bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing Modernism
Authors: Maher Ashley 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Reconstructing Modernism establishes for the first time the centrality of modernist buildings and architectural periodicals to British mid-century literature. Drawing upon a wealth of previously unexplored architectural criticism by British authors, this book reveals how arguments about architecture led to innovations in literature, as well as to redesigns in the concept of modernism itself. While the city has long been a focus of literary modernist studies, architectural modernism has never had its due. Scholars usually characterize architectural modernism as a parallel modernism or even an incompatible modernism to literature. Giving special attention to dystopian classics Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four, this study argues that sustained attention to modern architecture shaped mid-century authors’ political and aesthetic commitments. After many writers deemed modernist architects to be agents for communism and other collectivist movements, they squared themselves—and literary modernist detachment and aesthetic autonomy—against the seemingly tyrannical utopianism of modern architecture; literary aesthetic qualities were reclaimed as political qualities. In this way, Reconstructing Modernism redraws the boundaries of literary modernist studies: rather than simply adding to its canon, it argues that the responsibility for defining literary modernism for the mid-century public was shared by an incredible variety of authors—Edwardians, modernists, satirists, and even anti-modernists.
Seamus Heaney and Society
Authors: Lavan Rosie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Seamus Heaney and Society presents a comprehensive and dynamic new engagement with the work of one of the most celebrated poets of the modern period. In approaching Heaney’s poetry it also recognizes the value of the other roles he took on in the course of his career, notably in education, journalism, and broadcasting, appreciating how his work as a poet was shaped by his work as a teacher, lecturer, critic, and public figure. Mindful of the various spheres of his career it assesses his achievements and status in Ireland, Britain, and the United States. Drawing on a range of archival material, it seeks to revive the network of associations in which Heaney’s work was written, published, and circulated—including newspapers and magazines in London, radio and television programmes in Northern Ireland, and manuscript drafts of key writings now held in the National Library of Ireland. Through asserting the significance of the cultural, institutional, and historical circumstances of Heaney’s writing life, it offers a re-examination of the writer in public, the social lives of the work of art, and the questions of obligation and responsibility which Heaney confronted throughout his career. Throughout, though, its primary concern is with the nature and singularity of poetry, and the ways in which these qualities are asserted, challenged, and sustained in Heaney’s work.
Interlude II: Do the Esthetics of Art Fall within the Realm of the Normative?
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines art-esthetic phenomena within the domain of normativity. It considers if art as a practice, and esthetics as its theoretical reflection, even belong in an investigation of the normative. Here, the chapter distinguishes between the internal and external esthetic norms. Internal norms refer to immanent esthetic criteria; they define the success of an esthetic product. External norms refer to a normative content within art, which extends beyond it. Even at first sight, it is not easy to say whether this normative excess, which is external to art, can be grasped in esthetic categories, or whether it needs to be expressed in other terms, such as political or moral categories. Neither kind of normativity are self-evident for esthetic theory; they have rather been viewed with suspicion, and their meaning is frequently denied. And yet, esthetic practice and its theory cannot get by without norms.
Responses, Corrections, Applications
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers some commentary on various topics covered in the preceding chapters. It first discusses the need for a comparative study of social norms. The investigation of social norms still largely follows their respective provenance from law, politics, religion, or other social fields, and accordingly is disciplinarily divided up among jurists, political scientists, theologians, art historians, or psychologists. The chapter considers how this volume approached the topic in a different way. In addition, the chapter addresses critiques from practical philosophy about the distinction highlighted between norms and their justification. Afterward, the chapter lists some brief reflections on the automation and rule-bound determination of social practices, before discussing further empirical research perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe introduction outlines traditional understandings of literary culture in French and of French literary history in the Middle Ages and makes the case for an alternative view that is less Francocentric, and takes into account the networks outside France instantiated by the production and circulation of texts and manuscripts. The use and forms of French outside France are discussed and some of the theoretical premises of the book are also sketched, particularly Actor-Network theory and Derrida’s account of monolingualism.
Local French outside France
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter juxtaposes two case studies of texts in French with an exclusively local dissemination outside France: Gaimar’s Estoire des Engleis (c. 1137) and the second mise en prose of the Roman de Troie (c. 1270). In these instances, French is used as a cosmopolitan language with a multilingual readership, but the particular form and the aesthetic developed have a local flavour. These texts are not in a two-way dialogue with literary culture in France but show the existence of autonomous Francophone literary cultures in other places. In the case of Gaimar, ‘French literary culture’ had barely emerged in France. In the case of the prose Roman de Troie, the manuscripts are our focus, for the local visual style of the manuscripts is as striking as the text’s formal and linguistic makeover.
Living History
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses Peter Langtoft’s French-language epic chronicle of British history (c. 1307 and disseminated mainly in north-eastern England), and its most luxurious surviving manuscript: London, BL, Royal MS 20 A II. This early fourteenth-century manuscript contained other historical, lyric, and prophetic material in French and English; in the second half of the same century, abridged segments of the Lancelot en prose and Queste del Saint Graal were appended, along with a letter about recent events in the eastern Mediterranean. We ask: how does a historical text produce itself, how does it authorize itself, and what are the roles of language and of discourse? We show how the Arthurian prose romance extracts in French adapt the manuscript’s earlier contents to England’s changing political and cultural concerns. The use of a single language—French—enhances and directs the potential for meaningful conflict within and beyond the language community.
Introduction
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Researching social phenomena online could, until quite recently, be perceived as a novelty. Nowadays, practically every research project in the social sciences needs to take online research into account. An important share of interpersonal interactions and social life has migrated into the online realm. This means that to maintain the current level of interest and detail of social analysis, the introduction of online research is increasingly necessary. This chapter introduces the idea of incorporating digital social science into any social studies project. It argues that not involving an analysis of online communities and social life is no longer an option for the vast majority of social sciences projects. It introduces the three possible approaches to understanding online social sciences: studying people while using the Internet, studying online communities, studying online culture output. It argues that doing research on avatars should be supplemented by doing research on actual people.
Pakistan
Authors: Naqvi Natalya 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Pakistan has the highest level of implementation among our case study countries. The impetus for converging on international standards has come from different actors over time. The adoption of Basel I adoption in the 1980s was driven by the World Bank and IMF. In the 1990s and early 2000s, the adoption of Basel II was driven first by politicians promoting the expansion of financial services, and then by banking sector regulators. Most recently, as banks have internationalized, they have championed the implementation of Basel III. Pakistan is one of the few cases where all three major actors—politicians, regulators, and major banks—are now aligned behind the implementation of the standards, leading to a high and ambitious level of implementation.
Rwanda
Authors: Behuria Pritish 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Until recently, the Rwandan government had not formally adopted global financial standards beyond Basel I. However, in 2015, the government’s stance changed and politicians made a formal commitment to the rapid adoption and implementation of Basel II and III. This exuberance for adopting global standards is puzzling given that Rwanda’s financial sector remains largely underdeveloped and the government is aiming to become a developmental state. The motivations behind this policy shift are to reduce risk in the financial sector, encourage harmonization of financial sector regulation across the East African Community (EAC), and develop a service-based economy, including by making Kigali a financial hub. Yet ambitious fast-paced policy-driven adoption in Rwanda conflicts with developmental state goals of direct lending. Adoption is beset with potential problems, with uncritical adoption of global financial standards likely to create difficulties for the domestic banking sector in the short-to-medium term.
Vietnam
Authors: Tran-Thi Que-Giang , Vu-Thanh Tu-Anh 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The implementation of international banking standards in Vietnam has been the subject of contestation between reformist and conservative factions within the governing political party. In any given period, the speed of implementation has been affected by which of these factions dominates regulatory decision-making. The adoption and implementation of Basel standards in Vietnam has gone through three distinctive periods: from 1999–2006, the reformist faction pursued international regulations in order to discipline state-owned banks and improve the functioning of the financial sector. From 2006–13, the central bank (SBV) formally adopted Basel II but a domestic banking crisis effectively halted implementation. More recently there has been a return to pro-Basel preferences. However, interventionist financial policies, high implementation costs, the low internationalization level of the banking sector, and the lack of competent technocrats inside both the SBV and domestic private banks have all contributed to a high level of regulatory forbearance.
The “Roman Question”
Authors: Di Ruzza Tommaso 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The “Roman Question” arose with the capture of Rome by the Italian Army on 20 September 1870, marking the dissolution of the Papal State and its annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. It was subsequently settled with the signing of a Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy on 11 February 1929, creating the Vatican City State. This chapter, while considering the historical background of the “Roman Question”, will examine it exclusively from the perspective of international law. Particular attention will be devoted to the debate on the international legal personality of the Holy See within the European context from 1870 to the early 1930s. The theories proposed by contemporary scholars can be regarded as a point of departure for discussions regarding the Holy See’s international legal personality and its union with the Vatican City State from the point of view of international law.
The Main International Law Issues Arising in the Aftermath of World War II
Authors: Milano Enrico 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The present chapter provides an extensive analysis of the main foreign policy issues arising for Italy out of the 1947 Peace Treaty—namely the question of South Tyrol, the Free Territory of Trieste and Italy’s Trusteeship over Somalia—and how these issues were dealt with by the Italian international law doctrine. The chapter also deals with the doctrinal debates ensuing from the proliferation of international organizations, including regional ones in the European continent. The analysis shows that Italian authors produced an impressive bulk of literature engaging directly with the major international law issues resulting from the end of World War II; the conclusion reached is that international lawyers were active participants in the national political effort to become a fully fledged, responsible member of the international community and contributed to the understanding of the novel process of European integration as an antidote against conflict and hostilities in the European continent.
Some Contributions from and Influence of the Italian Doctrine of International Law
Authors: Distefano Giovanni , Kolb Robert 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the contribution of Italian scholarship to public international law. Its approach is two-fold. First, adopting an “external” perspective, the contribution of Italian scholars to the highly esteemed series of Hague Courses of the famous eponymous Academy may shed some light on what the Italian conception brought to international legal scholarship but also on how Italian scholars were perceived by their foreign brethren, and in what context they were quoted. Second, selecting a specific issue, the chapter focuses on the influence of Italian legal thinking on the shaping of doctrines of State responsibility. Among all the many areas of international law, this is one where the Italian school is constantly viewed as pioneering (together with the German school). For example, the writings of Anzilotti or Cavaglieri are often quoted as astonishingly modern exposés of that branch of the law, providing thus a test-case to verify the contribution and influence of the Italian doctrine of international law.
The Crisis-Induced Developments in the Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the crisis-induced legal, institutional, and economic developments within the Economic and Monetary Union. It consists of two parts. First, there will be a brief sketch of the crisis-related developments. These include the setting-up of financial mechanisms, the European Central Bank’s interventions to combat the crisis, the enhanced oversight of national fiscal and economic policy, and the increased supervision over the financial sector. Second, there will be a ‘first assessment’ of their constitutional and structural implications. Two sets of issues will be examined here: issues of legal principle; and the bearing of the enacted measures on European economic integration. Three key arguments will be made in this chapter. First, it will be argued that the measures enacted have led to legislative fragmentation and have exacerbated problems of transparency and complexity which already existed in this area. Second, it will be shown that the chosen form of action has consequences for institutional balance in the EU, democratic control, and judicial review. Third, it will be argued that the enactment of measures which are only applicable to Euro area Member States has served to deepen economic integration within the Euro area and to further differentiate it from economic integration in non-Euro area Member States. Further, certain areas of the single market have integrated more deeply in the Euro area. It will be concluded that the various reforms which have been implemented have strengthened the EU economic governance framework from a legal, institutional, and economic perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
I outline the motivation for thinking about the connections between action and interaction. I then provide a preview of the remaining chapters. The first part of this book focuses on the nature of action, starting with questions about action individuation, context, the notion of “basic action,” and the temporal structure of action. These topics lead to questions about intention and the sense of agency and ultimately to the idea that we need to consider action in the social contexts of interaction. The second part looks at the role of interaction in discussions of social cognition, building a contrast between standard theory of mind, and embodied and enactive accounts. In the third part I explore possible implications of these considerations for some critical social-political questions concerning autonomy, recognition, justice, and the effects of norms and social institutions on our actions and interactions.
Action, Intention, and the Sense of Agency
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Autonomous action is characterized by intention, a sense of agency, and meaning, all of which go beyond simple bodily movement. In this chapter I present evidence to support the idea that actions initially emerge out of our early interactions with others. Moreover, to the extent that we learn to act in specific ways, and that our actions aim at some goal, we learn to act in contexts of interaction, and we learn from others what counts as possible and preferred goals. We don’t act or learn to act first, and only then enter into interactions. Most studies of action, intention, and the sense of agency fail to take into consideration the social dimension. I argue that intention formation, the sense of agency, and the meaning of action are significantly affected by factors that involve social contextualization; that is, by dynamical arrangements that are intersubjective, normative, cultural, and/or political.
Recognition and Critical Interaction Theory
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how we might move from considerations that focus on social-cognitive issues to understanding their implications for concepts that are basic to the development of a critical theory that addresses social and political issues—basic concepts of agency, autonomy, and recognition. Following a brief philosophical history of the concept of recognition from Fichte through Hegel to contemporary accounts in Honneth and Ricoeur, this chapter takes a close look at Honneth’s analysis of recognition. I argue that Honneth does not sufficiently distinguish recognition as uniquely or specifically intersubjective. Moreover, he starts at a developmental point too late to acknowledge the role of primary intersubjectivity, a concept he interprets from a psychoanalytic perspective in contrast to its original formulation in developmental psychology. I then outline a concept of responsivity as an alternative to Honneth’s notion of elementary recognition. This is nonetheless in broad agreement with his analysis of relational autonomy.
Introduction
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter establishes a genealogy of the concept of ‘connectivity’ from the foundation of the US Army Signal Corps in 1860 (motto: ‘Getting the message through’) via cybernetics and information theory to the first stirrings of the World Wide Web in the 1990s (motto: ‘What matters is in the connections’). Three key terms are defined and briefly illustrated: signal, medium, interface. The book’s primary concern is with literature’s ability to illuminate from within the complex, vivid, unpredictable romance the principle of connectivity has woven through the enduring human desire and need for remote intimacy. It offers, in its first part, an alternative view of canonical ‘British’ writing from the Victorian era to modernism; and, in its second, case studies of European and African-American fiction, and of interwar British cinema, designed to open the topic up for further enquiry.
The Telegraphic Principle in Nineteenth-Century Fiction
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter concerns the attitudes, practices, and figures of speech that during the course of the nineteenth century prepared the way for the eventual separation of the idea of the signal from that of the sign. It has to do with the emergence of the telegraphic principle (initially by means of the Napoleonic-era optical telegraph) as a thrillingly effective implementation of remote intimacy. Its main focus is on the intimacies developed remotely, by signal rather than sign, in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, and in novels by Thomas Hardy: in particular, A Pair of Blue Eyes, The Return of the Native, A Laodicean, Two on a Tower, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure, and The Well-Beloved. In Hardy’s fiction, sexual desire expresses itself in, or as, an adjustment of signal-to-noise ratio. The Wessex the novels map is at times less a terrain than the basis for a telecommunications system.
The Interface as Cultural Form
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that the question of the interface as a cultural form arose most productively during the nineteenth century in the context of technologies relating to sea rather than land. The ‘system’ or ‘medium’ at issue was that of the crew and material apparatus of a sailing ship: the ship’s captain gained access to it by means of the quarterdeck, and the ‘digital command’ (Rachel Plotnick) the quarterdeck affords. The question of the interface arises in Joseph Conrad’s most notable sea tales: ‘The Secret Sharer’ and The Shadow-Line. The chapter provides an analysis of these tales, and of Heart of Darkness, in which a sea captain ventures upriver on a steamboat. Marlow’s demonstrable if anguished mastery of his ship-medium can be understood as an attempt to repair and extend the connectivity that sustains empire. Conrad examines the political and moral cost of assuming that the medium is the message.
Maggots Are Delicious, Sunsets Hideous
Authors: Murray Dylan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
On the one hand, judgments about taste and aesthetics seem somehow more subjective than other judgments—those about matters of descriptive fact, for instance. On the other hand, it seems we sometimes genuinely disagree in virtue of making different taste and aesthetic judgments. And many theorists think that in order to ground genuine disagreement, judgments must have contradictory contents—contents that cannot both be true. Most semantic theories of taste and aesthetic predicates, including contextualism and truth relativism, attempt to account for the comparative subjectivity of taste and aesthetic judgments while preserving this supposed contradiction datum. This chapter presents results from three studies suggesting that while most people think they can disagree about taste and aesthetics, this is not because they think their judgments in this domain preclude one another’s truth. Indeed, the results suggest that many people do not regard judgments of taste and aesthetics as truth-apt at all.