bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Mass Damages Liability via Tort Law and Tort Alternatives, with Ireland as a Case Study
Authors: Watts Kim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mass harm events pose liability challenges for public authorities that may be difficult to resolve via tort. A State can use statutory and non-statutory compensation funds to manage and avert its liability to pay damages to individual citizen victims. Compensation funds eliminate or minimise the traditional concept of fault and often replace it with a no-fault structure, ideally enabling swift payment of compensation to individual victims via an administrative scheme. The Irish government has repeatedly used this kind of solution for groups including victims of contaminated blood products, individuals who suffered abuse as children in State-sanctioned institutions, victims of unnecessary obstetric procedures and other public health failings. This approach has been necessary because multi-party actions are generally unavailable in Ireland, and because of entrenched access to justice problems. The evidence of their use reveals a haphazard pattern and inconsistent treatment of victims. Irish funds have aimed to compensate both the pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses of victims, often in a mixed way. The Irish approach is unsatisfactory because of the trend towards low and homogenised levels of compensation, poor procedure and the lack of other realistic redress alternatives. Overall, these compensation funds have been predominantly advantageous for the State from a cost and liability minimisation perspective. The situation could be improved if future compensation funds were properly designed and supervised, supported by appropriate legislation, and cognisant of the surrounding legal landscape and compensation fund jurisprudence from other European jurisdictions.
Policy Orientation in Public Authority Liability: a Comparative Law Perspective
Authors: Keirse Anne LM 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Turning the spotlight on the historical evolution of public authority liability in Europe shows us a movement from immunity to liability of increasing extent but, at the same time, opposite tendencies can be observed as well. Public authority liability evolves in waves, not always going in the same direction and, more than once, recurring to old solutions. These motions are partway prompted by policy considerations, interrelated with the special position of the state. This paper aims to set the right tone for answering the main question of the Ius Commune Workshop, entitled ‘Public Authorities and Tort Law: a Difficult Marriage?’. Using a comparative perspective, this paper sets out to illustrate how policy orientation has an impact on public authority liability in Europe without giving a constant and lasting direction towards either expanding or limiting this liability.
Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) Level 3 Package: Distributions, Version 1, Release 1
Authors: Smith Lucian P. , Moodie Stuart L. , Bergmann Frank T. , Gillespie Colin , Keating Sarah M. , König Matthias , Myers Chris J. , Swat Maciek J. , Wilkinson Darren J. , Hucka Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Biological models often contain elements that have inexact numerical values, since they are based on values that are stochastic in nature or data that contains uncertainty. The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) Level 3 Core specification does not include an explicit mechanism to include inexact or stochastic values in a model, but it does provide a mechanism for SBML packages to extend the Core specification and add additional syntactic constructs. The SBML Distributions package for SBML Level 3 adds the necessary features to allow models to encode information about the distribution and uncertainty of values underlying a quantity.
CellML 2.0
Authors: Clerx Michael , Cooling Michael T. , Cooper Jonathan , Garny Alan , Moyle Keri , Nickerson David P. , Nielsen Poul M. F. , Sorby Hugh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We present here CellML 2.0, an XML-based language for describing and exchanging mathematical models of physiological systems. MathML embedded in CellML documents is used to define the underlying mathematics of models. Models consist of a network of reusable components, each with variables and equations giving relationships between those variables. Models may import other models to create systems of increasing complexity. CellML 2.0 is defined by the normative specification presented here, prescribing the CellML syntax and the rules by which it should be used. The normative specification is intended primarily for the developers of software tools which directly consume CellML syntax. Users of CellML models may prefer to browse the informative rendering of the specification (https://cellml.org/specifications/cellml_2.0/) which extends the normative specification with explanations of the rules combined with examples of their usage.
Beam divergence and operating wavelength bands effects on free space optics communication channels in local access networks
Authors: Alatwi Aadel M. , Zaki Rashed Ahmed Nabih , Parvez AHM Shahriar , Paul Bikash Kumar , Ahmed Kawsar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The paper outlines the divergence of beam and operating wavelength bands effects on free-space optics communication channels in local access networks. The max Q factor and min bit error rate are measured based on the divergence of beam and operating wavelength bands variations. The signal is tested also at the receiver side by using an optical power meter visualizer at various operating signal wavelength bands and under the optimum values of the divergence of the beam. The study has presented the optimum operating conditions for upgrading network operation efficiency.
Effect of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 therapy in a child with 3-M syndrome-1 with CUL7 gene mutation
Authors: Yang Ming , Patni Nivedita 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
3-M syndrome is characterized by severe short stature, syndromic features, and characteristic radiographic findings. Growth hormone (GH) has been used with variable success. Recombinant human insulin like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) has never been utilized.

Case presentation
We describe a child with severe growth retardation, macrocephaly, and skeletal abnormalities with evidence of GH insensitivity subsequently treated with rhIGF-1. He developed morbid obesity and comorbidities including voracious appetite, acanthosis nigricans, tonsillar hypertrophy, and severe obstructive sleep apnea with minimal height improvement. Genetic testing done at 11.5 years revealed a compound heterozygous mutation (c.2112G>A(p.W704X) and c.2559delC) in the CUL7 gene consistent with 3-M syndrome-1. rhIGF-1 therapy was discontinued.

Conclusions
This case highlights the novel use of rhIGF-1 therapy on a child with 3-M syndrome-1 with minimal height benefit but accelerated weight gain and serves as a reminder of the importance of re-evaluating therapy efficacy and side effect profile.
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and placental abnormalities
Authors: Cochrane Elizabeth , Pando Christine , Kirschen Gregory W. , Soucier Devon , Fuchs Anna , Garry David J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) may be associated with placental abnormalities including placenta previa, umbilical cord abnormalities, and placental abruption. Our study evaluates the relationship between ART and placental abnormalities compared with spontaneously conceived controls.

Methods
An IRB-approved cohort study was conducted including women who delivered between January 2013 and December 2018. We excluded delivery prior to 23 weeks and known fetal anomalies. Patients were matched with controls (2:1) for parity, age, and mode of delivery. Controls were women who had spontaneously conceived and delivered immediately preceding and following the index delivery. The primary outcome was placental abnormalities found on both antenatal ultrasound and pathology in ART gestations compared with spontaneously conceived gestations.

Results
There were 120 ART pregnancies and 240 matched control pregnancies identified. The groups were similar for parity, BMI, comorbidities, number of multiples, mode of delivery, and female newborns. The ART group had a higher maternal age (37.1±5 y vs. 30.0±5 y; p<0.001), greater preterm birth (29 vs. 6%; p<0.001), and lower BW (2,928±803 g vs. 3,273±586 g; p<0.001). The ART group had a higher incidence of placenta previa on ultrasound (4.0 vs. 0.4%, p=0.01), adherent placentas at delivery (3 vs. 0% p=0.014), placental abruption (2 vs. 0%; p=0.04), as well as an increased rate of velamentous cord insertion (12 vs. 3%, p<0.001) and marginal cord insertion (28 vs. 15%, p=0.002). ART demonstrated a two-fold likelihood of abnormal placental pathology.

Conclusions
ART is associated with increased rate of placental abnormalities, including abnormal umbilical cord insertion and increased rates of adherent placentation. This information may be beneficial in planning and surveillance in patients with ART pregnancies.
Obstetric hospital preparedness for a pandemic: an obstetric critical care perspective in response to COVID-19
Authors: Harvey Scott , Zalud Ivica 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had a rapid and deadly onset, spreading quickly throughout the world. Pregnant patients have had high mortality rates, perinatal losses, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions from acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the past. Potentially, a surge of patients may require hospitalization and ICU care beyond the capacity of the health care system. This article is to provide institutional guidance on how to prepare an obstetric hospital service for a pandemic, mass casualty, or natural disaster by identifying a care model and resources for a large surge of critically ill pregnant patients over a short time. We recommend a series of protocols, education, and simulation training, with a structured and tiered approach to match the needs for the patients, for hospitals specialized in obstetrics.
Reference values of plasma homocysteine in Cuban children and adults
Authors: Concepción Alvarez Alina , Camayd Viera Ivette , Vento Buigues Lisy , Fernández Martínez Yanet , Hernández Eraida , Marín Padrón Lilia Caridad , Pérez Rodríguez Jacqueline , Gámez Torres Giselle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a nonessential amino acid, produced by the demethylation of methionine. High Hcy levels, or hyperhomocysteinemia, have been associated with genetic and multifactorial diseases. Hcy reference values may vary between different populations, as Hcy levels are affected by factors such as sex, age, diet, smoking, and coffee consumption. The estimation reference interval (RI) allows to establish the normal values of this marker in population. At present, these levels are unknown in Cuba. The aim of this work is to estimate the Hcy reference intervals in Cuban children and adults.

Methods
Total Hcy concentration was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in plasma. Hcy levels were evaluated in samples from 507 healthy individuals (260 children, 247 adults).

Results
RIs were estimated by nonparametric methods. We found significant differences between both age groups, but we did not find significant differences between sexes, within these groups. The established ranges were 2.56–14.55 µM and 3.63–17.19 µM for children and adults, respectively. Also, we observed a weak association between Hcy levels and age in both sex groups.

Conclusions
This is the first study that assesses Hcy reference values in Cuban population. Our results will allow the introduction of Hcy as a biochemical marker in laboratory testing.
Molecular relationships of the Israeli shrews (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) based on cytochromebsequences
Authors: Shpirer Erez , Haddas-Sasson Michal , Spivak-Glater Maya , Feldstein Tamar , Meiri Shai , Huchon Dorothée 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe number of shrew species in Israel has been and still is the subject of debate. In this work we used for the first time a molecular marker, the cytochromebgene, to investigate the number and identity of shrew species in Israel. Our molecular results confirmed the presence of four species:Crocidura leucodon,Crocidura suaveolens gueldenstaedtii,Crocidura ramona, andSuncus etruscus. TheC. ramonasequences were found to differ from all otherCrociduraspecies sequenced to date, supporting its status as a distinct species. Whether it is conspecific withCrocidura portali(described in 1920 from Israel and usually synonymized withC. suaveolens), will require additional study. The sequences of IsraeliC. suaveolenswere found to be very similar to those of Iran, Turkey, and Georgia (i.e., C. suaveolens gueldenstaedtii), in agreement with previous studies. The IsraeliC. leucodonsequences, however, formed a distinct clade amongC. leucodon. Finally, theS. etruscussequences clustered with sequences from France, Italy, and Iran.
Prognostic factors in stage I gastric cancer: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Zheng Dingcheng , Chen Bangsheng , Shen Zefeng , Gu Lihu , Wang Xianfa , Ma Xueqiang , Chen Ping , Mao Feiyan , Wang Zhiyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this research is to investigate the prognostic factors of patients with stage I gastric cancer (GC) and to determine whether adjuvant chemotherapy improves the prognosis for high-risk patients.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences from January 2001 to December 2015. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier were used to evaluate the relationship between the patients’ clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis.

Results
A total of 1,550 patients were eligible for the study. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of all enrolled patients was 96.5%. The pT and pN stages were significantly associated with the prognosis. The 5-year DFS rates of the three subgroups (T1N0, T2N0, and T1N1) were 97.8%, 95.7%, and 90.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). In the T1N1 subgroup, patients not undergoing chemotherapy showed a lower 5-year DFS rate compared to those undergoing chemotherapy, although the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
Both the pT and pN stages were closely associated with the prognosis of patients with stage I GC. We also found that the danger coefficient of the pN stage was higher than that of the pT stage, and that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy might be a reasonable approach to improve outcomes of high-risk patients, particularly in the T1N1 group.
Abnormally aggregation-induced emissions observed from hydrogen- and silyl-substituted siloles
Authors: Han Zhengang , Xie Kefeng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Silacyclopentadienes (siloles) are currently of great interest because of their intriguing aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics. In this work, abnormally AIE phenomena were observed from silyl- and hydrogen-substituted siloles respectively. We propose silyl-substituent and hydrogen atom effects to explain this via both experiments and theoretical calculations. It was discovered that trimethylsilyl substituents destroyed the p-interactions with the silole core and resulted in the non-fluorescence. Additionally, 1-chloro-1-H-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsilole featuring strong fluorescences in both solid and solution states with high fluorescence quantum yields represents a new potential photoelectric material. This work not only reports the silole with strong fluorescences in both solid and solution states for the first time but also contributs to enrich the AIE research of siloles.
Palestinian dialects and identities shifting across physical and virtual borders
Authors: Horesh Uri 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe 1948 war created a new situation in Palestine. Palestinians became dispersed across political borders that had not existed before, and these borders continued to change in different ways into the 21st century. In many respects, these political borders have had notable linguistic effects, introducing bilingualism and multilingualism for some Palestinians but not all, and subsequently affecting varieties of Palestinian Arabic in terms of their lexica, their grammars, and their speakers’ sense of identity and belonging. Newcomers to Palestine, particularly Jewish immigrants from Arabic-speaking countries, were also compelled to adapt their linguistic practices to the new reality into which they implanted themselves. Finally, traditional dialectological boundaries, delineating Palestinian dialects according to regional and local linguistic features, have been affected by population shifts, redrawing of political borders and the catastrophic consequences of the wars the region has endured. This paper attempts to tackle the complex web of borders and boundaries that have shaped much of the sociolinguistics of Palestinians throughout most of the 20th century and into the first two decades of the 21st century.
Crystal structure of [2-carboxybenzene-1-thiolato-S]-(triethylphosphane-P)-gold(I), C13H20AuO2PS
Authors: Yeo Chien Ing , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
C13H20AuO2PS, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 7.7509(2) Å, b = 12.7840(3) Å, c = 15.8689(4) Å, α = 89.087(2)°, β = 87.065(2)°, γ = 84.797(2)°, V = 1563.78(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0282, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0795, T = 100 K.
Assessing the changing urban sound environment during the COVID-19 lockdown period using short-term acoustic measurements
Authors: Aletta Francesco , Oberman Tin , Mitchell Andrew , Tong Huan , Kang Jian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe implementation of lockdown measures due to the COVID-19 outbreak has resulted in wide-ranging social and environmental implications. Among the environmental impacts is a decrease in urban noise levels which has so far been observed at the city scale via noise mapping efforts conducted through the framework of the Environmental Noise Directive. This study aims to understand how lockdown measures have manifested at a local level to better determine how the person-level experience of the urban soundscape has been affected and how these affects differ across urban space typologies. Taking London as a case study, a series of 30-second binaural recordings were taken at 11 locations representing a cross-section of urban public spaces with varying compositions of sound sources during Spring 2019 (pre-lockdown, N = 620) and Spring 2020 (during-lockdown, N = 481). Five acoustic and psychoacoustic metrics (LAeq,LA10,LA90, Loudness, Sharpness) were calculated for each recording and their changes from the pre-lockdown scenario to the lockdown scenario are investigated. Clustering analysis was performed which grouped the locations into 3 types of urban settings based on their acoustic characteristics. An average reduction of 5.4 dB (LAeq) was observed, however significant differences in the degree of reduction were found across the locations, ranging from a 10.7 dB to a 1.2 dB reduction. This study confirms the general reduction in noise levels due to the nationally imposed lockdown measures, identifies trends which vary depending on the urban context and discusses the implications for the limits of urban noise reduction.
Regulating European Philanthropy: Lessons from the Scholarly Legacy of Evelyn Brody
Authors: Breen Oonagh B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThroughout her long and distinguished academic career, spanning more than three decades, as a Professor of Law at Chicago-Kent University, Evelyn Brody’s work has interrogated three broad themes that underpin and drive charity law – the tax treatment of charities; the governance framework applicable to charities, its application, monitoring and enforcement; and the evolution of charitable structures over time, whether from an economic convergence perspective, a constitutional right of association perspective or from a public/private benefit perspective. This article reviews Brody’s contribution in these key areas. It explores the resonance of her work outside of the United States and its relevance for EU non-profit scholars before looking to Brody’s research legacy for future nonprofit scholars on both sides of the Atlantic.
Microbial antagonists against plant pathogens in Iran: A review
Authors: Alizadeh Mehrdad , Vasebi Yalda , Safaie Naser 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.
Machine Readable Race: Constructing Racial Information in the Third Reich
Authors: Munn Luke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper examines how informational processing drove new structures of racial classification in the Third Reich. The Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft mbH (Dehomag) worked closely with the government in designing and integrating punch-card informational systems. As a German subsidiary of IBM, Dehomag’s technology was deployed initially for a census in order to provide a more detailed racial analysis of the population. However the racial data was not detailed enough. The Nuremberg Race Laws provided a more precise and procedural definition of Jewishness that could be rendered machine-readable. As the volume and velocity of information in the Reich increased, Dehomag’s technology was adopted by other agencies like the Race and Settlement Office, and culminated in the vision of a single machinic number for each citizen. Through the lens of these proto-technologies, the paper demonstrates the historical interplay between race and information. Yet if the indexing and sorting of race anticipates big-data analytics, contemporary power is more sophisticated and subtle. The complexity of modern algorithmic regimes diffuses obvious racial markers, engendering a racism without race.
The language of rhetorical feminism, anchored in hope
Authors: Glenn Cheryl 
Published: August 2020

Abstract“The Language of Rhetorical Feminism, Anchored in Hope” honors contemporary expansions of rhetoric in terms of theory, practitioners, and practices. I’ve forged a new pathway that begins at the nexus of rhetoric, feminism, and hope, a juncture where the traditionally disregarded rhetorical practices and powers of so-called Others can be appreciated for their potency. Their purposeful resistant rhetorical praxes provide the constituent features of a theory I call “rhetorical feminism.” My hope is that the best parts of these rhetorical feminist praxes will meld with the best parts of rhetoric writ large.