bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horizontally acquired regulatory gene activates ancestral regulatory system to promote Salmonella virulence
Authors: Choi Jeongjoon , Groisman Eduardo A 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHorizontally acquired genes are typically regulated by ancestral regulators. This regulation enables expression of horizontally acquired genes to be coordinated with that of preexisting genes. Here, we report a singular example of the opposite regulation: a horizontally acquired gene that controls an ancestral regulator, thereby promoting bacterial virulence. We establish that the horizontally acquired regulatory gene ssrB is necessary to activate the ancestral regulatory system PhoP/PhoQ of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in mildly acidic pH, which S. Typhimurium experiences inside macrophages. SsrB promotes phoP transcription by binding upstream of the phoP promoter. SsrB also increases ugtL transcription by binding to the ugtL promoter region, where it overcomes gene silencing by the heat-stable nucleoid structuring protein H-NS, enhancing virulence. The largely non-pathogenic species S. bongori failed to activate PhoP/PhoQ in mildly acidic pH because it lacks both the ssrB gene and the SsrB binding site in the target promoter. Low Mg2+ activated PhoP/PhoQ in both S. bongori and ssrB-lacking S. Typhimurium, indicating that the SsrB requirement for PhoP/PhoQ activation is signal-dependent. By controlling the ancestral genome, horizontally acquired genes are responsible for more crucial abilities, including virulence, than currently thought.
HIV-1 infection activates endogenous retroviral promoters regulating antiviral gene expression
Authors: Srinivasachar Badarinarayan Smitha , Shcherbakova Irina , Langer Simon , Koepke Lennart , Preising Andrea , Hotter Dominik , Kirchhoff Frank , Sparrer Konstantin M J , Schotta Gunnar , Sauter Daniel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Although endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are known to harbor cis-regulatory elements, their role in modulating cellular immune responses remains poorly understood. Using an RNA-seq approach, we show that several members of the ERV9 lineage, particularly LTR12C elements, are activated upon HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells. Intriguingly, HIV-1-induced ERVs harboring transcription start sites are primarily found in the vicinity of immunity genes. For example, HIV-1 infection activates LTR12C elements upstream of the interferon-inducible genes GBP2 and GBP5 that encode for broad-spectrum antiviral factors. Reporter assays demonstrated that these LTR12C elements drive gene expression in primary CD4+ T cells. In line with this, HIV-1 infection triggered the expression of a unique GBP2 transcript variant by activating a cryptic transcription start site within LTR12C. Furthermore, stimulation with HIV-1-induced cytokines increased GBP2 and GBP5 expression in human cells, but not in macaque cells that naturally lack the GBP5 gene and the LTR12C element upstream of GBP2. Finally, our findings suggest that GBP2 and GBP5 have already been active against ancient viral pathogens as they suppress the maturation of the extinct retrovirus HERV-K (HML-2). In summary, our findings uncover how human cells can exploit remnants of once-infectious retroviruses to regulate antiviral gene expression.
Personalized Nutrition Through The Gut Microbiota: Current Insights And Future Perspectives
Authors: Vandeputte Doris 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This narrative review discusses how to preserve or increase health through personalized nutritional products and services using microbiome data. In contrast to other reviews, which discuss this subject in the light of metabolic disorders and/or with a nutrition-affects-the-microbiota view, this review takes the perspective that the gut microbiota (GM) affects nutrition. Gut microbes affect host nutritional status through their role in energy harvest and nutrient availability. Consequently, GM modulation could contribute to fulfil nutritional requirements and in this way conquer malnutrition and disease. This review provides an overview of microbiota modulation methods that could be used to improve nutritional status as well as the personalization of these approaches. While some of these methods are immediately applicable, others require more development to assess their feasibility and safety.
Is This Feasible?
Authors: Grisold Andrea , Rieder Maria , Theine Hendrik 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of the corpus of newspaper articles focused on how news media engage with themes and issues related to redistribution policies. One frequently posed question in this context concerns the feasibility and effectiveness of enhanced redistribution policies. Another set of questions concern the scope, role, and optimal approach to novel forms of global wealth tax, the redistribution policy most commonly referred to in the corpus of news media discourses. In the effort to unveil the interrelatedness of dominance, power, and control of readership opinion so often manifest in the news media texts, it becomes clear that the use of language is crucial in discourses related to policy options. Thus, this chapter draws on primary research materials to provide distinctive insights on the approach and discourses of the news media in shaping the readers’ knowledge, opinion, or beliefs with respect to the wider potential, role, and scope of redistribution policies. Chapter 9 provides an in-depth analysis of the ways redistribution policies are portrayed within the overall Piketty debate. After a short quantitative section examining what types of redistribution policies are mentioned or discussed, the chapter provides a detailed analysis of the legitimation strategies expressing a negative or a positive stance towards redistribution policies. Finally, the chapter discusses two common themes in the overall corpus: that articles ascribe a highly ambivalent role to the state, and a positive role to the entrepreneur as innovator.
Choreographing in Color
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In Choreographing in Color, J. Lorenzo Perillo investigates the development of Filipino popular dance and performance since the late 20th century. Drawing from nearly two decades of ethnography, choreographic analysis, and community engagement with artists, choreographers, and organizers, Perillo asserts the importance in shifting attention away from the predominant Philippine neoliberal and US imperialist emphasis on Filipinos as superb mimics, heroic migrants, model minorities, and natural dancers, and instead asks: what does it mean for Filipinos to navigate the violent forces of empire and neoliberalism with street dance and hip-hop? Employing critical race, feminist, and performance studies, Perillo analyzes the conditions of possibility that gave rise to Filipino dance phenomena across viral, migrant, theatrical, competitive, and diplomatic performance in the Philippines and diaspora. Advocating for serious engagements with the dancing body, Perillo rethinks a staple of hip-hop’s regulation, the “euphemism,” as a mode of social critique for understanding how folks have engaged with both racial histories of colonialism and gendered labor migration. Figures of euphemism—the zombie, hero, robot, and judge—constitute a way of seeing Filipino hip-hop as contiguous with a multi-racial repertoire of imperial crossing, thus uncovering the ways Black dance intersects Filipino racialization and reframing the ongoing, contested underdog relationship between Filipinos and US global power.
Zombies and Prisoner Rehabilitation
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how, in 2007, 1,500 inmates in the Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC) went “viral” with their online rendition of Michael Jackson’s music video “Thriller.” Representing an exercise program aimed at building teamwork and reducing gang activity through dance, the CPDRC’s “Thriller” circulated as performance-based proof of prisoner rehabilitation. This chapter argues that central to the production’s worldwide popularity are narratives of discipline, colonial choreography, and the alterity of Wenjiel Resane, the cross-dressed leading lady. It situates the dance in relation to the African American original, the actions of the prison administrators, and ideologies of Filipino mimicry. This chapter examines how neocolonial and market-oriented reforms fundamentally influenced the social construction of Filipino Otherness presented in the dance and thus shaped its popularity in unexpected ways.
Introduction
Authors: Somin Ilya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ballot box voting has great value, but it also has significant flaws. Individual voters almost never significantly affect the outcome of an election. They therefore have little in the way of meaningful political choice. The insignificance of the individual vote also ensures that ballot box voters have little incentive to become well-informed, and therefore often make poor decisions. Voting with your feet—or “foot voting”—is in many ways a superior alternative. You can vote with your feet between jurisdictions in a federal system, through international migration, and in the private sector. Foot voting offers individuals a chance to make decisions that actually matter. Consequently, foot voters tend to seek out information and use it wisely. The purpose of this book is to show how the advantages of foot voting of all three types make it a powerful tool for expanding political freedom. The last part of the Introduction provides an overview of the remaining chapters in the book.
Viruses, Plagues, and History
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
“Viruses, Plagues, & History” focuses on the effects of viral diseases on human history. Written by an eminent internationally respected virologist, it couples the fabric of history with major concepts developed in virology, immunology, vaccination, and accounts by people who first had, saw and acted at the times these events occurred. Much of the preventive and therapeutic progress (vaccines, antiviral drugs) has been made in the last 60 years. Many of those who played commanding roles in the fight to understand, control and eradicate viruses and viral diseases are (were) personally known to the author and several episodes described in this book reflect their input. The book records the amazing accomplishments that led to the control of lethal and disabling viral diseases caused by Smallpox, Yellow Fever, Measles, Polio, Hepatitis A, B and C, and HIV. These six success stories are contrasted with viral infections currently out of control—COVID-19, Ebola virus, Lassa Fever virus, Hantavirus, West Nile virus, and Zika. Influenza, under reasonable containment at present, but with the potential to revert to a world-wide pandemic similar to 1918–1919 where over 50 million people were killed. The new platforms to develop inhibitory and prophylactic vaccines to limit these and other viral diseases is contrasted to the anti-vaccine movement and the false prophets of autism.
Introduction to the Principles of Immunology
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the human immune system combats viruses, either by spontaneously eliminating infections or by becoming stimulated via vaccination to prevent viral diseases. The proteins in viruses and bacteria that trigger an immune response are called antigens or immunogens, and the result of a satisfactory immune response to these antigens is immunity—long-term protection from repeated disease caused by a specific type of virus or bacteria. Similarly, a vaccine primes the immune response by programming it to anticipate and resist future pathogens like those in that particular vaccine. The immune system has evolved to deal with enormous numbers and varieties of every conceivable foreign antigen. However, the immune system must discriminate between foreign antigens, such as viral proteins, that are non-self and those antigens that are self, one’s own proteins (i.e., hormones such as insulin and cell proteins that make up muscle or nerve cells). Ultimately, the success of this system defines an organism’s capacity for survival.
Yellow Fever
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of yellow fever, the role it played in shaping slavery in the United States, and its part in the country’s westward expansion. Yellow fever was an endemic disease of West Africa that traveled to the New World and elsewhere aboard trading ships with their cargoes of slaves. The black African peoples, although easily infected, nevertheless withstood the effects in that fewer died from the infection than Caucasians, American Indians, or Asians. Ironically, as smallpox and measles devastated natives along the Caribbean coast and islands, growing numbers of African slaves were brought to replace those plantation laborers. When the value of Africans over natives became apparent, by virtue of the blacks’ resistance to yellow fever, the importation of these Africans increased still further. Because it was so lethal to susceptible humans, yellow fever actually disrupted exploration into the Caribbean. In fact, American expansion became possible only after a team led by Walter Reed arrived in Cuba to combat the disease and prove it was transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
Capabilities
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Capabilities, one of the seven key drivers of team effectiveness, refers to fairly stable competencies and predispositions that have been shown to consistently contribute to or detract from team effectiveness. While high capability levels don’t ensure success, and adding a “star” won’t always boost performance, a significant lack of capability will hurt team effectiveness. You can’t “team” away a large capability gap. This chapter highlights 11 transportable team capabilities that are beneficial in almost any team including communicating, giving and receiving feedback, dealing with conflict, interpersonal skill, and teamwork savvy. These competencies can be developed over time. Several personal traits are usually related to team effectiveness, including collective orientation, adaptability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. Three toxic traits, referred to as the dark triad—Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy—adversely affect teamwork. Traits are quite difficult to change, so it is worth the effort to choose the right people to join your team.
Cooperation
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines cooperation, the term the authors use to describe attitudes and beliefs that team members have about their team. These attitudes and beliefs are formed based on experiences with their current (and previous) team, and they “emerge” from the other six drivers of team effectiveness. In turn, cooperative attitudes and beliefs can help facilitate collaboration, communication, and cognitions. Four cooperative beliefs consistently impact team effectiveness—trust, psychological safety, collective efficacy, and cohesion. It is important to keep an eye on them, and if you see signs that they might be declining, take prompt action—particularly if team members must rely on one another for the team to be successful. The chapter contains tips for understanding and promoting the formation of cooperative beliefs, for example, how to help build trust and boost psychological safety.
Coordination
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter is about coordination, or the behaviors that underlie effective teamwork. It is what people often think of when they use the term teamwork. As expected, research shows that whenever team members must rely on one another in any way, coordination matters. This chapter identified four key coordination behaviors that consistently influence team performance: (a) monitoring (maintaining situation awareness), (b) providing back-up/support, (c) adapting; and (d) managing team emotions and conflict. Tips are provided to help team members effectively monitor one another, the team’s performance, and the conditions in which they operate; to enable smoother backup such as assisting or filling in for one another; to encourage constructive adaptation, including how to use team debriefs to make periodic adjustments; and to promote collaborative rather than competitive conflict.
Senior Leaders
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Senior leaders set the tone for teamwork and collaboration in their organization. Although most employees may not see and talk with senior leaders on a regular basis, research shows that what happens among senior leaders somehow finds its way through the organization. The actions senior leaders take (and don’t take) and the things they say (and don’t say) send signals about whether collaboration is truly valued. This chapter offers 10 pieces of advice for senior leaders who believe that teamwork is an ingredient for business and personal success, and want to reinforce that message. The tips are based on the science of teamwork.
University-Based Consulting Centers as Part of an Industrial-Organizational Master’s Program
Authors: Hein Michael , Moffett Richard G. , Nakai Yoshie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter details key considerations for starting and maintaining a consulting center. University-based consulting centers provide unique out-of-classroom training opportunities for students in industrial-organizational psychology master’s programs to develop professional skills. Students work in groups with faculty and peers to provide services to organizational clients. Through the centers, students gain applied experience in project management, proposal writing, and business communications. Key considerations for establishing and maintaining a university-based consulting center include evaluating the needs and readiness of the stakeholders, aligning the centers with the objectives of the program and university, creating the center’s infrastructure to meet the administrative responsibilities, and networking with existing and potential clients.
Transforming Campus Rape Culture
Authors: Crocker Diane , Sibley Marcus A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how rape culture, as a concept, is used to mobilize efforts to reduce campus sexual violence. While rape culture is not simple, institutional responses assume it is. This insight is informed by complexity theory. Rape culture is a complex context that does not respond well to solutions that assume static, cause–effect relationships. The chapter describes a Canadian project that used narrative methods to solicit stories about rape culture from students and invited them to code their own stories and how they would characterize aspects of their experiences. The chapter explores how students make meaning of and understand rape culture in contrast to dominant narratives in research and advocacy. Additionally it explores the students’ stories’ themes to illustrate limitations inherent in current efforts to transform campus rape culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Lewis Ruth , Marine Susan B. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter the editors pull together key themes emerging from the previous chapters and consider how this volume may help direct future work on transforming higher education in order to eradicate gender-based violence (GBV). They reflect on the importance of theorizing about GBV in the higher education context. Paying attention to the language and concepts used, ensuring perpetrators are in the picture rather than obscured, and adopting an intersectional approach are all important aspects of scholarship and practice. The chapter examines the central role of students as both objects and subjects of transformation; their work as activists is essential to transforming student norms and practices. It also reflects on the importance of collaborations between various actors (students, staff, faculty, management, and community organizations). To be effective in transforming the power that enables GBV to persist, these collaborations, and scholarship, must be explicitly power-conscious.
Carolingians and Ecclesiastical Servitude
Authors: Sommar Mary E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses slavery in the Carolingian Empire (c. 750–900) and includes an overview of slavery in the British Isles in the first Christian millennium.
The Classical Canon Law
Authors: Sommar Mary E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses ecclesiastical slavery in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries and provides an in-depth analysis of the official canon law relevant to the question of ecclesiastical servitude.
Conclusions
Authors: Sommar Mary E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter summarizes the conclusions drawn in earlier chapters and provides a brief overview of the question of ecclesiastical servitude up to the twentieth century.