bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Conceptual Framework of Person-Environment Relations in the Out-of-Home Mobility of People Living With Dementia
Authors: Seetharaman Kishore , Chaudhury Habib , Mahmood Atiya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a conceptual framework on the relationship between neighbourhood mobility and developmental outcomes of persons living with dementia. While there is growing evidence on the importance of out-of-home mobility for community-dwelling people with dementia, there is a lack of theoretical understanding of the person-environment (P-E) interactions involved in out-of-home mobility in the context of dementia and their influence on psychosocial outcomes. The proposed framework adapts Chaudhury and Oswald’s Integrative Conceptual Framework of Person-Environment Exchange to address the influence of out-of-home mobility-related P-E interactions on processes of agency and belonging for people living with dementia and the cumulative effect on developmental outcomes of autonomy and identity. The framework describes a linear sequence of four components: (i) out-of-home mobility-related P-E interactions determined by individual, social, physical environmental, and technological factors; (ii) mobility-related environmental barriers and facilitators and perception of out-of-home mobility-related risk and benefit; (iii) interrelated positive and negative processes of behaviour-driven agency and experience-driven belonging; and (iv) interrelated developmental outcomes of autonomy and identity. This framework advances our conceptual understanding of the relations between the experience of living with dementia and different aspects of the neighbourhood environment by bridging objective and subjective dimensions of P-E interactions and framing out-of-home mobility as an important contributor in maintaining identity and autonomy. The framework could inform empirical research in this area, evaluation of dementia-friendly community initiatives, and policy decisions by drawing attention to both the functional aspects and meanings associated with out-of-home mobility for persons living with dementia.
Gender Differences in Predictive Factors of Older Adults’ IADL Recovery Following Hip Fracture
Authors: Colancecco Elise , Kolanowski Ann , Chinchilli Vernon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
After hip fracture, older adults experience poor functional outcomes including a lack of IADL recovery. Gender differences exist in risk, incidence, mortality, and complication rates; yet, analyses of predictive factors of IADL especially by gender are often not conducted. The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in predictive factors of IADL recovery for older adults at two and six months following hip fracture. This secondary analysis used data (n=326 with IADL of n=399) the Baltimore Hip Studies (BHS-7 cohort). Participants were &gt;65 years of age and community-dwelling. Men were sequentially enrolled; women were frequency-matched. Data analysis required building a shared parameter model was built that incorporated an ordinal logistic regression within a generalized linear mixed-effects model, in conjunction with a time-to-event hazards regression model for the time to death or withdrawal. Predictive factors included: age, race, marital status, and comorbidities; physical function; cognitive status (3MS); and psychosocial function (depression [CES-D], resilience, fear of falling, social participation, and perceived health status. Results indicated that higher age (OR 1.1 95% CI 1.05, 1.15, p&lt; .01), greater comorbidity burden (OR 1.31 95% CI 1.08, 1.6, p &lt; .01), poorer baseline Lower Physical ADL ( OR 1.8 95% CI 1.54, 2.15, p&lt; .01), better cognitive function (OR 0.95 95% CI 0.9, 1; p= 0.047) and poorer LPADL recovery (OR 1.27 95% CI 1.07, 1.5, p&lt; .05) significantly impacted IADL recovery. The stratified (by gender) model was not as strong as the full model, but did indicate some gender differences may exist.
Influence of Driving and Transportation Access on Social Isolation Risk Among Older Adults
Authors: Smith Matthew , Bergeron Caroline , Barrett Matthew , Eagle Leigh Ann , Lachenmayr Sue 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background. Transportation is essential to accessing healthcare and community services, but the inability to find transportation may hinder social interactions and connectivity. This study examined driving and transportation access associated with self-reported social isolation risk among adults age 60 years and older. Methods. The Upstream Social Isolation Risk Screener (U-SIRS) was developed to assess social isolation risk among older adults within clinical and community settings. Comprised of 13 items (Cronbach’s alpha=0.80), the U-SIRS assesses physical, emotional, and social support aspects of social isolation. Using an internet-delivered survey, data were analyzed from a national sample of 4,082 adults age 60 years and older. Theta scores for the U-SIRS served as the dependent variable, which were generated using Item Response Theory. An ordinary least squares regression model was fitted to identify transportation-related indicators associated with social isolation risk. Results. Approximately 13% of participants did not drive and 18.2% reported not being able to identify a ride or transportation when needed. Higher U-SIRS scores were reported among participants who did not drive (B=0.034, P=0.020). Lower U-SIRS scores were reported among those who live with a spouse/partner (B=-0.153, P&lt;0.001) and those who reported the ability to get a ride from a family member (B=-0.160, P&lt;0.001), friend (B=-0.256, P&lt;0.001), or taxi (B=-0.032, P=0.044). Every additional source of transportation available significantly reduced participants’ U-SIRS score (B=-0.239, P&lt;0.001). Conclusion. Given transportation options may reflect physical functioning, social networks, and socioeconomic status, study findings suggest transportation access is an important contextual factor associated with social isolation risk.
Interactions of a shock with a molecular cloud at various stages of its evolution due to thermal instability and gravity
Authors: Kupilas M M , Wareing C J , Pittard J M , Falle S A E G 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Using the adaptive mesh refinement code mg, we perform hydrodynamic simulations of the interaction of a shock with a molecular cloud evolving due to thermal instability (TI) and gravity. To explore the relative importance of these processes, three case studies are presented. The first follows the formation of a molecular cloud out of an initially quiescent atomic medium due to the effects of TI and gravity. The second case introduces a shock whilst the cloud is still in the warm atomic phase, and the third scenario introduces a shock once the molecular cloud has formed. The shocks accelerate the global collapse of the clouds with both experiencing local gravitational collapse prior to this. When the cloud is still atomic, the evolution is shock dominated and structures form due to dynamical instabilities within a radiatively cooled shell. While the transmitted shock can potentially trigger the TI, this is prevented as material is shocked multiple times on the order of a cloud-crushing time-scale. When the cloud is molecular, the post-shock flow is directed via the pre-existing structure through low-density regions in the inter-clump medium. The clumps are accelerated and deformed as the flow induces clump–clump collisions and mergers that collapse under gravity. For a limited period, both shocked cases show a mixture of Kolmogorov and Burgers turbulence-like velocity and logarithmic density power spectra, and strongly varying density spectra. The clouds presented in this work provide realistic conditions that will be used in future feedback studies.
Off-centred force-free neutron star magnetospheres
Authors: Pétri J 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Neutron star electromagnetic activity produces pairs that fill their magnetosphere represented to the zeroth order by the force-free approximation. Neither dissipation nor acceleration nor radiation from charged particles is expected from this simplified model. So far, only centred dipole magnetic fields have been studied in this limit. In this paper, we explore the consequences of a rotating off-centred dipole on the force-free magnetosphere, showing the new magnetic field geometry, its spin-down luminosity, and the electromagnetic kick and torque felt by the neutron star. Solutions are obtained by time-dependent numerical simulations of the force-free regime using our pseudo-spectral code written in spherical coordinates. Our results are also compared to known analytical expressions found for the off-centred vacuum dipole by an expansion to lowest order in the parameter ϵ = d/R, where d is the displacement of the dipole from the stellar centre and R the neutron star radius. The presence of a force-free plasma enhances the spin-down luminosity and the electromagnetic kick and torque with respect to a centred force-free dipole. The impact on isolated and binary neutron stars is revised in light of these new results.
Dynamical dark energy after Planck CMB final release and H0 tension
Authors: Yang Weiqiang , Di Valentino Eleonora , Pan Supriya , Wu Yabo , Lu Jianbo 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
In this article we compare a variety of well-known dynamical dark energy models using the cosmic microwave background measurements from the 2018 Planck legacy and 2015 Planck data releases, the baryon acoustic oscillations measurements and the local measurements of H0 obtained by the SH0ES (Supernovae, H0, for the Equation of State of Dark energy) collaboration analysing the Hubble Space Telescope data. We discuss the alleviation of H0 tension, that is obtained at the price of a phantom-like dark energy equation of state. We perform a Bayesian evidence analysis to quantify the improvement of the fit, finding that all the dark energy models considered in this work are preferred against the ΛCDM scenario. Finally, among all the possibilities analysed, the CPL model is the best one in fitting the data and solving the H0 tension at the same time. However, unfortunately, this dynamical dark energy solution is not supported by the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) data, and the tension is restored when BAO data are included for all the models.
Waiting for Peace
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
China’s long-standing non-interference policy has been discarded in practice. In Libya, Iraq, Yemen, and elsewhere, China is working to safeguard its nationals and economic interests and make peace in overseas conflicts. South Sudan represents a pioneering case for China’s diplomats entering peace talks abroad, Chinese business managers to engage in corporate responsibility, and Chinese soldiers to join the Blue Helmets of United Nations peacekeeping. Despite the efforts of Chinese oilmen and diplomats in the African country, China has struggled to shape events on the ground. Beijing’s willingness to strike short-term, transactional deals with rebel groups undermines long-term stability. Chinese peacekeepers cannot overcome the inherent challengers of modern United Nations peacekeeping. Chinese actors in the country, from arms dealers to oil companies, often frustrate one another’s interests. Neither does China coordinate well with other foreign powers, as geopolitical tensions with the United States cloud mutual interests in building peace in South Sudan, Myanmar, and other overseas conflicts.
Conclusion: Big or Small
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The world cannot afford for China to lose. Arguments can be made on whether or not China’s leaders will realize their global ambitions, but the direction of Chinese politics and economy will largely dictate whether global challenges, from fighting climate change to global pandemics, can be overcome. Overreaction to China’s assertive foreign policy must be avoided, as too must naïveté toward China’s global ambitions. China’s actions during the beginning of the twenty-first century present lessons for countries around the world to manage their relations with Beijing, but a collective and sustained response is paramount. The world does not require American or Chinese leadership to give it order. Common economic interests and political values exist between Asian and Western countries. Middle powers and small states will not simply follow the dictates of Washington or Beijing, but will instead blend, package, and resist big power pressures in pursuit of their own ambitions.
Unassailable Ideas
Authors: Redstone Ilana , Villasenor John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Colleges and universities in the United States play a profoundly important role in American society. Currently, that role is being hampered by a climate that constrains teaching, research, hiring, and overall discourse. There are three core beliefs that define this climate. First, any initiative framed as an antidote to historical societal ills is automatically deemed meritorious, and thus exempted from objective scrutiny of its potential effectiveness. However, to use a medical analogy, not all proposed cures for a disease are good cures. Second, all differences in group-level outcomes are assumed to be due entirely to discrimination, with little tolerance given to exploring the potential role of factors such as culture or preferences. Third, everything must be interpreted through the lens of identity. Non-identity-centered perspectives, regardless of how worthy they might be, are viewed as less legitimate or even illegitimate. All of these beliefs are well intentioned and have arisen in response to important historical and continuing injustices. However, they are enforced in uncompromising terms through the use of social media, which has gained an ascendant role in shaping the culture of American campuses. The result is a climate that forecloses entire lines of research, entire discussions, and entire ways of conducting classroom teaching. The book explains these three beliefs in detail and provides an extensive list of case studies illustrating how they are impacting education and knowledge creation—and increasingly the world beyond campus. The book also provides a detailed set of recommendations on ways to help foster an environment on American campuses that would be more tolerant of diverse perspectives and open inquiry. A note about Covid-19: While the production of this book was done in spring and summer of 2020, we completed the manuscript in 2019, well before the Covid-19 pandemic shuttered American college campuses in March 2020. To put it mildly, the dynamics of campus discourse are very different when dorms have been largely emptied and instruction has been moved to Zoom. Of course, at present we cannot know when students will be able to return to campus in significant numbers. That said, we are confident that our call for a culture of more open discourse in higher education will remain relevant both during the pandemic and after it has passed.
Social Media
Authors: Redstone Ilana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Social media have transformed the way we think and interact with others. Inhibitions are often far lower online than offline, leading to a greater tendency toward incivility. One of the most visible changes to public discourse in the social media age has been the rise of call-out culture, a term used to describe the use of social media to build a wave of public indignation regarding behavior deemed transgressive. Social media can act both directly (e.g., through call-out campaigns) and indirectly (through behavior modification aimed at avoiding social media opprobrium) to shape what happens on campus. While the social media–induced incentives for behavior modification apply generally, they operate particularly powerfully in academia because academic administrators, teachers, and researchers are by definition in the public eye. And, academic researchers are particularly exposed to the vicissitudes of social media not only because they are visible, but because the advancement of knowledge by its very nature requires making assertions that are new and that may be risky.
Academic Freedom, With an Asterisk
Authors: Redstone Ilana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Colleges tend to have policies on academic freedom that on their face appear to confer broad protection. But the actual scope of protection is a matter of interpretation, and is often much narrower. In practice, the measure of acceptable campus expression is often based on the extent to which speech offends or is viewed as harmful. The contemporary technology environment amplifies this dynamic. Social media help ensure that expression that is accused of being offensive is communicated to the very people most likely to view it as such, leading to a feedback cycle that further increases the risks that opinions or research conclusions falling outside of campus-proscribed boundaries will attract attention and protest. This is the academic freedom elephant in the room, and it plays a far more powerful role in shaping discourse and research than does the text in a university’s formal academic freedom policy.
Counterarguments
Authors: Redstone Ilana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Multiple counterarguments could be voiced in response to the assertions made in this book. It could be asserted that there is no crisis in academia. Or one could suggest that while the three beliefs constrain dialog, they do so appropriately. Additional counterarguments are that academic freedom in this restricted environment is broad enough, and that it must yield to claims of harm arising from assertions deemed offensive. This chapter explains and offers a rebuttal to each of these counterarguments. In doing so, we aim to explain what is lost when the range of on-campus discourse is overly constrained.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Data Intelligence—Its Broader Interpretations
Authors: Chen Min 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe core of data science is our fundamental understanding about data intelligence processes for transforming data to decisions. One aspect of this understanding is how to analyze the cost-benefit of data intelligence workflows. This work is built on the information-theoretic metric proposed by Chen and Golan for this purpose and several recent studies and applications of the metric. We present a set of extended interpretations of the metric by relating the metric to encryption, compression, model development, perception, cognition, languages, and media.
Nebraska, New England, New York
Authors: Homestead Melissa J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes Edith Lewis’s family history, childhood, and education as a background to her first meeting with Willa Cather in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1903. Because of Lewis’s deeply rooted New England family history, her Nebraska childhood, her elite eastern college education, and her plans to move to New York to pursue literary work, Cather found powerfully concentrated in Lewis two geographically located versions of the past she valued: the Nebraska of her own childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood, and a New England–centered literary culture she encountered through reading. Cather also glimpsed in Lewis the future to which she herself aspired, the glittering promise of literary New York.
“Our Wonderful Adventures in the Southwest”
Authors: Homestead Melissa J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Willa Cather and Edith Lewis traveled together to the American Southwest in 1915, 1916, 1925, and 1926, and southwestern travel became their shared passion, an escape from the pressures of modern city life into a realm of adventure. In the Southwest, Cather also sought experiences and information necessary for her creative work, and she transformed experiences she shared with Lewis into fiction. They informed Cather’s novels The Professor’s House and Death Comes for the Archbishop. This chapter describes their experiences as tourists and as women playing at being western cowboys. The chapter also gives full treatment to Lewis’s role as Cather’s editorial collaborator, using The Professor’s House as an example.
Conservative News Studies
Authors: Nadler Anthony , Bauer A. J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter maps several lines of academic inquiry that speak to the yet unrealized field of conservative news studies. The chapter explores how scholars have approached the notion of “liberal bias” and conservative news; three different approaches to studying the influence of conservative media—as propaganda, as media effects, and as “deep stories”; and the place of media in historical accounts of the growth of modern conservatism in the United States. Scholars have been researching various components of conservative news cultures for decades, but disciplinary silos, differing methodological assumptions, and a lack of standardized terminology have precluded the sort of focused scholarly dialogue that typically constitutes a field. This chapter highlights the extant disciplinary and interdisciplinary debates that a field of conservative news studies would ideally weave together and build upon.
The Truth-Holder
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter starts with the observation that inner democracy faces not only the power-holder as an important obstacle but also the presence of a truth-holder within. One has the inclination to dig oneself into the trenches of one’s own sense of being right, in which alternative or contrary viewpoints are no longer taken into consideration, and a productive dialogue with oneself or another person or group cannot come about. Providing knowledge about certain subject matter does not add much in this particular case, because many people are inclined to assume a point of view without knowledge about the underlying facts. In that context, the obstinacy with which we defend moral viewpoints and the intolerance for ambiguity are discussed.
The Meta-Position
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter proposes that adopting a meta-position in regard to reality is instrumental for opening up the possible and constitutes the first step toward exploring it. In psychological terms, a meta-position is represented by that symbolic (and/or physical) standpoint from which other positions and the relations between them can be perceived at once. The fact that meta-positions render existing positions and perspectives visible makes them essential for developing more open ways of thinking about the world and more flexible ways of acting on it. Meta-positions accomplish this important role through their relation to agency, wonder, imagination, and creativity, each of which is discussed in the chapter. Together with difference and multiplicity, meta-positions are thus conditions of possibility for becoming aware of and acting on the possible.
Urban Swine and Ritual Pigs in the Bronze Age
Authors: Price Max D. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The elite-run institutions (temples and palaces) of Bronze Age societies sought to maximize the production of storable, taxable, and tradable agricultural commodities—especially grain and wool. This brought the secondary products revolution to full fruition and solidified the transformation of cattle, sheep, and goats into animals that embodied wealth. Later this privilege extended to equids for their role in warfare. While institutional forms of wealth excluded pigs, urbanism offered a new and ideal ecological niche for pig husbandry. Pigs became especially important among the urban lower classes, perhaps as a type of “informal economy.” Yet in regions without large cities or extant traditions of eating pork, pig husbandry failed to thrive. The Levant, in particular, saw the gradual erosion of pig husbandry in favor of wealth-bearing livestock husbandry. At the same time, pigs’ ritual roles began to shift. Whereas once the sacrifice of swine was thought to ensure fertility, communication with the dead, and the absolution of sin, by the Late Bronze Age pigs connoted impurity.