bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artemidorus and the Oneirocritica
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter sketches out what little is known of Artemidorus’ life (largely confined to what he tells us in the Oneirocritica). His social standing as a member of the civic elite at Lydian Daldis is explored in the light of recently discovered bronze coins of Daldis that seem to mention Artemidorus or his homonymous son. The chapter includes discussion of the date (Severan rather than Antonine), structure, and purpose of the Oneirocritica; it also addresses the question of its relationship to earlier Greek books on dream-interpretation (many of which are cited in passing by Artemidorus), with the aim of determining which aspects of the Oneirocritica were original to Artemidorus, and which parts are simply paraphrases of earlier oneirocritical literature.
How to Interpret a Dream
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses Artemidorus’ theory of predictive and non-predictive dreams (oneiroi and enhypnia), his distinction between allegorical and ‘directly predictive’ dreams, and his methods for interpreting particular dream-elements. Artemidorus claimed that his system of dream-interpretation depended on practical empirical experience, rather than logical conjecture or analogy; this chapter explores how far this position is an accurate reflection of Artemidorus’ actual practice. His theory of the six stoicheia or ‘elements’, to which dream-elements may or may not conform, and which largely determine whether a dream is auspicious or malign, is described in detail. The remarkable absence of a developed metaphysics of dreams in Artemidorus is emphasized, and a general assessment is offered of the internal consistency of Artemidorus’ approach, along with some possible analogies to the modern concept of ‘intuition’.
Cities of Dreams
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The civic life of Greek poleis in the eastern Roman empire is very prominent in the Oneirocritica (particularly in Book 4). This chapter will discuss the absence of the Classical Greek polis from Artemidorus’ conception of the Greek city (an aspect in which he differs profoundly from other Greek authors of his day), and the rich and detailed picture that he gives us of Greek civic institutions and hierarchies in the Severan period. The role of civic elites and the social expectations placed upon them is a major theme of the chapter, as is the degree to which the Oneirocritica reflects the distinctive social and political conditions of his two native cities, Ephesus and Daldis.
The Gods
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Artemidorus has long been recognized as an important source for epiphany-dreams, local Greek cult-practices, and ideas about the Greek pantheon. This chapter serves as a companion to his account of dreams about the gods in Book 2 of the Oneirocritica, with extended discussion of his classification of the gods (intelligible and sensible; ethereal, celestial, terrestrial, marine, subterranean, encircling), his curious lack of interest in deities outside the ‘standard’ Greek pantheon (including most local Anatolian deities), and his views on the alleged divine origin of dreams. His attitude towards incubation-sanctuaries seems to have been ambivalent at best, for what may have been rather practical professional reasons.
The First Person in Cognition and Morality
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The book is the revised version of two lectures presented, in the spring 2017, as the Spinoza lectures in the University of Amsterdam. Both lectures explore the contrast and collaboration between two types of standpoint on the world, each of which finds expression in a specific use of the first-person pronoun “I.” One standpoint is the particular standpoint we have on the world insofar as we are spatially and temporally located, biologically unique, socially and culturally determined individuals. The other is the universally communicable standpoint we share or can hope to share with all other human beings, whatever their particular biological, social, or cultural determination. The book explores the degree to which using the first-person pronoun “I” is the expression of one or the other standpoint. The first lecture explores this question in relation to the exercise of our mental capacities in abstract reasoning and knowledge of objective facts about the world. The second lecture explores this question in relation to what we take to be our moral obligations.
Fall Down Seven Times Get Up Eight?
Authors: Bollard Alan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter opens in 1936 with rebel soldiers of the Japanese Army creeping through the snow to assassinate the elderly Japanese Minister of Finance, Takahashi Korekiyo. He was a remarkable self-taught Japanese, many times Minister of Finance, who learned his economic and financial skills raising funding in European markets to finance the Japanese-Russian War. He managed bank crises and saved his country from the Great Depression with an innovative range of pre-Keynesian macroeconomic policies. However his attempts to cut military spending ran into intense opposition from the Japanese military who were intent on invading Manchuria, and a group of fanatic soldiers ultimately assassinated him.
Richest Man in the World?
Authors: Bollard Alan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The assassination sent shockwaves through China, and soon led to the 1937 invasion by Japan. H. H. Kung was an American-educated Minister of Finance in the turbulent China of the 1930s. He was a member of the famous Soong family—both Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek were brothers-in-law, and his wife was the richest woman in China. As the Japanese invaded, the economy in China progressively worsened. With little regard for the law, Kung proved adept at raising revenue by forcing Chinese to pay taxes, by bank fraud, by manipulating the currency, always with something on the side for him and his family. As the war worsened, he extracted aid dollars from the American taxpayer. When the Communists took power Kung reinvented himself as a wealthy Wall Street banker.
‘If They Say Bomb at One O’clock …’
Authors: Bollard Alan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In Japan conventional bombing had not proved sufficient: it was the atom bomb that ultimately brought surrender. The brilliant Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann had worked on the Manhattan Project and identified Hiroshima as a bombing target. He went on to design computers that helped build bigger bombs. In addition he developed an original mathematical approach to modelling a dynamic economy that helped economists advance their modelling. With the Cold War looming, he and colleague Oskar Morgenstern pioneered the new subject of game theory which the big powers used to model their post-war defence tactics, and led to the classic 1950s strategy of ‘mutually-assured destruction’.
Economists in the Cold War
Authors: Bollard Alan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The last chapter covers the transition from World War II to the decade of the Cold War. The new divide was between East and West, and new tasks for economists included civilian reconstruction, a return to consumer economies, military expenditure, strategic deterrence, and the economic possibilities for peace. Von Neumann’s game theory provided an influential way of viewing the Communist threat, while in the USSR Kantorovich emerged from Stalin’s dark shadow to help develop Soviet computing and teach the new subject of management science. Both these Cold War geniuses died early of cancer. In the meantime Leontief was using his input-output analysis to build scenarios for world peace.
Innovative Enterprise Solves the Agency Problem
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses innovation theory to provide both a general theoretical critique and a selective empirical critique of the use of agency theory to rationalize the looting of the U.S. business corporation as enhancing economic efficiency. It focuses on three empirical works, Bebchuk and Fried, Pay Without Performance (2004); Bebchuk, Brav, and Jiang, “The Long-Term Effects of Hedge-Fund Activism” (2015); and Fried and Wang, “Short-Termism and Capital Flows” (2017). The chapter contends that MSV ideology as promulgated by agency theorists has contributed to inferior corporate and economic performance. It then argues that, for analyzing the operation and performance of the economy, innovation theory should replace agency theory.
Imagining Nuclear War in the British Army, 1945-1989
Authors: Moody Simon J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The primary mission assigned to the British Army from the 1950s until the end of the Cold War was deterring Soviet aggression in Europe by demonstrating the will and capability to fight with nuclear weapons in defence of NATO territory. This ‘surreal’ mission was unlike any other in history, and raised a number of conceptual and practical difficulties. This book provides the first comprehensive study on how the British Army imagined the character of a future nuclear land warfare, and how it planned to fight it. Based on new archival evidence, the book analyses British thinking about the political and military utility of tactical nuclear weapons, the role of land forces within NATO strategy, the development of theories of tactical nuclear warfare, how nuclear war was taught at the Staff College, the Army’s use of operational research, and the evolution of the Army’s nuclear war-fighting doctrine. The book argues that the British Army was largely successful in adapting to its new nuclear mission in Germany, but that it displayed a cognitive dissonance when faced with some of the more uncomfortable realities of nuclear war.
Spinoza on Reason, Passions, and the Supreme Good
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book offers a new narrative about Spinoza’s moral philosophy and his account of reason, passions, and social cooperation. Spinoza’s views evolved significantly over time. In his early writings, his account of ethical progress towards the Supreme Good relies mostly on the idea that the mind can build on its innate knowledge to resist the power of the passions. Although appropriate social conditions might support the individual’s pursuit of the Supreme Good, achieving it does not depend essentially on social factors. In Spinoza’s later writings, however, the emphasis shifts towards the mind’s need to rely on appropriate forms of social cooperation. Reason becomes the mental expression of the way by which the human body interacts with external causes on the basis of some degree of agreement in nature with them. The greater the agreement, the greater the power of reason to adequately understand universal features as well as more specific traits of external causes. In the case of human beings, certain kinds of social cooperation are crucial for the development of reason. This view has crucial ramifications for Spinoza’s account of how individuals can progress towards the Supreme Good, and how a political science based on his principles can contribute to this goal.
Possessing the City
Authors: Vanaik Anish 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book is a social history of the property market in late-colonial Delhi; a period of much turbulence and transformation. It argues that historians of South Asian cities must connect transformations in urban space and Delhi’s economy. Utilizing a novel archive, it outlines the place of private property development in Delhi’s economy from 1911 to 1947. Rather than large-scale state initiatives, like the Delhi Improvement Trust, it was profit-oriented, decentralized, and market-based initiatives of urban construction that created the Delhi cityscape. A second thematic concern of Possessing the City is to carefully specify the emerging relationship between the state and urban space during this period. Rather than a narrow focus on urban planning ideas, it argues that the relationship be thought of in triangular fashion: the intermediation of the property market was crucial to emerging statecraft and urban form during this period. Finally, the book examines struggles and conflicts over the commodification of land. Rents and prices of urban property were directly at issue in the tussles over housing that are examined here. The question of commodification can, however, also be discerned in struggles that were not ostensibly about economic issues: clashes over religious sites in the city. Through careful attention to the historical interrelationships between state, space, and the economy, this book offers a novel intervention in the history of late-colonial Delhi.
Partisan Activism in the Age of Individualization
Authors: Wolkenstein Fabio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses the following question: How do contemporary party members view themselves, their party, and their role in it? This question is important because the success of party reforms depends centrally on whether the newly-created channels of participation and engagement are recognized as meaningful and valuable by those who engage in parties (or are generally inclined to engage in them); and to find out what could be considered meaningful and valuable by these individuals we need to understand what they expect from a party in terms of participation and opportunities to make one’s agency felt. The basis of the study, as will be explained in detail, are focus group interviews held with party members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), two parties that were chosen as empirical cases because Social Democratic parties are arguably on top of the list of the parties that may be considered ‘victims’ of the trend of shifting participatory norms, having lost much of their once-great electoral support across most of Europe. An important finding the chapter presents is the tendency of party members to demand (not more direct participation like membership ballots or the like but) more face-to-face contact and two-way communication with party elites and their fellow activists—which strengthens the general case for a more deliberative understanding of parties that the book advances.
Failures of Partisan Deliberation
Authors: Wolkenstein Fabio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough the picture of intra-party deliberation that emerges in Chapters 4 and 5 is generally very positive, it is important to note that some of the party groups that were studied for this book proved to be less deliberative than others. Those groups provided good preconditions for deliberation, yet their actual deliberations displayed numerous shortcomings. This chapter examines these shortcomings, looking closely at three types of ‘deliberative failure’—(a) group splits and defection; (b) cases where deliberation does not arise, or only seldom arises; and (c) polarizing tendencies. The chapter also sketches a number of institutional devices for making deliberative failures tractable and concludes that even though deliberative failures will be difficult to avoid in an internally deliberative party, their most harmful effects can be limited through institutional design; so, the fact that deliberation sometimes fails does not speak against a deliberative model of intra-party democracy as a whole. This is important as the proposal of a more deliberative and thus democratic party the book advances is meant to be feasible and functional even under difficult conditions.
Rights-Threats
Authors: Smith Stephen A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapters 6-8 explore the three main ‘causes of action’ (the facts that claimants must prove to obtain remedies) in the common law: rights-threats, wrongs, and injustices. Chapter 6’s focus, rights-threats, arise when one of the claimant’s substantive rights is under threat from the defendant. It explains that courts respond to rights-threats by ordering the defendant to comply with the correlative substantive duty (in which case the remedy is ‘replicative’) or to comply with a close monetary substitute for that duty (in which case the remedy is ‘substitutionary’). For example, if the claimant proves that the defendant is threatening to trespass or to continue trespassing over its land, the court normally orders the defendant not to trespass. Chapter 6 argues that a rights-threat is the cause of action for orders for a sum due under a contract, recovery of land, recovery of chattels, injunctions, specific performance, and some (but not all) orders to pay damages that are issued in lieu of injunctions (‘substitutionary damages’).
Dialogue on Rhythm
Authors: Hamilton Andy , Macarthur David , Squires Roger , Tugby Matthew , Wiseman Rachael , Hamilton Andy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Collated and edited by Andy Hamilton, Chapter 1 is a dramatized dialogue in the long philosophical tradition of that form. The debate poses the dynamic conception—that rhythm involves movement—against the view that nothing relevant in the music moves literally, that is, spatially. Hamilton’s dynamic conception characterizes rhythm as “[a primitive] order within human bodily movement or movement-in-sound,” and opposes Malcolm Budd’s and Peter Simons’ static accounts in terms of order-in-time and Roger Scruton’s metaphorical conception of sonic or acousmatic rhythm as movement in space. Most dialogue participants support a dynamic conception of some kind, but David Macarthur denies that rhythm “moves in a literal but non-spatial sense.” Roger Squires and Rachel Wiseman develop Hamilton’s account, arguing that the movement criterion should be expressed as a capacity and not a disposition.
Entrainment and the Social Origin of Musical Rhythm
Authors: Clayton Martin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12 develops Maurice Halbwachs’ concern with social interaction in theorizing rhythm. Taking inspiration from Halbwachs’ view of rhythm as social not natural, the chapter outlines a new approach to the question that Halbwachs leaves unanswered: If musical rhythm is social in origin, how does it come into being—how is his “prior collective agreement” reached? Alfred Schütz, although casting Halbwachs as the straw man in his famous essay “Making Music Together,” did not contest the latter’s point about the social origin of rhythm. Schütz’s argument—that all communication is made possible by what he called the “mutual tuning-in relationship” in which individuals come to share their experience of inner time—does contradict Halbwachs: for Schütz, rhythmic coordination is prior to any collective agreement. The author argues that rhythm in fact emerges spontaneously both in individuals and, crucially, in interactions between them, and that it is therefore both natural (physiological) and social in origin.
Soundless Rhythm
Authors: Durà-Vilà Víctor 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 20 develops a notion of rhythm that is independent of sound and, in addition to hearing, includes sight, smell, taste, and touch. By engaging with the work of Andy Hamilton, it rejects that music is required to conceptualize rhythm. It maintains that rhythm in dance can be theorized independently from music and, more ambitiously and generally, that rhythm could exist in a soundless universe. Moreover, it contends that we can experience rhythm in painting in a non-metaphorical way, which goes against the proposal defended by Jason Gaiger. Finally, it examines some potential implications of this thesis for incipient art practices involving senses other than sight and hearing.
Hearing It Right
Authors: Holliday John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 24 presents a genealogy of the impulse toward metrical abstraction in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, offering a brief survey of approaches to metrical abstraction that have shaped the modern metrical imagination. These approaches take abstract meter as their starting point. It examines the return, in the first half of the twentieth century, to theories that tried to avoid the complications introduced by emphasizing voiced particularities of rhythm; these theories resisted earlier syntheses of meter with music. For the New Critics, at least, the reader is in “a better position” to offer a rhythmically “meaningful” reading if he or she “recognizes the meter.”
Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Authors: Correa Romar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Romar Correa continues to use the Godley-Cripps (1983) stock-flow-consistent (SFC) framework in this update to refine the thesis that the monetary authority is the ‘handmaiden’ of the fiscal authority. The bank, commercial and central being indistinguishable, is central to the account. A revitalized ‘real bills doctrine’ is proposed. The deleterious consequences of promoting the alternative, ‘financialization’ are traced.
Caste, Class, Gender
Authors: Deshpande Ashwini 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Ashwini Deshpande argues the translation and impact of momentous post reform changes on inter-group disparities has been uneven. Caste inequality shows very strong inter-state variation and some convergence, but no clear relationship between growth and convergence. Gender wage gaps are substantial, despite the reduction in the average gender wage gap for regular wage and salaried employees over the last decade, and these are greater for the lower part of the wage distribution. A decomposition of these gaps between ‘explained’ and ‘residual’ indicates the discriminatory component is greater among the bottom four wage deciles, indicating the presence of a ‘sticky floor’, rather than a ‘glass ceiling’ for women. While poverty incidence has reduced, class inequality has increased sharply, which has fuelled a protracted armed insurgency in large parts of the country.
A Governance Analysis of Transportation in India
Authors: Sriraman S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Sriraman attempts to understand the impact of the governance structure in the Indian context on the provision of transport infrastructure and services. Government owned railways have taken some initiatives to promote freight movement in a big way by the establishment of dedicated corridors with a different model of investment and operation. Equally significant are the initiatives taken up by the different transport related Ministries to promote multi-modalism which involves a change in governance structure. The issue is whether there can be effective implementation of these policy initiatives given continuing poor practices and deviation from an ideal institutional governance framework. One other issue discussed critically relates to the effective implementation of planning and operating of information technology practices in the context of smart cities that are being encouraged in a background of poor urban physical infrastructure.
Introduction
Authors: Nachiappan Karthik 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by revisiting a recent episode—India’s behaviour at the 2009 Copenhagen climate negotiations—that aptly exemplifies how scholars cover India’s multilateral record: high expectations accompanied by suboptimal commitments. This approach and various explanations, the chapter argues, blinds us from generating a coherent grounded perspective when it comes to India’s multilateral approach since they focus on outcomes, not the negotiations themselves.