bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicentre prospective observational study protocol for radiation exposure from gastrointestinal fluoroscopic procedures (REX-GI study)
Authors: Nishida Tsutomu , Hayashi Shiro , Takenaka Mamoru , Hosono Makoto , Kogure Hirofumi , Hasatani Kenkei , Yamaguchi Shinjiro , Maruyama Hirotsugu , Doyama Hisashi , Ihara Hideyuki , Yoshio Toshiyuki , Nagaike Koji , Yamada Takuya , Yakushijin Takayuki , Takagi Tadayuki , Tsumura Hidetaka , Kurita Akira , Asai Satoshi , Ito Yukiko , Kuwai Toshio , Hori Yasuki , Maetani Iruru , Ikezawa Kenji , Iwashita Takuji , Matsumoto Kengo , Inada Masami 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionRecently, the use of various endoscopic procedures under X-ray fluoroscopic guidance, such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), interventional endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), enteral endoscopy and stenting, has been rapidly increasing because of the minimally invasive nature of these procedures compared with that of surgical intervention. With the spread of CT and fluoroscopic interventions, including endoscopic procedures under X-ray guidance, high levels of radiation exposure (RE) from medical imaging have led to major concerns throughout society. However, information about RE related to these image-guided procedures in gastrointestinal endoscopy is scarce, and the RE reference levels have not been established. The aim of this study is to prospectively collect the actual RE dose and to help establish diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in the field of gastroenterology in Japan.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre, prospective observational study that is being conducted to collect the actual RE from treatments and diagnostic procedures, including ERCP, interventional EUS, balloon-assisted enteroscopy, enteral metallic stent placement and enteral tube placement. We will measure the total fluoroscopy time (min), the total dose–area product (Gycm2) and air-kerma (mGy) of those procedures. Because we are collecting the actual RE data and identifying the influential factors through a prospective, nationwide design, this study will provide guidance regarding the DRLs of ERCP, interventional EUS, balloon-assisted enteroscopy, enteral metallic stent placement and enteral tube placement.Ethics and disseminationApproval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Toyonaka Municipal Hospital (25 April 2019). The need for informed consent will be waived via the opt-out method of each hospital website.Trial registration numberThe UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000036525.
Parental understanding of our communication of morbidity associated with paediatric cardiac surgery: a qualitative study
Authors: Rajagopal Veena , Brown Katherine , Pagel Christina , Wray Jo 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundFollowing paediatric cardiac surgery, quality of life may be significantly impacted by morbidities associated with cardiac surgery. Parental understanding of the potential for postoperative morbidity is important for informed decision making. As part of a broader research study, we aimed to elicit parental understanding and experience of the communication of morbidities following their child’s cardiac surgery, using traditional focus groups together with an online forum.MethodsThe Children’s Heart Federation set up and moderated a closed, anonymous online discussion group via their Facebook page, focusing on complications, information needs and methods of providing families with information. Additionally, we ran three focus groups with parents/carers, moderated by an experienced independent professional. Focus groups were recorded and transcribed and a single transcript was generated from the online forum. All transcripts were thematically analysed.ResultsAll data were collected in 2014. The forum ran over 3 months in 2014 and involved 72 participants. Focus groups involved 13 participants. Three broad themes were identified: (1) clinicians’ use of language, (2) feeling unprepared for complications and (3) information needs of families.ConclusionsClinicians’ language is often misunderstood, with wide variability in the way morbidities are described, and between differing teams looking after the same child. Information may not be easily absorbed or retained by families, who often felt unprepared for morbidities that arose after their child’s heart surgery. Here, we propose key principles of good communication tailored to the individual receiving it.
A Modified Water Soluble Binder for Graphite Anode in Li-Ion Battery: Towards a Better Binding Performance
Authors: Yuca Neslihan , Zhao Hui , Battaglia Vince , Liu Gao 
Published: February 2020

In the secondary lithium ion batteries, polymeric binders provide sufficient mechanical strength to the electrodes. The type and amount selection and optimization of the binder may affect the mechanical properties and the electrochemical performance of anodes and may allow signiﬁcant improvements in the electrochemical capacity, efficiency, charging-discharging rate and cyclic life of battery. Poly(vinylidene diﬂuoride) (PVDF) which is the most widely used binder for Li-ion cells has good electrochemical stability and binding capability but has only solubility in an organic solvent. Poly-methacrylic acid (PMAA) is a water soluble binder which is environmentally friendly has been widely used in industry.
However, because of the rigidness of the PMAA polymer, the electrodes go through delamination during production process. We modified the PMAA polymer structure, while maintaining the water solubility, change it to a flexible material. Peel tests show that the graphite laminates using the modified-PMAA material have better binding performance compared to PMAA polymer. Further gain includes improvement of the electrolyte uptake property and improved cell performance for graphite half cells.
Modeling of Transport Mechanism of OH- in Electrolyte of Alkaline Fuel Cell
Authors: Nobuyuki Shimizu , Takaba HIromitsu 
Published: February 2020

In recent years, interest has grown in the development of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for alkaline fuel cells, which have advantages over PEM fuel cells including cost and performance. In a basic environment using AEMs, sluggish oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode can be significantly improved, leading to high fuel cell efficiency [1]. Catalysts are generally more stable in basic medium so that more options are available for the cathode catalysts from nonprecious metals (such as nickel and silver) and thus potentially reducing the cost of the fuel cells. However, problem exist the degradation by hydrolysis with a base, and development of the electrolyte film with high conductivity. Therefore, in this study, we reveal the electrolyte polymer which have the high conductivity by the molecular dynamics and compare two kinds of polymers and clarify structure to express the high conductivity (diffusibility). As a result we have found that coefficient of OH- increases as increase in the number of the sites of CH2
-N + (CH3)3, and the diffusivity in QPE (quaternized polyethers) is 2.538×10 -9 m2/s and that in PPESK(poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone keton)) is 8.579×10 -10 m2/s. We investigated that which is working predominantly, Grotthuss mechanism and Vehicle mechanism are thought as diffusion mechanism of OH|. We will reveal whether there is regularity in hydrogen bonding and movement of the molecules of the Grotthuss mechanism. Grotthuss mechanism has more diffusion than Vehicle mechanism, because Vehicle mechanism is the diffusion by the OH|moves between sites CH2
-N + (CH3) 3 and depends on the number of sites, but a lot of water molecules keep moving in the Grotthuss mechanism [2] . In addition, by the Grotthuss mechanism of OH|, in the case of molecular movement, OH|moved along conjugate of the hydrogen bonding and was able to confirm a regularity to form H3O2 and H5O3
+. This kind of diffusion behavior of OH|is completely different with that of H+. Furthermore, the degradation mechanism is also investigated using the data of molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry calculation for better understanding of the degradation of polymers by OH|.
Reference:
1. M. Tanaka, M. Koike, K. Miyatake, M. Watanabe, Macromolecules,
43, 2657 (2010)
2. G. Merle, M.Wessling, K. Nijmeijer, J. Membrane Science
377, 1 (2011)
Effect of CeO2 Infiltration on the Hybrid Direct Carbon Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Ippolito Davide , Deleebeeck Lisa , Hansen Kent Kammer 
Published: February 2020

The concept of Hybrid Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (HDCFC) uses a mixture of solid carbon with (Li-K-Na) carbonates, which melt at operating temperature, fed on top of a solid oxide anode. This setup offers several advantages: the presence of carbonates helps both to increase the contact between the solid carbon and the solid oxide electrode and to extend the electrolyte into the solid carbon. Furthermore the HDCFC allows the use of the current SOFC configuration, like commercial anode supported cells.
In this study the performance of anode supported NiO/YSZ│YSZ│LSM/YSZ cells towards direct carbon oxidation has been measured. Particularly, the effect of both CeO2 infiltration into the NiO/YSZ anode and CeO2 infiltration of solid carbon have been investigated between 750°C and 815°C through the use of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The impedance spectra are modeled and discussed with the objective to study the effect of CeO2 infiltration on the processes dominating the impedance response of the anode.
Figures 1 and 2 show the Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra for the CeO2 infiltrated anode cell and the blank cell, respectively. The spectra were recorded at open circuit potential at 815°C, 800°C and 760°C in the presence of 96% N2 and 4% CO2.
Carbon-Based Cerium(III)-Doped Lead Dioxide Anode
Authors: Haque Inam ul 
Published: February 2020

Electro-catalytic activity of carbon based cerium doped lead dioxide anodes was investigated. Electrodes were prepared by electrodepositing lead dioxide on carbon based substrates from a bath comprising 1.0 M lead(II) nitrate and 0.1 M and cerium(III) nitrate. Polarization studies of cerium doped lead dioxide electrodes were carried out using 1.0 mM iso-propanol at scan rate 100 mV/min in a three electrode system as shown in Figure 1.
Electro-oxidation of chromium(III) to chromium(VI) was also carried out at the cerium doped lead dioxide electrode (area 30cm2) in a divided cell using 0.3 mM chromium(III) solution. Electrolysis was run for 20 hours and the electrolyte upon analysis by visible spectrophotometry yielded 77.4% conversion of chromium(III) to chromium(VI).
Figure 1: Anodic polarization curves: (a) bare carbon, (b) cerium(III)-doped lead dioxide and (c) cerium(III)-doped lead dioxide in 1.0 mM iso-propanol. Background electrolyte: 1.0 M sulphuric acid and E in volts vs. Ag/AgCl,Cl-

Reference:
J. Kong, S. Shi, L. Kong, X. Zhua and J. Ni, Preparation and characterization of lead dioxide electrodes doped with different rare earth oxides, Electrochim. Acta, 53, 2048 (2007)
*Presently at School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Amides
Authors: Becker James Y. , Golub Tatiana 
Published: February 2020

Amide bonds are considered to be stable and therefore, difficult to break. So far, electrochemical oxidation of amides and lactams has afforded almost exclusively products stemming from alkoxylation (in alcohols) and acyloxylation (in acetic and formic acids) products at the α-position to nitrogen [1].
Anodic oxidation of ArNCOCH2Ph in acetonitrile affords low currents and not effective. The minor products obtained do not stem from a cleavage of the benzylic (PhCH2-CO) bond. However, the anodic oxidation of amides with more activated benzylic group such as ArNCOCHPh2undergo three types of bond-cleavage [2], of which routes A (between the benzylic carbon and the carbonyl group) and C (between the ‘N’ atom and aryl group) prevail, as illustrated below.
The selectivity of the cleavage and nature of emerged products is highly dependent on the nature of substituent attached to the aryl group. The type of products obtained and the mechanism involved will be discussed.
References
[1] S. D. Ross, M. Finkelstein and R. C. Petersen, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
1964, 86, 2745; Ibid., 1966, 88, 4657; M. Finkeistein, K. Nyberg, S. D. Ross and Servin, Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. B, 1978, 32b, 182; M. Lennartz, M. Sadakane and E. Steckhan, Tetrahedron, 1999, 55, 14407.
[2] T. Golub and J.Y. Becker, Org. Biomol. Chem. (OBC),
2012, 10, 3906.
Study of Prelithiated Silicon As Anode in Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Wu James 
Published: February 2020

NASA is developing Ultra High Energy (UHE) lithium ion (Li-ion) cell designs and batteries for future exploration mission under NASA Advanced Space Power System project [1]. Development of silicon (Si) as an advanced anode is part of the effort for UHE Li-ion cell designs since Si is regarded as one of the most promising anode due to its high theoretical capacity (~10 times of graphite [2,3]) and its abundance on earth. However, there are challenges associated with using Si as a Li-ion anode mainly due to the significant volume change in Si particles upon Li alloying/de-alloying process. The volume change during the cycling results in degradation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and/or disintegration of the Si anode electrode, causing significant irreversible capacity loss at initial few cycles and subsequent rapid capacity fade [4].
The formation of SEI layer on Si is slow and difficult to form during the initial few cycles [5], and SEI formation process consumes lithium, which results in partial capacity loss irreversibly. As Si anode is incorporated into the Li-ion full-cell, the irreversible capacity loss at the initial few cycles is significantly higher, and subsequent capacity fade is much faster than those in the corresponding half-cell, which is due to the limited Li in the full-cell. In addition, the Si anode voltage rises quickly at the end of discharge because of the depletion of Li, as shown in Figure 1, which causes the higher cathode voltage cut-off, results in lower utilization of cathode and reduces the overall cell specific capacity. It is expected that the prelithiation of Si anode can help to overcome the initial irreversible capacity loss, lower the voltage rise at the end of discharge, reduce the capacity fade and extend the cycling life.
In this report, the impact of a prelithiated Si anode on SEI formation, the first cycle irreversible capacity loss and the capacity fade has been studied. Various prelithiation methods, including to apply stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) on top of Si anode by spray method has been investigated. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in combination with SEM and other spectroscopy techniques are used to study the SEI formation of prelithiated Si anode vs. non-prelithiated Si anode. Full-cell with reference electrode is constructed to monitor Si anode voltage profile during the cycling and help to understand how prelithiated Si anode help to reduce the irreversible Li loss and extend the cycling life.
References:
[1] Mercer C. et al., “Energy Storage Technology Development for Space Exploration”, NASA/TM—2011-216964
[2] Besenhard, J. O.; Yang, J.; Winter, M. J. Power Sources
1997, 68, 87.
[3] Wen, C. J.; Huggins, R. A. J. Solid State Chem.
1981, 37, 271.
[4] Boukamp, B. A.; Lesh, G. C.; Huggins, R. A. J. Electrochem. Soc.
1981, 128, 725-729.
[5] Wu, J. J. and Bennett, W. R. “Fundamental Investigation of Silicon Anode in Lithium-Ion Cells”, NASA/TM, 2012-217739, E-18484
Current Collector Based on Thin Metal Layer for Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Sang Woo , Choi Jae-Yong , Cho Kuk Young 
Published: February 2020

Flexible lithium battery is an emerging and promising technology for the next generation of flexible devices in various applications such as rollup displays, smart cards, wireless sensors, and wearable computers. Flexible lithium battery requires a mechanical durability against repeated deformation that commonly occurs in flexible electronic devices.
Current collector of commercial lithium-ion battery is made of metallic foil. Metallic foil current collector often suffers from the generation of gap between electrode material and current collector interface under the bending and folding situation, resulting in capacity loss or poor performance at high rate. Thus, a novel metallic structure of current collector is highly needed to improve the performance of flexible lithium battery.
Here we introduce a novel thin metal layer current collector based on flexible polymeric substrate using RF-magnetron sputtering method.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Converging Research Center Program through the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Korea(2013K000288).

Reference

1. J.-Y. Choi, D. J. Lee, Y. M. Lee, Y.-G. Lee, K. M. Kim, J.-K. Park, K. Y. Cho, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2013, 23, 2108.
2. J. H. Yun, G.-B. Han, Y. M. Lee, Y.-G Lee, K. M. Kim, J.-K. Park, and K. Y. Cho, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2011, 14, A116.
3. E.-H. Kil, K.-H. Choi, H.-J. Ha, S. Xu, J. A. Rogers, M. R. Kim, Y.-G. Lee, K. M. Kim, K. Y. Cho, and S.-Y. Lee, Adv. Mater., 2013, 25, 1395.
W CMP Initiation Mechanism Study Using in-Situ Metrologies
Authors: Xu Kun , Liu Tzu-Yu , Shen Shih-Haur , Wang You , Carlsson Ingemar , Swedek Bogdan , Kitajima Tomohiko , Tu Wen-Chiang 
Published: February 2020

W is used in contact metal and has recently been adopted as FinFet replacement gate metal [1]. In W CMP, the removal rate was usually low for an extended time followed by a high and relative constant rate. The W CMP removal mechanism was extensively studied from the chemical point of view [2, 3], but the low initial rate was not reported in the literature. Understanding the mechanism of this low initial rate would help to control W CMP performance more precisely.
The purpose of this work is to reveal the mechanism behind the low initial rate by using various in-situ metrologies on an Applied Materials CMP system [4].
EXPERIMENT
Different W films with varied morphologies were deposited under different deposition conditions using the Applied Materials Centura® system. W morphologies were characterized using Applied Materials SEMVision™. W films were then polished on an Applied Materials Reflexion®LK, using Cabot microelectronics W slurries (A and B with different abrasive types). During polish, optical reflectivity and real-time W thickness measurements were collected in-situ. Polish was stopped at different times and W film surface morphologies were studied and compared using a SEM field of view (FOV) of 1µm.
RESULTS
CVD W film has a rough surface. The degree of roughness is affected by atomic layer deposition (ALD) W precursor types and other deposition conditions. The larger the W grain size, the longer it took for polishing to transit the low rate initiation period as demonstrated by in-situ W thickness monitoring metrology when the film was polished using slurry A. This phenomenon was further confirmed with W slurry B using in-situ optical reflectivity metrology, in-situ W thickness metrology, and SEM images of W film surface morphologies. During the initiation period, optical reflectivity increased with polish time, then reached a stable value, indicating that the process of grain planarization was the root cause of the low initiation rate. W film with larger grain size had lower optical reflectivity and required more time to planarize the grain; the initiation time was also longer. It was not until the grain was planarized that the W film and polishing pad could make full contact and achieve high and stable friction to produce a high and stable removal rate. This study suggests that any removal rate study of W CMP should take into account the initiation: it is important to use consistent polish time and W film with consistent mophology to compare removal rates among different processes.
REFERENCE
1. Dick James, “Intel’s 22-nm Tri-gate Transistors Exposed,” http://www.chipworks.com/en/technical-competitive-analysis/resources/blog/intels-22-nm-tri-gate-transistors-exposed/, April 23, 2012
2. W.A. Kneer et.al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 144 (9), 3041, 1997.
3. Y. Seo et. al., Mat. Sci. and Eng. B 118281, 2005.
4. D. Bennett et. al., Semi. Fabtech, 22, 33, 2004.
(Invited) Quantum Capacitance Measurement of Bilayer Graphene
Authors: Nagashio Kosuke , Kanayama Kaoru , Nishimura Tomonori , Toriumi Akira 
Published: February 2020

The ability to electrostatically tune the band gap in bilayer graphene attracts great attention. Although the theory predicts the band gap of ~250meV, the off-current is considerably reduced only at the temperature lower than 1 mK and generally high at room temperature. This is explained by the variable range hopping in gap states. However, there should be intrinsically no interface states in graphene because there is no dangling bonds on the basal plane. The origin for the gap states is still open question. Moreover, in the actual device operation, the high on-current as well as the low off-current are crucial. There are four sub-bands in bilayer graphene; two in the conduction bands and two in the valence bands. However, the contribution of the sub-bands to the electrical transport for on-current is quite limited due to the unreliable quality of the high-ktop gate insulator on bilayer graphene.
Recently, we demonstrate the ultra-high displacement of ~8 V/nm (n=~4×1013 cm-2) in bilayer graphene using the solid state Y2O3 top gate [1], which has been reached only by the ion gating so far. The ultra-high displacement provides the access to both the carrier response issue in the largely-opened band gap and the inter-band scattering issue at the high carrier density. In this study, we focus on the quantum capacitance (C
Q) measurements [2] for bilayer graphene because the density of states (DOS) can be extracted through C
Q=e
2
DOSand the scattering issues can be excluded. The frequency dispersion in C-V curve reveals that the carriers in bilayer graphene electrically communicate with trap sites within the band gap. The local breakdown of A-B stacking, which results in the local conduction sites, might be the origin for the gap states. Moreover, the systematic comparison of I-V and C-V curves reveals that the filling of carriers in the high energy sub-bands results in the reduction of the conductivity due to the inter-band scattering.
[1] K. Nagashio, K. Kanayama, T. Nishimura, A. Toriumi, IEDM Tech. 2013.
[2] K. Nagashio, T. Nishimura, A. Toriumi, APL, 2013, 102, 173507.