bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining the depth of the winds on Uranus and Neptune via Ohmic dissipation
Authors: Soyuer Deniz , Soubiran François , Helled Ravit 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Determining the depth of atmospheric winds in the outer planets of the Solar system is a key topic in planetary science. We provide constraints on these depths in Uranus and Neptune via the total induced Ohmic dissipation, due to the interaction of the zonal flows and the planetary magnetic fields. An upper bound can be placed on the induced dissipation via energy and entropy flux throughout the interior. The induced Ohmic dissipation is directly linked to the electrical conductivity profile of the materials involved in the flow. We present a method for calculating electrical conductivity profiles of ionically conducting hydrogen–helium–water mixtures under planetary conditions, using results from ab initio simulations. We apply this prescription on several ice giant interior structure models available in the literature, where all the heavy elements are represented by water. According to the energy (entropy) flux budget, the maximum penetration depth for Uranus lies above 0.93 RU (0.90 RU) and for Neptune above 0.95 RN (0.92 RN). These results for the penetration depths are upper bounds and are consistent with previous estimates based on the contribution of the zonal winds to the gravity field. As expected, interior structure models with higher water abundance in the outer regions also have a higher electrical conductivity and therefore reach the Ohmic limit at shallower regions. Thus, our study shows that the likelihood of deep-seated winds on Uranus and Neptune drops significantly with the presence of water in the outer layers.
Multi-epoch X-ray imaging of globular cluster M62 with Chandra
Authors: Oh Kwangmin , Hui C Y , Li K L , Kong A K H 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Using archival spectral-imaging data with a total exposure of ∼144 ks obtained by Chandra, 43 X-ray sources are detected within the half-light radius of globular cluster M62 (NGC 6266). Based on the X-ray colour–luminosity diagram or the positional coincidences with known sources, we have classified these sources into different groups of compact binaries including cataclysmic variable (CV), quiescent low-mass X-ray binary (qLMXB), millisecond pulsar, and black hole (BH). Candidates of the X-ray counterparts of 12 CVs, 4 qLMXBs, 2 MSPs, and 1 BH are identified in our analysis. The data used in our analysis consist of two frames separated by 12 yr, which enable us to search for the long-term variability as well as the short-term X-ray flux variability within each observation window. Evidence for the short-term variability and long-term variability have been found in 7 and 12 sources, respectively. For a number of bright sources with X-ray luminosities Lx ≳ 1032 erg s−1, we have characterized their spectral properties in further details. By comparing the X-ray population in M62 with those in several other prototypical globular clusters, we found the proportion of bright sources is larger in M62 that can possibly be a result of their active dynamical formation processes.
The links between magnetic fields and filamentary clouds – III. Field-regulated mass cumulative functions
Authors: Law C -Y , Li H -B , Cao Zhuo , Ng C -Y 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
During the past decade, the dynamical importance of magnetic fields in molecular clouds has been increasingly recognized, as observational evidence has accumulated. However, how a magnetic field affects star formation is still unclear. Typical star formation models still treat a magnetic fields as an isotropic pressure, ignoring the fundamental property of dynamically important magnetic fields: their direction. This study builds on our previous work, which demonstrated how the mean magnetic field orientation relative to the global cloud elongation can affect cloud fragmentation. After the linear mass distribution reported earlier, we show here that the mass cumulative function (MCF) of a cloud is also regulated by the field orientation. A cloud elongated closer to the field direction tends to have a shallower MCF: in other words, a higher portion of the gas is at high density. The evidence is consistent with our understanding of the bimodal star formation efficiency discovered earlier, which is also correlated with the field orientation.
Monitoring polarization in comet 46P/Wirtanen
Authors: Zheltobryukhov Maxim , Zubko Evgenij , Chornaya Ekaterina , Luk'yanyk Igor , Ivanova Oleksandra V , Kochergin Anton , Kornienko Gennady , Mkrtichian David , Poshyachinda Saran , Molotov Igor E , Kim Sungsoo S , Videen Gorden 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTWe measure the degree of linear polarization of comet 46P/Wirtanen during two months, embracing the perihelion passage in 2018 December with phase angles ranging from α = 18.1° to 46.4°. The polarimetric response PQ obtained resembles what was previously found in comet C/1975 V1 (West). This suggests 46P/Wirtanen belongs to a group of comets with high maximum positive polarization. In the first half of 2019 February, we conducted BVRI photometry of 46P/Wirtanen and found either neutral or blue colour of its dust, which is in good accordance with measurements of C/1975 V1 (West). While aperture-averaged polarimetry of 46P/Wirtanen reveals a nearly zero polarization PQ at the lowest phase angle α = 18.1°, simultaneous imaging polarimetry suggests that the negative polarization (PQ &lt; 0) arises in a region of within 5000 km of the nucleus, where the negative polarization could be as strong as PQ = −(1.44 ± 0.15) per cent. This observation suggests the existence of the circumnucleus halo and that the coma is populated by at least two types of dust particles. One of those reveals a low positive polarization at side scattering and high negative polarization near backscattering. Both polarimetric features are simultaneously produced by weakly absorbing Mg-rich silicate particles. Another type of dust produces solely positive polarization that could be attributed to carbonaceous particles. This composition of 46P/Wirtanen coma appears to be similar with what was previously found in comet C/1975 V1 (West).
YdiV regulates Escherichia coli ferric uptake by manipulating the DNA-binding ability of Fur in a SlyD-dependent manner
Authors: Zhang Fengyu , Li Bingqing , Dong Hongjie , Chen Min , Yao Shun , Li Jingwen , Zhang Honghai , Liu Xiangguo , Wang Hongwei , Song Nannan , Zhang Kundi , Du Ning , Xu Sujuan , Gu Lichuan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIron is essential for all bacteria. In most bacteria, intracellular iron homeostasis is tightly regulated by the ferric uptake regulator Fur. However, how Fur activates the iron-uptake system during iron deficiency is not fully elucidated. In this study, we found that YdiV, the flagella gene inhibitor, is involved in iron homeostasis in Escherichia coli. Iron deficiency triggers overexpression of YdiV. High levels of YdiV then transforms Fur into a novel form which does not bind DNA in a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase SlyD dependent manner. Thus, the cooperation of YdiV, SlyD and Fur activates the gene expression of iron-uptake systems under conditions of iron deficiency. Bacterial invasion assays also demonstrated that both ydiV and slyD are necessary for the survival and growth of uropathogenic E. coli in bladder epithelial cells. This reveals a mechanism where YdiV not only represses flagella expression to make E. coli invisible to the host immune system, but it also promotes iron acquisition to help E. coli overcome host nutritional immunity.
ART Adherence, Resistance, and Long-term HIV Viral Suppression in Postpartum Women
Authors: Redd Andrew D , Mukonda Elton , Hu Nai-Chung , Philips Tamsin K , Zerbe Allison , Lesosky Maia , Hsiao Nei-Yuan , Clarke William , Reynolds Steven J , Abrams Elaine J , Myer Landon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHIV+ South African women who achieved viral suppression during routine antenatal care, but later experienced a viremic episode (viral load &gt;1000 copies/mL), were examined for presence of antiretrovirals and classified as “nonadherers” or “suboptimal adherers.” Women were tested for drug resistance mutations (DRMs) at several time points and underwent viral load testing 36–60 months postpartum. Suboptimal adherers were more likely to have DRM detected during their viremic episode (P = .03) and at a subsequent viremic time point (P = .05). There was no difference in levels of viral suppression 36–60 months later in women with DRM detected vs women who had no evidence of DRM (P = .5).
Conscience, Abortion and Jurisdiction
Authors: McGuinness Sheelagh , Thomson Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Conscientious objection has achieved a particular place in contemporary law and culture. Lawyers, political theorists, ethicists, health professionals and others have debated how we best negotiate the tensions that can exist between professional obligations and private beliefs. Conscientious objection to abortion care has been a particular focus of these discussions. In this article, we draw on theoretical work on ‘jurisdiction’ to provide an account of what is embedded in claims to conscience and what the effects of such claims are. We focus specifically on refusals of abortion care enabled by section 4 of the Abortion Act 1967. We argue that legitimating narratives on conscience seek to achieve seemingly contradictory goals: entrenching abortion as morally ambiguous while securing it as part of medicine’s monopolistic practice. While section 4 provides the focus, our concerns extend to the wider landscape and impact of claims to conscience. Through our jurisdictional analysis, we seek to better understand such claims and dramatically reorient thinking by grounding the conscience clause squarely in the politics of ‘task areas’, professional domains, market control and claims of epistemological authority.
Barriers to and Facilitators of Multimodal Chronic Pain Care for Veterans: A National Qualitative Study
Authors: Leonard Chelsea , Ayele Roman , Ladebue Amy , McCreight Marina , Nolan Charlotte , Sandbrink Friedhelm , Frank Joseph W 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Chronic pain is more common among veterans than among the general population. Expert guidelines recommend multimodal chronic pain care. However, there is substantial variation in the availability and utilization of treatment modalities in the Veterans Health Administration. We explored health care providers’ and administrators’ perspectives on the barriers to and facilitators of multimodal chronic pain care in the Veterans Health Administration to understand variation in the use of multimodal pain treatment modalities.

Methods
We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with health care providers and administrators at a national sample of Veterans Health Administration facilities that were classified as either early or late adopters of multimodal chronic pain care according to their utilization of nine pain-related treatments. Interviews were conducted by telephone, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and analyzed through the use of team-based inductive and deductive content analysis.

Results
We interviewed 49 participants from 25 facilities from April through September of 2017. We identified three themes. First, the Veterans Health Administration’s integrated health care system is both an asset and a challenge for multimodal chronic pain care. Second, participants discussed a temporal shift from managing chronic pain with opioids to multimodal treatment. Third, primary care teams face competing pressures from expert guidelines, facility leadership, and patients. Early- and late-adopting sites differed in perceived resource availability.

Conclusions
Health care providers often perceive inadequate support and resources to provide multimodal chronic pain management. Efforts to improve chronic pain management should address both organizational and patient-level challenges, including primary care provider panel sizes, accessibility of training for primary care teams, leadership support for multimodal pain care, and availability of multidisciplinary pain management resources.
Traditional Chinese medicine use may reduce medical utility in patients with asthma: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liao P F , Wang Y T , Wang Y H , Chiou J Y , Wei J C C 
Published: August 2020

Summary

Background
Many patients with atopic diseases, including asthma, have sought complementary and alternative medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments. But, limited clinical studies have yet examined TCM effects on medical utility in asthma patients.

Aim
To assess the medical utility of TCM in patients with asthma.

Design
Population-based retrospective cohort study.

Methods
We performed a 13-year population-based retrospective cohort study. A total of 5235 asthma patients who were TCM users and 5235 propensity-score matched asthma patients who never used TCM were sampled from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2012. We compared these two groups of patients to calculate their medical utility, including numbers of emergency visits and hospitalizations until 2013. Univariate analyses were performed using Chi-square tests for dichotomous variables and t-tests for continuous variables. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to investigate the medical utility of asthma after TCM use.

Results
Compared with non-TCM patients, TCM patients had a significantly decreased medical utility of asthma admission [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46–0.85; P &lt; 0.05], especially in patients who used TCM for &gt;60 days. Asthma medical utility in asthma emergencies was significantly higher for male than for female patients (adjusted OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.08–1.96). The most frequently used TCMs for asthma control or cough treatment were antitussive agents.

Conclusion
This population-based retrospective cohort study showed a significantly decreased medical utility of emergency visits and admissions in TCM patients, especially using TCM for &gt;60 days.
Postoperative delirium: why, what, and how to confront it at your institution
Authors: Curtis Michael S. , Forman Nell A. , Donovan Anne L. , Whitlock Elizabeth L. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of reviewThe current article reviews the importance of postoperative delirium (POD), focusing on the older surgical population, and summarizes the best-practice guidelines about POD prevention and treatment which have been published within the last several years. We also describe our local experience with implementing a perioperative delirium risk stratification and prevention pathway, and review implementation science principles which others may find useful as they move toward risk stratification and prevention in their own institutions.Recent findingsThere are few areas of consensus, backed by strong experimental data, in POD best-practice guidelines. Most guidelines recommend preoperative cognitive screening, nonpharmacologic delirium prevention measures, and avoidance of deliriogenic medications. The field of implementation science offers strategies for closing the evidence-practice gap, which we supplement with lessons learned from our own experience implementing a perioperative delirium risk stratification and prevention pathway.SummaryPOD continues to be a serious perioperative complication commonly experienced by older adults. Growing appreciation of its prognostic implications and evidence behind multidisciplinary, collaborative, and focused prevention strategies rooted in implementation science have prompted several major groups to issue consensus guidelines. Adopting best practices POD risk stratification and prevention pathways will improve perioperative care for older adults.
Delays in Obtaining Knee MRI in Pediatric Sports Medicine: Impact of Insurance Type
Authors: Beck Jennifer J. , West Nicole , Shaw Kylie G. , Jackson Nicholas , Bowen Richard E. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Increased enrollment in government-based insurance plans has been reported. With youth sports injuries on the rise, increased ordering of advanced imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has occurred. This study sought to report on the impact of insurance type on access to and results of knee MRI in pediatric sports medicine patients.

Methods:
A retrospective review of 178 consecutive pediatric sports medicine clinics was completed. Inclusion criteria: patients younger than 18 years, routine knee MRI ordered, sports medicine diagnosis, and insurance. Data included basic demographics, injury date, date and location (urgent care vs. clinic) of the first presentation, details of MRI ordering and approval, date and location of MRI follow-up, MRI results (negative, minor findings, major findings), and eventual treatment required.

Results:
A total of 168 charts underwent a complete review. The patients’ average age was 14±3 years and 54% (N=90) were female. Ninety-eight had government insurance and 70 had commercial insurance. The time between injury and MRI completion was significantly longer with government insurance (34 vs. 67 d, P<0.01). Government insurance had increased wait time between the first visit and MRI completion (11 vs. 40 d, P<0.001) as well as MRI order and completion (9 vs. 16.5 d, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in positive findings on MRI between insurance groups, including both major and minor findings nor in the proportion receiving eventual operative treatment.

Conclusion:
Pediatric sports medicine patients with government insurance have delays in obtaining knee MRI, despite there being no difference in the rate of positive findings and subsequent operative treatments.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—case-control study.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation of Myodural Bridge in the Human Suboccipital Region
Authors: Jiang Wen-Bin , Zhang Zhi-Hong , Yu Sheng-Bo , Sun Jing-Xian , Ding Shuai-Wen , Ma Guo-Jun , Zheng Nan , Sui Hong-Jin 
Published: August 2020

Study Design.
A scanning electron microscopic study performed on three cadaveric specimens focused on the human suboccipital region, specifically, myodural bridge (MDB).

Objective.
This study showed the connection form of the MDB among the suboccipital muscles, the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane (PAOM) and the spinal dura mater (SDM), and provided an ultrastructural morphological basis for the functional studies of the MDB.

Summary of Background Data.
Since the myodural bridge was first discovered by Hack, researches on its morphology and functions had been progressing continuously. However, at present, research results about MDB were still limited to the gross anatomical and histological level. There was no research report showing the MDB's ultrastructural morphology and its ultrastructural connection forms between PAOM and SDM.

Methods.
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the connection of myodural bridge fibers with PAOM and SDM in atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial interspaces, and the connection forms were analyzed.

Results.
Under the SEM, it was observed that there were clear direct connections between the suboccipital muscles and the PAOM and SDM in the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial spaces. These connections were myodural bridge. The fibers of the myodural bridge merged into the spinal dura mater and gradually became a superficial layer of the spinal dura mater.

Conclusion.
MDB fibers merged into the SDM and became part of the SDM in the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial space. MDB could transfer tension and pulling force to the SDM effectively, during the contraction or relaxation of the suboccipital muscles.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Development and Validation of Cervical Prediction Models for Patient-Reported Outcomes at 1 Year After Cervical Spine Surgery for Radiculopathy and Myelopathy
Authors: Archer Kristin R. , Bydon Mohamad , Khan Inamullah , Nian Hui , Pennings Jacquelyn S. , Harrell Frank E. , Sivaganesan Ahilan , Chotai Silky , McGirt Matthew J. , Foley Kevin T. , Glassman Steven D. , Mummaneni Praveen V. , Bisson Erica F. , Knightly John J. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Asher Anthony L. , Devin Clinton J. 
Published: August 2020

Study Design.
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected registry data.

Objective.
To develop and validate prediction models for 12-month patient-reported outcomes of disability, pain, and myelopathy in patients undergoing elective cervical spine surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
Predictive models have the potential to be utilized preoperatively to set expectations, adjust modifiable characteristics, and provide a patient-centered model of care.

Methods.
This study was conducted using data from the cervical module of the Quality Outcomes Database. The outcomes of interest were disability (Neck Disability Index:), pain (Numeric Rating Scale), and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association score for myelopathy. Multivariable proportional odds ordinal regression models were developed for patients with cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. Patient demographic, clinical, and surgical covariates as well as baseline patient-reported outcomes scores were included in all models. The models were internally validated using bootstrap resampling to estimate the likely performance on a new sample of patients.

Results.
Four thousand nine hundred eighty-eight patients underwent surgery for radiculopathy and 2641 patients for myelopathy. The most important predictor of poor postoperative outcomes at 12-months was the baseline Neck Disability Index score for patients with radiculopathy and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association score for patients with myelopathy. In addition, symptom duration, workers’ compensation, age, employment, and ambulatory and smoking status had a statistically significant impact on all outcomes (P < 0.001). Clinical and surgical variables contributed very little to predictive models, with posterior approach being associated with higher odds of having worse 12-month outcome scores in both the radiculopathy and myelopathy cohorts (P < 0.001). The full models overall discriminative performance ranged from 0.654 to 0.725.

Conclusions.
These predictive models provide individualized risk-adjusted estimates of 12-month disability, pain, and myelopathy outcomes for patients undergoing spine surgery for degenerative cervical disease. Predictive models have the potential to be used as a shared decision-making tool for evidence-based preoperative counselling.

Level of Evidence: 2.