bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The British Army’s Training in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Bates Elizabeth Stubbins 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
States must disseminate international humanitarian law (IHL) and integrate it into military instruction. Implementation of the IHL training obligation was delayed in the UK; when the government asserted that IHL was inapplicable to colonial warfare, resisted the development of the IHL of non-international armed conflict, and was keen to maintain the nuclear deterrent. Absent or perfunctory IHL training correlated with recurrent violations of the prohibitions of torture and inhuman treatment, from the 1950s to the 2000s. Despite official assertions that the British Army’s training in IHL was being reformed following the death of Baha Mousa in British military custody in 2003, there were gradual changes from 2004 to 2011, and more thorough improvements from 2012 to 2017. Training materials for soldiers and officers now offer breadth and detail on IHL, with elements of international human rights law. They implement the 71 recommendations in the Baha Mousa Public Inquiry Report which the Ministry of Defence accepted, and are supplemented by practical training. Yet these are reactive reforms, which still lack norm-by-norm evaluation of soldiers’ understanding. Prohibitions on humiliating or degrading treatment of a sexual nature, and on the intentional infliction of severe mental pain and suffering are (respectively) under-emphasised and absent. References to the necessity of restraint positions (as opposed to the prohibited stress positions) may cause confusion. There is a simplistic suggestion that reprisals are lawful if they are politically authorised. Training reforms have been cited as one reason to close criminal investigations into alleged war crimes: a response which neglects coexistent investigatory obligations.
Chronic Illness and Internalizing Symptomatology in a Transdiagnostic Clinical Sample of Youth
Authors: Wolock Elizabeth R , Queen Alexander H , Rodríguez Gabriela M , Weisz John R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
In research with community samples, children with chronic physical illnesses have shown elevated anxiety and depressive symptoms, compared to healthy peers. Less is known about whether physical illnesses are associated with elevated internalizing symptoms even among children referred for mental health treatment—a pattern that would indicate distinctive treatment needs among physically ill children receiving mental health care. We investigated the relationship between chronic physical illness and internalizing symptomatology among children enrolling in outpatient mental health treatment.

Method
A total of 262 treatment-seeking children ages 7–15 and their caregivers completed a demographic questionnaire, Child Behavior Checklist, and Youth Self-Report during a pre-treatment assessment. Physical illnesses were identified through caregiver report.

Results
There was no overall association between the presence/absence of chronic physical illness and parent- or child-reported symptoms. However, number of chronic physical illnesses was related to parent- and child-reported affective symptoms. Children with two or more chronic physical illnesses had more severe depressive symptoms than those with fewer physical illnesses.

Conclusion
Having multiple chronic illnesses may elevate children’s risk of depression symptomatology, even in comparison to other children seeking mental health care. This suggests a need to identify factors that may exacerbate depression symptoms in physically ill children who are initiating therapy and to determine whether different or more intensive services may be helpful for this group. The findings suggest the potential utility of screening for depression in youth with chronic physical illnesses, as well as addressing mental and physical health concerns during treatment.
Biological nitrogen fixation in maize: optimizing nitrogenase expression in a root-associated diazotroph
Authors: Bloch Sarah E , Clark Rosemary , Gottlieb Shayin S , Wood L Kent , Shah Neal , Mak San-Ming , Lorigan James G , Johnson Jenny , Davis-Richardson Austin G , Williams Lorena , McKellar Megan , Soriano Dominic , Petersen Max , Horton Alana , Smith Olivia , Wu Leslie , Tung Emily , Broglie Richard , Tamsir Alvin , Temme Karsten 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Plants depend upon beneficial interactions between roots and root-associated microorganisms for growth promotion, disease suppression, and nutrient availability. This includes the ability of free-living diazotrophic bacteria to supply nitrogen, an ecological role that has been long underappreciated in modern agriculture for efficient crop production systems. Long-term ecological studies in legume–rhizobia interactions have shown that elevated nitrogen inputs can lead to the evolution of less cooperative nitrogen-fixing mutualists. Here we describe how reprogramming the genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation and assimilation in a novel root-associated diazotroph can restore ammonium production in the presence of exogenous nitrogen inputs. We isolated a strain of the plant-associated proteobacterium Kosakonia sacchari from corn roots, characterized its nitrogen regulatory network, and targeted key nodes for gene editing to optimize nitrogen fixation in corn. While the wild-type strain exhibits repression of nitrogen fixation in conditions replete with bioavailable nitrogen, such as fertilized greenhouse and field experiments, remodeled strains show elevated levels in the rhizosphere of corn in the greenhouse and field even in the presence of exogenous nitrogen. Such strains could be used in commercial applications to supply fixed nitrogen to cereal crops.
Fighter Pilots With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Successfully Returning to Flight After Radiotherapy: A Case Series
Authors: Chen Shih-Ming , Lin Kuen-Tze , Dai Yang-Hong , Chiang Kwo-Tsao , Lee Shih-Yu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
For nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), radiotherapy is the primary treatment. However, complications occur after radiation to the nasopharynx, which could potentially affect the flying safety. Four fighter pilots with NPC were reported. With early to locally advanced NPC, they received radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. The prescribed radiation dose was 70 Gy to the primary tumor over the nasopharynx. Before treatment, all patients presented with various degrees of hearing loss on pure tone audiometry (main frequencies of 20–45 dB at 3–4.5 kHz for affected ears). After the full course of radiotherapy, tumor regression was noticed during months to years of follow-ups. The follow-up audiometry evaluation showed gradually recovered hearing function (average improvement of 5 dB at pretreatment frequencies) in all pilots. They then returned back to the flight line on annual waiver points. Here, we conclude that fighter pilots with NPC could successfully return to the flight line after radiotherapy. However, detailed physical examinations and confirmation of adaptation to flying condition are warranted.
Magnetar birth: rotation rates and gravitational-wave emission
Authors: Lander S K , Jones D I 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Understanding the evolution of the angle χ between a magnetar’s rotation and magnetic axes sheds light on the star’s birth properties. This evolution is coupled with that of the stellar rotation Ω, and depends on the competing effects of internal viscous dissipation and external torques. We study this coupled evolution for a model magnetar with a strong internal toroidal field, extending previous work by modelling – for the first time in this context – the strong protomagnetar wind acting shortly after birth. We also account for the effect of buoyancy forces on viscous dissipation at late times. Typically, we find that χ → 90° shortly after birth, then decreases towards 0° over hundreds of years. From observational indications that magnetars typically have small χ, we infer that these stars are subject to a stronger average exterior torque than radio pulsars, and that they were born spinning faster than ∼100–300 Hz. Our results allow us to make quantitative predictions for the gravitational and electromagnetic signals from a newborn rotating magnetar. We also comment briefly on the possible connection with periodic fast radio burst sources.
GASP XXV: neutral hydrogen gas in the striking jellyfish galaxy JO204
Authors: Deb Tirna , Verheijen Marc A W , Gullieuszik Marco , Poggianti Bianca M , van Gorkom Jacqueline H , Ramatsoku Mpati , Serra Paolo , Moretti Alessia , Vulcani Benedetta , Bettoni Daniela , Jaffé L Yara , Tonnesen Stephanie , Fritz Jacopo 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We present JVLA-C observations of the H i gas in JO204, one of the most striking jellyfish galaxies from the GASP survey. JO204 is a massive galaxy in the low-mass cluster A957 at z = 0.04243. The H i map reveals an extended 90 kpc long ram-pressure stripped tail of neutral gas, stretching beyond the 30 kpc long ionized gas tail and pointing away from the cluster centre. The H i mass seen in emission is $(1.32\pm 0.13) \times 10^{9} \, \rm M_{\odot }$, mostly located in the tail. The northern part of the galaxy disc has retained some H i gas, while the southern part has already been completely stripped and displaced into an extended unilateral tail. Comparing the distribution and kinematics of the neutral and ionized gas in the tail indicates a highly turbulent medium. Moreover, we observe associated H i absorption against the 11 mJy central radio continuum source with an estimated H i absorption column density of 3.2 × 1020 cm−2. The absorption profile is significantly asymmetric with a wing towards higher velocities. We modelled the H i absorption by assuming that the H i and ionized gas discs have the same kinematics in front of the central continuum source, and deduced a wider absorption profile than observed. The observed asymmetric absorption profile can therefore be explained by a clumpy, rotating H i gas disc seen partially in front of the central continuum source, or by ram pressure pushing the neutral gas towards the centre of the continuum source, triggering the AGN activity.
New insight into the stellar mass function of Galactic globular clusters
Authors: Ebrahimi H , Sollima A , Haghi H , Baumgardt H , Hilker M 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the results of the analysis of deep photometric data of 32 Galactic globular clusters. We analysed 69 parallel field images observed with the Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the Hubble Space Telescope which complemented the already available photometry from the globular cluster treasury project covering the central regions of these clusters. This unprecedented data set has been used to calculate the relative fraction of stars at different masses (i.e. the present-day mass function) in these clusters by comparing the observed distribution of stars along the cluster main sequence and across the analysed field of view with the prediction of multimass dynamical models. For a subsample of 31 clusters, we were able to obtain also the half-mass radii, mass-to-light ratios, and the mass fraction of dark remnants using available radial velocity information. We found that the majority of globular clusters have single power-law mass functions F(m) ∝ mα with slopes α &gt; −1 in the mass range 0.2 &lt; m/M⊙ &lt; 0.8. By exploring the correlations between the structural/dynamical and orbital parameters, we confirm the tight anticorrelation between the mass function slopes and the half-mass relaxation times already reported in previous works, and possible second-order dependence on the cluster metallicity. This might indicate the relative importance of both initial conditions and evolutionary effects on the present-day shape of the mass function.
Modelling thermochemical processes in protoplanetary discs I: numerical methods
Authors: Grassi T , Ercolano B , Szűcs L , Jennings J , Picogna G 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The dispersal phase of planet-forming discs via winds driven by irradiation from the central star and/or magnetic fields in the disc itself is likely to play an important role in the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Current theoretical models lack predictive power to adequately constrain observations. We present prizmo, a code for evolving thermochemistry in protoplanetary discs capable of being coupled with hydrodynamical and multifrequency radiative transfer codes. We describe the main features of the code, including gas and surface chemistry, photochemistry, microphysics, and the main cooling and heating processes. The results of a suite of benchmarks, which include photon-dominated regions, slabs illuminated by radiation spectra that include X-ray, and well-established cooling functions evaluated at different temperatures, show good agreement both in terms of chemical and thermal structures. The development of this code is an important step to perform quantitative spectroscopy of disc winds, and ultimately the calculation of line profiles, which is urgently needed to shed light on the nature of observed disc winds.
Characterization of optical light curves of extreme variability quasars over a ∼16-yr baseline
Authors: Luo Yuanze , Shen Yue , Yang Qian 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the optical light curves – primarily probing the variable emission from the accretion disc – of ∼900 extreme variability quasars (EVQs, with maximum flux variations more than 1 mag) over an observed-frame baseline of ∼16 yr using public data from the SDSS Stripe 82, PanSTARRS-1 and the Dark Energy Survey. We classify the multiyear long-term light curves of EVQs into three categories roughly in the order of decreasing smoothness: monotonic decreasing or increasing (3.7 per cent), single broad peak and dip (56.8 per cent), and more complex patterns (39.5 per cent). The rareness of monotonic cases suggests that the major mechanisms driving the extreme optical variability do not operate over time-scales much longer than a few years. Simulated light curves with a damped random walk model generally under-predict the first two categories with smoother long-term trends. Despite the different long-term behaviours of these EVQs, there is little dependence of the long-term trend on the physical properties of quasars, such as their luminosity, BH mass, and Eddington ratio. The large dynamic range of optical flux variability over multiyear time-scales of these EVQs allows us to explore the ensemble correlation between the short-term (≲6 months) variability and the seasonal-average flux across the decade-long baseline (the rms-mean flux relation). We find that unlike the results for X-ray variability studies, the linear short-term flux variations do not scale with the seasonal-average flux, indicating different mechanisms that drive the short-term flickering and long-term extreme variability of accretion disc emission. Finally, we present a sample of 16 EVQs, where the approximately bell-shaped large amplitude variation in the light curve can be reasonably well fit by a simple microlensing model.
Advanced glycation end-products accelerate telomere attrition and increase pro-inflammatory mediators in human WIL2-NS cells
Authors: Deo Permal , Dhillon Varinderpal S , Lim Wai Mun , Jaunay Emma L , Donnellan Leigh , Peake Brock , McCullough Caitlin , Fenech Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dietary sugars and advanced glycation end-products (AGE) on telomere dynamics in WIL2-NS cells. Dietary sugars [glucose (Glu) and fructose (Fru); 0.1 M each] were incubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) (10 mg/ml) at 60 ± 1°C for 6 weeks to generate AGE-BSA. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed total AGE levels as 87.74 ± 4.46 nmol/mg and 84.94 ± 4.28 nmol/mg respectively in Glu-BSA and Fru-BSA model. Cell treatment studies using WIL2-NS cells were based on either glucose, fructose (each 2.5–40 mM) or AGE-BSA (200–600 µg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner for 9 days. Telomere length (TL) was measured using qPCR. Nitric oxide (NO) production and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured in WIL2-NS culture medium. An increasing trend for TNF-α and NO production was observed with higher concentration of glucose (R2 = 0.358; P = 0.019; R2 = 0.307; P = 0.027) and fructose (R2 = 0.669; P = 0.001; R2 = 0.339; P = 0.006). A decreasing trend for TL (R2 = 0.828; P = 0.000), and an increasing trend for NO production (R2 = 0.352; P = 0.031) were observed with increasing Glu-BSA concentrations. Fru-BSA treatment did not show significant trend on TL (R2 = 0.135; P = 0.352) with increasing concentration, however, a significant reduction was observed at 600 µg/ml (P &lt; 0.01) when compared to BSA treatment. No trends for TNF-α levels and a decreasing trend on NO production (R2 = 0.5201; P = 0.019) was observed with increasing Fru-BSA treatment. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a potential relationship between dietary sugars, AGEs and telomere attrition. AGEs may also exert telomere shortening through the production of pro-inflammatory metabolites, which ultimately increase the risk of diabetes complications and age-related disease throughout lifespan.
Characterization of Cas12a nucleases reveals diverse PAM profiles between closely-related orthologs
Authors: Jacobsen Thomas , Ttofali Fani , Liao Chunyu , Manchalu Srinivas , Gray Benjamin N , Beisel Chase L 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems comprise diverse adaptive immune systems in prokaryotes whose RNA-directed nucleases have been co-opted for various technologies. Recent efforts have focused on expanding the number of known CRISPR-Cas subtypes to identify nucleases with novel properties. However, the functional diversity of nucleases within each subtype remains poorly explored. Here, we used cell-free transcription-translation systems and human cells to characterize six Cas12a single-effector nucleases from the V-A subtype, including nucleases sharing high sequence identity. While these nucleases readily utilized each other's guide RNAs, they exhibited distinct PAM profiles and apparent targeting activities that did not track based on phylogeny. In particular, two Cas12a nucleases encoded by Prevotella ihumii (PiCas12a) and Prevotella disiens (PdCas12a) shared over 95% amino-acid identity yet recognized distinct PAM profiles, with PiCas12a but not PdCas12a accommodating multiple G’s in PAM positions -2 through -4 and T in position -1. Mutational analyses transitioning PiCas12a to PdCas12a resulted in PAM profiles distinct from either nuclease, allowing more flexible editing in human cells. Cas12a nucleases therefore can exhibit widely varying properties between otherwise related orthologs, suggesting selective pressure to diversify PAM recognition and supporting expansion of the CRISPR toolbox through ortholog mining and PAM engineering.
Early Multicenter Experience With the Neuroform Atlas Stent: Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy
Authors: Sweid Ahmad , Herial Nabeel , Sajja Kalyan , Chalouhi Nohra , Velagapudi Lohit , Doermann Allison , Kardon Adam , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula , Zarzour Hekmat , Smith Michelle J , Choe Hana , Shah Qaisar , Mackenzie Larami , Kozak Osman , Rosenwasser Robert H , Jabbour Pascal , Gooch M Reid 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The Neuroform Atlas stent™ (by Stryker, Fremont, California) represents the most recent widely available upgrade to intracranial stenting, providing a laser cut open cell stent with a diameter of 3.0 to 4.5 mm that is delivered through an 0.017-inch microcatheter.

OBJECTIVE
To report our initial multicenter experience of the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of the Atlas stent used for treating aneurysms, as well as one case of intracranial stenosis and one carotid artery dissection as well as other pathologies.

METHODS
A retrospective multicenter study of subjects treated with Atlas stent during the period 2018 to 2019.

RESULTS
The total number of patients included in our analysis was 71 patients. The stent was utilized to treat 69 aneurysm cases. Of the aneurysms, 36% presented with acute rupture and 56% of the ruptured aneurysms were high grade. Mean aneurysm dimension was 7 mm with an average neck width of 4.1 mm. Around 30% had received prior treatment. Telescoping or Y-stent was used in 16% of cases. We did not observe any symptomatic major complications in our series. Asymptomatic major complications were seen in 7 patients (10.1%); technical complications occurred in 4.3%. Immediate modified Raymond-Roy-occlusion-outcome class I/II was observed in 87%, and this increased to 97.7% at latest follow-up, which was at 4 mo; 91.8% of patients achieved favorable clinical outcome, and mortality rate was 1.4%.

CONCLUSION
Our series demonstrates the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of the Atlas stent. The low complication rate and the high obliteration rate managing complex aneurysms, even in an acute ruptured setting, are notable.
Intrinsic Cortico-Subcortical Functional Connectivity in Developmental Dyslexia and Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Cignetti Fabien , Nemmi Federico , Vaugoyeau Marianne , Girard Nadine , Albaret Jean-Michel , Chaix Yves , Péran Patrice , Assaiante Christine 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDevelopmental dyslexia (DD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are distinct diagnostic disorders. However, they also frequently co-occur and may share a common etiology. It was proposed conceptually a neural network framework that explains differences and commonalities between DD and DCD through impairments of distinct or intertwined cortico-subcortical connectivity pathways. The present study addressed this issue by exploring intrinsic cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity in a large (n = 136) resting-state fMRI cohort study of 8–12-year-old children with typical development and with DD and/or DCD. We delineated a set of cortico-subcortical functional circuits believed to be associated with the brain’s main functions (visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention, ventral attention, limbic, frontoparietal control, and default-mode). Next, we assessed, using general linear and multiple kernel models, whether and which circuits distinguished between the groups. Findings revealed that somatomotor cortico-cerebellar and frontoparietal cortico-striatal circuits are affected in the presence of DCD, including abnormalities in cortico-cerebellar connections targeting motor-related regions and cortico-striatal connections mapping onto posterior parietal cortex. Thus, DCD but not DD may be considered as an impairment of cortico-subcortical functional circuits.