bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal movement in pastoralist populations and implications for pathogen spread and control
Authors: Omondi George P. , Obanda Vincent , VanderWaal Kimberly , Deen John , Travis Dominic A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInfectious diseases are one of the most important constraints to livestock agriculture, and hence food, nutritional and economic security in developing countries. In any livestock system, the movement of animals is key to production and sustainability. This is especially true in pastoralist systems where animal movement occurs for a myriad of social, ecological, economic and management reasons. Understanding the dynamics of livestock movement within an ecosystem is important for disease surveillance and control, yet there is limited data available on the dynamics of animal movement in such populations. The aim of this study was to investigate animal transfer networks in a pastoralist community in Kenya, and assess network-based strategies for disease control. We used network analysis to characterize five types of animal transfer networks and evaluated implications of these networks for disease control through quantifying topological changes in the network because of targeted or random removal of nodes. To construct these networks, data were collected using a standardized questionnaire (N=164 households) from communities living within the Maasai Mara Ecosystem in southwestern Kenya. The median livestock movement distance for agistment (dry season grazing) was 39.49 kilometers (22.03-63.49 km), while that for gift, bride price, buying and selling were 13.97 km (0-40.30 km), 30.75 km (10.02-66.03 km), 31.14 km (17.56-59.08 km), and 33.21 km (17.78-58.49 km), respectively. Our analyses show that the Maasai Mara National Reserve, a protected area, was critical for maintaining connectivity in the agistment network. In addition, villages closer to the Maasai Mara National Reserve were regularly used for dry season grazing. In terms of disease control, targeted removal of highly connected village nodes was more effective at fragmenting each network than random removal of nodes, indicating that network-based targeting of interventions such as vaccination could potentially disrupt transmission pathways and reduce pathogen circulation in the ecosystem. In conclusion, this work shows that animal movements have the potential to shape patterns of disease transmission and control in this ecosystem. Further, we show that targeted control is a more practical and efficient measure for disease control.
Co-expression analysis is biased by a mean-correlation relationship
Authors: Wang Yi , Hicks Stephanie C. , Hansen Kasper D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEstimates of correlation between pairs of genes in co-expression analysis are commonly used to construct networks among genes using gene expression data. Here, we show that the distribution of such correlations depend on the expression level of the involved genes, which we refer to this as amean-correlation relationshipin RNA-seq data, both bulk and single-cell. This dependence introduces a bias in co-expression analysis whereby highly expressed genes are more likely to be highly correlated. Such a relationship is not observed in protein-protein interaction data, suggesting that it is not reflecting biology. Ignoring this bias can lead to missing potentially biologically relevant pairs of genes that are lowly expressed, such as transcription factors. To address this problem, we introduce spatial quantile normalization (SpQN), a method for normalizing local distributions in a correlation matrix. We show that spatial quantile normalization removes the mean-correlation relationship and corrects the expression bias in network reconstruction.
Trophic guild and forest type explain phyllostomid bat abundance variation from human habitat disturbance
Authors: Carballo-Morales Jorge D. , Saldaña-Vázquez Romeo A. , Villalobos Federico 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe loss of tropical forest cover caused by land-use change is causing a reduction in functional groups, such as trophic guilds. Phyllostomid bats (family Phyllostomidae) are essential in the Neotropics since they occupy up to six trophic guilds, and are pollinators, seed dispersers, and regulators of vertebrate and invertebrate populations. In this study, a series of meta-analyses were performed in order to analyse their response to habitat disturbance. Data were obtained through a comprehensive literature review whereby we measured the abundance of phyllostomid bats in disturbed habitats and conserved forests. We found that the abundance of phytophagous bats depends on the type of habitat disturbance and the type of forest where it occurs. On the other hand, animal-feeding bats reduce their abundance in any disturbed habitat regardless of disturbance type and forest type. No phylogenetic signal was found in the response of bats to habitat disturbance, nor was the response found to be dependent on the type of crop, the age of the secondary forest, or the distance to a conserved forest. These results demonstrate that feeding and the type of forest where the disturbance occurs are important aspects to understand the reduction of animal populations in the face of habitat destruction processes. This has implications on the conservation of species and their function in ecosystems.Highlights⍰ No phylogenetic signal was found in the abundance of bats in disturbed habitats.⍰ The abundance of bats in disturbed habitats depends on the trophic guild.⍰ Forest altitude influences the abundance of bats in disturbed habitats.⍰ Animal-feeding bats reduced their abundance in disturbed habitats regardless of disturbance type and forest type.
Quantitative assessment of pain threshold induced by a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Tani Keisuke , Hirata Akimasa , Tanaka Satoshi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is commonly used in basic research to evaluate human brain function. Although scalp pain is a side effect, no studies have quantitatively assessed the TMS intensity threshold for inducing pain and whether sensitivity to TMS-induced pain differs between sexes.MethodsWe measured pain thresholds when single-pulse TMS was applied over either Broca’s area (BA) or left primary motor cortex (M1). We compared these thresholds with motor threshold for inducing motor evoked potential (MEP) through M1 stimulation. We also compared pain thresholds for BA and M1 between males and females.ResultsPain thresholds for both sites were significantly lower than motor threshold. Further, the pain threshold for BA was much lower than that for M1. No significant difference was observed between sexes.ConclusionThe results suggest that TMS at an intensity equivalent to motor thresholds, which is often used in experimental or clinical studies, causes slight scalp pain.SignificanceExperimental designs using TMS to evaluate functional relationships between brain and behaviors should consider scalp pain and reduce its likelihood as much as possible.HighlightsWe investigated pain thresholds induced by a single-pulse TMS over the head.Pain thresholds for TMS over Broca’s area (BA) and primary motor cortex (M1) were much lower than motor threshold.No significant differences in the pain thresholds were observed between sexes.
Gut carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes in women exposed to small-scale poultry farms in rural Uganda: a feasibility study
Authors: Weil Ana A. , Debela Meti D. , Muyanja Daniel M. , Kakuhikire Bernard , Baguma Charles , Bangsberg David R. , Tsai Alexander C. , Lai Peggy S. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundAntibiotic use as growth promoters for livestock is presumed to be a major contributor to the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in humans, yet data evaluating AMR patterns in the setting of animal exposure are limited to observational studies that do not capture data from prior to livestock introduction.MethodsWe performed a feasibility study by recruiting a subset of women in a delayed-start randomized controlled trial of small-scale chicken farming in order to examine the prevalence of clinically-relevant AMR genes. Stool samples were obtained at baseline and one year from five intervention women who received chickens at the start of the study, six control women who did not receive chickens until the end of the study, and from chickens provided to the control group at the end of the study. Stool was screened for 87 clinically significant AMR genes using a commercially available qPCR array (Qiagen).ResultsChickens harbored 23 AMR genes from classes also found in humans as well as vancomycin and additional β-lactamase resistance genes. After one year of exposure to chickens, six new AMR genes were detected in controls and seven new AMR genes were detected in the intervention group. Women who had direct contact with the chickens sampled in the study had greater similarities in AMR resistance gene patterns to chickens than those who did not have direct contact with chickens sampled (p = 0.006). There was a trend towards increased similarity in AMR gene patterns with chickens at one year (p = 0.12).ConclusionsChickens and humans in this study harbored AMR genes from many antimicrobial classes at both baseline and follow up timepoints. Studies designed to evaluate human AMR genes in the setting of animal exposure should account for high baseline AMR rates, and consider collecting concomitant animal samples, human samples, and environmental samples over time to determine the directionality and source of AMR genes.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT02619227
Spatial orientation based on multiple visual cues in monarch butterflies
Authors: Franzke Myriam , Kraus Christian , Dreyer David , Pfeiffer Keram , Beetz M. Jerome , Stöckl Anna L. , Foster James J. , Warrant Eric J. , Jundi Basil el 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMonarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are prominent for their annual long-distance migration from North America to its overwintering area in Central Mexico. To find their way on this long journey, they use a sun compass as their main orientation reference but will also adjust their migratory direction with respect to mountain ranges. This indicates that the migratory butterflies also attend to the panorama to guide their travels. Here we studied if non-migrating butterflies - that stay in a more restricted area to feed and breed - also use a similar compass system to guide their flights. Performing behavioral experiments on tethered flying butterflies in an indoor LED flight simulator, we found that the monarchs fly along straight tracks with respect to a simulated sun. When a panoramic skyline was presented as the only orientation cue, the butterflies maintained their flight direction only during short sequences suggesting that they potentially use it for flight stabilization. We further found that when we presented the two cues together, the butterflies register both cues in their compass. Taken together, we here show that non-migrating monarch butterflies can combine multiple visual cues for robust orientation, an ability that may also aid them during their migration.SummaryNon-migrating butterflies keep directed courses when viewing a simulated sun or panoramic scene. This suggest that they orient based on multiple visual cues independent of their migratory context.
Golgi-localized exo-β1,3-galactosidases involved in AGP modification and root cell expansion in Arabidopsis
Authors: Nibbering Pieter , Petersen Bent L. , Motawia Mohammed Saddik , Jørgensen Bodil , Ulvskov Peter , Niittylä Totte 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPlant arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a diverse group of cell surface- and wall-associated glycoproteins. Functionally important AGP glycans are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, but the relationships between their glycosylation, processing, and functionality are poorly understood. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of two Golgi-localized exo-β-1,3-galactosidases from the glycosyl hydrolase 43 (GH43) family inArabidopsis thaliana.GH43loss of function mutants exhibit root cell expansion defects in sugar-containing growth media. This root phenotype is associated with an increase in the extent of AGP cell wall association, as demonstrated by Yariv phenylglycoside dye quantification and comprehensive microarray polymer profiling of sequentially extracted cell walls. Recombinant GH43 characterization showed that the exo-β-1,3-galactosidase activity of GH43s is hindered by β-1,6 branches on β-1,3-galactans. In line with this steric hindrance, the recombinant GH43s did not release galactose from cell wall extracted glycoproteins or AGP rich gum arabic. These results show that Arabidopsis GH43s are involved in AGP glycan biosynthesis in the Golgi, and suggest their exo-β-1,3-galactosidase activity influences AGP and cell wall matrix interactions, thereby adjusting cell wall extensibility.
The Neural Basis for a Persistent Internal State inDrosophilaFemales
Authors: Deutsch David , Pacheco Diego A. , Encarnacion-Rivera Lucas J. , Pereira Talmo , Fathy Ramie , Calhoun Adam , Ireland Elise C. , Burke Austin T. , Dorkenwald Sven , McKellar Claire , Macrina Thomas , Lu Ran , Lee Kisuk , Kemnitz Nico , Ih Dodam , Castro Manuel , Halageri Akhilesh , Jordan Chris , Silversmith William , Wu Jingpeng , Seung H. Sebastian , Murthy Mala 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSustained changes in mood or action require persistent changes in neural activity, but it has been difficult to identify and characterize the neural circuit mechanisms that underlie persistent activity and contribute to long-lasting changes in behavior. Here, we focus on changes in the behavioral state ofDrosophilafemales that persist for minutes following optogenetic activation of a single class of central brain neurons termed pC1. We find that female pC1 neurons drive a variety of persistent behaviors in the presence of males, including increased receptivity, shoving, and chasing. By reconstructing cells in a volume electron microscopic image of the female brain, we classify 7 different pC1 cell types and, using cell type specific driver lines, determine that one of these, pC1-Alpha, is responsible for driving persistent female shoving and chasing. Using calcium imaging, we locate sites of minutes-long persistent neural activity in the brain, which include pC1 neurons themselves. Finally, we exhaustively reconstruct all synaptic partners of a single pC1-Alpha neuron, and find recurrent connectivity that could support the persistent neural activity. Our work thus links minutes-long persistent changes in behavior with persistent neural activity and recurrent circuit architecture in the female brain.
Do more experienced critics review differently?
Authors: Corciolani Matteo , Grayson Kent , Humphreys Ashlee 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
Cultural intermediaries define the standards many consumers use when evaluating cultural products. Yet, little research has focused on whether cultural intermediaries may systematically differ from each other with regard to the standards they emphasize. The purpose of this paper is to build on Bourdieu’s theory of cultural production to examine how the type of subfield reviewed and/or the cultural intermediary’s expertise (or “field-specific cultural capital”) affect the standards an intermediary uses.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper employed a computer-aided content analysis of the full corpus of “Rolling Stone” music album reviews (1967-2014).

Findings
Critics with lower field-specific cultural capital reflect the same logic as the subfield they are critiquing. Critics with higher field-specific cultural capital reflect the opposite logic.

Research limitations/implications
Bourdieu was ambivalent about whether cultural intermediaries will reflect the logic of a subfield. Results show that the answer depends on the intermediary’s field-specific cultural capital. The results also reinforce previous findings that individuals with high field-specific cultural capital are more likely to break with the logic of a field.

Practical implications
Not all intermediaries are created equal. Producers and consumers who rely on cultural intermediaries should understand the intermediary’s critical analysis within the context of his/her experience.

Originality/value
This is one of the first studies to examine how a cultural intermediary’s field-specific cultural capital impacts his or her work. The findings are based on a large review sample and include reviewers’ analyses as they developed from having lower to higher field-specific cultural capital.
Drivers of employee engagement: differences by work area and gender
Authors: Khodakarami Nima , Dirani Khalil 
Published: February 2020

PurposePrevious studies have not integrated the impact of the area of study into the notion of employee engagement. The purpose of this study is to empirically measure the association between employee engagement and the two antecedent factors of perceived organizational support (POS) and employee loyalty across different areas of study.Design/methodology/approachA nationally representative survey of 2,408 adults in the USA collected by the worker representation and participation survey (WRPS) was used. A multinomial logit regression was used to estimate the impact of POS and loyalty across different areas of study.FindingsThe findings of this study consistent with the previous studies showed that POS and employee loyalty are positively and significantly associated with employee engagement. This study found by a decline in the level of support from a “lot of support” to “somewhat support,” the degree of engagement declines by about 50 per cent. Further, it found that the level of engagement changes across different areas of study. For instance, professional and skilled workers are more engaged compared to other groups of workers. The findings were similar for the variables of loyalty to supervisors and loyalty to organizations. Moreover, the findings showed that conditioned on being loyal, women are more engaged than men.Originality/valueThis is the first study that uses WRPS to understand how the level of engagement varies across different kinds of study.
Sales training and ICT: a literature review
Authors: Torres Hector Augusto , Chiappe Andres , Segovia Yasbley 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify in the specialized literature published in the past 20 years about sales training, some elements or key factors that could be applied to the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a support for the learning of the detection of business opportunities.Design/methodology/approachThis is a study of a documentary nature in which a method of systematic literature review was applied to 132 studies published in journals indexed in Scopus and Scielo on sales training processes. The analysis of the data combined a process of categorization and frequencies statistical analysis.FindingsThe results highlight the role of ICT and specifically the use of mobile devices to support the strengthening of training in sales in terms of relationship, opportunity and flexibility in communication with the client, the construction of positive emotional environments and experiential/situated training.Originality/valueThe originality of this study lies in the extraction and interpretation of key factors focused on addressing a guiding question about the relationships between the use of ICT and sales training.
A comprehensive study of manifests in lean manufacturing implementation and framing an administering model
Authors: Basu Protik , Dan Pranab K. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to review and conceptualize a holistic framework for lean manufacturing (LM) implementation, enabling the manufacturing industries to administer the implementation process successfully toward organizational development and customer satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach
An extensive literature survey on the input and output manifests of lean production is carried out. An attempt is made to build an exhaustive list of all the technical and human inputs necessary for LM implementation, coupled with a similar exhaustive list of the benefits accrued from its successful implementation. The determinants and outcomes of successful LM implementation are further mapped onto 11 distinct input latent constructs and 3 distinct output latent constructs, respectively.

Findings
A conceptual structural model for administering LM implementation is framed based on the manifests considered in the literature.

Research limitations/implications
The model conceptualized in this study may be treated as a guide for successful LM implementation in a manufacturing enterprise.

Practical implications
This research is expected to provide further insights for lean implementation and will be very helpful to integrate the lean principles, tools and benefits into a unified coherent complete manufacturing system.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is one of the very first research studies to have a comprehensive all-inclusive study of the input and output variables for LM implementation. It intends to bridge the gap between theory and practice and has come up with a comprehensive framework which will aid the lean practitioners toward successful LM implementation, as well as, assist them in assessing the effect of implementation.
Operating room effectiveness: a lean health-care performance indicator
Authors: Souza Thiago A. , Roehe Vaccaro Guilherme Luís , Lima Rui M. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose
Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a performance indicator that is been used to measure manufacturing productivity. The purpose of this paper is to propose the operating room effectiveness for hospital operating rooms (ORs), adapted from the OEE, to measure performance and identify losses based on lean health-care principles.

Design/methodology/approach
The present study is an exploratory, descriptive and applied research work. Literature review, documents of the hospital, observation and interviews with employees of a large university hospital in southern Brazil were analyzed to organize the proposed effectiveness indicator. After that, historical data of the ORs was collected and the usefulness of the indicator was analyzed. The indicator was applied for 10 months and validated with an expert committee from the hospital.

Findings
The present study describes an adaptation of a performance indicator to ORs of hospitals, allowing to classify its types of operational losses in a lean health-care context. The application of this indicator and the development of improvement actions to a university hospital, resulted in operational efficiency gains of 12 per cent and estimated annual savings of US$400,000.

Practical implications
ORs are a critical service for hospitals. This paper presents a new way to measure the performance of ORs and identify their main types of wastes. It also shows how to implement it and the potential gains of its application. The main research limitations are related to technical analysis of care data from doctors and nurses involved.

Originality/value
This paper fulfills the need to study how ORs performance can be measured and its operational wastes can be identified. In addition, this paper classifies the planning, performance and quality related losses, which can be used by researchers and practitioners to improve the performance of operation rooms.