bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXII Semana de la enseñanza de la física
Authors: Monroy Cañon Ignacio Alberto 
Published: February 2020

Los trabajos de la radiación de cuerpo negro por Max Planck, las teorías especial y general de la relatividad y los primeros modelos atómicos en los primeros años del siglo XX marcaron el comienzo de uno de los trabajos revolucionarios de las nuevas ideas físicas y la generación de nuevos paradigmas en las ciencias, siendo la base del surgimiento de las nuevas teorías físicas.
Han pasado más de 100 años del nacimiento de la física moderna, y dichas teorías son actualmente parte del currículo en diferentes programas de formación de profesores. Las ideas y conceptos que subyacen a estas teorías han propiciado nuevas maneras de entender el mundo y la realidad. Esto, no solamente en el ámbito académico y científico, sino también en el desarrollo de la vida en sociedad.
Por ello, para profesores y estudiantes, representa un desafío el hecho de integrar estos nuevos imaginarios de mundo, ciencia y sociedad, al desarrollo temático y curricular en programas de ciencias y de enseñanza de las ciencias, particularmente los que forman profesores, quienes tendrán la responsabilidad de atender a las generaciones futuras.
En esta versión de la XXII semana de la Enseñanza de la Física, buscamos construir diálogos entre diferentes formas de asumir este reto, por medio de la socialización de propuestas de enseñanza de la física moderna, sus dificultades las oportunidades que generan para lograr transformaciones en el aula y en la sociedad.
Sample Size Calculation in Economic Experiments
Authors: Grüner Sven 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Clinical studies and economic experiments are often conducted with randomized controlled trials. In clinical studies, power calculations are carried out as a standard. But what’s about economic experiments? After describing the basic idea of the calculation procedure in a brief tutorial, I tackle the practice of sample size calculations in the field of experimental economics by considering the publications of 5 economic journals in the period 2000–2018. These are two top-ranked economic journals (Quarterly Journal of Economics and American Economic Review), the leading field journals in the area of experimental economics (Experimental Economics) and behavioral sciences (Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization), and a leading field journal in environmental economics (Environmental and Resource Economics). In contrast to clinical drug trials, sample size calculations have rarely been carried out by experimental economists. But the number of power calculations has slightly increased in recent years, especially in the top-ranked journals of economics. However, this can be partly explained by the fact that field experiments (in which scholars pay more attention to power analyses than in lab experiments these days) play an important role in these journals.
164 fs mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser based on tungsten ditelluride
Authors: Liu Mengli , Liu Wenjun , Liu Ximei , Ouyang Yuyi , Wei Zhiyi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In recent years, the diversity of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has made them occupy the essential status in the exploration of saturable absorbing materials. WTe2, also an important member of TMDs not only exhibits narrower band gap than MoS2 or WS2, but also has fast relaxation time, thus it has advantages in the realization of broadband absorption and ultrashort pulses. In this work, a WTe2 saturable absorber (SA) fabricated by magnetron sputtering technology features nonlinear absorption coefficient of −3.78 × 10−5 cm/W and modulation depth of 37.95%. After integrating this WTe2 SA into the ring cavity, a 164 fs mode-locked laser is achieved at 1557.71 nm. The laser remains stable about 8 h with an output power of 36.7 mW. The results show the favorable saturable absorption properties of WTe2, and further demonstrate the potential of WTe2 in the realization of ultrashort pulses, which indicates that WTe2 can be regarded as a possible candidate for future ultrafast lasers.
Enhancing the generating and collecting efficiency of single particle upconverting luminescence at low power excitation
Authors: Ma Chenshuo , Shan Chunyan , Park Kevin , Mok Aaron T. , Antonick Paul J. , Yang Xusan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Upconverting luminescent nanoparticles are photostable, nonblinking, and low chemically toxic fluorophores that are emerging as promising fluorescent probes at the single molecule level. High luminescence intensity upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have previously been achieved by doping with high amounts of rare-earth ions using high excitation power (>2.5 MW/cm2). However, such particles are inadequate for in vitro live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking, as high excitation power can cause photodamage. Here, we compared UCNP luminescence intensities with different dopant concentrations and presented more efficient (about seven times) UCNPs at low excitation power by increasing the concentrations of Yb3+ and Tm3+ dopants (NaYF4: 60% Yb3+, 8% Tm3+) and adding a core-shell structure.
The crystal structure of 3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,5-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane-2,4-dione, C16H18O5
Authors: Zeng Wu-Lan , Wang Xia , Yi-Ming Hong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
C16H18O5, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.281(2) Å, b = 12.321(3) Å, c = 10.630(2) Å, β = 101.07(3)°, V = 1450.1(5) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0421, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1123, T = 293(2) K.
Acetylcholine Modulates Cerebellar Granule Cell Spiking by Regulating the Balance of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition
Authors: Fore Taylor R. , Taylor Benjamin N. , Brunel Nicolas , Hull Court 
Published: February 2020

Sensorimotor integration in the cerebellum is essential for refining motor output, and the first stage of this processing occurs in the granule cell layer. Recent evidence suggests that granule cell layer synaptic integration can be contextually modified, although the circuit mechanisms that could mediate such modulation remain largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of ACh in regulating granule cell layer synaptic integration in male rats and mice of both sexes. We find that Golgi cells, interneurons that provide the sole source of inhibition to the granule cell layer, express both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. While acute ACh application can modestly depolarize some Golgi cells, the net effect of longer, optogenetically induced ACh release is to strongly hyperpolarize Golgi cells. Golgi cell hyperpolarization by ACh leads to a significant reduction in both tonic and evoked granule cell synaptic inhibition. ACh also reduces glutamate release from mossy fibers by acting on presynaptic muscarinic receptors. Surprisingly, despite these consistent effects on Golgi cells and mossy fibers, ACh can either increase or decrease the spike probability of granule cells as measured by noninvasive cell-attached recordings. By constructing an integrate-and-fire model of granule cell layer population activity, we find that the direction of spike rate modulation can be accounted for predominately by the initial balance of excitation and inhibition onto individual granule cells. Together, these experiments demonstrate that ACh can modulate population-level granule cell responses by altering the ratios of excitation and inhibition at the first stage of cerebellar processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe cerebellum plays a key role in motor control and motor learning. While it is known that behavioral context can modify motor learning, the circuit basis of such modulation has remained unclear. Here we find that a key neuromodulator, ACh, can alter the balance of excitation and inhibition at the first stage of cerebellar processing. These results suggest that ACh could play a key role in altering cerebellar learning by modifying how sensorimotor input is represented at the input layer of the cerebellum.
Evolution Rapidly Optimizes Stability and Aggregation in Lattice Proteins Despite Pervasive Landscape Valleys and Mazes
Authors: Bertram Jason , Masel Joanna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe fitness landscapes of genetic sequences are high-dimensional and “rugged” due to sign epistasis. Empirical limitations and the abstractness of many landscape models limit our understanding of how ruggedness shapes the mode and tempo...The “fitness” landscapes of genetic sequences are characterized by high dimensionality and “ruggedness” due to sign epistasis. Ascending from low to high fitness on such landscapes can be difficult because adaptive trajectories get stuck at low-fitness local peaks. Compounding matters, recent theoretical arguments have proposed that extremely long, winding adaptive paths may be required to reach even local peaks: a “maze-like” landscape topography. The extent to which peaks and mazes shape the mode and tempo of evolution is poorly understood, due to empirical limitations and the abstractness of many landscape models. We explore the prevalence, scale, and evolutionary consequences of landscape mazes in a biophysically grounded computational model of protein evolution that captures the “frustration” between “stability” and aggregation propensity. Our stability-aggregation landscape exhibits extensive sign epistasis and local peaks galore. Although this frequently obstructs adaptive ascent to high fitness and virtually eliminates reproducibility of evolutionary outcomes, many adaptive paths do successfully complete the ascent from low to high fitness, with hydrophobicity a critical mediator of success. These successful paths exhibit maze-like properties on a global landscape scale, in which taking an indirect path helps to avoid low-fitness local peaks. This delicate balance of “hard but possible” adaptation could occur more broadly in other biological settings where competing interactions and frustration are important.
Presentness
Authors: Chávez Alex E. 
Published: February 2020

Typically, the structures of consciousness in how we experience time—or the broader phenomenological question of temporality—divide said experience into past, present, and future. These distinctions are not self-evident; rather, they are shaped by politics, institutions, society, economy, and so forth. Indeed, in his expressed engagement with historical materialism, Walter Benjamin claims that history—as one such structuring of temporality—is neither ideal nor causal, discrete nor universal, determined by the past nor exclusive to the future. Rather, it is a living process of present-future-pasts folding in on themselves. And a “real state of emergency”—recall that he wrote Theses on the Philosophy of History in early 1940 in France, where he was living in exile, having escaped Hitler’s Nazi regime—lays bare this fold of history, for its temporality is one that disrupts the anticipatory relation to the future as a type of progress and with it also the normalization of injustice as a necessity in history.
The critical temporality Benjamin proposes resists the notion that the past can be understood exclusively in the precise moment in which it is recognized (frozen as an eternal image). In other words, historical moments are often naturalized, petrified as objective elements of our reality, and this reification—or estrangement from the totality—mirrors the logics of commodity fetishism. The task, in turn, is to illuminate how history is not a congealed “thing” and thus release its existence as process so that we may see ourselves in the totality of history rather than merely as its reified products. This critical temporality is an imperative that makes clear our agentive relation in creating the possible. This active sensing of the temporal, as it were, is where I turn my attention. I offer this meditation on presentness as an epistemological horizon, drawing on my work on both the ephemerality of performance and its politicized relationship to the US-Mexico border.
Peningkatan Keterampilan Motorik Kasar Melalui Alat Permainan Simpai pada Anak Kelompok A di Taman Kanak-Kanak Dharma Wanita Bangun Ungging Mojokerto
Authors: Zahroh Amilatul , Aziz Yahya , Sucipto Dwijo Al Qudus Nofiandri Eko 
Published: February 2020

The background of this research is that gross motoric activities in schools are rarely carried out due to the limited facilities and infrastructure owned by the school. The solution to overcome this problem is the application of the hoop game tool. This study aims to determine the application of hulahoop playing tools as an effort to increase gross motor skills in group A children at Dharma Wanita Kindergarten Bangun Pungging Mojokerto. The formulation of the problem in this study include: 1) How to apply the hoop game tool to improve gross motor skills in group A children in Dharma Wanita Kindergarten Bangun Pungging Mojokerto? 2) How to increase gross motor skills through hoop playing tools in group A children at Dharma Wanita Kindergarten Bangun Pungging Mojokerto? This type of research is classroom action research which aims to improve the quality of learning by using the Kemmis & Taggart spiral model action research. The study was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle is held for three meetings. Each cycle consists of four stages: the planning, implementation, observation and reflection stages. The subjects in this study were children of group A totaling 17 students consisting of 8 male students and 9 female students. Data collection techniques used in this study are interviews, observation and documentation. The results of the study can be explained as follows: 1) the application of the hoop game runs well in Cycle II. This can be seen in the results of observations of teacher activities in Cycle I, namely 80 (good) and in Cycle II it increased to 86.66 (very good). The results of observation of student activities in Cycle I were 75 (good) and in Cycle II it rose to 88.33 (very good). 2) increase in gross motor skills based on the average grade of the 59.70 (sufficient) pre cycle, in the cycle up to 69.70 (enough) and in Cycle II it increased to 91.47 (very good). Whereas gross motor percentage at pre cycle was 23.52% (Undeveloped), in Cycle I it was 52.94% (Start developing) and in Cycle II it increased significantly to 88.23% (Developing Very Good).
ADDICTION, WITHDRAWAL, AND AGGRESSIVENESS IN ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Ungureanu G. 
Published: February 2020

In a tolerant and evasive environment, when the psychological conflict between aspirations and possibilities occurs, naïve, uneducated, and disoriented adolescents often wind up in deviant entourages, surrounded by dubious individuals who promise them the end of “suffering” and the gain of a state of gratification and satisfaction with the help of drug use. Subsequent to these well-intentioned contacts, “white death” drug dealers become violent, demanding very high prices for the “fixes” of this habit. It is the beginning of the end
Study of infective profile of patients with ear infections in lower Himalayan region
Authors: Singh Manjeet 
Published: February 2020

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> An ear infection is a bacterial, viral and fungal infection of the external or middle ear. The aim of the study was to study the infective profile of patients with ear infections in lower himalayan region.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 100 patients with ear infections/ear discharge were included in the study. Aural discharge samples collected through a sterile culture sensitivity tube and sent to microbiological lab in the Regional Hospital Bilaspur (SRL diagnostics). </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of total 100 ears swab samples examined <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (35%) was the commonest infecting organism followed by <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (25%), mould (10%), <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> (06%), <em>Escherichia coli</em> (05%) and <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> (05%).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Prevalence of ear infection is a major health problem in developing countries due to the poor living standard and hygienic conditions.</p>
DEVELOPING PANCASILA AND CIVIC EDUCATION (PPKN) BASED ON LOCAL WISDOM
Authors: Nali Puji Brata Diah , Agung Kesna Mahatmaharti RR. , Istianingrum Rika , Hasanudin Cahyo , Hadi Sofwan 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of the study: This study will investigate how the implementation of the answer of three questions (1), the values of East Java local wisdom which suit to be integrated with material of Pancasila and Civic Education (PPKN (2) how the teacher integrates East Java local wisdom in content of PPKn, (3) the citizenship attitude of the students which suit with material of PPKn based on the values of East Java local wisdom.
Methodology: This research study using a qualitative approach with descriptive method. Data collection techniques using a method of interview, observation and research documentation. The location of this research is at SMA Negeri 1 Jombang. Data analysis techniques used consist of three threads of activity: data reduction, data presentation, withdrawal of conclusions/verification.
Main Findings: The finding of results shows (1) there are so many values of East Java local wisdom which can be integrated into the material of PPKn, with the base of the philosophy concept is Character Education Strengthening (PPK). (2) there are no particular guidelines for teachers to integrate East Java local wisdom into the material of PPKn, neither in planning nor implementation. Teachers combine spontaneously, usually in apperception and reflection step. (3) The attitude of solidarity with the spirit of local wisdom must be emphasized.
Applications of this study: This study is useful in assessing the teacher competencies in developing material of Pancasila and Civic Education (PPKn) based on East Java local wisdom informing the citizenship attitude of the students.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Integrating the lesson based on local wisdom.
Prevalencia de la resistencia a la ampicilina en gestantes con infección urinaria en el Hospital Universitario San José de Popayán (Colombia) 2007-2008
Authors: Casas-P. Rodolfo L. , Ortiz Manuelita , Erazo-Bucheli Darío 
Published: February 2020

Introducción: la infección de las vías urinarias (IVU) es la complicación infecciosa de mayor frecuencia durante el embarazo, afectando entre 20% a 30% de las gestantes. Su relación con el parto pretérmino, la ruptura prematura de membranas y el bajo peso al nacer está ampliamente documentada y pese al desarrollo de nuevos antibióticos continúa asociándose con una morbimortalidad elevada materno-fetal, lo cual podría deberse a una inadecuada selección del antibiótico de elección. Por esta razón, en el presente artículo se exponen los resultados de un estudio que buscaba determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia a la ampicilina en pacientes gestantes con infección urinaria.Metodología: estudio de cohorte transversal realizado en el Hospital Universitario San José de Popayán, desde enero de 2007 hasta diciembre de 2008, incluyendo 50 gestantes con urocultivo positivo y sensidisco de ampicilina en el antibiograma.Resultados: la prevalencia de la resistencia a la ampicilina es de 58%. Asimismo, no se encontró resistencia a la ceftazidima, la ceftriaxona ni la cefotaxima. Además, se reportó baja resistencia para la nitrofurantoina, la amoxicilina-clavulán, la gentamicina y la cefalexina.Conclusiones: no se recomienda el uso de la ampicilina como antibiótico de elección en las gestantes con IVU. El porcentaje de resistencia encontrado (58%) sobrepasa el límite máximo recomendado por los expertos (20%).
Implicaciones metabólicas del consumo de opiáceos durante el embarazo: revisión cualitativa de la literatura
Authors: Osorio José Henry 
Published: February 2020

bjetivos: analizar el uso de opiáceos durante el embarazo, las implicaciones metabólicas y las posibles consecuencias que esta conducta adictiva puede ocasionar sobre la madre y el feto, así como estudiar los efectos del tratamiento para la adicción a los opiáceos en mujeres embarazadas.Metodología: se analizó toda la literatura disponible de los últimos 40 años en la base de datos PubMed, al igual que artículos históricos, textos y referencias citadas en trabajos públicos.Resultados: se obtuvo información pertinente relacionada con los objetivos propuestos en la presente revisión, por lo cual ésta se puede clasificar en 5 secciones: usode opiáceos durante el embarazo, mecanismos de acción, consecuencias del uso de opiáceos en el embarazo, tratamiento de la adicción a los opiáceos en mujeres embarazadas y efectos sobre el recién nacido.Conclusión: el consumo de opiáceos durante el embarazo constituye un factor de riesgo para la madre y el niño relacionado con las posibles complicaciones durante la gestación y con la presencia de síndromes de abstinencia y muerte súbita neonatal. Ante esto, los tratamientos con metadona y buprenorfina disminuyen el riesgo; no obstante, deben controlarse rigurosamente con el fin de evitar posibles problemas relacionados con su uso.
Síndrome de Sheehan: descripción de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura
Authors: Contreras-Zúñiga Eduardo , Mosquera-Tapia Ximena , Domínguez-Villegas María Cristina , Parra-Zúñiga Erika 
Published: February 2020

Introducción: la necrosis hipofisaria posparto o síndrome de Sheehan se presenta secundaria a una hemorragia obstétrica, ocasionando un colapso circulatorio intenso el cual, a su vez, predispone a la isquemia de la hipófisis aumentada de tamaño.Objetivo: presentar un caso clínico de una paciente quien consultó por manifestaciones tardías de este síndrome y hacer una revisión de la literatura.Metodología: se buscó información en la bases de datos de PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane y SciELO; así como en referencias de artículos de revista y textos principalmente de los últimos cinco años. Seguidamente, se tomaron los siete artículos más relevantes según la calificación de la revista en donde fueron publicados.Resultados: la característica clínica del síndrome de Sheehan que se manifiesta con mayor frecuencia es la incapacidad para lactar debido a una producción insuficiente de prolactina. Otras manifestaciones tardías incluyen: secreción inadecuada de la hormona antidiurética y deficiencias en la secreción de cortisol, de hormona tiroidea y de gonadotrofinas. Es importante que el obstetra y el médico general sepan reconocer este síndrome, ya que la pérdida aguda del funcionamiento de la adenohipófisis puede ser de mal pronóstico si no se realiza un reemplazo hormonal adecuado. Además, el buen control hormonal evita o disminuye las complicaciones metabólicas y cardiovasculares.Conclusión: el síndrome de Sheehan es una enfermedad poco frecuente, la cual es difícil de diagnosticar tempranamente. Asimismo, requiere una terapia de reemplazo hormonal con controles permanentes clínicos y paraclínicos.
GEÇİT KUŞAĞI TARIMSAL ARAŞTIRMA ENSTİTÜSÜ GÖREV ALANI DAHİLİNDE BULUNAN İLLERİN TARIMSAL ATIK BİYOKÜTLE ENERJİ POTANSİYELİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: POLAT Mahmut 
Published: February 2020

Genel
anlamda biokütleler, yakıt olarak yakılabilen maddeler içerir. Biokütle maddeleri
genellikle kuru ağırlıkları ile ölçülürler. Biyoenerji ise biyokütle
maddelerin yakılması neticesinde elde edilen enerjidir. Tarımsal kökenli
biokütlenin hammaddesi tarımsal atık veya atıklardır.

Bu makale’de, Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma
Enstitüsü görev alanı içerisinde bulunan Afyonkarahisar, Bilecik, Burdur,
Bursa, Denizli, Eskişehir, Isparta, Kocaeli, Kütahya, Sakarya, Uşak ve Yalova
olmak üzere toplam 12 il ele alınmıştır. Çalışma’da; buğday, arpa, mısır,
ayçiçeği ve şekerpancarı olmak üzere toplam 5 ürünün 2018 yılına ait tarımsal atık biyoenerji potansiyeli hesaplanmıştır.

Söz
konusu 12 ilin 2018 yılı tarımsal atık
yönünden sahip olduğu bioenerji potansiyeli
ise 6 253,83 GWh olarak belirlenmiştir.