bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
School Suspension as a Predictor of Young Adult Homelessness: The International Youth Development Study
Authors: Heerde Jessica A. , Bailey Jennifer A. , Merrin Gabriel J. , Raniti Monika , Patton George C. , Toumbourou John W. , Sawyer Susan M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
School suspension in adolescence has been shown to predict homelessness in young adulthood, suggesting that it may be a point of intervention to reduce young adult homelessness. Under zero tolerance policies, school suspension is more common in the United States relative to Australia. Multilevel modeling of cross-national longitudinal data from the International Youth Development Study tested prospective associations between adolescent problem behaviors, student-perceived likelihood of suspension/expulsion, school-level behavior management policy, and young adult homelessness. Population-based samples of participants from Washington State (United States) and Victoria (Australia) were surveyed at ages 13, 14, 15 (2002–2004), and 25 years (2014–15; n = 1945; 51% female). Over half of the young adults who reported homelessness within the previous year at age 25 had experienced school suspension. Individual-level school suspension in middle school predicted young adult homelessness. Higher levels of adolescent rebelliousness, non-violent and violent antisocial behavior, and substance use predicted a higher likelihood of school suspension at the person-level and were indirectly related to increased risk for homelessness at age 25. School behavior management policy was not related to a history of school suspension at either the person- or school-level once individual factors were controlled. Findings demonstrate the importance of school suspension as a risk factor for future homelessness and suggest that prevention programming that aims to mitigate substance use, antisocial behaviors, and school suspension may help to reduce young adult homelessness.
Enhanced Carbon Monoxide Bioconversion Through Adaptation of Mixed Microbial Consortia in Trickle Bed Reactors
Authors: Tunca Berivan , Rovithi Anastasia , Dutta Sambit , Quintela Cesar , Pinelo Manuel , Skiadas Ioannis V. , Gavala Hariklia N. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Syngas, mainly including CO, H2 and CO2, generated from biomass gasification can be used to produce a wide range of commodity chemicals and fuels. However, its biological conversion is still challenging since most microorganisms are sensitive to high CO gas content, resulting in low growth and production rates. In this study, adaptation of mixed microbial consortia to high CO gas content was investigated in trickle bed reactors, TBR, operated in continuous mode under mesophilic (37 ºC) conditions and ambient pressure. Initially, artificial syngas mixture including 20% CO was supplied followed by an incremental increase in CO gas content as 40%, 60% and 90%. The results revealed that the gradual increase of CO concentration led to the successful adaptation of CO-consuming microbial consortia. Enriched consortia exhibited efficient CO conversion primarily to acetic acid, with high consumption rates and product selectivity. The highest CO consumption rates achieved were 21.7 mmol·lbed
−1·h−1 for TBR1 and 22.3 mmol·lbed
−1·h−1 for TBR2 supplied by 90% CO at a gas inflow rate of 28.84 mmol·lbed
−1·h−1. Up to 40% CO in the inflow gas, the dominant product was acetic acid (89 mol %); further increase in CO gas content resulted in increased butyric acid production up to 19 mol %. 16S rRNA analysis revealed an important change in the microbial community during the adaptation process, pointing at Acetobacterium and Sporomusa as key genera for an efficient process at high CO gas content.

Graphical Abstract
AN APPROXIMATION PROPERTY OF IMPORTANCE IN INVERSE SCATTERING THEORY
Authors: Colton David , Sleeman Brian D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA key step in establishing the validity of the linear sampling method of determining an unknown scattering obstacle $D$ from a knowledge of its far-field pattern is to prove that solutions of the Helmholtz equation in $D$ can be approximated in $H^1(D)$ by Herglotz wave functions.To this end we establish the important property that the set of Herglotz wave functions is dense in the space of solutions of the Helmholtz equation with respect to the Sobolev space $H^1(D)$ norm.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35R30. Secondary 35P25
CASTE AND CLASS IN HISTORICAL NORTH-WEST
ETHIOPIA: THE BETA ISRAEL (FALASHA) AND KEMANT, 1300–1900
Authors: QUIRIN JAMES 
Published: July 2002

Peoples create their own histories by making choices within a framework

of opportunities and constraints. In the historical interaction of small
groups
within a larger state and social formation, the context of constraints
and
opportunities changes over time, as do the choices and actions of the smaller

groups. Such socio-ethnic historical processes must thus be analyzed both

diachronically and dialectically.This comparative study examines the actions of two small groups, the
Beta
Israel and Kemant, during three phases of Ethiopian history: the centralizing

state to 1632; the urban-centered state, 1632–1755; and the regionalized
but
re-centralizing state, 1755–1900. In contrast to the assumptions
of traditional
Ethiopian historiography in which small groups were only objects of
conquest and inevitable assimilation, this paper demonstrates the construction

and reconstruction of group identities during several hundred years
extending into the twentieth century.
Effect of pasteurization at 76 and 63 °C on the absorption of colostral IgG in calves
Authors: TYLER JEFF W. , LAKRITZ JEFF , HOSTETLER DOUGLAS E. , DOUGLAS VICTORIA , WEAVER DUSTY M. , STEEVENS BARRY J. , HOLLE JULIE , DENBIGH JOHN 
Published: July 2002

The timely ingestion and absorption of colostral immunoglobulin is a critical
determinant of neonatal calf health. Calves are born without appreciable concentrations
of the serum immunoglobulins needed to protect against pathogenic
bacteria, viruses and protozoa (Tyler & Parish, 1995). The beneficial effect of passive
transfer of colostral immunoglobulin also extends beyond the neonatal period and
persists into juvenile and adult life (Robison et al. 1988; Tyler et al. 1998; DeNise et al.
1989). Calves with failure of passive transfer, defined as serum protein < 50 g/l
or serum IgG < 10 g/l, have increased mortality risks that persist until 10 weeks
of age (Tyler et al. 1998).Several diseases are potentially spread by the ingestion of colostrum, including
bovine leukosis and Johne's disease (Perrin & Polack, 1988; Streeter et al. 1995). In
one study 22% of latently infected cows were demonstrated to shed Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis in their colostrum (Streeter et al. 1995). Optimal programmes to
prevent and eradicate these diseases generally include the provision that calves are
given colostrum derived from cows of known negative disease status. Pasteurization
or heat treatment of colostrum may provide a mechanism whereby calves are
provided with protection against neonatal disease without creating undue potential
for infection by chronic, economically relevant diseases.Attempts to heat disinfect colostrum are common in goat herds (MacKenzie et al.
1987). Pasteurization has been demonstrated to be effective against the caprine
arthritis–encephalomyelitis virus (Adams et al. 1983; MacKenzie et al. 1987).
Although Myco. paratuberculosis appears to resist pasteurization, this form of
processing has been demonstrated to decrease the likelihood of positive colostral
cultures for Myco. paratuberculosis under experimental conditions (Meylan et al.
1996). Sterilizing the milk and colostrum given to calves is a logical and reasonable
strategy to prevent transmission of infectious microorganisms. The potential
disadvantage of heat treating colostrum is that the immunoglobulins in colostrum
may become denatured (Smith & Sherman, 1994). Pasteurization causes only a slight
decrease in the colostral concentration of IgG in cattle (Meylan et al. 1996); however,
the biological behaviour of these pasteurized immunoglobulins has not been critically
examined. Therefore, we cannot be completely confident that immunoglobulin
absorption, persistence in serum and biological activity are unchanged by this
processing.The goal of this study was to determine the effect of pasteurization at 76 and
63 °C on the absorption of IgG from colostrum. Should these procedures decrease
immunoglobulin absorption, the use of pasteurization in disease eradication
programmes would require increased efforts to optimize the passive transfer of
immunoglobulin.
Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder
Authors: GOVARDHAN R. , WILLIAMSON C. H. K. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we study the transverse vortex-induced vibrations of an elastically
mounted rigid cylinder in a fluid flow. We use simultaneous force, displacement and
vorticity measurements (using DPIV) for the first time in free vibrations. There exist
two distinct types of response in such systems, depending on whether one has a high or low combined mass–damping parameter (m*ζ). In the classical high-(m*ζ) case, an ‘initial’ and ‘lower’ amplitude branch are separated by a discontinuous mode transition, whereas in the case of low (m*ζ), a further higher-amplitude ‘upper’ branch of response appears, and there exist two mode transitions.To understand the existence of more than one mode transition for low (m*ζ), we employ two distinct formulations of the equation of motion, one of which uses the ‘total force’, while the other uses the ‘vortex force’, which is related only to the dynamics of vorticity. The first mode transition involves a jump in ‘vortex phase’ (between vortex force and displacement), ϕvortex, at which point the frequency of oscillation (f) passes through the natural frequency of the system in the fluid, f ∼ fNwater. This transition is associated with a jump between 2S [harr ] 2P vortex wake modes, and a corresponding switch in vortex shedding timing. Across the second mode transition, there is a jump in ‘total phase’, phis;total , at which point f ∼ fNvacuum. In this case, there is no jump in
ϕvortex, since both branches are associated with the 2P mode, and there is therefore
no switch in timing of shedding, contrary to previous assumptions. Interestingly, for
the high-(m*ζ) case, the vibration frequency jumps across both fNwater and fNvacuum,
corresponding to the simultaneous jumps in ϕvortex and ϕtotal. This causes a switch
in the timing of shedding, coincident with the ‘total phase’ jump, in agreement with previous assumptions.For large mass ratios, m* = O(100), the vibration frequency for synchronization lies close to the natural frequency (f* = f/fN ≈ 1.0), but as mass is reduced to m* = O(1), f* can reach remarkably large values. We deduce an expression for the frequency of the lower-branch vibration, as follows:formula herewhich agrees very well with a wide set of experimental data. This frequency equation uncovers the existence of a critical mass ratio, where the frequency f* becomes large: m*crit = 0.54. When m* < m*crit, the lower branch can never be reached and it ceases to exist. The upper-branch large-amplitude vibrations persist for all velocities, no matter how high, and the frequency increases indefinitely with flow velocity. Experiments at m* < m*crit show that the upper-branch vibrations continue to the limits (in flow speed) of our facility.
Dynamics of counter-rotating vortex pairs in stratified and sheared
environments
Authors: GARTEN J. F. , ARENDT S. , FRITTS D. C. , WERNE J. 
Published: July 2002

The evolution of a vertically propagating vortex pair in stratified
and sheared
environments is studied with a two-dimensional numerical model. We consider
a range
of Froude (Fr) and Richardson (Ri) numbers, and a limited
number of Reynolds
numbers (Re). We find that stratification causes the
formation of counter-sign vorticity
around each of the original vortices through baroclinic production. At
higher Fr,
this wake vorticity advects the primary vortices closer together, decreasing
their
separation distance and increasing their vertical propagation speed, as
predicted by
Crow (1974) and Scorer & Davenport (1970). For these higher values
of Fr, the
wake vorticity also participates in an instability of the primary vortex
pair, with
the direction of propagation of the pair oscillating about the vertical.
We term
this instability the vortex head instability to distinguish it from the
jet instabilities
to which the wake itself is also susceptible. At lower Fr, internal
gravity wave
radiation dominates, and the intensity and spatial coherence of each vortex
is rapidly
reduced.When a mean horizontal flow having constant shear is present in an unstratified

fluid, we find that the vortices eventually rotate about one another with
the same
rotational sense as the background shear flow, as predicted in Lissaman
et al. (1973).
When stratification is also present, we find that the distribution of baroclinically

generated wake vorticity is asymmetric, which sometimes leads to the emergence
of
a solitary vortex with the same sign as the background shear vorticity
(depending on
the values of Fr, Ri, and Re). Our
limited survey of parameter space indicates that a
solitary vortex emerges more rapidly for smaller values of Ri,
smaller
values of Fr, and/or larger values of Re.
The meiofauna:macrofauna ratio across the continental slope of the Goban Spur (north-east Atlantic)
Authors: Flach Els , Vanaverbeke Jan , Heip Carlo 
Published: July 2002

Meio- and macrofauna density and biomass were estimated at the OMEX-transect across the continental slope of the Goban Spur at water depths ranging from 208 to 4460 m in the north-east Atlantic. A linear increase in the ratio between meio- and macrofauna densities with increasing water depth was found. At the continental shelf meiofauna densities were ∼50 times higher than macrofauna densities, whereas in the abyss meiofauna densities were more than 1000 times higher. This change in ratio was due to a significant decrease in macrofauna densities with increasing water depth, whereas the meiofauna densities stayed more or less at the same level. The ratio in biomass between meio- and macrofauna showed a dip at ∼1000 m. At this depth macrofauna biomass was ∼55 times higher than meiofauna biomass, whereas at ∼4500 m macrofauna biomass was only about three times higher. Macrofauna biomass was high at ∼1000 m, due to the high mean individual weight of the macrofauna, whereas meiofauna biomass and mean individual weight were low at this depth.Meiofauna consisted of ∼90% nematodes. Within the macrofaunal fraction (>0.5 mm) a linear increase in the ratio between nematodes and macrofauna sensu stricto with depth was found. At the deepest station ∼20% of the macrofaunal fraction were nematodes, at the shallowest station only ∼2%. Thus, large nematodes became relatively more important with increasing water depth. Within the macrofauna a decrease in the abundance of filter- and surface deposit-feeders relative to the subsurface deposit-feeders with increasing water depth was observed, which may be related to a change in food input. As no decrease in mean individual weight with increasing water depth within either group could be observed, the change in meio:macrofauna ratios along the OMEX-transect merely reflects a change in taxonomic (functional) composition, rather than a change in size.
Language in schizophrenia and its relationship to formal thought disorder
Authors: RODRIGUEZ-FERRERA S. , McCARTHY R. A. , McKENNA P. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although poor language test performance has been documented in schizophrenia, its
relationship to formal thought disorder remains unclear.Method. Forty schizophrenic patients were administered eight language tests and, under blind
conditions, rated for formal thought disorder. Measures of general intellectual function were also
obtained.Results. Performance on all language tests was significantly correlated with the general intellectual
measures. Three language test scores also showed significant correlations with formal thought
disorder scores. Multiple regression and analysis of intellectually preserved patients suggested
particular associations of formal thought disorder with semantic comprehension and picture
description.Conclusions. General intellectual impairment is an important determinant of poor language test
performance in schizophrenia, but presence of formal thought disorder may also contribute. A
higher-order semantic deficit may be particularly relevant to both linguistic impairment and formal
thought disorder.
Gender differences in the onset of depression
following a shared life event: a study of couples
Authors: NAZROO J. Y. , EDWARDS A. C. , BROWN G. W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Gender differences in clinically relevant depression are well established, appear to
be greatest in childbearing years and may be the result of gender differences in social roles. Methods. A community sample of 100 couples who had recently experienced at least one
threatening life event that was potentially depressogenic for both of them was studied using
a semi-structured interviewer-rated interview. Onset of depression was assessed using the
Present State Examination, and, rather than assuming that a gender difference in roles existed
uniformly across the couples, they were characterized according to their actual role activity and
commitment.Results. Women were found to have a greater risk of a depressive episode following the life
event than men, and this difference was of a similar magnitude to other reports of gender
differences in depression. Consistent with a role hypothesis, this greater risk was entirely
restricted to episodes that followed events involving children, housing or reproductive problems.
In addition, it was found that women's greater risk of a depressive episode following such
events was only present among those couples where there were clear gender differences in
associated roles. There was some suggestion that differences in roles on the one hand resulted in
women being more likely to hold themselves responsible for such events and, on the other hand,
enabled men to distance themselves from them.Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that gender differences in rates of depression
in the general population are, to a considerable extent, a consequence of role differences.
Prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders in an adult
African rural community in South Africa
Authors: BHAGWANJEE A. , PAREKH A. , PARUK Z. , PETERSEN I. , SUBEDAR H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This paper reports on a two-stage community-based

epidemiological study of selected
minor psychiatric disorders conducted on an adult African population in
South Africa.Methods. Using a modified random cluster sampling method,
354 adults were identified as the first-stage sample, with the SRQ-20
being used as a first-stage screen.
Clinical interviews based on DSM-IV checklists for generalized anxiety

disorder, major depression and dysthymia were administered
as the second-stage criterion to 81 subjects from the sample.Results. The weighted prevalence for generalised anxiety
and depressive disorders was 23·9% (95%
CI 15·1%–32·7%), comprising: generalized anxiety 3·7%,

major depression 4·8%, dysthymia
7·3%, and major depression and dysthymia 8·2%. Statistically

significant associations were found
between caseness and age, marital status, employment, income and educational
level.Conclusions. The results are discussed in relation
to comparative local and international data as well
as in the context of the current restructuring of the
mental-health care system in South Africa from
tertiary curative care to integrated primary mental-health care.
Subclinical symptoms in mood disorders:
pathophysiological and therapeutic implications
Authors: FAVA GIOVANNI A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of this review was to survey the available
literature on prodromal and residual
symptoms of unipolar major depression and bipolar disorder.Methods. Both a computerized (Medline) and a manual search
of the literature were performed.Results. In a substantial proportion of patients with affective
disorders a prodromal phase can be
identified. Most patients report residual symptoms despite successful treatment.
Residual symptoms
upon remission have a strong prognostic value. There appears to be a relationship
between residual
and prodromal symptomatology (the rollback phenomenon).Conclusions. Appraisal of subclinical symptomatology in mood
disorders has important
implications for pathophysiological models of disease and relapse prevention.
In depression, specific
treatment of residual symptoms may improve long-term outcome, by acting
on those residual
symptoms that progress to become prodromes of relapse. In bipolar disorder,
decrease of subclinical
fluctuations and improvement of level of functioning by specific therapeutic
strategies may add to
the benefits provided by lithium prophylaxis.
Attentional bias for drug cues in opiate dependence
Authors: LUBMAN D. I. , PETERS L. A. , MOGG K. , BRADLEY B. P. , DEAKIN J. F. W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. In a number of theories of compulsive drug use conditioned responses to stimuli
associated with drug taking play a pivotal role. For example, according to incentive-sensitization
theory (Robinson & Berridge, 1993), drug-related stimuli selectively capture attention, and the
neural mechanisms underlying this attentional bias play a key role in the development and
maintenance of drug dependence, and in relapse. However, there has been little work that assesses
attentional biases in addiction.Methods. We used a pictorial probe detection task to investigate whether there is an attentional bias
to stimuli associated with drug use in opiate dependence. Stimuli presented included pairs of drug-related and matched neutral pictures. Methadone-maintained opiate addicts (N = 16) were
compared with age-matched controls (N = 16).Results. A mixed design analysis of variance of response times to probes revealed a significant three-way interaction of group×drug picture location×probe location. Opiate addicts had relatively
faster reaction times to probes that replaced drug pictures rather than neutral pictures, consistent
with the predicted attentional bias to drug-related stimuli.Conclusions. These results support the idea that an attentional bias for drug-related stimuli occurs
in opiate dependence. This is consistent with the concept of a central role for such salient stimuli
in compulsive drug use.