bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T169. SEMANTIC PROCESSING IN RELATION TO ANATOMICAL INTEGRITY OF THE VENTRAL LANGUAGE STREAM IN SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Authors: Surbeck Werner , Hänggi Jürgen , Viher Petra , Schmidt André , Seifritz Erich , Homan Philipp , Borgwardt Stefan , Quednow Boris , Walther Sebastian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Semantic processing anomalies, clinically reflected by disorganized speech are a core symptom of schizophrenia. In the light of accumulating evidence on its prominent role in semantic processing, aberrant structural integrity of the ventral language stream may reflect impaired semantic processing in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD).

Methods
Comparison of white matter tract integrity in SSD patients and healthy controls using diffusion tensor imaging combined with probabilistic fiber tractography. For the ventral language stream, we assessed the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus [IFOF], inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus. The arcuate fasciculus and corticospinal tract
were used as control tracts. In SSD patients, the relationship between semantic processing impairments and tract integrity was analyzed separately. Three-dimensional tract reconstructions were performed in 45/44 SSD patients/controls (“Bern sample”) and replicated in an independent sample of 24/24 SSD patients/controls (“Basel sample”).

Results
Multivariate analyses of fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity of the left IFOF showed significant differences between SSD patients and controls (p&lt;0.001, ηp2=0.23) in the Bern sample. In SSD, axial diffusivity of the left IFOF was inversely correlated with semantic processing impairments (r=-0.579, p&lt;0.0001). In the Basel sample, significant group differences for the left IFOF were replicated (p&lt;0.01, ηp2=0.29), while the correlation between axial diffusivity of the left IFOF and semantic processing decline (r=-0.376, p=0.09) showed a statistical trend. No significant effects were found for the dorsal language stream.

Discussion
This work provides direct evidence for the importance of the integrity of the ventral language stream, in particular the left IFOF, in semantic processing deficits in SSD.
T176. INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF ORAL AND GUT MICROBIOME IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Ghorbani Mahin , Benedict Gerard , Mei Mei Tew , Syahril bin Mod Yusub Muhamad , SalwaRamly Siti , Arif bin Muhamad Rasat Muhamad , Loke Stella , Croft Lawrence , Parimannan Sivachandran , SuYin Lee , Rajandas Heera 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The role of oral and gut microbiomes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia has recently come to light with the advancement of sequencing technology. Recent studies have shown that schizophrenia patients have different gut and oral microbiome profiles than healthy people. The interaction of oral and gut microbiota with the brain is facilitated through the gut-brain axis. Several studies have profiled the gut microbiomes in the Malaysian population, however none has investigated its relationship with etiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this preliminary study is to therefore investigate the relationship between oral and gut microbiomes in pathogenesis of schizophrenia in the Malaysian population based on the total transcriptome profiles.

Methods
In this study, 15 schizophrenia patients and 15 healthy people (control) were recruited from the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia, namely Malay, Chinese and Indian. Throat swabs and stool samples were collected and subjected to total RNA extraction. Following this, ribosomal RNA depletion and cDNA conversion were performed prior to sequencing using Illumina platform. Bioinformatic tools will be used to analyse and compare the transcriptome profiles of microbiomes from schizophrenia and healthy subjects. Brain derived neurotrophic factor, serotonin and dopamine assays will be performed using their blood samples too. The results of the bioassays will be then correlated with the transcriptome profiles to identify possible mechanisms by which microbiota could promote schizophrenia

Results
The RNA sequencing results will reveal differences in gene expression profiles between the microbiomes of schizophrenic and healthy subjects. Based on the transcriptome profiles and bioassay results, the possible pathways and mechanisms by which these microbiota can cause schizophrenia will be identified. In addition, candidate biomarkers from the oral and/or gut microbiomes for diagnosis of schizophrenia can be identified.

Discussion
The first and second generations of schizophrenia treatments mostly are based on controlling the symptoms of the disease, whereas treatment based on microbiome dysbiosis correction can tackle the underlying mechanism leading to a precise treatment of the disease.The findings from this study will enable the identification of distinct schizophrenia associated bacteria, that may help in development of new treatments and novel diagnostics for schizophrenia via microbiome-targeted therapy including probiotics and prebiotic.
T182. DIAGNOSIS INDEPENDENT SYNDROME RELATED GRAY MATTER VOLUME CHANGES IN A LARGE TRANSDIAGNOSTIC COHORT: RESULTS FROM THE FOR2107 STUDY
Authors: Stein Frederike , Lemmer Gunnar , Schmitt Simon , Brosch Katharina , Meller Tina , Nenadic Igor , Dannlowski Udo , Krug Axel , Kircher Tilo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
More than a century of research on the neurobiological underpinnings of the Major Psychoses (Schizophrenia SZ, Bipolar Disorder BD, Major Depressive Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder SZA) has been unable to identify diagnostic “markers”. An alternative approach is to study dimensional psychopathological syndromes that cut across categorical diagnoses. Brain imaging studies on the correlates of syndromes are thus far restricted to one diagnosis, however it is unclear, whether structural brain correlates of syndromes are the same across diagnoses. Previously, we have identified 7 syndromes in n=811 patients suffering from major psychoses, applying a confirmatory factor analysis, including depressed mood, negative symptoms, delusions, formal thought disorders, hallucinations, mania and increased appetite. The aim of the current study was to identify gray matter volume correlates of these syndromes across the major psychoses.

Methods
We tested the association of the above 7 psychopathological factors with whole brain GMV (voxel-based morphometry) in a sample of n=713 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for MDD (n=550), BD (n=79), SZ (n=51) and SZA (n=33) (www.for2107.de). T1 weighted brain images were acquired at a 3-Tesla MRI. Images were pre-processed as implemented in the Cat12 (SPM12) toolbox. We performed multiple regression analyses for each factor separately and used the family wise error correction (FWE) to correct for multiple comparisons. Additionally, we tested if local VBM associations were driven by one diagnosis extracting the beta-volumes of the clusters and then comparing the subgroups using ANCOVA.

Results
The delusion factor was negatively correlated with gray matter volume in the left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus (k=138 voxels, x/y/z=-48/-58/-15, t=5.23, p&lt;.05 FWE peak level) and the left amygdala/hippocampus (k=23 voxels, x/y/z=-15/-12/-12, t=4.84, p&lt;.05 FWE peak level). The hallucinatory syndrome was negatively correlated with volume in the right thalamus proper (k=54 voxels, x/y/z=8/-4/-2, t=4.9, p&lt;.05 FWE peak level). Extraction of the beta-volumes revealed no effect of diagnosis (delusions (F (3,708) p=.54; hallucinations (F (3,708) p=.542).

Discussion
Volume changes underlying psychopathological syndromes are independent of diagnosis. We could confirm previous results from much smaller studies which have restricted themselves to single diagnoses or case control designs. Our findings open a new avenue for neurobiological research of the major psychoses, using syndrome based, dimensional approaches rather than DSM or ICD diagnoses.
T206. ANTIPSYCHOTIC EFFECTIVENESS FOCUSING ON INSIGHT
Authors: Stabell Lena , Johnsen Erik , Kroken Rune A , Løberg Else-Marie , Joa Inge , Reitan Solveig Klæbo , Rettenbacher Maria , Gjestad Rolf 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Impaired insight is common among patients with schizophrenia, and a major obstacle for treatment adherence and improvement. Previous studies have investigated the effect of antipsychotics on insight, but findings are indecisive due to small or homogeneous samples, non-randomized design or short follow- up.
The aim of this study was to investigate if there were differential effects on insight among different antipsychotic medications, and whether the effect was directly related to improvement in insight or indirectly through reduction of psychosis symptoms.

Methods
Data was derived from the Bergen-Stavanger-Innsbruck-Trondheim study (BestIntro). This is a randomized, rater-blinded, naturalistic study with a head- to head comparison of three antipsychotic medications: amisulpride, aripiprazole and olanzapine. Inclusion criteria were adults with a F20-F29 ICD-10 diagnosis being actively psychotic defined as a score of ≥4 on items P1, P3, P5, P6, or G9 on the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Insight was measured by PANSS item G12. We used a modified version of PANSS to assess psychosis symptoms (PANSS total score minus item G12, mPANSS). Level and change in insight and psychosis symptoms were estimated in latent growth curve models. The pattern of change indicated a piecewise model with the initial phase from baseline to week six and the long-term phase from week six to one year. The study drugs were used as predictors.

Results
A total of 144 participants were included, 35% female and 61% had previously used antipsychotic medication. Mean insight score at baseline was 3.36. Preliminary findings show differential effects on insight among the three medications, where aripiprazole was the least effective drug. The effect on insight was related to improvement in psychosis symptoms for all study drugs. In addition, we found a direct effect on insight in the long-term phase for amisulpride and olanzapine. In the same phase, the aripiprazole group showed a slight increase in impaired insight.

Discussion
This is the first randomized study with a heterogeneous sample to find an effect of antipsychotics on insight that exceeds the contribution of reduction of psychosis symptoms. Although we have not investigated the association between increased insight and medication adherence, our results imply that patients with impaired insight will benefit from antipsychotic treatment. More specifically, treatment with amisulpride or olanzapine may be more helpful in improving insight over time.
M86. CAN WEIGHT GAIN CAUSE METABOLIC SYNDROME A DECADE LATER IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER?
Authors: Hawar Moradi , Helldin Lars , Olsson Anna-Karin , Anna Pontén 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder have a reduced life time expectancy with up to 20 years. Obesity and metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent and cardio vascular disease, CVD, remain the most common cause of the excess mortality. Despite studies showing the reduced life time expectancy and its causes the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder yet remain to benefit of the development of the healthcare. In this study we aim to focus on how the weight changes in different age groups and when do the cluster of conditions of metabolic syndrome start to occur.

Methods
In this naturalistic study we follow 71 patients, 47 man and 24 women diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. We divided the patients into 5 different groups based on age. Group 1 aged 20–30 years, Group 2 aged 31–40 years, Group 3 aged 41–50 years, group 4 aged 51–60 years and Group 5 aged 61 years and elder. The longest time of observation was 18 years. Data on weight (kg) and disorders such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were collected at baseline and then yearly thereafter. Data from baseline and the last yearly follow up were included in this study. Weight and the presence of the cluster of conditions that make up metabolic syndrome in the above-mentioned groups were analyzed.

Results
Patients in group 1 make the highest gain of weight with 0, 9 kg per year and group 2 with the least gain of weight only 0, 01 kg per year. Patients in group 3 have a weight loss of 0, 2 kg per year. At endpoint 9 out 19 patients in group 3 and 11 out of 21 patients in group 4 were treated for one, two or three conditions of the metabolic syndrome.

Discussion
In our study we show that weight gain appears at least 10 years before the development of metabolic syndrome. Despite the loss of weight that appear in group 3 the negative effects of the weight gained a decade earlier may be a factor that make patients aged 41 years and older to be at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
M121. CLINICAL PREDICTION MODELS FOR TRANSITION TO PSYCHOSIS: AN EXTERNAL VALIDATION STUDY IN THE PRONIA SAMPLE
Authors: Rosen Marlene , Betz Linda , Bertolino Alessandro , Borgwardt Stefan , Brambilla Paolo , Chisholm Katharine , Kambeitz-Ilankovic Lana , Haidl Theresa , Lencer Rebekka , Meisenzahl Eva , Ruhrmann Stephan , Salokangas Raimo K R , Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Upthegrove Rachel , Wood Stephen J , Koutsouleris Nikolaos , Kambeitz Joseph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
A multitude of clinical models to predict transition to psychosis in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) have been proposed. However, only limited efforts have been made to systematically compare these models and to validate their performance in independent samples.
Therefore, in this study we identified psychosis risk models based on information readily obtainable in general clinical settings, such as clinical and neuropsychological data, and compared their performance in the PRONIA study (Personalised Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management, www.pronia.eu) as an independent sample.

Methods
Of the 278 CHR participants in the PRONIA sample, 150 had available data until month 18 and were included in the validation of eleven psychosis prediction models identified through systematic literature search. Discrimination performance was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and compared to the performance of the prognosis of clinical raters. Psychosocial functioning was explored as an alternative outcome.

Results
Discrimination performance varied considerably across models (AUC ranging from 0.42 to 0.79). High model performance was associated with the inclusion of neurocognitive variables as predictors. Low model performance was associated with predictors based on dichotomized variables. Clinical raters performed comparable to the best data-driven models (AUC = 0.75). Combining raters’ prognosis and model-based predictions improved discrimination performance (AUC = 0.84), particularly for less experienced raters. One of the tested models predicted transition to psychosis and psychosocial outcomes comparably well.

Discussion
The present external validation study highlights the benefit of enriching clinical information with neuropsychological data in predicting transition to psychosis satisfactorily and with good generalizability across samples. Integration of data-driven risk models and clinical expertise may improve clinical decision-making in CHR for psychosis, particularly for less experienced raters. This external validation study provides an important step toward early intervention and the personalized treatment of psychotic disorders.
M122. DEPRESSION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS: LONGITUDINAL COURSE AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER CLINICAL PARAMETERS AND QUALITY OF LIFE
Authors: Phahladira Lebogang , Asmal Laila , Chiliza Bonginkosi , Luckhoff Hilmar , du Plessis Stefan , Kilian Sanja , Scheffler Freda , Emsley Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The relationship between schizophrenia and depression is complex. Longitudinal studies on the course of depression in first episode schizophrenia populations are scarce and there are conflicting results on the predictive value of some baseline measures.

Methods
We conducted an open label longitudinal cohort study which included 126 patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with long-acting antipsychotic medication over 24 months. Depression was assessed at three monthly intervals using the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. Changes in depression over time were assessed using the linear mixed-effect models for continuous repeated measures. The relationship between depression and other clinical parameters was assessed with regression models.

Results
Depressive symptoms were most prominent at baseline and showed highly significant reductions in the first three months (p&lt;0.0001). Majority of the patients with depression improved with antipsychotic medication alone and we found associations between depressive symptoms with insight and poorer quality of life, however only illness awareness (p=0.0035) was the only significant predictor on depression in our regression analysis. There were a few differences between patients who experienced depression during the acute phase of treatment and those in the post-acute phase.

Discussion
Our findings suggest that depression in schizophrenia is common and generally responds well to treatment. The relationship between depression and insight has implications for further treatment considerations
M129. PATTERNS OF CHILDHOOD TEMPERAMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ADULT PSYCHOTIC DISORDER IN A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: Clarke Mary , Brannigan Ross , Tanskanen Antti , Huttunen Matti , Leacy Finbarr , Cannon Mary 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Childhood temperament has previously been shown to be associated with mood and anxiety disorders later in life. Studies have also suggested possible links between childhood temperament and later psychosis.

Aim
To investigate the association between childhood temperament and its individual component factors, measured at age 5, and later psychiatric disorders including psychosis.

Methods
Using a sample from a Finnish birth cohort (N=1014), we used logistic regression models to examine associations between maternal reported childhood temperament at age 5, and later psychiatric diagnoses, ascertained through linkage with the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register.

Results
Individuals with a childhood temperament rated as difficult at age 5 had almost 5-times the odds of developing a psychotic disorder in adulthood compared to those with a temperament rated as average by their mothers (OR = 4.91, 95% CI = 1.51 – 15.91). The individual temperament factors of approach withdrawal, adaptability and quality of mood were each independently associated with later psychotic disorder while different temperament components were associated with increased risk of mood disorders.

Discussion
Early childhood temperament could be used in combination with other early life indicators to identify those at greatest risk for the development of psychosis later in life, and to inform the implementation of early interventions such as parent-training programs and school-based interventions to support children in developing more adaptive behavioural and self-regulatory strategies. Additionally, intervening early in a child’s life to support more optimal temperament development, such as better adaptability to new stressful situations through specific skills training, could be a viable target for early intervention to reduce psychosis risk.
M136. PSYCHOSIS POLYRISK SCORE (PPS): IMPROVING DETECTION OF INDIVIDUALS AT-RISK AND PREDICTION OF CLINICAL OUTCOMES
Authors: Oliver Dominic , Spada Giulia , Radua Joaquim , McGuire Philip , Fusar-Poli Paolo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Primary prevention in Clinical High Risk for psychosis (CHR-P) can ameliorate the course of psychotic disorders. Further advancements of knowledge have been slowed by the standstill of the field, which is mostly attributed to its epidemiological weakness. This underlies the limited identification power for at-risk individuals and the relatively modest ability of CHR-P interviews to rule-in a state of risk for psychosis. One potential avenue for improving identification of individuals at risk for psychosis is a Psychosis Polyrisk Score (PPS) integrating genetic and non-genetic risk and protective factors for psychosis. The PPS hinges on recent findings that risk enrichment in CHR-P samples is accounted for by the accumulation of non-genetic factors e.g. parental and sociodemographic risk factors, perinatal risk factors, later risk factors, and antecedents.

Methods
A prototype of the PPS has been developed encompassing 26 non-genetic risk and protective factors, utilising Relative Risks (RR) from an umbrella review of risk and protective factors for psychosis onset in the general population. This was combined with prevalence data to ensure positive scores indicated increased psychosis risk and negative scores indicated decreased psychosis risk. To pilot this, patients referred for a CHR-P assessment (n=15) and healthy controls (n=66) were recruited and assessed with the PPS. Additionally, to investigate the range and distribution of these scores in the general population, 10,000,000 permutations were run utilising prevalence data to produce a simulated dataset.

Results
In the simulated general population data, scores ranged from -15 (least risk, equivalent RR = 0.03) to 39.5 (highest risk, RR = 8912.51). 50% of individuals had an RR &lt; 1 (PPS &lt; 0), 26.7% of individuals had an RR &gt; 3 (PPS &gt; 5), and 2.7% RR &gt; 30 (PPS &gt; 15). Patients referred for a CHR-P assessment had higher PPS scores (median=9, IQR=12.75) than healthy controls (median=-1.75, IQR=8.875). PPS scores in the simulated general population dataset (median=0, IQR=9.5) were similarly lower than patients.

Discussion
The PPS has potential for improving identification of individuals at risk for psychosis. Its distribution in a simulated general population is reflective of expected psychosis risk, with the vast majority of people not being at-risk and very few being at high risk. In addition to supplementing current assessments for CHR-P, this could be implemented at an earlier stage to stratify individuals based on psychosis risk and inform prognoses and clinical decision-making. This promise warrants further research to ascertain its prognostic accuracy and optimal thresholds for clinical intervention.