bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with the Success Rate of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography with Standard Technique followed by Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in the Management of Choledocholithiasis: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Konsue Chayanon , Eurboonyanun Chalerm , Ruangwannasak Somchai , Eurboonyanun Kulyada , Srisuk Tharatip , Satitkarnmanee Egapong , Aphinives Potchavit , Sripanuskul Anan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background Choledocholithiasis is the most common benign biliary disease. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been the first-line therapy in recent years, although laparoscopic common bile duct exploration has promising results. This retrospective study aimed to define the factors associated with biliary clearance by standard ERCP technique and conversion rate of LC.
Materials and Methods We retrospectively evaluated the records of 217 choledocholithiasis patients who had undergone ERCP with stone removal by the standard technique from 2010 to 2018. A failed ERCP was defined when the first ERCP session could not remove the stones . The number of patients who later underwent open cholecystectomy or LC was also recorded. Conversion was defined when LC had to be converted OC.
Statistical Analysis Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of continuous variables. Nominal variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Binary logistic regression was performed for multivariate analysis.
Results The rate of successful biliary clearance was 81.1%. Of the patients, 109 (50.2%) had difficult stones. Increasing age (p = 0.004), increasing number (p = 0.001), and increasing size of stone (p < 0.001) were the three significant factors that were associated with the failure of biliary clearance. The difficult stone group had a higher failure rate of ERCP and a higher conversion rate of LC compared with the easy stone group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively).
Conclusions ERCP with the standard technique is a highly effective and safe management option for patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones. The difficult stone group was found to be an independent risk factor that affected the success rate of both ERCP and the following LC. Difficult stone criteria should be assessed to identify a patient who might benefit from laparoscopic CBD exploration.
Limiting spectral and angular characteristics of multilayer relief – phase diffraction microstructures
Authors: Greisukh G.I. , Ezhov E.G. , Antonov A.I. , Danilov V.A. , Usievich B.A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Methods for estimating the parameters of relief – phase diffraction microstructures (local and integral Q-factors) are extended to the case of multilayer double-relief sawtooth microstructures, which makes it possible to select the best combinations of optical materials for multilayer microstructures at a very low computational burden. An approach to the study of multilayer microstructures is proposed, based on the combined use of Q-factors and the method of rigorous analysis of coupled waves, which allows one to estimate the limiting spectral and angular characteristics of multilayer microstructures of various types.
Phase-shift speckle-shearing interferometry
Authors: Vishnyakov G.N. , Ivanov A.D. , Levin G.G. , Minaev V.L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We have numerically simulated the process of measuring stress – strain states by the method of speckle-shearing interferometry using the phase-shift technique. A computer model with the possibility of setting its strain and roughness is developed, which includes a model of a diffusely reflecting test object corresponding to the characteristics of a real membrane, as well as a speckle interferometer model that allows speckle interferograms to be obtained for different speckle sizes and angles between interfering beams. The process of reconstructing the object surface topogram from model speckle interferograms by the phase-shift technique is implemented. Using the developed models, a two-dimensional shearogram are obtained, which is a derivative of the strain field of a circular membrane. Comparison of the results of numerical simulation with experimental data shows that the differences (rms deviations) do not exceed 0.02 μm. It is also shown that the error of interferogram reconstruction by the phase-shift technique increases significantly when the test object strains exceed 12 μm.
Holographic wavefront sensors
Authors: Venediktov V.Yu. , Gorelaya A.V. , Krasin G.K. , Odinokov S.B. , Sevryugin A.A. , Shalymov E.V. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A brief historical review of the first designs of holographic wavefront sensors (WFS’s) and the concepts lying in their basis is presented. The main directions in the development of these sensors are highlighted and considered. One of these directions implies a two-stage transition from the use of several separate measuring channels with holograms filtering only one Zernike mode: first to the use of one channel with a multiplexed hologram filtering several first Zernike modes, and then to filtering the entire set of Zernike modes with the aid of one combined multiplexed hologram. Another line of research in this field (related to the first one) is the optimisation of the filter hologram structure in order to reduce cross-modulation interferences, increase multiplexing level, etc. One more line of research implements principles of dynamic holography by introducing spatial light modulators into the WFS composition. Hence, the advantages of time multiplexing of holograms can be used. The approach developed by G. Andersen’s team, aimed at adapting the holographic WFS design for operation as an element of adaptive optical system with a zonal corrector, as well as an approach implying development of hybrid holographic sensors, are considered separately. The results of the authors’ studies of holographic WFS’s with application of the methods of Fourier holography (i.e., holography of focused beams, in particular, using diffuse scatterers in a hologram recording channel) are also reported.
Methods and algorithms for computer synthesis of holographic elements to obtain a complex impulse response of optical information processing systems based on modern spatial light modulators
Authors: Zlokazov E.Yu. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The possibilities of designing optical devices for data processing and imaging based on the manipulation of coherent light beams by means of spatial light modulators (SLMs) are investigated. A review of commercially available SLMs is presented and the limitations of their complex modulation characteristics are analysed. The main problem of using present-day SLMs is the lack of the ability to modulate directly all states within a unit circle in the complex plane. In this regard, the characteristics of current methods for the synthesis of holographic elements are described that implement a given complex impulse response of the optical system and are optimal for using SLMs with purely amplitude, purely phase, and hybrid amplitude – phase modulation.
Features of correlation measurements of the parameters of pulsed hyperspectral optical fields using an asymmetric interferometer
Authors: Kulya M.S. , Katkovnik V.Ya. , Egiazarian K. , Petrov N.V. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Differences in correlation measurements of the parameters of pulsed hyperspectral optical fields using symmetric and asymmetric interferometers are considered. It is shown analytically that the resulting cross-correlation function is sensitive to phase perturbations in the original wave field. The considered setup, which contains a telescopic reflective 4f system of parabolic mirrors in one arm, demonstrates that in the case of an asymmetric interferometer, the presence of aberrations leads to degradation of the reconstructed image, whereas in the case of symmetric interferometers these aberrations do not affect the result.
Three-colour digital holographic microscopy based on a Mach – Zender interferometer and a solid-state RGB laser
Authors: Lyashenko A.I. , Pol’shchikova O.V. , Machikhin A.S. , Vlasova A.G. , Pozhar V.E. , Kozlov A.B. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We have developed a facility for recording colour digital holograms involving a Mach – Zender interferometer and a pulsed solid-state RGB laser, which radiates simultaneously at three wavelengths: 451, 532, and 634 nm. These wavelengths are obtained in the conversion of the radiation of a pulsed Nd3+ : YAG laser (1064 nm), which operates in the regime of intracavity parametric oscillation at a wavelength of 1570 nm, with the subsequent conversion of its frequencies to the red, green, and blue spectral regions in nonlinear KTP-crystal elements. The combination of this three-wavelength pulsed light source with the Mach – Zender interferometer provides the simultaneous recording of three spectral digital holograms with one matrix RGB radiation detector. Pulsed three-colour digital holography shows promise for the analysis of fast processes and rapidly varying colour phase objects.
Bragg grating inscription in photosensitive materials by an optical replication process
Authors: Odinokov S.B. , Zherdev A.Yu. , Shishova M.V. , Solomashenko A.B. , Lushnikov D.S. , Markin V.V. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the feasibility of producing multiplexed Bragg gratings for use as diffractive optical elements (DOEs) by coherent optical replication of a surface-relief phase grating into thick-film photosensitive materials. The use of such DOEs in light guide plates (LGPs) for optical imaging systems ensures energy-efficient light input into and output from LGPs and allows one to minimise their weight and size. We present simulation results for the interference structure fabrication process and recording of a series of multiplexed diffraction gratings in photosensitive materials.
Limiting the number of quantisation levels of a harmonic lens as a method for improving the quality of the generated image
Authors: Skidanov R.V. , Ganchevskaya S.V. , Vasil’ev V.S. , Kazanskiy N.L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The characteristics (modulation transfer functions) of harmonic lenses made by direct laser patterning of resist are experimentally studied. The influence of technological errors in the manufacture of lenses on the formation of the point spread function is modelled for harmonic lenses with 32 and 256 quantisation levels. Direct laser writing is used to produce lenses with these numbers of levels. It is experimentally shown that the modulation transfer function of the harmonic lens with 32 quantisation levels is significantly greater at high spatial frequencies (50 mm−1).
Ostwald ripening in macro- and nanoemulsions
Authors: Koroleva Marina Yu. , Yurtov Evgeny V. 
Published: July 2020

Characteristic features of the Ostwald ripening in oil-in-water and water-in-oil macro- and nanoemulsions are analyzed. Methods for reducing the ripening rate are considered. It is shown that Ostwald ripening is especially relevant for nanoemulsions, and this is often the main process leading to degradation of nanoemulsions, thus limiting their practical applications. Considerable attention is paid to the debatable issue of the role of surfactants in the mass transfer between the droplets of the dispersed phase. Analysis of published sources shows that if the solubility of the dispersed phase substance in the dispersion medium is not extremely low, then the major contribution to Ostwald ripening is made by molecular diffusion. If the solubility of the dispersed phase substance is very low, then micelles and nanodroplets are the most likely carriers of the substances through the dispersion medium. Nanodroplets and slightly larger droplets are formed on the surface of droplets of the starting emulsion because of the interfacial instability (Marangoni effect).
The bibliography includes 204 references.
Extracellular proteolytic cascade in tomato activates immune protease Rcr3
Authors: Paulus Judith K. , Kourelis Jiorgos , Ramasubramanian Selva , Homma Felix , Godson Alice , Hörger Anja C. , Hong Tram Ngoc , Krahn Daniel , Ossorio Carballo Laura , Wang Shuaishuai , Win Joe , Smoker Matthew , Kamoun Sophien , Dong Suomeng , van der Hoorn Renier A. L. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceThe secretion of papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) is an important component of the immune response across the plant kingdom. Here we show that immune protease Rcr3, a secreted PLCP of tomato, is activated by secreted subtilisins, which are common serine proteases in plants. Subtilase P69B activates proRcr3 by cleaving after aspartates in the junction between the autoinhibitory prodomain and the protease domain of the Rcr3 precursor, thereby activating Rcr3. Subtilases of a different subfamily facilitate proRcr3 processing in a tobacco relative, indicating that this proteolytic cascade might be common in plants. Thus, pathogens that secrete subtilisin inhibitors may indirectly prevent the activation of immune proteases.
Panama, the 'affordable exotic destination': planned tourism success and its unplanned consequences.
Authors: Montero Carla Guerrón 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Based on long-term anthropological research with Afro-Antillean populations, this chapter documents how Panamanian governments and tourism mediators have created a thriving tourism industry with positive and detrimental consequences in the country. It is argued that due to its wide variety of cultural, ethnic, geographical and ecological attractions, affordable costs, relative safety and well-developed infrastructure, Panama is considered one of the most captivating tourism destinations in Latin America. Close attention is given to the role of ethnic populations such as indigenous peoples and peoples of African descent as hosts and mediators. It is concluded that tourism development has created few tangible improvements in the lives of ethnic minorities and members of the lower socio-economic strata and therefore has not transformed Panama's profoundly unequal distribution of resources based on class, race and ethnicity.
Peru and Nicaragua: tourism development in post-conflict eras.
Authors: Monterrubio Carlos , Andriotis Konstantinos , Stylidis Dimitrios , Babb Florence E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Based on long-term and local-level ethnographic research, this chapter examines post-conflict tourism in Peru and Nicaragua. It analyses the ways in which both countries attempted to shield visitors from the recent past of conflict, violence and even revolution, and turned instead to cultivating cultural and heritage tourism, as well as other forms of tourism considered safe for tourist consumption. The chapter documents how both countries rebranded themselves as safe and healthy places for travel and advanced plans to bring back tourism after political conflict. It is then argued that when nations are undergoing periods of conflict and instability, tourists might best seek alternative ways to stand in solidarity, as has been true for the countries studied and for others in Latin America.
Coherent gravitational waveforms and memory from cosmic string loops
Authors: Aurrekoetxea Josu C , Helfer Thomas , Lim Eugene A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We construct, for the first time, the time-domain gravitational wave strain waveform from the collapse of a strongly gravitating Abelian Higgs cosmic string loop in full general relativity. We show that the strain exhibits a large memory effect during merger, ending with a burst and the characteristic ringdown as a black hole is formed. Furthermore, we investigate the waveform and energy emitted as a function of string width, loop radius and string tension Gμ. We find that the mass normalized gravitational wave energy displays a strong dependence on the inverse of the string tension E
GW/M
0 ∝ 1/Gμ, with

E

GW

/

M

0

∼
O

(

1

)

%

at the percent level, for the regime where Gμ ≳ 10−3. Conversely, we show that the efficiency is only weakly dependent on the initial string width and initial loop radii. Using these results, we argue that gravitational wave production is dominated by kinematical instead of geometrical considerations.
Monte Carlo simulations of protein micropatterning in biomembranes: effects of immobile nanofeatures with reduced diffusivity
Authors: Arnold Andreas M , Reismann Alexander W A F , Sevcsik Eva , Schütz Gerhard J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nanoscopic features of reduced diffusivity have long been suggested to contribute to plasma membrane heterogeneity. Two prominent examples of this are highly dynamic lipid-mediated assemblies (‘membrane rafts’) and shells of annular lipids surrounding transmembrane proteins. Here, we simulated a micropatterning experiment, where such nanoscopic features are immobilized in specific areas within the live cell plasma membrane. We evaluated the effect of patterned nanofeatures of different sizes and diffusivities on the spatial distribution and two-dimensional mobility of tracer molecules. From this, we derive empirical models that describe the long-range tracer mobility as a function of the nanofeature density. In turn, our results facilitate the determination of nanofeature dimensions from micropatterning experiments.
Parametric investigation of the fluid mechanic performance of an AC dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Grosse Sylvain , Angland David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The aim of this work is to systematically quantify and rank the effects of nine different design parameters on the fluid mechanic abilities of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator supplied with an alternating current. The ranking and quantification not only consider the parameters themselves but also their interactions with each other. In order to perform this ranking, a Design of Experiment approach is used. This allows the most significant design parameters for the thrust generation, power consumption and thrust to power consumed ratio (force efficiency) of DBD actuator performance to be determined in a systematic way. The results show that the thrust generation is driven by the voltage, distance between the electrodes, AC frequency, and geometry of the exposed electrode, in that order. A high voltage and high frequency, with a thin dielectric, a narrow inter-electrode gap, and a thin and narrow air-electrode results in an increase in the thrust generation.The thrust to power ratio of a DBD is employed as a proxy for the fluid mechanic efficiency. The analysis of the force efficiency shows that the voltage, frequency, distance between the electrodes, and geometry of the air electrode have significant effects. The higher force efficiency is obtained for a high voltage, low frequency, short inter-electrode gap, thin dielectric of low permittivity with a narrow and thin exposed electrode. Finally, two actuators are investigated to determine the best scaling laws for the power consumption as a function of voltage and frequency. In these experiments, the power consumption was a function of voltage to the power of 2.5 and frequency to the power of 1.5. This systematic study of the parameters and their interactions allows general guidelines to be obtained for the best fluid mechanic performance of a DBD, viz. its thrust generation and force efficiency.
Water and xenon ECR ion thruster—comparison in global model and experiment
Authors: Nakagawa Yuichi , Koizumi Hiroyuki , Naito Yuki , Komurasaki Kimiya 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Gridded ion thrusters are one of the most commonly used types of electric propulsion, and alternative propellants have been studied for miniature ion thrusters to meet the demand of propulsion systems for micro-/nano-satellites. Water is a candidate as an alternative non-pressurized propellant for a CubeSat thruster. It is consistent with the CubeSat concept of short-term and low-cost development. In this paper, the characteristics of a miniature water ion thruster were compared with those of a xenon one using a global model and experiments. The dependence of the performance on the mass flow rate and the input microwave power was examined, and the effects of dissociation and doubly charged ions were directly measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The estimates on the model were compared against experimental results for both propellants, and the performance of the thruster operating on xenon propellant was compared to the performance operating on water propellant. In the comparison between the estimates and the experimental results, the two differences were discussed: the one between water and xenon and the other from the experimental result in both cases. A performance decrease in the propellant utilization efficiency and the specific impulse cannot be avoided when using water as a propellant in an ion thruster. However, the ion production cost did not increase, and it showed the capability of water ion thruster for CubeSat application taking advantage of safety, low cost, non-pressurized system, and human-friendliness of water when used as a propellant.
Understanding interface properties in 2D heterostructure FETs
Authors: Nagashio Kosuke 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Fifteen years have passed since graphene was first isolated on the substrate from bulk graphite. During that period, two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with intrinsic band gaps have been realized. Although many exciting results have been reported for both their fundamental physics and applications, the discussion of 2D electron device application to the future integrated circuit is still based on the expectation of the inherently high properties that 2D materials ideally possess. This review article focuses on the gate stack property, which is one of most important building blocks in the field effect transistor. Starting from the comparison of the 2D/SiO2 interface properties with the conventional SiO2/Si interface properties, recent advances in the studies of gate stack properties for bilayer graphene and MoS2 field-effect transistors are discussed. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of the 2D heterostructures with 2D insulator of h-BN are emphasized. This review may provide conceptual and experimental approaches for controlling the 2D heterointerface properties.
Research on Variation Law and Prediction Model of Working Viscosity of Salt Resistant Polymer
Authors: Sun Gang , Li Ya , Li Dan , Xia Huifen , Wang Lihui 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using seepage experiments and theoretical methods, the effects of injection fluid viscosity and injection speed on the change of working viscosity of salt-resistant polymers in porous media with different permeability are studied. And developed a working viscosity prediction model. The results show that as the permeability and viscosity of the injection fluid increase, the working viscosity of the salt-resistant polymer in the porous medium increases; as the injection speed increases, the polymer exhibits viscoelasticity, and the working viscosity decreases first and then increases; under the same conditions, the working viscosity of the salt-resistant polymer is higher than that of the ordinary polymer; in the gray correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient of the injection fluid viscosity and working viscosity is 0.958, the permeability is 0.954, and the injection speed is 0.709; a multivariate statistical regression method is used to give a prediction model for the working viscosity of salt-resistant polymers. The average deviation between the predicted value and the actual calculated value is only 4.40%.