bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-28 Kibbles ‘n Conjecture: A corollary analysis of ingredient composition, price, and nutritive value of commercial dog food
Authors: Miller Ranee A , Smith William B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Quality nutrition for canine species contributes to a large global economic and health care field. Choices abound in terms of the availability of food in any given retail outlet. Likewise, there is copious conjecture surrounding the supposed benefits of certain brands or types over others, especially in the choice of conventional versus grain-free food types. A comparison of nutritive value of feeds relative to ingredient formulation and consumer cost would provide useful insight to the consumer when making selections for canine companion animals. This study sought to ascertain the correlations among ingredient position, nutritive value, and cost of commercially-available dog food. Over the course of February and March of 2019, commercially-available dog food was evaluated at local retail outlets in Stephenville, TX. For each observation, records were made of brand name, formulation, ingredient list, guaranteed nutritive analysis, and cost. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated using PROC CORR, and effect of conventional versus grain-free claims on cost and nutritive value were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS v. 9.4. Order in which meat, meat meal, or corn occurred in the ingredient list was not statistically correlated to cost per kg (P ≥ 0.33) or concentrations of crude protein (P ≥ 0.35), crude fat (P ≥ 0.13), or crude fiber (P ≥ 0.35). Grain-free formulations cost significantly more than conventional formulations ($2.70 vs. $4.60/kg; P &lt; 0.01). However, there was no effect of formulation on concentrations of crude protein (P = 0.07), crude fat (P = 0.37), or crude fiber (P = 0.44). Results are interpreted to mean that, despite claims to the contrary, order of ingredients in a formulation have no observable effect on the nutritive value, but large effects on cost, of commercially-available dog food.
PSIII-41 Fecal characteristics and metabolite concentrations of cats fed a high-protein, high-fiber diet after spay surgery
Authors: Lee Anne H , Iwazaki Eiji , He Fei , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Dietary fiber and protein concentrations can impact large intestinal fermentation and metabolite concentrations, consequently affecting gastrointestinal health and fecal characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary intervention on fecal characteristics and metabolite concentrations of cats after spay surgery. Twenty healthy female cats (mean age=9.5±0.1 months) were used in a 29-wk longitudinal study. After a 5-wk baseline phase being fed a moderate-protein, moderate-fiber (MPMF) diet, sixteen cats were spayed and randomly allotted to the MPMF diet (n = 8) or a high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF) diet (n = 8) and fed for 24wk. Remaining cats (n = 4) were sham-operated and fed the MPMF diet. Cats were fed to maintain BW the first 12wk, then fed up to twice that amount for another 12wk to measure changes in fecal characteristics and metabolite concentrations when allowed to overeat. Fresh fecal samples were collected before surgery (wk0) and 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24wk after surgery for fecal score, pH and metabolite measurements. Fecal pH was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in HPHF cats than MPMF and sham cats. Sham cats generally had greater (P &lt; 0.05) fecal total SCFA, acetate, butyrate, total BCFA and phenol concentrations than HPHF cats. HPHF cats also had lower (P &lt; 0.01) fecal valerate, but higher (P &lt; 0.01) fecal indole concentrations than MPMF and sham cats. Significant time effects (P &lt; 0.01) were observed for fecal score, pH, acetate, butyrate, propionate, total SCFA, isobutyrate, isovalerate, valerate, total BCFA, 4-ethylphenol, indole, total indole and phenols, and ammonia. Some treatment*time effects (P &lt; 0.05) were observed for fecal pH, isovalerate, ammonia, butyrate, valerate, BCFA, and indole. Our results suggest that dietary protein and fiber concentrations affect the fecal characteristics and metabolite profiles of cats. Future studies should evaluate the microbiota affected to determine which groups are responsible and what these changes mean to feline health.
PSIII-18 Protein efficiency ratios of various dried chicken, egg, and pea proteins used in diets for dogs and cats
Authors: Dainton Amanda N , Zurschmiede Josephine M , Beyer R Scott 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Various ingredients from both animal and plant sources are used to supply indispensable amino acids in pet foods. The proportion and availability of the limiting amino acids is critical when formulating nutritionally complete diets. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the protein quality of chicken, egg, and pea protein sources using one-day-old broiler chicks as a model. Dietary treatments contained 10% of the protein from spray dried granulated egg powder (SPDEG), spray dried chicken protein isolate (SDCPI), various spray dried chicken proteins (1SDCP, 2SDCP, and P3547), spray dried partially hydrolyzed chicken (SDPHC), spray dried organic chicken protein (SDOCP), spray dried partially hydrolyzed organic chicken (SDHOC), pea protein isolate (PPIHG), a 50:50 blend of PPIHG and SDCPI (PPCPB), or spray dried egg white (HSDEW). A negative control diet (NEGC) contained no added protein source. After seven days acclimation on a starter diet, chicks were grouped by weight into 48 pens with 6 chicks per pen. Treatments were randomly assigned to pens with battery (n = 2) as a blocking factor. Feed consumption and body weight were measured after nine days of feeding experimental diets. Amino acid and proximate composition of each protein source were also analyzed. Treatment means were separated using statistical analysis software (GLIMMIX; SAS 9.4) with significance at P &lt; 0.05. The SDGEP (5.32) had the highest (P &lt; 0.05) protein efficiency ratio value (PER). PPCPB had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) PER than PPIHG (4.02 vs. 1.92); whereas the SDOCP (4.52), SDHOC (4.56), and SDPHC (4.10) did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) in PER from 1SDCP (4.44), 2SDCP (4.52), and P3547 (4.47). In conclusion, PER of pea protein was improved by blending with dried chicken protein isolate and the organic and hydrolyzed chicken products were comparable to non-organic non-hydrolyzed chicken protein products.
PSI-8 Comparison of heat stress behaviour between different Canadian Bos taurus cattle breeds using unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Mufford Justin , Church John S , Reudink Matt , Rakobowchuk Mark , Bell Carmen , Rasmussen Stefany 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Heat stress is an emerging cause of mortality and production loss in Bos taurus beef cattle production in North America. Despite the recent occurrence of extreme heat events in Canadian pastures and feedlots, there is very little heat stress research conducted in Canadian settings. The purpose of this study was to develop a non-invasive method to compare behavioral and physiological indices of heat stress between different Canadian cattle breeds. We used thermal imagery acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to compare surface temperatures between two colour variants of Black Angus x Canadian Speckle Park calves on pasture. The mean back surface temperature for dark variants (n = 5) was 38.6 °C (SD = 4.9), whereas for light variants (n = 7) it was 31.3 °C (SD = 3.4). In the subsequent summer, we compared respiration rates between breeds varying in coat colour while in feedlot pens, including Black Angus, Red Angus, Hereford, Simmental, Charolais, the new Canadian Speckle Park composite breed and their various cross breeds. We recorded 4K video of cattle with a UAV positioned at nadir directly overhead at a height of ~10–15 m; respiratory behavior was analyzed later using Observer XT software. The mean respiration rate in breaths per minute (BPM) for black coated cattle (110 BPM, SD = 19) and red coated cattle (105 BPM, SD = 20) was higher than white coated cattle (94 BPM, SD = 21). We conclude that dark-coated cattle show heightened responses to hot temperatures due to increased absorption of solar radiation at the coat; as a result, dark-coated cattle are likely more susceptible to heat-stress related production losses than light-coated cattle under temperate summer weather conditions. We further conclude that UAVs are a novel and non-invasive tool to study cattle heat stress behavior in feedlot and pasture settings.
PSI-3 Effect of stage of maturity of forage pea cultivar (Pisium sativum L.) in hay on palatability, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef cattle
Authors: Pursley Alex , Biligetu Bill , Warkentin Tom , Lardner Bart 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay on DMI, eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef heifers. Pea hay was harvested at early, mid, and late stages of maturity. Early was defined as observing flat pods at one or more nodes. Mid stage was defined as seeds filling the pods at one or more nodes and leaves beginning to turn from green to gold. Late stage was defined as yellow, dry seeds filling pods on most or all of the nodes, with a yellow color to the leaves and pods. Six ruminally-cannulated Speckle Park heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 18-d periods with pea hay included at 40% of the dietary DM. Stage of maturity did not affect DMI or ruminal total SCFA concentration with averages of 3.2 kg/d and 96.55 mM, respectively. Time spent ruminating decreased with advancing maturity when reported as min/d, min/kg DMI, and min/kg NDF (P ≤ 0.01). Mean ruminal pH also decreased with advancing pea maturity (P &lt; 0.01). The ruminal DM and uNDFOM pools were not affected by stage maturity (P ≥ 0.55). While the rate of digestion for NDF was not affected, NDF passage rate decreased by 0.21 %/h with advancing maturity (P = 0.02). Apparent total tract digestibility of NDF (average = 16.30%, P = 0.41) was not affected but starch digestibility tended to decrease from 96.10 to 93.08% with advancing maturity (P = 0.07). Overall, stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay does not appear to impact DMI, fermentation, or digestibility.
PSI-1 Effects of source and level of inclusion of engineered biocarbon in a total mixed beef cattle diet on in vitro methane emissions and fermentation parameters
Authors: Tamayao Paul , Ominski Kim , Ribeiro Gabriel , McGeough Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated seven different engineered biocarbon products supplied at three levels (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/ml inoculum) to determine their effects on total gas, methane production, and fermentation parameters when added to a barley silage-based diet. The biocarbon sources were derived from either coconut (CP001 and CP014) or pine (CP002, CP015, CP016, CP023, CP024) and differed in their physical properties and chemical composition. The coconut biocarbon sources were lower in pore space, particle size distribution and surface area but higher in bulk density than the pine products. The control consisted of only the barley-silage diet. The in vitro batch culture jars were incubated for 24 h at 39°C at the above inclusion levels in 0.5 g of diet. Gas samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h and DM disappearance, pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations post incubation were measured. Data were analysed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a randomized complete block design with treatment and rate as fixed effects and run and replicate as random effects. Total gas production was not affected by source of biocarbon (P = 0.85) and inclusion rate (P = 0.91). Cumulative methane (ml/g DM) had no response to biocarbon addition (P = 0.40) at any inclusion level (P = 0.48). Additionally, concentration of total VFA was not affected by treatment (P = 0.31) or inclusion rates (P = 0.25). NH3-N concentrations responded quadratically (P &lt; 0.001) to all types of biocarbon. Higher inclusion rates of biocarbon linearly (P &lt; 0.002) decreased feed digestibility, particularly the coconut-based biocarbon sources CP001 and CP014. In conclusion, supplementation of biocarbon to a TMR diet did not reduce methane emissions, but at higher levels of inclusion diet digestibility was negatively affected.
PSVII-9 Agronomic characteristics and nutrient composition of purple prairie clover grown under irrigated and dryland conditions
Authors: Wang Yuxi , Iwaasa Alan , Xu Zhong-Jun , Acharya Surya , McAllister Tim 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Dry matter (DM) yield, nutrient composition, and in vitro digestibility of three populations (Common, AC Lamour, Bismarck) of purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) were determined in a 3-year study. Test plots of the populations were established in the 1st year under irrigation and dryland and whole plants were harvested at vegetative, full flower and late flower stages for determination of DM yield and nutritional characteristics in the 2nd and 3rd year. Only one cut per season was achieved for all populations under both growing conditions. The DM yield was similar among the three populations but irrigated land yielded higher (P &lt; 0.01) DM than dryland in both years. The average DM yields (kg/ha; mean±SD) at the vegetative, full flower and late flower stages were 4739±1431, 4988±1547 and 6715±1580 under irrigation and 1423±479, 2014±348 and 2297±942 under dryland. Nutrient composition (organic matter, protein, neutral and acid detergent fibres and minerals) was similar among the three populations. Protein content was higher (P &lt; 0.01) but neutral and acid detergent fibre content was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in plants grown under irrigation than on dryland. Condensed tannin concentration was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in plants grown under dryland than under irrigation. In vitro organic matter digestibility was higher (P &lt; 0.05) for PPC grown under irrigation than on dryland. The PPC was readily established on both dry and irrigated land with comparable nutrient content to that of alfalfa and sainfoin under the similar growing conditions. Purple prairie clover has potential as an alternative legume forage, but its yearly yield is substantially lower than conventional legume forages.
PSVIII-10 Effects of early intervention by fecal microbiota transplantation combined probiotics on the growth performance, intestinal barrier and immunity function, and gut microbiota in sucking piglets
Authors: Xiang Quanhang , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of early gut colonization by fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics intervention on growth performance, immunity function, and gut health of piglets. A total of 121 pregnant sows were divided into 6 groups with average parity of 3.66 ± 1.34. After delivery, piglets of group AB were treated with antibiotics at age of 3-day. Piglets of group CON were gavaged with PBS. The remaining four treatment groups, FMT, FMT+C, FMT+S, and FMT+C+S, the piglets were gavaged with fecal suspension, fecal suspension with C. butyricum, fecal suspension with S. boulardii, and fecal suspension with C. butyricum and S.boulardii, respectively, with the frequency of once daily in the first 3 days. All the piglets were weaned at age of 21 day. The individual body weight of piglets were weighed weekly, blood samples and fecal samples were collected weekly. At the end of study, the ADG and diarrhea rate were caculated. FMT+C+S and FMT could increased piglets 21-day-old weight (P &lt; 0.01), and FMT+C+S could increased ADG (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased diarrhea rate (P &lt; 0.05). Early antibiotics exposure for health care has no positive effect on growth performance and diarrhea. FMT, FMT+S and FMT+C+S improved fecal sIgA and plasma IgG of 14-day-old piglets (P &lt; 0.05). FMT+C+S decreased the concentration of plasma DAO and D-LA, and increased fecal MUC2 content, so that the intestinal barrier was enhanced. The early intervention of FMT combined with C. butyricum and S. boulardii reduced the abundance of E. coli, and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. In addition, it also increases the production of intestinal short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, these data indicated that early intervention with FMT combined C. butyricum and S. boulardii could improve the growth performance, immune responses, and gut function of sucking piglets.
PSVII-17 The relationship of biochemistry of seminal plasma, ejaculate volume and sperm concentration in horses
Authors: Atroshchenko Michail , Nikitkina Elena , Kalashnikov Valerii , Zaitcev Aleksander , Zvyagina Valentina , Fomina Maria , Kudlaeva Anna , Musidray Artem , Plemyashov Kirill 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of the work was to study the relationship between biochemistry of seminal plasma with the ejaculate volume and the concentration of spermatozoa. Ejaculates from 35 stallions aged 5 to 15 were collected during the breeding season (February–May). The concentration of calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and lithium (Li) in seminal plasma were determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP) using an mass spectrometer Elan 9000 (Perkin Elmer, USA) and an atomic emission spectrometer Optima 2000V (Perkin Elmer,USA). The concentration of glucose, phospholipids, aspartate-amino-transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AIP) was determined by ChemWell 2902V analyzer (Awareness Technology, USA). The significance of differences between the indices was determined using Student’s t-test, the differences at P ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A significant negative correlation between the volume of ejaculate and concentration of Se (r = -0.42; P = 0.01), P (r =-0.39; P = 0.001), AIP (r = -0.48; P = 0.01), Zn (r = -0.40; P = 0.01), Li (r = -0.39; P = 0.02), phospholipids (= -0.52; P = 0.03) in seminal plasma was established. A correlation between the concentration of sperm and the concentration of P (r = 0.71; P = 0.01), Se (r = 0.39; P = 0.02), Li (r = 0.33; P = 0.05), AIP (r = 0.81; P = 0.001) in seminal plasma was established. Also a negative correlation between the concentration of sperm and glucose (r = -0.62; P = 0.01) was found. We assumed that selenium, zinc, phosphorus, lithium, phospholipids and AIP in seminal plasma have an epididymal origin and do not depend on the secretion of the accessory sex glands. Glucose enters the ejaculate with the secrets of the accessory sex glands. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 17-16-01109, development program of Bioresource collections “Cryobank of genetic recourses the All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding.”
PSXIV-5 Results of external use of staphylococcal toxoid for the prevention of mastitis in cows
Authors: Kashtanova Dariya , Skopichev Valerii G , Alistratova Flura , Polistovskaia Polina A , Panova Nataliya A , Vasil’eva Svetlana , Anipchenko Polina , Olga Dushenina , Vasil’ev Roman , Pilaeva Nina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Mastitis in cows in the farms of the Russian Federation cause great economic damage. Economic losses include the cost of treating cows and the cost of recycled milk. In the farms of the North-West region of the Russian Federation mastitis occurs in 20–30% of lactating cows. An important task is to find effective ways to prevent mastitis. The task of our research included the study of the effectiveness of external use of staphylococcal toxoid. For the experiment, 2 experimental groups of dry cows of 10 animals each were formed. For the first group of cows, 5 days before the expected date of calving, an ointment containing staphylococcal toxoid and dimethyl sulfoxide was applied to the area of the milk mirror. Udder treatment was performed once a day for five days. Cows of the second group were immunized with Starvac® vaccine in accordance with the instructions, twice during the dry period. The third group of cows (n = 20) was the control. After calving, the concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum was examined in all cows. In cows of the first group, the concentration of immunoglobulins G, M and A in colostrum was 8.59 ± 0.9; 1.1 ± 0.13 and 5.42 ± 0.9 g / l, respectively. The concentration of immunoglobulins in cows of the first group was higher, on average, by 1.3–2.0 times in comparison with cows that were given the Starvac vaccine. In comparison with the control group, the growth of all classes of immunoglobulins was determined by 2.2 - 5.2 times (P &lt; 0.01). The results obtained showed high efficacy of external use of staphylococcal toxoid together with dimethisulfoxide.
PSIV-B-32 Late-Breaking: Consistency of industry related terminology utilized in assessment questions across instructors of an introductory animal science course
Authors: Burnett Kirstin M , Frenzel Leslie , Ramsey Wesley S , Dunlap Kathrin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The consistency of instruction between various sections of introductory courses is a concern in higher education, along with properly preparing students to enter careers in industry. The study was conducted at Texas A&M University, using an introductory course, General Animal Science, within the Department of Animal Science. This course was chosen due to the utilization of specific animal science industry related terminology within the course content in support of learning outcomes. The study was a quantitative nonexperimental research method that was conducted over a single semester in 2018. General Animal Science is a large-scale course that contains multiple sections, and this study evaluated assessments created by individual faculty members who instructed different sections, Section A and Section B. These sections were selected as they were composed of both animal science majors and non-majors. Section A had a significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001) number of majors versus non-majors than Section B. Assessment questions were collected from all examinations and quizzes distributed throughout the semester and were compiled into a single document for coding. These specific terms were chosen from literature to provide a benchmark for a potential relationship between student performance on questions containing industry related terminology as opposed to those that do not. Comparing the use of specific industry coded terminology in assessment questions yielded no significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) between the two instructors or sections. These findings demonstrate consistent use of benchmarked industry related terminology in assessment questions across multiple sections, irrespective of individual instructor or student major. This provides a necessary foundation for future analysis of student performance.