bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northwest Mandarin, Standard Chinese, and Tibetan elements in Wutun lexicon
Authors: Cabras Giulia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Wutun is a distinct form of Northwest Mandarin spoken by approximately 4000 people in a rural area called Seng ge
gshong (‘the valley of the lion’) in the Wutun language, or Wutun 五屯 in Standard Chinese, located a few kilometers from Rong bo
(Long wu 龙务), the county seat of Reb gong (Tongren
同仁), in the Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,
Qinghai province, People’s Republic of China. This article analyzes some features of basic and cultural Wutun vocabulary
(Northwest Mandarin, Standard Chinese, and Tibetan items, as well as hybrid and idiosyncratic words) exploring prospects for
lexical borrowing in an intense language contact situation, as well as the impact of the environment, cultural influences, and
linguistic prestige in the development of the lexicon of a small language community.
Vascular plant one-zinc finger 1 (VOZ1) and VOZ2 negatively regulate phytochrome B-mediated seed germination inArabidopsis
Authors: Luo Dan , Qu Lina , Zhong Ming , Li Xinmei , Wang Han , Miao Jiahui , Liu Xuanming , Zhao Xiaoying 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSeed germination is regulated by light. Phytochromes (Phys) act as red and far-red light photoreceptors to mediate seed germination. However, the mechanism of this process is not well understood. In this study, we found that the Arabidopsis thaliana mutants vascular plant one-zinc finger 1 (voz1) and voz2 showed higher seed germination percentage than wild type when PhyB was inactivated by far-red light. In wild type, VOZ1 and VOZ2 expression were downregulated after seed imbibition, repressed by PhyB, and upregulated by Phytochrome-interacting factor 1 (PIF1), a key negative regulator of seed germination. Red light irradiation and the voz1voz2 mutation caused increased expression of Gibberellin 3-oxidase 1 (GA3ox1), a gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic gene. We also found that VOZ2 is bound directly to the promoter of GA3ox1 in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that VOZs play a negative role in PhyB-mediated seed germination, possibly by directly regulating GA3ox1 expression.
The validity of conceptual knowledge test on mechanics topic
Authors: Tanjung Y I , Siregar A M , Bakar A , Mihardi S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the validity of conceptual knowledge test on mechanics topic. The research method used four stages that was Preliminary Research, Prototyping Stage, Summative Evaluation, Systematic Reflection and Documentation. This article report is focused on preliminary research and prototyping stage that is to arrange conceptual knowledge test and analyze validity of test by Content Validity Ratio (CVR) method. Based on the data analysis, it was concluded that the test was valid and feasible to use on students.
Analysis on facilities and intensity of utilization of biology laboratories in four state schools in medan
Authors: Mukra R , Silitonga M , Restuati M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research aims for analyze the completeness of laboratory facilities and the intensity of the utilization of biology laboratories in four State schools in Medan. This type of research was descriptive with quantitative result. Samples were taken at four schools by Cluster Sampling, based on the criteria of SMA Negeri in Medan, namely MAN 1, MAN 2, SMA Negeri 3, and SMA Negeri 4 Medan and their biology teachers. Using data collection techniques consisting of observation sheets to determine the level of availability of facilities and intensity of utilization of laboratory data obtained from the number of practical done and not done as well as using descriptive analysis techniques by calculating the average data value. The results in this study are complete laboratory facilities in the biological category are in good category (77.34) and the intensity of utilization are in high category (82.14).
Accuracy of Fifth-Order Improved Runge-Kutta Method for Handling Hyperchaotics Finance Systems
Authors: Rangkuti Yulita Molliq , Huda Akmal 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A new alternative technique named fifth order Improved Runge-Kutta (IRK5) method is applied to compute ahyperchaotic finance system, which needs less number of function evaluations per time step.This method obtains a solution in terms of a rapidly convergent infinite power seriescompared to fourth order RungeKutta (RK4) and fifth order Diagonally Implicit Runge-Kutta (DIRK5) methods. Moreover, the residual error of the IRK5 solution is defined and computed for each time interval. Via the computing of the residual error we observe that the accuracy of the IRK5 method compared to DIRK5.
Utilization of Moodle in Learning
Authors: Frisnoiry S , Darari MB 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Moodle on student learning motivation as well as to find out the result of learning improvement of students who were learned using Moodle. This research was conducting by experimental study which using the Descent Nonequivalent Control Group Design using two groups, the experimental group, and the control group. This research used test and questionnaire (non-test) to collect the data. Based on the result of the study it showed that by using Moodle learning significantly affect motivation of the students. Also, based on the test description it was found that the average score of learning outcomes was increased. Students’ average score on pretest was 67.6 while on posttest the average score was 92.3. it means that there was an average increase of 24.6.therefore it may be concluded that the use of Moodle in learning can improve students ‘motivation and learning outcomes.
Innovation of learning line on research in mathematics education to support students in conducting research
Authors: Haris Denny , Chairunisah  
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Learning of research method required effective instruction to help students developed research and academic writing skills. Various approaches had been offered to overcome this obstacle. However, these approaches do not have a special treatment to produce a model of instructional activity in generating research and academic writing well. This paper aims to describe the activities structure of a developed learning line to support research and academic writing skills for students in the mathematics education department. The design research method containing preliminary design, teaching experiment and retrospective analysis was applied. The research described how developed learning line on research contributed to 30 students in mathematics education department in Universitas Negeri Medan. Explicitly, the developed learning line on research was successful in promoting understanding of a research process.
Application Genetic Algorithm In solving three-level supply chain distribution problems.
Authors: Indra Z , Chairunisah  , Refisis N R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Every company cannot be separated from transportation problems, both for the procurement of raw materials or in allocating finished goods. One method that can be used to minimize transportation costs is to optimize the distribution of goods as possible, using transportation methods. Given the complexity of supply chain problems, the use of metaheuristic methods such as genetic algorithms is expected to be able to quickly resolve supply chain problems, where time is a mandatory requirement to satisfy the market. The problem in the application of genetic algorithms in this study is the distribution of three levels. This study uses 3 producers, 3 agents, 5 distributors and 7 retails. Optimal solutions were obtained from population sizes of 10, 20, and 30 with a combination of mutation probabilities, 0.1 and 0.2, crossover probabilities of 0.1 and 0.2, amounting to 100.454, by conducting experiments 20 times for each genetic parameter. The lowest cost distribution is obtained at population size 20, mutation probability 0.1 and crossover probability 0.2. Based on these results obtained goods distribution channels from each producer, agent and distributor.
The Comparison of Double Moving Average and Double Exponential Smoothing Methods in Forecasting the Number of Foreign Tourists Coming to North Sumatera
Authors: Febrian Didi , Idrus Said Iskandar Al , Nainggolan Debora Agnes Jessica 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In Mathematics, Forecasting is scientific. Forecasting uses statistical techniques to describe the future using previous data. Based on North Sumatra BPS data, the number of foreign tourists coming to North Sumatra fluctuates. Therefore, forecasting the number of foreign tourism needs to be done so that tourism actors can prepare themselves. The purpose of this study is to compare time series forecasting methods, namely Double Moving Average (DMA) and Double Exponential Smoothing (DES). Then the number of tourists is predicted using the best method, the method with the smallest MAPE. The research data in the form of secondary data obtained from BPS as many as 108 data, from January 2010 to December 2018. The calculation process uses Ms. Excel. The results showed that the 12th time order on DMA had the smallest MAPE value, which was 14.12%. Whereas the DES Brown method with and DES Holt yielding MAPE values respectively 12.71% and 12.21%. Forecasting the number of foreign tourists coming to North Sumatra in 2019 using the DES Holt method.
Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from limestone by using precipitation method
Authors: Sirait M , Sinulingga K , Siregar N , Siregar R S D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Hydroxyapatite from limestone was synthesized by precipitation method. During the synthesization, the temperature of a 200 mesh sample was increased to 600°C for 3 hours. It was transformed CaCO3 into CaO powder. Then the CaO powder was dissolved with water to get Ca(OH)2, then it dissolved with H3PO4 0.3M as a source of phosphate. The solution was mixed by using magnetic stirrer with a speed of 300 rpm for 1 hour. Then NH4OH 1M solution was periodically dropped to that the solution until it became an alkaline with pH 10. The solution was stood for 24 hours and the precipitate was dried by using an oven in 120°C for 5 hours. Hydroxyapatite powder obtained was characterized by FTIR to see the major functional groups that are formed in hydroxyapatite limestone. The results obtained were 3 functional major groups that are phosphate (PO4
3−), carbonate (CO3
2−) and hydroxyl (OH−) on hydroxyapatite limestone.
Lejeuneaceae (Marchantiophyta) of Taman Eden 100 Natural Park North Sumatera Indonesia
Authors: Siregar E S , Pasaribu N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Knowledge on the liverworts (Marchantiophyta) of Sumatera is still insufficiently reported including that of family Lejeuneaceae. This study was conducted to explore the diversity of Lejeuneaceae in Taman Eden Natural Park North Sumatera, Indonesia. Sample was collected along the hiking trails in the study site using the explorative survey method. Thirty one species of Lejeuneaceae were found in Taman Eden Natural Park, belonging to 13 genera, two of which are new record for Sumatera: Cololejeunea denticulata and Lejeunea albescens.
Modelling the Distribution of Dendrocygna javanica in North Sumatera, Indonesia using Maximum Entropy Approach
Authors: Lazuardi  , Prastowo P , Prasetya E , Prakasa H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) is a species of bird that lives in the South, Southeast and South Asian regions, especially on the islands of Kalimantan, Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. D. javanica is a member of the genus Dendrocygna and the Anatidae family with a unique characteristic-making a continuous sound when flying and therefore often called the Lesser Whistling Teal. This study aims to predict the distribution model of D. javanica in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The study area ranges from the districts of Central Tapanuli, Mandailing Natal, Medan, Langkat, Deli Serdang, Tebing Tinggi, Tanjung Balai, Asahan, and Siantar. A total of 35 points obtained from the study area were analyzed using the Maximum Entropy 3.4.0 application. The environmental variables used in this analysis are global elevation, global land, solar radiation, bioclims, global aspects, precipitation, temperature, water vapor pressure, and wind speed. The Jacknife test is used to evaluate important variables for predicting the distribution model. The resulting MaxEnt model has high accuracy with a significant AUC value of 0. 968. The distribution model approach using MaxEnt can promise the potential distribution of D. javanica in North Sumatra so that it can be used as an effective tool in planning bird conservation.
Changes in the exposure of California’s levee-protected critical infrastructure to flooding hazard in a warming climate
Authors: Mallakpour Iman , Sadegh Mojtaba , AghaKouchak Amir 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Levee systems are an important part of California’s water infrastructure, engineered to provide resilience against flooding and reduce flood losses. The growth in California is partly associated with costly infrastructure developments that led to population expansion in the levee protected areas. Therefore, potential changes in the flood hazard could have significant socioeconomic consequences over levee protected areas, especially in the face of a changing climate. In this study, we examine the possible impacts of a warming climate on flood hazard over levee protected land in California. We use gridded maximum daily runoff from global circulation models (GCMs) that represent a wide range of variability among the climate projections, and are recommended by the California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment Report, to investigate possible climate-induced changes. We also quantify the exposure of several critical infrastructure protected by the levee systems (e.g. roads, electric power transmission lines, natural gas pipelines, petroleum pipelines, and railroads) to flooding. Our results provide a detailed picture of change in flood risk for different levees and the potential societal consequences (e.g. exposure of people and critical infrastructure). Levee systems in the northern part of the Central Valley and coastal counties of Southern California are likely to observe the highest increase in flood hazard relative to the past. The most evident change is projected for the northern region of the Central Valley, including Butte, Glenn, Yuba, Sutter, Sacramento, and San Joaquin counties. In the leveed regions of these counties, based on the model simulations of the future, the historical 100-year runoff can potentially increase up to threefold under RCP8.5. We argue that levee operation and maintenance along with emergency preparation plans should take into account the changes in frequencies and intensities of flood hazard in a changing climate to ensure safety of levee systems and their protected infrastructure.
Evolution of morphology and defects of graphene with growth parameters by PECVD
Authors: Luo Anlin , Xu Yu , Zhou Hao , Yuan Zhihao , Cao Bing , Wang Chinhua , Xu Ke 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The morphology of graphene has an important impact on its applications such as sensing and energy storage. In this study, the evolution of the surface morphology and defect types of graphene that was directly grown on Al2O3 by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was investigated by controlled growth conditions. It was found that the defect type of graphene was determined by the ion source power while the surface morphology of graphene was determined by the combination of growth temperature and ion source power. The type of defects of graphene changed from vacancy-like to boundary-like as the ion source power increased, and the morphology of graphene changed from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) as the temperature rose or the power of the ion source increased. The hydrophobicity of graphene was well correlated with surface morphology, in which the contact angle of graphene changes from 78° to 132° with the change of graphene from 2D to 3D.
Low-cost synthesis of AuNPs through ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
Authors: Tiyyagura Hanuma Reddy , Majerič Peter , Anžel Ivan , Rudolf Rebeka 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The present research informs about the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP), which were collected in ethanol with 0.1% Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Initially, the research focused on two precursors, where the first represented a homemade H-HAuCl4, completed in our own laboratory through the chlorine gas method by using HCl and KMnO4, and the second was the commercial C-HAuCl4, prepared by using Gold (III) chloride tetrahydrate powder and deionised water. The goal was to find any potential precursor differences and their influences on the later use for AuNPs synthesis through USP using almost the same parameters. In the first step of research it was determined that the H-HAuCl4 precursor was similar to C-HAuCl4 in chemical composition, surface tension and pH value. This finding represented the starting point for being able to use H-HAuCl4 in the USP for AuNPs‘ synthesis. In the second step, AuNPs were synthesised from both types of precursors. Afterwards, characterisation of some functional properties by FTIR and UV–vis techniques was done directly for H- and C-AuNPs in the collecting media. For SEM/EDX and TEM microscopy both types of H- and C-AuNPs were dried, and observation revealed that the morphology, shape and size distribution of dried AuNPs were very similar. Based on the performed laboratory research, it could be concluded that prepared H-AuNPs could represent a new and low-cost effective solution for future USP transfer onto the industrial level, not only in in the process itself, but also in the field of Low-cost Precursor Preparation.
Effects of Al-5Ti-0.62C-1.07La intermediate alloy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy
Authors: Ding Wanwu , Xu Chen , Zhang Haixia , Zhao Wenjun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The physical characters that belong to hypo-eutectic Al-Si alloys are affected by certain important factors including the dimension, distribution together with structure of eutectic Si crystals together with primary α-Al. In this paper, A356-x Al-5Ti-0.62C-1.07La (x = 0, 4, 5, 6, 7 wt%) alloys are was prepared by mechanical stirring. The effects of Al-5Ti-0.62C-1.07La intermediate alloy on the microstructures and mechanical properties of A356 alloy are investigated. Results show that the primary α-Al was significantly refined by Al-5Ti-0.62C-1.07La intermediate alloy. The secondary dendrite arm space (SDAS) of unrefined α-Al is approximately 40 μm. When the substance of Al-5Ti-0.62C-1.07La intermediate alloy is 6 wt%, SDAS declines to 10 μm. In addition, the component part of eutectic Si turns from thick acicular/schistose to short rod-like together with a section of pellets. Adding 6 wt% Al-5Ti-0.62C-1.07La intermediate alloy, A356-T6 alloy obtained the best tensile function and hardness. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation (El) together with Vickers hardness (HV) are 183.5 MPa, 8.2% and 62.3, which is increased by 30.3%, 95.2% and 38.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the variation in mechanical properties change with the development of micro-structure.
Kinetic modeling of seeded nitrogen in an ITER baseline scenario
Authors: Schluck F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
ITER as the next-level fusion device is intended to reliably produce more fusion power than required for sustainably heating its plasma. Modeling has been an essential part of the ITER design and for planning of future experimental campaigns. In a tokamak or stellarator plasma discharge, impurities play a significant role, especially in the edge region. Residual gases, eroded wall material, or even intentionally seeded gases all heavily influence the confinement and, thus, the overall fusion performance. Nitrogen is such a gas envisaged to be seeded into a discharge plasma. By modeling the impurities kinetically using the full three-dimensional Monte-Carlo code package EMC3-EIRENE, we analyze the distribution of nitrogen charge-state resolved in a seeded ITER baseline scenario and draw conclusions for the hydrogen background plasma density. Lastly, we compare the influence of a more refined kinetic ion transport in EIRENE including additional physical effects on the impurity density.
Transitions between frailty states in the very old: the influence of socioeconomic status and multi-morbidity in the Newcastle 85+ cohort study
Authors: Mendonça Nuno , Kingston Andrew , Yadegarfar Mohammad , Hanson Helen , Duncan Rachel , Jagger Carol , Robinson Louise 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Using Newcastle 85+ Study data, we investigated transitions between frailty states from age 85 to 90 years and whether multi-morbidities and socioeconomic status (SES) modify transitions.

Methods
The Newcastle 85+ Study is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of all people born in 1921 in Newcastle and North Tyneside. Data included: a multidimensional health assessment; general practice record review (GPRR) and date of death. Using the Fried phenotype (participants defined as robust, pre-frail or frail), frailty was measured at baseline, 18, 36 and 60 months.

Results
Frailty scores were available for 82% (696/845) of participants at baseline. The prevalence of frailty was higher in women (29.7%, 123/414) than men (17.7%, 50/282) at baseline and all subsequent time points. Of those robust at baseline, 44.6% (50/112) remained robust at 18 months and 28% (14/50) at age 90. Most (52%) remained in the same state across consecutive interviews; only 6% of the transitions were recovery (from pre-frail to robust or frail to pre-frail), and none were from frail to robust. Four or more diseases inferred a greater likelihood of progression from robust to pre-frail even after adjustment for SES. SES did not influence the likelihood of moving from one frailty state to another.

Conclusions
Almost half the time between age 85 and 90, on average, was spent in a pre-frail state; multi-morbidity increased the chance of progression from robust and to frail; greater clinical intervention at the onset of a first chronic illness, to prevent transition to multi-morbidity, should be encouraged.
White Subversion of Public School Desegregation in South Carolina, 1963-1970
Authors: Lowe Stephen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Despite small victories for black South Carolinians in desegregating Clemson College and the University of South Carolina in 1963, federal court cases dealing with public education in the mid- to late 1960s reveal that South Carolina officials were willing to go to great lengths to preserve segregation. 1963 as a turning point on South Carolina’s desegregation history should be reconsidered. The state had no lack of white politicians, bureaucrats, and parents who continued to appeal to the courts to undermine the transformative intent of Brown v. Board. Despite some minor steps toward desegregation—small steps that whites were willing to allow as long as they helped to forestall any real integration—white South Carolinians were able, through legal delay and obfuscation, to subvert the promise of “integration with dignity.” Ultimately, policy-related efforts failed and by the early 1970s, desegregation had become a reality. However, personal defiance successfully thwarted integration, leading some white parents to permanently quit the public school system.