bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Banishing the myths and dogmas surrounding the biotech Stradivarius
Authors: Schwarze Francis W. M. R. , Morris Hugh 
Published: April 2020

Societal Impact StatementThe impact of global warming on wood formation means that it is becoming increasingly difficult to find superior‐quality resonance wood for the production of musical instruments. Using fungi, we can mimic the effects of a cold climate on wood, to produce biotech violins with a tone matching those of a Stradivarius. Our work has sparked worldwide interest from the media, music lovers, and violinmakers. Here we address concerns raised about the biotech violin and detail scientific advances made since the original publication of our work. We believe this mycowood technology will enable affordable and acoustically superior instruments to become available to talented young musicians who would otherwise be unable to afford their own Stradivarius.
Cobalamin C deficiency presenting with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary microangiopathy
Authors: Liu Jinrong , Tang Xiaolei , Zhou Chunju , Xu Hui , Yang Haiming , He Ruxuan , Li Huimin , Zhao Shunying 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveCombined methylmalonic acidemia and homocysteinemia is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of cobalamin (cbl; vitamin B12) metabolism, which consists of five subtypes including cblC, cblD, cblF, cblJ, and cblX deficiencies. The purpose of this study is to summarize new clinical features mainly diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in cblC deficiency.MethodsWe made a retrospective analysis of four pediatric patients diagnosed with DAH and pulmonary microangiopathy due to cblC deficiency between January 2017 and December 2018 in Beijing Children's Hospital.ResultsThis study describes four patients with their ages ranging from 4 years 2 months to 7 years 6 months with cblC deficiency who developed late‐onset diffuse lung disease (DLD). Of these, the first three patients presented predominantly with DAH, and the last patient with pulmonary microangiopathy confirmed by thoracoscopic lung biopsy. All patients were accompanied by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), two accompanied by respiratory failure, and two accompanied by moderate megaloblastic anemia. Diffuse ground‐glass opacification and poorly defined ground‐glass centrilobular nodules were seen on high‐resolution computed tomography in one patient and three patients, respectively. All patients were suspected of having idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis or interstitial lung disease at other hospitals. All of them received treatment with corticosteroid before admission, but the symptoms did not improve. Moreover, all patients carried compound heterozygous mutations (c.80A>G, c.609G>A) in MMACHC and improved significantly after being treated for cblC deficiency and PAH.ConclusionsCblC deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of DAH especially with PAH, and pulmonary microangiopathy be the main reason of DLD in these patients.
On handling inertia problem of memory charts using break approach
Authors: Zafar Raja Fawad , Riaz Muhammad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe memory‐type control charts are quite efficient in monitoring small and moderate shifts in process parameters. These charts, such as exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA), face the problem of inertia due to the time dependence of statistics. This issue could be solved to some extent using a break at regular/irregular intervals in plotting statistics. We have proposed this method by introducing a break feature at regular intervals, to handle the inertia problem, and found it quite useful for memory control charts. A comparative analysis of the proposal with some existing charts is also part of the study.
Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and male reproductive health
Authors: Sharma Aditi , Mollier Josephine , Brocklesby Richard W. K. , Caves Charlotte , Jayasena Channa N. , Minhas Suks 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundA number of different types of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, and other environmental chemicals have been shown to adversely impact upon male reproductive health. Understanding the potential effects of EDCs on male reproductive health may enable the development of novel treatments and early prevention of the effects of EDCs on male infertility and their potential long‐term sequelae. This review critically evaluates the research performed in this area and explores potential harmful effects of EDCs in animals and humans, including the possibility of trans‐generational transmission.MethodsA literature review was conducted using electronic databases using the following terms: ‘endocrine disrupt*’ OR ‘endocrine disruptors’ OR ‘endocrine disruptor chemicals’ OR ‘EDC’ AND ‘sperm*’ OR ‘spermatozoa’ OR ‘spermatozoon’ OR ‘male reproductive health’ OR’ male fertility’.Main findingsSeveral studies have shown that EDCs have a variety of pathophysiological effects. These include failure of spermatogenesis, embryonic development, the association with testicular cancer, and long‐term metabolic effects.ConclusionsSeveral studies observe correlations between chemical doses and at least one sperm parameter; however, such correlations are sometimes inconsistent between different studies. Mechanisms through which EDCs exert their pathophysiological effects have not yet been fully elucidated in human studies.
Evaluating the effectiveness of the phosphorus sorption index for estimating maximum phosphorus sorption capacity
Authors: Bolster Carl H. , McGrath Josh M. , Rosso Emileigh , Blombäck Karin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe single‐point P sorption index (PSI), which is defined as the ratio of sorbed P (S) to the log P concentration in soil solution following a single P addition, is often used to estimate maximum soil P sorption capacity (Smax). Although studies have found good correlations between PSI and Smax as determined from fitting the Langmuir model to complete sorption isotherm data, a thorough analysis of the role of added P concentration on this relationship is needed. Our first objective was to investigate the effect of added P concentration on the correlation between PSI and Smax as determined by the Langmuir equation. Our second objective was to determine if S was better than PSI for predicting Smax. Using numerical simulations, we tested the correlation between Smax and PSI for added P concentrations of 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg P L−1. Results of the simulations show that the strength of the correlation between Smax and PSI increases with increasing P concentration. Our results also show that PSI was a better predictor of Smax than S for added concentrations of 75 and 100 mg P L−1, whereas at the higher rates S was a slightly better predictor of Smax and gave a direct estimate of Smax rather than the relative estimate obtained from PSI. Results from P sorption data measured on soils from Maryland and Sweden were consistent with our results from the numerical simulations. Our findings highlight important limitations of using PSI for estimating Smax.
NOTCH inhibition promotes bronchial stem cell renewal and epithelial barrier integrity after irradiation
Authors: Giuranno Lorena , Roig Eloy M. , Wansleeben Carolien , Berg Annette , Groot Arjan J. , Dubois Ludwig , Vooijs Marc 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHyperactivity of the NOTCH pathway is associated with tumor growth and radiotherapy resistance in lung cancer, and NOTCH/γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are a potential therapeutic target. The therapeutic outcome, however, is often restricted by the dose-limiting toxicity of combined treatments on the surrounding healthy tissue. The NOTCH signaling pathway is also crucial for homeostasis and repair of the normal airway epithelium. The effects of NOTCH/γ-secretase inhibition on the irradiation of normal lung epithelium are unknown and may counteract antitumor activity. Here we, therefore, investigated whether normal tissue toxicity to radiation is altered upon NOTCH pathway inhibition. We established air-liquid interface pseudostratified and polarized cultures from primary human bronchial epithelial cells and blocked NOTCH signaling alone or after irradiation with small-molecule NOTCH inhibitor/GSI. We found that the reduction in proliferation and viability of bronchial stem cells (TP63+) in response to irradiation is rescued with concomitant NOTCH inhibition. This correlated with reduced activation of the DNA damage response and accelerated repair by 24 hours and 3 days postirradiation. The increase in basal cell proliferation and viability in GSI-treated and irradiated cultures resulted in an improved epithelial barrier function. Comparable results were obtained after in vivo irradiation, where the combination of NOTCH inhibition and irradiation increased the percentage of stem cells and ciliated cells ex vivo. These encourage further use of normal patient tissue for toxicity screening of combination treatments and disclose novel interactions between NOTCH inhibition and radiotherapy and opportunities for tissue repair after radiotherapy.Significance statement Radiation-induced lung injury is a dose-limiting toxicity that limits the effective dose that should be administered and forces the interruption of the treatment. The NOTCH signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer because its inhibition reduces tumor growth and synergizes with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in preclinical models. However, the effect of inhibiting NOTCH in irradiated normal lung tissue is not known and could impact the therapeutic benefit of combination treatments. This study demonstrates that small-molecule inhibitors of the NOTCH pathway enhance the survival of irradiated primary human and murine bronchial epithelial lung stem cells. This finding may be beneficial in lung cancer treatment with radiotherapy and NOTCH inhibitors by protecting normal lung tissue while increasing tumor control.
Tunable and Ultraefficient Microwave Absorption Properties of Trace N‐Doped Two‐Dimensional Carbon‐Based Nanocomposites Loaded with Multi‐Rare Earth Oxides
Authors: Gao Shan , Wang Guang‐Sheng , Guo Lin , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA high efficiency and great tunability of bandwidth and absorption‐range electromagnetic wave absorber is proposed without precedent. A series of 2D carbon‐based nanocomposites with the loading of cerium oxide (CN‐Ce) and other types of rare earth oxides (CN‐REOs) can be successfully synthesized by a simple solvothermal‐sintering method. As‐synthesized 2D nanocomposites with local graphite‐like C3N4 structure and trace N‐doped are identified by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The CN‐REOs and polyvinylidene fluoride composite absorbers with reflection loss values above −40 dB are obtained in C‐band, X‐band, and Ku‐band, respectively. The empirical rules on effective bandwidth and frequency range are discovered and summarized, which can be successfully realized by simply tuning the doping amount or type of REO. The mechanism is explained by enhanced attenuation and tunable impedance matching. In addition co‐filled samples by two types of CN‐REOs nanocomposites are prepared to support these findings and inspire the preparation of absorber with desirable frequency band in the range of 2–18 GHz.
Alluaudite Battery Cathodes
Authors: Dwibedi Debasmita , Barpanda Prabeer , Yamada Atsuo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRechargeable batteries have emerged as ubiquitous and indispensable technologies of the 21st century, propelling myriads of consumer electronics and ushering a new era of electric vehicles and stationary grid storage. Since the commercialization of Li‐ion batteries by SONY (approximately in the year 1991), the secondary battery sector has seen unprecedented growth with diverse applications touching global populations across socioeconomic strata. There is a steady quest to develop a wide range of batteries to cater diverse global demands from milliwatt‐scale electronics to megawatt‐scale grid‐storage applications. In this journey, Li‐ion batteries are complemented by various post‐Li‐ion chemistry (e.g., Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Al3+‐ion batteries), conversion mechanism‐based systems (e.g., Li–S, Na–S, and Li–O2) as well as renewed development of pre‐Li‐ion era technologies like aqueous batteries. Cathodes sit at the core with command over the net cost and performance of batteries. Various polyanionic cathodes have been developed to date, often guided by structure of naturally occurring minerals. One such mineral system is alluaudite, named after French geologist François Alluaud. The current article portrays the discovery and development of the alluaudite class of polyanionic cathode materials for rechargeable batteries. The structure and electrochemical properties of various alluaudite insertion materials are gauged along with possible future perspectives.
Effect of Drought stress on Resistant starch content and Glycemic index of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Kumar Awadhesh , Dash Goutam Kumar , Barik Madhusmita , Panda Puja Archana , Lal Milan Kumar , Baig Mirza Jaynul , Swain Padmini 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDrought stress is the most devastating abiotic stress which severely affects starch biosynthesis, thus altering the glycemic index (GI) of rice grains. It shortens the period of grain filling by rapidly translocating assimilates to grains, thereby decreasing amylose content (AC), resistant starch (RS), and increasing GI value. Among 30 genotypes tested, ZHU‐11‐26, IR 20, and Annada differ in exhibiting a much lower reduction in AC and RS which result in insignificant change in GI (<1) under drought stress. Two genotypes (ZHU‐11‐26 and Pathara) are selected for granule bound starch synthase I expression analysis on the basis of their contrasting GI and RS content. The gene is highly and significantly expressed at the dough stage of grain development and shows a positive association between its expression and RS content. Drought is very common in most parts of the world in the present climate‐change scenario, where even mild terminal stress may affect grain filling rate and cause the increment in GI value of grains. In this context, identification of less responsive genotypes with a lesser change in GI under drought stress may help in developing rice varieties for the diabetics even grown under stress‐prone environments.
Initial responses of the trap‐crop, Solanum sisymbriifolium, to Globodera pallida invasions
Authors: Wixom Alexander Q. , Casavant N. Carol , Sonnen Timothy J. , Kuhl Joseph C. , Xiao Fangming , Dandurand Louise‐Marie , Caplan Allan B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMany researchers today are looking for mechanisms underlying plant defenses against nematodes by identifying differentially expressed genes in domesticated hosts. In order to provide a different perspective, we analyzed the root transcriptome of an undomesticated non‐host species, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamark (SSI) before and after Globodera pallida infection. Utilizing RNAseq analyses, we identified changes in the expression of 277 transcripts. Many of these genes were not annotated; however, the annotated set included peroxidases, reactive oxygen species‐producing proteins, and regulators of cell death. Importantly, 60% of the nematode‐responsive genes did not respond to physical damage to root tissues, or to exogenous treatments with either salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate. Based on this, we speculate that the majority of changes in SSI gene expression were promoted by either nematode effectors, pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or by exposure to untested endogenous signaling molecules such as ethylene, or by exposure to multiple stimuli. This study incorporates our findings into a model that accounts for part of this plant's unusual resistance to nematodes.
Optische Diagnostik an Vakuumlichtbögen
Authors: Gortschakow Sergey , Gonzalez Diego , Franke Steffen , Khakpour Alireza , Methling Ralf , Uhrlandt Dirk , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAdvanced optical diagnostics of vacuum arc plasma for switching applicationsVacuum technology provides environmentally compatible and emission‐free solutions for switching in power grids. A high number of operations under standard load conditions, safe and reproducible short‐circuit current interruption capability, and maintenance‐free operation are few examples of advantages of vacuum circuit breakers. Further development of such devices requires fundamental knowledge about the switching process and interaction of materials used with the working medium – the vacuum arc plasma. The optical diagnostics offers numerous methods for the characterization of the arc plasma and surrounding components, like e.g. electrodes and chamber walls. Studies of plasma and electrode phenomena by combination of optical and electrical diagnostics allow for material qualification, choice of design and arc extinguishing mechanisms.
Toward International Animal Rights
Authors: Peters Anne 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe chapter starts from the observation that while animal welfare is increasingly protected in domestic jurisdictions, animal rights are still hardly recognised, although they would serve animals better. It argues that animal rights would need to be universalised in order to deploy effects in a globalised setting. The international legal order is flexible and receptive to non-human personhood which goes with rights. Also, the historical experience with international human rights encourages the animal rights project, because it shows how similar conceptual and normative difficulties have been overcome. Animal rights would complement human rights not the least because the entrenchment of the species hierarchy as manifest in the denial of animal rights in the extreme case condones disrespect for the rights of humans themselves.
Protection of Animals Through Human Rights: The Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Sparks Tom 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe chapter discusses the potential of a human rights framework to contribute to the growth and development of global animal law. It takes as example the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, and examine the major trends in the Court’s judgments and admissibility decisions that directly or indirectly concern the rights or welfare of animals. It is concluded that the Court is not indifferent to the welfare of animals, but that animal welfare is instrumentalised: it is understood not as a good in itself, but is instead valued for its implications for human welfare and rights. The chapter then considers the obstacles that the anthropocentrism of the human rights idea and the instrumentalisation of animal concerns present to the use of human rights frameworks to further the development of global animal law, as well as the opportunities that exist in the meeting of these paradigms. It concludes that although the telos of human rights law is different from that of animal law, nevertheless there exist many overlapping concerns within which mutually beneficial interactions are possible.
On Women and Beasts: Human-Animal Relationships in Sixteenth-Century Thought
Authors: Becker Anna 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe chapter traces how early modern writers of political theory, often in their comments on Aristotle, viewed the relationships between some animals and humans, notably in the household. Remarkably, not all authors drew a sharp contrast between the human male on the one side, and disenfranchised women, slaves, and animals, on the other. Some writers did not view humans as completely alienated from their animal nature. Thus, early modern writers’ contemplation of the human animal and the fluidity between nature and culture might inspire current reflection on animal welfare and rights.
Trading in Sacrifice
Authors: Stilt Kristen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe chapter examines the trade of live animals for slaughter, focusing on export from Australia to the Muslim-majority countries that are the main customers. Here, animals are shipped across boundaries of religion, culture, and norms of animal welfare. While the typical rules of international trade in goods apply, they do not really fit. In addition, the current legal regime governing live exports is insufficient to provide animals with an adequate standard of welfare, from the point of entering the ships in the country of origin to the moment of slaughter in the importing country. Stilt argues, however, that with the due involvement of religious authorities, the Islamic tradition of animal welfare could be harnessed to develop more widely accepted international transportation and slaughtering standards.
Sub-monthly evolution of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet and its relationship with regional precipitation and atmospheric circulation
Authors: García-Martínez Ivonne Mariela , Bollasina Massimo Alberto 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe summer spatial structure and sub-monthly temporal evolution of one of the key dynamical features of Central American climate, the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ), is investigated by means of extended empirical orthogonal functions (EEOFs). The Caribbean 925-hPa zonal wind from the CFSR reanalysis for the period 1979 – 2010 is used for the analysis. This approach reveals new insights into the dynamical processes and spatio-temporal evolution of the CLLJ summer intensification, and through lead and lag linear regressions, significant climate links in the broader Caribbean region are identified. The results show that the CLLJ generates significant precipitation and temperature responses with a distinct temporal evolution over the Caribbean-Atlantic domain to that over the tropical Pacific, which hints at different underlying controlling mechanisms over these two large-scale regions. These anomalies are linked with the mid and upper tropospheric circulation, where a vertical cell over the Caribbean (ascending at the jet exit and subsiding at its entrance) varies in phase with large-scale divergence over the Pacific Ocean. Extratropical hemispheric-wide waves and the weakening of a thermal low in northeast Mexico-central US are identified as potential triggering factors for the CLLJ summer intensification. Two leading modes of tropical variability, El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Madden-Julian Oscillation, are found to modulate the CLLJ by intensifying it and prolonging its life cycle. Details of the underlying mechanisms are provided. These results help to advance the understanding of the processes that modulate local climate variations, which is an important issue in view of the rapid climate change the region is undergoing.