bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inclusion of trophic interactions increases the vulnerability of an alpine butterfly species to climate change
Authors: Filazzola Alessandro , Matter Stephen F. , Roland Jens 
Published: March 2020

AbstractClimate change is expected to have significant and complex impacts on ecological communities. In addition to direct effects of climate on species, there can also be indirect effects through an intermediary species, such as in host–plant interactions. Indirect effects are expected to be more pronounced in alpine environments because these ecosystems are sensitive to temperature changes and there are limited areas for migration of both species (i.e. closed systems), and because of simpler trophic interactions. We tested the hypothesis that climate change will reduce the range of an alpine butterfly (Parnassius smintheus) because of indirect effects through its host plant (Sedumsp.). To test for direct and indirect effects, we used the simulations of climate change to assess the distribution ofP. smintheuswith and withoutSedumsp. We also compared the projected ranges ofP. smintheusto four other butterfly species that are found in the alpine, but that are generalists feeding on many plant genera. We found thatP. smintheusgained distributional area in climate‐only models, but these gains were significantly reduced with the inclusion ofSedumsp. and in dry‐climate scenarios which resulted in a reduction in net area. When compared to the more generalist butterfly species,P. smintheusexhibited the largest loss in suitable habitat. Our findings support the importance of including indirect effects in modelling species distributions in response to climate change. We highlight the potentially large and still neglected impacts climate change can have on the trophic structure of communities, which can lead to significant losses of biodiversity. In the future, communities will continue to favour species that are generalists as climate change induces asynchronies in the migration of species.
Rheology evolution of a geopolymer precursor aqueous suspension during aging
Authors: Dusserre Gilles , Farrugia Anaïs , Cutard Thierry 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGeopolymer‐based glass‐ceramic matrix composites can be processed at room temperature and a heat treatment below 100°C leads to matrix hardening thanks to the geopolymerization mechanisms. The stabilization of the matrix into glass‐ceramics is achieved via a post‐curing at high temperature. This paves the way of the utilization of cost‐effective liquid composite molding processes, for which all the necessary equipment is already available for processing temperature ranges related to polymer matrix composites, provided that the rheological behavior of the precursor is suitable to conveniently permeate the fibrous preform. The paper describes the thixotropic rheological behavior of a reference suspension at processing temperature (10°C‐20°C) and its evolution along aging at −18°C. The changes are interpreted in terms of geopolymerization mechanisms (dissolution and polycondensation) and suspension rheology (predominance of hydrodynamic effects at high shear rate). On this basis, a phenomenological modeling framework, combining two Krieger‐Dougherty equations, is proposed to build a relationship between the effective viscosity of the suspension and the phenomena involved during aging (dissolution of aluminosilicate particles) and shearing (microstructure scalar variable).
Dynamic effects of post‐harvest preservation on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities in sweet corn kernels
Authors: Xiang Nan , Wen Tianxiang , Yu Binglin , Li Gaoke , Li Chunyan , Li Wu , Lu Wenjia , Hu Jianguang , Guo Xinbo 
Published: March 2020

SummaryIn order to investigate the effects of thermal processing and preservation on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of sweet corn kernels, 100 °C, 115 °C and 121 °C were operated as processed conditions and‐20 °C was provided for 6 months storage in this study. Results showed that phenolics, vitamin E content and antioxidant activity in sweet corn kernels raised after thermal processing. Three months preservation slightly declined phenolics and vitamin E content. Thermal processing in favor of the retentions of vitamin E and carotenoids. Principle component analyses and correlation analyses were operated to identify the roles of detected compounds. The study figured out the phytochemical profiles of sweet corn kernels during preservation and elaborated the effect of thermal processing, which could be a guidance for the procession and preservation of post‐harvest fresh kernels.
Respiratory microbiome and epithelial interactions shape immunity in the lungs
Authors: Invernizzi Rachele , Lloyd Clare M. , Molyneaux Philip L. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe airway epithelium represents a physical barrier to the external environment acting as the first line of defence against potentially harmful environmental stimuli including microbes and allergens. However, lung epithelial cells are increasingly recognized as active effectors of microbial defence, contributing to both innate and adaptive immune function in the lower respiratory tract. These cells express an ample repertoire of pattern recognition receptors with specificity for conserved microbial and host motifs. Modern molecular techniques have uncovered the complexity of the lower respiratory tract microbiome. The interaction between the microbiota and the airway epithelium is key to understanding how stable immune homeostasis is maintained. Loss of epithelial integrity following exposure to infection can result in the onset of inflammation in susceptible individuals and may culminate in lung disease. Here we discuss the current knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the pulmonary epithelium interacts with the lung microbiome in shaping immunity in the lung. Specifically, we focus on the interactions between the lung microbiome and the cells of the conducting airways in modulating immune cell regulation, and how defects in barrier structure and function may culminate in lung disease. Understanding these interactions is fundamental in the search for more effective therapies for respiratory diseases.
Promoting case indexing in case library learning: Effects of indexing prompts on self‐explanation and problem solving
Authors: Park Jongchan , Park Chaeyeon , Jung Hyojung , Kim Dongsik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn case library learning, an instructional method that promotes case‐based problem solving, learners often struggle with indexing cases. Poor case indexing may hamper retention and retrieval of cases, hindering the construction of mental libraries in learners. To address this issue, the authors developed two indexing prompt types, explanation‐based and difference‐based, and explored their effects on self‐explanation and problem solving in case libraries. A total of 105 students across three sections of a career development course participated in the study. Each section was assigned to one of three conditions: explanation‐based indexing, difference‐based indexing and no indexing prompt. Both indexing prompts facilitated self‐explanation, which elaborated corresponding aspects of cases on which the prompts mainly focused. In arguing for a solution, learners relied more heavily on domain knowledge regardless of prompt types. However, both indexing prompt groups outperformed the control group in rebuttals. The authors discussed the theoretical and practical implications of the study.
Sex differences in foetal origins of child emotional symptoms: a test of evolutionary hypotheses in a large, general population cohort
Authors: Braithwaite Elizabeth C. , Pickles Andrew , Wright Nicola , Sharp Helen , Hill Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundBased on previous findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS), and on evolutionary hypotheses, we preregistered analyses of data from a large epidemiological sample (https://osf.io/fn5g9/register/564d31db8c5e4a7c9694b2be), to test for sex‐dependent moderation by prenatal maternal depressive symptoms of the association between postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and child emotional problems.MethodsA total of 8,354 mothers and children were followed from pregnancy to 3.5 years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Self‐report measures of prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal report of child emotional symptoms were administered.ResultsThere was a three‐way interaction between maternal prenatal and postnatal depression, and child sex (Coeff .042 95% CI 0.015 to 0.068, p = .002). This arose from moderation by prenatal depression, in opposite directions in boys and in girls. In boys, the association between postnatal depression and child emotional symptoms was weaker following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = .030, p = .001), and in girls, to a lesser extent, the association was stronger following lower prenatal depressive symptoms (interaction term coeff = −.012, p = .221).ConclusionsWe replicated the finding from the WCHADS that prenatal depression modifies the association between postnatal depression and children's emotional problems in a sex‐dependent fashion. In ALSPAC, the sex difference was explained mainly by a protective effect of low prenatal depression in boys, while in WCHADS, it arose from greater vulnerability of girls to postnatal depression following low prenatal depression. In the light of these findings, in evaluating and implementing early interventions, there is need to consider that risks associated with postnatal depression may vary depending on maternal mood during pregnancy and may differ between boys and girls.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for bath infection by Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: Avendaño‐Herrera Ruben , Benavides Isabella , Espina Jaime A. , Soto‐Comte Daniela , Poblete‐Morales Matías , Valdés Juan A. , Feijóo Carmen G. , Reyes Ariel E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFlavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold‐water disease and rainbow trout syndrome in freshwater salmonid fish worldwide, generating injuries and high mortality rates. Despite several studies on this bacterium, the infection mechanism remains unknown due to limitations in the employed animal models. In this work, we propose using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for studying bacterial pathogenicity. To substantiate this proposal, zebrafish infection by F. psychrophilum strain JIP 02/86 was characterized. Zebrafish larvae were infected using the bath method, and morphological changes and innate immune system activation were monitored using transgenic fish. Salmonid‐like infection phenotypes were observed in 4.74% of treated larvae, as manifested by fin, muscle and caudal peduncle damage. Symptomatic and dead larvae accounted for 1.35% of all challenged larvae. Interestingly, infected larvae with no infection phenotypes showed stronger innate immune system activation than specimens with phenotypes. A failure of function assay for myeloid factor pu.1 resulted in more infected larvae (up to 43.5%), suggesting that low infection rates by F. psychrophilum would be due to the protective actions of the innate immune system against this bacterium in zebrafish larvae. Our results support the use of zebrafish as an infection model for studying F. psychrophilum. Furthermore, the percentage of infected fish can be modulated by disturbing, to varying extents, the differentiation of myeloid cells. Using this evidence as a starting point, different aspects of the infection mechanism of F. psychrophilum could be studied in vivo.
Relationships Between Profiles of Physical Activity and Major Mobility Disability in the LIFE Study
Authors: Fanning Jason , Rejeski W. Jack , Chen Shyh‐Huei , Guralnik Jack , Pahor Marco , Miller Michael E. 
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVESTo examine the relationship between time spent in light physical activity (LPA) and in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and the pattern of accumulation on the risk for major mobility disability (MMD) in a large multicenter study of physical activity (PA) and aging, the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study.DESIGNData were collected from individuals randomized to a PA intervention as part of the LIFE study, an eight‐center single‐blind randomized clinical trial conducted between February 2010 and December 2013.SETTINGLifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders StudyPARTICIPANTSOlder adult participants (78.4 years; N = 507) at risk for MMD.INTERVENTIONAll older adults included in these analyses were randomized to a structured PA intervention that included two center‐based plus three to four home‐based exercise sessions per week with a primary goal of walking for 150 minutes weekly. Participants attended the intervention for 2.5 years on average.MEASUREMENTSMMD was defined as the inability to complete a 400‐m walk within 15 minutes and without assistance. Physical function was assessed via the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Actigraph accelerometers were used to quantify amount and variability in LPA and MVPA.RESULTSIn an adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression, we identified a significant interaction (P = .017) between SPPB score and LPA amount and variability such that more LPA was associated with a reduced risk for MMD among those with higher initial function, as was lower variability (eg, via distributing LPA across the day). The SPPB × MVPA interaction was significant (P = .04), such that more MVPA was associated with lower MMD risk among those with lower function. Finally, greater MVPA variability was associated with lower risk for MMD.CONCLUSIONA prescription of PA for older adults should account for key factors such as physical function and emphasize both amount and pattern of accumulation of PA from across the intensity continuum. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1476‐1483, 2020.
The impact of multicomponent programmes on balance and fall reduction in adults with intellectual disabilities: a randomised trial
Authors: Kovačič T. , Kovačič M. , Ovsenik R. , Zurc J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundOne challenge a modern society faces is this: providing those vulnerable and ageing groups of adults who have intellectual disabilities with appropriate support for improving static and dynamic balance. Balance is a crucial component of physical fitness and, consequently, of fall reduction and prevention. The aim of the present randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the efficacy, after 16 weeks, that three different Special Olympics physical activity programmes had on balance and on fall reduction in adults with intellectual disabilities.MethodA convenience sample of 150 persons with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities was recruited from the accessible Special Olympics Slovenia population of physically inactive adults with intellectual disabilities. The sample was randomised to the experimental group 1 (multicomponent balance‐specific exercise programme group with additional workshops on such social gerontology topics as active and healthy ageing;N = 50), the experimental group 2 (multicomponent wellness programme group;N = 50) and a control group (regular Special Olympics athletic training;N = 50).ResultsSignificant differences were found between groups in the balance scores throughout the study period and in the ability to decrease fall frequency.ConclusionsBalance assessment is a high predictor of frequency of falls, and among adults with intellectual disabilities, it significantly correlates with exercise. The results indicate that a multicomponent balance‐specific exercise programme with a significant sociogerontological component on active ageing could be a useful intervention for intellectually disabled adults who have poor balance and who experience frequent falls.
Role of dynein–dynactin complex, kinesins, motor adaptors, and their phosphorylation in dendritogenesis
Authors: Tempes Aleksandra , Weslawski Jan , Brzozowska Agnieszka , Jaworski Jacek 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOne of the characteristic features of different classes of neurons that is vital for their proper functioning within neuronal networks is the shape of their dendritic arbors. To properly develop dendritic trees, neurons need to accurately control the intracellular transport of various cellular cargo (e.g., mRNA, proteins, and organelles). Microtubules and motor proteins (e.g., dynein and kinesins) that move along microtubule tracks play an essential role in cargo sorting and transport to the most distal ends of neurons. Equally important are motor adaptors, which may affect motor activity and specify cargo that is transported by the motor. Such transport undergoes very dynamic fine‐tuning in response to changes in the extracellular environment and synaptic transmission. Such regulation is achieved by the phosphorylation of motors, motor adaptors, and cargo, among other mechanisms. This review focuses on the contribution of the dynein–dynactin complex, kinesins, their adaptors, and the phosphorylation of these proteins in the formation of dendritic trees by maturing neurons. We primarily review the effects of the motor activity of these proteins in dendrites on dendritogenesis. We also discuss less anticipated mechanisms that contribute to dendrite growth, such as dynein‐driven axonal transport and non‐motor functions of kinesins.image
Tattoo removal “the artistic state of the art.” Tattoo on forehead, nose, and chin: Successful removal with modified R20 technique using low‐fluence Q‐switched Nd YAG laser: A case report
Authors: Elghblawi Ebtisam 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundTattooing is an ancient practice that has been performed all over the world which is used to beautify the skin and augment beauty. Regrettable tattoos are treated with Q switch lasers, in many sessions, and the effectiveness is doubtful.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to demonstrate how a unique protocol of R20 Q switch Nd YAG laser, can be employed successfully in removing long standing facial tattoos, in skin type IV, in an effective disciplined timing and cost wise modalities. The adopted method was a‐4 single passes, with 20 minutes gap respectively.Methods and ResultsA lady received the conventional Q switch laser at one session, with no noticeable results. On the other session, she received the R20 method, and an immediate whitening reaction was observed. No adverse reactions were noted.ConclusionThe R20 Q technique is very effective tool in a single treatment session than the conventional multiple laser sessions, in tattoo removal, and I would invite other dermatologists utilize it in their clinical setting. This method does not need any newer laser technology, clears the tattoo fast, and cuts down unnecessary treatment duration and cost.
Phylogenetic analyses confirm polyphyly of the genus Campanula (Campanulaceae s. str.), leading to a proposal for generic reappraisal
Authors: Xu Chao , Hong De‐Yuan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrevious phylogenetic analyses found that the largest genus in the tribe Campanuleae, Campanula L. is polyphyletic. The genus is extremely intermingled, involving more than 50 genera, but no generic reappraisal has been attempted. For undertaking further phylogenetic analyses and subsequent generic reappraisal of the tribe, we sampled 333 samples, representing 27 of 28 genera currently recognized. Among them, 146 samples and two genera, Cylindrocarpa Regel and Sergia Fed., were newly sequenced. Six chloroplast DNA loci (atpB‐rbcL, matK, petD‐intron, rbcL, rpl16, and trnL‐F) and internal transcribed spacer were used to undertake phylogenetic analyses. Our chloroplast DNA phylogeny comprises 24 clades, that is, 18 Cam clades and six genera, Feeria Buser, Homocodon D. Y. Hong, Jasione L., Peracarpa Hook. f. & Thomson, Trachelium L., and Favratia Feer. Campanula species are scattered among the 18 Cam clades and the six genera, and some of them join with well‐established genera like Phyteuma L. and Adenophora Fisch. In the phylogeny Musschia Dumort. is at the basal position, but Jasione's position is unclear, whether in the tribe Campanuleae or in Wahlenbergieae; the other 22 lineages are grouped into two major clades: clade A comprising Cam 13–17 plus Feeria and Trachelium, and clade B comprising Cam 02, 03, 04‐1, 04‐2, and 06‐12 plus Homocodon and Peracarpa. We found that the molecular phylogeny is closely correlated with morphology, particularly pollen morphology: clade A with pollen 3‐porate and capsule dehiscent mostly by basal pores; and clade B with pollen mostly 4 (5–15)‐porate and capsule dehiscent mostly by apical‐middle pores. A generic reappraisal of the tribe is suggested based on the integrated phylogenetic analyses.
Extraterritorial human rights obligations to “civilize” intellectual property law: Access to textbooks in Africa, copyright, and the right to education
Authors: Beiter Klaus D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrinted textbooks remain crucial for education, particularly in developing countries. However, in many of these countries, textbooks are unavailable, too expensive, or not accessible in local languages. Cheaply (translating and) reproducing textbooks would be a strategy. However, reprography is highly regulated under copyright law. Copyright also adds to the cost of textbooks. The availability, accessibility, and acceptability of learning materials constitute elements of the right to education under international human rights law (IHRL). Extraterritorial state obligations (ETOs) under IHRL—obligations of states, in appropriate circumstances, to observe the human rights of those beyond their borders—could assume a key function in “civilizing” intellectual property (IP) law. This Article demonstrates the significance of ETOs for IP law by focusing on the issue of how ETOs under the right to education of IHRL prescribe requirements that international copyright law must comply with to facilitate access to textbooks in schools and universities. Drawing on the expert Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 2011, and applying the well‐known typology of state obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights, the ETOs concept is introduced and 20 typical ETOs relevant in this context are identified. The discussion relates to the situation in developing countries more generally, focuses, however, on Africa.