bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can Design Teams Be Empathically Creative? A Simulation-Based Investigation on the Role of Team Empathy on Concept Generation and Selection
Authors: Alzayed Mohammad Alsager , Miller Scarlett R. , Menold Jessica , Huff Jacquelyn , McComb Christopher 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Research on empathy has been surging in popularity in the engineering design community since empathy is known to help designers develop a deeper understanding of the users’ needs. Because of this, the design community has been invested in devising and assessing empathic design activities. However, research on empathy has been primarily limited to individuals, meaning we do not know how it impacts team performance, particularly in the concept generation and selection stages of the design process. Specifically, it is unknown how the empathic composition of teams, average (elevation) and standard deviation (diversity) of team members’ empathy, would impact design outcomes in the concept generation and selection stages of the design process. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to investigate the impact of team trait empathy on concept generation and selection in an engineering design student project. This was accomplished through a computational simulation of 13,482 teams of noninteracting brainstorming individuals generated by a statistical bootstrapping technique drawing upon a design repository of 806 ideas generated by first-year engineering students. The main findings from the study indicate that the elevation in team empathy positively impacted simulated teams’ unique idea generation and selection while the diversity in team empathy positively impacted teams’ generation of useful ideas. The results from this study can be used to guide team formation in engineering design.
Designing Conformal Ferromagnetic Soft Actuators Using Extended Level Set Methods (X-LSM)
Authors: Tian Jiawei , Zhao Xuanhe , Gu Xianfeng David , Chen Shikui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ferromagnetic soft materials (FSM) can generate flexible movement and shift morphology in response to an external magnetic field. They have been engineered to design products in a variety of promising applications, such as soft robots, compliant actuators, or bionic devices, et al. By using different patterns of magnetization in the soft elastomer matrix, ferromagnetic soft matters can achieve various shape changes. Although many magnetic soft robots have been designed and fabricated, they are limited by the designers’ intuition. Topology optimization (TO) is a systematically mathematical method to create innovative structures by optimizing the material layout within a design domain without relying on the designers’ intuition. It can be utilized to architect ferromagnetic soft active structures. Since many of these ‘soft machines’ exist in the form of thin-shell structures, in this paper, the extended level set method (X-LSM) and conformal mapping theory are employed to carry out topology optimization of the ferromagnetic soft actuator on manifolds. The objective function consists of a sub-objective function for the kinematics requirement and a sub-objective function for minimum compliance. Shape sensitivity analysis is derived using the material time derivative and adjoint variable method. Two examples, including a circular shell actuator and a flytrap structure, are studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Optimization of the Compliant Drive Mechanism for a Prosthetic Ankle
Authors: Morrison Tyler , Trainor Dylan , Su Haijun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Designers of powered ankle prosthetics face the challenge of synthesizing a suitable means of actuating the ankle joint while keeping prosthetic mass low. The mass of the motor can be reduced by decreasing the amount of torque it must provide which can be accomplished by the design of an effective driving mechanism. In this paper, we outline a method for designing a compliant four-bar mechanism for minimizing the maximum torque required of the motor. We demonstrate a workflow for using human subject walking data to create a prosthetic drive mechanism tailored to the specific bio-mechanics of the dataset, and that the algorithm can be applied across a variety of gaits to create a prosthetic appropriate for both walking and running.
Survey of Digital Tools for the Generation of Ideas
Authors: Rossoni Marco , Bolzan Patrizia , Colombo Giorgio , Bordegoni Monica , Carulli Marina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the concept phase of the industrial design process drawings are used to represent designer’s ideas. More specifically, the designer’s goal is to put the characteristics of ideas on paper so that they can later act as pivotal points in the development of a project. Sketching is also the ideal tool to continue developing an idea: because it is imprecise, the sketch guarantees a high degree of freedom, allowing for changes to made and new ideas to be added.
Another possibility is to translate ideas into sketches on computer tools. This approach can allow the designer to use the created 3D model as the basis for further developing ideas. At the present moment, however, this type of solution is not extensively used by designers during the concept phase. Some researchers have identified technical problems as the reason why these instruments have been unsuccessful on the market, while for others this is related to systems still too rigid to be adapted to the often-diverse needs of designers.
The research presented in this position paper aims at analyzing what has so far been understood with respect to the process of generating ideas, their initial representation in the concept phase and the tools that have been developed so far to support this phase. Consequently, a discussion on these themes and some hypotheses from which develop new research lines will be presented.
Designing Developable Mechanisms From Flat Patterns
Authors: Hyatt Lance P. , Lytle Amanda , Magleby Spencer P. , Howell Larry L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents tools and methods to design cylindrical and conical developable mechanisms from flat, planar patterns. Equations are presented that relate the link lengths and link angles of planar and spherical mechanisms to the dimensions in a flat configuration. These flat patterns can then be formed into curved, developable mechanisms. Guidelines are established to determine if a mechanism described by a flat pattern can exhibit intramobile or extramobile behavior. A developable mechanism can only potentially exhibit intramobile or extramobile behavior if none of the links extend beyond half of the flat pattern. The behavior of a mechanism can change depending on the location of the cut of the flat pattern. Different joint designs are discussed including lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints. Physical examples are presented.
How Should We Measure Creativity in Design Studies? A Comparison of Social Science and Engineering Approaches
Authors: Miller Scarlett R. , Hunter Samuel T. , Starkey Elizabeth , Ramachandran Sharath , Ahmed Faez , Fuge Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Design researchers have long sought to understand the mechanisms that support creative idea development. However, one of the key challenges faced by the design community is how to effectively measure the nebulous construct of creativity. The social science and engineering communities have adopted two vastly different approaches to solving this problem, both of which have been deployed throughout engineering design research. The goal of this paper was to compare and contrast these two approaches using design ratings of nearly 1000 engineering design ideas paired with a qualitative study with expert raters. The results of this study identify that while these two methods provide similar ratings of idea quality, there was a statistically significant negative relationship between these methods for ratings of idea novelty. Qualitative analysis of recordings from expert raters’ think aloud concept mapping points to potential sources of disagreement. In addition, the results show that while quasi-expert and expert raters provided similar ratings of design novelty, there was not significant agreement between these groups for ratings of design quality. The results of this study provide guidance for the deployment of idea ratings in engineering design research and evidence for the development and potential modification of engineering design creativity metrics.
Simulation Informed Effects of Solidification Rate on 316L Single Tracks Produced by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Rawlings A. L. K. , Birnbaum A. J. , Michopoulos J. G. , Steuben J. C. , Iliopoulos A. P. , Ryou H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The formation of sub-grain cellular structures generated during the rapid solidification associated with selective laser melting (SLM) typically yields enhanced mechanical properties in terms of yield stress without considerable loss in ductility when compared with those of wrought material. The extent to which the sub-grain structure appears under standard metallographic preparation shows dependence on multiple systematic conditions. This study identifies the effects of solidification and cooling rate on the grain and sub-grain structure in stainless steel through varying the processing parameters (laser power, scan velocity and spot size) of single tracks on both as-received, small grain and annealed, giant grain substrates. The process parameters, in conjunction with the initial substrate microstructure, are key components in understanding the resulting microstructure. Process parameters, particularly scan velocity, dictate the solidification rate and primary regrowth directions while the initial microstructure and its thermomechanical history dictate the propensity for stored strain energy density. Modeling the thermal process allows for experimental analysis within the context of predicted location within processing space as it pertains to local interface velocity and temperature gradient. Furthermore, it highlights the fact that this specific material system behaves in a manner that is inconsistent with classical solidification theory.
Response Characteristics of Systems With Parametric Excitation Through Damping and Stiffness
Authors: Afzali Fatemeh , Feeny Brian F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Floquet theory is combined with harmonic balance to study parametrically excited systems with combination of both time varying damping and stiffness. An approximated solution having an exponential part with unknown exponents and a periodic term consisting of a truncated Fourier series is considered. When applied to a system with parametric damping and stiffness the analysis shows that combination of parametric damping and stiffness alters stability characteristics, particularly in the primary and superharmonic instabilities comparing to the system with only parametric damping or stiffness. We also look at the initial conditions response and its frequency content. The second excitation harmonic in the system with parametric damping is seen to disrupt the coexistence phenomenon which is observed in the parametric damping case.
Motivating Sustainable Behavior Using Cognitive Interventions in Product Design
Authors: Saadi Jana I. , Yang Maria C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Designing products to encourage sustainable behavior during their use can have significant influence on their total environmental impact. Cognitive interventions can be used to inform users of the importance of sustainable behavior and make users aware of the resources they consume while evoking positive or negative emotions. The first part of this study investigated two methods of cognitive interventions, information (positively and negatively framed) and feedback, and their effectiveness in encouraging users to reduce their napkin consumption in cafés. The number of napkins per transaction illustrated a short-term behavior change for positive information, a longer-term behavior change for negative information, and no change for feedback. In the second phase of this study, a survey was conducted to understand environmental concerns around napkin consumption and emotions and perceived effectiveness of each intervention. Results from 295 valid survey responses showed that the positively framed informative design reminded users to use less napkins in order to save trees and was dominated by positive emotions such as feeling encouraged. The negative information message informed users to use fewer napkins due to the consequences on the environment and was related to negative emotions such as guilt and worry. The feedback intervention’s message was more informative, reminding users that napkins come from trees and the emotions evoked from the intervention closely resembled that of the control. These findings suggest that information and feedback interventions that evoke emotions can be used to promote sustainable behavior.
Structure Synthesis of Parallel Manipulators With Fully Decoupled Projective Motion and Any Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Kuo Chin-Hsing , Dai Jian S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the structure synthesis of a special class of parallel manipulators with motion decoupleability. The manipulator is synthesized by grouping a motion constraint leg and a set of constraint-free legs. The desired motion, i.e., the output degrees of freedom (DOFs), of the end-effector is expressed by a projective angle representation. It was found that the fully decoupled design for parallel manipulators with any DOFs is achievable when the output motion is described by the projective angles. A synthesis procedure is proposed based on the reasoning of the screw systems and reciprocal screws of the decoupled motion. Several design examples of fully decoupled 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-DOF parallel manipulators are provided.
The Influence of Gait Stance and Vehicle Type on Pedestrian Kinematics and Injury Risk
Authors: Pak Wansoo , Grindle Daniel , Untaroiu Costin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable road users. In 2018 the USA reported the highest number of pedestrian fatalities number in nearly three decades. Government safety agencies and car manufacturers have started paying greater attention towards pedestrian protection. The pre-impact conditions of Car-to-Pedestrian Collisions (CPC) varies significantly in terms of the characteristics of vehicles (e.g. front-end geometry, stiffness, etc.) and pedestrians (e.g. anthropometry, posture, etc.). The influence of vehicle type and pedestrian gait has not been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to numerically investigate the changes in pedestrian kinematics and injuries across various gait postures and two different car types. Five finite element (FE) human body models, representing 50th percentile male in gait cycle, were developed and used to perform CPC simulations with two generic vehicle FE models representing a family car (FCR), and a sport utility vehicle (SUV). In the impacts with the high-profile vehicle (SUV), the pedestrian models usually slide above the bonnet leading edge and report shorter wrap around distances (WAD) than in low-profile vehicle (FCR) impacts. The pedestrian postures influenced the post-impact rotation of the pedestrian and consequently, the impacted head region. The pedestrian posture also influenced the risk of injuries in the lower extremities. Higher risk of bone fractures was observed in the stance phase posture compared to the swing phase. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration when examining pedestrian protection protocols. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve the design of active safety systems used to protect pedestrians in collisions.
A Computational Framework for the Inverse Identification of Temperature-Dependent Dielectric Permittivity of Materials at Giga-Hertz Frequencies
Authors: Iliopoulos A. P. , Graber B. D. , Michopoulos J. G. , Steuben J. C. , Birnbaum A. J. , Gorzkowski E. P. , Patterson E. A. , Fischer R. P. , Johnson L. A. , Bernhardt P. A. , Coombs J. M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The microwave sintering of ceramics and other materials has emerged as an attractive method of manufacturing solid objects though volumetric approaches. The accurate modeling of such processes requires the knowledge of the dielectric constant, and particularly the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity, of these materials as they vary with temperature. This particular measurement becomes very challenging as the temperature rises. In this work, an experimental apparatus and an inverse approach are proposed, based on the coupling of the thermo-mechano-electromagnetic physics that can be used to measure the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant at high temperatures.
Zero Moment Control for Lead-Through Teach Programming on a Collaborative Robot
Authors: Canfield Stephen L. , Owens Joseph S. , Zuccaro Stephen G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Robots are commonly used for automated welding in many industries such as automotive manufacturing. The complexity and time of programming presents an obstacle in using robotic automation in welding or other tasks for small to medium enterprises that lack resources for training or expertise in traditional robot programming strategies. It also dictates a high level of repeated parts to offset the cost of weld programming. Collaborative Robots or Cobots are robots designed for more collaborative operations with humans. Cobots permit new methods of task instruction (programming) through direct interaction between the operator and robot. This paper presents a model and calibration strategy for a collaborative robot to aid intuitive teaching methods for tasks such as welding. The method makes use of a torque estimation model based on robot momentum to create an observer to evaluate external forces. The torque observer is first used to characterize the friction that exists within the robot joints. This data is used to define the parameters of a friction model that combines static, Coulomb and viscous friction properties with a sigmoid function to represent transition between motion states and a second level Fourier series to represent position dependency of the Coulomb friction terms. The friction model is then integrated into the robot control and used to provide a mode in which the robot can be easily dragged around the workspace to provide weld path training.
Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization via Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Wu Di , Wang G. Gary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is a well-known optimization algorithm, which shows good performance in solving different optimization problems. However, PSO usually suffers from slow convergence. In this paper, a reinforcement learning method is used to enhance PSO in convergence by replacing the uniformly distributed random number in the updating function by a random number generated from a well-selected normal distribution. The mean and variance of the normal distribution are estimated from the current state of each individual through a policy net. The historic behavior of the swarm group is learned to update the policy net and guide the selection of parameters of the normal distribution. The proposed algorithm is tested with numerical test functions and the results show that the convergence rate of PSO can be improved with the proposed Reinforcement Learning method (RL-PSO).
Defining Function: How Student Definitions Compare to Literature and Function Model Generation
Authors: Patel Apurva , Summers Joshua D. , Davenport Brian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concept of “function” serves various purposes in engineering design, resulting in a variety of definitions for the same term. This paper presents an analysis of function definitions provided by mechanical engineering students as part of a larger protocol study on function modeling behaviors. This work investigates the relationships between student definitions of function and their corresponding completed function models. Student definitions are also compared to those found in literature using a topical analysis. Student definitions tend to skew towards one topic, whereas definitions in literature are found to be more likely to contain a combination of topics. Subsequently, student definitions are compared to the function models generated by students based on the size and completeness evaluation of models. Larger function models are found to be correlated to definitions that include terms such as “input/output” and “process”. Definitions that use terms such as “task” and “action” are found to have higher evaluation scores, but the differences are small in magnitude. In general, the activity of creating a function model was found to influence how students define function. Finally, limitations of the work are discussed along with future research directions.
Unification of Poincaré and Floquet Theory for Time Periodic Systems
Authors: Subramanian Susheelkumar C. , Redkar Sangram 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As per Floquet theory, a transformation matrix (Lyapunov Floquet transformation matrix) converts a linear time periodic system to a linear time-invariant one. Though a closed form expression for such a matrix was missing in the literature, this method has been widely used for studying the dynamical stability of a time periodic system. In this paper, the authors have derived a closed form expression for the Lyapunov Floquet (L-F) transformation matrix analytically using intuitive state augmentation, Modal Transformation and Normal Forms techniques. The results are tested and validated with the numerical methods on a Mathieu equation with and without damping. This approach could be applied to any linear time periodic systems.
Nonlinear Dynamic Response of an Isolation System With Negative Stiffness and Shape Memory-Based Damping
Authors: Salvatore Andrea , Carboni Biagio , Lacarbonara Walter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The negative stiffness offered by bi-stable mechanisms can improve the dynamic performance of a structure. In this work the effects of adding negative stiffness and shape memory alloy (SMA) damping in base-isolated structures are explored through the study of the stationary response for different values of negative stiffness and SMA hysteretic damping ratio. The frequency response curves of the isolated structure, with and without the negative stiffness contribution, are numerically obtained for different levels of excitation amplitude in order to evaluate the acceleration and displacement transmissibility curves. The benefits of negative stiffness, damping amplification and reduced transmissibility of accelerations and displacements, as well as the existence of dynamic instabilities, are illustrated.