bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide isoforms in nucleus accumbens subregions on ethanol drinking
Authors: Gargiulo Andrew T. , Pirino Breanne E. , Curtis Genevieve R. , Barson Jessica R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile limited research has implicated the neuropeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP), in problematic alcohol use, the brain regions and isoforms involved in this effect remain to be determined. One region that has been found both to exhibit PACAP binding and, separately, to be involved in ethanol drinking is the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Thus, this study sought to characterize the effect of the PACAP isoforms in the NAc on ethanol drinking under the intermittent‐access two‐bottle‐choice paradigm, in male and female Long–Evans rats. With microinjection into the medial NAc shell, PACAP‐27 but not PACAP‐38 was found to dose‐dependently reduce binge‐like ethanol drinking. In contrast, the PACAP receptor antagonist, PACAP (6‐27), but not PACAP (6‐38), enhanced ethanol drinking. This effect of PACAP was substance specific, as neither isoform in the NAc shell affected binge‐like sucrose drinking. It was also anatomically specific, as PACAP‐38 rather than PACAP‐27 suppressed ethanol drinking when injected into the NAc core, and PACAP‐27 instead enhanced drinking when injected into the caudal third of the medial NAc shell. Finally, while PACAP‐38 in the NAc shell affected stress‐related exploratory behavior, reducing time spent in the light chamber of a light–dark box, PACAP‐27 did not significantly affect behavior in a light–dark box or open field. Together, these results, showing that PACAP‐27 in the NAc shell attenuates binge‐like ethanol drinking without affecting select stress‐related behaviors, suggest that compounds related to this PACAP isoform should be investigated as potential novel therapeutics for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
A quantitative evaluation of aerosol generation during tracheal intubation and extubation
Authors: Brown J. , Gregson F. K. A. , Shrimpton A. , Cook T. M. , Bzdek B. R. , Reid J. P. , Pickering A. E. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThe potential aerosolised transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 is of global concern. Airborne precaution personal protective equipment and preventative measures are universally mandated for medical procedures deemed to be aerosol generating. The implementation of these measures is having a huge impact on healthcare provision. There is currently a lack of quantitative evidence on the number and size of airborne particles produced during aerosol‐generating procedures to inform risk assessments. To address this evidence gap, we conducted real‐time, high‐resolution environmental monitoring in ultraclean ventilation operating theatres during tracheal intubation and extubation sequences. Continuous sampling with an optical particle sizer allowed characterisation of aerosol generation within the zone between the patient and anaesthetist. Aerosol monitoring showed a very low background particle count (0.4 particles.l−1) allowing resolution of transient increases in airborne particles associated with airway management. As a positive reference control, we quantitated the aerosol produced in the same setting by a volitional cough (average concentration, 732 (418) particles.l−1, n = 38). Tracheal intubation including facemask ventilation produced very low quantities of aerosolised particles (average concentration, 1.4 (1.4) particles.l−1, n = 14, p < 0.0001 vs. cough). Tracheal extubation, particularly when the patient coughed, produced a detectable aerosol (21 (18) l−1, n = 10) which was 15‐fold greater than intubation (p = 0.0004) but 35‐fold less than a volitional cough (p < 0.0001). The study does not support the designation of elective tracheal intubation as an aerosol‐generating procedure. Extubation generates more detectable aerosol than intubation but falls below the current criterion for designation as a high‐risk aerosol‐generating procedure. These novel findings from real‐time aerosol detection in a routine healthcare setting provide a quantitative methodology for risk assessment that can be extended to other airway management techniques and clinical settings. They also indicate the need for reappraisal of what constitutes an aerosol‐generating procedure and the associated precautions for routine anaesthetic airway management.
Utility of intra‐operative flexible sigmoidoscopy to assess colorectal anastomosis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Williams Evan , Prabhakaran Swetha , Kong Joseph C. , Bell Stephen , Warrier Satish K. , Simpson Paul , Carne Peter W. G. , Farmer Chip 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnastomotic leak (AL) after colorectal resection leads to increased oncological and non‐oncological, morbidity and mortality. Intra‐operative assessment of a colorectal anastomosis with intra‐operative flexible sigmoidoscopy (IOFS) has become increasingly prevalent and is an alternative to conventional air leak test. It is thought that intra‐operative identification of an AL or anastomotic bleeding (AB) allows for immediate reparative intervention at the time of anastomosis formation itself. We aim to assess the available evidence for the use of IOFS to prevent complications following colorectal resection.MethodsFollowing Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines, a systematic review of the literature between January 1980 and June 2020 was performed. Comparative studies assessing IOFS versus conventional air leak test were compared, and outcomes were pooled.ResultsA total of 4512 articles were assessed, of which eight were found to meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 1792 patients were compared; 884 in the IOFS arm and 908 in the control arm. IOFS was associated with an increase in the rate of positive leak test (odds ratio (OR) 5.21, P > 0.001), a decrease in AL (OR 0.45, P = 0.006) and a decrease in post‐operative AB requiring intervention (OR 0.40, P = 0.037).ConclusionIn a non‐randomized meta‐analysis, IOFS increases the likelihood of identifying an anastomotic defect or bleeding intra‐operatively. This allows for immediate intervention that decreases the rate of AL and AB. This adds impetus for performing routine IOFS after a left‐sided colorectal resection with anastomosis and highlights the need for randomized controlled trial to confirm the finding.
Comparison of three frailty measures for 90‐day outcomes of elderly patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery
Authors: Yin Yanyan , Jiang Li , Xue Lixin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo compare the predictive power of three different evaluation methods of frailty for 90‐day outcomes of elderly patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted with 194 patients and a postoperative follow‐up period of 90 days. Preoperative frailty was evaluated using the five‐item FRAIL questionnaire, 54‐item frailty index (FI), and nine‐item Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). Receiver operating curves were used to compare the predictive ability for 90‐day mortality and long‐term hospitalization (LTH), and logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe incidence rates of frailty assessed using FRAIL, FI, and CFS criteria were 43.8%, 32.5% and 36.6%, respectively. The 90‐day mortality and LTH of frail patients were significantly higher than those of non‐frail patients regardless of which criteria were used. The CFS and FI predicted 90‐day mortality better than FRAIL (CFS versus FRAIL: P = 0.005; FI versus FRAIL: P = 0.041), and the CFS predicted LTH better than FRAIL (P = 0.032).ConclusionsPatients diagnosed with frailty had significantly higher 90‐day mortality and LTH regardless of which criteria were used. The CFS and FI were better predictors of 90‐day mortality, and the CFS was a better predictor of LTH.
Normotensive preterm delivery and maternal cardiovascular risk factor trajectories across the life course: The HUNT Study, Norway
Authors: Markovitz Amanda Rose , Haug Eirin Beate , Horn Julie , Fraser Abigail , Tilling Kate , Rimm Eric B. , Missmer Stacey A. , Williams Paige L. , Romundstad Pål Richard , Åsvold Bjørn Olav , Rich‐Edwards Janet W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionPreterm delivery (<37 weeks) predicts later cardiovascular disease risk in mothers, even among normotensive deliveries. However, development of subclinical cardiovascular risk before and after preterm delivery is not well understood. We sought to investigate differences in life course cardiovascular risk factor trajectories based on preterm delivery history.Material and methodsThe HUNT Study (1984‐2008) linked with the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (1967‐2012) yielded clinical measurements and pregnancy outcomes for 19 806 parous women with normotensive first deliveries. Women had up to three measurements of body mass index, waist‐to‐hip ratio, blood pressure, lipids, non‐fasting glucose, and C‐reactive protein during follow up between 21 years before to 41 years after first delivery. Using mixed effects models, we compared risk factor trajectories for women with preterm vs term/postterm first deliveries.ResultsTrajectories overlapped for women with preterm compared with term/postterm first deliveries for all cardiovascular risk factors examined. For instance, the mean difference in systolic blood pressure in women with preterm first deliveries compared with those with term deliveries was 0.2 mm Hg (95% CI −1.8 to 2.3) at age 20 and 1.5 mm Hg (95% CI −0.5 to 3.6) at age 60.ConclusionsA history of preterm delivery was not associated with different life course trajectories of common cardiovascular risk factors in our study population. This suggests that the robust association between preterm delivery and cardiovascular end points in Norway or similar contexts is not explained by one or more commonly measured cardiovascular risk factors. Overall, we did not find evidence for a single cardiovascular disease prevention strategy that would reduce risk among the majority of women who had preterm delivery.
Long‐term Pinus plantations reduce the bud bank in Cerrado areas
Authors: Ferraro Alexandre , Fidelis Alessandra , Silva Gabriela Santos da , Martins Aline Redondo , Piedade Sônia Maria De Stefano , Appezzato‐da‐Glória Beatriz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractQuestionThe Cerrado represents the largest savanna of the Neotropics. Nowadays, this ecosystem is threatened by the afforestation by monocultures, such as Pinus spp., leading to serious damage to native herbaceous species. Afforestation of savanna ecosystems can affect their ability to regenerate naturally, which relies on different strategies, such as resprouting from below‐ground bud‐bearing organs. Therefore, we investigated the impact of ca. 50 years of Pinus elliottii plantations, compared to undisturbed areas of Cerrado savanna, estimating the bud bank size by counting buds on bud‐bearing organs. We hypothesized that long‐term P. elliottii plantations negatively affected the bud‐bearing organs, leading to decreases in the bud bank.LocationCerrado savanna areas and Pinus elliottii plantations, southeastern Brazil.MethodsOpen savanna areas (hereafter Cerrado) and “P. elliottii plantations” were considered the vegetation types. Within each vegetation type, we designated three areas. In each area, we established 10 plots (1 m2). For each plot, the bud bank was sampled from 5 cm above to 10 cm below ground level in subplots (0.25 m2). We developed generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) for each response variable to test differences between both vegetation types.ResultsThe presence of the P. elliottii plantations for almost 50 years has led to massive reductions in the bud bank size and the number of bud‐bearing organs, when compared to the Cerrado areas (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe reduction in the below‐ground bud‐bearing organs density led to decreases in the bud bank and thus, loss of resilience in these areas. Regeneration in planting areas may not occur naturally after the removal of the plantations. Restoration of the herbaceous layer after P. elliottii removal will rely on the introduction of a new source of propagules through active interventions.
Contrasting modes of deglaciation between fjords and inter‐fjord areas in eastern North Greenland
Authors: Larsen Nicolaj K. , Søndergaard Anne Sofie , Levy Laura B. , Olsen Jesper , Strunk Astrid , Bjørk Anders A. , Skov Daniel 
Published: October 2020

Knowledge about the deglaciation history of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is important to put the recent observations of ice loss into a longer‐term perspective. In southern Greenland, the deglaciation history is generally well constrained. In this study, we use 43 new10Be surface exposure ages combined with existing minimum‐limiting14C ages to constrain the deglaciation history of eastern North Greenland, including the three major fjord systems – Independence Fjord, Hagen Fjord and Danmark Fjord. The10Be ages are generally scattered and many of the samples are significantly older than expected, with pre‐LGMages being a result of inheritance from previous exposures. By using a Bayesian statistical approach to combine the new10Be ages and existing14C ages, we are able to constrain the deglaciation history. We find that the outer coast and deep fjords were rapidly deglaciated between ̃11 and 10 ka. Subsequently, the deglaciation progressed far inland up the fjords, probably as a result of increased summer surface temperatures and subsurface ocean temperatures during the Holocene Thermal Maximum. The rapid retreat of the Middle Holocene slowed when the ice sheet became land‐based in the central and southern part of the study area where the ice margin first reached its present extent by ̃6.7 ka. As the onset of Neoglacial ice advance had already commenced at ̃5 ka this limits the period when the ice margin could retreat farther inland and it probably remained within max. 30–40 km of its present extent. The contrasting behaviour between the fjords and inter‐fjord areas shows a clear topographic effect on the stability of the GrIS. These results inform how the GrISmay respond to a warmer climate in various topographic settings and may provide useful constraints for future ice‐sheet models.
Identifying opportunities for improving the coherence of global agreements for species conservation
Authors: Kuunal Stephanie , Mair Louise , Pattison Zarah , McGowan Philip J. K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe current global biodiversity governance system is failing to adequately protect species and halt extinctions. This raises concerns that a lack of coherence among conventions has hindered their effective implementation. We assessed the possibility for improved convention coherence by identifying overlaps among four major international biodiversity conventions; Conservation of Wetlands of International Importance especially as a Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). We applied topic modeling to convention texts to identify overlaps in treaty implementation and purpose. We assessed overlap among species listed under CITES and CMS, and threatened species, which are targeted by CBD's Aichi Target 12. We found that convention texts shared similar articles on their implementation, but differed in articles relating to their purpose. We identified 137 threatened species that are also migratory and threatened by unsustainable international trade. The geographic distribution of species common to two or more conventions showed a concentration in parts of Asia. Our analysis suggests that implementation mechanisms are already well aligned to support increased cooperation across conventions, and that cooperation would provide complementarity rather than result in redundancies. We demonstrate that it is possible to identify where co‐operation could have a disproportionately positive impact on alleviating the complex of pressures affecting species.
Utility of contrast‐enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography for predicting the prognosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Authors: Ishikawa Rei , Kamata Ken , Hara Akane , Tanaka Hidekazu , Okamoto Ayana , Yamazaki Tomohiro , Nakai Atsushi , Omoto Shunsuke , Minaga Kosuke , Yamao Kentaro , Takenaka Mamoru , Minami Yasunori , Watanabe Tomohiro , Chiba Yasutaka , Chikugo Takaaki , Matsumoto Ippei , Takeyama Yoshifumfi , Matsukubo Yuko , Hyodo Tomoko , Kudo Masatoshi 
Published: October 2020

Background and AimsPancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs), including Grade 1 (G1) or G2 tumors, can have a poor prognosis. This study investigated the value of contrast‐enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography (CH‐EUS) for predicting the prognosis of PanNENs.MethodsThis single‐center, retrospective study included 47 consecutive patients who underwent CH‐EUS and were diagnosed with PanNEN by surgical resection or EUS‐guided fine needle aspiration between December 2011 and February 2016. Patients were divided into aggressive and non‐aggressive groups according to the degree of clinical malignancy. CH‐EUS was assessed regarding its capacity for diagnosing aggressive PanNEN, the correspondence between contrast patterns and pathological features, and its ability to predict the prognosis of PanNEN.ResultsThere were 19 cases of aggressive PanNEN and 28 cases of non‐aggressive PanNEN. The aggressive group included three G1, four G2, three G3 tumors, three mixed neuroendocrine non‐neuroendocrine neoplasms, and six neuroendocrine carcinomas. CH‐EUS was superior to contrast‐enhanced computed tomography for the diagnosis of aggressive PanNEN (P < 0.001): hypo‐enhancement on CH‐EUS was an indicator of aggressive PanNEN, with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 94.7%, 100%, 100%, 96.6%, and 97.9%, respectively. Among G1/G2 PanNENs, cases with hypo‐enhancement on CH‐EUS had a poorer prognosis than those with hyper/iso‐enhancement (P = 0.0009). Assessment of 36 resected specimens showed that hypo‐enhancement on CH‐EUS was associated with smaller and fewer vessels and greater degree of fibrosis.ConclusionContrast‐enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography may be useful for predicting the prognosis of PanNENs.
Bridging sensory and language theories of dyslexia: Toward a multifactorial model
Authors: O’Brien Gabrielle , Yeatman Jason D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCompeting theories of dyslexia posit that reading difficulties arise from impaired visual, auditory, phonological, or statistical learning mechanisms. Importantly, many theories posit that dyslexia reflects a cascade of impairments emanating from a single “core deficit”. Here we report two studies evaluating core deficit and multifactorial models. In Study 1, we use publicly available data from the Healthy Brain Network to test the accuracy of phonological processing measures for predicting dyslexia diagnosis and find that over 30% of cases are misclassified (sensitivity = 66.7%; specificity = 68.2%). In Study 2, we collect a battery of psychophysical measures of visual motion processing and standardized measures of phonological processing in 106 school‐aged children to investigate whether dyslexia is best conceptualized under a core‐deficit model, or as a disorder with heterogenous origins. Specifically, by capitalizing on the drift diffusion model to analyze performance on a visual motion discrimination experiment, we show that deficits in visual motion processing, perceptual decision‐making, and phonological processing manifest largely independently. Based on statistical models of how variance in reading skill is parceled across measures of visual processing, phonological processing, and decision‐making, our results challenge the notion that a unifying deficit characterizes dyslexia. Instead, these findings indicate a model where reading skill is explained by several distinct, additive predictors, or risk factors, of reading (dis)ability.
Inhibitory control and set shifting describe different pathways from behavioral inhibition to socially anxious behavior
Authors: Buzzell George A. , Morales Santiago , Bowers Maureen E. , Troller‐Renfree Sonya V. , Chronis‐Tuscano Andrea , Pine Daniel S. , Henderson Heather A. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIndividuals with a behaviorally inhibited (BI) temperament are more likely to develop social anxiety. However, the mechanisms by which socially anxious behavior emerges from BI are unclear. Variation in different forms of top‐down control, specifically executive functions (EF), may play distinct roles and characterize differential pathways to social anxiety. Here 291 children were assessed for BI in toddlerhood (ages 2 and 3), parent‐reported inhibitory control and set shifting during middle childhood (age 7), and multidimensional assessment of socially anxious behavior completed during late childhood and early adolescence (ages 9 and 12). Structural equation modeling revealed that early variation in BI predicted the development of socially anxious behavior through either higher levels of parent‐reported inhibitory control or lower levels of parent‐reported set shifting. These data reinforce the notion that top‐down control does not uniformly influence relations between temperament and socially anxious behavior. These data suggest novel approaches to thinking about the role of EFs and social anxiety outcomes as children approach adolescence.
Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone (RCD) Chemoimmunotherapy for Relapsed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Šimkovič Martin , Vodárek Pavel , Motyčková Monika , Écsiová Dominika , Rozsívalová Petra , Móciková Heidi , Štěpánková Pavla , Sýkorová Alice , Hrochová Kateřina , Vrbacký Filip , Belada David , Žák Pavel , Smolej Lukáš 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigh doses of corticosteroids in combination with rituximab remain an alternative in the treatment in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in the current era of targeted therapies. This study retrospectively evaluates the efficacy of an RCD (rituximab, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone) regimen in the treatment of 51 patients with relapsed CLL (median age, 72 years). Unfavourable prognostic features, such as Rai stage III/IV, unmutated IGHV, del11q, TP53 mutation/deletion, complex karyotype and bulky lymphadenopathy, were frequent. The overall response or complete remission was of 57% and 7%, respectively, and the median progression‐free survival (PFS) was of 12.3 months, median time to next treatment 23.1 months and median overall survival 39.2 months. Significant independent predictors of shorter PFS were TP53 deletion/mutation, advanced Rai stage and ≥2 previous lines of treatment. The incidence of neutropenia grade ≥ 3 was of 13%. Serious (CTCAE grade 3‐5) infections were found in 20% of patients. Steroid‐induced diabetes or diabetes decompensation occurred in 20% patients. Treatment‐related adverse events resulted in RCD dose reduction in 35% of patients. In comparison with a historical R‐Dex patient group, the treatment response and/or toxicity in our group was largely similar. However, the substantial differences in the baseline clinical characteristics of the groups may affect this comparison. In conclusion, the RCD regimen is an active, time‐limited therapeutic strategy for elderly patients with relapsed CLL. Further, the results of our analysis indicate that the addition of cyclophosphamide to the R‐Dex regimen maintains a similar efficacy, even after 50% reduction in the dexamethasone dose.