bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the in vivo location of the talus from external surface landmarks
Authors: Lautzenheiser Steven G. , Sylvester Adam D. , Kramer Patricia Ann 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesFinite element analysis has gained popularity in anthropological research to connect morphological form to measurable function but requires that loads are applied at appropriate anatomical locations. This is challenging for the ankle because the joint surfaces are not easily determined given their deep anatomical location. While the location of the talonavicular and subtalar joints can be directly determined via medical imaging, regression equations are a common, less invasive method to estimate joint locations from surface anatomy. We propose a regression‐based method to locate the in vivo positions of the talonavicular and subtalar joints employing three‐dimensional (3D) surface markers, such as those used routinely in gait studies.MethodsNavicular height was measured on weight‐bearing radiographs (WBR) and simulated weight‐bearing computed tomography (SWCT) scans to ensure SWCT correctly simulated foot weight‐bearing configuration. The location of external foot markers and internal locations of the talonavicular and posterior subtalar joint were measured on each SWCT. Stepwise regression analysis was used to select the external markers that best predicted the three internal locations.ResultsNavicular heights measured on WBR and SWCT scans were not statistically different (p = .44), indicating that SWCTs recreate the weight‐bearing position of the foot. The navicular tubercle and medial and lateral malleoli were the best predictors of subtalar and talonavicular joint locations. These palpable anatomical locations explained more variation in internal joint location (r2 > .79; SEE < 3.0 mm) than other landmarks.DiscussionThis study demonstrates that external palpable landmarks can predict the location of the talonavicular and subtalar joints.
Calcaneal elongation and bone strength in leaping galagids
Authors: Lewton Kristi L. , Patel Biren A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesSmall‐bodied vertical clinging and leaping primates have elongated calcanei which enhance leap performance by optimizing leap velocity, distance, and acceleration, but at the expense of experiencing relatively large forces during takeoff and landing. This study tests the hypothesis that the elongated calcaneus of leaping galagids is adapted to resist larger and more stereotyped bending loads compared to more quadrupedal galagids.Materials and MethodsThe calcanei of 14 individuals of Otolemur and 14 individuals of Galago (three species of each genus) were μCT scanned. Calcaneal cross‐sectional properties (maximum and minimum second moments of area and polar section modulus) were obtained from a slice representing the 50% position of bone segment length and dimensionless ratios were created for each variable using calcaneal cuboid facet area as a proxy for body mass.ResultsThere were no significant differences in size‐adjusted bending strength between Galago and Otolemur. Galago exhibited more elliptically shaped calcaneal cross sections, however, suggesting that its calcanei are more adapted to stereotyped loading regimes than those of Otolemur.DiscussionThe results suggest that the calcaneus of specialized leapers is adapted to more stereotyped loading patterns. The lack of predicted bone strength differences between Galago and Otolemur may be related to body size differences between these taxa, or it may indicate that loads encountered by Galago during naturalistic leaping are not reflected in the available experimental force data.
Metal‐Free Synthesis of Functional 1‐Substituted‐1,2,3‐Triazoles from Ethenesulfonyl Fluoride and Organic Azides
Authors: Giel Marie‐Claire , Smedley Christopher J. , Mackie Emily R. R. , Guo Taijie , Dong Jiajia , Soares da Costa Tatiana P. , Moses John E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe boom in growth of 1,4‐disubstituted triazole products, in particular, since the early 2000’s, can be largely attributed to the birth of click chemistry and the discovery of the CuI‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). Yet the synthesis of relatively simple, albeit important, 1‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been surprisingly more challenging. Reported here is a straightforward and scalable click‐inspired protocol for the synthesis of 1‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles from organic azides and the bench stable acetylene surrogate ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF). The new transformation tolerates a wide selection of substrates and proceeds smoothly under metal‐free conditions to give the products in excellent yield. Under controlled acidic conditions, the 1‐substituted‐1,2,3‐triazole products undergo a Michael addition reaction with a second equivalent of ESF to give the unprecedented 1‐substituted triazolium sulfonyl fluoride salts.
Effects of processing conditions on hybrid filler selective localization, rheological, and thermal properties of poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(lactic acid) blends
Authors: Decol Marindia , Pachekoski Wagner M. , Segundo Elisa H. , Pinheiro Luís Antônio , Becker Daniela 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effects of processing conditions through different mixing sequences were used to analyze the factors, which could influence the hybrid filler selective localization in an immiscible polymer blend and how localization can influence the rheological and thermal properties. Different selective localizations were observed depending on the mixing sequence used when the hybrid filler was added. Notably, nanoparticles can interact with each other, which favor a synergy between them and alters, besides the localization, the dispersion state, or can interact with one polymer phase, and also alter the nanoparticles' selective localization. An improvement in rheological properties was observed in the hybrid nanocomposite in which there was interaction between the nanoparticles, favoring the hexagonal boron nitride exfoliation. On the other hand, for the storage modulus and degree of crystallinity, the sharpest increase occurred in the hybrid nanocomposite in which the nanoparticles could interact preferably with one polymer phase. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48711.
A noninvasive, machine learning–based method for monitoring anthocyanin accumulation in plants using digital color imaging
Authors: Askey Bryce C. , Dai Ru , Lee Won Suk , Kim Jeongim 
Published: November 2019

PremiseWhen plants are exposed to stress conditions, irreversible damage can occur, negatively impacting yields. It is therefore important to detect stress symptoms in plants, such as the accumulation of anthocyanin, as early as possible.Methods and ResultsTwenty‐two regression models in five color spaces were trained to develop a prediction model for plant anthocyanin levels from digital color imaging data. Of these, a quantile random forest regression model trained with standard red, green, blue (sRGB) color space data most accurately predicted the actual anthocyanin levels. This model was then used to noninvasively monitor the spatial and temporal accumulation of anthocyanin in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves.ConclusionsThe digital imaging–based nature of this protocol makes it a low‐cost and noninvasive method for the detection of plant stress. Applying a similar protocol to more economically viable crops could lead to the development of large‐scale, cost‐effective systems for monitoring plant health.
Fish hosts of the freshwater mussel Unio foucauldianus Pallary, 1936
Authors: Benaissa Hassan , Teixeira Amílcar , Lopes‐Lima Manuel , Sousa Ronaldo , Varandas Simone , Rassam Hanane , Ghamizi Mohamed 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

The life cycle of Unio foucauldianus Pallary, 1936, a critically endangered freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionida), includes a parasitic phase using fish as hosts. Therefore, to develop more efficient conservation strategies it is essential to know which are the suitable fish hosts of U. foucauldianus.
In this study, two approaches were used to assess the fish hosts of U. foucauldianus: the determination of infestation rates of fishes under natural conditions through monthly sampling (from January to June) in the Laabid River (Oum Rbia basin) and the N'Fis River (Tensift basin), and artificial infestation in laboratory trials using fish species from both rivers.
The natural infestation of fish was detected from February to June, with a peak in May. Fully metamorphosed juveniles were only detected in native fish species, i.e. Luciobarbus ksibi (Boulenger, 1905), Carasobarbus fritschii (Günther, 1874), Luciobarbus zayanensis Doadrio, Casal‐lopez & Yahyaoui, 2016, Labeobarbus maroccanus (Günther, 1874), and Luciobarbus magniatlantis (Pellegrin, 1919). The two non‐native fish species used do not function as effective hosts.
Given the increasing human pressure on native fish species in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot, including the increased number of non‐native fish introductions, urgent conservation measures are discussed for this and other freshwater mussel species.
DiceCT Analysis of the Extreme Gouging Adaptations Within the Masticatory Apparatus of the Aye‐Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis)
Authors: Dickinson Edwin , Kolli Shruti , Schwenk Alysa , Davis Cassidy E. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTRelative to all other primates, the aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) exists at the extremes of both morphology and behavior. Its specialized anatomy—which includes hypselodont incisors and highly derived manual digits—reflects a dietary niche, unique among primates, which combines tap‐foraging with gouging to locate and extract wood‐boring larvae. Here, we explore the impact of this extreme dietary ecology upon the masticatory musculature of this taxon with reference to a second, similarly sized but highly generalist lemuriform—the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz). Using non‐destructive, high‐resolution diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography techniques, we reconstruct the three‐dimensional volumes of eight masticatory muscles, and, for the first time in strepsirrhines, isolate and visualize their constituent muscle fascicles in situ and in three dimensions. Using these data, we report muscle volumes, forces, and fascicle lengths from each muscle portion, as well as their orientation relative to two standardized anatomical planes. Our findings demonstrate the overbuilt nature of the aye‐aye's masticatory apparatus, in which each muscle possesses an absolutely and relatively larger muscle volume and PCSA than its counterpart in the mongoose lemur. Likewise, for several adductor muscles, aye‐ayes also possess relatively greater fascicle lengths. Finally, we note several unusual features within the lateral pterygoid of the aye‐aye—the muscle most responsible for jaw protrusion—that relate to force maximization and reorientation. As this jaw motion is critical to gouging, we interpret these differences to reflect highly specific specializations that facilitate the aye‐aye's extreme subsistence strategy. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:282–294, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine phthalimide derivative, one of the rare noncompetitive inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4
Authors: Tomovic Katarina , Ilic Budimir S. , Miljkovic Marija , Dimov Stefan , Yancheva Denitsa , Kojic Milan , Mavrova Anelia T. , Kocic Gordana , Smelcerovic Andrija 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA small library of benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine phthalimide and amine derivatives was evaluated for inhibitory activity against dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4). The phthalimide derivatives exhibited better activity than the amine precursors, with 2‐(2‐(3‐chlorobenzyl)‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione (compound 14) as the most effective inhibitor (IC50 = 34.17 ± 5.11 μM). The five most potent selected inhibitors did not show cytotoxicity to a greater extent on Caco‐2 cells, even at a concentration of 250 μM. Compound 14 is considered as a novel representative of the rare noncompetitive DPP‐4 inhibitors. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation indicated the importance of the Tyr547, Lys554, and Trp629 residues of DPP‐4 in the formation of the enzyme–inhibitor complex. These observations could be potentially utilized for the rational design and optimization of novel (structurally similar, with phthalimide moiety, or different) noncompetitive DPP‐4 inhibitors, which are anyway rare, but favorable in terms of the saturation of substrate competition.
Synthesis of Phenolic Compounds via Palladium Catalyzed C−H Functionalization of Arenes
Authors: Saha Debajyoti , Das Prasenjit , Biswas Promita , Guin Joyram 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPhenol and its derivatives are extremely useful compounds in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry and material sciences. The synthesis of phenols involving selective construction of the C−O bond at a C−H bond of arenes using transition‐metal catalysis represents the most appealing strategy. Indeed, active research is currently going on for the synthesis of valuable phenolic compounds using a transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization strategy. This short review summarizes recent advances on palladium‐catalyzed C−O bond forming reactions that enable direct access to phenolic compounds. These catalytic reactions proceed either via C−H esterification with trifluoroacetic acid/trifluoroacetic anhydride followed by in situ hydrolysis of the ester or via direct C−H hydroxylation. A brief analysis of substrate scope and limitation, reaction mechanism as well as synthetic utility of these reactions has been included.
Dimesitylboryl‐Decorated Azaarene: Synthesis, Enhanced Stability and Optoelectronic Property
Authors: Jin Pengcheng , Tian Feng , Han Yanbing , Wang Lijiao , Zhao Xiaohui , Xiao Jinchong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe instability of large acenes and analogues usually limits their wide potentials in organic devices. Thus, effectively constructing large acenes or heteroacenes and examining their optoelectronic properties are of great interest. We herein describe the synthesis, optoelectronic behaviors and electroluminescent property of dimesitylboryl‐decorated azaarene 5 and its homologue 7. The former emits strong green fluorescence in non‐polar solvents but yellow light in polar solvents. The latter emits a blue light in various organic solvents. Moreover, their electrochemical behavior, photostability and electroluminescent property were further studied in a comparative manner, and the experimental findings suggest that the desired heteroarenes are appealing materials for fabricating electroluminescent devices.
CdII‐Organic Frameworks Fabricated with a N‐Rich Ligand and Flexible Dicarboxylates: Structural Diversity and Multi‐Responsive Luminescent Sensing for Toxic Anions and Ethylenediamine
Authors: Chen Yong‐Qiang , Tian Yuan , Yao Shu‐Li , Zhang Jing , Feng Run‐Yun , Bian Yong‐Jun , Liu Sui‐Jun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThree metal‐organic frameworks {[Cd(L)(glu)]⋅3 H2O}∞ (1), {[Cd2(L)2(adi)2]⋅5 H2O}∞ (2) and {[Cd(L)(sub)]⋅3 H2O⋅DMA }∞ (3) (L=pyridine‐3,5‐bis(5‐azabenzimidazole), H2glu=glutaric acid, H2adi=adipic acid and H2sub=suberic acid) were obtained under solvothermal conditions. Complex 1 shows a 2D (4,4) network constructing of Cd2‐glu and Cd‐L chains. Complex 2 presents a 2‐fold interpenetrating 3D framework with pcu topology. Complex 3 is a 3D framework with cds topology. Three complexes with versatile structures were obtained by changing aliphatic dicarboxylate ligands with different lengths based on a N‐rich ligand. Moreover, the fluorescence measurements indicate that complex 1 is a good multifunctional chemosensor for the detection of Cr2O72− and MnO4− anions by fluorescence quenching effect, and ethylenediamine by fluorescence enhancement effect, with detection limits of 1.196 ppm, 0.551 ppm and 64.572 ppm, respectively. Both complexes 2 and 3 can selectively sense Cr2O72− anion with detection limits of 1.126 ppm for 2 and 0.831 ppm for 3 by a fluorescence quenching effect.
A novel replacement policy for a linear deteriorating system using stochastic process with dependent components
Authors: Poladova Aynura , Tekin Salih , Khaniyev Tahir 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this study, a mechanical system with linear deterioration and preventive maintenance is considered. The state of the system over time is represented by a semicontinuous stochastic process with dependent components. The system cycles through on and off periods during its lifetime. The state of the system deteriorates linearly as a function of the usage time during on periods. When the system is offline, preventive maintenance is conducted, which improves the system state by a random amount. The system's on and off times and random improvement amounts are assumed to have general distributions. For such a system, our objective is to determine the expected value and variance for the number of preventive maintenance activities needed during the system lifetime and to propose a novel replacement policy for the system based on delay‐time modeling. Finally, the effectiveness of the obtained asymptotic results and the proposed replacement policy are tested through simulation.
Untersuchungen zum korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt an nicht rostendem ferritischem Betonstahl in Mörtel
Authors: Ebell Gino , Burkert Andreas , Günther Tobias , Wilsch Gerd 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDer maßgebliche Korrosionsschutz von nicht rostendem Stahl in Beton basiert, anders als bei unlegiertem Betonstahl, auf der Ausbildung einer Chromoxidschicht. Die Chromoxidschicht ist in alkalischem und in karbonatisiertem Beton beständig, sodass nicht rostende Stähle in einem passiven Zustand vorliegen. Die Initiierung von Lochkorrosionserscheinungen ist dagegen auch an nicht rostenden Stählen in Beton möglich. Der korrosionsauslösende Chloridgehalt ist neben dem Gehalt an Legierungselementen (insbesondere dem Chromgehalt) und der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit auch vom Konzentrationsverhältnis von OH– zu Cl– im Elektrolyten abhängig. Daher ist prinzipiell zu erwarten, dass in karbonatisierten Betonen geringere Chloridgehalte Korrosion initiieren können als in Betonen mit höheren pH‐Werten. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für nicht rostende Betonstähle mit geringen Chromgehalten, wie z. B. Produkte aus dem Werkstoff 1.4003 (X2CrNi12) mit seiner im Vergleich zu den Standardausteniten geringen Beständigkeit. Um den kritischen korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt am Beispiel eines am Markt verfügbaren ferritischen Chromstahls zu bestimmen, wurden an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) umfangreiche Untersuchungen zu beschleunigten Korrosionsversuchen in alkalischen und karbonatisierten Mörteln durchgeführt. Mittels Laser‐induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) konnten die korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalte im Phasengrenzbereich Betonstahl–Mörtel ermittelt werden.
Risk‐taking increases under boredom
Authors: Kılıç Ayşenur , van Tilburg Wijnand A.P. , Igou Eric R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe examined if boredom is associated with risk‐taking. Although this association has frequently been postulated, it has rarely been tested, and the evidence has thus far been rather indirect and speculative. We conducted three studies to test this association more systematically. In Study 1, people high in boredom proneness reported greater risk‐taking across financial, ethical, recreational, and health or safety domains. In Study 2, over a series of risky decisions, risk‐taking increased in tandem with state boredom. Consistently, in Study 3, people who felt more bored were more likely to choose risky gambles. Furthermore, while dispositional self‐control predicted lower risk‐taking, state boredom nullified this association, suggesting that elevated risk‐taking might be attributed the erosion of self‐control under boredom. Our findings establish via direct empirical tests that boredom is associated with making riskier decisions.
3D brain angiogenesis model to reconstitute functional human blood–brain barrier in vitro
Authors: Lee Somin , Chung Minhwan , Lee Seung‐Ryeol , Jeon Noo Li 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe human central nervous system (CNS) vasculature expresses a distinctive barrier phenotype, the blood–brain barrier (BBB). As the BBB contributes to low efficiency in CNS pharmacotherapy by restricting drug transport, the development of an in vitro human BBB model has been in demand. Here, we present a microfluidic model of CNS angiogenesis having three‐dimensional (3D) lumenized vasculature in concert with perivascular cells. We confirmed the necessity of the angiogenic tri‐culture system (brain endothelium in direct interaction with pericytes and astrocytes) to attain essential phenotypes of BBB vasculature, such as minimized vessel diameter and maximized junction expression. In addition, lower vascular permeability is achieved in the tri‐culture condition compared to the monoculture condition. Notably, we focussed on reconstituting the functional efflux transporter system, including p‐glycoprotein (p‐gp), which is highly responsible for restrictive drug transport. By conducting the calcein‐AM efflux assay on our 3D perfusable vasculature after treatment of efflux transporter inhibitors, we confirmed the higher efflux property and prominent effect of inhibitors in the tri‐culture model. Taken together, we designed a 3D human BBB model with functional barrier properties based on a developmentally inspired CNS angiogenesis protocol. We expect the model to contribute to a deeper understanding of pathological CNS angiogenesis and the development of effective CNS medications.
Mitigating climate change: A role for regulations and risk‐taking
Authors: Bryant Andrew , Griffin Jennifer J. , Perry Vanessa G. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhy do some firms engage in actions to reduce climate change? We propose two counterintuitive mechanisms: high levels of regulation and a firm's increased tolerance for risk. Drawing from insights on how institutional contexts constrain, and enable, prosocial firm behavior, we argue that external pressures, amplified internally by a firm's higher tolerance for risk, increase the likelihood that a greenhouse gas (GHG)‐intensive firm will engage in climate change actions that exceed regulatory requirements. An analysis based on 7,101 observations of U.S. publicly traded firms during the 2013 to 2015 period supports our hypotheses. Our models show high overall prediction accuracy (88.6%) using an out‐of‐time holdout sample from 2016. Moreover, we find that firms that have exhibited environmental wrongdoing are also more likely to engage in beyond‐compliance activities, which may be a form of greenwashing. Thus, more formal and informal regulatory oversight has the potential to spur positive environmental actions. This has implications for a firm's corporate social responsibility actions as well as for climate change regulatory policy.