bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 2-aryl-benzothiazoles via Ni-catalyzed coupling of benzothiazoles and aryl sulfamates
Authors: Yu Xiaofeng , Zhang Zhen , Song Renyuan , Gou Liping , Wang Guangrong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
2-Aryl-benzothiazoles have been successfully synthesized via a simple coupling reaction between benzothiazoles and aryl sulfamates using a nickel catalyst. The nickel catalyst is inexpensive, reusable and commercially available. In addition, the use of highly expensive palladium catalysts and unstable raw materials has been avoided. 2-Aryl-benzothiazoles bearing various substituents on the aryl groups were obtained in good yield.
Localization STED (LocSTED) microscopy with 15 nm resolution
Authors: Puthukodan Sujitha , Murtezi Eljesa , Jacak Jaroslaw , Klar Thomas A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We present localization with stimulated emission depletion (LocSTED) microscopy, a combination of STED and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). We use the simplest form of a STED microscope that is cost effective and synchronization free, comprising continuous wave (CW) lasers for both excitation and depletion. By utilizing the reversible blinking of fluorophores, single molecules of Alexa 555 are localized down to ~5 nm. Imaging fluorescently labeled proteins attached to nanoanchors structured by STED lithography shows that LocSTED microscopy can resolve molecules with a resolution of at least 15 nm, substantially improving the classical resolution of a CW STED microscope of about 60 nm. LocSTED microscopy also allows estimating the total number of proteins attached on a single nanoanchor.
Active analog tuning of the phase of light in the visible regime by bismuth-based metamaterials
Authors: Garcia-Pardo Marina , Nieto-Pinero Eva , Petford-Long Amanda K. , Serna Rosalia , Toudert Johann 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The active and analog tuning of the phase of light by metamaterials is needed to boost the switching performance of photonic devices. However, demonstrations of this type of tuning in the pivotal visible spectral region are still scarce. Herein, we report the active analog tuning of the phase of visible light reflected by a bismuth (Bi)-based metamaterial, enabled by a reversible solid-liquid transition. This metamaterial, fabricated by following a lithography-free approach, consists of two-dimensional assemblies of polydisperse plasmonic Bi nanostructures embedded in a refractory and transparent aluminum oxide matrix. The analog tuning of the phase is achieved by the controlled heating of the metamaterial to melt a fraction of the nanostructures. A maximum tuning of 320° (1.8 π) is observed upon the complete melting of the nanostructures at 230°C. This tuning is reversible by cooling to 25°C. In addition, it presents a wide hysteretic character due to liquid Bi undercooling. This enables the phase achieved by this analog approach to remain stable over a broad temperature range upon cooling and until re-solidification occurs around 100°C. Therefore, Bi-based metamaterials are endowed with analog optical memory capabilities, which are appealing for a wide range of applications, including optical data storage with enhanced information density or bistable photonic switching with a tunable “on” state.
Controllable all-optical modulation speed in hybrid silicon-germanium devices utilizing the electromagnetically induced transparency effect
Authors: Zhou Junhu , Zhang Chenxi , Liu Qirui , You Jie , Zheng Xin , Cheng Xiang’ai , Jiang Tian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Incorporating auxiliary all-optical modulation speeds as optional response modes into a single metamaterial is a promising research route towards advanced terahertz (THz) applications ranging from spectroscopy and sensing to communications. Particularly, a plethora of dynamically tunable optical functionalities are determined by the resonant light-matter interactions. Here, an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonator stacked with two traditional semiconductor films, namely silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), is experimentally demonstrated. A giant switching feature of the EIT window with a peak at 0.65 THz occurs when the Si or Ge film is excited by ultrafast optical pulses, allowing for an optically tunable group delay of the THz wave packet. The recovery time for the slow and fast on-off-on switching cycles is 1.7 ns and 11 ps, respectively, which are mapped as the pump delay time of Si and Ge. Two optional response modes are integrated on the same device, where the modulation speed varies by three orders of magnitude, endowing the modulator more compact. This work provides new prospects for the design and construction of novel chip-scale THz devices based on EIT and their applications in areas of sophisticated optical buffering and active filtering.
Identification of supervised and sparse functional genomic pathways
Authors: Zhang Fan , Miecznikowski Jeffrey C. , Tritchler David L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFunctional pathways involve a series of biological alterations that may result in the occurrence of many diseases including cancer. With the availability of various “omics” technologies it becomes feasible to integrate information from a hierarchy of biological layers to provide a more comprehensive understanding to the disease. In many diseases, it is believed that only a small number of networks, each relatively small in size, drive the disease. Our goal in this study is to develop methods to discover these functional networks across biological layers correlated with the phenotype. We derive a novel Network Summary Matrix (NSM) that highlights potential pathways conforming to least squares regression relationships. An algorithm called Decomposition of Network Summary Matrix via Instability (DNSMI) involving decomposition of NSM using instability regularization is proposed. Simulations and real data analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program will be shown to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.
Effect of Rest Interval Duration on the Volume Completed During a High-Intensity Bench Press Exercise
Authors: Hernandez Dennis J. , Healy Sean , Giacomini Mona L. , Kwon Young Sub 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Hernandez, DJ, Healy, S, Giacomini, ML, and Kwon, YS. Effect of rest interval duration on the volume completed during a high-intensity bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 2981–2987, 2021—Between-set rest intervals (RIs) are one of the most important variables in resistance training; however, no known research has investigated the effects of RIs greater than 5 minutes during high-intensity strength training. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of 3 different RIs on repetition sustainability and training volume (sets × reps × resistance) during a high-intensity bench press exercise. Fifteen resistance-trained male subjects (mean ± SD, age = 25.5 ± 4.5 years, and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RM] ratio [1RM/body mass] = 1.39 ± 0.1) completed 3 experimental sessions, during which 4 sets of the bench press were performed with 85% of 1RM load. Subjects performed the bench press using 3 different RIs in a random counterbalanced design. Data were analyzed using both a one- and two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. As sets progressed, repetitions were significantly different (p < 0.05) between all RIs, and only the 8-minute RI (p < 0.05) allowed for the complete sustainability of repetitions over 4 consecutive sets. Subjects attained the greatest training volume (p < 0.05) using an 8-minute RI between sets compared with a 2- or 5-minute RI. Similarly, a significantly greater training volume was achieved using the 5-minute RI compared with the 2-minute RI. Resistance-trained men, with the goal of greater volume during strength training, would benefit from longer RIs, specifically using an 8-minute RI between 4 consecutive sets of a bench press exercise.
Developing Powerful Athletes, Part 1: Mechanical Underpinnings
Authors: Turner Anthony N. , Comfort Paul , McMahon John , Bishop Chris , Chavda Shyam , Read Paul , Mundy Peter , Lake Jason 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
This review will revisit practitioner understanding of the development of power, before outlining some of the key mechanical parameters that contribute to power development. This understanding will help with planning and periodization of strength and power training, which is explored in part 2 of this 2-part review. This review (part 1) discusses the force-time and force-velocity curve and addresses recent criticism in using terms such as power, rate of force development, and explosiveness, over impulse. These terms are distinguished mechanically and conceptually for the benefit of the scientist and coach, and are essential for effective sharing of data and practice.
The Ball-on-Three-Ball (B3B) Test – Application to Cement Paste and Mortar
Authors: Fu Tengfei , Weiss W. Jason 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
While originally used for ceramics, the ball-on-three-ball (B3B) test has shown value for use with cementitious materials. The B3B test uses disk-shaped samples that can be sectioned from a cylinder, which allows a large number of samples to be tested to provide information on statistical repeatability. Additionally, this test is also well suited for use in some cement paste degradation studies. In this research, cement paste and mortar samples made with standard ASTM sand or natural sand were tested using the B3B test. The results showed that the B3B test has less than 10 % variation in flexural strength for cement paste and mortar. Data analysis using statistical Weibull theory indicated that the B3B flexural strength is typically lower than four-point bending flexural strength; however, this can be explained by size effect considerations. Recommended testing procedures were given.
The Impact of Repair Method on the Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel Embedded in Cracked Concrete
Authors: Alarab L. Abo , Ross B. E. , Poursaee A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe primary objective of this study was to experimentally assess the mitigating impacts of repair methods on the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement steel in precracked concrete. Precracked reinforced concrete specimens with a single transverse crack with three different crack widths of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.7 mm (0.004, 0.012, and 0.028 in) as well as uncracked beams were prepared. The specimens were exposed to alternating wet and dry cycles of 2 wk using a 3 wt. % sodium chloride solution to simulate an aggressive environmental condition and thus accelerate corrosion of embedded reinforcement bars. Three different methods were used for repair: (1) epoxy only, (2) injecting the inhibitor inside the crack and then coating the surface with epoxy, and (3) injecting a mixture of epoxy and inhibitor inside the crack and then coating the crack surface with epoxy. Electrochemical measures showed that all repair methods significantly suppressed corrosion activity. Prior to application of the repair methods, the corrosion activity was correlated with the crack width. After repair, the corrosion activity was diminished and was similar regardless of crack width. The epoxy-only repair method corresponded to greater reduction in corrosion activity than the other two methods.
An Experimental Investigation on the Mechanism of Contact Erosion in Levee Foundations Considering the Characteristics of Particle Shape and Flow Field
Authors: Liang Fayun , Zhang Li , Wang Chen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Internal erosion is one of the most critical contributing factors for levee failures. Contact erosion, as a type of internal erosion, dominants when the seepage flow direction is parallel with the interface between coarse and fine soil layers. As is often the case beneath the foundation of a levee or at the top of clay core in an embankment dam, contact erosion can induce continuous transport of fine particles. Consequently, these water-retaining structures may collapse. To mitigate such potential hazards, the condition for initiation and progression of contact erosion should be investigated. In this research, the characteristics of contact erosion within cohesionless soils are presented visually by means of a newly devised apparatus. Two types of transparent coarse particles, namely quartz rubble and glass bead, are incorporated in two tests to study the effect of hydraulic conditions and particle shape on the initiation of contact erosion. The occurrence of contact erosion is captured qualitatively by snapshots, and the variation of soil sample configuration and flow lines are monitored by a stationary camera. Quantitative measurements are also conducted. Hydraulic gradients, turbidity, eroded mass, and inlet water pressure are recorded. The results provide insight into the influence of flow condition and particle shape on the occurence of contact erosion. The initiation and progression of contact erosion are governed by both hydraulic conditions and pore morphology. The latter is more crucial.
Sensory Modality-Independent Activation of the Brain Network for Language
Authors: Arana Sophie , Marquand André , Hultén Annika , Hagoort Peter , Schoffelen Jan-Mathijs 
Published: February 2020

The meaning of a sentence can be understood, whether presented in written or spoken form. Therefore, it is highly probable that brain processes supporting language comprehension are at least partly independent of sensory modality. To identify where and when in the brain language processing is independent of sensory modality, we directly compared neuromagnetic brain signals of 200 human subjects (102 males) either reading or listening to sentences. We used multiset canonical correlation analysis to align individual subject data in a way that boosts those aspects of the signal that are common to all, allowing us to capture word-by-word signal variations, consistent across subjects and at a fine temporal scale. Quantifying this consistency in activation across both reading and listening tasks revealed a mostly left-hemispheric cortical network. Areas showing consistent activity patterns included not only areas previously implicated in higher-level language processing, such as left prefrontal, superior and middle temporal areas, and anterior temporal lobe, but also parts of the control network as well as subcentral and more posterior temporal-parietal areas. Activity in this supramodal sentence-processing network starts in temporal areas and rapidly spreads to the other regions involved. The findings indicate not only the involvement of a large network of brain areas in supramodal language processing but also that the linguistic information contained in the unfolding sentences modulates brain activity in a word-specific manner across subjects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe brain can extract meaning from written and spoken messages alike. This requires activity of both brain circuits capable of processing sensory modality-specific aspects of the input signals as well as coordinated brain activity to extract modality-independent meaning from the input. Using traditional methods, it is difficult to disentangle modality-specific activation from modality-independent activation. In this work, we developed and applied a multivariate methodology that allows for a direct quantification of sensory modality-independent brain activity, revealing fast activation of a wide network of brain areas, both including and extending beyond the core network for language.
Direct Interaction of PP2A Phosphatase with GABABReceptors Alters Functional Signaling
Authors: Li Xiaofan , Terunuma Miho , Deeb Tarek G. , Wiseman Shari , Pangalos Menelas N. , Nairn Angus C. , Moss Stephen J. , Slesinger Paul A. 
Published: February 2020

Addictive drugs usurp the brain's intrinsic mechanism for reward, leading to compulsive and destructive behaviors. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the center of the brain's reward circuit, GABAergic neurons control the excitability of dopamine (DA) projection neurons and are the site of initial psychostimulant-dependent changes in signaling. Previous work established that cocaine/methamphetamine exposure increases protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, which dephosphorylates the GABABR2 subunit, promotes internalization of the GABABreceptor (GABABR) and leads to smaller GABABR-activated G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) currents in VTA GABA neurons. How the actions of PP2A become selective for a particular signaling pathway is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that PP2A can associate directly with a short peptide sequence in the C terminal domain of the GABABR1 subunit, and that GABABRs and PP2A are in close proximity in rodent neurons (mouse/rat; mixed sexes). We show that this PP2A-GABABR interaction can be regulated by intracellular Ca2+. Finally, a peptide that potentially reduces recruitment of PP2A to GABABRs and thereby limits receptor dephosphorylation increases the magnitude of baclofen-induced GIRK currents. Thus, limiting PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation of GABABRs may be a useful strategy to increase receptor signaling for treating diseases.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDysregulation of GABABreceptors (GABABRs) underlies altered neurotransmission in many neurological disorders. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is involved in dephosphorylating and subsequent internalization of GABABRs in models of addiction and depression. Here, we provide new evidence that PP2A B55 regulatory subunit interacts directly with a small region of the C-terminal domain of the GABABR1 subunit, and that this interaction is sensitive to intracellular Ca2+. We demonstrate that a short peptide corresponding to the PP2A interaction site on GABABR1 competes for PP2A binding, enhances phosphorylation GABABR2 S783, and affects functional signaling through GIRK channels. Our study highlights how targeting PP2A dependent dephosphorylation of GABABRs may provide a specific strategy to modulate GABABR signaling in disease conditions.
Accurate Sex Identification of Ancient Elephant and Other Animal Remains Using Low-Coverage DNA Shotgun Sequencing Data
Authors: de Flamingh Alida , Coutu Ashley , Roca Alfred L , Malhi Ripan S 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSex identification of ancient animal biological remains can benefit our understanding of historical population structure, demography and social behavior. Traditional methods for sex identification (e.g., osteological and morphometric comparisons) may be ineffective when animal remains are not well preserved, when sex distinguishing characteristics have not yet developed, or where organisms do not exhibit sex-associated phenotypic dimorphisms. Here we adapt a method developed for human sex determination so that it can be used to identify the sex of ancient and modern animal taxa. The method identifies sex by calculating the ratio of DNA reads aligning to the X chromosome to DNA reads aligning to autosomes (termed the Rx ratio). We tested the accuracy of this method using low coverage genomes from 15 modern elephants (Loxodonta africana) for which sex was known. We then applied this method to ancient elephant ivory samples for which sex was unknown, and describe how this method can be further adapted to the genomes of other taxa. This method may be especially useful when only low-coverage genomic data are obtainable. Furthermore, because this method relies on only the X and not the Y chromosome, it can be used to determine the sex of organisms for which a reference genome was obtained from a female or for which only the X chromosome is reported. Such taxa include the domestic cat, sheep, goat, and horse; and non-domesticated animals such as the Sumatran orangutan, western lowland gorilla and meerkat.
Improving Cancer Patients’ Insurance Choices (I Can PIC): A Randomized Trial of a Personalized Health Insurance Decision Aid
Authors: Politi Mary C. , Grant Rachel L. , George Nerissa P. , Barker Abigail R. , James Aimee S. , Kuroki Lindsay M. , McBride Timothy D. , Liu Jingxia , Goodwin Courtney M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Many cancer survivors struggle to choose a health insurance plan that meets their needs because of high costs, limited health insurance literacy, and lack of decision support. We developed a web-based decision aid, Improving Cancer Patients’ Insurance Choices (I Can PIC), and evaluated it in a randomized trial.

Materials and Methods
Eligible individuals (18–64 years, diagnosed with cancer for ≤5 years, English-speaking, not Medicaid or Medicare eligible) were randomized to I Can PIC or an attention control health insurance worksheet. Primary outcomes included health insurance knowledge, decisional conflict, and decision self-efficacy after completing I Can PIC or the control. Secondary outcomes included knowledge, decisional conflict, decision self-efficacy, health insurance literacy, financial toxicity, and delayed care at a 3–6-month follow-up.

Results
A total of 263 of 335 eligible participants (79%) consented and were randomized; 206 (73%) completed the initial survey (106 in I Can PIC; 100 in the control), and 180 (87%) completed a 3–6 month follow-up. After viewing I Can PIC or the control, health insurance knowledge and a health insurance literacy item assessing confidence understanding health insurance were higher in the I Can PIC group. At follow-up, the I Can PIC group retained higher knowledge than the control; confidence understanding health insurance was not reassessed. There were no significant differences between groups in other outcomes. Results did not change when controlling for health literacy and employment. Both groups reported having limited health insurance options.

Conclusion
I Can PIC can improve cancer survivors’ health insurance knowledge and confidence using health insurance. System-level interventions are needed to lower financial toxicity and help patients manage care costs.

Implications for Practice
Inadequate health insurance compromises cancer treatment and impacts overall and cancer-specific mortality. Uninsured or underinsured survivors report fewer recommended cancer screenings and may delay or avoid needed follow-up cancer care because of costs. Even those with adequate insurance report difficulty managing care costs. Health insurance decision support and resources to help manage care costs are thus paramount to cancer survivors’ health and care management. We developed a web-based decision aid, Improving Cancer Patients’ Insurance Choices (I Can PIC), and evaluated it in a randomized trial. I Can PIC provides health insurance information, supports patients through managing care costs, offers a list of financial and emotional support resources, and provides a personalized cost estimate of annual health care expenses across plan types.