bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing restoration success by predicting time to recovery—But by which metric?
Authors: Rydgren Knut , Auestad Inger , Halvorsen Rune , Hamre Liv Norunn , Jongejans Eelke , Töpper Joachim P. , Sulavik Jan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Restoration of degraded ecosystems may take decades or even centuries. Accordingly, information about the current direction and speed of recovery provided by methods for predicting time to recovery may give important feedback to restoration schemes. While predictions of time to recovery have so far been based mostly upon change in species richness and other univariate predictors, the novel ordination‐regression based approach (ORBA) affords a multivariate approach based upon species compositional change.

We used species composition data from four alpine spoil heaps in western Norway, recorded at three time points, to predict time to recovery using ORBA. This approach uses distances between restored plots and reference plots along a successional gradient, represented by a vector in ordination space, to model linear or asymptotic relationships of compositional change as a function of time. Results from ORBA were compared with results from models of more generic univariate attributes, that is total cover, species richness and properties of the physical environment as functions of time.

ORBA predictions of time to species compositional recovery varied from less than 60 years with linear models to 115–212 years with asymptotic models. The long estimated time to recovery suggests that the restoration schemes adopted for these spoil heaps are likely to be suboptimal.

Much shorter time to recovery was predicted from some of the more generic univariate attributes, that is species richness and total cover, than from species composition. Given the current rates of recovery, most spoil heaps will reach reference levels for total cover and species richness within 50 years, whereas predictions indicate that 67–111 years are needed to restore levels of soil organic matter and pH.

Synthesis and applications. Species composition and soil conditions provide information of generally higher relevance for evaluation of ecosystem recovery processes than the most commonly used metric to assess restoration success, species richness. Species richness is decoupled from species compositional recovery, and likely to be a generally poor measure of restoration success. We therefore encourage further improvement of methods like the ordination‐regression based approach that use species compositional data to predict time to recovery.
Those Glass Chains that Bind You: How British Muslim Women Professionals Experience Career, Faith and Family
Authors: Arifeen Shehla R. , Gatrell Caroline 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper contributes to gender and diversity research through proposing a new theoretical construct: glass chains. We develop ‘glass chains’ as a metaphor to illuminate how highly educated British Pakistani Muslim women professionals in the UK negotiate a fine balance between faith, family and personal ambition. Using a qualitative approach, we highlight tensions between religious and familial guidance within Islam, and workplace practices. Drawing upon the construct of ‘glass chains’, we articulate how 37 British Pakistani Muslim career women felt bound, by invisible glass chains, to the tenets of their faith. We show how the pull of glass chains obliged these women to resist certain career‐advancing opportunities. In so doing, we borrow from French philosopher Michel Foucault ideas about self‐oriented moral codes, engaging with his arguments that individuals may prioritize, over other obligations, the ties (or glass chains) which bind them to personal value sets in order that they may become ‘ethical selves’. While previous glass metaphors highlight barriers to female progression from external and structural angles, ‘glass chains’ are, by contrast, concerned with the potential for internal and personal constraints on women's ambitions. The metaphor ‘glass chains’ may be extended to enhance understanding of career constraints among other workers.
Healing architecture and psychiatric practice: (re)ordering work and space in an in‐patient ward in Denmark
Authors: Simonsen Thorben P. , Duff Cameron 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHealing architecture is a defining feature of contemporary hospital design in many parts of the world, with psychiatric in‐patient facilities in Denmark at the forefront of this innovation. The approach rests on the contention that designed clinical spaces and the particular dispositions they express may promote patient recovery. Although the idea that health may be spatially mediated is well‐established, the means of this mediation are far from settled. This article contributes to this debate by analysing medical encounters in the context of a new purpose‐built psychiatric hospital opened in Slagelse, Denmark in late 2015 as an example of healing architecture for the region. Grounded in qualitative research conducted in two wards between 2016 and 2017, we explore the key material and social effects of the hospital's healing architecture, and the spaces and practices it enacts. Following the work of Michael Lynch, we consider both the designed ‘spatial order’ of the in‐patient wards and the ‘spatial orderings’ unfolding therein with a particular interest in how order is accomplished in psychiatric work. With much of the existing discussion of healing architectures focusing on their impacts on patient wellbeing, we consider how healing architectures may also be transforming psychiatric work.
The role of plan choice in health care utilization of high‐deductible plan enrollees
Authors: Abdus Salam 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo study whether the negative association between enrollment in high‐deductible plans and health care utilization is driven by reverse moral hazard or favorable selection, by examining adults with and without a choice of plans.Data Source2011‐2016 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component data on nonelderly adults enrolled in employer‐sponsored insurance.Study DesignFour types of plans were examined: high‐deductible health plans (HDHPs), consumer‐directed health plans (CDHPs), low‐deductible health plans (LDHPs), and no‐deductible health plans (NDHPs). Multivariate logistic regressions of various measures of health care utilization were conducted to estimate the differences in utilization across plan types among those who had a choice of plans and those who did not.Principal FindingsAmong adults with a choice of plans, HDHP enrollees had lower levels of utilization compared with those of the NDHP enrollees for any ambulatory visit, any specialist visit, and most preventive services. Among adults without any choice of plans, the differences between HDHP enrollees and NDHP enrollees were not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe differences between those with and without choice of plans in the relationship between HDHP enrollment and health care utilization might possibly be explained by favorable selection.
Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Native Americans
Authors: Findling Mary G. , Casey Logan S. , Fryberg Stephanie A. , Hafner Steven , Blendon Robert J. , Benson John M. , Sayde Justin M. , Miller Carolyn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo examine reported racial discrimination and harassment against Native Americans, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes.Data Source and Study DesignData come from a nationally representative, probability‐based telephone survey including 342 Native American and 902 white US adults, conducted January‐April 2017.MethodsWe calculated the percent of Native Americans reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the Native American‐white difference in odds of discrimination and conducted exploratory analyses among Native Americans only to examine variation by socioeconomic and geographic/neighborhood characteristics.Principal FindingsMore than one in five Native Americans (23 percent) reported experiencing discrimination in clinical encounters, while 15 percent avoided seeking health care for themselves or family members due to anticipated discrimination. A notable share of Native Americans also reported they or family members have experienced violence (38 percent) or have been threatened or harassed (34 percent). In adjusted models, Native Americans had higher odds than whites of reporting discrimination across several domains, including health care and interactions with the police/courts. In exploratory analyses, the association between geographic/neighborhood characteristics and discrimination among Native Americans was mixed.ConclusionsDiscrimination and harassment are widely reported by Native Americans across multiple domains of their lives, regardless of geographic or neighborhood context. Native Americans report major disparities compared to whites in fair treatment by institutions, particularly with health care and police/courts. Results suggest modern forms of discrimination and harassment against Native Americans are systemic and untreated problems.
Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Asian Americans
Authors: McMurtry Caitlin L. , Findling Mary G. , Casey Logan S. , Blendon Robert J. , Benson John M. , Sayde Justin M. , Miller Carolyn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo examine experiences of racial discrimination among Asian Americans, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes.Data Source and Study DesignData come from a nationally representative, probability‐based telephone survey, including 500 Asian and a comparison group of 902 white US adults, conducted January to April 2017.MethodsWe calculated the percent of Asian Americans reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the Asian‐white difference in odds of discrimination, and among Asians only to examine variation by geographic heritage group (South Asian versus East Asian) and gender.Principal Findings13 percent of Asians reported discrimination in healthcare encounters. At least one in four adults reported experiencing discrimination in employment (27 percent job applications, 25 percent equal pay/promotions); housing (25 percent); and interpersonal interactions (35 percent microaggressions, 32 percent racial slurs). In unadjusted models, East and South Asians were more likely than whites to report experiences of institutional discrimination, and South Asians were more likely than whites to report microaggressions. In adjusted models, Asians had higher odds than whites of reporting avoiding health care due to discrimination concerns and also when obtaining housing.ConclusionsAsians in the United States experience discrimination interpersonally and across many institutional settings, including housing and health care. South Asians may be especially vulnerable to forms of institutional discrimination and microaggressions. These results illustrate a need for greater investigation into the unique experiences of Asian subgroups and greater protections for groups at higher risk of discrimination, within health care and beyond.
Methodology of the Discrimination in the United States survey
Authors: Benson John M. , Ben‐Porath Eran N. , Casey Logan S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe survey methods used to examine reported experiences of discrimination against African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, women, and LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) adults.Data Source and Study DesignData came from a nationally representative, probability‐based telephone survey of 3453 US adults, conducted January‐April 2017.MethodsWe examined the survey instrument, sampling design, and weighting of the survey, and present selected survey findings.Principal FindingsExamining reported discrimination experienced by multiple groups in a telephone survey requires attention to details of sampling and weighting. In health care settings, 32 percent of African Americans reported discrimination, as did 23 percent of Native Americans, 20 percent of Latinos, 18 percent of women, 16 percent of LGBTQ adults, and 13 percent of Asian Americans. Also, 51 percent of LGBTQ adults, 42 percent of African Americans, and 38 percent of Native Americans reported identity‐based violence against themselves or family members; 57 percent of African Americans and 41 percent of women reported discrimination in pay or promotions; 50 percent of African Americans, 29 percent of Native Americans, and 27 percent of Latinos reported being discriminated against in interactions with police.ConclusionsEven the small selection of results presented in this article as examples of survey measures show a pattern of substantial reported discrimination against all six groups studied.
Rationale‐based selection of optimal operating strategies and gene dosage impact on recombinant protein production in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris)
Authors: Nieto‐Taype Miguel Angel , Garrigós‐Martínez Javier , Sánchez‐Farrando Marc , Valero Francisco , Garcia‐Ortega Xavier , Montesinos‐Seguí José Luis 
Published: October 2019

SummaryIts features as a microbial and eukaryotic organism have turned Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) into an emerging cell factory for recombinant protein production (RPP). As a key step of the bioprocess development, this work aimed to demonstrate the importance of tailor designing the cultivation strategy according to the production kinetics of the cell factory. For this purpose, K. phaffii clones constitutively expressing (PGAP) Candida rugosa lipase 1 (Crl1) with different gene dosage were used as models in continuous and fed‐batch cultures. Production parameters were much greater with a multicopy clone (MCC) than with the single‐copy clone (SCC). Regarding production kinetics, the specific product generation rate (qP) increased linearly with increasing specific growth rate (µ) in SCC; by contrast, qP exhibited saturation in MCC. A transcriptional analysis in chemostat cultures suggested the presence of eventual post‐transcriptional bottlenecks in MCC. After the strain characterization, in order to fulfil overall development of the bioprocess, the performance of both clones was also evaluated in fed‐batch mode. Strikingly, different optimal strategies were determined for both models due to the different production kinetic patterns observed as a trade‐off for product titre, yields and productivity. The combined effect of gene dosage and adequate µ enables rational process development with a view to optimize K. phaffii RPP bioprocesses.
Chronic Alcohol Consumption Enhances Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Mice Bearing Cachectic Cancers: The Role of TNFα/Myostatin Axis
Authors: Li Yuanfei , Zhang Faya , Modrak Samantha , Little Alex , Zhang Hui 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundChronic alcohol consumption enhances cancer‐associated cachexia, which is one of the major causes of decreased survival. The precise molecular mechanism of how alcohol consumption enhances cancer‐associated cachexia, especially skeletal muscle loss, remains to be elucidated.MethodsWe used a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption, in which 20% (w/v) alcohol was provided as sole drinking fluid, and Lewis lung carcinoma to study the underlying mechanisms.ResultsWe found that alcohol consumption up‐regulated the expression of MAFbx, MuRF‐1, and LC3 in skeletal muscle, suggesting that alcohol enhanced ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis and LC3‐mediated autophagy. Alcohol consumption enhanced phosphorylation of Smad2/3, p38, and ERK and decreased the phosphorylation of FOXO1. These are the signaling molecules governing protein degradation pathways. Moreover, alcohol consumption slightly up‐regulated the expression of insulin receptor substrate‐1, did not affect phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase, but decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and down‐regulated the expression of Raptor and p70 ribosomal kinase S6 kinase, suggesting that alcohol impaired protein synthesis signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of tumor‐bearing mice. Alcohol consumption enhanced the expression of myostatin in skeletal muscle, plasma, and tumor, but did not affect the expression of myostatin in non–tumor‐bearing mice. In TNFα knockout mice, the effects of alcohol‐enhanced expression of myostatin and protein degradation‐related signaling molecules, and decreased protein synthesis signaling in skeletal muscle were abolished. Consequently, alcohol consumption neither affected cancer‐associated cachexia nor decreased the survival of TNFα KO mice bearing cachectic cancer.ConclusionsChronic alcohol consumption enhances cancer‐associated skeletal muscle loss through suppressing Akt/mTOR‐mediated protein synthesis pathway and enhancing protein degradation pathways. This process is initiated by TNFα and mediated by myostatin.
Survival and cardiac toxicity in patients with HER2‐positive, metastatic breast cancer treated with trastuzumab in routine clinical practice
Authors: Vasista Anuradha , Ryan Luke , Naher Sayeda , Moylan Eugene , Stockler Martin R , Wilcken Nicholas , Kiely Belinda E 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsWe sought to describe survival outcomes and toxicities of trastuzumab in real‐world patients with HER2‐positive, metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and compare these to a recent systematic review of clinical trials.MethodsWe searched the medical records of three Sydney cancer centers for patients with HER2‐positive, MBC starting trastuzumab from January 2001 to March 2017. We recorded patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics; survival times from start of palliative trastuzumab; and rates of cardiac toxicity. Survival distribution was summarized using the following percentiles (represented scenario): 90th (worst‐case), 75th (lower‐typical), 25th (upper‐typical), and 10th (best‐case). Survival times were compared to recent review of HER2‐positive MBC randomized trials. Factors associated with survival were assessed with Cox models.ResultsCharacteristics of the 126 patients were: median age 53 years, ER positive cancer (50%), de‐novo metastatic disease (23%), prior adjuvant trastuzumab (15%), liver metastases (37%), and brain metastases (23%). The median duration of first‐line trastuzumab was 11 months (interquartile range, (IQR) 5–27). Survival times in months (vs the systematic review) were: 90th percentile 8 (9); 75th percentile 16 (19); and median 34 (33). Follow‐up duration was insufficient to estimate the 25th and 10th percentiles, similar to the systematic review. Liver metastases were associated with shorter survival (HR = 1.74, 95% CI, 1.1‐2.76, P = .02). Seventy percent of patients had a baseline cardiac assessment. Five patients (3.9%) developed symptomatic cardiac toxicity, similar to clinical trials.ConclusionSurvival and cardiac toxicity rates for women starting trastuzumab in routine practice were comparable to clinical trials. Oncologists can use clinical trial data as a reference point when explaining survival outcomes to women with HER2‐positive MBC.
Impact of sequential lines of palliative chemotherapy in patients with recurrent/metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of 107 patients at a single center
Authors: Kim Eo Jin , Kim Jong Hoon , Song Ho June , Park Sook Ryun , Kim Yong‐Hee , Kim Hyeong Ryul , Kim Sung‐Bae 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimThis study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of palliative chemotherapy by the lines of chemotherapy in recurrent/metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to compare the efficacy between the patients with initially metastatic ESCC and those with recurrent/progressed ESCC after curative treatment.Materials and MethodsAll 107 patients who began palliative chemotherapy for recurrent/metastatic ESCC from March 2015 to October 2017 were included, and grouped according to previous treatment: Groups A (previous chemoradiation alone, n = 30), B (previous surgery alone, n = 11), C (previous chemoradiation and surgery, n = 30), and D (initially metastatic or de novo stage IV, n = 36). Groups A, B, and C (pretreated group) and Group D (treatment‐naïve group) were reorganized according to treatment history. Overall response rate (ORR) and survival data were retrospectively evaluated for each group, lines of chemotherapy, and chemotherapeutic regimen.ResultsORR was 25.2%, 7.3%, and 3.4% in first‐, second‐, and third‐line chemotherapy, respectively. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 4.7, 2.0, and 2.2 months in first‐, second‐, third‐line chemotherapy, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) after first‐line palliative chemotherapy was 10.1 months, and it was not significantly different between pretreated and treatment‐naive groups. Previous surgery, good performance, ≥3 lines of chemotherapy, and low C‐reactive protein level were linked to a significantly longer OS in multivariate analysis.ConclusionBecause PFS rapidly declines with advancement of line of chemotherapy, incorporation of effective treatment modalities in early line treatments is crucial in the management of recurrent/metastatic ESCC. If tolerable, continuing advanced lines of chemotherapy may prolong survival.
A Comparison of New Factor Models in the Korean Stock Market
Authors: Kang Hankil , Kang Jangkoo , Kim Wooyeon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe compare the empirical performance of the Fama and French (2015) five‐factor model, the Hou et al. (2015) q‐factor model, and their variations in the Korean stock market. Among the models considered, we demonstrate that the adjusted five‐factor model, which includes the quarterly‐ rather than the yearly‐based profitability factor, best explains the size‐, value‐, investment‐, and profitability‐sorted portfolio returns. We also document supporting evidence that high‐minus‐low (HML) may not be a redundant factor in the existence of q‐factors. The adjusted five‐factor model outperforms the other factor models in digesting various anomalies in the Korean market.