bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Omics Insights into the Evolution of Angiosperm Resurrection Plants
Authors: Lyall Rafe , Gechev Tsanko 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA small group of angiosperms possess vegetative desiccation tolerance (VDT). This unique ability allows them to withstand near total loss of cellular water and recover unharmed upon rehydration. Recently, omics technologies have begun to give greater insight into the mechanisms that regulate VDT. Several angiosperm resurrection plant genomes, from both monocot and eudicot lineages, have been sequenced in the past decade. Multiple transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of desiccation and rehydration in resurrection plants have emphasised the importance and ubiquity of known VDT responses, such as the induction of late embryogenesis abundants (LEAs), sugars, and antioxidants. These studies have also confirmed the similarity between VDT and the process of orthodox seed maturation drying, and highlighted the connection between embryonic, seedling, and vegetative DT. However, the exact genes and pathways that regulate the acquisition of seed traits in leaves remain elusive. This article attempts to integrate what is currently understood about the evolution and regulation of VDT in angiosperm resurrection plants, drawing from the rapidly growing collection of omics datasets derived from these species. The limits of current knowledge, future research perspectives, and the utility of VDT research as a resource for the improvement of drought tolerance in crop species are also discussed.
Progress on Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells toward Blue Emission, High Efficiency, and Long Lifetime
Authors: Zhang Chen , Liu Ruihuan , Zhang Dongdong , Duan Lian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSince their emergence in the 1990s, light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) have attracted much attention due to their unique properties and potential for use as an alternative technology for illuminations and displays. After decades of development, however, the performance of LECs remains far from satisfactory for practical applications, in particular for those requiring blue light. Efforts have been made to develop of highly efficient blue‐emitting materials and more advanced device structures, aiming at realizing blueshifted emission, enhancing efficiency, and extending prolonged device lifetimes. A timely review into the current state of blue LECs is deemed imperative, as a full understanding of the molecular and device design strategy and identification of the major challenges that must be addressed to realize practical applications is necessary. A specific summary of recent progress on blue LECs is provided, with the focus placed on design strategies for blue emitters for LECs and device structures with respect to color tuning, efficiency enhancement, and stability improvement. Finally, the direction of development strategies in the future is suggested.
Air‐Stable Highly Crystalline Formamidinium Perovskite 1D Structures for Ultrasensitive Photodetectors
Authors: Chen Gaosong , Qiu Yuchen , Gao Hanfei , Zhao Yingjie , Feng Jiangang , Jiang Lei , Wu Yuchen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractState‐of‐the‐art optoelectronic devices based on metal‐halide perovskites demand solution‐processed structures with high crystallinity, controlled crystallographic orientation, and enhanced environmental stability. Formamidinium lead iodide (α‐FAPbI3) possesses a suitable bandgap of 1.48 eV and enhanced thermal stability, whereas perovskite‐type polymorph (α‐phase) is thermodynamically instable at ambient temperatures. Stable α‐FAPbI3 perovskite 1D structure arrays with high crystallinity and ordered crystallographic orientation are developed by controlled nucleation and growth in capillary bridges. By surface functionalization with phenylethylammonium ions (PEA+), FAPbI3 wires sustain a stable α‐phase after 28 day storage in the ambient environment with a relative humidity of 50%. Enhanced photoluminescence (PL) intensity and elongated PL lifetime demonstrate suppressed trap density and high crystallinity in these 1D structures, which is also reflected by the enhanced diffraction density and pure (001) crystallographic orientation in the grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) pattern. Based on these high‐quality 1D structures, sensitive photodetectors are achieved with average responsivities of 5282 A W−1, average specific detectivities of more than 1.45 × 1014 Jones, and a fast response speed with a 3 dB bandwidth of 15 kHz.
Camouflaging Nanoparticles with Brain Metastatic Tumor Cell Membranes: A New Strategy to Traverse Blood–Brain Barrier for Imaging and Therapy of Brain Tumors
Authors: Wang Caixia , Wu Bo , Wu Yuting , Song Xinyue , Zhang Shusheng , Liu Zhihong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGlioblastoma multiforme is one of the most fatal intracranial tumors with no effective treatment. The drug concentration in tumor sites is usually insufficient to reach therapeutic levels, due to poor blood–brain‐barrier (BBB) permeability and short biological half‐life. Inspired by the proneness of those malignant tumors to brain metastasis, a brain metastatic tumor cell membrane‐coated nanocarrier with core–shell structure is constructed to cross BBB for imaging and photothermal therapy of early brain tumors. The cell membranes as the shell are extracted from different metastatic tumor cells, which endow the nanoparticles with BBB‐crossing ability and long circulation. Indocyanine green (ICG)‐loaded polymeric nanoparticle as the core allows fluorescence imaging and phototherapy of brain tumors. The as‐prepared biomimetic nanoparticles display superb BBB penetration and effective suppression of tumor growth. These findings suggest the biomimetic nanotechnology provides a new insight for the design of BBB‐crossing nanomaterials and is promising to treat brain diseases.
Kirigami‐Inspired Self‐Assembly of 3D Structures
Authors: Abdullah Arif M. , Li Xiuling , Braun Paul V. , Rogers John A. , Hsia K. Jimmy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSelf‐assembly of 3D structures presents an attractive and scalable route to realize reconfigurable and functionally capable mesoscale devices without human intervention. A common approach for achieving this is to utilize stimuli‐responsive folding of hinged structures, which requires the integration of different materials and/or geometric arrangements along the hinges. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of Kirigami cuts in planar, hingeless bilayer thin sheets can be used to produce complex 3D shapes in an on‐demand manner. Nonlinear finite element models are developed to elucidate the mechanics of shape morphing in bilayer thin sheets and verify the predictions through swelling experiments of planar, millimeter‐scaled PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) bilayers in organic solvents. Building upon the mechanistic understandings, The transformation of Kirigami‐cut simple bilayers into 3D shapes such as letters from the Roman alphabet (to make “ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS”) and open/closed polyhedral architectures is experimentally demonstrated. A possible application of the bilayers as tether‐less optical metamaterials with dynamically tunable light transmission and reflection behaviors is also shown. As the proposed mechanistic design principles could be applied to a variety of materials, this research broadly contributes toward the development of smart, tetherless, and reconfigurable multifunctional systems.
Polyphenol‐Sensitized Atomic Layer Deposition for Membrane Interface Hydrophilization
Authors: Yang Xiaobin , Sun Pan , Zhang Huiru , Xia Zijing , Waldman Ruben Z. , Mane Anil U. , Elam Jeffrey W. , Shao Lu , Darling Seth B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractImprovements in energy–water systems will necessitate fabrication of high‐performance separation membranes. To this end, interface engineering is a powerful tool for tailoring properties, and atomic layer deposition (ALD) has recently emerged as a promising and versatile approach. However, most non‐polar polymeric membranes are not amenable to ALD processing due to the absence of nucleation sites. Here, a sensitization strategy for ALD‐coating is presented, illustrated by membrane interface hydrophilization. Facile dip‐coating with polyphenols effectively sensitizes hydrophobic polymer membranes to TiO2 ALD coating. Tannic acid‐sensitized ALD‐coated membranes exhibit outstanding underwater crude oil repulsion and rigorous mechanical stability through bending and rinsing tests. As a result, these membranes demonstrate outstanding crude oil‐in‐water separation and reusability compared to untreated membranes or those treated with ALD without polyphenol pretreatment. A possible polyphenol‐sensitized ALD mechanism is proposed involving initial island nucleation followed by film intergrowth. This polyphenol sensitization strategy enriches the functionalization toolbox in material science, interface engineering, and environmental science.
Functional Coatings on High‐Performance Polymer Fibers for Smart Sensing
Authors: Galinski Henning , Leutenegger Daniel , Amberg Martin , Krogh Fabio , Schnabel Volker , Heuberger Manfred , Spolenak Ralph , Hegemann Dirk 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAbove a critical temperature, high‐performance fibers may lose their mechanical properties resulting in catastrophic events of damage when, e.g., used as load‐carrying ropes. Here, a method to functionalize polymer fibers with thermochromic optical coatings that enable signaling of damaging thermal history is introduced. These smart coatings are comprised of an index‐tunable anti‐reflection coating based on chalcogenide phase change materials (PCM). It is demonstrated that the insulator−metal phase transition of these materials can be aligned with the critical deterioration temperature of both polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monofilaments and liquid‐crystal polyester (LCP) yarns by composition tuning. The carefully designed optical system amplifies the change in optical properties of its constituents upon phase change. The thermal and mechanical degradation of these fibers can thus be monitored and displayed by eye.
Tip‐Induced Inversion of the Chirality of a Molecule's Adsorption Potential Probed by the Switching Directionality
Authors: Bauer Anja , Maier Markus , Schosser Werner M. , Diegel Josefine , Paschke Fabian , Dedkov Yuriy , Pauly Fabian , Winter Rainer F. , Fonin Mikhail 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe switching behavior of surface‐supported molecular units excited by current, light, or mechanical forces is determined by the shape of the adsorption potential. The ability to tailor the energy landscape in which a molecule resides at a surface gives the possibility of imposing a desired response, which is of paramount importance for the realization of molecular electronic units. Here, by means of scanning tunneling microscopy, a triazatruxene (TAT) molecule on Ag(111) is studied, which shows a switching behavior characterized by transitions of the molecule between three states, and which is attributed to three energetically degenerate bonding configurations. Upon tunneling current injection, the system can be excited and continuously driven, showing a switching directionality close to 100%. Two surface enantiomers of TAT show opposite switching directions pointing at the chirality of the energy landscape of the adsorption potential as a key ingredient for directional switching. Further, it is shown that by tuning the tunneling parameters, the symmetry of the adsorption potential can be controllably adjusted, leading to a suppression of the directionality or an inversion of the switching direction. The findings represent a molecule‐surface model system exhibiting unprecedented control of the shape of its adsorption potential.
Electrical Characterization of Individual Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowires Using Conductive AFM
Authors: Stern Avigail , Aharon Sigalit , Binyamin Tal , Karmi Abeer , Rotem Dvir , Etgar Lioz , Porath Danny 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPerovskite nanostructures have attracted much attention in recent years due to their suitability for a variety of applications such as photovoltaics, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), nanometer‐size lasing, and more. These uses rely on the conductive properties of these nanostructures. However, electrical characterization of individual, thin perovskite nanowires has not yet been reported. Here, conductive atomic force microscopy characterization of individual cesium lead halide nanowires is presented. Clear differences are observed in the conductivity of nanowires containing only bromide and nanowires containing a mixture of bromide and iodide. The differences are attributed to a higher density of crystalline defects, deeper trap states, and higher inherent conductivity for nanowires with mixed bromide–iodide content.
High‐Resolution Patterned Biobased Thin Films via Self‐Assembled Carbohydrate Block Copolymers and Nanocellulose
Authors: Gestranius Marie , Otsuka Issei , Halila Sami , Hermida‐Merino Daniel , Solano Eduardo , Borsali Redouane , Tammelin Tekla 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe exploitation of the effortless self‐assembly behavior of biomass‐based bricks can be seen as a promising route toward the innovative architectures. Here, a straightforward approach is presented where carbohydrate‐based diblock copolymer, polystyrene‐block‐maltoheptaose (PS‐b‐MH), is organized either on a rigid ultrathin film or on a flexible self‐standing film of wood‐derived cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). During solvent annealing PS‐b‐MH deposited on relatively rough CNF film undergoes spontaneous rearrangement into high‐resolution patterns with a diblock domain spacing of 10–15 nm. The ideal conditions the self‐assembly require weak interactions between block copolymer and the substrate to increase the chain mobility and enable rearrangements. This is exactly how the system behaves. Adsorption studies of PS‐b‐MH on CNF surfaces reveal weak interactions, and the formed PS‐b‐MH layer is soft and mobile. Even the appearance of more challenging vertical orientation formed on smooth CNF substrates is tentatively evidenced by grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering and atomic force microscope indicating favorable surface interactions between CNF and PS‐b‐MH.
Nonclassical Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly Resulting from a Constrained Location of Chains and Junctions
Authors: Matsushita Yushu , Takano Atsushi , Vayer Marylène , Sinturel Christophe 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDuring the self‐assembly process of block copolymers, interfaces are formed as a result of the microphase separation between the blocks. The location of the polymer chains and block junctions with respect to these interfaces is crucial and drives the morphology. It depends on the dispersities (e.g., molecular mass and composition) of the blocks, their architectures (e.g., linear vs star), and the type of interaction (e.g., repulsion vs attraction). In this review, the authors focus on the formation of unusual morphologies that are obtained in the following three categories: i) multimodal blends of block polymers, ii) star block polymers, and iii) supramolecular assemblies composed of block copolymers. Although these three examples seem to be very different from one another, the authors demonstrate in this review that they all share a constrained location of their chains and/or junctions with respect to the interfaces. In this sense, they deviate from the common behavior of simple linear block copolymers, in which the junctions are located on the interface and homogeneously distributed onto it.
Stretchable Sensors for Nanomolar Glucose Detection
Authors: Imamura Amanda , Zakashansky Julia , Cho Kenny , Lin Lancy , Carrilho Emanuel , Khine Michelle 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBiosensors that detect analytes in sweat face the challenge of maintaining sensitivity upon miniaturization. Various materials and processes have been developed to create nanostructured electrodes with high surface areas to mitigate this issue. The need remains, however, for biocompatible materials that can be scalably integrated into wearable devices. This paper details a gold thin‐film electrode fabricated using a thermoplastic shape memory polymer to create hierarchical wrinkled structures via the miniaturization process, followed by transfer onto a soft, stretchable substrate. The final stretchable electrode, which is ≈30 times smaller than that of the original, unshrunk electrode, retains its original surface area. Even more remarkably, further enhancement in current density is achieved upon stretching the electrode to 210% of its original length; improved sensitivity remains stable after relaxation of the polymer. Stretching aids diffusion limited reactions, such as the reduction and oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. The stretchable electrodes sensitively detect glucose without enzymes or additional labels at physiological pH in the range of 1 × 10−7–1 × 10−4 m with a calculated limit of detection of 2.22 × 10−8 m, among the lowest reported for a flexible, enzyme‐free sensor.
Wearable Electronic Textiles from Nanostructured Piezoelectric Fibers
Authors: Mokhtari Fatemeh , Spinks Geoffrey M. , Fay Cormac , Cheng Zhenxiang , Raad Raad , Xi Jiangtao , Foroughi Javad 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWearable energy harvesting is of practical interest for many years and for diverse applications, including development of self‐powered wireless sensors within garments for human health monitoring. Herein, a novel approach is reported to create wearable energy generators and sensors using nanostructured hybrid piezoelectric fibers and exploiting the enormous variety of textile architectures. It is found that high performance hybrid piezofiber is obtained using a barium titanate (BT) nanoparticle and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with a mass ratio of 1:10. These fibers are knitted to form a wearable energy generator that produced a maximum voltage output of 4 V and a power density 87 μW cm−3 which is 45 times higher than earlier reported for piezoelectric textiles. The wearable energy generator charged a 10 μF capacitor in 20 s which is four and six times faster than previously reported for PVDF/BT and PVDF energy generators, respectively. It also emerges that the established knitted energy harvester exhibits sensitivity of 6.3 times higher in compare with the piezofibers energy generator. A knee sleeve prototype based on a PVDF/BT wearable device for monitoring real‐time precise healthcare is demonstrated. The developed processing method is scalable for the fabrication of industrial quantities of smart textiles.
Rapid and Selective NH3 Sensing by Porous CuBr
Authors: Güntner Andreas T. , Wied Markus , Pineau Nicolay J. , Pratsinis Sotiris E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFast and selective detection of NH3 at parts‐per‐billion (ppb) concentrations with inexpensive and low‐power sensors represents a long‐standing challenge. Here, a room temperature, solid‐state sensor is presented consisting of nanostructured porous (78%) CuBr films. These are prepared by flame‐aerosol deposition of CuO onto sensor substrates followed by dry reduction and bromination. Each step is monitored in situ through the film resistance affording excellent process control. Such porous CuBr films feature an order of magnitude higher NH3 sensitivity and five times faster response times than conventional denser CuBr films. That way, rapid (within 2.2 min) sensing of even the lowest (e.g., 5 ppb) NH3 concentrations at 90% relative humidity is attained with outstanding selectivity (30–260) over typical confounders including ethanol, acetone, H2, CH4, isoprene, acetic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, and CO, superior to state‐of‐the‐art sensors. This sensor is ideal for hand‐held and battery‐driven devices or integration into wearable electronics as it does not require heating. From a broader perspective, the process opens exciting new avenues to also explore other bromides and classes of semiconductors (e.g., sulfides, nitrides, carbides) currently not accessible by flame‐aerosol technology.
Incorporating Beliefs and Experiences into Choice Experiment Analysis: Implications for Policy Recommendations
Authors: Dissanayake Sahan T. M. , Meyer Andrew G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe show that respondents' beliefs about future outcomes and prior recreational experiences affect policy recommendations from choice experiments. For New England residents, we find that willingness to pay for a new national park in Maine differs based on respondents' stated beliefs about the status quo long‐term land use. We also find that respondents who do (do not) hunt or snowmobile would pay significantly more (less) for a park allowing these activities. Land managers may find a two‐park solution (one allowing the activities and one prohibiting them) would be best; this insight would be missed when neglecting to model conflicting recreational preferences.
Lowland rice yield and profit response to fertilizer application in Rwanda
Authors: Nabahungu Nsharwasi Léon , Cyamweshi Athanase R. , Kayumba John , Kokou Kintché , Mukuralinda Athanase , Cirhuza Jackson M. , Wortmann Charles S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa) production in Rwanda increased by 70% while yield ha−1 decreased during the past decade. Yield has biotic and abiotic constraints including inadequate nutrient supply. Yield response functions for N, P, and K were determined in eight marshlands grouped into four clusters. Additional treatment allowed for the diagnosis of response to Mg–S–Zn–B (MgSZnB). Rice grain yield with no fertilizer applied was 2.27 Mg ha−1. Mean yield increases were 2.35, 1.53, and 1.71 Mg ha−1 with N, P, and K application, respectively. The mean economically optimal rates (EOR) were 58 to >150, 11–30, and 21–35 kg ha−1 for N, P, and K, respectively, depending on cluster and the cost of fertilizer. Yield responses to nutrient rates were similar across marshland clusters, and a single response function for each of P and K can serve all four clusters, while the response to N differed for Cluster B compared with A, BC, and C. Net returns to applied P and K were greater than for N, but the application of N is likely needed for such responses to P and K. The MgSZnB resulted in a mean grain yield increase of 1.72 Mg ha−1 with increases in all marshlands, but the information was not sufficient to determine which nutrients of MgSZnB were deficient or their optimal application rates. Fertilizer use can be very profitable for rice production in Rwanda. Profit can be enhanced with the application at less than EOR when fertilizer use is financially constrained.
Environmental variation impacts trait expression and selection in the legume–rhizobium symbiosis
Authors: Batstone Rebecca T. , Peters Madeline A. E. , Simonsen Anna K. , Stinchcombe John R. , Frederickson Megan E. 
Published: February 2020

PremiseThe ecological outcomes of mutualism are well known to shift across abiotic or biotic environments, but few studies have addressed how different environments impact evolutionary responses, including the intensity of selection on and the expression of genetic variance in key mutualism‐related traits.MethodsWe planted 30 maternal lines of the legume Medicago lupulina in four field common gardens and compared our measures of selection on and genetic variance in nodulation, a key trait reflecting legume investment in the symbiosis, with those from a previous greenhouse experiment using the same 30 M. lupulina lines.ResultsWe found that both the mean and genetic variance for nodulation were much greater in the greenhouse than in the field and that the form of selection on nodulation significantly differed across environments. We also found significant genotype‐by‐environment (G × E) effects for fitness‐related traits that were generated by differences in the rank order of plant lines among environments.ConclusionsOverall, our results suggest that the expression of genotypic variation and selection on nodulation differ across environments. In the field, significant rank‐order changes for plant fitness potentially help maintain genetic variation in natural populations, even in the face of directional or stabilizing selection.