bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shining a Light on Dark Patterns
Authors: Luguri Jamie , Strahilevitz Lior Jacob 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDark patterns are user interfaces whose designers knowingly confuse users, make it difficult for users to express their actual preferences, or manipulate users into taking certain actions. They typically exploit cognitive biases and prompt online consumers to purchase goods and services that they do not want or to reveal personal information they would prefer not to disclose. This article provides the first public evidence of the power of dark patterns. It discusses the results of the authors’ two large-scale experiments in which representative samples of American consumers were exposed to dark patterns. In the first study, users exposed to mild dark patterns were more than twice as likely to sign up for a dubious service as those assigned to the control group, and users in the aggressive dark pattern condition were almost four times as likely to subscribe. Moreover, whereas aggressive dark patterns generated a powerful backlash among consumers, mild dark patterns did not. Less educated subjects were significantly more susceptible to mild dark patterns than their well-educated counterparts. The second study identified the dark patterns that seem most likely to nudge consumers into making decisions that they are likely to regret or misunderstand. Hidden information, trick question, and obstruction strategies were particularly likely to manipulate consumers successfully. Other strategies employing loaded language or generating bandwagon effects worked moderately well, while still others such as “must act now” messages did not make consumers more likely to purchase a costly service. Our second study also replicated a striking result in the first experiment, which is that where dark patterns were employed the cost of the service offered to consumers became immaterial. Decision architecture, not price, drove consumer purchasing decisions. The article concludes by examining legal frameworks for addressing dark patterns. Many dark patterns appear to violate federal and state laws restricting the use of unfair and deceptive practices in trade. Moreover, in those instances where consumers enter into contracts after being exposed to dark patterns, their consent could be deemed voidable under contract law principles. The article also proposes that dark pattern audits become part of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)’s consent decree process. Dark patterns are presumably proliferating because firms’ proprietary A-B testing has revealed them to be profit maximizing. We show how similar A-B testing can be used to identify those dark patterns that are so manipulative that they ought to be deemed unlawful.
The Law and Economics of “Forced” Technology Transfer and Its Implications for Trade and Investment Policy (and the U.S.–China Trade War)
Authors: Sykes Alan O 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
“Forced technology transfer” is a central issue in the ongoing U.S.–China trade row. The phrase encompasses a number of different practices, but the most significant according to various commentators involve measures that require foreign investors in China to partner with domestic entities as a condition of making an investment, either by forming a joint venture or affording Chinese investors a controlling equity stake. These “corporate structure requirements” empower prospective Chinese partners to bargain for technology transfer as a condition of forming a new venture or otherwise enable them to learn the details of foreign technology through participation in the business enterprise. Foreign investors are free to reject such requirements and forego the associated investment opportunities, and in this sense any technology transfer pursuant to China’s requirements is “consensual.” For ease of reference, this essay refers to these corporate structure requirements as CSR. The analysis to follow examines the economics of CSR from both the national and global welfare perspectives. It indicates how CSR may undercut the national welfare of the USA even if it is profitable for U.S. investors. The global welfare implications of CSR, however, are much less clear, which offers an explanation for the absence of any constraints on CSR in typical trade agreements. A clear role for restrictions on CSR does emerge, however, in investment agreements that seek to eliminate investment protectionism by requiring “pre-establishment national treatment” for foreign investors. This analysis has immediate policy implications for the ongoing trade dispute with China.
Unintended Consequences of Products Liability: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Market*
Authors: Helland Eric , Lakdawalla Darius , Malani Anup , Seabury Seth A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We explain a surprising effect of tort liability in the market for prescription drugs. Greater punitive damage risk seems to increase prescription drug utilization in states without non-economic damage caps but decrease utilization in states with such caps. We offer an explanation for this puzzle. The vertical production process for drugs involves national upstream producers (drug companies) and local downstream producers (doctors). When a single state reallocates liability from downstream to upstream producers, national drug companies see little reason to alter their nationwide output decisions, but local physicians have incentives to increase their prescriptions in that state. The net result is higher local output. We show how this dynamic can explain our puzzle by demonstrating that punitive damages shift liability upstream from doctors to drug companies, but not when non-economic damages caps limit physician malpractice liability. We provide evidence explaining when, how, and why this type of liability shifting occurs (JEL K13, I11, I18).
Commando procedure in a patient with double-valve endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Wedin Johan O , Janiec Mikael , Schiller Petter 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The indication for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is continuously expanding with a simultaneous increase in number of TAVI associated prosthetic valve endocarditis (TAVI–PVE). Evidence for management of TAVI–PVE is lacking but the need for surgical management of complex TAVI–PVE is expected to increase. The Commando procedure, a technically challenging surgery for treatment of complex endocarditis, has never been described in a patient with TAVI–PVE. An 80-year-old female with TAVI–PVE, native mitral valve endocarditis and an abscess in the intervalvular fibrous body was admitted to our clinic. She successfully underwent the Commando procedure with implantation of biological mitral and aortic valve prostheses and reconstruction of the intervalvular fibrous body. We demonstrate that the Commando procedure is a feasible surgical alternative in patients with TAVI–PVE and that it can be considered in patients with high surgical risk.
Severe case of post cholecystectomy vasculobiliary injury successfully treated by right hepatectomy with a jump graft to the remaining left hepatic lobe
Authors: Marino Carlo , Obaid Ignacio , Ochoa Gabriela , Jarufe Nicolás , Martínez Jorge A , Briceño Eduardo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Vasculobiliary injuries (VBI) caused by cholecystectomies are infrequent but extremely serious. We report a case of a severe VBI successfully treated at our center. A 22-year-old woman underwent an open cholecystectomy as treatment for acute cholecystitis and bile duct stones. She was transferred to our center on postoperative Day 4 because of progressive jaundice and encephalopathy. After a proper investigation, we found an extreme VBI with infarction of the right hepatic lobe associated with complete interruption of the portal vein and proper hepatic artery flows and full section of the common hepatic duct. Right hepatectomy with portal—Rex shunt revascularization of the left hepatic lobe and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy to the left hepatic duct was done. The patient was discharged on the 60th postoperative day.
Discussion: This case shows the successful surgical treatment of a severe cholecystectomy’s VBI, avoiding an emergency liver transplant.
Simultaneous robot-assisted surgery for rectal cancer and prostatic lesions
Authors: Kojima Yutaka , Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Horie Shigeo , Tomiki Yuichi , Kawai Masaya , Okazawa Yu , Tsuchiya Yuki , Kitamura Kosuke , China Toshiyuki 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Robotic surgery has become prevalent in many departments all over the world because of its usefulness. It is used in many cases, as well as in gastrointestinal surgery, which treats the rectum as pelvic surgery, urology and gynecology. We experienced two cases of joint surgery, with urology as pelvic surgery. The patient underwent robot-assisted low anterior resection, combined prostate resection and ileostomy for prostate invasion of rectal cancer. He was discharged without any complications. Robotic surgery was considered to be useful in surgery to manipulate the same area. In addition, it was considered that smoother and safer surgical procedure could be possible by conducting preoperative meetings with the participating departments.
Appendiceal mucocele: three cases with different clinical presentation and review of literature
Authors: Cestino Luca , Festa Federico , Cavuoti Giuseppe , Bonatti Luca , Soncini Stefania , Dani Luca , Quaglino Francesco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mucinous lesions of appendix are a rare clinical entity and may be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. The diagnosis is usual incidental during computed tomography scan or colonoscopy performed for general abdominal symptoms or occasional finding during operation for acute appendicitis. For this reason, initial treatment should be tailored to the situation, aiming at complete resection of the appendix with disease-free margins: this can be achieved by simple appendectomy or more extensive resection. The pathological examination of the specimen is the key to offer the patient a correct and complete treatment, and, if a neoplastic pathology is found, the case should be discussed in multidisciplinary group. We describe three cases with different clinical presentation leading to different surgical treatment: one elective case, in which the diagnosis was suspected preoperatively; and two urgent cases, one mimicking an intussusception and another one presenting as an acute appendicitis.
̓ΑΡΙΣΤΟΝ ΜEΝ ̔ΥΔΩΡ: Ancient Breakfasts and the Development of Eucharistic Foods
Authors: Stewart Alistair C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Although there is evidence for eucharistic celebration in the context of an evening cena in the earliest period, this celebration comes to be transferred to the morning, particularly to Sunday morning. This might bring about significant change in the celebration, part of which might lie in the foods employed, and their quantities. On the basis of an examination of the evidence for daytime eating in Graeco-Roman antiquity, the suggestion is made that eucharistic foods employed in many circles subsequently seen as deviant were standard breakfast foods, and that abstinence from wine reflects this context. Thus the use of water in the eucharist, rather than denoting an ascetic bent in some early Christian circles, simply reflects the transfer of the eucharistic meal from the evening to the morning.
The NAC transcription factor NAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat developing endosperm
Authors: Liu Yunchuan , Hou Jian , Wang Xiaolu , Li Tian , Majeed Uzma , Hao Chenyang , Zhang Xueyong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Starch is a major component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm and is an important part of the human diet. The functions of many starch synthesis genes have been elucidated. However, little is known about their regulatory mechanisms in wheat. Here, we identified a novel NAC transcription factor, TaNAC019-A1 (TraesCS3A02G077900), that negatively regulates starch synthesis in wheat and rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperms. TaNAC019-A1 was highly expressed in the endosperm of developing grains and encoded a nucleus-localized transcriptional repressor. Overexpression of TaNAC019-A1 in rice and wheat led to significantly reduced starch content, kernel weight, and kernel width. The TaNAC019-A1-overexpression wheat lines had smaller A-type starch granules and fewer B-type starch granules than wild-type. Moreover, TaNAC019-A1 could directly bind to the ‘ACGCAG’ motif in the promoter regions of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 1 (TaAGPS1-A1, TraesCS7A02G287400) and TaAGPS1-B1 (TraesCS7B02G183300) and repress their expression, thereby inhibiting starch synthesis in wheat endosperm. One haplotype of TaNAC019-B1 (TaNAC019-B1-Hap2, TraesCS3B02G092800) was positively associated with thousand-kernel weight and underwent positive selection during the Chinese wheat breeding process. Our data demonstrate that TaNAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat endosperm and provide novel insight into wheat yield improvement.
Self-supervised learning with physics-aware neural networks – I. Galaxy model fitting
Authors: Aragon-Calvo M A , Carvajal J C 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Estimating the parameters of a model describing a set of observations using a neural network is, in general, solved in a supervised way. In cases when we do not have access to the model’s true parameters, this approach can not be applied. Standard unsupervised learning techniques, on the other hand, do not produce meaningful or semantic representations that can be associated with the model’s parameters. Here we introduce a novel self-supervised hybrid network architecture that combines traditional neural network elements with analytic or numerical models, which represent a physical process to be learned by the system. Self-supervised learning is achieved by generating an internal representation equivalent to the parameters of the physical model. This semantic representation is used to evaluate the model and compare it to the input data during training. The semantic autoencoder architecture described here shares the robustness of neural networks while including an explicit model of the data, learns in an unsupervised way, and estimates, by construction, parameters with direct physical interpretation. As an illustrative application, we perform unsupervised learning for 2D model fitting of exponential light profiles and evaluate the performance of the network as a function of network size and noise.
Rotating convective core excites non-radial pulsations to cause rotational modulations in early-type stars
Authors: Lee Umin , Saio Hideyuki 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We discuss low-frequency g modes excited by resonant couplings with weakly unstable oscillatory convective modes in the rotating convective core in early-type main-sequence stars. Our non-adiabatic pulsation analyses including the effect of Coriolis force for $2\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ main-sequence models show that if the convective core rotates slightly faster than the surrounding radiative layers, g modes in the radiative envelope are excited by a resonance coupling. The frequency of the excited g mode in the inertial frame is close to |mΩc| with m and Ωc being the azimuthal order of the g mode and the rotation frequency of the convective core, respectively. These g-mode frequencies are consistent with those of photometric rotational modulations and harmonics observed in many early-type main-sequence stars. In other words, these g modes provide a non-magnetic explanation for the rotational light modulations detected in many early-type main-sequence stars.
04. ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF OSIMERTINIB FOR PATIENTS WITH INTRACRANIAL METASTATIC DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Erickson Anders , Brastianos Priscilla , Das Sunit 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

INTRODUCTION
Intracranial metastatic disease (IMD) is a serious and life-altering complication for many patients with cancer. Targeted therapy may address limitations of current treatments as an additional agent to achieve intracranial disease control in some patients with IMD. Osimertinib is a mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and inhibit tumor cell survival and proliferation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with specific EGFR mutations. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of osimertinib in the management of IMD.

METHODS
Studies reporting intracranial outcomes for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and IMD treated with osimertinib were included. Among 271 records identified in MEDLINE and EMBASE, 15 studies fulfilled eligibility criteria. Outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Information extracted included study characteristics, intracranial efficacy measures, and safety measures. Meta-analyses were conducted to pool applicable outcomes.

RESULTS
15 studies reporting on 324 patients were included in the analysis. Combined CNS ORR and CNS DCR were calculated to be 64% (95% CI, 53–76%; n = 195), and 90% (95% CI, 85–93%; n = 246). Risk ratios for CNS ORR and CNS DCR were calculated to be 1.44 (95% CI, 1.06–1.96; n = 52) and 1.13 (95% CI, 0.96–1.33; n = 52). Included studies reported complete intracranial response rates of 7–23%, median best decrease in intracranial lesion size of 40–64%, and grade 3+ adverse event rates of 19–39%.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings reported here support a potential role for osimertinib for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC and IMD. Clinical decision-makers would benefit from the inclusion of patients with IMD in future trials to identify factors that predict responses to targeted therapy.
17. MELANOMA BRAIN METASTASIS: PRESENTATION, TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES IN THE AGE OF TARGETED- AND IMMUNO-THERAPIES
Authors: Bander Evan D , Yuan Melissa , Carnevale Joseph A , Reiner Anne S , Panageas Katherine S , Postow Michael A , Tabar Viviane , Moss Nelson S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) prognosis has historically been dismal. However, breakthroughs in targeted and immunotherapies have improved long-term survival in advanced melanoma. As such, MBM presentation, prognosis and multimodality CNS-directed treatment use were reassessed in this contemporary age of treatment.

METHODS
This retrospective study evaluated patients treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between 2010–2019 with a diagnosis of melanoma brain metastases (MBM). Kaplan-Meier methodology was used to describe overall survival (OS). Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) and time-dependent multivariable Cox modeling were used to assess prognostic variables and associate CNS-directed treatments with OS.

RESULTS
Four hundred and twenty-five patients with 2,488 MBM were included. Median OS from MBM diagnosis was 8.9 months (95%CI: 7.9–11.3). RPA demonstrated significantly longer survival in patients diagnosed with MBM between 2015–2019 versus 2010–2014 (13.0 months [95%CI: 10.47–17.06] versus 7.0 months [95%CI: 6.1–8.3]; p=0.0003) and patients with &lt;5 BM versus ≥5 BM (12.49 months [95%CI: 10.52–16.03] versus 5.48 months [95%CI: 4.2–6.8]; p&lt;0.0001). Prognostic multivariable modeling significantly associated shortened OS independently with leptomeningeal dissemination (p&lt;0.0001), &gt;5 BM at diagnosis (p&lt;0.0001), MBM diagnosis year 2010–2014 (p=0.0007), immunotherapy treatment prior to BM diagnosis (p=0.02), and extracranial disease presence (p=0.03). CNS-directed treatment modalities associated with BM number, dominant BM size, presenting symptoms, diagnosis year, and extracranial disease presence. Multivariable analysis demonstrated improved survival for patients that underwent craniotomy (p=0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
MBM prognosis has improved in the period following targeted and immunotherapy introduction, and even within the last 5 years of this study. Improving survival reflects and may influence the willingness to use aggressive multimodality treatment for MBM.
19. PLEKHA5 REGULATES TUMOR GROWTH IN METASTATIC MELANOMA
Authors: Oria Victor , Zhang Hongyi , Zhu Huifang , Deng Gang , Zito Christopher , Rane Chetan , Zhang Shenqi , Weiss Sarah , Tran Thuy , Adeniran Adebowale , Zhang Fanfan , Zhou Jiangbing , Kluger Yuval , Bosenberg Marcus , Kluger Harriet , Jilaveanu Lucia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind melanoma brain metastasis, a disease that continues to portend a poor prognosis, will lead to the identification and development of novel drug targets. We previously identified PLEKHA5, a gene involved in brain development, as a novel molecule implicated in melanoma brain metastasis. Our aim was to further characterize the function of this protein in brain-tropic melanoma. We established stable loss- and gain-of-function cell lines to explore the underlying mechanisms of PLEKHA5-mediated tumor growth. The effect of PLEKHA5 expression silencing on proliferation and tumor growth was assessed using both in vitro systems and xenograft models of brain-tropic melanomas, respectively. The clinical relevance of PLEKHA5 dysregulation in brain metastasis was also investigated in two unique cohorts of melanoma patients with cerebrotropic disease and included analysis of matched cranial and extra-cranial specimens. Knock-down of PLEKHA5 in brain-tropic melanoma cells negatively regulated cell proliferation by inhibiting G1 to S cell cycle transition. This coincided with up-regulation of PDCD4, p21, and p27, as well as the downregulation of pRb protein, involved in the regulation of cell cycle. Conversely, the ectopic re-expression of PLEKHA5 had an inverse effect. Subcutaneous and direct cranial injections of PLEKHA5 knock-down cells in nude mice significantly inhibited tumor growth, while its overexpression upregulated the growth of tumors. This reduction in tumor growth in vivo might be attributed to decreased phosphorylation of Akt (S473) and mTOR (S2448), key mediators for tumor growth and survival. Our results demonstrate the role of PLEKHA5 as a mediator of melanoma brain metastasis. Our findings highlight the significance of PLEKHA5 as a possible regulator of cell cycle transition via crosstalk with the ubiquitin-proteasome and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, driving the proliferation and growth of brain-tropic melanomas. Our studies suggest that PLEKHA5 targeting should be further investigated for melanoma brain metastasis patient population.