bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon and Package Preparation Options for Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Circuit Editing and General Packaging Failure Analysis
Authors: Herschbein Steven B. , Scrudato Carmelo F. , Worth George K. , Hermann Edward S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique of internal modification for chip repair, layout verification, and internal signal probe access has become an integral part of the process for bringing advanced products to market. The pervasive switch from wire bond connections to single component flipchip solder bump mounting on high value products has greatly aided the task of FIB editing by placing the bare backside silicon of the die within easy reach. FIB chip circuit access begins with task-specific sample preparation. The package opening and silicon prep process is well defined and quite robust when full thickness chips are mounted to simple ceramic carriers. Unfortunately, the introduction of flexible organic laminate substrates and the development of stacked die packaging has further complicated the process. Multi-chip packages containing combinations of full thickness and thinned chips may be present. They could be wire-bond connected, or use Through-Silicon Vias (TSV) for double sided attachment. Multiple heat treatment cycles joining together materials with vastly different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) may result in severe package warpage and stress. All of these conditions and possible combinations have served to invalidate key elements of the established sample preparation process, and made each presented case unique. As the FIB team works to develop new precision techniques for internal circuitry access, the greater semiconductor packaging development and failure analysis community has benefited from the introduction of new tooling and methodologies.
Analysis of Power MOSFET Active Temperature Cycling Failures
Authors: Kearney Ian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Performance degradation due to fatigue accumulation from the repetitive switching of high load current is critical to understanding robust power MOSFET product design. In this paper, we present a novel high-current-temperature (HCT) characterization system used to investigate real world powercycling failure mechanisms. The effects of electric current Joule heating, non-uniform temperature distribution and performance deterioration of discrete power devices are discussed. Thermal fatigue of solder joints and thick aluminum wire bonding are common weak spots with regard to power-cycling capability. We report performance failure mechanisms and discuss the superposition of contributing factors in defining root cause. Results discuss various package influences as part of a robust power MOSFET development process.
EBIC and EBAC Analysis of Site Specific STEM Samples
Authors: Schamp C.T. , Suzuki Y. , Fuse J. , Ito K. , Tanaka H. , Kageyama A. , Nagakubo Y. , Mizuno T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In transmission electron microscopy (TEM), one typically considers bright-field or dark-field imaging signals, which utilize the transmitted and scattered electrons, respectively. Analytical signals such as characteristic X-Rays or primary electron beam energy losses from inelastic scattering events give rise to the energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy techniques, respectively. In this paper, the detection of the electron beam absorbed current (EBAC) and electron beam induced current (EBIC) signals is reported using a specially designed scanning TEM holder and associated amplification electronics. By utilizing thin TEM samples where the beam-sample interaction volume is controlled more through the incident electron probe size, the EBAC and EBIC signal resolution is improved to the point where implant regions and Schottky junction depletion zones can be visualized.
Nanoprobing-Based EBAC Technique from Backside as Well as Frontside to Isolate Logic Fails for Otherwise Non Visual Defects
Authors: Arva Sreenath , Kodali Satish , Sheridan Lucile , Kalaiazhagan Karthik , Oh Chong Khiam 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents unique case studies describing the use of EBAC technique. Front as well as backside EBAC on relatively smaller nets is presented to isolate logic fails which are otherwise hard to capture using conventional failure analysis techniques.
A pós-graduação do Colégio Pedro II: compromisso traduzido em ações presentes e futuras
Authors: Maciel Alda Maria Coimbra Aguilar , Capossoli Eduardo 
Published: December 2020

A equipe de editores gerentes da revista Cadernos de Educação Básica entrevistou o Diretor de Pós-Graduação da Pró-Reitora de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa, Extensão e Cultura (PROPGPEC-CPII), Prof. Dr. Francisco Mattos. Na entrevista, o professor Francisco Mattos traz informações sobre as ações da Diretoria de Pós-Graduação ao longo de 2020, durante a pandemia. Seus relatos robustecem o compromisso do Colégio Pedro II com a pós-graduação, esclarece sobre os produtos educacionais e traz indicações do fortalecimento de uma rede para a pós-graduação no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Que as palavras do Prof. Francisco Mattos impulsionem mais ações e incentivos à pós-graduação em nosso estado e em todo o território nacional. Alda Maria Coimbra Aguilar Maciel Eduardo Capossoli
Untargeted Metabolomics: Biochemical Perturbations in Golestan Cohort Study Opium Users Inform Intervention Strategies
Authors: Li Yuan-Yuan , Ghanbari Reza , Pathmasiri Wimal , McRitchie Susan , Poustchi Hossein , Shayanrad Amaneh , Roshandel Gholamreza , Etemadi Arash , Pollock Jonathan D. , Malekzadeh Reza , Sumner Susan C. J. 
Published: December 2020

Objective:Over 50 million people worldwide are estimated to use opioids, of which ~30 million use opiates (opium and its derivatives). Use of opiates has been associated with a variety of adverse complications such as neurological and behavioral outcomes, addiction, cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. While it is well known that opiates exert their neurobiological effects through binding with mu, kappa, and delta receptors to exert analgesic and sedative effects, mechanistic links to other health effects are not well understood. Our study focuses on the identification of biochemical perturbations in Golestan Cohort Study (GCS) opium users.Methods:We used untargeted metabolomics to evaluate the metabolic profiles of 218 opium users and 80 non-users participating in the GCS. Urine samples were obtained from adult (age 40–75) opium users living in the Golestan Province of Iran. Untargeted analysis of urine was conducted using a UPLC-Q-Exactive HFx Mass Spectrometry and a 700 MHz NMR Spectrometry.Results:These GCS opium users had a significantly higher intake of tobacco and alcohol and a significantly decreased BMI compared with non-users. Metabolites derived from opium (codeine, morphine, and related glucuronides), nicotine, and curing or combustion of plant material were increased in opium users compared with non-users. Endogenous compounds which differentiated the opium users and non-users largely included vitamins and co-factors, metabolites involved in neurotransmission, Kreb's cycle, purine metabolism, central carbon metabolism, histone modification, and acetylation.Conclusions:Our study reveals biochemical perturbations in GCS opium users that are important to the development of intervention strategies to mitigate against the development of adverse effects of substance abuse.
Performance improvement of solar PV power conversion system through low duty cycle DC‐DC converter
Authors: Alagu Matheswaran , Ponnusamy Prem , Pandarinathan Sivaraman , Mohamed Ali Jagabar Sathik 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCharacteristics like reliability and modularity of solar photovoltaic (SPV) units makes them one of the apt options for generating electric power. However, the input intermittency is their major lacuna, and power electronic circuits are being used to nullify this effect. A solar photovoltaic power conversion process includes a DC‐DC converter in the plant side to deliver a fixed DC voltage and a DC‐AC converter in the grid side for converting DC voltage in to grid compatible AC voltage. The high duty ratio of typical DC‐DC boost converters limits the switching frequency and efficiency. In this article, a way to enhance the performance of a SPV unit using an improved quadratic boost converter (IQBC) is analysed. It can deliver a higher output voltage at lower duty ratio with Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm‐based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). A 250 W prototype of IQBC‐based Solar PV power conversion system (SPVPCS) is developed, and its performance is compared against conventional and quadratic boost converters and found that the IQBC‐based solar power conversion system is efficient and the results are presented.
Hematocrit, age, and survival in a wild vertebrate population
Authors: Brown Thomas J. , Hammers Martijn , Taylor Martin , Dugdale Hannah L. , Komdeur Jan , Richardson David S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUnderstanding trade‐offs in wild populations is difficult, but important if we are to understand the evolution of life histories and the impact of ecological variables upon them. Markers that reflect physiological state and predict future survival would be of considerable benefit to unraveling such trade‐offs and could provide insight into individual variation in senescence. However, currently used markers often yield inconsistent results. One underutilized measure is hematocrit, the proportion of blood comprising erythrocytes, which relates to the blood's oxygen‐carrying capacity and viscosity, and to individual endurance. Hematocrit has been shown to decline with age in cross‐sectional studies (which may be confounded by selective appearance/disappearance). However, few studies have tested whether hematocrit declines within individuals or whether low hematocrit impacts survival in wild taxa. Using longitudinal data from the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), we demonstrated that hematocrit increases with age in young individuals (<1.5 years) but decreases with age in older individuals (1.5–13 years). In breeders, hematocrit was higher in males than females and varied relative to breeding stage. High hematocrit was associated with lower survival in young individuals, but not older individuals. Thus, while we did not find support for hematocrit as a marker of senescence, high hematocrit is indicative of poor condition in younger individuals. Possible explanations are that these individuals were experiencing dehydration and/or high endurance demands prior to capture, which warrants further investigation. Our study demonstrates that hematocrit can be an informative metric for life‐history studies investigating trade‐offs between survival, longevity, and reproduction.
Complex postbreeding molt strategies in a songbird migrating along the East Asian Flyway, the Pallas’s Grasshopper WarblerLocustella certhiola
Authors: Eilts Hans‐Jürgen , Feuerbach Nele , Round Philip D. , Bourski Oleg , Allcock John , Leader Paul , Davaasuren Batmunkh , Erdenechimeg Tuvshinjargal , Park Jong‐Gil , Heim Wieland 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMolt strategies have received relatively little attention in current ornithology, and knowledge concerning the evolution, variability and extent of molt is sparse in many bird species. This is especially true for East AsianLocustellaspecies where assumptions on molt patterns are based on incomplete information. We provide evidence indicating a complex postbreeding molt strategy and variable molt extent among the Pallas's Grasshopper WarblerLocustella certhiola, based on data from six ringing sites situated along its flyway from the breeding grounds to the wintering areas. Detailed study revealed for the first time that in most individuals wing feather molt proceeds from the center both toward the body and the wing‐tip, a molt pattern known as divergent molt (which is rare among Palearctic passerines). In the Russian Far East, where both breeding birds and passage migrants occur, a third of the adult birds were molting in late summer. In Central Siberia, at the northwestern limit of its distribution, adult individuals commenced their primary molt partly divergently and partly with unknown sequence. During migration in Mongolia, only descendantly (i.e., from the body toward the wing‐tip) molting birds were observed, while further south in Korea, Hong Kong, and Thailand the proportion of potential eccentric and divergent feather renewal was not identifiable since the renewed feathers were already fully grown as expected. We found an increase in the mean number of molted primaries during the progress of the autumn migration. Moderate body mass levels and low‐fat and muscle scores were observed in molting adult birds, without any remarkable increase in the later season. According to optimality models, we suggest that an extremely short season of high food abundance in tall grass habitats and a largely overland route allow autumn migration with low fuel loads combined with molt migration in at least a part of the population. This study highlights the importance of further studying molt strategy as well as stopover behavior decisions and the trade‐offs among migratory birds that are now facing a panoply of anthropogenic threats along their flyways.
Chitinase 3‐like‐1, Tolloid‐like protein 1, and intergenic gene polymorphisms are predictors for hepatocellular carcinoma development after hepatitis C virus eradication by direct‐acting antivirals
Authors: Mangoud Nadia O. M. , Ali Sahar A. , El Kassas Mohamed , Soror Sameh H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death in Egypt. There is still a risk for HCC development even after eradicating hepatitis C virus (HCV) by direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs). Chitinase‐3‐like‐protein‐1 (CHI3L1), a biomarker for predicting many diseases, plays an essential role in inflammation, angiogenesis, and antiapoptosis. Tolloid‐like protein 1 (TLL1) may be involved in hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. This study aimed to determine the role and combined effect of CHI3L1 (rs880633), TLL1 (rs1503298), and an intergenic (rs597533) polymorphisms on the risk of developing HCC in Egyptian patients after achieving sustained virological response (SVR) by DAAs. Blood samples were collected from 68 HCC patients, 77 non‐HCC subjects, and 80 healthy controls. The DNA was extracted and analyzed for rs880633, rs1503298, and rs597533 using Genotyping TaqMan™ assay. The result of the present study showed a significant difference in genotypes and alleles frequencies in both (rs880633) and (rs597533) in HCC group as compared to healthy control and also as compared to the non‐HCC group. However, regarding to (rs1503298) genotypes and alleles between the HCC and non‐HCC groups, there were no significant differences. Combined polymorphism in more than one gene simultaneously showed a higher risk to HCC after SVR than an individual locus. Both allelic and genotypic variations of the CHI3L1 gene (rs880633) and an intergenic (rs597533) seemed to be significant predictors confirming a great risk for HCC susceptibility in Egyptian patients achieved SVR. Patients with a polymorphism in more than one gene showed an increased risk to HCC after SVR rather than individual locus.
A diagonalization‐free optimization algorithm for solving Kohn–Sham equations of closed‐shell molecules
Authors: Mrovec Martin , Berger J. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA local optimization algorithm for solving the Kohn–Sham equations is presented. It is based on a direct minimization of the energy functional under the equality constraints representing the Grassmann Manifold. The algorithm does not require an eigendecomposition, which may be advantageous in large‐scale computations. It is optimized to reduce the number of Kohn–Sham matrix evaluations to one per iteration to be competitive with standard self‐consistent field (SCF) approach accelerated by direct inversion of the iterative subspace (DIIS). Numerical experiments include a comparison of the algorithm with DIIS. A high reliability of the algorithm is observed in configurations where SCF iterations fail to converge or find a wrong solution corresponding to a stationary point different from the global minimum. The local optimization algorithm itself does not guarantee that the found minimum is global. However, a randomization of the initial approximation shows a convergence to the right minimum in the vast majority of cases.
Biogeochemical and ecological variability during the late summer–early autumn transition at an ice‐floe drift station in the Central Arctic Ocean
Authors: Schanke Nicole L. , Bolinesi Francesco , Mangoni Olga , Katlein Christian , Anhaus Philipp , Hoppmann Mario , Lee Peter A. , DiTullio Giacomo R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs the annual expanse of Arctic summer ice‐cover steadily decreases, concomitant biogeochemical and ecological changes in this region are likely to occur. Because the Central Arctic Ocean is often nutrient and light limited, it is essential to understand how environmental changes will affect productivity, phytoplankton species composition, and ensuing changes in biogeochemistry in the region. During the transition from late summer to early autumn, water column sampling of various biogeochemical parameters was conducted along an ice‐floe drift station near the North Pole. Our results show that as the upper water column stratification weakened during the late summer–early autumn transition, nutrient concentrations, particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPp) levels, photosynthetic efficiency, and biological productivity, as estimated by ΔO2/Ar ratios, all decreased. Chemotaxonomic (CHEMTAX) analysis of phytoplankton pigments revealed a taxonomically diverse picoautotrophic community, with chlorophyll (Chl) c3‐containing flagellates and the prasinophyte, Pyramimonas spp., as the most abundant groups, comprising ~ 30% and 20% of the total Chl a (TChl a) biomass, respectively. In contrast to previous studies, the picoprasinophyte, Micromonas spp., represented only 5% to 10% of the TChl a biomass. Of the nine taxonomic groups identified, DMSPp was most closely associated with Pyramimonas spp., a Chl b‐containing species not usually considered a high DMSP producer. As the extent and duration of open, ice‐free waters in the Central Arctic Ocean progressively increases, we suggest that enhanced light transmission could potentially expand the ecological niche of Pyramimonas spp. in the region.
Energy‐based output regulation for stochastic port‐Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Xu Song , Wang Wei , Chen Shengyuan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the output regulation for stochastic port‐Hamiltonian systems (SPHSs) subject to sinusoidal disturbances. An energy‐based regulation scheme with an internal model unit is proposed by exploiting the stochastic Hamiltonian structure, which drives the tracking error to the origin while maintaining asymptotical stability in probability of the closed‐loop system. An energy‐based robust regulation scheme as well as an alternative condition is then developed without solving Hamilton–Jacobi–Issacs inequalities. The proposed regulators preserve the stochastic Hamiltonian structure of the disturbed SPHS by coordinate transformation. Hence the output regulation problems fall into the stabilization framework for SPHSs and there is no need to solve regulator equations. These results cover the stabilization of SPHSs and the output regulation of deterministic port‐Hamiltonian systems. Simulations on an inverted pendulum show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Does nepotism run in the family? CEO pay and pay‐performance sensitivity in Indian family firms
Authors: Chen Guoli , Chittoor Raveendra , Vissa Balagopal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryUsing a principal–principal agency theory lens, we examine corporate governance and compensation design in family‐owned businesses. We conceptualize how CEO pay and pay‐performance sensitivity is influenced by whether the CEO is a professional or drawn from the controlling family (family CEO). Data from a sample of 277 publicly listed Indian family firms during 2004–2013 support our argument that family CEOs get paid more than professional CEOs. This pattern is stronger in superior‐performing firms that are named after the controlling family (eponymous firms). Furthermore, family CEOs of superior‐performing firms have higher pay‐performance sensitivity compared to professional CEOs of other superior‐performing firms. Our findings reveal nuanced heterogeneity in nepotism in emerging economy family firms—CEO compensation is a mechanism for some controlling families to tunnel corporate resources.Managerial SummaryWe examine whether CEO compensation and its responsiveness to realized firm performance in Indian family firms in influenced by whether the CEO is a professional or drawn from the controlling family (family CEO). Data from a sample of 277 publicly listed Indian family firms during 2004–2013 suggests family CEOs get paid more than professional CEOs. This pattern is stronger in superior‐performing firms that are named after the controlling family (eponymous firms). Furthermore, family CEOs' high compensation is unaffected by poor firm performance and is disproportionately boosted by superior firm performance. These results suggest that poor corporate governance allows some family controlled Indian firms to use CEO compensation as a mechanism to tunnel corporate resources in ways that hurt minority shareholders.
pH‐Dependent Morphology Control of Cellulose Nanofiber/Graphene Oxide Cryogels
Authors: Pan Zheng‐Ze , Govedarica Aleksandra , Nishihara Hirotomo , Tang Rui , Wang Cong , Luo Yi , Lv Wei , Kang Fei‐Yu , Trifkovic Milana , Yang Quan‐Hong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe precise control of the ice crystal growth during a freezing process is of essential importance for achieving porous cryogels with desired architectures. The present work reports a systematic study on the achievement of multi‐structural cryogels from a binary dispersion containing 50 wt% 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl, radical‐mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs), and 50 wt% graphene oxide (GO) via the unidirectional freeze‐drying (UDF) approach. It is found that the increase in the sol's pH imparts better dispersion of the two components through increased electrostatic repulsion, while also causing progressively weaker gel networks leading to micro‐lamella cryogels from the UDF process. At the pH of 5.2, an optimum between TOCN and GO self‐aggregation and dispersion is achieved, leading to the strongest TOCN‐GO interactions and their templating into the regular micro‐honeycomb structures. A two‐faceted mechanism for explaining the cryogel formation is proposed and it is shown that the interplay of the maximized TOCN‐GO interactions and the high affinity of the dispersoid complexes for the ice crystals are necessary for obtaining a micro‐honeycomb morphology along the freezing direction. Further, by linking the microstructure and rheology of the corresponding precursor sols, a diagram for predicting the microstructure of TOCN‐GO cryogels obtained through the UDF process is proposed.