bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decarboxylative A3‐coupling reactions: An overview
Authors: Li Jiajia , Li Lei , Vessally Esmail 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe propargylamine motif is not only prevalent in a wide variety of pharmaceuticals and other biologically active compounds but also utilized as a versatile building block in organic synthesis. Among the various methods for the synthesis of propargylamine derivatives, A3‐coupling represents one of the most general and attractive routes, since it offers the possibility for the construction of complex molecules from simple starting materials (amines, aldehydes, and alkynes) in one‐step with high atom economy. However, the use of volatile alkynes is the main disadvantage of this reaction. Recently, alkynyl carboxylic acids were successfully used as easily accessible and high stable surrogates for alkynes (via in situ decarboxylation) in A3‐coupling reactions. This Focus‐Review aims to give an overview of the decarboxylative A3‐coupling reactions by hoping that it will be beneficial to elicit further research in this appealing research arena. A special emphasis is placed on mechanistic aspect of reactions which may allow possible new insights into catalyst improvement.
Short‐term captivity does not affect immediate voluntary thermal maximum of a neotropical pitviper: Implications for behavioral thermoregulation
Authors: Díaz‐Ricaurte Juan C. , Serrano Filipe C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEctotherms depend on temperature to maintain their physiological functions and through behavioral changes, they can avoid overheating in their habitats. The voluntary thermal maximum (VTMax) represents the maximum temperature tolerated by individuals before actively moving to a colder place. However, if and how VTMaxmight change after capture and in captivity remains understudied. We investigate if measurements taken in captivity are a good proxy for thermal tolerance of wild individuals. As thermal history has been shown to affect behavioral response and physiological parameters, herein we hypothesized that VTMaxof the neotropical viperBothrops pauloensisvaries throughout the captivity period. We measured the VTMaxof individuals immediately after capture and in three trials during a short‐term period in captivity. Measurements were done by recording their body temperature at which they exited a heating box experimental setup. In contrast to our hypothesis, the VTMaxwas not significantly affected by time in captivity but there was interindividual variation. There were also no significant differences between field and captivity measurements, in spite of the small effect size. Our results indicate that the VTMaxof this snake population is not affected by a short‐term captivity period. Furthermore, an invariant VTMaxmight indicate low phenotypic plasticity, as individuals do not appear to adjust their tolerance to short‐term exposure to higher temperatures and potential vulnerability to threats such as global warming. We expect that our results can contribute to understanding the effect of captivity on thermal tolerance in neotropical squamates, allowing for insights into their thermal physiology and ecology.
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers 2019: The 3rd English edition
Authors: Nagino Masato , Hirano Satoshi , Yoshitomi Hideyuki , Aoki Taku , Uesaka Katsuhiko , Unno Michiaki , Ebata Tomoki , Konishi Masaru , Sano Keiji , Shimada Kazuaki , Shimizu Hiroaki , Higuchi Ryota , Wakai Toshifumi , Isayama Hiroyuki , Okusaka Takuji , Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Hirooka Yoshiki , Furuse Junji , Maguchi Hiroyuki , Suzuki Kojiro , Yamazaki Hideya , Kijima Hiroshi , Yanagisawa Akio , Yoshida Masahiro , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Mizuno Takashi , Endo Itaru 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery launched the clinical practice guidelines for the management of biliary tract cancers (cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, and ampullary cancer) in 2007, then published the 2nd version in 2014.MethodsIn this 3rd version, clinical questions (CQs) were proposed on six topics. The recommendation, grade for recommendation, and statement for each CQ were discussed and finalized by an evidence‐based approach. Recommendations were graded as Grade 1 (strong) or Grade 2 (weak) according to the concepts of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system.ResultsThe 31 CQs covered the six topics: (a) prophylactic treatment, (b) diagnosis, (c) biliary drainage, (d) surgical treatment, (e) chemotherapy, and (f) radiation therapy. In the 31 CQs, 14 recommendations were rated strong and 14 recommendations weak. The remaining three CQs had no recommendation. Each CQ includes a statement of how the recommendations were graded.ConclusionsThis latest guideline provides recommendations for important clinical aspects based on evidence. Future collaboration with the cancer registry will be key for assessing the guidelines and establishing new evidence.
Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part XIV
Authors: Nafie Laurence A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article is an overview of advances in Raman spectroscopy published in 2019 in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (JRS) and, in addition, trends over the past decade across journals that have published papers important to the field of Raman spectroscopy. The trends are based on statistical data of article counts obtained from Clarivate Analytic's Web of Science Core Collection by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Normally in this review, coverage would be provided for presentations involving Raman Spectroscopy at the following four international conferences previously scheduled for this year: the International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (ICORS 2020) in Rome, Italy; SCIX 2020 organized by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS) in Reno, Nevada, USA, in October; the European Conference on Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy (ECONOS 2020) in Karlsrue, Germany, in April; and the International Conference on the GeoRaman Spectroscopy (GeoRaman 2020) in Bilbao, Spain, in November (originally scheduled for Weihai, China, in June). Of these, the ICORS 2020 has been rescheduled for 2021 at the same location; ECONOS 2020 has been canceled, but instead, a special issue section is being organized by invitation to commemorate the passing of JRS Board member Marcus Motzkus; SCIX 2020 has been changed to a virtual online conference; GeoRaman 2020 has been canceled, but online submission of abstracts will be made available with selected invitations to submit papers for a special issue of JRS. Finally, papers published in JRS in 2019 are highlighted and arranged by topics at the frontier of Raman spectroscopy. Based on these data, presentations, and publications, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy continues as an expanding field of research across a wide range of novel disciplines and applications that provide sensitive photonic information at the molecular level.
Humeral stress shielding following cemented endoprosthetic reconstruction: An under‐reported complication?
Authors: Braig Zachary V. , Tagliero Adam J. , Rose Peter S. , Elhassan Bassem T. , Barlow Jonathan D. , Wagner Eric R. , Sanchez‐Sotelo Joaquin , Houdek Matthew T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe proximal humerus is a common location for primary and non‐primary tumors. Reconstruction of the proximal humerus is commonly performed with an endoprosthesis with low rates of structural failure. The incidence and risk factors for stress shielding are under reported.MethodsThirty‐nine (19 male, 20 female) patients underwent resection of the proximal humerus and reconstruction with a cemented modular endoprosthesis between 2000 and 2018. The mean resection length was 12 ± 4 cm and was most commonly performed for metastatic disease (n = 26, 67%).ResultsStress shielding was observed in 9 (23%) patients at a mean of 29 (6–132) months postoperatively. Patients with stress shielding were noted to have shorter intramedullary stem length (87 vs. 107 mm, p < .001), longer extramedullary implant length (16 vs. 14 cm, p = .01) and a higher extramedullary implant to stem length ratio (2.1 vs. 1.1, p < .001). The incidence of stress shielding was higher (p = .003) in patients reconstructed with 75 mm stem (n = 6, 67%) lengths.ConclusionStress shielding of the humerus was associated with the use of shorter stems and long extramedullary implants. The long‐term ramifications of stress shielding on implant stability, complications at the time of revision surgery, and overall patient outcomes remain unknown.
Ultrasound‐MRI Correlation for Healing of Rotator Cuff Repairs Using Power Doppler, Sonographic Shear Wave Elastography and MR Signal Characteristics
Authors: Nocera Nicole L , Burke Christopher J , Gyftopoulos Soterios , Adler Ronald S. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo determine whether the healing response in rotator cuff repairs can be quantitatively characterized using a multimodality imaging approach with MR signal intensity, power Doppler and shear wave elastography (SWE).Materials and MethodsPatients scheduled for rotator cuff repair were prospectively enrolled between September 2013 and June 2016. A 12 patient cohort with unilateral, full‐thickness, supraspinatus tendon tears underwent MRI and ultrasound both preoperatively and postoperatively (at 3 and 6 months post‐surgery). The MR signal intensity ratio of tendon‐to‐deltoid muscle (TMR), vascularity score by power Doppler (PD) and shear wave velocity (SWV) were measured. Repaired and asymptomatic control shoulders were compared over time and between modalities.ResultsTMR and vascularity of the tendon repair initially increased and then decreased postoperatively. Although not achieving statistical significance, postoperative SWV initially decreased and later increased, which negatively correlated with the TMR at 3 months (r = ‐0.73, p = 0.005). PD demonstrated a statistically significant change in tendon vascularity over time compared to the contralateral control (p = 0.009 at 3 months; p = 0.036 at 6 months). No significant correlation occurred between TMR and SWE at 6 months, or with PD at any time point.ConclusionDespite a small patient cohort, this prospective pilot study suggests a temporal relationship of MRI and ultrasound parameters that parallels the expected phases of healing in the repaired rotator cuff.
Impacts of salinity on the stability of soil organic carbon in the croplands of the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Zhang Kaijing , Wang Xiujun , Wu Lipeng , Lu Tongping , Guo Yang , Ding Xiaodong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study aims to improve our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the stability of soil organic carbon (SOC) in saline–alkaline soils. We hypothesized that desorption of SOC is greater in higher salinity/higher pH soils, and the higher level of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) leads to enhanced SOC stability (or weaker SOC desorption) in saline–alkaline soils like those of the Yellow River Delta (YRD). We collected soils from 23 cropland sites (from 0–100 cm) along three lines (upper, middle, and lower lines, with different salinity) across the Yellow River, which have high pH (7.97–9.02). We analyzed SOC, SIC, and water‐extractable organic carbon (WEOC) and salts. Our data showed a large range in SOC (2.3–11.7 kg C m−2) and SIC stocks (13.3–24.7 kg C m−2) over 0–100 cm. The lowest SOC and SIC stocks were found in the lower YRD where soil pH was highest (8.6–9.0). WEOC:SOC ratio (an indicator for SOC desorption) was greater in soils with higher pH, lower SIC, and/or water‐extractable Ca2+ plus Mg2+, indicating that SOC stability is weak in high salinity/high pH soils, but high levels of SIC or Ca2+/Mg2+ can increase SOC stability. Our study suggests that amelioration practice may lead to an increase in both SOC and SIC stocks in saline–alkaline soils.
Liver Transplantation for Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Authors: Lissing Mattias , Nowak Greg , Adam René , Karam Vincent , Boyd Alexander , Gouya Laurent , Meersseman Wouter , Melum Espen , Ołdakowska‐Jedynak Urszula , Reiter Florian P. , Colmenero Jordi , Sanchez Rosario , Herden Uta , Langendonk Janneke , Ventura Paolo , Isoniemi Helena , Boillot Olivier , Braun Felix , Perrodin Stéphanie , Mowlem Elizabeth , Wahlin Staffan ,   European Liver and Intestine Transplant Association
Published: December 2020

Recurrent attacks of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) result in poor quality of life and significant risks of morbidity and mortality. Liver transplantation (LT) offers a cure, but published data on outcomes after LT are limited. We assessed the pretransplant characteristics, complications, and outcomes for patients with AIP who received a transplant. Data were collected retrospectively from the European Liver Transplant Registry and from questionnaires sent to identified transplant and porphyria centers. We studied 38 patients who received transplants in 12 countries from 2002 to 2019. Median age at LT was 37 years (range, 18‐58), and 34 (89%) of the patients were women. A total of 9 patients died during follow‐up, and 2 patients were retransplanted. The 1‐year and 5‐year overall survival rates were 92% and 82%, which are comparable with other metabolic diseases transplanted during the same period. Advanced pretransplant neurological impairment was associated with increased mortality. The 5‐year survival rate was 94% among 19 patients with moderate or no neuropathy at LT and 83% among 10 patients with severe neuropathy (P = 0.04). Pretransplant renal impairment was common. A total of 19 (51%) patients had a GFR < 60 mL/minute. Although few patients improved their renal function after LT, neurological impairments improved, and no worsening of neurological symptoms was recorded. No patient had AIP attacks after LT, except for a patient who received an auxiliary graft. LT is a curative treatment option for patients with recurrent attacks of AIP. Severe neuropathy and impaired renal function are common and increase the risk for poor outcomes. If other treatment options fail, an evaluation for LT should be performed early.
Yellow Tea Stimulates Thermogenesis in Mice through Heterogeneous Browning of Adipose Tissues
Authors: Xu Na , Chu Jun , Dong Rongrong , Lu Fengjuan , Zhang Xinfeng , Wang Min , Shen Ying , Xie Zhongwen , Ho Chi‐Tang , Yang Chung S. , Wang Yijun , Wan Xiaochun 
Published: December 2020

ScopeLarge‐leaf yellow tea (YT) exhibits interesting beneficial metabolic effects in previous studies. Here, the authors elucidated the actions of YT on thermogenesis, energy metabolism, and adipocyte metabolic conversion.Methods and ResultsFive‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice are fed low‐fat diet, high‐fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with 0.5% or 2.5% YT. After treatment for 10 or 14 weeks, YT enhances energy expenditure, O2 consumption and CO2 production. YT strongly boosts thermogenic program in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), while only weakly in epididymal adipose tissue (EAT). These are accompanied by higher body temperature, increased mitochondrial copy numbers, and upregulation of thermogenic genes (Ucp1, Pgc1α, etc.) and proteins. The classic brown adipocyte markers (Eva1, Zic1) are induced only in BAT, while beige adipocyte markers (Tbx1, Tmem26) are boosted only in SAT. Furthermore, subcutaneous‐originated preadipocytes are induced by YT in vitro to differentiate to brown‐like adipocytes — a browning effect.ConclusionDietary YT induces adaptive thermogenesis through increasing mitochondrial biogenesis in EAT, inducing beigeing in SAT and enhancing browning in the BAT.
Numerical synthesis of coplanar waveguides
Authors: Haldar Manas Kumar , Su Hieng Tiong , Farzamnia Ali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis letter shows that the synthesis of coplanar waveguides with finite substrate thickness can be obtained by simple numerical solution from the exact quasi‐static formulae of the characteristic impedance using bisection method The novelty of the method is that accurate synthesized values compared to those from curve fitted formulae are obtained. Moreover, sophisticated numerical techniques are not required. The method can be extended to various other forms of coplanar waveguides and coplanar strips for which curve fitted design formulae may not be available.
Improving CBCT quality to CT level using deep learning with generative adversarial network
Authors: Zhang Yang , Yue Ning , Su Min‐Ying , Liu Bo , Ding Yi , Zhou Yongkang , Wang Hao , Kuang Yu , Nie Ke 
Published: December 2020

PurposeTo improve image quality and computed tomography (CT) number accuracy of daily cone beam CT (CBCT) through a deep learning methodology with generative adversarial network.MethodsOne hundred and fifty paired pelvic CT and CBCT scans were used for model training and validation. An unsupervised deep learning method, 2.5D pixel‐to‐pixel generative adversarial network (GAN) model with feature mapping was proposed. A total of 12 000 slice pairs of CT and CBCT were used for model training, while ten‐fold cross validation was applied to verify model robustness. Paired CT–CBCT scans from an additional 15 pelvic patients and 10 head‐and‐neck (HN) patients with CBCT images collected at a different machine were used for independent testing purpose. Besides the proposed method above, other network architectures were also tested as: 2D vs 2.5D; GAN model with vs without feature mapping; GAN model with vs without additional perceptual loss; and previously reported models as U‐net and cycleGAN with or without identity loss. Image quality of deep‐learning generated synthetic CT (sCT) images was quantitatively compared against the reference CT (rCT) image using mean absolute error (MAE) of Hounsfield units (HU) and peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR). The dosimetric calculation accuracy was further evaluated with both photon and proton beams.ResultsThe deep‐learning generated sCTs showed improved image quality with reduced artifact distortion and improved soft tissue contrast. The proposed algorithm of 2.5 Pix2pix GAN with feature matching (FM) was shown to be the best model among all tested methods producing the highest PSNR and the lowest MAE to rCT. The dose distribution demonstrated a high accuracy in the scope of photon‐based planning, yet more work is needed for proton‐based treatment. Once the model was trained, it took 11–12 ms to process one slice, and could generate a 3D volume of dCBCT (80 slices) in less than a second using a NVIDIA GeForce GTX Titan X GPU (12 GB, Maxwell architecture).ConclusionThe proposed deep learning algorithm is promising to improve CBCT image quality in an efficient way, thus has a potential to support online CBCT‐based adaptive radiotherapy.
Chemiedidaktik
Authors: Wilke Timm , Engelmann Philipp , Schwarzer Stefan , Tepner Oliver 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNaturwissenschaftliche Grundbildung ist die Basis dafür, Fakten von Fehlinformationen unterscheiden zu können. Dazu trägt die Chemiedidaktik bei. Aktuelle Themen wie Digitalisierung oder Science‐Outreach‐Projekte bieten Forschungs‐ und Förderungsmöglichkeiten für die experimentell‐konzeptionell und die empirisch arbeitende Didaktik. Chancen ergeben sich durch die Zusammenarbeit beider Bereiche.
Synergistic effect of graphene polyindole nanocomposite for enhanced corrosion protection of aqueous coating in 3.5% NaCl solution for low carbon steel
Authors: Mobin Mohammad , Ansar Farina , Shoeb Mohd , Parveen Mosarrat , Aslam Jeenat 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGraphene polyindole (Gr@PIn) nanocomposite with varying content of graphene was synthesized via an in‐situ redox polymerization doping technique. The techniques like FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM were utilized to characterize the produced nanocomposites. The produced nanocomposites were cast on LCS (low carbon steel) substrate employing NMP as a solvent, 10% epoxy as a binder, and triethylenetetramine as a curing agent. The anti‐corrosion ability of the Gr@PIn nanocomposite coatings was established by performing corrosion tests such as OCP, EIS, PDP measurements, Salt spray test, and Wettability test. Gr@PIn coating was observed as an effective anti‐corrosion coating for LCS substrate in 3.5 wt.% NaCl. The anticorrosion behavior of coating was dependent on graphene content; the higher content of graphene providing higher protection. The anticorrosion performance of Gr@PIn nanocomposite coating was also compared with that of Polyindole (PIn) coating and bare steel.
Shared goals, communication and mutual respect in multicultural staff teams: A relational coordination perspective
Authors: Tingvold Laila , Munkejord Mai C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTask interdependence among staff in nursing homes is high, and staff teams are typically composed of employees from different cultural backgrounds with varying levels of skills and qualifications. By applying relational coordination theory as an analytic lens, we investigated how communication and cooperation challenges are experienced and dealt with.DesignThis is a qualitative study.MethodIn‐dept interviews with 31 members of staff in two nursing homes and thematic analysis of the material.ResultsThe study identified challenges in direct communication and collaboration difficulties related to understanding how to use professional discretion in daily care practices in both nursing homes. The management in one of the two nursing homes arranged frequent meetings to share knowledge about the residents, their care status and introduced initiatives to build competence among all members of staff, including substitute and temporary staff. This contributed to ensuring shared goals and mutual respect at the workplace.
On the phase separation in the ternary alloys: Numerical and computational simulations of the Atangana–Baleanu time‐fractional Cahn–Allen equation
Authors: Khater Mostafa M. A. , Mohamed Mohamed S. , Lu Dianchen , Attia Raghda A. M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article gives a survey on computational and numerical solutions for the phase separation in Fe‐Cr‐X (X = Mo, Cu) ternary alloys. This separation is mathematically given by the Atangana–Baleanu time‐fractional Cahn–Allen equation. The generalized Kudryashov, sech–tanh, and the Adomian decomposition approaches are employed to get a bundle of analytical and numerical solutions. The obtained analytical solutions are used to evaluate the initial and boundary conditions of the phase ternary alloys separation operation. Moreover, the stability property of solutions is investigated based on the characteristics of the Hamiltonian system. Novel properties of the investigated model are figured out by distinct types of sketches. Finally, the accuracy of both used computational schemes is illustrated.
Coloring in graphs of twist knots
Authors: Şahin Abdulgani 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLet Tn be a twist knot with n half‐twists and Gn be the graph of Tn. The closed neighborhood N[v] of a vertex v in Gn, which included at least one colored vertex for each color in a proper n‐coloring of Gn, is called a rainbow neighborhood. There are different types of graph coloring in the literature. We consider some of these types in here. In this paper, we determine the chromatic number of graphs of twist knots and study rainbow neighborhood of graphs of twist knots. We determine the rainbow neighborhood number and the fading number of them. Furthermore, we determine coupon coloring and the coupon coloring number of graphs of twist knots.