bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System level interventions to reduce utilization of general anesthesia to treat dental caries: a practice brief
Authors: Ludwig Sharity , Tranby Eric P. , Mitchell Melissa , Fullman John , Allen Gary 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDental caries are the most common chronic disease of childhood. Untreated caries can result in severe pain and infection; and in some cases, difficulties in eating, speech, and education. Hospitalization and general anesthesia are often necessary for treating extensive disease in young children, which adds significant risk and expense. Interventions, such as community‐based preventative care, utilization of pre‐authorizations for treatment, and at‐risk contracts, have been deployed as innovative strategies to reduce the incidence of caries and the cost of treatment. Value‐based payment structures give payors flexibility to design a multipronged system to impact the health of consumers. This practice brief will identify interventions at a systems level that reduced the utilization of general anesthesia treating dental caries in children under the age of six. Dental claims data from the period of Q1 2011 to Q2 2020 were utilized to analyze the trends in utilization of the operating room (OR) to treat dental conditions among children under 6 years. Fixed effects analysis was utilized to identify key over time changes in the reduction of children's OR utilization. A reduction in utilization of general anesthesia and hospitalization for treating dental caries in young children was seen. The expansion of the community care team, metrics to reinforce the systems of provider education and training, and the use of incentive payments were all associated with reductions in the rate of OR utilization. Between 2012 and 2017, multiple initiatives were implemented without a systematic approach to quality improvement to evaluate.
Low association between bleeding on probing propensity and the salivary aMMP‐8 levels in adolescents with gingivitis and stage I periodontitis
Authors: Räisänen Ismo T. , Sorsa Timo , Tervahartiala Taina , Raivisto Teija , Heikkinen Anna Maria 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveBleeding on probing (BOP) is a widely accepted measure used in periodontal diagnostics. Previous studies suggest that several factors can affect BOP propensity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative impact of different local and modifying factors on BOP levels.Materials and MethodsThe oral health of five hundred and forty‐four adolescents (two birth cohorts) aged 15‐17 years living in Kotka, Finland, was examined including periodontal probing depth, visible plaque index, root calculus, and BOP. Whole saliva samples were collected and measured for active matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (aMMP‐8) by time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA).ResultsBacterial plaque/calculus accumulation (oral hygiene) had a major influence on BOP levels. The relative impact was several times greater compared with the extent of periodontal pocketing, aMMP‐8 levels, smoking, toothbrushing, or gender. Furthermore, BOP levels were significantly elevated among adolescents with poor oral hygiene than good oral hygiene even if adjusted for the extent of periodontal pocketing (P < .001). BOP levels could be low even if several ≥ 4 mm deep periodontal pockets existed. The difference in the extent of periodontal pocketing was not significant between the two birth cohorts of adolescents (P = .731).ConclusionsBOP levels can be regarded as an important indicator of the extent of bacterial challenge and its adverse effects on the gingival inflammation. However, the level of oral hygiene may mask the association between the extent of gingival bleeding and the severity of the periodontal inflammatory condition. Thus, relying on BOP levels (below 10% or 20%) may provide insufficient information about the periodontal treatment need of an adolescent depending on his/her level of oral hygiene. Yet, more research is needed to confirm the results, also in adult populations.
Correction of serum chloride concentration in dogs with congestive heart failure
Authors: Adin Darcy , Atkins Clarke , Londoño Leonel , Del Nero Bruna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypochloremia associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs is likely multifactorial. Loop diuretics cause 1:2 sodium [Na+]:chloride [Cl−] loss, whereas water retention causes a 1:1 [Na+]:[Cl−] dilution. Mathematical [Cl−] correction separates these effects on [Cl−].HypothesisWe hypothesized that corrected [Cl−] (c[Cl−]) would not differ from measured [Cl−] (m[Cl−]) in dogs with controlled CHF because of loop diuretics, and dogs with refractory CHF would have higher c[Cl−] than m[Cl−], indicating relative water excess.AnimalsSeventy‐one client‐owned dogs with acquired heart disease, without CHF (NO‐CHF), 76 with Stage C CHF and 24 with Stage D CHF.MethodsClinicopathological data from a previous study were retrospectively analyzed. Corrected [Cl−], m[Cl−], and differences were compared among NO‐CHF, Stage C CHF, and Stage D CHF, using the formula: c[Cl−] = (mid‐reference range [Na+]/measured [Na+]) × m[Cl−].ResultsCorrected [Cl−] and m[Cl−] were lower in Stage D vs Stage C and NO‐CHF (all P < .0001). The c[Cl−] was higher than m[Cl−] in Stage D (P < .0001) but not Stage C or NO‐CHF. Median difference between c[Cl−] and m[Cl−] was higher for Stage D vs Stage C (P = .0003). No hypochloremic Stage D dogs had normal c[Cl−], but 11/24 had [Cl−] that was increased by >2 mmol/L.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSerum [Cl−] increased after mathematical correction in Stage D CHF dogs but not in Stage C and NO‐CHF dogs. Although c[Cl−] was higher than m[Cl−] in Stage D dogs supportive of relative water excess, hypochloremia persisted, consistent with concurrent loop diuretic effects on electrolytes. Future study correlating c[Cl−] to antidiuretic hormone concentrations is warranted.
Influence of temperature on growth and survival of juvenile winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) reared under continuous light
Authors: Casey Paul , Zadmajid Vahid , Butts Ian A. E. , Sørensen Sune Riis , Litvak Matthew K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWinter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, has emerged as a promising candidate flatfish for cold‐water aquaculture and restocking. Here, juveniles were reared for 8 weeks at three temperatures: 10, 15, and 20°C under 24‐hr light. All fish were imaged at stocking and at 2‐week intervals, where growth was measured as changes in standard length (SL) and body area (BA). By week 2, fish reared at 15 and 20°C were larger than those grown at 10°C. At weeks 4 to 6, fish at 15°C were larger than fish at 20°C. Linear regressions were used to model growth dynamics over time at each temperature. Highly significant linear growth trajectories were detected over time for SL and BA. SL and BA regressions also showed a significant difference among the slopes across temperatures, where comparing slopes showed the best temperature to rear the flounder was 15°C. Weights of fish held at 15°C and 20°C were greater than at 10°C at the termination of the experiment. Within each temperature, the growth rate of malpigmented fish was not different from that of the normally pigmented fish. Overall, growth of winter flounder was comparable to that of other commercially produced flatfish species, providing strong evidence for this flatfish species as a potential species for aquaculture.
HCV reinfection rates after cure or spontaneous clearance among HIV‐infected and uninfected men who have sex with men
Authors: Adu Prince A. , Rossi Carmine , Binka Mawuena , Wong Stanley , Wilton James , Wong Jason , Butt Zahid A. , Bartlett Sofia , Jeong Dahn , Pearce Margo , Darvishian Maryam , Yu Amanda , Alvarez Maria , Velásquez García Héctor A. , Krajden Mel , Janjua Naveed Z. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsHepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection among high‐risk groups threatens HCV elimination goals. We assessed HCV reinfection rates among men who have sex with men (MSM) in British Columbia (BC), Canada.MethodsWe used data from the BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort, which includes nearly 1.7 million individuals tested for HCV or HIV in BC. MSM who had either achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) after successful HCV treatment, or spontaneous clearance (SC) and had ≥1 subsequent HCV RNA measurement, were followed from the date of SVR or SC until the earliest of reinfection, death, or last HCV RNA measurement. Predictors of reinfection were identified by Cox proportional modelling. The earliest study start date was 6 November 1997 and latest end date was 13 April 2018.ResultsOf 1349 HCV‐positive MSM who met the inclusion criteria, 493 had SC while 856 achieved SVR. 349 (25.65%) had HIV coinfection. We identified 98 reinfections during 5203 person‐years (PYs) yielding a reinfection rate of 1.88/100PYs. The reinfection rate among SC (2.74/100PYs) was more than twice that of those with SVR (1.03/100 PYs). Problematic alcohol use (aHR 1.73, 95% CI 1.003‐2.92), injection drug use (aHR 2.60, 95% CI 1.57‐4.29) and HIV coinfection (aHR 2.04, 95% CI 1.29‐3.23) were associated with increased risk of HCV reinfection. Mental health counselling history (aHR 0.24, 95% CI 0.13‐0.46) was associated with reduced HCV reinfection risk.ConclusionsThere is the need to engage MSM in harm reduction and prevention services following treatment to reduce reinfection risk.
Aquatic food webs in deep temperate lakes: Key species establish through their autecological versatility
Authors: Qu Zhishuai , Forster Dominik , Bruni Estelle P. , Frantal Daniela , Kammerlander Barbara , Nachbaur Laura , Pitsch Gianna , Posch Thomas , Pröschold Thomas , Teubner Katrin , Sonntag Bettina , Stoeck Thorsten 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicrobial planktonic communities are the basis of food webs in aquatic ecosystems since they contribute substantially to primary production and nutrient recycling. Network analyses of DNA metabarcoding data sets emerged as a powerful tool to untangle the complex ecological relationships among the key players in food webs. In this study, we evaluated co‐occurrence networks constructed from time‐series metabarcoding data sets (12 months, biweekly sampling) of protistan plankton communities in surface layers (epilimnion) and bottom waters (hypolimnion) of two temperate deep lakes, Lake Mondsee (Austria) and Lake Zurich (Switzerland). Lake Zurich plankton communities were less tightly connected, more fragmented and had a higher susceptibility to a species extinction scenario compared to Lake Mondsee communities. We interpret these results as a lower robustness of Lake Zurich protistan plankton to environmental stressors, especially stressors resulting from climate change. In all networks, the phylum Ciliophora contributed the highest number of nodes, among them several in key positions of the networks. Associations in ciliate‐specific subnetworks resembled autecological species‐specific traits that indicate adaptions to specific environmental conditions. We demonstrate the strength of co‐occurrence network analyses to deepen our understanding of plankton community dynamics in lakes and indicate biotic relationships, which resulted in new hypotheses that may guide future research in climate‐stressed ecosystems.
Sensory denervation increases potential of bisphosphonates to induce osteonecrosis via disproportionate expression of calcitonin gene–related peptide and substance P
Authors: Xie Dongni , Xu Yamei , Yang Yao , Hua Ziyi , Li Jiao , Fu Gang , Wu Qingqing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a serious side effect of systematic administration of bisphosphonates (BPs). Sensory innervation is crucial for bone healing. We established inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI) and inferior alveolar nerve transection (IANT) models characterized by disorganized periosteum, increased osteoclasts, and unbalanced neuropeptide expression. Zoledronate injection disrupted neuropeptide expression in the IANI and IANT models by decreasing calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) and increasing substance P (SP); associated with this, BRONJ prevalence was significantly higher in the IANT model, followed by the IANI model and the sham control. CGRP treatment significantly reduced BRONJ occurrence, whereas SP administration had the opposite effect. In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with BPs and then CGRP and/or SP to study changes in zoledronate toxicity; combined application of CGRP and SP decreased zoledronate toxicity, whereas CGRP or SP applied alone showed no effects. These results demonstrate that sensory denervation facilitates the occurrence of BRONJ and that CGRP used therapeutically may prevent BRONJ progression, provided that SP is also present. Further studies are necessary to determine the optimal ratio of CGRP to SP for promoting bone healing and to uncover the mechanism by which CGRP and SP cooperate.
Fusion patterns of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis in the age range of 9‐22: A computed tomography analysis
Authors: Dalili Kajan Zahra , Hadinezhad Arash , Khosravifard Negar , Gholinia Faegheh , Rafiei Elahe , Ghandari Farnaz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the fusion patterns of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis (SOS) in the age range of 9‐22 using CT and CBCT images of an Iranian population.Setting/Sample populationSpiral CT and CBCT scans of 763 subjects (459 males and 304 females) aged 9‐22 were evaluated. The scans had to cover the cranial base area, and those with diseases affecting the bone density, cranial base masses and history of trauma were excluded.Materials and MethodsTwo oral and maxillofacial radiologists scored the images with regard to the status of SOS fusion based on a 5‐stage system. Mann‐Whitney, Kruskal‐Wallis and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. Age and SOS fusion stages were evaluated through Spearman correlation and linear regression methods (α = 0.01).ResultsThe earliest age for onset of SOS fusion was 9 in both sexes. Open SOS could be observed until the age of 15 and 14 in males and females, respectively. The earliest age of complete fusion was 12 in males and 13 in females. Furthermore, there was a significant, positive correlation between age and the different stages of SOS fusion (P < .001).ConclusionA significant correlation exists between age and the fusion stages of SOS, rendering it an appropriate means of age estimation during growth periods. Fusion of SOS begins approximately 2 years earlier in females; however, it ends at the age of 17 in both sexes. The fusion scar can be detected up to the age of 12 and 13 in males and females, respectively.
COVID‐19: ensuring safe clinical teaching at university optometry schools
Authors: Jonuscheit Sven , Lam Andrew K C , Schmid Katrina L , Flanagan John , Martin Raul , Troilo David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has been spreading across the globe for several months. The nature of the virus (SARS‐CoV‐2) with easy person‐to‐person transmissions and the severe clinical course observed in some people necessitated unprecedented modifications of everyday social interactions. These included the temporary suspension of considerable elements of clinical teaching at optometry schools worldwide. This article describes the challenges optometry schools were facing in early to mid 2020. The paper highlights the experiences of six universities in five countries on four continents. Strategies to minimise the risk of virus transmission, to ensure safe clinical optometric teaching and how to overcome the challenges presented by COVID‐19 are described. An outlook on opportunities to further improve optometric education is provided.
The Ineffability of Induction
Authors: Builes David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMy first goal is to motivate a distinctively metaphysical approach to the problem of induction. I argue that there is a precise sense in which the only way that orthodox Humean and non‐Humean views can justify induction is by appealing to extremely strong and unmotivated probabilistic biases. My second goal is to sketch what such a metaphysical approach could possibly look like. After sketching such an approach, I consider a toy case that illustrates the way in which such a metaphysics can help us make progress on the problem of induction.
Mechanistic insights on melatonin‐mediated drought stress mitigation in plants
Authors: Tiwari Rahul Kumar , Lal Milan Kumar , Kumar Ravinder , Chourasia Kumar Nishant , Naga Kailash Chandra , Kumar Dharmendra , Das Sourav Kumar , Zinta Gaurav 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDrought stress imposes a serious threat to crop productivity and nutritional security. Drought adaptation mechanisms involve complex regulatory network comprising of various sensory and signaling molecules. In this context, melatonin has emerged as a potential signaling molecule playing a crucial role in imparting stress tolerance in plants. Melatonin pretreatment regulates various plant physiological processes such as osmoregulation, germination, photosynthesis, senescence, primary/secondary metabolism, and hormonal cross‐talk under water deficit conditions. Melatonin‐mediated regulation of ascorbate‐glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle plays a crucial role to scavenge reactive oxygen species generated in the cells during drought. Here, in this review, the current knowledge on the role of melatonin to ameliorate adverse effects of drought by modulating morphological, physiological, and redox regulatory processes is discussed. The role of melatonin to improve water absorption capacity of roots by regulating aquaporin channels and hormonal cross‐talk involved in drought stress mitigation are also discussed. Overall, melatonin is a versatile bio‐molecule involved in growth promotion and yield enhancement under drought stress that makes it a suitable candidate for eco‐friendly crop production to ensure food security.
Chemical composition and reproductive functionality of contrasting faba bean genotypes in response to water deficit
Authors: Muktadir Md Abdul , Adhikari Kedar N. , Ahmad Nabil , Merchant Andrew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWater deficit (WD), a major contributor to yield reductions in faba bean (Vicia faba), is a complex phenomenon that varies across daily to seasonal cycles. Several studies have identified various morphological and physiological indicators of WD tolerance, which generally show limited water use during WD. Limited information is available on the impact of WD on nutrient content and reproductive biology of the faba bean. We studied carbohydrates, amino acids, mineral nutrients and the abundance of naturally occurring carbon isotopes (δ13C) in leaf and grain tissues of faba bean genotypes grown under well‐watered (WW) and WD conditions. δ13C of leaf tissues were found to indicate changes in water use due to WD but this was not reflected in grain tissues. Nutrient concentrations with regard to amino acids and minerals were not influenced by WD. However, carbohydrate accumulation was found to be significant for WD, specifically through the presence of a higher concentration of myo‐inositol in WD leaf tissues. Alternatively, sucrose concentration in grain tissues was reduced under WD treatment. WD hampered reproductive functionality by reducing pollen viability and germination with the severity and duration of stress and this reduction was less prominent in the drought‐tolerant genotype (AC0805#4912) compared to the sensitive one (11NF010c‐4). It was also demonstrated that WD caused developmental impairment in the stamen and pistil, where the pistil appeared more sensitive than stamen. These findings suggest that WD impairs pollen viability and pistil function reducing yield volume, but the nutrient content of the resulting yield is not significantly affected.
AR regulates porcine immature Sertoli cell growth via binding to RNF4 and miR‐124a
Authors: Yang Xinpeng , Feng Yue , Li Yang , Chen Dake , Xia Xuanyan , Li Jialian , Li Fenge 
Published: December 2020

ContentsSertoli cells are the only somatic cells in the seminiferous epithelium which directly contact with germ cells. Sertoli cells exhibit polarized alignment at the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules to maintain the microenvironment for growth and development of germ cells, and therefore play a crucial role in spermatogenesis. Androgens exert their action through androgen receptor (AR) and AR signalling in the testis is essential for maintenance of spermatogonial numbers, blood–testis barrier integrity, completion of meiosis, adhesion of spermatids and spermiation. In the present study, we demonstrated that AR gene could promote the proliferation of immature porcine Sertoli cells (ST cells) and the cell cycle procession, and accelerate the transition from G1 phase into S phase in ST cells. Meanwhile, miR‐124a could affect the proliferation and cell cycle procession of ST cells by targeting 3′‐UTR of AR gene. Furthermore, AR bound to the RNF4 via AR DNA‐binding domain (DBD) and we verified that RNF4 was necessary for AR to regulate the growth of ST cells. Above all, this study suggests that AR regulates ST cell growth via binding to RNF4 and miR‐124a, which may help us to further understand the function of AR in spermatogenesis.
Robust Estimation for Small Domains in Business Surveys
Authors: Smith Paul A. , Bocci Chiara , Tzavidis Nikos , Krieg Sabine , Smeets Marc J. E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Small area (or small domain) estimation is still rarely applied in business statistics, because of challenges arising from the skewness and variability of variables such as turnover. We examine a range of small area estimation methods as the basis for estimating the activity of industries within the retail sector in the Netherlands. We use tax register data and a sampling procedure which replicates the sampling for the retail sector of Statistics Netherlands’ Structural Business Survey as a basis for investigating the properties of small area estimators. In particular, we consider the use of the empirical best linear unbiased predictor (EBLUP) under a random effects model and variations of the EBLUP derived under (a) a random effects model that includes a complex specification for the level 1 variance and (b) a random effects model that is fitted by using the survey weights. Although accounting for the survey weights in estimation is important, the impact of influential data points remains the main challenge in this case. The paper further explores the use of outlier robust estimators in business surveys, in particular a robust version of the EBLUP, M-regression-based synthetic estimators and M-quantile small area estimators. The latter family of small area estimators includes robust projective (without and with survey weights) and robust predictive versions. M-quantile methods have the lowest empirical mean squared error and are substantially better than direct estimators, although there is an open question about how to choose the tuning constant for bias adjustment in practice. The paper makes a further contribution by exploring a doubly robust approach comprising the use of survey weights in conjunction with outlier robust methods in small area estimation.
A New Broyden rank reduction method to solve large systems of nonlinear equations
Authors: Mostafa Ouarit , Souissi Ali , Ziani Mohamed 
Published: December 2020

We propose a modification of limited memory Broyden methods, called dynamical Broyden rank reduction method, to solve high dimensional systems of nonlinear equations. Based on a thresholding process of singular values, the proposed method determines a priori the rank of the reduced update matrix. It significantly reduces the number of singular values decomposition calls of the update matrix during the iterations. Local superlinear convergence of the method is proved and some numerical examples are displayed.