bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photo/Electrochemical Applications of Metal Sulfide/TiO2 Heterostructures
Authors: Zheng Lingxia , Teng Feng , Ye Xiaoying , Zheng Huajun , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDeveloping efficient and affordable catalysts is of great significance for energy and environmental sustainability. Heterostructure photocatalysts exhibit a better performance than either of the parent phases as it changes the band bending at the interfaces and provides a driving force for carrier separation, thus mitigating the effects of carrier recombination and back‐reaction. Herein, the photo/electrochemical applications of a variety of metal sulfides (MSx) (MoS2, CdS, CuS, PbS, SnS2, ZnS, Ag2S, Bi2S3, and In2S3)/TiO2 heterojunctions are summarized, including organic degradation, water splitting, and CO2 reduction conversion. First, a general introduction on each MSx material (especially bandgap structures) will be given. Then the photo/electrochemical applications based on MSx/TiO2 heterostructures are reviewed from the perspective of light harvesting ability, charge carrier separation and transportation, and surface chemical reactions. Special focus is given to CdS/TiO2 and PbS/TiO2‐based quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Ternary composites by taking advantages of positive synergetic effects are also well summarized. Finally, conclusions are made regarding approaches for structure design, and the authors' perspective on future architectural design and electrode construction is given. This work will make up the gap for TiO2 nanocomposites and shed light on the fabrication of more efficient MSx‐metal oxide junctions in photo/electrochemical applications.
The effect of nanoparticle morphology in the filtration efficiency and saturation of a silicon beads fluidized bed
Authors: Vazquez‐Pufleau Miguel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPolysilicon is a key commodity required for both electronics and solar photovoltaic modules. The traditional route to produce polysilicon involves the Siemens reactor, an energy intensive batch process. A more efficient, but more complex alternative process is the fluidized bed reactor (FBR). In an FBR silane is pyrolysed producing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and aerosols. Efficient FBR operation requires yield optimization together with continuous and stable operation of the reactor. Such optimization is not straightforward because the aerosol formation mechanisms and incorporation into the FBR beads are not completely understood. In this work, two model aerosols with different morphology were tested and their filtration efficiency between 20 and 800 nm was determined. Bead saturation at different times was determined for each morphology and the scavenging factor over time for each case is reported. Such information can be of interest for establishing bed recirculation needs in a silicon FBR.
Short‐term outcomes of olfaction in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery and an assessment of prognostic factors
Authors: Akiyama Kosuke , Samukawa Yasushi , Hoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundOlfactory dysfunction is one of the common symptoms of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS), for which endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the standard treatment. Although the success rates of ESS for restoring olfaction in CRS have been reported, those for ECRS, as defined by new Japanese diagnostic criteria, remain unclear and the parameters affecting improvement rates have not yet been identified.MethodsEighty‐four patients with ECRS who underwent full‐house ESS were retrospectively investigated. Olfactory function was examined using T&T recognition thresholds before and 3 months after surgery.ResultsThe total positive improvement rate in olfaction was 76.2% (64 of 84) and the mean T&T recognition threshold decreased significantly from 5.2 ± 1.1 to 3.0 ± 1.8 after surgery (p < 0.001). Some factors, including negative intravenous olfaction test, presence of olfactory cleft (OC) lesions, a history of sinus surgery, age ≥ 45 years, and being male, were more frequent in the olfaction refractory group. Furthermore, improvement of the T&T recognition threshold was significantly lower for factors of negative intravenous olfaction testing, the presence of OC lesions, and being male. Age and the proportion of blood eosinophils correlated with improvement.ConclusionHerein we examined prognostic factors for olfactory outcomes in ECRS treated with ESS. The intravenous olfaction test, presence of OC lesions, sex differences, and age (the cut‐off value was 45 years) were identified as independent prognostic factors for olfactory outcomes 3 months after surgery.
Downregulation of HNRNPK in human cancer cells inhibits lung metastasis
Authors: Li Mengyuan , Zhang Wenlong , Yang Xingjiu , Liu Hongfei , Cao Lin , Li Weisha , Wang Le , Zhang Guoxin , Gao Ran 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundLung cancer frequently occurs in the clinic, leading to poor prognosis and high mortality. Markers for early diagnosis of lung cancer are scarce, and further potential therapeutic targets are also urgently needed.MethodWe established a new mouse model in which the specific gene HNRNPK (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K) was downregulated after administration of doxycycline. The lung metastatic nodules were investigated using bioluminescence imaging, micro‐CT, and autopsy quantification.ResultsCompared with the short hairpin negative control group, less lung metastatic nodules were formed in the short hairpin RNA group.ConclusionDownregulation of HNRNPK in cancer cells can inhibit lung metastasis.
Photocontrolled Dopamine Polymerization on DNA Origami with Nanometer Resolution
Authors: Winterwerber Pia , Harvey Sean , Ng David Y. W. , Weil Tanja 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTemporal and spatial control over polydopamine formation on the nanoscale can be achieved by installing an irradiation‐sensitive polymerization system on DNA origami. Precisely distributed G‐quadruplex structures on the DNA template serve as anchors for embedding the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, which—upon irradiation with visible light—induces the multistep oxidation of dopamine to polydopamine, producing polymeric structures on designated areas within the origami framework. The photochemical polymerization process allows exclusive control over polydopamine layer formation through the simple on/off switching of the light source. The obtained polymer–DNA hybrid material shows significantly enhanced stability, paving the way for biomedical and chemical applications that are typically not possible owing to the sensitivity of DNA.
Nd3+‐Sensitized Upconversion Metal–Organic Frameworks for Mitochondria‐Targeted Amplified Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Chang , Liu Bei , Zhao Jian , Di Zhenghan , Chen Daquan , Gu Zhanjun , Li Lele , Zhao Yuliang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHerein, we report the design and synthesis of a mitochondria‐specific, 808 nm NIR light‐activated photodynamic therapy (PDT) system based on the combination of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and upconversion photochemistry with an organelle‐targeting strategy. The system was synthesized through the growth of a porphyrinic MOF on Nd3+‐sensitized upconversion nanoparticles to achieve Janus nanostructures with further asymmetric functionalization of the surface of the MOF domain. The PDT nanoplatform allows for photosensitizing with 808 nm NIR light, which could effectively avoid the laser‐irradiation‐induced overheating effect. Furthermore, mitochondria‐targeting could amplify PDT efficacy through the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and the initiation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This work sheds light on the hybrid engineering of MOFs to combat their current limitations for PDT.
Synergy Between Expert and Machine‐Learning Approaches Allows for Improved Retrosynthetic Planning
Authors: Badowski Tomasz , Gajewska Ewa P. , Molga Karol , Grzybowski Bartosz A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhen computers plan multistep syntheses, they can rely either on expert knowledge or information machine‐extracted from large reaction repositories. Both approaches suffer from imperfect functions evaluating reaction choices: expert functions are heuristics based on chemical intuition, whereas machine learning (ML) relies on neural networks (NNs) that can make meaningful predictions only about popular reaction types. This paper shows that expert and ML approaches can be synergistic—specifically, when NNs are trained on literature data matched onto high‐quality, expert‐coded reaction rules, they achieve higher synthetic accuracy than either of the methods alone and, importantly, can also handle rare/specialized reaction types.
Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of β‐Carotene‐Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier from Mixtures of Palm Stearin and Palm Olein
Authors: Rohmah Miftakhur , Raharjo Sri , Hidayat Chusnul , Martien Ronny 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to optimize a β‐carotene‐loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (βC‐NLC) using the lipid matrix of palm stearin and palm olein and Tween 80 as a surfactant. The NLC was prepared by using the high shear homogenization method. Box–Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process and formulation. A three‐factor experimental model was used to optimize the combination of palm stearin ratio (A, %w/w), lipid:surfactant ratio (B, %w/w), and (lipid+surfactant):water ratio (C, %w/w). The formulations were evaluated for their responses on particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), zeta potential (Y3), and encapsulation efficiency (Y4). Subsequently, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal (DT‐TGA), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro release (Franz diffusion cell) analyses were utilized to observe the resulting optimum formulation. The optimum formulation was obtained at a combination of A (5.5:4.5), B (1:4.9), and C (24:76) %w/w. This resulted in βC‐NLC having a particle size of 166 nm, polydispersity index of 0.35, zeta potential of −26.9 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 91.2%. No strong interaction between different NLC components was observed based on FTIR, DT‐TGA, and XRD profiles. Round‐shaped NLC particles were observed under TEM. Franz diffusion cell observation resulted in diffusion profile of β‐carotene of 110.6 μg cm−2 with a flux of 1.06 (μg cm−2 hour−1). This indicates that palm stearin and palm olein can be prospectively developed as βC‐NLC.
Standing on the shoulders of giants: The changing landscape of pluripotent stem cells in research
Authors: Clark Amander T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStem cells have the remarkable property of self‐renewal and differentiation. These two fundamental aspects have excited scientists and clinicians for decades. Stem cells are defined by their potency, with pluripotency being the most permissive and unipotency being the most restricted. In mammals, pluripotency represents cell types found in the preimplantation and early postimplantation embryo. However, these pluripotent cells are not stem cells per se, because they do not meet the criteria of self‐renewal. Therefore, pluripotent stem cells are exclusively in vitro cell types that have provided scientists and clinicians with unprecedented power to study the fundamental cell and molecular properties of pluripotency, as well as providing a window into cellular differentiation and a source of cells for regenerative medicine including cell types that could be used to regenerate the kidney.
Ring Expansion and 1,2‐Migration Cascade of Benzisoxazoles with Ynamides: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Vanjari Rajeshwer , Dutta Shubham , Prabagar B. , Gandon Vincent , Sahoo Akhila K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDemonstrated herein is an AuI‐catalyzed annulation of sulfonyl‐protected ynamides with substituted 1,2‐benzisoxazoles for the synthesis of E‐benzo[e][1,3]oxazine derivatives. The transformation involves the addition of benzisoxazole to the gold‐activated ynamide, ring expansion of the benzisoxazole fragment to provide an α‐imino vinylic gold intermediate, and 1,2‐migration of the sulfonamide motif to the masked carbene center to deliver the respective ring‐expanded benzo[e][1,3]oxazine of predominant E configuration. A trapping experiment justifies the participation of the α‐imino masked gold carbene. DFT computations also support the hypothesized mechanism and rationalize the product stereoselectivity.
Recent Advances and Challenges of Two‐Dimensional Materials for High‐Energy and High‐Power Lithium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Su Feng , Hou Xiaocheng , Qin Jieqiong , Wu Zhong‐Shuai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) composed of a battery‐type electrode and a capacitor‐type electrode are highly competitive candidates for next‐generation electrochemical energy storage devices, simultaneously achieving high energy and power densities. However, the present LICs are still hindered by the imbalance of electrode kinetics and capacity of anode and cathode. Recently, two‐dimensional (2D) materials with unique structure and appealing properties have received extensive attentions for applications in LICs, with remarkable improvements from charge storage capacity to reaction kinetics. Herein, we review the recent advances in the applications of 2D materials for high‐energy and high‐power LICs. The key advantages and important roles of 2D materials are emphasized for the construction of LICs, including electrochemical active materials, ultrathin conductive and flexible supports for hybridization with other active materials, and 2D functional building blocks for assembling macroscopic hierarchical 3D frameworks. Finally, the challenges and prospects associated with the applications of 2D materials for high‐performance LICs are discussed.
Cerebral control of winking before and after learning: An event‐related fMRI study
Authors: Lin Chou‐Ching K. , Lee Kuo‐Jung , Huang Chih‐Hsu , Sun Yung‐Nien 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the cerebral areas responsible for winking by observing the activation pattern and learning effects on cerebral cortices by comparing differences in activation pattern during winking before and after learning.MethodsSixty‐three subjects were recruited, including 22 (11 males; 11 females) who could wink bilaterally and 41 (14 males; 27 females) who could wink unilaterally. Event‐related functional magnetic resonance was performed. The subjects were asked to blink and wink according to projected instructions as the events for image analysis. The activation pattern was obtained by contrasting with the baseline images without eyelid movements. Those who could only wink unilaterally were asked to train themselves to wink the other eye. For those who succeeded (n = 24), another imaging study was performed and the results were compared with those before training.Results and conclusionLeft winking resulted in activation in the left frontal lobe, while right winking resulted in activation in bilateral frontal lobes with predominance on the right side. For the subjects capable of only winking unilaterally, learning to wink on the other side activated similar cortical areas to those in the subjects capable of bilateral winking without training.
Cost‐effectiveness of chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy versus chemoradiation alone in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Salcedo Jonathan , Suen Sze‐chuan , Bian Shelly X. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundStandard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer usually includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), recent studies have indicated that esophagectomy after chemoradiation does not significantly improve survival but may reduce recurrence at the cost of treatment‐related mortality. This study aims to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of chemoradiation with and without esophagectomy.MethodsWe developed a decision tree and Markov model to compare chemoradiation therapy alone (CRT) versus chemoradiation plus surgery (CRT+S) in a cohort of 57‐year‐old male patients with esophageal SCC, over 25 years. We used information on survival, cancer recurrence, and side effects from a Cochrane meta‐analysis of two randomized trials. Societal utility values and costs of cancer care (2017, USD) were from medical literature. To test robustness, we conducted deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA).ResultsIn our base scenario, CRT resulted in less cost for more quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to CRT+S ($154 082 for 1.32 QALYs/patient versus $165 035 for 1.30 QALYs/patient, respectively). In DSA, changes resulted in scenarios where CRT+S is cost‐effective at thresholds between $100 000‐$150 000/QALY. In PSA, CRT+S was dominant 17.9% and cost‐effective at willingness‐to‐pay of $150 000/QALY 38.9% of the time, and CRT was dominant 30.6% and cost‐effective 61.1% of the time. This indicates that while CRT would be preferred most of the time, variation in parameters may change cost‐effectiveness outcomes.ConclusionsOur results suggest that more data is needed regarding the clinical benefits of CRT+S for treatment of localized esophageal SCC, although CRT should be cautiously preferred.
An excellent response to tofacitinib in a Brazilian adolescent patient with alopecia areata: A case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Berbert Ferreira Rachel , Ferreira Sineida Berbert , Scheinberg Morton Aaron 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlopecia areata is a common autoimmune disease, with a negative impact in health‐related quality of life, especially when affecting children and adolescents. Current medical therapies, mainly for severe disease, are not effective. There are no FDA (Food and Drug Administration)‐ or ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária)‐approved therapy for children with alopecia areata. JAK inhibitors are emerging as a promising therapy.
Improving Stability of LiCoO2 Cathode by Using Lithium Bis(Trifluoroborane)‐5‐Cyano‐2‐(Trifluoromethyl) Benzimidazolide as Additive
Authors: Admas Teshager Minbale , Yang Sheng‐Chiang , Hwang Bing‐Joe , Lin Shawn D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLiCoO2 is an important cathode material of commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and therefore, improving the stability when LiCoO2 cathode is overcharged can have an immediate impact on commercial LIBs. A novel Li salt, lithium 5‐cyano‐bis(trifluoroborane)‐2‐(trifluoromethyl) benzimidazolide (Li[CBTBI]) is evidenced in this study as an effective additive for improving the electrode/electrolyte interface of LiCoO2 at high voltage operation condition. The presence of 2 % additive in commercial 1 M LiPF6/EC+DEC lead to the formation of stable interface of LiCoO2 through cycles to 4.5 V, as demonstrated in cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicates a low‐impedance of the formed interface in the presence of the additive. Cyclability test also shows an improved stability in overcharging potential window by the presence of 2 % additive. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transformed spectroscopy (DRIFTS) confirms the suppression of LiPF6 decomposition, delay of onset potential of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and thin SEI comparing to that without the additive. The possible reasons of the advantageous effect of using Li salt additives are discussed.
Nonradiative Energy Transfer through Distributed Bands in Piezochemically Synthesized Cesium and Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Bhagyalakshmi Sankaramangalam Balachandran , Ghimire Sushant , Takahashi Kiyonari , Yuyama Ken‐ichi , Takano Yuta , Nakamura Takayoshi , Biju Vasudevanpillai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRepeated absorption of emitted photons, also called photon recycling, in large crystals and thick films of perovskites leads to delayed photoluminescence (PL) and decrease of PL intensity. The role of distinct band gaps, which act as donors and acceptors of energy, and nonradiative energy transfer on such delayed, low intensity emission is yet to be rationalized. Here we report delayed emission by nonradiative energy transfer across a distribution of energy states in close‐packed crystallites of cesium lead bromide CsPbBr3, formamidinium lead bromide FAPbBr3, or the mixed halide FAPb(BrI)3 perovskite synthesized in the form of thick pellets by the piezochemical method. The PL lifetime of the bromide‐rich domain in the mixed halide pellet is considerably decreased when compared with a pure FAPbBr3 pellet. Here the domains with higher bromide composition act as the energy donor, whereas the iodide‐rich domains are the acceptors. Time‐resolved PL measurements of CsPbBr3, FAPbBr3, and the mixed halide FAPb(BrI)3 perovskite pellets help us to clarify the role of nonradiative energy transfer on photon recycling.
Ghrelin attenuates imiquimod‐induced psoriasiform skin inflammation in mice
Authors: Kaneda Kazuma , Yu Akitoshi , Tanizaki Hideaki , Kurokawa Teruo , Yamamoto Yuki , Furukawa Fukumi , Moriwaki Shinichi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe endogenous peptide ghrelin, which is produced in the stomach, plays a pivotal role in secretion of growth hormone, regulation of energy metabolism, and cardiovascular protection; however, its anti‐inflammatory action has recently gained immense attention, as this peptide is presumed to be effective in patients with heart failure and chronic lung diseases. In dermatology, psoriasis acts as a typical chronic intractable disease, which may be severe, and although biologic agents have been recommended and used for its treatment in recent years, their application is not clear. We administered ghrelin to IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like mouse model and examined the anti‐inflammatory effect of ghrelin.MethodsIn the present study, we induced psoriasiform skin inflammation via the continuous application of imiquimod cream on the backs of BALB/c mice and examined the gross and histopathological effect of the subcutaneous administration of ghrelin on psoriasiform skin inflammation.ResultsIt was confirmed that the administration of ghrelin improved various scores, including erythema, scales, and epidermal thickening scores, in mice with psoriasiform skin inflammation.ConclusionsThe results suggest that ghrelin may be effective in treating psoriasis, including cases involving intractable skin lesions that are resistant to conventional therapies.