bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of Rubella Antibody from Immune Globulin Treated with Kaolin
Authors: Cabasso V. J. , Louie R. E. , Hok K. A. , Robinson C. T. , Davis P. C. , Miner R. C. 
Published: December 2020

Sera and immune globulin (IG) preparations are customarily treated with kaolin before titration of their rubella hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody in order to rid them of nonspecific inhibitors of hemagglutination. The treatment was shown in this investigation to have no adverse effect on the antibody level of the sera but was found to remove considerable amounts of gamma-globulin from IG preparations. Evidence of this removal was obtained by serological tests, by spectrophotometric determination of protein concentration and by disc electrophoresis. In contrast to kaolin, heparin-manganese chloride (MnCl
2
) treatment of IG preparations had essentially no effect on the level of antibody globulin by all the criteria used. Heparin-MnCl
2
-treated IG lots were in these respects similar, if not identical, to their untreated counterparts. Since nonspecific inhibitors associated with the β-lipoprotein fraction of serum are removed by the method employed to fractionate the IG samples, it seems unnecessary to treat the latter in any way for the HI test. No difficulty was encountered in this investigation with several untreated IG lots.
Comparative Pathogenicity of
Actinomyces naeslundii
and
Actinomyces israelii
Authors: Coleman R. Marie , Georg Lucille K. 
Published: December 2020

Typical actinomycosis has been produced in mice following single intraperitoneal injections of saline suspensions of
Actinomyces israelii
and
A. naeslundii. A. israelii
produced infections in 95.8% of the animals inoculated.
A. naeslundii,
generally considered to be a saprophytic organism, produced lesions in 89.7% of the inoculated animals. The finding that
A. naeslundii
produced lesions in mice similar to those produced by
A. israelii
suggests that
A. naeslundii
has similar pathogenic potential for man. The isolation of
A. naeslundii
from suppurative lesions of man also supports this conclusion.
Enzymes Produced by a
Pseudomonas
Species Which Inactivate Inhibitors of Certain Viral Hemagglutinins. I. Identification and Purification of a Proteinase and Phospholipase C
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Gee Pinkie S. , Dennis Juanita , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: December 2020

Filtrates from cultures of a psychrophilic
Pseudomonas
species, which inactivate serum inhibitors of certain viral hemagglutinins, were shown to contain both lecithinase (phospholipase C) and a proteolytic enzyme with elastase activity. The bacterium was cultivated under conditions favoring production of the respective enzymes, and the enzymes were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by column chromatography or by gel filtration. The elastase was obtained in crystalline form and was recrystallized. It has properties similar to those of a number of other bacterial elastases but is more heat-labile than most. Although a high degree of purification was achieved for the lecithinase, as evidenced by an increase in specific activity, it was not obtained in crystalline form. Partially purified preparations of the lecithinase had extremely high activity compared to that of commercial preparations of phospholipase C from
Clostridium welchii
.
Evaluation of Disinfection Techniques for, and Their Effects on, Rectal Thermocouple Catheters
Authors: Maher J. T. , Rogers M. R. , Peterson D. W. 
Published: December 2020

The antibacterial activities of an iodophor (Wescodyne G), a quaternary ammonium compound (Roccal), and an iodine tincture as agents for the cold disinfection of rectal catheters contaminated in vitro were determined. Following thorough cleaning with an alcoholic solution of soft soap, each of the three disinfectants tested showed satisfactory results (100% kill) in 5 min against the enteric test bacteria (
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella typhosa
) as well as a test species of the genus
Pseudomonas
, among the bacteria most resistant to surface-active agents.

An aqueous solution of Wescodyne G containing 75 ppm available iodine was used both as a wiping solution and for subsequent disinfection of rectal catheters contaminated in vivo. Total bacterial destruction was found to follow a 60-min soak preceded by the wiping procedure.
Rectal catheters subjected to prolonged immersion in each of the test disinfectants were found to be essentially unaffected, retaining their initial calibrations within a permissible tolerance. Neither Roccal nor Wescodyne G solutions were found to measurably attack bare thermocouples. Alcoholic iodine 0.5% did, however, exert a deteriorating effect on bare thermocouples in a short time, as measured by change in resistance characteristics.
The results of this study have led to the recommendation that Wescodyne G containing 75 ppm available iodine be used in standing operating procedures for the initial cleaning and subsequent disinfection of rectal thermocouple catheters.
Antimicrobial Activity of Some Higher Amine Salts of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Borick Paul M. , Bratt Martin 
Published: December 2020

Various higher amine salts of dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro.
Although activity was present in all compounds tested, tetradecylammonium malonate showed the greatest activity with the widest spectrum. This compound was effective against gram-negative as well as gram-positive microorganisms, yeast, and fungi.
A high order of microbiological activity was demonstrated with various higher amine salts of dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids, e.g., tetradecylammonium oxalate, tetradecylammonium citrate, and so forth. Compounds tested exhibited a low order of toxicity.
A Bacteriophage-lysing Strain of
Staphylococcus
Employed in the Manufacture of Dry Sausage
Authors: Gyllenberg H. G. , Hackman C. R. 
Published: December 2020

A bacteriophage of a certain
Staphylococcus
(a strain of
Staphylococcus lactis
) employed in the manufacture of dry sausage has been characterized. The host range of this bacteriophage is wide. In addition to the original host, 15 other strains (out of 40 strains tested) were found to support reproduction of the phage. The sensitive strains represented
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
and different types of
S. lactis
.

The growth rate of the bacterial host did not influence the rates of phage adsorption, nor the maximal reproduction rate of new particles. With increasing bacterial growth rate, the “lag” observed before phage reproduction started was distinctly decreased. This phase was shorter with the original host strain than with other sensitive strains.
Resistant cultures of the original host strain were easily obtained. These cultures grew as rapidly and gave as good yields of cell mass as the original phage-sensitive host. However, phage resistance was frequently lost.
Isolation of Salmonellae from Foods Samples
Authors: Taylor Welton I. , Silliker John H. 
Published: December 2020

A comparison of various methods of enhancing frequency of
Salmonella
isolations revealed that inoculation of a second enrichment broth, with culture from the first, was no improvement over the single direct enrichment method. It was inferior to centrifugation.

Selenite was observed to produce more positive isolations at 48 hr than at 24. No change occurred in tetrathionate. Reconstitution of dried albumen with water produced a significant increase in isolations over direct inoculation of enrichment broth in the case of tetrathionate but not selenite broth.
Pre-enrichment in lactose broth before inoculation of enrichment media was vastly superior to reconstitution in water for both enrichment broths. A comparison of results obtained using dulcitol, mannitol, lactose and carbohydrate-free purple broths in pre-enrichment indicated that the carbohydrate added was immaterial.
Isolation of Salmonellae from Foods Samples
Authors: Taylor Welton I. 
Published: December 2020

Comparison of three methods by which salmonellae may be isolated and enumerated from dried albumen, direct inoculation of enrichment media, centrifugation of samples, and pre-enrichment in noninhibitory media, reveals pre-enrichment to be the method of choice.
The superiority of pre-enrichment manifests itself in replicate aliquots of the same sample by producing a statistically significant increase in numbers of isolations of salmonellae and in empirical use with various albumen samples by consistently higher values of most probable numbers (MPN).
The primary factor involved in this superiority appears to be the greater ability of small numbers of salmonellae to initiate growth in the nonselective mannitol purple sugar broth than in the inhibitory enrichment media.
The method of analysis recommended entails inoculation of mannitol broth pre-enrichment medium, transfer of 24-hr culture aliquots to tetrathionate broth, and streaking on brilliant green agar for isolation of salmonellae.
Household transmission and incidence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in symptomatic healthcare workers, clinical course and outcome: a French hospital experience
Authors: Krastinova Evguenia , Garrait Valérie , Lecam Marie-Thérèse , Coste André , Varon Emmanuelle , Delacroix Isabelle , Si Ali Amine , Jung Camille , Smati Mounira , Cherbit Muriel , Maître Bernard , Pairon Jean-Claude , Andujar Pascal 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesAlthough healthcare workers (HCWs) have been particularly affected by SARS-CoV-2, detailed data remain scarce. In this study, we investigated infection rates, clinical characteristics, occupational exposure and household transmission among all symptomatic HCWs screened by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR between 17 March (French lockdown) and 20 April.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR was proposed to symptomatic (new cough or dyspnoea) HCWs at Creteil Hospital in one of the Parisian suburbs most severely affected by COVID-19. Data on occupational profile, living situation and household, together with self–isolation and mask use at home were collected, as well as the number of cases in the household.ResultsThe incidence rate of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to be 5% (110/2188). A total of 110 (35%) of the 314 HCWs tested positive and 9 (8%) were hospitalised. On multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with positive RT-PCR were occupational profile with direct patient facing (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 8.8), p<0.03), and presence of anosmia (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.1 to 10.6), p<0.0001). Being a current smoker was associated with negative RT-PCR (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7), p=0.005). Transmission from HCWs to household members was reported in 9 (14%) cases, and 2 deaths occurred. Overall, self-isolation was possible in 52% of cases, but only 31% of HCWs were able to wear a mask at home.ConclusionThis is the first study to report infection rates among HCWs during the peak of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France and the lockdown period, highlighting the risk related to occupational profile and household transmission.
Top 10 research priorities for people living with pulmonary fibrosis, their caregivers, healthcare professionals and researchers
Authors: Tikellis Gabriella , Tong Allison , Lee Joanna Y T , Corte Tamera J. , Hey-Cunningham Alison J , Bartlett Michael , Crawford Tonia , Glaspole Ian , Price John , Maloney Jamie , Holland Anne E 
Published: December 2020

Introduction
People with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) experience a high symptom burden, reduced quality of life and a shortened lifespan. Treatment options are limited and little is known about what patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals (HCPs)/researchers consider as the most important research priorities. This study aimed to identify the top 10 research priorities for PF across all stakeholders.

Methods
Participants included people with PF, caregivers and HCPs/researchers involved with PF. The research priority setting exercise involved three stages: (1) identifying priorities using an open-ended questionnaire and thematic analysis, (2) development of specific research questions at a face-to-face workshop, and (3) online ranking of research questions to identify the top 10 research priorities using nominal group ranking method.

Results

196 participants completed stage 1 generating 560 questions and 14 research themes were identified. Stage 2 involved 32 participants and generated 53 indicative questions from which 39 were used for the final ranking. Stage 3 was completed by 270 participants. The top ranked priorities focussed on medications to reverse scarring in the lungs (ranked 1
st
), improving lung function (ranked 2
nd
, 6
th
and 8
th
), interventions aimed at alleviating symptoms (ranked 5
th
and 7
th
), prevention of PF (ranked 3
rd
and 4
th
) and the best exercise programme for PF (ranked 10
th
). There was good consensus among patients/carers and HCPs/researchers on the top 10 priorities, however, causes of acute exacerbations and early diagnosis for improving survival, was ranked higher by HCPs/researchers.

Conclusion
Interventions for preserving lung health and alleviation of symptom burden were top research priorities for PF stakeholders.
Short- and long-term effects of fire and vegetation cover on four lizard species in Amazonian savannas
Authors: Souza E. , Lima A.P. , Magnusson W.E. , Kawashita-Ribeiro R. , Fadini R. , Ghizoni I.R. , Ganança P. , Fraga R. 
Published: December 2020

Ecological succession in tropical savannas is limited by seasonal fire, which affects habitat quality. Although fire may cause negligible or positive effects on animals occupying savannas, most short-term studies (months to a few years) are based on a single temporal sampling snapshot, and long-term studies (decades) are rare. We sampled four lizard species (Rainbow Whiptail, Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758); Striped Whiptail, Kentropyx striata (Daudin, 1802); Grass Anole, Norops auratus Duméril and Bibron, 1837 = Anolis auratus Daudin, 1802; Amazon Racerunner, Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Amazonian savannas to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on lizard densities at two temporal scales. In the short term, we use three sampling snapshots to test the effects of fire and vegetation cover on estimated lizard densities over the subsequent 1–5 years. In the long term, we test the effects of fire and changes in vegetation cover over 21 years on current lizard density differences. In the short term, species responses were usually consistent with foraging and thermoregulation modes. However, the results were not consistent among species and years, although the variances in species density explained by year as a random factor were generally low. In the long term, the main effects of fire and vegetation cover show that lizard densities may change spatially, but not necessarily temporarily. Wildfire is a natural resource of savannas and apparently have little impact on resident lizards of that ecosystem.
Sum rule for the Compton amplitude and implications for the proton–neutron mass difference
Authors: Gasser J. , Leutwyler H. , Rusetsky A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Cottingham formula expresses the leading contribution of the electromagnetic interaction to the proton-neutron mass difference as an integral over the forward Compton amplitude. Since quarks and gluons reggeize, the dispersive representation of this amplitude requires a subtraction. We assume that the asymptotic behaviour is dominated by Reggeon exchange. This leads to a sum rule that expresses the subtraction function in terms of measurable quantities. The evaluation of this sum rule leads to $$m_{\mathrm{QED}}^{p-n}=0.58\pm 0.16\,\text {MeV}$$

m

QED

p
-
n

=
0.58
±
0.16

MeV

.
Freeze-in Dirac neutrinogenesis: thermal leptonic CP asymmetry
Authors: Li Shao-Ping , Li Xin-Qiang , Yan Xin-Shuai , Yang Ya-Dong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present a freeze-in realization of the Dirac neutrinogenesis in which the decaying particle that generates the lepton-number asymmetry is in thermal equilibrium. As the right-handed Dirac neutrinos are produced non-thermally, the lepton-number asymmetry is accumulated and partially converted to the baryon-number asymmetry via the rapid sphaleron transitions. The necessary CP-violating condition can be fulfilled by a purely thermal kinetic phase from the wavefunction correction in the lepton-doublet sector, which has been neglected in most leptogenesis-based setup. Furthermore, this condition necessitates a preferred flavor basis in which both the charged-lepton and neutrino Yukawa matrices are non-diagonal. To protect such a proper Yukawa structure from the basis transformations in flavor space prior to the electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, we can resort to a plethora of model buildings aimed at deciphering the non-trivial Yukawa structures. Interestingly, based on the well-known tri-bimaximal mixing with a minimal correction from the charged-lepton or neutrino sector, we find that a simultaneous explanation of the baryon-number asymmetry in the Universe and the low-energy neutrino oscillation observables can be attributed to the mixing angle and the CP-violating phase introduced in the minimal correction.
Antithrombotic Agents for tPA‐Induced Cerebral Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Preclinical Studies
Authors: Ye Yang , Zhang Fu‐Tao , Wang Xiao‐Yi , Tong Hong‐Xuan , Zhu Yu‐Tian 
Published: December 2020

Background
tPA (tissue‐type plasminogen activator) remains the only approved drug for acute ischemic stroke, with a potentially serious adverse effect: hemorrhagic transformation. The effects of antithrombotic agents on tPA‐induced hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke are not clearly defined. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis in preclinical studies aiming to evaluate the efficacy of antithrombotic agents on tPA‐induced hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke.

Methods and Results
We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies testing antithrombotic agents in animal models of tPA‐induced hemorrhagic transformation. The pooled effects were calculated using random‐effects models, and heterogeneity was explored through meta‐regression and subgroup analyses. Publication bias was assessed using trim and fill method and the Egger test. The efficacy of 18 distinct interventions was described in 22 publications. The pooled data showed a significant improvement in cerebral hemorrhage, infarct size, and neurobehavioral outcome in treated compared with control animals (standardized mean difference, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.11–0.78]; standardized mean difference, 1.18 [95% CI, 0.73–1.64]; and standardized mean difference, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.49–1.32], respectively). Subgroup analysis indicated that quality score, random allocation, control of temperature, anesthetic used, stroke model used, route of drug delivery, time of drug administration, and time of assessment were significant factors that influenced the effects of interventions.

Conclusions
Administration with antiplatelet agents revealed statistically significant improvement in all the outcomes. Anticoagulant agents showed significant effects in infarct size and neurobehavioral score, but fibrinolytic agents did not show any significant improvement in all the outcomes. The conclusions should be interpreted cautiously given the heterogeneity and publication bias identified in this analysis.
Quality of Life and Diverse Temporalities amid Fast Urbanism
Authors: Cho Mihye 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Quality-of-life research leans toward measuring placed-based attributes of a locale while less attention has been given to understanding what people mean by quality of life. This paper reiterates that quality-of-life research is intrinsically about juxtaposing life conditions and life evaluation, thereby unveiling critical issues immanent in a society (Castells, 1983). This paper draws on interviews conducted in public housing neighbourhoods in Singapore to examine the colloquial meanings of quality of life and the normative connotations that people attach to it. It unveils the efforts to reconcile fast and slow and discusses the different temporalities underpinning life domains and how spatial planning could engage with the issue of time to improve quality of life. The Singapore case is insightful to contemplate the challenges of reconciling the increasing needs of going slower amid an accelerated pace of life, which is a contradictory yet pervasive characteristic of life in contemporary capitalist societies.
The Social Adaptation of Khmer Rouge Perpetrators in the Aftermath of the Cambodian Genocide
Authors: Kanavou Angeliki Andrea , Path Kosal 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper explores the social adaptation of 157 former Khmer Rouge (KR) cadres. The cadres lived in relative isolation in the former KR stronghold, the semi-autonomous Anlong Veng, under the leadership of their commander, Chhit Chhoeun (alias Ta Mok). With the help of survey analysis, the paper presents findings regarding the cadres’ traumatisation, their views on assigning responsibility for actions during the genocide (1975–1979), as well as the cadres’ feelings of shame and lack of trust. The cadres demonstrated avoidance and a lack of self-confrontation and, similarly, manifested limited reflection about their individual and collective participation in the genocidal regime of the KR. The paper concludes with the long-lasting impact of thought reform and obedience to authority. Community re-building in post-genocide societies requires efforts at collective rehabilitation of collaborators of genocidal regimes and survivors alike.
Towards a New History of Elite Cultural Expression in Japanese-Occupied China
Authors: Taylor Jeremy E. , Yang Zhiyi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a ‘state of the field’ view of what the authors refer to as the ‘new cultural history’ of Japanese-occupied China. It explores how this small but growing field is beginning to provide new perspectives on questions of ‘collaboration’ and ‘resistance’ that have dominated many recent studies of wartime China. In addition, the authors argue that more research needs to focus on elite forms of Chinese cultural expression under occupation (a topic which has hitherto eluded serious academic scrutiny). This introduction also introduces the four key papers which make up this special issue.
The Sarawak Dabogong Festival and Its Social Significance in the Chinese Community in Malaysia
Authors: Yu-Tsuen Hsu , Wei-An Chang , Han-Pi Chang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Dabogong is a Chinese deity with a widespread following in Sarawak; however, the connections between Dabogong temples are underdeveloped compared with that between Chinese subethnic associations.1 Therefore, Sibu Dabogong Temple proposed to establish an association to plan and oversee the Sarawak Dabogong Festival in 2009. Since then, the scope of the organization’s membership and activities has become national as well as international. To learn how the social meaning of the festival is understood by the participants, we reviewed the local historical literature, conducted field research, and administered a questionnaire survey during the third Sarawak Dabogong Festival at Kuching 10 Miles in Sarawak in 2011. First, we explored the defining characteristic of Dabogong temples in Sarawak, the prominence of Dabogong in the Sarawak Chinese community, reasons for building temples, the accompanying gods in a Dabogong temple, and the timing of temple construction. Next, we examined the formation of the Dabogong Festival and the characteristics of the participants. Finally, we determined that the social significance of the festival can be attributed to its role in the transmission of Chinese tradition and the promotion of Dabogong belief.