bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Allegory of the Cave, the Ending of theRepublic, and the Stages of Moral Enlightenment
Authors: Hosle Paul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis essay aims to shed new light on the stages of moral enlightenment in the Allegory of the Cave, of which there are three. I focus on the two stages within the cave, represented byeikasiaandpistis, and provide a phenomenological description of these two mental states. The second part of the essay argues that there is a structural parallelism between the Allegory of the Cave and the ending of theRepublic. The parallelism can be convincingly demonstrated by a purely formal analysis, but additionally it complements and reinforces the original interpretation of the Cave, insofar as the ending of theRepublicalso mirrors, on the level of content, the previously adduced stages of moral enlightenment.
Dependence of the crossover zone on the regularization method in the two-flavor Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model
Authors: Morones-Ibarra José Rubén , Mata-Carrizal Nallaly Berenice , Valbuena-Ordóñez Enrique , Garza-Aguirre Adrián Jacob 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this article, we study the two-flavor Nambu and Jona-Lasinio (NJL) phase diagrams on theT–μplane through three regularization methods. In one of these, we introduce an infrared three-momentum cutoff in addition to the usual ultraviolet regularization to the quark loop integrals and compare the obtained phase diagrams with those obtained from the NJL model with proper time regularization and Pauli–Villars regularization. We have found that the crossover appears as a band with a well-defined width in theT–μplane. To determine the extension of the crossover zone, we propose a novel criterion, comparing it to another criterion that is commonly reported in the literature; we then obtain the phase diagrams for each criterion. We study the behavior of the phase diagrams under all these schemes, focusing on the influence of the regularization procedure on the crossover zone and the presence or absence of critical end points.
Novel numerical analysis for nonlinear advection–reaction–diffusion systems
Authors: Shahid Naveed , Ahmed Nauman , Baleanu Dumitru , Alshomrani Ali Saleh , Iqbal Muhammad Sajid , Rehman Muhammad Aziz-ur , Shaikh Tahira Sumbal , Rafiq Muhammad 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this article, a numerical model for a Brusselator advection–reaction–diffusion (BARD) system by using an elegant numerical scheme is developed. The consistency and stability of the proposed scheme is demonstrated. Positivity preserving property of the proposed scheme is also verified. The designed scheme is compared with the two well-known existing classical schemes to validate the certain physical properties of the continuous system. A test problem is also furnished for simulations to support our claim. Prior to computations, the existence and uniqueness of solutions for more generic problems is investigated. In the underlying system, the nonlinearities depend not only on the desired solution but also on the advection term that reflects the pivotal importance of the study.
Graphene oxide modified carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Altin Yasin , Yilmaz Hazal , Unsal Omer Faruk , Bedeloglu Ayse Celik 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The interfacial interaction between the fiber and matrix is the most important factor which influences the performance of the carbon fiber-epoxy composites. In this study, the graphitic surface of the carbon fibers was modified with graphene oxide nanomaterials by using a spray coating technique which is an easy, cheap, and quick method. The carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composites were prepared by hand layup technique using neat carbon fibers and 0.5, 1 and 2% by weight graphene oxide (GO) modified carbon fibers. As a result of SEM analysis, it was observed that GO particles were homogeneously coated on the surface of the carbon fibers. Furthermore, Young's modulus increased from 35.14 to 43.40 GPa, tensile strength increased from 436 to 672 MPa, and the elongation at break was maintained around 2% even in only 2% GO addition.
An enumeration of natural products from microbial, marine and terrestrial sources
Authors: Ntie-Kang Fidele , Svozil Daniel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The discovery of a new drug is a multidisciplinary and very costly task. One of the major steps is the identification of a lead compound, i.e. a compound with a certain degree of potency and that can be chemically modified to improve its activity, metabolic properties, and pharmacokinetics profiles. Terrestrial sources (plants and fungi), microbes and marine organisms are abundant resources for the discovery of new structurally diverse and biologically active compounds. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to quantify the numbers of known published chemical structures (available in chemical databases) from natural sources. Emphasis has been laid on the number of unique compounds, the most abundant compound classes and the distribution of compounds in terrestrial and marine habitats. It was observed, from the recent investigations, that ~500,000 known natural products (NPs) exist in the literature. About 70 % of all NPs come from plants, terpenoids being the most represented compound class (except in bacteria, where amino acids, peptides, and polyketides are the most abundant compound classes). About 2,000 NPs have been co-crystallized in PDB structures.
Green analytical solutions for sample preparation: solid phase microextraction and related techniques
Authors: Gionfriddo Emanuela 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
For at least three decades, the analytical chemistry community is striving to apply the principles of Green Chemistry to the development of analytical methods. Many efforts have been made to outline the concept of Green Analytical Chemistry, which helped to redefine analytical procedures and drastically changed the philosophy of analytical method development. This book chapter describes the 12 principles of Green Analytical Chemistry and various methodologies for the assessment of the greenness of analytical methods. The three main steps in the analytical method development – sample preparation, separation and detection- are described in a “green perspective”. Special emphasis is given to the description of green sample preparation procedures, in particular to Solid Phase Microextraction, that, since its introduction in 1989 by Janusz Pawliszyn, has drastically revolutionized the methodology of sample preparation, providing a convenient and green alternative to already existing methods.
Interferon Gamma-induced Formation of Neopterin and Degradation of Tryptophan in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Meningitis but Not with Febrile Convulsions
Authors: Zaknun D. , Zaknun J. , Unsinn K. , Wächter H. , Fuchs D. 
Published: May 2020

Summary Endogenously formed cytokines may play an important role in the development of meningitis, and it is necessary to understand in more detail inflammatory cascades involved in the disease process. We were interested to investigate biochemical changes which are inducible by interferon gamma. Therefore, we exa­mined concentrations of neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine and interferon gamma in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 11 children with bacterial or viral meningitis and of 20 children with febrile convulsions, who suffered from viral or bacterial disease not involving the central nervous system. Concentrations of neopterin (mean ± S.D.: 43.9 ± 34.6 nmol/l) kyunrenine (0.41 ± 0.56 μmol/l) and interferon gamma (0.64 ± 0.81 U/ml) levels were higher in CSF of children with meningitis than in those with febrile convulsions (all p<0.01). In addition, positive correlations resulted between increase of neopterin and changes of tryptophan metabolism in the CSF. Interestingly no difference was found between viral and bacterial meningitis. Our findings indicate that intrathecal immune activation takes place as part of the pathogenesis of meningitis.
Catalytic oxidation of CO over CuO/CeO2nanocomposites synthesized via solution combustion method: effect of fuels
Authors: Cam Thanh Son , Vishnievskaia Tatyana Alekseevna , Popkov Vadim Igorevich 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA series of CuO/CeO2catalysts were successfully synthesized via solution combustion method (SCS) using different fuels and tested for CO oxidation. The catalysts were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2adsorption-desorption isotherms and H2temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR). It was found that the used fuels strongly affected the characterization and the low-temperature reduction behavior of CuO/CeO2catalysts. The CuO/CeO2-urea catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity toward CO oxidation (t50=120∘C,t100=159∘C) than the 5 other synthesized catalysts. In addition, the CuO/CeO2-urea catalyst displayed high stability for CO oxidation during five cycles and water resistance. The enhanced catalytic CO oxidation of the synthesized samples can be attributed by a combination of factors, such as smaller crystallite size, higher specific surface area, larger amount of amorphous copper(II) oxide, more mesoporous and uniform spherical-like structure. These findings are worth considering in order to continue the study of the CuO/CeO2catalyst with low-temperature CO oxidation.
Enzymatic degradation study of PLA-based composite scaffolds
Authors: Donate Ricardo , Monzón Mario , Alemán-Domínguez María Elena , Ortega Zaida 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Disadvantages in the use of polylactic acid (PLA) as a base material for Tissue Engineering applications include the low osteoconductivity of this biomaterial, its acidic degradation and the deficient cellular adhesion on its surface. In order to counteract these drawbacks, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and β-tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, β-TCP) were proposed in this work as additives of PLA-based support structures. Composite scaffolds (PLA:CaCO3: β-TCP 95:2.5:2.5) manufactured by fused deposition modeling (FDM) were tested under enzymatic degradation using proteinase K enzymes to assess the modification of their properties in comparison with neat PLA scaffolds. The samples were characterized before and after the degradation test by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, compression testing and thermogravimetric and calorimetric analysis. According to the results, the combination of the PLA matrix with the proposed additives increases the degradation rate of the 3D printed scaffolds, which is an advantage for the application of the composite scaffold in the field of Tissue Engineering. The higher degradation rate of the composite scaffolds could be explained by the release of the additive particles and the statistically higher microporosity of these samples compared to the neat PLA ones.
A review on the alterations in the brain of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness patients and non-pharmacological interventions for its management
Authors: Sun Li , Xiang Ke 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a relatively newer term, and this term is included in the International Classification of Diseases in its 11th revision. The typical features of PPPD include the presence of persistent dizziness, non-spinning vertigo, and unsteadiness, and these symptoms are exacerbated during upright posture, movement, or visual stimuli. Moreover, the structural changes have also been identified in the brains of PPPD patients, particularly in visual, vestibular, and limbic areas. These include a decrease in the volume and gyration of gray matter, a decrease in the blood flow to the cortex region, and alterations in the structural and functional connectivity, particularly in the visual-vestibular networks. Moreover, the impairment in sensory processing is restricted not only to the vestibular and visual regions; instead, there is a generalized impairment in the sensory processing, and thus, there is a multisensory dimension of sensory impairment. Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are the mainstay drugs for the management of PPPD patients. However, a significant proportion of PPPD patients do not show improvement in response to standard drug therapy. The employment of alternative and complementary treatment strategies, including vestibular rehabilitation therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation, is effective in the management of PPPD patients. The present review discusses the alterations in the brains of PPPD patients along with the possible non-pharmacological treatment options in these types of patients.
Mathematical modelling of acute phase of myocardial infarction
Authors: Tsgoev Chermen A. , Voropaeva Olga F. , Shokin Yuri I. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A mathematical model of the dynamics of cardiomyocyte death in myocardial infarction during the acute phase of the disease is developed. An economical computing technology of structural and parametric identification of model equations is presented based on the use of experimental data as dynamic parameters and on the idea of splitting the inverse coefficient problem with a large number of unknown parameters into a sequence of simpler inverse problems. The relevance of the proposed mathematical model is confirmed by comparison of the numerical solution to the problem with experimental data and also with the results of modelling of known therapeutic strategies.
Structure of intercalated organic montmorillonite and its pyrolysis properties analyzed using the Agrawal integral equation
Authors: Cui Hui-Wang , Fang Qun , Du Guan-Ben 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe prepared intercalated organic montmorillonite (OMMT) from a pristine MMT and long-alkyl-chain quaternary ammonium salts (LACQAS). X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses revealed that the amount, carbon atoms, and alkyl chains of LACQAS influenced the large value ofd(001)of OMMT significantly. Thed(001)stabilized at 100–150 mmol·(100 g)-1of LACQAS/MMT. The single LACQAS cations arranged in the form of a lateral layer or half-paraffin-type molecular structure between MMT layers, whereas the dual and triple LACQAS cations arranged in the form of a paraffin-type molecular structure. The pyrolysis temperature and maximum pyrolysis rate of OMMT increased greatly compared with those of MMT. The thermal weight loss of MMT was caused by the removed absorbed and structural water, whereas that of OMMT was by the pyrolysis of LACQAS. With the help of the Agrawal integral equation, the pyrolysis kinetics of MMT and OMMT were obtained using a trial-and-error method.
Effect of moisture content of jute fabric and hybridization structure on the impact properties of jute and jute/glass hybrid composites
Authors: Yu Ying , Yang Yuqiu , Tanabe Kazuo , Mastuda Mitsuo , Hamada Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA preliminary investigation on the impact properties and morphologies of unsaturated polyester reinforced with jute woven fabric recycled from used coffee bags with different moisture contents was conducted. The laminated structural effect of hybridization with glass woven fabric was also investigated. Jute/jute-laminated composites, and jute/glass/jute- and jute/jute/glass-laminated hybrid composites were fabricated by the hand lay-up method. Their impact properties were compared by drop-weight and the Izod impact tests. The acoustic emission (AE) technique was applied under a tensile load to detect micro-failure processes in the jute and jute/glass hybrid composites. The number of AE signals and the AE energy were monitored using two transducers with resonant frequencies of 140 kHz and 1 MHz. The results showed that the moisture content affected the mechanical properties of the composites. The strength and elongation at break of the jute yarn decreased with a decrease in moisture content. The AE characteristics and observations of the fracture surfaces revealed that the composites fabricated from jute fabric with low moisture content had a relatively higher initial fracture stress and higher resistance to micro-fractures. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites were significantly affected by the laminating structure.
Microstructure-based modeling of the dynamic mechanical properties of SiCp/Al composites
Authors: Yuan Mei Ni , Yang Yan Qing , Gong Qiao Juan , Li Chao , Lang Xian Zhong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUsing image processing and recognition, a microstructure-based finite element model (FEM) was established to predict the dynamic properties of SiCp/Al composites at different strain rates ranging from 200 to 14,000 s-1. In the microstructure-based FEM, the irregular SiC particles were randomly distributed in the matrix, and its configurations did not change. The results showed that the flow stress of SiCp/Al composites with low particle volume fraction first increases and then decreases with the increasing of strain rate during the adiabatic compression. The reducing flow stress of SiCp/Al composites is caused by the inner damage and the heat softening of composites. The angular particles in SiCp/Al composites provide more strengthening effect than the circle particles when the strain is <0.62, while the circle particles provide more strengthening effect than the angular particles for strain >0.62.
Comparing the influence of different kinds of zirconia on properties and microstructure of Al2O3 ceramics
Authors: Li Wenfeng , Li Suping , Zhong Xiangchong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper compared the influence of fused zirconia-corundum (AZ40), monoclinic zirconia (m-ZrO2), and 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-ZrO2) on physical properties at room temperature, hot modulus of rupture, and thermal shock resistance of Al2O3 ceramics, and their relationships with microstructure changes were investigated. It was found that m-ZrO2 or 3Y-ZrO2 addition promoted the process of sintering densification and enhanced the room temperature strength and the hot modulus of rupture of Al2O3 ceramics, and the effect of the latter was more distinct, while those of the sample with AZ40 addition decreased. In addition, the three kinds of ZrO2 were beneficial to improving the thermal shock resistance of Al2O3 ceramics. All these changes had close relationships with the changes of corresponding microstructure characteristics (including distribution of particles, degree of contact between crystals, grain boundary solid solution, microcrack density) and phase composition.
Comparing Test Methods for the Intra-ply Shear Properties of Uncured Prepreg Tapes
Authors: Heller Klaus , Hallmannseder Moritz , Colin David , Kind Kalle , Drechsler Klaus 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To achieve cost-efficient manufacturing and a high part quality in Thermoset Automated Fiber Placement (TS-AFP), knowledge about the interaction between material and process parameters is of special interest. Material properties of prepregs are well known at the cured state of the resin. However, there are no standardized test procedures for the mechanical behavior of the uncured prepreg tapes. To investigate the intra-ply shear deformation behavior of uncured unidirectional prepreg tapes, we compared several measurement procedures and conducted experiments for rheometer based tests using 8552/AS4 material. We identified a rotational parallel platens rheometer test method and a torsion bar rheometer test method to be suitable. Experiments using both methods revealed that the Torsion Bar Test has a higher repeatability and the analysis is less complex. Furthermore, first results show that changes in material properties caused by aging can be analyzed using this method. In the future,we will use the Torsion Bar Test to characterize changes in deformation behavior due to material aging as well as material modifications. By this, we will be able to provide data for the material modeling thus enabling the prediction of lay-up defects such as buckling due to steering.
Research on Influence mechanism of composite interlaminar shear strength under normal stress
Authors: Li Fei , Deng AnZhong , Zhao QiLin , Duan Jinhui 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The normal stress along the shear plane has great effect on the composite intralaminar shear strength. However, the influence mechanism on composite interlaminar shear strength under the normal stress along the shear plane was not truly reflected by the double-notch shear experiment. In this paper, the interlaminar shear strength of composite specimens under different external normal stresses was first obtained using the improved double-notch shear experiment. Furthermore, to research the influence mechanism on interlaminar shear strength under normal stress along the shear plane, the characteristic curve method based on the double-notch shear specimen was studied. Finally, the experimental results analyzed by the characteristic curve method were compared with a range of failure criteria presented in the literature. The experimental data obtained in this study agreed best with the NU theory criterion, with a maximum numerical difference of 4%. And the NU theory criterion can reflect the influence mechanism of the composite interlaminar shear strength best.
Psychological resilience associates with pain experience in women treated for breast cancer
Authors: Liesto Sanna , Sipilä Reetta , Aho Tommi , Harno Hanna , Hietanen Marja , Kalso Eija 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background and aims
Psychological resilience refers to successful adaptation or a positive outcome in the context of significant life adversity, such as chronic pain. On the other hand, anxiety closely associates with pain. The aim of this study was to explore how anxiety and psychological resilience together associate with persistent and experimental pain.

Methods
In a cross-sectional design, we studied 160 patients who had previously been treated for breast cancer and who now reported at least moderate pain (NRS ≥ 4) in any area of the body. Psychological resilience was measured on the Resilience Scale-14, anxiety on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and intensity and interference of persistent pain by means of the Brief Pain Inventory. The cold pressor test was conducted to assess sensitivity to experimental cold pain.

Results
The results showed that resilience associated with pain interference in persistent pain, and that anxiety moderated this effect. Higher psychological resilience was associated with lower pain interference and this association was stronger in patients with low anxiety than among patients with high anxiety. These effects were visible with regard to persistent pain but not in experimental cold pain.

Conclusions
These results indicate that chronic pain and experimental pain as well as pain severity and pain interference are psychologically different phenomena. Psychological resilience protects against pain interference but effectively only in patients with low anxiety. It is necessary also to consider protective factors in addition to vulnerability factors in cases of persistent pain.

Implications
Resilience has been considered a potential target for intervention in chronic pain. However, high levels of anxiety might diminish the protective effect of psychological resilience in clinical settings. Therefore, it is important to treat anxiety in addition to resilience enhancing interventions. Patients with low psychological distress might be more suitable for resilience enhancing interventions than patients with high anxiety.