bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from faecal wastes in the environment and contaminated surface water
Authors: Camiade Mathilde , Bodilis Josselin , Chaftar Naouel , Riah-Anglet Wassila , Gardères Johan , Buquet Sylvaine , Ribeiro Angela Flores , Pawlak Barbara 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTThe Pseudomonas genus, which includes environmental and pathogenic species, is known to present antibiotic resistances, and can receive resistance genes from multi-resistant enteric bacteria released into the environment via faecal rejects. This study was aimed to investigate the resistome of Pseudomonas populations that have been in contact with these faecal bacteria. Thus, faecal discharges originating from human or cattle were sampled (from 12 points and two sampling campaigns) and 41 Pseudomonas species identified (316 isolates studied). The resistance phenotype to 25 antibiotics was determined in all isolates, and we propose a specific antibiotic resistance pattern for 14 species (from 2 to 9 resistances). None showed resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, or polymyxins. Four species carried a very low number of resistances, with none to β-lactams. Interestingly, we observed the absence of the transcriptional activator soxR gene in these four species. No plasmid transfer was highlighted by conjugation assays, and a few class 1 but no class 2 integrons were detected in strains that may have received resistance genes from Enterobacteria. These results imply that the contribution of the Pseudomonas genus to the resistome of an ecosystem first depends on the structure of the Pseudomonas populations, as they may have very different resistance profiles.
Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a population-based cross-sectional study in southern Chile
Authors: Manterola Carlos , Grande Luis , Bustos Luis , Otzen Tamara 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
This study assessed the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a general adult population from Temuco in southern Chile. The association of GERD with demographic variables was also examined.

Methods
A cross-sectional study among the general population of Temuco in southern Chile was conducted in 2017, using a validated and reliable questionnaire for detecting GERD. The urban area of Temuco, with a population of 245,317 inhabitants (2002 census), was divided into four zones, which were representative of the socioeconomic sectors of the city. The sample size was estimated assuming a prevalence of 52.8%, an accuracy of 3.0%, a confidence level of 95.0%, and a design effect of 1.15. Area sampling was used to build clusters. The prevalence of GERD was determined and associated factors were studied by means of bivariate and multivariate analyses.

Results
A total of 1,069 subjects (47.9% women, median age 40 years) from the selected subareas were interviewed. The prevalence of GERD was 44.8%. The most frequently reported symptom was regurgitation (54.8%). One-third of subjects took medication to control symptoms and was considered ‘sick’ by the instrument, although &gt;68% of them had never sought medical consultation. There was a significant association between GERD and age (P &lt; 0.001) and female gender (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
In this population-based study, the prevalence of GERD was high (44.8%). GERD was associated with age and female gender.
Mechanisms of Racial Disparities in Cognitive Aging: An Examination of Material and Psychosocial Well-Being
Authors: Peterson Rachel L , Butler Emily A , Ehiri John E , Fain Mindy J , Carvajal Scott C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
We tested the hypothesis that education’s effect on cognitive aging operates in part through measures of material and psychosocial well-being.

Method
Our sample was of non-Latino black and white participants of the National Social Life Health and Aging Project who had valid cognitive assessments in Waves 2 and 3 (n = 2,951; age range: 48–95). We used structural equation modeling to test for mediation and moderated mediation by income, assets, perceived stress, social status, and allostatic load on the relationships between race, education, and cognition at two time points.

Results
Education consistently mediated the race–cognition relationship, explaining about 20% of the relationship between race and cognition in all models. Income and assets were moderated by race; these factors were associated with cognition for whites but not blacks. Social status mediated the association between race and cognition, and social status and perceived stress mediated the education–cognition pathway. Allostatic load was not a mediator of any relationship.

Discussion
Education remains the best explanatory factor for cognitive aging disparities, though material well-being and subjective social status help to explain a portion of the racial disparity in cognitive aging.
Internet Use and Loneliness of Older Adults Over Time: The Mediating Effect of Social Contact
Authors: Yu Kexin , Wu Shinyi , Chi Iris 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The internet is increasingly commonly used by older adults. However, it remains controversial in the literature on whether older people are more or less lonely with internet adoption. The current paper aims to test the longitudinal association of internet use and loneliness and to theorize the relationship by examining the mediating effect of social contact.

Method
This study employed data from 2006, 2010, and 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Loneliness was measured with the three-item UCLA loneliness scale, social contact was operationalized as contact frequency with family and friends, and internet use was measured using a self-assessed dichotomous item. Longitudinal associations and mediation effects were tested using hierarchical linear modeling.

Results
Internet use was associated with decreased loneliness over an 8-year period (b = −0.049, p &lt; .001) and more social contact (b = 0.285, p &lt; .001), which was related to lower perceived loneliness (b = −0.088, p &lt; .001). On a scale ranges from 0 to 2 (0 = never lonely, 2 = often lonely), the total effect of internet use on loneliness was −0.060, and the mediated effect was −0.025.

Discussion
These findings imply that internet use may be an effective tool for reducing loneliness in older people by maintaining social contact.
Repairing Symbolic Reparations: Assessing the Effectiveness of Memorialization in the Inter-American System of Human Rights
Authors: Greeley Robin Adèle , Orwicz Michael R , Falconi José Luis , Reyes Ana María , Rosenberg Fernando J , Laplante Lisa J 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT∞
The power of memorialization is widely recognized as a form of symbolic reparation aimed at overcoming deep social divisions in the aftermath of mass violence. Yet memorialization as a juridical tool of repair lacks systematic conceptual elaboration, and its potential remains underutilized. This often results in ineffective, even detrimental monuments, and in programmatic failures to integrate memorial practices into multilayered strategies for justice and social reconciliation. This article explores three case studies from the Inter-American Human Rights System in order to examine the strengths and shortcomings of existing approaches to memorialization. We then offer recommendations for expanding the reparative and transformative capacities of symbolic reparations. We conclude by summarizing our observations on how the fundamentally expressive nature of symbolic reparations provides a potentially powerful tool of repair and transformation.
Risk of Burn Injury in Patients With Narcolepsy: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Chang En-Ting , Lin Cheng-Li , Chen Shih-Fen , Shen Yu-Chih 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Narcolepsy is a rare brain disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Stimulants have been used to relieve the symptoms of EDS. Narcolepsy symptoms may pose a risk to burn injury. The study aimed to investigate the risk of burn injury in narcolepsy patients and to examine the relationship between the use of stimulants and the risk of burn injury. In all, 507 narcolepsy patients and 504 controls matched by gender, age, index year, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score were enrolled between 1998 and 2012, then followed until the end of 2013 using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. During the follow-up period, participants who developed burn injury were identified. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of the burn incidence rate between narcolepsy patients and unaffected controls. Narcolepsy patients had a significantly increased risk of burn injury compared to unaffected controls (5.37 versus 2.69 per 1,000 person-years, HR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.13–3.67) after adjusting for gender, age, CCI score, urbanization degree, and duration of stimulants use. Also, the use of stimulants in narcolepsy patients was associated with a lower incidence rate of developing burn injury, but the risk estimate was not statistically significant after adjusting for the above-mentioned variables. This study shows narcolepsy patients have an increased risk of burn injury and the use of stimulants may reduce the burn incidence rate, providing a reference for developing prevention interventions.
Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in Costa Rica: First Case Report Confirmed by Molecular Methods in Central America
Authors: Cambronero-Heinrichs Juan Carlos , Sánchez-Portilla Laura Sofía , Calderón-Arguedas Ólger , Troyo Adriana 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus are the most common species of bedbugs that infest homes. Although case reports decreased substantially by the end of the 20th century, bed bugs, and especially C. lectularius, are currently suffering a resurgence mostly attributed to insecticide resistance, inadequate pest control, and increased travel. Here, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first molecular confirmation of C. lectularius in Central America. Specimens were obtained from an apartment located in Heredia, Costa Rica. These specimens were identified morphologically as C. lectularius. The species identification was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing fragments of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the 16S rRNA (16S) genes. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences obtained were more closely related to a C. lectularius mitochondrial complete genome sequence from China, with similarities of 98.84% (686/694) for COI and 98.97% (387/391) for 16S. The finding of C. lectularius in Costa Rica will require further investigation in order to determine the extent of current infestations and the susceptibility to insecticides, especially due to the impact that this species can have in human health, as well as the tourism industry in the region.
Oil and Security: The Necessity of Political Economy
Authors: Colgan Jeff D 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany international conflicts are in some way related to energy, ever since oil became the world's preeminent strategic commodity in the early 20th century. I argue that the most important energy-related variable for international conflict is a state's net oil import position. Oil politics tends to appear in one of three ways in security studies. Some have emphasized resource wars; others have focused on the needs of oil importers; and still others on the pathologies of oil exporters. These disparate approaches, largely isolated from each other, can better be understood as relating to a single explanatory variable. Lots of other variables matter but none are as central as net oil imports. This means that to understand energy and security, a political economy framework is a necessity. For oil exporters, external petro-aggression and internal pathologies of the resource curse are the key mechanisms. For oil importers, energy consumption needs generate a plethora of mechanisms that complicate conflict dynamics. A sophisticated understanding of these mechanisms can improve our understanding of both national and global security.
Coinfection With Human Herpesvirus (HHV)-6B in Immunocompetent, Healthy Individuals With Chromosomally Integrated HHV-6A
Authors: Miura Hiroki , Ohye Tamae , Kozawa Kei , Hattori Fumihiko , Kawamura Yoshiki , Ihira Masaru , Kurahashi Hiroki , Yoshikawa Tetsushi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Immunocompetent sisters with chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) transiently excreted HHV-6B genome in their saliva. They did not have past histories of exanthema subitum but had antibodies against HHV-6A and HHV-6B. This suggests that endogenous HHV-6A may modify the clinical features of HHV-6B coinfection.
A New Interpretation of Leviticus 18:22 (Par. 20:13) and its Ethical Implications*
Authors: Joosten Jan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The laws in Lev. 18:22 and 20:13 are general considered to prohibit homosexual intercourse between men. A renewed investigation of the vocabulary used in the prohibition, taking an important cue from Gen. 49:4, points the way to a different understanding. As Reuben lay on his father’s bed, having intercourse with his father’s concubine, so the man addressed in Lev. 18:22 and par. is prohibited to lie on the bed of a woman, having sex with her man. The laws prohibit homosexual intercourse involving a married man.
Three previously characterized resistances to yellow rust are encoded by a single locus Wtk1
Authors: Klymiuk Valentyna , Fatiukha Andrii , Raats Dina , Bocharova Valeria , Huang Lin , Feng Lihua , Jaiwar Samidha , Pozniak Curtis , Coaker Gitta , Dubcovsky Jorge , Fahima Tzion 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides; WEW) yellow (stripe) rust resistance genes Yr15, YrG303, and YrH52 were discovered in natural populations from different geographic locations. They all localize to chromosome 1B but were thought to be non-allelic based on differences in resistance response. We recently cloned Yr15 as a Wheat Tandem Kinase 1 (WTK1) and show here that these three resistance loci co-segregate in fine-mapping populations and share an identical full-length genomic sequence of functional Wtk1. Independent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized susceptible yrG303 and yrH52 lines carried single nucleotide mutations in Wtk1 that disrupted function. A comparison of the mutations for yr15, yrG303, and yrH52 mutants showed that while key conserved residues were intact, other conserved regions in critical kinase subdomains were frequently affected. Thus, we concluded that Yr15-, YrG303-, and YrH52-mediated resistances to yellow rust are encoded by a single locus, Wtk1. Introgression of Wtk1 into multiple genetic backgrounds resulted in variable phenotypic responses, confirming that Wtk1-mediated resistance is part of a complex immune response network. WEW natural populations subjected to natural selection and adaptation have potential to serve as a good source for evolutionary studies of different traits and multifaceted gene networks.
The Crisis of Enlightenment: Jewish Discourses on German Cultural Traditions in National Socialist Germany
Authors: Schoor Kerstin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article explores the self-conceptions of German Jews in National Socialist Germany in the context of a critical rereading of 1930s receptions of the German and European Enlightenment. The transformation of the Jewish community and Jewish culture into a part of bourgeois society had taken place in the course of the German and European Enlightenment, from its beginnings to the foundation of the German Empire in 1871. The efforts of the Jewish minority to ‘emancipate’ itself from any form of heteronomy from around 1820—to become self-reliant and responsible citizens in thought and deed—had become a kind of symbol for the progressive reasoning of the Enlightenment. Consequently, given the aggressive antisemitic policies of the National Socialist state, the German-Jewish relationship to the Enlightenment in internal and public debates after 1933 must be viewed as key when exploring the externally damaged self-conceptions of large parts of the German-Jewish minority. For the writers and artists of Jewish descent examined in this article, the relationship to the Enlightenment—and to German and Jewish culture—was once more open to debate.
Decision-theoretic and risk-based approaches to naked statistical evidence: some consequences and challenges
Authors: Urbaniak Rafal , Kowalewska Alicja , Janda Pavel , Dziurosz-Serafinowicz Patryk 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the debate about the legal value of naked statistical evidence, Di Bello argues that (1) the likelihood ratio of such evidence is unknown, (2) the decision-theoretic considerations indicate that a conviction based on such evidence is unacceptable when expected utility maximization is combined with fairness constraints, and (3) the risk of mistaken conviction based on such evidence cannot be evaluated and is potentially too high. We argue that Di Bello’s argument for (1) works in a rather narrow context, and that (1) is not exactly in line with the way expert witnesses are required to formulate their opinions. Consequently, Di Bello’s argument for (2), which assumes (1), does not apply uniformly to all convictions based on naked evidence. Moreover, if Di Bello’s analysis is correct, it applies also to eyewitness testimony, given empirical results about its quality, and so the distinctions drawn by DiBello cut across the distinction between naked statistical evidence and other types of evidence. Finally, if we weaken the rather strong requirement of precise measurability of the risk of mistaken conviction, to the availability of reasonable but imprecise and fallible estimates, many field and empirical studies show that often the risk of mistaken conviction based on naked statistical evidence can be estimated to a similar extent as the risk of mistaken conviction based on any other sort of evidence.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, alone and with inulin, in nonhuman primate models
Authors: Lester McCully Cynthia , Rodgers Louis T , Cruz Rafael , Thomas Marvin L , Peer Cody J , Figg William D , Warren Katherine E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Epigenetic modifiers are being investigated for a number of CNS malignancies as tumor-associated mutations such as isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations (IDH1/IDH2) and H3K27M mutations, which result in aberrant signaling, are identified. We evaluated the CNS exposure of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-azacytidine (5-AZA), in preclinical nonhuman primate (NHP) models to inform its clinical development for CNS tumors.

Methods
5-AZA and 5-AZA+Inulin pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated in NHPs (n = 10) following systemic (intravenous [IV]) and intrathecal (intraventricular [IT-V], intralumbar [IT-L], and cisternal [IT-C]) administration. Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cortical extracellular fluid (ECF), and tissues were collected. 5-AZA levels were quantified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection assay and inulin via ELISA. PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods.

Results
After IV administration, minimal plasma exposure (area under the curve [AUC] range: 2.4–3.2 h*µM) and negligible CSF exposure were noted. CSF exposure was notably higher after IT-V administration (AUCINF 1234.6–5368.4 h*µM) compared to IT-L administration (AUCINF 7.5–19.3 h*µM). CSF clearance after IT administration exceeded the mean inulin CSF flow rate of 0.018 ± 0.003 ml/min as determined by inulin IT-V administration. 5-AZA IT-V administration with inulin increased the 5-AZA CSF duration of exposure by 2.2-fold. IT-C administration yielded no quantifiable 5-AZA ECF concentrations but resulted in quantifiable tissue levels.

Conclusions
IT administration of 5-AZA is necessary to achieve adequate CNS exposure. IT administration results in pronounced and prolonged 5-AZA CSF exposure above the reported IC50 range for IDH-mutated glioma cell lines. Inulin administered with 5-AZA increased the duration of exposure for 5-AZA.
Vaccination practices and influenza in professional football players in Greece
Authors: Papagiannis D , Rachiotis G , Xanthopoulos A , Simou A , Zilidis C , Triposkiadis F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
There is limited data on vaccination practices for professional footballers globally.

Aims
To record vaccination practices employed by medical staff of individual football teams of the Super League Greece, and absenteeism of footballers related to influenza illness.

Methods
A brief questionnaire was distributed to chief medical officers (CMOs) of the sixteen teams of the Super League Greece. Participants were asked to report vaccines they recommended for footballers. In addition, the questionnaire included questions on new cases of influenza and absenteeism due to influenza. Descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequencies) were used for the presentation of the results.

Results
Overall, 87% of the CMOs recommended seasonal influenza vaccine, 62% hepatitis B vaccine and 50% pneumococcal vaccine. Fourteen CMOs (87%) reported that the occurrence of seasonal influenza in the 2016–17 northern hemisphere season ranged from one to five cases, while two medical officers (12%) reported zero workdays lost due to influenza.

Conclusions
Our survey shows considerable variation in vaccination practices of CMOs of the Super League Greece. The results of this survey should stimulate further evaluation of vaccination policy and influenza-related absenteeism in footballers.
Epidemiological and Microbiome Associations Between Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Colonization in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Collingwood Abigail , Blostein Freida , Seekatz Anna M , Wobus Christiane E , Woods Robert J , Foxman Betsy , Bachman Michael A 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrior colonization by Klebsiella pneumoniae and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) is associated with subsequent infection, particularly in intensive care unit (ICU) populations. Screening for VRE colonization, but not K. pneumoniae, is routinely performed in some health care systems. Identification of patient factors associated with K. pneumoniae colonization could enable infection prevention.MethodsICU patients were screened for VRE and K. pneumoniae by rectal swab culture over 2 time periods: July–October 2014 (n = 1209) and January–May 2016 (n = 1243). Patient demographics, baseline laboratory data, comorbidities, and outcomes were analyzed. 16S rRNA gene-based analysis was performed on a subset of patients (n = 248) to identify microbiota characteristics associated with VRE and K. pneumoniae colonization.ResultsK. pneumoniae colonization (17.3% of patients in the 2014 cohort, 7.3% in 2016) was significantly associated with VRE colonization in multivariable analysis (P = .03 in 2016; P = .08 in 2014). VRE colonization was associated with poor underlying health, whereas K. pneumoniae colonization was associated with advanced age. The most prevalent operational taxonomic units were Escherichia coli/Shigella spp., Klebsiella, and Enterococcus, consistent with high rates of detectable K. pneumoniae and VRE by culture. Microbial community structure in noncolonized patients was significantly different from those with VRE, K. pneumoniae, or both, attributable to differences in the relative abundance of Klebsiella and Enterococcus.ConclusionsK. pneumoniae co-colonizes with VRE and is a predominant taxon in ICU patients, but colonization was not associated with significant comorbidities. Screening for K. pneumoniae and VRE simultaneously could be an efficient approach for novel infection prevention strategies.