bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Girl in the Spotlight: Vermeer at work, his materials and techniques in Girl with a Pearl Earring
Authors: Vandivere Abbie , Wadum Jørgen , Leonhardt Emilien 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The 2018 technical examination project The Girl in the Spotlight aimed to characterise the materials and techniques that Johannes Vermeer used to paint Girl with a Pearl Earring (c. 1665, Mauritshuis). Five research questions guided the micro- and macro-scale analyses: What can we find out about layers beneath the surface? What steps did Vermeer take to create the painting? Which materials did Vermeer use and where did they come from? Which techniques did Vermeer use to create subtle optical effects? What did the painting look like originally, and how has it changed? This paper concludes the special issue of Heritage Science by summarising the results and putting them in an art-historical and materials history context. Non-invasive macroscopic imaging methods were used to examine the Girl, in conjunction with the (re)analysis of microscopic samples. Here, Vermeer’s painting techniques are revealed using microphotographs made using a high-resolution 3D digital microscope at 140× magnification (1.1 μm/pixel).
Conceptual framework of STEM based on Japanese subject principles
Authors: Yata Chikahiko , Ohtani Tadashi , Isobe Masataka 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
School education should improve science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) ability not only in science and mathematics but also in technology and engineering. However, practice and research are being conducted without clear definitions and methods for STEM education. Moreover, the positioning and characteristics of the technology included in each STEM field are unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to propose an appropriate framework for practice of STEM from the viewpoint of technology education. In response to this need, this commentary proposes a conceptual framework for the appropriate practice of STEM education.

Results
First, we referred to the perspectives and thinking styles of the fields of science, technology, and mathematics in the Japanese curriculum to specify the approach of the education system to each subject included in STEM. Next, to determine the concept of engineering in STEM education, we referred to the definition of engineering presented in Japan, the USA, and the UK. We positioned engineering, which means creating structures, processes, systems, etc., as a practical STEM activity and attempted to relate it to the unique perspectives and thinking styles of mathematics, science, and technology.

Conclusion
We proposed a conceptual framework for the appropriate practice of STEM education based on the principles of subjects in the Japanese curriculum. The conceptual framework suggests that a means to improve the practice of STEM education is to retain the principles of science, technology, and mathematics in the activity of engineering. It can be inferred that the key point for practicing STEM education is to examine and design the appropriate order and combination of the learning process and activities based on the proposed conceptual framework. Although this framework is theoretical, it can be useful in determining an adequate practice of STEM education and clarifying the relationship between STEM education and technology education.
Formation of ferroan dacite by lunar silicic volcanism recorded in a meteorite from the Moon
Authors: Nagaoka Hiroshi , Fagan Timothy J. , Kayama Masahiro , Karouji Yuzuru , Hasebe Nobuyuki , Ebihara Mitsuru 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn igneous clast from the Northwest Africa 773 (NWA 773) clan of lunar meteorites formed by silicic volcanism on the Moon. The clast was identified in Northwest Africa 2727 (NWA 2727), which is included in the NWA 773 clan. Over 80 mode% of the clast consists of silica + plagioclase + K-Ba-feldspar. The silica phases cristobalite, tridymite, and quartz are all present in the clast, indicating rapid cooling at low pressure in agreement with a volcanic setting. This clast is characterized as a dacite on the basis of mineral modes and whole-rock chemical composition. Olivine and pyroxene in the clast have high Fe/Mg ratios (olivine Fe# > 99, pyroxene Fe# > 99; with Fe# = molar Fe/(Fe + Mg) × 100), suggesting crystallization from a residual liquid after fractionation of more magnesian silicates. The clast is similar in some respects to ferroan gabbro alkaline-phase-ferroan (FG/ARFe) clasts that are inferred to be co-magmatic with olivine gabbro (OG) and other mafic lithologies of the NWA 773 clan. However, the high silica concentration and dominance of apatite as the main Ca-phosphate (no merrillite was identified) are distinct from the FG/ARFe clasts. Thus, the dacite clast probably crystallized in a magmatic setting that was independent of the OG and FG/ARFe lithologies. The mafic major element composition, young age, and high KREEP-content of the NWA 773 clan have been used previously to infer an origin from the Procellarum-KREEP terrane (PKT) on the nearside of the Moon. Several candidates for silicic volcanism/plutonism have been identified in the PKT (e.g., Gruithuisen Domes, Hansteen alpha, Lassell Massif). The presence of the dacite lithology provides additional support for an origin in or around PKT for meteorites of the NWA 773 clan, and for complex igneous activity in PKT region.
Effect of orthokeratology on precision and agreement assessment of a new swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer
Authors: Shu Bao , Bao Fangjun , Savini Giacomo , Lu Weicong , Tu Ruixue , Chen Haisi , Song Benhao , Wang Qinmei , Huang Jinhai 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
To evaluate the effect of orthokeratology on precision of measurements in children using a new swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) optical biometer (OA-2000), and agreement between its measurements and those provided by the commonly used IOLMaster based on partial coherence interferometry (PCI).

Methods
This study recruited fifty-one eyes of 51 normal children (8–16 years). An operator took measurements with the two biometers. Then, a second operator took measurements with the SS-OCT biometer. After orthokeratology was performed for one month, the same operators repeated the same procedures. Axial length (AL), mean keratometry (Km) at 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm diameters (Km2.5 and Km3.0), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT) and corneal diameter (CD) were analyzed.

Results
With the SS-OCT optical biometer, the test-retest repeatability of AL measurements was < 0.06 mm. For all parameters, the coefficients of variation were < 1.23% and the intraclass correlation coefficients were > 0.95. The 95% limits of agreement of difference between the two devices for CD parameter were up to 1.53 mm. After orthokeratology, the fluctuation ranges of difference for Km3.0 measurement was 1.11 times higher than before orthokeratology, while the absolute values of difference for AL, Km2.5, ACD and CD measurements were comparable.

Conclusions
Before and after orthokeratology, the SS-OCT biometer showed high repeatability and reproducibility for all measurements. Wearing orthokeratology contact lenses affected the agreement between SS-OCT and PCI biometers for Km3.0 measurements. The CD measurement showed poor agreement between the two devices.
Fabrication and characterization of tretinoin-loaded nanofiber for topical skin delivery
Authors: Khoshbakht Saba , Asghari-Sana Farzin , Fathi-Azarbayjani Anahita , Sharifi Yaeghob 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Tretinoin or all-trans retinoic acid is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and photo-aging. This work aims to develop tretinoin-loaded nanofibers as a potential anti-acne patch and to investigate its physicochemical characteristics.

Method
Nanofibers were produced via electrospinning method and surface topography was evaluated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The functional groups of polymer and the drug molecule and the possible interactions were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Drug release studies were carried out by total immersion method at 25 °C and 32 °C. Tretinoin stability was evaluated at room temperature and fridge for 45 days. The possibility of synergistic antibacterial activity of tretinoin and erythromycin combination was investigated on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 25923™) and (ATCC® 29213™) by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results
Uniform fibers without drug crystals were fabricated via electrospinning. Drug-loaded nanofibers show inherent stability under various storage conditions. Electrospun nanofibers showed a prolonged release of tretinoin. The stability of formulations in FT was higher than RT. Disc diffusion tests did not show any synergism in the antibacterial activity of erythromycin when used in combination with tretinoin.

Conclusion
It can be anticipated that the easy fabrication, low costs and dosing frequency of the construct reported here provide a platform that can be adapted for on-demand delivery of tretinoin.

Graphical abstract
Parenting Science Gang: radical co-creation of research projects led by parents of young children
Authors: Collins Sophia , Brueton Rebecca , Graham Tamasin Greenough , Organ Stephanie , Strother Amy , West Sarah Elizabeth , McKendree Jean 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Parents are increasingly searching online for information supported by research but can find it difficult to identify results relevant to their own experiences. More troublingly, a number of studies indicate that parenting information found online often can be misleading or wrong. The goal of the Parenting Science Gang (PSG) project was to use the power of the Internet to help parents ask questions they wanted to have answered by scientific research and to feel confident in assessing research evidence.

Methods
By using Facebook to recruit groups and facilitate interactions, PSG was able to engage fully the target public of parents of young children in the radical co-production of scientific studies, while not creating an undue burden on time or restricting participants due to disability, financial status or location. By giving parents true partnership and control of creation of projects, PSG ensured that the chosen questions were ones that were of most relevance and interest to them.

Results
This paper presents a summary of eight projects, with three in more detail, designed and implemented by PSG Facebook groups in collaboration with experts. Most projects had health related themes, often prompted by dissatisfaction with treatment of parents by health professionals or by feelings of being marginalised by pregnancy and motherhood, as well as by the lack of evidence for their questions and concerns. The PSG approach meant that these frustrations were channelled into actions. All eight of the PSG groups engaged in meaningful interactions with experts and co-produced studies with the groups defining the questions of interest.

Conclusions
This radically user-led design meant that the PSG staff and the collaborating experts had to live with a high degree of uncertainty. Nevertheless, PSG achieved its goal of academically productive, truly co-produced projects, but as important were the positive effects it had on many of the participants, both parents and experts. At the point of writing this paper, PSG projects have led to outputs including at least eight papers published, in press or in preparation, seven conference presentations, testimony to the Infant Feeding All-Party Parliamentary Group, and with more to come.
Circular RNA: functions, applications and prospects
Authors: Lu Minghon 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFollowing improvement and integration of novel genome sequencing techniques, a new stage light has been shone upon circular RNAs (circRNA) in regard to their structure and functionality. In comparison to their linear counterparts, circRNA possess a multitude of remarkable functions such as microRNA (miRNA) sponging, RNA-binding protein (RBP) regulation and translational capabilities whose research have recently gained traction. Comprehensive computational modelling and analysis have revealed the relationship between the sequence composition of circRNAs and their biogenesis and structural formation as well as spatial identification. Due to fluctuations in expressional activity in tissue-specific environments and stimulations by tumour cells, circRNAs have sparked considerable interest in being employed as plausible biomarkers in disease control and treatment as consequence of their impressive specificity and biocompatibility. Additionally, an increasing number of studies have proposed them as viable solutions to be just as competent as presently used disease markers and medicine, if not better. In this review, I briefly summarized the characteristics, biogenesis and function of circRNA and introduced the potential applications and prospects of circRNA. With vigorous research being carried out regarding their still unclear diversified roles and precise molecular structure, circRNAs are bound to become the new revolutionary perspective on cellular regulation, protein signalling and disease pathogenesis.
Field evaluation of botanicals extracts for suppressing the mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Siam Amany , Othman Etemad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInsecticidal property of aloe, ginger, garlic, and hot pepper extracts were evaluated in the form of alone spray or in combination of two plant sources or as a mixture of all plant extracts in comparison to the insecticide Lambda on the mango scale insect,Aulacaspis tubercularis(Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Field experiments were carried out at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, in February 2017 and March 2018. Results revealed that Lambda insecticide decreased the population of treatedA. tubercularis, and the total reduction rates reached to 62.0 and 72.52% in seasons 2017 and 2018, respectively. Meanwhile, the used botanical mixture caused 83.60 and 72.52% reduction of the scale insects in the respective seasons. Also, results revealed that the combination of garlic and aloe was the most effective one in reducingA. tubercularisin the two successive seasons by 58.71 and 59.93%, respectively. The hot pepper was the least effective one in reducing population with the rates of 19.48% in season 2017 and 21.51% in season 2018.
Endophytic establishment of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in maize plants and its effect against Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae
Authors: Ramos Yordanys , Taibo Alberto Daniel , Jiménez Jorge Ariel , Portal Orelvis 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the artificial establishment ofBeauveria bassianaandMetarhizium anisopliaeas endophytes in maize plants, and its effect in controlling the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. The commercial strainsB. bassianaBb-18 andM. anisopliaeMa-30 were concentrated at 1 × 108conidia ml−1, and the soil drench method was used to establish them as endophytes in maize plant parts. The biological control assays were conducted under laboratory conditions on second and fourth larval instars ofS. frugiperda.B. bassianacolonized roots, stems, and leaves of maize tissues. However, a high occurrence ofB. bassianawas obtained in roots than leaves and stems with 25, 10, and 5 isolations, respectively, whereasM. anisopliaewas only acquired on roots. Both entomopathogenic fungi caused (100%) mortality on the second instar larvae. In addition,B. bassianaandM. anisopliaekilled (87 and 75%) of the fourth larval instars, respectively. The fungusM. anisopliaecaused the highest sporulation rates during the study. These results suggest that the entomopathogenic fungi might contribute to a sustainableS. frugiperdamanagement in maize production in Cuba.
Mental disorders and total mortality after 20 years in an adult general population sample
Authors: John Ulrich , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen , Hanke Monika , Meyer Christian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background.
General population data on associations between mental disorders and total mortality are rare. The aim was to analyze whether the number of mental disorders, single substance use, mood, anxiety, somatoform or eating disorders during the lifetime and whether treatment utilization may predict time to death 20 years later in the general adult population.

Methods.
We used data from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, which includes DSM-IV diagnoses for substance use, mood, anxiety, somatoform, and eating disorders, for a sample of 4,075 residents in Germany who were 18–64 years old in 1996. Twenty years later, mortality was ascertained using the public mortality database for 4,028 study participants. Cox proportional hazards models were applied for disorders that existed at any time in life before the interview.

Results.
The data revealed increased hazard ratios (HRs) for number of mental disorders (three or more; HR 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.9) and for single disorders (alcohol dependence, dysthymia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and hypochondriasis), with the reference group being study participants who had not suffered from any of the mental disorders analyzed and with adjustments made for age, sex, and education. Among individuals with any mental disorder during their lifetimes, having been an inpatient in treatment for a mental disorder was related to a higher HR (2.2; CI 1.6–3.0) than was not having been in any treatment for a mental disorder.

Conclusions.
In this sample of adults in the general population, three or more mental disorders, alcohol dependence, dysthymia, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and hypochondriasis were related to premature death.
Exhaled Propofol Concentrations Correlate With Plasma and Brain Tissue Concentrations in Rats
Authors: Müller-Wirtz Lukas M. , Maurer Felix , Brausch Timo , Kiefer Daniel , Floss Maximilian , Doneit Jonas , Volk Thomas , Sessler Daniel I. , Fink Tobias , Lehr Thorsten , Kreuer Sascha 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Propofol can be measured in exhaled gas. Exhaled and plasma propofol concentrations correlate well, but the relationship with tissue concentrations remains unknown. We thus evaluated the relationship between exhaled, plasma, and various tissue propofol concentrations. Because the drug acts in the brain, we focused on the relationship between exhaled and brain tissue propofol concentrations.

METHODS:
Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with propofol, ketamine, and rocuronium for 6 hours. Animals were randomly assigned to propofol infusions at 20, 40, or 60 mg·kg−1·h−1 (n = 12 per group). Exhaled propofol concentrations were measured at 15-minute intervals by multicapillary column–ion mobility spectrometry. Arterial blood samples, 110 µL each, were collected 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after the propofol infusion started. Propofol concentrations were measured in brain, lung, liver, kidney, muscle, and fat tissue after 6 hours. The last exhaled and plasma concentrations were used for linear regression analyses with tissue concentrations.

RESULTS:
The correlation of exhaled versus plasma concentrations (R
2 = 0.71) was comparable to the correlation of exhaled versus brain tissue concentrations (R
2 = 0.75) at the end of the study. In contrast, correlations between plasma and lung and between lung and exhaled propofol concentrations were poor. Less than a part-per-thousand of propofol was exhaled over 6 hours.

CONCLUSIONS:
Exhaled propofol concentrations correlate reasonably well with brain tissue and plasma concentrations in rats, and may thus be useful to estimate anesthetic drug effect. The equilibration between plasma propofol and exhaled gas is apparently independent of lung tissue concentration. Only a tiny fraction of administered propofol is eliminated via the lungs, and exhaled quantities thus have negligible influence on plasma concentrations.
Biomarkers for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: myonecrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress
Authors: Grounds Miranda D. , Terrill Jessica R. , Al-Mshhdani Basma A. , Duong Marisa N. , Radley-Crabb Hannah G. , Arthur Peter G. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal, X-linked disease that causes severe loss of muscle mass and function in young children. Promising therapies for DMD are being developed, but the long lead times required when using clinical outcome measures are hindering progress. This progress would be facilitated by robust molecular biomarkers in biofluids, such as blood and urine, which could be used to monitor disease progression and severity, as well as to determine optimal drug dosing before a full clinical trial. Many candidate DMD biomarkers have been identified, but there have been few follow-up studies to validate them. This Review describes the promising biomarkers for dystrophic muscle that have been identified in muscle, mainly using animal models. We strongly focus on myonecrosis and the associated inflammation and oxidative stress in DMD muscle, as the lack of dystrophin causes repeated bouts of myonecrosis, which are the key events that initiate the resultant severe dystropathology. We discuss the early events of intrinsic myonecrosis, along with early regeneration in the context of histological and other measures that are used to quantify its incidence. Molecular biomarkers linked to the closely associated events of inflammation and oxidative damage are discussed, with a focus on research related to protein thiol oxidation and to neutrophils. We summarise data linked to myonecrosis in muscle, blood and urine of dystrophic animal species, and discuss the challenge of translating such biomarkers to the clinic for DMD patients, especially to enhance the success of clinical trials.