bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of a Nosocomial Outbreak of COVID-19 in a University Hospital
Authors: Harada Sei , Uno Shunsuke , Ando Takayuki , Iida Miho , Takano Yaoko , Ishibashi Yoshiki , Uwamino Yoshifumi , Nishimura Tomoyasu , Takeda Ayano , Uchida Sho , Hirata Aya , Sata Mizuki , Matsumoto Minako , Takeuchi Ayano , Obara Hideaki , Yokoyama Hirokazu , Fukunaga Koichi , Amagai Masayuki , Kitagawa Yuko , Takebayashi Toru , Hasegawa Naoki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundNosocomial spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes clusters of infection among high-risk individuals. Controlling this spread is critical to reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. We describe an outbreak of COVID-19 in Keio University Hospital, Japan, and its control and propose effective control measures.MethodsWhen an outbreak was suspected, immediate isolation and thorough polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of patients and health care workers (HCWs) using an in-house system, together with extensive contact tracing and social distancing measures, were conducted. Nosocomial infections (NIs) were defined as having an onset or positive test after the fifth day of admission for patients and having high-risk contacts in our hospital for HCWs. We performed descriptive analyses for this outbreak.ResultsBetween March 24 and April 24, 2020, 27 of 562 tested patients were confirmed positive, of whom 5 (18.5%) were suspected as NIs. For HCWs, 52 of 697 tested positive, and 40 (76.9%) were considered NIs. Among transmissions, 95.5% were suspected of having occurred during the asymptomatic period. Large-scale isolation and testing at the first sign of outbreak terminated NIs. The number of secondary cases directly generated by a single primary case found before March 31 was 1.74, compared with 0 after April 1. Only 4 of 28 primary cases generated definite secondary infection; these were all asymptomatic.ConclusionsViral shedding from asymptomatic cases played a major role in NIs. PCR screening of asymptomatic individuals helped clarify the pattern of spread. Immediate large-scale isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing measures were essential to containing outbreaks.
Chapter 4
Authors: Glancy Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Archie Leach’s struggle to establish himself in show business during the years 1922 to 1927 is discussed in Chapter 4. He was able to find work as an acrobat and, now in the Lomas Troupe, he continued touring in vaudeville throughout North America. However, with no experience of speaking on stage, he found it difficult to find any other form of stage work. To make ends meet, he took a job on the Coney Island boardwalk, advertising Steeplechase amusement park by stilt-walking outside the park’s entrance. In 1924, his maturing, handsome good looks caught the eye of writer-producer Jean Dalrymple, who gave him his first speaking role, in the vaudeville playlet The Woman Pays (1924), a show he toured with this show for 14 months. It was also during these years that he became friends with the future costume designer Jack Kelly (who would become known as Orry-Kelly). Drawing on Orry-Kelly’s recently published autobiography, Women I’ve Undressed (2016), the chapter discusses the friendship between Archie and Jack, concluding that it was not, as suggested in the documentary Women He’s Undressed (2015), a romantic or sexual one.
Chapter 6
Authors: Glancy Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In December 1931, Archie Leach became Cary Grant when he signed a contract with Paramount Studios in Hollywood. This chapter explores the legends behind his star origins, including his reasons for going to Hollywood, his first screen test, and how his new name was chosen. The chapter discusses the nature of the Hollywood studio system generally and Paramount in particular. It reveals that Grant took acting classes alongside Randolph Scott and George Raft at Paramount’s own drama school, and that this training scarcely prepared him for his earliest film roles in This is the Night (1932), Sinners in the Sun (1932), Merrily We Go to Hell (1932), and Devil and the Deep (1932).
Chapter 9
Authors: Glancy Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 explores the Paramount publicity campaign that cast Cary Grant and Randolph Scott as Hollywood’s most eligible bachelors, and it details Grant’s return visit to Bristol in 1933. While Grant appeared in weak films such as Alice in Wonderland (1933) and Born to Be Bad (1934), the studio attempted to build his name with publicity photographs that pictured him with Scott in the home that they shared. These photographs have been mistaken in recent times (and by previous biographers) as private snapshots revealing that the two men were lovers. In fact, the photographs were commissioned by Paramount, and they were carefully staged to appeal to the many women readers of film fan magazines, where they appeared many times in the mid-1930s. Grant’s return to Bristol, meanwhile, was one of the most tumultuous episodes in his life. The trip was meant to be a triumphant homecoming accompanied by his best friend (Scott) and his fiancé (Virginia Cherrill). However, his father took this opportunity to reveal that his mother was still alive, and that she had been in the asylum for nearly 19 years. Grant himself was hospitalized for several weeks after this revelation, although the nature of his illness remains a mystery. On release, he married Cherrill in a hasty ceremony in London, and returned to Hollywood to resume his career.
Chapter 16
Authors: Glancy Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In September 1939, the outbreak of war between Britain and Germany placed Cary Grant in a difficult position. He had been living in the USA for all of his adult life, but because he was known to be British, the British press put pressure on him to return and serve in the military. He resisted this, and instead threw himself into his work. Two of his finest comedies were made over the next year. One was My Favourite Wife (1940), which reunited the principal talents behind The Awful Truth. Irene Dunne co-starred, and Leo McCarey produced and co-wrote the film. The result was a very similar yet also very entertaining screwball comedy. The other was The Philadelphia Story (1940), Grant’s third film with director George Cukor and his fourth film with co-star Katharine Hepburn. A marvellously sophisticated screwball comedy, the film also benefits from a third co-star, James Stewart. The Howards of Virginia (1940), a historical film set during the American Revolutionary period, was much less successful, and Grant’s attempt to play a backwoods pioneer was not well received. In his personal life, meanwhile, he began seeing the Woolworths heiress Barbara Hutton, who was well known as the richest woman in the world. Despite their very different backgrounds, they fell in love very quickly, and she established a home in Hollywood in order to be near him.
Chapter 24
Authors: Glancy Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In later years, Cary Grant would claim that he did retire in the early 1950s. In fact, he had only an 18 month hiatus between films, and during that time he knew that he would return to the screen in Alfred Hitchcock’s To Catch A Thief (1955). Hitchcock not only revived Grant’s career but also brought it into the modern era. All of his future films would be made in Technicolor and in a widescreen format, and all would feature location shooting in a spectacular setting. With To Catch A Thief, he found his favourite leading lady, Grace Kelly, and enjoyed a summer of filming with friends Alfred and Alma Hitchcock on location in the south of France. The Pride and the Passion (1956) was an epic historical drama filmed on location in Spain, where Grant fell deeply in love with his co-star Sophia Loren. The bittersweet love story An Affair to Remember (1957), co-starring Deborah Kerr, was filmed on location in Manhattan. Remarkably, the film’s producers tried to convince Grant that the setting should be changed to San Francisco, but he insisted on filming in Manhattan, citing the scene atop the Empire State Building as a crucial element of the film. He was correct. The scene is now considered iconic, and the film has become a perennially popular classic.
Introduction
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of the history of the early modern Reformed doctrine of the covenant of works. It first defines the doctrine and then provides a state of the question through a survey of relevant secondary literature. After the state of the question, the chapter states the book’s main aim, which is to present an overview of the origins, development, and reception of the covenant of works. In contrast to critics of the doctrine, this book stands within another strand of historiography that sees the covenant of works as a legitimate development of ideas present in the early church, middle ages, and Reformation periods. The chapter then lays out the topics of each of following chapters: the Reformation, Robert Rollock, Jacob Arminius, James Ussher, John Cameron and Edward Leigh, The Westminster Standards, the Formula Consensus Helvetica, Thomas Boston, and the Twentieth Century.
The Reformation
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the Reformation views by first tracing the patristic and medieval origins of the doctrine of the covenant of works. It shows that the idea of an Adamic covenant was not an invention of the sixteenth century but has origins in inter-testamental Judaism, which Christian theologians such as St. Augustine picked up. It also originated from translations of Hosea 6:7. It also explores the doctrine’s advocates among sixteenth-century Roman Catholic theologians and then key Reformed theologians. The chapter shows that key building blocks of the doctrine were present in first generation reformers that later developed into the covenant of works. The later tradition did not, therefore, deviate from the earlier tradition but built upon ideas that were originally present.
Robert Rollock
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the contribution of Scottish theologian Robert Rollock through several of his key works. Rollock develops the doctrine of works exegetically but also in likely reliance on insights from a Roman Catholic theologian, Ambrogio Catharinus. Rollock is the first to advocate a fully federal doctrine of the covenant of works that impacted future formulations of the doctrine. The chapter therefore reveals that the doctrine was not purely a Reformed novelty but has broader, catholic, roots—catholic in the sense that Reformed theologians looked to the broader universal church as they wrote theology. The chapter also shows that Rollock was engaged in significant exegetical work, which was a source for his doctrine. Both his exegetical and theological works were influential upon the later Reformed tradition.
Pride
Authors: Mills Claudia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Pride is philosophically puzzling because it seems to be both vice and virtue, identified with arrogance and conceit on the one hand and with staunch self-respect on the other. This chapter argues that pride is more justified if it is based on things that are truly valuable and beneficial to others (such as good character) rather than things that are of only (dubious) value for oneself, such as wealth and social position; it is more justified if it is connected with things for which the proud person can claim personal responsibility rather than the accidental products of nature or nurture. An important distinction can also be drawn between relative pride in one’s comparative superiority to others versus absolute pride in one’s dignity as a human being; the former fosters competition and can reinforce political and economic hierarchies; the latter fosters cooperation and challenges oppressive social structures.
Self-Knowledge
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter is a discussion of value of self-knowledge and the role that reflection plays in its acquisition. It employs the title character in Jane Austen’s Emma as an illustration of the importance of reflection in people understanding themselves and developing self-trust. It argues that appropriate self-trust is a virtue in Aristotle’s sense. The person with the virtue of self-trust employs self-doubt effectively, avoiding both insufficient and excessive confidence in her own judgment. The chapter shows how Emma uses reflection as a way of correcting her own tendency toward overconfidence, enabling her to have greater self-knowledge and hence, greater self-trust. The chapter explains how reflection conducive to self-knowledge and self-trust is a skill and argues that it is a skill worth acquiring.
Logic
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks whether there is any such thing as feminist logic. It defines feminism and logic, and then goes on to present and evaluate four possible views, introducing and critiquing the work of Andrea Nye, Val Plumwood, and Susan Stebbing. It argues that Stebbing’s approach—on which feminism is one among many political applications of logic—is correct, but that feminist logic could do more, by providing a formal framework for the study of social hierarchies, much as it presently provides a formal framework for the study of numbers and similarity rankings among possible worlds.
Doubt
Authors: Chung Julianne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Might doubt and uncertainty sometimes be good, rather than bad? Is it possible to wonder whether self-confidence, self-knowledge, and decisiveness are really as uniformly excellent as some people make them out to be? Are there times that people shouldn’t be so sure of themselves, or should be uncertain or otherwise skeptical about whether they know what they’re doing and why, or whether they know the things that they think they do? Should they perhaps even be skeptical in this way most, if not all, of the time? This chapter discusses these questions in connection with three types of skeptical arguments discussed in the history of philosophy, elucidating how they can also be used to induce some measure of doubt about (almost) any claim to know that could be imagined. Following that, it concludes by explaining how encouraging extensive—or perhaps even universal—doubt or skepticism might help people to live more flourishing lives.
Science
Authors: Smith Subrena E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Anna Morandi was the foremost anatomist in eighteenth-century Bologna. Although her work was widely recognized as exceptional by the scientists of her day, she was not granted the standing of a scientist. In this chapter, the author uses Morandi as a case study to illuminate aspects of the philosophy of science. In particular, the chapter addresses conceptions of scientific objectivity and the role of social values in science, drawing on the work of Helen Longino. In addition to the phenomena described by Longino, the author argues that social values enter into science and impact scientific research by determining how individuals are positioned in scientific communities, or excluded from them.
Technology
Authors: Zebrowski Robin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores broad questions in the philosophy of technology, situating the discipline among a set of questions and approaches aimed at being understandable by a nonspecialist audience. It begins by inquiring into the very concept of technology, pointing out that many commonplace and mundane items count as technology and are worthy of philosophical examination, but then focuses largely on emerging technologies in the abstract. Some of the questions explored here include ways that human bodies interact with various kinds of technologies, the nature of artificial intelligence, and the political and social effects of various sorts of algorithmic biases. These issues are explored as metaphysical, epistemological, and ethical questions, offering concrete ways that philosophical methods and materials can help make progress on real, pressing problems.
Art
Authors: Locke Patricia M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The philosopher Hannah Arendt carefully distinguishes between labor, which is necessarily repetitious (like doing laundry), and work, which like art-making and philosophical thinking, can be creative and long-lasting. By looking closely at and comparing the paintings of Berthe Morisot and Agnes Martin, it is possible to draw out the philosophical meaning of the experience of art works. Their paintings have an affinity with thinking, with respect to free play and coherent harmony, rather than with cognition, which applies already achieved patterns to problem-solving. By contrast, art offers ways of knowing that make thinking and wordless feelings visible to us. While we look at their practices of making, or one’s practices of attention, the artwork stands as a unique thing that helps make a human world.
Credibility
Authors: Poole Monica C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Credibility is unfairly deflated and inflated in relation to other power dynamics, including misogyny. Various techniques are used to discredit unwelcome truths of women and girls, including dismissing their knowledge as trivial, and discrediting them as too emotional (or hysterical) to be reliable sources. Social credibility deflation can lead to self-doubt; consider gaslighting, where one person erodes another’s confidence in their ability to accurately perceive reality, making them doubt their own credibility. The chapter concludes by discussing feminist epistemologies of resistance, highlighting theories of Patricia Hill Collins, José Medina, and Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui and inviting the reader to take part in a pluralistic dialogue reimagining credibility. This chapter is anchored by the story of Cassandra: the god Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy, then requested that she have sex with him. When she declined, he cursed her credibility: she would speak prophetic truths, but nobody would believe her.
Language
Authors: Camp Elisabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Words are used for many things: to describe, to plan and promise, to invite and command. They are also used to wound—to demean, insult, and exclude. The fact that words can have such potent, pernicious effects is puzzling, because they are, after all, just words. As the schoolyard chant goes, “Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me.” Words do hurt though—not only one’s feelings, but one’s social status, even one’s basic dignity as a human being. How can sounds and shapes do all that? Many philosophers have thought of language as a kind of game. Both games and language are complex, abstract structures that are deployed strategically to achieve serious goals, as well as for fun. Thinking through these similarities can illuminate how something so intangible can have such powerful effects. And seeing how people wield that power for malicious ends can reveal how to turn the tables and fight back.
Gender
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What is gender? This chapter addresses this question by drawing on literary and imaginative resources rather than philosophical argument or dictionary definitions. To illuminate gender in the present, the author uses the parable of Height Society where Talls and Shorts stand in for the gender binary. The author also borrows from The Left Hand of Darkness by renowned science fiction writer Ursula LeGuin to spark thinking about future possibilities of gender beyond the binary. Throughout, the author discusses the history of gender binary language and proposes a social constructivist view of gender. Differences between gender and sex are explained, and the author explains the importance of intersexual approaches to the topic of gender as well.
Recognition
Authors: Chu Shanti 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Being multiracial can be a contradictory experience characterized by misperception and a lack of agency; however, embracing multiple identities can constitute an internal revolution of consciousness. This internal revolution of consciousness cannot occur without a societal recognition of multiracial identity. There needs to be a substantive social understanding of multiracial identity in order for true recognition to occur. Frida Kahlo’s The Two Fridas serves as an opening anecdote to this chapter as it illustrates multiplicity, which can characterize multiracial consciousness. Racial identity and multiracial identity are explored through Linda Alcoff’s Visible Identities, which also establishes the need for a substantive social understanding of mixed-race identity. An internal revolution of consciousness can be developed through Sarah Ahmed’s notion of queerness in Queer Phenomenology and Gloria Anzaldúa’s notion of mestiza consciousness in Borderlands: La Frontera. The parallels between queerness and a mixed-race consciousness are further explored in this chapter to embody new ways of being and seeing the world.
Anger
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Medusa trope depicts women who are angry as having no real reason for being angry, since more often than not, they are not really victims. It also depicts such angry women as dangerous, and society concludes that these angry, blameworthy women must be conquered and controlled through patriarchal norms, laws, expectations, and hostility. This chapter describes the reality of such a trope for many women and girls. It then discusses some implications of it, particularly the urge for women and girls to escape features of the trope in order to escape being conquered and controlled. The author also wonders to what extent it is possible to escape the trope, and offers some reasons for why women should not escape it, even if they could. The chapter concludes by arguing why and how women and girls can embrace the Medusa trope as a form of resistance against sexism and misogyny.
Courage
Authors: Garchar Kimberly K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to demarcate and specify the virtue of courage. The author begins by providing an explication of what she takes to be aspects of the human condition: relatedness and fallibility. The author then suggests a reconceptualized framework for courage, given the constraints of human nature. She argues that courage works as a foundational virtue, and the practice of courage includes and grounds the practices of other virtues, including care. The author argues that courage has two necessary components: empathetic recognition and active response. A courageous person has practiced and is attuned to the needs of others empathetically, but she also acts to meet those needs. Finally, there is an aspect of justice incorporated in courageous acts; courage often arises to meliorate suffering, which may well be caused by various forms of oppression and require a just response.
Drive
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers a close analysis of Fichte’s second foundational argument in the System of Ethics, his deduction of the moral law’s applicability in §§4–13. The discussion begins by clarifying the sense in which Fichte’s first deduction, from §§1–3, was ‘formal and empty’ and so did not yet establish the reality of the moral law. It is here that Fichte introduces his claim that what we call our lower and higher capacities of desire are but mere expressions of a single drive, what he calls our ‘original drive’ (Urtrieb), which becomes divided only in reflection. The aim of this chapter is to show how Fichte’s theory of drives culminates in his theory of our higher capacity of feeling, or what he calls our power of conscience, which completes the second main deduction of the System of Ethics.