bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal carers’ experiences of caring for someone with Multiple Sclerosis: A photovoice investigation
Authors: Topcu Gogem , Buchanan Heather , Aubeeluck Aimee , Ülsever Hatice 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesThis study explores the lived experiences of carers of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), specifically in relation to their quality of life (QoL), through the use of images and narratives, with the aim of gaining a nuanced insight into the complex nature of QoL in the MS caregiving context.DesignReal‐time qualitative design using the photovoice method.MethodsTwelve MS carers (aged 30–73 years) took photographs of objects/places/events that represented enhancement or compromise to their QoL and composed written narratives for each photograph based on their experiences of caregiving. In total, 126 photographs and their corresponding narratives were analysed using content analysis.ResultsSeven inter‐related themes were identified. MS caregiving‐related challenges, sense of loss (e.g., loss of activities), emotional impact (e.g., feeling lonely), urge to escape, and sense of anxiety over the unpredictability of MS carer role were discussed in relation to the negative experiences that compromised their QoL. The themes precious moments (e.g., time spent with loved ones or hobbies) and helpful support (e.g., family and pets) encompassed participants’ positive experiences that enhanced their QoL.ConclusionsFindings demonstrated the multi‐faceted and complex nature of MS caregiver’s QoL and highlighted that although the experiences of MS carers were mostly negative, there were also some positive aspects to caregiving, that helped enhance carers’ QoL by ameliorating these negative experiences. These findings can be used to inform support programmes and enhance service provision for MS carers.
Functional and genetic diversity changes through time in a cloud forest ant assemblage
Authors: Warne Connor P. K. , Hallwachs Winnie , Janzen Daniel H. , Smith M. Alex 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClimate change in the Neotropics is causing upslope range shifts. We used arrays of ant species collected in a cloud forest at 1,500 m in Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica, collected in two time periods (1998–2000 and 2008–2011) to measure changes in species richness and diversity over a decade. Using metrics of community structure, we found that the species assemblage in the collections from the 1990s was significantly phylogenetically clustered and functionally less diverse as compared to collections from the early 2000s. At both time points, the assemblages were significantly phylogenetically clustered and while the difference in functional diversity between the time points was not significant, the ant assemblage has become lighter in color (on average) over time. When individual species are considered, the overall pattern of replacement is consistent with the cloud forest ant assemblage being colonized by arrivals from lower elevation forests. The invertebrate communities on cloud forested mountain tops are especially vulnerable to a changing climate as there are two factors working together; no higher terrain to which they can move and the invasion of more and more taxa from lower downslope. This vulnerability is already measurable.
Pathophysiological significance of N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 in cancer development through protein phosphatase 2A phosphorylation regulation
Authors: Morishita Kazuhiro , Nakahata Shingo , Ichikawa Tomonaga 
Published: October 2020

AbstractN‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a candidate tumor suppressor in various cancers, including adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). NDRG2, as a stress‐responsive protein, is induced by several stress‐related signaling pathways and NDRG2 negatively regulates various signal transduction pathways. Although it has not been found to function alone, NDRG2 binds serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), generating a complex that is involved in the regulation of various target proteins. The main function of NDRG2 is to maintain cell homeostasis by suppressing stress‐induced signal transduction; however, in cancer, genomic deletions and/or promoter methylation may inhibit the expression of NDRG2, resulting in enhanced tumor development through overactivated signal transduction pathways. A wide variety of tumors develop in Ndrg2‐deficient mice, including T‐cell lymphoma, liver, lung and other tumors, the characteristics of which are similar to those in Pten‐deficient mice. In particular, PTEN is a target molecule of the NDRG2/PP2A complex, which enhances PTEN phosphatase activity by dephosphorylating residues in the PTEN C‐terminal region. In ATLL cells, loss of NDRG2 expression leads to the failed recruitment of PP2A to PTEN, resulting in the inactivation of PTEN phosphatase with phosphorylation, ultimately leading to the activation of PI3K/AKT. Thus, NDRG2, as a PP2A adaptor, regulates the global phosphorylation of important signaling molecules. Moreover, the downregulation of NDRG2 expression by long‐term stress‐induced methylation is directly correlated with the development of ATLL and other cancers. Thus, NDRG2 might be important for the development of stress‐induced leukemia and other cancers and has become an important target for novel molecular therapies.
c‐Myc promotes lymphatic metastasis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor through VEGFC upregulation
Authors: Chang Tsung‐Ming , Chu Pei‐Yi , Hung Wen‐Chun , Shan Yan‐Shen , Lin Hui‐You , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Chang Jeffrey S. , Chen Li‐Tzong , Tsai Hui‐Jen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) is a pancreatic neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation. pNET in early stage can be treated with surgical resection with long‐term survival, whereas the prognosis of pNET with locoregional or distant metastasis is relatively poor. Lymphangiogenesis is essential for tumor metastasis via the lymphatic system and may overhead distant metastasis. c‐Myc overexpression is involved in tumorigenesis. The role of c‐Myc in lymphangiogenesis is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the mechanism and effect of c‐Myc on lymphangiogenesis of pNET via interaction of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and pNET cells. Lymph node metastasis was evaluated in pNET xenograft mice. Potential target agents to inhibit lymph node metastasis were evaluated in an animal model. We found that vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) expression and secretion was increased in pNET cell lines with c‐Myc overexpression. c‐Myc transcriptionally upregulates VEGFC expression and the secretion of pNET cells by directly binding to the E‐box of the VEGFC promoter and enhances VEGF receptor 3 phosphorylation and the tube formation of LECs. c‐Myc overexpression is associated with lymph node metastasis in pNET xenograft mice. Combinational treatment with an mTOR inhibitor and c‐Myc inhibitor or VEGFC‐neutralizing chimera protein reduced lymph node metastasis in the mice with c‐Myc overexpression. The mTOR inhibitor acts on lymphangiogenesis by reducing VEGFC expression in pNET cells and inhibiting the tube formation of LECs. In conclusion, mTOR and c‐Myc are important for lymphangiogenesis of pNET and are potential therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of lymph node metastasis in pNET.
Revisional ileoanal pouch surgery: a systematic literature review assessing outcomes over the last 40 years
Authors: Carpenter Holly , Hotouras Alexander , English William J. , Taylor Fiona G. M. , Andreani Stefano 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimFailure of primary ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) occurs in up to 15% of patients. Revision surgery may be offered to patients wishing to maintain gastrointestinal continuity. This paper explores the literature relating to IPAA revision surgery, focusing on pouch function after revision and factors associated with pouch failure.MethodsSearch of PubMed database was carried out for ‘ileal pouch anal anastomoses’, ‘ileoanal pouch’, ‘restorative proctocolectomy’, ‘revision surgery’, ‘redo surgery’, ‘failure’, ‘refashion surgery’, ‘reconstruction surgery’ and ‘salvage surgery’. Papers were screened using the PRISMA literature review strategy. Studies of adults published after 1980 in English with an available abstract were included. Case reports and studies that were superseded using the same data were excluded.ResultsNineteen papers (1424 patients) were identified. Bowel motion frequency doubled following revision surgery compared to primary IPAA although the increase was not always statistically significant. In patients failing primary IPAA, frequency of daytime bowel motions improved following revision in three studies but only reached significance in one (12.1 vs. 6.9, P = 0.021). Risk of pouch failure is increased in patients who develop pelvic sepsis after the primary procedure with the largest study demonstrating a four‐fold increased risk (hazard ratio 3.691, P < 0.0001). A final diagnosis of Crohn's causes a four‐fold increased risk of pouch failure (n = 81; OR 3.92, 95% CI 1.1–15.9, P = 0.04).ConclusionsIn patients undergoing revisional surgery, improved outcomes are observed but are inferior compared to primary IPAA patients. Pelvic sepsis after primary IPAA and a final diagnosis of Crohn's are associated with increased risk of pouch failure.
LPX: Overlapping community detection based on X‐means and label propagation algorithm in attributed networks
Authors: Ge Jinhuan , Sun Heli , Xue Chenhao , He Liang , Jia Xiaolin , He Hui , Chen Jiyin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTraditional community detection methods in attributed networks (eg, social network) usually disregard abundant node attribute information and only focus on structural information of a graph. Existing community detection methods in attributed networks are mostly applied in the detection of nonoverlapping communities and cannot be directly used to detect the overlapping structures. This article proposes an overlapping community detection algorithm in attributed networks. First, we employ the modified X‐means algorithm to cluster attributes to form different themes. Second, we employ the label propagation algorithm (LPA), which is based on neighborhood network conductance for priority and the rule of theme weight, to detect communities in each theme. Finally, we perform redundant processing to form the final community division. The proposed algorithm improves the X‐means algorithm to avoid the effects of outliers. Problems of LPA such as instability of division and adjacent communities being easily merged can be corrected by prioritizing the node neighborhood network conductance. As the community is detected in the attribute subspace, the algorithm can find overlapping communities. Experimental results on real‐attributed and synthetic‐attributed networks show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is excellent with multiple evaluation metrics.
Cutaneous sarcoid‐like drug reaction caused by an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor
Authors: Gleue Casey A. , Shah Kabeer , Wentworth Ashley , Bridges Alina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearranged lung cancers represent 4% to 6% of all pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 (EML4)‐ALK fusions are the most common subgroup. Herein, we report a case of two successive drug reactions due to ALK inhibitors. A 69‐year‐old female with stage IVB EML4‐ALK fused lung adenocarcinoma developed a generalized morbilliform eruption 10 days after starting alectinib. Skin biopsy findings were consistent with a drug reaction. Her findings resolved after alectinib was discontinued. Another ALK inhibitor, lorlatinib was started and she developed multiple asymptomatic cutaneous and oral nodules 4 months later. Biopsies from these nodules showed sarcoidal granulomas without evidence of metastases or infection. ALK inhibitors are associated with numerous adverse events, including various cutaneous eruptions. However, a sarcoidal drug reaction involving the skin has not been reported. Identification of drug reactions to targeted therapy can avoid long‐term sequelae and misinterpretation of the clinical findings as disease progression or infection.
A meta‐analysis on the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging and transient elastography in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Gu Qing , Cen Li , Lai Jiawei , Zhang Zhongchen , Pan Jiaqi , Zhao Feng , Yu Chaohui , Li Youming , Chen Chunxiao , Chen Weixing , Shen Zhe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundNoninvasive methods have been used for the assessment of hepatic steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim was to assess the efficacy and accuracy of both magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and transient elastography(TE) for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis.Materials and MethodsThe PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve studies examining the accuracy of MRI‐proton density fat fraction(PDFF) and TE‐controlled attenuation parameter(CAP) for evaluating the grading of steatosis(S0‐S3) diagnosed by liver biopsy in NAFLD. We compared the sensitivity, specificity, hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves(HSROC) and clinical utility of these methods.ResultsTwenty‐four articles with a total of 2979 patients with NAFLD were included. The steatosis distribution was 8.1%/35.1%/32.2%/24.6% for S0/S1/S2/S3. For the diagnostic accuracy of MRI‐PDFF, the HSROCs were 0.97 for ≥S1, 0.91 for ≥S2 and 0.90 for ≥S3. For the diagnostic accuracy of TE‐based CAP, the HSROCs were 0.85 for ≥S1, 0.83 for ≥S2 and 0.79 for ≥S3. Following a ‘positive’ measurement (over the threshold value) for ≥S1, the corresponding post‐test probabilities of PDFF and CAP for the presence of steatosis were 82% and 61%, respectively, when the pretest probability was 24%. If the values were below these thresholds (‘negative’ results), the post‐test probabilities were 3% and 7%.ConclusionMRI‐PDFF and TE‐CAP both provide highly accurate noninvasive approaches for quantifying and staging hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Compared with TE‐CAP, MRI‐PDFF is significantly more accurate for evaluating dichotomized grades of steatosis.
Female politicians in municipal councils and fiscal performance
Authors: Cabaleiro‐Casal Roberto , Buch‐Gómez Enrique 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEmpirical research has tried to explain the effect of female politicians on various outcomes of political institutions. Few studies have focused on how the gender of politicians may affect institutional fiscal performance. Our research shows that both a female mayor, although with limited effect, and a greater share of female councillors worsen the fiscal performance of Spanish municipalities, which contrasts with the hypotheses raised, which were based on the mainstream of theoretical literature. Furthermore, right‐wing female councillors significantly increase the current budgetary imbalances, and female mayors with the same ideology seem to reduce the level of debt per capita.
Brainstem progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Breville Gautier , Koralnik Igor J. , Lalive Patrice H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe infection caused by the polyomavirus JC that develops in the central nervous system (CNS) of immunosuppressed patients. The infection frequently starts in the brain hemispheres and can spread into other CNS regions such as the brainstem. Initial isolated PML brainstem lesions are exceptional. We aimed to describe the challenging diagnosis of PML with isolated brainstem lesions at the time of disease onset.MethodsWe describe a case of PML starting with an isolated brainstem lesion and reviewed clinical, radiological, and biological features of all the reported cases of isolated brainstem PML.ResultsIsolated brainstem PML at disease onset is extremely rare. In addition to our case, only nine PML cases presenting with strictly isolated radioanatomical brainstem location at the time of disease onset were retrieved through the literature. All patients share similar brain magnetic resonance imaging features, without contrast enhancement. Eight patients presented with initial clinical worsening, but full recovery occurred in three patients, partial recovery in two, and death in three. Even if prognosis is reserved because of the surrounding vital structures in the brainstem, clinical recovery may occur.ConclusionsThis case report and literature review emphasize that isolated brainstem lesion is an atypical presentation of PML at disease onset.
A high‐throughput genetically directed protein crosslinking analysis reveals the physiological relevance of the ATP synthase ‘inserted’ state
Authors: Liu Yang , Yu Jiayu , Wang Mengyuan , Zeng Qingfang , Fu Xinmiao , Chang Zengyi 
Published: October 2020

ATP synthase, a highly conserved protein complex that has a subunit composition of α3β3γδεab2c8–15 for the bacterial enzyme, is a key player in supplying energy to living organisms. This protein complex consists of a peripheral F1 sector (α3β3γδε) and a membrane‐integrated Fo sector (ab2c8–15). Structural analyses of the isolated protein components revealed that, remarkably, the C‐terminal domain of its ε‐subunit seems to adopt two dramatically different structures, but the physiological relevance of this conformational change remains largely unknown. In an attempt to decipher this, we developed a high‐throughput in vivo protein photo‐cross‐linking analysis pipeline based on the introduction of the unnatural amino acid into the target protein via the scarless genome‐targeted site‐directed mutagenesis technique, and probing the cross‐linked products via the high‐throughput polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique. Employing this pipeline, we examined the interactions involving the C‐terminal helix of the ε‐subunit in cells living under a variety of experimental conditions. These studies enabled us to uncover that the bacterial ATP synthase exists as an equilibrium between the ‘inserted’ and ‘noninserted’ state in cells, maintaining a moderate but significant level of net ATP synthesis when shifting to the former upon exposing to unfavorable energetically stressful conditions. Such a mechanism allows the bacterial ATP synthases to proportionally and instantly switch between two reversible functional states in responding to changing environmental conditions. Importantly, this high‐throughput approach could allow us to decipher the physiological relevance of protein–protein interactions identified under in vitro conditions or to unveil novel physiological context‐dependent protein–protein interactions that are unknown before.
Passes of the Aleutian Islands: First detailed description
Authors: Zimmermann Mark , Prescott Megan M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe derived the first detailed and accurate estimates of the location, cross‐sectional area, length, and depth of the Aleutian Island passes, which are important bottlenecks for water exchange between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Our pass descriptions utilized original bathymetric data from hydrographic smooth sheets, which are of higher resolution than the navigational chart data used for earlier pass size estimates. All of the westernmost Aleutian passes, from Kavalga to Semichi, are larger (18%–71%) than previously reported, including Amchitka Pass (+23%), the largest in the Aleutians. Flow through Chugul Pass, previously reported as the largest pass in the Adak Island area, is blocked on the north side by Great Sitkin and several other islands. Collectively, these smaller passes (Asuksak, Great Sitkin, Yoke, and Igitkin) are only about half the size of Chugul Pass. The important oceanographic and ecological boundary of Samalga Pass occurs in a location where the cumulative openings of the eastern Aleutian passes equal the minimal opening of Shelikof Strait, carrier of the warmer, fresher water of the Alaska Coastal Current that eventually flows northward, through Samalga and the other eastern passes, into the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean.
Development and validation of the NCGG‐FAT Chinese version for community‐dwelling older Taiwanese
Authors: Lee Wei‐Ju , Peng Li‐Ning , Loh Ching‐Hui , Lin Guang‐Zhang , Lee Sangyoon , Shimada Hiroyuki , Arai Hidenori , Chen Liang‐Kung 
Published: October 2020

AimTo evaluate the reliability and validity of the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology functional assessment tool (NCGG‐FAT) Chinese version among community‐dwelling older Taiwanese.MethodIn total, 40 community‐living older adults aged ≥65 years with intact global cognitive function (Mini‐Mental State Examination ≥24) were enrolled and received a neuropsychological assessment twice using the computerized NCGG‐FAT Chinese version, with an interval of 30 days to examine test–retest reliability. Conventional neurocognitive assessments were performed for all study participants within a week after the first administration of the NCGG‐FAT Chinese version to determine validity. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were employed to assess test–retest reliability, and the Pearson correlation coefficient evaluated the validity.ResultsIn total, 40 participants aged 69.8 ± 3.9 years with a mean education of 11.1 ± 4.2 years and MMSE of 28.5 ± 1.8 were enrolled. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed moderate‐to‐high validity between the conventional neurocognitive assessments and the NCGG‐FAT Chinese version components (r = 0.509–0.606, P < 0.01 for all components). High reliability was also identified in the word recognition (immediate) score (ICC = 0.833, P < 0.001), Trail Making Tests part B (ICC = 0.709, P < 0.001) and Symbol Digit Substitution Task score (ICC = 0.850, P < 0.001), whereas word recall (delayed) score and Trail Making Tests part A showed moderate test–retest reliability.ConclusionsThe NCGG‐FAT Chinese version is a valid and reliable instrument to assess multiple dimensions of neurocognitive function of community‐living Taiwanese, which may facilitate better community‐based screening and intervention programs, particularly for international comparisons. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1171–1176.
Ketamine‐Magnesium for Refractory Chronic Cluster Headache: A Case Series
Authors: Moisset Xavier , Giraud Pierric , Meunier Estelle , Condé Sakahlé , Périé Maud , Picard Pascale , Pereira Bruno , Ciampi de Andrade Daniel , Clavelou Pierre , Dallel Radhouane 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of ketamine‐magnesium combination to reduce attacks in a series of patients with refractory chronic cluster headache (rCCH).BackgroundRefractory chronic cluster headache (CCH) is a rare but highly debilitating condition that needs new treatment options. A previous publication reported that a single infusion of ketamine‐magnesium combination was effective in 2 patients with rCCH.MethodsThe treatment was proposed to consecutive patients with rCCH seen in 2 French hospitals between November 2015 and February 2020 and who were resistant to at least 3 preventive treatments. They received a single ketamine infusion (0.5 mg/kg over 2 hours) combined with magnesium sulfate (3000 mg). The main outcome was a comparison of the number of daily attacks 2 weeks prior to the ketamine‐magnesium infusion and 1 week after (on days 7 and 8). The second outcome was the percentage of responders (patients with ≥50% reduction in the frequency of daily attacks). Safety was assessed by the recording of adverse events during infusion. Descriptive statistics are presented as mean ± standard deviation.ResultsSeventeen patients (14 men), with an age of 35.2 ± 8.1 years, were included. They presented with CCH for 6.6 ± 4.3 years. The number of daily attacks decreased from 4.3 ± 2.4 before treatment to 1.3 ± 1.0 after treatment (difference: −3.1 (95% CI: −4.5 to −1.6), P < .001). Seventy six percent (13/17) were responders. Transient and mild sedation was reported by 7/17 patients (41.2%).ConclusionsThe ketamine‐magnesium combination seems an effective and well‐tolerated therapy for rCCH. Placebo‐controlled studies should be conducted to further confirm these findings.