bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimum dietary methionine requirements in Miniature Dachshund, Beagle, and Labrador Retriever adult dogs using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique
Authors: Mansilla Wilfredo D , Templeman James R , Fortener Lisa , Shoveller Anna K 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the minimum requirement (MR) for methionine (Met), when cyst(e)ine (Cys) is provided in excess, in adult dogs of three different breed sizes using the indicator amino acid (AA) oxidation (IAAO) technique. In total, 12 adult dogs were used: 1 neutered and 3 spayed Miniature Dachshunds (4.8 ± 0.4 kg body weight [BW], mean ± SD), 4 spayed Beagles (9.5 ± 0.7 kg BW, mean ± SD), and 4 neutered Labrador Retrievers (31.8 ± 1.7 kg BW, mean ± SD). A deficient Met basal diet with excess Cys was formulated. Dogs were fed the basal diet randomly supplemented with different Met-Alanine (Ala) solutions to achieve final Met concentrations in experimental diets of 0.21%, 0.26%, 0.31%, 0.36%, 0.41%, 0.46%, and 0.66% (as-fed basis). After 2 d of adaptation to the experimental diets, dogs underwent individual IAAO studies. During the IAAO study day, the total feed was divided into 13 equal meals; at the sixth meal, dogs were fed a bolus of l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine (Phe), and thereafter, l-[1-13C]-Phe was supplied with every meal. The total production of 13CO2 during isotopic steady state was determined by the enrichment of 13CO2 in breath samples, and the total production of CO2 measured using indirect calorimetry. The mean MR for Met and the upper 95% confidence limit (CL) were determined using a two-phase linear mixed-effects regression model. For Miniature Dachshunds, the MR for Met was between the first two dietary Met concentrations and is, therefore, between 35.7 and 44.1 mg.kg BW−1·d−1 (0.21% to 0.26%, as-fed basis; no requirement could be determined on a metabolic BW basis). For Beagles and Labrador Retrievers, the MR for Met was 57.5 and 50.4 mg.kg BW−1·d−1, 107.7 and 121.8 mg/kg BW^0.75, or 0.338 and 0.360%, respectively (as-fed basis). The upper 95% CL of Met requirements was 77.9 and 72.4 mg.kg BW−1·d−1, 147.8 and 159.6 mg/kg BW^0.75,or 0.458 and 0.517% for Beagles, and Labradors, respectively (as-fed basis). When pooling data from Beagles and Labrador Retrievers, the MR and upper 95% CL were 56.0 and 75.8 mg.kg BW−1·d−1 or 118.4 and 150.5 mg/kg BW^0.75 or 0.360% and 0.482% (as-fed basis). In conclusion, the MR and the upper 95% CL for Met are different for Dachshunds when compared with Beagles and Labrador Retrievers. Using this low-protein diet, the estimated upper 95% CL Met requirement for Beagles and Labrador is higher than those recommended in the National Research Council (NRC), but NRC is similar to the estimated upper 95% CL for Dachshunds.
A Case Series of Etizolam in Opioid-Related Deaths
Authors: Gevorkyan Jirair , Kinyua Juliet , Pearring Sue , Rodda Luke N 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Etizolam is a novel psychoactive substance and novel benzodiazepine of the thienotriazolodiazepine class, which has recently seen an increasing trend in use worldwide. We report a case series of 10 decedents with etizolam and opioids in their systems. Death investigation, expanded toxicology and medical investigation information were included for contextualization of etizolam in death. Etizolam was detected and confirmed within peripheral and cardiac blood, urine, vitreous humor and, in one case, gastric fluid, by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry methodologies. Death investigation indicated nonmedical use of most drugs. Medical investigation commonly noted pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly and cerebral swelling. The majority of the decedents appeared to be unaware of the presence of etizolam and succumbed to the mixed drug toxicity of their routine depressant and narcotic analgesic drug of abuse in combination with etizolam. Etizolam use continues to be observed and poses as a potentially lethal contribution to multiple drug toxicity, especially in the age of the opioid crisis. Assessment of analytes like etizolam requires up-to-date methodologies and vigilance in testing to better characterize the toxicology and interpret the contribution to death.
A Fatal Case of Powassan Virus Encephalitis
Authors: Yu Qiqi , Matkovic Eduard , Reagan-Steiner Sarah , Denison Amy M , Osborn Rebecca , Salamat Shahriar M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is a flavivirus of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup that causes a rare and potentially life-threatening neuroinvasive disease. Viral transmission occurs during zoonotic spillover from mammals by the bite of an infected tick in endemic regions of North America. The number of reported POWV cases has recently increased in the United States. We report a fatal case of POWV meningoencephalomyelitis in Northern Wisconsin following a documented tick bite. Histologic examination of the brain demonstrated widespread intraparenchymal and perivascular lymphohistocytic infiltration, microglial nodule formation, and marked neuronal degeneration, most severely involving the substantia nigra, anterior horn of spinal cord and cerebellum. Although no viral inclusions were seen in routine light microscopy, electron microscopy identified multiple neurons containing cytoplasmic clusters of virus particles ∼50 nm in diameter. POWV infection was confirmed using immunohistochemical analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. This report demonstrates in detail regional central nervous system involvement and ultrastructural characteristics of Powassan viral particles by transmission electron microscopy, while highlighting the utility of evaluating fixed autopsy tissues in cases of unexplained meningoencephalomyelitis.
Variation of morphological and leaf stoichiometric traits of two endemic species along the elevation gradient of Mount Kenya, East Africa
Authors: Waigwa Antony N , Mwangi Brian Njoroge , Wahiti Gituru R , Omengo Fred , Zhou Yadong , Wang Qingfeng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsThe aim of this paper is to assess morphological and leaf stoichiometric responses of Dendrosenecio keniensis and Lobelia gregoriana to extreme environmental conditions along an elevation gradient in tropical mountains.MethodsIn this study, we assessed the variation of the morphological traits, including plant height, leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry weight, specific leaf area and the leaf stoichiometry traits nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous of the two endemic species D. keniensis and L. gregoriana. We further explored the relations of these morphological traits to soil organic carbon, soil total nitrogen, soil phosphorous, annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, annual total solar radiation, water vapor pressure and the topographic variables aspect, slope and hill shade along the elevation gradient. Ninety 10 m × 10 m sampling plots were set up along the elevation gradient ranging from 3500 to 4300 m. We used 1 km × 1 km grid cells to rasterize our study area in ArcGIS 10.5 for easy access to data pertaining to the climate of each elevation band. We performed linear regression of the morphological and leaf stoichiometric traits with elevation as explanatory variable. We conducted correlation analysis on the morphological and leaf stoichiometric traits with climatic, soil and topographic variables along the elevation gradient.Important FindingsDendrosenecio keniensis had wool-like pubescent leaves while L. gregoriana had mucilage packed succulent and waxy cuticle leaves to avoid freezing. Both species exhibited reduced metabolic rates as shown by the low leaf phosphorous content. Our results also showed that changes in morphology and leaf stoichiometry were determined by a combination of climate, soil and topographic variables that change along elevation on Mount Kenya. The observed variations in the morphological and leaf stoichiometric traits of D. keniensis and L. gregoriana, which grow side by side along the elevation gradient, were interpreted as adaptation to the harsh environmental conditions.
Convergent evolution of plant specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones: metabolism, trafficking, and resistance to their allelopathic effects
Authors: Meyer George W , Bahamon Naranjo Maria A , Widhalm Joshua R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Plant 1,4-naphthoquinones encompass a class of specialized metabolites known to mediate numerous plant–biotic interactions. This class of compounds also presents a remarkable case of convergent evolution. The 1,4-naphthoquinones are synthesized by species belonging to nearly 20 disparate orders spread throughout vascular plants, and their production occurs via one of four known biochemically distinct pathways. Recent developments from large-scale biology and genetic studies corroborate the existence of multiple pathways to synthesize plant 1,4-naphthoquinones and indicate that extraordinary events of metabolic innovation and links to respiratory and photosynthetic quinone metabolism probably contributed to their independent evolution. Moreover, because many 1,4-naphthoquinones are excreted into the rhizosphere and they are highly reactive in biological systems, plants that synthesize these compounds also needed to independently evolve strategies to deploy them and to resist their effects. In this review, we highlight new progress made in understanding specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone biosynthesis and trafficking with a focus on how these discoveries have shed light on the convergent evolution and diversification of this class of compounds in plants. We also discuss how emerging themes in metabolism-based herbicide resistance may provide clues to mechanisms plants employ to tolerate allelopathic 1,4-naphthoquinones.
Frege Cases and Bad Psychological Laws
Authors: Almotahari Mahrad , Gray Aidan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We draw attention to a series of implicit assumptions that have structured the debate about Frege’s Puzzle. Once these assumptions are made explicit, we rely on them to show that if one focuses exclusively on the issues raised by Frege cases, then one obtains a powerful consideration against a fine-grained conception of propositional-attitude content. In light of this consideration, a form of Russellianism about content becomes viable.
Women in economics: a UK perspective
Authors: Gamage Danula K , Sevilla Almudena , Smith Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The status of women in economics in the US has come increasingly under the spotlight. We exploit high-quality administrative data to paint the first comprehensive picture of the status of women in UK academic economics departments in research-intensive universities. Our evidence indicates that, as in the US, women in economics are under-represented and are paid less than men. The issues facing women in economics in the UK are similar to other disciplines, particularly STEM, but have received less national policy attention to date. We conclude with a discussion of interventions that might improve the status of women in academia and we present new evidence that a UK academic diversity programme (Athena SWAN) has narrowed the gender pay gap at a senior level.
Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation: An Alternative Treatment Modality for Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexopathy
Authors: Shah Neal , Engle Alyson M , Raggi Eugene , Alter Benedict , Emerick Trent 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Radiation therapy is used as a form of treatment for various neoplastic diseases. There are many potential adverse effects of this therapy, including radiation-induced neurotoxicity. Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy (RIBP) may occur due to the fibrosis of neural and perineural soft tissues, leading to ischemic damage of the axons and Schwann cells. The dose of radiation exceeds 55 Gy in many patients who develop symptoms [1]. Current incidence in the United States is 1–2%, and RIBP is most commonly seen in patients who have undergone treatment for breast cancer, lung cancer, or lymphoma [1–3]. Common symptoms include numbness, paresthesia, dysesthesia, and occasional numbness of the arm. Pain is present in the shoulder and proximal arm and is typically mild to moderate in severity. Diagnosis is often made based on clinical presentation and evaluation of imaging to rule out concurrent malignant etiologies of the brachial plexus. Current recommended treatment includes physical therapy and medical management with anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
Development of FGF-2-loaded electrospun waterborne polyurethane fibrous membranes for bone regeneration
Authors: Zhang Chi , Wang Jianxiong , Xie Yujie , Wang Li , Yang Lishi , Yu Jihua , Miyamoto Akira , Sun Fuhua 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane has been used to improve functional outcomes for periodontal regeneration. However, few studies have focused on the biomimetic membrane mimicking the vascularization of the periodontal membrane. This study aimed to fabricate waterborne polyurethane (WPU) fibrous membranes loaded fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) via emulsion electrospinning, which can promote regeneration of periodontal tissue via the vascularization of the biomimetic GBR membrane. A biodegradable WPU was synthesized by using lysine and dimethylpropionic acid as chain extenders according to the rule of green chemical synthesis technology. The WPU fibers with FGF-2 was fabricated via emulsion electrospinning. The results confirmed that controlled properties of the fibrous membrane had been achieved with controlled degradation, suitable mechanical properties and sustained release of the factor. The immunohistochemical expression of angiogenic-related factors was positive, meaning that FGF-2 loaded in fibers can significantly promote cell vascularization. The fiber scaffold loaded FGF-2 has the potential to be used as a functional GBR membrane to promote the formation of extraosseous blood vessels during periodontal repairing.
VARIATIONS OF INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATION IN TRADITIONAL RUSSIAN RURAL WOODEN HOUSES
Authors: Petrova Tatiana , Miklyaev Petr 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Continuous indoor radon measurements were carried out in two traditional Russian rural houses located in different villages of the Moscow region in summer of 2017 and 2018. In additional, in the summer of 2017, continuous measurements of soil gas radon activity concentration at depth 0.8 m and radon exhalation rate from the ground surface near the house were performed simultaneously. It was found that the indoor radon concentration in rural houses is subject to strong daily variations, which are characterized by highs at night and lows during the day. Indoor radon concentration is directly proportional to indoor and outdoor temperature difference and inversely proportional to wind speed. While the radon exhalation rate from the ground surface, as well as the ventilation of premises (opening doors and windows) practically do not affect the concentration of radon in Russian rural wooden houses.
Clockwise Torque of Sliding Hip Screws: Is There a Right Side?
Authors: Würdemann Franka S. , Poolman Rudolf W. , Krijnen Pieta , Bzovsky Sofia , Sprague Sheila , Kaptein Bart L. , Hegeman Johannes H. , Schemitsch Emil H. , Bhandari Mohit , Swiontkowski Marc , Schipper Inger B. ,   on behalf of the Dutch Hip Fracture Audit Group and FAITH Investigators
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
This study evaluated whether patients with a left-sided femoral neck fracture (FNF) treated with a sliding hip screw (SHS) had a higher implant failure rate than patients treated for a right-sided FNF. This was performed to determine the clinical relevance of the clockwise rotational torque of the femoral neck lag screw in a SHS, in relation to the rotational stability of left and right-sided FNFs after fixation.

Methods:
Data were derived from the FAITH trial and Dutch Hip Fracture Audit (DHFA). Patients with a FNF, aged ≥50, treated with a SHS, with at least 3-month follow-up data available, were included. Implant failure was analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, fracture displacement, prefracture living setting and functional mobility, and American Society for Anesthesiologists Class.

Results:
One thousand seven hundred fifty patients were included, of which 944 (53.9%) had a left-sided and 806 (46.1%) a right-sided FNF. Implant failure occurred in 60 cases (3.4%), of which 31 were left-sided and 29 right-sided. No association between fracture side and implant failure was found [odds ratio (OR) for left vs. right 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52–1.52]. Female sex (OR 3.02, CI: 1.62–6.10), using a mobility aid (OR 2.02, CI 1.01–3.96) and a displaced fracture (OR 2.51, CI: 1.44–4.42), were associated with implant failure.

Conclusions:
This study could not substantiate the hypothesis that the biomechanics of the clockwise screw rotation of the SHS contributes to an increased risk of implant failure in left-sided FNFs compared with right-sided fractures.

Level of evidence:
Therapeutic Level II.See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Intestinal helminths as a biomolecular complex in archaeological research
Authors: Flammer Patrik G. , Smith Adrian L. 
Published: October 2020

Enteric helminths are common parasites in many parts of the world and in the past were much more widespread both geographically and socially. Many enteric helminths are relatively long-lived in the human host, often benign or of low pathogenicity while producing large numbers of environmentally resistant eggs voided in the faeces or found associated with individual remains (skeletons and mummies). The combination of helminth characters offers opportunities to the field of historical pathogen research that are quite different to that of some of the more intensively studied high impact pathogens. Historically, a wealth of studies has employed microscopic techniques to diagnose infection using the morphology of the helminth eggs. More recently, various ancient DNA (aDNA) approaches have been applied in the archaeoparasitological context and these are revolutionizing the field, allowing much more specific diagnosis as well as interrogating the epidemiology of helminths. These advances have enhanced the potential for the field to provide unique information on past populations including using diseases to consider many aspects of life (e.g. sanitation, hygiene, diet, culinary practices and other aspects of society). Here, we consider the impact of helminth archaeoparasitology and more specifically the impact and potential for application of aDNA technologies as a part of the archaeologists' toolkit.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.
Metagenomics of the modern and historical human oral microbiome with phylogenetic studies onStreptococcus mutansandStreptococcus sobrinus
Authors: Achtman Mark , Zhou Zhemin 
Published: October 2020

We have recently developed bioinformatic tools to accurately assign metagenomic sequence reads to microbial taxa: SPARSE for probabilistic, taxonomic classification of sequence reads; EToKi for assembling and polishing genomes from short-read sequences; and GrapeTree, a graphic visualizer of genetic distances between large numbers of genomes. Together, these methods support comparative analyses of genomes from ancient skeletons and modern humans. Here, we illustrate these capabilities with 784 samples from historical dental calculus, modern saliva and modern dental plaque. The analyses revealed 1591 microbial species within the oral microbiome. We anticipated that the oral complexes of Socranskyet al., which were defined in 1998, would predominate among taxa whose frequencies differed by source. However, although some species discriminated between sources, we could not confirm the existence of the complexes. The results also illustrate further functionality of our pipelines with two species that are associated with dental caries,Streptococcus mutansandStreptococcus sobrinus. They were rare in historical dental calculus but common in modern plaque, and even more common in saliva. Reconstructed draft genomes of these two species from metagenomic samples in which they were abundant were combined with modern public genomes to provide a detailed overview of their core genomic diversity.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.
Estimating molecular preservation of the intestinal microbiome via metagenomic analyses of latrine sediments from two medieval cities
Authors: Sabin Susanna , Yeh Hui-Yuan , Pluskowski Aleks , Clamer Christa , Mitchell Piers D. , Bos Kirsten I. 
Published: October 2020

Ancient latrine sediments, which contain the concentrated collective biological waste of past whole human communities, have the potential to be excellent proxies for human gastrointestinal health on the population level. A rich body of literature explores their use to detect the presence of gut-associated eukaryotic parasites through microscopy, immunoassays and genetics. Despite this interest, a lack of studies have explored the whole genetic content of ancient latrine sediments through consideration not only of gut-associated parasites, but also of core community gut microbiome signals that remain from the group that used the latrine. Here, we present a metagenomic analysis of bulk sediment from medieval latrines in Riga (Latvia) and Jerusalem. Our analyses reveal survival of microbial DNA representative of intestinal flora as well as numerous parasites. These data are compared against parasite taxon identifications obtained via microscopy and ELISA techniques. Together, these findings provide a first glimpse into the rich prokaryotic and eukaryotic intestinal flora of pre-industrial agricultural populations, which may give a better context for interpreting the health of modern microbiomes.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.