bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apathy is associated with white matter network disruption and specific cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wen Ming-Ching , Thiery Alexandre , Tseng Wen-Yih Isaac , Kok Trina , Xu Zheyu , Chua Shu Ting , Tan Louis C.S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundApathy is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) but its underlying white matter (WM) architecture is not well understood. Moreover, how apathy affects cognitive functions in PD remains unclear. We investigated apathy-related WM network alterations and the impact of apathy on cognition in the context of PD.MethodsApathetic PD patients (aPD), non-apathetic PD patients (naPD), and matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent brain scans and clinical assessment. Graph-theoretical and network-based analyses were used for group comparisons of WM features derived from diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI). Path analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect effects of apathy and other correlates on different cognitive functions.ResultsThe aPD group was impaired on neural integration measured by global efficiency (p =0.009) and characteristic path length (p= 0.04), executive function (p< 0.001), episodic memory (p< 0.001) and visuospatial ability (p= 0.02), and had reduced connectivity between the bilateral parietal lobes and between the putamen and temporal regions (p< 0.05). In PD, executive function was directly impacted by apathy and motor severity and indirectly influenced by depression; episodic memory was directly and indirectly impacted by apathy and depression, respectively; conversely, visuospatial ability was not related to any of these factors. Neural integration, though being marginally correlated with apathy, was not associated with cognition.ConclusionsOur results suggest compromised neural integration and reduced structural connectivity in aPD. Apathy, depression, and motor severity showed distinct impacts on different cognitive functions with apathy being the most influential determinant of cognition in PD.
Networks, Informal Governance, and Ethnic Violence in a Syrian City
Authors: Mazur Kevin 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIn cross-national studies, ethnic exclusion is robustly associated with the onset of violent challenge to incumbent regimes. But significant variation remains at the subnational level—not all members of an excluded ethnic group join in challenge. This article accounts for intra-ethnic group variation in terms of the network properties of local communities, nested within ethnic groups, and the informal ties that regimes forge to some segments of the ethnically excluded population. Mobilization within an excluded ethnic group is most likely among local communities where members are densely linked to one another and lack network access to state-controlled resources. Drawing on a case study of the Syrian city of Homs in the 2011 uprising, this article demonstrates how the Syrian regime’s strategies of managing the Sunni population of Homs shaped patterns of challenge. On the one hand, the state’s toleration of spontaneous settlements on the city’s periphery helped to reproduce dense network ties. On the other hand, the regime’s informal bargains with customary leaders instrumentalized those ties to manage local populations. These bargains could not withstand the regime’s use of violence against challengers, which meant that these same local networks became crucial factors in impelling and sustaining costly antiregime mobilization.
‘Not dead but sleeping’: Expanding international law to better regulate the diverse effects of ceasefire agreements
Authors: Sosnowski Marika 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCeasefire agreements are legally governed by international humanitarian law because they have generally been considered in relation to how they affect levels of violence. However, new research in the fields of anthropology, security, and development studies suggests that ceasefires can have many more ramifications. These range from their ability to influence governance institutions, property and citizenship rights, economic networks, and security mechanisms. Consequently, this article suggests that a broader legal framework is needed through which to consider ceasefires and their consequences. While canvassing the option of ceasefires being types of contractual documents or as special agreements under Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, the article concludes that the best way to regulate ceasefire agreements is through an expanded version of lex pacificatoria. Rather than being governed by hard international law, such a move would allow for the implementation of more flexible programmatic standards to influence the myriad ways ceasefires are negotiated, the conduct of belligerents, and their diverse effects on the ground during wartime.
Periodic fever syndromes: a patient diagnosed with recurrent Kawasaki disease
Authors: Turk Sena , Aydin Derya , Dogan Eser , Levent Erturk , Kutukculer Necil 
Published: June 2020

AbstractKawasaki disease, known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a multi-system disease of unknown aetiology that occurs in young children under 5 years of age. The recurrence rate of Kawasaki disease is as rare as 1–3%. Especially in cases with coronary artery involvement, recurrent Kawasaki disease should be investigated in terms of underlying rheumatologic diseases such as periodic fever syndromes, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, and systemic-onset juvenile arthritis. In this study, we report homozygote mutations in mevalonate kinase and familial Mediterranean fever genes in a recurrent Kawasaki disease with coronary dilatation.
First reported case of unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot complicated with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)
Authors: Moazenzadeh Mansoor , Jafari Fatemeh , Farrokhnia Mehrdad , Aliramezany Maryam 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe incidence of novel coronavirus disease-19 (nCoV-19) and its associated complications is higher in high-risk groups. In this article, we explain the symptoms and course of the disease and the treatment for an adult patient with CHD who has been infected with novel nCoV-19.
Non-core food product advertising on free-to-air television in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Vivien Hui In , Louie Jimmy Chun Yu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To study the extent and nature of free-to-air television advertisements for non-core products (e.g., fast food or soda) directed at children in Hong Kong.Design:Television programs from two major Hong Kong free-to-air television channels airing between 06.00 and 24.00 hours from October 2018 to January 2019 were recorded. Eight nonconsecutive days (four weekdays and four weekend days) were selected for analysis. Pearson’s χ2 tests were conducted to compare the pattern of food advertisements by program categories, days of the week, television viewing periods and persuasive marketing techniques.Setting:Free-to-air television programs.Participants:Not applicable.Results:Of the 10 348 commercials identified, 18·4 % were for foods, and 35·2 % of these were for non-core items. Baby and toddler milk formula (19·5 %) were the most advertised food products, while the most frequently advertised non-core food was fast foods (12·3 %). There was a higher non-core to core product ratio during prime time than the children’s time slot (7 v. 1·7). Non-sports celebrity endorsement (27·1 %) was the most frequently used persuasive marketing technique overall, while that for non-core products was sensory characteristics (38·2 %). Most food product placements recorded were non-core products, mentions of local and fast food restaurants and recipe additions.Conclusions:Non-core products were highly advertised in Hong Kong, while core product advertising was infrequent. Regulations on junk food advertising in Hong Kong should focus on prime time, as well as on food product placement, to reduce children’s exposure to persuasive junk food marketing.
Population-level effective coverage of adolescent weekly iron and folic acid supplementation is low in rural West Bengal, India
Authors: Sudfeld Christopher R , Rai Rajesh Kumar , Barik Anamitra , Valadez Joseph J , Fawzi Wafaie W 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess the coverage of the adolescent weekly iron and folic acid supplementation (WIFS) programme in rural West Bengal, India.Design:We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of intended WIFS programme beneficiaries (in-school adolescent girls and boys and out-of-school adolescent girls).Setting:Birbhum Health and Demographic Surveillance System.Participants:A total of 4448 adolescents 10–19 years of age participated in the study.Results:The percentage of adolescents who reported taking four WIFS tablets during the last month as intended by the national programme was 9·4 % among in-school girls, 7·1 % for in-school boys and 2·3 % for out-of-school girls. The low effective coverage was due to the combination of large deficits in WIFS provision and poor adherence. A large proportion of adolescents reported they were not provided any WIFS tablets in the last month: 61·7 % of in-school girls, 73·3 % of in-school boys and 97·1 % of out-of-school girls. In terms of adherence, only 41·6 % of in-school girls, 38·1 % of in-school boys and 47·4 % of out-of-school girls reported that they consumed all WIFS tablets they received. Counselling from teachers, administrators and school staff was the primary reason adolescents reported taking WIFS tablets, whereas the major reasons for non-adherence were lack of perceived benefit, peer suggestion not to take WIFS and a reported history of side effects.Conclusions:The effective coverage of the WIFS programme for in-school adolescents and out-of-school adolescent girls is low in rural Birbhum. Integrated supply- and demand-side strategies appear to be necessary to increase the effective coverage and potential benefits of the WIFS programme.
Invigorating Hydrological Research Through Journal Publications
Authors: Quinn Nevil , Blöschl Günter , Bárdossy András , Castellarin Attilio , Clark Martyn , Cudennec Christophe , Koutsoyiannis Demetris , Lall Upmanu , Lichner Lubomir , Parajka Juraj , Peters‐Lidard Christa D. , Sander Graham , Savenije Hubert , Smettem Keith , Vereecken Harry , Viglione Alberto , Willems Patrick , Wood Andy , Woods Ross , Xu Chong‐Yu , Zehe Erwin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEditors of several journals in the field of hydrology met during the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union—EGU in Vienna in April 2017. This event was a follow‐up of similar meetings held in 2013 and 2015. These meetings enable the group of editors to review the current status of the journals and the publication process and to share thoughts on future strategies. Journals were represented at the 2017 meeting by their editors, as shown in the list of authors. The main points on invigorating hydrological research through journal publications are communicated in this joint editorial published in the above journals.
Submarine Landslide Kinematics Derived From High‐Resolution Imaging in Port Valdez, Alaska
Authors: Roland Emily , Haeussler Peter , Parsons Tom , Hart Patrick 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSubmarine landslides caused by strong ground shaking during the M9.2 1964 Great Alaska earthquake generated a tsunami that destroyed much of the old town of Valdez, Alaska, and was responsible for 32 deaths at that location. We explore structural details of the 1964 landslide deposit, as well as landslide deposits from earlier events, in order to characterize kinematics of the landslide process. We present a new high‐resolution seismic reflection data set that images the 1964 landslide deposit and six pre‐1964 deposits with great detail. These deposits are represented by thick packages (~7–23 m) of debris within >500 m of fjord sedimentation above basement. Internal slide structures are associated with distinctive landslide failure mechanisms, including detailed erosional and depositional features and structures resolved within both landslide blocks and distal debris flow layers. Based on comparisons of deposit volume from subbottom structure and differenced bathymetry, we refine prior interpretations of the source of failed material. New data show evidence for basal erosion and reworking of fjord‐floor sedimentation. Additionally, material comprising the 1964 landslide appears to have been translated and deformed by lateral thrusting, rather than having been sourced entirely from upslope evacuation zones. Taking into account these complexities in depositional patterns, we show variations in slide size through Holocene time and relate the history of landslides to the paleoseismic record. Collectively, these new observations demonstrate that Port Valdez has a repeated history of large submarine landslides, which are likely associated with large megathrust earthquakes.
Land Use and Land Cover Change Strongly Modulates Land‐Atmosphere Coupling and Warm‐Season Precipitation Over the Central United States in CESM2‐VR
Authors: Devanand Anjana , Huang Maoyi , Lawrence David M. , Zarzycki Colin M. , Feng Zhe , Lawrence Peter J. , Qian Yun , Yang Zhao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrior research indicates that land use and land cover change (LULCC) in the central United States has led to significant changes in surface climate. The spatial resolution of simulations is particularly relevant in this region due to its influence on model skill in capturing mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and on representing the spatial heterogeneity. Recent advances in Earth system models (ESMs) make it feasible to use variable resolution (VR) meshes to study regional impacts of LULCC while avoiding inconsistencies introduced by lateral boundary conditions typically seen in limited area models. Here, we present numerical experiments using the Community Earth System Model version 2–VR to evaluate (1) the influence of resolution and land use on model skill and (2) impacts of LULCC over the central United States at different resolutions. These simulations are configured either on the 1° grid or a VR grid with grid refinement to 1/8° over the contiguous United States for the period of 1984–2010 with two alternative land use data sets corresponding to the preindustrial and present day states. Our results show that skill in simulating precipitation over the central United States is primarily dependent on resolution, whereas skill in simulating 2‐m temperature is more dependent on accurate land use. The VR experiments show stronger LULCC‐induced precipitation increases over the Midwest in May and June, corresponding to an increase in the number of MCS‐like features and a more conductive thermodynamic environment for convection. Our study demonstrates the potential of using VR ESMs for hydroclimatic simulations in regions with significant LULCC.
Forecasting GOES 15 >2 MeV Electron Fluxes From Solar Wind Data and Geomagnetic Indices
Authors: Forsyth C. , Watt C. E. J. , Mooney M. K. , Rae I. J. , Walton S. D. , Horne R. B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe flux of > 2 MeV electrons at geosynchronous orbit is used by space weather forecasters as a key indicator of enhanced risk of damage to spacecraft in low, medium, or geosynchronous Earth orbits. We present a methodology that uses the amount of time a single input data set (solar wind data or geomagnetic indices) exceeds a given threshold to produce deterministic and probabilistic forecasts of the >2 MeV flux at GEO exceeding 1,000 or 10,000 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 within up to 10 days. By comparing our forecasts with measured fluxes from GOES 15 between 2014 and 2016, we determine the optimum forecast thresholds for deterministic and probabilistic forecasts by maximizing the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) and Brier skill scores, respectively. The training data set gives peak ROC scores of 0.71 to 0.87 and peak Brier skill scores of −0.03 to 0.32. Forecasts from AL give the highest skill scores for forecasts of up to 6 days. AL, solar wind pressure, or SYM‐H give the highest skill scores over 7–10 days. Hit rates range over 56–89% with false alarm rates of 11–53%. Applied to 2012, 2013, and 2017, our best forecasts have hit rates of 56–83% and false alarm rates of 10–20%. Further tuning of the forecasts may improve these. Our hit rates are comparable to those from operational fluence forecasts, that incorporate fluence measurements, but our false alarm rates are higher. This proof‐of‐concept shows that the geosynchronous electron flux can be forecast with a degree of success without incorporating a persistence element into the forecasts.
River Plume Liftoff Dynamics and Surface Expressions
Authors: Branch R. A. , Horner‐Devine A. R. , Kumar N. , Poggioli A. R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe water surface expression of liftoff and its dependence on discharge are examined using numerical simulations with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Liftoff is the process by which buoyant river water separates from the bed and flows over denser saltwater. During low‐discharge conditions liftoff occurs in the river and is accompanied by a change in the surface slope. During high‐discharge conditions liftoff occurs outside the mouth and generates a ridge on the water surface. The location and height of the ridge can be described by analytical equations in terms of discharge, shelf slope, and river mouth aspect ratio. The offshore distance and height of the ridge are proportional to the river discharge and vary inversely with river mouth aspect ratio. For steep shelf slopes liftoff occurs close to the river mouth and generates a large ridge. The ridge is modified, but not eliminated, by the presence of tides. The water surface slope change at the ridge peak is large enough to be detected by the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) altimeter and can be used to identify the liftoff location during high discharge. However, during low discharge the water surface slope change at the liftoff location is too small to be detected by SWOT. These results indicate that remote measurements of the presence or absence of the ridge may be useful to distinguish between low and high flows, and remote measurements of the ridge location or height could be used to estimate freshwater discharge.
Modeling the Role of Root Exudation in Critical Zone Nutrient Dynamics
Authors: Roque‐Malo Susana , Woo Dong Kook , Kumar Praveen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe multifaceted interface of plant roots, microbes, water, and soil can be considered a critical zone within the Critical Zone as it is host to many important dynamically linked processes, including the promotion of nutrient cycling through absorption and rhizodeposition, interaction and feedbacks with microorganisms and fungi, root‐facilitated hydraulic redistribution, and soil carbon dynamics. Such important processes in the Critical Zone have not been fully characterized and modeled in an ecohydrologic framework linking above‐ground natural and/or anthropogenic processes to below‐ground biogeochemical cycling. Specifically, the relation between root exudates and nutrient cycling remains an open challenge. Here we present the model REWT (Root Exudation in Watershed‐scale Transport) to demonstrate the systematic modeling of root exudation in an interconnected ecohydrologic framework. REWT incorporates an explicit dynamic root exudation transport model, nutrient absorption, and coupled microbial processes within the framework of a validated ecohydrologic model. Model simulations demonstrate the influence of root exudation of glucose, a polysaccharide that serves as fuel for microbes, and flavonoids, which can act as a biological nitrification inhibitor on microbial processes linked to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. To demonstrate the capabilities of this theoretical framework, we parameterize REWT for corn and soybean crops in the Midwestern United States, and simulations indicate that rates of nitrification and respiration were substantially altered compared to model simulations in which root exudation was not explicitly included. This work demonstrates the importance of systematically incorporating root exudates into hydrobiogeochemical models and can serve to inform experimental design for active root zone processes.
Land Use Effects on Sediment Nutrient Processes in a Heavily Modified Watershed Using Structural Equation Models
Authors: Kreiling R. M. , Thoms M. C. , Bartsch L. A. , Larson J. H. , Christensen V. G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractContemporary land use can affect sediment nutrient processes in rivers draining heavily modified watersheds; however, studies linking land use to sediment nutrient processes in large river networks are limited. In this study, we developed and evaluated structural equation models for denitrification and phosphorus retention capacity to determine direct and indirect linkages between current land use and sediment nutrient processes during base flow in the Fox River watershed, WI, USA. A large spatial‐scale dataset used for this study included sediment nitrogen and phosphorus retention measurements and land use information for 106 sites. The structural equation models for the Fox River watershed identified direct links between current land use and in‐stream sediment nutrient processes. Subwatersheds with agricultural land consisting of more natural land cover had lower surface water nitrate concentrations and higher denitrification enzyme activity than subwatersheds with less alternative cover. This indicates that best management practices implemented in the Fox River watershed that restore natural land cover can improve water quality through nitrogen removal on the agricultural landscape and in the river network. Best management practices are not having the same measurable effects on phosphorus in the river network, most likely due to legacy phosphorus stored in the sediment.
Atmospheric Temperature Effect in Secondary Cosmic Rays Observed With a 2 m2 Ground‐Based tRPC Detector
Authors: Riádigos Irma , García‐Castro Damián , González‐Díaz Diego , Pérez‐Muñuzuri Vicente 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA high time resolution 2 m2 tracking detector, based on timing Resistive Plate Chamber (tRPC) cells, has been installed at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) in order to improve our understanding of the cosmic rays arriving at the Earth's surface. Following a short commissioning of the detector, a study of the atmospheric temperature effect of the secondary cosmic ray component was carried out. To take into account this effect, temperature coefficients, WT(h), were obtained from cosmic ray data using a method based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results obtained show good agreement with the theoretical expectation. The method successfully removes the correlation present between the different atmospheric layers, which would be dominant otherwise. We briefly describe the initial calibration and pressure correction procedures, essential to isolate the temperature effect. Overall, the measured cosmic ray rate displays the expected anticorrelation with the effective atmospheric temperature, through the coefficient αT=−0.279±0.051%/K. Rates follow the seasonal variations, and unusual short‐term events are clearly identified too.