bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landscape Architects as Related to the Landscape/Nursery Industry: III. Sources of Plant Material Information
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The top five sources of information that Georgia landscape architects use to determine which plants to specify are botanical and public gardens (86.9%), landscape architects (81.6%), grower exhibits at professional meetings (69.0%), producer trade shows (68.3%), and university personnel (67.8%). The sources of information vary by size of firm with large firms having a strong preference for botanical and public gardens (58.3%) followed by producer sponsored trade journals (36.4%), producer trade shows (33.3%), and other landscape architects (25.0%). Medium sized firms have a preference for landscape architects (63.2%) and botanical and public gardens (60.0%) followed by producer trade shows (26.3%), whereas small firms are more evenly divided among information sources. The top four journals or books that landscape architects use as a source of information concerning plants vary by size of firm. The larger firms prefer two journals: (a) American Nurseryman (16.7%) and (b) Horticulture—The Magazine of American Gardening (13.3%) and two texts, Know-It Grow-It (13.3%) and Landscape Plants of the Southeast (13.3%). Medium firms prefer three texts, Landscape Plants of the Southeast (19.6%), Wyman's texts (13.1%), Know-It Grow-It (11.8%) and wholesale nursery catalogs (7.8%) as reference sources. Smaller firms have a strong preference for the Manual of Woody Landscape Plants (20.7%), followed by Extension Service publications (15.5%), Landscape Plants of the Southeast (12.1%), and trade magazines/garden catalogs (10.3%) as information sources. The preferred information sources vary by size of firm and provide valuable insight for growers developing marketing plans for landscape architects.
Chemical Promotion of Axillary Shoot Development of Geranium Stock Plants
Authors: Foley James T. , Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Foliar applications of Promalin (BA + GA4 + 7), Pro-Shear (BA), Accel (PBA) or Florel (ethephon) were evaluated for their capacity to increase cutting production of geranium stock plants. After a first harvest of cuttings, the number of terminal cuttings was increased 19% by a single application of Promalin (BA + GA4 + 7) or Accel (PBA) and 93% with Florel (ethephon) application when compared to an untreated control. However, after a second harvest of cuttings following a second application of the foliar spray treatments, numbers of terminal cuttings did not differ among chemical treatments and single-node cuttings increased 60–73% with the application of Promalin (BA + GA4 + 7) when compared to the control.
Consequences of Water and Nitrogen Management on Growth and Aesthetic Quality of Drought-Tolerant Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Paine T.D. , Hanlon C.C. , Pittenger D.R. , Ferrin D.M. , Malinoski M.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two drought-tolerant California native plant species (a nonselected form of Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis, C. griseus var. horizontalis ‘Santa Ana’, a nonselected form of Rhamnus californica, and R. californica ‘Eve Case’) and a widely planted non-native landscape species (Photinia fraseri) received the same total volume of water (63.8% ET0) over a 14 week period in one of four irrigation treatments (water applied daily, every three days, every five days, or every seven days). Each irrigation treatment also received one of three rates of nitrogen application (0, 20 g N/m2, and 40 g N/m2 [0, 180, and 360 lb. N/A]). The irrigation frequencies or fertilization rates had few significant effects on plant growth and survival. Selection of a cultivar of R. californica has resulted in increased growth rates and aesthetic quality, but has also increased susceptibility to root pathogenic fungi.
Root and Shoot Growth of ‘Coral Beauty’ Cotoneaster and Leyland Cypress Produced in Porous and Nonporous Containers
Authors: Privett Diane W , Hummel Rita L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
‘Coral Beauty’ cotoneaster and Leyland cypress rooted cuttings were grown in media of all fir bark or fir bark:peat moss (1:1 by vol) and plastic containers with varying wall designs (nonporous smooth-walls, nonporous ridge-walls, or porous walls). Results Indicated no effect of the growing media shoot or root growth of either species. Shoot growth of Leyland cypress was not affected by container design. ‘Coral Beauty’ cotoneaster shoot growth was greater in the porous container than in the nonporous smooth-walled container. Root Circling of both species was greatest in the nonporous smooth-walled containers. Ridges in the nonporous ridge-wall containers generally directed roots to grow downward where some circling at the bottom of the root ball occurred. When roots in the porous walled containers reached the periphery of the root ball they stopped growing, resulting in a fine, fibrous root mass at the periphery of the rootball.
Quantification of Weed Seed Contamination and Weed Development in Container Nurseries
Authors: Cross Gene B. , Skroch Walter A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An investigation was conducted at seven North Carolina nurseries to evaluate the possibility that container substrates serve as weed infestation sources. Container substrate treatments consisted of sand/pasteurized bark, bark/pasteurized sand, pasteurized bark/pasteurized sand, and bark/sand. No differences were observed between numbers of weed seedlings found in the four substrate combinations. Differences were observed across nursery sites and the nursery by date interactions. Five weed species most frequently observed were yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.), hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta L.), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.), and mouseear chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum L.).
Leachate Nutrient Content and Growth of Two Hollies As Influenced by Controlled Release Fertilizers
Authors: Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fertilizer source, rate of application, and method of application on the release of nutrients over time using the pour-through method and to determine the growth response of Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. ‘Burfordii’ and Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly to different multicoated controlled release fertilizers (CRF). Depending on the rate of application used, the three CRFs used in this study [Osmocote 17N-3P-9.9K (17-7-12), Sierrablen 17N-3P-8.3K (17-7-10), and High-N 24N-1.7P-5.8K (24-4-7)] provided adequate concentrations of nutrients for a minimum of 90 days after treatment. Fertilizer source had no effect on the growth of either holly used in this study. Good growth of ‘Burfordii’ and ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly was obtained at the rate of 1. 5 kg N/m3 (2. 5 lb N/yd3). Linear relationships between NO3-N and electrical conductivity using the pour-through method were established for ‘Burfordii’((NO3-N = 414 (electrical conductivity)) and ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ ((NO3−N =−11.4 + 425 (electrical conductivity)). Results of this study indicate that the nutrient sufficiency values for liquid fertilization programs with the pour-through method need to be adjusted for use with multicoated CRFs.
Effect of Leachate Fraction on Nitrate Loading to the Soil Profile Underlying a Greenhouse Crop
Authors: McAvoy R.J. , Brand M.H. , Corbett E.G. , Bartok J.W. , Botacchi A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Poinsettia stock plants were grown in a greenhouse and irrigated with a 20 mM (280 ppm) N solution to produce a low (10%) or high (50%) leaching fraction (LF). At two week intervals, core samples were removed from the soil underlying the crop at 15 cm (6 in) increments to a depth of 90 cm (36 in). Leachate was collected from pots following each irrigation, and plant tissue and potting medium samples were collected. All samples (soil, leachate, plant tissue and potting medium) were analyzed for nitrate-N (NO3−N) content. The rate of NO3−N accumulation and the depth to which nitrate accumulated in the soil profile were significantly affected by leaching fraction. Under high LF treated plants, nitrate moved deeper into the soil profile and accumulated at higher concentrations than under low LF treated plants. Each irrigation event in the high LF treatment resulted in an average deposition of 243 ml (8.2 fl. ounces) of effluent containing 100 mg (3.53 × 10−3 oz) of NO3−N. The average low LF irrigation event deposited an average of 65.7 ml (2.2 fl. ounces) of effluent containing 33.5 mg (1.18 × 10−3 oz) NO3−N. Poinsettia cutting production and tissue nitrogen levels did not significantly differ between treatment groups.
Feeding Preference of Japanese Beetles for Taxa of Birch, Cherry and Crabapple
Authors: Ranney Thomas G. , Walgenbach James F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preference of adult Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) for different species, varieties, and cultivars was compared among 33 crabapple (Malus Mill.), nine cherry (Prunus L.), and nine birch (Betula L.) taxa. Field-grown crabapples and cherries and container-grown birches were visually rated based on the percentage of total leaf area skeletonized by natural populations of this beetle. The largest variation in the preference of Japanese beetles was found among the crabapples, with injury ranging from 0 to 83%. Eighteen of the crabapple taxa had no significant injury. All of the cherry taxa were skeletonized in excess of 46%, suggesting little natural resistance among these plants. Eight of the birch taxa had no significant injury, while one species, B. jacquemontii, had an average injury of 16%. An additional study was conducted to evaluate the degree of resistance of selected crabapple taxa by caging beetles on branches of individual trees in no choice tests. Although beetles continued to feed on one resistant species, M. hupehensis (a species without injury under natural conditions), beetles would not feed on leaves of another resistant cultivar, M. baccata ‘Jackii’, when caged on those trees. These results indicate there is considerable potential for using resistance to adult Japanese beetle feeding as one selection criterion when choosing taxa of crabapple and birch for use in the landscape. Results also suggest that the mechanism(s) of resistance can vary and may include aspects of avoidance (low attraction of beetles) as well as antixenosis.
Response of Selected Old Garden Roses to Seven Isolates of Marssonina rosae in Mississippi
Authors: Spencer James A. , Wood Opal W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seven isolates of Marssonina rosae (imperfect stage of Diplocarpon rosae) elicited different blackspot disease expression among 39 Old Garden Roses in laboratory tests. ‘Felicite Parmentier’ (Alba), ‘Mme. Hardy’ (Damask), ‘The Bishop’ (Centifolia) and ‘Rosa Mundi’ (Gallica) showed no symptoms. ‘Cardinal de Richelieu’ (Gallica), ‘Hermosa’ (China) and ‘Leda’ (Damask) were the most. susceptible showing a cultivar ratings mean of 2.86 or more. The Wayne variant was the least virulent, causing susceptible reactions on only 46.1% of the roses. The Hinds variant was the most virulent and caused symptoms of 89.7% of the rose plants tested. The remaining five variants caused disease on 69.1% to 79.5%of the plants.
Growth Response of Newly Planted Valley Oak Trees to Supplemental Fertilizers
Authors: Perry Ed , Hickman Gary W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth of Valley Oak (Quercus lobata Neé) trees was not improved by slow-release or soluble fertilizers applied at planting time, nor by a single application of soluble fertilizer one year after planting. The native soil, with nutrient levels typical of newly developed residential and park areas in the region, provided adequate nutrition for good tree growth over the term of the 3-year study.
Susceptibility of Schlumbergera truncata Cultivars to Four Plant Pathogens
Authors: Chase A.R. , Yuen Jeanne M.F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Susceptibility of 20 cultivars of holiday cacti (Schlumbergera truncata) to three fungal pathogens (Drechslera cactivora, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phytophthora parasitica) and one bacterial pathogen (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) was evaluated. Significant differences in disease severity among cultivars occurred in 11 of the 12 tests with some cultivars responding consistently to one or more pathogens. ‘Gold Charm’ was highly susceptible to all four pathogens tested. ‘White Christmas’ developed low levels of disease when inoculated with either D. cactivora or E. carotovora subsp. carotovora but intermediate levels when inoculated with F. oxysporum or P. parasitica. ‘Peach Parfait’ showed one of the lowest levels of resistance to D. cactivora but one of the highest levels of resistance to F. oxysporum. Other cultivars showed intermediate disease responses; however, results were not consistent.
Acclimatization and Growth of Dwarf Pampas Grass in Response to Fertilizer Application Following In Vitro Culture
Authors: Robacker C.D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dwarf pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana Schult. ‘Pumila’) plantlets produced in vitro were subjected to one of seven fertilization treatments during acclimatization to greenhouse conditions. Though all plantlets survived acclimatization, level of fertilizer significantly affected growth rate. Increase in fresh weight, leaf number and tillering during the first 6 weeks of acclimatization was greater when Osmocote micro-fertilizer at 2 kg/m3 (oz/ft3) was incorporated into the growing mix (Pro-Gro 200 with starter nutrients) as compared to 4 kg/m3 (oz/ft3) of Osmocote or addition of liquid fertilizer. The slowest growth was obtained from plants growing without Osmocote or liquid fertilizer. Once adapted to the greenhouse, plants fertilized with 400 mg/1 (ppm) N from 17N-4P-11K (17-9-13) soluble fertilizer twice per week had the most rapid growth.
Effect of Cover Crops on Soil Erosion in Nursery Aisles
Authors: Cripps Reed W. , Bates Herbert K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effectiveness of soil erosion control of various vegetative aisle covers was evaluated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) type plots. ‘Appalow’ sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don ‘Appalow’), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) aisle treatments and a clean till plot were established on a 5% slope Typic Paleudult soil. Previously established ‘Indian Magic’ crabapple (Malus ‘indian magic’) and silver maple (Acer saccharium L.) were grown parallel to the slope in the center of each plot. Runoff from the clean till aisle resulted in the greatest sediment concentration, runoff volume, and sediment runoff. Crimson clover and perennial ryegrass runoff was similar. The ‘Appalow’ lespedeza aisle cover had the highest runoff volume of any vegetative aisle cover. However, runoff sediment concentration and sediment runoff were least from ‘Appalow’ lespedeza covered aisles.
Evaluation of Structureless Overwintering Systems for Container-Grown Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Iles Jeffery K. , Agnew Nancy H. , Taber Henry G. , Christians Nick E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five structureless overwintering systems were evaluated for temperature moderation and protection of 18 container-grown herbaceous perennials from low-temperature injury. Two light-excluding treatments; 30 cm (1 ft) of straw between two layers of 4-mil white polyethylene and 18 cm (7 in) deep, in-ground beds protected with one layer of 4-mil white polyethylene and 30 cm (1 ft) of woodchips, provided the greatest moderation of winter low and early spring high temperatures, but also resulted in severe etiolation. A bonded white polyethylene/microfoam overwintering blanket (thermoblanket) with translucent properties provided comparable plant survival percentages despite dramatic temperature extremes recorded beneath this cover and, in late winter, created an environment conducive to moderate plant growth without formation of etiolated tissue.
Variation Among Full-Sib Progenies of Red Maple in Growth, Autumn Leaf Color, and Leafhopper Injury
Authors: Townsend A.M. , McIntosh M.S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Controlled pollinations made between selected parents of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and seedling progenies were planted in a randomized block design along with trees of the cultivars ‘October Glory,’ ‘Autumn Flame,’ and ‘Red Sunset’. Tree height, autumn color, and leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) injury were evaluated over an eight-year period. Differences among progenies and cultivars in leafhopper injury and in the time and quality of peak autumn leaf color were statistically significant for all years. These traits were significantly influenced by the female and/or male parent used to create the progeny. The timing of peak color was also influenced by a significant interaction between male and female parents. Growth rate and color intensity of the same progenies were generally consistent across years, whereas correlation for leafhopper damage was weak between years. Clonal selections from the best progenies have been made and are being evaluated for possible release to the nursery industry.
Composted Turkey Litter: II. Effect on Plant Growth
Authors: Tyler Helen H. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. , Perry Katharine B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ and Hemerocallis sp. ‘Red Magic’ plants were potted into a pine bark substrate amended with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% (by vol) composted turkey litter and were grown under 1-, 2-, or 3-day irrigation frequencies. Root dry weight of ‘Red Magic’ daylily plants decreased with increasing compost rate while leaf dry weight was not affected by compost addition. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of daylily plants were enhanced when compost was added to the substrate but were decreased by the water stress associated with the reduced irrigation frequencies. Leaf, stem, and root dry weights of ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster plants decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency. Even though compost increased container capacity and available water, there was not sufficient water in the container to maintain optimal growth under reduced irrigation frequencies. ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster leaf and stem dry weights increased with increasing compost rate while root dry weight decreased with increasing compost rate. Decreasing irrigation frequency increased foliar N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations but decreased foliar P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B contents. Increasing compost rate increased foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B concentrations and foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B contents. Based on foliar nutrient response and plant growth, it appeared that compost adequately replaced the dolomitic limestone, micronutrients, and macronutrients added to the commercial substrate.
Evaluation of Selected Crabapple Cultivars for Insect Resistance
Authors: Smitley D.R. , Peterson N.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twenty-four cultivars of Malus spp. were evaluated for resistance to naturally occurring insect pests at replicated plantings in Detroit, Lansing, and Cadillac, Michigan. ‘Adams,’ ‘Candied Apple,’ and ‘Sugar Tyme’ crabapples were the most resistant to defoliation by gypsy moth, fall cankerworm, and eastern tent caterpillar. ‘Sugar Tyme,’ in particular, was almost untouched by gypsy moth or fall cankerworm (less than 1.3% defoliation). These data must be interpreted cautiously, because previous research has shown that gypsy moth larvae are attracted to the largest Malus trees in a planting, regardless of cultivar.
Two cultivars, ‘Robinson’ and ‘Red Jewel,’ were highly resistant to rose chafer and apple-and-thom skeletonizer damage. The fact that neither of these were particularly resistant to gypsy moth or cankerworm suggests a different mechanism of resistance for defoliators and skeletonizers.
Susceptibility of Honeylocust Cultivars to Thyronectria austro-americana and Response of Agrilus Borers and Bagworms to Infected and Non-infected Trees
Authors: Potter Daniel A. , Hartman John R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Six cultivars of honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., were inoculated with the canker fungus Thyronectria austro-americana to test the hypothesis that trees stressed by Thyronectria are rendered more attractive to wood borers, or more suitable as hosts for the bag worm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Relative susceptibility of cultivars to the fungus, and seasonal flight activity of associated borers were also monitored. Cultivars ‘Sunburst,’ ‘Shademaster,’ and ‘Rubylace’ developed the largest cankers; ‘Imperial’ was variable, and ‘Skyline’ and ‘Trueshade’ were somewhat less susceptible. Adults of four species of Agrilus borers (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were abundant on honeylocust. Beetles were active from late May until August. Adult borers were attracted equally to infected and non-infected trees, but borers apparently failed to colonize trees of either type. Levels of soluble protein were higher in foliage of diseased trees, but growth and survival of bagworms were similar for both treatments. This study did not support a close relationship between Thyronectria canker disease of honeylocust and predisposition to wood borers, at least on relatively vigorous hosts.
Cold Hardiness Estimates of Acer L. Taxa
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Lindstrom Orville M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The cold hardiness of eleven Acer taxa was determined by laboratory techniques. The red leaf cultivars of A. platanoides were less cold hardy than the green leaf ‘Emerald Queen.’ ‘Crimson Sentry,’ a branch sport of ‘Crimson King,’ exhibited similar cold hardiness to that of its parent. Among A. saccharum cultivars, ‘Legacy’ was the most cold hardy followed by ‘Green Mountain,’ ‘Commemoration’ and ‘Bonfire.’ ‘Green Column,’ a selection of black maple from a native Iowa population, developed −30°C (−22°F) midwinter cold hardiness but lost all cold hardiness [killed at −3°C (27°F)] by March. All sugar maple cultivars survived at least −9°C (16°F) on the March date. Of the hybrids of Acer platanoides and A. truncatum, Pacific Sunset™ was significantly more cold hardy than Norwegian Sunset™ and should be rated USDA Zone 4 and 5, respectively.
Six State Survey of Container Nursery Nitrate Nitrogen Runoff
Authors: Yeager T. , Wright R. , Fare D. , Gilliam C. , Johnson J. , Bilderback T. , Zondag R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Container nursery bed runoff, reservoirs or ponds that contained runoff, wells, and surface water discharged from the property or at the property border were sampled at approximately 6-week intervals during April–October 1990 in Alabama, Florida, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia. Runoff from container beds averaged 8 and 20 ppm NO3-N, respectively, for nurseries using controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) and controlled-release fertilizers supplemented with solution fertilizers (CRFSS). Average NO3-N levels for runoff collection ponds, property borders, and wells were each less than 10 ppm, the drinking water limit, regardless of fertilizers used. However, ppm NO3-N for some samples exceeded the drinking water standard. In general, these data indicate reason for concern and nursery operators need to implement best management practices.
BA-Induced Offset Formation in Hosta
Authors: Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Axillary and rhizomic budbreak and offset formation in Hosta sieboldiana were promoted by a single foliar application of BA at 125–4000 ppm or drench application at 5–120 mg a.i./0.8 1 (5 in) pot, compared to an untreated control. Based on offset counts following various periods of dormancy, optimal foliar rates ranged from 2000–3000 ppm and drench rates from 20–40 mg a.i./0.8 1 (5 in) pot. Foliar application of 3000 or 4000 ppm BA or drench application at 80, 100, or 120 mg a.i./pot induced marginal necrosis within 2 weeks after treatment; however, growth following dormancy appeared normal. Generally, growth indices were not affected by foliar application of BA, but decreased with increasing rates of drench-applied BA.