bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the microstructure, microsegregation, and phase composition of ex-situ Fe–Ni–Cr–Al–Mo–TiCp composites fabricated by three-dimensional plasma metal deposition on 10CrMo9–10 steel
Authors: Rakoczy Łukasz , Hoefer Kevin , Grudzień-Rakoczy Małgorzata , Rutkowski Bogdan , Goły Marcin , Auerbach Torsten , Cygan Rafał , Abstoss Kevin Gordon , Zielińska-Lipiec Anna , Mayr Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractQuaternary powder mixtures yNi–20Cr–1.5Al–xTiCp (y = 78.5, 73.5, 68.5; x = 0, 5, 10) were deposited on ferritic 10CrMo9–10 steel to form on plates ex-situ composite coatings with austenitic-based matrix. Plasma deposition was carried out with various parameters to obtain eight variants. The microstructure, chemical composition, phase constitution, phase transformation temperatures, and microhardness of the two reference TiCp-free coatings and six ex-situ composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermodynamic simulation, and Vickers microhardness measurements. All composites had an austenite matrix with lattice parameter a = 3.5891–3.6062 Å, calculated according to the Nelson–Riley extrapolation. Microstructural observations revealed irregular distribution of TiCp in the composites. Large particles generally occurred near the external surface due to the acting buoyancy effect, whereas in the interior smaller particles, with an equivalent radius around 0.2–0.6 μm, were present. Due to initial differences in the chemical composition of powder mixtures and also subsequent intensive mixing with the low-alloy steel in the liquid pool, the matrix of the composites was characterized by various chemical compositions with a dominating iron concentration. Interaction of TiCp with matrix during deposition led to the formation of nano-precipitates of M23C6 carbides at the interfaces. Based on the ThermoCalc simulation, the highest solidus and liquidus temperatures of the matrix were calculated to be for the composite fabricated by deposition of 73.5Ni–20Cr–1.5Al–5TiCp powder mixture at I = 130 A. The mean microhardness of the TiCp-free coatings was in the range 138–146 μHV0.1, whereas composites had hardnesses at least 50% higher, depending on the initial content of TiCp.
Disparities in the enrollment to systemic therapy and survival for patients with multiple myeloma ☆
Authors: Jayakrishnan Thejus T. , Bakalov Veli , Chahine Zena , Lister John , Wegner Rodney E. , Sadashiv Santhosh 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Disparities driven by socioeconomic factors have been shown to impact outcomes for cancer patients. We sought to explore this relationship among patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who were not considered for hematopoietic stem cell transplant in the first-line setting and how it varied over time.

Methods:
We queried the National Cancer Database for patients diagnosed with MM between 2004 and 2016 and included only those who received systemic therapy as the first-line treatment. Enrollment rates for therapy were calculated as receipt of systemic therapy as the incident event of interest (numerator) over time to initiation of therapy (denominator) and used to calculate incident rate ratios that were further analyzed using Poisson regression analysis. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was constructed for survival analysis, and differences were reported as hazard ratios (HRs).

Results:
We identified 56,102 patients for enrollment analysis and 50,543 patients for survival analysis. Therapy enrollment in a multivariate model was significantly impacted by race and sex (p < .005). Advanced age, earlier year of diagnosis, lack of insurance or Medicaid, and higher comorbidity were associated with poor survival (HR > 1), whereas female sex, non-Hispanic black race, higher income, and treatment at an academic center were associated with improved survival (HR < 1).

Conclusion:
Disparities in treatment of MM exist and are caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors, with socioeconomic factor playing a significant role. Studies exploring such determinants may help in equitable distribution of resources to overcome such differences.
Preoperative prevention and postoperative management of nausea and vomiting in resource limited setting: A systematic review and guideline
Authors: Teshome Diriba , Fenta Efrem , Hailu Sleshi 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Postoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the common dissatisfying after surgery with a wide range of complications. It has an incidence of about 80% for patients with multiple risk factors. The etiologies of PONV are multifactorial including patient, anesthetic, and surgical factors. This review aims to support the clinical decision making of PONV management based on available evidence.

Methods:
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was used to conduct this study. PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar search engines were used to find evidence that helps to draw recommendations and conclusions.

Results:
In this systemic review and guideline we had used five systemic review and Meta-analysis, one guideline and 4 Meta-analysis of RCTs, three Literature reviews, three Multicenter RCTs, thirteen Single-center RCTs, and two Cross-sectional studies with their respective description of studies.

Discussion:
In the presence of persistent nausea and vomiting, possible contributing factors, such as patient-controlled morphine analgesia, presence of blood in the pharynx, or an abdominal obstruction, hypotension, hypoxia should be excluded before rescue therapy may be initiated.

Conclusions:
Patients who came for surgery have to be evaluated for the risk factors PONV and they should be categorized as low or high risk of it based on the APFEL risk score. Prevention and management of PONV should follow the flow chart as evidenced by most of the literature.

Highlights:
Incidence and associated factors of post-operative pain after emergency Orthopedic surgery: A multi-centered prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Arefayne Nurhussen Riskey , Tegegne Shimelis Seid , Gebregzi Amare Hailekiros , Mustofa Salh Yalew 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Emergency orthopedic surgeries are performed on a daily and night basis across the world and, different levels of postoperative pain is commonly reported early and late in the postoperative period. Despite the availability of evidence-based international reports, still it is not clearly stated in Ethiopia.

Objective:
To determine the incidence and associated factors of post operative pain after Emergency Orthopedics Surgery.

Methods:
A multi-centered prospective observational cohort study was conducted to determine the incidence and associated factors of postoperative pain after emergency orthopedic surgeries from March 1 to May 30, in 2020. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20. To identify the association between outcome variable and independent variables, descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and binary logistic regression were used. Categorical data were analyzed using chi-square test. Adjusted odd ratios were computed with 95% confidence interval and p-value < 0.05 was used to determine the significance of the study.

Result:
The overall incidence of moderate to severe postoperative pain within the first 24 h after emergency orthopedics surgery was 70.5% (95% CI: 64, 77). On multivariable logistic regression analysis; history of having preoperative pain (AOR: 7.92, 95% CI: 3.04, 20.63), history of preoperative anxiety (AOR: 6.42, 95% CI: 2.59, 15.90), preoperative patient expectation about postoperative pain (AOR: 6.89, 95% CI: 2.66, 17.78) and being general anesthesia (AOR: 4.08, 95% CI: 1.30, 12.77) were significantly associated with moderate to severe postoperative pain after emergency orthopedics surgery.

Conclusion:
Postoperative pain management should be given a high priority in emergency orthopedics surgery. Appropriate pain management strategy should be implemented to decrease postoperative pain suffering. Factors associated with postoperative pain were; preoperative history of pain and anxiety, patient expectation about postoperative pain and being general anesthesia.

Highlights:
Identifying the Externally Forced Atlantic Multidecadal Variability Signal Through Florida Rainfall
Authors: Klavans Jeremy M. , Clement Amy C. , Murphy Lisa N. , Zhang Honghai 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe North Atlantic experiences basin‐wide, multidecadal changes in sea surface temperature (SST), and this SST variability is linked with regional‐to‐continental scale impacts. These impacts often serve as motivation to study the underlying contributors to Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV). However, these impacts can be more than motivation—they can be tools to study the AMV itself. Herein, we consider the positive correlation between Florida summertime rainfall and the AMV (Enfield et al., 2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012745). First, we show that this relationship is apparent in updated observational data sets. Next, we demonstrate that large ensembles of climate models are capable of producing the observed relationship between the AMV and Florida summertime rainfall. Finally, using large ensembles from multiple climate models, we show that historical forcing makes models more likely to capture the observed relationship in summer precipitation. Our findings have implications for our understanding of the AMV and for precipitation projections in at‐risk South Florida.
Moulin Volumes Regulate Subglacial Water Pressure on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Covington M. D. , Gulley J. D. , Trunz C. , Mejia J. , Gadd W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMeltwater inputs to moulins regulate Greenland Ice Sheet sliding speeds by controlling water pressure in the most connected regions of the subglacial drainage system. While moulin storage capacities are a critical control on subglacial water pressure, few observations exist to constrain storage. Using direct observations inside moulins, we show that moulin cross‐sectional areas can be at least 500 m2, far greater than is observed at the surface or assumed in models. Moulin water level measurements and numerical modeling reveal that diurnal variability in moulin water pressure is highly attenuated in moulins with large storage volumes (∼3% ice pressure), relative to moulins with smaller storage volumes (∼25% ice pressure). Because large variability in moulin water pressure is linked to processes that ultimately reduce ice sliding speeds, ice sliding speeds in areas drained by large moulins may be more sensitive to long‐term increases in meltwater than areas drained by small moulins.
Consensus and Disagreement in Atmospheric River Detection: ARTMIP Global Catalogues
Authors: Lora J. M. , Shields C. A. , Rutz J. J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) constitute an important mechanism for water vapor transport, but research on their characteristics and impacts has relied on a diverse assortment of detection methodologies, complicating comparisons. The AR Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) provides a platform for comparing such methodologies, but analysis of ARTMIP catalogues has heretofore focused primarily on specific regions. Here we investigate ARs as detected by an ensemble of algorithms with global coverage. We find that the frequency of occurrence of the majority‐consensus ARs produces a robust distribution, featuring five hot spots over the extratropical oceans, against which we compare individual algorithm results. We further explore the underlying similarities and differences via two case studies of AR evolution. The dominant source of disagreement between detection methodologies globally consists of detections (or lack thereof) of weak features, and the algorithms otherwise tend to agree remarkably well on the footprints of ARs.
Rapid Landau Heating of Martian Topside Ionospheric Electrons by Large‐Amplitude Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Liu Nigang , Gao Zhonglei , Wang Bin , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAtmospheric escape is a fundamental process in the long‐term habitability evolution of terrestrial planets. Recent observations on Mars have found the concurrence of the severe ionospheric erosion and the large‐amplitude, quasi‐perpendicular magnetosonic waves. However, whether and then how these magnetosonic waves had contributed to the ionospheric erosion remains unclear. Here we propose a new candidate mechanism, electron Landau heating by magnetosonic waves, for the Martian ionospheric erosion. In contrast to the cyclotron resonance with oxygen atomic and molecular ions above the escape energies, the magnetosonic waves Landau‐resonate with the thermal electrons at energy channels of the order of 0.01–0.1 eV. Through the Landau resonance over tens of minutes, the large‐amplitude (12 nT) magnetosonic waves can heat the topside ionospheric electrons to ∼2 times the normal temperature. The topside ionospheric electron heating could result in the enhancement of the ambipolar electric potential and eventually facilitate the escape of ionospheric plasma.
Parametric Dependence of the Formation of Electron Butterfly Pitch Angle Distribution Driven by Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Zhou Ruoxian , Fu Song , Ni Binbin , Hua Man , Yi Juan , Gu Xudong , Hu Zejun , Cao Xing , Xiang Zheng , Wang Qi , Ma Xin , Wang Jingzhi , He Ying 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUsing the full relativistic test particle (TP) simulation code, we investigate the parametric dependence of electron scattering and phase space density evolution driven by magnetosonic (MS) waves at L = 4.5 both inside and outside the plasmapause. The scattering effects caused by Landau resonance, bounce resonance, and the transit‐time effect are all involved in the study. The net scattering effects are evaluated in the form of diffusion coefficients with different combinations of MS wave parameters, such as frequency bandwidth and wave normal angle, and ambient plasma density. The results demonstrate that (1) Landau resonance and the transit‐time effect dominate the electron scattering inside and outside the plasmapause, respectively, while both are modulated by bounce resonant scattering; (2) bounce resonant scattering becomes more important with narrowband MS waves; (3) electron scattering induced by MS waves is highly sensitive to wave normal angle. The temporal phase space density (PSD) evolution obtained from 2‐D kinetic Fokker‐Planck simulations shows that MS waves with larger wave normal angles are more likely to generate electron butterfly pitch angle distributions (PADs) for hundreds of keV electrons outside the plasmapause. Our study suggests that the electron butterfly distribution has important implications for revealing the combined scattering of MS wave‐particle interactions, and the combination of the multiple scattering mechanisms should be carefully incorporated in future global modeling of radiation belt dynamics.
Statistical Study of Ion Upflow and Downflow Observed by PFISR
Authors: Ren Jiaen , Zou Shasha , Lu Jiayue , Giertych Naomi , Chen Yang , Varney Roger H. , Reimer Ashton S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIon upflow in the F region and topside ionosphere can greatly influence the ion density and fluxes at higher altitudes and thus has significant impact on ion outflow. We investigated the statistical characteristics of ion upflow and downflow using a 3‐year (2011–2013) data set from the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR). Ion upflow is twice more likely to occur on the nightside than on the dayside in PFISR observations, while downflow events occur more often in the afternoon sector. Upflow and downflow on the dayside tend to occur at altitudes ~500 km, higher than those on the nightside. Both upflow and downflow occur more frequently as ion convection speed increases. Upflow observed from 16 to 6 magnetic local time through midnight is associated with temperature and density enhancements. Occurrence rates of upflow on the nightside and downflow on the dayside increase with geomagnetic activity level. On the nightside, occurrence rate of ion upflow increases with enhanced solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) drivers as well as southwestward local magnetic perturbations. The lack of correlation of upflow on the dayside with the solar wind and IMF parameters is because PFISR is usually equatorward of the dayside auroral zone. Occurrence rate of downflow does not show strong dependence on the solar wind and IMF conditions. However, it occurs much more frequently on the dayside when the IMF By > 10 nT and the IMF Bz < −10 nT, which we suggest is associated with the decaying of the dayside storm‐enhanced density (SED) and the SED plume.
Superthermal Electron Deposition on the Mars Nightside During ICMEs
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Curry Shannon M. , Mitchell David L. , Luhmann Janet G. , Lillis Robert J. , Dong Chuanfei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSuperthermal electron precipitation is one of the main sources supporting the Mars nightside ionosphere. It is expected that solar wind electron fluxes are to increase significantly during interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and therefore an enhanced nightside ionospheric density. This study is to quantify the variation of the precipitating and deposited electron fluxes during five extreme ICMEs encountered by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). We find that energy fluxes correlate better with the upstream dynamic pressure proxy than number fluxes and electron fluxes increase more at high energies, which means that electrons tend to have a lower peak production altitude during storm times. The precipitating and net/deposited fluxes are increased up to an order of magnitude from low to high dynamic pressures. The estimated total electron content (TEC) is a few times of 1014 m−2 for quiet times and on the order of 1015 m−2 for storm times, with an enhancement up to an order of magnitude locally near strong crustal fields. Crustal magnetic fields have an effect on the deposited fluxes with more prominent magnetic reflection over strong magnetic fields during quiet periods, which is significantly reduced during storm times. Lastly, we estimate a global energy input from downward fluxes of 1.1 × 108 and 5.5 × 108 W and the globally deposited energy from net fluxes of 2.0 × 107 and 1.6 × 108 W for quiet and storm time periods, a factor of 5 and 8 enhancement globally, respectively, but up to an order of magnitude locally near strong crustal fields.
The Effects of Solar Wind Structure on Nanodust Dynamics in the Inner Heliosphere
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Lee C. O. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSeveral interplanetary spacecraft have inferred the presence of nanometer‐sized dust grains in the inner heliosphere accelerated to near‐solar wind velocities based on observations by radio wave antennas. These “nanodust” grains exhibit unique behavior in interplanetary space as they are strongly affected by both the solar gravitational force and the electromagnetic Lorentz force from the convecting interplanetary magnetic field. Here, we study the dynamics of nanodust grains in the inner heliosphere via a combination of background electromagnetic fields from the coupled Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge/Enlil heliospheric model and a nanodust grain charging and dynamics model. The model results predict strong time variability in the nanodust velocity and flux distributions at 1 au within a single Carrington rotation (CR) driven by a combination of nanodust grain size, heliospheric current sheet tilt, and varying heliospheric plasma parameters. In contrast, the general character of nanodust dynamics does not drastically change from one CR to the next. Despite including observationally driven heliospheric plasma conditions, the modeled nanodust impact rates do not agree with in situ observations by the STEREO A and B WAVES instruments, especially with regard to CR‐to‐CR variability. We interpret this data‐model disagreement as evidence that additional time variability must be present in the production rate of nanodust grains in the inner heliosphere. We discuss possibilities for this time variability, including non‐steady‐state collisional cascades, variability in nanodust trapping regions, and the impulsive disruption of inner solar system comets and/or asteroids.
A Model of Failure and Localization of Basalt at Temperature and Pressure Conditions Spanning the Brittle‐Ductile Transition
Authors: Parisio Francesco , Lehmann Christoph , Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNatural phenomena such as seismicity, volcanism, and fluid circulation in volcanic areas are influenced by the mechanical response of intact basalt. When subjected to a wide range of environmental loading conditions, basalt exhibits inelastic deformation characteristics ranging from brittle to ductile behavior. In this manuscript, we present a new constitutive model of basalt that spans the brittle‐ductile transition by covering a wide range of mean effective stress, temperature, and strain rate. The model has been implemented into the automatic constitutive model code generator MFront, which we have coupled with the finite element solver OpenGeoSys. The software employed for the computations is open source, accessible and offers a versatile solution to model thermomechanical failure of rocks. Within this framework, we have performed numerical simulations that highlight the localization of strains and stresses under triaxial compression. Predictions of the constitutive response, of the depth of the brittle‐ductile transition, and of the localization patterns are in agreement with laboratory and in situ observations. The results have important geophysical implications as they provide a constitutive basis that explains the mechanisms through which basalt can deform in a brittle fashion at temperatures above 600°C.
Multispectral sensing of biological liquids with hollow-core microstructured optical fibres
Authors: Ermatov Timur , Noskov Roman E. , Machnev Andrey A. , Gnusov Ivan , Аtkin Vsevolod , Lazareva Ekaterina N. , German Sergei V. , Kosolobov Sergey S. , Zatsepin Timofei S. , Sergeeva Olga V. , Skibina Julia S. , Ginzburg Pavel , Tuchin Valery V. , Lagoudakis Pavlos G. , Gorin Dmitry A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe state of the art in optical biosensing is focused on reaching high sensitivity at a single wavelength by using any type of optical resonance. This common strategy, however, disregards the promising possibility of simultaneous measurements of a bioanalyte’s refractive index over a broadband spectral domain. Here, we address this issue by introducing the approach of in-fibre multispectral optical sensing (IMOS). The operating principle relies on detecting changes in the transmission of a hollow-core microstructured optical fibre when a bioanalyte is streamed through it via liquid cells. IMOS offers a unique opportunity to measure the refractive index at 42 wavelengths, with a sensitivity up to ~3000 nm per refractive index unit (RIU) and a figure of merit reaching 99 RIU−1 in the visible and near-infra-red spectral ranges. We apply this technique to determine the concentration and refractive index dispersion for bovine serum albumin and show that the accuracy meets clinical needs.