bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating and Delivering the Executive Presentation
Authors: Johnson Sarah R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Presentations of survey results to key audiences are a critical step in communicating insights from the survey, influencing leaders and driving change. There are four fundamental steps to creating executive presentations that create conversation, inspire insight, and lead to actions. First, clarify the objective. Determine what is most important to share and why. Focus on the most essential findings. Second, create the story. Write a narrative that takes into account who (is the audience), what (do they need to know), when (must they act), where (do the issues exist), and why (is the issue important). Tailor the right information to the right audience at the right time. Next, find the right format, whether that is a presentation, workshop, or discussion; slide-based or using a live report; virtually or in person. Finally, successful delivery of the presentation is impacted by choice of presenter and the construction of the session.
Action Taking Augmented by Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Weiner Sara P. , McMahan Melissa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Taking action is unequivocally the most important aspect of any employee survey program. Many organizations struggle to achieve adoption and accountability and, in turn, to realize meaningful change. In our rapid-cycle economy, organizations need solutions to nimbly respond to the changing expectations and needs of customers, employees, and managers. Advances in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) have the power to be a game changer if coupled with evidence-based and forward-thinking industrial and organizational psychology practices. We propose an action-taking approach summarized as take action that matters, communicate, and repeat frequently. AI has greatly facilitated our ability to quickly determine the actions that will matter most and empower managers and employees toward real-time action taking. AI can deliver real-time prescriptive and predictive analytics, provide greater insights and guidance to managers, leverage natural language processing, and free human resources departments to focus on coaching and systemic issues, which together drive agile practices to achieve meaningful change.
Employee Survey Research
Authors: Garrad Lewis K. , Hyland Patrick K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Surveys have become a mainstay of organizational research. When surveys are efficient, targeted, and theory-driven and predict useful outcomes, they provide a valuable data set for decision-making. Yet many organizational researchers and human resources practitioners overlook the dark side of studying employees at work, especially when it comes to challenging ontological and epistemological assumptions. Gathering, analyzing, and using employee survey data are often fraught with complexity, which limits action and change. This chapter outlines how the emergence and establishment of employee survey research led to modern assumptions about what survey administrators seek to learn from people at work and how those assumptions help and hinder progress toward improving organizational performance and employee well-being. The authors then make recommendations for the future development of survey research in the broader context of social and technological development.
Managing Workplace Job Attitudes and Performance in Organizations with Labor Unions
Authors: Harter James K. , McLain Denise R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
While union membership has been in decline in recent decades, still 11% of the US workforce belong to unions. The job attitudes of both union and non-union employees are important to organizational success. Various studies suggest that union employees are as satisfied as non-union employees with benefits, wages, and job security. Non-union employees have more favorable attitudes toward the type of work they’re asked to do, autonomy, opportunities for advancement, and supervision. But job attitudes for both union and non-union employees vary widely by the team they are on, according to a summary of Gallup’s employee engagement global database. In this chapter, the authors summarize opinions from within highly unionized organizations, including 239,459 union-member and 42,053 non-union-member employees. They outline key challenges in engaging unionized employees and practical advice compiled from the study of successful organizations across industries.
The Struggle for a Multilingual Future
Authors: Davis Christina P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Struggle for a Multilingual Future examines the tension between the ethnic conflict and multilingual education policy in the linguistic and social practices of Sri Lankan Tamil and Muslim girls in Kandy, a city in central Sri Lanka. Postindependence language and education policies were part of the complex and multifaceted causes of the Sri Lankan civil war (1983 to 2009). However, in the last two decades the government has sought to promote interethnic integration by instituting trilingual language policies in the nation’s co-official languages, Sinhala and Tamil, as well as English, in government schools. Integrating ethnographic and linguistic research inside and outside two schools in Kandy during the last phase of the war, this book investigates the efficacy of the national reforms in mitigating ethnic conflict in relation to the way linguistic, ethnic, religious, and class differences are reinforced and challenged in schools, homes, buses, and streets. The author’s research shows how, despite the national reforms, policies and practices in Kandy schools instantiate language-based models of ethnicity. In reaction, Tamil-speaking girls aspire to a cosmopolitan notion of Kandy that is less about being integrated into broader society than drawing on the symbolic resources of the city for social mobility. It also analyzes how the efficacy of the reforms is imperiled by interactional practices in Sinhala-majority public spaces that reinforce ethnic divisions and power inequalities. Davis demonstrates the difficulties of using language policy to ameliorate conflict if it does not also address how that conflict is produced and reproduced in everyday talk.
English and the Imagining of a Cosmopolitan City
Authors: Davis Christina P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChapter 4 considers the role of English in how the Girls’ College grade 10 Tamil-medium students navigated inequalities in the school as a whole and the Tamil-medium stream and claimed status as cosmopolitan Kandy or Sri Lankan girls. The use of full English in the classroom risked making them seem uppity, but the girls skillfully used English-inflected Tamil to articulate desired identities and stake claims in the future. Despite their multilingualism, the girls’ identities as predominantly Tamil speakers shaped how they interacted in school and in their home and neighborhood settings. This chapter argues that while their representation of themselves as Kandy girls avoided ethnicity-based models of identity, inconsistent with ideologies present in the national language and education reforms, they did not view Kandy as ethnically integrated so much as associate the city with their potential for upward social mobility.
Tamil Speech and Ethnic Conflict in Public Spaces
Authors: Davis Christina P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChapter 6 investigates the performative force of speaking Tamil in public spaces in Kandy and Colombo. It shows how Tamils used Sinhala and avoided Tamil to conceal or mitigate their ethnic identity. This chapter further analyzes the ideological weight of Tamil by looking at Sinhalas’ Tamil-as-a-second-language (TSL) practices at training programs administrators and police officers, as well as at a peacebuilding NGO that promotes trilingual communication. TSL classes provide a sphere of practice in which Sinhalas could comfortably speak Tamil, but on the street their use of Tamil was fraught because of its ideological association with Tamil ethnic identity and because it was perceived as a threat to the dominance of Sinhala. When Sinhala members of the NGO spoke Tamil, they used a mocking variety that reinforced negative stereotypes about Tamil people. This chapter demonstrates how ideologies and practices around speaking Tamil reflect and produce ethnic divisions.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Christina P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChapter 7 discusses the processes by which language-based models of ethnic identity in Sri Lanka spread across institutional and noninstitutional settings. Tamil and Muslim students’ identity as ethnic minorities was foregrounded in their schooling experience, but it was in the public sphere that ethnic differences around language were the most consequential. Tamil-speaking girls’ imagining of a cosmopolitan Kandy enabled them to cope with the ethnic conflict as well as to aim for a comfortable future and be open to opportunities. This chapter concludes by discussing Sri Lanka’s political landscape since the end of the war in May 2009 and the importance of language rights to the reconciliation process. It argues that despite the fluidity of Sri Lankans’ sociolinguistic identifications, the very act of speaking Tamil, Sinhala, or English in public spaces enacts and preserves power relations and historically produced inequalities.
Time’s Passage and the Narrative Self
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the metaphor of life as a story and shows how it serves as a corrective for midlife bias by keeping attention directed to the whole of human life. It delineates epistemological, ontological, and normative components of narrative. Narrative framing of medical decisions incorporates the whole story of a person’s life (integrity); manages claims of the self at distinct time slices to serve the whole, temporally extended self (prudence); and lends itself to treating each life stage equally (fairness). In cases involving surrogate decision-making for people with dementia, narrative understanding directs us to a person’s complete life. It avoids basing decisions on a single moment (time slice) when an advance directive was executed. Rather than equating personal identity with a mature, midlife self, narrative conceptions of personal identity regard all life stages as constitutive of identity.
What Cares?
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 imagines future challenges of designing and deploying carebots for eldercare and related artificial intelligence (AI) applications. We examine the objection that sociable robots cannot function adequately as caregivers because they do not care about care recipients. We show that what matters most is that care gets expressed, and we defend a version of care ethics which holds that the form care takes varies, depending on the capacities, contexts, and needs of those who give and receive care. While robotics literature stresses using machines to extend autonomy, we stress extending care and supporting not only autonomy but a range of human capabilities. We evaluate the goal of aligning machine behavior with human values (values alignment) and argue that this leads to algorithmic biases. We consider whether sophisticated AI should be trusted, since it operates as a black box, and address concerns about the ethics of robot deception.
Future People
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 explores the future of population aging, asking if aged societies will become a permanent fixture or are fleeting and unique to our time. It approaches this question by looking at the effects of controlling fertility rates by means of reproductive policies designed to balance ratios between young and old age groups. Using historical examples of China’s one-child policy and Romania’s Decree 770, the chapter argues that both pro- and antinatalist policies produce population aging and can exact a heavy toll on individuals’ capabilities to be healthy, have bodily integrity, and determine a plan of life. The chapter examines future societies with aged, super-aged, and extremely aged populations and gives guidance for intergenerational justice that is dignity-based. It considers the objection that reproductive choices do not make future persons worse off because they change the identities of future persons (the nonidentity problem). We counter this objection by drawing on the dignity framework developed throughout the book. After examining evidence of the effects of pro- and antinatalist reproductive policies, the chapters conclude that the longer-term effects on population aging must temper any assessment of the putative shorter-term good of raising or lowering fertility rates.
The Coming of Age of Old Age
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12 takes stock of the book’s central arguments and findings about the life stage relativity of values; midlife bias; human dignity; age group justice principles of capability sufficiency, relational equality, and reparations; narrative identity values of integrity, fairness, and prudence; geriatric and pediatric bioethics; ageism; fair subject selection; age-based rationing of life-saving medical care; mandatory retirement; duties to the dying, newly dead, and long gone; rational suicide; meeting the need for long-term care through family caregiving, migrant caregivers, and robotic caregivers (carebots); designing AI and sociable robots for older adults; duties to future people; and the prospects for future population aging. To remain relevant in aged societies, moral philosophers must tackle these concerns, end midlife bias, and contribute an account of the moral life that makes sense to people at each stage of life.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Reinhold Niebuhr was perhaps the preeminent American intellectual of the twentieth century. He was at once teacher, preacher, philosopher, social critic, public intellectual and ethicist, applying his brand of human nature Realism in both the secular and religious worlds. He was a highly influential thinker, especially at the height of the Cold War, addressing the economic, spiritual, social, and political issues of his day. He profoundly influenced the early classical Realists such as Hans Morgenthau, Henry Kissinger, and George F. Kennan. While Niebuhr has been forgotten by some, indeed there has been a marked resurgence of interest in Niebuhr’s work both in the United States and abroad in recent years, particularly in the wake of the 911 attacks and the invasion of Iraq. As we look forward, it is helpful to look backward to Niebuhr, for his views on international relations may well guide us as we attempt to deal with the many intractable problems of the present age.
Niebuhr on Human Nature
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Niebuhr’s views of human nature, the intellectual foundation on which his worldview is grounded. A dualistic view of human nature (a predisposition toward self-interest/evil, a potential for good) underlies all of his work. First is a discussion of the biblical conception of human nature which he embraced, starting with the notion of pride (which he viewed as the root of all human folly), which leads to insecurity (the consequence of pride), which results in will-to-power (a flawed attempt to address insecurity), from which, for Niebuhr, flow all the conflicts and wars in human history. The discussion then moves to the classical and modern conceptions of human nature, which Niebuhr ultimately rejected. In Niebuhr’s view, all of this leads to the inability of science, law, institutions, education, and rationality (among other things) to tame human nature and eradicate evil and/or ultimately conflict.
Niebuhr on Collective Society, Nations, and International Relations
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter follows Niebuhr’s logic to a discussion of collective society, the state, and international relations. Niebuhr believed that moral dualism is necessary because while moral conduct such as pacifism might be possible for individuals, it is difficult to find between human collectivities (groups, states) because groupism (nationalism in the context of states) is fundamental for any group. From this flows collective pride, which the group depends on to maintain group unity, then conflict, because groups depend on groupism and pride to maintain group cohesion. Niebuhr concluded that power is the primary motivating force in international relations (IR), key to order at home and abroad, that there must by necessity be a measure of moral ambiguity in IR because what morality we might espouse at the individual level may not be practicable at the national or international level (“turning the other cheek” is plausible with Aunt Mary, but not with Hitler).
Niebuhr on the UN, Globalization, and the Potential for National Transcendence
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we consider Niebuhr’s views of the nature of the world community, the United Nations, globalization, and the potential for national transcendence, or the likelihood of nations laying down their interests for a higher international good. Niebuhr would have viewed globalization positively, as a way to advance functional cooperation between nations. A strong supporter of the United Nations, he viewed the UN Security Council veto as an important tool, allowing cooperation among the powers but blocking forward movement on issues the great powers could not agree on. Despite his liberal internationalism, he did not believe national transcendence was likely given all he said about power, moral dissonance, and groupism, nor would he have found world government attractive given the fallibility of human nature, particularly if one considers dystopian tales such as Orwell’s 1984 or Rand’s Atlas Shrugged.
Niebuhr on U.S. Policy in the Cold War
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although at one time a Marxian thinker, Niebuhr was in his Christian Realist phase an ardent anticommunist, and his views of communism (assessed here) led naturally to his view that Washington should pursue a policy of containment and nuclear deterrence against the communist bloc. Though rather hawkish, he saw moral tension in the maintenance of nuclear weapons. He stood with a number of other Realists in energetically opposing the U.S. war in Vietnam, concluding that U.S. policymakers had succumbed to the folly of group pride and will-to-power run amok. His position cost him his status as darling of the Washington foreign policy establishment, but he had the courage to speak his mind and was more concerned about the cost of U.S. folly than he was about his reputation.
Niebuhrian Takeaways on the Just War Tradition and the U.S. Invasion of Iraq
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter situates Niebuhr in the world of the just war theory, while offering an assessment of his likely views of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and whether or not it was consistent with a Niebuhrian/just war approach to jus ad bellum (considerations of whether it is just to launch a war). While most writers consider Niebuhr a firm Augustinian and solidly in the camp of the just warriors (as do I), some controversy has arisen around his consequentialism, coupled with his relative lack of attention to jus in bello considerations (considerations of justice in how a war is fought). If Niebuhr had been alive in 2003, this study concludes that he would have been firmly against the Iraq War because of what he would have seen as U.S. hubris, U.S. assumptions of American exceptionalism, and the fact that the war did not accord with just war theory’s jus ad bellum standards.
Conclusions
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The conclusion argues that the time is right for a reappraisal and renewal of interest in Niebuhr’s approach to IR and U.S. foreign policy. It reviews the importance of dialectics to his work, and from a Niebuhrian perspective, comments on Putin’s Russia, the politics of Donald Trump, and the rise of the post-truth era. One of the most important aspects of Niebuhr’s contributions to IR was his recognition of the importance of dialectics. Dialectics found its way into much of Niebuhr’s writing, from his views on human nature to his views on the potential for realizing a peaceful, mutually tolerable global community, which he concluded was the “final possibility and impossibility of human life” and “will be in actuality the perpetual problem as well as the constant fulfillment of human hopes.”
Nashville Cats
Authors: Stimeling Travis D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Nashville Cats: Record Production in Music City, 1945–1975 is the first history of record production during country music’s so-called Nashville Sound era. This period of country music history produced some of the genre’s most celebrated recording artists, including Country Music Hall of Fame inductees Patsy Cline, Jim Reeves, and Floyd Cramer, and marked the establishment of a recording industry that has come to define Nashville in the national and international consciousness. Yet, despite country music’s overwhelming popularity during this period and the continued legacy of the studios that were built in Nashville during the 1950s and 1960s, little attention has been given to the ways in which recording engineers, session musicians, and record producers shaped the sounds of country music during the time. Drawing upon a rich array of previously unexplored primary sources, Nashville Cats: Record Production in Music City, 1945–1975 is the first book to take a global view of record production in Nashville during the three decades that the city’s musicians established the city as the leading center for the production and distribution of country music.
Musical Labor and the Nashville Studio System
Authors: Stimeling Travis D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Many of the most iconic recordings of the Nashville Sound era gained popularity not simply because of the recording artist whose name appeared on the labels of the singles and albums that contained them, but because of the contributions of Nashville’s session musicians who crafted arrangements and “hook” motifs. Yet, for the most part, these session musicians were never credited and received only a seemingly small one-time fee for their efforts. This chapter considers the creative impact of Nashville’s session musicians through a careful examination of several chart-topping Nashville Sound–era recordings, exploring the ways that the arrangements and “hook” motifs that they created shaped the works. Moreover, this chapter suggests that, although session musicians were seldom credited for their work, many of them presented clear artistic identities that are anonymously visible across a wide spectrum of recordings.
Afterword
Authors: Stimeling Travis D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Afterword briefly considers the impacts of the Nashville Sound era’s recording industry on the city’s role as a major center for the production of not only country music, but a wide range of commercial popular musics, in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. These impacts were felt not only as new generations of session musicians took the reins from the Nashville veterans, but as other emergent country music scenes—as well as the artists associated with the so-called “Outlaw country” movement—worked to distinguish themselves from the Nashville music industry. This chapter closes with a discussion of the value of engaging meaningfully with session musicians in the study of popular music, more generally.