bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using character N-grams to explorediachronic change in medieval English
Authors: Buckley Kevin , Vogel Carl 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper applies character N-grams to the study of diachronic linguistic variation in a historical language. The period selected for this initial exploratory study is medieval English, a well-studied period of great linguistic variation and language contact, whereby the efficacy of computational techniques can be examined through comparison to the wealth of thorough scholarship on medieval linguistic variation. Frequency profiles of character N-gram features were generated for several epochs in the history of English and a measure of language distance was employed to quantify the similarity between English at different stages in its history. Through this a quantification of internal change in English was achieved. Furthermore similarity between English and other medieval languages across time was measured allowing for a measurement of the well-known period of contact between English and Anglo-Norman French. This methodology is compared to traditional lexicostatistical methods and shown to be able to derive the same patterns as those derived from expert-created feature lists (i.e. Swadesh lists). The use of character N-gram profiles proved to be a flexible and useful method to study diachronic variation, allowing for the highlighting of relevant features of change. This method may be a complement to traditional qualitative examinations.
Fine details of a larger picture: Proto-Sakishima*auand*aodiphthongs
Authors: Jarosz Aleksandra 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUsing comparative evidence from the three Sakishima (South Ryukyuan) languages, Miyakoan, Yaeyaman and Dunan, this paper postulates a reconstruction of two Proto-Sakishima *a-initial diphthongs,*aoand*au, and argues that this distinction was carried over to Proto-Miyakoan and Proto-Yaeyaman. The number of vocabulary items traceable to Proto-Sakishima*auis scarce and almost exclusively involves morphologically complex forms, mostly verbs, making the*aoand*audistinction one easy to omit or disregard as random sound change irregularities. Furthermore, most of the modern Sakishima regiolects have lost the distinction between*aoand*au, Tarama-Miyakoan being the only one that consistently maintains the original distinction in all relevant areas of vocabulary and not just verbs, reflecting*aoas /au/ or /oː/ and*auas /uː/. Positing Proto-Sakishima*aoand*auin accordance with the Tarama reflexes begets new insights concerning the *o > *uraising in Sakishima as well as in Ryukyuan in general, thus confirming the slow gradualness of the process and hinting at the chronology of the changes related to this raising. It also reveals a number of specifics concerning the diachrony of Sakishima verb systems, especially the development of conclusive verb forms, thus explaining the apparent discrepancy in*auand*aoreflexes in the regiolects of Miyako and Yaeyama.
The cGMP system: components and function
Authors: Hofmann Franz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling system is one of the most prominent regulators of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes in many mammalian and non-mammalian tissues. Targeting this pathway by increasing cGMP levels has been a very successful approach in pharmacology as shown for nitrates, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors and stimulators of nitric oxide-guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) and particulate GC (pGC). This is an introductory review to the cGMP signaling system intended to introduce those readers to this system, who do not work in this area. This article does not intend an in-depth review of this system. Signal transduction by cGMP is controlled by the generating enzymes GCs, the degrading enzymes PDEs and the cGMP-regulated enzymes cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels, cGMP-dependent protein kinases and cGMP-regulated PDEs. Part A gives a very concise introduction to the components. Part B gives a very concise introduction to the functions modulated by cGMP. The article cites many recent reviews for those who want a deeper insight.
Antioxidative, antimitotic, and DNA-damaging activities of Garcinia kola stem bark, Uvaria chamae root, and Olax subscorpioidea root used in the ethnotherapy of cancers
Authors: Popoola Temidayo D. , Awodele Olufunsho , Babawale Folashayo , Oguns Oluwatoyin , Onabanjo Olawale , Ibanga Imaobong , Godwin Henry , Oyeniyi Tosin , Fatokun Amos A. , Akinloye Oluyemi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Garcinia kola (GK) stem bark, Uvaria chamae (UC) root, and Olax subscorpioidea (OS) root are components of various indigenous/traditional anticancer regimens. It is, therefore, possible that they might combat oxidative stress and impair cellular proliferation linked to carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative, mito-depressive, and DNA-damaging activities of the three plant extracts in order to provide further mechanistic insights into their potential anticancer roles in documented cancer remedies that include them. Antioxidative properties were investigated in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging assays and an animal model of drug (cisplatin)-induced oxidative stress. The Allium cepa assay and the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay were used to assess mito-depressive and DNA-damaging activities. GK and OS showed significantly higher antioxidant activities in the DPPH assay than ascorbic acid; OS had the lowest IC50 of the three plants in the NO assay, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. Pretreatment with the extracts produced an ameliorative and protective effect against the cisplatin-induced oxidative stress as shown by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and improved or restored reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. In the Allium test, the three extracts produced significant decreases in root growth and also significant cytotoxicity as evidenced by decreased mitotic index. Each of the extracts also showed significantly increased tail DNA (%) in the SCGE assay, indicating the significant DNA-damaging effect. Taken together, this study demonstrates the possible chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potentials of the three study extracts, which may explain the roles of their source plants in traditional remedies in the therapy of cancers.
Medical problems in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis and their therapy
Authors: Suprapti Budi , Nilamsari Wenny Putri , Rachmania  , Widodo  , Alderman Chris 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
It was reported that hemodialysis (HD) with either a new or reused dialyzer raises medical problems that require therapeutic regimens. This study aimed to investigate the medical problems and their management in patients undergoing HD.

Methods
This study was conducted by prospectively observing patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing HD. The incidence of medical problems and the treatment given were recorded.

Results
Among 351 cases of HD, medical problems occurred in 15.7% of cases, including hypotension as the most dominant, followed by muscle cramps, shivering, headache, asphyxia, fever, chest pain, and pruritus. Hypotension was ameliorated with intravenous 40% dextrose and normal saline. Muscle cramps were overcome with 40% dextrose, normal saline, methampyrone, and calcium gluconate. Shivering was managed by warming the patients followed by intravenous methampyrone, 40% dextrose, and normal saline. Meanwhile, headache was reduced by paracetamol or intravenous methampyrone and 40% dextrose. Fever was treated by intravenous methampyrone or oral paracetamol. Pruritus was managed by intravenous dexamethasone and diphenhydramine.

Conclusions
Medical problems occurring during HD are prevalent and need immediate therapy. Pharmacists and clinicians should work in collaboration to improve the patients’ quality of life.
Causal Social Construction
Authors: Kõiv Riin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the social constructionist literature, little has been said about what it means for social factors to cause X in such a way that X would count as causally socially constructed. In this paper, I argue that being caused by social factors – and thus being causally socially constructed – is best defined in terms of a contrastive counterfactual notion of causation. Unlike some plausible alternatives, this definition captures what is at stake in actual social constructionist debates. It makes transparent which factors the truth of a causal constructionist claim may depend on. By doing so, it sheds light on what the disagreements over whether X is causally socially constructed may turn on. It also helps us to see under which condition the claim that X is socially causally constructed is compatible with the claim that X is caused by biological factors.
From waste/residual marine biomass to active biopolymer-based packaging film materials for food industry applications – a review
Authors: Novak Uroš , Bajić Marijan , Kõrge Kristi , Oberlintner Ana , Murn Janja , Lokar Krista , Triler Karin Veronika , Likozar Blaž 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Waste/residual marine biomass represents a vast and potentially underexplored source of biopolymers chitin/chitosan and alginate. Their isolation and potential application in the development and production of bio-based food packaging are gaining in attractiveness due to a recent increment in plastic pollution awareness. Accordingly, a review of the latest research work was given to cover the pathway from biomass sources to biopolymers isolation and application in the development of active (antimicrobial/antioxidant) film materials intended for food packaging. Screening of the novel eco-friendly isolation processes was followed by an extensive overview of the most recent publications covering the chitosan- and alginate-based films with incorporated active agents.
Zivil-militärische Stabilisierung als Handlungsfeld im internationalen Krisenmanagement – eine Bilanz
Authors: Schroeder Robin 
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung
Die Stabilisierung von Krisengebieten als zivil-militärische Querschnittsaufgabe ist ein Schwerpunkt der deutschen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik. Während die Zuständigkeiten von militärischen und auch polizeilichen Kräften in diesem Zusammenhang klar umrissen sind, blieb die genaue Bedeutung ziviler Stabilisierung lange ungeklärt. Erst nach langjährigen Erfahrungen in Afghanistan und anderen Einsatzländern entwickelte sich schrittweise ein genaueres Konzept von Stabilisierung. Mit den sogenannten Leitlinien der Bundesregierung von 2017 wurde Stabilisierung als strategisches Konzept erstmalig auch in einem deutschen sicherheitspolitischen Grundsatzdokument verankert. Die Bundesregierung steht nun vor der Aufgabe, dieses Konzept gemeinsam mit internationalen Partnern in Krisengebieten systematisch zu implementieren und gleichzeitig die Zielsetzung und Wirkungslogik von Stabilisierung nach innen und außen zu vermitteln.
Weit genug gedacht? Drei Jahre PeaceLab im Rückblick
Authors: Brockmeier Sarah , Rotmann Philipp 
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel zieht eine erste Bilanz der fachöffentlichen Debatte zu den Leitlinien „Krisen verhindern, Konflikte bewältigen, Frieden fördern“ der Bundesregierung im „PeaceLab2016“ sowie weiteren vertieften Diskussionen über Sicherheits-, Justiz- und Aufarbeitungsfragen. Leitlinien wie Debatte, so die Analyse, zeigen mit einigen Ausnahmen die gleichen Strategiedefizite in der deutschen Friedens- und Sicherheitspolitik auf: Bundesregierung wie Fachcommunity setzen vage oder keine Ziele, nennen kaum Prioritäten und entwickeln wenig oder keine Länder- bzw. themenspezifischen Strategien. Um dieses Strategiedefizit anzugehen, sollte die Bundesregierung Weißbuch und Leitlinien in Zukunft in einem gemeinsamen Strategiedokument für eine ganzheitliche Außen-, Entwicklungs- und Sicherheitspolitik bündeln. Dadurch kämen auch die „Friedenscommunity“ und die „Sicherheitscommunity“ stärker miteinander ins Gespräch.
Conceptions and discourses of linguistic justice: Some illustrations from the Scottish context
Authors: McLeod Wilson 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article considers the example of Scotland in order to examine the ways in which issues, arguments and claims that implicate linguistic justice are framed and presented in public discourse and in different kinds of practical contexts. It takes a positive rather than normative approach, identifying and analysing the main issues and lines of argument that have emerged in practice, rather than testing a particular theoretical understanding of linguistic justice. The article examines the key principles and understandings that underpin the current policy regime and the nature of provision for particular languages in Scotland, especially the autochthonous Scottish Gaelic language, which receives particular concern from policy-makers but also attracts controversy. Other important language varieties include Scots; Polish, Urdu, Punjabi and Chinese; and British Sign Language. Anomalies and inconsistencies are identified and analysed in relation to provision for different languages in different fields, disparities that often have political or ideological ramifications and require to be understood in the distinct Scottish socio-political context. In the final section, the article addresses in the position of different languages in the Scottish education system, attempting to discern the extent to which greatly varying levels of provision for different kinds of languages can be understood in terms of linguistic justice.
Pattern Separation and Source Memory Engage Distinct Hippocampal and Neocortical Regions during Retrieval
Authors: Stevenson Rebecca F. , Reagh Zachariah M. , Chun Amanda P. , Murray Elizabeth A. , Yassa Michael A. 
Published: November 2019

Detailed representations of past events rely on the ability to form associations between items and their contextual features (i.e., source memory), as well as the ability to distinctly represent a new event from a similar one stored in memory (i.e., pattern separation). These processes are both known to engage the hippocampus, although whether they share similar mechanisms remains unclear. It is also unknown if, and in which region(s), activity related to these processes overlaps and/or interacts. Here, we used high-resolution fMRI to examine the contributions of hippocampal subfields and neocortical areas to pattern separation and source memory with an experimental paradigm that concurrently tested both. During encoding, male and female human subjects incidentally studied items in one of four quadrants on the screen. During test, they viewed repeated items (targets), similar items (lures), and new items (foils) and were asked to indicate whether each item was old, similar, or new. Following each item judgment, subjects were asked to indicate the quadrant in which the original stimulus was presented. Thus, each lure trial had a lure discrimination component (taxing pattern separation) and a location judgment (source memory). We found two main response profiles: (1) pattern separation-related signals in DG/CA3 and perirhinal cortex and (2) source memory signals in posterior CA1, parahippocampal cortex, and angular gyrus. Whole-brain voxelwise analysis revealed that activity related to lure discrimination and source memory was largely nonoverlapping. These findings suggest that distinct processes underlie the retrieval of pattern separated item representations and recollection of source information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecalling past events with detail and accuracy depends on the ability to remember the contextual features of an event (i.e., source memory) as well as the ability to distinguish among similar events in memory (i.e., pattern separation). Previous work has shown that these processes are behaviorally dissociable (e.g., people can have clear memory for context but misidentify people or items). However, both processes engage the hippocampus, and it is unclear whether they rely on shared or distinct neural mechanisms. Here, we used high-resolution fMRI to concurrently assess hippocampal and neocortical activity related to source memory and pattern separation. We found that activity related to these processes was largely nonoverlapping, shedding light on two complementary but distinct mechanisms supporting episodic memory.
β-Bursts Reveal the Trial-to-Trial Dynamics of Movement Initiation and Cancellation
Authors: Wessel Jan R. 
Published: November 2019

The neurophysiological basis of motor control is of substantial interest to basic researchers and clinicians alike. Motor processes are accompanied by prominent field potential changes in the β-frequency band (15–29 Hz): in trial-averages, movement initiation is accompanied by β-band desynchronization over sensorimotor areas, whereas movement cancellation is accompanied by β-power increases over (pre)frontal areas. However, averaging misrepresents the true nature of the β-signal. Unaveraged β-band activity is characterized by short-lasting, burst-like events, rather than by steady modulations. Therefore, averaging-based quantifications may miss important brain–behavior relationships. To investigate how β-bursts relate to movement in male and female humans (N= 234), we investigated scalp-recorded β-band activity during the stop-signal task, which operationalizes both movement initiation and cancellation. Both processes were indexed by systematic spatiotemporal changes in β-burst rates. Before movement initiation, β-bursting was prominent at bilateral sensorimotor sites. These burst-rates predicted reaction time (a relationship that was absent in trial-average data), suggesting that sensorimotor β-bursting signifies an inhibited motor system, which has to be overcome to initiate movements. Indeed, during movement initiation, sensorimotor burst-rates steadily decreased, lateralizing just before movement execution. In contrast, successful movement cancellation was signified by increased phasic β-bursting over fronto-central sites. Such β-bursts were followed by short-latency increases of bilateral sensorimotor β-burst rates, suggesting that motor inhibition can be rapidly re-instantiated by frontal areas when movements have to be rapidly cancelled. Together, these findings suggest that β-bursting is a fundamental signature of the motor system, used by both sensorimotor and frontal areas involved in the trial-by-trial control of behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMovement-related β-frequency (15–29 Hz) changes are among the most prominent features of neural recordings across species, scales, and methods. However, standard averaging-based methods obscure the true dynamics of β-band activity, which is dominated by short-lived, burst-like events. Here, we demonstrate that both movement-initiation and cancellation in humans are characterized by unique trial-to-trial patterns of β-bursting. Movement initiation is characterized by steady reductions of β-bursting over bilateral sensorimotor sites. In contrast, during rapid movement cancellation, β-bursts first emerge over fronto-central sites typically associated with motor control, after which sensorimotor β-bursting re-initiates. These findings suggest a fundamentally novel, non-invasive measure of the neural interaction underlying movement-initiation and -cancellation, opening new avenues for the study of motor control in health and disease.
Inferring the Genomic Landscape of Recombination Rate Variation in European Aspen (Populus tremula)
Authors: Apuli Rami-Petteri , Bernhardsson Carolina , Schiffthaler Bastian , Robinson Kathryn M , Jansson Stefan , Street Nathaniel R , Ingvarsson Pär K 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The rate of meiotic recombination is one of the central factors determining genome-wide levels of linkage disequilibrium which has important consequences for the efficiency of natural selection and for the dissection of quantitative traits. Here we present a new, high-resolution linkage map for Populus tremula that we use to anchor approximately two thirds of the P. tremula draft genome assembly on to the expected 19 chromosomes, providing us with the first chromosome-scale assembly for P. tremula (Table 2). We then use this resource to estimate variation in recombination rates across the P. tremula genome and compare these results to recombination rates based on linkage disequilibrium in a large number of unrelated individuals. We also assess how variation in recombination rates is associated with a number of genomic features, such as gene density, repeat density and methylation levels. We find that recombination rates obtained from the two methods largely agree, although the LD-based method identifies a number of genomic regions with very high recombination rates that the map-based method fails to detect. Linkage map and LD-based estimates of recombination rates are positively correlated and show similar correlations with other genomic features, showing that both methods can accurately infer recombination rate variation across the genome. Recombination rates are positively correlated with gene density and negatively correlated with repeat density and methylation levels, suggesting that recombination is largely directed toward gene regions in P. tremula.
Impact of Baseline Nutrition and Exercise Status on Toxicity and Outcomes in Phase I and II Oncology Clinical Trial Participants
Authors: Jain Rishi , Handorf Elizabeth , Khare Vipin , Blau Matthew , Chertock Yana , Hall Michael J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Malnutrition and physical inactivity are common in patients with advanced cancer and are associated with poor outcomes. There are increasing data that altered body composition is related to the pharmacokinetic properties of cancer therapies. These adverse conditions may impact outcomes in early-phase oncology clinical trials.

Materials and Methods
We aimed to understand the relationships between baseline nutrition and exercise status with important trial endpoints including treatment-related toxicity and survival. Baseline assessments of nutrition and exercise status were conducted in patients prior to initiation of phase I and II oncology clinical trials. Patients were followed prospectively for the onset of adverse events. Tumor response and survival data were also obtained. Fisher's exact test and chi-square analysis were used to determine statistical significance. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare patient duration on study and survival.

Results
One hundred patients were recruited, of whom 87 were initiating a phase I trial. Sixty percent were initiating trials studying immunotherapeutic agents. Critical malnutrition was found in 39% of patients, and 52% were sedentary. Patients who were malnourished had significantly increased rates of grade ≥ 3 toxicity (p = .001), hospitalizations (p = .001), and inferior disease control rate (p = .019). Six-month overall survival was significantly reduced in malnourished patients versus nonmalnourished patients (47% vs. 84%; p = .0003), as was median duration on study (48 days vs. 105 days; p = .047). Being sedentary at baseline was associated with decreased duration on study (57 days vs. 105 days; p = .019).

Conclusion
Malnutrition and sedentary lifestyle are highly prevalent in patients enrolling on early-phase oncology clinical trials and are associated with poor outcomes. The quality of data from these studies may be compromised as a result of these pre-existing conditions.