bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the advanced artificial athlete and Hall effect sensors for measuring strain in multi-layer sports surfaces
Authors: Cole David , Fleming Paul , Morrison Kelly , Forrester Steph 
Published: February 2020

AbstractComputer models are a useful means to explore the loading behaviour of third generation (3G) artificial turf sports surfaces; however, measuring the material stress–strain behaviour under realistic high loading rates is challenging. Therefore, the purpose of this study was two-fold: to evaluate the advanced artificial athlete (AAA) for measuring strain behaviour of polymeric sports surfaces under high loading rates typical of player interactions; and to evaluate Hall effect sensors (HES) for measuring strain behaviour of an individual layer within multi-layer sports surfaces. An independent optical measurement system (GOM) provided gold standard sample deformation and strain. Forty-five impacts onto three test samples were measured simultaneously using the three systems. Poor agreement was found between AAA and GOM peak sample deformations and strain (systematic bias 2.4 mm, 95% confidence intervals ± 1.3 mm, strain RMSD 29%), largely attributable to errors in the AAA time of initial contact. Using a regression equation to correct this time led to much better agreement in AAA peak deformations and strain (systematic bias 0.1 mm, 95% confidence intervals ± 0.7 mm, strain RMSD 8%). Good agreement was found between the HES and GOM (systematic bias 0.2 mm, 95% confidence intervals ± 0.4 mm, strain RMSD 11%). The corrected AAA and HES methods can measure deformation of polymeric sports surfaces under realistic loading rates to an accuracy of < 1 mm. In terms of strain, errors increase with decreasing peak sample deformation indicating that both systems should be used with caution for peak deformations < ~ 4–5 mm.
A STEP TOO FAR? THE JOURNEY FROM “BIOLOGICAL” TO “SOCIETAL” FILIATION IN THE CHILD'S RIGHT TO NAME AND IDENTITY IN ISLAMIC AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Ali Shaheen Sardar 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis socio-legal narrative investigates the journey from “biological” to “societal” filiation undertaken by Islamic and international law regimes in their endeavors to ensure a child's right to name and identity. Combining a discussion of filiation—a status-assigning process—with adoption andkafāla(fostering) as status-transferring mechanisms, it highlights a nuanced hierarchy relating to these processes within Muslim communities and Muslim state practices. It questions whether evolving conceptions of a child's rights to name and identity represent a paradigm shift from “no status” if born out of wedlock toward “full status” offered through national and international law and Muslim state and community practices. The article challenges the dominant (formal, legal) position within the Islamic legal traditions thatnasab(filiation) is obtainable through marriage alone. Highlighting inherent plurality within the Islamic legal traditions, it demonstrates how Muslim state practice and actual practices of Muslim communities on the subject are neither uniform nor necessarily in accordance with stated doctrinal positions of the juristic schools to which they subscribe. Simultaneously, the paper challenges some exaggerated gaps between “Islamic” and “Western” conceptions of children's rights, arguing that child-centric resources in Islamic law tend to be suppressed by a “universalist” Western human-rights discourse. Tracing common threads through discourses within both legal traditions aimed at ensuring children a name and identity, it demonstrates that the rights values in the United Nations Convention on Rights of the Child resonate with preexisting values within the Islamic legal traditions.
Determining body condition of nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the South-west Indian Ocean
Authors: Nolte C. R. , Nel R. , Pfaff M. C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSea turtles are long-lived migratory species that are sensitive to anthropogenic impacts. Their condition reflects that of marine ecosystems and can serve as an indicator for environmental monitoring. However, evaluating body condition parameters, as a proxy for health, is challenging and often overlooked. The purpose of this study was to validate a straightforward method for assessing the body condition of nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta), and to investigate whether body condition was correlated with epibiont loading. To achieve this, 60 nesting loggerhead sea turtles were sampled and categorized into five body conditions ranging from very poor to very good. Injuries, skin deformities and plastron shape were used for this classification. Epibionts were collected from the same turtles and identified, with species richness, diversity, community structure and barnacle loading compared among body conditions. Epibiont communities were correlated with body condition as both species richness and abundance increased with a decline in turtle body condition. Barnacle epibionts showed great variation among different body conditions, having significantly higher numbers on turtles in poor condition. All parameters in this study showed similar distinctive relationships with body condition of loggerhead turtles from poor to very good body condition. The body condition index used in this study can be applied readily and, along with barnacle counts, can provide basic baseline information on turtle health.
Implications of a change in case definition and screening of asylum seekers for hepatitis B surveillance in Germany in 2015 and 2016
Authors: von Laer A. , Diercke M. , an der Heiden M. , Altmann D. , Zimmermann R. , Dudareva S. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Since 2015, the number of hepatitis B virus (HBV) cases increased substantially in Germany. In 2015, a more sensitive HBV case definition was introduced. This coincided with an asylum seeker influx with differing screening strategies. Information on the asylum seeker status has been collected since 09/2015. We investigated this increase to interpret HBV notification data in Germany. We compared HBV surveillance data from 2010–2013 (baseline) with 2015–2016, excluding 2014 due to beginning of asylum seeker influx. We estimated the excess above the mean case number (baseline) using Poisson regression and compared asylum seeker cases and the excess of cases with the unknown asylum seeker status. HBV cases increased from 1855 (mean baseline) to 3873 (2015) and 3466 (2016) with 1903 asylum seeker cases and 1099 excess-cases with the unknown asylum seeker status in 2015–2016. Cases only fulfilling the changed case definition increased from 60% (1119) in baseline to 81% (P < 0.01) in 2015–2016; 69% of asylum seeker cases and 61% of excess-cases were males <40 years compared to 27% (baseline) (P < 0.01). Changed case definition increased the number of cases in official statistics substantially. Demographic and geographical distributions suggest that screening of asylum seekers increased the case numbers even to a higher extent than surveillance data indicates.
Rethinking Defeasible Reasoning: A Scalable Approach
Authors: MAHER MICHAEL J. , TACHMAZIDIS ILIAS , ANTONIOU GRIGORIS , WADE STEPHEN , CHENG LONG 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecent technological advances have led to unprecedented amounts of generated data that originate from the Web, sensor networks, and social media. Analytics in terms of defeasible reasoning – for example, for decision making – could provide richer knowledge of the underlying domain. Traditionally, defeasible reasoning has focused on complex knowledge structures over small to medium amounts of data, but recent research efforts have attempted to parallelize the reasoning process over theories with large numbers of facts. Such work has shown that traditional defeasible logics come with overheads that limit scalability. In this work, we design a new logic for defeasible reasoning, thus ensuring scalability by design. We establish several properties of the logic, including its relation to existing defeasible logics. Our experimental results indicate that our approach is indeed scalable and defeasible reasoning can be applied to billions of facts.
Swarm Survey of Alfvénic Fluctuations and Their Relation to Nightside Field‐Aligned Current and Auroral Arc Systems
Authors: Wu J. , Knudsen D. J. , Gillies D. M. , Burchill J. K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBy comparing data from 530 nightside auroral zone crossings of the three Swarm satellites with images from THEMIS ground‐based all‐sky imagers (ASIs), we find that 154 arc systems, containing two or more arcs, host regions of fluctuating magnetic and electric fields (Alfvén waves) up to 8 Hz. Many cases exhibit a standing wave pattern as seen by comparing the amplitude ratio and phase difference of electric and magnetic field Fourier components. The largest peak of Alfvénic cross‐power spectral density (CPSD, which is similar to Poynting flux) within a large‐scale current system tends to be narrow in latitude (about 50–100 km) and its magnitude increases with an increasing number of current sheets in the field‐aligned current (FAC) system. The peak of CPSD tends to be located on the poleward side of the current system but can extend as equatorward as the boundary between the Region 1 and Region 2 FACs. CPSD tends to peak either within downward current sheets (
of cases) or on the boundary between downward and upward FACs (
). Only
of peaks occur within upward current sheets, indicating that there is only a weak association with discrete auroral arcs, a finding which is confirmed by comparison with ASI images. These findings demonstrate that Alfvénic fluctuations occur over a much wider range of locations and conditions than previously reported.
Comparison of Observed and Modeled Magnetic Fields in the Earth's Magnetosheath
Authors: Vandas M. , Němeček Z. , Šafránková J. , Romashets E. P. , Hajoš M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObservations of the magnetic field for two passages through the Earth's magnetosheath are used for comparison with two simple models of the magnetosheath field that describe it as a potential field. We apply the Kobel and Flückiger (1994, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA01778) model and the Romashets and Vandas (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA012072) model complemented with the Jelínek et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017252) empirical determination of the bow shock and magnetopause shapes and positions. The models yield a satisfactory match to observations when the positions and shapes of the bow shock and the magnetopause are controlled by the instantaneous solar wind upstream dynamic pressure and the instantaneous upstream interplanetary magnetic field vector is taken into account.
Sensitivity of Meteorological Skill to Selection of WRF‐Chem Physical Parameterizations and Impact on Ozone Prediction During the Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS)
Authors: Abdi‐Oskouei M. , Carmichael G. , Christiansen M. , Ferrada G. , Roozitalab B. , Sobhani N. , Wade K. , Czarnetzki A. , Pierce R. B. , Wagner T. , Stanier C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOzone concentrations in excess of health‐based standards occur along the coastline of Lake Michigan. A complex pattern of ozone precursor emissions interfaces with a complex meteorological environment, presenting a challenge for air quality management and simulation. Precursors are transported into a shallow, stable boundary layer over the lake. This is followed by ozone formation and transport back onshore through a combination of synoptic and lake breeze winds. In this study, we use measurements during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study 2017 (LMOS) to quantitatively evaluate the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) model at 4 km horizontal resolution for key features of high ozone episodes over Southern Lake Michigan, with a focus on meteorological performance. WRF‐Chem showed good performance and successful reproduction of meteorological fields and clouds. Lake breeze model skill was inconsistent, with both good and poor performance depending on site and day. The combination of Noah land surface model and High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh meteorology gave the best performance with the mean bias of −0.5 °C for temperature, −0.6 °C for dewpoint temperature, and −0.3 m/s for wind speed along the western coast of Lake Michigan during the daytime. For ozone, WRF‐Chem was biased low (−4.4 ppb mean bias for daytime ozone) and underestimated hourly peak ozone. In some cases, ozone bias can be attributed to transport and lake breeze errors. Average ozone concentration showed minor (<2 ppb) sensitivity to changes to meteorology initial and boundary conditions or the land surface model.
Plio‐Pleistocene Hemispheric (A)Symmetries in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Midlatitudes
Authors: Peterson L. C. , Lawrence K. T. , Herbert T. D. , Caballero‐Gill R. , Wilson J. , Huska K. , Miller H. , Kelly C. , Seidenstein J. , Hovey D. , Holte L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe transition from the warm, stable climate of the Pliocene to the progressively colder glaciations of the Pleistocene, as well as the climate system's evolving response to stationary orbital forcing over the Pleistocene, beg important questions about fundamental climate processes relevant to understanding the impacts of modern anthropogenic forcing of the Earth's energy budget. Here, we gain insight into the evolution of Plio‐Pleistocene climate by generating an alkenone‐derived, orbitally resolved sea surface temperature (SST) record from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1125 in the southwest Pacific. We compare our data set to midlatitude and equatorial SST records and to the benthic ∂18O signal in order to evaluate similarities and differences in climate response between the hemispheres and across latitudes over the Plio‐Pleistocene. Secular trends indicate first‐order symmetry between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in the magnitude of mean, glacial, and interglacial cooling. However, the tight coupling that is observed on both secular and orbital timescales between Northern Hemisphere, high latitude, and tropical upwelling climate throughout the last 4 Ma does not extend to Southern Hemisphere climate records as Northern Hemisphere glaciation intensifies in the late Pliocene. The 41‐kyr signal remains weak at Site 1125 across the late Pliocene transition but strengthens in conjunction with a major increase in global climate system sensitivity to obliquity forcing beginning around 1.8 Ma. Our analysis points to regionally varied responses across the late Pliocene transition and the emergence of a global feedback mechanism and strengthened obliquity‐band climate sensitivity just prior to the mid‐Pleistocene transition.
Combined Scattering of Radiation Belt Electrons by Low‐Frequency Hiss: Cyclotron, Landau, and Bounce Resonances
Authors: Fu Song , Yi Juan , Ni Binbin , Zhou Ruoxian , Hu Zejun , Cao Xing , Gu Xudong , Guo Deyu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLow‐frequency hiss is known to play an important role in the precipitation of radiation belt electrons by cyclotron, Landau, and bounce resonances. To investigate the potential combined scattering effect caused by these resonant processes, we analyze the resonant conditions and develop a full relativistic test particle code to quantify the net pitch angle scattering efficiency. It is indicated that the three resonance processes can coexist to scatter electrons at different energies and pitch angles, with the net pitch angle scattering rates up to ~10−3 s−1 for low‐frequency hiss ~175 pT at L = 4.5. Comparisons with the quasi‐linear theory results demonstrate that the cyclotron resonance is mainly responsible for the pitch angle scattering of electrons < ~ 80°, while both Landau and bounce resonances can affect the scattering of near‐equatorially mirroring electrons and their combined diffusion produces smaller scattering coefficients compared to quasi‐linear theory calculations.
Real‐Time Detection, Location, and Measurement of Geoeffective Stellar Flares From Global Navigation Satellite System Data: New Technique and Case Studies
Authors: Hernández‐Pajares Manuel , Moreno‐Borràs David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn alternative approach to detect solar flares and quantify the associated extreme ultraviolet (EUV) solar flux rate was introduced in this journal by the authors: Global Navigation Satellite Systems Solar FLAre Indicator (GSFLAI) was founded on the dependence of the sudden electron content increase of the Earth ionosphere versus the angle regarding the flare source, the Sun, given by a simple but accurate first‐principles‐based model. Such overionization is directly measured from the dual‐frequency phase measurements gathered from hundreds of worldwide permanent receivers of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS (like the Global Positioning System GPS), working many of them in real time. In this work we generalize GSFLAI for the very challenging scenario of stellar superflares, with a much weaker expected geoeffectiveness on the Earth ionosphere, making it difficult to distinguish its potential footprint regarding conventional ionospheric variability sources. Indeed, we will show that, unlike GSFLAI for solar flares, the new algorithm presented here (Blind GNSS search of Extraterrestrial EUV Sources [BGEES]) is able to detect EUV flares without the previous knowledge of the position of the source, which is also simultaneously estimated, providing an additional quality check of the detection. It will be first assessed with several case studies of solar flares of different intensities analyzed previously with GSFLAI. Finally, by focusing on the night hemisphere to avoid the Sun's larger effect on the ionosphere, the detection and location with BGEES of two recent stellar superflares, Proxima Centauri (18 March 2016, 08:32UT) and NGTS J121939.5‐355557 (1 February 2016, 04:00UT), are presented, strongly suggesting the extension and applicability of the new technique, also in real time.
Stable single platinum atoms trapped in sub-nanometer cavities in 12CaO·7Al2O3 for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes
Authors: Ye Tian-Nan , Xiao Zewen , Li Jiang , Gong Yutong , Abe Hitoshi , Niwa Yasuhiro , Sasase Masato , Kitano Masaaki , Hosono Hideo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSingle-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted significant attention because they exhibit unique catalytic performance due to their ideal structure. However, maintaining atomically dispersed metal under high temperature, while achieving high catalytic activity remains a formidable challenge. In this work, we stabilize single platinum atoms within sub-nanometer surface cavities in well-defined 12CaO·7Al2O3 (C12A7) crystals through theoretical prediction and experimental process. This approach utilizes the interaction of isolated metal anions with the positively charged surface cavities of C12A7, which allows for severe reduction conditions up to 600 °C. The resulting catalyst is stable and highly active toward the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes with a much higher turnover frequency (up to 25772 h−1) than well-studied Pt-based catalysts. The high activity and selectivity result from the formation of stable trapped single Pt atoms, which leads to heterolytic cleavage of hydrogen molecules in a reaction that involves the nitro group being selectively adsorbed on C12A7 surface.
RADICL-seq identifies general and cell type–specific principles of genome-wide RNA-chromatin interactions
Authors: Bonetti Alessandro , Agostini Federico , Suzuki Ana Maria , Hashimoto Kosuke , Pascarella Giovanni , Gimenez Juliette , Roos Leonie , Nash Alex J. , Ghilotti Marco , Cameron Christopher J.  F. , Valentine Matthew , Medvedeva Yulia A. , Noguchi Shuhei , Agirre Eneritz , Kashi Kaori , Samudyata  , Luginbühl Joachim , Cazzoli Riccardo , Agrawal Saumya , Luscombe Nicholas M. , Blanchette Mathieu , Kasukawa Takeya , Hoon Michiel de , Arner Erik , Lenhard Boris , Plessy Charles , Castelo-Branco Gonçalo , Orlando Valerio , Carninci Piero 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMammalian genomes encode tens of thousands of noncoding RNAs. Most noncoding transcripts exhibit nuclear localization and several have been shown to play a role in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin remodeling. To investigate the function of such RNAs, methods to massively map the genomic interacting sites of multiple transcripts have been developed; however, these methods have some limitations. Here, we introduce RNA And DNA Interacting Complexes Ligated and sequenced (RADICL-seq), a technology that maps genome-wide RNA–chromatin interactions in intact nuclei. RADICL-seq is a proximity ligation-based methodology that reduces the bias for nascent transcription, while increasing genomic coverage and unique mapping rate efficiency compared with existing methods. RADICL-seq identifies distinct patterns of genome occupancy for different classes of transcripts as well as cell type–specific RNA-chromatin interactions, and highlights the role of transcription in the establishment of chromatin structure.
Interpreting nanovoids in atom probe tomography data for accurate local compositional measurements
Authors: Wang Xing , Hatzoglou Constantinos , Sneed Brian , Fan Zhe , Guo Wei , Jin Ke , Chen Di , Bei Hongbin , Wang Yongqiang , Weber William J. , Zhang Yanwen , Gault Baptiste , More Karren L. , Vurpillot Francois , Poplawsky Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractQuantifying chemical compositions around nanovoids is a fundamental task for research and development of various materials. Atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are currently the most suitable tools because of their ability to probe materials at the nanoscale. Both techniques have limitations, particularly APT, because of insufficient understanding of void imaging. Here, we employ a correlative APT and STEM approach to investigate the APT imaging process and reveal that voids can lead to either an increase or a decrease in local atomic densities in the APT reconstruction. Simulated APT experiments demonstrate the local density variations near voids are controlled by the unique ring structures as voids open and the different evaporation fields of the surrounding atoms. We provide a general approach for quantifying chemical segregations near voids within an APT dataset, in which the composition can be directly determined with a higher accuracy than STEM-based techniques.
Surviving salt fluctuations: stress and recovery in Halobacterium salinarum, an extreme halophilic Archaeon
Authors: Vauclare P. , Natali F. , Kleman J. P. , Zaccai G. , Franzetti B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHalophilic proteins subjected to below about 15% salt in vitro denature through misfolding, aggregation and/or precipitation. Halobacteria, however, have been detected in environments of fluctuating salinity such as coastal salterns and even around fresh water springs in the depths of the Dead Sea. In order to identify the underlying mechanisms of low salt survival, we explored the reactivation capacity of Halobacterium (Hbt) salinarum sub-populations after incubation in low salt media and recovery in physiological salt. Respiratory oxygen consumption was assessed in stressed cells and cell viability was estimated by Live/Dead staining and flow cytometry. In vivo neutron scattering experiments showed that the recovery of Hbt salinarum sub-populations exposed to severe low salt conditions is related to a rapid retrieval of functional molecular dynamics in the proteome. In the hypothesis that the observations on Hbt salinarum have wider relevance, they could be of key ecological significance for the dispersion of extremophiles when environmental fluctuations become severe.