bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVII-13 Mineral feeder design impacts frequency of use in grazing beef cattle
Authors: Crites Benjamin , Boeglin Michaela , Heath Jaycie , Vanzant Eric , Roy Nicholas , Stamm Clay , Sears Brandon , Coffey David , Campbell Matthew , Musen Steven , Barnes Jessica , Williams Victor , Lehmkuhler Jeffrey 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Trace minerals are essential for many biological and metabolic processes and often supplemented ad libitum to grazing beef cattle. However, research has shown large variations in individual intakes. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of mineral feeder design on visitations and intake. In a crossover experimental design, beef cattle operations (n = 5) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence (lid status) and each evaluation period occurred for 5 – 7 days. Browning game trail cameras (Prometheus Group LLC, Birmingham, AL) were used to record time lapse pictures at 2-minute intervals from sunrise to sunset. Time was categorized as morning (≤10:00), mid-day (10:01 – 14:00), afternoon (14:01 – 18:00) and evening (&gt;18:00). Activity was categorized as eating mineral, standing, lying or other within 0.5 m of feeder. Effects of farm, treatment, and time were analyzed using the GENMOD procedures of SAS 9.4 and mineral intake data were analyzed using PROC GLM. There were significant effects of farm (P &lt; 0.001), treatment (P &lt; 0.007), time (P &lt; 0.001), and the treatment by time interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for the numbers of cows and calves eating. Different herd sizes likely contributed to the significance of farm. Data were further analyzed using PROC FREQ. Of the animals eating, more cows and calves were observed eating with the lid removed (59.1% and 61.7%, respectively). However, average mineral disappearance did not differ (P = 0.57) by treatment (50.4 kg vs. 42.0 kg). Regardless of treatment, more cows were observed eating during the morning and afternoon (35% and 34.8%, respectively) than in the evening (10.3%). Similarly, more calves were categorized as eating in the morning and afternoon (29.3% and 41.3%, respectively) than in the evening (14.1%). These preliminary results indicate that feeder design may impact visitation of cows and calves but not average mineral disappearance.
PSVII-10 Evaluation of different biochar sources added at two inclusion levels in a grass hay- based diet on dry matter disappearance and ruminal fermentation parameters in vitro
Authors: Mengistu Genet , McAllister Tim A , Ominski Kim , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Okine Erasmus , Saleem A M , McGeough E J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of adding biochar to a grass hay-based diet on in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD), total gas production (GP), methane production (CH4), volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with 7 biochar products differing in origin (pine or coconut-based) and physical properties (course, fine or loose spheres) at 2 inclusion levels (2.25% and 4.5% of DM) and a grass hay-only control. On each three successive weeks, rumen fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated beef heifers fed a grass hay-based diet, pooled and mixed with a buffer solution (1:2) and treatments incubated in triplicate for 48 h. Gas pressure was recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation, and gas was collected at each time to measure CH4. At 48 h, pH was measured and the supernatant sampled for determination of VFA and NH3-N, while the residue was used to estimate DMD. Dry matter disappearance decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing addition of biochar. Biochar did not affect GP or CH4, but did reduce (P &lt; 0.05) gas production per g of DM incubated (111.7 vs 107.8 ml/g), but not per g DMD. The lower GP per g DM incubated could be related to the increased proportion of the diet as biochar, without it contributing to GP. Biochar, irrespective of level did not affect the total or molar proportions of VFA. There was a biochar x inclusion level interaction (P &lt; 0.04) in NH3-N concentration. Biochar type and inclusion level in the present study had little or no significant effect on in vitro fermentation and did not mitigate CH4 production from a grass hay-based diet.
PSVII-15 Performance, digestibility and ruminal morphophysiology of water buffaloes finished in feedlot
Authors: Jacaúna Amanna G , Castilhos André M , Francisco Caroline L , Meirelles Paulo R L , Zeoula Lúcia M , Correa Hugo L , Jacob Vanessa R M , Paula Tania V , de Barros Felipe , Jorge Andre M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the digestibility and ruminal morphophysiology of water buffaloes finished in feedlot and receiving concentrate diet ad libitum (corn silage, ground corn, cottonseed meal, urea, and premix). Seventy-eight male water buffaloes of different genetic groups (GG; Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah; n = 26 animals for each GG; 378.57±42.76 kg of initial body weight - BW) were used. The digestibility evaluation was performed and the feces samples were collected after 84 days, for 13 consecutive days [10 days of data collection for dry matter intake (DMI) calculation, and three days of feces collection]. Samples of the ruminal epithelium were collected for morphological and histological analysis of the ruminal papillae postmortem. There was no effect of the GG for digestibility (P = 0.15). Jafarabadi and Mediterranean showed superior feedlot performance compared to Murrah (P &lt; 0.01) for average daily gain (1.57, 1.60, and 1.29, in kg/day, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.07). In addition, Mediterranean presented higher values for DMI than the other GG (2.14, 2.47, and 2.21, in %BW, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.07). Effect of the GG was verified for the variable epithelium (P &lt; 0.01), for which Murrah obtained higher value than other GG (49.14, 48.99, and 55.46, in µm, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=4.97). Tendency was detected for papillae width (P = 0.09) for which Mediterranean showed a smaller value compared to Jafarabadi, while Murrah did not differ from both GG (0.338, 0.303, and 0.316, in mm, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=0.016). The mean number of papillae showed tendency for the GG (PP = 0.09) with the highest value for the Mediterranean (56.48, 66.31, and 58.04, for Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah, respectively; SEM=13.88). In conclusion, GG of water buffaloes have some differences in feedlot performance and ruminal traits; however, these characteristics do not affect digestibility. Supported by FAPESP (#2014/05473-7).
PSIX-33 Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) but not Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) induces the trans-differentiation of C2C12 into white-like adipocytes phenotype
Authors: Huang Yan , Ghnaimawi Saeed , Wang Yongjie , Zhang Shilei , Baum Jamie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs, or myoblasts) play an important role in myotubes regeneration. However, these cells can differentiate into adipocytes once exposed to EPA and DHA, which are highly suggested during pregnancy. The objective of this study aims at determining the effect of isolated EPA and DHA on C2C12 cells undergoing white and brown adipogenic differentiation. Confluent cultured cells were treated with white and brown adipocyte induction medium (WIM and BIM respectively) with 50µM EPA and 50µM DHA separately. DHA treated groups differentiated into white-like adipocyte by down-regulating the expression of myogenic genes such as MyoD, MyoG, and Mrf4; but promoted white adipocyte marker genes(P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, cells treated with WIM and DHA exhibited a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis through suppressing PGC1a and TFAM expression (P &lt; 0.05). Also, DHA promoted the expression of lipolysis regulating genes. DHA impaired C2C12 cells browning through reducing the mitochondrial biogenesis by significantly suppressing the expression of COX7a1, PGC1a, and UCP3 genes (P &lt; 0.05). DHA treated groups showed an increased accumulation of lipid droplets and suppressed maximal mitochondrial respiration and spare capacity. EPA treatment reduced myogenesis regulating genes (P &lt; 0.05) but did not affect adipogenic genes (P &gt;0.05). Likewise, EPA suppressed the expression of WAT signature genes (P &lt; 0.05), indicating its antagonism to DHA. EPA and WIM treatment suppressed the expression of TFAM and PGC1a, but did not affect PGC1a protein level. Although mitochondrial biogenic gene expression was reduced in EPA and BIDM treated group, no changes in mitochondrial function were observed. EPA supplementation did not affect the differential route of C2C12 into brown adipocytes. To conclude, EPA and DHA may similarly affect the integrity of muscle tissue, but DHA is a potent adipogenic and lipogenic factor that can change the metabolic profile of the body by increasing intramuscular fat.
PSIX-35 Quebracho Tannin Influences Lipolytic Activity in Mature Porcine Adipocytes
Authors: Lowke Makenzie T , Kaiser Richard F , Bell Natasha L , Garcia Michelle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fat deposition in pork enhances flavor of meat; however, too much fat is an undesirable commodity in a health-conscious society. Therefore, manipulating the nutritional components of a swine diet to aid in the deliberate deposition of fat for the purpose of flavor while avoiding overconditioning is an aim in production. Nutrient additives, such as condensed polyphenolic tannins, inhibit pre-adipocyte maturation, but the role on lipid metabolism in mature adipocytes (MA) remains unclear. Therefore, it is hypothesized that quebracho tannin will alter lipid metabolism in porcine MA. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from 5 ± 0 month old (n = 3) barrows weighing 37.7 ± 1.84kg. Tissue was enzymatically dispersed (collagenase type II) to isolate lipid filled adipocytes. After enzymatic separation the cells were rinsed and divided into 2 groups for separate incubation periods plus tannin treatment: 1) 2 hr incubation time with/without tannin (Quebracho Schinopsis lorentzii; 0M, 0.1mg, 0.5mg, and 1mg) or 2) 24 hr incubation time with/without tannin (0M, 0.1mg, 0.5mg, and 1mg). Approximately 4x105 cells/well were cultured in triplicate/treatment dose at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in atmosphere. Upon termination of the culture period, media was processed for analysis of glycerol content to determine lipolytic activity using an enzymatic colorimetric assay. The MIXED procedure of SAS for factorial treatment design was utilized to determine the effect of time and tannin treatment on lipolytic activity in cultured MA. Glycerol content was significantly higher (P£0.001) in tannin treated cultures. Time tended (P = 0.1) to influence the magnitude of lipolytic activity. Hence, quebracho tannin appears to augment lipolytic activity in cultured porcine MA. Determining the effect of tannin on lipolytic regulators will support the supposition that tannins influence MA lipid metabolism.
PSVI-29 Post-Extrusion In-vitro Fermentability of Fiber in Extruded Dog Foods
Authors: Holt Dalton A , Mooney Alaina , Deliephan Aiswariya , Alavi Sajid , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Previous work has evaluated fermentation of fiber ingredients; however, the effect of extrusion has rarely been explored. The objective was to determine post-extrusion fiber fermentability with a dog fecal in vitro model. Dietary treatments containing 10% apple pomace (AP), blueberry pomace (BP), or miscanthus grass (MM) were compared to a control (CD) with no added fiber. Diets were produced with a single screw extruder under set processing conditions. In addition, higher (MH) and lower (ML) mechanical energy was applied to miscanthus treatments. Post-extrusion samples were pre-digested and residual fibers fermented for 1, 3, 6, and 12-hours. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and organic matter disappearance (OMD) were determined for each fiber and time point. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with statistical software (SAS, v 9.4). The OMD was greatest (P &lt; 0.05; 56.1%) for CD than AP, MM, and BP (average 35.19%). Total SCFA concentration was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for CD followed by AP and BP, and lowest for MM (1.53, average 1.19, and 0.92 mmol*g-1 of substrate, respectively). Acetate proportions were highest (P &lt; 0.05) for BP (60.85%) and lowest for CD (52.86%), with AP and MM intermediate (average 56.57%). Propionate proportions were similar (P &lt; 0.05) across all treatments (average 21.18%). Butyrate proportions were highest (P &lt; 0.05) for CD (11.91%) and lowest for BP and MM (average 9.60%), with AP similar (10.15%) to all treatments. Processing did not affect (P &lt; 0.05) OMD, SCFA concentration or proportions among the different mechanical energy inputs to the miscanthus grass treatments. When corrected for total fiber, CD had the lowest SCFA concentration (P &lt; 0.05; 6.74 mmol*100g-1of diet) compared to all other treatments (average 12.8 mmol*100g-1of diet). While, CD was most fermentable on a gram of fiber basis; on a dietary basis, all fiber treatments had greater concentrations of total SCFA and butyrate.
PSVI-28 Palatability and Scent Detection of Oxidation Levels in Poultry Meal
Authors: Coon Craig N , Fowler Jason W , Boggess Mary Ann , Varney Jessica L , Weil Jordan T , Bench B J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pet food made from fresh and rendered high quality meat products are considered safe and nutritious products. Currently the main assessment of meat freshness and fat products is based on peroxide values (PV), quantifying secondary oxidation products such as aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. Research on how rancidity or peroxidation affects the health/safety of pets has not been adequately investigated. Exploring how Labrador retrievers interact with PV associated aromas, the goal was to observe any correlations in canine aromatic preference to differing poultry meal PV levels. A pilot study was conducted to gather preliminary data and screen 60 Labrador Retrievers (30 male/30 female) for those best suited for this novel aromatic palatability approach. 10 Labrador Retrievers (5 male/5 female) were hand selected from the original group of 60, according to their willingness to interact repeatedly with the aromatic boxes designed to prevent consumption while allowing interaction with varied PV poultry meal aromas. Many dogs lost interest quickly when they learned they could not get to the inside contents of the boxes, making the pilot study a crucial step in the preliminary selection process. First approach was recorded for both trials as well as time spent interacting. Time spent at each box was converted to ratios and both were statistically analyzed. Data falling outside 2 standard deviations from the mean were deemed outliers and excluded from analysis. Ratio analysis examined over both trials pointed to a higher peroxide value (PV) preference, when paired with sample 1, especially sample 5. PV levels 2, 4, and 5 showed significantly higher (p=&lt; 0.05) interaction times and 6 neared significance (P = 0.08), compared to PV level 1. Further exploration could compare all PV levels to one another, determining if a specific threshold or range of preference exists within the 6 levels we examined in this study.
PSVI-25 Inclusion of Lemna as a plant-based protein ingredient in dog and cat diets
Authors: Panasevich Matt , Frantz Nolan , Reinhart Greg 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the inclusion of a novel plant-based protein (Lemna; MC Select; Parabel®; Vero Beach, FL) in dog diets at 0, 5, and 10% and cat diets at 0, 10 and 15% for palatability, stool quality, and nutrient digestibility. We hypothesized that Lemna would be a viable protein source in both cat and dog diets by showing no detriments to nutrition outcomes. All feeding tests were conducted at an independent research facility (Susquehanna, PA). A standard 2 bowl palatability test over a 2-day period was done with adult dogs and cats (n = 30 each) to determine intake ratios (IR) between test diets (Lemna -containing diets) and control (0% Lemna) diet. Total tract nutrient digestibility was conducted with 18 adult dogs and 21 adult cats (n=6–7 per diet) with 5 days of diet acclimation followed by 5 days of total fecal collection. Stool quality was evaluated on a 1–5 scale where 1= non-formed/diarrhea and 5= hard, formed. Palatability data was analyzed via Wilcoxon Signed Rank, and digestibility and stool quality data were analyzed by ANOVA with a Tukey’s post-hoc means separation (SAS version 9.4). Intake ratios in cats between 10% Lemna and control were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) in favor of control, while no difference was observed between 15% Lemna and control. For dogs, 5% and 10% Lemna had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower IR demonstrating a preference to control. Both cats and dogs fed Lemna diets had acceptable stool quality (3.42 avg for cat and 3.34 avg for dog). No detriments in nutrient digestibility were observed in dogs fed 5% and 10% Lemna; however, cats fed 10% and 15% Lemna had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower dry matter, protein, and energy digestibility versus control. In conclusion, these data suggest more development is needed for Lemna inclusion in companion animal diets.
Thursday, July 23, 2020
PSXI-30 Descriptive sensory evaluation of rotary molded sorghum-based dog treats supplemented with soluble animal protein
Authors: Almeida Krystina A Lema , Aldrich Charles G , Koppel Kadri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Treats are food products given to dogs to strengthen bonds between owners and pets. Most treats on the market are made of wheat, mostly because of gluten binding properties. While sorghum lacks gluten, soluble animal proteins could be used as binders instead. The objective of this study was to evaluate appearance, aroma, flavor, texture/mouthfeel, and aftertaste of rotary-molded dog treats made with white (WS) or red (RS) whole sorghum flours. The sorghum biscuits were prepared with spray-dried plasma (SDP), gelatin (GL), egg protein (EP), or no protein (NC). All were compared to a positive control made with whole wheat flour (WF-GTN). The trained sensory panel identified 27 attributes. The products were evaluated on a scale from 0 to 15, using a consensus approach. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with XLSTAT Statistical Software and radar plots were created to visualize correlations between treatments and attributes. Brown and surface cracks were the most differentiating attributes: RS and WS biscuits with SDP or EP resulted in a darker appearance (10.0–14.0), while NC biscuits had more surface cracks (10.0–12.0). Aroma attributes did not vary significantly among samples, except for the overall intensity that was higher for RS-EP (7.0). Grainy was the main flavor and aftertaste, ranging from 4.0–7.0. Other flavors such as cardboard, leavening, starchy, and toasted were perceived in less proportion (2.0–4.0). Initial crispness, hardness, and fracturability were more pronounced in EP treatments (11.0–14.5). All biscuits had less hardness, less cohesiveness of mass, and more particle residuals when compared to the control WF-GTN. This work indicated that formulation had a bigger effect on texture and product appearance rather than flavor, aroma, or aftertaste. These results can be used as insights for pet owners’ interpretation and as preliminary data to describe dog preferences, which may complement instrumental analyses.
PSXI-35 Evaluation of biomarkers N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin-I in healthy Labrador retrievers and Labrador retrievers with subclinical dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease in dogs may have minimal outward signs in the beginning stages, but early detection and intervention are vital to help affected dogs live longer and have better quality of life. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and troponin-I are two biomarkers that show promise for detection of cardiovascular disease at a research level, but a deeper understanding is necessary to bring them into the forefront for diagnostic purposes. The aim of this research was to present values of NT-proBNP and troponin-I in healthy Labrador retrievers and in Labrador retrievers with subclinical dilated cardiomyopathy (subDCM). 55 intact Labrador retrievers (27m/28f) were selected based on good clinical health, with no prior evidence of cardiovascular disease. All dogs were maintained on the same standard kennel diet prior to testing. Each dog had plasma collected for NT-proBNP analysis (Cardiopet; Idexx) and serum collected for troponin-I analysis (Immulite; UC Davis Vet Lab). Each dog then had an echocardiogram performed by an experienced sonographer which was reviewed by a boarded veterinary cardiologist. Out of 55 adult Labrador retrievers, 46 (24m/22f) were classified as normal and 9 (3m/6f) were classified as having occult subDCM. Normal Labrador retrievers had a significantly lower mean NT-proBNP of 695 ± 432 pmol/L compared to subDCM Labrador retrievers with a mean of 1144 ± 546 pmol/L (P = 0.009). Normal Labrador retrievers had a lower mean troponin-I of 0.07 ± 0.04ng/mL compared to subDCM Labrador retrievers with a mean of 0.1 ± 0.07ng/mL, trending towards significance (P = 0.08). In summary, healthy Labrador retrievers had significantly lower NT-proBNP compared to Labrador retrievers affected with subclinical dilated cardiomyopathy.
PSXI-29 Comparison of temporal-spatial and pressure gait analysis between resting and exercised Labrador retrievers
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage and subsequent inflammation and soreness are frequently studied topics in both human and animal trials. Gait analysis using a commercial mat system is a newer technology that identifies the temporal and spatial qualities of a subject’s gait. Gait analysis in healthy canines, especially in an exercise model, has been infrequently studied. Our objectives were to compare gait analysis metrics between exercised and non-exercised dogs, to identify which parameters were most impacted by running exercise, and to identify the ideal time to perform gait analysis post-exercise. Twenty-four Labrador retrievers were used in this trial, with 12 untrained dogs performing one 5km run, and 12 untrained dogs providing a resting comparison. All dogs were gaited using a Gait4Dogs (CIR Systems, Inc) pressure walkway system at baseline, 30min post-run, 3h post-run, and 24h post-run. For pressure measurements, no significant differences were found in resting dogs. In exercised dogs, number of activated sensors was significantly lower 30min post-run compared to baseline (p=0.05). Pressure time was significantly faster 30min post-run compared to 3h post-run (p=0.007), indicating discomfort during the walk. For spatial measurements, no significant differences were found in resting dogs. In exercised dogs, swing% was significantly lower in front limbs at 30min post-run compared to baseline (p=0.001) and in hindlimbs at 30min post-run compared to 3h post-run and 24h post-run (p=0.001), indicating reduced flexion. Stance% was significantly higher in front limbs at 30min post-run compared to all other timepoints (p=0.001) and in hindlimbs at 30min post-run compared to 3h post-run and 24h post-run (p=0.001). Stance time and step time were significantly lower at 3h post-run compared to 30min post-run and 24h post-run (p=0.001;p=0.006), indicating discomfort during the walk. In summary, untrained Labrador retrievers had a significantly affected gait primarily thirty minutes and three hours after exercise compared to resting dogs.