bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity and patents: Overview of plants and fungi covered by patents
Authors: Simmonds Monique S. J. , Fang Rui , Wyatt Lilybelle , Bell Elizabeth , Allkin Bob , Forest Felix , Wynberg Rachel , da Silva Manuela , Zhang Ben Gang , Shi Liu Jiu , Dong Qi Yao , Demissew Sebsebe 
Published: September 2020

Social Impact StatementPatents can be used as a measure of innovation and to illustrate the commercial potential of plant and fungal biodiversity. The proportion of plant species named in patents represents only 6.2% of plant species, whereas the proportion of fungi is likely less than 0.4%. Fungi clearly justify further research. Innovation on a species usually drives more innovation on that species. We suggest that we should ensure that commercialization frameworks encourage studies on a greater diversity of plants and fungi. This could not only increase the range of biodiversity‐based products and associated income but also incentivize their conservation and encourage more fundamental research.SummaryIn this review, patents are used as a measure of innovation, and data show that a low proportion of plant and fungal biodiversity is mentioned in patents. The proportion of plant species named in patents represents only 6.2% of plant species, whereas the proportion of fungi is most likely less than 0.4%. The number of species within a plant family mentioned in patents varies greatly. The following families having the greatest numbers: Asteraceae with 1,445 species (4.5% of species), Fabaceae with 1,299 species (5.8%), Poaceae with 1,008 species (8.5%), and Rosaceae with 718 species (12.7%). Case studies from Brazil, Ethiopia, and South Africa explore some of the controversies associated with patenting, especially when patents have not taken prior art into account. In contrast, a case study on plants and fungi used in traditional Chinese medicine illustrates their economic value and their potential to support new innovations. Innovative ways to use plant and fungal biodiversity has the potential to generate wealth, reduce poverty, improve human well‐being and in theory incentivize biodiversity conservation. International and national policies and laws that aim to facilitate equitable benefit‐sharing associated with access to and use of genetic diversity need to be reviewed to help facilitate innovation, as well as ensure that the rights of communities to use these resources are recognized and supported.
Conformational stability of the bacterial adhesin, FimH, with an inactivating mutation
Authors: Liu Jenny , Amaral Luis A. Nunes , Keten Sinan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAllostery governing two conformational states is one of the proposed mechanisms for catch‐bond behavior in adhesive proteins. In FimH, a catch‐bond protein expressed by pathogenic bacteria, separation of two domains disrupts inhibition by the pilin domain. Thus, tensile force can induce a conformational change in the lectin domain, from an inactive state to an active state with high affinity. To better understand allosteric inhibition in two‐domain FimH (H2 inactive), we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the lectin domain alone, which has high affinity (HL active), and also the lectin domain stabilized in the low‐affinity conformation by an Arg‐60‐Pro mutation (HL mutant). Because ligand‐binding induces an allostery‐like conformational change in HL mutant, this more experimentally tractable version has been proposed as a “minimal model” for FimH. We find that HL mutant has larger backbone fluctuations than both H2 inactive and HL active, at the binding pocket and allosteric interdomain region. We use an internal coordinate system of dihedral angles to identify protein regions with differences in backbone and side chain dynamics beyond the putative allosteric pathway sites. By characterizing HL mutant dynamics for the first time, we provide additional insight into the transmission of allosteric information across the lectin domain and build upon structural and thermodynamic data in the literature to further support the use of HL mutant as a “minimal model.” Understanding how to alter protein dynamics to prevent the allosteric conformational change may guide drug development to prevent infection by blocking FimH adhesion.
Flat crown ethers with planar tetracoordinate carbon atoms
Authors: Thirumoorthy Krishnan , Thimmakondu Venkatesan S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNovel flat crown ether molecules have been characterized in silico using density functional theory. Monomer units of Si2C3 with a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom have been used as building blocks. Alkali (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) and alkaline‐earth (Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) metal ions, and uranyl (UO) ion selective complexes have also been theoretically identified. The high symmetry and higher structural rigidity of the host molecules may likely impart higher selectivity in chelation. The potential energy surface of the parent elemental composition, Si2C3H2, has been investigated using coupled‐cluster (CC) approximation. The molecule with a ptC atom within the latter is a low‐lying isomer lying 12.41 kcal mol−1 above the global minimum at the CCSD(T)/cc‐pVTZ level. The crown ether molecules identified here could theoretically be considered the derivatives of the ptC atom isomer. Theoretical binding energies (ΔE; 0 K) and thermally corrected Gibbs free energies (ΔG; 298.15 K) for crown ether molecules have been computed to gauge their binding affinities.
A statistical model of secondary ion emission and attenuation clarifies disparities in quasi‐simultaneous arrival coefficients measured with secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Jones Clive , Fike David A. 
Published: September 2020

RationaleSecondary ion mass spectrometry data collected using electron multiplier detectors are subject to a correction for the quasi‐simultaneous arrival (QSA) effect. Published Poisson statistical models indicate that the QSA coefficients, β, should have an invariant value of 0.5, whereas, with one exception, published experimental determinations vary between 0.6 and 1.0, with a mean value of 0.75.MethodsWe developed a more complex model, combining both ion emission and attenuation, that predicts the observed range in measured β and elucidates the mechanism of secondary ion formation. For a given aperture setting, any secondary ion has an equal probability of successful transit to the electron multiplier. Binomial statistics can model pass–fail aperture attenuation but require probability distributions of the quasi‐simultaneously emitted (QSE) ion tally, per primary ion, as input. Assuming (a) that each primary ion impact results in 0, 1, 2,… secondary ion emissions, randomly, with an average Ks and (b) that there is finite probability (P2) of a further emission process dependent on Ks, the required QSE probability distributions were generated via a combined Poisson–binomial statistical model.ResultsThe value of β was output as a function of Ks and P2. For values of P2 > 0 and any value of Ks, β always exceeds 0.5. As P2 → 0, β → 0.5; for values of increasing P2 > 0.5 and decreasing Ks < 0.5, β → >1.ConclusionsWere the emission of one ion not to influence the probability of the formation of a second (i.e. model output for P2 = 0), β should always be 0.5. Yet measurements have never reported this value. Consequently, assuming that published β values are correct, emissions of QSE secondary ions do not occur independently, and it may be inferred that there are linked mechanisms of secondary ion formation as shown here.
Spatial Effects between Two 3D Self‐Supported Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Skeleton as Binder‐Free Cathodes for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Guo Lianzhen , Li Xinyan , Xu Zhuijun , Zhou Shenglin , Zhang Xiaohua , Ni Jiangfeng , Cheng Yajun , Yang Zhaohui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this manuscript a deep comparison of the spatial effect is conducted between vertically‐aligned carbon nanotube array (CNTA) and 3D inter‐connected carbon nanotube sponge (CNTS) based self‐supported and adhesive free cathode material for lithium‐sulfur battery. Melt impregnation (M–CNTA/S and M‐CNTS/S) and solution penetration (S‐CNTA/S and S‐CNTS/S) methods are separately carried out to introduce sulfur into two carbon nanotube‐based matrix. Besides, random distributed carbon nanotube powders (RCNT)‐based cathode made through a slurry coating process is also prepared for comparison. As a result, the aligned CNTA skeleton has the most efficient transfer paths and regular nanometer‐sized gaps, which greatly benefit the directional transmission of electrons, better rate performance, smaller cell resistance and long cyclic stability. Especially, the cell made by M‐CNTA/S delivers an outstanding high‐rate performance of 3 C −859.3 mAh g−1, 5 C −833.1 mAh g−1 and 10 C −702.8 mAh g−1, with a capacity retention of 77 % and coulombic eﬃciency (∼100 %) after 200 cycles at a rate of 3 C. Meanwhile, the interconnected CNTS has a larger pore diameter and 3D conductive network, which benefits higher sulfur loading and electrochemical activity of sulfur. In particular, the M‐CNTS/S with a sulfur content up to 60 wt %, achieves an impressive multiplier performance of 0.5 C 1285 mAh g−1, 1 C 1030 mAh g−1 and 3 C 900 mAh g−1. The retention of the capacity reaches around 88 % after 100 charge‐discharge cycles at 3 C. The current observation reveals the crucial effects from the spatial structure and sulfur impregnation method on the performance of carbon nanotube/sulfur (C/S)‐based cathodes for lithium‐sulfur batteries, which serves as important guidance for the development of high‐performance cathode materials.
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Novel Quinolones
Authors: Ceylan Şule , Cebeci Yıldız Uygun , Demirbaş Neslihan , Batur Özge Özşen , Özakpınar Özlem Bingöl 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe compound (2) formed by esterification of dimethyl morpholine (1) was converted to acetohydrazide (3). Subsequently Schiff bases (4 a–d) and carboxy(thio)amide derivatives (5 a–e) were synthesized. Then 1,2,4‐triazole (6 a–e), thia(oxa)zolidine (7 c,e) and thia(oxa)zol (8 c,e) derivatives were obtained by ring closure from carboxy(thio)amides. Mannich bases, which are containing quinolone were synthesized from 1,2,4‐triazoles. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were illuminated by spectroscopic methods. Their antimicrobial (MIC method), antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods), and anticancer activities (MTT method) were examined. Results showed that most of the compounds exhibited good antimicrobial (<0.03–31.25 μg/mL with MIC values) and antioxidant activities (IC50=0.001–0.004 with DPPH values). Also, some of the compounds have been found to have antiproliferative effects on the prostate (PC‐3), liver (Hep3B), and breast (MCF‐7) human cancer cells, and also these compounds did not have a cytotoxic effect on a normal cell.
Preparation and Adsorption Performance of Efficient Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Copper(II) Using Graphene‐Oxide‐Based Composites
Authors: Liu Handong , Guo Jianye , Zhou Yihua , Qian Jun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGraphene oxide/polyethylene imine (GO/PEI) and graphene oxide/polyethylene imine/carboxymethyl cellulose (GO/PEI/CMC), these two kinds of composite adsorbent materials for heavy metal Cu2+ were prepared by cross‐linking and graft copolymerization, and the GO was obtained by an improved method of Hummers in this work. The adsorption properties of GO, GO/PEI and GO/PEI/CMC on Cu2+ were compared and analyzed with the initial pH value of solution, adsorption time, initial concentration of Cu2+ and adsorbent dosage as the indicators. The results showed that the optimal adsorption pH of GO/PEI and GO/PEI/CMC for Cu2+ were 5.0∼5.5; both GO/PEI and GO/PEI/CMC reached adsorption equilibrium in 195 min; when the adsorption is saturated, compared with the maximum adsorption capacity of GO (112.91 mg⋅g−1), the maximum adsorption capacity of GO/PEI and GO/PEI/CMC for Cu2+ reaches 294.41 mg g−1 and 302.04 mg g−1, respectively. Moreover, GO/PEI/CMC is more convenient for solid‐liquid separation after adsorption, which is a kind of adsorption material with more practical application potential.
Surgical excision of a malignant metastatic melanoma located in a skeletal muscle of the lateral thorax of a horse
Authors: Billi Theodora , Karadima Vasiliki , Tyrnenopoulou Panagiota , Apostolopoulou Emmanouela P. , Brellou Georgia D. , Diakakis Nikolaos 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundA 20‐year‐old grey Warmblood gelding that had history of dermal melanomatosis.ObjectiveTo report surgical treatment of a 6‐cm large malignant metastatic melanoma located in the cutaneous trunci muscle of the left lateral thorax of a horse.MethodsA 20‐year‐old grey Warmblood gelding was referred for evaluation of a large, rapidly growing, thoracic mass. Clinical examination revealed an ovoid, firm, non‐painful, movable mass, approximately 6 cm in diameter, located in the cutaneous trunci muscle of the left lateral thorax. Multiple melanocytic nodules were also found at the perianal region and ventral tail. Rectal examination, ultrasonography and endoscopy of the respiratory tract revealed no melanomas internally. Haematological and biochemical values were within normal limits. Surgical excision of both the thoracic mass and perianal nodules was the treatment of choice. Histopathology of the distant thoracic mass confirmed the diagnosis of malignant metastatic melanoma secondary to the perineal lesions that were confirmed as dermal melanomatosis.ResultsThe horse recovered uneventfully. Up until 3 years post surgery there was no tumour regrowth at the excision sites.ConclusionSurgical excision of the metastatic melanoma was performed and considered successful, with no gross evidence of tumour reoccurrence. Despite the fact that surgical excision is considered a treatment option regarding equine dermal melanomatosis, there is no previously published study proposing surgical removal of distant malignant metastatic melanocytic masses. This is the first report of a successful surgical excision of a large (6 cm) metastatic melanocytic tumour from the skeletal muscle of the lateral thorax of a horse.
Revealing soil‐borne hydrogel effects on soil hydraulic properties using a roughness‐triangular pore space model
Authors: Zheng Wenjuan , Shen Chongyang , Zeng Saiqi , Jin Yan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the influence of soil‐borne hydrogels (e.g., bacterial extracellular polymeric substances [EPS] and biofilm or root‐derived mucilage) on soil hydraulic properties is crucial for accurate modeling of flow and transport in porous media. The underlying mechanisms of how hydrogels modify soil physical and hydraulic properties, however, remain unclear. In this study, we applied a roughness‐triangular pore space model (R‐TPSM) to simulate water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity of hydrogel‐affected soils. The model considers the effective soil pore size distribution and physicochemical properties (e.g., surface tension and surface roughness) of soil and soil solution. The modeling results are in good agreement with measured water retention curves and hydraulic conductivity for different textured soils. Comparison of the fitted model parameters between control and hydrogel‐treated soil samples indicates that hydrogels reduce surface tension and shift the effective pore size distribution to a narrower size range. Hydrogels generally increase water retention in the form of adsorptive films and reduce film flow under relatively dry conditions. This study highlights the importance of considering reduced surface tension and mean pore size by hydrogels in changing soil hydraulic properties, which has important implications for accurate modeling of water distribution and flow in the rhizosphere.
Precision inclusive Higgs physics at e+e− colliders with tracking detectors and without calorimetry
Authors: Draper Patrick , Kozaczuk Jonathan , Thomas Scott 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A primary goal of a future e+e− collider program will be the precision measurement of Higgs boson properties. For practical reasons it is of interest to determine the minimal set of detector specifications required to reach this and other scientific goals. Here we investigate the precision obtainable for the e+e−Zhμ+μ−X inclusive cross section and the Higgs boson mass using the di-muon recoil method, considering a detector that has only an inner tracking system within a solenoidal magnetic field, surrounded by many nuclear interaction lengths of absorbing material, and an outer muon identification system. We find that the sensitivity achievable in these measurements with such a tracking detector is only marginally reduced compared to that expected for a general purpose detector with additional electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter systems. The difference results mainly from multi-photon backgrounds that are not as easily rejected with tracking detectors. We also comment on the prospects for an analogous measurement of the e+e−→Zh→e+e−X inclusive cross section. Finally, we study searches for light scalars utilizing the di-muon recoil method, estimating the projected reach with a tracking or general purpose detector.
The fate of hints: updated global analysis of three-flavor neutrino oscillations
Authors: Esteban Ivan , Gonzalez-Garcia M.C. , Maltoni Michele , Schwetz Thomas , Zhou Albert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Our herein described combined analysis of the latest neutrino oscillation data presented at the Neutrino2020 conference shows that previous hints for the neutrino mass ordering have significantly decreased, and normal ordering (NO) is favored only at the 1.6σ level. Combined with the χ2 map provided by Super-Kamiokande for their atmospheric neutrino data analysis the hint for NO is at 2.7σ. The CP conserving value δCP = 180° is within 0.6σ of the global best fit point. Only if we restrict to inverted mass ordering, CP violation is favored at the ∼ 3σ level. We discuss the origin of these results — which are driven by the new data from the T2K and NOvA long-baseline experiments —, and the relevance of the LBL-reactor oscillation frequency complementarity. The previous 2.2σ tension in ∆m221 preferred by KamLAND and solar experiments is also reduced to the 1.1σ level after the inclusion of the latest Super-Kamiokande solar neutrino results. Finally we present updated allowed ranges for the oscillation parameters and for the leptonic Jarlskog determinant from the global analysis.
Refinement of the Maxwell formula for a composite reinforced by circular cross-section fibres. Part II: using Padé approximants
Authors: Andrianov Igor I. , Awrejcewicz Jan , Starushenko Galina A. , Gabrinets Vladimir A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe effective properties of the fiber-reinforced composite materials with fibers of circle cross section are investigated. The novel estimation for the effective coefficient of thermal conductivity refining the classical Maxwell formula is derived. The method of asymptotic homogenization is used. For an analytical solution of the periodically repeated cell problem the Schwarz alternating process (SAP) was employed. Convergence of this method was proved by S. Mikhlin, S. Sobolev, V. Mityushev. Unfortunately, the rate of the convergence is often slow, especially for nondilute high-contrast composite materials. For improving this drawback we used Padé approximations for various forms of SAP solutions with the following additive matching of obtained expressions. As a result, the solutions in our paper are obtained in a fairly simple and convenient form. They can be used even for a volume fraction of inclusion very near the physically possible maximum value as well as for high-contrast composite constituents. The results are confirmed by comparison with known numerical and asymptotic results.
Can cocoa agroforestry restore degraded soil structure following conversion from forest to agricultural use?
Authors: Saputra Danny Dwi , Sari Rika Ratna , Hairiah Kurniatun , Roshetko James M. , Suprayogo Didik , van Noordwijk Meine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlternating degradation and restoration phases of soil quality, as is common in crop-fallow systems, can be avoided if the restorative elements of trees and forests can be integrated into productive agroforestry systems. However, evidence for the hypothesis of ‘internal restoration’ in agroforestry is patchy and the effectiveness may depend on local context. We investigated to what extent cocoa (Theobroma cacao, L.) agroforestry can recover soil structure and infiltration in comparison to monoculture systems across the Konaweha Watershed, Southeast Sulawesi. We compared soil organic carbon, fine root length and weight, soil aggregate stability, macroporosity and infiltration from three soil layers at five land use systems: i.e. degraded forests, 9–14 years old of complex-cocoa agroforestry, simple-cocoa agroforestry, monoculture cocoa and 1–4 years old annual food crops, all with three replications. In general, roots were concentrated in the upper 40 cm of soil depth, contained of 70% and 86% of total fine root length and weight. Compared to simple agroforestry and cocoa monoculture, complex agroforestry had greater root length and weight in the topsoil, even though it attained only half the values found in degraded forests. Higher root density was positively correlated to soil organic carbon. In upper soil layers, complex agroforestry had slightly higher soil aggregate stability compared to other agricultural systems. However, no significant difference was found in deeper layers. Complex agroforestry had higher soil macroporosity than other agricultural systems, but not sufficient to mimic forests. Degraded forests had two times faster steady-state soil infiltration than agricultural systems tested (13.2 cm h−1 and 6 cm h−1, respectively), relevant during peak rainfall events. Compared to other agricultural systems, complex agroforestry improves soil structure of degraded soil resulting from forest conversion. However, a considerable gap remains with forest soil conditions.
Infrastructuring Public Consultation in Town Planning— How Town Planners Translate Public Consultation into a Socio-Technical Support System
Authors: Weise Sebastian , Chiasson Mike 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFor public consultation in town planning, town planners can employ various software systems to improve the dialogue with citizens. This article looks at attempts to do so by following the work of a team of municipal town planners across four stages of public consultation held between 2012 and 2015. The study is based on detailed semi-structured interviews, field notes from regular visits to the planners’ office, and a database of public consultation comments and attendance at consultation events across the stages. Using an approach that considers planners’ work in the selection and implementation of software within institutional objectives and constraints as “infrastructure” work, we examine the joint deployment, use and effects of nine software tools and arising practices for public consultations. Our findings demonstrate how the infrastructure work of planners involved numerous interpretations about the possibilities for software adaptation and the effects of software use, which were enabled and constrained by consultation and planning requirements. The results also indicate a role for researchers in helping planners mediate between formal processes and public concerns, and illustrates how this technological-institutional struggle in infrastructuring work forms an essential part of town planners’ practice.