bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Respiratory Mechanics Model of the Human Lung for Positive Pressure Breathing at High Altitude
Authors: Koeroghlian Mark M. , Nichols Steven P. , Longoria Raul G. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A respiratory mechanics model of the human lung is developed for studying pressure-compensated breathing through a respiration mask in low-ambient pressure environments encountered during high-altitude flight. The model formulation is described using a bond graph (BG) approach to convey the key elements used to capture critical effects in lung airways and effects of dissipative and energy storing processes. Specific extensions to constitutive relations are described, along with derivation and solution of system state equations via simulation. Gas exchange effects are not incorporated in the model, with emphasis placed on developing and assessing a respiratory mechanics model for integration with breathing support systems. Results from several case studies with variations in the lung characteristics and operational conditions are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in predicting key physiological measures, reported in the form of flow-volume loops and work of breathing (WoB). Favorable comparisons with the past results reported in the literature confirm the suitability of this model as part of a system-level model capable of guiding modifications and explaining anomalous behavior in these critical systems.
Toxic mercury pulses into late Permian terrestrial and marine environments
Authors: Grasby Stephen E. , Liu Xiaojun , Yin Runsheng , Ernst Richard E. , Chen Zhuoheng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Large spikes in mercury (Hg) concentration are observed globally at the latest Permian extinction (LPE) horizon that are thought to be related to enhanced volcanic emissions of the Siberian Traps large igneous province (LIP). While forming an effective chemostratigraphic marker, it remains unclear whether such enhanced volcanic Hg emissions could have generated toxic conditions that contributed to extinction processes. To address this, we examined the nature of enhanced Hg emissions from the Siberian Traps LIP and the potential impact it may have had on global ecosystems during the LPE. Model results for a LIP eruption predict that pulses of Hg emissions to the atmosphere would have been orders of magnitude greater than normal background conditions. When deposited into world environments, this would have generated a series of toxic shocks, each lasting &gt;1000 yr. Such repeated Hg loading events would have had severe impact across marine trophic levels, as well as been toxic to terrestrial plant and animal life. Such high Hg loading rates may help explain the co-occurrence of marine and terrestrial extinctions.
Effect of plaque brachytherapy dose and dose rate on risk for disease-related mortality in 1238 patients with choroidal melanoma
Authors: Filì Maria , Trocme Eric , Herrspiegel Christina , Seregard Stefan , Stålhammar Gustav 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundEpiscleral brachytherapy is the most common treatment for medium-sized choroidal melanomas. Although controversial, inadequate brachytherapy dose and dose rates have at least a hypothetical implication on patient survival.MethodsAll patients who received ruthenium-106 or iodine-125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma at St. Erik Eye Hospital 1996 to 2016 were included (n=1238). Cox regression hazard ratios for melanoma-related mortality across deciles, quartiles and individual integers of apex radiation doses (Gy) and dose rates (Gy/hour) were calculated, adjusted for tumour size and location.ResultsThe average radiation dose at the tumour apex ranged from 73.0 Gy in the first decile to 108.6 Gy in the tenth. Decreasing apex dose by 1 Gy increments or by decile or quartile group was not associated with melanoma-related mortality (p>0.2) The average radiation dose rate at the tumour apex ranged from 0.5 Gy/hour in the first decile to 2.8 Gy/hour in the tenth. Similarly, decreasing apex dose rate by 1 Gy/hour increments or by decile or quartile groups was not associated with melanoma-related mortality (p>0.5).ConclusionThere are no increased hazards for choroidal melanoma-related mortality after brachytherapy with decreasing doses between 108.6 and 73.0 Gy, or with decreasing dose rates between 2.8 and 0.5 Gy/hour.
Magnitude, characteristics and consequences of topical steroid misuse in rural North India: an observational study among dermatology outpatients
Authors: Thomas Molly , Wong Celestine C , Anderson Pam , Grills Nathan 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionCurrent evidence indicates an alarming increase in topical steroid (TS) misuse in India. Data regarding the magnitude and characteristics of this problem in rural India, where 68% of the population resides, are insufficient. This study analyses the magnitude, causes, characteristics and consequences of TS misuse in rural India. It also examines the association between TS misuse and patients’ perception of skin disease.MethodsA mixed-method observational study was conducted among the attendees of the dermatology outpatient department in a rural North Indian hospital. Those with a history of TS misuse were analysed for behaviour patterns and outcome.ResultsOut of 723 patients, 213 (29.2%) misused TS. Clobetasol propionate (58.2%) was most commonly misused. Seventy brands of inappropriate fixed drug combination steroid creams were recovered from the patients. Pharmacists and local healers together contributed to 78% of the sources for steroid misuse. Almost 58% of participants perceived their skin conditions to be allergic reactions to food, when in fact 70.1% were tinea, 10% scabies and 9% acne. Eighty per cent of the respondents having tinea had tinea incognito and 97% had extensive lesions. Eighty-five per cent of the participants with scabies had atypical lesions and 80% with acne had steroid rosacea or aggravation of acne. The median expenditure incurred in purchasing these potentially harmful steroid creams was Rs 1000 (US$14.1, equivalent to 3 days’ wages of a labourer).ConclusionSteroid misuse is a problem of epidemic proportion in rural India. This practice is changing the profile of many common and infective skin conditions, which portends diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. Misconceptions about skin disease drive the public to seek ‘quick fixes’ from non-allopathic providers who have unrestricted access to potent steroids. There is an urgent need to tighten regulatory controls over the manufacturing, sale and prescription of irrational TS combinations.
Improved molecular detection of mosaicism in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Authors: Baker Samuel W , Duffy Kelly A , Richards-Yutz Jennifer , Deardorff Matthew A , Kalish Jennifer M , Ganguly Arupa 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundBeckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is characterised by overgrowth and tumour predisposition. While multiple epigenetic and genetic mechanisms cause BWS, the majority are caused by methylation defects in imprinting control regions on chromosome 11p15.5. Disease-causing methylation defects are often mosaic within affected individuals. Phenotypic variability among individuals with chromosome 11p15.5 defects and tissue mosaicism led to the definition of the Beckwith-Wiedemann Spectrum (BWSp). Molecular diagnosis of BWSp requires use of multiple sensitive diagnostic techniques to reliably detect low-level aberrations.MethodsMultimodal BWS diagnostic testing was performed on samples from 1057 individuals. Testing included use of a sensitive qRT-PCR-based quantitation method enabling identification of low-level mosaic disease, identification of CNVs within 11p15.5 via array comparative genomic hybridisation or qRT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing of CDKN1C.ResultsA molecular diagnosis was confirmed for 27.4% of individuals tested, of whom 43.4% had mosaic disease. The presence of a single cardinal feature was associated with a molecular diagnosis of BWSp in 20% of cases. Additionally, significant differences in the prevalence of mosaic disease among BWS molecular subtypes were identified. Finally, the diagnostic yield obtained by testing solid tissue samples from individuals with negative blood testing results shows improved molecular diagnosis.ConclusionThis study highlights the prevalence of mosaic disease among individuals with BWSp and the increases in diagnostic yield obtained via testing both blood and solid tissue samples from affected individuals. Additionally, the results establish the presence of a molecular diagnosis in individuals with very subtle features of BWSp.
Spatial variability of soil carbon and water storage across loess deposit catenas in China’s Loess Plateau region
Authors: Wang Yi , Mao Na , Wang Jiao , Huang Laiming , Jia Xiaoxu , Shao Ming’an 
Published: May 2020

The impact of hillslope vegetation restoration on the distribution and variability of carbon and water storage was studied across two catenary sequences of soils in the Liudaogou watershed of China’s Loess Plateau. Soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) under different land uses in the two catenas decreased significantly in the upper soil layers (<50 cm) but was relatively stable in the deeper soil layers (>50 cm). However, soil inorganic carbon storage (SICS) in the two catenas fluctuated (two maxima) with increasing soil depth. There was no significant difference of SOCS within the 200 cm soil profile between forestlands (FO) and grasslands (GR) at the catenary scale (p > 0.05). However, SICS in the 0–200 cm soil profile differed markedly between FO and GR (p < 0.05) in both catenas due to different degrees of root-facilitated CaCO3 redistribution. Based on the coefficient of variance (CV), soil water storage (SWS) was divided into three layers: active layer (0–100 cm, CV = 20%–30%), subactive layer (100–200 cm, CV = 10%–20%), and stable layer (200–500 cm, CV < 10%). The SWS in the 0–500 cm soil profile was slightly higher in GR than in FO on the two slopes because of the higher water consumption under tree plantation than native grasses. SOCS, SICS, and SWS can be predicted by multiple regression equations using different soil properties. The study demonstrated that SOCS, SICS, and SWS respond differently to vegetation restoration at the catenary scale, which must be taken into account for improving ecosystem model predictions of soil carbon and water fluxes in sloping lands.
Characterizing mass–volume–density–porosity relationships in a sandy loam soil amended with compost
Authors: Reynolds W.D. , Nurse R.E. , Phillips L.A. , Drury C.F. , Yang X.M. , Page E.R. 
Published: May 2020

Although compost is widely used as an organic soil amendment or conditioner, little is known of how it affects the characteristics or interactions among soil constituents. To address this, mixture theory was used to describe the mass–volume–density–porosity attributes and interactions among bulk soil, the mineral constituent, and the organic matter constituent of a sandy loam soil in a no-till corn field that had received one-time additions of yard waste compost at rates of 0 (control), 64, 154, and 380 dry t ha−1. Bulk density (BD, 0–10 cm depth) decreased consistently and near-linearly with increasing soil organic matter (SOM) mass fraction (FOM) for all six growing seasons (2012–2017) after compost addition. Fitting mixture theory expressions to BD vs. FOMdata and to soil particle density vs. FOMdata for 2013–2017 yielded constant mineral and SOM self-packing densities of DM = 1.673 Mg m−3and DO = 0.335 Mg m−3, respectively, and constant mineral and SOM particle densities of ρM = 2.760 Mg m−3and ρO = 1.409 Mg m−3, respectively. On a self-packing basis, soil mineral and SOM domain porosities were constants at nM = 0.39 and nO = 0.76, respectively. On a bulk soil volume basis, soil mineral and SOM porosities and volume ratios were linear functions of FOM. The porosity and volume characteristics of the SOM domain differed substantially from those of bulk soil and the mineral domain, and may therefore control the agri-environmental performance of soil, given that organic matter influences soil functioning more than mineral matter.
Physics opportunities with the Advanced Gamma Tracking Array: AGATA
Authors:   the AGATA Collaboration, Korten W. , Atac A. , Beaumel D. , Bednarczyk P. , Bentley M. A. , Benzoni G. , Boston A. , Bracco A. , Cederkäll J. , Cederwall B. , Ciemała M. , Clément E. , Crespi F. C. L. , Curien D. , de Angelis G. , Didierjean F. , Doherty D. T. , Dombradi Zs. , Duchêne G. , Dudek J. , Fernandez-Dominguez B. , Fornal B. , Gadea A. , Gaffney L. P. , Gerl J. , Gladnishki K. , Goasduff A. , Górska M. , Greenlees P. T. , Hess H. , Jenkins D. G. , John P. R. , Jungclaus A. , Kmiecik M. , Korichi A. , Labiche M. , Leoni S. , Ljungvall J. , Lopez-Martens A. , Maj A. , Mengoni D. , Million B. , Nannini A. , Napoli D. , Nolan P. J. , Nyberg J. , Obertelli A. , Pakarinen J. , Pietralla N. , Podolyák Zs. , Quintana B. , Raabe R. , Rainovski G. , Recchia F. , Reiter P. , Rudolph D. , Simpson J. , Theisen Ch. , Tonev D. , Tumino A. , Valiente-Dobón J. J. , Wieland O. , Wimmer K. , Zielińska M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNew physics opportunities are opening up by the Advanced Gamma Tracking Array, AGATA, as it evolves to the full 4$$\pi $$
π
instrument. AGATA is a high-resolution $$\gamma $$
γ
-ray spectrometer, solely built from highly segmented high-purity Ge detectors, capable of measuring $$\gamma $$
γ
rays from a few tens of keV to beyond 10 MeV, with unprecedented efficiency, excellent position resolution for individual $$\gamma $$
γ
-ray interactions, and very high count-rate capability. As a travelling detector AGATA will be employed at all major current and near-future European research facilities delivering stable and radioactive ion beams.
Scalar field and deflection of light under the effects of topologically charged Ellis–Bronnikov-type wormhole spacetime
Authors: Aounallah H. , Soares A. R. , Vitória R. L. L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe have analyzed the effects of a simple wormhole, known as the Ellis–Bronnikov-type wormhole, on a scalar field, where, analytically, we determine solutions of bound states and show that the relativistic energy profile of this scalar field is drastically influenced by the topology of space-time characterized by the presence of a global monopole. Before this analysis, we investigated the effects of this background on the deflection of light, which is influenced by the parameters associated with the wormhole throat and the topological defect.
Extended dark matter EFT
Authors: Alanne Tommi , Goertz Florian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractConventional approaches to describe dark matter phenomenology at collider and (in)direct detection experiments in the form of dark matter effective field theory or simplified models suffer in general from drawbacks regarding validity at high energies and/or generality, limiting their applicability. In order to avoid these shortcomings, we propose a hybrid framework in the form of an effective theory, including, however, both the dark matter states and a mediator connecting the former to the Standard Model fields. Since the mediation can be realized through rather light new dynamical fields allowing for non-negligible collider signals in missing energy searches, the framework remains valid for the phenomenologically interesting parameter region, while retaining correlations dictated by gauge symmetry. Moreover, a richer new-physics sector can be consistently included via higher-dimensional operators. Interestingly, for fermionic and scalar dark matter with a (pseudo-)scalar mediator, the leading effects originate from dimension-five operators, allowing to capture them with a rather small set of new couplings. We finally examine the correlations between constraints from reproducing the correct relic density, direct-detection experiments, and mono-jet and Higgs + missing energy signatures at the LHC and point out new cancellation patterns in direct-detection, emerging non-trivially in the effective theory.
Non-singular solution for anisotropic model by gravitational decoupling in the framework of complete geometric deformation (CGD)
Authors: Maurya S. K. , Singh Ksh. Newton , Dayanandan B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe presented a non-singular solution of Einstein’s field equations using gravitational decoupling by means of complete geometric deformation (CGD) in the anisotropic domain for compact star models. In this approach both the gravitational potentials are deformed as $$ \nu =\xi +\beta \,h(r)$$ν=ξ+βh(r) and $$ e^{-\lambda }=\mu +\beta \,f(r)$$e-λ=μ+βf(r), where $$\beta $$β is a coupling constant. Then we solve more complex field equations under above transformations by using a particular form of deformation function h(r) for two different cases namely the mimic constraint for the pressure $$\{p(r)=\theta ^1_1\}$${p(r)=θ11} and the mimic constraint for the density $$\{\rho (r)=\theta _0^0\}$${ρ(r)=θ00} (Ovalle in Phys Lett B 788:213, 2019). The compact star models have been constructed by taking $$M_0/R=0.2$$M0/R=0.2 for two different non-zero values of $$\beta $$β. Moreover, the boundary conditions are also performed for the said complete geometric deformation in the presence of anisotropic matter distribution. We also find pressure, density, anisotropy and causality conditions that are physically acceptable throughout the model. The $$M-R$$M-R curve is also presented to support our model for describing a realistic compact object such as neutron stars.
The Casimir effect for the scalar and Elko fields in a Lifshitz-like field theory
Authors: Maluf R. V. , Dantas D. M. , Almeida C. A. S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this work, we obtain the Casimir energy for the real scalar field and the Elko neutral spinor field in a field theory at a Lifshitz fixed point (LP). We analyze the massless and the massive case for both fields using dimensional regularization. We obtain the Casimir energy in terms of the dimensional parameter and the LP parameter. Particularizing our result, we can recover the usual results without LP parameter in (3 + 1) dimensions presented in the literature. Moreover, we compute the effects of the LP parameter in the thermal corrections for the massless scalar field.
Vertical Stress Distributions of a Thin Rectangular Steel Wall Under Compression and in-Plane Bending
Authors: Lv Yang , Lv Jia-Qi , Zhao Zheng 
Published: May 2020

A thin rectangular steel wall in a steel shear wall structure always simultaneously sustains the lateral load and the gravity load. The gravity load can affect the shear strength of a steel shear wall. However, this effect is not considered in most of the research and standards, which may lead to potential danger in practice. From the previous study of the authors, the shear strength reduction was not only influenced by the load magnitude but also by the vertical stress distribution. For a simply-supported thick square wall, i.e. width to thickness ratio smaller than 100, the stress distribution can be accurately described in a cosine form. However, for a thin wall under compression and in-plane bending, the cosine distribution will largely overestimate the vertical stress, especially when the walls enter the post-buckling condition. To narrow the knowledge gap, this paper proposed a vertical stress distribution in a three-segment form, i.e. in both edge-segments, a combination of linear and cosine functions from the edge stresses to the minimum stress, while in the middle segment, the stress distribution is constant and equal to the minimum stress. Two strategies, i.e. effective width method and Bedair’s method, are chosen to determine the width of the edge portion. A finite element model (FEM) is developed to evaluate the proposed distribution. The FEM has been verified using the results of our own experiments and tests done by Zaraś et al. The results show that the proposed three-segment stress distribution can well describe the behavior of thin walls of different slendernesses and stress gradients. The cosine distribution obtained from theoretical solution and the effective width model by Bedair are also discussed.
Complete Classification and Efficient Determination of Arrangements Formed by Two Ellipsoids
Authors: Jia Xiaohong , Tu Changhe , Mourrain Bernard , Wang Wenping 
Published: May 2020

Arrangements of geometric objects refer to the spatial partitions formed by the objects, and they serve as an underlining structure of motion design, analysis, and planning in CAD/CAM, robotics, molecular modeling, manufacturing, and computer-assisted radio-surgery. Arrangements are especially useful to collision detection, which is a key task in various applications such as computer animation, virtual reality, computer games, robotics, CAD/CAM, and computational physics.
Ellipsoids are commonly used as bounding volumes in approximating complex geometric objects in collision detection. In this article, we present an in-depth study on the arrangements formed by two ellipsoids. Specifically, we present a classification of these arrangements and propose an efficient algorithm for determining the arrangement formed by any particular pair of ellipsoids. A stratification diagram is also established to show the connections among all the arrangements formed by two ellipsoids. Our results, for the first time, elucidate all possible relative positions between two arbitrary ellipsoids and provide an efficient and robust algorithm for determining the relative position of any two given ellipsoids, therefore providing the necessary foundation for developing practical and trustworthy methods for processing ellipsoids for collision analysis or simulation in various applications.
CD8+ T-cell–Mediated Immunoediting Influences Genomic Evolution and Immune Evasion in Murine Gliomas
Authors: Kane Joshua R. , Zhao Junfei , Tsujiuchi Takashi , Laffleur Brice , Arrieta Víctor A. , Mahajan Aayushi , Rao Ganesh , Mela Angeliki , Dmello Crismita , Chen Li , Zhang Daniel Y. , González-Buendia Edgar , Lee-Chang Catalina , Xiao Ting , Rothschild Gerson , Basu Uttiya , Horbinski Craig , Lesniak Maciej S. , Heimberger Amy B. , Rabadan Raul , Canoll Peter , Sonabend Adam M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Cancer immunoediting shapes tumor progression by the selection of tumor cell variants that can evade immune recognition. Given the immune evasion and intratumor heterogeneity characteristic of gliomas, we hypothesized that CD8+ T cells mediate immunoediting in these tumors.

Experimental Design:
We developed retrovirus-induced PDGF+Pten−/− murine gliomas and evaluated glioma progression and tumor immunogenicity in the absence of CD8+ T cells by depleting this immune cell population. Furthermore, we characterized the genomic alterations present in gliomas that developed in the presence and absence of CD8+ T cells.

Results:
Upon transplantation, gliomas that developed in the absence of CD8+ T cells engrafted poorly in recipients with intact immunity but engrafted well in those with CD8+ T-cell depletion. In contrast, gliomas that developed under pressure from CD8+ T cells were able to fully engraft in both CD8+ T-cell–depleted mice and immunocompetent mice. Remarkably, gliomas developed in the absence of CD8+ T cells exhibited increased aneuploidy, MAPK pathway signaling, gene fusions, and macrophage/microglial infiltration, and showed a proinflammatory phenotype. MAPK activation correlated with macrophage/microglia recruitment in this model and in the human disease.

Conclusions:
Our studies indicate that, in these tumor models, CD8+ T cells influence glioma oncogenic pathways, tumor genotype, and immunogenicity. This suggests immunoediting of immunogenic tumor clones through their negative selection by CD8+ T cells during glioma formation.