bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotropic use in children and adolescents in Scandinavia and Catalonia: a 10 years population-based study.
Authors: Gomez-Lumbreras Ainhoa , García-Sangenís Ana , Vallverdú Oriol Prat , Carbó Anna Gatell , Urgell Cristina Vedia , Gustemps Laura Gisbert , Pérez Xavier Bruna , Quiroga Antoni Ramos , Pedrós Rosa Morros 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Psychotropic drugs have not been deeply studied in the paediatric population as normally this population is not included in clinical trials and these drugs are not authorised for it use in under 18 years. Objectives: To describe the use of psychotropic drugs in children and adolescents in the North of Europe and Catalonia. Methods: Data on psychotropic drug consumption in children and adolescents were retrieved from the databases of Catalonia, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from 2008 to 2017. Psychotropic drugs were divided in antipsychotics, anxiolytics (also hypnotics and sedatives), antidepressants and psychostimulants. Data were stratified by group of age (0-4, 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19/ 15-17 for Denmark and Catalonia) and sex. Results: Overall the group of anxiolytics shows the highest consumption and the group of antipsychotics the lowest. Sweden is the country with the highest consumption of psychotropic drugs and the highest increase in its consumption. Denmark has the lowest consumption for all groups. Catalonia shows a decrease in psychotropic drugs. Girls consume more than twice as many antidepressants as boys and the opposite is for psychostimulants. Risperidone and quetiapine are among the most consumed antipsychotics in the Nordic countries, in Catalonia they are risperidone and aripiprazole. Among the antidepressants sertraline is the most consumed. No differences are found among the psychostimulants. Differences regarding the use of anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives are found between the Nordic countries (melatonin is the most consumed) and Catalonia (hydroxyzine). Conclusions: Psychotropic consumption in younger populations is increasing though there are differences among the active substances among countries. Nordic countries show a higher prevalence of use than Catalonia. Psychotropic drug consumption increases with age being the only exception the psychostimulants consumption, which is highest in the 10-14 years group.
Effect of 1.8-mm steep-axis clear corneal incision on the posterior corneal astigmatism in candidates for toric IOL implantation
Authors: Li Xi , Chen Xiang , He Suhong , Xu Wen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
PURPOSE

In the present study, we aimed to analyze the effects of cataract surgery using a 1.8-mm steep-axis clear corneal incision (CCI) on the posterior corneal surfaces based on the keratometry from the rotating Scheimpflug imaging device (Pentacam HR) in candidates for toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.

METHODS

Preoperative and at least 1-month postoperative data measured by Pentacam HR were collected in patients for toric IOL implantation. Surgically induced astigmatism on the posterior cornea (P-SIA) was calculated based on the preoperative and postoperative keratometric data, and the related factors of P-SIA were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 60 eyes from 56 patients were enrolled. The preoperative anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism was 1.58±0.61 D and 0.28±0.22 D, respectively. The postoperative anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism was 1.26±0.68 D and 0.41±0.26 D, respectively. The astigmatism was significantly decreased on anterior surface (P<0.001, paired t-test) and increased on posterior surface (P<0.001, paired t-test). The mean of P-SIA calculated by Holladay–Cravy–Koch method was 0.34±0.20 D, with 0.5 D or greater accounting for 26.7%. P-SIA showed no significant difference among with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism, against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism and oblique astigmatism (F=1.85, P=0.167). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the P-SIA and preoperative anterior corneal astigmatism (r = 0.29, P=0.024), as well as preoperative posterior corneal astigmatism (r=0.27, P=0.038).

CONCLUSIONS

In candidates for toric IOL implantation with a 1.8-mm steep-axis CCI, the incision caused a significant reduction of the anterior corneal astigmatism but an increase of the corneal posterior astigmatism. P-SIA could not be ignored, and it played a significant role in SIA, especially in cases with higher preoperative anterior or posterior corneal astigmatism.
The Change of Visual Acuity Correlated with Choroidal Thickness in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Zhang Xingyi , Li Fengjiao , Jiao Wanzhen , Ma Aihua , Zhao Bojun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background

To probe the change of macular choroidal thickness (MCT) in diabetic retinopathy (DR) by using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT).

Methods

A retrospective research was conducted among 136 eyes. Patients’ mean age was 57.34±9.42 years. 67 eyes were suffered from diabetic retinopathy (DR) without macular edema (ME), 69 eyes with ME and age matched 64 healthy eyes were as control. The choriocapillaris and the medium vascular layers (Sattler’s layer) were defined as the choroidal inner layer, and the large vessel layer (Haller’s layer) was defined as the choroidal outer layer.

Results

The whole, inner and out layers of choroid in macular area of the eyes with DR were significantly thinner compared to that of control (P<0.001). The whole and out choroidal layers in DR with ME were significantly thinner than that in DR without ME (P<0.001). The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, LogMar) was 0.41±0.37and 0.70±0.45 for DR without ME and DR with ME, respectively. Univariate linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between MCT and BCVA in either DR with or without ME groups (P=0.023,P=0.006). A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the elucidative variables strong association with MCT were BCVA and central macular thickness (CMT) in DR eyes.

Conclusion

In the eyes with DR, MCT was thinner compared to that of healthy control and this change was more substantial in ME eyes. MCT had a positive correction with BCVA. Our results indicate that the pathological change occurred in choroidal layer of the eyes with DR and this change correlated with impairment of BCVA.
Crystal-chemistry of sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). VI. Tl-bearing alum-(K) and voltaite from the Fornovolasco mining complex
Authors: Biagioni Cristian , Mauro Daniela , Pasero Marco , Bonaccorsi Elena , Lepore Giovanni Orazio , Zaccarini Federica , Skogby Henrik 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThallium-bearing samples of alum-(K) and voltaite from the Fornovolasco mining complex (Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy) have been characterized through X-ray diffraction, chemical analyses, micro-Raman, infrared (FTIR), Mössbauer, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Alum-(K) occurs as anhedral colorless grains or rarely as octahedral crystals, up to 5 mm. Electron-microprobe analysis points to the chemical formula (K0.74Tl0.10)Σ0.84(Al0.84Fe0.14)Σ0.98S2.03O8·12H2O. The occurrence of minor NH4+ was detected through FTIR spectroscopy. Its unit-cell parameter is a = 12.2030(2) Å, V = 1817.19(9) Å3, space group Pa3. Its crystal structure has been refined down to R1 = 0.0351 for 648 reflections with Fo &gt; 4σ(Fo) and 61 refined parameters. The crystal structure refinement agrees with the partial substitution of K by 12 mol% Tl. This substitution is confirmed by XAS data, showing the presence of Tl+ having a first coordination shell mainly formed by 6 O atoms at 2.84(2) Å. Voltaite occurs as dark green cubic crystals, up to 1 mm in size. Voltaite is chemically zoned, with distinct domains having chemical formula (K1.94Tl0.28)Σ2.22(Fe3.572+Mg0.94Mn0.55)Σ5.06Fe3.063+Al0.98S11.92O48·18H2O and (K2.04Tl0.32)Σ2.36(Fe3.832+Mg0.91Mn0.29)Σ5.03Fe3.053+Al0.97S11.92O48·18H2O, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the occurrence of minor NH4+ also in voltaite. Its unit-cell parameter is a = 27.2635 Å, V = 20265(4) Å3, space group Fd3c. The crystal structure was refined down to R1 = 0.0434 for 817 reflections with Fo &gt; 4σ(Fo) and 87 refined parameters. The partial replacement of K by Tl is confirmed by the structural refinement. XAS spectroscopy showed that Tl+ is bonded to six O atoms, at 2.89(2) Å. The multi-technique characterization of thallium-bearing alum-(K) and voltaite improves our understanding of the role of K-bearing sulfates in immobilizing Tl in acid mine drainage systems, temporarily avoiding its dispersion in the environment.
Monitoring the lead-and-copper rule with a water-gated field effect transistor
Authors: Alqahtani Zahrah , Alghamdi Nawal , Grell Martin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We use the natural zeolite clinoptilolite as the sensitive element in a plasticised PVC membrane. Separating a sample pool and a reference pool with such a membrane in water-gated SnO2 thin-film transistor (SnO2 WGTFT) leads to membrane potential, and thus transistor threshold shift in response to the common drinking water pollutants Pb2+ or Cu2+ in the sample pool. Threshold shift with ion concentration, c, follows a Langmuir–Freundlich (LF) characteristic. As the LF characteristic shows the steepest slope in the limit c → 0, this opens a window to limits-of-detection (LoDs) far below the ‘action levels’ of the ‘lead-and-copper rule’ for drinking water: Pb2+: LoD 0.9 nM vs 72 nM action level, Cu2+: LoD 14 nM vs 20.5 μM action level. LoDs are far lower than for membranes using organic macrocycles as their sensitive elements. Threshold shifts at the lead and copper action levels are more significant than shifts in response to variations in the concentration of non-toxic co-cations, and we discuss in detail how to moderate interference. The selective response to lead and copper qualifies clinoptilolite-sensitised WGTFTs as a low footprint sensor technology for monitoring the lead-and-copper rule, and to confirm the effectiveness of attempts to extract lead and copper from water.
This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
Experimental investigations on a portable atmospheric water generator for maritime rescue
Authors: Runze Du , Qingfen Ma , Hui Lu , Gaoping Wang , Wei Ye , Guangfu Cao , Yifan Cui 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To offer an alternative for supplying fresh water to people in distress in tropical seas before rescue or to garrison soldiers on a small reef, a portable solar-photovoltaic atmospheric water generator was designed and tested experimentally, and is composed of a water generating module, a water purifying module, a power supply and control module, and a buoyancy module. The results showed that the best water production rate of 460 mL/h was achieved when Tin = 27, RHin = 92%, Qa = 600 m3/h, with the desalination rate above 99.65%, proving itself a feasible solution as a portable desalination device. The daily water production can reach 5.52 L/d, which is more than twice the minimum quantity of the WHO drinking water standard (2.5 L/capita-day), and the energy consumption can be controlled under 200 W. The influences of major operating parameters on the device performance were analyzed and performance comparisons were carried out with the reported AWG products/prototypes. By integrating with a distress signal launcher and positioning module to shorten rescue time, the device has the potential to be employed as a small rescue platform for people in distress in tropical oceans, carried on board ship as a precaution.
Surgical Outcome of Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Nath Rahul K. , Somasundaram Chandra 
Published: February 2020

:
Our article focuses on various surgical treatments and outcomes in patients who had upper and or lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders due to peripheral nerve injuries. Here, we mainly discuss the benefits of the Nath method of surgical management in infants, children (preteen and teen), and adult patients in the following four categories of peripheral nerve damage.

Brachial Plexus Injury and Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Dysfunctions:
Improvements in detail are discussed in obstetric brachial plexus palsy patients, who had the soft tissue surgical procedure, modified Quad, and the novel osseous operative technique, triangle tilt at our clinic.

Upper Trunk of Brachial Plexus and Long Thoracic Nerve Damage and Winging Scapula:
There are at least 18 categories of causation/etiology of upper plexus and long thoracic nerve lesions in 575 patients who visited our clinic with winging scapula, limited shoulder movements, and or pain. Further, we discuss the results of the excellent recovery of hundreds of these patients, who had decompression and neurolysis of the upper trunk of brachial plexus and long thoracic nerve.

Peroneal Nerve Lesion and Foot Drop::
Our management of foot drop by nerve transfers to the deep peroneal nerve is discussed.

Sural Nerve Grafting to Cavernous Nerve Impairment after Prostatectomy or Genital Surgery:
We also discuss briefly our experience and results of the sural nerve grafting, which restores the function of cavernous nerves resected during radical prostatectomy.

Conclusion:
The lead author (RKN) has developed and implemented several innovative new surgical approaches as a reconstructive microsurgeon. These surgical techniques have proven clinical and functional improvements in patients with upper and lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders due to peripheral nerve injuries.
Vital Role of Monoamine Oxidases and Cholinesterases in Central Nervous System Drug Research: A Sharp Dissection of the Pathophysiology
Authors: Aksoz Begum E. , Aksoz Erkan 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are very critical enzymes
that regulate the level of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and monoamines. Monoamine
neurotransmitters and acetylcholine play a very important role in many physiological events. An increase
or decrease in the amount of these neurotransmitters is observed in a wide range of central nervous
system pathologies. Balancing the amount of these neurotransmitters is important in improving the
progression of these diseases. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are
important in symptomatic therapy and delaying progression of a group of central nervous system disease
manifested with memory loss, cognitive decline and psychiatric disturbances like depression.

Objective:
In this article, the relationship between central nervous system diseases and the vital
role of the enzymes, monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase, is discussed on the pathophysiologic
basis, focusing on drug research.

Conclusion:
Monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are still a good target for the
development of novel drug active substances with optimized pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamic properties, which can maximize the benefits of current therapy modalities.
Therapeutic Strategies to Protect the Central Nervous System against Shiga Toxin from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Authors: Goldstein Jorge , Nuñez-Goluboay Krista , Pinto Alipio 
Published: February 2020

:Infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) may cause hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and encephalopathy. The mortality rate derived from HUS adds up to 5% of the cases, and up to 40% when the central nervous system (CNS) is involved. In addition to the well-known deleterious effect of Stx, the gram-negative STEC releases lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and may induce a variety of inflammatory responses when released in the gut. Common clinical signs of severe CNS injury include sensorimotor, cognitive, emotional and/or autonomic alterations. In the last few years, a number of drugs have been experimentally employed to establish the pathogenesis of, prevent or treat CNS injury by STEC. The strategies in these approaches focus on: 1) inhibition of Stx production and release by STEC, 2) inhibition of Stx bloodstream transport, 3) inhibition of Stx entry into the CNS parenchyma, 4) blockade of deleterious Stx action in neural cells, and 5) inhibition of immune system activation and CNS inflammation. Fast diagnosis of STEC infection, as well as the establishment of early CNS biomarkers of damage, may be determinants of adequate neuropharmacological treatment in time.
A Review on Opuntia Species and its Chemistry, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology and Bioapplications
Authors: Kumar Dharmendra , Sharma Pramod K. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Opuntia species, locally known as prickly pear was used for various purposes
as food, medicine, beverage, source of dye and animal food. Many studies have revealed its pharmacology
activity from time to time. This review is a collection of chemistry, pharmacognosy,
pharmacology and bioapplications of the cactus family.

Methods:
Many sources were used to collect information about Opuntia species such as Pub med,
Google scholar, Agris, science direct, Embase, Merk index, Wiley online library, books and other reliable
sources. This review contains studies from 1812 to 2019.

Results:
The plants from the cactus family offer various pharmacological active compounds including
phenolic compounds, carotenoids, betalains, vitamins, steroids, sugar, amino acids, minerals and
fibers. These bioactive compounds serve various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antiviral,
anti-diabetic, Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, antibacterial,
antiulcer and alcohol hangover. According to various studies, Opuntia species offer many bioapplications
such as fodder for animal, soil erosion, prevention, human consumption and waste water decontamination.
Finally, different parts of plants are used in various formulations that offer many biotechnology
applications.

Conclusion:
Different parts of Opuntia plant (fruits, seeds, flowers and cladodes) are used in various
health problems which include wound healing, anti-inflammatory and urinary tract infection from
ancient times. Nowadays, researches have extended several pharmacological and therapeutic uses of
Opuntia species as discussed in this review. Many in-vitro and in-vivo models are also discussed in
this review as the proofs of research findings. Various research gaps have been observed in current
studies that require attention in the future.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 198Au/PAMAM-MPEG-FA against Cancer Cells
Authors: Rezaei Reza , Darzi Simin Janitabar , Yazdani Mahnaz 
Published: February 2020

Background:There is a significant dearth of clinical biochemistry researches to evaluate the facility of exploitation of folate targeted radioactive gold-labeled anti-cancer drugs against various cancer cell lines.Objective:The aim of this paper was to develop a gold-based compound with an efficient therapeutic potential against breast cancer. To this end, the synthesis of the198Au/PAMAM-MPEG-FA composite was considered here.Methods:The radioactive gold (198Au) nanoparticles were encapsulated into Folic acid (FA)-targeted Polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM) modified with Maleimide-Polyethylene glycol Succinimidyl Carboxymethyl ester (MPEG). After that, anticancer assessments of the prepared198Au/PAMAM-MPEG-FA hybrid mater against breast cancer were investigated.:Further studies were also devised to compare the anticancer capabilities of the198Au/PAMAM-MPEG-FA composite with the synthesized P-MPEG,197Au/P-MPEG,197Au/P-MPEG-FA,197Au/P-FA and198Au/P-MPEG-FA conjugates. The prepared drugs were characterized by means of various analytical techniques. The radionuclidic purity of the198Au/P-MPEG-FA solution was determined using High Purity Germanium (HPGe) spectroscopy and its stability in the presence of human serum was studied. The cell uptake and toxicity of the prepared drugs were evaluated in vitro, and some comparative studies of the toxicity of the drugs were conducted towards the MCF7 (Human breast cancer cell), 4T1 (Mice breast adenocarcinoma cell) and C2C12 (Mice muscle normal cell).Results:The results showed that cell uptake of198Au/P-MPEG-FA nanoparticles is high in the 4T1 cell line and the order of uptake is as 4T1> MCF7> C2C12. Moreover, of the tested compounds,198Au/P-MPEG-FA had the highest toxicity towards the cancerous 4T1 and MCF7 in all concentrations after 24, 48 and 72h (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the drugs was concentration-dependent.Conclusion:On the basis of the present research,198Au/P-MPEG-FA has been proposed as a good candidate for the induction of cell death in breast cancer, although further experimental and clinical investigations are required.
Mechanism Involved in Fortification by Berberine in CDDP-Induced Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Verma Vipin K. , Malik Salma , Mutneja Ekta , Sahu Anil K. , Rupashi Kumari , Dinda Amit K. , Arya Dharamvir S. , Bhatia Jagriti 
Published: February 2020

Background:The activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway has been shown to protect against cisplatin- induced nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress. Berberine (Ber), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in various experimental models.Aim:To check the effect of Ber on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and to explore the involved mechanism.Methods:Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: Normal, cisplatin-control, treatment groups and per se group. Normal saline and Ber (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered to rats for 10 days. A single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (8 mg/kg) was injected on 7th day to induced nephrotoxicity. On 10th day, rats were sacrificed, the kidney was removed and stored for the estimation of various parameters.Results:As compared to cisplatin-control group, Ber pretreatment improved renal function system and preserved renal architecture. It also diminished oxidative stress by upregulating the expression of Nrf2/HO-1 proteins. In addition, Ber attenuated the cisplatin mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, it also reduced the phosphorylation of p38/JNK and PARP/Beclin-1 expression in the kidney.Conclusion:Ber attenuated renal injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting JNK/p38MAPKs/ PARP/Beclin-1 expression which prevented oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy in renal tissue.
Transition Metal-free Approach for the Synthesis of 2-substituted Quinazolin-4(3H)-one via Anhydrous Magnesium Perchlorate
Authors: Mishra Shweta , Das Debashree , Sahu Adarsh , Patil Shailendra , Agarwal Ram Kishor , Gajbhiye Asmita 
Published: February 2020

Background:A convenient and efficient methodology for the synthesis of quinazolin- 4(3H)-ones from simple and readily available 2-amino benzamides and aromatic aldehydes in ethanol using Magnesium perchlorate are being reported in the present study. Good to excellent isolated yields (68-95%) of the corresponding 2-substituted quinazolinones were obtained under mild reaction conditions with excellent functional group tolerance. The affordability of the catalyst, the wide availability of the starting materials, transition metal free synthesis and the simplicity of the procedure renders the present methodology useful in organic synthesis.Objective:A maneuver methodology developed for the synthesis of quinazolin-4(3H)-ones via using Magnesium perchlorate from 2-amino benzamides and aromatic aldehydes in ethanol.Methods:10% mol anhydrous Magnesium perchlorate in presence of ethanol give to simply rapid formation of Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones from 1 mole of 2-amino benzamides and 1 mole of aromatic aldehydes.Results:Screening results of Anti-leishmanial showed that out of the synthesized series of 12 compounds, compounds 3c, 3d, 3g, 3h and 3i showed significant antileishmanial activities (L. donavani) with IC50 values 8.39, 9.37, 9.43, 7.1 and 8.7 μM.Conclusion:In summary, we have developed convenient synthesis of quinazolin-4(3H)-one, from simple and easily available precursor employing anhydrous Mg(ClO4)2 under green conditions.