bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
56 Effects of mycotoxins and selected feed additives on viability and tight junction integrity of IPEC-J2 cells
Authors: Lu Hang , Horn Nathan , Ajuwon Kola 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mycotoxins are deleterious feed contaminants routinely found in cereal gains used in livestock feed. Development of strategies to eliminate mycotoxins and mitigate their harmful effects on the animal is of major importance to the livestock industry. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1(FB1), and selected prebiotic, probiotic, and essential oil blended feed additives, on viability and integrity in porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). IPEC-J2 cells were treated with each individual mycotoxin (DON, AFB1 and FB1) with or without additives (Microsecure (MS), Biolex (BL) and Encinnate (EN), Biomatrix Inc., U.S.A). Mycotoxins significantly decreased the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of IPEC-J2 cells compared to control with no negative effects on cell viability at 72h. Biolex and EN increased TEER under a DON challenge. The decrease in TEER by AFB1 was minimized in the presence of MS (9.8%), BL (17.1%) and EN (22.8%) relative to AFB1 (P &lt; 0.0001). The protein abundance of claudin 3 was decreased with mycotoxins (P &lt; 0.0001) and this was partially reversed by the additives relative to control cells with additives. In addition, BL and EN significantly increased claudin 4 protein abundance (P = 0.02) when challenged with AFB1. Encinnate significantly increased TLR2 gene expression when challenged with DON (P &lt; 0.05) with MS and BL had a numerical TLR2 gene expression. A numerical increasing of TLR2 gene expression was also observed with feed additives when cells were challenged with AFB1 and FB1. In summary, mycotoxins led to impaired epithelial tight junction integrity and this was in-part rescued by the additives tested through restoration of cellular integrity and TLR-2 dependent immune modulation.
53 Risk factors for facial lesions in piglets and teat injuries in sows – a review
Authors: Chou Jen-Yun , Ison Sarah H , Marchant-Forde Jeremy , Nalon Elena , Thuy Huynh T T , Harsh Cameron , van de Weerd Heleen , Boyle Laura A , Blaszak Kate 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Painful procedures performed on piglets are one of the most important welfare concerns of intensive pig production. For example, teeth resection is a common practice whereby the canine (needle) teeth are clipped or ground to prevent piglet facial and sow teat lesions. Based on a global consumer survey in 2018, 60% of respondents will potentially stop purchasing pork from pigs experiencing painful procedures. In contrast to tail docking and surgical castration, little is known about the risk factors for piglet facial and sow teat lesions and therefore the need for teeth resection. We reviewed the literature to better understand these risk factors and conducted a survey to identify preventative strategies in practice that have enabled producers to avoid teeth resection. For the literature review, we used Web of Science and Google Scholar to include peer-reviewed publications and gray literature. The questionnaire was distributed with convenience sampling to relevant stakeholders. In the questionnaire, information on current on-farm practices regarding teeth resection was collected, including the method, frequency, and reason for conducting teeth resection, and preventative measures used. Preliminary findings of the literature review showed that most studies only focused on teeth resection and its effect on piglet facial and sow teat lesions. Other risk factors identified are litter size, farrowing system and flooring, milk production, management of fostering, flooring, and enrichment. The survey is ongoing and the complete results will be presented during the conference. Our review suggests many risk factors are related to piglet facial and sow teat lesions other than whether or not teeth resection is carried out. There is still a knowledge gap in the understanding of how alleviating these risk factors can prevent said lesions, and further research and dissemination of best practice is needed to explore different solutions instead of solely relying on teeth resection.
62 Evaluating detoxification efficacy of deoxynivalenol by encapsulated sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell IPEC-J2 model
Authors: Lu Peng , Yu Changning , Liu Shangxi , Gong Joshua , Liu Song , Yang Chengbo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination occurs on feed ingredients and causes a reduction in growth performance, damage to the intestinal epithelial cells, and increased susceptibility to enteric pathogen challenge. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) has been successfully used to destroy DON in processed grains or feeds. However, SMBS degrades quickly under aqueous acid conditions, such as pig stomachs, and when SMBS is added to diet, little will remain intact in the small intestine where an optimal pH environment exists for detoxification by SMBS. Thus, this study was to encapsulate SMBS into microparticles to deliver intact SMBS to the small intestine and evaluate its efficacy of DON detoxification in the simulated intestine fluid (SIF) using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) model. The results showed that around 40% of the SMBS loading capacity was achieved in the microparticles. In vitro release studies showed that 1.61% of encapsulated SMBS was released in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and the majority of encapsulated SMBS (75.52%) was progressively released in the SIF within 6 h at 37 °C. In vitro cell experiments showed that DON treated with the SIF containing 0.5% SMBS for 2 h completely attenuated the DON-induced cytotoxicity. When DON was treated with the SGF containing 0.5% encapsulated SMBS for 2 h and then the mixture was mixed with the SIF (1:1) and incubated for 2 h, it also completely attenuated the DON-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, DON treated with the simulated fluid containing 0.5% encapsulated SMBS completely attenuated the gene expression inflammatory cytokines upregulated by DON and restored trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and tight junction and cytoskeleton. In summary, the encapsulation of SMBS was stable in SGF and allowed a progressive release of SMBS in the SIF. Moreover, the released SMBS in the SIF effectively attenuated the adverse effects induced by DON in the intestinal epithelial cells.
307 A systems approach to understanding biosecurity decision-making
Authors: Merrill Scott C , Koliba Christopher , Bucini Gabriela , Clark Eric , Trinity Luke , Zia Asim , Cheney Nicholas , Langle Ollin , Shrum Trisha , Sellnow Timothy , Sellnow Deanna , Smith Julia M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Disease and its consequences result in social and economic impacts to the US animal livestock industry, ranging from losses in human capital to economic costs in excess of a billion dollars annually. Impacts would dramatically escalate if a devastating disease like Foot and Mouth Disease or African Swine Fever virus were to emerge in the United States. Investing in preventative biosecurity can reduce the likelihood of disease incursions and their negative impact on our livestock industry, yet uncertainty persists with regards to developing an effective biosecurity structure and culture. Here we show the implications of human behavior and decision making for biosecurity effectiveness, from the operational level to the owner/managerial level and finally to the systems level. For example, adjustments to risk messaging strategies could double worker compliance with biosecurity practices at the operational level. The improvement of our risk communication strategy may increase willingness to invest in biosecurity. Furthermore, the adaptation of policies could nudge behavior so that we observe a short disease outbreak followed by a quick eradication instead of a pandemic. Our research shows how the emergence of now-endemic diseases, such as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus, cannot be adequately modeled without the use of a human behavioral component. Focusing solely on any one sector or level of the livestock system is not sufficient to predict emergent disease patterns and their social and economic impact on livestock industries. These results provide insight toward developing more effective risk mitigation strategies and ways to nudge behavior toward more disease resilient systems.
311 A brief overview, comparison and practical applications of machine learning models
Authors: Tulpan Dan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This is a hands-on workshop offered as a pre-conference training opportunity for researchers interested in applying machine learning techniques to animal science datasets with the purpose of classifying, clustering, performing linear and non-linear regressions or selecting a subset of features relevant to further studies. The objective of this workshop is to provide the audience with a way to formulate a problem such that it will be solvable by machine learning techniques and apply an exploratory analysis of various machine learning on different datasets. The workshop is structured in a hands-on format and includes a brief overview of basic notions about machine learning, a description of relevant models and evaluation metrics followed by a practical session. The practical session requires each attendee to bring their own laptop and have already installed the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka) workbench for machine learning available from https://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/ and all freely available machine learning models. The Weka installation of freely available machine learning models can be achieved by using the Weka Package Manager available from the Tools menu in the main application. Detailed information will be provided 2 weeks before the beginning of the workshop (week of July 5, 2020) at the following URL:http://animalbiosciences.uoguelph.ca/~dtulpan/conferences/asas2020_mlworkshop/
318 Bovine liver abscess complex: Likely causes and tested solutions
Authors: Lawrence Ty 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The liver abscess (LA) complex is commonly associated with high energy, limited roughage rations. Aggressive grain processing increases starch availability, leading to increased lactic acid production and lower rumen pH, potentially causing lactic acidosis. Rumen lesions may result from repeated bouts of lactic acidosis, likely allowing penetration of bacteria into the bloodstream, and have been associated with incidence of LA. Additionally, consumption of sharp objects can cause penetration of rumen epithelium and likely promote bacterial entry into the bloodstream. Research has successfully induced LA in both cattle and sheep from intraportal infusion of Fusobacterium necrophorum. F. necrophorum is a gram-negative, non-sporeforming anaerobe commensal to the rumen that likely enters the liver via the portal vein due to a damaged rumen wall. F. necrophorum has a plethora of virulence factors that support LA formation; however, recent research has indicated that LA contain polymicrobial cultures, and some have questioned if bacteria other than F. necrophorum can cause LA. Liver abscesses are not solely limited to animals on a high-energy diet; they have also been documented in cull beef-type and dairy-type cows. Production losses from LA are associated with reduction in dry-matter intake, average daily gain, gain:feed, live weight, hot carcass weight, dressed carcass yield, and subcutaneous fat depth, concomitant with increased carcass trim. To reduce the incidence of LA, cattle feeders typically include tylosin in the diet; multiple studies have reported a 20 to 38 percentage point reduction in the incidence of LA present at slaughter. Four additional antibiotics (bacitracin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, virginiamycin) are approved for the prevention of LA. Feeding antibiotics to food animals is a contemporary social issue with limited societal support. Tested alternatives to antimicrobial control for LA include vaccination with F. necrophorum leukotoxoid or bacterin, feeding essential oils, enzymatic feed treatment, and feeding yeast fermentation products.
80 Effects of miscanthus fiber on nutrient digestibility and fecal metabolites of adult dogs
Authors: Finet Shannon E , He Fei , Mangian Heather , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dietary fiber is an important component of pet food that helps to promote colonocyte health by favoring saccharolytic fermentation and short-chain fatty acid production in addition to modulating gut microbiota and aiding laxation. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of miscanthus grass fiber, prebiotic fiber blends, and traditional dietary fiber sources on apparent total tract digestibility, fecal metabolites, and gastrointestinal intolerance in adult canines. Animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twelve female adult beagles were randomly assigned to one of six treatments containing cellulose, beet pulp, miscanthus fiber, or a blend of miscanthus fiber and tomato pomace, miscanthus fiber and resistant starch, or miscanthus fiber and fructooligosaccharide in a replicated 6x6 Latin square design. All treatment diets were formulated to meet or exceed AAFCO nutrient profile (2018). The dogs received each treatment for 21 d, with 17 d of diet adaptation followed by 4 d of total and fresh fecal collection. No difference in fecal score was observed (P &lt; 0.05). Dogs fed the beet pulp diet had the highest organic matter digestibility and total dietary fiber digestibility (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to all other treatments. Crude protein digestibility was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) for the cellulose, miscanthus fiber, and miscanthus and resistant starch blend than the beet pulp diet. Fecal total short-chain fatty acid concentration was greatest for beet pulp and lowest for the cellulose treatment (P &lt; 0.05) with the miscanthus fiber and miscanthus fiber blends with resistant starch, fructooligosaccharide, and tomato pomace being intermediate. No difference was observed in fecal total branched-chain fatty acid concentration (P &lt; 0.05). The data suggest that miscanthus fiber is an adequate and functional source of fiber in extruded canine diets, and comparable to the traditional fiber source, cellulose.
81 The impact of feeding treats containing cannabidiol (CBD) on the canine fear response to a noise-induced fear response test
Authors: Morris Elizabeth M , Kitts-Morgan Susanna E , Spangler Dawn M , McLeod Kyle R , Costa Joao , Harmon David L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Interest is increasing regarding use of Cannabidiol (CBD) in companion animals due to anecdotal evidence of beneficial behavioral and health effects. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of CBD on behavioral responses to fear-inducing stimuli in dogs. Sixteen dogs (18.1 ± 0.2 kg) were utilized in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design with treatments arranged in a 2x2 factorial, consisting of control, 25mg CBD, trazodone (100 mg for 10–20 kg BW, 200 mg for 20.1–40 kg BW), and combination of CBD and trazodone. A fireworks model of noise-induced fear was used to assess CBD effectiveness after 7 d of supplementation. Each test lasted 6 min, with no noise during the first 3 min and the fireworks track played during the second 3 min. Plasma was collected 1 h before, immediately after, and 1 h after testing for cortisol analysis. Behaviors in each 3-min block were video-recorded, and heart rate (HR) sensors were fitted for collection of HR and heart rate variability parameters. Data were tested for normality using the UNIVARIATE procedure in SAS, then differences examined using the MIXED procedure in SAS with fixed effects of treatment, period, time, and treatment x time interaction. Inactivity duration and HR increased during the first minute of the fireworks track compared with 1-min prior (P=0.0002 and 0.0112, respectively), indicating the fireworks model successfully generated a fear response. Trazodone lowered plasma cortisol compared with control (P &lt; 0.0001), which was attenuated when administered in combination with CBD (P = 0.2379). Neither CBD nor trazodone affected the duration of inactivity (P = 0.9182 and 0.3290, respectively). Trazodone increased time spent with tail relaxed (P = 0.0013). CBD tended to increase HR (P = 0.0930) and decreased the peak of low- and high-frequency bands (LF and HF, P = 0.0107 and 0.0220, respectively). These results do not support an anxiolytic effect of CBD in dogs given CBD at 1.4 mg/kg.
326 Whey proteins for prevention and intervention in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Bennett Louise E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease, resulting from the over-expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and accumulation of plaques comprising the APP-derived amyloid beta (Aβ), is a diagnostic and pathological brain feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For older, predisposed people, accumulation of Aβ plaque in the brain precedes symptoms of memory loss by decades. There is a growing consensus that over-expression of APP may also reflect a defense response against infection, via the antibiotic effects of Aβ, which becomes toxic when Aβ peptides cannot be cleared from the brain. These scenarios permit two possible pathways of potential intervention from whey proteins mediated by lactoferrin and hydrolyzed whey proteins. In particular, the interference of fibril assembly whey-derived peptides can promote opportunity for clearance of aggregating forms of Aβ, while the anti-microbial activity of whey proteins such as lactoferrin have potential to suppress the activity of microbes (and viruses) and collectively manage the progress of AD. This presentation will explain the individual potential benefits of whey peptides and lactoferrin, based on available evidence. More research is required to determine if a synergistic effect might be possible from this therapeutic combination.
335 The Gut-Lung Axis: The Human Perspective
Authors: Surette Michael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the body and consequently influences the overall immune state of all body sites. The gut also harbors the largest proportion of the microbiome. In early life, the maturation of the microbiome and immune system are closely entangled, forming a homeostatic system that imparts individuality and stability to the host microbiome. It is now well established that factors that affect early life gut microbiota modulate susceptibility to chronic inflammatory diseases, including airway diseases such as asthma and allergy. Despite this global influence of the gut on immune response in the lungs, local microbiome-immune interactions also shape the response and susceptibility to disease in the airways. The upper respiratory tract and lung microbiomes also contribute to acute and chronic airway diseases. Modulating the gut-lung axis as well as respiratory tract through microbiome-targeted interventions to promote health and reduce susceptibility to infection and chronic inflammatory disease may represent an effective strategy, particularly in early and late life.
342 Progress Report - AgGuide 2020
Authors: MacNeil Michael D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching, commonly known as the Ag Guide, is published jointly by the American Dairy Science Association®, the American Society of Animal Science, and the Poultry Science Association under an open access creative commons license. At present, its 4th edition is under development and out for public comment. When finalized, this edition is intended to replace previous editions from 1988, 1999, and 2010. The first five chapters of the Ag Guide cover subjects that are relevant across species. These are followed by species-specific chapters, which are under the purview of the respective associations dedicated to the species. Authors of the individual chapters, recruited by the associations, were scientists, veterinarians, or engineers with expertise in the species or subjects covered in the respective chapters. All chapters are grounded in the scientific literature. The board of directors of each association approved final drafts of the general chapters and their respective species chapters. The content is intentionally broad so as to cover the diverse research and teaching institutions that use agricultural animals, yet be clear enough to give unambiguous guidance to institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) responsible for the care and use of animals in their respective institutions. It is viewed as essential that IACUCs and others who oversee animal care practices use sound professional judgment to achieve appropriate animal welfare outcomes, recognizing that too prescriptive an approach to animal care and use can stifle research and teaching opportunities. The 4th edition of the Ag Guide constitutes a timely and robust updating of guidance pertinent to animal care and use that will be released in 2020.
352 Awardee Talk: Identification of novel haplotypes with recessive and allelic inheritance patterns affecting embryonic development processes, gestation losses and post-natal lethality in cattle
Authors: Canovas Angela , Lahoucine Samir Id , Suarez-Vega Aroa , Fonseca Pablo Augusto S , Schenkel Flavio , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Casellas Joaquim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Genomic data allows the screening of homozygous haplotypes and recessive lethal alleles, which could affect reproductive performance in cattle and other species. Here, we propose an approach based on tracing the inheritance of alleles from heterozygous parents to offspring to identify significant departure from the expected Mendelian inheritance (Transmission Ratio Distortion – TRD). TRDscan software was used to identify genomic regions with TRD using 436,651 trios (sire-dam-offspring) of genotypes from Holstein dairy cattle. SNP-by-SNP analysis was performed using 132,990 SNPs. TRD haplotypes were identified using sliding windows of 2-,4-,7-,10- and 20-SNPs. In total, 109 SNPs and 495 haplotypes were identified with significant TRD (Bayes factor≥100). Interestingly, some of the identified TRD regions overlap with previously known regions with recessive lethal alleles (e.g., HH0, HH1, HH3, HH5). Novel genomic regions with significant TRD were also identified with annotated genes functionally clustered into specific phenotypes related to male and female infertility and postnatal lethality. Approximately 18% of previously identified quantitative trait loci mapped around the TRD regions were related with fertility traits (calving ease, scrotal circumference, fertility index, and non-return rate). Validation of the results was performed using ~13,000 of Holstein embryo genotypes, in trios. The results will be integrated with the TRD regions identified to fine mapping the contribution of the TRD for each embryonic stage and they may be helpful to precisely target genomic regions associated with fertility, embryonic development processes, gestation losses and post-natal lethality in cattle.