bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between retinal layer thickness and brain volumes in the UK Biobank cohort
Authors: Chua Sharon Y. L. , Lascaratos Gerassimos , Atan Denize , Zhang Bing , Reisman Charles , Khaw Peng T. , Smith Stephen M. , Matthews Paul M. , Petzold Axel , Strouthidis Nicholas G. , Foster Paul J. , Khawaja Anthony P. , Patel Praveen J. ,   The UK Biobank Eye, Vision Consortium
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeCurrent methods to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases are costly and invasive. Retinal neuroanatomy may be a biomarker for more neurodegenerative processes and can be quantified in vivo using optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is inexpensive and noninvasive. We examined the association of neuroretinal morphology with brain MRI image‐derived phenotypes (IDPs) in a large cohort of healthy older people.MethodsUK Biobank participants aged 40 to 69 years old underwent comprehensive examinations including ophthalmic and brain imaging assessments. Macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNFL), macular ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL), macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) and total macular thicknesses were obtained from OCT. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) IDPs assessed included total brain, grey matter, white matter and hippocampal volume. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between retinal layers thickness and brain MRI IDPs, adjusting for demographic factors and vascular risk factors.ResultsA total of 2131 participants (mean age 55 years; 51% women) with both gradable OCT images and brain imaging assessments were included. In multivariable regression analysis, thinner mGCIPL, mGCC and total macular thickness were all significantly associated with smaller total brain (p < 0.001), grey matter and white matter volume (p < 0.01), and grey matter volume in the occipital pole (p < 0.05). Thinner mGCC and total macular thicknesses were associated with smaller hippocampal volume (p < 0.02). No association was found between mRNFL and the MRI IDPs.ConclusionsMarkers of retinal neurodegeneration are associated with smaller brain volumes. Our findings suggest that retinal structure may be a biomarker providing information about important brain structure in healthy older adults.
Scaling Dignity: An Antidote to Poverty?
Authors: RUSTER LORENN 
Published: December 2020

A wise woman once shared with me that the opposite of poverty isn't wealth. It's dignity. In a world where scale is about optimising for something bigger, faster, easier, broader and more profitable, we risk decision‐making that is at odds with preserving, enabling and enhancing human dignity. What if we changed our focus to instead work out how we scale human dignity?This PechaKucha draws on my career across consulting, social enterprise and academia in geographies from Sydney CBD to rural Uganda and highlights three moments where I experienced dignity that I believe can scale. Through the telling of stories it shows glimmers of how we can choose a definition of scale that preferences dignity. It can look like making space for a chicken gift, enshrining dignity in our organisational values and structures and building question‐asking muscles.If we believe that the opposite of poverty is dignity, then scaling dignity is an antidote to poverty. And it is within our hands to make choices that consciously value dignity when designing research processes, organisations, products and services of our collective future.
Empathy, More or Less: Scaling Intermediary Experiences of Emotion and Affect in Innovation
Authors: KOYCHEVA LORA V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuestions of scale permeate current approaches to empathy in applied human‐centered work—and especially design thinking—but they have remained largely unquestioned. What is more, empathy has become an empty signifier, and empathizing is often a near‐formulaic and pro‐forma endeavor. To catalyze a reworking of the concept, in this paper I synthesize what has been said so far of empathy and its role in design and innovation, and I take stock of what these contributions point to. I ask: “How can we think of empathy as a scalar phenomenon and thus re‐scale it in innovation?” I offer some illustrative, if unresolved, tensions with empathy I have had in my own ethnographic work with a robotics start‐up, and I conclude the article with a series of provocations with the hope they will be taken up further.
I'm Not Scaling, the World Is Really Scaling Against Me: Or, What Will 4 People Think / Chaar Log Kya Kahenge
Authors: KAUL SMRITI 
Published: December 2020

This paper raises the implications of simplifying algorithms for scale and uplifting content that is damaging for human evolution. Technology is powerful because of its scale and also disempowering for the same reason. Scale is in the variables and online media, in the zest of empowering women, is deciding our fate. I get it when the housewife looks to YouTube to cook a meal. However, I also see the heartbreak when what should be freeing is actually being used to throttle progress. When a girl from a small sub‐segment of global population like Rajasthan, while wanting to feel empowered realises that she's unable to measure up? Are we responsible for this? Are our “hashtags” and “likes” fuelling our continued repression?As an ethnographer, I study media consumption to overcome barriers to participation in the online world, and as a gender trainer, I also create and use media content to overcome barriers in the real world. I find myself continually curious about what we learn and how we replicate. Hence I'm concerned that the models we have for scale aren't healthy especially for girls and women. Can we consider a shift from quantity to quality of scale ‐ from how many to how? Can we find a path that broadens the evaluation for scale? What might be the indicators for scale that progress society?
Coupling of X‐ray computed tomography and surface in situ analysis combined with digital image correlation method to study low cycle fatigue damage micromechanisms in lost foam casting A319 alloy
Authors: Wang Long , Limodin Nathalie , El Bartali Ahmed , Charkaluk Eric 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn experimental protocol has been set up in order to study the low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage micromechanisms in a lost foam casting (LFC) A319 alloy at room temperature. The microstructure of the alloy was characterized by using X‐ray computed tomography (X‐ray CT) prior to the LCF tests performed with surface in situ observations using a long distance microscope, which allow crack initiation and propagation being tracked in real‐time. The mechanical fields measured by digital image correlation (DIC) method allowed establishing the relations between strain localizations, damage evolutions and microstructure while a developed etching method, which gives a natural texture to the surface, makes DIC feasible to an acceptable resolution without masking the microstructure. The results showed that crack initiation is ascribed to strain localizations induced by large pore and/or the propagation of a previously nucleated crack. Cracks propagate along hard inclusions but the orientation of hard inclusions has also an influence on crack path.
Temporal changes in rainfall affect taxonomic and functional composition of stream fish assemblages in central Amazonia
Authors: Borba Gabriel C. , Costa Flávia R. C. , Espírito‐Santo Helder M. V. , Leitão Rafael P. , Dias Murilo S. , Zuanon Jansen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Climate change is a major threat to biodiversity. Rainfall patterns over recent decades have changed and extreme events are intensifying. These are expected to affect the hydrological dynamics and structure of forest streams in the Amazon basin, which strongly depend on the local rainfall regime, with potential consequences for local fish assemblages.

Here we used four repeated surveys of stream fish assemblages across 10 × 10 km area of a pristine forest reserve in central Amazonia over an 18‐year (2001–2018) period to investigate the temporal dynamics of fish taxonomic and functional composition in relation to changes in stream habitats and local climatic regime. We investigated changes in magnitude, direction, and congruence of fish assemblage trajectories over time.

Total annual rainfall increased over time, with stormy days (i.e. daily rainfall above 20 mm) becoming more frequent during recent decades and a concomitant change of stream substrates from litter‐dominated to free sand. The overall taxonomic and functional composition of fish assemblages changed consistently over time, with stronger differences between the first and last surveys due to alterations in relative abundances of some of the most abundant species. Functional composition moved from open water species (compressed‐bodied species with less developed fins and terminal‐oriented mouths) to species adapted to lateral pools and shallow marginal areas (species with fusiform body shape, more developed fins, and superior‐oriented mouth)

We provide evidence of a concerted directional change of fish assemblages associated with increased precipitation and a higher frequency of stormy days over the last 2 decades. Considering the short time interval and the subtleness of the climatic changes assessed in this study, as well as the historically assumed structural stability of Amazonian streams, these findings are surprising and indicate those stream fish assemblages may respond quickly to climate changes.
Bears in space: Geographies of a global community of big and hairy gay/bi/queer men
Authors: McGlynn Nick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBears are a large global community of big and hairy gay, bisexual and queer (GBQ) men. Little sustained empirical scholarship has investigated Bears' lives and communities, and none from within geography. Three geographic lenses are used to demonstrate the significance of a geographic approach to Bears. First, rural and urban imaginaries are entwined with Bear masculinities and ideals of ‘real men’. However a geographically specific North American working class rural imaginary is particularly important. Second, the global trajectory of Bear begins in 1980s San Francisco and has since spread worldwide. The idea that Bear is fundamentally an American phenomenon is challenged by evidence of global variation in Bear identities, communities, and spaces. Third, the material and aesthetic production of Bear spaces relates to Bear masculinities and bodies, particularly fat bodies. Regarding more ephemeral Bear events, the ‘Bearing’ of space (including queer space) may provide a means of understanding these. The paper argues first that geography is crucial for understanding Bears and second that geographers of masculinities, sexualities, and fatness/bodies could productively engage with Bear identities, communities, and spaces.
Ubiquitous post‐peak zircon in an eclogite from the Kumdy‐Kol, Kokchetav UHP‐HP Massif (Kazakhstan): Significance of exhumation‐related zircon growth and modification in continental‐subduction settings
Authors: Skuzovatov Sergei Yu. , Shatsky Vladislav S. , Ragozin Alexey L. , Wang Kuo‐Lung 
Published: December 2020

AbstractU–Pb geochronological, trace‐element and Lu–Hf isotopic studies have been made on zircons from ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) mafic eclogite from the Kumdy‐Kol area, one of the diamond‐facies domains of the Kokchetav Massif (northern Kazakhstan). The peak eclogitic assemblage equilibrated at > 900 °C, whereas the bulk sample composition displays light rare‐earth element (LREE) and Th depletion evident of partial melting. Zircons from the eclogite are represented by exclusively newly formed metamorphic grains and have U–Pb age spread over 533–459 Ma, thus ranging from the time of peak subduction burial to that of the late post‐orogenic collapse. The major zircon group with concordant age estimates have a concordia age of 508.1 ±4.4 Ma, which corresponds to exhumation of the eclogite‐bearing UHP crustal slice to granulite‐ or amphibolite‐facies depths. This may indicate potentially incoherent exhumation of different crustal blocks within a single Kumdy‐Kol UHP domain. Model Hf isotopic characteristics of zircons (εHf(t) +1.5 to +7.8, Neoproterozoic model Hf ages of 1.02–0.79 Ga) closely resemble the whole‐rock values of the Kumdy‐Kol eclogites and likely reflect in situ derivation of HFSE source for newly formed grains. The ages coupled with geochemical systematics of zircons confirm that predominantly late zircon growth occurred in Th–LREE‐depleted eclogitic assemblage, that experienced incipient melting and monazite dissolution in melt at granulite‐facies depths, followed by amphibolite‐facies rehydration during late‐stage exhumation‐related retrogression.
Mechanical properties of SiC‐C‐B4C composites with different carbon additives produced by pressureless sintering
Authors: Salmany Kozekanan Behnam , Moradkhani Alireza , Baharvandi Hamidreza , Ehsani Naser 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this research, carbon sources (Resin Phenolic, Carbon Black and Graphite) and Boron Carbide (B4C) were used to improve the mechanical properties of Silicon Carbide (SiC) composite. For this purpose, carbon sources of 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 5 wt% as well as 0.5 wt% B4C were added to SiC powder, respectively. The sample containing SiC—2.5 wt% Resin Phenolic—0.5 wt% B4C had the best properties with relative density, hardness, and fracture toughness values of 98.5%, 2820 GPa, and 3.9 MPa.√m, respectively. Examination of SEM images showed that by increasing carbon from 0.5 to 2.5 wt%, the fracture changes from intergranular to transgranular.
Effects of surfactant and particle size on the microstructure and strength of Si3N4 foams with high porosity
Authors: Du Zhongpei , Yao Dongxu , Xia Yongfeng , Zuo Kaihui , Yin Jinwei , Liang Hanqin , Zeng Yu‐Ping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe highly porous Si3N4 ceramic foams were prepared by direct foaming with mixed surfactants. The surface tension and viscosity of slurries were tailored by different carbon chain length of surfactants and different mean Si3N4 particle size to achieve the pore size controlling. The nearly linear relationship between the pore size and the ratio of surface tension to viscosity was observed, which indicates that the pore size could be precisely tailored by the slurry properties. Si3N4 ceramic foams with porosity of nearly 94%, mean pore size of 110–230 µm, and compressive strength of 1.24–3.51 MPa were obtained.
Clinicopathological analysis of primary cutaneous CD4‐positive small/medium pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder: a retrospective study of 22 patients
Authors: Shi Hao‐ze , Zhang Jing , Xiong Jing‐shu , Gan Lu , Jiang Yi‐qun , Xu Xiu‐lian , Zhang Wei , Zeng Xue‐si , Sun Jian‐fang , Chen Hao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrimary cutaneous CD4‐positive small/medium pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder has been defined as a type of lymphoproliferative disorder with indolent clinical course and excellent prognosis, yet a precise diagnosis is still hard to reach.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 22 patients including 16 females and six males was performed.ResultsThe age of patients ranged from 5 to 79 years. The average age of all patients was 43.5, and the median age of all patients was 44.5. Two patients had multiple lesions, and others were presented with a solitary asymptomatic lesion. Besides general features, folliculotropism was observed in four cases. In addition to express CD3 and CD4, CD30 were positive to some extent. Some reactive cells could express CD8 and CD20. For follicular helper T‐cell markers, although CXCL‐13 was negative in the stained cases (18/18), the expression of PD‐1 (12/17), BCL‐6 (12/16) and CD10 (11/15) was observed in most cases. In addition, we performed T‐cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement on five patients, and all of them showed monoclonality. Nearly all patients had excellent prognosis.ConclusionsPrimary cutaneous CD4‐positive small/medium pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder is complex. Some features like folliculotropism should also be noted. Besides, the expression of follicular helper T‐cell markers is not invariable. Moreover, CD8 positivity, Ki‐67 index, and lesion number were perhaps not absolute prognostic indicators. To reach a diagnosis of this rare entity, putting all the pieces together is important.
Characterization of immiscibility in calcium borosilicates used for the immobilization of Mo6+ under Au‐irradiation
Authors: Patel Karishma B. , Schuller Sophie , Facq Sébastien P. , Farnan Ian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to assess factors affecting primary and secondary phase separation in simplified calcium borosilicate glasses studied for nuclear waste applications. Several glasses with varying [MoO3] and [B2O3] were synthesized and exposed to Au‐irradiation to examine compositional effects on glass structure and domain size of separated phases induced by accumulated radiation damage resulting from α‐decay over a ~1000 year timeframe. The produced glasses fell within the immiscibility dome of CaO−SiO2−B2O3 and showed a unique microstructure of embedded immiscibility with three identifiable amorphous phases according to electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and diffraction. These glasses were then bombarded with 7 MeV Au3+ ions to a dose of 3 × 1014 ions/cm2 creating an estimated ~1 dpa of damage. Several changes to the morphology, spatial distribution, and size of secondary phases were observed, indicative of significant structural reorganization and changes to the chemical composition of each phase. A general mechanism of coalescence to form larger particles was observed for [MoO3] < 2.5 mol%, whereas segregation to form smaller more evenly distributed particles was seen for [B2O3] ≤ 15 mol% and [MoO3] ≥ 2.5 mol%. These microscopic changes were concurrent to surface‐bulk diffusion of Ca and/or Mo ions, where the direction of diffusion was dependent on [B2O3] with a barrier identified at ~20 mol%, as well as cross‐phase diffusion of said ions. These modifications occurred in part through the formation of distorted ring structures within the borosilicate network, which enabled the increased dissolution of isolated (MoO4)2− units. Au‐irradiation was therefore able to increase the solubility of molybdenum and alter the structure and composition of secondary phases with the extent of modification varying with [MoO3] and [B2O3]/[SiO2], though glasses notably remained heterogeneous. The collective results suggest that radiation and composition can both be used as design tools to modulate the domain size and distribution of separated phases in heterogeneous glasses.
Effects of phenolic resin contents on microstructures and properties of c/sic‐diamond composites
Authors: Li Jingxin , Liu Yongsheng , Chen Chao , Pan Yu , Wang Jing , Wang Ning 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, C/SiC‐diamond composites were obtained by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and reactive melt infiltration (RMI), and the effects of phenolic resin contents on the microstructures and properties of as‐obtained C/SiC‐diamond composites were studied. The results suggested a significant influence of phenolic resin contents on the pore structure of the composites before reactive melt infiltration (RMI), as well as phase composition and density of the matrix after RMI. The mechanical properties of composites were shown to correlate with the threshold effect of phenolic resin. Sample R5 prepared with high phenolic resin contents displayed significantly declined mechanical properties. On the other hand, adjustment of the phenolic resin content yielded samples with maximum room temperature thermal conductivity reaching 14.75 W/(m·K). The theoretical thermal conductivity of the composites calculated by the Hasselman‐Johnson (H‐J) theoretical model was estimated to 24.52 W/(m·K). Overall, the increase in phenolic resin content led to unreacted diamond‐C regions and the formation of substantial porosity. These features reduced the thermal conductivity of the resulting C/SiC‐diamond composites.
Amorphous self‐healed, chopped basalt fiber‐reinforced, geopolymer composites
Authors: Keane Patrick F. , Foltz John S. , Chadha Vimanyu , Marsh Charles P. , Kriven Waltraud M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGeopolymer composites containing refractory, chopped basalt fibers and low‐melting glass were made and systematically heat‐treated at higher temperatures. Potassium‐based geopolymer of stoichiometric composition K2O·Al2O3·4SiO2·11H2O was produced by high shear mixing from fumed silica, deionized water, potassium hydroxide, (i.e., water glass) and metakaolin. With the addition of low‐melting glass (Tm~815°C) the flexure strengths of the composites increased to ~6 MPa after heat treatment above 900°C to 1100°C. A Weibull statistical analysis was performed showing how the amorphous self‐healing effect of the glass frit significantly improved the flexure strength of the geopolymer and ceramic composites after high‐temperature exposure. At temperatures up to 900°C, the geopolymer‐basalt composite remained amorphous and the low‐melting glass frit flowed into the dehydration cracks in the geopolymer matrix. This type of composite could be described as amorphous self‐healed geopolymer (ASH‐G). At ~1000°C, the geopolymer converted to primarily a crystalline leucite ceramic, but the basalt fiber remained intact, and the melted glass frit flowed and sealed the cracks developed at that temperature. This type of composite could then be described as amorphous self‐healed ceramic (ASH‐C). A temperature of 1150°C was determined to be optimum as at 1200°C the basalt fibers melted and the strength of the reinforcement was lost in the composites. The amorphous self‐healing effect of the glass frit significantly improved the room temperature flexure strength of the heat‐treated geopolymer‐based composites.
To simplify or not? Facilitating English L2 users' comprehension and processing of open educational resources in English using text simplification
Authors: Rets Irina , Rogaten Jekaterina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOpen Educational Resources (OER) aim to provide equal access to education. Yet, as the language level used in OER presents a barrier to many learners, there is a need to make these resources more comprehensible. This study combined eye‐tracking methodology and comprehension assessment to explore the effect of text simplification on English second language (L2) users, while also accounting for text organizational structure and individual predispositions. A total of 37 adult English L2 users took part in the study. They had to read either an authentic narrative, authentic expository OER or their linguistically simplified versions. The analysis showed that simplification led to better text comprehension, and text narrativity facilitated text recall, particularly at lower English proficiency levels. Eye‐tracking measures revealed that text simplification led to an increase in processing time during the initial reading of the text and a decrease in processing time during text re‐inspection. These findings have strong practical applications for online teaching with OER.