bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The PC Index Variations During 23/24 Solar Cycles: Relation to Solar Wind Parameters and Magnetospheric Disturbances
Authors: Troshichev O. A. , Dolgacheva S. A. , Stepanov N. A. , Sormakov D. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe polar cap magnetic activity PC index is regarded as indicator of the solar wind energy that enters into the magnetosphere during the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling (Resolutions of XXII IAGA Assembly, 2013). This study presents the results of statistical analysis of relationships between the yearly values of PC index and such indicators as the magnetic activity indices (AE and Dst), the solar wind parameters (velocity Vsw, density Nsw, dynamic pressure Pdyn, vertical interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) component Bz, total IMF field |B|, electric field EKL), and the solar activity parameters (sunspot number, coronal mass ejections, stream interaction regions) in course of 23–24 solar cycles. It is shown that the yearly values of the quiet daily curve magnitude (which serves as a level of reference in estimation of the PC index value) changed during 1998–2019 in remarkable agreement with variation of the Solar UV irradiation (150–200 nm) absorbed in the Earth's ionosphere. The yearly values of PC index perfectly correlate with the yearly values of Vsw and |B| and their product electric field EKL, as well as with the yearly values of AE and Dst indices testifying that PC index serves as the ground‐based indicator of the solar wind energy input into the magnetosphere. The yearly values of EKL, PC, AE, Dst correlate with the total IMF field |B| much better that with the IMF Bz component, testifying that efficiency of the solar wind impact on the magnetosphere is defined by the total IMF value, in contrast with Dungey's concept of reconnection.
Characterization of D‐Type Spectra Based on Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of the Lunar Surface
Authors: Yamamoto Satoru , Watanabe Sei‐ichiro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe surveyed dark, red‐sloped, and featureless visible and near‐infrared spectra on the lunar surface, similar to those of D‐type asteroids. Using the hyperspectral data obtained by Spectral Profiler onboard SELENE, we examined the distribution of sites showing low albedo and high spectral redness, irrespective of absorption features. We found that regions around several dark mantle deposits, such as Sinus Aestuum, Rimae Bode, Vaporum, Sulpicius Gallus, Oppenheimer, and Taurus Littrow, are the darkest, reddest sites on the lunar surface. In addition, dark mare regions (albedo < 4%) are shown to be high in TiO2 abundance, while red mare regions (spectral redness > 2.3) are low in TiO2 abundance. Interestingly, according to the criterion of asteroidal taxonomic classification used in previous studies, most of these geological features are classified as D‐type, which are characterized by featureless spectra, although they show absorption bands at visible, 1 μm, and/or 2 μm regions. This is because the asteroidal taxonomic classification relies on a small number of spectral bands of scaled reflectances, while the presence of absorption bands should be identified based on the continuum‐removed reflectance of the hyperspectral data. Thus, our results suggest that the D‐type group classified in previous studies consists not only of primitive objects of carbonaceous chondritic materials but also differentiated objects composed of rocky materials that may be found on the Moon. To provide better constraints for D‐type bodies regarding their composition from remote‐sensing data, a quantitative assessment based on an analysis of the continuum‐removed reflectance of hyperspectral data may be required.
One‐Day Forecasting of Global TEC Using a Novel Deep Learning Model
Authors: Lee Sujin , Ji Eun‐Young , Moon Yong‐Jae , Park Eunsu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, we make a global total electron content (TEC) forecasting using a novel deep learning method, which is based on conditional generative adversarial networks. For training, we use the International GNSS Service (IGS) TEC maps from 2003 to 2012 with 2‐h time cadence. Our model has two input images (IGS TEC map and 1‐day difference map between the present day and the previous day) and one output image (1‐day future map). The model is tested with two data sets: solar maximum period (2013–2014) and solar minimum period (2017–2018). Then, we compare the results of our model with those of 1‐day Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) prediction model. Our major results can be summarized as follows. First, we successfully apply our model to the forecast of global TEC maps. Second, our model well predicts daily TEC maps with 1 day in advance using only previous TEC maps. The averaged root mean square error, bias, and standard deviation between AI‐generated and IGS TEC maps are 2.74 TECU, −0.32 TECU, and 2.59 TECU, respectively. Third, our model generates some peak structures around equatorial regions. Fourth, our model shows better performance than 1‐day CODE prediction model during both solar maximum and minimum periods. Fifth, another model with additional input data Kp index gives a slight improvement of the results. Our study shows that our deep learning model based on an image translation method will be effective for forecasting of future images using previous data.
Permafrost Promotes Shallow Groundwater Flow and Warmer Headwater Streams
Authors: Sjöberg Ylva , Jan Ahmad , Painter Scott L. , Coon Ethan T. , Carey Michael P. , O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Koch Joshua C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe presence of permafrost influences the flow paths of water through Arctic landscapes and thereby has the potential to impact stream discharge and thermal regimes. Observations from 11 headwater streams in Alaska showed that July water temperatures were higher in catchments with more near‐surface permafrost. We apply a fully coupled cryohydrology model to investigate if the impact of permafrost on flow path depth could cause the same pattern in temperatures of groundwater discharging from hillslopes to streams. The model simulates surface energy and water balances, snow, and subsurface water and energy balances for two‐dimensional hillslope model cases with varying permafrost extent. We find that hillslopes with continuous permafrost have more shallow flow paths and twice as high rates of evapotranspiration, compared to hillslopes with no permafrost. For our simulated cases, 6.7% of the horizontal water flux moves through the top organic soil layers when there is continuous permafrost, while only 0.5% moves through organic layers without permafrost. The deeper flow paths in permafrost‐free simulations buffer seasonal temperature extremes, so that summer groundwater discharge temperatures are highest with continuous permafrost. Our results suggest that permafrost thawing alters groundwater flow paths and can lead to decreases in summer stream temperatures and reductions in evapotranspiration in headwater catchments. These changes are of potential importance for stream biotic components of ecosystems, however, the full impact remains unknown.
Robust space‐time adaptive processing for airborne radar with coprime arrays in presence of gain and phase errors
Authors: Wang Xiaoye , Yang Zhaocheng , Huang Jianjun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSpace‐time adaptive processing (STAP) for sparse arrays such as coprime and nested arrays is shown to have improved performance for clutter suppression in airborne radar as compared with uniform linear arrays with the same size. However, most of the existing STAP algorithms are derived based on the assumption that the array manifold is exactly known. In this study, a robust STAP algorithm for the clutter suppression with coprime arrays in the presence of gain and phase (GP) errors is proposed. In particular, the virtual space‐time signal with GP errors is first formulated using the covariance matrix of the perturbed array received data under the Gaussian distributed interference assumption. Then, the problem of the clutter spectrum and GP errors' estimates is formulated as a joint minimization optimization problem by exploiting the sparsity of the clutter in the angle–Doppler plane. Finally, a two‐step approach based on the sparse recovery and least‐squared method is developed to solve the resultant optimization problem and the STAP filter can be designed using the clutter spectrum and GP errors' estimates. Compared with the existing sparsity‐based STAP algorithms for coprime arrays, the proposed algorithm shows more robustness to GP errors as illustrated by simulation results.
COPD in Germany: Use of Diagnostic Measures Including Blood Eosinophil Counts in Daily Practice
Authors: Greulich T. , Töpfer V. , Hennig M. , Orehounig C. C. , Ams K. , Mohrlang C. D. , Killian P. H. , Kardos P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence on the role of blood eosinophils as a biomarker prompted the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) committee to refine the existing treatment algorithm by incorporating eosinophil counts into treatment recommendations. However, there is a lack of data on when, why and how frequently such blood tests and other measures are being performed by German private respiratory specialists.
Methods A questionnaire evaluating doctors’ opinions on the use of diagnostic measures at initial diagnosis and during follow-up, including blood eosinophil count in patients with COPD, was completed by 27 respiratory specialists. Medical records from the past 12 months of 251 patients treated by the same physicians were reviewed retrospectively to investigate the use of these measures.
Results Body plethysmography (100 % of doctors) and chest X-ray (96.3 %) were the most commonly used measures according to the doctor’s questionnaire; other measures were COPD assessment test (CAT; 85.2 %) and blood eosinophil count (81.5 %). The evaluation of patients’ medical records revealed that body plethysmography was performed in 72.7 %, the CAT in 61.8 % and chest X-ray in 40.6 % of patients. Blood eosinophil count was measured in 7.2 %.
Conclusions In line with the GOLD recommendations, these results confirm that lung function, imaging and patient-reported outcome questionnaires play a crucial role in managing COPD. Our analyses reveal that measurement of the blood eosinophil count gained importance due to physicians’ increased awareness of these cells as a useful biomarker. However, this test seems to be performed mainly for initial diagnosis and not on a regular basis.
Messwertunterschiede und Messgenauigkeit von Systemen zum kontinuierlichen Glukosemonitoring
Authors: Thomas Andreas , Kolassa Ralf 
Published: December 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas kontinuierliche Glukosemonitoring (CGM) etabliert sich zunehmend. Dabei ist es nicht nur von Bedeutung für Einblicke in die Glukoseregulation, sondern auch hilfreich für ein gutes Management jeder Form einer flexiblen Therapie. Vor allem aber ist CGM ein essenzieller Bestandteil für die automatisierte Insulinabgabe. Darüber hinaus kann die Methode die Grundlage für die Digitalisierung der Diabetesbehandlung sein, beispielsweise in Patienten-Entscheidungssystemen. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung ist, dass CGM das Vertrauen der Anwender besitzt. Das setzt eine Messgenauigkeit voraus, die therapeutische Entscheidungen unter Alltagsbedingungen garantiert. Dabei ist es wichtig zu wissen, dass CGM nicht im Blut, sondern im Interstitium misst und dass es unter bestimmten Bedingungen zu physiologischen Abweichungen kommt, was einen Einfluss auf das Therapiemanagement haben kann. Diese Thematik wird nachfolgend im Zusammenhang mit der Messgenauigkeit diskutiert. Generell hat die Zuverlässigkeit der CGM-Systeme in den letzten Jahren zugenommen, was diese Form der Therapieunterstützung und -steuerung zu einem festen Bestandteil der Therapie insulinbehandelter Patienten werden lässt.
Diabetesdiagnostik in der Praxis
Authors: Tytko Andrea , Schlüter Sandra , Freckmann Guido 
Published: December 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Begriff Diabetes mellitus steht für Störungen des Glukosestoffwechsels mit chronischer Hyperglykämie. Durch Symptome wie Gewichtsverlust, Durst, Polyurie und Müdigkeit macht sich der Typ-1-Diabetes in den meisten Fällen in einem kurzen Zeitraum bemerkbar. Der Typ-2-Diabetes, dessen Symptome sich schleichend entwickeln, bleibt dagegen oft lange Zeit unentdeckt. Das führt dazu, dass bei der Diagnose häufig bereits Folgeerkrankungen aufgrund der chronisch erhöhten Blutzuckerwerte eingetreten sind. Daher ist eine Beachtung von Risikofaktoren, familiärer Vorbelastung und diabetesspezifischen Symptomen für die rechtzeitige Diagnosestellung von hoher Bedeutung. Der Glukosetoleranztest hat noch immer einen hohen Stellenwert in der Diagnostik. Zur Diagnostik kommen auch venöse Glukosemessungen oder der HbA1c zur Anwendung. Hierbei ist auf die Einhaltung der präanalytischen Vorgaben und auf eine angemessene Qualitätskontrolle zu achten.
Role of Regular Physical Exercise in Tumor Vasculature: Favorable Modulator of Tumor Milieu
Authors: Esteves Mário , Monteiro Mariana P. , Duarte Jose Alberto 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe tumor vessel network has been investigated as a precursor of an inhospitable tumor microenvironment, including its repercussions in tumor perfusion, oxygenation, interstitial fluid pressure, pH, and immune response. Dysfunctional tumor vasculature leads to the extravasation of blood to the interstitial space, hindering proper perfusion and causing interstitial hypertension. Consequently, the inadequate delivery of oxygen and clearance of by-products of metabolism promote the development of intratumoral hypoxia and acidification, hampering the action of immune cells and resulting in more aggressive tumors. Thus, pharmacological strategies targeting tumor vasculature were developed, but the overall outcome was not satisfactory due to its transient nature and the higher risk of hypoxia and metastasis. Therefore, physical exercise emerged as a potential favorable modulator of tumor vasculature, improving intratumoral vascularization and perfusion. Indeed, it seems that regular exercise practice is associated with lasting tumor vascular maturity, reduced vascular resistance, and increased vascular conductance. Higher vascular conductance reduces intratumoral hypoxia and increases the accessibility of circulating immune cells to the tumor milieu, inhibiting tumor development and improving cancer treatment. The present paper describes the implications of abnormal vasculature on the tumor microenvironment and the underlying mechanisms promoted by regular physical exercise for the re-establishment of more physiological tumor vasculature.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (CEUS LI-RADS) for Differentiating Between Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Other Hepatic Malignancies in High-Risk Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Li Jiawu , Yang Lulu , Ma Lin , Lu Qiang , Luo Yan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives The American College of Radiology (ACR) contrast-enhanced ultrasound liver imaging reporting and data system (CEUS LI-RADS), which includes diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other hepatic malignancies (OM), is increasingly used in clinical practice. This study performed a meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic accuracy of CEUS LI-RADS for differentiating between HCC and OM in high-risk patients.
Methods PubMed, Embase (Ovid), and Cochrane (CENTRAL) were searched for relevant studies. All studies that reported the percentage of HCC and OM in the LI-RADS categories were included. Random-effects models were used to calculate the pooled sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve.
Results Eight studies involving 4215 focal liver lesions were included in the final analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the LR-5 criteria for HCC were 0.71 (95 % CI, 0.69–0.72) and 0.88 (0.85–0.91), respectively, the DOR was 18.36 (7.41–45.52), and the area under the SROC curve (AUC) was 0.8128. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the LR-M criteria for OMs were 0.85 (0.81–0.88) and 0.86 (0.85–0.87), the DOR was 27.82 (11.83–65.40), respectively, and the SROC AUC was 0.9098.
Conclusion The CEUS LI-RADS can effectively distinguish HCC from other hepatic malignancy in high-risk patients based on LR-5 criteria and LR-M criteria. However, further studies are needed for validation due to the limited number of included studies and the potential heterogeneity among the included studies.
Percutaneous Imaging-Guided versus Open Musculoskeletal Biopsy: Concepts and Controversies
Authors: Vasilevska Nikodinovska Violeta , Ivanoski Slavcho , Samardziski Milan , Janevska Vesna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBone and soft tissue tumors are a largely heterogeneous group of tumors. Biopsy of musculoskeletal (MSK) tumors is sometimes a challenging procedure. Although the open biopsy is still considered the gold standard for the biopsy of MSK lesions, core needle biopsy can replace it in most cases, with similar accuracy and a low complication rate. The biopsy should be performed in a tertiary sarcoma center where the multidisciplinary team consists of at minimum a tumor surgeon, an MSK pathologist, and an MSK radiologist who can assess all steps of the procedure. Several factors can influence the success of the biopsy including the lesion characteristics, the equipment, and the method used for the procedure. This review highlights some of the important aspects regarding the biopsy of the MSK tumors, with special attention to imaging a guided core needle biopsy and highlighting some of the recent advancements and controversies in the field.
Interventional Techniques for Bone and Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Tumors: Current Practices and Future Directions - Part I. Ablation
Authors: Dalili Danoob , Isaac Amanda , Bazzocchi Alberto , Åström Gunnar , Bergh Jonas , Lalam Radhesh , Weber Marc-André , Fritz Jan , Mansour Ramy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMusculoskeletal (MSK) image-guided oncologic intervention is an established field within radiology. Numerous studies have described its clinical benefits, safety, cost effectiveness, patient satisfaction, and improved quality of life, thereby establishing image-guided oncologic intervention as a preferred pathway in treating patients presenting with specific benign MSK tumors. But there is a paradigm shift on the horizon because these techniques may also support established pillars (surgery, systemic treatment, radiotherapy) in the treatment of malignant MSK tumors. Unlike benign tumors, where they are used as primary therapy lines with curative intent, such interventions can be selected for malignant tumors as adjuvant treatment in painful or unstable bone or soft tissue lesions or as more palliative therapy strategies. Using examples from our clinical practices, we elaborate on the benefits of applying a multidisciplinary approach (traditionally involving MSK radiologists, oncologists, orthopaedic surgeons, microbiologists, pathologists, physiotherapists, and pain management experts), ideally within a sarcoma treatment center to deliver a patient-specific therapy plan and illustrate methods to assess the benefits of this model of care.In this article, we review the current repertoire of ablation techniques, demonstrate why such procedures offer value-based alternatives to conventional treatments of specific tumors, and reflect on future directions. Additionally, we review the advantages and limitations of each technique and offer guidance to improve outcomes.
Therapy-Related Imaging Findings in Patients with Sarcoma
Authors: Bloem Johan L. , Vriens Dennis , Krol Augustinus D.G. , Özdemir Murat , Sande Michiel A.J. van de , Gelderblom Hans , Bovee Judith V.M.G. , Hage Jos A. van der , Noebauer-Huhmann Iris M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractKnowledge of imaging findings related to therapy administered to patients with sarcoma is pivotal in selecting appropriate care for these patients. Imaging studies are performed as surveillance in asymptomatic patients or because symptoms, including anxiety, develop. In addition to detection of recurrent disease and assessment of response to therapy, diagnosis of conditions related to therapy that may or may not need treatment has a marked positive impact on quality of life. The purpose of this review is to assist radiologists, nuclear physicians, and others clinicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients in recognizing imaging findings related to therapy and not to activity of the previously treated sarcoma. Imaging findings are time dependent and often specific in relation to therapy given.
Soft Tissue Sarcoma Follow-up Imaging: Strategies to Distinguish Post-treatment Changes from Recurrence
Authors: Noebauer-Huhmann Iris-M. , Chaudhary Snehansh R. , Papakonstantinou Olympia , Panotopoulos Joannis , Weber Marc-André , Lalam Radhesh K. , Albtoush Omar M. , Fueger Barbara J. , Szomolanyi Pavol , Grieser Thomas , Bloem Johan L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSoft tissue sarcomas encompass multiple entities with differing recurrence rates and follow-up intervals. The detection of recurrences and their differentiation from post-therapeutic changes is therefore complex, with a central role for the clinical radiologist. This article describes approved recommendations. Prerequisite is a precise knowledge of the current clinical management and surgical techniques. We review recurrence rates and treatment modalities. An adequate imaging technique is paramount, and comparison with previous imaging is highly recommended. We describe time-dependent therapy-related complications on magnetic resonance imaging compared with the spectrum of regular post-therapeutic changes. Early complications such as seromas, hematomas, and infections, late complications such as edema and fibrosis, and inflammatory pseudotumors are elucidated. The appearance of recurrences and radiation-associated sarcomas is contrasted with these changes. This systematic approach in follow-up imaging of soft tissue sarcoma patients will facilitate the differentiation of post-therapeutic changes from recurrences.
Sonoelastography of Normal Canine Common Calcaneal Tendon: Preliminary Results
Authors: Del Signore Francesca , De Dominicis Stefania , Mastromatteo Giovanni , Simeoni Francesco , Scapolo Pier Augusto , Tamburro Roberto , Vignoli Massimo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractShear wave elastography (SWE) is a feasible and newly developed ultrasonographic technique which is able to assess elasticity of tissues. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of SWE on the normal canine common calcaneal tendon (CCT) evaluating the intra-operator repeatability and reproducibility of single measurements and stiffness of different anatomic CCT portions was examined. Tendons were first evaluated with B-mode ultrasound with a linear probe 8.5 to 10 MHz in longitudinal section with slight flexed tarsocrural joint and a gel-pad. Common calcaneal tendon was divided into three different anatomical regions. Shear wave elastography was performed in each region by two operators and quantitative evaluation (m/s and kPa) was performed on the most representative images. Region of interest (0.15 cm) was settled. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) results were classified using the following scale: 0.00 to 0.20 = poor; 0.20 to 0.40 = fair; 0.40 to 075 = good; >0.75 = excellent. Ten adult dogs were enrolled. Intra-operator ICC values were >0.75 for both operators in every tendon portion. Inter-operator SWE ICC values for m/s measurements were 0.3, 0.61 and 0.61 for the enthesis, intermediate portion and the myotendinous junction respectively; for kPa measurements, values were respectively 0.3, 0.7 and 0.81. The three CCT portions were significantly different in stiffness (p-value < 0.001 for both m/s and kPa measurements). These preliminary results provide evidence that SWE is potentially appliable to assess mechanical properties of canine CCT affected by tendinopathies.