bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in real-time spectrum measurement of soliton dynamics by dispersive Fourier transformation
Authors: Wang Yunzheng , Wang Cong , Zhang Feng , Guo Jia , Ma Chunyang , Huang Weichun , Song Yufeng , Ge Yanqi , Liu Jie , Zhang Han 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Mode-locking lasers have not only produced huge economic benefits in industrial fields and scientific research, but also provided an excellent platform to study diverse soliton phenomena. However, the real-time characterization of the ultrafast soliton dynamics remains challenging for traditional electronic instruments due to their relatively low response bandwidth and slow scan rate. Consequently, it is urgent for researchers to directly observe these ultrafast evolution processes, rather than just indirectly understand them from numerical simulations or averaged measurement data. Fortunately, dispersive Fourier transformation (DFT) provides a powerful real-time measurement technique to overcome the speed limitations of traditional electronic measurement devices by mapping the frequency spectrum onto the temporal waveform. In this review, the operation principle of DFT is discussed and the recent progress in characterizing the ultrafast transient soliton dynamics of mode-locking lasers is summarized, including soliton explosions, soliton molecules, noise-like pulses, rogue waves, and mode-locking buildup processes.
Structural defects in MBE-grown CdTe-basing heterojunctions designed for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Wichrowska Karolina , Wosinski Tadeusz , Domagala Jaroslaw Z , Kret Slawomir , Chusnutdinow Sergij , Karczewski Grzegorz 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Structural defects in the p-ZnTe/i-CdTe/n-CdTe single-crystalline heterojunctions designed for photovoltaic applications have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Lattice parameters and misfit strain in the undoped cadmium telluride (CdTe) absorber layers of the heterojunctions, grown by the molecular-beam epitaxy technique on two different substrates, GaAs and CdTe, have been determined with high-resolution x-ray diffractometry. A dense network of misfit dislocations at the lattice-mismatched CdTe/GaAs and ZnTe/CdTe interfaces and numerous threading dislocations and stacking faults have been shown by the cross-sectional TEM imaging of the heterojunctions. The DLTS measurements revealed five deep-level traps in the heterojunctions grown on GaAs and only three of them in the heterojunctions grown on CdTe. Four of the traps have been attributed to the electronic states of extended defects, presumably dislocations, on the grounds of their logarithmic capture kinetics of charge carriers. Two of these traps, displaying the largest values of their capture cross-section and the properties characteristic of bandlike electronic states, have been ascribed to the core states of dislocations. It is argued that they are most likely responsible for decreased lifetime of photo-excited carriers resulting in a low energy conversion efficiency of solar cells based on similarly grown heterojunctions.
Asymmetrical layered assemblies of graphene oxide for programmable actuation devices
Authors: Huang Yuehua , Li Junjun , Xiang Yi , Li Nanfeng , Li Fengji , Yang Tingting 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Asymmetrical structures are known to have many unique properties. They are preferred to be applied in many fields, especially in graphene oxide (GO)-based membrane actuators. Assembling GO with other materials layer by layer and post-processing a single piece of GO membrane are two effective strategies to construct asymmetrical structures. However, the above researches are built on a prerequisite that the single piece of GO membrane is regarded as homogeneous. We have now discovered a long-overlooked actuation behavior of pure GO membrane. This pure GO membrane was prepared by vacuum filtration and showed originally asymmetrical structure. Such GO membrane responded to infrared light and relative humidity change with considerable bending angle. The origin of the asymmetrical structures and their actuation mechanism have been discussed in detail. The asymmetrical interlamellar spacing and non-smooth surface morphologies of GO membrane synergistically lead to the actuation behavior. Moreover, the actuation performance could be easily regulated by adding polydopamine to control the interaction between GO sheets. This finding has wide implications in designing programmable bending devices such as microrobot, biomimetic claw and smart finger. This work exhibits great potential for application in soft robotics.
The CO2 reduction potential for the European industry via direct electrification of heat supply (power-to-heat)
Authors: Madeddu Silvia , Ueckerdt Falko , Pehl Michaja , Peterseim Juergen , Lord Michael , Kumar Karthik Ajith , Krüger Christoph , Luderer Gunnar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The decarbonisation of industry is a bottleneck for the EU’s 2050 target of climate neutrality. Replacing fossil fuels with low-carbon electricity is at the core of this challenge; however, the aggregate electrification potential and resulting system-wide CO2 reductions for diverse industrial processes are unknown. Here, we present the results from a comprehensive bottom-up analysis of the energy use in 11 industrial sectors (accounting for 92% of Europe’s industry CO2 emissions), and estimate the technological potential for industry electrification in three stages. Seventy-eight per cent of the energy demand is electrifiable with technologies that are already established, while 99% electrification can be achieved with the addition of technologies currently under development. Such a deep electrification reduces CO2 emissions already based on the carbon intensity of today’s electricity (∼300 gCO2 kWhel
−1). With an increasing decarbonisation of the power sector IEA: 12 gCO2 kWhel
−1 in 2050), electrification could cut CO2 emissions by 78%, and almost entirely abate the energy-related CO2 emissions, reducing the industry bottleneck to only residual process emissions. Despite its decarbonisation potential, the extent to which direct electrification will be deployed in industry remains uncertain and depends on the relative cost of electric technologies compared to other low-carbon options.
Macroscopic equations for inert gas mixtures in different hydrodynamic regimes
Authors: Bisi Marzia , Groppi Maria , Martalò Giorgio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Starting from a BGK model for gas mixtures involving sums of relaxation operators, we formally derive Euler and Navier–Stokes equations in different regimes, in the asymptotic limit for proper Knudsen number, with explicit computation of the transport coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity. First, we consider a regime dominated by the whole collision phenomena; then, we focus on the case of ɛ−mixtures of heavy and light species, assuming accordingly that the collisions within each component constitute the dominant process. In this latter case we show that the two-scale collision regime leads to a multi-velocity and multi-temperature hydrodynamic description, which emphasizes the distinctive features of each constituent.
Manipulation and optimization of electron transport by nanopore array targets
Authors: YANG Yue , LI Boyuan , WU Yuchi , ZHU Bin , ZHANG Bo , ZHANG Zhimeng , YU Minghai , LU Feng , ZHOU Kainan , SHAN Lianqiang , CAO Lihua , ZHAO Zongqing , ZHOU Weimin , GU Yuqiu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The transport of sub-picosecond laser-driven fast electrons in nanopore array targets is studied. Attributed to the generation of micro-structured magnetic fields, most fast electron beams are proven to be effectively guided and restricted during the propagation. Different transport patterns of fast electrons in the targets are observed in experiments and reproduced by particle-in-cell simulations, representing two components: initially collimated low-energy electrons in the center and high-energy scattering electrons turning into surrounding annular beams. The critical energy for confined electrons is deduced theoretically. The electron guidance and confinement by the nano-structured targets offer a technological approach to manipulate and optimize the fast electron transport by properly modulating pulse parameters and target design, showing great potential in many applications including ion acceleration, microfocus x-ray sources and inertial confinement fusion.
Prediction of Alzheimer's disease using multi-variants from a Chinese genome-wide association study
Authors: Jia Longfei , Li Fangyu , Wei Cuibai , Zhu Min , Qu Qiumin , Qin Wei , Tang Yi , Shen Luxi , Wang Yanjiang , Shen Lu , Li Honglei , Peng Dantao , Tan Lan , Luo Benyan , Guo Qihao , Tang Muni , Du Yifeng , Zhang Jiewen , Zhang Junjian , Lyu Jihui , Li Ying , Zhou Aihong , Wang Fen , Chu Changbiao , Song Haiqing , Wu Liyong , Zuo Xiumei , Han Yue , Liang Junhua , Wang Qi , Jin Hongmei , Wang Wei , Lü Yang , Li Fang , Zhou Yuying , Zhang Wei , Liao Zhengluan , Qiu Qiongqiong , Li Yan , Kong Chaojun , Li Yan , Jiao Haishan , Lu Jie , Jia Jianping 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies have identified dozens of susceptibility loci for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, but few of these loci have been validated in longitudinal cohorts. Establishing predictive models of Alzheimer’s disease based on these novel variants is clinically important for verifying whether they have pathological functions and provide a useful tool for screening of disease risk. In the current study, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study of 3913 patients with Alzheimer’s disease and 7593 controls and identified four novel variants (rs3777215, rs6859823, rs234434, and rs2255835; Pcombined = 3.07 × 10−19, 2.49 × 10−23, 1.35 × 10−67, and 4.81 × 10−9, respectively) as well as nine variants in the apolipoprotein E region with genome-wide significance (P &lt; 5.0 × 10−8). Literature mining suggested that these novel single nucleotide polymorphisms are related to amyloid precursor protein transport and metabolism, antioxidation, and neurogenesis. Based on their possible roles in the development of Alzheimer’s disease, we used different combinations of these variants and the apolipoprotein E status and successively built 11 predictive models. The predictive models include relatively few single nucleotide polymorphisms useful for clinical practice, in which the maximum number was 13 and the minimum was only four. These predictive models were all significant and their peak of area under the curve reached 0.73 both in the first and second stages. Finally, these models were validated using a separate longitudinal cohort of 5474 individuals. The results showed that individuals carrying risk variants included in the models had a shorter latency and higher incidence of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that our models can predict Alzheimer’s disease onset in a population with genetic susceptibility. The effectiveness of the models for predicting Alzheimer’s disease onset confirmed the contributions of these identified variants to disease pathogenesis. In conclusion, this is the first study to validate genome-wide association study-based predictive models for evaluating the risk of Alzheimer’s disease onset in a large Chinese population. The clinical application of these models will be beneficial for individuals harbouring these risk variants, and particularly for young individuals seeking genetic consultation.
Pediatric catheter ablation at the beginning of the 21st century: results from the European Multicenter Pediatric Catheter Ablation Registry ‘EUROPA’
Authors: Krause Ulrich , Paul Thomas , Bella Paolo Della , Gulletta Simone , Gebauer Roman A , Paech Christian , Kubus Peter , Janousek Jan , Ferrari Paola , De Filippo Paolo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aims
Contemporary data from prospective multicentre registries on catheter ablation in pediatric patients are sparse. Aim of the European Pediatric Catheter Ablation Registry EUROPA was to contribute data to fill this gap of knowledge.

Methods and results
From July 2012 to June 2017, data on catheter ablation in pediatric patients (≤18 years of age) including a 1-year follow-up from five European pediatric EP centres were collected prospectively. A total of 683 patients (mean age 12.4 ± 3.9 years, mean body weight 50.2 ± 19 kg) were enrolled. Target tachycardia was WPW/atrioventricular-nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT) in 380 (55.7%) patients, AVNRT in 230 (33.8%) patients, ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 24 (3.5) patients, focal atrial tachycardia (FAT) in 20 (2.9%) patients, IART in 14 (2%) patients, and junctional ectopic tachycardia in 3 (0.45) patients. Overall procedural success was 95.6%. Compared with all other substrates, success was significantly lower in FAT patients (80%, n = 16, P = 0.001). Mean procedure duration was 136 ± 67 min and mean fluoroscopy time was 4.9 ± 6.8 min. Major complications occurred in 0.7% of the patients. No persisting AV block requiring permanent pacing was reported. At 1-year follow-up (605/683 patients, 95%), tachycardia recurrence was reported in 7.8% of patients. Recurrence after VT ablation (33%) was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than after ablation of all other substrates.

Conclusion
The present study proves overall high efficacy and safety of catheter ablation of various tachycardia substrates in pediatric patients. Of note, complication rate was exceptionally low. Long-term success was high except for patients after VT ablation.
Temporal dynamics in the taxonomic and functional profile of the Sphagnum-associated fungi (mycobiomes) in a Sphagnum farming field site in Northwestern Germany
Authors: Borg Dahl Mathilde , Krebs Matthias , Unterseher Martin , Urich Tim , Gaudig Greta 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The drainage of peatlands for their agricultural use leads to huge emissions of greenhouse gases. One sustainable alternative is the cultivation of peat mosses after rewetting (‘Sphagnum farming’). Environmental parameters of such artificial systems may differ from those of natural Sphagnum ecosystems which host a rich fungal community. We studied the fungal community at a 4 ha Sphagnum farming field site in Northwestern Germany and compared it with that of natural Sphagnum ecosystems. Additionally, we asked if any fungi occur with potentially negative consequences for the commercial production and/or use of Sphagnum biomass. Samples were collected every 3 months within 1 year. High-throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS2 barcode was used to obtain a comprehensive community profile of the fungi.
The dominant taxa in the fungal community of the Sphagnum farming field site were all commonly reported from natural Sphagnum ecosystems. While the taxonomic composition showed clear differences between seasons, a stable functional community profile was identified across seasons. Additionally, nutrient supply seems to affect composition of fungal community. Despite a rather high abundance of bryophyte parasites, and the occurrence of both Sphagnum-species-specific and general plant pathogens, their impact on the productivity and usage of Sphagnum biomass as raw material for growing media was considered to be low.
The Pantelides algorithm for delay differential-algebraic equations
Authors: Ahrens Ines , Unger Benjamin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We present a graph-theoretical approach that can detect which equations of a delay differential-algebraic equation (DDAE) need to be differentiated or shifted to construct a solution of the DDAE. Our approach exploits the observation that differentiation and shifting are very similar from a structural point of view, which allows us to generalize the Pantelides algorithm for differential-algebraic equations to the DDAE setting. The primary tool for the extension is the introduction of equivalence classes in the graph of the DDAE, which also allows us to derive a necessary and sufficient criterion for the termination of the new algorithm.
Evolution and observational signatures of the cosmic ray electron spectrum in SN 1006
Authors: Winner Georg , Pfrommer Christoph , Girichidis Philipp , Werhahn Maria , Pais Matteo 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Supernova remnants (SNRs) are believed to be the source of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs). SNR shocks accelerate CR protons and electrons which reveal key insights into the non-thermal physics by means of their synchrotron and γ-ray emission. The remnant SN 1006 is an ideal particle acceleration laboratory because it is observed across all electromagnetic wavelengths from radio to γ-rays. We perform 3D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations where we include CR protons and follow the CR electron spectrum. By matching the observed morphology and non-thermal spectrum of SN 1006 in radio, X-rays, and γ-rays, we gain new insight into CR electron acceleration and magnetic field amplification. (1) We show that a mixed leptonic–hadronic model is responsible for the γ-ray radiation: while leptonic inverse-Compton emission and hadronic pion-decay emission contribute equally at GeV energies observed by Fermi, TeV energies observed by imaging air Cherenkov telescopes are hadronically dominated. (2) We show that quasi-parallel acceleration (i.e. when the shock propagates at a narrow angle to the upstream magnetic field) is preferred for CR electrons and that the electron acceleration efficiency of radio-emitting GeV electrons at quasi-perpendicular shocks is suppressed at least by a factor ten. This precludes extrapolation of current 1D plasma particle-in-cell simulations of shock acceleration to realistic SNR conditions. (3) To match the radial emission profiles and the γ-ray spectrum, we require a volume-filling, turbulently amplified magnetic field and that the Bell-amplified magnetic field is damped in the immediate post-shock region. Our work connects microscale plasma physics simulations to the scale of SNRs.
X-ray spectra and light curves of cooling novae and a nova like
Authors: Sun Bangzheng , Orio Marina , Dobrotka Andrej , Luna Gerardo Juan Manuel , Shugarov Sergey , Zemko Polina 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We present X-ray observations of novae V2491 Cyg and KT Eri about 9 yr post-outburst of the dwarf nova and post-nova candidate EY Cyg, and of a VY Scl variable. The first three objects were observed with XMM–Newton, KT Eri also with the Chandra ACIS-S camera, V794 Aql with the Chandra ACIS-S camera and High Energy Transmission Gratings. The two recent novae, similar in outburst amplitude and light curve, appear very different at quiescence. Assuming half of the gravitational energy is irradiated in X-rays, V2491 Cyg is accreting at $\dot{m}=1.4\times 10^{-9}{\!-\!}10^{-8}\,{\rm M}_\odot \,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, while for KT Eri, $\dot{m}\lt 2\times 10^{-10}{\rm M}_\odot \,{\rm yr}$. V2491 Cyg shows signatures of a magnetized WD, specifically of an intermediate polar. A periodicity of 39 min, detected in outburst, was still measured and is likely due to WD rotation. EY Cyg is accreting at $\dot{m}\sim 1.8\times 10^{-11}{\rm M}_\odot \,{\rm yr}^{-1}$, one magnitude lower than KT Eri, consistently with its U Gem outburst behaviour and its quiescent UV flux. The X-rays are modulated with the orbital period, despite the system’s low inclination, probably due to the X-ray flux of the secondary. A period of 81 min is also detected, suggesting that it may also be an intermediate polar. V794 Aql had low X-ray luminosity during an optically high state, about the same level as in a recent optically low state. Thus, we find no clear correlation between optical and X-ray luminosity: the accretion rate seems unstable and variable. The very hard X-ray spectrum indicates a massive WD.
Function of a viral genome packaging motor from bacteriophage T4 is insensitive to DNA sequence
Authors: Mo Youbin , Keller Nicholas , delToro Damian , Ananthaswamy Neeti , Harvey Stephen C , Rao Venigalla B , Smith Douglas E 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Many viruses employ ATP-powered motors during assembly to translocate DNA into procapsid shells. Previous reports raise the question if motor function is modulated by substrate DNA sequence: (i) the phage T4 motor exhibits large translocation rate fluctuations and pauses and slips; (ii) evidence suggests that the phage phi29 motor contacts DNA bases during translocation; and (iii) one theoretical model, the ‘B-A scrunchworm’, predicts that ‘A-philic’ sequences that transition more easily to A-form would alter motor function. Here, we use single-molecule optical tweezers measurements to compare translocation of phage, plasmid, and synthetic A-philic, GC rich sequences by the T4 motor. We observed no significant differences in motor velocities, even with A-philic sequences predicted to show higher translocation rate at high applied force. We also observed no significant changes in motor pausing and only modest changes in slipping. To more generally test for sequence dependence, we conducted correlation analyses across pairs of packaging events. No significant correlations in packaging rate, pausing or slipping versus sequence position were detected across repeated measurements with several different DNA sequences. These studies suggest that viral genome packaging is insensitive to DNA sequence and fluctuations in packaging motor velocity, pausing and slipping are primarily stochastic temporal events.
Aging Atlas: a multi-omics database for aging biology
Authors:   Aging Atlas Consortium, Liu Guang-Hui , Bao Yiming , Qu Jing , Zhang Weiqi , Zhang Tao , Kang Wang , Yang Fei , Ji Qianzhao , Jiang Xiaoyu , Ma Yingke , Ma Shuai , Liu Zunpeng , Chen Siyu , Wang Si , Sun Shuhui , Geng Lingling , Yan Kaowen , Yan Pengze , Fan Yanling , Song Moshi , Ren Jie , Wang Qiaoran , Yang Shanshan , Yang Yuanhan , Xiong Muzhao , Liang Chuqiang , Li Lan-Zhu , Cao Tianling , Hu Jianli , Yang Ping , Ping Jiale , Hu Huifang , Zheng Yandong , Sun Guoqiang , Li Jiaming , Liu Lixiao , Zou Zhiran , Ding Yingjie , Li Mingheng , Liu Di , Wang Min , Ji Qianzhao , Sun Xiaoyan , Wang Cui , Bi Shijia , Shan Hezhen , Zhuo Xiao 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Organismal aging is driven by interconnected molecular changes encompassing internal and extracellular factors. Combinational analysis of high-throughput ‘multi-omics’ datasets (gathering information from genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and pharmacogenomics), at either populational or single-cell levels, can provide a multi-dimensional, integrated profile of the heterogeneous aging process with unprecedented throughput and detail. These new strategies allow for the exploration of the molecular profile and regulatory status of gene expression during aging, and in turn, facilitate the development of new aging interventions. With a continually growing volume of valuable aging-related data, it is necessary to establish an open and integrated database to support a wide spectrum of aging research. The Aging Atlas database aims to provide a wide range of life science researchers with valuable resources that allow access to a large-scale of gene expression and regulation datasets created by various high-throughput omics technologies. The current implementation includes five modules: transcriptomics (RNA-seq), single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-seq), epigenomics (ChIP-seq), proteomics (protein–protein interaction), and pharmacogenomics (geroprotective compounds). Aging Atlas provides user-friendly functionalities to explore age-related changes in gene expression, as well as raw data download services. Aging Atlas is freely available at https://bigd.big.ac.cn/aging/index.