bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T8. ANTIPSYCHOTIC TREATMENT AND EYE MOVEMENT ABNORMALITIES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Takahashi Junichi , Miura Kenichiro , Morita Kentaro , Fujimoto Michiko , Hashimoto Ryota 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
In previous studies of eye movement abnormalities, it was showed that patients with schizophrenia had significant abnormalities in saccade control and smooth pursuit, suggesting that eye movement abnormalities are useful as a biomarker. However, many patients participating in clinical trials are receiving antipsychotic treatment and it is important to examine the effects.

Methods
Eighty-five patients with schizophrenia were recruited and free-viewing, fixation stability and smooth pursuit tests were performed. First, multiple regression analysis was performed using the obtained parameters as the dependent variables, antipsychotics, illness severity, and duration of illness as independent variables. Secondly, patients were grouped into tertiles by antipsychotic dose (CPZ equivalents), then we conducted a group comparison with each parameter between the three groups.

Results
A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict each parameter based on CPZ equivalents, illness severity and duration of illness. There was no significance in the free-viewing and fixation stability test after Bonferroni correction. In smooth pursuit test, a significant regression equation was found with the horizontal gain (F (1,81) = 15.1, p &lt; 0.00, R2 = 0.15) and vertical gain (F (1,81) = 12.5, p = 0.02, R2 = 0.12), and both were accounted only for CPZ equivalents. In a group comparison, there were significant effects of the horizontal gain (F (2,80) = 5.32, p = 0.07) and the vertical gain (F (2,80) = 3.31, p = 0.41), but both did not survive Bonferroni correction.

Discussion
It was found that antipsychotic treatment affects smooth pursuit eye movement. Eye movement abnormalities in schizophrenia can be a useful biomarker from previous studies, but the effects of antipsychotics must be considered.
T10. BIOMARKERS IN TREATMENT-RESISTANT SCHIZOPHRENIA; THE BITS STUDY (A STUDY PROTOCOL)
Authors: Hilker Rikke , Nielsen Jimmi , Nielsen Mette Ødegaard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately 30% of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia do not respond to conventional antipsychotic therapy, however, around 30% of these patients will respond to treatment with clozapine. The remaining clozapine non-respondent patients can be defined as ultra-treatment resistant. Special characteristics (biomarkers) may be found in this subgroup of ultra-treatment resistant patients.
Recent evidence points to a central role of altered immunological and anti-inflammatory response in schizophrenia. Studies have found that antipsychotic medication affect the immune system and alter levels of different cytokines, but no clear relation between the effect on cytokine levels and improvement in symptoms has been documented.
Also increased permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB) have been linked to psychosis, and a dysfunctional BBB may lead to structural changes in the white matter and neurochemical changes (glutamatergic abnormalities) in CNS.
The longitudinal course of BBB alterations in psychosis and how this may influence changes in neuronal structure and function and relate to fluctuation in symptoms have not been examined. The aim of this study is to establish a database with the purpose of identifying biomarkers for treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS), containing measures of psychopathology and function, treatment variables, brain imaging data, immunological markers from blood and cerebrospinal fluid, BBB-permeability and genetic material. The database will consist of a group of ultra-treatment resistant patients and a group of patients responding to clozapine matched on sex, age and duration of illness (±3 years).
Specific aims:

Hypothesis

Methods
The study is a naturalistic longitudinal study including patients with TRS. We plan a thorough examination twice with a three months interval and ultra-treatment resistant patients will be compared with patients stable on clozapine. Between examinations there will be no planned interference with the antipsychotic treatment, but antipsychotic treatment may be changed during the period in the intention to improve symptoms.
The primary longitudinal outcome is comparing changes in BBB-permeability along with symptom-fluctuations. This will be done by comparing changes in qAlb, which is the gold standard technique measuring the CSF:serum albumin ratio (QAlb).

Results
The study has been approved by the regional ethical committee and data collection will begin in 2020.

Discussion
We expect the obtained results will contribute to a better pathophysiological understanding about illness markers and their progression over time and in relation to functional outcome.
T16. SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER: DEPRESSION TRAJECTORIES AND IMMUNE MARKERS
Authors: Hoprekstad Gunnhild , Gjestad Rolf , Kjelby Eirik , Skrede Silje , Johnsen Erik , Kroken Rune A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Genetic findings imply a role of the immune system in the complex psychopathology of schizophrenia, and elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been found in patients. Altered levels of cytokines are linked to severe depression and cognitive dysfunction, both of which are common among patients suffering from schizophrenia. Depression is important to diagnose in this patient population as consequences of untreated depression can be severe. In this study we will investigate if the level and change of immune markers in blood are related to depression in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Methods
The study is part of the Bergen-Stavanger-Innsbruck-Trondheim study (BestIntro) which is a multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing treatment with amisulpride, aripirazole and olanzapine. The study included patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD-10 F20-F29) above 18 years with a score of 4 or more one of the following items on the Positive and Negative Syndrome scale (PANSS): Delusions, hallucinations, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution and unusual thought content. Participants were followed throughout one year, and for this sub-study participants from all treatment arms were analyzed together. Blood samples were drawn at week 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 26, 39 and 52. Depression was measured with the Calgary Depression Scale (CDSS) which distinguishes depression from negative symptoms. A panel of 9 immune markers were analyzed: interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70), interleukin 17A (IL-17A), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). We examined whether the level and change in inflammation parameters could be predicted by latent classes describing CDSS trajectories.

Results
The preliminary results suggest three different CDSS trajectories: high, moderate and low level of depression. In the three class model, the different groups were found to be related to some differences in level and change in the inflammation parameters. Baseline differences were found with higher IL-10 in the high depression group. In the 0–1 week interval, the low depression trajectory group reduced their IL1-beta, while the other two groups did not.

Discussion
Different courses of change in depression were identified suggesting that trajectories exist. With regard to temporal patterns of inflammatory parameters, findings point in the opposite direction of the established links between pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression. Further studies should explore if cytokine alterations in schizophrenia per se can explain this difference, or if depression in schizophrenia differs in its underlying biology from regular depressive states.
T17. GLUTAMATE IN DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: A META-ANALYSIS OF 1-HMRS STUDIES
Authors: Kaminski Jakob , Mascarel-Maricic Lea , Katthagen Teresa , Heinz Andreas , Schlagenhauf Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Glutamate especially in frontal cortical areas was proposed to be altered in patients with schizophrenia. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), glutamate levels might serve as functional markers of schizophrenia since this region is involved in working memory function which is impaired in schizophrenia patients. To date, there is no systematic overview on glutamate in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at high-field intensities. We here meta-analyze magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1-HMRS) studies comprising measurement in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).

Methods
Preregistration of the study was performed on September 20th 2019 (osf.io/5uyr6). Predefined literature search on pubmed comprised articles with search terms: (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy OR MRS) AND (Glutamate OR Glut* OR GLX) AND (schizophrenia OR psychosis OR schizophren*). We screened for case-control studies comprising glutamate levels as measured by 1-HMRS in DLPFC. Meta-analysis with a fixed and random effects model with inverse variance method, DerSimonian-Laird estimator for tau2 and Cohen’s d were estimated.

Results
329 studies were initially screened. 13 Studies were included into quantitative analysis comprising n=436 patients and n=365 controls. The random effects model revealed no difference between patients and controls (d=0.033 [-0.19; 0.26], z=0.29, p=0.77). The test for heterogeneity shows a moderate amount of heterogeneity (tau2=0.096, I2=57.4%). Subsequent sensitivity analysis reveals significant between group effect for medication status (Q=7.94, p=0.0473) i.e. an increased glutamate level in antipsychotic naïve patients (d=0.46 [0.08; 0.84], z=2.37, p=0.018).

Discussion
We conclude that care has to be taken when evaluating metabolite levels in such a heterogeneous group and interpret that increase cortical glutamate in antipsychotic naïve patients with schizophrenia might be due to possible allostatic mechanisms.
T27. COGNITIVE RESERVE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OFFSPRING OF PATIENTS DIANOSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA OR BIPOLAR DISORDER
Authors: De la Serna Elena , Camprodon-Boadas Patricia , Sugranyes Gisela , Torrent Carla , Sole Brisa , Montejo Laura , Ilzarbe Daniel , Baeza Inmaculada , Romero Soledad , Castro-Fornieles Josefina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Cognitive Reserve (CR) is defined as the ability of the brain to cope and deal with physiological or pathological brain injuries. In the field of psychiatry, higher levels of CR have been associated with lower levels of psychotic symptoms, higher psycho-social functioning and higher cognitive performance, suggesting that CR should be considered as a protective factor (Barnett et al., 2006; Amoretti et al., 2016). This study aims to compare CR levels in a sample of adolescents and young adult offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder who are at high risk of developing these disorders (HR) and compared them with a group of healthy controls (HC). We also assess the utility of CR in predicting clinical and cognitive variables.

Methods
Participants were 85 HR and 45 HC. A CR proxy was calculated based on premorbid IQ, socio-occupational attainment and social activities. Clinical assessment included: the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Neuropsychological assessment included: Working Memory, Processing Speed, Verbal Memory, attention and executive functioning. A factorial analysis was conducted in order to obtain a single CR measure. Differences between groups in CR were assessed via MANCOVA and linear regressions were conducted to check the effectiveness of CR in predicting clinical and neuropsychological variables.

Results
No significant differences were observed in age or gender between HR and HC groups. Socioeconomic status was lower in HR subjects (F=8.100, p=0.005).CR was significantly lower in the HR group than in the HC group (F=17.522; p&lt;0.001). Moreover, the CR proxy was able to correctly classify 72.7% of the sample as either HR or HC. Our proxy was able to predict the following clinical variables in the HR group: negative (F=9.269; p=0.002), and total (F=7.290; p=0.009) prodromal symptoms, the YMRS (F=11.597; P&lt;0.001) and the HDRS (F=12.761; p&lt;0.001). In terms of neuropsychological variables, RC predicted WM (F=9.738; p=0.003), PS (F=4.557; p=0.037) and verbal memory [immediate (F=6.999; p=0.010) and delayed recall (F=10.990; P=0.002)] in the HR sample.

Discussion
HR subjects have lower CR than controls. CR is associated with clinical and neuropsychological variables. To our knowledge no previous studies have assessed CR in high risk samples. Nevertheless, studies conducted in adult first episode psychotic samples have shown an association between CR and the severity of symptoms.
T37. PREPULSE INHIBITION IN UNAFFECTED SIBLINGS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND CLINICAL-HIGH RISK WITHOUT FAMILY HISTORY OF PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Zhen Mao , Bo Qijing , Tian Qing , Dong Fang , Li Xianbin , Wang Chuanyue 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
It is reported that prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficiency of startle reflex in schizophrenia is associated with positive symptoms and is hereditary. In this study, the perceived spatial separation (PSS) induced-prepulse inhibition paradigm based on the priority effect effectively was used to explore PPI levels of genetically high-risk (GHR) of schizophrenia and clinical high risk (CHR) without family history of psychosis

Methods
We examined startle magnitude and PPI in38 CHR (No family history of psychosis), 28 GHR (Siblings or children of schizophrenia), and 44 healthy controls (HC). Modified acoustic PPI paradigm included PSS-PPI and perceived spatial co-location PPI (PSC-PPI) with inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 60 or 120ms. The Structured Interview for Psychosis risk Syndromes (SIPS) and MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to measure psychotic symptom and neuropsychological state of individuals

Results
Using gender, age, and smoking as covariates, Covariance analysis for modified PPI level results revealed that there were significant differences in PSSPPI60 (F = 6.25, p = 0.03) and PSSPI120 (F = 6.57, p = 0.03) paradigm between the three groups. Compared with HC, PSSPPI paradigm detected PPI defects of CHR individuals at 60ms ISI (F = 14.25, p ＜0.001) and 120ms ISI (F = 14.01, p ＜0.001). PPI deficiency was not detected in GHR individuals. PPI level in both groups were unrelated to demographics, clinical characteristics, and cognition. Using GLM analysis, the interaction between grouping and experimental paradigm had no significant effect on PPI level at 60ms (F = 1.88, P = 0.16) and 120ms (Z = 1.66, P = 0.19).

Discussion
It seems that mere heritability of psychosis is not enough to produce PPI defects, which may be related to the progression of psychosis
T45. THE EFFICACY AND HETEROGENEITY OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC RESPONSE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A META-ANALYSIS
Authors: McCutcheon Rob , Pillinger Toby , Mizuno Yuya , Montgomery Adam , Pandian Haridha , Vano Luke , Reis Marques Tiago , Howes Oliver 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Antipsychotics are more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms in schizophrenia. However, response to treatment appears to vary, and as such it has been proposed that different subtypes of schizophrenia exist, defined by treatment-response. This has not been formally examined using meta-analysis.

Methods
Randomised controlled trials comparing placebo and antipsychotics for the acute treatment of schizophrenia published between January 1 1950 and November 30, 2018 were examined. Mean change and variance of change in symptoms were extracted from each study, alongside publication year, participant age and gender, baseline symptom severity, antipsychotic dose, and use of placebo lead-in. Relative variability of symptomatic improvement in antipsychotic-treated individuals compared to placebo-treated individuals was quantified using coefficient of variation ratio (CVR). Mean difference in symptom change was quantified using Hedges’ g. The significance of potential moderating factors was assessed using meta-regression and sensitivity analyses. In addition, individual patient data from two clinical trials (N=522) was examined in terms of both the distribution of total symptom change, and the variability of individual symptoms and symptom factors.

Results
11,006 articles were identified. 66 met inclusion criteria, reporting on 17,202 participants. Compared with placebo, antipsychotic-treated patients demonstrated both greater symptomatic improvement (g=0.47, p&lt;0.001) and reduced variability in symptomatic improvement (CVR=0.86, p&lt;0.001). Lower variability in antipsychotic-response was associated with studies including younger patients (z=3.07, p=0.002), those published earlier (z=3.98, p&lt;0.001), with higher dose treatments (z=-2.62, p=0.009), and greater mean-difference in symptom-change (z=-5.70, p&lt;0.001). In the individual patient data antipsychotic treated patients did not show significantly increased variability for any individual symptom, and there was no evidence of a bimodal distribution of response.

Discussion
Compared to placebo, in addition to a greater mean change, antipsychotic treatment shows lower variability of change in total, positive, and negative symptoms. This is contrary to the hypothesis that there exists a subtype of antipsychotic non-responsive schizophrenia, instead providing evidence for a relatively homogeneous effect of antipsychotic treatment in improving symptoms of schizophrenia.
T57. IMPAIRED FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION IN INDIVIDUALS AT ULTRA-HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS: CORRELATIONS WITH SCHIZOTYPY AND PARANOID LEVEL
Authors: Seo Eunchong , Eun Min Jee , Yoon Park Hye , Young Lee Su , Lee Eun , Kyoon An Suk 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia patients and individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis(UHR) have shown impaired facial emotion recognition(FER). Previous studies have reported lower accuracy and negative bias of FER in schizophrenia and UHR. These impairments have been studied with various factors such as schizotypy and paranoid level, but the results were inconsistent. This study aimed to identify the impairments of FER in UHR individuals and further to examine how these impairments relate to schizotypy and paranoid level.

Methods
orty-three UHR individuals and 57 normal controls (NC) were requested to perform the facial emotion recognition(FER) task that consist of 60 facial photographs selected from standardized photographs of Ekman and Friesen series. For exploratory correlation analysis, schizotypy (Revised physical anhedonia scale, Magical ideation scale) and paranoid level (Paranoia scale, Persecution/suspicious item of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were also examined in UHR individuals.

Results
The UHR individuals showed lower accuracy rate for total FER task (70.6% vs. 75.6%, p=0.010) and more “fear” responses for neutral faces (14.5% vs. 6.0%, p=0.003) than NC. In exploratory correlation analysis for UHR individuals, the total accuracy rate of FER task showed significant correlation with both scales for schizotypy, but not with both scales for paranoid level. Among threat-related emotion response rates for neutral face, only “Disgust” response rate for neutral face was correlated with all scales for paranoid level, but not with scales for schizotypys in UHR individuals.

Discussion
In this study, we could identify inaccuracy and negative bias of FER in UHR individuals, Furthermore, we found that inaccuracy and negative bias were associated with schizotypy and paranoid level, respectively. These findings imply that inaccuracy and negative bias of FER in UHR individuals are of different nature. Future studies on the clinical implications of these findings would be needed.
T61. FEELINGS OF SHAME AND GUILT IN INDIVIDUALS AT ULTRA-HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Yoon Park Hye , Seo Eunchong , Jun Koo Se , Lee Eun , Kyoon An Suk 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Self-conscious emotions, such as shame and guilt, play a key role in one’s thoughts and behaviors. Our study investigated how shame and guilt were different concerning multiple aspects of social cognitive abilities, and we evaluated the self-conscious emotions in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis.

Methods
Firstly, one hundred and sixty-six healthy youths were assessed for shame and guilt using the test of self-conscious affect, for empathy using interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and for Theory of Mind (ToM) ability using the ToM picture stories task. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict shame and guilt from the social cognitive variables. Secondly, twenty-four UHR and 24 age- and sex-matched normal controls were compared for shame, guilt, empathy, and ToM ability.

Results
Results in healthy youths, regression analysis with shame revealed that fantasy (t=3.0, p=0.003, β=0.22) and personal distress (t=5.8, p&lt;0.001, β=0.42) of IRI and affective ToM (t=2.0, p=0.044, β=0.14) were significant determinants. In the regression model of guilt, there were independent predictors including perspective taking (t=3.5, p=0.001, β=0.28) and empathic concern (t=2.1, p=0.040, β=0.17) of IRI and cognitive ToM (t=2.1, p=0.037, β=0.15). In UHR individuals, higher levels of shame (t=-2.4, p=0.021), fantasy (t=-2.3, p=0.028), and personal distress (t=-3.4, p=0.001) and lower levels of perspective taking (t=4.0, p&lt;0.001) and cognitive ToM (t=4.2, p&lt;0.001) were observed. Moreover, high levels of shame was correlated with increased personal distress (r=0.78, p&lt;0.001) in UHR for psychosis.

Discussion
These findings suggest that empathy and ToM ability predict persons’ shame- or guilt-proneness in healthy youths, and heightened personal distress in UHR individuals may possibly influence the level of shame which could lead to socially maladjustment behaviors. Dealing with social cognitive function would be helpful for reparation to UHR individuals.