bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color, lightness, chroma, hue, and translucency adjustment potential of resin composites using CIEDE2000 color difference formula
Authors: Durand Leticia B. , Ruiz‐López Javier , Perez Bibiana G. , Ionescu Ana M. , Carrillo‐Pérez Francisco , Ghinea Razvan , Pérez María M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate color, lightness, chroma, hue, and translucency adjustment potential of resin composites using CIEDE2000 color difference formula.MethodsThree resin composites (Filtek Universal, Harmonize, and Omnichroma) were tested. Two types of specimens were prepared: an outer base shade with an inner hole filled with test shades and single‐composite specimens of all shades. Spectrorradiometric reflectances measurements and subsequent CIELAB color coordinates and translucency parameter (TP) were performed. Color (CAP00), lightness, chroma, hue, and translucency (TAP00) adjustment potential using CIEDE2000 color difference were computed. Color and transparency differences among composite materials and shades were statistically tested (P < 0.05).ResultsPositive CAP00 and TAP00 values were found for majority of tested materials. CAP00 values ranged from −0.14 to 0.89, with the highest values found for Omnichroma (>0.75 in all cases). TAP00 values ranged from −0.06 to 0.86 with significant translucency differences among dual and single specimens. Omnichroma exhibited the highest adjustment potential for all color dimensions studied.ConclusionsLightness, hue, chroma, and translucency adjustment potential have been introduced using CIEDE2000 color difference formula, and have shown their usefulness to evaluate blending effect in dentistry. Color coordinates and translucency adjustment potential were dependent on dental material. Omnichroma exhibited the most pronounced blending effect.Clinical significanceResin composites with increased color and translucency adjustment may simplify shade selection, making this process easier and less time consuming. Furthermore, these materials might facilitate challenging and complex color matching situations.
Interpretation of ambiguous pronouns in adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Hawthorne K. , Loveall S. J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPronouns are referentially ambiguous (e.g. she could refer to any female), yet they are common in everyday conversations. Individuals with typical development (TD) employ several strategies to avoid pronoun interpretation errors, including the subject bias – an assumption that a pronoun typically refers to the subject (or, with the closely related order‐of‐mention bias, the first‐mentioned character) of the previous sentence. However, it is unknown if adults with intellectual disability (ID) share this strategy or the extent to which the subject bias is associated with non‐verbal abilities or receptive vocabulary.MethodsWe tested 22 adults with mixed‐aetiology ID on their interpretation of ambiguous pronouns using the visual world eye‐tracking paradigm and by asking a follow‐up pronoun interpretation question. A group of TD adults was also tested to establish the strength of the subject bias with our materials and task.ResultsAdults with ID did demonstrate the subject bias, but it was significantly less robust than that seen in TD. For participants with ID, the subject bias was influenced by non‐verbal IQ and receptive vocabulary at different stages of processing.ConclusionsGiven the frequency of pronouns in conversation, strengthening the subject bias may help alleviate discourse and reading comprehension challenges for individuals with ID, particularly those with lower non‐verbal and/or vocabulary skills.
Differentiation of potato samples using a modified high identity traits (HITS) method is greater with trained panels than untrained
Authors: Ciccone Melissa , Chambers Delores H. , Chambers Edgar , Talavera Martin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe High Identity Traits (HITS) method allows trained panelists to develop simpler descriptive product profiles that focus on key traits. However, the use of trained panelists requires dedicated resources, so new methods are developed for the use of semitrained or untrained consumer panels. The objective of this study was to determine if an untrained consumer panel could provide similar sensory profiles to a highly trained panel using a modified HITS method. One panel was conducted with six, highly trained panelists and a separate panel was held with six consumers. Each panel evaluated five potato varieties, cooked by mashing, baking, and air‐frying, to develop profiles of up to five HITS per sample. The consumer and trained panels identified some of the same traits but did not develop similar profiles overall. While the highly trained assessors identified complex aroma and flavor traits, the consumers focused mainly on texture, preventing them from finding more subtle product differences.Practical ApplicationsThe results of this study can be used to inform sensory scientists about the best practices for conducting a panel using the High Identity Traits method and questions the use of a consumer panel as a replacement for a trained sensory panel. Understanding what type of panel is recommended for use with each sensory method, especially newly developed methods, is key to producing accurate and repeatable results.
Can focused mindfulness training increase olfactory perception? A novel method and approach for quantifying olfactory perception
Authors: Mahmut Mehmet K. , Fitzek Joy , Bittrich Katrin , Oleszkiewicz Anna , Hummel Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine whether mindfulness‐based training will increase the perception of odors and odor identification ability using a novel approach to quantifying olfactory perception. Eighteen participants were assigned to an experiment group and completed 5 min of focused mindfulness‐based training, twice‐per day for 2 days, while 18 control participants listened to a scientific podcast. The results revealed no significant differences between the experiment and control groups in terms of the number of odors counted over 2 days or odor identification ability at the end of the study. However, compared to controls, participants in the experiment group indicated via self‐report that they noticed odors more often after mindfulness training. This finding was only true for a subset of participants and given this is the first study of its kind; replication is required to determine whether mindfulness‐based training, possibly over a longer period of time, may increase olfactory perception.Practical ApplicationsGiven odorant perceptions can change after repeated exposure and recalling the number of odorants experienced in a day is difficult, using a finger counter is a novel and effective methodological approach to track and assess daily odorant exposure in experiment and consumer research.
In the shadow of the rising sun: a systematic review of Japanese bat research and conservation
Authors: Preble Jason H. , Ohte Nobuhito , Vincenot Christian E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Although scientific evidence is critical to prioritising conservation actions, the distribution of research effort does not always align with conservation needs. The conservation of Japanese bats is of global concern, given that 35% of extant species are endemic and 91% of endemics are threatened. However, information on Japanese bats can be inaccessible to the international community, and research trends have yet to be reviewed.

To investigate how thoroughly research has addressed conservation needs concerning Japanese bats, we related IUCN category, legal protections, and threats to the results of a systematic review of conservation‐relevant research literature from the last fifty years. We assessed patterns in research distribution in time, regions, research topics, taxa, endemicity, and category to identify gaps and future priorities. We also compared research patterns between international research repositories and the main Japanese repository.

Categories did not change over time (except due to changes in knowledge; actual conservation status remained the same), and bat‐specific legal protections and conservation actions are limited (e.g. only one species benefits from a national recovery plan). Research has increased post‐2000, but threatened and endemic species remain less studied than non‐threatened and non‐endemic species. Both the shortage of ecological studies (≤ 1 article) and lack of any conservation study for over 50% of extant species (including most threatened species) are concerning. Ten endemics were identified as top priority species: Murina tenebrosa, Myotis yanbarensis, Murina ryukyuana, Nyctalus furvus, Miniopterus fuscus, Pteropus pselaphon, Myotis pruinosus, Eptesicus japonensis, Rhinolophus perditus, and Hipposideros turpis.

Japanese bat conservation could be strengthened by increasing research on endemic species and by providing information on threats, ecological requirements, population trends, and suitable conservation strategies. Concrete conservation planning, improved publishing standards, capacity‐building, and a collaborative effort to improve the situation of bats domestically would set a strong example for bat conservation in Asia.
The movement of virtue from ethos to action
Authors: Näsman Yvonne , Nyholm Linda 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the concept of virtue in nursing care. We particularly examine the description of ‘virtue’ offered by Aristotle, who considers it the mental constitution that forms the basis for laudable social behaviour. We then turn to Katie Eriksson's work on caritative caring ethics and draw parallels between the Aristotelian concept of virtue and being a good nurse. Eriksson suggests that embracing an ethos, a set of basic values, affects nurses’ attitudes as well as the way they speak and take on their responsibility for the patient. We discuss these ideas in relation to a tentative ideal model of the movement from ethos to action to understand and address nurses’ ethical thinking and acting. Here, we focus on the catalytic role of virtue as a means for realizing a deliberate, intentional acting with the best of the patient in mind. As an outcome of our analysis, we suggest that the movement of virtue from ethos to action is most usefully conceptualized as knowledge about facts, habits of the heart, deeds of the hand and the power of words. Implications for nursing leadership are suggested, including incorporating organizational values through the means of ethical conversations.
Precontoured Plate Fixation for Incomplete Atypical Diaphyseal Fracture of Femur using Three‐Dimensional Printing Rapid Prototyping: Two Cases Reports
Authors: Won Heejae , Baek Seung‐Hoon , Kim Cheol‐Hwan , Kim Dong‐Hyeon , Yoon Jee‐Wook , Kim Shin‐Yoon 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundReconstruction intramedullary nail spanning the whole length of the femur has been the gold standard treatment for complete atypical diaphyseal fractures of the femur (ADF). However, in cases of incomplete ADF combined with severe bowing, this approach might have complications and lead to iatrogenic complete fracture. We report two cases of incomplete ADF with severe bowing using a precontoured plate (PCP) after rapid prototyping (RP) of the deformed femurs with three‐dimensional printing (3DP) technology.Case presentationTwo patients presented with gradually worsening thigh pain, especially during walking. The patients had been using bisphosphonates for 4 and 10 years, respectively. Radiography showed an incomplete fracture in the lateral cortex of the right femur shaft. The lateral bowing angles measured in the affected femurs were 15° and 14°, and the anterior bowing angles were 20° and 16°, respectively. In bone scans, both patients showed hot uptake in the right mid‐shaft of the femur. Preoperatively, the affected femur of the patient was reconstructed by 3DP RP using CT, and the plate was bent to the shape of the bone model. The ADF was fixed with a PCP using the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis technique. Both patients were encouraged to start full weight‐bearing and return to their preinjury activity level in daily life immediately after surgery. At 2 years postoperatively, radiography showed healing of the fracture site without recurrence of thigh pain and implant‐related problems.ConclusionAlthough intramedullary nailing is the standard surgical treatment for complete ADF, PCP using 3DP RP could be an effective treatment option for incomplete ADF with severely curved femur.
Myth, History, and the Idea of the Nation in Derek Walcott and V.S. Naipaul
Authors: Brown Catherine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article compares how two contemporaneous Anglophone Caribbean writers – Trinidadian V.S. Naipaul (1932–2018) and St. Lucian Derek Walcott (1930–2017) – explore the challenges posed to ontological security and nationhood in the Caribbean by considering how myth (broadly interpreted), knowledge, and ignorance of Caribbean history interact in understandings of their respective islands. The article focuses on one work by each – Naipaul’s The Loss of El Dorado and Walcott’s Omeros – which mediate myth and history through artistic discourse in a similar way. Hitherto the personal and literary differences between Naipaul and Walcott have been stressed by their critics more than their similarities; this article points towards the latter. Both writers are aware of how the presences and absences of Caribbean history can give rise to the mythologization of both Caribbean and foreign nations. They condemn the emotional and moral simplicities which both imperial and anti‐imperial mythologizing involve. Yet both of them write works which perform as well as condemn such mythologization with regard to their own islands. Whilst not rejecting a careful handling of documentary sources, both writers are aware that recreations of history inevitably involve imagination and desire, and as creative writers they embrace this premise.
Cash Transfers and Contraceptive Use: A Regression Discontinuity Analysis
Authors: Velasco Maria Carolina , Chrysanthopoulou Stavroula A. , Galárraga Omar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractConditional cash transfers (CCTs) have become important components of social protection policies in Latin America. By establishing coresponsibilities tied to health and education, CCTs may reduce poverty and encourage human capital investment. While CCT programs can have unintended effects on sexual and reproductive health outcomes, such effects have been mixed and poorly documented in South America. This study examines the impact of Ecuador's CCT program, Bono de Desarrollo Humano, on contraceptive behavior among women of childbearing age who are sexually active and do not wish to become pregnant. We analyze nationally representative data in a regression‐discontinuity quasi‐experimental design. Using an instrumental variable approach and a set of robustness checks, our study finds no significant effects of the CCT program on contraceptive use. Our results offer important considerations for the ongoing policy debate in South America regarding the effects of cash transfer programs on beneficiaries.
Biological removal of nutrients (N & P) from urban wastewater with a modified integrated fixed‐film activated sludge‐oxic settling anoxic system using an anoxic sludge holding tank
Authors: Fazelipour Mansour , Takdastan Afshin , Borghei Seyed Mehdi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this research, the efficiency of the integrated fixed‐film activated sludge‐oxic settling anoxic (IFAS‐OSA) system in biological nutrient removal was studied. The oxic‐settling anoxic (OSA) process is known as a cost effective way to reduce the nutrients (nitrogen and Phosphorus). According to the results, the percentages of total nitrogen removal efficiency in the IFAS, IFAS‐OSA2h and IFAS‐OSA4h systems were 78.56 ± 2.46, 83.60 ± 0.92 and 85.03 ± 1.69, respectively, while the percentages of phosphorus removal efficiency in these systems were 32.69 ± 8.25, 36.35 ± 6.73 and 39.87 ± 3.61, respectively. The PCR‐RFLP method showed that C. albicans had the greatest prevalence (n = 36, 90%). Moreover, Vorticella convallaria was identified as the most abundant species of protozoa. The current research demonstrated that the efficiency of the modified IFAS‐OSA process was higher than that of IFAS in the removal of nutrients (TN and –P) and can be a suitable method for upgrading the wastewater treatment plants worldwide.
Convergence of knowledge in a stochastic cultural evolution model with population structure, social learning and credibility biases
Authors: Billiard Sylvain , Derex Maxime , Maisonneuve Ludovic , Rey Thomas 
Published: December 2020

Understanding how knowledge emerges and propagates within groups is crucial to explain the evolution of human populations. In this work, we introduce a mathematically oriented model that draws on individual-based approaches, inhomogeneous Markov chains and learning algorithms, such as those introduced in [F. Cucker and S. Smale, On the mathematical foundations of learning, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 39 (2002) 1–49; F. Cucker, S. Smale and D. X. Zhou, Modeling language evolution, Found. Comput. Math. 4 (2004) 315–343]. After deriving the model, we study some of its mathematical properties, and establish theoretical and quantitative results in a simplified case. Finally, we run numerical simulations to illustrate some properties of the model. Our main result is that, as time goes to infinity, individuals’ knowledge can converge to a common shared knowledge that was not present in the convex combination of initial individuals’ knowledge.
Novel Auristatins with High Bystander and Cytotoxic Activities in Drug Efflux–positive Tumor Models
Authors: Moquist Philip N. , Bovee Tim D. , Waight Andrew B. , Mitchell Jamie A. , Miyamoto Jamie B. , Mason Marsha L. , Emmerton Kim K. , Stevens Nicole , Balasubramanian Cindy , Simmons Jessica K. , Lyon Robert P. , Senter Peter D. , Doronina Svetlana O. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Auristatins, a class of clinically validated anti-tubulin agents utilized as payloads in antibody–drug conjugates, are generally classified by their membrane permeability and the extent of cytotoxic bystander activity on neighboring cells after targeted delivery. The drugs typically fall within two categories: membrane permeable monomethyl auristatin E–type molecules with high bystander activities and susceptibility to efflux pumps, or charged and less permeable monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) analogs with low bystander activities and resistance to efflux pumps. Herein, we report the development of novel auristatins that combine the attributes of each class by having both bystander activity and cytotoxicity on multidrug-resistant (MDR+) cell lines. Structure-based design focused on the hydrophobic functionalization of the N-terminal N-methylvaline of the MMAF scaffold to increase cell permeability. The resulting structure–activity relationships of the new auristatins demonstrate that optimization of hydrophobicity and structure can lead to highly active free drugs and antibody–drug conjugates with in vivo bystander activities.
Incidence and Timing of Thrombosis After the Norwood Procedure in the Single‐Ventricle Reconstruction Trial
Authors: White Michael H. , Kelleman Michael , Sidonio Robert F. , Kochilas Lazaros , Patel Kavita N. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Thrombosis is common in infants undergoing staged surgeries for single‐ventricle congenital heart disease. The reported incidence and timing of thrombosis varies widely, making it difficult to understand the burden of thrombosis and develop approaches for prevention. We aimed to determine the timing and cumulative incidence of thrombosis following the stage I Norwood procedure and identify clinical characteristics associated with thrombosis.

Methods and Results

We analyzed data from the Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial from 2005 to 2009 and identified infants with first‐time thrombotic events. In 549 infants, the cumulative incidence of thrombosis was 21.2% (n=57) from stage I through stage II. Most events occurred during stage I (n=35/57, 65%), with a median time to thrombosis of 15 days. We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the association of clinical variables with thrombosis. After adjusting for baseline variables, boys had a higher hazard of thrombosis (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.69; 95% CI, 1.44–5.05;
P
=0.002), non–hypoplastic left heart syndrome cardiac anatomy was associated with a higher early hazard of thrombosis (adjusted HR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.89–8.17;
P
<0.001), and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time was also associated with thrombosis (per 10‐minute increase, adjusted HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.12;
P
=0.02). Lower oxygen saturation after the Norwood procedure increased the hazard for thrombosis in the unadjusted model (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02–1.14;
P
=0.011).

Conclusions
Thrombosis affects 1 in 5 infants through Stage II discharge, with most events occurring during stage I. Male sex, non–hypoplastic left heart syndrome anatomy, longer cardiopulmonary bypass time, and lower stage I oxygen saturation were associated with thrombosis.
Simulated Hypergravity Activates Hemostasis in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Limper Ulrich , Ahnert Tobias , Maegele Marc , Froehlich Matthias , Grau Marijke , Gauger Peter , Bauerfeind Ursula , Görlinger Klaus , Pötzsch Bernhard , Jordan Jens 
Published: December 2020

Background
Hypergravity may promote human hemostasis thereby increasing thrombotic risk. Future touristic suborbital spaceflight will expose older individuals with chronic medical conditions, who are at much higher thromboembolic risk compared with professional astronauts, to hypergravity. Therefore, we tested the impact of hypergravity on hemostasis in healthy volunteers undergoing centrifugation.

Methods and Results

We studied 20 healthy seated men before and after 15 minutes under 3 Gz hypergravity on a long‐arm centrifuge. We obtained blood samples for hemostasis testing before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after centrifugation. Tests included viscoelastic thromboelastometry, platelet impedance aggregometry, endothelial activation markers, blood rheology testing, microparticle analyses, and clotting factor analysis. Exposure to hypergravity reduced plasma volume by 12.5% (
P
=0.002) and increased the red blood cell aggregation index (
P
<0.05). With hypergravity, thrombelastographic clotting time of native blood shortened from 719±117 seconds to 628±89 seconds (
P
=0.038) and platetet reactivity increased (
P
=0.045). Hypergravity shortened partial thromboplastin time from 28 (26–29) seconds to 25 (24–28) seconds (
P
<0.001) and increased the activity of coagulation factors (eg, factor VIII 117 [93–134] versus 151 [133–175] %,
P
<0.001). Tissue factor concentration was 188±95 pg/mL before and 298±136 pg/mL after hypergravity exposure (
P
=0.023). Antithrombin (
P
=0.005), thrombin‐antithrombin complex (
P
<0.001), plasmin‐alpha2‐antiplasmin complex (0.002), tissue‐plasminogen activatior (
P
<0.001), and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (
P
=0.002) increased with centrifugation. Statistical adjustment for plasma volume attenuated changes in coagulation.

Conclusions
Hypergravity triggers low‐level hemostasis activation through endothelial cell activation, increased viscoelasticity, and augmented platelet reactivity, albeit partly counteracted through endogenous coagulation inhibitors release. Hemoconcentration may contribute to the response.