bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of residence time and temperature on product yields during the pyrolysis of coconut husks
Authors: Adeyemo K. K. , Efemwenkiekie U. K. , Badmus F. O. , Ogundile O. P. , Akinpelu A. , Itabiyi E. O. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study explains the effect of residence time and temperature on product yield obtained from Coconut husks’ pyrolysis. The husk of the coconut was prepared in the required sizes for the experiment. The experiment was carried out on eighteen different coconut husks at different temperature ranges and varying residence time. The coconut husk pyrolysis was confirmed to give three product yields: char (solid), tar (liquid), and the gaseous fuel, while a polynomial regression model was developed using the Response surface methodology (RSM) to create a polynomial regression model. The effect of pyrolysis temperature level change and its product yield duration was investigated using Full Factorial Design (FFD). Generally, during the pyrolysis process, it can be observed that temperature and reaction time have a strong outcome on the product yields. When the pyrolysis temperature increases at constant residence time, the biogas production increases, and vice versa.
Experimental investigation on light non-aqueous phase liquids removal from groundwater using steam injection technique
Authors: Ojo B. S. , Babaremu K. O. , Adegbola A. A. , Ademosun O. T. , Ogundile O. P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Groundwater pollution by Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) has become an increasing threat. This article studied the steam injection efficiency in the groundwater remediation contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquid (diesel) through a bench-scale laboratory experiment. The experimental set up consists of a steam boiler and sandbox. Steam, which was generated from the steam boiler was supplied to the sandbox at injection rate of 0.14m3/s, pressure of 1.5bar and temperature of 150°C. The initial volume of diesel used was 500ml. At the supply of the steam to the sandbox, it was observed that the mixture of groundwater and diesel was heated and at a temperature above their boiling points, the mixture change phase and vaporized from the chamber through the outlet or recovery side into the condenser and were separated on cooling using phase separator. The remediation time was from 0 to 6 hours and it was showed that as the time increases, the recovered volume of diesel increases as 66.04% of diesel was recovered after the allowed 6hours. Therefore, it was evident that the steam injection technique is efficient in the removal of light non-aqueous phase liquids in groundwater.
Rain-fed pulses of methane from East Africa during 2018–2019 contributed to atmospheric growth rate
Authors: Lunt Mark F , Palmer Paul I , Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Landgraf Jochen , Parker Robert J , Boesch Hartmut 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
East Africa is a key location for wetland emissions of methane (CH4), driven by variations in rainfall that are in turn influenced by sea-surface temperature gradients over the Indian Ocean. Using satellite observations of CH4 and an atmospheric chemistry-transport model, we quantified East African CH4 emissions during 2018 and 2019 when there was 3-σ anomalous rainfall during the long rains (March–May) in 2018 and the short rains (October–December) in 2019. These rainfall anomalies resulted in CH4 emissions of 6.2 ± 0.3 Tg CH4 and 8.6 ± 0.3 Tg CH4, in each three month period, respectively, and represent a 10% and 37% increase compared to the equivalent season in the opposite year, when rainfall was close to the long-term seasonal mean. We find the additional short rains emissions were equivalent to over a quarter of the growth in global emissions in 2019, highlighting the disproportionate role of East Africa in the global CH4 budget.
A Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generating System: A Technical Review
Authors: Bera Tushar Kanti 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation technique is a nonconventional electric power harvesting modality in which the electricity is generated from an ionised fluid flow under a magnetic field. The ionized fluid moving under a magnetic field works as a moving electrical conductor and the MHD generator generates electrical energy according to the Faraday’s electromagnetic principle. The concept of MHD based electric power generation was first time introduced by Michael Faraday in 1832, and since then the MHD power generation method has been studied by several groups of researcher. In this paper the MHD technique has been discussed in details followed by a discussion on its components and instrumentation. A technical review on the research works conducted on MHD power generation has been presented and the major developments have been highlighted. The present scenario and the future trends are also discussed along with the challenges of the technology.
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) for Photovoltaic Materials: Possibilities and Challenges
Authors: Bera Tushar Kanti 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a noninvasive material characterization technique which provides the frequency response of the electrical impedance of materials under test as the signature of the material properties. EIS injects constant amplitude AC electrical currents and measures the developed potentials at different frequency points to calculate the complex electrical impedance. In EIS, the electrical impedance profile of a material is correlated with its structure and composition for material testing either online or offline. EIS is found as a fast, portable, user-friendly, and noninvasive technique and hence, it has been utilized for material characterization in a number of engineering fields and applied science areas. In the past few decades, EIS has also been used to characterize the photovoltaic materials. This paper reviews the possibilities and challenges of EIS technique applied for the characterization of the photovoltaic materials. The paper presents a brief discussion about the EIS technology, applications of EIS on PV materials along with the advantages and limitations of the technology. The paper concludes with the highlight of the recent trends of EIS based PV material characterization process mentioning the challenges of the technique.
Appreciation of Social Norms in Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
Authors: Brown Warren S , Burnett Karissa A , Vaillancourt Ashley , Paul Lynn K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Anecdotal reports regarding high-functioning adults with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) suggest that they often lack psychosocial insight. We attempted to determine whether adults with AgCC are able to correctly identify appropriate behaviors within social contexts using the Social Norms Questionnaire.

Method
The Social Norms Questionnaire measures knowledge of norms and judgments of what is appropriate to do in particular contexts. It was administered online to individuals with AgCC and control participants.

Results
Individuals with AgCC scored significantly lower in understanding social norms than controls, tending to over-adhere to social norms significantly more than controls. There was no significant difference regarding breaking of social norms.

Conclusion
Results suggest that adults with AgCC have deficient judgment regarding the nuances of appropriate behaviors in social contexts. They adhere to social norms concretely, lacking the ability to integrate context in social scenarios to make appropriately nuanced judgments.
Anticancer peptides prediction with deep representation learning features
Authors: Lv Zhibin , Cui Feifei , Zou Quan , Zhang Lichao , Xu Lei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAnticancer peptides constitute one of the most promising therapeutic agents for combating common human cancers. Using wet experiments to verify whether a peptide displays anticancer characteristics is time-consuming and costly. Hence, in this study, we proposed a computational method named identify anticancer peptides via deep representation learning features (iACP-DRLF) using light gradient boosting machine algorithm and deep representation learning features. Two kinds of sequence embedding technologies were used, namely soft symmetric alignment embedding and unified representation (UniRep) embedding, both of which involved deep neural network models based on long short-term memory networks and their derived networks. The results showed that the use of deep representation learning features greatly improved the capability of the models to discriminate anticancer peptides from other peptides. Also, UMAP (uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction) and SHAP (shapley additive explanations) analysis proved that UniRep have an advantage over other features for anticancer peptide identification. The python script and pretrained models could be downloaded from https://github.com/zhibinlv/iACP-DRLF or from http://public.aibiochem.net/iACP-DRLF/.
Advancing Landscape and Seascape Ecology from a 2D to a 3D Science
Authors: Lepczyk Christopher A , Wedding Lisa M , Asner Gregory P , Pittman Simon J , Goulden Tristan , Linderman Marc A , Gang Jeanne , Wright Rosalie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLandscape ecology has fundamentally changed the way ecologists view the world through a greater understanding of the links between spatial patterns and ecological processes. Until recently, landscape ecology has been largely a two-dimensional (2D) science focused on the spatial patterning of 2D planar surfaces rather than three-dimensional (3D) structures. Advances in high-resolution remote sensing technologies, such as laser altimetry, acoustic sensors, and photogrammetry now provide the capability to map complex ecosystem structure in three dimensions, creating more structurally realistic models of the environment. In the present article, we focus on high-resolution 3D structure, using terrestrial and marine examples to illustrate how state-of-the-art advances in landscape ecology achieved through novel data fusion, spatial analysis, and geovisualization of environmental data can provide new ecological insights. These examples provide a look to the future in landscape and seascape ecology, where continued progress toward a multidimensional science will fundamentally shift the way we view, explore, and conceptualize the world.
Experimental near-infrared spectroscopy-guided minimally invasive segmental artery occlusion
Authors: von Aspern Konstantin , Haunschild Josephina , Heier Marcus , Ossmann Susann , Mohr Friedrich W , Borger Michael A , Etz Christian D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Minimally invasive staged segmental artery (SA) coil- and plug embolization is a new method for paraplegia prevention associated with extensive aortic procedures. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the paraspinal collateral network (cnNIRS) has emerged as a non-invasive method for spinal cord monitoring. The aim of this study was to evaluate cnNIRS to guide minimally invasive SA occlusion.

METHODS
In a chronic large animal experiment, 18 juvenile pigs underwent two-stage minimally invasive staged SA coil- and plug embolization for complete SA occlusion. Coil-embolization was performed either by SA main stem occlusion (characteristic of pig anatomy) or separately for the left- and right SA. Lumbar cnNIRS was recorded during and after the procedure. Neurological status was assessed up to 3 days after complete SA occlusion.

RESULTS
Mean time from SA coil embolization to minimum cnNIRS values was 11 ± 5 min with an average decrease from 101 ± 2% to 78 ± 8% of baseline (difference: −23 ± 9, P &lt; 0.001). Lumbar cnNIRS demonstrated significant differences between left and right when SAs were occluded separately in all cases (−7 ± 4%, 1 min after first SA occlusion; P = 0.001). Permanent paraplegia occurred in 2 (11%) and any kind of neurological deficit—temporary or permanent—in 7 animals (39%). Association between lumbar cnNIRS and neurological outcome after minimally invasive staged SA coil- and plug embolization suggests positive correlation (R = 0.5, P = 0.052).

CONCLUSIONS
Lumbar cnNIRS independently reacts to unilateral SA occlusion. cnNIRS-guided SA occlusion is feasible and may become a useful adjunct facilitating adequate and complete vessel occlusion.
Nasal ventilation and rapid maxillary expansion (RME): a randomized trial
Authors: Iwasaki Tomonori , Papageorgiou Spyridon N , Yamasaki Youichi , Ali Darendeliler M , Papadopoulou Alexandra K 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Objective
To assess three rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances in nasal ventilation.

Trial design
Three-arm parallel randomized clinical trial.

Methods
Sixty-six growing subjects (10–16 years old) needing RME as part of their orthodontic treatment were randomly allocated (1:1:1 ratio) to three groups of 22 patients receiving Hyrax (H), Hybrid-Hyrax (HH), or Keles keyless expander (K). The primary outcome of nasal ventilation (pressure and velocity) and secondary outcomes (skeletal, dental, soft tissue, and nasal obstruction changes) were blindly assessed on the initial (T0) and final (T1, 6 months at appliance removal) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data by applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Differences across groups were assessed with crude and adjusted for baseline values and confounders (gender, age, skeletal maturation, expansion amount, mucosal/adenoid hypertrophy, nasal septum deviation) regression models with alpha = 5%.

Results
Fifty-four patients were analysed (19H, 21HH, 14K). RME reduced both nasal pressure (H: −45.8%, HH: −75.5%, K: −63.2%) and velocity (H: −30%, HH: −58.5%, K: −35%) accompanied with nasal obstruction resolution (H: 26%, HH: 62%, K: 50%). Regressions accounting for baseline severity indicated HH expander performing better in terms of post-expansion maximum velocity (P = 0.03) and nasal obstruction resolution (P = 0.04), which was robust to confounders. Mucosal/adenoid hypertrophy and nasal septum deviation changes were variable, minimal, and similar across groups. The HH resulted in significantly greater increase in the nasal cross-sectional area (62.3%), anterior (14.6%), and posterior (10.5%) nasal widths. Nasal obstruction resolution was more probable among younger (P = 0.04), skeletally immature (P = 0.03), and male patients (P = 0.02) without pre-treatment mucosal hypertrophy (P = 0.04), while HH was associated with marginal greater probability for obstruction resolution.

Conclusions
RME resulted in improvement of nasal skeletal parameters and simulated ventilation with the former being in favour of the HH and the latter not showing significant differences among the three appliances.

Limitation
Attrition in the K group due to blocked activation rods possibly leading to limited sample to identify any existing group differences.

Harms
Replacement of blocked Keles expanders for finalizing treatment.

Protocol
The protocol was not published before the trial commencement.

Registration
Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry; ACTRN12617001136392.
A WIDESPREAD SILENT POLYMORPHISM OF HUMAN CARBONIC ANHYDRASE III (31 ILE ↔ VAL): IMPLICATIONS FOR EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS
Authors: Hewett-Emmett David , Welty Rosalind J , Tashian Richard E 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
During amino acid sequence studies of carbonic anhydrase (CA) III, purified from a pool of human skeletal muscles, an electrophoretically undetectable (silent) variation was found at residue 31 which was either valine and/or isoleucine. To distinguish a simple allelic polymorphism from more complex models involving gene duplication, 11 separate CA III samples were purified from individuals of different age and racial backgrounds. Peptide mapping by high performance liquid chromatography and sequencing indicated that four were homozygous for 31-Val, three homozygous for 31-Ile and four were apparent heterozygotes. Since the ratio of Val/Ile at residue 31 was approximately 1.0 in the heterozygotes, the present observations are consistent with a simple allelic polymorphism model. Despite the small sample size, there are preliminary indications that the gene frequencies may differ among racial groups. The finding of this silent allelic polymorphism together with the finding of an electrophoretically detectable polymorphism of CA II permits us to test the linkage of the CA II and CA III genes which appear to have been formed by gene dupliction more than 300 million years ago. The possibility that the Val/Ile variation may represent a neutral mutation is discussed.
AN AUTOSOMAL GENE THAT AFFECTS X CHROMOSOME EXPRESSION AND SEX DETERMINATION IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Authors: Meneely Philip M , Wood William B 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Recessive mutant alleles at the autosomal dpy-21 locus of C. elegans cause a dumpy phenotype in XX animals but not in XO animals. This dumpy phenotype is characteristic of X chromosome aneuploids with higher than normal X to autosome ratios and is proposed to result from overexpression of X-linked genes. We have isolated a new dpy-21 allele that also causes partial hermaphroditization of XO males, without causing the dumpy phenotype. All dpy-21 alleles show hermaphroditization effects in XO males that carry a duplication of part of the X chromosome and also partially suppress a transformer (tra-1) mutation that converts XX animals into males. Experiments with a set of X chromosome duplications show that the defects of dpy-21 mutants can result from interaction with several different regions of the X chromosome. We propose that dpy-21 regulates X chromosome expression and may be involved in interpreting X chromosome dose for the developmental decisions of both sex determination and dosage compensation.
ASSOCIATION OF CHROMOSOME AND ENZYME POLYMORPHISMS IN NATURAL AND CAGE POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Inoue Yutaka , Tobari Yoshiko N , Tsuno Kendo , Watanabe Takao K 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The frequencies of a polymorphic inversion, In(2L)t, and of Adh and αGpdh alleles were analyzed in three natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from Japan. Significant positive correlations between the frequencies of In(2L)t and AdhS or ?GpdhF were detected due to tight linkage. An analysis of correlation with latitude showed that the negative cline of AdhS frequency could be explained entirely by its linkage with In(2L)t; the frequency of AdhS on the standard chromosome did not show a latitudinal cline. To the contrary, the cline of αGpdhF frequency itself was positive, and its linkage with In(2L)t makes the positive cline unclear. These results suggest that the two allozymes themselves respond to latitudinal natural selection in different ways. When these populations were transferred to laboratory cages and maintained for a long time, they lost the chromosomal polymorphism but retained stable enzyme polymorphisms, although allele frequencies in the cage were not the same as in nature. The frequencies of Adh and αGpdh alleles were close to those in earlier cage populations of the same geographical origin.
DISTRIBUTION OF NONSTRUCTURAL VARIATION BETWEEN WHEAT CULTIVARS ALONG CHROMOSOME ARM 6Bp: EVIDENCE FROM THE LINKAGE MAP AND PHYSICAL MAP OF THE ARM
Authors: Dvořák Jan , Chen Kuey-Chu 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Metaphase I (MI) pairing of homologous chromosomes in wheat intercultivar hybrids (heterohomologous chromosomes) is usually reduced relative to that within the inbred parental cultivars (euhomologous chromosomes). It was proposed elsewhere that this phenomenon is caused by polymorphism in nucleotide sequences (nonstructural chromosome variation) among wheat cultivars. The distribution of this polymorphism along chromosome arm 6Bp (=6BS) of cultivars Chinese Spring and Cheyenne was investigated. A population of potentially recombinant chromosomes derived from crossing over between telosome 6Bp of Chinese Spring and Cheyenne chromosome 6B was developed in the isogenic background of Chinese Spring. The approximate length of the Chinese Spring segment present in each of these chromosomes was assessed by determining for each chromosome the interval in which crossing over occurred (utilizing the rRNA gene region, a distal C-band and the gliadin gene region as markers). The MI pairing frequencies of these chromosomes (only the complete chromosomes were used) with the normal Chinese Spring telosome 6Bp were determined. These were directly proportional to the length of the euhomologous segment. The longer the incorporated euhomologous segment the better was the MI pairing. This provided evidence that the heterohomologous chromosomes are differentiated from each other in numerous sites distributed throughout the arm.—The comparison of the physical map of arm 6Bp with the linkage map showed a remarkable distortion of the linkage map; no crossing over was detected in the proximal 68% of the arm. A population of 49 recombinant chromosomes was assayed for recombination within the rRNA gene region, but none was detected. No new length variants of the nontranscribed spacer separating the 18S and 26S rRNA genes were detected either.
MUTANTS OF S. CEREVISIAE DEFECTIVE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF MINICHROMOSOMES
Authors: Maine Gregory T , Sinha Pratima , Tye Bik-Kwoon 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We have isolated yeast mutants that are defective in the maintenance of circular minichromosomes. The minichromosomes are mitotically stable plasmids, each of which contains a different ARS (autonomously replicating sequence), a centrometeric sequence, CEN5, and two yeast genes, LEU2 and URA3. Forty minichromosome maintenance-defective (Mcm-) mutants were characterized. They constitute 16 complementation groups. These mutants can be divided into two classes, specific and nonspecific, by their differential ability to maintain minichromosomes with different ARSs. The specific class of mutants is defective only in the maintenance of minichromosomes that carry a particular group of ARSs irrespective of the centromeric sequence present. The nonspecific class of mutants is defective in the maintenance of all minichromosomes tested irrespective of the ARS or centromeric sequence present. The specific class may include mutants that do not initiate DNA replication effectively at specific ARSs present on the minichromosomes; the nonspecific class may include mutants that are affected in the segregation and/or replication of circular plasmids in general.