bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic variation in the American pika: signatures of geographic isolation and implications for conservation
Authors: Klingler Kelly Brie , Jahner Joshua P , Parchman Thomas L , Ray Chris , Peacock Mary 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Distributional responses by alpine taxa to repeated, glacial-interglacial cycles throughout the last two million years have significantly influenced the spatial genetic structure of populations. These effects have been exacerbated for the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a small alpine lagomorph constrained by thermal sensitivity and a limited dispersal capacity. As a species of conservation concern, long-term lack of gene flow has important consequences for landscape genetic structure and levels of diversity within populations. Here, we use reduced representation sequencing (ddRADseq) to provide a genome-wide perspective on patterns of genetic variation across pika populations representing distinct subspecies. To investigate how landscape and environmental features shape genetic variation, we collected genetic samples from distinct geographic regions as well as across finer spatial scales in two geographically proximate mountain ranges of eastern Nevada. Results: Our genome-wide analyses corroborate range-wide, mitochondrial subspecific designations and reveal pronounced fine-scale population structure between the Ruby Mountains and East Humboldt Range of eastern Nevada. Populations in Nevada were characterized by low genetic diversity (𝜋=0.0006–0.0009; 𝜃W=0.0005–0.0007) relative to populations in California (𝜋=0.0014–0.0019; 𝜃W=0.0011–0.0017) and the Rocky Mountains (𝜋=0.0025–0.0027; 𝜃W=0.0021–0.0024), indicating substantial genetic drift in these isolated populations. Tajima’s D was positive for all sites (D=0.240-0.811), consistent with recent contraction in population sizes range-wide. Conclusions: Substantial influences of geography, elevation and climate variables on genetic differentiation were also detected and may interact with the regional effects of anthropogenic climate change to force the loss of unique genetic lineages through continued population extirpations in the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada.
Root canal curvature as a prognostic factor influencing the diagnostic accuracy of radiographic working length&nbsp;determination&nbsp;and postoperative canal axis modification: An in vitro comparative study.&nbsp;
Authors: Faraj Bestoon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Radiographic analysis of tooth morphology is mandatory for accurate calibration of the degree of canal curvature angle and radiographic working length to its real dimensions in case difficulty assessment protocols. This study aimed to determine the impact of the degree of root canal curvature angle on maintaining the real working length and the original canal axis of prepared root canals using a reciprocating rotary instrumentation technique. Methods: Radiographic image analysis were performed on 60 extracted single-rooted human premolar teeth with a moderate canal curvature (10-25o) and severe canal curvature (26-70o). Working length and longitudinal canal axis were determined using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital periapical radiography. The real working length was established by subtracting 0.5 mm from the actual canal length. Root canals were prepared using the WaveOne Gold reciprocating file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Results: There was no significant relation of the degree of canal curvature angle to the accuracy of radiographic working length estimated on CBCT and digital periapical radiographic techniques (P > 0.05). Postinstrumentation changes in the original canal axis between moderate and severe canal curvature angles, assessed on CBCT and periapical digital radiographic images were statistically non-significant (P >0.05). Conclusion:  A standardized digital periapical radiographic method performed similarly to the CBCT technique closest to its real canal length. No significant interaction exists between the diagnostic working length estimation, postoperative root canal axis modification, and the degree of canal curvature angle, using reciprocating rotary instrumentation technique.
A Revealed Preference Analysis to Develop Composite Scores Approximating Lung Allocation Policy in the U.S.
Authors: Stewart Darren E , Wood Dallas W , Alcorn James B , Lease Erika D , Hayes Michael , Hauber Brett , Goff Rebecca E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: The patient ranking process for donor lung allocation in the United States is carried out by a classification-based, computerized algorithm, known as the match system. Experts have suggested that a continuous, points-based allocation framework would better serve waiting list candidates by removing hard boundaries and increasing transparency into the relative importance of factors used to prioritize candidates. We applied discrete choice modeling to match run data to determine the feasibility of approximating current lung allocation policy by one or more composite scores. Our study aimed to demystify the points-based approach to organ allocation policy; quantify the relative importance of factors used in current policy; and provide a viable policy option that adapts the current, classification-based system to the continuous allocation framework.Methods: Rank ordered logistic regression models were estimated using 6,466 match runs for 5,913 adult donors and 534 match runs for 488 pediatric donors from 2018. Four primary attributes are used to rank candidates and were included in the models: (1) medical priority, (2) candidate age, (3) candidate’s transplant center proximity to the donor hospital, and (4) blood type compatibility with the donor.Results: Two composite scores were developed, one for adult and one for pediatric donor allocation. Candidate rankings based on the composite scores were highly correlated with current policy rankings (Kendall’s Tau ~0.80, Spearman correlation >90%), indicating both scores strongly reflect current policy. In both models, candidates are ranked higher if they have higher medical priority, are registered at a transplant center closer to the donor hospital, or have an identical blood type to the donor. Proximity was the most important attribute. Under a points-based scoring system, candidates in further away zones are sometimes ranked higher than more proximal candidates compared to current policy. Conclusions: Revealed preference analysis of lung allocation match runs produced composite scores that capture the essence of current policy while removing rigid boundaries of the current classification-based system. A carefully crafted, continuous version of lung allocation policy has the potential to make better use of the limited supply of donor lungs in a manner consistent with the priorities of the transplant community.
Experience and practice of the Emergency Operations Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention: A case study of response to the H7N9 outbreak&nbsp;
Authors: DING FAN , Li Qun , Jin Lianmei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Emergency Operations Center (EOC) is a place to provide response to public health emergencies. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)’s EOC was officially established in 2016, which has been the core department for the public health emergencies and risk response. In recent years, we have been continuously improving the function of EOC through many incidents. In the study, we hope to share the construction status, operation management experience of China CDC’s EOC and the response process in the human avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak.Main text: The China CDC’s EOC mainly focus on building the five core elements including sites/places and facilities, information and data, plans and procedures, training and exercises, and logistics. Based on summarizing previous emergency response, the China CDC’s EOC established its own incident management and the standardized response procedures. The event-specific data, context-specific data and event management data could be obtained through various source. The logistics department of the EOC also provides comprehensive support. And that the well-trained staff is another necessary conditions for its operation. Through sharing the response process of H7N9 outbreak, it further explains the EOC’s functions in the five phases of outbreak response, such as the formulation of the incident response framework, monitoring, personnel dispatch and resource mobilization.Conclusions: The EOC contributes to faster and more efficient responses during emergencies which enable a greater reduction in morbidity and mortality. Compared with the traditional incident response process, under the command and coordination of China CDC’s EOC, each group involved in the response has a clearer goal, responsibilities and tasks at each stage. Meanwhile, each group also gave full play to its own expertise and advantages. As a whole, incident response tended to be more specialized and precise, which generally improves the efficiency of incident response. However, different countries and regions have different response processes to the events. We still suggested that appropriate emergency operation plan should be made according to the complexity of incident response in the region when constructing response mechanism, through our experience. And the China CDC’s EOC is still at growing and groping phase.
&nbsp;Improvement of urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia patients associated with consumption of a newly developed whole tomato-based food supplement. A phase II prospective, randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.
Authors: Cormio Luigi , Calò Beppe , Falagario Ugo , Iezzi Manuela , Lamolinara Alessia , Vitaglione Paola , Silecchia Giovanni , Carrieri Giuseppe , Fogliano Vincenzo , Iacobelli Stefano , Natali Pier Giorgio , Piantelli Mauro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urologic disease among elderly men. The diagnosis of BPH is usually driven by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that can significantly affect patients’ quality of life. This phase II prospective, randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of a novel whole tomato-based food supplement on LUTS of patients diagnosed with BPH.Methods: Forty consecutive patients with histologically proved BPH were randomized 1:1 to receive daily for two months a sachet (5 grams) of a newly developed whole tomato food supplement (WTFS) (treatment = Group A) or placebo (Group B). Patients were asked to fill the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire before and after treatment.Results: All but 1 patient in Group B successfully completed the scheduled regimen. No side effects were recorded. Unlike placebo, treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.0002) LUTS since mean IPSS decreased from 9.05+1.15 to 7.15+1.04 (paired t-test, two-tailed P-value < 0.001), and improved life quality (P < 0.0001). A trend toward a reduction of total PSA levels was observed in WTFS treated patients (8.98 ng/mL+1.52 vs 6.95+0.76, P = 0.065), with changes being statistically significant only in the subgroup of patients with baseline levels above 10 ng/mL (18.5 ng/mL+2.7 vs 10.3+2.1, P = 0.009)Conclusions: The new WTFS may represent a valid option for the treatment of symptomatic BPH patients. Unlike pharmacological treatments, the supplement is side effects free and highly accepted among patients
Physician-led prehospital management is associated with reduced mortality in severe blunt trauma patients: A retrospective analysis of the Japanese nationwide trauma registry
Authors: Endo Akira , Kojima Mitsuaki , Uchiyama Saya , Shiraishi Atsushi , Otomo Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Although the results of previous studies suggested the effectiveness of physician-led prehospital trauma management, it has been uncertain because of the limited number of high-quality studies. Furthermore, the advantage of physician-led prehospital management might have been overestimated due to the shortened prehospital time by helicopter transportation in some studies. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of physician-led prehospital management independent of prehospital time. Also, subgroup analysis was performed to explore the subpopulation that especially benefit from physician-led prehospital management.Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the data of Japan’s nationwide trauma registry. Severe blunt trauma patients, defined by Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16, who were transported directly to a hospital between April 2009 and March 2019 were evaluated. In-hospital mortality was compared between groups dichotomized by the occupation of primary prehospital healthcare provider (i.e., physician or paramedic), using 1:4 propensity score-matched analysis. The propensity score was calculated using potential confounders including patient demographics, mechanism of injury, vital signs at the scene of injury, ISS, and total time from injury to hospital arrival. Subpopulations that especially benefit from physician-led prehospital management were explored by assessing interaction effects between physician-led prehospital management and patient characteristics.Results: A total of 30,551 patients (physician-led: 2,976, paramedic-led: 27,575) were eligible for analysis, of whom 2,690 propensity score-matched pairs (physician-led: 2,690, paramedic-led: 10,760) were generated and compared. Physician-led group showed significantly decreased in-hospital mortality than paramedic-led group (in-hospital mortality: 387 [14.4%] and 1,718 [16.0%]; odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.88 [0.78–1.00], p = 0.044). Patients with age <65 years, ISS ≥25, Abbreviated Injury Scale in pelvis and lower extremities ≥3, and total prehospital time <60 min were likely to benefit from physician-led prehospital management.Conclusions: Physician-led prehospital trauma management was significantly associated with reduced in-hospital mortality independent of prehospital time. The findings of exploratory subgroup analysis would be useful for the future research to establish efficient dispatch system of physician team.
PERSEPSI MAHASISWA IAIN TULUNGAGUNG TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM MAGANG DI MTSN 2 KOTA BLITAR
Authors: Fahrudin Ahmad , Fauziah Arbaul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of IAIN Tulungagung students on the implementation of the internship program at MTSN 2 Blitar. This study was conducted on March to November 2020. This study used a qualitative approach and secondary data was analyzed descriptively and exploratively. The informants in this study were students of the Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Faculty (FTIK) IAIN Tulungagung who carried out the Internship program 1 and 2 at MTsN 2 Blitar, East Java. Data were collected using questionnaires, observation, documentation, and interviews. As much as 92% of students stated that there was preparation or provision of apprenticeship program at IAIN Tulungagung before the students went to the field. At the same percentage, students claimed to be happy in carrying out an internship program. This was indicated by the existence of special preparations every day before entering the class which was stated by 84% of students. All students (100%) had high enthusiasm for teamwork. According to 84% of students, this was triggered by the atmosphere in the partner institutions to support the implementation of internships. Thus, all students (100%) can conduct socialization in a flexible manner with the school. Even though the implementation of internship was well, there were 30% of students who stated that there were obstacles in its implementation. The condition caused the dissatisfaction was felt by 23% of students. As many as 76% of students stated that there were administrative tasks and as many as 69% of students stated that there were several other tasks given by the school during the internship.
Keywords: enthusiasm, internship, student, perception
Before the damage is done: Early childhood hyperactivity difficulties in adolescents with deliberate self-harm – findings from the DALSC cohort
Authors: Evald Therese A. , Møhl Bo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background:
Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a growing issue among Danish adolescents, and a dramatic increase in the incidence of DSH has been observed since the turn of the millennium. The importance of early childhood factors on later development has been established, but research on the trajectories of DSH is still scarce, and longitudinal studies are much needed.

Method:
Participants were 3,291 children and their mothers from The Danish Longitudinal Survey of Children (DALSC), a Danish population-based birth cohort from 1995. Logistic regression and mediation analyses were used to examine significant early childhood determinants of self-harming behavior in adolescence.

Results:
The study found that 17.9% of the children had a history with DSH at the age of 18 years. A significant relationship was found between the likelihood of DSH at the age of 18 years and hyperactivity difficulties assessed through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 3 and 7 years of age. Using a mediation model, it is documented that difficulties in peer relationships at the age of 11 years is a partial mediator explaining 19% of the variation.

Limitations:
i) a vague definition of self-harm in the questionnaires; ii) lack of sample representation as children of lower socio-economic groups have lower participation rates, and only Danish-ethnicity children have been sampled; iii) possibility of omitted variable bias.

Conclusion:
The adolescents engaging in DSH are experiencing a more complex range of psychosocial problems than those who do not have experience with DSH. The main finding of the study is that hyperactivity as a risk factor for the development of DSH in adolescence can be identified as early as 3–7 years of age. This relationship between the very early occurring hyperactivity and later DSH, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been described.
Bias-correction schemes for calibrated flow in a conceptual hydrological model
Authors: Bum Kim Kue , Kwon Hyun-Han , Han Dawei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We explore post-processing methods that can reduce biases in simulated flow in a hydrological model (HYMOD). Here, three bias-correction methods are compared using a set of calibrated parameters as a baseline (Cases 1 and 5). The proposed bias-correction methods are based on a flow duration curve (Case 2), an autoregressive model based on residuals obtained from simulated flows (Case 3), and a rating curve (Case 4). A clear seasonality representing a more substantial variability in winter than summer was evident in all cases. The extended range of residuals was usually observed in winter, indicating that the HYMOD may not reproduce high flows appropriately. This study confirmed that bias-corrected flows are more effective than the baseline model in terms of correcting a systematic error in the simulated flow. Moreover, a comparison of root mean square error over different flow regimes demonstrates that Case 3 is the most effective at correcting systematic biases over the entire flow regime. Finally, monthly water balances for all cases are evaluated and compared during both calibration and validation periods. The water balance in Case 3 is also closer to the observed values. The effects of different post-processing approaches on the performance of bias-correction are examined and discussed.
Evaluating three commonly used infiltration methods for permeable surfaces in urban areas using the SWMM and STORM
Authors: Parnas Frida E. Å. , Abdalla Elhadi M. H. , Muthanna Tone M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Climate change and urbanization increase the pressure on combined sewer systems in urban areas resulting in elevated combined sewer overflows, degraded water quality in receiving waters, and changing stream flows. Permeable surfaces offer infiltration potential, which can contribute to alleviate the runoff to combined sewer systems. The variation in urban soil characteristics and the initial moisture conditions before a rainfall event are important factors affecting the infiltration process and consequently runoff characteristics. In this study, the urban hydrological models SWMM and STORM are used to evaluate the Green-Ampt, Horton, and Holtan infiltration methods for three urban sandy soils. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on a set of key parameter values. In addition, long-term simulations were conducted to evaluate the ability to account for initial soil moisture content. The results showed that the Holtan method's ability to account for both available storage capacity and maximum infiltration rate, as well as evapotranspiration in the regeneration of infiltration capacity, gave the best result with regard to runoff behaviour, especially for long-term simulations. Furthermore, the results from the urban sandy soils with different infiltration rate at saturation, together with a high sensitivity to the degree of sensitivity for maximum infiltration rate under dry conditions and minimum infiltration rate under wet conditions, indicate that field measurements of infiltration rate should be carried out at saturation for these soils.
Response of flood events to extreme precipitation: two case studies in Taihu Basin, China
Authors: Jiang Feiqing , Dong Zengchuan , Luo Yun , Liu Moyang , Zhou Tao , Wang Xinkui , Zhu Zhenye 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Flood events are typically triggered by extreme precipitation in rain-dominant basins. In this study, to better understand the genetic mechanisms and characteristics of floods, copula functions are used to analyze the response of flood events to extreme precipitation. The coincidence probabilities of the typical extreme flood and precipitation events are calculated; different return periods of their arbitrary combinations are calculated, whereas the dangerous domains for flood control under different return periods are identified; furthermore, flood risk analysis under different extreme precipitation scenarios is performed via their conditional exceedance probabilities. The Xitiaoxi catchment (XC) and Dongtiaoxi catchment (DC) in the Zhexi Region of the Taihu Basin are selected as the study area. The results show that in four scenarios with precipitation frequencies of 80%, 90%, 93.33%, and 95%, the probabilities of the dangerous flood are 9.72%, 10.57%, 10.86%, and 11.01% in the XC, respectively, and 5.91%, 6.31%, 6.44%, and 6.51% in the DC, respectively. This study provides a practical basis and guidance for the computation of rainstorm designs, management of flood control safety, and water resource scheduling in the Taihu Basin.