bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Risk Assessment: Case Study of Lithuanian Family Farms
Authors: Vaitkevicius Sigitas , Alekneviciene Vilija , Girdziute Laura , Miceikiene Astrida 
Published: October 2019

This study is designed to develop the tool for risk assessment under the integrated approach. Analyzing risk several problems are encountered: the first one arises at the farm level – assessment of risk in the whole-farm context rather than in a partial context, i.e. an integrated risk assessment tool is necessary. The second problem is related to the dynamic aspect when determining how the risk changes over time and what the main drivers of these changes are. All these problems are solved in the presented research, creating an integrated risk assessment index (IRAI) and testing it in Lithuanian family farms. This index assesses four types of risk: economic, financial, production, and political. The research methodology is developed to make sure that the data collected on the IRAI behavior is as diverse as possible. A model of IRAI variation by farm size illustrating risk evolution at the Lithuanian farms and, at the same time, enabling visual diversification of the dependence of integrated risk on farm size is developed. Hierarchical cluster analysis is applied for identification of the integrated risk evolution models. Assessment of the interaction between the IRAIand output and input using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis testis used to find out whether the type of integrated risk is based on differential logic. IRAI was tested using official statistical data of 1300 family farms collected in 2004–2013 for institutional purposes. The testing revealed that the designed IRAI allows identifying types of farms by their risk evolvement profiles and the key risk (s) acting on the farm in the historical period. Four meaningful clusters representing the changing pattern of the risk are identified during the testing of IRAI: increasing risk farms; reducing risk farms; relatively constant risk farms; varying risk farms. IRAI can be applied both for macro analysis (at a national, EU or other levels) and microanalysis (at the level of a single farm).
PARTICIPATION OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN SCIENCE POLICY MAKING IN EU
Authors: Jekabsone Inga 
Published: October 2019

Nowadays the importance of involvement of citizens in decision-making processes is underlined in most recent research on effectiveness of public administration. Taking into consideration that development of science and research is fundamental for economic growth as well as sustainable development, the process of policy making in science should involve relevant stakeholders building effective relationships with key stakeholders. In case of EU, Ministries responsible for science have developed Smart Specialization Strategies for transformation of economies towards higher added value. For successful implementation of the strategies, Ministries have identified different initiatives towards involvement of key stakeholders in science policy making. In circumstances of low public and private funding to research and development in EU-13, the communication with science community has been challenging.
Taking into account all mentioned before, the purpose of the study is to analyse the approaches on involvement of stakeholders in science policy making, especially in EU countries with relatively low budget for research and development.
In order to achieve the purpose, the tasks are formulated as follows:
1) to review the theoretical background for involvement of stakeholders in science policy making in EU;
2) to analyse the best practice in ensuring the participation of key stakeholders in science policy making in EU, special focusing on case of Latvia;
3) to provide the recommendations for the ministries in EU responsible for science in ensuring the participation of key stakeholders in policy making.
Research methods used: scientific literature studies, statistical data analysis, expert survey.
The research showed that effective involvement of key stakeholders in science policy making process is topical challenge for policy makers in EU, especially in countries with low share of budget for research and development. Successful strategy of involvement of key stakeholders in science policy includes effective communication at different levels, development of high-quality services as well as development of participatory administrative culture for civil servants.
INCOME DIFFERENCES IN REGIONS OF LATVIA – PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Sloka Biruta , Jekabsone Inga , Cipane Kate , Vasina Sabine Anete 
Published: October 2019

Income differences in regions of Latvia is becoming a greater problem for families as there are made decisions for emigration, for municipalities as there are significant reductions in tax (income and property) payers and for entrepreneurs as there are less customers for their products and services: those aspects are on great importance but not enough researched and discussed in academic research.
Purpose of the study is to analyse income differences in the regions of Latvia.
The tasks of the study:
1) to review theoretical background of income differences in context of regional development;
2) to review existing research of income differences in the regions in EU;
3) to analyse problems of income indifferences in the regions of Latvia.
Research methods used in preparation of the paper: scientific publication and previous conducted research results analysis, analysis of EU-SILC results (in 2014-2017) and European Central Bank conducted survey on Household income and expenses survey results, results are compared with the results of other Eurozone countries. Survey results are analysed using indicators of descriptive statistics (indicators of central tendency or location - arithmetic mean, mode, median), indicators of variability (indicators of dispersion - range, standard deviation and standard error of mean), cross-tabulations for regions in Latvia, for household members, for urban – rural living and analysis of variance - ANOVA are used. The results of analysis have indicated different challenges for decision makers on different levels.
Protocol on Medico-Legal Documentation of Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Pérez-Sales Pau , Søndergaard Elna , Shir Efrat , Cakal Ergün , Brasholt Marie 
Published: October 2019

This Protocol originates from a joint project regarding documentation of psychological torture initiated by the Public Committee against Torture in Israel (PCATI), REDRESS and DIGNITY - Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY) in 2015 after the Copenhagen Conference on Psychological Torture. The project is a vehicle to establish a common understanding between health and legal professions as to how to best ensure the most accurate documentation of torture.
Historically, sleep deprivation has been used for different objectives but, primarily, to cause stress and duress for the purpose of extracting information and confessions. Detention centers with poor conditions is another context in which sleep deprivation, as a consequence of sleep disruption, takes place. This is often due to overcrowding, insufficient or no mattresses, and poor conditions of transportation between the courts and detention facilities. The aim of the Protocol is to improve documentation of sleep deprivation used in such settings (most often during interrogation) and therefore to clarify the facts of the case so that stronger legal claims can subsequently be submitted to local and international complaints mechanisms. The Protocol has been developed based on a methodology involving: compilation and review of legal and health knowledge on sleep deprivation, also in non-torture contexts; drafting by first author; discussion in the group of international experts; pilot- testing by PCATI; and evaluation by the three organizations and the group of experts. Despite generic elements of sleep deprivation, the context in a specific country will determine many aspects of the factual situation. Each context differs and as such this Protocol could serve as a guideline or a checklist of elements to be considered in a specific context. We hope that this Protocol will assist in the discussions between the various stakeholders and provide guidance on what can be documented and how to document sleep deprivation.
Joint Location–Specific JAK‐STAT Signaling in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast‐like Synoviocytes
Authors: Hammaker Deepa , Nygaard Gyrid , Kuhs Amanda , Ai Rizi , Boyle David L. , Wang Wei , Firestein Gary S. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from hip and knee have distinctive DNA methylation and transcriptome patterns in interleukin (IL)‐6 signaling and Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways. To determine the functional effects of these joint‐specific signatures, we evaluated how RA hip and knee FLS differ in their response to IL‐6.MethodsHip or knee RA FLS were obtained after arthroplasty. Previously published datasets on epigenetic landscape of FLS were mined to identify joint‐specific IL‐6–related epigenomic differences. RNA sequencing was performed on five RA hip and five knee FLS treated with or without IL‐6. Differential gene expression was determined using edgeR software. STAT3 phosphorylation was measured using bead assays. Sensitivity to tofacitinib was evaluated by measuring CCL2 inhibition using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsAssay for Transposase‐Accessible Chromatin sequencing and histone chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing datasets from RA FLS were analyzed to identify epigenomic differences between hip and knee. Differential chromatin accessibility was associated with IL‐6, IL‐6R, and JAK1 genes. H3K27ac was also differentially marked at other JAK‐STAT–related genes, including STAT3‐STAT5A region. Principal component analysis of RNA sequencing data confirmed segregation between RA hip and knee FLS under basal conditions, that persisted following IL‐6 treatment. STAT3 phosphorylation after IL‐6 was significantly higher in knee than hip FLS and was highly correlated with JAK1 protein levels. Knee FLS were less sensitive to the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib than hip FLS.ConclusionRA hip and knee FLS have distinct transcriptomes, epigenetic marks, and STAT3 activation patterns in the IL‐6 pathway. These joint‐specific differences might contribute to a differential clinical response in individual joints to targeted therapies such as JAK inhibitors.
Stable Omniphobic Anisotropic Covalently Grafted Slippery Surfaces for Directional Transportation of Drops and Bubbles
Authors: Wang Xuan , Wang Zubin , Heng Liping , Jiang Lei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDirectional transportation and collection of liquids and bubbles are highly desirable in human life and industrial production. As one of the most promising types of functional surfaces, the reported anisotropic slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) demonstrate unique advantages in liquid directional transportation. However, anisotropic SLIPSs readily suffer from the depletion of lubricant when used to manipulate droplets and bubbles, which leads to unstable surface properties. Therefore, fabricating stable anisotropic slippery surfaces for the directional transportation of drops and bubbles remains a challenge. Here, stable anisotropic covalently grafted slippery surfaces are fabricated by grafting polydimethylsiloxane molecular brushes onto directional microgrooved surfaces. The fabricated surfaces show remarkable anisotropic omniphobic sliding behaviors towards droplets with different surface tensions ranging from 72.8 to 37.7 mN m−1 in air and towards bubbles underwater. Impressively, the surface maintains outstanding stability for the transportation of droplets (in air) and air bubbles (underwater) even after 240 d. Furthermore, anisotropic self‐cleaning towards various dust particles in air and directional bubble collection underwater are achieved on this surface. This stable anisotropic slippery surface has great potential for applications in the directional transportation of liquids and bubbles, microfluidic devices, directional drag reduction, directional antifouling, and beyond.
The Jeff = 1/2 Antiferromagnet Sr2IrO4: A Golden Avenue toward New Physics and Functions
Authors: Lu Chengliang , Liu Jun‐Ming 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIridates have been providing a fertile ground for studying emergent phases of matter that arise from the delicate interplay of various fundamental interactions with approximate energy scale. Among these highly focused quantum materials, the perovskite Sr2IrO4, which belongs to the Ruddlesden–Popper series, stands out and has been intensively addressed in the last decade, since it hosts a novel Jeff = 1/2 state that is a profound manifestation of strong spin–orbit coupling. Moreover, the Jeff = 1/2 state represents a rare example of iridates that is better understood both theoretically and experimentally. Here, Sr2IrO4 is taken as an example to review the recent advances of the Jeff = 1/2 state in two aspects: materials fundamentals and functionality potentials. In the fundamentals part, the basic issues for the layered canted antiferromagnetic order of the Jeff = 1/2 magnetic moments in Sr2IrO4 are illustrated, and then the progress of the antiferromagnetic order modulation through diverse routes is highlighted. Subsequently, for the functionality potentials, fascinating properties such as atomic‐scale giant magnetoresistance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, and nonvolatile memory, are addressed. To conclude, prospective remarks and an outlook are given.
Barriers and Solutions to Advancing Emergency Medicine Simulation–based Research: A Call to Action
Authors: Bentley Suzanne , Stapleton Stephanie N. , Moschella Phillip C. , Ray Jessica M. , Zucker Shana M. , Hernandez Jessica , Rosenman Elizabeth D. , Wong Ambrose H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSimulation technology has successfully improved patient safety and care quality through training and assessment of individuals, teams, and health care systems. Emergency medicine (EM) continues to be a leader and pioneer of simulation, including administration of simulation‐based fellowships and training programs. However, EM simulation–based research has been limited by low rates of publication and poor methodologic rigor. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Simulation Academy is leading efforts to improve the quality of scholarship generated by the EM simulation community and to foster successful research careers for future generations of EM simulationists. Through a needs assessment survey of our membership and a year‐long consensus‐based approach, we identified two main clusters of barriers to simulation‐based research: lack of protected time and dedicated resources and limited training and mentorship. As a result, we generated four position statements with implications for education, training, and research in EM simulation and as a call to action for the academic EM community. Recommendations include expansion of funding opportunities for simulation‐based research, creation of multi‐institutional simulation collaboratives, and development of mentorship and training pathways that promote rigor in design and methodology within EM simulation scholarship.
Examining the support–supply and bud‐packing hypotheses for the increase in toothed leaf margins in northern deciduous floras
Authors: Zohner Constantin M. , Ramm Elisabeth , Renner Susanne S. 
Published: October 2019

PremiseThe proportion of woody dicots with toothed leaves increases toward colder regions, a relationship used to reconstruct past mean annual temperatures. Recent hypotheses explaining this relationship are that (1) leaves in colder regions are thinner, requiring thick veins for support and water supply, with the resulting craspedodromous venation leading to marginal teeth (support–supply hypothesis) or that (2) teeth are associated with the packing of leaf primordia in winter buds (bud‐packing hypothesis).MethodsWe addressed these hypotheses by examining leaf thickness, number of primordia in buds, growing season length (mean annual temperature, MAT), and other traits in 151 deciduous woody species using georeferenced occurrences and a Bayesian model controlling for phylogeny. We excluded evergreen species because longer leaf life spans correlate with higher leaf mass per area, precluding the detection of independent effects of leaf thickness on leaf‐margin type.ResultsThe best model predicted toothed leaves with 94% accuracy, with growing season length the strongest predictor. Neither leaf thickness nor number of leaves preformed in buds significantly influenced margin type, rejecting the support–supply and bud‐packing hypotheses.ConclusionsA direct selective benefit of leaf teeth via a carbon gain early in the spring as proposed by Royer and Wilf (2006) would match the strong correlation between toothed species occurrence and short growing season found here using Bayesian hierarchical models. Efforts should be directed to physiological work quantifying seasonal photosynthate production in toothed and nontoothed leaves.
Gesteuerte Reaktionsorthogonalität in der Polymer‐ und Materialwissenschaft
Authors: Corrigan Nathaniel , Ciftci Mustafa , Jung Kenward , Boyer Cyrille 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDie selektive Steuerung chemischer Reaktionen ist entscheidend für die genaue Regelung von Prozessen, die von komplizierten biologischen Systemen bis hin zur industriellen Fertigung in großem Maßstab reichen. Die Entwicklung der synthetischen Chemie hin zu einer Komplexität, wie sie in der Natur zu beobachten ist, erfordert eine erhöhte Kontrolle über viele konkurrierende chemische Reaktionen in einer nicht interferierenden (orthogonalen) Weise. Glücklicherweise kann der praktisch unerschöpfliche Pool der bisher entwickelten synthetischen chemischen Reaktionen oft auf orthogonale Weise kombiniert werden, um elegante Lösungen für komplexe chemische Probleme zu finden. In diesem Aufsatz werden zunächst einige der vielen photochemischen Reaktionen hervorgehoben, die in orthogonalen Reaktionsführungen angewendet wurden; die hochselektive Natur der photochemischen Reaktionen macht sie gut geeignet für eine unabhängige Aktivierung in Gegenwart anderer Reaktionskomponenten. Die Anwendung solcher orthogonalen Reaktionen, insbesondere der photochemischen Reaktionen, für die Synthese und Modifikation von Polymeren und polymeren Materialien wird ebenfalls zusammengefasst. Hervorzuheben ist, dass die Anwendung orthogonaler chemischer Reaktionen im Vergleich zu traditionellen Syntheseverfahren zusätzliche Möglichkeiten für die Synthese moderner und funktioneller Polymermaterialien bieten kann.
Divergente Synthese von B,N,B‐Benzo[4]helicenen durch intramolekulare Borylierung unter sequenzieller B‐Mes‐Bindungsspaltung
Authors: Knöller Julius A. , Meng Guoyun , Wang Xiang , Hall David , Pershin Anton , Beljonne David , Olivier Yoann , Laschat Sabine , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Wang Suning 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSymmetrisch und unsymmetrisch substituierte B,N,B‐Benzo[4]helicene konnten in einem dreistufigen Verfahren, ausgehend von N(tolyl)3, in hohen Ausbeuten hergestellt werden (sieben Beispiele). Die unerwartete Reaktivität des Borinsäure‐funktionalisierten 1,4‐B,N‐Anthracens1gegen BBr3erlaubte die einfache Herstellung der Brom‐B,N,B‐benzo[4]helicene2 a/bdurch intramolekulare Borylierung und stufenweisen B‐Mes‐Bindungsbruch. Umsetzung der reaktiven Verbindungen2 a/bmit Ar‐Li ermöglichte die hoch divergente Synthese von symmetrisch/unsymmetrisch funktionalisierten B,N,B‐Helicenen. Eine Kombination aus hohen Quantenausbeuten und kleinem ΔEST‐Wert unterstreicht das Potenzial der neuen Verbindungen als TADF‐Emitter für organische Leuchtdioden.
Intramolecular Borylation via Sequential B−Mes Bond Cleavage for the Divergent Synthesis of B,N,B‐Doped Benzo[4]helicenes
Authors: Knöller Julius A. , Meng Guoyun , Wang Xiang , Hall David , Pershin Anton , Beljonne David , Olivier Yoann , Laschat Sabine , Zysman‐Colman Eli , Wang Suning 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNew symmetric and unsymmetric B,N,B‐doped benzo[4]helicenes3–6 a/bhave been achieved in good yields, using a three‐step process, starting from N(tolyl)3in a highly divergent manner (7 examples). A borinic acid functionalized 1,4‐B,N‐anthracene1was found to display unprecedented reactivity, acting as a convenient and highly effective precursor for selective formation of bromo‐substituted B,N,B‐benzo[4]helicenes2 a/2 bvia intramolecular borylation and sequential B−Mes bond cleavage in the presence of BBr3. Subsequent reaction of2 a/2 bwith Ar‐Li provided a highly effective toolbox for the preparation of symmetrically/unsymmetrically functionalized B,N,B‐helicenes. Their high photoluminescence quantum yields along with the small ΔESTsuggest their potential as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Impact of bank credit on exports to Association of South East Asian Nations countries: Empirical study of Vietnam
Authors: Trần Thị Thanh Tú , Nguyễn Thị Nhung , Nguyễn Phương Thảo , Bùi Trinh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing 2012 and 2016 input–output tables, the paper aims to assess the dispersion effects of bank credit on value added created by exporting activities of 17 sectors from Vietnam to Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. The research contributes to the literature with respect to the role of the banks on providing credit to export in developing countries. Despite the increasing demand for export credit to ASEAN countries in the period of 2013–2017, Vietnamese export credit only accounted for roughly 30% of total credit. The research results indicate that capital requirements for exporting are always higher than other activities and keep growing during the recent period. It shows the importance of bank loans for exporting activities in Vietnam. Moreover, according to the research, exports to ASEAN countries have greater dispersion impact than exporting to other countries, and capital requirements for exporting to ASEAN countries are also higher. This implies bank credit for exporting activities to ASEAN countries should be encouraged. As a result of empirical evidence regarding the power of dispersion and level of value added induced by the increase of final demand, the study recommends that Vietnam should pay more attention to potential target countries like Laos, Malaysia, and Thailand, as well as prioritize some business sectors related to agriculture and services for funding.