bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Approach to Successful Liberation from Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Kidney Injury: The Quest for Biomarkers Continues
Authors: Schiffl Helmut , Lang Susanne M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecovery of sufficient kidney function to liberate patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI-D) from renal replacement therapy (RRT) is recognized as a vital patient-centred outcome. However, no clinical consensus guideline provides specific recommendations on when and how to stop RRT in anticipation of renal recovery from AKI-D. Currently, wide variations in clinical practice regarding liberation from RRT result in early re-start of RRT to treat uraemia after premature liberation or in the unnecessary prolonged exposure of unwell patients after late liberation. Observational studies, predominantly retrospective in nature, have attempted to assess numerous surrogate markers of kidney function or of biomarkers of kidney damage to predict successful liberation from RRT. However, a substantial heterogeneity in the timing of measurement and cut-off values of most biomarkers across studies allows no pooling of data, and impedes the comparison of outcomes from such studies. The accuracy of most traditional and novel biomarkers cannot be assessed reliably. Currently, the decision to discontinue RRT in AKI-D patients relies on daily clinical assessments of the patient’s status supplemented by measurement of creatinine clearance (> 15 ml/min) and 24-h urine output (> 2000 ml/min with diuretics). Clinical trials objectively comparing the success of validated biomarkers for guiding optimal timed liberation from RRT in AKI-D will be required to provide high-quality evidence for guidelines.
Compulsory treatments in eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Atti Anna Rita , Mastellari Tomas , Valente Stefano , Speciani Maurizio , Panariello Fabio , De Ronchi Diana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis are to provide a summary of the current literature concerning compulsory treatments in patients with eating disorders (ED) and to understand whether compulsorily and involuntarily treated patients differ in terms of baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes.

Methods
Relevant articles were identified following the PRISMA guidelines by searching the following terms: “treatment refusal”, “forced feeding”, “compulsory/coercive/involuntary/forced treatment/admission”, “eating disorders”, “feeding and eating disorders”, “anorexia nervosa”, “bulimia nervosa”. Research was restricted to articles concerning humans and published between 1975 and 2020 in English.

Results
Out of 905 articles retrieved, nine were included for the analyses allowing the comparisons between 242 compulsorily and 738 voluntarily treated patients. Mean body mass index (BMI) was slightly lower in patients compelled to treatments. Mean illness duration, BMI at discharge and BMI variation showed no significant differences between the two groups. Average length of hospitalization was 3 weeks longer among compulsory-treated patients, but this did not result in a higher increase in BMI. No significant risk difference on mortality was estimated (three studies).

Conclusions
Compulsory treatments are usually intended for patients having worse baseline conditions than voluntary ones. Those patients are unlikely to engage in treatments without being compelled but, after the treatments, albeit with longer hospitalisations, they do achieve similar outcomes. Therefore, we can conclude that forcing patients to treatment is a conceivable option.

Level of evidence
Level I, systematic review and meta-analysis.
Relationship between the real contact behavior and tribological characteristics of cotton fabric
Authors: Chen Rongxin , Ye Jiaxin , Zhang Wei , Wei Jiang , Zhang Yan , Liu Kun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe tribological characteristics of cotton fibers play an important role in engineering and materials science, and real contact behavior is a significant aspect in the friction behavior of cotton fibers. In this study, the tribological characteristics of cotton fibers and their relationship with the real contact behavior are investigated through reciprocating linear tribotesting and real contact analysis. Results show that the friction coefficient decreases with a general increase in load or velocity, and the load and velocity exhibit a co-influence on the friction coefficient. The dynamic change in the real contact area is recorded clearly during the experiments and corresponds to the fluctuations observed in the friction coefficient. Moreover, the friction coefficient is positively correlated with the real contact area based on a quantitative analysis of the evolution of friction behavior and the real contact area at different loads and velocities. This correlation is evident at low velocities and medium load.
Microstructures, mechanical properties, and grease-lubricated sliding wear behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.8Nb alloy with high strength and toughness
Authors: Cheng Jinjuan , Mao Mincong , Gan Xueping , Lei Qian , Li Zhou , Zhou Kechao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlloys used as bearings in aircraft landing gear are required to reduce friction and wear as well as improve the load-carrying capability due to the increased aircraft weights. Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.8Nb alloy is well known for possessing good mechanical and wear properties that satisfy such requirements. In this study, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and grease-lubricated sliding wear behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.8Nb alloy with 0.8 wt% Nb are investigated. The nanoscale NbNi3and NbNi2Sn compounds can strengthen the alloy through the Orowan strengthening mechanism. A Stribeck-like curve is plotted to illustrate the relationship among friction coefficient, normal load, and sliding velocity and to analyze the grease-lubricated mechanism. The wear rate increases with normal load and decreases with sliding velocity, except at 2.58 m/s. A wear mechanism map has been developed to exhibit the dominant wear mechanisms under various friction conditions. When the normal load is 700 N and the sliding velocity is 2.58 m/s, a chemical reaction between the lubricating grease and friction pairs occurs, resulting in the failure of lubricating grease and an increase in wear.
Comparison of hemorrhoidectomy using harmonic scalpel and electrocautery: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shahmoradi Mohammad Kazem , Mehri Jafar , Taheri Hamid Reza 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Aim:
Hemorrhoids of grade III and IV require surgical management. Recurrence and postoperative pain have been reported to be associated with the type of surgical method. The aim of this study was to compare the hemorrhoidectomy using harmonic and electrocautery scalpel.

Materials and methods:
The present study was a randomized clinical trial, enrolling patients with grade III and IV hemorrhoids. The patients were randomly divided into the two groups A and B, to receive hemorrhoidectomy using electrocautery and harmonic scalpel, respectively. Outcomes such as postoperative pain, bleeding and recurrence of hemorrhoids were recorded for all the patients. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSSv22.

Results:
The demographic data was not significantly different among the two groups P < 0.05. The incidence of postoperative bleeding was greater in electrocautery group, however, non-significantly, p = 0.41. The recurrence of hemorrhoids was reported in 2 patients following 3 months in group A. At 6-month follow-up, 71.4% patients in group A and 28.6% in group B had recurrence of hemorrhoids. The pain was significantly lesser in group B p = 0.017.

Conclusion:
Hemorrhoidectomy using harmonic scalpel is significant associated with reduced postoperative pain. Postoperative bleeding was also non-significantly lesser in this group.

Highlights:
Stochastic Evaluation of Pre‐Earthquake TEC Enhancements
Authors: Ikuta R. , Hisada T. , Karakama G. , Kuwano O. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHere we test the precursory enhancement in ionospheric total electron content (TEC) which has been reported by Heki (2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047908) and numerous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) TEC observational studies before the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki and many great earthquakes. We verify the frequency of this TEC enhancement via analysis of a 2‐month vertical TEC (VTEC) time series that includes the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake using the procedure, based on Akaike's information criterion, and threshold of Heki and Enomoto (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021353). The averaged occurrence rate of the TEC enhancement is much larger than that reported by Heki and Enomoto (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021353) when all of the visible GPS satellites at a given station are taken into account. The frequency assessment by Heki and Enomoto (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021353) using only one satellite underestimates the frequency of the TEC enhancement. In fact, the TEC enhancement is sufficiently frequent to explain all the reported enhancements prior to the great earthquakes as a product of chance. We also analyze the spatial distribution of the preseismic TEC enhancement and coseismic TEC depletion for the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake with the data after reducing intertrace biases. We observe significant postseismic depletion that lasted at least 2 h after the earthquake and extended at least 500 km around the center of the large‐slip area. This means that evaluation of the enhancements using reference curves which was adopted by Heki (2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047908) and even by the recent papers (e.g., He & Heki 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069863; 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024012; 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA024871) is in danger of mistaking a large and long‐lasting postseismic TEC depletion for a preseismic enhancement.
Electromagnetic Drift Waves at Substorm Onset: Theory and Observations
Authors: Tsareva O. , Fruit G. , Louarn P. , Jacquey C. , Tur A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe onset of a modest substorm observed by THEMIS is studied and interpreted using a new model of current sheet instability. The wave‐like structuring of the first observed auroral arc is characterized using auroral imagers. Similarly, the magnetic fluctuations measured by the THEMIS satellites, located in the near‐Earth current sheet (10 RE) and magnetically connected to the arc, are determined. Both sets of measurements show that oscillatory components with periods from 7 to 20 s are detected at the very early phase of the onset. This is compared with the predictions of a recent theoretical model (Tsareva et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002237781900028X) that describes the kinetic instability of electromagnetic drift waves in 2‐D Harris sheet configurations. They are in a reasonable agreement with the observations since the measured magnetic fluctuations are characterized by frequencies, growth rates, and polarization that are consistent with the model. It is also remarkable that the oscillations are observed when the ion perpendicular velocity (drift velocity) exceeds 90–100 km/s. The theory indeed shows that the drift is the main trigger of the instability, with a possible threshold at 80–100 km/s. This suggests that above a threshold of magnetic stress, and thus ion drift, the current sheet equilibrium is affected by the generation of electromagnetic drift waves.
Effects of the 21 June 2020 Solar Eclipse on Conjugate Hemispheres: A Modeling Study
Authors: Le Huijun , Liu Libo , Ren Zhipeng , Chen Yiding , Zhang Hui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn annual solar eclipse occurred on 21 June 2020. The maximum eclipse path of this solar eclipse covers the geomagnetic latitude 10–20°N in East Asia. The geomagnetic conjugate region of the eclipse region covers most of the land in Australia. It provides a valuable opportunity to study the ionospheric responses not only in the solar eclipse region but also in the conjugate region. Utilizing a coupled ionosphere and thermosphere model, we modeled global ionospheric responses and identified significant variations in electron density and electron temperature in both the eclipse region and its conjugate region. The simulated results show a significant enhancement in electron density and large decrease in electron temperature at high altitudes in the conjugate region. Two control simulations were carried out to study the main reason for the ionospheric disturbances in the conjugate hemisphere by cutting off transhemisphere photoelectron transport and thermal conduction process along field lines. The simulated results suggest that the ionospheric disturbances in the conjugate hemisphere are caused by the combined effects of transhemisphere photoelectron transport, thermal conduction, and thermospheric wind changes. Furthermore, the thermal conduction process along filed lines should be the main reason.
The Relationship Between Seismic and Aseismic Slip on the Philippine Fault on Leyte Island: Bayesian Modeling of Fault Slip and Geothermal Subsidence
Authors: Dianala John Dale B. , Jolivet Romain , Thomas Marion Y. , Fukushima Yo , Parsons Barry , Walker Richard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDelineating seismic and aseismic slip on faults allows the exploration of the complex relationship between these different modes of slip. Further, quantifying them helps in the assessment of seismogenic potential. We present a distributed slip model of the rate of aseismic slip along the Leyte island section of the Philippine Fault and make comparisons with the extent of seismic slip from the latest significant earthquakes in July 2017. We derived both coseismic and aseismic slip distributions from kinematic inversions of synthetic aperture radar interferometric (InSAR) observations using a probabilistic (Bayesian) framework. Velocity maps from stacking and time series analysis of ALOS interferograms spanning 4 years (2007–2011) show a step change in ground deformation right on the fault. Inverting for slip at depth reveals along‐strike variations of aseismic slip rate over ∼100 km. Aseismic slip on the surface reaches rates of more than 3 cm/yr, equivalent to the long‐term slip rate (3.3 ± 0.2 cm/yr). Over the same period, a 20‐km segment in Tongonan appears to be locked. This segment ruptured in Mw 6.5 and Mw 5.8 earthquakes on 6 and 10 July 2017, respectively, as constrained by Sentinel‐1 and ALOS‐2 InSAR data. Seismic slip appears to be restricted within the Tongonan segment, with up to 152 ± 21 cm of left‐lateral displacement. The slip budget and complementarity between the extents of interseismic and coseismic slip suggest that a seismogenic asperity exists in Tongonan. The presence of active hydrothermal systems and rate‐strengthening materials provide physical conditions that can promote aseismic slip.
Spin Transitions and Compressibility of ε‐Fe7N3 and γ′‐Fe4N: Implications for Iron Alloys in Terrestrial Planet Cores
Authors: Lv Mingda , Liu Jiachao , Zhu Feng , Li Jie , Zhang Dongzhou , Xiao Yuming , Dorfman Susannah M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIron nitrides are possible constituents of the cores of Earth and other terrestrial planets. Pressure‐induced magnetic changes in iron nitrides and effects on compressibility remain poorly understood. Here we report synchrotron X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results for ε‐Fe7N3 and γ′‐Fe4N up to 60 GPa at 300 K. The XES spectra reveal completion of high‐ to low‐spin transition in ε‐Fe7N3 and γ′‐Fe4N at 43 and 34 GPa, respectively. The completion of the spin transition induces stiffening in bulk modulus of ε‐Fe7N3 by 22% at ~40 GPa, but has no resolvable effect on the compression behavior of γ′‐Fe4N. Fitting pressure‐volume data to the Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state yields V0 = 83.29 ± 0.03 (Å3), K0 = 232 ± 9 GPa, K0′ = 4.1 ± 0.5 for nonmagnetic ε‐Fe7N3 above the spin transition completion pressure, and V0 = 54.82 ± 0.02 (Å3), K0 = 152 ± 2 GPa, K0′ = 4.0 ± 0.1 for γ′‐Fe4N over the studied pressure range. By reexamining evidence for spin transition and effects on compressibility of other candidate components of terrestrial planet cores, Fe3S, Fe3P, Fe7C3, and Fe3C based on previous XES and XRD measurements, we located the completion of high‐ to low‐spin transition at ~67, 38, 50, and 30 GPa at 300 K, respectively. The completion of spin transitions of Fe3S, Fe3P, and Fe3C induces elastic stiffening, whereas that of Fe7C3 induces elastic softening. Changes in compressibility at completion of spin transitions in iron‐light element alloys may influence the properties of Earth's and planetary cores.
Probabilistic Spatial Meteorological Estimates for Alaska and the Yukon
Authors: Newman Andrew J. , Clark Martyn P. , Wood Andrew W. , Arnold Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is challenging to develop observationally based spatial estimates of meteorology in Alaska and the Yukon. Complex topography, frozen precipitation undercatch, and extremely sparse in situ observations all limit our capability to produce accurate spatial estimates of meteorological conditions. In this Arctic environment, it is necessary to develop probabilistic estimates of precipitation and temperature that explicitly incorporate spatiotemporally varying uncertainty and bias corrections. In this paper we exploit the recently developed ensemble Climatologically Aided Interpolation (eCAI) system to produce daily historical estimates of precipitation and temperature across Alaska and the Yukon Territory at a 2 km grid spacing for the time period 1980–2013. We extend the previous eCAI method to address precipitation gauge undercatch and wetting loss, which is of high importance for this high‐latitude region where much of the precipitation falls as snow. Leave‐one‐out cross‐validation shows our ensemble has little bias in daily precipitation and mean temperature at the station locations, with an overestimate in the daily standard deviation of precipitation. The ensemble is statistically reliable compared to climatology and can discriminate precipitation events across different precipitation thresholds. Long‐term mean loss adjusted precipitation is up to 36% greater than the unadjusted estimate in windy areas that receive a large fraction of frozen precipitation, primarily due to wind induced undercatch. Comparing the ensemble mean climatology of precipitation and temperature to PRISM and Daymet v3 shows large interproduct differences, particularly in precipitation across the complex terrain of southeast and northern Alaska.
High‐Frequency Wind‐Related Seasonal Mean Latent Heat Flux Changes Over the Tropical Indo‐Western Pacific in El Niño and La Niña Years
Authors: Wu Renguang , Jiao Yang , Wang Yuqi , Jia Xiaojing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBy decomposing the variations of daily mean variables into synoptic, intraseasonal, and low‐frequency components, the present study compares seasonal mean latent heat flux (LHF) anomalies related to the three components over the tropical Indo‐Pacific region during El Niño and La Niña years. It is found that the high‐frequency (intraseasonal and synoptic) LHF has an important contribution to total seasonal mean LHF anomalies over the tropical eastern Indo‐western Pacific region. Large seasonal mean LHF anomalies related to high‐frequency wind variations are identified in weak low‐frequency seasonal mean wind regions where high‐frequency LHF may accumulate over a season as it increases in both westerly and easterly phases of high‐frequency wind variations. In those regions, the LHF anomalies related to high‐frequency wind variations cancel part of the low‐frequency LHF anomalies, reducing total seasonal mean LHF anomalies. As El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐induced lower‐level wind anomaly region moves with the stage of ENSO, large seasonal mean LHF anomalies related to high‐frequency wind variations displace with the season. The intensity of high‐frequency wind fluctuations is also a factor influencing the seasonal mean LHF related to high‐frequency wind variations. Thus, the ENSO affects the high‐frequency LHF variations through modulating both the location of weak low‐frequency wind region and intensity of high‐frequency wind fluctuations.
Tropical Anvil Clouds: Radiative Driving Toward a Preferred State
Authors: Sokol Adam B. , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe evolution of anvil clouds detrained from deep convective systems has important implications for the tropical energy balance and is thought to be shaped by radiative heating. We use combined radar‐lidar observations and a radiative transfer model to investigate the influence of radiative heating on anvil cloud altitude, thickness, and microphysical structure. We find that high clouds with an optical depth between 1 and 2 are prevalent in tropical convective regions and can persist far from any convective source. These clouds are generally located at higher altitudes than optically thicker clouds, experience strong radiative heating, and contain high concentrations of ice crystals indicative of turbulence. These findings support the hypothesis that anvil clouds are driven toward and maintained at a preferred optical thickness that corresponds to a positive cloud radiative effect. Comparison of daytime and nighttime observations suggests that anvil thinning proceeds more rapidly at night, when net radiative cooling promotes the sinking of cloud top. It is hypothesized that the properties of aged anvil clouds and their susceptibility to radiative destabilization are shaped by the time of day at which the cloud was detrained. These results underscore the importance of small‐scale processes in determining the radiative effect of tropical convection.
Long‐Term Trends for Marine Sulfur Aerosol in the Alaskan Arctic and Relationships With Temperature
Authors: Moffett Claire E. , Barrett Tate E. , Liu Jun , Gunsch Matthew J. , Upchurch Lucia M. , Quinn Patricia K. , Pratt Kerri A. , Sheesley Rebecca J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMarine aerosol plays a vital role in cloud‐aerosol interactions during summer in the Arctic. The recent rise in temperature and decrease in sea ice extent have the potential to impact marine biogenic sources. Compounds like methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and non‐sea‐salt sulfate (nss‐SO42−), oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emitted by marine primary producers, are likely to increase in concentration. Long‐term studies are vital to understand these changes in marine sulfur aerosol and potential interactions with Arctic climate. Samples were collected over three summers at two coastal sites on the North Slope of Alaska (Utqiaġvik and Oliktok Point). MSA concentrations followed previously reported seasonal trends, with evidence of high marine primary productivity influencing both sites. When added to an additional data set collected at Utqiaġvik, an increase in MSA concentration of  + 2.5% per year and an increase in nss‐SO42− of  + 2.1% per year are observed for the summer season over the 20‐year record (1998–2017). This study identifies ambient air temperature as a strong factor for MSA, likely related to a combination of interrelated factors including warmer sea surface temperature, reduced sea ice, and temperature‐dependent chemical reactions. Analysis of individual particles at Oliktok Point, within the North Slope of Alaska oil fields, showed evidence of condensation of MSA onto anthropogenic particles, highlighting the connection between marine and oil field emissions and secondary organic aerosol. This study shows the continued importance of understanding MSA in the Arctic while highlighting the need for further research into its seasonal relationship with organic carbon.