bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Hypoparathyroidism in Thyroid Surgery: Anatomic-Surgical Mapping of the Parathyroids and Implications for Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Burger Florian , Fritsch Helga , Zwierzina Marit , Prommegger Rupert , Konschake Marko 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHypoparathyroidism remains one of the most common complications in thyroid surgery. This study aims for an improved understanding of the complexity of the blood supply and the localisation of the parathyroids compared to the two most important intraoperative landmarks: the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN) and Zuckerkandl’s tubercle (ZT). We examined 103 laryngeal compounds to classify the blood supply and the localisation of the parathyroids. For intraoperative localisation we defined a Cartesian coordinate system with the ZT plane as x-axis and the course of the inferior laryngeal nerve as y-axis. The inferior thyroid artery (ITA) mainly supplies the parathyroids, whereas the superior thyroid artery provides a backup supply. It must be pointed out that 8.2% of parathyroids receive their blood directly from the thyroid gland. 73.5% of all parathyroids lie within 1 cm of the ILN and 1 cm cranial and 2.5 cm caudal to the ZT plane. Our described perimeters mark the most crucial areas during surgery and provide the surgeon with an anatomic mapping showing areas of special carefulness needed. One should keep bearing in mind all possible blood supply types of the parathyroids and therefore all branches should be handled with care.
Osteopontin Expression in Small Airway Epithelium in Copd is Dependent on Differentiation and Confined to Subsets of Cells
Authors: Ali Mohamad N. , Mori Michiko , Mertens Tinne C. J. , Siddhuraj Premkumar , Erjefält Jonas S. , Önnerfjord Patrik , Hiemstra Pieter S. , Egesten Arne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOsteopontin (OPN) plays a role in inflammation via recruitment of neutrophils and tissue remodeling. In this study, we investigated the distribution of OPN-expressing cells in the airway epithelium of normal lung tissue and that from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OPN was detected on the epithelial cell surface of small airways and in scattered cells within the epithelial cell layer. Staining revealed higher OPN concentrations in tissue showing moderate to severe COPD compared to that in controls. In addition, OPN expression was confined to goblet and club cells, and was absent from ciliated and basal cells as detected via immunohistochemistry. However, OPN expression was up-regulated in submerged basal cells cultures exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) extract. Cell fractioning of air-liquid interface cultures revealed increased OPN production from basal compartment cells compared to that in luminal fraction cells. Furthermore, both constitutive and CS-induced expression of OPN decreased during differentiation. In contrast, cultures stimulated with interleukin (IL)-13 to promote goblet cell hyperplasia showed increased OPN production in response to CS exposure. These results indicate that the cellular composition of the airway epithelium plays an important role in OPN expression and that these levels may reflect disease endotypes in COPD.
Lef1 regulates caveolin expression and caveolin dependent endocytosis, a process necessary for Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling during Xenopus gastrulation
Authors: Puzik Katharina , Tonnier Veronika , Opper Isabell , Eckert Antonia , Zhou Lu , Kratzer Marie-Claire , Noble Ferdinand le , Nienhaus Gerd Ulrich , Gradl Dietmar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe activation of distinct branches of the Wnt signaling network is essential for regulating early vertebrate development. Activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway stimulates expression of β-catenin-Lef/Tcf regulated Wnt target genes and a regulatory network giving rise to the formation of the Spemann organizer. Non-canonical pathways, by contrast, mainly regulate cell polarization and migration, in particular convergent extension movements of the trunk mesoderm during gastrulation. By transcriptome analyses, we found caveolin1, caveolin3 and cavin1 to be regulated by Lef1 in the involuting mesoderm of Xenopus embryos at gastrula stages. We show that caveolins and caveolin dependent endocytosis are necessary for proper gastrulation, most likely by interfering with Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling. Wnt5a regulates the subcellular localization of receptor complexes, including Ror2 homodimers, Ror2/Fzd7 and Ror2/dsh heterodimers in an endocytosis dependent manner. Live-cell imaging revealed endocytosis of Ror2/caveolin1 complexes. In Xenopus explants, in the presence of Wnt5a, these receptor clusters remain stable exclusively at the basolateral side, suggesting that endocytosis of non-canonical Wnt/receptor complexes preferentially takes place at the apical membrane. In support of this blocking endocytosis with inhibitors prevents the effects of Wnt5a. Thus, target genes of Lef1 interfere with Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling to coordinate gastrulation movements.
Effect of selective-precipitations process on the corrosion resistance and hardness of dual-phase high-carbon steel
Authors: Handoko Wilson , Anurag Aayush , Pahlevani Farshid , Hossain Rumana , Privat Karen , Sahajwalla Veena 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt is commonly known that precipitation of secondary phase in non-ferrous alloys will affect the mechanical properties of them. But due to the nature of dual-phase low-alloy high-carbon steel and its high potential of precipitation of cementite, there is limited study on tailoring the mechanical and corrosion properties of this grade of steel by controlling the precipitation of different phases. Predicting and controlling precipitation behaviour on this grade of steel is of great importance towards producing more advanced applications using this low-cost alloy. In this study the new concept of selective-precipitation process for controlling the mechanical and corrosion behaviour of dual-phase low-alloy high-carbon steel has been introduced. We have investigated the precipitation of different phases using in-situ observation ultra-high temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy, image analyser – ImageJ, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Volume fraction of each phase including retained austenite, martensite and precipitated phases was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical corrosion test by Tafel extrapolation method and hardness performance by nanoindentation hardness measurement. The experimental results demonstrated that, by controlling the precipitations inside the matrix and at grain boundaries through heat treatment, we can increase the hardness of steel from 7.81 GPa to 11.4 GPa. Also, corrosion resistance of steel at different condition has been investigated. This new approach will open new possibility of using this low-cost steel for high performance applications.
An investigation of microstructural, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4
Authors: Mustaffa Muhammad Syazwan , Azis Raba’ah Syahidah , Abdullah Nor Hapishah , Ismail Ismayadi , Ibrahim Idza Riati 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe enhancement of microwave absorbing properties in nickel zinc ferrite (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) via multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) growth is studied in this research work. Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 was initially synthesized by mechanical alloying followed by sintering at 1200 °C and the microstructural, electromagnetic and microwave characteristics have been scrutinized thoroughly. The sintered powder was then used as a catalyst to grow MWCNT derived from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The sample was mixed with epoxy resin and a hardener for preparation of composites. The composite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 shown a maximum reflection loss (RL) of −19.34 dB at the frequency and bandwidth of 8.46 GHz and 1.24 GHz for an absorber thickness of 3 mm for losses less than −10 dB. This acquired result indicates that multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 could be used as a microwave absorber application in X-band.
Role of macrophages and activated microglia in neuropathic pain associated with chronic progressive spinal cord compression
Authors: Takeura Naoto , Nakajima Hideaki , Watanabe Shuji , Honjoh Kazuya , Takahashi Ai , Matsumine Akihiko 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNeuropathic pain (NeP) is commonly encountered in patients with diseases associated with spinal cord damage (e.g., spinal cord injury (SCI) and compressive myelopathy). Recent studies described persistent glial activation and neuronal hyperactivity in SCI, but the pathomechanisms of NeP in chronic compression of the spinal cord remains elusive. The purpose of the present study was to determine the roles of microglia and infiltrating macrophages in NeP. The study was conducted in chimeric spinal hyperostotic mice (ttw/ttw), characterized by chronic progressive compression of the spinal cord as a suitable model of human compressive myelopathy. The severity of spinal cord compression correlated with proportion of activated microglia and hematogenous macrophages. Spinal cord compression was associated with overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in infiltrating macrophages and reversible blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption in the dorsal horns. Our results suggested that chronic neuropathic pain in long-term spinal cord compression correlates with infiltrating macrophages, activated microglial cells and the associated damage of BSCB, together with overexpression of p-38 MAPK and p-ERK1/2 in these cells. Our findings are potentially useful for the design of new therapies to alleviate chronic neuropathic pain associated with compressive myelopathy.
Fluence-map generation for prostate intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning using a deep-neural-network
Authors: Lee Hoyeon , Kim Hojin , Kwak Jungwon , Kim Young Seok , Lee Sang Wook , Cho Seungryong , Cho Byungchul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA deep-neural-network (DNN) was successfully used to predict clinically-acceptable dose distributions from organ contours for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). To provide the next step in the DNN-based plan automation, we propose a DNN that directly generates beam fluence maps from the organ contours and volumetric dose distributions, without inverse planning. We collected 240 prostate IMRT plans and used to train a DNN using organ contours and dose distributions. After training was done, we made 45 synthetic plans (SPs) using the generated fluence-maps and compared them with clinical plans (CP) using various plan quality metrics including homogeneity and conformity indices for the target and dose constraints for organs at risk, including rectum, bladder, and bowel. The network was able to generate fluence maps with small errors. The qualities of the SPs were comparable to the corresponding CPs. The homogeneity index of the target was slightly worse in the SPs, but there was no difference in conformity index of the target, V60Gy of rectum, the V60Gy of bladder and the V45Gy of bowel. The time taken for generating fluence maps and qualities of SPs demonstrated the proposed method will improve efficiency of the treatment planning and help maintain the quality of plans.
Patient-Centered Strategies for Effective Communication During the Initial Audiological Consultation Sessions
Authors: Bellon-Harn Monica L. , Manchaiah Vinaya , Azios Jamie H. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The article focuses on communication during initial audiology consultation sessions and written in two-fold. First, it provides an overview of audiological literature on communication between patients, their significant others, and audiologists. Second, it discusses patient-centered strategies for effective communication based on broader health care literature.

Method
A discussion was developed based on reviews of relevant literature.

Results

A recent literature review by
Manchaiah, Bellon-Harn, Dockens, Azios, and Harn (2019)
examined studies focusing on communication during initial audiology consultations. Five themes were highlighted: (a) interaction balance and reciprocity, (b) discussion of patient concerns and development of therapeutic alliance, (c) patient and family expressions of concerns, (d) audiologist response to patient and family expression of concerns, and (e) conversation patterns related to acceptance of treatment recommendations. Broader health care literature emphasizes some patient-centered strategies for effective communication, which include (a) focusing on patients' perspective, (b) building the therapeutic alliance, (c) attending to psychological consequences and concerns, and (d) understanding the power of turn in conversations.

Conclusions
Clinician–patient communication especially at initial consultation sessions is important in building a long-term relationship and will have bearing toward patient outcomes. It is essential for audiologists to adopt patient-centered strategies for effective communication, which makes patients comfortable and helps in building trust and positive therapeutic relationships.
Enhanced imaging – Neue diagnostische Methoden beim Urothelkarzinom
Authors: Knoll Thomas , Bach Thorsten 
Published: October 2019

ZusammenfassungDie korrekte Detektion von Blasentumoren ist die Voraussetzung zur vollständigen Resektion und damit zur Reduktion von Rezidiven, aber auch zum korrekten Staging von fortgeschrittenen und High-grade-Karzinomen. Die Weißlicht-Zystoskopie stellt den Goldstandard dar und konnte durch die digitale HD-Zystoskopie weiter verbessert werden. Die weiteren Verfahren zur verbesserten Bildgebung etablieren sich schrittweise. Narrow-Band Imaging und S-System könnten v. a. im ambulanten Setting einen Vorteil darstellen, da keine Kontrastmittel notwendig sind. Die fotodynamische Diagnostik hat sich bereits im klinischen Setting bei der TURB, zumindest bei High-grade-Karzinomen, etabliert und einen gesicherten Stellenwert in den Leitlinienempfehlungen. Die Kombination von diesen makroskopischen Verfahren mit mikroskopischer Bildgebung könnte die Diagnostik verbessern. Solche neueren Verfahren wie optische Kohärenztomografie oder konfokale Laser-Endomikroskopie sind derzeit in der klinischen Evaluation. Andere Techniken bis hin zur molekularen Bildgebung stellen spannende Konzepte dar, deren Weg in die Klink aber noch lang zu sein scheint.
Two Distinctively Rare Syndromes in a Case of Primary Amenorrhea: 18p Deletion and Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser Syndromes
Authors: Anant Monika , Raj Nutan , Yadav Neelu , Prasad Arun , Kumar Subhash , Saxena Ajit K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome and 18p deletion syndrome, two genetic disorders having distinct genetic etiologies, have an exceedingly rare likelihood of coexistence. Vaginal agenesis or MRKH syndrome, the developmental failure of Mullerian ductal system-derived structures in a genotypic female fetus (46, XX), leads to congenital absence of uterus and vagina in variable degree. The 18p deletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder, characterized by dysmorphic features, stunted growth, and mental retardation, which is caused by deletion of a part or all of the short arm of chromosome 18. A detailed evaluation of primary amenorrhea in a 16-year-old girl yielded both MRKH syndrome and 18p deletion syndrome. Extensive literature search could not identify any reported case bearing this combination of syndromes. This case presentation and review emphasizes on the importance of karyotyping in MRKH patients having atypical features.
The logic of the slave patrol: the fantasy of black predatory violence and the use of force by the police
Authors: Ralph Laurence 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe background context for this study is the relationship between the right to bear arms and the role of policing in the United States. The fact that the second amendment guarantees the right to bear arms and the correlative right to form “a well-regulated militia” have long been central to the scholarly understanding of the role of guns in American society. Yet few social scientific studies have taken the friction between militias and the burgeoning police departments of the 1800s as a point of departure for present-day debates about the police’s use of force. For the early part of US history, many citizens feared that the police would attempt to supplant militias. In some southern cities, like New Orleans, residents argued that if the city government was going to let the police patrol the city, they should do so without guns. It was the threat of slave uprisings that ended the conflict between militias and the police. A major implication of this study is that rooting the contemporary understanding of police violence in early debates about the police’s use of force can help social scientists better understand how policing is understood and experienced today. Indeed, the African Americans interviewed for this study view the gun in the hands of a police officer as a technology that is rooted in the slave patrol. This is because it is the descendants of enslaved people who are disproportionately subject to police shootings. The article demonstrates this point by exploring a 2014 police shooting. The shooting of Laquan McDonald garnered national attention when, on October 20, 2014, Chicago police Officer, Jason Van Dyke, shot the 17-year-old Black teenager 16 times. The methods employed in this study include: archival data on the early use of force debate, discourse analysis of court testimony from Van Dyke’s 2018 first degree murder trial, and semi-structured interviews with Chicago residents who discuss this case. Ultimately, this study finds that in the McDonald shooting, the gun helps to reproduce the fantasy of Black predatory violence that is rooted in slavery.
A systems approach to cultural evolution
Authors: Buskell Andrew , Enquist Magnus , Jansson Fredrik 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA widely accepted view in the cultural evolutionary literature is that culture forms a dynamic system of elements (or ‘traits’) linked together by a variety of relationships. Despite this, large families of models within the cultural evolutionary literature tend to represent only a small number of traits, or traits without interrelationships. As such, these models may be unable to capture complex dynamics resulting from multiple interrelated traits. Here we put forward a systems approach to cultural evolutionary research—one that explicitly represents numerous cultural traits and their relationships to one another. Basing our discussion on simple graph-based models, we examine the implications of the systems approach in four domains: (i) the cultural evolution of decision rules (‘filters’) and their influence on the distribution of cultural traits in a population; (ii) the contingency and stochasticity of system trajectories through a structured state space; (iii) how trait interrelationships can modulate rates of cultural change; and (iv) how trait interrelationships can contribute to understandings of inter-group differences in realised traits. We suggest that the preliminary results presented here should inspire greater attention to the role of multiple interrelated traits on cultural evolution, and should motivate attempts to formalise the rich body of analyses and hypotheses within the humanities and social science literatures.
Credibility of climate change denial in social media
Authors: Samantray Abhishek , Pin Paolo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPublic perception about the reality of climate change has remained polarized and propagation of fake information on social media can be a potential cause. Homophily in communication, the tendency of people to communicate with others having similar beliefs, is understood to lead to the formation of echo chambers which reinforce individual beliefs and fuel further increase in polarization. Quite surprisingly, in an empirical analysis of the effect of homophily in communication on the level of polarization using evidence from Twitter conversations on the climate change topic during 2007–2017, we find that evolution of homophily over time negatively affects the evolution of polarization in the long run. Among various information about climate change to which people are exposed to, they are more likely to be influenced by information that have higher credibility. Therefore, we study a model of polarization of beliefs in social networks that accounts for credibility of propagating information in addition to homophily in communication. We find that polarization can not increase with increase in homophily in communication unless information propagating fake beliefs has minimal credibility. We therefore infer from the empirical results that anti-climate change tweets are largely not credible.
Shifting characterizations of the ‘Common People’ in modern English retranslations of Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War: a corpus-based analysis
Authors: Jones Henry 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLittle research has yet explored the impact of (re)translation on narrative characterization, that is, on the process through which the various actors depicted in a narrative are attributed particular traits and qualities. Moreover, the few studies that have been published on this topic are either rather more anecdotal than systematic, or their focus is primarily on the losses in character information that inevitably occur when a narrative is retold for a new audience in a new linguistic context. They do not explore how the translator’s own background knowledge and ideological beliefs might affect the characterization process for readers of their target-language text. Consequently, this paper seeks to make two contributions to the field: first, it presents a corpus-based methodology developed as part of theGenealogies of Knowledgeproject for the comparative analysis of characterization patterns in multiple retranslations of a single source text. Such an approach is valuable, it is argued, because it can enhance our ability to engage in a more systematic manner with the accumulation of characterization cues spread throughout a narrative. Second, the paper seeks to move discussions of the effects of translation on narrative characterization away from a paradigm of loss, deficiency and failure, promoting instead a perspective which embraces the productive role translators often play in reconfiguring the countless narratives through which we come to know, imagine and make sense of the past, our present and imagined futures. The potential of this methodology and theoretical standpoint is illustrated through a case study exploring changes in the characterization of ‘the common people’ in two English-language versions of classical Greek historian Thucydides’History of the Peloponnesian War, the first produced by Samuel Bloomfield in 1829 and the second by Steven Lattimore in 1998. Particular attention is paid to the referring expressions used by each translator—such asthe multitudevs.the common people—as well as the specific attributes assigned to this narrative actor. In this way, the study attempts to gain deeper insight into the ways in which these translations reflect important shifts in attitudes within key political debates concerning the benefits and dangers of democracy.