bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambipolar transport in Ni-catalyzed InGaAs nanowire field-effect transistors for near-infrared photodetection
Authors: Guo Yanan , Liu Dong , Miao Chengcheng , Sun Jiamin , Pang Zhiyong , Wang Peng , Xu Mingsheng , Han Ning , Yang Zai-Xing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Weak n-type characteristics or poor p-type characteristics are limiting the applications of binary semiconductors based on ambipolar field-effect transistors (FETs). In this work, a ternary alloy of In0.2Ga0.8As nanowires (NWs) is successfully prepared using a Ni catalyst during a typical solid-source chemical-vapor-deposition process to balance the weak n-type conduction behavior in ambipolar GaAs NWFETs and the poor p-type conduction behavior in ambipolar InAs NWFETs. The presence of ambipolar transport, contributed by a native oxide shell and the body defects of the prepared In0.2Ga0.8As NWs, is confirmed by the constructed back-gated NWFETs. As demonstrated by photoluminescence, the bandgap of the prepared In0.2Ga0.8As NWs is 1.28 eV, offering the promise of application in near-infrared (NIR) photodetection. Under 850 nm laser illumination, the fabricated ambipolar NWFETs show extremely low dark currents of 50 pA and 0.5 pA when positive and negative gate voltages are applied, respectively. All the results demonstrate that with careful design of the surface oxide layer and the body defects, NWs are suitable for use in next-generation optoelectronic devices.
Voltage gain improvement of the operational transconductance amplifier designed with silicon-on-insulator fin field effect transistor after being exposed to proton-irradiation
Authors: de Sousa Bruna Ramos , Nogueira Alexandro de Moraes , Agopian Paula Ghedini Der , Martino Joao Antonio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this work, the influence of proton-irradiation in the voltage gain of two-stage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) designed with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) fin field effect transistors (FinFETs) is studied. The OTA simulations were performed using Verilog-A approach based on experimental data extracted from the SOI FinFET electrical characterization, before and after proton-irradiation. The OTA is designed with SOI FinFETs of fin widths (W
fin) of 20 nm, 120 nm, and 870 nm, all in the same predefined inversion region (g
m/I
D = 8 V−1). All evaluated OTA circuits exposed to proton-irradiation presented a voltage gain increase (compared with pre-irradiation circuits), of 0.87 dB, 1.19 dB, and 6.16 dB for fin widths of 20 nm, 120 nm, and 870 nm, respectively. The results show that despite the typical radiation effect of degradation of the individual transistors (it being more severe for larger fin width SOI FinFET), these effects combined in OTA circuits result in an unexpected improvement in DC voltage gain, especially for wider fins. Focusing on the fin width impact on the OTA voltage gain, before and after proton-irradiation, it is much greater for narrow fin width SOI FinFET thanks to the better Early voltage.
Influence of clay-based additive on sedimentation stability of magnetorheological fluid
Authors: Roupec J , Michal L , Strecker Z , Kubík M , Macháček O , Choi H J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sedimentation stability is one of the most important features of magnetorheological (MR) fluids. Clay-based additives are known for improving the stability of the MR fluids. This article describes the dependency of the clay-based additive concentration on the sedimentation stability and the rheological properties of MR fluids in non activated state (without magnetic field). The sedimentation was measured for two different base oil viscosities, two different carbonyl iron particle sizes, and additive concentration between 2 and 6 wt%. The measurements showed that the sedimentation rate exponentially decreases with the additive concentration, while the yield stress is rising. The measurements of rheological properties also showed the dependency of rheological properties of MR fluid with a clay-based additive on loading history. The influence of carrier fluid viscosity or particle size has a minor effect on the sedimentation in comparison with the clay-based additive. The addition of 6 wt% slows down the sedimentation by more than 3000 times compared to MR fluid without additives. The MR fluid with 4.85% of clay-based additive achieves slightly better sedimentation stability than commercial MR fluid LORD MRF122.
Synchronous electric charge and induced current extraction (SECICE): a unified nonlinear technique combining piezoelectric and electromagnetic harvesting
Authors: Lombardi Giulia , Lallart Mickaël 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the framework of energy harvesting using as much as active parts as possible, this paper aims at proposing an electronic interface for hybrid (piezoelectric and electromagnetic) systems taking advantage of nonlinear treatments for significantly increasing the output current of an electromagnetic system while ensuring independence to the load for maximizing the final harvested power. The proposed technique, named Synchronous Electric Charge and Induced Current Extraction, is derived from a combination of the Synchronous Electric Charge Extraction (SECE) and Synchronous Magnetic Flux Extraction (SMFE) schemes, respectively developed for piezoelectric and electromagnetic systems. The principle of the proposed technique lies in first transferring the piezoelectric charges to the electromagnetic system, and then extracting the electromagnetic energy through the SMFE approach. Compared to the classical SMFE scheme, the proposed technique shows a significant increase in the output power, particularly for low-coupled/highly damped systems.
Effects of the initial axial strain state on the response to transverse stress of high-performance RRP Nb3Sn wires
Authors: Troitino J Ferradas , Bagni T , Barth C , Bordini B , Ferracin P , Gamperle L , Tommasini D , Zurmuehle D , Senatore C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
High-performance Nb3Sn superconducting wires have become one of the key technologies for the development of next generation accelerator magnets. While their large critical current densities enable the design of compact accelerator-quality magnets for their operation above 10 T, the noticeable reduction of the conductor performance due to mechanical strain appears as a new essential characteristic in magnet design.
In this work, we extensively investigate the effect of transverse loads, up to 250 MPa, in state-of-the-art Nb3Sn Restacked-Rod-Process round superconducting wires. The tests are performed using a compressive Walters spring device, where the force is applied to the resin-impregnated wire, and the critical current is measured under magnetic fields ranging from 16 to 19 T. As a complement, critical current measurements under axial strain are also performed using a standard Walters spring. Interestingly, the study shows that the wire’s electro-mechanical response under transverse stress depends on the initial axial strain condition. Nonetheless, when the main direction load becomes predominant, all tested wires converge to a common behavior. This observation allowed us to combine the results from critical current measurements under the loads exerted in both directions (axial and transverse), shedding some new light on the mechanisms behind critical current degradation.
Exact distributions of the maximum and range of random diffusivity processes
Authors: Grebenkov Denis S , Sposini Vittoria , Metzler Ralf , Oshanin Gleb , Seno Flavio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We study the extremal properties of a stochastic process x

t
defined by the Langevin equation

x

̇

t

=

2

D

t

ξ

t

, in which ξ

t
is a Gaussian white noise with zero mean and D

t
is a stochastic ‘diffusivity’, defined as a functional of independent Brownian motion B

t
. We focus on three choices for the random diffusivity D

t
: cut-off Brownian motion, D

t
∼ Θ(B

t
), where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step function; geometric Brownian motion, D

t
∼  exp(−B

t
); and a superdiffusive process based on squared Brownian motion,

D

t

∼

B

t

2

. For these cases we derive exact expressions for the probability density functions of the maximal positive displacement and of the range of the process x

t
on the time interval t ∈ (0, T). We discuss the asymptotic behaviours of the associated probability density functions, compare these against the behaviour of the corresponding properties of standard Brownian motion with constant diffusivity (D

t
= D
0) and also analyse the typical behaviour of the probability density functions which is observed for a majority of realisations of the stochastic diffusivity process.
Integrable active atom interferometry
Authors: Kastner Michael , Menet Vincent , Kriel Johannes N 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Active interferometers are designed to enhance phase sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit by generating entanglement inside the interferometer. An atomic version of such a device can be constructed by means of a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate with an F = 1 groundstate manifold in which spin-changing collisions (SCCs) create entangled pairs of m = ±1 atoms. We use Bethe Ansatz techniques to find exact eigenstates and eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian that models such SCCs. Using these results, we express the interferometer’s phase sensitivity, Fisher information, and Hellinger distance in terms of the Bethe rapidities. By evaluating these expressions we study scaling properties and the interferometer’s performance under the full Hamiltonian that models the SCCs, i.e., without the idealising approximations of earlier works that force the model into the framework of SU(1,1) interferometry.
A quantum beat of quantum discord induced by the number of qubits in non-Markovian environments
Authors: He Qi-Wen , He Zhi , Chen Yu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We investigate the protection of the quantum discord of two qubits, individually originated by two generalized amplitude-damping models. Here, each generalized amplitude-damping model consists of
N
non-interacting qubits interacting with a common zero-temperature reservoir. First, for initial states with extended Werner-like states, we find that the robust quantum discord of two qubits against decoherence can be obtained by controlling the number of qubits in the reservoir. More interestingly, we find that a quantum beat for quantum discord can occur when both the number of qubits in each reservoir is large and when the number of qubits have a tiny difference, even in the resonant case. Our results shed new light on the protection of quantum discord by means of a quantum-reservoir engineering approach in quantum-information processing.
Constructing seven ququarts absolutely maximally entangled state via recurrence relation
Authors: Huang Haiqing , Ahmed Irfan , Zhang Da , Zha Xin-wei , Zhang Yanpeng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recently, Che and Wu (2019 Int. J. Theor. Phys.
58 584–90) presented a recurrence relation of multi-qubit states. Inspired by this, we present the recurrence relation of ququart maximally entangled states. Further, via the recurrence relation of six ququarts maximally entangled states, a seven ququarts absolutely maximally entangled state can be constructed. We also show this state is the three-uniform state of seven ququarts states.
Uncertainty evaluations from small datasets
Authors: Stoudt Sara , Pintar Adam , Possolo Antonio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Small datasets comprising observations made under conditions of repeatability or of reproducibility pervade the practice of measurement science. Many laboratories typically will make only one determination, occasionally they will make two, and only rarely will they make three or more replicate determinations of the same measurand. Interlaboratory comparisons, including key comparisons, and meta-analyses, often involve only a handful of participants. These limitations pose considerable challenges to the production of reliable uncertainty evaluations. This contribution, intended for metrologists, describes techniques that may be employed to address this challenge either when the only information in hand is what those few observations provide, or when there also is preexisting knowledge about the measurement procedure or about the measurand. Although the technical details vary, the key message is persistently the same: that there is no universal solution to the challenges raised by small datasets, and that if a measurand is worth measuring, then the observations deserve a customized treatment responsive to the peculiarities of the case, and a level of effort sufficient to render the final result fit for its intended purpose. The focus is on the measurement of scalar measurands, similarly to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), but the range of measurement models considered is much wider than the GUM entertains. We review the advantages of the Hodges–Lehmann estimator, as a general purpose replacement for the arithmetic average, in all cases where the replicated observations are approximately symmetrically distributed around a central, typical value. We illustrate the application of empirical Bayes methods to uncertainty evaluations, in particular in the context of data reductions of small data sets. Metrologists who are skeptical about the use of subjective prior distributions may derive some value from this novel application, and thereby develop an appreciation for how Bayesian procedures can help address the challenges posed by small datasets. The estimates of the measurand that different approaches produce often agree, at least approximately, but the corresponding uncertainty quantifications may differ markedly. In one example, involving three observations, a Bayesian approach yields a coverage interval appreciably narrower than the GUM’s approach. In another example, involving only two observations, an approach involving far less restrictive assumptions than those made in the GUM, produces a confidence interval that is almost as narrow as the conventional interval.
Ultrasound activated nanosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy and theranostics
Authors: Li Lei , Lin Huirong , Li Dengfeng , Zeng Yun , Liu Gang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising non-invasive therapeutic modality with an extensive application prospect. Due to the engineerable nature of nanotechnology, nanosensitizers with predominant advantages of increased SDT efficacy and targeting specificity have attracted more and more research recently. In this review, we introduce the current investigations of nanosonosensitizers and focus on the potential strategies on nanoparticles-assisted sonosensitizers to enhance SDT efficacy. We extensively discuss the biomedical applications of ultrasound activated nanosonosensitizers in SDT and theranostics.
Balancing climate and development goals
Authors: Duan Lei , Moreno-Cruz Juan , Caldeira Ken 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Decarbonizing the energy system is a major challenge facing the richest countries, whereas provision of energy services is a major challenge facing the poorest countries. What would be the climate consequences if only richer countries focus on decarbonization, and only poorer countries focus on provision of energy services? To address this question, we create future scenarios in which carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increase according to a historical trend and then start to decline only when countries reach specified income levels. In our central case, we assume that when countries start to decarbonize, they reduce emissions at 2% yr−1. With this assumption and if all countries begin to decarbonize in 2020, the world would be expected to warm by 2.0 °C relative to pre-industrial times. If countries begin to decarbonize only when their per capita gross domestic product (GDP) exceeds $10 000, there would be less than 0.3 °C of additional warming. Yet over half the world’s population currently lives in countries below such an income threshold, and continued direct CO2 emissions by people who live in these countries, while they remain underdeveloped, would increase global average temperature rise by 14% relative to the case, in which all people begin to decarbonize in 2020. The primary concern of developments driven by fossil fuels in lower income countries might relate to issues such as the technological lock-in to high-emission technologies.
Climate models capture key features of extreme precipitation probabilities across regions
Authors: Martinez-Villalobos Cristian , Neelin J David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Quantitative simulation of precipitation in current climate has been an ongoing challenge for global climate models. Despite serious biases in correctly simulating probabilities of extreme rainfall events, model simulations under global warming scenarios are routinely used to provide estimates of future changes in these probabilities. To minimize the impact of model biases, past literature tends to evaluate fractional (instead of absolute) changes in probabilities of precipitation extremes under the assumption that fractional changes would be more reliable. However, formal tests for the validity of this assumption have been lacking. Here we evaluate two measures that address properties important to the correct simulation of future fractional probability changes of precipitation extremes, and that can be assessed with current climate data. The first measure tests climate model performance in simulating the characteristic shape of the probability of occurrence of daily precipitation extremes and the second measure tests whether the key parameter governing the scaling of this shape is well reproduced across regions and seasons in current climate. Contrary to concerns regarding the reliability of global models for extreme precipitation assessment, our results show most models lying within the current range of observational uncertainty in these measures. Thus, most models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 ensemble pass two key tests in current climate that support the usefulness of fractional measures to evaluate future changes in the probability of precipitation extremes.
How regional norms shape regional organizations: The Pan-African rhetorical trap and the empowerment of the ECOWAS Parliament
Authors: Mumford Densua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Prevailing constructivist scholarship argues that the evolution of regional organizations is due to the influence of global norms such as liberal democracy. Alternative rational choice theories suggest there might be efficiency gains that explain the evolution of international organizations. However, these explanations struggle to account for some paradoxical institutional outcomes, for example, the empowerment of inefficient regional parliaments by non-democratic states—an outcome that also threatens state sovereignty. To address such paradoxes, this paper highlights the importance of regionally bound norms in shaping the development of regional organizations. It argues that regional norms can create normative traps that make states converge on a particular institutional outcome. Using the empirical case of the empowerment of the Parliament of the Economic Community of West African States, which was granted budgetary oversight and mandatory referral powers in 2016, this paper conceives of African international actors as locked in a Pan-African rhetorical trap. The Pan-African rhetorical trap describes a normative environment in which certain outcomes become irresistible for a variety of actors because they accord unambiguously with the norms of the African community. The findings have important implications for the study of international organizations more broadly, scholarship on African international relations, and scholarship on global governance.
Dual impairments in visual and hearing acuity and age-related cognitive decline in older adults from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging
Authors: Parada Humberto , Laughlin Gail A , Yang Mingan , Nedjat-Haiem Frances R , McEvoy Linda K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
We examined the associations between dual impairments in visual and hearing acuity and aging-related cognitive decline.

Methods
This was a longitudinal study of adults who had visual and hearing acuity and cognitive function assessed in 1992–1996 and were followed for up to 24 years (mean = 7.3 years), with up to five additional cognitive assessments. Visual impairment was defined as vision worse than 20/40, hearing impairment as pure-tone average thresholds &gt;25 dB. Associations were tested using linear mixed-effects regressions.

Results
Of 1,383 participants, 293 had visual impairment, 990 had a hearing impairment and 251 had both deficits. In fully adjusted models, low visual acuity was associated with poorer Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; β = −0.29) and Trail-Making Test Part B (Trails B; β = 13.22) performance, and with faster declines in MMSE (β = −0.12) and Trails B (β = 1.84). The combination of low visual and low hearing acuity was associated with poorer MMSE (β = −0.44) and Trails B (β = 11.20) scores, and with faster declines in MMSE (β = −0.19), Trails B (β = 3.50), and Verbal Fluency Test (VFT; β = −0.14) performance. Associations were similar in men and women.

Conclusion
Impairments in both vision and hearing are associated with a more rapid decline in cognitive function with aging.
Heterogeneity in DSM-5 Symptom Criteria: Phenotypes of Alcohol Use Disorder in a Sample Seeking Alcohol Treatment
Authors: Zhao Junru , Linn Braden , Bradizza Clara , Lucke Joseph , Ruszczyk Melanie , Stasiewicz Paul 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aims
This study sought to identify phenotypic variations among individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) that may, in part, help improve the effectiveness of existing AUD interventions.

Methods
Latent class analysis was conducted to examine the potential heterogeneity of AUD in a sample (N = 220; Mage = 51.19 years, standard deviation = 9.94; 37.7% female) of treatment-seeking participants diagnosed with AUD using DSM-5 criteria.

Results and Conclusions
Three distinct patterns of responses to the 11 DSM-5 AUD symptoms emerged: Class 1 (n = 114, 51.8%), Class 2 (n = 78, 35.5%) and Class 3 (n = 28, 12.7%). The identified profiles were further differentiated by demographics, alcohol-related constructs, individual difference characteristics and diagnostic and treatment variables. The findings have implications for refining AUD assessment as well as optimizing personalized treatment.