bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating abundance with interruptions in data collection using open population spatial capture–recapture models
Authors: Milleret Cyril , Dupont Pierre , Chipperfield Joseph , Turek Daniel , Brøseth Henrik , Gimenez Olivier , de Valpine Perry , Bischof Richard 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe estimation of population size remains one of the primary goals and challenges in ecology and provides a basis for debate and policy in wildlife management. Despite the development of efficient noninvasive sampling methods and robust statistical tools to estimate abundance, the maintenance of field sampling is still subject to economic and logistic constraints. These can result in intentional or unintentional interruptions in sampling and cause gaps in data time series, posing a challenge to abundance estimation, and ultimately conservation and management decisions. We applied an open population spatial capture–recapture (OPSCR) model to simulations and a real‐life case study to test the reliability of abundance inference to interruptions in data collection. Using individual detections occurring over consecutive sampling occasions, OPSCR models allow the estimation of abundance while accounting for lack of demographic and geographic closure between occasions. First, we simulated sampling data with interruptions in field sampling of different lengths and timing and checked the performance of an OPSCR model in deriving abundance for species with slow and intermediate life‐history strategies. Next, we introduced artificial sampling interruptions of various magnitudes and timing to a five‐year noninvasive monitoring data set of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Norway and quantified the consequences for OPSCR model predictions. Inferences from OPSCR models were reliable even with temporal interruptions in monitoring. Interruption did not cause systematic bias, but increased uncertainty. Interruptions occurring at occasions near the beginning and the end of the sampling period caused higher uncertainty. The loss in precision was more severe for species with a faster life‐history strategy. OPSCR allows monitoring studies to provide contiguous abundance estimates to managers, stakeholders, and policy makers even when data are noncontiguous. OPSCR models do not only help cope with unintentional interruptions during sampling but also offer opportunities for using intentional sampling interruptions during the design of cost‐effective population surveys.
Population‐level monitoring of stress in grizzly bears between 2004 and 2014
Authors: Wilson Abbey E. , Kearney Sean , Wismer Dan , Macbeth Bryan , Stenhouse Gordon , Coops Nicholas C. , Janz David M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGrizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in west‐central Alberta occupy an increasingly human‐dominated landscape. Natural resource extraction activities are hypothesized to increase stress in animals that reside in such changing landscapes by influencing habitat and resource availability. Our study aimed to determine whether stress, represented by hair cortisol concentration (HCC), was associated with variables related to landscape conditions in a population that increased by 7% annually from 2004 to 2014. Hair samples (n = 157) were collected using barbwire hair snags placed throughout the Yellowhead bear management area in Alberta, Canada. Candidate models were developed a priori representing hypotheses related to biologically and ecologically plausible relationships between HCC and landscape variables. Generalized linear model analysis with landscape attributes representing anthropogenic disturbance, food resource availability, and terrain conditions was used to determine potential drivers of HCC. We found support (ΔAICc ≤ 2.00) for three models that included variables from each hypothesis. Anthropogenic variables had the greatest impact on HCC; increasing oil and gas well‐site density resulted in reduced HCC, while increasing distance to coal mines resulted in elevated HCC. Hair cortisol concentration also increased as forest crown closure became more variable, while HCC decreased as the soil wetness (represented by compound topographic index) increased. Some forms of anthropogenic disturbance have been linked to increased food availability for this species. Therefore, we suggest that changes in landscape conditions from 2004 to 2014 may have indirectly increased food abundance and ultimately resulted in a reduction in HCC at a population level during this time period. Measuring HCC provides a non‐invasive and important monitoring strategy to assess the impact of environmental change on residing species and should be considered in landscape management decisions.
Trajectories of post‐surgical pain in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care
Authors: Ilhan Emre , Galea Claire , Pacey Verity , Brown Laura , Spence Kaye , Halliday Robert , Hush Julia M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was (a) to statistically identify distinct trajectories of pain following surgery in infants less than 6 months of age, and (b) to compare these trajectories to descriptions of chronic pain in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).MethodsThis was a retrospective medical record review of infants admitted to a NICU between 2008 and 2018 following surgery. All infants who underwent one major procedure to the abdomen or thorax and returned to the NICU following surgery were included. Pain was assessed regularly using a validated Pain Assessment Tool. Group‐based trajectory analysis was used to determine the trajectory of recovery from pain following surgery.ResultsA total of 726 infants were included in the study. A two‐group trajectory model, defined as typical and atypical pain trajectories, was selected. The typical group (n = 467) consisted of infants who had significantly fewer days (1.5 ± 2.3 vs 5.3 ± 5.5, p < .001) and recorded instances of pain (2.0 ± 3.4 vs 9.7 ± 10.5, p < .001) compared to infants in the atypical group (n = 259). The incidence of iatrogenic neonatal abstinence syndrome was greater in the atypical than the typical group (11% vs 5%, p = .001).ConclusionsThis study has revealed two distinct pain trajectories in infants after surgery. While recovery from pain occurs within days in the typical group, the atypical group demonstrates pain for a significantly longer period, often weeks and months following surgery. This latter group adheres closely to current descriptions of chronic pain in infants.
Reaction of ethylene over a typical Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis Co/TiO2 catalyst
Authors: Zhang Yusheng , Tshwaku Mgcini , Yao Yali , Chang Jianli , Lu Xiaojun , Liu Xinying , Hildebrandt Diane 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn order to identify the potential reaction paths of C2H4 and their product distribution in Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS), a series of experiments were designed over a Co/TiO2 catalyst in the absence of CO. C2H4 did quickly react with H2 to produce C1‐6 products under Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) reaction conditions. Although the dominant reaction is C2H4 hydrogenation to ethane, changing the reaction conditions (temperature and partial pressure of reactants) can lead to the other reaction pathways being enhanced, resulting in varying product selectivity to both linear and branch olefins and paraffins. Possible reaction pathways had been summarized and discussed, which including C2H4 reaction to ethylidene followed by dimerization; C2H4 insertion into C2 surface species and dimerization and C4 decomposition and/or direct C2 hydrogenolysis. Furthermore, the products obtained from C2H4 reactions were fit to a typical FTS product distribution, which indicate that both the chain growth initiators and monomers are not necessarily only derived from hydrogenation of CO but also from the secondary reactions of olefins.
Climatic and structural controls on Late‐glacial and Holocene rockfall occurrence in high‐elevated rock walls of the Mont Blanc massif (Western Alps)
Authors: Gallach Xavi , Carcaillet Julien , Ravanel Ludovic , Deline Philip , Ogier Christophe , Rossi Magali , Malet Emmanuel , Garcia‐Sellés David 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the Mont Blanc massif (European Western Alps), rockfalls are one of the main natural hazards for alpinists and infrastructure. Rockfall activity after the Little Ice Age is well documented. An increase in frequency during the last three decades is related to permafrost degradation caused by rising air temperatures. In order to understand whether climate exerts a long‐term control on rockfall occurrence, a selection of paleo‐rockfall scars was dated in the Glacier du Géant basin [>3200 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides. Rockfall occurrence was compared to different climatic and glacial proxies.This study presents 55 new samples (including replicates) and 25 previously‐published ages from nine sampling sites. In total, 62 dated rockfall events display ages ranging from 0.03 ± 0.02 ka to 88.40 ± 7.60 ka. Holocene ages and their uncertainties were used to perform a Kernel density function into a continuous dataset displaying rockfall probability per 100 years. Results highlight four Holocene periods of enhanced rockfall occurrence: (i) c. 7–5.7 ka, related to the Holocene Warm Periods; (ii) c. 4.5–4 ka, related to the Sub‐boreal Warm Period; (iii) c. 2.3–1.6 ka, related to the Roman Warm Period; and (iv) c. 0.9–0.3 ka, related to the Medieval Warm Period and beginning of the Little Ice Age.Laser and photogrammetric three‐dimensional (3D) models of the rock walls were produced to reconstruct the detached volumes from the best‐preserved rockfall scars (≤0.91 ± 0.12 ka). A structural study was carried out at the scale of the Glacier du Géant basin using aerial photographs, and at the scale of four selected rock walls using the 3D models. Two main vertical and one horizontal fracture sets were identified. They correspond respectively to alpine shear zones and veins opened‐up during long‐term exhumation of the Mont Blanc massif.Our study confirms that climate primarily controls rockfall occurrence, and that structural settings, coincident at both the massif and the rock wall scales, control the rock‐wall shapes as well as the geometry and volume of the rockfall events. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of bio‐based intumescent flame retardant and its application in polyurethane
Authors: Xing Yalin , Li YanQiu , Lin Zhaojun , Ma Xiao , Qu Hao , Fan Ruilan 
Published: July 2020

SummaryA novel bio‐based P‐N containing intumescent flame retardant melamine starch phytate (PSTM) was prepared via the reaction of phytic acid starch ester with melamine and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of PSTM on thermal properties and flammability of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were analyzed by TGA, limit oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests (UL‐94) and cone calorimeter measurement. The TGA results demonstrated that the thermal stabilities of PU/PSTM foam at high temperature was enhanced with the increasing additive amount of PSTM. The results showed that PU foam with 30 php PSTM (PU/PSTM‐30%) observed an LOI value of 25.9 and a UL‐94 rating of V‐0. Cone calorimetry data showed that peak heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production rate of PU/PSTM‐30% were distinctly lower than that of pure PU. Further experimental results demonstrated that PSTM promotes well charring of PU which could protect the foam from combustion. This work developed a novel bio‐based intumescent flame retardant by suing phytic acid and starch as the acid source and carbon source, respectively, which is of great significance to the preparation of environmental‐friendly flame retardants.
Detection of tetraploidization in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: Insights and pitfalls
Authors: Di Mauro Ilaria , Ambrosetti Damien , Vignot Louis , Roussel Jean‐François , Dadone‐Montaudie Bérengère , Peyron Annie‐Claude , Quintens Hervé , Durand Matthieu , Amiel Jean , Pedeutour Florence 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChromosomal losses resulting in a marked hypodiploidy are a specificity of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC), the third most frequent type of kidney cancer. Its detection is useful in challenging cases. However some ChRCC, especially the eosinophilic variant, do not exhibit hypodiploidy and deserve to be better explored. Using comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) we observed chromosomal gains in five cases of nonmetastatic ChRCC. Our objective was to determine whether these apparent chromosomal gains were instead losses within a near‐polyploid genome. We performed a retrospective and prospective molecular study of 26 cases of ChRCC retrieved among 643 renal tumors (2012‐2019). All tumors were analyzed using array‐CGH (Agilent) and array‐CGH (Affymetrix) coupled to single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (array‐SNP). In silico manual centralization of the fluorescence ratio, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and next generation sequencing were made in the five cases suspected of polyploidy. Tetraploidization was observed in 19% of our series of ChRCC. None of the methods used individually could identify both chromosomal losses and tetraploidy. Only the combination of manual recentring of array‐CGH and FISH provided relevant results. B‐allele frequency results indicated that tetraploidization occurred secondarily to chromosomal losses in four cases while it preceded losses in one case. Tetraploidization is a frequent but underestimated phenomenon in ChRCC that may be overlooked using the individual standard genomic methods. Its potential clinical consequences are not identified yet. Whether the mechanisms that induce chromosomal losses in ChRCC are the same that generate tetraploidization is not known.
Schwann cell p75 neurotrophin receptor modulates small fiber degeneration in diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Gonçalves Nádia P. , Jager Sara E. , Richner Mette , Murray Simon S. , Mohseni Simin , Jensen Troels S. , Vægter Christian B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDiabetic neuropathy has an incidence as high as 50% of diabetic patients and is characterized by damage to neurons, Schwann cells and blood vessels within the peripheral nervous system. The low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR), particularly expressed by the Schwann cells in the peripheral nerve, has previously been reported to play a role in developmental myelination and cell survival/death. Increased levels of p75NTR, in the endoneurium and plasma from diabetic patients and rodent models of disease, have been observed, proposing that this receptor might be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Therefore, in this study, we addressed this hypothesis by utilizing a mouse model of selective nerve growth factor receptor (Ngfr) deletion in Schwann cells (SC‐p75NTR‐KO). Electron microscopy of sciatic nerves from mice with high fat diet induced obesity demonstrated how loss of Schwann cell–p75NTR aggravated axonal atrophy and loss of C‐fibers. RNA sequencing disclosed several pre‐clinical signaling alterations in the diabetic peripheral nerves, dependent on Schwann cell p75NTR signaling, specially related with lysosome, phagosome, and immune pathways. Morphological and biochemical analyses identified abundant lysosomes and autophagosomes in the C‐fiber axoplasm of the diabetic SC‐p75NTR‐KO nerves, which together with increased Cathepsin B protein levels corroborates gene upregulation from the phagolysosomal pathways. Altogether, this study demonstrates that Schwann cell p75NTR deficiency amplifies diabetic neuropathy disease by triggering overactivation of immune‐related pathways and increased lysosomal stress.
Hazardous or not? Cannabis use and early labor market experiences of young men
Authors: Williams Jenny , van Ours Jan C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study the relationship between cannabis use and early labor market experiences of young men, focusing on the time it takes them to find their first job, and the wage rate they receive at that job. We find that early cannabis users accept job offers more quickly and at a lower wage rate compared with otherwise similar males who did not use cannabis. These differences are present only for those who use cannabis for longer than a year before starting their job search. We also find that early cannabis users are less likely to return to education and, as a consequence, will have a lower educational attainment. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the direct and indirect relationships between cannabis use and early labor market experiences.
A Model of Care Optimized for Marginalized Remote Population Unravels Migration Pattern in India
Authors: Abutaleb Ameer , Khatun Mousumi , Clement Jean , Baidya Ayana , Singh Pratibha , Datta Simanti , Ahammed Sk Mahiuddin , George Koshy , Mukherjee ParthaSarathi , Santra Amal , Neogi Suvadip , Parikh Sachin , Pillai Vivek , Kottilil Shyam , Chowdhury Abhijit 
Published: July 2020

Background and Aims
Access to basic health needs remains a challenge for most of world’s population. In this study, we developed a care model for preventive and disease‐specific health care for an extremely remote and marginalized population in Arunachal Pradesh, the northeasternmost state of India.

Approach and Results
We performed patient screenings, performed interviews, and obtained blood samples in remote villages of Arunachal Pradesh through a tablet‐based data collection application, which was later synced to a cloud database for storage. Positive cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were confirmed and genotyped in our central laboratory. The blood tests performed included liver function tests, HBV serologies, and HBV genotyping. HBV vaccination was provided as appropriate. A total of 11,818 participants were interviewed, 11,572 samples collected, and 5,176 participants vaccinated from the 5 westernmost districts in Arunachal Pradesh. The overall hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was found to be 3.6% (n = 419). In total, 34.6% were hepatitis B e antigen positive (n = 145) and 25.5% had HBV DNA levels greater than 20,000 IU/mL (n = 107). Genotypic analysis showed that many patients were infected with HBV C/D recombinants. Certain tribes showed high seroprevalence, with rates of 9.8% and 6.3% in the Miji and Nishi tribes, respectively. The prevalence of HBsAg in individuals who reported medical injections was 3.5%, lower than the overall prevalence of HBV.

Conclusions
Our unique, simplistic model of care was able to link a highly resource‐limited population to screening, preventive vaccination, follow‐up therapeutic care, and molecular epidemiology to define the migratory nature of the population and disease using an electronic platform. This model of care can be applied to other similar settings globally.
Zebrafish: An emerging model system to study liver diseases and related drug discovery
Authors: Katoch Swati , Patial Vikram 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe zebrafish has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model for studying liver‐associated disorders. Liver damage is a crucial problem in the process of drug development and zebrafish have proven to be an important tool for the high‐throughput screening of drugs for hepatotoxicity. Although the structure of the zebrafish liver differs to that of mammals, the fundamental physiologic processes, genetic mutations and manifestations of pathogenic responses to environmental insults exhibit much similarity. The larval transparency of the zebrafish is a great advantage for real‐time imaging in hepatic studies. The zebrafish has a broad spectrum of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which enable the biotransformation of drugs via similar pathways as mammals, including oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis reactions. In the present review, we appraise the various drugs, chemicals and toxins used to study liver toxicity in zebrafish and their similarities to the rodent models for liver‐related studies. Interestingly, the zebrafish has also been effectively used to study the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease. The genetic models of liver disorders and their easy manipulation provide great opportunity in the area of drug development. The zebrafish has proven to be an influential model for the hepatic system due to its invertebrate‐like advantages coupled with its vertebrate biology. The present review highlights the pivotal role of zebrafish in bridging the gap between cell‐based and mammalian models.
Chalcogen–mercury bond formation and disruption in model Rabenstein's reactions: A computational analysis
Authors: Madabeni Andrea , Dalla Tiezza Marco , Omage Folorunsho Bright , Nogara Pablo Andrei , Bortoli Marco , Rocha João Batista Teixeira , Orian Laura 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMethylmercury is a highly toxic compound and human exposure is mainly related to consumption of polluted fish and seafood. The inactivation of thiol‐based enzymes, promoted by the strong affinity binding of electrophilic mercuric ions to thiol and selenol groups of proteins, is likely an important factor explaining its toxicity. A key role is played by the chemistry and reactivity of the mercury–chalcogens bond, particularly HgS and HgSe, which is the focus of this computational work (level of theory: (COSMO)‐ZORA‐BLYP‐D3(BJ)/TZ2P). We analyze nine ligand‐exchange model reactions (the so‐called Rabenstein's reactions) involving an entering ligand (methylchalcogenolate) and a substrate (methylchalcogenolatemethylmercury). Trends in reaction and activation energies are discussed and a change in mechanism is reported for all cases when going from gas phase to water, that is, from a single‐well potential energy surface (PES) to a canonical SN2‐like mechanism. The reasons accounting for the biochemically challenging and desired displacement of methylmercury from a seleno/thiol protein can be found already in these model reactions, as can be seen from the similarities of the ligand exchange reactions in solution in thermodynamics and kinetics.
Laboratory abnormalities and risk factors associated with in‐hospital death in patients with severe COVID‐19
Authors: Chen Xing , Yan Li , Fei Yang , Zhang Chi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the context of the COVID‐19 outbreak of worldwide, we aim to analyze the laboratory risk factors of in‐hospital death in patients with severe COVID‐19.MethodsAll ≥18‐year‐old patients with confirmed severe COVID‐19 admitted to Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China) from February 3 to February 20, 2020, were retrospectively enrolled and followed up until March 20, 2020. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were collected and explored the risk factors associated with in‐hospital death.ResultsA total of 73 severe patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 20 (27%) patients died in hospital during the average 28 days of follow‐up period. The median age of non‐survivors was significantly older than survivors (69 [64‐76.5] years vs 64 [56‐71.3] years, P = .033) and 15 (75%) patients were males. The laboratory abnormalities of non‐survivors mainly presented in serious inflammation response and multiple organ failure, with high levels of cytokines and deranged coagulation parameters. Multivariable regression showed that neutrophil count greater than 4.47 × 109/L (OR, 58.35; 95%CI: 2.16‐1571.69; P = .016), hypersensitivity C‐reactive protein greater than 86.7 mg/L (OR, 14.90; 95%CI: 1.29‐171.10; P = .030), creatine kinase greater than 101 U/L (OR, 161.62; 95%CI: 6.45‐4045.20; P = .002), and blood urea nitrogen greater than 6.7 mmol/L (OR, 11.18; 95%CI: 1.36‐91.62; P = .024) were risk factors for in‐hospital death.ConclusionThe risk factors of neutrophil count, hypersensitivity C‐reactive protein, creatine kinase, and blood urea nitrogen could help clinicians to early identify COVID‐19 severe patients with poor outcomes on admission. Virus direct attack and cytokine storm play a major role in the death of COVID‐19.