bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Acceptance Towards Mammography as Breast Cancer Screening Tool Among Yogyakarta Women and Health Care Providers (Mammography Screening in Indonesia)
Authors: Choridah Lina , Icanervilia Ajeng Viska , de Wit Marloes Josephia Maria , van Asselt Antoinette D.I. , Kurniawan Wahyu Tri , Fahmi Yusnia Irchami , Rengganis Anggraeni Ayu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAnnual mammography remains the gold standard of asymptomatic breast cancer screening for women starting at the age of 40. However, Indonesia has not designated mammography as its national screening program. To help policymakers decide whether mammography should be introduced into a national program, it is important to comprehensively understand the knowledge and acceptance of both consumers and providers. A total of 25 subjects including a range of women and health care professionals (HCPs) in Yogyakarta Province were recruited using purposive, maximum variation sampling and then interviewed in-depth. The interviews were recorded and all data were taken and transcribed from the audio recording, which were subsequently translated to English and analyzed thematically. Almost all of Yogyakarta women had heard about the term of mammography. However, only few of them have let themselves be screened, mainly because of their perceived lack of urgency to screen for asymptomatic breast cancer. Another important reason was the high cost of mammography. Meanwhile, several HCPs believed that breast cancer has not been a priority for the government and hence the government limited mammography screening’s access and excluded it from the national insurance coverage. Most women in Yogyakarta have a good understanding about breast cancer screening, but their acceptance of mammography as a breast cancer screening tool is significantly influenced by high cost, limited access, and lack of urgency.
On Equilibrium Properties of the Replicator–Mutator Equation in Deterministic and Random Games
Authors: Duong Manh Hong , Han The Anh 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we study the number of equilibria of the replicator–mutator dynamics for both deterministic and random multi-player two-strategy evolutionary games. For deterministic games, using Descartes’ rule of signs, we provide a formula to compute the number of equilibria in multi-player games via the number of change of signs in the coefficients of a polynomial. For two-player social dilemmas (namely the Prisoner’s Dilemma, Snow Drift, Stag Hunt and Harmony), we characterize (stable) equilibrium points and analytically calculate the probability of having a certain number of equilibria when the payoff entries are uniformly distributed. For multi-player random games whose pay-offs are independently distributed according to a normal distribution, by employing techniques from random polynomial theory, we compute the expected or average number of internal equilibria. In addition, we perform extensive simulations by sampling and averaging over a large number of possible payoff matrices to compare with and illustrate analytical results. Numerical simulations also suggest several interesting behaviours of the average number of equilibria when the number of players is sufficiently large or when the mutation is sufficiently small. In general, we observe that introducing mutation results in a larger average number of internal equilibria than when mutation is absent, implying that mutation leads to larger behavioural diversity in dynamical systems. Interestingly, this number is largest when mutation is rare rather than when it is frequent.
Biomechanical Comparison of Lumbar Motion Unit Stability Following Posterior Instrumentation with Facet Spacers and Facet Screws
Authors: Liu Mu-Yi , Tsai Tsung-Ting , Chen Lih-Huei , Liang Wen-Huang , Lai Po-Liang , Tai Ching-Lung 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeLumbar posterior instrumentation for facet stabilization has become popular for the treatment of lumbar instability. The present study investigated and compared facet stabilization following lumbar posterior instrumentation with facet spacers and facet screws using porcine lumbar spines.MethodsEighteen L5–L6 lumbar motion units (LMUs) of the porcine spines were randomly divided into three groups (un-instrumented, facet-spacer and facet-screw). In the un-instrumented group (control), all ligamentous structures were preserved. In the facet-spacer group, two facet spacers were inserted into the joint spaces of the bilateral upper and lower facets. In the facet-screw group, two cannulated screws were used to transfix the bilateral upper and lower facets. With the use of a material testing machine, a gradually increasing moment of up to 6000 N-mm was generated in flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion motions to compare facet stabilization among the groups.ResultsThe facet-spacer group was significantly stiffer than the facet-screw group in extension (p = 0.013), whereas the facet-screw group was significantly stiffer than the facet-spacer group in axial rotation (p = 0.004). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two fixation techniques in flexion (p = 0.284) and lateral bending (p = 0.085).ConclusionBoth facet-spacer and facet-screw fixation techniques significantly improve stability in a single LMU. Facet-spacer fixation provided better stabilization in extension, while facet-screw fixation provided better stabilization in axial rotation.
Incidence of dementia in the oldest‐old and its relationship with age: The Monzino 80‐plus population‐based study
Authors: Lucca Ugo , Tettamanti Mauro , Tiraboschi Pietro , Logroscino Giancarlo , Landi Cristina , Sacco Leonardo , Garrì Mariateresa , Ammesso Sonia , Biotti Anna , Gargantini Elena , Piedicorcia Alessandro , Mandelli Sara , Riva Emma , Galbussera Alessia A. , Recchia Angela 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionRelationship between age and dementia at extreme old ages is still an open question, yet population‐based studies in this high‐risk age segment are rare.MethodsThe Monzino 80‐plus is a population‐based study among residents 80 years and older in the Varese province, Italy. Of 1371 eligible individuals, 1294 (94.4%), of whom 64 are centenarians, were included in the incidence study.ResultsSince 2002, 584 new cases of all‐cause dementia were identified over 15 years. The overall incidence rate was 7.9 per 100 person‐years. Dementia risk rose with age (IRR: 1.06), with the cubic model providing the best fit (R2 = 0.91–0.96). Cumulative incidences of dementia unadjusted and adjusted for competing mortality risk progressively diverged with age.ConclusionDementia incidence also keeps rising in nonagenarians and centenarians. Slowing down in growing risk of developing dementia with age is mainly attributable to increasing competing risk of death and resulting selective survival of individuals at lower risk of dementia.
The Spillover Effect of Marketing Discolored Beef on Consumer Preferences for Nondiscolored Beef
Authors: Feuz Ryan , Norwood F. Bailey , Ramanathan Ranjith 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConsumers prefer bright, cherry-red retail beef. Retailers often mark down the price of discolored beef for quick sale. However, following this practice could result in a net loss of revenue if consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for nondiscolored beef is negatively affected by the presence of discolored beef in the consumer choice set. Through a hypothetical online survey and a controlled in-person experiment, we determine that marketing discolored beef together with nondiscolored beef increases most consumers’ evaluation of, but not their WTP for, nondiscolored beef.
Thunder Versus Lightning: A Performance and Cost Analysis of the A-10 “Warthog” Versus the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
Authors: Green John , Zeckhauser Richard 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFor decades, the U.S. Air Force has contemplated replacing the A-10 Thunderbolt II “Warthog” with a newer fighter aircraft. However, a quantitative analysis comparing the Warthog’s performance and costs with those of its intended replacement, the F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter, shows that retiring the Warthog would be operationally unsound and fiscally imprudent. The rationale for the replacement is that it would increase airpower capability while controlling costs. That rationale does not withstand scrutiny. An effectiveness analysis based on results from a survey of joint terminal attack controllers indicates that the A-10 vastly outperforms the F-35 in providing close-air support (CAS), a critical requirement for future conflicts against terrorists and insurgents. A cost analysis demonstrates that replacing the A-10 before its service life ends in 2035 would cost at least $20.9 billion. The replacement plan would waste substantial resources and seriously impair U.S. military capabilities. Given that constrained future budgets and low-intensity conflicts requiring precision CAS can be expected, the U.S. air fleet should include the A-10 Thunderbolt II.
Catching Up Is Hard to Do: Undergraduate Prestige, Elite Graduate Programs, and the Earnings Premium
Authors: Hersch Joni 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA commonly held perception is that an elite graduate degree can “scrub” a less prestigious but less costly undergraduate degree. Using data from the National Survey of College Graduates from 2003 to 2017, this article examines the relationship between the status of undergraduate degrees and earnings among those with elite postbaccalaureate degrees. Few graduates of non-selective institutions earn postbaccalaureate degrees from elite institutions, and even when they do, undergraduate institutional prestige continues to be positively related to earnings overall as well as among those with specific postbaccalaureate degrees including business, law, medicine, and doctoral. Among those who earn a graduate degree from an elite institution, the present value of the earnings advantage to having both an undergraduate and a graduate degree from an elite institution generally greatly exceeds any likely cost advantage from attending a less prestigious undergraduate institution.
State liability for ‘politically’ motivated conduct in the investment treaty regime
Authors: Bonnitcha Jonathan , Williams Zoe Phillips 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn framing investment treaty claims against host states, foreign investors routinely assert that the state’s conduct was ‘politically’ motivated. Arbitral tribunals must then grapple with these allegations. Yet, tribunals lack both a coherent conception of what constitutes politically motivated conduct and a consistent understanding of the relevance, if any, of such motivations for the disposition of an investor’s legal claims. This uncertainty points to an underlying tension within the investment treaty regime between the protection of investors’ interests on the one hand, and the legitimate scope for democratic decision-making and responsive politics on the other.Using concepts drawn from political science, we develop a new framework to map the variety of conduct that tribunals characterize as ‘political’. Our framework draws attention to different types of influence over government decision-making, as well as differences between government actors responsible for the conduct. We use this framework to show that tribunals have adopted different conceptions of what constitutes illegitimate political influence over government decision-making in factually similar cases. We then evaluate tribunals’ competing approaches in light of normative theories spanning both public law and private law. Engaging with multiple normative theories allows us to examine whether tribunals’ different approaches to politically motivated conduct might reflect diverse underlying normative commitments. We argue, however, that many arbitral tribunals demonstrate a reflexive distrust of domestic political contestation that is difficult to justify within any of the theories that we consider.
Climate risk reporting practices by UK insurance companies and pension schemes
Authors: Klumpes P. , Acharyya M. , Kakar G. , Sturgess E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Increasing global concern over the impact of climate change has recently led to public scrutiny over the adequacy of existing risk management practices by insurance companies and pension schemes in dealing with these challenges that potentially impact both individual actuaries and the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries generally. Most recently, the Prudential Regulation Authority has issued further guidance concerning its expectations for the UK insurance industry regarding the development of an approach to disclosure on and management of the financial risks from climate change, while a Parliamentary Committee has demanded public clarification from UK pension scheme trustees regarding their degree of engagement with incorporating climate-related financial risks into their investment decision-making. The aim of this paper is to identify the dominating factors of the current evolvement of UK insurance companies’ and pension schemes’ climate risk disclosure practices. This paper analyses both the nature and extent of changes in the risk reporting practices of these entities that have evolved in order to meet these demands for increased accountability. We first analyse relevant sections of latest annual reports produced by a sample of 15 UK insurance companies and 15 pension schemes. We find only limited alignment of insurance firm and pension scheme annual reports with the 11 specific Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosure’s (TCFD) recommended disclosures. We also examine what key financial risk and/or other organisational characteristics are most closely associated with the degree of alignment with TCFD specified disclosures related to governance, strategy, risk management and performance metrics. We find that incentives facing sample insurance companies to align their climate-related disclosures with TCFD recommendations are related to their management of reputation risk (measured on the basis of size and type of business). Whereas the incentives facing pension schemes are related to the desire to reduce information asymmetry (measured by liability risk) among their stakeholders concerning this issue. Further, consistent with a stakeholder theory explanation, it appears that only a minority of large, publicly listed insurance companies and large local government pension schemes are taking action to report on their actions to mitigate climate risk. We also discuss examples of best practice climate risk reporting. The implications for the actuarial profession in engaging with climate risk are discussed in line with the findings of the study.
Slowly but surely: Interpreting facilitates L2 morphological anticipation based on suprasegmental and segmental information
Authors: Lozano-Argüelles Cristina , Sagarra Nuria , Casillas Joseph V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNative speakers use suprasegmental information to predict words, but less is known about segmental information. Moreover, anticipatory studies with non-native speakers are scarce and mix proficiency with anticipatory experience. To address these limitations, we investigated whether Spanish monolinguals and advanced English learners of Spanish use suprasegmentals (stress: oxytone, paroxytone) and segmentals (syllabic structure: CVC, CV) to predict word suffixes, and whether increased anticipatory experience acquired via interpreting will facilitate anticipation in non-interpreting L2 situations. Eye-tracking data revealed that: (1) the three groups made use of the linguistic variables, and L2 groups did not anticipate in CV paroxytones; (2) everybody anticipated better with the less frequent conditions (oxytones, CVC) having fewer lexical competitors; (3) monolinguals anticipated earlier than L2 learners; and (4) interpreters anticipated at a faster rate in some conditions. These findings indicate that less frequent suprasegmental and segmental information and anticipatory experience facilitate native and non-native spoken word prediction.
Validation of Microphysical Snow Models Using In Situ, Multifrequency, and Dual‐Polarization Radar Measurements in Finland
Authors: Tyynelä J. , von Lerber Annakaisa 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs complex forward models for snow have become common in radar‐based retrievals, there is a demand to validate these models in different environments. In this study, we perform a qualitative, general validation for nine different snow models that have been published and are available to users. The chosen models span a variety of different snow types, such as aggregates, rimed aggregates, melted aggregates, graupel, and single crystals, mainly because these particles are commonly observed in the Finnish climate. Fitted power law formulas for mass, fall velocity, aspect ratio, and area ratio are compared between the models and 5‐year winter measurements in the Hyytiälä forestry field station in Finland. We also compare the backscattering properties of the models to triple‐frequency dual‐polarization radar measurements during the Biogenic Aerosols Effects on Clouds and Climate campaign in 2014. We find that the denser models, regardless of the exact shapes, fit the in situ measurements best due to the prevalence of rime in the falling snow. However, when comparing also to the triple‐frequency radar measurements at X, Ka, and W bands, and the linear depolarization ratio at Ka band, the physical snow models fit overall better than the empirical ones.
Influence of Incoming Plate Relief on Overriding Plate Deformation and Earthquake Nucleation: Cocos Ridge Subduction (Costa Rica)
Authors: Martínez‐Loriente Sara , Sallarès Valentí , R. Ranero César , B. Ruh Jonas , Barckhausen Udo , Grevemeyer Ingo , Bangs Nathan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present a 2‐D P wave velocity model and a coincident multichannel seismic reflection profile characterizing the structure of the southern Costa Rica margin and incoming Cocos Ridge. The seismic profiles image the ocean and overriding plates from the trench across the entire offshore margin, including the structures involved in the 2002 Osa earthquake. The overriding plate consists of three domains: Domain I displays thin‐skinned deformation of an imbricate thrust system composed of fractured rocks. Domain II shows ~15‐km‐long landward dipping reflection packages and active deformation of the shelf sediment. Domain III is little fractured and appears to be dominated by elastic deformation, overlain by ~2‐km‐thick landward dipping strata. The velocity structure supports the argument that the bulk of the margin is highly consolidated rock. Thick‐skinned tectonics probably causes the uplift of Domains II and III. The oceanic plate shows crustal thickness variations from ~14 km at the trench (Cocos Ridge) to 6–7 km beneath the shelf. We combine (1) interplate geometry and fracturing degree, (2) tectonic stresses and brittle strain, and (3) earthquake locations, to investigate relationships between structure and earthquake generation. The 2002 Osa sequence nucleated at the leading flank of subducting seamounts in the area of highest tectonic overpressure. Both estimated rock fracturing and modeled brittle strain steadily increase from the leading flank of the subducting seamounts to their top, reflecting the progressive damage caused by the seamount. Therefore, the seismicity and structural‐mechanical evolution of the upper plate reflect the downward propagation of the leading edge of seamounts.
Prior cocaine self-administration impairs attention signals in anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Vázquez Daniela , Pribut Heather J. , Burton Amanda C. , Tennyson Stephen S. , Roesch Matthew R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough maladaptive decision-making is a defining feature of drug abuse and addiction, we have yet to ascertain how cocaine self-administration disrupts neural signals in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain region thought to contribute to attentional control. To address this issue, rats were trained on a reward-guided decision-making task; reward value was manipulated by independently varying the size of or the delay to reward over several trial blocks. Subsequently, rats self-administered either a cocaine (experimental group) or sucrose (control) during 12 consecutive days, after which they underwent a 1-month withdrawal period. Upon completion of this period, rats performed the previously learned reward-guided decision-making task while we recorded from single neurons in ACC. We demonstrate that prior cocaine self-administration attenuates attention and attention-related ACC signals in an intake-dependent manner, and that changes in attention are decoupled from ACC firing. These effects likely contribute to the impaired decision-making—typified by chronic substance abuse and relapse—observed after drug use.
Exosomal secretion of a psychosis-altered miRNA that regulates glutamate receptor expression is affected by antipsychotics
Authors: Amoah Stephen K. , Rodriguez Brian A. , Logothetis Constantine N. , Chander Praveen , Sellgren Carl M. , Weick Jason P. , Sheridan Steven D. , Jantzie Lauren L. , Webster Maree J. , Mellios Nikolaos 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe ability of small secretory microvesicles known as exosomes to influence neuronal and glial function via their microRNA (miRNA) cargo has positioned them as a novel and effective method of cell-to-cell communication. However, little is known about the role of exosome-secreted miRNAs in the regulation of glutamate receptor gene expression and their relevance for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Using mature miRNA profiling and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of SCZ (N = 29; 20 male and 9 female), BD (N = 26; 12 male and 14 female), and unaffected control (N = 25; 21 male and 4 female) subjects, we uncovered that miR-223, an exosome-secreted miRNA that targets glutamate receptors, was increased at the mature miRNA level in the OFC of SCZ and BD patients with positive history of psychosis at the time of death and was inversely associated with deficits in the expression of its targets glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA-type subunit 2B (GRIN2B) and glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA-type subunit 2 (GRIA2). Furthermore, changes in miR-223 levels in the OFC were positively and negatively correlated with inflammatory and GABAergic gene expression, respectively. Moreover, miR-223 was found to be enriched in astrocytes and secreted via exosomes, and antipsychotics were shown to control its cellular and exosomal localization in a cell-specific manner. Furthermore, addition of astrocytic exosomes in neuronal cultures resulted in a significant increase in miR-223 expression and a notable reduction in Grin2b and Gria2 mRNA levels, which was strongly inversely associated with miR-223 expression. Lastly, inhibition of astrocytic miR-223 abrogated the exosomal-mediated reduction in neuronal Grin2b expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the exosomal secretion of a psychosis-altered and glial-enriched miRNA that controls neuronal gene expression is regulated by antipsychotics.