bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digging for Dirt
Authors: Lindberg Julianne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the club numbers in Pal Joey, performed diegetically in either rehearsal or performance. These songs—“Chicago,” “That Terrific Rainbow,” and “Flower Garden of My Heart”—best characterize the sleazy atmosphere of the club; the first two are performed in Mike’s South Side Club, and the last in rehearsal at the aspirational Chez Joey. All three are excellent character numbers, and they’re meant to reflect poorly on the performers who sing and dance to them. Rodgers and Hart here faced an interesting dilemma: how might one write an effectively “bad” song that’s also entertaining in its own right? With help from O’Hara’s scathingly satirical dialogue, they turned their keen and critical eye toward the manners of cheap nightclubs and their patrons, balancing aural realism with carefully crafted social commentary. Their efforts resulted in some of the funniest numbers in the show.
Christianity’s Broad Appeal in the 1990s
Authors: Howell Charlotte E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The formation of assumptions about Christianity’s associations with middlebrow taste on television is exemplified in discourses around Touched by an Angel (CBS, 1994–2003) and 7th Heaven (the WB/CW, 1996–2007). These shows employed overt moralizing, a religiously slanted lesson learned by both characters and viewers at the end of an episode, a lesson that in turn would resolve ongoing conflict or dramatic tension. Moreover, the shows’ creative and marketing discourses did not shy from the Christian aspects, assuming the mass audience was majority Christian and thus welcoming of or at least indifferent to Christian representation. These two shows exemplify the type of Christian representation that much of twenty-first-century dramas that followed used various containment strategies to distance themselves from in order to appeal to upscale viewers.
Nonwhite Christian Dramas
Authors: Howell Charlotte E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the vastly different approach to religious representation for prime-time dramas focusing on casts and characters of color: Latinx Catholicism in Jane the Virgin (The CW, 2014–2019) and black megachurch evangelism in Greenleaf (OWN, 2016–). These portrayals of nonwhite Christianity use race as a distancing mechanism to articulate Christianity as a religion without the fear of (white) middlebrow taste associations. The assumed whiteness of upscale audiences allows for these shows to expand the possibilities of engaging with Christianity-qua-religion instead of Christianity as a primarily cultural narrative tool. As a result, Jane the Virgin and Greenleaf wrestle deeply with the characters’ faith as well as the larger institutions and systems surrounding Christianity.
The Biblical Book of Revelation as Mythology
Authors: Howell Charlotte E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Eschatological dramas use the biblical Book of Revelation as their premise; however, despite the direct connection with the New Testament, the shows’ creatives disavow the religious nature of their narratives, reframing Christian elements as mythology. Supernatural (the WB/CW, 2005–2020), Dominion (Syfy, 2014–2015), and Constantine (NBC, 2014–2015) all use the Bible as the basis for what they assert is supernatural mythology. Such a strong disavowal of religion is especially necessary for creatives working on these three shows: they had a particularly strong fear of being associated with religious culture and audiences because their narratives are so closely tied to the Bible. The pushback against religion aligns with the assumption that the upscale fan audience these shows target is nonreligious.
Introduction
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introduction outlines the structure of the book’s three parts, which correspond to the prevailing paradigms of expression from the perspective of composers and listeners alike. From about 1770 to 1830 (Part One), this was a paradigm of expressive objectivity, which operated within a framework of rhetoric, a theory of poetics. From around 1830 to around 1920 (Part Two), the prevailing paradigm was one of expressive subjectivity, which operated within a framework of hermeneutics, a theory of interpretation. Instrumental music was at the center of this new mode of listening. Critics continued to perceive vocal music primarily as the projection of a text, but they now began to hear instrumental music as a manifestation of its creator’s unique individuality. Mixed paradigms have coexisted in a state of tension since 1920 (Part Three).
The Framework of Hermeneutics
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
After 1830 the idea of subjective expression in music became the new norm. The framework of rhetoric gave way to the framework of hermeneutics: audiences began to think about what they were hearing from the perspective of the composer, seeking to understand what each was trying to “say” in every new work. Composers, for their part, both encouraged and profited from the new premise of expressive subjectivity. They embraced the role of oracle. Liberated, as it were, from the obligations of comprehensibility, they were now in a position to cultivate increasingly idiosyncratic styles, which in turn were heard as reflecting their distinctive individualities. By the middle of the nineteenth century, listeners assumed that any composer with pretensions to seriousness of purpose would possess a unique “voice” that projected a deeper, inner self.
First-Person Beethoven
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
With the growing perception of composers as oracles, the person of Beethoven became the key to understanding his music. The reminiscences, biographies, and letters that came to light in the years immediately after the composer’s death, particularly the so-called Heiligenstadt Testament, bolstered the perception of his works as an outpouring of his inner self. Critics came to regard Beethoven’s life as a nonfictional Bildungsroman, a record of personal growth and development that was audible in his compositions. Reviews of the late works in A. B. Marx’s Berliner allgemeine musikalische Zeitung in the 1820s proved particularly influential in setting the tone for the future reception of Beethoven’s music within a hermeneutic framework. Later biographies would posit highly detailed connections between specific works and events in the composer’s life.
The Endurance of Subjectivity
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In spite of modernism’s aesthetics of objectivity, both the projection and the perception of subjectivity have endured. Having grown accustomed to hearing composers in their works over the course of multiple generations, beginning in the 1830s, listeners could not and did not suddenly change their assumptions about the nature of musical expression. The belief that music—particularly instrumental music—comes from deep within the human psyche was too firmly rooted in Western thought to be dislodged altogether. Composers’ claims of self-expression have nevertheless become considerably more muted and ambiguous. Critics, in turn, have become far more cautious about drawing direct connections between an artist’s works and inner self, even if the nature of that connection continues to fascinate, particularly in the realm of popular music.
Conclusion
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In his 1845 memoirs, the Czech composer Wenzel Johann Tomaschek compared Beethoven to a comet, an omen of the future whose unusual path that had attracted “superstitious” interpretations. As Thomas Kuhn argued in his classic study The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), prevailing paradigms of thought are rejected when they can no longer explain significant anomalies. And the orbits of comets were among the unusual and seemingly inexplicable phenomena that had led Isaac Newton to develop the theories he would set down in his paradigm-shifting Principia of 1687. In similar fashion, Beethoven’s works provoked the kind of cognitive crisis that precipitates the overthrow of an existing paradigm. Unable to accommodate his instrumental music within the prevailing paradigm of expressive objectivity, listeners began to regard expression as self-expression, and they began to perceive all new music (and some old) from the perspective: that of the composer.
Tokyo—An Irish Burmese Monk in Imperial Japan
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In 1902 the Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka left Burma for Tokyo, hoping to take part in a planned sequel to the Chicago World’s Parliament of Religions of 1893. Although the event did not take place, Dhammaloka was involved in the formation of the International Young Men’s Buddhist Association (IYMBA), based in a Jodo Shinshu university. The chapter explores this event and Dhammaloka’s other activities in Japan, locating them within wider Japanese religious politics. While his anti-Christian polemic was at odds with the ecumenical “world religions” frame of his hosts, and he found himself at odds with or dismissed by various significant figures, he came away from the experience dedicated to an international Buddhist practice, which he would in fact promote more effectively than the IYMBA proved capable of doing.
Mormonism and White Supremacy
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book examines the role of white American Christianity in fostering and sustaining white supremacy. It draws from theology, critical race theory, and American religious history to make the argument that predominantly white Christian denominations have served as a venue for establishing white privilege and have conveyed to white believers a sense of moral innocence without requiring moral reckoning with the costs of anti-Black racism. To demonstrate these arguments, the book draws from Mormon history from the 1830s to the present, from an archive that includes speeches, historical documents, theological treatises, Sunday school curricula, and other documents of religious life.
Contesting Conformity through Individuality in Mill’s On Liberty
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that for Mill, individuality is a solution to a problem in democratic society: conformity. Conformity is a form of social tyranny in this analysis; seeing it in this way enables us to understand its dual nature and grasp what resistance to it demands. Mill’s conception of conformity as social tyranny has both external and internal dimensions. Conformists in the social majority tyrannize others by leveraging social penalties for nonconformity in order to coerce them into publicly adhering to custom. The damage, however, is also to the conformists, who internally tyrannize themselves by undercutting their own capacity for autonomy. Resistance must be both internal and external for Mill. First, by adhering to the Harm Principle, conformists must cease tyrannizing others into conforming; second, conformists must also cease tyrannizing themselves by cultivating individuality.
Introduction
Authors: Jendza Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the reader with the concept of paracomedy, which is tragedy’s appropriation of comedy, and distinguishes it from paratragedy, which is comedy’s appropriation of tragedy. After showing that most previous scholars have tended to ignore paracomedy, to treat it only as a hypothetical possibility, or to reject it as being impossible, the introduction suggests that one motivation behind this treatment was a scholarly attempt to preserve the decorum of tragedy. This introductory chapter shows how the book fills this gap in scholarship, and it concludes by summarizing the content and contributions of the rest of the chapters.
Early Paracomedy
Authors: Jendza Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates what appear to be the three earliest extant examples of paracomedy: Aeschylus’s Oresteia, Euripides’s Alcestis, and Euripides’s Heracles. Aeschylus’s Oresteia uses paracomedy to confer a sense of ugliness upon the Furies and a sense of transgressive sexuality upon Clytemnestra, which characterizes them as threats to a democratic worldview. Euripides’s Alcestis symbolizes the close relationship between comedy and satyr drama by paracomically staging a drunken, gluttonous version of Heracles, who exemplified the license of both genres. Euripides’s Heracles co-opts aspects of Aristophanes’s Wasps to instill a sense of unsettling horror in Heracles’s madness scene and later on alludes to comic episodes from Heracles’s past to show what he must overcome before regaining his heroic status. This chapter suggests that even in these early examples, tragedians used paracomedy both positively and negatively to delimit tragedy’s relationship with comedy.
Facing West
Authors: Swartz David R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The dramatic growth of Christianity in the Global South over the last century has shifted the balance of power away from strongholds in Europe and the United States. While we typically imagine religion traveling from West to East and from North to South, David R. Swartz shows that lines of influence also run in other directions. Missionaries and non-Western evangelicals have shaped the American evangelical church. On issues of race, economics, human rights, and social justice, these complex transnational relationships often feature accommodation and mutuality, and they often push toward cosmopolitan sensibilities among elite and establishment evangelicals. But they also feature resistance among American evangelical populists, many of whom voted for Donald Trump in 2016. And on issues of sexuality and the supernatural, they draw sustenance from the Global South. This geographically expansive book, which spans Asia, Africa, and South America, offers new insights into a tradition that imagines itself as both American and part of a global communion. It considers how evangelical networks not only go out to, but also come from, the ends of the earth.
Introduction
Authors: Swartz David R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
American evangelicals facing West from abroad have reshaped important elements of their religious tradition. Migration and demographic realignments intensified the impact on issues as varied as humanitarian work, civil rights, missiological strategies, sexuality, supernatural practices, and immigration. There were, however, limits to this global reflex. Transnational encounters often did not fit American categories. They did not cleanly map onto conservative or progressive sectors, and their influence often was limited to establishment evangelicals. Populists, many of whom voted for Donald Trump in 2016, have resisted the global reflex. This book, while narrating important demographic shifts, shows that evangelical cosmopolitanism is not pervasive at present.
Introduction
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter traces the rediscovery of the story of the Inca Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru from the early 1800s to the present. It shows how the work of natural historians and antiquarians developed into the scholarly disciplines of history and archaeology, and how key bodies, sites, and events came to carry the broader significance of the conquest. Moving past the triumphal tone that Western writers used at the time, this book develops the idea of apocalypse to show that people living in the Andean and Iberian worlds held beliefs about how the universe would end, values that shaped their actions and interpretations of the conquest of Peru.
Royal Conquests in the Poor Soldier’s Paradise
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As the royal inspector Cristóbal Vaca de Castro attempted to build Spanish Peru by reviving Inca imperial practices, Charles V sent his first viceroy to the Andes to implement the New Laws, designed to reduce the power of the conquistadores and to protect the native population. Those laws sparked a new Spanish rebellion, under Gonzalo Pizarro, which was defeated when the Crown voided many of the new ordinances. The defeat of the original conquerors depended on large numbers of ordinary foot soldiers, who soon rebelled when royal officials were unable to grant them rich estates. As the Spanish civil wars unfolded, Andean lords converted to Christianity and increasingly showed themselves to be loyal Spanish subjects. Andean troops helped the royalists to suppress the last major Spanish uprising, in 1554, by which time the Incas of Cuzco were busy recounting their imperial histories and moving to preserve their noble status in the colonial world.
Conquering Andean Hearts and Minds
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Complementing the military and political narrative already presented, this chapter discusses the lack of progress made toward the Christian conversion of native Andeans by the mid-1500s. The first Spaniards in Peru not only failed to promote their missionary project, but proved to be bad Christians themselves. Andean lords, including many Inca women and men, embraced Christianity as a way to protect their noble status, but rural populations remained largely ignorant of Catholic doctrine, living on a landscape that friars and priests saw under demonic control. Rural conversion gradually proceeded after Spanish civil wars died down, and those missionary efforts reflected the changing Catholic orthodoxy being defined by the Council of Trent. Many of the priests fighting Andean idolatry blamed the independent Incas living in Vilcabamba, despite the growing diplomatic contacts that were defusing the threat that the Vilcabamba Incas posed to Spanish Peru. Rather than the Incas, it was young Spaniards and men of mixed heritage whose plots against royal officials threatened royal rule during the 1560s.
The Spanish Pachacuti
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As Philip II saw his empire teeter in the late 1560s, he sent Francisco de Toledo to Peru as his viceroy. Toledo began his work there by rewarding Spaniards who had remained loyal to the Crown during the civil wars, and he started to reorganize the native populations living across the Andes. Although he was initially positive about Inca-era institutions, Toledo came to see the Incas as tyrants, and he spent time in Cuzco gathering testimony to prove that Philip II had no special obligations toward the descendants of Inca emperors. When Toledo learned that a Spaniard had been murdered in Vilcabamba, he sent troops into the holdout Inca kingdom to destroy it and punish the last Inca. The viceroy choreographed the public execution of the prince Tupa Amaru as a lesson to native populations.
Transcendent Inca
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Philip II died in 1598, around the time the last living witnesses of the Inca world passed away. This chapter looks at the Andes in the early 1600s, describing the Christian zeal of the Inca nobles living in Cuzco, as well as the lingering influence of Inca women. The chapter traces how the most prominent Incas blended into the Spanish nobility and moved to Spain. It also describes the spiritual coming of age of Lima as a capital where multiple future saints ministered to a diverse population. Catholic officials in Lima fought against the heretical practices of the city’s lower classes, as well as the persistence of traditional Andean religion in the surrounding highlands. After there were no more Inca rulers or witnesses to their empire, the Inca story was taken up in a broad range of European literary genres. In the Andes, the Inca became a symbol of organized resistance to Spanish colonial rule, one that inspired native rebellions, as well as Peru’s independence movement.
Campaigning and Coming of Age in the 1970s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter deploys feminist oral histories to explore the WLM’s key demands and campaigns in the 1970s, including the Miss World beauty pageant protest and the Nightcleaners’ campaign. After unpicking romanticised ideas about feminist consciousness-raising, it suggests that established narratives that gloomily recount the collapse of the post-war consensus overlook an exciting time for a WLM energised by campaigns around women’s domestic labour and reproductive rights, epitomised by the National Abortion Campaign. But the NAC’s successes also involved difficult emotions and ambivalence about feminist strategy and identity, analysed especially through the memories of black campaigners Jan McKenley and Gail Lewis, and Kirsten Hearn from Sisters Against Disablement. The chapter concludes with the story of Karen McMinn, coordinator of Women’s Aid Northern Ireland, using her S&A oral history to recall campaigns against domestic violence in the context of civil strife, and the personal challenges involved in keeping the feminist flame alive. 150 words
“Whirlwind of the Lord”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 interweaves the story of the 1974 Xenia, Ohio, tornado (part of the infamous Super Outbreak) with background on the pivotal role of weather in the premodern and early modern history of religions. The storm god tradition, exemplified by the biblical Yahweh and other deities from across the world’s cultures, laid the conceptual foundation for later American interpretations of the weather. Medieval and early modern theologians drew on elements of this tradition in devising their more rationalistic doctrines of providence, but in so doing they bequeathed to later generations a tangle of logical difficulties. Among these was the question of what role, if any, chance played in the weather. To John Calvin, “chance” was a pagan notion, but excluding chance exacerbated the problem of theodicy, or why a benevolent God allowed deadly storms and other natural evils.
“The Violence of Winds, and the Reasonings of Men”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 turns to colonial British America, surveying the flood of sermons that issued forth as clergy pondered the meaning of the New World’s violent weather. Colonial Americans inhabited a world of wonders in which natural events were interpreted as judgments or mercies from God, directed toward either individuals or the nation. In explicating these divine messages, the clergy drew on a biblical vocabulary replete with meteorological images of God’s power. The clergy also helped popularize more scholastic controversies about the relationship between the divine First Cause and secondary natural causes. These Enlightenment discussions, combined with biblical imagery, set the parameters of American understandings of providence for at least the next two centuries. Echoes of the clergy’s anxiety over the “atheism” of the Age of Reason are still heard in modern debates about whether storms are acts of God, acts of nature, or some combination of the two.
“Stormy Wind Fulfilling His Word”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the appearance of the first truly disastrous tornadoes as the new nation pushed westward into the Mississippi Valley during the nineteenth century. These calamities fueled an apocalyptic mentality among people of various religious groups, who regarded such events as the Great Natchez Tornado of 1840 as a sign of End Time tribulations. Later in the century, however, the emerging field of meteorology contributed to a Gilded Age cult of progress that presupposed a benevolent God and assumed that tornadoes could be explained and maybe even contained. Even a disaster as enormous as the St. Louis Tornado of 1896, which destroyed much of the city, was not enough to shake the optimism of some clergy and theologians, who thought that as the scientific mysteries of tornadoes were dispelled, fears of divine wrath in the storm would cease.