bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feature Selection for Real-Time Drilling Sensing Systems Based on Linear Discriminants
Authors: Ramirez Ricardo , Soukup Ian Michael , Tapia Rafael , Cardona Carlos A. , Boudreaux Michael Sandford , Peterson Jacob Christian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Robust sensing frameworks such as high-speed inline drilling sensors provide a better understanding of drillingstring dynamics for a complete picture of the drilling processes. This understanding comes mostly from having a robust data analytics platform where clear understanding of the downhole phenomena is represented using either physics models or digital twins. Most of the current analytical, based on a comprehensive review of technical per-review papers, have been carried out using cloud computing resources. The proposed data processing approach provides a suitable methodology where analysis of multi-channel heterogeneous sources, such as the outputs of high-speed inline drilling sensors, are processed within a given window of time. Feature selection is attained using linear discriminants which provides an accurate assessment of the type of patterns the machine learning framework needs to use as a reference. Linear discriminants have shown feature selection provides a clear path towards the synthesis of real-time deterministic synthetic sensors.
Measurements for torque and bending share same units and use similar evaluation of the physical phenomena. There are additional measurement devices in the sensing suite those provide rotational speed, acceleration, pressure and temperature. The data this heterogeneous framework provides needs to be properly aligned using the system's embedded clock as a reference. A machine learning framework tuned to the features found using linear discriminants can discern and predict signal behaviors. At this point, it is possible to provide feedback in case of abnormal activity while generating relevant key performance indicators (KPI) suitable for drilling optimization and torque modeling.
This paper offers two major novel ideas. Firstly, evaluation of machine learning approaches using linear discriminants for real-time deterministic systems has not been documented as part of any automation effort in the oil & gas vertical. Secondly, the use of inline drilling sensors data makes it an important milestone towards the implementation of control frameworks using surface instrumentation data based on a highly desirable set of data points and assured data quality. For readability purposes, the paper has been organized in three sections: 1) description of data flows considering current machine learning (ML) methodologies used in O&G and evaluation of their approach towards deterministic behaviors; 2) comparison of current vs ideal sensor architectures and their influences on data analytics approaches; 3) description of approach used for time series analysis assuming an on-sensor analytics implementation.
Maintenance Outsourcing Strategy
Authors: Al Messabi AbdulRahman , Pande Girish , Al Ameri Fatima 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
ADNOC's business strategy has dynamically changed in response to the rapidly changing and increasingly complex business issues. One of the critical components of ADNOC Gas Processing's maintenance strategy is to have a clear strategy for outsourcing maintenance work. The Maintenance Outsourcing Strategy precisely fulfils this requirement. It serves as the basis for all future initiatives to reduce maintenance costs, increase productivity, improve the quality of service, and generate higher returns for shareholders without jeopardizing safety, integrity and reliability.
ADNOC Gas Processing shall use a phased decision model to take more informed outsourcing decisions, rather than using a defensive strategy to try and fix performance issues. The outsourcing selection model provides the sequence of analyses for the model. During the first phase, the strategic evaluation consists of a core competency analysis to determine if a component is a Production Critical Equipment (PCE) maintenance activity, and activity significance analysis that takes other important strategic factors like OEM requirements into consideration. In the second phase, the economic analysis looks at the economic feasibility of the outsourcing strategy using the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) tool. In the third phase, the risk analysis is carried out using the risk evaluation tool to determine if the activity is of high or low risk. And in the last phase, the final decision is arrived at by combining the outputs from the strategic evaluation, economic analysis and commercial risk analysis, and formulating the best decision for the ADNOC Gas Processing. Results, Observations, Conclusions: The main goals of implementing this strategy are to reduce maintenance costs, increase productivity, improve the quality of service, and generate higher returns for shareholders without jeopardizing integrity and reliability. The primary goals of outsourcing are Improve Business Focus, Reduce Cost, Control Risk, Optimize Planning and Scheduling, and Improve Maintenance Performance.
How a Major Gas Compression Station Cut Construction Costs, Risks, and Time to Maximize Investment Returns
Authors: Sehgal Chirag , Khan M. Zeeshan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper explains how advanced digitalization concepts were employed in the development and construction of the Taweelah Gas Compression Plant in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The plant began operation in late 2018 and is one of the largest and most modern compression facilities in the world. It is owned and operated by the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and comprises three compression trains, each with a processing capacity of 225 million standard cubic feet per day (mmscfd). Two operate at any one time, with the third on standby, giving the plant 450 mmscfd of total production throughput.
Using the Taweelah Gas Compression Plant as an example, the paper describes how onshore oil and gas compression stations can be built efficiently and economically by leveraging advanced digital technologies, such as Digital Twins. Other concepts/strategies that the paper will discuss which can help accelerate project schedules and reduce costs include:
Sophisticated hydraulic modeling software; Large power blocks to reduce the number of compression trains; Sole-source provisioning of compression drive trains; ‘Plug and play’ equipment packages that required minimal onsite commissioning; Remote diagnostics and analytics for condition monitoring and condition-based maintenance to ensure maximum uptime and availability;
Using the combination of the above concepts, along with extensive collaboration/co-creation between Siemens Energy and ADNOC, the Taweelah plant was able to achieve first gas just 16 months after front-end engineering design (FEED).
Extending the Life of a Storage Field Through Full Integrity Characterization
Authors: Loizzo Matteo , Bonnier Nicolas , Maurin Christian , Guenel Louis , Singh Kamaljeet 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The implementation of a well integrity management system in a mature liquid hydrocarbon storage field brought to light essential questions about the present condition and likely evolution of the barrier elements in the years to come. Are there defects in the cement sheaths that were not detected at the time of site construction more than 50 years ago? Are there aging processes, such as casing corrosion or cement degradation, that could limit the field's useful life or even present an immediate risk? And, finally, what were the exact properties of cement and casing, given that the information available in drilling reports is very limited?
At the start of the campaign, the perceived need and available technology meant using a logging tool requiring pressure, and therefore the inspection would typically involve 2 workovers and a period of 3 weeks. However, tool selection focused on the actual aging risks, together with the use of new transmitters and relentless operational optimization improved operational efficiencies allowing two wells to be logged in two consecutive days, with important savings in direct and indirect cost as well as minimization of operational risk. The cost reduction did not come at the expense of actionable information: the wireline tools selected, together with detailed preparation and carefully supervised execution led to outstanding data quality being collected.
The implementation of a consistent method of absolute log calibration and quantitative evaluation allowed us to characterize cement properties and defects, as well as their evolution with time. A salient signature, common to most storage sites in salt, is high cement quality across the salt, with a sudden unexpected, partial loss of bond across the anhydrite that overlies the rock salt formation. This was recognized as a benign form of "sulfate attack": The precipitation of secondary ettringite within the cement matrix results in expansion and thus debonding across the stiff anhydrite, whereas creeping salt pushes cement back on the casing. Lead cement densification was also observed near shallower aquifers, also rich in sulfates, with clamping provided by marls in this case. After optimizing the logging suite, it was concluded that there was no risk of erosion, wear or corrosion, external as well as internal. The analysis also improved understanding of cement behavior across salt and the role of creeping formations.
A streamlined approach at integrity assurance, whereby the right questions are asked by the management system, optimum inspection protocols are selected and carefully carried out, and acquired data is processed using advanced quantitative techniques, allowed us to understand characteristics and dynamics of barrier elements and to conclude that safe operation of the site is possible and that there is no fixed life span.
Microscale Investigation of Dynamic Wettability Alteration Effect on Oil Displacement by Smart Waterflooding Using Synchrotron-Based Microtomography
Authors: Qin Tianzhu , Fenter Paul , AlOtaibi Mohammed , Ayirala Subhash , AlYousef Ali 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chemical additives have often been added to injection water for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from geologic formations in the oil industry. The oil clusters in porous mediums commonly remain in the microsized capillary elements such as pores and throats due to high capillary pressures or negative capillary pressures, which is a function of pore topology, interfacial tensions, and wettability. Recent studies show that tailoring the ion composition in the injection brine can be an effective way to alter the wettability of carbonate reservoirs, reverse the capillary pressures to positive values, and improve oil displacement efficiency. There are limited studies on the impact of dynamic wettability alteration on multiphase fluid flow in heterogeneous carbonate rocks. The dynamics of pore-by-pore displacement by smart waterflooding is still unclear.
The objective of this research is to examine the process of wettability alteration in a natural carbonate rock by smart waterflooding and understand its impact on the microscale oil displacement. A carbonate rock sample was flooded with various amount of smart water within the first hour and after twelve hours, and the flooding cycles were visualized using synchrotron-based microtomography. The pore-scale observations demonstrate that the oil phase initially remains in the corner of the oil-wet pores after contacting with the smart water solution. After twelve hours, the oil droplets were remobilized to the center of the pores due to wettability alteration and favorable interfacial energies. This transition in the fluid occupancy enables the oil phase to form high-connectivity flow channels and subsequently resulting in oil mobilization and extraction from the porous medium.
Asset Reliability Enhancement by Implementing 100% Integrity Assurance Approach for Well HSE Critical Equipment
Authors: Abou Amad Muhammad , Al Daghar Tareq , Kunhi Shaheen , Iqbal Asif , Basit Abdul , Al-Ketbi Abdulla , Al Muhannadi Rashed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
"X-Mas Trees, Wellhead and Down Hole Safety Valves" are deemed as Well HSE critical Equipment in Abu Dhabi Oil fields (alike in many other countries round the world). Ensuring 100%, integrity of this critical equipment has always been a challenge in the industry due to equipment aging (above 25 years in operation) and lack of comprehensive international standard guidelines on this subject. Hence, a comprehensive methodology named as "100% Integrity Assurance approach" was implemented for this equipment in order to ensure sustainability and to prevent HSE incidents throughout the well lifecycle. This methodology in turn contributed significantly towards Life extension of the aging equipment by reducing its failure rates.
The 100% Integrity Assurance approach for Well HSE Critical equipment is a broad-spectrum continuous process involving collaboration among multiple disciplines of the organization such as "Well Integrity, Field Development, Field Production and Maintenance teams. The methodology consists of:
Introducing a risk based approach to standardize all requirements of Integrity Assurance activities for this equipment (e.g. frequency of activities to be performed, process, responsibilities, Allowable Leak Rates etc.). Establishment of an automated mechanism to track and report each and every pre-defined Integrity Assurance activity, highlighting areas of improvement to meet 100% compliance. A robust road map to overcome all the challenges hindering the 100% compliance target of these activities. This includes introduction of special procedures, right set of equipment and effective tracking system. Introduction of Non-Weather dependent equipment to carry out activities round the year in offshore environment.
Implementing this methodology resulted not only in improving performance visibility of Well HSE Critical Equipment to whole organization but it also observed to be contributing significantly to Life extension of the aging equipment by reducing failure rates. Based on last 6-years comprehensive data upto 60% Reduction was observed in the Failure rates of HSE critical equipment/X-Mas Tree Valves.
This unique approach involving multiple disciplines of the organization is new and quite fruitful to maintain the integrity of aging Well HSE critical equipment. The methodology is systematic and fulfils exiting gap in the Oil Field Industry, which lacks any comprehensive international guidelines to maintain or extend the life of aging X-Tree and DHSV equipment.
Lifecycle Maintenance and Integrity Management Programme Development During EPC Phase
Authors: Matthews Steve , Rajagopalan Sathiyamurthy , Chikhany Mayez 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As capital projects execution is increasingly transformed through digitalisation, there are further opportunities to optimise the efficiencies and effectiveness of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) phase maintenance, and integrity management programme development. This paper presents a model for the development of lifecycle maintenance and integrity management programmes during the EPC phase. The approach comprises a fully integrated solution for all required work scopes. This model is embedded within an asset management build platform and has been designed to encourage collaborative working and maximise efficiencies during execution.
The approach enables the provision of clear information to the EPC project team highlighting the critical path data requirements and schedules. This provides enhanced definition of Computerised Maintenance Management System (CMMS) build processes, smoother project management, improved consistency and accuracy of the asset register, hierarchy build, materials, inventory content and linkages. Requirements for manual data scraping from engineering drawings, datasheets and vendor documentation have been substantially reduced. Instead, the approach maximises opportunities to standardise and digitise much of data handling and capture required for successful programme development.
The model incorporates simple, robust rulesets for lifecycle maintenance and integrity management strategies, which consider aspects such as: class code, equipment sub-categories, materials, and operating context. This has resulted in consistent, standardised programme development and implementation, while accounting for owner/operator specifications and requirements. Furthermore, the data deliverables and outputs can be used as a basis for CMMS management of change during the subsequent operating phase.
Drill Cutting Waste Utilization as Alternative Material for Road Application
Authors: Wattana Piyarat Ann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Drill cuttings contaminated with synthetic based mud is considered as a potential environmental risk for onshore drilling operation in Thailand. With the current drilling waste management practice, these drill cuttings are sent for incineration at a cement kiln plant. This study focuses on evaluating potential utilization of drill cuttings, treating drill cuttings as resource instead of waste, in road application.
Potential use of the drill cutting contaminated with synthetic based mud as fine aggregate replacement in hot-mix asphalt concrete was investigated. Physical and chemical analyses were performed on the drill cuttings for grain size distribution and for presence of heavy metal. The drill cuttings were blended with aggregate for hot mixed asphalt at different percentage. The Marshall stability tests were performed using ASTM D6927 to evaluate strength of the hot mix asphalt produced with the drill cuttings incorporated. The evaluated mix properties were stability, flow, bulk specific gravity, air voids, voids in mineral aggregate and voids filled with asphalt.
The Marshall stability test results indicated that hot mix asphalt produced with the drill cutting incorporated can met criteria for hot mix asphalt concrete in according to Thailand's rural road and highway specifications. The optimum percentage of drill cutting is 10% based on the total weight of the aggregate in the hot mix asphalt. Results from chemical analysis indicated that the concentration of heavy metal in the drill cuttings did not exceed the maximum contaminant levels set by Thailand's regulation. Volatile organic compounds may be emitted from stack of asphalt plant during the production of hot mix asphalt concrete. Therefore, monitoring and analysis of air quality should be performed.
Drill cutting contaminated with synthetic based mud can be used in aggregate for hot mix asphalt concrete. This process offers cost effective and environmentally sound recycling method for drill cutting waste management.
Sanding Propensity Prediction Technology and Methodology Comparison
Authors: Subbiah Surej Kumar , Samsuri Ariffin , Mohamad Hussein Assef , Jaafar Mohd Zaidi , Chen Yingru , Kumar Rajeev Ranjan , Paramanathan Rajendra Nath 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sand production in oil/gas wells is an important topic wherein a proper engineering planning is required either to avoid, control or manage it. Ignoring this phenomenon may lead to an unfavorable impact on the overall economics of the field development with additional costs incurred to fix the issues at a later stage. Sand production is normally manifested due to sandstone rock failure. The failure sometimes only manifests at later stages of hydrocarbon production associated to depletion (stress evolution). Therefore, finding the root cause of the failure mechanism and routes to avoid it, is essential. In order to achieve this objective, a proper sand production prediction analysis is required using a geomechanical model. Selection of methodology and technology will be key for accuracy of the prediction, analysis and solution. We proposed a few techniques in this article, that can be adopted during the process to design the best engineering solutions to mitigate sand production. Both simple analytical models and advanced FEM numerical models have been discussed in the paper. The selection of methodology should be based on the overall sand production risk level even though FEM techniques is the best for solving the problem.
Effective Approach for Enhancement of Rigless Well Commissioning
Authors: Syafruddin Muhammad , Handak Samir , Badr Ashraf , Mohamed Hammadi Maryam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rigless well commissioning is an important stage of well completion to deliver a new drilled or worked-over wells (oil producer or water/gas injector) ready for production or injection. Rigless well commissioning employs firstly slick wireline intervention for well accessibility verification, down hole safety valve operability, bottom hole pressure and fluid gradient survey that assists to design the flow to clean commissioning program. Secondly, it employs coiled tubing (CT) and flow to clean (FTC) packages to cleanup the well and if necessary to perform matrix acidizing to improve well productivity or injectivity.
This paper highlights operational constraints of well commissioning and its effective approach from job design, execution and evaluation that have been performed over 250 wells in the span of 5 years operations. The commissioned wells are drilled in the carbonate formation with surface clustered operation in Onshore and Offshore Artificial Islands. It also describes HSE challenges that have been faced in safe handling of return fluid, management of volatile recovered crude oil, simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) with Drilling Rig, Project and Construction (P&C) activities and hydrocarbon flaring in the environmentally sensitive area.
The implemented approach and methodology of well commissioning has evolved significantly to address operational challenges and reducing well commissioning cost by 60%. It proves improvement of operating efficiency of CT and FTC packages based on downhole pressure survey, smart well commissioning, eliminating high risk clean-up operation for injector well, cluster based well commissioning, in-situ return fluid management and arrangement of vertical flare stack in the constraint offshore artificial island. The overall outcomes have achieved technical objective with optimized cost and minimum risk, enhancing rigless package utilization and implementing sustainable and effective field rigless commissioning.