bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An integer program for positive semidefinite zero forcing in graphs
Authors: Smith Logan A. , Mikesell Derek J. , Hicks Illya V. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPositive semidefinite (PSD) zero forcing is a dynamic graph process in which an initial subset of vertices are colored and may cause additional vertices to become colored through a set of color changing rules. Subsets which cause all other vertices to become colored are called PSD zero forcing sets; the PSD zero forcing number of a graph is the minimum cardinality attained by its PSD zero forcing sets. The PSD zero forcing number is of particular interest as it bounds solutions for the minimum rank and PSD min rank problems, both popular in linear algebra. This paper introduces blocking sets for PSD zero forcing sets which are used to formulate the first integer program (IP) for computing PSD zero forcing numbers of general graphs. It is shown that facets of the feasible region of this IP's linear relaxation correspond to zero forcing forts which induce connected subgraphs, but that identifying min cardinality connected forts is ‐hard in general. Auxiliary IPs used to find these blocking sets are also given, enabling the master IP to be solved via constraint generation. Experiments comparing the proposed methods and existing algorithms are provided demonstrating improved runtime performance, particularly so in dense and sparse graphs.
A Reevaluation of the Effects of State and ACA Dependent Coverage Mandates on Health Insurance Coverage
Authors: Barkowski Scott , McLaughlin Joanne Song , Ray Alex 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe study state and federal health insurance coverage mandates for young adults. Despite consistent findings that the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) federal mandate was effective, research has disagreed on whether preexisting, state‐level mandates were successful in increasing coverage. We reconsider the issue with a new analytical perspective and newly available accurate data on state mandates. We show that the impact of the state mandates was substantive and concentrated among young adults between ages 19 and 23. Our estimates indicate that dependent coverage rose by 3.9 percentage points and overall coverage rose by 3.3 percentage points. Crowd‐out of coverage through young adults’ own jobs was negligible. For those above 23, we find little evidence of changes in coverage. We incorporate these insights into analysis of the ACA's mandate, showing its effects were focused among those who were not eligible for state mandates, or were eligible but older than 23. Our results suggest that eligibility restrictions played important roles in limiting the scope of the state mandates, but they can be practical and effective tools for policymakers looking to ensure or expand coverage for young adults in the face of uncertainty about the ACA.
Premature epiphyseal growth plate arrest after isotretinoin therapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma: A case series and review of the literature
Authors: Duvalyan Angela , Cha Angela , Goodarzian Fariba , Arkader Alexandre , Villablanca Judith G. , Marachelian Araz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundVitamin A–derived retinoids have been reported to cause skeletal abnormalities ranging from hypercalcemia to premature epiphyseal closure. Isotretinoin is a retinoid used as standard therapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma and has been reported to cause premature epiphyseal growth plate arrest.ProcedureWe identified patients from the Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) database with high‐risk neuroblastoma diagnosed from 1991 to 2018 who experienced premature epiphyseal growth plate arrest and compared their characteristics to other patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma. We then performed a literature review of this complication. Data collection included diagnosis age of neuroblastoma, presentation age, agent of exposure, dose, exposure range, and skeletal deformity.ResultsAmong 216 patients, high‐risk neuroblastoma was diagnosed before age of five years (n = 165), between ages of 5 and 10 years (n = 41), and after 10 years of age (n = 13). Three out of 216 patients developed premature epiphyseal growth arrest after isotretinoin exposure (overall incidence = 1.38%). The incidence of bony abnormalities was significantly higher in patients diagnosed in 5‐ to 10‐year age group than in other two groups (P = 0.014). Literature review identified eight additional patients with neuroblastoma who presented with retinoid associated skeletal abnormalities. The median range of isotretinoin exposure for these 11 patients was between 6.5 and 7.625 years (range, 2‐14) with no cases of isotretinoin therapy completion before age 5 years.ConclusionBone toxicity associated with isotretinoin exposure is a concern. Growth plate arrest is a serious adverse effect that is attributable to isotretinoin therapy. Our findings suggest the prepubescent growth plate may be most at risk, and we recommend special attention to this population.
Measuring hydroxyurea adherence by pharmacy and laboratory data compared with video observation in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Creary Susan , Chisolm Deena , Stanek Joseph , Neville Kathleen , Garg Uttam , Hankins Jane S. , O'Brien Sarah H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundHydroxyurea nonadherence is common among children with sickle cell disease (SCD), but it is unclear if current adherence measures are valid compared with video directly observed therapy (VDOT), a reference method. The objectives were to evaluate if hydroxyurea adherence by pharmacy records, urine assay, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and/or fetal hemoglobin (HbF) correlated with and was sensitive and specific compared with VDOT.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional analysis of adherence data from 34 children with SCD on a single‐arm, six‐month hydroxyurea adherence study. Spearman correlation coefficient compared participants’ adherence by pharmacy records, MCV, and HbF to adherence by VDOT. The sensitivity and specificity of ≥80% adherence by pharmacy records, two urine samples with hydroxyurea, MCV ≥100 fl/L, and HbF ≥20% compared with ≥80% VDOT adherence were also calculated.ResultsMedian pharmacy and VDOT adherence rates were similar (87.8% vs 88.1%, P = 0.75) and mildly correlated (rs = 0.45; P = 0.008) but the sensitivity of ≥80% adherence by pharmacy records was 72.7% and specificity was 45.5%. MCV (rs = −0.02, P = 0.92) and HbF (rs = −0.2, P = 0.33) did not significantly correlate with VDOT adherence. Sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 33.3% for having two urine samples with hydroxyurea, 35% and 71.4% for MCV ≥100 fl/L, and 75% and 0% for HbF ≥20%, respectively.ConclusionsCommonly used tools to measure hydroxyurea adherence may not correlate with or be valid compared with video adherence. Future studies to refine these measures are needed to effectively target adherence interventions to children with SCD who have the potential to benefit. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02578017)
Tumor mutational burden and driver mutations: Characterizing the genomic landscape of pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Patel Roshal R. , Ramkissoon Shakti H. , Ross Jeffrey , Weintraub Lauren 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundTumor mutational burden (TMB) and driver mutations are potential biomarkers to guide targeted therapy selection. Malignant gliomas with high TMB in children may preferentially benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs). Higher TMB may relate to lower incidence of driver mutations, but this relationship has not been studied in pediatric brain tumors.ProcedureComprehensive genomic profiling was performed on 723 pediatric (≤21 years) brain tumor samples using DNA extracted from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue. TMB was calculated as mutations per megabase and categorized as low (0‐6), intermediate (6‐20), or high (>20). Analysis included 80 clinically relevant driver mutations; genomic alterations known to confer a selective growth advantage.ResultsOf 723 brain tumors, TMB was low in 91.8%, intermediate in 6.1%, and high in 2.1%. In the high TMB cohort, 93% of tumors harbored a driver mutation; 70% and 63% in the intermediate and low TMB cohorts, respectively (P < 0.05). However, when excluding tumor suppressor genes, high TMB tumors had a decreased incidence of driver mutations (P < 0.001). BRAF alterations were not identified in high TMB tumors, but were enriched in low TMB tumors (P < 0.01). Conversely, there was an association between high TMB tumors and TP53 mutations (P < 10−13). Of the 15 tumors with high TMB, 14 were high‐grade gliomas and 13 had alterations in TP53. Three homozygous mismatch repair deletions identified were associated with a higher TMB (P < 0.01).ConclusionsSpecific driver mutations appear to have a relationship with TMB. These represent populations in which ICPIs may be more or less effective.
Barriers and enablers to physical activity and aerobic fitness deficits among childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Mizrahi David , Wakefield Claire E. , Simar David , Ha Lauren , McBride James , Field Penelope , Cohn Richard J. , Fardell Joanna E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundPhysical activity and aerobic fitness are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) after childhood cancer. How survivors engage in physical activity remains unclear, potentially increasing CVD risk. We assessed survivors’ physical activity levels, barriers and enablers, fitness, and identified predictors of fitness and physical activity stage of change.MethodsChildhood cancer survivors (CCS; 8‐18 years old) ≥1 year post‐treatment were assessed for aerobic fitness (6‐min walk test), used to extrapolate VO2max, and body composition (InBody 570). Survivors self‐reported physical activity to determine stage of change (Patient‐Centered Assessment and Counselling for Exercise). Physical activity and fitness were compared with guidelines and CVD‐risk cut‐points (VO2max < 42 mL/kg/min: males; VO2max < 35 mL/kg/min: females). Multiple regression and mediator‐moderator analysis were used to identify fitness predictors and stage of change.ResultsOne hundred two survivors (12.8 ± 3.3 years) participated (46% acute lymphoblastic leukaemia). Forty percent of males (VO2max = 43.3 ± 6.3 mL/kg/min) and 28% of females (VO2max = 36.5 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min) were in the CVD‐risk category, while 25% met physical activity guidelines. Most prevalent physical activity barriers were fatigue (52%), preferring television instead of exercise (38%), and lacking time (34%). Predictive factors for reduced fitness included being older, female, higher waist‐to‐height ratio, higher screen time, and moderated by lower physical activity (r2 = 0.91, P < .001). Survivors with higher physical activity stage of change were male, lower body fat percentage, lower screen time, and lived with both parents (r = 0.42, P = .003).ConclusionAerobic fitness and physical activity of CCS is low compared with population norms, potentially increasing CVD risk. Addressing physical activity barriers and enablers, including reducing screen time, could promote regular physical activity, reducing CVD risk.
Phase II trial of gemcitabine and nab‐paclitaxel in patients with recurrent Ewing sarcoma: A report from the National Pediatric Cancer Foundation
Authors: Oesterheld Javier E. , Reed Damon R. , Setty Bhuvana A. , Isakoff Michael S. , Thompson Patrick , Yin Hong , Hayashi Masanori , Loeb David M. , Smith Tiffany , Makanji Rikesh , Fridley Brooke L. , Wagner Lars M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel is often used to treat patients with recurrent sarcoma. Nab‐paclitaxel is a taxane modified to improve drug exposure and increase intratumoral accumulation and, in combination with gemcitabine, is standard therapy for pancreatic cancer. Applying the dosages and schedule used for pancreatic cancer, we performed a phase II trial to assess the response rate of gemcitabine and nab‐paclitaxel in patients with relapsed Ewing sarcoma.ProcedureUsing a Simon's two‐stage design to identify a response rate of ≥ 35%, patients received nab‐paclitaxel 125 mg/m2 followed by gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1, 8, and 15 of four‐week cycles. Immunohistochemical analysis of archival tissue was performed to identify possible biomarkers of response.ResultsEleven patients from four institutions enrolled, with a median age of 22 years (range, 14‐27). Patients were heavily pretreated (median 3 prior regimens, range, 1‐7). Thirty‐five cycles were administered (median 2, range, 1‐8). Accrual was stopped after 11 patients, due to only one confirmed partial response. Two other patients had partial responses after two cycles, but withdrew because of adverse effects or progression before confirmation of continued response. The predominant toxicity was myelosuppression, and four (36%) patients were removed due to hematologic toxicity despite pegfilgrastim and dose reductions. Expression of secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and CAV‐1 in archival tumors was not predictive of clinical benefit in this small cohort of patients.ConclusionsIn patients with heavily pretreated Ewing sarcoma, the confirmed response rate of 9% was similar to multi‐institutional studies of gemcitabine and docetaxel.
Whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging as surveillance for subsequent malignancies in preadolescent, adolescent, and young adult survivors of germline retinoblastoma: An update
Authors: Friedman Danielle Novetsky , Hsu Meier , Moskowitz Chaya S. , Francis Jasmine H. , Lis Eric , Fleischut Megan Harlan , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Walsh Michael , Tonorezos Emily S. , Sklar Charles A. , Abramson David H. , Dunkel Ira J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundGermline retinoblastoma (Rb) survivors are at lifelong risk for developing subsequent malignancies (SMNs). Optimal surveillance modalities are needed to detect SMN at an early stage in this high‐risk cohort. We investigated the use of rapid whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI) as a noninvasive screening modality in this cohort.ProcedureWB‐MRI was performed in asymptomatic preadolescent, adolescent, or young adult survivors of germline Rb from February 1, 2008 to December 31, 2018 at a tertiary cancer center. We calculated sensitivity and specificity of WB‐MRI and rate of false‐positive findings requiring additional evaluation.ResultsOverall, 110 WB‐MRI were performed in 47 germline Rb survivors (51% female; median age at initial WB‐MRI: 15.5 years [range 8‐25.3]). Patients received 1‐10 annual WB‐MRI examinations (median: two). Thirteen patients had an abnormal WB‐MRI; three findings were deemed to be likely benign and were not evaluated further. Ten patients required dedicated imaging and three required biopsy; two patients were diagnosed with localized high‐grade osteosarcoma, while the other eight had benign findings. One patient was diagnosed with secondary osteosarcoma 3 months after normal WB‐MRI. In total, there were 96 true negatives, 11 false positives, two true positives, and one false negative. The sensitivity of WB‐MRI in this cohort was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.2‐96.0) and the specificity was 89.7% (95% CI, 83.6‐93.7).ConclusionsBased on our 10‐year experience, surveillance WB‐MRI appears to have limited utility as a surveillance modality for SMN in germline Rb survivors. Alternate screening modalities should be investigated.
Brain tumors: Medulloblastoma, ATRT, ependymoma
Authors: Baliga Sujith , Gandola Lorenza , Timmermann Beate , Gail Horan , Padovani Laetitia , Janssens Geert O. , Yock Torunn I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChildren with medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT), and ependymoma are treated with a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Lower doses of craniospinal irradiation and tumor bed boost together with chemotherapy are the current standard of care for average‐risk medulloblastoma in the Children's Oncology Group (COG). The International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) is examining the role of hyperfractionated craniospinal irradiation and chemotherapy in high‐risk patients. The recent stratification of medulloblastoma into specific molecular risk groups has prompted both COG and SIOP to reexamine the role of these modalities in these different risk groups to maximize cure rates and minimize long‐term complications. Proton therapy has shown lower rates of neurocognitive and endocrine complications compared with photons. Ependymomas are treated with maximal surgical resection and adjuvant radiation therapy. The role of chemotherapy in ependymoma is currently being studied in both COG and SIOP. Likewise, for ATRT the role of different high‐dose chemotherapy regimens together with local radiation therapy in infants, or craniospinal radiation in older children, is the current focus of research.
Fabrication and characterization of the thermoplastic and thermoset syntactic foam core‐based sandwich composites
Authors: Qi Changjian , Yu Qiyong , Zhao Yan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study focuses on the preparation and characterization of two types of syntactic foams with the raw materials of hollow glass microspheres, polypropylene, and epoxy resin. The thermoset resin‐based and thermoplastic resin‐based syntactic foam slabs were produced and then used as the core material to fabricate thin‐layer sandwich composites. The carbon/epoxy composites were used as skins. The tensile properties and the fracture surface of the syntactic foams were observed. The bonding performance between the laminations and bending strength of the sandwich composites were investigated. The results show that both the thermoplastic resin‐based and thermosetting resin‐based syntactic foam slabs can be well bonded with the skins. The densities of the sandwich composites are 1.06 and 1.04 g/cm3, respectively. The sandwich composites have a good performance in bending resistance and the flexural strengths are 473.0 and 627.7 MPa, respectively.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms
Authors: Kaminen‐Ahola Nina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). The etiology of the complex FASD phenotype with growth deficit, birth defects, and neurodevelopmental impairments is under extensive research. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the wide phenotype: chromosomal rearrangements, risk and protective alleles, environmental‐induced epigenetic alterations as well as gene‐environment interactions are all involved. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of PAE can provide tools for prevention or intervention of the alcohol‐induced developmental disorders in the future. By revealing the alcohol‐induced genetic and epigenetic alterations which associate with the variable FASD phenotypes, it is possible to identify biomarkers for the disorder. This would enable early diagnoses and personalized support for development of the affected child.
The affective lives of doubled‐up Latinx youth: Influences of school experiences, familism, and ethnic identity exploration
Authors: Aceves Lorena , Griffin Amanda M. , Sulkowski Michael L. , Martinez Griselda , Knapp Kyler S. , Bámaca‐Colbert Mayra Y. , Cleveland Hobart H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDoubled‐up Latinx youth experience many daily challenges associated with ethnic minority status and residential instability. Doubled‐up youth share housing with noncustodial caregivers such as friends and/or extended family members primarily because of economic hardship and a breakdown in available parental support. Using data from baseline and 10 days of twice‐a‐day surveys, this study examined how in‐school positive experiences, familism (i.e., a perspective that gives precedence to the family), and ethnic identity (i.e., affirmation, exploration, and resolution) influence after school positive (e.g., feeling joyful/happy) and negative (e.g., feeling stressed/anxious) affect among doubled‐up Latinx youth (70% female; Mage = 16.5). Results indicate that in‐school positive experiences were associated with more after school positive affect and less after school negative affect. In addition, youth with higher levels of familism reported experiencing less after school negative affect. However, gender moderated the relation of ethnic identity exploration and experiences of after school positive affect. Specifically, females with higher levels of ethnic identity exploration reported relatively lower levels of after school positive affect compared with males. Overall, study findings highlight the importance of both person‐level and varying contextual influences on the affective lives of doubled‐up Latinx youth.
A snapshot of multicultural training in school psychology
Authors: Malone Celeste M. , Ishmail Kareem Z. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWith the rapidly increasing racial and ethnic diversity of the school‐aged population, school psychologists must be properly trained to engage in culturally competent practice; however, little is known about how school psychology programs prepare their trainees to serve diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to update Rogers et al.'s study on multicultural training by examining the extent to which school psychology programs use multicultural training recommendations noted in the literature. Thirty‐eight school psychology program coordinators completed the Multicultural Environmental Inventory‐Revised (MEI) to assess their perceptions of their program's multicultural environment. Participants were also asked about their training in multicultural and diversity issues and how their program conducts multicultural training. Findings suggest that programs most frequently used the integration and separate course models for multicultural training along with clinical experiences serving diverse students. In addition, multicultural coursework was associated with higher scores on the MEI Curriculum and MEI Research subscales. With regard to program environment, the percentage of racial and ethnic minoritized (REM) students was positively correlated to the percentage of REM faculty and the number of required multicultural courses. However, programs lacked specific strategies to recruit and retain diverse students. Findings and implications for training programs are discussed.
Registration of ‘UA212ne’, a nectariless cotton cultivar
Authors: Bourland Fred M. , Jones Don C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract‘UA212ne’ (Reg. no. CV‐143, PI 692970) is a conventional, nectariless cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar released by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in September 2018. The cultivar represents an ongoing effort to develop improved genotypes having enhanced yield, yield components, earliness, host plant resistance, and fiber properties. The nectariless trait effectively reduces population densities of tarnished plant bug, the major insect pest in Arkansas cotton. UA212ne was compared with ‘DP 393’ and ‘UA48’ for 4 yr at four test sites in Arkansas. Across all test sites, lint yields of UA212ne was 8.4 and 13.6% higher than those of DP 393 and UA48, respectively, with higher relative yields on silt loam soils than on clay soils. In the 2016 Regional Breeders’ Network Test, UA212ne produced lint yields equal to the highest yielding line at each location. Yields of UA212ne were produced with highly efficient yield components, namely very high values of lint percentage, lint index, fibers per seed, and fiber density. Host plant resistance traits that have been measured on UA212ne include bacterial blight resistance, Verticillium wilt tolerance, and resistance to tarnished plant bug. This combination of host plant resistance and yield components should lead to more stable yield production across contrasting environments. Fiber quality of UA212ne exceeded that of DP 393 but was lower than UA48 and was similar to that of ‘UA222’.