bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social-Scientific Approaches to Paul
Authors: Still Todd D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how Pauline interpreters have used and are using the social sciences to study the apostle and his letters. Before turning to the social-scientific study of Paul in particular, the advent and initial growth of the social-scientific study of the New Testament in general is considered. A treatment of prominent pioneers in and primary approaches to the social-scientific study of Paul comprises the majority of this essay, which concludes with a treatment of the identifiable developments both within and alongside the discipline.
Paul and Pistis Christou
Authors: Gupta Nijay K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An enduring discussion in Pauline studies is the so-called pistis Christou debate. This involves the half-dozen cases in the undisputed Pauline letters where this genitive phrase appears and it is unclear whether the phrase should be read ‘faith in Christ’ or ‘the faithfulness of Christ’. Over the past several decades, numerous books, articles, and essays have engaged vigorously on this issue; more than Greek syntax and proper translation appears to be at stake. This debate involves important questions related to Paul’s understanding of the means and manner of justification with God. How important is human faith and agency in Paul’s theology? To what degree does Paul present Christ not only as saving agent of God’s righteousness but also a model of faithfulness? What exactly does Paul mean when he refers to pistis?
Paul the Apostle
Authors: Alexander Loveday 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe question of church order—specifically, of the relationship between Paul the apostle and the churches he founded, and of the patterns of authority and leadership that emerge from his letters—is an essential component in our understanding of Paul: unexamined assumptions about leadership and authority colour our reading of his letters in profound ways. This chapter argues that the letters presuppose a distinctive leadership structure that is built on (a) dispersed authority: leadership is found both locally (elders) and translocally (apostles); and (b) displaced authority: both local and apostolic leadership are directly authorized by and accountable to God. This creates a strong relational network which the letters themselves reinforce and sustain.
Archaeology and the Pauline Letters
Authors: Concannon Cavan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractArchaeological materials and research have long informed the study of the Pauline letters. These materials have typically been used to provide a ‘background’ to Paul’s writings, to solve interpretive problems, or to ‘prove’ the veracity of a detail in Paul’s biography, as recorded in canonical Pauline literary sources. This chapter looks at the history of how archaeological research has been used to interpret the Pauline letters and the methodological issues that such interdisciplinary conversations touch upon. It pays particular attention to the perils and the promise of bringing archaeological research into conversation with Pauline studies. It then turns to explore case studies of interdisciplinary research by scholars of early Christianity on four cities connected to the Pauline letters: Thessaloniki, Philippi, Ephesos, and Corinth. These projects point to promising avenues forward for how Pauline studies might engage archaeological work. (N.B. This article is a distilled, adapted, and updated version of Concannon 2013.)
Paul and the Construction of Early Christian Identity
Authors: Zetterholm Magnus 
Published: July 2020

AbstractE. P. Sanders’ reconstruction of ancient Judaism resulted in an increasing interest in Paul’s relation to Judaism. While scholars before Sanders commonly assumed that Paul converted to Christianity and thus developed a religious identity separate from Judaism, Sanders’ view of Judaism as a religion of grace forced scholars to problematize Paul’s relation to his religious identity. Three major scholarly trends can be distinguished. Some scholars maintain, in spite of Sanders, that Paul rejected Judaism and developed a ‘Christian’ identity of sorts. Others take an intermediate position, arguing that Paul only repudiated those parts of Jewish tradition that separated Jews from non-Jews while otherwise being basically faithful to his religious heritage. Finally and most recently, still other scholars argue that Paul remained fully Jewish after becoming a follower of Jesus and that, consequently, he never developed a religious identity separated from Judaism.
Paul the Philosopher
Authors: Engberg-Pedersen Troels 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis essay first situates Paul as a philosopher, or a writer who ‘philosophizes’, within the major developments of Pauline scholarship since 1977. Three trends have led away from a ‘philosophical’ Paul, emphasizing either the ‘inconsistent’ Paul, a ‘social historical’ and ‘cultural anthropological’ Paul, or his Jewishness (either the ‘new perspective’ on Paul or, much more strongly, the ‘radical’ Paul). Three other trends have been more congenial to a ‘philosophical’ Paul by analysing the rhetoric of Paul’s letter writing, the paraenesis of the letters, or directly his affinities with Graeco-Roman philosophy. Neither trend, it is claimed, must be played out against one another. Next, the essay defines a set of criteria for finding ‘philosophy’ in Paul. Finally, it is shown how a number of central Pauline texts fulfil these criteria. Here the topics are three: how Christ believers should live in the present, how they will live in the future, and how Paul himself has entered the world of Christ faith. Two features are further noted that are distinctly characteristic of Paul’s ‘philosophizing’: the anchorage in what God has done to the world at large and what he has done to Paul himself. But these do not suddenly imply that Paul is not doing philosophy.
Newton’s Mathematics
Authors: Malet Antoni 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article introduces a number of critical features of Newton’s mathematics with specific reference to his views on controversial contemporary topics, including mathematical notations, infinitesimals, and the relationship between geometry and algebra. It pays attention to Newton’s lengthy discussion of the solution of the “inverse problem” by transformation of areas, its partial publication in De Quadratura curvarum (1704), and the Continental influence this treatise exerted. The substantial gap between Newton’s unpublished contributions and the published record is introduced as essential background for the priority quarrel and for the reception of Newton’s calculus generally. The paper argues that Newton’s uncommon (for the period) views on algebra and his cavalier attitude towards symbolization were major factors in shaping Newton’s fluxional calculus at variance with Leibnizian infinitesimal calculus.
Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis: options for developing countries
Authors: Gerard François , Imbert Clément , Orkin Kate 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The public health response to COVID-19 in many countries has involved strict restrictions on movement and economic activity which threaten the livelihoods of economically vulnerable households. In response, governments are adopting emergency economic measures to provide households with some safety net. We provide an overview of the policies that could form a comprehensive social protection strategy in low-income and middle-income countries, with examples of specific policies that have been adopted. Our core argument is that these countries can cast an emergency safety net with extensive coverage if they use a broader patchwork of solutions than higher-income countries. These strategies could include expanding their social insurance system, building on existing social assistance programmes, and involving local governments and non-state institutions to identify and assist vulnerable groups who are otherwise harder to reach.
Aspartate Residues in a Forisome-Forming SEO Protein Are Critical for Protein Body Assembly and Ca2+ Responsiveness
Authors: Liu Yan , Peters Winfried S , Froelich Daniel R , Howell Alexander H , Mooney Sutton , Evans James E , Hellmann Hanjo A , Knoblauch Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Forisomes are protein bodies known exclusively from sieve elements of legumes. Forisomes contribute to the regulation of phloem transport due to their unique Ca2+-controlled, reversible swelling. The assembly of forisomes from sieve element occlusion (SEO) protein monomers in developing sieve elements and the mechanism(s) of Ca2+-dependent forisome contractility are poorly understood because the amino acid sequences of SEO proteins lack conventional protein–protein interaction and Ca2+-binding motifs. We selected amino acids potentially responsible for forisome-specific functions by analyzing SEO protein sequences in comparison to those of the widely distributed SEO-related (SEOR), or SEOR proteins. SEOR proteins resemble SEO proteins closely but lack any Ca2+ responsiveness. We exchanged identified candidate residues by directed mutagenesis of the Medicago truncatula SEO1 gene, expressed the mutated genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and studied the structural and functional phenotypes of the forisome-like bodies that formed in the transgenic cells. We identified three aspartate residues critical for Ca2+ responsiveness and two more that were required for forisome-like bodies to assemble. The phenotypes observed further suggested that Ca2+-controlled and pH-inducible swelling effects in forisome-like bodies proceeded by different yet interacting mechanisms. Finally, we observed a previously unknown surface striation in native forisomes and in recombinant forisome-like bodies that could serve as an indicator of successful forisome assembly. To conclude, this study defines a promising path to the elucidation of the so-far elusive molecular mechanisms of forisome assembly and Ca2+-dependent contractility.
Distinct oxygen environments shape picoeukaryote assemblages thriving oxygen minimum zone waters off central Chile
Authors: De la Iglesia Rodrigo , Echenique-Subiabre Isidora , Rodríguez-Marconi Susana , Espinoza Juan Pablo , von Dassow Peter , Ulloa Osvaldo , Trefault Nicole 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOxygen minimum zones (OMZs) support ocean biogeochemical cycles of global importance. The OMZ off central Chile is characterized by seasonally variable oxygen concentrations due to upwelling events. Bacterial and archaeal communities from this area have been previously described; however, picoeukaryote communities remain largely unexplored. In order to improve our knowledge on picoeukaryote ecology and the effect of controlling factors on its community structure, environmental parameters and 18S rRNA metabarcoding analyses were performed in water samples collected at several depths at a time series station on the continental shelf in March, May and August. Our results showed that oxygen, nitrate, silicate and temperature are relevant factors shaping the picoeukaryote community structure. Overall, according to our sequence dataset, the OMZ was dominated by Dinophyceae members including marine parasitic dinoflagellates. Moreover, dysoxic and suboxic conditions were enriched by fungi and phagotrophic protists from Ustilaginomycetes, Bicoecea and Choanoflagellatea. The latter is particularly relevant in the understanding of metazoan evolution and the origins of multicellularity in low-oxygen environments. Picoeukaryote communities changed significantly over the 3 months sampled with variations in water column stratification, including the occurrence of a winter bloom of Mamiellales. Altogether, this study reveals a great diversity and dynamics of picoeukaryotes inhabiting a coastal OMZ.
Pregnancy outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a monocentric cohort analysis
Authors: Ceccarelli Fulvia , Pirone Carmelo , Perricone Carlo , Selntigia Aikaterina , Orefice Valeria , Pacucci Viviana Antonella , Truglia Simona , Spinelli Francesca Romana , Galoppi Paola , Alessandri Cristiano , Valesini Guido , Brunelli Roberto , Perrone Giuseppina , Conti Fabrizio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective
SLE is an autoimmune disease, mainly affecting women of childbearing age, with possible impact on pregnancy. In this study, we evaluated pregnancy outcomes in all pregnant patients affected by SLE, followed in the context of a rheumatology/gynaecology multi-disciplinary team.

Methods
Since 2008, we evaluated 70 consecutive pregnancies occurring in 50 SLE patients referring to the Lupus Clinic of Sapienza University of Rome; as controls we evaluated 100 consecutive pregnancies in 100 women without autoimmune diseases.

Results
By comparing SLE patients and controls, we did not find differences in terms of pregnancy outcomes, except for the occurrence of small for gestational age, which was significantly higher in the SLE group (22.8% vs 11%, P =0.003). Small for gestational age was associated with the positivity for anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm and anti-RNP (P =0.009, P =0.02, P =0.002, respectively). A disease flare was reported in 28 pregnancies (40%) and in 31 puerperium periods (44.3%). Flare during pregnancy was associated with anti-SSA (P =0.02), while puerperium relapse with previous MMF treatment (P =0.01) and haematological flare during pregnancy (P =0.03).

Conclusion
The present study confirms how pre-gestational counselling and a multi-disciplinary approach could result in positive pregnancy outcomes for SLE patients. The high percentage of disease relapse justifies even more the need for multi-disciplinary management.
Abnormal Auditory Processing and Underlying Structural Changes in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Cantonas Lucia-Manuela , Mancini Valentina , Rihs Tonia A , Rochas Vincent , Schneider Maude , Eliez Stephan , Michel Christoph M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS), one of the highest genetic risk for the development of schizophrenia, offers a unique opportunity to understand neurobiological and functional changes preceding the onset of the psychotic illness. Reduced auditory mismatch negativity response (MMN) has been proposed as a promising index of abnormal sensory processing and brain pathology in schizophrenia. However, the link between the MMN response and its underlying cerebral mechanisms in 22q11.2 DS remains unexamined. We measured auditory-evoked potentials to frequency deviant stimuli with high-density electroencephalogram and volumetric estimates of cortical and thalamic auditory areas with structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in a sample of 130 individuals, 70 with 22q11.2 DS and 60 age-matched typically developing (TD) individuals. Compared to TD group, the 22q11.2 deletion carriers reveal reduced MMN response and significant changes in topographical maps and decreased gray matter volumes of cortical and subcortical auditory areas, however, without any correlations between MMN alteration and structural changes. Furthermore, exploratory research on the presence of hallucinations (H+\H−) reveals no change in MMN response in 22q11.2DS (H+ and H−) as compared to TD individuals. Nonetheless, we observe bilateral volume reduction of the superior temporal gyrus and left medial geniculate in 22q11.2DSH+ as compared to 22q11.2DSH− and TD participants. These results suggest that the mismatch response might be a promising neurophysiological marker of functional changes within the auditory pathways that might underlie elevated risk for the development of psychotic symptoms.
Examining the Association of Obesity With Postpartum Tubal Ligation
Authors: Byrne John J. , Smith Emma M. , Saucedo Alexander M. , Doody Kaitlin A. , Holcomb Denisse S. , Spong Catherine Y. 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the association of increasing body mass index (BMI) on postpartum tubal ligation safety and estimate the rates of procedure complication.

METHODS:
We conducted a single-institution, retrospective review. Women undergoing postpartum permanent contraception after vaginal delivery from August 2015 to March 2019 were studied. Our primary outcome included a composite morbidity of intraoperative complications (bleeding requiring additional surgery, and extension of incision), blood transfusion, aborted procedure, anesthetic complication, readmission, wound infection, venous thromboembolism, ileus or small bowel obstruction, incomplete transection, and subsequent pregnancy. Statistical analysis included t test, χ2 test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with P<0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS:
During the study period, 3,670 women were studied: 263 were underweight or normal weight (BMI 24.9 or lower), 1,044 were overweight (25–29.9), 1,371 had class I obesity (30–34.9), 689 had class II obesity (35–39.9), and 303 had class III obesity (40 or higher) at the time of admission. Composite morbidity occurred in 49 cases (1.3%) and was not significantly different across the BMI categories (P=.07). Twelve cases of incomplete transection were noted on pathology reports; however, none of these accounted for the six subsequent pregnancies that were identified. There were no deaths or events leading to death noted in the study population. The length of time to complete the procedure increased across BMI categories (23 minutes in women with normal weight, and 31 in women with class III obesity) (P<.001).

CONCLUSION:
There was no association between increased BMI and morbidity with women undergoing postpartum tubal ligation. Postpartum tubal ligation should be considered a safe and reasonable option for women, regardless of BMI.
Histologically Diverse BAP1-Deficient Melanocytic Tumors in a Patient With BAP1 Tumor Predisposition Syndrome
Authors: Louw Amber , Creaney Jenette , Thomas Anitha , Van Vliet Chris , Harvey Nathan Tobias , Wood Benjamin Andrew , Mesbah Ardakani Nima 
Published: July 2020

Abstract:
BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1)-deficient cutaneous tumors are common in patients with BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, frequently presenting before other associated neoplasms, and can serve as an early marker to identify individuals with this disease. The typical lesions are dermal based and composed of a combination of larger epithelioid melanocytes with abundant glassy cytoplasm and smaller cells resembling those of a conventional nevus. There is often a component of interspersed lymphocytes. However, BAP1-deficient melanocytic tumors can show a spectrum of histologic appearances, ranging from lesions with pure epithelioid, pure conventional nevus, or rhabdoid cells and tumors with an intraepidermal component. To demonstrate such morphologic variation, we present a case of a 50-year-old woman with multiple histologically diverse BAP1-deficient melanocytic tumors and germline BAP1 mutation, identified after a diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma. We also discuss the pathogenesis and potential histopathological and clinical indications of germline versus sporadic etiology in the assessment of BAP1-deficient melanocytic tumors.
CONSEQUENCES OF LAPSES IN TREATMENT WITH VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INHIBITORS IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION IN ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE
Authors: Greenlee Tyler E. , Wang Victoria Y. , Kang Hannah , Ohlhausen Marc E. , Chen Andrew X. , Hom Grant L. , Conti Thais F. , Briskin Isaac , Babiuch Amy S. , Singh Rishi P. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose:
Evaluating outcomes in patients receiving intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration whom experience a lapse in treatment.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review evaluating 3,304 patients ≥18 years who experienced treatment lapses ≥3 months compared with control counterparts. Demographic information, macular thickness as measured by central subfield thickness, and visual acuity were collected at baseline, the first postlapse appointment, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the lapse for the study group.

Results:
Lapse (n = 241) and control patients (n = 241) had similar baseline visual acuity and central subfield thickness (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study: 58.9 ± 20.2 [20/63] vs. 59.2 ± 20.1 [20/63]; central subfield thickness: 252.4 ± 63.2 µm vs. 259.8 ± 66.2 µm, P = 0.21). Analysis revealed that lapse patients experienced a significant increase in central subfield thickness after lapse when compared with controls (279.4 ± 86.9 µm vs. 253.7 ± 65.9 µm, P < 0.01), which normalized on resumption of treatment (259.1 ± 79 µm vs. 246.8 ± 57.6 µm, P = 0.06). Study patients also experienced loss in the visual acuity after lapse when compared with controls (52.9 ± 23.6 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [20/100] vs. 59.9 ± 20.8 [20/63] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, P < 0.01) that did not recover through 12 months of follow-up.

Conclusion:
Patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who have lapses in care are at risk for poorer outcomes. Although macular thickness normalizes on resumption of treatment, their decline in the visual acuity does not recover.
Implementation of an Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention, and a Referral Program at a Community Level II Trauma Center
Authors: Palacio Carlos H. , PharmD Bianca Cruz , Salazar Mariselda , Cano Jose R. , Ortega Maria Alejandra , Hovorka John W. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Trauma is the leading cause of years of potential life lost in the United States. Alcohol and drug use is a significant contributing factor. In 2017, a Level II community trauma center was achieving less than 80% screening rate compliance utilizing blood alcohol level as a screening method for trauma patients. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the implementation of a screening, brief intervention, and a referral-to-treatment service program.

Methods:
In 2018, the trauma program adopted structured interviews as a screening method for trauma patients. The injury prevention coordinator conducted structured interviews as a screening method for trauma patients who met inclusion criteria. High-risk patients were referred to the social worker, who conducted a brief evaluation with subsequent referral to treatment.

Results:
One year after the implementation of a structured interview approach, 1,021 trauma patients met inclusion criteria for this retrospective evaluation. From 2017 to 2018, the program observed an 86% statistically significant increase in screening using the structured interview SBIRT program (p < .0001) compared with the prior alcohol-level screening approach.

Conclusions:
On the basis of these data, a structured interview screening method demonstrated a significant improvement in screening compliance rates.