bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Burn Outcomes
Authors: Dvorak Justin E , Lester Erica L W , Maluso Patrick J , Tatebe Leah C , Bokhari Faran 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Uninsured and low socioeconomic status patients who suffer burn injuries have disproportionately worse morbidity and mortality. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law with the goal of increasing access to insurance, with Medicaid expansion in January 2014 having the largest impact. To analyze the population-level impact of the Affordable Care Act on burn outcomes, and investigate its impact on identified at-risk subgroups, a retrospective time series of patients was created using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample database between 2011 and 2016. An interrupted time series analysis was conducted to examine mortality, length of stay, and the probabilities of discharge home, home with home health, and to another facility before and after January 2014. There were no changes in burn mortality detected. There was a statistically significant reduction in the probability of being discharged home (−0.000967, P &lt; .01; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.0015379 to −0.0003962) or discharged home with home health (−0.000709, P &lt; .01; 95% CI −0.00110 to 0.000317) after 2014. There was an increase in the probability of being discharged to another facility (0.00108, P = .01; 95% CI 0.000282–0.00188). While the enactment of the major provisions of the Affordable Care Act in 2014 was not associated with a change in mortality for burn patients, it was associated with more patients being discharged to a facility: This may represent a significant improvement in access to care and rehabilitation. Future studies will assess the societal and economic impact of improved access to post-discharge facilities and rehabilitation.
Mental Health for Sexual and Gender Minority Couples and Families
Authors: Tornello Samantha L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The majority of sexual and gender minority (SGM) people want to be in a romantic relationship and desire parenthood in the future. SGM couples and parents often have similar experiences compared to their cisgender heterosexual peers; however, SGM people experience higher rates of mental health challenges. For SGM people, romantic partners buffer the negative impacts of sexual and gender-related stigma, along with providing social support that is lacking from family, friends, and the wider community. According to minority stress theory, sexual and gender-related negative experiences can be detrimental to the well-being of SGM individuals, with particularly distinctive influences on SGM couples and parents. Understanding the couple and co-parenting dynamics and experiences of SGM couples provides great insight into how to improve the mental health outcomes of all SGM people. This chapter will explore the experiences of SGM couples and parents, examine the positive and negative influences on mental health, and discuss ways to improve the experiences of SGM people through the context of romantic and co-parenting relationships.
Career Development Theories from the Global South
Authors: Ribeiro Marcelo Afonso 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The career development field has produced theories from the Global North that have been imported and applied in the Global South countries. These theories were developed in different socioeconomic and cultural contexts than those of the Global South, which can generally be characterized by vulnerability and instability. Theories and practices must be contextualized if they are to be of assistance to the users of career development services. This chapter has two aims. First, by means of an intercultural dialogue proposal, it discusses the need to contextualize theories to assist people with their career issues and foster social justice. Second, it presents career theories and practices produced in the Global South (Latin America, Africa, and developing countries of Asia) and discusses their potential as an alternative to expand the mainstream career development theories from the North. Such theories can be understood as a Southern contribution to the social justice agenda.
Agency and Contemporary Recording Production
Authors: Bates Eliot 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recording production is a complex, multistep, typically collaborative process that entails a shifting set of individuals inhabiting changing roles within spaces that house considerable amounts of specialized technology. As these roles and technologies feature prominently in the aesthetics of Anglophone and Francophone popular music, they have been studied within such milieus for the longest period. This scholarship tends to understand the creative act as either the result of a prominent individual or something determined by the technologies used within studios. However, recent ethnomusicological scholarship has shown it is much more difficult to clearly situate agency within recording production, echoing theories of agency developed within the fields of anthropology and science and technology studies. The myriad uses of and significant cultural work that recordings can do show that one can’t assume that the goal of production work is simply to produce an aesthetic art object. For example, recordings can serve as a form of social action, and in many milieus the social values of the production process matter more than the financial success of the product. Ultimately, a nuanced consideration of agency within recording work produces important findings on the concept of creativity and the creative act.
Technology and TimbreFeatures of the Changing Instrumental Soundscape of the Long Nineteenth Century (1789–1914)
Authors: Strauchen-Scherer Elizabeth Bradley 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Over the past four hundred years, instrument makers and performers have pursued extended range, the ability to play louder, the capacity to play more chromatic notes, and the desire for a more homogeneous tone. The technological innovations and redefinition of playing technique needed to realize these goals nearly always resulted in changes to an instrument’s timbre. Newly emerging technologies such as advanced key systems and valves accelerated this process during the Second Industrial Revolution and the timbral identity of wind instruments, brass in particular, was recast. Although often superficially understood as a linear progression, the narrative of technological developments and their adoption is a confluence of many factors in which timbre is a primary element. The use of new technologies was governed by factors including performer and listener expectations, prevailing aesthetics, national preferences, class distinctions associated with particular repertoires and groups of performers, and the socio-timbral connotations of instruments. Performers and listeners became attuned to the multifaceted timbral palette created by the simultaneous use of old and new instrumental technologies during the nineteenth century and composers used both to create highly nuanced soundscapes. The eventual replacement of these instruments by their modern successors reflected more than technological progress and served to diminish composers’ timbral intentions. Although initially the preserve of the historically informed performance movement, increased appreciation for the distinctive timbral characteristics of many superseded instruments is leading to a reappraisal of their use in the modern orchestra and as a medium for contemporary composers.
Education in Virtual Environments
Authors: Saiger Aaron 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The bricks-and-mortar schools contemplated by American education law and regulation are discrete, bureaucratic institutions, where children interact in person with one another, and with adults who supervise them, inside fixed physical borders at fixed times. Their governance is likewise defined geographically. Virtual schooling, by contrast, is untethered from geography, is ubiquitously asynchronous, and involves the interaction of machine representations of people rather than of people themselves. Virtuality privileges the consumer over the bureaucrat, encourages the disaggregation and recombination of educational components on a bespoke basis, and brings different economies of scale and competitive features to the educational marketplace. The education law we have—the law of the traditional, embodied school—fits virtual technology poorly in critical respects. Virtuality demands fundamentally new legal approaches to areas as diverse as curriculum, attendance, student health and safety, privacy, parental responsibility, disability, student rights, discipline, governance, and equity. Responding to these demands provides occasion to see the law afresh, to reassess and redirect, to align principle and practice more closely, and ultimately to transform educational regulation in the service of equity and learning. This is an opportunity of a kind that has not presented itself since the beginning of the Progressive Era.
Patriotic Dollars: ZANU-PF and the Conjuring of a Truly Zimbabwean Currency
Authors: Jones Jeremy L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the political rhetoric surrounding money in Zimbabwe, with a focus on the early 2000s and the era of hyperinflation. It argues that under President Robert Mugabe, the ruling party, ZANU-PF, consistently sought to anchor the value of the Zimdollar in the charged symbolism of racial autochthony, and ascribed drops in monetary value to the work of external forces and internal ‘sell-outs’. Despite some key changes, those efforts continue to resonate under the new administration of Emmerson Mnangagwa. The chapter traces this logic of economic indigeneity through several specific instances and demonstrates that conceptions of money and wealth have been central to ‘patriotic history’.
‘The Government is the One Who Caused Cholera’: State Transformation and the Politics of Public Health During Zimbabwe’s Crisis
Authors: Chigudu Simukai 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Zimbabwe’s cholera epidemic of 2008/09 is almost unrivalled, in scale and lethality, in the modern history of the disease. The disease infected nearly 100,000 people, claiming over 4000 lives over a ten-month period. This chapter examines the political and economic origins of the outbreak and analyses some of the meanings, memories, and narratives that the outbreak has left in civic life. It makes three key arguments. First, it contends that the origins, scale, and impact of the cholera outbreak were overdetermined by a multilevel failure of Zimbabwe’s public health system, itself a consequence of the country’s post-2000 political conflicts and economic crisis. Second, by recounting stories of the relentless suffering and dispossession that accompanied the cholera outbreak the chapter reveals how the disease mapped onto and exacerbated the contours of abandonment, abjection, and exclusion within Zimbabwean society. Third, the chapter ultimately argues that cholera emerged from prolonged and multiscalar political-economic processes for which no short-term or easy solutions are available. While the outbreak aroused public anger and outrage at the government for its causal role in the epidemic and the inadequacy of its relief efforts, this anger did not translate into any effective political mobilization or permanent change. Thus, the politics of cholera, in its making and aftermath, show the grim and profound consequences of state transformation for public health and for notions of belonging in the body politic.
Slaves and Religion
Authors: North John A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
From accounts of the legal status of Greek and Roman slaves, you might infer that they would have had no place at all in the religious life of the pagan communities where they were held. For many, this must have been true; but this chapter examines the various contexts in which there is evidence of slaves performing rituals, taking vows, paying for monuments, and the like. The argument is made that this range of activity should be seen as part of the opportunities open to privileged slaves, who were able both in Athens and through the Roman Empire to earn money, run businesses, and act as agents for their owners. Finally, the question is raised how the coming of Christianity affected the position and welfare of slaves.
Candy Cane Compared With Boot Stirrups in Vaginal Surgery
Authors: Gupta Ankita , Meriwether Kate , Tuller Molly , Sekula Michael , Gaskins Jeremy , Stewart J. Ryan , Hobson Deslyn , Cardenas-Trowers Olivia , Francis Sean 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate differences in physical function at 6 weeks after vaginal surgery among women positioned in candy cane and boot stirrups.

METHODS:
We conducted a single-masked, randomized controlled trial of women undergoing vaginal surgery with either candy cane or boot stirrup use. The primary outcome was a change in the PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) physical function short form-20a from baseline to 6 weeks after surgery. To achieve 80% power to detect a moderate Cohen effect (d=0.5), we required 64 participants in each group.

RESULTS:
From March 2018 to October 2019, 141 women were randomized, and 138 women (72 in the candy cane group and 66 in the boot stirrup group) were included in the final analysis. There were no baseline differences in participant characteristics including age, body mass index, comorbidities, or preoperative history of joint replacements. There were no between-group differences in surgery type, duration of surgery, estimated blood loss, or adverse events at 6 weeks postoperation. Participants in the candy cane group demonstrated worse physical function at 6 weeks compares with the improvement seen in those in the boot stirrup group; this was significantly different between groups (−1.9±7.9 candy cane vs 1.9±7.0 boot, P<.01).

CONCLUSION:
Women undergoing vaginal surgery positioned in boot stirrups have significantly better physical function at 6 weeks after surgery when compared with women positioned in candy cane stirrups.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03446950.
A Quantitative Approach for the Objective Assessment of Coupling Efficiency for an Active Middle Ear Implant by Recording Auditory Steady-state Responses
Authors: Fröhlich Laura , Plontke Stefan K. , Rahne Torsten 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
The coupling efficiency of a semi-implantable active middle ear implant with an electromagnetically driven floating mass transducer coupled to a middle ear ossicle or the round window can only be quantified postoperatively in cooperative patients by measuring behavioral vibroplasty in situ thresholds in comparison with bone conduction thresholds. The objective of the study was to develop a method to objectively determine the vibroplasty in situ thresholds by determining calibration factors from the relation between the objective and behavioral vibroplasty in situ thresholds.

Study Design:
Prospective experimental study.

Patients:
Fifteen patients, implanted with an active middle ear implant for at least 6 months.

Intervention:
Diagnostic.

Main Outcome Measures:
Vibroplasty in situ thresholds measured objectively by auditory steady state responses (floating mass transducer [FMT]ASSR). Subjective vibroplasty in situ thresholds were measured in this experimental ASSR set-up (FMTsubj.) and behaviorally by pure-tone audiometry (vibrogram). All thresholds were obtained at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.

Results:
Thresholds could be objectively measured by ASSR in all patients. Differences between the FMTASSR and FMTsubj. were statistically significant but small. A significant correlation was found between the FMTASSR and the vibrogram thresholds at 4000 Hz but not for the other test frequencies.

Conclusion:
The method is feasible to measure objective vibroplasty in situ thresholds in active middle ear implant users. Since calibration factors could not be determined for all frequencies, the method is only applicable to comparatively determine the coupling efficiency of the floating mass transducer.
Specific Pathogen-Free Animals for Civilian and Military Trauma: a Cautionary Note in the Translation of New Drug Therapies
Authors: Dobson Geoffrey P. , Morris Jodie L. , Biros Erik , Letson Hayley L. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Specific-pathogen free (SPF) animals were introduced into biomedical research in the early 1960s to reduce the incidence of disease into experimental design. The goal was to provide animals with selected microbiota compatible with sustained health. Sixty years later, SPF status has become a variable itself in biomedical research. Alterations in the gut microbiome–host relationship can profoundly influence basic physiology, immune/inflammatory function, susceptibility to infection and disease, and behavior. In addition, it can influence the translational success of a drug or technology from animal models to humans. We discuss this aspect of SPF status in animal models used for military or civilian trauma and shock research. Currently, there is a broad spectrum of SPF exclusion and inclusion criteria which vary from one supplier or animal husbandry facility. If translation to humans is the end-game of trauma research, we recommend replicating a gut microbiome similar to the wild-type for optimal success. We further suggest that at the end of each publication a URL access be provided on Animal Microbial/Pathogen Exclusion Status that a study was based upon. This may help address the differences in results within a single laboratory or between laboratories around the world and improve translation success.
Assessment of N95 and K95 respirator decontamination: fiber integrity, filtration efficiency, and dipole charge density
Authors: Yim Wonjun , Cheng Diyi , Patel Shiv , Kui Rui , Meng Ying Shirley , Jokerst Jesse V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPersonal protective equipment (PPE) including N95 respirators are critical for persons exposed to SARS-CoV-2. KN95 respirators and N95 decontamination protocols have been described as solutions to a lack of such PPE. However, there are a few materials science studies that characterize the charge distribution and physical changes accompanying disinfection treatments particularly heating. Here, we report the filtration efficiency, dipole charge density, and fiber integrity of pristine N95 and KN95 respirators before and after various decontamination methods. We found that the filter layer of N95 is 8-fold thicker than that of KN95, which explains its 10% higher filtration efficiency (97.03 %) versus KN95 (87.76 %) under pristines condition. After 60 minutes of 70 °C treatment, the filtration efficiency and dipole charge density of N95 became 97.16% and 12.48 μC/m2, while those of KN95 were 83.64% and 1.48 μC/m2; moreover, fit factor of N95 was 55 and that of KN95 was 2.7. In conclusion, the KN95 respirator is an inferior alternative of N95 respirator. In both systems, a loss of electrostatic charge does not directly correlate to a decrease in performance.
Magnetic mesoporous carbon material based electrochemical sensor for rapid detection of penicillin sodium in milk
Authors: Wang Li , Xiu Yi , Han Baoqing , Liu Lu , Niu Xiaodi , Wang Hongsu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn recent years, to increase growth rate and prevent infectious diseases, an excessive use of antibiotics in livestock breeding processes has resulted in the presence of antibiotic residues in animal foods. In this experiment, a new kind of electrochemical sensor is prepared based on magnetic mesoporous hollow carbon microspheres (MHM) as a penicillinase (Pen X) adsorption carrier to rapidly detect penicillin sodium (Pen G), named Pen X/MHM/MGCE. The MHM‐adsorbed penicillinase can be separated from the solution by magnetic attraction and fixed on a magnetic glassy carbon electrode by physical adsorption, which is easy to operate and avoids the interference of a crosslinking agent at the active site of the enzyme. A differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method is used to immerse the working electrode in test samples containing different concentrations of penicillin sodium solution with 0.5 mg/mL oxidized hematoxylin. According to the quantitative relationship between the current value and the concentration of penicillin sodium, the concentration of penicillin sodium in the tested samples can be determined. The detection range of the sensor is 10−8 to 10−2 mg/mL, the linear relationship is good (R2 = 0.9983), and the detection limit (LOD) is 2.655 × 10−7 mg/mL (S/N = 3). The detection of penicillin sodium in milk using a standard addition method shows good recovery. Furthermore, the proposed method has the advantages of a wide detection range, good enzyme immobilization capacity, good precision and stability, convenient cleaning, and recycling of solid materials. Thus, it can successfully achieve rapid detection in milk samples.Practical ApplicationThe sensor provides a low detection limit and high recovery rate of electrode material; therefore, the sensor can realize the rapid and quantitative detection of penicillin sodium in milk.
The differences and overlaps in the seed‐resident microbiome of four Leguminous and three Gramineous forages
Authors: Dai Ya , Li Xin‐Yu , Wang Yan , Li Cai‐Xia , He Yuan , Lin Hong‐Hui , Wang Tao , Ma Xin‐Rong 
Published: July 2020

SummaryGiven the important roles that seed‐borne endophytes can play on their plant hosts, comprehensive studies of the bacterial and fungal communities of seeds are of great importance. In this study, we assessed the seed endophytes of three gramineous (Avena sativa, Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus) and four leguminous (Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pretense and Medicago sativa) forages using high‐throughput sequencing. In total, 1013 distinct bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 922 fungal OTUs were detected, with bacteria and fungi per sample ranging from 240 to 425 and 261 to 463 respectively. These seven forages shared a high number of potentially beneficial taxa, including Bacillus, Pantoea, Candida and Helotiales, but the relative proportion of these taxa was different in each seed. Fungal communities were clustered more distinctively by host genotypes than bacterial. Some bacterial taxa may be involved in the recruitment of genera from the same phylum. Three Pantoea sp. and five Bacillus sp. were isolated from seeds, and all showed positive effects on Medicago sativa germination rate under salt stress, and of these, Bacillus subtilis Es‐1 and Pantoea agglomerans Ed‐3 performed best, but their influence was affected by the seed’s microbiome. Rather than simply promoting host plant growth directly, some taxa may also participate in organizing the assembly of plant microbiomes which will influence seed response to biological factors. This study uses a new, high‐throughput sequencing based strategy to identify beneficial strains and analyse the interactions between microorganisms and plants to maximize microbial functions in long‐term agricultural practices.