bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heart transplant recipients with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus infection: The Detroit experience
Authors: Al‐Darzi Waleed , Aurora Lindsey , Michaels Alexander , Cowger Jennifer , Grafton Gillian , Selektor Yelena , Tita Cristina , Hannawi Bashar , Lanfear David , Nemeh Hassan W. , Williams Celeste T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA chronic immunosuppressed state as in solid organ transplant recipients is a reported risk factor for the novel 2019 coronavirus infection. Patients with a history of orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) at a tertiary care transplant center in Detroit, Michigan were retrospectively reviewed from March until May 2020. Clinical parameters and outcomes of 5 OHT recipients and one combined heart–lung recipient with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 were obtained. The cohort was predominately African American males with median age of 59 years (interquartile range, 48.25‐73.25). All patients were classified as having mild–moderate disease; none required intubation or ICU admission with no deaths. The most common presenting symptoms were fever and shortness of breath 83% (n = 5), followed by cough and chills 67% (n = 4). All admitted patients (n = 5) received hydroxychloroquine and 3 received high‐dose steroids. Antimetabolites were held for 2 patients (33.3%). The calcineurin inhibitor trough goal was decreased in only 1 patient; 3 other patients, without change in goal, required calcineurin inhibitor dosage reduction. Two patients requiring readmission presented 7 and 23 days after initial symptoms onset. In conclusion, our experience with OHT patients infected by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus did not have an elevated risk of severe infection. Impact of modifying immunosuppression remains unclear.
More than Money: Barriers to Food Security on a College Campus
Authors: Peterson Nicole D. , Freidus Andrea 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStudies have shown that many college students are experiencing food insecurity and that the reasons for this are multifactorial. Students are unable to acquire adequate food to meet their needs because of limited money, time, transportation, and other factors. However, food insecurity rates are almost always assessed by using the USDA’s food security survey module, which frames the barriers to food access as purely financial by relying entirely on items that explicitly ask about a financial barrier to food security, rather than any other possible barriers. Using survey and interview data collected in collaboration with our campus food pantry and undergraduate student researchers from 2015 to 2019, we show that student food insecurity is a result of complex factors that go beyond financial limitations. We argue that the USDA measure is insufficient for fully assessing the prevalence of college student food insecurity because it presupposes a financial cause for food insecurity and then undercounts those who are food insecure for other reasons.
Histopathologic aspects of the so‐called chronic hyperplastic candidiasis: An analysis of 36 cases
Authors: Pina Paulo Sérgio Souza , Custódio Marcos , Sugaya Norberto Nobuo , de Sousa Suzana Cantanhede Orsini Machado 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed to analyze the histopathologic aspects of cases diagnosed as chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (CHC) in an oral pathology service, pointing out the most important features found.MethodsAll cases histopathologically diagnosed as CHC between 2002 and 2018 were retrieved from the files of the service. Data of the patients and the lesions were collected. Histopathological analysis was performed to evaluate the microscopic characteristics and the amount of Candida present.ResultsThirty‐six cases of CHC were retrieved. Women were more affected and there was a predilection for Whites. Most lesions appeared as a nodule or a white plaque, asymptomatic, on the tongue or buccal mucosa. Histopathologically, statistical significance was noted for the presence of epithelial hyperplasia, exocytosis, and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. Interestingly, only the association between dysplasia and the amount of fungus was noted.ConclusionsCHC appears to be a distinct entity presenting typical histopathologic aspects. CHC might even show epithelial dysplasia. In those cases, the presence of a large amount of Candida together with other histopathological features should lead to the diagnosis of CHC and subsequent treatment. However, close follow up is important.
PRAME expression in 155 cases of metastatic melanoma
Authors: Gradecki Sarah E. , Slingluff Craig L. , Gru Alejandro A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundPRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma) is a promising immunohistochemical marker in distinguishing benign from malignant primary cutaneous melanocytic lesions and lymph node deposits. We hypothesize that PRAME may also reliably identify melanoma metastases that are clinically detected in skin, lymph nodes, or small intestine.MethodsA total of 155 cases of metastatic melanoma to lymph node (N = 54) and non‐lymph node (N = 101) sites were stained with an antibody against PRAME. Nuclear expression was scored in tumor cells as negative, 1% to 25% (1+), 26% to 50% (2+), 51% to 75% (3+), or 76% to 100% (4+).ResultsPRAME expression was seen in 151/155 (97.4%) cases, with 4+ expression in 64 cases (41.3%), 3+ expression in 46 cases (29.7%), 2+ expression in 18 cases (11.6%), and 1+ expression in 23 cases (14.8%). Lymph node metastases were more likely to show lower expression as compared to metastases to other anatomic sites (P = 0.003).ConclusionsA high level of PRAME immunoreactivity was identified in this cohort of metastatic melanoma. Lymph node metastases showed more focal or absent PRAME expression as compared to metastases to other sites. Overall, PRAME is a useful tool for confirming the diagnosis of melanoma in a metastatic setting, in both nodal and visceral deposits.
Restoring the ecological integrity of a dryland river: Why low flows in the Barwon–Darling River must flow
Authors: Mallen‐Cooper Martin , Zampatti Brenton P 
Published: September 2020

SummaryFor dryland rivers globally, understanding hydro‐ecological function is fundamental to informing trade‐offs between consumptive water use and aquatic ecosystem integrity. The Barwon–Darling is an Australian dryland river system recognised for its hydrological variability, which is considered a primary driver of the riverine ecosystem. Emphasis has been placed on extremes of zero flow and flood but examining low flow hydrology and hydraulics – through historical and modern droughts – demonstrates that under natural conditions, the river system also exhibits persistent and predictable flow characteristics. From 1885 to 1950, prior to flow regulation, the Barwon–Darling flowed 92% of the time, and throughout severe droughts (1895–1903 and 1939–1945) the river system was characterised by: near‐perennial flows (85% of the time), with lotic (flowing water) habitats; and near‐annual, in channel, flow pulses. Furthermore, evidence of lotic biota is found consistently in Aboriginal middens dating over the past 15,000 years, thus indicating the long‐term persistence of lotic conditions. We propose these consistent hydrological and hydrodynamic features have shaped the ecology of aquatic biota in the Barwon–Darling River but are now experiencing unprecedented change. Flow storage and diversion have increased the frequency and duration of zero flows in some reaches, but arguably the most substantial impacts, along the entire river, are on: (i) low flows, which are now frequently below lotic thresholds, and (ii) the magnitude of near‐annual flow pulses, which are reduced by over 90%. Consequently, in modern droughts, the river becomes predominantly lentic (still‐water), an impact that is exacerbated by weirpools which create artificial lentic conditions for approximately 1000 km (40%) of river. The ecological impacts of these changes are increasingly apparent, with the loss of lotic biota and a reduction in biodiversity. An ecohydraulic perspective explains present impacts, provides new directions and some immediate solutions for river management, and clarifies choices for stakeholders.
Per‐stage growth rates of head and body sizes in scarab larvae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) decrease across ontogeny following a species‐specific pattern
Authors: Hoshizaki Sugihiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt has been widely assumed that the stepwise increase in the exoskeleton size of larval insects approximately follows a geometric progression from instar to instar, known as Dyar's Rule. However, it is not clear whether the per‐instar increase in body size follows this rule. In insects, Dyar's Rule has been identified either by regressing the log‐scaled size on the instar number (log‐linear regression analysis) or by comparing the postmolt/premolt size ratio between instars (growth rate analysis). A previous study on the body mass of caterpillars showed the methodological pitfall that Dyar's Rule was statistically supported by log‐linear regression analysis, but not at all by growth rates analysis. I considered this concern here by examining the per‐stage growth rates of head and body sizes for larvae of the beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus using both methods and compared the resulting growth rates for body size within and between taxonomic orders. Dyar's Rule was statistically supported by the log‐linear regression analysis but not by growth rate analysis for both the head and body sizes in T. dichotomus. The body size growth rate in T. dichotomus decreased as the instar progressed. This developmental pattern was also found in reported data for the other six scarabs, but not in data for Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera. These findings confirm that the per‐stage growth rate of body size does not follow Dyar's Rule in a wide range of insects, and suggest that developmental change in the body size growth rate varies among insect groups.
The evolutionary consequences of human–wildlife conflict in cities
Authors: Schell Christopher J. , Stanton Lauren A. , Young Julie K. , Angeloni Lisa M. , Lambert Joanna E. , Breck Stewart W. , Murray Maureen H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHuman–wildlife interactions, including human–wildlife conflict, are increasingly common as expanding urbanization worldwide creates more opportunities for people to encounter wildlife. Wildlife–vehicle collisions, zoonotic disease transmission, property damage, and physical attacks to people or their pets have negative consequences for both people and wildlife, underscoring the need for comprehensive strategies that mitigate and prevent conflict altogether. Management techniques often aim to deter, relocate, or remove individual organisms, all of which may present a significant selective force in both urban and nonurban systems. Management‐induced selection may significantly affect the adaptive or nonadaptive evolutionary processes of urban populations, yet few studies explicate the links among conflict, wildlife management, and urban evolution. Moreover, the intensity of conflict management can vary considerably by taxon, public perception, policy, religious and cultural beliefs, and geographic region, which underscores the complexity of developing flexible tools to reduce conflict. Here, we present a cross‐disciplinary perspective that integrates human–wildlife conflict, wildlife management, and urban evolution to address how social–ecological processes drive wildlife adaptation in cities. We emphasize that variance in implemented management actions shapes the strength and rate of phenotypic and evolutionary change. We also consider how specific management strategies either promote genetic or plastic changes, and how leveraging those biological inferences could help optimize management actions while minimizing conflict. Investigating human–wildlife conflict as an evolutionary phenomenon may provide insights into how conflict arises and how management plays a critical role in shaping urban wildlife phenotypes.
Testing for population differences in evolutionary responses to pesticide pollution in brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Nusbaumer David , Marques da Cunha Lucas , Wedekind Claus 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPesticides are often toxic to nontarget organisms, especially to those living in rivers that drain agricultural land. The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a keystone species in many such rivers, and natural populations have hence been chronically exposed to pesticides over multiple generations. The introduction of pesticides decades ago could have induced evolutionary responses within these populations. Such a response would be predicted to reduce the toxicity over time but also deplete any additive genetic variance for the tolerance to the pesticides. If so, populations are now expected to differ in their susceptibility and in the variance for the tolerance depending on the pesticides they have been exposed to. We sampled breeders from seven natural populations that differ in their habitats and that show significant genetic differentiation. We stripped them for their gametes and produced 118 families by in vitro fertilization. We then raised 20 embryos per family singly in experimentally controlled conditions and exposed them to one of two ecologically relevant concentrations of either the herbicide S‐metolachlor or the insecticide diazinon. Both pesticides affected embryo and larval development at all concentrations. We found no statistically significant additive genetic variance for tolerance to these stressors within or between populations. Tolerance to the pesticides could also not be linked to variation in carotenoid content of the eggs. However, pesticide tolerance was linked to egg size, with smaller eggs being more tolerant to the pesticides than larger eggs. We conclude that an evolutionary response to these pesticides is currently unlikely and that (a) continuous selection in the past has either depleted genetic variance in all the populations we studied or (b) that exposure to the pesticides never induced an evolutionary response. The observed toxicity selects against large eggs that are typically spawned by larger and older females.
Impact of cigarette smoke on physical‐chemical and molecular proprieties of human skin in an ex vivo model
Authors: Percoco Giuseppe , Patatian Angela , Eudier Florine , Grisel Michel , Bader Thomas , Lati Elian , Savary Géraldine , Picard Céline , Benech Philippe 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis is a study about the skin ageing exposome, focusing on the effect of cigarette smoke. Human living skin explants (HSE) were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) of two cigarettes for 2 hours using a custom‐made exposure chamber, the Pollubox®. Effects on the surface physico‐chemistry and molecular properties of the skin were analyzed and reported for the first time.Basic ProceduresTo this end, transcriptomic study followed by immunohistochemistry, MDA (Malondialdehyde Dosage), and surface physio‐chemistry data: surface free energy determination, TEWL (Trans Epidermal Water Loss), skin pH and FT‐IR (Fourier Transform‐Infrared) spectroscopy of the explant were collected from untreated and treated HSE.Main FindingsResults showed a decrease of the total surface free energy of the treated HSE. This decrease reflected higher interactions with polar compounds from the environment and consequently a decrease of the surface hydrophobicity. Additionally, an increase of TEWL and skin pH was observed after treatment.The transcriptomic analysis showed downregulation of mitochondrial genes (PON2‐NDUFA4L2‐ATP1A1‐ALDH2‐PRODH) combined with an increase of MDA in CS‐treated HSE.ConclusionsCS‐induced oxidation of lipids at HSE surface alters the skin barrier: interactions with polar products are enhanced and the lipid chain packing at the surface is modified. Consequently, skin permeability could increase which correlated with repression of CA9 and AQP1 genes. Beside activation of AHR‐NRF2 pathway in CS‐exposed HSE, our results suggested that mitochondrial functions were strongly impacted and oxidized lipids failed to be eliminated promoting skin barrier alteration. A mitophagy activity was suggested through the confirmation of PINK1 accumulation in the epidermis by immunostaining.
Review: Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Denic Milica , Touati Eliette , De Reuse Hilde 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe original strategies developed by Helicobacter pylori to persistently colonise its host and to deregulate its cellular functions make this bacterium an outstanding model to study host‐pathogen interaction and the mechanisms responsible for bacterial‐induced carcinogenesis. During the last year, significant results were obtained on the role of bacterial factors essential for gastric colonisation such as spiral shape maintenance, orientation through chemotaxis and the formation of bacteria clonal population islands inside the gastric glands. Particularities of the H pylori cell surface, a structure important for immune escape, were demonstrated. New insights in the bacterial stress response revealed the importance of DNA methylation‐mediated regulation. Further findings were reported on H pylori components that mediate natural transformation and mechanisms of bacterial DNA horizontal transfer which maintain a high level of H pylori genetic variability. Within‐host evolution was found to be niche‐specific and probably associated with physiological differences between the antral and oxyntic gastric mucosa.In addition, with the progress of CryoEM, high‐resolution structures of the major virulence factors, VacA and CagT4SS, were obtained. The use of gastric organoid models fostered research revealing, preferential accumulation of bacteria at the site of injury during infection. Several studies further characterised the role of CagA in the oncogenic properties of H pylori, identifying the activation of novel CagA‐dependent pathways, leading to the promotion of genetic instabilities, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and finally carcinogenesis. Recent studies also highlight that microRNA‐mediated regulation and epigenetic modifications, through DNA methylation, are key events in the H pylori‐induced tumorigenesis process.
Dental plaque score reduction with an oscillating‐rotating power toothbrush and a high‐frequency sonic power toothbrush: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of single‐brushing exercises
Authors: van der Sluijs Eveline , Slot Dagmar Else , Hennequin‐Hoenderdos Nienke L. , Valkenburg Cees , van der Weijden Fridus 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo establish the effect of a single‐brushing exercise on dental plaque removal using an oscillating‐rotating power toothbrush (OR‐PTB) as compared to a high‐frequency sonic power toothbrush (HFS‐PTB).Materials and MethodsThe MEDLINE‐PubMed and Cochrane‐CENTRAL databases were searched up to September 2019. The inclusion criteria contained (randomized) controlled clinical trials involving healthy adult participants brushing with an OR‐PTB as compared to an HFS‐PTB. Plaque index (PI) scores were evaluated after a single‐brushing exercise.ResultsA total of 15 publications were included, representing 34 comparisons, of which 8 were professional brushing exercises and 26 participant brushing exercises. The potential risk of bias was estimated to be low. In the overall descriptive analysis of 34 comparisons, 19 comparisons showed a statistically significant difference in favour of the OR‐PTB and 4 in favour of the HFS‐PTB. The meta‐analysis using the professional brushing study design showed a significant difference of means (DiffM) in favour of the OR‐PTB (PI score) (DiffM 0.19; P < .0001) (95% CI [013; 0.25]). In those studies where the participants brushed themselves, the data were inconclusive. PI scores showed no difference between the two brushes (P = .15), while one plaque index (the Rustogi Modified Navy plaque index) indicated significant favour for the OR‐PTB (DiffM 0.06; P = .002) (95% CI [0.02; 0.09]).ConclusionBased on the estimated evidence profile, there is moderate certainty of evidence of a very small but significant beneficial effect on plaque removal after a single‐brushing exercise with the OR‐PTB over the HFS‐PTB.
Poor oral health‐related quality of life among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gharehghani Mohammad Ali Mohammadi , Bayani Azadeh , Bayat Amir‐Hossein , Hemmat Morteza , Karimy Mahmood , Ahounbar Elahe , Armoon Bahram , Fakhri Yadolah , Schroth Robert J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review was to assess the impacts of oral health determinants (eg frequency of brushing < 2 day, poor life style and non‐white ethnicity) and clinical oral caries indices (eg Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT)) and periodontal disease) on Poor Quality of Life (PQoL) among PW.MethodsThe search strategy was restricted to publications in English before 1 December 2019 in the PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases. We only included oral diseases considered as public health issues with a global burden. As a result, investigations reporting the frequency of brushing, poor lifestyle behaviours, non‐white ethnicity, DMFT scores and periodontal disease as an outcome were included. The two reviewers resolved any disagreements. Reviewers analysed the full texts, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Also, a manual search of the reference lists was performed on all the selected studies.ResultsIn total, 11 publications were included in the meta‐analysis. Findings indicate a positive association between non‐white ethnicity and PQoL among PW. Among PW, those who had non‐white ethnicity were 1.43 times more likely to have PQoL (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.17, 1.70). A positive association between DMFT and poor QoL among PW was also observed. Those who has suffered DMFT were 1.4 times more likely to have poor QoL (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.24, 1.55).ConclusionsResults from this meta‐analysis support the need for behavioural interventions for improving oral hygiene in expectant mothers. This could help to decrease periodontal conditions and improve their oral and general life quality.