bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING READING COMPREHENSION USING COOPERATIVE LEARNING THROUGH JEOPARDY GAME
Authors: Suryani Susi , Kareviati Evie 
Published: January 2021

English is an international language learned in Indonesia. One of the difficulties of student learning is when learning to read. They tend to read without knowing the meaning of the text they are reading. On this occasion the researcher tried to teach comprehension reading using cooperative learning through jeopardy games to increase students’ interest and ability in learning reading comprehension. In addition, researchers also want to find out what difficulties students face when learning to use jeopardy game through this jeopardy game. This research was conducted on students of class VIII E Semester 1 SMPN 1 Cililin which consists of 36 students. This research was conducted using the Classroom Action Research (CAR). From the results of the pretest and posttest, there were 20 pretest results from 36 students or 56% who succeeded in reaching the minimal completeness criteria. Whereas in the posttest there was an increase to 28 out of 36 students or 78,85% who successfully reached the minimal completeness criteria. Then it can be concluded the use of games in learning increases the ability of students in reading comprehension. However, there are some students who still find it difficult to learn to use this method because their vocabulary mastery is still lacking. Keywords: Reading Comprehension, Cooperative Learning, Jeopardy Game
AN ANALYSIS DEIXIS IN “NOM NOM’S ENTOURAGE” MANUSCRIPT ON WE ARE BARE BEARS MOVIE SEASON
Authors: Wasdili Arni Rahmah , Santoso Iman 
Published: January 2021

The tittle of this research is An AnalysisDeixis in “Nom nom’s Entourage” Manuscript on We are Bare BearsMovie Seaso. Deixis is one of branch from pragmatics that shown relation between language and context in that language it self. The aim from this research is to know and identify the type of deixis in Nom nom’s Entourage movie season. That have some steps to collecting the data firs is watching the We Are Bare Bears movie season with Nom nom’s Entourage title. Second is reading the script of that movie. Third, selecting and collect the data. Fourth is classifying the type of deixis and the last is produce the conclution. This research using descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data. The result from this research is that have five type of deixis there are person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. Person deixis divided to three part there are firs person as speaker, second person as hearer and third person as other, with 195 word in that movie. Time deixis shows a certain period of time, consist of 10 word in that movie. Place deixis describe the location in a conversation, consist of 26 word in that movie. Social deixis is show how the social differences when talking with other, consist of 18 word in that movie. Discourse deixis is show deitic expressions which point to prior succeeding parts of the discourse with 4 word in that movie. Keywords: Pragmatics, Deixis, Movie
REGRESSÃO CONSERVADORA E AMEAÇAS ÀS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS EM EDUCAÇÃO NA AMÉRICA LATINA
Authors: Oliveira Dalila Andrade 
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem como foco a discussão das atuais políticas públicas em educação no contexto político latino-americano. Procura interpretar as tensões no campo da educação que se expressam como uma tendência, já que são observadas em um conjunto de países e que refletem avanços e retrocessos na ampliação do direito à educação. O artigo está estruturado em três partes: a introdução; uma breve retomada histórica incluindo desde a constituição dos sistemas escolares na região e a questão do direito à educação, passando em seguida a enfocar os vínculos entre educação e desenvolvimento econômico, as reformas de Estado e da educação na década de 1990 até as discussões sobre o pós-neoliberalismo na América Latina; por fim, o texto traz uma análise conclusiva sobre a regressão conservadora e a ameaça às políticas públicas e ao direito à educação na atualidade.
Interactions Between Caveolin-1 (rs3807992) Polymorphism and Major dietary patterns on Cardio-metabolic Risk Factors Among Obese and Overweight Women
Authors: Abaj Faezeh , Koohdani Fariba , Rafiee Masoumeh , Yekaninejad Mir saeed , Mirzaei Khadijeh 
Published: January 2021

Background: Caveolin is a cholesterol-dependent essential component
located in caveolae.
Several studies have been shown CAV-1 SNP related to cardio-metabolic
parameters in animal
models, however there is few studies in humans. Importantly, there is no
study has investigated
the interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 gene and dietary pattern on CVDs
risk factors in Iranian
population.
Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 404
overweight and obese females
with mean age of 36 years. Dietary intake obtained from FFQ with 147
items. The CAV-1
genotype was measured by the PCR-RFLP method. The anthropometric
measurements, serum
lipid profile and inflammatory markers were measured.
Results: There was a significant interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 and
healthy dietary pattern
on HDL (P interaction=0.03), TC/HDL (P interaction=0.03) and hs-CRP (P
interaction=0.04); in
A-allele carriers, higher adherence to the healthy dietary pattern was
related to higher level of HDL
and lower TC/HDL and hs-CRP. As well as, the significant interactions
were observed between
CAV-1 rs3807992 and unhealthy dietary pattern in relation to TG (P
interaction = 0.001), AST (P
interaction = 0.01) and MCP-1(P interaction = 0.01); A-allele carriers
were more adherence to the
unhealthy dietary pattern to lower levels of TG, AST and MCP-1.
Conclusions: Our study showed that CAV-1 rs3807992 SNP interacts with
adherence to unhealthy
or healthy dietary patterns to influence several cardio-metabolic risk
factors in obese and
overweight females. Further large prospective studies are warranted to
confirm our findings
Surgical Management of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Lightner Amy , Cima Robert R. , Pemberton John H. 
Published: January 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestine that can be divided into two main categories: Crohn disease and chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC). Although the role of medical therapy in CUC is directed at symptom control or the underlying inflammatory process, fortunately, the intestinal manifestations of CUC can be effectively cured by surgery. The operation of choice is an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), which can be performed open or laparoscopically, with a hand-sewn or stapled anastomosis, or in a one-, two-, or three-stage fashion. Although pouch function and quality of life remain good following IPAA, common complications include pouchitis, anal stricture, pouch fistulas, and small bowel obstructions. The most dreaded complication is an anastomotic leak resulting in pelvic sepsis and, often, eventual pouch excision. Less common complications include pouch dysplasia or cancer and de novo Crohn disease of the pouch. Overall, regardless of age, patient satisfaction following IPAA remains high, and more than 90% of patients retain their pouches for more than 20 years.
This review contains 11 highly rendered figures, and 83 references.
Cough and Hemoptysis
Authors: Andaz Shahriyour , Danovich Svetlana , B Draeger Tyler 
Published: January 2021

Cough is one of the most common complaints that brings patients to seek medical attention, resulting in 30 to 50 million visits annually. Cough can be divided into three categories based on chronicity: namely acute, subacute, and chronic. Treatment of cough depends on the chronicity and etiology of the cough. Similarly, hemoptysis is a common occurrence, albeit less frequent than cough. Like cough, the treatment is dependent on etiology. Hemoptysis must always be taken seriously as death may occur from massive hemoptysis and result from asphyxiation. Whenever possible, attempts must be made to control massive hemorrhage by interventional techniques.
This review contains 6 figures, 3 tables, and 69 references.
Keywords: Cough, Hemoptysis, Smoking, Chest pain, GERD, Asthma, Hemorrhage, mucus, tracheoinnominate
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Crago Aimee M. , Singer Samuel 
Published: January 2021

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) refers to a rare group of cancers that develop from mesenchymal cells and their progenitors. Histologic subtype, in conjunction with tumor location and size, largely defines the biologic behavior of a given lesion and the associated clinical prognosis in these cancers. The diverse characteristics of these tumors means that their treatment is similarly complex. The etiology, tumor staging and prognosis, evaluation, and treatment of STS are discussed in this review, with an aim to present an algorithm for patient evaluation and treatment while highlighting common indications for diverging from this strategy as dictated by disease subtype and location. Figures show the histologic distribution of primary STS diagnosed in the extremity and retroperitoneum and intra-abdominal compartments; disease-specific survival for primary extremity and retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal tumors stratified by histologic subtype; local recurrence in primary extremity STS stratified by histologic subtype; disease-specific survival according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNGM stage; a postoperative nomogram for prediction of sarcoma-specific death at 12 years postresection for patients with STS; representative cross-sectional images of an atypical lipomatous tumor, a myxofibrosarcoma, and a desmoid tumor; a treatment algorithm for STS of the extremity; a magnetic resonance image and intraoperative photographs showing a mixoid liposarcoma of the posterior thigh; and computed tomography showing a retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma and a photograph of the surgical bed following resection.
This review contains 10 figures, 12 tables, and 49 references.
Keywords: Sarcoma, soft tissue, cancer, myxofibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma,
Repair of Femoral and Popliteal Artery Aneurysms
Authors: O'Hara Patrick J. 
Published: January 2021

Femoral and popliteal artery aneurysms constitute most peripheral aneurysms. In general, with both femoral and popliteal artery aneurysms, elective repair and reconstruction tend to be associated with significantly better postoperative outcomes than emergency repair undertaken after a limb-threatening complication. Specific treatment decisions may be influenced by the presence or absence of symptoms of aneurysmal disease. For femoral artery aneurysms, this chapter presents the preoperative evaluation, operative planning, operative technique (endovascular repair, ultrasound-guided compression, and open surgical repair), and outcome evaluation. For popliteal aneurysms, this chapter discusses the preoperative evaluation, operative planning (indications for repair and preoperative arterial thrombolysis), operative technique (open vs. endovascular repair), and outcome evaluation (dependent on whether surgical or endovascular).
This review contains 15 figures, 9 tables, and 41 references.
Keywords:Lower extremity aneurysm, popliteal artery aneurysm, femoral artery aneurysm, surgical repair, endovascular repair, thrombosis, embolization
Peritoneal Dialysis Access
Authors: Shaffer David , Forbes Rachel 
Published: January 2021

Currently approximately 10% of the 650,000 ESRD patients in the U.S. requiring renal replacement therapy are on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Although equally efficacious as hemodialysis (HD), advantages of PD may include a more flexible schedule allowing greater freedom to work or travel, better tolerability in patients with cardiovascular compromise, and decreased costs. PD requires an intact peritoneal membrane and abdominal wall and the ability to perform at home, either by the patient or by a caregiver. Although PD catheters can be inserted via open or laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic insertion allows for direct visualization and placement of the tip of the catheter, as well as the ability to secure the tip of the dialysis catheter in the pelvis. Laparoscopic insertion improves catheter survival, reduces the incidence of mechanical complications, and allows for additional procedures, such as repair of umbilical hernias, lysis of adhesions, or omentopexy. Laparoscopy is also ideal for secondary procedures for catheter salvage. Infections remain the most frequent complication of peritoneal dialysis catheters and the most common reason for catheter removal or conversion from PD to HD.
This review contains 16 figures, 6 tables, and 40 references.
Key Words: Peritoneal dialysis; End-stage renal disease; renal replacement therapy; dialysis; laparoscopy; catheter-associated peritonitis; exit site infections; catheterpexy; omental wrapping; catheter outflow obstruction.
Operative Exposure of Abdominal Injuries and Closure of the Abdomen
Authors: Nealeigh Matthew D , Bowyer Mark W 
Published: January 2021

Operative exposure and management of significant blunt or penetrating injuries to the abdomen is a critical skill required of all surgeons caring for victims of trauma. Application of damage control resuscitation and damage control surgical principles improves survival. Advances in diagnostics, increasing experience with selective nonoperative management, and use of endovascular and angiographic techniques have all significantly decreased the frequency of laparotomies performed for trauma. This decreasing clinical experience mandates that surgeons dealing with victims of trauma remain facile with the operative approaches and techniques detailed in this chapter to achieve optimal outcomes. Detailed management of specific injuries is covered in other chapters of this text.
This review contains 7 figures, 2 tables, and 41 references.
Key Words: abdominal trauma, damage control resuscitation, damage control surgery, endovascular control of hemorrhage, open abdomen, REBOA, supraceliac control of aorta, trauma systems, visceral medial rotation
Postoperative and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Fitzgerald Caitlin A. , Coopersmith Craig M. 
Published: January 2021

Postoperative pneumonia is currently the third most common complication seen in surgical patients and is associated with an increase in both patient morbidity and hospital costs. The incidence of postoperative pneumonia varies among the different surgical subspecialties. A number of evidence-based strategies exist regarding the prevention and management of pneumonia. However, the majority of studies on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) do not specifically focus on surgical patients but rather are based on mixed medical-surgical ICU patients. The aim of this review is to define the incidence, pathogenesis, and risk factors of both postoperative and VAP; determine what pathogens are commonly encountered; discuss treatment methods; and introduce measures that can be implemented in both the surgical wards and the ICU aimed at preventing this complication.
This review contains 5 figures, 7 tables, and 64 references.
Key Words: antimicrobial therapy, disease prevention, postoperative pneumonia, surgical critical care; ventilator associated pneumonia, culture, prevention, management, bundles, diagnosis
Injuries to the Spleen and Diaphragm
Authors: Long Andrea M. , Miller Preston R , Hoth J. Jason 
Published: January 2021

The spleen is one of the most commonly injured abdominal organs in blunt trauma patients. The mechanisms of injury are similar to those seen with liver injuries: motor vehicle collisions, automobile-pedestrian collisions, falls, and any type of penetrating injury. Stab wounds to the abdomen are less likely to cause spleen injury compared with liver injury due to the spleen’s protected location. Stab wounds to the spleen typically result in direct linear tears, whereas gunshot wounds result in significant cavitary injuries. This review covers injuries to the spleen and injuries to the diaphragm. Figures show findings on imaging that may be associated with failure of nonoperative management for splenic injuries, intraparenchymal splenic blush noted on an initial computed tomographic scan, the first step in mobilizing the spleen by making an incision in the peritoneum and the endoabdominal fascia, beginning at the inferior pole and continuing posteriorly and superiorly, splenorrhaphy performed using interrupted mattress sutures through pledgets along the raw edge of the spleen, left diaphragm ruptures evident with the gastric bubble located in the left hemithorax, whereas right-sided ruptures present with the appearance of an elevated hemidiaphragm, and the use of Allis clamps to approximate the diaphragmatic edges, with the defect closed with a running No. 1 polypropylene suture. The table lists American Association for the Surgery of Trauma organ injury scales for diaphragm and spleen.
This review contains 6 figures, 1 table, and 55 references
Keywords: spleen, injury grading, angioembolization, splenorrhaphy, splenic salvage
The Pediatric Surgical Patient
Authors: Nunez Lopez Omar , Bowen-Jallow Kanika A 
Published: January 2021

The surgical care of pediatric patients requires familiarization with the physiologic principles that govern homeostasis in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. These principles must be taken into consideration in the perioperative management and trauma care of pediatric patients. In addition to surgical problems common to all age groups, there are specific pathologic processes requiring surgery (or treatment by a surgeon) that are seen only in pediatric patients. Here we present an overview of the physiologic considerations important for the surgical care of children and a review of the most commonly encountered pediatric surgical conditions, with an emphasis on the acute management and stabilization of the patient. References to current guidelines are being provided when available.

This review contains 5 figures, 8 tables, and 63 references
Keywords: abdominal wall defects, diaphragmatic hernia, gastroschisis, nonaccidental trauma, nutrition, pediatric surgery, pediatric trauma, perioperative care
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas
Authors: Morgan Katherine A. 
Published: January 2021

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) comprise a diverse, heterogeneous group of tumours that range in presentation and biologic behavior, including small, asymptomatic, incidentally discovered, nonfunctional neoplasms, functional tumors (both localizable and unlocalizable) with associated clinical syndromes, and diffuse metastatic disease. Based on its functional status, the malignancy of a PNET can vary, from the benign (insulinoma) to that which is commonly malignant more than 50% of the time (gastrinoma, somatostatinoma). According to a recent study, PNETs appear to be increasing in incidence or at least in clinical detection; currently the disorder accounts for 1 to 2% of pancreatic tumors and with a reported clinical incidence of one to five cases per million persons annually in the United States. Nonfunctional PNETs make up the majority of cases, and comprise 2% of all pancreatic malignancies. Treatment has been primarily done through surgical management, particularly via resection. However, medical management has played a more increased role for patients where the disease is advanced, encompassing biotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). For nonfunctional PNETs—insulinomas, gastrinomas, glucagonomas, somatostatinomas, and VIPomas—the epidemiology, biology of disease, clinical presentation and diagnosis, localization of tumor, operative management considerations, surgical management of primary tumor, and prognosis and outcomes of each are discussed.

This review contains 6 figures, 18 tables, and 58 references
Keywords: Pancreas, neuroendocrine tumor, gastrinoma, somatostatinoma, VIPoma, insulinoma, incidentaloma, glucagonoma, enucleation
Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: Deepak Parakkal , Bruining David H. 
Published: January 2021

Since the advent of the first flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope in 1967, lower gastrointestinal endoscopy equipment has technologically advanced and is used for a number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This review covers the definition of and indications for lower endoscopy; diagnostic and screening colonoscopy, bowel preparation for colonoscopy, special considerations for patients on anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents; endocarditis prophylaxis; general technique; diagnostic and therapeutic techniques during colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, anoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography, balloon-assisted colonoscopy, and lower endoscopy training; and innovations on the horizon. Figures show room setup and patient positioning for colonoscopy; technique for insertion of a colonoscope and endoluminal view of rectum, descending colon, transverse colon, and cecum; pinch biopsy and hot biopsy forceps; snare polypectomy and endomucosal resection of a polyp using the lift and cut and suction cap techniques; Haggitt classification of tissue invasion in a pedunculated polyp; endoscopic clips and their application; self-expanding uncovered metal stents and their method of deployment; an anoscope; and rigid endorectal probes for endoscopic ultrasonography. Tables list indications for colonoscopy, recommendations for screening for colorectal cancer (average risk) from the US Preventive Services Task Force, recommendations from the US Multi-Society Task Force for surveillance after baseline colonoscopy in average-risk individuals, recommendations from the US Multi-Society Task Force for screening and surveillance in colorectal cancer (high risk), bowel preparation scales, agents for bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy, and Haggitt classification of tumor invasiveness in an adenomatous polyp.

This review contains 10 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 60 references.
Venomous Bites and Stings
Authors: Walker J Patrick 
Published: January 2021

Approximately 8000 persons are bitten by venomous snakes in the US each year. Mortality is low (4 to 6/yr), but morbidity can be significant, treatment costly. Overuse of surgery and antivenom is common. Simply cutting the wound with attempted aspiration is not indicated. Fasciotomy should only be used for patients with elevated compartment pressures. CroFab is a highly effective (but expensive) treatment useful for serious envenomation. Antivenom should be used in patients with life-threatening symptoms (hypotension, clinical coagulopathy) or rapid advancement of local signs, and to reduce compartment pressures to avoid fasciotomy. The most significant morbidity from insect envenomation is secondary to anaphylaxis. A bite from the black widow spider can induce abdominal cramping and pain that can mimics an acute abdomen. Brown recluse envenomation can produce tissue necrosis and long-term complications. Most events are seen rarely by the average physician; this review can be a useful guide in management.
Key words: antivenom, copperhead bite, CroFab, insect bite, rattlesnake bite, snakebite, water moccasin bite