bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Osei Adjoa 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the legacy of Elsie Houston. In the 1920s and 1930s, black and mixed-race women from across the globe came together in Paris and New York to engage in an artistic, sexual, intellectual, and political revolution. As a Brazilian woman of color who was part of the Parisian jazz age, Elsie became notable for performing restylized Afro-Brazilian and Afro-Cuban folk songs in the operatic mode in elite theatres and cabarets. The chapter explains that Elsie’s narrative highlighted a history of Western culture and society where the artistic worlds of Brazil, Paris, and New York connect. It then considers the taxonomy of black identity and its complexity across different cultural settings.
Formers in Lebanon
Authors: Foerch Christina , Norman Julie M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the context of conflict in Lebanon and how the resurfaced conflict in 2012 inspired former extremists to form a nongovernmental organization called Fighters for Peace (FFP) to work in conflict prevention and peacebuilding. The chapter argues that if contextual policy design can be effectively implemented, formers can play a significant role in a protracted conflict context such as in Lebanon. This chapter details the context of conflict in Lebanon and the formation of FFP and subsequently provides an analysis of the FFP’s preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) activities. It then shows how the conflict context generates unique prospects and challenges for former fighters. The chapter argues that formers bring a degree of legitimacy to P/CVE interventions, allowing for greater resonance with at-risk communities. At the same time, that same “fighter” identity can alienate victims of violence and their families, requiring attention to reconciliation efforts alongside P/CVE activities.
Days Seventeen to Twenty and the Third Weekend
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
An SdP delegation brings flowers to Hilda who is flattered. Her anti-Czech feelings become more vocal and are reported to Berlin. Her political views, expressed in National Liberal circles at home, would encourage the succession of the Sudetenland. Walter and Hilda spend a restful weekend in the Schwarzenberg forests of southern Bohemia. Meanwhile Ashton-Gwatkin is invited by Hohenlohe to meet Henlein at Marienbad. Henlein gives him notes about Beneš’s Third Plan.
Aftermath
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
On his return, Walter had contemplated advising a partial cession to the Reich of the important majority German populated areas to achieve this. However, Chamberlain had taken over and had already informally discussed with Hitler to cede areas with over 50% German population, with no plebiscite. Ashton-Gwatkin is informed of the outcome of the Berchtesgarden meeting and after meetings with Horace Wilson, switches his views to support Chamberlain. He would re-write the Runciman Report accordingly and become a key figure in the Munich meeting. Stopford was appalled at the content of the final Runciman Report and asked for it to be recalled. In Prague, the final Report caused consternation and dismay at the difference in Walter’s declared position before leaving Prague and that which he was seemingly recommending now. French and British governments met without Runciman and agreed to demand that the Czech government make an outright cession of all Sudeten territories with over fifty percent populations to stop Hitler having any lawful reason to invade Czechoslovakia and thereby drag them into a war. Beneš is last to hear these demands by telephone on the 23rd September from Jan Masaryk in London. Jan betrays Walter.
Ethiopia’s Military Conflicts and Reforms
Authors: Ayele Fantahun 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Emperor Tewodros II was the first Ethiopian monarch who attempted to introduce military reforms. Among other things, he introduced modern military ranks and a chain of command, and enforced an iron discipline into the national army he created by uniting regional forces. He also managed to manufacture many mortars at Gafat to defend Ethiopia from foreign invasion. In addition, he tried in vain to get technical assistance from Britain to modernize his army. His successors Yohannes IV and Menilek II, on their part, attempted to acquire enormous arms from Europe which enabled the latter to score a resounding victory over the Italians on 1 March 1896. Three decades later the Ethiopian government employed Russian and Belgian military officers to train the Imperial Bodyguard along European lines. In the meantime, Ethiopians were sent to St. Cyr in France for officer training. Meanwhile, a Swedish military mission helped the Ethiopian government in establishing the Holeta Military Academy in 1934. The training of officers was, however, disrupted by the Italian invasion of 1935. Following Ethiopia’s liberation from the Italian occupation, the British Military Mission to Ethiopia was assigned to organize the army. Finally, in the early 1950s the task of training, organizing, and equipping the army was taken over by the American Military Assistance Advisory Group, and that lasted twenty-five years.
Child Labour, Education, and Saving
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Parents decide how their school-age children should allocate their time between work and education, and how much to give each of them now and when they become adults. If parents are credit rationed, the more children they have, the less education will each child get. Given all other prices, the child labour market determines the child wage rate, and the allocation of the children’s time between work and education. Child labour may be inefficiently high or inefficiently low. If education yields direct utility, child labour yields direct disutility, or there is a positive education externality, however, child labour is unlikely to be inefficiently low.
Social Norms and Family Rules
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A family rule, or a social norm, is self-enforcing if it is in the interest of every member of that family or society to obey it, and have others obey it. If the cost of negotiating a new rule or norm is at least as large as the benefit, a self-enforcing rule or norm is also renegotiation-proof. A family rule with such characteristics removes one of the possible causes of an inefficient high-fertility, high-child-labour equilibrium. A social norm with such characteristics permits an efficient allocation of tasks between the spouses because it prevents opportunistic bargaining on the husband’s part. If a rule or norm comes to be seen as part of an ethnic group’s identity or religion, it may persist even when the circumstances that made it self-enforcing and renegotiation-proof no longer apply.
Ethnic Visibility, Linked Fate, and Voting
Authors: Robinson Amanda Lea 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides evidence that ethnic visibility drives political support for ethnic parties. It shows that individual-level ethnic visibility among the Lhomwe predicts support for an ethnic party. It also provides multiple of pieces of evidence for the mechanism that ethnic visibility drives party support because it engenders a sense of linked fate. An instrumental variable approach, which relies on variation in ethnic heritage, provides evidence that the relationship between ethnic visibility and ethnic party support is causal. The chapter ends by extending these analyses to the ethnic group-level and shows that across the African continent, ethnic groups with more visible members are more likely to vote in ethnically distinct ways. These group-level findings demonstrate that the theoretical argument linking ethnic visibility to ethnic political behavior is not limited to the individual-level or to the Lhomwe of Malawi.
An electrolyte disturbance masquerading as a panic attack
Authors: Wildermuth Anne , Lantz Meagan , Sagers Erin 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
Because proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are so commonly used, their safety and potential adverse reactions often are not considered. This article describes a patient whose paresthesias and severe muscle cramps were attributed to panic attacks but actually were caused by hypocalcemia secondary to PPI-induced hypomagnesemia. This case serves as a reminder that PPIs should be used cautiously and appropriately with consideration for regular monitoring of electrolytes and vitamin B12.
Triple inhaler therapy in adolescents and adults with moderate or severe persistent asthma
Authors: L'Eplattenier Mark , Pontrelli Gina , Loscalzo Carina 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
Expert guidelines, meta-analyses, and multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of long-acting inhaled antimuscarinic agents (LAMAs) as an additive medication for patients with poorly controlled moderate or severe persistent asthma. LAMAs play an essential role in blocking acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors and reducing bronchoconstriction and mucus production. By adding this medication to other combination inhalers, patients can use a triple inhaler to improve FEV1 values and reduce exacerbations.
Feasibility of Alerting Systems and Family Care Partner Support for Postoperative Delirium Prevention
Authors: Vlisides Phillip E. , Runstadler Nathan , Martinez Selena , Ragheb Jacqueline W. , Mentz Graciela , Leis Aleda , Schoettinger Amanda , Hickey Kimberly , McKinney Amy , Brooks Joseph , Zierau Mackenzie , Norcott Alexandra , Mody Lona , Inouye Sharon K. , Avidan Michael S. , Min Lillian 
Published: December 2024

Background:
The objective of this study was to determine whether postoperative pager alerts to the Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP), a delirium prevention service, would accelerate program enrollment for older surgical patients. This study also tested feasibility of family care partner interventions for delirium prevention.

Methods:
This single-center, pilot clinical trial factorially randomized 57 non-cardiac surgical patients ≥70 years of age to 4 arms: (1) standard care, (2) pager alerts to accelerate HELP enrollment, (3) family care partner-based delirium prevention interventions, or (4) a combined arm with both HELP and family interventions. The primary clinical outcome was delirium (assessed through the Confusion Assessment Method).

Results:
In the pager alerting arms, 13/24 (54%) participants were enrolled by HELP on postoperative day 1 compared with 0/26 (0%, P<0.001) in the non-alerting arms. Median [interquartile range] time spent in delirium prevention protocols was significantly longer in pager alerting arms than in non-alerting arms (39 [5 to 75] min vs. 0 [0 to 0] min; P<0.001). Family care partners spent 18 [11 to 25)] hours at the bedside over the first 3 postoperative days. There was no significant difference in delirium occurrence in participants randomized to pager alert arms compared with non-alerting arms (odds ratio, 1.02, 95% CI, 0.97-1.07; P=0.390). Similarly, there was no significant difference in delirium occurrence in family intervention arms compared with nonintervention arms (odds ratio, 0.97; 95% CI 0.93-10.02; P=0.270).

Conclusions:
Pager alerts significantly reduced time to HELP enrollment, albeit without reducing delirium incidence in this pilot study. Family care partners spent substantial time at the bedside during the study period.
Using the Mismatch Negativity to Evaluate Hearing Aid Directional Enhancement Based on Multistream Architecture
Authors: Slugocki Christopher , Kuk Francis , Korhonen Petri 
Published: December 2024

Objectives:
To evaluate whether hearing aid directivity based on multistream architecture (MSA) might enhance the mismatch negativity (MMN) evoked by phonemic contrasts in noise.

Design:
Single-blind within-subjects design. Fifteen older adults (mean age = 72.7 years, range = 40 to 88 years, 8 females) with a moderate-to-severe degree of sensorineural hearing loss participated. Participants first performed an adaptive two-alternative forced choice phonemic discrimination task to determine the speech level—that is, signal to noise ratio (SNR)—required to reliably discriminate between two monosyllabic stimuli (/ba/ and /da/) presented in the presence of ongoing fixed-level background noise. Participants were then presented with a phonemic oddball sequence alternating on each trial between two loudspeakers located in the front at 0° and −30° azimuth. This sequence presented the same monosyllabic stimuli in the same background noise at individualized SNRs determined by the phonemic discrimination task. The MMN was measured as participants passively listened to the oddball sequence in two hearing aid conditions: MSA-ON and MSA-OFF.

Results:
The magnitude of the MMN component was significantly enhanced when evoked in MSA-ON relative to MSA-OFF conditions. Unexpectedly, MMN magnitudes were also positively related to degrees of hearing loss. Neither MSA nor the participant’s hearing loss was found to independently affect MMN latency. However, MMN latency was significantly affected by the interaction of hearing aid condition and individualized SNRs, where a negative relationship between individualized SNR and MMN latency was observed only in the MSA-OFF condition.

Conclusions:
Hearing aid directivity based on the MSA approach was found to improve preattentive detection of phonemic contrasts in a simulated multi-talker situation as indexed by larger MMN component magnitudes. The MMN may generally be useful for exploring the underlying nature of speech-in-noise benefits conferred by some hearing aid features.
Using Electronic Health Records to Identify the Daily Primary Provider During Hospitalization
Authors: Ingraham Nicholas E. , Shyu Daniel , Phelan Tom , Mesfin Nathan , Langworthy Benjamin , Kohn Rachel , Kerlin Meeta Prasad , Dudley R. Adams 
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVES:
Providers vary in their impact on clinical outcomes, but this is rarely accounted for in healthcare research. By failing to identify the provider responsible for a patient’s care, investigators miss an opportunity to account for nonrandom variation in outcomes. Prior methods of identifying responsible providers have relied on manual chart review, which is time-consuming and expensive, or analysis of claims data, which has been demonstrated to be inaccurate. To address these gaps, we sought to develop an algorithm using electronic health record (EHR) data to identify the responsible provider for each day of a patient’s hospitalization.

DESIGN:
A multicenter retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Midwest healthcare system.

PATIENTS:
Hospitalized patients and their providers.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We first confirmed high inter-rater reliability of manual chart review to identify the responsible provider. Using manual chart review as the gold standard, we then assessed the accuracy of an automated algorithm in a set of randomly selected patients. The agreement between two independent physicians in their determination of the responsible provider by chart review was 100%. Among 200 randomly selected patients, the algorithm identified the same responsible provider as the physician chart reviewer on 93% (3372/3626; 95% CI, 92–94%) of patient-days.

CONCLUSIONS:
Readily available EHR data can be used to assign patients to providers daily with a high degree of accuracy. This methodology could be applied in healthcare research to identify sources of variation other than the intervention being studied.
Enhancing HBV-specific T cell responses through a combination of epigenetic modulation and immune checkpoint inhibition
Authors: Urbanek-Quaing Melanie , Chou Yin-Han , Gupta Manoj Kumar , Steppich Katja , Bremer Birgit , Schmaus Hagen , Deterding Katja , Maasoumy Benjamin , Wedemeyer Heiner , Xu Cheng-Jian , Kraft Anke R. M. , Cornberg Markus 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
Chronic HBV infection (CHB) exhausts HBV-specific T cells, develops epigenetic imprints that impair immune responses, and limits the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy, such as αPD-L1. This study aimed to determine whether the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine (DAC) could reverse these epigenetic imprints and enhance ICI efficacy in restoring HBV-specific T cell responses.

Methods:
We investigated HBV-specific T cell responses by 10-day in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with CHB. PBMCs were stimulated with HBV core-specific overlapping peptide pools and HLA-A*02-restricted peptides, core18 and pol455. The immunomodulatory effect of the DAC/αPD-L1 combination was assessed by flow cytometry, and our analysis included clinical characteristics, ex vivo DNA methylation of PBMCs, and IFNγ plasma levels.

Results:
Treatment with DAC/αPD-L1 enhanced HBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses in a significant proportion of 53 patients, albeit with some variability. This effect was independent of the HBcrAg levels. Ex vivo DNA methylation revealed hypermethylation of key genes, such as IFNG among DAC-responders versus non-responders, supported by altered ex vivo IFNγ plasma levels. Further analysis of HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in 22 HLA-A*02-positive patients indicated distinct response patterns between core18 and pol455 stimulation, with pol455-specific CD8+ T cells showing increased susceptibility to DAC/αPD-L1, surpassing the αPD-L1 monotherapy response.

Conclusions:
The combination of DAC/αPD-L1 shows promise in improving HBV-specific T cell responses in vitro, highlighting the potential of remodeling exhaustion-associated epigenetic signatures to enhance HBV-specific T cell restoration and suggesting a novel immunotherapeutic avenue for CHB.
Orbital Septum Posterior to Medial Canthal Tendon Area
Authors: Teope Jonnah Kristina , Naito Munekazu , Takahashi Yasuhiro , Kakizaki Hirohiko 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
To examine the anatomy of the orbital septum posterior to the medial canthal tendon area.

Materials and Methods:
We performed 3 anatomical dissections in the present study. The first one was a microscopic study in which exenterated specimens from 6 Japanese cadavers (age from 77 to 93 years at death) were cut inferno-horizontally, including the Müller muscle, medial rectus pulley, and lateral rectus pulley, and stained with Masson’s trichrome. The second one was also a microscopic study in which the exenterated specimens from 5 Japanese cadavers (age from 73 to 87 years at death) were cut horizontally, 1 mm superior to the upper eyelid margin and 1 mm inferior to the lower eyelid margin, and stained with Masson’s trichrome. The third one was a macroscopic study in which exenterated specimens from 5 Japanese cadavers (age from 73 to 91 years at death) were cut horizontally at the medial palpebral commissure.

Results:
In the first study, all the specimens showed the orbital septa with close vicinity to the orbicularis oculi muscle in the medial area. The second and third studies both demonstrated the double lamellar structure of the medial canthal tendon area. The anterior one was the fibrous tissue corresponding to the white medial canthal tendon. The posterior one referred to the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. The orbital septum was located directly posterior to this muscular structure.

Conclusion:
The orbital septum posteriorly lined the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, the muscular part of the medial canthal tendon.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Thyroid Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zong Amanda M. , Giannakakos Vasiliki P. , Delbourgo Patton Caroline , Barmettler Anne 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
Thyroid eye disease–related retraction and strabismus treatment is complicated by the activity level of the disease. Botulinum toxin injection can provide relief of symptoms in lieu of, or while waiting for surgery, radiation, or alternative medications. This study reviews techniques, outcomes, and effectiveness of botulinum toxin usage in thyroid eye disease.

Methods:
A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane to identify research investigating botulinum toxin treatment of thyroid eye disease through May 2024. A meta-analysis was performed on change in marginal reflex distance in retraction patients, resolution of diplopia in strabismus patients, necessity of further strabismus surgery, and side effects.

Results:
Of 157 studies screened by 2 reviewers, 30 underwent analysis. In 19 upper eyelid retraction studies (299 patients), 1.5 to 15 U Botox (onabotulinum toxin A) or 10 to 40 U Dysport (abobotulinum toxin A) was administered to the superior tarsal border, with an 84% success rate and an average decrease in marginal reflex distance of 2.42 mm lasting 1 to 6 months. In 10 strabismus studies (205 patients), 5 to 20 U Botox or 25 U Dysport was administered in extraocular muscles; 24% achieved resolution of diplopia lasting 2 to 6 months, while 58% required further surgical management. In upper eyelid retraction studies, side effects included ptosis (13%) and diplopia (2%). In strabismus studies, side effects included ptosis (2%).

Conclusions:
This systematic review and meta-analysis confirmed that botulinum toxin is an effective treatment for thyroid eye disease–related lid retraction and strabismus. Randomized controlled studies are warranted to optimize botulinum toxin administration.
National virtual tumor boards to inform the management of children with rare cancers
Authors: Navai Shoba A. , Mahajan Priya , Venkatramani Rajkumar 
Published: December 2024

Purpose of review
Due to the infrequent nature of rare pediatric cancers, rigorously studied treatment algorithms are usually nonexistent, and experience with a given tumor may be limited at a single institution. Development of treatment plans for these populations often requires extensive literature review and outreach to experts at other institutions. National or international virtual tumor boards provide a streamlined, collaborative approach to discussing diagnosis and management of these patients through dissemination of collective experience and knowledge. This review highlights current virtual tumor boards for rare pediatric cancers and their benefit as a resource for patient care.

Recent findings
Over the last several years, national virtual tumor boards sponsored by government and academic institutions and cancer foundations have expanded access of pediatric oncologists to rare tumor expertise and guidance. Recommendations from these tumor boards often have an impact on medical decision making, and some serve as a resource for enduring educational reference materials.

Summary
National virtual tumor boards are a valuable resource to clinicians caring for patients with rare pediatric tumors. These conferences provide real-time management advice from peers and subject matter experts and provide essential educational content not easily accessible in other formats.