bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oliver Hart and the Rise of Baptist America
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Oliver Hart was arguably the most important evangelical leader of the pre-Revolutionary South. For thirty years the pastor of the Charleston Baptist Church, Hart’s energetic ministry breathed new life into that congregation and the struggling Baptist cause in the region. As the founder of the Charleston Baptist Association, Hart did more than any single person to lay the foundations for the institutional life of the Baptist South, while also working extensively with evangelicals of all denominations to spread the revivalism of the Great Awakening across the lower South. One reason for Hart’s extensive influence is the uneasy compromise he made with white Southern culture, most apparent in his willingness to sanctify rather than challenge the institution of slavery, as his more radical evangelical predecessors had done. While this capitulation gained Hart and his fellow Baptists access to Southern culture, it would also sow the seeds of disunion in the larger American denomination Hart worked so hard to construct. Oliver Hart and the Rise of Baptist America is the first modern biography of Oliver Hart, at the same time interweaving the story of the remarkable transformation of America’s Baptists across the long eighteenth century. It provides perhaps the most complete narrative of the early development of one of America’s largest, most influential, and most understudied religious groups.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Oliver Hart (1723–1795) was one of the most important evangelical leaders of the pre-Revolutionary South. Practicing a singular and understated style of leadership, Hart is also a central figure in the story of eighteenth-century Baptist development in America from small, scattered sect to a large and unified denomination. This book explores Hart’s life as a window into that broader story, as his life spanned the critical years of Baptist progress, and was connected to almost all the major figures and events of the period.
Cost-Benefit Analysis as an Expression of Liberal Neutrality
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The past few decades have seen an expansion in the use of cost-benefit analysis as a tool for policy evaluation in the public sector. This slow, steady creep has been a source of consternation to many philosophers and political theorists, who are inclined to view cost-benefit analysis as simply a variant of utilitarianism and consider utilitarianism to be completely unacceptable as a public philosophy. The chapter shows that this impression is misleading. When construed narrowly, cost-benefit analysis does look a lot like utilitarianism. However, when it is seen in its broader context, in the way that it is applied, and the types of problem to which it is applied, it is better understood as an attempt by the state to avoid taking sides with respect to various controversial conceptions of the good.
The Modes of Ottomanism
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins, meaning, and failure of Ottomanism as a state-centric identity. The initial questions include, What are the key causes of the longing for the Ottoman Empire? What are the social implications of nostalgia for the past? What explains the current wave of Ottoman romanticism? This chapter argues that nostalgia in this instance is a bottom-up phenomenon. It traces the changing meaning of Ottomanism by exploring its historical origins in the second half of the 19th century. The chapter follows the Tanzimat Reforms of 1839 and the inevitable decline of the Ottoman Empire. The idea of Ottomanism as a new state-centric identity to unify diverse ethnic and religious groups was promoted by a small Westernizing elite, known as the Young Ottomans. The chapter’s closing question is, What was the purpose of creating a new state-centric Ottoman identity?
Turgut Özal’s Neo-Ottomanism
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines the multidimensional conceptualization of neo-Ottomanism, including its strategic deployment from the early 1980s into the post–Cold War period, and Turgut Özal’s neoliberal economic policies. The chapter follows these developments that strengthened the elite in reconstructing neo-Ottomanism to respond to the decade’s challenges. The ethnic cleansing of Bulgarian Muslims in 1989, the deportation and genocidal campaign against Bosnian Muslims, and the forced exile of Azeri Turks from Karabakh compelled the masses to confront their suppressed memories in the Balkans and the Caucasus. Meanwhile, Özal inadvertently created the space for cultivating a counter-identity and ideology. The formation of a new Anatolian bourgeoisie with its support for alternative chronicles of history played an important role in reconstructing neo-Ottoman discourse.
The Neo-Ottomanism of the Nakşibendis and the Welfare Party
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines the Nakşibendi Sufi orders, Necmettin Erbakan, and their roles in reconstructing Islamic political identity and memories of the Ottoman Empire. The debate about the politics of identity is analyzed, as based on the experience of the Islamic parties of the National Outlook Movement (Welfare Party and the Virtue Party) between 1994 and 2001. The Welfare Party’s local election victory in 1994 resulted in its controlling nearly every municipal government in Turkey. Thus, the elected officials used the resources of the municipalities to criticize the Kemalist project by promoting Ottoman history, culture, and practices as an alternative. Rather than directly promoting Islamism due to legal constraints, they preferred to frame Ottomanism as a surrogate identity and ideology to criticize Kemalism.
The Neo-Ottoman Foreign Policy of the AKP
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the extent of contemporary neo-Ottomanism’s influence in Turkey’s foreign policy and the political infrastructure for implementing it. It examines the dynamic of the mutually constitutive relationship between Islamization and Ottomanization within three stages of Turkish foreign policy: Europeanization (2002–2010); Arab Spring and Islamicization (2010–2013); “Splendid Isolation” (2013–present). The focus of the chapter is Ahmet Davutoğlu, who provided the ideological framework for neo-Ottoman foreign policy. The analysis probes Davutoğlu’s understanding of Ottomanism as Islamist, anti-Western, adventurist, and ideological. This leads to exploring why many pundits and critics of Turkey’s foreign and domestic politics use this specific term as an epithet to signal the gradual Islamicization of domestic politics and the growing presence of Islamic irredentism in foreign policy.
The Balkan and Arab Responses to Neo-Ottomanism
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter summarizes reactions to neo-Ottomanism in the former Ottoman territories of the Balkans and the Middle East. After a brief recap of the region’s Ottoman legacy, the chapter traces how Balkan countries (Serbia, Greece, Albania, and Bosnia) responded to neo-Ottomanism in their respective foreign policy discourses. The chapter also reviews how Arab societies remember the Ottoman period by distilling the secular-nationalist appropriation of the Ottoman Empire as backward, alien, and defined by Turkish colonial rule. In response to this secularist-nationalist reading of the Ottomans, Islamic-oriented segments of the population consider the Ottoman Empire as part of their history. They regard it as the vanguard of anti-colonial rule protecting Muslims against European colonialism. The chapter’s final section summarizes how Erdoğan became a popular figurehead for Muslim groups in the region amid the backdrop of the Arab Spring and Turkey’s growing isolation from its traditional partners in the global community.
Dial M for Murder, Rear Window, To Catch a Thief, The Trouble with Harry, The Man Who Knew Too Much
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In three films, Hitchcock drew out and glorified the young blonde Grace Kelly. In Dial M for Murder (1954), the Master put her through an ordeal and began to get her to relax on camera, and then in Rear Window (1954), he emphasized all of Kelly’s non-naturalistic strengths while allowing James Stewart to do some of the most nuanced acting in all of Hitchcock as the voyeuristic photographer L.B. Jefferies. Finally, Hitchcock presented Kelly as the sexiest of ice blondes in To Catch a Thief (1955), where she pursued Cary Grant along the French Riviera. Hitchcock got understated work from his cast in the macabre comedy The Trouble with Harry (1955), and then he probed the persona of Doris Day in a remake of The Man Who Knew Too Much, with results that were both genuinely painful and just slightly “too much.”
The Wrong Man, Vertigo, North by Northwest, Psycho, The Birds, Marnie
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the six masterpieces in a row that Hitchcock made from 1957 to 1964, the Master drew extraordinary work from every actor in his casts. He carefully molded the performance of Vera Miles as a wife who succumbs to depression in The Wrong Man (1957), rehearsing with her over and over again so that the scale of her work would be exactly right, and he let Henry Fonda “do nothing” in this picture in a super-controlled way that ranks with Judith Anderson’s Mrs. Danvers in Rebecca for ambiguous expressiveness under a tightly unyielding surface. Kim Novak gave perhaps the ultimate tensile and contrasting Hitchcockian performance in a dual role in Vertigo, and Novak was matched in that film by James Stewart and Barbara Bel Geddes, both of whom cleanly plumbed the deep pain of their respective characters. Hitchcock worked one more time with Cary Grant for North by Northwest (1959) and brought the Grant persona to its latter-day apotheosis, especially in the love scenes with a somber and very carnal Eva Marie Saint. The Master patiently and closely directed Janet Leigh in Psycho, even sitting off camera and reading the lines her character Marion Crane was supposed to be thinking as she drove to her doom at the Bates Motel. And then Hitchcock controlled the work of Tippi Hedren in The Birds and Marnie, and they both achieved his ideal of maximum expressiveness with minimal means before he crossed a line off screen and their working relationship deteriorated.
Torn Curtain, Topaz, Frenzy, Family Plot, AFI Award
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hitchcock’s last four films do not contain much in the way of acting excellence, alas. But in his last appearance at the American Film Institute’s Life Achievement Award in his honor in 1979, the Master did “nothing” for the camera until Ingrid Bergman came down to his table and embraced him, at which point their mutual emotion was clear as a white-haired Cary Grant looked on and smiled and lied to the camera. This was a final Hitchcockian image with two key collaborators that perfectly expresses what the camera can see and what it cannot.
Grace and Freedom
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Grace and Freedom addresses the issue of divine grace in relation to the freedom of the will in Reformed or “Calvinist” theology in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century with a focus on the work of the English Reformed theologian William Perkins, and his role as an apologist of the Church of England, defending its theology against Roman Catholic polemic, and specifically against the charge that Reformed theology denies human free choice. Perkins and his contemporaries affirmed that salvation occurs by grace alone and that God is the ultimate cause of all things, but they also insisted on the freedom of the human will and specifically the freedom of choice in a way that does not conform to modern notions of libertarian freedom or compatibilism. In developing this position, Perkins drew on the thought of various Reformers such as Peter Martyr Vermigli and Zacharias Ursinus, on the nuanced positions of medieval scholastics, and on several contemporary Roman Catholic representatives of the so-called second scholasticism. His work was a major contribution to early modern Reformed thought both in England and on the continent. His influence in England extended both to the Reformed heritage of the Church of England and to English Puritanism. On the Continent, his work contributed to the main lines of Reformed orthodoxy and to the piety of the Dutch Second Reformation.
Conclusions
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Perkins’s work has been shown to stand at the intersection of the strongly traditionary and catholic defense of the Church of England against Roman polemics with the early Reformed orthodox appropriations of scholastic argumentation. Early orthodox Reformed theology, in the works of William Perkins and his contemporaries, developed a highly nuanced understanding of human free choice and divine grace, distinguished according to the four states of human nature. His resolution of the issue of divine grace and human freedom drew eclectically on arguments from the Thomist tradition and from patterns in late medieval voluntarism. At the same time, it reinforced and refined the heritage of the Reformation on the doctrine of salvation by grace alone. The Reformed orthodoxy represented by Perkins and his contemporaries insists that God guarantees the free choice of free creatures, who always must act according to their natures.
Cognitive Skills You Need for the 21st Century
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cognitive Skills You Need for the 21st Century begins with the Future of Jobs Report 2018 of the World Economic Forum that describes trending skills through the year 2022. To assist with the development of these skills, the book describes techniques that should benefit everyone. The 20 chapters occupy 6 sections on acquiring knowledge (comprehension, action, categorization, abstraction), organizing knowledge (matrices, networks, hierarchies), reasoning (visuospatial reasoning, imperfect knowledge, strategies), problem-solving (problems, design, dynamics), artificial intelligence (data sciences, explainable AI, information sciences, general AI), and education (complex systems, computational thinking, continuing education). Classical research, recent research, personal anecdotes, and a few exercises provide a broad introduction to this critical topic.
Visuospatial Reasoning
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Visual thinking has aided many scientific discoveries and is also useful in everyday reasoning. The Animation Tutor provides animation feedback to help students improve their ability to estimate and calculate answers to problems. Examples include calculating the average speed of a round trip and using spatial relationships as a substitute for deriving algebraic solutions. Computer simulations of human thinking have emphasized rule-based reasoning, but these simulations now include a visual buffer to model visuospatial reasoning. It is often difficult to discover new information in visual images such as reinterpreting an ambiguous figure although people are more successful in mentally combining figures to create useful objects. Applications of research on cognitive geography include improving spatial information, geographic education, map design, urban planning, and landscape design.
Design
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many design problems are ill-structured in which the start state, the goal state, and intermediate states are incompletely specified. They do not have right or wrong answers, only better or worse ones. They require decomposition into smaller parts that are revisited as the design progresses. Scientists also confront design problems as they search for nature’s design, such as the structure of DNA. The success of Watson and Crick in discovering its double-helix structure was influenced by their access to X-ray diffraction pictures, ability to interpret these pictures, utilize the relative amounts of bases in the molecule, and recognize that two strands of a molecule provide a mechanism for replication. The Geisel Library on the University of California, San Diego, campus illustrates the combination of function and beauty in designing a building. The Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, is widely acclaimed as a magnificent achievement by Louis Kahn. The addition of the East Building is an example of the challenges encountered in making modifications.
Data Sciences
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Machine learning is a highly influential field that has made major contributions to the increased effectiveness of artificial intelligence. Machine learning utilizes different methods, four of which have been particularly effective. The Analogizers classify patterns based on their similarity to other patterns. Multidimensional scaling provides support. The Bayesians revise the probability of hypotheses based on new evidence. The Connectionists adjust the strength between layers of “neurons.” Deep leaning based on many layers of connections has proven particularly successful. The Symbolists use rules that combine pieces of pre-existing knowledge. Hybrid systems combine these methods to create systems that are more effective than individual methods.
The Role of Confucianism in Defusing Tension with the Social and Political Environment
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In areas where most of the research for this book was carried out, a high amount of tension between Yiguandao and the state existed or still exists. This was the case in Taiwan during the martial law era and this is still the case in China, where the group has been banned by the Communist regime since 1949. The main argument defended in chapters 5 is that in contexts where the Yiguandao is in a situation of high tension with the authorities, Confucianism plays a pivotal role to defuse or decrease this tension. In so doing, it facilitates the group’s expansion. Chapter 5 proposes a brief retrospective on Yiguandao’s Confucianization and discusses the situation in Taiwan both before and after 1987, a date that marks both the end of martial law and the legalization of the group.
The Political Tech Glass Ceiling
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , Adams Kirsten , Ciesielski Jenni , Fernandez Haley , Frauenfelder Kate , Lowe Brinley , Micchia Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction conveys how political technology lies at the intersection of two male-dominated fields—politics and technology—and has grown significantly in electoral importance in the 21st century. It relates how campaigns have increasingly organized dedicated divisions for technology, digital media, data, and analytics operations and have turned to a growing field of specialized political practitioners and the tech industry itself to staff them. The introduction previews the key findings and details the plan of the book. It also makes three primary arguments about the importance of gender diversity for campaigns in terms of messaging, technological design, and the functioning of campaign organizations. The introduction further argues that gender diversity matters for equity and fairness in the workforce and political culture more broadly.
Political Technology as a Field
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , Adams Kirsten , Ciesielski Jenni , Fernandez Haley , Frauenfelder Kate , Lowe Brinley , Micchia Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how political technology grew into the field it is today. Political technology lies at the intersection of two male-dominated fields, and it also has a number of unique features for politics. The ever-shifting nature of technology requires campaigns and political parties to garner significant amounts of knowledge and expertise from the technology and commercial sectors. This means fluid careers as staffers move into and out of commercial, technology, and political jobs, seeding campaigns with new skills, knowledge, and ways of seeing the world. There are also rapid and continual changes in the technologies that are at the center of how contemporary politicians connect with the public, from social media platforms to political databases. For political tech staffers, this means continual learning and adapting to changes in how the electorate receives political information and communicates about politics. And it means many new opportunities for entrepreneurial ventures to bring talent, tools, and practices down-ballot and across election cycles.
Constitutional Review in Finland
Authors: Tuori Kaarlo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at how constitutional review is conducted in Finland. Here, the Finnish model has managed to ward off at least some of the dangers of which critics of judicial review and the ensuing tendency towards a ‘jurisdictional state’ have warned. This model is based on a combination of abstract parliamentary ex ante review and judicial ex post control. Clear emphasis has lain on ex ante monitoring, and courts seem to have accepted the role that the last resort theory of judicial review assigns to them. Moreover, an integral part of the present balance between parliamentary and judicial control consists of the ‘evident conflict’ requirement established by article 106 of the Constitution.
The Portuguese Constitutional Court
Authors: Amaral Maria Lúcia , Pereira Ravi Afonso 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers the Portuguese Constitutional Court. The Portuguese system of constitutional review developed to a great extent independently from the European experience and its issues. The origin of the Portuguese model of constitutional review is rather to be found in the deeply rooted tradition of a general power of review and disapplication. To grasp the current Portuguese system with all its peculiarities, the chapter scrutinizes the beginnings of the courts’ general power of review and disapplication. It shows that the development itself was an isolated one, and to this day its doctrinal classification remains problematic. After an overview of the role and functions of constitutional adjudication in Portugal, the chapter considers several aspects for evaluation. These are: the public perception of the Constitutional Court, constitutional adjudication in national constitutional scholarship, and the understanding of the role within the European legal space.
Introduction
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the context of research, teaching, learning, practice, and pedagogy in archaeology, connecting this with changing trends in global higher education, and demonstrating how pedagogy and teaching have been seen as less valuable than research. A history of pedagogic research in archaeology is then presented to demonstrate how this has emerged, and which offers a series of arguments about why pedagogy should be revalued in the discipline. Specifically, we argue four key points: that our students are tomorrow’s practitioners; that pedagogy is fundamentally connected to sociopolitics; that the impact of good pedagogic practice is affective across multiple scales; and that archaeology needs its own pedagogic solutions. In the latter we argue that establishing our own disciplinary pedagogic solutions contributes to broader non-archaeological pedagogic research. In making these arguments we set the scene for the rest of the volume.