bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
21 Effects of supplementing late gestation sow diets with zinc on pre-weaning mortality of pigs under commercial rearing conditions
Authors: Holen Julia P , Urriola Pedro E , Schwartz Mark , Jang Jae-Cheol , Shurson Gerald C , Johnston Lee 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine pre-weaning survival of pigs when sows were supplemented with 3 dietary levels of Zn in late gestation. Gilts and sows (n = 339) were assigned to one of three dietary treatments based on parity. Treatments were: 1) Control – corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (75 ppm Zn) and AvailaZn™ (50 ppm Zn, CON); 2) Intermediate – as Control + 240 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (INT); and 3) High – as Control + 470 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (HI). Final supplemental Zn concentrations of diets were: 1) CON – 125 ppm; 2) INT – 365 ppm; and 3) HI – 595 ppm. Sows received dietary treatments from about d 85 of gestation until farrowing. Individual piglet birth weights were recorded within 12 h of parturition and all instances of piglet mortality were recorded. The statistical model considered fixed effects of diet and random effects of parity. Chi-square analysis was used to determine diet effects on piglet mortality. There were no differences in total pigs born, born alive, or weaned per litter. However, piglets from sows fed the INT diet had heavier (P &lt; 0.05) birth weights (1.42 kg) than those fed CON (1.38 kg). Furthermore, incidence of low birth weight pigs was less (P &lt; 0.05) for sows consuming INT compared with sows fed CON and HI (Table 1). Overall piglet mortality tended to decrease (P &lt; 0.10) as dietary Zn increased. Furthermore, mortality of low birth weight pigs decreased (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Zn increased. Overall, effects of supplemental dietary Zn at 365 and 595 ppm in late gestation improved pre-weaning survival of low birth weight piglets and reduced overall pre-weaning mortality of piglets.
19 Assessment of Nitrogen Intake, Excretion and Deposition in lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Pigs
Authors: Barcellos Joyce , Alves Warley J , Ferreira Carolaine R , Monteiro Filipe , Viana Gabriel , Campos Paulo H Reis Furtado , Silva Fabyano , Hannas Melissa I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the effect of E. Coli lipopolyssacharide challenge (IC) on Nitrogen Balance (NB) in growing pigs (19 kg). Three NB trials were performed in a complete RBD, with six nitrogen levels (NL), two sanitary status (control and IC) and two individual replicates per treatment (6 x 2 x 6). Pigs were intramuscular injected with 30 and 34 μg LPS/kg for two consecutive days. Dietary NL ranged from 1.06 to 4.48 % (dry matter), with lysine being limiting in all diets. NB trials lasted 11 days in which feces and urine were collected at the last four days to determine N intake (NI), N excretion (NEX) and N deposition (ND). Data were analyzed as two-way ANOVA and polynomial contrasts were used. Body weight were unaffected by the factors under study (P &gt;0,05). LPS-challenged pigs had a lower (P&lt; 0,05) feed intake compared with control group (372,98 vs. 417,82). Interaction between NL and IC were observed (P&lt; 0,05) for NI, NEX and ND. NL linearly increased NI, NEX and ND, with different equations for both groups (P&lt; 0,05): ND = 127,86 + 246,95 NL in control group whereas ND = 150,66 + 155,4 in LPS group. LPS-challenged pigs fed the three highest NL exhibited a decrease in NI compared with control group (P&lt; 0,05). From NL2 to NL6, ND was also impaired in LPS-challenged pigs compared with control. Nitrogen excretion was higher in LPS-challenged pigs fed the two highest NL compared with pigs from control group (P&lt; 0,05). In conclusion, LPS challenge impairs nitrogen retention in growing pigs by 37%. These outcomes can be used further for modelling procedures to estimate lysine requirements of pigs in different sanitary status.
36 Evaluation and mitigation of the effects of in utero heat stress on pig performance following weaning and transport
Authors: Maskal Jacob M , Duttlinger Alan W , Kpodo Kouassi R , McConn Betty R , Byrd Christopher , Richert Brian T , Lay Donald , Marchant-Forde Jeremy , Lucy Matthew , Safranski Tim , Johnson Jay S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In utero heat stress (IUHS) negatively affects swine productivity and is a growing concern for the swine industry. The study objective was to evaluate and mitigate the negative effects of IUHS on pig performance following weaning and transport. Based on previous research, we hypothesized that IUHS pigs would have reduced performance relative to in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) pigs due to greater maintenance costs and supplementing a nutrient-dense (ND) diet would improve IUHS pig performance to similar levels as IUTN pigs fed a common (C) diet. Therefore, 24 bred gilts were assigned to either thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1°C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cyclical 27°C to 37°C) conditions for the first half of gestation (d1 to 58) and then TN conditions for the remainder of gestation. At weaning (16.2 ± 0.4 d), pigs (N = 160; 4.78 ± 0.15 kg BW) were transported (loading + transport + unloading) for approximately 12h. Pigs were then blocked into pens (n = 4 pigs/pen) by in utero and dietary treatments which were fed for 14 d (Period-1): IUTN-C (n = 10 pens), IUTN-ND (n = 10 pens), IUHS-C (n = 10 pens), IUHS-ND (n = 10 pens). Following Period-1, all pigs were fed the C diet from d15 to 35 post-weaning and transport (Period-2). Production measures were taken on d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 post-weaning and transport to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. During Period-1, ADG was reduced overall (P = 0.03, 10.6%) for IUHS pigs compared to IUTN pigs. Pigs fed ND diets had reduced ADFI during Period-1 (P = 0.02, 8.8%) relative to C fed pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. During Period-2, ADFI was increased (P = 0.03, 4.7%) in ND versus C pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. In summary, increasing the nutrient density of the diet did not rescue the lost productivity of IUHS pigs as indicated by an overall reduction in ADG.
40 Resilience of the ocular microbiome in beef calves
Authors: Bartenslager Alison , Aluthge Nirosh , Loy John , Spangler Matthew , Fernando Samodha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjuctivitis (IBK), or more commonly known as pinkeye, impacts the beef cattle industry with expenses reaching close to 150 million dollars annually. Thus far, successful prevention of infectious outbreaks of IBK have been limited. Partly, this may be due to our limited understanding of the establishment and composition of the ocular microbiome. However, understanding of the establishment and composition of the ocular microbiome, may provide indicators species for early detection of IBK and to identify a window of opportunity to treat IBK before outbreaks occur. As an attempt to characterize the establishment and colonization patterns of the ocular microbiome in beef calves, we conducted a longitudinal study utilizing 239 calves. The calves were placed on three different preventative treatments which included an initial vaccination followed by a booster 3 weeks later (Autogenous, Commercial, and Placebo). Ocular swabs were collected at four different time points during summer and fall months. The V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced from the 889 samples collected using the Illumina Miseq™ platform. The resulting sequences were analyzed using the Dada2 pipeline. The analysis demonstrated a significant difference in community composition (p&lt; 0.001) across time periods sampled, where the microbiome reverted back to the original composition within three months of ocular microbiome perturbation and vaccination, demonstrating the resilience of the ocular microbiome to perturbation. This suggests the ocular microbiome is stable at 30 days of age. We also identified Mycoplasma sp. and Moraxella sp. which are candidate organisms known to predispose animals to IBK. Moraxella was prevalent during initial sampling, while Mycoplasma demonstrated greater abundance at all time points. This study demonstrates the diversity and the resilience of the ocular microbiome in calves and the potential to develop probiotic interventions to reduce IBK outbreaks.
221 Effect of varying growth rates on early and aged pork loin and chop quality
Authors: Schunke Emily D , Lowell Jessica E , Stahl Chad A , Harsh Bailey N , Dilger Anna C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The pork industry has observed an upward trend in ending live weights, resulting in heavier hot carcass weights (HCW). Heavier HCW positively affects loin tenderness; however, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. One possibility is increased growth rate, associated with greater HCW, resulting in more tender loins. The objective was to determine the effect of growth rate on early and aged pork quality. Pigs (N=634) were divided into three groups based on average daily gain (kg/d) from 12-26wk of age; slow (&lt; 0.96kg/d, n=96), intermediate (0.96-1.16kg/d, n=452), and fast (≥ 1.17kg/d, n=86). The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to evaluate the main effects of growth rate, breed, sex, and their interactions on loin quality. Birth and weaning weight did not differ between growth rate (P≥0.15) but, overall ADG was increased (P&lt;0.001) in fast growing pigs by 0.15 kg/d. Fast and intermediate growing pigs had darker loins (P=0.03) by 0.23 units. Intermediate growing pigs had firmer loins (P=0.04) by 0.07 units. Ventral a* increased as growth rate increased (P=0.04) indicating fast growing pigs had the reddest loins (9.77 vs. 9.26 vs. 8.99). Aged ventral marbling, ultimate pH, purge loss, cook loss, instrumental tenderness, and chop moisture and extractable lipid did not differ (P≥0.32) between growth rate groups. Duroc-sired pigs had increased tenth rib back fat amongst all growth rate groups, but the magnitude of difference was much greater in the slow and intermediate groups. Between all growth rate groups, slow growing Pietrain-sired Pigs had the smallest loineye areas (LEA). Carcass yield, bone-in carcass cutting yield, and boneless carcass cutting yield did not differ (P≥0.37) between growth rate groups. While fast growth rates improved aged ventral visual color, instrumental tenderness did not differ between growth rate groups.
129 Effect of phytase on growth performance and carcass classification in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Silva Caio A , Dias Cleandro P , Callegari Marco A , Souza Kelly L , Passos Adsos , Silva Claudia C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the optimal dosage of phytase fed to growing-finishing pigs. One hundred and twenty barrows, 71 d old and initial body weight 25.16 ± 2.80kg, were distributed in 40 pens according to a randomized complete block design and assigned to 5 treatments: 1. Positive control: diet formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirement of pigs (PC); 2. Negative control: PC diets formulated with 0,11% lower Ca and 0,13% lower available P (NC); 3. NC + 1,500 FYT of phytase; 4. NC + 3,000 FYT of phytase; 5. NC +4,500 FYT of phytase. The corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated to be iso-nutrient and isoenergetic, except for Ca and av. P. The 4 diets were formulated according to a growing I (71-94 days of age), growing II (95-115d), finishing I (116-143 d) and finishing II (144-156 d) phases. Carcass traits were measured and submitted to the European Carcass Classification (SEUROP). Performance and carcass data were submitted to ANOVA, and regression analysis. There was a quadratic effect on FCR (P&lt; 0.05) in growing I phase,; better FCR (quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) on finishing II to 1,500 and 3,000 FYT (5.56 and 0.35%, respectively); an increase of 5.43 and 1.52% DWG in finishing II (quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) and a reduced 6.60% to 4,500FYT; an improvement the total DWG and final weight (quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) in 6.19 and 4.52%, and 5.27 and 3.57%, for 1,500 and 3,000 FYT, respectively. Phytase supplementation did not improve Carcass weight (P &gt;0.05). The animals fed with 4,500 FYT diet had more carcasses classified as E (between 55–60% lean meat-SEUROP) compared other groups. Doses between 1,500 and 3,000 FYT improve FCR, DWG and final LW of growing and finishing pigs.
132 A longer adaptation time increased xylanases efficacy in improving dry matter and fiber digestibility in the small intestine of growing pigs fed insoluble fiber
Authors: Petry Amy , Gould Stacie , Huntley Nichole , Bedford Mike R , Patience John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate xylanase efficacy and impact of adaptation time on nutrient utilization in the small intestine of growing pigs fed insoluble fiber. Twenty gilts (30.6 ± 0.2 kg BW; n=5 per treatment) were surgically fitted with t-cannulae in the medial jejunum (292 ± 12 cm distal to the pyloric sphincter) and in the terminal ileum, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; 7.3% NDF), a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 27.2% NDF), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3-7 degrees of polymerization). Gilts were limit fed for three 17 d periods (P1, P2, or P3). Each period included 5 d of adaptation, 2 d of fecal collections, 3 d of ileal collections, and 3 d of jejunal collections. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model (PROC Mixed, SAS 9.4) with surgery date as a random effect, and treatment, period, and their interaction as fixed effects. There tended to be a treatment by period interaction for the apparent jejunal digestibility (AJD) of DM driven by HF+XY improving digestibility over time when compared to HF. Xylanase improved AJD of DM by 21.9% (12.04% vs. 15.4%) in P2, and 40.5% (12.18% vs. 20.49%) in P3 (Treatment Period, P = 0.054). Xylanase supplementation improved AJD of NDF, compared to HF, in P2 by 36.3% (13.7% vs. 21.5%), and in P3 by 28.6% (17.7 vs 24.8%; Treatment Period, P = 0.031). Supplementing xylanase improved the apparent ileal digestibity (AID) of DM over HF in P1 by 4.4%, in P2 by 3.7% (73.91% vs. 76.2 %), and in P3 by 7.4% (75.04% vs. 80.84%; Treatment Period P=0.043). In conclusion xylanase efficacy improved with increased adaptation time.
77 The effect of naturally occurring levels of multiple mycotoxins on growth performance and carcass parameters of grow-finish pigs
Authors: Ruckman Leigh , Gould Stacie , Patience John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mycotoxins may not be an issue every year, but the proper environmental conditions can cause a spike in contaminated grains and cause severe economic impact on pork producers. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of naturally occurring infections of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins (DZF) on growth performance and carcass parameters in grow/finish pigs. One hundred pigs (BW 34.0 ± 0.9 kg; L337 × Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with 10 split-sex pens/treatment. The control diet (CTL) contained low levels of DZF and the CTL+DFZ diet contained high levels of DZF. Diets were fed in 4 phases over the 126-d experiment period. The CTL diet contained 1.6, 1.6, 1.8 and 1.2 mg deoxynivalenol/kg and CTL+DZF contained 9.2, 6.9, 5.8 and 3.8 mg deoxynivalenol/kg in the 4 diet phases, respectively. The CTL contained 0.30, 0.32, 0.51 and 0.32 mg zearalenone/kg and 0.7, 0.8, 0.8 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg; CTL+DFZ contained 0.59, 0.72, 0.86 and 0.57 mg zearalenone/kg and 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 0.9 mg total fumonisins/kg for phases one through four, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (9.4) with treatment, sex, and their interaction as fixed effects. Compared to CTL, feeding CTL+DFZ decreased final BW (130.3 vs 120.5 kg; P&lt; 0.001), ADG (0.95 vs 0.79 kg/d; P&lt; 0.001), ADFI (2.73 vs 2.49 kg/d; P=0.016), and G:F (0.35 vs 0.32; P=0.043). Feeding CTL+DFZ decreased HCW (92.3 vs 89.4 kg; P=0.024) and increased dressing percentage (70.9 vs 74.3%; P=0.009) and tended to reduce loin depth (7.0 vs 6.8 cm; P=0.057) compared to CTL. Diet did not affect backfat depth or lean percentage (P &gt;0.10). In conclusion, diets naturally contaminated with multiple mycotoxins reduced growth performance and adversely affected carcass parameters; pigs did not adapt over time to the mycotoxins.
73 Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber and standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Orlando Uislei , Lu Ning , Vier Carine , Cast Wayne , Zhou Xun , Young Malachy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 30- to 130-kg. A total of 2,016 barrows and gilts (PIC 280×Camborough, initial BW of 29.6±0.53 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments (Table 1) consisted with two NDF levels (13% or 20%) and two SID Lys curves (PIC2008 or PIC2016). There were 21 mixed-sex pigs per pen, and 24 pens per treatment. The experiment diets were fed in 3 phases. Wheat, wheat by-products, peas, and canola oil were used with NRC (2012) loading values to achieve treatments, and all diets were formulated to be iso-caloric (2,420 kcal NE/kg). Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing NDF level resulted in a reduction (P&lt; 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, carcass ADG, and backfat depth (Table 2), and tended to decrease percentage of removals and mortality (P=0.10). Pigs fed PIC2016 Lys curve had greater ADG and carcass ADG as compared to those fed PIC2008 Lys curve (P&lt; 0.05). There were NDF×Lys interactions (P&lt; 0.10) for ADG, gain to feed ratio (G:F), carcass ADG, and carcass G:F. These response criteria were improved for pigs fed PIC2016 Lys curve compared to those fed PIC2008 Lys curve when NDF level was 13%; while no evidence of differences was observed at 20% NDF. Results indicate that increasing NDF level from 13 to 20% deteriorate performance of 30- to 130- kg pigs; and the improved growth performance of pigs fed PIC2016 Lys curve as compared to those fed PIC2008 Lys curve was only observed when lower NDF level was presented.
157 The effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperatures or die thickness on pellet quality
Authors: Evans Caitlin E , Jones Cassandra K , Paulk Chad B , Stark Charles R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperature or die thickness on pellet quality. Experiment 1, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of corn starch inclusion level (0, 5 and 10%) and die thickness (4mm×13mm and 4mm×22 mm). Experiment 2, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of fine ground corn inclusion level (0, 10 and 20) and conditioning temperature (80 and 85°C) with treatments pelleted using a 4mm×22mm die (5.6 L:D). In both experiments, treatments were pelleted using a model CL-5 CPM pellet mill (Crawfordsville, IN). The result of experiment 1 demonstrated that there was no interaction between corn starch inclusion level and die thickness on modified pellet durability index (PDI), (P=0.636). Increasing die thickness from 12.7 to 22.2 mm increased PDI from 43 to 70% (P&lt; 0.001). There was a linear decrease (P&lt; 0.001) in PDI as the corn starch inclusion level increased from 0 to 10% (64, 60, and 46%, respectively). The result of experiment 2 demonstrated that there was no interaction between fine ground corn inclusion level and conditioning temperature on PDI (P=0.541). The fine ground corn inclusion level did not impact PDI (P=0.298). Increasing conditioning temperature from 80 to 85°C increased PDI (P&lt; 0.001) from 76 to 85%, respectively (P&lt; 0.001). Based on the results, the use of pure corn starch was not an effective binding agent in the feed when the diet contains at least 60% ground corn. The ratio of small corn particles to large corn particles in the diet did not impact pellet quality when the diets were conditioned above 80°C for 35 sec and then pelleted with a 5.6 L:D die. Increasing die thickness and conditioning temperature improved pellet quality.
160 Effects of dietary amino acid concentration on digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal and soy protein concentrate fed to growing pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA by growing pigs is not influenced by dietary AA. In Exp. 1, thirty cannulated pigs (BW:31.4 ± 3.9 kg) were allotted to 5 diets. Four diets were formulated to contain 4.7 to 30.4% CP, by including 10, 30, 50, or 70% soybean meal. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The model included diet as a fixed variable and polynomial contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary AA. The SID of CP, Lys, Phe, and Thr decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary AA increased (Table 1). However, this effect was primarily a result of the SID of AA in the diet containing 30.4% CP and the SID of CP and most AA was not affected by dietary AA if diets contained 4.7 to 22.1% CP. In Exp. 2, twenty-four cannulated pigs (BW:22.8 ± 1.7 kg) were used. Pigs were allotted to a quadruplicated 6 × 2 Youden square design with 6 diets and 2 periods. Five diets were formulated to contain 6.8 to 31.8% CP, by including 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% soy protein concentrate. An N-free diet was also used. Data were analyzed as for Exp. 1. The SID of His and Lys decreased quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) with increased dietary AA (Table 2). However, if dietary CP was 26.6% or less, no effect of dietary AA on SID of CP and most indispensable AA was observed. In conclusion, the SID of most AA is not influenced by dietary AA if dietary CP does not exceed around 26%. Hence, the SID of AA in feed ingredients may be determined in diets containing AA below, at, or slightly above requirements without impacting results.