bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryptic evidence for the former presence of lawsonite in blueschist and eclogite
Authors: Chapman Timothy , Clarke Geoffrey L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCryptic geochemical indicators of prograde lawsonite breakdown are established in basic and metasedimentary Eocene blueschist and eclogite in New Caledonia utilizing phase equilibria modelling and synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence mapping. Lawsonite–epidote‐bearing eclogite has garnet with concentric zones depleted in the LREE and MREE, and clinozoisite with high‐Sr rims, which geochemically record a prograde stage of lawsonite stability. These records persist in eclogite that now lacks lawsonite, and may be used to validate texturally based interpretations for prograde lawsonite stability. The compositional trends depend on extrinsic and intrinsic variables, including bulk rock composition, which determine the rock‐forming and accessory minerals that host Sr and the REEs. Distinct prograde reaction histories are recorded by two eclogite terranes in NE New Caledonia due to subtle distinctions in their protolith whole‐rock compositions.
An effective hydroquinone alternative for topical skin lightening
Authors: Draelos Zoe Diana , Deliencourt‐Godefroy Geraldine , Lopes Lénaïg 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundMany skin lightening preparations containing hydroquinone, kojic acid, arbutin, and deoxyarbutin are toxic to melanocytes.ObjectiveThis research examined a new skin lightening agent from a family of gem difluorocompounds 2‐[2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐yl]‐1,3‐propanediol that also function as tyrosinase inhibitors. This ingredient does not exhibit melanocyte toxicity yet is capable of inducing skin lightening. This research compared the gem difluorocompound, TFC‐1067, to hydroquinone evaluating both tolerability and efficacy for lightening facial dyschromia.Method48 nonpregnant and non‐nursing healthy female subjects age 25‐70 years skin types I‐IV with mild‐to‐moderate facial dyschromia were randomized to receive either study product or 2% hydroquinone cream. Subject and investigator tolerability and efficacy assessments were made at baseline, week 4, week 8, and week 12. Dermaspectrophotometer readings from normal skin and a pigmented target area were obtained. All subjects underwent facial photography at each visit.ResultsTFC‐1067 and 2% hydroquinone produced statistically significant skin lightening after 8 weeks of use, but only hydroquinone lightened the normal skin. This pattern continued into week 12 where both products significantly lightened dyschromic skin, but hydroquinone also lightened the normal skin, which is not always desirable.
COMMON‐ENEMY EFFECTS: MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANTECEDENTS AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES
Authors: De Jaegher Kris 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA disparate literature hypothesizes what can broadly be described as the common‐enemy effect: the fact that the interaction with a common enemy (formed by Nature, an individual, or a group) increases cooperation. This review identifies the multidisciplinary antecedents of this effect, and then distinguishes between several strands of literature applying noncooperative game theory to account for it. A first strand argues that the threat posed by a common enemy makes each player's cooperative effort more critical. In a second strand a behavioral common‐enemy effect caused by group interaction is studied experimentally. A third strand models the common‐enemy effect as the formation of a coalition of players against another player in a contest. A fourth strand formalizes the principle that the ‘enemy of my enemy is my friend’, either in a model of social relations, interdependent altruistic preferences, or indirect reciprocity in repeated games. The connections between these strands of literature are investigated, and questions for future research are proposed.
Variceal recurrence 4 years post endoscopic band ligation in hepatitis C patients who achieved sustained virological response with oral direct‐acting antiviral therapy
Authors: Ibrahim El‐Sayed , Abdel‐Samiee Mohamed , Youssef Mohamed I. , El‐Shazly Helmy , A.El‐Gendy Abd‐ElAleem , Sakr Ayman Ahmed , Elwazzan Doaa , Nassar Mervat Ragab , Aly Elshormilisy Amr , Madkour Ahmad , Kamal Mostafa , Amrousy Yasmine M. , Elkhadry Sally Waheed , Abdelsameea Eman 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOral Direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) are safe, highly effective altering disease burden and prognosis in hepatitis C patients. Sustained virologic response (SVR) is achieved nowadays in more than 90% of the treated patients and related to the improvements in functions of the liver, fibrosis plus survival. Furthermore, portal hypertension is thought to be improved with achievement of virological response, parallel to the improvements in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. We aimed to assess the recurrence rate of oesophageal varices by long‐term follow‐up in patients treated with different DAAs regimens who had achieved SVR. We studied 176 Child A cirrhotic HCV patients who achieved SVR after DAAs treatment and had a history of endoscopic oesophageal varices obliteration and were on maximum tolerated propranolol dose. They were subjected to follow‐up upper gastrointestinal endoscopy repeated every 6 months for 4 years. Fifty‐two patients (29.5%) had recurrence of oesophageal varices observed during the 4‐years follow‐up upper GIT endoscopy. On multivariate analysis, platelet count was the only significant variable, P‐value = .007*. HbA1C, HOMA IR, BMI 1 and BMI 2 showed non‐significant differences between the studied groups. By ROC analysis, we identified baseline platelet count of 96 000/µL with 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] [91%‐100%]) and 74% specificity (95% CI [65%‐81%]). Spearman correlation showed a positive correlation between AFP, age, AST, Bilirubin, creatinine, INR. Patients who achieved SVR post DAAs showed a significant decrease in oesophageal varices recurrence post endoscopic obliteration. Baseline platelet count was found to be a strong independent predictor for oesophageal varices recurrence.
Hepatitis C virus: Testing rate and attrition at linkage to specialized care, Catalonia, Spain 2011‐2016
Authors: Reyes‐Urueña Juliana , Celly Ana , Moreno Sergio , Majó Xavier , Colom Joan , Casabona Jordi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) screening through primary care providers (PCP) might increase linkage to specialized care. This study aimed to calculate HCV testing rate and prevalence of anti‐HCV according to socio‐demographic factors in primary care in Catalonia, Spain, from 2011 to 2016, and to identify the rate and determinants of attrition at linkage to specialized care. Patient data from 274 primary care centres (3414 PCP) were analysed, including socio‐demographic information, morbidity, laboratory tests and treatments (1‐Jan‐2011 to 31‐Dec‐2016). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine HCV testing rate, HCV seroprevalence and rate of attrition at linkage to specialized care. In the study period, there were 839 072 people tested for HCV infection and 21 156 with first‐time positive anti‐HCV test results. Rate of HCV testing was 143.54/103 pop (95% CI: 143.26‐143.83). Women had higher HCV testing rate (158.65/103 women [95% CI: 158.24‐159.07]), compared to men (128.10/103 men [95% CI: 127.72‐128.49]). The highest HCV testing rate was among people aged 25‐34 (284.11/103 pop [CIs: 283.10‐285.12]). The anti‐HCV seroprevalence was 3.62/103 pop (CIs: 3.57‐3.67). The highest prevalence was found among men (4.20/103 men [CIs: 4.12‐4.27]), people aged 45‐54 (7.19/103 pop [CIs: 7.01‐7.37]), people aged 75‐84 (7.26/103 pop [CIs: 6.99‐7.53]), Spanish (3.68/103 [CIs: 3.61‐3.75]), European and Northern Americans (5.64/103 [CIs: 5.33‐5.96]) and Asians (9.78/103 [CIs: 9.21‐10.35]). From those who had a positive anti‐HCV result, 49.8% (N = 10 528) were not linked to specialized care. Appropriate clinical care pathways and referral systems need to be established to ensure optimal linkage to specialized care for people newly diagnosed with HCV in primary care.
The pharmacokinetics and antiparasitic activity of ivermectin in Hutsul and Toric horses
Authors: Vyniarska Alla , Ziółkowski Hubert , Madej‐Śmiechowska Hanna , Jaroszewski Jerzy J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and its antiparasitic activity in two horse breeds. Eight Hutsul and 14 Toric horses were administered ivermectin orally at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected for 96 hr, and faecal samples were collected one day before and on days 14 and 21 after drug administration. Ivermectin concentrations in plasma samples were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Ivermectin concentration was significantly higher in Toric than in Hutsul horses 90 min after ivermectin administration and was maintained at higher level for up to 96 hr. The area under the concentration versus the time curve from 0 to the last sampling point (AUC0→t) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were significantly higher in Toric than in Hutsul horses (1792.09 ± 246.22 μg × hr/L vs. 716.99 ± 255.81 μg × hr/L and 62.72 ± 17.97 ng/ml vs. 35.34 ± 13.61 ng/ml, respectively). No parasitic eggs were found in the faecal samples collected from both groups of horses on days 14 and 21 after drug administration. The obtained results indicate that although the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin may differ significantly between horse breeds, these differences do not affect the effectiveness of therapy.
Qualification of tumour mutational burden by targeted next‐generation sequencing as a biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wong Ching Ngar , Fessas Petros , Dominy Kathy , Mauri Francesco A. , Kaneko Takahiro , Parcq Persephone Du , Khorashad Jamshid , Toniutto Pierluigi , Goldin Robert D. , Avellini Claudio , Pinato David J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsTumour mutational burden (TMB) predicts improved response and survival to immunotherapy. In this pilot study, we optimized targeted next‐generation sequencing (tNGS) to estimate TMB in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsWe sequenced 48 non‐paired samples (21 fresh‐frozen [FF] and 27 paraffin‐embedded [FFPE]), among which 11 FFPE samples were pretreated with uracil‐DNA glycosylase (UDG). Thirty samples satisfied post‐sequencing quality control. High/low TMB was defined by median number of mutations/Mb (Mut/Mb), across different minimum allele frequency (MAF) thresholds (≥0.05, ≥0.1 and ≥0.2).ResultsEligible patients (n = 29) were cirrhotic (84%) with TNM stage I‐II HCC (75%). FFPE samples had higher TMB (median 958.39 vs 2.51 Mut/Mb, P < .0001), estimated deamination counts (median 1335.50 vs 0, P < .0001) and C > T transitions at CpG sites (median 60.3% vs 9.1%, P = .002) compared to FF. UDG‐treated samples had lower TMB (median 4019.92 vs 353 Mut/Mb, P = .041) and deamination counts (median 6393.5 vs 328.5, P = .041) vs untreated FFPE. At 0.2 MAF threshold with UDG treatment, median TMB was 5.48 (range 1.68‐16.07) and did not correlate with salient pathologic features of HCC, including survival.ConclusionWhile tNGS on fresh HCC samples appears to be the optimal source of tumour DNA, the low median TMB values observed may limit the role of TMB as a predictor of response to immunotherapy in HCC.
Coral reef productivity and diversity—Contributions from enhanced photosynthesis via demand for carbohydrate from the host
Authors: Adams Melanie S. , Demmig‐Adams Barbara , Li Ruiqi , Zarate Daniel , Li Jingchun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCoral reefs’ high productivity has been attributed mainly to photosymbioses between the coral animal and algae of the family Symbiodiniaceae, with recognition that the host can increase algal photosynthesis by concentrating nutrients and enhancing the efficiency of light absorption. Here, we propose that an additional effect, consumption of carbohydrate by the host, may also enhance algal photosynthesis. We examine evidence from symbiosis between terrestrial plants and root fungi that indicates a link between carbohydrate consumption by the symbiotic partner and photosynthetic upregulation in the plant system. In addition, we review evidence from free‐living algae manipulated to exude carbohydrate into the external medium, which was associated with strong upregulation of photosynthetic capacity. We offer suggestions on how host‐induced carbohydrate release may increase photosynthesis rates in the symbionts in the intact photosymbiosis and how this relationship evolved.
Beyond the patch‐clamp resolution: functional activity of nonelectrogenic vacuolar NHX proton/potassium antiporters and inhibition by phosphoinositides
Authors: Gradogna Antonella , Scholz‐Starke Joachim , Pardo José M. , Carpaneto Armando 
Published: October 2020

Summary

We combined the patch‐clamp technique with ratiometric fluorescence imaging using the proton‐responsive dye BCECF as a luminal probe.

Upon application of a steep cytosol‐directed potassium ion (K+) gradient in Arabidopsis mesophyll vacuoles, a strong and reversible acidification of the vacuolar lumen was detected, whereas no associated electrical currents were observed, in agreement with electroneutral cation/H+ exchange.

Our data show that this acidification was generated by NHX antiport activity, because: it did not distinguish between K+ and sodium (Na+) ions; it was sensitive to the NHX inhibitor benzamil; and it was completely absent in vacuoles from nhx1 nhx2 double knockout plants. Our data further show that NHX activity could be reversed, was voltage‐independent and specifically impaired by the low‐abundance signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2, which may regulate salt accumulation in plants by acting as a common messenger to coordinately shut down secondary active carriers responsible for cation and anion uptake inside the vacuole.

Finally, we developed a theory based on thermodynamics, which supports the data obtained by our novel experimental approach.

This work, therefore, represents a proof‐of‐principle that can be applied to the study of proton‐dependent exchangers from plants and animals, which are barely detectable using conventional techniques.
Selection patterns on early‐life phenotypic traits in Pinus sylvestris are associated with precipitation and temperature along a climatic gradient in Europe
Authors: Ramírez‐Valiente José Alberto , Solé‐Medina Aida , Pyhäjärvi Tanja , Savolainen Outi , Cervantes Sandra , Kesälahti Robert , Kujala Sonja T. , Kumpula Timo , Heer Katrin , Opgenoorth Lars , Siebertz Jan , Danusevicius Darius , Notivol Eduardo , Benavides Raquel , Robledo‐Arnuncio Juan José 
Published: October 2020

Summary

Understanding the dynamics of selection is key to predicting the response of tree species to new environmental conditions in the current context of climate change. However, selection patterns acting on early recruitment stages and their climatic drivers remain largely unknown in most tree species, despite being a critical period of their life cycle.

We measured phenotypic selection on Pinus sylvestris seed mass, emergence time and early growth rate over 2 yr in four common garden experiments established along the latitudinal gradient of the species in Europe.

Significant phenotypic plasticity and among‐population genetic variation were found for all measured phenotypic traits. Heat and drought negatively affected fitness in the southern sites, but heavy rainfalls also decreased early survival in middle latitudes. Climate‐driven directional selection was found for higher seed mass and earlier emergence time, while the form of selection on seedling growth rates differed among sites and populations. Evidence of adaptive and maladaptive phenotypic plasticity was found for emergence time and early growth rate, respectively.

Seed mass, emergence time and early growth rate have an adaptive role in the early stages of P. sylvestris and climate strongly influences the patterns of selection on these fitness‐related traits.
A predator–prey model with Crowley–Martin functional response: A nonautonomous study
Authors: Tripathi Jai Prakash , Bugalia Sarita , Tiwari Vandana , Kang Yun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe investigate a nonautonomous predator–prey model system with a Crowley–Martin functional response. We perform rigorous mathematical analysis and obtain conditions for (a) global attractivity and permanence in the form of integrals which improve the traditional conditions obtained by using bounds of involved parameters; and (b) the existence of periodic solutions applying continuation theorem from coincidence degree theory which has stronger results than using Brouwer fixed point theorem. Our result also indicates that the global attractivity of periodic solution is positively affected by the predator's density dependent death rate. We employ partial rank correlation coefficient method to focus on how the output of the model system analysis is influenced by variations in a particular parameter disregarding the uncertainty over the remaining parameters. We discuss the relations between results (permanence and global attractivity) for autonomous and nonautonomous systems to get insights on the effects of time‐dependent parameters.Recommendations for Resource Managers:

The natural environment fluctuates because of several factors, for example, mating habits, food supplies, seasonal effects of weathers, harvesting, death rates, birth rates, and other important population rates. The temporal fluctuations in physical environment (periodicity) plays a major role in community and population dynamics along with the impacts of population densities.
Periodic system may suppress the permanence of its corresponding autonomous system with parameters being the averages of periodic parameters.
As the human needs crosses a threshold level, then we require to observe the sustainability of resources of the associated exploited system. Therefore, the concept of stability and permanence become our main concern in an exploited model system (system with harvesting).
The mutual interference at high prey density may leave negative effect on the permanence of the system.
In harvested system, permanence becomes an important issue because if we harvest too many individuals then species may be driven to extinction. Interestingly, in many biological/agricultural systems, harvesting (due to fishing in marine system, hunting or disease) of a particular species/crop can only be more beneficial at certain times (e.g., the time and stage of harvest of a particular crop play greater role in its production and hence the particular crop is many times harvested at its physiological maturity or at harvest maturity).
Prognostic value of pretreatment cardiovascular biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: de Oliveira Karine Gadioli , Thebit Marcela Marçal , Andrade Tadeu Uggere , Campos Fabiana Vasconcelos , Podestá Jose Roberto Vasconcelos , Zeidler Sandra Lucia Ventorin Von , Bissoli Nazaré Souza , Gouvea Sonia Alves 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the prognostic significance of pretreatment C‐reactive protein (CRP), N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels on all‐cause mortality 3 years after head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) diagnosis.Subjects and MethodsData from 118 consecutive HNSCC patients, treated between 2012 and 2015, were evaluated prospectively. The impact of CRP, high‐sensitive (hs)‐cTnT, and NT‐proBNP levels on the 3‐year overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models.ResultsDuring the 36‐month follow‐up, 37 patients (31.35%) died. Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated CRP (Hazard ratio: 3.71, 95% CI: 1.44–9.53, p = .007) and NT‐proBNP levels (Hazard ratio: 5.04, 95% CI: 2.02–12.55, p = .001) were associated with negative prognosis, independent on age, sex, smoking and alcohol status, TNM classification, tumor site, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and treatment modality (except for radiotherapy). hs‐cTnT had no influence over the prognosis, but it was correlated with TNM classification and SBP. CRP was significantly correlated with BMI and TNM classification, and NT‐proBNP with SBP and hs‐cTnT.ConclusionsPretreatment CRP and NT‐proBNP levels were identified as independent prognostic markers for poor clinical outcome 3 years after HNSCC diagnosis.
Impaired visual acuity caused by uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia in a German paediatric cohort
Authors: Brandt Manuela , Truckenbrod Carolin , Meigen Christof , Vogel Mandy , Poulain Tanja , Kiess Wieland , Wahl Siegfried 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeThis study describes the prevalence of visual impairment caused by uncorrected distance refractive error and the spectacle coverage in a large cohort of German children and adolescents. Furthermore, we determined the prevalence of amblyopia and amblyopia treatment.MethodsOptometrists carried out visual acuity (VA) testing, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction, VA retesting with the refractive correction obtained by autorefraction, and if necessary subjective refraction and cover‐test in 1,874 subjects (901 girls/973 boys), aged 3 to 16 years. Additionally, a questionnaire on the history of previous eye care was completed.ResultsDistance visual impairment (VI) with VA worse than 6/18 Snellen in the better eye was present in 0.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.2% to 0.9%) of children. Logistic regression showed a significant positive association between VI and older age (OR = 1.21, P = 0.03). Gender differences were not found (P = 0.77). The spectacle coverage of all participants was 74.8% (95% CI: 65.2% to 82.8%). Amblyopia was found in 29 participants (1.5%; 95% CI: 1.0% to 2.2%) with no age or sex differences. The causes of unilateral amblyopia (27 cases, 93.1%) were anisometropia in 55.6% of children, strabismus in 25.9% and the combination of these factors in 18.5%. All children with bilateral amblyopia (2 cases, 6.9%) showed bilateral high ametropia. We observed 15 children with current amblyopia, who had been treated with occlusion therapy in the past (62.2%; 95% CI: 42.7% to 83.6%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of impaired VA caused by uncorrected refractive error and amblyopia is comparable with previous studies conducted in urban areas worldwide. Adding the measurement of refractive error to existing medical check‐ups, possibly using autorefraction, would be desirable.