bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Location histogram privacy by Sensitive Location Hiding and Target Histogram Avoidance/Resemblance
Authors: Loukides Grigorios , Theodorakopoulos George 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA location histogram is comprised of the number of times a user has visited locations as they move in an area of interest, and it is often obtained from the user in the context of applications such as recommendation and advertising. However, a location histogram that leaves a user’s computer or device may threaten privacy when it contains visits to locations that the user does not want to disclose (sensitive locations), or when it can be used to profile the user in a way that leads to price discrimination and unsolicited advertising (e.g., as “wealthy” or “minority member”). Our work introduces two privacy notions to protect a location histogram from these threats: Sensitive Location Hiding, which aims at concealing all visits to sensitive locations, and Target Avoidance/Resemblance, which aims at concealing the similarity/dissimilarity of the user’s histogram to a target histogram that corresponds to an undesired/desired profile. We formulate an optimization problem around each notion: Sensitive Location Hiding ($${ SLH}$$SLH), which seeks to construct a histogram that is as similar as possible to the user’s histogram but associates all visits with nonsensitive locations, and Target Avoidance/Resemblance ($${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR), which seeks to construct a histogram that is as dissimilar/similar as possible to a given target histogram but remains useful for getting a good response from the application that analyzes the histogram. We develop an optimal algorithm for each notion, which operates on a notion-specific search space graph and finds a shortest or longest path in the graph that corresponds to a solution histogram. In addition, we develop a greedy heuristic for the $${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR problem, which operates directly on a user’s histogram. Our experiments demonstrate that all algorithms are effective at preserving the distribution of locations in a histogram and the quality of location recommendation. They also demonstrate that the heuristic produces near-optimal solutions while being orders of magnitude faster than the optimal algorithm for $${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR.
Functional Analysis of Sheep POU2F3 Isoforms
Authors: Ma Guang-Wei , Chu Yan-Kai , Yang Hua , Yan Xiao-Hong , Rong En-Guang , Li Hui , Wang Ning 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPOU domain class 2 transcription factor 3 (POU2F3) plays an important role in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Our previous study identified four sheepPOU2F3transcript variants (POU2F3-1,POU2F3-2,POU2F3-3, andPOU2F3-4), encoding three POU2F3 protein isoforms (POU2F3-1, POU2F3-2, and POU2F3-3). However, the functional differences among the three POU2F3 isoforms remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the tissue expression pattern of the fourPOU2F3transcript variants in sheep and to investigate the functional differences in cell proliferation among the three POU2F3 isoforms. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the fourPOU2F3transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in all tested adult sheep tissues, andPOU2F3-1exhibited higher expression level than the other threePOU2F3transcript variants in skin (P < 0.05). Cell proliferation assay showed that overexpression of any one of the three POU2F3 isoforms significantly inhibited the proliferation of sheep fetal fibroblasts and HaCaT cells at 48 and 72 h after transfection (P < 0.05). POU2F3-3 had less inhibitory effect on cell proliferation than POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 (P < 0.05), and POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 had similar inhibitory effects (P > 0.05). Dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that overexpression of any one of the three POU2F3 isoforms significantly inhibited the promoter activities of keratin 14 (KRT14) and matrix metalloproteinase 19 (MMP19) genes (P < 0.05). POU2F3-3 had less inhibitory effect on the promoter activities ofKRT14andMMP19genes than POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 (P < 0.05), and POU2F3-1 and POU2F3-2 had similar inhibitory effects (P > 0.05). These results suggest three sheep POU2F3 isoforms have similar functional effects, but to a different extent.
Capacity of United States federal government and its partners to rapidly and accurately report the identity (taxonomy) of non-native organisms intercepted in early detection programs
Authors: Lyal Christopher H. C. , Miller Scott E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe early detection of and rapid response to invasive species (EDRR) depends on accurate and rapid identification of non-native species. The2016–2018 National Invasive Species Council Management Plancalled for an assessment of US government (federal) capacity to report on the identity of non-native organisms intercepted through early detection programs. This paper serves as the response to that action item. Here we summarize survey-based findings and make recommendations for improving the federal government’s capacity to identify non-native species authoritatively in a timely manner. We conclude with recommendations to improve accurate identification within the context of EDRR by increasing coordination, maintaining taxonomic expertise, creating an identification tools clearinghouse, developing and using taxonomic standards for naming and identification protocols, expanding the content of DNA and DNA Barcode libraries, ensuring long-term sustainability of biological collections, and engaging and empowering citizens and citizen science groups.
Federal legal authorities: guidance for application to the early detection of and rapid response to invasive species
Authors: Burgos-Rodríguez Jhoset , Burgiel Stanley W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFederal agency programs and associated actions are contingent on having the legal authority to act. There is no single authority established to direct the early detection of and rapid response to invasive species (EDRR). Rather, a patchwork of authorities unevenly addresses various aspects of the suite of EDRR measures. To support the development of national EDRR capacity, it is essential to delineate the federal legal statutes, regulations, and policies that enable or limit invasive species EDRR. Here we set forth general principles and a checklist of actions that agencies can refer to when they construct a more comprehensive EDRR legal and policy framework for addressing invasive species. This guidance is intended to complement the review and analysis of federal authorities contained elsewhere in this issue (Burgos-Rodríguez and Burgiel in Biol Invasions. 10.1007/s10530-019-02148-w, 2019, this issue).
Do you need a roadmap or can someone give you directions: When school‐focused possible identities change so do academic trajectories
Authors: Horowitz Eric , Oyserman Daphna , Dehghani Morteza , Sorensen Nicholas 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionDespite the assumed importance of school‐focused possible identities for academic motivation and outcomes, interventions rarely assess the effect of intervention on possible identities. This may be due to difficulty coding open‐ended text at scale but leaves open a number of questions: 1) how do school‐focused possible identities change over the course of the school year, 2) whether these changes are associated with changes in school outcomes, and 3) whether a machine coding approach is viable.MethodsIn Study 1 (n = 247 Chicago 8th‐graders) we assess fall‐to‐spring change in school‐focused possible identities. We test whether change in school‐focused possible identities predicts 8th‐grade academic outcomes. We include robustness checks. Then we examine school context effects. In Study 2 (n = 1006 Chicago 8th‐graders) we address the problem of coding at scale, using a separate data set to train a machine‐learning algorithm.ResultsOn average, school‐focused possible identities decline over the school year. But nearly a third of students have increasing school‐focused possible identity scores. Increase is associated with improved grades. School context influences whether linked strategies matter. Our machine‐learning algorithm accurately classifies school‐focused possible identities in our original sample and this school‐focused classification reliably predicts academic trajectories.ConclusionsChange in school‐focused possible identities is normative over the course of the school year, interventions should take this into account. On average, students have fewer school‐focused possible identities by spring. This decline is associated with declining academic trajectories. However, when school‐focused possible identities increase, so do grades. Whether strategies matter is context dependent.
Regional Human Rights Bodies as Instruments of International Law
Authors: Serrano Silvia 
Published: December 2019

I will try to cover three different examples on issues in which the Inter-American and the European Courts have had different approaches, some substantive, some methodological, regarding the following issues:
1.A substantive and radical difference in the approach of the right to appeal a criminal conviction;2.A substantive but slight difference in the approach of cases of involuntary or forced sterilization;3.An example of evolution from divergence to convergence in the subject of access to information; and4.A radical difference in the approach with respect to reparations.
Socrates on the Parts of Virtue
Authors: Woodruff Paul 
Published: December 2019

Plato represents Socrates as believing in the unity of the virtues, quarreling with those who, like Protagoras or Meno, wish to treat the virtues as distinct objects of inquiry (Protagoras 329c2ff., Meno 71e1ff.). On the other hand, there is good reason to deny that Plato's Socrates believed in the numerical identity of the virtues (cf. Meno 79a3-5). What Socrates did believe, I shall argue, is that the various virtues are one in essence. I shall show what this means and how it clears up prima facie inconsistencies among Plato's early dialogues.If I am right, Socrates’ theory has startling consequences. Since essence is exactly what Socrates wants a definition to state, it follows that all virtues will have one and the same definition. And if this is so, no wonder the quest for separate definitions of virtues fails in every case! For example in the Laches the generals are baffled by Courage because Courage has no private essence and cannot be marked off from the other virtues by stating its essence. Its essence is Virtue entire. That is a radical view, but there are good reasons for attributing it to Socrates.
The Reception of Aristotle in the Middle Ages
Authors: Bosley Richard , Tweedale Martin 
Published: December 2019

This collection of papers derives from a conference on the reception of Aristotle in the Middle Ages held at the University of Alberta in September, 1990, and organized by the editors. They conceived of the conference in the light of a general view of Aristotle and medieval thought, a statement of which may serve as an introduction to the papers which follow.Within the Greek philosophical tradition Aristotle's works became the focus of commentary and discussion; they became, furthermore, the texts of instruction, particularly in logic. Some scholars, of a Neo-Platonist orientation, sought to harmonize the teachings of Plato and Aristotle and to deliver those teachings as a single science or body of knowledge.
OP19 Does The HST Represent A Best Practice Model For Ultra-Orphan HTA?
Authors: Macaulay Richard , Liu Lok Wan , Turkstra Erika 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionUltra-orphan therapies (prevalence: <1:50,000) can have trouble meeting Health Technology Assessment (HTA) clinical- and cost-effectiveness criteria, set by HTA bodies to inform reimbursement decision-making, due to low patient numbers limiting the supporting clinical evidence generated and high per-patient prices. Since 2013, National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) appraise Highly Specialised Technologies (HST) (“for use in the provision of services for rare and very rare conditions”) using a distinct appraisal framework. This research compares NICE HST appraisal outcomes with corresponding guidance by other HTA bodies.MethodsAll NICE HST technology guidance was screened (1 January 2013–6 November 2018) alongside corresponding guidance by Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA), Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS), Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), and National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics (NCPE).ResultsNICE have published eight HST guidances all with positive recommendations after a median of 21 months (range: 7–38) after European Marketing Authorization (MA). An additional eight HST have guidance in-development despite having European MA for a median of 12 months (range: 2–46) with 5/8 having draft guidance issued, all being “not recommended”. Of the 18 HSTs with NICE guidance published/in-development, 29 percent (2/7), and 33 percent (2/6) have been assessed with positive outcomes (definition: “recommended”/”accepted”/“conditional”/”restricted”) by SMC, and NCPE, respectively vs. 100 percent (9/9) by G-BA (definition: any additional benefit), and 50 percent (5/10) by HAS (definition: ASMR I-III). Median delays between European MA and positive appraisal outcomes were seven (G-BA), nine (HAS), 12 (NCPE), and 19.5 months (SMC).ConclusionsAlthough all NICE HST final guidances to date have been positive, few technologies have completed this process after substantial delays from MA. Other cost/QALY HTA bodies (i.e. excluding the G-BA and HAS clinical-assessment HTAs) have shown low appraisal and recommendation rates for these technologies; therefore, ultra-orphan technologies may require a distinct appraisal process/framework but the HST may not (yet) represent best-practice.
OP20 Has The New HST Process Improved The Recommendation Chance In England?
Authors: Turkstra Erika , Liu Lok Wan , Mardiguian Silvy , Budhia Sangeeta 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionThe National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in England has a separate appraisal process for drugs for very rare conditions, i.e. Highly Specialised Therapies (HST). In April 2017, the HST process has been changed to incorporate a quantitative approach: automatically fund treatments with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICERs) up to GBP 100,000 (EUR 113,008 based on the 2018 average GBP / EUR exchange rate) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). For treatments with an ICER above GBP 100,000 per QALY, NICE will consider treatments that offer a substantial magnitude of improvement, with additional QALY weighting. We investigated the impact of this more quantitative approach on the likelihood of a HST receiving a positive recommendation.MethodsAll HST appraisals and draft guidance documents were reviewed (up to November 2018) and data were extracted on ICERs, incremental QALY gain, budget impact, and recommendations. The extracted data from each HST were assessed based on the interim HST guidance.ResultsEighteen products have been or are currently going through the NICE HST process. Of these, 8/18 (44%) have received a positive recommendation, while 5/18 (28%) have received a draft negative guidance, and for 5/18 (28%) products, no recommendations have been published. For the products with a positive outcome, 5/8 (63%) had incremental QALY gain of at least 10, qualifying these products for additional QALY weighting. For the products that received a draft negative recommendation, the negative decision was related to the cost-effectiveness estimates being higher than GBP 100,000 per QALY (5/5 reported) in all cases, while none of these products were eligible to receive a ‘QALY modifier’.ConclusionsIt has become more difficult for HSTs to get recommended by NICE under the new guidance, which requires cost-effectiveness analyses, whereas previously there was no official ICER threshold. The additional weighting of QALYs may be insufficient to meet an ICER threshold of GBP 100,000 per QALY for many products.
OP37 Impact On Uncertainty Of Disaggregating Cost Data
Authors: Teljeur Conor , Carty Paul , Ryan Máirín 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionEconomic models contain several parameters ordinarily subject to uncertainty. Unlike most other model parameters, costs can constitute numerous distinct components. For example, a surgical intervention can require a variety of disposables and reusable equipment. A micro-costing output may be disaggregated or presented as a total cost. Uncertainty could be applied to individual cost components or to total cost. We aimed to explore how disaggregation of cost data may impact on uncertainty using a case study.MethodsA set of simulations using hypothetical scenarios were developed with uncertainty set at ± 20 percent. The simulations investigated the impact of number of cost components, balance between components, and correlation between them. A cost-utility model from an assessment of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was analyzed; procedure cost was divided into 32 individual cost components or treated as a total cost.ResultsBased on five equal cost components, uncertainty reduces from ± 20 percent for correlated variables to ± 9 percent for uncorrelated variables. With increasing numbers of uncorrelated cost components, the uncertainty in the total cost decreases markedly. The uncertainty around total robot-assisted surgery procedure equipment costs was ± 19.7 percent when components were correlated and ± 9.4 percent when uncorrelated. The impact on uncertainty in the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was negligible but the ranking of parameters in the univariate sensitivity analysis changed.ConclusionsAnalyzing uncertainty by aggregated or disaggregated costs can have implications for presenting uncertainty in costs to decision makers. Applying uncertainty to aggregated costs essentially implies that variation in the cost of individual components is perfectly correlated. By disaggregating cost components they are being treated as uncorrelated, which can substantially reduce uncertainty in the total cost. In this case study we found that although the reduction in uncertainty could be clearly seen in the cost parameter, it had a negligible impact on uncertainty in the ICER.
OP97 Cost-effectiveness Model Appraisal Guidelines For Health Technology Assessments In Ireland
Authors: Lamrock Felicity , O'Connor Joanne , Leahy Joy , Gorry Claire , Tilson Lesley , Barry Michael 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionThe National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics (NCPE) assesses the cost-effectiveness of new drugs for which reimbursement by the healthcare payer, the Health Service Executive (HSE), is sought in Ireland. This research aims to create a systematic approach for the NCPE review group (RG) to assess each of the cost-effectiveness models submitted by the applicant by creating cost-effectiveness model appraisal guidelines.MethodsThe RG consists of clinical, statistical and health economic expertise. In order to systematically appraise the HTA submission, which includes a cost-effectiveness model, clear guidelines on how each of the members of the RG can work together are required. The current members of the RG in the NCPE were given a draft of the guidelines created by the primary author, and additional feedback and testing was performed using the expert experience of the team. A version of the guidelines was tested for its usefulness.ResultsThree checklists were created. The purpose of the first checklist is to evaluate if the cost-effectiveness model works correctly. The second checklist ensures that each of the assumptions included in the HTA dossier are the same as those included in the cost-effectiveness model. The final checklist validates the assumptions used in the cost-effectiveness model to ensure they are reasonable and appropriate for decision making. The final version of the checklists were validated by choosing cost-effectiveness models with known errors and/or discrepancies and testing that the issues were captured by the checklists.ConclusionsThese guidelines are not an exhaustive list of checks that should be performed, but are presented as the minimum requirements for consideration to be included with each RG assessment of the corresponding HTA submission. The guidelines will be constantly updated as the process evolves over time. The cost-effectiveness models should follow the National Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA) Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Health Technologies in Ireland.
OP106 The Xpert™ Clostridium difficile Kit Incorporation: Conducting a Local Clinical Study as Part of Hospital Health Technology Assessment
Authors: Roesch Eliane Würdig , Raabe Victorya , da Silva Alexandre , Ferreira Maria Angélica Pires 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionThe Xpert™ Clostridium difficile kit is a nucleic acid amplification test indicated after discrepant results from an enzymatic test; was submitted for incorporation in a teaching hospital in Brazil. In order to evaluate the potential for improvement with Xpert™ incorporation, the performance of the available technology (enzymatic test) was assessed using a real word evidence approach. Additionally, the association between enzymatic test results and the agreement to the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommendations for stool test submission (≥ 3 unformed stools in 24 hours without laxatives) for Clostridium difficile were evaluated.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital. We included all consecutive tested patients that were submitted for enzyme immunoassay – glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) plus toxin detection from 15 March to 8 May 2018. Data referent to episodes of unformed stools in 24 hours and use of laxatives were recorded. Statistical significance was tested by Fisher Exact test (α = 0.05).ResultsOne hundred and thirty-eight consecutive patients were tested: 4 (2.9 percent) were positive for GDH and toxin (group III); 114 (82.6 percent) were negative for both (group I). Twenty (14.5 percent) cases were discrepant, all being positive to GDH and negative for toxin (group II). There were not negative GDH and positive toxin cases. The IDSA guidelines were followed in 33 (28.9%), 3 (15%) and 3(75%) test orders in groups I, II and III, respectively (p = 0.03).ConclusionsOnly a minority of patients had discrepant results in enzymatic tests and would be candidates for the Xpert™ test. The low adherence to IDSA guidelines could explain the low positivity rate of enzymatic tests at the hospital. Considering the uncertainty about the potential of the new test for changing infection control practices, Xpert™ was not recommended for incorporation. Using real world evidence data is important for contextualized health technology studies in hospitals.