bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myocardial oxygen consumption during histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia in young human hearts
Authors: Angeli Emanuela , Martens Sabrina , Careddu Lucio , Petridis Francesco D , Quarti Andrea G , Ciuca Cristina , Balducci Anna , Fabozzo Assunta , Ragni Luca , Donti Andrea , Gargiulo Gaetano D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Energy demand and supply need to be balanced to preserve myocardial function during paediatric cardiac surgery. After a latent aerobic period, cardiac cells try to maintain energy production by anaerobic metabolism and by extracting oxygen from the given cardioplegic solution. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) changes gradually during the administration of cardioplegia.

METHODS
MVO2 was measured during cardioplegic perfusion in patients younger than 6 months of age (group N: neonates; group I: infants), with a body weight less than 10 kg. Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate crystalloid solution was used for myocardial protection and was administered during a 5-min interval. To measure pO2 values during cardioplegic arrest, a sample of the cardioplegic fluid was taken from the inflow line before infusion. Three fluid samples were taken from the coronary venous effluent 1, 3 and 5 min after the onset of cardioplegia administration. MVO2 was calculated using the Fick principle.

RESULTS
The mean age of group N was 0.2 ± 0.09 versus 4.5 ± 1.1 months in group I. The mean weight was 3.1 ± 0.2 versus 5.7 ± 1.6 kg, respectively. MVO2 decreased similarly in both groups (min 1: 0.16 ± 0.07 vs 0.36 ± 0.1 ml/min; min 3: 0.08 ± 0.04 vs 0.17 ± 0.09 ml/min; min 5: 0.05 ± 0.04 vs 0.07 ± 0.05 ml/min).

CONCLUSIONS
We studied MVO2 alterations after aortic cross-clamping and during delivery of cardioplegia in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery. Extended cardioplegic perfusion significantly reduces energy turnover in hearts because the balance procedures are both volume- and above all time-dependent. A reduction in MVO2 indicates the necessity of a prolonged cardioplegic perfusion time to achieve optimized myocardial protection.
The Classification of Extremely Primitive Groups
Authors: Burness Timothy C , Thomas Adam R 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDedicated to the memory of Jan Saxl Let $G$ be a finite primitive permutation group on a set $\Omega $ with nontrivial point stabilizer $G_{\alpha }$. We say that $G$ is extremely primitive if $G_{\alpha }$ acts primitively on each of its orbits in $\Omega \setminus \{\alpha \}$. These groups arise naturally in several different contexts, and their study can be traced back to work of Manning in the 1920s. In this paper, we determine the almost simple extremely primitive groups with socle an exceptional group of Lie type. By combining this result with earlier work of Burness, Praeger, and Seress, this completes the classification of the almost simple extremely primitive groups. Moreover, in view of results by Mann, Praeger, and Seress, our main theorem gives a complete classification of all finite extremely primitive groups, up to finitely many affine exceptions (and it is conjectured that there are no exceptions). Along the way, we also establish several new results on base sizes for primitive actions of exceptional groups, which may be of independent interest.
Similar Frequency and Inducibility of Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Proviruses in Blood and Lymph Nodes
Authors: Martin Alyssa R , Bender Alexandra M , Hackman Jada , Kwon Kyungyoon J , Lynch Briana A , Bruno Daniel , Martens Craig , Beg Subul , Florman Sander S , Desai Niraj , Segev Dorry , Laird Gregory M , Siliciano Janet D , Quinn Thomas C , Tobian Aaron A R , Durand Christine M , Siliciano Robert F , Redd Andrew D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 latent reservoir (LR) in resting CD4+ T cells is a barrier to cure. LR measurements are commonly performed on blood samples and therefore may miss latently infected cells residing in tissues, including lymph nodes.

Methods
We determined the frequency of intact HIV-1 proviruses and proviral inducibility in matched peripheral blood (PB) and lymph node (LN) samples from 10 HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) using the intact proviral DNA assay and a novel quantitative viral induction assay. Prominent viral sequences from induced viral RNA were characterized using a next-generation sequencing assay.

Results
The frequencies of CD4+ T cells with intact proviruses were not significantly different in PB versus LN (61/106 vs 104/106 CD4+ cells), and they were substantially lower than frequencies of CD4+ T cells with defective proviruses. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells induced to produce high levels of viral RNA were not significantly different in PB versus LN (4.3/106 vs 7.9/106), but they were 14-fold lower than the frequencies of cells with intact proviruses. Sequencing of HIV-1 RNA from induced proviruses revealed comparable sequences in paired PB and LN samples.

Conclusions
These results further support the use of PB as an appropriate proxy for the HIV-1 LR in secondary lymphoid organs.
Malaria Is Associated With Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Seroconversion in a Cohort of Western Kenyan Children
Authors: Sabourin Katherine R , Daud Ibrahim , Ogolla Sidney , Labo Nazzarena , Miley Wendell , Lamb Molly , Newton Robert , Whitby Denise , Rochford Rosemary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
We aimed to determine whether Plasmodium falciparum infection affects age of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroconversion in Kenyan children.

Methods
Kenyan children (n = 144) enrolled at age 1 month, from 2 sites with different levels of malaria transmission (stable/high vs unstable/low) were followed to age 24 months. Plasma was tested for KSHV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; K8.1 and LANA) and a multiplex bead-based assay (K8.1, K10.5, ORF38, ORF50, and LANA) and whole blood tested for P. falciparum DNA using quantitative PCR. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations between P. falciparum DNA detection, malaria annualized rate (P. falciparum detections/person-years), and enrollment site (malaria-high vs malaria-low) with time to KSHV seroconversion.

Results
KSHV seroprevalence was 63% by age 2 years when assessed by multiplex assay. Children with P. falciparum were at increased hazards of earlier KSHV seroconversion and, among children with malaria, the hazard of becoming KSHV seropositive increased significantly with increasing malaria annualized rate. Children from the malaria-high transmission region had no significant difference in hazards of KSHV seroconversion at 12 months but were more likely to become KSHV seropositive by age 24 months.

Discussion
Malaria exposure increases the risk for KSHV seroconversion early in life.
Levels of Soluble CD14 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors 1 and 2 May Be Predictive of Death in Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Bowman Emily R , Cameron Cheryl M Ainslie , Avery Ann , Gabriel Janelle , Kettelhut Aaren , Hecker Michelle , Sontich Claudia Ute , Tamilselvan Banumathi , Nichols Carmen N , Richardson Brian , Cartwright Michael , Funderburg Nicholas T , Cameron Mark J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
People infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 display a wide range of illness, from asymptomatic infection to severe respiratory distress resulting in death. We measured serum biomarkers in uninfected individuals and in individuals with mild, moderate, or critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. Levels of monocyte activation (soluble CD14 and fatty acid–binding protein 4) and inflammation (tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 [TNFR1 and TNFR2]) were increased in COVID-19 individuals, regardless of disease severity. Among patients with critical disease, individuals who recovered from COVID-19 had lower levels of TNFR1 and TNFR2 at hospital admission compared to these levels in patients with critical disease who ultimately died.
Validation of the EQUAL Aspergillosis Score by analysing guideline-adherent management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Budin Sofia , Salmanton-García Jon , Koehler Philipp , Stemler Jannik , Cornely Oliver A , Mellinghoff Sibylle C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the diagnosis and treatment standards at the University Hospital of Cologne, Germany, by applying the EQUAL Aspergillosis Score to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) patients.

Methods
The charts of 103 patients with probable or proven IPA at the University Hospital of Cologne were reviewed and the score retrospectively applied to all patients.

Results
Patients were stratified into two groups according to the underlying disease: a haematology group (n = 76, 73.8%) and a non-haematology group (n = 27, 26.2%). While the haematology group attained 67.8% of achievable score points (median: 15; IQR: 13–18; range: 8–25), the non-haematology group reached 48.4% (median: 12 points; IQR: 9–14; range: 4–18) (P &lt; 0.001). Regarding diagnostics, haematological patients achieved 81.3% of achievable points (median: 7; IQR: 8–10; range: 3–13) and non-haematological 56.3% (median: 7; IQR: 5–9; range: 3–11). Concerning treatment, haematological patients gained 86.3% (median: 5; IQR: 5–5; range: 0–5) and non-haematological 68.1% (median: 5; IQR: 0–5; range: 0–5) of achievable points. Among the haematological patients with versus those without mould-active prophylaxis, 90 day mortality was 46.0% and 59.3% (P = 0.004), respectively. Guideline adherent management of IPA was observed in 31.1% of cases (39.5% in haematological patients and 7.4% in non-haematological).

Conclusions
The EQUAL Aspergillosis Score is more suitable for evaluation of management of haematological patients compared with those without such underlying disease. In both groups there was no correlation between score points and survival. Larger prospective studies may be suitable to correlate outcome and score. A revision of the score should be considered based on the data presented.
The N2N3 domains of ClfA, FnbpA and FnbpB in Staphylococcus aureus bind to human complement factor H, and their antibodies enhance the bactericidal capability of human blood
Authors: Mao Xinrui , Kim Junghyun , Zhang QingFeng , Jiang TingTing , Ahn Dong Ho , Jung Yunjin , Matsushita Misao , Bae Taeok , Lee Bok Luel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the complement system, the opsonin C3b binds to the bacterial cell surface and mediates the opsonophagocytosis. However, the cell-wall protein SdrE of Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the C3b activity by recruiting the complement regulatory protein factor H (fH). SdrE binds to fH via its N-terminal N2N3 domain, which are also found in six other staphylococcal cell-wall proteins. In this study, we report that not only the N2N3 domain of SdrE but also those of ClfA, FnbpA and FnbpB can bind to fH. When immobilized on a microplate, the N2N3 domains recruited fH and enhanced the factor I (fI)-mediated cleavage of C3b. When mixed with fH and S. aureus cells, the N2N3 domains inhibited the fH binding to S. aureus cells and reduced the fI-mediated C3b cleavage on the bacterial cell surface. The F(ab)′2 fragments of the rabbit N2N3 antibodies also inhibited the fH binding to the S. aureus cell surface. When added to human blood, the N2N3 antibodies or the N2N3 domain proteins significantly increased the bactericidal activity. Based on these results, we conclude that, in S. aureus, not only SdrE but also ClfA, FnbpA and FnbpB can contribute to the inhibition of C3b-mediated opsonophagocytosis.
Comparisons of Efficiency of Two Formulations of Verbenone (4, 6, 6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] hept-3-en-2-one) for Protecting Whitebark Pine, Pinus albicaulis (Pinales: Pinaceae) From Mountain Pine Beetle (Colopetera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Progar Robert A , Fettig Christopher J , Munson A Steven , Mortenson Leif A , Snyder Cynthia L , Kegley Sandra J , Cluck Daniel R , Steed Brytten E , Mafra-Neto Agenor , Rinella Matthew J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis Engelm., is a subalpine tree endemic to western North America. This species provides multiple ecosystem services and is suffering widespread mortality from mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. Verbenone is a pheromone produced as D. ponderosae feed, and high air concentrations of verbenone deter D. ponderosae from colonizing trees. Synthetic verbenone has been formulated into products used to prevent D. ponderosae from colonizing trees. We compared the ability of verbenone pouches and SPLAT Verb to protect individuals and small stands of P. albicaulis. With individual trees in Montana, all treated trees survived regardless of verbenone formulation and rate, whereas untreated trees suffered 70 and 90% mortality in 2015 and 2016. In plot experiments in California from 2015 to 2017, and Oregon from 2015 to 2018, verbenone was applied to trees spaced ~10 m apart, and survival of small (12.7–23 cm DBH = diameter at 1.37 m height), medium (23.1–33 cm DBH) and large (&gt;33 cm DBH) trees was compared. In California, where &gt;80% of untreated trees survived, pouches increased survival ~2 to 3% and SPLAT Verb increased survival ~4 to 7% regardless of tree size. In Oregon, verbenone pouches and SPLAT Verb performed similarly on medium and small trees, but large trees had greater survival when treated with SPLAT Verb (~93%) than pouches (~82%). Compared to verbenone pouches, SPLAT Verb appears to better protect P. albicaulis from D. ponderosae.
The effect of temperature changes and K supply on the reproduction and growth of Bolboschoenus planiculmis
Authors: Liu Ying , Bachofen Christoph , Lou Yanjing , Ding Zhi , Jiang Ming , Lü Xianguo , Buchmann Nina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aims
Climate warming and agricultural non-point source pollution both resulting from anthropogenic activities have been projected to affect plant reproduction and growth in wetlands worldwide. In order to predict and mitigate impacts of these anthropogenic activities, it is important to investigate how marsh plants respond to such environmental changes.

Methods
In this study, Bolboschoenus planiculmis, a tuberous sedge with a wide distribution range in Eurasia, was selected to examine the effect of air temperature changes (15, 20 and 25 °C over 24 h; 20/10 and 30/15 °C, day/night) and K supply (0, 1, 3, 9 and 18 mmol/L) on its reproductive and growth traits in climate chambers.

Important Findings
We found that high constant temperatures (20 and 25 °C) were more beneficial for tuberization of B. planiculmis than high alternating temperatures (30/15 °C), whereas aboveground biomass and shoot height were generally largest at high temperatures (30/15 and 25 °C). Both reproductive and growth traits of B. planiculmis showed hump-shaped relationships with K supply, with an optimum K concentration of around 1–3 mmol/L. The combination of high constant temperatures and optimal K concentrations promoted reproductive traits the most, whereas the combination of higher temperatures (30/15 and 25 °C) and K concentrations up to 9 mmol/L increased growth traits only. We therefore conclude that population abundance of B. planiculmis might benefit from global warming and the additional K supply.
Correction of lateral response artifacts from flatbed scanners for dual-channel radiochromic film dosimetry
Authors: Akino Yuichi , Shiomi Hiroya , Isohashi Fumiaki , Suzuki Osamu , Seo Yuji , Tamari Keisuke , Hirata Takero , Mizuno Hirokazu , Ogawa Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the inter-unit variability of the lateral response artifact for multiple flatbed scanners, focusing on the dual-channel method, and investigated the correction method of the lateral non-uniformity. Four scanners with A3+ paper-size and five scanners with A4 paper-size were evaluated. To generate the dose–response curves, small pieces of the Gafchromic EBT3 and EBT-XD films were irradiated, and five of the pieces were repeatedly scanned by moving them on the scanner to evaluate the lateral non-uniformity. To calculate the dose distribution accounting for the lateral non-uniformity, linear functions of the correction factor, representing the difference between the pixel values at offset position and the scanner midline, were calculated for red and blue color channels at each lateral position. Large variations of the lateral non-uniformity among the scanners were observed, even for the same model of scanner. For high dose, red color showed pixel value profiles similar to symmetric curves, whereas the profiles for low dose were asymmetric. The peak positions changed with dose. With correction of the lateral non-uniformity, the dose profiles of the pyramidal dose distribution measured at various scanner positions and that calculated with a treatment planning system showed almost identical profile shapes at all high-, middle- and low-dose levels. The dual-channel method used in this study showed almost identical dose profiles measured with all A3+ and A4 paper-size scanners at any positions when the corrections were applied for each color channel.
Moral Criticism and Structural Injustice
Authors: Zheng Robin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMoral agency is limited, imperfect, and structurally constrained. This is evident in the many ways we all unwittingly participate in widespread injustice through our everyday actions, which I call ‘structural wrongs’. To do justice to these facts, I argue that we should distinguish between summative and formative moral criticism. While summative criticism functions to conclusively assess an agent's performance relative to some benchmark, formative criticism aims only to improve performance in an ongoing way. I show that the negative sanctions associated with summative responses are only justifiably imposed under certain conditions when persons exercise their agency wrongly — conditions that do not always hold for structural wrongs. Yet even in such cases we can still use formative responses, which are warranted whenever agents fall short of moral ideals. Expanding our repertoire of moral criticism to include both summative and formative responses enables us to better appreciate both the powers and limitations of our agency, and the complexity of moral life.
Radio light curves and imaging of the helium nova V445 Puppis reveal seven years of synchrotron emission
Authors: Nyamai M M , Chomiuk L , Ribeiro V A R M , Woudt P A , Strader J , Sokolovsky K V 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
V445 Puppis is the only helium nova observed to date; its eruption in late 2000 showed high velocities up to 8500 km s−1, and a remarkable bipolar morphology cinched by an equatorial dust disc. Here we present multifrequency radio observations of V445 Pup obtained with the Very Large Array (VLA) spanning 1.5–43.3 GHz, and between 2001 January and 2008 March (days ∼89–2700 after eruption). The radio light curve is dominated by synchrotron emission over these 7 yr, and shows four distinct radio flares. Resolved radio images obtained in the VLA’s A configuration show that the synchrotron emission hugs the equatorial disc, and comparisons to near-IR images of the nova clearly demonstrate that it is the densest ejecta – not the fastest ejecta – that are the sites of the synchrotron emission in V445 Pup. The data are consistent with a model where the synchrotron emission is produced by a wind from the white dwarf impacting the dense equatorial disc, resulting in shocks and particle acceleration. The individual synchrotron flares may be associated with density enhancements in the equatorial disc and/or velocity variations in the wind from the white dwarf. This overall scenario is similar to a common picture of shock production in hydrogen-rich classical novae, but V445 Pup is remarkable in that these shocks persist for almost a decade, much longer than the weeks or months for which shocks are typically observed in classical novae.
A New Catalog of Structural Variants in 1,301 A. thaliana Lines from Africa, Eurasia, and North America Reveals a Signature of Balancing Selection at Defense Response Genes
Authors: Göktay Mehmet , Fulgione Andrea , Hancock Angela M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Genomic variation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been extensively used to understand evolutionary processes in natural populations, mainly focusing on single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Conversely, structural variation has been largely ignored in spite of its potential to dramatically affect phenotype. Here, we identify 155,440 indels and structural variants ranging in size from 1 bp to 10 kb, including presence/absence variants (PAVs), inversions, and tandem duplications in 1,301 A. thaliana natural accessions from Morocco, Madeira, Europe, Asia, and North America. We show evidence for strong purifying selection on PAVs in genes, in particular for housekeeping genes and homeobox genes, and we find that PAVs are concentrated in defense-related genes (R-genes, secondary metabolites) and F-box genes. This implies the presence of a “core” genome underlying basic cellular processes and a “flexible” genome that includes genes that may be important in spatially or temporally varying selection. Further, we find an excess of intermediate frequency PAVs in defense response genes in nearly all populations studied, consistent with a history of balancing selection on this class of genes. Finally, we find that PAVs in genes involved in the cold requirement for flowering (vernalization) and drought response are strongly associated with temperature at the sites of origin.
CoolMPS: evaluation of antibody labeling based massively parallel non-coding RNA sequencing
Authors: Li Yongping , Fehlmann Tobias , Borcherding Adam , Drmanac Snezana , Liu Sophie , Groeger Laura , Xu Chongjun , Callow Matthew , Villarosa Christian , Jorjorian Alexander , Kern Fabian , Grammes Nadja , Meese Eckart , Jiang Hui , Drmanac Radoje , Ludwig Nicole , Keller Andreas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Results of massive parallel sequencing-by-synthesis vary depending on the sequencing approach. CoolMPS™ is a new sequencing chemistry that incorporates bases by labeled antibodies. To evaluate the performance, we sequenced 240 human non-coding RNA samples (dementia patients and controls) with and without CoolMPS. The Q30 value as indicator of the per base sequencing quality increased from 91.8 to 94%. The higher quality was reached across the whole read length. Likewise, the percentage of reads mapping to the human genome increased from 84.9 to 86.2%. For both technologies, we computed similar distributions between different RNA classes (miRNA, piRNA, tRNA, snoRNA and yRNA) and within the classes. While standard sequencing-by-synthesis allowed to recover more annotated miRNAs, CoolMPS yielded more novel miRNAs. The correlation between the two methods was 0.97. Evaluating the diagnostic performance, we observed lower minimal P-values for CoolMPS (adjusted P-value of 0.0006 versus 0.0004) and larger effect sizes (Cohen's d of 0.878 versus 0.9). Validating 19 miRNAs resulted in a correlation of 0.852 between CoolMPS and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Comparison to data generated with Illumina technology confirmed a known shift in the overall RNA composition. With CoolMPS we evaluated a novel sequencing-by-synthesis technology showing high performance for the analysis of non-coding RNAs.