bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autism and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with cerebral palsy: high prevalence rates in a population‐based study
Authors: Påhlman Magnus , Gillberg Christopher , Himmelmann Kate 
Published: November 2020

AimTo assess a total population of school‐age children with cerebral palsy (CP) for autism and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with a view to determining their prevalence and to relate findings to motor function, intellectual disability, and other associated impairments.MethodOf 264 children, born between 1999 and 2006, from the CP register of western Sweden, 200 children (109 males, 91 females, median age at assessment 14y, range 7–18y) completed comprehensive screening and further neuropsychiatric clinical assessments.ResultsNinety children (45%) were diagnosed with autism, ADHD, or both, 59 (30%) were diagnosed with autism, and 60 (30%) were diagnosed with ADHD. Intellectual disability was present in 51%. Two‐thirds had autism, ADHD, and/or intellectual disability. In regression models, autism was mainly predicted by intellectual disability (odds ratio [OR]=4.1) and ADHD (OR=3.2), and ADHD was predicted by intellectual disability (OR=2.3) and autism (OR=3.0). Autism was more common in children born preterm (OR=2.0). Gross motor function was not associated with autism. ADHD prevalence was low in children with severe motor impairment, possibly due to diagnostic limitations.InterpretationAutism and ADHD were common in this population of children with CP and were mainlyindependent of motor severity and CP type. The strongest predictor of autism/ADHD was intellectual disability. Assessment for autism and ADHD is warranted as part of the evaluation in CP.What this paper adds

Forty‐five percent of the children with cerebral palsy also had autism, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or both.

Autism and ADHD were predicted mainly by intellectual disability.

Established diagnostic instruments worked well for all but the most disabled group of children.
An unusual presentation of prosthetic valve endocarditis: Utility of 3D transillumination rendering
Authors: Barbeito‐Caamaño Cayetana , Bouzas‐Zubeldía Beatriz , Martín‐Álvarez Esteban , Souto‐Caínzos Borja , Bouzas‐Mosquera Alberto 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProsthetic valve endocarditis is a rare but serious complication of cardiac valve replacement, and echocardiography plays a fundamental role in its diagnosis and management. However, there is not much information about the use of the 3D transillumination rendering in this context. In this report, we present an unusual case of prosthetic valve endocarditis that exemplifies the utility of this new tool.
Precision Medicine: Academic dreaming or clinical reality?
Authors: Josephson Colin B. , Wiebe Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrecision medicine can be distilled into a concept of accounting for an individual’s unique collection of clinical, physiologic, genetic, and sociodemographic characteristics to provide patient‐level predictions of disease course and response to therapy. Abundant evidence now allows us to determine how an average person with epilepsy will respond to specific medical and surgical treatments. This is useful, but not readily applicable to an individual patient. This has brought into sharp focus the desire for a more individualized approach through which we counsel people based on individual characteristics, as opposed to population‐level data. We are now accruing data at unprecedented rates, allowing us to convert this ideal into reality. In addition, we have access to growing volumes of administrative and electronic health records data, biometric, imaging, genetics data, microbiome, and other “omics” data, thus paving the way toward phenome‐wide association studies and “the epidemiology of one.” Despite this, there are many challenges ahead. The collating, integrating, and storing sensitive multimodal data for advanced analytics remains difficult as patient consent and data security issues increase in complexity. Agreement on many aspects of epilepsy remains imperfect, rendering models sensitive to misclassification due to a lack of “ground truth.” Even with existing data, advanced analytics models are prone to overfitting and often failure to generalize externally. Finally, uptake by clinicians is often hindered by opaque, “black box” algorithms. Systematic approaches to data collection and model generation, and an emphasis on education to promote uptake and knowledge translation, are required to propel epilepsy‐based precision medicine from the realm of the theoretical into routine clinical practice.
Changes to the structure and function of an albacore fishery reveal shifting social‐ecological realities for Pacific Northwest fishermen
Authors: Frawley Timothy H. , Muhling Barbara A. , Brodie Stephanie , Fisher Mary C. , Tommasi Desiree , Le Fol Gwendal , Hazen Elliott L. , Stohs Stephen S. , Finkbeiner Elena M. , Jacox Michael G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMarine fisheries around the globe are increasingly exposed to external drivers of social and ecological change. Though diversification and flexibility have historically helped marine resource users negotiate risk and adversity, much of modern fisheries management treats fishermen as specialists using specific gear types to target specific species. Here, we describe the evolution of harvest portfolios amongst Pacific Northwest fishermen over 35+ years with explicit attention to changes in the structure and function of the albacore (Thunnus alalunga, Scombridae) troll and pole‐and‐line fishery. Our analysis indicates that recent social–ecological changes have had heterogenous impacts upon the livelihood strategies favoured by different segments of regional fishing fleets. As ecological change and regulatory reform have restricted access to a number of fisheries, many of the regional small (<45 ft) and medium (45–60 ft) boat fishermen who continue to pursue diverse livelihood strategies have increasingly relied upon the ability to opportunistically target albacore in coastal waters while retaining more of the value generated by such catch. In contrast, large vessels (>60 ft) targeting albacore are more specialized now than previously observed, even as participation in multiple fisheries has become increasingly common for this size class. In describing divergent trajectories associated with the albacore fishery, one of the US West Coast's last open‐access fisheries, we highlight the diverse strategies and mechanisms utilized to sustain fisheries livelihoods in the modern era while arguing that alternative approaches to management and licensing may be required to maintain the viability of small‐scale fishing operations worldwide moving forward.
Labor market and unpaid works implications of COVID‐19 for Bangladeshi women
Authors: Sarker Mou Rani 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCrisis impacts are never gender‐neutral, and COVID‐19 is no exception. The pandemic has further exacerbated the gender and socioeconomic inequalities, therefore, crucial to undertake a gender impact analysis of COVID‐19. This perspective paper highlights women's vulnerability in the labor market and focused on the increasing unpaid workloads in the response to the COVID‐19 outbreak. Focusing on various surveys, feminized sectors such as agriculture, garments have been hardest hit by the pandemic. Female workers have been rapidly lost their means to earn income and confined to homes. Beyond lost jobs and reduced working hours, the pandemic has also increased the time poverty of women. While pre‐pandemic unpaid work burdens are well established as strong, the study indicates that burdens are escalated after‐pandemic. Women balanced intensified unpaid care and domestic works simultaneously or make a tradeoff, without or minimal help from men. Such results suggest a gender‐inclusive policy to minimize the effects of the pandemic, placing women at the center of focus.
Migraine With Exclusive Olfactory Aura: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Tiriticco Marco , Vanotti Alessandra , Mantica Davide , Coppola Alfonso 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesTo report the case of a patient enduring migraine attacks preceded by hallucinatory olfactory symptoms, with characteristics which typically define migraine with aura (MWA).BackgroundMWA accounts for about 30‐40% of the total cases of migraine and is almost always preceded by visual disorders; and in rare cases migraine attacks are preceded by olfactory hallucinations which have not been so far recognized as a type of aura.ResultsWe describe a 51‐year‐old male whose migraine attacks are preceded, unusually for migraine sufferers, only by olfactory hallucinations; in 10% of the attacks, the olfactory symptoms are not followed by any pain but always appear with the same characteristics. These hallucinations began with the onset of a history of cephalea.ConclusionThis case suggests that olfactory hallucinations should be considered as actual pre‐migraine symptoms, like visual symptoms or other disorders, and added to the criteria for the diagnosis of MWA.
Assessment of treatment options for patients with hepatitis C virus recombinant form 2k/1b
Authors: Zakalashvili Mamuka , Zarkua Jaba , Gish Robert G. , Zhamutashvili Maia , Sartania Vakhtang , Weizenegger Michael , Bartel Jan , Raabe Monika , Gvinjilia Lia , Metreveli Sophia , Barnova Maka , Abramishvili Nikoloz , Rtskhiladze Irakli , Metreveli David 
Published: November 2020

AimHepatitis C virus (HCV) intergenotype recombinant form (RF) 2k/1b has been actively circulating in HCV‐infected patients, and the prevalence of this RF virus in the Republic of Georgia is one of the highest reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to define the optimal treatment regimen for patients with RF_2k/1b.MethodsWe analyzed the data of 2735 patients who started treatment at the Medical Center Mrcheveli within Georgia's hepatitis C elimination program from May 2015 through December 2019. The patients were treated with sofosbuvir (SOF)‐based regimens. For identification of RF_2k/1b variants, refinement of standard (INNO‐LiPA) genotyping results for all patient samples assigned the unspecific HCV genotypes (GT) 2a/2c was carried out by sequencing of core and non‐structural protein 5B genes.ResultsOverall, 444 patients, representing 66% of GT2 and 16% of the total samples, were RF_2k/1b. Treatment of patients with RF_2k/1b with SOF/ledipasvir and SOF/velpatasvir was highly effective and viral cure rates did not differ among genotypes treated with the same regimen: RF_2k/1b, 99% (343/346); GT1, 99% (876/885); GT2, 96% (156/162); and GT3, 99% (545/552). A separate comparison analysis of sustained virologic response rate, treated with SOF plus ribavirin, showed significantly higher sustained virologic response (96%) in patients with confirmed GT2 (by sequencing) compared to unspecified GT2 (by INNO‐LiPA) (79%) (P < 0.05).ConclusionSofosbuvir‐based regimens are highly effective for treatment of RF 2k/1b patients, and with availability of new pan‐genotypic direct‐acting antivirals, genotyping to identify RF 2k/1b patients might not be necessary.
Recent developments in immunotherapy of cancers caused by human papillomaviruses
Authors: Fakhr Elham , Modic Živa , Cid‐Arregui Angel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA subset of oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the main cause of genital cancers, most importantly cervical cancer and an increasing number of head and neck cancers. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines against the most prevalent oncogenic HPV types, HPV‐induced malignancies are still a major health and economic burden. Besides conventional treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, immunotherapy is emerging as an efficient adjuvant option. Here, we review relevant studies and ongoing clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, gene editing approaches and adoptive T cell therapies, with special focus on engineered TCR T cells, which are showing encouraging results and could lead to significant improvement in the treatment of HPV+‐infected cancer patients.
Assisting Rebels Abroad: The Ethics of Violence at the Limits of the Defensive Paradigm
Authors: Finlay Christopher J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this article, I analyse the theory and practice of interventions in foreign civil wars to assist rebels fighting against violently oppressive government. I argue that the indirect nature of this kind of intervention gives rise to political complications that are either absent from or less obvious in humanitarian interventions aimed chiefly at defending human rights from imminent threats. An adequate theory must therefore accommodate three additional components. First, it requires a theory of indirect warfare accounting for how the ends of the interveners’ added violence relate to those of the rebels’ violence. Second, it requires a theory of indirect political leadership, paying careful attention both to the political status of the rebel leaders vis‐à‐vis the people on whose behalf they fight and to the relationship between those leaders and the interveners. Third, the peculiarities of indirect military intervention mean that the violence it introduces isn’t easily explained purely in terms of defensive goals. An adequate account needs additionally to pay attention to the role of violence in shaping new political movements and institutions. The value of such goals is less easily quantified than those of humanitarian intervention, making it harder to set upper limits on permissible ‘proportionate’ harm.
Liability for Wrongful Assistance: On Causing Unjust Harm in the Course of Suboptimal Rescue
Authors: Frowe Helen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeveral states, including the United Kingdom, the United States, and France, have recently engaged in the high‐profile supporting of foreign rebel fighters, providing them with training, weapons, and financial resources. Justifications for providing this assistance usually invoke, at least in part, our obligations to prevent harm to the citizens of oppressive and violent regimes. Providing such assistance is often presented as a morally safe ‘middle ground’ between doing nothing and putting one’s own troops at risk. Yet this assistance typically enables rebels to cause unjust harms, since armed uprisings almost invariably cause harm to innocent people.I argue that enabling these unjust harms can render the provision of assistance unjustified. When a state could prevent at least as much harm by using its resources in other ways, such as preventing disease, without thereby causing comparable unjust harm and without incurring a (significantly greater) supererogatory cost, the state acts unjustifiably if it nonetheless funds the rebellion. When assistors unjustifiably enable unjust harms, they are morally liable to bear costs for the sake of people who suffer those harms. This is true even if the rebels act justifiably in directly inflicting those harms.
SHP‐1 suppresses endotoxin‐induced uveitis by inhibiting the TAK1/JNK pathway
Authors: Zhuang Xiaonan , Ma Jun , Xu Sisi , Sun Zhongcui , Zhang Rong , Zhang Meng , Xu Gezhi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe investigated how Src‐homology 2‐domain phosphatase‐1 (SHP‐1) regulates the inflammatory response in endotoxin‐induced uveitis (EIU), and the signalling pathways involved. One week after intravitreal injection of short hairpin RNA targeting SHP‐1 or SHP‐1 overexpression lentivirus in rats, we induced ocular inflammation with an intravitreal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We then assessed the extent of inflammation and performed full‐field electroretinography. The concentrations and retinal expression of various inflammatory mediators were examined with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and Western blotting, respectively. SHP‐1 overexpression and knockdown were induced in Müller cells to study the role of SHP‐1 in the LPS‐induced inflammatory response in vitro. Retinal SHP‐1 expression was up‐regulated by LPS. SHP‐1 knockdown exacerbated LPS‐induced retinal dysfunction and increased the levels of proinflammatory mediators in the retina, which was abrogated by a c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125). SHP‐1 overexpression had the opposite effects. In Müller cells, the LPS‐induced inflammatory response was enhanced by SHP‐1 knockdown and suppressed by SHP‐1 overexpression. SHP‐1 negatively regulated the activation of the transforming growth factor‐β‐activated kinase‐1 (TAK1)/JNK pathway, but not the nuclear factor‐κB pathway. These results indicate that SHP‐1 represses EIU, at least in part, by inhibiting the TAK1/JNK pathway and suggest that SHP‐1 is a potential therapeutic target for uveitis.
Glucocorticoids decreased Cx43 expression in osteonecrosis of femoral head: The effect on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs
Authors: Zhao Xin , Alqwbani Mohammed , Luo Yue , Chen Changjun , A Ge , Wei Yang , Li Donghai , Wang Qiuru , Tian Meng , Kang Pengde 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlucocorticoid (GC)‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GC‐ONFH) is considered as one of the most serious side effects of long‐term or over‐dose steroid therapy. However, the underlying cause mechanisms are still not fully investigated. We firstly established a rat model of GC‐ONFH and injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and methylprednisolone (MPS). We found that the expressions of Cx43, Runx2, ALP and COLⅠ were more decreased than the normal group. Secondly, the isolated rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were treated with dexamethasone (Dex) in vitro, and the expressions of Cx43, Runx2, ALP and COLⅠ were decreased significantly. Moreover, the results of immunofluorescence staining, alizarin red staining, EdU assay and CCK8 showed that the osteogenic differentiation and the proliferation capacity of BMSCs were decreased after induced by Dex. A plasmid of lentivirus‐mediated Cx43 (Lv‐Cx43) gene overexpression was established to investigate the function of Cx43 in BMSCs under the Dex treatment. Findings demonstrated that the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation abilities were enhanced after Lv‐Cx43 transfected to BMSCs, and these beneficial effects of Lv‐Cx43 were significantly blocked when PD988059 (an inhibitor of ERK1/2) was used. In conclusion, the overexpression of Cx43 could promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via activating the ERK1/2 signalling pathway, which provide a basic evidence for further study on the detailed function of Cx43 in GC‐ONFH.
Association between the dermoscopic morphology of peripheral globules and melanocytic lesion diagnosis
Authors: Reiter O. , Chousakos E. , Kurtansky N. , Nanda J.K. , Dusza S.W. , Marchetti M.A. , Jaimes N. , Moraes A. , Marghoob A.A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe presence of peripheral globules is associated with enlarging melanocytic lesions; however, there are numerous patterns of peripheral globules distribution and it remains unknown whether specific patterns can help differentiate enlarging naevi from melanoma.ObjectiveTo investigate whether morphological differences exist between the peripheral globules seen in different subsets of naevi and in melanoma.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of clinical notes that mentioned peripheral globules, in addition to all melanoma images with peripheral globules on the International Skin Imaging Collaboration archive. Dermoscopic images were reviewed and annotated. Associations between diagnosis and categorical features were measured with odds ratios. Non‐parametric tests were used for continuous factors.Results184 lesions with peripheral globules from our clinic were included in the analysis; only 6 of these proved to be melanoma. 109 melanomas with peripheral globules from the International Skin Imaging Collaboration archive were added to the analysis. Melanomas were more common on the extremities and among older individuals. Melanomas were more likely to display atypical, tiered and/or focal peripheral globules. Only 5% of melanomas lacked dermoscopic melanoma‐specific structures compared to 48% of naevi.ConclusionsMelanocytic lesions with atypical or asymmetrically distributed peripheral globules, especially when located on the extremities, should raise suspicion for malignancy. Melanocytic lesions with typical and symmetrically distributed peripheral globules, and with no other concerning dermoscopic features, are unlikely to be malignant.
Developing a predictive model for distinguishing invasive nail unit melanoma from nail unit melanoma in situ
Authors: Ohn J. , Hur K. , Cho Y. , Park J. , Kim J.Y. , Lee S.‐J. , Park H. , Mun J.‐H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundClinical information that distinguishes invasive nail unit melanoma from nail unit melanoma in situ before surgery would aid physicians in the decision‐making process and estimating prognosis. However, limited information is available on the detailed demographic and dermoscopic features of invasive nail unit melanoma and nail unit melanoma in situ for differential diagnosis.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the demographic data and dermoscopic features of invasive nail unit melanoma and nail unit melanoma in situ and establish a predictive model for differentiating these two forms of nail unit melanoma.MethodsA retrospective observational study of ninety‐seven patients diagnosed with nail unit melanoma (59 in situ and 38 invasive cases) in four healthcare centres in South Korea (three tertiary referral hospitals and one second referral hospital) from March 2014 to December 2019.ResultsA multivariable analysis revealed that ulcer (odds ratio = 21.6, confidence interval = 2.1–219.8, P = 0.009), total melanonychia (odds ratio = 17.6, confidence interval = 3.0–104.0, P = 0.002), nail plate destruction (odds ratio = 10.9, confidence interval = 2.0–59.4, P = 0.006) and polychromia (odds ratio = 5.3, confidence interval = 1.36–20.57, P = 0.016) were distinctive dermoscopic features of invasive nail unit melanoma. A predictive model with scores ranging from 0 to 6 points demonstrated a reliable diagnostic value (C‐statistic = 0.902) in differentiating invasive nail unit melanoma from nail unit melanoma in situ.ConclusionsInvasive nail unit melanoma and nail unit melanoma in situ have different dermoscopic features. A predictive model based on morphologic dermoscopic features could aid in differentiating invasive nail unit melanoma from nail unit melanoma in situ.