bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural racism and its influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in African American children
Authors: Tackett Kelly Jo , Jenkins Frances , Morrell Dean S. , McShane Diana B. , Burkhart Craig N. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesAtopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common skin disease of childhood and is often more severe in African American than white children. The reason for this disparity is unknown, but recent research indicates that it may be due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The objective of this article was to explore the relationship between measures of structural racism and residential segregation within pediatric AD.MethodsAn in‐office, online survey consisting of 58 questions spanning 5 domains (demographics, in‐home crowding, community crowding, air quality, and litter) was administered to a convenience sample of 201 pediatric AD patients (age 0‐18 years). Survey data were geocoded and linked to a measure of structural racism (ie, residential segregation).ResultsAfrican American children were more likely to live in rented homes, be in lower income families, have caregivers with lower educational attainment, and be exposed to tobacco smoke. The same factors that were associated with worse AD severity in this study were also found in published literature, emphasizing the role of social determinants of health and racial differences in AD severity. Additionally, this study found that living in highly segregated communities was more likely to be associated with severe AD in African American children.ConclusionsConsistent with reported literature, socioeconomic status, race, and the physical environment appear to affect AD severity. This investigation adds structural racism as an important community characteristic that likely has significant effects on AD severity for African American Children.
Experimental keratitis in rats caused by Acanthamoeba griffini: A kinetic histopathological study
Authors: Ávila‐Blanco Manuel Enrique , Martín‐Pérez Tania , Ventura‐Juárez Javier , Pérez‐Serrano Jorge 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammation process that resulted from the inoculation of Wistar Rats with Acanthamoeba griffini, a virulent T3 Acanthamoeba genotype that produces keratitis. Haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid stain, immunohistochemistry and morphometry were used to analyse tissues from rats of an Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) model. Two weeks after inoculating the rats with A griffini trophozoites, the thickness of the stroma had diminished, followed by an increase in thickness at 4 weeks. At the latter time, an abundance of inflammatory infiltrate cells was observed, some found to express IL‐1β, IL‐10 and/or caspase 3. Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 was expressed in corneal blood vessels amid the abundant vascularization characteristic of the development of AK. Through an immunohistochemical technique, trophozoites were detected at 2 and 4 weeks post‐inoculation. By 8 weeks, there were a low number of trophozoites and cysts and the corneas of infected rats were similar in thickness to those of the controls. Thus, the rats were capable of healing experimental AK in the present rat model. Diverse immunological mechanisms regulated the inflammatory process in acute AK induced by A griffini in a murine model.
Does Administrative Burden Influence Public Support for Government Programs? Evidence from a Survey Experiment
Authors: Keiser Lael R. , Miller Susan M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResearch indicates that administrative burden influences the behaviors and views of clients and potential clients of government programs. However, administrative burden may also shape mass attitudes toward government programs. Taking a behavioral public administration approach, the authors consider whether and how exposure to information about administrative burden embedded within eligibility‐based programs influences citizen favorability toward those programs. It is hypothesized that if information about the existing screening mechanisms is highlighted and made salient, this will lead to greater approval of eligibility‐based programs. This expectation is evaluated using a survey experiment that explores administrative burden in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. The evidence shows that being exposed to information about administrative burden increases favorability toward TANF and its recipients, though these effects are conditional on party identification. The results provide insight into a potential consequence of administrative burden, showing the way in which information regarding burden can shape citizens’ support for eligibility‐based programs.
Hemodynamic evaluation of anesthetized baboons and piglets by transpulmonary thermodilution: Normal values and interspecies differences with respect to xenotransplantation
Authors: Längin Matthias , Konrad Mark , Reichart Bruno , Mayr Tanja , Vandewiele Stephanie , Postrach Johannes , Mokelke Maren , Radan Julia , Brenner Paolo , Bauer Andreas , Abicht Jan‐Michael 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundTranspulmonary thermodilution is well established as a tool for in‐depth hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients during surgical procedures and intensive care. It permits easy assessment of graft function following cardiac transplantation and guides post‐operative volume and catecholamine therapy. Since no pulmonary catheter is needed, transpulmonary thermodilution could be useful in experimental cardiac pig‐to‐baboon xenotransplantation. However, normal values for healthy animals have not yet been reported. Here, we present data from piglets and baboons before xenotransplantation experiments and highlight differences between the two species and human reference values.MethodsTranspulmonary thermodilution from baboons (body weight 10‐34 kg) and piglets (body weight 10‐38kg) were analyzed. Measurements were taken in steady state after induction of general anesthesia before surgical procedures commenced. Cardiac index (CI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), parameters quantifying cardiac filling (global end‐diastolic volume index, GEDI), and pulmonary edema (extravascular lung water, ELWI) were assessed.ResultsPreload, afterload, and contractility parameters clearly correlated with total body weight or body surface area. Baboons had lower CI values than weight‐matched piglets (4.2 ± 0.9l/min/m2 vs 5.3 ± 1.0/min/m2, P < .01). MAP and SVRI were higher in baboons than piglets (MAP: 99 ± 22 mm Hg vs 62 ± 11 mm Hg, P < .01; SVRI: 1823 ± 581 dyn*s/cm5*m2 vs 827 ± 204 dyn*s/cm5*m2, P < .01). GEDI and ELWI did differ significantly between both species, but measurements were within similar ranges (GEDI: 523 ± 103 mL/m2 vs 433 ± 78 mL/m2, P < .01; ELWI: 10 ± 3 mL/kg vs 11 ± 2 mL/kg, P < .01). Regarding adult human reference values, CI was similar to both baboons and piglets, but all other parameters were different.ConclusionsParameters of preload, afterload, and contractility differ between baboons and piglets. In particular, baboons have a much higher afterload than piglets, which might be instrumental in causing perioperative xenograft dysfunction and post‐operative myocardial hypertrophy after orthotopic pig‐to‐baboon cardiac xenotransplantation. Most transpulmonary thermodilution‐derived parameters obtained from healthy piglets and baboons lie outside the reference ranges for humans, so human normal values should not be used to guide treatment in those animals. Our data provide reference values as a basis for developing algorithms for perioperative hemodynamic management in pig‐to‐baboon cardiac xenotransplantation.
Optimization of Roundness Error in Deep Hole Drilling using Cuckoo Search Algorithm
Authors: Mohamad Azizah , Mohd Zain Azlan , Alwee Razana , Mohd Yusof Noordin , Najarian Farhad 
Published: December 2019

In the manufacturing industry, machining is a part of all manufacture in almost all metal products. Machining of holes is one of the most common processes in the manufacturing industries. Deep hole drilling, DHD is classified as a complex machining process .This study presents an optimization of machining parameters in DHD using Cuckoo Search algorithm, CS comprising feed rate (f), spindle speed (s), depth of hole (d) and Minimum Quantity Lubrication MQL, (m). The machining performance measured is roundness error, Re. The real experimentation was designed based on Design of Experiment, DoE which is two levels full factorial with an added centre point. The experimental results were used to develop the mathematical model using regression analysis that used in the optimization process. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher‘s statistical test (F-test) are used to check the significant of the model developed. According to the results obtained by experimental the minimum value of Re is 0.0222µm and by CS is 0.0198µm. For the conclusion, it was found that CS is capable of giving the minimum value of Re as it outperformed the result from the experimental.
Second-look breast ultrasonography after galactography in patients with nipple discharge
Authors: Kim Hyeonseon , Kang Bong Joo , Kim Sung Hun , Lee Jeong min 
Published: December 2019

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of second-look breast ultrasound (US) immediately after galactography in patients with nipple discharge.Materials and methods: Between January 2010 and November 2018, 89 patients with nipple discharge were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were examined by galactography and US. US was performed twice, before and after galactography. Galactography, mammography and US findings were categorized according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). The final diagnosis was established by histopathological examination.Results: Out of 89 patients, 25 (28.1%) patients had positive findings as evident by US before galactography. Forty-eight (53.9%) patients had positive findings as demonstrated by galactography. Fifty-nine (66.3%) patients had positive findings as evident by second-look US after galactography (13 patients with benign, 37 with borderline and 9 with malignant lesions). Second-look US after galactography showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (83.2%), sensitivity (95.8%) and negative predictive value (93.3%) for borderline and malignant lesions. For the detection of malignant lesions, secondlook US after galactography showed the highest sensitivity (90%) and negative predictive value (96.7%). Agreement between imaging and histological result using Bland-Altman analysis exhibited no significant difference between the size establishedby ultrasound and galactography.Conclusion: The second-look US after galactography is a powerful diagnostic tool for the detection of lesions in patients with nipple discharge and demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and negative predictive value.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of testicular syphilis: a case report
Authors: Tagliati Corrado , Macchini Marco , Argalia Giulio , Giuseppetti Gian Marco , Giovagnoni Andrea 
Published: December 2019

In North America and Europe, syphilis incidence has increased dramatically in the past decade among high-risk groups. Syphilis may occur in any organ, including the testis. There are not many cases of testicular syphilis assessed by means ofultrasound examination described in the literature, and in no case was the evaluation carried out using advanced ultrasound techniques. Here we present a case of testicular syphilis evaluated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound.
Repression of Phenol Catabolism by Organic Acids in
Ralstonia eutropha
Authors: Ampe Frédéric , Léonard David , Lindley Nicholas D. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

During batch growth of
Ralstonia eutropha
(previously named
Alcaligenes eutrophus
) on phenol in the presence of acetate, acetate was found to be the preferred substrate; this organic acid was rapidly metabolized, and the specific rate of phenol consumption was considerably decreased, although phenol consumption was not abolished. This decrease corresponded to a drop in phenol hydroxylase and catechol-2,3-dioxygenase specific activities, and the synthesis of the latter was repressed at the transcriptional level. Studies with a mutant not able to consume acetate indicated that the organic acid itself triggers the repression. Other organic acids were also found to repress phenol degradation. One of these, benzoate, was found to completely block the catabolism of phenol (diauxic growth). A mutant unable to metabolize benzoate was also unable to develop on benzoate-phenol mixtures, indicating that the organic acid rather than a metabolite involved in benzoate degradation was responsible for the repression observed.
In Vivo Characterization of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Lyase in the Fungus
Fusarium lateritium
Authors: Bacic Melissa K. , Yoch Duane C. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

A fungus,
Fusarium lateritium
, with dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase activity was isolated from both seawater and a salt marsh due to its ability to grow on DMSP (with the evolution of dimethyl sulfide) as the sole source of carbon. This is the first reported case of DMSP lyase activity in a fungus. Several other common fungal genera tested did not have DMSP lyase activity. DMSP was taken up more rapidly by
F. lateritium
than it was utilized, leading to its intracellular accumulation. Inhibitor studies with nystatin and cyanide indicated that DMSP uptake was an energy-dependent process. The lyase was inducible by its substrate, DMSP (

K
m

, 1.2 mM), and by the substrate analogs choline and glycine betaine. During induction, DMSP lyase activity increased with time and then dropped rapidly. This loss of activity could be prevented by spiking the culture with fresh DMSP or choline. The
V
max
for DMSP lyase was 34.7 mU · mg of protein
−1
. The inhibitory effects of nystatin, and
p
-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate on DMSP lyase activity suggested that the enzyme is cytosolic. Because plants like
Spartina
(a marsh grass) and marine algae contain high concentrations of DMSP, we speculate that DMSP-utilizing fungi may be involved in their decay.
Morpholine Degradation Pathway of
Mycobacterium aurum
MO1: Direct Evidence of Intermediates by In Situ
1
H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Combourieu B. , Besse P. , Sancelme M. , Veschambre H. , Delort A. M. , Poupin P. , Truffaut N. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Resting
Mycobacterium aurum
MO1 cells were incubated with morpholine, a waste from the chemical industry. The kinetics of biodegradation was monitored by using in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The incubation medium was directly analyzed by
1
H NMR. This technique allowed the unambiguous identification of two intermediates of the metabolic pathway involved in the biodegradation process, glycolate and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetate. The latter compound, which was not commercially available, was synthesized, in three steps, from 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol. Quantitative analysis of the kinetics of degradation of morpholine was performed by integrating the signals of the different metabolites in
1
H-NMR spectra. Morpholine was degraded within 10 h. The intermediates increased during the first 10 h and finally disappeared after 20 h incubation. Assays of degradation were also carried out with glycolate and ethanolamine, hypothetical intermediates of the morpholine degradation pathway. They were degraded within 4 and 8 h, respectively. Until now, no tool for direct detection of intermediates or even morpholine has been available, consequently, only hypothetical pathways have been proposed. The approach described here gives both qualitative and quantitative information about the metabolic routes used in morpholine degradation by
M. aurum
MO1. It could be used to investigate many biodegradative processes.
Effect of Metal-Rich Sludge Amendments on the Soil Microbial Community
Authors: Bååth Erland , Díaz-Raviña Montserrat , Frostegård Åsa , Campbell Colin D. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
The effects of heavy-metal-containing sewage sludge on the soil microbial community were studied in two agricultural soils of different textures, which had been contaminated separately with three predominantly single metals (Cu, Zn, and Ni) at two different levels more than 20 years ago. We compared three community-based microbiological measurements, namely, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to reveal changes in species composition, the Biolog system to indicate metabolic fingerprints of microbial communities, and the thymidine incorporation technique to measure bacterial community tolerance. In the Luddington soil, bacterial community tolerance increased in all metal treatments compared to an unpolluted-sludge-treated control soil. Community tolerance to specific metals increased the most when the same metal was added to the soil; for example, tolerance to Cu increased most in Cu-polluted treatments. A dose-response effect was also evident. There were also indications of cotolerance to metals whose concentration had not been elevated by the sludge treatment. The PLFA pattern changed in all metal treatments, but the interpretation was complicated by the soil moisture content, which also affected the results. The Biolog measurements indicated similar effects of metals and moisture to the PLFA measurements, but due to high variation between replicates, no significant differences compared to the uncontaminated control were found. In the Lee Valley soil, significant increases in community tolerance were found for the high levels of Cu and Zn, while the PLFA pattern was significantly altered for the soils with high levels of Cu, Ni, and Zn. No effects on the Biolog measurements were found in this soil.
Effects of UV-A (320 to 399 Nanometers) on Grazing Pressure of a Marine Heterotrophic Nanoflagellate on Strains of the Unicellular Cyanobacteria
Synechococcus
spp
Authors: Ochs Clifford A. , Eddy Laura P. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

In the open ocean, where turbidity is very low, UV radiation may be an important factor regulating interactions among planktonic microorganisms. The effect of exposure to UV radiation on grazing by a commonly isolated marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate,
Paraphysomonas bandaiensis
, on two strains of the cyanobacteria
Synechococcus
spp. was investigated. Laboratory cultures were exposed to a range of irradiances of artificially produced UV-B (290 to 319 nm) and UV-A (320 to 399 nm) for up to 10 h. At a UV-B irradiance of 0.19 W m
−2
, but not 0.12 W m
−2
, grazing mortality of
Synechococcus
spp. and nanoflagellate-specific grazing rates were reduced compared to mortality and grazing rates with UV-A treatment. Within 6 h of exposure, UV-A alone suppressed grazing mortality at irradiances as low as 3.02 W m
−2
. The extent to which grazing mortality and nanoflagellate-specific grazing rates were suppressed by UV-A increased with both irradiance and duration of exposure. Over a 6-h exposure period, differences in grazing mortality were largely attributable to differential survival of nanoflagellates. Over a longer period of exposure, there was impairment by UV-A alone of nanoflagellate-specific grazing rates. Rates of primary productivity of
Synechococcus
spp. were also reduced by UV-A. The extent to which
Synechococcus
productivity was reduced, compared to the reduction in
Synechococcus
grazing mortality, depended on the duration of UV-A exposure. These results support the hypothesis that UV-A alone influences the composition and biomass of marine microbial communities by affecting predator-prey interactions and primary production.
Measurement of Antimicrobial-Resistant
Escherichia coli
in Pig Feces with a Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter Interpreter System
Authors: Dunlop R. Hugo , McEwen Scott A. , Meek Alan H. , Clarke Robert C. , Friendship Robert M. , Black William D. , Sharpe Anthony N. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Hydrophobic grid membrane filter technology was used to measure resistance among
Escherichia coli
in pig fecal samples to ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. The method accurately measured resistance, with sensitivities ranging from 96.5 to 99.5% and specificities ranging from 87.0 to 98.3%, and it identified
E. coli
with 96% confidence.
Optimization of Differential Display of Prokaryotic mRNA: Application to Pure Culture and Soil Microcosms
Authors: Fleming James T. , Yao Wen-Hsiang , Sayler Gary S. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe differential display (DD) technique, which is widely used almost exclusively for eukaryotic gene discovery, was optimized to detect differential mRNA transcription from both pure-culture and soil-derived bacterial RNA. A model system which included toluene induction oftodC1inPseudomonas putidaF1 was used to optimize the procedure. At 24-htodinduction was determined to be approximately 8 × 107transcripts/μg or 0.08% of the total mRNA. The primer concentration, primer length, annealing temperature, and template, deoxynucleoside triphosphate, and MgCl2concentrations were varied to optimize amplification of atodC1fragment. The limit of detection oftodC1by DD was found to be 0.015 ng of total RNA template or approximately 103transcripts. Once optimized, atodC1C2gene fragment fromP. putidaF1 RNA was detected by using an arbitrary primer for the reverse transcriptase step in conjunction with the same arbitrary primer and a Shine-Dalgarno primer in the PCR. To verify the results, an arbitrary primer was used to detect recovery of a new salicylate-inducible naphthalene dioxygenase inBurkholderia cepaciaJS150. The method was then used to detect mRNA induction in both inoculated and uninoculated toluene-induced soil microcosms. Several putative differentially expressed partial gene sequences obtained from the uninoculated microcosms were examined, and one novel fragment was found to be differentially expressed.
Structural and Functional Dynamics of Sulfate-Reducing Populations in Bacterial Biofilms
Authors: Santegoeds Cecilia M. , Ferdelman Timothy G. , Muyzer Gerard , de Beer Dirk 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

We describe the combined application of microsensors and molecular techniques to investigate the development of sulfate reduction and of sulfate-reducing bacterial populations in an aerobic bacterial biofilm. Microsensor measurements for oxygen showed that anaerobic zones developed in the biofilm within 1 week and that oxygen was depleted in the top 200 to 400 μm during all stages of biofilm development. Sulfate reduction was first detected after 6 weeks of growth, although favorable conditions for growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were present from the first week. In situ hybridization with a 16S rRNA probe for SRB revealed that sulfate reducers were present in high numbers (approximately 10
8
SRB/ml) in all stages of development, both in the oxic and anoxic zones of the biofilm. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that the genetic diversity of the microbial community increased during the development of the biofilm. Hybridization analysis of the DGGE profiles with taxon-specific oligonucleotide probes showed that
Desulfobulbus
and
Desulfovibrio
were the main sulfate-reducing bacteria in all biofilm samples as well as in the bulk activated sludge. However, different
Desulfobulbus
and
Desulfovibrio
species were found in the 6th and 8th weeks of incubation, respectively, coinciding with the development of sulfate reduction. Our data indicate that not all SRB detected by molecular analysis were sulfidogenically active in the biofilm.