bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The conclusion discusses three factors central to the book’s arguments: the status of Wedekind’s censored plays as palimpsests, Berg’s affinity for Liebestod effects in the music he composed for Lulu, and his decision to work with, indeed to augment, the discrepancies in the plays rather than flatten them as other dramaturges chose to do in the 1920s. In focusing on the impact of repeated censorship of Wedekind’s plays on Berg’s opera, the conclusion considers potential consequences if he had decided to set the five-act Lulu published in 1913 rather than the two versions he settled on instead. The 1913 Lulu would not have allowed two of the Liebestod effects and would have weakened the concluding Liebestod.
The Metric of Punishment Severity
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The principle of proportionality, a cornerstone of retributive penal philosophy, requires (ceteris paribus) the severity of the punishments imposed to be a function of the seriousness of the crimes committed. This principle cannot be applied without a metric or common denominator to assess whether two impositions of punishment are equal or unequal in severity. To identify such a metric, we must first decide whether it is wholly objective or at least partly subjective, involving an essential reference to the psychological response of whoever is punished. Even when this issue is resolved, no single measure of punishment severity may exist. Instead, all we might be able to say is that a given instance of punishment is more severe along one dimension and less severe along another, with no clear means to specify which is more or less severe, all things considered. This conclusion has potentially grave implications for the adequacy of a retributive theory of punishment that takes desert and proportionality as central. No solution is readily available without a substantial retreat from ideal theory. Perhaps the best way forward is to adopt a deflationary role for proportionality and desert rather than to abandon them altogether.
The Time of Punishment
Authors: Roberts Julian V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Increasingly, courts around the world are being required to sentence offenders for crimes committed years or even decades earlier. Prevailing conceptions of harm and culpability change over time. Policymakers concerned with punishment and sentencing should be sensitive to changes in the absolute and relative seriousness of crimes as well as the absolute and relative severity of punishments. Ordinal rankings of offenses have evolved over the past 50 years, as has our understanding of the impact of various sanctions. Issues raised by sentencing for crimes committed much earlier illustrate the need for a time-sensitive approach. Should defendants be sentenced according to standards prevailing at the time of the offense or according to current standards? In a just system, offenders would be judged by the standards prevailing when they took the decision to offend. A time-sensitive approach would apply the sentencing standards of the earlier time yet also consider time-relevant mitigation and aggravation in the subsequent period. The offender’s conduct and the victim’s suffering during the period are both relevant factors. Passage of time often changes our evaluation of the offense and the offender. When this occurs, the nature of the sentence should change. Likewise for long-serving prisoners, whose sentences should be reviewed after years have passed, in case they are no longer deemed proportionate.
The Time-Frame Challenge to Retributivism
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Retributivists believe that criminal offenders should suffer or be punished in proportion to what they morally deserve. There is, however, an often-ignored debate about whether desert should be assessed across a person’s life (the whole-life view) or only for crimes that are the subject of a current sentencing proceeding (the current-crime view). Both options are unappealing. The whole-life view may be superior on theoretical grounds but is hopelessly impractical. The current-crime view is somewhat more practical but has no solid theoretical foundation. The lack of a suitable time frame in which to assess desert represents an important challenge to retributivist conceptions of proportionality. Even uncertainty about the proper time frame may itself be detrimental to some retributivists’ hopes of justifying the incarcerative sentences of particular offenders.
The Republic of Bees
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter details changes in American law from the eighteenth century onward, covering federal and state constitutions, judges, organization of courts, and civil procedure, and the law of evidence. The colonies declared themselves independent in 1776. However, American law continued to borrow from English law. English doctrines that were needed and appropriate were welcome. Between 1776, and the middle of the nineteenth century, there developed a true republic of bees; their flowers were the social and economic institutions that grew up in the United States. American conditions and ideas were the lawmakers that made American law a distinctive system: a separate language within the common-law family.
An American Law of Property
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of American property law, covering the law of private land, the law of mortgages, succession, and intellectual property. In America, land was at first the basic form of wealth, in the colonies and also in the new land west of the coastal strip. After 1787, the vast stock of public land was both a problem and a great opportunity. The states transferred millions and millions of acres to the national government. The Louisiana Purchase brought millions more into national ownership. Much of this land did not clearly belong to the government—there were state claims, claims of native tribes, and early land grants. Untangling this mess was a serious, and long-lasting problem. Nonetheless, the federal domain, even taking all these conflicting claims into account, was vast.
The Law of Commerce and Trade
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of American commercial law covering the admiralty and general commerce, sale of goods, bankruptcy and insolvency, and contract. American commercial law was deeply and persistently in debt to England. Theoretically, even national sovereignty was no barrier. The laws of admiralty, marine insurance, commercial paper, and sale of goods were not, supposedly, parochial law, English law; they were part of an international body of rules. The law of sales of goods developed greatly in the first half of the nineteenth century. Many, if not most, of the leading cases were English and were adopted in the United States fairly rapidly. Two strains of law—contract and the law merchant—each with a somewhat different emphasis, were more or less godparents of the law of sales.
Crime and Punishment: And a Footnote on Tort
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of American criminal law, covering penal law and penal reform, prison, and tort. The criminal law is an important lever of power, for any government. The leaders of the American Revolution felt strongly that the British were trampling on American rights and were abusing criminal justice. The right to a fair criminal trial was a fundamental right, in their eyes. The Bill of Rights was a kind of minicode of criminal procedure. Moreover, in the late eighteenth century, scholars were rethinking the premises on which criminal law rested. Great reformers called for a more enlightened system of criminal law.
The Bar and Its Works
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the bar, covering its organization, legal education, and the legal literature of the law. The bar was open to almost all men in a technical sense. But class and background did make a difference. Jacksonian ideology should not be taken at face value. The bar was, for one thing, somewhat stratified, even in the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there is a tremendous social distance between a Wall Street partner on the one hand, and on the other hand, lawyers who scrambled for a living at the bottom of the heap. Lawyers from wealthy or professional backgrounds were far more likely to reach the heights than lawyers from working-class homes. In 1800 and 1850, there were no large law firms, and hardly any firms at all.
Procedure and Practice: An Age of Reform
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses procedural reform in the second half of the nineteenth century, covering the Field Code, appellate courts, and codification and reform. The year 1848 is considered by some lawyers and historians as a time of procedural revolution, although perhaps a mild one. In that year, New York passed an “act to simplify and abridge the Practice, Pleadings, and Proceedings of the Courts.” This was a full-blown Code of Civil Procedure, radically new at least in appearance. The Code is often called the Field Code, after David Dudley Field, who did more than anyone else to devise it and get it enacted. The Field Code also served as a catalytic agent for procedural reform in other parts of the United States.
Commerce, Labor, and Taxation
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of commerce, labor, and tax laws in the second half of the nineteenth century. It covers contracts, negotiable instruments, the law of sales, usury laws, insurance, bankruptcy, admiralty, labor and law, federal taxation, state and local tax, and death taxes. The law of contract occupies a special place in American law in the nineteenth century. The dominance of contract was one of the sovereign notions of the nineteenth century. By constitutional mandate, no state could “impair” the obligation of contracts. Contract law was also one of the basic building blocks of legal study.
The Legal Profession: At Work
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses changes in the legal profession in the second half of the nineteenth century covering the organization of the bar and admission to the bar. In 1850, there were an estimated 21,979 lawyers in the United States. The number grew very rapidly after the Revolution. In the last half of the century, there was even greater increase. The transformation of the American economy after the Civil War profoundly affected the demand for lawyers, and hence the supply. By 1880, there were perhaps 60,000 lawyers; by 1900, about 114,000. For most of the nineteenth century, no organization even pretended to speak for the bar as a whole, or any substantial part, or to govern the conduct of lawyers. Lawyers formed associations, mainly social, from time to time; but there was no general bar group until the last third of the century.
Crime and Punishment in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses changes in criminal law in the twentieth century, covering the decriminalization of sex and vice, defendants’ rights, the death penalty, and crime waves and the national response. As the federal government grew in size in the twentieth century, and as the federal statute book grew along with it, a whole new array of federal crimes came into existence. Income tax evasion or fraud was one of these—it was obviously no crime at all before the federal income tax law. Every regulatory law created a new federal crime: violating the food and drug law, or stock fraud under the SEC law, or killing a black-footed ferret, under the Endangered Species Act. Under J. Edgar Hoover, the Federal Bureau of Investigation became a major crime-fighter, at least with regard to crime that crossed state lines.
“Beyond Description”
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter one places music in the context of late 19th-century Euro-American japonisme. The focus is on American perceptions of and reactions to Japanese music encountered in Japan in the second half of the 19th century. Sources include published and unpublished correspondence and diaries of Americans (from Salem sailors to scholars to Gilded Age socialites) who traveled to Japan as well as travel books, scholarly journals, newspapers, and novels set in Japan. The chapter presents the earliest songs, musicals, and plays representing Japan and Japanese music to the American public. Bostonian Japanophiles are central as are American music educators who worked in Japan. The context in which Japanese music was first heard in the U.S., particularly at World Expositions, is explored. These early and primarily negative reports indirectly reveal contemporaneous American musical values and unintentionally marked Japanese music as an ideal model for later modernist composers.
An Exotic Enemy
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cinema was the most effective medium for anti-Japanese propaganda in the U.S. during World War II and was the site of music’s most important wartime role. From shortly after Pearl Harbor to the end of the U.S. occupation of Japan in 1952, Hollywood produced a large number of films offering negative depictions of the Japanese. Music assumed multiple roles in these anti-Japanese feature films and U.S. government documentaries. Never had Orientalist and racial politics been more clearly evident in music heard by so many as in these productions. These films marshaled preexistent European music, stereotypical Orientalist signs, and traditional Japanese music against the exotic enemy. Select sophisticated examples of musical propaganda are analyzed, offering new perspectives for the study of cross-cultural musical encounters. For many in the U.S., Hollywood film music continues to shape their impressions of Japan and their perceptions of Japanese music.
Conclusions? or, Contemporary Representations and Reception
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on examples of American japonisme and interactions with traditional Japanese culture from the past few decades, thereby revealing connections with older representational techniques and concerns. The chapter starts with an extended discussion of Stephen Sondheim’s Broadway musical Pacific Overtures and a brief discussion of films during the trade war period. The second section focuses on Weezer’s Pinkerton album as a continuation of Tin Pan Alley exoticism. In the early twenty-first century, multiple female pop stars (Madonna, Katy Perry) appropriated the geisha image in performance. The chapter then turns toward Asian American postmodern attempts to undermine Orientalism, as in David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly. Recently, organizations such as the Japan Society have commissioned numerous American composers to create works for Japanese instruments. In addition, numerous Americans have become professional shakuhachi players and teachers. The chapter concludes with recent examples of japonisme aimed particularly at children (animation, video games).
Cryptocurrencies and the Evolution of Banking, Money, and Payments
Authors: Geva Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses cryptocurrencies in the context of a historical overview of the evolution of money, banking, and the payment system. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I introduces the topic. Section II addresses money, payment, and payment intermediation. Section III sets out the evolution of commercial banking to facilitate national and global networks for book-based payments. Section IV addresses both electronic banking as a form of payment intermediation and the availability to the public of central bank balances as a challenge to payment intermediation. Section V examines the challenge cryptocurrencies present to state-issued currency, payment intermediation, and the roles of banks in the payment systems. The conclusion points at an irony: even as a challenge to banking, cryptocurrencies emerged as an outgrowth of an enhancement to banking.
Casting Light on Central Bank Digital Currency
Authors: Mancini-Griffoli Tommaso , Peria Maria Soledad Martinez , Agur Itai , Ari Anil , Kiff John , Popescu Adina , Rochon Celine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Several central banks have begun actively investigating the possibility of issuing central bank digital currency (CBDC). This new central bank liability would be a widely accessible digital form of fiat money, intended as legal tender. This chapter aims to answer a simple question: Does CBDC offer benefits? On the demand side, would it satisfy end user needs better than other forms of money? And on the supply side, would issuing CBDC allow central banks to more effectively satisfy public policy goals, including financial inclusion, operational efficiency, financial stability, monetary policy effectiveness, and financial integrity? In short, is CBDC a desirable form of money given existing and rapidly evolving alternatives? The chapter includes a summary of pilot projects and studies from central banks exploring the possibility of issuing CBDC. The analysis is based on publicly issued materials and discussions with staff members at central banks and technology providers around the world.
Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada: A Guide for Mandatory Reporters offers a concise guide to mandatory reporting in provincial and territorial jurisdictions with specific attention to the context and unique realities of northern Canada. As an introduction to mandatory reporting, the book opens with an exploration of the historical rise of the child welfare system, mandatory reporters’ ethical duties around reporting, types of abuse and neglect, risk and protective factors, and the ascendancy of child abuse in an online environment. The latter half of the book first explores decision-making factors (legal, clinician, situational, professional, and relationship) to assist human service professionals with their decision-making. This section then explores the reporting process and offers relationship repair strategies (reporting, information, affect regulation, advocacy, resource, and cultural). The book culminates in a comprehensive, empirically based conceptual framework to assist human service professionals with decision-making and maintaining the relationship. Predicated on the author’s dissertation research Child Abuse and Neglect in Canada: A Guide for Mandatory Reporters offers students a comprehensive framework for fulfilling their professional, fiduciary obligations and provides educators with accessible teaching tools to further their students’ understanding of this area.
Typology and Incidence of Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of child abuse (physical, emotional, sexual, and intimate partner violence) and neglect. It begins by examining the varying definitions of child abuse and neglect around Canadian provinces and territories. It examines physical abuse versus corporal punishment and the impact of maltreatment into youth and adulthood. The effects of child abuse and neglect into adolescence and adulthood, as well as its neurological effects, are discussed. The chapter then explores the Canadian Incidence Study, which provides a picture of the occurrence of child abuse and neglect as well as professional and nonprofessional referral sources.
That Adorable Genius and a Prime Minister
Authors: James William , Balfour Arthur 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
William James offered several resources that a moral apologist can deploy. James saw it as irrational to embrace a rule of reasoning that precludes finding truth that’s really there to be found. He argued that the category of moral regret is a bad fit with a naturalistic worldview. Like other philosophers we’ve considered, his was an expansive empiricism that included considering the evidential value of relational, aesthetic, and ethical deliverances. Arthur Balfour similarly recognized the moral deficiencies of naturalism, though, more so than James, he thought reconcilable the religious and metaphysical accounts of theism. Balfour was particularly intent on underscoring the ways in which deflationary analyses of moral values and duties are better at explaining them away than actually explaining them. He didn’t think the moral argument was best thought of as a deduction; rather, he saw it as something closer to an inductive or abductive approach.
A Knightbridge Professor
Authors: Sorley William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
William Sorley argued that God provides the best and most rational and unified view of reality, the ground of both the natural and moral orders. What a close look reveals is that Sorley’s approach, rather than dated, remains a lively, instructive, and powerful model to follow. Whether he was integrating or reconciling various pieces of natural theology—the causal and moral, is and ought, reality and value, life and work, finite and infinite goods, the temporal and transcendent, the moral law and evil, philosophy and poetry, or morality and metaphysics—his was an expansive and integrative mind and an open and capacious heart whose prescient insights have proven the test of time. He demonstrated what long and intimate acquaintance with the world of ideas can generate, and his enduring example can serve as an inspiration and corrective to much of what passes for apologetics today.
Re-visioning the Bible
Authors: Givens Terryl , Hauglid Brian M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Joseph Smith considered his “re-translation” of the Bible (actually a revision) to be one of the most important “branches of his calling.” The most important product of this effort was a Mosaic narrative, utterly absent from Genesis, that described such new doctrines as the Christian gospel being taught to Adam and Eve, as well as their baptism—effectively collapsing and redefining Christian covenant theology. Smith also introduced a narrative of the prophet Enoch, who encounters a God weeping over humankind’s misery. His other edits to the Bible made significant changes to the presentation of original sin, predestination, and the nature of sin and salvation. Of equal importance, his work on the Bible prompted an outpouring of canonized revelations on a host of topics.