bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of fire in palm oil estate on the bird and butterfly species diversity: case study in RAJ Oil Palm Estate, South Sumatera
Authors: Masy’ud Burhanuddin , Santosa Yanto , Aulia Nurrizki , Gusnadi Farhan Dwi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
RAJ oil palm is one of the oil plantation estates in South Sumatera that experienced land fires in 2018 with the burning estimated around 110 ha, and are believed to have a negative impact reducing on species diversity of birds and butterflies in the area. The study was conducted to identify and analyze the comparison of species diversity of birds and butterflies, loss and gain of the species in burnt and unburnt areas after one year of fire. Data collection was carried out in two types of land cover (grass and gelam) in pairs for burnt and unburnt lands after one year of fire. To inventory, the birds and butterfly species were done at the active time of animals, by using strip transect method, parallel in burnt and unburnt areas with a total of 3 repetitions in each type of land cover. The estimation of the impact was obtained by reckoning the loss and gain of birds and butterfly species from the burnt and unburnt area, the level of species richness, evenness, and similarity. The results showed that the total number of animal species found in both observation lines for each type of land cover (grass and gelam) for unburnt and burnt areas were 29 species of birds and 6 species of butterflies. Generally, it can be stated that the values of H and Dmg for birds were relatively greater in the burnt area compared to in the unburnt area. On the contrary, the values for butterflies were greater in the unburnt area than in the burnt area. The percentage of species loss for the bird was smaller than the gain in the burnt area compared to unburnt land, 24% of species loss and 28% of species gain in the grassland, and 14% of species loss and 33% of species gain in the gelam land. For butterflies, the percentage of species loss was relatively greater than the percentage of species gain due to fire, 67% for the species loss and 33% for the species gain.
How land fire impacts mammal diversity after several years: A study in Waimusi Agroindah Oil Palm Plantation, South Sumatra
Authors: Yudea Catharina , Santosa Yanto 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Forest and land fire are one of the global disaster that raging every year. Most of the time, fire from concession and oil palm plantation area are accused to be the main factor that caused degradation of natural habitat and the biodiversity, including mammals. Mammals have important roles in sustaining a balanced ecosystem. However, the study of the impacts and mammals response to forest and land fires is yet to be fathomed. To provide more understanding in the impacts of fire on mammals a study was conducted at Waimusi Agroindah Oil Palm Plantation, South Sumatera, in two different periods, which are two years and four years after the fire to identify and comparing the diversity of mammal species. The data was collected with strip transect method, parallel in post-burned area and in unburned area with total four repetitions in each areas. The estimation of the impact is obtained by calculating the loss and gain of mammals from the unburned area and post-burned area, the level of species richness, evenness, also the similarity. Result shows that two years after fire, the habitat are already recovering, the number of species, species richness and evenness index was increased 2, 0.19, and 0.1. There was one species lost and two species gained. In the time of four years after the fire, opposite was resulted, all the parameters were decreased, species number decreased one species, richness and evenness number each decreased 0.42 and 0.32 and there was one species lost, but no species gained. This study indicates that land fire impacted mammal diversity, not only caused a degradation, but also an increase on the diversity.
The impact of fire on herpetofauna species diversity : case study in PT Waimusi Agroindah, Sumatera Selatan
Authors: Sri Rejeki Sani Sari , Santosa Yanto 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
PT Waimusi Agroindah (PT WMA) is one of the oil palm companies that experienced land fires in 2015 with the burning estimated arround 400 ha. This caused PT WMA to be accused of reducing biodiversity in the area. Therefore, this research was conducted to identify the impact of fire on herpetofauna diversity, community similarity and percentage species loss or gain. The observation was done by using visual encounter survey (VES) method in 2017 and 2019 in 2 types area, that is Unburnt (UBA) and post-burnt area (PBA). The result of the study showed that PBA 2017 has the highest of species and individual number, and also richness index (S = 15; N = 61 individuals; Dmg = 3.41). Meanwhile, the similarity index (IS) increased from 0,54 in 2017 to 0.87 in 2019. In addition, the percentage of loss in 2017 was 36.36% to 23.08% in 2019. In addition, the percentage of loss decreased from 36.36% in 2017 to 23.08% in 2019. The impact of a fire is not always negative, this can be seen from the presence of herpetofauna species found in post-burnt areas that are not even found in unburnt areas.
Peat lost by fire in Kalampangan area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Kusin Kitso , Jagau Yusurum , Ricardo Jeni , Saman Tampung N. , Aguswan Yusuf 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fire is a major threat to the existence of peatlands because once drained, dry peat is flammable. In addition, tropical peat ecosystems, including their flora and fauna, are affected more severely by fire than by illegal logging. Fires in peatlands are mostly caused by human activities, such as opening canals for plantations and agricultural development. The peat soil becomes dry due to the lowering of the groundwater level, therefore it is very easy to burn. We recorded that the peat loss within the area of regrowing forest was reaching 44.2 cm deep on average, 32.1 cm within the opened and 53.9 cm within the degraded forest area. Loss of peat will also cause loss of carbon, about 337.9 tC/ha in the regrowing forest area, 240.0 tC/ha in open area and 382.6 tC/ha in the degraded forest area.
Response in bird community to a forest fire: Does bird population recover after several years?
Authors: Kwatrina Rozza Tri , Santosa Yanto 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fires occur almost every year in Sumatra Indonesia and have impacted on biodiversity. As a part of the ecosystem, birds play an essential role in the food chain and have a function as specific indicators of the ecosystem. Despite its important role, the response of the bird community to forest fires is not yet completely understood. To improve the understanding of the recovery of bird community after the forest fire, especially in Indonesia, we conducted a study in 2017 and 2019 at a sago plantation forest in Riau Province, Sumatra. We used the combination of point count method, transect method, and exploration to observe the bird community for 40 days at the burned area and unburned area. We estimated the response of birds on forest fire by quantifying and assess the level of species richness, species evenness, similarity, and feeding group of species. We found that bird communities are starting being recovery four years after the forest fire. Even though the value varies among sites, the species richness and evenness in the burned area are increasing in two years, as much as 28.56%, and 6.52%, respectively. In the fourth year, this recovery was also indicated by the higher number of individuals in the burned area than in the unburned area. In the functional diversity, insectivore is the dominant feeding group. This study revealed that the burned are, that impact on food source regimes, may sustain the existence and recovery of bird community in the post-fire area.
Damaged soil vs degraded soil: a brief note on the Government Regulation of Indonesia No. 4/2001
Authors: Iskandar  , Djajakirana G , Sumawinata B 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Government Regulation (GR) of Indonesia No. 4/2001 concerning Environmental Damage and/or Pollution Control related to Forest and/or Land Fire summarizes the general criteria for damage to soil properties, both on mineral and peat soil due to forest and or land fires. This GR focuses more on soils in its function as a planting medium and only lists the general criteria for qualitative soil damage, the value of which is only written as up or down without mentioning numbers. Soil has a buffering capacity and resilience capability, therefore, changes in soil properties are temporary. Soils has also chemical, physical and biological properties with a wide range of values. Soils that experiences a change in soil properties in a negative direction should be not referred as damaged soil, but degraded soil. The level of soil degradation (light, medium, heavy and very heavy) will be related to land suitability class and productivity level. Recovery costs can be then calculated from the costs required to procure ameliorant materials so that the productivity of the soil returns to its original state.
Post forest fire management at tropical peat swamp forest: a review of Malaysian experience on rehabilitation and risk mitigation
Authors: Musri I. , Ainuddin A. N. , Hyrul M. H. I. , Hazandy A.H. , Azani A.M. , Mitra U. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Malaysian Peat swamp forests constitute a significant component with an estimated 1.54 million hectares remaining. More than 70% of these peat swamp forests are in Sarawak, less than 10% Sabah in and the remainder 20% in Peninsular Malaysia (UNDP, 2006). Peat swamp forest is the fragile unique forest ecosystem type that usually found in the lowland of tropical forest areas. Peat forest is exposed to the fire even especially during the dry season. The impact of forest fires at the peat swamp area not only destroys the above-ground biomass but also penetrates the underlying peat, resulting in undesirable environmental impacts, including high atmospheric emissions of carbon gases. Therefore, undertaking the rehabilitation and fire risk mitigation activities at burned peat land is very tough and challenges due to the massive destruction and changes in the ecosystem. This paper will emphasize more on restoration and rehabilitation as well as fire risk mitigation efforts on burn peat swamp forest in Malaysia. The issues and challenges encountered in order to restore the burn peat swamp forest area will also be addressed.
Inaccuracy of hotspots data for early warning land fires incidence
Authors: Sumawinata B , Hamzah AS , Simanjuntak F , Gumbara RH , Darmawan  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Severe and expansive land fires in Indonesia have been occurred since 1982 due to the human activities and got more severe because of El Nino phenomenon. The impact of this catastrophe has always been notorious. The land fires in 2019 burned down a total of 850,000 hectares of which 200,000 hectares were peat land. The National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) stated that 85% of the land fires incidence did not occur in concession land, on the contrary, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry claimed that 85% of the land fires were related to oil palm plantation or oil palm businesses. These contradictory statements of both government institutions have led to the public’s bafflement, therefore the aim of this study was to seek the actual condition regarding the land fires in 2019. The results show that the BNPB statement was based on satellite data and actual field observation data while extinguishing the fires. Meanwhile, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry released their statement according to the land fires hotspots data. This research showed that there are many land fires cases actually detected from real time burn scar of Sentinel L1C and L2A, but are not detected from the MODIS C6 hotspots data. This fact related to the fire flow that fire was initiated mostly in areas with low biomass vegetation such as shrubs. This type of vegetation provided highly combustible fuel for fires so that fire continuously swept the whole similar areas and eventually approached areas with higher biomass vegetation, such as oil palm plantation. Once fire reaches and burns higher biomass vegetation, it lasts for a longer period, and will be recorded as hotspots data. Referring to the regulation of The Ministry of Environment and Forestry Number P.8/MENLHK / General Secretariat / KUM.1 / 3 / 2018 article 8, land fires without hotspots recorded will not be the priority to be checked and controlled. Consequently, the fire will be only detected and then checked after reaching the area with higher biomass vegetation, such as oil palm plantation. There will be a significant delay for inspecting and controlling initial fires. This study also showed that as the result of this monitoring system, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry tended to assume that the land fires are mostly initiated and occurred on oil palm plantations or on concession areas. Therefore it can be concluded that hotspots data cannot be the only source for early warning land fires incidence. An alternative method which is more accurate and susceptive should be invented.
Fuelling the fires: practical steps towards wildfires in Indonesia
Authors: Azahari Darmawan Delima Hasri 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Forest and land fires occurs in numerous countries, including Indonesia. Even countries with the best technology and equipment, such as the US, Australia and European countries - have strong management and government as well as the funds to better prevent their forest and land fires. This paper argues that forests and land fires can occur in different places, regardless of its plantation. Thus, it shows that palm oil plantations do not necessarily cause such fires, as many have argued for the case of Indonesia. Russia, the US, Australia, Portugal and Italy for example do not have oil palm plantations, but forest and land fires have taken place, even more severe than in Indonesia. This paper will look at the distribution of the fires based on sector and land use. At the same time, by using the case of Indonesia, it will also provide update information on forest and land fires in Indonesia and efforts by stakeholders in palm oil governance.
A proposal of community-based firefighting in peat hydrological unit of Kahayan – Sebangau River: methods and approaches
Authors: Yulianti Nina , Kusin Kitso , Jagau Yusurum , Naito Daisuke , Susetyo Kurniawan Eko 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In 2019, Indonesia has experienced a very recent El Nino event, which generates an impact on the severity of forest and peatland fires both in Kalimantan and Sumatra. Some provinces such as Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Riau, South Sumatra, and Jambi have been covered in a thick and poisonous haze for months. The total number of fire in Central Kalimantan processed from NASA hotspot data from January to October is reaches 10 000, which approximately 86% occur during two months of the dry season (September – October 2019). The areas that experienced very severe fires in 2019 were Peat Hydrological Unit (PHU) Kahayan – Sebangau River in the administrative boundaries of Pulang Pisau and Palangka Raya. The interesting is the fire in 2019 becomes the four of top fire in Central Kalimantan after 2015, 2006 and 2009. About 10,000 hectares of land including peatlands have been burned only in Central Kalimantan during the forest and land fires season. The smoldering type of peat combustion underground with low-temperature combustion is the most common occurrence in dry peatland areas. This unique fire behavior answers some of the questions why smoldering fires occur over long durations, and why peat fires are difficult to extinguish and produce more smoke. This paper will review the update of 2019’s fire in Central Kalimantan and introduce the methods and approaches of firefighting by the local community. The method that will be presented is a combination of scientific data with the experience of the firefighting team, which is called Tim Serbu Api Kelurahan (TSAK). The collaboration project between the University of Palangka Raya, Kyoto University and CIFOR that supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Japan has proposed to draft a manual for fire prevention and protection for the local fire fighting. This manual covers the method of fire investigation, firefighting preparedness such as making wellbore, fire break, the installation on machine and horse as well as the effective peat rewetting and watering. This method has been tested successfully to slow the movement and spread of fire under thick peat. On the other hand, there is still a need for sophisticated equipment for underground fire detection such as thermal cameras or drones.
Enhancement of Properties of Geopolymer concrete with Crimped Steel Fibers
Authors: Kawade U.R. , Daule S.N. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Geopolymer technology is nascent technology in the world of concrete. Indian standard code is not available for geopolymer concrete. However, at the initial stage, mix design of plain geopolymer concrete is done by testing various parameters. Calcium based, sodium based and potassium based solutions are available in the market. Sodium based alkaline solutions are used in the present research. Here, 100% replacement of cement is done with fly ash. Fly ash used is Pozzocrete 63. Geopolymer concrete with addition of crimped steel fibers are used in the research. Molarity is finalized as 13M and ratio of Na2SiO3/NaOH is finalized as 2.Alkaline solution to fly ash ratio is taken in the research. Crimped steel fibers of aspect ratio 70 and 100 are added in geopolymer concrete. Results obtained shows that as aspect ratio of crimped steel fibers increases there is increase in compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete. It is observed that as the aspect ratio of fibers increased up to some extent, its compressive strength is also increased.
Seismic investigation of longitudinally aligned shape memory alloy-stainless steel reinforced concrete column
Authors: Pardeshi Rahul , Thakur Bhairav , Parghi Anant 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a smart material sustain (8∼13%) an enormous amount of strain and having an ability to regain parental shape after the removal of an external load and temperature due to its pseudo-elastic (SE) and shape memory effect (SME) properties. The SE and SME properties, lower modulus of elasticity, and higher elastic straining of SMA compared to conventional steel reinforcement makes it predictable for the design of the reinforced concrete (RC) structure. The present research is focused on the seismic investigation of RC columns reinforced with SMA rebar in the plastic hinge region along with stainless steel (SS) in the remaining portion of the column. A nonlinear static pushover seismic analysis is used for the numerical investigation of SMA-SS RC column. The numerical model is validated having 98% accuracy with existing literature results. The impact of various parameters on SMA-SS RC column is evaluated for SMA in the plastic hinge region. The results reveal that an aspect ratio, the yield strength of reinforcement, the compressive strength of concrete and axial load are significantly affecting the lateral strength and the ductility of the column under seismic loading.
Fracture analysis of center cracked laminated composite plate subjected to bi-axial loading using extended finite element method
Authors: Lal Achchhe , Jain Khushbu , Palekar S P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Among various numerical method, finite element method (FEM) is extensively used but handling the fracture problem with conventional FEM is time-consuming and costly. So, extended finite element method (XFEM) which is based on partition of unity method and enrichment functions is used to handle material with discontinuities. In the present study, fracture analysis of center cracked layered composite plate under different biaxial loadings (tensile, shear and combined) using XFEM is investigated and mixed mode stress intensity factor (MMSIF) is calculated for different parameters.
Performance Evaluation of Bridge Piers Reinforced with Shape Memory Alloys in Plastic Hinge Region: Part 2 – Optimization
Authors: Thakkar Kanan , Parghi Anant 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) rebars are emerging as a potential solution to mitigate the permanent/residual deformation of bridge piers in recent decades. The maximum damage of a bridge pier being concentrated in the plastic hinge region and SMA being the expensive material to be utilized in the large-scale structural elements, the bridge piers are reinforced with SMA in the plastic hinge regions only. The bridge piers are modeled with a non-linear finite element tool. Three variable material parameters are adopted for this study, such as the compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of steel, and the type of SMA composition. The bridge pier models considering One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) Method, and Full Factorial Design Method in the previous study (Part 1) are considered. In this paper, the results of full factorial design of the previous research are optimized using optimization techniques in order to determine the best suitable combination of these three material properties. The performance of SMA-reinforced bridge piers is evaluated based on the drift values at various performance criteria, i.e., cracking, spalling, yielding, and crushing. The results are presented in terms of the rank-wise significance for each possible combination of the considered material properties of bridge piers.
Application of Light Interference Technique for Locating Groundwater Veins
Authors: Muthekar Vijay V , Sasane Pratik S , Phalak Rupam R , Gour Shivani S , Kharat Avinash G 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Water is one of the most needful resources on Earth. The increasing population, growing urbanization, and enhanced industrialization over the years have led to increased demand for water all over the world, causing a scarcity of resources and thereby made the world dependent on other sources of water than surface water. Among all, a majorly available and reliable source is groundwater. With diminishing groundwater levels, it endures the need for precise groundwater exploration. The groundwater investigation has been a more significant issue during the last few years due to intolerable distraction, depreciating water quality, and emerging pollution threats to potable resources. To overcome limitations of contemporary groundwater exploration methods present study proposes a new technique utilizing the ‘Light Interference Technique,’ a concept from fundamental Physics. An instrument, NaAvmeter, developed based on Light Interference Technique, was used for groundwater exploration in the current study. A literature survey shows that earth radiations are much dominant over groundwater locations. Empirical investigations were carried out in the Pune city under various site conditions to check the feasibility of application of ‘Light Interference Technique’ for groundwater exploration in the Deccan trap flood basalt terrain. An attempt is also made in the current study to propose a simplified groundwater exploration method using NaAvmeter; an instrument developed based on the ‘Light Interference Technique.’