bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Courts Step Up
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Following the discussion of the options for invoking the International Criminal Court (ICC) or creating a new international institution to address the crimes in Syria, chapter 7 explores the potential for domestic courts to fill this impunity gap. Principles of complementarity, including the incorporation of international crimes into the world’s domestic penal codes, have contributed to the emergence of more empowered and aggressive domestic courts when it comes to the prosecution of grave crimes of international concern. The chapter demonstrates the way in which classic principles of domestic criminal jurisdiction—territoriality, effects, nationality (active and passive), protective, and universal jurisdiction—could all be, and are all being, activated to address the presence of perpetrators and victims found outside the Syrian battlespace. This chapter offers a taxonomy of the criminal cases proceeding to date in domestic courts around the world, some involving the state’s own nationals, some involving perpetrators found within the territorial state, and some proceeding in various ways while the defendant is still in absentia. This chapter offers explanations for the developments afoot within states—and the European Union in particular—that have enabled domestic courts to emerge as the most promising venue for justice. While compiling a number of overarching observations about this collection of cases, the chapter also acknowledges their inherent limitations, in general and when it comes to Syria in particular, as well as sources of resistance to the expansion of these forms of extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Innovations in ICL Documentation Methodologies and Institutions
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter moves from this matrix of accountability to the emergent evidentiary landscape for atrocity crimes litigation. Chapter 9 thus surveys the various multilateral, national, and civil society documentation projects underway with an eye toward capturing new technological developments, analytical outputs, and public-private partnerships that have given rise to an unprecedented cache of potential evidence of international crimes in Syria, making it the most documented crime base in human history. The Syrian conflict coincided with the explosion of social media and digital technologies that render ordinary people capable of capturing the commission of international crimes on their cellphones. This surfeit of potential evidence has created both opportunities and challenges to accountability. Although not all this information will be admissible in a court of law, it has the potential to contribute to a range of transitional justice processes, including restitution and lustration efforts. This chapter is premised on the observation that when the Syrian conflict ends—which it must at some point—the documentation exists to undergird a comprehensive set of transitional justice processes if there is political will to undertake such an endeavor.
Spherical Alliances
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We all navigate through multiple social spheres, staging ourselves and adopting various roles depending on circumstances dictating particular alliances. We are all under the weight of guilt and the psychic pressure of keeping them tightly compartmentalized. The alliance within a sphere represents an interpersonal moral norm of trust and expectations. This exists in contrast to dissociative identity disorder, whereby individual experience distinct personality states, each marked by compartmentalized and deep differences in affect, cognition, perception, memory, sensory-motor functioning, and, ultimately, experienced identity. Instead, we are able to apply radically different standards and moral norms across varying spheres and still maintain a united “self.”
Self-Deception in Development
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The social life of children in their development is made up of novel attachments, intimacy, and self-defining social affiliation, beyond the first family bonding or attachment to primary caretaker(s). But it is also a life made of conflicts, prejudices, and fears, particularly the fear of being rejected and not recognized by others. In this context, self-assertion, or the need to affirm and make room for self in relation to others, plays a central role in shaping and driving self-concept development. It is also the source, from an early age, of budding self-deception. Self-conceptualizing is primarily the process by which we situate ourselves in relation to others: how close or how estranged we are in relation to them and what impact and power we have on others. In this respect, children show us that conceiving ourselves might serve a primary social function: the function of asserting who we are in relation to others, an important process by which we capture identifiable characteristics that shape our behaviors, intentions, and social decisions.
Introduction: There Was a Moment
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
China views the decline of the United States and the West as signal to advance its interests, norms, and values on the world stage. But sentiments that one superpower will replace another miss the bigger picture. China’s rise to the commanding heights of the global economy and world affairs is not preordained. Its potential evolution into a global superpower, with a deep presence and strong influence over economic, political, military, and culture abroad, will rather be conditioned by how China behaves toward the rest of the world, and how the world responds. The world’s other large economies, major militaries, technology leaders, and cultural hubs will be significant in shaping the future world. For developed and developing countries alike, there is recognition that economic engagement with China produces strategic vulnerabilities to their own competitiveness and foreign policy and defense autonomy. China will struggle to realize its political, economic, and military global ambitions.
Democracy as Civilizing Mission
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As the First World War ended, new borderland conflicts erupted in Volhynia. At the Paris Peace Conference, Polish statesmen tapped into broader global ideas of civilization in order to show that the Polish nation had the right to rule Volhynia’s “backward” populations, particularly its Ukrainian-speaking majority. At the same time, Polish nationalist activists in the Borderland Guard (Straż Kresowa) attempted to implement their vision of anti-imperial democracy on the ground. This chapter explores how the Borderland Guard’s activists reconfigured “civilization” in Volhynia’s war-torn, resource-starved, and fractured local communities, where conflict played out along national, social, and economic lines. The contention that there were civilizational hierarchies both between Poles and non-Poles and within the ranks of “Poles” coexisted with rhetoric about national inclusivity. Indeed, hierarchy and exclusion directly emerged from attempts to import a Polish version of democracy into the borderlands.
Rassenwahn
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGerman science in early twentieth century was sophisticated, and Nazi theorists had to pay it lip service as they constructed their racial empire. Definitions of key terms like blood or race were never arrived at. Who or what was a Jew? Hans F. K. Günther and other Nazi race theorists were poorly trained and vague. The same was true of Alfred Rosenberg, one of the most influential race ideologues of the Nazi Party. Their works were taken seriously by Nazi bureaucracy. Throughout the Reich, race theorists helped the bureaucracy. George-Alexis Montandon, the Swiss-born, naturalized French physician and polygenist anthropologist, selected Jews in France for deportation using utterly dubious criteria. Exhibitions on race and centers of study were set up to promote Nazi race policies. Relatively little new physical anthropological research was conducted on Jews because it would have undermined the basis of racial laws. Attempts were made to see if Jewish blood was different. Non-somatic research into Jewish difference was carried out by Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss. Nazi Jewish studies had to engage with the black Jews who had troubled polygenists.
The Very Idea of Truth by Convention
Authors: Warren Jared 
Published: December 2020

This chapter answers various influential arguments against truth by convention, in general, and logical conventionalism, in particular. The first argument discussed claims that the contingency of our linguistic conventions is incompatible with the necessity of logical truth. The second claims that while conventions can be used to determine the content of a sentence, they cannot possibly make that content be the case (I call this “the master argument” against conventionalism, because of its influence). The third argument discussed is Quine’s famous argument against logical conventionalism. The fourth is a variation on Quinean themes, related to the later Wittgenstein’s	radical	conventionalism	and	Dummett’s	discussions	of Wittgenstein’s views. The fifth and final objection is Williamson’s argument against understanding-assent links. The chapter’s discussion shows that each of these arguments against conventionalism has decisive failings.
The Role of the Information Channel in Visual Computing
Authors: Feixas Miquel , Sbert Mateu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Around seventy years ago, Claude Shannon, who was working at Bell Laboratories, introduced information theory with the main purpose of dealing with the communication channel between source and receiver. The communication channel, or information channel as it later became known, establishes the shared information between the source or input and the receiver or output, both of which are represented by random variables, that is, by probability distributions over their possible states. The generality and flexibility of the information channel concept can be robustly applied to numerous, different areas of science and technology, even the social sciences. In this chapter, we will present examples of its application to select the best viewpoints of an object, to segment an image, and to compute the global illumination of a three-dimensional virtual scene. We hope that our examples will illustrate how the practitioners of different disciplines can use it for the purpose of organizing and understanding the interplay of information between the corresponding source and receiver.
Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes the things and people that facilitate collaboration across disciplines: shared items, shared objectives, and shared agents. (These concepts draw from literature on collaboration in the sciences and from research on intercultural communication.) Shared items function differently from discipline to discipline, while being identifiable across disciplines. Shared objectives comprise activity objects, the prospective outcomes of collaboration, and epistemic objects, knowledge sought. Shared agents function within and across two or more disciplines. In this book, shared items are represented primarily by scores (and recordings), activity objects by the book’s chapters, epistemic objects by interpretations of pieces and of analysis-performance relations, and shared agents by scholar-performers or performer-scholars. Mechanisms and processes of collaboration are briefly described: strategies for collaborating when views diverge, and degrees of collaborative convergence (working in parallel, translating or mediating knowledge for mutual influence, transforming domain-specific knowledge into new cross-domain knowledge).
Creation of Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter questions the role of the notated score in delimiting structure. Examining first the soundness of the published editions of Schoenberg’s Op. 19, No.4, and then analyzing the score and recordings by three pianists associated with Schoenberg interpretation (Edward Steuermann, Maurizio Pollini, and Mitsuko Uchida), it demonstrates how structure can be defined by the interpreter—analyst or performer. A view of interpretation as creation is set against a backdrop of a score’s affordances, including those of text or script.
Performing with Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter poses the question of how one synthesizes analysis and performance. Its centerpiece is Leathwood’s analysis of local frictions and long-range connections in the pitch structure of Carter’s Changes; his demonstration of their embodiment in guitaristic timbres, tactile shapes, and kinesthetic moves; and his modeling of how such knowledge might be internalized to inspire vital and free performances. “Improvising Changes: Exercises for Guitarists” and an accompanying video provide practical applications. Leong’s Prelude and Postlude frame Leathwood’s material and highlight how a “third culture” of analysis and performance can be inhabited and passed on—modeled and taught in studio and classroom.
Conclusion
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFor more than a decade, U.S. courts, legislators, and antitrust regulators have sought to weaken IP protections in technology markets. An organizational approach to IP analysis raises doubts about whether this policy trajectory is consistent with the public interest in supporting both the innovation and the implementation of new technologies. The economics, history, and politics of the U.S. patent system support the view that weak-IP regimes induce an organizational bias by favoring firms that operate under integrated and platform-based business models for monetizing R&D, which raises an implicit barrier to entry by smaller R&D-specialized entities that rely on patents to enter into contractual transactions to execute the commercialization functions required to reach market. Weakening IP protections can protect large incumbents against the competitive threat posed by smaller entrants that often produce the most dramatic forms of technological innovation.
Digital Redlining
Authors: Friedline Terri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how the rise of digital technologies enables new manifestations of racialization in financial services, using Google Fiber’s promises of low-cost high-speed Internet services in Nashville and Kansas City as examples. Akin to redlining in the lending market, Black and Brown communities may experience digital forms of redlining due to limited access to technologies such as high-speed Internet and smartphones that exist alongside the rising number of bank branch closures. At the nexus of financial and digital divides, banks’ overreliance on fintech can reproduce and amplify marginalization. Not only can fintech concentrate wealth, the computer algorithms on which fintech is built can further stitch whiteness into the financial system.
The Mind-Expanding Potential of Opposing and Contradictory Positions
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the connection between inner democracy and inner opposition. Literature shows that human beings function as a vessel of contradictions, but in the context of this book, the claim is made that herein lies exactly the basis for inner opposition and the potential of productive inner dialogue. The acknowledgment that we can hold contradictory positions and use them in a creative way functions as the breeding ground for the development of democracy as a learning process. In addition, a theory is presented here that shows that democracy itself is loaded with contradictions. On the one hand, it leads to emancipation, but on the other, it causes envy and resentment.
Flatsight
Authors: Spencer Danielle 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter begins Part II: Sight, wherein the author recounts her own metagnostic narrative concerning vision. Describing the experience of having strabismus and “lacking” stereoscopic vision, the author’s story is put into conversation with others, deploying narrative scrutiny and exploring themes of communicability and alterity. From nineteenth-century Flatland to “Stereo Sue” to Oliver Sacks, these stories raise questions about the degree to which it is possible to imagine other ways of seeing; philosophical debates about the nature of qualia, or phenomenal experience; and the potential consequences of telling a given story. This chapter also offers an introduction to key concepts in the analysis of illness narratives, and it begins to unpack the particular challenges accompanying metagnostic revelations.
Lessons in Supervision
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Western concepts of supervision were unknown in China, where supervision is more about being told what one has done right or wrong. The effort to create supervision as a reflective space was one of the most foreign ideas that we brought to the training program. Our struggles with them at the boundaries of how the therapy groups were to be organized and run revealed some vast differences in our assumptions. They live in an authoritarian political culture where the system can always be gamed. We presented a conceptual model where boundary violations are possible but always costly in terms of the therapy. The need to think things through and reason to clinical decisions was conceptually and practically strange to them. Initially they tried to do exactly what they thought we told them to do or exactly what they had seen us doing. This chapter details how the Chinese learned how to learn from our Western model of teaching.
The Right to Health and Health-Related Human Rights
Authors: Tobin John , Barrett Damon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the scope and meaning of the right to health under international law. Drawing on public health discourses and expanding beyond a right to health care, the contours of the right to health have been clarified—to encompass a wide range of social, political, and economic determinants of health—by the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) in its General Comment 14, by academics in the fields of law and public health, and by national governments in their domestic laws and judicial interpretations. The normative content of the right to health now provides a foundation for state obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to health; limitations on other rights for public health goals; the right’s essential attributes of availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality; the minimum core obligations of the right to health; and the progressive realization of health-related human rights.
Human Rights and Non-Communicable Diseases
Authors: Toebes Brigit , Patterson David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how human rights norms, principles, and mechanisms can be applied to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are now responsible for the vast majority of disease and death worldwide. There is widespread recognition that four behavioral risk factors are at the root of the major NCDs: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercise, and the harmful use of alcohol. It is widely understood that law and policy measures, including bans and price measures, are important tools for implementing structural and risk avoidance strategies, changing unhealthy behaviors. Human rights scholars and practitioners increasingly emphasize the human rights dimensions of the NCD pandemic as a basis to develop laws and policies to address risk factors and prevent disease. This chapter outlines the current human rights dimensions and approaches to NCD risk factors and suggests opportunities to strengthen legal obligations to respond to NCDs, with an emphasis on controlling tobacco and promoting healthy diets.
Health and Human Rights in Conflict and Emergencies
Authors: Evans Dabney P. , Queen Edward L. , Martin Lara S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law in safeguarding health and protecting rights in conflict and emergencies, examining the evolving role of aid workers as protectors of health-related rights. Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (CHEs)—from mass displacements, to disease outbreaks, to violent conflicts—create an environment for human rights violations and a challenge for human rights promotion. Humanitarian aid, operating within an interconnecting framework across two bodies of law, has the distinctive ability to mitigate violations, prevent harm, and realize rights. Yet the breakdown in social norms and government systems in conflicts and emergencies creates chaos that requires humanitarian responders to engage in lifesaving service provision and community resiliency support. This role, carrying both power and privilege, requires systems of accountability to ensure health and human rights.
Semantics
Authors: Baraz Yelena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how pride is conceived in Rome through an examination of the relevant terminology in Latin texts. It shows that the discourse of Roman pride aims to pinpoint an individual’s incorrect understanding of the balance of power in a given transaction by highlighting a mismatch between one’s own internal judgment and the external evaluation of one’s worth by others. It is directed toward enforcing individual compliance with the communal assessment of status and behavior. Crucial terms are arrogantia (“arrogance”), insolentia (“insolence”), fastus (“haughtiness”), and superbia, the last most the common and the most flexible. A careful investigation of terminology, in its differences and overlaps, yields pride scripts, models of prideful behavior that can then be applied to texts in which the marked terms are not used.
The Transformation of Pride in Augustan Poetry
Authors: Baraz Yelena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter follows the analysis of the Aeneid with an examination of the role that pride plays in the poetry of Vergil’s contemporaries, also engaged with the changing meaning of the concept alongside the political changes. Pride, especially associated with triumph, is an indication that excess of good fortune might lead to disaster in book one of Horace’s Odes and in Augustan love poetry, where Propertius develops a way of conceptualizing such pride as justified by the beloved’s qualities and not necessarily disproportionate. The most radical version of this development takes place in the metapoetic sphere, where the first positive reconceptualization of pride takes place: Horace’s attribution of positive pride to his Muse and Propertius’s response to the claim that his fatherland, Umbria, should be proud of his achievement. The concluding part of the chapter shows the poets’ pulling away from extending this rehabilitation of pride into the public sphere.