bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of alkyl side chain on the photostability and optoelectronic properties of indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐alt‐naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐ c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole medium bandgap copolymers
Authors: An Lili , Tong Junfeng , Yang Chunyan , Zhao Xu , Wang Xunchang , Xia Yangjun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThree donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) type alternating conjugated polymers, namely PIDTT‐DTNT‐C16, PIDTT‐DTNT‐HD and PIDTT‐DTNT‐OD bearing the same backbone of indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (IDTT) as the D unit and naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (NT) as the A moiety but with different flexible side chain (n‐hexadecyl (C16), 2‐hexyldecyl (HD) and 2‐octyldodecyl (OD)) substituted thiophene employed as π‐bridges, were synthesized and characterized. The effects of the side chain on absorption, photostability, energy levels, aggregation, backbone conformation, morphology and photovoltaic properties were systematically investigated. Because moderate D and strong A units were selected to construct the polymer backbone, a medium optical bandgap (ca. 1.66 eV) and low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital energy level (EHOMO ≈ −5.36 V), thus resulting in a relatively higher open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.80–0.83 V, were achieved. It was found that the side chain gave rise to an insignificant impact on absorption, aggregation and photostability in chlorobenzene solution and energy levels but a non‐negligible influence on absorption, photostability and aggregation behavior in the film state. It was found that PIDTT‐DTNT‐C16 with the densest and most ordered packing structure exhibited the best photostability. Inverted bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells based on PIDTT‐DTNT‐HD:PC61BM ([6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) showed at least a 1.5‐fold increase in power conversion efficiency, chiefly originating from its slightly improved absorption, more balanced μh/μe ratio and favorable morphology of the active layer as a result of incorporating branched HD side chains into the IDTT‐alt‐DTNT backbone. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Broad‐ and narrow‐sense validity performance of three polygenic risk score methods for prostate cancer risk assessment
Authors: Yu Hongjie , Shi Zhuqing , Lin Xiaoling , Bao Quanwa , Jia Haifei , Wei Jun , Helfand Brian T. , Zheng Siqun. L. , Duggan David , Lu Daru , Mo Zengnan , Xu Jianfeng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundSeveral polygenic risk score (PRS) methods are available for measuring the cumulative effect of multiple risk‐associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Their performance in predicting risk at the individual level has not been well studied.MethodsWe compared the performance of three PRS methods for prostate cancer risk assessment in a clinical trial cohort, including genetic risk score (GRS), pruning and thresholding (P + T), and linkage disequilibrium prediction (LDpred). Performance was evaluated for score deciles (broad‐sense validity) and score values (narrow‐sense validity).ResultsA training process was required to identify the best P + T model (397 SNPs) and LDpred model (3 011 362 SNPs). In contrast, GRS was directly calculated based on 110 established risk‐associated SNPs. For broad‐sense validity in the testing population, higher deciles were significantly associated with higher observed risk; Ptrend was 7.40 × 10−11, 7.64 × 10−13, and 7.51 × 10−10 for GRS, P + T, and LDpred, respectively. For narrow‐sense validity, the calibration slope (1 is best) was 1.03, 0.77, and 0.87, and mean bias score (0 is best) was 0.09, 0.21, and 0.10 for GRS, P + T, and LDpred, respectively.ConclusionsThe performance of GRS was better than P + T and LDpred. Fewer and well‐established SNPs of GRS also make it more feasible and interpretable for genetic testing at the individual level.
Theoretical insight into the magnetic circular dichroism of uranium N6,7‐edge X‐ray absorption
Authors: Ramanantoanina Harry , Gruden Maja 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe use ligand‐field density functional theory to determine the electronic structure and to model magnetic circular dichroism in the X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of uranium compounds. This study extends earlier work on tetravalent uranium ion, in which a model Hamiltonian was set up in order to study electronic structure with three nonequivalent 4f, 5f, and 6d electrons. In the earlier work, the model Hamiltonian took into consideration the interelectron repulsion, spin‐orbit coupling interaction, and ligand‐field splitting. Uranium N6,7‐edge XAS spectra were calculated on the basis of the 5f2 → 4f135f26d1 electron transition, showing spectral profiles that were mainly dominated by 4f electron spin‐orbit coupling, as well as 6d ligand‐field splitting. Fine structures were also observed due to the interelectronic repulsion between 4f‐5f, 4f‐6d, and 5f‐6d electrons. Here, the theoretical study is extended to take into consideration the presence of an external magnetic field, incorporating into the model Hamiltonian for three‐open‐shell electron configuration a term for Zeeman interaction. Therefore, we are able to model spectra with a left‐circularly and right‐circularly polarized X‐ray, demonstrating evidence of X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) for a tetravalent U4+ ion in the molecular (U(η8‐C8H8)2) complex. The XMCD originates from a ground‐state electronic structure with open‐shell 5f electrons. Furthermore, the present calculation of uranium N6,7‐edge XAS and XMCD spectra also enables the ligand‐field bonding analysis of the coordination compound.
“HOT” Alkaline Hydrolysis of Amorphous MOF Microspheres to Produce Ultrastable Bimetal Hydroxide Electrode with Boosted Cycling Stability
Authors: Zhang Haobing , Xu Ben , Mei Hao , Mei Yingjie , Zhang Shiyu , Yang Zhendong , Xiao Zhenyu , Kang Wenpei , Sun Daofeng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNickel/cobalt hydroxide is a promising battery‐type electrode material for supercapacitors. However, its low cycle stability hinders further applications. Herein, Ni0.7Co0.3(OH)2 core–shell microspheres exhibiting extreme‐prolonged cycling life are successfully synthesized, employing Ni‐Co‐metal–organic framework (MOF) as the precursor/template and a specific hydrolysis strategy. The Ni‐Co‐MOF and KOH aqueous solution are separated and heated to 120 °C before mixing, rather than mixing before heating. Through this hydrolysis strategy, no MOF residual exists in the product, contributing to close stacking of the hydroxide nanoflakes to generate Ni0.7Co0.3(OH)2 microspheres with a robust core–shell structure. The electrode material exhibits high specific capacity (945 C g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) and unprecedented cycling performance (100% after 10 000 cycles). The fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 40.14 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400.56 W kg−1 and excellent cycling stability (100% after 20 000 cycles). As far as is known, it is the best cycling performance for pure Ni/Co(OH)2.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Lignin‐Rich Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Corncob Residues and Its Adsorption of Cu(II) Ions
Authors: Wang Xiao , Wang Shanyong , Liu Wei , Wang Yu , Hou Qingxi , Wang Junhao , Jin Mengchen , Li Jinsong , Chen Yangyang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe utilization of agricultural residues to produce bio‐based fuels, chemicals, and new materials is essential for the sustainable development of human society. Corncob residues are potential feedstocks to produce fermentable sugars because of their high cellulose content. The enzymatically hydrolyzed corncob residues containing a large amount of lignin are first explored as raw material to prepare activated carbon by chemical activation. In this study, the conditions for preparing activated carbon with CaCl2 are optimized and compared with other activators; the activated carbon are characterized by FTIR, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and SEM, as well as adsorption of Cu(II). The optimized conditions of preparing activated carbon from lignin‐rich enzymatically hydrolyzed corncob residues with CaCl2 are obtained. The as‐prepared activated carbon exhibit good adsorption capacity of Cu(II), that is, the adsorption capacity is up to 49.21 mg g−1 under the optimized conditions.
Model of Retrogradation of Extruded Potato Starch
Authors: Tomaszewska‐Ciosk Ewa , Zdybel Ewa , Drożdż Wioletta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStarch pastes represent unstable systems which tend to retrograde during storage. Starch recrystallisation increases gel hardness and releases entrapped water. This causes undesirable changes in the stability and texture of the whole product. This study aims to analyze the degree and rate of retrogradation. In addition, an attempt is undertaken to fit a retrogradation model for pastes prepared from starches with various granule sizes and subjected to a single or double extrusion process. Pastes prepared from double‐extruded starch are characterized by a lower degree of degradation compared to those made of non‐extruded and single‐extruded starches, and this decrease in degradation extent depends on extrusion process temperature. The degree of starch retrogradation in pastes increases along with greater diameters of starch granules. This is associated with granule size not only because of contents of amylose and amylopectin fractions in the granules but also because of the difference between their mean volumetric diameters.
Why is state‐centered groundwater governance largely ineffective? A review
Authors: Molle François , Closas Alvar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFaced with severe groundwater depletion, many governments have opted to increase the power of the state. Despite calls for more inclusive governance and a role for groundwater users, modes of governance have tended to continue to rely on a diversity of policy tools and state‐run strategies in the attempt to control groundwater (over)abstraction. Yet, around the world, the performance of state‐centered governance has remained dismal. Beyond common difficulties in terms of data and financial or human resources, this article analyzes in greater depth the limited effectiveness of state groundwater policies that has been observed, emphasizing its political ramifications. The various aspects of weak monitoring and enforcement, as well as of the infamous “lack of political will,” are considered from the perspective of the political economy of groundwater economies. Cases of relative success are then used to identify favorable drivers and contexts for effective state‐centered groundwater governance.This article is categorized under:
Human Water > Water Governance
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Prognostic Significance of Hiatal Hernia in Patients with Gastric Cancer Located within the Upper‐Third of the Stomach
Authors: Maruyama Suguru , Kawaguchi Yoshihiko , Akaike Hidenori , Shiraishi Kensuke , Saito Ryo , Shimizu Hiroki , Furuya Shinji , Hosomura Naohiro , Amemiya Hidetake , Kawaida Hiromichi , Sudo Makoto , Inoue Shingo , Kono Hiroshi , Ichikawa Daisuke 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundGastric cancers located within the upper‐third of the stomach (UGC), especially the esophagogastric junction GC (EGJGC), have distinct clinicopathological features due to their potential for multidirectional lymphatic spread. In this study, we investigated the clinical significance of hiatal hernias (HH) in patients with UGC, including EGJGC.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we assessed status of HH in 147 patients with UGC who underwent curative resection at our hospital and examined the correlation between the presence of HH (+) and multiple clinicopathological factors.ResultsThirty‐four patients (23%) were HH (+). However, we found no significant correlation between HH (+) and clinicopathological factors. HH (+) patients frequently developed lymph node recurrences. Prognosis was significantly better in patients with UGC and HH (−), compared to those with UGC and HH (+). Similarly, EGJGC patients who were HH (−) showed superior survival compared to HH (+) patients. Multivariate analysis found that the HH (+) (p = 0.004), histological type (p = 0.029), and nodal stage (p = 0.034) were independent prognostic factors.ConclusionsThe presence of HH might affect lymphatic spread of tumor cells, and consequently prognosis of patients with UGC. Therefore, special attention is needed in developing surgical and postoperative strategies for such patients with UGC who are HH (+).
Improving Capacity Development for Threatened Maritime and Marine Cultural Heritage Through the Evaluation of a Parameter Framework
Authors: Recinos Katherine , Blue Lucy 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMaritime cultural heritage is under increasing threat around the world, facing damage, destruction, and disappearance. Despite attempts to mitigate these threats, maritime cultural heritage is often not addressed to the same extent or with equal resources. One approach that can be applied towards protecting and conserving threatened cultural heritage, and closing this gap, is capacity development. This paper addresses the question of how capacity development can be improved and adapted for the protection of maritime cultural heritage under threat. It asserts that capacity development for maritime cultural heritage can be improved by gaining a more comprehensive and structured understanding of capacity development initiatives through applying a consistent framework for evaluation and analysis. This allows for assessment and reflection on previous or ongoing initiatives, leading to the implementation of more effective initiatives in the future. In order to do this, a model for classifying initiatives by ten parameters is proposed. It is then applied to a number of case studies featuring initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa region. This is followed by a discussion of how conclusions and themes drawn from the examination and evaluation of the case study initiatives can provide a deeper understanding of capacity development efforts, and an analysis of how the parameter model as a framework can aid in improving capacity development for threatened maritime cultural heritage overall.
Visual autoethnography and international security: Insights from the Korean DMZ
Authors: Bleiker Roland 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to introduce and explore the political potential of visual autoethnography. I do so through my experience of working as a Swiss Army officer in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Drawing on my own photographs I examine how an appreciation of everyday aesthetic sensibilities can open up new ways of thinking about security dilemmas. I argue that visual autoethnography can be insightful not because it offers better or even authentic views – it cannot – but because it has the potential to reveal how prevailing political discourses are so widely rehearsed and accepted that we no longer see their partial, political, and often problematic nature. I illustrate this potential in two ways: (1) how a self-reflective engagement with my own photographs of the DMZ reveals the deeply entrenched role of militarised masculinities; (2) how my positionality and my photographs of everyday life in North Korea show that prevailing security discourses are highly particular and biased, even though they are used to justify seemingly objective policy decisions.
Recognizing Levels of Justification: To Add or to Subtract
Authors: Fumerton Richard 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper I explore the idea of developing something like Sosa's influential distinction betweencognitioandscientia(animal knowledge and reflective knowledge) to epistemic justification. On the assumption that we should, I explore the question of whether we should do so by either (1) beginning with a really basic, intellectually undemanding kind of justification, recognizing more sophisticated intellectually rewarding justification by layering more demanding requirements on that basic sort, or (2) beginning with an ideal sort of justification and recognizing less demanding sorts of justification by stripping away conditions from that ideal justification.
Aiming at Aptness
Authors: Schechter Joshua 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses Ernest Sosa's account of knowledge and epistemic normativity. The paper has two main parts. The first part identifies places where Sosa's account requires supplementation if it is going to capture important epistemic phenomena. In particular, additional theoretical resources are needed to explain (i) the way in which epistemic aims are genuinely good aims, and (ii) the way in which some forms of reasoning can be epistemically better than others even when they are equally conducive to attaining the truth. The second part focuses on Sosa's claim that there is a kind of belief – judgmental belief – that doesn't merely aim at truth but also aims at aptness, and that this kind of belief is central to our mental lives. The paper raises several concerns about this part of Sosa's account, including the concern that aiming at aptness is overly self-directed, and so is more closely tied to vice than epistemic virtue.
A diagram for inequalities of symmetric functions
Authors: Dolan Stan 
Published: October 2019

Consider the problem of proving that, for any positive numbers x, y and z,

$${\rm{9 (}}{{\rm{x}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ + }}{{\rm{y}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ + }}{{\rm{z}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{) }} \ge {\rm{ (x + y + z}}{{\rm{)}}^{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ }}{\rm{.}}$$
This is an example of a type of inequality that frequently occurs in Olympiad-style problems, [1]. These problems may involve symmetric functions of more or fewer variables than the three used here. However, three variables are commonly used and appear to give appropriately difficult problems without making excessive computational demands.
Dual Citizenship inDe FactoStates: Comparative Case Study of Abkhazia and Transnistria
Authors: Ganohariti Ramesh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe contested nature ofde factostates and their acceptance of dual citizenship results in the overlap of multiple citizenship regimes, leading to individuals living inde factostates possessing multiple citizenship statuses. Using the Most Similar Systems Design, this article explores the factors that influence the (divergent) citizenship regimes of Abkhazia and Transnistria; the former allows dual citizenship only with Russia, while the latter places no restrictions. The primary reason for the adoption of dual citizenship is for pragmatic reasons, as the secondary citizenship can compensate for the lack of benefits (such as international travel, diplomatic protection) afforded by thede factostate’s citizenship. This said, having an ethnicized national identity, in contrast to a civic (state-centered) national identity, can produce (dual) citizenship laws that give preferential treatment to the titular group and its diaspora. Additionally, the influence exerted by the patron state (Russia) and the severity of the conflict with the parent state (Georgia/Moldova) influences dual citizenship in becoming conditional and thus more exclusive.
Perceiving isn't believing: Divergence in levels of sociolinguistic awareness
Authors: McGowan Kevin B. , Babel Anna M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe influence of social knowledge on speech perception is a question of interest to a range of disciplines of language research. This study combines experimental and qualitative approaches to investigate whether the various methodological and disciplinary threads of research on this topic are truly investigating the same phenomenon to provide converging evidence in our understanding of social listening. This study investigates listeners’ perceptions of Spanish and Quechua speakers speaking Spanish in the context of a contact zone between these two languages and their speakers in central Bolivia. The results of a pair of matched-guise vowel discrimination tasks and subsequent interviews demonstrate that what peopleperceive, as measured by experimental tasks, is not necessarily what theybelievethey hear, as reported in narrative responses to interview prompts. Multiple methodological approaches must be employed in order to fully understand the way that we perceive language at diverging levels of sociolinguistic awareness. (Perception, sociophonetics, sociolinguistics, awareness, Andean Spanish)
A relational logic for higher-order programs
Authors: AGUIRRE ALEJANDRO , BARTHE GILLES , GABOARDI MARCO , GARG DEEPAK , STRUB PIERRE-YVES 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRelational program verification is a variant of program verification where one can reason about two programs and as a special case about two executions of a single program on different inputs. Relational program verification can be used for reasoning about a broad range of properties, including equivalence and refinement, and specialized notions such as continuity, information flow security, or relative cost. In a higher-order setting, relational program verification can be achieved using relational refinement type systems, a form of refinement types where assertions have a relational interpretation. Relational refinement type systems excel at relating structurally equivalent terms but provide limited support for relating terms with very different structures. We present a logic, called relational higher-order logic (RHOL), for proving relational properties of a simply typed λ-calculus with inductive types and recursive definitions. RHOL retains the type-directed flavor of relational refinement type systems but achieves greater expressivity through rules which simultaneously reason about the two terms as well as rules which only contemplate one of the two terms. We show that RHOL has strong foundations, by proving an equivalence with higher-order logic, and leverage this equivalence to derive key meta-theoretical properties: subject reduction, admissibility of a transitivity rule, and set-theoretical soundness. Moreover, we define sound embeddings for several existing relational type systems such as relational refinement types and type systems for dependency analysis and relative cost, and we verify examples that were out of reach of prior work.
Remaking Classical Music: Cultures of Creativity inPleasure Garden
Authors: BROWNING JOSEPH 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTaking its theoretical orientation from Sherry Ortner's distinction between ‘power’ and ‘projects’, this article considers the relationship between local artistic projects and the cultures in which they participate. I focus onPleasure Garden, a collaborative project that spans site-specific installations, concerts and an album. Exploring a wide range of issues at stake in the creative process, including collaboration, gender, aesthetics, colonialism, the work concept, and commodification, I trace howPleasure Garden’s creators variously reproduced and reworked dominant conventions, while at the same time pursuing their own distinctive commitments. Through this, I argue thatPleasure Garden’s creators negotiated a space that was inside, yet sometimes out of alignment with what I call the ‘cultures of creativity’ associated with Western art music, the music industries, late capitalism, and neoliberalism. This highlights both the powerful forces affecting musicians today and the possibilities for making things otherwise.