bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational weight loss interventions in obese and overweight adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Maula A. , Kai J. , Woolley A. K. , Weng S. , Dhalwani N. , Griffiths F. E. , Khunti K. , Kendrick D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimThe worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing, with most individuals with the disease being overweight or obese. Weight loss can reduce disease‐related morbidity and mortality and weight losses of 10–15 kg have been shown to reverse type 2 diabetes. This review aimed to determine the effectiveness of community‐based educational interventions for weight loss in type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis is a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) in obese or overweight adults, aged 18–75 years, with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Primary outcomes were weight and/or BMI. CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched from inception to June 2019. Trials were classified into specified a priori comparisons according to intervention type. A pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) (from baseline to follow‐up) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) between trial groups (difference‐in‐difference) were estimated through random‐effects meta‐analyses using the inverse variance method. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2 and publication bias was explored visually using funnel plots.ResultsSome 7383 records were screened; 228 full‐text articles were assessed and 49 RCTs (n = 12 461 participants) were included in this review, with 44 being suitable for inclusion into the meta‐analysis. Pooled estimates of education combined with low‐calorie, low‐carbohydrate meal replacements (SMD = –2.48, 95% CI –3.59, –1.49, I2 = 98%) or diets (SMD = –1.25, 95% CI –2.11, –0.39, I2 = 95%) or low‐fat meal replacements (SMD = –1.15, 95%CI –2.05, –1.09, I2 = 85%) appeared most effective.ConclusionLow‐calorie, low‐carbohydrate meal replacements or diets combined with education appear the most promising interventions to achieve the largest weight and BMI reductions in people with type 2 diabetes.
Predator demographics and dispersal in alfalfa trap‐cropped strawberry
Authors: Hagler James R. , Nieto Diego J. , Machtley Scott A. , Swezey Sean L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), is a highly preferred host plant of Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae). As such, intercropping alfalfa trap‐crops in strawberry production can serve as a sink for both Lygus (primarily Lygus hesperus Knight) and its natural enemies. Here we investigated the population dynamics and dispersal characteristics of the generalist predator complex in strawberry fields with alfalfa trap‐crops spaced 50 rows (62 m) apart. Predator abundance was determined by counting six focal taxa collected from strawberry and alfalfa. The data revealed that Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were the numerically dominant predator taxa, comprising 84% of the focal predator population. In general, the population densities obtained for the various taxa throughout this agroecosystem were unexpectedly uniform. Predator movement from a central alfalfa trap‐crop row was determined using a protein mark–capture procedure. Most protein‐marked predator specimens were collected less than 2 m from the centrally marked alfalfa row, indicating that the trap‐crop often produces a predator sink. Results suggest that alfalfa is a useful cultural (trap‐cropping) and a biological (refuge for natural enemies) control tactic for managing Lygus spp. in strawberries.
Structural insights into substrate recognition and catalysis by glycoside hydrolase family 87 α‐1,3‐glucanase from Paenibacillus glycanilyticus FH11
Authors: Itoh Takafumi , Intuy Rattanaporn , Suyotha Wasana , Hayashi Junji , Yano Shigekazu , Makabe Koki , Wakayama Mamoru , Hibi Takao 
Published: December 2019

The α‐1,3‐glucanase from Paenibacillus glycanilyticus FH11 (Agl‐FH1), a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 87 (GH87), hydrolyzes α‐1,3‐glucan with an endo‐action. GH87 enzymes are known to degrade dental plaque produced by oral pathogenic Streptococcus species. In this study, the kinetic analyses revealed that this enzyme hydrolyzed α‐1,3‐tetraglucan into glucose and α‐1,3‐triglucan with β‐configuration at the reducing end by an inverting mechanism. The crystal structures of the catalytic domain (CatAgl‐FH1) complexed with or without oligosaccharides at 1.4–2.5 or 1.6 Å resolutions, respectively, are also presented. The initial crystal structure of CatAgl‐FH1 was determined by native single‐wavelength anomalous diffraction. The catalytic domain was composed of two modules, a β‐sandwich fold module, and a right‐handed β‐helix fold module. The structure of the β‐sandwich was similar to those of the carbohydrate‐binding module family 35 members. The glycerol or nigerose enzyme complex structures demonstrated that this β‐sandwich fold module is a novel carbohydrate‐binding module with the capabilities to bind saccharides and to promote the degradation of polysaccharides. The structures of the inactive mutant in complexes with oligosaccharide showed that at least eight subsites for glucose binding were located in the active cleft of the β‐helix fold and the architecture of the active cleft was suitable for the recognition and hydrolysis of α‐1,3‐glucan by the inverting mechanism. The structural similarity to GH28 and GH49 enzymes and the results of site‐directed mutagenesis indicated that three Asp residues, Asp1045, Asp1068, and Asp1069, are the most likely candidates for the catalytic residues of Agl‐FH1.DatabaseStructural data are available in RCSB Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 6K0M (CatAgl‐FH1), 6K0N (WT/nigerose), 6K0P (D1045A/nigerose), 6K0Q (D1068A/nigerose), 6K0S (D1069A/ nigerose), 6K0U (D1068A/oligo), and 6K0V (D1069A/oligo).EnzymesAgl‐FH1, α‐1,3‐glucanase (EC3.2.1.59) from Paenibacillus glycanilyticus FH11.
Impacts of climate change on the global potential distribution of two notorious invasive crayfishes
Authors: Zhang Zhixin , Capinha César , Usio Nisikawa , Weterings Robbie , Liu Xuan , Li Yiming , Landeria José M. , Zhou Qiang , Yokota Masashi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Invasive alien species and climate change are two of the most serious global environmental threats. In particular, it is of great interest to understand how changing climates could impact the distribution of invaders that pose serious threats to ecosystems and human activities.

In this study, we developed ensemble species distribution models for predicting the current and future global distribution of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, two of the most highly problematic invaders of freshwater ecosystems worldwide. We collected occurrence records of the species, from native and alien established ranges worldwide. These records in combination with averaged observations of current climatic conditions were used to calibrate a set of 10 distinct correlative models for estimating the climatic niche of each species. We next projected the estimated niches into the geographical space for the current climate conditions and for the 2050s and 2070s under representative concentration pathway 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios.

Our species distribution models had high predictive abilities and suggest that annual mean temperature is the main driver of the distribution of both species. Model predictions indicated that the two crayfish species have not fully occupied their suitable climates and will respond differently to future climate scenarios in different geographic regions. Suitable climate for P. leniusculus was predicted to shift poleward and to increase in extent in North America and Europe but decrease in Asia. Regions with suitable climate for P. clarkii are predicted to widen in Europe but contract in North America and Asia.

This study highlights that invasive species with different thermal preference are likely to respond differently to future climate changes. Our results provide important information for policy makers to design and implement anticipated measures for the prevention and control of these two problematic species.
Magnesium isotope fractionation during microbially enhanced forsterite dissolution
Authors: Brewer Aaron , Harrold Zoe , Chang Elliot , Gorman‐Lewis Drew , Teng Fang‐Zhen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBacillus subtilis endospore‐mediated forsterite dissolution experiments were performed to assess the effects of cell surface reactivity on Mg isotope fractionation during chemical weathering. Endospores present a unique opportunity to study the isolated impact of cell surface reactivity because they exhibit extremely low metabolic activity. In abiotic control assays, 24Mg was preferentially released into solution during forsterite dissolution, producing an isotopically light liquid phase (δ26Mg = −0.39 ± 0.06 to −0.26 ± 0.09‰) relative to the initial mineral composition (δ26Mg = −0.24 ± 0.03‰). The presence of endospores did not have an apparent effect on Mg isotope fractionation associated with the release of Mg from the solid into the aqueous phase. However, the endospore surfaces preferentially adsorbed 24Mg from the dissolution products, which resulted in relatively heavy aqueous Mg isotope compositions. These aqueous Mg isotope compositions increased proportional to the fraction of dissolved Mg that was adsorbed, with the highest measured δ26Mg (−0.08 ± 0.07‰) corresponding to the highest degree of adsorption (~76%). The Mg isotope composition of the adsorbed fraction was correspondingly light, at an average δ26Mg of −0.49‰. Secondary mineral precipitation and Mg adsorption onto secondary minerals had a minimal effect on Mg isotopes at these experimental conditions. Results demonstrate the isolated effects of cell surface reactivity on Mg isotope fractionation separate from other common biological processes, such as metabolism and organic acid production. With further study, Mg isotopes could be used to elucidate the role of the biosphere on Mg cycling in the environment.
Advantage of liver stiffness measurement before and after direct‐acting antiviral therapy to predict hepatocellular carcinoma and exacerbation of esophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Ogasawara Nobuhiko , Saitoh Satoshi , Akuta Norio , Sezaki Hitomi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Fujiyama Shunichiro , Kawamura Yusuke , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: December 2019

AimThe risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) persisted in patients with advanced fibrosis, even after achieving sustained virologic response (SVR). This study aimed to show the advantage of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) at baseline and after SVR to predict HCC occurrence and esophageal varices (EV) exacerbation.MethodsThese risks were evaluated in 398 chronic hepatitis C patients without a history of HCC who achieved SVR after direct‐acting antiviral agent and evaluated LSM at least twice during follow up. We defined liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis as LSM of ≥12 kPa and <12 kPa, respectively.ResultsLSM was significantly correlated with serum fibrosis markers, such as Fib‐4 index and Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive Mac‐2 binding protein, at baseline and SVR at 24 weeks after treatment (SVR24). Five patients received preventive treatment of EV, but no EV bleeding occurred after SVR, and their LSM at baseline and SVR24 was significantly higher than that of other cirrhosis patients. The annual rate of HCC during the first 4 years was 1.5%. LSM in HCC patients tended to decrease after direct‐acting antiviral agent therapies, but significantly higher than that of cirrhosis patients without HCC before and after treatment. Multivariate analysis identified LSM and alpha‐fetoprotein at baseline and LSM at SVR24 as significant independent predictors of HCC.ConclusionsEvaluating LSM not only at baseline, but also SVR24, was found to be useful for the detection of advanced fibrosis patients at high risk of HCC occurrence and EV exacerbation. We recommend focused surveillance of HCC and EV for these patients.
Youth, Mobility, and the Emotional Burdens of youxue (Travel and Study): A Case Study of Chinese Students in Italy
Authors: Lan Shanshan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBased on fieldwork in China and Italy, this article examines the affective dimension of middle‐class Chinese students’ youxue (travel and study) practices in Italy. With the liberalization of state policy in China’s self‐funded study abroad market and the proliferation of educational intermediaries, youxue has become a special type of educational consumption that caters to the middle‐class Chinese family’s desire for transnational mobility and cosmopolitan life styles. The blurring of the line between travel and study points to the open‐ended and multi‐linear nature of transnational student mobility. However, due to the limitations and pitfalls in international education policies in both the sending and the receiving countries, Chinese students’ youxue experiences in Italy are marked by notable contradictions between mobility and immobility, hopes and frustrations, self‐appreciation and self‐reproach.
Molar incisor hypomineralisation and dental anomalies: A random or real association?
Authors: Walshaw Emma Grace , Noble Fiona , Conville Robert , Anne Lawson Jennifer , Hasmun Noren , Rodd Helen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundClinical observations suggest molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) may present with other dental conditions.AimsThe study aimed to determine the prevalence and variety of dental anomalies in children presenting with MIH.DesignA convenience sample of children referred to a UK dental hospital was recruited. Orthopantogram radiographs, taken as part of routine care, were assessed for dental anomalies. Two calibrated examiners reviewed the films separately and determined the presence and character of anomalies.ResultsRadiographs were obtained from 101 patients, with an age range of 6‐15 years. Co‐existing hypodontia was identified in 12%, with lower second premolars being the most commonly missing teeth. Concurrent ectopic first permanent molars were identified in 8%, and infraocclusion of one or more primary molars was identified in 9%. Abnormal morphology was found in 9%, including macrodont and microdont teeth. In total, 29% of patients had an associated dental anomaly. Examiners had perfect agreement using Cohen's kappa coefficient.ConclusionThis high prevalence of dental anomalies, particularly hypodontia, in children with MIH is a novel and clinically important finding. Further research is warranted considering the potential implications for assessment and treatment planning.
Exploitation and Remedial Duties
Authors: Malmqvist Erik , Szigeti András 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe concept of exploitation and potentially exploitative real‐world practices are the subject of increasing philosophical attention. However, while philosophers have extensively debated what exploitation is and what makes it wrong, they have said surprisingly little about what might be required to remediate it. By asking how the consequences of exploitation should be addressed, this article seeks to contribute to filling this gap. We raise two questions. First, what are the victims of exploitation owed by way of remediation? Second, who ought to remediate? Our answers to these questions are connected by the idea that exploitation cannot be fully remediated by redistributing the exploiter's gain in order to repair or compensate the victim's loss. This is because exploitation causes not only distributive but also relational harm. Therefore, redistributive measures are necessary but not sufficient for adequate remediation. Moreover, this relational focus highlights the fact that exploitative real‐world practices commonly involve agents other than the exploiter who stand to benefit from the exploitation. Insofar as these third parties are implicated in the distributive and relational harms caused by exploitation, there is, we argue, good reason to assign part of the burden of remediation to them.
Automated office blood pressure measurements obtained with and without preceding rest are associated with awake ambulatory blood pressure
Authors: Andreadis Emmanuel A. , Geladari Charalampia V. , Angelopoulos Epameinondas T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAutomated office blood pressure (AOBP) measurement, attended or unattended, eliminates the white coat effect (WCE) showing a strong association with awake ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). This study examined the difference in AOBP readings, with and without 5 minutes of rest prior to three readings recorded at 1‐min intervals. Cross‐sectional data from 100 randomized selected hypertensives, 61 men and 39 women, with a mean age of 52.2 ± 10.8 years, 82% treated, were analyzed. The mean systolic AOBP values without preceding rest were 127.0 ± 18.2 mm Hg, and the mean systolic AOBP values with 5 minutes of preceding rest were 125.7 ± 17.9 mm Hg (P = .05). A significant order effect was observed for the mean systolic BP values when AOBP without 5 minutes of preceding rest was performed as the first measurement (130.0 ± 17.7 vs 126.5 ± 16.2, P = .008). When we used a target systolic AOBP ≥ 130 mm Hg, awake ABP yielded lower readings, while at a target systolic AOBP value of < 130 mm Hg higher awake ABP values were obtained. Our findings indicate that systolic AOBP can be initially checked without any preceding rest and if readings are normal can be accepted. Otherwise, when AOBP is ≥ 130 mm Hg, measurements should be rechecked with 5 minutes of rest.
Leisure‐time physical activity and all‐cause mortality among adults with intellectual disability: the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Diaz K. M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundAdults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared with the general population, necessitating a need to identify modifiable targets for intervention to mitigate risk. While the benefits of leisure‐time physical activity (PA) are well established in the general population; there is a dearth of evidence confirming its health benefits among adults with IDs. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between leisure‐time PA and all‐cause mortality among a population‐based sample of adults with IDs.MethodsA total of 413 adults with IDs from 17 waves (1997–2014) of the National Health Interview Survey, a U.S. nationally representative survey, were studied. Minutes per week of leisure‐time PA was ascertained by self‐report and classified as poor, intermediate or ideal levels of PA.ResultsOver a median follow‐up of 7.2 years, 60 participants died. In a multivariable‐adjusted model, higher levels of leisure‐time PA were dose‐dependently associated with a lower risk of all‐cause mortality (P‐trend = 0.008). The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for all‐cause mortality comparing participants with intermediate and ideal versus poor levels of PA were 0.43 (0.18, 1.04) and 0.30 (0.10, 0.87), respectively.ConclusionThese findings show that leisure‐time PA confers mortality benefit in adults with IDs and should be considered as a priority target for promoting health and longevity in this population.
Transverse myelitis following measles vaccination in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Sarfaty Anna E. , Fulbright Robert K. , Compton Susan R. , Asher Jennifer L. , Zeiss Caroline J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA 16‐year‐old rhesus macaque presented with progressive, ascending quadriparesis following measles vaccination. He was diagnosed with transverse myelitis following MRI, gross necropsy, and histopathology. This is the first report of transverse myelitis in a rhesus macaque following measles vaccination.
Executive functioning affects verbal learning process in multiple sclerosis patients: Behavioural and imaging results
Authors: Pitteri Marco , Dapor Caterina , Pisani Anna Isabella , Castellaro Marco , DeLuca John , Chiaravalloti Nancy , Guandalini Maddalena , Ziccardi Stefano , Calabrese Massimiliano 
Published: December 2019

Verbal learning and memory deficits are among the most frequent in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and have been shown to be affected by deficits in other cognitive domains, such as information processing speed and executive functioning (EF). In the present study, we aimed to further investigate the differential impact that EF may exert on verbal learning and memory on both behavioural and neural levels. Seventy pwMS were assessed with a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests, including tests of verbal memory (Selective Reminding Test; SRT) and EF (Stroop test; Phonemic and Alternate Verbal Fluency; Modified Five‐Point Test). Structural 3Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were available for 68 patients; cortical thickness of several frontal, pre‐frontal, and hippocampal regions was calculated. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that patients' performance on Alternate Fluency Test predicted both their immediate (SRT‐LTS: R2 = .38; p < .001; SRT‐CLTR: R2 = .42; p < .001) and delayed (SRT‐D: R2 = .39; p < .001) verbal memory performance. In addition, we found a significant relationship between the cortical thickness of the hippocampus and several bilateral frontal areas (i.e., anterior cingulate gyrus, superior and inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal cortex, and frontal pole) with verbal memory tests scores (SRT‐LTS: R2 = .45; p < .001; SRT‐CLTR: R2 = .52; p < .001; SRT‐D: R2 = .49; p < .001). These behavioural and MRI results suggest that EF significantly impacts verbal memory performance in pwMS. The understanding of the complex interaction between these distinct cognitive domains can help foster the development of memory rehabilitation paradigms that take into account also the role of executive functioning.
Collective‐unconscious apologetics of plutocracy and oligarchy: Chicago economics' ideological preferences revealed by the sociology of knowledge
Authors: Zafirovski Milan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe article places and analyzes the Chicago school of economics within the framework of Mannheim's sociology of knowledge or ideas that posits and documents social determinants of ideas and ideologies. This framework reveals the Chicago school as the explicit or implicit ideology and utopia of plutocracy, oligarchy and aristocracy in the sense of apologetics of these social classes and/or systems, thus being the class form of ‘apologetic economics’. Specifically, first, Chicago economics reveals itself as the collective‐unconscious apologetics of plutocracy, oligarchy and aristocracy. Second, it appears as the ‘collective‐conscious’ apologetics in this respect. In addition, it come close to the mostly covert collective‐unconscious or conscious apologetics of theocracy and fascism. The article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the social, in particular class, factors of Chicago and related schools of economics and generally of economic ideas, theories and policies by applying Mannheim's sociology of knowledge, especially its emphasis on the collective unconscious as the source of ideology.