bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whole-Brain Dynamics in Aging: Disruptions in Functional Connectivity and the Role of the Rich Club
Authors: Escrichs Anira , Biarnes Carles , Garre-Olmo Josep , Fernández-Real José Manuel , Ramos Rafel , Pamplona Reinald , Brugada Ramon , Serena Joaquin , Ramió-Torrentà Lluís , Coll-De-Tuero Gabriel , Gallart Luís , Barretina Jordi , Vilanova Joan C , Mayneris-Perxachs Jordi , Essig Marco , Figley Chase R , Pedraza Salvador , Puig Josep , Deco Gustavo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Normal aging causes disruptions in the brain that can lead to cognitive decline. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have found significant age-related alterations in functional connectivity across various networks. Nevertheless, most of the studies have focused mainly on static functional connectivity. Studying the dynamics of resting-state brain activity across the whole-brain functional network can provide a better characterization of age-related changes. Here, we employed two data-driven whole-brain approaches based on the phase synchronization of blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals to analyze resting-state fMRI data from 620 subjects divided into two groups (middle-age group (n = 310); age range, 50–64 years versus older group (n = 310); age range, 65–91 years). Applying the intrinsic-ignition framework to assess the effect of spontaneous local activation events on local–global integration, we found that the older group showed higher intrinsic ignition across the whole-brain functional network, but lower metastability. Using Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis, we found that the older group showed reduced ability to access a metastable substate that closely overlaps with the so-called rich club. These findings suggest that functional whole-brain dynamics are altered in aging, probably due to a deficiency in a metastable substate that is key for efficient global communication in the brain.
Perirhinal Cortex is Involved in the Resolution of Learned Approach–Avoidance Conflict Associated with Discrete Objects
Authors: Chu Sonja , Margerison Matthew , Thavabalasingam Sathesan , O’Neil Edward B , Zhao Yuan-Fang , Ito Rutsuko , Lee Andy C H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The rodent ventral and primate anterior hippocampus have been implicated in approach–avoidance (AA) conflict processing. It is unclear, however, whether this structure contributes to AA conflict detection and/or resolution, and if its involvement extends to conditions of AA conflict devoid of spatial/contextual information. To investigate this, neurologically healthy human participants first learned to approach or avoid single novel visual objects with the goal of maximizing earned points. Approaching led to point gain and loss for positive and negative objects, respectively, whereas avoidance had no impact on score. Pairs of these objects, each possessing nonconflicting (positive–positive/negative–negative) or conflicting (positive–negative) valences, were then presented during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants either made an AA decision to score points (Decision task), indicated whether the objects had identical or differing valences (Memory task), or followed a visual instruction to approach or avoid (Action task). Converging multivariate and univariate results revealed that within the medial temporal lobe, perirhinal cortex, rather than the anterior hippocampus, was predominantly associated with object-based AA conflict resolution. We suggest the anterior hippocampus may not contribute equally to all learned AA conflict scenarios and that stimulus information type may be a critical and overlooked determinant of the neural mechanisms underlying AA conflict behavior.
Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on Human Taste Perception
Authors: Smith Sharon A , Trotter Paula D , McGlone Francis P , Walker Susannah C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Taste perception has been reported to vary with changes in affective state. Distortions of taste perception, including blunted recognition thresholds, intensity, and hedonic ratings have been identified in those suffering from depressive disorders. Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter implicated in the etiology of anxiety and depression; systemic and peripheral manipulations of serotonin signaling have previously been shown to modulate taste detection. However, the specific effects of central serotonin function on taste processing have not been widely investigated. Here, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, acute tryptophan depletion was used to investigate the effect of reduced central serotonin function on taste perception. Twenty-five female participants aged 18–28 attended the laboratory on two occasions at least 1 week apart. On one visit, they received a tryptophan depleting drink and on the other, a control drink was administered. Approximately, 6 h after drink consumption, they completed a taste perception task which measured detection thresholds and supra-threshold perceptions of the intensity and pleasantness of four basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter, and salt). While acutely reducing central levels of serotonin had no effect on the detection thresholds of sweet, bitter, or sour tastes, it significantly enhanced detection of salt. For supra-threshold stimuli, acutely reduced serotonin levels significantly enhanced the perceived intensity of both bitter and sour tastes and blunted pleasantness ratings of bitter quinine. These findings show manipulation of central serotonin levels can modulate taste perception and are consistent with previous reports that depletion of central serotonin levels enhances neural and behavioral responsiveness to aversive signals.
Pneumocystis jiroveciiDisease: Basis for the Revised EORTC/MSGERC Invasive Fungal Disease Definitions in Individuals Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Lagrou Katrien , Chen Sharon , Masur Henry , Viscoli Claudio , Decker Catherine F , Pagano Livio , Groll Andreas H 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) causes substantive morbidity in immunocompromised patients. The EORTC/MSGERC convened an expert group to elaborate consensus definitions for Pneumocystis disease for the purpose of interventional clinical trials and epidemiological studies and evaluation of diagnostic tests.MethodsDefinitions were based on the triad of host factors, clinical-radiologic features, and mycologic tests with categorization into probable and proven Pneumocystis disease, and to be applicable to immunocompromised adults and children without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Definitions were formulated and their criteria debated and adjusted after public consultation. The definitions were published within the 2019 update of the EORTC/MSGERC Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease. Here we detail the scientific rationale behind the disease definitions.ResultsThe diagnosis of proven PCP is based on clinical and radiologic criteria plus demonstration of P. jirovecii by microscopy using conventional or immunofluorescence staining in tissue or respiratory tract specimens. Probable PCP is defined by the presence of appropriate host factors and clinical-radiologic criteria, plus amplification of P. jirovecii DNA by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in respiratory specimens and/or detection of β-d-glucan in serum provided that another invasive fungal disease and a false-positive result can be ruled out. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis disease requires demonstration of the organism in affected tissue by microscopy and, preferably, PCR.ConclusionsThese updated definitions of Pneumocystis diseases should prove applicable in clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic research in a broad range of immunocompromised patients without HIV.
Leveraging Existing and Soon-to-Be-Available Novel Diagnostics for Optimizing Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship in Patients With Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Cawcutt Kelly A , Patel Robin , Gerber Jeff , Caliendo Angela M , Cosgrove Sara E , Ashley Elizabeth Dodds , Garzaro Piero , Miller Melissa , Lautenbach Ebbing ,   IDSA Research Summit “Leveraging Existing and Novel Diagnostics for Optimizing Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship in Patients with Respiratory Tract Infections” Group, Banerjee Ritu , Boyd Sarah E , Ebell Mark H , File Thomas M , Graf Erin H , Keller Sara C , Koo Sophia , Livorsi Daniel J , May Larissa , Moehring Rebekah , Nolte Frederick (Rick) , Pinsky Benjamin , Szymczak Julie , Timbrook Tristan , Tsalik Ephraim , Virk Abinash , Jezek Amanda , Levy Jaclyn , Zetts Rachel , Hicks Lauri , Wiecek Joanna , Nettles Rick , Wittek James , Murray Patrick , Ginocchio Christine 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) drive many outpatient encounters and, despite being predominantly viral, are associated with high rates of antibiotic prescriptions. With rising antibacterial resistance, optimization of prescribing of antibiotics in outpatients with RTIs is a critical need. Fortunately, this challenge arises at a time of increasing availability of novel RTI diagnostics to help discern which patients have bacterial infections warranting treatment. Effective implementation of antibiotic stewardship is needed, but optimal approaches for ambulatory settings are unknown. Future research needs are reviewed in this summary of a research summit convened by the Infectious Diseases Society of America in the fall of 2019.
Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of multiple forms of mitophagy in the heart
Authors: Saito Toshiro , Hamano Kimikazu , Sadoshima Junichi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Mitochondria, the primary ATP-producing organelles, are highly abundant in cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial function readily deteriorates in the presence of stress and, thus, maintenance of mitochondrial quality is essential for sustaining pump function in the heart. Cardiomyocytes under stress attempt to maintain mitochondrial quality primarily through dynamic changes in their morphology, namely fission and fusion, degradation, and biogenesis. Mitophagy, a mitochondria-specific form of autophagy, is a major mechanism of degradation. The level of mitophagy is altered in stress conditions, which, in turn, significantly affects mitochondrial function, cardiomyocyte survival, and death and cardiac function. Thus, mitophagy has been emerging as a promising target for treatment of cardiac conditions. To develop specific interventions, modulating the activity of mitophagy in the heart, understanding how mitochondria are degraded in a given condition is important. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that there are multiple mechanisms by which mitochondria are degraded through mitophagy in the heart. For example, in addition to the well-established mechanism commonly utilized by general autophagy, involving Atg7 and LC3, recent evidence suggests that an alternative mechanism, independent of Atg7 and LC3, also mediates mitophagy in the heart. Here, we describe molecular mechanisms through which mitochondria are degraded in the heart and discuss their functional significance. We also discuss molecular interventions to modulate the activity of mitophagy and their potential applications for cardiac conditions.
Usefulness of excimer laser in acute coronary syndrome with left main coronary artery: a case series
Authors: Imaoka Takuro , Takagi Kensuke , Morita Yasuhiro , Kanzaki Yasunori , Nagai Hiroaki , Watanabe Naoki , Tsuboi Hideyuki , Morishima Itsuro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Acute coronary syndrome caused by unprotected left main coronary artery (ACS-ULMCA) occlusion has a high mortality due to the formation of plaques and rich thrombi. Although excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) is effective in debulking and ablation of plaque burden and rich thrombi, its effectiveness in ACS-ULMCA remains unknown.

Case summary
We conducted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using ELCA for six patients with ACS-ULMCA from February 2016 to May 2019. This case series includes a 65-year-old man who presented with sudden-onset chest pain. Angiography revealed subtotal occlusion of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). The use of a 0.9-mm ELCA catheter advanced from LMCA to the left anterior descending artery markedly improved coronary blood flow, and intravascular ultrasound revealed debulking of the plaque and thrombus. Another 79-year-old man presented with chest pain. Angiography revealed total occlusion of LMCA. Use of a 0.9-mm ELCA catheter improved coronary blood flow. Subsequent kissing balloon technique led to satisfactory results. All cases needed mechanical support (such as intra-aortic balloon pumping or percutaneous cardiopulmonary support) prior to PCI. Five patients survived finally, and one died 34 days after primary PCI.

Discussion
After stabilizing haemodynamics by mechanical support, ELCA could be a good option to improve coronary blood flow in patients with ACS-ULMCA.
Management of acute myocardial infarction in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, the value of optical coherence tomography: a case report
Authors: Al-Lawati Kumayl , Osheiba Mohammed , Lester Will , Khan Sohail Q 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Treating myocardial infarction in the setting of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is always a challenge especially if the platelet count is labile. Cardiologists dealing with such patients should keep a delicate balance between thrombotic and bleeding complications.

Case summary
A 50-year-old gentleman with treatment-challenging ITP presented with acute inferior ST elevation myocardial infarction after receiving recent intravenous immunoglobulin. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) guidance, it was decided to treat him with percutaneous old balloon angioplasty especially with the labile nature of his platelet count. Subsequently, dual antiplatelet therapy was a challenge and he remained on clopidogrel for a period of only 10 weeks.

Conclusion
This case highlights the rare presentation of patients with ITP with thrombotic complications and the usefulness of OCT in formulating a management plan.
Absence of shock therapy related to improper sensing of noise on the defibrillation test during subcutaneous implantable cardioverter–defibrillator implantation: a case report
Authors: Tamura Shota , Yoshiyama Tomotaka , Doi Atsushi , Yoshiyama Minoru 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (S-ICD) represents an efficient alternative to transvenous ICD in patients who do not require pacing. The intraoperative defibrillation test (DFT) is recommended during S-ICD implantation to confirm appropriate sensing and successful 65-J termination of induced ventricular fibrillation (VF). However, few cases of oversensing of noise inhibiting therapies have been reported.

Case summary
We report the case of a 50-year-old man who underwent S-ICD implantation for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Immediately after S-ICD implantation, VF was induced using a 50-Hz burst; however, shock was not delivered owing to sustained noise on the electrogram in the primary vector. Therefore, an external rescue shock was needed at 150 J. We changed the sensing vector from primary to secondary and performed a second DFT. The S-ICD could deliver an appropriate shock and was able to successfully terminate VF without noise markers in the secondary vector. During the second DFT, one back-up pacing was delivered after the shock; the sensing vector then automatically switched from the secondary to the alternate vector. However, noise was observed in the alternate vector despite sinus rhythm restoration.

Discussion
The present case demonstrated that noise was recorded in two different vectors during DFT, possibly supporting the hypothesis that the muscle spasm of the diaphragm induced by the 50-Hz burst causes oversensing of noise by the S-ICD.
Education of general practitioners in the use of point-of-care ultrasonography: a systematic review
Authors: Andersen Camilla Aakjær , Hedegård Henriette Sav , Løkkegaard Thomas , Frølund Joachim , Jensen Martin Bach 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review and synthesize the published literature regarding the education of general practitioners (GPs) and GPs in training (GPTs) in the use of ultrasonography.DesignThis systematic review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO, conducted according to the Cochrane recommendations. We combined studies identified in a previous systematic review with studies from an updated literature search using the same search string. We searched the following databases: MEDLINE via Pubmed, EMBASE via OVID, Cinahl via Ebsco, Web of Science and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials using the words ‘ultrasonography’ and ‘general practice’. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data and assessed the quality of included papers according to the Down and Black quality assessment tool. Disagreements were resolved by involving a third reviewer.ResultsThirty-three papers were included. Ultrasound training was described to include both theoretical and practical training sessions. Theoretical training was achieved through introductory e-learning and/or didactic lectures. Practical training included focussed hands-on training sessions, while some papers described additional longitudinal practical training through proctored scans during clinical work or through self-study practice with continuous feedback on recorded scans.ConclusionThere was a large variation in ultrasound training programs for GPs and GPTs, with an overall emphasis on focussed practical training. Few studies included a longitudinal learning process in the training program. However, diagnostic accuracy seemed to improve with hours of practical training, and studies including continuous feedback on scans conducted during clinical patient encounters showed superior results.
An emerging view of the diversity, ecology and function of Archaea in alkaline hydrothermal environments
Authors: Mueller Rebecca C , Peach Jesse T , Skorupa Dana J , Copié Valerie , Bothner Brian , Peyton Brent M 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThe described diversity within the domain Archaea has recently expanded due to advances in sequencing technologies, but many habitats that likely harbor novel lineages of archaea remain understudied. Knowledge of archaea within natural and engineered hydrothermal systems, such as hot springs and engineered subsurface habitats, has been steadily increasing, but the majority of the work has focused on archaea living in acidic or circumneutral environments. The environmental pressures exerted by the combination of high temperatures and high pH likely select for divergent communities and distinct metabolic pathways from those observed in acidic or circumneutral systems. In this review, we examine what is currently known about the archaea found in thermoalkaline environments, focusing on the detection of novel lineages and knowledge of the ecology, metabolic pathways and functions of these populations and communities. We also discuss the potential of emerging multi–omics approaches, including proteomics and metabolomics, to enhance our understanding of archaea within extreme thermoalkaline systems.
Cardiovascular Health and Near Visual Impairment Among Older Adults in the Republic of Congo: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Gbessemehlan Antoine , Helmer Catherine , Delcourt Cécile , Boumediene Farid , Ndamba-Bandzouzi Bébène , Mbelesso Pascal , Samba Harielle , Kehoua Gilles , Désormais Ileana , Lacroix Philippe , Aboyans Victor , Dartigues Jean-François , Houinato Dismand , Preux Pierre-Marie , Guerchet Maëlenn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Visual impairment (VI) and determinants of poor cardiovascular health are very common in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, we do not know whether these determinants are associated with VI among older adults in this region. This study aimed at investigating the association between the determinants of poor cardiovascular health and near VI among older adults living in Congo.

Methods
Participants were Congolese adults aged 65 or older included in Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa—Follow-up population-based cohort. Near VI was defined as visual acuity less than 20/40 measured at 30 cm. Associations between determinants of poor cardiovascular health collected at baseline and near visual acuity measured at first follow-up were investigated using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results
Among the 549 participants included, 378 (68.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 64.9%–72.7%]) had near VI. Of the determinants of poor cardiovascular health explored, we found that having high body mass index of at least 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.25–3.68), diabetes (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.06–4.25) and hypertension (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.02–2.64) were independently associated with near VI.

Conclusions
Several determinants of poor cardiovascular health were associated with near VI in this population. This study suggests that promoting good cardiovascular health could represent a target for VI prevention among older adults.
Efficient 3-D velocity model building using joint inline and crossline plane-wave wave-equation migration velocity analyses
Authors: Liu Xuejian , Huang Lianjie , Feng Zongcai , El-kaseeh George , Will Robert , Balch Robert 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY
Wave-equation migration velocity analysis (WEMVA) is an image-domain inversion method for velocity model building. Automatic plane-wave WEMVA (PWEMVA) calculates the moveouts of plane-wave common-image gathers (CIGs) by searching a best-fitting parabola with semblance analysis and backprojects residual CIG moveouts into wavefield wave paths with a reflection tomographic kernel. However, 3-D PWEMVA is very computationally expensive because 3-D reflection tomographic inversion requires at least five 3-D reverse-time migrations per iteration and stores two types of source wavefields at model boundaries. We develop a joint inline and crossline PWEMVA method for efficient 3-D velocity model building. We alternatively implement the inline and crossline PWEMVAs with a constraint for each other, in which we iteratively construct the 3-D velocity model update through 1-D spline interpolation of 2-D gradients. The inline and crossline joint inversion is practical since PWEMVA only inverts for low-wavenumber velocity perturbations along wave paths, and the method can take less than 1 per cent of the computational cost of full 3-D PWEMVA. To construct unaliased plane waves for our joint inline and crossline PWEMVA, we develop a 3-D data interpolation method in the frequency–wavenumber (FK) domain to recover regularly and randomly missing traces. The method minimizes the misfit on sufficiently localized data subsets with iterative optimal step lengths and a gradient preconditioner that iteratively selects dominant dips along different azimuths. In numerical experiments, we use a 3-D synthetic seismic data set and a land 3-D field seismic data set acquired at the Farnsworth CO2-EOR (enhanced oil recovery) field to demonstrate the efficacy of our velocity model building and data interpolation methods.