bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced mass-loss rate evolution of stars with ≳18 M⊙ and missing optically observed type II core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Gofman Roni Anna , Gluck Naomi , Soker Noam 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We evolve stellar models with zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) mass of MZAMS ≳ 18 M⊙ under the assumption that they experience an enhanced mass-loss rate when crossing the instability strip at high luminosities and conclude that most of them end as type Ibc supernovae (SNe Ibc) or dust-obscured SNe II. We explore what level of enhanced mass-loss rate during the instability strip would be necessary to explain the ‘red supergiant problem’. This problem refers to the dearth of observed core-collapse supernovae progenitors with MZAMS ≳ 18 M⊙. Namely, we examine what enhanced mass-loss rate could make it possible for all these stars actually to explode as core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). We find that the mass-loss rate should increase by a factor of at least about 10. We reach this conclusion by analysing the hydrogen mass in the stellar envelope and the optical depth of the dusty wind at the explosion, and crudely estimate that under our assumptions only about a fifth of these stars explode as unobscured SNe II and SNe IIb. About 10–15 per cent end as obscured SNe II that are infrared-bright but visibly very faint, and the rest, about 65–70 per cent, end as SNe Ibc. However, the statistical uncertainties are still too significant to decide whether many stars with MZAMS ≳ 18 M⊙ do not explode as expected in the neutrino driven explosion mechanism, or whether all of them explode as CCSNe, as expected by the jittering jets explosion mechanism.
Origin of spin–orbit misalignments: the microblazar V4641 Sgr
Authors: Salvesen Greg , Pokawanvit Supavit 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Of the known microquasars, V4641 Sgr boasts the most severe lower limit (&gt;52°) on the misalignment angle between the relativistic jet axis and the binary orbital angular momentum. Assuming the jet and black hole spin axes coincide, we attempt to explain the origin of this extreme spin–orbit misalignment with a natal kick model, whereby an aligned binary system becomes misaligned by a supernova kick imparted to the newborn black hole. The model inputs are the kick velocity distribution, which we measure customized to V4641 Sgr, and the immediate pre/post-supernova binary system parameters. Using a grid of binary stellar evolution models, we determine post-supernova configurations that evolve to become consistent with V4641 Sgr today and obtain the corresponding pre-supernova configurations by using standard prescriptions for common envelope evolution. Using each of these potential progenitor system parameter sets as inputs, we find that a natal kick struggles to explain the origin of the V4641 Sgr spin–orbit misalignment. Consequently, we conclude that evolutionary pathways involving a standard common envelope phase followed by a supernova kick are highly unlikely for V4641 Sgr. An alternative interpretation is that the jet axis does not reliably trace the black hole spin axis. Our results raise concerns about compact object merger statistics gleaned from binary population synthesis models, which rely on unverified prescriptions for common envelope evolution and natal kicks. We also challenge the spin–orbit alignment assumption routinely invoked to measure black hole spin magnitudes.
WASP-4 transit timing variation from a comprehensive set of 129 transits
Authors: Baluev R V , Sokov E N , Hoyer S , Huitson C , da Silva José A R S , Evans P , Sokova I A , Knight C R , Shaidulin V Sh 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We homogeneously reanalyse 124 transit light curves for the WASP-4 b hot Jupiter. This set involved new observations secured in 2019 and nearly all observations mentioned in the literature, including high-accuracy GEMINI/GMOS transmission spectroscopy of 2011–2014 and TESS observations of 2018. The analysis confirmed a non-linear transit timing variation (TTV) trend with $P/|\dot{P}|\sim \hbox{17-30}$ Myr (1σ range), implying only half of the initial decay rate estimation. The trend significance is at least 3.4σ in the aggressively conservative treatment. Possible radial acceleration due to unseen companions is not revealed in Doppler data covering seven years 2007–2014, and radial acceleration of −15 m s−1 yr−1 reported in a recent preprint by another team is not confirmed. If present, it is a very non-linear radial velocity variation. Assuming that the entire TTV is tidal in nature, the tidal quality factor $Q_\star ^{\prime }\sim \hbox{(4.5-8.5)}\times 10^4$ does not reveal a convincing disagreement with available theory predictions.
GeneTrail 3: advanced high-throughput enrichment analysis
Authors: Gerstner Nico , Kehl Tim , Lenhof Kerstin , Müller Anne , Mayer Carolin , Eckhart Lea , Grammes Nadja Liddy , Diener Caroline , Hart Martin , Hahn Oliver , Walter Jörn , Wyss-Coray Tony , Meese Eckart , Keller Andreas , Lenhof Hans-Peter 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We present GeneTrail 3, a major extension of our web service GeneTrail that offers rich functionality for the identification, analysis, and visualization of deregulated biological processes. Our web service provides a comprehensive collection of biological processes and signaling pathways for 12 model organisms that can be analyzed with a powerful framework for enrichment and network analysis of transcriptomic, miRNomic, proteomic, and genomic data sets. Moreover, GeneTrail offers novel workflows for the analysis of epigenetic marks, time series experiments, and single cell data. We demonstrate the capabilities of our web service in two case-studies, which highlight that GeneTrail is well equipped for uncovering complex molecular mechanisms. GeneTrail is freely accessible at: http://genetrail.bioinf.uni-sb.de.
Group II intron as cold sensor for self-preservation and bacterial conjugation
Authors: Dong Xiaolong , Qu Guosheng , Piazza Carol Lyn , Belfort Marlene 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGroup II introns are self-splicing ribozymes and mobile genetic elements. Splicing is required for both expression of the interrupted host gene and intron retromobility. For the pRS01 plasmid-encoded Lactococcus lactis group II intron, Ll.LtrB, splicing enables expression of the intron's host relaxase protein. Relaxase, in turn, initiates horizontal transfer of the conjugative pRS01 plasmid and stimulates retrotransposition of the intron. Little is known about how splicing of bacterial group II introns is influenced by environmental conditions. Here, we show that low temperatures can inhibit Ll.LtrB intron splicing. Whereas autocatalysis is abolished in the cold, splicing is partially restored by the intron-encoded protein (IEP). Structure profiling reveals cold-induced disruptions of key tertiary interactions, suggesting that a kinetic trap prevents the intron RNA from assuming its native state. Interestingly, while reduced levels of transcription and splicing lead to a paucity of excised intron in the cold, levels of relaxase mRNA are maintained, partially due to diminished intron-mediated mRNA targeting, allowing intron spread by conjugal transfer. Taken together, this study demonstrates not only the intrinsic cold sensitivity of group II intron splicing and the role of the IEP for cold-stress adaptation, but also maintenance of horizontal plasmid and intron transfer under cold-shock.
The ribotoxin α-sarcin can cleave the sarcin/ricin loop on late 60S pre-ribosomes
Authors: Olombrada Miriam , Peña Cohue , Rodríguez-Galán Olga , Klingauf-Nerurkar Purnima , Portugal-Calisto Daniela , Oborská-Oplová Michaela , Altvater Martin , Gavilanes José G , Martínez-del-Pozo Álvaro , de la Cruz Jesús , García-Ortega Lucía , Panse Vikram Govind 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe ribotoxin α-sarcin belongs to a family of ribonucleases that cleave the sarcin/ricin loop (SRL), a critical functional rRNA element within the large ribosomal subunit (60S), thereby abolishing translation. Whether α-sarcin targets the SRL only in mature 60S subunits remains unresolved. Here, we show that, in yeast, α-sarcin can cleave SRLs within late 60S pre-ribosomes containing mature 25S rRNA but not nucleolar/nuclear 60S pre-ribosomes containing 27S pre-rRNA in vivo. Conditional expression of α-sarcin is lethal, but does not impede early pre-rRNA processing, nuclear export and the cytoplasmic maturation of 60S pre-ribosomes. Thus, SRL-cleaved containing late 60S pre-ribosomes seem to escape cytoplasmic proofreading steps. Polysome analyses revealed that SRL-cleaved 60S ribosomal subunits form 80S initiation complexes, but fail to progress to the step of translation elongation. We suggest that the functional integrity of a α-sarcin cleaved SRL might be assessed only during translation.
Glioblastoma in adults: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and European Society of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions
Authors: Wen Patrick Y , Weller Michael , Lee Eudocia Quant , Alexander Brian M , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S , Barthel Floris P , Batchelor Tracy T , Bindra Ranjit S , Chang Susan M , Chiocca E Antonio , Cloughesy Timothy F , DeGroot John F , Galanis Evanthia , Gilbert Mark R , Hegi Monika E , Horbinski Craig , Huang Raymond Y , Lassman Andrew B , Le Rhun Emilie , Lim Michael , Mehta Minesh P , Mellinghoff Ingo K , Minniti Giuseppe , Nathanson David , Platten Michael , Preusser Matthias , Roth Patrick , Sanson Marc , Schiff David , Short Susan C , Taphoorn Martin J B , Tonn Joerg-Christian , Tsang Jonathan , Verhaak Roel G W , von Deimling Andreas , Wick Wolfgang , Zadeh Gelareh , Reardon David A , Aldape Kenneth D , van den Bent Martin J 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGlioblastomas are the most common form of malignant primary brain tumor and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In recent years there have been important advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis and biology of these tumors, but this has not translated into significantly improved outcomes for patients. In this consensus review from the Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and the European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO), the current management of isocitrate dehydrogenase wildtype (IDHwt) glioblastomas will be discussed. In addition, novel therapies such as targeted molecular therapies, agents targeting DNA damage response and metabolism, immunotherapies, and viral therapies will be reviewed, as well as the current challenges and future directions for research.
Development and Validation of a Multivariate Prediction Model of Perioperative Mortality in Neurosurgery: The New Zealand Neurosurgical Risk Tool (NZRISK-NEURO)
Authors: Clark Stephanie , Boyle Luke , Matthews Phoebe , Schweder Patrick , Deng Carolyn , Campbell Doug 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Multivariate risk prediction models individualize prediction of adverse outcomes, assisting perioperative decision-making. There are currently no models specifically designed for the neurosurgical population.

OBJECTIVE
To develop and validate a neurosurgical risk prediction model, with 30-d, 1-yr, and 2-yr mortality endpoints.

METHODS
We accessed information on all adults in New Zealand who underwent neurosurgery or spinal surgery between July 1, 2011, and June 30, 2016, from an administrative database. Our dataset comprised of 18 375 participants, split randomly into derivation (75%) and validation (25%) datasets. Previously established covariates tested included American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status grade (ASA-PS), surgical acuity, operative severity, cancer status, and age. Exploratory covariates included anatomical site, gender, diabetes, trauma, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to construct 30-d, 1-yr, and 2-yr mortality models.

RESULTS
Our final models included 8 covariates: age, ASA-PS grade, surgical acuity, cancer status, anatomical site, diabetes, ethnicity, and trauma. The area under the receiver operating curve for the 30-d, 1-yr, and 2-yr mortality models was 0.90, 0.91, and 0.91 indicating excellent discrimination, respectively. Calibration also showed excellent performance with McFadden's pseudo R2 statistics of 0.28, 0.37, and 0.41 and calibration plot slopes of 0.93, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively. The strongest predictors of mortality were ASA-PS 4 and 5 (30 d) and cancer (1 and 2 yr).

CONCLUSION
NZRISK-NEURO is a robust multivariate calculator created specifically for neurosurgery, enabling physicians to generate data-driven individualized risk estimates, assisting shared decision-making and perioperative planning.
Light Activates Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis to Promote Hook Opening and Petiole Development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hamasaki Hidefumi , Ayano Madoka , Nakamura Ayako , Fujioka Shozo , Asami Tadao , Takatsuto Suguru , Yoshida Shigeo , Oka Yoshito , Matsui Minami , Shimada Yukihisa 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Although brassinosteroids (BRs) have been proposed to be negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, their physiological role therein has remained elusive. We studied light-induced photomorphogenic development in the presence of the BR biosynthesis inhibitor, brassinazole (Brz). Hook opening was inhibited in the presence of Brz; this inhibition was reversed in the presence of brassinolide (BL). Hook opening was accompanied by cell expansion on the inner (concave) side of the hook. This cell expansion was inhibited in the presence of Brz but was restored upon the addition of BL. We then evaluated light-induced organ-specific expression of three BR biosynthesis genes, DWF4, BR6ox1 and BR6ox2, and a BR-responsive gene, SAUR-AC1, during the photomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis. Expression of these genes was induced, particularly in the hook region, in response to illumination. The induction peaked after 3 h of light exposure and preceded hook opening. Phytochrome-deficient mutants, hy1, hy2 and phyAphyB, and a light-signaling mutant, hy5, were defective in light-induced expression of BR6ox1, BR6ox2 and SAUR-AC1. Light induced both expression of BR6ox genes and petiole development. Petiole development was inhibited in the presence of Brz. Our results largely contradict the early view that BRs are negative regulators of photomorphogenesis. Our data collectively suggest that light activates the expression of BR biosynthesis genes in the hook region via a phytochrome-signaling pathway and HY5 and that BR biosynthesis is essential for hook opening and petiole development during photomorphogenesis.
Metamaterials mimic the black holes: the effects of charge and rotation on the optical properties
Authors: Hendi S H , Taghadomi Z S , Ardakani A Ghasempour 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMotivated by the investigation of a black hole’s properties in the lab, some interesting subjects such as analogue gravity and transformation optics are generated. In this paper, we look for analogies between the geometry of a gravitating system and the optical medium. In addition, we recognize that appropriate two-dimensional metamaterials can be used to mimic the propagation of light in the curved spacetimes and behave like black holes which are incident with light rays in the equatorial plane. The resemblance of metamaterials with Kerr and Reissner–Nordström spacetimes is studied. Finally, we compare the results of two-dimensional simulation for light propagation in the corresponding two-dimensional metamaterials with those obtained from the geometrical optical limit.
High-Flow Oxygen Therapy During Exercise Training in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Hypoxemia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Vitacca Michele , Paneroni Mara , Zampogna Elisabetta , Visca Dina , Carlucci Annalisa , Cirio Serena , Banfi Paolo , Pappacoda Gabriele , Trianni Ludovico , Brogneri Antonio , Belli Stefano , Paracchini Elena , Aliani Maria , Spinelli Vito , Gigliotti Francesco , Lanini Barbara , Lazzeri Marta , Clini Enrico M , Malovini Alberto , Ambrosino Nicolino ,   Associazione Italiana Riabilitatori Insufficienza Respiratoria and Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri rehabilitation group
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
The study aimed to evaluate whether high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) during training was more effective than oxygen in improving exercise capacity in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods
A total of 171 patients with COPD and chronic hypoxemia were consecutively recruited in 8 rehabilitation hospitals in a randomized controlled trial. Cycle-ergometer exercise training was used in 20 supervised sessions at iso inspiratory oxygen fraction in both groups. Pre- and post-training endurance time (Tlim), 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), respiratory and limb muscle strength, arterial blood gases, Barthel Index, Barthel Dyspnea Index, COPD Assessment Test, Maugeri Respiratory Failure questionnaire, and patient satisfaction were evaluated.

Results
Due to 15.4% and 24.1% dropout rates, 71 and 66 patients were analyzed in HFOT and Venturi mask (V-mask) groups, respectively. Exercise capacity significantly improved after training in both groups with similar patient satisfaction. Between-group difference in post-training improvement in 6MWD (mean: 17.14 m; 95% CI = 0.87 to 33.43 m) but not in Tlim (mean: 141.85 seconds; 95% CI = −18.72 to 302.42 seconds) was significantly higher in HFOT. The minimal clinically important difference of Tlim was reached by 47% of patients in the V-mask group and 56% of patients in the HFOT group, whereas the minimal clinically important difference of 6MWD was reached by 51% of patients in the V-mask group and 69% of patients in the HFOT group, respectively.

Conclusion
In patients with hypoxemic COPD, exercise training is effective in improving exercise capacity.

Impact Statement
The addition of HFOT during exercise training is not more effective than oxygen through V-mask in improving endurance time, the primary outcome, whereas it is more effective in improving walking distance.
Efficacy of Supporting Play Exploration and Early Development Intervention in the First Months of Life for Infants Born Very Preterm: 3-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol
Authors: Dusing Stacey C , Burnsed Jennifer C , Brown Shaaron E , Harper Amy D , Hendricks-Munoz Karen D , Stevenson Richard D , Thacker Leroy R , Molinini Rebecca M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this project is to study the effect of a physical therapist intervention provided in the first months of life on developmental outcomes of infants born very preterm. Secondary aims are to investigate the impact of intervention timing on the efficacy and impact of the intervention on infants with and without cerebral palsy.

Methods
This study is a multisite longitudinal controlled trial comparing developmental outcomes from infants in the Supporting Play, Exploration, and Early Development Intervention (SPEEDI)_Late or SPEEDI_Early group to a usual care group.

Settings are urban
Urban and rural areas surrounding 2 academic medical centers. There will be 90 preterm infants enrolled in this study born at &lt;29 weeks of gestation. SPEEDI is a developmental intervention provided by collaboration between a physical therapist and parent to support a child’s motor and cognitive development. The primary outcome measure is the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development Cognitive and Gross Motor Scaled Scores. Secondary measures include behavioral coding of early problem solving skills, the Gross Motor Function Measure, and Test of Infant Motor Performance.

Impact
More than 270,000 infants are born very preterm in the United States each year, 50% of whom will have neurological dysfunction that limits their ability to keep pace with peers who are typically developing. This study is a step toward understanding the impact that intensive developmental intervention could have in this population in the first months of life.
EP03 An audit of glucocorticoid prescription in patients with giant cell arteritis
Authors: Ariff Hairul Hadi , Awisat Abid , Arnold Jack , Ani Hudaifa Al , Neill Lorraine O' , Rodriguez Mar Pujades , Luqmani Raashid 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is treated with high dose glucocorticoids and progressively reduced over months to years. We undertook an audit to evaluate self-reported adherence to the original recommended glucocorticoid course and explored reasons for any variation.

Methods
We recruited patients attending a single rheumatology department over 18 months. Respondents were given two self-administered questionnaires to record information regarding their use of glucocorticoids during the last 7 days and during the last 6 months. We retrieved 132 questionnaires (of whom 6 were discarded as incomplete). All data was analysed using SPSS Statistics v22.

Results
Of the 126 patients (mean age 74.9 ± 7.7 years), 59% were female. The mean duration of disease was 22.5 ± 19.1 months in patients with GCA and 32.9 ± 29.9 months in those with GCA and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). The mean daily number of medications taken was 9.2 ± 5.2 (range: 1 - 30); the mean number of types of daily tablets taken was 5.0 ± 2.1 (range: 1 - 10). The mean daily number of glucocorticoid tablets taken was 3.2 ± 2.6 (range: 0 - 12), with a mean daily dose of 11.1 ± 10.3 mg (range: 0 - 60 mg). Overall, in the last 7 days, 22% and in last 6 months, 40% of patients were not following their original recommended steroid regimens (Table 1). The total mean glucocorticoid dose in the last 7 days group (n = 81) was 77.8 ± 70.1 mg/week (11.1 ± 10.1 mg/day) whilst the total mean glucocorticoid dose in the last 6 months group (n = 45) was 1782.0 ± 1543.3 mg/6 month (9.9 ± 8.6 mg/day). Most respondents stated their glucocorticoid non-adherence was due to medical advice; other reasons included forgetting, fear of side effects, or confusion about different preparations of prescribed glucocorticoids. The presence of PMR did not influence glucocorticoid adherence.

Conclusion
There is significant variation in the use of glucocorticoids compared to the original starting regimen in patients with GCA, with or without PMR. However, the amount of the discrepancy is small. The commonest reason for non-adherence was medical advice received from either primary or secondary care.

Disclosures
H. Ariff: None. A. Awisat: None. J. Arnold: None. H. Al ani: None. L. O' neill: None. M. Rodriguez: None. R. Luqmani: None.