bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal fluid management in sepsis
Authors: Martin Greg S. 
Published: December 2019

Sepsis clinically manifests as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Optimal fluid resuscitation is relevant for all sepsis patients, and perhaps it is most important for those with septic shock. Septic shock is defined as a subset of sepsis in which particularly profound circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greatest risk of mortality, and septic shock is clinically identified as sepsis patients with serum lactate level >2 mmol/L and who require vasopressor infusion to maintain a mean arterial pressure ≥ 65 mm Hg in the absence of hypovolemia. Sepsis is among the most common conditions in the intensive care unit (ICU), accounting for up to half of all hospital deaths and being the third leading cause of death overall in the United States.
Sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies for which treatment and resuscitation should begin immediately. The goals of fluid resuscitation for these patients are: a) to rapidly replace intravascular volume and restore tissue perfusion, and b) to minimize organ dysfunction through timely interventions that either halt or reverse the physiologic derangements. If hypoperfusion is present, at least 30 mL/kg of IV crystalloid fluid should be given rapidly, and additional fluids should be guided by frequent reassessment of hemodynamic status, preferably using dynamic indices to indicate the likelihood of a beneficial response to fluid administration. Fluid administration should be targeted to achieve a MAP of at least 65 mm Hg, and to normalize lactate in patients with elevated lactate due to hypoperfusion.
Balanced crystalloids are the fluid of first choice for sepsis resuscitation based on ready availability and taking medication costs into account. Use of 0.9% saline compared to a balanced crystalloid, such as lactated Ringer's or PlasmaLyte, produces more kidney dysfunction and with a greater risk of dying. The individual side effect profiles may best differentiate the natural and synthetic colloids. Albumin may be considered for administration to sepsis patients with refractory shock or who have received substantial amounts of crystalloid fluids, but should not be administered to patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) products should not be administered to patients with sepsis because of increased risk of acute kidney injury and death. Gelatin solutions are not recommended in sepsis.
Norepinephrine is the vasopressor of first choice for patients with septic shock, and should be administered to achieve a mean arterial pressure of at least 65 mm Hg after excluding hypovolemia as a cause for hypotension. The selection of a second line vasopressor, such as vasopressin, dopamine, phenylephrine, epinephrine or angiotensin-2, depends on patient factors such as underlying cardiac dysfunction, presence of arrhythmias, and current response to vasoconstrictor or inotropic agents. Dopamine should not be used for renal perfusion or protection and it should be avoided in patients with tachyarrhythmias.
Impact of an Ageing Society on Healthcare Expenditure of National Health Insurance in Taiwan
Authors: Agustin Karina , Chou Shou-Yan 
Published: December 2019

The increase in healthcare expenditure always becomes an issue considered by the National Health Insurance (NHI) program in Taiwan. Accordingly, analyzing the root cause is a significant first step in dealing with this issue. This study hypothesized that the greying population in Taiwan is the main reason that devours a vast health care expenditure. Samples of the population in Taiwan's National Health Insurance databases together with age-expenditure profile analysis and decomposing approach of the components of healthcare expenditure will analyze the impact of population ageing and estimate the contributions of population ageing shifting to NHI's expenditure in Taiwan. The result could be considered for policymakers and the government to overcome this issue in Taiwan.
Textiles, Dyeing, and Finishing
Authors: Mahltig Boris , Rabe Maike , Muth Mathias 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTextiles are common materials everyone is using every day. However, most people are not aware of the processes involved in making textiles such useful material.The article provides an overview of dyeing and finishing processes of commonly used textile materials. Dyeing processes for the coloration of a textile fabric and fabric finishing for treating fabrics at the end of their production to impart specific properties to the textile products are discussed.
Titanium Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Jones Tony , Edwards John , Kallioinen Jani 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProperties and applications of technologically important inorganic compounds of titanium are surveyed. The most important compound is titanium dioxide which, because of its high refractive index, is manufactured as a white pigment at a scale of ca 7 million tpa. Raw materials and pigment production processes are reviewed. Mixed oxides, for example, barium titanate, are important raw materials for electroceramics.Titanium hydrides provide a convenient method of hydrogen storage. Titanium boride, titanium carbide, and titanium nitride are used as components of hard materials, for example, for cutting tools. They are electrically conducting.The chlorides are the most important halides. Titanium trichloride is the basis of widely used polymerization catalysts. Titanium tetrachloride is an intermediate in the production of both titanium metal and (via the chloride process) titanium dioxide pigment. Titanium dioxide pigment is also made (in the sulfate process) by precipitation from solutions of titanium in sulfuric acid. Titanium sulfides may be used as cathodes in high efficiency batteries. The properties of some titanium compounds with silicon and phosphorus are reviewed. Analytical methods and environmental, health and safety aspects are summarized.
A Water Stable, Near‐Zero‐Strain O3‐Layered Titanium‐Based Anode for Long Cycle Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Cao Yang , Zhang Qing , Wei Yaqing , Guo Yanpeng , Zhang Zewen , Huang William , Yang Kaiwei , Chen Weihua , Zhai Tianyou , Li Huiqiao , Cui Yi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLayered transition metal (TM) oxides of the stoichiometry NaxMO2 (M = TM) have shown great promise in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs); however, they are extremely sensitive to moisture. To date, most reported titanium‐based layered anodes exhibit a P2‐type structure. In contrast, O3‐type compounds are rarely investigated and their synthesis is challenging due to their higher percentage of unstable Ti3+ than the P2 type. Here, a pure phase and highly crystalline O3‐type Na0.73Li0.36Ti0.73O2 with high performance is successfully proposed in SIBs. This material delivers a reversible capacity of 108 mAh g−1 with a stable and safe potential of 0.75 V versus Na/Na+. In situ X‐ray diffraction reveals that this material does not undergo any phase transitions and exhibits a near‐zero volume change upon Na+ insertion/de‐insertion, which ensures exceptional long cycle life over 6000 cycles. Importantly, it is found that this O3‐Na0.73Li0.36Ti0.73O2 shows superior moisture stability, even when immersed into water, which are both elusive for conventional layered TM oxides in SIBs. It is believed that the small interlayer distance and high occupation of interlayer vacancy promise such unprecedented water stability.
Selective Synthesis of Indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidant‐Free [4+2] or [5+1] Annulation of 2‐Aryl‐2H‐indazoles with α‐Diazo Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Guo Shenghai , Sun Lincong , Li Xuzhuo , Zhang Xinying , Fan Xuesen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA selective synthesis of 5,6‐disubstituted and 5‐substituted indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines through a Rh(III)‐catalyzed oxidant‐free annulation of 2‐aryl‐2H‐indazoles with α‐diazo carbonyl compounds is reported. With 2‐aryl‐2H‐indazoles as the substrates, α‐diazo carbonyl compounds could act as a C2 synthon to afford 5,6‐disubstituted indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines via a Rh(III)‐catalyzed [4+2] annulation. On the other hand, when 2‐aryl‐3‐formyl‐2H‐indazoles were used as the substrates, α‐diazo carbonyl compounds switched to act as a C1 synthon to undergo a more complicated [5+1] annulation process to furnish 5‐substituted indazolo[2,3‐a]quinolines.magnified image
Bromine Vacancy Redistribution and Metallic‐Ion‐Migration‐Induced Air‐Stable Resistive Switching Behavior in All‐Inorganic Perovskite CsPbBr3 Film‐Based Memory Device
Authors: Zhu Yuanyuan , Cheng Pengwei , Shi Jing , Wang Hongjun , Liu Yong , Xiong Rui , Ma Hongyu , Ma Hongxiang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAll‐inorganic halide perovskites have attracted a great deal of attention for applications in resistive switching (RS) memory devices due to their superior stability compared to organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites. RS memory devices utilizing air‐stable all‐inorganic halide perovskite cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) film as the switching layer, which are successfully prepared by spin coating at low temperature, are demonstrated. Memory devices based on CsPbBr3 film exhibit typical reproducible bipolar RS behavior and superior switching characteristics, including the high ON/OFF ratio (≈104), long data retention (>5 × 104 s), and environmental stability. In addition, multilevel storage capability can be achieved through controlling the different compliance currents. The formation and rupture of bromine (Br) vacancy conducting filaments (CFs) is proposed to explain the switching behavior in the Pt‐anode‐based memory devices, which is verified by XPS depth‐profiling analysis. Moreover, the coexistence of Br vacancies and Ag metallic CFs is suggested to be responsible for the switching behavior in Ag‐anode based device. These results demonstrate that the all‐inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr3 film will be the promising switching material for nonvolatile memory devices.
1D Stretchable Block Copolymer Yarn‐Based Energy Harvesters via BaTiO3/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite‐Carbon Conductive Ink
Authors: Kim Jaeho , Kim Woojong , Jang Gabriel , Hyeon Da Seul , Park Mi Hyun , Hong Jin Pyo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHighly stretchable self‐powered energy sources are promising options for powering diverse wearable smart electronics. However, commercially existing energy sources are disadvantaged by tensile strain limitations and constrained deformability. Here, 1D thread‐based highly stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (HS‐TENGs), a crucial step toward overcoming these obstacles, are developed based on a highly stretchable coaxial‐type poly[styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene] (SIS) elastomer tube. Carbon conductive ink is injected into the SIS tube as a core 1D electrode that remains almost unaffected even under 250% stretching because of its low Young's modulus. To further facilitate power generation by the HS‐TENG, a composite of barium titanate nanoparticles (BaTiO3 NPs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is coated on the initial SIS tube to modulate the dielectric permittivity based on variations in the BaTiO3 NPs volume ratio. The 1D PDMS/BaTiO3 NP composite‐coated SIS and a nylon 6‐coated 2D Ni–Cu conductive fabric are selected as triboelectric bottom and top layers, respectively. Woven HS‐TENGs textiles yield consistent power output under various extreme and harsh conditions, including folded, twisted, and washed states. These experimental findings indicate that the approach may become useful for realizing stretchable multifunctional power sources for various wearable electronics.
Superior Energy‐Storage Capacitors with Simultaneously Giant Energy Density and Efficiency Using Nanodomain Engineered BiFeO3‐BaTiO3‐NaNbO3 Lead‐Free Bulk Ferroelectrics
Authors: Qi He , Xie Aiwen , Tian Ao , Zuo Ruzhong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDielectric capacitors are receiving a great deal of attention for advanced pulsed power owing to their high power density and quick charge/discharge rate. However, the energy density is limited and the efficiency and the thermal stability are also not ideal, which has been a longstanding obstacle to developing desirable dielectric materials. These concerns have are addressed herein by fabricating nanodomain‐engineered BiFeO3‐BaTiO3‐NaNbO3 bulk ferroelectrics, integrating a high‐spontaneous‐polarization gene, wide band gaps, and a heterogeneous nanodomain structure, generating record‐excellent comprehensive performance of giant energy‐storage density Wrec ≈8.12 J cm−3, high efficiency η ≈90% and excellent thermal stability (±10%, −50 to 250 °C) and ultrafast discharge rate (t0.9 < 100 ns). Significantly enhanced dielectric breakdown strength of BiFeO3‐based solid solutions is mainly attributed to the substitution of NaNbO3, which provides an increased band gap, refined grain size, and increased resistivity. The formation of nanoscale domains as evidenced by piezoresponse force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy enables nearly hysteresis‐free polarization‐field response and temperature‐insensitive dielectric response. In comparison with antiferroelectric capacitors, the current work provides a new solution to successfully design next‐generation pulsed power capacitors by fully utilizing relaxor ferroelectrics in energy‐storage efficiency and thermal stability.
Sources of variation in weaned age among wild chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Lonsdorf Elizabeth V. , Stanton Margaret A. , Pusey Anne E. , Murray Carson M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesA key feature of human life history evolution is that modern humans wean their infants 2–4 years earlier on average than African apes. However, our understanding of weaning variation in apes remains limited. Here we provide the first such report in chimpanzees by examining weaned age variation using long‐term data from Gombe National Park, Tanzania.Material and MethodsWe analyzed 41 years of observational behavioral data from 65 offspring of 29 mothers to examine the relationships between weaned age (defined as cessation of suckling) in wild chimpanzees and maternal age, dominance rank and parity, and offspring sex. We used Cox proportional hazards regression with mixed effects to model time to weaning and to examine potential sources of variation in offspring weaned age.ResultsWe found that male offspring were less likely than female offspring to wean by a given age and that weaned age of males varied more than weaned age of females. In addition, maternal dominance rank interacted with offspring age, such that low‐ranking mothers were less likely to wean offspring early, but this effect decreased with offspring age.DiscussionWe found that male offspring and offspring of low‐ranking females were less likely to wean early, but did not find evidence for variable weaning according to maternal age or parity. As more data accumulate, we will be better able to disentangle the effects of maternal dominance rank, age and parity. Such studies will not only provide a richer understanding of living ape life history characteristics, but will also provide an important framework for understanding the evolution of early weaning in humans.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of MOF‐Derived Superporous Carbon Aerogels with Extraordinary Adsorption Capacity for Organic Solvents
Authors: Wang Chaohai , Kim Jeonghun , Tang Jing , Na Jongbeom , Kang Yong‐Mook , Kim Minjun , Lim Hyunsoo , Bando Yoshio , Li Jiansheng , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCarbon aerogels (CAs) with 3D interconnected networks hold promise for application in areas such as pollutant treatment, energy storage, and electrocatalysis. In spite of this, it remains challenging to synthesize high‐performance CAs on a large scale in a simple and sustainable manner. We report an eco‐friendly method for the scalable synthesis of ultralight and superporous CAs by using cheap and widely available agarose (AG) biomass as the carbon precursor. Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) with high porosity is introduced into the AG aerogels to increase the specific surface area and enable heteroatom doping. After pyrolysis under inert atmosphere, the ZIF‐8/AG‐derived nitrogen‐doped CAs show a highly interconnected porous mazelike structure with a low density of 24 mg cm−3, a high specific surface area of 516 m2 g−1, and a large pore volume of 0.58 cm−3 g−1. The resulting CAs exhibit significant potential for application in the adsorption of organic pollutants.
Eine konvergente Totalsynthese des Pilztoxins α‐Amanitin
Authors: Siegert Mary‐Ann J. , Knittel Caroline H. , Süssmuth Roderich D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDas toxische bicyclische Octapeptid α‐Amanitin kommt hauptsächlich in Spezies der PilzgattungAmanitavor, wobei der Grüne Knollenblätterpilz (Amanita phalloides) der bekannteste Vertreter ist. Seine Toxizität beruht auf der Inhibition von RNA Polymerase II, insbesondere in Hepatocyten. Dies macht α‐Amanitin zu einem interessanten Wirkstoff für Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugate in der Krebsforschung. Allerdings stellt die Isolierung von ausreichenden Mengen an α‐Amanitin aus Pilzen ein schwieriges Unterfangen dar, was sich limitierend auf die medizinalchemische Anwendung auswirkt. Ausgehend von der Synthese der nicht‐proteinogenen Aminosäure Dihydroxyisoleucin entwickelten wir eine robuste Totalsynthese für α‐Amanitin, die sich sowohl für eine Synthese im industriellen Maßstab als auch für zukünftige strukturelle Diversifizierungen eignet.
Stabile Salze heteroleptischer Eisen‐Carbonyl/Nitrosylkationen
Authors: Bohnenberger Jan , Krossing Ingo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDie Oxidation von Fe(CO)5 mit dem [NO]+‐Salz des schwach koordinierenden Perfluoroalkoxyaluminat‐Anions [F‐{Al(ORF)3}2]− (RF=C(CF3)3) führt zu stabilen Salzen der 18‐Valenzelektronenspezies [Fe(CO)4(NO)]+ und [Fe(CO)(NO)3]+ mit den Enemark‐Feltham‐Zahlen {FeNO}8 und {FeNO}10. Dies schließt 80 Jahre nach der Entdeckung der anionischen ([Fe(CO)3(NO)]−)‐ und neutralen ([Fe(CO)2(NO)2])‐Spezies endlich die bisherige Lücke in der Triade der heteroleptischen Eisen‐Carbonyl/Nitrosylkomplexe. Beide Salze wurden vollständig charakterisiert (IR, Raman, NMR, UV/Vis, scXRD, pXRD) und sind unter Inertbedingungen bei Raumtemperatur über Monate hinweg stabil. Sie können als nützliche Ausgangsmaterialien für weitergehende Untersuchungen dienen.
A Convergent Total Synthesis of the Death Cap Toxin α‐Amanitin
Authors: Siegert Mary‐Ann J. , Knittel Caroline H. , Süssmuth Roderich D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe toxic bicyclic octapeptide α‐amanitin is mostly found in different species of the mushroom genusAmanita, with the death cap (Amanita phalloides) as one of the most prominent members. Due to its high selective inhibition of RNA polymerase II, which is directly linked to its high toxicity, particularly to hepatocytes, α‐amanitin received an increased attention as a toxin‐component of antibody‐drug conjugates (ADC) in cancer research. Furthermore, the isolation of α‐amanitin from mushrooms as the sole source severely restricts compound supply as well as further investigations, as structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. Based on a straightforward access to the non‐proteinogenic amino acid dihydroxyisoleucine, we herein present a robust total synthesis of α‐amanitin providing options for production at larger scale as well as future structural diversifications.
Developing CRISPR‐based sex‐ratio distorters for the genetic control of fruit fly pests: A how to manual
Authors: Tsoumani Konstantina T. , Meccariello Angela , Mathiopoulos Kostas D. , Papathanos Philippos Aris 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAgricultural pest control using genetic‐based methods provides a species‐specific and environmentally harmless way for population suppression of fruit flies. One way to improve the efficiency of such methods is through self‐limiting, female‐eliminating approaches that can alter an insect populations' sex ratio toward males. In this microreview, we summarize recent advances in synthetic sex ratio distorters based on X‐chromosome shredding that can induce male‐biased progeny. We outline the basic principles to guide the efficient design of an X‐shredding system in an XY heterogametic fruit fly species of interest using CRISPR/Cas gene editing, newly developed computational tools, and insect genetic engineering. We also discuss technical aspects and challenges associated with the efficient transferability of this technology in fruit fly pest populations, toward the potential use of this new class of genetic control approaches for pest management purposes.
The effects of statins on microglial cells to protect against neurodegenerative disorders: A mechanistic review
Authors: Bagheri Hossein , Ghasemi Faezeh , Barreto George E. , Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Jamialahmadi Tannaz , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMicroglia are the primary innate immune system cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are crucial for the immunity, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurotrophic support, phagocytosis of cellular debris, and maintaining the CNS integrity and homeostasis. Invasion by pathogens as well as in CNS injuries and damages results in activation of microglia known as microgliosis. The activated microglia have the capacity to release proinflammatory mediators leading to neuroinflammation. However, uncontrolled neuroinflammation can give rise to various neurological disorders (NDs), especially the neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias, multiple sclerosis (MS), Huntington's disease (HD), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and stroke. Statins (HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors) are among the most widely prescribed medications for the management of hypercholesterolemia worldwide. It can be used for primary prevention in healthy individuals who are at higher risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases as well as the secondary prevention in patients with cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases disease. A growing body of evidence has indicated that statins have the potential to attenuate the proinflammatory mediators and subsequent NDs by controlling the microglial activation and consequent reduction in neuroinflammatory mediators. In this review, we have discussed the recent studies on the effects of statins on microglia activation and neuroinflammation.
A validated UPLC–MS/MS method for quantitative determination of a potent neuroprotective agent Sarsasapogenin‐AA13 in rat plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Pei Lixia , Ye Yiyi , Zhao Wenshu , Ye Qun , Ge Songlan , Jiang Zi‐wei , Liang Xiao‐qiang , Gan Hai‐xian , Ma Lei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSarsasapogenin‐AA13(AA13), a sarsasapogenin derivative, exhibited good neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory activities in vitro and therapeutic effects on learning and memory dysfunction in amyloid‐β‐injected mice. A sensitive UPLC–MS/MS method was developed and validated to quantitatively determine AA13 in rat plasma and was further applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behaviour of AA13 in rats that were administered AA13 intravenously and orally. This method was validated to exhibit excellent linearity in the concentration range of 1–1000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for AA13 in rat plasma. Intra‐day accuracy for AA13 was in the range of 90–114%, and inter‐day accuracy was in the range of 97–103 %. The relative standard deviation of intra‐day and inter‐day assay was less than 15%. After a single oral administration of AA13 at the dose of 25 mg/kg, Cmax of AA13 was 1266.4 ± 316.1 ng/mL. AUC0–48 h was 6928.5 ± 1990.1 h·ng/mL, and t1/2 was 10.2 ± 0.8 h. Under intravenous administration of AA13 at a dosage of 250 μg/kg, AUC0–48 h was 785.7 ± 103.3 h⋅ng/mL, and t1/2 was 20.8 ± 7.2 h. Based on the results, oral bioavailability (F %) of AA13 in rats at 25 mg/kg was 8.82 %.