bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color-dependent unidirectional scattering of a plasmonic heterodimer investigated by a dipole-dipole interference model
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming , Zhang Qiang , Li Chunxiu , Yuan Yijun , Liu Jianping , Guo Jingfeng , Liu Wenwen , Chu Xinhong , Xie Fang 
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we employ an interference model of two separated electric dipoles to study the color-dependent unidirectional scattering of a plasmonic heterodimer consisting of a pair of gold and silver disks of the same size. The dipole moments in such a dipole-dipole interference model are numerically obtained by a multipole decomposition method. It shows that the power difference between the different scattering directions predicted by the dipole-dipole interference model agrees well with that calculated by the full wave simulation. The dipole-dipole interference model indicates that the scattering directionality of the heterodimer is intimately related to its geometrical parameters, including the height and radius of the disk as well as the distance between two disks. We further show that the color routing of such a heterodimer is also maintained when an electric or magnetic dipole source is positioned in the center of the heterodimer. Finally, we propose an approach to enhance bidirectional scattering by arranging the heterodimer in a line and then the main lobe beamwidth can be reduced to about 26 deg for the right scattering and 29 deg for the left scattering. Our results may be used in designing integrated plasmonic nanocircuits that demand light guiding and routing in nanoscale.
Effect of crystal anisotropy on light-field-driven currents in
dielectric crystal
Authors: Kwon Ojoon , Kim D. 
Published: September 2020

Recent advances in the availability of intense, carrier-envelope
phase-stabilized few-cycle lasers have led to the active study of the
control of electrons using a light field in atoms, molecules, and
solids. The field-driven ultrafast current in solids by strong fields
is of far-reaching importance in view of ultrafast devices. Recent
ab initio time-dependent density
functional theory calculations [Wachter et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113,
087401 (2014)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.113.087401] predict
that the crystal anisotropy manifests itself as the phase shift
between induced currents along different crystal axes. The present
work observes such a phase shift, clearly demonstrating that the
electric current induced by a strong light field in an anisotropic
crystal is sensitive to the orientation. A series of experiments has
been carried out with few-cycle laser fields polarized parallel to the
axes of quartz,

c
^

and

a
^

, respectively. Owing to the
anisotropic atomic composition in the crystalline lattice, the
transition to the tunneling regime takes place at lower intensity
along the

a
^

axis than along the

c
^

axis. This implies that at a given
tailored intensity, the tunneling transition occurs along the

a
^

but not along the

c
^

axis (still in the multiphoton
regime). Hence, the currents induced by the two different mechanisms
lead to an unequal accumulative phase, thus the nonzero phase shift.
This work promotes an understanding of the strong field response of
solids at the atomic level and in the subcycle time scale.
Comprehensive design and simulation of a composite reflector for mode control and thermal management of a high-power VCSEL
Authors: Qi Yuxuan , Li Wei , Liu Suping , Ma Xiaoyu 
Published: September 2020

We propose a composite top reflector composed of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and a subwavelength high-contrast grating (HCG) for a high-power 808-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The DBR and HCG in the reflector are connected by an indium tin oxide (ITO) surrounding layer, which makes it possible for the reflector to improve current injection uniformity and reduce heat generation while providing high reflectivity. The angle-dependent reflectivity of the composite reflector is optimized to suppress the high-order transverse modes of VCSEL while ensuring sufficient fundamental mode feedback. The number of top DBR periods and the thickness of the ITO surrounding layer are optimized to reduce the loss and provide high out-coupling efficiency. The double resonator coupled by top DBR is designed to provide optimal resonant wavelength stability, longitudinal optical confinement factor, and thermoelectric characteristics. Optical simulation results demonstrate that the well-designed configuration can provide a highest fundamental mode reflectivity of 99.7%, an out-coupling efficiency of 65%, a wavelength stability rate of 0.011 with the thickness of the ITO layer, and a confinement factor of 0.05. The transverse modes with order greater than 2 are effectively suppressed. The result of the thermoelectric model shows that the composite reflector-based VCSEL has low operating temperature and uniform current injection; thermal resistance of 0.87 K/mW is realized. In this context, devices with high emission efficiency and beam quality can be expected.
Covering ISIS in the British media: Exploring agenda-setting in The Guardian newspaper
Authors: Dogan Taner , Dogan Sare Selvi Ozturk 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Self-proclaimed ‘Islamic State’ (ISIS) hit the news headlines across the globe in the post-Arab Uprisings period. Its main aim was to replace the ‘colonialist borders’ of the Middle East created with the Sykes–Picot agreement in 1916. One of the atrocities of this terror network was against a minority in Iraq, the Yazidis. Whereas other victims of ISIS, such as Alawites, Druze, Ismailis and Turkmen, have not been covered thoroughly in the British and US media, Yazidis – in particular Yazidi women – dominated the titles. Notwithstanding, the framing of the Yazidis has been influential in the engagement of the Obama administration against ISIS’ move in the Levant; the Kurdish minority is still under threat today because of their ethnic and religious identity. This article discusses how agenda-setting effects the news media’s power to shape individual attitudes and public opinion. The Guardian’s agenda-setting is discussed in this article as a credible, ‘most liberal’ and ‘most trusted’ news brand in the United Kingdom. A content analysis of news articles regarding the plight of Yazidi population in Iraq and its continuous coverage mostly focusing on Yazidi women was conducted, with the articles published at the time when the crisis broke out. The authors of this article apply the notions of an ‘East–West’ divide and ‘Othering’ to frame ISIS’ move in Mount Sinjar, Iraq. The study emphasizes that The Guardian not only set the agenda by prioritizing the circumstances of the Yazidi population, but also deployed frameworks of ‘orientalist’ depictions of Yazidi women as slaves of ISIS.
Dynamics of Establishment of the Enterprises and the Entrepreneurship in Romania
Authors: Angheluță Petrică Sorin , Negescu Oancea Mihaela Diana , Diaconu Amelia , Dima Cristina 
Published: September 2020

The prosperity of a society is influenced by the existence of an industrial base. The stronger the industrial base, the more the society is considered to be more prosperous. A high degree of enterprises competitiveness leads to jobs that favor business development. The entrepreneurial spirit contributes to the development of businesses. For Romania, the article presents the evolution of the indicators regarding the degree of establishment of the newly created active companies. Also, the dynamics of the activity of newly created active enterprises in Romania is addressed. The level of education and the age of the founder differ depending on the activity sector of the newly created active enterprise. From the evolution analyzed, it can be concluded that, in Romania, the profile of the investor is represented by an individual under the age of 40, a high school graduate or who has university studies. For Romania, in recent years, the number of newly created active enterprises has decreased in the trade sector. Also, the sector with the highest dynamics in terms of setting up and closing companies, is the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector. These aspects are important for the economy, but also for the studies of the analysis of the training needs. In the process of generating new sources of economic growth, a relevant contribution is provided by the degree to which the entrepreneurial culture is promoted. Keywords: entrepreneurship, sustainable development, Romania
Urban Critical Infrastructure’s Governance Framework for Climate Resilient Cities
Authors: Lomba-Fernández Cinta 
Published: September 2020

Climate change affects cities worldwide conditioning their sustainable development. Cities will concentrate around 70% of the world population by 2050 accounting for 75% of the world’s resources consumption. For that reason, cities must act against climate change adopting resilience strategies. Resilience strategies recognize the importance of the reliability and functioning of urban critical infrastructures as they provide essential services for the citizens and they are crucial for the resolution and recovery of the crises. However, the integration of critical infrastructures in the city climate resilience strategies is challenging because critical infrastructures are complex systems, strongly interconnected one to each other and generally, they belong or are operated by private companies. This research proposes a governance framework for better integration of the management of urban critical infrastructures into the city climate resilience strategy. The framework has been developed from academic literature and has been enriched with insights from workshops and interviews with experts and practitioners. As a result, the framework tackles four aspects of governance: (1) modes of governance; (2) stakeholders’ roles; (3) processes and (4) instruments. These aspects will help to improve the vertical integration, cross-sectorial coordination, innovation and knowledge, and cooperation needed for improving city resilience. Keywords: City Resilience; Urban Critical Infrastructures; Governance Framework; Climate Change Adaptation
Inclusive Institutions – a Precondition of Sustainable Development. A Comparative Analysis Between Romania and Poland
Authors: Socoliuc (Guriță) Oana-Ramona , Pohoață Ion , Diaconașu Delia-Elena 
Published: September 2020

When trying to identify the sources of growth and sustainable development, institutions and their effectiveness are among the most important and powerful instrument required to explain the economic dynamics of countries all over the world. More precisely, those rules, formal or informal, political or economic, that foster the participation of the majority of people in activities able to ensure the allocation of resources to their most productive destinations are the ones that promote long-term prosperity. Their significance is becoming even more important when the particular case of transition economies is addressed. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to demonstrate that inclusive institutions (political and economic ones) are a prerequisite for the long-run development, mainly for emerging economies. Using an unique dataset of indicators that highlight the quality of economic and political institutions we have employed a VEC Model, variance decomposition and Granger causality analysis for Romania and Poland, in order to emphasize that, from a comparative perspective, each transition path towards the market economy has designed different rules of the game determining, thus, dissimilar development profiles.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Transition economies, Institutions, Institutional performance
Efficiency of Social Protection of the Rural Population in the United Territorial Community
Authors: Samborska Oksana 
Published: September 2020

Social defense exists in the developed countries of the world long time, and a large value is spared to the special attitude toward national minorities. The necessity of social defence purchased wide application in the end XIX and beginning of XX of century, includes the different types of defence of citizens in case of temporal loss of capacity for diverse reasons, unemployment, professional diseases, industrial accidents, pension system. This system is the complex of socio-economic and legal guarantees of every citizen of country. Social defence of population is called to create the normal terms of residence and stay of citizens in a middle a country, and is priority direction of realization of social politics.
Keywords: social protection, minimum payments, state policy, community
Analysis of Informal Microfinance Institutions Structures in Relation to Performance in Tharaka South Subcounty, Kenya
Authors: Kaua Caxton Gitonga , Thenya Thuita , Mutune Jane Mutheu 
Published: September 2020

Informal microfinance is the delivery of financial services mainly to low income people outside the regulation of the monetary authority. Despite their importance in development, no studies have undertaken a detailed analysis of structures and performance in informal microfinance institutions. This study aims to analyze structures and performance in informal microfinance institutions in Tharaka South Sub County. It uses descriptive study design and multi stage sampling design. Data analysis was done using thematic, descriptive and Kendall’s tau-b correlation analysis. An informal microfinance performance index was developed using inductive and hierarchical approaches. The study found the informal microfinance institutions are marked by high performance which is determined by their structures. Moreover, the study deduced that informal microfinance is a key policy strategy for poverty alleviation, financial inclusion, gender equity and resilience building since participants mainly include women and other vulnerable groups.
Keywords: Capital, Livelihoods, Informal, Microfinance, Performance, social
A Sustainable Governmental Intervention Policy for Slum Upgrading: Road Infrastructure in Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria
Authors: Iliya Suleiman , Gürdallı Huriye 
Published: September 2020

The urban cities in Nigeria are experiencing a deformation causing an urban decay with poor housing construction, improper use of unplanned land hindering urban spatial development. In this paper examination of slum prevalence in Nigeria and aims to propose development scheme to improve informal settlement of the urban cities focusing on governmental intervention and development policies in all level of governmental authorities to upgrade the living conditions and obtain value for the urban low class. Harvesting the potential of the work force of this regions for urban development, aims to provide highlight to the use of infrastructural development particularly road network to aid connectivity and urban design. A review of informal settlement mainly on the absence of infrastructure and degraded environmental conditions in an unplanned settlement in the city of Kaduna popularly known as Railway Down Quarter, proposes a possible strategy and approach for a sustainable upgrading policy. This research develops a conceptual approach of the necessity of mainly road infrastructure a medium that introduces services and a sustainable development in informal settlements in Kaduna, Nigeria by government intervention.
Keywords: Slum upgrade, government policy, road infrastructure, Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria
The Essence and Specific Characteristics of the Fiscal Mechanism for Regulating the Investment Development of the National Economy
Authors: Rudenko Viktoriia , Voloshchuk Ruslan 
Published: September 2020

The issues of the place and role of the state in the investment process has not lost relevance for many decades. Some scholars, appealing to the experience of developed countries, propose to minimize the role of the state in the investment sphere. This view is based on the fact that state participation cannot ensure a more efficient allocation of investment resources than a market mechanism of self-regulation. Other scholars believe that all the troubles in the economy are due to the fact that the state has minimized its influence on the investment sector, thereby causing a decrease in its activity. Obviously, both positions of scientists cannot be rejected mechanically. However, the practice of conducting investment activities in Ukraine has clearly shown that the state's departure from the investment sphere has actually cleared the way for anarchy and inconsistency in the investment process. At present, the state is obliged to influence investment activity by choosing effective means of its regulation, relying primarily on the fiscal mechanism. The article is devoted to the study of the essence of the fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy and the identification of its specific features. The specifics of the scientific tasks that are the subject of the study required the use of a set of special methods, the use of which helped to analyze the essence of the fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy and to highlight its specific characteristics. The etymology of the concept of “fisc” is considered in the article. Approaches to the interpretation of the term “mechanism” are highlighted. The economic meaning of the definition of “regulation” is substantiated. The essence of the fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy is determined. The specific features of the fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy are singled out and characterized. The study found that the impact of the fiscal mechanism on the investment development of the national economy is due to its specific characteristics and the focus of its components at solving specific problems and achieving a real effect due to financial resources that are formed, distributed and used to meet the investment needs of economic entities. Keywords: fisc, mechanism, regulation, investment development, fiscal mechanism for regulating the investment development of the national economy
The Solution to Safety Crisis in Railways after Privatisation
Authors: Ito Hiroki 
Published: September 2020

Privatisation of infrastructure is expected to improve the effectiveness of operation, whereas it is possible to cause excessive rationalization. Especially in the field of railways, excessive rationalization causes fewer investments in the maintenance of assets and undermines safety. Railways play a critical role to develop the economy in a sustainable way and have a significant impact in the region, but their safety must be prioritised. In fact, the UK government privatised British Rail and founded Railtrack, which was specialised in the railway track maintenance, but the Hatfield accident raised awareness for safety and led to the renationalising Railtrack into Network Rail. Likewise, in Japan, National Railways was privatised and divided into separate companies (JR), but among them JR Hokkaido has been causing a large number of accidents and troubles. Based on the review of the process and outcomes of the privatisation of railways in the UK and Japan, this paper discusses the way to improve their safety sustainably. In conclusion, it validates the intervention of governments in railway companies suffering from poor financial health.
Keywords: Privatisation, Railways, Safety, British Rail, Railtrack, Network Rail, Governmental intervention
Families Benefiting from Social Assistance in Poland - Strategies and Barriers to Poverty Reduction
Authors: Pokrzywa Magdalena 
Published: September 2020

The article aims to characterize the remedial strategies undertaken by Polish families using social assistance to minimize material deprivation and the main barriers to empowerment of such families. The source of data are the results obtained as part of the author's own research, which were conducted with social workers in Poland and had quantitative (500 CATI) and qualitative (90 IDI) nature. In families living in difficult economic conditions, both active and passive activities are used to obtain the missing funds. Active strategies include taking up a job (permanent, additional or occasional, legal or in the so-called ‘gray area’), selling or exchanging skills, time and goods, borrowing money, or applying for support to institutions (which is mainly a female domain). Women also implement many passive strategies that involve saving or reducing consumption by, for example, preparing dishes from cheap products, shopping in places with the lowest prices, buying second-hand items, etc. The main barriers to minimizing the poverty of families benefiting from social assistance in Poland are related to their life attitude and the gender of its members. Remedial strategies for difficult financial situations undertaken by poor families benefiting from social assistance vary depending on the type of family, problem(s) they experience and the resources they have. The strategies undertaken also depend on the gender of family members experiencing poverty.
Keywords: poverty, family, social assistance, social worker, gender
Legal Culture as a Condition for Sustainable Development of Ukrainian Society
Authors: Kachur Vira , Khomiachenko Svitlana , Moriak-Protopopova Khrystyna , Protosavitska Liudmyla 
Published: September 2020

At the beginning of the 21st century mankind was confronted with such global challenges in various spheres of life as environmental problems, starvation and impoverishment of the majority of the world population, degradation of morality, increasing regional and interethnic conflicts, terrorism and others. The idea of sustainable development is the answer to these challenges today. Legal culture is one of the conditions for sustainable development of Ukrainian society. It allows to rethink the role and importance of state and legal institutions for ensuring sustainable development both at the ordinary and scientific level. This role is revealed by the tasks performed by the legal culture. The formation of the philosophy of sustainable development of the population, an understanding of the values and needs of stakeholders, the involvement of individuals in the system of legal values, and legal support for all activities aimed at achieving the sustainable development goals defined in the final document of the UN Summit on Sustainable Development “Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” are among them. Carrying out legal socialization of various subjects of public life, developing an appropriate legal position for them will allow achieving social justice, building the foundations of inclusive development, ensuring the rule of law, eradicating corruption and restoring confidence in the state and its institutions, strengthening social cohesion, ensuring the interaction of state bodies with the public and self-organizing activities of citizens.
Keywords: sustainable development, legal culture, consciousness, life position, social orientation, consciousness, life position, social orientation, legal values