bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and rheumatic diseases
Authors: Carvalho Jozélio Freire de 
Published: June 2020

<p>At the end of December 2019, a new viral infection never before described appeared in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China, leading to a percentage of cases of severe respiratory failure. It was very quickly investigated and its etiological agent was discovered, being a new betacoronavirus, called Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Syndrome (SARS-Cov 2), to differentiate it from the SARS-Cov, reported in the period from 2000 to 2004, and another similar disease also caused by coronavirus, after ten years - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov). The disease caused by the virus came to be called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). After leaving China, this disease spread to several countries in the world, culminating in March, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a state of pandemic <sup>(1)</sup>. The coronavirus is characterized by presenting RNA with a single helix and on its viral surface presents, to electron microscope, a structure that look like a crown, hence the name corona. A probable mutation happened from wild sources, which could be the origin of bats or snakes. Eating meat from the wild animal market, a tradition in China, was once again responsible for a major epidemic <sup>(1)</sup>.</p>
New reasons and new ways to study birth physiology
Authors: Odent M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe age of cesarean sections on request, epidurals and drips of oxytocin is a turning point in the history of childbirth. Until recently women could not give birth without releasing a complex cocktail of ‘love hormones’. Today, in many countries, most women have babies without releasing these specific hormones. The questions must be raised in terms of civilization. This turning point occurs at the very time when several scientific disciplines suggest that the way human beings are born has long‐term consequences, particularly in terms of sociability, aggressiveness or, in other words, ‘capacity to love’. I find it relevant to combine data provided by perspectives as diverse as ethology, animal experiments, studies of the behavioral effects of hormones that fluctuate in the perinatal period, and a branch of epidemiology I call ‘Primal Health Research’. This combination of data offers new reasons to disturb the physiological processes as little as possible. We are also at a time when a physiological approach can help to rediscover the basic needs of women in labor. These women firstly need to be protected against any sort of neocortical stimulation. We must keep in mind what the main stimuli of neocortical activity are: language, bright lights, the ‘feeling of being observed’ and situations associated with a release of catecholamines.
Changing behavior to prevent STDs/AIDS
Authors: Fishbein M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere is a growing body of evidence that theory‐based behavioral interventions can effectively reduce risky behaviors that can lead to the acquisition and transmission of STDs/HIV. Despite the substantive uniqueness of any given behavior, there are only a limited number of theoretical variables that need to be considered in any attempt to produce behavior change. These variables are identified and two multi‐site studies are described to illustrate how these variables can be used to guide the development of effective behavior change interventions in both community and clinic settings.
Does the station of the fetal head during epidural analgesia affect labor and delivery?
Authors: Sheiner E , Sheiner E.K , Segal D , Mazor M , Erez O , Katz M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To assess whether the station of the fetal head when lumbar epidural analgesia is administered influences the duration or the mode of delivery in low‐risk laboring women. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 131 consecutive cases of low‐risk parturients at term who requested intrapartum epidural analgesia. Obstetric outcome of 65 parturients who underwent epidural analgesia when the fetal head was low in the birth canal was compared to 66 patients whose fetal head station was above the ischial spine. Results: Both groups were similar in their obstetric characteristics. Cervical dilatation when performing the epidural analgesia was similar in both groups. The duration of labor and mode of delivery, as well as percentage of malpositions, were not significantly different in the two groups. Conclusions: The station of the fetal head while initiating epidural analgesia does not influence the duration of labor or the mode of delivery. Therefore, there is no justification to delay epidural analgesia in labor until the presenting fetal part is engaged.
Cervical ectopy and the transformation zone measured by computerized planimetry in adolescents
Authors: Jacobson D.L. , Peralta L. , Farmer M. , Graham N.M.H. , Wright T.C. , Zenilman J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To determine whether cervical ectopy and the transformation (T) zone were larger in adolescents using oral contraceptives (OCs) compared to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Method: Cervical photographs were taken on 91 adolescents in Baltimore, Maryland. Ectopy and T zone size were measured using computerized planimetry. Patients provided reproductive and sexual history. Correlates of ectopy and T zone size were identified by proportional odds and linear regression models, respectively. Result: Twenty‐five women had no ectopy. Parity was independently associated with greater ectopy (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.37–11.11). Predictors of smaller ectopy were douching (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09–0.65), and shorter sexual history (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05–0.74). Neither OC or DMPA were associated with ectopy. Predictors of greater T zone size were years since menarche (13.8 mm2/year, P=0.003) and OCs (54.7 mm2, P=0.05). DMPA predicted a smaller T zone (−67.0 mm2, P=0.01). Conclusion: Computerized planimetry provides standardized measurements. Douching and sexual activity may decrease ectopy through increased squamous metaplasia. Hormonal contraceptives were not associated with ectopy in adolescents. However, long‐term progestin use may decrease T zone size.
The osmotic sensitivity of isolated and in situ bovine articular chondrocytes
Authors: Bush Peter G. , Hall Andrew C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractArticular chondrocytes experience changes to matrix hydration during both physiological (static load) and pathophysiological (osteoarthrosis, OA) conditions. Such changes should alter chondrocytes' volume, which has been shown to modify matrix metabolism. However, the osmometric behaviour of chondrocytes is not well understood. Here, using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we have investigated the ‘passive’ osmotic responses of fluorescent‐labelled chondrocytes within, and isolated from, the matrix. The volume‐regulatory pathways normally activated by cell shrinkage/swelling, were blocked by bumetanide/REV5901, respectively. Chondrocytes in situ were broadly grouped into superficial (SZ), mid (MZ) and deep (DZ) zones, and there was a significant increase in resting cell volume with depth into the cartilage. Variation in medium osmolarity (range 0–530 mOsm; corresponding to an extracellular osmolarity of ∼150 to ∼600 mOsm) caused a rapid and sustained change to in situ MZ chondrocytes' volume. Over the range 180–380 mOsm, the change to in situ or isolated chondrocytes' volume was similar. For MZ chondrocytes, ideal osmometric (Boyle–van't Hoff) behaviour was apparent over the extracellular osmolarity range of ∼250 to ∼600 mOsm. Chondrocytes within the SZ appeared to be more sensitive to reduced osmolarity, swelling more for a given reduction in osmolarity, than MZ or DZ chondrocytes. These data show that over wide variations in osmolarity, articular chondrocytes in situ were osmotically sensitive, and for MZ chondrocytes behaved as perfect osmometers with the extracellular matrix (ECM) not restraining cell volume changes. Changes to matrix hydration may therefore alter passive chondrocytes' volume and unless compensated by volume‐regulatory pathways, could lead to changes in cell volume, and hence matrix metabolism. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Punlished by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Suicide in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Lester D , Cantor CH , Leenaars AA 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to compare epidemiological trends in suicide for the three regions of the United Kingdom (England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland) and for Ireland from 1960 to 1990. The data on suicide rates were obtained from the World Health Organization statistical base, supplemented by data from the statistical offices of the four regions. While the suicide rates in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Scotland increased during the period under study, English/Welsh suicide rates first declined and then held steady. In Ireland, both male and female suicide rates increased, whereas in the other regions only male suicide rates rose. According to age, in England and Wales, suicide rates rose for male teenagers and young males, while for the other regions male suicide rates increased in general for all age groups. Social indicators (unemployment, marriage and birth rates) were quite successful in predicting male suicide rates in all four regions and in predicting female suicide rates in England and Wales and in Ireland. The results emphasize the importance of studying several regions in epidemiological studies in order to identify which trends are general and which are unique to one nation. In the present study, the epidemiological trends for suicide in England and Wales were quite different from those in the other three regions. In particular, the steady overall suicide rate in England and Wales and the rising suicide rate for young males alone differ from the trends observed in the other regions and raise importante questions about the causes of the social suicide rate in these four regions.
Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia – Findings from a controlled study
Authors: Wittchen HU , Fuetsch M , Sonntag H , Müller N , Liebowitz M 
Published: July 2002

SummarySocial phobia is increasingly recognized as a prevalent and socially impairing mental disorder. However, little data is available regarding the general and disease-specific impairments and disabilities associated with social phobia. Furthermore, most studies have not controlled for the confounding effects of comorbid conditions.This study investigates: (a) the generic quality of life; (b) work productivity; and, (c) various other disorder-specific social impairments in current cases with pure (n = 65), comorbid (n = 51) and subthreshold (n = 34) DSM-IIIR social phobia as compared to controls with no social phobia (subjects with a history of herpes infections).Social phobia cases reported a mean illness duration of 22.9 years with onset in childhood or adolescence. Current quality of life, as assessed by the SF-36, was significantly reduced in all social phobia groups, particularly in the scales measuring vitality, general health, mental health, role limitations due to emotional health, and social functioning. Comorbid cases revealed more severe reductions than pure and subthreshold social phobics. Findings from the Liebowitz self-rated disability scale indicated that: (a) social phobia affects most areas of life, but in particular education, career, and romantic relationship; (b) the presence of past and current comorbid conditions increases the frequency of disease-specific impairments; and, (c) subthreshold social phobia revealed slightly lower overall impairments than comorbid social phobics. Past week work productivity of social phobics was significantly diminished as indicated by: (a) a three-fold higher rate of unemployed cases; (b) elevated rates of work hours missed due to social phobia problems; and, (c) a reduced work performance.Overall, these findings underline that social phobia in our sample of adults, whether comorbid, subthreshold, or pure was a persisting and impairing condition, resulting in considerable subjective suffering and negative impact on work performance and social relationships. The current disabilities and impairments were usually less pronounced than in the past, presumably due to adaptive behaviors in life style of the respondents. Data also confirmed that social phobia is poorly recognized and rarely treated by the mental health system.
Market perception of efficiency in bank holding company mergers: the roles of the DEA and SFA models in capturing merger potential
Authors: Kohers Theodor , Huang Ming‐hsiang , Kohers Ninon 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUsing the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) and Data Envelope Analysis (DEA), this study examines the influence of bank efficiencies on the market assessment of bank holding company (BHC) mergers. The following two questions are addressed: (1) Is the target BHC's frontier efficiency reflected in the bidder BHC's abnormal returns? and (2) Does the difference in frontier efficiency between the bidder and/or target banks relative to their peer institutions influence the acquirer's abnormal returns? In support of the Inefficient Management Hypothesis, the findings indicate that bidder wealth effects do incorporate the target's X‐efficiency as well as the difference in bidder/target efficiencies relative to their peer institutions.
Reduction of hospital days by biventricular pacing
Authors: Braunschweig Frieder , Linde Cecilia , Gadler Fredrik , Rydén Lars 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe health care costs for heart failure are substantial. Studies indicate that hospital treatment constitutes 65–75% of these. The aim of this study was to assess total and heart failure related hospital days as well as safety and efficacy of biventricular pacing in 16 patients with severe heart failure and delayed intraventricular conduction (QRS duration <150 ms). They were implanted with a biventricular pacemaker and followed by NYHA class, 6‐min walk test and quality of life for a mean of 291±76 days. Total number of hospital days and the need for hospitalisations were monitored. Thirteen responders improved by at least one functional class. After 6 months of pacing the 6‐min walk test improved from 375±83 m to 437±73 m (P<0.001) and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure quality of life score from 41±19 to 24±17 (P<0.001) compared to baseline. The need for hospital care decreased significantly after biventricular pacing. The total number of hospital days in all patients was 253 the year before compared to 45 the year after biventricular pacing (P<0.01). For heart failure related hospital days the corresponding figures were 183 and 39 days, respectively (P<0.01). Biventricular pacing improved 13/16 patients with severe heart failure and wide QRS complexes in this open study. The improvement resulted in a reduced need for hospital care.
REDUCING PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV: EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Stein Elizabeth , Handelsman Edward , Matthews Roland 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the New York State regulations regarding expedited testing of newborns for exposure to HIV. Included is a review of statistics as well as the medical and obstetric management of HIV positive pregnant women, including route of delivery. The professional responsibility of midwives, physicians, and other clinicians regarding maternal and neonatal health care is emphasized, especially in states without expedited testing.
Breastfeeding the High Risk Infant: Implications for Midwifery Management
Authors: Black Kimberly A. , Hylander Mary Ann 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe mother of a high risk infant is confronted with numerous parenting challenges, not the least of which is the decision about how to nourish her vulnerable newborn. Successful breastfeeding depends on overcoming obstacles posed by infant condition, maternal health, and the neonatal intensive care environment. These obstacles include maternal separation from the nursing infant during hospitalization, delayed initiation of the expression of breast milk due to maternal illness and/or surgery, the inability to suckle her infant or feed on demand, and the lack of sufficient maternal follow‐up after discharge. This article reviews the benefits of providing breast milk to high risk infants, problems that may be encountered by mothers of high risk infants, and the interventions that may be used by the midwife to facilitate the breastfeeding process.
A Comparison Of Visits And Practices Of Nurse‐Midwives And Obstetrician‐Gynecologists In Ambulatory Care Settings
Authors: Paine Lisa L. , Johnson Timothy R. B. , Lang Janet M. , Gagnon David , Declercq Eugene R. , DeJoseph Jeanne , Scupholme Anne , Strobino Donna , Ross Alan 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTWith more than 5 million patient visits annually, certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) substantially contribute to women's health care in the United States. The objective of this study was to describe ambulatory visits and practices of CNMs, and compare them with those of obstetrician‐gynecologists (OB/GYNs). Sources of population‐based data used to compare characteristics of provider visits were three national surveys of CNMs and two National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys of physicians. When a subset of 4,305 visits to CNMs in 1991 and 1992 were compared to 5,473 visits to OB/GYNs in similar office‐based ambulatory care settings in 1989 and 1990, it was found that a larger proportion of CNM visits were made by women who were publicly insured and below age 25. The majority of visits to CNMs were for maternity care; the majority of visits to OB/GYNs were for gynecologic and/or family planning concerns. Face‐to‐face visit time was longer for CNMs, and involved more client education or counseling. This population‐based comparison suggests that CNMs and OB/GYNs provide ambulatory care for women with diverse demographic characteristics and differing clinical service needs. Enhancing collaborative practice could improve health care access for women, which would be especially beneficial for those who are underserved and vulnerable.
33% Giant Anomalous Hall Current Driven by Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions in Magnetic Weyl Semimetal Co3Sn2S2
Authors: Shen Jianlei , Zeng Qingqi , Zhang Shen , Sun Hongyi , Yao Qiushi , Xi Xuekui , Wang Wenhong , Wu Guangheng , Shen Baogen , Liu Qihang , Liu Enke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe anomalous Hall effect (AHE) can be induced by intrinsic mechanisms due to the band Berry phase and extrinsic one arising from the impurity scattering. The recently discovered magnetic Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2 exhibits a large intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC) and a giant anomalous Hall angle (AHA). The predicted energy dependence of the AHC in this material exhibits a plateau at 1000 Ω−1 cm−1 and an energy width of 100 meV just below EF, thereby implying that the large intrinsic AHC will not significantly change against small‐scale energy disturbances such as slight p‐doping. Here, the extrinsic contribution is successfully triggered from alien‐atom scattering in addition to the intrinsic one of the pristine material by introducing a small amount of Fe dopant to substitute Co in Co3Sn2S2. The experimental results show that the AHC and AHA can be prominently enhanced up to 1850 Ω−1 cm−1 and 33%, respectively, owing to the synergistic contributions from the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as distinguished by the TYJ model. In particular, the tuned AHA exhibits a record value among known magnetic materials in low fields. This study opens up a pathway to engineer giant AHE in magnetic Weyl semimetals, thereby potentially advancing the topological spintronics/Weyltronics.
Achieving Microparticles with Cell‐Instructive Surface Chemistry by Using Tunable Co‐Polymer Surfactants
Authors: Dundas Adam A. , Cuzzucoli Crucitti Valentina , Haas Simon , Dubern Jean‐Frédéric , Latif Arsalan , Romero Manuel , Sanni Olutoba , Ghaemmaghami Amir M. , Williams Paul , Alexander Morgan R. , Wildman Ricky , Irvine Derek J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA flow‐focusing microfluidic device is used to produce functionalized monodisperse polymer particles with surface chemistries designed to control bacterial biofilm formation. This is achieved by using molecularly designed bespoke surfactants synthesized via catalytic chain transfer polymerization. This novel approach of using polymeric surfactants, often called surfmers, containing a biofunctional moiety contrasts with the more commonly employed emulsion methods. Typically, the surface chemistry of microparticles are dominated by unwanted surfactants that dilute/mask the desired surface response. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) analysis of particles demonstrates that the comb‐graft surfactant is located on the particle surface. Biofilm experiments show how specifically engineered surface chemistries, generated by the surfactants, successfully modulate bacterial attachment to both polymer films, and microparticles. Thus, this paper outlines how the use of designed polymeric surfactants and droplet microfluidics can exert control over both the surface chemistry and size distribution of microparticle materials, demonstrating their critical importance for controlling surface‐cell response.
Photoferroelectric Thin Films for Flexible Systems by a Three‐in‐One Solution‐Based Approach
Authors: Bretos Iñigo , Jiménez Ricardo , Ricote Jesús , Sirera Rafael , Calzada M. Lourdes 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe effective incorporation of (multi)functional oxides into next‐generation flexible electronics systems requires novel fabrication technologies that enable the direct integration of crystalline oxide layers in them. Unfortunately, this is considerably challenging due to the thermal incompatibility between the crystallization temperatures of metal oxides (>600 °C) and the thermal stability of the flexible polymer substrates conventionally used (<400 °C). Here, it is shown that BiFeO3 thin films can be grown on flexible plastic by solution processing involving three different but complementary strategies to induce the crystallization of the perovskite phase at a lower temperature limit of 325 °C. This “three‐in‐one” approach is based on the synthesis of tailored metal precursors i) with a molecular structure resembling the crystalline structure of the oxide phase, which additionally allows both ii) photochemical and iii) internal combustion reactions taking place in the thin films. The flexible BiFeO3 thin films obtained from a specifically designed molecular complex with N‐methyldiethanolamine yield a large remnant polarization of 17.5 µC cm−2, also showing photovoltaic and photocatalytic effects. This result paves the way for the direct integration of an interesting class of oxides with photoferroelectric properties in flexible devices with multiple applications in information and communication technology, and energy.