bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales
Authors: Elera Duberli 
Published: December 2020

Sr. Editor:
Se ha leído el artículo “Almacenamiento de carbono en sistemas agroforestales cafetaleros en las provincias de Jaén y San Ignacio, Cajamarca”, Vol. 4 Núm. 1 (2016).
Menciona que para estimar la cantidad de biomasa viva se usó el método directo e indirecto a través de la extracción y fragmentación de sus componentes y haciendo uso de ecuaciones alométricas establecidas. Sin embargo, existen omisiones en la descripción metodológica del manuscrito: No indica la metodología seguida para el establecimiento de las parcelas, tampoco cómo se realizó la medición de las variables dasométricas de los árboles del Sistema Agroforestal (SAF) y de los arbustos de cafeto. Al respecto Negash et al. (2013) ajustaron ecuaciones alométricas para estimar biomasa aérea de café y, entre otras variables, el diámetro en los arbustos de café fue medido a una altura de 40 cm. Obvia el procedimiento para determinar el peso de materia seca y posterior ajuste de modelos, tampoco de alguna metodología de referencia, pese a la existencia de importantes fuentes como Soares et al. (2012), Picard et al. (2012), Nath et al. (2017) o Criollo et al. (2020). En la ecuación para estimar consideramos que falta incluir el área de la parcela, para poder extrapolar el valor de parcela a valores por hectárea. Debiendo ser la expresión correcta de la ecuación: , en la cual el término determina el valor de la biomasa en toneladas (t) (Cordero S., 2019) y el término el equivalente en hectáreas (ha) (Campos & Leite, 2017). El ajuste de las ecuaciones alométricas para estimar el contenido de carbono fue generado en un programa, pero no lo mencionan. Utilizan modelos de una sola variable, siendo uno de los modelos más utilizados para determinación de Volumen, Biomasa e incluso Carbono de los diferentes componentes de árboles y arbustos el modelo de Schumacher-Hall en el que Y es la variable dependiente, D y H corresponden al diámetro y altura de los árboles respectivamente (Akindele & LeMay, 2006; de Morais Junior et al., 2020). Sólo se utilizó diámetro por existir estudios que demuestran que el diámetro es la variable de mejor ajuste, descartando el propio análisis de los resultados, cuya mejor ecuación obtiene un de 0.191; es decir, la ecuación seleccionada explica menos del 20 % de la varianza de la biomasa aérea del café, muy desfavorable para este tipo de estudios, pues las ecuaciones con mejor calidad de ajuste son aquellas cuyo es próximo a uno (Picard et al., 2012; Batanero et al., 2017). Con relación al cálculo del carbono en las especies del componente arbóreo del SAF, no se especifican las ecuaciones utilizadas. En la ecuación descrita para calcular el porcentaje de carbono en el suelo no habría necesidad de hacerla depender de la ecuación que permite calcular el porcentaje de materia orgánica, puesto que ambas ecuaciones dependen del volumen gastado del testigo, volumen gastado de la muestra y el peso de la muestra.
El aula invertida como metodología aplicada a estudiantes universitarios en el contexto covid-19
Authors: Guevara Manuel 
Published: December 2020

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo establecer la incorporación del aula invertida en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de estudiantes universitarios en el contexto de virtualidad ocasionada por el covid-19. Pertenece al enfoque cuantitativo con alcance descriptivo, se trabajó con una muestra de 62 estudiantes universitarios de las Escuelas Profesionales de Derecho y Educación de la Universidad Nacional Amazónica de Madre de Dios que cursan la asignatura de Filosofía en el ciclo académico 2020-II, utilizándose como instrumento un cuestionario para el recojo de datos. Los resultados evidencian que la estrategia metodológica del aula invertida repercute en el aprendizaje de manera metacognitiva, siendo también una estrategia innovadora que modifica la forma de aprender tradicional por una forma invertida epistemológica de aprender de los estudiantes; además, el enfoque pedagógico de la enseñanza se traslada al espacio de aprendizaje autónomo-crítico, colaborativo y por competencias, tornándole más dinámico e interactivo donde el docente es el mediador de aprendizajes. Conclusiones, aporta mayor énfasis a la práctica, porque los estudiantes se convierten en protagonistas de su propio aprendizaje sin estar a expensas de los maestros hasta convertirlos en conocimientos.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR POTENSI WILAYAH YANG MEMENGARUHI RASIO MUZAKI MUSTAHIK DI KOTA TANGERANG
Authors: Pradana Reza Septian 
Published: December 2020

Islam memiliki solusi zakat sebagai pengentas kemiskinan sehingga diperlukan pendistribusian zakat yang optimal. Pengoptimalan potensi zakat juga memerlukan pengetahuan akan potensi wilayah yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor potensi wilayah yang memengaruhi rasio muzaki mustahik di Kota Tangerang. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil estimasi dengan analisis. regresi linier berganda menunjukkan bahwa jumlah industri pengolahan dan fasilitas perdagangan secara signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap rasio muzaki mustahik di Kota Tangerang. Jumlah fasilitas perbengkelan/ reparasi dan jasa lainnya tidak secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap rasio muzaki mustahik di Kota Tangerang. Dengan demikian, prioritas pembangunan wilayah lebih diarahkan pada pengembangan sektor industri pengolahan dan perdagangan. Hal ini dikarenakan kedua sektor ini berperan secara signifikan dalam pengentasan kemiskinan khususnya meningkatkan jumlah muzaki dan mengurangi jumlah mustahik di Kota Tangerang.

Islam has a zakat solution as poverty alleviation so that an optimal distribution of zakat is needed. Optimizing the potential of zakat also requires knowledge of the regional potential. This study aims to analyze the regional potential factors that affect the muzaki mustahik ratio in Tangerang City. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis. The estimation results with multiple linear regression analysis show that the number of manufacturing industry and trade facilities significantly have positive influence to the muzaki mustahik ratio in Tangerang City. The number of workshop/ repair facilities and other services insignificantly influent to the muzaki mustahik ratio in Tangerang City. Thus, regional development priorities are more focused on developing the manufacturing industry and trade sectors. This is because these two sectors have a significant role in poverty alleviation, especially increasing the number of muzaki and reducing the number of mustahik in Tangerang City.
In Vitro Koşullarda Farklı İki Nanohibrit Akışkan Kompozitin Derin Class II Kavitelerde Mikrosızıntı Açısından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ÇETİN Anıl 
Published: December 2020

Amaç: Mine-sement sınırının altında hazırlanan kavitelerde mikrosızıntı ile mücadele edebilmek oldukça güçtür. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı derin class II kavitelerdeki stres ve marginal bölgedeki kapanma problemlerinin çözümüne yönelik son yıllarda sağlanan teknolojik ilerlemelerle geliştirilen nano dolduruculu kompozitlerin akışkan formlarının açık sandviç tekniği ile restore edilen derin kavitelerdeki etkinliğinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: 60 adet dişe standart meziyo-okluzal (MO), aproksimal kutu (box) şeklinde kaviteler, oklüzo-gingival derinliği mine-sement sınırının 1 mm altında olacak şekilde ve aproksimal kutunun ebatları 2x4x6 mm olacak şekilde açılmıştır. Restorasyonları bitirilen dişler rastgele seçilerek 3 gruba ayrılmıştır (n=20). Grup 1 kontrol grubudur ve kaviteler direkt kompozit (Filtek Z250) uygulaması ile bitirilmiştir. Grup 2 de basamakta Supreme XT Flow, Grup 3 te basamakta Grandio Flow kullanılmış olup, her 3 grubun üst yapıları mikrohibrit kompozit rezin (Filtek Z250) ile restore edilmiştir. Tüm örnekler termo-mekanik yüklemeye maruz bırakılarak yaşlandırılmıştır. Mikrosızıntı tayini bazik fuksin boyasının penetrasyon miktarının stereomikroskop (X40) altında incelenmesi ile yapılarak istatistiksel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Bulgular: Sonuçların değerlendirilmesinde Mann Whitney U Test kullanılmıştır. Her iki nano dolduruculu akışkan kompozitler Supreme XT Flow ve Grandio Flow kontrol grubunda yer alan mikrohibrit rezine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir üstünlük sağlayamamışlardır (p&gt;0,05). Ayrıca Supreme ve Grandio materyallerinin mikrosızıntı dereceleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır (p&gt;0,05). Sonuç: Nanohibrit akışkan kompozitler kendilerinden beklenen derin class II kavitelerdeki mikrosızıntıyı azaltma konusunda daha üstün özellikler sergileyememiştir.
Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a hepatitis A outbreak in Tamil Nadu, Southern India
Authors: Barathidasan Rajamani , Vanathy Kandasamy , Venkatesh Kaliaperumal , Sharmila Ferdina Marie , Dhodapkar Rahul 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Hepatitis A virus causes an acute infection mainly in young children. The present study was carried out to characterize the nature of hepatitis A virus (HAV) involved in an outbreak of jaundice in children.
Methodology: Serum and stool samples from five children were sampled from among 26 clinically diagnosed jaundice cases. HAV IgM ELISA and PCR were used for confirmatory diagnosis and molecular characterization by direct amplicon sequencing and analysis.
Results: All the serum samples collected from the symptomatic cases were found to be positive for Anti-HAV IgM ELISA as were all the serum samples and stool samples using semi-nested PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HAV involved in the outbreak belonged to genotype IIIA.
Conclusions: The infection was caused by HAV genotype IIIA. Improved access to clean drinking water, sanitation around drinking water sources and routine chlorination of drinking water in poor and developing countries are needed, as well as childhood HAV vaccination under regular immunization programs in endemic countries.
Dual versus triple therapy for uncomplicated brucellosis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Al-Madfaa Rawan O , Alalawi Mai A , Basudan Lana O , Alhejaili Shahad F , Eljaaly Khalid , Madani Tariq A , Thabit Abrar K 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp. affecting multiple body systems and may lead to complications. Saudi Arabia is a country where brucellosis is endemic. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of uncomplicated brucellosis and to assess outcomes of different antibiotic regimens.
Methodology: A retrospective cohort study in a Saudi tertiary academic medical center. Adults with confirmed uncomplicated brucellosis between January 2008 and December 2018 who received antibiotics were included. The primary endpoint was clinical cure. Secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality and length of stay.
Results: Fifty-four patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Twenty five patients received a combination of doxycycline, rifampin, and aminoglycoside (group 1), whereas 29 patients received doxycycline and rifampin (group 2). There was no significant difference between the two groups in clinical cure, all-cause mortality, length of stay, and end of therapy parameters, including temperature, white blood cells count, C-reactive protein levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates.
Conclusions: Due to lack of differences in clinical outcomes, mortality, length of stay, and end of therapy parameters between the two groups, a regimen comprising two, rather than three, agents can be sufficient for uncomplicated brucellosis. This finding conforms to previous studies. Therefore, replacing rifampin with an aminoglycoside for its presumed superior efficacy as per the World Health Organization's guidelines is not substantiated by our study. Further studies with a larger sample size are required to confirm these findings.
blaOXA, blaSHV-, and blaTEM- extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram-negative strains from burn patients in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Haider Muhammad H , Ain Noor U , Abrar Samyyia , Riaz Saba 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Gram-negative bacterial pathogens are associated with complications of post-burn infections that showed significant association with different genotypic variants of extended-spectrum β-lactamases. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of ESBL gene variants among bacterial pathogens from post-burn infections.
Methodology: Cephalosporin-resistant isolates were collected from Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Centre, Lahore. Phenotypic testing: double-disk synergy test, combination disk test, multiplex PCR for blaOXA, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes were performed.
Results: Of the 53.5% cephalosporin-resistant isolates, 50.7% were community-acquired and 49.3% were nosocomial pathogens. Seventy-two percent of post-burn infections were found in males (p-value = 0.92, OR = 1.04). The age of burn victims ranged from 4 to 85 years (mean = 28.9, SD = 15.6). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most predominant at a rate of 49%. There were 83.3% multidrug-resistant isolates, which showed susceptibility to meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin in 28.7%, 25.3%, and 26% respectively. In phenotypic tests 16% ESBLs detected by the DDST and 14% confirmed by the CDT. Molecular detection proved effective for the detection of 79.7% blaTEM, 37.7% blaOXA, and 18.8% blaSHV isolates. blaTEM genes were confirmed in 18.1% CDT-positive isolates, with 62.6% diagnostic accuracy (95% CI = 54.7-70) and 88% specificity (95% CI = 80.4-93.4).
Conclusions: The antimicrobial resistance associated with the ESBL-producing Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae is becoming a challenge for the treatment and survival of burn patients. The high rate blaTEM, blaOXA, and blaSHV genes confirm the need to improve the management of burn patients in order to prevent post-burn infections.
Long-term application of hydroxychloroquine could not prevent the infection of COVID-19
Authors: Zhu Yin , Chen Yongping , Gong Yuewen , Pan Aijun , Ding Huijie , Fang Jianjiang , Yu Biyun , Wang Boding , Ke Chunhai , Xu Lanman 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Current pandemic of the coronavirus induced disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents an urgent issue to the world due to lack of vaccine and medication. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has generated a lot of controversies whether it is effective in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Current report presents a 63-year-old woman who has taken HCQ for many years but still infected by COVID-19.
Case presentation: A patient with rheumatoid arthritis came to the clinic with fever and sore throat. The patient has been treated with 200 mg HCQ per day since 2016. Laboratory tests showed that the patient had lymphopenia, increased levels of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Chest radiography showed that the patient had pneumonia. Throat swab test confirmed COVID-19 positive. On admission, she was treated with nebulized interferon alfa-2b, oral Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and ceftriaxone sodium for the COVID-19 in addition to HCQ. The patient stayed in hospital for 18 days, recovered from oxygen intake, and eventually discharged from hospital. Follow up investigation showed the patient developed antibody against COVID-19.
Conclusions: Long-term application of HCQ could not prevent COVID-19 infection, but whether HCQ exerts benefit to alleviation of clinical symptoms and duration of hospital stays remains to be further investigated.
Percutaneous treatment of a ventricular septal defect caused by MINOCA
Authors: Dimitrov George , Samardzhieva Martina , Stankov Zoran , Getsov Y. , Simova Iana , Zlatareva Naidenka , Adam Gloria , Petrov Ivo 
Published: December 2020

We present a case of a 78-year-old female with a history of hypertension, paroxysmal atrial ﬁ brillation and ischemic stroke which was admitted due to an hour-long chest pain with ECG changes indicating sinus rhythm and a newly formed LBBB. Subsequently a ventricular septal defect (VSD) was discovered which we successfully treated percutaneously. At admission, echocardiography revealed septo-apical hypokinesis with an accompanying reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 38%, in addition to the mid-ventricular septal defect (7/14 mm in size) causing a signiﬁ cant left to right shunt (QP/QS = 1.8/1.0). Coronary angiography demonstrated lack of obstruction of the coronary vessels – MINOCA. Rapid response and Intensive care treatment, including Intra-Aortic Balloon Catheter insertion, lead to LV-functional improvement and hemodynamic stabilization. A dual access approach through the right jugular vein and right radial artery was used and eventual closure of the VSD was achieved with an Occlutech ASD occluder (20.5/16.5 mm), inserted via the venous introducer, while under constant angiographic and transesophageal echo guidance. Immediate VSD shunt elimination was disclosed by EchoCG and angiography. Overall, an uneventful in-hospital stay and six months event-free follow-up period were registered including further EchoCG which conﬁ rmed lack of major cardio-vascular events and the stable position of the occluder, without a visible shunt.
Salmonella Flagellin Activates NAIP/NLRC4 and Canonical NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Human Macrophages
Authors: Gram Anna M , Wright John A , Pickering Robert J , Lam Nathaniel L , Booty Lee M , Webster Steve J , Bryant Clare E 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Infection of human macrophages with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) leads to inflammasome activation. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes facilitating caspase-1 activation and subsequent gasdermin D–mediated cell death and IL-1β and IL-18 cytokine release. The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome is activated by multiple bacterial protein ligands, including flagellin from the flagellum and the needle protein PrgI from the S. Typhimurium type III secretion system. In this study, we show that transfected ultrapure flagellin from S. Typhimurium induced cell death and cytokine secretion in THP-1 cells and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. In THP-1 cells, NAIP/NLRC4 and NLRP3 played redundant roles in inflammasome activation during infection with S. Typhimurium. Knockout of NAIP or NLRC4 in THP-1 cells revealed that flagellin, but not PrgI, now activated the NLRP3 inflammasome through a reactive oxygen species– and/or cathepsin-dependent mechanism that was independent of caspase-4/5 activity. In conclusion, our data suggest that NLRP3 can be activated by flagellin to act as a “safety net” to maintain inflammasome activation under conditions of suboptimal NAIP/NLRC4 activation, as observed in THP-1 cells, possibly explaining the redundant role of NLRP3 and NAIP/NLRC4 during S. Typhimurium infection.
Dysregulation of the RIG-I–like Receptor Pathway Signaling by Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Phosphoprotein
Authors: Li Pengfei , Zhu Zixiang , Cao Weijun , Yang Fan , Ma Xusheng , Tian Hong , Zhang Keshan , Liu Xiangtao , Zheng Haixue 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a Morbillivirus that causes highly contagious and severe disease in various ruminants. PPRV infection leads to a severe inhibition of host antiviral immune response. Our previous study demonstrated that PPRV V protein blocks IFN response by targeting STAT proteins. In the current study, we identified the phosphoprotein (P) as a novel antagonistic factor of PPRV to counteract host antiviral innate immune response. PPRV P protein significantly suppressed RIG-I–like receptor pathway signaling and impaired IFN-β and ISGs expression by targeting IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 in both human embryonic kidney 293T cells and primary goat fibroblasts. The 1–102 region of P protein was critical for the antagonistic function of P protein. P protein interacted with IRF association domain (IAD) of IRF3 to block the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3. The interaction between TBK1 and the IAD of IRF3 is responsible for triggering the phosphorylation of IRF3. P protein competed with TBK1 to bind to the IAD of IRF3 that contributed to the decreased phosphorylation of IRF3, which, in turn, interfered with the dimerization of IRF3 and blocked IRF3 nuclear transportation. Besides, we also found that P protein interacted with IRF5 and IRF8. However, the involved mechanism remains unknown. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which PPRV P protein antagonizes host antiviral innate immune response by interacting with the transcription factor IRF3, thereby inhibiting the type I IFN production and promoting viral replication.
Medically Underserved Populations: The Athletic Trainer's Role
Authors: Wetherington Jefferson Jackson , Pecha Forrest Quinn 
Published: December 2020

Context
Health care cost continues to rise; the US continues to spend dramatically more money than other developed nations per individual without increased health outcomes. More individuals are finding it harder to get access to a health care provider, especially those in medically underserved areas and populations.

Objective
To increase the knowledge of the athletic training educator about medically underserved populations and the roles athletic trainers (ATs) play as leaders in health care delivery.

Background
Current and future physician shortages are known and are only going to increase as more than one-third of current primary care physicians are expected to retire in the next 10 years. Forty percent of the population lives in areas that are medically underserved and designated by the government as areas of professional medical shortage; patients in these areas are primarily served by primary care physicians.

Synthesis
As with access to physicians, access to ATs has been shown to be based upon socioeconomic status and presents more challenges for the medically underserved. Early access to health care providers has shown to be important in adolescents, as negative health behaviors can carry into adulthood, leading to poorer health-related outcomes throughout life.

Recommendation(s)
To ensure that athletic training educational programs include opportunities to provide service to the medically underserved, education on social determinates of health, and the means by which ATs can fill critical holes in providing care for these patients. More research is needed to validate ATs' roles in providing quality health care. Additionally, more research is needed around how AT education can help meet patient needs.

Conclusion(s)
As the athletic training profession continues to evolve and responds to the growing demands of the complex health care system, access to an AT may provide a vital bridge to overall health care for patients within medically underserved populations.