bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fashioning Childhood
Authors: Hatfield Mary 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Clothing was an important signifier of status and gender and became more closely associated with childhood health and well-being during the first four decades of the nineteenth century. Although the importance of appearance within fashionable society has long historical antecedents, during this period children’s costumes became part of the discourse of good parenting. Children and infants were more intensely scrutinized for their appearance, and bourgeois parents were under more cultural pressure to ensure that their children had the accoutrements of healthy childhood. Within the deeply hierarchical social world of nineteenth-century Ireland, personal image was consistently conflated with public position. Children’s fashion represents adults’ social and gendered expectations of their children, while also depicting the physical world children inhabited during early childhood. An increased emphasis on accruing artefacts of childhood became tied to middle-class identity and respectability. Purchasing the newest toy or children’s book indicated not just an anticipation of the child’s needs but was a symbol of social status.
Schooling Young Gentlewomen
Authors: Hatfield Mary 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers educational provision for Irish girls and the origins of Catholic female religious teaching orders in Ireland. The purpose and content of female education was based on a construction of the Irish girl as a vain and excitable creature. Her education was intended to curb the supposedly innate character flaws of girlhood. This chapter considers a selection of Loreto, Ursuline, and Dominican boarding schools to examine how institutions implemented the ideal of Catholic girlhood in practice. From academic curricula, disciplinary measures, daily schedules, and uniforms, the boarding school experience contained a variety of mechanisms for forming the behaviour of girls. Debates over female education and the convent boarding school offer an excellent example of how ideas of class, femininity, and religion interacted with evolving views of childhood.
Testing the Oracle?
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
By exploring stories about oracular consultation in light of actual practice, and vice versa, this chapter aims both to nuance current characterization of specific oracle stories and their meanings for their ancient audiences, and to deepen understanding of the lived experience of oracular consultation. Starting from the story of oracular consultation by King Kroisos (as told by Herodotos), this chapter explores literary and epigraphic evidence for dual oracular consultations of three different kinds. While drawing attention to the socio-political implications of consulting an oracle, this evidence also underlines the ancient perception of the pervasive presence of uncertainty in these interactions. In this light, Kroisos’ activities—often interpreted as illustrating how not to treat an oracle—can be seen to be similar to more familiar, everyday types of multiple oracular consultations.
A Reconsideration of the Pythia’s Use of Lots
Authors: Maurizio Lisa 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the visual, material, and literary evidence used to support the argument that the Pythia used lots (stones, pebbles, beans, or other) at Delphi. In particular, it considers recent ethnographic descriptions of divinatory practices to challenge two scholarly assumptions that drive interpretation of this material. The first is that aleatory forms of divination at Delphi affirmed or denied a client’s question, and thus constrained or limited oracular responses. The second assumption is that ancient written records of Delphic divination are adequate guides to divinatory exchanges at Delphi. Recent ethnographic studies demonstrate that divinatory sessions, including those that incorporate the use of aleatory devices, are lengthy and even combative, and that most written descriptions of such sessions in earlier ethnographic literature omit details and are best understood as brief summaries. This review of the ancient evidence for the use of lots at Delphi, alongside such recent ethnographic studies, suggest the need for a renewed scrutiny of the relationship between ancient written accounts and divinatory sessions at Delphi and the notion that the goal of divinatory dialogues is to obtain as quickly as possible a simple, brief answer (such as an aleatory device is imagined to provide) to the complex and troubling problems that motivate divination.
The Pythia at Delphi
Authors: Deeley Quinton 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
At Delphi in Greece the inspired oracle of Apollo, the Pythia, underwent a form of possession in which she was viewed as a vehicle for the god. Nevertheless, uncertainty has surrounded the exact nature of the experience of possession of the Pythia, and what could cause or motivate such experiences. This chapter explores the use of a range of explicit analogies and explanatory models to interpret the experience of the Pythia at the sanctuary of Apollo, and the broader context within which it occurred. Understanding of the Pythia can draw on explanatory models that reach beyond the categories of divination and possession. This includes not only the wider class of revelatory experiences in which supernatural agents (such as God or gods, demons, or spirits) speak or act through humans, but other types of experience involving alterations of the sense of identity and agency, whether they occur in psychopathology or as normal variations in experience. Examples include hallucinations and alien control phenomena in schizophrenia, and their analogues in religious experience; dissociation; and experiments combining suggestion and neuroimaging to model revelatory and possession states. All provide potential insights into the forms of experience, attributed significance, and causal processes involved in Apollo’s communication through the Pythia. They also point to the central role of ideas, expectations, and beliefs in influencing dissociations of the sense of self, and make the Pythia’s possession by Apollo seem less exotic, improbable, or deviant than it might once have seemed.
Obscure Activity
Authors: Sinclair Mark 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Ravaisson’s ‘double law’ of habit: ‘active habits’, such as a motor skill, and ‘passive habits’, such as becoming used to a sound or climate, involve a decline of conscious awareness in their acquisition. The chapter shows how Ravaisson takes up this law from Xavier Bichat and Maine de Biran, and how he argues that the double law resists both psychological and physiological explanations. Both forms of habit, he claims, can be explained only by an ‘obscure activity’ that is neither purely active nor purely passive, neither purely mental nor purely physical. It is specifically the tendency or inclination that Ravaisson discovers in habit that he takes to be inexplicable by mechanical and materialist accounts, and the chapter assesses his argument in the light of recent neuroscience and theories of neuroplasticity.
Second Nature as Philosophical Method
Authors: Sinclair Mark 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the broader metaphysical framework in which Ravaisson advances his doctrine of inclination, and assesses his claims concerning reflection on habit as a method of establishing a non-dualist, monist metaphysics. The first three sections examine Of Habit’s attempt to expose a continuum underlying traditional distinctions between the will, habit, instinct and the inorganic realm. On this basis, the final section argues that this account of habit as method of metaphysics subtly transforms Schelling’s account of the artwork as ‘organon and document’ of philosophy within his Identitätsphilosophie at the turn of the nineteenth century. Schelling characterizes the artwork as bearing witness to an original identity of conscious and unconscious principles, and the chapter draws out the perhaps surprising parallels between his Kantian conception of purposiveness without purpose in the work of genius and Ravaisson’s account of a certain purposiveness without purpose, an embodied purposiveness, in habit.
Is There a ‘Dispositional Modality’?
Authors: Sinclair Mark 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter returns to the modal sense of Ravaisson’s notion of inclination. It assesses Stephen Mumford and Rani Lil Anjum’s argument that powers, as inherently a function of tendency or inclination, have a modal status irreducible to more familiar notions of necessity or possibility. The chapter assesses their appeal to voluntary agency in the light of Maine de Biran’s critical response to Hume’s sceptical account of agency. It shows how Mumford and Anjum’s official conception of tendency is restricted by their inheritance of a tradition focusing on the possibility of prevention and interference in a process. Such an approach, I argue, will only ever justify an idea of conditional necessity rather than any modal value wholly irreducible to necessity, although the idea of a ‘dispositional modality’ is a useful corrective to Ravaisson’s resort to a Leibnizian notion of moral necessity when attempting to reflect on tendency and inclination.
Bingo Capitalism
Authors: Bedford Kate 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Bingo Capitalism uses bingo—a female-dominated and notoriously self-effacing game—to think differently about regulation and political economy. A key objective is to make bingo, as lens, more central to our debates about the regulation of economy and society. Part I sets the scene, responding to the query: why bingo? Part II explores the legal and political history of bingo. Part III analyses the regulation of people, while Part IV examines the regulation of products, places, and technologies. In so doing, the book uses bingo to better understand the role of the state in shaping the classed and gendered interrelation between diverse economies, especially in relation to non-commercial and commercial gambling. Bingo Capitalism offers the first sociolegal account of bingo as a globally significant and immensely popular pastime, centring implementation experiences alongside the broader political, economic, and social context to legislative reform. While considering the perspectives of lawmakers, who have debated what the game reflects about the nation and its economy, the book also centres the experiences of those who work in, and play, bingo, to trace how gambling law and regulation impact people in everyday life. The book identifies the central historical role of non-commercial, mutual aid play to UK gambling law and policy, and traces the ongoing relevance of this realm for current debates about the interrelation between capitalist and more-than-capitalist everyday economies. Bingo Capitalism also uses bingo as a case study of research into the gendered nature of regulation, showing how gender shapes, and is shaped by, diverse state rules on gambling.
Self-Control and Moral Security
Authors: Kennett Jeanette , Wolfendale Jessica 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Self-control is integral to successful human agency. But the capacity for self-control requires external support. This paper explores the connections between social conditions, self-control, agency, and the self. Part one offers a taxonomy of self-control. Part two examines the external conditions that support successful agency and self-control, and argues that moral security is a critical foundation for agency. Moral security refers to the degree to which an agent believes that her welfare and her projects are valued by others and by her society. Parts three and four explore how narratives about racism and poverty undermine moral security, and limit and distort the possibility of synchronic and diachronic self-control. Where moral security is undermined, the connection between self-control and diachronic goods often fails to obtain and agency contracts accordingly.
Shame and Attributability
Authors: Carlsson Andreas Brekke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Responsibility as accountability is normally taken to have stricter control conditions than responsibility as attributability. A common way to argue for this claim is to point to differences in the harmfulness of blame involved in these different kinds of responsibility. This paper argues that this explanation does not work once we shift our focus from other-directed blame to self-blame. To blame oneself in the accountability sense is to feel guilt and feeling guilty is to suffer. To blame oneself in the attributability sense, it will be argued, is to feel shame and feeling shame is also to suffer. Therefore, the different control conditions cannot be explained by a difference in the harm of blame. Instead, this paper argues that accountability and attributability are governed by different kinds of appropriateness: an agent S is accountability blameworthy for X only if S deserves to feel guilty for X; an agent S is attributability blameworthy for X only if it is fitting that S feels shame for X.
How to Be an Actualist and Blame People
Authors: Timmerman Travis , Swenson Philip 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The actualism/possibilism debate in ethics concerns the relationship between an agent’s free actions and her moral obligations. The actualist affirms, while the possibilist denies, that facts about what agents would freely do in certain circumstances partly determines that agent’s moral obligations. This paper assesses the plausibility of actualism and possibilism in light of desiderata about accounts of blameworthiness. This paper first argues that actualism cannot straightforwardly accommodate certain very plausible desiderata before offering a few independent solutions on behalf of the actualist. This paper then argues that, contrary to initial appearances, possibilism is subject to its own comparably troubling blameworthiness problem.
Skepticism about the Standing to Blame
Authors: King Matt 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There are cases thought to illustrate that appropriate blame requires special standing. One might lack the standing to blame another because the fault is private and one is a stranger or because one is guilty of the very same offense and so one’s blame would be hypocritical. But despite its prevalence as an explanation of what goes wrong in such cases, the standing to blame itself has been given relatively little attention. The aim of this paper is to cast doubt on the standing to blame. It considers a range of plausible interpretations and, finding each wanting, concludes that those who wish to endorse the standing to blame owe us more by way of a characterization and defense. In raising this challenge, the paper motivates an alternative explanation of the cases.
Improvement, Repair, and the Uses of the Gothic Past
Authors: Townshend Dale 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter confronts the question of the politics of Gothic architecture in the long eighteenth century. Exploring manifestations of its Whiggish appeal, the argument also points to a number of notable Tory appropriations of the revived Gothic style. If the political significance of the Gothic was thus open to dispute, notions of improvement and repair were almost uniformly inflected with intimations of political radicalism, particularly after the French Revolution of 1789. Exploring the political meanings of improvement, repair, and ruination in the work of John Carter, the discussion extends this into a reading of political discourse of the 1790s, tracing political writers’ extensive appropriations of architectural metaphor. The chapter concludes with a reading of 1790s political Gothic fiction, showing how radical writers of the decade engaged with the politics of Gothic architecture while questioning the extent to which chivalry, romance, and other aesthetic ‘remains’ of the Gothic past could serve the needs of the present.
‘Venerable Ruin’ or ‘Nurseries of Superstition’
Authors: Townshend Dale 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Ranging across antiquarian studies, executed architectural projects, romances, letters, essays, and topographical writing, this chapter seeks to show how the Gothic fictional aesthetic, in both its pro-Catholic and anti-Catholic extremes, was merely one manifestation of the broader discourse on ecclesiastical Gothic architecture and architectural ruin in the long eighteenth century. While, for many antiquaries, ecclesiastical ruins were ‘venerable’ and deserving of respect, for other, more popular writers they were ‘nurseries of superstition’, painful remainders (and reminders) of England’s Catholic past. Having explored the ceaseless vacillation between the poles of ‘venerable ruin’ and ‘nurseries of superstition’ across a range of architectural theorists, essayists, and Gothic writers of the period, the argument shows how Gothic architecture, particularly the architecture of ecclesiastical ruin, prompted imaginative reconstructions of the nation’s Gothic past, an age not only characterized by Catholic ‘darkness’ and ‘superstition’, but one also felicitously inhabited by ‘enlightened’ English Catholics.
Conclusion: From the Gothic to the Medieval
Authors: Townshend Dale 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter to the book seeks to account for the changes that the architectural imagination underwent in the first four decades of the nineteenth century. Guided by the concept of ‘purification’, it shows how the construct of the Gothic ‘Dark Ages’ was revised in contemporary historiography and replaced with the less injurious notion of the ‘medieval’; how first- and second-generation romanticism curtailed the excesses of the Gothic architectural imagination; and how nineteenth-century Gothic Revivalists such as A. C. Pugin, A. W. N. Pugin, and John Ruskin reacted against the amateur Gothic experiments of Horace Walpole and William Beckford. What emerges in the discussion is an architectural imagination that is very different from the one of the previous century, that rich, associative aesthetic that drove the production of Gothic literature and revivalist architecture from the start. In a brief coda, the discussion briefly charts the professionalization of architectural practice that took effect from 1834 onwards.
Introduction
Authors: Townshend Dale 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter explores the primary concerns of the book. Having provided an account of how the long eighteenth century conceptualized ‘Gothic antiquity’, it explores the perceived links between the antique past, its architectural remains, imaginative response, and eighteenth-century political discourses. Through a reading of Horace Walpole’s confounding of the differences between historiography and romance, it situates the rise of Gothic literature in a liminal space between these two practices. Analysing two competing visual representations of scenes from Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764), the discussion introduces a concern that runs throughout the remainder of the book: far from being a monolith, ‘Gothic antiquity’ for the eighteenth century was a divided and politically disputed construct. While conservatives tended to celebrate the Gothic past as a vanished golden age of political stability and great cultural achievement (the ‘white Gothic’), radical writers invoked it as a ‘Dark Age’ of tyranny, violence, and oppression.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The introduction lays out the scope and methodology of the book as a whole, while offering discussions of three additional cases that represent examples of texts that are relevant to the project but that represent lines of examination not pursued later in the book. The book deals with Anglo-American children’s and young adult fiction from the early twentieth century through the present that reuses and redeploys elements of the classical world. Having noticed in this relatively constrained body of literature the prevalence of place in structuring metaphors, these works are then grouped into five chapters according to the major topological metaphors that they rely on, as primarily palimpsest, map, or fractal texts. The major methodology on display throughout is a cognitive poetics approach. The sample exception texts, designed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of our groupings and methodological approach, are Marilyn Singer’s Echo Echo: Reverso Poems about Greek Myths, David Elliott’s Bull, and Rosemary Sutcliff’s The Mark of the Horse Lord, which offer contrasting spatial metaphors of a type that are here briefly acknowledged: original/mirror, inside/outside, and straight lines/spirals.
Close to Home
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores many of the domestic elements that were central to the creation of bourgeois tragedy in Georgian Britain, focusing especially on George Lillo’s Fatal Curiosity (1736) and his posthumous adaptation of Arden of Faversham (1759; with John Hoadly). The chapter begins by broadening the archive of the genre’s source material, situating its eighteenth-century repertoire alongside the true crime narratives it in many cases adapted, as well as early Stuart predecessors, Shakespeare’s Othello (1603), and Restoration she-tragedy. It thereby claims that the genre represents important advances in realism as it was practiced onstage that worked to exploit the intimacy of the home and stage during the period. This chapter also examines a major theme in contemporaneous theorizations of the genre by considering what it means for a play to “strike close to home,” linking that trope to changes in affect, aesthetics, and performance during the period.
A Fine Subject for Tragedy
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter reads Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa (1748) alongside dramatic precursors such as Charles Johnson’s Cælia; or, The Perjur’d Lover (1733) and public responses to the novel in order to argue that Richardson’s seminal text staged a debate over the basic interpretability through which affliction’s experience is navigable and thus ultimately made bearable. Responses to the novel are analyzed, tracing contemporary theories of poetic justice in order to account for readerly expectations and their frustration as crucial to Richardson’s broader moral project. In doing so, the chapter reads poetic justice as a secular theology against which tragedy is positioned. The chapter then turns to consider Clarissa’s own fractured response to her suffering, placing her “Meditations” in dialogue with the epistolary of the novel in order to analyze her rhetorical and practical responses to pain.
Conclusion
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter revises accounts of British bourgeois tragedy’s importance to the drama and fiction of the turn of the nineteenth century, presenting evidence of the genre’s lasting influence and intervention in political and social debates as the century closed. It connects the English tradition to the serious fiction of the continent, offering detailed readings of Frederic Reynold’s stage adaptation of Goethe’s The Sorrows of Young Werther in 1786 and Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s adaptation of G. E. Lessing’s Emilia Galotti in 1794. Placing both in their immediate historical contexts, it links them to the radical politics of their day. Together this body of literature, the chapter argues, sees modernity as a tragic condition and the stage of revolutionary conflict in which ordinariness itself is conceived as a kind of affliction.