bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stepping out of the social world: A lonely call for more philosophy in the practice turn
Authors: SKONIECZNY AMY 
Published: March 2020

Abstract:Practice Theory and International Relations will challenge all you’ve come to know about the practice turn in international relations. It will ask you to question how you define practices and call for more precision. It will challenge your starting point of ground-up actions in everyday life and look at practices from above. It will push you to rethink your empirical methodology and call out sociological approaches as misconceived. And yes, it will ask you to reread Hegel and bring philosophy back in to your practice theorising. In short, it will make a lonely, and for many, unwanted call for a U-turn in the field. In this review, I’ll take up this call for a U-turn back to philosophical foundations, and ask what is gained and what is lost in rethinking practice theory from a philosophical perspective.
Decomposing Barotropic Transport Variability in a High‐Resolution Model of the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Wang Yuan , Greatbatch Richard J. , Claus Martin , Sheng Jinyu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA method using a linear shallow water model is presented for decomposing the temporal variability of the barotropic stream function in a high‐resolution ocean model. The method is based on the vertically averaged momentum equations and is applied to the time series of annual mean stream function from the model configuration VIKING20 for the northern North Atlantic. An important result is the role played by the nonlinear advection terms in VIKING20 for driving transport. The method is illustrated by examining how the Gulf Stream transport in the recirculation region responds to the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). While no statistically significant response is found in the year overlapping with the winter NAO index, there is a tendency for the Gulf Stream transport to increase as the NAO becomes more positive. This becomes significant in lead years 1 and 2 when the mean flow advection and eddy momentum flux contributions, associated with nonlinear momentum advection, dominate. Only after 2 years, does the potential energy term, associated with the density field, start to play a role and it is only after 5 years that the transport dependence on the NAO ceases to be significant. It is also shown that the potential energy contribution to the transport stream function has significant memory of up to 5 years in the Labrador and Irminger Seas. However, it is only around the northern rim of these seas that VIKING20 and the transport reconstruction exhibit similar memory. This is due to masking by the mean flow advection and eddy momentum flux contributions.
Phase Changes of Electromagnetic Oceanic Tidal Signals
Authors: Saynisch‐Wagner J. , Petereit J. , Irrgang C. , Thomas M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOver the last years, the number of studies that investigate or utilize the electromagnetic (EM) signals generated by ocean tides is steadily growing. However, the majority of these studies focuses on the amplitudes of EM tidal signals. This study investigates the phases of EM tidal signals and their changes. Twenty‐six years of monthly observation‐based datasets of tidal velocities, geomagnetic field, and oceanic conductivity are fed into an EM induction solver to generate varying EM tidal signals. The sensitivities of the resulting EM signals are analyzed by forbidding or allowing the input datasets to vary in time. We report on the phase's sensitivities with respect to changes in the EM properties, that is, secular variation of the geomagnetic field and changes in oceanic conductivity. Distinct temporal behavior and distinct geographic pattern for the two sensitivities can be reported. In general, apart from global phase shifts of 3–5 degrees, concentrated areas with phase shifts of up to 45 degrees occur all over the globe, over the oceans, for example, Arctic and Atlantic Ocean, as well as on coastal land regions, for example, Southwest Greenland and Japan. Very locally, phase shifts of 90 degree or higher occur.
VDRAS and Polarimetric Radar Investigation of a Bow Echo Formation After a Squall Line Merged With a Preline Convective Cell
Authors: Zhou Ang , Zhao Kun , Lee Wen‐Chau , Huang Hao , Hu Dongming , Fu Peiling 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper is the first to document the development of a type of bow echo, termed merger‐formation bow echo (MFBE), in southeast China evolving from a subtropical squall line (SL) merging with a preline convective cell (CC). Although this MFBE did not produce damaging surface winds, its intense rain rate resulted in local flooding. The evolution of the kinematic, thermodynamic, and microphysical structures is investigated using the variational Doppler radar analysis system (VDRAS) analysis and polarimetric radar observations. Key factors of this MFBE event including the rear‐inflow jet (RIJ) and cold pool exhibited different characteristics from those in classical bow echoes and limited MFBE cases.As the SL propagated towards the coast, a CC was triggered along a sea breeze front. The SL did possess a RIJ, but a bow‐shaped reflectivity did not appear until the SL‐CC merger. The RIJ weakened and became elevated during the merger, while the leading edge of SL cold pool accompanied by a weak diverging outflow did not advance with the reflectivity field. The updraft was strengthened due to the merger, resulting in enhanced precipitation falling ahead of the original SL. The subcloud evaporation locally cooled the air ahead of the SL and merged with the original SL cold pool. This combined cold pool advanced forward rapidly and caught up with the bowing radar reflectivity to form this MFBE. This study illustrates the processes of a SL‐CC merger leading to the formation of a different type of MFBE that did not produce damaging surface winds.
Impact of Subgrid Variation of Water Vapor on Longwave Radiation in a General Circulation Model
Authors: Kim Siyun , Park Sungsu , Shin Jihoon 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMost general circulation models compute radiation fluxes by assuming that water vapor is uniform within individual grid layers, which leads to an underestimation of satellite‐observed longwave (LW) cloud radiative forcing (LWCF). To fix this problem, we calculated water vapor content separately for clear and cloudy portions and used them to compute LW radiation. The impacts of this modification were examined by comparing two global simulations with and without the modification (NEW and OLD, respectively). Global‐annual mean LWCF from NEW was 1.8 W m−2 higher than that of OLD, thus remedying a long‐standing negative bias of LWCF. This improvement is a combined result of more clear‐sky and less all‐sky upward LW flux at the top of the atmosphere than OLD. Large increases in LWCF and clear‐sky LW flux occurred in the tropical deep convection and midlatitude storm track regions where upper‐ and middle‐level clouds are abundant. Although only the LW radiation scheme was modified, global‐annual mean shortwave cloud radiative forcing also increased, particularly in the vicinity of the eastern subtropical marine stratocumulus decks through radiative feedback processes. With this improved treatment, it may be possible to tune general circulation models in a more flexible and physical way without introducing compensating errors.
Quantifying the Controls on Evapotranspiration Partitioning in the Highest Alpine Meadow Ecosystem
Authors: Cui Jiangpeng , Tian Lide , Wei Zhongwang , Huntingford Chris , Wang Pei , Cai Zhongyin , Ma Ning , Wang Lixin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractQuantifying the transpiration fraction of evapotranspiration (T/ET) is crucial for understanding plant functionality in ecosystem water cycles, land‐atmosphere interactions, and the global water budget. However, the controls and mechanisms underlying the temporal change of T/ET remain poorly understood in arid and semiarid areas, especially for remote regions with sparse observations such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In this study, we used combined high‐frequency laser spectroscopy and chamber methods to constrain estimates of T/ET for an alpine meadow ecosystem in the central TP. The three isotopic end members in ET (δET), soil evaporation (δE), and plant transpiration (δT) were directly determined by three newly customized chambers. Results showed that the seasonal variations of δET, δE, and δT were strongly affected by the precipitation isotope (R2 = 0.53). The δ18O‐based T/ET agreed with that of δ2H. Isotope‐based T/ET ranged from 0.15 to 0.73 during the periods of observation, with an average of 0.43. This mean result was supported by T/ET derived from a two‐source model and eddy covariance observations. Our overarching finding is that at the seasonal timescale, surface soil water content (θ) dominated the change of T/ET, with leaf area index playing only a secondary role. Our study confirms the critical impact of soil water on the temporal change of T/ET in water‐limited regions such as the TP. This knowledge sheds light on diverse land‐surface processes, global hydrological cycles, and their modeling.
The impact of bacteria-derived ultrafine dust particles on pulmonary diseases
Authors: Yang Jinho , Kim Eun Kyoung , Park Hyeon Ju , McDowell Andrea , Kim Yoon-Keun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe relationship between ambient particulate matter exposure and health has been well established. Ultrafine particles (UFP) with a diameter of 100 nm or less are known to increase pulmonary disease risk. Biological factors in dust containing UFP can cause severe inflammatory reactions. Pulmonary diseases develop primarily as a result of chronic inflammation caused by immune dysfunction. Thus, this review focuses on the adverse pulmonary effects of biological UFP, principally lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs), in indoor dust and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of chronic pulmonary diseases. The impact of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation is based primarily on the amount of inhaled LPS. When relatively low levels of LPS are inhaled, a cascade of immune responses leads to Th2 cell induction, and IL-5 and IL-13 released by Th2 cells contributes to asthma development. Conversely, exposure to high levels of LPS induces a Th17 cell response, leading to increased production of IL-17, which is associated with asthma, COPD, and lung cancer incidence. Responses to bacterial EV exposure can similarly be broadly divided based on whether one of two mechanisms, either intracellular or extracellular, is activated, which depends on the type of the parent cell. Extracellular bacteria-derived EVs can cause neutrophilic inflammation via Th17 cell induction, which is associated with asthma, emphysema, COPD, and lung cancer. On the other hand, intracellular bacteria-derived EVs lead to mononuclear inflammation via Th1 cell induction, which increases the risk of emphysema. In conclusion, future measures should focus on the overall reduction of LPS sources in addition to the improvement of the balance of inhaled bacterial EVs in the indoor environment to minimize pulmonary disease risk.
Mechanisms of ultrafine particle-induced respiratory health effects
Authors: Leikauf George D. , Kim Sang-Heon , Jang An-Soo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractParticulate matter (PM) is the principal component of air pollution. PM includes a range of particle sizes, such as coarse, fine, and ultrafine particles. Particles that are <100 nm in diameter are defined as ultrafine particles (UFPs). UFPs are found to a large extent in urban air as both singlet and aggregated particles. UFPs are classified into two major categories based on their source. Typically, UFPs are incidentally generated in the environment, often as byproducts of fossil fuel combustion, condensation of semivolatile substances or industrial emissions, whereas nanoparticles are manufactured through controlled engineering processes. The primary exposure mechanism of PM is inhalation. Inhalation of PM exacerbates respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic airway diseases, but the mechanisms underlying this response remain unclear. This review offers insights into the mechanisms by which particles, including UFPs, influence airway inflammation and discusses several mechanisms that may explain the relationship between particulate air pollutants and human health, particularly respiratory health. Understanding the mechanisms of PM-mediated lung injury will enhance efforts to protect at-risk individuals from the harmful health effects of air pollutants.
Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease
Authors: Kwon Hyouk-Soo , Ryu Min Hyung , Carlsten Christopher 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUltrafine particles (UFPs) are aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less. There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFPs to human health. Despite their modest mass and size, they dominate in terms of the number of particles in the ambient air. A particular concern about UFPs is their ability to reach the most distal lung regions (alveoli) and circumvent primary airway defenses. Moreover, UFPs have a high surface area and a capacity to adsorb a substantial amount of toxic organic compounds. Harmful systemic health effects of PM10 or PM2.5 are often attributable to the UFP fraction. In this review, we examine the physicochemical characteristics of UFPs to enable a better understanding of the effects of these particles on human health. The characteristics of UFPs from diesel combustion will be discussed in the greatest detail because road vehicles are the primary source of UFP emissions in urban pollution hotspots. Finally, we will elaborate on the role of UFPs on global climate change, since the adverse effects of UFPs on meteorological processes and the hydrological cycle may even be more harmful to human health than their direct toxic effects.
Water-induced MAPbBr3@PbBr(OH) with enhanced luminescence and stability
Authors: Liu Kai-Kai , Liu Qian , Yang Dong-Wen , Liang Ya-Chuan , Sui Lai-Zhi , Wei Jian-Yong , Xue Guo-Wei , Zhao Wen-Bo , Wu Xue-Ying , Dong Lin , Shan Chong-Xin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPoor stability has long been one of the key issues that hinder the practical applications of lead-based halide perovskites. In this paper, the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of bromide-based perovskites can be increased from 2.5% to 71.54% by introducing water, and the PL QY of a sample in aqueous solution decreases minimally over 1 year. The enhanced stability and PL QY can be attributed to the water-induced methylamino lead bromide perovskite (MAPbBr3)@PbBr(OH). We note that this strategy is universal to MAPbBr3, formamidine lead bromide perovskite (FAPbBr3), inorganic lead bromide perovskite (CsPbBr3), etc. Light-emitting devices (LEDs) are fabricated by using the as-prepared perovskite as phosphors on a 365 nm UV chip. The luminance intensity of the LED is 9549 cd/m2 when the driven current is 200 mA, and blemishes on the surface of glass are clearly observed under the illumination of the LEDs. This work provides a new strategy for highly stable and efficient perovskites.
Neural substrates of smoking and reward cue reactivity in smokers: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies
Authors: Lin Xiao , Deng Jiahui , Shi Le , Wang Qiandong , Li Peng , Li Hui , Liu Jiajia , Que Jianyu , Chang Suhua , Bao Yanping , Shi Jie , Weinberger Daniel R. , Wu Ping , Lu Lin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSmoking is partly attributed to alterations of reward processing. However, findings on the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie smoking-related and smoking-unrelated reward processing in smokers have been inconsistent. Neuroimaging experiments that used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and reported brain responses to smoking-related cues and nonsmoking reward-related cues in smokers and healthy controls as coordinates in a standard anatomic reference space were identified by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to December 2018. Three meta-analyses were performed using random-effect nonparametric statistics with Seed-based d Mapping software, with brain activity contrast from individual studies as the input. The striatum showed higher activation in response to smoking-related cues compared with neutral cues in 816 smokers from 28 studies and lower activation in response to nonsmoking reward-related cues in 275 smokers compared with 271 healthy control individuals from 13 studies. The relative reactivity of the putamen to smoking-related cues increased in 108 smokers compared with 107 healthy controls from seven studies. Meta-regression showed that smokers with a greater severity of nicotine dependence exhibited less engagement of the striatum in response to both smoking-related cues and nonsmoking reward-related cues. The present results reveal the disruption of reward system function in smokers and provide new insights into diverging theories of addiction. With the escalation of nicotine dependence, nicotine appears to exert dynamic effects on reward processing, based on incentive sensitization theory and reward deficiency syndrome theory.
Further confirmation of netrin 1 receptor (DCC) as a depression risk gene via integrations of multi-omics data
Authors: Li Hui-Juan , Qu Na , Hui Li , Cai Xin , Zhang Chu-Yi , Zhong Bao-Liang , Zhang Shu-Fang , Chen Jing , Xia Bin , Wang Lu , Jia Qiu-Fang , Li Wei , Chang Hong , Xiao Xiao , Li Ming , Li Yi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) of major depression and its relevant biological phenotypes have been extensively conducted in large samples, and transcriptome-wide analyses in the tissues of brain regions relevant to pathogenesis of depression, e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), have also been widely performed recently. Integrating these multi-omics data will enable unveiling of depression risk genes and even underlying pathological mechanisms. Here, we employ summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) and integrative risk gene selector (iRIGS) approaches to integrate multi-omics data from GWAS, DLPFC expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses and enhancer-promoter physical link studies to prioritize high-confidence risk genes for depression, followed by independent replications across distinct populations. These integrative analyses identify multiple high-confidence depression risk genes, and numerous lines of evidence supporting pivotal roles of the netrin 1 receptor (DCC) gene in this illness across different populations. Our subsequent explorative analyses further suggest that DCC significantly predicts neuroticism, well-being spectrum, cognitive function and putamen structure in general populations. Gene expression correlation and pathway analyses in DLPFC further show that DCC potentially participates in the biological processes and pathways underlying synaptic plasticity, axon guidance, circadian entrainment, as well as learning and long-term potentiation. These results are in agreement with the recent findings of this gene in neurodevelopment and psychiatric disorders, and we thus further confirm that DCC is an important susceptibility gene for depression, and might be a potential target for new antidepressants.
A single-centre investigator-blinded randomised parallel-group study protocol to investigate the influence of an acclimatisation appointment on children’s behaviour during N2O/O2 sedation as measured by psychological, behavioural and real-time physiological parameters
Authors: Kowash Mawlood , Al-Halabi Manal , Hussein Iyad , Abdo Mohammad M. , Salami Anas , Hassan Amar , Sverrisdottir Yrsa , Tahmassebi Jinous F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo describe a study protocol of a randomised control trial (RCT) assessing the effectiveness, in reducing dental anxiety, of an acclimatising nitrous oxide sedation (N2O) session prior to actual dental treatment with N2O.Materials and methodsA single-centre investigator-blinded parallel-group RCT conducted in a postgraduate dental hospital in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Anxious children requiring N2O (aged 5–15 years) will be randomly assigned to; a study group: children who will have a preparatory N2O trial experience or; a control group: children who will only have N2O explained to them. Treatment with N2O for both groups will start at the second visit. The following outcomes will be recorded: completion of dental treatment, anxiety scores at baseline and after treatment (using the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale faces), behaviour of the child (using Frankl Rating Behaviour Scale) and the acquisition of real-time physiological anxiety-related parameters (using E4®electronic wrist devices).ResultsThe data will be analysed statistically.DiscussionThere is a paucity of research regarding dental N2O acclimatising appointments. This RCT will supplement existing literature.ConclusionsThis RCT will report whether prior acclimatising of a child to N2O sedation is effective, or not, in improving dental treatment behaviour.
Grasp55−/− mice display impaired fat absorption and resistance to high-fat diet-induced obesity
Authors: Kim Jiyoon , Kim Hyeyon , Noh Shin Hye , Jang Dong Geon , Park Shi-Young , Min Dongkook , Kim Hyunki , Kweon Hee-Seok , Kim Hoguen , Aum Sowon , Seo Sookyung , Choi Cheol Soo , Kim Hail , Kim Jae Woo , Moon Seok Jun , Gee Heon Yung , Lee Min Goo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Golgi apparatus plays a central role in the intracellular transport of macromolecules. However, molecular mechanisms of Golgi-mediated lipid transport remain poorly understood. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of the Golgi-resident protein GRASP55 in mice reduces whole-body fat mass via impaired intestinal fat absorption and evokes resistance to high-fat diet induced body weight gain. Mechanistic analyses reveal that GRASP55 participates in the Golgi-mediated lipid droplet (LD) targeting of some LD-associated lipases, such as ATGL and MGL, which is required for sustained lipid supply for chylomicron assembly and secretion. Consequently, GRASP55 deficiency leads to reduced chylomicron secretion and abnormally large LD formation in intestinal epithelial cells upon exogenous lipid challenge. Notably, deletion of dGrasp in Drosophila causes similar defects of lipid accumulation in the midgut. These results highlight the importance of the Golgi complex in cellular lipid regulation, which is evolutionary conserved, and uncover potential therapeutic targets for obesity-associated diseases.