bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There are many familiar images of the French Revolution garnered from Dickens, Baroness Orczy, and Tolstoy, as well as the legends of ‘let them eat cake’ and tricolours. The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction chronicles the unfolding events of the French Revolution, from the quarrels of the first revolutionaries with the king, to the terror, to the rise of Napoleon, and explores why it happened, and what factors led to the initial outburst of violence. It discusses how and why the Revolution destroyed the age-old cultural, institutional, and social structures in France and beyond, and considers the legacy of the Revolution in the form of rationality in public affairs and responsible government.
Single Staged Mastopexy With Autologous Fat Grafting: An Alternative to Augmentation Mastopexy With Implants
Authors: Walters Jules , Bourn Lynn , Tessler Oren , Patterson Charles , Khoobehi Kamran 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Improving the ptotic breast with mastopexy and restoring upper pole fullness with augmentation continues to be a challenging issue for plastic surgeons. Autologous fat grating (AFG) for shaping and contouring of implant augmented breasts has shown positive outcomes with few complications.

Objectives
The objective of this study was to evaluate our experience with combined mastopexy and fat grafting for women with existing breast ptosis who prefer not to receive prosthetic breast implants but do desire volume enhancement.

Methods
A retrospective review of patients undergoing a single staged mastopexy with AFG, from 2006 to 2017, was performed. Inclusion criteria were women with breast ptosis or tuberous breasts desiring improved breast shape and volume. Patients were excluded if they were undergoing implant removal before the procedure. Clinical aesthetic outcomes were assessed by fellow plastic surgeons according to the Telemark Breast Scoring system.

Results
A total of 284 breasts, in 140 women, underwent a single staged mastopexy with AFG. The mean amount of fat grafted per breast was 299.4 mL (range, 50-710 mL). There were no surgical site infections, hematomas, or seromas. There were 3 major and 8 minor (0.06%) postoperative breast complications. A total of 13 plastic surgeons, of the 183 invited (7.1%), completed the breast outcomes survey. Regarding each category, there was significant improvement (P ≤ 0.0001) in upper pole fullness, ptosis, overall aesthetics, and symmetry postoperatively.

Conclusions
AFG combined with mastopexy is not associated with significant postoperative complications and results in excellent breast aesthetic outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 4
Preferences for and use of light microhabitats differ among and within populations of a polytypic poison frog
Authors: Dugas Matthew B , Yeager Justin , Karkos Aaron M 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAnti-predator strategies can influence trade-offs governing other activities important to fitness. Crypsis, for example, might make conspicuous sexual display especially costly, whereas aposematism might reduce or remove such costs. We tested for correlates of anti-predator strategy in Oophaga pumilio, a polytypic poison frog with morphs spanning the crypsis–aposematism continuum. In the wild, males of visually conspicuous morphs display from conspicuous perches and behave as if they perceive predation risk to be low. We thus predicted that, given a choice of ambient light microhabitats, these males would use high ambient light conditions the most and be most likely to perch in high-light conditions. We found no evidence that differently colored male O. pumilio preferentially used bright microhabitats or that ambient light influenced perching in a morph-specific manner. Independent of light conditions, males from the most conspicuous population perched the least, but the most conspicuous individuals from a polymorphic population perched the most. These patterns suggest that preferences do not necessarily underlie among-morph differences observed in the wild. This could be explained, and remain consistent with theory, if risk aversion is shaped, in part, by experience.
On the Security Of A Certificateless Signcryption With Known Session-Specific Temporary Information Security In The Standard Model
Authors: Lin Xi-Jun , Sun Lin , Yan Zhen , Zhang Xiaoshuai , Qu Haipeng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRastegari et al. recently proposed a certificateless signcryption (CL-SC) scheme. They claimed that their scheme is the first secure CL-SC scheme, which captures the known session-specific temporary information security (KSSTIS), in the standard model. In this paper, we point out that their scheme is insecure, which implies that how to construct a secure CL-SC scheme with KSSTIS in the standard model is still an open problem.
Rationale for catheter-based therapies in acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: de Winter M A , Vlachojannis G J , Ruigrok D , Nijkeuter M , Kraaijeveld A O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common disease resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. High-risk features of PE are hypotension or shock, and early reperfusion is warranted to unload the strained right ventricle and improve clinical outcomes. Currently, systemic thrombolysis (ST) is the standard of care but is associated with bleeding complications. Catheter-based therapies (CDT) have emerged as a promising alternative having demonstrated to be equally effective while having a lower risk of bleeding. Several CDT are currently available, some combining mechanical properties with low-dose thrombolytics. Recent guidelines suggest that CDT may be considered in patients with high-risk PE who have high bleeding risk, after failed ST, or in patients with rapid haemodynamic deterioration as bail-out before ST can be effective, depending on local availability and expertise. In haemodynamically stable patients with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction (intermediate-risk PE), CDT may be considered if clinical deterioration occurs after starting anticoagulation and relative contraindications for ST due to bleeding risk exist. Decision on treatment modality should follow a risk-benefit analysis on a case by case base, weighing the risk of PE-related complications; i.e. haemodynamic deterioration vs. bleeding. As timely initiation of treatment is warranted to prevent early mortality, bleeding risk factors should be assessed at an early stage in all patients with acute PE and signs of RV dysfunction. To ensure optimal management of complex cases of PE and assess a potential CDT strategy, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended. A dedicated Pulmonary Embolism Response Team may optimize this process.
Expression and characterization of a thermostable citrate synthase from Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806
Authors: Ge Ya-Dong , Hou Shao-Lin , Jiang Lu-Lu , Su Feng-Zhi , Wang Peng 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Citrate synthase (CS) is an important enzyme in energy conversion and material circulation, participating in many important biochemical processes. In the present study, CS from Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 (MaCS) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). The recombinant MaCS was purified and its enzymological properties were characterized. The results showed that MaCS formed dimers in native status. The optimum temperature and pH of MaCS was 30°C and 8.2, respectively. MaCS displayed relative high thermal stability. Treatment at 50°C for 20 min only decreased 11.30% activity of MaCS and the half-life of MaCS was approximately 35 min at 55°C. The kcat and Km of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid were 17.133 s−1 (kcat) and 11.62 μM (Km), 24.502 s−1 and 103.00 μM, respectively. MaCS activity was not drastically inhibited by monovalent ions and NADH but depressed by divalent ions and some small molecular compounds, especially Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+ and DTT. Overall, these data contributed to further understanding of energy metabolism in cyanobacteria and also provided basic information for industrial application of CS.
Short Disease Duration Is Associated With Increased Risk of Treatment Failure in Biologic-Treated Patients With Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Nguyen Nghia H , Kurnool Soumya , Dulai Parambir S , Boland Brigid S , Sandborn William J , Singh Siddharth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Longer disease duration is associated with inferior response to biologic therapy in Crohn’s disease. However, the effect of disease duration on response to biologic therapy in ulcerative colitis (UC) has not been well studied.

Methods
In a single-center retrospective cohort study of outpatients with UC starting a biologic agent, we evaluated treatment response by disease duration. The primary outcome was treatment failure (composite outcome of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]–related surgery/hospitalization or treatment modification including dose escalation, treatment discontinuation, or addition of corticosteroids); secondary outcomes were risk of IBD-related surgery/hospitalization and endoscopic remission. We conducted multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses to evaluate the independent impact of disease duration on clinical outcomes.

Results
We included 160 biologic-treated UC patients (73% biologic-naïve) with a median age (interquartile range) of 36 (26–52) years and disease duration (range) of 4.5 (1–9) years. After adjusting for immunosuppressive medications, albumin, and body mass index, each 1-year increase in disease duration was associated with a 5% lower risk of treatment failure (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–0.99) and a 9% higher risk of achieving endoscopic remission (adjusted odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01–1.18). This association of short disease duration with treatment failure was observed only in biologic-naïve patients, but not biologic-experienced patients. No significant association was seen between disease duration and risk of surgery or hospitalization.

Conclusion
Shorter disease duration is independently associated with increased risk of treatment failure in biologic-treated patients with UC. Requirement of biologic therapy early in the course of disease may be a negative prognostic marker in patients with UC.
miR-29a-5p/STAT3 Positive Feedback Loop Regulates TETs in Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Wang Aiping , Deng Song , Chen Xi , Yu Chang , Du Qun , Wu Yanli , Chen Gang , Hu Ling , Hu Chenxia , Li Yanwu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundInterleukin (IL)-6/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling plays an important role in the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). The mechanism of CAC formation remains unclear, and the relationship between miRNAs and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in the development of CAC is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between miR-29a-5p and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in the development of CAC and alterations in 10-11 translocations (TETs) regulated by this network.MethodsmiR-29a-5p was screened in a CAC mouse model by high-throughput microarray analysis and investigated in human colorectal cancer tissue samples and colon cell lines by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-RTPCR). The expression of miR-29a and TETs was detected by Q-RTPCR, and the expression of STAT3/P-STAT3 and TET3 was detected via Western blot assay. The expression of TET1 and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was detected through immunofluorescence.ResultsOur results showed that miR-29a-5p was significantly upregulated and was accompanied by STAT3 activation in the colon tissues of CAC mouse and human colorectal cancer tissues, as compared with normal colon tissues. In contrast, the levels of TETs and 5hmC were decreased. In vitro, overexpression of miR-29a-5p in colonic cell lines (HCT-116 and IEC-6) and RAW264.7 cells increased STAT3 expression, but decreased that of TET3, TET1, and 5hmC. miR-29a-5p downregulation in HCT-116 and IEC-6 cell lines could rescue the expression of STAT3 and TET3. Notably, STAT3 activation induced by IL-6 upregulated miR-29a-5p expression and reduced TET expression in vitro, although STAT3 inhibitor treatment downregulated miR-29a-5p expression, which was induced by IL-6.ConclusionsOur studies showed that tumor development occurred with inflammation. The miR-29a-5p/STAT3 signaling axis could play an important role in the development of CAC, and the miR-29a-5p/STAT3 positive feedback loop may amplify the effects of inflammation, lead to decreased levels of TET and 5hmC, and eventually lead to the development of CAC.
Prognostic value of mitral valve tenting area in patients with functional mitral regurgitation
Authors: von Stumm Maria , Dudde Florian , Gasser Simone , Sequeira-Gross Tatiana , Pausch Jonas , Sinning Christoph , Reichenspurner Hermann , Girdauskas Evaldas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Mitral valve (MV) repair in functional mitral regurgitation is still associated with suboptimal outcomes. Our goal was to determine whether the clinical outcome following MV repair correlates with preoperative tenting parameters.

METHODS
We retrospectively identified consecutive patients with functional mitral regurgitation who underwent an isolated MV annuloplasty during a 7-year period (2010–2016) from our institutional database. Preoperative tenting parameters (i.e. tenting height, coaptation length, tenting area, posterior mitral leaflet and anterior mitral leaflet angles and interpapillary muscle distance) were systematically measured. The primary end point was the composite of survival and freedom from adverse cardiac events. The follow-up protocol consisted of a structured clinical questionnaire and an analysis of the echocardiographic data.

RESULTS
A total of 240 patients (mean age 67.8 ± 9.8 years, 57% of men) were analysed. The overall 5-year survival rate for the whole study cohort was 74.7 ± 4.2%, and freedom from adverse cardiac events was 84.8 ± 3.4%. A tenting area ≥2.4 cm2 was identified as a cut-off value, independently predicting the composite primary study end point (hazard ratio 2.0; P = 0.03). Furthermore, a Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a strong tendency towards worse 5-year outcomes in patients with a tenting area ≥2.4 cm2 (n = 153) versus patients with a tenting area &lt;2.4 cm2 (n = 87) (65.3 ± 5.5% vs 77.1 ± 6.3%; P = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS
MV annuloplasty is associated with acceptable clinical and echocardiographic outcomes in patients with functional mitral regurgitation 5 years postoperatively. A preoperative tenting area ≥2.4 cm2 showed a strong trend towards a worse 5-year survival rate and an increased risk of adverse cardiac events after an isolated MV annuloplasty.
Perverse Consequences of Well Intentioned Regulation: Evidence from India’s Child Labor Ban
Authors: Bharadwaj Prashant , Lakdawala Leah K , Li Nicholas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough bans against child labor are a ubiquitous policy tool, there is very little empirical evidence on their effectiveness. In this paper, we examine the consequences of India’s landmark legislation against child labor, the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986. Using data from employment surveys conducted before and after the ban, and using age restrictions that determined whom the ban applied to, we show that the relative probability of child employment increases and child wages (relative to adult wages) decrease after the ban. Our main specification relies on comparing changes in work probabilities over time for children of the same age but with siblings who are rendered either eligible or ineligible for legal work when the ban is implemented. The increases in the probability of economic activity are largest for children (i) in areas where the industries targeted by the ban play a larger role in local labor markets, (ii) in areas where the probability of employer inspections is higher, and (iii) in families that are poorer. These results are consistent with a theoretical model building on the seminal work of Basu and Van (1998) and Basu (2005), where families use child labor to reach subsistence constraints and where child wages decrease in response to bans, leading poor families to utilize more child labor. We also find decreases in child participation in schooling (for younger children only) and no economically meaningful change in household outcomes like assets or calorie intake.
Contrasting Responses of Wing Morphology of Three Blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Species to Competition
Authors: Macedo M P , Arantes L C , Tidon R 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCompetition influences the expression of morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits and also regulates ecological and evolutionary dynamics. This study aims to identify and characterize changes in wing morphology in response to intra- and interspecific competition in three necrophagous blowfly species. Using geometric morphometry, we analyzed 3,238 wings from Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826), Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, and C. vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758) raised under cloistered and pairwise conditions. The three species reacted similarly to intraspecific competition—reducing wing size with increased competition—but displayed contrasting patterns of response to interspecific competition. Lucilia sericata displayed a directional change in wing shape in response to an interspecific competitor, while C. vicina increased the scattering of individuals across the morphospace, and C. vomitoria displayed no significant change in response to the same stimulus. Our results show that the same stimulus yields distinctive responses; thus, different competition-related strategies are expected to occur in the three species.
Paradoxes of Freedom
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines modern Western objections to both authority and dependence, in both cases on the grounds that they threaten human autonomy, which implies that we should minimize both authority and dependence whenever possible. The chapter includes historical overviews of the modern Western “flight from authority” as well as the gradual fragmentation and transformation of notions of dependence on others. It examines Maine on status and contract, Berlin on liberty, and Mill and others on the dangers of paternalism. The chapter analyzes the concepts of authority and autonomy through an engagement with Raz’s “service conception of authority,” arguing that early Confucians have a generally similar approach to the nature and value of authority, albeit with some important differences, which avoid some common objections to Raz’s views. The chapter closes with an overview of the rest of the book.
Virtue, Skill, and Mastery
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the early Confucian conception of virtuous mastery or expertise. It develops an account of early Confucian virtue theory, bolstered by sustained studies of ritual propriety and wisdom. It argues that virtues should be understood as forms of mastery that combine both skill and virtue. The chapter analyzes competing interpretations of Aristotle’s influential discussion of skill and virtue. It supports Russell and Annas, who accent the way Aristotelian virtues are like skills, or involve skill, against MacIntyre and others who find deep differences between skill and virtue. Virtue does not appear automatically, but is rather something people must practice to develop, and like other forms of mastery produces a spectrum of achievement.
Dependence, Autonomy, and the Varieties of Relationship
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter places master-student relations in the context of Confucian social theory, focusing on issues of obedience, remonstration, and respect for different sorts of authorities. It surveys Confucian accounts of the good society centered on role relations, personal development, and flourishing, both individual and communal. It then examines the question of autonomy within these relationships, looking closely at remonstration, obedience, and disobedience. It concludes with a broader discussion of human dependence, placing Confucian conceptions in dialogue with Kittay, Fineman, and MacIntyre. All three, like the Confucians, see dependency relations as central to human life and the problems of politics, in sharp contrast to most liberal views that imagine a social contract between autonomous, free, and equal individuals. Confucians view extreme dependence as a special case of the pervasive interdependence of all human beings on each other, with family relations serving in many respects as the model for other relations.
America Is Underachieving
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Abstract: A good society will ensure a decent standard of living for its least well-off. It will reduce people’s vulnerability to large income declines and large unanticipated expenses. It will aggressively curtail inequality of opportunity. And it will ensure that economic growth is broadly shared among the population rather than confined to those at the top. The United States isn’t doing as well as it should in meeting these challenges. The incomes and living standards of Americans at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder are too low. Too many Americans experience significant income declines from year to year or month to month, and too many are vulnerable to a large unanticipated medical expense. Too few who grow up in disadvantaged circumstances are able to reach the middle class. And too few see their boat lifted when the economic tide rises. I detail the nature and extent of these problems.
A Theory of Islamic Peaceful Resolution of Disputes
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The theory of Islamic Peaceful Resolution of Disputes discusses four distinct legal features that define Islamic law states’ most preferred form of social interaction: a unique logic of Islamic justice, nonconfrontational dispute settlement (sulh), collective embeddedness of the third party, and incorporation of Islamic religious principles into the resolution process. The chapter describes characteristics of negotiations, international non-binding (conciliation, mediation) and binding methods (arbitration, adjudication). Islamic law states engage in forum shopping because of uncertainty associated with dispute resolution. Their preferences toward international resolution methods are not constant across space and time, but depend on the balance between Islamic law and secular law in their domestic legal systems. ILS whose legal systems are deeply infused with tenets of Islamic law embrace international settlement venues that resemble traditional Islamic law: conciliation and mediation. States whose domestic legal systems embrace secular features are drawn to binding resolution methods: arbitration and adjudication.
Islamic Law States and Peaceful Resolution of Territorial Disputes
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Islamic law states’ decisions to use international conflict management venues in the context of territorial disputes (1945–2012). The dissonance between Islamic law and international law is particularly apparent in the context of territorial claims, because Islamic notions of land ownership and territorial sovereignty are religious in nature. Not all ILS approach international conflict management in the same way. Secular—or rather shared—legal features, such as the presence of a secular court system and constitutional mentions of peaceful resolution of disputes, have the power to attract such ILS to legal approaches—arbitration and adjudication. In contrast, mediation and conciliation are most appealing to those ILS whose legal systems are deeply infused with traditional Islamic precepts. Such states are morally committed to these procedures. In an important way, there is a synergy between norms of traditional Islamic dispute resolution and international non-binding third-party mechanisms.