bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The beam test of anticoincidence scintillation detector prototype with SiPM readout and perspectives of GRBs studies for space-based gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400
Authors: Arkhangelskiy A I , Galper A M , Arkhangelskaja I V , Bakaldin A V , Chasovikov E N , Chernysheva I V , Dalkarov O D , Egorov A E , Gusakov Yu V , Kheymits M D , Leonov A A , Pappe N Yu , Runtso M F , Stozhkov Yu I , Suchkov S I , Topchiev N P , Yurkin Y T 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The GAMMA-400 project will be the new generation of satellite gamma-observatory. GAMMA-400 space-based gamma-ray telescope represents the core of the scientific complex intended to perform a search for signatures of dark matter in the cosmic gamma-emission, measurements of diffuse gamma-emission characteristics, investigation of extended and point gamma-ray sources, studying of high energy component of gamma-ray bursts and solar flares emission. Four fast plastic sub-detectors of the gamma-ray telescope are included in fast trigger logic in the main telescope aperture. This aperture expected angular and energy resolution are ∼0.01° and ∼1-2% respectively for gammas with the energy >100 GeV and electron/protons rejection factor ∼5-105. Prototype of anticoincidence detector based on long BC-408 scintillators with SiPM readout for gamma-ray telescope was tested on a 300 MeV secondary positron beam of synchrotron C-25P «PAKHRA» of Lebedev Physical Institute in Russia. The measurement setup, design concepts for the prototype detector and chosen solutions together with some test results are discussed. Two other apertures (additional and lateral) allow analyzing transient events not required precision angular resolution, for examples, GRBs and solar flares. Similar plastics sub-detectors included in their fast trigger logic. Using of all three apertures allows making more effective observations of GRBs (better signal to noise ratio), more detailed study of its high energy afterglow due long term measurements (because of high apogee orbit provides low background variations with time) and detailed analysis of the sources luminosity variability (spectral, angular and temporal).
Can multi-strategy management stabilize nitrate leaching under increasing rainfall?
Authors: Martinez-Feria Rafael , Nichols Virginia , Basso Bruno , Archontoulis Sotirios 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The increased spring rainfall intensity and amounts observed recently in the US Midwest poses additional risk of nitrate (NO3) leaching from cropland, and contamination of surface and subsurface freshwater bodies. Several individual strategies can reduce NO3 loading to freshwater ecosystems (i.e. optimize N fertilizer applications, planting cover crops, retention of active cycling N), but the potential for synergistic interactions among N management practices has not been fully examined. We applied portfolio effect (PE) theory, a concept originally developed for financial asset management, to test whether implementing multiple N management practices simultaneously produces more stable NO3 leaching mitigation outcomes than what would be predicted from implementing each practice independently. We analyzed simulated data generated using a validated process-based cropping system model (APSIM) that covers a range of soils, weather conditions, and management practices. Results indicated that individual management practices alone explained little of the variation in drainage NO3 loads but were more influential in the amount of residual soil NO3 at crop harvest. Despite this, we observed a general stabilizing effect from adopting well-designed multi-strategy approaches for both NO3 loads and soil NO3 at harvest, which became more pronounced in years with high spring rainfall. We use the PE principle to design multi-strategy management to reduce and stabilize NO3 leaching, which resulted in 9.6% greater yields, 15% less NO3 load, and 61% less soil NO3 at harvest than the baseline typical management. Our results make the case for applying the PE to adapt NO3 leaching mitigation to increased climate variability and change, and guide policy action and on-the-ground implementation.
Quantifying the return on investment of social and ecological data for conservation planning
Authors: Field Christopher R , Elphick Chris S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The interdisciplinary nature of conservation problems is increasingly being incorporated into research, raising fundamental questions about the relative importance of the different types of knowledge and data. Although there has been extensive research on the development of methods and tools for conservation planning, especially spatial planning, comparatively little is known about the relative importance of ecological versus non-ecological data for prioritization, or the likely return on investment of incorporating better data. We demonstrate a simple approach for (1) quantifying the sensitivity of spatial planning results to different ecological and non-ecological data layers, and (2) estimating the potential gains in efficiency from incorporating additional data. Our case study involves spatial planning for coastal squeeze, a process by which development blocks coastal ecosystems from moving landward in response to sea-level rise. We show that incorporating spatial data on landowners’ likelihood of selling had little effect on identifying relative priorities but drastically changed the outlook for whether conservation goals could be achieved. Better data on the costs of conservation actions had the greatest potential to improve the efficiency of spatial planning, in some cases generating more than an order of magnitude greater cost savings compared to ecological data. Our framework could be applied to other systems to guide the development of spatial planning and to identify general rules of thumb for the importance of alternative data sources for conservation problems in different socio-ecological contexts.
The influence of soil matric pressure on the acidity and cation composition of soil solutions extracted by different methods
Authors: Anisimov V S , Sanzharov A I , Korneev Yu N , Anisimova L N , Frigidov R A , Kochetkov I V , Frigidova L M , Pimenov E P , Edomskaya M A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
From the samples of gradually drying (beginning from the field moisture capacity, FMC) soddy-podzolic sandy loam soil (Albic Retisol (Loamic, Ochric)) contaminated with Zn were isolated the soil solutions (SS) by centrifugation, while from the other samples of the soil, moistened to FMC, various energy fractions of the SS were pressed using a hydraulic press. The acidity of the centrifuge solutions extracted from the soil of the experiment variant with the cultivation of plants (“barley”) was, on average, 1 pH higher than on “bare fallow”, and decreased with decreasing soil moisture content. The acidity of the solutions extracted from the soils of the “bare fallow” variant in the same range of soil moisture content practically did not change. It was also found that in more acidic solutions from the “bare fallow” variant the content of Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn and K was 2.4 – 6.9 times higher than the content of these metals in solutions from the “barley” variant. The positive correlation between pF and pH was clearly observed for the pressed solutions from the soils of both variants. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba,Zn, K and Na in successively pressed fractions of SSs from more acidic soil of the “bare fallow” variant, on average, 3.0 – 8.4 times exceeded their concentrations in similar fractions of solutions of the “barley” variant and showed an inverse correlation with soil moisture (pF value).
Monitoring-based investigation of Cambisols moisture regimes for areas in autonomous relief positions
Authors: Antsiferova O A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In 2012 - 2018 water regime monitoring was carried out at two areas of Cambisols (non-gleyic and Gleyic) in autonomous relief positions (hill tops) of the Sambian hilly moraine plain (Kaliningrad region). Differences between soils in duration of the desiccation period (moisture content < lento-capillary point) and overmoistening period (moisture content > field capacity) in the 0 - 20 cm and 0 - 100 cm layers are established. Formation of zones with critical air supply (aeration porosity below 10%) has been studied.
Thermal diffusivity of peat-sand mixtures
Authors: Arkhangelskaya T A , Gvozdkova A A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Thermal diffusivity of peat, quartz sand, and their mixtures was studied at different water contents using the unsteady-state method. Quartz content in studied samples was 0.00 m3m−3 (pure peat), 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.55, and 0.62 m3m−3 (pure sand). Thermal diffusivity of air-dry samples varied from 0.6×10−7 m2s−1 for pure peat to 7.0×10−7 m2s−1 for pure sand. Thermal diffusivity of moist samples grew by two-four times as compared to dry samples. Small amounts of quartz material with separate sand particles distributed within the peat didn’t contribute much to the heat transfer through the studied media, and the thermal diffusivity of mixtures with quartz contents of 0.05 and 0.10 m3m−3 was practically the same as that for pure peat. Vice versa, there were pronounced differences in thermal diffusivities between the samples with quartz contents of 0.55 and 0.62 m3m−3. It means that addition of small amounts of peat to the sand material results in significant lessening of thermal diffusivity. We assume that there is a kind of threshold between the quartz contents of 0.10 and 0.15 m3m−3, after which the continuous sandy chains are formed within the peat, which can serve as preferential paths of heat transport.
Particle-size distribution and heavy metals accumulation in soils of Rostov-on-Don
Authors: Bezuglova O S , Gorbov S N , Okolelova A A , Salnik N V , Tagiverdiev S S , Plachov G A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The surface horizons of the soils of traffic areas of Rostov-on-Don are characterized almost twice higher content of soil particles from 1 mm to 0,01 mm than native chernozems. The higher anthropogenic load provides the higher the content of sand fractions in the particle-size distribution. The accumulation of heavy metals (HM) in urban soils of roadside areas is relatively small, which is also due to a decrease of the soil sorption capacity. Significant excess of the estimated permissible concentrations was detected only for zinc and lead, and the higher the pollution level, the weaker the correlation between the particle size distribution and the HM content. This is justified by the influence of external factors on the accumulation rate of chemical elements.
Principles and methods of complex agrophysical researches
Authors: Goncharov V M , Lipatov D N , Tymbaev V G , Butylkina M A , Faustova E V , Mazirov M A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The soil cover of the Vladimir Opole was investigated by the method of long (up to 40–50 meters long and 1.5 m deep) transects. Four Qualifiers of Phaeozem (PH) were morphologically identified: albic, gleyic densic, grayzemic and PH cambic with the 2nd humus horizon. Agrophysical studies of soils in transects included layer-by-layer determination (every 20–40 cm along the trench, and at depths 0, 20, 40, 60 and 100 cm) of soil density, water permeability, and penetration resistance. The soil compaction (up to 1.57 g cm−3) was observed, which was especially pronounced in a layer of 20–25 cm and connected with the agrotechnological impact. Simultaneously, friable (<1 g cm−3) and, therefore, zones with high moisture capacity confined to PH with 2nd humus horizon, showing that the change in agrophysical properties in the soil cover occurs gradually, continuously and regularly and is determined by both pedogenetic and agrotechnological factors.
The influence of prehistory and chemical properties of soils on their allelotoxicity
Authors: Gorepekin I V , Isakova S A , Fedotova M F , Fedotov G N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The influence of prehistory and chemical properties of soils on their allelotoxicity was studied. 12 soil samples of East-European Plain, 6 seeds’ cultivars of spring wheat and seeds of barley, rye and triticale were used in the research. It was found that all studied cereals are inhibited by soil allelotoxins according to the revealed regularity. Soil samples from territories of agricultural use are characterized by a greater allelotoxicity compared with fallow and forest areas. Experimental data suggest that crop rotation applying not always able to reduce soil fatigue. For this reason, it is necessary to assess the real soil fatigue (soil allelotoxicity) when using the crop rotation.
Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of soil cover in Baikal area and its impact on the development of agriculture in the region
Authors: Granina N I , Martynova N A , Kiseleva N D 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The soil cover of the territory of Baikal region is characterized by a significant variety, and the structure of soil cover – by a high complexity due to complex geological history of the region, to the influence of tectonic processes of the Baikal rift zone, to the wide spread of young mountain systems, island permafrost and other factors. Distribution of loess rocks at the territory of the forest-steppe zone of Baikal region contributes to the genesis of fertile soils, but increases the heterogeneity of soil cover, which should be considered in agricultural land use.
Solid phase characteristics of the Greyzemic Phaeozems Albic as a reflection of their polygenesis (Bryansk region, Russia)
Authors: Kovaleva N O , Kovalev I V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The solid phase of Greyzemic Phaozems Albic was studied in the paper as an archive of palaeoenvironmental information. Textural differentiation of soil profiles was observed by the granulometric fractions content. The features of second humus horizon formation were described based on water regime, granulometric composition, mineralogy, porosity, specific surface area studying. Such characteristics as texture similarity index and loessation coefficient are also involved for this purpose.
Cryogenic processes in soils of chalky landscapes in steppe zone south of the Orenburg region
Authors: Kovda I , Ryabukha A , Polyakov D 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Specific microrelief marked by white chalky spots at the soil surface was studied in Volga-Ural region. The microrelief was described and soil features were studied in a soil trench across the microrelief including morphology and further micromorphology in the thin sections with the aim to better understand the genesis and functioning of chalky polygons, and to testify the hypothesis of their cryogenic origin. Wide range of cryogenic features was found both at macro- and microscale. Some are expected to be relict, while the other features are supported or formed by modern cryogenic processes. The further investigation of the temperature regime is planned to investigate the spatial diversity and role of winter freezing in the modern squeezing of wet powdery chalky material to the soil surface.
Filtered forms of prokaryotes and bacteriophages in soil concretions
Authors: Lysak L V , Konova I A , Lapygina E V , Soina V S , Chekin M R 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn Albic Retisols, Stagnic Fluvisols and Gleyic Fluvisols processes of ferriferous and manganese transformation follows rather active, that create new ecological niches for soil microorganisms.The study of concretions in the Albic Retisols, Stagnic Fluvisols and Gleyic Fluvisols showed, that the most characteristic feature of the prokaryotic community was the higher number and diversity of recoverable bacteria in comparison with the same indexes in the host horizons. The representatives of phylumProteobacteria(classGammaproteobacteriaandDeltaproteobacteria) were dominant in the microbial communities in studied concretions. For the first time, the bacteriophages were found in concretions among them tailed phages were dominant. The method of the high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene allowed to reveal the variability of the prokaryotic community in concretions of the Albic Retisol (Cutanic, Siltic), which was characterized predominantly by 7 bacterial phyla and 2 archaea phyla Both groups of organisms typical of soils and prokaryotes capable of transformation of iron and manganese under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were revealed in soil concretions. The specific characteristic of the studied soil concretions was a widespread occurrence of filtered bacterial forms, which may be considered as specific survival forms in soil loci.
Application of a three-dimensional model to assess the effect of clear-cutting on carbon dioxide exchange at the soil - vegetation - atmosphere interface
Authors: Mukhartova Yu V , Dyachenko M S , Mangura P A , Mamkin V V , Kurbatova J A , Olchev A V 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to derive the spatial patterns of the air flows and CO2fluxes within and around a recently clear-cut area. Results of modeling experiments show a strong influence of the clear-cut on the spatial air flow and vertical and horizontal CO2flux patterns. The CO2fluxes at the soil surface, within and above a forest canopy varied significantly depending on weather conditions, prevailed wind direction and influenced by the geometry and size of the forest clearing, tree density and the distance from the forest edges. The rates of horizontal CO2exchange near the ground surface especially within the downwind forest area and at the leeward forest edge were relatively large and comparable with vertical CO2fluxes.
Multi-scale soil-landscape maps as the basis of geographic information systems for soil melioration
Authors: Nikiforova A A , Fleis M E , Kazantsev N N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The necessity of creating multi-scale soil-landscape maps for making scientifically based decisions on soil melioration at all levels is substantiated. Multi-scale soil-landscape maps are called a system of interrelated maps of all scale ranges, obtaining automatically from expert integral polygonal layers, having a single classification basis, containing integrated information about soils and landscapes and displaying soils not only as independent natural bodies (that is, systems) but also as derived elements of landscape systems. The ways of integrating heterogeneous information about soils and landscapes contained in cartographic and textual sources are named. The concept of “global data integration” is revealed and the importance of its implementation in relation to the soil and landscapes is emphasized. The advantages of multi-scale soil-landscape maps are shown in comparison with traditional and modern digital soil maps, which are due to the use of the genetic hierarchical Soil-Landscape Classification System as the classification basis.
Technology of creating soils of natural zones in “Zaryadye Park” in Moscow
Authors: Rappoport A V , Umarova A B , Butylkina M A , Kutyeva E V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
When creating “Zaryadye Park” in the center of Moscow, the tasks of creating soil constructions and artificial plantations were solved. The task was to form landscape-analogs of all natural zones of the European territory of Russia from tundra to subtropics in one small park in the center of Moscow. Based on the climatic conditions of the city, the selected range of plants, recreational load and the regime of visiting the park, a certain structure of soil cover was suggested, which is formed on the roof of underground constructions. The creation of fertile substrate and vegetation cover lasted from October 2016 till June 2017. 2 months after the planting had been completed, the first determination of soil properties in various types of forest stands was carried out.
Formation of microaggregates in kaolinite suspension inoculated by Bacillus velezensis (SEM-investigations)
Authors: Shein E V , Verkhovtseva N V , Bykova G S , Suslenkova M M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Kaolinite suspensions were inoculated by microorganisms (Bacillus velezensis) for 2 months. During the period of inoculation the formation of microaggregates of a certain shape and size was traced by electron microscopy. During the experiment the initially predominant planar structure was partially transformed. The newly-formed large (up to 250 µm in diameter) organo-mineral aggregate-like particles were registered. We suppose that during the 2-month period of incubation B. velezensis microorganisms partially destroyed the crystal structure of minerals to obtain the vitally necessary potassium. The protein compounds produced by bacteria hydrophobized the surface of the minerals which resulted in the formation of organo-mineral aggregates by bonds of hydrophobic-hydrophilic interaction.
Electrical characteristics of soils as affected by hydromorphic salinization (case study of the Upper Volga region)
Authors: Simonova J V , Rusakov A V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The relationships between the electrical resistivity and the properties of hydromorphic saline soils forming in a humid climate were established. The salinity factor turned out to be the most significant for the value of electrical resistivity compared to soil texture and organic matter content.
Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of synthetic gel structures in coarse textured soil substrates
Authors: Smagin A V , Sadovnikova N B , Shnyrev N A , Kokoreva A A , Sidorova M A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of a thermodynamic potential (pressure) of soil water K(P) are investigated in the sandy samples with admixtures of strongly swelling polymer hydrogels (SSPHs) in a wide concentration range from 0.01 to 0.3 %SSPHs. The author’s original centrifugation method has been used along with a kinetic model of the water removal process, which enables to determine the function of water conductivity of gel compositions operating in an unsteady state. In saturation state and within the range of low absolute values of soil water pressure |P| = 0.3-20 kPa the SSPHs significantly (2-10 up to 50 times) reduced the hydraulic conductivity in proportion to the dose of a superabsorbent. A heterogeneous layered structure with a layer of pure gel or gel composition 0.1-0.3% SSHP reduces the saturated conductivity by 10-80 times.In the range | P | = 100-3020 kPa, the K(P) function, on the contrary, strongly increased up to 10–20 times under the action of SSPHs. The calculation of K(P) using the Mualem theory disagrees with our experimental estimation, especially in a range of low water content, where such a calculation strongly (up to 100-1000 times) underestimates the values of K(P).
Pros and cons of no-till technology in a long-term field experiment on sod-podzolic soil
Authors: Zhelezova S V , Melnikov A V , Ananiev A A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In a ten-year field experiment the technologies of conventional tillage (Plowing) and resource- and soil-saving treatment (No-till and Mini-till) were compared. The pros and cons of the No-tillage in the condition of temperate humid zone on the sod-podzolic soil are shown. The cons are: significant increase of soil density, lower crop biomass, higher weed infestation, an increase of pesticides application. The pros are increased soil moisture storage capacity, potential stability of cereal crop yield and economic benefits on grain production.
Temperature regime of the arable layer of sod-podzolic soil under different tillage systems and crops
Authors: Zhelezova S V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the field experiment there was studied the seasonal temperature regime of the arable layer of sod-podzolic soil under different soil treatment. It was shown that soil treatment (conventional plowing and No-till technology) did not have a significant effect on the topsoil temperature regime. Seasonal and daily temperature variations in topsoil depended on the location of the soil temperature measurement point, on the distance from the windbreak forest belts and on the crop coverage of the soil.