bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of physical activity among adults in the United Kingdom during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The DUK‐COVID study
Authors: Spence John C. , Rhodes Ryan E. , McCurdy Ashley , Mangan Amie , Hopkins Debbie , Mummery W. Kerry 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesThis study examined the impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown on the physical activity (PA) of UK adults and potential motivational determinants of such behaviour.Design and methodsA survey was conducted with 1,521 UK adults recruited through Prolific.co in early June 2020. Along with demographic information, questions assessed current PA, changes in PA modalities (i.e., overall, around the home, for transport, in the workplace, in the local neighbourhood, at recreation/sport facilities) related to the lockdown, and beliefs about capabilities, opportunities, and motivations according to the COM‐B model. A series of logistic regressions were constructed to examine associations between shifts in the PA modalities and the COM‐B components.ResultsThe majority of respondents (57%) had either maintained or increased their levels of PA during the COVID‐19 lockdown. However, the proportion meeting PA guidelines (31%) was low and engagement in sedentary‐related behaviour for both work and leisure increased substantially during the lockdown. The components of the COM‐B model were associated with shifts in PA. In particular, physical opportunity (odds ratios ranging from 1.14 to 1.20) and reflective motivation (odds ratios ranging from 1.11 to 1.25) appeared to be the most consistent predictors of behaviour.ConclusionsIf UK adults believed they had the physical opportunity and were motivated, they were more likely to have maintained or increased their PA during the COVID‐19 lockdown. However, the majority of adults are not meeting the UK guidelines on PA and the prevalence of PA is substantially lower than national surveys prior to the pandemic.
Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?

The COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the daily routines of citizens globally.
Engagement in physical activity appears to have declined as a result of the requirement to self‐isolate and stay in place.
The COM‐B model of behaviour change is a useful framework for identifying the correlates and determinants of behaviour.
What does this study add?

Though most UK adults maintained or increased their engagement in physical activity during the COVID‐19 pandemic, the majority did not meet recommended guidelines.
Reflective processes and physical opportunity were the primary predictors of change in physical activity.
Circadian rhythms in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour and the sources of their variability
Authors: Krylov Viacheslav V. , Izvekov Evgeny I. , Pavlova Vera V. , Pankova Natalia A. , Osipova Elena A. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTOver recent decades, changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour have become popular quantitative indicators in biomedical studies. The circadian rhythms of behavioural processes in zebrafish are known to enable effective utilization of energy and resources, therefore attracting interest in zebrafish as a research model. This review covers a variety of circadian behaviours in this species, including diurnal rhythms of spawning, feeding, locomotor activity, shoaling, light/dark preference, and vertical position preference. Changes in circadian activity during zebrafish ontogeny are reviewed, including ageing‐related alterations and chemically induced variations in rhythmicity patterns. Both exogenous and endogenous sources of inter‐individual variability in zebrafish circadian behaviour are detailed. Additionally, we focus on different environmental factors with the potential to entrain circadian processes in zebrafish. This review describes two principal ways whereby diurnal behavioural rhythms can be entrained: (i) modulation of organismal physiological state, which can have masking or enhancing effects on behavioural endpoints related to endogenous circadian rhythms, and (ii) modulation of period and amplitude of the endogenous circadian rhythm due to competitive relationships between the primary and secondary zeitgebers. In addition, different peripheral oscillators in zebrafish can be entrained by diverse zeitgebers. This complicated orchestra of divergent influences may cause variability in zebrafish circadian behaviours, which should be given attention when planning behavioural studies.
Butterfly and moth communities differ in their response to habitat structure in rainforests of Mount Cameroon
Authors: Delabye Sylvain , Maicher Vincent , Sáfián Szabolcs , Doležal Jiří , Altman Jan , Janeček Štěpán , Kobe Ishmeal N. , Murkwe Mercy , Šebek Pavel , Tropek Robert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMechanisms structuring tropical communities are still under‐studied, especially in Afrotropical rainforests. Although insect herbivores are considered to depend on plant diversity, we hypothesized that vegetation structure, together with other microhabitat characteristics, can be more important for some insects. Here, we compared habitat associations of fruit‐feeding butterflies and moths, two ecologically different groups of Lepidoptera, in three rainforest localities in foothills of Mount Cameroon, West/Central Africa. Based on a comprehensive dataset of 16,040 specimens of 398 species systematically collected by 240 traps at 48 plots (altogether 9.68 ha), we analyzed how plant community composition, habitat openness, and forest structure affect communities of butterflies and moths. We expected different habitat descriptors to predict communities of the two insect groups. Habitats of tropical fruit‐feeding moth communities have never been studied before.In both analyses of species richness and community structure, butterfly communities depended mostly on forest openness. Moth species richness depended on plant diversity and forest openness, whilst the latter substantially influenced their community composition. Additionally, we revealed differences in habitat associations between understory and canopy communities of both groups. Whilst species richness of understory communities was not influenced by any habitat characteristics, it generally followed the general patterns in canopies. By contrast, composition of understory communities followed the general patterns, whilst effects of habitat characteristics on canopy communities were minor for butterflies and none for moths. The differences between such closely related groups of herbivorous insects warn against generalization based on single‐taxon studies and highlight the need of community‐wide research of tropical rainforests.Abstract in French is available with online material
Lizard and frog removal increases spider abundance but does not cascade to increase herbivory
Authors: Beard Karen H. , Durham Susan L. , Willig Michael R. , Zimmerman Jess K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInsectivorous vertebrates, especially on islands, can exert top‐down control on herbivorous prey, which can transfer through a food chain to reduce herbivory. However, in many systems insectivorous vertebrates feed on more than one trophic level, especially consuming arthropod predators, and this intraguild predation can diminish trophic cascades. Our goal was to determine, using an exclosure experiment, the relative importance of anole lizards and coqui frogs in controlling spider and arthropod abundances as well as herbivory rates in the understory of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. We found that exclosures removing both anoles and coquis doubled spider abundance compared to exclosures with anoles and coquis at natural densities. The effect of coquis on spiders was greater and occurred more quickly than that of anoles, potentially because of the higher natural densities of coquis and removal of both vertebrates produced no interactive effects. We found support for the idea that anoles, but not coquis, reduce foliar arthropod abundances on one of the two studied plant species. However, there was also evidence that anole removal decreased herbivory, the opposite of what we would expect if there was a trophic cascade. Potential explanations include that anoles reduced predatory arthropods on foliage more than they reduced herbivorous arthropods. Results highlight that the food web in tabonuco forest is not simple and that there are complex and dynamic relationships among vertebrate insectivores, predatory arthropods, and herbivorous arthropods that do not consistently result in a trophic cascade.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material
A children’s election—Dilemmas of children’s political participation
Authors: Lorgen Linn C. , Ursin Marit 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this article, we explore how fifth graders (9–10‐year‐olds) and their teachers view children's participation in a parliamentary election for children arranged by Save the Children Norway in 2017. The participants draw on available discursive resources when making sense of children's political positions in society. In the discursive resources, longstanding tensions surrounding children, childhood and politics come to the surface. We conclude that although children's position in politics remains marginal, there are ways to move beyond the tensions to be able to imagine children as political actors.
Research on the dimensional accuracy of customized bone augmentation combined with 3D‐printing individualized titanium mesh: A retrospective case series study
Authors: Li Linzhi , Wang Chao , Li Xian , Fu Gang , Chen Dan , Huang Yuanding 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have focused on the dimensional accuracy of customized bone grafting by means of guided bone regeneration (GBR) with 3D‐Printed Individual Titanium Mesh (3D‐PITM).PurposeDigital technologies were applied to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of customized bone augmentation with 3D‐PITM with a two‐stage technique.Materials and methodsSixteen patients were included in this study. The CBCT data of post‐GBR (immediate post‐GBR) and post‐implantation (immediate post‐implant placement) were 3D reconstructed and compared with the pre‐surgical planned bone augmentation. The dimensional differences were evaluated by superimposition using the Materialize 3‐matic software.ResultsThe superimposition analysis showed that the maximum deviations of contour between were 3.4 mm, and the average differences of the augmentation contour were 0.5 ± 0.4 and 0.6 ± 0.5 mm respectively. The planned volume of bone regeneration was approximately equal to the amount of regenerated bone present 6 to 9 months after the surgical procedure. On average, the vertical gain in bone height was about 0.5 mm less than planned. And, the horizontal bone gain on the straight buccal of the dental implants and 2 to 4 mm apical of the platform fell also about a 0.5 mm short on average. Statistically significant differences were observed between the augmented volume of virtual and post‐GBR, and the horizontal bone gain of post‐implantation on the level of 4 mm apical to the implant platform (P < .05).ConclusionsThe dimensional accuracy of customized bone augmentation with the 3D‐PITM approach needs further improvement and compared to other surgical approaches of bone augmentation.
Essential functions of miR‐125b in cancer
Authors: Peng Boya , Theng Poh Ying , Le Minh T. N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small and highly conserved non‐coding RNAs that silence target mRNAs, and compelling evidence suggests that they play an essential role in the pathogenesis of human diseases, especially cancer. miR‐125b, which is the mammalian orthologue of the first discovered miRNA lin‐4 in Caenorhabditis elegans, is one of the most important miRNAs that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. The role of miR‐125b in many types of cancer has been well established, and so here we review the current knowledge of how miR‐125b is deregulated in different types of cancer; its oncogenic and/or tumour‐suppressive roles in tumourigenesis and cancer progression; and its regulation with regard to treatment response, all of which are underlined in multiple studies. The emerging information that elucidates the essential functions of miR‐125b might help support its potentiality as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as an effective therapeutic tool against cancer.
Consistency of aquatic enclosed experiments: The importance of scale and ecological complexity
Authors: Paiva Filipa , Brennecke Dennis , Pansch Christian , Briski Elizabeta 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimMarine and freshwater ecosystems are increasingly threatened by human activities. For over a century, scientists have been testing many biological, chemical and physical questions to understand various ecosystems and their resilience to different stressors. While the majority of experiments were conducted at small‐scale laboratory settings, lately large mesocosm experiments have become more and more common. Yet, it still remains unclear how the scale (i.e. space) and ecological complexity (i.e. community versus limited number of species) of experiments affect the results and to what extent different experimental types are comparable.InnovationHere, we conducted two types of experiments, run at different scale and ecological‐complexity levels (i.e. outdoor large‐scale community‐level mesocosm versus indoor small‐scale two‐species laboratory experiment), to assess the effects of marine heatwaves on two gammarid species.Main ConclusionsOur approach detected differences in abundance and relative population growth between the two experimental types for one out of the two tested species, but no difference in heatwave impacts on any of the species, independently of which experimental type was used. The larger space in the mesocosm, accompanied with inclusion of the community, benefited this species, demonstrating stronger performance in the mesocosm than in the laboratory experiment. Though, our study design cannot directly distinguish if scale or ecological complexity of the experiments, or both, caused the observed discrepancy in our findings. Furthermore, inconsistency in results among laboratory experiments complicates the extrapolations and generalization of the laboratory results. Yet, our findings indicate the importance of space, density‐dependent effects, biotic interactions and complexity of natural environments in buffering, or boosting, the direct effects of environmental stress on organisms. Therefore, we urge the use of large‐scale community‐level mesocosm experiments instead of small‐scale single‐species laboratory ones whenever possible, and emphasize a necessity of great caution when interpreting the results of laboratory experiments.
The 1920 Encyclical of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Proposal for a “League of Churches”
Authors: Vasilevich Natallia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn January 1920, the Ecumenical Patriarchate issued an encyclical – “Unto all the Churches of Christ Wheresoever They Be” – which has played a key role in the history of the ecumenical movement and the engagement of the Orthodox Church in it. The document was prepared by a group of theologians of the Ecumenical Patriarchate headed by Metropolitan Germanos (Strenopoulos). At the time of its publication, it had an official English version; however, it is usually referenced according to its later revised translation, undertaken in 1959 by W. A. Visser ’t Hooft. A significant difference is that the 1920 translation did not include what has come to be seen as the central feature of the 1920 encyclical: that is, the proposal to create a “League of Churches.” The article explores whether the revision is a more accurate translation of the Greek original or rather an interpretation of the encyclical that enshrines in the text its key concept – which was, however, not contained in the original document.
The Lambeth Appeal and the Appeal of Britain
Authors: Chapman Mark D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn 1920, the Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops issued the “Appeal to All Christian People.” While much has been written on its genesis in 1920 and its impact on the later ecumenical movement and on Anglicanism, much less has been written about the relationship of the sort of ecumenism espoused by the Lambeth Appeal to the international political developments of the time. This article assesses the impact of the First World War and the Versailles Settlement on some of the assumptions underlying the Lambeth Appeal, examining how the appeal was in many ways a by‐product of a new form of internationalism, which itself was closely related to the reinterpretation of the British Empire that emerged during the war.
Large‐scale evidence for microbial response and associated carbon release after permafrost thaw
Authors: Chen Yongliang , Liu Futing , Kang Luyao , Zhang Dianye , Kou Dan , Mao Chao , Qin Shuqi , Zhang Qiwen , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPermafrost thaw could trigger the release of greenhouse gases through microbial decomposition of the large quantities of carbon (C) stored within frozen soils. However, accurate evaluation of soil C emissions from thawing permafrost is still a big challenge, partly due to our inadequate understanding about the response of microbial communities and their linkage with soil C release upon permafrost thaw. Based on a large‐scale permafrost sampling across 24 sites on the Tibetan Plateau, we employed meta‐genomic technologies (GeoChip and Illumina MiSeq sequencing) to explore the impacts of permafrost thaw (permafrost samples were incubated for 11 days at 5°C) on microbial taxonomic and functional communities, and then conducted a laboratory incubation to investigate the linkage of microbial taxonomic and functional diversity with soil C release after permafrost thaw. We found that bacterial and fungal α diversity decreased, but functional gene diversity and the normalized relative abundance of C degradation genes increased after permafrost thaw, reflecting the rapid microbial response to permafrost thaw. Moreover, both the microbial taxonomic and functional community structures differed between the thawed permafrost and formerly frozen soils. Furthermore, soil C release rate over five month incubation was associated with microbial functional diversity and C degradation gene abundances. By contrast, neither microbial taxonomic diversity nor community structure exhibited any significant effects on soil C release over the incubation period. These findings demonstrate that permafrost thaw could accelerate C emissions by altering the function potentials of microbial communities rather than taxonomic diversity, highlighting the crucial role of microbial functional genes in mediating the responses of permafrost C cycle to climate warming.
Trends in prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in a community‐based programme: The VIF Programme
Authors: Vanhelst Jérémy , Deken Valérie , Boulic Gaëlle , Raffin Sandrine , Duhamel Alain , Romon Monique 
Published: December 2020

SummaryBackgroundObesity in children is considered the main childhood health problem.ObjectiveTo assess the impact of 7‐year community‐based interventions on the trend prevalence of overweight and obesity in French preschool children and primary school children between 2008 and 2015.MethodsTwo cross‐sectional studies were performed in the last grade of every pre‐school and primary schools of 6 cities in 2008 and 2015. In 2008 and 2015, 3387 children and 3415 children (aged 5 and 11 years old) participated in the 2 surveys. Interventions consisted to promote physical activity, healthy diet, sleep habits and well‐being. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were defined according to age‐ and sex‐specific BMI cut‐off points. Priority education area of the schools was also recorded.ResultsPrevalence of overweight and obesity decreased significantly between 2008 and 2015 in children from pre‐schools (18.1% vs 13.0%) and primary schools (20.9% vs 16.9%) (P < 0.05). No effects of priority education area and sex were found related to the decrease of prevalence in overweight and obesity.ConclusionsOur results show that over 7 years period, the community‐based intervention has a positive impact on the overweight and obesity prevalence in childhood. These results are promising and encouraging in addressing obesity and related issues in French young boys and girls.
Genetic parameters of seven immune factors in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) infected with Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: Wang Xin‐An , Ma Ai‐Jun , Sun Zhi‐Bin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, 1,800 turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) individuals from 30 full‐sib families were experimentally infected with Vibrio anguillarum, and the expression levels of the immune factors lysozyme, hepcidin, heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP90, immunoglobulin M (IgM), C‐type lectin and Lily‐type lectin in the liver were measured by real‐time PCR. Heritability values of the seven immune factors were 0.289 ± 0.087, 0.092 ± 0.024, 0.282 ± 0.043, 0.244 ± 0.027, 0.343 ± 0.081, 0.092 ± 0.011 and 0.084 ± 0.009, respectively. The ranges of phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations were –0.889 to 0.759, –0.841 to 0.888 and –0.919 to 0.883, respectively. The heritability values of HSP70, HSP90 and IgM were moderate, and the genetic correlations between HSP70, HSP90 and IgM were moderate to highly positive, which suggests that the immunocompetence of turbot against V. anguillarum can be improved by genetically improving these three immune characters via multi‐trait integrated breeding technology or indirect selection.
Abscisic acid signaling negatively regulates nitrate uptake via phosphorylation of NRT1.1 by SnRK2s in Arabidopsis
Authors: Su Hang , Wang Tian , Ju Chuanfeng , Deng Jinping , Zhang Tianqi , Li Mengjiao , Tian Hui , Wang Cun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) is a limiting nutrient for plant growth and productivity. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been suggested to play a vital role in nitrate uptake in fluctuating N environments. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of ABA in N deficiency responses are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that ABA signaling components, particularly the three subclass III SUCROSE NON‐FERMENTING1 (SNF1)‐RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2S (SnRK2) proteins, function in root foraging and uptake of nitrate under N deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. The snrk2.2snrk2.3snrk2.6 triple mutant grew a longer primary root and had a higher rate of nitrate influx and accumulation compared with wild‐type plants under nitrate deficiency. Strikingly, SnRK2.2/2.3/2.6 proteins interacted with and phosphorylated the nitrate transceptor NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1) in vitro and in vivo. The phosphorylation of NRT1.1 by SnRK2s resulted in a significant decrease of nitrate uptake and impairment of root growth. Moreover, we identified NRT1.1Ser585 as a previously unknown functional site: the phosphomimetic NRT1.1S585D was impaired in both low‐ and high‐affinity transport activities. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into how plants fine‐tune growth via ABA signaling under N deficiency.