bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nitrogen Isotopic Composition of Tissue and Shell‐Bound Organic Matter of Planktic Foraminifera in Southern Ocean Surface Waters
Authors: Smart Sandi M. , Fawcett Sarah E. , Ren Haojia , Schiebel Ralf , Tompkins Emily M. , Martínez‐García Alfredo , Stirnimann Luca , Roychoudhury Alakendra , Haug Gerald H. , Sigman Daniel M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe present the first nitrogen isotope (δ15N) measurements of planktic foraminifera, paleoceanographically important zooplankton, from the nutrient‐rich waters of the modern Southern Ocean. Foraminifera were collected from net tows in the Subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones (SAZ and PFZ, respectively) south of Africa during winter 2015 and late summer 2016. In late summer, consistent with preferential uptake of 14N‐nitrate and the progressive, northward depletion of nitrate by phytoplankton across the Southern Ocean, foraminifer tissue and shell‐bound δ15N rise equatorward along with nitrate δ15N. However, foraminifer δ15N is ~3‰ lower than expected for heterotrophs relying on photosynthetic biomass generated directly from nitrate. This discrepancy appears to originate with the particulate organic N (PON) in late‐summer surface waters, the δ15N of which is lowered by ammonium recycling. In winter, when overall productivity and foraminifer production are reduced, foraminifer δ15N is higher (by 4.6 ± 0.8‰ for tissue and by 4.0 ± 1.5‰ for shell‐bound N compared to late summer) and exhibits no clear north‐south trend. These characteristics can also be explained by the feeding‐driven connection of foraminifera to PON, which is elevated in δ15N by net degradation in winter. Therefore, foraminifer δ15N is more closely tied to PON δ15N than to nitrate δ15N in the Southern Ocean mixed layer. Combining our isotope data with previously reported sediment trap fluxes from the western Pacific SAZ/PFZ suggests that, under modern conditions, the late‐summer ammonium recycling signal outweighs that of wintertime decomposition on the annually integrated δ15N of sinking foraminifera.
Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid‐Dimethylamine Nucleation Enhanced by Trifluoroacetic Acid
Authors: Lu Yiqun , Liu Ling , Ning An , Yang Gan , Liu Yiliang , Kurtén Theo , Vehkamäki Hanna , Zhang Xiuhui , Wang Lin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSulfuric acid (SA)‐dimethylamine (DMA)‐H2O cluster formation has been proven to be responsible for a significant part of new particle formation (NPF) in a Chinese megacity. However, the possible involvement of common atmospheric acids in the subsequent growth of SA‐DMA clusters remains elusive. We simulated formation and growth of clusters using atmospheric relevant concentrations of SA, DMA, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a commonly observed atmospheric perfluorocarboxylic acid, using Density Functional Theory combined with Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code. The presence of TFA leads to complex cluster formation routes and an enhancement of NPF rates by up to 2.3 ([TFA] = 5.0 × 106 molecules cm−3, [SA] = 1.0 × 106 molecules cm−3, and [DMA] = 1.5 × 109 molecules cm−3). The agreement of (SA)1·(DMA)1‐2·(TFA)1 concentrations between simulations and ambient measurements during NPF events validates model predictions and implies that perfluorocarboxylic acids could potentially boost atmospheric SA‐DMA NPF rates.
Comparative Rock Magnetic Study of Eocene Volcanogenic and Sedimentary Rocks From Yunnan, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and Its Geological Implications
Authors: Shen Miaomiao , Zan Jinbo , Yan Maodu , Zhang Weilin , Fang Xiaomin , Zhang Dawen , Zhang Tao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany recent biomagnetostratigraphic studies within and around the Tibetan Plateau have resulted in significant age differences, due to lack of radiometric age constraints. It has hindered the knowledge on the tectonic and paleoclimate evolutions of the Tibetan Plateau. Identifying barely visible tephra‐bearing layers is urgent to solve the debate. Here we carry out a comparative rock magnetic study of Eocene volcanogenic and sedimentary rocks from the Jianchuan and Qujing Basins of the Yunnan Plateau. Our aim is to establish an effective method for tephra identification in sedimentary sequences. Petrographic and rare earth element analyses demonstrate that the volcanogenic rocks are of basic‐intermediate magmatic origin with no sign of deformation or alteration, and the sedimentary rocks are unaffected by volcanic disturbance. Rock magnetic analyses reveal that the primary ferrimagnetic minerals of the volcanogenic rocks are Ti‐poor titanomagnetite and/or magnetite, including pseudo‐single‐domain, viscous superparamagnetic and ultrafine superparamagnetic (true superparamagnetic, nonviscous around room temperature) grains. Hematite is the dominant magnetic mineral in the sedimentary rocks, and paramagnetic minerals are also abundant; pseudo‐single‐domain/single‐domain magnetite and maghemite are also present. The enrichment of ultrafine superparamagnetic grains in the volcanogenic rocks may induce strikingly peaked signals in low‐temperature frequency‐dependent susceptibility measurement, in sharp contrast with pedogenically produced viscous superparamagnetic particles that show no peaks. Therefore, we attribute the low‐temperature frequency‐dependent susceptibility parameters to the effective and sensitive magnetic parameters for identifying tephra‐bearing layers within the sedimentary sequences of the Yunnan Plateau.
Present‐Day Crustal Deformation of Continental China Derived From GPS and Its Tectonic Implications
Authors: Wang Min , Shen Zheng‐Kang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe process rigorously GPS data observed during the past 25 years from continental China to derive site secular velocities. Analysis of the velocity solution leads to the following results. (a) The deformation field inside the Tibetan plateau and Tien Shan is predominantly continuous, and large deformation gradients only exist perpendicular to the Indo‐Eurasian relative plate motion and are associated with a few large strike‐slip faults. (b) Lateral extrusions occur on both the east and west sides of the plateau. The westward extrusion peaks at ~6 mm/yr in the Pamir‐Hindu Kush region. A bell‐shaped eastward extrusion involves most of the plateau at a maximum rate of ~20 mm/yr between the Jiali and Ganzi‐Yushu faults, and the pattern is consistent with gravitational flow in southern and southeastern Tibet where the crust shows widespread dilatation at 10–20 nanostrain/yr. (c) The southeast borderland of Tibet rotates clockwise around the eastern Himalaya syntaxis, with sinistral and dextral shear motions along faults at the outer and inner flanks of the rotation terrane. The result suggests gravitational flow accomplished through rotation and translation of smaller subblocks in the upper crust. (d) Outside of the Tibetan plateau and Tien Shan, deformation field is block‐like. However, unnegligible internal deformation on the order of a couple of nanostrain/yr is found for all blocks. The North China block, under a unique tectonic loading environment, deforms and rotates at rates significantly higher than its northern and southern neighboring blocks, attesting its higher seismicity rate and earthquake hazard potential than its neighbors.
Time‐Dependent Hydraulic Fracture Initiation
Authors: Lu Guanyi , Gordeliy Elizaveta , Prioul Romain , Aidagulov Gallyam , Uwaifo Efosa C. , Ou Qihang , Bunger Andrew P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRocks are known to fail in a time‐dependent manner similar to many brittle and quasi‐brittle materials. However, observed time dependence of hydraulic fracture initiation has ubiquitously been attributed to fluid flow‐related mechanisms without consideration of the intrinsic time dependence of rock failure. Laboratory delayed hydraulic fracturing breakdown experiments on three rocks (granite, sandstone, and limestone) show sensitivity to rock properties associated with subcritical crack growth as well as fluid viscosity and ambient confining pressure applied to the specimens. A new hydraulic fracture initiation model accounting for subcritical crack growth and fluid flow in a poroelastic medium, as well as the additional energy dissipation required for fluid flow in the rough fracture tip, is then used to estimate the value of the subcritical index n based on characterization experiments. Given this characterization data, the model is shown to be capable of predicting time‐dependent hydraulic fracture initiation with variation of fluid viscosity and confining stress.
Convective‐Stratiform Rainfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013): Sensitivity to Rainfall Partitioning Methods
Authors: Shu Shoujuan , Xu Huiyan , Zhang Wenjuan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRainfall separation methods are widely used in literatures, with some algorithms applied to surface rainfall and some applied to radar or other observations. How the effectiveness or practicability of these rainfall partitioning algorithms when applied to model results is not well known. In this study, three convective‐stratiform rainfall partitioning methods are compared and evaluated by analyzing cloud properties and associated precipitation budgets based on both observations and grid‐scale simulations from a three‐dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting modeling of Typhoon Fitow (2013). Results show that convective‐stratiform rainfall separation based on surface rain rate is generally more reasonable than that based on radar reflectivity in terms of statistics of vertical velocity and raindrop microphysical budgets. The radar reflectivity partition method does not conduct an exact demarcation between convective and stratiform regions, since the rainfall in stratiform region has similar characteristics as convective rainfall, whereas the rainfall classified as convective rainfall has similar characteristics as stratiform rainfall. Observational analysis based on satellite and lightning confirms these results and shows that the rainfall separation based on surface rain rate generally detects the cellular convective rainfall near eyewall and isolated convection in spiral rainbands, whereas the rainfall separation based on radar reflectivity not only fails to identify the scattered convective rainfall but also overestimates the convective rainfall embedded among the stratiform regions. Above all, the method based on surface rainfall produces more reasonable statistical and microphysical characteristics for both convective and stratiform regions of precipitation, which generally agree with the real rainfall distributions from satellite and lightning observations.
Mid‐Neoproterozoic Tectonics of Northwestern India: Evidence of Stitching Pluton along 810 Ma Phulad Shear Zone
Authors: Chatterjee Sadhana M. , Sarkar Ayan Kumar , Roy Alip , Manna Anirban 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn northwestern India, Phulad Shear Zone (PSZ, ~810 Ma) demarcates the boundary between South Delhi Fold Belt to the east and Marwar craton to the west. This shear zone has regional NE‐SW trend with small bends of N‐S orientations. PSZ is characterized by steep southeasterly dipping mylonitic foliation with steep oblique stretching lineation. The PSZ has developed in a ductile transpression with top‐to‐the‐NNW reverse sense of movement associated with a component of sinistral‐slip movement on horizontal section. The 200 by 6 km porphyritic Phulad granite occurs along and across the PSZ, and it is variably deformed. Phulad granite shows evidence of magmatic foliation with preservation of parallel alignment of euhedral feldspars phenocrysts and microgranitoid enclaves. The feldspar phenocrysts show simple twin interfaces parallel to the direction of elongation. This granite also shows development of solid‐state foliation parallel to this magmatic foliation. Detailed study of structural elements suggests that Phulad granite has formed during the regional deformation in the country rock shear zone prior to its complete crystallization. Our data indicate that the releasing bends of N‐S orientation within the PSZ have provided the space required for emplacement of Phulad granite in a transpressional regime. EPMA U‐Pb‐Th monazite and U‐Pb LA‐ICP‐MS zircon ages in Phulad granite indicate a magmatic age of 819.1 ± 4 and 818 ± 18 Ma, respectively. PSZ represents the suture along which Marwar craton accreted with remaining India to form the Greater India landmass. The present study suggests that Phulad granite acted as a stitching pluton during this suturing along PSZ at 810–820 Ma.
Proinflammatory cytokine TNFα promotes HPV-associated oral carcinogenesis by increasing cancer stemness
Authors: Hong Hannah S. , Akhavan Jonathan , Lee Sung Hee , Kim Reuben H. , Kang Mo K. , Park No-Hee , Shin Ki-Hyuk 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of several human cancers, including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. However, many studies have demonstrated that HPV alone is not sufficient for the oncogenic transformation of normal human epithelial cells, indicating that additional cofactors are required for the oncogenic conversion of HPV-infected cells. Inasmuch as chronic inflammation is also closely associated with carcinogenesis, we investigated the effect of chronic exposure to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), the major proinflammatory cytokine, on oncogenesis in two immortalized oral keratinocyte cell lines, namely, HPV16-immortalized and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized cells. TNFα treatment led to the acquisition of malignant growth properties in HPV16-immortalized cells, such as (1) calcium resistance, (2) anchorage independence, and (3) increased cell proliferation in vivo. Moreover, TNFα increased the cancer stem cell-like population and stemness phenotype in HPV16-immortalized cells. However, such transforming effects were not observed in hTERT-immortalized cells, suggesting an HPV-specific role in TNFα-promoted oncogenesis. We also generated hTERT-immortalized cells that express HPV16 E6 and E7. Chronic TNFα exposure successfully induced the malignant growth and stemness phenotype in the E6-expressing cells but not in the control and E7-expressing cells. We further demonstrated that HPV16 E6 played a key role in TNFα-induced cancer stemness via suppression of the stemness-inhibiting microRNAs miR-203 and miR-200c. Overexpression of miR-203 and miR-200c suppressed cancer stemness in TNFα-treated HPV16-immortalized cells. Overall, our study suggests that chronic inflammation promotes cancer stemness in HPV-infected cells, thereby promoting HPV-associated oral carcinogenesis.
Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated RNA and LL37 enable self-amplifying inflammation in psoriasis
Authors: Herster Franziska , Bittner Zsofia , Archer Nathan K. , Dickhöfer Sabine , Eisel David , Eigenbrod Tatjana , Knorpp Thomas , Schneiderhan-Marra Nicole , Löffler Markus W. , Kalbacher Hubert , Vierbuchen Tim , Heine Holger , Miller Lloyd S. , Hartl Dominik , Freund Lukas , Schäkel Knut , Heister Martin , Ghoreschi Kamran , Weber Alexander N. R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPsoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease with strong neutrophil (PMN) infiltration and high levels of the antimicrobial peptide, LL37. LL37 in complex with DNA and RNA is thought to initiate disease exacerbation via plasmacytoid dendritic cells. However, the source of nucleic acids supposed to start this initial inflammatory event remains unknown. We show here that primary murine and human PMNs mount a fulminant and self-propagating neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and cytokine response, but independently of the canonical NET component, DNA. Unexpectedly, RNA, which is abundant in NETs and psoriatic but not healthy skin, in complex with LL37 triggered TLR8/TLR13-mediated cytokine and NET release by PMNs in vitro and in vivo. Transfer of NETs to naive human PMNs prompts additional NET release, promoting further inflammation. Our study thus uncovers a self-propagating vicious cycle contributing to chronic inflammation in psoriasis, and NET-associated RNA (naRNA) as a physiologically relevant NET component.
5-fluorocytosine resistance is associated with hypermutation and alterations in capsule biosynthesis in Cryptococcus
Authors: Billmyre R. Blake , Applen Clancey Shelly , Li Lucy X. , Doering Tamara L. , Heitman Joseph 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPatients infected with the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus are most effectively treated with a combination of 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) and amphotericin B. 5FC acts as a prodrug, which is converted into toxic 5-fluorouracil (5FU) upon uptake into fungal cells. However, the pathogen frequently develops resistance through unclear mechanisms. Here we show that resistance to 5FC in Cryptococcus deuterogattii is acquired more frequently in isolates with defects in DNA mismatch repair that confer an elevated mutation rate. We use whole genome sequencing of 16 independent isolates to identify mutations associated with 5FC resistance in vitro. We find mutations in known resistance genes (FUR1 and FCY2) and in a gene UXS1, previously shown to encode an enzyme that converts UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose for capsule biosynthesis, but not known to play a role in 5FC metabolism. Mutations in UXS1 lead to accumulation of UDP-glucuronic acid and alterations in nucleotide metabolism, which appear to suppress toxicity of both 5FC and its toxic derivative 5FU.
Predicting optical coherence tomography-derived diabetic macular edema grades from fundus photographs using deep learning
Authors: Varadarajan Avinash V. , Bavishi Pinal , Ruamviboonsuk Paisan , Chotcomwongse Peranut , Venugopalan Subhashini , Narayanaswamy Arunachalam , Cuadros Jorge , Kanai Kuniyoshi , Bresnick George , Tadarati Mongkol , Silpa-archa Sukhum , Limwattanayingyong Jirawut , Nganthavee Variya , Ledsam Joseph R. , Keane Pearse A. , Corrado Greg S. , Peng Lily , Webster Dale R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCenter-involved diabetic macular edema (ci-DME) is a major cause of vision loss. Although the gold standard for diagnosis involves 3D imaging, 2D imaging by fundus photography is usually used in screening settings, resulting in high false-positive and false-negative calls. To address this, we train a deep learning model to predict ci-DME from fundus photographs, with an ROC–AUC of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87–0.91), corresponding to 85% sensitivity at 80% specificity. In comparison, retinal specialists have similar sensitivities (82–85%), but only half the specificity (45–50%, p < 0.001). Our model can also detect the presence of intraretinal fluid (AUC: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.81–0.86) and subretinal fluid (AUC 0.88; 95% CI: 0.85–0.91). Using deep learning to make predictions via simple 2D images without sophisticated 3D-imaging equipment and with better than specialist performance, has broad relevance to many other applications in medical imaging.
Electrically-driven Yagi-Uda antennas for light
Authors: Kullock René , Ochs Maximilian , Grimm Philipp , Emmerling Monika , Hecht Bert 
Published: January 2020

AbstractYagi-Uda antennas are a key technology for efficiently transmitting information from point to point using radio waves. Since higher frequencies allow higher bandwidths and smaller footprints, a strong incentive exists to shrink Yagi-Uda antennas down to the optical regime. Here we demonstrate electrically-driven Yagi-Uda antennas for light with wavelength-scale footprints that exhibit large directionalities with forward-to-backward ratios of up to 9.1 dB. Light generation is achieved via antenna-enhanced inelastic tunneling of electrons over the antenna feed gap. We obtain reproducible tunnel gaps by means of feedback-controlled dielectrophoresis, which precisely places single surface-passivated gold nanoparticles in the antenna gap. The resulting antennas perform equivalent to radio-frequency antennas and combined with waveguiding layers even outperform RF designs. This work paves the way for optical on-chip data communication that is not restricted by Joule heating but also for advanced light management in nanoscale sensing and metrology as well as light emitting devices.
Emerging regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies for Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Harris James P. , Burrell Justin C. , Struzyna Laura A. , Chen H. Isaac , Serruya Mijail D. , Wolf John A. , Duda John E. , Cullen D. Kacy 
Published: January 2020

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, affecting 1–2% of people over 65. The classic motor symptoms of PD result from selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), resulting in a loss of their long axonal projections to the striatum. Current treatment strategies such as dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulation (DBS) can only minimize the symptoms of nigrostriatal degeneration, not directly replace the lost pathway. Regenerative medicine-based solutions are being aggressively pursued with the goal of restoring dopamine levels in the striatum, with several emerging techniques attempting to reconstruct the entire nigrostriatal pathway—a key goal to recreate feedback pathways to ensure proper dopamine regulation. Although many pharmacological, genetic, and optogenetic treatments are being developed, this article focuses on the evolution of transplant therapies for the treatment of PD, including fetal grafts, cell-based implants, and more recent tissue-engineered constructs. Attention is given to cell/tissue sources, efficacy to date, and future challenges that must be overcome to enable robust translation into clinical use. Emerging regenerative medicine therapies are being developed using neurons derived from autologous stem cells, enabling the construction of patient-specific constructs tailored to their particular extent of degeneration. In the upcoming era of restorative neurosurgery, such constructs may directly replace SNpc neurons, restore axon-based dopaminergic inputs to the striatum, and ameliorate motor deficits. These solutions may provide a transformative and scalable solution to permanently replace lost neuroanatomy and improve the lives of millions of people afflicted by PD.
Pulsed atom-mechanical quantum non-demolition gate
Authors: Manukhova A. D. , Rakhubovsky A. A. , Filip R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHybridization of quantum science and technology crucially depends on quantum gates between various physical systems. The different platforms have different fundamental physics and, therefore, diverse advantages in various applications. Many applications require nearly ideal quantum gates with variable large interaction gain and sufficient entangling power. Moreover, pulsed gates are advantageous for fast quantum circuits. For quantum systems with continuous variables, the quantum non-demolition (QND) gate is the most basic. It is an entangling gate that simultaneously keeps a variable of the interacting system unchanged. This feature is useful for quantum circuits from quantum sensing to continuous variable quantum computing. Currently, atomic ensembles storing quantum states of radiation and mechanical oscillators transducing them are two major but very different continuous-variable matter platforms. We propose a high-quality continuous-variable QND gate between an atomic ensemble and a mechanical oscillator in the separated optical cavities connected by propagating optical pulses. We demonstrate that squeezing of light pulses, homodyne measurement, and optimized feedforward control used to build the gate are sufficient to reach an interaction gain up to 50 with nearly ideal entangling power.