bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General model of vertical distribution of stars in the Milky Way using complete Jeans equations
Authors: Sarkar Suchira , Jog Chanda J 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
The self-consistent vertical density distribution in a thin, isothermal disc is typically given by a sech2 law, as shown in the classic work by Spitzer. This is obtained assuming that the radial and vertical motions are decoupled and only the vertical term is used in the Poisson equation. We argue that in the region of low density as in the outer disc this treatment is no longer valid. We develop a general, complete model that includes both radial and vertical terms in the Poisson equation and write these in terms of the full radial and vertical Jeans equations which take account of the non-flat observed rotation curve, the random motions, and the cross term that indicates the tilted stellar velocity ellipsoid. We apply it to the Milky Way and show that these additional effects change the resulting density distribution significantly, such that the mid-plane density is higher and the disc thickness (HWHM) is lower by 30–40 per cent in the outer Galaxy. Further, the vertical distribution is no longer given as a sech2 function even for an isothermal case. These predicted differences are now within the verification limit of new, high-resolution data for example from Gaia and hence could be confirmed.
Enantioselective assembly of multi-layer 3D chirality
Authors: Wu Guanzhao , Liu Yangxue , Yang Zhen , Jiang Tao , Katakam Nandakumar , Rouh Hossein , Ma Liulei , Tang Yao , Ahmed Sultan , Rahman Anis U , Huang Hongen , Unruh Daniel , Li Guigen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The first enantioselective assembly of sandwich-shaped organo molecules has been achieved by conducting dual asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura couplings and nine other reactions. This work also presents the first fully C-C anchored multi-layer 3D chirality with optically pure enantiomers. As confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis that this chiral framework is featured by a unique C2-symmetry in which a nearly parallel fashion consisting of three layers: top, middle and bottom aromatic rings. Unlike the documented planar or axial chirality, the present chirality shows its top and bottom layers restrict each other from free rotation, i.e., this multi-layer 3D chirality would not exist if either top or bottom layer is removed. Nearly all multi-layered compounds showed strong luminescence of different colors under UV irradiation, and several randomly selected samples displayed aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. This work is believed to have broad impacts on chemical, medicinal and material sciences including optoelectronic materials in future.
Two-dimensional ferromagnetic superlattices
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Yang Ke , Liu Wenqing , Zhang Enze , Li Zihan , Zhang Xiaoqian , Liao Zhiming , Zhang Wen , Sun Jiabao , Yang Yunkun , Gao Han , Huang Ce , Ai Linfeng , Wong Ping Kwan Johnny , Wee Andrew Thye Shen , N’Diaye Alpha T , Morton Simon A , Kou Xufeng , Zou Jin , Xu Yongbing , Wu Hua , Xiu Faxian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Mechanically exfoliated two-dimensional ferromagnetic materials (2D FMs) possess long-range ferromagnetic order and topologically nontrivial skyrmions in few layers. However, because of the dimensionality effect, such few-layer systems usually exhibit much lower Curie temperature (TC) compared to their bulk counterparts. It is therefore of great interest to explore effective approaches to enhance their TC, particularly in wafer-scale for practical applications. Here, we report an interfacial proximity-induced high-TC 2D FM Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) via A-type antiferromagnetic material CrSb (CS) which strongly couples to FGT. A superlattice structure of (FGT/CS)n, where n stands for the period of FGT/CS heterostructure, has been successfully produced with sharp interfaces by molecular-beam epitaxy on 2-inch wafers. By performing elemental specific X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements, we have unequivocally discovered that TC of 4-layer Fe3GeTe2 can be significantly enhanced from 140 K to 230 K because of the interfacial ferromagnetic coupling. Meanwhile, an inverse proximity effect occurs in the FGT/CS interface, driving the interfacial antiferromagnetic CrSb into a ferrimagnetic state as evidenced by double-switching behavior in hysteresis loops and the XMCD spectra. Density functional theory calculations show that the Fe-Te/Cr-Sb interface is strongly FM coupled and doping of the spin-polarized electrons by the interfacial Cr layer gives rise to the TC enhancement of the Fe3GeTe2 films, in accordance with our XMCD measurements. Strikingly, by introducing rich Fe in a 4-layer FGT/CS superlattice, TC can be further enhanced to near room temperature. Our results provide a feasible approach for enhancing the magnetic order of few-layer 2D FMs in wafer-scale and render opportunities for realizing realistic ultra-thin spintronic devices.
Neurosurgical treatment for addiction: lessons from an untold story in China and a path forward
Authors: Ma Shuo , Zhang Chencheng , Yuan Ti-fei , Steele Douglas , Voon Valerie , Sun Bomin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Addiction is a major public-health crisis associated with significant disability and mortality. Although various pharmacological and behavioral treatments are currently available, the clinical efficacy of these treatments is limited. Given this situation, there is a growing interest in finding an effective neurosurgical treatment for addiction. First, we discuss the use of ablative surgery in treating addiction. We focus on the rise and fall of nucleus accumbens ablation for addiction in China. Subsequently, we review recent studies that have explored the efficacy and safety of deep-brain-stimulation treatment for addiction. We conclude that neurosurgical procedures, particularly deep-brain stimulation, have a potentially valuable role in the management of otherwise intractable addictive disorders. Larger well-controlled clinical trials, however, are needed to assess clinical efficacy and safety. We end by discussing several key issues involved in this clinical field and identifying some areas of progress.
Interplay Between Patient Colonization and Environmental Contamination With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Their Association With Patient Health Outcomes in Postacute Care
Authors: Cassone Marco , Zhu Ziwei , Mantey Julia , Gibson Kristen E , Perri Mary B , Zervos Marcus J , Snitkin Evan S , Foxman Betsy , Mody Lona 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
The clinical utility of patient and environmental surveillance screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in the postacute care setting has not been definitively clarified. We assessed the longitudinal relationship between patient colonization and room contamination, and we established their association with unfavorable health outcomes.

Methods
Four hundred sixty-three postacute care patients were followed longitudinally from enrollment to discharge for up to 6 months. Multiple body and environmental sites were sampled at regular intervals to establish correlation between environmental contamination and patient colonization and with longer than expected stay, unplanned hospitalization, and infections adjusting for sex, age, race, Charlson’s comorbidity index, and physical self-maintenance score.

Results
New VRE acquisition was more likely in patients residing in contaminated rooms (multivariable odds ratio [OR] = 3.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98–7.11) and vice versa (OR = 3.99; 95% CI, 2.16–7.51). New acquisition and new contamination were associated with increased length of stay (OR = 4.36, 95% CI = 1.86–10.2 and OR = 4.61, 95% CI = 1.92–11.0, respectively) and hospitalization (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.39–4.22 and OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.52–5.12). New-onset infections were more common with higher VRE burdens (15% in the absence of VRE, 20% when after VRE isolation only on the patient or only in the room, and 29% after VRE isolation in both the patient and the room).

Conclusions
Room contamination with VRE is a risk factor for patient colonization, and both are associated with future adverse health outcomes in our postacute care patients. Further research is warranted to establish whether VRE screening may contribute to better understanding of risk assessment and adverse outcome prevention in postacute care.
Far-Lateral Approach for Medullary Cavernous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K , Spetzler Robert F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Medullary cavernous malformations are the rarest subtype of brainstem cavernous malformation and are associated with a high degree of morbidity. Selection of surgical candidates is critical, and cases are most favorable when the cavernous malformation abuts the surface of the brainstem. This limits the amount of native tissue transgressed during the resection. This patient had a large cavernous malformation within the caudal medulla eccentric. A right-sided paramedian far-lateral approach was used to access the brainstem. The cavernous malformation was readily apparent along the medullary surface and was dissected away in its entirety. Postoperative imaging confirmed complete resection. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Bonhoeffer and the Church Struggle
Authors: Hockenos Matthew D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s unflinching opposition to the Nazi-backed German Christians and the Nazi state in the German Church Struggle (1933–45) led his more conservative colleagues in the Confessing Church to ostracize him and label him a radical. Along with Martin Niemöller he was one of the founders of the Pastors’ Emergency League in September 1933 and a devoted advocate of the 1934 Barmen Declaration and the Dahlem Resolution. As a pastor of a German parish in London and director of a Confessing Church seminary in Finkenwalde he continued his struggle against the heresies of the German Christians and their efforts to establish racial criteria for membership in the church, the so-called Aryan paragraph. As the Confessing Church’s primary contact with the ecumenical movement he kept Protestant leaders abroad informed about the Church Struggle. Bonhoeffer was one of the very few churchmen to speak out against Nazi persecution of Jews.
Theoretical and Empirical Foundations for Early Relationship Assessment in Evaluating Infant and Toddler Mental Health
Authors: Clark Roseanne , Tluczek Audrey , Moore Elizabeth C. , Evenson Amber L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews the theoretical foundations and empirical support for employing a relational perspective when assessing the mental health of an infant or toddler. A review of specific measures widely used in assessing the quality of affect and behavior in parent–child interactions, relationship quality, and parenting capacities (see Clark, Tluczek, Moore, & Evenson, 2019, Chapter 3) illustrates the importance of utilizing a parent–child relationship paradigm in the assessment of the mental health and social and emotional functioning of infants and young children. Although the term parent is used throughout the chapter, another significant caregiver who holds a parenting or primary caregiving role may be substituted as needed, such as a grandparent or foster parent.
Exceptional Musical Abilities: Musical Prodigies
Authors: McPherson Gary E. , Lehmann Andreas C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article begins with discussions of theories of exceptional achievement developed by Renzulli, Mönks, and Gagné. Next, it considers the prevalence of exceptional achievement in the population; neuropsychological aspects of exceptional achievement; and the stages of talent development. The article then presents a case study of a young pianist, and concludes with suggestions for parents and teachers for identifying and supporting prodigies.
The Role of Higher Education in Fostering Musically Engaged Adults
Authors: Bowles Chelcy L. , Jensen Janet L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article examines the responsibilities and roles of higher education in fostering musically engaged adults by exploring three primary contexts: (a) the adult population within the university; (b) the adult population in the community in which the university resides; and (c) the interactive university-community adult population. Adults whose lives are enriched through musical engagement are more likely to have the passion and the power to advocate for, and facilitate musical engagement for others.
Commentary: Musical Creativity as Practice
Authors: Burnard Pamela 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article presents an overview of Section 4 of the Oxford Handbook of Music Education, Volume 2. It reviews notions of musical creativity and proposes a practice-based perspective for understanding the variegated types of musical creativity. It presents three vignettes showing how creativity in music is rendered differently in different contexts. It argues that in the field of music education, there is a need to promote practices that directly develop creativity. In doing so, individualistic approaches wedded to socio-historical foundations and traditional beliefs (which tend to be independent and autonomous from other fields of music) must be played down. Educators need to promote the power of relationships over individual minds, multiple worlds over singular realities, collaborative interdependence over individual heroism, and dialogue over alienation.
Music Education: An Unanswered Question
Authors: Gruhn Wilfried 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMusic education today is rife with proposals that appeal in different ways to different people. Finding objective criteria to establish new paradigms and evaluate its efficiency is difficult because music educators often work from personal experiences, subjective beliefs, or traditional ideologies. This article calls for a local and cultural consensus about the essence of the music that is being taught; the steps and stages of music learning which are individually performed; and the final goals and functions within a particular educational culture.
Improving Primary Teaching: Minding the Gap
Authors: Hennessy Sarah 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article assesses the discrepancies between policy and practice in primary music education, from the perspective of a music teacher educator. It argues that there is a need for generalists who can engage in the music learning of their classes, understand how to combine musical experiences and learning with other subjects, and lead and facilitate music making with imagination and enthusiasm; as well as an adequate number of specialists to provide support to generalists and develop high quality music learning opportunities for all children.
Time-Series Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Reveal Auxin Fluctuation during Endocycle
Authors: Torii Kotaro , Kubota Akane , Araki Takashi , Endo Motomu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Appropriate cell cycle regulation is crucial for achieving coordinated development and cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. In Arabidopsis, endoreduplication is often observed in terminally differentiated cells and several reports have shown its molecular mechanisms. Auxin is a key factor for the mode transition from mitotic cell cycle to endocycle; however, it remains unclear if and how auxin maintains the endocycle mode. In this study, we reanalyzed root single-cell transcriptome data and reconstructed cell cycle trajectories of the mitotic cell cycle and endocycle. With progression of the endocycle, genes involved in auxin synthesis, influx and efflux were induced at the specific cell phase, suggesting that auxin concentration fluctuated dynamically. Such induction of auxin-related genes was not observed in the mitotic cell cycle, suggesting that the auxin fluctuation plays some roles in maintaining the endocycle stage. In addition, the expression level of CYCB1;1, which is required for cell division in the M phase, coincided with the expected amount of auxin and cell division. Our analysis also provided a set of genes expressed in specific phases of the cell cycle. Taking these findings together, reconstruction of single-cell transcriptome data enables us to identify properties of the cell cycle more accurately.
Interdependent Phenotypic and Biogeographic Evolution Driven by Biotic Interactions
Authors: Quintero Ignacio , Landis Michael J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Biotic interactions are hypothesized to be one of the main processes shaping trait and biogeographic evolution during lineage diversification. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that species with similar ecological requirements either spatially exclude each other, by preventing the colonization of competitors or by driving coexisting populations to extinction, or show niche divergence when in sympatry. However, the extent and generality of the effect of interspecific competition in trait and biogeographic evolution has been limited by a dearth of appropriate process-generating models to directly test the effect of biotic interactions. Here, we formulate a phylogenetic parametric model that allows interdependence between trait and biogeographic evolution, thus enabling a direct test of central hypotheses on how biotic interactions shape these evolutionary processes. We adopt a Bayesian data augmentation approach to estimate the joint posterior distribution of trait histories, range histories, and coevolutionary process parameters under this analytically intractable model. Through simulations, we show that our model is capable of distinguishing alternative scenarios of biotic interactions. We apply our model to the radiation of Darwin’s finches—a classic example of adaptive divergence—and find limited support for in situ trait divergence in beak size, but stronger evidence for convergence in traits such as beak shape and tarsus length and for competitive exclusion throughout their evolutionary history. These findings are more consistent with presympatric, rather than postsympatric, niche divergence. Our modeling framework opens new possibilities for testing more complex hypotheses about the processes underlying lineage diversification. More generally, it provides a robust probabilistic methodology to model correlated evolution of continuous and discrete characters. [Bayesian; biotic interactions; competition; data augmentation; historical biogeography; trait evolution.]
Traits controlling shade tolerance in tropical montane trees
Authors: Ntawuhiganayo Elisée Bahati , Uwizeye Félicien K , Zibera Etienne , Dusenge Mirindi E , Ziegler Camille , Ntirugulirwa Bonaventure , Nsabimana Donat , Wallin Göran , Uddling Johan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Tropical canopies are complex, with multiple canopy layers and pronounced gap dynamics contributing to their high species diversity and productivity. An important reason for this complexity is the large variation in shade tolerance among different tree species. At present, we lack a clear understanding of which plant traits control this variation, e.g., regarding the relative contributions of whole-plant versus leaf traits or structural versus physiological traits. We investigated a broad range of traits in six tropical montane rainforest tree species with different degrees of shade tolerance, grown under three different radiation regimes (under the open sky or beneath sparse or dense canopies). The two distinct shade-tolerant species had higher fractional biomass in leaves and branches while shade-intolerant species invested more into stems, and these differences were greater under low radiation. Leaf respiration and photosynthetic light compensation point did not vary with species shade tolerance, regardless of radiation regime. Leaf temperatures in open plots were markedly higher in shade-tolerant species due to their low transpiration rates and large leaf sizes. Our results suggest that interspecific variation in shade tolerance of tropical montane trees is controlled by species differences in whole-plant biomass allocation strategy rather than by difference in physiological leaf traits determining leaf carbon balance at low radiation.
Genetic diversity in natural range remnants of the critically endangered hirola antelope
Authors: Jowers Michael Joseph , Queirós João , Resende Pinto Rui , Ali Abdullahi H , Mutinda Mathew , Angelone Samer , Alves Paulo Célio , Godinho Raquel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe hirola antelope (Beatragus hunteri) is considered to be the most endangered antelope in the world. In the ex situ translocated population at Tsavo East National Park, calf mortality and the critically low population numbers might suggest low genetic diversity and inbreeding depression. Consequently, a genetic study of the wild population is pivotal to gain an understanding of diversity and differentiation within its range before designing future translocation plans to increase the genetic diversity of the ex situ population. For that purpose, we assessed 55 individuals collected across five localities in eastern Kenya, covering its entire natural range. We used the complete mitochondrial DNA control region and microsatellite genotyping to estimate genetic diversity and differentiation across its range. Nuclear genetic diversity was moderate in comparison to other endangered African antelopes, with no signals of inbreeding. However, the mitochondrial data showed low nucleotide diversity, few haplotypes and low haplotypic differentiation. Overall, the inferred low degree of genetic differentiation and population structure suggests a single population of hirola across the natural range. An overall stable population size was inferred over the recent history of the species, although signals of a recent genetic bottleneck were found. Our results show hope for ongoing conservation management programmes and that there is a future for the hirola in Kenya.