bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Basic Course in Humanitarian Health Emergency and Relief: A Pilot Study from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bajow Nidaa A. , Alawad Yousef I. , Aloraifi Samer M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground:Political unrest in the Middle East heightens the possibility of catastrophe due to violent conflict and/or terrorist attacks. However, the disaster risk reduction strategy in the Saudi health care system appears to be a reactive approach focused more on flood hazards than other threats. Given the current unstable political situation in its neighboring countries and Saudi Arabia’s key role in providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to those affected by internal conflicts and wars, it is essential to develop a framework for training standards related to complex humanitarian disasters to provide the requisite skills and knowledge in a gradual manner, according to local context and international standards. This framework could also support the World Health Organization’s (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) initiative for establishing a national disaster assistance team in Saudi Arabia.Problem:The main aim of this study is to provide Saudi health care providers with a competencies-based course in Basic Principles of Complex Humanitarian Emergency.Methods:The interactive, competencies-based course in Basic Principles of Complex Humanitarian Emergency was designed by five experts in disaster medicine and humanitarian relief in three stages, accordance to international standards and the local context. The course was piloted over five days at the Officers Club of the Ministry of Interior (MOI; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). The 33 participants were from different health disciplines of the government sectors in-country. The participants completed the pre- and post-tests and attended three pilot workshops for disaster community awareness.Results:The overall knowledge scores were significantly higher in the post-test (62.9%) than the pre-test (44.2%). There were no significant differences in the pre- and post-knowledge scores for health care providers from the different government health disciplines. A 10-month, post-event survey demonstrated that participants were satisfied with their knowledge retention. Importantly, three of them (16.6%) had the opportunity to put this knowledge into practice in relation to humanitarian aid response.Conclusion:Delivering a competencies-based course in Basic Principles of Complex Humanitarian Emergency for health care providers can help improve their knowledge and skills for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, which is crucial for disaster preparedness augmentation in Saudi Arabia.
The Internet, political trust, and regime types: a cross-national and multilevel analysis
Authors: You Yu , Wang Zhengxu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Internet has played important roles in driving political changes around the world. Why does it help to topple political regimes in some places but improve the quality of governance in others? We found Internet usage in general leads to citizens’ distrust in political institutions. Different political environments, however, can condition such trust-eroding impacts of the Internet in significantly different ways. A democracy enables citizens to connect their online behaviors and offline expression and organization, releasing political discontent while facilitating state–society communication. On the contrary, by restricting various forms of off-line expression, authoritarian regimes drive Internet-active citizens' discontent and distrust to higher levels. We use the World Values Survey data to establish these different mechanisms across democracies and authoritarian systems. Entropy balancing shows our findings to be highly robust.
‘Ourworld’: A feminist approach to global constitutionalism
Authors: HOUGHTON RUTH , O’DONOGHUE AOIFE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract:Global constitutionalism offers a utopian picture of the future of international law. Its advocates suggest a governance system is emergent that will fill the gaps in legitimacy, democracy and the rule of law present in international law. Speculation about the future of international law is shaped, partly at least, by global constitutionalism aspiring to create a better global legal order, by filling these legitimacy gaps with both normative and procedural constitutionalism. But this raises the question ‘better for whom’? Feminist theory has challenged the foundations of both international law and constitutionalism; demonstrating that the design of normative structures accommodates and sustains prevailing patriarchal forms that leave little room for alternative accounts or voices. Both international and constitutional law’s structures support the status quo and are resistant to critical and feminist voices. The question is whether it is possible for constitutionalism to change international law in ways that will open it up to alternate possibilities. Building on a seven-point manifesto of feminist constitutionalism, previously proffered by the authors, which inculcated feminist concerns into global constitutionalism, this article offers an alternative starting point: feminist science fiction. Feminist utopian tracts such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman’sHerlandand Ursula K Le Guin’sThe Left Hand of Darknessoffer valuable lessons for global constitutionalist discourses. The article uses feminist utopias in science fiction to better understand how to dismantle hierarchical structures, how to build feminist societies, and how to find approaches to governance not predicated on patriarchy. It does so by focusing on feminist alternatives for constructing communities, for understanding constituent power and constituent moments, and dismantling manifestations of the public/private divide. This article demonstrates that reading feminist utopian science fiction facilitates the reimagining of global constitutionalism.
Upstream and Downstream Boundary Conditions Control the Physical and Biological Development of River Deltas
Authors: Piliouras A. , Kim W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRelative sea level rise is depleting coastal land. Success in coastal restoration depends on understanding interactions between physical and biological processes that influence landscape change. We present results from flume experiments examining the coevolution of vegetation and delta channel networks. We show that channel mobility—controlled by upstream and downstream boundary conditions and delta size—controls vegetation colonization. The spatial patterns of plants in turn control the stability and spatial distribution of channels. Experiments with low‐channel mobility develop large, dense plant patches that become denser over time and stabilize channels. Experiments with more mobile channels have sparse vegetation patterns that limit vegetation growth within existing patches, maintaining sparse, patchy vegetation. Thus, the ecogeomorphic development of deltas depends on the rate of channel lateral migration and avulsion, suggesting that upstream and downstream boundary conditions control both the physical and biological evolution of coastal landscapes.
Higher Subseasonal Predictability of Extreme Hot European Summer Temperatures as Compared to Average Summers
Authors: Wulff C. Ole , Domeisen Daniela I. V. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSummer temperatures in the last decades were increasingly characterized by persistent extremes, and there is evidence that this trend will continue in a warming climate. The exact timing of these extremes is less well known, and it is therefore crucial to consider their subseasonal predictability. We compare the prediction of summer 2m‐temperature extremes in Europe with the prediction of average events for four subseasonal forecasting systems. We find higher prediction skill for warm extremes as compared to average events, with some regional dependence. The same is not true for cold extremes, indicating an asymmetry in the processes causing opposite summer temperature extremes. The forecast skill is strongly increased by the most severe and persistent events in the analyzed period. We hypothesize that the enhanced warm extreme skill is related to persistent flow patterns and land‐atmosphere interaction. This could have implications for potentially enhanced predictability in a warming climate.
Coupled Modes of North Atlantic Ocean‐Atmosphere Variability and the Onset of the Little Ice Age
Authors: Anchukaitis Kevin J. , Cook Edward R. , Cook Benjamin I. , Pearl Jessie , D'Arrigo Rosanne , Wilson Rob 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHydroclimate extremes in North America, Europe, and the Mediterranean are linked to ocean and atmospheric circulation anomalies in the Atlantic, but the limited length of the instrumental record prevents complete identification and characterization of these patterns of covariability especially at decadal to centennial time scales. Here we analyze the coupled patterns of drought variability on either sides of the North Atlantic Ocean basin using independent climate field reconstructions spanning the last millennium in order to detect and attribute epochs of coherent basin‐wide moisture anomalies to ocean and atmosphere processes. A leading mode of broad‐scale moisture variability is characterized by distinct patterns of North Atlantic atmosphere circulation and sea surface temperatures. We infer a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and colder Atlantic sea surface temperatures in the middle of the fifteenth century, coincident with weaker solar irradiance and prior to strong volcanic forcing associated with the early Little Ice Age.
Aircraft Icing: In‐Cloud Measurements and Sensitivity to Physical Parameterizations
Authors: Merino A. , García‐Ortega E. , Fernández‐González S. , Díaz‐Fernández J. , Quitián‐Hernández L. , Martín M. L. , López L. , Marcos J. L. , Valero F. , Sánchez J. L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe prediction of supercooled cloud drops in the atmosphere is a basic tool for aviation safety, owing to their contact with and instant freezing on sensitive locations of the aircraft. One of the main disadvantages for predicting atmospheric icing conditions is the acquisition of observational data. In this study, we used in‐cloud microphysics measurements taken during 10 flights of a C‐212 research aircraft under winter conditions, during which we encountered 37 regions containing supercooled liquid water. To investigate the capability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model to detect regions containing supercooled cloud drops, we propose a multiphysics ensemble approach. We used four microphysics and two planetary boundary layer schemes. The Morrison parameterization yielded superior results, whereas the planetary boundary layer schemes were essential in evaluating the presence of liquid water content. The Goddard microphysics scheme best detected the presence of ice water content but tended to underestimate liquid water content.
Stand‐Alone Eastern Pacific Coastal Warming Events
Authors: Lübbecke Joke F. , Rudloff Daniel , Stramma Lothar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA pronounced warm anomaly occurred at the Peruvian coast in early 2017. This “Coastal Niño” caused heavy rainfalls, leading to flooding in Peru and Ecuador. At the same time, neutral conditions prevailed in the equatorial Pacific. Using observational sea surface temperature data sets and an ocean reanalysis product for the time period 1900 to 2010, previous similar events are investigated. Eighteen coastal warming events without corresponding equatorial Pacific warming are identified. Further analysis shows, however, that only four of these events are not connected to the central equatorial Pacific. All other periods of strong coastal warm anomalies are directly followed or preceded by El Niño‐like conditions. The “stand‐alone” coastal warming events are characterized by comparatively low equatorial heat content. We thus hypothesize that the depleted heat content in the equatorial Pacific in the wake of the strong 2015/2016 El Niño prevented the warming to spread westward in 2017.
Subsurface Water Dominates Sierra Nevada Seasonal Hydrologic Storage
Authors: Enzminger Thomas L. , Small Eric E. , Borsa Adrian A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVertical displacements (dz) in permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) station positions enable estimation of water storage changes (ΔS), which historically have been impossible to measure directly. We use dz from 924 GPS stations in the western United States to estimate daily ΔS in California's Sierra Nevada and compare it to seasonal snow accumulation and melt over water years 2008–2017. Seasonal variations in GPS‐based ΔS are ~1,000 mm. Typically, only ~30% of ΔS is attributable to snow water equivalent (SWE). ΔS lags the snow cycle, peaking after maximum SWE and remaining positive when all snow has melted (SWE = 0). We conclude that seasonal ΔS fluctuations are not primarily driven by SWE but by rainfall and snowmelt stored in the shallow subsurface (as soil moisture and/or groundwater) and released predominantly through evapotranspiration. Seasonal peak GPS ΔS is larger than accumulated precipitation from the Parameter‐elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model and North American Land Data Assimilation System, indicating that these standard inputs underestimate mountain precipitation.
Leveraging the Rapid Retreat of the Amundsen Gulf Ice Stream 13,000 Years Ago to Reveal Insight Into North American Deglaciation
Authors: Pico T. , Robel A. , Powell E. , Mix A. C. , Mitrovica J. X. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe examine the influence of different deglacial histories of the North American ice saddle, which connected the Cordilleran ice sheet and western Laurentide ice sheet, on the stability of the fast‐flowing Amundsen Gulf Ice Stream, located in the northwestern Laurentide ice sheet. We use a simplified marine‐terminating ice stream model to simulate grounding line retreat and compare our predictions to geologic evidence for the rapid collapse of the Amundsen Gulf Ice Stream at 13 ka. We show that observations of ice stream retreat can be used to distinguish between past ice unloading histories, and that the rapid retreat of the Amundsen Gulf Ice Stream near 13 ka is most dynamically consistent with substantial deglaciation of the North American ice saddle from 13 to 11.5 ka, during the Younger Dryas cooling episode. These results suggest that short‐lived changes in ice stream behavior may be used to reveal larger‐scale and longer‐duration ice sheet dynamics.
Acoustical Energy of Return Strokes: A Comparison Between a Statistical Model and Measurements
Authors: Lacroix Arthur , Coulouvrat François , Marchiano Régis , Farges Thomas , Ripoll Jean‐Francois 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis letter proposes a new statistical model of thunder. The tortuous geometry of the emitting return stroke is randomly generated to fit observations of negative cloud‐to‐ground discharges. Pressure waves are initialized by radiation‐hydrodynamics simulations and linearly propagated into an isothermal atmosphere incorporating standardized sound absorption. The thunder pressure frequency signal is defined as the product of the input pressure governed by a deposited energy with the stochastic frequency response of the elongated discharge. We find the low‐frequency content of thunder is mostly due to stroke elongation originating from tortuosity. Acoustic energy per stroke length and spectrum slope are statistically compared to measurements, with good agreement found. We show both a near‐ and far‐field regime of the acoustical energy over distance described by two different power laws. The correlation found between the lightning energy and the acoustic energy paves the way for using thunder measurement to estimate deposited energy.
Declining Summertime Local‐Scale Precipitation Frequency Over China and the United States, 1981–2012: The Disparate Roles of Aerosols
Authors: Guo Jianping , Su Tianning , Chen Dandan , Wang Jun , Li Zhanqing , Lv Yanmin , Guo Xiaoran , Liu Huan , Cribb Maureen , Zhai Panmao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe local‐scale precipitation (LSP) is mainly driven by thermal convection. Here we reveal a decreasing trend in the summertime LSP frequency over both China and the United States by utilizing the hourly rain gauge data from 1981 to 2012. The contrasting aerosol trend likely contributes to this same declining trend of LSP in both countries. As aerosol optical depth (AOD) goes beyond the turning zone of 0.25–0.30, the impact of aerosol on precipitation changes from invigoration to suppression. The mean AOD is generally less and larger than this range and of opposite trends in China and United States, respectively, which likely accounts for the same declining trend of LSP hours in the two countries. The observed boomerang shape points to the importance of aerosol loading, which matters as much as, if not more than the AOD trend, thereby potentially serving as a constraint for climate model evaluation.
MAVEN and MEX Multi‐instrument Study of the Dayside of the Martian Induced Magnetospheric Structure Revealed by Pressure Analyses
Authors: Holmberg M. K. G. , André N. , Garnier P. , Modolo R. , Andersson L. , Halekas J. , Mazelle C. , Steckiewicz M. , Génot V. , Fedorov A. , Barabash S. , Mitchell D. L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA combination of statistical studies and 18 case studies have been used to investigate the structure of the induced Martian magnetosphere. The different plasma and magnetic pressure forces on the dayside of the induced magnetosphere of Mars have been studied using 3.5 years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) and Mars Express (MEX) observations. We present estimates of typical values for the dominant pressure terms, that is, the thermal pressures of the ionosphere and the magnetosheath, the magnetic pressure of the magnetic pile‐up region, and the solar wind dynamic pressure. For 18 typical orbits the altitudes and relative distances of the pressure balance boundaries, the photoelectron boundary, the ion composition boundary, and the induced magnetosphere boundary are estimated. The magnetic pile‐up boundary is discussed but not further studied since earlier characterizations of the magnetic pile‐up boundary do not agree with our results. This study focuses on the transition region between the ionosphere and the magnetosheath on the dayside of Mars. We show that earlier definitions of the photoelectron boundary, ion composition boundary, and induced magnetosphere boundary do not characterize the transition region well, mainly because each boundary is based on measurements from only one or two instruments. In order to characterize the transition region correctly, changes in magnetic field strength and fluctuations, dominant ion species, electron and ion densities and energy distributions need to be considered. This article confirms a complex interaction between Mars and the solar wind and can explain why previous studies have had difficulties to describe the force balance.
Slab Morphology Beneath Northern Sumatra Revealed by Regional and Teleseismic Traveltime Tomography
Authors: Liu Shaolin , Suardi Iman , Zheng Ming , Yang Dinghui , Huang Xueyuan , Tong Ping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn eikonal equation‐based tomography method is used to invert the high‐quality regional and teleseismic traveltime data recorded by 26 broadband seismic stations in northern Sumatra, following which we obtain the P and S wave velocity structures of the crust and mantle down to a depth of 800 km. The results of both P and S wave tomography clearly show that the Indo‐Australian oceanic plate continuously penetrates downward beneath northern Sumatra and the maximum penetration depth varies approximately from 400 km at the northern tip of Sumatra to about 800 km around the southern boundary of our study area. Significant slab folding or bending reported in the literature as the main feature of the subducted slab beneath northern Sumatra is not found in our results. Instead, our tomographic images demonstrate only a less curved slab that mimics the shape of the Sunda Trench and volcanic arc and generally extends over depths from 120 to 450 km. P wave tomography shows broad and pronounced low‐velocity anomalies beneath the island of Sumatra in the lower crust and uppermost mantle. Our model also reveals a slab tear approximately at 120‐km depth, which has been documented in previous studies and considered to be related to the eruption of the Toba supervolcano.
The Effect of Brine on the Electrical Properties of Methane Hydrate
Authors: Lu R. , Stern L. A. , Du Frane W. L. , Pinkston J. C. , Roberts J. J. , Constable S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGas hydrates possess lower electrical conductivity (inverse of resistivity) than either seawater or ice, but higher than clastic silts and sands, such that electromagnetic methods can be employed to help identify their natural formation in marine and permafrost environments. Controlled laboratory studies offer a means to isolate and quantify the effects of changing individual components within gas‐hydrate‐bearing systems, in turn yielding insight into the behavior of natural systems. Here we investigate the electrical properties of polycrystalline methane hydrate with ≥25% gas‐filled porosity and in mixture with brine. Initially, pure methane hydrate was synthesized from H2O ice and CH4 gas while undergoing electrical impedance measurement, then partially dissociated to assess the effects of pure pore water accumulation on electrical conductivity. Methane hydrate + brine mixtures were then formed by either adding NaCl (0.25–2.5 wt %) to high‐purity ice or by using frozen seawater as a reactant. Conductivity was obtained from impedance measurements made in situ throughout synthesis while temperature cycled between +15 °C and −25 °C. Several possible conduction mechanisms were subsequently determined using equivalent circuit modeling. Samples with low NaCl concentration show a doping/impurity effect and a log linear conductivity response as a function of temperature. For higher salt content samples, conductivity increases exponentially with temperature and the log linear relationship no longer holds; instead, we observe phase changes within the samples that follow NaCl–H2O–CH4 phase equilibrium predictions. Final samples were quenched in liquid nitrogen and imaged by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM) to assess grain‐scale characteristics.
Mesoscale Eddies Observed at the Denmark Strait Sill
Authors: Moritz Martin , Jochumsen Kerstin , North Ryan P. , Quadfasel Detlef , Valdimarsson Héðinn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Denmark Strait overflow is the major export route of dense water from the Arctic Mediterranean into the North Atlantic. At the Strait's shallow sill, the overflow is a bottom‐intensified cold and dense plume, bound to the east by a thermal front formed with the warmer, northward flowing North Icelandic Irminger Current. More than two decades of observations at the sill show strong fluctuations of volume flux on daily time scales. To better understand the source of this variability, a five‐mooring array was installed at the sill, capturing nearly 1 year of velocity and bottom temperature measurements at a high temporal and spatial resolution. Bottom temperature fluctuations that exceed 4 °C indicate a meandering of the front between the plume and the North Icelandic Irminger Current. Current vector rotation shows trains of alternating cyclones and anticyclones at the sill. An eddy crosses the sill every 3 to 6 days with a mean velocity of 0.4 m/s and a typical diameter of 30 to 40 km. The results suggest that anticyclones, with centers passing through the deepest part of the sill, may be responsible for periods of increased volume flux—also referred to as boluses and pulses in previous studies. Although the relationship between eddies, pulses, and boluses is still unclear, the results show that eddies are directly linked to fluctuations in the strength, thickness, and position of the overflow plume.