bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myasthenia gravis patient and physician opinions about immunosuppressant reduction
Authors: Hehir Michael K. , Punga Anna Rostedt , Ciafaloni Emma 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo reduce myasthenia gravis (MG) patient risk of immunosuppressant (IS) exposure adverse events (AEs), such as infections and malignancies, and to reduce treatment burden, international guidelines recommend decreasing IS dose in stable MG patients.MethodsOnline surveys were conducted of self‐identified MG patients and MG physician experts about the importance of IS dose reduction for MG patients who achieve prolonged periods of disease stability.ResultsEighty‐four percent of MG patients (n = 283) and 100% of physicians (n = 45) were concerned about long‐term IS‐associated AEs. Although both groups favored attempting IS reduction, they raised concerns including MG relapse, hospitalization, and uncertainty about the future. Presented with an estimated 12% significant relapse rate with IS dose reduction, 76% of patients would be willing to enroll in a randomized IS dose reduction trial.DiscussionPatients and physicians favor considering IS dose reduction but are also concerned about potential negative sequelae.
Bevor das Erdöl kam
Authors: Offermanns Heribert , Schalke Peter , Retzlaff Frank 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDas Erdölzeitalter ist nur eine kurze Episode in der Geschichte der Menschheit. Vorläufer des Erdöls als Rohstoff für die industrielle organische Chemie waren die Holzchemie (Aliphaten) und die Teerchemie (Aromaten)*.
Weniger Wegwerfkunststoff
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWissenschaftler arbeiten an bioabbaubaren Polymermaterialien oder Recyclingtechniken für Plastikmüll. Aus dem Blick geraten dabei die Kunststoffabfälle, die Forscher in ihren Laboren selber produzieren. Manche sind vermeidbar.
Organische Chemie
Authors: Andexer Jennifer N. , Beifuss Uwe , Beuerle Florian , Brasholz Malte , Breinbauer Rolf , Ernst Martin , Greb Julian , Gulder Tobias , Hüttel Wolfgang , Kath‐Schorr Stephanie , Kordes Markus , Lehmann Matthias , Lindel Thomas , Luy Burkhard , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Muhle Claudia , Narine Arun , Niemeyer Jörg , Paradies Jan , Pfau Roland , Pietruszka Jörg , Schaschke Norbert , Senge Mathias , Straub Bernd F. , Werner Thomas , Werz Daniel B. , Winter Christian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLichtinduzierte Prozesse effizient nutzen – Catenane und neue Kohlenstoffallotrope – komplexe Naturstoffe, einfache Wirkstoffe – Enzyme, Proteine und mehr, zusammengestellt von 26 Autoren, koordiniert von Jan Paradies.
So viele Chemikalien in der Sammlung
Authors: Ruppersberg Klaus 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWeiterführende Schulen besitzen zwischen 300 und 1500 Chemikalien, die es zu verwalten gilt. Zudem ist vor jedem Experiment im Chemieunterricht eine Gefährdungsbeurteilung erforderlich. Die Vorschriften und Sicherheitsrichtlinien können dabei das Engagement von Lehrkräften erst einmal bremsen. Inzwischen gibt es Hilfen, die gedruckt und online den Lehreralltag erleichtern.
Tauschhandel unter Molekülen – Carbonyl‐Olefin‐Metathese
Authors: Lange Markus , Vilotijevic Ivan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMetallsalze ermöglichen Carbonyl‐Olefin‐Metathesen dort, wo sonst bisher nur Carbonyl‐En‐Reaktionen möglich waren. Das funktioniert sogar bei Molekülen, die sonst Friedel‐Crafts‐Produkte bilden.
Biologie gegen Plastikmüll
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAuf Kunststoffen steht häufiger der Hinweis „biologisch abbaubar”. Aber landen die Produkte auf dem Kompost oder in der Natur, klappt das nicht. Neu entdeckte Bakterien und manipulierte Kieselalgen können vielleicht helfen, der Plastikflut Herr zu werden.
Regionales Fonds‐Stipendiatentreffen in Berlin
Authors: Reischauer Susanne 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnfang Dezember 2019 fand das zweijährliche Regionaltreffen der vom Fonds der Chemischen Industrie geförderten Doktoranden und Nachwuchsgruppenleiter an der Humboldt‐Universität (HU) Berlin statt. An der eintägigen Veranstaltung beteiligten sich 18 Wissenschaftler aus Nordostdeutschland.
Die Ströme verfolgen
Authors: Mantel Rainer , Schnieders Frank 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDie Polymerwirtschaft arbeitet stärker kreislauforientiert und ressourceneffizienter denn je. Währenddessen steigen die Anforderungen an Marktstudien und Datenerhebungstechniken. Ein Studienergebnis: Die meisten Kunststoffprodukte gelangen in Europa in Verpackungen.
TAN 19: International Superheavy Element Research Community met in Wilhelmshaven
Authors: Düllmann Christoph 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAt the end of August 2019, the 6th international conference on the chemistry and physics of the transactinide elements (TAN 19) took place in Wilhelmshaven. About 130 researchers from 19 countries on 4 continents gathered to discuss all experimental and theoretical aspects of this multifaceted science field. On six days, the scientists presented their most recent achievements investigating the production as well as the atomic, chemical, and nuclear properties of the transactinides. The meeting was organized by the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, the Helmholtz Institute Mainz, and the University Mainz, with Christoph Düllmann and Michael Block as conference chairs. The scientific program comprised 51 oral presentations and 38 poster contributions.
BK polyomavirus diversity—Why viral variation matters
Authors: Blackard Jason T. , Davies Stella M. , Laskin Benjamin L. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryBK polyomavirus (BKPyV or BKV) is a non‐enveloped, circular double‐stranded DNA virus that may exceed 80% seroprevalence in adults. BKV infection typically occurs during childhood, and the majority of adults are latently infected. While BKV infection is rarely associated with clinical disease in most individuals, in immunosuppressed individuals, reactivation may cause kidney (BK‐associated nephropathy) or bladder (hemorrhagic cystitis and ureteral stenosis) injury. No antiviral therapies have been approved for the treatment of BKV infection. Reducing immunosuppression is the most effective therapy, although this is not feasible in many patients. Thus, a robust understanding of viral pathogenesis and viral diversity remains important for the development of future therapeutic strategies. Studies of BKV diversity are quite sparse compared to other common viral infections; thus, much of our understanding of BVK variability and evolution relies heavily analogous studies of other viruses such as HIV or viral hepatitis. We provide a comprehensive review of BKV diversity at the population and individual level with careful consideration of how viral variability may impact viral replication, pathogenesis, tropism, and protein function. We also discuss a number of outstanding questions related to BK virus diversity that should be explored rigorously in future studies.
A modified Catchment Connectivity Index for applications in semi‐arid torrents of the Mediterranean environment
Authors: Bombino Giuseppe , Boix‐Fayos Carolina , Cataldo Maria Francesca , D'Agostino Daniela , Denisi Pietro , de Vente Joris , Labate Antonino , Zema Demetrio Antonio 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe importance of sediment connectivity for watershed management needs accurate quantification tools, particularly in Mediterranean torrents, where soil erosion and sediment transport are often not tolerable. This study proposes a modified version (mCCI) of the Catchment Connectivity Index (CCI), theorized by Quiñonero‐Rubio, Boix‐Fayos, and de Vente (2013). The modified index improves the calculation procedure, providing a more efficient description of the hydrological and geomorphological factors of CCI and making easier its applicability for the operators with less field experience. The mCCI is applied to evaluate the sediment connectivity at the catchment scale in a torrent of Calabria (Southern Italy). This case study has shown how and by what extent the natural (climate changes) and human impacts (land‐use changes and check dam installation) have influenced the geomorphic processes influencing sediment circulation in the studied basin throughout six decades. From 1955 to 2012, a general decrease in sediment connectivity has been caught by mCCI. This was the combined effects of greening‐up processes of the catchment (due to both natural afforestation and human‐induced reforestation) and the installation of check dams, which have decreased the catchment potential to circulating sediments. Overall, the mCCI can be used as an analytical tool to evaluate the influence of past or future changes in natural and human‐induced changes in land use and climate actions by comparing scenarios of torrent connectivity.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Ebelactone A
Authors: Srinivasu Khandregula , Nagaiah Kommu , Yadav Jhillu S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA highly stereoselective total synthesis of the β‐lactam inhibitor of several therapeutically important enzymes, (‐)‐ebelactone A (1) is described. The salient features of this synthesis include desymmetrization of bicyclic symmetric olefin with Brown's asymmetric hydroboration, Wittig olefination, Evans′ alkylation, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, Gillman's reaction, TEMPO‐BAIB mediated selective oxidation of 1,3‐diol and Adam's β‐lactonization.
n–p BiOCl@g‐C3N4 Heterostructure with Rich‐oxygen Vacancies for Photodegradation of Carbamazepine
Authors: Hou Weidong , Deng Chengming , Xu Haiming , Li Dongya , Zou Zhongwei , Xia Huan , Xia Dongsheng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBiOCl/g‐C3N4 (BOC/CN) n‐p heterojunction with rich oxygen vacancies (OVs) was successfully prepared by microwave‐assistant strategy. Multiple characterizations revealed that BOC/CN‐10 exhibited excellent photodegradation performance and degraded 49 % carbamazepine (50 mL, 2.5 mg/L) in 240 minutes, which was eight and three times higher than BiOCl and g‐C3N4, respectively. ESR and O2‐TPD were combined to determine the presence of OVs in BOC/CN. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism demonstrates that the OVs of BiOCl and novel p‐n heterostructure not only extend the light absorption but also facilitate the spatial separation of photoinduced carries, and thus BOC/CN‐10 possesses outstanding photocatalytic performance. This work inspired how to improve photocatalytic activity by defect engineering and p‐n heterostructure strategy for Bismuth‐based photocatalyst.
Shear strength estimation of reinforced concrete beam–column sub‐assemblages using multiple soft computing techniques
Authors: Naderpour Hosein , Nagai Kohei 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe aim of the present study is to propose innovative predictive models for shear capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) exterior joints in terms of multiple soft computing techniques. Existing models were evaluated and by a preliminary sensitivity analysis, seven parameters including compressive strength of concrete, product of the yield stress and the reinforcement ratio of the joint stirrups, the effective width of the joint panel, cross‐sectional column width, beam tensile longitudinal reinforcement ratio, beam compressive longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and column longitudinal reinforcement ratio were considered. Then, a large data set having the details of experimental programs on shear capacity of exterior RC beam–column joints was provided. The experimental data were utilized in developing the proposed models. After verification of the new models against available database, their efficiency compared with existing models was confirmed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to find the relative importance of each input parameter on the shear strength of RC joints. The results indicated that the beam reinforcement is the most important factor in shear capacity estimation of exterior RC beam–column connections.
Overplanting in offshore wind power plants in different regulatory regimes
Authors: Wolter Christoph , Klinge Jacobsen Henrik , Zeni Lorenzo , Rogdakis Georgios , Cutululis Nicolaos A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe development of offshore wind farms depends on many technical and economic parameters, which requires an integrated planning approach. Some parameters can be controlled by the wind farm developer, and some are determined by the regulatory authorities. Others can be outside control of both. One aspect of optimizing wind farm development is overplanting, which represents the capacity optimization between installed generation capacity and transmission capacity, which allows for a minor share of energy curtailment to increase the overall value of the farm. Quantifying this value also depends on the regulatory framework, which is analyzed here by comparing United Kingdom and Danish conditions. Using a discounted cash flow model, we find that UK conditions are favorable to overplanting from the developer perspective, where the benefit of using the transmission cable more efficiently supports overplanting. In the Danish case, the private‐economic incentive to overplant is minor due to the constraint of linking subsidies to a certain energy output. On the other hand, when the cost of turbines declines relative to transmission system costs, overplanting tends to become more attractive. This is mostly the case when installing wind farms further offshore compared to projects closer to the coast, which has been exerted more and more exerted in the recent years. In a socioeconomic perspective, overplanting is also a viable method to optimize the wind farm technically and economically, if the cost of the additional turbines is less than the value of the additional generation that can be fed into the grid by the transmission line.This article is categorized under:Wind Power > Economics and PolicyWind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Progress in extracellular vesicle biology and their application in cancer medicine
Authors: Srivastava Akhil , Amreddy Narsireddy , Pareek Vipul , Chinnappan Mahendran , Ahmed Rebaz , Mehta Meghna , Razaq Mohammad , Munshi Anupama , Ramesh Rajagopal 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUnder the broader category of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are now well recognized for their contribution and potential for biomedical research. During the last ten years, numerous technologies for purification and characterization of EVs have been developed. This enhanced knowledge has resulted in the development of novel applications of EVs. This review is an attempt to capture the exponential growth observed in EV science in the last decade and discuss the future potential to improve our understanding of EVs, develop technologies to overcome current limitations, and advance their utility for human benefit, especially in cancer medicine.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Phenomenological study of neutrino mass, dark matter and baryogenesis within the framework of minimal extended seesaw
Authors: Das Pritam , Das Mrinal Kumar , Khan Najimuddin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We study a model of neutrino and dark matter within the framework of a minimal extended seesaw. This framework is based on A4 flavor symmetry along with the discrete Z4 symmetry to stabilize the dark matter and construct desired mass matrices for neutrino mass. We use a non-trivial Dirac mass matrix with broken μ − τ symmetry to generate the leptonic mixing. A non-degenerate mass structure for right-handed neutrinos is considered to verify the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe via the mechanism of thermal Leptogenesis. The scalar sector is also studied in great detail for a multi-Higgs doublet scenario, considering the lightest Z4-odd as a viable dark matter candidate. A significant impact on the region of DM parameter space, as well as in the fermionic sector, are found in the presence of extra scalar particles.
“Mixed connective tissue disease”: a condition in search of an identity
Authors: Alves Marta R. , Isenberg David A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMixed connective tissue disease was first described as a new autoimmune rheumatic disease in 1972 based on the claim of a distinct clinical picture associated with anti-RNP antibody positivity. Subsequently, this new entity has divided opinions in the rheumatology community. We have reviewed recent cohort studies with more than 100 patients, comparing the clinical and immunological features, treatment, prognosis and evolution to well-defined autoimmune rheumatic diseases. We also reviewed clinical features of undifferentiated autoimmune rheumatic diseases based on the most recent studies. After gathering and reviewing these data, we discuss whether the designation “mixed connective tissue disease” should be maintained.
Disease or function? What matters most for self-rated health in older people depends on age
Authors: Straatmann Viviane S. , Vetrano Davide L. , Fratiglioni Laura , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Self-rated health (SRH) holistically captures older adults’ health status from the perspective of the individual.

Aims
To explore the accuracy of five objective health indicators related to diseases, physical function, cognition and disability in discriminating SRH among the youngest and oldest old.

Methods
We used baseline data from 2196 participants of the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), Sweden (years 2001–2004). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) were obtained from logistic regressions adjusted by sex, age and education.

Results
Among the youngest old, having ≥ 4 chronic diseases showed the highest discriminatory capacity of poor versus good SRH (AUROC: 0.714). Among the oldest old, a walking speed < 1.0 m/s showed the highest discriminatory capacity of poor versus good SRH (AUROC: 0.683), followed by ≥ 1 limitations in IADL (AUROC: 0.664).

Conclusion
What matters most for SRH in older people depends on age, with walking speed playing a major role among the oldest old.
Prevalence and clustering of diarrhoea within households in India: some evidence from NFHS-4, 2015–16
Authors: Vijayan Bevin , Ramanathan Mala 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDiarrhoeal disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in children and is usually measured at individual level. Shared household attributes, such as improved water supply and sanitation, expose those living in the same household to these same risk factors for diarrhoea. The occurrence of diarrhoea in two or more children in the same household is termed ‘diarrhoea clustering’. The aim of this study was to examine the role of improved water supply and sanitation in the occurrence of diarrhoea, and the clustering of diarrhoea in households, among under-five children in India. Data were taken from the fourth round of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4), a nationally representative survey which interviewed 699,686 women from 601,509 households in the country. If any child was reported to have diarrhoea in a household in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, the household was designated a diarrhoeal household. Household clustering of diarrhoea was defined the occurrence of diarrhoea in more than one child in households with two or more children. The analysis was done at the household level separately for diarrhoeal households and clustering of diarrhoea in households. The presence of clustering was tested using a chi-squared test. The overall prevalences of diarrhoea and clustering of diarrhoea were examined using exogenous variables. Odds ratios, standardized to allow comparison across categories, were computed. The household prevalence of diarrhoea was 12% and that of clustering of diarrhoea was 2.4%. About 6.5% of households contributed 12.6% of the total diarrhoeal cases. Access to safe water and sanitation was shown to have a great impact on reducing diarrhoeal prevalence and clustering across different household groups. Safe water alone had a greater impact on reducing the prevalence in the absence of improved sanitation when compared with the presence of improved sanitation. It may be possible to reduce the prevalence of diarrhoea in households by targeting those households with more than one child in the under-five age group with the provision of safe water and improved sanitation.
The identity, ecology and distribution ofPolypyrenula(Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes): a new member ofTrypetheliaceaerevealed by molecular and anatomical data
Authors: Miranda-González Ricardo , Aptroot André , Lücking Robert , Flakus Adam , Barcenas-Peña Alejandrina , Herrera-Campos María de los Ángeles 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNew collections are reported of the monospecific genusPolypyrenula, an apparently extinct and doubtfully lichenized fungus, typically classified in thePyrenulaceae. Anatomical studies reveal that it is facultatively lichenized. The structure of its hamathecium suggests affinities with Dothideomycetes rather than Eurotiomycetes. Molecular analysis using nuLSU and mtSSU markers demonstrates for the first time its inclusion inTrypetheliaceae, outside the core genera as part of the early diverging lineages in this family. The known distribution ofPolypyrenulais extended to Mexico and South America, new information on its phorophyte associations is provided, and the namePolypyrenula sexlocularisis reinstated as the correct name for this species.
The legitimate expectation of regulatory stability under the Energy Charter Treaty
Authors: Zannoni Diego 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOne of the main catalysts for the shift towards renewable energies has been the practice of support schemes in a key number of EU member states. Some of these states have since withdrawn or revoked much of their original support, which has resulted in investment treaty arbitrations being filed against them under the Energy Charter Treaty. Arguably, a balance should be found between investors’ legitimate expectations concerning the stability of the legal framework and the host states’ right to adapt regulations to new needs. This can be achieved by clarifying and delimiting the principle of fair and equitable treatment, and by encapsulating it in a more precise set of rules. Due to its open character, this principle could otherwise become too intrusive a standard of judicial review for the exercise of sovereign power by host states. It could be diluted into a rhetorical framework inviting uncertainty and subjective judgment. While the focus of this article is on energy, the concern for legal stability equally applies to all those sectors where large upfront investments are required, which can only be recouped in the long run.
RECOVERING THE BOUNDARY PATH SPACE OF A TOPOLOGICAL GRAPH USING POINTLESS TOPOLOGY
Authors: DE CASTRO GILLES G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFirst, we generalize the definition of a locally compact topology given by Paterson and Welch for a sequence of locally compact spaces to the case where the underlying spaces are $T_{1}$ and sober. We then consider a certain semilattice of basic open sets for this topology on the space of all paths on a graph and impose relations motivated by the definitions of graph C*-algebra in order to recover the boundary path space of a graph. This is done using techniques of pointless topology. Finally, we generalize the results to the case of topological graphs.