bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin and Evolution of Polycyclic Triterpene Synthesis
Authors: Santana-Molina Carlos , Rivas-Marin Elena , Rojas Ana M , Devos Damien P 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPolycyclic triterpenes are members of the terpene family produced by the cyclization of squalene. The most representative polycyclic triterpenes are hopanoids and sterols, the former are mostly found in bacteria, whereas the latter are largely limited to eukaryotes, albeit with a growing number of bacterial exceptions. Given their important role and omnipresence in most eukaryotes, contrasting with their scant representation in bacteria, sterol biosynthesis was long thought to be a eukaryotic innovation. Thus, their presence in some bacteria was deemed to be the result of lateral gene transfer from eukaryotes. Elucidating the origin and evolution of the polycyclic triterpene synthetic pathways is important to understand the role of these compounds in eukaryogenesis and their geobiological value as biomarkers in fossil records. Here, we have revisited the phylogenies of the main enzymes involved in triterpene synthesis, performing gene neighborhood analysis and phylogenetic profiling. Squalene can be biosynthesized by two different pathways containing the HpnCDE or Sqs proteins. Our results suggest that the HpnCDE enzymes are derived from carotenoid biosynthesis ones and that they assembled in an ancestral squalene pathway in bacteria, while remaining metabolically versatile. Conversely, the Sqs enzyme is prone to be involved in lateral gene transfer, and its emergence is possibly related to the specialization of squalene biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of hopanoids seems to be ancestral in the Bacteria domain. Moreover, no triterpene cyclases are found in Archaea, invoking a potential scenario in which eukaryotic genes for sterol biosynthesis assembled from ancestral bacterial contributions in early eukaryotic lineages.
Atm deficiency in the DNA polymerase β null cerebellum results in cerebellar ataxia and Itpr1 reduction associated with alteration of cytosine methylation
Authors: Kim Jusik , Kim Keeeun , Mo Jung-soon , Lee Youngsoo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Genomic instability resulting from defective DNA damage responses or repair causes several abnormalities, including progressive cerebellar ataxia, for which the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report a new murine model of cerebellar ataxia resulting from concomitant inactivation of POLB and ATM. POLB is one of key enzymes for the repair of damaged or chemically modified bases, including methylated cytosine, but selective inactivation of Polb during neurogenesis affects only a subpopulation of cortical interneurons despite the accumulation of DNA damage throughout the brain. However, dual inactivation of Polb and Atm resulted in ataxia without significant neuropathological defects in the cerebellum. ATM is a protein kinase that responds to DNA strand breaks, and mutations in ATM are responsible for Ataxia Telangiectasia, which is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. In the cerebella of mice deficient for both Polb and Atm, the most downregulated gene was Itpr1, likely because of misregulated DNA methylation cycle. ITPR1 is known to mediate calcium homeostasis, and ITPR1 mutations result in genetic diseases with cerebellar ataxia. Our data suggest that dysregulation of ITPR1 in the cerebellum could be one of contributing factors to progressive ataxia observed in human genomic instability syndromes.
Changing Therapeutic Landscape for Melanoma With Multiple Brain Metastases
Authors: Jiang Cecilia , Wallington David G , Anker Christopher J , Lawson David H , Yushak Melinda L , Kudchadkar Ragini R , Tarhini Ahmad , Khan Mohammad K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Over 90 000 people are expected to be diagnosed with melanoma in the United States this year. The development of brain metastases is particularly difficult to manage. Over the past few years, melanoma patients with multiple unresectable brain metastases for which stereotactic surgery might also not be a viable option have fortunately experienced a dramatic expansion in available management options given improvements made to targeted agents, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is a long-standing radiation technique that has become increasingly sophisticated. In this review, we summarize retrospective and prospective studies on individual advances in targeted agents, immunotherapy, and WBRT, highlighting important variables such as overall survival, intracranial progression-free survival, control and response rates, and toxicities. We also discuss the recent integration of these therapies into a multimodality approach, which has shown promise in the clinical setting although toxicities have not been insignificant. Finally, we describe ongoing prospective trials relevant to melanoma with brain metastases, and we conclude with our own thoughts on the optimal approach for these patients.
Primary CNS lymphoma commonly expresses immune response biomarkers
Authors: Ou Alexander , Sumrall Ashley , Phuphanich Surasak , Spetzler David , Gatalica Zoran , Xiu Joanne , Michelhaugh Sharon , Brenner Andrew , Pandey Manjari , Kesari Santosh , Korn W Michael , Mittal Sandeep , Westin Jason , Heimberger Amy B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is rare and there is limited genomic and immunological information available. Incidental clinical and radiographic responses have been reported in PCNSL patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Materials and Methods
To genetically characterize and ascertain if the majority of PCNSL patients may potentially benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors, we profiled 48 subjects with PCNSL from 2013 to 2018 with (1) next-generation sequencing to detect mutations, gene amplifications, and microsatellite instability (MSI); (2) RNA sequencing to detect gene fusions; and (3) immunohistochemistry to ascertain PD-1 and PD-L1 expression. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was calculated using somatic nonsynonymous missense mutations.

Results
High PD-L1 expression (&gt;5% staining) was seen in 18 patients (37.5%), and intermediate expression (1–5% staining) was noted in 14 patients (29.2%). Sixteen patients (33.3%) lacked PD-L1 expression. PD-1 expression (&gt;1 cell/high-power field) was seen in 12/14 tumors (85.7%), uncorrelated with PD-L1 expression. TMB of greater than or equal to 5 mutations per megabase (mt/Mb) occurred in 41/42 tumors, with 19% (n = 8) exhibiting high TMB (≥17 mt/Mb), 71.4% (n = 30) exhibiting intermediate TMB (7–16 mt/Mb), and 9.5% (n = 4) exhibiting low TMB (≤6 mt/Mb). No samples had MSI. Twenty-six genes showed mutations, most frequently in MYD88 (34/42, 81%), CD79B (23/42, 55%), and PIM1 (23/42, 55%). Among 7 cases tested with RNA sequencing, an ETV6-IGH fusion was found. Overall, 18/48 samples expressed high PD-L1 and 38/42 samples expressed intermediate to high TMB.

Conclusions
Based on TMB biomarker expression, over 90% of PCNSL patients may benefit from the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Influenza and Bacterial Coinfection in Adults With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Admitted to Conventional Wards: Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Outcomes
Authors: Abelenda-Alonso Gabriela , Rombauts Alexander , Gudiol Carlota , Meije Yolanda , Ortega Lucía , Clemente Mercedes , Ardanuy Carmen , Niubó Jordi , Carratalà Jordi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Relevance of viral and bacterial coinfection (VBC) in non-intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is poorly characterized. We aim to determine risk factors, features, and outcomes of VBC-CAP in this setting.

Methods
This is a prospective cohort of adults admitted to conventional wards with CAP. Patients were divided into VBC-CAP, viral CAP (V-CAP), and bacterial CAP (B-CAP) groups. Independent risk and prognostic factors for VBC-CAP were identified.

Results
We documented 1123 episodes: 57 (5.1%) VBC-CAP, 98 (8.7%) V-CAP, and 968 (86.1%) B-CAP. Patients with VBC-CAP were younger than those with B-CAP (54 vs 71 years; P &lt; .001). Chronic respiratory disease was more frequent in patients with VBC-CAP than in those with V-CAP (26.3% vs 14.3%%; P = .001). Among those with influenza (n = 153), the VBC-CAP group received empirical oseltamivir less often (56.1% vs 73.5%; P &lt; .001). Patients with VBC-CAP also had more respiratory distress (21.1% VBC-CAP; 19.4% V-CAP, and 9.8% B-CAP; P &lt; .001) and required ICU admission more often (31.6% VBC-CAP, 31.6% V-CAP, and 12.8% B-CAP; P &lt; .001). The 30-day case-fatality rate was 3.5% in the VBC-CAP group, 3.1% in the V-CAP group, and 6.3% in the B-CAP group (P = .232). Furthermore, VBC-CAP was associated with severity criteria (odds ratio [OR], 5.219; P &lt; .001) and lack of empirical oseltamivir therapy in influenza cases (OR, 0.401; P &lt; .043).

Conclusions
Viral and bacterial coinfection-CAP involved younger patients with comorbidities and with poor influenza vaccination rate. Patients with VBC-CAP presented more respiratory complications and more often required ICU admission. Nevertheless, 30-day mortality rate was low and related either to severity criteria or to delayed initiation of oseltamivir therapy.
Health
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Associating state-sanctioned violence with health is not a far stretch in seeing how broadly its consequences unfold in cities and among people of color across the lifespan, including the institutions serving them. It is not a leap to think of health rights as civil rights, or to think of state violence in a similar fashion. Social workers understand how race and health unfold and why a state violence stance helps provide a more comprehensive understanding of how it unfolds in the lives of people of color and the reasons for health disparities. It is arduous to do justice to this chapter because of the abundance of statistics and scholarly material on this subject, which attests to its importance, with the further introduction of health and those who are incarcerated seeking to obtain asylum in this country.
Social Work Research, Education, and Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides readers with a list of suggestions of how social work education, practice, and research will need to be transformed in order to achieve social justice when the state is a primary source of violence. Social work’s social justice approach requires that it be addressed across the entire intervention and lifespan spectrum, occupying a central role in our education. This broad reach is a blessing and curse from an educational standpoint. It is a blessing because social justice is integral to our mission and its importance reaches all aspects of social work. It is a curse by requiring that practice have this as a central tenet, ruffling feathers in our work with other professions not sharing this value stance. Social work is in a unique position to move a social justice agenda during this challenging period in our history. We must, however, guard against “good” deeds going astray and causing more harm than good.
Screen Woman
Authors: Furman Nelly 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The international appeal of the story of Carmen on the silver screen has been phenomenal. The story has spawned nearly eighty films by some of the world’s most celebrated directors. In the early days of cinema, we find a first cluster of Carmens among them films directed by Cecil B. Demille, Charlie Chaplin, and Ernest Lubitsch. In 1954, Otto Preminger’s Carmen Jones calls attention to African American issues in the United States, as will in 2001, Carmen: A Hip Opera directed by Robert Towsend for MTV. In 1983, we find a second cluster of international film directed by Jean-Luc Godard (France), Francesco Rosi (Italy) and Carlos Saura (Spain). At the turn of the twenty-first century, Bizet’s heroine appears in two major African film production: Joseph Gaï Ramaka’s Karmen (Senegal) and U-Carmen by the Dimpho Di Kopan theater (South Africa). All these films testify to the continuous attraction of Bizet’s heroine through time from the lyric stage to the silver screen.
Legacies of the Past
Authors: Westad Odd Arne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
All nations are a product of their pasts—but perhaps few as much as China. With its 5,000 year recorded history, the Chinese have endured as a civilization and a nation. This chapter analyzes how China’s long imperial past has shaped its post-1949 interactions with the world. It examines the legacies that the PRC has inherited and those that still shape the PRC’s strategy, calculations, and behavior. Three themes are particularly identified: the legacy of empire, the traditional of authoritarianism, and the narrative of “shame and humiliation.” It argues that China’s strong sense of victimhood fuels an outsized sense of nationalism, and is a concerning factor in China’s future relations with its neighbors and the world community.
Nationalism, Social Influences, and Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Gries Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the domestic sources of contemporary China’s foreign policy. In particular, it examines the importance of national identities, China’s worldviews, the socialization of Chinese, and particularly the role of nationalism. The chapter begins by arguing that social influences matter: the CCP has inextricably linked itself, society, and foreign policy by staking its domestic right to rule upon its foreign policy performance. The chapter then turns to the thorny empirical question of what we know about Chinese feelings and attitudes toward different parts of the world, from China’s Asian neighbors, to the admired and resented Euro-American First World, to Russia, and the dark and backwards Third World of Africa and Latin America. It then turns to the causes/drivers of these worldviews, arguing that both demographics (e.g., age and location) and individual predispositions (e.g., nationalism and cosmopolitanism) matter, but that political and peer socialization has a powerful constraining effect on the international attitudes of the Chinese people.
China’s Relations with the United States
Authors: Sutter Robert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and People’s Republic of China (PRC) interactions with the United States since the 1940s, and it reveals a general pattern of the United States at the very top of China’s foreign priorities. Among those few instances where China seemed to give less attention to the United States was the post-2010 period, which saw an ever more powerful China advancing at US expense. However, China’s rapid advance in economic, military, and diplomatic power has progressively alarmed the US government, which now sees China as its main international danger. Looking forward into the future, deteriorating US-China relations have enormous consequences for both countries, the Asia-Pacific region, and the world.
China’s Relations with Russia
Authors: Voskressenski Alexei D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Russia’s relations with China (and vice versa) have evolved steadily during the post-Soviet period. Leaders on both sides have proclaimed, for a number of years now, that their bilateral relations are at their best point in history. How did the China-Russia relationship reach such a stage, especially given their long (and largely discordant) history? This chapter traces the evolution of China-Russia relations since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It identifies the commonalities and common purposes Moscow and Beijing have in world affairs, as well as their bilateral economic, cultural, and military relations. The China-Russia relationship has important implications for the United States, as well as American allies in the world.
From Women’s Movements to Feminist Theories (and Vice Versa)
Authors: Femenías María Luisa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the substantial suggestions for antiessentialist practices that have emerged from the problematic prejudice against women’s rights. Exploring the idea of identity, as it is lived and resignified by Latin American women, offers us a set of significant ideas that provide different ways of signifying language and reality. The chapter attends critically to these ideas, confronting their historical and political contexts through decolonial thought, subalternity, and globalization. It denies an essentialist view of “identity,” appealing to the collective resignification that women have achieved individually and among each other through self-expression, revealing the democratic value of ambiguity rather than that of univocity, of mestizaje over purity, and self-identifications over essentialist hegemonic definitions.
Philosophical Feminism in Latin America
Authors: Gargallo Francesca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical survey of feminism in Latin America, highlighting the contributions of prominent Latin American feminists in art, politics, and philosophy. The essay begins with a discussion of the pioneering feminist ideas of Juana Inés de la Cruz and their reception in Latin American feminist thought; and it continues with an elucidation of contemporary feminist critiques of the neoliberal paradigm of “multiculturalism.” The chapter also discusses how, around 1995, Latin American feminism became split in the academy: on the one hand, there were those Latin American feminists who favored the strategy of diversifying the curriculum and including gender issues within the existing institutional and academic frameworks; and, on the other hand, there were those Latin American feminists who favored a more subversive strategy of ignoring traditional forms of academic recognition and privileging the engaged thought and action of the women’s movement.
Stylized Resistance
Authors: Rivera Berruz Stephanie 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the perceptual and epistemic structures of boomerang perception, as developed by María Lugones, by focusing on contemporary lived experiences of Latinas of commercialization and homogenization. Boomerang perception is the mechanism through which people of color are constructed through a white imaginary lens and denied subjectivity. The internalization of boomerang perception subsequently yields horizontal hostilities whereby people of color construct each other through white eyes and engender a fake/real dichotomy that polices the boundaries of communities. The commercialization of Latina identity in the 21st century serves as one example that draws out the ways in which boomerang perception is internalized and plays on the production of the real/fake dichotomy. Drawing on Gloria Anzaldúa’s notion of conocimiento, the chapter subsequently considers the possibilities of resistance through the development of style politics that can transform embodied ways of knowing. In this capacity, the chapter takes up the project of chonga stylized politics as exemplifying practices of conocimiento.
Anecdotal Evidence
Authors: Cubitt Sean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ecocritique is a practice of radical questioning, as essential to the critical armoury as feminism and postcolonialism have become. Anecdotes are ecocritical because they focus on encounters, concentrated moments of crisis when social ordering and ecological forces clash. Bringing ecological criticism to bear on case studies of popular culture in the twenty-first century, Anecdotal Evidence argues that the humanities have a vital role to play in rethinking politics today. Treating contemporary Hollywood movies, streaming video media, and mass image databases as anecdotes about waste, debt, and obligation reveals the deep intertwining of history and ecology in culture. An original take on Anthropocene anxieties and technological paranoia, the book proposes that the digital humanities still need the traditional skills of close reading to understand our contemporary condition. Only because the environment has a history is it possible to intervene environmentally. Because we continually misrecognise the historical production of environments, the first task of ecocritique is to bring our formative concept of ecology into crisis. Its final task will be to achieve the good life for everything connected by the historical implication of humans in ecology, and ecology in humans. No politics can be undertaken in our times except through media: ecocritical humanities have a key role in rethinking ecopolitics in the twenty-first century.
Visual Art, Ethical Witnessing, and Resistance
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter engages with another popular approach to visual international politics: visuals as a site of resistance to power, both through producing critical artwork and by ethically witnessing international crises. To trace these issues, the chapter analyzes the work of Ai Weiwei, a world-famous artist-activist whose ethical witnessing creatively resists China’s authoritarian party-state. It shows how Ai’s art presents ideological resistance to state power, in both the traditional sense of liberal resistance to authoritarian state oppression and the hermeneutical sense, in which it is necessary to decode his work for its “meaning” as the social construction of the visual. The chapter then considers how Ai’s documentary film Human Flow (2017) provokes transnational resistance through its “visual construction of the social”—and of the global. It thus examines how visual art can serve as an ethical witness to resist reigning political regimes, and how it also can excite affective communities of sense to creatively resist reigning political aesthetics. Chapter 6 thus highlights the need to appreciate the dynamic tension that entangles cultural governance and resistance.
Conclusion
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The book’s conclusion considers how the author’s filmmaking and garden-building experiences reframe questions of theory, method, and ethics. It recounts how using the visibility and the visuality strategies to examine images and artifacts from Euro-America, the Middle East, and Asia allows us to address questions of ideology and affect in interesting ways. It argues that we need to think beyond critical IR’s focus on inside/outside and self/Other as sites of identity, security, and exclusion to better appreciate how visuals engage in broader projects of social-ordering and world-ordering. While it is common to respond to the challenges of the “post-truth” era by deconstructing “fake news,” the conclusion argues that political critique also needs to creatively produce films that, for example, move and connect people to creatively build affective communities of sense to fight such populism. Although the book focuses on visual IR to critique verbal-textual modes of analysis, it concludes that we need to also expand from our focus on the visual to appreciate multisensory IR, while reconsidering the role of the verbal/multisensory dynamic in international politics. Finally, it argues that it’s best not to frame sensible politics as a subdiscipline of IR, because sensible politics can serve as an oblique entry into broader considerations of social theory and international studies.