bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory pathogens associated with intubated pediatric patients following hematopoietic cell transplant
Authors: Gertz Shira J. , McArthur Jennifer , Hsing Deyin D. , Nitu Mara E. , Smith Lincoln S. , Loomis Ashley , Fitzgerald Julie C. , Duncan Christine N. , Mahadeo Kris M. , Moffet Jerelyn , Hall Mark W. , Pinos Emily L. , Cheifetz Ira M. , Rowan Courtney M. ,   for the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury, Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe describe organisms found in the respiratory tracts of a multicenter cohort of pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients with respiratory failure.MethodsTwelve centers contributed up to 25 pediatric allogeneic HCT recipients requiring mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure to a retrospective database. Positive respiratory pathogens and method of obtaining sample were recorded. Outcomes were assessed using Mann‐Whitney U test or chi‐squared analysis.ResultsOf the 222 patients in the database, ages 1 month through 21 years, 34.6% had a positive respiratory culture. 105 pathogens were identified in 77 patients; of those, 48.6% were viral, 34.3% bacterial, 16.2% fungal, and 1% parasitic. PICU mortality with a respiratory pathogen was 68.8% compared to 54.9% for those without a respiratory pathogen (P = .045). Those with a positive respiratory pathogen had longer PICU length of stay, 20 days (IQR 14.0, 36.8) vs 15 (IQR 6.5, 32.0), P = .002, and a longer course of mechanical ventilation, 17 days (IQR 10, 29.5) vs 8 (3, 17), P < .0001. Method of pathogen identification, type of pathogen, and the presence of multiple pathogens were not associated with changes in PICU outcomes.ConclusionsIn this multicenter retrospective cohort of intubated pediatric post‐HCT patients, there was high variability in the respiratory pathogens identified. Type of pathogen and method of detection did not affect PICU mortality. The presence of any organism leads to increased PICU mortality, longer PICU stay, and increased duration of mechanical ventilation suggesting that early detection and treatment of pathogens may be beneficial in this population.
Direct and indirect patient costs of tuberculosis care in India
Authors: Chandra Ankit , Kumar Rakesh , Kant Shashi , Parthasarathy Raghavan , Krishnan Anand 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo synthesise the evidence for estimating the direct and indirect patient costs of drug‐sensitive and drug‐resistant tuberculosis care in India.MethodPubMed, Embase, Web of Science, IndMED and Google Scholar were searched for studies conducted in India between 2000 and 2018 and published in English. The search terms were “tuberculosis” AND “costs” (cost Analysis, economics, cost of illness, health care costs, health expenditures, direct service costs, catastrophic cost) AND “India”. The cost of TB care was from the patient’s perspective. Data regarding costs were extracted, indexed to the year 2018 using cumulative inflation rate and converted to US dollars at the exchange rate of 2018.ResultsThirteen studies were included in this review. The mean (unweighted) total cost incurred by patients being treated for drug‐sensitive TB in a public health facility was $ 235.00 (SD‐ 222.10), and the median of means was $ 170.60 (range – 43.70–718.40). The mean direct cost was 45.5% of the total cost. Only one study, which was conducted in a private facility, reported the mean total cost for drug‐resistant TB as $ 7778.04. Catastrophic cost (total cost ≥ 20% of the total annual household income) was experienced by 7% to 32.4% of drug‐sensitive TB patients and by 68% of drug‐resistant TB patients.ConclusionDespite free diagnostic and treatment services provided under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, the patient cost of tuberculosis care is high. Relevant studies vary widely in methodology and cost reporting.
Micro‐elimination of hepatitis C through testing of Egyptian pregnant women presenting at delivery: implications for screening policies
Authors: Mostafa Aya , Ebeid Fatma S.E. , Khaled Belal , Ahmed Rania H.M. , El‐Sayed Manal H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesDespite the high burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Egypt, screening of pregnant women is not yet universal, making national and global elimination unlikely. This study assessed the proportion of pregnant women who were screened for HCV infection at delivery, the prevalence and risk factors for HCV infection, the associated adverse neonatal outcomes, and the real‐life linkage to care of infected women and follow‐up of their infants’ HCV status and timing of testing.MethodsData were collected from medical records of a retrospective cohort of all pregnant women who were admitted to a university hospital in Cairo for delivery between January and June 2018 (n = 6734). HCV antibody‐ and RNA‐positive women and their infants were prospectively followed‐up by phone interviews till September 2019.Results2177 (32.3%) pregnant women were screened for HCV infection. 19 (0.9%) tested HCV antibody‐ and RNA‐positive. Being ≥ 30 years old (ORa 3.6, 95% CI: 1.4–9.2; P = 0.009), history of abortion (ORa 3.5, 95% CI: 1.2–10.3; P = 0.022) and blood transfusion (ORa 29.1, 95% CI: 9.6–88.4; P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for infection. Adverse neonatal outcomes did not vary significantly among HCV antibody‐positive and antibody‐negative women. Only 13 (68.4%) HCV antibody‐ and RNA‐positive women started treatment with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) post‐breastfeeding (two completed the treatment course and were cured). Four (21.1%) did not start treatment, and two (10.5%) were lost to follow‐up. All infants of the 13 HCV antibody‐ and RNA‐positive women who started DAA therapy tested HCV RNA‐negative within their first year of life.ConclusionExtending screening services to all pregnant women and better linkage to care are essential for the national elimination of HCV infection.
Hematopoietic cell infusion‐related adverse events in pediatric/small recipients in a prospective/multicenter study
Authors: Ikeda Kazuhiko , Ohto Hitoshi , Yamada‐Fujiwara Minami , Okuyama Yoshiki , Fujiwara Shin‐ichiro , Muroi Kazuo , Mori Takehiko , Kasama Kinuyo , Kanamori Heiwa , Iseki Tohru , Nagamura‐Inoue Tokiko , Kameda Kazuaki , Kanda Junya , Nagai Kazuhiro , Fujii Nobuharu , Ashida Takashi , Hirose Asao , Takahashi Tsutomu , Minakawa Keiji , Tanosaki Ryuji 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUNDHematopoietic cell infusion‐related adverse events (HCI‐AEs) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs) have been largely attributed to toxicity of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for cryopreservation, but HSC products also contain various cells and plasma components. Our recent prospective study of 1125 HSCT recipients revealed the highest overall HCI‐AE rate in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) using fresh/noncryopreserved products, although products of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and cord blood transplantation (CBT) are generally cryopreserved with DMSO containing smaller plasma volumes. We aimed to clarify if product volume and component effects are more substantial in small recipients including children.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe performed subgroup analysis on 219 recipients of 45 kg or less body weight (whole small recipients), including 90 children (pediatric recipients), from the original cohort (general recipients).RESULTSWhereas overall HCI‐AE rates did not differ among hematopoietic stem cell sources in the general recipients, bradycardia most often occurred after CBT in whole small recipients. Conversely, whole small and general recipients shared the same trend of having the highest rate of hypertension in BMT. The overall HCI‐AE rate was higher in allogeneic HSCT compared with autologous HSCT. Notably, pediatric recipients showed a 10‐fold higher incidence of nausea and vomiting in allogeneic HSCT compared with autologous HSCT, suggesting a possible role of allogeneic antigens. Multivariate analysis identified a relatively large infusion volume per body weight as a significant factor correlating with HCI‐AE in whole small recipients.CONCLUSIONSWe should be aware of product volume and specific HCI‐AEs such as nausea and vomiting in small patients including children.
Trade policymaking in Uruguay: Recent trends and challenges ahead
Authors: Estrades Carmen , Flores Manuel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews the main recent trends in trade and trade policy in Uruguay. At first sight, between 2012 and 2018 no major changes are noticed in trade and trade policy in the country. Trade lost importance as share of national GDP, exports concentrated in primary sectors, and tariffs remained unchanged. However, some advances are noted. Trade in services increased substantially, export markets diversified, and the country participated actively in multilateral negotiations. As part of MERCOSUR, the country has just signed two potentially liberalising agreements, and the bloc’s internal agenda is also being modernized. At the national level, the country has undergone a series of reforms to modernise its customs procedures and facilitate trade. Some challenges lie ahead. MERCOSUR needs to consolidate the recent liberalising trend, and needs to work on its internal agenda, to liberalise interregional trade, remove non‐tariff barriers and harmonise special regimes for imports. Uruguay, for its part, needs to continue with its domestic reforms to consolidate trade facilitation, to reduce duties and charges to trade, and to attract foreign investment.
Gas nanobubble dispersions as the important agent in environmental processes – generation methods review
Authors: Ulatowski Karol , Sobieszuk Paweł 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article presents the review of the research papers concerning nanobubble generation. In main section of this article, numerous methods of nanobubble generation have been discussed pinpointing the differences in results obtained in similar experimental setups. Different generation methods have been tabularized to present the composition of phases, the diameter of generated bubbles as well as the commentary concerning discrepancies within one method. The number of nanobubble applications in environmental processes is increasing in the last year; however, the thorough investigation of their generation methods is not covered in literature. This review article is gathering knowledge about nanobubble generation methods and is comparing results obtained by different research teams. It should lay foundation for future research concerning nanobubbles, what will lead to increasing the efficiency of various environmental processes, including wastewater flotation, metal recovery, and soil and groundwater remediation.
Short‐term intermittent parathyroid hormone (1–34) administration increased angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in femora of mature and middle‐aged C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Lee Seungyong , Prisby Rhonda D. 
Published: April 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
We sought to assess the effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (1–34) administration on bone angiogenesis, the redistribution of bone marrow blood vessels, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 as a function of advancing age in mice.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Short‐term (i.e. 10 days) intermittent parathyroid hormone (1–34) administration increased the number of small (≤29‐µm‐diameter) bone marrow blood vessels and augmented matrix metalloproteinase 9. These changes occurred before alterations in trabecular bone. Given the rapid response in bone angiogenesis, this investigation highlights the impact of intermittent parathyroid hormone (1–34) administration on the bone vascular network.
AbstractIntermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration augments bone, stimulates the production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) and relocates bone marrow blood vessels closer to osteoid seams. Discrepancies exist, however, regarding bone angiogenesis. Given that Mmp9 participates in cellular homing and migration, it might aid in blood vessel relocation. We examined the influence of short‐term intermittent PTH administration on angiogenesis, Mmp9 secretion and the distance between blood vessels and bone. Mature (6‐ to 8‐month‐old) and middle‐aged (10‐ to 12‐month‐old) male and female C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: control (CON), and 5 (5dPTH) and 10 days (10dPTH) of intermittent PTH administration. Mice were given PBS (50 µl day−1) or PTH(1–34) (43 µg kg−1 day−1). Frontal sections (5 µm thick) of the right distal femoral metaphysis were triple‐immunolabelled to identify endothelial cells (anti‐CD31), vascular smooth muscle cells (anti‐αSMA) and Mmp9 (anti‐Mmp9). Vascular density, Mmp9 density, area and localization, and blood vessel distance from bone were analysed. Blood vessels were analysed according to diameter: 1–29, 30–100 and 101–200 µm. Trabecular bone microarchitecture and bone static and dynamic properties were assessed. No main effects of age were observed for any variable. The density of CD31‐labelled blood vessels 1–29 and 30–100 µm in diameter was higher (P < 0.05) and tended (P = 0.055) to be higher, respectively, in 10dPTH versus 5dPTH and CON. Mmp9 was augmented (P < 0.05) in 10dPTH versus the other groups. Mmp9 was closer (P < 0.05) to blood vessels 1–29 µm in diameter and furthest (P < 0.05) from bone. In conclusion, bone angiogenesis occurred by day 10 of intermittent PTH administration, coinciding with augmented Mmp9 secretion near the smallest blood vessels (1–29 µm in diameter).
Coupling structure with function in acid‐sensing ion channels: challenges in pursuit of proton sensors
Authors: Rook Matthew L. , Musgaard Maria , MacLean David M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAcid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a class of trimeric cation‐selective ion channels activated by changes in pH within the physiological range. They are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems where they participate in a range of physiological and pathophysiological situations such as learning and memory, pain sensation, fear and anxiety, substance abuse and cell death. ASICs are localized to cell bodies and dendrites, including the postsynaptic density, and within the last 5 years several examples of proton‐evoked ASIC excitatory postsynaptic currents have emerged. Thus, ASICs have become bona fide neurotransmitter‐gated ion channels, activated by the smallest neurotransmitter possible: protons. Here we review how protons are thought to drive the conformational changes associated with ASIC activation and desensitization. In particular, we weigh the evidence for and against the so‐called ‘acidic pocket’ being a vital proton sensor and discuss the emerging role of the β11‐12 linker as a desensitization switch or ‘molecular clutch’. We also examine how proton‐induced conformational changes pose unique challenges to classical molecular dynamics simulations, as well as some possible solutions. Given the emergence of new methodologies and structures, the coming years will probably see many advances in the study of acid‐sensing ion channels. image
Where do we go from here? Ongoing colonialism from Attachment Theory
Authors: Choate Peter W. , CrazyBull Brandy , Lindstrom Desi , Lindstrom Gabrielle 
Published: April 2020

INTRODUCTION: The article challenges the current interpretation of Attachment Theory (AT) which favours placement of Indigenous children in non-Indigenous homes. Historical attempts to assimilate Indigenous populations are examined in relation to ongoing assimilation within child intervention and justice systems. The goal is to stimulate discussion about possible culturally appropriate models to articulate the complex and multiple attachments formed by an Indigenous person who is brought up in an Indigenous community, compared to the popular Western and Eurocentric view of parenting through dyadic attachment derived from AT.METHODS: A review of AT literature examining key questions of cross-cultural applicability validity in relation to Indigenous populations. Consultations were held with Elders from the Blackfoot Confederacy of Alberta as part of the Nistawatsiman project. Data were gathered in a project relating to AT and the Supreme Court of Canada.FINDINGS: Cultural Attachment Theory is emerging as a preferred way to think of Indigenous contexts as opposed to applying traditional AT. The validity of AT with Indigenous families is likely not valid and perpetuates colonial and assimilative understandings of family, parenting and the place of culture.CONCLUSIONS: Pan-Indigenous methods bias child intervention, blinding them to the capacity of Indigenous caring systems’ capacity to raise their children. The use of AT sustains over- representation of Indigenous children in care and continues the colonial practices of fracturing Indigenous caregiving systems which, in turn, creates the patterns for the next generation’s over-representation in care. Indigenous ways of knowing and being are required along with Indigenous-based decision making.
Disrupting the grassroots narrative of social work in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Hunt Sonya , Staniforth Barbara , Beddoe Liz 
Published: April 2020

INTRODUCTION: The Aotearoa New Zealand social work professionalisation project disrupted underpinning grassroots narratives of the profession and led to decades of debate and conflict. Social work emphasises egalitarian approaches and, during the 1980s and 1990s, social workers responded to internal and external challenges of elitism, racism, and sexism. However, the ongoing professionalisation project has been at times, at odds with social justice imperatives and undermined by neoliberal drivers.METHODS: This research investigated how political, sociocultural and economic dimensions impacted on the development and initial implementation of the Social Workers Registration Act (2003) and how key actors at the time were affected. A qualitative realist research methodology has been utilised, analysing qualitative interviews with 22 participants, policy documents and archival data to clarify discourses of power and capture the voices and rich stories of those involved in the debates at the time.FINDINGS: A sociological lens was utilised to focus and frame the coalescing political, socio-cultural and economic forces that contributed to the problematising of social work professionalisation and the determining of the need for registration. Insight from some key actors at the time, including educators, the profession, tangata whenua, employers, practitioners, the State, and the public were considered.CONCLUSIONS: Examining these forces behind the professionalisation project provides a platform to consider if social work in Aotearoa New Zealand has been strengthened with registration. There are ongoing challenges and threats to the independence and social justice focus of the profession that grew alongside the grassroots of social work.
Social work and service improvement: An example from the first youth forensic forum
Authors: Appleby Joanna 
Published: April 2020

INTRODUCTION: This article focuses on the social work contribution to service improvement by reflecting on the establishment of the first youth forensic forum in Aotearoa New Zealand, held in October 2018.APPROACH: An exploration of the Aotearoa New Zealand context that led to the establishment of the first youth forensic workforce forum is presented. Issues included disjointed mental health care for young offenders who move between secure residences, concerns about over- assessment of vulnerable young people, silo-ed specialist youth forensic knowledge, and a disconnected workforce. Led by a social worker, youth forensic workforce issues were addressed through the inaugural national youth forensic forum in 2018. The aim of the forum was to bring a disparate workforce together in order to improve mental health assessment experiences for young people within youth justice residences. This initiative was grounded in social work approaches of Māori responsivity, networking, ecological systems and relational practice.CONCLUSION: Social workers have an important role in advocating for, and effecting, system change. The process for doing so within the youth forensic forum is presented. Social workers in all fields of practice are encouraged to consider how they work to make systems more responsive to the people they serve.
Smad3 Regulates Neuropilin 2 Transcription by Binding to its 5′ Untranslated Region
Authors: Xie Xiujie , Urabe Go , Marcho Lynn , Williams Corey , Guo Lian‐Wang , Kent K. Craig 
Published: April 2020

Background
Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic change and consequential intimal hyperplasia (IH) cause arterial stenosis and posttreatment restenosis. Smad3 is a master transcription factor, yet its underlying functional mechanisms in this disease context are not well defined.

Methods and Results
In cultured smooth muscle cells, Smad3 silencing and overexpression respectively reduced and increased the mRNA and protein of NRP2 (neuropilin 2), a recently reported pro‐IH signaling factor. Smad3 silencing attenuated pro‐IH smooth muscle cell phenotypes including proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation (reduced smooth muscle α‐actin). While increased Smad3 enhanced these phenotypes, NRP2 silencing abolished this enhancement. Interestingly, the 5′ untranslated region but not the promoter of NRP2 was indispensable for Smad3‐enhanced transcriptional activity (luciferase assay); both chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed predominant Smad3 binding in the +51 to +78 bp region of NRP2′s 5′ untranslated region. In vivo, Smad3 haploinsufficiency reduced NRP2 (immunostaining) and IH (by 47%) in wire‐injured mouse femoral arteries.

Conclusions
Smad3 controls NRP2 expression by occupying its 5′ untranslated region in promoting smooth muscle cell phenotypic change in vitro. This and in vivo results shed new light on the long‐debated role of Smad3 in IH.
Evaluation of equivocal small cystic pancreatic lesions with spectral-detector computed tomography
Authors: Laukamp Kai Roman , Tirumani Sree Harsha , Lennartz Simon , Hokamp Nils Große , Gupta Amit , Pennig Lenhard , Persigehl Thorsten , Gilkeson Robert , Ramaiya Nikhil 
Published: April 2020

Background Evaluation of small cystic lesions of the pancreas remains a challenging task, as due to their size appearance can be rather hypodense than clearly fluid-filled. Purpose To evaluate whether additional information provided by novel dual-layer spectral-detector computed tomography (SDCT) imaging can improve assessment of these lesions. Material and Methods For this retrospective study, we reviewed reports of 1192 contrast-enhanced portal-venous phase SDCT scans of the abdomen conducted between May 2017 and January 2019. On basis of the radiological report 25 small (≤1.5 cm) cystic pancreatic lesions in 22 patients were identified, in which additional short-term follow-up imaging was recommended to confirm/clarify cystic nature. Conventional images (CI) and spectral images (SI) including virtual-monoenergetic images at 40 keV (VMI), iodine-density and iodine-overlay images were reconstructed. Two readers indicated lesion conspicuity and confidence for presence of cystic nature on three-point scales. First, solely CI were evaluated, while in a second reading after a four-week interval, the combination of CI and corresponding SI were reviewed. Quantitatively, ROI-based mean attenuation was measured in CI and VMI. Results In the subjective reading, SI significantly improved lesion conspicuity (CI 2 [1–2], SI 3 [2–3], P < 0.001) and confidence regarding presence of cystic nature (CI 2 [1–2], SI 3 [3–3], P < 0.001). Inter-observer agreement depicted by intraclass correlation coefficient improved considerably from 0.51 with only CI to 0.85 when the combination with SI was used. Further, VMI displayed significantly higher signal-to-noise (CI 1.2 ± 0.8, VMI 3.2 ± 1.8, P < 0.001) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CI 2.6 ± 0.8, VMI 4.7 ± 1.9). Conclusion Compared to CI alone, combination with SI significantly improves visualization and confidence in evaluation of small equivocal cystic pancreatic lesions.