bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic distributions of deuterium–deuterium nuclear fusion products in a compact tokamak
Authors: Goncharov P R , Bakharev N N 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The paper is devoted to calculations of anisotropic spectra of nuclear fusion products in a compact tokamak. The knowledge of these spectra is essential for estimations of the first wall load by neutron radiation and other fast particle fluxes from the plasma, computations of the plasma heating profiles, and correct analysis of experimental data, obtained on the present-day and prospective tokamaks and other controlled fusion devices. Anisotropic analytical S- and L-formulae found earlier for nuclear fusion product distributions are computationally demanding. In this paper improved anisotropic S- and L-algorithms are introduced. The new simplified formulae retain the generality and reduce the calculation time without changing the results. Their application for the calculation of energetic and angular distributions of products of both neutron and proton branches of the deuterium–deuterium nuclear fusion reaction in the neutral beam heated plasma of the Globus-M2 spherical tokamak is described. Notwithstanding the low neutral beam energy, the obtained fusion product spectra are strongly anisotropic and may be observed experimentally.
Impact of impurity seeding on the electron energy distribution function in the COMPASS divertor region
Authors: Dimitrova M , Popov Tsv K , Kovacic J , Dejarnac R , Gunn J P , Ivanova P , Imrisek M , Stöckel J , Vondracek P , Hron M , Panek R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the COMPASS tokamak, series of experiments were performed aimed at studying the impact of nitrogen, neon, and argon impurity seeding on the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in the divertor region. The experiments were conducted in D-shaped, L-mode, deuterium plasmas. In order to obtain the radial distribution of the floating potential, ion saturation current, electron temperatures, and densities, the current-voltage characteristics were measured by Langmuir probes embedded in the COMPASS tokamak divertor. The properties of the plasma in the divertor region were measured before and during impurity seeding. Before the N2 seeding, the EEDF was bi-Maxwellian with a low-energy electron fraction with temperatures 3.5–5 eV, and a higher-energy one with temperatures in the range of 10 eV to 23 eV. During seeding with an increasing number of molecules per second, the EEDF changed from bi-Maxwellian to Maxwellian and the electron temperature decreased. The time-evolution was studied of the change in the EEDF during N2 seeding. When the seeding was carried out by a valve in the private flux region, the duration of the transition from a bi-Maxwellian to a Maxwellian EEDF was about 10–15 ms. When the N2 seeding took place through a low-field side valve, the transition from a bi-Maxwellian to a Maxwellian EEDF took longer −25–45 ms. The temporal evolution was also analyzed of the plasma parameters’ radial profiles when neon and argon were puffed using a valve in the divertor low-field side. The application is discussed of the probe measurements’ results to calculating the parallel heat-flux densities in the divertor region of the COMPASS tokamak.
Spherical accretion flow onto general parameterized spherically symmetric black hole spacetimes *
Authors: Yang Sen , Liu Cheng , Zhu Tao , Zhao Li , Wu Qiang , Yang Ke , Jamil Mubasher 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The transonic phenomenon of black hole accretion and the existence of the photon sphere characterize strong gravitational fields near a black hole horizon. Here, we study the spherical accretion flow onto general parametrized spherically symmetric black hole spacetimes. We analyze the accretion process for various perfect fluids, such as the isothermal fluids of ultra-stiff, ultra-relativistic, and sub-relativistic types, and the polytropic fluid. The influences of additional parameters, beyond the Schwarzschild black hole in the framework of general parameterized spherically symmetric black holes, on the flow behavior of the above-mentioned test fluids are studied in detail. In addition, by studying the accretion of the ideal photon gas, we further discuss the correspondence between the sonic radius of the accreting photon gas and the photon sphere for general parameterized spherically symmetric black holes. Possible extensions of our analysis are also discussed.
Relic density of asymmetric Dark Matter with Sommerfeld enhancement *
Authors: Abudurusuli Aihemaitijiang , Iminniyaz Hoernisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We investigate the evolution of abundance of the asymmetric thermal Dark Matter when its annihilation rate at chemical decoupling is boosted by the Sommerfeld enhancement. Next, we discuss the effect of kinetic decoupling on the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter when the interaction rate depends on velocity. Usually, the relic density of asymmetric Dark Matter is analyzed in the frame of chemical decoupling. Indeed, after decoupling from chemical equilibrium, asymmetric Dark Matter particles and anti-particles are still in kinetic equilibrium for a while. This has no effect for the case of s-wave annihilation since there is no temperature dependence in this case. However, kinetic decoupling has impacts for the case of p-wave annihilation and Sommerfeld enhanced s- and p-wave annihilations. We investigate in detail the extent to which kinetic decoupling affects the relic abundance of asymmetric Dark Matter particles and anti-particles. We find the constraints on the cross section and asymmetry factor using observational data of the relic density of Dark Matter.
The reversed field pinch
Authors: Marrelli L. , Martin P. , Puiatti M.E. , Sarff J.S. , Chapman B.E. , Drake J.R. , Escande D.F. , Masamune S. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper reviews the research on the reversed field pinch (RFP) in the last three decades. Substantial experimental and theoretical progress and transformational changes have been achieved since the last review (Bodin 1990 Nucl. Fusion
30 1717–37). The experiments have been performed in devices with different sizes and capabilities. The largest are RFX-mod in Padova (Italy) and MST in Madison (USA). The experimental community includes also EXTRAP-T2R in Sweden, RELAX in Japan and KTX in China. Impressive improvements in the performance are the result of exploration of two lines: the high current operation (up to 2 MA) with the spontaneous occurrence of helical equilibria with good magnetic flux surfaces and the active control of the current profile. A crucial ingredient for the advancements obtained in the experiments has been the development of state-of-art active feedback control systems allowing the control of MHD instabilities in presence of a thin shell. The balance between achievements and still open issues leads us to the conclusion that the RFP can be a valuable and diverse contributor in the quest for fusion electricity.
Adsorption kinetics feature extraction from breathprint obtained by graphene based sensors for diabetes diagnosis
Authors: Kalidoss Ramji , Umapathy Snekhalatha , Kothalam Radhakrishnan , Sakthivelu Uthvag 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe correlation between blood glucose and breath acetone suggested by several studies has spurred the research community to develop an electronic (e-nose) for diabetes diagnosis. Herein, we have validated the in-house graphene based sensors with known acetone concentration. The sensor performances such as sensitivity, selectivity and stability (SSS) suggested their potential use in acquiring breath print. The 10% higher mean saturation voltage for 30 diabetic subjects ensured a discrimination accuracy of 65% with a positive correlation (r= 0.88) between biochemically measured and non-invasively estimated (glycated haemoglobin) HbA1c. For the improvement of classification rate, thirteen features associated with the adsorption kinetics were extracted from the breathprint from each of the three sensors. The features given as an input to the Naïve Bayes classification model fetched an accuracy of 68.33%. Elimination of redundant features by distinction index and one-R feature ranking algorithm results in Naïve Bayes algorithm with improved performances. The success rate has improved to 70% using the subset of features ranked by one-R algorithm. These results indicated the use of feature ranking algorithms and prediction models for the improvement in accuracy of our in-house fabricated graphene based sensors.
Terahertz surface plasmon propagation in a near field coupled asymmetric resonators based planar waveguide
Authors: Dhriti K M , Islam Maidul , Kumar Gagan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this article, we investigate terahertz surface plasmons propagation in a planar waveguide comprising asymmetric resonators placed in close proximity. The waveguide is designed to support surface plasmon polaritons at two distinct terahertz frequencies, ω
1 and ω
2, which are near to each other. This is accomplished by carefully designing the unit cell comprising of two resonators with slightly different sizes. The resonators in the form of rectangular apertures are placed along the transverse direction in the near field regime. We observe an absorption window surrounded by two transmission resonances which are coupled to each other. As the resonators are moved apart, we observe a switching from the coupled to an uncoupled resonance state. The absorption window can be tuned by changing the resonance frequency of the resonators, which depends upon its structural parameters. We have employed a theoretical model to understand the coupling mechanism between the resonators and the dispersive behavior resulting in the absorption window. The proposed study is significant in the construction of planar terahertz components such as slow lights systems, buffers, etc, where strongly dispersive mediums play a vital role.
A method of depth extension in 3D shape measurement by geometric constraints
Authors: Lv Shenzhen , Zhang Yuyuan , Wang Jian , Sun Qiang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper a new method to extend the measurement depth limited by geometric constraints for objects with large depth variances is presented. This method mainly includes the following steps: (1) using the watershed image segmentation algorithm to extract the correct part of the discontinuous absolute phase distribution obtained by geometric constraints, and making a binary mask of the correspondent region; (2) using the window Fourier filter-quality guided phase unwrapping algorithm to obtain the relative phase distribution of the tested object; (3) using the binary mask to get the difference between the relative and the absolute phases; (4) converting the relative phase distribution to absolute phase distribution by referring to their phase difference in the mask region. The experimental results prove the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.
Thermal stability of titanium hydride modified by the electrochemical deposition of titanium metal
Authors: Yastrebinsky R N , Pavlenko V I , Karnauhov A A , Cherkashina N I , Yastrebinskaya A V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study aims to address the poor thermal stability of titanium hydride. Surface microstructural observations, differential thermal analysis, and electron-probe analysis of the thermal stability and phase composition measurements of a titanium hydride fraction that was modified by the electrochemical deposition of titanium metal are presented. It is demonstrated that the metallic titanium deposited on the surface of the fraction acts as an effective trap for hydrogen diffusion into the surface layers upon thermal heating. Modification of the surface of the titanium hydride fraction by electrochemical deposition of titanium metal increased its initial temperature of dehydrogenation by 231.8 °C. The concentration of the hydride phase at the surface layer at 500 °C increased to 87.2% due to the structural redistribution of atomic hydrogen and the hydrogenation of metallic titanium at the surface layer.
Joint Modeling of Individual Trajectories, Within-Individual Variability, and a Later Outcome: Systolic Blood Pressure Through Childhood and Left Ventricular Mass in Early Adulthood
Authors: Parker Richard M A , Leckie George , Goldstein Harvey , Howe Laura D , Heron Jon , Hughes Alun D , Phillippo David M , Tilling Kate 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWithin-individual variability of repeatedly measured exposures might predict later outcomes (e.g., blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) is an independent cardiovascular risk factor above and beyond mean BP). Because 2-stage methods, known to introduce bias, are typically used to investigate such associations, we introduce a joint modeling approach, examining associations of mean BP and BPV across childhood with left ventricular mass (indexed to height; LVMI) in early adulthood with data (collected 1990–2011) from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort. Using multilevel models, we allowed BPV to vary between individuals (a “random effect”) as well as to depend on covariates (allowing for heteroskedasticity). We further distinguished within-clinic variability (“measurement error”) from visit-to-visit BPV. BPV was predicted to be greater at older ages, at higher body weights, and in female participants and was positively correlated with mean BP. BPV had a weak positive association with LVMI (10% increase in within-individual BP variance was predicted to increase LVMI by 0.21%, 95% credible interval: −0.23, 0.69), but this association became negative (−0.78%, 95% credible interval: −2.54, 0.22) once the effect of mean BP on LVMI was adjusted for. This joint modeling approach offers a flexible method of relating repeatedly measured exposures to later outcomes.
The adult human subventricular zone: partial ependymal coverage and proliferative capacity of cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: de Sonnaville Sophia F A M , van Strien Miriam E , Middeldorp Jinte , Sluijs Jacqueline A , van den Berge Simone A , Moeton Martina , Donega Vanessa , van Berkel Annemiek , Deering Tasmin , De Filippis Lidia , Vescovi Angelo L , Aronica Eleonora , Glass Rainer , van de Berg Wilma D J , Swaab Dick F , Robe Pierre A , Hol Elly M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood in specialized regions of the brain. One of these regions is the subventricular zone. During brain development, neurogenesis is regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic cues that control stem-cell survival, renewal and cell lineage specification. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an integral part of the neurogenic niche in development as it is in direct contact with radial glial cells, and it is important in regulating proliferation and migration. Yet, the effect of CSF on neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the adult human brain is unknown. We hypothesized a persistent stimulating effect of ventricular CSF on neural stem cells in adulthood, based on the literature, describing bulging accumulations of subventricular cells where CSF is in direct contact with the subventricular zone. Here, we show by immunohistochemistry on post-mortem adult human subventricular zone sections that neural stem cells are in close contact with CSF via protrusions through both intact and incomplete ependymal layers. We are the first to systematically quantify subventricular glial nodules denuded of ependyma and consisting of proliferating neural stem and progenitor cells, and showed that they are present from foetal age until adulthood. Neurosphere, cell motility and differentiation assays as well as analyses of RNA expression were used to assess the effects of CSF of adult humans on primary neural stem cells and a human immortalized neural stem cell line. We show that human ventricular CSF increases proliferation and decreases motility of neural stem cells. Our results also indicate that adult CSF pushes neural stem cells from a relative quiescent to a more active state and promotes neuronal over astrocytic lineage differentiation. Thus, CSF continues to stimulate neural stem cells throughout aging.
Temporally Distinct Roles for the Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Sp8 in the Generation and Migration of Dorsal Lateral Ganglionic Eminence (dLGE)-Derived Neuronal Subtypes in the Mouse
Authors: Kuerbitz J , Madhavan M , Ehrman L A , Kohli V , Waclaw R R , Campbell K 
Published: October 2020

AbstractProgenitors in the dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence (dLGE) are known to give rise to olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons and intercalated cells (ITCs) of the amygdala. The dLGE enriched transcription factor Sp8 is required for the normal generation of ITCs as well as OB interneurons, particularly the calretinin (CR)-expressing subtype. In this study, we used a genetic gain-of-function approach in mice to examine the roles Sp8 plays in controlling the development of dLGE-derived neuronal subtypes. Misexpression of Sp8 throughout the ventral telencephalic subventricular zone (SVZ) from early embryonic stages, led to an increased generation of ITCs which was dependent on Tshz1 gene dosage. Additionally, Sp8 misexpression impaired rostral migration of OB interneurons with clusters of CR interneurons seen in the SVZ along with decreased differentiation of calbindin OB interneurons. Sp8 misexpression throughout the ventral telencephalon also reduced ventral LGE neuronal subtypes including striatal projection neurons. Delaying Sp8 misexpression until E14–15 rescued the striatal and amygdala phenotypes but only partially rescued OB interneuron reductions, consistent with an early window of striatal and amygdala neurogenesis and ongoing OB interneuron generation at this late stage. Our results demonstrate critical roles for the timing and neuronal cell-type specificity of Sp8 expression in mouse LGE neurogenesis.
Black–White Disparities in Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health Index and Their Associations with Self-rated Health and Functional Limitations in Older Adults
Authors: Rhee Taeho Greg , Lee Kathy , Schensul Jean J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
To characterize cumulative risk scores of social and behavioral determinants of health (SDoH) and examine their association with self-rated general health and functional limitations between non-Hispanic black and white older adults in the United States.

Method
We used data from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), with a nationally representative sample of black and white adults aged 65 or older (n = 954 unweighted). We quantified the cumulative risk scores of SDoH (eg, food insecurity, education and poverty), ranging from 0 (no risk at all) to 8 (highest risk), and used multivariable-adjusted logistic and Poisson regression analyses to assess the association of SDoH by racial group with self-rated health and functional limitations, adjusting for other covariates.

Results
Black older adults had a higher mean cumulative risk score than white counterparts (2.3 ± 2.1 vs 1.5 ± 1.0; p &lt; .001). Black older adults were more likely to report lower self-rated health than white older adults in each of SDoH domains (p &lt; .01 for each). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, black older adults were more likely to report lower self-rated health than white older adults (p &lt; .01 for all) regardless of SDoH risk factors. However, those with high SDoH risk factors (ie, ≥3 risk factors) were more likely to report functional limitations than those in the low-risk group (ie, &lt;3 risk factors) in both racial groups (p &lt; .01 for all).

Conclusion
SDoH-related black–white disparities remain persistent in older age. In particular, SDoH index scores for black and white older adults were differentially associated with functional limitations. Addressing SDoH should be an important consideration in reducing gaps in black–white disparities of functioning.
Exploring lectin–glycan interactions to combat COVID-19: Lessons acquired from other enveloped viruses
Authors: Nascimento da Silva Luís Cláudio , Mendonça Juliana Silva Pereira , de Oliveira Weslley Felix , Batista Karla Lílian Rodrigues , Zagmignan Adrielle , Viana Isabelle Freire Tabosa , dos Santos Correia Maria Tereza 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The emergence of a new human coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has imposed great pressure on the health system worldwide. The presence of glycoproteins on the viral envelope opens a wide range of possibilities for the application of lectins to address some urgent problems involved in this pandemic. In this work, we discuss the potential contributions of lectins from nonmammalian sources in the development of several fields associated with viral infections, most notably COVID-19. We review the literature on the use of nonmammalian lectins as a therapeutic approach against members of the Coronaviridae family, including recent advances in strategies of protein engineering to improve their efficacy. The applications of lectins as adjuvants for antiviral vaccines are also discussed. Finally, we present some emerging strategies employing lectins for the development of biosensors, microarrays, immunoassays and tools for purification of viruses from whole blood. Altogether, the data compiled in this review highlight the importance of structural studies aiming to improve our knowledge about the basis of glycan recognition by lectins and its repercussions in several fields, providing potential solutions for complex aspects that are emerging from different health challenges.
Whole exome sequencing reveals pathogenic variants inMYO3A,MYO15AandCOL9A3and differential frequencies in ancestral alleles in hearing impairment genes among individuals from Cameroon
Authors: Wonkam Ambroise , Manyisa Noluthando , Bope Christian D , Dandara Collet , Chimusa Emile R 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere is scarcity of known gene variants of hearing impairment (HI) in African populations. This knowledge deficit is ultimately affecting the development of genetic diagnoses. We used whole exome sequencing to investigate gene variants, pathways of interactive genes and the fractions of ancestral overderived alleles for 159 HI genes among 18 Cameroonian patients with non-syndromic HI (NSHI) and 129 ethnically matched controls. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic (PLP) variants were found in MYO3A, MYO15A and COL9A3, with a resolution rate of 50% (9/18 patients). The study identified significant genetic differentiation in novel population-specific gene variants at FOXD4L2, DHRS2L6, RPL3L and VTN between HI patients and controls. These gene variants are found in functional/co-expressed interactive networks with other known HI-associated genes and in the same pathways with VTN being a hub protein, that is, focal adhesion pathway and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton (P-values &lt;0.05). The results suggest that these novel population-specific gene variants are possible modifiers of the HI phenotypes. We found a high proportion of ancestral allele versus derived at low HI patients-specific minor allele frequency in the range of 0.0–0.1. The results showed a relatively low pickup rate of PLP variants in known genes in this group of Cameroonian patients with NSHI. In addition, findings may signal an evolutionary enrichment of some variants of HI genes in patients, as the result of polygenic adaptation, and suggest the possibility of multigenic influence on the phenotype of congenital HI, which deserves further investigations.