bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the kidney: Focus on ibrutinib
Authors: Brener Zachary Z , Brener Heather , Losev Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Introduction Tumor lysis syndrome is an oncologic emergency resulting from rapid and massive tumor cell death that may lead to serious clinical complications including acute kidney injury and cardiac arrest. Tumor lysis syndrome most often occurs after the initiation of cytotoxic therapy in patients with high-grade lymphomas and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Case report We present a first case of patient with chemotherapy-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma who developed tumor lysis syndrome upon treatment with ibrutinib (Imbruvica), a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Management and outcome The patient showed dramatic improvement in kidney function, uric acid and phosphorus after discontinuation of ibrutinib and a short course of rasburicase (recombinant urate oxidase), and two haemodialysis treatments. Discussion Clinicians should be aware of this serious side effect and closely monitor kidney function in patients treated with this oral kinase inhibitor.
Stability studies of parenteral nutrition with a high dose of vitamin C
Authors: Stawny Maciej , Gostyńska Aleksandra , Olijarczyk Rafał , Dettlaff Katarzyna , Jelińska Anna , Ogrodowczyk Magdalena 
Published: February 2020

Background Postoperative administration of parenteral nutrition has become routine management in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Providing patient the complete parenteral nutrition containing not only the macronutrients and electrolytes but also adequate doses of vitamins is a significant issue of nutritional therapy. The aim of the study was to develop parenteral nutrition containing a high dose of vitamin C (500 mg) and evaluate their stability. Methods Five compositions of parenteral nutrition were developed and stored for seven days in three different conditions. Physical stability studies including visual examination and determination of pH, size of lipid droplets (using dynamic laser scattering method), and zeta potential (using laser Doppler electrophoresis method) were performed for all studied parenteral nutrition with and without vitamin C immediately after preparation and after storage. The content of vitamin C was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results The addition of vitamin C to parenteral nutrition did not affect its physical stability. Degradation of vitamin C in parenteral nutrition occurred according to first-order kinetics reaction. The content of vitamin C remained above 90% of zero-time content within the first 24 h for each studied parenteral nutrition compositions stored at 4°C and 25°C with light protection. Conclusions Vitamin C added to parenteral nutrition was unstable regardless of the storage conditions nor parenteral nutrition compositions. However, for the first 24 h, the content of vitamin C remained in the pharmacopoeial limit. Therefore, supplementation of parenteral nutrition admixtures with vitamin C in the dose of 500 mg is possible in the condition of administration to the patients within the first 24 h.
Foveal cyst: Unknown etiology and unexplained response to treatment
Authors: Jayadev Chaitra , Thomas Sherina , Vinekar Anand , Gadde Santosh Gopi Krishna , Poornachandra B 
Published: February 2020

Background: Foveal cysts have been associated with vitreous traction due to a taut posterior hyaloid. These eyes may progress to become a full-thickness macular hole, remain stable, or resolve after a posterior vitreous detachment. A foveal cyst in an eye with a complete posterior vitreous detachment and no other obvious pathology is unusual. Case presentation: A 21-year-old male presented with blurred vision in the left eye of 1-month duration. On examination his left-eye vision was 20/60, and anterior segment examination was normal. Fundus examination showed internal limiting membrane folds with a suspected lamellar macular hole. A spectral domain optical coherence scan showed a thin dome-like cyst in the sub foveal region involving the outer retinal layer with a detached posterior hyaloid face. A trial of intravitreal dexamethasone implant was given, following which there was improvement in vision and resolution of the foveal cyst. At the third-month follow-up, the patient presented with a stellate pattern of hyporeflectivity in the macular area both on spectral domain optical coherence scan and multicolor imaging with no change in visual acuity. Conclusion: The presence of a foveal cyst in a young male without any risk factors is peculiar, and the rapid response to intravitreal dexamethasone implant raises questions about the pathogenesis. The stellate pattern of hyporeflectivity on spectral domain optical coherence scan imaging with an intraretinal “filling defect”–like picture on fluorescein angiography suggests a possible ongoing ischemic pathology.
Community prescribing of potentially nephrotoxic drugs and risk of acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy in critically ill adults: A national cohort study
Authors: Tominey Steven , Timmins Alan , Lee Robert , Walsh Timothy S , Lone Nazir I 
Published: February 2020

Background Acute kidney injury demonstrates a high incidence in critically ill populations, with many requiring renal replacement therapy. Patients may be at increased risk of acute kidney injury if prescribed certain potentially nephrotoxic medications. We aimed to evaluate this association in ICU survivors. Methods Study design – secondary analysis of national cohort of ICU survivors to hospital discharge linked to Scottish healthcare datasets. Outcomes: primary – renal replacement therapy in ICU; secondary – early acute kidney injury (calculated using urine output and relative change from estimated baseline serum creatinine within first 24 h of ICU admission using modified-RIFLE criteria). Primary exposure: pre-admission community prescribing of at least one potential nephrotoxin: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blockers, diuretics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Statistical analyses: unadjusted associations – univariable logistic regression; confounder adjusted: multivariable logistic regression. Results During 2011–2013, 12,838 of 23,116 patients (55.5%) were prescribed at least one community prescription of at least one nephrotoxin; 1330 (5.8%) patients received renal replacement therapy; 3061 (15.7%) had acute kidney injury. Patients exposed to at least one examined nephrotoxin experienced higher incidence of renal replacement therapy (6.8% vs 4.5%; adjOR 1.46, 95%CI 1.24, 1.72, p < 0.001) and acute kidney injury (19.8% vs 10.9%; adjOR 1.61, 1.44, 1.80, p < 0.001). Increased risk of RRT was also found for angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blockers (adjOR 1.65, 1.40, 1.94), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (adjOR 1.12, 1.02, 1.44) and diuretics (adjOR 1.35, 1.14, 1.59). Conclusions Community prescribing of potential nephrotoxins increases the risk of renal replacement therapy/early acute kidney injury in ICU populations. Analyses were limited by the survivor dataset and potential residual confounding. Findings add consistency to previous research improving understanding of the harmful potential of these important medications and their timely cessation in acute illness.
The Insidious Work of the University: From Nationalism to Excellence to Entrepreneurialism1
Authors: Mitchell Don 
Published: February 2020

“We are committed to grow the skills and competence of men and women who are or soon will be at the center of making decisions associated with strategic and operational security matters in the public or private sector. Content of our 2-week courses will expose them to the next generation of security thinking and allow them to interact with and learn from colleagues of other agencies and organizations. It will take them to the next level of their careers both intellectually and professionally.” - Flyer for the National Security Studies Program, Maxwell School, Syracuse University
“New Wars” and Classic Imperialism: The Siege on Gaza and the Occupation of the West Bank
Authors: Smith Ron J. 
Published: February 2020

Proponents of the New Wars thesis contend that warfare is evolving into a new era, one that has by necessity placed warfare among civilians. Much of this era-based analysis is designed to condition the reader to acceptance of an overt targeting of civilian papers, justified through a claim that the war on terror will be fought in civilian spaces. A more critical reading of this notion of new wars rejects the notion that warfare can be divided into neat chronological categories, and that voluntary wars have always been fought against the civilian population, particularly in wars of colonialism. New Wars, rather than being an innovation in the strategies of war, are simply an evolution in the rhetoric of war, and are deeply bound with a process of neoliberal colonialism, essentially nothing new. Following the warnings of Naomi Klein's Shock Doctrine (Klein 2007), it stands to reason that New Wars are inseparable from neoliberal anti-state strategies, targeting civilians and the infrastructure and institutions they rely upon. This paper will examine the “New Wars” thesis in the context of the current Israeli occupation of Gaza to understand the significance of the New Wars thesis in a real-world context. Much of the analysis of the Gazan context for this paper relies on participant observation and interviews undertaken by the author in the summer of 2009 in Gaza, and corroborated through press reports. The article relies on these sources due to the dearth of geographical academic writing on Gaza, a condition that this edited volume will help to address.
Seeds of Change and Emancipation: Towards a Cognitive Mapping of Globilisation in Literature
Authors: Cuadrado-Fernandez Antonio 
Published: February 2020

200 years of industrial capitalism, and 500 years of colonialism, have caused the worst human and environmental crisis in the history of human kind. Rapid and unprecedented depletion of natura resources, global warming, the exploitation of human beings, the global economic crises, and the military might needed to enforce the free flow of capital, al these call for a common, emancipatory articulation of local struggles. However, the creation of a larger empowering discourse requires the formation of a cognitive mapping whereby different local struggles can identify and map the structural source of their oppression. In this paper I argue that recent approaches to globalisation from the perspective of complexity theory and recent developments in cognitive linguistics and poetics, can help to construct a cognitive mapping of contemporary postcolonial poetry that enables us to scrutinise the impact of global capitalism on the loca context. Complexity theory and cognitive theories regard language as rooted in human perception of a complex and dynamic environment. Cognitive mapping articulates the reader's bodily experience to the writer's embodied conceptualisations of the effects of global capitalism on their land. In this way modernity can be redefined in more democratic terms that incorporate the voice of the marginalised and the oppressed.
What the US Should Learn from China for a More Balanced and Peaceful World
Authors: Parenti Fabio Massimo 
Published: February 2020

The growing importance of China in the global economy affects the reconfiguration of the international geography of power. In this scenario, the geopolitical order will be significantly redefined by the evolution of relations between China and the U.S. Based on the outcome of previous studies, and on the extensive efforts made by some social scientists, this paper provides a systematic analysis of the complexity and strategic implications of China–US relations. To make sense of these multivalent relations, after an initial introduction the paper is organized in three sections. The first section explores the structurally asymmetrical nature of relations between China and the US, focusing on economic policy decisions made by national elites. The second section focuses on the deepening U.S. debt, also underscoring the latest transformation trends experienced by an international monetary system that is still dollar–centred, and which several parties deem to be unsustainable. Lastly, the third section tries to provide evidence that growing instability in the global geopolitical order is intimately related to the economic and financial unbalances between China and the U.S. Hence, promoting more effective cooperation between China and the United States seems to be a priority. As substantiated in this paper, cooperation should, however, make the most of the Chinese developmental path, compared to that adopted by the United States – in terms of economic governance and geopolitical developmental path.
Introduction: Peasants, Pastoralists and Proletarians: Joining the Debates on Trajectories of Agrarian Change, Livelihoods and Land USE
Authors: McCusker Brent , O'Keefe Paul , O'Keefe Phil , O'Brien Geoff 
Published: February 2020

Recent changes in the agrarian studies and geography literatures present differing views on the pace and trajectory of change in rural developing areas. In this special section of Human Geography, we contrast the theoretical and practice implications of these differing approaches, namely depeasantization, accumulation by dispossession and deproletarianization. Depeasantization refers to change in livelihood activities out of agriculture, long theorized as necessary for an area's transition into capitalism. Accumulation by dispossession is a process of on-going capital accumulation where a give resource is privatized, seized, or in some other manner alienated from common ownership in order to provide a basis for continued capital accumulation. Deproletarianization occurs when workers are no longer able to freely commodify and recommodify their only commodity, their own labour. In this section, we explore these three theses with case studies that draw upon empirical data. The papers in this collection all speak to one aspect or another of these debates. We do not intend to try to determine a “best approach”, rather we explore strengths and weaknesses of each argument. The production of nature, change in the mode of production and the political economy of nature are discussed in the first article by Brent McCusker. Phil O'Keefe and Geoff O'Brien examine the evolution of worked landscape under pre-capitalist modes of production in riverine ecologies. Through further case studies, Paul O'Keefe explores links between livelihoods and climate change in Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, while Franklin Graham explores the persistence of pastoralism in the Sahel. Finally, Naomi Shanguhyia and Brent McCusker examine the process of governance in dry land Kenya through the study of chronic food shortages.
Organizing Social and Spatial Boundaries: Squatting's Material Practices and Social Relationships
Authors: Polanska Dominika V. 
Published: February 2020

The prerequisites for squatting are somewhat different from other social movements. Most squatters tend to live (literally reside) in their movement and risk being overwhelmed and burnt-out by the intensity and emotional involvement of this kind of activism. The fact that squatters’ struggles revolve around a physical place, which in itself is a form of protest, and that the most involved activists are expected to locate their everyday lives to this place, puts a lot of pressure on the squatters and the way they handle their social relationships or more material practices and needs. The aim of this article is to examine how social and spatial boundaries are regulated and organized by squatters and to discuss how the spaces within squats are regulated and how the boundaries are negotiated by the squatting activists in light of these spaces being the ‘embodiment’ of the squatting movement requiring some special organizational measures to create order and avoid conflicts that could lead to the movement's decline. The squatting movement in Warsaw will serve as an example, and its recent development and internal diversification will be used to illustrate the importance of organization of social and spatial boundaries. I will also discuss the reverse effects of the refinement of the boundaries resulting in the creation of hierarchies and processes of exclusion, seclusion, inflexibility and impenetrability faced by squatters in the studied case. The material for this study is based on 20 semi-structured interviews with squatters’ activists conducted in 2013. The theoretical framework of the study is combining a social movement approach with organizational theory. I argue that squatting, as any social movement, should be analysed as intersecting social orders of networks, institutions and organizations, as it needs to create organizational measures, use dominant institutional order(s) and/or create new shared norms and beliefs, alongside founding its activity on networks of trust, horizontality and reciprocity, in order to function smoothly and not exhaust its current resources (social, symbolic, material).
Conscious sedation service for geriatric and special-care dentistry: A health policy brief
Authors: Lim Guang Xu David , Boyle Carole Ann 
Published: February 2020

Background: Geriatric and special care dentistry (GSD) involves oral health care for seniors and individuals with disabilities. Due to ethical issues, finances, waiting times, treatment versatility and so on, conscious sedation (CS) may have a place to optimise the delivery of care. Objectives: This article identifies considerations for implementing CS in GSD services in Singapore. Methods: Taking the form of a health policy brief, this review (a) defines the situation for patients with special-care needs and justified the need for dental CS, (b) makes reference to practices from countries with established dental CS services, (c) states and evaluates available CS techniques for the GSD centre in Singapore and (d) discusses action plans and considerations for implementation. Results: Demographic analysis revealed that 23.8% of the GSD patients could have benefitted from CS, or 44.7% of all patients who required behavioural management. The key advantages of CS included enhanced safety, more teeth saved and a reduction in general anaesthesia wait, amongst others. Conventional dental CS techniques included midazolam via various routes, nitrous oxide and ketamine. To establish a CS service, key points of consideration need to be conceptualised first, such as adequate training, perception of patients and providers, operational costs, facilities and developing guidance specific for oral health professionals. Conclusion: A local CS service will be beneficial for GSD patients in view of the challenges faced. A group of experts and stakeholders is needed to provide practical consensus.
A systematic review of the effect of prior hypoglycaemia on cognitive function in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Rama Chandran Suresh , Jacob Peter , Choudhary Pratik 
Published: February 2020

Background: The effect of prior hypoglycaemia on cognitive function in type 1 diabetes is an important unresolved clinical question. In this systematic review, we aimed to summarize the studies exploring the impact of prior hypoglycaemia on any aspect of cognitive function in type 1 diabetes. Methods: We used a multidatabase search platform Healthcare Database Advanced Search to search Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, BNI, HMIC, and AMED from inception until 1 May 2019. We included studies on type 1 diabetes of any age. The outcome measure was any aspect of cognitive function. Results: The 62 studies identified were grouped as severe hypoglycaemia (SH) in childhood (⩽18 years) and adult-onset (>18 years) diabetes, nonsevere hypoglycaemia (NSH) and nocturnal hypoglycaemia (NH). SH in early childhood-onset diabetes, especially seizures and coma, was associated with poorer memory (verbal and visuospatial), as well as verbal intelligence. Among adult-onset diabetes, SH was associated with poorer cognitive performance in the older age (>55 years) group only. Early versus late exposure to SH had a significant association with cognitive dysfunction (CD). NSH and NH did not have any significant association with CD, while impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia was associated with poorer memory and cognitive-processing speeds. Conclusion: The effect of SH on cognitive function is age dependent. Exposure to SH in early childhood (<10 years) and older age groups (>55 years) was associated with a moderate effect on the decrease in cognitive function in type 1 diabetes [PROSPERO ID: CRD42019141321].
Adamts13-Cultured Red Blood Cells to Treat Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Wang Kai , Batbayar Khulan , Roberts Karl , Olivier Emmanuel , Bouhassira Eric E. 
Published: February 2020

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) have long been considered a potentially useful means of delivering drugs to the circulation because delivery through therapeutic RBCs as compared to direct injection in the plasma can lengthen the half-life of the therapeutic agent in the circulation, spatially restrict the drugs to the lumen of the cardio-vascular system, and shield the drug from the immune system. Despite some progress, loading the cells with therapeutically useful cargo remains technically challenging. We have recently developed PSC-RED, a chemically-defined scalable method to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into unlimited numbers of enucleated cultured RBCs. This provides an ideal method to produce therapeutic RBCs since iPSCs can be genetically manipulated with powerful CRISPR-based technologies. ADAMTS13, whose deficiency is responsible for congenital and acquire Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is a good target as a therapeutic that could be delivered through drug-carrying RBCs because large amounts of plasma concentrate, or more recently recombinant proteins, are necessary to treat TTP. We report here we have produced engineered erythroid cells that contains globin-LCR driven ADAMTS13 fusion transgenes inserted at safe harbor AAVS1, and that these cells express a membrane bound version of an inhibitor-resistant version of ADAMTS13. We show using flow cytometry that the fusion protein is express at high levels, and using a FRET assay that detect cleavage of the von Willebrand cognate site, that the membrane bound ADAMTS13 is enzymatically active. Comparison of enzymatic activity with plasma concentrate suggests that about 50 billion engineered ADAMTS13-cRBCs would be sufficient to deliver an amount of ADAMTS13 equivalent to 2 liters of plasma concentrate. This suggests that a transfusion of about 10 mL of ADAMTS13-RBCs could be therapeutic for congenital and acquired TTP. The number of cRBCs necessary to treat even a few patients is very large. This has been considered a major obstacle to the development of treatment based on in vitro produced RBCs because of the volume of culture that is necessary to produce the cells. We also report that we have developed a culture method based on holo-fiber bioreactors that allows the production of cRBCs at a density of 5.108 cell/mL which is sufficient to produce enough cells to performed small clinical trials.

Disclosures
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.