bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of a student peer‐tutoring program focusing on the benefits to the tutors
Authors: Wankiiri‐Hale Christine , Maloney Cara , Seger Nicholas , Horvath Zsuzsa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractContextThe University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine incorporates a voluntary student peer‐tutoring program as 1 resource available to pre‐doctoral students. It uses peer‐tutoring in didactic and preclinical courses in order to provide additional help to struggling students.ObjectiveThe goal of this article is to describe an initial program assessment using data collected between 2015 and 2017. In addition to assessing the program, this report also investigates the benefits of the program to the tutors.DesignData were collected using surveys from tutors (N = 133) and tutees (N = 115), as well as reflective journals written by the tutors (response rate varies across instruments and questions). Responses to the surveys were analyzed using quantitative analysis, and content analysis was completed for coding the open‐ended short responses and reflective journals.ResultsResults show tutors' increased preparedness at the end of the term to provide tutoring, an increase in communication and teaching skills due to participation in the program, and other cited benefits to the tutor.ConclusionsIn addition to academic credit, tutors benefit from reviewing the course materials and practicing skills relevant to their future careers. Tutees provided overwhelmingly positive feedback on the tutors’ strengths and effectiveness, the program in general, and the extent to which tutoring helped their performance in the class. Based on the initial program assessment, the program provides benefits to both tutors and tutees; the tutors gain a valuable experience impacting them both academically and personally.
Steps towards validation of the Dental Education Clinical Learning Instrument (DECLEI) in American dental schools (DECLEI‐USA)
Authors: Krois Nicole R. , Kossioni Anastassia E. , Barlow Patrick B. , Tabrizi Maryam , Marchini Leonardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposes/ObjectivesFew tools assess the dental school clinical learning environment from students' perspectives. Considering previous efforts to validate the Dental Education Clinical Learning Instrument (DECLEI) in the United States, the goal of this study was to look for the fewest number of items that accounted for the most amount of variability in responses and/or had the highest correlation to the total DECLEI score using a larger, multi‐center sample.MethodsThe DECLEI was distributed to 286 students in two dental schools (University of Iowa and University of Texas at Houston) during the 2017‐2018 academic year. Two alternative methods were applied. In the first approach, all 24‐items were regressed on the total composite score using a forward conditional method. In the second approach, the item‐total correlation for the full scale was calculated and then items with relatively poor coefficients were eliminated. A cutoff of 0.30 or less was used.ResultsThe first approach, Total R2 by Regression Model, produced a 9‐item scale accounting for 90% of the variance in total score and a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.79. The second approach, Item‐Total Correlation, produced a larger scale (20 items), as well as a higher Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.89. The instrument also presented appropriate sensitivity to measure differences between race groups and school of origin.ConclusionDECLEI may have the potential to be used as an instrument to measure clinical learning environments for U.S. dental students using either a smaller, concise scale (Mini DECLEI‐USA) or a larger (DECLEI‐USA), more thorough scale.
What are the effects of photographic self‐assessment on students' risk for musculoskeletal disorders using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
Authors: Mills Mary E. , Smilyanski Irina , Giblin‐Scanlon Lori , Vineyard Jared 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposes/objectivesMusculoskeletal disorders (MSD) affect the careers of dental professionals. Research suggests symptoms of MSD begin during educational careers. This sequential explanatory study aimed to determine if dental hygiene students’ self‐assessment using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool reduced the risk of MSD development and explore students’ experiences using a risk tool.MethodsDental hygiene students (n = 21) in the last 2 of 4 sequential clinical semesters completed self‐assessment using the RULA, employing photographs taken during patient care. Initial photographs were taken before students participated in a workshop about ergonomics and application of the RULA tool. Using a within‐subjects repeated measures design, student risk scores were calculated for pre‐ and post‐workshop photographs over 4 consecutive weeks. Students (n = 10) participated in a focus group to share their experiences with the risk tool.ResultsRepeated measures one‐way analysis of variance compared differences in student RULA scores between weeks. There was a statistically significant effect of time on student self‐reported RULA scores, F(3, 60) = 7.04, P < .001. Emergent themes from the focus group were practice using RULA, video versus photographs, adjust tool for dental hygiene practice, increased self‐awareness, and connect theory to practice.ConclusionsResults suggested using self‐assessment utilizing a risk tool increased self‐awareness for ergonomics, thus reducing the risk of developing MSDs for dental hygiene students.
Evaluation of advocacy projects in undergraduate and graduate dental hygiene leadership courses
Authors: Rogo Ellen J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeThe intent of this investigation was to describe learners’ outcomes regarding a Legislative Advocacy Project and Health Policy Advocacy Project in required leadership courses in dental hygiene curricula.MethodsThe 7‐week legislative project was completed by Bachelor of Science (BS) in a traditional classroom setting and Master of Science (MS) degree dental hygiene students in an online course. The course requirement was a written paper all enrolled students completed, which comprised a significant portion of the final grade. Objectives were developed for topics presented and active learning strategies engaged students to extend learning to a higher level. Weekly activities provided a mechanism for formative assessment, and a rubric determined whether the objectives were met for the summative assessment. In 2016, the BS course was revised to include health policy, and the policy project was implemented.ResultsThe majority of students earned A or B grades on the assignments. The overall mean for the BS legislative projects based on 4 years was 89.1 (n = 104); the MS mean based on 12 years was 92 (n = 81). The mean for the BS policy projects, based on 4 years, was 91.9 (n = 111).ConclusionsThe instructional design of both advocacy projects’ objectives, active learning strategies, and summative assessment were strategically aligned and created an effective environment for learning. Oral health practitioners who are empowered to engage in advocacy initiatives are needed in the next generation. Administrators and faculty are called to action to become leaders and advocates for advocacy education in all oral healthcare programs.
Are dental schools adequately preparing dental students to face outbreaks of infectious diseases such as COVID‐19?
Authors: Ghai Suhani 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe recent 2019‐novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV, also known as SARS‐CoV‐2) has caused >2,622,571 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in >185 countries, and >182,359 deaths globally. More than 9000 healthcare workers have also been infected by 2019‐nCoV. Prior to the present pandemic of COVID‐19, there have been multiple large‐scale epidemics and pandemics of other viral respiratory infections, such as seasonal flu, Spanish flu (H1N1), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and others. Dental professionals are at an increased risk for contracting these viruses from dental patients, as dental practice involves face‐to‐face communication with the patients and frequent exposure to saliva, blood, and other body fluids. Dental education can play an important role in the training of dentists, helping them to adopt adequate knowledge and attitudes related to infection control measures. The current dental curriculum does not cover infection control adequately, especially from airborne pathogens. Infection control education needs to be included in the dental curriculum itself, and students should be trained adequately to protect them and prevent the infection from disseminating even before they see their first patient.
Investigation of inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability using digital dental software for prosthodontics crown preparations
Authors: Shih Wen , Tran Kenny , Yang Vivian , El Masoud Bilal , Sexton Christopher , Zafar Sobia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionSince the introduction of the digital dental assessment systems, there has been a shift towards this trend as it appears to provide a more accurate, reliable, time efficient, and reproducible assessment. The Planmeca Emerald scanner coupled with Romexis Compare software allows students and staff to objectively assess individual crown preparations, receive numerical values of key dimensions, and subsequently undergo comparison with ideal crown preparation dimensions.ObjectivesTo measure the inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability using the intra‐oral scanner and Romexis Compare for prosthodontic crown preparations, and to evaluate the possible implementation of this software as a grading and self‐assessment tool in a preclinical setting.MethodsThe Planmeca scanner and Romexis Compare were used to compare the difference between 30 experimental preparations (n = 15 anterior teeth, n = 15 posterior teeth) with their respective unprepared typodont teeth. Three student examiners (W., K., V.) independently scanned the typodont teeth in pre‐formed standardized and non‐standardized putty jigs. Each preparation was measured from facial, lingual, incisal/occlusal, and margin surfaces. A second trial was completed after 2 weeks to assess intra‐rater reliability. The data were tabulated, graphed, and analyzed using SPSS and GraphPad Prism.ResultsThe results of the study show greater consistencies in inter‐operator measurements for anterior teeth. Some variations, however, were found in posterior teeth measurements between the operators. The results of the intra‐rater measurements appear to be relatively consistent.ConclusionWith some limitations, Romexis Compare can be used as a reliable and repeatable method for objective and consistent evaluation of student prosthodontic preparations in a preclinical setting.
Pilot study implementing mixed media and animation into the Preclinical Dental Anesthesia Course
Authors: Fa Bernadette Alvear , Interrante Michael A. , Castagna Daniel M 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurpose/ObjectivesDuring 2019, the "perfect intersection" of collaboration and innovative education using live video merged with animation was launched in the preclinical local anesthesia curriculum at the University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry. This article includes the audible video created and describes the software used to blend dynamic animation for content delivery. This mixed‐media approach merges animation with live video resulting with innovative teaching and student learning. Further, outcomes are discussed from voluntary postassessment surveys regarding how students perceived this innovation when introduced into preclinical local anesthesia curriculum. Within the advancements for the preclinical local anesthesia curriculum, development of short videos is introduced to students reviewing armamentarium and injection delivery to address patients’ pain management.DesignWithin the advancements for this preclinical local anesthesia curriculum, short video development was introduced to students through online assessments. Afterward, students were given a voluntary postassessment survey. The 2017 results served as the genesis for the 2019 pilot study implementing mixed media and animation into assessments.Results/ConclusionResults determined 78.6% agreed they would like to see more assessments made with integrated animation and mixed media. Additionally, 77% agreed they would like to see other courses use mixed media assessments. The pilot study implementing mixed media and animation into the preclinical dental anesthesia course was a unique addition to the curriculum engaging students for assessments.
Frontline Science: P2Y11 receptors support T cell activation by directing mitochondrial trafficking to the immune synapse
Authors: Ledderose Carola , Bromberger Sophie , Slubowski Christian J , Sueyoshi Koichiro , Junger Wolfgang G 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
T cells form an immune synapse (IS) with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to detect antigens that match their TCR. Mitochondria, pannexin-1 (panx1) channels, and P2X4 receptors congregate at the IS where mitochondria produce the ATP that panx1 channels release in order to stimulate P2X4 receptors. P2X4 receptor stimulation causes cellular Ca2+ influx that up-regulates mitochondrial metabolism and localized ATP production at the IS. Here we show that P2Y11 receptors are essential players that sustain these T cell activation mechanisms. We found that P2Y11 receptors retract from the IS toward the back of cells where their stimulation by extracellular ATP induces cAMP/PKA signaling that redirects mitochondrial trafficking to the IS. P2Y11 receptors thus reinforce IS signaling by promoting the aggregation of mitochondria with panx1 ATP release channels and P2X4 receptors at the IS. This dual purinergic signaling mechanism involving P2X4 and P2Y11 receptors focuses mitochondrial metabolism to the IS where localized ATP production sustains synaptic activity in order to allow successful completion of T cell activation responses. Our findings have practical implications because rodents lack P2Y11 receptors, raising concerns as to the validity of rodent models to study treatment of infections and inflammatory conditions.
Tensile force transmitted through LFA-1 bonds mechanoregulate neutrophil inflammatory response
Authors: Morikis Vasilios A , Masadeh Eman , Simon Scott I 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of acute inflammation is guided by spatial and temporal cues that ensure appropriate cell numbers infiltrate the tissue at precise locations to protect it from infection and initiate repair. On inflamed endothelium, neutrophil rolling via selectins elicits cytosolic calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stores that are synergistic with chemokine signaling to activate formation of high affinity (HA) LFA-1 bonds to ICAM-1, which is necessary to anchor cells against the drag force of blood flow. Bond tension on LFA-1 within the area of adhesive contact with endothelium elicits calcium entry through calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai-1) membrane channels that in turn activate neutrophil shape change and migration. We hypothesized that mechanotransduction via LFA-1 is mediated by assembly of a cytosolic molecular complex consisting of Kindlin-3, receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), and Orai1. Initiation of Ca2+ flux at sites of adhesive contact required a threshold level of shear stress and increased with the magnitude of bond tension transduced across as few as 200 HA LFA-1. A sequential mechanism triggered by force acting on LFA-1/Kindlin-3 precipitated dissociation of RACK1, which formed a concentration gradient above LFA-1 bond clusters. This directed translocation of ER proximal to Orai1, where binding of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 1 and activation via stromal interaction molecule 1 elicited Ca flux and subsequent neutrophil shape change and motility. We conclude that neutrophils sense adhesive traction on LFA-1 bonds on a submicron scale to direct calcium influx, thereby ensuring sufficient shear stress of blood flow is present to trigger cell arrest and initiate transmigration at precise regions of vascular inflammation.
Increasing complexity of NLRP3 inflammasome regulation
Authors: Moretti Julien , Blander J Magarian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that assemble upon detection of danger signals to activate the inflammatory enzyme caspase-1, trigger secretion of the highly proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, and induce an inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. Distinctiveness of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization (NOD), Leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome resides in the diversity of molecules that induce its activation, indicating a certain intricacy. Furthermore, besides the canonical activation of NLRP3 in response to various stimuli, caspase-11-dependent detection of intracellular LPS activates NLRP3 through a noncanonical pathway. Several aspects of the NLRP3 inflammasome are not characterized or remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the different modes of NLRP3 activation. We describe recent insights into post-translational and cellular regulation that confer further complexity to NLRP3 inflammasomes.
Trauma induces expansion and activation of a memory-like Treg population
Authors: Yamakawa Kazuma , Tajima Goro , Keegan Joshua W , Nakahori Yasutaka , Guo Fei , Seshadri Anupamaa J , Cahill Laura A , Lederer James A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are acutely activated by traumatic injury, which suggests that they may react to injury with similar kinetics as memory T cells. Here, we used a mouse burn trauma model to screen for memory-like T cell responses to injury by transferring T cells from sham or burn CD45.1 mice into CD45.2 mice and performing secondary injuries in recipient mice. Among all T cell subsets that were measured, only Tregs expanded in response to secondary injury. The expanded Tregs were a CD44high/CD62Llow subpopulation, markers indicative of memory T cells. CyTOF (cytometry by time-of-flight) mass cytometry was used to demonstrate that injury-expanded Tregs expressed higher levels of CD44, CTLA-4, ICOS, GITR, and Helios than Tregs from noninjured mice. Next, we tested whether a similar population of Tregs might react acutely to burn trauma. We observed that Tregs with a phenotype that matched the injury-expanded Tregs were activated by 6 h after injury. To test if Treg activation by trauma requires functional MHC class II, we measured trauma-induced Treg activation in MHC class II gene deficient (MHCII−/−) mice or in mice that were given Fab fragment of anti-MHC class II antibody to block TCR activation. Injury-induced Treg activation occurred in normal mice but only partial activation was detected in MHCII−/− mice or in mice that were given Fab anti-MHCII antibody. These findings demonstrate that trauma activates a memory-like Treg subpopulation and that Treg activation by injury is partially dependent on TCR signaling by an MHC class II dependent mechanism.
The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of co‐infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza viruses in patients during COVID‐19 outbreak
Authors: Yue Huihui , Zhang Ming , Xing Lihua , Wang Ke , Rao Xiaoling , Liu Hong , Tian Jianbo , Zhou Peng , Deng Yan , Shang Jin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, we performed a single‐centered study of 307 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infected patients. It was found that co‐infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza virus was common during COVID‐19 outbreak. And patients coinfected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza B virus have a higher risk of developing poor outcomes so a detection of both viruses was recommended during COVID‐19 outbreak.
Can steroids reverse the severe COVID‐19 induced “cytokine storm”?
Authors: Kolilekas Lykourgos , Loverdos Konstantinos , Giannakaki Styliani , Vlassi Lamprini , Levounets Anastasia , Zervas Eleftherios , Gaga Mina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSevere coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is characterized by an excessive proinflammatory cytokine storm, resulting in acute lung injury and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The role of corticosteroids is controversial in severe COVID‐19 pneumonia and associated hyper‐inflammatory syndrome. We reported a case series of six consecutive COVID‐19 patients with severe pneumonia, ARDS and laboratory indices of hyper‐inflammatory syndrome. All patients were treated early with a short course of corticosteroids, and clinical outcomes were compared before and after corticosteroids administration. All patients evaded intubation and intensive care admission, ARDS resolved within 11.8 days (median), viral clearance was achieved in four patients within 17.2 days (median), and all patients were discharged from the hospital in 16.8 days (median). Early administration of short course corticosteroids improves clinical outcome of patients with severe COVID‐19 pneumonia and evidence of immune hyperreactivity.
Environmental and decontamination issues for human coronaviruses and their potential surrogates
Authors: Cimolai Nevio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPandemic coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) gives ample reason to generally review coronavirus (CoV) containment. For establishing some preliminary views on decontamination and disinfection, surrogate CoVs have commonly been assessed. This review serves to examine the existing science in regard to CoV containment generically and then to translate these findings into timely applications for COVID‐19. There is widespread dissemination of CoVs in the immediate patient environment, and CoVs can potentially be spread via respiratory secretions, urine, and stool. Interpretations of the spread however must consider whether studies examine for viral RNA, virus viability by culture, or both. Presymptomatic, asymptomatic, and post‐14 day virus excretion from patients may complicate the epidemiology. Whereas droplet spread is accepted, there continues to be controversy over the extent of possible airborne spread and especially now for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). CoVs are stable in body secretions and sewage at reduced temperatures. In addition to temperature, dryness or relative humidity, initial viral burden, concomitant presence of bioburden, and the type of surface can all affect stability. Generalizing, CoVs can be susceptible to radiation, temperature extremes, pH extremes, peroxides, halogens, aldehydes, many solvents, and several alcohols. Whereas detergent surfactants can have some direct activity, these agents are better used as complements to a complex disinfectant solution. Disinfectants with multiple agents and adverse pH are more likely to be best active at higher water temperatures. Real‐life assessments should be encouraged with working dilutions. The use of decontamination and disinfection should be balanced with considerations of patient and caregiver safety. Processes should also be balanced with considerations for other potential pathogens that must be targeted. Given some CoV differences and given that surrogate testing provides experimental correlates at best, direct assessments with SARS‐CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), and SARS‐CoV‐2 are required.