bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the effect of nanofluids of aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide on the heat transfer of the engine cooling coil by considering the boiling phenomenon
Authors: Karimi Senejani Ali , Mehdipour Ramin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAutomotive industries are constantly seeking to produce more powerful and efficient engines. One of the factors affecting engine efficiency is the engine's temperature. Several research studies have been done to control and reduce engine temperature. The generated heat due to combustion of fuel in the engine should be cooled down to avoid engine heat up. In the present study, the cooling circuit of a real‐scale internal combustion engine is simulated using GT‐suite software along with a proposed model. Also, in this study, a model for simulating boiling and the effect of employing nanofluids as a coolant is presented. Initially, the performance of the proposed model is examined in a channel. The results show that the proposed model increases accuracy by about 20% compared with the default GT‐suit model, which ignores boiling. The simulation results show that the presence of Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids up to 2 vol% reduces the engine wall temperature by 7% and 6.7%, respectively.
Fruit consumption and the risk of bladder cancer: A pooled analysis by the Bladder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants Study
Authors: Jochems Sylvia H. J. , Reulen Raoul C. , van Osch Frits H. M. , Witlox Willem J. A. , Goossens Maria E. , Brinkman Maree , Giles Graham G. , Milne Roger L. , van den Brandt Piet A. , White Emily , Weiderpass Elisabete , Huybrechts Inge , Hémon Bertrand , Agudo Antonio , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita Bas , Cheng Kar K. , van Schooten Frederik J. , Bryan Richard T. , Wesselius Anke , Zeegers Maurice P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWhile the association between fruit consumption and bladder cancer risk has been extensively reported, studies have had inadequate statistical power to investigate associations between types of fruit and bladder cancer risk satisfactorily. Fruit consumption in relation to bladder cancer risk was investigated by pooling individual data from 13 cohort studies. Cox regression models with attained age as time scale were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for intakes of total fruit and citrus fruits, soft fruits, stone fruits, tropical fruits, pome fruits and fruit products. Analyses were stratified by sex, smoking status and bladder cancer subtype. During on average 11.2 years of follow‐up, 2836 individuals developed incident bladder cancer. Increasing fruit consumption (by 100 g/day) was inversely associated with the risk of bladder cancer in women (HR = 0.92; 95% CI 0.85‐0.99). Although in women the association with fruit consumption was most evident for higher‐risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC; HR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.56‐0.92), the test for heterogeneity by bladder cancer subtype was nonsignificant (P‐heterogeneity = .14). Increasing fruit consumption (by 100 g/day) was not associated with bladder cancer risk in men (HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.94‐1.03), never smokers (HR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.88‐1.05), former smokers (HR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.92‐1.05) or current smokers (HR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.89‐1.01). The consumption of any type of fruit was not found to be associated with bladder cancer risk (P values > .05). Our study supports no evidence that the consumption of specific types of fruit reduces the risk of bladder cancer. However, increasing total fruit consumption may reduce bladder cancer risk in women.
Hymenialdisine: A Marine Natural Product That Acts on Both Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts and Prevents Estrogen-Dependent Bone Loss in Mice
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Chen Delong , Jin Haiming , Ye Zhen , Wang Chao , Chen Kai , Kuek Vincent , Xu Ke , Qiu Heng , Chen Peng , Song Dezhi , Zhao Jinmin , Liu Qian , Davis Rohan A. , Song Fangming , Xu Jiake 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Excessive osteoclast (OC) activity together with relatively weak osteoblast (OB) function are strongly connected to osteolytic diseases, including osteoporosis, tumor-induced osteolysis, and inflammatory bone erosion. Very few natural products or compounds have been shown to exert therapeutic effects on both OCs and OBs, limiting the potential development of natural compounds for clinical application. Hymenialdisine (HMD) is a marine sponge–derived natural inhibitor of protein kinases with previously reported anti-osteoarthritis and anti-cancer properties. However, the roles of HMD in OCs, OBs, and osteoporosis have not yet been well established. Here, we found that HMD not only suppressed osteoclastogenesis but also promoted OB differentiation. HMD exerted dose-dependent inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced OC formation, bone resorption, and OC-specific gene expression. These strong inhibitory effects were achieved by blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, and NFATc1 expression. In addition, HMD potentially stimulated OB differentiation by activating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and enhancing OB matrix mineralization. We found that HMD can activate the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β)/β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) signaling pathway to upregulate Runx-2 expression, the main transcription factor in this pathway. Increased expression of Runx-2 was also correlated with expression of the OB-specific genes Col1a1 and osteocalcin (Ocn). Furthermore, we also evaluated the therapeutic potential of HMD in a female C57BL/6j mouse model of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced systematic bone loss. HMD showed a remarkable ability to prevent decreases in bone volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th). In summary, HMD exerts notable effects in inhibiting OC-related osteolysis and enhancing OB-induced ossification, suggesting the potential application of HMD in osteoporosis treatment. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Women's Health Initiative: A Landmark Resource for Skeletal Research Since 1992
Authors: Cauley Jane A , Crandall Carolyn 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is a large longitudinal study designed to investigate strategies for the prevention and control of common chronic diseases in postmenopausal women, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporotic fractures. The WHI consisted of three overlapping clinical trials of hormone therapy, diet modification to reduce total dietary fat, and calcium/vitamin D supplementation. Women who were ineligible for the hormone therapy or diet modification trials or not interested were invited to participate in the observational study. Women were recruited into WHI from 1993 to 1998 at 40 US clinical centers. WHI enrolled 26,046 underrepresented minority women and 135,762 white women. Women could participate in each trial if eligible. The final enrollment included 27,347 women in the hormone trial; 48,835 women in the diet modification trial; 36,282 women in the calcium/vitamin D trial, and 93,676 in the observational study. After the main study ended in 2005, women were invited to continue follow-up for exposures and outcomes through two extensions to 2020. Proposals were recently submitted to continue follow-up through 2027. Information was collected on an extensive number of risk factors for fractures at baseline and over the follow-up, including fall and fracture history, weight patterns, comorbidities, diet, reproductive history, medications, anthropometry, and biomarkers. Bone mineral density was measured at three WHI clinical centers (n = 11,020) chosen to maximize race/ethnic diversity. WHI encourages outside investigators to make use of the publicly available WHI data and to access the biobank of specimens (www.whi.org). © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Chromatic roots at 2 and the Beraha number B10
Authors: Harvey Daniel J. , Royle Gordon F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBy the construction of suitable graphs and the determination of their chromatic polynomials, we resolve two open questions concerning real chromatic roots. First we exhibit graphs for which the Beraha number is a chromatic root. As it was previously known that no other noninteger Beraha number is a chromatic root, this completes the determination of precisely which Beraha numbers can be chromatic roots. Next we construct an infinite family of 3‐connected graphs such that for any , there is a member of the family with as a chromatic root of multiplicity at least . The former resolves a question of Salas and Sokal and the latter a question of Dong and Koh.
New fused pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives; heterocyclic styling, synthesis, molecular docking and anticancer evaluation
Authors: Hassan A.Y. , Saleh N.M. , Kadh Mona. S. , Abou‐Amra E.S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNovel pyrazolopyrimidines and their fused derivatives derived from aminopyrazole moiety as pyrazoloquinazoline, chromenopyrazolopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidopyrimidine, pyrazolopyrimidotriazepine and benzoimidazopyrazolopyrimidine were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activities. Twenty of the synthesized compounds were tested by the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) at a single high dose (10‐5 M). It was found that 5‐amino‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile derivative, pyrazolo[5,1‐b]quinazoline‐11‐carbonitrile derivative and 1‐amino‐2,4‐dihydro‐5H‐benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐c]pyrazolo[4,3‐e]pyrimidin‐5‐one were own widely selective powerful anticancer activity towards certain cancer cell lines and this also proved through docking studies with cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) enzyme.
A Perspective on MR Fingerprinting
Authors: Assländer Jakob 
Published: April 2020

This article reviews the basic concept of MR fingerprinting (MRF) with the goal of highlighting MRF's key contributions, putting them in the context of other quantitative MRI literature, and refining MRF's terminology. The article discusses the robustness and flexibility of MRF's signature dictionary‐matching reconstruction along with more advanced MRF reconstructions. A key feature of MRF is the lack of assumptions about the signal evolution, which gives scientists the flexibility to tailor sequences for their needs. The article argues that the concept of unique fingerprints does not capture the requirements for successful parameter mapping and that an analysis of the signal's derivatives with respect to biophysical parameters, such as relaxation times, is more informative, as it allows one to evaluate the efficiency of a pulse sequence. The article points at the source of MRF's efficiency, namely, flip angle variations at the time scale of the relaxation times, and reveals that MRF's advantages are strongest at long scan times, as required for 3D imaging. Further, it outlines how MRF's flexibility can be used to design mutually tailored pulse sequences and biophysical models with the goal of improving the reproducibility of parameter mapping biological tissue.Level of Evidence5Technical Efficacy Stage1
Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry: A rapid approach for the assay of parabens in cosmetics and drugs
Authors: Bartella Lucia , Di Donna Leonardo , Napoli Anna , Sindona Giovanni , Mazzotti Fabio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA fast methodology for the assay of parabens in drug and cosmetic preparations has been presented. The procedure developed is based on paper spray tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution approach. For each investigated paraben, the corresponding labeled standard has been used in order to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of the analyses. The MS experiments have been performed under MRM conditions, monitoring the transitions [M‐H]− → m/z 92 and [M‐H]− → m/z 98, respectively, for each analyte and the corresponding labeled internal standard. The quantitative assay has been performed using a calibration curve built from 2 to 15 mg/L. The method accuracy, in all case near 100%, was evaluated using fortified samples at two concentration levels, which are representative of the lower and the higher portion of calibration curve. The good values of LOQ, LOD, and reproducibility confirm the consistency of the developed approach.
Accuracy of quantitative HIV‐1 RNA test methods at 1000 copies/mL and the potential impact of differences in assay calibration on therapy monitoring of patients
Authors: Lelie Nico , van Drimmelen Harry 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the clinical use of a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) viral load (VL) threshold level of 1000 copies (cp)/mL in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to distinguish between viral control (VL < 1000 cp/mL) and viral failure or poor adherence (VL > 1000 cp/mL). The accuracy of five quantitative HIV‐1 RNA assays at this level was compared by replicate testing (n = 24) of 1000 cp/mL samples prepared from the Viral Quality Control (VQC) HIV‐1 subtype B standard, which is in use for validation of nucleic acid testing methods since 1995. Until 2004 the VL assays reported geometric mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) values ranging between 449 (188‐1067) and 3162 (3057‐2367) cp/mL when using the Siemens bDNA 3.0 assay as reference method for an assigned value of 1000 (962‐1038) cp/mL. In 2018, the following values (95% CI) were found by 24 replicate tests in each of the VL assays on the 1000 cp/mL samples: Abbott RealTime 1084 (784‐1572), BioMerieux EasyQ 1110 (533‐2230), Roche CAP/CTM 1277 (892‐1828), Hologic Aptima 1616 (1324‐1973), and Cepheid GeneXpert 2502 (1713‐3655) cp/mL. Calibration studies involving three consecutive WHO replacement standards showed a significant drift in the amount of RNA copies per International Unit overtime. Heat inactivation of HIV‐1 standards was found to cause a destandardizing effect. Our study underlines the limitations in HIV‐1 RNA assay calibration based on frequently replaced WHO international standards. It is therefore proposed that clinicians interpret the recommended 1000 cp/mL alert level in therapy monitoring with an inaccuracy range of 500 to 2000 cp/mL.
Investigating the role of culture conditions on hypertrophic differentiation in human cartilage endplate cells
Authors: Lakstins Katherine , Yeater Taylor , Arnold Lauren , Khan Safdar , Hoyland Judith A. , Purmessur Devina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCartilage endplate degeneration/calcification has been linked to the onset and progression of intervertebral disc degeneration and there is a critical need to understand mechanisms, such as hypertrophic differentiation, of cartilage endplate degeneration/calcification to inform treatment strategies for discogenic back pain. In vitro cell culture conditions capable of inducing hypertrophic differentiation are used to study pathophysiological mechanisms in articular chondrocytes, but culture conditions capable of inducing a hypertrophic cartilage endplate cell phenotype have yet to be explored. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of culture conditions capable of inducing hypertrophic differentiation in articular chondrocytes on hypertrophic differentiation in human cartilage endplate cells. Isolated human cartilage endplate cells were cultured as pellets for 21 days at either 5% O2 (physiologic for cartilage) or 20.7% O2 (hyperoxic) and treated with 10% fetal bovine serum or Wnt agonist, two stimuli used to induce hypertrophic differentiation in articular chondrocytes. Cartilage endplate cells did not exhibit a hypertrophic cell morphology in response to fetal bovine serum or Wnt agonist but did display other hallmarks of chondrocyte hypertrophy and degeneration such as hypertrophic gene and protein expression, and a decrease in healthy proteoglycans and an increase in fibrous collagen accumulation. These findings demonstrate that cartilage endplate cells take on a degenerative phenotype in response to hypertrophic stimuli in vitro, but do not undergo classical changes in morphology associated with hypertrophic differentiation regardless of oxygen levels, highlighting potential differences in the response of cartilage endplate cells versus articular chondrocytes to the same stimuli.
The effect of root hairs on rhizosphere phosphatase activity
Authors: Holz Maire , Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Carminati Andrea , Becker Joscha N. , Spohn Marie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Phosphatases in soil are of great importance for plant P acquisition. It is hypothesized that root hairs increase rhizosphere phosphatase activity as they release enzymes into soil and stimulate microbial activity.
Methods: To test the effect of root hairs on soil phosphatase activity, we grew barley (Hordeum vulgare ‘Pallas') wild type and its root‐hairless mutant in rhizoboxes and determined phosphatase activity using soil zymography. Measurements were done at three moisture levels (30, 15, and 5% VWC). Rhizosphere phosphatase activity was estimated for the two genotypes and two locations along the root [root tip region (0–4 cm behind tip) and mature roots (> 7 cm behind tip)].
Results: Rhizosphere phosphatase activity was similar in the two locations along the root (root tip region vs. mature root parts). In contrast, rhizosphere phosphatase extension was two times larger for the root tip region of the wild type than for the mutant at 30% and 15% VWC. However, as phosphatase activities at the root surface of tips and mature root parts were slightly higher for the mutant than for the wild type, average enzyme activities were unaffected by the genotype.
Conclusions: We conclude that the mutant seems to compensate for the lack of root hairs by increased phosphatase activity close to the root surface. However, the increased rhizosphere phosphatase extension for the wild type may be equally efficient as it allows P mobilization and uptake from large soil volumes.
Impact of proactive pharmacist‐assisted warfarin management using an electronic medication management system in Australian hospitalised patients
Authors: Tyedin Alison E. , Taylor Simone E. , Than Jenny , Al‐Alawi Rania , O’Halloran Emily , Chau Anh‐Hoang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate whether pharmacist‐assisted electronic warfarin charting and monitoring reduces warfarin‐related errors and improves post‐discharge continuum of care.MethodCardiology and medical patients admitted for at least 24 h and prescribed at least one warfarin dose were included in a pre/post‐intervention study. The intervention involved pharmacists proactively charting warfarin and ordering international normalised ratios (INRs) using electronic prescribing software, following discussion with medical doctors. Endpoints included: percentage of patients with one or more warfarin errors, INR > 5.0 during admission, readmission within 30 days for anticoagulant‐related issues and warfarin discharge plan (WDP) completeness (including documentation of next dose/s, and when and where the next INR was to be checked).ResultsPre‐ and post‐intervention groups comprised 130 and 108 patients, respectively. Post‐intervention, more patients received warfarin following heart valve replacement and fewer for venous thromboembolism. Post‐intervention, pharmacists ordered 130 doses (72 patients) and 98 INRs (59 patients). Percentage of patients with one or more warfarin errors declined from 27.7 to 7.4% (p < 0.01), with INR> 5.0 decreased from 7.7 to 2.8% (p = 0.17) and readmission within 30 days for anticoagulation problems occurred in 4 and 0 cases pre‐ and post‐intervention, respectively. While there was a non‐significant decline in the proportion of patients with a WDP post‐intervention, when patients had a WDP it was more comprehensively completed (p < 0.01).ConclusionPharmacists proactively charting and monitoring warfarin reduced warfarin‐related errors during hospitalisation and improved elements of post‐discharge communication. Closer multi‐disciplinary communication and 7‐day pharmacy services may result in further continuum of care improvements.
Patient satisfaction with a hospital adverse drug reaction reporting system
Authors: Scott Matthew W. , McDonough Michael , Wong Grace O. , Summers Richard , Spark Marion Joy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate patients' satisfaction with the adverse drug reactions (ADR) warning card model used within a metropolitan hospital network in Melbourne, Australia.Methods and ResultsA cross‐sectional survey, with interviewer‐administered questionnaire, of patients who experienced an ADR was conducted. Of the 241 eligible cases reviewed by the adverse drug reaction committee between January 2013 and April 2016, 45% (108) consented to a phone interview with 82% (89) recalling the ADR event. Of these, 55% (49) recalled receiving a temporary ADR warning card and 73% (65) remembered receiving a permanent ADR warning card post‐discharge. The ADR warning card was carried by 75% (67) of participants. It was found that 85% (76) had informed their doctor of the ADR while 40% (36) had informed their regular community pharmacist. Overall satisfaction was high with 89% (79) agreeing that this ADR service was valuable to them.ConclusionOverall, there was a high level of satisfaction, which supports the ADR warning card model as a model of care for patients who experience ADRs. In addition to informing the patient and their general practitioner about ADRs, consideration should be given to routinely informing their community pharmacists.
Disturbance Caused by Aerial Waterfowl Surveys During the Nonbreeding Season
Authors: Gilbert Andrew D. , Jacques Christopher N. , Lancaster Joseph D. , Yetter Aaron P. , Hagy Heath M. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTAerial surveys flown at low altitudes allow detection, identification, and enumeration of waterfowl and other waterbirds, but few studies have assessed disturbance to these guilds during the nonbreeding period. Excessive disturbance can potentially increase energy expenditure and exposure to hunting mortality contrary to objectives of many waterfowl sanctuaries where surveys are conducted. We used concurrent ground and aerial surveys to estimate the proportion of waterfowl and other waterbirds that exhibited a noticeable reaction (i.e., disturbance) or left the survey area entirely (i.e., abandonment) during low‐altitude (i.e., 60–90 m above ground level) aerial surveys during September through January 2014–2017 in Illinois, USA. Overall, disturbance and abandonment probabilities of waterfowl (x̄ = 14 ± 2% [SE] and x̄ = 3 ± 1%, respectively) during aerial surveys were low. However, disturbance and abandonment probabilities varied considerably among taxa (e.g., American coot [Fulica americana] x̄ = 2 ± 1% and x̄ = 0 ± 0%, respectively; killdeer [Charadrius vociferus] x̄ = 92 ± 8% and x̄ = 17 ± 17%, respectively). Additionally, disturbance and abandonment probabilities of light geese (i.e., snow goose [Chen caerulescens] and Ross's goose [C. rossii]) and greater white‐fronted geese (Anser albifrons) were relatively high, and nearly all light geese abandoned a survey location as a result of the aerial survey. Among waterfowl taxa, the odds of disturbance from the survey aircraft were 2.2–6.2 times greater at locations closed to waterfowl hunting than locations open to waterfowl hunting. Temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover were not important predictors of disturbance for most guilds, except for a negative influence of temperature on disturbance of geese. Low‐altitude aerial surveys were not a significant source of disturbance for many taxa and abandonment events were rare, except events involving light geese. Periodic low‐altitude aerial surveys appear to be compatible with objectives of providing sanctuary conditions for most waterfowl and other waterbirds. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.