bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability and parsec-scale radio structure of candidate compact symmetric objects
Authors: Orienti M , Dallacasa D 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We report results on multiepoch Very Large Array (VLA) and pc-scale Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of candidate compact symmetric objects (CSOs) from the faint sample of high-frequency peakers. New VLBA observations could resolve the radio structure in about 42 per cent of the observed sources, showing double components that may be either mini-lobes or core-jet structures. Almost all the sources monitored by the VLA show some variability on time-scale of a decade, and only one source does not show any significant variation. In 17 sources, the flux density changes randomly as it is expected in blazars, and in four sources the spectrum becomes flat in the last observing epoch, confirming that samples selected in the GHz regime are highly contaminated by beamed objects. In 16 objects, the pc-scale and variability properties are consistent with a young radio source in adiabatic expansion, with a steady decrease of the flux density in the optically thin part of the spectrum, and a flux density increase in the optically thick part. For these sources, we estimate dynamical ages between a few tens to a few hundred years. The corresponding expansion velocity is generally between 0.1c and 0.7c, similar to values found in CSOs with different approaches. The fast evolution that we observe in some CSO candidates suggests that not all the objects would become classical Fanaroff–Riley radio sources.
A model for redistributing heat over the surface of irradiated spider companions
Authors: Voisin Guillaume , Kennedy M R , Breton R P , Clark C J , Mata-Sánchez D 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Spider pulsars are binary systems containing an energetic millisecond pulsar that intensely irradiates a closely orbiting low-mass companion. Modelling their companion’s optical light curves is essential to the study of the orbital properties of the binary, including the determination of the pulsar mass, characterizing the pulsar wind, and the star itself. We aim to generalize the traditional direct heating model of irradiation, whereby energy deposited by the pulsar wind into the stellar envelope is locally re-emitted, by introducing heat redistribution via diffusion and convection within the outer stellar envelope. We approximate the irradiated stellar envelope as a 2D shell. This allows us to propose an effective equation of energy conservation that can be solved at a reduced computational cost. We then implement this model in the icarus software and use evidence sampling to determine the most likely convection and diffusion laws for the light curve of the redback companion of PSR J2215+5135. Redistribution effects concentrate near the terminator line of pulsar irradiation, and can create apparent hot and cold spots. Among the models tested for PSR J2215+5135, we find that all models with heat redistribution are more likely than symmetric direct heating. The best-fitting redistribution model involves diffusion together with a uniformly rotating envelope. However, we caution that all models still present serious systematic effects, and that prior knowledge from pulsar timing, spectroscopy, and distance are key to determine with certainty the most accurate redistribution law. We propose an extension of the direct heating framework that allows for exploring a variety of heat redistribution effects. Future work is necessary to determine the relevant laws from first principles and empirically using complementary observations.
Probing GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) with hydroxyl masers
Authors: Bayandina O S , Colom P , Kurtz S E , Rudnitskij G M , Shakhvorostova N N , Val’tts I E 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a study of 18 cm OH maser emission toward 20 high-mass young stellar object outflow candidates (Extended Green Objects, EGOs) identified from the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE). All four OH ground state lines at 1612, 1665, 1667, and 1720 MHz, together with 20-cm continuum emission, were observed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array C-configuration. Follow-up polarimetric single-dish observations with the Nançay radio telescope were performed for the same OH transitions, except 1612 MHz. OH maser emission is found to be an uncommon feature of the sample, with a 50 per cent detection rate for the entire sample and a ∼44 per cent detection rate for the ‘likely’ EGOs. No 20-cm continuum emission is detected toward any of the sources. In most cases, the detected OH maser emission arises in vicinity to compact central sources; OH masers coexist with the 6.7 GHz methanol masers, but are found in more diffuse and extended halo-shaped regions of several thousand astronomical units in size. Comparing EGO samples with OH maser detection and non-detection, EGOs showing OH maser emission tend to have lower dust clump masses, but higher 24 and 4.5 μm flux densities. Thus, OH maser emission might be an indicator of more evolved EGOs, since strong compact mid-infrared emission in the absence of compact radio continuum emission is thought to be associated with the later stage of massive star formation.
Predictions for the angular dependence of gas mass flow rate and metallicity in the circumgalactic medium
Authors: Péroux Céline , Nelson Dylan , van de Voort Freeke , Pillepich Annalisa , Marinacci Federico , Vogelsberger Mark , Hernquist Lars 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We use cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to examine the physical properties of the gas in the circumgalactic media (CGM) of star-forming galaxies as a function of angular orientation. We utilize TNG50 of the IllustrisTNG project, as well as the EAGLE simulation to show that observable properties of CGM gas correlate with azimuthal angle, defined as the galiocentric angle with respect to the central galaxy. Both simulations are in remarkable agreement in predicting a strong modulation of flow rate direction with azimuthal angle: inflow is more substantial along the galaxy major axis, while outflow is strongest along the minor axis. The absolute rates are noticeably larger for higher ($\log {(M_\star / \rm {M}_\odot)} \sim 10.5$) stellar mass galaxies, up to an order of magnitude compared to $\dot{M} \lesssim 1$ M⊙ yr−1 sr−1 for $\log {(M_\star / \rm {M}_\odot)}\sim 9.5$ objects. Notwithstanding the different numerical and physical models, both TNG50 and EAGLE predict that the average metallicity of the CGM is higher along the minor versus major axes of galaxies. The angular signal is robust across a wide range of galaxy stellar mass $8.5 \lt \log {(M_\star / \rm {M}_\odot)} \lt 10.5$ at z &lt; 1. This azimuthal dependence is particularly clear at larger impact parameters b ≥ 100 kpc. Our results present a global picture, whereby despite the numerous mixing processes, there is a clear angular dependence of the CGM metallicity. We make forecasts for future large survey programmes that will be able to compare against these expectations. Indeed, characterizing the kinematics, spatial distribution and metal content of CGM gas is key to a full understanding of the exchange of mass, metals, and energy between galaxies and their surrounding environments.
TransCirc: an interactive database for translatable circular RNAs based on multi-omics evidence
Authors: Huang Wendi , Ling Yunchao , Zhang Sirui , Xia Qiguang , Cao Ruifang , Fan Xiaojuan , Fang Zhaoyuan , Wang Zefeng , Zhang Guoqing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
TransCirc (https://www.biosino.org/transcirc/) is a specialized database that provide comprehensive evidences supporting the translation potential of circular RNAs (circRNAs). This database was generated by integrating various direct and indirect evidences to predict coding potential of each human circRNA and the putative translation products. Seven types of evidences for circRNA translation were included: (i) ribosome/polysome binding evidences supporting the occupancy of ribosomes onto circRNAs; (ii) experimentally mapped translation initiation sites on circRNAs; (iii) internal ribosome entry site on circRNAs; (iv) published N-6-methyladenosine modification data in circRNA that promote translation initiation; (v) lengths of the circRNA specific open reading frames; (vi) sequence composition scores from a machine learning prediction of all potential open reading frames; (vii) mass spectrometry data that directly support the circRNA encoded peptides across back-splice junctions. TransCirc provides a user-friendly searching/browsing interface and independent lines of evidences to predicte how likely a circRNA can be translated. In addition, several flexible tools have been developed to aid retrieval and analysis of the data. TransCirc can serve as an important resource for investigating the translation capacity of circRNAs and the potential circRNA-encoded peptides, and can be expanded to include new evidences or additional species in the future.
Cross-Inhibitor: a time-sensitive molecular circuit based on DNA strand displacement
Authors: Liu Chanjuan , Liu Yuan , Zhu Enqiang , Zhang Qiang , Wei Xiaopeng , Wang Bin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Designing biochemical systems that can be effectively used in diverse fields, including diagnostics, molecular computing and nanomachines, has long been recognized as an important goal of molecular programming and DNA nanotechnology. A key issue in the development of such practical devices on the nanoscale lies in the development of biochemical components with information-processing capacity. In this article, we propose a molecular device that utilizes DNA strand displacement networks and allows interactive inhibition between two input signals; thus, it is termed a cross-inhibitor. More specifically, the device supplies each input signal with a processor such that the processing of one input signal will interdict the signal of the other. Biochemical experiments are conducted to analyze the interdiction performance with regard to effectiveness, stability and controllability. To illustrate its feasibility, a biochemical framework grounded in this mechanism is presented to determine the winner of a tic-tac-toe game. Our results highlight the potential for DNA strand displacement cascades to act as signal controllers and event triggers to endow molecular systems with the capability of controlling and detecting events and signals.
Coarse-grained modelling of DNA plectoneme pinning in the presence of base-pair mismatches
Authors: Desai Parth Rakesh , Brahmachari Sumitabha , Marko John F , Das Siddhartha , Neuman Keir C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Damaged or mismatched DNA bases result in the formation of physical defects in double-stranded DNA. In vivo, defects in DNA must be rapidly and efficiently repaired to maintain cellular function and integrity. Defects can also alter the mechanical response of DNA to bending and twisting constraints, both of which are important in defining the mechanics of DNA supercoiling. Here, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and supporting statistical-mechanical theory to study the effect of mismatched base pairs on DNA supercoiling. Our simulations show that plectoneme pinning at the mismatch site is deterministic under conditions of relatively high force (&gt;2 pN) and high salt concentration (&gt;0.5 M NaCl). Under physiologically relevant conditions of lower force (0.3 pN) and lower salt concentration (0.2 M NaCl), we find that plectoneme pinning becomes probabilistic and the pinning probability increases with the mismatch size. These findings are in line with experimental observations. The simulation framework, validated with experimental results and supported by the theoretical predictions, provides a way to study the effect of defects on DNA supercoiling and the dynamics of supercoiling in molecular detail.
Chemical Adducts of Reactive Flavor Aldehydes Formed in E-Cigarette Liquids Are Cytotoxic and Inhibit Mitochondrial Function in Respiratory Epithelial Cells
Authors: Jabba Sairam V , Diaz Alexandra N , Erythropel Hanno C , Zimmerman Julie B , Jordt Sven-Eric 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Flavor aldehydes in e-cigarettes, including vanillin, ethyl vanillin (vanilla), and benzaldehyde (berry/fruit), rapidly undergo chemical reactions with the e-liquid solvents, propylene glycol, and vegetable glycerol (PG/VG), to form chemical adducts named flavor aldehyde PG/VG acetals that can efficiently transfer to e-cigarette aerosol. The objective of this study was to compare the cytotoxic and metabolic toxic effects of acetals and their parent aldehydes in respiratory epithelial cells.

Aims and Methods
Cell metabolic assays were carried out in bronchial (BEAS-2B) and alveolar (A549) epithelial cells assessing the effects of benzaldehyde, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and their corresponding PG acetals on key bioenergetic parameters of mitochondrial function. The potential cytotoxic effects of benzaldehyde and vanillin and their corresponding PG acetals were analyzed using the LIVE/DEAD cell assay in BEAS-2B cells and primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpC). Cytostatic effects of vanillin and vanillin PG acetal were compared using Click-iT EDU cell proliferation assay in BEAS-2B cells.

Results
Compared with their parent aldehydes, PG acetals diminished key parameters of cellular energy metabolic functions, including basal respiration, adenosine triphosphate production, and spare respiratory capacity. Benzaldehyde PG acetal (1–10 mM) increased cell mortality in BEAS-2B and HNEpC, compared with benzaldehyde. Vanillin PG acetal was more cytotoxic than vanillin at the highest concentration tested while both diminished cellular proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner.

Conclusions
Reaction products formed in e-liquids between flavor aldehydes and solvent chemicals have differential toxicological properties from their parent flavor aldehydes and may contribute to the health effects of e-cigarette aerosol in the respiratory system of e-cigarette users.

Implications
With no inhalation toxicity studies available for acetals, data from this study will provide a basis for further toxicological studies using in vitro and in vivo models. This study suggests that manufacturers’ disclosure of e-liquid ingredients at time of production may be insufficient to inform a comprehensive risk assessment of e-liquids and electronic nicotine delivery systems use, due to the chemical instability of e-liquids over time and the formation of new compounds.
Opioid Use Disorder Trends from 2002 to 2017 by Cigarette Smoking Status in the United States
Authors: Parker Maria A , Weinberger Andrea H 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionThere have been significant increases in opioid use and opioid-related overdose deaths in the United States (US). While cigarette smoking remains disproportionately high among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), it is unknown whether trends in OUD differ by cigarette use. This study examined differences in OUD by smoking status and trends in OUD by smoking status over time.MethodsData were harnessed from US National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, annual cross-sectional, nationally representative samples of individuals aged 12 and older. Past-year OUD prevalences were estimated each year from 2002 to 2017 among persons with current daily, current nondaily, former, and never cigarette smoking (n = 891 548). Linear time trends of OUD were examined using logistic regression models.ResultsIn 2017, OUD was significantly more common among persons with daily (2.6%) and nondaily (1.5%) smoking compared with those with former (0.5%) or never (0.2%) smoking. Overall, the prevalence of OUD increased between 2002 and 2017, although trends differed by smoking status. Adjusting for background characteristics, the prevalence of OUD increased significantly among individuals with daily (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04, 1.07), nondaily (AOR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05), and former smoking (AOR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09), but decreased among those who never smoked (AOR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97, 0.99).ConclusionsIn the United States, the prevalence of OUD was higher among individuals with current cigarette smoking relative to those with former and never smoking. OUD increased among persons with current and former smoking from 2002 to 2017, in contrast to a decrease in OUD among those who never smoked.ImplicationsOUDs are increasing in the United States and are associated with difficulty quitting cigarettes. Our data from representative national samples of US individuals showed that although OUD increased among those with both current and former smoking over time, OUD remained significantly higher among persons with current (daily and nondaily) smoking versus persons who formerly smoked cigarettes. In addition, youth with cigarette smoking had particularly high prevalences of OUDs. Cigarette smoking may be important to address alongside OUD to reduce the harmful consequences of OUD and cigarette use especially among younger individuals.
Is Currency Risk Priced in Global Equity Markets?*
Authors: Andrew Karolyi George , Wu Ying 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We offer new evidence on how currency risk is priced in the cross-section of global stock returns. The focus is on two currency risk factors—a dollar-risk factor and a carry-trade-risk factor—and their explanatory power for a variety of test assets comprised monthly returns for over 37,000 stocks from forty-six countries and over four decades. We obtain reliable positive evidence of the pricing of carry-trade factor risk and the implied premia are statistically significant and economically as expected. The pricing of the dollar-risk factor is less reliable. Our inferences depend critically on the inclusion of emerging markets.
Decolonizing Feminist Economics: Interrogating the Women’s Economic Empowerment and Gender Equality Development Framework
Authors: Carrasco-Miró Gisela 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article urges attention be paid to the project of decolonizing feminist development economics as a way to reimagine feminist economics and politics. Drawing on economic patterns within contemporary Mesoamerica, this article exposes modernist assumptions within development discourse on women’s economic empowerment and their contemporary colonial forms, and expands the notion of economy and female empowerment beyond the scope of capitalist modernity. Further to this, and using the experience of working as a feminist economist in an international development organization in Guatemala, this article discusses feminist dilemmas in development that complicate current approaches to women’s economic empowerment and gender equality.
Building the evidence base—10 years of PA research in England
Authors: Drennan Vari M. , Halter Mary 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
This article describes the 10-year journey of a research group helping to build the research evidence base for physician assistants (PAs), known as physician associates in the United Kingdom, in the National Health Service in England. It draws out some key issues that may be of interest to those developing PA research programs in different specialties and different countries. PA research also can help healthcare policy makers address growing demand, issues of quality, and cost.
Subcutaneous Emphysema, Pneumomediastinum, and Pneumothorax in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jones Eben , Gould Allon , Pillay Timesh D. , Khorasanee Reza , Sykes Richard , Bazo-Alvarez Juan Carlos , Cox Charlie , Shurovi Badrun , Isted Alexander , Simpson Thomas , Jennings Mick , Breeze Richard , Khaliq Waqas 
Published: September 2020

Importance:
Management of severe coronavirus disease 2019 relies on advanced respiratory support modalities including invasive mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, and noninvasive ventilation, all of which are associated with the development of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax (herein collectively termed barotrauma).

Objectives:
To assess the occurrence rate of barotrauma in severe coronavirus disease 2019 and to explore possible associated factors.

Design, Setting, and Participants:
A retrospective, single-center cohort study with nested case series, conducted at University Hospital Lewisham: a 450-bed general hospital in London, United Kingdom. All patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to the critical care department from March 12, to April 12, 2020, were included.

Main Outcomes and Measures:
Patients were retrospectively screened for radiological evidence of barotrauma. Admission characteristics, modalities of respiratory support, and outcomes were compared between barotrauma and nonbarotrauma groups. Respiratory parameters in the period preceding barotrauma identification were recorded.

Results:
Of 83 admissions with coronavirus disease 2019, eight suffered barotrauma (occurrence rate 9.6%; 95% CI 4.3%–18.1%). Barotrauma cases had longer illness duration prior to critical care admission (10 vs 7 d; interquartile range, 8–14 and 6–10, respectively; p = 0.073) and were more often treated with continuous positive airway pressure or noninvasive ventilation as the initial modality of advanced respiratory support (87.5% vs 36.0%; p = 0.007). Patients managed with continuous positive airway pressure or noninvasive ventilation prior to the development of barotrauma had median minute ventilation of 16.2–19.9 and 21.3–22.7 L/min, respectively. Compared with the nonbarotrauma group, a higher proportion of patients with barotrauma had died (62.5% vs 43.2%), and a lower proportion of patients had been discharged (25.0% vs 53.3%) at 3-month follow-up.

Conclusions and Relevance:
Barotrauma appears to be a common complication of severe coronavirus disease 2019. Determining whether high minute ventilation while using continuous positive airway pressure or noninvasive ventilation predisposes patients to barotrauma requires further investigation.
Proteomics of Non-human Primate Plasma after Partial-body Radiation with Minimal Bone Marrow Sparing
Authors: Huang Weiliang , Yu Jianshi , Liu Tian , Defnet Amy E. , Zalesak Stephanie , Farese Ann M. , MacVittie Thomas J. , Kane Maureen A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
High-dose radiation exposure results in organ-specific sequelae that occurs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The partial body irradiation with minimal bone marrow sparing model was developed to mimic intentional or accidental radiation exposures in humans where bone marrow sparing is likely and permits the concurrent analysis of coincident short- and long-term damage to organ systems. To help inform on the natural history of the radiation-induced injury of the partial body irradiation model, we quantitatively profiled the plasma proteome of non-human primates following 12 Gy partial body irradiation with 2.5% bone marrow sparing with 6 MV LINAC-derived photons at 0.80 Gy min−1 over a time period of 3 wk. The plasma proteome was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A number of trends were identified in the proteomic data including pronounced protein changes as well as protein changes that were consistently upregulated or downregulated at all time points and dose levels interrogated. Pathway and gene ontology analysis were performed; bioinformatic analysis revealed significant pathway and biological process perturbations post high-dose irradiation and shed light on underlying mechanisms of radiation damage. Additionally, proteins were identified that had the greatest potential to serve as biomarkers for radiation exposure.