bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy Planning and Molecular Imaging in Lung Cancer
Authors: Filice Angelina , Casali Massimiliano , Ciammella Patrizia , Galaverni Marco , Fioroni Federica , Iotti Cinzia , Versari Annibale 
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
In patients suitable for radical chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer, 18F-FDGPET/
CT is a proposed management to improve the accuracy of high dose radiotherapy. However, there
is a high rate of locoregional failure in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC), probably due to the fact that standard dosing may not be effective in all patients. The aim of
the present review was to address some criticisms associated with the radiotherapy image-guided in
NSCLC.

Materials and Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted. Only published articles that met
the following criteria were included: articles, only original papers, radiopharmaceutical ([18F]FDG and
any tracer other than [18F]FDG), target, only specific for lung cancer radiotherapy planning, and experimental
design (eventually “in vitro” studies were excluded). Peer-reviewed indexed journals, regardless
of publication status (published, ahead of print, in press, etc.) were included. Reviews, case
reports, abstracts, editorials, poster presentations, and publications in languages other than English
were excluded. The decision to include or exclude an article was made by consensus and any disagreement
was resolved through discussion.

Results:
Hundred eligible full-text articles were assessed. Diverse information is now available in the
literature about the role of FDG and new alternative radiopharmaceuticals for the planning of radiotherapy
in NSCLC. In particular, the role of alternative technologies for the segmentation of FDG uptake
is essential, although indeterminate for RT planning. The pros and cons of the available techniques
have been extensively reported.

:

Conclusion:
PET/CT has a central place in the planning of radiotherapy for lung cancer and, in particular,
for NSCLC assuming a substantial role in the delineation of tumor volume. The development of
new radiopharmaceuticals can help overcome the problems related to the disadvantage of FDG to accumulate
also in activated inflammatory cells, thus improving tumor characterization and providing
new prognostic biomarkers.
A Systematic Review and Jurisdictional Scan of the Evidence Characterizing and Evaluating Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis Models
Authors: Hofmeister Mark , Klarenbach Scott , Soril Lesley , Scott-Douglas Nairne , Clement Fiona 
Published: March 2020

Background and objectives
Compared with hemodialysis, home peritoneal dialysis alleviates the burden of travel, facilitates independence, and is less costly. Physical, cognitive, or psychosocial factors may preclude peritoneal dialysis in otherwise eligible patients. Assisted peritoneal dialysis, where trained personnel assist with home peritoneal dialysis, may be an option, but the optimal model is unknown. The objective of this work is to characterize existing assisted peritoneal dialysis models and synthesize clinical outcomes.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
A systematic review of MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL was conducted (search dates: January 1995–September 2018). A focused gray literature search was also completed, limited to developed nations. Included studies focused on home-based assisted peritoneal dialysis; studies with the assist provided exclusively by unpaid family caregivers were excluded. All outcomes were narratively synthesized; quantitative outcomes were graphically depicted.

Results
We included 34 studies, totaling 46,597 patients, with assisted peritoneal dialysis programs identified in 20 jurisdictions. Two categories emerged for models of assisted peritoneal dialysis on the basis of type of assistance: health care and non–health care professional assistance. Reported outcomes were heterogeneous, ranging from patient-level outcomes of survival, to resource use and transfer to hemodialysis; however, the comparative effect of assisted peritoneal dialysis was unclear. In two qualitative studies examining the patient experience, the maintenance of independence was identified as an important theme.

Conclusions
Reported outcomes and quality were heterogeneous, and relative efficacy of assisted peritoneal dialysis could not be determined from included studies. Although the patient voice was under-represented, suggestions to improve assisted peritoneal dialysis included using a person-centered model of care, ensuring continuity of nurses providing the peritoneal dialysis assist, and measures to support patient independence. Although attractive elements of assisted peritoneal dialysis are identified, further evidence is needed to connect assisted peritoneal dialysis outcomes with programmatic features and their associated funding models.
Consideraciones sobre una semiología de la ciencia
Authors: Echeverría Javier 
Published: March 2020

One of the main deficiencies of the twentieth century philosophy of science, in spite of evident achievements in the logical analysis and reconstruction of scientific theories, is the separation between formal sciences and those sciences with empirical contents. This distinction derives from Carnap and it was generally admitted by the Vienna Circle since the publication of “Formalwissenschaft und Realwissenschaft” in Erkenntnis in 1935. Later philosophy of science, in spite of other criticism of the neopositivist programme, has maintained this separation. It can be claimed that Realwissenschaften, physics in particular, have determined the development of later philosophy of science. Analyses of scientific theories most of the time refer to physical theories, and occasionally to biological ones. There is still a lot to be done in the field of mathematics and logic, in order to analyse and reconstruct their theories.
But even if this task is undertaken, and some progress has been done lately, there is still a lot of work to do before a general theory of science can be proposed which transcends such a division between formal and empirical sciences, let alone the human or social sciences. This paper is intended as a contribution to supersede the first dichotomy between formal and physical sciences.
One of the main problems in order to make some progress along these lines is that since its origins logical positivism had a deficient theory of knowledge, and the same happened with analytical philosophy developed immediately afterwards. This paper thus criticises examples of such a type of theory of knowledge, as expressed in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, and Russell’s Philosophy of Logical Atomism. The core argument is as follows: these theorizations are inadequate for scientific knowledge; this type of knowledge, particularly the notion of ‘sign’ cannot be adapted to the simple scheme proposed in those works.
The criticism here undertaken is developed from a rationalist point of view, in a sense which is closer to Leibniz and Saussure, than to recent philosophers fascinated with the word ‘reason’. Some new proposals are put forward, necessarily provisional, which justify the term, which in turn could be perfectly substituted by another, of Semiology of Science.
Problems of Discourse Theory
Authors: Alexy Robert 
Published: March 2020

En la teoría del discurso hay tres categorías de problemas. El primer grupo de problemas se presenta cuando la teoría del discurso se considera como una teoría de la verdad. El segundo grupo investiga su aplicabilidad práctica, y el tercero se ocupa de la justificación de la teoría del discurso. Nos referimos al estatuto de la teoría del discurso como teoría de la verdad cuando discutimos las relaciones entre los conceptos de verdad y de corrección y los conceptos de consenso, de discusión ilimitada y de racionalidad. Nos enfrentamos al problema de la aplicabilidad si a la teoría del discurso se le acusa de carecer de contenido y de ser meramente formal, lo cual se manifiesta en el hecho de que no conduce a ningún resultado definitivo. El problema de la justificación es el problema de establecer razones concluyentes para las reglas y los principios del discurso.
Aquí se discuten solamente los dos primeros problemas: el problema del estatuto y el problema de la aplicabilidad. Ambos problemas pertenecen a todas las formas de discurso. Se presentan, por ejemplo, en el discurso teórico, en el discurso práctico y en el estético, etc. En el articulo se considera únicamente el discurso práctico.
La objetividad del azar en un mundo determinista
Authors: Martínez Sergio 
Published: March 2020

This paper deals with the notion of objective randomness in classical deterministic theories. After the introduction, section 2 establishes an important distinction between a strictly metaphysical thesis of determinism (as characterized in the Montague-Earman definition, for example), and the doctrine of determinism, which can be roughly characterized as a methodological set of principles. The doctrine of determinism is associated with the idea that probability assignments can only reflect our ignorance of facts, and it also grounds the (ontological) thesis of separability: A system or process can be characterized completely in terms of the properties that a system has when in a given state, independently of the properties of other systems, The key notions of "completeness" and "independence" are only briefly discussed, as they are examined more in depth elsewhere.
Section three examines attempts to characterize a notion of objective randomness in ergodic theory. The characterization can be seen to be equivalent to the formulation of a notion of a "physically impossible process". One way of expressing this idea is grounded on the thesis of the "coarse graining" of our measuring instruments. This leads to the problem of distinguishing "objective" from "apparent" randomness. The problem seems to be intrinsic to any attempt of characterizing the required notion of physical impossibility (and thus of objective randomness) in terms of an ideal observer. The alternative of trying to characterize physical impossibility in terms of a theory of algorithms suffers from the difficulty that it is not clear what would be the required notion of (non-epistemic) computability.
The "coarse graining" approach, as well as the alternative in terms of a theory of algorithms seem to share the usual confusion between a strictly metaphysical thesis of determinism and the (methodological) doctrine of determinism. In section four an alternative approach is suggested. It is noticed that a denial of the thesis of separability is compatible with a strict deterministic theory, and thus that at least some classical systems (the "statistical" ones) can be described in terms of non-separable states. We do not have to think that the impossibility of preparing a classical state is too only possible explanation for physical (objective) randomness in deterministic theories. This proposal is an elaboration of an idea of Blatt (1959), although Blatt was still trying to understand objective randomness within an ideal-observer framework.[S.M.]
Continuity and Discontinuity in Visual Experience
Authors: Biggs Michael A.R. 
Published: March 2020

Este artículo estudia el papel de la experiencia visual en la obra de Wittgenstein. La tesis específica consiste en que la experiencia visual no da únicamente ejemplos ilustrativos de lo que podría ser una explicación del significado, sino también una metáfora repetida de todo el proceso del significado y del entendimiento. Wittgenstein utiliza un gran número de ejemplos visuales en sus textos. La diversidad de ellos puede explicarse por la gran variaci6n de opciones que tiene para describir la relación entre una palabra y su significado. La variedad de ejemplos visuales que resulta se podría resumir en lo que llamo la Tesis de la Discontinuidad Visual. Sin embargo, esta diversidad tiene en el fondo una línea continua, que se da mediante el uso persistente de la experiencia visual en la descripción de la relación palabra-significado. Este uso es la base de la relaci6n de proyecci6n del Tractatus y la relación de “ver-como” de Investigations. Esta metáfora visual se puede resumir en lo que llamo la Tesis de Continuidad Visual. Este artículo expone la última tesis en el contexto de una descripci6n de la tesis anterior.
[Traducción: Gisela Hummell N.]
Semántica tarskiana, lenguaje natural y ontología
Authors: Moretti Alberto 
Published: March 2020

As a first step, this paper presents the two main variants of the contemporary semantical approach which takes truth-conditions as the key-concept to develop the ideas of meaning and understanding. Sorne criticisms of that approach are examined in light of that approach's theoretical goal. My claim is that the criticisms do not essentially affect the programme. Differences are pointed out between Davidson’s and Montague’s variants within this programme. My thesis is that when the main theoretical goal is to explain linguistic understanding; there are reasons to prefer the former. There are also reasons for this choice when the goal is to look for a semantics appropriate for characterizing ontological positions that depend upon epistemic constraints. However, Montague’s variants are preferable when one tries to state an ontology without taking into account epistemic factors.
[Traducción: Raúl Orayen]
Método, evolución y progreso en la ciencia
Authors: Martínez Sergio 
Published: March 2020

In this paper I address the problem of characterizing a notion of scientific or cognitive progress. I show that there is a close connection between the different characterizations of scientific method and notions of progress. Until the early sixties, a very common (often implicit) assumption was that progress could be understood as a by-product of the use of the scientific method. The work of Thomas Kuhn made clear that such a simple minded characterization of progress could not be right. I examine a series of attempts aiming to spell out a notion of scientific progress, and argue that an underlying assumption of these proposals is an assumption about the underlying methodological unity of science.
I claim that it is important for the correct formulations of a series of problems in the philosophy of science, and for the problem of characterizing progress in particular, to draw a distinction among different sorts of traditions in science. Each tradition articulates different explanatory aims, methods and notions of progress. In this paper I spell out a notion of cognitive progress that is implicit in experimental traditions. In future work I will discuss the notions of progress associated with other traditions.
In experimental traditions progress is understood in terms of the stabilization of phenomena and their entrenchment. A phenomenon gets entrenched when it is used for the construction of other phenomena. In order to understand the epistemological significance of the entrenchment of phenomena it is necessary to show that the traditional understanding of laws of nature in theoretical traditions, and in most philosophical accounts, is not suitable to understand the sense in which experimentalists talk of the “manipulation of laws of nature”. I provide a series of examples in order to clarify to concepts of phenomenon and entrenchment of phenomena which are important in experimental traditions. I suggest that the process of entrenchment of phenomena can be understood as a generalized evolutionary process. In that way, the analogy between progress and evolution, a topic of heated discussions for over a century, can help to elucidate the dynamics of experimental traditions in science.
Nociones logicistas en filosofía de la matemática
Authors: Fernández Ángel Nepomuceno 
Published: March 2020

The point of view according to which logic has priority over mathematics has been maintained by some philosophers and mathematicians in two senses: a strong view and a weak view. Both of them are logicist: The first one regards mathematics as reducible to logic. The second one considers that the essence of mathematics can be known by researching the logical consequences of a certain system of postulates or axioms; thus, the underlying logic (whatever the mathematical theory might be) is crucial for this sort of studies.
Some logicist concepts are interesting in philosophy of mathematics. So it is necessary to study the state of being in use of each point of view. In fact, the weak view has prevailed. To show that, we settle down how logicist statements have been influenced by Gödel’s theorem, though that goes against formalist philosophy. Afterwards, we present a formal system for second order logic; treatment of nominalization is enclosed, and every Frege’s law is proved to be a theorem. Finally, a short balance is made.
Cultural Hybridity: A Postcolonial Concept
Authors: Shah Dr. Manisha 
Published: March 2020

In the present era of globalization and multiculturalism, contemporary literary scenario has been transformed as the texts have crossed the borders of nation and culture. Culture links a human being with the community and the community with the nation. To examine the issue of national or cultural identity of a Postcolonial immigrant in West is in a way a process to strip away the traditional conventional concept of culture and to view it from a globalized perspective. The diaspora writers deal with the lives of immigrants, who are in minority in the host nation hence considered subaltern. Each nation has its unique culture and tradition: on one hand the immigrants have to succumb to the traditions of the culture of the host nation and on the other as they are rooted in the home land they try to preserve certain practices and traditions of the homeland culture. It is quite necessary to understand the concept of ‘cultural hybridity’ from Postcolonial perspective to embrace the concept of national identity of diasporic people.
Insurance innovation with mortgage loan
Authors: Sokolova Ekaterina Vladimirovna , Kotova Tatyana Vladimirovna , Chernikina Elena Vladimirovna 
Published: March 2020

The article highlights the problem of digital transformation of the insurance sector, which can facilitate the effective interaction of all participants, increase information transparency and improve the quality of analytical data, optimize the business processes of insurers, and involve a wider range of insurance services in the online environment. To simplify the work with customer data in the processes of automated data collection, analysis and storage, it is necessary to create
a single database. Such a base can be an insurance history bureau. The development strategy of the insurance industry of the Russian Federation for 2019-2021 provides for the creation and use of insurance histories for various types of insurance by analogy with credit histories. Given that in recent years, along with traditional types of lending, mortgage lending has developed, it is proposed to create a mortgage insurance history bureau. Based on the data on issued and prematurely repaid mortgage loans for 2012-2018, the volumes of this information bureau were determined and a forecast was made for 2019-2023 on the number of existing mortgage loans. A business model for the creation and functioning of a mortgage insurance history bureau is proposed, and a cost-effectiveness calculation is made, confirming the feasibility of this proposal. The process of creating and operating a mortgage insurance history bureau is illustrated, which includes two stages:
a preparatory stage for development of a regulatory document of the Central Bank establishing an access procedure and a list of information provided by insurers, amendments and additions to the relevant federal law, software development and definition of a bureau administrator insurance histories; an operation stage for the transfer of the client's dossier with the main parameters of the loan to the credit history bureau after acquiring a mortgage, transfer of the insurance company information about the concluded insurance contract for insurance bureau, storing information during the term of the loan, and five years after his retirement.
Study of forming regional consumer goods basket
Authors: Abdulova Svetlana Yurievna , Gavrilova Olga Anatolievna 
Published: March 2020

The article touches upon the problem of forming the consumer goods basket, which is an important social factor determining the living cost of the population. Analysis of the methods of calculating the consumer goods basket in the Russian Federation and in the Astrakhan region has shown that food products make up 50% of it, which is 2.5 times higher than their share in consumer goods baskets of economically developed countries. In terms of the variety of products and services, the consumer goods basket in Russia is a clear outsider: it contains 156 items against
350 - 475 items in Western Europe and the United States. It can be considered a consumer goods basket of the poor, because it only provides an opportunity to survive in conditions of austerity. The comparative analysis of food products included in the basket of the Astrakhan region and recommended by the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation revealed significant deviations from the rational consumption standards. Their observance will increase the living cost of different categories of population in the region from 4.5% to 20% and require an increase in regional budget expenditures for providing social support measures by 15%. It has been inferred that the dual role
of the food basket in the economy is explained by two opposite goals: social and budgetary. The goals of social development dictate the establishment of the volume of food consumption in accordance with scientific recommendations. The goals of budget savings lead to underestimation
of the basket cost due to using a limited number of cheap products and an incomplete list of goods and services for normal human life. It is necessary to review the composition of the consumer goods basket in favor of a healthier and more useful set of products, expanding the range of non-food items and the list of services. The expansion of the consumer basket can become an effective factor in the growth of consumption volumes, the growth of business income, taxes and the state budget, reach the higher living standards in accordance with the requirements of the social market economy
La publicidad de las tiendas por departamentos de la ciudad de México en los albores del siglo XX
Authors: Sánchez Parra Cristina 
Published: March 2020

Este artículo expone un recorrido por las diferentes estrategias publicitarias que utilizaron las tiendas departamentales, ubicadas en la ciudad de México, a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, para conquistar a sus posibles clientes. La premisa que atraviesa el análisis es que estos comercios fundaron una nueva tradición del consumo, al introducir elementos como los precios fijos, la exhibición de las mercancías en vitrinas y, en general, la introducción de un nuevo lenguaje publicitario. Todas, características que enmarcan la aparición de nuevas subjetividades urbanas sobre el consumo. Por medio del análisis de los documentos oficiales del ayuntamiento y de la prensa de la época, el artículo postula las transformaciones en el mensaje publicitario; dichos cambios se enmarcan dentro de un contexto de modernización porfiriana, proceso que tuvo como referente la organización de las grandes urbes, como Londres y París. Este espejo europeo es una referencia constante que ayuda a identificar las influencias externas, pero también permite señalar las particularidades propias de la capital mexicana en pleno cambio de siglo.