bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion weighted imaging in breast cancer – Can it be a noninvasive predictor of nuclear grade?
Authors: Rupa R , Thushara R , Swathigha S , Athira R , Meena N , Cherian Mathew P 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground: DWI and ADC values are noninvasive MRI techniques, which provide quantitative information about tumor heterogeneity. Aim: To determine the minimum and mean ADC values in breast carcinoma and to correlate ADC values with various prognostic factors. Settings and Design: Prospective observational study. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five patients with biopsy-proven breast carcinoma were included in this study. MRI with DWI was performed with Siemens 3T Skyra scanner. ADC values were measured by placing regions of interest (ROIs) within the targeted lesions on ADC maps manually. The histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of surgical specimen was done to determine the prognostic factors. Statistical Analysis: Students T test and ANOVA were used to study the difference in ADC between two groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to quantify the correlation between ADC values and prognostic factors. Results: Lower grade (grade I) breast carcinoma had a significantly high ADC value as compared to higher grade carcinoma (grade II and III). For differentiating Grade I tumors from grade II and III, a minimum ADC cut-off value was 0.79 × 10−3 mm2/sec (83% sensitivity and 84% specificity) and a mean ADC cut-off value was 0.82 × 10-3 mm2/sec (83% sensitivity and 71% specificity) was derived. There was no significant correlation between ADC and other prognostic factors. Conclusion: ADC values can be used to differentiate lower grade breast carcinoma (grade I) from higher grades (grade II and III). Minimum ADC values are more accurate in predicting the grade of the breast tumor than mean ADC value.
Discursive Chains: How Prison Becomes Real and Chains Identity Movements For a Sex Offender
Authors: Faccio Elena , Mazzucato Matteo , Iudici Antonio 
Published: March 2020

Detainees enact a “self” that is faced with the prejudices and stereotypes of the crime for which that detainee was convicted. Of all inmates, sex offenders face the greatest risk of receiving social condemnation alongside their prison sentence. This empirical study worked with 32 male sex offenders over 18 years old that were housed in the “protected” unit of the Due Palazzi. The following analysis explores how these men are required to manage their “self,” hetero-narrations, perception of everyday interactions in the protected unit, and conceptions about the rehabilitation path. Moreover, the detainees’ view on the prison’s strategic opportunities for promoting effective change in their condition and identity are also examined.
Discourse analysis applied to an open answer questionnaire showed that, rather than facing the stigma assigned to them, the detainees tend to minimize the importance of storytelling and construct alternative biographies to share with other inmates. Managing narratives allows the sex offenders to distance themselves from the perceived threats of living with other detainees; however, it also prevents the re-signification of their offenses. As such, the rules of “secrecy” must be considered by both qualitative researchers who conduct studies in prisons and prison administrators who plan the housing and treatment of sex offenders.
Mental illness and medical aid in dying
Authors: Katznelson Gali , Orzylowski Jacek 
Published: March 2020

A 2017 survey of 529 psychiatrists in Canada found that while 72% of psychiatrists supported medical assistance in dying (MAID) in some cases, only 29.4% supported MAID solely on the basis of mental disorders. Understanding and addressing the concerns of mental health professionals will be crucial in deciding whether and how to expand MAID solely for a mental disorder in Canada. The report, “The State of Knowledge on Medical Assistance in Dying Where a Mental Disorder Is the Sole Underlying Medical Condition,” authored by The Council of Canadian Academies, highlights some concerns that mental health professionals might harbour. These include potentially feeling that there is a conflict between providing MAID and their duties as mental health care workers, the subjectivity of the current law, and Canada’s inequitable mental health care system.
Virtual reality exposure-based therapy as an emerging treatment modality for anxiety disorders
Authors: Wang Wenxuan , Wong Sean 
Published: March 2020

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health condition, affecting one-third of the population during their lifetime. Patient with anxiety may experience overwhelming fear to an irrational fear that can impair everyday functioning. Current treatment for anxiety disorders include pharmacological (i.e. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and psychological (i.e. cognitive behavioural therapy) intervention. Cognitive behavioural therapy is an effective exposure-based therapy utilizing repetitive exposure to the feared stimulus to develop desensitization and tolerance but holds high dropout rates due to unbearable anxiety for patients. Recognizing this challenge, virtual reality technology is emerging as a promising tool for patients to challenge their fear in a simulated environment based on individual progression. This article explores the new development of virtual reality technology as an effective treatment modality for anxiety disorders to enhance current approaches in mental health care.
A Linguistic Insight into the Legislative Drafting of English-Speaking Jurisdictions
Authors: Pennisi Giulia Adriana 
Published: March 2020

A Linguistic Insight into the Legislative Drafting of English-Speaking Jurisdictions: The Use of ‘Singular They’
Gender specificity in legislation started being questioned in the late 20th century, and the need to reform the way in which laws have been written for more than one-hundred years has been particularly evident in English-language jurisdictions. In the 1990s and 2000s, the adoption of a plain English style forced legislative drafters to avoid sentences of undue length, superfluous definitions, repeated words and gender specificity with the aim of achieving clarity and minimizing ambiguity.Experts in the legal field have suggested reorganizing sentences, avoiding male pronouns, repeating the noun in place of the pronoun, replacing a nominalization with a verb form, resorting to ‘the singular they’. This article gives a linguistic insight into the use of ‘singular they’ in English, beginning with a historical background and going on to assess the impact of its use in the primary legislation issued in a selection of English-language jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, the US) in the last decade (2008-2018). Given the environment of legislative drafting techniques, where considerable reliance on precedent is inevitable, proposals to change legislative language may produce interesting results in different jurisdictions.
Gender Neutrality in EU Legislative Drafting
Authors: Robinson William 
Published: March 2020

Gender Neutrality in EU Legislative Drafting
In the English-speaking world the issue of gender-neutral drafting in legislation has been a much discussed topic for many years, and there are few legislative drafting manuals in the English-speaking world that do not address the issue.The EU and its institutions also attach great importance to gender issues, as is shown by the solemn commitments in EU texts to gender equality, by the establishment at the EU level of bodies or committees to focus on those issues, and by the EU actions and policies that seek to address them. But the issue of gender-neutral drafting in legislation is not even mentioned in the guidance drawn up by the legislative drafting experts of the EU institutions.This contribution, therefore, looks at how gender issues are dealt with in practice in the EU Treaties and in EU legislation. It finds signs of a traditional approach that is beginning to evolve but only slowly and somewhat unevenly.The contribution considers some of the reasons behind the approach taken by the EU institutions to gender neutrality in drafting and the impact of the important EU principles of multilingualism and multiculturalism before seeking to draw some conclusions.
Gender-Neutral Drafting
Authors: Watkin Thomas Glyn 
Published: March 2020

Gender-Neutral Drafting: A View from Wales
The gender classification of words in English is different from that in many other languages, including Welsh. The approach in Welsh is more closely aligned to that in languages such as French, Spanish or Italian, but there are also differences. The differences include the manner in which possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives are employed. These differences pose difficulties for bilingual drafting in English and Welsh.This article will consider some of those difficulties, their root causes and some possible solutions as well as look at issues that may or may not complicate matters further in the future.
Gender and Language
Authors: De Benedetto Maria 
Published: March 2020

Gender and Language: A Public Law Perspective
The article adopts a public law perspective in order to focus on Gender-Fair Language (GFL) policies and drafting, by considering both language neutralization and language differentiation in some legal systems characterized by different languages.The article argues that the real problem is whether it is possible to coerce legislative and administrative language as a tool for policies. In fact, coercion of language produces administrative costs and side effects on freedoms (such as freedom of speech and freedom to teach); controls and sanctions are needed for enforcement; but, overall, language (as an institution) is not a proper object of regulation.
Language and Gender
Authors: Marrades Ana 
Published: March 2020

Language and Gender: The Importance of Including a Gender Perspective in the Language of the Constitutional Reform in Spain
Language is a reflection of culture, and at the same time it helps to build that culture. In the same way, it can be used to transform it. Language serves for describing a culture, to show what we see, but at the same time, it strengthens the relationships of power that exist on the basis of male power. In this way, we can use language to build other kinds of relationships based on equality.The Spanish Constitution is written in the masculine. Although it is based on equality, masculine language shows that the power relations lean towards men, and this hides women’s participation. When a text or a legal message uses structures or words that hide or discriminate against one gender, it can be said that linguistic sexism exists, and this violates the principle of equality. This is a reflection about what is happening in our society because language describes cultural values. This exclusion of women in the constitutional text is in itself a denial of them as subjects of rights and as citizens. This is not only a denial of the part of power that corresponds to them, but also the consolidation of a collective story of female subordination.Therefore this article aims to focus on the need to carry out a revision of the Spanish Constitution in female and inclusive language that, in parallel to the recognition and guarantee of parity democracy, makes women visible as autonomous subjects. In addition, it also breaks with the male universality of the language and the monopoly of male language to define the sources of the law, as well as rights, powers, institutions, values and policies.
Aansprakelijkheid van de (beoogd) curator verduidelijkt
Authors: de Kloe H.J. 
Published: March 2020

Aansprakelijkheid van de (beoogd) curator verduidelijkt
Aan de hand van het Ruwaard van Puttenziekenhuis-arrest wordt de aansprakelijkheid van de (beoogd) curator besproken. De auteur concludeert dat de Hoge Raad bij de aansprakelijkheidsnorm voor beoogd curatoren terecht aansluit bij de norm die geldt voor ‘gewone’ curatoren. Hoewel de Hoge Raad de cassatieklacht hierover heeft verworpen, is de auteur kritischer over aansprakelijkheid van de curator bij niet-nakoming van een negatieve verbintenis.
Onvrijwillige aansprakelijkheid van een moedervennootschap: een overzicht van de risico’s en suggesties ter beperking daarvan
Authors: Smit D.R.C. 
Published: March 2020

Onvrijwillige aansprakelijkheid van een moedervennootschap: een overzicht van de risico’s en suggesties ter beperking daarvan
Doorbraak van aansprakelijkheid is een risico voor de moedervennootschap van een concern. Aan de hand van arresten van de Hoge Raad brengt deze bijdrage de aansprakelijkheidsrisico’s voor een moedervennootschap op grond van onrechtmatige daad jegens crediteuren van haar groepsvennootschap in kaart en reikt voorts suggesties aan ter beperking van die risico’s.
Het gebruik van oligarchische clausules bij benoeming en ontslag door Nederlandse beursvennootschappen
Authors: Kemp B. , Renshof A.S. 
Published: March 2020

Het gebruik van oligarchische clausules bij benoeming en ontslag door Nederlandse beursvennootschappen
Uit ons onderzoek volgt dat een ruime meerderheid van de Nederlandse beursvennootschappen de bevoegdheid van de aandeelhoudersvergadering om bestuurders te benoemen en ontslaan beperkt door het gebruik van zogeheten oligarchische clausules. Hieruit worden in deze longread enkele conclusies getrokken, waaronder dat oligarchische clausules worden gebruikt als correctie op het aandeelhoudersvriendelijke wettelijke uitgangspunt.
Grensoverschrijdende fusies en omzetting/zetelverplaatsing met en binnen het Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk
Authors: Ormel D.W. 
Published: March 2020

Grensoverschrijdende fusies en omzetting/zetelverplaatsing met en binnen het Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk
Het Koninkrijk bestaat uit vier landen en vijf rechtsstelsels waarbinnen verschillende mogelijkheden tot grensoverschrijdende fusies en omzettingen bestaan. Die (on)mogelijkheden worden in kaart gebracht door de auteur, waarbij opvalt dat de mogelijkheden tot grensoverschrijdende fusie ruimer zijn in het Caribisch deel van het Koninkrijk dan in Europees Nederland.
De Richtlijn elektronische handel en de platformeconomie
Authors: Mak V. 
Published: March 2020

De Richtlijn elektronische handel en de platformeconomie. Noot bij HvJ 19 december 2019, zaak C-390/18, ECLI:EU:C:2019:1112 (Airbnb Ireland)
De uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie in de zaak Airbnb Ireland geeft aanleiding tot een herbezinning op de Richtlijn elektronische handel. Deze richtlijn uit 2000 lijkt onvoldoende toegerust om het hoofd te bieden aan de complexe problemen die ontstaan door de groeiende aanwezigheid van grote online platformen op Europese consumentenmarkten. Deze noot bespreekt de kwalificatie van platformdiensten als ‘dienst van de informatiemaatschappij’ en de daaraan gekoppelde regels voor aansprakelijkheid en mogelijke beperkingen van het vrij verkeer van diensten door nationale regelgeving. HvJ EU zaak C-390/18, Airbnb Ireland, ECLI:EU:C:2019:1112
Een inhoudelijk kompas voor een uit koers geraakte voorlopigehechtenispraktijk
Authors: Hajjari N. 
Published: March 2020

Een inhoudelijk kompas voor een uit koers geraakte voorlopigehechtenispraktijk
In dit artikel zal een inhoudelijk en operationeel normatief kader worden geformuleerd voor de toepassing van voorlopige hechtenis, waarbij de focus ligt op het zo veel mogelijk reduceren van het percentage onschuldigen dat aan het vrijheidsbenemende dwangmiddel wordt blootgesteld. Doel van de bijdrage is het inspireren van de wetgever om het moderniseringsproject te baat te nemen om de voorlopigehechtenisregeling grondig(er) te hervormen.
Kroniek: Vier jaar rechtspraak a- en b-grond: Waterloo of The winner takes it all?
Authors: Besselink Pascal 
Published: March 2020

Kroniek: Vier jaar rechtspraak a- en b-grond: Waterloo of The winner takes it all?
In dit artikel wordt de belangrijkste in de periode 1 juli 2015 tot 1 november 2019 gepubliceerde rechtspraak over de a-grond en de b-grond besproken en geanalyseerd. Zwaartepunt ligt bij de bedrijfseconomische grond, waarbij subonderwerpen zoals het verval van de arbeidsplaats, afspiegeling, uitbesteding van werkzaamheden en de herplaatsingsplicht besproken worden. De in omvang wat beperktere ontbindingsrechtspraak bij langdurige arbeidsongeschiktheid zal ook de revue passeren.
PILARISASI BENTONIT DENGAN MODIFIKASI PENAMBAHAN ASAM SULFAT SEBAGAI KATALIS ASAM PADAT DALAM ESTERIFIKASI
Authors: Haerudin Hery , Kusuma Dona Sulistia , Ermawan Ermawan , Komalasari Isna 
Published: March 2020

Preparations of pillared bentonites have been carried out using refined bentonite from Trenggalek, East Java, Indonesia as raw materials. Modification cations of pillarization method has been accomplished by the introduction of treatment in acid solution at various stages of pillarization procedure, specifically (i) prior to ion-exchange, (ii) subsequent to ion-exchange, (iii) subsequent to drying of ion-exchanged bentonite and (iv) subsequent to calcination of ion-exchanged bentonite. The resulted modified clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectrometry, N2-adsorption, TG/DT Analysis and SEM. Shifts of pore distributions to the Larger pore size by the introduction of acid treatment on the pillarization procedure were observed, which are also accompanied by appropriate increase in specific surface area. Treatment in acidic solution may have resulted in removal of exchangeable cations, which lightened AL-polycation intercalation during the pillarization. The modified clays were tested in an esterification reaction model using stearic acid and ethanol as reaction partners. Activity tests showed that enhancement in physco-chemical characteristics such as specific surface area, pore size and pore distribution, was not generally followed by the increase of the activity. Key Words: Bentonite, Pillarization, Acid Treatment, Solid Acid, Esterification, Activity.
Incorporation of pora network connerctivity on the prediction of binary liquid phase adsorption of flavour esters in activated carbon
Authors: Ismadji Suryadi 
Published: March 2020

The structural heterogeneity of activated carbon is a result of the existence of micropores, mesopores, and macropores of different sizes and shapes, randomly connected in a pore network. In a pore network, some of the pores that are large enough to accommodate the probe molecules may be accessible through smaller pores that only permit the passage of probe molecules having a smaller size. In the adsorption process, especially involving large and complex probe molecules, the pore network connectivity is very important, and governs the transport and reaction properties of the pores. A method for incorporation of the pore network connectivity along with lAST (Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory Method) on the prediction of binary component adsorption isotherm is proposed in this article. IAST is used in conjunction with the modified DR (Dubinin-Radushkevich) single component isotherm, and is found that the incorporation of the connectivity can improve the accuracy of model inpredicts the multicomponent adsorption performance.Keywords: Adsorption, IAST, Pore Network ConnectivityAbstrak Pore network connectivity memegang peranan yang penting dalam proses adsorpsi yang melibatkan senyawa senyawa kompleks. Pada makalah ini diusulkan suatu metode yang menggabungkan Pore network connectivity dan persamaan IAST untuk prediksi isotherm adsorpsi senyawa biner. Untuk mendapatkan isotherm adsorpsi dilakukan percobaan dengan menggunakan ethyl propionate dan ethyl butyrate sebagai adsorbate dan sebagai adsorbent digunakan karbon aktif Filtrasorb F-400 dan Norit ROW 0.8. Untuk menggambarkan isotherm adsorpsi dari hasil percobaan digunakan persamaan The Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory dengan modifikasi persamaan isotherm adsorpsi dari Dubinin-Radushkevich dan Pore network connectivity. Dari hasil yang dipero/eh dapat disimpulkan bahwa persamaan yang melibatkan pengaruh pore network connectivity dapat meningkatkan unjuk kerja dari persamaan isotherm multi komponen untuk prediksi data data percobaan adsorpsi biner.Kata Kunci: Adsorpsi, IAST, Pore Network Connectivity
Kinetic study of the utilisation of different substrates to lactic acid using <i> Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i>
Authors: Abdullah A , Mat Hanapi Bin , Widayat W 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLactic acid fermentation includes several reactions in association with the microorganism growth. A kinetic study was performed of the utilisation of multiple substrates to lactic acid using Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Batch fermentation was performed to study effect of different substrates such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. The objective of this research is to study kinetics grow microbial. An anaerobic fermentation were studied in 3 litres stirred fermentor (Biostat B Model) with working volume of 1 liter: temperature = 40ºC, pH=6.0, inoculums size= 5%, sugar concentration= 20 g/L. During the first hours of fermentation, glucose and fructose accumulated in the medium and the rate of hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose was faster than conversion of these substrate. The maximum concentration of glucose and fructose was 5.82 and 5.14 g/L respectively. The sucrose, glucose, and fructose consumption completely utilized at 56, 68, and 104 hours, respectively. Kinetic parameter for maximum specific growth rate in glucose, fructose and sucrose is 0.083, 0.024, and 0.024 (h-1), respectively. The saturation constant is 4.64, 3.41, and 1.36 g/L.Keywords: Kinetic Study, Sugars, Lactic Acid, Maximum Specific Growth Rate, Saturation Constant AbstrakFermentasi asam laktat melibatkan banyak reaksi dalam pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Studi kinetika reaksi tentang kinerja penggunaan berbagai subtrat untuk memproduksi asam laktat dengan Lactobacillus delbrueckii.Subtrat yang digunakan adalah glukosa, fruktosa, dan sukrosa, dengan proses fermentasi curah. Penelitian ini bertujuan memepelajari kinetika pertumbuhan mikroba. Fermentasi anaerobik dilakukan dalam fermentor 3 liter (Biostat B Model) dengan volume total 1 liter, temperatur = 40ºC, pH= 6.0, konsentrasi inokulum = 5%, konsentrasi gula = 20 g/L. Selama satu jam pertama fermentasi, glukosa dan fruktosa diakumulasi dalam medium dan laju reaksi hidrolisis sukrosa menjadi glukosa dan fruktosa sangat cepat dibandingkan dengan konversi substrat ini. Konsentrasi glukosa dan fruktosa adalah 5.82 dan 5.14 g/L. Waktu yang dibutuhkan sukrosa, glukosa dan fruktosa masing-masing adalah 56, 68, dan 104 jam. Parameter kinetika untuk laju pertumbuhan spesifik maksimum dalam medium glukosa, fruktosa, dan sukrosa masing-masing adalah 0.083, 0.024, dan 0.024 (h-1). Konstanta saturasi adalah 4.64, 3.41, dan 1.36.Kata Kunci: Kinetika Reaksi, Gula, Asam Laktat, Laju Pertumbuhan Spesifik Maksimum, Konstanta Saturasi