bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes and Fuhrman Grading Using Multiphasic CT-Based Texture Analysis and Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Gupta Amit , Garg Sanil , Yadav Neel , Dhanakshirur Rohan Raju , Jain Kshitiz , Nayyar Rishi , Kaushal Seema , Das Chandan J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate computed tomography texture analysis (CTTA) on multiphase CT scans for distinguishing clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from non-ccRCC and predicting Fuhrman's grade in ccRCC using open-source Python libraries.
Methods Conducted retrospectively, the study included 144 patients with RCCs (108 ccRCCs and 36 non-ccRCCs) who underwent preoperative multiphasic CT. Ninety ccRCCs were categorized into 71 low-grade and 19 high-grade ccRCCs. Tumor was marked on the largest axial tumor slice using “LabelMe” across different CT phases. First- and second-order texture features were computed using Python's scipy, numpy, and opencv libraries. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and machine learning (ML) models were used to evaluate CTTA parameters from different CT phases for RCC classification. The best ML model for distinguishing ccRCC and non-ccRCC was externally validated using data from the 2019 Kidney and Kidney Tumor Segmentation Challenge.
Results Entropy in the corticomedullary (CM) phase was the best individual parameter for distinguishing ccRCC from non-ccRCC with (F1 score: 0.83). The support vector machine (SVM) based ML model, incorporating CM phase features, performed the best, with an F1 score of 0.87. External validation for the same model yielded an accuracy of 0.82 and an F1 score of 0.81. ML models and individual texture parameters showed less accuracy for classifying low- versus high-grade ccRCCs, with a maximum F1 score of 0.76 for the CM phase SVM model. Other CT phases yielded inferior results for both classification tasks.
Conclusion CTTA employing open-source Python tools is a viable tool for differentiating ccRCCs from non-ccRCCs and predicting ccRCC grade.
A Prospective Comparison of MRI-Guided Targeted Biopsy with 12-Core Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Systematic Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: An Indian Experience
Authors: Netaji Arjunlokesh , Kubihal Vijay , Sharma Raju , Seth Amlesh , Kaushal Seema , Das Chandan J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and prostate cancer detection rate of magnetic resonance (MR) in-bore biopsy with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided systematic biopsy. We also compared the cancer detection rate of the combined MR in-bore and TRUS-guided systematic biopsy with the TRUS-guided biopsy only approach.
Methods In this prospective study, 61 consecutive patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≥ 3 ng/mL and Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score ≥4 were recruited between July 2017 and January 2020. One patient with prior prostate surgery was excluded. Among the remaining 60 patients, 30 underwent MR in-bore biopsy followed by systematic biopsy (study arm A) and 30 underwent systematic biopsy only (study arm B).
Results The mean PSA range of study population (n = 60 patients) was 4.2 to 72.7 ng/mL. Twenty-seven patients had a PI-RADS score of 4, and 33 patients had a PI-RADS score of 5. Among 60 patients, 30 had prostate carcinoma on biopsy, of which 18 were clinically significant prostate cancers (csPCa). In study arm A, TRUS-guided systematic biopsy had a lower sensitivity (0.9) for detection of csPCa compared with MR in-bore biopsy (1.0) with overdetection of insignificant cancers (sensitivity: 0.89 vs. 0.56). TRUS-guided biopsy yielded 112 positive cores out of 360, whereas MR in-bore biopsy yielded 15 positive cores out of 30 (31.1 vs. 50%; p = 0.03). On comparison of study arms A and B, the diagnostic yield for detection of both prostate cancer and csPCa were high in study arm A (60 vs. 40%, and 33.3 vs. 26.7%, respectively)
Conclusion MRI in-bore targeted biopsy had a greater sensitivity to detect csPCa with fewer number of biopsy cores and lower sensitivity to detect insignificant cancers compared with systematic biopsy. Systematic biopsies were associated with overdetection of clinically insignificant cancers.
Gynecomastia: The 4Dx technique
Authors: Goel Aakanksha , Punia Sudhanshu , Gupta Amit 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn surgery for gynecomastia, it is not sufficient to just remove the gland or do a liposuction that addresses the front of the chest only as it is not aesthetically pleasing for the patient and the surgeon alike. Most patients expect to achieve a sculpted look, which includes not only the breast area but also the surrounding areas such as the sides, the axillae, and the infraclavicular region. To tackle these areas and achieve a well-sculpted and aesthetic look, we describe the 4Dx (4 Directions) technique of liposuction for gynecomastia. It also makes the procedure more objective for plastic surgeons while allowing for individualization of the procedure.
Ultrasound-Guided Partial Release of Transverse Carpal Ligament in Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using a Curved Needle
Authors: Kumar Nishith , Singh Upinderjeet , Singh Dharmendra Kumar , Saifi Alfa Shamim 
Published: December 2024

AbstractUltrasound (US) is an excellent tool for diagnosis and management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Severe, recalcitrant CTS is an indication for complete release of the transverse carpal ligament (TCL). However, complete TCL release may be associated with postprocedural pillar pain. US-guided partial division of the TCL using a curved needle can be a safe and effective technique for reducing the tensile compression onto the median nerve while mitigating the occurrence of pillar pain.
A Radiologist's Perspective of Medical Annotations for AI Programs: The Entire Journey from Its Planning to Execution, Challenges Faced
Authors: Rao Anuradha 
Published: December 2024

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) in radiology and medical science is finding increasing applications with annotations being an integral part of AI development. While annotation may be perceived as passive work of labeling a certain anatomy, the radiologist plays a more important role in this task apart from marking the structures needed. Apart from annotation, more important aspect of their role is planning the anatomies/pathologies needed, type of annotations to be done, choice of the annotation tool, training the annotators, planning the duration of annotation, etc. A close interaction with the technical team is a key factor in the success of the annotations. The quality check of both the internally and externally annotated data, creating a team of good annotators, training them, and periodically reviewing the quality of data become an integral part of their work. Documentation related to the annotation work is another important area where the clinician plays an integral role to comply with the Food and Drug Administration requirements, focused on a clinically explainable and validated AI algorithms. Thus, the clinician becomes an integral part in the ideation, design, implementation/execution of annotations, and its quality control. This article summarizes the experiences gained during planning and executing the annotations for multiple annotation projects involving various imaging modalities with different pathologies.
Diagnostic development and needs for laser driven MeV x-ray radiography
Authors: Rusby D. R. , Williams G. J. , Kerr S. M. , Aghedo A. , Alessi D. , Anderson S. , Hill M. , Rodger I. , Rubery M. , Selwood M. P. , Treffert F. , Mackinnon A. J. 
Published: December 2024

Laser-driven MeV x-ray radiography of dynamic, dense objects demands a small, high flux source of energetic x-rays to generate an image with sufficient quality. Understanding the multi-MeV x-ray spectrum underscores the ability to extrapolate from the current laser sources to new future lasers that might deploy this radiography modality. Here, we present a small study of the existing x-ray diagnostics and techniques. We also present work from National Ignition Facility-Advanced Radiographic Capability, where we deploy three diagnostics to measure the x-ray spectrum up to 30 MeV. Finally, we also discuss the needs and developments of two new diagnostics: a single crystal scintillator spectrometer and a fast decay activation.
Coupled methyl internal rotations with intermediate and low torsional barriers in 2,5-dimethylanisole investigated by microwave spectroscopy
Authors: Sun Haoyue , Ferres Lynn , Kleiner Isabelle , Nguyen Ha Vinh Lam 
Published: December 2024

We recorded and analyzed the microwave spectra of 2,5-dimethylanisole using a pulsed molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer and the newly developed Passage And Resonant-Impulse Synergy spectrometer across a frequency range of 2–26.5 GHz with support from quantum chemical calculations. Only one conformer was predicted and observed, where the methoxy group and its adjacent methyl group adopt anti-positions. The two methyl groups, located at the ortho- and meta-positions of the anisole ring, exhibit internal rotation, resulting in quintet splitting of all rotational transitions. The low torsional barrier of the m-methyl group, amounting to 65.723 611(84) cm−1, combined with the intermediate barrier of 451.664(19) cm−1 for the o-methyl group, presented challenges in the spectral analysis. Using the XIAM and BELGI-Cs-2Tops programs, we successfully fitted 460 torsional intrastate rotational transitions, allowing for precise determination of molecular parameters and internal rotation characteristics. The torsional barriers are compared to those in the related isomers 2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-dimethylanisole as well as other o- and m-substituted toluene derivatives.
Measuring complex SFG: Characterizing a phase reference
Authors: Xiong Ziqing , Lynch Rebecca G. , Gubbins Emma F. , Shultz Mary Jane 
Published: December 2024

Reactions and interactions at interfaces play pivotal roles in processes ranging from atmospheric aerosols influencing climate to battery electrodes determining charge–discharge rates to defects in catalysts controlling the fate of reactants to the outcome of biological processes at membrane interfaces. Tools to probe these surfaces at the atomic-molecular level are thus critical. Chief among non-invasive probes is the vibrational spectroscopy sum frequency generation (SFG). The complex signal amplitude generated by SFG requires techniques to interfere the unknown amplitude with a well-characterized one. An interferometric method is described to characterize the signal from any nonresonant reference material. The technique is demonstrated by measuring the phase of polycrystalline GaAs, chosen due to the strong signal and insensitivity to surface contamination. With a 515 nm visible field, the phase of GaAs is 54.5° ± 0.5°. The capability of choosing a reference based solely on its signal intensity enables probing a wide range of interfaces.
Path integral derivation of the thermofield double state in causal diamonds
Authors: Chakraborty Abhijit , Ordóñez Carlos R , Valdivia-Mera Gustavo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this article, we adopt the framework developed by Laflamme (1989 Physica A 158 58–63) to analyze the path integral of a massless—conformally invariant—scalar field defined on a causal diamond (CD) of size 2α in 1+1 dimensions. By examining the Euclidean geometry of the CD, we establish that its structure is conformally related to the cylinder

S

β

1

⊗

R

, where the Euclidean time coordinate τ has a periodicity of β. This property, along with the conformal symmetry of the fields, allows us to identify the connection between the thermofield double (TFD) state of CDs and the Euclidean path integral defined on the two disconnected manifolds of the cylinder. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the temperature of the TFD state, derived from the conditions in the Euclidean geometry and analytically calculated, coincides with the temperature of the CD known in the literature. This derivation highlights the universality of the connection between the Euclidean path integral formalism and the TFD state of the CD, as well as it further establishes CDs as a model that exhibits all desired properties of a system exhibiting the Unruh effect.
A depth-averaged heart model for the inverse problem of cardiac electrophysiology
Authors: Lagracie Emma , Bourgault Yves , Coudière Yves , Weynans Lisl 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The inverse problem of cardiac electrophysiology is notoriously ill-posed, but is nonetheless extremely useful. In particular, it is difficult to reconstruct the transmembrane voltage in the volume of the heart, since an infinite dimensional space of transmembrane voltages can produce the same observation on the body surface. A widely used alternative is to consider only the outer surface of the heart, the epicardium, and solve a Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in the torso domain. However, this approach only allows reconstruction of the extracellular potential on the epicardium, thus missing the information contained in the volume of the heart and in the transmembrane voltage. We propose a new methodology for reconstructing activation maps from torso surface data, which incorporates information from the myocardial volume, while solving a surface problem on the heart. We formulate a static forward model, derived from the bidomain model, by averaging equations in the heart. The averaged equations are coupled with the usual Laplace equations in the surrounding domains. For solving the inverse problem, this «depth-averaged» forward model is used as a constraint in an optimal control problem that allows to recover depth-averaged transmembrane voltage and extracellular potential in the heart, corresponding to observations on the body surface. Activation maps are computed by post-processing the recovered signals in the heart. This method retains the ability to include the interactions between the heart, torso and blood cavities, while maintaining the simplicity of the usual inverse procedure. The inverse problem is solved with a simple linear system, using the Lagrangian formalism, and thus in a single iteration. We emphasize on the post-processing techniques for recovering activation maps. We observe that using a threshold on the transmembrane voltage allows to recover smoother and more accurate activation maps than with a maximal deflection method on the extracellular potential.
Energy and cost efficient manufacturing of uniform periodic nanostructures enabled by an adaptable beam flattening device
Authors: Yang Yin-Kuang , Wu Yu-Xiang , Lin Te-Hsun , Fu Chien-Chung 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
High-precision fabrication of nanoscale periodic structures is utilized in a wide range of applications, including wire grid polarizers, photonic crystals, and light-emitting diodes. Among the fabrication methods, laser interference lithography (LIL) is one of the most widely applied techniques for nanoscale periodic structures, due to its advantages of being maskless, low cost, having an infinite depth of focus, and the capability of large-area patterning with a single exposure. However, since LIL requires uniform illumination of the coherent laser light, the illuminating laser beam is typically expanded and only the central part with uniform intensity is used, rendering LIL low in energy efficiency. In this study, we introduced a simple and cost-effective design of beam-flattening device with tunable performance that improves the energy efficiency and throughput of LIL for fabrication of nanoscale periodic structures. The design of the device was based on thin-film interference, where device parameters were obtained from optimizing performance. The as-fabricated beam-flattening device demonstrated a 4-fold improvement in throughout, as compared to the conventional LIL method. The capability of fabricating large-area (2000 mm2) gratings demonstrated the scalability of our beam-flattening device. We expect our device to be readily integrable to LIL systems and applicable for a wide range of fabrication processes.
Strain regulation of the photoelectric performance of 2D InSe–AlAs vdW heterojunction: a DFT study
Authors: Yan Shenlang , Li Hui , Liu Chaofei , Xiang Shaohui , Long Mengqiu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Two-dimensional van der Waals heterojunctions (vdWs) have already garnered extensive and significant attention due to the excellent properties of smooth heterointerface, tunable band gap, and high carrier mobility. Inspired by the successful formation of vdWs heterojunctions, the electronic structure and photoelectric properties of devices based on InSe–AlAs vdW heterojunction are deeply and systematacially studied by using density-functional theory combined with the non equilibrium Green’s function approach. Six special configurations of InSe–AlAs vdW heterojunction were established by translational sliding InSe on AlAs monolayer, and the AA stacking model was identified as the most stable stacking structure. After the introduction of the horizontal and vertical strains, we observed that the band gap value continued to decrease with increasing the compression or tensile conditions. Further investigating the light absorption properties of the InSe–AlAs heterojunction under different strains, it found that an excellent light absorption characteristics with a wide and strong absorption peak within the UV range, especially at the light absorption coefficient can be up to 105. Finally, a nanodevice based on InSe–AlAs vdW heterojunction is designed to analyze the strain-induced photoconductivity changes, and the vertical strain could effectively regulate the photocurrent peaks. Therefore, electronic and photoelectric properties of vdW heterojunction can be highly tuned by tuning applied extra strains. This research will help expand the application of InSe–AlAs heterojunctions in the field of optoelectronics, and provide a theoretical basis.
2D-phononic system with local phase transition and reconfigurable non-contact modulation
Authors: Yu Guanliang , Jiang Chun , Li Yigui 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Contactless tuning of signals represents a promising avenue for advancing topological phononics and photonics devices, particularly in the frequency and spatial domains. For topological phase transitions, breaking the spatial inversion symmetry geometrically to obtain an open topological band gap is a typical way to introduce perturbations. This approach has great limitations in achieving reconfigurable topological protection routes. We present a thermally modulated two-dimensional elastic topological insulator made from a patterned substrate and a temperature-sensitive vanadium dioxide film, allowing elastic waves to propagate in the suspended region of the 2D material. The topological phase transition is activated by locally heating a portion of the unit cell. This heating induces a phase transition in the material by exploiting changes in mechanical properties, achieving symmetry breaking. The topological valley-locked states with strong localization at the interface are obtained by placing unit cells with different chirality adjacent to each other at the omnidirectional bulk band gap. Full-field simulations confirm both the reconfigurability of arbitrary paths and the robustness of the induced waves against defects. Eliminating the need for pre-etched topological protection paths on patterned substrates enhances flexibility in both manufacturing and application. This innovative scheme employs localized temperature control at the unit cell scale to achieve effects akin to approximately 10% geometric symmetry breaking, thereby significantly reducing precision manufacturing requirements. Moreover, localized thermal modulation holds considerable potential for improving modulation rates while minimizing energy loss.
Investigation on capacitively coupled He discharges with a structured electrode and effective design of a high-density and uniform plasma
Authors: Liang Ying-Shuang , Li Peng-Bo , Zhang Yu-Ru , Wang You-Nian 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a fluid model is performed to investigate the effect of a structured electrode on capacitively coupled helium discharges operated at 13.56 MHz with 100 V peak-to-peak voltage, and 200 Pa. Compared to discharges with conventional planar electrodes, it is found that the plasma density produced by the structured electrode is raised by 28.5%–161.2% from

1.86
×

10

15

m

−
3

as the trench size (i.e. width and depth) in structured electrode varies. The results also indicate that the trench dimensions have a great effect on the plasma characteristics under the operating conditions in this study. With the increase of trench width, the plasma density below the trench region increases at trench widths lower than 22 mm, after which the opposite trend is observed. As the trench depth varies from 5 mm to 25 mm, the plasma density increases monotonously from

2.46
×

10

15

m

−
3

to

4.86
×

10

15

m

−
3

. Based on the results above, a modified ring-shaped structured electrode (MRSE) is proposed to successfully generate a large-area uniform and high-density plasma by adjusting the trench dimensions, position and number according to the discharge conditions. Compared to the flat electrode case, the plasma density and radial uniformity rise to 94.2% and

3.25
×

10

15

m

−
3

from 92.2% and

2.49
×

10

15

m

−
3

, respectively, with the adoption of MRSE. The simulation results also validate potential of the structured electrode as an effective tool in improvement of plasma processing.
Microstructure evolution and thermoelectric behaviour of directionally solidified Bi2Te3–Ga2Te3 eutectic alloy
Authors: Pal Varinder , Legese Surafel Shiferaw , Sreeram P R , Chattopadhyay Kamanio , Paliwal Manas , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) materials are known for efficiently converting thermal to electrical energy, and vice versa. Multiphase TEs offer better freedom to tune the TE properties of such materials by varying individual phase fractions, microstructural morphology, interface density controls, etc. These controlled changes in microstructural features can be achieved by directional solidification. Bi2Te3-Ga2Te3 based TEs have been reported with enhanced TE performance. In the present study, alloys with a combination of these phases were developed using a eutectic composition from the pseudo-binary phase diagram of Bi2Te3–Ga2Te3. The alloys were fabricated using the vertical Bridgman method with three different solidification velocities (V), namely 1000 (E1), 200 (E2) and 10 (E3) μm s−1, at a constant temperature gradient of 35 K cm−1 at the solid/liquid interface. Microstructural features show a significant change in the morphology and the interlamellar spacing between two adjacent Ga2Te3 lamellae in alloys E1, E2 and E3. In addition, x-ray diffraction patterns suggest changes in the lattice parameters of Bi2Te3 and Ga2Te3 for all alloys. Significant change in the macrotexture of the different alloys was observed along the growth direction. The highest power factor of 1.6 mW mK−2 was recorded for alloy E2 at room temperature. Alloy E2 shows the highest figure of merit among all the alloys investigated (0.38 at room temperature), attributed to the highest S value of 201.7 μV K−1 at room temperature. In addition, the total thermal conductivity of all alloys was around 1.33 W mK−1 at 307 K, while alloy E1 has the smallest lattice and bipolar thermal conductivity.