bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of preserved and preservative‐free 0.005% latanoprost ophthalmic formulations on human conjunctival goblet cell survival
Authors: Kolko Miriam , Ahmad Mouhammad Zaynab , Müllertz Olivia , Vohra Rupali , Heegaard Steffen , Petrovski Goran 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo compare the cell toxicity levels of preserved (P) and preservative‐free (PF) 0.005% latanoprost formulations used in glaucoma treatment, on pure cultures of human conjunctival goblet cells (GC), and to establish the physical properties of the various P and PF formulations, with respect to drop size distribution, pH, osmolarity, surface tension and the amount of latanoprost in each formulation.MethodsThe pureness of the cultured human conjunctival GC was established using PAS staining and immune‐staining specific for GC. The impact of the branded and generic P or PF latanoprost (Monoprost®). Latanoprost formulation on the GC survival was assessed using LDH cytotoxicity detection assay and MTT cell proliferation assay. Chemical properties of the ophthalmic formulations containing P or PF latanoprost was determined with respect to drop size distribution, pH, osmolarity, surface tension and the amount of latanoprost in each formulation.ResultsPAS and immuno‐staining showed the purity of the GC cultures. The GC survival was compromised when treating with P latanoprost, whereas when treating with PF latanoprost, the cells appeared not to be affected. Significant differences could be observed in regard to the pH, osmolality, surface tension, and drop size between the treatment modalities.ConclusionViability of pure GC cultures was decreased by P latanoprost formulations, whereas PF latanoprost did not cause GC death. The loss of conjunctival GC will produce dry eye symptoms in patients, which is the most described discomfort by the patient. More emphasis should therefore be placed on physicochemical properties and on the toxicity from using P latanoprost formulations when treating glaucoma patients.
Hyperlipidemia induces Meibomian gland dysfunction
Authors: Li Wei , Bu Jinghua , Wu Yang , Yu Jingwen , He Xin , He Hui , He Hui , Guo Yuli , Zhang Mingjie , Liu Zuguo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the pathological changes of meibomian gland (MG) and ocular surface tissues in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE‐/‐) mice and wild type mice fed with high fat diet, and to illustrate the effect of hyperlipidemia on meibomian gland function.MethodsThe ocular surface of ApoE‐/‐ male mice and age and sex matched wild type mice fed with standard diet or high fat diet was observed under slit lamp microscope. MG tissue sections underwent H&E staining, Oil Red O staining, TUNEL assay, and immuno‐fluorescence staining for K10, Fabp5, Ki67, K6a, p63, PPAR‐g, NF‐kB p65, p‐NF‐kB p65, caspase 3, caspase 8, and immune‐histochemical staining for CD45. Real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blot was performed to detect above mentioned gene expression in MG tissues. Lipid metabolism related genes expression in MG were also detected by real‐time RT‐PCR.ResultsEyelid thickening, keratinization and corneal neovascularization occurred in ApoE‐/‐ mice at the age of 5 months, and the changes were more obvious at 7 months. H&E staining showed hypertrophy of the meibomian gland acinus, and Oil red O staining showed accumulation of lipid in MG acinus of ApoE‐/‐ mice. Both K10 and Fabp5 expression were increased, while Ki67, K6a, p63 were decreased in ApoE‐/‐ mice compared to the wild type mice. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of PPAR‐g was decreased, NF‐kB p65, p‐NF‐kB p65, caspase 3, and caspase 8 expression was higher in the ApoE‐/‐ mice compared to the wild type mice. TUNEL assay showed more positive cells in the meibomian gland acinus of ApoE‐/‐ mice. CD45 positive cell infiltration increased from 5 months to 7 months in ApoE‐/‐ mice. Lipid metabolism related genes such as FFAR1, PAR3, ACSL3, and LIPC were decreased in ApoE‐/‐ mice compared to the wild type mice. Wild type mice fed with high fat diet showed similar pathological changes as ApoE‐/‐ mice.ConclusionHyperlipidemia could induce abnormal meibomian gland acinar cell proliferation, differentiation, and lipid metabolism. Hyperlipidemia condition may be an important pathogenesis factor of meibomian gland dysfunction.
P2RY12 expression at different time‐points in a mouse model of experimental glaucoma
Authors: Fernández‐Albarral José A. , Ramírez Ana I. , de Hoz Rosa , Salobrar‐García Elena , López‐Cuenca Inés , Liscastro Ester , Valiente‐Soriano Francisco J. , Vidal‐Sanz Manuel , Ramírez José M. , Salazar Juan J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeDown‐regulation of P2RY12 after injury constitutes a sensitive marker for the transition from resting to activate microglia. P2RY12 is expressed by microglia but not by monocytes, infiltrating macrophages or dendritic cells, thus can used to identify resident microglia. Thus, the aims of the study is to determine the P2RY12 expression on retinal Iba‐1+ cells after unilateral laser‐induced ocular hypertension (OHT) in OHT‐eyes and their contralateral eyes, at different time points (1, 3, 5, 8 and 15 days) and in the different retinal layers such as outer segments (OS), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner plexiform layer (IPL) and the complex nerve fiber layer‐ganglion cell layer (NFL‐GCL)), after unilateral laser‐induced ocular hypertension (ULOHT) in OHT‐eyes and their contralateral eyes.MethodsAlbino Swiss mice were divided into two groups, naïve and lasered. In this last group OHT, eyes and their contralateral eyes were studied. Retinal whole‐mounts were double‐immunostained with Iba1 and P2RY12 antibodies.ResultsIn naïve eyes, Iba‐1+ cells expressed P2RY12, with the exception of perivascular microglia and dendritic‐like Iba‐1+ cells in all retinal layers analyzed. In OHT eyes, at 24 h and 15 d after laser induction, most Iba‐1+ cells showed high P2RY12 expression in the OS, OPL, IPL and NFL‐GCL, except some rounded cells in the OS and NFL‐GCL and very few ramified cells in the IPL and NFL‐GCL. At intermediate times (3 d and 5 d), P2RY12 expression was dramatically lower than at 1d in all retinal layers. Expression increased weakly at 8 d, reaching values similar to those in naïve eyes at 15 d. In contralateral eyes, as in naïve ones, Iba‐1+ cells were intensely labelled with anti‐P2RY12 in all retinal layers at all‐time points analyzed.ConclusionMost of Iba‐1+ cells in the OHT eyes and contralateral eyes at the different time‐points were microglia, as demonstrated by their P2RY12 expression. P2RY12 expression is reduced after microglial activation indicating that 3 d and 5 d were the point‐times in which the microglial activation was maximal.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by Ophthalmological Network OFTARED (RD12‐0034/0002 and RD12/0034/0014. Prevención, Detección Precoz y Tratamiento de la Patología Ocular Prevalente Degenerativa y Crónica), the Institute of Health of Carlos III of the Spanish Ministry of Economy; PN I+D+i 2008‐2011; ISCIII, General Subdirection of Networks and Cooperative Research Centers; by the FEDER European program. Grants to J.A. Fernández‐Albarral are currently supported by a Predoctoral Fellowship (FPU) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University.
Diabetic retinopathy outcomes in patients undergoing pancreatic transplants in West London
Authors: Szymanska Maja , Yap Timothy , Normando Eduardo , Cordeiro Francesca 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo quantify the proportion of diabetic patients undergoing pancreas transplant in West London and their service use. To characterise their long‐ and short‐term retinopathy grading and visual function outcomes following surgery, the incidence of ophthalmic interventions and factors associated with DR progression.MethodsRetrospective study of diabetic patients undergoing pancreatic transplant in West London between 2001–2018. Key outcomes examined included visual acuity (VA) and retinopathy grading, as well as service use and subsequent ophthalmic treatments. Patients with failed pancreatic transplants acted as a comparison group.ResultsData from 56 patients were analysed including 51 patients with Type 1 and 5 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mean age (±SD) at the time of transplant was 42 ±9 years with mean duration of disease 24 ±7 years. Data from 56 patients were analysed including 51 patients with Type 1 and 5 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among them, 63% of patients were found under diabetic eye screening programme and 11% under ophthalmic secondary care at the time of transplant. At the time of transplant, 7% of eyes had no DR, 13% had background retinopathy, 13% had non‐proliferative and 67% had stable or treated proliferative retinopathy. During short‐term follow‐up (3 years), 17% of eyes developed DR progression. Amongst patients who underwent a successful transplant, there was no significant change in mean VA before and after the intervention. Long‐term follow‐up (6.6 years) revealed no significant difference in mean VA between patients with successful and failed transplants.ConclusionThis study shows that pancreatic transplantation does not guarantee prevention of DR progression. Close monitoring of these patients both in primary and secondary care is advised, however, favourable long‐term visual outcomes are possible with appropriate and timely treatment.
The hypocritical optic disc in long term visual loss
Authors: Krastel Hermann , Gass Achim , Erwemi Marwa , Kahlert Christian , Jonas Jost B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate diagnostic pitfalls due to apparently unsuspicious optic discsMethodsRetrospective observations present case histories with unsuspicious disc appearance despite severe affections, as documented by imaging incl. MRI and OCT, and analysis of visual function incl. visual fields, color vision, and visual electrodiagnostic.Results

A meningioma of the apical orbit produced a mild degree of congestion which, with respect to the appearance of the disc and the RNFL thickness, balanced for the loss of nerve fibers.

At 64 years of age, a male patient began to suffer from bilateral visual loss and binocular central scotomas without detectable reason by clinical examination and history. Minute chiasmal MRI findings led to a suspicion of LHON which was confirmed by molecular genetics.

Following an accident with forehead blunt trauma, asymmetrical binocular visual loss was noticed. Visual fields showed a junction scotoma. By CT and MRI, no lesions were detected except minute optic nerve sheath findings pre ‐ chiasmatically. As functional impairment increased, LHON was proven by molecular genetics.

After a polytrauma incl. skull fractures, moderate visual loss and glare sensitivity was found without any explaining lesion. Primarily regarded as minor sequence of the accident, minute temporal disc pallor eventually led to ocular electrodiagnostic, which revealed a cone dystrophy.

ConclusionAn apparently unsuspicious disk may conceal severe optic nerve affections; a minute finding at the optic disk may point to a severe retinal affection.
Characterization of cataract patients’ lens epithelial cells by using synchrotron based FTIR
Authors: Andjelic Sofija , Kreuzer Martin , Dučić Tanja , Hawlina Marko 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeThe mechanisms involved in the process of cataract formation are not yet fully understood. Lens epithelial cells (LECs) are important for the maintenance of lens transparency as they control energy production, antioxidative mechanisms and biochemical transport for the whole lens. The purpose of this study is to characterize LECs compounds of two different cataract types, nuclear (N) and cortical (C), by using the high resolution synchrotron radiation‐based Fourier Transform Infrared (SR‐FTIR) microspectroscopy.MethodsThe anterior lens capsule (basement membrane and associated LECs) were obtained from cataract surgery and prepared by desiccation for FTIR. Measurements were set to achieve single cell resolution. Data obtained by SR‐FTIR have been analysed by comparing all spectra of N type and C type LECs. The average spectra of each group have been calculated and principal component analysis (PCA) has been performed.ResultsThe first component of the PCA in Amide I area of spectra showed the most prominent contribution at 1625 cm‐1 which is associated with beta sheet organisation in protein aggregates in N cataract type. In the C type we found proteins organized more in the turn and loops conformation (~1670 cm‐1). The markers of oxidative stress: ratios of the asymmetric vibration CH2 and CH3, as well as C=O/lipids showed an increase in C cataract type LECs that pointed out to an increase in lipid peroxidation in this type of LECs. The region corresponds to the P=O asymmetric bands indicate possible difference in protein phosphorylation in C and N types LECs.ConclusionsHere we evaluated the proteins conformation changes, as well as lipids and phosphates bands in LECs of two different cataract types. The oxidative stress and the lipids peroxidation were more pronounced in C type, while protein aggregation is associated with N type. These spectral changes can be assigned to specific biochemical processes occur in two different cataract types LECs.
A case of choroidal osteoma in a 5‐year‐old child
Authors: Karlsruher Gisela , Montes Paula , Marco Sara , López Isabel , Dolores Díaz María , Boned Ana , Ramiro Patricia , Javier Ascaso Francisco 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo report a case of choroidal osteoma (CO) in a 5‐year‐old boy.MethodsCase reportResultsA 5‐year‐old child presented with decreased vision in both eyes. His best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/50 in the right eye (OD) and 20/100 in the left eye (OS). The anterior segment was normal in both eyes. Cycloplegic refraction was +2.50 ‐2.25 x 10 in the OD and +3.25 ‐2.50 x 180 in the OS. Funduscopy of the OS revealed a large subretinal, yellowish lesion in the juxta‐papillary area. B‐scan ultrasonography of the OS revealed a dense echogenic plaque with acoustic shadowing. The axial CT scan also showed a calcified lesion in the posterior pole. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was normal at the fovea but revealed subretinal fluid (SRF) at the superior temporal vascular arcade. Spectacle correction was prescribed and alternating part‐time occlusion was performed. The patient was asked to come for regular follow‐up. Six months later his BCVA was 20/25 in both eyes, no variations of the mass were noted and the SRF disappeared.ConclusionsOC is a rare, benign ossifying tumor. It is typically found in healthy young women, mostly unilateral, in the posterior pole of the eye, near the optic disc. It is relatively rare in children. OC must be differentiated mainly from amelanotic choroidal melanoma, choroidal nevus, choroidal hemangioma, choroidal metastasis, sclerochoroidal calcification and posterior scleritis. In children it can pose a serious diagnostic challenge as it can mimic other lesions at posterior pole, such us retinoblastoma, retinochoroidal coloboma, and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Asymptomatic or stable CO can be observed. For choroidal neovascular membranes photodynamic therapy and laser treatment have been used in the past. More recently, anti‐VEGF treatments have been employed with success.
The link between central retinal thickness and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Friesacher Anna , Valmaggia Christophe , Todorova Margarita 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeLinking central retinal thickness (CRT) with retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients.Methods37 patients with typical RP and 19 age‐matched controls (p = 0.352), who underwent Spectral Domain Optical Coherent Tomography of the macula and optic disc, were included. The RP group was divided in two subgroups: with clinical appearance of macular oedema (ME‐RP; 30 eyes) and without it (no‐ME; 44 eyes). Macula OCT data were averaged in three zones [Z1 (0°–3°), Z2 (3°–8°) & Z3 (8°–15°)] and were evaluated in relation to the RNFL thickness.ResultsThe subgroup ME‐RP differed significantly from the subgroup no‐ME‐RP by increased CRT (Z1) and increased averaged RNFL thickness, and when compared to controls (p ≤ 0.002). No‐ME‐RP group hat reduced CRT thickness (Z1‐3; p ≤ 0.018), compared to controls and ME‐RP, whereas the RNFL thickness in the no‐ME‐RP group was reduced only compared to ME‐RP group (p < 0.001). A significant positive interaction was found between the CRT (Z1 & Z2) and RNFL thickness within ME‐RP (p ≤ 0.010).ConclusionThe presence of macular oedema correlated well with the increase in RNFL thickness in RP patients. Such association provide evidence for a common underlying mechanism of retinal degeneration. Simultaneous monitoring of CRT and RNFL thickness may help in the future to evaluate the progression of the disease and the efficacy of treatments for ME in RP.
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma – Do genes or environment matter more?
Authors: Greene Alison , Eivers Sarah , Dervan Edward , O'Brien Colm , Wallace Deborah 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeLysyl oxidase like 1 (LOXL1) catalyzes collagen and elastin crosslinking. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within LOXL1 are associated with pseudoexfoliation (PXF) syndrome and PXF glaucoma (PXFG). These SNPs are present in 50%–80% of the general population, suggesting environmental factors also play a role in disease development. Our aim was to investigate LOXL1 levels in Human Tenons Fibroblasts (HTFs) and aqueous humour (AqH) from PXF, PXFG and cataract controls (CAT) and to establish if there was an association with genotype, epigenetic regulation (methylation) or environmental factors (hypoxia, oxidative stress, UV exposure and caffeine intake).MethodsPatients with PXF, PXFG and CAT were recruited and genotyped. LOXL1 expression was measured by qPCR and Western Blot and LOXL1 activity by ELISA. CAT HTFs were cultured in hypoxic (1% O2) and oxidative stress conditions (200 μm hydrogen peroxide). Epigenetic analysis was determined by global DNA methylation and qPCR of methylation‐associated enzymes. Environmental factors were recorded in a RedCap™ database.ResultsIncreased high‐risk LOXL1 gene haplotypes were observed in PXFG compared with CAT. LOXL1 expression and activity was decreased in PXFG HTFs vresus CAT (p < 0.01). This was replicated in CAT HTFs cultured under hypoxic (p < 0.05) and oxidative stress conditions (p < 0.01). Global DNA methylation and DNMT1 and 3A expression was increased in PXFG compared to CAT (p < 0.05). DNMT inhibition using 5‐azacytidine restored LOXL1 expression in PXFG (p < 0.05). Outdoor occupation was associated with PXFG. PXFG patients with the high‐risk (G‐G) haplotype had higher rates of trabeculectomy and numbers of IOP lowering drugs.ConclusionsA combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors contributes to LOXL1 expression in PXFG. LOXL1 genotyping may offer a means of screening for risk of disease progression and epigenetic modifiers such as 5‐azacytidine may represent a future therapeutic target for PXFG.
Different rate of retinal degenerations in mice with two distinct mutations in the Mitf gene
Authors: Eysteinsson Thor , Jónasdóttir Ingunn , García‐Llorca Andrea , Björg Gudmundsdóttir Thorunn , Ögmundsdóttir Margrét Helga , Steingrímsson Eiríkur 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeThe microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (Mitf) gene is crucial for development of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. Loss of function mutations in this gene can cause ocular hypopigmentation, microphthalmia and blindness. Mice heterozygous for the Mitfmi‐wh/+ mutation have been used as a model for Waardenburg and Tietz syndromes in humans. The compound heterozygote Mitfmi‐wh/Mitfmi has two different mutant alleles in the Mitf gene each of which have quite severe effects on the phenotype. The purpose of this study was to examine changes over time in retinal function and structure in these mice, between 1 and 5 months of age, to elucidate the rate of progression of the retinal degenerations.MethodsB6‐Mitfmi‐wh/+ and B6‐Mitfmi‐wh/Mitfmi mice were examined and compared to C5BL/6J mice as control. Mice were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg‐1 Ketamine and 4 mg/kg‐1 Xylazine. Fundus and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were obtained with a Micron IV. Flash electroretinography (ERG) from mice with a corneal electrode was used to determine retinal function.ResultsFundus images from all mutant mice show hypopigmentation at 1 month, with large non‐pigmented areas forming at later stages. Mitfmi‐wh/+ mice are either blind or not at 1 month, with the ERG normal in amplitude in some animals and absent in others. The Mitfmi‐wh/+ mice with ERG responses at 1 month show slow retinal degeneration, with reduced responses at 5 months. Mitfmi‐wh/Mitfmi mice show either abnormal ERG responses at 1 month, or a flat ERG. The ERG responses in some of the Mitfmi‐wh/Mitfmi mice decrease with time, and at 4 months is flat. OCT images reveal that retinal layers in animals with flat ERG are thinner than in mice showing reduced ERG, but abnormally thin in both.ConclusionsWe conclude that Mitfmi‐wh/Mitfmi mutant mice show evidence of fast retinal degeneration. The Mitfmi‐wh/+ mutant mice are either blind at 1 month or show evidence of slow degeneration. Mice with these Mitf mutations may serve as models of retinal degenerations progressing at different rates, due to mutations in a gene expressed in the RPE.
The correlations between posterior scleral profile and autonomic dysfunction in normal tension glaucoma
Authors: Young Shin Da , Kee Park Chan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the association between autonomic dysfunction and posterior scleral profile in normal tension glaucoma.DesignObservational, cross‐sectional study.ParticipantsTwo hundred eight NTG patients.MethodComplete ophthalmic examination was performed in all patients including heart rate variability to evaluate autonomic dysfunction. Posterior scleral profile, which was identified by the disc tilt ratio, disc torsion, disc foveo angle and peripapapillary area(PPA) to disc ratio was measured from disc photographs. Patients were classified into the two groups according to the standard deviation value of the qualified normal to normal intervals(SDNN) of the heart‐rate‐variability assessment. Group 1 consisted of patients within the one standard deviation from the average of the SDNN measurements. And Group 2 consisted of patients outside one standard deviation from the average of the SDNN measurements, indicating that they had too higher or too lower SDNN of HRV. So Group 2 having deviated value was thought to have abnormality in HRV. Two groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between posterior scleral profile and abnormality of heart rate variability.Main outcome and measureAssociation between posterior scleral profile(axial length, tilt ratio, torsion ratio, disc foveo angle, PPA to disc ratio) and autonomic dysfunction.ResultsThe mean value of SDNN in 208 NTG patients was 33.71 and the standard deviation was 18.16. Group1 had a SDNN values between 15.55 and 51.87 and Group 2 had a SDNN value less than 15.55 or greater than 51.87. Among 208 NTG eyes, 164 (78.8%) were group 1 and 44 (21.2%) were group 2. Axial length was significantly longer in Group 2 than Group 1 (p = 0.008). Degree of disc torsion were significantily higher in Group 2 than group 1 (p < 0.001). Although just short of statistical significance (p = 0.058), disc tilt ratio was higher in group 2. Torsion degree was the only factor related to heart rate variability in both univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (p = 0.008) logistic regression analyses.ConclusionOur study results showed that the dysfunction of an autonomic control is associated with posterior scleral profile such like disc tilt ratio, torsion degree, axial length.