bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditions at the Electrochemical Interface and Their Relation to Electrodeposition of High Moment Soft CoFe Alloys
Authors: Brankovic Stanko 
Published: February 2020

Recent trends in magnetic recording and Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technologies favor electrodeposited Soft High Magnetic Moment (SHMM) alloys as the material of choice for fabrication of future magnetic devices [[1]-,[2],[3]]. The current efforts focus on synthesis of ultimately soft magnetic alloys with the maximum possible magnetic moment (2.4 T CoFe alloys), good corrosion resistance, high resistivity and low stress levels [3]. This seemingly difficult challenge is coupled with ever-continuing drive to miniaturize magnetic devices, bringing the electrodeposition to the level of nano-science [[4]-,[5][6]].
In this talk we will review our current understanding of the role of interfacial pH for obtaining good properties of magnetic alloys and nanostructures. The analytical model for Fe(OH)3 incorporation into deposit is presented with its relevance for control of CoFe alloy magnetic moment and coercivity. The analytical model is compared to experimental results illustrating incorporation of Fe-oxide species in CoFe alloys it is effect on magnetic moment and magnetic softness. Our attention is focused on presenting phenomenological relation between process parameters such as bulk pH, diffusion layer thickness, current efficiency etc.., and resulting oxygen content in CoFe alloys and their magnetic properties. The effective strategies for interfacial pH control, Fe3+ ion control and process design for manufacturing of CoFe nanostructures and thin films will be reviewed and their practical relevance for implementation in the real industrial conditions are discussed.
The authors acknowledge the support from NSF Chemistry division under the contract # 0955922.

[*] SRBrankovic@uh.edu
[†] The Electrochemical Society active member

REFERENCES:
[1]) E. I. Cooper, C. Bonhote, J. Heidmann, Y. Hsu, P. Kern, J. W. Lam, M. Ramasubramanian, N. Robertson, L. T. Romankiw and H. Xu, IBM J. Res. & Dev.,
49, 103 (2005).

[2]) W. Ehrfeld, Electrochim. Acta,
48, 2857 (2003).

[3]) S.R. Brankovic, N. Vasiljevic, N. Dimitrov, Chapter 27- Applications to Magnetic Recording and Microelectronic Technologies, Modern Electroplating V
, editors: M. Paunovic and M. Schlesinger, John Willey and Sons, Inc (2010), p 573,

[4]) X. M. Yang, H. Gentile, A. Eckert and S. R. Brankovic, J. Vac. Sci & Tech. B,
22, 3339 (2004).

[5]) X. M. Yang, A. Eckert, K. Mountfield, H. Gentile, C. Seiler, S. R. Brankovic and E. Johns, J. Vac. Sci & Tech. B,
21, 3017 (2003).

[6]) S. R. Brankovic , XM. Yang, T. J. Klemmer, and M. Seigler, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 42, 132 (2006).
Magnetic Domain Control of Exchange Biased Magneto-Electric Thin Film Composites
Authors: Quandt Eckhard , Lage Enno , Urs Necdet , Röbisch Volker , Teliban Iulian , Knöchel Reinhard , Meyners Dirk , McCord Jeffrey 
Published: February 2020

Magneto-electric composites constitute a promising class of materials for the application as highly sensitive magnetic field sensors. Their compatibility to miniaturization, their passive nature and their large dynamic range are just some of the numerous advantages of these composites compared to alternative magnetic field sensors, as e.g. flux-gates or magneto-resistive sensors. However, the highest sensitivities are observed in the presence of well-defined magnetic bias fields that are of significant disadvantage in terms of miniaturization and noise performance.
Self-biased magneto-electric composites, which are fabricated using the exchange bias effect [1], exhibit an increased total anisotropy in comparison to systems without exchange bias. As a consequence, small exchange bias fields are favourable because of a minor reduction of the magneto-electric voltage coefficient. However, weakly biased magneto-electric composites might loose their self-biasing properties and possibly show an increase of discontinuities in magnetization reversal due to the formation of magnetic domains. By a thickness variation of the ferromagnetic layer a maximum voltage coefficient αME ≈ 430 V/cmOe was found for a magnetostrictive multilayer of 3 x (5 nm Ta / 3 nm Cu / 8 nm Mn-Ir / 333 nm Fe-Co-Si-B). Yet, a stable single domain state indicating a well defined magnetization reversal by coherent magnetization rotation was achieved for layer thicknesses up to 100 nm Fe-Co-Si-B with a slightly reduced magneto-electric cofficient of αME ≈ 340 V/cmOe. This slight reduction is overcompensated by the improved control of the magnetic domain pattern that is highly desirable for magnetic field sensors and of special importance when frequency conversion techniques are applied [2].
[1] Lage, E., Kirchhof, C., Hrkac, V., Kienle, L., Jahns, R., Knöchel, R., Quandt, E. & Meyners, D. Exchange biasing of magnetoelec¬tric composites. Nature materials 11, 523–9 (2012).
[2] Jahns, R., Greve H., Woltermann, E., Quandt, E. & Knöchel, R. Sensitivity enhancement of mag¬netoelectric sensors through frequency-conversion. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 183, 16-21 (2012).
This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) as part of the Collaborative Research Center 855 “Magnetoelectric Composites–Future Biomagnetic Interfaces”
Recent Progress on Electrodeposition of Magnetic Iron-Based Alloy Films and Nanowires
Authors: Schlorb Heike , Haehnel Veronika , Konczak Christoph , Pohl Diana , Funk Alexander , Oswald Steffan , Damm Christine , Schultz Ludwig 
Published: February 2020

Magnetic iron alloys are of great interest for various applications such as magnetic storage, recording, sensing and actuating. The ongoing demand for further miniaturization, limited available resources and the wide variety of applications advance the search for specific preparation routes that allow tuning the material for each particular application. The most appropriate method is electrodeposition as it allows for the fabrication of complicated nanoscaled geometries, in particular high aspect ratio nanowires.
While binary alloys of the iron group elements are widely investigated, the deposition of more fancy alloys such as Fe-Pt, Fe-Pd or Fe-Ga represents a major challenge. Reasons for that are on the one hand large differences in the alloy constituent nobility that cause unstable electrolytes and on the other hand their strong tendency to hydrolyze and to form and incorporate undesired oxidic species into the deposit.
This paper summarizes our recent progress on the Fe-based alloys Fe70Pd30 and Fe80Ga20. Electrolyte requirements and deposition mechanisms are discussed. The selection of appropriate deposition techniques for the transition from thin film to nanowire fabrication is reported particularly taking into account changing transport conditions and thus, changed deposition kinetics in the restricted geometry of the nanoporous templates. The obtained structures, microstructures and magnetic properties are correlated with deposition parameters.

References:

[1] D. Iselt, K. Tschulik, S. Oswald, D. Pohl, L. Schultz, H. Schlörb, JES 159(7) H633 (2012)
Modification of Fe Alloys by Magnetic Field
Authors: Zabinski Piotr , Bialostocka Anna Maria 
Published: February 2020

Electrodeposition is a very promising alternative to the physical vapor deposition techniques (PVD) to produce soft magnetic layers and microstructures. The advantage of electrodeposition in comparison to PVD processes is the fact that it is an inexpensive method.
Moreover, it allows depositing high aspect ratio layers with a thickness ranging from a few monolayers up to
more than 1 mm onto a complex geometry substrate.
The deposited layer properties could be tailored by a proper selection of the process parameters. A superposition of an external magnetic field during the electrodeposition has gained a considerable attention during the past decade, since it can affect the deposit properties. Mainly the morphology of the deposited layers is infuenced.
The electrodeposition process of Fe-Ni films was examined in a presence of homogenous magnetic field
(B: up to 0,6 T). Sulphate nickel and sulphate iron salt solution was used with pH 4,3.
The changes of surface morphology of Fe films electrodeposited without a magnetic field is observed.
The magnetic field superimposing perpendicular to the electric field leads to the hydrogen evolution promotion by MHD convection. This enhances the hydrogen evolution and the changes in Fe ions mass transfer appear near electrode surface. A change of local pH at the electrode is present and formation of different morphology of Fe layer.
Experimental and Modelling study for Electrocoagulation Cell Used to Remove High Organic Loads in Wastewater
Authors: Cruz-Díaz Martín R , Rivero Eligio Pastor , Torres- Mendoza Angel , Almazán-Ruiz Francisco J. , González Ignacio 
Published: February 2020

Electrocoagulation is a very promising technology for cleaning wastewater with high organic content, furthermore, in most of the published papers, experimental studies are performed in beakers with magnetic stirrers, unfortunately this type of laboratory scale, as such may not be scale-up. In this work, a laboratory scale electrocoagulation cell has been designed to operate in batch and continuous flow mode, which can be scale-up to processing larger volumes of effluents with high organic matter content of the food and liquors industries, which are difficult to treat by biological methods. The laboratory scale electrocoagulation cell (CEEL-TUU01) [1] is built in polycarbonate with carbon steel electrodes 1018 with thickness of 1/8". The main objective of this work is to develop a modeling and experimental methodology to establish the operating conditions for this cell. The methodology consisted of: a) physicochemical characterization of the effluent, b) microelectrolysis studies, c) chemical coagulation, d) thermodynamic analysis, e) kinetic studies of electrode dissolution and gas generation (H2 and O2), f) for cell operating in batch mode, the effect of the inter-electrode gap on pH changes was studied, g) to find the flow cell operating in continuous mode, experimental studies of the residence time distribution (RTD) were conducted, Finally, h) macro electrolysis studies were performed using food and liquors effluents. Using the methodology here propose the operating conditions of the electrocoagulation cell for to clean effluents of the food and liquors industries (98% COD removal and almost 100% removal of the effluent turbidity) were establish. The RTD curves were approximated with two no ideal reactor design mathematical models: i) N-tanks in series (N-CSTR) and ii) axial dispersion model (MDA), likewise to detect local deviations of the flow pattern within cell, computational simulation studies of hydrodynamics (Comsol Multiphysics 4.2 software) were carried out. The generation of gas bubbles (hydrogen) in the cathode positively modify the liquid flow pattern and the axial dispersion model (MDA) could be considered as the design equation for the liquid phase cell. The hydrodynamic simulation results helped to identify punctual defects in the geometric cell design. Finally, the strategy developed aid in the design and re-design of an electrocoagulation cell.
[1] A. Torres-Mendoza, P. E. Mendoza-Campos, I. Rodríguez-Velázquez, P. Benítez. M. R. Cruz-Díaz, E. P. Rivero , I. González. Extended Abstracts of XXXII Encuentro Nacional y 1er Congreso Internacional de la AMIDIQ. 3 al 6 de mayo del 2011, Riviera Maya, Quintana Roo. p 3109-3115
Electrocoagulation of an Industrial Wastewater Using Copper Electrodes
Authors: Carbajal-Clemente Carlos A. , Barrera-Díaz Carlos , Roa-Morales G. , Balderas-Hernández Patricia 
Published: February 2020

The electrochemical method of electrocoagulation allows to effective elimination of the organic contamination present in the residual wastewaters. The electrocoagulation is an operation that employs electric energy as promoter of electrochemical reactions in which there are dissolution of the sacrifice anodes, they allow the production in situ of coagulants agents, which destabilize an emulsion and they allow percent high chemical demand removal of oxygen (DQO), biochemical oxygen demand (DBO), total solids, fecal coliforms and turbidity (1-3).
This project perform a study of an electrocoagulation process using copper (Cu), as sacrifice electrode for industrial wastewater with the objective of improving the water quality, the evaluation and optimization of key variables like pH and the current density are presented and discussed.
A batch cylindrical electrochemical reactor containing a pair of Cu electrodes was used for electrochemical tests. Each electrode was 20.0 cm by 2.5 cm with a surface area of 50 cm2. Batch volumes of 0.3 L were treated in a 1.0 L glass reactor. A direct-current power source supplied the system with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 amperes, corresponding to current densities of 10, 20, and 30 mA/cm2. COD, turbidity and Color were used as indicators for obtaining the improving waster quality
Figure 1 shows the results of the COD removal as a function of treatment time at different initial pH values. As observed the best removal takes place at an acidic pH value reaching a 70 % removal. This can be explained since the Cu ions are present in wastewater as a free ion when the pH is low. However, when the pH of the solution is increases the formation of Cu(OH)2(s) takes place and the removal of all colloidal mater occurs.
References

Grandon, Rodrigo; Hansen, Henrik and Nuñez, Patricio. (2006). Electrocoagulation as a remediation tool for wastewaters containing arsenic. Minerals Engineering. Vol. 19, No. 5; p. 521-524

Muttucumaru, S. (2009). Review of pollutants removed by electrocoagulation and electrocoagulation/flotation processes.

Rajashwar, K. and Ibañez, J. Environmental electrochemistry: (1997). Fundamentals and Applications in pollution abatement. San Diego, California: Academic Press limited. P. 776
Al Recovery and Reuse for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Gamboa Judith , Barrera-Díaz Carlos , Roa-Morales G. , Varela-Guerrero Victor 
Published: February 2020

Electrocoagulation is currently an emerging technology presented as an alternative for wastewater treatment, offering great potential in the removal of many different contaminants in wastewater from different sources [1].
In this work Tetra Pak packages were used to obtain Al electrodes. Al disc were made with 1,250 grams of aluminum recovered at a pressure of 6 tons for 2 minutes and these were used as electrodes for the electrocoagulation process
Electrocoagulation was performed at a current of 7.5A for 30 minutes at initial pH of 8. Up to 80 % removal of color and COD 47.97 % was observed when commercial aluminum electrodes and 77.81 % are used in color and COD of 47.57 % when the recovered aluminum electrodes were used (see Fig. 1). Therefore we can use the recovered aluminum electrodes as an alternative for the treatment of wastewater.

[1]
M. Mechelhoff, G. H. Kelsall y N. J. Graham, «Electrochemical behavior of aluminium in electrocoagulation processes,» Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 95, pp. 301-312, 2013.
Rapid Degradation of Malathion By Solar Photo-Electro Fenton Process Using an Oxygen Diffusion Cathode
Authors: Palacios-Rodriguez Gustavo Adolfo , Hinojosa-Reyes Laura , Guzmán Mar Jorge Luis , Hernández-Ramírez Aracely , Villanueva-Rodíguez Minerva , Ruiz-Ruiz Edgar Jocsan 
Published: February 2020

Malathion is a well-known organophosphate pesticide that is still used in Mexico and in other countries of Latin America in attempts to control several insect plagues. It is applied in citrus crops and urban zones. Due to its extended use, Malathion can become a water pollution problem.
In this work, results of degradation and mineralization of Malathion by Solar Photo electro-Fenton using an oxygen diffusion cathode are described. Previously, a factorial experimental design 32 with three repetitions in the central point and desirability function approach were applied to investigate de H2O2 production in the oxygen diffusion cathode. The effect of current density and support electrolyte were selected as factors, while produced H2O2 concentration and current efficiency were considered as response functions. From the statistical design prediction, the optimum condition for H2O2 production were 1 A of current density using 1 M Na2SO4 as electrolyte support generating up to 36 mM H2O2. Under these conditions, Solar Photo electro-Fenton process was applied for 10 and 30 mg/L Malathion solutions. The degradation by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton were also compared. The process was more efficient for the lower initial concentration of the pollutant. The results showed that the mineralization of Malathion by solar photoelectro-Fenton process and the photo electro-Fentonprocess for 10 mg/L Malathion were 100% and 80%, respectively, after 240 min of reaction.
Degradation of 4-Clorophenol By Electro-Fenton Using Electrodes of Graphite
Authors: Santana Germán , Nartividad Reyna , Roa Gabriela , Martín del Campo Eduardo 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOP) have been proposed like alternative processes for the treatment of industrial wastewater this is due to their high effectiveness in removing toxic organic compounds, low operating costs and minimum consumption of chemical reagents.
In this work the main purpose is to find the better conditions to degradate an organic compound in this case 4-Clorophenol by Fenton´s reaction.
Electrolytic System. Electrochemical cell is an undivided glass cell of 1 Liter. The electrodes (anode and cathode) are made of graphite. An oxygen flow of 50 mL*min-1 feeds with a diffuser to electro-generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in situin the cathode.
The diffuser, furthermore of provide oxygen also generates a bubble matrix which increase the velocity of mass transfer from the ions situated in the electrolyte to the electrodes surface.
For applying constant current is necessary a power supply which maintaining a current at 0.2 A. In this case the support electrolyte is Na2SO4 0.05 mol*L-1, this solution was adjusted to pH=3.0 with sulfuric acid.
With the above conditions, an experiment with a volume of 900 mL of electrolyte solution were conducted to electro-generate H2O2. The determination of the concentration of H2O2was followed by spectrophotometry UV-Vis at λ=408nm in an equipment HACH DR 500.
Knowing that is possible to electro-generate H2O2
in situ in this electrochemical cell it was decided to carry out Fenton´s reaction. For this purpose the ions Fe2+were obtained from an iron piece which was placed within the cell and it was not connected to the circuit.
To prove the catalytic activity of iron (Fe2+) and the oxidizing power of the radicals hydroxyls generated by Fenton´s Reaction, was added 4-Clorophenol to the electrolyte solution, maintaining the same reaction conditions of the electro-generation of H2O2. The degradation of 4-Clorophenol was followed by the determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) with an equipment Shimadzu TOC-L.
Results show that the solution initial concentration is 59.39 mg*L-1 of TOC which decrease until 33.26 mg*L-as result of 3 hours of treatment by Electro-Fenton reaction, this is a 43.8% of remotion from initial concentration of 4-Clorophenol. This implies that this process must be improve to mineralize completly organic compounds and reduce treatment time.
References.
[1] Agladze G, Tsurtsumi G, Jung B, Kim J, Gorelishvili G. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 2007. 37 (385-393).
[2] Brillas E, Sauleda R, Casado J. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 1998. 145 (759-765).
[3] Peralta E, Natividad R, Roa G, Marin R, Romero R, Pavon T. Sustainable Environment Research. 2013. 23 (259-266).
[4] Song-Hu, Xiao-Hua L. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2005. 118 (85-92).
[5] Stasinakis A. Global Network for Environmental Science and Technology. 2008. 10 (376-385)
Removal of Sulfates Containing in Water, by an Electro-Coagulation Process
Authors: Carreño Gilberto , HernÁndez Venus AMANDA , Fuentes Rosalba , Baltazar Juan CARLOS , Ortiz Josefina , Carreon JosÉ JUAN , Arias Luz ADRIANA 
Published: February 2020

Guanajuato City population is 110,000 habitants. The city uses as a drinking water source two water reservoirs. These reservoirs supply approximately 40% of the city demand; the difference is pumped from a granular aquifer (alluvial deposits) which is recharged by percolation though fractured rocks in the highlands. To the reservoirs got drainage of abandoned mines. There are more than 20 mines that drain year round relevant amounts of sulfate waters. This problem is extreme during the dry season, when the only water in the creeks is the mine drainage water (Ramos-Arroyo, et al., 2011).
This work presents a study of sulfate removal from a solution that simulates mine drainage in Guanajuato region (sulfate concentration 1400 ppm), by electrocoagulation (EC) method, using aluminum as a sacrifice anode in a lab scale electro-coagulation reactor. The couplings with a phytoremediation process improve better result. The removal of sulfates with the coupling of these two methods was satisfactory; decreasing the sulfate concentration around 90%. Results are also presented of sulfate removal from different abandoned mines drainage in Guanajuato, Mexico. Sulfate removal is followed during EC and the phytoremediation test, using HPLC and UV-vis.
The electrocoagulation method has shown good results in the removal of arsenic and sulfates (Primitivo, et al., 2014). This work presents also the results with different sulfate concentrations, types of water and the coupling of the EC method with another different method ( phytoremediation), to reduce costs and increase the percentage of removal of sulfates.
We thank the financial support given by CONACYT-CONCYTEG through the project GTO-2012-C04-195057
References
1.- Removal of arsenic and sulfates from an abandoned mine drainage by Electrocoagulation. Influence of hydrodynamic and current density. Primitivo Del Ángel, Gilberto Carreño, José L. Nava, Martín T. Martínez, Josefina Ortiz. Int. J. Electrochem.
Sci., 9 (2014) 710 – 719

2.- Afectaciones del Drenaje de Minas Abandonadas al Abasto de Agua Potable en Guanajuato, México. Y. R. Ramos-Arroyo, F. Ramírez-Navarro, J. Martínez-Arredondo, D. Muñoz-Cancino, I. Rodríguez-Huerta, G. Carreño-Aguilera, Macla, 15 (2011) 175.
Model Based Battery Management System (BMS) for Electric Transportation and Renewable Microgrids
Authors: Subramanian Venkat R. 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion batteries are a promising technology to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels for transportation and for the creation of resilient and reliable renewable microgrids. However, battery manufacturers overdesign lithium ion batteries used in electric vehicle to ensure safety and life due to the uncertainty of the internal states of the cell. Proactive battery management systems (BMS) and advanced sensing technologies offer an opportunity to significantly reduce the cost and weight of transportation batteries, and circumvent problems arising due to capacity fade and safety concerns. This talk will describe how multiscale electrochemical engineering models, mathematical model reformulation and the use of robust algorithms can alleviate some of these problems to help electrify the transportation industry by improving the range of variables that are predictable and controllable in a battery in real-timewithin an electric vehicle. The use of battery models in a BMS will be analyzed. The interplay between the fundamental depth in modeling, choice of numerical algorithms, and application driven problem formulation will be presented. The validity of implementation in a microcontroller environment for model predictive control (MPC) will be addressed and demonstrated. In addition, preliminary results on aggressive sizing and control strategies for batteries in renewable microgrids will be presented.
Acknowledgements: I would like to acknowledge my current and past students and postdoctoral associates for the results presented.