bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of tobacco use in urban and rural areas of Pakistan; a sub-study from second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016 - 2017
Authors: Basit Abdul , Younus Bilal Bin , Waris Nazish , Fawwad Asher , Members* NDSP 
Published: April 2020

Objective: To assess age standardized prevalence of tobacco use in urban and rural areas of Pakistan.
Methods: This is a sub-study of second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016-2017. Prevalence of tobacco, ex-tobacco and non-tobacco users was determined in urban/rural areas of four provinces (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Baluchistan) of Pakistan amongst people aged greater than or equal to 20 years. Information regarding tobacco and non-tobacco users were obtained from second NDSP (2016-2017) predesigned questionnaire. Detailed methodology for demographic, anthropometric and biochemical parameters remained same as reported in second NDSP (2016-2017).
Results: The age-standardized prevalence of tobacco use in Pakistan was found to be 13.4%. Tobacco use in urban areas was 16.3% and rural areas was 11.7%. Tobacco use in urban and rural males was 26.1% and 24.1%, while in females was 7.7% and 3.1%, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence of ex-tobacco use in Pakistan was found to be 2.3%. Ex-tobacco use in urban areas was 2.6% and rural areas was 2.3%. Similarly, ex-tobacco use in urban and rural males was 4.6% and 4.6%, while in females was 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analysis shows that increasing age does not relate towards addiction of tobacco. Males were found to be 7 times (OR 6.94, 95% CI 5.68-8.49) and urban residents twice (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.73-2.52) more tobacco users than females and those living in rural areas, respectively. From the likelihood ratio test, all variables were found to be statistically significant except for dysglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension.
Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco use is high. As a sub paper of a large national survey, this evidence is expected to serve as an important tool to plan larger studies leading in turn to develop strategies for a successful tobacco control program in the country.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1705
How to cite this:Basit A, Younus BB, Waris N, Fawwad A, NDSP members. Prevalence of tobacco use in urban and rural areas of Pakistan; a sub-study from second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016 - 2017. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):808-815. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1705
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Zinc-indiffused MgO:PPLN waveguides for blue/UV generation via VECSEL pumping
Authors: Gray Alan C. , Woods Jonathan R. C. , Carpenter Lewis G. , Kahle Hermann , Berry Sam A. , Tropper Anne C. , Guina Mircea , Apostolopoulos Vasilis , Smith Peter G. R. , Gawith Corin B. E. 
Published: April 2020

We present the design and characterization of a zinc-indiffused periodically poled lithium-niobate ridge waveguide for second-harmonic generation of

∼

390

n
m

light from 780 nm. We use a newly developed, broadband near-infrared vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) to investigate the potential for lower-footprint nonlinear optical pump sources as an alternative to larger commercial laser systems. We demonstrate a VECSEL with an output power of 500 mW, containing an intracavity birefringent filter for spectral narrowing and wavelength selection. In this first demonstration of using a VECSEL to pump a nonlinear waveguide, we present the ability to generate 1 mW of

∼

390

n
m

light with further potential for increased efficiency and size reduction.
Eight-mode ring-core few-mode fiber using cross-arranged different-material-filling side holes
Authors: Chen Shuo , Tong Yue , Tian Huiping 
Published: April 2020

We propose an eight-spatial-mode ring-core few-mode fiber (RC-FMF), utilizing the cross-arranged different-material-filling side holes (CA DMFSH) for effective index difference improvement. Two

G
e
O

2

-doped-silica side holes and two air-filling side holes are arranged orthogonally around the ring core, which have directionally different effects on the refractive index and the mode field distribution in the RC-FMF. The results indicate that the effective index difference (

Δ

n

e
f
f

) between adjacent spatial modes is larger than

1.96

×

10

−
4

, and the

Δ

n

e
f
f

between adjacent non-degenerated modes can be above

1.01

×

10

−
3

at the same time. Bend-resistant performance and low nonlinearity are achieved in the designed RC-FMF. Broadband performances ranging from 1510 to 1630 nm are also analyzed. The CA-DMFSH-assisted structure shows great potential for enlarging the effective index difference, and the proposed fiber targets applications in the short-reach space-division multiplexing optical networking while eliminating the complex multi-input/multi-output digital signal processing.
Surface processing of PMMA and metal nano-particle resist by sub-micrometer focusing of coherent extreme ultraviolet high-order harmonics pulses
Authors: Sakaue Kazuyuki , Motoyama Hiroto , Hayashi Ryosuke , Iwasaki Atsushi , Mimura Hidekazu , Yamanouchi Kaoru , Shibuya Tatsunori , Ishino Masahiko , Dinh Thanh-Hung , Ogawa Hiroshi , Higashiguchi Takeshi , Nishikino Masaharu , Kuroda Ryunosuke 
Published: April 2020

We demonstrate sub-micrometer processing of two kinds of thin films, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and metal nano-particle resist, by focusing high-order harmonics of near-IR femtosecond laser pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) wavelength region (27.2–34.3 nm) on the thin film samples using an ellipsoidal focusing mirror. The ablation threshold fluences for the PMMA sample and the metal nano-particle resist per XUV pulse obtained by the accumulation of 200 XUV pulses were determined to be

0.42

m
J

/

c
m

2

and

0.17

m
J

/

c
m

2

, respectively. The diameters (FWHM) of a hole created by the ablation on the PMMA film at the focus were 0.67 µm and 0.44 µm along the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, respectively. The fluence dependence of the Raman microscope spectra of the processed holes on the PMMA sample showed that the chemical modification, in which

C

=

C

double bonds are formed associated with the scission of the PMMA polymer chains, is achieved by the irradiation of the XUV pulses.
Disclosing transverse spin angular momentum of surface plasmon polaritons through independent spatiotemporal imaging of its in-plane and out-of-plane electric field components
Authors: Qin Yulu , Ji Boyu , Song Xiaowei , Lin Jingquan 
Published: April 2020

The comprehensive capture of near-field spatiotemporal information of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is a prerequisite for revealing their physical nature. In this study, we first performed an independent, spatiotemporal imaging of the out-of-plane and in-plane components of SPP near-fields in a femtosecond light-excited trench using an obliquely incident time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy (TR-PEEM). We did the capture by imaging of the interference patterns induced by a superposition of the

p

- or

s

-polarized probe light, with the out-plane or in-plane components of SPP near-fields, under the noncollinear excitation mode. The method may be used to reconstruct a 3D SPP spatiotemporal field. Moreover, we demonstrated that the fringe shift of the interference patterns between the captured in-plane and out-of-plane components of the SPP field in PEEM images corresponds to the 1/4 fringe period, which is attributed to

π
/
2

out of phase of the out-of-plane and in-plane near-field components of SPP. The resulting TR-PEEM images are supported by a classical wave mode and FDTD simulations. Essentially, the measured

π
/
2

phase difference between the in-plane and out-of-plane components of the SPP indicated a rotating field component in the propagation plane, i.e., that the SPP exhibits an elliptically polarized electric field in the propagation plane. The experimental results presented herein provide direct evidence of SPP having the inherent attributes of transverse spin angular momentum.
Herausforderungen und Handlungsempfehlungen betrieblicher Weiterbildungspraxis in Zeiten der Digitalisierung
Authors: Teichmann Malte , Ullrich André , Wenz Julian , Gronau Norbert 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Digitalisierung von Produktionsprozessen schreitet mit einer hohen Intensität voran. Weiterbildung hat eine hohe Relevanz für betriebliche Transformationsprozesse. Die betriebliche Weiterbildungspraxis ist den aktuellen Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung jedoch nicht gewachsen. Herausforderungen sind Kompetenzlücken der Mitarbeiter, ungewisse Anforderungsprofile und Tätigkeitstypen, demographischer Wandel sowie veraltete didaktische Ansätze. Zudem wird bestehender inhaltlicher und pädagogischer Freiraum bei der Gestaltung von Weiterbildung oftmals nur unzureichend ausgenutzt. Die skizzierte Situation führt dazu, dass der Mehrwert gegenwärtiger Qualifizierungsangebote sowohl für Unternehmen als auch Beschäftigte nicht ausgeschöpft wird. Ausgehend von Veränderungen durch Digitalisierung in der Produktion und deren Auswirkungen auf die Kompetenzentwicklung diskutiert dieser Beitrag Herausforderungen gegenwärtiger betrieblicher Weiterbildung. Er leitet Handlungsempfehlungen ab, die mithilfe von Beispielen gewerkschaftlich unterstützter Weiterbildungspraxis illustriert werden. Im Ergebnis erhalten Interessierte einen Überblick über gegenwärtige Herausforderungen und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Gestaltung und Durchführung von Weiterbildung in Zeiten der Digitalisierung.
Insider Threats – Der Feind in den eigenen Reihen
Authors: Weber Kristin , Schütz Andreas E. , Fertig Tobias 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungEine große Bedrohung für die Informationssicherheit geht von Mitarbeitern aus, die absichtlich der eigenen Organisation schaden wollen. Mitarbeiter besitzen Zugriffsrechte für sensible Informationen und genießen das Vertrauen des Unternehmens. Werden sie allerdings aufgrund persönlicher Motive oder äußerer Umstände zu Whistleblowern, Spionen, Betrügern, Saboteuren, Malicious Enablern oder Datendieben, können sie großen Schaden anrichten. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Motive sogenannter Malicious Insider und stellt die sechs verschiedenen Typen anhand von realen Beispielen der jüngeren Vergangenheit vor. Er zeigt, welche erkennenden, präventiven und reaktiven Maßnahmen Organisationen ergreifen sollten, um die Risiken durch Attacken von böswilligen Insidern zu minimieren. Der Fokus liegt auf den erkennenden Maßnahmen. Durch frühzeitiges Eingreifen werden Mitarbeiter gar nicht erst zu Malicious Insidern. Eine Kombination aus persönlicher Veranlagung (z. B. Introversion, Gier, Kritikunfähigkeit), Stressfaktoren (z. B. Frustration, Unzufriedenheit) und auffälligem Verhalten (z. B. außergewöhnliche Arbeitszeiten oder Reiseziele) weist häufig auf potentielle Täter hin.
A (mush)room of one’s own: feminism, posthumanism and race in Sofia Coppola’s The Beguiled
Authors: Brown William 
Published: April 2020

The Beguiled (Sofia Coppola, USA, 2017) is one of several recent films to feature mushrooms as a prominent plot device. In this essay, I argue that the use of mushrooms here allows cinema to engage with issues surrounding the Anthropocene, or the period in which capitalist man has shaped the world more than the world has shaped capitalist man. I shall in particular propose that the association between women and fungi suggests that the Anthropocene entails an anthropocentric and patriarchal worldview. That is, The Beguiledsuggests that the Anthropocene is defined specifically by capitalist man – whose world must now be replaced by one that might be deemed feminist and posthuman, not least because of how the women at the film’s all-girls’ private school work with mushrooms to bring down the central male figure, Civil War soldier Corporal John McBurney.
However, The Beguiled also posits the limits of such a feminist and posthuman world. For despite the film’s Civil War setting, and despite its status as a remake-cum-adaptation of both Don Siegel’s 1971 film of the same name and Thomas P. Cullinan’s source novel, the film only deals with race as at best a structuring absence. Coppola’s (characteristic) refusal to deal directly with race nonetheless allows us to identify the whiteness of those wider issues with which the film deals, namely the Anthropocene, posthumanism, (much) feminism and perhaps cinema itself. In particular, we can draw out this latter suggestion by considering the film’s use of the Madewood Plantation House, which also features in music videos for artists like J. Cole and Beyoncé. For if cinema is a force for the white Anthropocene, it is perhaps in supposedly “unruly” media outside of cinema that black and other feminisms can intersect with posthumanism to emerge as a genuine alternative to the Anthropocene.
Satuan-Satuan Lingual Dalam Tradisi Ngalungi Di Desa Sekarsari Kecamatan Sumber Kabupaten Rembang
Authors: Sholikhah Umi Nur , Mardikantoro Hari Bakti 
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bentuk, makna kultural, dan fungsi satuan-satuan lingual yang terdapat dalam tradisi Ngalungi Sapi di Desa Sekarsari, Kecamatan Sumber, Kabupaten Rembang. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ada dua jenis, yakni pendekatan teoretis dan pendekatan metodologis. Pendekatan teoretis menggunakan pendekatan etnolinguistik, sedangkan pendekatan metodologis yaitu dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif etnografi. Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditunjukkan pertama, bentuk-bentuk satuan lingual yang terdapat dalam tradisi Ngalungi Sapi meliputi kata, frasa, klausa, kalimat, dan wacana. Kedua, secara garis besar makna kultural dari tradisi Ngalungi Sapi yaitu sebagai wujud rasa syukur para petani kepada Tuhan atas rezeki yang telah diberikan berupa hasil panen padi. Sapi sebagai raja kaya telah membantu petani selama masa tanam. Maka dari itu, dibuatkanlah ketupat dan lepet sebagai sajian utama dalam tradisi ini. Ketiga, fungsi satuan-satuan lingual dalam tradisi Ngalungi Sapi meliputi sarana ritual, wujud doa dan harapan, menamai bahan-bahan masakan, dan menamai proses memasak.
Kata kunci: makna kultural, satuan lingual, tradisi Ngalungi Sapi
Iniciativas brasileiras de estudos de intervenção em andamento para a COVID-19
Authors: Bomfim Ribeiro Tatiane , Aona Mazotti Talita , R Cuce Nobre Moacyr , Stein Airton , Oliveira de Melo Daniela 
Published: April 2020

As pesquisas clínicas relacionadas a COVID-19 estão acontecendo em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Os registros públicos de protocolos de pesquisa promovem transparência e atendem às regulamentações. Objetivo: Descrever os protocolos de pesquisa em desenvolvimento no Brasil para investigações de alternativas terapêuticas para a COVID-19, e avaliar o cumprimento da publicação após registro na Plataforma Brasil/CONEP. Método: Uma revisão foi realizada nas bases de registro de protocolos de pesquisa: ClinicalTrials.gov, ReBEC (base brasileira) e International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, no dia 11 de abril de 2020. O boletim da CONEP do dia 07 de abril de 2020 foi consultado para avaliar estudos de intervenção passíveis de registro. Resultados: Nosso estudo mostrou que há dezesseis estudos de intervenção sobre a COVID-19 em andamento no Brasil e registrados na CONEP, porém somente seis estão disponíveis nas bases de registro de protocolos. Os protocolos brasileiros de acesso aberto incluíram a investigação de intervenções com: hidroxicloroquina associada a azitromicina ou em monoterapia; cloroquina; dexametasona; células tronco mesenquimais. Cinco estudos (83%) são abertos e incluíram pacientes com suspeita ou diagnóstico confirmado da COVID-19. Três estudos são multicêntricos e todos propõe a avaliação de desfechos clinicamente relevantes. Conclusão: O Brasil tem protocolos de pesquisa em andamento de intervenções terapêuticas na COVID-19, porém apenas 1/3 destes estudos têm protocolos públicos.
Nephron-Specific Disruption of Polycystin-1 Induces Cyclooxygenase-2–Mediated Blood Pressure Reduction Independent of Cystogenesis
Authors: Lakshmipathi Jayalakshmi , Gao Yang , Hu Chunyan , Stuart Deborah , Genzen Jonathan , Ramkumar Nirupama , Kohan Donald E. 
Published: April 2020

Significance Statement
Hypertension often occurs before renal function deteriorates in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), but it is unknown whether polycystin-1, the Pkd1 gene product, itself contributes to ADPKD hypertension. The authors examined this in mice with nephron-specific disruption of the Pkd1 gene without renal cysts. Compared with control mice, these knockout mice manifested reduced BP, enhanced natriuresis, decreased expression of Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter isoform 2 (NKCC2) protein, and increased urinary PGE2 excretion in response to a high salt diet. Blockade of cyclooxygenase-2 abolished the BP difference between Pkd1 knockout and control mice. These studies, apparently the first in vivo studies to describe a potential physiologic role for nephron polycystin-1, suggest that nephron polycystin-1 deficiency per se does not contribute to ADPKD-associated hypertension.

Background
Hypertension often occurs before renal function deteriorates in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It is unknown whether the Pkd1 gene product polycystin-1—the predominant causal factor in ADPKD—itself contributes to ADPKD hypertension independent of cystogenesis.

Methods
We induced nephron-specific disruption of the Pkd1 gene in 3-month-old mice and examined them at 4–5 months of age.

Results
Kidneys from the Pkd1 knockout mice showed no apparent renal cysts, tubule dilation, or increased cell proliferation. Compared with control mice, Pkd1 knockout mice exhibited reduced arterial pressure during high salt intake; this associated with an increased natriuretic, diuretic, and kaliuretic response during the first 2–3 days of salt loading. The lower arterial pressure and enhanced natriuresis during high salt loading in Pkd1 knockout mice were associated with lower urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion and markedly increased urinary PGE2 excretion, whereas GFR, plasma renin concentration, and urinary endothelin-1 excretion were similar between knockout and control mice. Kidney cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels were increased in Pkd1 knockout mice during high salt intake; administration of NS-398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, abolished the arterial pressure difference between the knockout and control mice during high salt intake. Total kidney Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter isoform 2 (NKCC2) levels were greatly reduced in Pkd1 knockout mice fed a high salt diet compared with controls.

Conclusions
These studies suggest that nephron polycystin-1 deficiency does not itself contribute to ADPKD hypertension and that it may, in fact, exert a relative salt-wasting effect. The work seems to comprise the first in vivo studies to describe a potential physiologic role for nephron polycystin-1 in the absence of cysts, tubule dilation, or enhanced cell proliferation.
Incident Chronic Kidney Disease Risk among Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Authors: Ricardo Ana C. , Loop Matthew Shane , Gonzalez Franklyn , Lora Claudia M. , Chen Jinsong , Franceschini Nora , Kramer Holly J. , Toth-Manikowski Stephanie M. , Talavera Gregory A. , Daviglus Martha , Lash James P. 
Published: April 2020

Significance Statement
Although the incident rate of ESKD is higher among Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States compared with non-Hispanics, less is known about incident rates of CKD. The authors report that this community-based prospective cohort study of more than 8000 Hispanics/Latinos in the United States found the overall rate of incident CKD to be 10.6 per 1000 person-years, with the highest rate observed among Puerto Ricans (15.0 per 1000 person-years). Important risk factors for new-onset CKD included elevated BP and glycated hemoglobin, as well as lower baseline eGFR and higher baseline albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Culturally tailored public heath interventions among Hispanics/Latinos focusing on prevention and control of risk factors, including diabetes and hypertension, might help decrease their burden of CKD and ESKD.

Background
Although Hispanics/Latinos in the United States are often considered a single ethnic group, they represent a heterogenous mixture of ancestries who can self-identify as any race defined by the U.S. Census. They have higher ESKD incidence compared with non-Hispanics, but little is known about the CKD incidence in this population.

Methods
We examined rates and risk factors of new-onset CKD using data from 8774 adults in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Incident CKD was defined as eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 with eGFR decline ≥1 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year, or urine albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. Rates and incidence rate ratios were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance while accounting for the study’s complex design.

Results
Mean age was 40.3 years at baseline and 51.6% were women. In 5.9 years of follow-up, 648 participants developed CKD (10.6 per 1000 person-years). The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates ranged from 6.6 (other Hispanic/mixed background) to 15.0 (Puerto Ricans) per 1000 person-years. Compared with Mexican background, Puerto Rican background was associated with 79% increased risk for incident CKD (incidence rate ratios, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 2.40), which was accounted for by differences in sociodemographics, acculturation, and clinical characteristics. In multivariable regression analysis, predictors of incident CKD included BP >140/90 mm Hg, higher glycated hemoglobin, lower baseline eGFR, and higher baseline urine albumin/creatinine ratio.

Conclusions
CKD incidence varies by Hispanic/Latino heritage and this disparity may be in part attributed to differences in sociodemographic characteristics. Culturally tailored public heath interventions focusing on the prevention and control of risk factors might ameliorate the CKD burden in this population.
Studi Geologi Awal untuk Calon Tapak PLTN di Pulau Singkep dan Lingga, Kepulauan Riau
Authors: Indrastomo Frederikus Dian , Syaeful Heri , Anzhar Kurnia , Mellawati June 
Published: April 2020

STUDI GEOLOGI AWAL UNTUK CALON TAPAK PLTN DI PULAU SINGKEP DAN LINGGA, KEPULAUAN RIAU. Pulau Singkep dan Lingga adalah bagian dari Kepulauan Riau, seperti Pulau Batam, Bintan, Karimun,terletak pada daerah strategis yang dapat menjadi lokasi dikembangkannya perdagangan dan perindustrian. Guna memenuhi kebutuhan teknologi dan listriknya, PLTN merupakan salah satu alternatif pilihan. Berdasarkan hal ini telah dilakukan studigeologi awal guna mengetahui keberadaan daerah interes untuk lokasi PLTN di Kepulauan Riau. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kelayakan Pulau Singkep dan Lingga dari aspek geologi sebagai daerah interes untuk ditindaklanjuti sebagai calon tapak PLTN. Metodologi penelitian meliputi studi geologi regional melalui pengumpulan data sekunder, dan survei lapangan untuk verifikasi data sekunder. Verifikasi data lapangan meliputi pengamatan batuan untuk menentukan jenis dan karakteristiknya, pengukuran struktur geologi untuk mengetahui potensi sesar dan gempa, pendataan sumber air panas untuk mengetahui aktivitas magmatisme. Pengamatan dilakukan di wilayah pesisir Pulau Singkep dan Lingga. Hasil penelitian awal untuk aspek geologi menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan beberapa daerah interes yang secara kualitatif merupakan lokasipotensial calon tapak PLTN. Dari aspek kegempaan, Pulau Singkep dan Lingga relatif aman. Sebaran batuan metamorfik dari Kompleks Malihan Persing dan granit Tanjungbuku ditemukan di Pulau Singkep, sedangkan sebaran batuan metamorf Formasi Tanjung Datuk di Pulau Lingga. Jenis batuan tersebut merupakankelompok batuan kerasdan resisten, sehinggasangat potensial untuk daerah interes calon tapak PLTN.