bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Neural Networks Predict 30-Day Mortality After Hip Fracture: Insights From Machine Learning
Authors: DeBaun Malcolm R. , Chavez Gustavo , Fithian Andrew , Oladeji Kingsley , Van Rysselberghe Noelle , Goodnough L. Henry , Bishop Julius A. , Gardner Michael J. 
Published: December 2020

Objectives:
Accurately stratifying patients in the preoperative period according to mortality risk informs treatment considerations and guides adjustments to bundled reimbursements. We developed and compared three machine learning models to determine which best predicts 30-day mortality after hip fracture.

Methods:
The 2016 to 2017 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program for hip fracture (AO/OTA 31-A-B-C) procedure-targeted data were analyzed. Three models—artificial neural network, naive Bayes, and logistic regression—were trained and tested using independent variables selected via backward variable selection. The data were split into 80% training and 20% test sets. Predictive accuracy between models was evaluated using area under the curve receiver operating characteristics. Odds ratios were determined using multivariate logistic regression with P < 0.05 for significance.

Results:
The study cohort included 19,835 patients (69.3% women). The 30-day mortality rate was 5.3%. In total, 47 independent patient variables were identified to train the testing models. Area under the curve receiver operating characteristics for 30-day mortality was highest for artificial neural network (0.92), followed by the logistic regression (0.87) and naive Bayes models (0.83).

Discussion:
Machine learning is an emerging approach to develop accurate risk calculators that account for the weighted interactions between variables. In this study, we developed and tested a neural network model that was highly accurate for predicting 30-day mortality after hip fracture. This was superior to the naive Bayes and logistic regression models. The role of machine learning models to predict orthopaedic outcomes merits further development and prospective validation but shows strong promise for positively impacting patient care.
Use of Surgical Approach Is Not Associated With Instability After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Meta-analysis Comparing Direct Anterior and Posterolateral Approaches
Authors: Huerfano Elina , Bautista Maria , Huerfano Manuel , Nossa Juan M. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
Posterolateral approach (PA) has been historically associated with an increased risk of dislocation after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), especially when compared with the direct anterior approach (DAA). However, current evidence is inconsistent regarding the risk of dislocation with either approach. The purpose of this study is to determine whether surgical approach influences joint stability.

Methods:
A systematic search in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases was performed. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs comparing DAA with PA in primary THA were included. Pooled effect measure of risk differences, relative risk and mean differences for postoperative dislocation, acetabular implant positioning, and leg length discrepancy were calculated.

Results:
Twenty-five studies (5 RCTs and 20 non-RCTs) of 7,172 THAs were assessed. There were no significant differences in dislocation rates between approaches (risk difference = −0.00, 95% confidence interval: −0.01 to 0.00; P = 0.92; I2 = 0%). Results were similar in the subgroup analysis of RCTs (P = 0.98), posterior soft-tissue repair (P = 0.50), and learning curve (P = 0.77). The acetabular implant was better positioned within the safe zone in the DAA group (relative risk = 1.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.03 to 1.33; P = 0.01), but no significant differences were found in cup inclination (P = 0.8), anteversion (P = 0.10), and leg length discrepancy (P = 0.54).

Conclusion:
Dislocation rates after THA are not different between DAA and PA. Furthermore, no differences in the rate of dislocation were associated with cup positioning or surgical factors related with hip instability. Therefore, the surgical approach has little influence in prosthesis instability after primary THA.

Level of Evidence:
Level III
Preoperative Hemoglobin A1c >7.5 Is Associated With Increased Bundled Payment Costs in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties
Authors: Kavin Michelle , Yayac Michael , Grosso Matthew J. , Courtney P. Maxwell 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
Studies have shown that patients with diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk for complications and higher episode-of-care costs after total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasties (TKA), but the effect of poor glycemic control on episode-of-care costs has yet to be addressed in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with a higher preoperative hemoglobin A1c have increased episode-of-care costs in diabetic patients undergoing THA and TKA.

Methods:
We reviewed a consecutive series of 9,511 primary THA and TKA patients between 2015 and 2018. We recorded demographics, medical comorbidities, and hemoglobin A1c for patients with diabetes mellitus. We compared complications, readmissions, and 90-day episode-of-care costs from Medicare claims data across A1c levels. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to assess the independent effect of A1c on episode-of-care costs.

Results:
Diabetic patients (n = 1,042) had higher episode-of-care costs ($20,577 vs $19,414, P < 0.001) than patients without diabetes. Higher stratified A1c levels were associated with increasing mean episode-of-care costs (6.5% to 6.9% = $18,912; 7.0% to 7.49% = $19,832; 7.5% to 7.9% = $20,827; >8% = $21,169). In multivariate analysis, patients with hemoglobin A1c >7.5% had higher episode-of-care costs ($2,331, 95% confidence interval, $511-$4,151, P = 0.012). Those with a hemoglobin A1c >7.5% had increased rates of complications (7% vs 3%, P = 0.049) and readmissions (11% vs 5%, P = 0.020).

Discussion:
Hemoglobin A1c levels above 7.5% are associated with increased episode-of-care costs, complications, and readmissions after THA and TKA. Optimizing glycemic control before surgery may improve quality of care and lead to success in Medicare bundled payment models.
Editorial: Edição 02/2020 - Prisma Jurídico
Authors: Campos da Silva Guilherme Amorim , Lemos Jorge André Guilherme 
Published: December 2020

A edição n. 2 de 2020 da Revista Prisma Jurídico representa mais um passo deste periódico para efetivação da pesquisa crítica em direito, permitindo a livre circulação e o debate de pensamentos.Os artigos ora publicados permitem a compreensão dos temas investigados em profundidade, encerrando, qualificada fonte de pesquisa para a comunidade científica.Os trabalhos publicados são da autoria de professores brasileiros e estrangeiros e por seu elevado grau acadêmico possibilitam qualificada fonte de consulta e discussão da pesquisa brasileira em Direito.Registramos nossos agradecimentos aos autores e avaliadores pelo cuidadoso trabalho acadêmico que garante a qualidade da revista e sua classificação científica.Desejamos uma excelente leitura e reiteramos o convite para submissão de suas pesquisas à Revista Prisma Jurídico. Sejam muito bem vindos.Prof. Dr. André Guilherme Lemos Jorge Prof. Dr. Guilherme Amorim Campos da SilvaEditores-Chefes da Revista Prisma Jurídico
Centros especiales de empleo de Euskadi. El modelo vasco de inclusión sociolaboral
Authors: Echebarria Rubio Ane 
Published: December 2020

El empleo se ha convertido en uno de los principales instrumentos de inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad. La inclusión laboral supone el derecho a trabajar en igualdad de condiciones con las demás personas, en un entorno abierto, accesible e inclusivo, y mediante un trabajo libremente elegido. Los Centros Especiales de Empleo de Euskadi, que conforman el llamado Modelo Vasco de Inclusión Sociolaboral, llevan años trabajando con el objetivo de crear empleo de calidad para las personas con más necesidades de apoyo y facilitar el tránsito al mercado de empleo ordinario para el colectivo. En el presente estudio, se han analizado las cualidades de los centros especiales de empleo para el desarrollo profesional y personal de las personas con discapacidad, poniendo una especial atención en el funcionamiento y características de las entidades pertenecientes al llamado Modelo Vasco de Inclusión Sociolaboral.
Fixed‐time adaptive neural tracking control for a class of uncertain multi‐input and multi‐output nonlinear pure‐feedback systems
Authors: He Cheng , Wu Jian , Dai Jiyang , Zhang Zhe 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThis study examines the fixed‐time adaptive neural network tracking control problem for a class of unknown multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) nonlinear pure‐feedback systems. The introduction of the radial basis function resolves uncertain problems of unknown MIMO systems. The mean value theorem is introduced to overcome the controller design problem attributed to the nonaffine structure in pure‐feedback systems. Moreover, a novel fixed‐time virtual controller and an actual controller are designed to solve the issue of previous single‐input and single‐output and MIMO systems that have no solution in the negative domain and at the origin in finite‐ and fixed‐time controls. Furthermore, a design method is proposed. The final designed controller ensures that all signals in the system are bounded. Simulation experiments show that the designed fixed‐time controller facilitates smaller tracking error of the system compared with other finite‐ or fixed‐time controllers. Furthermore, the selection of appropriate design parameters allows the tracking error to converge on a small neighborhood of the origin in a fixed time.
Revealing the Degradation and Self‐Healing Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Sub‐Bandgap External Quantum Efficiency Spectroscopy
Authors: Cheng Yuanhang , Liu Xixia , Guan Zhiqiang , Li Menglin , Zeng Zixin , Li Ho‐Wa , Tsang Sai‐Wing , Aberle Armin Gerhard , Lin Fen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIon dissociation has been identified to determine the intrinsic stability of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), but the underlying degradation mechanism is still elusive. Herein, by combining highly sensitive sub‐bandgap external quantum efficiency (s‐EQE) spectroscopy, impedance analysis, and theoretical calculations, the evolution of defect states in PVSCs during the degradation can be monitored. It is found that the degradation of PVSCs can be divided into three steps: 1) dissociation of ions from perovskite lattices, 2) migration of dissociated ions, and 3) consumption of I− by reacting with metal electrode. Importantly, step (3) is found to be crucial as it will accelerate the first two steps and lead to continuous degradation. By replacing the metal with more chemically robust indium tin oxide (ITO), it is found that the dissociated ions under light soaking will only saturate at the perovskite/ITO interface. Importantly, the dissociated ions will subsequently restore to the corresponding vacancies under dark condition to heal the perovskite and photovoltaic performance. Such shuttling of mobile ions without consumption in the ITO‐contact PVSCs results in harvesting–rest–recovery cycles in natural day/night operation. It is envisioned that the mechanism of the intrinsic perovskite material degradation reported here will lead to clearer research directions toward highly stable PVSCs.
Increasing Antibacterial Efficiency of Cu Surfaces by targeted Surface Functionalization via Ultrashort Pulsed Direct Laser Interference Patterning
Authors: Müller Daniel W. , Lößlein Sarah , Terriac Emmanuel , Brix Kristina , Siems Katharina , Moeller Ralf , Kautenburger Ralf , Mücklich Frank 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCopper (Cu) exhibits great potential for application in the design of antimicrobial contact surfaces aiming to reduce pathogenic contamination in public areas as well as clinically critical environments. However, current application perspectives rely purely on the toxic effect of emitted Cu ions, without considering influences on the interaction of pathogenic microorganisms with the surface to enhance antimicrobial efficiency. In this study, it is investigated on how antibacterial properties of Cu surfaces against Escherichia coli can be increased by tailored functionalization of the substrate surface by means of ultrashort pulsed direct laser interference patterning (USP‐DLIP). Surface patterns in the scale range of single bacteria cells are fabricated to purposefully increase bacteria/surface contact area, while parallel modification of the surface chemistry allows to involve the aspect of surface wettability into bacterial attachment and the resulting antibacterial effectivity. The results exhibit a delicate interplay between bacterial adhesion and the expression of antibacterial properties, where a reduction of bacterial cell viability of up to 15‐fold can be achieved for E. coli on USP‐DLIP surfaces in comparison to smooth Cu surfaces. Thereby, it can be shown how the antimicrobial properties of copper surfaces can be additionally enhanced by targeted surface functionalization.
Solid‐State Molecular Motions in Organic THz Generators
Authors: Kim Jongtaek , Park Young Choon , Seok Jin‐Hong , Jazbinsek Mojca , Kwon O‐Pil 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOrganic nonlinear optical salt crystals are widely used as efficient broadband THz generators. Although solid state molecular motions of organic crystals can greatly influence THz generation characteristics, their origin and effects on THz photonics are not clearly identified. In this work, the origin of solid‐state molecular motions of the state‐of‐the‐art nonlinear optical organic salt crystals and their effects on THz generation characteristics are theoretically investigated. A model crystal, HMQ‐TMS (2‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxystyryl)‐1‐methylquinolinium 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzenesulfonate) with large macroscopic optical nonlinearity, which is very attractive for intense broadband and narrowband THz wave generation, is chosen. The solid‐state molecular vibrations of HMQ‐TMS crystals can be classified in three frequency regions: phonon mode region, intramolecular motion region, and their mixing region. For the first time for ionic organic crystalline THz generators, the contributions of cationic chromophores and anionic matchmakers on each of vibrational modes are quantitatively separated. In addition, the influence of solid‐state molecular vibrations of HMQ‐TMS crystals on the generated THz spectra is investigated. These results provide an essential information for design of new organic nonlinear optical salt crystals for THz generators as well as detectors and for optimization of THz generation performance.
Reconfigurable Beamforming Silicon Plasma Antenna with Vertical PIN Diode Array
Authors: Hur Jae , Nam In‐Joong , Cho Young‐Kyun , Kim Da‐Jin , Jo Eon‐Seok , Lee Seokmin , Kim Choong‐Ki , Lee Geon‐Beom , Kim Cheol Ho , Hyun Seok Bong , Kim Dongho , Choi Yang‐Kyu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFor the first time, this study demonstrates a reconfigurable antenna with electrical beamforming that is entirely integrated by semiconductor microfabrication technology. In this paper, a vertical structured array of solid‐state plasma which acts as a reconfigurable conducting wall to control the main beam direction of an antenna is proposed. In many conventional works, insufficient electrical conductivity of turned‐on plasma channels at the planar surface of PIN diodes causes an inherent large loss and low radiation efficiency of silicon‐based antennas. However, in this study, the overall performance of the antenna is notably enhanced by adopting the vertical plasma channels which solve the lower electrical conductivity problem of the surface‐type plasma structure. Accordingly, the proposed antenna achieves a high realized gain of more than 5 dBi over a frequency range of 27.5–29.6 GHz, even though it is comprised of lossy silicon with high permittivity. In addition, the low cost and electrically reconfigurable antenna, which benefits from the highly precise semiconductor fabrication process, is applicable to sub‐THz applications with a lightweight and compact sized feature. This work paves the way to make silicon antennas with commercial microfabrication technology a next‐generation antenna.
Dissection of grain weight across the oat panicle
Authors: Haverroth Eduardo José , Musa Fabrício André , Coelho Filipe Kalikoski , Duarte Vanessa de Freitas , Pereira Mariana Barbosa , Pacheco Marcelo Teixeira , Federizzi Luiz Carlos , Delatorre Carla Andréa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe oat (Avena sativa L.) panicle develops from the tip to apex, resulting in differences in grain weight. A detailed dissection of grain weight across the panicle could reveal information to cope with stress. This study aimed to determine the principal grain‐filling component across the oat panicle and the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer dosage. Grain‐filling can be decomposed into grain‐filling rate and grain‐filling duration, as these processes result in different responses on final grain weight depending on the crop species. Experiments were conducted consecutively for 2 yr with seven oat genotypes and four N fertilizer rates. There were differences in the grain‐filling parameters depending on the grain position in the panicle, type of grain (primary or secondary), genotype, and N rate. The heaviest grains had higher initial grain weight and grain‐filling rate. The average grain‐filling rate had a significant linear correlation with grain weight, whereas the effective grain‐filling duration did not. Grain weight, average grain‐filling rate, and grain‐filling onset decreased basipetally. Lower N rates had longer effective grain‐filling duration but decreased the average grain‐filling rate. Our results indicate that the grain weight differences across the oat panicle and genotypes are mainly explained by grain‐filling rate, and there are differences in grain‐filling onset with no change in the effective grain‐filling duration.
Single nucleotide polymorphism‐based haplotypes associated with Meloidogyne javanica resistance in Brazilian soybean germplasm
Authors: Vinholes Patrícia , Rosado Renato D. S. , Borém Aluízio , Schuster Ivan , Roberts Philip 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe root‐knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne javanica (MJ) causes substantial root damage and yield loss in susceptible soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. In this study, a genome wide association study (GWAS) was undertaken to identify genomic regions controlling RKN resistance in a soybean association‐mapping panel, using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and haplotype information. This study was carried out with a sample (n = 124) from the Coodetec soybean gene bank, including some commercial Brazilian varieties. For the phenotypic evaluations MJ inoculum was obtained from roots of cultivar CD 206, a highly susceptible soybean used to maintain MJ for studies at Coodetec. The cultivars CD 208 and BRS CONQUISTA were used as resistant checks while CD 206, R7, and Nidera NA 5909 RG were used as susceptible checks and all 124 lines were genotyped with 6,000 SNP markers. MJ resistance determinants in the soybean panel were linked to SNPs with significant effects, with nine SNPs distributed along chromosomes 7, 13, and 20. The observed average MJ resistance in the group of soybean entries with haplotype GCT, ACC, ACT, and GCC in the markers Gm20_44446670_G_A, Gm13_29739984_C_A and Gm07_8166605_T_C, respectively, represents moderately resistant genotypes. Gm13_29739984_C_A and Gm07_8166605_T_C discriminated resistant and susceptible cultivars better than the marker Gm20_44446670_G_A. These results are particularly promising for soybean‐breeding programs, by not only identifying new resistance‐associated haplotypes, but also suggesting new genetic mechanisms in RKN‐resistance sources.
Plant growth regulator and low‐dose herbicide programs for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression in fairway and athletic‐height turf
Authors: Peppers John M. , Brewer John R. , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnnual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) seedhead suppression in fairway‐ or athletic‐height turf has become more challenging with the loss of mefluidide, leaving ethephon as the primary annual bluegrass seedhead suppression product. Ethephon programs to suppress annual bluegrass seedheads can cost up to 4.5 times more than that of mefluidide. New options are needed to either improve seedhead suppression programs on fairway‐ or athletic‐height turf or reduce cost associated with use on large areas. Six field research trials were conducted in Blacksburg, VA, to evaluate novel low‐dose herbicide programs and alternate plant growth regulators for mixture with and comparison to ethephon for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression and Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis L.) or creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) response. In two separate studies, ethephon applied in December, February, and March suppressed annual bluegrass seedheads 36–39% per day based on area under the progress curve (AUPC). When mixed with ethephon, ethofumesate at 420 g a.i. ha−1, trinexapac‐ethyl at 95 g a.i. ha−1, and prohexadione calcium at 174 g a.i. ha−1 increased seedhead suppression by 34, 14, and 16%, respectively, over that of ethephon alone. Endothall at 140 g a.i. ha−1 also improved seedhead suppression when mixed with ethephon but was too injurious to Kentucky bluegrass and creeping bentgrass turf for commercial use. These studies suggest that low‐dose herbicide treatments or additional plant growth regulator admixtures with ethephon can improve annual bluegrass seedhead suppression in fairway‐ or athletic‐height turf.
Suppression of Microdochium patch using rotations of mineral oil, sulfur, and phosphorous acid
Authors: Mattox Clint , Dumelle Michael , McDonald Brian , Gould Micah , Olsen Conner , Braithwaite Emily , Kowalewski Alec 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicrodochium patch is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels and I.C. Hallett that occurs in cool, humid conditions, which are commonplace in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and northern Europe. Pesticide restrictions in certain areas make suppressing Microdochium patch challenging, and alternative control methods are desired. Previous research has shown that mineral oil, S, and phosphorous acid (H3PO3) suppress Microdochium patch, but abiotic damage was associated with repeated mineral oil applications. Two field experiments in western Oregon focusing on the suppression of Microdochium patch and turfgrass quality on annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) greens are presented. The first experiment compared tank mixtures of mineral oil and S or mineral oil and H3PO3 in rotation with a tank mixture of S and H3PO3. The second experiment focused on seasonal rotations that excluded mineral oil in certain months and compared 2‐ and 3‐wk application frequencies. All rotations, in both experiments, suppressed Microdochium patch compared to the non‐treated control, although differences in turfgrass quality were observed. In the first experiment, green cover percentage was used to assess abiotic damage. A mineral oil and H3PO3 tank mixture rotated every 2 wk with S and H3PO3 resulted in the highest green cover percentage. In the second experiment, most of the applications made every 2 wk completely suppressed Microdochium patch. Two treatments applied every 2 wk that withheld mineral oil in the winter months resulted in turfgrass quality ratings considered acceptable for putting greens on all rating dates.