bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displacive Order–Disorder Behavior and Intrinsic Clustering of Lattice Distortions in Bi‐Substituted NaNbO3
Authors: Levin Igor , Yang Fan , Maier Russell , Laws William J. , Keeble Dean S. , Cibin Giannantonio , Sinclair Derek C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPerovskite‐like NaNbO3‐Bi1/3NbO3 solid solutions are studied to understand the interactions between octahedral rotations, which dominate the structural behavior of NaNbO3 and displacive disorder of Bi present in Bi1/3NbO3. Models of instantaneous structures for representative compositions are obtained by refining atomic coordinates against X‐ray total scattering and extended X‐ray‐absorption fine structure data, with additional input obtained from transmission electron microscopy. A mixture of distinct cations and vacancies on the cuboctahedral A‐sites in Na1−3xBixNbO3 (x ≤ 0.2) results in 3D nanoscale modulations of structural distortions. This phenomenon is determined by the inevitable correlations in the chemical composition of adjacent unit cells according to the structure type—an intrinsic property of any nonmolecular crystals. Octahedral rotations become suppressed as x increases. Out‐of‐phase rotations vanish for x > 0.1, whereas in‐phase tilts persist up to x = 0.2, although for this composition their correlation length becomes limited to the nanoscale. The loss of out‐of‐phase tilting is accompanied by qualitative changes in the probability density distributions for Bi and Nb, with both species becoming disordered over loci offset from the centers of their respective oxygen cages. Symmetry arguments are used to attribute this effect to different strengths of the coupling between the cation displacements and out‐of‐phase versus in‐phase rotations. The displacive disorder of Bi and Nb combined with nanoscale clustering of lattice distortions are primarily responsible for the anomalous broadening of the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant.
Synergistic Roll‐to‐Roll Transfer and Doping of CVD‐Graphene Using Parylene for Ambient‐Stable and Ultra‐Lightweight Photovoltaics
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Azzellino Giovanni , Hempel Marek , Lu Ang‐Yu , Martin‐Martinez Francisco J. , Zhao Jiayuan , Yeo Jingjie , Palacios Tomas , Buehler Markus J. , Kong Jing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA roll‐to‐roll (R2R) transfer technique is employed to improve the electrical properties of transferred graphene on flexible substrates using parylene as an interfacial layer. A layer of parylene is deposited on graphene/copper (Cu) foils grown by chemical vapor deposition and are laminated onto ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/poly(ethylene terephthalate). Then, the samples are delaminated from the Cu using an electrochemical transfer process, resulting in flexible and conductive substrates with sheet resistances of below 300 Ω sq−1, which is significantly better (fourfold) than the sample transferred by R2R without parylene (1200 Ω sq−1). The characterization results indicate that parylene C and D dope graphene due to the presence of chlorine atoms in their structure, resulting in higher carrier density and thus lower sheet resistance. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the binding energy between parylene and graphene is stronger than that of EVA and graphene, which may lead to less tear in graphene during the R2R transfer. Finally, organic solar cells are fabricated on the ultrathin and flexible parylene/graphene substrates and an ultra‐lightweight device is achieved with a power conversion efficiency of 5.86%. Additionally, the device shows a high power per weight of 6.46 W g−1 with superior air stability.
Operando Differential Electrochemical Pressiometry for Probing Electrochemo‐Mechanics in All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Jun Seunggoo , Nam Young Jin , Kwak Hiram , Kim Kyu Tae , Oh Dae Yang , Jung Yoon Seok 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOwing to an absence or lack of soft (and/or liquid) components, electrochemo‐mechanical effects are imperative for all‐solid‐state batteries (ASBs) based on inorganic solid electrolytes (SEs). As this aspect has been overlooked, relevant investigation has remained scarce. In this work, the development of a new operando differential electrochemical pressiometry (DEP) for ASBs is reported. The time‐ (or capacity‐) derivative differential pressure signals (dP/dt or dP/dQ) reflecting corresponding differential volume changes of electrode active materials feature the specific state of charges (SOCs). This finding leads to a precise estimation of the SOCs of graphite (Gr) electrodes in LiNi0.70Co0.15Mn0.15O2 (NCM)/Gr all‐solid‐state full cells using sulfide SEs with varying capacity ratios of negative to positive electrodes (n/p ratios); this is corroborated by complementary analysis using a three‐electrode electrochemical cell and ex situ X‐ray diffraction measurements. Furthermore, electrochemo‐mechanical behaviors of NCM/Gr full cells with Gr electrodes employing SEs excluding or including reductively unstable Li10GeP2S12 are investigated. Notable volume changes caused by lithiation of Li10GeP2S12 are detected. Importantly, significantly delayed SOC for Gr caused by a severe side reaction with Li10GeP2S12 is disclosed by the operando DEP result.
Structure‐Dependent Wear and Shear Mechanics of Nanostructured MoS2 Coatings
Authors: Serles Peter , Sun Hao , Colas Guillaume , Tam Jason , Nicholson Eric , Wang Guorui , Howe Jane , Saulot Aurélien , Singh Chandra Veer , Filleter Tobin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSputter‐deposited molybdenum disulfide coatings are one of the most common lubricants for extreme environments. However, their performance predictability remains limited by the complexity of van der Waals wear and shear mechanics in bulk materials resulting in unexpected premature failure. In the present study, two nanostructured MoS2 coatings of similar macroscopic properties are shown to exhibit entirely different wear and shear mechanics due to their nanostructure. Friction force microscopy with steel‐beaded cantilevers is used to measure the per‐cycle evolution of friction, wear, and topography in situ over the lubricant lifetime under an inert nitrogen environment. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm the subsurface structural failure mechanisms of the coatings under shear stress, and atomic force microscope phase imaging and Raman spectroscopy are used to identify tribofilm formation mechanics. The nanocrystal–amorphous composite structure shows improved wear resistance but at the cost of limited stress relaxation which creates high‐stress failure and fracture‐dominated wear. The purely nanocrystalline coating exhibits lower shear resistance but consistent stress relaxation by van der Waals cleavage and triple junction fracture which results in higher wear rates with predictable abrasion‐dominated failure. The contrast in nanoscale performance of the coatings allows for the lubricant nanostructure to be tuned for ideal applications for extreme environments.
Elucidation of the Controversial Layer Growth Mechanism of Vapor Phase Polymerization in the Preparation of Conductive Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐SiO2 Hybrid Films
Authors: Nodora Kerguelen Mae A. , Yim Jin‐Heong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent times, there have been debates to ascertain whether the growth mechanism in vapor phase polymerization is a top‐down or a bottom‐up process. The objective of the present study is to identify the formation mechanisms of the organic–inorganic hybrid film prepared in the gaseous phase on the basis of the practical importance of the hybridization of materials. To this end, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐SiO2 conductive hybrid films with different layered structures are successfully fabricated. The growth mechanism of the layered organic–inorganic conductive hybrid thin film is elucidated by investigating the variations in the morphological and chemical compositions of its surface. Additionally, a cross‐sectional analysis is performed using a scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate a “bottom‐up” growth mechanism, wherein the oxidant diffused through the recently formed layer, generating novel layers; this ultimately leads to formation of the organic–inorganic conductive hybrid film. Moreover, the optoelectronic and mechanical properties of the hybrid conductive films are precisely controlled by adjusting the order of incorporation of monomers in the process and the duration of polymerization of each monomer. Thus, this study achieves the fabrication of a mechanically robust and optically enhanced conductive hybrid film.
Surface Treatment of Perovskite Layer with Guanidinium Iodide Leads to Enhanced Moisture Stability and Improved Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chavan Rohit D. , Prochowicz Daniel , Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Yadav Pankaj , Hong Chang Kook 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInterfacial engineering between the perovskite and hole transport layers has emerged as an effective way to improve perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance. A variety of organic halide salts are developed to passivate the traps and enhance the charge carrier transport. Here, the use of guanidinium iodide (GuaI) for interfacial modification of mixed‐cation (Cs)x(FA)1−xPbI3 perovskite films, which results in the formation of a low‐dimensional δ‐FAPbI3‐like phase on the 3D perovskite surface, is reported. The presence of this thin layer facilitates charge transfer at interfaces and reduces charge carrier recombination pathways as evidenced by enhanced carrier lifetimes and favorable interfacial band alignment. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the control device is boosted from 19.22% to 20.07%, mainly due to improved open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor. Furthermore, the post‐treatment with GuaI improves the moisture stability of perovskite polycrystalline films and ambient stability of PSCs.
DPAGT1‐Mediated Protein N‐Glycosylation Is Indispensable for Oocyte and Follicle Development in Mice
Authors: Li Hui , You Liji , Tian Yufeng , Guo Jing , Fang Xianbao , Zhou Chenmin , Shi Lanying , Su You‐Qiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPost‐translational modification of proteins by N‐linked glycosylation is crucial for many life processes. However, the exact contribution of N‐glycosylation to mammalian female reproduction remains largely undefined. Here, DPAGT1, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of protein N‐glycosylation, is identified to be indispensable for oocyte development in mice. Dpagt1 missense mutation (c. 497A>G; p. Asp166Gly) causes female subfertility without grossly affecting other functions. Mutant females ovulate fewer eggs owing to defective development of growing follicles. Mutant oocytes have a thin and fragile zona pellucida (ZP) due to the reduction in glycosylation of ZP proteins, and display poor developmental competence after fertilization in vitro. Moreover, completion of the first meiosis is accelerated in mutant oocytes, which is coincident with the elevation of aneuploidy. Mechanistically, transcriptomic analysis reveals the downregulation of a number of transcripts essential for oocyte meiotic progression and preimplantation development (e.g., Pttgt1, Esco2, Orc6, and Npm2) in mutant oocytes, which could account for the defects observed. Furthermore, conditional knockout of Dpagt1 in oocytes recapitulates the phenotypes observed in Dpagt1 mutant females, and causes complete infertility. Taken together, these data indicate that protein N‐glycosylation in oocytes is essential for female fertility in mammals by specific control of oocyte development.
Highly stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on FAMA‐Perovskite‐Cu:NiO Composites with 20.7% Efficiency and 80.5% Fill Factor
Authors: Wang Yousheng , Mahmoudi Tahmineh , Hahn Yoon‐Bong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo solve critical issues related to device stability and performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), FA0.026MA0.974PbI3−yCly‐Cu:NiO (formamidinium methylammonium (FAMA)‐perovskite‐Cu:NiO) and Al2O3/Cu:NiO composites are developed and utilized for fabrication of highly stable and efficient PSCs through fully‐ambient‐air processes. The FAMA‐perovskite‐Cu:NiO composite crystals prepared without using any antisolvents not only improve the perovskite film quality with large‐size crystals and less grain boundaries but also tailor optical and electronic properties and suppress charge recombination with reduction of trap density. A champion device based on the composites as light absorber and Al2O3/Cu:NiO interfacial layer between electron transport layer and active layer yields power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.67% with VOC of 1.047 V, JSC of 24.51 mA cm−2, and fill factor of 80.54%. More importantly, such composite‐based PSCs without encapsulation show significant enhancement in long‐term air‐stability, thermal‐ and photostability with retaining 97% of PCE over 240 d under ambient conditions (25–30 °C, 45–55% humidity).
Detection of interspecific hybrids between creeping bentgrass and colonial bentgrass using DNA marker analysis
Authors: Warnke Scott E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBentgrasses (Agrostis spp.) are cool‐season turfgrasses that have utility on golf courses or other turf applications requiring low mowing heights. Interspecific hybridization of Agrostis species is a strategy that has been proposed to enhance biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in this genus. Non‐transgenic, efficient, and cost‐effective methods for interspecific hybrid detection are needed. In this study two bentgrass species creeping bentgrass (A. stolonifera L.), and colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris L.) were allowed to intercross under field conditions. Progeny plant DNA was extracted and stored using Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) PlantSaver cards followed by primer specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high‐resolution melt analysis. Species identifying PCR primers were optimized for real‐time PCR through fragment resequencing of species‐specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. A total of 2289 potential interspecific hybrid bentgrass progeny were screened with 99.4% of the DNA extractions successful. The percent interspecific hybridization, on an individual plant basis, ranged from 1 to 85% and a total of 524 interspecific‐hybrid bentgrasses were identified representing 23% of plants tested. Interspecific hybridization is common between these bentgrass species and the proposed detection method provides a non‐transgenic, efficient, and cost‐effective method for interspecific hybrid identification.
Preliminary results of robotic inguinal hernia repair following its introduction in a single‐center trial
Authors: Saito Takuya , Fukami Yasuyuki , Uchino Tairin , Kurahashi Shintaro , Matsumura Tatsuki , Osawa Takaaki , Arikawa Takashi , Komatsu Shunichiro , Kaneko Kenitiro , Sano Tsuyoshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimRobotic surgery using the da Vinci system has markedly increased worldwide. However, robotic inguinal hernia repair remains unpopular outside the United States. We introduced and evaluated a robotic transabdominal preperitoneal repair (R‐TAPP) technique for inguinal hernia in our hospital.MethodsFirst, we designed a task protocol according to the surgical results of 388 laparoscopic TAPP (L‐TAPP) procedures performed during the 4 years prior to introducing R‐TAPP. Our task protocol included several time limitations during a step‐wise procedure: creating the peritoneal flap (<60 minutes), mesh placement with fixation (<30 minutes), and peritoneal suture closure (<30 minutes) under experienced supervision. We investigated the preliminary clinical results of R‐TAPP performed by a single operator between December 2018 and January 2020.ResultsWe identified 27 lesions in 20 patients (unilateral in 13 and bilateral in seven). According to the Japan Hernia Society Classification, our cohort included eight type I, five type II, and seven bilateral hernias (nine type I, four type II, and one type IV). The median operation time was 124 minutes (range, 81‐164 minutes), and the median console operation time was 85 minutes (range, 50‐132). The median time required for the peritoneal incision was 30 minutes (range, 18‐54 minutes), that for mesh placement (including tucking) was 13 minutes (range, 7‐27 minutes), and that for peritoneal suturing was 9 minutes (range, 3‐20 minutes).ConclusionOur preliminary results suggest that our task protocol for R‐TAPP is feasible. However, refinement of our task protocol is essential for standardization.
Secret lifestyles of pyrophilous fungi in the genus Sphaerosporella
Authors: Hughes Karen W. , Case Alexis , Matheny P. Brandon , Kivlin Stephanie , Petersen Ronald H. , Miller Andrew N. , Iturriaga Teresa 
Published: June 2020

PremisePyrophilous fungi form aboveground fruiting structures (ascocarps) following wildfires, but their ecology, natural history, and life cycles in the absence of wildfires are largely unknown. Sphaerosporella is considered to be pyrophilous. This study explores Sphaerosporella ascocarp appearance following a rare 2016 wildfire in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), compares the timing of ascocarp formation with recovery of Sphaerosporella DNA sequences in soils, and explores the association of Sphaerosporella with post‐fire Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) seedlings.MethodsBurned sites in the GSMNP were surveyed for pyrophilous fungal ascocarps over 2 years. Ascocarps, mycorrhizae, and endophyte cultures were evaluated morphologically and by Sanger sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal ITS gene region (fungal barcode; Schoch et al., 2012). DNA from soil cores was subjected to Illumina sequencing.ResultsThe timing and location of post‐fire Sphaerosporella ascocarp formation was correlated with recovery of Sphaerosporella DNA sequences in soils. Genetic markers (fungal barcode) of Sphaerosporella were also recovered from mycorrhizal root tips and endophyte cultures from seedlings of Pinus pungens.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that Sphaerosporella species, in the absence of fire, are biotrophic, forming both mycorrhizal and endophytic associations with developing Pinus pungens seedlings and may persist in nature in the absence of wildfire as a conifer symbiont. We speculate that Sphaerosporella may fruit only after the host plant is damaged or destroyed and that after wildfires, deep roots, needle endophytes, or heat‐resistant spores could serve as a source of soil mycelium.
Respiratory protection for health care workers: A 2020 COVID‐19 perspective
Authors: Petsonk Edward L. , Harber Philip 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs the US health care system began to respond to the coronavirus disease‐2019 pandemic, demand for respiratory personal protective equipment (PPE) increased precipitously, as did the number of users. This commentary discusses ensuing deviations from accepted respiratory PPE program practices, which potentially increased risk to health care workers. Such lapses included omitting user training and fit testing, provision of unapproved devices, and application of devices in settings and ways for which they were not intended. The temporary compromise of professionally accepted standards due to exigencies must not become the new normal. Rather, the current attention to PPE should be leveraged to enhance practice, motivate vital research, and strengthen professional, governmental, and institutional capabilities to control health care worker exposures to infectious hazards.
Dibromoisocyanuric Acid: Applications in Brominations and Oxidation Processes for the Synthesis of High Value Compounds
Authors: Day David P. , Alsenani Nawaf I. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent years, synthetic chemists continue to search for new methodologies to access organic molecules of value. Bromine containing molecules persist to yield interesting discoveries when employed in new (and known) transformations. Whilst a plethora of bromine containing compounds exist in the literature at a chemist's disposal for organic synthesis, this minireview will pay close attention to one of the more understudied reagents in comparison, dibromoisocyanuric acid (DBI) (and its closely related mono‐ or tri‐ bromo derivatives). The scope of this minireview looks to explore the most recent implementations of DBI and its derivatives over the period of 2015–2020, looking closely at its uses in organic transformations, employed as a brominating reagent in dye syntheses amongst other applications.
Ørsted und Bunsen: Voltaische Batterien, Elektrische Lichtbögen, Elektromagnetismus und Elektrolyse
Authors: Wentrup Curt 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVor 200 Jahren legte Ørsted mit seiner berühmten Entdeckung der Drehung einer Magnetnadel im elektrischen Feld eines Platindrahtes das Fundament für Elektromagnetismus. Dazu verwendete er seine eigene Cu‐Zn‐Kasten‐Batterie, die damals eine der besten war, aber 21 Jahre später von Bunsens Kohle‐Zink‐Batterie übertroffen wurde, die bald höchst erfolgreich und anerkannt wurde. In diesem Jahr, 1841, machte Bunsen seinen ersten direkten Kontakt mit Skandinavien, als er Berzelius in Stockholm, Palmstedt in Göteborg sowie Ørsted, Scharling und Zeise in Kopenhagen besuchte. Ørsted, wie fast alle auf dem europäischen Kontinent, übernahm Bunsens Batterie und verwendete sie für seine Experimente mit einem großen Elektromagneten. Die Pfade von Ørsteds und Bunsens Forschungen kreuzten sich wieder viel später im Rahmen der Synthese vom elementarem Aluminium, die zuerst Ørsted 1825 gelang (obwohl es wahrscheinlich nicht als reines Metall erhalten wurde). Von Bunsen wurde sie 1854 durch Elektrolyse mithilfe seiner Kohle‐Zink‐Batterie verwirklicht.