bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wettability Effects on Primary Drainage Mechanisms and NAPL Distribution: A Pore‐Scale Study
Authors: Molnar Ian L. , Gerhard Jason I. , Willson Clinton S. , O'Carroll Denis M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe pore‐scale processes governing water drainage behavior in porous media have implications for geoscience multiphase scenarios including carbon capture and storage, contaminant site remediation, oil recovery, and vadose zone processes. However, few studies report directly observed pore‐scale water drainage phenomena in 3‐D soils. This knowledge gap limits our ability to verify assumptions underlying existing models and develop optimal solutions. This paper utilizes synchrotron X‐ray microtomography to present an experimental pore‐scale examination of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)/water distribution along a primary drainage front as dense NAPL was injected upward into water wetting (WW) and intermediate wetting (IW) sand‐packed columns. Pore‐network structures were extracted from imaged data sets and mapped onto segmented NAPL/water data sets which allowed quantitative examinations of wettability impacts on (a) the extent to which NAPL fills individual pore bodies and (b) relationships between pore size and the phase occupying the pore, with both considered as a function of distance (and capillary pressure) relative to the NAPL front. These results revealed that several hypotheses treating IW sand similarly to WW sands are simplistic. IW systems exhibited a sequence of pore filling that deviated from traditional capillary pressure‐based model predictions: NAPL invades smaller pores, while larger, adjacent pores are bypassed leaving multipore residual water ganglia. NAPL pore saturations were close to 1 and did not change with capillary pressure in IW systems. Overall, the results illustrate how a relatively small change in operative contact angle alters NAPL distribution during water drainage, with important implications for geoscience multiphase flow scenarios.
Consistent MPFA Discretization for Flow in the Presence of Gravity
Authors: Starnoni M. , Berre I. , Keilegavlen E. , Nordbotten J. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA standard practice used in the industry to discretizing the gravity term in the two‐phase Darcy flow equations is to apply an upwind strategy. In this paper, we show that this can give a persistent unphysical flux field and an incorrect pressure distribution. As a solution to this problem, we present a new consistent discretization of flow, termed Gravitationally Consistent Multipoint Flux Approximation (GCMPFA), which is valid for both single‐ and two‐phase flows. The discretization is based on the idea that the gravitational term in the flow equations is treated as part of the discrete flux operator and not as a right‐hand side. Here, the traditional formulation representing pressure as a potential is extended to the case including gravity by introducing an additional set of right‐hand side to the local linear system solved in the MPFA construction, thus obtaining an expression of the fluxes in terms of jumps in cell‐center gravities. Numerical examples showing the convergence of the method are provided for both single‐ and two‐phase flows. For two‐phase flow, we show how our new method is capable of eliminating the unphysical fluxes arising when using a standard upwind scheme, thus converging to the correct pressure distribution.
On the Optimal Spatial Design for Groundwater Level Monitoring Networks
Authors: Ohmer M. , Liesch T. , Goldscheider N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEffective groundwater monitoring networks are important, as systematic data collected at observation wells provide a crucial understanding of the dynamics of hydrogeological systems as well as the basis for many other applications. This study investigates the influence of six groundwater level monitoring network (GLMN) sampling designs (random, grid, spatial coverage, and geostatistical) with varying densities on the accuracy of spatially interpolated groundwater surfaces. To obtain spatially continuous prediction errors (in contrast to point cross‐validation errors), we used nine potentiometric groundwater surfaces from three regional MODFLOW groundwater flow models with different resolutions as a priori references. To assess the suitability of frequently‐used cross‐validation error statistics (MAE, RMSE, RMSSE, ASE, and NSE), we compared them with the actual prediction errors (APE). Additionally, we defined upper and lower thresholds for an appropriate spatial density of monitoring wells. Below the lower threshold, the observation density appears insufficient, and additional wells lead to a significant improvement of the results. Above the upper threshold, additional wells lead to only minor and inefficient improvements. According to the APE, systematic sampling lead to the best results but is often not suited for GLMN due to its nonprogressive characteristic. Geostatistical and spatial coverage sampling are considerable alternatives, which are in contrast progressive and allow evenly spaced and, in the case of spatial coverage sampling, yet reproducible coverage with accurate results. We found that the global cross‐validation error statistics are not suitable to compare the performance of different sampling designs, although they allow rough conclusions about the quality of the GLMN.
Smart coordinated management of distribution networks with high penetration of PEVs using FLC
Authors: Zare Mohsen , Chabok Hossein , Niknam Taher , Azizipanah‐Abarghooee Rasoul 
Published: November 2019

This paper is intended to give an effective coordination method between high penetration of plug in electric vehicles (PEVs) and optimal operation management (OOM) of distribution network problem. An effective fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is proposed which focuses on coordinated smart charge/discharge control of high penetration of PEVs with OOM in an iterative optimization process. In each iteration, the proposed FLC receives the voltage of the connection node of the PEVs, the remaining time to the peak load and the available energy of the PEVs while appropriately specifies the amount of absorbed or injected active power of the PEVs. This coordination leads to the minimization of the electric network losses, voltage flattening and reducing the produced pollutant. A modified version of Sine‐Cosine Algorithm (MSCA) is used to minimize the objective functions while the problem constraints are satisfied. An appropriate 33‐bus distribution network with 1000 PEVs in 100 groups is considered in order to show the authenticity and efficiency of this work. The results show that the proposed FLC‐based coordination procedure could effectively adjust the exchange power of the PEVs with the OOM decision variables in an acceptable time duration.
One Versus Two Doses of Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Charette Ryan S. , Bernstein Jenna A. , Sloan Matthew , Nchako Corbyn M. , Kamath Atul F. , Nelson Charles L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce blood loss and postoperative transfusions in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). There is no consensus on the ideal dosing regimen in the literature, although there is a growing body of literature stating there is little benefit to additional doses. Our study compared one versus two doses of TXA in primary TKA and its effect on postoperative transfusion rate. We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing primary TKA at our two high-volume arthroplasty centers between 2013 and 2016. Patients were included if they underwent unilateral primary TKA, and received one or two doses of intravenous TXA. Patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation were excluded. Our primary outcome was postoperative transfusion rate. Secondary outcomes included blood loss, length of stay, rate of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE), readmission and reoperation.A total of 1,191 patients were included: 891 received one dose and 300 received two doses. There was no significant difference in rate of transfusion, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE), blood volume loss, and reoperation. There was a significantly higher risk of readmission (6.7 vs. 2.4%, odds ratio [OR] 2.96, p < 0.001) and reoperation (2.0 vs. 0.6%, OR 3.61, p = 0.024) in patients receiving two doses. These findings were similar with subgroup analysis of patients receiving only aspirin prophylaxis.In unilateral TKA, there is no difference in transfusion rate with one or two doses of perioperative TXA. There was no increased risk of thromboembolic events between groups, although the two-dose group had a higher rate of readmission and reoperation. Given the added cost without clear benefit, these findings may support administration of one rather than two doses of TXA during primary TKA.
Improved Patient Satisfaction following Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Smith Austin F. , Eccles Christian J. , Bhimani Samrath J. , Denehy Kevin M. , Bhimani Rohat B. , Smith Langan S. , Malkani Arthur L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractApproximately 20% of the patients are dissatisfied with their total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Computer technology has been introduced for TKA to provide real time intraoperative information on limb alignment and exact flexion/extension gap measurements. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient satisfaction could be improved with the use of robotic-assisted (RA) technology following primary TKA. A total of 120 consecutive patients undergoing RA-TKA with real time intraoperative alignment and gap balancing information were compared with a prospective cohort of 103 consecutive patients undergoing TKA with manual jig-based instruments during the same time period. There were no differences between groups with age, gender, baseline Knee Society Score (KSS) knee and function scores, follow-up, and ASA scores. TKAs were performed using same technique, implant design, anesthesia, and postoperative treatment protocols. Patient satisfaction survey using KSS and Likert scoring system were obtained at 1-year follow-up. Likert scoring system demonstrated 94% of the patients in the RA group were either very satisfied or satisfied versus 82% in the manual instruments TKA group (p = 0.005). RA-TKA group had better average scores of all five satisfaction questions although not significant. RA-TKA group had a better average overall satisfaction score of 7.1 versus 6.6 in the manual instrument group, p = 0.03. KSS function scores were significantly better at 6 weeks and 1 year postoperatively (p = 0.02, 0.005), and KSS knee scores were significantly better at 1 year postoperatively (p = 0.046). There are multiple reasons for patient dissatisfaction following primary TKA. Using intraoperative computer technology with RA surgery for patients undergoing a primary TKA, a significant improvement in patient satisfaction was demonstrated compared with TKA using conventional manual jig-based instruments. RA surgery provides several advantages in TKA including real time information in millimeters to help obtain balanced gaps, accurate bone cuts, reduced soft tissue injury, and achieve the target alignment which may lead to improved patient satisfaction.
Imbalance between Fibrin Clot Formation and Fibrinolysis Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Neergaard-Petersen Søs , Larsen Sanne B. , Grove Erik L. , Kristensen Steen D. , Ajjan Ramzi A. , Hvas Anne-Mette 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background Despite long-term antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, recurrent cardiovascular events remain common in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Objective We aimed to determine whether fibrin network characteristics are predictive of vascular events in patients with stable CAD treated with aspirin monotherapy.
Methods We included 786 patients with angiographically documented CAD and either prior myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or both. Median follow-up time was 3 years. At inclusion, fibrin clot properties were evaluated using a turbidimetric assay and the following clot parameters were studied: (1) maximum absorbance, a measure of clot density and fiber thickness; (2) lysis time, assessing fibrinolysis potential; and (3) area under the curve (AUC), a measure of clot formation and lysis. The primary endpoint was the composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.
Results A total of 70 primary endpoints occurred. The primary endpoint occurred more frequently in CAD patients with increased clot AUC (crude HR for first vs. fourth quartile: 2.4 [95% confidence interval 1.2–4.6], p = 0.01). This finding remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted HR: 2.4 [1.2–4.8], p = 0.01). Neither clot maximum absorbance nor lysis time showed significant association with future vascular events (adjusted HR for maximum absorbance 1.8 [0.9–3.7]; p = 0.09) and lysis time (1.6 [0.8–3.0]; p = 0.18).
Conclusion We demonstrate that increased clot AUC predicts future cardiovascular events in stable CAD patients receiving aspirin monotherapy.
Midterm Outcomes of Surgical Repair of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection to SVC
Authors: Hu Jie , Hu Renjie , Zhang Haibo , Zhang Lei , Zhang Wen , Chen Dian , Dong Wei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Objectives We explore midterm results after surgical treatment of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) to superior vena cava (SVC) in our institution.
Methods From 2008 to 2017, 78 patients underwent surgical repair for PAPVC to SVC. Patients were divided into three groups based on surgical techniques: Single-patch repair (n = 20, group A), double-patch repair (n = 31, group B), and Warden repair (n = 27, group C). Their median age was 1.9 years (range: 3 months–13.8 years); median weight was 11.4 kg (range: 4.4–39.7 kg). Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic were available for all patients.
Results There were no early or late mortality. The mean follow-up duration was 1.8 ± 2.1 years (range: 0.6 months to 8 years). No pulmonary venous obstruction occurred and no residual left-to-right shunts sustained during the follow-up. Reoperation for SVC obstruction was required: 1 (5.3%) in group A, 1 (3.2%) in group B, and 2 (7.4%) in group C (p = 0.78). Four patients (3 in group B, 1 in group C, p = 0.7) presented transient rhythm disturbance at discharge and one patient in group B remains nonsinus rhythm during follow-up. Pacemaker was not required in all patients.
Conclusion PAPVC to SVC can be safely managed by multiple techniques. Careful manipulation nearby sinus node must be emphasized during double-patch repair to prevent injury of sinus node. Obstruction of postoperative SVC stenosis should be paid attention to after Warden procedure. For young patients, operation should not be performed that early, but until preschool age.
Surgical Cytoreduction and HITOC for Thymic Malignancies with Pleural Dissemination
Authors: Markowiak Till , Neu Reiner , Ansari Mohammed Khalid Afeen , Großer Christian , Klinkhammer-Schalke Monika , Hofmann Hans-Stefan , Ried Michael 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background Objective of this study was to assess postoperative morbidity and mortality as well as recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with thymic malignancies and pleural dissemination undergoing surgical cytoreduction and hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITOC).
Methods Retrospective study between September 2008 and December 2017 with follow-up analysis in May 2018.
Results A total of 29 patients (male: n = 17) with thymic malignancies and pleural spread (primary stage IVa: n = 11; pleural recurrence: n = 18) were included. Surgical cytoreduction was performed via pleurectomy/decortication (P/D; n = 11), extended P/D (n = 15), and extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP; n = 3). These procedures resulted in 25 (86%) patients with macroscopically complete (R0/R1) resection. Intraoperative HITOC was performed for 60 minutes at 42°C either with cisplatin (100 mg/m2 body surface area [BSA] n = 8; 150 mg/m2 BSA n = 6; 175 mg/m2 BSA n = 1) or with a combination of cisplatin (175 mg/m2 BSA)/doxorubicin (65 mg; n = 14). Postoperative complications occurred in nine patients (31%). Cytoprotective therapy resulted in lower postoperative creatinine levels (p = 0.036), and there was no need for temporary dialysis in these patients. The 90-day mortality rate was 3.4%, as one patient developed multiple organ failure. While recurrence-free 5-year survival was 54%, an overall 5-year survival rate of 80.1% was observed. Survival depended on histological subtype (p = 0.01).
Conclusion Surgical cytoreduction with HITOC is feasible in selected patients and offers encouraging survival rates. The application of cytoprotective agents appears to be effective for the prevention of postoperative renal insufficiency.
A 17-Year-Old Male with Large Retropharyngeal Neurofibroma as the Only Symptom of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1): A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Voss-Hoynes Heather A. , Mahfooz Naeem , Ostwani Waseem 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRetropharyngeal neurofibromas are rarely described in the literature and are commonly associated with severe airway-related symptoms. We report a unique case of a large retropharyngeal plexiform neurofibroma in an asymptomatic 17-year-old male patient. This patient was asymptomatic and presented for lower lip edema secondary to an insect bite. Head and neck imaging demonstrated an extensive retropharyngeal neurofibroma measuring 5.7 cm × 2.2 cm × 6.8 cm. Because of extensive involvement of cervical vasculature, the lesion was not resected in our institution and his care was referred to a large neurofibromatosis type I center.
LEOPARD Syndrome with PTPN11 Gene Mutation in Three Family Members Presenting with Different Phenotypes
Authors: Alfurayh Nuha , Alsaif Fahad , Alballa Nouf , Zeitouni Leena , Ramzan Khushnooda , Imtiaz Faiqa , Alakeel Abdullah 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLEOPARD syndrome (LS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by multiple lentigines and various congenital anomalies. The clinical diagnosis of LS requires molecular confirmation. The most frequently reported mutations in LS patients are in the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 gene, PTPN11. Herein, we report the cases of three family members from two generations who are affected by LS and all carry the PTPN11 mutation c.836A > G (p.Tyr279Cys), identified by next-generation sequencing, while exhibiting different phenotypes.
The promise and perils of alternative market-based finance: the case of P2P lending in the UK
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe collapse of the global financial industry in 2008 and the subsequent decay of most Western economies into a period of prolonged economic stagnation have represented a springboard for the progressive growth of alternative channels of financial intermediation. The reluctance and inability of mainstream banks in the post-crisis years to provide credit facilities to the real economy, most critically to start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises, propelled the latest wave of financial innovation, this time under the guise of FinTech. Much has been written on the rise of FinTech in recent years, but there is still insufficient clarity about the benefits that this phenomenon is bringing to the real economy and the potential risks that can arise from its growth. This paper maps the development of FinTech lending platforms in the UK and reconceptualises the rationale for their growth. In doing that, this study focuses on the structure and operation of the main UK platforms, recognising that while some are effectively banks that adopt a technology-based business model, many platforms operate under the P2P business model. The question then is to assess the policy and regulatory approach that is relevant to UK P2P platforms. Interestingly, the emergence of P2P securitisation raises a number of regulatory and policy questions, because longer intermediation chains typical of securitisation may well defy the social and economic purposes under which the idea of P2P developed. Furthermore, questions of systemic risk inevitably resurface in these types of transactions. Ensuing problems related to the best way to regulate these new channels of financial intermediation lead to critically evaluate the initiatives launched by the UK FCA, initially under the Innovation Hub, and more recently under the consultation for a new regulatory framework.
Learning optimal decisions with confidence
Authors: Drugowitsch Jan , Mendonça André G. , Mainen Zachary F. , Pouget Alexandre 
Published: November 2019

Significance
Popular models for the trade-off between speed and accuracy of everyday decisions usually assume fixed, low-dimensional sensory inputs. In contrast, in the brain, these inputs are distributed across larger populations of neurons, and their interpretation needs to be learned from feedback. We ask how such learning could occur and demonstrate that efficient learning is significantly modulated by decision confidence. This modulation predicts a particular dependency pattern between consecutive choices and provides insight into how a priori biases for particular choices modulate the mechanisms leading to efficient decisions in these models.
Design and analysis of high speed low area-power semi-custom standard library cells using 90nm MOCMOS technology
Authors: Veera Boopathy E , Usha M , Swathi R , Usha A , Subhashree N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this project, we are designing a standard library cell with 90nm technology using GNU/Electric with MOCMOS technology. The library cell consists of 24 cells with each cell having the following views: Icon, Schematic and Layout. The standard library cell includes Basic Gates, Adder circuits, Flip-flops, Latches and Multiplexers. The parameters: Rise Time, Fall Time and Area for all these cells are calculated and listed in a table. Area of each cell in this library is compared with 180nm (CMOS Cells) and 300nm (MUDD Library) technologies. Simulation of each cell is done using LT-SPICE software. GDS file is generated for these cells and 3D view of the layouts is also shown.
Force Measurement in Patellofemoral Joint for Osteoarthritis Patients Using Labview
Authors: Devapriya S , Ashokkumar D , Raj Karthik 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), is a joint disease which is consider as incurable in nature. The OA causes results in joint damage. Knee osteoarthritis is one of the major disease which causes damages in the cartilage between femur and tibia. The patellofemoral region is mainly involved in knee osteoarthritis. The main aim of this study is to measure the forces during the walking movement in left and right part of patello femoral joint for OA patients and normal subjects. The objective is to design a circuit to measure forces and to test the difference between OA patients and normal subjects. The hardware circuit was designed using NI ELVIS ( National Instrument Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite), which is used to interface the sensors with the labVIEW software. The labVIEW software is used to acquire data from the sensors. The circuit was designed using two FSR sensors (Force Sensitive Resistor) which are fitted to the upper part of the patellofemoral joint on right and left knee separately. The forces which are obtained by the walking movement within the duration of three minutes. The measured output shows a decrement in force compare to normal and OA subjects and it also has been identified that right knee force is greater than left knee force.