bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do shrimps leave the water? Mechanisms and functions of parading behaviour in freshwater shrimps
Authors: Hongjamrassilp W. , Maiphrom W. , Blumstein D. T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn understanding of the mechanisms and functions of animal migratory behaviour may provide insights into its evolution. Furthermore, knowledge about migration may be important for conservation of rare species and may help to manage species in a rapidly changing world. Upstream migration is common in riverine animals, but little is known about proximate cues and functions of the upstream migration in aquatic macroinvertebrates. In Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, locals have observed a synchronous mass migration of freshwater shrimps on land. This so‐called ‘parading behaviour' occurs annually during the rainy season and has become a large ecotourism event. Yet, we know little about the natural history, proximate causation and function of this extraordinary behaviour. Here we describe the natural history of parading behaviour and report the results from a series of experiments and observations to address its mechanisms and functions. Parading behaviour is not associated with breeding and spawning; rather, shrimps leave the water to escape strong currents. Conditions promoting shrimps to leave the water include low light, high water velocity and low air temperature. In addition, there is variation explained the specific location. River topology that creates hydrological variability and turbulence plays a role in triggering the shrimps to move out of water. Furthermore, turbidity and water chemistry were associated with shrimp activity. Finally, our results support that parading behaviour in freshwater shrimps is a mass movement upstream due to hydrological displacement. This study highlights the mechanisms that stimulate parading behaviour; a common activity in Macrobrachium and other decapod crustaceans.
Phylogenomics and species delimitation for effective conservation of manta and devil rays
Authors: Hosegood Jane , Humble Emily , Ogden Rob , de Bruyn Mark , Creer Simon , Stevens Guy M. W. , Abudaya Mohammed , Bassos‐Hull Kim , Bonfil Ramon , Fernando Daniel , Foote Andrew D. , Hipperson Helen , Jabado Rima W. , Kaden Jennifer , Moazzam Muhammad , Peel Lauren R , Pollett Stephen , Ponzo Alessandro , Poortvliet Marloes , Salah Jehad , Senn Helen , Stewart Joshua D. , Wintner Sabine , Carvalho Gary 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPractical biodiversity conservation relies on delineation of biologically meaningful units. Manta and devil rays (Mobulidae) are threatened worldwide, yet morphological similarities and a succession of recent taxonomic changes impede the development of an effective conservation strategy. Here, we generate genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from a geographically and taxonomically representative set of manta and devil ray samples to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and evaluate species boundaries under the general lineage concept. We show that nominal species units supported by alternative data sources constitute independently evolving lineages, and find robust evidence for a putative new species of manta ray in the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, we uncover substantial incomplete lineage sorting indicating that rapid speciation together with standing variation in ancestral populations has driven phylogenetic uncertainty within Mobulidae. Finally, we detect cryptic diversity in geographically distinct populations, demonstrating that management below the species level may be warranted in certain species. Overall, our study provides a framework for molecular genetic species delimitation that is relevant to wide‐ranging taxa of conservation concern, and highlights the potential for genomic data to support effective management, conservation and law enforcement strategies.
Integrating segmentation and parameter estimation for recreating vertical alignments
Authors: Song Zhanfeng , Yang Fei , Schonfeld Paul , Liu Huichun , Li Jun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA major problem of vertical alignment recreation is to automatically attribute the measured points to geometric elements (i.e., grades and vertical curves) and to efficiently recreate the vertical alignment with constraints. Most existing methods are nonoptimal in theory, semiautomatic, or inefficient in recreating an alignment. A new approach is proposed for automatically determining segmentation into geometric elements from measured points and efficiently optimizing a recreated alignment with constraints. First, independent parameters defining an alignment, are proposed to represent a vertical alignment. Then, a statistical deflection angle (SDA) method is proposed to determine segmentation by exploring statistical features of the geometric elements. Analysis shows that the SDA method outperforms the curvature method in distinguishing between grades and curves. Patterns of the segmentation process are found, and a segmentation algorithm is provided. Further, an optimization model is proposed to recreate the alignment with constraints. Experiment results demonstrate that this approach is highly efficient and effective compared with existing methods, reducing the number of searched alignments from tens of thousands to tens, while improving the value of the objective function.
Coagulation markers as predictors for clinical events in COPD
Authors: Husebø Gunnar R. , Gabazza Esteban C. , D'Alessandro Gabazza Corina , Yasuma Taro , Toda Masaaki , Aanerud Marianne , Nielsen Rune , Bakke Per S. , Eagan Tomas M.L. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveActivation of the blood coagulation system is a common observation in inflammatory diseases. The role of coagulation in COPD is underexplored.MethodsThe study included 413 COPD patients and 49 controls from the 3‐year Bergen COPD Cohort Study (BCCS). One hundred and forty‐eight COPD patients were also examined during AECOPD. The plasma markers of coagulation activation, TAT complex, APC–PCI complex and D‐dimer, were measured at baseline and during exacerbations by enzyme immunoassays. Differences in levels of the markers between stable COPD patients and controls, and between stable COPD and AECOPD were examined. The associations between coagulation markers and later AECOPD and mortality were examined by negative binomial and Cox regression analyses.ResultsTAT was significantly lower in stable COPD (1.03 ng/mL (0.76–1.44)) than in controls (1.28 (1.04–1.49), P = 0.002). During AECOPD, all markers were higher than in the stable state: TAT 2.56 versus 1.43 ng/mL, APC–PCI 489.3 versus 416.4 ng/mL and D‐dimer 763.5 versus 479.7 ng/mL (P < 0.001 for all). Higher D‐dimer in stable COPD predicted a higher mortality (HR: 1.60 (1.24–2.05), P < 0.001). Higher TAT was associated with both an increased risk of later exacerbations, with a yearly incidence rate ratio of 1.19 (1.04–1.37), and a faster time to the first exacerbation (HR: 1.25 (1.10–1.42), P = 0.001, all after adjustment).ConclusionActivation of the coagulation system is increased during COPD exacerbations. Coagulation markers are potential predictors of later COPD exacerbations and mortality.
A Dynamic Factor Model Approach to Incorporate Big Data in State Space Models for Official Statistics
Authors: Schiavoni Caterina , Palm Franz , Smeekes Stephan , van den Brakel Jan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper we consider estimation of unobserved components in state space models using a dynamic factor approach to incorporate auxiliary information from high-dimensional data sources. We apply the methodology to unemployment estimation as done by Statistics Netherlands, who uses a multivariate state space model to produce monthly figures for unemployment using series observed with the labour force survey (LFS). We extend the model by including auxiliary series of Google Trends about job-search and economic uncertainty, and claimant counts, partially observed at higher frequencies. Our factor model allows for nowcasting the variable of interest, providing reliable unemployment estimates in real-time before LFS data become available.
The Possible Effects of the Extended Lockdown Period on the South African Economy: A CGE Analysis
Authors: Van Heerden Jan , Roos Elizabeth Louisa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe economic effects of the lockdown period in South Africa will be devastating. We simulated the industry level capacity constraints imposed by the lockdown regulations since 27 March 2020 on all industries in South Africa by reducing the amount of capital and labour available for production. We found a decrease in real GDP to 10% below the baseline level in 2020, and recovery of all industries and macroeconomic variables towards the baseline by 2027. Industries that are suffering and would continue to suffer are the hospitality and tourism industry and all industries related to it, such as transport services, as well as beverages and tobacco. Manufacturing in general is also hard hit because they were prohibited to let large groups of labourers enter their premises. The model shows that most manufacturing will suffer throughout the forecast period, which was modelled up to 2027.
Consistent practice for pressure ulcer prevention in long‐term older people care: A quasi‐experimental intervention study
Authors: Mäki‐Turja‐Rostedt Sirpa , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Korhonen Teija , Vahlberg Tero , Haavisto Elina 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundConsistent practice, an agreed clinical practice based on evidence, has been considered as a base for effective provision of quality and safety of care. As a result, patients have an equal quality of care regardless of the organisation or worker. However, despite the international guidelines, pressure ulcer prevention practices vary in long‐term older people care.AimTo develop, implement and evaluate the impact of renewed, consistent practice for pressure ulcer prevention, in long‐term older people care.DesignA quasi‐experimental intervention study.MethodsTwo long‐term older people care facilities chosen with convenience sampling were randomly allocated to intervention or comparison group. Registered and practical nurses, in total 141/112, participated in the study. The renewed consistent practice based on international guidelines for pressure ulcer prevention was developed and implemented using the Operational Model for Evidence‐Based Practices (OMEBP). Frequencies and agreement of PU prevention practices in line with international guidelines in the care facilities were measured using the PUPreP instrument.ResultsIn the intervention facility, improvement in line with international guidelines was seen in the frequency of PU prevention practices in risk assessment, nutrition, pressure‐relieving devices and documentation. Furthermore, improvement was seen in the intervention facility in all six areas of agreement on practices.ConclusionsThe results of this study support the implementation of PU prevention guidelines in long‐term older people care (LOPC) and more widely in healthcare settings for older people to promote consistent practice, and safety and equal quality of care.
The power of ideas in policymaking processes: The role of institutionalised knowledge production in state bureaucracies
Authors: Andersen Niklas A. , Breidahl Karen N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn recent decades, several important contributions have been made to further our understanding of whether and how ideas affect policies. More recently, research have turned towards the question of why certain ideas gain prominence in policymaking processes at the expense of others. However, in answering this question there seems to be a continuing blind spot in terms of fully understanding the role of knowledge production within state bureaucracies in determining which ideas are inscribed into policy and which are not. This article offers new insights to the ideational literature by showing how the use of institutionalised and systematic production of knowledge within state bureaucracies is pivotal for explaining the power of ideas. This is demonstrated through an in‐depth and illustrative case study of the policymaking process leading up to a major reform of Danish activation policies in 2014. In this case, an evaluation system institutionalised within the Ministry of Employment significantly shaped the types of knowledge utilised in the policymaking process and the final design of the policy reform. Consequently, the evaluation system instated a bulwark against ideational shifts in every phase of the policymaking process. Thus, ultimately steering the policymaking process in the direction of ideas grounded in a Work First approach rather than the Human Capital approach initially promoted by the Minister of Employment.
Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculous meningitis: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hernandez Adrian V. , de Laurentis Laryssa , Souza Isadora , Pessanha Marcelo , Thota Priyaleela , Roman Yuani M. , Barboza‐Meca Joshuan , Boulware David R. , Vidal Jose E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis systematic review evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF to detect tuberculous meningitis (TBM).MethodsPubMed and five other databases were systematically searched through March 2019. All studies evaluating diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were included. Reference standards were definitive or definite plus probable TBM. The quality of studies was assessed by the QUADAS‐2 tool. We performed bivariate random‐effects meta‐analysis and calculated summary diagnostic statistics.ResultsWe identified 30 studies (n = 3972 participants), including 5 cohort studies and 25 cross‐sectional studies. Reference standards were definite TB (n = 28 studies) or definite plus probable TBM (n = 6 studies). The pooled Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity was 85% (95% CI, 70–93%), and specificity was 98% (95% CI, 97–99%) with a negative likelihood ratio of 0.15 (95% CI, 0.04–0.27) for definite TBM. For probable TBM cases, pooled sensitivity was 81% (95% CI, 66–90%), and specificity was 99% (95% CI, 97–99%). For both reference standard types, meta‐analyses showed a C‐statistic area under the curve of 0.98. The QUADAS‐2 tool revealed low risk of bias as well as low concerns regarding applicability. Methodological heterogeneity was high among studies.ConclusionsXpert MTB/RIF showed high accuracy for TBM diagnosis, but a negative Xpert MTB/RIF test does not rule out TBM. Repeat Xpert testing may be necessary. In clinical practice, Xpert MTB/RIF adds speed and sensitivity when compared to classic TBM diagnostic methods or previous commercial nucleic acid amplification techniques. More studies and better strategies for rapidly confirming a diagnosis of TBM in children are urgently needed.
Medical anti‐glaucoma therapy: Beyond the drop
Authors: Miller Paul E. , Eaton Joshua Seth 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBarriers to effective medical therapy are numerous and include difficulties with effective and sustained control of intraocular pressure (IOP) and adherence to prescribed anti‐glaucoma drop regimens. In an effort to circumvent these challenges, a number of new anti‐glaucoma therapies with sustained effects have emerged. Methods for sustained delivery of prostaglandin analogs are being intensely investigated and many are in human clinical trials. Intracameral devices include the following: Allergan's Durysta™ Bimatoprost SR, Envisia Therapeutics’ ENV515 travoprost implant, Glaukos’ iDose™, Ocular Therapeutix's OTX‐TIC travoprost implant, and Santen's polycaprolactone implant with PGE2‐derivative DE‐117. Other prostaglandin‐based technologies include Allergan's bimatoprost ring (placed in the conjunctival fornix), Ocular Therapeutics’ OTX‐TP intracanalicular travoprost implant, subconjunctival latanoprost in a liposomal formulation, and the PGE2 derivative PGN 9856‐isopropyl ester that is applied to the periorbital skin. Exciting breakthroughs in gene therapy include using viral vectors to correct defective genes such as MYOC or to modulate gonioimplant fibrosis, CRISPR technology to edit MYOC or to alter aquaporin to reduce aqueous humor production, and siRNA technology to silence specific genes. Stem cell technology can repopulate depleted tissues or, in the case of Neurotech's Renexus® NT‐501 intravitreal implant, serve as a living drug delivery device that continuously secretes neurotrophic factors. Other unique approaches involve nanotechnology, nasal sprays that deliver drug directly to the optic nerve and noninvasive alternating current stimulation of surviving cells in the optic nerve. Over time these modalities are likely to challenge the preeminent role that drops currently play in the medical treatment of glaucoma in animals.
Second outbreak of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Europe: clinical patterns, epidemiological investigation and identification of the etiological agent based on the western blot patterns of the patients' serum
Authors: Gómez‐Morales Maria Angeles , Mazzarello Giovanni , Bondi Elisabetta , Arenare Laura , Bisso Maria Cristina , Ludovisi Alessandra , Amati Marco , Viscoli Claudio , Castagnola Elio , Orefice Giovanni , Magnè Federica , Pezzotti Patrizio , Pozio Edoardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTrichinellosis is a zoonotic disease due to the ingestion of raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the larvae of nematodes belonging to the genus Trichinella. In January–February 2015, an outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in Genoa, Northern Italy. The epidemiological link was traced back to a dinner served at an agritourism farm on 31 December 2014, where a majority of the 52 guests had consumed the ‘beef’ steak tartare. The source of infection was not traced; however, it was noted that the amount of beef purchased officially for providing at the dinner did not correspond with that served, suggesting that meat of a different origin had been added to the beef to prepare the steak tartare. Clinical and laboratory data of 30 individuals out of the 52 (57.7%), of which four were hospitalized, were consistent with that of the case definition of trichinellosis. Western blot patterns of the sera from patients with confirmed trichinellosis were similar to the diagnostic pattern identified for the reference sera of Trichinella pseudospiralis but different from those of the control sera tested for patients infected with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi. Identification of T. pseudospiralis as the aetiological agent responsible for the outbreak of trichinellosis using an indirect tool represents an advancement in the epidemiological investigation of this zoonotic disease.
Flow Analysis in a Steam Turbine Control Valve With Through-Flow Valve Chamber
Authors: Slama Vaclav , Mrozek Lukas , Tajc Ladislav , Klimko Marek , Zitek Pavel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A nuclear power plant also includes a secondary cycle, which main component is a steam turbine. The steam turbine processes the thermal and pressure energy of steam and converts it into mechanical energy. Reliable and safe operation of the steam turbine, thus of the entire block, is ensured by valves. The flow in a pair of control valves, where the steam flows through the valve chamber past the first valve to the second valve, is investigated in this paper. The experimentally determined flow characteristics of both valves were evaluated and results were generalized. The experiments were carried out in the Aerodynamic laboratory of the Institute of Thermomechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Novy Knin where a wind tunnel for high speeds could be used. Data of the distribution of pressures in selected places were evaluated. The energy loss in the valves was compared with the loss in a separate diffuser with varying degrees of expansion. The influence of a valve strainer, which is a part situated upstream of the control valve cone, was also investigated. It was found out in which case and where there is a significant disturbance of the velocity flow field. The first valve in the chamber is more sensitive to pressure losses in contrast to the second valve which is comparable to an ideal design of the diffuser, which indicates that this part of the valve assembly is optimal. Regarding the strainers, it was found out that the strainer helps to balance the velocity ratios at the inlet to the valve which has a positive effect on reducing the total energy pressure loss. As a result, the loss in the first valve can be significantly reduced which helps to increase the efficiency of the whole turbine.
A systematic review of the burden of hypertension, access to services and patient views of hypertension in humanitarian crisis settings
Authors: Keasley James , Oyebode Oyinlola , Shantikumar Saran , Proto William , McGranahan Majel , Sabouni Amar , Kidy Farah 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionGlobally, a record number of people are affected by humanitarian crises caused by conflict and natural disasters. Many such populations live in settings where epidemiological transition is underway. Following the United Nations high level meeting on non-communicable diseases, the global commitment to Universal Health Coverage and needs expressed by humanitarian agencies, there is increasing effort to develop guidelines for the management of hypertension in humanitarian settings. The objective was to investigate the prevalence and incidence of hypertension in populations directly affected by humanitarian crises; the cascade of care in these populations and patient knowledge of and attitude to hypertension.MethodsA literature search was carried out in five databases. Grey literature was searched. The population of interest was adult, non-pregnant, civilians living in any country who were directly exposed to a crisis since 1999. Eligibility assessment, data extraction and quality appraisal were carried out in duplicate.ResultsSixty-one studies were included in the narrative synthesis. They reported on a range of crises including the wars in Syria and Iraq, the Great East Japan Earthquake, Hurricane Katrina and Palestinian refugees. There were few studies from Africa or Asia (excluding Japan). The studies predominantly assessed prevalence of hypertension. This varied with geography and age of the population. Access to care, patient understanding and patient views on hypertension were poorly examined. Most of the studies had a high risk of bias due to methods used in the diagnosis of hypertension and in the selection of study populations.ConclusionHypertension is seen in a range of humanitarian settings and the burden can be considerable. Further studies are needed to accurately estimate prevalence of hypertension in crisis-affected populations throughout the world. An appreciation of patient knowledge and understanding of hypertension as well as the cascade of care would be invaluable in informing service provision.