bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Runaway OB Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: Dynamical versus Supernova Ejections
Authors: Dorigo Jones J. , Oey M. S. , Paggeot K. , Castro N. , Moe M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Runaway OB stars are ejected from their parent clusters via two mechanisms, both involving multiple stars: the dynamical ejection scenario (DES) and the binary supernova scenario (BSS). We constrain the relative contributions from these two ejection mechanisms in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) using data for 304 field OB stars from the spatially complete Runaways and Isolated O-Type Star Spectroscopic Survey of the SMC (RIOTS4). We obtain stellar masses and projected rotational velocities

for the sample using RIOTS4 spectra, and we use transverse velocities

from Gaia DR2 proper motions. Kinematic analyses of the masses,

, noncompact binaries, high-mass X-ray binaries, and Oe/Be stars largely support predictions for the statistical properties of the DES and BSS populations. We find that dynamical ejections dominate over supernova ejections by a factor of ∼2−3 in the SMC, and our results suggest a high frequency of DES runaways and binary ejections. Objects seen as BSS runaways also include two-step ejections of binaries that are reaccelerated by supernova kicks. We find that two-step runaways likely dominate the BSS runaway population. Our results further imply that any contribution from in situ field OB star formation is small. Finally, our data strongly support the post-mass-transfer model for the origin of classical Oe/Be stars, providing a simple explanation for the bimodality in the

distribution and high, near-critical, Oe/Be rotation velocities. The close correspondence of Oe/Be stars with BSS predictions implies that the emission-line disks are long-lived.
The Pan-STARRS Data-processing System
Authors: Magnier Eugene A. , Chambers K. C. , Flewelling H. A. , Hoblitt J. C. , Huber M. E. , Price P. A. , Sweeney W. E. , Waters C. Z. , Denneau L. , Draper P. W. , Hodapp K. W. , Jedicke R. , Kaiser N. , Kudritzki R.-P. , Metcalfe N. , Stubbs C. W. , Wainscoat R. J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Pan-STARRS data-processing system is responsible for the steps needed to downloaded, archive, and process all images obtained by the Pan-STARRS telescopes, including real-time detection of transient sources such as supernovae and moving objects including potentially hazardous asteroids. With a nightly data volume of up to 4 TB and an archive of over 4 PB of raw imagery, Pan-STARRS is solidly in the realm of Big Data astronomy. The full data-processing system consists of several subsystems covering the wide range of necessary capabilities. This article describes the Image Processing Pipeline and its connections to both the summit data systems and the outward-facing systems downstream. The latter include the Moving Object Processing System (MOPS) and the public database: the Published Science Products Subsystem.
Pan-STARRS Photometric and Astrometric Calibration
Authors: Magnier Eugene. A. , Schlafly Edward. F. , Finkbeiner Douglas P. , Tonry J. L. , Goldman B. , Röser S. , Schilbach E. , Casertano S. , Chambers K. C. , Flewelling H. A. , Huber M. E. , Price P. A. , Sweeney W. E. , Waters C. Z. , Denneau L. , Draper P. W. , Hodapp K. W. , Jedicke R. , Kaiser N. , Kudritzki R.-P. , Metcalfe N. , Stubbs C. W. , Wainscoat R. J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe present the details of the photometric and astrometric calibration of the Pan-STARRS1 3π Survey. The photometric goals were to reduce the systematic effects introduced by the camera and detectors, and to place all of the observations onto a photometric system with consistent zero-points over the entire area surveyed, the ≈30,000 deg2north ofδ = −30°. Using external comparisons, we demonstrate that the resulting photometric system is consistent across the sky to between 7 and 12.4 mmag depending on the filter. For bright stars, the systematic error floor for individual measurements is (σg,σr,σi,σz,σy) = (14, 14, 15, 15, 18) mmag. The astrometric calibration compensates for similar systematic effects so that positions, proper motions, and parallaxes are reliable as well. The bright-star systematic error floor for individual astrometric measurements is 16 mas. The Pan-STARRS Data Release 2 (DR2) astrometric system is tied to the Gaia DR1 coordinate frame with a systematic uncertainty of ∼5 mas.
Pan-STARRS Pixel Processing: Detrending, Warping, Stacking
Authors: Waters C. Z. , Magnier E. A. , Price P. A. , Chambers K. C. , Burgett W. S. , Draper P. W. , Flewelling H. A. , Hodapp K. W. , Huber M. E. , Jedicke R. , Kaiser N. , Kudritzki R.-P. , Lupton R. H. , Metcalfe N. , Rest A. , Sweeney W. E. , Tonry J. L. , Wainscoat R. J. , Wood-Vasey W. M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) Science Consortium has carried out a set of imaging surveys using the 1.4 gigapixel GPC1 camera on the PS1 telescope. As this camera is composed of many individual electronic readouts and covers a very large field of view, great care was taken to ensure that the many instrumental effects were corrected to produce the most uniform detector response possible. We present the image-detrending steps used as part of the processing of the data contained within the public release of Pan-STARRS1 Data Release 1 (DR1). In addition to the single image processing, the methods used to transform the 375,573 individual exposures into a common sky-oriented grid are discussed, as well as those used to produce both the image stack and difference combination products.
Le confinement des femmes dans l’espace
Authors: Miramond Estelle 
Published: October 2020

S’appuyant sur la thèse de Colette Guillaumin selon laquelle le confinement dans l’espace est l’un des principaux moyens de l’appropriation de la classe des femmes par la classe des hommes, cet article montre comment les politiques internationales de prévention et de prise en charge des victimes de traite ont contribué au déploiement de logiques d’appropriation et d’immobilisation des femmes. Prenant pour terrain d’étude les programmes anti-traite développés entre le Laos et la Thaïlande, trois niveaux de confinement des femmes dans l’espace sont identifiés : la dissuasion et l’interdiction faites aux jeunes filles et femmes pauvres et non accompagnées de franchir des frontières internationales, l’immobilisation de celles identifiées comme victimes de traite dans des centres de réhabilitation, enfin l’incorporation de la clôture et du travail dévalorisé à travers les enseignements et règles diffusées dans ces espaces.
Les élèves allophones peu scolarisés antérieurement dans l’ombre du monstre scolaire
Authors: Mendonça Dias Catherine 
Published: October 2020

Des adolescents migrants, non ou peu scolarisés antérieurement (NSA), sont inscrits dans une Unité Pédagogique pour Élèves Allophones Arrivants (UPE2A) dite NSA. Dans quelle mesure cette organisation scolaire, dont la mise en œuvre mobilise des équipes éducatives, prépare-t-elle à une inclusion différée dont la réalisation risque d’être promise à l’échec ? En 2015- 2016, 56 élèves dits NSA, scolarisés à travers 6 UPE2A NSA, ont participé à des exercices numériques de français et de mathématiques, dans le cadre de la recherche Evascol, portée par l’INSHEA et financée par la mission Recherches du Défenseur Des Droits. Les résultats permettent de décrire des écarts de compétences de ces jeunes, au fil de l’année scolaire tandis que l’analyse du contexte d’enseignement révèle l’isolement de leur enseignant et les dilemmes institutionnels entre gestion des besoins particuliers et nécessité d’inclusion.
Sujet toxique ou d’actualité ? La diglossie aujourd’hui
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen , Elmiger Daniel , Matthey Marinette 
Published: October 2020

L’auteur commence par souligner qu’une partie de la sociolinguistique contemporaine cherche à instaurer une rupture avec les étapes antérieures de la recherche dans le champ, et il justifie cette démarcation par la nécessité d’un changement de paradigme pour penser les liens entre langue et société dans le monde actuel. Cette rupture implique d’inventer de nouveaux termes pour signifier ce changement, mais l’entreprise comporte des risques. Il en vient ensuite à la critique de la notion de diglossie en relevant qu’elle fait abstraction des locuteurs, qu’elle est aveugle aux processus de domination, et qu’elle repose sur une conception mécanique des rapports entre langue et société. Enfin, il expose le choix devant lequel se trouvent les sociolinguistes d’aujourd’hui : remplacer définitivement la notion de diglossie par d’autres concepts moins mécaniques ( enregistrement , style ) ou revoir profondément la manière de théoriser la diglossie en la considérant comme une idéologie langagière.
Vous avez dit FALC ? Pour une adaptation linguistique des textes destinés aux migrants nouvellement arrivés
Authors: Canut Emmanuelle , Delahaie Juliette , Husianycia Magali 
Published: October 2020

Cet article interroge les principes de simplification recommandés par le FALC (« Facile à Lire et à Comprendre »), qui font partie des ressources utilisées par les acteurs socio-éducatifs pour la rédaction de textes informatifs à destination des migrants nouvellement arrivés et peu ou pas francophones. À partir de l’étude de documents écrits « simplifiés » destinés à des mineurs étrangers isolés (MNA), nous mettons en évidence la persistance de difficultés linguistiques qui peuvent entraver la compréhension et qui sont liées à une multiplicité d’interprétations des critères d’écriture (très généralistes) du FALC. Pour y remédier, nous proposons de réfléchir à des critères plus spécifiques qui s’appuient notamment sur les travaux de la linguistique de corpus et du français parlé, afin de dégager des schémas lin-guistiques les plus proches des zone(s) de compréhension du public allophone.
Roman, Histoire, Politique. Franco Moretti et le roman européen au XIX e siècle
Authors: Lavocat Françoise 
Published: October 2020

À l’occasion de parution, fin 2019, de la traduction française d’un ouvrage de 1986 ( Le Roman de Formation ), et en revenant sur un autre livre du même auteur, en 2013, encore non traduit en français ( The Bourgeois ), l’auteure de cet article se propose d’explorer la pensée de Franco Moretti sur le roman, et plus particulièrement le roman européen du XX e siècle. Elle analyse sa perspective comparatiste et son cadre théorique qui emprunte au marxisme et au structuralisme. Elle met en valeur les ambivalences de Franco Moretti à l’égard du roman, défini comme la forme du compromis, et à l’égard de la bourgeoisie et du capitalisme, dont l’évolution détermine (selon des voies plus ou moins complexes) celle du roman. À l’opposé de la méthode recommandée dans d’autres ouvrages à propos de la lecture distante, Moretti pratique dans ces deux livres, en particulier The Bourgeois , la lecture de près, et s’attache au style, à la forme. Il défend l’autonomie de l’art, antagoniste par rapport à une conception de celui-ci fondée sur la morale. Il trace ainsi une voie originale, qui en appelle à des modèles scientifiques, notamment l’évolutionnisme darwinien, à contre-courant de bien des courants actuels plus intéressés aux effets sur le lecteur ou la lectrice que par les œuvres elles-mêmes.
The Synergy between Burden and Anticipatory Grief among Caregivers of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria
Authors: Asuquo Ekaete F. , Ella Regina E. , Akpan-Idiok Paulina A. , Osuchkwu Easter E. 
Published: October 2020

Contents: Caregiving remains the crux of management in terminal diseases, but little attention is given to the effects of terminal illnesses on the caregivers and the associated anticipatory grief that aggravates caregivers' burden.
Aim: This study assesses the correlations between burden and anticipatory grief experienced among caregivers of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Methods: Correlations and descriptive cross-sessional design were utilized to assess and purposefully recruit 231 eligible caregivers of PLWHA, respectively. Validated revised Zarit Burden Interview scale (ZBI) and Anticipatory Grief Scale were the primary data collection instruments. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.
Results: Study findings revealed that the highest percentage, 36.4% (84) participants experienced a moderate burden, while 22.1% (51) experienced a severe burden. Similarly, the highest percentage, 33.3% (77) of the participants experienced moderate anticipatory grief at the range of 57-76, while 30.7% (71) participants experienced severe anticipatory grief within 77- 135. Positive and significant correlations (r = 0.61, P < 0.05; r = 0.53, P < 0.05; r = 0.66, P < 0.05) were obtained for the relationship between no anticipatory grief/burden; mild anticipatory grief/ burden and severe anticipatory grief/ burden respectively) during the study. These positive correlations revealed a strong synergy between the two variables, caregiver’s burden and anticipatory grief.
Conclusion: As sub-Saharan African disproportionately bears the burden of HIV, more persons will have to take up family caregivers' roles despite the high level of burden and associated anticipatory grief. The need for educational intervention backed by the policy cannot be over-emphasized and should be implemented to enhance and acquaint caregivers on the nature of anticipatory grief and its connection with a terminal disease like HIV/AIDS.
Assessing the Risk Factors of Fall among Hospitalized Adult Patients: A Scoping Review
Authors: Alsubaie Fatimah T. , Almutary Hayfa H. , Sofar Samah M. 
Published: October 2020

Contents: Falls have been widely observed among admitted patients that substantially influence their recovery from illness. Also, the fall events significantly contribute to their prolonged hospital stay and increased healthcare costs. Furthermore, patients' fall incidents have proved to be quite costly due to the adverse consequences of fall-related injuries.
Aim: This review aims to identify and analyze the risk factors of falls among adult patients during hospitalization in the relevant research findings.
Methods: The scoping review of the relevant research findings of the risk factors of falls among hospitalized adult patients included 11 relevant studies that were reviewed critically to identify the potential factors increasing patient falls risk. These studies published between 2013-2019 were recruited from authentic databases like MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, and EBSCO. The quality of the included studies was also appraised.
Results: This review revealed different factors contribute to increased risk of falls among hospitalized patients like the age of patients, chronic disease, psychotropic and narcotic drugs, urologic conditions, limb amputation, increased use of anti-epileptics, and environmental factors.
Conclusion: Falls are attributable to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors during hospitalization. Identifying the significant factors leading to falling can help nurses and other healthcare staff to develop preventive strategies to alleviate these falls' physical, psychological, and social consequences.
Gravitational separation of Ar∕N2 and age of air in the lowermost stratosphere in airborne observations and a chemical transport model
Authors: Birner Benjamin , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Morgan Eric J. , Stephens Britton B. , Linz Marianna , Feng Wuhu , Wilson Chris , Bent Jonathan D. , Wofsy Steven C. , Severinghaus Jeffrey , Keeling Ralph F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Accurate simulation of atmospheric circulation,
particularly in the lower stratosphere, is challenging due to unresolved
wave–mean flow interactions and limited high-resolution observations for validation. Gravity-induced pressure gradients lead to a small but
measurable separation of heavy and light gases by molecular diffusion in the
stratosphere. Because the relative abundance of Ar to N2 is exclusively
controlled by physical transport, the argon-to-nitrogen ratio (Ar∕N2)
provides an additional constraint on circulation and the age of air (AoA),
i.e., the time elapsed since entry of an air parcel into the stratosphere. Here we use airborne measurements of N2O and Ar∕N2 from nine
campaigns with global coverage spanning 2008–2018 to calculate AoA and to
quantify gravitational separation in the lowermost stratosphere. To this
end, we develop a new N2O–AoA relationship using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. We observe that gravitational separation increases systematically with increasing AoA for samples with AoA between 0 and 3 years. These observations are compared to a simulation of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model, which has been updated to include
gravitational fractionation of gases. We demonstrate that although AoA at
old ages is slightly underestimated in the model, the relationship between
Ar∕N2 and AoA is robust and agrees with the observations. This
highlights the potential of Ar∕N2 to become a new AoA tracer that is subject only to physical transport phenomena and can supplement the suite of available AoA indicators.
A novel injection technique: using a field-based quantum cascade laser for the analysis of gas samples derived from static chambers
Authors: Wecking Anne R. , Cave Vanessa M. , Liáng Lìyĭn L. , Wall Aaron M. , Luo Jiafa , Campbell David I. , Schipper Louis A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The development of fast-response analysers for the
measurement of nitrous oxide (N2O) has resulted in exciting
opportunities for new experimental techniques beyond commonly used static
chambers and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. For example, quantum cascade
laser (QCL) absorption spectrometers are now being used with eddy covariance
(EC) or automated chambers. However, using a field-based QCL EC system to
also quantify N2O concentrations in gas samples taken from static
chambers has not yet been explored. Gas samples from static chambers are
often analysed by GC, a method that requires labour and time-consuming
procedures off-site. Here, we developed a novel field-based injection
technique that allowed the use of a single QCL for (1) micrometeorological
EC and (2) immediate manual injection of headspace samples taken from static
chambers. To test this approach across a range of low to high N2O
concentrations and fluxes, we applied ammonium nitrate (AN) at 0, 300, 600
and 900 kg N ha−1 (AN0, AN300, AN600, AN900) to
plots on a pasture soil. After analysis, calculated N2O fluxes from QCL
(FN2O_QCL) were compared with fluxes determined by a
standard method, i.e. laboratory-based GC (FN2O_GC). Subsequently, the comparability of QCL and GC data was tested using
orthogonal regression, Bland–Altman and bioequivalence statistics. For AN-treated plots, mean cumulative N2O emissions across the 7 d
campaign were 0.97 (AN300), 1.26 (AN600) and 2.00 kg N2O-N ha−1 (AN900) for FN2O_QCL and 0.99
(AN300), 1.31 (AN600) and 2.03 kg N2O-N ha−1 (AN900) for FN2O_GC. These FN2O_QCL and FN2O_GC were highly correlated (r=0.996, n=81) based on orthogonal regression, in agreement following the Bland–Altman approach (i.e. within ±1.96 standard deviation of the mean
difference) and shown to be for all intents and purposes the same (i.e.
equivalent). The FN2O_QCL and FN2O_GC derived under near-zero flux conditions (AN0) were weakly
correlated (r=0.306, n=27) and not found to agree or to be
equivalent. This was likely caused by the calculation of small, but apparent
positive and negative, FN2O when in fact the actual flux was below the
detection limit of static chambers. Our study demonstrated (1) that the
capability of using one QCL to measure N2O at different scales,
including manual injections, offers great potential to advance field
measurements of N2O (and other greenhouse gases) in the future and (2) that suitable statistics have to be adopted when formally assessing the
agreement and difference (not only the correlation) between two methods of
measurement.
Reviews and syntheses: The mechanisms underlying carbon storage in soil
Authors: Basile-Doelsch Isabelle , Balesdent Jérôme , Pellerin Sylvain 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Soil organic matter (OM) represents a key C pool for
climate regulation but also an essential component for soil functions and
services. Scientific research in the 21st century has considerably improved
our knowledge of soil organic matter and its dynamics, particularly under
the pressure of the global disruption of the carbon cycle. This paper
reviews the processes that control C dynamics in soil, the representation of
these processes over time, and their dependence on variations in major
biotic and abiotic factors. The most recent advanced knowledge gained on
soil organic matter includes the following. (1) Most organic matter is composed of small
molecules, derived from living organisms, without transformation via
additional abiotic organic polymerization; (2) microbial compounds are
predominant in the long term; (3) primary belowground production contributes
more to organic matter than aboveground inputs; (4) the contribution of less
biodegradable compounds to soil organic matter is low in the long term; (5) two major factors determine the soil organic carbon production “yield” from
the initial substrates: the yield of carbon used by microorganisms and the
association with minerals, particularly poorly crystalline minerals, which
stabilize microbial compounds; (6) interactions between plants and
microorganisms also regulate the carbon turnover time and therefore carbon
stocks; (7) among abiotic and biotic factors that regulate the carbon
turnover time, only a few are considered in current modeling approaches
(i.e., temperature, soil water content, pH, particle size, and sometimes C and N
interactions); and (8) although most models of soil C dynamics assume that the
processes involved are linear, there are now many indications of nonlinear
soil C dynamics processes linked to soil OM dynamics (e.g., priming). Farming
practices, therefore, affect soil C stocks not only through carbon inputs but
also via their effect on microbial and organomineral interactions, yet it
has still not been possible to properly identify the main mechanisms
involved in C loss (or gain). Greater insight into these mechanisms and their
interdependencies, hierarchy and sensitivity to agricultural practices could
provide future levers of action for C sequestration in soil.
How large does a large ensemble need to be?
Authors: Milinski Sebastian , Maher Nicola , Olonscheck Dirk 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Initial-condition large ensembles with ensemble sizes ranging from 30 to 100 members have become a commonly used tool for quantifying the forced response and internal variability in various components of the climate system. However, there is no consensus on the ideal or even sufficient ensemble size for a large ensemble. Here, we introduce an objective method to estimate the required ensemble size that can be applied to any given application and demonstrate its use on the examples of global mean near-surface air temperature, local temperature and precipitation, and variability in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) region and central United States for the Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble (MPI-GE). Estimating the required ensemble size is relevant not only for designing or choosing a large ensemble but also for designing targeted sensitivity experiments with a model. Where possible, we base our estimate of the required ensemble size on the pre-industrial control simulation, which is available for every model. We show that more ensemble members are needed to quantify variability than the forced response, with the largest ensemble sizes needed to detect changes in internal variability itself. Finally, we highlight that the required ensemble size depends on both the acceptable error to the user and the studied quantity.