bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of plasma volume in male lowlanders during 4 days of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to 3500 m altitude
Authors: Schlittler Maja , Gatterer Hannes , Turner Rachel , Regli Ivo B. , Woyke Simon , Strapazzon Giacomo , Rasmussen Peter , Kob Michael , Mueller Thomas , Goetze Jens P. , Maillard Marc , van Hall Gerrit , Feraille Eric , Siebenmann Christoph 
Published: October 2020

Key points
Acclimatization to hypoxia leads to a reduction in plasma volume (PV) that restores arterial O2 content.
Findings from studies investigating the mechanisms underlying this PV contraction have been controversial, possibly as experimental conditions were inadequately controlled.
We examined the mechanisms underlying the PV contraction evoked by 4 days of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) in 11 healthy lowlanders, while strictly controlling water intake, diet, temperature and physical activity.
Exposure to HH‐induced an ∼10% PV contraction that was accompanied by a reduction in total circulating protein mass, whereas diuretic fluid loss and total body water remained unchanged.
Our data support an oncotically driven fluid redistribution from the intra‐ to the extravascular space, rather than fluid loss, as the mechanism underlying HH‐induced PV contraction.
AbstractExtended hypoxic exposure reduces plasma volume (PV). The mechanisms underlying this effect are controversial, possibly as previous studies have been confounded by inconsistent experimental conditions. Here, we investigated the effect of hypobaric hypoxia (HH) on PV in a cross‐over study that strictly controlled for diet, water intake, physical activity and temperature. Eleven males completed two 4‐day sojourns in a hypobaric chamber, one in normoxia (NX) and one in HH equivalent to 3500 m altitude. PV, urine output, volume‐regulating hormones and plasma protein concentration were determined daily. Total body water (TBW) was determined at the end of both sojourns by deuterium dilution. Although PV was 8.1 ± 5.8% lower in HH than in NX after 24 h and remained ∼10% lower thereafter (all P < 0.002), no differences were detected in TBW (P = 0.17) or in 24 h urine volumes (all P > 0.23). Plasma renin activity and circulating aldosterone were suppressed in HH during the first half of the sojourn (all P < 0.05) but thereafter similar to NX, whereas no differences were detected for copeptin between sojourns (all P > 0.05). Markers for atrial natriuretic peptide were higher in HH than NX after 30 min (P = 0.001) but lower during the last 2 days (P < 0.001). While plasma protein concentration was similar between sojourns, total circulating protein mass (TCP) was reduced in HH at the same time points as PV (all P < 0.03). Despite transient hormonal changes favouring increased diuresis, HH did not enhance urine output. Instead, the maintained TBW and reduced TCP support an oncotically driven fluid redistribution into the extravascular compartment as the mechanism underlying PV contraction.
DECAF score as a mortality predictor for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Qiangru , He Chengying , Xiong Huaiyu , Shuai Tiankui , Zhang Chuchu , Zhang Meng , Wang Yalei , Zhu Lei , Lu Jiaju , Jian Liu 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to assess the association between the Dyspnea, Eosinopenia, Consolidation, Acidemia and Atrial Fibrillation (DECAF) scores and the prognosis of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), to evaluate the specific predictive and prognostic value of DECAF scores and to explore the effectiveness of different cut-off values in risk stratification of patients with AECOPD.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.ParticipantsAdult patients diagnosed with AECOPD (over 18 years of age).Primary and secondary outcome measuresElectronic databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, the Embase and the WOS, and the reference lists in related articles were searched for studies published up to September 2019. The identified studies reported the prognostic value of DECAF scores in patients with AECOPD.ResultsSeventeen studies involving 8329 participants were included in the study. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that elevated DECAF scores were associated with high mortality risk (weighted mean difference=1.87; 95% CI 1.19 to 2.56). In the accuracy analysis, DECAF scores showed good prognostic accuracy for both in-hospital and 30-day mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.83 (0.79–0.86) and 0.79 (0.76–0.83), respectively). When the prognostic value was compared with that of other scoring systems, DECAF scores showed better prognostic accuracy and stable clinical values than the modified DECAF; COPD and Asthma Physiology Score; BUN, Altered mental status, Pulse and age >65; Confusion, Urea, Respiratory Rate, Blood pressure and age >65; or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores.ConclusionThe DECAF score is an effective and feasible predictor for short-term mortality. As a specific and easily scored predictor for patients with AECOPD, DECAF score is superior to other prognostic scores. The DECAF score can correctly identify most patients with AECOPD as low risk, and with the increase of cut-off value, the risk stratification of DECAF score in high-risk population increases significantly.
Descriptive study of sickness absence in Spanish regions in 2018: database study
Authors: Alba-Jurado Matilde Leonor , Aguado-Benedí María José , Moreno-Morales Noelia , Labajos-Manzanares Maria Teresa , Martín-Valero Rocío 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesTo provide a wide and thorough description of sickness absence (SA) in Spain, focussing on the different regions of the country and the main characteristics of SA.MethodsA study of the SA spells in Spain, managed by the medical units of the National Institute of Social Security in 2018. The geographical scope of this observational study is the regions (Autonomous Community). Incidence, prevalence, and average duration SA in employees and self-employed are described. The study also describes the differences between non-work-related SA and work-related SA. In age and sex variables, the incidence and the average duration are described. The average duration by Diagnostic Chapters (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10)) and the highest number of SA spells by occupational activity and diagnosis are analysed.ResultsA total of 540 045 SA spells are analysed by non-work-related SA and 63 441 by work-related SA. The national average prevalence in non-work-related SA spells is 32.98/1000 among employed and 30.48/1000 among self-employed; in work-related SA spells, the prevalence is 3.99/1000. The national incidence in non-work-related SA spells is 24.8/1000 for employees and 9.51/1000 for self-employed workers; in work-related SA spells the incidence is 3.55/1000. The average duration is 58.67 days, with the longest duration being neoplasms and the shortest corresponding to infectious disease. The Community of Madrid shows the lowest prevalence, incidence and average duration in work-related SA. Influenza is the diagnosis that generates the largest number of SA spells. Activities of call centres and temporary employment agency activities are the occupations that have the highest number of SA spells.ConclusionsThe biggest differences are found in the incidence and average duration, between the non-work-related SA spells and work-related SA. If those characteristics of the SA in which a region is more in deficit are known, it will be possible to do better management of the SA.
Barriers and facilitators to reduce low-value care: a qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: van Dulmen SA , Naaktgeboren CA , Heus Pauline , Verkerk Eva W , Weenink J , Kool Rudolf Bertijn , Hooft Lotty 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveTo assess barriers and facilitators to de-implementation.DesignA qualitative evidence synthesis with a framework analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Rx for Change databases until September 2018 were searched.Eligibility criteriaWe included studies that primarily focused on identifying factors influencing de-implementation or the continuation of low-value care, and studies describing influencing factors related to the effect of a de-implementation strategy.Data extraction and synthesisThe factors were classified on five levels: individual provider, individual patient, social context, organisational context, economic/political context.ResultsWe identified 333 factors in 81 articles. Factors related to the individual provider (n=131; 74% barriers, 17% facilitators, 9% both barrier/facilitator) were associated with their attitude (n=72; 55%), knowledge/skills (n=43; 33%), behaviour (n=11; 8%) and provider characteristics (n=5; 4%). Individual patient factors (n=58; 72% barriers, 9% facilitators, 19% both barrier/facilitator) were mainly related to knowledge (n=33; 56%) and attitude (n=13; 22%). Factors related to the social context (n=46; 41% barriers, 48% facilitators, 11% both barrier/facilitator) included mainly professional teams (n=23; 50%) and professional development (n=12; 26%). Frequent factors in the organisational context (n=67; 67% barriers, 25% facilitators, 8% both barrier/facilitator) were available resources (n=28; 41%) and organisational structures and work routines (n=24; 36%). Under the category of economic and political context (n=31; 71% barriers, 13% facilitators, 16% both barrier/facilitator), financial incentives were most common (n=27; 87%).ConclusionsThis study provides in-depth insight into the factors within the different (sub)categories that are important in reducing low-value care. This can be used to identify barriers and facilitators in low-value care practices or to stimulate development of strategies that need further refinement. We conclude that multifaceted de-implementation strategies are often necessary for effective reduction of low-value care. Situation-specific knowledge of impeding or facilitating factors across all levels is important for designing tailored de-implementation strategies.
Feasibility and usefulness of rapid 2-channel-EEG-monitoring (point-of-care EEG) for acute CNS disorders in the paediatric emergency department: an observational study
Authors: Simma Leopold , Bauder Florian , Schmitt-Mechelke Thomas 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and clinical utility of point-of-care electroencephalogram (pocEEG) in the paediatric emergency department (ED) for children presenting with acute non-traumatic central nervous system (CNS) disorders.MethodsRetrospective observational study of prospectively collected data in paediatric patients (0–16 years) with acute non-traumatic CNS-disorders presenting between April 2014 and February 2017 to a single paediatric ED in Switzerland.The 2-channel EEG was applied to all patients presenting with acute seizures or impaired consciousness to the ED. For a pocEEG, scalp surface electrodes are applied in five locations, thus allowing registration of fronto-temporal bilateral cortical activity. Neurology consultants assisted with interpretation of readings. EEG findings and clinical characteristics were collected. Feasibility and usefulness were rated via Likert scale.Results36 patients with acute seizures or altered mental status were analysed. Age range was 9 months to 15 years, median age of 34 months. 21 of 36 (58%) patients arrived out of hours. Application of electrodes was rated as ‘easy’ in 28 (77.8%) patients and rated as ‘difficult’ in 8 (22.2%). The utility of the EEG was rated by physicians as ‘very useful/diagnostic’ in 13 cases (36%), ‘useful’ in 21 cases (58%), ‘not useful’ in two cases (8%). None were rated ‘negative.’ConclusionUptake of pocEEG introduction has been very encouraging. Provider ratings were overwhelmingly positive. Recognition of non-convulsive status epilepticus was improved and pocEEG facilitated more targeted interventions.
Treatment of primary and metastatic tumors through cancer immunotherapy and abscopal effect by targeted antigen-capturing nanoparticles with programmed death-1 blockade
Authors: Harada Satoshi , Segawa Takafumi , Ehara Shigeru , Sato Takahiro 
Published: October 2020

Microcapsules that release antigen-capturing nanoparticles (AC-NPs) with macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3[Formula: see text]) and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibody are developed, and these microcapsules have the ability to enhance immunoresponses through cross-priming of cluster of differentiation 8+ (CD8+) T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo in BALB/c mice. Lipid protamine hyaluronic acid nanoparticles containing AC-NPs generated via nanoprecipitation of 4 mg/mL of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), 1,000 ng/mL of MIP-3[Formula: see text] and 400 [Formula: see text]g of anti-PD-1 were mixed with 1 mL of 4.0% alginate and 3.0% of hyaluronate and then sprayed with 0.5 mM of ferrous chloride. These capsules were injected subcutaneously around LM17 tumor in the left hind legs of BALB/c mice. The tumors were exposed to a radiation dose of 10 or 20 Gy from 100 keV soft X-ray radiation. PLGA AC-NPs and MIP-3[Formula: see text] were released in response to the radiation dose. PLGA AC-NPs captured tumor-derived protein antigens are released by exposure to radiation, and these antigens were transported to DCs that were recruited and activated by MIP-3[Formula: see text], intensifying the DC-associated cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. These treatments resulted in increased antitumor effect and reduced metastasis by abscopal effect. Our targeted immunotherapy may lead to better tumor therapy.
Elemental analysis of jet engine lubrication oil and jet fuel using in-air PIXE
Authors: Saitoh Katsumi , Fushimi Akihiro , Sera Koichiro , Takegawa Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2020

To understand the elemental characteristics of the exhaust particles from a jet aircraft, we performed an element analysis using an in-air PIXE system of the different lubrication oils of a jet engine (Mobil Jet Oil II, Mobil Jet Oil 254 and Eastman Turbo Oil 2380) and the jet fuel (JET A-1) to determine the effects on the exhaust particles. A high concentration (1,400–2,500 wt.-ppm) of P was detected from the analyzed three oil samples. The high concentration of P is probably due to the tricresyl phosphate (TCP: C[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]O4P) contained in the oil samples. The S concentrations of the JET A-1 fuel samples with different collection dates were in the range of [Formula: see text]10 to 530 wt.-ppm. These results aid in determining the component features of nanoparticles emitted from an aircraft.
Use of a medical positron emission tomography cyclotron to perform proton-induced X-ray emission analysis
Authors: Ishii Keizo , Terakawa Atsuki , Ushijima Hiroki , Hitomi Keitaro , Nagano Nobumichi , Nogami Mitsuhiro 
Published: October 2020

We explored whether medical positron emission tomography (PET) cyclotron proton beams could be used for proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. The beam current of the medical PET cyclotron is high, as required for radioisotope production, and is not commonly used for PIXE analysis. We successfully extracted stable proton beams of low intensity by using the ion source of a medical cyclotron to exploit proton impurities in deuteron gas. We performed 20-MeV PIXE analysis of a biological sample (used tea leaves). Elements lighter than Sr could be detected with high sensitivity ([Formula: see text]14 ppm) using a silicon drift detector. We thus showed that a medical cyclotron widely used for PET diagnosis could be employed for PIXE analysis of biological samples.
The Alma (formerly Argyll/Ardmore) Field, Blocks 30/24 and 30/25a, UK North Sea
Authors: Tang Longxun , Gluyas Jon G. , Jones Stuart , Besly Bernard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

The Alma Field (formerly Argyll and then Ardmore) is located within Blocks 30/24 and 30/25 on the western margin of the Central Graben. Hamilton drilled the first discovery well 30/24-1 in 1969 and the field, named ‘Argyll’, became the first UK offshore oilfield when production commenced in 1975. Oil was produced from the Devonian Buchan Formation, Permian Rotliegend and Zechstein groups, and Jurassic Fulmar Formation from 1976 until 1992, when the field was abandoned for economic reasons. In 2002, Tuscan Energy and Acorn Oil & Gas redeveloped the field and renamed it as ‘Ardmore’. A further 5 MMbbl were produced until 2005, when the field was again abandoned due to commercial considerations. In 2011, EnQuest was awarded the licence to redevelop the field and renamed it as ‘Alma’. The field came on stream in October 2015 and has produced oil at an average
c.
6000 bopd since start-up.

Total ultimate recovery was expected to be about 100 MMbbl. As of end 2005, the field had produced 72.6 MMbbl as Argyll and 5 MMbbl as Ardmore. A further 4.3 MMbbl has been produced from the Alma Field to September 2017 (which includes about 0.5 MMbbl from a long-reach well drilled into the Duncan/Galia Field immediately west of Alma). In January 2020 EnQuest announced that the Alma Field would cease production early. The total production from the three phases of field development will be about 85 MMbbl of oil.
The Hutton, NW Hutton, Q-West and Darwin fields, Blocks 211/27 and 211/28, UK North Sea
Authors: Gluyas J. G. , Turnell H. , Ball R. , Henderson J. , Mulcahy M. , Richardson C. , Tyrie J. , Wahid F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hutton (discovered in 1973) and NW Hutton (discovered in 1975), together with Q-West (discovered in 1994) and Darwin (discovered in 1983, undeveloped), are part of a single petroleum system. The main fields were defined as two separate legal entities. Although Q–West covered multiple blocks, it was wholly developed via the Hutton platform.
Together, Hutton and NW Hutton produced 328 MMbbl of oil and a small quantity of associated gas from Middle Jurassic Brent Group sandstones. The trap is a complex series of tilted fault blocks sealed by Mid–Upper Jurassic Heather and Kimmeridge Clay Formation mudstones. Oil was sourced from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, which is mature for oil generation in the hanging walls to the field-bounding faults and deep on the footwall flanks.
NW Hutton underperformed relative to Hutton. In part this was due to the poorer reservoir quality encountered at depth compared with the shallower Hutton Field but a significant component of the underperformance was due to the way in which the field was developed and then operated. Both fields contain areas of unproduced and unswept oil, with the NW Hutton portion having the largest remaining oil in place.
The Ensign Field, Blocks 48/14a, 48/15a and 48/15b, UK North Sea
Authors: Verlinden V. W. J. , Basford H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Ensign Field is located in UK offshore licence Blocks 48/14a, 48/15a and 48/15b. The field is located 100 km east of the Humberside coast within the Sole Pit area of the Southern North Sea. The reservoir consists of sandstones of the Permian Rotliegend Group (Leman Sandstone Formation). Reservoir quality has been impacted by diagenesis during deep burial, whereby illitization has reduced permeability to sub-millidarcy scale. The field has been developed with two horizontal production wells, both completed with five hydraulic fracture stages. First gas from the field was achieved in 2012 via the Ensign normally unmanned installation and exported through the Lincolnshire Offshore Gas Gathering System. The field is compartmentalized by multiple regional-scale De Keyser fault zones. A heterogeneous natural fracture network exists with only a limited contribution to flow. Well performance and ultimate gas recovery have been lower than originally anticipated due to sub-optimal completions and a higher degree of compartmentalization than originally expected. The volume of gas that is connected to the wells is limited by low-offset faults, which have been identified by integrating long-term production data, and core, log and reprocessed seismic data. Production ceased in 2018 when the original export route was decommissioned.
The Buzzard Field, Blocks 19/5a, 19/10a, 20/1 and 20/6a, UK North Sea
Authors: Taylor E. E. , Webb N. J. , Stevenson C. J. , Henderson J. R. , Kovac A. , Millington J. J. , Rhodes J. A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Buzzard Field remains the largest UK Continental Shelf oil discovery in the last 25 years. The field is located in the Outer Moray Firth of the North Sea and comprises stacked Upper Jurassic turbidite reservoirs of Late Kimmeridgian–Mid Volgian age, encased within Kimmeridge Clay Formation mudstones. The stratigraphic trap is produced by pinchout of the reservoir layers to the north, west and south. Production commenced in January 2007 and the field has subsequently produced 52% over the estimated reserves at commencement of development, surpassing initial performance expectations. Phase I drilling was completed in 2014 with 38 wells drilled from 36 platform slots. Platform drilling recommenced in 2018, followed in 2019 by Phase II drilling from a new northern manifold location.
The evolution of the depositional model has been a key aspect of field development. Integration of production surveillance and dynamic data identified shortcomings in the appraisal depositional model. A sedimentological study based on core reinterpretation created an updated depositional model, which was then integrated with seismic and production data. The new depositional model is better able to explain non-uniform water sweep in the field resulting from a more complex sandbody architecture of stacked channels prograding over underlying lobes.
Injury Patterns and Demographics in Child and Adolescent Assault Victims Presenting to US Emergency Departments
Authors: Loder Randall T. , Palma Samantha , Smith Maddie 
Published: October 2020

Objective. To correlate injury patterns with patient demographics in child and adolescent assault victims. Methods. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program data for the years 2005 through 2015 was used. Injuries due to assault were identified and analyzed with SUDAAN 11.0.01™ software to account for the weighted, stratified nature of the data. Results. There were an estimated 4,407,009 ED visits for assault in

patients
≤
19

years

of age. With increasing age, the percentage of females decreased. Sexual assaults were more common in females (87.4%), and robbery/burglary was more common in males (79.8%). When the perpetrator was a spouse/partner, the assault victim was most commonly female (88.8%), and when a stranger, the assault victim was most commonly male (71.5%). With increasing age, the percentage of sexual assaults decreased while the reason for the assault being unknown increased. The assault occurred in the home in 59.6% of

those
≤
4

years

of age, decreasing to 18.7% in those 15 to 19 years of age. The anatomic location was the head/neck in 32.8% of

those
≤
4

years

of age, increasing to 60.6% in those 15-19 years old.

Those
≤
4

years

old had the highest hospital admission rate (8.3%). The main diagnoses were concussion (3.0%), contusion/abrasion (33.3%), fracture (11.5%), laceration (11.5%), internal organ injury (11.5%), puncture (2.8%), and strain/sprain (20.7%). The number of assaults from 2005 to 2015 decreased for all age groups except for

those
≤
4

years

old. Conclusions. These data provide a comprehensive overview of child and adolescent assault victims presenting to the ED in the USA and can be used as background data for further study. The decreasing numbers of assaults over the 11 years of the study are encouraging, and challenges still exist in decreasing the number for

those
≤
4

years

old.