bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feelings, Stress, and Adaptation Strategies of Nurses against COVID-19 in Guayaquil
Authors: Franco Coffré Joicy Anabel , Leví Aguirre Patricia de los Ángeles 
Published: November 2020

Objective. To explore the feelings, stress factors, and adaptation strategies of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Methods. A cross-sectional, descriptive quantitative study, conducted through the application of a 52-item questionnaire with four sections (feelings, perceived stress, stress-reducing factors, and adaptation strategies). The study population was 227 nursing professionals from “Hospital General del Guasmo Sur” of the Ministry of Public Health, who worked during the peak of the pandemic from March to May 2020. The sample comprised 155 nurses who voluntarilyaccepted to participate. The study received 127 complete questionnaires for analysis.
Results. The data showed the priority of humanist feelings and professional duty for these nurses, mostly young (59% under 35 years of age and with the professional exercise of three and fewer years), against the fear of contagion and the stress of strenuous work. They also revealed the great importance for them of the institutional support, recognition to the staff, and strict organization of safe care, like strategies for coping with this difficult experience.
Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic represented for nurses from Guayaquil a great professional and emotional challenge. Health services and society could consider these findings to avoid burning out nurses and their professional desertion.
Anion Analysis of High Purity Water
Authors: Cutler Frances 
Published: November 2020

The semiconductor, power and pharmaceutical industries all require ultra high purity water for process control. While the type of demineralizer system used and the specific contaminants of concern may differ, the problems associated with maintaining and monitoring process water quality are similar.
The power industry has become increasingly concerned over the levels and transport of trace impurities in steam cycle systems as a result of corrosion problems experienced at supercritical generating units. On-line sodium analysis and continuous conductivity and acid conductivity measurements, used to monitor the high purity water in steam cycle systems, had not prevented the turbine and reheater corrosion in supercritical units.
In order to identify the contaminants responsible, ion chromatographic (IC) techniques were developed for analysis of chloride, fluoride, sulfate, formate, acetate, and glycolate at the ppb and ppt levels (parts per billion and parts per trillion). In addition to a discussion of the 1C procedures developed, the paper provides a summary of sample collection and conditioning methods and identifies potential interferences. The paper also examines the relationships between conductivity (or its reciprocal, resistivity), acid conductivity and the level of ionic contamination and presents evidence demonstrating that specific analytical techniques such as 1C need to be used in conjunction with conductivity or resistivity monitoring of ultra pure water.
Bacteria as a Particle Source in Wafer Processing Equipment
Authors: Harned Wayne 
Published: November 2020

Contamination control in integrated circuit wafer processing has become a major concern within the last two to three years. The surface particle counters and liquid particle counters have identified many particle sources within wafer processing equipment. One of these sources which is often overlooked is bacteria from the deionized water which is utilized in various etch, clean, rinser/dryers, scrubbers, and positive photoresist develop systems. Bacteria as live or dead microorganisms or as fragments of these microorganisms are a particle source and are a source of low level metals contamination.
Bacteria in equipment is overlooked by many integrated circuit manufacturers and was not addressed by equipment manufacturers until recently. In many cases, integrated circuit manufacturers monitor only final rinse tanks or quick dumps for bacteria level and do not sample the bacteria level from all sources of equipment. By testing for bacteria level at every source of water that comes in contact with the waters, one finds many areas of stagnant water where the bacteria counts are too-numerous-to-count (TNTC). The causes for these high bacteria counts are dead legs (plumbing within equipment which has stagnant water flow), water velocities too low, inadequately sized plumbing, and materials used in the plumbing of the equipment. The solutions to these problems must be addressed by equipment users and manufacturers modifying existing equipment and designing new equipment with bacteria control as a primary concern.
Optimization of Outgassing Bake-Out Temperatures and Duration of Space Systems
Authors: Scialdone John 
Published: November 2020

Spacecraft systems are baked under vacuum to remove occluded and absorbed gases, solvents, plasticizers, and other materials acquired during their manufacture and exposure to the environment. The procedure is intended to reduce outgassing during subsequent vacuum exposure, decrease the quantity of potential contaminants which may deposit on critical surfaces, and limit the gaseous environment induced by the outgassing around a spacecraft. The determination of the temperature and of the duration of the bake which accomplishes a major portion of the outgassing and is not unduly high and long is of considerable importance for the integrity of the system and cost effectiveness.
In this paper, the percentage of the outgassing mass removed as a function of bake-out temperatures in the range of 45 to 85°C and bake durations of up to 200 hours have been provided in terms of the percentage removed after 24 hours of bake at 125°C. It has been shown, among others, that extending the bake-out from 60 hours to 100 hours or even to 200 hours will release only a few percent more of the outgassing at those bake temperatures. For example, in extending the bake from 60 hours to 200 hours at a temperature of 65° one removes only an additional 6 percent outgassing if the outgassing decays lineraly with time which is often found experimentally. On the other hand, the additional release is about 15 percent for the same conditions if the outgassing decays with the square root of time which represents a diffusive outgassing process. It is obvious that considerable savings in time and money can be made using as a guideline the data reported here to decide on the duration of the bake after having selected a maximum acceptable bake temperature which does not degrade the system. The data can also be used for the outgassing tests of materials in optimizing the test duration.
Wastewater Effluent vs. Safety In Its Reuse: State-of-the-Art
Authors: Shahalam Abul 
Published: November 2020

A state-of-the-art review of the human health risks associated with the reuse of wastewater effluent is presented. The subject is of much concern as the need for wastewater becomes more critical in the wake of worldwide shortages of good quality water.The subject of wastewater reuse has been a controversial subject during the last few decades due to the fear of harmful effects on human health and the environment. But recent technology relating to wastewater treatment methods has changed the outlook significantly.The article offers a broad review of the available data on wastewater treatment performance particularly relating to the removal of pathogenic agents. The areas specifically covered are: wastewater quality from various wastewater systems with respect to pathogens; available conventional and nonconventional wastewater treatment technologies; available laboratory methodologies for enumerating the pathogenic state of wastewater and their reliabilities; various methodologies of preuse disinfection of wastewater and their feasibility for practical use; and the pathogen survival rates in liquid water and various other media. The human health risks associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture are assessed at the present level of understanding and are discussed in detail. Areas that need further investigations are delineated.
Point-of-Use Monitoring for Ultrapure Water Applications in the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Frith Clifford 
Published: November 2020

Major improvements in water purification processes for the semiconductor industry have been reported over the past several years. Improved quality control testing programs have been instituted in major semiconductor facilities throughout the world. More recently, the quality of water produced at the central purification facility, as well as distribution for point-of-use (POU), has been verified with continuous on-line instrumentation versus the time-dependent lab analysis.
This presentation will document the most recent data for ultrapure water measurement at the POU, including the actual rinsing process. The data indicate that further research and development is required for improving the quality of the water in the actual rinsing process. In previous reports, the quality of water has not been monitored in the actual rinsing process and therefore information recorded is not complete. The pure water at the use point must he continuously monitored and verified for best results in the wafer rinsing process.
Infrared Sensor Calibration Facility
Authors: Hazen John , Scorsone L. 
Published: November 2020

The Boeing Infrared Sensor (BIRS) Calibration Facility represents a major capital investment by The Boeing Company in optical and infrared technology. The facility was designed and built for calibrating and testing new generation large aperture long wave infrared (LWIR) sensors, seekers, and related technologies. The capability exists to perform both radiometric and goniometric calibrations of large infrared sensors under simulated environmental operating conditions. The system is presently configured for endoatmospheric calibrations with a uniform background field that can be set to simulate the expected mission background levels. During calibration, the sensor under test is also exposed to expected mission temperatures and pressures within the test chamber. The facility could be converted for exoatmospheric testing.
The first major test runs in the facility were completed during 1989 with very satisfactory results. This paper will describe system configuration and hardware elements, and will address the modifications made to date.
Pitt-Des Moines. Inc. (PDM) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was the contractor for the turnkey design and construction of the test chambers and thermal vacuum systems. Hughes Danbury Optical Systems (formerly Perkin Elmer Optical Systems) was the hardware supplier for the optical hardware. The Boeing Company performed all optical assembly, integration, testing, and alignment on-site.
Flow Features to Control Thermally Induced Convection in a Vertical Laminar Flow Cleanroom
Authors: Nishioka Toshiaki 
Published: November 2020

This paper presents results of a flow simulation study of convection heat currents above a heat source in a vertical laminar flow (VLF) cleanroom as determined both experimentally and computationally. Typical clcanroom operations have numerous pieces of equipment that generate heat— thus the importanec of this study. The experiment was carried out in a full-scale mockup of a cleanroom. Temperature distributions above an electrical hot plate were measured for 12 airflow velocities and four heat source levels. The results showed that when the mean downward airflow velocity was 0.20 m/s or greater, the plume of heated air was completely suppressed and rose only 30 cm above the heat source. The relation between the convection current zone and the Richardson number was determined.
Computer models simulating the turbulent incompressible fluid flow in a Cartesian coordinate system were applid to analyze the three-dimensional heat currents inside the VLF cleanroom and to prediet the temperature and velocity distributions. The velocity distributions clearly indicated the magnitude of the area within which the heat current disturbed the vertical flow. Comparisons between the experimental findings and the calculated results provided significant information on how to apply the computer simulation to a practical design.
Latex Sphere Retention by Microporous Membranes in Liquid Filtration
Authors: Lee Jae-Keun , Liu Benjamin , Rubow Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

An experimental study of particulate matter retention by microporous membranes during liquid filtration has been conducted using 0.1, 0.22, 0.45, and 0.65-μm-rated hydrophilic and hydrophobic membrane filters. Retention measurements have been made with polystyrene latex spheres using an automated filter test system and a laser particle counter to measure the upstream and downstream particle concentration.
Particle filtration during loading tests was found to begin with a sieving dominant regime followed by a transition regime and a cake filtration regime as particles accumulate inside the filter pores and on the filter surface. For latex sphere sizes equal to the nominal pore size of the filter, the initial filter efficiencies ranged from 97 to 99.9 percent. Complete retention (&gt;99.9999999 percent) was achieved for a range of particle sizes two to three times the rated pore sizes of the filter. With the addition of a surfactant to the liquid, the retention was found to be lowered as a result of enhanced particle passage through the filter due to modified surface adsorption and steric stabilization. It was found that particle retention by sieving with the addition of surfactant provided the "worst-case" test for filter performance.
Measured Effects of Reduced Flow Velocity in a Laminar Flow Cleanroom
Authors: Carr Peter , Rapa Angelo , Fosnight William , Baseman Robert , Cooper Douglas 
Published: November 2020

Vertical laminar flow (VLF) cleanrooms generally operate with airflows between 60 feet per minute (fpm) and 110 fpm. Tests were performed to evaluate the effects on particle contamination levels when the airflow velocity in a FED-STD-209 Class 1 VLF cleanroom was reduced. The cleanroom normally operates at 90 fpm. Measurements of surface particle concentrations were made on settling monitor wafers and on wafers carried in an open cassette. Optical particle counters measured the airborne particle concentrations at several locations.
Results at 100 fpm and 50 fpm, respectively, for particles larger than or equal to 0.3 μm in optical equivalent diameter were −0.0002 and +0.0029 particles/sq cm/hr for the settling wafers and 0.009 and 0.024/sq cm total for the wafers carried for 5 hr in the open cassettes. Summary statistics are provided for the airborne and surface particle counts.
Deposition velocity is the ratio of surface deposition rate to airborne concentration. For the monitor wafers at the lower flow, the calculated particle deposition velocities were near 0.003 cm/sec, which is within the range expected from theory and experiments in the literature.
In vitro effect of four fungicides on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnosis on the Red Globe grape variety
Authors: López-Zapata Silvia Patricia , Castaño-Zapata Jairo 
Published: November 2020

Anthracnose is considered one of the most important diseases of grape crops. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro effect on potato dextrose agar (PDA) of four fungicides: benomyl (Benlate® 50 WP), carbendazim (Belico ® 500 SC), chlorothalonil (Odeon® 720 SC), and dodine (Syllit ® 400 SC) using three concentrations on a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate. This species complex causes anthracnose on the Red Globe grape variety. The concentrations of each fungicide were: benomyl at 0.5, 0.25, and 1 g.L-1; carbendazim at 0.6, 0.3, and 1.2 mL.L-1; chlorothalonil at 2.4, 1.2, and 4.8 mL.L-1, and dodine at 1.6, 0.8, and 3.2 mL.L-1. Evaluated the inhibition of mycelial growth and the sporulation of the fungus. The fungus mycelium exposed to the commercial dose of the fungicides was observed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). We used a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and five repetitions. Our results showed a degree of differential efficacy for the four fungicides and their effects were directly proportional to the dose used, benomyl and chlorothalonil being the most efficient in controlling the mycelial growth of the fungus. At the commercial dose, sporulation was inhibited at a higher rate by benomyl showing no statistically significant differences with the other products except chlorothalonil and dodine when the recommended dose was reduced by half. The damage observed by ESEM on the fungus mycelium ratified the effect obtained in vitro, i.e., deformed hyphae and irregular growth. The results of this study, complemented by electron microscopy, are promising for the appropriate selection of the best fungicides for controlling anthracnose on grape fruits, subject to the timely and correct diagnosis of the disease.
Criação de Inovação Local por Subsidiárias Estrangeiras a partir de Vantagens Específicas do Ambiente Subnacional
Authors: Rodrigues Cristina Doritta , Borini Felipe Mendes , Raziq Muhammad Mustafa , Ferreira Manuel Portugal 
Published: November 2020

Objetivo - O estudo objetiva examinar os efeitos dos fatores do ambiente subnacional brasileiro – a eficiência do ambiente competitivo subnacional e o embeddedness relacional em cada localidade subnacional - na criação de inovação local em subsidiárias estrangeiras. Método – A abordagem é quantitativa e a pesquisa baseia-se em dados primários coletados por meio de uma survey com 152 subsidiárias estrangeiras localizadas em treze Estados do Brasil e em dados secundários do World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Os dados são analisados por regressão linear múltipla. Principais resultados - Os resultados mostram que existe uma associação positiva e significante entre o ambiente competitivo subnacional e inovação local das subsidiárias. Entretanto, não é observada uma associação significativa entre o embeddedness externo subnacional e a inovação local. Além disso, os resultados mostram que as empresas que entram por meio de aquisições estão mais associadas à inovação local. Relevância/Originalidade - O estudo procura complementar o debate sobre o efeito do ambiente subnacional na inovação local das subsidiárias tendo como contexto o Brasil. A análise em nível subnacional considera a heterogeneidade institucional subnacional e revela variações que poderiam ser desconsideradas por uma análise de nível nacional. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Embora existam indícios do impacto do ambiente institucional na estratégia e inovação, este estudo no âmbito brasileiro avança em dois pontos. Primeiro, os estudos existentes analisam mercados desenvolvidos e mercados emergentes, porém esses últimos de forma pontual e numa realidade asiática, que apresenta uma considerável diferença do mercado latino americano e brasileiro, destacando-se as peculiaridades do ambiente subnacional brasileiro. Segundo, contribui para os estudos de Geografia Econômica reforçando que cada ambiente subnacional tem suas particularidades, conforme demonstrado na natureza das questões subnacionais no Brasil.Contribuições sociais / para a gestão: Em termos gerenciais, o estudo chama a atenção para a importância do conhecimento da dinâmica competitiva subnacional quanto à participação da economia informal e estende implicações para políticas públicas.
Legislatywa we francuskich systemach konstytucyjnych pierwszej połowy XIX wieku
Authors: Wiązek Paweł 
Published: November 2020

Legislation in French constitutional systems in the fi rst half of the 19th century after the fall of the First Empire
The author attempted to present and compare the formal and legal position of the legislature in three successive constitutions that were passed in France in the fi rst half of the 19th century. The subject of the researcher’s exploration has consequently become the provisions of two Bourbon Constitutional Charters (proclaimed in 1814 and 1830 respectively) and the Republican Constitution passed by the French National Assembly in 1848. The choice of the subject of interest allowed the author to use a variety of methodological instruments, among which the most extensive ones were the exegesis of the normative text and legal comparisons. This made it possible to formulate numerous comments, assessments and opinions, at least some of which can be considered polemical or directly debatable, which the Author not only avoided, but was undoubtedly aware of.

Die Legislative in den französischen verfassungsrechtlichen Systemen der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts nach dem Fall des Ersten Kaiserreiches
Der Autor versuchte in seinem Beitrag die formal-rechtliche Position der Legislative in den drei nacheinander folgenden Verfassungen, die in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts in Frankreich beschlossen wurden, zu schildern und zu vergleichen. Erforscht wurden daher die Bestimmungen zweier bourbonischer Charte constitutionnelle (erlassen entsprechend in den Jahren 1814 und 1830) und der republikanischen Verfassung, die durch die französische Nationalversammlung im Jahre 1848 angenommen wurde. Der gewählte Forschungsgegenstand ermöglichte dem Autor, unterschiedliche methodologische Instrumente zu nutzen, die breiteste Anwendung fanden die Exegese des normativen Textes und die rechtliche Komparatistik. Folglich konnten zahlreiche Bemerkungen, Beurteilungen und Ansichten formuliert werden, einige davon sind polemisch andere sogar diskutabel. Der Autor hat es nicht nur nicht gemieden, sondern das war seine bewusste Wahl der Aussagemittel.
Przestępstwa przeciwko zrzeszeniom prawa publicznego w projekcie kodeksu karnego Komisji Kodyfi kacyjnej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Authors: Pasek Andrzej 
Published: November 2020

Off ences against public law associations in the draft Criminal Code of the Codifi cation Commission of the Republic of Poland
The article examines the work in the criminal law section of the Codifi cation Commission of the Republic of Poland on the construction of the factual circumstances of off ences against public law associations. The analysis is based on the papers delivered during a meeting of the section by Wacław Makowski and Juliusz Makarewicz. The proposals presented in them were used in the fi nal version of Chapter XIX of the draft Polish Criminal Code. The author demonstrates that the construction of the off ences in question was shaped by in-depth discussions within the criminal law section. Their objective was to create a modern form of protection of public law associations in the Criminal Code.

Straftaten gegen Vereinigungen öff entlichen Rechtes in dem Entwurf des Strafgesetzbuches der Kodifi kationskommission der Republik Polen
In der Bearbeitung wurde der Ablauf der Arbeit in der Sektion Strafrecht der Kodifi kationskommission der Republik Polen betreff end die Konstruktion der Sachverhalte der Straftaten gegen die Vereinigungen öff entlichen Rechtes geschildert. Gegenstand der Diskussion und der Analyse stellten die Referate dar, die während der Beratungen der Sektion durch die Herren Wacław Makowski und Juliusz Makarewicz vorgetragen wurden. Ihre Vorschläge wurden bei der endgültigen Ausgestaltung des Kapitels 19. des Entwurfes des polnischen Strafgesetzbuches angewandt. Es wurde bewiesen, dass vertiefte Überlegungen im Rahmen der Sektion für Strafrecht der Konstruktion der besprochenen Straftaten zugrunde lagen. Sie verfolgten das Ziel, den Schutz der Vereinigungen öff entlichen Rechtes im Strafgesetzbuch modern zu erfassen.