bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting the scene: The use of art to promote reconciliation in international criminal justice
Authors: Aksenova Marina , Rieff Amber N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article maps out the landscape holding and connecting three interrelated phenomena: art, international criminal justice, and reconciliation. We argue that reconciliation, viewed as a restorationprocess, is one of the goals of international criminal justice. Yet, its attainment through law is challenging because international criminal justice, strictly construed, isoutcomeoriented. Art can serve as a ‘bridge’ linking normative legal standards with their reconciliatory aspirations. The key argument is therefore that art has the clear ability to mediate and amplify the law’s restorative potential through three key features. Firstly, art reflects the complexity of the human condition and reserves a place for emotional processing. Secondly, it is a useful relational tool in opening the space for dialogue, the latter being essential for reconciliation. Lastly, art has the capacity to translate legalistic findings into a language accessible to a wider audience.
Attention/Working Memory, Learning and Memory in Adult Cameroonians: Normative Data, Effects of HIV Infection and Viral Genotype
Authors: Kanmogne Georgette D. , Fonsah Julius Y. , Umlauf Anya , Moul Jacob , Doh Roland F. , Kengne Anne M. , Tang Bin , Tagny Claude T. , Nchindap Emilienne , Kenmogne Léopoldine , Franklin Donald , Njamnshi Dora M. , Mbanya Dora , Njamnshi Alfred K. , Heaton Robert K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjective:There is lack of Cameroonian adult neuropsychological (NP) norms, limited knowledge concerning HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa, and evidence of differential inflammation and disease progression based on viral subtypes. In this study, we developed demographically corrected norms and assessed HIV and viral genotypes effects on attention/working memory (WM), learning, and memory.Method:We administered two tests of attention/WM [Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)-50, Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)-III Spatial Span] and two tests of learning and memory [Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)] to 347 HIV+ and 395 seronegative adult Cameroonians. We assessed the effects of viral factors on neurocognitive performance.Results:Compared to controls, people living with HIV (PLWH) had significantly lower T-scores on PASAT-50 and attention/WM summary scores, on HVLT-R total learning and learning summary scores, on HVLT-R delayed recall, BVMT-R delayed recall and memory summary scores. More PLWH had impairment in attention/WM, learning, and memory. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and current immune status had no effect on T-scores. Compared to untreated cases with detectable viremia, untreated cases with undetectable viremia had significantly lower (worse) T-scores on BVMT-R total learning, BVMT-R delayed recall, and memory composite scores. Compared to PLWH infected with other subtypes (41.83%), those infected with HIV-1 CRF02_AG (58.17%) had higher (better) attention/WM T-scores.Conclusions:PLWH in Cameroon have impaired attention/WM, learning, and memory and those infected with CRF02_AG viruses showed reduced deficits in attention/WM. The first adult normative standards for assessing attention/WM, learning, and memory described, with equations for computing demographically adjusted T-scores, will facilitate future studies of diseases affecting cognitive function in Cameroonians.
The role of food parcel use on dietary intake: perception of Dutch food bank recipients - a focus group study
Authors: Neter Judith E , Dijkstra S Coosje , Nicolaou Mary , Visser Marjolein , Brouwer Ingeborg A 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjective:To gain insight in Dutch food bank recipients’ perception on the content of the food parcels, their dietary intake and how the parcels contribute to their overall dietary intake.Design:Eleven semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted. Focus group topics were based on Andersons food insecurity definition: the lack of availability of nutritionally adequate foods and the assured ability to acquire foods in socially acceptable ways. Data were coded and analysed with Atlas.ti 7.0 software, using the framework approach.Setting:Seven food banks throughout the Netherlands.Participants:A total of 44 Dutch food bank recipients.Results:Food bank recipients were not always satisfied with the amount, quality, variation and type of foods in the food parcel. For the participants who could afford to, supplementing the food parcel was reported as main reason for buying foods, and price was the most important aspect in selecting these foods. Participants were not satisfied with their dietary intake; they mainly reported not having enough to eat. The content of the food parcel importantly influenced participants’ overall dietary intake. Finally, participants reported struggling with their feelings of dissatisfaction, while also being grateful for the foods they receive.Conclusions:This study suggests that, despite their best efforts, food banks are not meeting food bank recipients’ needs. Our results provide valuable directions for improving the content of the food parcels by increasing the quantity, quality and variation in the foods supplied. Whether this also improves the dietary intake of recipients needs to be determined.
Lower Crustal Composition in the Southwestern United States
Authors: Sammon L. G. , Gao C. , McDonough W. F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe composition of the lower continental crust is well studied but poorly understood because of the difficulty of sampling large portions of it. Petrological and geochemical analyses of this deepest portion of the continental crust are limited to the study of high‐grade metamorphic lithologies, such as granulite. In situ lower crustal studies require geophysical experiments to determine regional‐scale phenomena. Since geophysical properties, such as shear wave velocity (Vs), are nonunique among different compositions and temperatures, the most informative lower crustal models combine both geochemical and geophysical knowledge. We explored a combined modeling technique by analyzing the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau of the United States, a region for which plentiful geochemical and geophysical data are available. By comparing seismic velocity predictions based on composition and thermodynamic principles to ambient noise inversions, we identified three compositional trends in the southwestern United States that reflect three different geologic settings. The Colorado Plateau (thick crust), Northern Basin and Range (medium crust), and Southern Basin and Range (thin crust) have intermediate, intermediate‐mafic, and mafic deep crustal compositions. Identifying the composition of the lower crust depends heavily on its temperature because of the effect it has on rock mineralogy and physical properties. In this region, we see evidence for a lower crust that overall is intermediate‐mafic in composition (53.77.2 wt.% SiO) and notably displays a gradient of decreasing SiOwith depth.
Atmospheric Research Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean Region and North American East Coast: A Review of Past Work and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Sorooshian Armin , Corral Andrea F. , Braun Rachel A. , Cairns Brian , Crosbie Ewan , Ferrare Richard , Hair Johnathan , Kleb Mary M. , Hossein Mardi Ali , Maring Hal , McComiskey Allison , Moore Richard , Painemal David , Scarino Amy Jo , Schlosser Joseph , Shingler Taylor , Shook Michael , Wang Hailong , Zeng Xubin , Ziemba Luke , Zuidema Paquita 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDecades of atmospheric research have focused on the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) region because of its unique location that offers accessibility for airborne and ship measurements, gradients in important atmospheric parameters, and a range of meteorological regimes leading to diverse conditions that are poorly understood. This work reviews these scientific investigations for the WNAO region, including the East Coast of North America and the island of Bermuda. Over 50 field campaigns and long‐term monitoring programs, in addition to 715 peer‐reviewed publications between 1946 and 2019, have provided a firm foundation of knowledge for these areas. Of particular importance in this region has been extensive work at the island of Bermuda that is host to important time series records of oceanic and atmospheric variables. Our review categorizes WNAO atmospheric research into eight major categories, with some studies fitting into multiple categories (relative %): aerosols (25%); gases (24%); development/validation of techniques, models, and retrievals (18%); meteorology and transport (9%); air‐sea interactions (8%); clouds/storms (8%); atmospheric deposition (7%); and aerosol‐cloud interactions (2%). Recommendations for future research are provided in the categories highlighted above.
Precipitation Probability and Its Future Changes From a Global Cloud‐Resolving Model and CMIP6 Simulations
Authors: Na Ying , Fu Qiang , Kodama Chihiro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study investigates precipitation probability and its future changes using simulations from the Non‐hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM), a global cloud‐resolving model, and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models. For the precipitation probability comparison between models and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) during 1998–2008, the difference is greatly reduced by regridding to a common coarser resolution, but the difference signs largely remain. Both NICAM and CMIP6 model ensemble mean show less global‐mean nonprecipitation fractions than observations, but NICAM agrees better with observations. For global‐mean light precipitation probability, NICAM (CMIP6 model ensemble mean) is smaller (larger) than TRMM. NICAM shows higher heavy precipitation probability than TRMM in native resolutions, but it is close to TRMM and falls in the CMIP6 model range after regridding. For the precipitation probability changes from 1979–2008 to 2075–2104, NICAM predicts an increase in nonprecipitation and extreme heavy (>100 mm/day) precipitation probability but a slight decrease in the probability for precipitation <100 mm/day. After regridding to 2.5o, the precipitation intensity where the probability starts to increase becomes ~20 mm/day and the relative increases in nonprecipitation and heavy precipitation probability become much larger. Future heavy precipitation probability relative increases from CMIP6 models are much larger than NICAM at their native resolutions, but NICAM falls in the CMIP6 model range after regridding, indicating robust future increase (decrease) in heavy (light) precipitation probability regardless of underlying convection treatments. Discrepancy, however, exists in the projected nonprecipitation fraction changes: NICAM shows that nonprecipitation probability will increase over most of low and middle latitudes where CMIP6 models show less increases and even decreases.
Experimental Results of Electron Method for Remote Spacecraft Charge Sensing
Authors: Bengtson M. T. , Wilson K. T. , Schaub H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRemote charge sensing is a technique that can provide valuable insight into spacecraft‐environment interactions, as well as enable missions that leverage electrostatic interactions between multiple spacecraft or involve docking maneuvers in harsh charging environments. The concept discussed in this paper uses a co‐orbiting servicing spacecraft to measure the energies of secondary electrons or photoelectrons that are emitted from the target object with initial energies of a few electron volts. The electrons are accelerated toward the servicing spacecraft, which is at a known positive potential (relative to the target), where they are measured by an energy analyzer. Given the potential of the servicing spacecraft, the potential of the target can be accurately determined. Results are presented from experiments conducted in a vacuum chamber to investigate the touchless sensing concept. Specifically, the feasibility and accuracy of the electron method is considered for different materials, charge scenarios, and relative geometries. The results show that the surface potential of a flat plate can be accurately determined for a range of metallic surface materials, voltages, and relative angles.
Specifying High‐Altitude Electrons Using Low‐Altitude LEO Systems: The SHELLS Model
Authors: Claudepierre S. G. , O'Brien T. P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe describe an artificial neural network model of the near‐Earth space radiation environment. The geomagnetic activity index
and low‐earth‐orbit (LEO) electron flux measurements from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) operational spacecraft are used as model training inputs. Electron fluxes from National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Van Allen Probe spacecraft form the training outputs. We demonstrate that the model can accurately specify outer radiation belt (
–7) electron fluxes at two energies, 350 keV and 1 MeV. Various performance metrics are calculated using out‐of‐sample data, and we find high correlations and low errors between the model specification and the observed flux. We emphasize that once the model is trained, the Van Allen Probes data are no longer needed at model run time; only the POES fluxes and the
index are required to specify the outer electron belt using the model.
Structural and functional imaging markers for susceptibility to psychosis
Authors: Andreou Christina , Borgwardt Stefan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe introduction of clinical criteria for the operationalization of psychosis high risk provided a basis for early detection and treatment of vulnerable individuals. However, about two-thirds of people meeting clinical high-risk (CHR) criteria will never develop a psychotic disorder. In the effort to increase prognostic precision, structural and functional neuroimaging have received growing attention as a potentially useful resource in the prediction of psychotic transition in CHR patients. The present review summarizes current research on neuroimaging biomarkers in the CHR state, with a particular focus on their prognostic utility and limitations. Large, multimodal/multicenter studies are warranted to address issues important for clinical applicability such as generalizability and replicability, standardization of clinical definitions and neuroimaging methods, and consideration of contextual factors (e.g., age, comorbidity).
PDK1 promotes ovarian cancer metastasis by modulating tumor-mesothelial adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis via α5β1 integrin and JNK/IL-8 signaling
Authors: Siu Michelle K. Y. , Jiang Yu-xin , Wang Jing-jing , Leung Thomas H. Y. , Ngu Siew Fei , Cheung Annie N. Y. , Ngan Hextan Y. S. , Chan Karen K. L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOvarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancies owing to the lack of definitive symptoms until development of widespread metastases. Identification of novel prognostic and therapeutic targets is therefore an urgent need to improve survival. Here, we demonstrated high expression of the mitochondrial gatekeeping enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), in both clinical samples and cell lines of ovarian cancer. PDK1 expression was significantly associated with metastasis, reduced chemosensitivity, and poor overall and disease-free survival, and further highlighted as an independent prognostic factor. Silencing of PDK1 retarded lactate production, ovarian cancer cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, and consequently metastasis, concomitant with decreased α5β1 integrin expression. Phospho-kinase array profiling and RNA sequencing analyses further revealed reduction of JNK activation and IL-8 expression in PDK1-depleted cells. Conversely, PDK1 overexpression promoted cell adhesion via modulation of α5β1 integrins, along with cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis through activation of JNK/IL-8 signaling. PDK1 depletion additionally hindered tumor growth and dissemination in nude mice in vivo. Importantly, PDK1 levels were upregulated upon treatment with conditioned medium from omental tissues, which in turn promoted metastasis. Our findings suggest that PDK1, which is regulated by the tumor microenvironment, controls lactate production and promotes ovarian cancer cell metastasis via modulation of α5β1 integrin and JNK/IL-8 signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate an association between PDK1 and survival in patients with ovarian cancer, supporting its efficacy as a valuable prognostic marker and therapeutic molecular target for the disease.
Clinical decision-making on spinal cord injury-associated pneumonia: a nationwide survey in Germany
Authors: Druschel Claudia , Ossami Saidy Ramin R. , Grittner Ulrike , Nowak Claus P. , Meisel Andreas , Schaser Klaus-Dieter , Niedeggen Andreas , Liebscher Thomas , Kopp Marcel A. , Schwab Jan M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Study design
Survey study.

Objectives
Spinal cord injury (SCI)-associated pneumonia (SCI-AP) is associated with poor functional recovery and a major cause of death after SCI. Better tackling SCI-AP requires a common understanding on how SCI-AP is defined. This survey examines clinical algorithms relevant for diagnosis and treatment of SCI-AP.

Setting
All departments for SCI-care in Germany.

Methods
The clinical decision-making on SCI-AP and the utility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for diagnosis of ‘clinically defined pneumonia’ were assessed by means of a standardized questionnaire including eight case vignettes of suspected SCI-AP. The diagnostic decisions based on the case information were analysed using classification and regression trees (CART).

Results
The majority of responding departments were aware of the CDC-criteria (88%). In the clinical vignettes, 38–81% of the departments diagnosed SCI-AP in accordance with the CDC-criteria and 7–41% diagnosed SCI-AP in deviation from the CDC-criteria. The diagnostic agreement was not associated with the availability of standard operating procedures for SCI-AP management in the departments. CART analysis identified radiological findings, fever, and worsened gas exchange as most important for the decision on SCI-AP. Frequently requested supplementary diagnostics were microbiological analyses, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin. For empirical antibiotic therapy, the departments used (acyl-)aminopenicillins/β-lactamase inhibitors, cephalosporins, or combinations of (acyl-)aminopenicillins/β-lactamase inhibitors with fluoroquinolones or carbapenems.

Conclusions
This survey reveals a diagnostic ambiguity regarding SCI-AP despite the awareness of CDC-criteria and established SOPs. Heterogeneous clinical practice is encouraging the development of disease-specific guidelines for diagnosis and management of SCI-AP.
A prospective trial of vaccine to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Nishikawa Koji , Kimura Kiminori , Kanda Yoshinobu , Sugiyama Masaya , Kakihana Kazuhiko , Doki Noriko , Ohashi Kazuteru , Bae Sung Kwan , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Ishihara Yuko , Mizuno Ishikazu , Onishi Yasushi , Onozawa Masahiro , Onizuka Makoto , Yamamoto Masahide , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Inoue Kazuaki , Kusumoto Shigeru , Hashino Satoshi , Saito Hidetsugu , Kanto Tatsuya , Sakamaki Hisashi , Mizokami Masashi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation reportedly occurs frequently after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in resolved HBV-infected patients. Here, 50 patients with resolved HBV infections and scheduled to undergo HSCT were enrolled; all subjects were vaccinated with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine 12 months after HSCT and the incidence of HBV reactivation was monitored. The patients’ characteristics were: median age, 61 (34–72) years; male/female, 27/19; allogeneic/autologous, 40/6; bone marrow/peripheral blood stem cells/cord blood, 26/16/4. Of the 46 patients who underwent HSCT, 19 were excluded and did not make it to vaccination due to relapse of underlying disease, HBV reactivation within 12 months of HSCT, or transfer of patients. The remaining 27 were vaccinated 12 months after HSCT and monitored for 2 years. Six showed HBV reactivation, with a 2-year cumulative reactivation incidence of 22.2%; the same incidence was 27.3% only in allogeneic HSCT patients. Factors associated with HBV reactivation included the discontinuation of immunosuppressants (P = 0.0379) and baseline titers of antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (P = 0.004). HBV reactivation with vaccination following HSCT could occur despite maintenance of serum anti-HBs at more than protective levels.
Benefits of switching from guaiac-based faecal occult blood to faecal immunochemical testing: experience from the Wallonia–Brussels colorectal cancer screening programme
Authors: Guo Feng , De Brabander Isabel , Francart Julie , Candeur Michel , Polus Marc , Van Eycken Liesbet , Brenner Hermann 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) have replaced guaiac-based faecal occult blood test (gFOBTs) in several colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programmes. We aimed to evaluate the benefits of this transition based on the Wallonia–Brussels-organised CRC screening programme.

Methods
A total of 1,569,868 individuals aged 50–74 years, who were invited to screening during 2009–2017, were studied by linking their screening records with insurance, pathology and cancer data in the Belgian Cancer Registry. We compared neoplasm detection rates and positive predictive values (PPVs) of gFOBT and FIT at 15 µg haemoglobin per gram cut-off in screen-naive individuals. We furthermore examined the incidence rates of interval cancer in gFOBT- and FIT-based screening programme.

Results
Advanced neoplasms were detected less frequently by gFOBT (0.8%) than by FIT (1.3%), with a difference of 0.5% (P < 0.01). PPVs were lower for gFOBT (15.1%) than for FIT (21.7%) for advanced neoplasms (difference 6.6%, P < 0.01). Compared to participants with negative gFOBT, those with negative FIT were 77% less likely to develop interval cancer (incidence rate ratio 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.16–0.33).

Conclusion
Our study demonstrated that in an organised CRC screening programme, replacing gFOBT with FIT improved neoplasm detection rate and substantially reduced interval cancer incidence.