bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between “Essential Services” and Culpable Homicide
Authors: Boaz Danielle N. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared covid-19—the disease caused by the novel coronavirus—a global pandemic. As this coronavirus spread throughout the world, most countries implemented restrictions on public gatherings that greatly limited religious communities’ ability to engage in collective worship. Some religious leaders objected to these regulations, opining that faith would spare their congregants from illness or that their religious freedom is paramount to public health. Meanwhile, growing numbers of covid-19 infections were being traced back to religious leaders or gatherings.
This article explores how governments have balanced freedom of worship and public health during the 2020 pandemic. Through the comparison of controversies in South Korea, India, Brazil and the United States, it highlights the paradoxes in debates about whether to hold religious communities accountable for the spread of this highly contagious and deadly disease.
Impact of population size at a rate of morphological and molecular evolution – the use of an object-oriented model
Authors: Sokół Miłosława 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A generalization of Moran model of evolution is created using object-oriented method of modelling. A population consists of individuals which have a genotype and a phenotype. The genotype is inherited by descendants and it can mutate. The phenotype is dependent on the genotype. Moreover, the phenotype causes changes in the fitness of the individuals (natural selection which four kinds are defined and analysed). Evolution of the population appears spontaneously. This model is used to analyse how population size influence the rate of evolution. Evolution is manifested by two processes: the increase of the phenotype size (morphological evolution) and number of mutations accumulated on genes (molecular evolution). The rate of evolution increases if population size increases. An adaptive natural selection causes nonlinear changes in the phenotype size and number of mutations accumulated on genes. A competitive natural selection causes linear evolution. A surviving natural selection causes the faster evolution than a reproductive natural selection.
Predictability of El Niño Duration Based on the Onset Timing
Authors: Wu Xian , Okumura Yuko M. , DiNezio Pedro N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAnalysis of observational data and a long control simulation of the Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1), shows that El Niño events developing in boreal spring to early summer usually terminate after peaking in winter, whereas those developing after summer tend to persist into the second year. To test the predictability of El Niño duration based on the onset timing, perfect model predictions were conducted for three El Niño events developing in April or September in the CESM1 control simulation. For each event, 30-member ensemble simulations are initialized with the same oceanic conditions in the onset month but with slightly different atmospheric conditions and integrated for 2 years. The CESM1 successfully predicts the termination of El Niño after the peak in 95% of the April-initialized simulations and the continuation of El Niño into the second year in 83% of the September-initialized simulations. The predictable component of El Niño duration arises from the initial oceanic conditions that affect the timing and magnitude of negative feedback within the equatorial Pacific, as well as from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The ensemble spread of El Niño duration, on the other hand, originates from surface wind variability over the western equatorial Pacific in spring following the peak. The wind variability causes a larger spread in the September-initialized than the April-initialized ensemble simulations due to weaker negative feedback in spring. These results indicate potential predictability of El Niño events beyond the current operational forecasts by 1 year.
Exploratory Geovisualization of the Character and Distribution of American Climate Change Beliefs
Authors: Sugg Johnathan W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAmericans remain polarized about climate change. However, recent scholarship reveals a plurality of climate change opinions among the public, with nontrivial support for a range of awareness, risk perceptions, and policy prescriptions. This study uses publicly available opinion estimates to examine the geographic variability of American climate change opinions and maps them as regions that share similarities or differences in the character of their beliefs. The exploratory geovisual environment of a self-organizing map is used to compare the support for 56 different climate opinions across all counties in the United States and arrange them into a spatially coherent grid of nodes. To facilitate the exploration of the patterns, a statistical cluster analysis groups together counties with the most similar climate beliefs. Choropleth maps visualize the clustering results from the self-organizing map. This study finds six groups of climate beliefs in which member counties exhibit a distinct regionality across the United States and share similarities in the magnitude of support for specific opinions. Groups that generally exhibit high or low levels of support for climate change awareness, risk perceptions, and policy prescriptions vary in their relative support for specific opinions. The results provide a nuanced understanding of different types of climate change opinions and where they exist geographically.
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia as the pulmonary manifestation of lupus: A review of three cases
Authors: Baisya Ritasman , Devarasetti Phani Kumar , Uppin Shantveer G , Narayanan Ramakrishna , Rajasekhar Liza , Sreejitha KS 
Published: October 2020

Objective Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a clinico-patho-radiological diagnosis which rarely presents as a pulmonary manifestation of lupus. In this concise report, organizing pneumonia was found as the sole pulmonary manifestation of SLE in different age groups. Method All three patients diagnosed with SLE according to SLICC 2012 classification criteria, were admitted in rheumatology ward of NIMS hospital, Hyderabad, India from May to November, 2018. Their diagnosis of BOOP was either biopsy proven or imaging guided. Review of literature was done with MeSH terms (SLE, BOOP) in PubMed and approximately 10 articles were reviewed including latest of 2019 published in Scientific Reports. Result There were three patients – one juvenile lupus and two adults. Two patients were male and one female. All three patients had SLE with high disease activity. They all had organising pneumonia as pulmonary manifestation with other organ involvement. Juvenile patient had a fatal outcome while the others had a good recovery with steroid and immunosuppressive. Conclusion BOOP is a rare pulmonary manifestation in lupus. It can be diagnosed early with more precision using computerised tomography of lung without waiting for biopsy report. This will result in a better prognosis by rapid initiation of corticosteroid and immunosuppressive treatment.
Ovary resorption in the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) and its possible causes with special reference to sperm storage
Authors: Becker Carola , Dick Jaimie T. A. , Mánus Cunningham E. , Lundy Mathieu , Bell Ewen , Eagling Lawrence , Sigwart Julia D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is an important fisheries species in the North-East Atlantic area. In some circumstances, mature females of Nephrops norvegicus can resorb their ovary rather than completing spawning, but the implications of this phenomenon to reproductive biology and fisheries sustainability are not known. To understand after effects of ovary resorption, we studied long-term demographic data sets (1994–2017) collected from the western Irish Sea and the North Sea. Our considerations focused on potential correlations among the frequency of resorption, female insemination, and body size of resorbing females. Resorption was continuously rare in the western Irish Sea (less than 1%); whereas much higher rates with considerable year-to-year variation were observed in the North Sea (mean 9%). Resorption started in autumn after the spawning season (summer) had passed. The frequency stayed high throughout winter and declined again in spring. As sperm limitation can occur in male-biased fisheries, we expected a lack of insemination could be responsible for resorption, but affected females were indeed inseminated. Resorbing females were significantly larger than other sexually mature females in the North Sea, but the opposite trend was observed in the western Irish Sea. It is therefore possible that other, environmental factors or seasonal shifts, may trigger females to resorb their ovaries instead of spawning. Resorption may as well represent a natural phenomenon allowing flexibility in the periodicity of growth and reproduction. In this sense, observations of annual versus biennial reproductive cycles in different regions may be closely linked to the phenomenon of ovary resorption.
Migraine and sleep disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Tiseo Cindy , Vacca Alessandro , Felbush Anton , Filimonova Tamara , Gai Annalisa , Glazyrina Tatyana , Hubalek Irina Anna , Marchenko Yelena , Overeem Lucas Hendrik , Piroso Serena , Tkachev Alexander , Martelletti Paolo , Sacco Simona ,   on behalf of the European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies (EHF-SAS)
Published: October 2020

AbstractMigraine and sleep disorders are common and often burdensome chronic conditions with a high prevalence in the general population, and with considerable socio-economic impact and costs.The existence of a relationship between migraine and sleep disorders has been recognized from centuries by clinicians and epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, the exact nature of this association, the underlying mechanisms and interactions are complex and not completely understood. Recent biochemical and functional imaging studies identified central nervous system structures and neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of migraine and also important for the regulation of normal sleep architecture, suggesting a possible causative role, in the pathogenesis of both disorders, of a dysregulation in these common nervous system pathways.This systematic review summarizes the existing data on migraine and sleep disorders with the aim to evaluate the existence of a causal relationship and to assess the presence of influencing factors. The identification of specific sleep disorders associated with migraine should induce clinicians to systematically assess their presence in migraine patients and to adopt combined treatment strategies.
Genome-wide association studies and whole-genome prediction reveal the genetic architecture of KRN in maize
Authors: An Yixin , Chen Lin , Li Yong-Xiang , Li Chunhui , Shi Yunsu , Zhang Dengfeng , Li Yu , Wang Tianyu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Kernel row number (KRN) is an important trait for the domestication and improvement of maize. Exploring the genetic basis of KRN has great research significance and can provide valuable information for molecular assisted selection.

Results
In this study, one single-locus method (MLM) and six multilocus methods (mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, pLARmEB, pKWmEB and ISIS EM-BLASSO) of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were used to identify significant quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) for KRN in an association panel including 639 maize inbred lines that were genotyped by the MaizeSNP50 BeadChip. In three phenotyping environments and with best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values, the seven GWAS methods revealed different numbers of KRN-associated QTNs, ranging from 11 to 177. Based on these results, seven important regions for KRN located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, and 10 were identified by at least three methods and in at least two environments. Moreover, 49 genes from the seven regions were expressed in different maize tissues. Among the 49 genes, ARF29 (Zm00001d026540, encoding auxin response factor 29) and CKO4 (Zm00001d043293, encoding cytokinin oxidase protein) were significantly related to KRN, based on expression analysis and candidate gene association mapping. Whole-genome prediction (WGP) of KRN was also performed, and we found that the KRN-associated tagSNPs achieved a high prediction accuracy. The best strategy was to integrate all of the KRN-associated tagSNPs identified by all GWAS models.

Conclusions
These results aid in our understanding of the genetic architecture of KRN and provide useful information for genomic selection for KRN in maize breeding.
Ecological genomics of Chinese wheat improvement: implications in breeding for adaptation
Authors: Guo Jie , Li Chang , Zhao Junjie , Guo Jiahui , Shi Weiping , Cheng Shunhe , Zhou Meixue , Hao Chenyang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
China has diverse wheat varieties that adapt to very different environments divided into ten agro-ecological zones. A better understanding of genomic differences and patterns of selection among agro-ecological zones could provide useful information in selection of specific adaptive traits in breeding.

Results
We genotyped 438 wheat accessions from ten zones with kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers specific to 47 cloned genes for grain yield, quality, adaptation and stress resistance. Phylogenetic trees and principle component analysis revealed clear differences in winter and spring growth habits. Nucleotide diversity (π) and π ratio (πCL/πMCC) suggested that genetic diversity had increased during breeding, and that Chinese landraces (CL) from Zones I-V contributed little to modern Chinese cultivars (MCC). π ratio and Fst identified 24 KASP markers with 53 strong selection signals specific to Zones I (9 signals), II (12), III (5), IV (5), V (6), and VI (6). Genes with clear genetic differentiation and strong response to selection in at least three zones were leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 (I, II, III and IV), photoperiod sensitivity gene Ppd-D1 (I, II, III, IV and V), vernalization gene Vrn-B1 (V, VII, VIII and X), quality-related gene Glu-B1 (I, II and III) and yield-related genes Sus1-7B (I, II, III, IV and IX), Sus2-2A (I, II, III., IV and VI) and GW2-6B (II, V and VI).

Conclusions
This study examined selection of multiple genes in each zone, traced the distribution of important genetic variations and provided useful information for ecological genomics and enlightening future breeding goals for different agro-ecological zones.
The impact of frailty in aortic valve surgery
Authors: Berastegui Garcia Elisabet , Camara Rosell Maria Luisa , Moret Ruiz Enrique , Casas Garcia Irma , Badia Gamarra Sara , Fernandez Gallego Claudio , Delgado Ramis Luis , Julia Almill Ignasi , Llorens Ferrer Anna , Romero Ferrer Bernat , Bayes Genis Antoni , Muñoz Guijosa Christian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Frailty is a geriatric syndrome that diminishes potential functional recovery after any surgical procedure. Preoperative surgical risk assessment is crucial to calibrate the risk and benefit of cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to test usefulness of FRAIL Scale and other surgical-risk-scales and individual features of frailty in cardiac aortic valve surgery.

Methods
Prospective study. From May-2014 to February-2016, we collected 200 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement, either surgically or transcatheter. At 1-year follow-up, quality of life measurements were recorded using the EQ-5D (EuroQol). Univariate and multivariate analyses correlated preoperative condition, features of frailty and predicted risk scores with mortality, morbidity and quality of life at 1 year of follow-up.

Results
Mean age 78.2y, 56%male. Mean-preoperative-scores: FRAIL scale 1.5(SD 1.02), STS 2.9(SD 1.13), BI 93.8(SD 7.3), ESlog I 12.8(SD 8.5) and GS 7.3 s (SD 1.9). Morbidity at discharge, 6 m and 1 year was 51, 14 and 28%. Mortality 4%. Survival at 6 m/ 1-y was 97% / 88%. Complication-rate was higher in TAVI group due to-vascular complications. Renal dysfunction, anemia, social dependence and GS slower than 7 s were associated with morbidity. On multivariate analysis adjusted STS, BI and GS speed were statistically significant. Quality of life at 1-year follow-up adjusted for age and prosthesis type showed a significant association with STS and FRAIL scale scores.

Conclusions
Frailty increases surgical risk and is associated with higher morbidity. Preoperative GS slower 7 s, and STS and FRAIL scale scores seem to be reliable predictors of quality of life at 1-year follow-up.
Inequities in child survival in Nigerian communities during the Sustainable Development Goal era: insights from analysis of 2016/2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
Authors: Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo , Muhajarine Nazeem , Petrucka Pammla , Isaac Elon Warnow 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Child survival is a major concern in Nigeria, as it contributes 13% of the global under-five mortalities. Although studies have examined the determinants of under-five mortality in Nigeria, the comparative roles of social determinants of health at the different stages of early childhood development have not been concurrently investigated. This study, therefore, aimed to identify the social determinants of age-specific childhood (0–59 months) mortalities, which are disaggregated into neonatal mortality (0–27 days), post-neonatal mortality (1–11 months) and child mortality (12–59 months), and estimate the within-and between-community variations of mortality among under-five children in Nigeria. This study provides evidence to guide stakeholders in planning for effective child survival strategies in the Nigerian communities during the Sustainable Development Goals era.

Methods
Using the 2016/2017 Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, we performed multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis on data of a nationally representative sample of 29,786 (weighted = 30,960) live births delivered 5 years before the survey to 18,497 women aged 15–49 years and nested within 16,151 households and 2227 communities.

Results
Determinants of under-five mortality differ across the neonatal, post-neonatal and toddler/pre-school stages in Nigeria. Unexpectedly, attendance of skilled health providers during delivery was associated with an increased neonatal mortality risk, although its effect disappeared during post-neonatal and toddler/pre-school stages. Also, our study found maternal-level factors such as maternal education, contraceptive use, maternal wealth index, parity, death of previous children, and quality of perinatal care accounted for high variation (39%) in childhood mortalities across the communities. The inclusion of other compositional and contextual factors had no significant additional effect on childhood mortality risks across the communities.

Conclusion
This study reinforces the importance of maternal-level factors in reducing childhood mortality, independent of the child, household, and community-level characteristics in the Nigerian communities. To tackle childhood mortalities in the communities, government-led strategies should prioritize implementation of community-based and community-specific interventions aimed at improving socioeconomic conditions of women. Training and continuous mentoring with adequate supervision of skilled health workers must be ensured to improve the quality of perinatal care in Nigeria.
Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana
Authors: Burimuah Vitus , Sylverken Augustina , Owusu Michael , El-Duah Philip , Yeboah Richmond , Lamptey Jones , Frimpong Yaw Oppong , Agbenyega Olivia , Folitse Raphael , Emikpe Ben , Tasiame William , Owiredu Eddie-Williams , Oppong Samuel , Antwi Christopher , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Drosten Christian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundApart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry, particularly with respect to cattle rearing, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching. In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank.ResultsThe study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3%, consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Less than 10% of all the animals sampled showed clinical signs such as diarrhea and respiratory distress except for high temperature which occurred in > 1000 of the animals. However, none of the 4 BCoV positive animals manifested any clinical signs of the infection at the time of sample collection. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RdRp genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed between our isolates and those from elsewhere.ConclusionsGiven that Ghana predominantly practices the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.
Postural control strategy after incomplete spinal cord injury: effect of sensory inputs on trunk–leg movement coordination
Authors: Noamani Alireza , Lemay Jean-François , Musselman Kristin E. , Rouhani Hossein 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Postural control is affected after incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) due to sensory and motor impairments. Any alteration in the availability of sensory information can challenge postural stability in this population and may lead to a variety of adaptive movement coordination patterns. Hence, identifying the underlying impairments and changes to movement coordination patterns is necessary for effective rehabilitation post-iSCI. This study aims to compare the postural control strategy between iSCI and able-bodied populations by quantifying the trunk–leg movement coordination under conditions that affects sensory information.

Methods
13 individuals with iSCI and 14 aged-matched able-bodied individuals performed quiet standing on hard and foam surfaces with eyes open and closed. We used mean Magnitude-Squared Coherence between trunk–leg accelerations measured by accelerometers placed over the sacrum and tibia.

Results
We observed a similar ankle strategy at lower frequencies (f ≤ 1.0 Hz) between populations. However, we observed a decreased ability post-iSCI in adapting inter-segment coordination changing from ankle strategy to ankle–hip strategy at higher frequencies (f > 1.0 Hz). Moreover, utilizing the ankle–hip strategy at higher frequencies was challenged when somatosensory input was distorted, whereas depriving visual information did not affect balance strategy.

Conclusion
Trunk–leg movement coordination assessment showed sensitivity, discriminatory ability, and excellent test–retest reliability to identify changes in balance control strategy post-iSCI and due to altered sensory inputs. Trunk–leg movement coordination assessment using wearable sensors can be used for objective outcome evaluation of rehabilitative interventions on postural control post-iSCI.