bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UPLC–ESI–Q‐TOF–MS/MS analysis of anticancer fractions from Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis and Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Authors: Qin You , Zhou Rongrong , Jin Jian , Xie Jing , Liu Hao , Cai Ping , Shu Jun , Zhao Yahui , Huang Luqi , Zhang Shuihan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOphiocordyceps xuefengensis (O. xuefengensis), a new species of caterpillar fungus, has been identified as the sister taxon of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O. sinensis). The aims of the present study are to evaluate the anticancer activity and to qualitatively analyze the potential bioactive chemical constituents of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis, comparatively. An MTT assay was used to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activities of different fractions from O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. The results show that ethyl acetate fractions of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis have significant in vitro anticancer activity. These two bioactive fractions were analyzed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization with quadrupole–time of flight tandem mass spectrometry technology. A total of 82 compounds and 101 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in the bioactive fractions of O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis, respectively. Among these compounds, 68 existed in both O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. A total of 67 compounds were reported in O. xuefengensis and 8 compounds were reported in caterpillar fungus for the first time. This is the first detailed comparative analysis of the in vitro anticancer activity and chemical ingredients between O. xuefengensis and O. sinensis. The application of this work will provide reliable fundamental pharmacological substances for the use of O. xuefengensis by Yao people.
What Helps Children Tell? A Qualitative Meta‐Analysis of Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure
Authors: Brennan Emma , McElvaney Rosaleen 
Published: April 2020

The increasing use of qualitative methodologies to explore experiences of child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosure has led to the need to synthesise these findings. Recent reviews have tended to focus on the barriers to disclosure more than the facilitators or to conflate findings from studies of adults and studies of children and adolescents. This paper focuses on a qualitative meta‐analysis of studies conducted in the past 20 years (1998–2018) that addresses the question of what helps children disclose experiences of CSA. An analysis of 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria suggests that six key themes are important facilitators of disclosure: access to someone you can trust; realising it's not normal; inability to cope with emotional distress; wanting something to be done about it; expecting to be believed; and being asked. These can be conceptualised as representing two key dynamics that help children tell: needing to tell (pressure cooker effect), and opportunity to tell. Professionals and carers can facilitate the process of disclosure through building trusting relationships with children, recognising their distress and initiating conversations with children about their wellbeing.‘A qualitative meta‐analysis of studies conducted in the past 20 years (1998–2018) that addresses the question of what helps children disclose experiences of CSA’Key Practitioner Messages

There is a need for the focus to be on what helps children tell rather than what hinders children telling.
Children need those around them to notice when they need to talk about themselves and what is happening in their lives – when they are unable to cope with their distress, when they want something done about it.
Professionals and adults interacting with children need to ask children about their lives and wellbeing, in order to: help create opportunities for children to tell; help them access someone they can trust; let them know they will be taken seriously; and help them to understand that abusive behaviour is not normal.
Flavin‐Dependent Monooxygenases NotI and NotI′ Mediate Spiro‐Oxindole Formation in Biosynthesis of the Notoamides
Authors: Fraley Amy E. , Tran Hong T. , Kelly Samantha P. , Newmister Sean A. , Tripathi Ashootosh , Kato Hikaru , Tsukamoto Sachiko , Du Lei , Li Shengying , Williams Robert M. , Sherman David H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe fungal indole alkaloids are a unique class of complex molecules that have a characteristic bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring and frequently contain a spiro‐oxindole moiety. While various strains produce these compounds, an intriguing case involves the formation of individual antipodes by two unique species of fungi in the generation of the potent anticancer agents (+)‐ and (−)‐notoamide A. NotI and NotI′ have been characterized as flavin‐dependent monooxygenases that catalyze epoxidation and semi‐pinacol rearrangement to form the spiro‐oxindole center within these molecules. This work elucidates a key step in the biosynthesis of the notoamides and provides an evolutionary hypothesis regarding a common ancestor for production of enantiopure notoamides.
Magic‐Angle‐Pulse Driven Separation of Degenerate 1H Transitions in Methyl Groups of Proteins: Application to Studies of Methyl Axis Dynamics
Authors: Tugarinov Vitali , Karamanos Theodoros K. , Clore G. Marius 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDynamics of protein side chains is one of the principal determinants of conformational entropy in protein structures and molecular recognition events. We describe NMR experiments that rely on the use of magic‐angle pulses for efficient isolation of degenerate 1H transitions of the I=3/2 manifold of 13CH3 methyl groups, and serve as ‘building blocks’ for the measurement of transverse spin relaxation rates of the fast‐ and slow‐relaxing 1H transitions – the primary quantitative reporters of methyl axis dynamics in selectively {13CH3}‐methyl‐labelled, highly deuterated proteins. The magic‐angle‐pulse driven experiments are technically simpler and, in the absence of relaxation, predicted to be 2.3‐fold more sensitive than previously developed analogous schemes. Validation of the methodology on a sample of {13CH3}‐labeled ubiquitin demonstrates quantitative agreement between order parameters of methyl three‐fold symmetry axis obtained with magic‐angle‐pulse driven experiments and other established NMR techniques, paving the way for studies of methyl axis dynamics in human DNAJB6b chaperone, a protein that undergoes exchange with high‐molecular‐weight oligomeric species.
Analysis of 4‐fluoroamphetamine in cerumen after controlled oral application
Authors: Meier Sylvia I. , Petzel‐Witt Silvana , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred , de Sousa Fernandes Perna Elizabeth B. , Theunissen Eef L. , Ramaekers Johannes G. , Toennes Stefan W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCerumen was found to be a promising alternative specimen for the detection of drugs. In a pilot study, drugs of abuse were identified at a higher detection rate and a longer detection window in cerumen than in urine. In this study, cerumen from subjects was analyzed after they ingested the designer stimulant 4‐fluoroamphetamine (4‐FA) in a controlled manner.MethodsTwelve subjects ingested placebo and 100 mg of 4‐FA. Five of them were also given 150 mg of 4‐FA in 150 mL Royal Club bitter lemon drink at least after 7 days. Cerumen was sampled using cotton swabs at baseline, 1 h after the ingestion of the drug and at the end of the study day (12 h). After extraction with ethyl acetate followed by solid‐phase extraction, the extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).Results and discussionIn the cerumen of all 12 subjects, 4‐FA was detected 12 h after its ingestion; in most subjects, cerumen was detected after 1 h of ingestion, ranging from 0.06 to 13.90 (median 1.52) ng per swab. The detection of 4‐FA in cerumen sampled 7 days or more after the first dose suggested a long detection window of cerumen.ConclusionsCerumen can be successfully used to detect a single drug ingestion even immediately after the ingestion when a sufficient amount of cerumen is used.
A large Bayesian VAR with a block‐specific shrinkage: A forecasting application for Italian industrial production
Authors: Aprigliano Valentina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes a Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) model with the Kalman filter to forecast the Italian industrial production index in a pseudo real‐time experiment. Minnesota priors are adopted as a general framework, but a different shrinkage pattern is imposed for both the VAR coefficients and the Kalman gain, depending on the informative contribution of each variable investigated at frequency level. Both a time‐varying and a constant selection for the shrinkage are proposed.Overall, the new BVAR models significantly improve the forecasting performance in comparison with the more traditional versions based on standard Minnesota priors with a single shrinkage, equal for all the variables, and selected on the basis of some optimal criteria. Very promising results come out in terms of density forecasting as well.
The circulatory system of Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931—Lacunar function and a reconsideration of the “open vs. closed system” debate
Authors: Göpel Torben , Wirkner Christian S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe morphology of hemolymph circulatory systems has been studied in many arthropod groups over the past decades. In most cases, however, the focus of these studies has been the vascular system, while its counterpart, the lacunar system, has often been neglected. To further understanding of the interrelationships between these two complementary subsystems, we investigated both, the hemolymph vascular system and the hemolymph lacunar system, of the decapod Penaeus vannamei using 3D‐imaging techniques (micro‐computed tomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy) in combination with 3D reconstruction. Major parts of the vascular and lacunar system are described. Our insights into their morphology are used to derive functional conclusions for a model illustrating the interrelationships between the two subsystems. The morphology of and the functional interaction between the vascular and lacunar systems are discussed in the context of the debate on “open vs. closed circulatory systems.”
Retention of Gadolinium in Brain Parenchyma: Pathways for Speciation, Access, and Distribution. A Critical Review
Authors: Rasschaert Marlène , Weller Roy O. , Schroeder Josef A. , Brochhausen Christoph , Idée Jean‐Marc 
Published: April 2020

The unexpected appearance of T1 hyperintensities, mostly in the dentate nucleus and the globus pallidus, during nonenhanced MRI was reported in 2014. This effect is associated with prior repeated administrations of gadolinium (Gd)‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) in patients with a functional blood–brain barrier (BBB). It is widely assumed that GBCAs do not cross the intact BBB, but the observation of these hypersignals raises questions regarding this assumption. This review critically discusses the mechanisms of Gd accumulation in the brain with regard to access pathways, Gd species, tissue distribution, and subcellular location. We propose the hypothesis that there is early access of Gd species to cerebrospinal fluid, followed by passive diffusion into the brain parenchyma close to the cerebral ventricles. When accessing areas rich in endogenous metals or phosphorus, the less kinetically stable GBCAs would dissociate, and Gd would bind to endogenous macromolecules, and/or precipitate within the brain tissue. It is also proposed that Gd species enter the brain parenchyma along penetrating cortical arteries in periarterial pial‐glial basement membranes and leave the brain along intramural peri‐arterial drainage (IPAD) pathways. Lastly, Gd/GBCAs may access the brain parenchyma directly from the blood through the BBB in the walls of capillaries. It is crucial to distinguish between the physiological distribution and drainage pathways for GBCAs and the possible dissociation of less thermodynamically/kinetically stable GBCAs that lead to long‐term Gd deposition in the brain.Level of Evidence5.Technical Efficacy Stage3.
Response to Commentary on “The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV‐2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients”
Authors: Li Yan‐Chao , Bai Wan‐Zhu , Hashikawa Tsutomu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn a recent review, we have suggested a neuroinvasive potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and its possible role in the causation of acute respiratory failure of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients (J Med Viol doi: 10.1002/jmv.25728), based upon the clinical and experimental data available on the past SARS‐CoV‐1 and the recent SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. In this article, we provide new evidence recently reported regarding the neurotropic potential of SARS‐CoV‐2 and respond to several comments on our previously published article. In addition, we also discuss the peculiar manifestations of respiratory failure in COVID‐19 patients and the possible involvement of nervous system.
How product aesthetics cues efficacy beliefs of product performance
Authors: Sundar Aparna , Cao Edita S. , Machleit Karen A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAesthetics of package design is an important consideration when consumers make purchase decisions. We argue that this is particularly the case for purchase decision of products in the beauty category. This paper advances current understanding of the role of packaging in product purchase behavior by identifying heuristic cues exhibited in packaging (i.e., that beautiful packaging is more effective at making the consumer more beautiful). Across a pilot field study and four lab studies, we demonstrate that package aesthetics informs inferences of how well the product can perform, which, in turn, drives purchase decisions. Importantly, we show that in the presence of a diagnostic cue such as a brand name, or an explicit promise (e.g. tagline of an advertisement), this effect is attenuated and rendered irrelevant. Further, we show that this effect is rendered ineffective to a category to which beauty is irrelevant. Hence, by signaling product efficacy, the beauty‐in‐a‐bottle heuristic appears to inform purchase decisions.
Bringing nature back into cities
Authors: Mata Luis , Ramalho Cristina E. , Kennedy Jade , Parris Kirsten M. , Valentine Leonie , Miller Maddison , Bekessy Sarah , Hurley Sarrah , Cumpston Zena 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Protecting nature is a fundamental aspect of local and Indigenous cultures that has more recently become an urban sustainability goal. The benefits provided by nature to people and other species have sparked an upsurge in research exploring how best to manage existing nature in urban environments. Here we expand this focus by drawing attention to an emerging pathway of research and practice that is engaged with the idea of bringing nature back into cities (BNB).

We argue that BNB could be a vital force of the 21st century urban‐sustainability agenda. However, the enthusiasm of practitioners and policymakers for incorporating BNB objectives into local and global strategies remains uneven. As interdisciplinary scholars involved with the theory and practice of caring for urban nature, we believe that the time is ripe to present a fresh perspective on seven key areas that can unlock the potential of actions to bring nature back into cities.

Specifically, we: (a) argue that the sovereignty of local and Indigenous knowledge‐systems be acknowledged and respected; (b) contend that the choice of bringing nature back actions should be driven by inclusive decision‐making; (c) discuss advances in ecology that need to be addressed to facilitate the return of nature into cities; (d) outline how the diffusion of innovation theory may assist communication of BNB actions to stakeholders; (e) discuss how built‐environment professionals can demonstrate the value of urban infrastructure for BNB; (f) call for longitudinal research to understand, quantify and qualify the benefits of BNB actions and (g) consider solutions needed to address concerns about potential risks and disservices associated with actions to bring nature back into urban environments.

Taken together, these perspectives, and the transdisciplinary framework that emerges from them, embody theoretical innovation regarding how to bring nature back into cities and a holistic view of how to make this happen in practice. Bringing nature back into cities has the potential to become an environmentally just and culturally inclusive dimension of the 21st urban sustainability agenda upon which future generations of city‐dwellers rely.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Evaluation of Addition of Intravenous Metronidazole to Oral Vancomycin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Non‐Fulminant Severe Clostridioides difficile Infection
Authors: Vega Ana D. , Heil Emily L. , Blackman Alison L. , Banoub Mary , Kristie Johnson Jennifer , Leekha Surbhi , Claeys Kimberly C. 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundData on the impact of combination therapy (intravenous metronidazole [IV MTZ] plus oral vancomycin [PO VAN]) on clinical outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe non‐fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), including NAP1‐positive samples, are lacking.MethodsRetrospective observational cohort of adult patients who developed CDI in the ICU diagnosed with severe non‐fulminant CDI who received PO VAN. Patients with an order for IV MTZ started within 72 hours of PO VAN and who received at least 72 hours of combined therapy composed the combination therapy group. A subset of patients had stool samples collected for NAP1 testing. An additional subset was matched by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores. The primary outcome was inpatient all‐cause mortality within 30 days of CDI diagnosis.ResultsA total of 138 patients were included with 60 (43.5%) patients in the combination group. Compared with the PO VAN group, those in the combination group had higher white blood cell counts at diagnosis (15.9 [interquartile range (IQR) 10.2–21.1] vs 20.9 [IQR 16.2–29] cells/mm3, p<0.001), respectively. Overall inpatient mortality was higher in the combination group, but 30‐day mortality was not significantly different between groups (12.8% monotherapy vs 18.3% combination, p=0.371). This finding was the same for the 96 patients in the APACHE II–matched subgroup, 14.6% monotherapy versus 18.8% combination, p=0.785. NAP1 testing was completed in 42 patients; 11 were positive (26.2%). Patients who were NAP1 positive were more likely to receive IV MTZ (54.5% vs 19.4%, p=0.026).ConclusionCompared with PO VAN, combination therapy with IV MTZ was not associated with better clinical outcomes in severe non‐fulminant CDI in ICU patients.
Antifungal effects of 3‐(2‐pyridyl)methyl‐2‐(4‐chlorphenyl) iminothiazolidine against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Zhang Xianfei , Xu Jiuyong , Muhayimana Solange , Xiong Hui , Liu Xuefeng , Huang Qingchun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDSclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum threatens oilseed rape cultivation, and the emergence of fungicide‐resistant strains has led to control failures worldwide. Identifying novel chemical alternatives with different modes of action and high antifungal activities is thus crucial. Herein we evaluated the antifungal effects of 3‐(2‐pyridyl)methyl‐2‐(4‐chlorphenyl)imino‐ thiazolidine (PMAS) on S. sclerotiorum to determine its efficacy for SSR management.RESULTSPMAS had an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth; the EC50 values were 17.83 and 21.15 μg mL−1 for the carbendazim‐susceptible strain Ss01 and carbendazim‐resistant strain Hm25, respectively. PMAS treatment changed the color of inhibited mycelia to green, and the hyphae were sustained in the undifferentiated stage. Cysteine supplementation made this green color disappear, whereas methionine enhanced the color. Moreover, PMAS treatment markedly inhibited oxalic acid biogenesis, increased free thiol content in mycelia, and weakened the activities of oxaloacetase and malate dehydrogenase, but had little effect on the activity of glyoxylate dehydrogenase. Cysteine could reverse the inhibitory effects of PMAS on mycelial morphogenesis and biochemical constituents, except thiol production. In the pot‐culture experiment, PMAS showed a good protective effect, with the control efficacy being >91% on SSR.CONCLUSIONPMAS appears to be an effective fungicide for SSR management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of oxygen plasma ashing treatment on carbonate clumped isotopes
Authors: Adlan Qi , Davies Amelia J. , John Cédric M. 
Published: April 2020

RationaleFor clumped isotope analysis (Δ47), hydrocarbon and organic molecules present an important contaminant that cannot always be removed by CO2 purification through a Porapak‐Q trap. Low‐temperature oxygen plasma ashing (OPA) is a quick and easy approach for treatment; however, the impact of this treatment on the original carbonate clumped isotope values has never been fully studied.MethodsWe tested the isotopic impact of OPA using three natural samples with a large range of initial Δ47 values. Crushed and sieved (125 μm mesh) samples were placed into a Henniker Plasma HPT‐100 plasma system and treated at a flow rate of 46 mL/min and a power of 100 W at a vacuum of 0.2 mbar for 10, 20, 30 and 60 min before clumped isotope analysis using two MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometers modified to measure masses 44–49.ResultsOPA treatment for 30 min or more on calcite powder samples has the potential to alter the clumped isotopic composition of the samples beyond analytical error. A systematic positive offset is observed in all samples. The magnitude of this alteration translates to a temperature offset from known values ranging from 4°C to 13°C. We postulate that the observed positive offset in Δ47 occurs because the bonds within lighter isotopologues are preferentially broken by plasma treatment, leading to an artificial increase in the ‘clumping’ value of the sample.ConclusionsWe recommend that any laboratory performing OPA treatments should reduce the runs to 10–20 min or carry out successive runs of 10 min followed by sample stirring, as this procedure showed no alteration in the initial Δ47 values. Our results validate the use of OPA for clumped isotope applications and will allow future research to use clumped isotopes for challenging samples such as oil‐stained carbonates, bituminous shales or host rocks with very high organic carbon content.