bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered mitochondrial metabolism in the insulin‐resistant heart
Authors: Makrecka‐Kuka Marina , Liepinsh Edgars , Murray Andrew J. , Lemieux Hélène , Dambrova Maija , Tepp Kersti , Puurand Marju , Käämbre Tuuli , Han Woo H. , de Goede Paul , O'Brien Katie A. , Turan Belma , Tuncay Erkan , Olgar Yusuf , Rolo Anabela P. , Palmeira Carlos M. , Boardman Neoma T. , Wüst Rob C. I. , Larsen Terje S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObesity‐induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus can ultimately result in various complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this case, cardiac dysfunction is characterized by metabolic disturbances such as impaired glucose oxidation and an increased reliance on fatty acid (FA) oxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has often been associated with the altered metabolic function in the diabetic heart, and may result from FA‐induced lipotoxicity and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we address the metabolic changes in the diabetic heart, focusing on the loss of metabolic flexibility and cardiac mitochondrial function. We consider the alterations observed in mitochondrial substrate utilization, bioenergetics and dynamics, and highlight new areas of research which may improve our understanding of the cause and effect of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, we explore how lifestyle (nutrition and exercise) and pharmacological interventions can prevent and treat metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes.
Learning to be a writer: A spherical video‐based virtual reality approach to supporting descriptive article writing in high school Chinese courses
Authors: Huang Hsiu‐Ling , Hwang Gwo‐Jen , Chang Ching‐Yi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn language education, the development of writing capability is an important and challenging teaching objective. Writing performance is related not only with students’ comprehension and expression of texts, but also their experience and perceptions of the contexts. Descriptive article writing is a basic writing activity; the content includes concrete understanding and perceptions of space, time, and contexts. However, in the traditional language teaching activities, there is usually no chance for students to have in‐depth feelings about the contexts of a topic. This usually results in low learning motivation and limited expression during the writing process. Therefore, the present study attempted to adopt spherical video‐based virtual reality (SVVR) to enable students to have in‐depth experience and perceptions and to facilitate their learning effectiveness. Based on this approach, a Chinese writing SVVR learning system was developed and a quasi‐experiment was conducted to compare the effects of the proposed approach and the conventional technology‐supported learning approach in a senior high school writing class. The findings show that the proposed SVVR writing approach could improve students' writing performance in terms of content and appearance as well as their creativity tendency and writing self‐efficacy, while also reducing their cognitive load.
Seed dispersal networks in tropical forest fragments: Area effects, remnant species, and interaction diversity
Authors: Emer Carine , Jordano Pedro , Pizo Marco A. , Ribeiro Milton C. , da Silva Fernanda R. , Galetti Mauro 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSeed dispersal interactions involve key ecological processes in tropical forests that help to maintain ecosystem functioning. Yet this functionality may be threatened by increasing habitat loss, defaunation, and fragmentation. However, generalist species, and their interactions, can benefit from the habitat change caused by human disturbance while more specialized interactions mostly disappear. Therefore, changes in the structure of the local, within fragment, networks can be expected. Here we investigated how the structure of seed dispersal networks changes along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation. We analyzed 16 bird seed dispersal assemblages from forest fragments of a biodiversity‐rich ecosystem. We found significant species–, interaction–, and network–area relationships, yet the later was determined by the number of species remaining in each community. The number of frugivorous bird and plant species, their interactions, and the number of links per species decreases as area is lost in the fragmented landscape. In contrast, network nestedness has a negative relationship with fragment area, suggesting an increasing generalization of the network structure in the gradient of fragmentation. Network specialization was not significantly affected by area, indicating that some network properties may be invariant to disturbance. Still, the local extinction of partner species, paralleled by a loss of interactions and specialist–specialist bird–plant seed dispersal associations, suggests the functional homogenization of the system as area is lost. Our study provides empirical evidence for network–area relationships driven by the presence/absence of remnant species and the interactions they perform.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Anxiety and food allergy: A review of the last two decades
Authors: Polloni Laura , Muraro Antonella 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFood allergy (FA) is recognized as a growing public health burden affecting 5%‐10% of children worldwide. Several unique features specific to FA elicit high levels of emotional distress and anxiety in patients and caregivers, the first among all the possibility of a life‐threatening reaction. Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in patients with chronic disease, but remain undertreated despite significant negative consequences on patient health. This review aimed to offer a comprehensive overview of literature data on FA and anxiety of the last two decades. A review of the medical and psychological literature from the year 2000 (MEDLINE, PubMed and PsycINFO) was done using the keywords “anxiety” and “food allergy.” Clinical implications for disease management, various manifestations in different target groups, proper interventions and possible explanations on the nature of the association between FA and anxiety have been discussed, as well as limitations and further research directions. The relationship between FA and anxiety is attributed to FA‐specific fears and anxiety, rather than a general propensity towards anxiety. Some anxiety—short‐lived and related to key events–is to be expected and may even be helpful if it sustains allergen avoidance and preparedness to emergency. However, some data reported that increased anxiety did not improve adherence. Rather, high levels of anxiety have been demonstrated counterproductive and related to maladaptive coping. Further research is needed to elucidate the association between FA and anxiety, especially to understand biopsychosocial directions of the underlying mechanisms and to build proper, effective, standardized protocols of intervention. Clinicians must be aware of the association between FA and anxiety, understand their role in recognizing maladaptive anxiety and encouraging to seek psychological support when needed.
Why Higher Working Memory Capacity May Help You Learn: Sampling, Search, and Degrees of Approximation
Authors: Lloyd Kevin , Sanborn Adam , Leslie David , Lewandowsky Stephan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlgorithms for approximate Bayesian inference, such as those based on sampling (i.e., Monte Carlo methods), provide a natural source of models of how people may deal with uncertainty with limited cognitive resources. Here, we consider the idea that individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) may be usefully modeled in terms of the number of samples, or “particles,” available to perform inference. To test this idea, we focus on two recent experiments that report positive associations between WMC and two distinct aspects of categorization performance: the ability to learn novel categories, and the ability to switch between different categorization strategies (“knowledge restructuring”). In favor of the idea of modeling WMC as a number of particles, we show that a single model can reproduce both experimental results by varying the number of particles—increasing the number of particles leads to both faster category learning and improved strategy‐switching. Furthermore, when we fit the model to individual participants, we found a positive association between WMC and best‐fit number of particles for strategy switching. However, no association between WMC and best‐fit number of particles was found for category learning. These results are discussed in the context of the general challenge of disentangling the contributions of different potential sources of behavioral variability.
Antisemitism, Definitions, and Future Cooperation
Authors: Prove Peter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe World Council of Churches (WCC) and the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations met formally on 25–27 June 2019, in Paris, under the theme “The normalization of hatred: Challenges for Jews and Christians today.” This article outlines the presentation of WCC policies on antisemitism and the WCC’s work for human rights for all.
Cultures of sustainability governance in higher education institutions: A multi‐case study of dimensions and implications
Authors: Niedlich Sebastian , Kummer Benjamin , Bauer Mara , Rieckmann Marco , Bormann Inka 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOrganisational culture is frequently mentioned in the context of sustainability governance in higher education institutions, but its substance and role for organisational development remain largely unclear. This paper argues that, in fact, sustainability governance in higher education institutions is predicated on cultural orientations. These are explored empirically based on 61 expert interviews with stakeholders (management, sustainability commissioners, academic and technical staff, students) in eleven German higher education institutions. Qualitative (thematic, evaluative) content analysis was used to code and compare data across cases. The study identifies four cultural key dimensions and two overarching orientations: organisational learning orientation and holistic orientation. The analysis suggests that both orientations tend to reinforce each other. They also represent key areas which need to be addressed by higher education institutions seeking change towards sustainable development. The findings demonstrate the need for future research on organisational cultures of sustainability governance and their development over time.
Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of neutropenic cancer patients in intensive care according to requirement for invasive ventilation
Authors: Mackintosh David , Way Mandy , Reade Michael C. , Dhanani Jayesh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundNeutropenic fever is a frequently encountered complication when caring for cancer patients and can lead to intensive care admission, with high mortality rates in those patients who require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Although hospital survival in this population has improved, long‐term outcomes of critically ill neutropenic cancer patients have not been well defined.AimsTo evaluate short‐ and long‐term outcomes of neutropenic cancer patients admitted to intensive care, according to requirement for invasive ventilation. Additionally, we aimed to determine predictors of poor clinical outcomes in this group.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of neutropenic cancer patients admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) from 2008 to 2016.ResultsWe included 192 cancer patients of whom 100 (52.1%) required IMV. Overall ICU mortality was 29.7% and 12‐month post‐ICU mortality was 61.5%. Patients requiring IMV had significantly higher short‐ and long‐term mortality (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis determined three variables to be predictors of mortality at ICU discharge in the whole cohort: IMV (OR 13.52), renal replacement therapy (RRT, OR 2.37) and higher APACHE II scores (OR 1.1 for each unit increase). These variables were identical in the subgroup requiring invasive ventilation, with RRT (OR 2.76) and APACHE II scores (OR 1.1 for each unit increase) predicting short‐term mortality.ConclusionNeutropenic cancer patients admitted to ICU have lower short‐term mortality than previously reported in cohort studies, however their mortality rises significantly following discharge from ICU. Those patients who require IMV are at significantly increased risk of both short‐ and long‐term mortality.
Preparation of herbal curd with Gymnema sylvestre and its characterization for the treatment of liver cancer
Authors: Devi Jini , Arumugam Malathy , Arivarasu Anitha , Dhinakaran Ashok Kumar , Suresh Priyadharshini 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHerbal curd was prepared by adding the Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract during fermentation and its activity against liver cancer was investigated on HepG2 cell lines by MTT (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazole‐2yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The prepared herbal curd was characterized with the help of qualitative phytochemical analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography‐ mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The sensory attributes and stability of the herbal curd were also determined. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the herbal curd showed the transfer of phenolic compounds from the plant extract to herbal curd. The FT‐IR analysis exhibited that the Anhydride group present in the plant extract was infused into the herbal curd in addition to its other functional groups such as Alcohol, Alkyne, Alkene, Amide, Sulfate, Ether and Esters. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 10 new compounds which were not present in curd or plant extract. The results of MTT assay showed that the herbal curd had significantly reduced the growth of HepG2 cells. The sensory evaluation proved that the herbal curd was delicious than the plant extract. Hence, it can be used as a potential food supplement for the treatment of liver cancer.Practical ApplicationsFermented milk products have been used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer and diabetes. Recently, the usage of medicinal plants for the treatment of cancer and other diseases has gained incredible attention due to their higher activity and minimal side effects. Gymnema sylvestre is a pharmacologically significant medicinal plant, used in different kinds of poly‐herbal formulations for the treatment of various diseases. In the present study, it was used for the preparation of herbal curd that will serve as an alternative remedial measure for treating liver cancer.
THE SOURCES OF BRITISH ECONOMIC GROWTH SINCE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: NOT THE SAME OLD STORY
Authors: Crafts Nicholas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper updates the classic growth accounting research of the early 1980s taking account of improved data that has subsequently become available. The picture of long‐run growth which results from incorporating many revisions is considerably different. The long‐run path of productivity growth is now that of a roller‐coaster with twin peaks in the third quarters of the 19th and 20th centuries rather than a U‐shape. Productivity growth appears to have been very slow to accelerate in the Industrial Revolution, the notion of an Edwardian climacteric is not persuasive and the current productivity slowdown stands out as unprecedented.
Predictors of self‐reported oral health in the Black Women's Health Study
Authors: Cozier Yvette C. , Heaton Brenda , Bethea Traci N. , Freudenheim Jo L. , Garcia Raul I. , Rosenberg Lynn 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the self‐reported oral health of participants in the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS), a national cohort of 59,000 Black women, and to assess factors associated with this self‐report.MethodsAnnual follow‐up of the BWHS cohort occurs via surveys. The 2011 questionnaire included oral health self‐report items, on which 38,573 respondents had complete data. Sample characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. We assessed correlations with several covariates by estimating odds ratios using multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression models.ResultsThose who reported fair or poor oral health were more likely to report current smoking, recent tooth loss, diabetes or hypertension diagnoses, lower education levels, obesity, and higher parity. Few factors were related to self‐reported gum disease with bone loss.ConclusionsThe oral health of US Black women is poorly understood. Correlates of oral health in the BWHS are largely consistent with what has been observed in other populations.
Risk prediction scores for acute on chronic liver failure development and mortality
Authors: Mahmud Nadim , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Kaplan David E. , Taddei Tamar H. , Goldberg David S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsAcute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) causes high short‐term mortality in patients with previously stable chronic liver disease. To date there are no models to predict which patients are likely to develop ACLF, and existing models to predict ACLF mortality are based on limited cohorts. We sought to create novel risk prediction scores using a large cohort of patients with cirrhosis.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of 74 790 patients with incident cirrhosis in the Veterans Health Administration database using randomized 70% derivation/30% validation sets. ACLF events were identified per the European ACLF criteria. Multivariable logistic regression was used to derive prediction models for developing ACLF at 3, 6 and 12 months, and ACLF mortality at 28 and 90 days. Mortality models were compared to model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD), MELD‐sodium and the Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (CLIF‐C) ACLF score.ResultsModels for the developing ACLF had very good discrimination (concordance [C] statistics 0.83‐0.87) at all timepoints. Models for ACLF mortality also had good discrimination at 28 and 90 days (C‐statistics 0.79‐0.82), and were superior to MELD, MELD‐sodium and the CLIF‐C ACLF score. The calibration of the novel models was excellent at all timepoints.ConclusionWe have obtained highly‐predictive models for developing ACLF, as well as for ACLF short‐term mortality in a diverse United States cohort. These may be used to identify outpatients at significant risk of ACLF, which may prompt closer follow‐up or early transplant referral, and facilitate decision making for patients with diagnosed ACLF, including escalation of care, expedited transplant evaluation or palliation.
Multiple origins of xenoliths and xenocrysts in the Elephant Moraine 79001 Lithology A olivine‐phyric shergottite
Authors: Castle Nicholas , Kuehl Ethan , Jones John , Treiman Allan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPetrographic examination of the xenolith and xenocryst populations in the olivine‐phyric shergottite Elephant Moraine 79001 Lithology A shows more chemical heterogeneity than previously documented. Analyses of olivine grains in 18 megacrysts and in 4 lithic fragments show that these two populations either do not have the same source or that this source is heterogeneous in terms of its time–temperature history. Additionally, among the four lithic fragments analyzed, two are distinctive (1) one contains a major‐element‐equilibrated, euhedral olivine grain and (2) the second contains high‐magnesium pyroxene cores. Furthermore, two populations of ferroan olivine were identified (1) one more ferroan than any other reported in EET 79001 and (2) a slightly less ferroan, unequilibrated olivine, but with a restricted range in Mg#. We have also observed an equilibrated pyroxene grain associated with a zoned olivine megacryst. As a result, we recognize that the xenolith/xenocryst population does not represent the incorporation of a single xeno‐lithology into Lithology A, and propose that it be subdivided into a suite of seven identified lithologies, with the understanding that more are likely to be identified with further study. The abundance of Ca in olivine in the xeno‐lithologies suggests a set of crustal, rather than deep mantle, lithologies. Diffusion rates in olivine suggest that the lithologies were incorporated shortly before rapid cooling of the host magma, preserving preexisting mineral chemical zoning. These mineral chemical zones could have been preserved at lower crustal temperatures for up to 10s of Ka. Trace‐element studies of these distinct populations would be required to test whether they are related by igneous processes from a common source magma.
The impact of entrustment assessments on feedback and learning: Trainee perspectives
Authors: Martin Leslie , Sibbald Matthew , Brandt Vegas Daniel , Russell Dana , Govaerts Marjan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractContextAssessment for and of learning in workplace settings is at the heart of competency‐based medical education. In postgraduate medical education (PGME), entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and entrustment scales are increasingly used to assess competence. However, the educational impacts of these assessment approaches remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to explore trainee perceptions regarding the impacts of EPAs and entrustment scales on feedback and learning processes in the clinical setting.MethodsFour focus groups were conducted with postgraduate trainees in anaesthesia, emergency medicine, general internal medicine and nephrology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Data collection and analysis were informed by principles of constructivist grounded theory.ResultsEntrustable professional activities representing well‐defined tasks are perceived as potentially effective drivers for feedback and learning. Use of EPAs and entrustment scales, however, may augment existing tensions between developmental (for learning) and decision‐making (of learning) assessment functions. Three key dilemmas seem to influence the impact of EPA‐based assessment approaches on residents' learning: (a) standardisation of outcomes versus flexibility in assessment to align with individual learning experiences; (b) assessment tasks focusing on performance standards versus opportunities for learning, and (c) feedback focusing on numeric entrustment scores versus narrative and dialogue. Use of entrustment as an assessment outcome may impact trainees' motivation and feelings of self‐efficacy, further enhancing tensions between learning and performance.ConclusionsEntrustable professional activities and entrustment scales may support assessment for learning in PGME. However, their successful implementation requires the careful management of dilemmas that arise in EPA‐based assessment in order to support competence development.
Ocular hemorrhage secondary to thioguanine‐associated veno‐occlusive disease in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in delayed intensification
Authors: Bhunia Nabanita , Yeager Nicholas D. , Colace Susan I. , Buzzaco Dominic , Bajwa Rajinder P. S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHepatic VOD is a potentially fatal complication during stem cell transplantation and is rarely seen in the non‐transplant setting. We report the case of a five‐year‐old boy who presented with visual complaints during delayed intensification phase of treatment for ALL. He was found to have bilateral retinal hemorrhages associated with profound thrombocytopenia due to chemotherapy. VOD was diagnosed based on EBMT criteria and was managed with supportive care. Despite resolution of VOD, his vision progressively deteriorated and resulted in blindness. This case highlights the significance of close monitoring of ALL patients in delayed intensification when they are at risk for developing VOD, the importance of refractory thrombocytopenia as a diagnostic feature and the potential for VOD to manifest with intraocular bleeding.