bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang Earthquake, South Korea, and Poroelastic Stress Changes Associated With Fluid Injection
Authors: Lim H. , Deng K. , Kim Y.H. , Ree J.‐H. , Song T.‐R. A. , Kim K.‐H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake in South Korea, the first reported and largest magnitude‐induced earthquake, occurred near the enhanced geothermal power plant in Pohang on 15 November 2017. We compute the spatiotemporal changes in poroelastic stresses perturbed by injected fluid under various conditions to better understand the occurrences of the Pohang earthquake and the small‐magnitude earthquakes preceding it. Space‐time variation of the earthquakes that occurred before the Pohang earthquake correlates significantly with fluid injection history between January 2016 and September 2017. We attribute the timing in earthquake occurrence to slow fluid diffusion, making hydraulic diffusivity of bedrock the critical model parameter for representing this slow process. In this context, the delay between the injection and the Pohang earthquake requires diffusivity estimates within a range of 1 × 10−4–5 × 10−4 m2/s for damaged granodiorite at 4–5 km, corresponding to the depth range between the well and the focal depth. According to these estimates, the pore pressure and thus the Coulomb failure stress changes are further enhanced by each injection with minimum stress dissipation. We find fluid injection can result in a change of the Coulomb stress of up to 0.4–1.1 bar, exceeding those associated with the 2016 Mw 5.5 Gyeongju earthquake by 2 orders of magnitude.
Lagrangian Studies of Marine Production: A Multimethod Assessment of Productivity Relationships in the California Current Ecosystem Upwelling Region
Authors: Kranz Sven A. , Wang Seaver , Kelly Thomas B. , Stukel Michael R. , Goericke Ralf , Landry Michael R. , Cassar Nicolas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA multimethod process‐oriented investigation of diverse productivity measures in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) Long‐Term Ecological Research study region, a complex physical environment, is presented. Seven multiday deployments covering a transition region from high to low productivity were conducted over two field expeditions (spring 2016 and summer 2017). Employing a Lagrangian study design, water parcels were followed over several days, comparing 24‐h in situ measurements (14C and 15NO3 ‐uptake, dilution estimates of phytoplankton growth, and microzooplankton grazing) with high‐resolution productivity measurements by fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRF) and equilibrium inlet mass spectrometry (EIMS), and integrated carbon export measuremnts using sediment traps. Results show the importance of accounting for temporal and fine spatial scale variability when estimating ecosystem production. FRRF and EIMS measurements resolved diel patterns in gross primary and net community production. Diel productivity changes agreed well with comparably more traditional measurements. While differences in productivity metrics calculated over different time intervals were considerable, as those methods rely on different base assumptions, the data can be used to explain ecosystem processes which would otherwise have gone unnoticed. The processes resolved from this method comparison further understanding of temporal and spatial coupling and decoupling of surface productivity and potential carbon burial in a gradient from coastal to offshore ecosystems.
Fluxes of Atmospheric Greenhouse‐Gases in Maryland (FLAGG‐MD): Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in the Baltimore, MD‐Washington, D.C. Area
Authors: Ahn D. Y. , Hansford J. R. , Howe S. T. , Ren X. R. , Salawitch R. J. , Zeng N. , Cohen M. D. , Stunder B. , Salmon O. E. , Shepson P. B. , Gurney K. R. , Oda T. , Lopez‐Coto I. , Whetstone J. , Dickerson R. R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo study emissions of CO2 in the Baltimore, MD‐Washington, D.C. (Balt‐Wash) area, an aircraft campaign was conducted in February 2015, as part of the Fluxes of Atmospheric Greenhouse‐Gases in Maryland (FLAGG‐MD) project. During the campaign, elevated mole fractions of CO2 were observed downwind of the urban center and local power plants. Upwind flight data and Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model analyses help account for the impact of emissions outside the Balt‐Wash area. The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of CO2 emissions estimates based on the mass balance approach were assessed for both power plants and cities. Our estimates of CO2 emissions from two local power plants agree well with their Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) records. For the 16 power plant plumes captured by the aircraft, the mean percentage difference of CO2 emissions was −0.3%. For the Balt‐Wash area as a whole, the 1𝜎 CO2 emission rate uncertainty for any individual aircraft‐based mass balance approach experiment was ±38%. Treating the mass balance experiments, which were repeated seven times within 9 days, as individual quantifications of the Balt‐Wash CO2 emissions, the estimation uncertainty was ±16% (standard error of the mean at 95% CL). Our aircraft‐based estimate was compared to various bottom‐up fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emission inventories. Based on the FLAGG‐MD aircraft observations, we estimate 1.9 ± 0.3 MtC of FFCO2 from the Balt‐Wash area during the month of February 2015. The mean estimate of FFCO2 from the four bottom‐up models was 2.2 ± 0.3 MtC.
A Comprehensive Estuarine Dissolved Organic Carbon Budget Using an Enhanced Biogeochemical Model
Authors: Clark J. B. , Long W. , Hood R. R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractComplicated biogeochemical cycling and differential organic matter reactivity make quantifying the relative contribution of a given source of organic carbon to the standing stock within an estuary difficult. Here, a new model of tidal marsh‐estuary organic carbon cycling is presented for the Rhode River, MD, a well‐studied tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, USA. A dissolved organic carbon (DOC) budget was estimated by summing the source and sink terms and the advection of water within the tributary. 13.1% and 15.3% of the total DOC input to the Rhode River entered from the marsh and the watershed, respectively, and 52.6% was derived from phytoplankton production. Extrapolating to the entire year, 35.5 Mg of DOC is exported to the main stem of Chesapeake Bay annually, which accounts for 12.3% of the total allochthonous and autochthonous inputs to the estuary. Removing the modeled marsh at the head of the Rhode River decreased export of DOC to the main stem by 39.2%, and up to 56% of the estuarine DOC standing stock can be attributed to the marsh. The model described here can be used across temperate estuarine systems and provides a new methodology for quantifying the amount of DOC that can be attributed to or lost by specific source and sink pathways.
Statistical Dependence of EMIC Wave Scattering on Wave and Plasma Parameters
Authors: Qin Murong , Hudson Mary , Millan Robyn , Woodger Leslie , Shen Xiaochen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA recent statistical study (Qin et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025419) has suggested that not all electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can scatter relativistic electrons. However, knowledge of the factors that influence the EMIC wave scattering efficiency is still limited in observations. In our study, we perform 6 years of analysis of data from 2013 to 2018, with relativistic electron precipitation (REP) observed by POES and EMIC wave observations from Van Allen Probes. The coincidence occurrence rate between EMIC waves and relativistic electron precipitation events is about 34%. Proportion of different bands of EMIC wave events that are associated with REP is as follows: H+ band and He+ band waves occurring simultaneously >H+ band >He+ band occurrence, same as in our previous study (Qin et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025419). It is also found that the coincidence occurrence rate of EMIC wave events and REP events increases with respect to increased background plasma density, with increases in the ratio of plasma frequency to local gyrofrequency, increasing EMIC wave power and when the wave frequency approaches the gyrofrequency. The dependence on background electron density is stronger than the dependence on the ratio of plasma frequency to gyrofrequency. The coincidence occurrence rate decreases as the magnetic field increases between 120 and 270 nT, consistent with a previous study. These results are critical for better understanding and predicting the REP into the upper atmosphere due to EMIC waves.
Damage Evolution During Rock Pulverization Induced by Dynamic Compressive Loading
Authors: Yao W. , Xu Y. , Xia K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRock pulverization is a geological process in which fault zone rocks are shattered in situ, into fine grains much smaller than the original grain size, without significant shear strain. Investigations regarding the genesis of pulverized fault zone rock (PFZR) suggested that it is a coseismic phenomenon and may be closely associated with supershear earthquakes. The observation of dynamic damage evolution is thus significant for understanding the rock pulverization mechanism due to dynamic compressive load. In this study, the damage evolution of Laurentian granite under dynamic compression loading is studied by using the strain control technique in a split Hopkinson pressure bar system. Dynamic compression experiments are performed under different maximum strain levels and different loading rates. Tested specimens are recovered for postmortem examination with X‐ray micro‐computed tomography and microscopic observation. 3‐D microcrack networks due to different dynamic loading rates are examined, and the evolution of the crack volume and crack number at various loading rates are analyzed. The results reveal that the pulverization process during dynamic compression loading is categorized into three stages. Both a high loading rate and a sufficient strain are necessary for the rock pulverization to occur. The main features of fractures during rock pulverization are discussed, and the total dissipated energy for dynamic fracture and pulverization is quantified.
Ten Years After the Wenchuan Earthquake: New Insights Into the Geodynamics of the Eastern Tibet
Authors: Zhang Huiping , Kirby Eric , Li Haibing , Cook Kristen , Zhang Peizhen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn 2008, the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake killed >80,000 and injured more than 370,000 people in the province of Sichuan, China. About 5 years later, Mw 6.6 Lushan earthquake occurred on 20 April 2013, only ~90 km further south. More recently, in 2017, a third event, Mw 6.5 Jiuzhaigou earthquake, occurred ~250 km north of the Wenchuan earthquake epicenter. These events were all along the Longmen Shan thrust belt in eastern Tibet. The questions posed by these events still reverberate in the Chinese and international geoscience communities. In this special section, we summarize and report new data sets, observations, and modeling results of the eastern Tibet during the last decade. It covers the tectonics of eastern Tibet, the seismology, and the surface response of the earthquake. All these contributions will provide new insights into the geodynamics of the eastern Tibet. We further highlight a number of outstanding questions that remain to be addressed.
The force awakens: metastatic dormant cancer cells
Authors: Park So-Yeon , Nam Jeong-Seok 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecurrent cancer that spreads to distant sites is the leading cause of disease-related death among cancer patients. Cancer cells are likely to disseminate during cancer progression, and some may enter dormancy, remaining viable but not increasing. These dormant cancer cells (DCCs) are rarely detectable with current diagnostic systems. Moreover, they can interpret homoeostatic signals from the microenvironment, thereby evading immune surveillance and chemotherapy. Eventually, DCCs can reawaken in response to signals, which are not yet fully understood, resulting in recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, understanding the biology of DCC reawakening is key to preventing metastasis. Over the last decade, a growing body of literature has revealed the mechanisms involved in cancer dormancy and reawakening. The cytotoxic activity of immune cells can cause cancer cells to enter a dormant state, and chronic inflammation can reactivate cancer proliferation at distant sites. Upon the binding of circulating DCCs to extracellular molecules, various signaling cascades are activated and reinitiate cell proliferation. In the present review, we attempt to consolidate the existing literature to provide a framework for the understanding of this crucial step in cancer progression.
Somatic mutations in the DNA repairome in prostate cancers in African Americans and Caucasians
Authors: Yadav Santosh , Anbalagan Muralidharan , Baddoo Melody , Chellamuthu Vinodh K. , Mukhopadhyay Sudurika , Woods Carol , Jiang Wei , Moroz Krzysztof , Flemington Erik K , Makridakis Nick 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMost hereditary tumors show aberrations in DNA repair genes or their regulators. In contrast, only a minority of sporadic tumors show alterations in these genes. As a result, genomic instability is currently considered an enhancer of tumorigenesis rather than an obligatory event in this process. However, tumor heterogeneity presents a significant technical challenge for most cancer genomics studies performed at less than 100× mean resolution depth. To address the importance of genomic instability in prostate carcinogenesis and tumor progression, we performed ultrahigh depth exome sequencing of 124 DNA damage repair/response (repairome) genes in 63 tumors and matched normal tissue samples in African Americans and Caucasians. The average sequence depth was 712-fold for DNA isolated from normal tissue and 368-fold for FFPE tumors. We identified 671 somatic mutations in tumors from African Americans and 762 somatic mutations in tumors in Caucasians. The most frequently mutated DNA repairome genes were EXO1, ATR, POLQ, NEIL3, ERCC6, BRCA2, BRCA1, XPC, JAG1, RPA1, POLE, ATM, and LIG1 in African American men, and POLQ, NEIL3, POLB, BRCA2, EXO1, ERCC6, ATR, RBBP8, BRCA1, ATM, JAG1, XPC, and POLE in Caucasians. We found that 89% of tumors had at least one mutation in nucleotide excision repair pathway genes in African Americans, whereas >40% of tumors had mutations in base excision repair pathway genes in Caucasians. We further identified a marginal increase in mutation rate in tumors in African Americans with increasing age. Tumors in Caucasians did not show a correlation with age, but a progressive increase in the mutation rate was observed at higher Gleason scores. Our data reveal significant differences in the molecular signatures in the DNA repairome in prostate cancer between African Americans and Caucasians. These data also have substantial implications regarding the well-known health disparities in prostate cancer, such as the higher mortality in African Americans than Caucasians.
MSC-induced lncRNA HCP5 drove fatty acid oxidation through miR-3619-5p/AMPK/PGC1α/CEBPB axis to promote stemness and chemo-resistance of gastric cancer
Authors: Wu Honglei , Liu Bin , Chen Zhaosheng , Li Guangchun , Zhang Zhen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChemotherapy is the first-tier treatment regime for gastric cancer (GC) patients at advance stages. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cam affect drug-resistance of GC cells in tumor microenvironment, but the detailed mechanism remains poorly understood. Present study aimed to investigate the regulation of MSC-induced long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in GC. Dysregulated lncRNAs in GC were analyzed based on GEO data. Stemness and drug-resistance of GC cells were detected by sphere formation, colony formation, CCK-8, and flow cytometry analyses. MicroRNA (miRNA)-related pathways were analyzed by online KEGG analysis tool DAVID6.8. Molecular interactions were determined by luciferase reporter assay, pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP). Results revealed that MSC co-culture improved stemness and drug-resistance of GC cells. LncRNA histocompatibility leukocyte antigen complex P5 (HCP5) was induced in GC cells by MSC co-culture, contributing to stemness and drug-resistance. Mechanistically, HCP5 sequestered miR-3619-5p and upregulated PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), increasing transcription complex Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator‐1α (PGC1α)/CEBPB and transcriptionally inducing carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which prompted the fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in GC cells. In conclusion, MSC-induced lncRNA HCP5 drove FAO through miR-3619-5p/AMPK/PGC1α/CEBPB axis to promote stemness and chemo-resistance of GC, indicating that targeting HCP5 was a novel approach to enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in GC.
CCL5 derived from tumor-associated macrophages promotes prostate cancer stem cells and metastasis via activating β-catenin/STAT3 signaling
Authors: Huang Renlun , Wang Shengqi , Wang Neng , Zheng Yifeng , Zhou Jianfu , Yang Bowen , Wang Xuan , Zhang Juping , Guo Lang , Wang Shusheng , Chen Zhiqiang , Wang Zhiyu , Xiang Songtao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProstate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) play a critical role in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, which remains an obstacle for successful prostate cancer treatment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cell population within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Systematic investigation of the interaction and network signaling between PCSCs and TAMs may help in searching for the critical target to suppress PCSCs and metastasis. Herein, we demonstrated that TAMs-secreted CCL5 could significantly promote the migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of prostate cancer cells as well as the self-renewal of PCSCs in vitro. QPCR screening validated STAT3 as the most significant response gene in prostate cancer cells following CCL5 treatment. RNA-sequencing and mechanistic explorations further revealed that CCL5 could promote PCSCs self-renewal and prostate cancer metastasis via activating the β-catenin/STAT3 signaling. Notably, CCL5 knockdown in TAMs not only significantly suppressed prostate cancer xenografts growth and bone metastasis but also inhibited the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of PCSCs in vivo. Finally, clinical investigations and bioinformatic analysis suggested that high CCL5 expression was significantly correlated with high Gleason grade, poor prognosis, metastasis as well as increased PCSCs activity in prostate cancer patients. Taken together, TAMs/CCL5 could promote PCSCs self-renewal and prostate cancer metastasis via activating β-catenin/STAT3 signaling. This study provides a novel rationale for developing TAMs/CCL5 as a potential molecular target for PCSCs elimination and metastatic prostate cancer prevention.
Basilar artery dolichosis is associated with a poor 90-day outcome in acute isolated pontine infarction
Authors: Cao Shu-gang , Ni Xiaoxing , Wu Qian , He Jun , Cui Ping , Ge Tingting , Li Yuancheng , Wang Jian , Wen’an X. U. , Xia Mingwu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBasilar artery (BA) dolichosis is not uncommon in patients with acute isolated pontine infarction. The effect of this abnormal BA geometrical form on the outcomes of pontine infarction has not been closely examined. This study aims to elucidate whether BA dolichosis contributes to a poor 90-day outcome in acute isolated pontine infarction. A total of 101 patients were enrolled with a median age of 65 years. The BA diameter (p = 0.026), basilar artery length (BAL) (p < 0.001), bending length (BL) (p < 0.001) and the proportion of BA bending (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the BA dolichosis group. A poor outcome was closely associated with the baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (p < 0.001), and BL (p = 0.042) as well as the proportions of BA dolichosis (p = 0.007) and BA bending (p = 0.010) in univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determined that BA dolichosis (adjusted OR = 4.724, 95% CI: 1.481~15.071, p = 0.009) and baseline NIHSS score (adjusted OR = 1.805, 95% CI: 1.296~2.513, p < 0.001) were independently associated with a poor outcome at 90 days. In conclusion, BA dolichosis may be a predictor of concern for a poor 90-day outcome in patients with acute isolated pontine infarction.
Tailoring H2O2 generation kinetics with magnesium alloys for efficient disinfection on titanium surface
Authors: Park Jimin , Jang Gun Hyuk , Jung Yeon Wook , Seo Hyunseon , Han Hyung-Seop , Lee Joonho , Seo Youngmin , Jeon Hojeong , Ok Myoung-Ryul , Cha Pil-Ryung , Seok Hyun-Kwang , Lee Kwan Hyi , Kim Yu-Chan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA new antibacterial strategy for Ti has been developed without the use of any external antibacterial agents and surface treatments. By combining Mg alloys with Ti, H2O2, which is an oxidizing agent that kills bacteria, was spontaneously generated near the surface of Ti. Importantly, the H2O2 formation kinetics can be precisely controlled by tailoring the degradation rates of Mg alloys connected to Ti. Through microstructural and electrochemical modification of Mg with alloying elements (Ca, Zn), the degradation rates of Mg alloys were controlled, and the H2O2 release kinetics was accelerated when the degradation rate of Mg alloys increased. With the introduction of an in vivo assessment platform comprised of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and transgenic zebrafish embryos, we are able to design optimized antibacterial systems (Ti-Mg and Ti-Mg-3wt% Zn) that can selectively eradicate E. coli while not harming the survival rate, development, and biological functions of zebrafish embryos. We envision that our antibacterial strategy based on utilization of sacrificial Mg alloys could broaden the current palette of antibacterial platforms for metals.
Ultrasound Powered Implants: Design, Performance Considerations and Simulation Results
Authors: Rosa Bruno Miguel Gil , Yang Guang-Zhong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUltrasounds (US) has been used in the past decades as a non-invasive imaging modality. Although employed extensively in clinical applications for soft tissue imaging, the acoustic beams can also be used for sensing and actuation for biological implants. In this paper we present a unified three dimensional (3D) computational framework to simulate the performance and response of deeply implanted devices to US stimulation and composed by a double piezoelectric layer with different material composition and configurations. The model combines the temporally-invariant distribution of the scattered pressure field arising from the presence of scatterers and attenuators in the domain of simulation, with the time-delay propagation of waves caused by refraction, to solve the Forward Problem in US within the breast and lower abdominal regions. It was found that a lens-shaped implant produces higher peak echoes in the breast for frequencies ≤ 6 MHz whereas, in the liver, similar strengths are obtained for the lens and disk-shaped implants in the higher spectrum. Regarding material composition, a combination of LiNbO3 with PZT-5A yielded higher amplitude signals, when the double layer thickness is comparable to the wavelength of excitation. Experimental validation of the proposed model was carried out in the presence of a synthetic anatomical phantom of the breast and water tank to investigate the acoustic signals generated by disk-shaped implants when stimulated by external US sources in the harmonic and impulsive regimes of wave propagation. The implantation of a double piezoelectric layer inside the human body can, in the future, provide a high resolution system for the detection of surgical site infection as well as tumour growth and other systemic inflammatory responses originating deeply in soft tissues.