bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and histopathological effects of sub-acute exposure of albino rats to fumigants – dichlorvos and cypermethrin
Authors: Nwankwo Raphael Chukwunonso , Ibegbu Madu Daniel , Onyekwelu Kenechukwu Chibuike , Ejezie Chioma Sandra , Ikekpeazu Joy Ebele , Ejezie Fidelis Ebele 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Cypermethrin (CYP) is one of the most common active ingredients in most insecticides, mosquito coils and powder used in Nigeria. dichlorvos (DDVP) is the most indiscriminately used fumigant in most rural and sub-urban areas in Nigeria. These fumigants can easily be accessed without proper method of usage thus exposing the population to their toxic effects. As a result, this study was initiated to determine the effects of sub-acute exposure of CYP and DDVP on some biochemical and histopathological parameters of albino rats. In this study, forty (40) albino rats of 10 groups of 4 rats per group, with one group serving as control, were exposed to these fumigants in a poorly ventilated area for 4hours per day over 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The results showed observable changes in liver enzyme activities (p<0.05) in groups exposed to DDVP for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The groups exposed to CYP showed mild changes in liver enzyme activities when compared with the DDVP groups. Increase in activity of the liver enzymes was also observed in the groups exposed to a mixture of DDVP+CYP for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. The urea, creatinine and electrolytes levels in all the groups exposed to DDVP, CYP and DDVP+CYP for 2, 4 and 6weeks were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Also WBC and platelets in all the groups exposed to DDVP and CYP recorded significant changes. The histology report of the lungs and liver showed moderate lymphocytic infiltration and hepatocytic steatosis which progressed with duration of exposure to the fumigants, while the kidneys showed no remarkable changes. The results of this study suggest that DDVP and CYP have relative toxic effects in the exposed animals and should be used with caution to avoid human exposure to their visible toxicities.
The effect of venlafaxine on blood pressure and ECG in rats fed with high-fat-fructose diet
Authors: Sasváriová Michaela , Micháliková Dominika , Tyukos Kaprinay Barbara , Salvaras Lazaros , Hričáková Slavomila , Knezl Vladimír , Gáspárová Zdenka , Stankovičová Tatiana 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Metabolic syndrome represents one of the major health, social and economic issues nowadays, and affects more than 25% people worldwide. Being a multifactorial health problem, metabolic syndrome clusters various features, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension. Each of these disturbances represents a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Moreover, patients with metabolic syndrome are more likely to suffer from depression, thus treatment with antidepressants (e.g. venlafaxine) is often neccessary. However, many of the antidepressants themselves may contribute to worsening or even development of the metabolic syndrome, thus creating a “vicious circle”. The aim of this work was to investigate on the animal model of metabolic syndrome, i.e. on hypertriacylglycerolemic rats fed high-fat-fructose diet (HFFD): 1) the effect of a change in diet from HFFD to a standard diet (SD) and the effect of venlafaxine treatment, 2) during HFFD, 3) as well as during a changed diet to SD. We focused on biometric parameters, blood pressure and selected ECG parameters. We observed the reversibility of the present metabolic and cardiovascular changes by switching the HFFD to SD in the last 3 weeks of the experiment. Switch to the standard diet led to decrease of body weight, even in the presence of venlafaxine. Administration of venlafaxine caused the decrease of heart weight/body weight index in rats fed with HFFD compared to the untreated group fed with HFFD for 8 weeks. Blood pressure, which was increased in the HFFD group showed a tendency to decrease to control values after switching to the standard diet. Administration of venlafaxine led to significant increase in all parameters of blood pressure when rats were fed with HFFD throughout the whole experiment. In untreated rats fed with HFFD for 8 weeks, we observed a shorter PQ interval and prolonged QRS complex as well as QTc interval compared to untreated rats with diet switched to SD. This effect was potentiated by venlafaxine administered not only during HFFD but even after switch to SD. Our results point to the fact that metabolic syndrome is clearly affecting the function of the cardiovascular system by modifying blood pressure and electrical activity of the heart. Moreover, administration of venlafaxine may lead to worsening of the observed changes, especially in the presence of high-fat-fructose diet.
Dynamic tendencies in natural Slovak orthography
Authors: Rusinková Jaroslava 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Nowadays we can observe changes in the use of literary Slovak, or, to be more precise, in the orthographic standard. These changes result from the language practice associated with promoting natural Slovak language. Natural Slovak language develops in oral and written form. The current codification of the literary language must deal with the emergence of different language usages in different spheres of communication.
Sociostylistics as a part of interactive stylistics – getting back and perspectives
Authors: Slančová Daniela 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe article deals with the concept of interactive stylistics and sociostylistics as one of its subdisciplines. The interactive stylistics is explained as a transdisciplinary field of knowledge. In a way, the article is also a reaction to the stylistic views of Ján Bosák from the 1990s. The concept of interactive stylistics is incorporated in the trends of the Slovak stylistics in the 21stcentury. The article explains the crucial terms: interaction, communication, style, stylistic/style quality, styleme, axiological competence, principles that conduct, coordinate and control the process of stylization. Style is defined as the mode of verbal interaction which in a specific communication act acquires the qualitative value. It has a processual character. Styleme is a cognitive-pragmatic unit of the stylistic/style quality defined by its content, the inner and outer form and function. The paper presents a division of the theoretical stylistics into its subdisciplines and their research fields. Sociostylistics is divided into macro- and microsociostylistics. The concepts of macrosocial and microsocial communication registers and stratification of Slovak language are explained as the key concepts, which, stylistically understood, are the main areas of interest of sociostylistics.
Mechanical Properties of AW-5083 Alloy Joints Welded By Hybrid Method – FSW and MIG
Authors: Dudzik Krzysztof 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article presents the research results on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy AW-5083 and its joints welded by hybrid method – traditional MIG and FSW. AW-5083 alloy is the most currently used in shipbuilding industry. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) – a new technology can be successfully used for butt-welding of different types of aluminum alloy sheets. FSW method can be an alternative to traditional arc welding methods i.e. MIG or TIG. Hybrid welding (FSW with MIG or TIG) could be used in cases when joining only by FSW is not possible. Welding parameters used for the connection of the sheets were presented. Metallographic analysis showed the correct construction of structural bonded joints. The research was carried out using a static tensile test in accordance with the requirements of the Standard PN-EN ISO 4136:2013-05. Flat samples cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling were used. The research was conducted at the temperature of +20ºC. The test shows that the mechanical properties of joints made by hybrid method compered to native material were lower. The tensile strength of joint was lower by 20% then native material 5083 while its yield stress was lower only about 6%. The biggest change was observed in case of plastic properties. Elongation of joint was over 50% lower compared to native material. Despite the decrease of mechanical properties, they meets the requirements of classification societies, so the conclusion is that hybrid method (FSW and MIG) of joining AW-5083 can be applied in shipbuilding industry.
Comparative Preliminary Unit Costs Analysis of the Operation of Passenger Cars with Combustion Engines and Fuel Cell Vehicles Powered by Hydrogen
Authors: Gis Wojciech , Waśkiewicz Jerzy , Menes Maciej , Gis Maciej 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article presents political and legal aspects regarding the recommendation for the development of hydrogen technology in the economy and in transport. The development of electric cars with hydrogen-powered fuel cells, which took place in recent years in the world, has been outlined. The principles of calculation of average vehicle operating costs applicable in the transport economics are discussed. The estimated average unit operating costs of a statistical passenger car using conventional energy carriers, estimated in the studies of the Motor Transport Institute are quoted. The assumptions and results of the estimation of the average cost per 1 vehicle-kilometre of the electric passenger car’s mileage (BEV) have been presented, as well as the assumptions and results of the estimation of the average unit operating costs of a hydrogen powered passenger car (FCEV). The average unit costs of the mileage of these vehicles have been compared. The predictions regarding the future changes in the average prices of FCEV vehicles have been cited and the average unit costs of operating electric cars with fuel cells by the 2050 have been estimated. The project of administrative support for the development of low-emission transport in Poland was indicated.
Self-Learning Control Algorithms Used to Manage the Operating of an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Graba Mariusz , Mamala Jarosław , Bieniek Andrzej 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article presents the possibility of using self-learning control algorithms to manage subassemblies of an internal combustion engine in order to reduce exhaust emissions to the natural environment. In compression ignition (CI) engines, the issue of emissions mainly concerns two components: particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The work focuses mainly on the possibility of reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides. It is assumed that the particularly problematic points when it comes to excessive emission of harmful substances are the dynamic states in which combustion engines operate constantly. In dynamically changing operating points, it is very difficult to choose the right setting of actuators such as the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve to ensure the correct operation of the unit and the minimum emission of these substances. In the light of the above, an attempt was made to develop a self-learning mathematical model, which can predict estimated emission levels of selected substance basing on current measurement signals (e.g. air, pressure, crankshaft rotational speed, etc.). The article presents the results of the estimation of nitrogen oxides by the trained neural network in comparison to the values measured with the use of a sensor installed in the exhaust system. The presented levels of estimated and measured results are very similar to each other and shifted over time in favour of neural networks, where the information about the emission level appears much earlier. On the basis of the estimated level, it shall be possible to make an appropriate decision about specific settings of recirculation system components, such as the EGR valve. It is estimated that by using the chosen control method it is possible significantly to reduce the emission of harmful substances into the natural environment while maintaining dynamic properties of the engine.
Determination of Material Characteristics Necessary for Modelling of Marine Structures Exposed to Small-Calibre Bullet
Authors: Kiciński Radosław , Szturomski Bogdan , Jurczak Wojciech 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article presents the results of tests of impact properties of steel 1.3964 used on the construction of modern mine destroyers. Ships of this type, like any other military unit, may be exposed to small-calibre projectiles. Firing can be done, for example, from aircraft, drones or pirate units. The thickness of the plates used in the ship’s construction does not guarantee effective resistance to the projectile calibre 7.62 mm for all compartments of such ships. Thus, it is possible to modify the existing structure or apply additional solutions that will ensure a certain level of ballistic resistance. Solutions of this type are necessary in order to maintain the stability and buoyancy of the ship at the current level. During the tests, a stress-strain curve for steel 1.3964 was obtained, then the Johnson-Cook plasticity and damage model was proposed, which was used in the FEM simulation. The task was modelled as non-linear considering the deformation of both the sample and the projectile. The simulation was prepared in the CAE program, and then verified by an experiment on the shooting range. The results were presented in the form of diagrams and deformation figures, and were compared with photographs of samples and velocities after the specimen.
Influence of Inlet Geometry on the Efficiency of 1 MW Steam Turbine
Authors: Koprowski Arkadusz , Gotowski Dominik , Rzadkowski Romuald , Szczepanik Ryszard 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The process of the design of the 1 MW steam turbine includes designing the stator and rotor blades, the steam turbine inlet and exit, the casing and the rotor. A turbine that operates at rotation speeds other than 3000 rpm requires a gearbox and generator with complex electronic software. This article analyses the efficiency of eight turbine variants, including seven inlet geometries and three stages of stator as well as an eight variant with one of the inlets, all three stages and an outlet.
This article analyses the efficiency of 8 turbine variants, including four spiral inlet geometries and tree stages in a 1 MW steam turbine. In the article, inlets and 1st stator blades of various geometries were analysed to obtain maximal turbine efficiency. Changing the inlet spiral from one pipe to two pipes increased the turbine efficiency. The geometry of the blades and turbine inlets and outlet was carried out using Design Modeller. The blade mesh was prepared in TurboGrid and inlet in ANSYS Meshing.
Technical and Ecological Analysis of Different Solutions of the Power Supply of a Marine Diesel Engine
Authors: Krakowski Rafał 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article contains provisions on the prevention of sea pollution by ships, including, inter alia, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, developed in 1973 (MARPOL). The convention aims to protect the marine environment from oil and its derivatives. Special areas, where extraordinary measures have been taken to prevent sea pollution, due to the intensity of ship traffic and the greater threat of damage to the marine environment have also been presented. In the further part of the article, the applicability of various pro-ecological solutions, i.e. the use of catalysts, low-sulphur fuels, and in the case of using residual fuels – exhaust gas scrubbers were described. In the main part of the article, a technical and ecological analysis was made. In addition, difficulties resulting from the use of pro-ecological solutions were described. The costs of using low-sulphur fuel meeting the emission standards, installing the scrubber and modification of the natural gas combustion unit were compared with the assumption of ten years of passenger-car ferry sailing. Then the problems that individual solutions create were shown. In the final part of the article, alternatives to those described, i.e. the liquefied natural gas (LNG) power supply, electric and hydrogen drives were presented.
Composite Materials for Warship Constructions
Authors: Kyzioł Lesław 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article presents the basic properties of composite materials used for the construction of special ships. Static and dynamic characteristics of materials such as wood and polyester-glass composites are presented. Noteworthy are materials such as surface modified wood and polyester-glass composites with the addition of recyclate. Composite materials are widely used materials for the construction of non-magnetic warships. The article describes the properties of surface modified wood with polymethyl methacrylate and a polyester-glass composite with the addition of recyclate. The recyclate is fragmented, milled polyester-glass scrap. The content of the recyclate greatly affects the mechanical properties of the composite. The properties of the composite with the addition of recyclate depend on the recyclate content as well as the production technology and size of the recycled granulates. The test results showed that the increase in the recycled content causes a decrease in the mechanical properties of the composite. However, it should be remembered that these materials originated from waste, waste that is not subject to self-degradation, which have a very negative impact on the natural environment. At present, where there is a very large pollution of the natural environment, the processing and management of huge amounts of composite waste is an essential goal. A significant amount of recyclate significantly reduces the mechanical properties of the composite; however, the same large amount of recycled material has been transformed and used. The manufactured material and its structural elements are still non-magnetic structures and can be used on a less loaded element. The choice of material for the construction of special ships elements is determined not only by its properties but also by knowledge, experience, method of processing, economic and technical risk.
Comparative Analysis of Fuels Derived from PE Plastic Waste with a Mixture of Plastic Recycling Waste of Codes: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Based on Low-Temperature Pyrolysis
Authors: Lesnau Anna , Tyliszczak Mirosław 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Thanks to their numerous advantages, plastics are becoming more and more widely used in all branches of industry. The quantities of products, their packaging and, consequently, the amount of synthetic polymer waste are steadily increasing, what poses a high risk to the environment due to their long decomposition time. To reduce waste production is practically impossible, therefore it is very important to constantly implement new and improve existing methods of waste treatment. The following article presents one of the alternative methods for synthetic polymer waste treatment, which is low-temperature pyrolysis. Two pyrolysis processes were carried out. During the first experiment a polyethylene plastic material was used, in the second experiment a mixture of typical household recycling waste of codes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were tested. During the thermal processing, the input material undergoes a chemical transformation due to breaking of long hydrocarbon chains. At the same time, high-energy density products, such as petroleum products and gas, are produced. The main advantage of the presented method is that it allows reducing preliminary technological processes to a minimum and it is easily automated, as it reduces the process to one compact installation. The reduction of the amount of stored waste and the recovery of petroleum derivatives, are additional advantages of pyrolysis implementation. That, in consequence allows reducing consumption of fossil fuel resources.
Application of Similarity Method of Distance Courses Describing the Elements Content in Cement Concrete After 50 Forced Thermal Cycles
Authors: Linek Małgorzata 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article presents material solution based on the application of ceramic dust as concrete mix component intended for airfield pavements. The applied dust influences the changes in internal structure of concrete composite. Diversification of internal microstructure of cement concrete using the suggested dust has significant influence on the improvement of compressive strength. The laboratory analyses included concretes curing in standard conditions and concretes subject to thermal cycles representing the destructive influence of imposed loading. Comparative SEM observations of concretes subject to 50 thermal cycles proved significant influence of dust on internal structure of composite. In the study 6 samples were selected, which, each time, were intended for the laboratory tests. The applied similarity analysis of distance courses in case of this concrete. Similarity indexes between input and target sequence were defined. Diagrams presenting the similarity of the analysed concretes were prepared (after 28 days of curing and after 50 thermal cycles). It was proved that the suggested method can be used to assess the elements content and define the similarity of concrete intended for airfield pavements in the selected of areas (cement matrix, contact area between fine aggregate and cement matrix, contact area between coarse aggregate and cement matrix and contact area between air voids and cement matrix).
The Experimental Investigation of Surface Roughness After Dry Turning of Steel S235
Authors: Molenda Justyna 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Nowadays lot of scientific work inspired by industry companies was done with the aim to avoid the use of cutting fluids in machining operations. The reasons were ecological and human health problems caused by the cutting fluid. The most logical solution, which can be taken to eliminate all of the problems associated with the use of cooling lubricant, is dry machining. In most cases, however, a machining operation without lubricant finds acceptance only when it is possible to guarantee that the part quality and machining times achieved in wet machining are equalled or surpassed. Surface finish has become an important indicator of quality and precision in manufacturing processes and it is considered as one of the most important parameter in industry. Today the quality of surface finish is a significant requirement for many workpieces. Thus, the choice of optimized cutting parameters is very important for controlling the required surface quality. In the present study, the influence of different machining parameters on surface roughness has been analysed. Experiments were conducted for turning, as it is the most frequently used machining process in machine industry. All these parameters have been studied in terms of depth of cut (ap), feed rate (f) and cutting speed (vc). As workpiece, material steel S235 has been selected. This work presents results of research done during turning realised on conventional lathe CDS 6250 BX-1000 with severe parameters. These demonstrate the necessity of further, more detailed research on turning process results.