bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupling XFEM and peridynamics for brittle fracture simulation—part I: feasibility and effectiveness
Authors: Giannakeas Ilias N. , Papathanasiou Theodosios K. , Fallah Arash S. , Bahai Hamid 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA peridynamics (PD)–extended finite element method (XFEM) coupling strategy for brittle fracture simulation is presented. The proposed methodology combines a small PD patch, restricted near the crack tip area, with the XFEM that captures the crack body geometry outside the domain of the localised PD grid. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method on a Mode I crack opening problem is examined. The study focuses on comparisons of theJintegral values between the new coupling strategy, full PD grids and the commercial software Abaqus. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach outperforms full PD grids in terms of computational resources required to obtain a certain degree of accuracy. This finding promises significant computational savings when crack propagation problems are considered, as the efficiency of FEM and XFEM is combined with the inherent ability of PD to simulate fracture.
Histopathology of brain AVMs part II: inflammation in arteriovenous malformation of the brain
Authors: Wright Roosa , Järvelin Patrik , Pekonen Henri , Keränen Sara , Rauramaa Tuomas , Frösen Juhana 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Hemorrhage from an arteriovenous malformation of the brain (bAVM) has been associated with focal inflammation of the bAVM. Intrigued by the possibility of anti-inflammatory drug therapy to stabilize bAVMs and prevent hemorrhage, we investigated the association of bAVM inflammation with other histological features and clinical presentation.

Materials and methods
Tissue samples from 85 surgically treated bAVMs were studied with histology and CD45 immunostainings. The histological data was compared with the clinical history of the patient. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed.

Results
Inflammation was found in all studied bAVMs and did not associate with rupture (p = 0.442). While multiple types of inflammatory cells were present, macrophages were clearly the dominant inflammatory cell type, especially in samples with strong inflammation (87% of the samples). Of those bAVMs that had strong inflammation, only 56% had presented with clinically evident rupture. However, hemosiderin which is a sign of prior hemorrhage was detected in 78.4% (58/74) of samples with strong inflammation and was associated with it (p = 0.003). Inflammation in the nidus and parenchyma was associated with perivascular inflammation (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis did not reveal any independent histological or clinical risk factor for inflammation.

Conclusions
Since strong inflammation is present in both unruptured and ruptured bAVMs, it is not just a reaction to rupture. Our observations suggest that inflammation of the bAVM may indeed predispose to fragility and hemorrhage of the nidal vessels. Further studies in the role of inflammation in the untreated clinical course of bAVMs are indicated.
How to intervene in the caries process: proximal caries in adolescents and adults—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Splieth C.H. , Kanzow P. , Wiegand A. , Schmoeckel J. , Jablonski-Momeni A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objectives
For an ORCA/EFCD consensus, this systematic review assessed the question “How to intervene in the caries process in proximal caries in adolescents and adults”.

Material and methods
Separating between the management of initial and cavitated proximal caries lesions, Medline via PubMed was searched regarding non-operative/non-invasive, minimally/micro-invasive and restorative treatment. First priority was systematic reviews or randomized controlled trials (RCTs), otherwise cohort studies. After extraction of data, the potential risk of bias was estimated depending on the study type, and the emerging evidence for conclusions was graded.

Results
Regarding non-invasive/non-operative care (NOC), no systematic reviews or RCTs were found. In cohort studies (n = 12) with a low level of evidence, NOC like biofilm management and fluoride was associated with a low proportion and slow speed of progression of initial proximal lesions. Minimally/micro-invasive (MI) treatments such as proximal sealants or resin infiltration (four systematic reviews/meta-analyses) were effective compared with a non-invasive/placebo control at a moderate level of evidence. Data on restorative treatment came with low evidence (5 systematic reviews, 13 RCTs); with the limitation of no direct comparative studies, sample size-weighted mean annual failure rates of class II restorations varied between 1.2 (bulk-fill composite) and 3.8% (ceramic). Based on one RCT, class II composite restorations may show a higher risk of failure compared with amalgam.

Conclusions
Proximal caries lesions can be managed successfully with non-operative, micro-invasive and restorative treatment according to lesion stage and caries activity.

Clinical relevance
Proximal caries treatment options like non-operative, micro-invasive and restorative care should be considered individually.
The developmental origins of hoarding disorder in adolescence: a longitudinal clinical interview study following an epidemiological survey
Authors: Ivanov Volen Z. , Mataix-Cols David , Serlachius Eva , Brander Gustaf , Elmquist Anders , Enander Jesper , Rück Christian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHoarding disorder (HD) is hypothesized to originate in childhood/adolescence but little is known about the presentation of hoarding symptoms in youth and their natural history. In this longitudinal study, we tracked and conducted in-depth psychiatric interviews with twins who participated in an epidemiological survey and screened positive on a measure of hoarding symptoms at age 15. Twins screening positive for clinically significant hoarding symptoms at age 15 (n = 42), their co-twins (n = 33), a group of screen negative twins (n = 49), and their parents underwent a clinical assessment a median of 3 years after the initial screening. The assessment included psychiatric screening, hoarding symptoms and cognitions, in-home or photographic assessment of clutter levels, parental accommodation and familial burden. None of the participants had significant levels of clutter at follow-up and thus did not meet strict criteria for HD. However, twins meeting partial criteria (i.e., DSM-5 criteria A and B) for HD (n = 28) had more psychiatric disorders and scored significantly higher on all measures of hoarding symptoms including researcher-rated levels of clutter in their homes, compared to twins who did not meet partial criteria for HD (n = 46). As currently defined in DSM-5, HD may be rare in young people. A non-negligible proportion of young people who were screen positive on hoarding symptoms at age 15 had substantial hoarding symptoms and other psychopathology at follow-up. Whether and how many of these individuals will develop full-blown HD is unknown but the results offer unique insights about the probable origins of HD in adolescence.
Parent- and therapist-rated treatment satisfaction following routine child cognitive-behavioral therapy
Authors: Viefhaus Paula , Döpfner Manfred , Dachs Lydia , Goletz Hildegard , Görtz-Dorten Anja , Kinnen Claudia , Perri Daniela , Rademacher Christiane , Schürmann Stephanie , Woitecki Katrin , Wolff Metternich-Kaizman Tanja , Walter Daniel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis observational study examined treatment satisfaction (TS) following routine outpatient cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in a large sample of children (n = 795; aged 6 to 10 years). TS was investigated in parent and therapist rating. Means, standard deviations and inter-rater correlations were calculated to investigate TS. Regression analysis was conducted to examine potential correlates of TS (patient-related variables, mental disorder characteristics, socio-demographic factors and treatment variables). High TS in parent and therapist rating was found, with therapists showing a lower degree of TS than parents (completely or predominantly satisfied: parent rating 94.1%, therapist rating 69.5%). A statistically significant, moderate inter-rater correlation was found. Regression analysis explained 21.8% of the variance in parent rating and 57.2% in therapist rating. Most of the TS variance was explained by mental disorder characteristics (parent-rated symptoms and therapist-rated global impairment at treatment end) and by treatment variables (especially the therapist-rated cooperation of parents and patients), whereas socio-demographic and patient-related variables did not show any relevant associations with TS. Based on these results, to optimize TS, therapists should concentrate on establishing a sustainable cooperation of parents and children during therapy, and work to achieve a low global impairment at treatment end.
Revenue maximization in Stackelberg Pricing Games: beyond the combinatorial setting
Authors: Böhnlein Toni , Kratsch Stefan , Schaudt Oliver 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn a Stackelberg Pricing Game a distinguished player, the leader, chooses prices for a set of items, and the other players, the followers, each seek to buy a minimum cost feasible subset of the items. The goal of the leader is to maximize her revenue, which is determined by the sold items and their prices. Most previously studied cases of such games can be captured by a combinatorial model where we have a base set of items, some with fixed prices, some priceable, and constraints on the subsets that are feasible for each follower. In this combinatorial setting, Briest et al. and Balcan et al. independently showed that the maximum revenue can be approximated to a factor of $$H_k\sim \log k$$

H
k

∼
log
k

, where k is the number of priceable items. Our results are twofold. First, we strongly generalize the model by letting the follower minimize any continuous function plus a linear term over any compact subset of $${\mathbb {R}}^n_{\ge 0}$$

R

≥
0

n

; the coefficients (or prices) in the linear term are chosen by the leader and determine her revenue. In particular, this includes the fundamental case of linear programs. We give a tight lower bound on the revenue of the leader, generalizing the results of Briest et al. and Balcan et al. Besides, we prove that it is strongly NP-hard to decide whether the optimum revenue exceeds the lower bound by an arbitrarily small factor. Second, we study the parameterized complexity of computing the optimal revenue with respect to the number k of priceable items. In the combinatorial setting, given an efficient algorithm for optimal follower solutions, the maximum revenue can be found by enumerating the $$2^k$$

2
k

subsets of priceable items and computing optimal prices via a result of Briest et al., giving time $$O(2^k|I|^c)$$

O
(

2
k

|
I

|
c

)

where |I| is the input size. Our main result here is a W[1]-hardness proof for the case where the followers minimize a linear program, ruling out running time $$f(k)|I|^c$$

f

(
k
)

|
I
|

c

unless $$\mathsf {FPT} =\mathsf {W[1]} $$

FPT
=

W
[
1
]

and ruling out time $$|I|^{o(k)}$$

|
I
|

o
(
k
)

under the Exponential-Time Hypothesis.
Self-reported health and associated factors among the immigrant populations in Norway
Authors: Madar Ahmed A. , Strand Bjørn Heine , Meyer Haakon E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Aim
The immigrant population continues to increase in Norway, and Somali immigrants and their descendants are presently the largest non-Western group. We have limited knowledge about the health status in this population. The aim of this study was to assess self-perceived health status among Somalis in Norway.

Method
We used data from a study assessing risk factors for lifestyle diseases among Somali immigrants in Oslo, which was conducted between December 2015 and October 2016, among men and women aged 20–73 who were living in the Sagene borough in Oslo.

Results
The study population included 221 participants (112 females and 110 males). Overall, 78% of the participants (70% of females and 86% males) rated their health status as good or very good. Women had poorer self-reported health (p = 0.003) than men. Being unemployed and having diabetes, stress, and sleeping problems were associated with poor self-reported health, but time lived in Norway, education level, Norwegian language proficiency, and high BMI were not significantly associated. Around 2/3 of the participants reported being physically inactive, while around half reported walking or moving more than 30 min per day. Self-reported chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension were 5% and 9% respectively.

Conclusion
This study has shown the different patterns of self-reported health status among Somali immigrants in Norway, as associated with gender, age, psychosocial conditions, and employment status. Further research is needed to explain why Somali women in Norway have poorer self-reported health than men. The findings from this study should provide direction to healthcare providers for improving health among immigrants, for example through implementing a community-driven and culturally appropriate lifestyle intervention program.
Algorithm selection for software validation based on graph kernels
Authors: Richter Cedric , Hüllermeier Eyke , Jakobs Marie-Christine , Wehrheim Heike 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlgorithm selection is the task of choosing an algorithm from a given set of candidate algorithms when faced with a particular problem instance. Algorithm selection via machine learning (ML) has recently been successfully applied for various problem classes, including computationally hard problems such as SAT. In this paper, we study algorithm selection forsoftware validation, i.e., the task of choosing a software validation tool for a given validation instance. A validation instance consists of a program plus properties to be checked on it. The application of machine learning techniques to this task first of all requires an appropriaterepresentationof software. To this end, we propose a dedicatedkernel function, which compares two programs in terms of their similarity, thus making the algorithm selection task amenable to kernel-based machine learning methods. Our kernel operates on a graph representation of source code mixing elements of control-flow and program-dependence graphs with abstract syntax trees. Thus, given two such representations as input, the kernel function yields a real-valued score that can be interpreted as a degree of similarity. We experimentally evaluate our kernel in two learning scenarios, namely a classification and a ranking problem: (1) selecting between a verification and a testing tool for bug finding (i.e., property violation), and (2) ranking several verification tools, from presumably best to worst, for property proving. The evaluation, which is based on data sets from the annual software verification competition SV-COMP, demonstrates our kernel to generalize well and to achieve rather high prediction accuracy, both for the classification and the ranking task.
Natural regeneration of lodgepole pine in boreal Sweden
Authors: Jacobson Staffan , Hannerz Mats 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe large-scale introduction of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia, LP) into Swedish forests was initiated around 1970, and currently 520,000 hectares of the forest land are dominated by the species. Even though the tree has mostly serotine cones, adapted to open after forest fires, it has proved able to self-regenerate in Sweden. This study is the first to present, scientifically, the extent of self-regeneration covering the whole current range of LP-forests in Sweden. LP-saplings were recorded for three years, 2015–2017, in 8194 subplots distributed over 214 randomly selected LP-stands from latitude 59.6–66.9°N and altitude 88–710 m asl. Of all subplots, 3% contained LP-saplings, and regeneration was found in 53% of all stands. The probability of finding LP-saplings was significantly dependent on the plots’ distance from the edge of the LP-stand, and 78% of all saplings were found within and up to 15 m beyond the stand edge. Most, 63%, of the plots with LP were found on disturbed ground such as wheel tracks, roadsides and where there had been site preparation. The results show that LP can naturally spread under a range of conditions in the studied region. The regeneration is, however, concentrated in particular stands and should be possible to control with monitoring programmes and measures to eradicate self-dispersed trees in unwanted areas.
Air quality co-benefits of ratcheting up the NDCs
Authors: Rauner Sebastian , Hilaire Jérôme , Klein David , Strefler Jessica , Luderer Gunnar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe current nationally determined contributions, pledged by the countries under the Paris Agreement, are far from limiting climate change to below 2 ∘C temperature increase by the end of the century. The necessary ratcheting up of climate policy is projected to come with a wide array of additional benefits, in particular a reduction of today’s 4.5 million annual premature deaths due to poor air quality. This paper therefore addresses the question how climate policy and air pollution–related health impacts interplay until 2050 by developing a comprehensive global modeling framework along the cause and effect chain of air pollution–induced social costs. We find that ratcheting up climate policy to a 2 ∘ compliant pathway results in welfare benefits through reduced air pollution that are larger than mitigation costs, even with avoided climate change damages neglected. The regional analysis demonstrates that the 2 ∘C pathway is therefore, from a social cost perspective, a “no-regret option” in the global aggregate, but in particular for China and India due to high air quality benefits, and also for developed regions due to net negative mitigation costs. Energy and resource exporting regions, on the other hand, face higher mitigation cost than benefits. Our analysis further shows that the result of higher health benefits than mitigation costs is robust across various air pollution control scenarios. However, although climate mitigation results in substantial air pollution emission reductions overall, we find significant remaining emissions in the transport and industry sectors even in a 2 ∘C world. We therefore call for further research in how to optimally exploit climate policy and air pollution control, deriving climate change mitigation pathways that maximize co-benefits.
After the ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s 2016 Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation: Towards an International Crime of Ecocide?
Authors: Pereira Ricardo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe 2016 Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) policy paper on case selection and prioritization is a significant development in that it highlights the possible role of the ICC in prosecuting environmental damage, illegal natural resource exploitation and land grabbing. For obvious reasons, however, the ICC Office of the Prosecutor policy paper could not expand the court’s current jurisdiction over ecocide which is dependent on a formal amendment to the ICC Statute and the policy paper is only an internal policy document. But more fundamentally it has been predicted that the 2016 ICC Office of the Prosecutor may signify the revitalization of the debate on how an international crime of ecocide could be conceptualised under international law and ultimately whether the ICC should have a broader jurisdiction over ecocide. This article aims to critically evaluate how a crime of ecocide could be conceptualised under international law, as well as to assess the limitations of conceptualising ecocide based on the narrow definition of the existing crimes under the ICC Statute. Moreover, this article aims to critically evaluate developments in past three and half years following the adoption 2016 OTP Policy Paper, and notes that the practice of the OTP in dealing with recent national communications and the ICC case law itself to date have not signified a considerable shift in interpreting the law in cases involving environmental damage, illegal natural resources exploitation and land grabbing. Therefore, they have done little so far to clarify the scope of the court’s existing jurisdiction over “ecocide”.
Covid-19 epidemic in Italy: evolution, projections and impact of government measures
Authors: Sebastiani Giovanni , Massa Marco , Riboli Elio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe report on the Covid-19 epidemic in Italy in relation to the extraordinary measures implemented by the Italian Government between the 24th of February and the 12th of March. We analysed the Covid-19 cumulative incidence (CI) using data from the 1st to the 31st of March. We estimated that in Lombardy, the worst hit region in Italy, the observed Covid-19 CI diverged towards values lower than the ones expected in the absence of government measures approximately 7–10 days after the measures implementation. The Covid-19 CI growth rate peaked in Lombardy the 22nd of March and in other regions between the 24th and the 27th of March. The CI growth rate peaked in 87 out of 107 Italian provinces on average 13.6 days after the measures implementation. We projected that the CI growth rate in Lombardy should substantially slow by mid-May 2020. Other regions should follow a similar pattern. Our projections assume that the government measures will remain in place during this period. The evolution of the epidemic in different Italian regions suggests that the earlier the measures were taken in relation to the stage of the epidemic, the lower the total cumulative incidence achieved during this epidemic wave. Our analyses suggest that the government measures slowed and eventually reduced the Covid-19 CI growth where the epidemic had already reached high levels by mid-March (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto) and prevented the rise of the epidemic in regions of central and southern Italy where the epidemic was at an earlier stage in mid-March to reach the high levels already present in northern regions. As several governments indicate that their aim is to “push down” the epidemic curve, the evolution of the epidemic in Italy supports the WHO recommendation that strict containment measures should be introduced as early as possible in the epidemic curve.
Untangling the interactions of sustainability targets: synergies and trade-offs in the Northern European context
Authors: Lyytimäki Jari , Lonkila Kirsi-Marja , Furman Eeva , Korhonen-Kurki Kaisa , Lähteenoja Satu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAgenda 2030 and sustainable development goals (SDG) are key formulations of sustainability policies, consisting of 17 general-level goals and 169 more detailed targets. The target setting is based on tedious international policy negotiations and compromises addressing myriad of different and sometimes incompatible interests. Identification of key trade-offs and synergies between the targets can help the efficient implementation of SDGs by improving the opportunities to focus policy attention and actions on the most relevant issues. This article focuses on trade-offs and synergies of nationally relevant targets in the context of an industrialised and affluent nation state. Results from a cross-matrix examination of targets in Finland show that most of the selected targets are characterised by synergistic interactions with other nationally relevant targets. However, policies aimed at advancing economic growth and the use of renewable energy risk a number of serious trade-offs. Methodological advances are required to make the assessment of interactions more transparent and reliable, manageable within the limited resources and capable of producing results relevant to decision-making. A recommendation for the use of cross-matrix examination as a tool of collaborative ex ante sustainability assessment is put forward, also acknowledging the risk of “paralysis by analysis” related to the wide-ranging SDG framework.