bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalising About Ovid
Authors: Hinds Stephen 
Published: November 2020

The aim of this essay is to confront some ageing generalisations about Ovid which seem to have survived the latest close readings of his poetry intact. Most of the critics who have recently been casting new light on particular poems and passages have been too cautious to use their very specific findings to call explicitly into question long-established overviews of the Ovidian oeuvre. However, an attempt of some kind should be made. Today's generalisation is nothing more than an accretion of yesterday's particular readings; and reassessment of it can come only when it is tested against a new generation of particular readings. My focus, therefore, will be on specifics, but with an untimid eye towards overviews.A like absence of timidity will also be found in my specifics themselves. Writers of ‘general’ articles tend to eschew difficult or controversial interpretations of particular passages, lest some overall balance in their presentation of an author be upset. I shall have few such qualms: one of my aims is precisely to destabilise — however slightiy — the terms of reference within which Ovidian poetry is usually read. Indeed, I shall risk beginning with what will probably be the most controversial reading in my essay.
TLR9 Rs352140 polymorphism contributes to a decreased risk of bacterial meningitis: evidence from a meta-analysis
Authors: Xue Haiyi , Peng Huan , Li Jiaoming , Li Mingming , Lu Song 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Some studies have suggested that the Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphism (TLR9 rs352140) is closely related to the risk of bacterial meningitis (BM), but this is subject to controversy. This study set out to estimate whether the TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism confers an increased risk of BM. Relevant literature databases were searched including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) up to August 2020. Seven case-control studies from four publications were enrolled in the present meta-analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to estimate associations between BM risk and the target polymorphism. Significant associations identified were allele contrast (A vs. G: OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.59–0.75, P = 0.000), homozygote comparison (AA vs. AG/GG: OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.49–0.78, P = 0.000), heterozygote comparison (A vs. G: OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.91, P = 0.005), recessive genetic model (AA vs. AG/GG: OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65–0.93, P = 0.006) and dominant genetic model (AA vs. AG/GG: OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.85, P = 0.000). The findings indicate that, in contrast to some studies, the TLR9 rs352140 polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk for BM.
Dynamic quarantine: a comparative analysis of the Chilean public health response to COVID-19
Authors: Grebe Gonzalo , Vélez Javier A. , Tiutiunnyk Anton , Aragón-Caqueo Diego , Fernández-Salinas Javier , Navarrete Mónica , Laroze David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, an analysis of the Chilean public health response to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 is presented. The analysis is based on the daily transmission rate (DTR). The Chilean response has been based on dynamic quarantines, which are established, lifted or prolonged based on the percentage of infected individuals in the fundamental administrative sections, called communes. This analysis is performed at a national level, at the level of the Metropolitan Region (MR) and at the commune level in the MR according to whether the commune did or did not enter quarantine between late March and mid-May of 2020. The analysis shows a certain degree of efficacy in controlling the pandemic using the dynamic quarantine strategy. However, it also shows that apparent control has only been partially achieved to date. With this policy, the control of the DTR partially falls to 4%, where it settles, and the MR is the primary vector of infection at the country level. For this reason, we can conclude that the MR has not managed to control the disease, with variable results within its own territory.
Solar system exposure to supernova γ radiation
Authors: Brakenridge G. Robert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlanetary habitability may be affected by exposure to γ radiation from supernovae (SNe). Records of Earth history during the late Quaternary Period (40 000 years to present) allow testing for specific SN γ radiation effects. SNe include Type Ia white dwarf explosions, Type Ib, c and II core collapses, and many γ burst objects. Surveys of galactic SNe remnants offer a nearly complete accounting for this time and including SN distances and ages. Terrestrial changes in records of the cosmogenic isotope 14C are here compared to SN-predicted changes. SN γ emission occurs mainly within 3 years; average per-event total emissions of 4 × 1049 erg are used for comparison of close events There are 18 SNe ≤ 1.5 kpc, and brief 14C anomalies are reported for eight of the closest. Four are notable (BP is year before 1950 CE): the older Vela SNR and an abrupt 30‰ del 14C rise at 12 740 BP; S165 and a 20‰ rise at 7431 BP; Vela Jr. and a 14‰ rise at 2765 BP; and HB9 and a 9‰ rise at 5372 BP. Rapid-increase anomalies in 14C production have been attributed to cosmic rays from exceptionally large solar flares. However, the proximity and ages of these SNe, the probable size and duration of their γ emissions, the predicted effects on 14C, and the agreement with 14C records together support SNe causation. Also, the supposed solar-caused 14C anomalies at CE 774 and 993 may instead have been caused by the SNe associated with the G190.9-2.2 and G347.3-00.5 remnants. Both are of appropriate age and distance.
“WHITENESS” IN CONTEXT
Authors: Ballinas Jorge , Bachmeier James D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing data from the 2008–2016 American Community Survey, we compare the racial identification responses of the Mexican-origin population residing in California to their counterparts in Texas, the two states with the largest and most established Mexican-origin populations. We draw on existing theory and research in order to derive a theoretical account of state-level historical mechanisms that are likely to lead to varying patterns of racial identification within the two states and a set of propositions predicting the nature of this variation. Results indicate that the Mexican-origin population in Texas is substantially more likely to claim White racial identification than their counterparts in California, even after accounting for factors related to racial identity formation. Further analysis indicates that this result is robust and buffets the notion that the historical development of the racial context in Texas has engendered a present-day context in which “Whiteness” carries a distinctive social value, relative to California’s ethnoracial context, and that this social value is reflected in the ways in which individuals of Mexican origin respond to race questions on U.S. Census surveys.
Buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata) resistant to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania and alternative control options
Authors: Russell Travis R. , Lulis Tim T. , Aynardi Brian A. , Tang Kaiyuan T. , Kaminski John E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBuckhorn plantain populations purportedly resistant to 2,4-D were identified in Pennsylvania following long-term, continual applications of the active ingredient to turfgrass. The research objectives of this study were to 1) confirm 2,4-D resistance with dose-response experiments, 2) confirm field resistance of buckhorn plantain to 2,4-D in Pennsylvania, and 3) evaluate alternative herbicides for 2,4-D-resistant buckhorn plantain. Greenhouse dose-response experiments evaluated the sensitivity of buckhorn plantain biotypes that were resistant or susceptible to 2,4-D, and to halauxifen-methyl, two synthetic auxin herbicides from different chemical families. The resistant biotype was ≥11.3 times less sensitive to 2,4-D than the susceptible biotype and required a 2,4-D dosage ≥4.2 times greater than the standard application rate to reach 50% necrosis. No cross-resistance was observed to halauxifen-methyl because both resistant and susceptible populations demonstrated similar herbicide sensitivity. Field experiments confirmed previous reports of ineffectiveness (≤30% reduction) with 2,4-D and other phenoxycarboxylic herbicides in potentially resistant buckhorn plantain biotypes. Treatments containing halauxifen-methyl resulted in a ≥70% reduction in resistant biotypes. This is the first known report of synthetic auxin herbicide resistance in any weed species in Pennsylvania and highlights emerging herbicide resistance challenges in turfgrass systems.
Efficacy of increasing application rates and combination of herbicides and mowing at different growth stages of common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Authors: Daddario Juan F. F. , Tucat Guillermo , Fernandez Osvaldo A. , Bentivegna Diego J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCommon teasel is a troublesome invasive weed in North and South America. Additional information on the efficacy of herbicide application and mowing at different growth stages will help in common teasel management. First, an outdoor pot experiment was performed to assess the effects of increasing application rates and combinations of glyphosate and 2,4-D amine when applied at the 4-leaf, rosette, and bolting stages. Second, field experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of time of cutting on invasive common teasel height, head number, and head length. Finally, germinability of seeds collected from naturally growing plants was determined to evaluate the feasibility of mowing invasive common teasel after flowering. Only glyphosate applied at 1.08 kg ae ha−1 at the 4-leaf stage provided adequate control (>90%). Although control was not satisfactory (<90%) when applying glyphosate at 2.16 kg ae ha−1 at the rosette and bolting stages, and 2,4-D at 1.75 kg ai ha−1 at 4-leaf stage, significant injury and biomass decline were observed. Glyphosate and 2,4-D combinations did not improve common teasel control compared with single applications of each. Cutting rosettes strongly reduced inflorescence production (34%–49%) and cutting flowering plants prevented total regrowth. Germination of seeds averaged 14% when harvested 10 d after flowering, and maximum seed germination (>90%) occurred 30 d after flowering. Glyphosate applied alone at the recommended commercial rate early in the growing season, together with cutting at the flowering stage, may be the most beneficial way of controlling invasive common teasel.
Statistical Study of Chorus Modulations by Background Magnetic Field and Plasma Density
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Li Wen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, we use observations of THEMIS and Van Allen Probes to statistically study the modulations of chorus emissions by variations of background magnetic field and plasma density in the ultra low frequency range. The modulation events are identified automatically and divided into three types according to whether the chorus intensity correlates to the variations of the magnetic field only (Type B), plasma density only (Type N), or both (Type NB). For the THEMIS observations, the occurrences of the Types B and N are larger than Type NB, while for the Van Allen Probes observations, most events are of Type N. The chorus intensity is mostly correlated to the magnetic field strength negatively and plasma density positively. The chorus intensity tends to increase when the magnitude of the magnetic field perturbation increases, but little dependence on plasma density perturbation amplitude is found.
Earthquake Rupture Through a Step‐Over Fault System: An Exploratory Numerical Study of the Leech River Fault, Southern Vancouver Island
Authors: Li Ge , Liu Yajing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Leech River fault (LRF) zone located on southern Vancouver Island is a major regional seismic source. We investigate potential interactions between earthquake ruptures on the LRF and the neighboring Southern Whidbey Island fault (SWIF), which can be interpreted as a step‐over fault system. Using a linear slip‐weakening frictional law, we perform 3‐D finite‐element simulations to study rupture jumping scenarios from the LRF (source fault) to the SWIF (receiver fault), focusing on the influences of the offset distance, fault initial stress level, and fault burial depth. We find a smaller offset distance, a higher initial stress level on either fault, or a shallower fault burial depth will promote rupture jumping. Jumping scenarios can be interpreted as the response of the receiver fault to stress perturbations radiated from the source fault rupture. We demonstrate that the final rupture jumping scenario depends on various parameters, which can be collectively quantified by two keystone variables, the time‐averaged over‐stressed zone (where shear stress exceeds static frictional strength on the receiver fault) size
and the receiver fault initial stress level. Specifically, a smaller offset distance, a higher initial shear stress level, or a shallower burial depth will lead to a larger
. The seismic moment on the receiver fault increases with increasing
. When
reaches the threshold dependent on the receiver fault initial stress level, the rupture becomes breakaway.
Equation of State of hcp Fe‐C‐Si Alloys and the Effect of C Incorporation Mechanism on the Density of hcp Fe Alloys at 300 K
Authors: Pamato M. G. , Li Y. , Antonangeli D. , Miozzi F. , Morard G. , Wood I. G. , Vočadlo L. , Brodholt J. P. , Mezouar M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSi and C are cosmochemically abundant elements soluble in hcp Fe under pressure and temperature and could therefore be present in the Earth's inner core. While recent ab initio calculations suggest that the observed inner core density and velocities could be matched by an Fe‐C‐Si alloy, the combined effect of these two elements has only recently started to be investigated experimentally. We therefore carried out synchrotron X‐ray diffraction measurements of an hcp Fe‐C‐Si alloy with 4 at% C and 3 at% Si, up to ∼150 GPa. Density functional theory calculations were also performed to examine different incorporation mechanisms. These calculations suggest interstitial C to be more stable than substitutional C below ~350 GPa. In our calculations, we also find that the lowest‐energy incorporation mechanism in the investigated pressure range (60–400 GPa) is one where two C atoms occupy one atomic site; however, this is unlikely to be stable at high temperatures. Notably, substitutional C is observed to decrease the volume of the hcp Fe, while interstitial C increases it. This allows us to use experimental and theoretical equations of state to show unambiguously that C in the experimental hcp Fe‐C‐Si alloys is not substitutional, as is often assumed. This is crucial since assuming an incorrect incorporation mechanism in experiments leads to incorrect density determinations of ~4%, undermining attempts to estimate the concentration of C in the inner core. In addition, the agreement between our experiments and calculations supports Si and C as being light elements in the inner core.
Scattering and Attenuation Characteristics at Volcanoes Inferred From Envelope Widths of Natural and Active Seismic Sources
Authors: Kumagai Hiroyuki , Torres Roberto , Maeda Yuta 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeismic scattering and attenuation at volcanoes, thought to be strongest on the Earth, can be used to map volcanic feeding systems. We systematically analyzed high‐frequency (5–10 Hz) seismograms of volcano‐tectonic earthquakes at Galeras volcano (Colombia) and active sources at Kirishima, Unzen, Bandai, and Iwate volcanoes (Japan) to investigate their scattering and attenuation characteristics. The envelope widths estimated from these seismograms were compared with those calculated by Monte Carlo envelope simulations for 1D layered models parameterized by the scattering mean free path and the quality factor of medium attenuation for S waves. Our results indicated a surficial, highly heterogeneous, and attenuative layer up to around 1 km thickness at all studied volcanoes. The strongest heterogeneities at volcanoes thus exist in a thin surface layer, likely comprising unconsolidated and/or highly fractured materials. Using the space‐weighting function for diffusive wavefields, we mapped the residuals between observed envelope widths and those calculated with our estimated 1D models at Kirishima, Unzen, Bandai, and Iwate. These maps showed spatial distributions of the envelope‐width residuals were unique to each volcano and correlated with P wave velocity tomographic images. Areas of positive residuals correspond to low‐velocity anomalies and thus to heterogeneous, strongly scattering rocks, whereas areas of negative residuals correspond to high‐velocity anomalies and thus less heterogeneous volcanic or basement rocks. Our results demonstrate that envelope widths can improve the characterization of scattering and attenuation structures beneath volcanoes.
Mg and Zn Isotope Evidence for Two Types of Mantle Metasomatism and Deep Recycling of Magnesium Carbonates
Authors: Liu Sheng‐Ao , Wang Ze‐Zhou , Yang Chun , Li Shu‐Guang , Ke Shan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo test the ability of Mg and Zn isotopes in discriminating between different types of mantle metasomatism and identifying deep carbon cycling, here we present a comparative study on two types of Cenozoic lavas in SE Tibet, that is, K‐rich (potassic‐ultrapotassic) lavas and Na‐rich alkali basalts. The contrasting bulk rock chemical compositions, Sr‐Nd isotopic ratios, and olivine chemistry between them suggest distinct sources in the lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere, respectively. The K‐rich lavas have mantle‐like δ26Mg, slightly lighter δ66Zn relative to global oceanic basalts, high 87Sr/86Sr, and low 143Nd/144Nd, indicating source metasomatism by recycled siliciclastic sediments. By contrast, the alkali basalts possess remarkably lighter δ26Mg and heavier δ66Zn values relative to the mantle that are typically characterized by carbonates. The coupling of high δ66Zn with high‐Zn contents and Zn/Fe ratios further suggests a pyroxenite source containing recycled Zn‐rich magnesium carbonates. This is strongly corroborated by the similarity in major elements between the alkali basalts and experimental partial melts of pyroxenite + CO2. Thus, mantle silicate and carbonate metasomatism contributed to the origin of K‐rich and Na‐rich lavas in SE Tibet, respectively. Notably, the occurrence of the alkali basalts is spatially consistent with a stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone (410–660 km), the latter of which is interpreted to represent the deeply subducted oceanic slab. These observations provide evidence for recycling of carbonates into the deep mantle, which represents a long‐term circulation of subducted carbon compared with that of arc‐trench systems and has crucial significance for global deep carbon cycling.
Long‐Term Observations of Galactic Cosmic Ray LET Spectra in Lunar Orbit by LRO/CRaTER
Authors: Looper M. D. , Mazur J. E. , Blake J. B. , Spence H. E. , Schwadron N. A. , Wilson J. K. , Jordan A. P. , Zeitlin C. , Case A. W. , Kasper J. C. , Townsend L. W. , Stubbs T. J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) has been orbiting the Moon since 2009 aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). From this vantage point, it samples the interplanetary energetic particle population outside the shielding of the Earth's magnetosphere. We report the sensor's observations of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) over a complete solar activity cycle. CRaTER is designed primarily to measure not the spectra of GCR particles outside the sensor but rather their effects on matter, and in particular, it measures the linear energy transfer (LET) or energy‐deposit spectrum in its silicon detectors. We have used the Geant4 radiation‐transport code to devise a background‐rejection algorithm to improve these measurements of LET under 9.9 g/cm2 of shielding, and the resulting observations show the changing radiation effects of GCRs as their intensity and spectrum vary with solar modulation. As of 2020 this intensity, after declining during solar maximum activity, has recovered to a level that exceeds by a few percent the historically high values seen during the deep solar minimum at the start of the LRO mission in 2009.
Heterogeneous Exhumation of the Mount Isa Orogen in NE Australia After 1.6 Ga Nuna Assembly: New High‐Precision40Ar/39Ar Thermochronological Constraints
Authors: Li Jiangyu , Pourteau Amaury , Li Zheng‐Xiang , Jourdan Fred , Nordsvan Adam R. , Collins William J. , Volante Silvia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe circa 1.60 Ga Isan Orogeny in NE Australia has been ascribed to the collision of Australia and Laurentia (North America), marking the final assembly of the Proterozoic supercontinent Nuna. However, details regarding the tectonic evolution of the orogen remain poorly constrained. To investigate the late orogenic to postorogenic thermal evolution and exhumation history,40Ar/39Ar dating on hornblende, muscovite, and biotite was conducted in the Mount Isa Inlier, NE Australia, where intense crustal imbrication occurred during the Proterozoic continental collision. Published thermochronological results were recalculated using the current decay constant. Petrological examination and calculation of sample‐specific40Ar/39Ar closure temperatures and cooling rates were used to reconstruct the pressure‐temperature evolution of individual structural domains. Diachronous cooling histories are revealed between western, central, and eastern belts through ~525–330°C, mainly between 1.53 and 1.48 Ga. Contrasting cooling across postmetamorphic fault zones records the reactivation of inherited normal (i.e., early basinal) and reverse (i.e., orogenic) faults. Estimated exhumation rates are generally low (< ~0.5 mm yr−1), pointing to a modest local relief of < ~1,000 m which is comparable to modern analogs, and suggest a “soft” collision with limited crust thickening. Exhumation shortly following orogenesis was contemporaneous with felsic magmatism (1.55–1.48 Ga) in the eastern belt. Magmatism transitioning from trondhjemitic to A‐type granitoids over this period suggests progressive heating of the orogen base, ascribed to lower crust delamination. Thus, thermochronological data reveal a regionally heterogeneous exhumation history controlled by orogenic collapse‐related extensional faulting following the final assembly of the supercontinent Nuna.
Upper gastrointestinal tract involvement is more prevalent in Korean patients with pediatric Crohn’s disease than in European patients
Authors: Kim Eun Sil , Kwon Yiyoung , Choe Yon Ho , Kim Mi Jin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) patients, it is important to define the disease phenotype at diagnosis for stratifying risk. In this retrospective study, we aimed to assess the disease phenotype compared to EUROKIDS registry and analyze disease outcome of pediatric CD patients according to upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement. A total of 312 patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was 13.7 years and 232 patients (74.4%) were identified to have upper GI involvement at diagnosis. In Korean pediatric CD patients, there were significant differences in male predominance (72.8% vs. 59.2, p < 0.001), proportion of upper GI involvement (74.4% vs. 46.2%, p < 0.001), and perianal disease (62.1% vs. 8.2%, p < 0.001) compared to data in the EUROKIDS registry. Younger age (OR 2.594, p = 0.0139) and ileal involvement (OR 2.293, p = 0.0176) at diagnosis were associated with upper GI involvement. There were no significant differences in disease outcomes between patients with and without upper GI tract involvement. This study revealed that upper GI involvement is more prevalent in Korean patients with pediatric Crohn’s disease than in European patients, and the disease outcome did not appear to differ according to upper GI tract involvement.