bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fates of the circumgalactic medium in the FIRE simulations
Authors: Hafen Zachary , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Anglés-Alcázar Daniel , Stern Jonathan , Kereš Dušan , Esmerian Clarke , Wetzel Andrew , El-Badry Kareem , Chan T K , Murray Norman 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We analyse the different fates of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) in FIRE-2 cosmological simulations, focusing on the redshifts z = 0.25 and 2 representative of recent surveys. Our analysis includes 21 zoom-in simulations covering the halo mass range $M_{\rm h}(z=0) \sim 10^{10} \!-\! 10^{12} \rm {\,M}_\odot$. We analyse both where the gas ends up after first leaving the CGM (its ‘proximate’ fate) and its location at z = 0 (its ‘ultimate’ fate). Of the CGM at z = 2, about half is found in the ISM or stars of the central galaxy by z = 0 in Mh(z = 2) ∼ 5 × 1011 M⊙ haloes, but most of the CGM in lower mass haloes ends up in the intergalactic medium (IGM). This is so even though most of the CGM in Mh(z = 2) ∼ 5 × 1010 M⊙ haloes first accretes on to the central galaxy before being ejected into the IGM. On the other hand, most of the CGM mass at z = 0.25 remains in the CGM by z = 0 at all halo masses analysed. Of the CGM gas that subsequently accretes on to the central galaxy in the progenitors of Mh(z = 0) ∼ 1012 M⊙ haloes, most of it is cool (T ∼ 104 K) at z = 2 but hot (∼Tvir) at z ∼ 0.25, consistent with the expected transition from cold mode to hot mode accretion. Despite the transition in accretion mode, at both z = 0.25 and $2 \, {\gtrsim} 80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the cool gas in $M_{\rm h} \gtrsim 10^{11} \rm {M}_\odot$ haloes will accrete on to a galaxy. We find that the metallicity of CGM gas is typically a poor predictor of both its proximate and ultimate fates. This is because there is in general little correlation between the origin of CGM gas and its fate owing to substantial mixing while in the CGM.
Probing the thermal state of the intergalactic medium at z &gt; 5 with the transmission spikes in high-resolution  Ly α forest spectra
Authors: Gaikwad Prakash , Rauch Michael , Haehnelt Martin G , Puchwein Ewald , Bolton James S , Keating Laura C , Kulkarni Girish , Iršič Vid , Bañados Eduardo , Becker George D , Boera Elisa , Zahedy Fakhri S , Chen Hsiao-Wen , Carswell Robert F , Chardin Jonathan , Rorai Alberto 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We compare a sample of five high-resolution, high S/N  Ly α forest spectra of bright 6 &lt; z &lt; ∼6.5 QSOs aimed at spectrally resolving the last remaining transmission spikes at z &gt; 5 with those obtained from mock absorption spectra from the Sherwoodand Sherwood–Relics simulation suites of hydrodynamical simulations of the intergalactic medium (IGM). We use a profile-fitting procedure for the inverted transmitted flux, 1 − F, similar to the widely used Voigt profile fitting of the transmitted flux F at lower redshifts, to characterize the transmission spikes that probe predominately underdense regions of the IGM. We are able to reproduce the width and height distributions of the transmission spikes, both with optically thin simulations of the post-reionization Universe using a homogeneous UV background and full radiative transfer simulations of a late reionization model. We find that the width of the fitted components of the simulated transmission spikes is very sensitive to the instantaneous temperature of the reionized IGM. The internal structures of the spikes are more prominent in low temperature models of the IGM. The width distribution of the observed transmission spikes, which require high spectral resolution (≤ 8  km s−1) to be resolved, is reproduced for optically thin simulations with a temperature at mean density of T0 = (11 000 ± 1600, 10 500 ± 2100, 12 000 ± 2200) K at z = (5.4, 5.6, 5.8). This is weakly dependent on the slope of the temperature-density relation, which is favoured to be moderately steeper than isothermal. In the inhomogeneous, late reionization, full radiative transfer simulations where islands of neutral hydrogen persist to z ∼ 5.3, the width distribution of the observed transmission spikes is consistent with the range of T0 caused by spatial fluctuations in the temperature–density relation.
The accuracy of post-processed nucleosynthesis
Authors: Bravo Eduardo 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The computational requirements posed by multi-dimensional simulations of type Ia supernovae make it difficult to incorporate complex nuclear networks to follow the release of nuclear energy along with the propagation of the flame. Instead, these codes usually model the flame and use simplified nuclear kinetics, with the goal of determining a sufficiently accurate rate of nuclear energy generation and, afterwards, post-processing the thermodynamic trajectories with a large nuclear network to obtain more reliable nuclear yields. In this work, I study the performance of simplified nuclear networks with respect to reproduction of the nuclear yields obtained with a one-dimensional supernova code equipped with a large nuclear network. I start by defining a strategy to follow the properties of matter in nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE). I propose to use published tables of NSE properties, together with a careful interpolation routine. Short networks (iso7 and 13α) are able to give an accurate yield of 56Ni, after post-processing, but can fail by order of magnitude in predicting the ejected mass of even mildly abundant species (&gt;10−3 M⊙). A network of 21 species reproduces the nucleosynthesis of the Chandrasekhar and sub-Chandrasekhar explosions studied here with average errors better than 20 per cent for the whole set of stable elements and isotopes followed in the models.
A parameter survey of Sgr A* radiative models from GRMHD simulations with self-consistent electron heating
Authors: Dexter J , Jiménez-Rosales A , Ressler S M , Tchekhovskoy A , Bauböck M , de Zeeuw P T , Eisenhauer F , von Fellenberg S , Gao F , Genzel R , Gillessen S , Habibi M , Ott T , Stadler J , Straub O , Widmann F 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The Galactic centre black hole candidate Sgr A* is the best target for studies of low-luminosity accretion physics, including with near-infrared (NIR) and submillimetre wavelength long baseline interferometry experiments. Here, we compare images and spectra generated from a parameter survey of general relativistic MHD simulations to a set of radio to NIR observations of Sgr A*. Our models span the limits of weak and strong magnetization and use a range of sub-grid prescriptions for electron heating. We find two classes of scenarios can explain the broad shape of the submillimetre spectral peak and the highly variable NIR flaring emission. Weakly magnetized ‘disc-jet’ models where most of the emission is produced near the jet wall, consistent with past work, as well as strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disc) models where hot electrons are present everywhere. Disc-jet models are strongly depolarized at submillimetre wavelengths as a result of strong Faraday rotation, inconsistent with observations of Sgr A*. We instead favour the strongly magnetized models, which provide a good description of the median and highly variable linear polarization signal. The same models can also explain the observed mean Faraday rotation measure and potentially the polarization signals seen recently in Sgr A* NIR flares.
Types of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and risk of end-stage kidney disease and death in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease
Authors: Minutolo Roberto , Garofalo Carlo , Chiodini Paolo , Aucella Filippo , Del Vecchio Lucia , Locatelli Francesco , Scaglione Francesco , De Nicola Luca 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite the widespread use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to treat anaemia, the risk of adverse outcomes associated with the use of different types of ESAs in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) is poorly investigated.MethodsFrom a pooled cohort of four observational studies, we selected CKD patients receiving short-acting (epoetin α/β; n = 299) or long-acting ESAs (darbepoetin and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin β; n = 403). The primary composite endpoint was end-stage kidney disease (ESKD; dialysis or transplantation) or all-cause death. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate the relative risk of the primary endpoint between short- and long-acting ESA users.ResultsDuring follow-up [median 3.6 years (interquartile range 2.1–6.3)], the primary endpoint was registered in 401 patients [166 (72%) in the short-acting ESA group and 235 (58%) in the long-acting ESA group]. In the highest tertile of short-acting ESA dose, the adjusted risk of primary endpoint was 2-fold higher {hazard ratio [HR] 2.07 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37–3.12]} than in the lowest tertile, whereas it did not change across tertiles of dose for long-acting ESA patients. Furthermore, the comparison of ESA type in each tertile of ESA dose disclosed a significant difference only in the highest tertile, where the risk of the primary endpoint was significantly higher in patients receiving short-acting ESAs [HR 1.56 (95% CI 1.09–2.24); P = 0.016]. Results were confirmed when ESA dose was analysed as continuous variable with a significant difference in the primary endpoint between short- and long-acting ESAs for doses &gt;105 IU/kg/week.ConclusionsAmong non-dialysis CKD patients, the use of a short-acting ESA may be associated with an increased risk of ESKD or death versus long-acting ESAs when higher ESA doses are prescribed.
Task-Oriented Circuit Training for Mobility in Outpatient Stroke Rehabilitation in Germany and Austria: A Contextual Transferability Analysis
Authors: Diermayr Gudrun , Schomberg Maria , Greisberger Andrea , Elsner Bernhard , Gronwald Marit , Salbach Nancy M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
People with stroke cite mobility deficits as one of the most burdensome limitations. National and international stroke guidelines recommend physical therapy based on task-oriented practice, with high numbers of repetitions to improve mobility. In the outpatient setting in Germany and Austria, these principles have not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to identify an evidence-based intervention that could help reduce this research-practice gap.
A stepwise approach proposed by Voigt-Radloff and colleagues and Cochrane Germany was used. First, the specific health service problem in the German and Austrian physical therapy outpatient context was identified. Second, a promising intervention was identified using a systematic search in the Cochrane Library and by grading the quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Finally, the transferability of the promising intervention into the local context was evaluated using predefined questions from the Cochrane guide and reports from health insurances, professional organizations, and national stroke guidelines.
Task-oriented circuit training reviewed by English and colleagues was chosen. The review showed clinically important improvements in walking distance and speed. The quality of the evidence was graded high for these 2 outcomes. We identified contextual challenges for implementation at the setting level (eg, insufficient reimbursement for group therapy by insurance companies), the participant and therapist level (eg, unknown motivation for group therapy due to the established 1:1 patient-therapist ratio), and the outcome measure level (eg, lack of standardized, cross-culturally translated manuals).
Although task-oriented circuit training is scientifically well established, barriers to implementation into routine care in Germany and Austria can be expected. In a next step, research using knowledge translation methodology will focus on the detailed evaluation of barriers and facilitators with relevant stakeholders.
World leaders’ usage of Twitter in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a content analysis
Authors: Rufai Sohaib R , Bunce Catey 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
It is crucial that world leaders mount effective public health measures in response to COVID-19. Twitter may represent a powerful tool to help achieve this. Here, we explore the role of Twitter as used by Group of Seven (G7) world leaders in response to COVID-19.

Methods
This was a qualitative study with content analysis. Inclusion criteria were as follows: viral tweets from G7 world leaders, attracting a minimum of 500 ‘likes’; keywords ‘COVID-19’ or ‘coronavirus’; search dates 17 November 2019 to 17 March 2020. We performed content analysis to categorize tweets into appropriate themes and analyzed associated Twitter data.

Results
Eight out of nine (88.9%) G7 world leaders had verified and active Twitter accounts, with a total following of 85.7 million users. Out of a total 203 viral tweets, 166 (82.8%) were classified as ‘Informative’, of which 48 (28.6%) had weblinks to government-based sources, while 19 (9.4%) were ‘Morale-boosting’ and 14 (6.9%) were ‘Political’. Numbers of followers and viral tweets were not strictly related.

Conclusions
Twitter may represent a powerful tool for world leaders to rapidly communicate public health information with citizens. We would urge general caution when using Twitter for health information, with a preference for tweets containing official government-based information sources.
Speculators and Middlemen: The Strategy and Performance of Investors in the Housing Market
Authors: Bayer Patrick , Geissler Christopher , Mangum Kyle , Roberts James W 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUsing data from the Los Angeles area from 1988 to 2012, we study the behavior and sources of returns of individual investors in the housing market. We document the existence of two distinct investor types. The first act as middlemen, purchasing substantially below and reselling above market prices throughout the cycle, improving liquidity and the existing capital stock in the process. The second act as speculators, who primarily enter during the boom, buying and selling at essentially market prices. Neither type anticipated the housing bust. We document similar behavior by speculators and middlemen in 96 other U.S. metro areas.
Neural mechanisms of self-affirmation’s stress buffering effects
Authors: Dutcher Janine M , Eisenberger Naomi I , Woo Hayoung , Klein William M P , Harris Peter R , Levine John M , Creswell John David 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSelf-affirmation can buffer stress responses across different contexts, yet the neural mechanisms for these effects are unknown. Self-affirmation has been shown to increase activity in reward-related neural regions, including the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Given that reward-related prefrontal cortical regions such as the VMPFC are involved in reducing neurobiological and behavioral responses to stress, we hypothesized that self-affirmation would activate VMPFC and also reduce neural responses to stress in key neural threat system regions such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI). We explored this hypothesis using self-affirmation and evaluative stress tasks following a within-subjects design in the fMRI scanner. Consistent with prior work, self-affirmation blocks led to lower self-reported stress and improved performance. With respect to neural activity, compared to control blocks, self-affirmation blocks led to greater VMPFC activity, and subsequently less left AI (but not dACC) activity during stress task blocks. Functional connectivity analyses revealed greater connectivity between the VMPFC and left and right AI during self-affirmation compared to control. These findings begin to articulate the neural circuits involved in self-affirmation’s effects during exposure to stressors, and more broadly specify neural reward-based responses to stressful situations.
Robust prediction of individual personality from brain functional connectome
Authors: Cai Huanhuan , Zhu Jiajia , Yu Yongqiang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have linked inter-individual variability in the brain to individualized personality traits. However, only one or several aspects of personality have been effectively predicted based on brain imaging features. The objective of this study was to construct a reliable prediction model of personality in a large sample by using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM), a recently developed machine learning approach. High-quality resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 810 healthy young participants from the Human Connectome Project dataset were used to construct large-scale brain networks. Personality traits of the five-factor model (FFM) were assessed by the NEO Five Factor Inventory. We found that CPM successfully and reliably predicted all the FFM personality factors (agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism) other than extraversion in novel individuals. At the neural level, we found that the personality-associated functional networks mainly included brain regions within default mode, frontoparietal executive control, visual and cerebellar systems. Although different feature selection thresholds and parcellation strategies did not significantly influence the prediction results, some findings lost significance after controlling for confounds including age, gender, intelligence and head motion. Our finding of robust personality prediction from an individual’s unique functional connectome may help advance the translation of ‘brain connectivity fingerprinting’ into real-world personality psychological settings.
Simulation and social behavior: an fMRI study of neural processing during simulation in individuals with and without risk for psychosis
Authors: Lincoln Sarah Hope , Germine Laura T , Mair Patrick , Hooker Christine I 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Social dysfunction is a risk indicator for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, with at-risk individuals demonstrating a range of social behavior impairments. Variability in social ability may be explained by individual differences in the psychological processes of social behavior. In particular, mental simulation, the process by which an individual generates an internal representation of the thoughts or feelings of another, may explain variation in social behavior. This study investigates the neural process of simulation in healthy individuals and individuals at risk for psychosis. Using a novel fMRI pain paradigm, individuals watch videos of another person’s hand or foot experiencing pain. After each video, individuals are asked to simulate the observed painful situation on their own hand or foot. Neural activity during simulation in the somatosensory cortex was associated with real-world self-reported social behavior, such that a stronger neural response in the somatosensory cortex was associated with greater rates of positive social experiences and affective empathy across all participants. These findings suggest that the neural mechanisms that underlie simulation are important for social behavior, and may explain individual variability in social functioning in healthy and at-risk populations.
Hepatitis B cure: modeling the economics of a potential cost of a cure
Authors: Toy Mehlika , So Samuel , Hutton David W. 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review
The cure for hepatitis C virus infection has raised hope for a potential hepatitis B virus (HBV) cure, but the high price tag has led to serious questions about the affordability, and thus to access for all. This review discusses cost-effectiveness models, affordability, and access to a potential new cure for chronic HBV infection.

Recent findings
A cure does not yet exist for HBV, but the antiviral treatments that are currently available help slow down the progression of disease. There is limited research in the area of cost-effectiveness and economic analysis comparing a potential cure. Our preliminary findings from modeling and economic threshold analysis show that cure could be potentially cost-effective or cost-saving. Governments can possibly use the results of economic models for price negotiations.

Summary
The highest burden of the HBV infection is in low and middle-income countries. Given that the cost of current treatment has dropped dramatically in recent years as the first line treatments have come off patent, the price for a HBV cure needs to be reasonable and affordable to all people.
A Venous Mesenteric Ischemia Revealing a Protein C Deficiency
Authors: Abdel-Nacer Nefis , Jaoued Oussamma , Rejeb Manel Ben , Hassen Mohamed Fekih 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this case, we reported a 9-year-old girl who presented with a superior mesenteric venous thrombosis secondary to Protein C deficiency. This condition of venous thrombosis secondary to Protein C deficiency is rare. Symptoms are not specific and may include vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain. The article describes the case of a familial disorder. Treatment included anticoagulation to prevent further thrombotic events and a resection of the necrotic bowel segment.
Long-term Change in the Speech Perception Ability in Pediatric Cochlear Implants and the Effect of the Age at Implantation
Authors: Kwak Min Young , Lee Jee Yeon , Kim Yehree , Seo Ji Won , Lee Je Yeon , Kang Woo Seok , Ahn Joong Ho , Chung Jong Woo , Park Hong Ju 
Published: March 2020

Objective:
We analyzed the long-term changes in speech perception ability of pediatric cochlear implants (CIs) to evaluate the effect of the age at the time of surgery.

Study Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
Tertiary care academic center.

Patients:
One hundred fourteen prelingually deaf children with CI use duration >10 years.

Main Outcome Measures:
Categories of auditory performance (CAP) scores and monosyllabic word recognition scores using the Asan-Samsung Korean word list (ASK-WRS) and a conventional word list (KS-WRS) were the main outcomes. Outcomes were compared according to the age at surgery (group I, 1–2 yr; II, 2.1–3 yr; III, 3.1–7 yr; IV, 7.1–13 yr).

Results:
CAP scores reached plateaus at 2.6 to 3.3 years post-CI; groups I to III showed better scores than group IV. The maximum CAP score was obtained in all children of groups I to III and in 65% of group IV. ASK-WRSs reached plateaus at 3.2 to 4.8 years post-CI. Younger patients at CI operation showed better ASK-WRSs (97, 93, 90, and 54% in groups I–IV, respectively), but the differences were not significant (I versus II and II versus III). Ceiling effect (perfect score) was observed in early groups (67, 44, 30, and 0% in groups I–IV). KS-WRSs, which is a challenging test, reached plateaus at 7.2 to 8.4 years postsurgery with no ceiling effect. Early implantees showed significantly better scores (88, 82, 73, and 46% in groups I–IV).

Conclusions:
Speech perception ability after CI showed audiological age-specific improvement evaluated by various test methods. The most challenging test demonstrated long-term performance differences by the age at CI operation.