bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tylosin exposure reduces the susceptibility of Salmonella Typhimurium to florfenicol and tetracycline
Authors: Mechesso Abraham Fikru , Park Seung-Chun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Antibiotics exposure has been implicated in the emergence of bacterial strains that are resistant to structurally related or unrelated antibiotics. Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic that has been administered to treat respiratory pathogenic bacteria in swine. Thus, this study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of exposure to a constant (3 μg/mL) and decreasing concentrations of tylosin on the susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to various antibiotics.

Results
S. Typhimurium strains exposed to tylosin for 12 and 24 h in the in vitro dynamic model demonstrated at least an eight-fold increase in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of florfenicol and tetracycline. Exposure to tylosin extended the lag-time of the growth curve and enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species. Gene expression analysis demonstrated up-regulation of the acrAB and tolC Salmonella efflux pump genes and its global regulators (marA and soxS). Besides, the expression of ompC gene was down-regulated in tylosin exposed S. Typhimurium.

Conclusion
Exposure to decreasing concentrations of tylosin could reduce the susceptibility of S. Typhimurium to florfenicol and tetracycline.
Exempting low-risk health and medical research from ethics reviews: comparing Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands
Authors: Scott Anna Mae , Kolstoe Simon , Ploem M. C. ( Corrette) , Hammatt Zoë , Glasziou Paul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Disproportionate regulation of health and medical research contributes to research waste. Better understanding of exemptions of research from ethics review in different jurisdictions may help to guide modification of review processes and reduce research waste. Our aim was to identify examples of low-risk human health and medical research exempt from ethics reviews in Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands.

Methods
We examined documents providing national guidance on research ethics in each country, including those authored by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Health Service (United Kingdom), the Office for Human Research Protections (United States) and the Central Committee on Research Involving Humans (the Netherlands). Examples and types of research projects exempt from ethics reviews were identified, and similar examples and types were grouped together.

Results
Nine categories of research were exempt from ethics reviews across the four countries; these were existing data or specimen, questionnaire or survey, interview, post-marketing study, evaluation of public benefit or service programme, randomised controlled trials, research with staff in their professional role, audit and service evaluation, and other exemptions. Existing non-identifiable data and specimens were exempt in all countries. Four categories – evaluation of public benefit or service programme, randomised controlled trials, research with staff in their professional role, and audit and service evaluation – were exempted by one country each. The remaining categories were exempted by two or three countries.

Conclusions
Examples and types of research exempt from research ethics reviews varied considerably. Given the considerable costs and burdens on researchers and ethics committees, it would be worthwhile to develop and provide clearer guidance on exemptions, illustrated with examples, with transparent underpinning rationales.
A meta-analysis of perventricular device closure of doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects
Authors: Huang Jiang-Shan , Sun Kai-Peng , Huang Shu-Ting , Chen Qiang , Chen Liang-Wan , Kuo Yur-Ren 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
To investigate the safety and efficacy of perventricular device closure of doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects (dcsVSDs).

Methods
PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies in English that focused on perventricular device closure of dcsVSDs and were published up to the end of September 2019. We used a random-effects model to obtain pooled estimates of the success and complication rates.

Results
A total of 9 publications including 459 patients with dcsVSDs were included. The median follow-up duration ranged from 2 months to 5 years, with the mean age of patients ranging from 6.1 months to 4.5 years. The pooled estimate of the overall success rate of device closure in the 9 studies was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86–0.93, I2 = 26.5%, P = 0.208). Further meta-regression analysis indicated no significant correlation between the success rate and the following factors: publication year, sample size, study type, mean age, mean weight, mean VSD size, and ratio of device size/weight. The pooled rate of postoperative aortic regurgitation was 0.045 (95% CI: 0.018–0.071, I2 = 50.96%, P = 0.000). The pooled rate of follow-up aortic regurgitation (AR) was 0.001 (95% CI, − 0.003-0.004, I2 = 63.00%, P = 0.009.) The pooled estimated rate of severe intraoperative complications was 0.106 (0.073–0.140, I2 = 70.7%, P = 0.208). Postoperative and follow-up complications were rare. No occurrence of a complete atrioventricular block was reported up to the last follow-up visit.

Conclusions
Perventricular device closure may be an alternative to conventional surgical repair in selected patients with dcsVSDs. The success rate was stable regarding the publication year and sample size, suggesting a relatively short learning curve and the technique’s potential for application.
Pelvic floor rehabilitation to improve functional outcome and quality of life after surgery for rectal cancer: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (FORCE trial)
Authors:   FORCE Trial Group, Kalkdijk-Dijkstra A.J. , van der Heijden J.A.G. , van Westreenen H.L. , Broens P.M.A. , Trzpis M. , Pierie J.P.E.N. , Klarenbeek B.R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
After low anterior resection (LAR), up to 90% of patients develop anorectal dysfunction. Especially fecal incontinence has a major impact on the physical, psychological, social, and emotional functioning of the patient but also on the Dutch National Healthcare budget with more than €2000 spent per patient per year. No standardized treatment is available to help these patients. Common treatment nowadays is focused on symptom relief, consisting of lifestyle advices and pharmacotherapy with bulking agents or antidiarrheal medication. Another possibility is pelvic floor rehabilitation (PFR), which is one of the most important treatments for fecal incontinence in general, with success rates of 50–80%. No strong evidence is available for the use of PFR after LAR. This study aims to prove a beneficial effect of PFR on fecal incontinence, quality of life, and costs in rectal cancer patients after sphincter-saving surgery compared to standard treatment.

Methods
The FORCE trial is a multicenter, two-armed, randomized clinical trial. All patients that underwent LAR are recruited from the participating hospitals and randomized for either standard treatment or a standardized PFR program. A total of 128 patients should be randomized. Optimal blinding is not possible. Stratification will be done in variable blocks (gender and additional radiotherapy). The primary endpoint is the Wexner incontinence score; secondary endpoints are health-related and fecal-incontinence-related QoL and cost-effectiveness. Baseline measurements take place before randomization. The primary endpoint is measured 3 months after the start of the intervention, with a 1-year follow-up for sustainability research purposes.

Discussion
The results of this study may substantially improve postoperative care for patients with fecal incontinence or anorectal dysfunction after LAR. This section provides insight in the decisions that were made in the organization of this trial.

Trial registration
Netherlands Trial Registration, NTR5469, registered on 03-09-2015.
Protocol FORCE trial V18, 19-09-2019.
Sponsor Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen.
Overexpression of bicarbonate transporters in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 increases growth rate and glycogen accumulation
Authors: Gupta Jai Kumar , Rai Preeti , Jain Kavish Kumar , Srivastava Shireesh 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 is an attractive organism as a feedstock and for photoautotrophic production of biofuels and biochemicals due to its fast growth and ability to grow in marine/brackish medium. Previous studies suggest that the growth of this organism is limited by the HCO3− transport across the cytoplasmic membrane. Tools for genetic engineering are well established for this cyanobacterium, which makes it possible to overexpress genes of interest.

Results
In this work, we overexpressed two different native Na+-dependent carbon transporters viz., SbtA and BicA in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 cells under the influence of a strong light-inducible promoter and a strong RBS sequence. The overexpression of these transporters enhanced biomass by about 50%, increased intracellular glycogen about 50%, and increased extracellular carbohydrate up to threefold. Importantly, the biomass and glycogen productivity of the transformants with air bubbling was even higher than that of WT cells with 1% CO2 bubbling. The overexpression of these transporters was associated with an increased carotenoid content without altering the chl a content.

Conclusions
Our work shows the utility of increased carbon transport in improving the growth as well as product formation in a marine cyanobacterium and will serve to increase the utility of this organism as a potential cell factory.
Migration, translation, and transformation of western urban planning models
Authors: Guerrieri Pilar Maria 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPeople, ideas, lifestyles, cultures, architecture and urban planning models have invariably traversed the world as a consequence of military compulsions, political goals, commercial motivations, or aspirational values. Western models in particular have spread widely, first through colonization and, recently, as a consequence of globalization. It is well-known that many cities around the world have been impacted by western urban planning models but, curiously no comprehensive comparative study of these influences has so far been attempted. This essay stems from 5 years of teaching and research in the field of urban history and presents a series of examples from non-western contexts such as India, China, Africa, South America, and elsewhere to showcase the direct or indirect impact of several western urban planning models. The aim is to analyse how differently these models, such as the English garden city, Le Corbusier’s planvoisinconcept, and Haussmann’s plan for Paris have been adopted by a number of non-western cities and the degree to which they have been transformed by local contexts. Indeed, frequently, the original concept of the exported model has been completely modified. The essay also identifies those western urban models which have spread most widely. There are, indeed, a series of western models which have proved more popular than others and it is worth attempting to understand why they have proved to be so.
Clinical risk model to predict 28-day unplanned readmission via the accident and emergency department after discharge from acute psychiatric units for patients with psychotic spectrum disorders
Authors: Hariman Keith , Cheng Koi Man , Lam Jenny , Leung Siu Kau , Lui Simon S. Y. 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundUnplanned readmissions rates are an important indicator of the quality of care provided in a psychiatric unit. However, there is no validated risk model to predict this outcome in patients with psychotic spectrum disorders.AimsThis paper aims to establish a clinical risk prediction model to predict 28-day unplanned readmission via the accident and emergency department after discharge from acute psychiatric units for patients with psychotic spectrum disorders.MethodAdult patients with psychotic spectrum disorders discharged within a 5-year period from all psychiatric units in Hong Kong were included in this study. Information on the socioeconomic background, past medical and psychiatric history, current discharge episode and Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) scores were used in a logistic regression to derive the risk model and the predictive variables. The sample was randomly split into two to derive (n= 10 219) and validate (n= 10 643) the model.ResultsThe rate of unplanned readmission was 7.09%. The risk factors for unplanned readmission include higher number of previous admissions, comorbid substance misuse, history of violence and a score of one or more in the discharge HoNOS overactivity or aggression item. Protective factors include older age, prescribing clozapine, living with family and relatives after discharge and imposition of conditional discharge. The model had moderate discriminative power with a c-statistic of 0.705 and 0.684 on the derivation and validation data-set.ConclusionsThe risk of readmission for each patient can be identified and adjustments in the treatment for those with a high risk may be implemented to prevent this undesirable outcome.
Cumulative Incidence and Predictors of CNS Metastasis for Patients With American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Edition Stage III Melanoma
Authors: Haydu Lauren E. , Lo Serigne N. , McQuade Jennifer L. , Amaria Rodabe N. , Wargo Jennifer , Ross Merrick I. , Cormier Janice N. , Lucci Anthony , Lee Jeffrey E. , Ferguson Sherise D. , Saw Robyn P.M. , Spillane Andrew J. , Shannon Kerwin F. , Stretch Jonathan R. , Hwu Patrick , Patel Sapna P. , Diab Adi , Wong Michael K.K. , Glitza Oliva Isabella C. , Tawbi Hussein , Carlino Matteo S. , Menzies Alexander M. , Long Georgina V. , Lazar Alexander J. , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Scolyer Richard A. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Thompson John F. , Davies Michael A. 
Published: January 2020

PURPOSE Improved understanding of the incidence, risk factors, and timing of CNS metastasis is needed to inform surveillance strategies for patients with melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical data were extracted from the databases of 2 major melanoma centers in the United States and Australia for 1,918 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition stage III melanoma, diagnosed from 1998-2014, who had (negative) baseline CNS imaging within 4 months of diagnosis. The cumulative incidence of CNS metastasis was calculated in the presence of the competing risk of death, from stage III presentation and at benchmark time points 1, 2, and 5 years postdiagnosis. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 70.2 months, distant recurrence occurred in 711 patients (37.1%). The first site of distant metastasis was CNS only for 3.9% of patients, CNS and extracranial (EC) for 1.8%, and EC only for 31.4%. Overall, 16.7% of patients were diagnosed with CNS metastasis during follow-up. The cumulative incidence of CNS metastasis was 3.6% (95% CI, 2.9% to 4.6%) at 1 year, 9.6% (95% CI, 8.3% to 11.0%) at 2 years, and 15.8% (95% CI, 14.1% to 17.6%) at 5 years. The risk of CNS metastasis was significantly influenced by patient sex, age, AJCC stage, primary tumor site, and primary tumor mitotic rate in multivariable and conditional analyses. High primary tumor mitotic rate was significantly associated with increased risk of CNS metastasis at diagnosis and all subsequent time points examined. CONCLUSION Similar rates of CNS metastasis were observed in 2 large, geographically distinct cohorts of patients with stage III melanoma. The results highlight the importance of primary tumor mitotic rate. Furthermore, they provide a framework for developing evidence-based surveillance strategies and evaluating the impact of contemporary adjuvant therapies on the risk of CNS metastasis development.
Therapy for Stage IV Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Without Driver Alterations: ASCO and OH (CCO) Joint Guideline Update
Authors: Hanna Nasser H. , Schneider Bryan J. , Temin Sarah , Baker Sherman , Brahmer Julie , Ellis Peter M. , Gaspar Laurie E. , Haddad Rami Y. , Hesketh Paul J. , Jain Dharamvir , Jaiyesimi Ishmael , Johnson David H. , Leighl Natasha B. , Phillips Tanyanika , Riely Gregory J. , Robinson Andrew G. , Rosell Rafael , Schiller Joan H. , Singh Navneet , Spigel David R. , Stabler Janis O. , Tashbar Joan , Masters Gregory 
Published: January 2020

PURPOSE The aim of this work is to provide evidence-based recommendations updating the 2017 ASCO guideline on systemic therapy for patients with stage IV non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver alterations. A guideline update for patients with stage IV NSCLC with driver alterations will be published separately. METHODS The American Society of Clinical Oncology and Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario) NSCLC Expert Panel made updated recommendations based on a systematic review of randomized controlled trials from December 2015 to 2019. RESULTS This guideline update reflects changes in evidence since the previous guideline update. Five randomized controlled trials provide the evidence base. Additional literature suggested by the Expert Panel is discussed. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations apply to patients without driver alterations in epidermal growth factor receptor or ALK. For patients with high programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression (tumor proportion score [TPS] ≥ 50%) and non–squamous cell carcinoma (non-SCC), the Expert Panel recommends single-agent pembrolizumab. Additional treatment options include pembrolizumab/carboplatin/pemetrexed, atezolizumab/carboplatin/paclitaxel/bevacizumab, or atezolizumab/carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel. For most patients with non-SCC and either negative (0%) or low positive (1% to 49%) PD-L1, the Expert Panel recommends pembrolizumab/carboplatin/pemetrexed. Additional options are atezolizumab/carboplatin/nab-paclitaxel, atezolizumab/carboplatin/paclitaxel/bevacizumab, platinum-based two-drug combination chemotherapy, or non–platinum-based two-drug therapy. Single-agent pembrolizumab is an option for low positive PD-L1. For patients with high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) and SCC, the Expert Panel recommends single-agent pembrolizumab. An additional treatment option is pembrolizumab/carboplatin/(paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel). For most patients with SCC and either negative (0%) or low positive PD-L1 (TPS 1% to 49%), the Expert Panel recommends pembrolizumab/carboplatin/(paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel) or chemotherapy. Single-agent pembrolizumab is an option in select cases of low positive PD-L1. Recommendations are conditional on the basis of histology, PD-L1 status, and/or the presence or absence of contraindications. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/lung-cancer-guidelines .
Silica-Based Nonwoven Fiber Fabricated by Electrospinning to Promote Fibroblast Functions
Authors: Ishikawa Shohei , Iijima Kazutoshi , Sasaki Kohei , Kawabe Masaaki , Osawa Shigehito , Otsuka Hidenori 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cellular engraftment onto an engineered scaffold is of significant importance for successful implantation. Herein, we propose the use of three-dimensional (3D) silica nonwoven fabrics (SNFs, Cellbed®) synthesized using the electrospinning method, which creates an excellent environment for greater cultured cell growth and subsequent tissue formation due to preserving the extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic inherent structure of the scaffold. Regarding the fibroblast culture on the scaffold, cellular function, in terms of collagen type I synthesis, was more enhanced than that of the conventional plane culture due to the efficient permeability and satisfactory physiological morphologies of 3D SNFs.
Case Report: Isolated hepatosplenic sarcoidosis treatment improving glycaemic control in a type 1 diabetic patient
Authors: Pina Sérgio , Salero Teresa , Figueiras Mariana , Osório Rui , Amálio Sofia 
Published: January 2020

Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas in various organs. The aetiology is still unknown. Although the liver is the third most commonly affected organ, hepatosplenic sarcoidosis without lung involvement is very uncommon. There is a high frequency of certain autoimmune illnesses observed in sarcoidosis, but association with type 1 diabetes is infrequent. We present the case of a 31-year-old woman, with type 1 diabetes mellitus diagnosed 22 years before with a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) above 14%, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy, hypercholesterolemia and beta thalassemia. She was medicated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist and insulin. The patient presented with a 4-month history of tiredness, abdominal pain, weight lost and hepatosplenomegaly. Abdominal ultrasound revealed hepatomegaly with regular contours, diffuse heterogeneous texture, containing numerous nodules with slight enlargement of the spleen. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) was 67 IU/L and a sedimentation rate of 120 mm/h. Computer tomography (CT) scan confirmed hepatosplenomegaly and suggested infiltration in both organs. Liver biopsies were compatible with sarcoidosis. After ruling other organ involvement, a diagnosis of isolated hepatosplenic sarcoidosis was provided and prednisolone (40mg/day) was started. After a few months the patient developed a corticoid-induced myopathy confirmed with electromyography. Prednisolone was reduced to 20mg/day and azathioprine (50mg/day) treatment initiated. After a 7-month treatment, chest-abdomen-pelvis CT scan showed a marked reduction of the nodularity and hepatosplenomegaly and after 1 year the patient was completely asymptomatic (HbA1c, 7.5%; ACE, 24IU/L). At 18-month follow-up there was no evidence of recurrence (HbA1c, 7%), with optimum glycaemic control with total daily insulin dose lowered to half. This is an uncommon case in which the treatment of hepatosplenic sarcoidosis with regression of sarcoid tissue can help explain the improvement of glycaemic control in this patient.
Helenismo e cristianismo primitivo: encontros e desencontros
Authors: Vasconcelos Paulo Sérgio Dantas 
Published: January 2020

A proposta do nosso trabalho é analisar a relação entre helenismo e cristianismo à luz das principais doutrinas, a saber, cosmologia, teodiceia (existência e propriedades de Deus) e antropologia as quais foram desenvolvidas por grandes espíritos do pensamento grego e cristão. Cumpre, preliminarmente, estabelecer alguns critérios para a análise de um tema que, por sua natureza propõe, antes de tudo, comparar dois universos de ideias fundamentalmente distintos. O cristianismo não é grego, e a síntese com a cultura helenista não se deu senão sob a égide de conflitos e aporias que marcaram definitivamente o espírito desse encontro que,ocorrido nos primeiros séculos de nossa era, ainda hoje motiva questionamentos.