bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processos de invisibilização das mulheres na atividade pesqueira nas legislações brasileiras entre 1846-1990
Authors: Mendes Beatriz Lourenço , Silva Gabriel Ferreira da , Ferreira Felipe Nóbrega 
Published: January 2020

Este trabalho se dedica ao estudo dos elementos que ocasionaram a invisibilização do trabalho das mulheres na pesca artesanal. Para tanto, realiza-se uma análise da legislação pesqueira brasileira desde o momento do reconhecimento institucional das Colônias, por meio da inscrição marítima, em 1846, até a década de 1990, apontando quem era considerado o sujeito de direitos da pesca perante o Estado neste período, se homem ou mulher. Também se analisa a dupla jornada de trabalho das mulheres como elemento determinante para a falta de reconhecimento profissional destas. As principais fontes bibliográficas utilizadas foram as legislações pertinentes ao assunto e cadernetas de registro de pesca da Colônia Z-1, na cidade de Rio Grande, bem como a literatura científica sobre o tema. Em última instância, a pesquisa busca apontar que, não obstante a participação histórica da mulher pescadora e da trabalhadora da pesca na cadeia produtiva da pesca, ainda hoje estas enfrentam dificuldade para o reconhecimento profissional e para a aquisição de direitos sociais decorrentes do labor na atividade pesqueira.Palavras-chave: Pesca Artesanal, Invisibilização, Gênero AbstractThis work is dedicated to the study of elements that caused the invisibility of women's work in artisanal fishing. To this end, an analysis of Brazilian fisheries legislation is carried out from the moment of the institutional recognition of the colonies, by maritime registration, in 1846, until the 1990s, pointing out who was considered the subject of fishing rights before the State in this period. period, whether male or female. It also analyzes the double workday of women as a determining element for their lack of professional recognition. The main bibliographic sources used were the pertinent legislation and fishing logbooks of Colony Z-1, in the city of Rio Grande, as well as the scientific literature on the subject. Ultimately, the research aims to point out that, despite the historical participation of fisher women and fishing workers in the fisheries production chain, they still face difficulties for professional recognition and the acquisition of social rights resulting from labor in the activity fishing.Keywords: Artisanal Fishing, Invizibilization, Gender
Context-Dependent Coding of Temporal Distance Between Cinematic Events in the Human Precuneus
Authors: Foudil Samy-Adrien , Kwok Sze Chai , Macaluso Emiliano 
Published: January 2020

How temporal and contextual information interactively impact on behavior and brain activity during the retrieval of temporal order about naturalistic episodes remains incompletely understood. Here, we used fMRI to examine the effects of contextual signals derived from the content of the movie on the neural correlates underlying memory retrieval of temporal-order in human subjects of both sexes. By contrasting SAME versus DIFF storyline conditions during the retrieval of the temporal order of cinematic events, we found that the activation in the precuneus, as well as behavior, are significantly modulated according to storyline condition, supporting our prediction of contextual information contributing to temporal retrieval. We suggest that the precuneus engages in memory retrieval via reconstructive mechanisms, entailing search within a movie-specific, situational knowledge-structure. Furthermore, information-based analyses of multivoxel activity revealed that the precuneus also contains a context-independent linear representation of temporal distances, consistent with a chronological organization of memory traces. We thus put forward that the retrieval of the temporal-order of naturalistic events encoded in rich and dynamic contexts relies on the joint contribution of chronological and reconstructive mechanisms, both of which rely on the medioposterior parietal cortex in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSuccessful retrieval of episodic memory is dependent on both temporal and contextual signals. However, when contextual signals derived from multiple storylines or narratives are complex and intertwined, the behavioral and neural correlates underpinning the interplay between time and context is not completely understood. Here we characterized the activation level and multivoxel pattern of BOLD signals underlying the modulation of such contextual information during temporal order judgment in the precuneus. Our findings provide us with an elucidation of subprocesses implicating the medial parietal cortex in realizing temporal organization of episodic details.
Robust Rate-Place Coding of Resolved Components in Harmonic and Inharmonic Complex Tones in Auditory Midbrain
Authors: Su Yaqing , Delgutte Bertrand 
Published: January 2020

Harmonic complex tones (HCTs) commonly occurring in speech and music evoke a strong pitch at their fundamental frequency (F0), especially when they contain harmonics individually resolved by the cochlea. When all frequency components of an HCT are shifted by the same amount, the pitch of the resulting inharmonic tone (IHCT) can also shift, although the envelope repetition rate is unchanged. A rate-place code, whereby resolved harmonics are represented by local maxima in firing rates along the tonotopic axis, has been characterized in the auditory nerve and primary auditory cortex, but little is known about intermediate processing stages. We recorded single-neuron responses to HCT and IHCT with varying F0 and sound level in the inferior colliculus (IC) of unanesthetized rabbits of both sexes. Many neurons showed peaks in firing rate when a low-numbered harmonic aligned with the neuron's characteristic frequency, demonstrating “rate-place” coding. The IC rate-place code was most prevalent for F0 > 800 Hz, was only moderately dependent on sound level over a 40 dB range, and was not sensitive to stimulus harmonicity. A spectral receptive-field model incorporating broadband inhibition better predicted the neural responses than a purely excitatory model, suggesting an enhancement of the rate-place representation by inhibition. Some IC neurons showed facilitation in response to HCT relative to pure tones, similar to cortical “harmonic template neurons” (Feng and Wang, 2017), but to a lesser degree. Our findings shed light on the transformation of rate-place coding of resolved harmonics along the auditory pathway.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHarmonic complex tones are ubiquitous in speech and music and produce strong pitch percepts when they contain frequency components that are individually resolved by the cochlea. Here, we characterize a “rate-place” code for resolved harmonics in the auditory midbrain that is more robust across sound levels than the peripheral rate-place code and insensitive to the harmonic relationships among frequency components. We use a computational model to show that inhibition may play an important role in shaping the rate-place code. Our study fills a major gap in understanding the transformations in neural representations of resolved harmonics along the auditory pathway.
Cortical and Subcortical Effects of Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation in Humans with Tetraplegia
Authors: Benavides Francisco D. , Jo Hang Jin , Lundell Henrik , Edgerton V. Reggie , Gerasimenko Yuri , Perez Monica A. 
Published: January 2020

An increasing number of studies supports the view that transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (TESS) promotes functional recovery in humans with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the neural mechanisms contributing to these effects remain poorly understood. Here we examined motor-evoked potentials in arm muscles elicited by cortical and subcortical stimulation of corticospinal axons before and after 20 min of TESS (30 Hz pulses with a 5 kHz carrier frequency) and sham-TESS applied between C5 and C6 spinous processes in males and females with and without chronic incomplete cervical SCI. The amplitude of subcortical, but not cortical, motor-evoked potentials increased in proximal and distal arm muscles for 75 min after TESS, but not sham-TESS, in control subjects and SCI participants, suggesting a subcortical origin for these effects. Intracortical inhibition, elicited by paired stimuli, increased after TESS in both groups. When TESS was applied without the 5 kHz carrier frequency both subcortical and cortical motor-evoked potentials were facilitated without changing intracortical inhibition, suggesting that the 5 kHz carrier frequency contributed to the cortical inhibitory effects. Hand and arm function improved largely when TESS was used with, compared with without, the 5 kHz carrier frequency. These novel observations demonstrate that TESS influences cortical and spinal networks, having an excitatory effect at the spinal level and an inhibitory effect at the cortical level. We hypothesized that these parallel effects contribute to further the recovery of limb function following SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAccumulating evidence supports the view that transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord (TESS) promotes recovery of function in humans with spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we show that a single session of TESS over the cervical spinal cord in individuals with incomplete chronic cervical SCI influenced in parallel the excitability cortical and spinal networks, having an excitatory effect at the spinal level and an inhibitory effect at the cortical level. Importantly, these parallel physiological effects had an impact on the magnitude of improvements in voluntary motor output.
International Grocery Retailers' Country Environment, Resources and Local Performance. A Cross-classified Multi-level Approach
Authors: Swoboda Bernhard , Morbe Lukas 
Published: January 2020

This study aims to shed light on the often-neglected effects of host country environments on firms’ local performance. We chose this topic, because host country environment is known to affect firms’ internationalization decisions (e. g., market selection or entry mode choice) while it is rarely regarded as an antecedent of local performance after a market entry. Still, country environments are expected to have substantial performance implications by international business scholars, while we know from national research that local performance is attributed to the local environment, especially in the retail industry. We hence aim to contribute to international retailing research by conceptualizing and testing such effects across nations. Because retail firms’ resources may help to overcome environmental dependencies, such resources are conceptualized as moderators of the effects of the host country environment on local performance. We thus make a second contribution by providing novel insights on the context specificity of resources. We chose the grocery retailing industry to analyze these topics for several reasons. First, grocery retailing is an important industry (e. g., market volumes of 770 billion USD in the US, 680 in China, or 280 in Germany) which is highly sensitive to host country environments. Furthermore, in this industry different levels of the environment need to be differentiated: country-level environment specific to all firms and store format-level environment specific to store formats like hypermarkets vs. discounters. We thus consider three levels of analysis: store-formats, countries and firms. We apply cross-classified multi-level modeling, which allows us to treat the complex data structure appropriately and has rarely been used in business literature so far. A Bayesian estimation is used. We thus make a methodological contribution to literature, by showing a way to treat such data structures appropriately. The results show that purchasing power and rule of law (country level) enhance local performance, whereas local intra-format competition (format level) diminishes it. Important resources in retailing (firm level) do not affect local performance directly but the results support a context-specificity of resources, i. e., a moderation role of the environment-local performance links. In particular, country level effects are moderated by retailers’ degree of internationalization, while surprising interactions occur of the format level environment. We provide important insights for managers and applicate the novel cross-classified multi-level approach that accounts for increasing complexities in data structures in international business research.
Antanas Matulevičius and his Petersburgs “Textbook of Arithmetic”
Authors: Banionis Juozas 
Published: January 2020

A. Matulevičius is one of the graduates of Veiveriai Teachers’ Seminary who became known for writing textbooks of mathematics in Lithuanian. His two-part “Textbook of Arithmetic” (Petersburg, 1916) was designed for teaching operations with numbers from first decade till one thousand. In the textbook he also introduced fractions and operations with them. Textbook material was presented concentrically to follow a method of purposeful tasks. Thus, the textbook included a great deal of practical tasks. Although only several of the terms given in the textbook became officially used in the Lithuanian language, they reflect historical development of the creation of Lithuanian terminology and are important from this point of view.
The discount version of large deviations for a randomly indexed sum of random variables
Authors: Kasparavičiūtė Aurelija , Saulis Leonas 
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we consider a compound random variable Z = \sum^N_{j=1} vjXj , where 0 < v < 1, Z = 0, if N = 0. It is assumed that independent identically distributed random variables X1,X2, . . . with mean EX = μ and variance DX =σ2 > 0 are independent of a non-negative integer-valued random variable N. It should be noted that, in this scheme of summation, we must consider two cases: μ\neq 0 and μ = 0. The paper is designatedto the research of the upper estimates of normal approximation to the sum ˜ Z = (Z −EZ)(DZ)−1/2, theorems on large deviations in the Cramer and power Linnik zones and exponential inequalities for P( ˜ Z > x).
VOC dan Dampaknya Terhadap Indonesia
Authors: Idris Tarmizy 
Published: January 2020

Before the European invaded Indonesia, the capitalistic trade system in Indonesia had grown up. But such kind of system strongly related to political issues which caused the birth of bureaucratic capitalism. The situation didn't enable the free capitalistic trade system to grow up rapidly. The arrival of VOC had made seious change in Indonesia capitalistic system that time. The predominance of VOC's bureaucracy and military had blessed it the power to uphold monopoly system in Indonesia trade and destroy its capitalistic system. Basically, the downfall of Indonesian capitalistic system was caused by its weak cultural system which didn't have a strong foundation for capitalism. The Indonesian cultural values didn't protect the property right of people. Moreover, the absolute power of Kings didn't give conducive opportunities to the people to accumulate their capital and develop thier business. ----------- AbstrakSebelum kedatangan bangsa-bangsa Eropa ke Nusantara. Di Indonesia telah berkembang perdagangan dengan kapitalisme yang kuat. Tetapi perdagangan itu selalu terkait erat dengan permasalahan politik, sehingga memunculkan kapitalisme birokrat. Situasi ini tidak memungkinkan berkembangnya kapitalisme yang memiliki etos perdagangan bebas. Kedatangan VOC telah membawa dampak sangat serius terhadap kapitalisme Indonesia. Keunggulan VOC dalam bidang birokrasi dan militer memberikan kekuatan kepadanya untuk menegakkan sistem monopoli dalam perdagangan di Indonesia, yang menghancurkan kapitalisme Indonesia. Kehancuran kapitalisme Indonesia pada dasarnya lebih disebabkan sebagai akibat kerapuhan sistem budaya Indonesia yang tidak memberikan pijakan kuat terhadap perkembangan kapitalisme. Nilai-nilai budaya Indonesia tidak memiliki perlindungan yang kuat terhadap hak milik pribadi rakyat. Disamping itu, kekuasaan absolut para raja dengan tindakannya yang sewenang-wenang tidak memberikan peluang kondusif untuk perkembangan perdagangan dan akumulasi modal pada rakyat.
Pendekatan Pragmatik dalam Mendukung Kemampuan Komunikasi Lisan
Authors: Saefudin Saefudin 
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Tujuan dari komunikasi adalah untuk mendapatkan pesan dari orang lain secara jelas dan tidak ambigu. Melakukan komunikasi memerlukan usaha dari pengirim maupun penerima. Proses komunikasi dapat terganggu dengan adanya kesalahan, sehingga pesan akhirnya disalah-tafsirkan oleh penerima. Ketika gangguan tersebut tidak terdeteksi, hal ini dapat menimbulkan kebingungan, usaha yang sia- sia dan kesempatan yang hilang. Kenyataannya, Komunikasi akan sukses bila kedua pihak memahami informasi yang sama sebagai hasil dari komunikasi. Jadi, dapat diasumsikan bahwa pendekatan yang dapat menciptakan situasi pembelajaran bahasa kedua (asing), terutama dalam kemampuan komunikasi lisan adalah dalam bentuk pragmatic. Tulisan ini mencoba membahas alasan mengapa ada nilai dalam pembelajaran pragmatic secara eksplisit pada pembelajar bahasa kedua (L2) dalam target bahasa. Pentingnya isu dalam gagasan pragmatic sangat dipertimbangkan, termasuk dalam menentukan kontribusi pragmatic dalam mendukung kemampuan berbicara siswa, bagaimana mempersiapkan pembelajar bahasa dalam memahami hubungan pragmatic dan fungsi bahasa dalam terma komunikasi yang dapat diterima, dan peranan sintaksis dan semantic dalam mem fasilitasi pembelajaran pragmatik---Abstract The purpose of communication is to get the message across to others clearly and unambiguously. Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And it's a process that can be fraught with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isn't detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity. In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication. So, it is assumed that the approach which can creat the situation of second language learning, especially oral communication skill is pragmtics. This paper discusses a rationale why there is value in explicitly learning pragmatics for second-language (L2) learners in the target language. The importance of issues in the notion of pragmatics is considered, including determining the contribution of pragmatics in supporting the students’ speaking skill, how to preapre the language learners understand the relation of pragmatics and language functions in the term of acceptable communication, and the role of syntax and semantics in facilitating the learning of pragmatics.
Menakar Ulang Kualitas Buku-Buku Terjemahan di Indonesia
Authors: Wijaya M. Tatam 
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Penerjemahan buku-buku Islam di Indonesia semakin marak dilakukan. Akan tetapi, kegiatan penerjemahan tersebut belum seiring dengan kualitas buku terjemahan yang dihasilkan. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan hal tersebut. Kecerobohan penerjemah, waktu penerjemahan (deadline) yang sangat singkat, dan apresiasi yang diberikan kepada penerjemah yang masih minim, merupakan sebagian faktor penyebabnya. Salah satu upaya untuk memperbaiki iklim penerjemahan di Indonesia adalah adanya pihak yang turut serta dalam mengontrol kualitas buku-buku terjemahan. Dengan kontrol inilah tinggi rendahnya kualitas buku terjemahan dapat diketahui. Sementara itu, mengontrol kualitas suatu karya terjemahan itu dapat dilakukan dengan beragam cara, di antaranya memberikan kritik atau penilaian. Kritik dalam arti memberikan apresiasi dan penilaian secara objektif, mengoreksi kekurangan dan kelebihan suatu karya terjemahan. Dari kritik itu pula hubungan dialektik antara teori dan praktik dalam menerjemahkan serta kriteria dan standar penilaian dapat diketahui.---Abstract Translating book is a trend in Indonesia nowadays. Unfortunatelly, its quality is not good enough. There are many factors which caused it, including the carelessness of translator, the time of translating, and a little appreciation to the translator. While, there is an effort to recover such bad thing, that is an institution to control its quality. By this control, the quality of translation books could be measured. This control can be carried in may ways, by criticizing and assessing for example. Criticizing means making an objective assessment of the works. This kind of criticism will observe the relation between theory and practice in translating.
الترجمة معناها وتاريخها
Authors: Raswan Raswan 
Published: January 2020

Abstrak Terjemahan adalah fakta kebutuhan kemanusiaan, karena manusia berbicara dalam bahasa yang berbeda antar masyarakat dan Negara yang berbeda. Tenerjemah juga dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan interaksi antara masyarakat dari berbagai negara dalam bahasa. Demikian juga bahwa manusia diberikan naluri cinta il mu pengetahun, senang mengkritik dan mencintai ilmu yang berkembang di berbagai penjuru dunia dan untuk menguasaiilmu tersebut maka manusia mau tidak mau harus menguasai bahasa yang digunakan oleh bangsa yang ilmu tersebut berkembang di bangsa tersebut. Terjemah juga merupakan factor utama penentu kemajuan sebuah bangsa dan mayoritas Negara maju di di dunia adalah Negara yang memperhatikan gerakan terjemah di negaranya. Dan terjemah menurut sejarah diawali dengan gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Yunan, gerkan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Suryani, gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Arab di masa khulafau ar-rasyidin (Muawiyyah dan Abbasyiyyah), gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa latin, gerakan terjemah ke dalam bahasa Eropa modern, gerakan terjemah modern ke dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa-bahasa lain di dunia dari bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa yang penuturnya sedang mengalami kemajun. ---Abstract Translation is the fact humanitarian needs, because people speaking in different languages ​​between communities and different countries. Translations also done to meet the needs of interaction between people from different countries in the language. Similarly, given that the human instinct is love the knowledge, pleasure and love to criticize science developed in various parts of the world and to the human master science inevitably have to master the language used by the nation's science progresses in the nation. Translations are also a major factor determining the progress of a nation and the majority of developed countries in the world is the State that the movement of translation in the country. And translation in history begins with the movement of translation into the language of Yunan, movement translations into Syriac, translation movement into Arabic in the khulafau ar-Rashidun (Muawiyyah and Abbasyiyyah), move into a Latin translation, translation into the language movement modern Europe, modern translation movement into Arabic and other languages ​​in the world of English as the language of the speakers was having to progress.