bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis Method of Fe Metal Nanoparticles By Controlling the Metal Complex Condition in an Aqueous Solution and Its Application
Authors: Takahashi Hideyuki , Kijima Yu , Yokoyama Shun 
Published: May 2020

It is well known that the melting point of metal element drastically change with decreasing the diameter of its particle into nano level, by obeying to the equation as follows,
Tnano = Tbulk (1-2s/(DH*R))
Here, Tnano is melting point of nanoparticles. Tbulk is melting point of bulk material, s is surface energy, DH is enthalpy change of melting, and R is radius.
Thus, the development of effective and green synthesis method of Fe nanoparticles means the development of new bonding method of Irons at low temperature, since Fe is most basic materials in resent world.
Fe nanoparticles were synthesized only in acidic solution by using strong reducing reagent, while it cannot be achieved in basic solution since iron hydroxide, which is easily formed in this condition, cannot be reduced into metals. However, former is not suitable for commercial synthesis method because of its intense reducing process. Thus, the reducing rout of Fe species under basic condition should be developed.
Here, until now, we tried to synthesized various metal/alloy nanoparticles, such as Pd20Te7 nanoparticles and uniform Cu-In (CI) alloy nanoparticles, by utilizing the restrict metallic complexes controlling method in an aqueous solution under room temperature. In this method, reduction potential of the metal species can be controlled under the room temperature, consequently metal/alloy nanomaterials with uniform and well crystallized structure can be successfully synthesized.
Therefore, in this study, aqueous phase synthesis method of Fe metal nanoparticles were developed.
To achieve the homogeneous reaction condition, metal complex species in the aqueous phase were restricted into single species by using calculation. Reduction potential of homogenized metal complex were analyzed by using cyclic voltammetry. Fe nanoparticles were synthesized by using chemical reduction method under ambient conditions using metal chlorides as metal sources and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent.
Calculation results indicated that Fe complex can be restricted into one species as the function of pH, complexing reagent species and/also concentration. For example, Fe complex can be restricted into Fe(NTA)2 only, in the case of 8<pH<11.
By using these homogeneous condition, metal Fe nanoparticles were successfully synthesized.
Other results, such as melting and/or bonding condition of synthesized materials, will present in our presentation. This work has been supported by the Grant-in-Aid for challenging Exploratory Research (19K22095).
[1] H. Takahashi et.,al, Applied Catalysis A: General 392 (2011) 80–85
Solution Chemistry of Alkaline Formaldehyde-Containing Electroless Copper Plating Systems and Kinetics of Electroless Copper Deposition
Authors: Norkus Eugenijus , Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė Loreta 
Published: May 2020

Electroless copper plating process using solutions containing formaldehyde as reducing agent is known from the middle of this century and are widespread in the practice up to now. However, the investigation of this system remains actual because of its complexity, e. g. alkaline medium, hydrated form of formaldehyde (methanediol), Cu(II) complex compounds with different ligands, additives which improve the properties of the coatings obtained and/or protect from the reduction of copper(II) in the solution bulk. Moreover, various equilibria are possible including deprotonation of methanediol, Cu(II) complex formation, additional interactions between components of the solution.
The aims and tasksof this work were to investigate or define more precisely equilibria in conventional alkaline solutions of electroless copper deposition as well as influence of the nature of Cu(II) ligands on the copper deposition process. This research report deals with the results obtained by means of dc-polarography, vis-spectrophotometry, voltammetry, potentiometry, pH-metry, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and gravimetry.
The composition, stability and the values of the diffusion coefficient of Cu(II) complex compounds with ligands (EDTA, DTPA, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and 4-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, Quadrol, L(+)-, D(–)- and DL(-/+)-tartrate, glycerol, saccharose and OH- ions) which are used or usable in alkaline electroless copper deposition solutions were established. Formation of mixed complex compounds between Cu(II) complexonates andK4Fe(CN)6, as well as between Cu(II) tartrate complexes and methanediol was investigated. The interaction of methanediol with L(+)-tartrate alongside with the influence of the ionic strength and cation nature on the deprotonation of methanediol in alkaline solutions were studied.
The kinetic data on electroless copper deposition from solutions containing above-mentioned ligands are presented and the influence of the ligand nature on the process of electroless copper deposition is discussed.
Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Organic Pollutants By TiO2 Based Nanostructured Catalysts
Authors: van der Zalm Joshua , Chen Aicheng 
Published: May 2020

Advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) have been explored extensively for their application in waste water treatment and remediation. Their use of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to degrade organic pollutants that make their way into waterways shows promise for the complete removal of toxic materials. The implementation of electrocatalysts and photocatalysts as platforms the production of ROS allows for a green approach to AOPs, as it requires less additives for wastewater treatment and water purification. The use of catalysts for this process can often be economically unviable, as they commonly employ expensive noble-metals. To remedy this, the morphological and electrochemical character of more abundant materials, including metal-oxides such as TiO2, have been modified to increase their photocatalytic and electrocatalytic properties. In this presentation, we report on the development of nanostructured TiO2 catalysts for the photoelectrochemical degradation of atrazine, a common herbicide used in North America.
Nanoporous TiO2 was directly grown on a titanium substrate using an anodization process. Characterization of the TiO2 electrodes was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical treatment of the nanoporous TiO2 was performed to further increase its catalytic activity towards the photoelectrochemical degradation of atrazine. The degradation process was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy, total organic carbon analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effectiveness in the removal of Atrazine and the degradation mechanism will be discussed.
Highlighting the Use of Brush Plating for Plating on Titanium, Nickel Plating, and Metal Matrix Composite Materials
Authors: Thomas Joshua David , Milosevic-Popovich Danijela 
Published: May 2020

Selective or brush plating is an application method for electrodeposition which can be used for coating an array of pure metals, alloys, and composite materials. The ‘brush’ in brush plating describes a porous, non-conductive, flexible material which wraps the anode to keep it separated from the part to be plated. The plating solution is applied by rubbing the anode, covered with the brush material and saturated by the plating solution, against the area to be plated. This is done in lieu of dipping the entire part in a large tank of plating solution. Brush plating has seen its most advantageous use in plating smaller areas of larger parts because the amount of masking used can be reduced, and smaller volumes of solution can be utilized compared to traditional tank plating methods. Brush plating is portable and repair plating can be performed in the field, sometimes without even disassembling equipment. Brush plating is currently used for numerous specialty applications in the fields of aerospace, oil and gas, marine environments, manufacturing, and many others.
The process of brush plating will be presented in terms common to all electroplating processes. The effects of facets particular to brush plating shall be clarified in terms of their contributions to the molecular level and to the properties of the resulting deposit. Applying solution by brushing it onto a part leads to different formulations of the plating solution compared to other plating methods. The application method (brushing) promotes fast solution replenishment at the electrode surface and dissipation of species generated by side reactions at the work surface. The type of brush material used on the anode will affect the type of surface finish or even the structure of the deposited material.
The presentation will include a summary of a brush plating process for depositing nickel pre-plate on titanium with strong adhesion, highlighting advancements made to the plating process for a classic sulfamate nickel plating solution formulation, and evaluating differences in solution composition focusing on particle loading.
M. Rubinstein, Electrochemical Metallizing, Vinmar Press, New York, NY (1987)
D. Vanek, Met. Finish., 108, 25-32 (2010)

Figure 1
Temperature Stability of Interfaces in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Nominally Stable Electrolytes
Authors: Ware Skyler , See Kimberly A 
Published: May 2020

Li-S batteries are a promising alternative to conventional Li-ion batteries as Li-S batteries enable low-cost, lightweight, and high capacity cells. However, the polysulfide shuttle effect and Li reactivity with common organic solvents have limited commercialization of Li-S batteries. Highly concentrated electrolytes known as solvate electrolytes have been shown to limit polysulfide solubility in Li-S cells by reducing the ability of solvent molecules to solvate polysulfides through coordination to Li+.1 The challenges with using solvate electrolytes in electrochemical cells are associated with the high viscosity and low ionic conductivity of solvates. Addition of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) significantly decreases the solvate viscosity with slight improvement in ionic conductivity.1 TTE has been shown to suppress the polysulfide shuttle effect and is suggested to act as a nonsolvent for polysulfides.
Although bulk electrolyte speciation is unchanged when the solvate is exposed to Li metal,2 the reactivity of the solvate electrolyte with and without TTE with Li metal has not been studied in detail. To study the reactivity, we evaluate the behavior of Li-S cells and Li metal at various temperatures in the solvate electrolyte with and without TTE. Increasing the temperature of the solvate electrolyte affects the equilibrium between free and coordinated MeCN and results in increased electrolyte decomposition and anode passivation. We demonstrate here that reactivity between the solvate electrolyte and the Li anode significantly impacts the cyclability and capacity retention in Li-S cells. The results indicate that TTE is necessary to stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interface and mitigate Li reactivity. Introducing a protecting layer onto the Li anode enables moderate cyclability but does not protect against decomposition over time.
1. Energy Environ. Sci.
2014, 7, 2697.
2. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2014, 136, 13, 5039.
Controlling of Dispersion State of Particles in Slurry and Electrochemical Properties of Electrodes
Authors: Kuratani Kentaro , Ishibashi Kaoru , Komoda Yoshiyuki , Hidema Ruri , Suzuki Hiroshi , Kobayashi Hironori 
Published: May 2020

The electrode materials which exhibit high capacity have attracted much attention because the capacity of the materials directly commits to the energy density of LIBs and driving miles of EVs. So that, many researchers devote their efforts to find new electrode materials with high capacity such as lithium excess layered oxide, Ni-rich materials and silicon. Electrode manufacturing process, generally consists of (1) preparing slurry, (2) coating the slurry on current collector, (3) drying, (4) pressing steps, is another important issue to achieve LIBs with high energy density.
Compared with numerous reports described with the electrode material development, however, only the limited numbers of papers related to the electrode construction process have been published [1-5]. To shed light the relationship between the electrode construction process and the battery performance is an essential research for obtaining the best performance from electrode materials and assembled LIB cells.
In the present study, we focused our attention on the slurry preparation step among above-mentioned four steps. The slurry preparation is the first step in the electrode construction process, and we recognize the dispersion state of particles achieved during slurry preparation greatly influences the battery performance.
Three different preparation processes were applied to achieve the different dispersion state of particles in slurries, and thus obtained slurries are characterized by rheological measurement. It is found that dispersion process with highly loaded slurry or under high shear flow reduces elastic moduli and that their combination achieved the most dispersed state of the particles among the slurries investigated. X-ray computed tomography unveiled that the electrodes manufactured from these slurries contain the aggregates and the size of aggregates in the electrodes was reduced with the decrease in elastic moduli of slurry. At the discharge current density of 10 mA g–1, these electrodes exhibited 140 mAh g–1 of discharge capacities. At 1000 mA g–1, the electrode prepared from highly loaded slurry maintained 80% of the capacity that obtained at the current density of 10 mA g–1. The capacity of the electrode prepared from the slurry under highly loaded and high shear flow, on the other hand, dropped below 10%, indicated that the electrode from the most dispersed slurry has the worst rate performance.
[Ref.]
1) K. M. Kim et al., J. Power Sources, 83, 108 (1999).
2) E. Ligneel et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, A235 (2007).
3) G.-W. Lee et al., J. Power Sources, 195, 6049 (2010).
4) B. Bitsch et al., J. Power Sources, 265, 81 (2014).
5) S. Lim et al., J. Power Sources, 299, 221 (2015).
A Novel Three-Dimensional High Density Vertical Rram Arrays with Reduced Leakage Current
Authors: Wu Min-Ci , Ting Yi-Hsin , Chen Jui-Yuan , Wu Wen-Wei 
Published: May 2020

NAND flash is the most widely used non-volatile memories due to its low cost and rewritable properties. However, some problems exist in NAND flash that need to be solved, such as low writing and reading speed, high operating voltage, and relatively large cell dimensions. Next generation memories, especially resistive random access memory (RRAM) could improve these problems. The technologies of 3D vertical architecture have made a major breakthrough in establishing high-density memory structures. Combined with an array structure, a 3D high density vertical resistive random access memory (VRRAM) cross-point arrays are able to efficiently increase the device density in vertical direction.
In this work, a novel 3D VRRAM arrays which contains two VRRAM cells (Pt/ ZnO/ Al and Pt/ ZnO/ Ti) and one normal layered RRAM (Al/ Al2O3/ Ti) at each cross point were constructed. The Al2O3 based device could operate under a lower compliance current, where contained higher resistance than ZnO based cells. With the controlling of compliance current, the leakage current between VRRAM cells and Al/ Al2O3/ Ti cell could be effectively reduced, therefore, the neighboring cells could be operated independently. We demonstrated the introducing of VRRAM structure could achieve high density advantage in vertical direction, and the adjacent cells in 3D vertical structure could be operated independently with scarcely leakage current. The shrinkage of leakage current enhance the stability of devices and increase the feasibility of high density VRRAM structure applications.

Figure 1
(Invited) Controlling the Ordering of Na+ and Vacancy By Ti-Doping in P2-Na0.67Co1-XTixO2 for High Energy and Power Density Cathode Materials in Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kang Seok Mun , Park Jae-Hyuk , Jung Young Hwa , Mun Junyoung , Sung Yung-Eun 
Published: May 2020

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) for large power sources having kWh or MWh scale of energy are highly interesting alternatives for lithium-ion batteries because of abundant sodium resources in the earth and high chemical similarity between Li and Na ions. However, due to the high atomic weight of Na+ and the low working potential of NIBs, the energy and power densities of NIBs are also required to be improved for wide applications. Despite the similar chemical behavior of Na ions in the rechargeable batteries, the high performance of the active material in NIBs is an essential research- topic for the realization of NIBs. Especially, Na ion having a larger diameter than Li-ion in the P2 type layered structure has a distinct Na+/vacancy ordering behavior presenting multiple voltage plateaus during sodium ion insertion and extraction in the electrochemical cycling. This different behavior from lithium-ion batteries makes the sodium ion diffusion complex in the solid matrix due to the pass-through of various stable Na+/vacancy arrangements.
This presentation covers an improvement in the electrochemical performance of the cathode material, Na0.67Co1-xTixO2 having P2 type crystalline structure by using various amounts of Ti doping to control Na/vacancy ordering for mitigating the Na ion diffusion in the solid matrix as well as for extending the de-sodiation range to 4.4 & 4.5 V vs. Na/Na+. The proposed material having Ti doping presents a highly relieved an electrochemical Na+/vacancy ordering behavior from the that of Na0.67Co1-xO2 having a severe capacity loss at high potential because of irreversible phase transitions. In particular, 10 % Ti-doping in the Co content highly advances the cycleability by showing 115 mAh g-1 at the 100th cycle, as well as the rate capability by reaching 108 mAh g-1 at a current density of 1000 mA g-1. The detail diffusion kinetics and phase behaviors from the prepared materials are investigated by a systematic analysis combination comprising TEM, in-situ XRD, and electrochemical methods.
Stabilizing Polymer-Based Solid-State Electrolytes with 4 V Class Cathodes: From Interface Modification to Electrode Designs
Authors: Liang Jianneng , Yang Xiaofei , Sun Andy Xueliang 
Published: May 2020

Developing safe solid-state lithium batteries with high-energy-density is important for the application in electric vehicles (EVs). Nowadays, solid-state batteries (SSBs) with polymer-based solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is one of the most promising candidates for the application in EVs. However, SSEs based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and lithium salt complex delivers poor electrochemical performance in 4 V class high-energy-density cathodes such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). This is because PEO has low electrochemical oxidation window which is lower than 3.8 V vs.Li/Li+.[1] This abstract mainly focus on developing several strategies for stabilizing polymer-based SSEs with 4 V class cathodes including interface modification to electrode designs.
Firstly, inspired by previous reports that coating can enhance the cycling performance of SSBs with polymer-based SSE,[2] we applied atomic layer deposition (ALD), a versatile chemical deposition technique which is capable to deposit uniform thin film with controllable thickness at low temperature,[3] for coating cathode to stabilize the polymer-based SSE/4 V class cathode interface under high voltage charge/discharge processes. The coating effect on conductive carbon, active materials, and electrode surface was studied and compared. It is found that carbon is detrimental for the decomposition of polymer-based SSE and the protection of SSE/carbon interface can effectively enhance the performance of 4 V class solid polymer batteries.[4]

Secondly, the electrode design is critical for high performance high-energy-density solid polymer batteries. Using freeze-drying method, we had prepared a high-areal-loading cathode for solid polymer batteries with excellent electrochemical performance. This is because the vertically aligned porous electrode can facilitate the Li+ ion transport within the thick electrode.[5] Also, the binder effect in 4 V class solid polymer batteries is carefully studied. Various binders including PEO, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) etc. were applied in 4 V class solid polymer batteries. And the mechanism had been studied by synchrotron X-ray absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.[6]

References

[1] Y. Xia, T. Sakai et al., J. Power Sources, 2001, 92, 234-243
[2] H. Miyashiro, M. Wakihara et al., Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 23, 5603-5605; S. Seki, T Iwahori et al., Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 8, 2041-2045; Q. Yang, L. Chen et al., J. Power Source, 2018, 388, 65-70.
[3] Y. Zhao, K. Zheng, X. Sun, Joule 2018, 2, 1-22; Y. Zhao, X. Sun, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 899−914; J. Liu and X. Sun, Nanotechnology 2015, 26, 024001;
[4] J. Liang, X. Sun et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, submitted; J. Liang, X. Sun et al., 2019, to be submitted;
[5] X. Yang, J. Liang, X. Sun et al., Nano Energy, 2019, 61, 567-575568;
[6] J. Liang, X. Sun et al., 2019, to be submitted
A Mechanistic Understanding of Lithium Ion Transport in Ternary Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
Authors: Wettstein Alina , Diddens Diddo , Heuer Andreas 
Published: May 2020

With regard to methodologically enhancing the electrolyte functionality, and hence the ionic conductivity as a crucial indicator, a profound understanding of the correlated ion motion is essential. For binary ionic liquid systems it has been shown that the motional coupling between ions is determined to a large extent by the conservation of momentum, concurring with simple theoretical relations for transference numbers that serve as a guideline for optimizing the electrolyte [1,2]. Inspired by this work, we perform Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to unravel the complex, and rather counterintuitive, interplay of dynamical electrostatic correlations in a ternary ionic liquid - lithium salt mixture, which contribute to the overall conductivity. Considering the environmental sustainability of the electrolyte mixture in the battery context as main scope of application, we choose three anions with reduced toxic fluorine content for this study (bis(trifluormethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), trifluormethanesulfonyl-N-cyanoamide (TFSAM) and dicyanamide (DCA)) and study the influence of anion structure on transport behavior. From systematic analysis of the distance- and time-dependent correlational quantities we try to identify key parameters that quantify the microscopic transport properties and hence might serve as a constructive optimization concept.
[1] H. Kashyap et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2011, 115 (45), pp 13212–13221
[2] D. Diddens, V. Lesch and A. Heuer, Correlated Motion in Ionic Liquids. To be submitted., 2019