bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of stem cell markers in stroma of odontogenic cysts and tumors
Authors: Chacham Moran , Almoznino Galit , Zlotogorski‐Hurvitz Ayelet , Buchner Amos , Vered Marilena 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe stroma of odontogenic cysts/tumors may confer them differential biological behavior. We aimed to investigate the immunoexpression of stem cell markers (Nanog, SOX2, Oct4, and CD34) in the stroma of odontogenic cysts and tumors. CD34 was investigated exclusively as a marker for stromal fibroblast/fibrocyte cells (CD34 + SFCs). CD34 + SFCs were also investigated ultrastructurally.MethodsTen cases each of primary odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), recurrent OKC, dentigerous cyst, ameloblastoma, unicystic ameloblastoma, odontogenic myxoma, and 7 syndromic OKC were included. Results were represented as the mean score (%) of positive cells/field for each marker for each study group. For CD34 + SFCs, results are presented as the mean number of cells/field for each type of lesion. Kruskal‐Wallis and Spearman's correlation statistical tests were used; significance was set at P < .05.ResultsAll markers except Oct4 were expressed by stromal cells in all lesions. Expression of SOX2 was significantly higher in tumors than in cysts (P < .05). CD34 + SFCs were more frequent in cysts than in tumors. Ultrastructurally, CD34 + SFCs were identified for the first time in odontogenic lesions and showed characteristic bipolar/dendritic morphology.ConclusionAmong examined stromal stem cell markers, only SOX2 distinguished tumors from cysts. CD34 + SFCs may also contribute to the biological behavior of odontogenic lesions.
The association of low‐grade albuminuria with incident non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and non‐invasive markers of liver fibrosis by glycaemia status
Authors: Xin Zhuojun , Liu Shanshan , Niu Jingya , Xu Min , Wang Tiange , Lu Jieli , Chen Yuhong , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang , Bi Yufang , Xu Yu , Li Mian , Zhao Zhiyun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background & Aim
Low‐grade albuminuria, as an early marker of endothelial dysfunction and kidney damage, has been recognized as a risk factor for metabolic disorders. Epidemiological studies manifesting the association of low‐grade albuminuria with the risk of incident NAFLD and fibrosis were not available. We aimed to investigate the association of low‐grade albuminuria with incident NAFLD and fibrosis by glycaemia status.MethodsA prospective population‐based study was performed in 3308 participants without NAFLD at recruitment. Baseline urinary albumin excretion was obtained by a first‐voided early morning spot urine sample. At follow‐up visit, incident NAFLD was diagnosed by hepatic ultrasound after excluding alcohol abuse and other cause of hepatic diseases. Fatty liver index (FLI) was employed to reflect liver fat content. Liver fibrosis was evaluated by NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), fibrosis‐4 score (FIB‐4) and Hepamet fibrosis score (HFS) respectively.ResultsAfter 4.3 years of follow‐up, 622 (18.8%) were detected as incident NAFLD. Participants with low‐grade albuminuria imposed a 40.4% [1.404 (1.112‐1.772)] greater risk on incident NAFLD, and 52.0% [1.520 (1.141‐2.026)], 87.4% [1.874 (1.291‐2.720)] and 40.4% [1.404 (1.038‐1.898)] higher risks on newly onset higher values of FLI, NFS and FIB‐4 respectively. The effect of low‐grade albuminuria was stronger in the subgroup of non‐diabetic population.ConclusionsLow‐grade albuminuria was independently associated with incident NAFLD and a higher probability of fibrosis, especially among non‐diabetic individuals.
The Piancaldoli meteorite: A forgotten primitive LL3.10 ordinary chondrite
Authors: Marrocchi Yves , Bonal Lydie , Gattacceca Jérome , Piani Laurette , Beck Pierre , Greenwood Richard , Eschrig Jolantha , Basque Anne , Nuccio Pasquale Mario , Martin Franco Foresta 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Piancaldoli ordinary chondrite fell in northern Italy on August 10, 1968. Preliminary studies led to its classification as an LL3.4 unequilibrated ordinary chondrite. However, recent developments in classification procedures have prompted us to re‐examine its mineralogical, petrographic, spectroscopic, chemical, and isotopic features in a multi‐technique study. Raman spectra and magnetic properties indicate that Piancaldoli experienced minimal thermal metamorphism, consistent with its high bulk hydrogen content and the Cr contents of ferroan olivines in its type II chondrules. In combination with findings of previous studies, our data thus confirm the variability of Cr contents in ferroan olivines in type II chondrules as a proxy of thermal metamorphism. Furthermore, our results reveal that Piancaldoli is less altered than previously reported and should be reclassified as an LL3.10 unequilibrated ordinary chondrite. Our results also imply that the bulk deuterium enrichment, as observed in Piancaldoli (LL3.10), Bishunpur (LL3.15), and Semarkona (LL3.00), is a specific signature of the most primitive unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Based on our results, we propose that, to date, Piancaldoli is the second least‐altered unequilibrated ordinary chondrite fall after Semarkona. This work reiterates the importance of meteorite collections worldwide as fundamental resources for studying the formation conditions and evolution of our solar system.
Improved sanitation is associated with reduced child stunting amongst Indonesian children under 3 years of age
Authors: Rah Jee H. , Sukotjo Sri , Badgaiyan Nina , Cronin Aidan A. , Torlesse Harriet 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGrowing evidence suggests that household sanitation is associated with child nutritional status in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This paper examined whether household access to improved sanitation facilities and sources of drinking water was associated with stunting and anaemia amongst children aged 6–35 months of age in Indonesia. The sample for the analysis comprised 1,450 children aged 6–35 months who participated in the end‐line survey of the maternal and young child nutrition security project in Asia, conducted in three selected districts in Indonesia. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between household sanitation and water source, and stunting and anaemia. Approximately 26% and 56% of children 6–35 months of age were stunted and anaemic, respectively. Children living in a household with improved sanitation facilities had 29% reduced odds of being stunted compared with those in a household with unimproved sanitation facilities, after adjusting for potential confounders including child's age and gender, maternal education, and iron–folic acid supplementation, as well as household wealth status and source of drinking water (OR = 0.68, 95% CI:0.48–0.96). No association between household sanitation and childhood anaemia was observed. Source of drinking water was not associated with stunting or anaemia amongst children. There were no synergistic effects of household sanitation and water supply on stunting and anaemia. This suggests that efforts to improve household sanitation condition may need to be considered an essential, integral part of the programmatic responses by governments and development partners for the prevention of childhood nutritional status. Further randomised research is necessary to determine the causal link.
Universal Salt Iodisation: Lessons learned from Cambodia for ensuring programme sustainability
Authors: Codling Karen , Laillou Arnaud , Rudert Christiane , Borath Mam , Gorstein Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability in the world, but it has been successfully prevented in most countries through universal salt iodization (USI). In 2011, Cambodia appeared to be an example of this success story, but today, Cambodian women and children are once again iodine deficient. In 2011, Cambodia demonstrated high‐household coverage of adequately iodized salt and had achieved virtual elimination of iodine deficiency in school‐age children. However, this achievement was not sustained because the USI programme was dependent on external funding, and the national government and salt industries had not institutionalized their implementation responsibilities. Recent programmatic efforts, in particular the establishment of a regulatory monitoring and enforcement system, are turning the situation around. Although Cambodia has not yet fully regained the achievements of 2011 (only 55% of tested salt was adequately iodized in 2017 compared with 67% in 2011), the recent steps taken by the government and the salt industry point to greater sustainability of the USI programme and the long‐term prevention of iodine deficiency in children, women, and the general population.
The Dynamic Multicausality of Age of First Bilingual Language Exposure: Evidence From a Longitudinal Content and Language Integrated Learning Study With Dense Time Serial Measurements
Authors: PFENNINGER SIMONE E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study reveals hitherto overlooked effects of age of onset (AO) in immersive school contexts, using multiple measures over time so as to focus on fluctuations and trends in individual data. The second language (L2) English development was studied in 91 children who received 50–50 content and language integrated learning (CLIL) instruction in German and English and varied in their AO (5, 7, or 9). Data collection occurred 4 times annually for up to 8 school years (ages 5–12), via oral and written production tasks, motivation questionnaires, and interviews. Meaningfully integrating quantitative analyses (GAMM) and qualitative analyses, the study focuses not only on the process itself and on quantification of change but also on the underlying environmental and psychological reasons for change. Results reveal that (a) slightly later CLIL beginners (AO 7) turn out to show similar L2 development to that of the earlier beginners (AO 5), (b) besides external states and events, many internal states at any given moment contribute to significant L2 growth, (c) learners show significant improvement in the last 2.5 years of primary school, starting from age 10, and (d) there are significant differences between L2 oral and written performance in terms of height and shape of learner trajectories across (pre)primary school.
Topical bendazol inhibits experimental myopia progression and decreases the ocular accumulation of HIF‐1α protein in young rabbits
Authors: Tong Liyang , Cui Dongmei , Zeng Junwen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the inhibitory effect of bendazol on form‐deprivation myopia (FDM) in rabbits as well as the underlying biochemical processes.MethodsForty‐eight 3‐week‐old New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group, a form‐deprivation (FD) group and an FD + bendazol group (treated with 1% bendazol in the FD eyes). Refraction, corneal curvature, vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and axial length (AL) were assessed using streak retinoscopy, keratometry, and A‐scan ultrasonography, respectively. Eyeballs were enucleated for histological analysis, and ocular tissues were homogenized to determine the mRNA and protein expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs).ResultsBendazol inhibited the progression of FDM and suppressed the upregulation of HIF‐1α. At week 6, in the control, FD and FD + bendazol groups, the refraction values were 1.38 ± 0.43, 0.03 ± 0.47 and 1.25 ± 0.35 D, respectively (p < 0.001); the ALs were 13.91 ± 0.11, 14.15 ± 0.06 and 13.97 ± 0.10 mm, respectively (p < 0.001) and the VCDs were 6.56 ± 0.06, 6.69 ± 0.07 and 6.61 ± 0.06 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). HIF‐1α was upregulated in FD eyes but downregulated in FD + bendazol eyes, while the mAChRs were the opposite.ConclusionsIn the FD rabbit model, bendazol significantly inhibits the development of myopia and downregulates HIF‐1α expression, which may provide a novel therapeutic approach for myopia control.
To strengthen or to shatter? On the effects of stratification on professions as systems
Authors: Alvehus Johan , Eklund Sanna , Kastberg Gustaf 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of this article is to contribute to the literature on how stratification affects professions. Our case study is the ‘first teacher reform’ in Sweden, which introduced a more prominent position for some teachers. In this article, we elaborate six different first teacher types and analyse how these affect the profession. While elites are generally described as hybrids, we conclude that several of our types rather led to a de‐hybridization of roles, where managers became more administratively focused, and elites more anchored to professional tasks. We conclude that elite roles reveal various potentials in being strengthening/weakening or shattering/integrating to the profession, but, in contrast to other studies on professional elites, the majority of roles studied here are both strengthening and integrating to the profession. The study is qualitative and is based on 111 interviews, 12 weeks of shadowing and 53 observed meetings.
Aging, Proximity to Death, and Religiosity
Authors: Lechler Marie , Sunde Uwe 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConsiderable evidence has documented that the elderly are more religious and that religiosity is associated with better health and lower mortality. Yet, little is known about the reverse role of life expectancy or proximity to death, as opposed to age, for religiosity. This paper provides evidence for the distinct role of expected remaining life years for the importance of religion in individuals’ lives. We combine individual survey response data for more than 300,000 individuals from 95 countries over the period 1994–2014 with information from period life tables. Contrary to wide‐held beliefs, religiosity decreases with greater expected proximity to death. The findings have important implications regarding the consequences of population aging for religiosity and associated outcomes.
Two terpene synthases in resistant Pinus massoniana contribute to defence against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Liu Bin , Liu Qinghua , Zhou Zhichun , Yin Hengfu , Xie Yini , Wei Yongcheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), a destructive pest of Pinus massoniana, is causing a severe epidemic of pine wilt disease in China. When invaded by PWN, resistant P. massoniana secretes an abundance of oleoresin terpenoids as a defensive strategy. However, regulatory mechanisms of this defence in resistant P. massoniana have yet to be elucidated. Here, we characterized two terpene synthase genes, α‐pinene synthase (PmTPS4) and longifolene synthase (PmTPS21), identified in resistant P. massoniana and investigate the contribution of these genes to the oleoresin defence strategy in resistant masson pines. Up‐regulation of these two genes in the stem supported their involvement in terpene biosynthesis as part of the defence against PWN. Recombinant protein expression revealed catalytic activity for the two PmTPSs, with PmTPS4 primarily producing α‐pinene, while PmTPS21 produced α‐pinene and longifolene simultaneously. The major enzymatic products of the two terpene synthases had inhibitory effects on PWN in vitro. We demonstrated that PmTPS4 and PmTPS21 played positive roles in terpene‐defence mechanisms against PWN infestation. The major products of these terpene synthases could directly inhibit the survival rate of PWN in vitro. We revealed that PmTPS21 was a novel bifunctional enzyme capable of simultaneous production of both monoterpene and sesquiterpene.
Root metaxylem and architecture phenotypes integrate to regulate water use under drought stress
Authors: Strock Christopher F. , Burridge James D. , Niemiec Miranda D. , Brown Kathleen M. , Lynch Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAt the genus and species level, variation in root anatomy and architecture may interact to affect strategies of drought avoidance. To investigate this idea, root anatomy and architecture of the drought‐sensitive common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and drought‐adapted tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) were analyzed in relation to water use under terminal drought. Intraspecific variation for metaxylem anatomy and axial conductance was found in the roots of both species. Genotypes with high‐conductance root metaxylem phenotypes acquired and transpired more water per unit leaf area, shoot mass, and root mass than genotypes with low‐conductance metaxylem phenotypes. Interspecific variation in root architecture and root depth was observed where P. acutifolius has a deeper distribution of root length than P. vulgaris. In the deeper‐rooted P. acutifolius, genotypes with high root conductance were better able to exploit deep soil water than genotypes with low root axial conductance. Contrastingly, in the shallower‐rooted P. vulgaris, genotypes with low root axial conductance had improved water status through conservation of soil moisture for sustained water capture later in the season. These results indicate that metaxylem morphology interacts with root system depth to determine a strategy of drought avoidance and illustrate synergism among architectural and anatomical phenotypes for root function.
Tracking the motion of the KV1.2 voltage sensor reveals the molecular perturbations caused by a de novo mutation in a case of epilepsy
Authors: Pantazis Antonios , Kaneko Maki , Angelini Marina , Steccanella Federica , Westerlund Annie M. , Lindström Sarah H. , Nilsson Michelle , Delemotte Lucie , Saitta Sulagna C. , Olcese Riccardo 
Published: August 2020

Key points
KV1.2 channels, encoded by the KCNA2 gene, regulate neuronal excitability by conducting K+ upon depolarization. A new KCNA2 missense variant was discovered in a patient with epilepsy, causing amino acid substitution F302L at helix S4, in the KV1.2 voltage‐sensing domain.
Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry showed that F302L does not impair KCNA2 subunit surface trafficking.
Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that F302L alters the exposure of S4 residues to membrane lipids.
Voltage clamp fluorometry revealed that the voltage‐sensing domain of KV1.2‐F302L channels is more sensitive to depolarization. Accordingly, KV1.2‐F302L channels opened faster and at more negative potentials; however, they also exhibited enhanced inactivation: that is, F302L causes both gain‐ and loss‐of‐function effects. Coexpression of KCNA2‐WT and ‐F302L did not fully rescue these effects.
The proband's symptoms are more characteristic of patients with loss of KCNA2 function. Enhanced KV1.2 inactivation could lead to increased synaptic release in excitatory neurons, steering neuronal circuits towards epilepsy.
AbstractAn exome‐based diagnostic panel in an infant with epilepsy revealed a previously unreported de novo missense variant in KCNA2, which encodes voltage‐gated K+ channel KV1.2. This variant causes substitution F302L, in helix S4 of the KV1.2 voltage‐sensing domain (VSD). F302L does not affect KCNA2 subunit membrane trafficking. However, it does alter channel functional properties, accelerating channel opening at more hyperpolarized membrane potentials, indicating gain of function. F302L also caused loss of KV1.2 function via accelerated inactivation onset, decelerated recovery and shifted inactivation voltage dependence to more negative potentials. These effects, which are not fully rescued by coexpression of wild‐type and mutant KCNA2 subunits, probably result from the enhancement of VSD function, as demonstrated by optically tracking VSD depolarization‐evoked conformational rearrangements. In turn, molecular dynamics simulations suggest altered VSD exposure to membrane lipids. Compared to other encephalopathy patients with KCNA2 mutations, the proband exhibits mild neurological impairment, more characteristic of patients with KCNA2 loss of function. Based on this information, we propose a mechanism of epileptogenesis based on enhanced KV1.2 inactivation leading to increased synaptic release preferentially in excitatory neurons, and hence the perturbation of the excitatory/inhibitory balance of neuronal circuits.
Study on the Long Bone Failure Behaviors Under the Indenter Rigid-Contact by Experiment Analysis and Subject-Specific Simulation
Authors: Du Xianping , Jiang Binhui , Zhang Guanjun , Chou Clifford C. , Bai Zhonghao 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The bending fracture behaviors of long bone have gained great attention due to the high bending fracture risk during sports events, traffic accidents, and falling incidents, etc. For evaluating bone bending behaviors, most of the previous studies used an indenter in three point bending experiments while the effect of its rigidity was never considered. In this work, using the porcine long bones, the three point bending tests were conducted to explore the bone fracture behaviors under a rigid indenter. In addition to collecting the force applied, the bone fracture dynamic process was recorded by high-speed photography, and the fracture surface profile in mesoscale was observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on CT scanning of long bones, the cross section properties of test specimens were calculated by a homemade matlab script for correlating with their failure strengths. Also, a subject-specific finite element (FE) model was developed to identify the outcomes induced by a rigid indenter on simulation. Findings led to conclusions as follows: (1) The tension fracture came with fracture path deflection, which was caused by the bone indentation induced mesoscale crack-opening. Due to this damage before the whole bone fracture, a bone fracture moment correction was established to compensate experimental data. (2) The plastic indentation caused the force fluctuation as suggested by correlation analysis. (3) The bone failure moment correlated with the inertial moment of the bone cross section at the fracture location higher than the traditional cross section area. (4) In the subject-specific simulation, the indentation caused compression fracture under a much lower failure force. Removing the element erosion on the indenter-contacted area only during the validation was verified as a good option to solve this issue.