bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Respiratory Bacterial Coinfections Among Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Positive Patients Hospitalized in Intensive Care Units Using Conventional Culture and BioFire, FilmArray Pneumonia Panel Plus Assay
Authors: Kolenda Camille , Ranc Anne-Gaëlle , Boisset Sandrine , Caspar Yvan , Carricajo Anne , Souche Aubin , Dauwalder Olivier , Verhoeven Paul O , Vandenesch François , Laurent Frédéric 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately 15% of patients infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present with severe forms of the disease and require hospitalization in intensive care units, which has been associated with high mortality rates. The prevalence of bacterial infections in these patients is not well established, and more data are needed to guide empiric antibiotic therapy and improve patient outcomes.

Methods
In this prospective multicenter study, we assessed bacterial coinfections identified in culture from 99 French patients infected by SARS-Cov-2 and hospitalized in intensive care units. We concomitantly evaluated an innovative molecular diagnostic technology technique, the BioFire, FilmArray Pneumonia Panel plus (FA-pneumo) assay, to identify these coinfections at an early stage, and its concordance with conventional culture.

Results
We showed that a bacterial coinfection was detected in 15% of patients based on conventional culture. Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae were the most prevalent pathogens. The sensitivity of FA-pneumo compared with culture was 100%. In contrast, the specificity varied between 88.4% and 100% according to the pathogen, and our results highlighted that 60.5% of bacterial targets reported using this assay were not recovered by culture; 76.9% of discordant results corresponded to bacteria belonging to commensal oral flora and/or reported with ≤105 copies/mL bacterial nucleic acids.

Conclusions
Based on its excellent sensitivity, the FA-pneumo assay is useful to rule out bacterial coinfections in the context of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and avoid the inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. However, positive tests should be interpreted carefully, taking into consideration deoxyribonucleic acid bacterial load and all clinical and biological signs.
Children, Childhood, and Development in Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Bjorklund David F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the principles of evolutionary psychology and evolutionary developmental psychology, emphasizing that adaptations occurred at all life stages, not just in adults, and may have been especially important early in life. Infants, children, and adolescents evolved sets of behaviors, emotions, and cognitions adapted to their immediate environments and not necessarily to future ones. These adaptations are inherited but only develop properly through interaction with a supportive context. Humans evolved most of their unique psychological features over the last 2 million years or so, living as hunter-gatherers on the savannahs of Africa, and these are the environments in which human nature evolved. Many scholars contend that hunter-gatherer childhoods are the models upon which we should judge the practices we use in raising children today.
Embryos and Ancestors
Authors: Bjorklund David F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Evolutionary developmental biology, or Evo Devo, examines how developmental mechanisms affect evolutionary change. Heterochrony refers to genetic-based differences in developmental timing. One important type of heterochrony for humans is neoteny, which refers to the retention of juvenile traits into later development. Humans are a neotenous species, as seen in infants’ features of “babyness,” which promote attention and caring from adults, extending the primate prenatal brain growth rate well past birth, and a reduction of reactive aggression relative to great apes, which facilitated increased cooperation among group members. Homo sapiens extended the time it takes to reach adulthood by inventing new two life stages—childhood and adolescence. The social and cognitive abilities of Homo sapiens’ youth may be well suited to the childhood and adolescent stages and to the attainment of skills necessary for developing into functional adults.
Developing the Evolved Social Brain
Authors: Bjorklund David F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
For human hypersociality to evolve required that natural selection operate both at the levels of the individual and the group as described by multilevel selection theory. According to the social brain hypothesis, increased social cognition was the driving force in human social-cognitive evolution. Infants evolved “psychological weapons” designed to obtain attention and caregiving from adults. According to Tomasello’s shared intentionality theory, infants view others as intentional agents, as reflected in shared attention beginning around 9 months, and later, between 3 and 5 years of age, in collective intentionality, in which children establish a group-minded “we” with other people. The development and evolution of hypersociality is reflected in: treating others as intentional agents, perspective taking, empathy, normativity, social learning, prosociality (helping, sharing, sense of fairness), and collaboration. Each of these and other social-cognitive abilities were necessary for the evolution of a hypersocial species and evolved as a result of changes in great ape ontogeny.
Disorienting Neoliberalism
Authors: McKean Benjamin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In a dizzying global economy full of injustices that threaten our freedom, people who want to promote justice should be disposed to solidarity with each other. When global supply chains assemble products from every corner of the global and workers’ economic futures seem ever more uncertain, the very neoliberal theories that helped usher in this world also provide a powerful way to understand and navigate it. Those who want to resist the injustices of today’s global economy need to reorient their way of seeing so that it is possible to act more effectively. By drawing on a diverse range of thinkers from G. W. F. Hegel and John Rawls to W. E. B. Du Bois and Iris Marion Young, Disorienting Neoliberalism provides an account of freedom that can inform transnational movements for justice. By explaining how neoliberal institutions and ideas constrain the freedom of people throughout the supply chain from worker to consumer, the book provides a new orientation to the global economy in which it is possible for people to see one other as partners in resisting a shared obstacle to freedom and thus be called to collective action. Cultivating this disposition to solidarity better expresses freedom than the pity and resentment which global inequality so often gives rise to. In doing so, the book shows how political theory can be a source of orientation to the world, illuminating how ideals can help guide action even when they may be impossible to realize.
Introduction
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Lore has it that research on Brownian motion, spearheaded on the theoretical side by Albert Einstein, but then strongly supported by Jean Perrin’s experimental efforts, finally ended the controversy over whether molecules exist. That view has nevertheless been challenged on more than one occasion, most recently by Bas van Fraassen. A discussion of the history of the standard view and challenges to it leads to two issues that the remainder of the monograph addresses: one concerning just what Perrin established about Brownian motion itself, and the other concerning how the standing of molecular theory had changed from 1900, first to Einstein’s initial paper of 1905 and then between that year and Perrin’s Les atomes of 1913. At the center of both of these issues is evidence resulting from theory-mediated measurements of aspects of Brownian motion—hence the subtitle of the monograph.
Postscript on the Realism-Instrumentalism Debate
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The body of the monograph has throughout skirted around the philosophic literature comprising the “realist-instrumentalist” debate. This Postscript does not take sides in this debate, but offers suggestions intended to make the debate more tractable. One suggestion concerns two largely ignored distinctions: the first between theoretical claims that enter into the design of an experiment constitutively versus only heuristically; the second between intermediate standings a hypothesis can have between its being a mere conjecture and its becoming deeply entrenched through the success of research predicated on it. The second half of the Postscript explains why, of all elements of science, the equations in theory-mediated measurement that authorize values for target quantities to be obtained from values of more accessible quantities and the values so obtained can, under identifiable conditions, have the strongest claim to permanence in the face of both new data and theory change.
Human Capital (or, “A Generation of Christian Attorneys”)
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores newly created Christian Worldview institutions’ efforts and success at recruitment of human capital, highlighting the importance of having faculty committed to the mission as well as a critical mass of “mission students” as opposed to “non-mission students.” In doing so, we introduce their re-conception of diversity as being diversity among law schools and their distinctiveness within the legal market writ large as opposed to diversity within a given law school. This chapter also examines each institution’s core “mission” courses as well as how biblical themes and readings are integrated into other courses throughout the curriculum. Finally, the chapter presents initial data on the relative and collective output of human capital for the Christian conservative legal movement. This is measured via counts of how many graduates are licensed attorneys, what kind of law they go on to practice, and whether they go on to become “culture warriors.”
Conclusion
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter is primarily interested in measures of success. It thus considers the generalizable utility of the models that structured the larger inquiry and evaluates the specific moves made to build legal support structures for the Christian Right. The chapter starts by revisiting the strategies of creating new institutions as well as their virtues and limitations. It then uses the central case studies to argue that the Alliance Defending Freedom’s supplemental approach taken in the form of the Blackstone Legal Fellowship is the most obviously successful by various measures, but that the collective case studies argue for various market considerations that can influence the value of pursuing the parallel alternative approach. Finally, the chapter concludes by arguing that while the institutions struggle when assessed by traditional metrics of success and prestige, their value is best understood via a lens of continued resistance appreciated by the Christian Right.
Predict and Surveil
Authors: Brayne Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The scope of criminal justice surveillance, from policing to incarceration, has expanded rapidly in recent decades. At the same time, the use of big data has spread across a range of fields, including finance, politics, health, and marketing. While law enforcement’s use of big data is hotly contested, very little is known about how the police actually use it in daily operations and with what consequences. This book offers an inside look at how police use big data and new surveillance technologies, leveraging on-the-ground fieldwork with one of the most technologically advanced law enforcement agencies in the world—the Los Angeles Police Department. Drawing on original interviews and ethnographic observations from over two years of fieldwork with the LAPD, the text examines the causes and consequences of big data and algorithmic control. It reveals how the police use predictive analytics and new surveillance technologies to deploy resources, identify criminal suspects, and conduct investigations; how the adoption of big data analytics transforms police organizational practices; and how the police themselves respond to these new data-driven practices. While big data analytics has the potential to reduce bias, increase efficiency, and improve prediction accuracy, the book argues that it also reproduces and deepens existing patterns of inequality, threatens privacy, and challenges civil liberties.
Beyond the Tyranny of Testing
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book starts by highlighting the different purposes of evaluation in education, including its contribution to student learning, teachers’ professional development, the school community’s progress, and the informed participation of parents and other stakeholders. However, largely owing to the current educational system that structures schools as factories, the pursuit of these goals has led to increased reliance on assessment devices such as exams, grades, and high-stakes testing. Functioning as a form of quality control, such practices now dominate the schooling process. Students are tested more than ever before, teachers and schools undergo measurement on a continuing basis, and nations compete for places on international league tables. The result is student test performance becoming the only aim of education, turning the measurement into the goal itself. Furthermore, standardization as such masks individual potential and suppresses creativity. Combined with mounting stress on students, teachers, and school leaders, alternatives to assessment must be sought.
Relational Evaluation in Secondary Education
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Relationships are of paramount importance for adolescents whose lives are undergoing changes in many dimensions. With appropriate support and care grounded in relational processes, young people can more readily overcome disaffection and apathy. In this chapter, the authors place special emphasis on the quality of interaction and exchange among students and between students and teachers, especially when exploring and reflecting on their experiences and processes of learning. Carefully facilitated dialogic and collaborative approaches in the classroom can provide meaningful feedback on the learning tasks as well as help sustain students’ engagement in learning. Other practices such as portfolio work, learning agreements, journaling, and personal records can further nurture students’ capacity to reflect on learning, including self-evaluation and co-evaluation with peers. Likewise, learning groups and collaborative projects are excellent illustrations of how a relational orientation to evaluation can enrich students’ potential to build positive relations with others and with learning.
Relational Evaluation and Educational Transformation
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Practices of dialogue, collaboration, and participatory action appear with increasing frequency across the landscape of contemporary education. Of particular significance is their presence in emerging practices of curriculum design and pedagogy. In this chapter the authors first explore the close relationship of these developments to relational evaluation. Uniting relationally sensitive practices across these three domains would pave the way to a major transformation in education. Objections to practices of relational evaluation are then addressed, including such issues as time constraints, rigor, standards, and the need for gateways to higher education. Finally we touch on two major movements in cultural life on which the possibilities of educational transformation will depend. Impeding educational change are the creeping forces of market driven visions of organizational functioning. In contrast are the consequences of major innovations in information and communication technology. Here we find the unleashing of enormous learning potential. Such developments invite the full flourishing of a relational orientation to education.
Centro Latinoamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales
Authors: Herrera Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter locates CLAEM as part of a fast-growing cosmopolitan Buenos Aires and within the Di Tella Institute and its other art centers. It then provides an overview of the fellows, professors, facilities, and activities that constituted CLAEM during its ten years of existence, payin attention to the ways material conditions—including infrastructure, salaries, fellowships, guests, library, and the electronic music laboratory— created an ideal space for creativity and experimentation. The chapter reveals how these intellectual, material, and personal conditions made CLAEM a crucial transnational space for the creation of regional professional networks of solidarity and considers how the two-year duration of CLAEM fellowships and the regional focus of the program allowed profound exchange among some of the most talented composers of the entire region.
The Rockefeller Foundation and Latin American Music in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Herrera Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the dynamics and overlaps between the history of CLAEM and U.S. philanthropy, cultural diplomacy, and foreign policy during the 1950s and 1960s, decades shaped by the Cold War and the Cuban Revolution. By tracing the constitutive networks that led to the initial CLAEM grant, this chapter seeks to destabilize the concept of philanthropy as a preexisting third force between the public and private sectors. Instead, it argues for its examination as an emerging domain that results from complex entanglements, webs of relations and ideas, all being mediated and enacted as the result of human, institutional, discursive, and material actors. The chapter argues that CLAEM was one of the most successful projects in the arts supported by the Rockefeller Foundation during the 20th century and that few if any had such broad repercussions in the musical scene of a whole region.
From Musical Pan Americanism to Latin Americanism
Authors: Herrera Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that a significant shift in identity politics took place at CLAEM when a younger generation of composers advantageously adopted a regional identification as “Latin American avant-garde composers” in an art world that was largely European and U.S.-centric. The discourse of musical Latin Americanism that emerged among these composers shared ideas with earlier proponents of hemispheric solidarity but with a renewed, critical, and much more strategic regional identification, solidified by the social networks nurtured at CLAEM. This chapter explores the emergence of a shared discourse of Latin Americanism as a professional strategy and as musical style among the graduates of the Center and the short and long-term consequences that this had for the contemporary music scene in the region.
The Moral Psychology of AI and the Ethical Opt-Out Problem
Authors: Bonnefon Jean-François , Shariff Azim , Rahwan Iyad 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the limits of normative ethics in new moral domains linked to the development of AI. In these new domains, people have the possibility to opt out of using a machine if they do not approve of the ethics that the machine is programmed to follow. In other words, even if normative ethics could determine the best moral programs, these programs would not be adopted (and thus have no positive impact) if they clashed with users’ preferences—a phenomenon that can be called “ethical opt-out.” The chapter then explores various ways in which the field of moral psychology can illuminate public perception of moral AI and inform the regulations of such AI. The chapter’s main focus is on self-driving cars, but it also explores the role of psychological science for the study of other moral algorithms.
Autonomous Weapons and the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Asaro Peter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As the militaries of technologically advanced nations seek to apply increasingly sophisticated AI and automation to weapons technologies, a host of ethical, legal, social, and political questions arise. Central among these is whether it is ethical to delegate the decision to use lethal force to an autonomous system that is not under meaningful human control. Further questions arise as to who or what could or should be held responsible when lethal force is used improperly by such systems. This chapter argues that current autonomous weapons are not legal or moral agents that can be held morally responsible or legally accountable for their choices and actions, and that therefore humans need to maintain control over such weapons systems.
The Ethics of the Artificial Lover
Authors: Devlin Kate 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses ethical concerns associated with sex robots, which are now becoming a reality and a commercial viability. It argues that we have the chance to shape and explore this technology, to make it more equal and diverse. Many of the sex robots being developed today have a very specific female-gendered embodiment, which runs the risk of objectifying women. To address this concern, the chapter proposes that we move away from human-like, human-size dolls toward sex robots that take nonhuman forms. Not being tied to one single form provides an opportunity to think ethically about the development of sex technology.
Public Policy and Superintelligent AI
Authors: Bostrom Nick , Dafoe Allan , Flynn Carrick 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the speculative prospect of superintelligent AI and its normative implications for governance and global policy. Machine superintelligence would be a transformative development that would present a host of political challenges and opportunities. This chapter identifies a set of distinctive features of this hypothetical policy context, from which it derives a correlative set of policy desiderata (efficiency, allocation, population, and process)—considerations that should be given extra weight in long-term AI policy compared to in other policy contexts. This chapter describes a desiderata “vector field” showing the directional change from a variety of possible normative baselines or policy positions. The focus on directional normative change should make the findings in this chapter relevant to a wide range of actors, although the development of concrete policy options that meet these abstractly formulated desiderata will require further work.
Alignment for Advanced Machine Learning Systems
Authors: Taylor Jessica , Yudkowsky Eliezer , LaVictoire Patrick , Critch Andrew 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys eight research areas organized around one question: As learning systems become increasingly intelligent and autonomous, what design principles can best ensure that their behavior is aligned with the interests of the operators? The chapter focuses on two major technical obstacles to AI alignment: the challenge of specifying the right kind of objective functions and the challenge of designing AI systems that avoid unintended consequences and undesirable behavior even in cases where the objective function does not line up perfectly with the intentions of the designers. The questions surveyed include the following: How can we train reinforcement learners to take actions that are more amenable to meaningful assessment by intelligent overseers? What kinds of objective functions incentivize a system to “not have an overly large impact” or “not have many side effects”? The chapter discusses these questions, related work, and potential directions for future research, with the goal of highlighting relevant research topics in machine learning that appear tractable today.