bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adults with inflammatory bowel disease are at a greater risk of developing chronic rhinosinusitis: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Lin Yu‐Hsuan , Lin Cheng Li , Kao Chia‐Hung 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundBoth inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are characterised by dysregulated immune responses. Though previous studies have demonstrated the coexistence of IBD and CRS, investigations of their association using large sets of epidemiologic data are lacking.MethodsWe examined IBD and the subsequent risk of CRS in a nationwide setting. For 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2010, we identified in the National Health Insurance Dataset of Taiwan a total of 8313 patients over the age of 20 years with IBD. We randomly extracted 33 252 cases without IBD to create a comparison group matching patients by age, sex and index year. Cumulative incidences were obtained using the Kaplan‐Meier method, and we calculated risk estimates for the development of CRS using the Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsIn 295 007 person‐years, we identified 521 (1.25%) cases of IBD. The IBD cohort had a 1.26‐fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17‐1.35) greater risk of developing CRS than the comparison group; for ulcerative colitis, it was 1.73‐fold (95% CI, 1.48‐2.05) and for Crohn's disease it was 1.20‐fold (95% CI = 1.11‐1.29). Subsequent analysis stratified by age revealed that the risk was highest among the population with IBD aged 50 to 64 years (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.18‐1.59). A follow‐up‐specific analysis demonstrated that the risk appeared to be highest with a follow‐up duration of less than 2 years.ConclusionThe present analysis indicates that personal history of IBD, especially the phenotype ulcerative colitis, is associated with increased risk of subsequent CRS.
Trends in seabird breeding populations across the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Woodworth Bradley K. , Fuller Richard A. , Hemson Graham , McDougall Andrew , Congdon Bradley C. , Low Matthew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Great Barrier Reef is an iconic ecosystem, known globally for its rich marine biodiversity that includes many thousands of tropical breeding seabirds. Despite indications of localized declines in some seabird species from as early as the mid‐1990s, trends in seabird populations across the reef have never been quantified. With a long history of human impact and ongoing environmental change, seabirds are likely sentinels in this important ecosystem. Using 4 decades of monitoring data, we estimated site‐specific trends for 9 seabird species from 32 islands and cays across the reef. Trends varied markedly among species and sites, but probable declines occurred at 45% of the 86 species‐by‐site combinations analyzed compared with increases at 14%. For 5 species, we combined site‐specific trends into a multisite trend in scaled abundance, which revealed probable declines of Common Noddy (Anous stolidus), Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscatus), and Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra), but no long‐term changes in the 2 most widely distributed species, Greater Crested Tern (Thalasseus bergii) and Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster). For Brown Booby, long‐term stability largely resulted from increases at a single large colony on East Fairfax Island that offset declines at most other sites. Although growth of the Brown Booby population on East Fairfax points to the likely success of habitat restoration on the island, it also highlights a general vulnerability wherein large numbers of some species are concentrated at a small number of key sites. Identifying drivers of variation in population change across species and sites while ensuring long‐term protection of key sites will be essential to securing the future of seabirds on the reef.
Local excision for T1 rectal tumours: are we getting better?
Authors: Atallah C. , Taylor J. P. , Lo B. D. , Stem M. , Brocke T. , Efron J. E. , Safar B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimThe objective was to assess the effect of three different surgical treatments for T1 rectal tumours, radical resection (RR), open local excision (open LE) and laparoscopic local excision (laparoscopic LE), on overall survival (OS).MethodsAdults from the National Cancer Database (2008–2016) with a diagnosis of T1 rectal cancer were stratified by treatment type (LE vs RR). We assumed that laparoscopic LE equates to transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) or transanal endoscopic microsurgery. The primary outcome was 5‐year OS. Subgroup analyses of the LE group stratified by time period [2008–2010 (before TAMIS) vs 2011–2016 (after TAMIS)] and approach (laparoscopic vs open) were performed.ResultsAmong 10 053 patients, 6623 (65.88%) underwent LE (74.33% laparoscopic LE vs 25.67% open LE) and 3430 (34.12%) RR. The use of LE increased from 52.69% in 2008 to 69.47% in 2016, whereas RR decreased (P < 0.001). In unadjusted analysis, there was no significant difference in 5‐year OS between the LE and RR groups (P = 0.639) and between the two LE time periods (P = 0.509), which was consistent with the adjusted analysis (LE vs RR, hazard ratio 1.05, 95% CI 0.92–1.20, P = 0.468; 2008–2010 LE vs 2011–2016 LE, hazard ratio 1.09, 95% CI 0.92–1.29, P = 0.321). Laparoscopic LE was associated with improved OS in the unadjusted analysis only (P = 0.006), compared to the open LE group (hazard ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.78–1.12, P = 0.495).ConclusionsThis study supports the use of a LE approach for T1 rectal tumours as a strategy to reduce surgical morbidity without compromising survival.
Correlation of p16 immunostaining in cell‐blocks with corresponding tissue specimens for squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx
Authors: Song Sharon J. , Jalaly Jalal B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of p16 staining in cell‐blocks vs tissue specimens as a surrogate marker for human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.MethodsHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases presenting as a neck mass with a p16 result on cytology and corresponding tissue specimens (1 January 2014 to 30 June 1920) were included in the study. The following were assessed from cell‐block material: number of tumour clusters, percentage of tumour cells with p16 staining, and presence of staining in clusters vs single cells. Results were compared to tissue p16 status. Results of any other ancillary HPV testing were also noted.ResultsForty‐two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma neck metastases (35 oropharyngeal, five non‐oropharyngeal, and 2 unknown primaries) were identified. The p16 staining pattern in cell‐blocks was seen in single cells (27.6%), clusters (44.8%), or both (27.6%). The percentage of tumour cells staining for p16 in cell‐blocks was much lower than in corresponding tissue specimens. There were four false negatives and one false positive (concurrent HPV DNA polymerase chain reaction testing was positive in cytology and surgical material).ConclusionsCompared to tissue, the cut‐off for p16 interpretation in cell‐blocks is substantially lower and staining may be present in single cells or clusters. In 96.9% of cases, any p16 staining in cell‐blocks correlated with positive p16 staining in surgical specimens. However, a negative or discrepant p16 result on cell‐block should prompt confirmatory HPV studies, as false negative p16 staining in cell‐blocks is high.
Masculinity cues, perceptions of politician attributes, and political behavior*
Authors: Chan Ho Fai , Skali Ahmed , Stadelmann David , Torgler Benno , Whyte Stephen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHow are masculine‐looking politicians perceived by voters? Are these judgments accurate? We asked Australian survey participants to rate images of unknown‐to‐them Swiss politicians. We find that politicians with prominent markers of masculinity (including facial hair, baldness, and higher facial width‐to‐height ratio) are perceived as less honest and competent. To determine whether these perceptions correlate with political behavior, we exploit two unique features of Swiss politics. First, to check for politician–voter congruence, we match each politician's voting record to that of their constituents on identically worded legislative proposals. We find that bearded politicians are less likely to behave according to constituents' preferences. Second, by exploiting the mandatory disclosure of lobby group affiliations, we show that bearded politicians are less likely to be captured by interest groups. Our results suggest that more masculine‐looking politicians are recognized by both voters and lobby groups as less amenable to being controlled.
Stable isotope ecology in insects: a review
Authors: Quinby Brandon M. , Creighton J. Curtis , Flaherty Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2020

1. The use of stable isotope analysis (SIA) in ecological research has dramatically increased in recent years largely because it allows researchers to investigate ecological questions that have been previously difficult to address.2. Ecological applications of SIA include estimating fundamental niche space and overlap, evaluating trophic or species level interactions, and investigating food web structure. Increasingly, researchers have been incorporating SIA in studies of animal migration, disease transmission, diet composition, nutrient assimilation, and body condition among others.3. Studies using SIA to evaluate the ecology of terrestrial insects have lagged behind other taxonomic groups. This poor representation of stable isotope studies in publications likely stems from a lack of familiarity of entomologists with this technique.4. An improved understanding of SIA, as well as the advantages and disadvantages specifically related to insect research, will benefit the field of entomology. In addition, insect‐model systems provide unique opportunities for entomologists to incorporate SIA in their research to advance our knowledge of insect biology and the stable isotope ecology of insects.5. We provide background information on stable isotopes, explain sources of isotopic variation, describe the processes of how isotopes are differentially routed and incorporated into an individual's tissues, explain the principles that influence isotopic fractionation and discrimination, highlight different methods and advancements in SIA, review innovative stable isotope studies, and provide an overview of common mistakes, considerations, and future directions entomologists can explore.
Environmental conditions modify density‐dependent salmonid recruitment: Insights into the 2016 recruitment crash in Wales
Authors: Gregory Stephen D. , Bewes Victoria E. , Davey Andrew J.H. , Roberts Dylan E. , Gough Peter , Davidson Ian C. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Understanding the effects of density‐dependent and density‐independent factors on recruitment is often inhibited by difficulties quantifying their relative contributions in highly variable recruitment data. Use of data‐driven statistical methods with data that include one or more extreme recruitment events could help overcome these difficulties.

Juvenile Atlantic salmon and trout abundances in Wales have declined over the last 2 decades, and 2016 was a notably poor recruitment year in rivers around southern Europe, including England and Wales. The 2016 recruitment crash coincided with extreme winter weather conditions, leading to speculation that unusually warm temperatures and high flows adversely affect salmonid recruitment and caused the 2016 crash, although this remains untested.

We developed data‐driven statistical models to: (1) describe juvenile salmonid recruitment from density‐dependent and density‐independent factors; and (2) assess whether the density‐independent factors probably contributed to the 2016 salmon recruitment crash. We compiled salmon and trout young‐of‐year juvenile abundances from electrofishing surveys, egg deposition estimates and river flow and air temperature data from 2001–2017 for seven Welsh rivers, broadly representative of rivers around Wales. We used river flow and air temperature data to derive ecologically and behaviourally meaningful density‐independent explanatory variables.

Salmonid recruitment in Wales was best described using density‐dependent and density‐independent factors, especially for salmon: after accounting for a concave relationship with egg deposition, salmon juvenile abundance was reduced under (1) warmer spawning temperatures that might inhibit spawning, and (2) higher flood frequencies during pre‐emergence and emergence that might washout eggs or alevins. Results were less clear for trout, perhaps because they are behaviourally more plastic.

Our findings provide empirical support for general and predictable effects of temperature and flow during spawning and emergence on salmonid—especially salmon—recruitment in Wales. Furthermore, we suggest that the 2016 salmon recruitment crash was caused—in part—by particularly inclement spawning and emergence conditions, which could be more common under future climate change. Our findings suggest that future salmonid stock assessment models could include the effects of density‐independent variables on recruitment to improve their predictive power.
Learning from the past: Impact of the Arctic Oscillation on sea ice and marine productivity off northwest Greenland over the last 9,000 years
Authors: Limoges Audrey , Weckström Kaarina , Ribeiro Sofia , Georgiadis Eleanor , Hansen Katrine E. , Martinez Philippe , Seidenkrantz Marit‐Solveig , Giraudeau Jacques , Crosta Xavier , Massé Guillaume 
Published: September 2020

AbstractClimate warming is rapidly reshaping the Arctic cryosphere and ocean conditions, with consequences for sea ice and pelagic productivity patterns affecting the entire marine food web. To predict how ongoing changes will impact Arctic marine ecosystems, concerted effort from various disciplines is required. Here, we contribute multi‐decadal reconstructions of changes in diatom production and sea‐ice conditions in relation to Holocene climate and ocean conditions off northwest Greenland. Our multiproxy study includes diatoms, sea‐ice biomarkers (IP25 and HBI III) and geochemical tracers (TOC [total organic carbon], TOC:TN [total nitrogen], δ13C, δ15N) from a sediment core record spanning the last c. 9,000 years. Our results suggest that the balance between the outflow of polar water from the Arctic, and input of Atlantic water from the Irminger Current into the West Greenland Current is a key factor in controlling sea‐ice conditions, and both diatom phenology and production in northeastern Baffin Bay. Our proxy record notably shows that changes in sea‐surface conditions initially forced by Neoglacial cooling were dynamically amplified by the shift in the dominant phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) mode that occurred at c. 3,000 yr BP, and caused drastic changes in community composition and a decline in diatom production at the study site. In the future, with projected dominant‐positive AO conditions favored by Arctic warming, increased water column stratification may counteract the positive effect of a longer open‐water growth season and negatively impact diatom production.
Montane forest productivity across a semiarid climatic gradient
Authors: Knowles John F. , Scott Russell L. , Biederman Joel A. , Blanken Peter D. , Burns Sean P. , Dore Sabina , Kolb Thomas E. , Litvak Marcy E. , Barron‐Gafford Greg A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHigh‐elevation montane forests are disproportionately important to carbon sequestration in semiarid climates where low elevations are dry and characterized by low carbon density ecosystems. However, these ecosystems are increasingly threatened by climate change with seasonal implications for photosynthesis and forest growth. As a result, we leveraged eddy covariance data from six evergreen conifer forest sites in the semiarid western United States to extrapolate the status of carbon sequestration within a framework of projected warming and drying. At colder locations, the seasonal evolution of gross primary productivity (GPP) was characterized by a single broad maximum during the summer that corresponded to snow melt‐derived moisture and a transition from winter dormancy to spring activity. Conversely, winter dormancy was transient at warmer locations, and GPP was responsive to both winter and summer precipitation such that two distinct GPP maxima were separated by a period of foresummer drought. This resulted in a predictable sequence of primary limiting factors to GPP beginning with air temperature in winter and proceeding to moisture and leaf area during the summer. Due to counteracting winter (positive) and summer (negative) GPP responses to warming, leaf area index and moisture availability were the best predictors of annual GPP differences across sites. Overall, mean annual GPP was greatest at the warmest site due to persistent vegetation photosynthetic activity throughout the winter. These results indicate that the trajectory of this region's carbon sequestration will be sensitive to reduced or delayed summer precipitation, especially if coupled to snow drought and earlier soil moisture recession, but summer precipitation changes remain highly uncertain. Given the demonstrated potential for seasonally offsetting responses to warming, we project that decadal semiarid montane forest carbon sequestration will remain relatively stable in the absence of severe disturbance.
Family members' concerns about relatives in long‐term care facilities: Acceptance of visiting restriction policy amid the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Yeh Ting‐Chun , Huang Hui‐Chun , Yeh Ting‐Yu , Huang Wan‐Ting , Huang Hsiu‐Chen , Chang Yao‐Mao , Chen Wei 
Published: September 2020

AimThe policy enforcing visiting restriction during the COVID‐19 pandemic may cause feelings of social isolation among residents in long‐term care facilities. This study aimed to explore family members' concerns for their relatives during the lockdown period, assess their level of acceptance of the visiting restriction policy and determine the associated factors.MethodsFrom the 156 family members interviewed, demographic data, satisfaction with overall care quality, worry and concerns for their relatives, acceptance of the visiting restriction and arrangement for the residents if cluster infections occur in the facility were recorded.ResultsAmong the members interviewed, 83 (53.2%) were men; mean age of members was 56.3 ± 9.8; most were offspring of residents in the facility (n = 121, 77.6%), most visited the residents at least once a week (n = 113, 72.4%) before the lockdown. The most common concerns of the family members for their relatives were psychological stress (38.5%), followed by nursing care (26.9%) and daily activity (21.1%). Nearly 84.6% of those interviewed accepted the visiting restriction policy, and a higher satisfaction rating independently associated with acceptance of the visiting restriction policy (odds ratio 2.15).ConclusionsDuring the lockdown period, staff members should provide more psychological information about residents to their family members. Higher satisfaction rating was found to be independent of the acceptance of the visiting restriction policy. Therefore, good quality of care of the facility wins the trust of family members, and this might mitigate the tension between the family members and staff during a major crisis. Geriatr Gerontol Int ••; ••: ••–•• Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 938–942.
Termination, aggregation, or replacement? A competing risks approach to agency transitions
Authors: Yesilkagit Kutsal 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAgencies operate in highly volatile and uncertain environments. Changing political coalitions and sudden crises may result in the reorganization of agencies. Under these circumstances, agencies may experience a variety of structural transitions. The uncertainties and the inevitability of compromises, however, deem it difficult to predict which of all possible forms of structural change agencies will experience. In this article, we develop and test competing risks models that aim to capture situations in which administrative agencies may experience one out of range of possible transitions. The models are tested on dataset of 483 agencies established between 1945 and 2012 in the Netherlands. Our main finding is that the different transitions that agencies can experience have different underlying causal processes. Herewith the study empirically demonstrates that agency reorganization is not a binary choice between life and death and shows the value of competing risks approaches to the agency termination literature.
Assessment of the benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination: Elements of a framework to interpret estimates of vaccine effectiveness and support robust decision‐making and communication
Authors: Hollingsworth Rosalind , El Guerche‐Séblain Clotilde , Tsai Theodore , Vasiliev Yuri , Lee Sam , Bright Helen , Barbosa Paula 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSystematic reviews and meta‐analyses confirm that influenza vaccination reduces the risk of influenza illness by between about 40% and 60% in seasons when circulating influenza stains are well matched to vaccine strains. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) estimates, however, are often discordant and a source of confusion for decision makers. IVE assessments are increasingly publicized and are often used by policy makers to make decisions about the value of seasonal influenza vaccination. But there is limited guidance on how IVE should be interpreted or used to inform policy. There are several limitations to the use of IVE for decision‐making: (a) IVE studies have methodological issues that often complicate the interpretation of their value; and (b) the full impact of vaccination will almost always be greater than the impact assessed by a point estimate of IVE in specific populations or settings. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of study methodologies and the fundamental limitations of IVE estimates is important for the accuracy of interpretations and support of policy makers’ decisions. Here, we review a comprehensive set of issues that need to be considered when interpreting IVE and determining the full benefits of influenza vaccination. We propose that published IVE values should be assessed using an evaluative framework that includes influenza‐specific outcomes, types of VE study design, and confounders, among other factors. Better interpretation of IVE will improve the broader assessment of the value of influenza vaccination and ultimately optimize the public health benefits in seasonal influenza vaccination.
Effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the mental health of carers of people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Willner Paul , Rose John , Stenfert Kroese Biza , Murphy Glynis H , Langdon Peter E , Clifford Claire , Hutchings Hayley , Watkins Alan , Hiles Steve , Cooper Vivien 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe measures implemented to manage the COVID‐19 pandemic have been shown to impair mental health. This problem is likely to be exacerbated for carers.MethodInformal carers (mainly parents) of children and adults with intellectual disabilities, and a comparison group of parents of children without disabilities, completed an online questionnaire. Almost all the data were collected while strict lockdown conditions were in place.ResultsRelative to carers of children without intellectual disability, carers of both children and adults with intellectual disability had significantly greater levels of a wish fulfilment coping style, defeat/entrapment, anxiety, and depression. Differences were 2–3 times greater than reported in earlier pre‐pandemic studies. Positive correlations were found between objective stress scores and all mental health outcomes. Despite their greater mental health needs, carers of those with intellectual disability received less social support from a variety of sources.ConclusionsThe greater mental health needs of carers in the context of lesser social support raises serious concerns. We consider the policy implications of these findings.