bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fengsel eller frihet: Noe om reaksjonsvalg i norsk strafferett
Authors: Holmboe Morten 
Published: March 2020

The grounds for a given society's punishment of offenders has a long history of discussion. In Norway, deterrence is seen as the basis for the criminal justice system - both in general and as a guide in choosing between types of punishment in concrete cases. General deterrence theory suggests that people might abstain from crime either because of an assessment of its potential risks or because the use of punishment leads to a general habit of obeying the law - and that people rest assured that justice is done, leading to a sense of safety in society. If a person charged has made a complete confession, the court shall take this into account when passing sentence. The rule is designed to encourage the guilty to confess, but it is possible that innocent defendants are sometimes tempted to confess in order to avoid harsher punishments.When a fine is imposed, a sentence of imprisonment is executed if the fine is not paid on time. The authorities begin by trying to get the money from the defendant's legal assets. Seventy-seven percent of the defendants who are supposed to go to prison pay the fine. Does the money come from friends and relatives or from crime?In 2010, the punishments for several types of crime were increased. Given the theory of deterrence, it would be reasonable to assume that legislators hoped that longer sentences would lead to less crime. Yet when assessing the need for more prisons, there is no discussion of the value of deterrence. The theory of general deterrence is also applied in concerete cases. In certain types of cases there are established guidelines for when to apply prison. Nonetheless, general deterrence has been given different weight in comparable areas, e.g. fraud against insurance companies versus fraud against the social services. Certain rules concerning the rights of the convict are based on the kind of punishment (prison or not) that was meted out, e.g. the right to inheritance or insurance. Since a defendant's personal situation can have a considerable bearing on punishment, I question whether the rules should be more flexible.
En opplyst samtale: Om rettsvitenskapens oppgaver i kriminalpolitikken
Authors: Holmboe Morten 
Published: March 2020

English title: Title in English: An enlightened public discourse: On the tasks of legal research regarding criminal politicsWhat are the primary tasks of legal research regarding the politics of crime? Political decisions on crime are decided and executed by politicians, the courts and administrators. Researchers should not avoid politically hot issues, but must take care not to let their political sympathies influence their statements when they give opinions qua legal experts. Academic freedom implies a duty for researchers to take part in enlightened public debates.
En ny offerposisjon? Om styrkede rettigheter for fornærmede i straffesaker
Authors: Dullum Jane 
Published: March 2020

English title: A new position for the victim? On the strengthening of victims’ rights in the penal process in NorwayA few decades ago, victims of domestic violence were relatively invisible in the penal process in Norway. Today, new penalties are implemented to fight domestic violence, and penalties have been increased. At the same time, there has been a growing critique of the use of legal strategies to fight domestic violence. The most profound critique has been that the penal system does not care for the victim. To protect the victim, victims’ rights in the judicial process have thus been strengthened, e.g., the right to a lawyer; to attain information; to be present in the courtroom; to participate in the proceedings. The current article discusses the extent to which these new rights actually strengthen the position of victims of domestic violence.
Kriminalitetsprofiler i en dansk retspsykiatrisk population – udfordringer for psykiatriens kriminalitetsforebyggende opgave?
Authors: Stølan, Raben, Sørensen, Brandt-Christensen, Møllerhøj Diverse: 
Published: March 2020

English title: Typologies of crime committed by mentally disordered offenders: A challenge to the statutory task in hospital psychiatry of preventing recidivism to criminal actsThe aim of the study is to identify and describe a number of characteristics among a selected sample of mentally disordered offenders referred to a specialized forensic assertive community treatment team in Copenhagen (n=181). Looking at a number of variables, the study identifies a heavily burdened patient population in terms of social marginalization, serious mental illness, and criminal acts. Having identified a huge variety and number of typologies of criminal acts, we argue that the task of preventing recidivism to new crime not clear among mental health professionals. Furthermore, it proves difficult to prevent crime when the typologies of crime are diverse and widespread. It is one thing is to prevent violent crimes closely related to an actual psychotic mental state and quite another to prevent drug crimes or property crimes not so obviously related to a mental disorder. The article concludes that we need to increase our knowledge and awareness of risk and protective factors specifically related to criminal recidivism and improve cooperation between hospital psychiatry, social services and probation services.
Empirisk forskning om domstolar i Finland
Authors: Sutela Mika 
Published: March 2020

The subject of my article-based dissertation in law was decision-making in the general courts of Finland. My research aimed to describe how uniform decisionmaking is in the Finnish courts. With regard to district courts convictions of gravateddrunk driving were the main focus of my study. The results show that there are regional differences in the sentences. Results are based on empirical legal research that draws on aspects of criminal and procedural law as well as criminology. Prior to this, only a few empirical studies had been conducted in Finland that focused on the courts and other criminal sanctioning systems. In the current dissertation, the equality and predictability of judicial decision-making at the international level where the influence of legal and extra-legal factors, e.g., offender age, on sentencing is explored. At a more theoretical level, the dissertation reflects the research tradition of legal realism. Empirical legal research will play an increasingly important role in the future. It can increase both equality before the law, as well as the transparency of decision-making and confidence in the judicial process. Data on, e.g., punishments meted out by the courts, should be kept as current as possible since information on the functioning of the legal system is important. Empirical court research provides a unique basis for discussing levels of punishment. The functioning of the legal system has a major impact on society. Empirical data, including statistics, provide a good basis for a wide range of research.1.
Maskulinitetsperspektiv på kriminologiens kjerneområder: Kontroll, ofre og kriminalitet
Authors: Jon Nina Irene 
Published: March 2020

The aim of this article is to render visible and problematise conceptions and norms for performing masculinity within criminology. Approaching crime and crime control from a gendered perspective is highly relevant: Crime and punishmentare historically among the most gendered fields in society, predominantly inhabited by men. While the relation between crime and masculinity was actually addressed by some of the subcultural theorists in the 1950s (see e.g., Cohen 1955, Bloch and Niederhoffer 1958, Kvaraceus and Miller 1959, Cloward & Ohlin 1960), criminology as such has by and large remained a gender-blind discipline. The article focuses on the impact a gender perspective can have on the core areas of criminology: control, victimization and crime.
Fra novice til oldtimer – domsmandsrollen som læringsproces
Authors: Johansen Louise Victoria 
Published: March 2020

Jury systems rest on the notion that not only specialized judges, but also “ordinary” people should judge defendants. Lay judges are supposed to contribute with their mundane, common sense, untouched by legal reasoning and knowledge.These ideals are also prevalent in Denmark. However, Danish lay judges are appointed for a four-year period and may even serve several periods. The present paper analyses how the repeated participation of newly appointed lay judges in Danish criminal cases changes the way they perceive their own role, as well as their perception of what constitutes relevant knowledge in a case. Over time, there is a tendency to learn and apply a way of reasoning that is closer to the court and its codes than it is to their own everyday life. In this way, the nature of their participation as “lay judges” is challenged.
Duften af frihed i det åbne fængsel – en analyse af hvordan det opleves at afsone i et åbent fængsel
Authors: Andersen Marie Herping 
Published: March 2020

Sociological interest in prisons has traditionally focused on common features with most attention paid to the more restrictive and closed prison regimes (Liebling 2004; Crewe 2007). This has changed over the last 10 years in part becauseof John Pratt’s publication of his two-part article, “Scandinavian exceptionalism in an era of penal excess”. The shift has led to an interest in the qualitative differences that characterise different kinds of prison regimes and has createdan awareness of the fact that a prison is not just a prison (Crewe 2011; Crewe, Liebling & Hulley 2014). The current article concerns the open prison, a regime that plays a big role in the Nordic countries. In the article, I investigate how inmates experience the transition from closed to open prison regimes, and how it feels to serve time in a regime without prison walls. In addition, I explore the ways in which inmates experience their possibilities for taking part in life outside the walls. The empirical foundation is based on interviews and a six-month period of fieldwork in a Danish open prison.
Expanding the utility of the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model to induce a clinically relevant loss of intestinal barrier function
Authors: Cochran Kyle E. , Lamson Nicholas G. , Whitehead Kathryn A. 
Published: March 2020

Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a family of debilitating disorders that affects more than 1 million people in the United States. Many animal studies of IBD use a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model of colitis that induces rapid and severe colitis symptoms. Although the typical seven-day DSS model is appropriate for many studies, it destroys intestinal barrier function and results in intestinal permeability that is substantially higher than what is typically observed in patients. As such, therapies that enhance or restore barrier integrity are difficult or impossible to evaluate.

Methods
We identify administration conditions that result in more physiologically relevant intestinal damage by systematically varying the duration of DSS administration. We administered 3.0% DSS for four to seven days and assessed disease metrics including weight, fecal consistency, intestinal permeability, spleen weight, and colon length. Histology was performed to assess the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelium.

Results
Extended exposure (seven days) to DSS resulted in substantial, unrecoverable loss of intestinal structure and intestinal permeability increases of greater than 600-fold. Attenuated DSS administration durations (four days) produced less severe symptoms by all metrics. Intestinal permeability increased only 8-fold compared to healthy mice, better recapitulating the 2–18 fold increases in permeability observed in patients. The attenuated model retains the hallmark properties of colitis against which to compare therapeutic candidates. Our results demonstrate that an attenuated DSS colitis model obtains clinically relevant increases in intestinal permeability, enabling the effective evaluation of therapeutic candidates that promote barrier function.
Testing the individual and social learning abilities of task-naïve captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes sp.) in a nut-cracking task
Authors: Neadle Damien , Bandini Elisa , Tennie Claudio 
Published: March 2020

Nut-cracking is often cited as one of the most complex behaviours observed in wild chimpanzees. However, the cognitive mechanisms behind its acquisition are still debated. The current null hypothesis is that the form of nut-cracking behaviour relies on variants of social learning, with some researchers arguing, more precisely, that copying variants of social learning mechanisms are necessary. However, to date, very few experiments have directly investigated the potentially sufficient role of individual learning in explaining the behavioural form of nut-cracking. Despite this, the available data provides some evidence for the spontaneous acquisition of nut-cracking by chimpanzees; later group acquisition was then found to be at least facilitated by (unspecified) variants of social learning. The latter findings are in line with both suggested hypotheses, i.e., that copying social learning is required and that other (non-copying) social learning mechanisms are at play. Here we present the first study which focused (initially) on the role of individual learning for the acquisition of the nut-cracking behavioural form in chimpanzees. We tested task-naïve chimpanzees (N = 13) with an extended baseline condition to examine whether the behaviour would emerge spontaneously. After the baseline condition (which was unsuccessful), we tested for the role of social learning by providing social information in a step-wise fashion, culminating in a full action demonstration of nut-cracking by a human demonstrator (this last condition made it possible for the observers to copy all actions underlying the behaviour). Despite the opportunities to individually and/or socially learn nut-cracking, none of the chimpanzees tested here cracked nuts using tools in any of the conditions in our study; thus, providing no conclusive evidence for either competing hypothesis. We conclude that this failure was the product of an interplay of factors, including behavioural conservatism and the existence of a potential sensitive learning period for nut-cracking in chimpanzees. The possibility remains that nut-cracking is a behaviour that chimpanzees can individually learn. However, this behaviour might only be acquired when chimpanzees are still inside their sensitive learning period, and when ecological and developmental conditions allow for it. The possibility remains that nut-cracking is an example of a culture dependent trait in non-human great apes. Recommendations for future research projects to address this question are considered.
Small Millet Farming Drifting towards Progression: An Attitudinal Study
Authors: Jaisridhar P. , Parasuraman P. , Divakar Shashikant 
Published: March 2020

As farmers have started to grow millets in recent times, farming is taking a slow drift towards progression. Past studies justifies this with various reasons viz., reduced water table, labour shortage, progressive market for millets and so on. Is it really because of this reason farming is taking a drift or is it because of farmers themselves. To understand this, the current study was conducted in Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts where millet is being extensively cultivated. A 3-point Likert Summated Scale containing pre-tested statements was developed and used to measure the perceived factors favouring millet farming in the current scenario. The total sample size was 120 and most of respondents belonged to small and marginal farming category. The results revealed that, 85.00 percent of the respondents’ in Tiruvannamalai district and 80.00 percent of the respondents in Vellore district agreed towards, supportive role of millets in marginal farmer’s life followed by 55.00 percent of the respondents in Tiruvannamalai and 70.00 percent of the respondents in Vellore agreeing to lack of awareness on environmental sustainability and nutritional health benefits of millets. Factors that have contributed towards favourable attitude towards millet farming were use of communication tools & participation in trainings for information utilization and utilization of media sources to gain knowledge over cultivation and market trends.
Propagation of Aloysia citriodora Palau Using Different Cutting Types under Light Intensity
Authors: Silva Orivaldo Benedito da , Goelzer Ademir , Santos Cleberton Correia , Torales Elissandra Pacito , Zárate Néstor Antonio Heredia , Vieira Maria do Carmo 
Published: March 2020

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of types of cuttings and light intensity on cidró vegetative propagation.
Place and Duration of Study: Medicinal Plants Garden, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, September to November 2016.
Methodology: The experiment was carried out under two light conditions (shaded and full light), evaluating three types of cuttings (softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood). Experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications.
Results: Hardwood cuttings showed the highest survival rates (86% and 82%), regardless of light. Highest fresh weight (0.6062 g plant-1) and dry mass (0.2987 g plant-1) with a leaf of 44.57 cm2 were from hardwood cuttings, regardless of the light, while the longest root length were those of softwood cuttings under full light. Physiological indices varied as a function of light intensity, The highest values of leaf area ratio (46.11 cm2 g-1) and specific leaf mass (0.0037 g cm-2) occurred in cuttings under full light.
Conclusion: The vegetative propagation of cidró can be carried out using the hardwood portion of the cutting branch, under full light.
Insular and occipital changes in visual snow syndrome: a BOLD fMRI and MRS study
Authors: Puledda Francesca , Ffytche Dominic , Lythgoe David J. , O’Daly Owen , Schankin Christoph , Williams Steven C. R. , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the pathophysiology of visual snow (VS), through a combined functional neuroimaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) approach.MethodsWe applied a functional MRI block‐design protocol studying the responses to a visual stimulation mimicking VS, in combination with 1H‐MRS over the right lingual gyrus, in 24 patients with VS compared to an equal number of age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls.ResultsWe found reduced BOLD responses to the visual stimulus with respect to baseline in VS patients compared to controls, in the left (k = 291; P = 0.025; peak MNI coordinate [‐34 12 ‐6]) and right (k = 100; P = 0.003; peak MNI coordinate [44 14 ‐2]) anterior insula. Our spectroscopy analysis revealed a significant increase in lactate concentrations in patients with respect to controls (0.66 ± 0.9 mmol/L vs. 0.07 ± 0.2 mmol/L; P < 0.001) in the right lingual gyrus. In this area, there was a significant negative correlation between lactate concentrations and BOLD responses to visual stimulation (P = 0.004; r = −0.42), which was dependent on belonging to the patient group.InterpretationAs shown by our BOLD analysis, VS is characterized by a difference in bilateral insular responses to a visual stimulus mimicking VS itself, which could be due to disruptions within the salience network. Our results also suggest that patients with VS have a localized disturbance in extrastriate anaerobic metabolism, which may in turn cause a decreased metabolic reserve for the regular processing of visual stimuli.
Robust adaptive tracking control for nontriangular time‐delay nonlinear systems with input dead‐zone and multiple uncertainties
Authors: Xue Lingrong , Liu Zhen‐Guo , Wu Yuqiang 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThis article studies the robust adaptive tracking control problem of nontriangular nonlinear systems that are affected by multiple state delays rather than the input‐delay. Different from the related studies, the considered systems involve input dead‐zone and various uncertainties arising in the control coefficients, structure parameters, time delays, and disturbances. A new adaptive control strategy is presented by introducing a dynamic‐gain‐based Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and by generalizing the tuning function method in the framework of time‐delay system theory. All the states of the closed‐loop system are bounded and the tracking error can be adjusted sufficiently small. In the simulation, the delayed chemical system is studied to demonstrate the validity of the strategy.
Thermo‐Responsive Polymer Capsules in Real‐Time One‐Step RT‐PCR for Highly Multiplex RNA Analysis
Authors: Kim Junsun , Jung Seungwon , Kim Mi Yeon , Kim Bong Kyun , Kwon Soon Hwan , Kim Sang Kyung 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRapid and simple detection of RNA targets is in high demand due to the growing threat of pandemic viruses. One‐step real‐time, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (One‐step RT‐qPCR) using a controlled release system of thermo‐responsive materials is developed in this paper to enable high‐fidelity RNA analysis as suppressing by‐products. The nanocapsules, consisting of upper critical solution temperature (UCST) material and PCR primers, carry or release the primers depending upon the temperature. The UCST nanocapsules are introduced into hydrogel microparticles incorporated with RT primers and then the target RNA is selectively amplified in the microparticle through one‐step RT‐qPCR. Severe side products are sharply subdued by separating the PCR primers from the RT process by means of the microparticles with nanocapsules. Because the one‐step assay is now implemented in a single microparticle, multiple target RNAs can be analyzed in a simple RT‐qPCR of multiple particles. Reliable 18‐plex one‐step RT‐qPCR is successfully conducted within 30 min using single‐color fluorescent optics. This work also explains the facile fabrication processes used for the thermo‐responsive nanocapsules and hydrogel microparticles by the blending polymerization method. Extensible multiplex analysis of influenza virus demonstrates the versatile uses of this one‐step RT‐qPCR platform.
Recent Progress in the Construction of C−N Bonds via Metal‐Free Radical C(sp3)−H Functionalization
Authors: Song Si‐Zhe , Meng Ya‐Nan , Li Qiang , Wei Wen‐Ting 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNitrogen‐containing compounds widely exist in pharmaceuticals and multifunctional materials. Thus, the development of C−N bond formation reactions is of great importance in synthetic chemistry. Since 2014, obvious progress has been made in the construction of C−N bonds via metal‐free radical C(sp3)−H functionalization, which is one of the major protocols due to its high reaction activity and mild conditions. To the best of our knowledge, there are still no exclusive reviews about the formation of C−N bonds through metal‐free radical C(sp3)−H functionalization. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in this area since 2014, according to the type of the nitrogen source (amines, amides, sulfonamides, azoles, azides and other nitrogen sources). The paper is focused on discussions about the reaction mechanisms and selected examples of substrates have also been listed.magnified image
Enantioselective Dearomative Cyclization of Homotryptamines with Allenamides into Indolo[2,3‐b]quinolines
Authors: Biswas Soumen , Kim Hanbyul , Le Anh Cao Kiet , Shin Seunghoon 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe have developed a catalytic asymmetric dearomative cyclization of homotryptamine derivatives, furnishing enantioenriched indolo[2,3‐b]quinoline scaffolds. The activation of allenamides in the presence of chiral phosphoric acids triggered the dearomative cyclization in up to 99% ee.magnified image