bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Education and Yugoslavia’s Donauschwaben Minority Schools, 1918–1941
Authors: Mezger Caroline 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores nationalist activism surrounding German minority education in interwar Yugoslavia, focusing in particular on the ethnic German (Donauschwaben) communities in the Vojvodina. Following Yugoslavia’s mass nationalization of schools in 1920, demands for German minority education reverberated from the provincial schoolyard to the German Foreign Office, from Donauschwaben politicians to the League of Nations, and from local Sunday school priests to Germany’s Catholic and Protestant religious agencies. Implementing novel archival and press materials from Germany and Serbia, the chapter shows how debates surrounding the linguistic minority classroom helped ignite the Donauschwaben’s “German” nationalization. As the chapter claims, the ensuing transnational entanglements not only gave rise to a politicization of childhood and youth; they also opened the door to direct interventions from Germany.
Alternate Fronts
Authors: Mezger Caroline 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 investigates the previously unexplored history of extracurricular youth mobilization among the Vojvodina’s ethnic Germans during the interwar period. It traces the many specifically “German” youth organizations that flourished as Yugoslav German cultural organizations like the Kulturbund, local pro-Reich Erneuerer, Third Reich teachers, Hitler Youth agents, Yugoslav sports groups, and both local and “reichsdeutsche” Catholic and Protestant agencies entered the youth mobilization race, attempting to imbue young Donauschwaben with specific notions of “Germanness.” As the chapter indicates, the initial organizational plurality and relative indifference to exclusivist national causes “from below” shifted towards the late 1930s: by 1940, over 90 percent of Yugoslavia’s young Donauschwaben had joined the local pro-Nazi Deutsche Jugend, creating a formidable army of potential home and battle front recruits ready and willing to fight for Hitler’s Reich.
Mobilizing across Borders
Authors: Mezger Caroline 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the extracurricular mobilization of ethnic German children and youth in the Hungarian-occupied Batschka/Bácska/Bačka during World War II. It shows how unlike in the German-occupied Banat, the Deutsche Jugend in the Batschka competed with the Hungarian Levente (a mandatory paramilitary youth organization) and various religious youth groups. Kinderlandverschickung (child evacuation, KLV) groups from the Reich further mingled with the region’s ethnic Germans to convey images of Germany and the “Reichsdeutsche” that remained unavailable to the Banat’s children and youth. Young Batschka Donauschwaben thus continuously formulated and defended diverse definitions of “Germanness,” despite the Axis occupation and overwhelming pro-Nazi mobilization of their communities. However, with Germany’s occupation of Hungary in March 1944, these dynamics, too, would shift: any youth who had not yet voluntarily joined formations like the Waffen-SS were coerced into service, making them complicit in some of the Third Reich’s most heinous crimes.
Conclusion
Authors: Mezger Caroline 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The conclusion reflects on the key transformations that ethnic German childhood and youth education and mobilization underwent between interwar Yugoslavia and the wartime Western Banat and Batschka/Bácska/Bačka. Engaging in a comparative analysis, it highlights how children’s and young people’s agency and definitions of “Germanness” were shaped by diverse wartime contexts, occupational regimes, and social circumstances. Retracing ethnic German interviewees’ postwar lives, it contemplates the continued importance of categories like “Germanness” to individuals formerly engaged in the interwar and wartime periods’ contested nation-building projects. Finally, it advocates not only for the continued implementation of transnational and comparative approaches in studies of National Socialism, occupation, and war, but for the inclusion of “the little” in critical historical analysis.
Perspective as a Conceptual Tool in Milton and Newton
Authors: Webster Erin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter reads John Milton’s use of vast shifts in perspective in Paradise Lost (1667) in relation to seventeenth-century developments in the mathematics of infinity and infinitesimals. In a period in which telescopes and microscopes promised to extend the eye’s reach indefinitely, this chapter shows that Milton’s use of the epic simile and Newton’s infinitesimal calculus, first published as an attachment to his optical treatise, Opticks (1704), are related attempts to express concepts that continue to exceed the limits of visual comprehension: the infinitely large, the infinitesimally small, and the paradoxical relationship between the two. The chapter places these two writers’ work within the context of baroque art and architecture, which similarly exploits perspective as a means of expressing the concept of an infinite universe held in tension with the limits of human perception. Ultimately, it argues that by requiring his readers to vacillate between multiple perspectives on the same object, Milton contributes to a broader cultural decentring of the earth-bound human perspective as the standard measure of the universe.
The Criminalization of Atrocities in Guatemala
Authors: Berlin Mark S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the process of a single case of atrocity criminalization—Guatemala in 1973—to further verify the causal mechanisms of the book’s technocratic legal borrowing thesis. It formulates and tests a set of empirical predictions that speak to the observable implications of the theory’s causal mechanisms. Using a combination of primary sources, secondary sources, and elite interviews, it finds strong support for these predictions. First, the idea to include atrocity laws in the 1973 Guatemalan criminal code likely originated with its technocratic author, Gonzalo Menéndez de la Riva, and not with international organizations, civil society organizations, or government policymakers, as alternative theories would predict. Second, two types of influence likely shaped Menéndez de la Riva’s choices to include atrocity laws: (1) the emulation of other codes from the region that were highly regarded among his professional community, and (2) professional ideas about the importance of adopting national atrocity laws that spread to the region through prominent Latin American scholars linked to the International Association of Penal Law. Finally, the Guatemalan government likely approved these laws because they perceived them as low-stakes, technical features of a modernization project, and not because they intended them to appeal to international actors or the political opposition, as alternative theories would predict.
Conclusion
Authors: Berlin Mark S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s findings and discuses their implications for research on atrocity justice, human rights, and international law. It highlights the importance of technocratic criminal law specialists in the spread of human rights norms and contrasts these actors with the types of civil society groups that receive much attention in the human rights literature. The chapter also discusses how the book’s findings complicate the narrative of the Cold War period as a time of “hibernation” for the advancement of international atrocity justice. Finally, the chapter highlights the importance of the book’s findings for understanding the domestication of international law more generally. The chapter then discusses how the book’s findings may generalize to explaining the spread of other legal norms that have been shown to be associated with improvements in human rights outcomes. It suggests a number of conditions under which the spread of legal norms will benefit from forms of technocratic legal borrowing inherent in large-scale reform processes.
Community Responses to Demonic Presence
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Demonic possession exposed the boundaries of normalcy by deviating from it. It was a social phenomenon jeopardizing communal peace and harmony, and communities responded to it with very concrete measures: by searching for a diagnosis and cure and by finding ways to treat the deviant during the affliction. This chapter finds that the depositions to canonization processes point rather to a nuanced, fragmented, and multifaceted negotiation of this phenomenon by the communities involved rather than to a generally accepted cultural concept of demonic possession. Fear, anger, and disgust are among the emotional responses to demonic presence, but possession was not a categorization used to marginalize members of the community who had already been deemed deviant. References to compassion can also be found, indicating an ability to feel empathy for the victims. The possessed were not inevitably ostracized; they were tolerated and finally, after a miraculous delivery, integrated back into society.
The Morality of Defensive Force
Authors: Quong Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book provides an account of the central moral principles that regulate the permissible use of defensive force. The book argues that we cannot understand the morality of defensive force until we ask and answer deeper questions about how the use of defensive force fits with a more general account of justice and moral rights. In developing this view the book offers original accounts of liability, proportionality, and necessity. It also argues, contra the dominant view in the literature, that self-defence can sometimes be justified on the basis of an agent-relative prerogative to give greater weight to one’s own life and interests. The book also provides a novel conception of individual rights against harm. Unlike some, who believe that our rights against harm are fact-relative, Quong argues that our rights against being harmed by others must, in certain respects, be sensitive to the evidence that others can reasonably be expected to possess. The final chapter provides an extended defence of the means principle, a principle that prohibits harmfully using other persons’ bodies or other rightful property unless those persons are duty bound to permit this use or have otherwise waived their claims against such use.
Agent-Relative Prerogatives
Authors: Quong Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 defends the view that we each possess a limited agent-relative prerogative to impose harm on people who are not liable to this harm in defence of things over which we have rightful claims. The chapter argues that this prerogative is needed to satisfactorily explain cases where someone who is not liable to defensive harm threatens an innocent person, for example, cases involving Nonresponsible Threats or Justified Attackers. The chapter also argues that the agent-relative prerogative to defensively harm nonliable persons is constrained by a particular version of the means principle. The chapter concludes by addressing a number of potential objections.
Proportionality
Authors: Quong Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops and defends an original conception of proportionality in defensive force: the stringency principle. On this view, the degree of force to which a wrongful attacker renders himself liable is determined by the stringency of the right that the attacker threatens to violate. The more stringent the right that is threatened, the greater the degree of force to which the wrongful attacker is liable. The chapter also provides a critique of an influential alternative view, one that makes an attacker’s degree of liability depend, in part, on the attacker’s degree of moral responsibility for posing a wrongful threat.
Rights and Evidence
Authors: Quong Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Some philosophers endorse a fact-relative account of moral rights against harm. According to this view, if B’s ϕ-ing would contravene A’s right not to be harmed if B had access to all the facts, then B contravenes A’s right by ϕ-ing regardless of her epistemic position. Chapter 6 argues that moral rights against harm are not fact-relative, but must rather be sensitive, to a certain extent, to the evidence that duty-bearers can reasonably be expected to possess. The chapter argues that this conception of moral rights against harm has important implications for liability to defensive harm. In particular, people who pose fact-relative wrongful harm are not always liable to defensive harm, since such people may not threaten anyone’s moral rights via their actions.
Block by Block: The Historical and Theoretical Foundations of Thermodynamics
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
At the heart of many fields—physics, chemistry, engineering—lays thermodynamics. While this science plays a critical role in determining the boundary between what is and is not possible in the natural world, it occurs to many as an indecipherable black box, thus making the subject a challenge to learn. Two obstacles contribute to this situation, the first being the disconnect between the fundamental theories and the underlying physics and the second being the confusing concepts and terminologies involved with the theories. While one needn’t confront either of these two obstacles to successfully use thermodynamics to solve real problems, overcoming both provides access to a greater intuitive sense of the problems and more confidence, more strength, and more creativity in solving them. Success in this regard necessarily involves learning both the science and the history that led to the science. The two were intertwined during the evolution of thermodynamics and are thus likewise intertwined in this book.With this book I offer an original perspective on thermodynamic science and history based on standing at the interface between three worlds: practicing engineer, academician, and historian. I synthesize and gather into one accessible volume a strategic range of foundational topics involving the atomic theory, energy, entropy, and the laws of thermodynamics. For each topic I capture both the physical and historical underpinnings together with the human-interest stories as the hundreds of years of thermodynamic history are filled with many such stories. I share them to further engage, educate, and inspire the reader.
Energy: science (and some history)
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Energy lies at the core of the first law of thermodynamics as a concept to quantify change. Events happen but total energy remains the same. It’s the change in energy that matters. The realization that the energy associated with heat was equal to the energy associated with work (work–heat equivalanec) is what led to the first law of thermodynamics.
Hierarchy and Heredity
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Families were fundamental to social hierarchy in early modern France. Birth was widely accepted to indicate one’s divinely ordained social status, even if that view was not universal—in practice, some freedom was allowed for individuals to improve their status (especially among certain social groups) or indeed to worsen it. Certainly, the relation of birth to social status varied. It had a changing history even in respect of the nobility, which could be entered by routes other than birth. But birth was primordial at all levels of society, and for the nobility it became even more so in France in the second half of the sixteenth century and in the seventeenth. It was widely believed that the members of a given noble family shared their own, generally superior, instantiation of human nature. On the other hand, heredity was widely believed to predispose commoners too in certain directions.
Why This Time and Place?
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
From about the late fifteenth century onwards, literature and learning acquired increased importance for the social position of noble and elite-commoner families in France. One reason is the expansion and rise to prominence of the royal office-holder milieu, which had no exact equivalent in, say, England, where the aristocracy was much smaller than the French nobility and where there was no equivalent of the French system of venality of office. In France, family literature often helped extend across the generations a relationship between two families—that of the literary producer and that of the monarch. From the late Middle Ages, the conditions for family literature were made more favourable by broad social shifts. Although this study focuses mainly on the period from the late fifteenth to the mid-seventeenth century, it is likely that the production of works from within families of literary producers thrived especially up to the Revolution.
Transmission beyond Legal Inheritance
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The familial transmission of assets went beyond the inheritance by law (whether at death or by lifetime transfer) of lands, buildings, furniture, annuities, royal offices, and the like. Much else was transmitted outside the law. Such objects of paralegal transmission and informal patrimonialization can be understood as sociocultural legacies. They included formal education, informal know-how, the family’s reputation, its social honours, and its patronage and clientele networks. Such transmission also included literature and learning, not just in the sense of skills transmitted through education but in that of an expectation that works would be produced. Unlike most kinds of juridical inheritance, some kinds of paralegal, sociocultural legacy were peculiarly well suited to benefiting the family as a whole rather than just the odd member.
La Croix du Maine’s Bibliotheque (1584)
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Two vast surveys of French literary and learned production, both with the title of Bibliotheque, were published in 1584 and 1585, compiled respectively by François Grudé de la Croix du Maine and Antoine du Verdier. In addition to promoting the author function, each promotes the family function too. But La Croix du Maine does so more than Du Verdier. And La Croix du Maine’s Bibliotheque makes social status a driving force in the production of works of literature and learning by families. He represents some families as having collective literary qualities that are possessed by some of its members. He shapes our perception of the literary field by attributing actual or even just potential literary agency to families, including to individuals whose claim to such agency lies largely in their belonging to a given family rather than in their having produced works themselves.
Scévole de Sainte-Marthe’s Elogia (1598–1630)
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Sainte-Marthe’s influential eulogies of people who had distinguished themselves through learning devote considerable space to families that he can represent as combining two kinds of intrafamilial transmission: via literature and learning, and via royal offices. By making offices even more central to the transmission of literature and learning than had La Croix du Maine, Sainte-Marthe marginalizes literary and learned women still more. This chapter assesses (i) the extent to which families appear in the Elogia; (ii) exactly what this text describes as being transmitted within families; (iii) the extent to which such transmission is actual or potential, and the extent to which it is visible or hidden; (iv) what relation it has to birth; and (v) how robust or vulnerable it is.
Conclusions
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
While La Croix du Maine and Sainte-Marthe were responding in part to representations of family—as underpinning literature and learning—that they found in some of the works they surveyed, on the other hand the pair were also extending the family function further still. The vast fields of high-cultural endeavour scoped by La Croix du Maine and Sainte-Marthe did not simply pre-exist their surveys but were further shaped by them. Both surveys were highly selective in social, gender, regional, and other terms. Sainte-Marthe’s Elogia perhaps communicate more profoundly than any other work in the period the triangular imbrication of (i) family, (ii) social hierarchy, and (iii) literature and learning.
Moulding Social Hierarchy by Communicating Experience of It
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
What is the extent, and what are the limits, of the role played by the figure of Jean Marot in the experience of social hierarchy that his son Clément’s poetry communicates? ‘Experience’ is understood here in a broad sense, including for example personal relationships, events, possessions, emotions, imaginings, memories, and the very attempt to make sense of all that. Much of Clément’s poetry is autobiographical in the sense that its force relies on the reader accepting that it is rooted in the poet’s experience. However, in the forms in which it was printed in the period it was not autobiographical in the sense of inviting the reader to construct a precise record of a life. Its aim seems rather to have been to maximize the relevance, to different readers, of a singular experience of social hierarchy, to communicate one celebrity’s adventures on the social ladder, but also something more.
Conclusions
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Marot family is a high-profile example of poetic craft enabling spectacular social ascent, and doing so across two generations. Such cases were rare, given the sheer fragility of such poetry-propelled ascent. Even in this case it did not benefit all family members equally—women less than men—and petered out despite a faint attempt to continue it in the third generation. The fragility was that of the two principal factors in the ascent: craft itself, which, as artisans had long known, could be even more difficult to transmit to the next generation than wealth; and royal-household employment, which was fraught with intrinsic uncertainties. The kind of patrimony produced within the Marot family was more narrowly based, as well as more fragile, than that of the many families that held high royal offices and aspired to multigenerational, dynastic continuity.
Two Deaths in the Family: 1526, 1626
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapters 20–23 are a case study of the family that changed its name over the generations from Brouart to Beroald to Verville. In 1626 the prolific author François Béroalde de Verville died in Tours. He was a medical practitioner and a former cathedral canon. His name and social status had varied throughout his life. One hundred years earlier, in 1526, his paternal grandfather had died some 150 miles away in Saint-Denis, to the north of Paris. Originally from Brussels, he had been a barber-surgeon. Significantly, he had a simpler name, Simon Brouart. Grandson and grandfather never met. Indeed, the one was not born until thirty years after the other died. Their social status differed greatly, and they inhabited vastly different worlds, separated by the advent of humanism, that of the Reformation, and much else. Of the various factors that transformed this family’s social status, the most decisive were learning and literature.