bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
73 Nutritional impact of excluding red meat from the Canadian diet
Authors: Gunte Kebebe E , White Robin R , Aukema Harold , McAllister Tim A , Riediger Natalie , Legesse Getahun , McGeough E J , Wittenberg Karin , Ibrahim Naser , Ominski Kim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Foods of animal origin, including beef, pork, and lamb, provide macro- and micro-nutrients which may be difficult to obtain in adequate quantities from plant-based foods alone. Nonetheless, recent literature suggests that a shift away from red meat in favor of plant-based diets can reduce household greenhouse gas emissions without adversely affecting nutrient intake. The objective of the current study was to examine the nutrient intake of consumers who eliminated red meat from their diet, compared with those who did not. The impact of red meat elimination on nutrient intake was estimated using inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment estimator and bias-corrected matching estimators, using data garnered from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey. We also examined if self-selected diets without red meat fulfilled the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, included in Canada’s Dietary Reference Intake Tables. Adequate Intake (AI) was used when RDA could not be determined. Consumers who eliminated red meat from their diet reported significantly lower intake of several nutrients, including total saturated fatty acids, saturated 18:0 octadecanoyloxy fatty acid, protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins D, B6 and B12, and zinc, as compared with those who did not. Eliminating red meat also resulted in lower dietary cholesterol and sodium intake. Further, consumers who eliminated red meat reported mean daily intake levels below the daily requirements of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Vitamins A, B6 and D. The results from this study suggest that elimination of red meat may lead to dietary substitutions that result in nutritional deficiencies for Canadian consumers.
319 Application and Practices of RNA Sequencing for Understanding Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression by Dietary Nutrients or Feed Additives in Swine
Authors: Liao Shengfa F , Hasan M Shamimul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In life science, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technique is a state-of-the-art research approach for tissue or cell transcriptome analyses. In recent years, RNA-seq has been applied to profile the gene expression in response to dietary nutrients or feed additives to gain thorough understanding of the complex nutrient-gene interactions in agricultural animals. In this presentation, we will selectively review the application of RNA-seq technique in nutrigenomics studies in swine. Such studies have investigated the impact of various sources and quantities of dietary fatty acids, protein (including alternative protein), energy, probiotics, and plant-derived bioactive compounds on the gene expression in major metabolic tissues, such as liver, muscle, and adipose. Although the RNA-seq methodology is a powerful quantitative tool for transcriptomics analysis, it still has various technical challenges and pitfalls throughout its practice steps that include experiment design, sample collection, sample laboratory analysis, data statistical and bioinformatic analyses, and data interpretation. Currently, many options are available for use in some steps, but a thorough understanding of each option is critical for making right decisions and avoiding getting into inconclusive results. Therefore, this presentation will also provide an overview on the “best practices” for applying RNA-seq technique in swine nutrigenomics studies, which include the aspects of appropriately designing experiments, collecting samples, and analyzing the data in order to have confidence in the results obtained from this approach. In short, the aims of this presentation are to provide some basic guidelines for researchers new in the field and to promote a discussion of standardization or “best practices” of RNA-seq methodology for animal nutrigenomics studies.
325 Biosensors and Intelligent Packaging to Improve Food Safety
Authors: Wang Yi-Cheng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Food safety is a critical and enduring challenge. Each year in the United States alone, about 48 million people get sick, and among them, 3,000 die due to foodborne illness. The associated economic loss is estimated at $15.6 billion. Researchers are developing a range of novel technologies to address this issue. Two of these are biosensors, devices that can be used to detect foodborne contaminants; and intelligent packaging, which can send messages about food safety and quality to producers, distributors, and consumers. This talk will introduce these two engineering-based approaches, using examples of how they can potentially be used, and describes the future prospects for each of them.
337 Metabolic Foundations of Microbiota-Host Interactions
Authors: Dodd Dylan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of mammals is home to a dense population of microbes which influence host physiology and health. One of the most concrete ways that the gut microbiota impacts host biology is through the production of hundreds of chemically diverse small molecules. These molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream, where they reach concentrations similar to those achieved by pharmaceuticals and bind host receptors leading to changes in cellular and organ physiology. Here I will summarize recent work from our group and others that show how microbially sourced metabolites alter health and physiology of the host. I will also discuss how mechanistic studies of small molecules from the microbiota are enabling new therapeutic approaches to harness the metabolic potential of the gut microbiota.
343 Preparing a quality animal care and use protocol
Authors: Williams Gary L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives in preparing a quality animal care and use protocol (AUP) revolve around the creation of a document that meets federal and institutional regulatory guidelines and that provides adequate detail for members of the institutional animal care and use committee to determine whether animal care and use procedures are justified and humane. Generally, either the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals or Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching will serve as a guide for preparing AUPs. In addition, AUPs are publicly accessible; therefore, a section of the document must be written such that the lay public can easily read and understand what will happen to the animals and why. Well-written, thorough protocols must include: 1) USDA/Animal Welfare Act pain/distress category; 2) signed certification that the principal investigator, co-principal investigators and all personnel whose names appear on the AUP understand and will adhere to the requirements associated with the animal procedures to be employed and accept that they are under federal and institutional regulatory authority; 3) the work with animals is restricted specifically to what is approved in the official AUP. Specific work-related sections of the AUP should include 1) names and contact information of the principal and co-principal investigators and animal care contact personnel; 2) a lay summary that describes the purpose of the work and what specifically will happen to the animals; 3) detailed description of animal procedures and experimental design, including species, numbers, age and sex of animals; 4) animal procurement and maintenance information; 5) animal transfer and euthanasia procedures; 6) pharmaceutical/chemical agents to be administered; 7) qualifications and experience of all personnel; 8) emergency contacts and procedures; 9) complete description of surgical procedures; 10) arrangements for veterinary care.
91 Addressing urgency in grassroots organizations - If opportunity doesn’t knock, build a door of leadership
Authors: Mulvaney Donald R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Grassroots (GR) organizations that develop pipelines of pivotal leadership are better able to respond to the multiple challenges of the day. As public organizations, social media and biased-literature intensify advocacy for the reduction and constraint of animal agriculture (AA), it is clear AA is under concerted attack. Producers must not only learn to cope with changes in weather pattern intensification and droughts, depletion of resources, dramatic policy shifts and more, they must defend the activist narratives. The need for well-informed, competent GR leader communicators to advocate for the beef community has never been more urgent to the future of the beef industry. The Young Cattlemen Leadership Program (YCLP), a partnership between AU Animal Sciences and the Alabama Cattlemen’s Association, is an outreach effort focused on the delivery of an integrated, customized blueprint of content workshops, legislative sessions, industry tours, conferences and mentoring for catalyzed leadership development to meet the current and future needs of a highly diverse state constituency. Based on survey feedback and case analysis, YCLP, now in its seventh cohort, is proving the effectiveness of the collaborative learning design model contextualized around issue topics surrounding AA as alumni have assumed multiple roles of leadership in the organization.
349 The need for forage intake measurements
Authors: Galyean Michael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We often tell students of nutrition that “animals require quantities, not percentages, of nutrients.” Nonetheless, diets and supplements are typically formulated on a percent basis, which is convenient and works well if feed intake is known. Grazing ruminants require quantities of nutrients, but unlike their pen-fed counterparts, forage intake is unknown. Estimates of intake are essential to make management decisions relative to the quantity and timing of supplemental nutrients, which are often the largest out-of-pocket cost for ruminant production based on grazed forages. Moreover, sustainable management of grazing lands requires estimates of intake relative to available forage to set appropriate stocking rates and to assess environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gases). These management decisions become more critical as the physiological state of grazing animals change over time, resulting in shifts in both feed intake and nutrient requirements that affect the need for supplemental nutrients and can alter grazing management strategies. This dilemma – not knowing feed intake but needing it to make critical management and environmental decisions – necessitates the use of intake estimates as a basis for formulating supplemental nutrition plans and developing grazing management schemes. These estimates range from “thumb rules” for intake at various physiological states to more complex equations based on forage composition (also generally unknown in grazing situations), environmental variables, and various animal factors. The validity of these estimates and equations is often tested against intake values in pen-fed ruminants, as well as estimates derived from indirect methods in grazing animals (e.g. marker-based methods). Developing methods that yield accurate and precise predictions of voluntary intake by grazing ruminants has been a long-standing challenge, but the need for effective methodology and estimates of forage intake remains critical for grazing livestock.
110 Fecal pH, dry matter and volatile fatty acids of horses grazing legume-grass mixed pastures
Authors: Vasco Ana Caroline Cerqueira de Melo , Brinkley-Bissinger Katy , Paschoal Victória Rizzato , Bobel Jill M , Warren Lori K , Wickens Carissa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Inclusion of legumes into grass pastures improves pasture quality while significantly decreasing the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Changes in nutritive value of the pasture can affect gut microbiome and health. This study aimed to determine the effects of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pasture intercropped with rhizoma peanut (RP, Arachis glabrata) on forage nutrient composition and fecal variables. Unfertilized bahiagrass (UNF) with no N fertilizer, bahiagrass with 120 kg N.ha-1 (FER), and bahiagrass intercropped with RP and 30 kg N.ha-1 (RP) pastures were evaluated using twelve mature Quarter Horses continuously stocked for 84 days in a randomized block design. Forage and fecal samples were collected every 28 days. Pasture samples were analyzed for nutrient composition by NIR, and fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), fecal fluid pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Data were analyzed using a repeated measure mixed model ANOVA and associations between variables were tested using Pearson’s correlations. Pasture starch was higher (P &lt; 0.01) and non-fiber carbohydrates tended to be higher (P &lt; 0.1) in RP. Hemicellulose and aNDF tended (P &lt; 0.1) to be higher in UNF than in RP. Horses grazing RP tended (P &lt; 0.1) to have greater fecal fluid propionic acid concentration and lower proportion of butyric acid. Proportion of acetic acid was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in FER. Propionic acid concentration was negatively correlated with aNDF (r = -0.55) and ADF (r = -0.52), and positively correlated with ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESC, r = 0.55). Butyric acid proportion was negatively correlated with nonstructural carbohydrates (r = -0.70). Horses grazing FER pasture tended to have lower (P &lt; 0.1) fecal DM when compared to RP. Fecal DM was negatively correlated with hemicellulose (r = -0.51), and positively correlated with water-soluble carbohydrates (r = 0.68) and ESC (r = 0.64). Intercropping RP provides pasture nutrient composition superior to UNF and similar to FER with decreased N fertilizer rate, and stimulates positive fermentation outcomes.
119 Effect of DON on the porcine acquired immune response and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS binder
Authors: Lei Zhang , Ma Rui , Zhu Meng-Xiang , Karrow Niel Alexander , Sun Lv-hui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in weaning piglets, and potential efficacy of a novel modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) binder to detoxify DON toxicity. Four groups of 21-day-old male piglets (n = 7/group) were fed a control diet or diet adding 1.0 or 3.0 mg DON/kg, or 3.0 mg DON/kg plus 0.05% modified HSCAS for 4 weeks. Compared to the control, the DON diets reduced serum porcine circovirus antibody titer and the dermal hypersensitivity response to OVA at day 21 or 28. DON also induced focal necrosis and proliferation of cortical lymphocytes and apoptosis and increased the total antioxidant capacity and reduced protein carbonyl concentrations in thymus. DON increased thymus mRNA and(or) protein levels, cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3). Interestingly, the modified HSCAS mitigated the DON-induced alterations on serum antibody titer, and thymic histopathology, apoptosis, redox status, inflammation and apoptosis signaling. In conclusion, these findings help to explain the toxic effects and mechanisms of DON and demonstrated the modified HSCAS binder could be used to detoxify the toxicity of DON in weaning piglets.
125 Mint oils: in vitro anti-inflammatory effects tested in porcine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Kovanda Lauren L , Hejna Monika , Rossi Luciana , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Essential oils as feed additives are being investigated for promoting health in piglets due to their anti-inflammatory activity. The objective of the study was to measure the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of peppermint oil and spearmint oil with porcine alveolar macrophages as host immune responses. Briefly, macrophages were harvested from the bronchial lavage of 6 pigs at 6 weeks of age, and then seeded into 24-well plate with at 106 cells/mL. After 24 h incubation at 37oC and 5% CO2, cells were treated with mint oil or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by randomized complete block design with 12 replicates. The treatments were 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with 2 doses of LPS (0 or 1 μg/mL) and 5 doses of mint oil (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 µg/mL). The supernatants were collected after another 24 h incubation to measure the concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by ELISA assay. Cell viability was also tested by the MTT assay. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Administration of both mint oils and LPS did not impact the PAM cell viability of macrophages. LPS challenge significantly stimulated (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α secretion from macrophages. In the non-challenge group, peppermint oil reduced (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α production at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL, whereas spearmint oil reduced (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α concentration from 50 to 200 μg/mL. In the LPS challenge group, both mint oils linearly inhibited (P &lt; 0.001) TNF-α secretion from LPS-challenged macrophages with 200 μg/mL as the strongest dose. Results of the current study indicated that both peppermint and spearmint oils had anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. In vivo animal trials will be conducted to evaluate their impacts on animal health and performance.
372 The timing of pregnancy losses in beef cattle
Authors: Pohler Ky G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pregnancy loss in beef cattle causes both management and economic challenges to a producer. Recent studies have been conducted to quantify reproductive failures that occur during fertilization, early embryonic development, and late embryonic/early fetal development periods of gestation in beef cattle. Minimizing reproductive inefficiency, specifically embryonic mortality (EM), is vital. Although fertilization rates are reportedly high in beef cattle, significant developmental failure occurs within the first 7 days of gestation. Approximately 28.4% of embryos will not develop past day 7 of gestation with most embryonic losses occurring before day 4. By the conclusion of the first month of gestation, 47.9% of cows submitted to a single insemination at day 0 will not be pregnant. Overall, late embryonic/fetal development between days 32 to 60 and 100 is 5.8% with a range of 3.2 to 42.7%. This talk will highlight some of the work our group is focusing on to determine timing and detection of pregnancy loss during these pivotal periods of pregnancy loss and potential management aspects to mitigate reproductive inefficiency. This was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26457 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
175 Effect of age at calving on greenhouse gas emissions from simulated beef farms grazing four stockpiled forage species in late fall/early winter
Authors: Donnelly Megan E , Ominski Kim , McGeough E J , Wittenberg Karin , Legesse Getahun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The impact of age at first calving (2 versus 3 yrs) and type of forage species grazed in late fall/early winter on lifetime greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a cow-calf herd over an 8 or 9 yr period was examined. Farm simulations, based in Manitoba, Canada, were assessed using the Holos model to determine whole-farm GHG emissions for each scenario. The baseline herd consisted of 170 cows, 6 bulls, and their progeny which were sold at weaning, apart from herd replacements. Each simulation began with 207 newborn, female calves, with GHG emissions measured annually. From October to December, 1 of 4 stockpiled forages/forage mixtures were grazed: i) standing corn (COR), ii) tall fescue/meadow bromegrass (TFM), iii) orchardgrass/alfalfa (OGA), and iv) tall fescue/alfalfa/cicer milkvetch (TAC). All other feeding phase diets did not differ across all scenarios. Herd GHG emissions (Mg CO2e) were lower with heifers calving at 2 yrs (3,938 ± 71 Mg CO2e) versus 3 yrs (4,634 ± 72 Mg CO2e). Enteric methane (CH4) was the largest source of GHG emissions accounting for 66% of the total in both the 2- and 3-yr scenarios. Average enteric CH4 values were 3,820±61, 4,251 ± 68, 4,887±79, and 4,220 ± 68 Mg CO2e for simulations grazing COR, TFM, OGA, and TAC, respectively and were inversely related to total digestible nutrient (TDN) content of the forage mixtures with 72, 54, 45 and 55% TDN. Emissions were highest from OGA, the lowest quality forage, in both calving scenarios. Nitrous oxide emissions from livestock manure were the second highest contributing source, representing 15% of total emissions. Reducing age at first calving (2 versus 3 yrs) and providing higher energy forage in late fall/early winter reduced cow-calf GHG emissions. The adoption of management strategies such as reducing age at first calving and improving forage quality for extended grazing may reduce emissions from the cow-calf sector.
178 Towards better usage of data in dairy farms: The Dairy Brain initiative
Authors: Fadul Liliana , Wangen Steven , Cabrera Victor E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With increasing use of new technologies in dairy farms, vast amounts of data are generated. Each data stream has its own frequency, diversity, type and quantity of data. While data diversity is beneficial to the farmer, it also makes more difficult data integration of different data streams. Even though different data streams are poorly linked to each other, there is an opportunity to add value to the farm management and decision-making processes by standardizing and integrating the different data sources available at the farm. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a system that can collect, integrate, manage, and analyze on- and off-farm data in real-time for practical and relevant actions: The Dairy Brain project. This is a trans-disciplinary research and extension project that engages multi-disciplinary scientists, dairy farmers, and industry professionals. We are using the state-of-the-art database management system from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Center for High Throughput Computing to develop our Agricultural Data Hub (AgDH) that connects and analyzes cow and herd data on a permanent basis. This involves cleaning and normalizing the data as well as allowing data retrieval on demand.The Dairy Brain, a suite of predictive and prescriptive analytics modules that leverages the AgDH to provide insight to the management of dairy operations and serve as an exemplar of an ecosystem of connected services. Therefore, decision support tools are developed to add value to the data and improve farm management at different levels.