bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and characterization of two VLM binaries: LP 1033-31 and LP 877-72
Authors: Karmakar Subhajeet , Rajpurohit A S , Allard F , Homeier D 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Using the high-resolution near-infrared adaptive optics imaging from the NaCo instrument at the Very Large Telescope, we report the discovery of a new binary companion to the M-dwarf LP 1033-31 and also confirm the binarity of LP 877-72. We have characterized both the stellar systems and estimated the properties of their individual components. We have found that LP 1033-31 AB with the spectral type of M4.5+M4.5 has a projected separation of 6.7 ± 1.3 AU. Whereas with the spectral type of M1+M4, the projected separation of LP 877-72 AB is estimated to be 45.8 ± 0.3 AU. The binary companions of LP 1033-31 AB are found to have similar masses, radii, effective temperatures, and log g with the estimated values of 0.20 ± 0.04 $\rm {M}_{\odot }$, 0.22 ± 0.03 $\rm {R}_{\odot }$, and 3200 K, 5.06 ± 0.04. However, the primary of LP 877-72 AB is found to be twice as massive as the secondary with the derived mass of 0.520 ± 0.006 $\rm {M}_{\odot }$. The radius and log g for the primary of LP 877-72 AB are found to be 1.8 and 0.95 times that of the secondary component with the estimated values of 0.492 ± 0.011 $\rm {R}_{\odot }$ and 4.768 ± 0.005, respectively. With an effective temperature of 3750 ± 15 K, the primary of LP 877-72 AB is also estimated to be ∼400 K hotter than the secondary component. We have also estimated the orbital period of LP 1033-31 and LP 877-72 to be ∼28 and ∼349 yr, respectively. The binding energies for both systems are found to be &gt;1043 erg, which signifies that both systems are stable.
Global Phase 3 programme of vadadustat for treatment of anaemia of chronic kidney disease: rationale, study design and baseline characteristics of dialysis-dependent patients in the INNO2VATE trials
Authors: Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Agarwal Rajiv , Farag Youssef Mk , Jardine Alan G , Khawaja Zeeshan , Koury Mark J , Luo Wenli , Matsushita Kunihiro , McCullough Peter A , Parfrey Patrick , Ross Geoffrey , Sarnak Mark J , Vargo Dennis , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C , Chertow Glenn M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are currently the mainstay of treatment for anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vadadustat is an investigational oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor that stimulates endogenous erythropoietin formation. The INNO2VATE programme comprises two studies designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vadadustat versus the ESA darbepoetin alfa in ameliorating anaemia in patients with dialysis-dependent CKD (DD-CKD). Here we describe the trial design along with patient demographics and baseline characteristics.

Methods
Two Phase 3, open-label, sponsor-blind, active-controlled trials enrolled adults with anaemia of CKD who recently initiated dialysis and had limited ESA exposure (incident DD-CKD trial) or were receiving maintenance dialysis with ESA treatment (prevalent DD-CKD trial). Study periods include correction/conversion (Weeks 0–23), maintenance (Weeks 24–52), long-term treatment (Weeks 53 to end of treatment) and safety follow-up. The primary safety endpoint is the time to the first major adverse cardiovascular event and the primary efficacy endpoint is the change in haemoglobin (baseline to Weeks 24–36).

Results
A total of 369 and 3554 patients were randomized in the incident DD-CKD and prevalent DD-CKD trials, respectively. Demographics and baseline characteristics were similar among patients in both trials and comparable to those typically observed in DD-CKD.

Conclusions
The two INNO2VATE trials will provide important information on the safety and efficacy of a novel approach for anaemia management in a diverse DD-CKD population. Demographics and baseline characteristics of enrolled patients suggest that study results will be representative for a large proportion of the DD-CKD population.
Multilobar Epilepsy Surgery in Childhood and Adolescence: Predictors of Long-Term Seizure Freedom
Authors: Kogias Evangelos , Bast Thomas , Schubert-Bast Susanne , Wiegand Gert , Brandt Armin , Strobl Karl , Korinthenberg Rudolf , Schulze-Bonhage Andreas , Zentner Josef , Ramantani Georgia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Although multilobar resections correspond to one-fifth of pediatric epilepsy surgery, there are little data on long-term seizure control.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the long-term seizure outcomes of children and adolescents undergoing multilobar epilepsy surgery and identify their predictors.

METHODS
In this retrospective study, we considered 69 consecutive patients that underwent multilobar epilepsy surgery at the age of 10.0 ± 5.0 yr (mean ± SD). The magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion in all but 2 cases. Resections were temporo-parieto(-occipital) in 30%, temporo-occipital in 41%, parieto-occipital in 16%, and fronto-(temporo)-parietal in 13% cases. Etiologies were determined as focal cortical dysplasia in 67%, perinatal or postnatal ischemic lesions in 23%, and benign tumors in 10% of cases.

RESULTS
At last follow-up of median 9 yr (range 2.8-14.8), 48% patients were seizure free; 33% were off antiepileptic drugs. 10% of patients, all with dysplastic etiology, required reoperations: 4 of 7 achieved seizure freedom. Seizure recurrence occurred mostly (80%) within the first 6 mo. Among presurgical variables, only an epileptogenic zone far from eloquent cortex independently correlated with significantly higher rates of seizure arrest in multivariate analysis. Among postsurgical variables, the absence of residual lesion and of acute postsurgical seizures was independently associated with significantly higher rates of seizure freedom.

CONCLUSION
Our study demonstrates that multilobar epilepsy surgery is effective regarding long-term seizure freedom and antiepileptic drug withdrawal in selected pediatric candidates. Epileptogenic zones–and lesions–localized distant from eloquent cortex and, thus, fully resectable predispose for seizure control. Acute postsurgical seizures are critical markers of seizure recurrence that should lead to prompt reevaluation.
Spatial Pattern and Determinants of Tobacco Use Among Females in India: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Survey
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Ganesh Karthika 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionTobacco use has been steadily increasing among the females in developing countries. It has led to rise in tobacco–related morbidity and mortality among females. Knowing the geographic distribution of the habit is essential to identify high–priority areas and direct the healthcare intervention. Hence, this study was done to assess the spatial patterns and determinants of tobacco consumption among females in India.Aims and MethodsUnivariate and bivariate Moran’s I statistic and local indicators for spatial association maps were generated to determine the spatial clustering of tobacco consumption (smoked and smokeless form). Ordinary least-square regression, spatial-lag and spatial-error models were performed to assess the determinants. Poverty (belonging to poorest and poorer quintile of wealth index), illiteracy (no formal education), marital status, ST population, tobacco use by family members, and alcohol use were the explanatory variables.ResultsUnivariate Moran’s I was .691 suggesting positive spatial autocorrelation. High–prevalence clustering (hotspots) was maximum in the central, eastern, and northeastern states such as Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Assam. This pattern was similar for both smokeless and smoked form. Results of spatial-lag and spatial-error model suggested that alcohol use, scheduled tribes, illiteracy, poverty, marital status, and tobacco use by family members were significant determinants of female tobacco consumption. The coefficient of spatial association was maximum for alcohol use (β = .20, p &lt; .001) followed by widowed/separated/divorced (β = .12, p &lt; .001).ConclusionsTobacco consumption among females in India is spatially clustered. Multisectoral coordination and targeted interventions are required in the geographical hotspots of tobacco consumption.ImplicationsThis is the first study to explore the geospatial pattern of tobacco consumption among females in India. We found that the pattern of tobacco use among females is spatially clustered in India. Clustering was predominantly found in central, eastern, and northeastern regions of the country. Tribal population in these areas and complementarities between alcohol and tobacco use contributed significantly to the high–prevalence clustering. These findings will be helpful for policymakers and planners to devise specific intervention package targeting the high–risk regions.
Exploring the Complexities of Human Action
Authors: Raeff Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Exploring the Complexities of Human Action offers a bold theoretical framework for thinking systematically and integratively about what people do as they go about their complex lives in all corners of the world. The book offers a vision of humanity that promotes empathic understanding of complex human beings that can bring people together to pursue common goals. Raeff sets the stage for conceptualizing human action by characterizing what people do in terms of the complexities of holism, dynamics, variability, and multicausality. She also constructively questions some conventional practices and assumptions in psychology (e.g., fragmenting, objectifying, aggregating, deterministic causality). The author then articulates a systems conceptualization of action that emphasizes multiple and interrelated processes. This integrative conceptualization holds that action is constituted by simultaneously occurring and interrelated individual, social, cultural, bodily, and environmental processes. Action is further conceptualized in terms of simultaneously occurring and interrelated psychological processes (e.g., sensing, perceiving, thinking, feeling, interacting, self/identity), as well as developmental processes. This theoretical framework is informed by research in varied cultures, and accessible examples are used to illustrate major concepts and claims. The book also discusses some implications and applications of the theoretical framework for investigating the complexities of human action. The book shows how the theoretical framework can be used to think about a wide range of action, from eating to art. Raeff uses the theoretical framework to consider varied vexing human issues, including mind–body connections, diversity, extremism, and freedom, as well as how action is simultaneously universal, culturally particular, and individualized.
Psychological Processes
Authors: Raeff Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to explain how action involves varied psychological processes, including thinking, feeling, self/identity, interacting, and sensing and perceiving. It is explained that different ways of acting involve different ways of structuring varied psychological processes. Moreover, different ways of structuring psychological processes emerge through individual, social, cultural, bodily, and environmental processes. In this chapter, thinking, feeling, self/identity, sensing and perceiving, and interacting are conceptualized as active processes that people do, and each process is explained in relation to individual, social, cultural, bodily, and environmental processes. Varied empirical and everyday examples are used to illustrate major concepts and claims.
Grounds of Border Control and Shared Border Governance
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWho has a right to control borders? Political philosophers divide territorial rights into a right of jurisdiction, a right to use resources, and a right to control borders. However, they focus on the first right, because they think that both the second and third flow from it. This chapter argues that territorial rights are fundamentally plural: the right to border control is independent from the other territorial rights. This pluralist thesis enables an alternative analysis of the right to control borders: specifying their objects, proper site, scope, institutions, duty bearers, and holders. The chapter also shows that border control rights have a different grounding than the rights to jurisdiction and to natural resources. While the latter may be grounded in internal legitimacy, the former are grounded in international conventions and place-specific obligations, indicating that borders require shared and reciprocal governance by adjoining countries and the international system.
Envoi
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAre borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? This short envoi summarizes On Borders, which proposes the Watershed Model, and answers the book’s central questions as follows: First, borders are justified when they sustain place-specific duties. Second, border control rights spring from international conventions, not from internal legitimacy—so border institutions should be governed cooperatively by the neighboring states and by the states system. Finally, any border redrawing should be done with environmental conservation in mind. It concludes by asking where new research on borders in times of climate change should lead.
Gender, Religion, and Radicalization
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter situates the arguments of the book in the wider debates on extremism, radicalization, and religious violence. By contextualizing key components of the book, the chapter introduces a core argument: the concept of radicalization is gendered in nature. I argue for gendered analysis of the programs and policies that are collectively presented as “antiradicalization” efforts. I put forward the case that a feminist understanding of agency and empowerment is essential for offering a full critique of these efforts. This sets up the book’s second argument: radicalization is treated in these efforts as a sign of irresponsible agency and failed self-governance. As the focus of this book is on violence associated with Islam, the chapter discuses the relationship between religion and violence. The empirical focus of the book, I argue, exposes how states are also radical—they foreclose diverse futures through their antiradicalization campaigns. The chapter closes with an overview of the book’s chapters and core arguments.
Is Human DNA Special?
Authors: McHughen Alan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores “Human DNA” and the genetic features of human beings. Genetic inheritance in humans follows the same patterns and principles as those of other animals and plants, but far more scientists have studied humans than have studied any other species. Thus, scientists have accumulated a hugely disproportionate amount of information directly relevant to humans. This chapter examines some curious features of human evolution. Is there a genetic basis for human race and genetic “purity”? Are telomeres ticking time bombs inside cells limiting the human life span? How did most humans end up with Neanderthal DNA in their genomes? It’s just the way the DNA cookie crumbles. This chapter also introduces the use of technology based on DNA, from human DNA fingerprinting to probing human history.
Practical Applications Using DNA
Authors: McHughen Alan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Armed with knowledge of DNA structure and function, this book can now shift to applying knowledge of DNA and genetics to practical issues. Many of these are covered in social and mass media, often unsatisfactorily citing DNA as a key player but failing to reveal how DNA achieved the objectives. This chapter shows the mechanisms by which DNA and genetics answered the questions. It starts with what is likely the most dramatic, the forensic use of DNA in identifying criminals, followed by other situations in which DNA is used to identify people and wrapping up with examples of DNA clearing up some historical mysteries. Along the way some limitations to DNA technology in identifying specific people is considered, as well as some potential impacts on personal privacy.
Christian Faith and Intellectual Culture
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the work of Justin the Martyr, who broke new ground in his defense of Christianity. He identified with certain elements of his pagan opponents’ position and created bridges between Christianity and Greco-Roman philosophy. At the same time, his arguments erect a sharp division between pagan religion and pagan philosophy, likely a reflection of his Platonist disdain for the poets whose works were filled with stories of the gods behaving in very human fashion. An important part of Justin’s program is based on revealing the likenesses between the highest ideals within Greek philosophy and Christian teaching while eschewing religious polytheism. The chapter also examines the work of Melito of Sardis and Claudius Apolinaris.
Hellenized Antagonism toward Hellenism
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the work of Tatian (Tatianus), whose apologetic document has many of the same goals as that of his mentor, Justin the Martyr, except that Tatian’s final product is shorter and blunter, and vehemently argues that the “men of Greece” possess no originality and their very claim to being philosophers is manifestly false. Tatian’s style is surely more acidic than his mentor’s, but it is inaccurate to depict Justin as a “negotiator,” while designating Tatian as the combative confrontationist with the aim of presenting a general condemnation of Greek culture.
Clash of the Giants
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the work of Origen, whose one and only anti-pagan work elevated Christian standing in a culture that prized philosophical argumentation and intellectual attainment as among the higher goods. It was the first draft, as it were, “of a sustained Christian reflection of the evangelization of Hellenistic culture,” and the first one to survive. Origen had produced multivolume projects on a larger scale than Contra Celsum (Against Celsus), but it is this work that has come down to us, complete, in eight volumes. A great deal is known about both Origen and his literary efforts, including his work against the Christian critic Celsus. Although Celsus had been dead for seventy years or so, it is supposed that his arguments had been effectual enough to cause such severe Christian trepidation that Origen was asked by his patron, Ambrosius, to construct a refutation.
Apologetic as Exhortation
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the Middle Ages, spurious and anonymous works were spawned by the texts of more influential patristic writers like Justin (the Martyr). This chapter considers one text attributed to Justin, which was identified in his time as the Cohortatio ad Graecos (Exhortation to the Greeks) (Coh). While the reader will find some similarities between the Coh and Justin’s first apology, the former is manifestly not a product of Justin and displays characteristics of having been written probably in the later third century. The question now is whether the Coh should rightly be considered an apologia. It is shown that the work is responding more to a general anti-Christian milieu more than any one specific attack. The chapter also examines the work of Athanasius of Alexandria.
The Unexpected Pagan Emperor
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the work of Emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus (Julian), who represents a particular phase in the struggle between paganism and Christianity; he ruled only for a brief period, between 361 and 363, before being killed during a Roman offensive against the Persians. It was the last time a professed pagan ruled over the entire Roman Empire, and while doing so attempted to secure a religious revival, and restore the glories of paganism. This development revealed that pagan culture was far from moribund; rather, it was a living organism responding as sensitively to its Christian environment as Christianity itself responded to the pagan world. Julian’s Against the Galileans is so successful from the pagan’s perspective because he was raised within Christian circles until his adulthood.
Cities in Conflict
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work of Ambrose of Milan: specifically, it considers his two letters to Valentinian to see what they can tell us about the structure and evolution of Christian apologetic literature in the later fourth century. Both of Ambrose’s petitions are intent on making the bishop’s Against Symmachus the basis of a broader appeal in establishing the legitimacy of Christianity to an audience of uncommitted Christians or pagans. If it is correct to regard the two documents as such, then we are acknowledging the elasticity of Christian apologetic literature—a recognition that has come to typify scholarly assessment of Christian apologetic texts. The chapter also examines the work of Augustine of Hippo Regius, particularly the City of God and his analysis of evil things happening during “Christian times.”
Plato’s Teleology
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the basic features of Plato’s teleology. His dialogue Phaedo presents certain requirements for a proper causal account which, it is claimed, only the good can satisfy. It is particularly the demand for holism that singles out the good as the only proper cause. It is then argued that the cosmology of the Timaeus is consistent with the Phaedo’s requirements. While the Timaeus introduces “Necessity” as an additional cause, this can also be understood as a cause that contributes to good ends and to that extent as part of an overall teleological account. Hereby a notion of necessity comparable to Aristotle’s hypothetical necessity emerges, which the Timaeus’s craft model of the creation helps articulate. The chapter ends with a partial comparison of Plato’s with Aristotle’s natural teleology.
Avicenna on Teleology: Final Causation and Goodness
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Avicenna’s theory of final causation in light of two competing interpretations of Aristotelian teleology. According to the good-centered view, Aristotle’s claim that the end is a cause primarily conveys that some things are caused to occur by goodness. On this view, the concept of an end or goal, for Aristotle, is the concept of something good (from some perspective), and the concept of final causation is that of causation by goodness. According to the agent-centered view, Aristotle’s basic theory of the final cause says that it is the goal of the efficient cause, or the object of a power, that is, what the power is for. On this view, Aristotle’s fundamental account of what it is for something to be an end need not and should not refer to the goodness of that end. Avicenna’s portrayal of the final cause as the “cause of causes,” as well as his distinction between the end of motion and the good of motion, indicate that he adopts an agent-centered view. Though he also holds that every essential agent acts for the sake of something that is good, or apparently good, for the recipient of action, his explanation for this claim is compatible with his fundamentally value-neutral account of what it is to be a final cause.