bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Sr–Ca–Si-based scaffolds for bone regeneration in osteoporotic models
Authors: Wu Qianju , Wang Xiao , Jiang Fei , Zhu Ziyuan , Wen Jin , Jiang Xinquan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative therapy for patients who suffer bone fractures or defects caused by trauma, congenital diseases or tumours. However, the reconstruction of bone defects combined with osteoporosis remains a great challenge for clinicians and researchers. Based on our previous study, Ca–Si-based bioceramics (MSCs) showed enhanced bone formation capabilities under normal conditions, and strontium was demonstrated to be therapeutic in promoting bone quality in osteoporosis patients. Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to enlarge the application range of MSCs with Sr incorporation in an osteoporotic bone regeneration model to evaluate whether Sr could assist in regeneration outcomes. In vitro readout suggested that Sr-incorporated MSC scaffolds could enhance the expression level of osteogenic and angiogenic markers of osteoporotic bone mesenchymal stem cells (OVX BMSCs). Animal experiments showed a larger new bone area; in particular, there was a tendency for blood vessel formation to be enhanced in the Sr-MSC scaffold group, showing its positive osteogenic capacity in bone regeneration. This study systematically illustrated the effective delivery of a low-cost therapeutic Sr agent in an osteoporotic model and provided new insight into the treatment of bone defects in osteoporosis patients.
Turning a hot spot into a cold spot: polarization-controlled Fano-shaped local-field responses probed by a quantum dot
Authors: Xia Juan , Tang Jianwei , Bao Fanglin , Sun Yongcheng , Fang Maodong , Cao Guanjun , Evans Julian , He Sailing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOptical nanoantennas can convert propagating light to local fields. The local-field responses can be engineered to exhibit nontrivial features in spatial, spectral and temporal domains, where local-field interferences play a key role. Here, we design nearly fully controllable local-field interferences in the nanogap of a nanoantenna, and experimentally demonstrate that in the nanogap, the spectral dispersion of the local-field response can exhibit tuneable Fano lineshapes with nearly vanishing Fano dips. A single quantum dot is precisely positioned in the nanogap to probe the spectral dispersions of the local-field responses. By controlling the excitation polarization, the asymmetry parameter q of the probed Fano lineshapes can be tuned from negative to positive values, and correspondingly, the Fano dips can be tuned across a broad spectral range. Notably, at the Fano dips, the local-field intensity is strongly suppressed by up to ~50-fold, implying that the hot spot in the nanogap can be turned into a cold spot. The results may inspire diverse designs of local-field responses with novel spatial distributions, spectral dispersions and temporal dynamics, and expand the available toolbox for nanoscopy, spectroscopy, nano-optical quantum control and nanolithography.
Root pathogen diversity and composition varies with climate in undisturbed grasslands, but less so in anthropogenically disturbed grasslands
Authors: Delavaux Camille S , Schemanski Josh L , House Geoffrey L , Tipton Alice G , Sikes Benjamin , Bever James D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Soil-borne pathogens structure plant communities, shaping their diversity, and through these effects may mediate plant responses to climate change and disturbance. Little is known, however, about the environmental determinants of plant pathogen communities. Therefore, we explored the impact of climate gradients and anthropogenic disturbance on root-associated pathogens in grasslands. We examined the community structure of two pathogenic groups—fungal pathogens and oomycetes—in undisturbed and anthropogenically disturbed grasslands across a natural precipitation and temperature gradient in the Midwestern USA. In undisturbed grasslands, precipitation and temperature gradients were important predictors of pathogen community richness and composition. Oomycete richness increased with precipitation, while fungal pathogen richness depended on an interaction of precipitation and temperature, with precipitation increasing richness most with higher temperatures. Disturbance altered plant pathogen composition and precipitation and temperature had a reduced effect on pathogen richness and composition in disturbed grasslands. Because pathogens can mediate plant community diversity and structure, the sensitivity of pathogens to disturbance and climate suggests that degradation of the pathogen community may mediate loss, or limit restoration of, native plant diversity in disturbed grasslands, and may modify plant community response to climate change.
Electrophysiological network alterations in adults with copy number variants associated with high neurodevelopmental risk
Authors: Dima Diana C. , Adams Rachael , Linden Stefanie C. , Baird Alister , Smith Jacqueline , Foley Sonya , Perry Gavin , Routley Bethany C. , Magazzini Lorenzo , Drakesmith Mark , Williams Nigel , Doherty Joanne , van den Bree Marianne B. M. , Owen Michael J. , Hall Jeremy , Linden David E. J. , Singh Krish D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRare copy number variants associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (referred to as ND-CNVs) are characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes thought to share a considerable degree of overlap. Altered neural integration has often been linked to psychopathology and is a candidate marker for potential convergent mechanisms through which ND-CNVs modify risk; however, the rarity of ND-CNVs means that few studies have assessed their neural correlates. Here, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate resting-state oscillatory connectivity in a cohort of 42 adults with ND-CNVs, including deletions or duplications at 22q11.2, 15q11.2, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, 17q12, 1q21.1, 3q29, and 2p16.3, and 42 controls. We observed decreased connectivity between occipital, temporal, and parietal areas in participants with ND-CNVs. This pattern was common across genotypes and not exclusively characteristic of 22q11.2 deletions, which were present in a third of our cohort. Furthermore, a data-driven graph theory framework enabled us to successfully distinguish participants with ND-CNVs from unaffected controls using differences in node centrality and network segregation. Together, our results point to alterations in electrophysiological connectivity as a putative common mechanism through which genetic factors confer increased risk for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
The type of stress matters: repeated injection and permanent social isolation stress in male mice have a differential effect on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, and associated biological alterations
Authors: Du Preez Andrea , Law Thomas , Onorato Diletta , Lim Yau M. , Eiben Paola , Musaelyan Ksenia , Egeland Martin , Hye Abdul , Zunszain Patricia A. , Thuret Sandrine , Pariante Carmine M. , Fernandes Cathy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChronic stress can alter the immune system, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and induce anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in rodents. However, previous studies have not discriminated between the effect(s) of different types of stress on these behavioural and biological outcomes. We investigated the effect(s) of repeated injection vs. permanent social isolation on behaviour, stress responsivity, immune system functioning and hippocampal neurogenesis, in young adult male mice, and found that the type of stress exposure does indeed matter. Exposure to 6 weeks of repeated injection resulted in an anxiety-like phenotype, decreased systemic inflammation (i.e., reduced plasma levels of TNFα and IL4), increased corticosterone reactivity, increased microglial activation and decreased neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast, exposure to 6 weeks of permanent social isolation resulted in a depressive-like phenotype, increased plasma levels of TNFα, decreased plasma levels of IL10 and VEGF, decreased corticosterone reactivity, decreased microglial cell density and increased cell density for radial glia, s100β-positive cells and mature neuroblasts—all in the DG. Interestingly, combining the two distinct stress paradigms did not have an additive effect on behavioural and biological outcomes, but resulted in yet a different phenotype, characterized by increased anxiety-like behaviour, decreased plasma levels of IL1β, IL4 and VEGF, and decreased hippocampal neuronal differentiation, without altered neuroinflammation or corticosterone reactivity. These findings demonstrate that different forms of chronic stress can differentially alter both behavioural and biological outcomes in young adult male mice, and that combining multiple stressors may not necessarily cause more severe pathological outcomes.
Polygenic risk for autism spectrum disorder affects left amygdala activity and negative emotion in schizophrenia
Authors: Qin Yue , Kang Jujiao , Jiao Zeyu , Wang Yi , Wang Jiucun , Wang Hongyan , Feng Jianfeng , Jin Li , Wang Fei , Gong Xiaohong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough the diagnoses based on phenomenology have many practical advantages, accumulating evidence shows that schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share some overlap in genetics and clinical presentation. It remains largely unknown how ASD-associated polygenetic risk contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In the present study, we calculated high-resolution ASD polygenic risk scores (ASD PRSs) and selected optimal ten ASD PRS with minimal P values in the association analysis of PRSs, with schizophrenia to assess the effect of ASD PRS on brain neural activity in schizophrenia cases and controls. We found that amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation in left amygdala was positively associated with ASD PRSs in our cohort. Correlation analysis of ASD PRSs with facial emotion recognition test identified the negative correlation of ASD PRSs with negative emotions in schizophrenia cases and controls. Finally, functional enrichment analysis of PRS genes revealed that neural system function and development, as well as signal transduction, were mainly enriched in PRS genes. Our results provide empirical evidence that polygenic risk for ASD contributes to schizophrenia by the intermediate phenotypes of left amygdala function and emotion recognition. It provides a promising strategy to understand the relationship between phenotypes and genotypes shared in mental disorders.
RAB31 marks and controls an ESCRT-independent exosome pathway
Authors: Wei Denghui , Zhan Weixiang , Gao Ying , Huang Liyan , Gong Run , Wang Wen , Zhang Ruhua , Wu Yuanzhong , Gao Song , Kang Tiebang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExosomes are generated within the multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) as intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) and secreted during the fusion of MVEs with the cell membrane. The mechanisms of exosome biogenesis remain poorly explored. Here we identify that RAB31 marks and controls an ESCRT-independent exosome pathway. Active RAB31, phosphorylated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), engages flotillin proteins in lipid raft microdomains to drive EGFR entry into MVEs to form ILVs, which is independent of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. Active RAB31 interacts with the SPFH domain and drives ILV formation via the Flotillin domain of flotillin proteins. Meanwhile, RAB31 recruits GTPase-activating protein TBC1D2B to inactivate RAB7, thereby preventing the fusion of MVEs with lysosomes and enabling the secretion of ILVs as exosomes. These findings establish that RAB31 has dual functions in the biogenesis of exosomes: driving ILVs formation and suppressing MVEs degradation, providing an exquisite framework to better understand exosome biogenesis.
Modulated structure determination and ion transport mechanism of oxide-ion conductor CeNbO4+δ
Authors: Li Jian , Pan Fengjuan , Geng Shipeng , Lin Cong , Palatinus Lukas , Allix Mathieu , Kuang Xiaojun , Lin Jianhua , Sun Junliang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCeNbO4+δ, a family of oxygen hyperstoichiometry materials with varying oxygen content (CeNbO4, CeNbO4.08, CeNbO4.25, CeNbO4.33) that shows mixed electronic and oxide ionic conduction, has been known for four decades. However, the oxide ionic transport mechanism has remained unclear due to the unknown atomic structures of CeNbO4.08 and CeNbO4.33. Here, we report the complex (3 + 1)D incommensurately modulated structure of CeNbO4.08, and the supercell structure of CeNbO4.33 from single nanocrystals by using a three-dimensional electron diffraction technique. Two oxide ion migration events are identified in CeNbO4.08 and CeNbO4.25 by molecular dynamics simulations, which was a synergic-cooperation knock-on mechanism involving continuous breaking and reformation of Nb2O9 units. However, the excess oxygen in CeNbO4.33 hardly migrates because of the high concentration and the ordered distribution of the excess oxide ions. The relationship between the structure and oxide ion migration for the whole series of CeNbO4+δ compounds elucidated here provides a direction for the performance optimization of these compounds.
Macroecological laws describe variation and diversity in microbial communities
Authors: Grilli Jacopo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHow the coexistence of many species is maintained is a fundamental and unresolved question in ecology. Coexistence is a puzzle because we lack a mechanistic understanding of the variation in species presence and abundance. Whether variation in ecological communities is driven by deterministic or random processes is one of the most controversial issues in ecology. Here, I study the variation of species presence and abundance in microbial communities from a macroecological standpoint. I identify three macroecological laws that quantitatively characterize the fluctuation of species abundance across communities and over time. Using these three laws, one can predict species’ presence and absence, diversity, and commonly studied macroecological patterns. I show that a mathematical model based on environmental stochasticity, the stochastic logistic model, quantitatively predicts the three macroecological laws, as well as non-stationary properties of community dynamics.
Optical imaging of single-protein size, charge, mobility, and binding
Authors: Ma Guangzhong , Wan Zijian , Yang Yunze , Zhang Pengfei , Wang Shaopeng , Tao Nongjian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDetection and identification of proteins are typically achieved by analyzing protein size, charge, mobility and binding to antibodies, which are critical for biomedical research and disease diagnosis and treatment. Despite the importance, measuring these quantities with one technology and at the single-molecule level has not been possible. Here we tether a protein to a surface with a flexible polymer, drive it into oscillation with an electric field, and image the oscillation with a near field optical imaging method, from which we determine the size, charge, and mobility of the protein. We also measure antibody binding and conformation changes in the protein. The work demonstrates a capability for comprehensive protein analysis and precision protein biomarker detection at the single molecule level.
The scaling laws of edge vs. bulk interlayer conduction in mesoscale twisted graphitic interfaces
Authors: Dutta Debopriya , Oz Annabelle , Hod Oded , Koren Elad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe unusual electronic properties of edges in graphene-based systems originate from the pseudospinorial character of their electronic wavefunctions associated with their non-trivial topological structure. This is manifested by the appearance of pronounced zero-energy electronic states localized at the material zigzag edges that are expected to have a significant contribution to the interlayer transport in such systems. In this work, we utilize a unique experimental setup and electronic transport calculations to quantitatively distinguish between edge and bulk transport, showing that their relative contribution strongly depends on the angular stacking configuration and interlayer potential. Furthermore, we find that, despite of the strong localization of edge state around the circumference of the contact, edge transport in incommensurate interfaces can dominate up to contact diameters of the order of 2 μm, even in the presence of edge disorder. The intricate interplay between edge and bulk transport contributions revealed in the present study may have profound consequences on practical applications of nanoscale twisted graphene-based electronics.
Visual mate preference evolution during butterfly speciation is linked to neural processing genes
Authors: Rossi Matteo , Hausmann Alexander E. , Thurman Timothy J. , Montgomery Stephen H. , Papa Riccardo , Jiggins Chris D. , McMillan W. Owen , Merrill Richard M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany animal species remain separate not because their individuals fail to produce viable hybrids but because they “choose” not to mate. However, we still know very little of the genetic mechanisms underlying changes in these mate preference behaviours.Heliconiusbutterflies display bright warning patterns, which they also use to recognize conspecifics. Here, we couple QTL for divergence in visual preference behaviours with population genomic and gene expression analyses of neural tissue (central brain, optic lobes and ommatidia) across development in two sympatricHeliconiusspecies. Within a region containing 200 genes, we identify five genes that are strongly associated with divergent visual preferences. Three of these have previously been implicated in key components of neural signalling (specifically anionotropic glutamate receptorand tworegucalcins), and overall our candidates suggest shifts in behaviour involve changes in visual integration or processing. This would allow preference evolution without altering perception of the wider environment.
In silico hippocampal modeling for multi-target pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia
Authors: Sherif Mohamed A. , Neymotin Samuel A. , Lytton William W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTreatment of schizophrenia has had limited success in treating core cognitive symptoms. The evidence of multi-gene involvement suggests that multi-target therapy may be needed. Meanwhile, the complexity of schizophrenia pathophysiology and psychopathology, coupled with the species-specificity of much of the symptomatology, places limits on analysis via animal models, in vitro assays, and patient assessment. Multiscale computer modeling complements these traditional modes of study. Using a hippocampal CA3 computer model with 1200 neurons, we examined the effects of alterations in NMDAR, HCN (Ih current), and GABAAR on information flow (measured with normalized transfer entropy), and in gamma activity in local field potential (LFP). We found that altering NMDARs, GABAAR, Ih, individually or in combination, modified information flow in an inverted-U shape manner, with information flow reduced at low and high levels of these parameters. Theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling also had an inverted-U shape relationship with NMDAR augmentation. The strong information flow was associated with an intermediate level of synchrony, seen as an intermediate level of gamma activity in the LFP, and an intermediate level of pyramidal cell excitability. Our results are consistent with the idea that overly low or high gamma power is associated with pathological information flow and information processing. These data suggest the need for careful titration of schizophrenia pharmacotherapy to avoid extremes that alter information flow in different ways. These results also identify gamma power as a potential biomarker for monitoring pathology and multi-target pharmacotherapy.
Strong and robust polarization anisotropy of site- and size-controlled single InGaN/GaN quantum wires
Authors: Yeo Hwan-Seop , Lee Kwanjae , Sim Young Chul , Park Seoung-Hwan , Cho Yong-Hoon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOptical polarization is an indispensable component in photonic applications, the orthogonality of which extends the degree of freedom of information, and strongly polarized and highly efficient small-size emitters are essential for compact polarization-based devices. We propose a group III-nitride quantum wire for a highly-efficient, strongly-polarized emitter, the polarization anisotropy of which stems solely from its one-dimensionality. We fabricated a site-selective and size-controlled single quantum wire using the geometrical shape of a three-dimensional structure under a self-limited growth mechanism. We present a strong and robust optical polarization anisotropy at room temperature emerging from a group III-nitride single quantum wire. Based on polarization-resolved spectroscopy and strain-included 6-band k·p calculations, the strong anisotropy is mainly attributed to the anisotropic strain distribution caused by the one-dimensionality, and its robustness to temperature is associated with an asymmetric quantum confinement effect.
Rapid functional traits turnover in boreal dragonfly communities (Odonata)
Authors: Dalzochio Marina Schmidt , Périco Eduardo , Dametto Norton , Sahlén Göran 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAll natural populations show fluctuations in space or time. This is fundamental for the maintenance of biodiversity, as it allows species to coexist. Long-term ecological studies are rare, mainly due to logistics, but studies like the one presented below recognize the dimensionality of temporal change and the ecological processes that lead to shifts in community composition over time. Here, we used three sampling occasions from a dataset spanning 20 years where dragonflies in central Sweden were monitored. Our aim was to investigate how the prevalence of ecological and biological species traits varied over time measured as Community-level Weighted Means of trait values (CWM). Most CWM values varied significantly between years. Most of the traits changed between the second and the last sampling occasion, but not between the two first ones. These changes could be linked to major changes in species abundance. Our work indicates that fundamental shifts in community structure can occur over a short time, providing environmental drivers act on species turnover. In our case, Climate change and pH levels in lakes are most likely the most important factors.