bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are sexual minority adults differentially exposed to smoke-free laws and televised anti-tobacco media campaigns compared to the general US population? A descriptive analysis
Authors: Titus Andrea R , Gamarel Kristi E , Thrasher James F , Emery Sherry L , Elliott Michael R , Fleischer Nancy L 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundSexual minority (SM) (gay, lesbian and bisexual) adults are at higher risk of smoking compared with heterosexual individuals, yet little is known about how the tobacco control policy landscape interacts with sexual orientation smoking disparities.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive analysis to explore differential exposure to smoke-free laws and televised anti-tobacco media using two sources of national data from the United States: Census data on same-sex couple households/all households and data on SM adults/all adults from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We combined this information with variables representing the proportion of individuals in each county covered by smoke-free laws (2013–2017), and average county-level exposure to televised anti-tobacco media campaigns (2013–2015). We compared average coverage levels for SM populations to average coverage levels for the broader US population.ResultsBetween 2013 and 2017, same-sex couple households/SM adults lived in counties with higher levels of smoke-free law coverage compared with all US households/adults for workplaces (Census: 71.3% vs 68.0%; NHIS: 70.7% vs 67.9%) and hospitality venues (Census: 82.3% vs 77.0%; NHIS: 80.5% vs 77.2%). There were no consistent differences in exposures to anti-tobacco media campaigns across datasets.ConclusionsSM adults may be more likely to live in areas with smoke-free laws, compared with the general population. Findings point to the need to examine other potential drivers of smoking in SM populations.
Menthol e-cigarette sales rise following 2020 FDA guidance
Authors: Diaz Megan C , Donovan Emily M , Schillo Barbara A , Vallone Donna 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo explore patterns in flavoured e-cigarette sales following Juul Labs’ 2019 removal of mint-flavoured products and the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) 2020 e-cigarette flavour guidance which prohibits flavoured cartridge-based sales, but allows for the sale of tobacco-flavoured and menthol-flavoured cartridges, open-system and disposable e-cigarettes.MethodsWe examined Nielsen Retail Scanner data from September 2013 to March 2020. Inflation-adjusted sales dollars for e-liquid-containing products were classified into five flavour categories (fruit, menthol, mint, tobacco and other).ResultsFollowing the Juul Labs 2019 and FDA 2020 actions, total e-cigarette sales declined; however, menthol-flavoured e-cigarette sales dollars increased, while mint-flavoured e-cigarette sales dollars decreased in both instances. Juul Labs’ removal of mint-flavoured products was followed by a 59.4% increase in the market share of menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes over 4 weeks. The FDA’s 2020 guidance was followed by a 42.7% increase in the market share of menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes over 4 weeks and a 104.9% increase over 8 weeks.ConclusionsJuul Labs’ self-regulation and the current FDA flavour guidance were followed by a shift towards menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes. Industry self-regulation and current federal guidance appear insufficient in reversing the youth vaping epidemic. E-cigarettes must be fully regulated as a tobacco product including the removal of flavoured e-cigarettes, including menthol, from the market to reduce youth e-cigarette use.
Multimodality imaging characteristics of arterial aneurysm in a juvenile goat
Authors: Dressel Susann , Devaux David , Rosato Giuliana , Nuss Karl , Del Chicca Francesca 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYPeripheral arterial aneurysm is a rarely documented condition in animals. In the present report, the authors describe a four‐month‐old male goat with a persisting firm mass in the scapular region with no signs and history of previous trauma. A multimodal imaging approach was used to visualise characteristic features attributed to peripheral aneurysmal formation. Gross and histopathological analysis confirmed the antemortem diagnosis of a true, saccular aneurysm originating from the axillary artery.
Sociology for mineral exploration
Authors: Boon Jan A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a sociological approach that links mineral exploration company characteristics such as management style, culture, skill sets, resources and social responsibility strategy to the core concepts of sociological theory. It is a practical framework for managing a mineral exploration project and its interaction with surrounding communities. The core concepts include interactions and relationships, interactional needs, meanings, normative reference communities and change processes. The chapter presents easy to use tools that include relationship characterization indicators, relationship matrices and a generalized model of the sociological processes that play a role in the start-up and operation of a mineral exploration project.
Geoscience, ethics and enforcement
Authors: Bonham Oliver , Waldie Andrea 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
With geoethics evolving into the philosophy uniting geoscience with ethics, three related practical matters must be kept in focus. What ethical behaviour – exactly – should be desired of geoscientists? How is that desired ethical behaviour best instilled? Finally, and most importantly, is ethical behaviour enforced when geoscientists conduct themselves unethically?
This chapter looks at how expectations concerning ethical behaviour (often referred to as ‘professional conduct’) in geoscience are typically established, articulated and instilled. It then explores the important role of enforcement in ethics compliance, including differences in enforcement approaches and actions. Future trends are also discussed. The chapter concludes with some considerations for going forward.
Protecting computers and people from viruses
Authors: Hill Robin K. 
Published: September 2020

The
Communications
Web site, http://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of
Communications
, we'll publish selected posts or excerpts.

twitter

Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM
http://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm
Robin K. Hill considers why the comparison of organic viruses and computer viruses is so compelling.
Autoantibody Landscape in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chen William S. , Haynes Winston A. , Waitz Rebecca , Kamath Kathy , Vega-Crespo Agustin , Shrestha Raunak , Zhang Minlu , Foye Adam , Baselga Carretero Ignacio , Perez Garcilazo Ivan , Zhang Meng , Zhao Shuang G. , Sjöström Martin , Quigley David A. , Chou Jonathan , Beer Tomasz M. , Rettig Matthew , Gleave Martin , Evans Christopher P. , Lara Primo , Chi Kim N. , Reiter Robert E. , Alumkal Joshi J. , Ashworth Alan , Aggarwal Rahul , Small Eric J. , Daugherty Patrick S. , Ribas Antoni , Oh David Y. , Shon John C. , Feng Felix Y. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurpose:Autoantibody responses in cancer are of great interest, as they may be concordant with T-cell responses to cancer antigens or predictive of response to cancer immunotherapies. Thus, we sought to characterize the antibody landscape of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).Experimental Design:Serum antibody epitope repertoire analysis (SERA) was performed on patient serum to identify tumor-specific neoepitopes. Somatic mutation–specific neoepitopes were investigated by associating serum epitope enrichment scores with whole-genome sequencing results from paired solid tumor metastasis biopsies and germline blood samples. A protein-based immunome-wide association study (PIWAS) was performed to identify significantly enriched epitopes, and candidate serum antibodies enriched in select patients were validated by ELISA profiling. A distinct cohort of patients with melanoma was evaluated to validate the top cancer-specific epitopes.Results:SERA was performed on 1,229 serum samples obtained from 72 men with mCRPC and 1,157 healthy control patients. Twenty-nine of 6,636 somatic mutations (0.44%) were associated with an antibody response specific to the mutated peptide. PIWAS analyses identified motifs in 11 proteins, including NY-ESO-1 and HERVK-113, as immunogenic in mCRPC, and ELISA confirmed serum antibody enrichment in candidate patients. Confirmatory PIWAS, Identifying Motifs Using Next-generation sequencing Experiments (IMUNE), and ELISA analyses performed on serum samples from 106 patients with melanoma similarly revealed enriched cancer-specific antibody responses to NY-ESO-1.Conclusions:We present the first large-scale profiling of autoantibodies in advanced prostate cancer, utilizing a new antibody profiling approach to reveal novel cancer-specific antigens and epitopes. Our study recovers antigens of known importance and identifies novel tumor-specific epitopes of translational interest.
MRI and 18FET-PET Predict Survival Benefit from Bevacizumab Plus Radiotherapy in Patients with Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Wild-type Glioblastoma: Results from the Randomized ARTE Trial
Authors: Wirsching Hans-Georg , Roelcke Ulrich , Weller Jonathan , Hundsberger Thomas , Hottinger Andreas F. , von Moos Roger , Caparrotti Francesca , Conen Katrin , Remonda Luca , Roth Patrick , Ochsenbein Adrian , Tabatabai Ghazaleh , Weller Michael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
To explore a prognostic or predictive role of MRI and O-(2–18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18FET) PET parameters for outcome in the randomized multicenter trial ARTE that compared bevacizumab plus radiotherapy with radiotherpay alone in elderly patients with glioblastoma.

Patients and Methods:
Patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type glioblastoma ages 65 years or older were included in this post hoc analysis. Tumor volumetric and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) analyses of serial MRI scans from 67 patients and serial 18FET-PET tumor-to-brain intensity ratios (TBRs) from 31 patients were analyzed blinded for treatment arm and outcome. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was done to account for established prognostic factors and treatment arm.

Results:
Overall survival benefit from bevacizumab plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone was observed for larger pretreatment MRI contrast-enhancing tumor [HR per cm3 0.94; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–0.99] and for higher ADC (HR 0.18; CI, 0.05–0.66). Higher 18FET-TBR on pretreatment PET scans was associated with inferior overall survival in both arms. Response assessed by standard MRI-based Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria was associated with overall survival in the bevacizumab plus radiotherapy arm by trend only (P = 0.09). High 18FET-TBR of noncontrast-enhancing tumor portions during bevacizumab therapy was associated with inferior overall survival on multivariate analysis (HR 5.97; CI, 1.16–30.8).

Conclusions:
Large pretreatment contrast-enhancing tumor mass and higher ADCs identify patients who may experience a survival benefit from bevacizumab plus radiotherapy. Persistent 18FET-PET signal of no longer contrast-enhancing tumor after concomitant bevacizumab plus radiotherapy suggests pseudoresponse and predicts poor outcome.
FDA Approval Summary: Entrectinib for the Treatment of NTRK gene Fusion Solid Tumors
Authors: Marcus Leigh , Donoghue Martha , Aungst Stephanie , Myers Claire E. , Helms Whitney S. , Shen Guoxiang , Zhao Hong , Stephens Olen , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The FDA-approved entrectinib on August 15, 2019, for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have a neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusion without a known acquired resistance mutation, are metastatic or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity, and have progressed following treatment or have no satisfactory alternative therapy. Approval was based on demonstration of a durable overall response rate of 57% (95% confidence interval: 43–71), including a complete response rate of 7%, among 54 entrectinib-treated patients with 10 different tumor types harboring an NTRK fusion enrolled in one of three single-arm clinical trials. The durations of response ranged from 2.8 months to 26.0+ months; 68% of responses lasted ≥ 6 months. The most serious toxicities of entrectinib are congestive heart failure, central nervous system effects, skeletal fractures, hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia, QT prolongation, and vision disorders. Adverse reactions were manageable through dose interruptions (46%), dose reductions (29%), or discontinuation of entrectinib (9%). This is the third approval of a cancer drug for treatment of a tissue agnostic, biomarker-defined cancer.
Preclinical Development of MGC018, a Duocarmycin-based Antibody–drug Conjugate Targeting B7-H3 for Solid Cancer
Authors: Scribner Juniper A. , Brown Jennifer G. , Son Thomas , Chiechi Michael , Li Pam , Sharma Sharad , Li Hua , De Costa Anushka , Li Ying , Chen Yan , Easton Ann , Yee-Toy Nicholas C. , Chen Francine Z. , Gorlatov Sergey , Barat Bhaswati , Huang Ling , Wolff Christina R. , Hooley Jeff , Hotaling Tim E. , Gaynutdinov Timur , Ciccarone Valentina , Tamura James , Koenig Scott , Moore Paul A. , Bonvini Ezio , Loo Deryk 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

B7-H3, also referred to as CD276, is a member of the B7 family of immune regulatory proteins. B7-H3 is overexpressed on many solid cancers, including prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, non–small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer. Overexpression of B7-H3 is associated with disease severity, risk of recurrence and reduced survival. In this article, we report the preclinical development of MGC018, an antibody–drug conjugate targeted against B7-H3. MGC018 is comprised of the cleavable linker-duocarmycin payload, valine-citrulline-seco duocarmycin hydroxybenzamide azaindole (vc-seco-DUBA), conjugated to an anti-B7-H3 humanized IgG1/kappa mAb through reduced interchain disulfides, with an average drug-to-antibody ratio of approximately 2.7. MGC018 exhibited cytotoxicity toward B7-H3–positive human tumor cell lines, and exhibited bystander killing of target-negative tumor cells when cocultured with B7-H3–positive tumor cells. MGC018 displayed potent antitumor activity in preclinical tumor models of breast, ovarian, and lung cancer, as well as melanoma. In addition, antitumor activity was observed toward patient-derived xenograft models of breast, prostate, and head and neck cancer displaying heterogeneous expression of B7-H3. Importantly, MGC018 exhibited a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile in cynomolgus monkeys following repeat-dose administration. The antitumor activity observed preclinically with MGC018, together with the positive safety profile, provides evidence of a potentially favorable therapeutic index and supports the continued development of MGC018 for the treatment of solid cancers.
Clinical Phenotypes and Prognosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Caused by Truncating Variants in the
TTN
Gene
Authors: Akhtar Mohammed Majid , Lorenzini Massimiliano , Cicerchia Marcos , Ochoa Juan Pablo , Hey Thomas Morris , Sabater Molina Maria , Restrepo-Cordoba Maria Alejandra , Dal Ferro Matteo , Stolfo Davide , Johnson Renee , Larrañaga-Moreira José M. , Robles-Mezcua Ainhoa , Rodriguez-Palomares Jose F. , Casas Guillem , Peña-Peña Maria Luisa , Lopes Luis Rocha , Gallego-Delgado Maria , Franaszczyk Maria , Laucey Gemma , Rangel-Sousa Diego , Basurte Mayte , Palomino-Doza Julian , Villacorta Eduardo , Bilinska Zofia , Limeres Freire Javier , Garcia Pinilla José M. , Barriales-Villa Roberto , Fatkin Diane , Sinagra Gianfranco , Garcia-Pavia Pablo , Gimeno Juan R. , Mogensen Jens , Monserrat Lorenzo , Elliott Perry M. ,   European Genetic Cardiomyopathies Initiative Investigators*
Published: September 2020

Background:

Truncating variants in the
TTN
gene (TTNtv) are the commonest cause of heritable dilated cardiomyopathy. This study aimed to study the phenotypes and outcomes of TTNtv carriers.

Methods:
Five hundred thirty-seven individuals (61% men; 317 probands) with TTNtv were recruited in 14 centers (372 [69%] with baseline left ventricular systolic dysfunction [LVSD]). Baseline and longitudinal clinical data were obtained. The primary end point was a composite of malignant ventricular arrhythmia and end-stage heart failure. The secondary end point was left ventricular reverse remodeling (left ventricular ejection fraction increase by ≥10% or normalization to ≥50%).

Results:

Median follow-up was 49 (18–105) months. Men developed LVSD more frequently and earlier than women (45±14 versus 49±16 years, respectively;
P
=0.04). By final evaluation, 31%, 45%, and 56% had atrial fibrillation, frequent ventricular ectopy, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, respectively. Seventy-six (14.2%) individuals reached the primary end point (52 [68%] end-stage heart failure events, 24 [32%] malignant ventricular arrhythmia events). Malignant ventricular arrhythmia end points most commonly occurred in patients with severe LVSD. Male sex (hazard ratio, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.04–3.44];
P
=0.04) and left ventricular ejection fraction (per 10% decrement from left ventricular ejection fraction, 50%; hazard ratio, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.30–2.04];
P
<0.001) were independent predictors of the primary end point. Two hundred seven of 300 (69%) patients with LVSD had evidence of left ventricular reverse remodeling. In a subgroup of 29 of 74 (39%) patients with initial left ventricular reverse remodeling, there was a subsequent left ventricular ejection fraction decrement. TTNtv location was not associated with statistically significant differences in baseline clinical characteristics, left ventricular reverse remodeling, or outcomes on multivariable analysis (
P
=0.07).

Conclusions:
TTNtv is characterized by frequent arrhythmia, but malignant ventricular arrhythmias are most commonly associated with severe LVSD. Male sex and LVSD are independent predictors of outcomes. Mutation location does not impact clinical phenotype or outcomes.
Wintertime Southern Hemisphere Jet Streams Shaped by Interaction of Transient Eddies with Antarctic Orography
Authors: Patterson Matthew , Woollings Tim , Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Lewis Neil T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe wintertime Southern Hemisphere extratropical circulation exhibits considerable zonal asymmetries. We investigate the roles of various surface boundary conditions in shaping the mean state using a semi-realistic, atmosphere-only climate model. We find, in agreement with previous literature, that tropical sea surface temperature (SST) patterns are an important contributor to the mean state, while midlatitude SSTs and sea ice extent play a smaller role. Our main finding is that Antarctic orography has a first-order effect on the structure of the midlatitude circulation. In the absence of Antarctic orography, equatorward eddy momentum fluxes associated with the orography are removed and hence convergence of eddy momentum in midlatitudes is reduced. This weakens the Indian Ocean jet, making Rossby wave propagation downstream to the South Pacific less favorable. Consequently, the flow stagnates over the mid- to high-latitude South Pacific and the characteristic split jet pattern is destroyed. Removing Antarctic orography also results in a substantial warming over East Antarctica partly because transient eddies are able to penetrate farther poleward, enhancing poleward heat transport. However, experiments in which a high-latitude cooling is applied indicate that these temperature changes are not the primary driver of circulation changes in the midlatitudes. Instead, we invoke a simple barotropic mechanism in which the orographic slope creates an effective potential vorticity gradient that alters the eddy momentum flux.
Patterns and predictors of PTSD in treatment-seeking African refugees and asylum seekers: A latent class analysis
Authors: Barbieri Alberto , Visco-Comandini Federica , Alunni Fegatelli Danilo , Dessì Anna , Cannella Giuseppe , Stellacci Antonella , Pirchio Sabine 
Published: September 2020

Background: Despite the empirical and clinical relevance of understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) heterogeneity in refugees and asylum-seekers, very few studies have examined the manner in which PTSD symptoms manifest in such populations. Aims: This study sought to investigate patterns and predictors of DSM-5 PTSD in a treatment-seeking sample of African refugees. Methods: Participants were 122 African refugees and asylum-seekers living in Italy who completed measures of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify PTSD symptom profiles, and predictors of class membership were identified via multinomial logistic regression. Results: Among participants, 79.5% had a probable diagnosis of PTSD. Three PTSD classes were identified by LCA: Pervasive (32.0%) with high probabilities of all symptoms, high-Threat (45.9%) with higher probabilities of intrusions and avoidance symptoms, moderate-Avoidance (22.1%) with high probability of thoughts/feelings avoidance. None of the examined variables (legal status, gender, age, education, months spent in Italy, number of traumatic events, employment) significantly predicted class membership with the relevant exception of reception conditions. Specifically, living in large reception centres (over 1,000 people) significantly predicted Pervasive PTSD class membership compared to high/Threat PTSD class and to moderate/Avoidance class. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for distinct patterns of PTSD symptomatology in refugees and asylum seekers. We identified three classes which present both qualitative and quantitative differences in symptoms: Pervasive class, high-Threat class and a new moderate class, characterised by avoidance symptoms. Reception conditions contributed to the emergence of the Pervasive PTSD profile characterised by the symptoms highest severity. These findings highlight that stressors in the post-migration environment, as inadequate reception conditions in large facilities, may have detrimental effect on refugees’ mental health. We emphasise the importance for host countries to implement reception models that provide effective protection and integration to this vulnerable population.
A significant decrease in hemoglobin concentrations may predict occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with late-onset sepsis
Authors: Cai Na , Fan Wenting , Tao Min , Liao Wei 
Published: September 2020

Objective This study aimed to examine the clinical value of a decrease in hemoglobin concentration (HC) after the onset of sepsis for predicting occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants with late-onset sepsis. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study between January 2015 and January 2020. Premature neonates (gestational age <37 weeks) with late-onset sepsis (age >3 days) were enrolled. According to the degree of reduction in HC, neonates were divided into the non-decrease group, mild decrease group, and severe decrease group. Demographic data, perinatal conditions, blood cell count analysis, blood culture, and treatment measures were compared. Results Eighty premature infants with sepsis were studied. The mortality rate and incidence of NEC were significantly higher in the severe decrease group than in the non-decrease and mild decrease groups. Significant differences were observed in the decrease in HC, red blood cell transfusion, and ventilator application between the NEC and non-NEC groups. A significant decrease in HC was an independent risk factor for NEC in preterm infants with sepsis. Conclusion A significant decrease in HC is an independent risk factor for NEC and may predict the occurrence of NEC in preterm infants with sepsis.