bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in predicting orthopaedic outcomes
Authors: Bayliss Lee , Jones Luke D. 
Published: December 2019

This annotation briefly reviews the history of artificial intelligence and machine learning in health care and orthopaedics, and considers the role it will have in the future, particularly with reference to statistical analyses involving large datasets. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1476–1478
Building Union Muscle
Authors: Savage Larry 
Published: December 2019

This case study of a union campaign to organize personal trainers and fitness instructors at GoodLife Fitness, the world’s fourth-largest fitness chain, is used to highlight the challenges and possibilities of organizing precarious workers in the multi-billion-dollar fitness industry. Drawing on the broader literature on union organizing and strategic corporate campaigns, primary documents related to the organizing drive, media coverage of the campaign, and in-depth interviews with union officials and fitness workers, the case study reveals how the workers were successfully, yet unconventionally, able to leverage institutional, symbolic, and associational power to build union muscle in an industry that is virtually union-free.

Cette étude de cas d’une campagne syndicale visant à organiser des entraîneurs personnels et des instructeurs de condition physique chez GoodLife Fitness, la quatrième chaîne mondiale de condition physique, est utilisée pour mettre en évidence les défis et les possibilités d’organisation des travailleurs précaires dans l’industrie de la condition physique de plusieurs milliards de dollars. S’appuyant sur la littérature plus vaste sur les campagnes syndicales et stratégiques d’entreprise, sur les principaux documents relatifs à la campagne de syndicalisation, sur la couverture médiatique de la campagne et sur des entretiens approfondis avec des responsables syndicaux et des professionnels de la condition physique, l’étude de cas révèle comment les travailleurs ont réussi, de manière non conventionnelle, à tirer parti du pouvoir institutionnel, symbolique et associatif pour renforcer le pouvoir syndical dans une industrie pratiquement sans syndicat.
Structural and optical impacts of AlGaN undershells on coaxial GaInN/GaN multiple-quantum-shells nanowires
Authors: Lu Weifang , Terazawa Mizuki , Han Dong-Pyo , Sone Naoki , Goto Nanami , Iida Kazuyoshi , Murakami Hedeki , Iwaya Motoaki , Tekeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The superior crystalline quality of coaxial GaInN/GaN multiple-quantum shell (MQS) nanowires (NWs) was demonstrated by employing an AlGaN undershell during metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) results reveal that the NW structure consists of distinct GaInN/GaN regions on different positions of the NWs and the cores were dislocation-free. High-resolution atomic contrast STEM images verified the importance of AlGaN undershells in trapping the point defects diffused from n-core to MQSs (m-planes), as well as the improvement of the grown crystal quality on the apex region (c-planes). Time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed to clarify the mechanism of the emission within the coaxial GaInN/GaN MQS NWs. The improved internal quantum efficiency in the NW sample was attributed to the unique AlGaN undershell, which was able to suppress the point defects diffusion and reduce the dislocation densities on c-planes. Carrier lifetimes of 2.19 ns and 8.44 ns were derived from time-resolved PL decay curves for NW samples without and with the AlGaN undershell, respectively. Hence, the use of an AlGaN undershell exhibits promising improvement of optical properties for NW-based white and micro light-emitting diodes.
The development of a novel questionnaire assessing alterations in central pain processing in people with and without chronic pain
Authors: Austin Philip D. , Asghari Ali , Costa Daniel S.J. , Siddall Philip J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background and aims
The purpose of this study was to (a) develop and (b) conduct exploratory factor analysis on a novel self-report instrument for symptoms associated with altered central pain processing.

Methods
We first developed a 25-item questionnaire based on previous literature identifying symptoms and behaviours that may reflect altered spinal and supraspinal pain processing. We then administered this questionnaire to 183 people with chronic pain (n = 99) and healthy individuals (n = 84). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the factor structure of the questionnaire.

Results
Our results support a two-factor solution for the 25-item questionnaire that accounted for 57.2% of the total variance of responses in people with and without chronic pain. Factor one (11 items) included items related to alterations in sensation of pain, while factor two (seven items) included items associated with emotional and fatigue symptoms. Seven items showed weak factor loadings and were eliminated. Reliability was excellent, while both factors showed strong correlations with previously-validated self-report Instruments: (pain catastrophising, mood, vigilance, pain self-efficacy) and conditioned pain modulation, providing evidence for their validity.

Conclusions
We have developed a questionnaire containing two factors that appear to be related to two different symptom clusters, one of which is specifically related to pain and one of which contains other health-related symptoms related to mood and fatigue. These factors show excellent internal consistency and validity. This questionnaire may be a quick, easy and reliable instrument to assess central pain processing in clinical settings.
A β-ketoiminato palladium(II) complex for palladium deposition
Authors: Preuß Andrea , Korb Marcus , Rüffer Tobias , Bankwitz Jörn , Georgi Colin , Jakob Alexander , Schulz Stefan E. , Lang Heinrich 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The ¦-ketoiminato complex [Pd(OAc)L] (3) can be synthesized by the reaction of bis(benzoylacetone)diethylenetriamine (1, = LH) with [Pd(OAc)2] (2). The structure of 3 in the solid state has been determined by single X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex 3 crystallizes as a dimer (3
2), which is formed by hydrogen bonds between NH and OOAc functionalities of two adjacent ligands. Each of the Pd atoms is complexed by one ON2 donor unit of the polydentate ligand L
− and an acetate group. Pd–Pd interactions and hydrogen bond formation between a NH and the C=O acetate moiety lead to a [4 + 2] coordination at Pd. The non-coordinated part of L exists in its ¦-keto-enamine form. The thermal decomposition behavior of 3
2 was studied by TG (thermogravimetry) and TG-MS showing that 3
2 decomposes between 200 and 500°C independent of the applied atmosphere. Under oxygen PdO is produced, while under argon Pd is formed as confirmed by PXRD measurements. Complex 3
2 was applied as a spin-coating precursor (conc. 0.1 mol L−1, volume 1.5 mL, 3000 rpm, deposition time 6 min, heating rate 50 K min−1, holding time 60 min (Ar) and 120 min (air) at T = 800°C). The as-obtained samples are characterized by granulated particles of Pd/PdO on the substrate surface. EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements confirmed the formation of Pd (Ar) or PdO (O2) with up to 12 mol% C impurity.
Pollution of the snow surface with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the formation of frost
Authors: Tentyukov M. P. , Gabov D. N. , Simonenkov D. V. , Yazikov E. G. 
Published: December 2019

When analyzing chemical compositions of snow the high variability of content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow cover between snowfalls is observed. Researchers explain this by concentrating of snow. However, another mechanism of atmospheric contamination of the snow cover surface is possible. It may be a precipitation of fine crystals of PAHs from the atmosphere in the composition of cryohydrates, which can form aerogenic anomalies on the snow surface at formation of hoarfrost. The process starts in the atmosphere during the interaction of finely dispersed crystals of PAHs with cloud supercooled drops. This results in the cryogenic concentration of solid particles of PAHs by way of formation of solid eutectic mixture – cryohydrates, which are a two-phase system consisting of a fine mixture of crystals of solid particles and ice. Evidence of their manifestation is the presence of the Forel hatching on the surface of the facets of the hoarfrost crystals appearing due to the different optical density of alternating zones, which consist of interpenetrating domains of crystallized solid aerosols and ice. At the same time, due to the presence of temperature inversion over the snow cover and its drying effect on the near-snow layer of air, a stable mass transport of water vapor down to the snow cover is formed, which can initiate the flow of fine cryohydrates from the PAHs. Therefore, the growth of atmospheric ice crystals, begun in the surface atmosphere, continues on the snow surface during formation of hoarfrost, thus creating a special nano-relief of snow cover. The paper presents the results of observations of changes in the concentration of individual PAHs in the upper 18 mm layer of snow at accumulation of the surface hoarfrost during a long period between snowfalls. Some micro-morphological features of the forms of skeletal rime micro-crystals are shown, with which an increase in the nano-roughness of the snow surface is associated, as well as the manifestation of the signal of the aerogenic PAH anomaly on the snow surface. Since the conditions for the formation of surface hoarfrost occur more often than for snowfalls, the hoarfrost may be an informative object of testing when detecting hydrocarbon contamination of snow cover during the intervals between snowfalls.
La educación a distancia en la profesionalización de las personas con discapacidad y privados de libertad
Authors: Ulate Soto Ileana , Vargas Morúa Elizarda 
Published: December 2019

Recibido 21 de junio de 2012 • Corregido 09 de octubre de 2012 • Aceptado 07 de noviembre de 2012El presente trabajo ilustra, mediante dos ejemplos, el impacto que ha tenido la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), en la atención y profesionalización de sectores marginales de la sociedad costarricense, tales como los privados de libertad, personas con discapacidad física, individuos de zonas muy alejadas del centro capitalino, entre otros. Se trata de dar respuesta a las preguntas: ¿Cómo ha sido la atención en esos sectores? ¿Cuáles son los retos que enfrentan las universidades a distancia para ser pertinentes? ¿De qué manera ha logrado alcanzarlos? ¿Qué impacto sobre la sociedad costarricense ejerce la UNED en la profesionalización de su población? Para el abordaje de la temática se recurre a documentación y estadísticas existentes, y se ejemplifica mediante el testimonio de dos estudiantes egresados de la UNED, elegidos con el propósito de ilustrar algunos de los diferentes casos que atiende dicha Universidad.
Mediación pedagógica para la autonomía en la formación docente
Authors: Hernández Segura Ana María , Flores Davis Luz Emilia 
Published: December 2019

Recibido 27 de junio de 2012 • Corregido 20 de setiembre de 2012 • Aceptado 07 de noviembre de 2012
El presente artículo trata la importancia de la mediación pedagógica para promover el tránsito de la heteronomía a la autonomía intelectual, en la formación docente del estudiantado de primer ingreso a las carreras de Educación. Se comparten algunas estrategias y experiencias implementadas por las autoras de este artículo. Se destaca la necesidad fundamental de escuchar las voces de los estudiantes y las estudiantes y, de esta forma, conocer sus expectativas, opiniones y experiencias previas, punto de partida para el desarrollo de diversos temas y conceptos, lo cual favorece una participación real y libre en las dinámicas de mediación pedagógica y, por tanto, espacios para que se expresen con autonomía. Lo anterior, permite pasar de una pedagogía centrada en la enseñanza, a una pedagogía centrada en el aprendizaje, de manera que el futuro educador y educadora sean protagonistas de su formación y vayan construyendo su propia identidad intelectual, desde la acción-reflexión-acción. Se considera que el primer año de vida en la educación superior es un espacio privilegiado para fomentar el desarrollo de la autonomía en las futuras y los futuros docentes y, como lo señala Freire (2004), el respeto por la autonomía es un imperativo ético.
Construcción de competencias requeridas en la investigación educativa y la sistematización de la docencia, según las percepciones de estudiantes de Educación Preescolar, Primaria y Secundaria de la Universidad de Costa Rica
Authors: Segura Castillo Mario Alberto 
Published: December 2019

Recibido 30 de mayo de 2012 • Corregido 08 de octubre de 2012 • Aceptado 07 de noviembre de 2012El presente artículo tiene como finalidad presentar los resultados de dos foros virtuales, en los cuales participaron 42 estudiantes de la Licenciatura de Educación Preescolar, Licenciatura de Primaria y Licenciatura de Secundaria de la Universidad de Costa Rica. El objetivo principal de los foros fue determinar las percepciones que tienen los estudiantes participantes acerca de las competencias que han adquirido en el campo de la investigación educativa, además, cuáles han sido las herramientas fundamentales para poder sistematizar su propias prácticas de docencia. Los foros de discusión se llevaron a cabo en el curso de Métodos de Investigación Educativa (FD5091) de la Escuela de Formación Docente de esta Universidad, en los meses de marzo y abril del 2010. La muestra de estudiantes participantes estuvo constituida por 60% de estudiantes de Educación Preescolar, 35% de Primaria y el 5% de Educación Secundaria en las especialidades de Ciencias, Matemática y Estudios Sociales. Según las percepciones y creencias de las estudiantes participantes en los foros, tanto de los futuros docentes, como los que ya ejercen la profesión, a nivel de su preparación académica y en la situación actual de trabajo no cuentan con muchas posibilidades de investigar y sistematizar su propia mediación docente.
Preoperative Feeds in Ductal-Dependent Cardiac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Kataria-Hale Jasmeet , Osborne Scott Webb , Hair Amy , Hagan Joseph , Pammi Mohan 
Published: December 2019

CONTEXT:
Our aim for this review is to determine if preoperative feeds in neonates with ductal-dependent congenital heart disease are harmful or beneficial.

OBJECTIVES:
To summarize current evidence for preoperative feeding in neonates with ductal-dependent congenital heart disease.

DATA SOURCES:
We used the following databases: Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.

STUDY SELECTION:
We included observational studies in which the following outcomes were addressed: necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), hospital length of stay (LOS), time to achieve full postoperative enteral feeding, and feeding intolerance.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Two reviewers independently screened each study for eligibility and extracted data. Methodologic quality was assessed by using a standardized item bank, and certainty of evidence for each outcome was assessed by using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria.

RESULTS:
Five retrospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion, for which risk of bias was significant. When comparing neonates who received preoperative feeds with those who did not, there was no significant difference in NEC (pooled odds ratio = 1.09 [95% confidence interval 0.06–21.00; P = .95]; 3 studies, 6807 participants, very low certainty evidence), hospital LOS (mean of 14 days for those not fed versus 9.9 days for those fed preoperatively; P &lt; .01; 1 study, 57 participants, very low certainty evidence), or feeding intolerance (odds ratio = 2.014 [95% confidence interval 0.079–51.703; P = .67]; 1 study, 56 participants, very low certainty evidence). No data were available for the outcome time to achieve full postoperative enteral feeding. All studies were observational and had small sample sizes.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is insufficient evidence to suggest that preoperative enteral feeds in patients with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions adversely influence the rate of NEC, LOS, or feeding intolerance.
Medical Student Training in Pediatric Hospital Medicine: A National Survey of Pediatric Clerkships
Authors: Trost Margaret J. , Barqadle Fatuma , Rudnick Melanie , Christman Grant 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Medical student electives offer opportunities for career exploration; it is unknown if electives exist for the newest pediatric subspecialty, pediatric hospital medicine (PHM), or how PHM competencies are already addressed in required medical student training. Our objectives for this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of exposure to PHM competencies in medical school and (2) to inform a needs assessment for a PHM elective.

METHODS:
A 5-item survey was distributed to members of the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics as part of a larger survey in 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to report responses as proportions. Responses to 1 open-ended question were coded and grouped into categories.

RESULTS:
Of 152 total respondents, 118 (77.6%) answered at least 1 question. Respondents felt that quality improvement was addressed in preclinical years (40.4%), whereas systems-based practice was incorporated into core clerkships (32.1%). Although most indicated that leadership and education should be taught at the subinternship level (29.6% and 25%, respectively), those competencies are not currently integrated into subinternship rotations (7.4% and 4.8%, respectively). Approximately half (n = 58; 49.5% each) reported that their institution offers a PHM elective. Lack of a standardized curriculum (16%) was seen as a barrier, and in free-text responses (n = 33), respondents also noted concerns regarding saturation of inpatient settings and redundancy with required rotations.

CONCLUSIONS:
How to become a good leader and how to become a good educator were identified as PHM competencies that should be, but are not currently, taught at the fourth-year medical student level. A standardized curriculum and strategies to mitigate redundancy with existing rotations may increase satisfaction of students.
Hospital Mortality and Functional Outcomes in Pediatric Neurocritical Care
Authors: Williams Cydni N. , Eriksson Carl O. , Kirby Aileen , Piantino Juan A. , Hall Trevor A. , Luther Madison , McEvoy Cindy T. 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES:
Pediatric neurocritical care (PNCC) outcomes research is scarce. We aimed to expand knowledge about outcomes in PNCC by evaluating death and changes in Functional Status Scale (FSS) from baseline among PNCC diagnoses.

METHODS:
We conducted a 2-year observational study of children aged 0 to 18 years admitted to the ICU with a primary neurologic diagnosis (N = 325). Primary outcomes were death and change in FSS from preadmission baseline to discharge. New disability was defined as an FSS change of ≥1 from baseline, and severe disability was defined as an FSS change of ≥3. Categorical results are reported as relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS:
Thirty (9%) patients died. New disability (n = 103; 35%) and severe disability (n = 37; 13%) were common in PNCC survivors. New disability (range 14%–54%) and severe disability (range 3%–33%) outcomes varied significantly among primary diagnoses (lowest in status epilepticus; highest in infectious and/or inflammatory and stroke cohorts). Disability occurred in all FSS domains: mental status (15%), sensory (52%), communication (38%), motor (48%), feeding (40%), and respiratory (12%). Most (64%) patients with severe disability had changes in ≥3 domains. Requiring critical care interventions (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.5–3.1) and having seizures (RR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1–2.0) during hospitalization were associated with new disability.

CONCLUSIONS:
PNCC patients have high rates of death and new disability at discharge, varying significantly between PNCC diagnoses. Multiple domains of disability are affected, underscoring the ongoing multidisciplinary health care needs of survivors. Our study quantified hospital outcomes of PNCC patients that can be used to advance future research in this vulnerable population.
Acute Kidney Injury in Children Hospitalized With Diarrheal Illness in the United States
Authors: Bradshaw Christina , Han Jialin , Chertow Glenn M. , Long Jin , Sutherland Scott M. , Anand Shuchi 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the incidence, correlates, and consequences of acute kidney injury (AKI) among children hospitalized with diarrheal illness in the United States.

METHODS:
Using data from Kids’ Inpatient Database in 2009 and 2012, we studied children hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of diarrheal illness (weighted N = 113 195). We used the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, diagnosis codes 584.5 to 584.9 to capture AKI. We calculated the incidence, correlates, and consequences (mortality, length of stay [LOS], and costs) of AKI associated with hospitalized diarrheal illness using stepwise logistic regression and generalized linear models.

RESULTS:
The average incidence of AKI in children hospitalized with diarrheal illness was 0.8%. Hospital location and teaching status were associated with the odds of AKI, as were older age, solid organ transplant, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and rheumatologic and hematologic conditions. The development of AKI in hospitalized diarrheal illness was associated with an eightfold increase in the odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 8.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.2–15.4). AKI was associated with prolonged LOS (mean increase 3.0 days; 95% CI 2.3–3.8) and higher hospital cost (mean increase $9241; 95% CI $4661–$13 820).

CONCLUSIONS:
Several demographic factors and comorbid conditions are associated with the risk of AKI in children hospitalized with diarrheal illness. Although rare, development of AKI in this common pediatric condition is associated with increased mortality, LOS, and hospital cost.