bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disk Cluster Allocation Behavior in Windows and NTFS
Authors: Karresand Martin , Axelsson Stefan , Dyrkolbotn Geir Olav 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe allocation algorithm of a file system has a huge impact on almost all aspects of digital forensics, because it determines where data is placed on storage media. Yet there is only basic information available on the allocation algorithm of the currently most widely spread file system; NTFS. We have therefore studied the NTFS allocation algorithm and its behavior empirically. To do that we used two virtual machines running Windows 7 and 10 on NTFS formatted fixed size virtual hard disks, the first being 64 GiB and the latter 1 TiB in size. Files of different sizes were written to disk using two writing strategies and the $Bitmap files were manipulated to emulate file system fragmentation. Our results show that files written as one large block are allocated areas of decreasing size when the files are fragmented. The decrease in size is seen not only within files, but also between them. Hence a file having smaller fragments than another file is written after the file having larger fragments. We also found that a file written as a stream gets the opposite allocation behavior, i. e. its fragments are increasing in size as the file is written. The first allocated unit of a stream written file is always very small and hence easy to identify. The results of the experiment are of importance to the digital forensics field and will help improve the efficiency of for example file carving and timestamp verification.
Linking renewables and fossil fuels with carbon capture via energy storage for a sustainable energy future
Authors: Hanak Dawid P. , Manovic Vasilije 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRenewable energy sources and low-carbon power generation systems with carbon capture and storage (CCS) are expected to be key contributors towards the decarbonisation of the energy sector and to ensure sustainable energy supply in the future. However, the variable nature of wind and solar power generation systems may affect the operation of the electricity system grid. Deployment of energy storage is expected to increase grid stability and renewable energy utilisation. The power sector of the future, therefore, needs to seek a synergy between renewable energy sources and low-carbon fossil fuel power generation. This can be achieved via wide deployment of CCS linked with energy storage. Interestingly, recent progress in both the CCS and energy storage fields reveals that technologies such as calcium looping are technically viable and promising options in both cases. Novel integrated systems can be achieved by integrating these applications into CCS with inherent energy storage capacity, as well as linking other CCS technologies with renewable energy sources via energy storage technologies, which will maximise the profit from electricity production, mitigate efficiency and economic penalties related to CCS, and improve renewable energy utilisation.
The history of theJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdomand the influence of the publication on marine research
Authors: Dando Paul R. , Southward Eve C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe origin and development of theJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdomis described on the occasion of the publication of the 100th volume. Papers in the Journal demonstrate how the techniques and approaches to the study of the marine environment have evolved over the 120 years of publication. The early papers provided a baseline description of the marine environment and of marine communities that allowed the effects of later perturbations of the environment to be determined. Both the early papers and the long time series of records have proved to be particularly relevant as marine scientists try to predict the long-term results of climatic and anthropogenic effects on the marine ecosystem. The Journal has now become increasingly international, with most papers coming from outside Europe.
The average speed of motion and optimal power consumption in biped robots
Authors: Shams Esfanabadi Vida , Rostami Mostafa , Rahmati Seyed Mohammadali , Baltes Jacky , Sadeghnejad Soroush 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOne of the issues that have garnered little attention, but that is nevertheless important for developing practical robots, is optimal walking conditions like power consumption during walking. The main contribution of this research is to prepare a correct walking pattern for humans who have a problem with their walking and also study the effect of average motion speed on optimal power consumption. In this study, we firstly optimize the stability and minimize the power consumption of the robot during the single support phase using parameter optimization. Our approach is based on the well-known Zero Moment Point method to calculate the stability of the proposed biped robot. Secondly, we performed experiments on healthy male, age 29 years, to analyze human walking by placing 28 markers, attached to anatomical positions and two power plates for a distance of more than one gait cycle at an average speed of 1.23 ± 0.1 m s−1validate our results for motion analysis of correct walking ability. Our model was continuously validated by comparing the results of our empirical evaluation against the prediction of our model. The errors between experimental test and our prediction were about 4%–11% for the joint trajectories and about 0.2%–0.5% for the ground reaction forces which is acceptable for our prediction. Due to the presented model and optimized issue and predicted path, the robot can move like a person in a way that has maximum stability along with the minimum power consumption. Finally, the robot was able to walk like a specific person that we considered. This study is a case study and also can be generalized to all samples and can perform these procedures to another person’s with different features.
Validierung des Adaptiven Tests des Emotionswissens für drei- bis neunjährige Kinder (ATEM 3 – 9)
Authors: Voltmer Katharina 
Published: December 2019

Zusammenfassung. Das Emotionswissen von Kindern umfasst neben dem Ablesen von Emotionen aus Gesichtern anderer Menschen auch das Erkennen von externalen und internalen Ursachen von Emotionen sowie das Wissen über ihre Konsequenzen und Regulationsmöglichkeiten. Im deutschsprachigen Raum gibt es bisher kein Testverfahren, welches das Emotionswissen auf diese Weise differenziert und gleichzeitig reliabel und valide erfasst. Mit dem Adaptiven Test des Emotionswissens (ATEM) wird diese Lücke geschlossen. Der ATEM fragt in einem adaptiven Design 6 Teilaspekte des Emotionswissens ab, wobei die 32 Items in eine kinderfreundliche Geschichte eingebettet sind. Der nach der Item-Response-Theorie aufgebaute Test zeigt mit einer Gesamtstichprobe von N = 581 Kindern im Alter zwischen 3 und 9 Jahren gute psychometrische Eigenschaften. In einer Substichprobe von n = 254 Kindern im Alter zwischen 3 und 5 Jahren wurde der ATEM anhand von Korrelationen mit verschiedenen Variablen validiert. Insgesamt eignet sich der ATEM gut zur differenzierten Messung des Emotionswissens bei Kindern.
Mars's Twilight Cloud Band: A New Cloud Feature Seen During the Mars Year 34 Global Dust Storm
Authors: Connour Kyle , Schneider Nicholas M. , Milby Zachariah , Forget François , Alhosani Mohamed , Spiga Aymeric , Millour Ehouarn , Lefèvre Franck , Deighan Justin , Jain Sonal K. , Wolff Michael J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe report a new water‐ice cloud feature observed during the Mars year 34 global dust storm: twilight cloud bands that routinely formed just past the evening terminator. We use images taken by the MAVEN/IUVS instrument. These bands were often latitudinally continuous, spanning over 6,000 km and were present between 18:00 and 19:00 local time. They were present for nearly the entire time IUVS imaged the evening terminator and often reached altitudes of at least 40 to 50 km during the mature phase of the storm. We compare these observations to LMD global climate model simulations. The simulations generally contain the temporal and spatial extents of the bands seen in IUVS data throughout the storm, but there are some discrepancies. We infer that these clouds formed as a result of semidiurnal thermal tides.
Retrieving True Plasma Characteristics from Langmuir Probes Immersed in the Spacecraft Sheath: The Double Hemispherical Probe Technique
Authors: Samaniego Joseph I. , Wang Xu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLangmuir probes have been widely used for in situ measurements of ambient plasma in space. However, in situations where the Debye sheath is relatively large (e.g., planetary magnetospheres and solar wind plasma), probes with a limited boom length have a risk of being engulfed by the sheath of the spacecraft (SC) as indicated in previous missions, causing errors in derived plasma parameters. Here we present a double hemispherical probe (DHP) technique which is able to identify whether the probe is in the SC sheath and retrieve true plasma parameters. The DHP consists of two hemispheres that are installed back‐to‐back and electrically isolated from each other. The two hemispheres are swept with the same bias voltage simultaneously. It is shown that the currents of the two hemispheres diverge when the probe is in the sheath. Through laboratory experiments, empirical relationships are established between the current ratio of the two hemispheres, measured parameters in the sheath, and true ambient plasma parameters. Using these relationships, the plasma parameters retrieved from the DHP measurements in the sheath show good agreement with the true ambient plasma parameters. The DHP technique significantly improves the measurement accuracy across a wide range of plasma environments.
On the Importance of Interactive Ozone Chemistry in Earth‐System Models for Studying Mesophere‐Lower Thermosphere Tidal Changes during Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: Siddiqui T. A. , Maute A. , Pedatella N. M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe use the CESM2‐Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, to study the importance of ozone in the vertical coupling between lower and upper atmosphere during sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). During SSWs, the build up of stratospheric ozone concentrations at tropical latitudes and its increased asymmetrical distribution carries the potential to affect the generation of migrating and nonmigrating semidiurnal solar tides. Much of the upper atmospheric variability associated with SSWs is known to be driven by large changes in the vertically propagating semidiurnal migrating (SW2) and nonmigrating (SW1 and SW3) solar tides. In this study, we investigate the effect of stratospheric ozone variability during SSWs on these solar tides. For this purpose, a case study of the 2009 SSW event is carried out using the WACCM with two distinct simulation setups. In the first setup, the ozone concentrations are interactively calculated in the model and resemble the ozone observations during the 2009 SSW event, while in the second setup, the ozone concentrations are specified using zonal mean values. We constrain both of the simulations to the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications‐2 reanalysis so that the background atmosphere through which the solar tides propagate are almost identical in each case. Following the onset of the SSW, we find that in the vicinity of the peak enhancements of SW1, SW2, and SW3 in the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere (MLT), the amplitudes of these semidiurnal solar tides are approximately about 15–50% larger for the simulation with interactive ozone as compared with the one with prescribed ozone, indicating that the stratospheric ozone variability plays an important role in driving semidiurnal solar tidal changes during SSWs.
Suprathermal Magnetospheric Atomic and Molecular Heavy Ions at and Near Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn: Observations and Identification
Authors: Christon S. P. , Hamilton D. C. , Mitchell D. G. , Plane J. M. C. , Nylund S. R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe examine long‐term suprathermal, singly charged heavy ion composition measured at three planets using functionally identical charge‐energy‐mass ion spectrometers, one on Geotail, orbiting Earth at ~9–30 Re, the other on Cassini, in interplanetary space, during Jupiter flyby, and then in orbit around Saturn. O+, a principal suprathermal (~80–220 keV/e) heavy ion in each magnetosphere, derives primarily from outflowing ionospheric O+ at Earth, but mostly from satellites and rings at Jupiter and Saturn. Comparable amounts of Iogenic O+ and S+ are present at Jupiter. Ions escaping the magnetospheres: O+ and S+ at Jupiter; C+, N+, O+, H2O+, 28M+ (possibly an aggregate of the molecular ions, MI, CO+, N2+, HCNH+, and/or C2H4+), and O2+ at Saturn; and N+, O+, N2+, NO+, O2+, and Fe+ at Earth. Generally, escaped atomic ions (MI) at Earth and Saturn have similar (higher) ratios to O+ compared to their magnetospheric ratios; Saturn's H2O+ and Fe+ ratios are lower. At Earth, after O+ and N+, ionospheric origin N2+, NO+, and O2+ (with proportions ~0.9:1.0:0.2) dominate magnetospheric heavy ions, consistent with recent high‐altitude/latitude ionospheric measurements and models; average ion count rates correlate positively with geomagnetic and solar activity. At ~27–33 amu/e, Earth's MIs dominate over lunar pickup ions (PUIs) in the magnetosphere; MIs are roughly comparable to lunar PUIs in the magnetosheath, and lunar PUIs dominate over MIs beyond Earth's bow shock. Lunar PUIs are detected at ~39–48 amu/e in the lobe and possibly in the plasma sheet at very low levels.
Understanding the Role of Tropical Moisture in Atmospheric Rivers
Authors: Hu Huancui , Dominguez Francina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThere has been a long‐standing debate about whether tropical moisture transport or local moisture convergence plays the dominant role in the development and strength of atmospheric rivers (ARs). In this work, we quantify the contribution of tropical moisture to 29 simulated extreme ARs that affected the U.S. Northwest Coast by “tagging” tropical moisture from the eastern tropical Pacific using water vapor tracers in the Weather Research and Forecast model. From a case study with strong tropical moisture, we find three mechanisms by which tropical moisture can contribute to AR strength: direct contribution of moisture, indirect contributions via thermodynamic feedbacks, and indirect contributions via synoptic‐scale dynamic feedbacks. Focusing on these processes, we divide the 29 simulated ARs into two groups (>25% of direct tropical moisture contribution from the eastern tropical Pacific to inland precipitation as DTM‐ARs and the other ARs with <25% as OT‐ARs) and find that DTM‐ARs are characterized by stronger pre‐cold‐frontal low‐level jets and stronger warm air advection. Notably, the ARs with the greatest 2‐day precipitation are found to be DTM‐ARs but with <50% tropical moisture contributions, indicating a more dominant role of indirect enhancement of local moisture convergence due to tropical moisture than the direct moisture contribution supplying precipitation.
Regional Differences of Chemical Composition and Optical Properties of Aerosols in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Jianzhong , Hettiyadura Anusha Priyadarshani Silva , Liu Yanmei , Zhang Xinghua , Kang Shichang , Laskin Alexander 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this study, PM2.5 filter samples were collected from two high‐elevation sites located in the southern and northern areas of Tibetan Plateau (TP): the Qomolangma Station for Atmospheric Environmental Observation and Research (QOMS) and Waliguan Baseline Observatory (WLG), respectively. Collected samples were analyzed to examine the regional differences in aerosol properties and relate them to potential chemical processes in the TP area. The aerosol mass concentrations inferred from measured chemical components were higher at WLG (11.2 μg m−3) compared to QOMS (6.8 μg m−3). The chemical composition shows higher contribution of organic aerosol at QOMS than that of WLG. The optical properties of water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) from the QOMS samples show higher light absorption efficient than those collected at WLG. The light absorption of WSOC at QOMS indicates significant pH dependence with enhanced light absorption at higher pH values, while the light absorption of WSOC from WLG samples show very weak pH dependence. The different pH dependence property suggests the different chemical composition between them. The molecular‐level chemical composition investigated using high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) assisted with an electrospray ionization (ESI) shows significant differences in WSOC composition representative of two sampling sites. For QOMS samples, CHO and CHON compounds are the major chemical species detected in the negative (−) ESI mode, while CHO and CHOS compounds are the most abundant chemical species detected by the same method in samples collected at WLG. The differences in their molecular composition indicate the different sources and chemical processes in these two regions.
Transition Period Between Vegetation Growth and Senescence Controlling Interannual Variability of C Fluxes in a Mediterranean Reed Wetland
Authors: Serrano‐Ortiz P. , Aranda‐Barranco S. , López‐Ballesteros A. , Lopez‐Canfin C. , Sánchez‐Cañete E.P. , Meijide A. , Kowalski A.S. 
Published: December 2019

Key Points

Interannual variability of C fluxes of the Mediterranean wetland mainly depends on the behavior of reed dynamics during the transition to senescence period
Evapotranspiration of the Mediterranean reed wetland does not present a relevant interannual variability
The role of the Mediterranean reed wetland in the global warming is determined far more by the CO2 than the CH4
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in heart disease
Authors: Peoples Jessica N. , Saraf Anita , Ghazal Nasab , Pham Tyler T. , Kwong Jennifer Q. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBeyond their role as a cellular powerhouse, mitochondria are emerging as integral players in molecular signaling and cell fate determination through reactive oxygen species (ROS). While ROS production has historically been portrayed as an unregulated process driving oxidative stress and disease pathology, contemporary studies reveal that ROS also facilitate normal physiology. Mitochondria are especially abundant in cardiac tissue; hence, mitochondrial dysregulation and ROS production are thought to contribute significantly to cardiac pathology. Moreover, there is growing appreciation that medical therapies designed to mediate mitochondrial ROS production can be important strategies to ameliorate cardiac disease. In this review, we highlight evidence from animal models that illustrates the strong connections between mitochondrial ROS and cardiac disease, discuss advancements in the development of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant therapies, and identify challenges faced in bringing such therapies into the clinic.
PD-L1 and MRN synergy in platinum-based chemoresistance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shen Bin , Huang Dongyan , Ramsey Andrew J. , Ig-Izevbekhai Kevin , Zhang Kevin , Lajud Shayanne A. , O’Malley Bert W. , Li Daqing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe have been investigating the molecular mechanisms of cisplatin-induced chemoresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Based on our previous findings, the present study investigates how the Mre11, Rad50, and NBS1 (MRN) DNA repair complex interacts at the molecular level with the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cisplatin-induced chemoresistance.MethodsHuman HNSCC cell lines were used to determine the role played by PD-L1 in cisplatin resistance. Initial experiments investigated PD-L1 expression levels in cells exposed to cisplatin and whether PD-L1 interacts directly with the MRN complex. Finally, in vitro studies and in vivo experiments on BALB/c nu/nu mice were performed to determine whether interference of PD-L1 or NBS1 synthesis modulated cisplatin resistance.ResultsExposure to cisplatin resulted in PD-L1 being upregulated in the chemoresistant but not the chemosensitive cell line. Subsequent co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that PD-L1 associates with NBS1. In addition, we found that the knockdown of either PD-L1 or NBS1 re-sensitised the chemoresistant cell line to cisplatin. Finally, but perhaps most importantly, synergy was observed when both PD-L1 and NBS1 were knocked down making the formerly chemoresistant strain highly cisplatin sensitive.ConclusionsPD-L1 plays a pivotal role in cisplatin resistance in chemoresistant human HNSCC cell lines.
Measurability of D-concurrence
Authors: Karimi N. , Heshmati A. , Yahyavi M. , Jafarizadeh M. A. , Mohammadzadeh A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAn effective approach to quantify entanglement of any bipartite systems is D-concurrence, which is important in quantum information science. In this paper, we present a direct method for experimental determination of the D-concurrence of an arbitrary bipartite pure state. To do this, we show that measurement of the D-concurrence of bipartite pure state can be conversed into the measurement performed on some observables so called generalized Gell-Mann operators. We first introduce the concept of D-concurrence for a bipartite system. Then we explain the method of measuring this entanglement measure for the pure state. Finally, for clarify of the subject, we give an example consisting of two parties A and B with dimensions 3.
Mechanism for transitions between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic orders in d-electron metallic magnets
Authors: Wysokiński Marcin M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe propose mechanism for pressure-induced transitions between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases that relies on a competition between characteristic energy scales ubiquitous among d-electron metallic magnetic compounds. Principles behind the mechanism are demonstrated on the example of the minimal two-orbital p-d lattice model. We suggest that LaCrGe3, where pressure-induced ferromagnetic-to-antiferromagnetic phase transition has been recently observed, is a promising candidate to realize discussed mechanism.
An ultrasensitive fiveplex activity assay for cellular kinases
Authors: Smolko Christian M. , Janes Kevin A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProtein kinases are enzymes whose abundance, protein-protein interactions, and posttranslational modifications together determine net signaling activity in cells. Large-scale data on cellular kinase activity are limited, because existing assays are cumbersome, poorly sensitive, low throughput, and restricted to measuring one kinase at a time. Here, we surmount the conventional hurdles of activity measurement with a multiplexing approach that leverages the selectivity of individual kinase-substrate pairs. We demonstrate proof of concept by designing an assay that jointly measures activity of five pleiotropic signaling kinases: Akt, IκB kinase (IKK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular regulated kinase kinase (MEK), and MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 (MK2). The assay operates in a 96-well format and specifically measures endogenous kinase activation with coefficients of variation less than 20%. Multiplex tracking of kinase-substrate pairs reduces input requirements by 25-fold, with ~75 µg of cellular extract sufficient for fiveplex activity profiling. We applied the assay to monitor kinase signaling during coxsackievirus B3 infection of two different host-cell types and identified multiple differences in pathway dynamics and coordination that warrant future study. Because the Akt–IKK–JNK–MEK–MK2 pathways regulate many important cellular functions, the fiveplex assay should find applications in inflammation, environmental-stress, and cancer research.