bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Subjectivity in Identification of Martian Channel Networks and Its Implication for Citizen Science Projects
Authors: Bahia R. S. , Jones M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Martian surface is incised by numerous valley networks, which indicate the planet experienced sustained widespread flowing water in the past (e.g. Carr in Water on Mars, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996; Phil Trans R Soc A 370:2193–2212, 2012.10.1098/rsta.2011.0500). Examining the distribution and geometries of these valley networks provides invaluable information about the Martian climate during the period of formation. The recent advancement in high resolution images has provided an opportunity to build upon past valley maps of Mars (Bahia et al. in LPSC 2018, 2018), however, the identification of these valley networks is extremely time-consuming. A citizen science project may aid in reducing this time-consuming process; this project conducts a valley mapping task with participants of varying expertise in valley mapping to determine whether a citizen science project of this kind should be worth pursuing. This was conducted in a region adjacent to Vogel Crater (36.1° S, 10.2° W). Repeated mapping of the area (a repeatability test) found that participants with low experience in valley mapping (22 a-level physics student’s representative of the public) were inconsistent when mapping valleys. Additionally, when comparing the results of participants within this group (a reproducibility test), the majority of reproduced valleys are false positives (i.e. incorrectly traced valleys). These results were consistent with those found for the medium experience group (45 2nd year geology undergraduates). The validated tracings of the low experience group improve upon the number and total length of valleys mapped by previous studies (Hynek et al. in J Geophys Res 115:1–14, 2010). To validate these valleys requires the input of an expert to remove false positives which is less time consuming than manually mapping the images; this may indicate that a citizen science project is worth pursuing. However, to effectively identify the maximum amount of valleys an expert is required.
Using in situ density and strength measurements for sediment maintenance in ports and waterways
Authors: Kirichek Alex , Shakeel Ahmad , Chassagne Claire 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurposeFluid mud layers can be substantial in waterways and they can jeopardise navigation when the ship’s keel comes in its vicinity. The nautical bottom has therefore to be properly characterised. Mud density and yield stress are used as criteria to characterise the nautical bottom. For a decade, measuring these parameters in situ has been a challenging task. The goal of this paper is to compare the parameters obtained from recently developed in situ measuring instruments.Materials and methodsTwo vertical profilers (Graviprobe and Rheotune) were used in this study. The Graviprobe measures the undrained shear strength, whereas the Rheotune measures the Bingham yield stress and density of mud layers. Four different locations at the Port of Hamburg were used to test the Rheotune. Bingham yield stresses obtained from Rheotune measurements were compared with the laboratory rheological measurements. The mud layer thicknesses profiled by Graviprobe and Rheotune at the Port of Hamburg and at the Port of Rotterdam were compared. The measurements were also compared with a model that predicts the consolidation of weak mud.Results and discussionThe Rheotune data match well with the laboratory experiments at two of the four tested locations at the Port of Hamburg. For the other two locations, the Rheotune data underestimates the Bingham yield stress, as compared with the laboratory data. The reason for the discrepancy is discussed. The comparison between the Graviprobe’s and Rheotune’s profiles showed that the thickness of the fluid mud layer, found from each device, for all locations, is similar. The in situ density measurements were confirmed by the laboratory experiments. It was found that the standard model for consolidation of mud could reproduce the in situ strength and density measurements as a function of time relatively well. The mismatch between model and experimental data is most probably due to a change in constitutive parameters over time.ConclusionsOur results show that the correlation between density and yield stress measurements, as a function of different measuring equipment, strongly depends on the type of mud. Therefore, a proper calibration should be performed by establishing a reference database for each equipment. In order to decrease the amount of in situ survey, it is also necessary to develop models that can accurately predict the consolidation over time.
Individual vs. Group Delivery of Acupuncture Therapy for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Urban Primary Care—a Randomized Trial
Authors: McKee M. Diane , Nielsen Arya , Anderson Belinda , Chuang Elizabeth , Connolly Mariel , Gao Qi , Gil Eric N , Lechuga Claudia , Kim Mimi , Naqvi Huma , Kligler Benjamin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Acupuncture has been shown to be effective for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal back, neck, and osteoarthritis pain. However, access to acupuncture treatment has been limited in medically underserved and low-income populations.

Objective
Acupuncture therapy delivered in groups could reduce cost and expand access. We compared the effectiveness of group versus individual acupuncture for pain and function among ethnically diverse, low-income primary care patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Design
This was a randomized comparative effectiveness non-inferiority trial in 6 Bronx primary care community health centers. Participants with chronic (> 3 months) back, neck, or osteoarthritis pain were randomly assigned to individual or group acupuncture therapy for 12 weeks.

Participants
Seven hundred seventy-nine participants were randomized. Mean age was 54.8 years. 35.3% of participants identified as black and 56.9% identified as Latino. Seventy-six percent were Medicaid insured, 60% reported poor/fair health, and 37% were unable to work due to disability.

Interventions
Participants received weekly acupuncture treatment in either group or individual setting for 12 weeks.

Main Measures
Primary outcome was pain interference on the Brief Pain Inventory at 12 weeks; secondary outcomes were pain severity (BPI), physical and mental well-being (PROMIS-10), and opiate use. Outcome measures were collected at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks.

Key Results
37.5% of individual arm and 30.3% in group had > 30% improvement in pain interference (d = 7.2%, 95% CI − 0.6%, 15.1%). Non-inferiority of group acupuncture was not demonstrated for the primary outcome assuming a margin of 10%. In the responder analysis of physical well-being, 63.1% of individual participants and 59.5% of group had clinically important improvement at 12 weeks (d = 3.6%, 95% CI − 4.2%, 11.4%).

Conclusions
Both individual and group acupuncture therapy delivered in primary care settings reduced chronic pain and improved physical function at 12 weeks; non-inferiority of group was not shown.

Trial Registration
Clinicaltrials.gov # NCT02456727
Thoracic mobility and its relation to pulmonary function and rib-cage deformity in patients with early onset idiopathic scoliosis: a long-term follow-up
Authors: Romberg Karin , Fagevik Olsén Monika , Kjellby-Wendt Gunilla , Lofdahl Hallerman Kerstin , Danielsson Aina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStudy designA group of adult patients with idiopathic scoliosis, diagnosed before the age of ten, at a mean of 26.5 years after treatment with either brace or surgery during childhood and adolescence attended a clinical follow-up.ObjectivesTo evaluate the relation between thoracic mobility, rib-cage deformity, and pulmonary function.Summary of background dataLong-term studies of pulmonary function in relation to thoracic mobility after treatment in this patient group have not been published.MethodsA total of 106 patients, 57 braced and 49 operated patients, attended the follow-up. We examined thoracic mobility (range of motion of the thoracic spine, thorax expansion, and breathing movements) and rib-cage deformity (curve size and trunk deformity) as well as pulmonary function, especially total lung capacity (TLC). Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated in a subgroup.ResultsThoracic range of motion was significantly less among the surgically treated patients compared with both the brace-treated and comparison group. Thorax expansion and breathing movements during maximal breathing were significantly reduced in the scoliotic patients compared with the reference values, with no significant differences between the treatment groups. The brace-treated group had better pulmonary function than the operated group, as measured by the TLC, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (percentage of predicted values). The respiratory muscle strength was significantly lower only in the surgically treated patients when compared with reference values. The results of a multivariate analysis revealed that the strongest factors explaining TLC percentage of predicted were gender, brace model, and smoking habits.ConclusionsThoracic mobility was significantly reduced at mean 26.5 years after completed treatment in both brace-treated and surgically treated patients with early onset scoliosis, compared with the reference values, which did not influence TLC as strongly as gender, brace model, and smoking habits.Levels of evidenceLevel III.
Assessment of emergency and essential surgical service in primary hospitals of South Gondar zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2019
Authors: Alemayehu Tikuneh Yetneberk , Boled Abebe Tiruneh , Taye Moges Gelaw , Kibret Simegnew , Habtie Meseret Firde 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Surgical service at the first level referral hospitals are an important aspect of comprehensive health care. Surgical disease has been estimated to constitute 11% of the total global burden of disease, of which a substantial fraction unfortunately remains unmet in resource limited area. Surgical volume is large and continues to grow in all economic environments, yet many low-income countries fail to achieve basic levels of surgical service.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of emergency and essential surgical service in primary hospital facilities of south Gondar zone in Amhara regional state.

Design:
A cross sectional survey was employed in seven primary hospitals of south Gondar zone.

Material:
The WHO tool for situational analysis to assess emergency and essential surgical care was employed to capture a health facility's capacity to perform basic surgical (including obstetrics and trauma) and anesthesia interventions by investigating four categories of data: infrastructure, human resources, interventions available and equipment. The tool queried the availability of eight types of care providers, 35 surgical interventions and 67 items of equipment.

Result:
Of the 35 basic interventions listed in the tool, 51.4% basic interventions including caesarean section were available at all facilities. Averaging of 51 beds per facility was reported. The mean distance travelled prior to admission was 42 km. A total of 170 healthcare providers were reported in the seven facilities. This survey found that essential equipment was not consistently available at all of the facilities.

Conclusion:
Discrepancies in infrastructure, human resources, service provision, and essential equipment and supplies demonstrate the significant gaps in capacity of hospitals to deliver emergency and essential surgical care and effectively addressing the increasing surgical burden of disease and injury in south Gondar zone primary hospitals.

Highlights:
Chaperonin-assisted protein folding: a chronologue
Authors: Horwich Arthur L. , Fenton Wayne A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chronologue seeks to document the discovery and development of an understanding of oligomeric ring protein assemblies known as chaperonins that assist protein folding in the cell. It provides detail regarding genetic, physiologic, biochemical, and biophysical studies of these ATP-utilizing machines from both in vivo and in vitro observations. The chronologue is organized into various topics of physiology and mechanism, for each of which a chronologic order is generally followed. The text is liberally illustrated to provide firsthand inspection of the key pieces of experimental data that propelled this field. Because of the length and depth of this piece, the use of the outline as a guide for selected reading is encouraged, but it should also be of help in pursuing the text in direct order.
Inverting Topography for Landscape Evolution Model Process Representation: 2. Calibration and Validation
Authors: Barnhart Katherine R. , Tucker Gregory E. , Doty Sandra G. , Shobe Charles M. , Glade Rachel C. , Rossi Matthew W. , Hill Mary C. 
Published: February 2020

We present a multimodel analysis for mechanistic hypothesis testing in landscape evolution theory. The study site is a watershed with well‐constrained initial and boundary conditions in which a river network locally incised 50 m over the last 13 ka. We calibrate and validate a set of 37 landscape evolution models designed to hierarchically test elements of complexity from four categories: hillslope processes, channel processes, surface hydrology, and representation of geologic materials. Comparison of each model to a base model, which uses stream power channel incision, uniform lithology, hillslope transport by linear diffusion, and surface water discharge proportional to drainage area, serves as a formal test of which elements of complexity improve model performance. Model fit is assessed using an objective function based on a direct difference between observed and simulated modern topography. A hybrid optimization scheme identifies optimal parameters and uncertainty. Multimodel analysis determines which elements of complexity improve simulation performance. Validation tests which model improvements persist when models are applied to an independent watershed. The three most important model elements are (1) spatial variation in lithology (differentiation between shale and glacial till), (2) a fluvial erosion threshold, and (3) a nonlinear relationship between slope and hillslope sediment flux. Due to nonlinear interactions between model elements, some process representations (e.g., nonlinear hillslopes) only become important when paired with the inclusion of other processes (e.g., erosion thresholds). This emphasizes the need for caution in identifying the minimally sufficient process set. Our approach provides a general framework for hypothesis testing in landscape evolution.
Discovery of Chile Niño/Niña
Authors: Xue Jiaqing , Luo Jing‐Jia , Yuan Chaoxia , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA new air‐sea coupled mode is discovered off the coast of northern Chile and named Chile Niño/Niña. It shows remarkable interannual variability in sea surface temperature (SST) with the peak in austral summer from January to March. The related warm (cold) SST anomalies are mainly generated by anomalous southward (northward) alongshore surface winds that suppress (enhance) the coastal upwelling and subsurface mixing and, in turn, reinforce the wind anomalies by heating (cooling) the overlying atmosphere and strengthening the anomalous cross‐shore pressure contrast. The positive feedback is called the coastal Bjerknes feedback in analogy to the equatorial Bjerknes feedback that is responsible for generation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The anomalous surface shortwave radiation through the SST‐low stratus cloud thermodynamic feedback and the variation in the mixed‐layer depth play positive roles in the evolution of Chile Niño (Niña). In contrast, the wind‐evaporation‐SST feedback plays almost no role in the evolution.
Ongoing Dispersal of the 7 August 2019 Pumice Raft From the Tonga Arc in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Jutzeler Martin , Marsh Robert , van Sebille Erik , Mittal Tushar , Carey Rebecca J. , Fauria Kristen E. , Manga Michael , McPhie Jocelyn 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOn the 7 August 2019, a 195 km2 raft of andesitic pumice was produced at 200 m below sea level at an unnamed submarine volcano in the Tonga Islands (Southwest Pacific Ocean). Drifting chiefly westward, the raft reached the Fiji Islands on the 19 September. Yachts that crossed the raft as early as 2 days post‐eruption provided an outstanding data set of raft characteristics and pristine samples. Further, exceptional tracking of raft dispersal by satellite images allows us to contrast virtual particle tracking methods with ocean model currents to explore the relative influence of surface currents, wind, and wave action on pumice flotsam dispersal over up to 2 years. Attenuation of ocean waves by large and compact pumice rafts appears to reduce the effect of Stokes drift. The coupling of real‐time satellite observations with oceanographic Lagrangian simulations allows near‐real time forecasting for global maritime hazard mitigation.
Coastal Erosion Variability at the Southern Laptev Sea Linked to Winter Sea Ice and the Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Nielsen David Marcolino , Dobrynin Mikhail , Baehr Johanna , Razumov Sergey , Grigoriev Mikhail 
Published: February 2020

AbstractArctic coastal erosion experiences pronounced effects from ongoing climate change. The Laptev Sea figures among the Arctic regions with the most severe erosion rates. Here, we use unprecedentedly long records of almost 30 years of annual in‐situ coastal erosion rate measurements from Bykovsky Peninsula and Muostakh Island to separate the main modes of variability, which we attribute to large‐scale drivers. The first (lower‐frequency) and second (higher‐frequency) modes are associated with winter sea‐ice cover in the Laptev Sea and with the Arctic Oscillation, respectively, which together account for
of the total observed variance. Arctic coastal erosion has so far been neglected in Earth system models (ESMs). The proposed mechanisms set favorable conditions for coastal erosion at large scales (synoptic to planetary scales), compatible with those represented in modern ESMs.
Large‐Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Associated With U.S. Great Plains Warm Season Droughts Revealed by Self‐Organizing Maps
Authors: Zhuang Yizhou , Fu Rong , Wang Hongqing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study uses a multivariate self‐organizing map approach to diagnose precipitation anomalies over the United States' Great Plains during the warm season (April–August) and the associated anomalous large‐scale atmospheric patterns, as represented by standardized anomalies of 500 hPa geopotential (Z500′), integrated vapor transport (IVT′), and convective inhibition index (CINi′). Circulation patterns favoring dryness identified by the method are generally consistent with those shown in previous studies, but this study provides a more comprehensive and probabilistic characterization of those that favor drought over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and the Central Great Plains (CGP) and their temporal evolutions. Six circulation types that are associated with warm season rainfall variability over the Great Plains are identified. The SGP droughts are attributable to more frequent and persistent northern low‐southern high as well as dominant high circulation types and are connected to larger negative CINi′. In contrast, CGP droughts are attributable to more frequent and persistent western low‐eastern high, or northern high‐southern low, or dominant high patterns, and are linked to a larger negative IVT′, but not larger CINi′. Thus, these results suggest that land surface dryness and a stable atmospheric boundary layer may play a more important role over the SGP than reduced moisture transport in warm season droughts, but reduced moisture transport may play a more important role than thermodynamic stability in droughts over the CGP.
Synergy of Satellite‐ and Ground‐Based Aerosol Optical Depth Measurements Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter Approach
Authors: Li Jing , Kahn Ralph A. , Wei Jing , Carlson Barbara E. , Lacis Andrew A. , Li Zhanqing , Li Xichen , Dubovik Oleg , Nakajima Teruyuki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSatellite‐ and ground‐based remote sensing are two widely used techniques to measure aerosol properties. However, neither is perfect in that satellite retrievals suffer from various sources of uncertainties, and ground observations have limited spatial coverage. In this study, focusing on improving estimates of aerosol information on large scale, we develop a data synergy technique based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to effectively combine these two types of measurements and yield a monthly mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) product with global coverage and improved accuracy. We first construct a 474‐member ensemble using 11 monthly mean AOD data sets to represent the variability of the AOD field. Then Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer AOD retrievals are selected as the background field into which ground‐based measurements from 135 Aerosol Robotic Network sites are assimilated using the EnKF. Compared with satellite data, the bias and root‐mean‐square errors of the combined field are greatly reduced, and correlation coefficients are greatly improved. Moreover, cross validation shows that at locations where surface observations were not assimilated, the reduction in root‐mean‐square error and bias and the increase in correlation can still reach ~20%. Locations where the spatial representativeness of AOD is large or the site density is high are where the greatest changes are typically found. This study shows that the EnKF technique effectively extends the information obtained at surface sites to a larger area, paving the way for combining information from different types of measurements to yield better estimates of aerosol properties as well as their space‐time variability.
A Bound on Ekman Pumping
Authors: de Roode Stephan R. , Siebesma A. Pier 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMomentum transport by boundary layer turbulence causes a weak synoptic‐scale vertical motion. The classical textbook solution for the strength of this Ekman pumping depends on the curl of the surface momentum flux. A new solution for Ekman pumping is derived in terms of the curl of the geostrophic wind and a term that depends in a nontrivial way on the vertical profile of the turbulent momentum flux. The solution is confined to a boundary layer regime that is vertically well mixed and horizontally homogeneous. The momentum flux is computed from a commonly used bulk surface drag formula and a flux jump relation to capture the entrainment flux of momentum at the top of the boundary layer. It is found that the strength of Ekman pumping is bounded. The weakening of Ekman pumping for enhanced turbulent surface friction can be explained from the fact that it will reduce the magnitude of the horizontal wind. It is demonstrated that entrainment of momentum across the top of the boundary layer tends to diminish the large‐scale divergence of the wind. As momentum transport is parameterized in large‐scale models, the analysis is relevant for the understanding and interpretation of the evolution of synoptic‐scale vertical motions as predicted by such models.