bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Authors: Fahad Karar H. , Hussein S. , Dibs Hayder 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Remote sensing has become a central factor in approaches to managing natural resources and observing environmental fluctuations. Urban development has brought severe losses of farming land, vegetation land and water bodies. Urban sprawl is responsible for a variety of urban environmental issues including reduced air quality, increased local temperature and reduction in water quality. In this study, we have taken the city of Baghdad as a case study and explore the land use and land cover variation that took place over approximately 28 years from 1990 to 2018. Remote sensing practice was implemented to analyse the city of Baghdad’s land cover and land use changes throughout the study period. Landsat TM and OLI 8 images of Baghdad were collected from the USGS Earth Explorer website. Having pre-processed the image, we used supervised classification to categorize the images in different land cover classes. The study region was classified into five categories: urban area, water bodies, vegetative area, barren land and wetland. The accuracy assessment of classification we obtained was 85.11% and 88.14%. From these results, change detection analysis shows that urban area and soil land levels have gone up by 3% and 20%, respectively. In another area the vegetation has diminished, wetlands and water bodies have also decreased by 5%, 17%, and 1% respectively.
A Wireless Warning System using a Programmable Intelligent Computer
Authors: Farhan Hameed R , Shahadi Haider I , Ghazi Suleiman A , Mohsin Sajjad H , Taherinia Amir H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The problem of preventing unauthorised persons from accessing specific places has become an interesting research field. This study proposes a warning system to alarm the owner about any unauthorised attempt to access a secure gate. In the proposed system, the classic alarm circuits that use 555 timers or operational amplifiers are replaced with a simpler and more reliable electronic circuit that includes a small microcontroller chip known as a Programmable Intelligent Computer (PIC). The PIC is programmed to perform sense any touch and produce an alarm signal (buzzer sound), or to send a text message and/or phone call. Implementation of the system demonstrates the superiority of PIC-based circuit over rudimentary electronic circuits in terms of cost, size, complexity, reliability, and system updates.
Algorithm for Greening Big Data Networks in Iraq Under Veracity Dimension
Authors: Mohammad Ali Howraa M. , Kod Muayad Saleem , Al-Salim Ali M. A. , Al-Amiri Caesar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This work examines ways to improve energy efficiency in big data networks in Iraq under the veracity dimension by designing an IP/WDM Network in Iraq for processing big data and developing an algorithm that condenses the distinctive features of veracity. The analysis is based on preparing big data chunks for progressive processing after performing cleansing operations as proposed in this work. This is done in Processing Nodes (PNs) that consist of several servers and their associated network equipment, such as switches and routers. The PNs are distributed in the network for each city, and the cleansed data is handled at each PN, reducing the size of valuable data to be transmitted. Each cleansed chunk is also stored in a Backup Node (BN) for future use. Around a 50% power saving is achieved using this technique compared to the traditional method with no progressive processing.
Design of a low noise amplifier for L-band GPS applications
Authors: Alali Mohammed J , Tukkee Ahmed S , Zarkani Mahmood K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The low noise amplifier (LNA) is a key part of any receiving system to prevent signal degradation due to different types of noise and the need for long transmission. This paper describes the procedures to design an LNA using a commercial SiGe hetero-junction bipolar transistor (HBT), BFP640, from Infineon Technologies. The amplifier, which satisfies certain specifications, may then be used to strengthen the L2C second civilian GPS signal. The design process was carried out using a powerful microwave CAD package, Advanced Design System (ADS), by Keysight Technologies, which provides a complete RF circuit design facility. The LNA was designed to meet the desired specifications of a low noise figure less than 1 dB, power gain of grater than 20 dB, and output voltage standing ratio (VSWR) of less than 2. The centre frequency used was 1.227 GHz, with an operating bandwidth of 40 MHz. This work thus presents a prototype model that can be readily implemented based on the calculated components of matching networks, as the simulation results demonstrate that the amplifier circuit satisfies the desired requirements.
Design and Performance Analysis of a Bus-Bar Transmission System Protection Scheme Using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Authors: Jawad Haider H , Raheem Mohammed S A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Protective systems form an important part of all electric power networks, making it of major importance to study the performance of these systems. This paper deals with the design and simulation of a bus bar protection scheme using MATLAB/SIMULINK for a 132 kV section of the Karbala transmission network, which is used as a case study for the paper. A performance analysis of a three phase to ground fault is analysed within the simulated system, in which a differential relay is used as the main protection element and an overcurrent relay is used as backup protection.
A modified shank for below knee prosthesis
Authors: Ismail Mahmud R , Kahtan Yassr Y , Abbas Saif M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A below knee (BK) prosthesis is a device used to compensate for missing limb segments in patients with BK amputations as an aid for locomotive and other daily activities It consists of three main parts: socket, shank, and artificial foot. The shank is merely a shaft of a suitable length to serve as a frame structure to transfer biomechanical forces between the socket and foot. In traditional BK prostheses, the shank is made from rigid metallic or composite material tube (Teflon), while in the current work, a modified version is suggested with internal stiffness and damping characteristics to act as energy storage and shock absorber. A mathematical model was thus employed to analyse the impact behaviour from walking gait, and the main parameters studied were the effective mass of impact, loading rate, and knee pre-swing angular velocity. The modified prosthesis was tested with a BK amputation patient and compared with a traditional prosthesis in force platform and treadmill tests. The results showed some improvement in patient gait parameters; at stance phase, it smoothed the GRF curve; at heel strike, both the effective mass of impact and loading rate increased by 16% and 22%, indicating good impact reduction, and at pre swing, it increased the initial flexion angle and angular velocity by 13% and 15%, respectively, enhancing the swing phase.
Using NMR, Core Analysis, and Well Logging Data to Predict Permeability of Carbonate Reservoirs: a Case Study
Authors: Kadhim Fadhil S. , Imran Ahmed Mousa , Rasool Yaseen F. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Fluid flow through porous media is a function of permeability for petroleum and gas reservoirs. This study investigated the distribution of permeability in the Mishrif formation in the Nasiriya oilfield. The value of effective porosity was obtained from well log data and used to predict permeability using three methods: applied empirical correlations using interactive Petrophysics (IP) software (Version 3.5), core data measurements, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Nasiriya oil field is one of the large oil fields in southern Iraq, and the Mishrif formation, the area of the case study, consists of the following units from top to bottom: a cap rocks unit; the Upper Mishrif (unit 1); a shale unit; the first reservoir unit (2), a Barrier rocks unit; and the second reservoir unit (3). A 3D model was built by using Petrel software (2009), and the LAS files used to digitize the contour map of the reservoir layers were obtained from Didger3 software. The total number of 3D grids in the model was 5,394,480, with 336 grids in the I direction, 169 in the J direction and 95 in the k direction. Scaling up was done by using the geometric method for permeability, and sequential Gaussian simulation was used in the distribution of petrophysical properties. The results of distribution showed the importance of each zone and the best permeability value was recorded in the second reservoir layer, which varied from 1 md to 100 md.
Using the Leopold Matrix Procedure to Assess the Environmental Impact of Pollution from Drinking Water Projects in Karbala City, Iraq
Authors: Al-Nasrawi F A , Kareem S L , Saleh L A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure is designed to identify and predict the impacts of bio-geophysical environments on human health. In this study, the Leopold matrix was applied to predict the pollution impacts of seven water projects in Karbala city in Iraq based on water quality data collected for the period January to December 2018. The results showed that the impacts of Ca and SO4 in treated water were unacceptable in most cases due to uncontrolled dosage of alum and lime added during water treatment processes. The results also demonstrated that the maximum environmental impact (EIV) for raw water was 51.21 at Al-Hendiya Al-Qadeem water treatment plant (WTP) while that for treated water was 99.97, at Hay Al-Hussein WTP. The obtained impact values of treated water quality parameters in this study occurred due to the use of old techniques in water treatment and demonstrate the need to upgrade these techniques. The Leopold matrix was, however, shown to be good process for sifting out or mitigating the negative effects of such projects on humans and the environment.
Effect of Pavement Foundation Materials on Rigid Pavement Response
Authors: Shaban Alaa M. , Alsabbagh Ahmed , Wtaife Salam , Suksawang Nakin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Rigid pavements are increasingly becoming a primary pavement type for highways under heavy traffic loading due to their long service life and less frequent requirements for maintenance compared to flexible pavements. The behaviour of a rigid pavement during service life is affected by several parameters such as applied loading features, pavement properties, environmental effects, and pavement foundation properties, which must be taken into account in the analysis and design of rigid pavements. The pavement foundation consists of base, subbase, and subgrade layers, all of which play substantial roles in the long-term performance of the rigid pavement. With the development of computer capacity, the three-dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM) has become a widely utilized tool for analysis of concrete structures such as pavements as it overcomes the limitations of analytical solutions. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of pavement foundation characteristics on rigid pavement response using EverFE software. The parameters examined in this study included the thickness and properties of each layer of the pavement foundation. The analysis results revealed that, generally, stresses and settlements within rigid pavement are considerably reduced when a stiff or thick foundation is used. The analysis of results also showed that the tension bending stresses in the base layer decreased significantly with increases in the thickness of the base layer. It was also found that the addition of a subbase layer within the pavement foundation produced a significant reduction in the tension bending stresses in pavement and base layers with no in compression stresses in both layers noted.
Experimental Study on Shear Strength Behaviours of the Composite UHPC Steel Girders in Slender web
Authors: Muteb Haitham H. , Hasan Dhafer M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Modern structures require light elements with high stiffness to weight ratios. Composite structures with high-performance material are particularly useful for long spans such as in bridges and large buildings. Conventional concrete is brittle, with very low tensile and high compressive strength; ultra-high performance concrete UHPC can be used to improve the ductility and strength of the deck slab, yet though many researchers have examined the behaviour of UHPC individually, this material requires investigation in conjunction with other variables. A composite structure of steel plate girders and concrete deck is thus examined in the present study, with seven plate girders and three composite girders. Flat web plate girders without stiffeners were investigated to estimate ultimate strength in two parameters, web slenderness, and flange slenderness. In addition, three composite girders were tested with web slenderness ratings 167, 250, and 375. The results show the effects of slenderness on shear strength and the failure accrued due to tension field action, while elastic buckling was seen to contribute to shear strength.
Estimating the viscoelastic properties of local hot-mix asphalt
Authors: Mohamedmeki Mohammed Z 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe mechanistic empirical method for designing flexible pavement requires determination of the strain that results from applying wheel load. To achieve this, the viscoelastic properties of asphalt concrete is required to be characterised numerically in order to permit simulating such asphalt concrete in finite element modelling for layered systems of flexible pavement. Accordingly, the estimation of the viscoelastic properties of local hot mix asphalt (HMA) was the target of this study. This was achieved using the interconversion process, with the master curve of shear modulus estimated from the master curves of dynamic modulus and phase angle developed within the Hirsch model by substituting the binder dynamic and volumetric properties of local Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) into the model. The master curve of shear modulus was constructed with aid of the interconversion process from the creep compliance resulting from Indirect Tensile Tests (ITT) under different testing conditions. The calculated master curve of shear modulus was then used to validate the estimated results. The validation revealed that the estimation method offered good ability to determine the properties required. Numeric values, known as the Prony series, used to characterise asphaltic pavement layers numerically, were established by fitting the normalised master curve of shear modulus. The research results showed that this estimation method is an appropriate way to determine the viscoelastic properties of HMA as opposed to using costly and complex laboratory tests.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Predicting Subbase CBR Values Using Soil Indices Data
Authors: Al-Busultan Shakir , Aswed Gafel Kareem , Almuhanna Raid R. A. , Rasheed Sajjad E. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Subbase strength characteristics is one of the main inputs of pavement design, and such strength characteristics are normally represented by indices such as resilient modulus, dynamic modulus, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR), with the latter being a widely used index among pavement and geotechnical engineers. This paper examines the capability of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to develop a correlation between subbase CBR and primary soil data, which could help with estimating CBR for prediction purposes and with identifying the significance of each index with regard to subbase strength. Data were sampled from different areas in Karbala, Iraq, and a total of 358 subbase samples were used for model training and validation. The results showed that the proposed ANN model could successfully predict the CBR value using soil index data. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the importance of each contributing factor, and within the boundaries of the local subbase characteristics, the test results indicated that soluble salts were the most effective factor among soil parameters with an importance percentage of 39.46%, while the Plasticity Index (PI) was the least important factor, with a percentage of 2.06%. Based on the validity and quality of subbase soil tests, using ANN to predict CBR value may offer a suitable replacement for lengthy and expensive laboratory testing based on validated data for materials supplied from Karbala quarries.
Flexural Behaviours of Box Segmental Beams with Internal Tendons Subjected to Repeated and Static Loads
Authors: Wrayosh Waleed A. , Hashim Ahmed H. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the behaviours of different types of joints when box segmental beams are subjected to bending. Five beams with internal tendons were thus produced and tested: one beam was cast monolithically as a reference beam and four were formed as segmental beams. All beams were produced using Self Compacting-Concrete (SCC) in box sections. Each segmental beam was formed by assembling three precast concrete segments with four post tensioning tendons. The segmental beams had the same general characteristics, but with different types of joints between the segments. Four types of joints were adopted in this study;-dried, epoxied, dried strengthened with carbon fibres and multi-steel shear keyed joints. All beams were tested under two types of loadings, repeated and static. A test of repeated loading was carried out by exposing each specimen to three loading cycles. Each cycle was implemented by subjecting each specimen to up to 40% of the ultimate load then releasing the loads to return the specimen to the non-loading case. The test of static loading was carried out at the same rate of loading as the repeated load test, and all girder specimens were tested up to failure. The loads versus deflections at specified points were recorded for each 5 kN. Cracking, mode of failure and ultimate load values were recorded, along with the concrete surface strains at specified locations for both loadings. The tests results for repeated loading showed that joint type had a clear effect on behaviours in the segmental beams, which had deflection readings ranging from 16 to 61% higher than that of the monolithic (reference) beam, as well as higher tensile strain than seen in the reference beam, by 8 and 67%. Similar effects of joint type were observed under static test. At the first crack loading, the segmental beams had deflections of between 8 and 94% and tensile strains of about 5 to 18% more than the reference beam. The failure modes of the tested beams were all different. Failure of the dry joint occurred in the segment interface, while the failure of each epoxied joint and joint strengthened by carbon fibres developed in the concrete adjacent to the segment interface. The steel shear keys clearly transfer the shear resistance to the concrete parts adjacent of the joints.
Redefining the concept of the 24-hour city and city nightlife for holy cities, with the use of Islamic instructions: A Case study of the holy city of Karbala
Authors: Khorsand Ramin , Alalhesabi Mehran , Kheyroddin Reza 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The development of the 24-hour city includes the development of infrastructure, and economic, cultural and social planning. The approach taken in most of the western cities has been considered compatible with the lifestyles prevalent in those countries, and has three main parts: people, place, and creativity, and three basic principles: providing a safe city centre for people and their places of leisure, developing the night economy, and improving the city’s image.
The interaction between proponents and opponents of 24-hour cities and their effects on the planning of the cities is also one of the challenges in cities in Islamic countries. Most proponents tend to encourage the creation of new urban places and the introduction of special activities compatible with nightlife. However, some cities already provide opportunities for attendance and activity at all times of day and night without formal organisation, including areas such as Karbala and Mashhad where the focal point is a holy shrine.
Islam has a special view of urban life and lifestyle and therefore defines its own favoured activities, entertainment, residency, and purpose, proposing special times and places for all things. Reviewing the concept of the 24-hour city in light of the Islamic lifestyle using examples of holy cities can thus help redefine the 24-hour city and produce new patterns for it that are more compatible with the needs of Islamic countries.
This research thus tries to answer the following questions using a qualitative method and surveys to develop a case study of Karbala city: What are the connections between an Islamic lifestyle and 24-hour city life? What capacities of the city are lost, based on the current local nightlife? The aim of this study is to begin to redefine the 24-hour city concept to make it compatible with both Islamic culture and local capacity.
Reduction of pollution caused by smoke from brick factories using a water system and reuse of water from brick production
Authors: Abbas Mukhtar Dhajir , Al-Khekany Alaa Mahdi , Al-Yassri Labeeb Saadoon 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Air pollution is an important contemporary issue and any attempt to mitigate pollution and the environmental impacts is considered significant. In Iraq, dark oil is used as the essential fuel for brick factories. Incomplete burning of this fuel discharges a black smoke, which contains substantial amounts of soot especially at the beginning of any operation. The main objective of this study is to investigate use of a system of spraying water to treat the black smoke that is emitted by brick factories, to reduce the pollution and reuse the industrially-generated black wastewater (IBW). In this study, five samples of water were used, comprising one sample of clean water (control sample) and four samples of IBW, which contained different quantities of soot according to the quantity black oil burned. The burning operation was reproduced by burning0.5,1, 1.5, 2 liters of black oil respectively for the four samples used. The IBW was tested in a laboratory of the environmental authority and it was found to be free from any increased concentration of heavy metals except copper(Cu) and zinc(Zn) elements with a ratio 0.02 to 0.20 mg/l and 2.25 to 2.61 mg/l respectively. The PH was neutral at around 7.3. Further laboratory tests of the IBW showed that it contained sulfates at about 426 to 646 mg/l, nitrates of 12.5 to 31 mg/l, and chlorides at 151 to 178 mg/l. The results showed that reuse of the IBW generated by the brick industry did not affect the compression strength for any samples compared with the control sample (zero soot), which means the adopted system gave a very good results, reducing pollution with the same compressive brick strength.
A Geospatial Approach to Walkability Quantification: Case Study of Main Campus of the University of Kerbala
Authors: Alyasari Haider I , Auda Zaman , Attya Hussein 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Walkability is an urban quality indicator that is gaining increased attention because of its relationship to sustainability. Walkability refers to the set of incentives an urban space offers to encourage walking. More incentives mean higher walkability, hence more sustainable urban planning. This paper presents a geospatial approach to quantify the walkability of an urban space, based on physical indicators that can be layered in a GIS system. Preliminary results show good performance of the approach on the global level. However, further research is recommended to enhance performance at the local level.