bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Get the Data and Make Them Usable
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
As climate change advances and its impacts become clearer, more and more communities around the world will need deeper insight into the future, both immediate and distant. Decision-makers will require information to make high-impact, hard-to-reverse decisions about water, agriculture, and where and how to build infrastructure in a world experiencing climate change. They must model the projected evolution of droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires so that they can help people get out of harm’s way, and they will need data to make disaster-relief operations more effective. The world’s capacity to collect and analyze climate and weather data has exploded. Yet many of the people who need these data lack both access to them and the means to make them useful for decision-making. This chapter describes this data paradox and offer a few ideas on how to escape it.
Conclusion
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This conclusion highlights the urgency of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions and building resilience before only risky alternatives, such as certain kinds of geoengineering, are the only ones left. It briefly outlines the backsliding, active and by omission, that has occurred under President Donald Trump and stresses the urgent need to reverse this trend. It then emphasizes how silo-breakers, translators, and communicators play key roles in helping communities understand their climate risk and how to implement resilience measures. Finally, it underlines that building resilience involves protecting the most vulnerable members of society first.
Narrating the Local Web of Associations
Authors: Halperin Ehud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter continues to explore the local web of associations in which Haḍimbā is embedded and through which she and her community are constituted. Turning from the world of ritual to that of narrative, the chapter critically introduces five major stories about Haḍimbā, showing how each of them sheds a different light on the goddess’s character, biography, and social roles. It becomes clear that, while Haḍimbā is explicitly presented by her devotees as a single, unitary being, the narratives reveal a persona who is multilayered, multifaceted, and continuously changing. Haḍimbā emerges as a storehouse of fragmented memories of multiple origins and events, as well as a product of interactions among deities, people, interests, and ideals. It is evident that all the stories contain elements of power and reflect Haḍimbā’s involvement in the local web of sociopolitical relations and the developments she has undergone as a result.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Dickinson Laura A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The rise of lethal autonomous weapons systems creates numerous problems for legal regimes meant to ensure public accountability for unlawful uses of force. In particular, international humanitarian law has long relied on enforcement through individual criminal responsibility, which is complicated by autonomous weapons that fragment responsibility for decisions to deploy violence. Accordingly, there may often be no human being with the requisite level of intent to trigger individual responsibility under existing doctrine. In response, perhaps international criminal law could be reformed to account for such issues. Or, in the alternative, greater emphasis on other forms of accountability, such as tort liability and state responsibility might be useful supplements. Another form of accountability that often gets overlooked or dismissed as inconsequential is one that could be termed “administrative accountability.” This chapter provides a close look at this type of accountability and its potential.
High-Tech Civilians, Participation in Hostilities, and Criminal Liability
Authors: King Matthew T. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The challenge presented by civilians on, near, and affecting the battlefield is an enduring issue in the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). At its core, the LOAC seeks to protect civilians from the dangers of hostilities. The challenge, then, involves adhering to this general respect and protection standard, while balancing the need to send forces (which may include civilian members) to prosecute armed conflicts (which may involve enemy civilian participants). As advancements in technology and a growing dependence on civilian expertise in armed conflict begin to blur the distinction between civilian activity and direct participation in hostilities, how will military forces ensure civilians are properly protected on the battlefield? At what point does civilian involvement in military operations become direct participation in the conflict?
Emerging Technologies and the Principle of Distinction
Authors: Meier Michael W. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter assesses the need to reconsider the principle of distinction in light of advancements in technology. Various emerging technologies, including unmanned aerial systems, lethal autonomous weapons, and cyber capabilities, have already begun to test the principle of distinction. How will these and other emerging technologies impact the implementation of the principle of distinction under the Law of Armed Conflict?
Monstrous Forms
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
It makes us jump. It makes us scream. It haunts our nightmares. So why do we watch horror? Why do we play it? What could possibly be appealing about a genre that tries to terrify us? Why would we subject ourselves to shriek-inducing shocks, or spend dozens of hours watching a television show about grotesque flesh-eating monsters? Horror offers us a connection to fears that are otherwise unspeakable, even inconceivable, so why do we seek it out? Monstrous Forms offers a theory of horror that works through the genre across a broad range of contemporary moving-image media: film, television, videogames, YouTube, gifs, streaming, virtual reality. This book analyzes our experience of and engagement with horror by focusing on its form, paying special attention to the common ground, the styles, and forms that move between mediums. It looks at the ways that moving-image horror addresses its audiences; the ways that it elicits, or demands, responses from its viewers, players, browsers. Camera movement (or “camera” movement), jump scares, offscreen monsters—horror innovates and perfects styles that directly provoke and stimulate the bodies in front of the screen. Analyzing films including Paranormal Activity, It Follows, and Get Out; videogames including Amnesia: The Dark Descent, Layers of Fear, and Until Dawn; and TV shows including The Walking Dead and American Horror Story, Monstrous Forms argues for understanding horror through its sensational address and dissects the forms that make that address so effective.
The Blackest Eyes . . . The Devil’s Eyes
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the recent development in first-person camerawork in horror, in which the killer-aligned camera of Killer POV has been supplanted by the victim- or protagonist-aligned cameras of “found footage”—and in the realm of gaming, first-person shooters (FPS). Where Killer POV communicates the owner’s mastery over the objects of their look, this “searching camera” indicates vulnerability and inadequacy, and the chapter looks to a long history of writing about documentary cinematography to theorize the connection between handheld camerawork, and the body of the camera operator. An FPS game like Left 4 Dead (2008), however, pairs that feeling of vulnerability and an always-partial view of its zombie-filled landscape with action and the ability to combat the threats surrounding the players. In [REC] (2007) and [REC] 2 (2009), the camera operator is always placed in a position of impotence, and an inability to act. The chapter closes by examining a recent trend in horror gaming, which equates powerlessness with horror. So games like P.T. (2014), Layers of Fear (2016), and Paranormal Activity: The Lost Soul (2017) pair an FPS-like first-person interface with an inability to directly attack or defend against the threats that populate the diegesis.
Monster Stories/Storied Monsters
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This final chapter continues the discussion of monsters by engaging with the writings of Robin Wood, who theorized monsters as fundamentally ambivalent figures who allow us to envision alternatives to the restrictive social order. It then realigns Wood’s terms to show how the recent horror genre has been structured around questions not simply of monstrosity, but of asserting or maintaining humanity—and recognizing the humanity of others—in the face of monstrosity and other inconceivable horrors. This is the explicit theme of The Walking Dead TV series, as is emphasized in its first video game adaptation, The Walking Dead: The Game (2012), but is there at the beginnings of the modern genre in the 1960s with a film like Night of the Living Dead (1968). The chapter concludes with a discussion of how understandings of “monstrosity” and “humanity” are redefined around questions of morality with two high-profile, integrated horror films, Get Out (2017) and The Shape of Water (2017).
Sleep in Pregnancy
Authors: O’Brien, PhD, MS Louise M. , Dunietz, MPH, PhD Galit L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. This chapter focuses on sleep quality and emergence of sleep disorders in pregnancy, which has implications for both the fetus as well as the mother. An overview of empirical evidence of the association between disturbed sleep in pregnancy and pregnancy-related outcomes is provided along with a ion of The chapter also reviews common sleep disturbances in pregnancy, such as sleep-disordered breathing, insufficient sleep, poor sleep quality, and restless legs syndrome, and synthesizes current knowledge of the impact of poor sleep on pregnancy outcomes, with a particular emphasis on fetal well-being. Evidence is also presented on the potential for maternal sleep to influence fetal origins of chronic disease.
Socioeconomic Status and Sleep
Authors: Grandner Michael A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how socioeconomic status (SES) can influence sleep health. The chapter overviews traditional SES factors, which include education, income, and employment. Beyond this, the chapter discusses other (less studied) SES factors such as financial hardship and subjective social status among various populations. Socioeconomic sleep disparities in the context of racial/ethnic sleep disparities are considered, and a social ecological model of sleep is discussed, which includes (a) individual-level socioeconomic drivers, which are embedded within (b) social-level socioeconomic drivers, which themselves are embedded within (c) societal-level socioeconomic drivers. The chapter concludes with thoughts for future directions in research.
Sanctuary Cities
Authors: Collingwood Loren , Gonzalez O'Brien Benjamin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
On January 25, 2017, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13768, which marked the first federal action targeting American sanctuary cities and fulfilled one of Trump’s key campaign promises. Sanctuary cities, which do not permit local officials to inquire into immigration status and may decline ICE detainer requests, have been in existence since the early 1980s, but the shooting of Kathryn Steinle in 2015 brought them renewed attention. Ms. Steinle’s accidental shooting by an undocumented immigrant, Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, ignited a firestorm of controversy over these policies. Garcia Zarate had been released by the SFPD based on San Francisco’s sanctuary policy, leading then-candidate Donald Trump to make a promise to “end” sanctuary cities a key part of his campaign for president. Yet many Americans know very little about sanctuary policies despite their growing importance in the debate over undocumented immigration and the incorporation of immigrant communities. In this work, Drs. Collingwood and Gonzalez O’Brien provide the first comprehensive examination of sanctuary cities in the United States. Analyzing the historical evolution of these policies, the tone and tenor of media coverage, public opinion, state-level sanctuary legislation, and the effect these policies have on crime rates and Latino political incorporation, the authors hope to provide researchers, members of the public, and lawmakers with the tools to objectively assess the value of sanctuary legislation.
Not a Library, but a Large Depot of Loot
Authors: Peiss Kathy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The discovery of looted books at the end of the war, especially those from Jewish libraries, tested the American military government. Gathering, conserving, and identifying them posed intractable challenges, even as American authorities faced domestic and international pressures over the Jewish books in particular. The Monuments Fine Arts and Archives (MFAA) unit of the US Army, known as the Monuments Men, requisitioned Frankfurt’s Rothschild Library and later moved to a warehouse known as the Offenbach Archival Depot to establish operations for book restitution. This required innovative methods of librarianship designed to quickly manage and redistribute disarrayed and damaged volumes. The American government finally authorized Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc. to handle the unidentifiable and heirless books, many of which came to the United States. For the Americans, these endangered books generated new understandings of the meaning of book collections, ownership, restitution, and cultural heritage.
Conclusion
Authors: Peiss Kathy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The collecting missions made an imprint on the postwar world of books and information. The OSS and military efforts to acquire open-source intelligence propelled advances in library and information science already underway. A number of those involved in wartime acquisitions became pioneers in this field. The program of acquisition offered a prototype for open-source intelligence gathering after the war. These missions also contributed to a growing orientation among American libraries toward internationalism, in which collecting foreign holdings was deemed essential to American power. For the most part, however, the collections themselves attracted little notice. With the Holocaust awareness of the late twentieth century, the acquisition of looted Jewish books was investigated by the Justice Department and President Bill Clinton’s Commission on Holocaust Assets. Looted and displaced books remain part of the unfinished business of World War II.
The Synod of Pistoia and Vatican II
Authors: Blanchard Shaun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This book sheds further light on the nature of church reform and the roots of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) through a study of eighteenth-century Catholic reformers who anticipated the Council. The most striking of these examples is the Synod of Pistoia (1786), the high-water mark of late Jansenism. Most of the reforms of the Synod were harshly condemned by Pope Pius VI in the bull Auctorem fidei (1794), and late Jansenism was totally discredited in the ultramontane nineteenth-century Church. Nevertheless, much of the Pistoian agenda—such as an exaltation of the role of bishops, an emphasis on infallibility as a gift to the entire Church, religious liberty, a simpler and more comprehensible liturgy that incorporates the vernacular, and the encouragement of lay Bible reading and Christocentric devotions—was officially promulgated at Vatican II. The career of Bishop Scipione de’ Ricci (1741–1810) and the famous Synod he convened are investigated in detail. The international reception (and rejection) of the Synod sheds light on why these reforms failed, and the criteria of Yves Congar are used to judge the Pistoian Synod as “true or false reform.” This book proves that the Synod was a “ghost” present at Vatican II. The council fathers struggled with, and ultimately enacted, many of the same ideas. This study complexifies the story of the roots of the Council and Pope Benedict XVI’s “hermeneutic of reform,” which seeks to interpret Vatican II as in “continuity and discontinuity on different levels” with past teaching and practice.
Our Sense of Self
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Of all the objects you know and have beliefs about, you are the object you pay most attention to and want to know best. And, when it comes to sharing beliefs and opinions about the world with others, you are the object in the world that you most want your significant others to share your beliefs and opinions about who you are. How do individuals learn to know who they are? It begins with children learning what it is about themselves and what they do that determines how others respond to them as an object in the world (shared social contingent self). They share with others what is relevant about them, what matters. They share what to expect of themselves in terms of their skills and abilities (shared expectant self). They share with others what goals they should pursue and what standards they should use to evaluate themselves (shared monitored self). Depending on whether their shared goals and standards are promotion or prevention, people inflate or deflate their self-esteem to maintain their eagerness or vigilance, respectively. And they are motivated to verify the truth of shared beliefs about themselves for both positive and negative self-attributes. And a big part of our sense of self are the social identities that we embrace. Individuals create a shared reality we with groups that is so powerful that they will die for it. Like a “band of brothers,” there can be a social fusion with a political group that has the power of family.
How We Get Along
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
It doesn’t take much of a difference between groups to make in-group–out-group discrimination occur. High schoolers can discriminate on the basis of preference for the paintings of Klee versus Kandinsky. Third-grade children can discriminate on the basis of eye color. The two social identification mechanisms that contribute to discrimination relate to the epistemic and social relational motives underlying shared reality creation. By accentuating similarities within social categories and differences between them, we can order, simplify, and make sense of our complex social world. This epistemic motive, however, is not enough to account for the discrimination of favoring your own group over the other group—in-group favoritism. This comes from the social relational motive of creating a shared reality with others, with wanting a positive connection to those with whom you have a shared reality and experience yourself and others as belonging to the same social category—the we of social identification. Having a common social identity with other in-group members can make interactions relatively smooth, effortless and pleasant, but it does not necessarily make them more productive because the group members often discuss what they share with one another rather than what they don’t share. The roles that we enact are also shared realities that can bias our perception of the world by determining what is relevant and significant. Shared reality perceptions are also critical in close relationships where partners must experience that they are a positive unit who sees and responds to the world in the same way.
The People Are King
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The People Are King traces the transformation of Andean communities under Inca and Spanish rule. The sixteenth-century Spanish resettlement policy known as reducción was pivotal to this transformation. Modeled on the Spanish ideal of república (self-government within planned towns) and shared sovereignty with their monarch, Spaniards in the Viceroyalty of Peru forced Andeans into resettlement towns. Andeans turned the tables on forced resettlement by making the towns their own and the center of their social, political, and religious lives. Andeans made a coherent life for themselves in a complex process of ethnogenesis that blended preconquest ways of life (the ayllu) with the imposed institutions of town life and Christian religious practices. Within these towns, Andeans claimed the right to self-government, and increasingly regarded their native lords, the caciques, as tyrants. A series of microhistorical accounts in these repúblicas reveals that Andeans believed that commoner people, collectively called the común, could rule themselves. With both Andean and Spanish antecedents, this political philosophy of radical democracy was key to the Great Rebellion of the late eighteenth century. Rather than focusing on well-known leaders such as Tupac Amaru, this book demonstrates through commoner rebels’ holographic letters that it was commoner Andean people who made the late eighteenth-century a revolutionary moment by asserting their rights to self-government. In the final chapter the book follows the commoner-lead towns of the Andes from the era of independence into the present day of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.
Inca and Asanaqi in Qullasuyu
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Prior to Spanish invasion, the Asanaqi ethnic group did not live in large urban areas but in small hamlets scattered across the Andean high plane. Conquered by the Inca around 1460 and incorporated into Tawantinsuyu, they served corvée labor, known as mita, as their “tax,” sometimes working in administrative centers (tambos) along the Inca highway. Although compulsory, they expected to be “asked” to work and fed and clothed at the Inca’s expense in a system of reciprocity. The Incas allowed the Asanaqi to keep their local gods, called wakas, but required them to worship imperial gods as well, making llama sacrifices in their honor along sacred paths called ceques. With the Spanish invasion, imperial-level rituals and administrative centers were abandoned. For a time, Andeans continued to live widely scattered in small hamlets, worshipping their wakas, under control of caciques. To control Andean labor and generate wealth, Spaniards established encomiendas.
Resettlement
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
vIn the 1570s Viceroy Toledo implemented a resettlement of Andeans from their widely dispersed hamlets into larger grid-patterned towns called reducciones. Each new reducción was a self-governing república de indios, where native hereditary lords the caciques now shared authority with a town council (cabildo) of elected commoners. Within reducciones, Spaniards reinforced elements of Andean social and political organization: ayllu members were settled together, the town’s elected officials were to rotate among the ayllus and the tax rolls were recorded by ayllu. As part of conversion, each town was assigned a patron saint with a confraternity (cofradía) to celebrate it. Documents related to resettlement, including a statement that Spanish invasion had rescued Andeans from Inca tyranny, were put in each town’s community chest (caja de comunidad). Spaniards argued that reducción failed because Andeans did not live in the towns full time, but Andeans returned regularly to fulfill their civil and religious duties.