bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Polymer Electrochemistry in Interconnects and its Components
Authors: Budhraja Vinay , Chudasama Rupesh , Stirn Jarvis , Musaramthota Vishal , Hallstrom Eric , Bentz Jed 
Published: December 2020

Electroplating of metals is a commercially viable industrial technique which is used in the fabrication of electrical components such as contact pins, waveguide, spring probes etc. for multiple applications including defense, semiconductor, rail, space etc. The base material of these components is typically nickel-silver, copper, copper alloys or brass which is further plated with nickel and gold to reduce contact resistance. Utilization of these metals has several disadvantages such as high density, sensitive to humidity, risk of corrosion, high processing and shipping cost and material waste at high frequency. Henceforth efforts are being investigated to mitigate these challenges via transitioning to polymeric material system. In this work, spring probes and waveguides have been fabricated using polymers such as PEEK, PEI, ABS and Nylon 12 and electroplated with copper, nickel and gold followed by mechanical and electrical characterization. The spring probes components underwent electrical and mechanical tests such as Force- Deflection-Resistance (FDR), Life Cycle Tests (LCT) and high current test (HCT), cross sectioning, SEM and X-Ray CT scanning. Spring probes were further tested against humidity, porosity and salt fog using internationally recognized standard test methods to check the performance of corrosion resistance.Spring probes showed high performance in FDR and LCT with a high current carrying capability in HCT. Spring probes passed all corrosion tests such as humidity, salt-fog, porosity, thermal shock and fretting corrosion.
The waveguides on the other hand were additively manufactured and underwent tests for return and insertion losses along with phase balance testing that exhibited comparable performance when compared to traditional manufacturing methods. The lead time and part cost was significantly reduced using 3D Printing demonstrating a viable route for manufacturing.
Furthermore, an electrical component made with a plastic body has a lower shock hazard than one made with metal. Metallic body is susceptible to a great degree of electrical interference, leading to more noise than components made with plastic because of higher parasitic losses. Providing contact continuity during shock and vibration is critical for harsh environments but it may not be sufficient if the quality of transmitted signal is not adequate. At high frequencies, current flows up to a skin depth and the remaining part of the body does not participate in the conduction process. In such situations, the parts made up of polymer described herein are a solution to the problem.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Nitrite Based on PEDOT and Hollow Gold - Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Lucero Gisella Liliana , Bund Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Nitrites are chemical compounds commonly used as additives in food industry, especially to improve organoleptic properties of meat and prevent its degradation. According to the World Health Organization, nitrite concentrations exceeding 3 mg/L in drinking water and wastewater are hazardous for the environment and human health [1]. Nitrites can react with hemoglobin and form methemoglobin which blocks oxygen transport and generates cyanosis in infants. Also, N–nitroso compounds, potentially carcinogenic products, can be formed by the reaction of nitrites with amines [1]. For those reasons, monitoring the level of nitrite in water is extremely important.
Nitrite ions are traditionally detected and quantified by colorimetry, chemiluminescence and chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. However, these techniques are time consuming, require complex devices or the pretreatment of the samples to prevent interferences and moreover, imply the use or the production of some toxic reagents. Electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials like graphene, metal nanoparticles and conducting polymers have also been used for the detection of nitrite [2,3]; however, to the authors´ best knowledge, sensors based on PEDOT and hollow bimetallic nanoparticles have not been tested as potential material for this purpose.
In this work, hollow AuPd nanoparticles were produced by galvanic replacement from cobalt cores. The nanoparticles were analyzed by SEM, EDX and TEM/STEM. Results revealed the hollow structure of the nanoparticles (size 30-45 nm, Fig. 1). It was confirmed that they contain Au and Pd. EDX was performed to evaluate the elemental profile through the nanoparticle. Hollow AuPd nanoparticles, previously centrifuged and resuspended in water, were co-deposited from a solution of the monomer EDOT, the surfactant SDS, LiClO4 at potentiostatic conditions. The analytical performance of the composite material for the detection of nitrite was evaluated by differential pulse voltammetry (Fig. 2) in the range of 50 to 250 µM. The sensitivity of the sensor was 0.04 +/-0.01 µA µM-1.
[1] World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking – water Quality. (2017) 398pp. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK442376/
[2] Fu L., Yu S., Thompson L. And Yu A. RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 40111.
[3] Li G., Xia Y. Tian Y., Wu Y., Liu J., He Q. and Chen D. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166(12) (2019) B881.

Figure 1
Fe(III)-Exchanged Zeolite As Efficient Electrocatalysts for Electrodegradation of Congo Red Dye
Authors: Bencheqroun Zeineb , Ferreira Marta , Sahin Nihat , Rombi Elisabetta , Zaitan Hicham , Nawdali Mustapha , Fonseca Antonio M. , Parpot Pier , Neves Isabel C. 
Published: December 2020

The role of the nanostructured iron catalysts hosted by different type of zeolite structures (NaY and ZSM5) on the electrochemical degradation of Congo Red dye (C32H22N6Na2O6S2) was investigated. Here, the nano-iron zeolite catalysts with high surface areas (up to 853 m2 g-1) were prepared by ion-exchange method1 serving tunable particle size and acidity that is highly sensitive to the local reaction environment at the electrode surface. The structural and morphological analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and N2-sorption techniques. In order to clarify the electrocatalytic trend observed by constant potential electrolysis, we further considered the acidity properties of the zeolites determined by microcalorimetric measurements. Moreover, it was noted that the presence of NH4
+, H+ and Na+ ions in the case of ZSM5 zeolite allows the rearrangement of the iron-zeolite architecture, resulting in a more favorable stabilization of the degradation process as a function of the production rate. Compared with the FeNaY catalysts, the FeZSM5 catalysts (Fe(Na)ZSM5, Fe(H)ZSM5 and Fe(NH4)ZSM5) exhibited excellent activity and stability, with a maximum dye degradation around 64% on the Fe(H)ZSM5 catalyst. This work, revealing the synergetic interactions between the acid sites of the zeolite and the catalytic active sites, provides a new route for the development of electrochemical sensing low-metal content zeolite structures.
Acknowledgements:
This work was conducted in the framework of the BioTecNorte projects: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004, PTDC/AAGTEC/5269/2014, UID/QUI/00686/2013, and UID/QUI/0686/2016. Z. B. is grateful for ERASMUS research grant.
Reference:
1. M. Ferreira, F. Pinto, O. S. G. P. Soares, M. F. R. Pereira, J. J. M. Órfão, J. L. Figueiredo, I. C. Neves, A. M. Fonseca, P. Parpot, Chemical Engineering Journal, 228 (2013) 374.
Quantum Chemical Calculation of Lithium Polysulfide in EMI-Tfsi Solution: SMD(Universal Solvation Model Based on Solute Electron Density and a Continuum Model of the Solvent) Model
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiro , Sawada Yuma 
Published: December 2020

One of the problem of the sulfur-based electrode for the all-solid-Lithium-Sulfur battery cells is the chemical (or electrochemical) decomposition of lithium polysulfide Li2S
n
. Kinoshita et al have shown that the EMI-TFSI (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) ionic liquid contained all-solid-Lithium-Sulfur battery has a good battery performance. In this study we have calculated the quantum chemical calculation of lithium polysulfide Li2S
n
. in continuum which has the dielectric constant and optical constant is the same as EMI-TFSI ionic liquid. The solvation effect is included by the SMD (Universal Solvation Model Based on Solute Electron Density and a Continuum Model of the Solvent) model. The Austin-Frisch-Petersson functional with dispersion is used in the calculation. From the total energy difference of the enthalpy of the reaction 2Li+ + Sn → (LiSn)2+, 2Li+ + Sn
2- → LiSn, and decomposition reactions. The enthalpy of the reactions have been compared with the experimental results given by Uchimoto and Yamamoto.
Reference
[1] S. Kinoshita, K. Okuda. N. Machida and T. Shigematsu, J. Power Sources, 269, (2014) 727-734.
[2] Y. Uchimoto, K. Yamamoto, private communication
(Invited) Solid-State Chemistries Stable with High-Energy Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Mo Yifei , Nolan Adelaide M , Liu Yunsheng 
Published: December 2020

The continued improvement in operating time and lifetime of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices requires higher energy density lithium ion batteries. The energy density of lithium-ion batteries can be increased by implementing high-voltage cathodes, but these cathodes are reactive and unstable during cycling with the electrolyte. To design coatings or solid electrolytes that can stabilize these cathodes, an understanding of how different chemistries interact with high-voltage cathodes is critically needed. We systematically evaluate the thermodynamic stability of a broad range of solid-state chemistries with common cathodes (1). A materials trade-off is found in that materials stable with lithiated cathodes are often unstable with delithiated cathodes, which limits the possible choice of materials stable throughout the cycling voltage. These computational findings reaffirm previously demonstrated coating and solid electrolyte chemistries and suggest that several new chemistries, including lithium phosphates and lithium ternary fluorides, are promising solid-state chemistries stable with high-voltage cathodes. Our study provides guiding principles for designing coating and solid electrolyte materials with long-term stability with high-voltage cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.
(1) Nolan et al., ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 2444–2451
(Invited) Investigations on Sulfide Solid-Electrolyte Cathode Interfaces
Authors: Nanda Jagjit , Self Ethan Craig , Yang Guang , Brahmbhatt Teerth , Delnick Frank M. 
Published: December 2020

Advances in solid electrolytes (SEs) with superionic conductivity and stabilized electrode-electrolyte interfaces are key enablers for all solid-state batteries (SSBs) to meet the energy density and cost targets for next generation batteries for electric vehicles. Compared to their ceramic counterparts, sulfide- and thiophosphate-based electrolytes offer several key advantages, including (i) exceptionally high ionic conductivities up to 10-2 S/cm (comparable to non-aqueous liquid electrolytes) as reported for Li10GeP2S12 and Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3, (ii) availability of low temperature and inexpensive synthesis routes to produce glass, glass-ceramic, and crystalline structures, and (iii) soft mechanical properties, which facilitates material processing. Among the drawbacks, sulfides have a narrow electrochemical window, hence limited electrochemical stability against Li-metal and cathodes and poor chemical stability including high sensitivity to moisture. Despite an intrinsic narrow thermodynamic range, most SEs rely on kinetic stability based on slow growth of the interfacial layer that has reasonable ionic conductivity and very low electronic conductivity. In addition to the thermodynamical instability, significant mechanical stresses develop in SE due to (i) volume changes of the electrode material during repeated lithiation (delithiation) and (ii) interface roughening from side reactions upon extended cycling. This effect often termed as “chemo-mechanical effect” results in poor interfacial contact between the SE and cathode. The talk will highlight a few material based approaches towards addressing the interfacial stabilities (as mentioned above) between Li3PS4 SE and lithium-ion cathodes such as NMC. The area specific resistance (ASR) between SE-Cathode interfaces were optimized by coating cathode particles, varying stack pressure and doping the SE compositions.
Acknowledgment - This research was conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and is supported by Asst. Secretary, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program
AgI Electrolytes for Printable Solid-State Thermal Batteries
Authors: Lee Rose Yesl , Hopkins Emily , Tsui Lok-kun , Allcorn Eric , Garzon Fernando H 
Published: December 2020

Thermal batteries are used as power sources in safety-critical electrical systems that require stability during long-term storage and reliability during high current operation when activated. AgI is an attractive material for a solid-state electrolyte for thermal batteries because of its low ionic conductivity near room temperature. It then undergoes a phase transition to a high conductivity phase above 150C. [1, 2] We have investigated the development of AgI batteries using I2 loaded carbon or PVP as a cathode material and Ag as an anode material. The electrochemical reactions for solid-state batteries in this configuration are as follows:

Ag+ + e- + ½ I2 => AgI (Cathode)

Ag => Ag+ + e- (Anode)

Overall: 2Ag + ½ I2 => AgI (DE = 0.95 V)

The batteries were first investigated as pressed pellets of Ag powder prepared by electrolysis, AgI powder, and Cabot Norit SX-Ultra activated carbon soaked in an ethanol I2 solution. Pressed pellets yielded an maximum power of 4.9 μW at room temperature and 0.6 mW above 150C, confirming the ability to extract higher power out of the cell when heated. Additive manufacturing of this electrolyte would enable the printing of thermal batteries in custom geometries for integration into small electronics devices. Pastes and processing conditions were developed for the printing of Ag, PVP loaded I2, and AgI. Additive manufacturing would also enable the printing of the higher conductivity AgI/Al2O3 composites which are difficult to fabricate by traditional clean room deposition technologies.

This project was supported by Sandia Laboratory Directed Research and Development Grant 209285. SAND2020-4499 A.
References.
[1] K. Lehovec, J. Broder, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 101, 208 (1954).
[2] J. S. Lee, S. Adams, and J. Maier, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 147, 2407 (2000).
Figure 1. Power curves for Ag/AgI/I2 battery operated between room temperature and 160C.

Figure 1
Chromium Electroplating from Cr(III) in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Ispas Adriana , Gruia Violeta-Tincuta , Bund Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Hard chromium coatings are often used to improve the wear and corrosion resistance of different tools and components. Often electrolytes based on hexavalent chromium compounds, which are highly oxidative and carcinogenic, are still used to plate hard chromium layers. A key challenge is the development of an alternative baths free of Cr(VI). Such an alternative could be chromium coatings from a Cr(III)-based electrolyte.
Over the last years alternative electrolytes besides water were studied for electroplating. One of these alternatives are the deep eutectic solvents, DES, of which ethaline is a prominent candidate. It is 1:2 molar ratio mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol. This DES show good solubility for various metal salts. The electrochemical potential window of most DES is typically in the range of 3 V. Ethaline has excellent physical and chemical properties, such as: it is stable under ambient conditions, easy to prepare and handle, cheap (manufactured on the M tons scale globally) and biodegradable (used as a B-vitamin in animal food), requires no additional registration for process applications, it has good conductivity and low viscosity.
This paper will discuss the electroplating of Cr layers from ethaline on steel substrates. Different concentrations of CrCl3 × 6 H2O in the DES were investigated. The influence of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, formic acid and oxalic acid in the electrolyte as well as the influence of temperature were also investigated. Furthermore, the role of deposition technique (direct current or pulsed current) and of the hydrodynamic conditions on the quality of the chromium layers were evaluated.
The electrodeposition of some µm thick and adherent chromium films was proved to be possible from ethaline. The hardness of the deposited Cr layers was up to 2500 N/mm2, depending on the process parameters.
Eutectic Mixture of Iron(III) Chloride and Acetamide — Physicochemical Properties, Chemical Speciation, and Electrodeposition of Iron
Authors: Higashino Shota , Abbott Andrew P , Miyake Masao , Ikenoue Takumi , Hirato Tetsuji 
Published: December 2020

The electrodeposition of iron alloys is a significant research topic, owing to the potential applications such as corrosion/wear-resistant coatings1, magnetic thin films2, and catalyst electrodes3. Although aqueous electrolytes have been mostly used for electrodeposition, vigorous hydrogen evolution on the cathode can lead to hydrogen embrittlement and precipitation of metal hydroxides2. In addition, less noble elements such as aluminum and silicon cannot be co-deposited from aqueous electrolytes due to the limited electrochemical window.
To overcome the limitations of aqueous solutions, non-aqueous systems such as molten salts and ionic liquids have gained significant research attention. The electrochemical behaviour of iron complexes in imidazolium- and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids, and electrodeposition of metallic Fe was demonstrated in some liquids4,5. Many ionic liquids are, however, not viable on a practical scale.
In this study, we explored an alternative electrolyte to ionic liquids for electrodeposition of iron. A mixture of ferric chloride and acetamide is shown to give a liquid at ambient temperature. This eutectic mixture has a higher conductivity than comparable eutectics formed from either aluminium or zinc chloride. Ferric chloride disproportionates to form both anionic and cationic iron species identified using spectroscopic methods. The electrodeposition of dense metallic iron film was demonstrated.

References

N. Tsyntsaru et al., Surf. Eng. Appl. Electrochem., 48, 491–520 (2013)

G. Panzeri et al., Electrochim. Acta, 271, 576–581 (2018)

N.-C. Lo et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, D9–D16 (2016).

P. Giridhar, B. Weidenfeller, S. Z. El Abedin, and F. Endres, ChemPhysChem, 15, 3515–3522 (2014).

Y. Zhu, Y. Katayama, and T. Miura, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, D699–D704 (2012).
In-Situ Spectroelectrochemistry of Lanthanides in Molten Chloride Salts
Authors: Gakhar Ruchi , Phillips William C. , Horne Gregory P. , Pimblott Simon M. , Halstenberg Philip , Mahurin Shannon , Wishart James F. 
Published: December 2020

Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) are a potential game-changing technology for next-generation nuclear power. Although the MSR concept was demonstrated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in the 1960’s, it had not gathered attention from commercial vendors until recently. A fundamental knowledge of salt chemistry, including the speciation and solubility of corrosion and fission products is central to the safe and reliable operation of MSRs. The structural properties of fused salt solutions, especially the coordination geometry around the metal ions in the melt, are intricately dependent on the melt composition and temperature. In this work, a combination of in-situ electrochemistry and optical absorption spectroscopy techniques are utilized to understand the speciation and structure of lanthanides in molten chloride salts as a function of temperature, concentration and melt composition. The spectroelectrochemistry of metal species in molten salt media can be used as a potential process monitoring technique enabling the quantitative measurement of lanthanide and actinide metals within molten salt reactors or nuclear fuel pyro-processing applications.
This work was supported as part of the Molten Salts in Extreme Environments Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (US-DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, at BNL, INL and ORNL under contracts DE-SC0012704, DE-AC07-05ID14517 and DE-FC02-04ER15533, respectively.
Anodic Behavior of MoSi2 in Molten MgCl2-NaCl-CaCl2 Containing Oxide Ions
Authors: Miyoshi Takamasa , Morishige Taiki , Takenaka Toshihide 
Published: December 2020

Mg and Li are smelted by electrolysis in molten chloride, and carbon-based material is used for the anode. Carbon-based anode reacts electrochemically with oxide ions dissolved in the bath, causing oxidative consumption. Therefore, the development of the so-called inert anode is desired. The authors proposed an inert anode by forming a stable passivation film on it and investigated the anodic behavior and the conditions to form a film on MoSi2 in molten LiCl-KCl containing Li2O. In this study, the behavior of MoSi2 anode and film formation on it have been investigated in molten MgCl2-NaCl-CaCl2.
MgCl2-NaCl-CaCl2 electrolytic bath with about 1 mass% MgO was used at about 973K in an Ar atmosphere. A MoSi2 rod was used as working electrode. A Cu plate and Ag/AgCl were used as counter and reference electrode, respectively. Anodic behavior of MoSi2 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and potentio-static electrolysis. The change in the MoSi2 surface with electrolysis was analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDX.
Fig. 1 shows a cyclic voltammogram in the bath with MgO. Anodic current density increased at about 1.6 V (vs. Mg / Mg2+) and an anodic current peak appeared at about 1.8 V (vs. Mg / Mg2+). After the peak, the anodic current density sharply decreased. Since this anodic current peak was not seen without addition of MgO, it was indicated that the passivation phenomenon occurred in the bath with MgO.
Fig. 2 shows the SEM image and element distributions of the cross-section of MoSi2 after potentio-static electrolysis for 4h at 3.1V (vs. Mg / Mg2+) in the bath with MgO. A passivating film of about 3 µm-thick was seen on the anode surface, and Si was found on it. Mg and O were concentrated in the passivation film, and SiO2 and MgSiO3 were detected by XRD. From the quantity of electricity during the potentio-static electrolysis, the thickness of the passivation film and the weight change, the current contributions for the passivation film formation, and for Mo dissolution were about 2% each, while about 96% of the electricity was shown to be spent by other reactions. Considering the electrolysis condition, 3.1V (vs. Mg/Mg2+), most of the current seemed to be used for the gas generation. It is concluded that MoSi2 is potential for the inert anode in molten chloride-containing oxide ions.

Figure 1