bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Criminal Law and the Violence against Migrants
Authors: Kalpouzos Ioannis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractShould we use the language of international criminal law (ICL) to discuss, analyze, and address Western policies of migration control? Such policies have included or resulted in indefinite and inhumane detention, deportations, including through practices of push- and pull-backs and numerous deaths of migrants attempting to cross land or sea borders. And yet, recourse to ICL's conceptual and rhetorical apparatus, often reserved for “unimaginable atrocities,” may seem ill-fitting and an emotive stretch of doctrine. Drawing from international strategic litigation practice on Australian and European policies, this article examines whether the legal concept of crimes against humanity can apply to the deaths, detention, and deportation of migrants, as part and consequence of Western policies of migration control. As migration control policies involve increasingly sophisticated practices of outsourcing and responsibility avoidance, I further ask whether the tools ICL has developed to describe system criminality can trace individual liability against the distance created by such policies. I also inquire into the potential that the transnational nature of migration and the spreading of anti-migration policies have in activating the jurisdiction of courts and the prioritization of the role of the International Criminal Court. Finally, I consider the danger of fetishizing an international punitive approach, before offering some thoughts that aim to bridge a critical approach to international criminal law with its use in meaningful strategic litigation. Throughout the Article, I argue that applying the categories of ICL to Western policies of migration control can contribute to revealing both the potential and the limits of the regime and its institutions, as well as the structures of asymmetry and injustice present both in anti-migration policies and in international criminal law itself.
Correlating charge and thermoelectric transport to paracrystallinity in conducting polymers
Authors: Abutaha Anas , Kumar Pawan , Yildirim Erol , Shi Wen , Yang Shuo-Wang , Wu Gang , Hippalgaonkar Kedar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe conceptual understanding of charge transport in conducting polymers is still ambiguous due to a wide range of paracrystallinity (disorder). Here, we advance this understanding by presenting the relationship between transport, electronic density of states and scattering parameter in conducting polymers. We show that the tail of the density of states possesses a Gaussian form confirmed by two-dimensional tight-binding model supported by Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamics simulations. Furthermore, by using the Boltzmann Transport Equation, we find that transport can be understood by the scattering parameter and the effective density of states. Our model aligns well with the experimental transport properties of a variety of conducting polymers; the scattering parameter affects electrical conductivity, carrier mobility, and Seebeck coefficient, while the effective density of states only affects the electrical conductivity. We hope our results advance the fundamental understanding of charge transport in conducting polymers to further enhance their performance in electronic applications.
The Scaly-foot Snail genome and implications for the origins of biomineralised armour
Authors: Sun Jin , Chen Chong , Miyamoto Norio , Li Runsheng , Sigwart Julia D. , Xu Ting , Sun Yanan , Wong Wai Chuen , Ip Jack C. H. , Zhang Weipeng , Lan Yi , Bissessur Dass , Watsuji Tomo-o , Watanabe Hiromi Kayama , Takaki Yoshihiro , Ikeo Kazuho , Fujii Nobuyuki , Yoshitake Kazutoshi , Qiu Jian-Wen , Takai Ken , Qian Pei-Yuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Scaly-foot Snail,Chrysomallon squamiferum, presents a combination of biomineralised features, reminiscent of enigmatic early fossil taxa with complex shells and sclerites such as sachtids, but in a recently-diverged living species which even has iron-infused hard parts. Thus the Scaly-foot Snail is an ideal model to study the genomic mechanisms underlying the evolutionary diversification of biomineralised armour. Here, we present a high-quality whole-genome assembly and tissue-specific transcriptomic data, and show that scale and shell formation in the Scaly-foot Snail employ independent subsets of 25 highly-expressed transcription factors. Comparisons with other lophotrochozoan genomes imply that this biomineralisation toolkit is ancient, though expression patterns differ across major lineages. We suggest that the ability of lophotrochozoan lineages to generate a wide range of hard parts, exemplified by the remarkable morphological disparity in Mollusca, draws on a capacity for dynamic modification of the expression and positioning of toolkit elements across the genome.
Antarctic Krill Lipid and Fatty acid Content Variability is Associated to Satellite Derived Chlorophyll a and Sea Surface Temperatures
Authors: Hellessey Nicole , Johnson Robert , Ericson Jessica A. , Nichols Peter D. , Kawaguchi So , Nicol Stephen , Hoem Nils , Virtue Patti 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAntarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a key component of the Antarctic food web with considerable lipid reserves that are vital for their health and higher predator survival. Krill lipids are primarily derived from their diet of plankton, in particular diatoms and flagellates. Few attempts have been made to link the spatial and temporal variations in krill lipids to those in their food supply. Remotely-sensed environmental parameters provide large-scale information on the potential availability of krill food, although relating this to physiological and biochemical differences has only been performed on small scales and with limited samples. Our study utilised remotely-sensed data (chlorophyllaand sea surface temperature) coupled with krill lipid data obtained from 3 years of fishery-derived samples. We examined within and between year variation of trends in both the environment and krill biochemistry data. Chlorophyllalevels were positively related to krill lipid levels, particularly triacylglycerol. Plankton fatty acid biomarkers analysed in krill (such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) increased with decreasing sea surface temperature and increasing chlorophyllalevels. Our study demonstrates the utility of combining remote-sensing and biochemical data in examining biological and physiological relationships between Antarctic krill and the Southern Ocean environment.
Opposing influences of TAC1 and LAZY1 on Lateral Shoot Orientation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hollender Courtney A. , Hill Joseph L. , Waite Jessica , Dardick Chris 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTAC1 and LAZY1 are members of a gene family that regulates lateral shoot orientation in plants. TAC1 promotes outward orientations in response to light, while LAZY1 promotes upward shoot orientations in response to gravity via altered auxin transport. We performed genetic, molecular, and biochemical assays to investigate possible interactions between these genes. In Arabidopsis they were expressed in similar tissues and double mutants revealed the wide-angled lazy1 branch phenotype, indicating it is epistatic to the tac1 shoot phenotype. Surprisingly, the lack of TAC1 did not influence gravitropic shoot curvature responses. Combined, these results suggest TAC1 might negatively regulate LAZY1 to promote outward shoot orientations. However, additional results revealed that TAC1- and LAZY1 influence on shoot orientation is more complex than a simple direct negative regulatory pathway. Transcriptomes of Arabidopsis tac1 and lazy1 mutants compared to wild type under normal and gravistimulated conditions revealed few overlapping differentially expressed genes. Overexpression of each gene did not result in major branch angle differences. Shoot tip hormone levels were similar between tac1, lazy1, and Col, apart from exceptionally elevated levels of salicylic acid in lazy1. The data presented here provide a foundation for future study of TAC1 and LAZY1 regulation of shoot architecture.
Skin transcriptome profiling of Changthangi goats highlights the relevance of genes involved in Pashmina production
Authors: Ahlawat Sonika , Arora Reena , Sharma Rekha , Sharma Upasna , Kaur Mandeep , Kumar Ashish , Singh Karan Veer , Singh Manoj Kumar , Vijh Ramesh Kumar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPashmina, the world’s finest natural fiber is derived from secondary hair follicles of Changthangi goats which are domesticated in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir by nomadic pastoralists. Complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions involving numerous signal molecules and signaling pathways govern hair follicle morphogenesis and mitosis across different species. The present study involved transcriptome profiling of skin from fiber type Changthangi goats and meat type Barbari goats to unravel gene networks and metabolic pathways that might contribute to Pashmina development. In Changthangi goats, 525 genes were expressed at significantly higher levels and 54 at significantly lower levels with fold change >2 (padj < 0.05). Functional annotation and enrichment analysis identified significantly enriched pathways to be formation of the cornified envelope, keratinization and developmental biology. Expression of genes for keratins (KRTs) and keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs) was observed to be much higher in Changthangi goats. A host of transcriptional regulator genes for hair follicle keratin synthesis such as GPRC5D, PADI3, HOXC13, FOXN1, LEF1 and ELF5 showed higher transcript abundance in Pashmina producing goats. Positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway and negative regulation of Oncostatin M signaling pathway may be speculated to be important contributors to hair follicle development and hair shaft differentiation in Changthangi goats.
Frequent Outpatient Visits Prevent Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Park Hye Jung , Byun Min Kwang , Kim Taehee , Rhee Chin Kook , Kim Kyungjoo , Kim Bo Yeon , Ahn Sang In , Jo Yon U , Yoo Kwang-Ha 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory airway disease requiring frequent outpatient visits and lifelong management. We aimed to evaluate the roles of frequent outpatient visits in prognosis of COPD. We used claims data in the national medical insurance review system provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of Korea from May 1, 2014 to April 30, 2015. A definition of COPD was used based on the diagnosis code and medication. Frequent visitors were defined as subjects who visited the outpatient clinic for COPD three or more times per year. Among 159,025 subjects, 117,483 (73.9%) were classified as frequent visitors. Frequent visitors underwent pulmonary function tests and used various inhalers more often than did infrequent visitors. The rates of COPD exacerbation requiring admission to a general ward, emergency room, or intensive care unit were significantly lower in frequent visitors than in infrequent visitors. In multivariable analysis, frequent visits were identified as an independent factor preventing COPD exacerbation that required admission to a ward (odds ratio [OR], 0.387), emergency room, (OR, 0.558), or intensive care unit (OR, 0.39) (all P < 0.001). In conclusion, we showed frequent outpatient visits reduce the risk of COPD exacerbation by 45–60%.
The efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive therapies in the treatment of IgA nephropathy: A network meta-analysis
Authors: Tan Jiaxing , Dong Lingqiu , Ye Donghui , Tang Yi , Hu Tengyue , Zhong Zhengxia , Tarun Padamata , Xu Yicong , Qin Wei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a common autoimmune glomerulonephritis that can result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Whether immunosuppressants are superior or equivalent to supportive care is still controversial. A network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive treatment for IgAN. Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched on December 30, 2018. We used a random-effects model with a Bayesian approach to appraise both renal outcomes and serious adverse effects. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to present the relative effects. The ranking probabilities were calculated by the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). In total, 24 RCTs comprising 6 interventions were analyzed. Steroids significantly delayed the progression of renal deterioration with acceptable serious adverse effects, compared with supportive care (RR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.13–0.51, SUCRA = 48.7%). AZA combined with steroids might be an alternative immunosuppressive therapy. Tacrolimus might decrease the proteinuria level (RR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.2–9.4, SUCRA = 66.5%) but cannot improve renal function, and the side effects of tacrolimus should not be neglected. MMF and CYC showed no superiority in the treatment of IgAN. In summary, steroids might be recommended as the first-line immunosuppressive therapy for IgAN.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Prognosis for GBPs in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wu Zeng-Hong , Cai Fucheng , Zhong Yi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGuanylate binding proteins (GBPs) belongs to the interferons (IFNs) induced guanylate-binding protein family (Guanosine triphosphatases, GTPases) consisting of seven homologous members, termedGBP1toGBP7. We used multidimensional survey ways to exploreGBPsexpression, regulation, mutations, immune infiltration and functional networks in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient data based on various open databases. The study provides staggered evidence for the significance ofGBPsin HNSCC and its potential role as a novel biomarker. Our results showed that over expressions of 7GBPsmembers and multivariate analysis suggested that N-stage, high expressions ofGBP1and low expression ofGBP6/7were linked to shorter OS in HNSCC patients. In addition, B cells of immune infiltrates stimulant the prognosis and might have a medical prognostic significance linked toGBPsin HNSCC. We assume thatGBPsplay a synergistic role in the viral related HNSCC. Our results show that data mining efficiently reveals information aboutGBPsexpression in HNSCC and more importance lays a foundation for further research on the role ofGBPsin cancers.
GC-MS metabolomics reveals metabolic differences of the farmed Mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi in recirculating ponds aquaculture system and pond
Authors: Xiao Mingsong , Qian Kelin , Wang Yuliang , Bao Fangyin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSiniperca chuatsi is currently one of the most important economic farmed freshwater fish in China. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of recirculating ponds aquaculture system (RAS)-farmed S. chuatsi. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) metabolomic platform was used to comprehensively analyze the effects of recirculating ponds aquaculture system (RAS) on the Mandarin fish S. chuatsi metabolism. Database searching and statistical analysis revealed that there were altogether 335 metabolites quantified (similarity > 0) and 205 metabolites were identified by mass spectrum matching with a spectral similarity > 700. Among the 335 metabolites quantified, 33 metabolites were significantly different (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05) between RAS and pond groups. In these thirty-three metabolites, taurine, 1-Hexadecanol, Shikimic Acid, Alloxanoic Acid and Acetaminophen were higher in the pond group, while 28 metabolites were increased notably in the RAS group. The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, lysosome, tryptophan metabolism were recommended as the KEGG pathway maps for S. chuatsi farmed in RAS. RAS can provide comprehensive benefits to the effects of Siniperca chuatsi metabolism, which suggest RAS is an efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly farming system compared to pond system.
Spatial distribution of esophageal cancer mortality in China: a machine learning approach
Authors: Liao Yilan , Li Chunlin , Xia Changfa , Zheng Rongshou , Xu Bing , Zeng Hongmei , Zhang Siwei , Wang Jinfeng , Chen Wanqing 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers, causing many people to die every year worldwide. Accurate estimations of the spatial distribution of EC are essential for effective cancer prevention.

Methods
EC mortality surveillance data covering 964 surveyed counties in China in 2014 and three classes of auxiliary data, including physical condition, living habits and living environment data, were collected. Genetic programming (GP), a hierarchical Bayesian model and sandwich estimation were used to estimate the spatial distribution of female EC mortality. Finally, we evaluated the accuracy of the three mapping methods.

Results
The results show that compared with the root square mean error (RMSE) of the hierarchical Bayesian model at 6.546 and the sandwich estimation at 7.611, the RMSE of GP is the lowest at 5.894. According to the distribution estimated by GP, the mortality of female EC was low in some regions of Northeast China, Northwest China and southern China; in some regions downstream of the Yellow River Basin, north of the Yangtze River in the Yangtze River Basin and in Southwest China, the mortality rate was relatively high.

Conclusions
This paper provides an accurate map of female EC mortality in China. A series of targeted preventive measures can be proposed based on the spatial disparities displayed on the map.
Evaluation of compliance with the 2017 Canadian Paediatric Society Position Statement for the management of newborns at risk for early-onset sepsis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Simeonova Marina , Piszczek Jolanta , Hoi Sannifer , Harder Curtis , Pelligra Gustavo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Due to the nonspecific clinical presentation, clinicians often empirically treat newborns at risk of early-onset sepsis (EOS). Recently, the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) published updated recommendations that promote a more judicious approach to EOS management.

Objective
To examine the compliance with the CPS statement at a tertiary perinatal site and characterize the types of deviations.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was conducted for all term and late pre-term newborns at risk for sepsis, between January 1 and June 30, 2018. The prevalence of newborns with EOS risk factors was measured during the first month. Management strategies for eligible newborns during the 6-month period were compared to the CPS recommendations to establish the rate of noncompliance. The type of noncompliance, readmission rate, and rate of culture-positive EOS were examined.

Results
In the first month, 29% (66 of 228) of newborns had EOS risk factors. Among the 100 newborns born in the 6-month period for whom the CPS recommendations apply, 47 (47%) received noncompliant management. Of those, 51% (N=24) had inappropriately initiated investigations, 17% (N=8) had inappropriate antibiotics, and 32% (N=15) had both. The rate of readmission for a septic workup was 1.6% (N= 2). None had culture-positive sepsis while admitted.

Conclusion
A large proportion of term and late preterm newborns (29%) had EOS risk factors, but none had culture-confirmed EOS. The rate of noncompliance with the CPS recommendations was high (47%), mainly due to overzealous management. Future initiatives should aim at increasing compliance, particularly in newborns at lower EOS risk.
Constructing Pornography Addiction’s Harms in Science, News Media, and Politics
Authors: Burke Kelsy , MillerMacPhee Alice 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn order to describe pornography’s harms in the twenty-first century, an age of unprecedented access to Internet technology, some advocates—including activists, religious leaders, politicians, and scientists—use a medical/scientific framework to claim that pornography is biologically addictive. This article examines public discourse on “pornography addiction” to extend theories of sociology of science and sociology of sexualities about scientific knowledge and the biomedicalization of sex and sexuality. Using content analysis of over 600 documents, including scientific studies, newspaper articles, and state government resolutions, we show how references to pornography as addictive emerged in the twenty-first century and grew most substantially in the last decade. We find that scientific studies largely offer inconclusive results, yet media and political discourses use biomedical scientific language to describe how pornography directly harms the physical and mental health of individual consumers, presumed to be men, and indirectly harms broader society. These include harms to heterosexual marriages and relationships, lawful society, and normal sexual desires. Thus, we find that pornography addiction serves as an illustration of how political actors and journalists are interpreters and claims-makers of scientific knowledge about sexuality in the public sphere. Scientific language, rooted in neurobiology, allows claims-makers to construct pornography addiction as a seemingly objective public threat that legitimizes stereotypes about binary gender and normative (hetero)sexuality.
N95 Mask Decontamination using Standard Hospital Sterilization Technologies
Authors: Kumar Anand , Kasloff Samantha B. , Leung Anders , Cutts Todd , Strong James E. , Hills Kevin , Vazquez-Grande Gloria , Rush Barret , Lother Sylvain , Zarychanski Ryan , Krishnan Jay 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe response to the COVID-19 epidemic is generating severe shortages of personal protective equipment around the world. In particular, the supply of N95 respirator masks has become severely depleted, with supplies having to be rationed and health care workers having to use masks for prolonged periods in many countries. We sought to test the ability of 5 different decontamination methods: autoclave treatment, ethylene oxide gassing, low temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma treatment, vaporous hydrogen peroxide exposure and peracetic acid dry fogging to decontaminate a variety of different N95 masks of experimental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 or Vesicular stomatitis virus as a surrogate. In addition, we sought to determine whether masks would tolerate repeated cycles of decontamination while maintaining structural and functional integrity. We found that one cycle of treatment with all modalities was effective in decontamination and was associated with no structural or functional deterioration. Vaporous hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid dry fogging and autoclave treatments were associated with no loss of structural or functional integrity to a minimum of 10 cycles for the mask models tested. The molded N95 masks however tolerated only 1 cycle of autoclaving. The successful application of autoclaving for layered fabric, pleated masks may be of particular use to institutions globally due to the virtually universal accessibility of autoclaves in health care settings.