bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive mediators of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult psychopathology: A systematic review
Authors: Aafjes-van Doorn Katie , Kamsteeg Céline , Silberschatz George 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis is the first review to rigorously examine the mediating role of cognitive factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and subsequent adult psychopathology, and highlight areas for future research. A database search (Child Development & Adolescent Studies, ERIC, Global Health, PsycARTICLES, and PsycINFO) was conducted to identify empirical studies on cognitive factors, explaining the relationship between different types of adverse childhood experiences and adult psychopathology across clinical and nonclinical populations. A narrative synthesis and appraisal of the methodological quality of the studies was conducted. Ninety-eight mediation studies were identified, comprising 4,137 clinical and 28,228 nonclinical participants. Despite great variation in methodological quality of the studies, our narrative synthesis suggests that cognitive factors mediate the relationship between early trauma and later psychopathology. This finding is consistent across different measures of traumatic experiences, psychopathology, and cognitive mediators. Cognitive mediators represent potentially valuable intervention targets for (non)clinical patients who have experienced childhood adversity. Future studies are needed to (a) establish longitudinal causal connections, and (b) assess the effect of interventions that specifically target cognitive change in patients with different levels and types of pathology.
Safety and Security in International Humanitarian Missions – Assessing the Stress Level of Responders in Critical Situations during a Realistic Full-Scale Training
Authors: Spall Andreas , Van der Auwera Marcel , Gerstner Jessica , Taalab Yasmeen M. , Wunderlich Robert 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Crises, wars, and disasters are remarkably increasing across the world. Responders are frequently tackled with an ever-greater number of challenges, and undoubtedly, they are physically and mentally affected during and after their missions, during which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is considered high-risk. To the authors’ knowledge, no studies have addressed which type of incident has the greatest influence to trigger stress, and consequently, to cause PTSD for the responders after their missions.Methods:A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with 69 participants of the “Safety and Security” course at the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Aid of the Federal Ministry of Interior Affairs (Berlin, Germany). The course is certified by the Hostile Environment Awareness Training (HEAT) guidelines of Europe’s New Training Initiative for Civilian Crisis Management (ENTRi; Center for International Peace Operations; Berlin, Germany). Four incidents were evaluated: hostage-taking, carjacking, evacuation, and border-crossing. The participants completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) before and after each incident. For each incident, the delta of the PANAS scores was calculated. The differences between the described incidents, as well as the differences between novice and experienced responders, were evaluated.Results:The hostage-taking incident had the greatest influence on the participants’ temper, followed by carjacking and evacuation. Ultimately, the border-crossing event had the least effect on the responders. Novices were more affected by hostage-taking than experienced responders; however, no significant difference had been demonstrated between novices and experienced responders for the other evaluated incidents.Conclusion:Different incidents have big psychological impacts on humanitarian responders, in which consequences vary from short-term effects to PTSD. Therefore, humanitarian responders should be selected very carefully. They should also have more specific preparation for their missions. Mental after-care should be obligatory. Further studies are needed to understand and avoid reasons for the development of PTSD or other potential problems of responders.
Becoming What You Eat: The New England Kitchen and the Body as a Site of Social Reform
Authors: Williams Nicholas J.P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractReformers at the turn of the century struggled to understand why people were the way they were and whether they could really be changed. The reformers behind the New England Kitchen (NEK), a dietary reform experiment in 1890s Boston that hoped to change working-class diets, dedicated much of its efforts to answering the question at the heart of all social reform movements: Were people's behaviors determined by biological or social factors? In the course of their work, these reformers came to understand the relationship between food and bodies as central to social reform and sought to use dietary reform to change working-class bodies. Their actions and ideas disrupt the neat categories historians have come to rely upon when discussing reformist thought and push us to embrace the messiness of ideas as they are being worked out. This article explores these messy ideas, using four conceptions of the body that emerged from the NEK efforts—the caloric body, the changing body, the citizen body, and the managed body—to make sense of ideas that were later taken up by the USDA and the Children's Bureau, as well as other reform efforts in the Progressive Era.
What makes globalization really new? Sociological views on our current globalization
Authors: Lecler Romain 
Published: October 2019

AbstractReducing globalization to transnational movements and exchanges prevents us from understanding the specificity of our contemporary globalization, which was preceded by earlier waves of globalization. In particular, in the middle of the nineteenth century, many of the dimensions of our globalization had already been identified: the mobility of people, the expansion of trade, financial and cultural flows worldwide, and international cooperation. For example, as early as the 1850s, Marx diagnosed a ‘global’ expansion of capitalism bringing together many of the features of our contemporary globalization. In this article, I thus raise the question of the specificity of our globalization. What makes it new when compared to previous globalization processes? The main sociological theories of globalization in the 1990s relied on the thesis of a transition from a national to a global era. Many sociologists have therefore identified new aspects of our contemporary globalization. I explore six of those in turn: the invention of the terms ‘global’ and ‘globalization’ themselves; the rise of ‘transmigrations’; the rise of value chains, logistics, and ‘emerging’ countries in international trade; global cities and informational capitalism as new geographies of transnational financial flows; the threat to cultural diversity posed by a globalizing culture; and a sociology of globalization that is less and less monopolized by privileged or specific actors, becoming, on the contrary, increasingly ordinary and widespread.
The global/local tension in the history of anthropology
Authors: Ribeiro Gustavo Lins 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn the early days of anthropology as a discipline in the nineteenth century, evolutionism and diffusionism supplied anthropologists with ‘global’ visions. Anthropologists have always been involved with all-encompassing cosmopolitan notions such as humankind and culture. Many have thus endeavoured to explain the world as a whole, and how humans have developed in different historical moments. In the 1980s and 1990s, when the new label ‘globalization’ generated a field of scholarly preoccupations, anthropologists started to contribute to this growing body of literature. Their most valuable contributions are related to the tensions between local and global forces, and between forces of heterogeneity and homogeneity, as well as to the use of ethnography as a methodological tool. Anthropologists have borrowed notions from other related disciplines such as sociology, history, and geography. This paper situates the anthropological production on ‘the global’ within this diverse history of borrowings, internal disciplinary debates, and wider historical junctures.
When dominant parties adopt proportional representation: the mysterious case of Belgium
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick , Walter André 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAs the first country to introduce proportional representation (PR), Belgium has attracted considerable attention. Yet, we find the existing explanations for the 1899 breakthrough lacking. At the time of reform, the Catholic Party was politically dominant, advantaged by the electoral system, and facing reformist Socialists. Nevertheless, they single-handedly changed the electoral system and lost 26 seats in the first election under PR. We argue that the Catholics had good reasons to adopt PR. Majoritarian rules tend to create high levels of uncertainty because they provide incentives for non-dominant parties to cooperate. Such electoral coalitions are facilitated by multidimensional policy spaces that make electoral coalitions other than between nonsocialist parties possible. PR reduces the effectiveness of cooperation between non-dominant parties, but such certainty comes at a price. In addition, in the presence of dominant parties, divisions over electoral system reform often result in intra-party conflicts that may be more decisive than inter-party conflicts.
Target range–angle estimation based on time reversal FDA-MIMO radar
Authors: Mu Tong , Song Yaoliang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDifferent from traditional multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) radar, the frequency diverse array MIMO (FDA-MIMO) radar generates beampattern that is dependent on both range and angle, making it applicable for joint range–angle estimation of targets. In this paper, we propose a novel time reversal based FDA-MIMO (TR-FDA-MIMO) approach for target detection. Based on the time reversal theory, the TR-FDA-MIMO signal model is established, the TR transmitting–receiving and signal processing procedure are analyzed, and the resulting range–angle spectra for targets imaging are acquired by utilizing the multiple signal classification algorithm. Numerical simulations are carried out for both single and multiple targets cases. The imaging resolution and robustness to the noise of the proposed approach are investigated and results are compared with conventional FDA-MIMO radar. It turned out that by cooperating with TR, the performance of FDA-MIMO radar for target range–angle estimation is effectively enhanced, consequently improving its applicability in practical target-detecting cases.
Development of the Pedestrian Anger Scale. A Pilot Study
Authors: Herrero-Fernández David , Oliva-Macías Mireia , Parada-Fernández Pamela 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAnger has been closely related to risky behavior, and this last has been related to road accidents. The current research aimed to develop and validate a self-report questionnaire to measure anger in pedestrians (n = 550, 40.73% male) of a wide age rage (14–65 years, M = 27.91, SD = 13.21). The Parallel Analysis showed that the 15 items of the Pedestrian Anger Scale fitted satisfactorily in a four-factor solution: Anger because of obstructions or slowdowns caused by other pedestrians (α = .79), Anger because of hostility from drivers (α = .64), Anger because of bad conditions of the infrastructure (α = .62), and Anger because of dangerous situations caused by vehicles (α = .71). The global scale had also a good internal consistency (α = .83). Further analyses suggested convergent, divergent and incremental validity by correlating the global score of the questionnaire with both risk and anger measures. Middle-aged people (19–30 years) scored higher in anger as pedestrians than eldest (&gt; 45 years), η2 = .02, but no significant effect were obtained by gender. Practical implications from both clinical and road safety viewpoints are discussed, and both future research proposals and limitations of the current study are also commented.
Marine Ice Cliff Instability Mitigated by Slow Removal of Ice Shelves
Authors: Clerc Fiona , Minchew Brent M. , Behn Mark D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe accelerated calving of ice shelves buttressing the Antarctic Ice Sheet may form unstable ice cliffs. The marine ice cliff instability hypothesis posits that cliffs taller than a critical height (~90 m) will undergo structural collapse, initiating runaway retreat in ice‐sheet models. This critical height is based on inferences from preexisting, static ice cliffs. Here we show how the critical height increases with the timescale of ice‐shelf collapse. We model failure mechanisms within an ice cliff deforming after removal of ice‐shelf buttressing stresses. If removal occurs rapidly, the cliff deforms primarily elastically and fails through tensile‐brittle fracture, even at relatively small cliff heights. As the ice‐shelf removal timescale increases, viscous relaxation dominates, and the critical height increases to ~540 m for timescales greater than days. A 90‐m critical height implies ice‐shelf removal in under an hour. Incorporation of ice‐shelf collapse timescales in prognostic ice‐sheet models will mitigate the marine ice cliff instability, implying less ice mass loss.
Forecast‐Oriented Assessment of Decadal Hindcast Skill for North Atlantic SST
Authors: Borchert Leonard F. , Düsterhus André , Brune Sebastian , Müller Wolfgang A. , Baehr Johanna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe demonstrate in this paper that conventional time‐averaged decadal hindcast skill estimates can overestimate or underestimate the credibility of an individual decadal climate forecast. We show that hindcast skill in a long period can be higher or lower than skill in its subperiods. Instead of using time‐averaged hindcast skill measures, we propose to use the physical state of the climate system at the beginning of the forecast to judge its credibility. We analyze hindcasts of North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) in an initialized prediction system based on the MPI‐ESM‐LR for the period 1901–2010. Subpolar North Atlantic Ocean heat transport (OHT) strength at hindcast initialization largely determines the skill of these hindcasts: We find high skill after anomalously strong or weak OHT, but low skill after average OHT. This knowledge can be used to constrain conventional hindcast skill estimates to improve the assessment of credibility for a decadal forecast.
Drifting Electron Holes Occurring During Geomagnetically Quiet Times: BD‐IES Observations
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zou H. , Wang Y. F. , Wang B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDrifting electron holes (DEHs), manifesting as sudden but mild dropout in electron flux, are a common phenomenon seen in the Earth's magnetosphere. It manifests the change of the state of the magnetosphere. However, previous studies primarily focus on DEHs during geomagnetically active time (e.g., substorm). Not until recently have quiet time DEHs been reported. In this paper, we present a systematic study on the quiet time DEHs. BeiDa Imaging Electron Spectrometer (BD‐IES) measurements from 2015 to 2017 are investigated. Twenty‐two DEH events are identified. The DEHs cover the whole energy range of BD‐IES (50–600 keV). Generally, the DEHs are positively dispersive with respect to energy. Time‐of‐flight analysis suggests the dispersion results from electron drift motion and gives the location where the DEHs originated from. Statistics reveal the DEHs primarily originated from the postmidnight magnetosphere. In addition, superposed epoch analysis applied to geomagnetic indices and solar wind parameters indicates these DEH events occurred during geomagnetically quiet time. No storm or substorm activity could be identified. However, an investigation into nightside midlatitude ground magnetic records suggests these quiet time DEHs were accompanied by Pi2 pulsations. The DEH‐Pi2 connection indicates a possible DEH‐bursty bulk flow (BBF) connection, since nightside midlatitude Pi2 activity is generally attributed to magnetotail BBFs. This connection is also supported by a case study of coordinated magnetotail observations from Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. Therefore, we suggest the quiet time DEHs could be caused by magnetotail BBFs, similar to the substorm time DEHs.
Effects of Kerogen Content on Elastic Properties‐Based on Artificial Organic‐Rich Shale (AORS)
Authors: Xie Jianyong , Cao Junxing , Schmitt Douglas R. , Di Bangrang , Xiao Lizhi , Wang Xingjian , Wang Kai , Chen Yangkang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuantitative rock physical approaches are becoming increasingly important for both geophysical exploration and geological interpretation. One limiting factor is that experimental measurements in natural rock tend to be restricted by the availability of natural materials particularly if they are obtained from core holes. Artificial physical models that allow for control of composition and structure provide opportunities to carry out many more experiments on a range of samples with different characteristics. In this study, a hot‐pressing technique that includes temperature and pressure control is developed to construct artificial organic‐rich shales (AORS). The compositions of the AORS were developed from known natural samples and include mixtures of relevant minerals and appropriate organic matter considering grain sizes and shapes. The microstructures of the samples as observed in the scanning electron microscope and the petrophysical properties (density, porosity, permeability, and pressure sensitivity) are similar to those observed in the natural shales and support use of these samples as shale analogs. A total of 10 AORS samples with kerogen contents (KC) ranging from 1.71% to 14.8% was constructed to evaluate the effects of KC on elastic properties. A cross‐plot of the VP/VSH ratio versus the acoustic impedance indicates patterns that may be useful in remotely assessing KC content. Similarly, cross‐plots using the Lamé parameters of λρ versus μρ at various confining pressure may also be an effective tool in predicting KC. The linear correlations between the sum of weight percentage of KC and porosity and acoustic impedance tend to be strengthened during the pressurized procedure.
High‐Saturation Gas Hydrate Reservoirs—A Pore Scale Investigation of Their Formation From Free Gas and Dissociation in Sediments
Authors: Lei Liang , Seol Yongkoo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe enormous volume of gas stored in methane hydrate reservoirs has attracted worldwide interest. Hydrate reservoirs with hydrate saturations over 60% are considered viable targets for economic production. Although such high‐saturation hydrate reservoirs have been observed in nature, researchers have had difficulty in understanding how they may form and settling on best strategies for their production. Here we examined how high‐saturation methane hydrate deposits form from free gas in nature by synthesizing high‐saturation hydrate specimens in the laboratory by emulating natural conditions and monitoring hydrate formation using a high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scanner. The results confirmed that free methane injection into water‐saturated sediments results in high‐saturation hydrate specimens. In addition, we explored gas production from high‐saturation specimens through a series of dissociation experiments. CT scan results show that water is expelled first during depressurization, while produced gas tends to remain trapped in the specimen. The volume of gas produced by thermal stimulation alone could be smaller than that of gas hydrate in deep reservoirs, which demands depressurization to expand the volume of the produced gas to extract gas from the reservoir. High‐saturation reservoirs are prone to flow path clogging during depressurization within hydrate stability zone, which can be mitigated by hydrate dissociation via thermal stimulation or further depressurization crossing the hydrate stability boundary.
Relative Humidity on Mars: New Results From the Phoenix TECP Sensor
Authors: Fischer E. , Martínez G. M. , Rennó N. O. , Tamppari L. K. , Zent A. P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn situ measurements of relative humidity (RH) on Mars have only been performed by the Phoenix (PHX) and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) missions. Here we present results of our recalibration of the PHX thermal and electrical conductivity probe (TECP) RH sensor. This recalibration was conducted using a TECP engineering model subjected to the full range of environmental conditions at the PHX landing site in the Michigan Mars Environmental Chamber. The experiments focused on the warmest and driest conditions (daytime) because they were not covered in the original calibration (Zent et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003420) and previous recalibration (Zent et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004933). In nighttime conditions, our results are in excellent agreement with the previous 2016 recalibration, while in daytime conditions, our results show larger water vapor pressure values. We obtain vapor pressure values in the range ~0.005–1.4 Pa, while Zent et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004933) obtain values in the range ~0.004–0.4 Pa. Our higher daytime values are in better agreement with independent estimates from the ground by the PHX Surface Stereo Imager instrument and from orbit by Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars. Our results imply larger day‐to‐night ratios of water vapor pressure at PHX compared to MSL, suggesting a stronger atmosphere‐regolith interchange in the Martian arctic than at lower latitudes. Further, they indicate that brine formation at the PHX landing site via deliquescence can be achieved only temporarily between midnight and 6 a.m. on a few sols. The results from our recalibration are important because they shed light on the near‐surface humidity environment on Mars.
African Easterly Wave Dynamics in Convection‐Permitting Simulations: Rotational Stratiform Instability as a Conceptual Model
Authors: Russell James O. H. , Aiyyer Anantha , Dylan White J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe examine the upscale effect of moist convection on African easterly waves (AEWs) by limiting condensational heating and initial ambient moisture in convection‐permitting simulations. Moist convection is fundamental in maintaining and destabilizing AEWs. The contribution from barotropic‐baroclinic instability, albeit important, is relatively smaller. Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are initiated downstream of the AEW troughs and are associated with extensive trailing stratiform cloud regions. Using a potential vorticity (PV) budget, we show that the attendant diabatic heating profile reinforces the AEW. A model for destabilization is proposed that relies on the phasing of stratiform heating and the PV anomaly of the AEW. It qualitatively resembles stratiform instability and stretched building blocks hypotheses introduced in previous studies. The generation of PV by deep moist convection in the vicinity of the trough counters the shearing effect of the background flow. This helps maintain an upright PV column, which is conducive for formation of tropical cyclones. AEW propagation is dominated by advective processes and intermittently modified by moist convection when large MCSs move ahead of the AEW.