bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citrate Insoluble P2O5: Problems with Ammoniated Fertilizers
Authors: Gliksman Joseph E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An AOAC collaborative study of a new direct method for available P2O5 in fertilizer was conducted last year. Results on a monoammonium phosphate sample showed more variability than other sample types, and the sample also had the largest absolute difference among 3 methods (960.02,960.03, and a new direct method). Problems with the AOAC method for citrate insoluble P2O5 were discovered, and an editorial change in the method is recommended.
Analysis of Milk-Based Infant Formula. Phase IV. Iodide, Linoleic Acid, and Vitamins D and K: U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Infant Formula Council: Collaborative Study
Authors: Tanner James T , Barnett Stephen A , Mountford Mardi K ,   Collaborators:, Barnett S , Beare-Rogers J L , Bueno M P , DeAngelis N , deVries E J , DeVries J W , Dube D , Ellefson W , Landen W O , Navis J , Pearson D , Reynolds S L , Richards P , Soliman A-G , Thomson W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Infant Formula Council and its member companies, contract laboratories, and other government laboratories began a study of analytical methods for the nutrients listed in the Infant Formula Act of 1980. Phases I, II, III, and V have been completed. The present report provides data on Phase IV, in which 13 laboratories collaboratively studied an ion-selective electrode method for analyzing iodide, a gas chromatographic method for linoleic acid, and 2 liquid chromatographic (LC) methods each for vitamins D and K. Data were insufficient to evaluate one each of the LC methods studied for vitamins K and D. The relative standard deviations (RSD) are sufficient for the nutrient levels found in infant formula. RSDs (%) for repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR), respectively, were as follows: iodide, 4.0-11.4 and 13.5-18.2; linoleic acid, 1.0-1.6 and 3.5-5.1; vitamin K1, 3.2-16.0 and 6.2-19.4; and vitamin D3,4.2 and 35.0. The recommendation to adopt the method for vitamin D was supported by the results of a ministudy. All laboratories were capable of using these methods with little training. The methods for determination of iodide, linoleic acid, and vitamins D and K in ready-to-feed milkbased infant formula have been adopted first action by AOAC International.
Enzymatic Method for Determination of (1→3)(1→4)-Beta-D-glucans in Grains and Cereals: Collaborative Study
Authors: Zygmunt Lucian C , Paisley Steven D ,   Collaborators:, Bromley G , Durany G , Ellis C , Elrefaie J , Fein R , Lewis S , Lee S , Marlett J , Peterson D , Prodolliet J , Tassin D , Weisz J , White P , Xia L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The McCleary enzymatic assay for mixed linkage (1→3)(1→4)-beta-D-glucans has been modified to apply to oat and barley fractions and ready-to-eat (RTE) cereals. The proposed method involves lower sample concentrations; stirring the samples; a longer, warmer lichenase digestion; and longer beta-glucosidase digestion. These changes result in higher recovery of beta-glucan. This modification expands on the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) Method 32-22 by the addition of a desugaring procedure, which is necessary for RTE cereals. Results from collaborative studies sponsored by AACC and AOAC demonstrate good precision for an enzymatic assay. The average relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR, a measure of inter laboratory variation) for 20 oat, barley, and cereal samples was 9.7%. The average RSD for repeatability (RSDr, intralaboratory variation) was 5.0%. The enzymatic method has been adopted first action by AOAC International for determination of beta-glucans in oat and barley fractions, and ready-to-eat cereals.
Determination of 2-Ethyl-l-Hexanol as Contaminant in Drinking Water
Authors: Vitali M , Leoni V , Chiavarini S , Cremisini C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An analytical procedure for the determination of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2-EH) in drinking water is presented. The method is based on volatile-compound stripping, adsorption on activated-charcoal-filled tubes, solvent elution, identification by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, and determination by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Bottled samples with undesirable organoleptic characteristics were analzyed to determine a possible correlation with the presence of 2-EH. The presence of 2-EH at 2-10 μg/L was confirmed in several samples. The presence of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (D2EHP) was also checked in all samples. This compound was always found at 2-30 μg/L. Hydrolysis of D2EHP was carried out for 2 weeks to evaluate its possible contribution to water contamination by 2-EH. Tests did not show measurable amounts of the alcohol. Nonetheless, the hydrolysis of phthalates in the weakly acidic conditions of the examined waters would not justify the presence of 2-EH at the observed levels, and so it is reasonable to hypothesize a direct contamination from packaging materials containing 2-EH as residue from D2EHP synthesis.
The Need for Larger Analytical Samples with Granulated Feed Additives
Authors: Coleman Mark R , Wicker Alan L , Moran John W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sampling an animal feed containing a granulated analyte is extremely difficult. A granulated feed additive, Tylan® (Elanco, tylosin), was used to demonstrate how a granulated product can increase assay variability if steps are not taken to reduce and control this variability. The number of tylosin granules was determined for Granulated Tylosin Concentrate, the active ingredient of Tylan Premix. Multiple weighings of 3 lots of the concentrate were prepared, and the average number of granules per gram of concentrate was determined with the aid of image analyses. The total weight of Tylan Premix in varying analytical samples was calculated. Finally, the average number of tylosin granules per analytical sample was calculated based on the average number of granules per gram. A10 g analytical sample obtained from an animal ration containing 8 ppm tylosin activity would contain an average of 1.16 granules of tylosin, and a 100 g analytical sample would contain 11.6 granules. These calculations demonstrate the need to increase the analytical sample size in analyzing an animal feed containing a granulated feed additive.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Six Sulfonamide Residues in Animal Tissues Using Postcolumn Derivatization
Authors: Bui Lap V 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of sulfonamide residues in animal livers and kidneys. The selectivity of the method is enhanced significantly through the use of postcolumn reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, followed by detection at 450 nm. Consequently, the cleanup is simplified; it consists of removal of fatty material by partitioning the sample extract into an acetonitrile-hexane system. The sulfonamides used for this study were sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimidine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, and sulfaquinoxaline. At the level of 100 μg/kg, the recoveries ranged from 70 to 104% and were dependent on the nature of the matrix and the particular sulfonamide. The coefficients of variation are 2-10% at this level. The detection limit was 20 μg/dg.
Confirmatory Method for Sulfonamide Residues in Animal Tissues by Gas Chromatography and Pulsed Positive Ion-Negative Ion-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mooser Andrê E , Koch Herbert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A confirmatory method has been developed for determination of 13 sulfonamides in edible tissues. The assay involves extraction from a solution resulting from a screening procedure by liquid chromatography and subsequent derivatization. Sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), sulfadiazine (SDA), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamerazine (SME), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP), sulfapyridine (SPR), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX), and sulfathiazole (STA) were detected as the N1-methyl-N4-trifluoroacetyl derivatives, sulfaguanidine (SGU) as the same derivative after cyclization by hexafluoroacetylacetone, and sulfacetamide (SAC) as the methyl derivative. These sulfonamides were detected by gas chromatography and pulsed positive ion-negative ion-chemical ionization mass spectrometry with methane as the reactant gas, whereas sulfanilamide (SAA) was determined as the methyl derivative by electron-impact ionization.
Cuprimetric Assay of Casein Hydrolysates
Authors: Silvestre M P C , Lati E , Dauphin C , Hamon M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple, reproducible, and precise potentiometric assay (copper indicator electrode) has been developed for alkalinized solutions of pure casein hydrolysates, with or without additional amino acids, carbohydrates, or lipids (short chain tryglicerides; SCT) using a titrated copper (II) sulfate solution. The copper consumption is related to both free amino acid and peptide contents. Thus, in comparison with the (α-amino nitrogen determination, the method described here gives better information about the composition of protein hydrolysates.
A Quantitative Linearity Evaluation Method for Infrared Milk Analyzers
Authors: Smith Erika B , Barbano David M , Lynch Joanna M , Fleming J Richard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nonlinearity in the uncorrected signal for any channel of the infrared milk analyzer can cause decreased accuracy of the final corrected result. A procedure quantifying the amount of residual nonlinearity in the uncorrected signal for each channel was developed for use in the range of milk component concentrations appropriate for producer payment testing. For the fat channels, a homogenized 6% fat milk is diluted with water to obtain a series of solutions from 0 to 6% fat. For the protein and lactose channels, evaporated skim milk is diluted with water to obtain linearity solutions from 2.8 to 3.9% true protein and 4.3 to 6.0% anhydrous lactose. The selection of dilution method (i.e., weight/weight or volume/volume) should be based on how the final calibrated instrument values are to be expressed (i.e., weight/weight or weight/volume). A non-zero forcing linear regression is conducted within a chemical range by using known component concentrations as the dependent variable (Y) and uncorrected infrared signals as the independent variable (X). Residual nonlinearity values are calculated. A channel possesses unacceptable nonlinearity if residual values are ≥±0.02% at any point within the component range normally encountered in producer payment testing. The linearity status of 18 instruments was determined.
Use of Standard Additions to Diagnose Matrix Effects in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Analysis of Feed Blended for a Roxarsone Combination Study
Authors: Webster Gregory K , Hearne Loretta A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) is a feed additive commonly used in the poultry industry. Its use is approved at levels ranging from 0.0025 to 0.005% in feed. This additive is routinely assayed in industry by AOAC Official Methods 971.47 (Roxarsone In Feeds and Premixes: Spectrophotometric Method) and 986.39 (Roxarsone in Feeds: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method). The atomic absorption spectrophotometric method is quite advantageous, because it is accurate and efficient. Occasionally, analysis of feeds by this method yields questionable results. This communication details the investigation of such an occurrence and the application of standard additions to detect this problem in future analyses.
Evaluation of Trace Elements in Wheat and Wheat By-Products
Authors: Ahmad Shujaat , Waheed Shahtoa , Mannan Abdul , Fatema Ismat , Qureshi Iqbal Hussain 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Wheat and wheat by-products from Pakistan were analyzed to study the concentrations of 21 essential or toxic elements. Neutron activation analysis in combination with atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine the concentrations of Al, As, Br, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn. Our results were compared to results reported from other countries. The weekly human intakes of toxic trace elements from wheat flour samples collected in Pakistan were estimated. These calculations were then compared to the World Health Organization’s suggested weekly tolerance levels of each element. Also, global distribution patterns for certain of these trace elements in wheat flour were discovered.
Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Identification of a Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid Impurity in Niacin as the Trimethylsilyl Ester
Authors: Kirchhoefer Ross D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A pyridinedicarboxylic acid impurity in bulk niacin was identified by derivatization and comparison with reference materials by using gas chromatogra-phy/mass spectrometry. The niacin bulk material was dissolved in pyridine and derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) reagent. The resulting trimethylsilyl (TMS) esters of niacin and its associated impurities were chromatographed on a cross-linked methyl silicone capillary column with temperature programming. Derivatization and injection of the 6 pyridinedicarboxylic acid geometric isomers showed that 3 of the dicar-boxylic acids, 2,3- (also known as quinolinic acid), 2,5-, and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, all rearrange to give a component with a mass spectrum identical to that of the impurity. The other 3 isomers, 2,4-, 3,4-, and 3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid, do not rearrange, and therefore, cannot be the impurity detected in the niacin bulk material. The amount of pyridinedicarboxylic acid impurity in the bulk niacin is less than 0.02%.
Levels and Incidences of Pesticide Residues in Selected Agricultural Food Commodities Available in Canada
Authors: Neidert Eli , Trotman Raymond B , Saschenbrecker Peter W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
During the 32 month period ending December 31, 1991, Agriculture Canada analyzed 13 230 samples of agricultural food commodities for pesticide residues. Both domestic and imported commodities were tested. A multiresidue method that can detect over 200 analytes was routinely used. Results in violation of Canadian tolerances were discerned in 224 samples. An additional 2501 samples contained at least one pesticide residue at a detectable but nonviolative level. Violations most often result from pesticide–commodity combinations for which there is no established specific tolerance.
Sporicidal Activity of Chemical Germicides on Bacillus subtilis Spores Under Various Conditions
Authors: Danielson James W , Peeler James T , Oxborrow Gordon S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sporicidal tests were conducted on chemical germicides used for reprocessing hemodialyzers. The germicides that were tested for sporicidal activity contain some of the same active ingredients as many other commercial germicides, although instructions for dilution and exposure time may vary according to intended use. Cidex-Dialyzer™ (glu-taraldehyde), formaldehyde, Renalin™ (peracetic acid), and RenNew-D™ (chlorine dioxide) were each tested under the following conditions: at 50, 100, and 150% of the recommended concentration in soft water at 22°C; and at 1× the recommended concentration in soft water at 26.7°C, in hard water at 22°C, and in hard water containing 5% bovine serum at 22°C. Sporicidin-HD™ (glutaraldehyde–phenol) was tested only at the recommended concentration in soft water at 22°C. The time required for a 2-log reduction in the initial concentration of spores ranged from 1.8 min for Renalin at 150% of the recommended concentration to 26.4 h for formaldehyde in hard water containing 5% bovine serum. Cidex-Dialyzer at 50% of the recommended concentration and Sporicidin-HD at the recommended concentration were ineffective against Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores. The sporicidal activities of RenNew-D and formaldehyde were greatly reduced when bovine serum was added to hard water. Renalin had the highest sporicidal activity and was the least affected by each of the conditions tested.
Hydrocarbons m Crude Palm Kernel Oil
Authors: Tan Yew Ai , Kuntom Ainte 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The sources of hydrocarbons in crude palm kernel oil were investigated by a series of laboratory-controlled oil extractions of kernels of varying quality. Site examinations of palm kernel-crushing plants were also conducted to determine possible sources of hydrocarbon contamination of palm kernels throughout the process of kernel extraction. Parallel to these studies, a random survey of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) produced by different kernel crushers was also carried out to determine the range of hydrocarbon concentrations in locally produced CPKO. This study showed that hydrocarbons can be picked up from sources such as glassware, extracting apparatus, and plastic containers and stoppers. Extraction of oil from low-quality kernels that were both moldy and rancid, broken kernels, and kernels plus added shells also resulted in a higher hydrocarbon level in the final CPKO. Overheating and cooking of the kernels before extraction also contributed to the overall hydrocarbon content. The random survey of hydrocarbon level showed a range of 0.6–7.1 ppm.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phosphamidon in Technical and Formulated Products: CIPAC Collaborative Study
Authors: Hanks Alan R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Phosphamidon is determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile—methanol buffer solution, detected by a UV absorbance detector set at 218 nm, and quantitated by area measurements using an external standard. The method was adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatographic Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Foods: Interlaboratory Trial
Authors: Parfitt Charles H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Wide-Bore capillary columns are often used as alternatives to traditionally packed columns for gas chromatographic (GC) determination of pesticide residues in foods. Fused silica columns with cross-linked, bonded stationary phases are reproducible, rugged, and easy to use and are substantially more inert than their packed column equivalents. An interlaboratory trial was conducted in 5 U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratories to determine the practicability of using isothermal wide-bore capillary GC as an alternative to the packed column GC systems used in AOAC Official Methods for determining pesticide residues in foods. Two wide-bore capillary columns with flame photometric detection were evaluated with respect to the following: linearity of detector response; repeatability of response for equal and unequal injection volumes of standard solutions; accuracy of quantitating pesticides in food extracts when the injection volumes or analyte concentrations of the standard solution and the food extract are different; recoveries of 23 pesticides from 5 fortified food extracts, calculated from both duplicate and single injections; and relative retention times. Before shipment, food extracts supplied to participants were fortified with pesticides after preparation and extraction of the foods by Official Method 985.22. The performance of wide-bore capillary columns with cross-linked bonded methyl silicone and methyl phenyl silicone stationary phases was equal or superior to that of the packed columns specified in the Official Method.
Effect of Infrared Analyzer Homogenization Efficiency on Linearity of Uncorrected Fat A and Fat B Signals
Authors: Smith Erika B , Barbano David M , Lynch Joanna M , Fleming J Richard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The objective of the survey was to determine if poor homogenizer performance causes nonlinear behavior of the uncorrected fat A or fat B signal that is not detected when an instrument’s residual nonlinearity is determined by using dilutions of homogenized milk instead of unhomogenized milk. Unhomogenized and homogenized (17238 kPa) portions of the same 6.1% fat milk were tested on 20 instruments to determine homogenization efficiency. Instruments with differences of ≥0.087% fat between homogenized and unhomogenized portions of the same milk had inefficient homogenization, on the basis of criteria established in a previous study. Four and 12 instruments out of 20 demonstrated inefficient homogenization for the fat A and fat B channels, respectively. Uncorrected signal linearity for the fat channels was evaluated quantitatively by using a series of dilutions of homogenized (17238 kPa) and unhomogenized milks. Most instruments passed the linearity evaluation for dilutions of either homogenized or unhomogenized milk, even though many of the same instruments failed the homogenization efficiency evaluation. Thus, using dilutions of homogenized milk is valid for linearity evaluation of instruments being used for testing unhomogenized milk in the range of fat concentrations used for payment testing.
Quantitative Detection of Whey Cream in Sweet Cream and Butter
Authors: Polak Pavel , Bradley Robert L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and sensitive assay is described that can detect trace amounts of whey cream in sweet cream and in butter made from that cream. The method is based on the detection of sialic acid and involves a color reaction between Ehrlich’s reagent and sialic acid. The procedure is faster than other methods for detection of whey. The method could be termed semiquantitative because of the seasonal variability of sialic acid in cow’s milk. However, with a calibration curve, the method is quantitative and can easily detect as little as 1% whey cream in sweet cream and in the resulting butter. With 1% whey cream in sweet cream, the purple color indicating the presence of sialic acid is visible to the naked eye.
An Optimized MTT Bioassay for Determination of Cytotoxicity of Fumonisins in Turkey Lymphocytes
Authors: Dombrink-Kurtzman Mary A , Bennett Glenn A , Richard John L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In vitro cytotoxicity assays have been performed for detection and quantitation of fumonisins, as possible alternatives for whole animal testing. This study was undertaken to establish optimal in vitro conditions using turkey lymphocytes. Turkey lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by Percoll gradient centrifugation. Cytotoxicity of fu-monisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) was determined by exposing lymphocytes to FB1 or FB2 at concentrations of 0.01–25 μg/mL for 24,48, or 72 h at 39°C. The MTT bioassay was used to measure cell viability and proliferation. In metabolically active cells, the tetrazolium salt, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], was reduced to MTT formazan. Turkey lymphocytes that had been exposed in vitro to FB1 and FB2 for 48 and 72 h showed inhibition of cell proliferation that was dose-dependent. The 50% inhibitory dose for FB1 and FB2 was 0.4–5 μg/mL. Cells exposed to FB1 or FB2 exhibited high levels of cytoplasmic vacuolization and were unable to proliferate, whereas proliferation of control lymphocytes was observed at 48 and 72 h. FB2 was 3- to 4-fold more cytotoxic than FB1.