bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tice: A real‐time language compilable using C++ compilers
Authors: Prastowo Tadeus , Palopoli Luigi , Abeni Luca 
Published: October 2020

SummaryModel‐based development (MBD) holds the promise to capture potential timing problems in embedded software during the early phases of the development, securing the production of bug‐free embedded software. For most MBD approaches, the source code is just an intermediate artifact that can be generated automatically from the models. This assumption clashes with an undeniable fact: a large share of the commercial embedded software exploits existing libraries or is developed using C/C++ natively. A way to reconcile the ambitions of MBD with the use of a programming language is by offering new language constructs and an innovative compilation tool‐chain that prevents model error and timing problems “by construction.” However, the persistent popularity of C/C++ among embedded programmers and the limited availability of tools have severely limited the uptake of alternative programming languages for embedded software. Therefore, we propose an original route. Our language proposal, named Tice, has been shaped as a C++ active library. Tice retains full compatibility with existing C++ code, which can be integrated easily into new Tice‐based projects. The enforcement of Tice syntax and semantics can be made by a standard C++ compiler, forgoing the need for new tools. In this article, we describe Tice's syntax, semantics, and model of computation and communication. We demonstrate Tice's practical applicability on an industrial scale use‐case and give ample evidence for Tice's efficient compilation using off‐the‐shelf C++ compilers. Finally, we show Tice's code generation process.
Regulatory institutional distance and the United States multinational corporations' research and development investment decisions
Authors: Nagaraj Priya , Chao Mike 
Published: October 2020

AbstractResearch and development (R&D) investment of multinational corporations (MNCs), as a part of MNCs' foreign direct investment (FDI) decision, has been studied for both the importance of the location for the MNC's strategy, and for the host country's benefits from the spillover effects of investment in R&D. The R&D investment decision is often influenced by the macroeconomic environment and the institutional framework of the host country. In this article, we argue that it is not just the level of regulatory institutions in the host country but also the regulatory institutional distance between the home and host countries that influences the R&D investment decision. We use the R&D expenditure data of U.S. majority owned firms' affiliates in various countries to analyze two things. First, we study the effect of regulatory institutional distance on the decision to invest in R&D in the host country. Second, we analyze if the regulatory institutional distance influences the intensity of R&D expenditure. We find significant empirical support for our hypotheses that underscores the importance of regulations for attracting R&D investments from MNCs.
Performance evaluation of carbon black nanoparticles for removal of zinc and copper metal ions from aqueous solution: A kinetics and thermodynamics study
Authors: Mortazavi Mina , Derakhshani Elham , Motamed Rezaei Omolbanin , Naghizadeh Ali , Rezaei Maryam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWater pollution with heavy metals is a major concern/threat posed to human health. Heavy metals such as zinc and copper, because of their cumulative effects on humans and other organisms, have harmful effects. This research was an experimental study in which effects of variables such as pH, contact time, concentrations of zinc and copper, adsorbent dose, and temperature were investigated on the efficiency of the adsorption process. Data were analyzed with different isotherms, and the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process were also determined. The results showed that the adsorption capacity increased by increasing pH, contact time, the concentration of zinc and copper, and reduction of the adsorbent dose. The adsorption capacity of carbon black nanoparticles for Zn and Cu was 34.56 and 47.36 mg/g, respectively. Comparison of the results of R2 showed that adsorption of Zn and Cu ions followed the Freundlich and Langmuir models, respectively. The results showed that carbon black nanoparticles can be an effective adsorbent for the removal of zinc and copper ions from aqueous solutions, the price of their synthesis is lower than that of many other nanoparticles, and they can be used in real terms.
Inducing Affective Learning Biases with Cognitive Training and Prefrontal tDCS: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Overman Margot Juliëtte , Browning Michael , O’Shea Jacinta 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Cognitive models of mood disorders emphasize a causal role of negative affective biases in depression. Computational work suggests that these biases may stem from a belief that negative events have a higher information content than positive events, resulting in preferential processing of and learning from negative outcomes. Learning biases therefore represent a promising target for therapeutic interventions. In this proof-of-concept study in healthy volunteers, we assessed the malleability of biased reinforcement learning using a novel cognitive training paradigm and concurrent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

Methods
In two studies, young healthy adults completed two sessions of negative (n = 20) or positive (n = 20) training designed to selectively increase learning from loss or win outcomes, respectively. During training active or sham tDCS was applied bilaterally to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Analyses tested for changes both in learning rates and win- and loss-driven behaviour. Potential positive/negative emotional transfer of win/loss learning was assessed by a facial emotion recognition task and mood questionnaires.

Results
Negative and positive training increased learning rates for losses and wins, respectively. With negative training, there was also a trend for win (but not loss) learning rates to decrease over successive task blocks. After negative training, there was evidence for near transfer in the form of an increase in loss-driven choices when participants performed a similar (untrained) task. There was no change in far transfer measures of emotional face processing or mood. tDCS had no effect on any aspect of behaviour.

Discussion and Conclusions
Negative training induced a mild negative bias in healthy adults as reflected in loss-driven choice behaviour. Prefrontal tDCS had no effect. Further research is needed to assess if this training procedure can be adapted to enhance learning from positive outcomes and whether effects translate to affective disorders.
GENERIC CODING WITH HELP AND AMALGAMATION FAILURE
Authors: FRIEDMAN SY-DAVID , HATHAWAY DAN 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe show that if M is a countable transitive model of
$\text {ZF}$
and if
$a,b$
are reals not in M, then there is a G generic over M such that
$b \in L[a,G]$
. We then present several applications such as the following: if J is any countable transitive model of
$\text {ZFC}$
and
$M \not \subseteq J$
is another countable transitive model of
$\text {ZFC}$
of the same ordinal height
$\alpha $
, then there is a forcing extension N of J such that
$M \cup N$
is not included in any transitive model of
$\text {ZFC}$
of height
$\alpha $
. Also, assuming
$0^{\#}$
exists, letting S be the set of reals generic over L, although S is disjoint from the Turing cone above
$0^{\#}$
, we have that for any non-constructible real a,
$\{ a \oplus s : s \in S \}$
is cofinal in the Turing degrees.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMPUTABILITY-THEORETIC PROPERTIES OF PROBLEMS
Authors: DOWNEY ROD , GREENBERG NOAM , HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW , PATEY LUDOVIC , TURETSKY DAN 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA problem is a multivalued function from a set of instances to a set of solutions. We consider only instances and solutions coded by sets of integers. A problem admits preservation of some computability-theoretic weakness property if every computable instance of the problem admits a solution relative to which the property holds. For example, cone avoidance is the ability, given a noncomputable set A and a computable instance of a problem
${\mathsf {P}}$
, to find a solution relative to which A is still noncomputable.In this article, we compare relativized versions of computability-theoretic notions of preservation which have been studied in reverse mathematics, and prove that the ones which were not already separated by natural statements in the literature actually coincide. In particular, we prove that it is equivalent to admit avoidance of one cone, of
$\omega $
cones, of one hyperimmunity or of one non-
$\Sigma ^{0}_1$
definition. We also prove that the hierarchies of preservation of hyperimmunity and non-
$\Sigma ^{0}_1$
definitions coincide. On the other hand, none of these notions coincide in a nonrelativized setting.
Late Pleistocene environments of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming-Montana, USA
Authors: Minckley Thomas A. , Clementz Mark , Kornfeld Marcel , Larson Mary Lou , Finley Judson B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLimited numbers of high-resolution records predate the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) making it difficult to quantify the impacts of environmental changes prior to peak glaciation. We examined sediments from Last Canyon Cave in the Pryor Mountains of Montana and Wyoming to construct a >45 ka environmental record from pollen and stable isotope analysis. Artemisia pollen was hyper-abundant at the beginning of the record. Carbon isotope values of bulk organic matter (>40 ka) showed little variation (-25.3 ± 0.4‰) and were consistent with a arid C3 environment, similar to today. After 40 cal ka BP, Artemisia pollen decreased as herbaceous taxa increased toward the LGM. A significant decrease in δ13C values from 40–30 cal ka BP (~1.0‰) established a new baseline (-26.6 ± 0.2‰), suggesting cooler, seasonally wetter conditions prior to the LGM. These conditions persisted until variation in δ13C values increased significantly with post-glacial warming, marked by two spikes in values at 14.4 (-25.2‰) and 13.5 cal ka BP (-25.4‰) before δ13C values dropped to their lowest values (-26.9 ± 0.2‰) at the onset of the Younger Dryas (12.8 ka). These results provide insights into late Pleistocene conditions and ecological change in arid intermontane basins of the Rocky Mountains.
THE SLOT LENGTH OF A FAMILY OF MATRICES
Authors: LONGSTAFF W. E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe introduce the notion of the slot length of a family of matrices over an arbitrary field
${\mathbb {F}}$
. Using this definition it is shown that, if
$n\ge 5$
and A and B are
$n\times n$
complex matrices with A unicellular and the pair
$\{A,B\}$
irreducible, the slot length s of
$\{A,B\}$
satisfies
$2\le s\le n-1$
, where both inequalities are sharp, for every n. It is conjectured that the slot length of any irreducible pair of
$n\times n$
matrices, where
$n\ge 5$
, is at most
$n-1$
. The slot length of a family of rank-one complex matrices can be equal to n.
SPACE OF INITIAL VALUES OF A MAP WITH A QUARTIC INVARIANT
Authors: GUBBIOTTI GIORGIO , JOSHI NALINI 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe compactify and regularise the space of initial values of a planar map with a quartic invariant and use this construction to prove its integrability in the sense of algebraic entropy. The system has certain unusual properties, including a sequence of points of indeterminacy in
$\mathbb {P}^{1}\!\times \mathbb {P}^{1}$
. These indeterminacy points lie on a singular fibre of the mapping to a corresponding QRT system and provide the existence of a one-parameter family of special solutions.
PRIME-UNIVERSAL DIAGONAL QUADRATIC FORMS
Authors: JU JANGWON , KIM DAEJUN , KIM KYOUNGMIN , KIM MINGYU , OH BYEONG-KWEON 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA (positive definite and integral) quadratic form is said to be prime-universal if it represents all primes. Recently, Doyle and Williams [‘Prime-universal quadratic forms
$ax^2+by^2+cz^2$
and
$ax^2+by^2+cz^2+dw^2$
’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.101 (2020), 1–12] classified all prime-universal diagonal ternary quadratic forms and all prime-universal diagonal quaternary quadratic forms under two conjectures. We classify all prime-universal diagonal quadratic forms regardless of rank, and prove the so-called 67-theorem for a diagonal quadratic form to be prime-universal.
FAITH AND URBAN DOMESTIC SOCIABILITY IN NORTHERN ENGLAND, 1760–1835
Authors: GIBSON KATE 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between religion and the informal, everyday instances of sociability that took place in urban homes between 1760 and 1835. Using the letters and diaries of middling and labouring individuals living in northern English towns, it suggests that religious practice was not separate from ‘secular’ sociability, but occurred in the same time and space. The article demonstrates that worldly practices and considerations such as courtship and the demonstration of status were entwined with matters of faith, and that the social opportunities offered by the industrializing town were considered to revitalize rather than endanger faith. The article builds on existing research into sociability and nonconformity in earlier periods to suggest that informal domestic sociability was a significant arena for lay agency and an integral part of individual faith for Anglicans, as well as individuals across the Protestant spectrum, well into the nineteenth century.
Forecasting the epidemiological trends of COVID-19 prevalence and mortality using the advanced α-Sutte Indicator
Authors: Wang Yongbin , Xu Chunjie , Yao Sanqiao , Zhao Yingzheng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Forecasting the epidemics of the diseases is very valuable in planning and supplying resources effectively. This study aims to estimate the epidemiological trends of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevalence and mortality using the advanced α-Sutte Indicator, and its prediction accuracy level was compared with the most frequently adopted autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method. Time-series analysis was performed based on the total confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 in the world, Brazil, Peru, Canada and Chile between 27 February 2020 and 30 June 2020. By comparing the prediction reliability indices, including the root mean square error, mean absolute error, mean error rate, mean absolute percentage error and root mean square percentage error, the α-Sutte Indicator was found to produce lower forecasting error rates than the ARIMA model in all data apart from the prevalence testing set globally. The α-Sutte Indicator can be recommended as a useful tool to nowcast and forecast the COVID-19 prevalence and mortality of these regions except for the prevalence around the globe in the near future, which will help policymakers to plan and prepare health resources effectively. Also, the findings of our study may have managerial implications for the outbreak in other countries.
Genetic study of pediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Egypt
Authors: Darwish Rania K. , Haghighi Alireza , Seliem Zeinab S. , El-Saiedi Sonia A. , Radwan Nora H. , El-Gayar Dina F. , Elfeel Nesrine S. , Abouelhoda Mohamed , Mehaney Dina A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPaediatric cardiomyopathy is a progressive and often lethal disorder and the most common cause of heart failure in children. Despite their severe outcomes, their genetic etiology is still poorly characterised. The current study aimed at uncovering the genetic background of idiopathic primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of Egyptian children using targeted next-generation sequencing. The study included 24 patients (15 males and 9 females) presented to the cardiomyopathy clinic of Cairo University Children’s Hospital with a median age of 2.75 (0.5–14) years. Consanguinity was positive in 62.5% of patients. A family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was present in 20.8% of patients. Ten rare variants were detected in eight patients; two pathogenic variants (8.3%) in MBPC3 and MYH7, and eight variants of uncertain significance in MYBPC3, TTN, VCL, MYL2, CSRP3, and RBM20.Here, we report on the first national study in Egypt that analysed sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric variants in a cohort of idiopathic paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients using next-generation sequencing. The current pilot study suggests that paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Egypt might have a particular genetic background, especially with the high burden of consanguinity. Including the genetic testing in the routine diagnostic service is important for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, proper patient management, and at-risk detection. Genome-wide tests (whole exome/genome sequencing) might be better than the targeted sequencing approach to test primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients in addition to its ability for the identification of novel genetic causes.
Overlap of lymphatic dysplasia in Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy and Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT lymphoma): implications for management of protein-losing enteropathy
Authors: Meisner Joshua K. , Koblick Sarah , Walling Emily B. , Rabah Raja , Schumacher Kurt R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLymphatic vessel dysplasia is associated with Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy. Extra nodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) are associated with lymphatic vessel dysplasia. Here, we describe the case of a 7-year-old with Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy who developed MALT lymphoma with a clinical course indicative of interaction between these pathologies and improvement in protein-losing enteropathy after MALT lymphoma treatment. This case suggests a pathophysiologic overlap which has implications for the management of Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy.
Breaking the Percent Memory Retention Ceiling using Bayesian Statistics
Authors: Venkatesan Umesh M. , Rabinowitz Amanda R. , Riccitello Rachael M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectives:Neuropsychological tests of episodic memory often include a measure of memory retention to facilitate the diagnosis of memory disorders. However, the traditional percent retention (PR) score has limited interpretability when smaller amounts of information are both initially learned and later recalled, creating a pseudo-ceiling effect. To improve psychometrics of PR, we investigated a scoring procedure that incorporates levels of certainty into estimates of memory retention based on learning level.Methods:Word-list recall data from adults with traumatic brain injury were modeled using a uniform prior in the Bayesian framework. From the resultant posterior probability distributions, we derived a measure referred to as retention probability (RPr), which distinguishes the retention of relatively good and poor learners. PR and RPr scores were compared on their distributional properties and associations with theoretically related memory measures.Results:Significant distributional differences between PR and RPr were observed. RPr removed the conspicuous ceiling of PR, resulting in stronger correlational and predictive relationships with other memory measures.Conclusion:A Bayesian procedure for quantifying memory retention has psychometric advantages and potentially widespread applicability for measuring the change in behavioral features over time. Future directions are briefly discussed. A sample RPr calculator is provided for interactive exploration of the method.
Bilinguals benefit from semantic context while perceiving speech in noise in both of their languages: Electrophysiological evidence from the N400 ERP
Authors: Coulter Kristina , Gilbert Annie C. , Kousaie Shanna , Baum Shari , Gracco Vincent L. , Klein Denise , Titone Debra , Phillips Natalie A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough bilinguals benefit from semantic context while perceiving speech-in-noise in their native language (L1), the extent to which bilinguals benefit from semantic context in their second language (L2) is unclear. Here, 57 highly proficient English–French/French–English bilinguals, who varied in L2 age of acquisition, performed a speech-perception-in-noise task in both languages while event-related brain potentials were recorded. Participants listened to and repeated the final word of sentences high or low in semantic constraint, in quiet and with a multi-talker babble mask. Overall, our findings indicate that bilinguals do benefit from semantic context while perceiving speech-in-noise in both their languages. Simultaneous bilinguals showed evidence of processing semantic context similarly to monolinguals. Early sequential bilinguals recruited additional neural resources, suggesting more effective use of semantic context in L2, compared to late bilinguals. Semantic context use was not associated with bilingual language experience or working memory.
Relating initial paraquat injury to final efficacy in selected weed species influenced by environmental conditions
Authors: Harre Nick T. , Duncan Garth W. , Young Julie M. , Young Bryan G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWeed control of paraquat can be erratic and may be attributable to differing species sensitivity and/or environmental factors for which minor guidance is available on commercial labels. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to quantify selectivity of paraquat across select weed species and the influence of environmental factors. Experiments were performed under controlled conditions in the greenhouse and growth chamber. Compared with purple deadnettle (dose necessary to reduce shoot biomass by 50% = 39 g ai ha−1), waterhemp, Palmer amaranth, giant ragweed, and horseweed were 4.9, 3.3, 1.9, and 1.3 times more sensitive to paraquat, respectively. The injury progression rate over 3 d after treatment (DAT) was a more accurate predictor of final efficacy at 14 DAT than the lag phase until symptoms first appeared. For example, at the 17.5 g ha−1 dose, the injury rate of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth was, on average, 3.6 times greater than that of horseweed and purple deadnettle. The influence of various environmental factors on paraquat efficacy was weed specific. Applications made at sunrise improved control of purple deadnettle over applications at solar noon or sunset. Lower light intensities (200 or 600 μmol m−2 s−1) surrounding the time of application improved control of waterhemp and horseweed more than 1,000 μmol m−2 s−1. Day/night temperatures of 27/16 C improved horseweed and purple deadnettle control compared with day/night temperatures of 18/13 C. Though control was positively associated with injury rates in the application time of day and temperature experiments, a negative relationship was observed for waterhemp in the light-intensity experiment. Thus, although there are conditions that enhance paraquat efficacy, the specific target species must also be considered. These results advocate paraquat dose recommendations, currently based on weed height, be expanded to address sensitivity differences among weeds. Moreover, these findings contrast with paraquat labels stating temperatures of 13 C or lower do not reduce paraquat efficacy.