bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoinduced step‐growth polymerization of thieno[3,4‐b] thiophene derivatives. The substitution effect on the reactivity and electrochemical properties
Authors: Celiker Tugba , İsci Recep , Kaya Kerem , Ozturk Turan , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe herein report photoinduced step‐growth polymerization of highly conjugated 2,5‐dithiophenyl (thieno[3,4‐b] thiophene) (TTs) derivatives possessing 4‐cyanophenyl or 4‐methoxyphenyl or 3‐(4‐fluorophenyl) groups substituted at the terminal position. Upon irradiation at 350 nm, the excited state of these molecules forms exciplex with diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI) that undergoes electron transfer reaction forming radical cations. Successive proton release and radical coupling reactions yield corresponding oligothienothiophenes with overall yields varying between 19–74%. Structural and molecular weight characteristics of the oligomers thus formed were investigated by Ultraviolet, fluorescence, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and infrared (IR) spectroscopic methods, and GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography), respectively. The effect of substitution and dithiophene side groups on the reactivity of the monomer and band gap of the oligomers formed was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry.
Doses for experiments with microbeams and microcrystals: Monte Carlo simulations in RADDOSE‐3D
Authors: Dickerson Joshua L. , Garman Elspeth F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIncreasingly, microbeams and microcrystals are being used for macromolecular crystallography (MX) experiments at synchrotrons. However, radiation damage remains a major concern since it is a fundamental limiting factor affecting the success of macromolecular structure determination. The rate of radiation damage at cryotemperatures is known to be proportional to the absorbed dose, so to optimize experimental outcomes, accurate dose calculations are required which take into account the physics of the interactions of the crystal constituents. The program RADDOSE‐3D estimates the dose absorbed by samples during MX data collection at synchrotron sources, allowing direct comparison of radiation damage between experiments carried out with different samples and beam parameters. This has aided the study of MX radiation damage and enabled prediction of approximately when it will manifest in diffraction patterns so it can potentially be avoided. However, the probability of photoelectron escape from the sample and entry from the surrounding material has not previously been included in RADDOSE‐3D, leading to potentially inaccurate does estimates for experiments using microbeams or microcrystals. We present an extension to RADDOSE‐3D which performs Monte Carlo simulations of a rotating crystal during MX data collection, taking into account the redistribution of photoelectrons produced both in the sample and the material surrounding the crystal. As well as providing more accurate dose estimates, the Monte Carlo simulations highlight the importance of the size and composition of the surrounding material on the dose and thus the rate of radiation damage to the sample. Minimizing irradiation of the surrounding material or removing it almost completely will be key to extending the lifetime of microcrystals and enhancing the potential benefits of using higher incident X‐ray energies.
Adding carboplatin to chemotherapy regimens for metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer in postsecond generation hormone therapy setting: Impact on treatment response and survival outcomes
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed E. , Andrews Jack R. , Alamiri Jamal , Higa Julianna , Haloi Rimki , Alom Manaf , Motterle Giovanni , Joshi Vidhu , Shah Paras H. , Jeffrey Karnes R. , Kwon Eugene 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical course in metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) can be complicated when patients have disease progression after prior treatment with second generation hormone therapy (second HT), such as enzalutamide or abiraterone. Currently, limited data exist regarding the optimal choice of chemotherapy for mCRPC after failing second generation hormone therapy. We sought to evaluate three common chemotherapy regimens in this setting.MethodsWe retrospectively identified 150 mCRPC patients with disease progression on enzalutamide or abiraterone. Of these 150 patients, 92 patients were chemo‐naïve while 58 patients had previously received docetaxel chemotherapy before being started on second HT. After failing second HT, 90 patients were assigned for docetaxel‐alone (group A), 33 patients received carboplatin plus docetaxel (group B), while 27 patients received cabazitaxel‐alone (Group C). A favorable response was defined by more than or equal to 50% reduction in prostate‐specific antigen from the baseline level after a complete course of chemotherapy. Survival outcomes were assessed for 30‐month overall survival.ResultsPatients in group (B) were 2.6 times as likely to have a favorable response compared to patients in group (A) (OR = 2.625, 95%CI: 1.15‐5.99) and almost three times compared to patients in group (C) (OR = 2.975, 95%CI: 1.04–8.54) (P = .0442). 30‐month overall survival was 70.7%, 38.9% and 30.3% for group (B), (A), and (C), respectively (P = .008). We report a Hazard Ratio of 3.1 (95% CI, 1.31‐7.35; P = .0037) between patients in group (A) versus those in group (B) and a Hazard Ratio of 4.18 (95% CI, 1.58‐11.06; P = .0037) between patients in group (C) compared to those in group (B)ConclusionThis data demonstrates improved response and overall survival in treatment‐refractory mCRPC with a chemotherapy regimen of docetaxel plus carboplatin when compared to docetaxel alone or cabazitaxel alone. Further investigations are required.
Cosmopolitanism in exclusionary contexts
Authors: Thiollet Helene , Assaf Laure 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough over time mass migration has brought about de facto cosmopolitan situations in Gulf cities, foreign residents continue to experience segregation and endure exclusionary policies and practices on a daily basis. This article unpacks two sets of internal tensions that characterise cosmopolitanism in the Gulf, through a comparison of cosmopolitan discourses and practices in Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and Jeddah. The first tension relates to official discourses and policies: Saudi and Emirati governments design and enforce exclusionary policies and, at the same time, publicly endorse cosmopolitan ideals and projects—consisting in Islamic universalism for Saudi cities and the rhetoric of tolerance for the United Arab Emirates. Such cosmopolitan claims are, moreover, reflected in the aspirations and subjectivities of migrants and local citizens while also generating feelings of alienation. We call this discursive paradox cosmopolitanism in denial. The second tension concerns migrants' everyday practices and modes of consumption in urban spaces. We argue that these are best understood as a form of segregated cosmopolitanism, whereby both Gulf citizens and the various migrant communities explicitly acknowledge, and at times consume, urban diversity but also maintain certain boundaries. Drawing on an analysis of both governmental and individual discourses, as well as on ethnographic observations collected over a decade of fieldwork in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, our research engages with theories of cosmopolitanism from a situated perspective. As such, it moves away from the dominant unitary and normative approach to cosmopolitanism and instead emphasises both the resilience and transience of everyday cosmopolitan situations.
Enlarging the Purcell Enhancement by Inserting a Dielectric Film in Dielectric‐Loaded Surface‐Plasmon‐Polariton Waveguides
Authors: Zhang Guorui , Liu Hui , Jia Shangtong , Li Hongyun , Li Zhi , Gong Qihuang , Chen Jianjun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe deterministic integration of single‐photon emitters with large Purcell enhancements and waveguides is vital for integrated quantum circuits and quantum chips. Purcell enhancements are not only related to waveguide structures, but are also greatly affected by the position of single‐photon emitters in waveguides. Here, the insertion of a thin dielectric film with a controllable thickness between a dielectric strip and a metal surface to precisely position a single‐photon emitter in a dielectric‐load surface‐plasmon‐polariton (DLSPP) waveguide is proposed, and the Purcell enhancement is greatly enlarged. Simulations show that the vertical position of the single‐photon emitter above the metal surface is more important than its in‐plane position in the DLSPP waveguide for achieving enlarged Purcell enhancements. In the experiment, the vertical position of the single‐photon emitter in the modified DLSPP waveguide is controlled by evaporating a thin MgF2 film, and the in‐plane position is controlled by combining aligned electron beam lithography and photoluminescence imaging. The Purcell factor in the emitter‐waveguide system is measured to be Fp = 22.4, which is greater than those obtained using conventional DLSPP waveguides (Fp ≤ 6.0) in previous studies.
Predictors of COVID‐19 severity: A literature review
Authors: Gallo Marin Benjamin , Aghagoli Ghazal , Lavine Katya , Yang Lanbo , Siff Emily J. , Chiang Silvia S. , Salazar‐Mather Thais P. , Dumenco Luba , Savaria Michael C , Aung Su N. , Flanigan Timothy , Michelow Ian C. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is a rapidly evolving global emergency that continues to strain healthcare systems. Emerging research describes a plethora of patient factors—including demographic, clinical, immunologic, hematological, biochemical, and radiographic findings—that may be of utility to clinicians to predict COVID‐19 severity and mortality. We present a synthesis of the current literature pertaining to factors predictive of COVID‐19 clinical course and outcomes. Findings associated with increased disease severity and/or mortality include age > 55 years, multiple pre‐existing comorbidities, hypoxia, specific computed tomography findings indicative of extensive lung involvement, diverse laboratory test abnormalities, and biomarkers of end‐organ dysfunction. Hypothesis‐driven research is critical to identify the key evidence‐based prognostic factors that will inform the design of intervention studies to improve the outcomes of patients with COVID‐19 and to appropriately allocate scarce resources.
Recent Advances of Spatial Self‐Phase Modulation in 2D Materials and Passive Photonic Device Applications
Authors: Wu Leiming , Yuan Xixi , Ma Dingtao , Zhang Ye , Huang Weichun , Ge Yanqi , Song Yufeng , Xiang Yuanjiang , Li Jianqing , Zhang Han 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOptical nonlinearity in 2D materials excited by spatial Gaussian laser beam is a novel and peculiar optical phenomenon, which exhibits many novel and interesting applications in optical nonlinear devices. Passive photonic devices, such as optical switches, optical logical gates, photonic diodes, and optical modulators, are the key compositions in the future all‐optical signal‐processing technologies. Passive photonic devices using 2D materials to achieve the device functionality have attracted widespread concern in the past decade. In this Review, an overview of the spatial self‐phase modulation (SSPM) in 2D materials is summarized, including the operating mechanism, optical parameter measurement, and tuning for 2D materials, and applications in photonic devices. Moreover, some current challenges are also proposed to solve, and some possible applications of SSPM method are predicted for the future. Therefore, it is anticipated that this summary can contribute to the application of 2D material‐based spatial effect in all‐optical signal‐processing technologies.
Microfluidic Skin‐on‐a‐Chip Models: Toward Biomimetic Artificial Skin
Authors: Sutterby Emily , Thurgood Peter , Baratchi Sara , Khoshmanesh Khashayar , Pirogova Elena 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe role of skin in the human body is indispensable, serving as a barrier, moderating homeostatic balance, and representing a pronounced endpoint for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Despite the extensive achievements of in vitro skin models, they do not recapitulate the complexity of human skin; thus, there remains a dependence on animal models during preclinical drug trials, resulting in expensive drug development with high failure rates. By imparting a fine control over the microenvironment and inducing relevant mechanical cues, skin‐on‐a‐chip (SoC) models have circumvented the limitations of conventional cell studies. Enhanced barrier properties, vascularization, and improved phenotypic differentiation have been achieved by SoC models; however, the successful inclusion of appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands and pigmentation relevance have yet to be realized. The present Review collates the progress of SoC platforms with a focus on their fabrication and the incorporation of mechanical cues, sensors, and blood vessels.
An In Situ Cross‐Linked Nonaqueous Polymer Electrolyte for Zinc‐Metal Polymer Batteries and Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Vijayakumar Vidyanand , Ghosh Meena , Kurian Maria , Torris Arun , Dilwale Swati , Badiger Manohar V. , Winter Martin , Nair Jijeesh Ravi , Kurungot Sreekumar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis work reports the facile synthesis of nonaqueous zinc‐ion conducting polymer electrolyte (ZIP) membranes using an ultraviolet (UV)‐light‐induced photopolymerization technique, with room temperature (RT) ionic conductivity values in the order of 10−3 S cm−1. The ZIP membranes demonstrate excellent physicochemical and electrochemical properties, including an electrochemical stability window of >2.4 V versus Zn|Zn2+ and dendrite‐free plating/stripping processes in symmetric Zn||Zn cells. Besides, a UV‐polymerization‐assisted in situ process is developed to produce ZIP (abbreviated i‐ZIP), which is adopted for the first time to fabricate a nonaqueous zinc‐metal polymer battery (ZMPB; VOPO4|i‐ZIP|Zn) and zinc‐metal hybrid polymer supercapacitor (ZMPS; activated carbon|i‐ZIP|Zn) cells. The VOPO4 cathode employed in ZMPB possesses a layered morphology, exhibiting a high average operating voltage of ≈1.2 V. As compared to the conventional polymer cell assembling approach using the ex situ process, the in situ process is simple and it enhances the overall electrochemical performance, which enables the widespread intrusion of ZMPBs and ZMPSs into the application domain. Indeed, considering the promising aspects of the proposed ZIP and its easy processability, this work opens up a new direction for the emergence of the zinc‐based energy storage technologies.
Self‐healing Polyol/Borax Hydrogels: Fabrications, Properties and Applications
Authors: Seidi Farzad , Jin Yongcan , Han Jingquan , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Akbari Ali , Hosseini Seyed Hassan , Shabanian Meisam , Xiao Huining 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSelf‐healing polyol/borax hydrogels have found great applications in various areas; especially in sensors, flexible electronics and biomedical fields. In this review, fabrication and characteristics of various types of borax‐based hydrogels are discussed. Mechanical properties and self‐healing behaviors of these hydrogels are strongly affected by the types of polyol, ratio of polyol:borax, and concentration of each component. Incorporation of highly polar nanofillers (such as cellulose nanofibers) into hydrogels and fabrication of double‐network structures have been employed as the promising strategies for improving the mechanical properties. Other additives have also been examined to generate nanocomposite hydrogels for a wide variety of uses; e. g. polyphenols for developing adhesives, conducting polymers, and hybrid structures based on carbon nanotubes and graphenes for electroconductivity, Ag and ZnO nanoparticles for antibacterial property, and quantum dots for fluorescence.
Functional organic dyes for health‐related applications
Authors: Cheng Wenyu , Chen Hongtao , Liu Chang , Ji Chendong , Ma Guiping , Yin Meizhen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNowadays, photo‐based diagnosis and treatment techniques have been the focus in health‐related fields. Organic dyes with delicately designed structures and tunable optical properties were used for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging as well as phototherapy including photodynamic and photothermal therapy. The theranostic agents exhibit better treatment efficacy with minimized invasiveness, which have shown great potential for disease treatment.To suit health‐related application, regulating the photophysical properties of functional organic dyes and improving their biocompatibility is the prerequisite for designing efficient optical diagnostic reagents. This review summarizes recent advances in the design, fabrication, and applications of functional organic dye‐based material in health‐related fields. The design and preparation strategies of these dyes mainly include tuning the absorption, emission, photodynamic and photothermal properties of dyes through chemical modification of chromophore scaffold, obtaining water‐soluble macromolecules through peripheral functional modification, constructing nanotheranostic reagents through self‐assembly process or preparing fluorescent detection devices. Based on these materials, functional organic dyes have been used in a variety of cancer treatment methods for bacterial detection and antibacterial fields, in vitro and in vivo disease detection, as well as fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging‐guided cancer therapy, which were summarized in this review. Finally, possible functionalization directions of organic dyes are also proposed to meet the needs of advanced health‐related applications.
A comparative study of acid‐treated, base‐treated, and Fenton‐like reagent‐treated biomass for Cr(VI) sequestration from aqueous solutions
Authors: Nchoe Obakeng B. , Ntuli Themba D. , Klink Michael J. , Mtunzi Fanyana M. , Pakade Vusumzi E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA wide variety of biomass materials have been used for the removal of toxic chromium(VI) by biosorption. The current study investigated the efficacy of Macadamia nutshells treated with sodium hydroxide, nitric acid, and the Fenton‐like reagent in the removal of Cr(VI). The adsorbents were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and elemental analysis. Effects of functional parameters influencing the adsorption of Cr(VI), solution pH (pH 1–11), contact time (5–250 min), concentration of adsorbent (1–10 g/L), and adsorbate concentration (10–200 mg/L) were investigated. The optimum conditions for biosorption were pH 1.4, adsorbent dose of 5 g/L, and 160 min of contact time. In all cases, the base‐treated adsorbent displayed superior performance compared to others, with highest percent removal of 98%. The adsorbate–adsorbent interactions were better explained by the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo‐first‐order rate model. The Macadamia‐based adsorbents are potentially useful for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions.Practitioner points

Three different chemical activators were investigated for the modification of Macadamia surface.

The base‐treated material exhibited the highest specific surface area of 12.1 m2/g.

The Cr(VI) adsorption performance for the base‐treated material dwarfed the other materials.

Excellent Cr(VI) removal efficiency in the presence of competitors was achieved.
A retrospective analysis of mortality in captive Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in the United States, 2008–2018
Authors: Krol Lana , Moore Robert P. , Mutlow Adrian G. , Brady Sean M. , Dorsa Dominick 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMortality data for Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) housed in zoos and aquariums in the United States has not previously been published. Necropsy and histopathology records were examined for Magellanic penguins housed at 12 Association of Zoos and Aquariums institutions from 2008 through 2018. If birds lived through the first year, the mean longevity was found to be 18.9 years of age (standard deviation: 7.9). Prefledge chicks and geriatric penguins experienced the highest mortality rates. Aspergillosis was a major cause of death in this species. There was no significant difference in mortality between males and females. Based on these data, recommendations for the husbandry and veterinary care of captive Magellanic penguins can be made.
Out-of-horizon correlations following a quench in a relativistic quantum field theory
Authors: Kukuljan I. , Sotiriadis S. , Takács G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the manifestations of relativistic invariance in non-equilibrium quantum field theory is the “horizon effect” a.k.a. light-cone spreading of correlations: starting from an initially short-range correlated state, measurements of two observers at distant space-time points are expected to remain independent until their past light-cones overlap. Surprisingly, we find that in the presence of topological excitations correlations can develop outside of horizon and indeed even between infinitely distant points. We demonstrate this effect for a wide class of global quantum quenches to the sine-Gordon model. We point out that besides the maximum velocity bound implied by relativistic invariance, clustering of initial correlations is required to establish the “horizon effect”. We show that quenches in the sine-Gordon model have an interesting property: despite the fact that the initial states have exponentially decaying correlations and cluster in terms of the bosonic fields, they violate the clustering condition for the soliton fields, which is argued to be related to the non-trivial field topology. The nonlinear dynamics governed by the solitons makes the clustering violation manifest also in correlations of the local bosonic fields after the quench.
Three exceptions to the Grossman-Nir bound
Authors: Ziegler Robert , Zupan Jure , Zwicky Roman 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We show that the Grossman-Nir (GN) bound, Br(KL→$$ {\pi}^0\nu \overline{\nu} $$

π
0

ν

ν
¯

) ≤ 4.3 Br(K+→$$ {\pi}^{+}\nu \overline{\nu} $$

π
+

ν

ν
¯

), can be violated in the presence of light new physics with flavor violating couplings. We construct three sample models in which the GN bound can be violated by orders of magnitude, while satisfying all other experimental bounds. In the three models the enhanced branching ratio Br(KL→ π0 + inv) is due to KL→ π0ϕ1, KL→ π0ϕ1ϕ1, KL→$$ {\pi}^0{\psi}_1{\overline{\psi}}_1 $$

π
0

ψ
1

ψ
¯

1

transitions, respectively, where ϕ1(ψ1) is a light scalar (fermion) that escapes the detector. In the three models Br(K+→ π+ + inv) remains very close to the SM value, while Br(KL→ π0 + inv) can saturate the present KOTO bound. Besides invisible particles in the final state (which may account for dark matter) the models require additional light mediators around the GeV-scale.
Anomalies in 8Be nuclear transitions and (g − 2)e,μ: towards a minimal combined explanation
Authors: Hati C. , Kriewald J. , Orloff J. , Teixeira A.M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Motivated by a simultaneous explanation of the apparent discrepancies in the light charged lepton anomalous magnetic dipole moments, and the anomalous internal pair creation in 8Be nuclear transitions, we explore a simple New Physics model, based on an extension of the Standard Model gauge group by a U(1)B−L. The model further includes heavy vector-like fermion fields, as well as an extra scalar responsible for the low-scale breaking of U(1)B−L, which gives rise to a light Z′ boson. The new fields and currents allow to explain the anomalous internal pair creation in 8Be while being consistent with various experimental constraints. Interestingly, we find that the contributions of the Z′ and the new U(1)B−L-breaking scalar can also successfully account for both (g −2)e,μ anomalies; the strong phenomenological constraints on the model’s parameter space ultimately render the combined explanation of (g − 2)e and the anomalous internal pair creation in 8Be particularly predictive. The underlying idea of this minimal “prototype model” can be readily incorporated into other protophobic U(1) extensions of the Standard Model.