bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
236 Effects of mitoquinol during acute heat stress exposure in growing pigs
Authors: Mayorga Edith J , Horst Erin A , Goetz Brady M , Rodríguez-Jiménez Sonia , Abeyta Megan A , Al-Qaisi Mohmmad , Lei Samantha , Rhoads Robert P , Selsby Joshua T , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of mitoquinol (MitoQ) on performance, metabolism, and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n=32; 59±1 kg BW) where blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 therapeutic-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n=8; TNCtl), 2) TN and MitoQ (n=8; TNMitoQ), 3) HS control (n=8; HSCtl), or 4) HS and MitoQ (n=8; HSMitoQ). The trial consisted of two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.6±0.1°C). During P2 (24h), HSCtl and HSMitoQ pigs were exposed to continuous HS (35.2±0.03°C); while TNCtl and TNMitoQ remained in TN conditions. Mitoquinol was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 h; 40 mg/d) during P1 and P2. Pigs exposed to HS had increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (1.46°C, 6.79°C, and 101 bpm, respectively; P&lt; 0.01) compared to their TN counterparts. Acute HS markedly decreased feed intake (67%; P&lt; 0.01). Additionally, HS pigs lost BW compared to their TN counterparts (-4.7 vs. +1.6 kg, respectively; P&lt; 0.01); however, the reduction in BW was less severe in HSMitoQ compared to HSCtl pigs (-3.85 vs. -5.50 kg, respectively; P&lt; 0.01). Circulating glucose increased in HSMitoQ relative to HSCtl pigs (15%; P=0.04). Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were increased in HS compared to TN pigs (P&lt; 0.01), although this difference was influenced by increased NEFA in HSCtl relative to HSMitoQ pigs (251 vs. 142 μEq/L; P&lt; 0.01). Insulin:feed intake tended to increase in HS relative to TN pigs (P=0.09). Overall, no differences in blood urea nitrogen or cell blood counts were observed across treatments (P &gt;0.10). In conclusion, acute HS exposure negatively altered animal performance and metabolism; however, administering MitoQ appeared to ameliorate the HS response.
230 Young Scholar Presentation: Heat stress and its effects on energetics, gut integrity, and inflammation in pigs
Authors: Mayorga Edith J , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heat stress represents one of the costliest issues in animal agriculture as it compromises a variety of production parameters including growth and reproduction. When animals are exposed to heat stress, physiological and metabolic changes are needed to cope with the heat insult to maintain euthermia. The most well-established adaptation across species involves a marked reduction in feed intake. Additionally, heat-stressed animals alter their carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism; a mechanism characterized by a paradoxical increase in circulating insulin. This altered nutrient partitioning appears to be mediated by the effects of heat stress on gastrointestinal health. Heat-stressed animals redistribute blood flow from the splanchnic bed to the periphery in a coordinated attempt to maximize heat dissipation. This circulatory adaptation reduces blood and nutrient delivery to the gastrointestinal tract which compromises intestinal infrastructure barrier. Consequently, a dysfunctional intestinal barrier allows for the translocation of dietary and microbial (i.e., lipopolysaccharide [LPS], from Gram negative bacteria) antigens from the lumen to the basolateral membrane, stimulating a local and systemic inflammatory response. Interestingly, there are remarkable metabolic and physiological similarities between animals suffering from heat stress and severe endotoxemia; in both conditions, there is an increase in circulating insulin despite marked reductions in feed intake, a scenario energetically difficult to explain. The likelihood that LPS is an insulin secretagogue explains the hyperinsulinemia we and others observe in a variety of heat stress models. Inflammation induced by LPS elicits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When activated, the immune system utilizes a considerable amount of energy (glucose), which redirects nutrients away from production purposes (i.e., growth, reproduction); thus, negatively compromising animal production efficiency. Therefore, identifying strategies designed to minimize intestinal permeability, improve the immune response, and enhance animal productivity during a thermal load is of particular interest. Nutritional interventions are practical and cost-effective approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of heat stress on animal health and productivity and to minimize agricultural economic losses.
143 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: amino acid supplementation
Authors: Swanson Kendall C , Reiners Jessica N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nutrient requirements of grazing ruminants change throughout the production year. Also, pasture quality and quantity change throughout the year and are influenced by environment. Therefore, there commonly are times of the year where nutrient requirements are not met from the forage alone. We have long known the importance of nutrition during key development including the conception, fetal, neonatal, and weaning period. Altering nutrition during these periods can have lasting effects on health and productivity. Much of the research in ruminants examining nutritional effects on development has focused on large changes in diet, such as energy or protein restriction, rather than specific nutrients such as amino acids. Amino acids play an important role to meet requirements for lean growth but also have other physiological functions regulating metabolism and health that have important effects on development. Amino acid deficiencies during the fetal and neonatal period(s) can result in small-for-gestational age births or stunting, respectively. Diets that are deficient in protein or amino acids are also often deficient in dietary energy and other nutrients. Supplying specific amino acids (and other nutrients/energy) for absorption, signaling, and use by the animal could be an approach to help overcome negative developmental outcomes. Specific amino acids are thought to function by regulating protein synthesis, immune function, 1-C metabolism, intestinal development and health, blood flow, cellular proliferation, and behavior, to name a few. Some of the amino acids with potential for influencing developmental outcomes include leucine, arginine, glutamine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. Because of the varied functional roles of specific amino acids, there is great potential to develop targeted supplementation programs using amino acids to improve developmental outcomes.
239 Grazing Distribution of Beef Cattle: Acronyms of Technology and Spatial Measures
Authors: Thomas Milton G , Dillon Jasmine , Bailey Derek , Pierce Courtney , Speidel Scott , Enns Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Grazing distribution is an important aspect of pasture management, yet measuring traits for sustainable forage consumption is challenging. Uplands are often un-grazed by beef cattle due to rugged terrain while riparian zones are often heavily grazed; thus, sustainable consumption may be achieved if improved landscape utilization by cattle is encouraged. Modifying grazing behaviour with fencing and (or) water-source and feeding location(s) is effective in improving grazing patterns; however, these infrastructure improvements are typically expensive, supporting the concept of genetic selection for improved grazing distribution. Efforts funded by the Western Sustainable Research and Education Program (WSARE; SW15-015) using global positioning systems (GPS) indicated a genetic influence on quantitative traits describing grazing distribution of 330 Angus-influenced cows (i.e. distance from water, slope, elevation, vertical climb, etc.). Collars fitted with GPS devices for data collection accrued measures at intervals of 5 to 15 min and 10 m resolution for 3-19 weeks in 16 pastures on 14 ranches and experiment stations. Genome-wide association studies involving trait-measures and high-density genotypes (n = 777,962 single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNP) indicated these traits were polygenic. Combining SNP genotypes with trait measures and pedigree has become the norm in genetic evaluation and improvement processes (i.e. genome-enhanced expected progeny difference (GE-EPD). These processes require data from large numbers of animals (n &gt; 10,000). Collecting grazing distribution phenotypes with GPS collars is accurate, but time-consuming; therefore, collaborative research is being conducted in the 2019-2020 academic year exploring the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and cameras to ascertain spatial measures of beef cow grazing distribution. This collaboration involves scientists in the Colorado State University Drone Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of Animal Sciences. The project objective is to determine if UAV can expedite data collection to support development of genetic evaluation and improvement programs for grazing distribution.
237 Developing a Dairy Brain: Improved Decision-Making from Continuous Integrated Data
Authors: Cabrera Victor E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Data pervades the dairy farming industry. However, specific data streams are most often ad-hoc and poorly linked to each other and to decision making processes. It is imperative to develop a system that can collect, integrate, manage, and analyze on- and off-farm data in real-time for practical and relevant actions. Hence, we are developing a real-time, data-integrated, data-driven, continuous decision-making engine: The Dairy Brain by applying Precision Farming, Big Data analytics, and the Internet of Things. This is a trans-disciplinary research and extension project that engages multi-disciplinary scientists, dairy farmers, and industry professionals. We have a four-part strategy: (1) Create a Coordinated Innovation Network (CIN) to shape data service development; (2) Create a prototype Agricultural Data Hub (AgDH) to gather/disseminate multiple data streams relevant to dairy operations; (3) Build the Dairy Brain – a suite of analytical modules that leverages the AgDH to provide insight to the management of dairy operations and serve as an exemplar of an ecosystem of connected services; and (4) Design and execute an innovative Extension program. We will illustrate our Dairy Brain concept with a few practical applications. Tomorrow’s dairy industry will be built on the effective capture and integration of more data streams, not fewer. This is a critical moment to develop the structures that can move the industry towards modernized data exchange. We are confident the Dairy Brain concept could shift the paradigm of how dairy farms operate.
7 Effects of Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn (SYT-EFC) and corn processing methods fed with byproducts on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Hopfauf Stacia M , Wilson Hannah C , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this pooled analysis was to evaluate the effect of Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn (SYT-EFC) and corn processing methods with byproducts on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Treatment factors consisted of SYT-EFC or commercial corn (CON) processed as dry-rolled (DRC) or high-moisture corn (HMC). Byproduct comparisons were 0, 18, or 30% distillers grains inclusions or with 30% Sweet Bran to determine if SYT-EFC effect was impacted by byproducts. Seven trials (n = 2,340 steers; initial BW = 327 ± 20 kg) consisting of 252 pen means with 12 treatments were analyzed utilizing contrasts. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC resulted in heavier final BW (P ≤ 0.03) and greater 12th rib fat (P &lt; 0.01) compared to CON. There was a linear interaction between hybrid and distillers for G:F (P &lt; 0.01). As distillers increased, G:F improved at a greater rate for CON compared to SYT-EFC. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with increasing distillers was not significantly different (P ≥ 0.68) from CON for G:F, but was 3% better than CON with 0% distillers. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with 18% distillers resulted in heavier final BW (P &lt; 0.01) compared to 0 or 30% distillers. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with Sweet Bran resulted in heavier final BW (P ≤ 0.02) and greater ADG (P &lt; 0.01) compared to CON. This increase in ADG with no difference in DMI, resulted in SYT-EFC diets having a 5.08% increase in feed efficiency (P &lt; 0.01). The improvement for the corn is calculated to be 9.58% (5.08 / 0.53) when SYT-EFC was fed with Sweet Bran compared to a CON corn hybrid. No positive effects were observed when SYT-EFC was processed as HMC. These data suggest that SYT-EFC is better than CON hybrids when distillers inclusion is low or when fed with Sweet Bran.
152 Effects of a solar-powered cooling system on performance of heat-stressed lactating sows
Authors: Johnston Lee , Reese Mike , Buchanan Eric , Li Yuzhi , Hilbrands Adrienne , Lozinski Brigit , Tallaksen Joel , Janni Kevin , Hetchler Brian , Cortus Erin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We hypothesized that a solar-powered system designed to cool heat-stressed sows would improve sow performance and reduce use of fossil fuels in farrowing rooms. To test this hypothesis, we used two mirror-image, farrowing rooms equipped with 16 farrowing stalls each. Each farrowing stall in the COOLED room was equipped with a cooled flooring insert (Nooyen Manufacturing) under the sow and a single nipple drinker delivering chilled drinking water. Circulating water cooled by a water-source heat pump that was powered by a 20 kW photovoltaic solar array cooled the floor inserts (15 to 18°C) and chilled the drinking water (13 to 15°C). Heat harvested from sows partially warmed water (43 to 48°C) that circulated through pads in the piglet creep area. The CONTROL room was nearly identical to the COOLED room except there was no cooling and supplemental heat for piglets was provided by one heat lamp (125 W) per farrowing stall or an electric heating pad (Innovative Heating Technologies). Three farrowing groups were studied during summer and room heaters kept rooms above 24°C to ensure sows were heat stressed. Electric consumption in COOLED and CONTROL rooms was measured. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix with room treatment as a fixed effect and farrowing group as a random effect. The cooling system reduced sow respiration rate and body temperature (Table 1) which increased feed intake and reduced weight loss of sows over the 21-day lactation. However, the cooling system did not increase litter size or weight at weaning. Electricity use in the CONTROL room (26.4 kWh/d) was lower (P&lt; 0.01) than the COOLED room (79.6 kWh/d). The solar array produced 91 kWh/d on average. In conclusion, the cooling system studied partially mitigated heat stress of lactating sows but did not improve sow performance and did not noticeably reduce consumption of fossil fuels.
253 Make Yourself Really Good at Your Career
Authors: Grandin Temple 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the 1970’s when I started my career, there were no women working in the feedlots with the cattle. Being a woman at this time was a much bigger obstacle than my awkward social skills due to autism. I created my own internships at Arizona feedlots and the Swift Tolleson plant. I handled cattle along with the feedlot processing crews. There was a nice man who ran a contract processing crew who taught me how to move cattle. The worst treatment I received came from cowboy foremen who were the cattle managers for the entire feedlot. The feedlot owners and the more senior bosses were usually helpful. I made myself highly knowledgeable in the specialized area of the design of cattle handling facilities. At this time there were few people in this field. I learned to sell my work by showing people my detailed drawings and photos of completed projects. Another skill I had was writing, and it really helped my career. After I completed a project, I wrote about it in both local and national livestock publications.
62 Altering sexual behavior of rats through neonatal treatment with an aromatase inhibitor, estrogen receptor antagonist and testosterone
Authors: Gholson Sara K , Schmelzle Amanda , Green Jonathon , Smith Micheal , Geisert Rodney 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The mammalian brain is sexually dimorphic until becoming imprinted before birth or during neonatal development. The naïve mammalian brain of neonates is programmed to become feminine. In male neonates, testosterone crosses the blood brain barrier where it is converted to estrogen by aromatase. Estrogen in the brain imprints male sexual behavior. In female neonates, estrogen binds to alpha fetoprotein which prohibits estrogen from entering the brain. The present study was undertaken to determine if testosterone, an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182,780) or aromatase inhibitor (Letrozole) would alter sexual behavior in neonatal rats. In this study, the entire litter of neonatal rat pups received a sc injection (100µl) of one of the following four treatments: corn oil (CO), testosterone propionate 100 µg (TP), ICI 182,780 100 µg (ICI), or Letorozole 100 µg (LET) on days 1 and 3 after birth. At approximately 60-70 days of age, treated rats were placed in cages with nontreated rats of the opposite sex. Animals were euthanized after 20 days. Body, testis, epididymal, and accessory gland weights were recorded for males as well as the number of females they bred and litter size. Body weight, pregnancy status, and litter size (if pregnant) were recorded for treated females. While there was a difference (P&lt; 0.001) in body weight between males and females (average 372 g vs 279 g respectively), there was no statistical differences in body, testis, epididymal, or accessory gland weight between male treatment groups. While number of females pregnant or litter size was not different for CO, TP, or ICI, LET males established no pregnancies. Body weight, number pregnant and litter size were not different between female CO, ICI, or LET treatments. However, TP treated females established no pregnancies. Sexual mating behavior is altered by neonatal exposure to an aromatase inhibitor or testosterone in rats.
59 The effects of audio exposure to goat kids’ relative intensity ratios of harmonics from birth to weaning
Authors: Bartley Samantha S , Burke Thomas A , Quandt Rachael C , Forshey Brandon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of exposure to sound stimuli on goat kids’ relative intensity ratios (RIR) of harmonics one through five from d 0 to d 49 of growth. RIR are the ratio between a harmonic and the first harmonic. Day zero boer kids were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: treatment 1 (n=5) was only exposed to a single human voice recording, treatment 2 (n=4) was exposed to their boer dams, and treatment 3 (n=4) was exposed to no vocalizations. Each group was housed in pens (2.44 x 3.05 m) and received the same diets, which met or exceeded NRC requirements. The kids were isolated in their respective pens 1x/wk for 7 wk for 120 to 1000 s to obtain vocalization recordings. The kid’s vocalizations were collected via a Blue Snowball iCE condenser microphone and laptop. VoceVista Video software was utilized to analyze the relative intensities (dB) of the first five harmonics. Results indicate there is no difference in average RIR between the human and treatment 1 of the second, third, and the fifth harmonics. Kids raised next to the dams had significantly lower average (P &lt; 0.05) RIR for all of the harmonics. No significant difference was noted between the average RIR of harmonics three, four, and five of treatment 3 and the human recording. No difference in the RIR of second, third, and fifth harmonics suggest that a goat kid exposed to only human vocalization exhibits a human-like tone in relation to these harmonics within the first 7 wks. A difference in treatment two from the average RIR of the dams and no difference between treatments one and three compared to the human recording indicate that exposure to vocalizations during growth does have an effect on seven-week-old kid harmonic intensities.
61 Impact of broken kernels and foreign matter content of corn on nutrient and energy composition and mycotoxin levels
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Cline Paul , Tostenson Blair 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of elevated broken kernels and foreign material content (BCFM) on energy and nutrient content and mycotoxin levels of corn delivered to a commercial feed mill in southern Minnesota. Corn was sourced from Central Region Cooperative (Sleepy Eye, MN) to meet BCFM specifications: medium (M), averaging 4.9% BCFM and high (H), averaging 7.9% BCFM. Each of 20 deliveries of M were individually sampled at the time of delivery; half was cleaned using a 2.4 mm screen. The clean (CC) and the uncleaned (UC) corn were assayed for moisture, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and phosphorus. The net energy content was determined using pooled samples of CC and UC using NIR (Cargill, Elk River, MN; Dutch Net Energy formula, CVB). Twenty-six deliveries of H were processed as above, except that the fines (CF) were retained, and CC, CU and CF were assayed for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. The nutrient data and mycotoxin data were analyzed using ANOVA in which delivery was the experimental unit. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) between CC and UC for moisture (14.2 vs 14.1 % for CC and UC, respectively), ash (1.1 vs 1.1%), crude protein (6.6 vs 6.6%), ether extract (3.2 vs 3.1%), neutral detergent fiber (8.9 vs 8.4%), and phosphorus (0.2 vs 0.2%). The net energy of CC and UC were both 2.63 Mcal/kg. The CF contained the highest levels of DON (2,856 vs 425 vs 138 ppb for CF, UC and CC, respectively; P &lt; 0.01) and the highest levels of zearalenone (385 vs 61 vs 15 ppb; P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, cleaning corn with 4.9% BCFM provided no benefit in terms of nutrient and energy levels. Cleaning corn with 7.9% BCFM reduced mycotoxin content and therefore health risks.