bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19: IMPACTOS Y EFECTOS. UNA REFLEXIÓN DESDE EL INICIO DEL FIN DEL CONFINAMIENTO
Authors: Sánchez Bravo Álvaro A. 
Published: January 2021

El mundo vive una crisis sanitaria, humanitaria y económica sin precedentes en el último siglo y que evoluciona continuamente ante la pandemia del Coronavirus o COVID–19. Se desconoce cuál será su duración, cuál su extensión y las formas en la que tan la anhelada recuperación llegará. Si queremos superar esta crisis planetariadebemos cambiar el paradigma. Nuestra tradicional apelación al Estado como garante de nuestros derechos, no debe ocultar nuestro compromiso individual y colectivo. Debemos esforzarnos por cambiar, adaptarnos a la nueva vida que está por llegar, y que supone, y supondrá, renuncias y sacrificios a los que no estamos acostumbrados. Lo que está en juego es nada menos que la propia vida.
PROTECTION OF FORCED MIGRANTS WITH IRREGULAR STATUS DURING THE PANDEMIC GENERATED BY COVID-19: AN ANALISYS OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS
Authors: Vieira Brigido Eveline , Wust Zibetti Fabíola 
Published: January 2021

This article analyzes the protection of forced migrants with irregular status, in times of a pandemic, based upon an analogy with cases of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on migrants’ rights. First,this article analyzes the relationship between the migration crisis and the health crisis. Next, it studies the vulnerability and legal protection of forced migrants, according to international and regional legal documentsand the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. These documents and decisions are then interpreted, seeking to understand the protection of migrants in times of pandemic. This article concludes thatforced migrants with irregular status have the same rights as nationals and migrants with regular status during the pandemic period, but that the difficulty lies in the realization of such rights.
EL SIGNIFICADO DE LA PALABRA “SACRAMENTUM” EN EL PROCESO JUDICIAL ROMANO
Authors: Di Pietro Alfredo Gustavo 
Published: January 2021

El significado de la palabra sacramentum es fundamental para comprender la relación entre los ritos y el derecho. La mayoría de los artículos especializados, procuran explicar el significado de la palabra sacramentum a partir de los textos de Lactancio.Sin embargo, el vocablo sacramentum, tiene un origen precristiano. En Instituta, Gayo menciona el sacramentum como una legis actio es decir una acción judicial de carácter general. Y dice que estas acciones eran acomodadas a las leyes -acommodatae erant-.Pero las leyes a las que se refiere Gayo deben ser entendidas en un sentido amplio, característico del pensamiento estoico. Así, el significado de sacramentum se vincula con la lex caelestis, con el vocablo sacrificium, y asimismo con el vocablo juramentum.Lactancio va a dar al vocablo sacramentum, un sentido cristiano. Tanto el sentido pagano del sacramentum, como el sentido cristiano, se van a mantener vigentes durante la edad media.
DO COLONIALISMO DA “SUPEREXPLORAÇÃO” AO COSMOPOLITISMO DO “DEVER DE RESPEITO” AOS DIREITOS HUMANOS POR EMPRESAS MINERADORAS NA AMÉRICA LATINA
Authors: Saldanha Jânia 
Published: January 2021

A temática da pesquisa está na internacionalização do direito, analisando a responsabilidade corporativa na mineração transnacional. Depreende-se, no contexto latino-americano, se a mineração transnacional é incentivada e se esse fomento ocorre à custa dos direitos humanos. Para tanto, dividiu-se o artigo em duas partes. Na primeira, a “maldição das fontes”, foi apresentada em três vieses: a) insuficiências das respostas desenvolvimentistas neoclássicas para emancipação” da ideia de progresso pelas capacidades humanas; b) colonialismo cultural ínsito ao segmento, dividindo Norte e Sul Globais, e promovendo desigualdades; e c) mineração na América Latina, pela descrição dos números da indústria e crítica à assimetria normativa traduzida na irresponsabilidade das mineradoras. Na segunda, investigaram-se os efeitos na mineração transnacionalna América Latina, sobre os DESCA e a criminalização dos defensores dos direitos humanos. Finalmente, apresenta-se a RSE, propondo-se a potencialidade cosmopolítica do dever de respeito como uma possibilidade ao extrativismo responsável.
INOVAÇÃO NO ENSINO JURÍDICO: RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA DO PROGRAMA LÍDERES QUE TRANSFORMAM E A ESCOLA DO DIREITO DA PÓSGRADUAÇÃO LATO SENSU
Authors: De Morais Sales Lilia Maia , Castro Rosa Beatriz 
Published: January 2021

Diante dos desafios apresentados pela contemporaneidade e ao compreender a educação como um espaço de alargamento da consciência crítica, observa-se a necessidade de inovações por parte das Instituições de Ensino Superior quanto à formação de seus futuros profissionais. Considerando o papel dos cursos de pós-graduação lato sensu para a formação e atualização dos profissionais do Direito, compreende-se a necessidade que estes profissionais estejam preparados para resolver problemas reais e sejam capazes de conjecturar sobre o respeito à diversidade e de promover a cidadania e a dignidade humana. Assim, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo desenhar um modelo metodológico de formação jurídica que desenvolva estes profissionais. Como objetivos específicos, tem-se de compreender o perfil do profissionaldas carreiras jurídicas exigido pelo contexto e analisar os tipos de currículo adequados para o desenvolvimento deste perfil. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, que embasou a experiência a ser relatada. Na primeira seção do trabalho, apresentam-se os resultados referentes ao estudo do perfil do profissional de Direito para o século XXI, enquanto na segunda seção apresenta-se o modelo de currículo por competências como uma estratégia metodológica para o desenvolvimento desse perfil. Por fim, apresenta-se relato de experiência da Pós-Graduação Lato Sensu na Universidade de Fortaleza, com o Programa “Líderes que Transformam”, um modelo curricular orientado à resolução de problemas reais por meio da apresentação de ações, projetos ou produtos, tendo como meio o desenvolvimento de competências. Acreditase que a apresentação das fases de execução de desenho curricular poderá servir como potencial modelo para outras IES durante o processo de reflexão sobre suas práticas curriculares.
Best proximity point theorems for cyclic p-contractions with some consequences and applications
Authors: Aslantas Mustafa , Sahin Hakan , Altun Ishak 
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we introduce the concept of cyclic p-contraction pair for single-valued mappings. Then we present some best proximity point results for such mappings defined on proximally complete pair of subsets of a metric space. Also, we provide some illustrative examples that compared our results with some earliest. Finally, by taking into account a fixed point consequence of our main result we give an existence and uniqueness result for a common solution of a system of second order boundary value problems.
Factors Associated With Parental Participation in Family-Centered Rounds
Authors: Glick Alexander F. , Goonan Michael , Kim Chan , Sandmeyer Diana , Londoño Kevin , Gold-von Simson Gabrielle 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Although families positively perceive family-centered rounds (FCR), factors associated with engagement have been examined in few studies. Our objective for this study was to test the hypothesis that inviting the parent to speak and nurse presence are associated with parent engagement during FCR.

METHODS:
We conducted a cross-sectional study with English-speaking parents (N = 199) of inpatients on the pediatric hospital medicine service at an academic medical center. We used a standardized checklist to record outcomes of engagement (number of questions asked and participation occurrences), predictor variables (team invited parent to speak, nurse presence), and other encounter-related variables. Parents were surveyed to assess parent and child characteristics and experiences during FCR. We examined parent, child, and encounter characteristic associations with the above outcomes using bivariate analyses and (for those associated in bivariate analyses) Poisson regressions.

RESULTS:
Inviting the parent to speak was independently associated with the number of questions asked (incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.7). Trusting the medical team was inversely associated with questions asked (IRR 0.8; 95% CI 0.6–0.97). Factors associated with total participation included invitation for the parent to speak (IRR 1.5; 95% CI 1.3–1.6), nurse presence (IRR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1–1.5), white race (IRR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1–1.4), clerkship student presentation (IRR 1.2; 95% CI 1.03–1.3), and parent inclusion in rounding arrangement (IRR 1.5; 95% CI 1.05–2).

CONCLUSIONS:
Parents present during FCR are more engaged when invited to speak. Nurse presence was associated with total parent participation. Future studies to inform interventions to optimize engagement are warranted.
Physiometric Response to High-Flow Nasal Cannula Support in Acute Bronchiolitis
Authors: Sochet Anthony A. , Nunez Miranda , Maamari Mia , McKinley Scott , Morrison John M. , Nakagawa Thomas A. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the rate of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) nonresponse and paired physiometric responses (changes [∆] in heart rate [HR] and respiratory rate [RR]) before and after HFNC initiation in hospitalized children with bronchiolitis.

METHODS:
We performed a single-center, prospective descriptive study in a PICU within a quaternary referral center, assessing children aged ≤2 years admitted for bronchiolitis on HFNC from November 2017 to March 2020. We excluded for cystic fibrosis, airway anomalies, pulmonary hypertension, tracheostomy, neuromuscular disease, congenital heart disease, or preadmission intubation. Primary outcomes were paired ∆ and %∆ in HR and RR before and after HFNC initiation. Secondary outcomes were HFNC nonresponse rate (ie, intubation or transition to noninvasive positive pressure ventilation). Analyses included χ2, Student’s t, Wilcoxon rank, and paired testing.

RESULTS:
Of the 172 children studied, 56 (32.6%) experienced HFNC nonresponse at a median of 14.4 (interquartile range: 4.8–36) hours and 11 (6.4%) were intubated. Nonresponders had a greater frequency of bacterial pneumonia, but otherwise no major differences in demographics, comorbidities, or viral pathogens were noted. Responders experienced reductions in both %ΔRR (−17.1% ± 15.8% vs +5.3% ± 22.3%) and %ΔHR (−6.5% ± 10.5% vs 0% ± 10.9%) compared with nonresponders.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this prospective, observational cohort study, we provide baseline data describing expected physiologic changes after initiation of HFNC for children admitted to the PICU for bronchiolitis. In our descriptive analysis, patients with comorbid bacterial pneumonia appear to be at additional risk for subsequent HFNC nonresponse.
Characteristics of Afebrile Infants ≤60 Days of Age With Invasive Bacterial Infections
Authors: Wang Marie E. , Neuman Mark I. , Nigrovic Lise E. , Pruitt Christopher M. , Desai Sanyukta , DePorre Adrienne G. , Sartori Laura F. , Marble Richard D. , Woll Christopher , Leazer Rianna C. , Balamuth Fran , Rooholamini Sahar N. , Aronson Paul L. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To describe the characteristics and outcomes of afebrile infants ≤60 days old with invasive bacterial infection (IBI).

METHODS:
We conducted a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study of infants ≤60 days old with IBI presenting to the emergency departments (EDs) of 11 children’s hospitals from 2011 to 2016. We classified infants as afebrile if there was absence of a temperature ≥38°C at home, at the referring clinic, or in the ED. Bacteremia and bacterial meningitis were defined as pathogenic bacterial growth from a blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid culture.

RESULTS:
Of 440 infants with IBI, 78 (18%) were afebrile. Among afebrile infants, 62 (79%) had bacteremia without meningitis and 16 (20%) had bacterial meningitis (10 with concomitant bacteremia). Five infants (6%) died, all with bacteremia. The most common pathogens were Streptococcus agalactiae (35%), Escherichia coli (16%), and Staphylococcus aureus (16%). Sixty infants (77%) had an abnormal triage vital sign (temperature &lt;36°C, heart rate ≥181 beats per minute, or respiratory rate ≥66 breaths per minute) or a physical examination abnormality (ill appearance, full or depressed fontanelle, increased work of breathing, or signs of focal infection). Forty-three infants (55%) had ≥1 of the following laboratory abnormalities: white blood cell count &lt;5000 or &gt;15 000 cells per μL, absolute band count &gt;1500 cells per μl, or positive urinalysis. Presence of an abnormal vital sign, examination finding, or laboratory test result had a sensitivity of 91% (95% confidence interval 82%–96%) for IBI.

CONCLUSIONS:
Most afebrile young infants with an IBI had vital sign, examination, or laboratory abnormalities. Future studies should evaluate the predictive ability of these criteria in afebrile infants undergoing evaluation for IBI.
Smoking Behaviors Among Tobacco-Using Parents of Hospitalized Children and Association With Child Cotinine Level
Authors: Wilson Karen M. , Moss Angela , Lowary Michelle , Gambino Jessica , Klein Jonathan D. , Kerby Gwendolyn S. , Hovell Melbourne , Winickoff Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Understanding patterns of parental tobacco use and their association with child exposure can help us target interventions more appropriately. We aimed to examine the association between parental smoking practices and cotinine levels of hospitalized children.

METHODS:
This is a secondary analysis of data collected from parents of hospitalized children, recruited for a cessation intervention randomized controlled trial. Smoking parents were identified by using a medical record screening question. Parent-reported demographics and smoking habits were compared to child urine cotinine by using geometric means and log-transformed cotinine levels in multivariable linear regression analyses.

RESULTS:
A total of 213 patients had complete baseline parent-interview and urine cotinine data. The median age was 4 (interquartile range: 1–9); 57% were boys; 56% were white, 12% were Black, and 23% were multiracial; 36% identified as Hispanic. Most families (54%) had 1 smoker in the home; 36% had 2, and 9% had ≥3. Many (77%) reported having a ban on smoking in the home, and 86% reported smoking only outside. The geometric mean cotinine level of the cohort was 0.98 ng/mL. Higher cotinine levels were associated with more smokers in the home (ratio of 2.99) and smoking inside the house (ratio of 4.11).

CONCLUSIONS:
Having more smokers in the home and parents who smoke inside are associated with increased smoke exposure; however, even children whose families who smoke only outside the home have significant levels of cotinine, a marker for toxin exposure.
Variations in Sedated Echocardiography and Association With Repeat Echocardiography in Nonrefractory Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Clark Nicholas A. , Richardson Troy , Schuster Jennifer E. , Parthiban Anitha , Puls Henry T. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:Echocardiography performed under sedation allows for better coronary artery visualization in children with Kawasaki disease. We sought to describe hospital-level variability in the percentage of sedated echocardiography (SE) among children with nonrefractory Kawasaki disease (NRKD) and then test its association with repeat echocardiography, length of stay (LOS), and costs.METHODS:We identified children in the Pediatric Health Information System &lt;36 months of age hospitalized with NRKD from March 2010 to February 2017. Hospital-level percentage of SE was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were repeat echocardiography during the same hospitalization, LOS, and costs. We used χ2 and Wilcoxon rank tests to compare differences in repeat echocardiography between SE and nonsedated echocardiography. Pearson correlation was used to test associations between SE and repeat echocardiography, LOS, and costs.RESULTS:There were 2887 NRKD hospitalizations from 40 children’s hospitals. Initial SE varied from 0.0% to 87.0% (median 5.9%; interquartile range 1.4%–21.1%). Of initial echocardiographies, 22.4% were sedated and 10.1% of all hospitalizations had a repeat echocardiography. Use of SE at the hospital level was associated with a lower likelihood for repeat echocardiography (r = −0.32; 95% confidence interval −0.58 to −0.01; P = .042). Absolute risk reduction was 3.5% and the number needed to sedate was 29. Initial SE was not associated with LOS or hospital-level costs but was associated with increased patient-level costs.CONCLUSIONS:Significant variation exists in the use of SE for children &lt;36 months of age with NRKD at children’s hospitals. Our results suggest that determination of SE should not be driven by concern for repeat echocardiography or LOS considerations.
Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy and Child’s Hospital Use up to 5 Years of Age in a Data Linkage Birth Cohort
Authors: Ezegbe Chigozie , Neil Amanda L. , Magnussen Costan G. , Chappell Katherine , Judd Fiona , Wagg Fiona , Gall Seana 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To examine if exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with emergency department (ED) presentation and admission through the ED in children up to 5 years after birth.

METHODS:
Antenatal records of all children up to 5 years of age who were born in Tasmania, Australia, between July 2008 and June 2014 were linked to health service use (ED presentations and hospital admissions). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at ≤1 year and ≤5 years for ED presentations and admissions to the hospital through the ED for any reason and by 9 major disease categories for children exposed versus children not exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Models were adjusted for sex, socioeconomic position, maternal age at birth, and region of residence. Presentations and admissions for poisoning and injuries were used as a negative control.

RESULTS:
Among 36 630 infants, 21% were exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Exposed children had a 26% higher rate of presentation to the ED (IRRadjusted 1.26; 95% CI 1.23–1.29) and a 45% higher rate of admission (IRRadjusted 1.45; 95% CI 1.39–1.51) at up to 5 years of age. Compared with the negative control, higher presentation and admission rates were evident in respiratory; eyes, ears, nose, and throat; psychosocial; and infectious disease categories.

CONCLUSIONS:
Higher health care service use was observed in children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy for a range of conditions associated with exposure to smoking. The findings reinforce the need to reduce smoking among people in their childbearing years.
Trends in Incidence of Nicotine Use Disorder Among Adolescents in the Pediatric Hospital, 2012–2019
Authors: Masonbrink Abbey , Richardson Troy , Hall Matt , Catley Delwyn , Wilson Karen 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To assess trends in the incidence of nicotine use disorder (NUD) and describe associated factors among adolescents in the pediatric emergency department (ED) and inpatient settings.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all adolescents (11–18 years) with a hospital encounter (inpatient, observation, or ED) in the Pediatric Health Information System between January 1, 2012, and September 30, 2019. After excluding adolescents with a previous International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, NUD diagnosis in the past 2 years, adolescents with new NUD diagnosis (ie, NUD incidence) were identified. A multivariable generalized liner mixed model was used to assess adjusted NUD incidence and investigate the relationship of NUD with patient characteristics and any interactions between characteristics and time. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between NUD incidence and e-cigarette use reported among youth.

RESULTS:
Of 3 963 754 adolescents, 15 376 (0.4%) had a new diagnosis of NUD. Between 2012 and 2019, NUD incidence increased from 0.3% to 0.4% (P &lt; .001). Findings from the time interaction effect analysis revealed increasing NUD incidence among certain subpopulations, including boys, those with a commercial or other insurance type, adolescents seen in the ED, those from the lowest and highest median household income quartile, and those in the South and West US Census regions. The correlation between NUD incidence and e-cigarette use among high school students was ρ = 0.884 (P = .006).

CONCLUSIONS:
The incidence of NUD among adolescents is increasing. Efforts to increase the screening and treatment of NUD among adolescents in the hospital, particularly among the at-risk populations identified, are needed.
Roseville Protocol for the Management of Febrile Infants 7–60 Days
Authors: Nguyen Tran H.P. , Young Beverly R. , Poggel Laura E. , Alabaster Amy , Greenhow Tara L. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:The Roseville Protocol modifies the Rochester Protocol by adding a high-risk temperature criterion of &gt;38.5°C for infants 7 to 28 days old and by allowing febrile infants 29 to 60 days old with abnormal urinalysis but reassuring complete blood cell counts to be discharged home on oral antibiotics without receiving a lumbar puncture (LP). In this study, we define the Roseville Protocol test characteristics to detect invasive bacterial infection (IBI) and retrospectively compare its performance to that of the Rochester, Philadelphia, and Boston protocols.METHODS:In this retrospective study, we examine all cases of fever in infants aged 7 to 60 days presenting to a large health maintenance organization from 2007 to 2016 and having requisite laboratory tests for protocol analysis. The 4 protocols were retrospectively applied to this cohort to calculate each protocol’s sensitivity and specificity to detect IBI. Protocols were compared regarding recommended LPs, admissions, and parenteral antibiotics.RESULTS:In 627 infants 7 to 28 days old, the Roseville Protocol had a sensitivity of 96.7% and a negative predictive value of 99.5%. It identified 2 IBIs missed by the Rochester Protocol but recommended an absolute increase of 19% in LPs and admissions. In 1176 infants 29 to 60 days old, the Roseville Protocol had a sensitivity of 91.4% and a negative predictive value of 99.6%. There was an absolute reduction in LPs by 18% to 44% compared to the Rochester Protocol and by 74% to 100% compared to the Philadelphia and Boston protocols. There was an absolute reduction in admissions by 18% to 44% compared to the Rochester Protocol, by 25% to 51% compared to the Philadelphia Protocol, and by 10% to 36% compared to the Boston Protocol.CONCLUSIONS:The Roseville Protocol has sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of existing protocols for IBI in febrile infants 7 to 60 days old, while allowing for fewer invasive procedures and hospitalizations in infants ≥29 days old.