bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory Reactivation during Learning Simultaneously Promotes Dentate Gyrus/CA2,3Pattern Differentiation and CA1Memory Integration
Authors: Molitor Robert J. , Sherrill Katherine R. , Morton Neal W. , Miller Alexandra A. , Preston Alison R. 
Published: November 2020

Events that overlap with previous experience may trigger reactivation of existing memories. However, such reactivation may have different representational consequences within the hippocampal circuit. Computational theories of hippocampal function suggest that dentate gyrus and CA2,3(DG/CA2,3) are biased to differentiate highly similar memories, whereas CA1may integrate related events by representing them with overlapping neural codes. Here, we tested whether the formation of differentiated or integrated representations in hippocampal subfields depends on the strength of memory reactivation during learning. Human participants of both sexes learned associations (AB pairs, either face-shape or scene-shape), and then underwent fMRI scanning while they encoded overlapping associations (BC shape-object pairs). Both before and after learning, participants were also scanned while viewing indirectly related elements of the overlapping memories (A and C images) in isolation. We used multivariate pattern analyses to measure reactivation of initial pair memories (A items) during overlapping pair (BC) learning, as well as learning-related representational change for indirectly related memory elements in hippocampal subfields. When prior memories were strongly reactivated during overlapping pair encoding, DG/CA2,3and subiculum representations for indirectly related images (A and C) became less similar, consistent with pattern differentiation. Simultaneously, memory reactivation during new learning promoted integration in CA1, where representations for indirectly related memory elements became more similar after learning. Furthermore, memory reactivation and subiculum representation predicted faster and more accurate inference (AC) decisions. These data show that reactivation of related memories during new learning leads to dissociable coding strategies in hippocampal subfields, in line with computational theories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe flexibility of episodic memory allows us to remember both the details that differentiate similar events and the commonalities among them. Here, we tested how reactivation of past experience during new learning promotes formation of neural representations that might serve these two memory functions. We found that memory reactivation during learning promoted formation of differentiated representations for overlapping memories in the dentate gyrus/CA2,3and subiculum subfields of the hippocampus, while simultaneously leading to the formation of integrated representations of related events in subfield CA1. Furthermore, memory reactivation and subiculum representation predicted success when inferring indirect relationships among events. These findings indicate that memory reactivation is an important learning signal that influences how overlapping events are represented within the hippocampal circuit.
Factores que dificultan el aprendizaje de la filosofía en los estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Rangel Díaz Gabriela 
Published: November 2020

This investigative work aims at identifying the factors that hinder Philosophy learning in students from Universidad Teológica de América Central (UTAC). This study was conducted with the participation of eighteen students (mostly foreign) and seven faculty from the School of Philosophy; two focus groups with the students were done, and in-depth interviews were carried out with the faculty. All the students were male belonging to different religious congregations. The findings show the main cultural, reading comprehension, course failure, educational system provenance, pedagogical, and personal factors that hinder Philosophy learning from the perspective of both university faculty and students.
Pengendali PID pada Motor DC dan Tuning Menggunakan Metode Differential Evolution (DE)
Authors: Anggraini Siti Fatimah , Ma'arif Alfian , Puriyanto Riky Dwi 
Published: November 2020

Penggunaan PID controller pada sistem industri sangat umum digunakan dalam menentukan kepresisian suatu feedback yang diberikan dengan keluaran sesuai dengan keinginan pengguna. Namun pada umumnya optimalisasi masih menggunakan cara manual yaitu trial dan error pada tuning gain terhadap nilai Kp, Ki, dan Kd. Kendala tersebut dapat diatasi dengan melakukan pendekatan fungsi dan mengaplikasikan nilai tuning dengan metode Diferensial Evolusi. Penggunaaan tuning PID pada implementasinya menggunakan motor DC untuk menentukan kecepatan putar motor dengan keluaran yang stabil. Hasil yang didapatkan berupa sinyal keluaran atau respon sistem terhadap putaran motor DC dengan menampilkan nilai risetime, settlingtime, dan overshoot. Pengoptimalan nilai dilakukan dengan pencarian nilai terbaik pada setiap iterasi dan diaplikasikan sebagai tuning Kp, Ki, dan Kd tanpa harus melakukan cara manual. Hasil pengujian parameter Diferensial Evolusi menunjukkan efesiensi pengoptimalan tuning dan memberikan hasil keluaran yang baik dengan implementasinya terhadap plan hardware motor DC. The use of PID in industrial systems is very commonly used in determining the optimal accuracy of the output. However, several studies still uses manual methods for the optimization, namely trial and error on tuning gain with values of Kp, Ki, and Kd. This problem could be overcome applying the tuning value with the Evolution Differential method. The use of PID tuning in its implementation in this study uses a DC motor to determine the rotational speed of the motor with a stable output. Based on the results, we can see the value of rise time, settling time, and overshoot based on an output signals. The optimization was done by finding the best value in iteration and applying it as Kp, Ki, and Kd tuning without having to do the manual method. The results of testing the Differential Evolution parameters show the efficiency of tuning optimization and provide good output with the implementation of the DC motor hardware plan.
Effects of Secondary Sources of Underground Nuclear Explosions on the mb : Ms Criterion and Implications for Discrimination of the DPRK’s Nuclear Tests
Authors: Xu Henglei , Ni Sidao , Jin Ping , Ding Shiban , Wang Hongchun 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe mb :  Ms (mb vs. Ms) relationship is an important criterion for screening explosions from earthquakes and has been widely adopted in seismological monitoring by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. In general, the earthquakes have larger Ms than the underground explosions with equivalent mb. However, it has been reported that this recognition criterion failed to identify some explosions at the North Korea nuclear test site. In this study, we investigate the potential effects of secondary source components, including the compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) and double-couple (DC) sources, on mb and Ms magnitude measurements and the physical mechanism of the mb :  Ms recognition criterion by calculating synthetic seismograms. The results show an apparent critical body-wave magnitude of 5 when using the mb :  Ms method to discriminate North Korean underground nuclear explosions. The Ms measurements decrease as the CLVD components increase, whereas the effects from the DC source can be neglected. Small events, such as the first five North Korean nuclear tests, generate weak CLVD components, leading to the failure of mb :  Ms-based discrimination, whereas the last event, with a larger magnitude, caused extensive damage and hence can be successfully discriminated. In addition, the large difference between the source spectrum of explosions and those of earthquakes might be another important factor in the successful mb :  Ms-based discrimination of the sixth North Korean nuclear test.
Multisegment Rupture Hazard Modeling along the Xianshuihe Fault Zone, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Cheng Jia , Chartier Thomas , Xu Xiwei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Xianshuihe fault is a remarkable strike-slip fault characterized by high slip rate (∼10  mm/yr) and frequent strong historical earthquakes. The potential for future large earthquakes on this fault is enhanced by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Previous works gave little attention to the probabilities of multisegment ruptures on the Xianshuihe fault. In this study, we build five possible multisegment rupture combination models for the Xianshuihe fault. The fault slip rates and historical earthquakes are used as input constraints to model the future seismicity on the fault segments and test whether the rupture combination models are appropriate. The segment combination model, based essentially on historical ruptures, has produced the seismicity rates most consistent with the historical records, although the model with ruptures on both the entire northern section and southern section should also be considered. The peak ground acceleration values with a return period of 475 yr calculated using the modeled rates on the Xianshuihe fault for both two models are on average larger than the values of the China Seismic Ground Motion Parameters Zonation Map.
A Computational Tool for Ground-Motion Simulations Incorporating Regional Crustal Conditions
Authors: Tang Yuxiang , Lam Nelson , Tsang Hing-Ho 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article introduces a computational tool, namely ground-motion simulation system (GMSS), for generating synthetic accelerograms based on stochastic simulations. The distinctive feature of GMSS is that it has two independently developed upper-crustal models (expressed in the form of shear-wave velocity profiles), which have been built into the program for deriving the frequency-dependent crustal factors, and one of these models was originally developed by the authors. GMSS also has provisions to allow the user to specify their own preferred crustal profile. Sufficient details of both crustal models (forming part of the seismological model) and the accelerogram simulation methodology are presented herein in one article, to allow any person who has programming skills (on a user-friendly platform such as MATLAB, see Data and Resources), to develop their computational tools to implement any further innovations in crustal modeling for direct engineering applications. Crustal properties deep into bedrock can only be accounted for implicitly by conventional ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) as much depends on the region where the ground motion was recorded. This limitation of existing GMPEs poses a challenge to engineering in regions that are not well represented by any strong-motion database. Toward the end of this article, readers are enlightened with the potential transdisciplinary utility of using GMSS, to facilitate the retrieval and scaling of accelerograms sourced from a database of real earthquake records through the construction of a conditional mean spectrum.
Dead Sea Earthquake-Source Scaling Using Masada Deep Borehole Data
Authors: Hofstetter Abraham , Malin Peter , Ben-Avarahm Zvi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe low-noise environment in the Masada deep borehole (MDBI), an abandoned oil well on the western shore of the Dead Sea rift, allows the recordings of many small-magnitude earthquakes. MDBI has a 2 Hz triaxial seismometer installed at a depth of 1256 m below ground and 1516 m below sea level. We used MDBI P- and S-wave data and the general source relationship u(f)=u(0)e−(πft/Q)/[1+(f/f0)2y]1y, in which f0 is corner frequency and 1&lt;y&lt;2, to estimate source parameters for 1031 earthquakes along the Dead Sea fault. The seismic moments, corner frequencies, and source radii as determined by this model show a complete breakdown in earthquake scaling. The spectra of many small earthquakes are characterized by drop-offs of roughly f−2. Q0(P) and Q0(S) increase with event distances up to ∼25  km, beyond which they are ∼1510 and 2285 for p=1 and ∼2040 and 2985 for p=2. For these two end members, the ratio Q0(S)/Q0(P) for distances of 20–150 km has values ranging between 1.3 and 1.4. At shorter distances, this ratio is somewhat higher, indicating that P waves attenuate faster than S waves. The energy versus seismic moment results shows no azimuthal dependence, implying that it is a valid measure of source strength. For the end-member models, this relationship follows E∝M01.35 and E∝M01.49 for the P and S waves, respectively.
KEYPOINT DETECTOR RETRAINING TECHNIQUES FOR THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF SIGN LANGUAGE SPEAKERS
Authors: CHAGANAVA Guram , KAKULİA David 
Published: November 2020

The study described in this article examines the approaches of retraining of the deep learning model for hand palm keypoint detection in images. This is one of the studies conducted to create an innovative communication system for sign language speakers. The target of the given study is to find an optimal technique of retraining for increasing the degree of the keypoint detector generalization. So, it must be able to accurately detect keypoints in images it has not seen during training. It will make the communication system usable in real-life conditions.
In the article, there are reviewed three approaches of retraining: Retraining in series, retraining using ‘united’ dataset and retraining using mixed datasets. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of each of them. The paper presents the results of the experiments and a relatively optimal method selected among them.
Versatility of the inferiorly based nasolabial flap for reconstruction in early oral cancer patients: Our experience in a tertiary cancer centre
Authors: Chandraiah Rajani Bejjihalli , Hoda Nadimul , Ghosh Subhabrata , Sabitha K. S. , Nathani Jayesh , Bhattiprolu Vasantha Dhara 
Published: November 2020

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The nasolabial flap is a simple, yet efficient method of soft tissue reconstruction with a very reliable blood supply which can be used to reconstruct soft tissue defects of various parts of the oral cavity. Aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the inferiorly based nasolabial flaps for reconstruction in early oral cancer patients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 28 patients with T1 or T2 malignant lesions of the oral cavity were studied retrospectively who underwent reconstructions using the inferiorly based nasolabial flap. Flap viability, wound problems, infections, function, scar and recurrence were noted post-operatively for all the patients included in the study. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months after the surgery. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The nasolabial flap was used to reconstruct defects of buccal mucosa, oral commissure, lower lip, lateral border of the tongue, hard palate and the floor of the mouth. The flap was viable in all patients with no recurrences. Cosmetic and functional outcomes were good. However few patients developed minor complications like post-operative trismus, severe wound contracture, ectropion and infection and wound dehiscence. Intra oral hair growth over the flap used were one of the main problems in the majority of male patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>If proper attention is given to flap designing, operative technique and post-operative management, the NLF is a viable and versatile option for reconstruction of small to intermediate defects of the oral cavity created post ablation of early tumors of the oral cavity.</p>
Bilateral facial palsy in an adult with chickenpox
Authors: Wong Arthur , Kulasegarah Jeyanthi 
Published: November 2020

<p class="abstract">Chickenpox is a result of primary infection with varicella zoster virus. Isolated facial nerve palsy as a complication is rare, and here we report an extraordinary case of bilateral facial nerve palsy following chickenpox in an adult. A 55-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a day’s history of facial weakness. He had recently contracted chickenpox with an onset 16 days prior. Physical examination noted crusted vesicles all over the body and a bilateral facial palsy. There were no clinical signs of meningitis or cerebrovascular accident. He was managed with a short course of oral aciclovir and prednisolone and recovered fully after a month. Presentations of facial nerve palsy in chickenpox are rare and should be differentiated from Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Prognosis is relatively good with the majority of known cases seeing complete facial nerve recovery within 6 months. </p>
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) for the anaesthesiologist
Authors: Valecha Umesh Kumar , Vohra Vijay Kumar , Patil Rajendrasingh , Kulkarni Satish , Shastri Naman 
Published: November 2020

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol consists of entire spectrum of pre, intra and post-operative designed to enhance patient outcomes. Since its first introduction for major abdominal surgery in the 1990’s, ERAS protocols have been successfully used extensively in many countries in several major surgical procedures. When effectively implemented, ERAS resulted in reduction in hospitalization, improvement in satisfaction of the patients, and reduction in complication rate without an increase in re-admissions. Implementation of ERAS in India has also positively affected the patient experience and led to efficient utilization of valuable hospital resources.Many of the ERAS components are linked to the anaesthesia team. Anaesthesiologists help in preparing anaesthesia, they also ascertain the fasting regime in preoperative period, assess premedication, and introduce prophylaxis for post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Intraoperatively, they introduce low sodium fluid therapy, help in preventing hypothermia, and utilize short acting drugs. They also help in important decision making during postoperative analgesia. An anaesthesiologist role is foremost important in the implementation of ERAS protocol. The article aims to discuss the various components of ERAS and the role of anaesthesiologist in implementing them.
Anticipating difficult tracheal intubation by observing Modified Mallampati Grade, Thyromental Distance and Upper Lip Bite Test. A prospective observational study
Authors: Dhanalakshmi S Kalyani Surya , Sudhamala Pavani , Ramachandran Gopinath 
Published: November 2020

Diagnostic accuracy of various difficult airway predictors in anticipating difficult intubation have been studied in literature. To identify the best combination of bedside difficult airway tests in anticipating difficult intubation.In this study 200 patients between the ages18 -70 years, of American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade I II, posted for elective surgeries under general anaesthesia with intubation were enrolled. Modified Mallampati Grade, Thyromental Distance, Upper Lip Bite Test were noted on airway examination. Intubation difficulty during general anaesthesia was assessed by observing Cormack Lehane Grade, number of intubation attempts, use of external laryngeal pressure, Gum elastic bougie. Airway parameters of 200 patients were analysed in SPSS 20 software for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values in individual tests and in various combinations with each other.: Among 200 patients, incidence of difficult intubation was 7% (14 patients). Patients needing two or more attempts for intubation, gum elastic bougie, external laryngeal pressure were five, eight and 30 respectively. Modified Mallampati Grade had sensitivity 64.3%, specificity 79%. Upper lip bite test had sensitivity 71.4%, specificity 41.9%. Combination of Modified Mallampati Grade with Upper Lip Bite Test had sensitivity 64.3%, specificity 84.9%, positive predictive value 80.9% which were statistically significant. Modified Mallampati Grade, Upper Lip Bite test individually and as combination have better diagnostic value, compared to other airway parameters, in predicting difficult intubation.
A comparison of dexmedetomidine and clonidine premedication in perioperative hemodynamic stability and postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Prakashi Shashi , Sharma Shreya , Madia Mandeep M H , Sharma Vivek , Chandramani  
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to compare dexmedetomidine and clonidine premedication in perioperative hemodynamic stability and postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.An observational study was conducted in Sir Sunderlal hospital, Banaras Hindu University. The study included ASA I-II patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery. Patients undergoing general anaesthesia were included in the study. The control group received iv fentanyl, while patients in one experimental group received iv clonidine 1mcg/kg over 15 minutes, 30 minutes before and in another group received iv dexmedetomidine 1mcg/kg over 15 minutes, 30 minutes before the surgery. Heart Rate, SBP, MAP, DBP, ETCO, PCO and Post-Operative Analgesia were compared for the 3 groups. Results were given as mean ± SD. Data collected were analysed using Student’s t-test. Differences were considered statistically significant if P values were &#60;0.05.A total of 90 patients were included and 30 patients each were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups. Patients who received dexmedetomidine had better haemodynamic control and post-operative analgesia. Patients who received clonidine had better haemodynamic control than control group but not better than the group who received dexmedetomidine.We conclude that Alpha 2 agonists specially dexmedetomidine produce diverse responses including analgesia, anxiolysis, sedation and sympatholysis.
Effectiveness of low dose epidural magnesium sulphate in labour analgesia
Authors: Sinha Smriti , Zachariah Varghese K , P Priya , Kakkar Rolly , Kumar Avinash 
Published: November 2020

Magnesium sulphate is common adjuvant in central neuraxial blocks because of its analgesic action due to antagonistic action on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. It has been earlier used as epidural adjuvant in labour analgesia in dose of 50 mg. In current study magnesium sulphate was used epidurally in 25 mg dose and its effectiveness was assessed. The current randomized control trial, double blind study was conducted in 100 parturients, divided in group M and C with 50 in each. All the parturient received 15 microgm of fentanyl intrathecally and bolus dose of 8ml 0.1% bupivacaine epidurally followed by epidural infusion of 0.1% bupivacaine at rate of 8ml/hr. In addition to above, group M received 50mg of magnesium sulphate epidurally and group C received volume adjusted sterile saline. The pilot study conducted on 5 parturients, all parturients in group M developed motor block, which was attributed to magnesium sulphate so the dose of it decreased to 25 mg. The synergistic action of magnesium sulphate was evaluated by pain assessment by Visual analogue scale and number of breakthrough pain. The faster onset of analgesia and better pain relief was found in group M. The breakthrough pain was less in group M in both stage 1 and stage 2 of labour. The duration of labour, incidence of instrumentation, need of caesarean section and neonatal outcome were comparable in both the groups.Magnesium sulphate is an effective epidural adjuvant in labour analgesia even in 25mg dose without any adverse effect.