bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financialization and unconventional monetary policy: a financial-network analysis
Authors: Perillo Chiara , Battiston Stefano 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOver the last decades, both advanced and emerging economies have experienced the emergence of the phenomenon known as financialization, that, until some time ago, was generally considered beneficial for the economy. The 2007-2008 crisis and the severe post-crisis recession called into question the assumptions underlying the positive perception of the role played by financialization in the economy. In particular, the effects of financialization on financial stability and inequality are now widely recognized. A recent debate focused on the effectiveness of unconventional monetary policy tools in transferring their effects on the financial sphere to the economic sphere (e.g., via stimulating the transmission of resources from the banking system to the real economy). Among these unconventional policy measures, Quantitative Easing (QE) has been recently implemented by the European Central Bank (ECB). In this context, two questions deserve more attention in the literature. First, to what extent QE may generate net flows of additional resources to the real economy. Second, to what extent QE may also alter the pattern of intra-financial exposures among financial actors and what are the implications in terms of financialization. Here, we address these two questions by mapping and analyzing the euro area multilayer macro-network of financial exposures among institutional sectors across financial instruments (i.e., loans, bonds, equity, and insurance and pension schemes) and we illustrate our approach on recently available data. We then test the effect of the implementation of ECB’s QE on some novel measures of financialization that we derive from the time evolution of the financial linkages in the multilayer macro-network of the euro area.
Isolated rectal buttonhole tears in obstetrics: case series and review of the literature
Authors: Roper Joanna C. , Thakar Ranee , Sultan Abdul H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
The management of isolated rectal buttonhole tears is not standardised and can be challenging in an acute obstetric setting. Our aim was to review the published literature and describe management and repair techniques in a case series.

Methods
A literature search was carried out. All results were screened and reviewed. Rectal buttonhole tears following vaginal delivery between April 2012 and January 2020 in our institution were identified. Repair technique and post-operative management were recorded.

Results
There were nine published case reports (four instrumental deliveries, two vaginal breech and three normal vaginal deliveries). Four case reports described a two-layer closure and five described a three-layer closure. Two cases were repaired in collaboration with colorectal surgeons. All nine cases made an uneventful recovery. We identified three patients with buttonhole tears all of whom had instrumental deliveries. A colorectal surgeon repaired the tear in two layers in one case, and an obstetrician performed the repair in the other two cases, one in three layers and the other in two layers. One patient had a de-functioning stoma at a later date due to a second breakdown of the recto-vaginal fistula repair.

Conclusion
Buttonhole tears are rare but techniques of repair vary. Most cases reviewed had an uneventful recovery after repair. We provide standardised steps for repair and management of isolated rectal buttonhole tears along with a video demonstrating the repair technique in an animal tissue (pig) model.
Sample preparation of bone tissue for MALDI-MSI for forensic and (pre)clinical applications
Authors: Vandenbosch Michiel , Nauta Sylvia P. , Svirkova Anastasiya , Poeze Martijn , Heeren Ron M.A. , Siegel Tiffany Porta , Cuypers Eva , Marchetti-Deschmann Martina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the past decades, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been applied to a broad range of biological samples, e.g., forensics and preclinical samples. The use of MALDI-MSI for the analysis of bone tissue has been limited due to the insulating properties of the material but more importantly the absence of a proper sample preparation protocol for undecalcified bone tissue. Undecalcified sections are preferred to retain sample integrity as much as possible or to study the tissue-bone bio interface in particular. Here, we optimized the sample preparation protocol of undecalcified bone samples, aimed at both targeted and untargeted applications for forensic and preclinical applications, respectively. Different concentrations of gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were tested as embedding materials. The composition of 20% gelatin and 7.5% CMC showed to support the tissue best while sectioning. Bone tissue has to be sectioned with a tungsten carbide knife in a longitudinal fashion, while the sections need to be supported with double-sided tapes to maintain the morphology of the tissue. The developed sectioning method was shown to be applicable on rat and mouse as well as human bone samples. Targeted (methadone and EDDP) as well as untargeted (unknown lipids) detection was demonstrated. DHB proved to be the most suitable matrix for the detection of methadone and EDDP in positive ion mode. The limit of detection (LOD) is estimated to approximately 50 pg/spot on bone tissue. The protocol was successfully applied to detect the presence of methadone and EDDP in a dosed rat femur and a dosed human clavicle. The best matrices for the untargeted detection of unknown lipids in mouse hind legs in positive ion mode were CHCA and DHB based on the number of tissue-specific peaks and signal-to-noise ratios. The developed and optimized sample preparation method, applicable on animal and human bones, opens the door for future forensic and (pre)clinical investigations.
Reevaluation of reference values for bone marrow differential counts in 236 healthy bone marrow donors
Authors: Parmentier Stefani , Kramer Michael , Weller Swetlana , Schuler Ulrich , Ordemann Rainer , Rall Gabi , Schaich Markus , Bornhäuser Martin , Ehninger Gerhard , Kroschinsky Frank 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite the increasing role of molecular markers, differential counts and morphology of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow (BM) remain essential diagnostic criteria in hematological diseases. However, the respective reference values for BM myelogram commonly used came from small series with limited numbers of healthy individuals. We evaluated the myelograms of 236 healthy individuals who underwent unrelated bone marrow donation. Health check-ups were performed 4 weeks prior to harvest. Samples for this study, taken from the first aspiration, were stained according to the standardPappenheimmethod. Three experienced investigators assessed cellularity, megakaryopoiesis, and differential counts independently. The median donor age was 31 (range 18–51) years. Predonation tests did not reveal any relevant morbidity. Thirty-seven out of 42 hypocellular marrow samples were from younger donors up to 39 years. Content of megakaryocytes was normal in 210 specimens (89%). Gender and body mass index had significant impact on hematopoiesis, whereas age had not. The number of erythroblasts was higher (about 32%) and the proportion granulopoiesis slightly lower (about 50%) compared with previous studies. Differential counts showed also some differences with respect to individual maturation stages in these lines. Interrater comparisons showed greater reliability for the assignment of cells to the different hematopoietic cell lines than for single-cell diagnoses. This study largely confirms the results for cell counts in normal human bone marrow available from previous reports and provides some insights into factors that affect individual cell populations. It also reveals substantial variability among even experienced investigators in cytological diagnoses.
Effects of long-term athletic training on muscle morphology and tendon stiffness in preadolescence: association with jump performance
Authors: Pentidis Nikolaos , Mersmann Falk , Bohm Sebastian , Giannakou Erasmia , Aggelousis Nickos , Arampatzis Adamantios 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Evidence on training-induced muscle hypertrophy during preadolescence is limited and inconsistent. Possible associations of muscle strength and tendon stiffness with jumping performance are also not investigated. We investigated the thickness and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM), as indicators for potential muscle hypertrophy in preadolescent athletes. Further, we examined the association of triceps surae muscle–tendon properties with jumping performance.

Methods
Eleven untrained children (9 years) and 21 similar-aged artistic gymnastic athletes participated in the study. Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the GM were measured at rest and muscle strength of the plantar flexors and Achilles tendon stiffness during maximum isometric contractions. Jumping height in squat (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) was examined using a force plate. We evaluated the influence of normalised muscle strength and tendon stiffness on jumping performance with a linear regression model.

Results
Muscle thickness and pennation angle did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. In athletes, muscle strength was greater by 25% and jumping heights by 36% (SJ) and 43% (CMJ), but Achilles tendon stiffness did not differ between the two groups. The significant predictor for both jump heights was tendon stiffness in athletes and normalised muscle strength for the CMJ height in non-athletes.

Conclusion
Long-term artistic gymnastics training during preadolescence seems to be associated with increased muscle strength and jumping performance but not with training-induced muscle hypertrophy or altered tendon stiffness in the plantar flexors. Athletes benefit more from tendon stiffness and non-athletes more from muscle strength for increased jumping performance.
The diversity of neuronal phenotypes in rodent and human autonomic ganglia
Authors: Ernsberger Uwe , Deller Thomas , Rohrer Hermann 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSelective sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that act on target organs represent the terminal actors in the neurobiology of homeostasis and often become compromised during a range of neurodegenerative and traumatic disorders. Here, we delineate several neurotransmitter and neuromodulator phenotypes found in diverse parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia in humans and rodent species. The comparative approach reveals evolutionarily conserved and non-conserved phenotypic marker constellations. A developmental analysis examining the acquisition of selected neurotransmitter properties has provided a detailed, but still incomplete, understanding of the origins of a set of noradrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic neuron populations, found in the cervical and trunk region. A corresponding analysis examining cholinergic and nitrergic parasympathetic neurons in the head, and a range of pelvic neuron populations, with noradrenergic, cholinergic, nitrergic, and mixed transmitter phenotypes, remains open. Of particular interest are the molecular mechanisms and nuclear processes that are responsible for the correlated expression of the various genes required to achieve the noradrenergic phenotype, the segregation of cholinergic locus gene expression, and the regulation of genes that are necessary to generate a nitrergic phenotype. Unraveling the neuron population-specific expression of adhesion molecules, which are involved in axonal outgrowth, pathway selection, and synaptic organization, will advance the study of target-selective autonomic pathway generation.
Open-label phase II study evaluating safety and efficacy of the non-steroidal farnesoid X receptor agonist PX-104 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Traussnigg Stefan , Halilbasic Emina , Hofer Harald , Munda Petra , Stojakovic Tatjana , Fauler Günter , Kashofer Karl , Krssak Martin , Wolzt Michael , Trauner Michael 
Published: September 2020

Summary
Background
The PX-104 is an oral non-steroidal agonist for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a key regulator of bile acid (BA), glucose and lipid homeostasis.

Aims and methods
This single center, proof of concept study evaluated the efficacy, safety and tolerability of PX-104 in non-diabetic NAFLD patients. 12 individuals were treated daily with 5 mg of PX-104 orally for 4 weeks. Serum liver enzymes, insulin sensitivity by clamp like index (CLIX) and hepatic fat by proton 1H‑MRS, MRI-PDFF and CAP were assessed. Hepatic energy metabolism and Kupffer cell function were evaluated by phosphorus 31P‑MRS and superparamagnetic iron oxide MRI (SPIO-MRI). Other readouts included serum lipids and markers of BA metabolism/signaling besides fecal microbiome and BA analysis.

Results
A significant decrease in ALT (p = 0.027; 1‑tailed) and GGT (p = 0.019) was observed, without changes in serum alkaline phosphatase or serum lipids. Insulin sensitivity improved in 92% of patients (p = 0.02). However, hepatic steatosis measured by PDFF-MRI, 1H‑MRS and CAP besides extended serum lipoprotein and BA profiles did not change. NADPH/γATP ratios at 31P‑MRS significantly decreased (p = 0.022) possibly reflecting reduced hepatic inflammatory stress, but SPIO-MRI remained unchanged. Reduced preponderance of Coriobacteriaceae (p = 0.036) correlated with a relative reduction of total fecal BAs. There were no serious adverse events but short intervals of cardiac arrhythmia recorded in 2 patients led to termination of the study.

Conclusion
The non-steroidal FXR agonist PX-104 improved insulin sensitivity and liver enzymes after 4 weeks of treatment in non-diabetic NAFLD patients. Changes in fecal BAs and gut microbiota deserve more extensive investigations.
Non-local Impacts on Eddy-Covariance Air–Lake $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ Fluxes
Authors: Esters Leonie , Rutgersson Anna , Nilsson Erik , Sahlée Erik 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInland freshwater bodies form the largest natural source of carbon to the atmosphere. To study this contribution to the atmospheric carbon cycle, eddy-covariance flux measurements at lake sites have become increasingly popular. The eddy-covariance method is derived for solely local processes from the surface (lake). Non-local processes, such as entrainment or advection, would add erroneous contributions to the eddy-covariance flux estimations. Here, we use four years of eddy-covariance measurements of carbon dioxide from Lake Erken, a freshwater lake in mid-Sweden. When the lake is covered with ice, unexpected lake fluxes were still observed. A statistical approach using only surface-layer data reveals that non-local processes produce these erroneous fluxes. The occurrence and strength of non-local processes depend on a combination of wind speed and distance between the instrumented tower and upwind shore (fetch), which we here define as the time over water. The greater the wind speed and the shorter the fetch, the higher the contribution of non-local processes to the eddy-covariance fluxes. A correction approach for the measured scalar fluxes due to the non-local processes is proposed and also applied to open-water time periods. The gas transfer velocity determined from the corrected fluxes is close to commonly used wind-speed based parametrizations.
Welsh Nationalism, Language and Students’ Trust in the UK Police
Authors: Machura Stefan , Almjnoni Salim , Vavrik Boris , Williams Einir 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhere nationality, coupled to minority language, forms a key factor of identities, and there is a history of conflict, it may be difficult for the police to command trust. In north-west Wales, Welsh is the language of the majority. Against the background of historic experiences of exploitation, oppression, and perceived neglect by English authorities, many locals have a negative view of the UK police. But what characterises those who are most in opposition? A total of 283 students at Bangor University participated in a questionnaire study. Results show that students who prefer to communicate in Welsh rather than English are more likely to distrust the UK police. While there are deep rooted tensions based on national identity, the police may gain trust from different sources compensating the cultural divide. They include mass media reports and experiences with the police. Overall however, the results support the group position theory applied to relations between people identifying with different nations.
Prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 copy number abnormalities in fetuses via single nucleotide polymorphism array
Authors: Cai Meiying , Lin Na , Su Linjuan , Wu Xiaoqing , Xie Xiaorui , Li Ying , Lin Yuan , Huang Hailong , Xu Liangpu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe q11.2 region on chromosome 22 contains numerous low-copy repeats that lead to deleted or duplicated regions in the chromosome, thereby resulting in different syndromes characterized by intellectual disabilities or congenital anomalies. The association between patient phenotypes and 22q11.2 copy number abnormalities has been previously described in postnatal cases; however, these features have not been systematically evaluated in prenatal cases because of limitations in phenotypic identification in prenatal testing. In this study, we investigated the detection rate of 22q11.2 copy number abnormalities in 2500 fetuses using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and determined the common abnormal ultrasound findings in fetuses carrying the 22q11.2 copy number abnormalities. The 22q11.2 copy number abnormalities were identified in 13 fetuses with cardiovascular malformations (6/13), kidney malformations (3/13), isolated ultrasound markers (3/13), or high-risk Down syndrome based on maternal serum screening (1/13). Approximately 0.5% (13/2500) of the fetuses harbored 22q11.2 copy number abnormalities. The most frequent ultrasound findings in fetuses with these abnormalities were cardiovascular malformations, followed by kidney malformations and isolated ultrasound markers. Prenatal diagnosis of these genetic abnormalities allows for the delineation of differential diagnoses, characterization of a wide spectrum of associated malformations, and determination of associations that exist between prenatal diagnosis and obstetrical outcomes.
Frege’s puzzle and the ex ante Pareto principle
Authors: Mahtani Anna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe ex ante Pareto principle has an intuitive pull, and it has been a principle of central importance since Harsanyi’s defence of utilitarianism (to be found in e.g. Harsanyi, Rational behaviour and bargaining equilibrium in games and social situations. CUP, Cambridge, 1977). The principle has been used to criticize and refine a range of positions in welfare economics, including egalitarianism and prioritarianism. But this principle faces a serious problem. I have argued elsewhere (Mahtani, J Philos 114(6):303-323 2017) that the concept of ex ante Pareto superiority is not well defined, because its application in a choice situation concerning a fixed population can depend on how the members of that population are designated. I show in this paper that in almost all cases of policy choice, there will be numerous sets of rival designators for the same fixed population. I explore two ways that we might complete the definition of ex ante Pareto superiority. I call these the ‘supervaluationist’ reading and the ‘subvaluationist’ reading. I reject the subvaluationist reading as uncharitable, and argue that the supervaluationist reading is the most promising interpretation of the ex ante Pareto principle. I end by exploring some of the implications of this principle for prioritarianism and egalitarianism.
From microbiota toward gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Are we on the highway to hell?
Authors: Vitale Giovanni , Dicitore Alessandra , Barrea Luigi , Sbardella Emilia , Razzore Paola , Campione Severo , Faggiano Antongiulio , Colao Annamaria ,   on behalf of NIKE, Albertelli Manuela , Altieri Barbara , Bottiglieri Filomena , De Cicco Federica , Di Molfetta Sergio , Fanciulli Giuseppe , Feola Tiziana , Ferone Diego , Ferraù Francesco , Gallo Marco , Giannetta Elisa , Grillo Federica , Grossrubatscher Erika , Guadagno Elia , Guarnotta Valentina , Isidori Andrea M. , Lania Andrea , Lenzi Andrea , Calzo Fabio Lo , Malandrino Pasquale , Messina Erika , Modica Roberta , Muscogiuri Giovanna , Pes Luca , Pizza Genoveffa , Pofi Riccardo , Puliani Giulia , Rainone Carmen , Rizza Laura , Rubino Manila , Ruggieri Rosa Maria , Sesti Franz , Venneri Mary Anna , Zatelli Maria Chiara 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGut microbiota is represented by different microorganisms that colonize the intestinal tract, mostly the large intestine, such as bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses. The gut microbial balance has a key role in several functions. It modulates the host’s metabolism, maintains the gut barrier integrity, participates in the xenobiotics and drug metabolism, and acts as protection against gastro-intestinal pathogens through the host’s immune system modulation. The impaired gut microbiota, called dysbiosis, may be the result of an imbalance in this equilibrium and is linked with different diseases, including cancer. While most of the studies have focused on the association between microbiota and gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, very little is known about gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). In this review, we provide an overview concerning the complex interplay between gut microbiota and GEP NENs, focusing on the potential role in tumorigenesis and progression in these tumors.
Computer modeling of some anti-breast cancer compounds
Authors: Abdulrahman Hadiza Lawal , Uzairu Adamu , Uba Sani 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe research was aimed at exploring the biological activities of novel series of β-lactam derivatives against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines via computer modeling such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), designing new compounds and analyzing the drug likeliness of designed compounds. The QSAR model was highly robust as it also conforms to the least minimum requirement for QSAR model from the statistical assessments with a correlation coefficient squared (R2) of 0.8706, correlation coefficient adjusted squared (R2adj) of 0.8411, and cross-validation coefficient (Q2) of 0.7844. The external validation ofR2predwas calculated as 0.6083 for model 4. The model parameters (MATS5i and MATS1s) were used in designing new derivative compounds with higher potency against estrogen-positive breast cancer. The pharmacokinetics test on the restructured compounds revealed that all the compounds passed the drug likeness test and they could further proceed to clinical trials. These reveal a breakthrough in medicine, in the research for breast cancer drug with higher effectiveness against the MCF-7 cell line.