bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radar Target Recognition
Authors: Eom Kie B. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Recent advances in radar target recognition are presented. Modern radar systems provide information not available in other sensors with sufficient details for target recognition. Target recognition approaches using different types of radar systems are presented, and recent advances in target recognition approaches are discussed. Approaches to improve the performance of target detection by the fusion of information from different types of radars are presented. The reduction of speckle noise in radar images is important as imaging radar is inherently noisy. Recent advances in speckle noise reduction approaches are also presented.
Safety of RF Energy to Humans
Authors: Foster Kenneth R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article reviews considerations related to exposure assessment and biological effects of radiofrequency energy with emphasis on health and safety. The rationale for two major exposure limits is described. Major areas of controversy about health effects of low‐level radiofrequency energy are described, both as related to uncertainties in the scientific data and in large variations in exposure limits around the world.
Radio Astronomy
Authors: Davidson David B. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses radio astronomy. Following a brief history by way of introduction, the historical impact of radio astronomy on astrophysics is discussed, as is its contemporary role in multi‐wavelength astronomy. Major contemporary science cases motivating the development of future radio telescopes are outlined. Sensitivity and resolution are introduced as two of the most fundamental metrics of a radio telescope, and the improvement over time of these metrics is documented. Thereafter, design considerations for radio telescopes are discussed. These include single‐dish systems and interferometric synthesis arrays. Design issues for both dish and aperture arrays are considered. The basic principles of interferometry and aperture synthesis are outlined, as well as very long baseline interferometry. New technologies impacting on current designs are highlighted, including phased array feeds, very low noise amplifiers, and electromagnetic simulation methods. Radio frequency interference is briefly considered. The chapter concludes with a look to the future of radio astronomy, in particular the Square Kilometer Array; construction of this international project was starting as this book was going to press.
Reconfigurable Evanescent Cavity Mode Filters
Authors: Khater Mohammad Abu , Peroulis Dimitrios 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Evanescent‐mode resonators offer a plethora of advantages including high tuning range, quality factor, linearity, and power handling in a mobile form factor. This chapter presents the basic resonator design concept along with advanced tunable RF filters with excellent performance. The versatility of the available couplings also makes evanescent‐mode resonators ideal for many others circuits and systems beyond filters. This article also discusses a number of such circuits that cover a wide frequency range (100 GHz) and high power levels (about 90 W). We review circuits commonly found in receivers (LNAs), transmitters (PAs), and lab‐scale testing (e.g., synthesizers). Evanescent‐mode‐based circuits and systems can be implemented with commercially available low‐cost technologies such as PCB, microfabrication, and injection molding. These features make the presented technology attractive to a wide variety of applications.
19.5%‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells with High Thickness Tolerance and Exceptional Device Stability Enabled by TEMPO‐Functionalized Perylene Diimide as a Cathode Interface Layer
Authors: Guo Yawen , Ma Xueqing , Song Haoming , Chen Jieni , Zhang Wenkai , Xu Xinjun , Li Cuihong , Liu Yuqiang , Liu Yahui , Bo Zhishan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe cathode interface material is pivotal for achieving excellent photovoltaic performance and device stability in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, currently, few interface materials can simultaneously satisfy multiple criteria such as low cost, high efficiency, insensitivity to film thickness, and good stability. To address this challenge, a novel perylene diimide (PDI) derivative, P‐C3T is designed and synthesized, by incorporating stable free radical unit TEMPO and polar quaternary ammonium salt as side chains. P‐C3T is facile to synthesize and cost‐effective, while also exhibiting good conductivity and excellent ohmic contact characteristics in OSCs. When utilized as the cathode interface material, the device based on D18:L8‐BO achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.52%, which is one of the highest levels reported for binary single‐junction OSCs. Notably, devices based on P‐C3T exhibit remarkable insensitivity to film thickness, with the PCE remaining at 95% of the initial efficiency even at a thickness of 40 nm. Furthermore, P‐C3T‐based OSCs demonstrate exceptional storage stability and improved light stability. In summary, with its high PCE, excellent thickness insensitivity, and good stability, P‐C3T is anticipated to be a promising candidate material for large‐area roll‐to‐roll processing of OSCs.
A Halogen‐free and Universally Volatile Solid Additive Enables Binary Organic Solar Cells to Exceed 19% Efficiency
Authors: Han Chenyu , Cheng Bo , Guo Qing , Fu Zhen , Qiao Jiawei , Cheng Sixuan , Huo Yumiao , Xia Xinxin , Wang Hao , Fu Yuang , Guo Xia , Lu Xinhui , Hao Xiaotao , Li Yongfang , Zhang Maojie 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAdditive processing is widely employed for regulating physical morphology to improve the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the dosage of commonly used solvent additives is problematic to control, leading to poor reproducibility of devices. Thus, this work innovatively introduces a low‐cost and commercialized material, dibenzoylmethane (DBM), as a volatile solid additive in OSCs based on PM6:Y6. DBM is well mixed with polymer donor and non‐fullerene acceptor, simultaneously facilitating the ordered molecular orientation and stacking of both the donor and acceptor, which leads to an improved double‐fibril network, thereby prolonging exciton diffusion length and suppressing charge carrier recombination. Ultimately, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.7% is achieved for DBM‐processed devices, which is the highest value reported in PM6:Y6‐based binary OSCs, and also achieved excellent thermal stability (T80 > 200 h, 85 °C) and storage stability (T80 > 5000 h). Moreover, the effect of DBM also exhibits decent universality in diverse blend systems, such as PM6:BTP‐eC9, PTQ10:m‐TEH, D18:N3, and D18:L8‐BO, and an impressive PCE of 19.4% is achieved. These findings demonstrate that DBM, as a low‐cost, halogen‐free solid additive with excellent universality, is promising for effectively improving device performances in future OSC applications.
Recent Advances and Challenges in Perovskite‐Based Protonic Ceramic Electrolytes: Design Strategies and Fabrication Innovations
Authors: Nie Haoyu , Liu Zuoqing , Xiao Ming , Yang Guangming , Li Tao , Starostina Inna A. , Medvedev Dmitry A. , Wang Wei , Zhou Wei , Ran Ran 
Published: December 2024

AbstractProtonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) have received extensive research attention as full solid‐state, electrochemical devices that can interconvert electrical and chemical energies via rapid proton conduction at reduced temperatures. Nonetheless, the practical application of PCECs still faces numerous challenges. In addition to the development of electrode materials, the protonic ceramic electrolytes (PCEs), which are crucial for the performance and stability of PCECs, encounter issues such as poor sinterability, low ionic conductivity, and inadequate thermochemical matching. To address these obstacles, the design and optimization of protonic ceramic electrolytes have recently become essential research focuses in the field of PCECs. To achieve effective customization of the elemental composition, crystal structure, defect structure, ionic conductivity, and chemical stability, many candidates for electrolyte materials with various compositions have been proposed. This review also covers state‐of‐the‐art developments in PCE fabrication technologies, including powder synthesis, thin‐film deposition, more controllable sintering processes and interface treatments for structural integrity and ionic conductivity. This review comprehensively summarizes the most recent design approaches and optimization strategies for perovskite‐based protonic ceramic electrolyte materials and is crucial for advancing the commercialization of PCECs.
Membrane Fusion Strategy Boosts Immune Homeostasis, Mobilizing Macrophages to Eliminate Bacteria and Accelerate Skin Regeneration in Infected Burn Wound
Authors: Wang Xingyou , Sun Xiaoqing , Zeng Yating , Liu Shuyao , Yi Qiangying , Wu Yao 
Published: December 2024

AbstractImmunotherapy holds promise as an alternative to antibiotics in treating burn infections. However, the inadequacy of immune response or excessive inflammation both hinder effective bacterial clearance through immunotherapy, therefore necessitating a comprehensive approach that not only enhances immunotherapy against bacteria but also maintains immune homeostasis and promotes skin regeneration. Here, a membrane fusion‐driven combination immunotherapy is reported that mobilizes macrophages to address abovementioned limitations. The core–shell structured membrane fusion‐liposomes (MFL‐Gal‐Mal/Cur) can fuse their functional phospholipid shells with macrophages and bacteria, resulting in the remodeling of targets' surfaces with the galactose‐maltotriose (Gal‐Mal) moieties, and delivering their cores (curcumin‐loaded mesoporous polydopamine, MPDA/Cur) into targets. The embedded Gal‐Mal on membranes enhances macrophages' ability to phagocytize bacteria, as well as increases bacteria's sensitivity to immune cell‐mediated killing. The intracellular MPDA/Cur evade lysosomal degradation, exerting antibacterial effects while also enhancing macrophage lysosomal bactericidal activity through autophagy promotion. This immunotherapy enhances macrophages’ capacity to phagocytize (increase rate for S. aureus: 21%; E. coli: 29%) and eliminate intracellular bacteria (clearance rate for S. aureus: 98%; E. coli: 99%), without exacerbating inflammatory responses. The release of MFL‐Gal‐Mal/Cur from the polysaccharide composite hydrogel can alleviate pain and itching sensations in infected burns, while activating the regeneration of skin appendages.
Selective Electrochemical Amine‐to‐Nitrile Conversion on Nickel−Cobalt Hydrogen Phosphate Nanowires Coupled with Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Dong Yuan , Wei Enhui , Yang Xu , Gao Hongtao , Luo Xiliang , Yang Wenlong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDeveloping highly active electrocatalysts for the benzylamine oxidation reaction (BOR) is very imperative for organic compounds upgrading. Meanwhile, clarifying the underlying BOR mechanism is of remarkable significance but still confronts challenges. Herein, bimetallic nickel‐cobalt hydrogen phosphate nanowires (NiCo‐HPNWs) are put forward as a high‐performance anodic catalyst for selective BOR. Furthermore, NiCo‐HPNWs is used as a proof‐of‐concept model to understand the synergistic effects between Ni and Co atoms during the BOR process. It is found that NiCo‐HPNWs catalyst shows excellent electrocatalytic BOR performance, with a small onset potential of 0.265 V versus. Ag/AgCl and a high faradic efficiency (FE) of 93.0% for benzonitrile (BN) production at 0.40 V versus. Ag/AgCl. Also, the FEs for BN production can reach ≈80% at voltages from 1.50 to 1.65 V by coupling the BOR with the hydrogen evolution reaction in a two‐electrode electrolyzer. Potential‐dependent in situ Raman spectroscopy sheds light on the direct electro‐oxidation mechanism of benzylamine (BA) over the NiCo‐HPNWs catalyst. In combination with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, the charge transfer behavior between Ni and Co atoms is revealed, which endows NiCo‐HPNWs with a favorable charge distribution to promote BA adsorption and BN desorption on the catalyst surface, thereby leading to expedited reaction kinetics and enhanced electrochemical BOR activity.
Design Principles for High‐Capacity, Long‐Life Cation‐Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes
Authors: Liu Fanjun , He Jia , Chen Hao , Yang Wei , Yu Runze , Lun Zhengyan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLithium‐excess cation disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathodes have gained wide attention because of their capability of delivering high energy densities solely relying on inexpensive and earth‐abundant transition metal (TM) species. To date, various strategies have been proposed for their intrinsic performance optimization, including designing high‐entropy compositions to suppress cation short‐range order (SRO), incorporating high Mn content to promote the in situ phase transformation to a partially‐disordered spinel phase (δ phase) or Cr doping to enhance the Li‐ion mobility; however, the compatibility of these strategies remains unexplored. In this study, the interplay among the three strategies is systematically investigated when applied concurrently via the design of a series of DRX cathode compounds. The findings demonstrate that compared to the other two strategies, DRX‐to‐δ phase transformation induced by high Mn content plays a more significant role in improving the electrochemical performance of DRX cathodes, which simultaneously elevates the capacity and cycle life. Cr or multi‐elemental doping will inevitably dilute the Mn concentration, limiting the performance enhancement. These insights ultimately contribute to the design of an optimal composition that combines high capacity and long cycle life.
Trimetallic Atom‐Doped Functional Carbon Catalyst Enables Fast Redox Kinetics and Durable Cyclic Stability of Zinc‐Iodine Batteries
Authors: Gao Yating , Liu Yurong , Guo Xun , Zhang Jie , Zhou Chuancong , Li Fulong , Xu Zhenming , Zhao Zaowen , Xing Zhenyue , Rao Peng , Kang Zhenye , Tian Xinlong , Shi Xiaodong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractActive iodine dissolution and polyiodide shuttle are two major obstacles hindering the application of zinc‐iodine batteries (ZIBs). Designing functional carriers with strong physisorption/chemisorption capability, abundant active sites, and high catalytic activity for iodine redox reaction kinetics, is considered an effective strategy to solve the current problems of ZIBs. In this work, Fe, Co, Ni‐doping porous carbon (FeCoNi) is comprehensively investigated as carrier material to prepare the iodine‐loading cathode of FeCoNi@I2. On the basis of experimental tests and theoretical calculations, the introduction of FeCoNi trimetallic atoms effectively regulates the electronic structure, charge distribution, active sites, and electronic conductivity of porous carbon substrate, promoting the iodine conversion reaction kinetics as well as chemisorption capability for iodine species, which is conducive to inhibit the polyiodide shuttle and active iodine dissolution. As expected, Zn//FeCoNi@I2 batteries exhibit high specific capacity and strong self‐discharge resistance capability, and the reversible capacity of FeCoNi@I2 cathode stabilizes at 108.8 mAh g−1 after 13000 cycles at 1 A g−1, and 94.7 mAh g−1 after 14000 cycles at 3 A g−1. This work will open new horizons for the structural design of catalyst‐type carrier materials for durable ZIBs, and facilitate the application of trimetallic atom‐doped porous carbon in high‐performance secondary batteries.
Electrical Spin State Manipulation in All‐Magnet Heterojunctions Using a Ferromagnetic Spin Source
Authors: Xie Hang , Mu Zhiqiang , Si Yuxin , Wang Jiaqi , Wang Xiangrong , Wu Yihong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe ability to electrically manipulate spin states in magnetic materials is essential for the advancement of energy‐efficient spintronic device, which is typically achieved in systems composed of a spin source and a magnetic target, where the magnetic state of the target is altered by a charge current. While theories suggest that ferromagnets could function as more versatile spin sources, direct experimental studies involving only the spin source and target layers have been lacking. Here electrical manipulation of spin states in noncolinear antiferromagnet Mn3Sn using ferromagnets (Ni, Fe, NiFe, CoFeB) as the spin sources is reported. Both field‐free switching and switching with an assistive field are achieved in Mn3Sn/ferromagnet bilayers, where the switching polarity correlates with the sign of anomalous Hall effect of the ferromagnets. The experimental findings can be accounted for by the presence of spin currents arising from spin‐dependent scattering within the ferromagnets. This finding provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of spin‐conversion in ferromagnets, offering an alternative spin source for novel technological applications.
Low‐Temperature Lithium Metal Batteries Achieved by Synergistically Enhanced Screening Li+ Desolvation Kinetics
Authors: Zhu Fengyi , Wang Jian , Zhang Yongzheng , Tu Haifeng , Xia Xueqing , Zhang Jing , He Haiyan , Lin Hongzhen , Liu Meinan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLithium metal anode is desired by high capacity and low potential toward higher energy density than commercial graphite anode. However, the low‐temperature Li metal batteries suffer from dendrite formation and dead Li resulting from uneven Li behaviors of flux with huge desolvation/diffusion barriers, thus leading to short lifespan and safety concern. Herein, differing from electrolyte engineering, a strategy of delocalizing electrons with generating rich active sites to regulate Li+ desolvation/diffusion behaviors are demonstrated via decorating polar chemical groups on porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). As comprehensively indicated by theoretical simulations, electrochemical analysis, in situ spectroscopies, electron microscope, and time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, the sieving kinetics of desolvation is not merely relied on pore size morphology but also significantly affected by the ─NH2 polar chemical groups, reducing energy barriers for realizing non‐dendritic and smooth Li metal plating. Consequently, the optimal cells stabilize for long lifespan of 2000 h and higher average Coulombic efficiency, much better than the‐state‐of‐art reports. Under a lower negative/positive ratio of 3.3, the full cells with NH2‐MIL‐125 deliver a high capacity‐retention of 97.0% at 0.33 C even under −20 °C, showing the great potential of this kind of polar groups on boosting Li+ desolvation kinetics at room‐ and low‐temperatures.
MXene‐Vitrimer Nanocomposites: Photo‐Thermal Repair, Reinforcement, and Conductivity at Low Volume Fractions Through a Percolative Voronoi‐Inspired Microstructure
Authors: Carey Michael S. , Taussig Laine , Nantz Jacob M. , Lipp Jeremiah W. , Mirau Peter , Barsoum Michel W. , Nepal Dhriti , Magenau Andrew J. D. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAn innovative process to multifunctional vitrimer nanocomposites with a percolative MXene minor phase is reported, marking a significant advancement in creating stimuli‐repairable, reinforced, sustainable, and conductive nanocomposites at diminished loadings. This achievement arises from a Voronoi‐inspired biphasic morphological design via a straight‐forward three‐step process involving ambient‐condition precipitation polymerization of micron‐sized prepolymer powders, aqueous powder‐coating with 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tz), and melt‐pressing of MXene‐coated powders into crosslinked films. Due to the formation of MXene‐rich boundaries between thiourethane vitrimer domains in a pervasive low‐volume fraction conductive network, a low percolation threshold (≈0.19 vol.%) and conductive polymeric nanocomposites (≈350 S m−1) are achieved. The embedded MXene skeleton mechanically bolsters the vitrimer at intermediate loadings, enhancing the modulus and toughness by 300% and 50%, respectively, without mechanical detriment compared to the neat vitrimer. The vitrimer's dynamic‐covalent bonds and MXene's photo‐thermal conversion properties enable repair in minutes through short‐term thermal treatments for full macroscopic mechanical restoration or in seconds under 785 nm light for rapid localized surface repair. This versatile fabrication method to nanocoated pre‐vitrimer powders and morphologically complex nanocomposites is compatible with classic composite manufacturing, and when coupled with the material's exceptional properties, holds immense potential for revolutionizing advanced composites and inspiring next‐generation smart materials.
Silkworm‐Shaped MoS2 Growing on Graphene Foam for Highly Sensitive and Flexible Strain Sensor with Full‐Scale Human Motion Detection Ability
Authors: Song Tengyue , Xu Minxuan , Weng Yunjie , Zhang Wen , Shi Yueqin , Li Xin , Zhang Qi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHigh‐performance piezoresistive strain sensors (PSS) are important components of wearable electronics for human health management and are considered a key technology for future applications in fields such as artificial intelligence and human medical monitoring. Recently, many PSS have been developed based on a variety of electrosensitive materials. Among them, 3D graphene foams (GrF) have attracted significant attention owing to their excellent thermal conductivity, tensile properties, and light weight. Herein, a novel GrF‐based composite is developed by growing 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets directly. Many lathy nanosheets stand vertically on the GrF, similar to silkworms creeping on the leaf, making the composite more sensitive to mechanical deformation stimuli. The obtained MoS2@GrF composite is processed into PSS with a wide sensing range (0%–80%), high gauge factor values (16 below 1% and 39 over 40%), detection limit of 0.1% strain with 106/123 ms response/recovery time, and good cyclic stability (≥3000 cycles). Moreover, the as‐fabricated strain sensors exhibit excellent Joule heating performance, which can be adjusted by strain. As such, the PSS allows for full‐range body motion monitoring and thermal management, which has great potential for next‐generation smart wearable electronics.
Electrochemical Determination of Gallic Acid in Tea Samples Using Pyramidal Pt Nanoparticles
Authors: Di Giulio Tiziano , Ramírez‐Morales Maria Antonieta , Mastronardi Valentina , Mele Giuseppe , Brescia Rosaria , Pompa Pier Paolo , Malitesta Cosimino , De Benedetto Giuseppe Egidio , Moglianetti Mauro , Malvindi Maria Ada , Mazzotta Elisabetta 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGallic acid (GA) is a natural phenolic compound with significant biological properties, including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Detecting GA in biological matrices like food and beverages is essential but challenging due to the multitude of GA‐like molecules with similar proprieties and functional moieties. In this study, ultra‐small (≈4 nm) pyramidal platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) with a high fraction of {111} surface domains are used to design a new electrochemical sensor for GA detection in tea, which is the most popular manufactured drink consumed in the world. PtNPs are deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using a simple drop deposition method, requiring a minimal amount of nanoparticles and, hence, metal precursor. With just 2.7 µg of PtNPs, the sensor demonstrated a linear response in the concentration range from 50 to 600 µm, a detection limit of 16 µm, and a quantification limit of 49 µm. The sensor selectivity is tested against other antioxidant compounds commonly present in tea, consistently showing a higher response for GA. Furthermore, the sensor capability to detect GA in real green and black tea samples is further validated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, with high correlation between chromatographic data and sensor response.