bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Investment in Science: Economic Impact and Social Justice
Authors: Florio Massimo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Science is not a free lunch. Worldwide, R&D expenditures per year, from basic research to product development by firms, are about USD1.7 trillion (according to UNESCO estimates for 2017). There are perhaps 7.8 million professional researchers globally, around one researcher out of one thousand inhabitants of the planet. In the OECD area, which includes the most developed economies, government R&D spending is worth about USD 315 billion per year and the share of government of the total R&D expenditures is 28%. Hence, citizens support research in two ways: firstly, as consumers by paying a price for goods and services which in turn include in their production costs such expenditures; secondly, by paying taxes which support government R&D expenditures, mostly for basic science.
In this short essay, I discuss two questions: What is the economic impact of basic research? What are the implications for social justice of the interplay between -on one side- government funded science and -on the other side- R&D supported by business? I will argue that the ultimate economic impact of large-scale investment in basic research is often (but not always) positive (i.e. benefits are greater than costs). There is, however, a potential concern for social justice arising from the private appropriation by business of rents arising from knowledge as a public good.
Fundamental Science Drives Innovation
Authors: Welsch Carsten P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The question on the value of public investment in Big Science seems to return following a period of economic slow-down and turmoil in Europe and around the world. This essay shows that investment in fundamental research has a strong social impact—extending beyond the key scientific questions the research tries to answer—and can offer a tool for economic recovery. In addition it highlights that public investment in curiosity-driven research also provides an important stimulus for innovation as R&D companies tend to concentrate around vibrant scientific communities that provide much-needed talent. By renewing and strengthening investment in basic science, the way to an even brighter future can be paved. This should not be a question for different scientific communities, but a clear target for all stakeholders and decision makers.
Economics of Science in the Time of Data Economy and Gigabit Society
Authors: Boni Michal 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In a period that Europe prepares to launch its new multi-annual programme for research and innovation it is important to step back and reflect on the broader social and economic benefits that Big Science and curiosity-driven research have brought to society and moreover how we can work together to maximize this impact. Further engaging citizens, offering more opportunities for young people, exploiting the tools presented by digital technologies are some of the challenges that I highlight/discuss in this essay
The SKA Approach to Sustainable Research
Authors: Berry Simon T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is an ambitious project to build a research infrastructure that will enable breakthrough science and discoveries not otherwise possible with current or planned astronomy facilities. Comprising two radio telescopes it will ultimately be the largest scientific instrument on Earth, both in physical scale and in terms of the volume of data it will generate. Like all infrastructures, there is a requirement for SKA to demonstrate where benefits have been realised from past investment, and the potential for future ongoing benefits from technology and knowledge transfer and innovations. The essay discusses the range of non-science benefits for the funders and for wider society going beyond SKA’s core scientific mission and the challenges of thinking about regional impacts when designing a global research infrastructure.
Optimising the Benefits from Research Institutes
Authors: Lagrange Thierry 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Today, a large number of public research institutes have been set up in many different fields to carry out scientific research. The initial financial investment needed was generally justified by the pure scientific interest. As the number and size of these research institutes has grown over time, the associated investments have become quite substantial. The will to push the frontier of knowledge implies developing and upgrading high-tech instruments, working with cutting-edge technologies, and high maintenance costs, which requires additional public spending. As the available public resources have not evolved at the same rate as scientific ambitions, competition between scientific fields and projects has become fiercer as well as the need for additional arguments to justify these investments.
Rethinking the Socio-economic Value of Big Science: Lessons from the FCC Study
Authors: Gutleber Johannes 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Investing in fundamental research is often considered a risky venture. The costs of designing, developing and building new research instruments, the long timelines for the construction and operation of these infrastructures and the sophistication of the enabling technologies—often calling for further R&D investments to meet the market needs—are among the factors that enter into the debate around the investment in fundamental research. In this brief essay we discuss certain results from previous Cost-Benefit Analysis studies for the LHC and the High-Luminosity (HL-LHC) upgrade and lessons concerning the socio-economic impact that these facilities have beyond the core scientific mission. We conclude with some key considerations that can inform the design of a new research infrastructure for the post-LHC era like the proposed Future Circular Collider and point to certain directions for future interdisciplinary research to better understand ways for impact assessment.
Metric algebroid and Dirac generating operator in Double Field Theory
Authors: Carow-Watamura Ursula , Miura Kohei , Watamura Satoshi , Yano Taro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe give a formulation of Double Field Theory (DFT) based on a metric algebroid. We derive a covariant completion of the Bianchi identities, i.e. the pre-Bianchi identity in torsion and an improved generalized curvature, and the pre-Bianchi identity including the dilaton contribution. The derived bracket formulation by the Dirac generating operator is applied to the metric algebroid. We propose a generalized Lichnerowicz formula and show that it is equivalent to the pre-Bianchi identities. The dilaton in this setting is included as an ambiguity in the divergence. The projected generalized Lichnerowicz formula gives a new formulation of the DFT action. The closure of the generalized Lie derivative on the spin bundle yields the Bianchi identities as a consistency condition. A relation to the generalized supergravity equations (GSE) is discussed.
Comparative mapping and validation of multiple disease resistance QTL for simultaneously controlling common and dwarf bunt in bread wheat
Authors: Muellner Almuth E. , Buerstmayr Maria , Eshonkulov Bobur , Hole David , Michel Sebastian , Hagenguth Julia F. , Pachler Bernadette , Pernold Ricarda , Buerstmayr Hermann 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKey messageResistance QTL on chromosomes 1AL and 7AL are effective against common and dwarf bunt, QTL on 1BS affects common bunt and QTL on 7DS affects dwarf bunt in bread wheat.AbstractCommon bunt, caused byTilletia cariesandT. laevis, and dwarf bunt, caused byT. controversa, negatively affect grain yield and quality of wheat and are particularly destructive in low-input and organic production systems. Two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived by crossing the highly and durably resistant cultivars ‘Blizzard’ and ‘Bonneville’ to the susceptible cultivar ‘Rainer’ were evaluated for their resistance to common and dwarf bunt in artificially inoculated field and greenhouse trials over two growing seasons and genotyped with a 15 K SNP array. Bunt resistance QTL were mapped to chromosomes 1AL, 1BS, 7AL and 7DS. Common bunt resistance was regulated by the major QTLQBt.ifa-1BSandQBt.ifa-1ALtogether with the moderate effect QTLQBt.ifa-7AL. Dwarf bunt resistance was on the other hand regulated by the QTLQBt.ifa-1AL,QBt.ifa-7ALandQBt.ifa-7DS.Common bunt resistance QTL exhibited pronounced epistatic effects, while epistatic effects were of smaller magnitude for dwarf bunt QTL. Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed from SNPs associated with bunt resistance QTL and successfully used for QTL validation in an independent set of RILs. These KASP markers have the potential to support targeted introgression of QTL into elite wheat germplasm and accelerate breeding for enhanced bunt resistance. Durable protection against both common and dwarf bunt can be achieved by combining multiple resistance genes in the same genetic background.
Population Structure of Phytophthora infestans from a Single Location in Poland Over a Long Period of Time in Context of Weather Conditions
Authors: Janiszewska M. , Sobkowiak S. , Stefańczyk E. , Śliwka J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhytophthora infestans(Mont.) de Bary is a destructive potato pathogen. Changing weather conditions are among the factors that influence the pathogen population structure. In this study, 237P. infestansisolates were collected from a single unprotected experimental field in an area with high late-blight pressure located in Boguchwała in the southeastern part of Poland during 15 growing seasons (2000–2014). The isolates were assessed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotype, resistance to metalaxyl, virulence, and polymorphism of 14 single-sequence repeat markers (SSRs). The results revealed 89 unique genotypes among the 237P. infestansisolates. Eighty-seven isolates belonged to genotype 34_A1, which was detected in all the years of research except 2012. Isolates ofP. infestansfrom individual years were very similar to each other, as shown by Nei’s genetic identity based on 14 SSR markers. The obtained results on isolate characteristics were analyzed in terms of meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) and indicated that frost, long winters, and hot, dry summers did not directly affect theP. infestanspopulation structure. We described the variability in metalaxyl resistance and virulence among isolates of theP. infestansgenotype 34_A1.
Fairness views and political preferences: evidence from a large and heterogeneous sample
Authors: Müller Daniel , Renes Sander 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe elicit distributional fairness ideals of impartial spectators using an incentivized experiment in a large and heterogeneous sample of the German population. We document several empirical facts: (i) egalitarianism is more popular than efficiency- and maxi-min ideals; (ii) females are more egalitarian than men; (iii) men are relatively more efficiency minded; (iv) left-leaning voters are more likely to be egalitarians, whereas right-leaning voters are more likely to be efficiency-minded; and (v) young and high-educated participants hold different fairness ideals than the rest of the population. Moreover, we show that fairness ideals predict preferences for redistribution and intervention by the government, as well as actual charitable giving, even after controlling for a range of covariates. This paper thus contributes to our understanding of the underpinnings of voting behavior and ideological preferences and to the literature that links laboratory measures and field behavior.
Development of a self-management intervention to improve tamoxifen adherence in breast cancer survivors using an Intervention Mapping framework
Authors: Moon Zoe , Moss-Morris Rona , Hunter Myra S. , Hughes Lyndsay D. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective
Up to 50% of women prescribed tamoxifen do not take it as prescribed for the full duration, which increases risk of recurrence and mortality. The current paper describes the development of a self-management intervention aiming to improve adherence in breast cancer survivors taking tamoxifen.

Methods
The intervention was developed following an Intervention Mapping approach. The content of the intervention was determined by theories of health behaviour and empirical evidence. Development was an iterative process involving input from expert researchers, clinicians and patient representatives.

Results
The intervention was designed to improve both intentional and unintentional non-adherence. Key features included modifying unhelpful illness and treatment beliefs, improving confidence for coping with side effects and developing strategies for remembering to take tamoxifen.

Conclusion
Intervention Mapping proved a useful tool for developing an intervention which is grounded in theory and empirical evidence. The intervention has the potential to improve adherence in breast cancer survivors but needs to be trialled before the effectiveness of the intervention can be determined.
The energy transfer from granular landslides to water bodies explained by a data-driven, physics-based numerical model
Authors: Bregoli Francesco , Medina Vicente , Bateman Allen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLandslides falling into water can trigger tsunamis, which are particularly destructive in the proximity of the landslide impact and in narrow water bodies. The energy transfer mechanism between landslide and water wave is complex, but its understanding is of fundamental importance for the numerical modeling which aims to predict the induced wave hazard. In order to study the involved physical processes, we set up an experimental facility consisting of a landslide generator releasing gravel at high speed in a wave basin. With the aim of estimating the landslide–wave energy transfer, we implemented a simplified 1D conceptual model of landslide motion, including the 3D landslide deformations. We optimized the model with the experimental results. The model results explain that the deformable landslide has an average drag coefficient of 1.26 and a relatively inefficient energy transfer from landslide to wave. Of the landslide energy at impact, the 52% is dissipated by Coulomb basal friction between the slide and the water basin bottom, 42% is dissipated by other processes, including turbulence, and only the remaining 6% is transferred to the wave thus formed.
Identification of Flame Regimes in Partially Premixed Combustion from a Quasi-DNS Dataset
Authors: Zirwes Thorsten , Zhang Feichi , Habisreuther Peter , Hansinger Maximilian , Bockhorn Henning , Pfitzner Michael , Trimis Dimosthenis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIdentifying combustion regimes in terms of premixed and non-premixed characteristics is an important task for understanding combustion phenomena and the structure of flames. A quasi-DNS database of the compositionally inhomogeneous partially premixed Sydney/Sandia flame in configuration FJ-5GP-Lr75-57 is used to directly compare different types of flame regime markers from literature. In the simulation of the flame, detailed chemistry and diffusion models are utilized and no turbulence and combustion models are used as the flame front and flow are fully resolved near the nozzle. This allows evaluating the regime markers as a post-processing step without modeling assumptions and directly comparing regime markers based on gradient alignment, drift term analysis and gradient free regime identification. The goal is not to find the correct regime marker, which might be impossible due to the different set of assumptions of every marker and the generally vague definition of the partially premixed regime itself, but to compare their behavior when applied to a resolved turbulent flame with partially premixed characteristics.
Plurality and crosslinguistic variation: an experimental investigation of the Turkish plural
Authors: Renans Agata , Sağ Yağmur , Ketrez F. Nihan , Tieu Lyn , Tsoulas George , Folli Raffaella , de Vries Hana , Romoli Jacopo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn English and many other languages, the interpretation of the plural is associated with an ‘exclusive’ reading in positive sentences and an ‘inclusive’ reading in negative ones. For example, the plural nountulipsin a sentence such asChicken planted tulipssuggests that Chicken planted more than one tulip (i.e., a reading which ‘excludes’ atomic individual tulips). At the same time, however, the corresponding negative sentenceChicken didn’t plant tulipsdoesn’t merely convey that he didn’t plant more than one tulip, but rather that he didn’t plantanytulip (i.e., ‘including’ atomic individual tulips). Different approaches to the meaning contribution of the English plural vary in how they account for this alternation across the polarities, but converge on assuming that (at least one of) the denotation(s) of the plural should include atomic individuals. Turkish, on the other hand, is cited as one of the few known languages in which the plural only receives an exclusive interpretation (e.g., Bale et al. Cross-linguistic representations of numerals and number marking. in: Li, Lutz (eds) Semantics and linguistic theory (SALT) 20, CLC Publications, Ithaca, pp 582–598, 2010). More recent proposals have, however, argued that the Turkish plural should in fact be analysed more like the English plural (e.g., Sağ, The semantics of number marking: reference to kinds, counting, and optional classifiers, PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, 2019). We report two experiments investigating Turkish-speaking adults’ and preschool-aged children’s interpretation of positive and negative sentences containing plural nouns. The results provide clear evidence forinclusiveinterpretations of the plural in Turkish, supporting accounts that treat the Turkish and English plurals alike. We briefly discuss how an inclusive meaning of the Turkish plural can be integrated within a theory of the Turkish number system which captures some idiosyncratic properties of the singular and the agreement between number and number numerals.
On the Breakage of High Aspect Ratio Crystals in Filter Beds under Continuous Percolation
Authors: Mahdi F. M. , Shier A. P. , Fragkopoulos I. S. , Carr J. , Gajjar P. , Muller F. L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This work details experimental observations on the effect of liquid flow percolating through packed beds of crystals to elucidate how the filtration pressure severely alters the size distribution and crystal shape. Pressure filtration is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, and frequently results in undesired size distribution changes that hinder further processing.

Methods
The percolation methodology presented fixes fluid flow through a bed of crystals, resulting in a pressure over the bed. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) provided detailed observations of the bed structure. Detailed 2D particle size data was obtained using automated microscopy and was analysed using an in-house developed tool.

Results
Crystal breakage is observed when the applied pressure exceeds a critical pressure: 0.5–1 bar for ibuprofen, 1–2 bar for β-L glutamic acid (LGA) and 2–2.5 bar for para amino benzoic acid (PABA). X-ray computed tomography showed significant changes in bed density under the applied pressure. Size analysis and microscope observations showed two modes of breakage: (i) snapping of long crystals and (ii) shattering of crystals.

Conclusion
LGA and PABA have a similar breakage strength (50 MPa), ibuprofen is significantly weaker (9 MPa). Available breakage strength data may be correlated to the volumetric Gibbs free energy. Data from 12 and 35 mm bed diameters compares well to literature data in a 80 mm filter; the smaller, easy to operate percolation unit is a versatile tool to assess crystal breakage in filtration operations.
Groundwater quality assessment for different uses using various water quality indices in semi-arid region of central Tunisia
Authors: Aouiti Soumaya , Hamzaoui Azaza Fadoua , El Melki Fetheddine , Hamdi Monji , Celico Fulvio , Zammouri Mounira 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Hajeb Layoun-Jelma basin, located in the central Tunisia, is the principal source of water supply for Sidi Bouzid and Sfax region. The over-abstraction from this groundwater, since 1970, and the intensive agriculture activities led to the degradation of the water quantity and quality. The quality evaluation for this groundwater is very important tool for sustainable development and decision for water management. A total of 28 groundwater samples, from shallow, springs, and deep aquifers, were collected, storage and analyzed to evaluate its quality suitability for domestic and agriculture purposes using geographic information system and geochemical methods. For the both aquifers, the abundance of cations: Na > Mg > Ca > K, and of anions in the order: Cl > HCO3 > SO4. The dominant hydrochemical facies, for the shallow aquifer and springs, are Na-Cl and Ca-Mg-Cl; for the deep aquifer, the geochemical facies are Na-Cl, Ca-Mg-Cl, and Ca-Cl. The comparison of the major parameters and the chemical data with the World Health Organization standards and the national standards indicate that this groundwater is suitable for drinking, except in some samples, with high salinity concentrations. The water quality was assessed, for drinking uses, using “water quality index,” “entropy,” and “improved water quality index.” The results mentioned that the improved water quality index is the best method which indicated that the poor water quality coincide with the Na-Cl water type. The entropy method and the water quality index present the optimistic methods. The irrigation suitability assessment was made using various parameters (SAR, TH, % Na, PI, MH, KR, EC). The results revealed that the majority of samples in Hajeb Layoun-Jelma basin are not appropriate for irrigation uses.
One Anastomosis/Mini-Gastric Bypass (OAGB/MGB) as Revisional Surgery Following Primary Restrictive Bariatric Procedures: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kermansaravi Mohammad , Shahmiri Shahab Shahabi , DavarpanahJazi Amir Hossein , Valizadeh Rohollah , Berardi Giovanna , Vitiello Antonio , Musella Mario , Carbajo Miguel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOne anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB/MGB) has gained popularity in the past decade. International databases were searched for articles published by September 10, 2020, on OAGB/MGB as a revisional procedure after restrictive procedures. Twenty-six studies examining a total of 1771 patients were included. The mean initial BMI was 45.70 kg/m2, which decreased to 31.52, 31.40, and 30.54 kg/m2 at 1, 3, and 5-year follow-ups, respectively. Remission of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) following OAGB/MGB at 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up was 65.16 ± 24.43, 65.37 ± 36.07, and 78.10 ± 14.19%, respectively. Remission/improvement rate from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Also, 7.4% of the patients developed de novo GERD following OAGB/MGB. Leakage was the most common major complication. OAGB/MGB appears to be feasible and effective as a revisional procedure after failed restrictive bariatric procedures.