an estate worth more than $95,000, or about $1.3 million in today’s money. The chapter concludes with an appraisal of Young’s legacy.
The Closing and Lasting Impact of CLAEM
Authors: Herrera Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the conditions leading to the closing of CLAEM and the impact the center as a whole had on the Latin American art music scene. Touching upon the three main themes of the book, the chapter discusses the lessons learned and the weaknesses revealed from the most significant philanthropic incursion into avant-garde art music in Latin America, and the lasting legacy of a generation of fellowship holders, both in terms of their embrace or rejection of the avant-garde, and their adoption of an identification as Latin American composers based on strong and intimate social bonds. It argues that the impact that the relatively short-lived center had during the following fifty years on the classical music of the region was the result of calculated philanthropic efforts, the embodied and multi-faceted embrace of avant-garde ideas, and the conscious and strategic construction and identification of Latin American composers.
Planning for Mass Unemployment
Authors: James Aaron 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What Keynes called “technological unemployment” is not yet upon us. Many agree that, if or when it is upon us, society will be forced to pay a basic income. This chapter argues that we shouldn’t wait. The chance of mass unemployment is credible. The outcome would be terrible. And a “precautionary basic income” is relatively cheap. So, much like buying a fire extinguisher for one’s home, we should take precautionary action before the risk of technological mass unemployment becomes likely. This is consistent with a cost-benefit analysis, when the benefits of business-as-usual are appropriately discounted. Precautionary action may well cost us nothing in the longer run. But even if it will cost something in forgone growth, the rich world shouldn’t worry, for three reasons: (1) The more we gain in GDP, the less and less it does for our happiness; (2) work for GDP is expensive in time lost; and (3) further GDP gains have less value than comparable security benefits to the less well-off.
Designing AI with Rights, Consciousness, Self-Respect, and Freedom
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric , Garza Mara 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter proposes four policies of ethical design of human-grade AI. Two of the policies are precautionary. Given substantial uncertainty both about ethical theory and about the conditions under which AI would have conscious experiences, the chapter argues that we should be cautious in our handling of cases where different moral theories or different theories of consciousness would produce very different ethical recommendations. The other two policies concern respect and freedom. The chapter argues that if we design AI that deserves moral consideration equivalent to that of human beings, then AI should be designed with self-respect and with the freedom to explore values other than those we might impose.
Epilogue
Authors: Reilly Thomas H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Protestant elites suffered along with the rest of China’s elite during Mao’s Cultural Revolution. After Mao’s death, many of these elite were rehabilitated and some were returned to positions of leadership. Meanwhile, under China’s economic reforms, the nation has become wealthier and stronger; China has become modern. While mostly controlled by the government, Chinese Protestant churches have grown larger, and their social influence has expanded, helping Chinese Protestants more faithfully fulfill their calling to serve their people, their nation, and their God.
Dance Musicalization and the Choreomusicking Body
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 presents a dance-centered taxonomy of musical numbers, which clarifies how dance promotes agency and authorship. Reconsidering the term “song picturization,” which suggests the primacy of the song as setting the agenda for the visuals, this chapter proposes that in the case of certain dance numbers or famed dancer-actors, a reverse process of “dance musicalization” is at work, in which a desired dance vocabulary precedes and influences the conceptualization of the song. This disruption of given logics of production and authorship spurs the conceptualization of a multi-bodied “choreomusicking body,” which directs our attention to the many on- and off-screen bodies laboring to produce the song-and-dance number, and fundamentally shifts ideological readings of narrative and spectacle in popular Hindi cinema. Employing choreomusicological theory, historical accounts of dancer-actors’ influence on musical composition, and spectatorial responses to the music-dance composite, this chapter proposes new models for theorizing the Hindi film song-and-dance sequence.