bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A probabilistic approach to phase calibration – I. Effects of source structure on fringe-fitting
Authors: Natarajan I , Deane R , van Bemmel I , van Langevelde H J , Small D , Kettenis M , Paragi Z , Smirnov O , Szomoru A 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We propose a probabilistic framework for performing simultaneous estimation of source structure and fringe-fitting parameters in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations. As a first step, we demonstrate this technique through the analysis of synthetic short-duration Event Horizon Telescope observations of various geometric source models at 230 GHz, in the presence of baseline-dependent thermal noise. We perform Bayesian parameter estimation and model selection between the different source models to obtain reliable uncertainty estimates and correlations between various source and fringe-fitting related model parameters. We also compare the Bayesian posteriors with those obtained using widely used VLBI data reduction packages such as casa and aips, by fringe-fitting 200 Monte Carlo simulations of each source model with different noise realizations, to obtain distributions of the maximum a posteriori estimates. We find that, in the presence of resolved asymmetric source structure and a given array geometry, the traditional practice of fringe-fitting with a point source model yields appreciable offsets in the estimated phase residuals, potentially biasing or limiting the dynamic range of the starting model used for self-calibration. Simultaneously estimating the source structure earlier in the calibration process with formal uncertainties improves the precision and accuracy of fringe-fitting and establishes the potential of the available data, especially when there is little prior information. We also note the potential applications of this method to astrometry and geodesy for specific science cases and the planned improvements to the computational performance and analyses of more complex source distributions.
A framework for measuring weak-lensing magnification using the Fundamental Plane
Authors: Freudenburg Jenna K C , Huff Eric M , Hirata Christopher M 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Galaxy–galaxy lensing is an essential tool for probing dark matter haloes and constraining cosmological parameters. While galaxy–galaxy lensing measurements usually rely on shear, weak-lensing magnification contains additional constraining information. Using the Fundamental Plane (FP) of elliptical galaxies to anchor the size distribution of a background population is one method that has been proposed for performing a magnification measurement. We present a formalism for using the FP residuals of elliptical galaxies to jointly estimate the foreground mass and background redshift errors for a stacked lens scenario. The FP residuals include information about weak-lensing magnification κ, and therefore foreground mass, since to first order, non-zero κ affects galaxy size but not other FP properties. We also present a modular, extensible code that implements the formalism using emulated galaxy catalogues of a photometric galaxy survey. We find that combining FP information with observed number counts of the source galaxies constrains mass and photo-z error parameters significantly better than an estimator that includes number counts only. In particular, the constraint on the mass is 17.0 per cent if FP residuals are included, as opposed to 27.7 per cent when only number counts are included. The effective size noise for a foreground lens of mass $M_\mathrm{ H}=10^{14}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, with a conservative selection function in size and surface brightness applied to the source population, is σκ, eff = 0.250. We discuss the improvements to our FP model necessary to make this formalism a practical companion to shear analyses in weak-lensing surveys.
The Galactic radial abundance gradients of C, N, O, Ne, S, Cl, and Ar from deep spectra of H ii regions
Authors: Arellano-Córdova K Z , Esteban C , García-Rojas J , Méndez-Delgado J E 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a reassessment of the radial abundance gradients of C, N, O, Ne, S, Cl, and Ar in the Milky Way using deep spectra of 33 H ii regions gathered from the literature, covering Galactocentric distances from 6 to 17 kpc. The distances of the objects have been revised using Gaia parallaxes. We recalculate the physical conditions and ionic abundances in an homogeneous way using updated atomic data. All the objects have direct determination of the electron temperature, permitting to derive their precise ionic abundances. We analyse and compare different ICF schemes for each element in order to obtain the most confident total abundances. Due to the revised distances, our results do not support previous claims about a possible flattening of the O/H gradient in the inner Galactic disc. We find that the Galactic N/O gradient is rather flat, in contrast to what has been found in other spiral galaxies. The slope of the gradients of some elements is sensitive to the ICF scheme used, especially in the case of Ne. The dispersion around the fit for the gradients of C, N, O, S, Cl, and Ar is of the order of the typical uncertainties in the determination of the abundances, implying the absence of significant inhomogeneities in the chemical composition of the ionized gas phase of the ISM. We find flat gradients of log(S/O) and log(Cl/O) and very shallow or flat ones for log(Ne/O) and log(Ar/O), consistent with a lockstep evolution of Ne, S, Cl, and Ar with respect to O.
The nuclear architecture of NGC 4151: on the path toward a universal outflow mechanism in light of NGC 1068
Authors: May D , Steiner J E , Menezes R B , Williams D R A , Wang J 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We report near-infrared integral field spectroscopic observations of the active galactic nucleus NGC 4151 with archive data from the NIFS-Gemini North Telescope. We have selected best-seeing observations (≲0.3 arcsec) that, allied to our methodology of image processing techniques, show structures with spatial resolution comparable to those of the HST. The intricate outflow of NGC 4151 is revisited in light of the results found for NGC 1068, in a previous work, and a very similar dynamic is found: the low-velocity [Fe ii] emission depicts the glowing walls of an hourglass structure, while the high-velocity gas fills its volume. From this finding, we show that the misalignment between the jet and the NLR is not a projection effect, as previously thought. A molecular outflow is detected for the first time in this galaxy and, just like in NGC 1068, the transition between the molecular and the ionized gas phases comes from the fragmentation of molecular cavity walls into bullets of ionized gas exposed to the central source. Furthermore, it is suggestive that the same geometrical dichotomy between the cones seen in NGC 1068 is found here, with one side, where the cavity is disrupted by the AGN, being more extended than the other. Finally, a new spatial correlation between the high-velocity [Fe ii] and the soft X-ray emission of [Ne ix] is found, which is unexpected given the difference between their ionization potentials.
Accretion disc luminosity for black holes surrounded by dark matter
Authors: Boshkayev K , Idrissov A , Luongo O , Malafarina D 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We consider the observational properties of a static black hole space–time immersed in a dark matter envelope. We investigate how the modifications to geometry induced by the presence of dark matter affect the luminosity of the black hole’s accretion disc. We show that the same disc luminosity as produced by a black hole in vacuum may be produced by a smaller black hole surrounded by dark matter under certain conditions. In particular, we demonstrate that the luminosity of the disc is markedly altered by the presence of dark matter, suggesting that the mass estimation of distant supermassive black holes may be changed if they are immersed in dark matter. We argue that a similar effect holds in more realistic scenarios, and we discuss the refractive index related to dark matter lensing. Finally, we show how the results presented here may help to explain the observed luminosity of supermassive black holes in the early Universe.
Effects of the Hubble parameter on the cosmic growth of the first quasars
Authors: Nunes Rafael C , Pacucci Fabio 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) play a crucial role in the evolution of galaxies and are currently detected up to $z$ ∼ 7.5. Theories describing black hole (BH) growth are challenged by how rapidly seeds with initial mass $M_\bullet \lesssim 10^5 \, {\rm M_\odot }$, formed at $z$ ∼ 20–30, grew to $M_\bullet \sim 10^9 \, {\rm M_\odot }$ by $z$ ∼ 7. Here we study the effects of the value of the Hubble parameter, H0, on models describing the early growth of BHs. First, we note that the predicted mass of a quasar at $z$ = 6 changes by $\gt 300{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ if the underlying Hubble parameter used in the model varies from H0 = 65 to H0 = 74 km s−1Mpc−1, a range encompassing current estimates. Employing an MCMC approach based on priors from $z$ ≳ 6.5 quasars and on H0, we study the interconnection between H0 and the parameters describing BH growth: seed mass Mi and Eddington ratio fEdd. Assuming an Eddington ratio of fEdd = 0.7, in agreement with previous estimates, we find $H_0 = 73.6^{+1.2}_{-3.3}$ km s−1Mpc−1. In a second analysis, allowing all the parameters to vary freely, we find log (Mi/M⊙) &gt; 4.5 (at 95 per cent CL), $H_0 = 74^{+1.5}_{-1.4}$ km s−1Mpc−1 and $f_{\rm Edd}=0.77^{+0.035}_{-0.026}$ at 68 per cent CL. Our results on the typical Eddington ratio are in agreement with previous estimates. Current values of the Hubble parameter strongly favour heavy seed formation scenarios, with $M_i \gtrsim 10^4 \, {\rm M_\odot }$. In our model, with the priors on BH masses of quasars used, light seed formation scenarios are rejected at ∼3σ.
Gamma-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies: the Swift view
Authors: D’Ammando F 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the analysis of all Swift observations available up to 2019 April of γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSy1). The distribution of X-ray luminosities (and fluxes) indicates that the jet radiation significantly contributes to their X-ray emission, with Doppler boosting making values higher than other radio-loud NLSy1. The 0.3–10 keV photon indices are on average harder with respect to radio-quiet and radio-loud NLSy1, confirming a dominant jet contribution in X-rays. However, the lower variability amplitude with respect to blazars and the softening of the spectrum in some periods suggests that also the corona radiation contributes to the X-ray emission. In optical and ultraviolet (UV) significant flux changes have been observed on daily, weekly, and monthly time-scale, providing a clear indication of the significant contribution of the jet radiation in this part of spectrum. A strong correlation between X-ray, UV, and optical emission and simultaneous flux variations have been observed in 1H 0323+342, SBS 0846+513, PMN J0948+0022 as expected in case the jet radiation is the dominant mechanism. Correlated multiband variability favours the jet-dominated scenario also in FBQS J1644+2619 and PKS 2004−447. The summed X-ray Telescope spectra of 1H 0323+342, SBS 0846+513, PMN J0948+0022, and FBQS J1644+2619 are well fitted by a broken power law with a break around 2 keV. The spectrum above 2 keV is dominated by the non-thermal emission from a beamed relativistic jet, as suggested by the hard photon index. A Seyfert-like feature like the soft X-ray excess has been observed below 2 keV, making these γ-ray-emitting NLSy1 different from typical blazars.
Deep XMM–Newton observations of the most distant SPT-SZ galaxy cluster
Authors: Mantz Adam B , Allen Steven W , Morris R Glenn , Canning Rebecca E A , Bayliss Matthew , Bleem Lindsey E , Floyd Benjamin T , McDonald Michael 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present results from a 577 ks XMM–Newton observation of SPT-CL J0459–4947, the most distant cluster detected in the South Pole Telescope 2500 square degree (SPT-SZ) survey, and currently the most distant cluster discovered through its Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect. The data confirm the cluster’s high redshift, z = 1.71 ± 0.02, in agreement with earlier, less precise optical/IR photometric estimates. From the gas density profile, we estimate a characteristic mass of $M_{500}=(1.8\pm 0.2)\times 10^{14}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$; cluster emission is detected above the background to a radius of $\sim \!2.2\, r_{500}$, or approximately the virial radius. The intracluster gas is characterized by an emission-weighted average temperature of 7.2 ± 0.3 keV and metallicity with respect to Solar of $Z/\, Z_{\odot }=0.37\pm 0.08$. For the first time at such high redshift, this deep data set provides a measurement of metallicity outside the cluster centre; at radii $r\gt 0.3\, r_{500}$, we find $Z/\, Z_{\odot }=0.33\pm 0.17$ in good agreement with precise measurements at similar radii in the most nearby clusters, supporting an early enrichment scenario in which the bulk of the cluster gas is enriched to a universal metallicity prior to cluster formation, with little to no evolution thereafter. The leverage provided by the high redshift of this cluster tightens by a factor of 2 constraints on evolving metallicity models, when combined with previous measurements at lower redshifts.
Cross-editing by a tRNA synthetase allows vertebrates to abundantly express mischargeable tRNA without causing mistranslation
Authors: Chen Meirong , Kuhle Bernhard , Diedrich Jolene , Liu Ze , Moresco James J , Yates III John R , Pan Tao , Yang Xiang-Lei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe accuracy in pairing tRNAs with correct amino acids by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) dictates the fidelity of translation. To ensure fidelity, multiple aaRSs developed editing functions that remove a wrong amino acid from tRNA before it reaches the ribosome. However, no specific mechanism within an aaRS is known to handle the scenario where a cognate amino acid is mischarged onto a wrong tRNA, as exemplified by AlaRS mischarging alanine to G4:U69-containing tRNAThr. Here, we report that the mischargeable G4:U69-containing tRNAThr are strictly conserved in vertebrates and are ubiquitously and abundantly expressed in mammalian cells and tissues. Although these tRNAs are efficiently mischarged, no corresponding Thr-to-Ala mistranslation is detectable. Mistranslation is prevented by a robust proofreading activity of ThrRS towards Ala-tRNAThr. Therefore, while wrong amino acids are corrected within an aaRS, a wrong tRNA is handled in trans by an aaRS cognate to the mischarged tRNA species. Interestingly, although Ala-tRNAThr mischarging is not known to occur in bacteria, Escherichia coli ThrRS also possesses robust cross-editing ability. We propose that the cross-editing activity of ThrRS is evolutionarily conserved and that this intrinsic activity allows G4:U69-containing tRNAThr to emerge and be preserved in vertebrates to have alternative functions without compromising translational fidelity.
Passion for an activity: a new predictor of sleep quality
Authors: Bélanger Jocelyn J , Raafat Karima A , Nisa Claudia F , Schumpe Birga M 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThe present research examines the relationship between people’s frequent involvement in an activity they like and find important (i.e., a passion) and the quality of their sleep. Research on the dualistic model of passion has widely documented the relationship between individuals’ type of passion—harmonious versus obsessive—and the quality of their mental and physical health. However, research has yet to examine the relationship between passion and sleep quality. Building on prior research has shown that obsessive (vs harmonious) passion is related to depressive mood symptoms—an important factor associated with sleep problems—we hypothesized that obsessive passion would be associated with overall worse sleep quality, whereas harmonious passion would predict better sleep quality.MethodsA sample of 1,506 Americans filled out an online questionnaire on sleep habits and passion. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Hierarchical linear regressions and mediation analyses were carried out with results confirming our hypotheses.ResultsObsessive passion for an activity was associated with worse sleep quality, whereas harmonious passion was associated with better sleep quality, adjusting for demographics, the type of passionate activity and its self-reported importance, alcohol and tobacco consumption, BMI, self-reported health, and diagnosed health conditions. The relationship between both types of passion and sleep quality was mediated by depressive mood symptoms.ConclusionsOur study presents evidence of a strong relationship between sleep quality and passion, opening the door for future research to create new interventions to improve people’s sleep and, consequently, their well-being.
Distinct Neural Networks Relate to Common and Speaker-Specific Language Priors
Authors: Kroczek Leon O H , Gunter Thomas C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Effective natural communication requires listeners to incorporate not only very general linguistic principles which evolved during a lifetime but also other information like the specific individual language use of a particular interlocutor. Traditionally, research has focused on the general linguistic rules, and brain science has shown a left hemispheric fronto-temporal brain network related to this processing. The present fMRI research explores speaker-specific individual language use because it is unknown whether this processing is supported by similar or distinct neural structures. Twenty-eight participants listened to sentences of persons who used more easy or difficult language. This was done by manipulating the proportion of easy SOV vs. complex OSV sentences for each speaker. Furthermore, ambiguous probe sentences were included to test top-down influences of speaker information in the absence of syntactic structure information. We observed distinct neural processing for syntactic complexity and speaker-specific language use. Syntactic complexity correlated with left frontal and posterior temporal regions. Speaker-specific processing correlated with bilateral (right-dominant) fronto-parietal brain regions. Finally, the top-down influence of speaker information was found in frontal and striatal brain regions, suggesting a mechanism for controlled syntactic processing. These findings show distinct neural networks related to general language principles as well as speaker-specific individual language use.
Effect of roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chen Ke-Yan , Liu Ying-Li , Shang Jin-Cai , Su De-Wang , Yao Rong-Rong , Ke De-Zhi , Tian Hao 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background:
Previous studies have reported that roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGBS) can benefit patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, their conclusions are still inconsistent. Thus, this study will aim to assess the effect of RYGBS for patients with T2DM.

Methods:
In this study, the electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, AMED, and CNKI from inceptions to the present without any limitations to language and publication status. All randomized controlled trials on assessing the effect of RYGBS for patients with T2DM will be included in this study. Two independent authors will carry out study search and selection according to the previous designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. At the same time, 2 authors will independently evaluate the risk of bias assessment by Cochrane risk of bias tool. Any disagreements between 2 authors will be solved by a third author through discussion. RevMan 5.3 software will be utilized for statistical analysis.

Results:
This study will summarize the most recent studies and will provide a deeper understanding about using the effect of RYGBS for patients with T2DM.

Conclusions:
The findings of this study will present the existing evidence for the effect of RYGBS for patients with T2DM.

Systematic review registration:
INPLASY202040127.
Effect of heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicines combined with conventional therapy on mild hand, foot, and mouth disease with fever
Authors: Yan Shiyan , Lu Ying , Zhang Guoliang , Li Xiuhui , Wang Zhong , Yao Chen , Wu Guiyun , Luo Lin , Ai Yanke , Guo Zhongning , Li Hongjiao , Li Tao , Jia Zhenjun , Wang Junwen , He Liyun , Liu Baoyan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background:
In China, heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicines combined with conventional therapy are commonly applied to treat the mild hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). However, there is lack of solid evidence on the efficacy and safety of such therapies.

Methods:
We conducted a pooled analysis with individual patient data from 5 strictly randomized controlled clinical trials to assess the efficacy and safety of this combination therapy for mild HFMD. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. A 2-stage meta-analysis method was adopted to analyze the pooled effect size.

Results:
In total, 947 patients were included. Compared with conventional therapy, the combination therapy significantly reduced the progression rate of HFMD from mild to severe (odds ratio [OR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22 to 0.83, P = .01). Meanwhile, the healing time of skin rash and oral ulcer in the combination therapy group was significantly shorter than that of conventional therapy. The overall hazard ratio (HR) of healing time of the skin rash or oral ulcer was 1.22 (95%CI: 1.04 to 1.43; P = .02). However, except Jinlianqingre effervescent tablets, the combination therapy cannot shorten the time to fever resolution (HR 1.12, 95%CI: 0.97 to 1.29, P = .14). Because of the heterogeneity, Jinlianqingre effervescent tablets were analyzed separately and the HRs of the time to fever resolution and the healing time of skin rash or oral ulcer were 3.88 (95%CI: 3.19 to 4.72; P < .0001) and 3.79 (95%CI: 2.81 to 5.11; P < .0001), respectively. There were 30 adverse events reported in total; 2 cases were related to Chinese medicines.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicines on top of conventional therapy can effectively reduce the progressive rate of mild HFMD and improve healing of skin and oral mucosal lesions. More studies are needed for the time to fever resolution.
Introduction to special issue: ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’
Authors: Gopnik Alison , Frankenhuis Willem E. , Tomasello Michael 
Published: May 2020

This special issue focuses on the relationship between life history and learning, especially during human evolution. ‘Life history’ refers to the developmental programme of an organism, including its period of immaturity, reproductive rate and timing, caregiving investment and longevity. Across many species an extended childhood and high caregiving investment appear to be correlated with particular kinds of plasticity and learning. Human life history is particularly distinctive; humans evolved an exceptionally long childhood and old age, and an unusually high level of caregiving investment, at the same time that they evolved distinctive capacities for cognition and culture. The contributors explore the relations between life history, plasticity and learning across a wide range of methods and populations, including theoretical and empirical work in biology, anthropology and developmental psychology.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’.