bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sometimes (but Not This Time), a Gun Is Just a Gun: Masculinity Threat and Guns in the United States, 1999–2018
Authors: Cassino Dan , Besen‐Cassino Yasemin 
Published: October 2019

Today, despite national campaigns and mass shootings, gun sales continue to rise. The majority of gun owners in the United States are men, and prior research has documented the complex relationship between masculinity and gun ownership. However, a majority of the research has remained on the micro level. In this article, we look at the effects of men’s unemployment on gun ownership. Using both national‐ and state‐level Federal Bureau of Investigation background‐check data as well as economic indicators, we find that worsening economic conditions for men (relative to women) lead to increases in gun sales. Moreover, this effect is exacerbated by the prevalence of guns in an area. We supplement these analyses with nationally representative survey data showing a strong relationship between perceptions of threat to men’s gender identities and opposition to laws limiting access to guns.
PMTCT care cascade and factors associated with attrition in the first four years after Option B+ implementation in Mozambique
Authors: Ahoua Laurence , Tiendrebeogo Thierry , Arikawa Shino , Lahuerta Maria , Aly Dario , Journot Valerie , Abrams Elaine J. , Becquet Renaud , Dabis Francois 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) Option B+ programme in two provinces with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden in Mozambique over the first four years of programme implementation.MethodsWe assessed the PMTCT cascade in antenatal care (ANC) from July 2013 to December 2017 using facility‐level data and performed a retrospective cohort analysis with patient‐level data. We compared the 12‐month antiretroviral therapy (ART) retention rates between women with HIV infection who initiated ART under Option B+ (‘B+ pregnant’) and those who initiated ART for their own health (‘own health’).ResultsA total of 916 280 pregnant women enrolled in ANC. The proportion of women with a documented HIV status increased from 93% in 2013 to 96% in 2017. The proportion of those tested HIV‐positive decreased from 8% to 6% while that of those HIV‐positive on ART increased from 42% to 95%. Of the 44 377 HIV‐positive women included in the analysis, 35% were lost to care. ‘B+ pregnant’ women initiating ART in 2015 were less likely to have no follow‐up (NFU) compared with ‘own health’ women starting ART during the same period (adjusted odds ratio: 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64–0.94, P = 0.01). There was no statistical difference between the two groups during the other years in which ART was initiated. Of those returning for care after their first visit (N = 39 801), the ‘B+ pregnant’ women showed a higher risk of non‐retention than the other group (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.25) when ART was initiated in 2013. The risk decreased during the subsequent years, with no difference observed between the groups.ConclusionPMTCT Option B+ programme scale‐up has yielded positive results, including the maintenance of high HIV testing and ART initiation rates in ANC. Challenges still remain, however, in improving immediate engagement in care and long‐term retention. Seeking alternative service delivery models to support existing health systems and prevent defaulters is required to achieve the UNAIDS 95‐95‐95 targets for PMTCT in Mozambique.
Cold reacting anti‐M causing delayed hemolytic disease of the newborn
Authors: Crispin Philip , Sliwinski Kelly , Wilson Caroline , Lennard Samantha , DeSouza Marianne , Sethna Farah 
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUNDHemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is due to passively transferred maternal antibodies directed against fetal red blood cell (RBC) antigens and can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Anti‐M is usually a naturally occurring antibody of low clinical significance, although occasionally severe cases of HDFN are seen.CASE REPORTSTwo M+ sisters are presented, each developing hemolysis during the first 2 weeks of life due to maternal anti‐M, resulting in severe anemia and requiring blood transfusion. RBC agglutination was observed in peripheral blood samples of both infants at room temperature with dissociation at 37°C. Maternal anti‐M detected by column indirect agglutination technique, was of low titer (1:16) and demonstrated low thermal amplitude, reacting in saline at 4°C but was not detectable in saline at 37°C.CONCLUSIONSAnti‐M of low thermal amplitude may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn with laboratory features resembling cold agglutinin disease.
Identification of the best‐suited donor for generating virus‐specific T cells
Authors: Tasnády Szabolcs , Karászi Éva , Szederjesi Attila , Bihari György , Juhász Zsófia , Hardi Apor , Kriván Gergely , Kállay Krisztián , Reményi Péter , Sinkó János , Mikala Gábor , Réti Marienn , Masszi Tamás 
Published: October 2019

Background and objectivesAdministration of virus‐specific T cells (VSTs) is a viable antiviral treatment strategy after allogeneic HSCT, even if conventional therapies fail. Third‐party donors are often chosen for the generation of the VST product. The eligibility of the donor has to be tested in a rigorous donor screening procedure, since the isolation technology only targets pre‐existing VSTs.Materials and methodsIn a period of 3 years, we performed 32 VST treatments for 28 patients. Targeting four different viruses, 284 healthy individuals underwent 417 donor screening procedures. VSTs were counted by flow cytometry detecting interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) producing T cells. Generation of the VSTs was performed from leukapheresis products in a fully automated and closed system using magnetic cell separation.ResultsThe mean circulating VST frequencies ranged from 0·006% to 0·328%. The average yield of viable VSTs in the product was 1·83·106 cells, while the average VST dose calculated for the patient's body weight was 4·63·104/kg. The mean purity – percentage of VSTs within the T cells – of all T‐cell products was 62·9%. Correlation was identified between the frequency of the VSTs in the peripheral blood of the donor and the VST numbers of the end product; the strongest correlation was seen for CMV.ConclusionThis paper focuses on the T‐cell donors, highlighting some key points on the donor selection process. Based on the findings in connection with the CMV therapies, peripheral VST seems to be the best predictor of the VST content of the final product administered to the patient.
Characterization of porcine endogenous retrovirus particles released by the CRISPR/Cas9 inactivated cell line PK15 clone 15
Authors: Godehardt Antonia W. , Fischer Nicole , Rauch Paula , Gulich Barbara , Boller Klaus , Church George M. , Tönjes Ralf R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe infection of human transplant recipients by porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) is a safety issue for xenotransplantation (XTx). CRISPR/Cas9 technology has enabled the generation of pigs free of functional PERVs, and the susceptibility of these animals to reinfection by PERVs remains unclear. To assess virological safety, we characterized a cell line in which PERVs have been inactivated by CRISPR/Cas9 (PK15 clone 15) for its susceptibility to infectious PERV. First, basal expression of PERV pol, the porcine PERV‐A receptor (POPAR), and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity of PERV were determined. PK15 clone 15 cells were inoculated with PERV and monitored post infection for virus expression and RT activity. Particles were visualized by electron microscopy. Our data show that PK15 clone 15 cells still produce viral proteins that assemble to produce impaired viral particles. These virions have an irregular morphology that diverges from that of mature wild type. The particles are no longer infectious when tested in a downstream infection assay using supernatants of PK15 clone 15 cells to infect susceptible swine testis‐IOWA (ST‐IOWA) cells. The expression of POPAR was quantified to exclude the possibility that lack of susceptibility to reinfection, for PERV‐A, is caused by absence of viral host receptor(s). PK15 and PK15 clone 15 cells do, in fact, express POPAR equally. PERV RT inactivation mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 does not compromise virus assembly but affects virion structure and proviral integration. The constitutive virion production seems to maintain cellular resistance to superinfection and possibly indicates a protective side effect of this specific CRISPR/Cas9 mediated RT inactivation.
The upper frequency limit of dynamic cerebral autoregulation
Authors: Panerai Ronney B. , Robinson Thompson G. , Minhas Jatinder S. 
Published: October 2019

Key points
Dynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) is expressed by the temporal pattern of cerebral blood flow (CBF) recovery following a sudden change in arterial blood pressure (BP).
Transfer function analysis of BP as input and CBF velocity as output can express dynamic CA through its amplitude (or gain) and phase frequency responses.
The upper frequency limit (FupLim) at which dynamic CA can operate is of considerable physiological interest and can also provide additional information about worsening CA due to disease processes.
In healthy subjects FupLim was strongly dependent on arterial changes induced by four different breathing manoeuvres.
The considerable intersubject variability in FupLim suggests that fixed frequency bands should not be adopted for averaging values of gain and phase in studies of dynamic CA.
AbstractDynamic cerebral autoregulation (CA) can be expressed in the frequency domain by the amplitude and phase frequency responses calculated by transfer function analysis of arterial blood pressure (BP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV). We studied the effects of arterial () on the upper frequency limit (FupLim) of these responses and its intersubject variability. Twenty‐four healthy subjects (11 female, age 36.0 ± 13.4 years) were recruited. Recordings of CBFV (transcranial Doppler ultrasound), BP (Finometer) and end‐tidal CO2 (, capnography) were performed during 5 min at rest (normocapnia) and during four breathing manoeuvres: 5% and 8% CO2 in air and hyperventilation targeting reductions of 5 and 10 mmHg compared to normocapnia. FupLim was determined by the break point of the autoregulation index (ARI) curve as a function of frequency when the phase response was gradually set to zero. The five breathing conditions led to highly significant differences in (p < 0.0001), CBFV (P < 0.0001), ARI (p < 0.0001) and FupLim (p < 0.0001). FupLim ranged from 0.167 ± 0.036 Hz at the lowest values of hypocapnia (28.1 ± 1.9 mmHg) to 0.094 ± 0.040 Hz at the highest level of hypercapnia (41.7 ± 5.4 mmHg), showing a correlation of r = −0.53 (p < 0.001) with . These findings reinforce the key role of in CBF regulation. The considerable intersubject variability of FupLim suggests that fixed frequency bands should not be adopted for averaging values of gain and phase in dynamic CA studies, and that the higher frequency band (0.20–0.40 Hz), in particular, does not contain relevant information about dynamic CA. Further investigations are needed to assess the information value of FupLim as a marker of dynamic CA efficiency in physiological and clinical studies.
Identification of Human–System Interaction Errors During Early Design Stages Using a Functional Basis Framework
Authors: Soria Zurita Nicolás F. , Stone Robert B. , Onan Demirel H. , Tumer Irem Y. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Engineers have developed different design methodologies capable of identifying failure modes of engineering systems. The most common methods used in industry are failure modes and effects analysis, and failure modes effects and criticality analysis. Nevertheless, such methodologies have a significant limitation regarding incorporating the final user in the analysis and are not suited to identifying potential failure modes caused by physical human–system interactions. Engineering methods usually have a lack of sufficient attention to human–system interactions during the early design stages, even though introducing human factors principles is recognized as an essential analysis during the design process. As a result, designers rely on developing detailed and expensive physical or virtual prototypes to evaluate physical human–system interactions and identify potential failure modes caused by such interactions incorporating design modifications after a prototype is developed can be time-consuming, costly, and if significant changes are needed, the entire prototype requires to be constructed again. Identifying system–user interactions and possible failure modes associated with such interactions before developing a prototype can significantly improve the design process. In previous work, the authors introduced the function–human error design method (FHEDM), a tool capable of distinguishing possible human–system interaction failure modes using a functional basis framework. In this work, we examined the implementation of FHEDM within 148 products extracted from the design repository. The results are grouped in the composite function–user interaction error (FUIE) matrix, which can be used as a preliminary design database presenting information regarding the possible human error present in function-flow combinations.
Numerical Simulation of Vapor–Bubble Collapse—Heat Transfer and Nonlinear Dynamics Issues
Authors: Bhati Jyoti , Paruya Swapan , Pushpavanam Subhramaniam 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this work, we compute the dynamics of a spherical vapor-bubble in an infinite pool of subcooled water during bubble collapse using our semi-analytical method. The main contribution of this work is to bring out the dynamics of nonmonotonic bubble collapse describing heat transfer characteristics and nonlinear dynamics. The dynamics shows the variation of radius with time for collapsing vapor bubble at different subcooling ΔTsub of 1.40 K to 35 K. The present approach accurately determines the bubble radius decreasing with time and has been compared with our experimental results, the experiment from literature, the other theories, and correlations. As it is noted that the literature lacks steady-state analysis of oscillating bubble collapse, we also report the steady-state analysis and the bifurcation analysis of bubble collapse at a pressure of 1.0 atm to check the stability of bubble collapse. The effect of ΔTsub and initial bubble radius R0 on dynamics of bubble collapse has been analyzed. The collapse of big bubbles involves with the bubble oscillations because of a large contribution of liquid inertia and the collapse of very small bubbles essentially occurs in heat transfer regime.
Design and Experimental Assessment of Bladeless Turbines for Axial Inlet Supersonic Flows
Authors: Braun James , Paniagua Guillermo , Falempin Francois , Le Naour Bruno 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Supersonic inlet flow is usually considered to be detrimental to the performance of turbine systems. A new class of bladeless turbines was developed, which allows for power extraction from supersonic axial inflows without swirl with minimal maintenance cost. This is achieved through a wavy hub surface that promotes shocks and expansion fans and hence generates torque. In a first step, a baseline bladeless turbine is designed and the power extraction is analyzed. The bladeless turbine surface is parametrized in matlab and subsequently imported into Hexpress (Numeca) to mesh an unstructured grid. The first layer thickness is kept below one for all the simulations. The unstructured mesh is loaded into cfd++ (Metacomp) to solve the three dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. Second, the work extraction principle is broken down from a three-dimensional unsteady problem into a two-dimensional steady phenomenon. An experimental campaign is outlined and test details are discussed. Finally, after the experimental characterization, the operational envelope and scaling of the bladeless turbine are described for several reduced mass flows, reduced speeds, and geometrical features of the turbine (amplitude of the wavy surface, helix angle, hub radius, and length of the axial turbine).
Numerical Prediction of Various Cavitation Erosion Mechanisms
Authors: Biluš Ignacijo , Hočevar Marko , Dular Matevž , Lešnik Luka 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Numerical prediction of cavitation erosion is a great scientific and technological challenge. In the past, many attempts were made—many successful. One of the issues when a comparison between a simulation and erosion experiments is made, is the great difference in time scale. In this work, we do not attempt to obtain quantitatively accurate predictions of erosion process but concentrate qualitatively on cavitation mechanisms with quantitative prediction of pressure pulses which lead to erosion. This is possible, because of our recent experimental work on simultaneous observation of cavitating flow and cavitation erosion by high speed cameras. In this study, the numerical simulation was used to predict details of the cavitation process during the vapor collapse phase. The fully compressible, cavitating flow simulations were performed to resolve the formation of the pressure waves at cavitation collapse. We tried to visualize the mechanisms and dynamics of vapor structures during collapse phase at the Venturi geometry. The obtained results show that unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulation of cavitation is capable of reproducing four out of five mechanisms of cavitation erosion, found during experimental work.
Effect of Intersection Angle and Wettability on Droplet Generation in Microfluidic Flow-Focusing Device
Authors: Iqbal Saima , Bashir Shazia , Ahsan Muhammad , Bashir Muhammad , Shoukat Saad 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article investigates the dynamics of droplet generation process in a microfluidic flow-focusing device under the effect of geometry altered by the intersection angle (φ), which the flanking inlets make with central inlet and wall wettability quantified by the contact angle (θ) using volume of fluid (VOF) model. These parameters have been found to alter the droplet shape and size greatly. The effect of intersection angles has been examined for φ = 15 deg, 30 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg, 90 deg, and 120 deg for generating size-controlled droplets. It was predicted that the diameter of droplet increased with the increase in intersection angle (φ = 15 deg, 30 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg, 90 deg, and 120 deg) and the maximum diameter has been generated at φ = 90. In addition, the wetting characteristics (hydrophilic to hydrophobic) have been studied numerically in detail by changing the contact angle of the dispersed phase with the channel wall ranging from 90 deg to 180 deg. It was indicated that the droplets of rectangular shape are formed in hydrophilic channel by completely wetting the wall when θ ≤ 90 deg. They transform their shape to slightly oval form with the increase in contact angle and start acquiring spherical shape when the channel becomes hydrophobic. Furthermore, Parameters such as dimensionless droplet diameter, droplet shape, and droplet breakup time have also been investigated extensively for flowrate ratios Q = 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1, in order to optimize the microfluidic device.
Influence of Educational Level on Psychosocial Correlates and Perceived Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: The Feel4Diabetes-Study
Authors: Huys Nele , Van Stappen Vicky , Shadid Samyah , De Craemer Marieke , Androutsos Odysseas , Lindström Jaana , Makrilakis Konstantinos , de Sabata Maria S. , Moreno Luis , De Miguel-Etayo Pilar , Iotova Violeta , Rurik Imre , Manios Yannis , Cardon Greet , _ _ 
Published: October 2019

Background: This study aimed to investigate whether the relationship between psychosocial and perceived environmental factors and physical activity (PA) in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes is influenced by educational level. Methods: Based on the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire, this study selected 164 adults (Mage: 38 (5.34) y, 13.4% men) at type 2 diabetes risk from 11 low socioeconomic neighborhoods in Flanders (Belgium). Participants filled out questionnaires on psychosocial and perceived environmental factors and wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for 5 consecutive days. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of covariance in SPSS. Results: Educational level significantly influenced the association between perception of body weight and light PA (P = .01) and total PA (P = .03) on weekend days. Educational level did not influence the associations between other psychosocial and perceived environmental factors (ie, perceived social influence; environmental, time and attitudinal barriers, perceived self-efficacy; knowledge and fatalism) and PA. Conclusions: Educational level did not influence the relationship between most psychosocial and perceived environmental factors and PA in this sample of adults at type 2 diabetes risk. This suggests that addressing different psychosocial and perceived environmental correlates in lower and higher educated participants might not be necessary. However, more research in this specific population is needed.
Robust Exponential Decreasing Index (REDI): adaptive and robust method for computing cumulated workload
Authors: Moussa Issa , Leroy Arthur , Sauliere Guillaume , Schipman Julien , Toussaint Jean-François , Sedeaud Adrien 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to define a new index the Robust Exponential Decreasing Index (REDI), which is capable of an improved analysis of the cumulative workload. This allows for precise control of the decreasing influence of load over time. Additionally, REDI is robust to missing data that are frequently present in sport.Methods200 cumulative workloads were simulated in two ways (Gaussian and uniform distributions) to test the robustness and flexibility of the REDI, as compared with classical methods (acute:chronic workload ratio and exponentially weighted moving average). Theoretical properties have been highlighted especially around the decreasing parameter.ResultsThe REDI allows practitioners to consistently monitor load with missing data as it remains consistent even when a significant portion of the dataset is absent. Adjusting the decreasing parameter allows practitioners to choose the weight given to each daily workload.DiscussionComputation of cumulative workload is not easy due to many factors (weekends, international training sessions, national selections and injuries). Several practical and theoretical drawbacks of the existing indices are discussed in the paper, especially in the context of missing data; the REDI aims to settle some of them. The decreasing parameter may be modified according to the studied sport. Further research should focus on methodology around setting this parameter.ConclusionThe robust and adaptable nature of the REDI is a credible alternative for computing a cumulative workload with decreasing weight over time.