bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research and Practice of Chemical Flooding on Offshore Heavy Oilfield in Bohai Bay of China
Authors: Li Yanlai , Su Yanchun , Yang Wei , Meng Peng , Wang Lilei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Bohai Bay Basin is very rich in heavy oil. Generally the water flooding recovery of heavy oil reservoirs is only 18-20% in Bohai Oilfield, which has great potential for EOR. Being a mature technology in onshore oilfields, polymer flooding in Bohai Oilfield faces a serious of difficulties including choosing the best polymer injection opportunity in limited platform life, poor applicability of existing polymers and polymer preparation and production fluid treatment restricted by platform space. In recent years, several large heavy oil fields have carried out chemical flooding test. In order to solve the above problems, the early stage polymer injection development mode which breaks the limit of secondary and tertiary oil recovery was practiced to fit the service life of platform; a new kind of hydrophobic associative polymer was designed to meet the demand of viscous crude oil, high hardness water, strong shear force and large well spacing in Bohai Oilfield; a serious new facilities used for polymer instant solution and production fluid treatment was designed to fit the narrow space of platform.
The tests show that the early stage polymer injection development mode in offshore heavy oil fields has achieved good results. It effectively reduces or stabilizes the water cut and increases oil production significantly. Based on the good test results, the scale of injection test in Bohai Oilfield expands continuously. It develops from 1 injection and 5 production in a single well group to 44 injection and 171 production in three oilfields, with polymer flooding reserves reaching 144×106m3. According to statistics, in the recent 5 years, the cumulative oil production of polymer flooding has reached 5.651×106m3, and the recovery rate is increased by 3.9%, which is expected to be 8% in the future. Successful application of the technologies has significantly improved the development effect of offshore heavy oilfields. Even in the low oil price period, it has created tremendous economic value for the company. Nowadays polymer flooding has become a necessary means of stabilizing oil and controlling water in old oilfields in Bohai.
The roles of foreign influences in the evolution of social and filial relations in Nigeria
Authors: Akomolafe Mohammed Akinola 
Published: November 2020

Nigeria, as a geographical entity is replete with various ethnic and cultural identities that have continued to evolve from pre-colonial times to recenttimes. Granted that civilizations from Europe and Arabia have dictated almost all spheres of living, both in the Northern and Southern geographies of the country and eroded nearly all traditional values that would have assisted in curbing social and filial tensions; it is pertinent to inquire into the social relations before this ‘encounter.’ This is important as this research seeks to invoke some aspects of the past that can be relevant for contemporary utility. Hence, through the method of critical analysis, this study takes a look at the socio-economic norms among the pre-colonial cultures that eventually evolved into Nigeria, paying attention to the place of slaves and women and laying emphasis on the filial and communal nature which allowed for a not too wide the gap between the rich and the poor. Even when this study is not unaware of the positive roles of foreign influence, it recounts the deficits of this presence and suggests that aproper way is to explore some indigenous ideas and apply them for contemporary living.
Keywords: Culture, Family, Moral Values, Nigeria, Pre-colonial
Qualified objection to Ani’s qualified acceptance of Wiredu’s notion of consensus democracy in Africa
Authors: Olatunji Cyril-Mary Pius , Koenane Mojalefa L.J. 
Published: November 2020

This essay offers a critical review of Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ani’s article ‘On agreed action without agreed notions.’ Ani’s paper makes a critique of Kwasi Wiredu’s consensual democracy to the conclusion that though desirable, left the way it is, the model of consensus on which the idea of Wiredu’s non-party democracy was founded is itself admirable but defective and, therefore, calls for further enhancements. While not suggesting that Wiredu’s idea is perfect, this paper provides some objections to Ani’s view without necessarily aiming to make an apologetic defence of Wiredu. In the process, this paper, employing a critical conversation method, examines the most salient criticisms of Ani against Wiredu to the conclusion that Ani’s suggestion, by which he has opened up a new horizon in understanding human nature and assisting in making scholarly post-deliberation analysis, is impracticable. That is, it is still practically incapable of necessarily impacting any significant value to the process involved in attaining consensus itself.
Keywords: Africa, Philosophy, Consensus, Democracy, Values
Book Review: Consensus as Democracy in Africa
Authors: Akpan Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Book Title: Consensus as Democracy in Africa
Book Author: Bernard Matolino
Size: 168 x 240 mm. Pages: 240 pages. ISBN 13: 978-1-920033-31-6. Published: October 2018. Publishers: NISC (Pty) Ltd for African Humanities Program. Cover: Paperback.
United Nations Security Council and denuclearization of North Korea: Interrogating the imperative for freeze-for-freeze option
Authors: Itumo A. , Nnaji F.C. , Nwobashi H.N. 
Published: November 2020

The continued nuclear enrichment by North Korea despite several sanctions from the United Nations Security Council has continued to attract mixed reactions from scholars, security experts, policy makers and strategic thinkers. The issue has generated serious controversy which has become a critical subject of concern that dominates debates in many international and local discourses since the recent time. In most of these fora relevant stakeholders have proposed solutions for the denuclearization of North Korea in view of its implications for both regional stability and global security. This paper interrogates the import and feasibility of the freeze-for-freeze option proposed by Russia and China for the denuclearization of North Korea. Data for the study were sourced from secondary sources, specifically from published journal articles, official gazettes from relevant government agencies and institutions. The theoretical framework that anchors the study is the theory of Collective Security while content analytical technique is employed for data analysis. A critical analysis of data revealed among others, that; North Korea’s nuclear armament has thrown up tension in the Korea peninsula which poses a grave threat to South East Asian stability, global peace and security. This is further exacerbated by frequent joint military drills between the United States and South Korea close to North Korean border. The study also discovered that the use of sanctions has failed to disempower North Korea from becoming a nuclear power hence the argument for the adoption of Freeze-for-Freeze option. The study recommended amongst others that the United Nations Security Council members should cooperate and adopt a nonmilitary option towards North Korea’s denuclearization in order to save the world from a nuclear war. Furthermore, the US should reconsider a cessation of her joint military drills with South Korea in exchange for a full disarmament of all North Korean nuclear weapons and associated facilities. In all, the paper recommended for an internationally supervised peace treaty between North and South Korea that pledges mutual non-aggression and restoration of full diplomatic relations.
Keywords: Nuclear Weapons, Proliferation, Sanctions, Freeze-for-Freeze, Denuclearization
Trade Union amendment act 2005 and the entrenchment of industrial democracy in the Nigeria Public Service: An x-ray of the political undercurrent
Authors: Ughulu Eghoikhunu Stella , Nwokike Eunice Ijeaku 
Published: November 2020

The Federal Government of Nigeria in 2005 amended some sections of the Trade Union Act referred to as “The Principal Act” 1996 to form the new Trade Union (Amendment) Act 2005. The main objective of the new Act was the entrenchment of democracy in Nigeria public service by giving workers the freedom to choose which union to belong and opportunity to form more central union organizations, thereby encouraging industrial democracy. It is on this note that this study examined the political underlying motive in enacting the new Act in relation to industrial democracy in Nigeria Public Service, the weaknesses and strength of the Act were examined. The study relied on the secondary method of data collection. The study concluded that the enactment of the Trade Union (Amendment) Act 2005 was politically motivated to give the government the much-needed space to implement certain policies and decisions that are comfortable for the government. The study then recommended that the governmentshould embark on nation-wide consultation with stakeholders to develop valid amendments in Trade Union Acts for the betterment of all and not for the exploitation of the masses.
Keywords: Trade Union Amendment Act, industrial democracy and Public service.
Evaluating the Quality Assurance and Control of Hot-Mix Asphalt from Selected Plants in South West, Nigeria
Authors: Olutaiwo A.O. , Adanikin A. 
Published: November 2020

Roads are essential necessity of every nation and it is possible that even with proper designs, the roads might not be constructed to the design standard due to poor quality assurance and control resulting in poor pavement quality. This study presents experimental results carried out on various hot - mix asphalt (HMA) samples obtained across different Asphalt plants in South West Nigeria. This was done to determine the extent to which the HMA used in the construction and rehabilitation of Nigerian roads affect their service life. Six samples of the asphalt binder (bitumen) were obtained from each plant over a period of six months and tested. The tested properties were assessed based on the level of conformance with the specifications and requirements from the FMWH General Specification (Roads and Bridges). The results revealed that HMA from plant B had a specific gravity of 1.01, penetration of 65.00 mm, softening point of 53 oC, flash point of 237.00 oC, peak Marshall Stability of 18.25 kN, flow of 3.87 mm and voids in total mixture peak value of 5.08 %. HMA from plant E had a specific gravity of 1.03, penetration of 65.00 mm, softening point of 51 oC, flash point of 239.00 oC, peak marshall stability of 18.26 kN, flow of 3.67 mm and voids in total mixture peak value of 4.99 % and these were adjudged the best in conformance with the FMWH specifications. Adequate monitoring of HMA quality for either binder or wearing courses by carrying out quality control and assurance tests is thereby recommended as it affects pavement durability and performance.
Keywords: Hot-mix asphalt, quality assurance, quality control, marshall stability, flow test
Efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in dogs with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Tamura Katsutoshi , Maeta Noritaka 
Published: November 2020

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is relatively common in dogs and is a devastating condition involving loss of sensory neurons and motor neurons. However, the main clinical protocol for the management of SCI is surgery to decompress and stabilize the vertebra. Cell transplantation therapy is a very promising strategy for the treatment of chronic SCI, but extensive preclinical and clinical research work remains.Aim: The aim of this study is to confirm the effect of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) transplantation for chronic SCI in dogs.Methods: We tested the treatment efficiency of chronic SCI in 12 dogs using BM-MNC transplantation. Neurological evaluation used the Texas Spinal Cord Injury Scale (TSCIS). Concurrently, we characterized the transplanted cells by evaluation using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Result: All dogs had a pre-transplantation TSCIS score of 0. Two animals did not show any improvement in their final TSCIS scores. The remaining 10 dogs (83.4%) achieved improvement in the final TSCIS scores. Five of them (41.7%) regained ambulatory function with a TSCIS score greater than 10. We determined that canine BM-MNCs expressed hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA at higher levels than other cytokines, with significant increases in HGF levels in cerebrospinal fluid within 48 hours after autologous BM-MNC transplantation into the subarachnoid space of the spinal dura matter in dogs.Conclusions: BM-MNC transplantation may be effective for at least some cases of chronic SCI.
Keywords: Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell, Cell therapy, Spinal cord injury.
Impact of early weaning on constituents and nutritional values of camel milk in modern system
Authors: Mustafa Ayman Balla , Faraz Asim , Baum Douglas , Elgenaidi Abdalla , Bashari Mohanad , Alkaskas Adukali , Elhag Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

Background: Camel milk is very suitable for human nutritional requirements, and its composition has similarities to mother’s milk. Many scientific researches focusing on the myth of nutritional and therapeutic properties of camel milk have been brought to public attention.Aim: This study aims to clarify the impact of early weaning on constituents and nutritional values of the milk of camels reared under a modern farming system during four months postpartum.Methods: Eight lactating camels and eight calves were selected immediately after calving and were assigned to two equal groups under a semi-intensive system in a farm. In the early weaning group (G1), all the calves were allowed to freely suckle their mother’s teats from birth to 30 days postpartum. Afterward, the calves were used to stimulate milk letdown for each of the camels’ teats for a few seconds before the milking procedure. While in the late weaning group (G2), the calves freely suckled their mother’s teats up to 80 days postpartum. Afterward, the calves were restrictedfrom suckling and were used mainly to stimulate milk letdown for the milking procedure. Collection of milk samples started in the 2nd week of postpartum and continued over biweekly intervals up to 16 weeks to determine major fat, protein, lactose, solid non-fat (SNF), and density percentages.Results: The results revealed significant differences in fat, lactose, and density content between groups. We reported significant increases in the percentages of fat, lactose, protein, and SNF levels, besides fluctuations in density with the advancement of the lactation stage.Conclusion: In the early weaning group, the dams produced milk containing high levels of fat and SNF compared to the lactating dams in the late weaning group.
Keywords: Dromedary camel, Early weaning, Milk constituents, Modern system, Nutritional value.
Prostatectomy as a treatment for canine prostate cancer: a literature review
Authors: Stans Jelle 
Published: November 2020

Canine prostate cancer is a relatively rare condition with a poor prognosis. Both total and partial prostatectomy have been described as treatment strategies for this condition. Based on the available literature, it is clear that prostatectomy is usually employed in combination with other therapeutic strategies. However, it is apparent that the procedure is currently not suitable for curative intent. Its role as a palliative therapy has been better established. Among others, urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections were reported as important complications. The reported frequencies varied per study. Future research is needed to establish the role of prostatectomy in the treatment of canine prostate cancer. Based on the current lack of prospective studies, it is difficult to state whether prostatectomy should become a routine practice or first-line standard of care. Novel protocols for treating canine prostate cancer should be established.
Keywords: Cancer, Carcinoma, Dogs, Prostate, Prostatectomy.
Microbiota of gills and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria isolates from <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> in different holding facilities
Authors: Adah D.A. , Saidu L , Oniye S.J. , Adah S.A. , Daodu O.B. , David S.M. , Olatunde A.O. 
Published: November 2020

Gill is a key respiratory and excretory organ in fish as it provides oxygen need for survival and excretes waste products. However, gills can be infected with pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria leading to increasing fish morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out to isolate, estimate and identify bacteria on the gills of Clarias gariepinus reared in different holding facilities. The susceptibility patterns of the bacteria were also studied using 10 antibiotics commonly used in pisciculture in Nigeria. A total of 84 bacteria belonging to 12 genera were isolated from the gills of 75 Clarias gariepinus. Gram-negative bacteria isolated included Salmonella species (3.6%), Pseudomonas species (7.1%), Aeromonas species (2.4%), Escherichia coli (13.1%), Proteus species (11.9%) Klebsiella species (3.6%), Citrobacter species (4.8%), and Shigella species (3.6%). Gram-positive Corynebacterium species (3.6 %), Staphylococcus species (20.3%), Bacillus species (19.0%) and Streptococcus species (7.1%) were also isolated. The result showed varying bacteria species when considering the different holding facilities. Greater than 50 % of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated were resistant to 5 and 6 different antibiotics respectively while greater than 80 % of all the bacteria were resistant to ≥ 3 antibiotics. The presence of these bacteria in fish predict subsequent impediment in pisciculture and may lead to socioeconomic losses, environmental contaminations and high public health risk. This study calls for concern and an urgent intervention on antibiotic stewardship among fish farmers.
Keywords: Antibiotics resistance, Clarias gariepinus, Fish farms, Gills microbiota, Kaduna state
Co-circulation of dengue virus 1 and 2 several years after single serotype detection in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Onoja A.B. , George U.E. , Gadzama I.S. 
Published: November 2020

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease which affects over 390 million people annually around the world. High rates of unrecognized dengue infections have been observed in Nigeria through serological assays. This informed molecular investigation in some areas where previous reports were made. We screened individuals in a rural community in Nigeria for circulating dengue virus serotypes. Using a community based participatory approach, convenient sampling was employed to collect plasma from 17 febrile adults in Abia and Bendeghe wards within Etung Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The area is forested with heavy mosquito presence. RNA extraction was carried out with viral RNA mini kit (QIAamp, QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany). Molecular detection of DENV serotypes was by Polymerase Chain Reaction using characterized DENV isolates as standard controls. Out of 17 participants, 3 (17.6%) tested positive to DENV. Two were infected with DENV-2 and one with DENV-1. All three were men in Abia ward while no person tested positive to the virus in Bendeghe. This present study highlights co-circulation of DENV-1 which demonstrates a change in the epidemiology of dengue in the area. It reinforces the need for public health professionals in the area to be vigilant, and signals the possibility of an increase in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Sustained entomological surveillance is recommended.
Keywords: Dengue, Cross River State, Molecular detection, Nigeria, Rain forest
Comparative anatomy of wild adult tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) testes during rainy and dry periods in Zaria, Nigeria
Authors: Muazu T.A. , Sulaiman M.H. , Hambolu J 
Published: November 2020

The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of rainy and dry periods on the gross and histology of the testes of Oreochromis niloticus in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Twenty-four adult wild tilapia fish with average weight of 234.74±5.20 gm and 177.84±31.07 gm was used during rainy and dry periods, respectively. They measured a standard body length of 23.50±0.29 cm and 22.17±0.73 cm during rainy and dry periods, respectively. The fishes were sourced from Zaria dam and transported live in open plastic troughs containing clean water to the Gross Anatomy Laboratory in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Each fish was euthanized using tricaine anaesthetic at 8 drops/litre of water. The testes were extracted, weighed and fixed in bouin’s fluid for 24hours. Each testis was then dehydrated through series of ascending concentrations of ethanol, cleared in xylene, embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned at 5µm. Hematoxylin (H) & Eosin (E) were used for histological evaluation. Grossly, the testes of O. niloticus were whitish, non-lobulated and well developed during both rainy and dry periods. Each testis had a smooth lateral and medial edge. Seminal vesicles and Bulbourethral glands were absent. The average weight of both testes shows insignificant variation across both periods (0.458). The Gonado-somatic index value was insignificantly higher during rainy period (0.159) compare to dry period. Histologically, the lumen of seminiferous lobules was filled with spermatozoa during both rainy and dry periods. The tunica albuginea and interstitial connective tissues were thin across both periods. In conclusion, Gross and histological results which coincide with the values of Gonado-somatic index revealed that wild adult tilapia fish spawns during both rainy and dry periods in Zaria, Nigeria.
Keywords: Gonado-somatic index, Testes, Seminiferous lobules, Spermatozoa, Wild Tilapia, Zaria dam
Conventional implicatures of the 2019 Presidential Tribunal: implications for the Nigerian leadership, media and users
Authors: Ugwu Emmanuel Chukwudi , Motanya Chukwuma Charles 
Published: November 2020

Conventional implicature deals with non-truth conditional content of the expression in any given situation. Nigerians went into the general election in the year 2019, which various positions were contested and so many conditions that took place. Political parties were at the helm of the affairs doing what they know how best to do, through manifestos, campaign, propaganda and so on. Later, there was outcome of the presidential tribunal, especially among the first and topmost two contenders in the election and actual implicature transpired in the judgement. The implication lies at what the majority sees as a rape of democracy and the court ruling. Language of affidavit became awash on the social media. So many non-truth conditions were generated on the media after the ruling. To ascertain this implicature, this study applied the qualitative research by using purposive sampling technique in gathering the data and its analysis. The study reveals the social vices in this situation against dwindling areas in our leadership and how it affects those using the language.
Keywords: Conventional, Implicature, Language, Affidavit, leadership, Presidential, Social Media