bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Self‐assembly, and Fluorescence Application of Bottlebrush Polyfluorene‐g‐Polycaprolactone with Conjugated Backbone and Crystalline Brushes
Authors: Zhou Mi , He Zejian , Chen Yulong , Zhu Liangliang , Li Li , Li Jie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA series of bottlebrush copolymers with conjugated backbone and crystalline branch chains, polyfluorene‐g‐polycaprolactone (PF‐g‐PCL), are synthesized by combining Suzuki cross‐coupling polymerization and cationic ring‐opening polymerization. The PF‐g‐PCLs are prepared to self‐assembled in solution and thin film. Due to the J‐type aggregation of the polyfluorene main chains, the self‐assembly spherical micelles have been observed. Meanwhile, in film, they exhibited self‐assembly ringed spherulites because of the PF microregions in the bottlebrush copolymer. As a result of the interruption of PCL side chains, the aggregation tendency of PF main chains is weakened. And both the polymer solution and solid can overcome the aggregation‐caused quenching to provide more pronounced fluorescence. Especially, owing to the good processability of the PF‐g‐PCL, as a fluorescent ink for different substrates, they can easily be prepared as high‐brightness fluorescent films that are invisible under ambient light.
Variability of Movement Disorders: The Influence of Sensation, Action, Cognition, and Emotions
Authors: Berlot Rok , Rothwell John C. , Bhatia Kailash P. , Kojović Maja 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPatients with movement disorders experience fluctuations unrelated to disease progression or treatment. Extrinsic factors that contribute to the variable expression of movement disorders are environment related. They influence the expression of movement disorders through sensory–motor interactions and include somatosensory, visual, and auditory stimuli. Examples of somatosensory effects are stimulus sensitivity of myoclonus on touch and sensory amelioration in dystonia but also some less‐appreciated effects on parkinsonian tremor and gait. Changes in visual input may affect practically all types of movement disorders, either by loss of its compensatory role or by disease‐related alterations in the pathways subserving visuomotor integration. The interaction between auditory input and motor function is reflected in simple protective reflexes and in complex behaviors such as singing or dancing. Various expressions range from the effect of music on parkinsonian bradykinesia to tics. Changes in body position affect muscle tone and may result in marked fluctuations of rigidity or may affect dystonic manifestations. Factors intrinsic to the patient are related to their voluntary activity and cognitive, motivational, and emotional states. Depending on the situation or disease, they may improve or worsen movement disorders. We discuss various factors that can influence the phenotypic variability of movement disorders, highlighting the potential mechanisms underlying these manifestations. We also describe how motor fluctuations can be provoked during the clinical assessment to help reach the diagnosis and appreciated to understand complaints that seem discrepant with objective findings. We summarize advice and interventions based on the variability of movement disorders that may improve patients' functioning in everyday life. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Differential microstrip patch rectenna featuring consistent high gain over a wide operating bandwidth
Authors: Yadav Hina , Ray Kamla Prasan , Gupta Mridula 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper presents three configurations of broadband differentially fed microstrip antenna for GSM1800, 1900 and 2100 MHz. The antennas are designed and fabricated using two different substrates for bottom and upper layer. The three antennas designed and tested have gain of 9.88, 9.66, and 11.14 dBi, respectively, at the center frequency. The proposed antennas also find its implementation in areas where, differential inputs/outputs wireless communication circuits are needed. Later, a differentially driven RF power harvesting system with maximum efficiency of 71%, 67% and 78% for a load of 520 Ω is also designed and developed.
Estimation of absorbed radiation doses to skin and S‐values for organs at risk due to nasal administration of PET agents using Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: O’Doherty Jim , Mangini Colby D. , Hamby David M. , Boozer David , Singh Nisha , Hippeläinen Eero 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe intranasal (IN) administration of radiopharmaceuticals is of interest in being a viable route for the delivery of radiopharmaceuticals that do not ordinarily cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, to be viable in a patient population, good image quality as well as safety of the administration should be demonstrated. This work provides radiation dosimetry calculations and simulations related to the radiation safety of performing such experiments in a human cohort.MethodsWe performed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to estimate radiation dose to the skin inside a cylindrical model of the nasal cavity assuming a homogenous distribution layer of 11C and 18F and calculated a geometry conversion factor (FP‐C) which can be used to convert from a planar geometry to a cylindrical geometry using more widely available software tools. We compared radiation doses from our simulated cylindrical geometry with the planar dose estimates employing our geometry conversion factor from VARSKIN 6.1 software and also from an analytical equation. Furthermore, in order to estimate radiation dosimetry to surrounding organs of interest, we performed a voxelized MC simulation of a fixed radioactivity inside the nasal cavity and calculated S‐values to organs such as the eyes, thyroid, and brain.ResultsMC simulations of contamination scenarios using planar absorbed doses of 15.50 and 8.60 mGy/MBq for 18F and 11C, respectively, and 35.70 and 19.80 mGy/MBq per hour for cylindrical geometries, leading to determination of an FP‐C of 2.3. Planar absorbed doses (also in units of mGy/MBq) determined by the analytical equation were 16.96 and 8.68 (18F and 11C) and using VARSKIN were 16.60 and 9.26 (18F and 11C), respectively. Application of FP‐C to these results demonstrates values with a maximum difference of 9.41% from the cylindrical geometry MC calculation, demonstrating that when accounting for geometry, more simplistic techniques can be utilized to estimate IN dosimetry. Voxelized MC simulations of radiation dosimetry from a fixed source of 1 MBq of activity confined to the nasal cavity resulted in S‐values to the thyroid, eyes, and brain of 1.72 x 10−6, 1.93 x 10−5, and 3.51 x 10−6 mGy/MBq·s, respectively, for 18F and 1.80 × 10−6, 1.95 × 10−5, and 3.54 × 10−6 mGy/MBq·s for 11C.ConclusionDosimetry concerns about IN administrations of PET radiotracers should be considered before clinical use. Values presented in the simulations such as the S‐values can be further used for assessment of absorbed doses in cases of IN administration, and can be used to develop and adapt specific study protocols. All three presented methods provided similar results when considering the use of a geometry conversion factor for planar to cylindrical geometry, demonstrating that standard tools rather than dedicate MC simulations may be used to perform dose calculations in nasal administrations.
Split‐slice training and hyperparameter tuning of RAKI networks for simultaneous multi‐slice reconstruction
Authors: Nencka Andrew S. , Arpinar Volkan E. , Bhave Sampada , Yang Baolian , Banerjee Suchandrima , McCrea Michael , Mickevicius Nikolai J. , Muftuler L. Tugan , Koch Kevin M. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeSimultaneous multi‐slice acquisitions are essential for modern neuroimaging research, enabling high temporal resolution functional and high‐resolution q‐space sampling diffusion acquisitions. Recently, deep learning reconstruction techniques have been introduced for unaliasing these accelerated acquisitions, and robust artificial‐neural‐networks for k‐space interpolation (RAKI) have shown promising capabilities. This study systematically examines the impacts of hyperparameter selections for RAKI networks, and introduces a novel technique for training data generation which is analogous to the split‐slice formalism used in slice‐GRAPPA.MethodsRAKI networks were developed with variable hyperparameters and with and without split‐slice training data generation. Each network was trained and applied to five different datasets including acquisitions harmonized with Human Connectome Project lifespan protocol. Unaliasing performance was assessed through L1 errors computed between unaliased and calibration frequency‐space data.ResultsSplit‐slice training significantly improved network performance in nearly all hyperparameter configurations. Best unaliasing results were achieved with three layer RAKI networks using at least 64 convolutional filters with receptive fields of 7 voxels, 128 single‐voxel filters in the penultimate RAKI layer, batch normalization, and no training dropout with the split‐slice augmented training dataset. Networks trained without the split‐slice technique showed symptoms of network over‐fitting.ConclusionsSplit‐slice training for simultaneous multi‐slice RAKI networks positively impacts network performance. Hyperparameter tuning of such reconstruction networks can lead to further improvements in unaliasing performance.
Transcutaneous tibial nerve home stimulation for overactive bladder in women with Parkinson's disease: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Araujo Tatiane G. , Schmidt Adriana P. , Sanches Paulo R. S. , Silva Junior Danton P. , Rieder Carlos R. M. , Ramos José G. L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsThis study aims to investigate the efficacy of transcutaneous tibial nerve home stimulation for overactive bladder (OAB) in women with Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsThe current study is a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled trial. Home intervention was carried out and assessments were conducted at a tertiary hospital in South Brazil. Women with PD and OAB symptoms were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: (1) stimulation and (2) sham. Both groups underwent intervention at home for 12 weeks. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 12 weeks (end of intervention), 30‐ and 90‐day follow‐up. The primary outcome was the mean reduction in the number of urgency incontinence episodes, and secondary outcomes included daytime and nighttime urinary frequency, urinary urgency episodes, use of pad (reported in a 24‐h bladder diary), OAB‐V8 and King's Health Questionnaire scores, and maintenance of symptom relief after discontinuation of the intervention.ResultsIn total, 30 consecutive patients completed the study (15/group). The stimulation group showed a reduction in nighttime urinary frequency (0.9 ± 0.6), urinary urgency (1.0 ± 1.2), urgency incontinence episodes (0.5 ± 0.6), use of pads (1.3 ± 1.2), and OAB‐V8 (1.3 ± 1.2) and King's Health Questionnaire scores. In a 30‐day and 90‐day follow‐up, 8 (53.3%) and 5 (33.3%) stimulation patients, respectively, reported full maintenance of symptom relief after discontinuation of the intervention. Stimulation patients presented a statistically significant improvement of symptoms as compared with sham patients (p = .001).ConclusionsTranscutaneous tibial nerve home stimulation can be used in clinical practice as an effective nonpharmacological resource for the reduction of OAB symptoms in women with PD, and the resulting relief seems to persist in the follow‐up (30 and 90 days).
Gastroparesis in the Hospital Setting
Authors: Rangan Vikram , Ukleja Andrew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGastroparesis (GP) is commonly seen in hospitalized patients. Refractory vomiting and related dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, and malnutrition are indications for hospital admission. In addition, tube feeding intolerance is a common sign of gastric dysmotility in critically ill patients. The diagnosis and management of GP in the hospital setting can be quite challenging. Diagnostic tests are often deferred because of patient intolerance of the oral meal for standard scintigraphy or severity of the primary disease. The diagnosis of GP is often established on the basis of clinical scenario and risk factors for gastric motor dysfunction. Medical therapy in GP is directed toward controlling nausea and vomiting by prokinetic and antinausea medications and correcting nutrition risks or treating malnutrition with nutrition therapy. Enteral nutrition is the preferred nutrition intervention for patients with GP. Delayed gastric emptying in critically ill patients has a negative impact on the timely delivery of enteral feeding and meeting the energy and protein goals. Measures to improve gastric tolerance or provide feeding beyond the stomach are often needed, since early enteral nutrition has been an important target of therapy for critically ill patients. This review will address the current understanding of the mechanisms of GP and feeding intolerance in critical illness, diagnostic workup, drug therapies, and interventions to improve the provision of enteral nutrition in hospital settings when gastric dysmotility is present or suspected.
Finite element method with the total stress variable for Biot's consolidation model
Authors: Qi Wenya , Seshaiyer Padmanabhan , Wang Junping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, semi‐discrete and fully discrete error estimates are derived for the Biot's consolidation model described using a three‐field finite element formulation. These fields include displacements, total stress and pressure. The model is implemented using a backward Euler discretization in time for the fully discrete scheme and validated for benchmark examples. Computational experiments are presented to verify the convergence orders for two finite elements with discontinuous and continuous approximations for the total stress.
BMI and Outcomes of SARS‐CoV‐2 Among US Veterans
Authors: Eastment McKenna C. , Berry Kristin , Locke Emily , Green Pamela , O’Hare Ann , Crothers Kristina , Dominitz Jason A. , Fan Vincent S. , Shah Javeed A. , Ioannou George N. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the associations of BMI with testing positive for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and risk of adverse outcomes in a cohort of Veterans Affairs enrollees.MethodAdjusted relative risks/hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for the associations between BMI category (underweight, normal weight, overweight, class 1 obesity, class 2 obesity, and class 3 obesity) and testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 or experiencing hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and death among those testing positive.ResultsHigher BMI categories were associated with higher risk of a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test compared with the normal weight category (class 3 obesity adjusted relative risk: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.28‐1.42). Among 25,952 patients who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, class 3 obesity was associated with higher risk of mechanical ventilation (adjusted HR [aHR]: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.35‐2.32) and mortality (aHR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.12‐1.78) compared with normal weight individuals. These associations were present primarily in patients younger than 65 and were attenuated or absent in older age groups (interaction P < 0.05).ConclusionVeterans Affairs enrollees with higher BMI were more likely to test positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 and were more likely to be mechanically ventilated or die if infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. Higher BMI contributed relatively more to the risk of death in those younger than 65 years of age as compared with other age categories.
Effects of intravenous sedation on autonomic nerve activity and the psychological state during tooth extraction: A prospective non‐randomized controlled trial
Authors: Uchino Minako , Yamashita Kaoru , Kibe Toshiro , Shidou Rumi , Kohjitani Atsushi , Sugimura Mitsutaka 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeIntravenous sedation is considered to decrease patient anxiety and tension during dental treatment, thereby reducing fluctuations in autonomic nerve activity and the risk of medical emergencies. We hypothesized that intravenous sedation would suppress the sympathetic nervous system during tooth extraction and relieve patient anxiety. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of intravenous sedation on autonomic nerve activity and psychological state during impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) extraction.MethodsThis prospective study included 40 healthy women scheduled for IMTM extraction under local anesthesia alone (control group; n = 20) or local anesthesia and intravenous sedation (sedation group; n = 20); of these, 34 women were evaluated. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed to evaluate autonomic nerve activity. HRV and circulatory dynamics were measured during the treatment. The Modified Dental Anxiety scale and State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI‐S and STAI‐T) scores were obtained before treatment. STAI‐S scores were also obtained after treatment. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyses were conducted, and a P‐value <.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe low‐frequency/high‐frequency ratio was lower in the sedation group than in the control group (P < .01). Compared with the control group, the sedation group showed a significantly greater decrease in post‐treatment STAI‐S scores relative to pre‐treatment scores (P < .01).ConclusionsThe findings suggest that sedation suppresses the sympathetic nervous system during IMTM extraction and decreases anxiety after the extraction. Further research should elucidate the mechanisms by which sedation suppresses the sympathetic nervous system.
Initiation of focal adhesion assembly by talin and kindlin: A dynamic view
Authors: Zhu Liang , Plow Edward F. , Qin Jun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFocal adhesions (FAs) are integrin‐containing protein complexes regulated by a network of hundreds of protein–protein interactions. They are formed in a spatiotemporal manner upon the activation of integrin transmembrane receptors, which is crucial to trigger cell adhesion and many other cellular processes including cell migration, spreading and proliferation. Despite decades of studies, a detailed molecular level understanding on how FAs are organized and function is lacking due to their highly complex and dynamic nature. However, advances have been made on studying key integrin activators, talin and kindlin, and their associated proteins, which are major components of nascent FAs critical for initiating the assembly of mature FAs. This review will discuss the structural and functional findings of talin and kindlin and their immediate interaction network, which will shed light upon the architecture of nascent FAs and how they act as seeds for FA assembly to dynamically regulate diverse adhesion‐dependent physiological and pathological responses.
Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2
Authors: Umek L. , Gohm A. , Haid M. , Ward H. C. , Rotach M. W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProcesses of cold‐air pool (CAP) erosion in an Alpine valley during south foehn are investigated based on a real‐case large‐eddy simulation (LES). The event occurred during the second Intensive Observation Period (IOP 2) of the PIANO field experiment in the Inn Valley, Austria, near the city of Innsbruck. The goal is to clarify the role of advective versus turbulent heating, the latter often being misrepresented in mesoscale models. It was found that the LES of the first day of IOP 2 outperforms a mesoscale simulation, is not yet perfect, but is able to reproduce the CAP evolution and structure observed on the second day of IOP 2. The CAP exhibits strong heterogeneity in the along‐valley direction. It is weaker in the east than in the west of the city with a local depression above the city. This heterogeneity results from different relative contributions and magnitudes of turbulent and advective heating/cooling, which mostly act against each other. Turbulent heating is important for faster CAP erosion in the east and advective cooling is important for CAP maintenance to the west of Innsbruck. The spatial heterogeneity in turbulent erosion is linked to splitting of the foehn into two branches at the mountain range north of the city, with a stronger eastward deflected branch. Intensification of the western branch at a later stage leads to complete CAP erosion also to the west of Innsbruck. Above the city centre, turbulent heating is strongest, and so is advective cooling by enhanced pre‐foehn westerlies. These local winds are the result of CAP heterogeneity and gravity‐wave asymmetry. This study emphasizes the importance of shear‐flow instability for CAP erosion. It also highlights the large magnitudes of advective and turbulent heating compared to their net effect, which is even more pronounced for individual spatial components.
On the separation of upper and low‐level centres of tropical storm Kong‐Rey (2013) near Taiwan in association with asymmetric latent heating
Authors: Wang Chung‐Chieh , Chen Yu‐Han , Li Mao‐Cheng , Kuo Hung‐Chi , Tsuboki Kazuhisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTropical Storm (TS) Kong‐Rey (2013) moved northward off the eastern coast of Taiwan in late August. Satellite and radar observations indicated an asymmetric convective structure to the south and southwest of the typhoon centre. The maximum rainfall produced was also far from its centre and unlike the usual pattern in climatology, causing flooding, inundation, and casualties in southwestern Taiwan. Moreover, as a detached centre in the middle and upper levels moved over land, a highly tilted vertical structure was revealed and its cause is the focus of the present study. Even though vertical wind shear was present and might cause asymmetry in convective pattern at an early stage, the detachment of the centre aloft during the period of interest (28–29 August) is found to link to Taiwan's steep topography through model experiments and potential vorticity tendency diagnosis. With the uplifting of strong low‐level westerly flow by the topography, the intense convection in the control experiment is concentrated at the windward slopes (in southwestern Taiwan) and the wave‐number‐1 motion vector from the diabatic heating produces southwestward movement of the centre aloft, and thus leads to the detachment. On the other hand, in the sensitivity test without Taiwan terrain, the rainfall region shifts eastward toward the low‐level TC centre, and the detachment does not occur. Overall, with a weak vertical coupling of TS Kong‐Rey (2013), the impacts of topography can explain both the observed separation of its centres and the unusual rainfall pattern in Taiwan.