bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral–temporal biphoton waveform of photon pairs from cascade-type warm atoms
Authors: Park Jiho , Jeong Taek , Moon Han Seb 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe investigate the spectral–temporal biphoton waveforms of the photon pairs emitted from cascade-type two-photon-coherent warm 87Rb atoms via the spontaneous four-wave mixing process in the 5S1/2–5P3/2–5D5/2 transition, under the condition of the different detuning frequencies (symmetric detuning conditions of ± 1 GHz) of the pump and coupling lasers relative to the 5P3/2 state. In both detuning cases corresponding to ± 1 GHz, the biphoton temporal waveforms and biphoton spectral waveforms of the photon pairs are measured by means of time-resolved coincidence photon counting and stimulated measurements, respectively. Although photon-pairs were generated using opposite detunings, we confirm that the spectral–temporal biphoton waveforms of the photon pairs are very similar. Furthermore, we observe Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with 82% visibility with the two independent heralded single photons.
A tube-source X-ray microtomography approach for quantitative 3D microscopy of optically challenging cell-cultured samples
Authors: Tamminen Ilmari , Lehto Kalle , Hannula Markus , Ojansivu Miina , Johansson Laura , Kellomäki Minna , Miettinen Susanna , Aula Antti , Ihalainen Teemu , Hyttinen Jari 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDevelopment and study of cell-cultured constructs, such as tissue-engineering scaffolds or organ-on-a-chip platforms require a comprehensive, representative view on the cells inside the used materials. However, common characteristics of biomedical materials, for example, in porous, fibrous, rough-surfaced, and composite materials, can severely disturb low-energy imaging. In order to image and quantify cell structures in optically challenging samples, we combined labeling, 3D X-ray imaging, and in silico processing into a methodological pipeline. Cell-structure images were acquired by a tube-source X-ray microtomography device and compared to optical references for assessing the visual and quantitative accuracy. The spatial coverage of the X-ray imaging was demonstrated by investigating stem-cell nuclei inside clinically relevant-sized tissue-engineering scaffolds (5x13 mm) that were difficult to examine with the optical methods. Our results highlight the potential of the readily available X-ray microtomography devices that can be used to thoroughly study relative large cell-cultured samples with microscopic 3D accuracy.
The genetic framework of shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis comprises master regulators and conditional fine-tuning factors
Authors: Lardon Robin , Wijnker Erik , Keurentjes Joost , Geelen Danny 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClonal propagation and genetic engineering of plants requires regeneration, but many species are recalcitrant and there is large variability in explant responses. Here, we perform a genome-wide association study using 190 natural Arabidopsis accessions to dissect the genetics of shoot regeneration from root explants and several related in vitro traits. Strong variation is found in the recorded phenotypes and association mapping pinpoints a myriad of quantitative trait genes, including prior candidates and potential novel regeneration determinants. As most of these genes are trait- and protocol-specific, we propose a model wherein shoot regeneration is governed by many conditional fine-tuning factors and a few universal master regulators such as WUSCHEL, whose transcript levels correlate with natural variation in regenerated shoot numbers. Potentially novel genes in this last category are AT3G09925, SUP, EDA40 and DOF4.4. We urge future research in the field to consider multiple conditions and genetic backgrounds.
High pressures increase α-chymotrypsin enzyme activity under perchlorate stress
Authors: Gault Stewart , Jaworek Michel W. , Winter Roland , Cockell Charles S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDeep subsurface environments can harbour high concentrations of dissolved ions, yet we know little about how this shapes the conditions for life. We know even less about how the combined effects of high pressure influence the way in which ions constrain the possibilities for life. One such ion is perchlorate, which is found in extreme environments on Earth and pervasively on Mars. We investigated the interactions of high pressure and high perchlorate concentrations on enzymatic activity. We demonstrate that high pressures increase α-chymotrypsin enzyme activity even in the presence of high perchlorate concentrations. Perchlorate salts were shown to shift the folded α-chymotrypsin phase space to lower temperatures and pressures. The results presented here may suggest that high pressures increase the habitability of environments under perchlorate stress. Therefore, deep subsurface environments that combine these stressors, potentially including the subsurface of Mars, may be more habitable than previously thought.
An Updated Theoretical Framework for Vocal Hyperfunction
Authors: Hillman Robert E. , Stepp Cara E. , Van Stan Jarrad H. , Zañartu Matías , Mehta Daryush D. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this viewpoint article is to facilitate research on vocal hyperfunction (VH). VH is implicated in the most commonly occurring types of voice disorders, but there remains a pressing need to increase our understanding of the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms associated with VH to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VH-related disorders.

Method
A comprehensive theoretical framework for VH is proposed based on an integration of prevailing clinical views and research evidence.

Results
The fundamental structure of the current framework is based on a previous (simplified) version that was published over 30 years ago (Hillman et al., 1989). A central premise of the framework is that there are two primary manifestations of VH—phonotraumatic VH and nonphonotraumatic VH—and that multiple factors contribute and interact in different ways to cause and maintain these two types of VH. Key hypotheses are presented about the way different factors may contribute to phonotraumatic VH and nonphonotraumatic VH and how the associated disorders may respond to treatment.

Conclusions
This updated and expanded framework is meant to help guide future research, particularly the design of longitudinal studies, which can lead to a refinement in knowledge about the etiology and pathophysiology of VH-related disorders. Such new knowledge should lead to further refinements in the framework and serve as a basis for improving the prevention and evidence-based clinical management of VH.
Childhood maltreatment is associated with changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics in maternal, but not in neonatal immune cells
Authors: Gumpp Anja M. , Boeck Christina , Behnke Alexander , Bach Alexandra M. , Ramo-Fernández Laura , Welz Thilo , Gündel Harald , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana , Karabatsiakis Alexander 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceMitochondrial physiology affected by childhood maltreatment (CM) might be a biological link for the intergenerational transmission of CM-related consequences. As mitochondria are intergenerationally transmitted from mother to child, alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics might influence how maternal CM affects physical and mental development as well as functioning in their children. Our study reports data on mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral mononuclear immune cells of mother-newborn dyads, which were positively correlated. Higher maternal maltreatment load was associated with higher mitochondrial respiration and density in mothers, but not in their newborns. Thus, we found no evidence for an intergenerational effect of maternal CM on mitochondrial bioenergetics in immune cells of their newborns.
A microstructural neural network biomarker for dystonia diagnosis identified by a DystoniaNet deep learning platform
Authors: Valeriani Davide , Simonyan Kristina 
Published: October 2020

Significance
This research identified a microstructural neural network biomarker for objective and accurate diagnosis of isolated dystonia based on the disorder pathophysiology using an advanced deep learning algorithm, DystoniaNet, and raw structural brain images of large cohorts of patients with isolated focal dystonia and healthy controls. DystoniaNet significantly outperformed shallow machine-learning pipelines and substantially exceeded the current agreement rates between clinicians, reaching an overall accuracy of 98.8% in diagnosing different forms of isolated focal dystonia. These results suggest that DystoniaNet could serve as an objective, robust, and generalizable algorithmic platform of dystonia diagnosis for enhanced clinical decision-making. Implementation of the identified biomarker for objective and accurate diagnosis of dystonia may be transformative for clinical management of this disorder.
Multidimensional spectroscopy and imaging of defects in synthetic diamond: excitation-emission-lifetime luminescence measurements with multiexponential fitting and phasor analysis
Authors: Jones Daniel C , Alexandrov Yuriy , Curry Nathan , Kumar Sunil , Lanigan Peter M P , McGuinness Colin D , Dale Matthew W , Twitchen Daniel J , Fisher David , Neil Mark A A , Dunsby Christopher , French Paul M W 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We report the application of phasor analysis and nonlinear iterative fitting to complex spatial and spectroscopic luminescence decay data obtained from multidimensional microscopy of a CVD diamond grown on a HPHT substrate. This spectral and lifetime-resolved analysis enabled spatial mapping of variations in concentrations of nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in both charge states and the quenching of NV− defects, as well as the identification of SiV− luminescence. These imaging and spectroscopic modalities may be important for reliable fabrication of quantum devices based on such defects in diamond, which will require well-defined and characterised quantum electronic properties.
Nonvolatile electric-field-controlled anomalous Hall effect in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo film
Authors: Wang Junshuai , Li Chaozhong , Ma Lei , Liu Fufu , Chai Guozhi , Jiang Changjun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We report on the electric-field-modulated anomalous Hall effect (AHE) under various temperatures in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.67Ti0.33O3 (PMN-PT) structures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The coercive field H
c and the magnetic compensation temperature T
M are modulated by applying an electric field to the multilayer. The resistance ratio (ΔR
xy/R
xy) plotted as a function of the symmetric bipolar electric field takes the form of a nonvolatile butterfly-like bipolar curve. The resonance field H
r of the ferromagnetic resonance spectra as a function of the applied electric field shows a typical butterfly-like shape, indicating that strain is the dominant effect in the electric-field-controlled AHE in the ferrimagnetic heterostructure. In addition, a four-state nonvolatile memory is observed upon simultaneous application of pulsed magnetic field and electric field. The results for the electric-field-controlled AHE should prove useful for research into the development of ultra-energy-efficient ferrimagnets.
Ab initio analytic calculation of point defects in AlGaN/GaN heterointerfaces
Authors: Gao Yinlu , Sun Dan , Jiang Xue , Zhao Jijun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
One of the major challenges for the GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) used as high power devices is to understand the effect of defects, especially on the band alignment. Using ab initio calculation, herein we investigate the variations of band offsets with interfacial structure, defect position, interface states and Al content in Al
x
Ga1-x
N/GaN heterostructures (x = 0.06, 0.13, 0.19, 0.25). It was found that N vacancy (VN) and Ga anti-site (GaN) introduce nonlocal interface states and the change of valence band offset (VBO) depends on the defect location. While the interface states induced by Ga vacancy (VGa) and N anti-site (NGa) show strong localization behavior, and their impact on VBO is independent on the defect position. The low symmetry of wurtzite nitride and the lattice mismatch between AlGaN and GaN will generate polarization charge (spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric polarization) at the interface. Along the direction of polarization field, VN and GaN lying in the AlGaN side change the VBO most pronouncedly. These theoretical results provide useful guidance for control of point defects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, which have profound impact on the performance and reliability of GaN-based devices.
Photostability enhancement of InP/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots by plasmonic nanostructures
Authors: Kulakovich O , Gurinovich L , Li Hui , Ramanenka A , Trotsiuk L , Muravitskaya A , Wei Jing , Li Hongbo , Matveevskaya N , Guzatov D V , Gaponenko S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The effect of gold and silver plasmonic films on the photoluminescence and photostability of InP/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS nanocrystals (quantum dots) is reported. Colloidal gold films promote the photostability enhancement of InP/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots (more durable emission properties in the presence of metal nanostructures) through reducing exciton lifetime. In contrast, silver decreases the photostability of InP/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots without changing the photoluminescence intensity and kinetics. By adjusting the excitation wavelength closer to the extinction band of gold nanoparticles a 1.8-fold enhancement of luminescence intensity has been obtained using a polyelectrolyte spacer between the metal and InP/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS nanoparticles. Thus, plasmonics offers essential practical improvement of light emitters in terms of their durable luminescent properties upon prolonged optical excitation without losses in luminescence efficiency or even along with increased efficiency.
Video analysis of one-dimensional multi-body collisions: linear momentum, impulse and energy
Authors: Yamil Risk Mora David , Durango Idárraga Sebastián , César Cárdenas Montoya Paulo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Collisions are a key topic in physics and engineering education. An experiment with multiple body one-dimensional collisions is presented, aiming to measure relevant physical quantities by tracking the motion of the system of particles during the collision. Relations between different physical quantities can be explored in the experiment, such as linear momentum, impulse, and energy. Equations are presented for modeling velocity changes during the collisions under the elastic and inelastic conditions and extensions to many body colliders can be easily implemented. Predictions for the velocities and other collision quantities were verified for a set of mass parameters by photogrammetry and digital video analysis.
Designing inquiry-based learning environments for quantum physics education in secondary schools
Authors: Vilarta Rodriguez Luiza , van der Veen Jan T , Anjewierden Anjo , van den Berg Ed , de Jong Ton 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the design process for a digital instructional sequence on introductory quantum physics for upper secondary education. Based on a collaboration between teachers and physics education researchers, this sequence incorporates relevant theoretical foundations from the field of science teaching to promote meaningful and conceptual learning of quantum physics. The sequence is composed of units, which are being developed using the Go-Lab ecosystem (www.golabz.eu), a free online platform for teachers to create digital inquiry-based lessons. So far, the sequence covers the photoelectric effect, wave-particle duality, and tunnelling phenomena. This paper focuses on the sequence’s first unit, addressing the photoelectric effect. The unit is used in this paper to exemplify the incorporation of the sequence’s theoretical foundations: digital inquiry-based learning with simulations, collaborative learning, and conceptual change. The unit was pilot-tested with 114 students in four Dutch high schools. Answers to multiple-choice and open-ended questions were collected through the Go-Lab platform. Analyses showed the unit’s potential to promote correct reasoning about the role of the intensity and frequency variables and revealed students’ difficulties in grasping light’s particle nature at the end of the lesson. These preliminary results are used to draw conclusions about how to improve this unit and inform the design of new instructional sequences.
Assessment of absorbed power density and temperature rise for nonplanar body model under electromagnetic exposure above 6 GHz
Authors: Diao Yinliang , Rashed Essam A , Hirata Akimasa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The averaged absorbed power density (APD) and temperature rise in body models with nonplanar surfaces were computed for electromagnetic exposure above 6 GHz. Different calculation schemes for the averaged APD were investigated. Additionally, a novel compensation method for correcting the heat convection rate on the air/skin interface in voxel human models was proposed and validated. The compensation method can be easily incorporated into bioheat calculations and does not require information regarding the normal direction of the boundary voxels, in contrast to a previously proposed method. The APD and temperature rise were evaluated using models of a two-dimensional cylinder and a three-dimensional partial forearm. The heating factor, which was defined as the ratio of the temperature rise to the APD, was calculated using different APD averaging schemes. Our computational results revealed different frequency and curvature dependences. For body models with curvature radii of >30 mm and at frequencies of >20 GHz, the differences in the heating factors among the APD schemes were small.
Predictive dose accumulation for HN adaptive radiotherapy
Authors: Lee Donghoon , Zhang Pengpeng , Nadeem Saad , Alam Sadegh , Jiang Jue , Caringi Amanda , Allgood Natasha , Aristophanous Michalis , Mechalakos James , Hu Yu-Chi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
During radiation therapy (RT) of head and neck (HN) cancer, the shape and volume of the parotid glands (PG) may change significantly, resulting in clinically relevant deviations of delivered dose from the planning dose. Early and accurate longitudinal prediction of PG anatomical changes during the RT can be valuable to inform decisions on plan adaptation. We developed a deep neural network for longitudinal predictions using the displacement fields (DFs) between the planning computed tomography (pCT) and weekly cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Sixty-three HN patients treated with volumetric modulated arc were retrospectively studied. We calculated DFs between pCT and week 1–3 CBCT by B-spline and Demon deformable image registration (DIR). The resultant DFs were subsequently used as input to our novel network to predict the week 4 to 6 DFs for generating predicted weekly PG contours and weekly dose distributions. For evaluation, we measured dice similarity (DICE), and the uncertainty of accumulated dose. Moreover, we compared the detection accuracies of candidates for adaptive radiotherapy (ART) when the trigger criteria were mean dose difference more than 10%, 7.5%, and 5%, respectively. The DICE of ipsilateral/contralateral PG at week 4 to 6 using the prediction model trained with B-spline were 0.81

±

0.07/0.81

±

0.04 (week 4), 0.79

±

0.06/0.81

±

0.05 (week 5) and 0.78

±

0.06/0.82

±

0.02

(week 6). The DICE with the Demons model were 0.78

±

0.08/0.82

±

0.03 (week 4), 0.77

±

0.07/0.82

±

0.04 (week 5) and 0.75

±

0.07/0.82

±

0.02 (week 6). The dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis with the predicted accumulated dose showed the feasibility of predicting dose uncertainty due to the PG anatomical changes. The AUC of ART candidate detection with our predictive model was over 0.90. In conclusion, the proposed network was able to predict future anatomical changes and dose uncertainty of PGs with clinically acceptable accuracy, and hence can be readily integrated into the ART workflow.
Investigation of air-stable Cs2SnI6 films prepared by the modified two-step process for lead-free perovskite solar cells
Authors: Ullah Saad , Ullah Sami , Wang Jiaming , Yang Shi-E , Xia Tianyu , Guo Haizhong , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In recent years, the organic-inorganic perovskite materials have revolutionized the Photovoltaic industry with highly efficient power conversion devices accompanied by a high growth rate. However, these devices experience major environmental and stability issues that hinder their true potential. More recently, a rarely studied perovskite material Cs2SnI6 is gaining enormous attention due to its superior stability and suitable bandgap. In this work, we developed a modified two-step process to prepare uniform Cs2SnI6 films, and the influence of the reaction conditions on the properties is explored. The structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the prepared films were investigated using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis spectrometer, photoluminescence, and Hall Effect measurements, respectively. Phase stability and morphology of the films are improved with optimizing the reaction conditions. The results confirm the n-type semiconductor nature of Cs2SnI6 with bandgap ranging from 1.29 eV to 1.42 eV with maximum carrier mobility of 425 cm2 V−1 s−1. The present study will further provide potential research directions in improving the device efficiency of air-stable Cs2SnI6 perovskite solar cells.
3D spacer fabrics for thermoelectric textile cooling and energy generation based on aluminum doped zinc oxide
Authors: Schmidl G , Gawlik A , Jia G , Andrä G , Richter K , Plentz J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
It is demonstrated that spacer fabrics made of polyester can be coated with Al-doped ZnO (AZO) as thermoelectric (TE) material and conductive silver as contact material to enable smart textiles. An atomic layer deposition process was used for the AZO coating and the conductive silver paste was manually applied. A TE generator and cooling based on the Seebeck and Peltier effect can be observed if a temperature difference or direct current is applied, respectively. Both effects were proven to exist and evaluated. The Seebeck coefficient was determined of up to 50 µV · K−1 and a TE power of about 0.2 µW was generated. Without additional active heat dissipation or cooling, a temperature difference between both spacer fabric surfaces of up to 12 K was achieved. By changing the polarity of the electrical contacts it can significantly be shown that the cold-warm side is changed, as expected for a Peltier element. We observed experimentally the Peltier effect using a single element as well as electrically interconnected sample pairs, the latter could be important for the cooling application. Additionally, the heat transport through the spacer fabrics was tested and showed that there is no heat equalization between the surfaces via air and filaments at temperatures up to 50 °C. The Peltier effect as a fundamental TE effect, that enables site-specific and on-demand cooling applications, has not yet been comprehensively investigated using spacer fabrics and AZO as TE material. These investigations predict that AZO on spacer fabrics hold the special potential to enable flexible and textile solid-state cooling applications.