bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An integrative review to identify evidence of nurse practitioner‐led changes to health‐care delivery and the outcomes of such changes
Authors: Ryder Mary , Jacob Elisabeth , Hendricks Joyce 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to identify evidence of nurse practitioner‐led changes to health‐care delivery and the outcomes of such changes.BackgroundChanging health‐care delivery is synonymous with the nurse practitioner role. The literature is critical of the lack of research by nurse practitioners, reporting the effects of a change to health‐care delivery.DesignThis study used a systematic integrative review by using Torraco's approach.Data sourcesDatabases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, Web of Science and SCOPUS were searched for peer‐reviewed publications from 2000 to 2019.Review MethodsA systematic approach was used to screen and analyse the literature. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, and quality appraisal was undertaken by two reviewers.ResultsEighteen articles were selected. The research projects were across the community and acute care settings. Research methodologies varied including preintervention and postintervention studies, evaluation of quality improvement projects, randomized controlled trial and descriptive studies. Multiple data collection tools were used. Two major themes were identified including evidence‐based practice champions and improved patient outcomes.ConclusionThe nurse practitioner role is pertinent toward improving evidence‐based practice in clinical settings. Positive patient outcomes and praise for clinical leadership are evident in the literature. Research by nurse practitioners to date has focused on individual services.
Infants born full term and preterm increase the height of anti‐gravity leg movements during a kick‐activated mobile task using a scaffolded task environment
Authors: Kim Jeong Ah , Fetters Linda , Kubo Masayoshi , Eckel Sandrah P. , Sargent Barbara 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrior research supports that infants born very preterm (PT), compared with full term (FT), have early differences in rate of learning and motor control that may hinder their ability to learn challenging motor tasks. Four‐month‐old infants born FT (n = 18) and PT (n = 18) participated in an infant kick‐activated mobile task that was scaffolded to motivate progressively higher kicks. We found the FT group learned the association between their leg movements and mobile activation on the second day, but the PT group learned the association on the third day. Both groups of infants increased the height of their kicks on the day they learned the task, compared with their spontaneous kicking height. These findings suggest that infants born PT have the ability to learn challenging motor tasks, such as kicking high, when participating in a task environment that uses scaffolding.
The First Modern Financial Crises: The South Sea and Mississippi Bubbles in Historical Perspective
Authors: Bruner Robert F. , Miller Scott C. 
Published: December 2020

The twin South Sea and Mississippi bubbles of 1720 inaugurated the new age of modern finance. Both of the then recently launched British and French stock markets experienced manic run‐ups and crashes that shook their societies to their cores. While the historical consensus attributes these market bubbles to, in the words of John Kenneth Galbraith, “insanity born of optimism and self‐serving illusion,” the authors present a more nuanced view. Whatever their role in the bubbles, human folly and greed in this account are not allowed to obscure the powerful influences of institutions, interests, ideologies, and government policies both in giving rise to the crises, and in responding to them.The authors draw on past work and recent analysis to answer questions like the following: Were the market manias of 1719‐20 in fact irrational “bubbles?” If not just fear and greed, what triggered the crashes in 1720? Did political and financial leaders respond appropriately? And how did the resolutions of these crises affect the future financial and economic development of the two nations?In viewing the twin crises of 1720 from a broad historical perspective, the authors' aim is to discover and articulate a more general rule about the role of modern financial crises in “bending the arc” of history. Although powerful states and financial authorities have the potential to accelerate valuable innovations that end up increasing national productivity and wealth, such entanglements of politics and commerce are also liable to catastrophic outcomes, both in laying the grounds for crises and then in responding to them with misguided regulation.The effectiveness and long‐run consequences of such state interventions in commerce are shown to depend on the strength and soundness of a nation's political and social institutions. In unstable and inefficient regimes, which are likely to experience misguided interventions in the first place, the social ramifications can be profoundly destructive. The flawed but effective British reaction to its 1720 crisis—and to the series of banking crises that followed in the 19th century—worked to mollify and win over public opinion, and thus contribute to Britain's continued embrace of financial institutions. By contrast, the outrage of the French populace at the corruption led to the abandonment of modern financial institutions and practices for nearly a century, and to a vilification of banks and bankers that persists to this day, all with major consequences for French productivity and wealth.
Convergence and Reversion: China's Banking System at 70
Authors: Walter Carl 
Published: December 2020

During its 70‐year existence, China's modern banking system has typically been ill used by its government. Nevertheless, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Chinese government made effective use of ten years and a lot of capital to restructure its banks. And on the eve of the global financial crisis in 2008, China's principal banks had cleaned up their bad loans and received or raised large amounts of equity, in part by listing their shares internationally. In so doing, such banks may well have positioned themselves to face the crisis with the strongest balance sheets in the world.But since then, in the wake of the global financial crisis, China's banks have used securitization models—originating for the most part in the U.S.—to create products similar to the mortgage‐backed securities that nearly brought down the global banking system. The collapse of such securities in 2008 compelled China to undertake a massive stimulus program driven by bank lending. This stimulus has lasted nearly a decade, with a second recent and massive injection prompted by the COVID‐19 pandemic. The net effect of such stimulus is that China's total bank assets are now over 3.5 times national GDP—as compared to 1.0 in the U.S.—and more than twice the total level of U.S. banking assets in an economy just two‐thirds the size.But even with such an increase, reported non‐performing assets have remained at remarkably low levels—though the report itself has been received with near universal skepticism. Fueling this skepticism, the scale and balance sheet quality of these banks do not compute when one takes a closer look at the banks' main borrowers: largely local government entities with limited revenue bases. In China, local governments do not enjoy taxing authority and their budgets consistently exceed their revenue, with the funding gaps filled by ever more bank loans. As a consequence, most local governments are effectively bankrupt.How, then, given the financial condition of their borrowers, do Chinese banks continue to report superlative earnings and clean balance sheets? The author discusses in detail the two main methods banks have used to meet their accounting requirements while obscuring asset quality: (1) converting bank loans into bonds issued by the same borrowers; and (2) the creation of massive amounts of wealth management products (or WMPs), which are retail deposits backed not just by Treasuries and other liquid securities (as in the U.S.), but in significant part by illiquid assets that create troublingly large maturity mismatches. After pointing out the similarity of such WMPs to the mortgage‐backed securities used by American banks a decade ago, the author emphasizes the irony that, having used American banks as models for restructuring, China's government has forced its banks to continue to follow in their path to what at some point is highly likely to be a painful reckoning.
Apocalypse Averted: The COVID‐Caused Liquidity Trap, Dodd‐Frank, and the Fed
Authors: Pirrong Craig 
Published: December 2020

In an article published in this journal in 2012, the author challenged the conventional wisdom that a major feature of Dodd‐Frank—the mandated clearing and required margining of OTC derivatives—could be expected to achieve a material reduction of the risk of another financial crisis. In this article, the author views the dramatic financial fallout from the spread of COVID‐19 in March 2020, when the economic infrastructure of the U.S. was threatened by extreme disruptions in its stock and bond markets, as providing the first major test of this theory.The author's main conclusion from this episode is that the very mechanism that advocates of Dodd‐Frank claimed would reduce systemic risk—the clearing of and imposition of margin requirements on derivatives—played a major role in this acute market dislocation by amplifying stresses on and dramatically reducing market liquidity.One major implication of this analysis is that protecting important pieces of the system, such as clearinghouses, is not the same as protecting the entire system; indeed, these two goals are likely to prove to be antithetical under conditions of stress. It was only massive injections of liquidity by the Federal Reserve, and not the autonomous operation of the market infrastructure mandated by Dodd‐Frank, that succeeded in stemming the crisis. And as this case is meant to suggest, despite clearing mandates and other major regulatory changes designed to minimize systemic risk, the net effect has been to substitute possibly greater liquidity risks for credit risk. As a consequence, the soundness of the U.S. financial system continues to depend on the prompt and effective intervention of the Fed as lender of last resort, with all the attendant moral hazard problems.
The Poverty of Monetarism
Authors: Bolton Patrick 
Published: December 2020

In this edited transcript of a lecture presented in Beijing in December 2019, the author provides a critique of the theory of monetarism that focuses on the difficulty of reconciling its main tenets with growing evidence, especially since the great financial crisis, of the murky relationship between growth in the money supply and rates of inflation and GDP growth. The central critique of monetarism spelled out in the lecture, which draws on Hyman Minsky's response to Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz's seminal article (both published in the same volume in 1965), is the theory's failure to account for how money enters and spreads throughout the economy.Drawing a novel analogy between fiat money for nations and equity for corporations, the author brings fundamental concepts from corporate finance, such as the dilution costs associated with equity issuance, to bear on monetary economics. In so doing, he shows how the classical monetarist framework can be expanded to provide a fuller account of how changes in money supply affect the economy. By keeping track of how money enters the economy—through purchases of investment goods and financial assets—and by assessing whether money is used to fund productive activities, the author shows how and why increases in the money supply need not, and often do not, lead to higher inflation. This corporate finance framing of monetary economics is also used to shed a skeptical light on claims associated with both crypto‐currencies and Modern Monetary Theory.
The Benefits of Buying Distressed Assets
Authors: Meier Jean‐Marie , Servaes Henri 
Published: December 2020

Studies of mergers and acquisitions have struggled to identify characteristics of M&A transactions that are consistently associated with positive returns for buyers. The authors report the findings of their study of buyers' gain in fire sales by examining the stock price reaction to corporate announcements of acquisitions of distressed companies or their assets. During the period from 1982 to 2012, buyer returns were approximately two percentage points higher in fire sales than in regular M&A transactions.The explanation of this result is shown to be the reduction in the sellers' bargaining power. Consistent with that explanation, the authors found no difference in either the operating profitability of the buyers after acquisitions, or in the combined announcement returns of buyers and sellers between fire sales and regular acquisitions, suggesting that the quality of the match is similar in both types of transactions.For corporate practitioners, one implication of these findings is that corporate acquirers—and not just the private equity firms that focus on distressed companies—should consider the purchase of distressed assets as a value‐adding way of deploying capital. From a public policy perspective, the spillover costs associated with fire sales for the distressed seller's suppliers and customers are roughly comparable to those in regular M&A deals. Moreover, fire sales do not depress the asset values of other companies in the seller's industry. In sum, the welfare losses associated with fire sales are smaller than previously thought, which in turn casts doubt on the $1.8 trillion of federal bailout funds appropriated in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic as the best use of taxpayer money.
The role of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in cardiac remodelling induced by cigarette smoke exposure
Authors: Azevedo Paula Schmidt , Polegato Bertha F. , Paiva Sergio , Costa Nara , Santos Priscila , Bazan Silmeia , Fernandes Ana Angelica Henrique , Fabro Alexandre , Pires Vanessa , Tanni Suzana E. , Leal Pereira Filipe , Lo Angelo , Grassi Leticia , Campos Dijon , Androcioli Vickeline , Zornoff Leonardo , Minicucci Marcos 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate whether the alterations in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance are mechanisms presented in cardiac remodelling induced by the toxicity of cigarette smoke. Male Wistar rats were assigned to the control group (C; n = 12) and the cigarette smoke‐exposed group (exposed to cigarette smoke over 2 months) (CS; n = 12). Transthoracic echocardiography, blood pressure assessment, serum biochemical analyses for catecholamines and cotinine, energy metabolism enzymes activities assay; HOMA index (homeostatic model assessment); immunohistochemistry; and Western blot for proteins involved in energy metabolism were performed. The CS group presented concentric hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and higher oxidative stress. It was observed changes in energy metabolism, characterized by a higher HOMA index, lower concentration of GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) and lower 3‐hydroxyl‐CoA dehydrogenase activity, suggesting the presence of insulin resistance. Yet, the cardiac glycogen was depleted, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, with normal pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity. The activity of citrate synthase, mitochondrial complexes and ATP synthase (adenosine triphosphate synthase) decreased and the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) increased. In conclusion, exposure to cigarette smoke induces cardiac remodelling and dysfunction. The mitochondrial dysfunction and heart damage induced by cigarette smoke exposure are associated with insulin resistance and glucose metabolism changes.
Ubiquitously specific protease 4 inhibitor‐Vialinin A attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in S100‐induced hepatitis mice through Rheb/mTOR signalling
Authors: Xu Jie , Chen Dazhi , Jin Lanling , Chen Zhengkang , Tu Yulu , Huang Xiaozhe , Xue Feiben , Xu Jialu , Chen Mingzhuan , Wang Xiaodong , Chen Yongping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInflammation and fibrosis are major consequences of autoimmune hepatitis, however, the therapeutic mechanism remains to be investigated. USP4 is a deubiquitinating enzyme and plays an important role in tissue fibrosis and immune disease. Vialinin A is an extract from mushroom and is a specific USP4 inhibitor. However, there is lack of evidences that Vialinin A plays a role in autoimmune hepatitis. By employing S100‐induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice and AML12 cell line, therapeutic mechanism of Vialinin A was examined. Inflammation was documented by liver histological staining and inflammatory cytokines. Fibrosis was demonstrated by Masson, Sirius red staining and fibrotic cytokines with western blot and real‐time RT‐PCR. In experimental animal, there were increases in inflammation and fibrosis as well as USP4, and which were reduced after treatment of Vialinin A. Vialinin A also reduced Rheb and phosphorylated mTOR. Moreover, in LPS‐treated AML12 cells, LPS‐induced USP4, inflammatory and fibrotic cytokines, phosphorylated mTOR and Rheb. Specific inhibitory siRNA of USP4 reduced USP4 level and the parameters mentioned above. In conclusion, USP4 was significantly elevated in autoimmune hepatitis mice and Vialinin A reduced USP4 level and attenuate inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. The mechanism may be related to regulation of Rheb/mTOR signalling.
Long noncoding RNA TMPO‐AS1/miR‐126‐5p/BRCC3 axis accelerates gastric cancer progression and angiogenesis via activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Authors: Hu Yu , Zhang Ying , Ding Meng , Xu Ruisi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and AimGastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive tumor featured by uncontrolled cell proliferation and metastasis. In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as crucial regulators and biological markers in multiple cancers. LncRNA TMPO‐AS1 has been revealed to be an oncogene in some cancers. Nevertheless, there is little known about the biological role of TMPO‐AS1 in GC.MethodsReverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to examine the expression level of TMPO‐AS1 in GC tissues and cells. Cell Counting Kit‐8, colony formation, wound healing assays, and western blot analysis were performed to determine the role of TMPO‐AS1 in GC cells. RNA pull‐down, luciferase reporter, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were used to test the interaction among TMPO‐AS1, miR‐126‐5p, and BRCC3.ResultsTMPO‐AS1 was highly expressed in GC tissues and cells. Upregulated TMPO‐AS1 was closely associated with adverse prognosis of GC patients. Functional assays showed that TMPO‐AS1 promoted GC cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, it was found that TMPO‐AS1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA for miR‐126‐5p to upregulate BRCC3 expression. Rescue assays revealed that TMPO‐AS1 facilitated cellular progression of GC by sponging miR‐126‐5p and upregulating BRCC3. In addition, we found that the effects of the TMPO‐AS1/miR‐126‐5p/BRCC3 axis on GC cell progression were related to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that the TMPO‐AS1/miR‐126‐5p/BRCC3 axis was involved in GC progression via the regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which might provide a potential therapeutic strategy for GC.
Promoting cardiovascular nursing practice and research: A model for a university joint appointment
Authors: B. Lauck Sandra , E. Thorne Sally , M. Saewyc Elizabeth , Heppell Leanne , Black Agnes T , A. Virani Sean 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundUniversity joint appointments promote continuity of academic leadership and the acceleration of nurses’ impact on improved outcomes and health service delivery. The role of university‐appointed and hospital‐located nurse scientists is of growing interest in the academic and clinical settings, and within the nursing profession. There is a pressing need to describe and study models of appointments, responsibilities and contributions to strengthen the integration of this boundary‐crossing role across the continuum of the nursing profession.Aims and ObjectivesWe report on the implementation of the inaugural St. Paul's Hospital and Heart & Stroke Professorship in Cardiovascular Nursing at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver Canada.DiscussionThis model was based on recommendations provided by nursing to provincial government policy‐makers, co‐created and co‐funded by academic and practice partners. Appointed by the university, the role is primarily located in the hospital, with the target of contributing 75% of time and focus on clinical research and leadership. The position is facilitated by its academic affiliation and the provision of university research and teaching infrastructure. In clinical practice, the role benefits from integration and visibility in the cardiac programme and leadership team, collaboration with advanced practice and multidisciplinary research groups, and access to office and human resources located on the clinical unit. Deliverables centre on achieving adjusted indicators of university performance to support academic promotion, and delivery of a practice‐close research programme that prioritises improved patient outcomes, multidisciplinary practice and improved outcomes.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThe dual appointment aims to provide tangible benefits to both the university and the hospital that match each organisation's needs; this requires sustained senior leadership engagement and support, and modification of conventional indicators of impact and success. Its ongoing evaluation will elucidate required modifications and future strategies required to strengthen nurses’ academic and clinical leadership.
Amniotic fluid Gram stain and interleukin‐6 can predict early‐onset neonatal sepsis
Authors: Oshima Yuko , Tanaka Satoko , Tsumura Keisuke , Tsuda Satoko , So Kunio , Shinagawa Takaaki , Yamasaki Fumio , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Nomiyama Makoto , Yokoyama Masatoshi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo clarify whether amniotic fluid findings (Gram stain and interleukin [IL]‐6 level) can predict early‐onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) before delivery.MethodsWe compared the sensitivity and specificity and the values of the area under the receiver‐operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of maternal inflammatory responses and amniotic fluid findings using IL‐6 and Gram stain to predict EONS. Patients who underwent amniocentesis for suspected intra‐amniotic infection (IAI) after 22 weeks and 0 days of gestation and delivered on the same day at our hospital between January 2013 and December 2018 were included.ResultsOut of 200 patients, EONS developed in 9 patients. The AUROC curves of maternal white blood cells count, C‐reactive protein and body temperature were low (range, 0.6–0.7), whereas that of amniotic fluid IL‐6 was high (0.90). Sensitivity and specificity for amniotic fluid findings were, respectively, 100% and 67% for IL‐6 (cut‐off value: 17.4 ng/mL) and 100% and 88% for the Gram stain; these values were superior to those of maternal inflammatory responses. When examining the accuracy of the amniotic fluid Gram stain separately before and after 34 gestation weeks, similar results were obtained. Amniotic fluid IL‐6 before 34 gestation weeks showed specificity similar to that of the Gram stain; however, there were large differences in cut‐off values based on gestational age.ConclusionGram stain results of amniotic fluid can predict EONS with high sensitivity and specificity when IAI is suspected. False‐negative amniotic fluid Gram stain results can be prevented by measuring amniotic fluid IL‐6 simultaneously.