bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) response to lambda‐cyhalothrin varies with its virulence status to aphid‐resistant soybean
Authors: Valmorbida Ivair , Muraro Dionei S , Hodgson Erin W , O'Neal Matthew E 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoybean aphid, Aphis glycines, is an invasive insect in North America, considered one of the most important pests of soybean. Their management relies heavily on foliar insecticides, but there is growing effort to expand these tools to include aphid‐resistant varieties. We explored if the LC50 and LC25 of lambda‐cyhalothrin varied between virulent (resistant to Aphis glycines (Rag) soybeans) and avirulent (susceptible to Rag‐genes soybeans) populations of soybean aphid with a leaf‐dip bioassay. We also investigated the response to the LC25 of lambda‐cyhalothrin on adults (F0) and their progeny (F1) for both avirulent and virulent soybean aphid.RESULTSThe LC50 of the virulent aphid population was significantly higher compared with the LC50 of the avirulent population. The LC25 significantly reduced fecundity of the F0 generation of avirulent soybean aphid, but no significant effect was observed for virulent aphids. In addition, the LC25 significantly shortened the adult pre‐oviposition period (APOP) and lengthened the total pre‐oviposition period (TPOP) of avirulent aphids, while the mean generation time (T) was significantly increased. For the virulent aphid, sublethal exposure significantly lengthened development time of first and third instars, TPOP, and adult longevity. In addition, all demographic parameters of virulent soybean aphid were significantly affected when they were exposed to the LC25 of lambda‐cyhalothrin.CONCLUSIONOur results demonstrate lambda‐cyhalothrin is less toxic to virulent aphids and exposure to the LC25 can trigger hormesis, which may have implications for the long‐term management of this pest with this insecticide as well as with aphid‐resistant varieties of soybean. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel mechanism of thrips suppression by Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt toxin expressed in cotton
Authors: Huseth Anders S , D′Ambrosio Damon A , Yorke Benjamin T , Head Graham P , Kennedy George G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDGenetically engineered (GE) crops that express insecticidal traits have improved the sustainability of insect pest management worldwide, but many important pest orders are not controlled by commercially available toxins. Development of the first transgenic thysanopteran‐ and hemipteran‐active Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry51Aa2.834_16 toxin expressed in MON 88702 cotton will significantly expand the diversity of pests controlled in the crop. Here, we examined MON 88702 cotton activity against two thrips species within the same genera, Frankliniella fusca and Frankliniella occidentalis. We used a multi‐component cotton tissue assay approach to understand effects on adult longevity, fecundity, and larval development.RESULTSWe found that in no‐choice assays, cotton plants expressing MON 88702 suppress oviposition, when compared to a non‐Bt cotton. MON 88702 did not kill a large proportion of F. fusca larvae or adults but killed most F. occidentalis larvae. Time series experiments with F. occidentalis larvae documented significant developmental lags for MON 88702 exposed individuals. We also found that female thrips preferred to oviposit on non‐Bt cotton when provided a choice.CONCLUSIONTogether these results describe the activity of MON 88702 against thrips. They document clear differences in toxin performance between different thrips species and throughout the insects' life cycle. Most importantly, we show that MON 88702 was associated with reduced oviposition via behavioral avoidance to the toxin. This is a novel mechanism of action for pest control for a Bt crop plant. Together, these results provide a basis to describe the mechanism of population control for MON 88702 cotton. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance characteristics of the adjusted r2 algorithm for determining the start of the terminal disposition phase and comparison with a simple r2 algorithm and a visual inspection method
Authors: Noe Dennis A. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryThe adjusted r2 algorithm is a popular automated method for selecting the start time of the terminal disposition phase (tz) when conducting a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic data analysis. Using simulated data, the performance of the algorithm was assessed in relation to the ratio of the slopes of the preterminal and terminal disposition phases, the point of intercept of the terminal disposition phase with the preterminal disposition phase, the length of the terminal disposition phase captured in the concentration‐time profile, the number of data points present in the terminal disposition phase, and the level of variability in concentration measurement. The adjusted r2 algorithm was unable to identify tz accurately when there were more than three data points present in a profile's terminal disposition phase. The terminal disposition phase rate constant (λz) calculated based on the value of tz selected by the algorithm had a positive bias in all simulation data conditions. Tolerable levels of bias (median bias less than 5%) were achieved under conditions of low measurement variability. When measurement variability was high, tolerable levels of bias were attained only when the terminal phase time span was 4 multiples of t1/2 or longer. A comparison of the performance of the adjusted r2 algorithm, a simple r2 algorithm, and tz selection by visual inspection was conducted using a subset of the simulation data. In the comparison, the simple r2 algorithm performed as well as the adjusted r2 algorithm and the visual inspection method outperformed both algorithms. Recommendations concerning the use of the various tz selection methods are presented.
Nanoparticle‐Embedded Electrospun Fiber–Covered Stent to Assist Intraluminal Photodynamic Treatment of Oesophageal Cancer
Authors: Xiao Junyuan , Cheng Liang , Fang Tonglei , Zhang Yiran , Zhou Jia , Cheng Ruoyu , Tang Wantao , Zhong Xiaoyan , Lu Yong , Deng Lianfu , Cheng Yingsheng , Zhu Yueqi , Liu Zhuang , Cui Wenguo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDrug‐eluting stents (DESs) are promising candidates for treating human oesophageal cancer. However, the use of DESs to assist photodynamic therapy (PDT) of orthotopic oesophageal tumors is not yet demonstrated to the best of current knowledge. Herein, through an electrospinning technology it is shown that oxygen‐producing manganese dioxide nanoparticles are embedded into elelctrospun fibers, which are subsequently covered onto stents. Upon implantation, the nanoparticles are gradually released from the fibers and then diffuse into the nearby tumor tissue. Then, the hypoxic microenvironment can be effectively alleviated by reaction of MnO2 with the endogenous H2O2 within the tumor. After demonstrating the excellent PDT efficacy of the stents in a conventional subcutaneous mouse tumor model, such stents are further used for PDT treatment in a rabbit orthotopic oesophageal cancer model by inserting an optical fiber into the tumor site. Greatly prolonged survival of rabbits is observed after such intraluminal PDT treatment. Taken together, this work shows that the fiber‐covered stent as a nanoparticle delivery platform can enable effective PDT as a noninvasive treatment method for patients with advanced‐stage oesophageal cancer.
Design of simply supported hot‐rolled steelshort‐to‐intermediate angle columns
Authors: Dinis Pedro Borges , Camotim Dinar , Landesmann Alexandre 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSelected, extended paper from the SDSS 2019 special session ECCS/TC8 – Structural Stability
This work reports on the results of an ongoing investigation of the direct strength method (DSM) design of hot‐rolled steel equal‐leg angle columns with pinned (spherically hinged) supports and short‐to‐intermediate lengths, i.e. buckling in flexural‐torsional modes. It extends the scope of similar studies involving cold‐formed steel angle columns with the same characteristics (but higher leg width‐to‐thickness ratios). After collecting the experimental and numerical failure loads available in the literature concerning columns with several geometries, the paper addresses the mechanical reasoning behind a DSM‐based design approach proposed in the context of fixed‐end and cylindrically hinged cold‐formed and hot‐rolled steel short‐to‐intermediate angle columns, which must be modified to handle spherically hinged supports. After that, the failure loads gathered are used to assess the quality of their estimates using this design approach, namely, by determining LRFD resistance factors. It is shown that this approach can be successfully applied to predict hot‐rolled steel simply supported angle column failure loads, leading to LRFD resistance factors above 0.90.
An improved software reliability prediction model by using high precision error iterative analysis method
Authors: Jabeen Gul , Luo Ping , Afzal Wasif 
Published: October 2019

SummarySoftware reliability deals with the probability that software will not cause the failure of a system in a specified time interval. Software reliability growth models (SRGMs) are used to predict future behaviour from known characteristics of software, like historical failures. With the increasing demand to deliver quality software, more accurate SRGMs are required to estimate the software release time and cost of the testing effort. Software failure predictions at early phases also provide an opportunity for investing in proper quality assurance and upfront resource planning. Up till now, many parametric software reliability growth models (PSRGMs) have been proposed. However, several limitations of them mean that their predictive capacities differ from one dataset to others. In this paper, to enhance the prediction accuracy of existing PSRGMs, a high precision error iterative analysis method (HPEIAM) has been proposed based on the residual errors. In HPEIAM, residual errors from the estimated results of SRGMs are considered as another source of data that can combine the residual error modification with artificial neural network sign estimator. The repeated computation of residual errors by SRGMs improves and corrects the prediction accuracy up to the expected level. The performance of HPEIAM is tested with several PSRGMs using two sets of real software failure data based on three performance criteria. Moreover, we have compared the estimated failures predicted by HPEIAM with genetic algorithm (GA)‐based prediction improvement. The results demonstrate that HPEIAM gives an improvement in goodness‐of‐fit and predictive performance for every PSRGM in initial few iterations.
Spherical Cap Harmonic Analysis Techniques for Mapping High-Latitude Ionospheric Plasma Flow—Application to the Swarm Satellite Mission
Authors: Fiori Robyn A. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes spherical cap harmonic analysis (SCHA) for mapping ionospheric plasma flows measured by the Swarm satellites. In Sect. 9.1, SCHA is introduced as a tool for mapping a variety of one, two, and three-dimensional parameters. Section 9.2 provides a detailed summary of the theory pertaining to SCHA including a discussion of the spherical cap coordinate system, boundary conditions and basis functions, calculation of non-integer degree, and practical considerations. Section 9.3 provides a practical example of SCHA mapping of ionospheric plasma flow for a ground-based data set, and Sect. 9.4 focuses on two-dimensional SCHA mapping of Swarm ion drift measurements both independently and in conjunction with measurements from other instruments.
How collections end: objects, meaning and loss in laboratories and museums
Authors: JARDINE BORIS , KOWAL EMMA , BANGHAM JENNY 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCollections are made and maintained for pleasure, for status, for nation or empire building, for cultural capital, as a substrate for knowledge production and for everything in between. In asking how collections end, we shift the focus from acquisition and growth to erosion, loss and decay, and expose the intellectual, material and curatorial labour required to maintain collections. In this introductory essay, we draw together insights from the history of science and from science and technology studies to investigate the dispersal, destruction, absorption, repurposing and repatriation of the diverse scientific collections discussed in the papers that make up this issue of BJHS Themes, and many other collections besides. We develop a distinction first suggested by the curator and bibliographer John Willis Clark between ‘working’ collections of objects valued for the information they hold or produce, and ‘unique’ collections of objects valued for their historical singularity. We show that in many cases, the ‘end’ of an object or collection involves a shift in the dominant account of its cultural value from ‘working’ to ‘unique’ or vice versa. Moving between the laboratory, the museum and difficult-to-classify spaces in between, we argue that ‘ending’ is not anathema to ‘collecting’ but is always present as a threat, or as an everyday reality, or even as a necessary part of a collection's continued existence. A focus on ending draws attention not only to the complex internal dynamics and social contexts of collections, but also to their roles in producing scientific knowledge.
Population-based analysis of the effect of a comprehensive, systematic change in an emergency medical services resource allocation plan on 24-hour mortality
Authors: Tallon John M. , Zheng Lu , Wei Julie , Dick William , Papadopoulos George , Djurdjev Ognjenka 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundResource allocation planning for emergency medical services (EMS) systems determines appropriate resources including what paramedic qualification and how rapidly to respond to patients for optimal outcomes. The British Columbia Emergency Health Services implemented a revised response plan in 2013.MethodsA pre- and post-methodology was used to evaluate the effect of the resource allocation plan revision on 24-hour mortality. All adult cases with evaluable outcome data (obtained through linked provincial health administrative data) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for variations in other significant associated factors. Interrupted time series analysis was used to estimate immediate changes in level or trend of outcome after the start of the revised resource allocation plan implementation, while simultaneously controlling for pre-existing trends.ResultsThe derived cohort comprised 562,546 cases (April 2012–March 2015). When adjusted for age, sex, urban/metro region, season, day, hour, and dispatch determinant, the probability of dying within 24 hours of an EMS call was 7% lower in the post-resource allocation plan-revision cohort (OR = 0.936; 95% CI: 0.886–0.989; p = 0.018). A subgroup analysis of immediately life-threatening cases demonstrated similar effect (OR = 0.890; 95% CI: 0.808–0.981; p = 0.019). Using time series analysis, the descending changes in overall 24-hour mortality trend and the 24-hour mortality trend in immediately life-threatening cases, were both statistically significant (p < 0.001).ConclusionComprehensive, evidence-informed reconstruction of a provincial EMS resource allocation plan is feasible. Despite change in crew level response and resource allocation, there was significant decrease in 24-hour mortality in this pan-provincial population-based cohort.
Temporal Trends in the Unmet Health Care Needs of Canadian Stroke Survivors
Authors: Vyas Manav V. , Fang Jiming , Kapral Moira K. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT:Background:Stroke survivors have higher unmet health care needs than the general population. However, it is unclear whether such needs have changed over time, and whether these have been affected by the introduction of integrated systems of stroke care.Methods:We used data from the Canadian Community Health Surveys between 2000 and 2014. We developed multivariable log-binomial generalized estimating equations to obtain adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) of unmet health care needs in stroke survivors compared to the general population, and over time. We conducted a difference in differences analysis to determine the association between the implementation of integrated systems of stroke care and unmet health care needs.Results:Data from 350,084 respondents were included in the study; 8072 (2.3%) were stroke survivors. Compared to the general population, stroke survivors were more likely to report unmet health care needs (aRR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.22–1.32). The unmet health care needs reported by stroke survivors were lower after compared to before 2006 (15.8% vs. 31.9%, P < 0.001). After accounting for temporal trends, there was no association between the implementation of integrated systems of stroke care and change in unmet health care needs of stroke survivors. However, this requires cautious interpretation due to limitations in the data available for this study.Conclusions:Unmet health care needs of stroke survivors have reduced over time but remain higher than the general population. Future research should focus on identifying stroke- and policy-related factors to mitigate disparities in health care access for stroke survivors.
‘Enemies of the people’: Populism and the politics of (in)security
Authors: Wojczewski Thorsten 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPopulists are on the rise across the globe and claim to speak on behalf of ‘the people’ that are set against the establishment in the name of popular sovereignty. This article examines how populist discourses represent ‘the people’ as a referent object that is threatened and the form and implications of this populist securitisation process. Drawing on securitisation theory and poststructuralism, the article understands populist securitisation as a discursive practice that propagates a politics of fear, urgency, and exceptionality in order to mobilise ‘the people’ against a ‘dangerous’ elite and normalise this antagonistic divide of the social space. While the proposed theoretical framework aims to clarify the relationship between poststructuralist and securitisation theory and capture the nexus between populism and security, the case of populism broadens the scope of potential subjects of security and poses important challenges to existing theoretical assumptions about security as something designated by states’ representatives and ‘security experts’. The article develops and illustrates its arguments with a case study on the (de)securitisation moves in the populist discourse of Donald Trump.
Polyphenols in human nutrition: from thein vitroantioxidant capacity to the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and related inter-individual variability – an overview and perspective
Authors: Ruskovska T. , Maksimova V. , Milenkovic D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOxidative damage of cells and tissues is broadly implicated in human pathophysiology, including cardiometabolic diseases. Polyphenols, as important constituents of the human diet and potentin vitrofree radical scavengers, have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. However, it has been demonstrated that thein vivoantioxidant activity of polyphenols is distinct from theirin vitrofree radical-scavenging capacity. Indeed, bioavailability of nutritional polyphenols is low and conditioned by complex mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that the cellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols is mainly carried out via modification of transcription of genes involved in antioxidant defence. Importantly, polyphenols also contribute to cardiometabolic health by modulation of a plethora of cellular processes that are not directly associated with antioxidant enzymes, through nutri(epi)genomic mechanisms. Numerous human intervention studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of polyphenols on the key cardiometabolic risk factors. However, inconsistency of the results of some studies led to identification of the inter-individual variability in response to consumption of polyphenols. In perspective, a detailed investigation of the determinants of this inter-individual variability will potentially lead us towards personalised dietary recommendations. The phenomenon of inter-individual variability is also of relevance for supplementation with antioxidant (pro)vitamins.
Selecting in or Selecting Out? Gender Gaps and Political Methodology in Europe
Authors: Gatto Malu A. C. , Gohdes Anita R. , Traber Denise , van der Velden Mariken A. C. G. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTStudies investigating gender gaps in the doctoral training of political science students have focused so far overwhelmingly on the US context. Although important research within this context has made strides in identifying the persistent challenges to women’s incorporation in political methodology, much remains unknown about whether women and men have different experiences in methods training during their PhD programs. We contribute to this debate by analyzing data from an original survey on the methods-training experiences of political science PhD students at different European universities. We assess whether gender gaps exist with respect to PhD students’ methods training and confidence in employing methods skills. Our findings show that women cover significantly fewer methods courses in their doctoral training. When women do participate in methods training, they show levels of method employment similar to their male colleagues. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of European doctoral training.
Is confidence in major companies rooted in generalized social trust, or regulatory quality, or both?
Authors: Leibrecht Markus , Pitlik Hans 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWhile confidence in the business sector is crucial for well-functioning markets, there is surprisingly little empirical work on its sources. Available research recognizes generalized social trust and macroeconomic performance (especially unemployment and economic growth) as major forces explaining confidence in institutions and organizations in general. By assuming that confidence in companies hinges on rules, formal procedures, and practices that shape how organizations function, economic regulation is frequently advocated to foster confidence in companies, not least as it is supposed to reduce the scope for opportunistic behavior. Based on individual-level data from World Values Survey/European Values studies and economic regulation data from the Economic Freedom of the World project we investigate statistical associations of confidence in major companies with generalized social trust and macroeconomic performance as well as the intensity and quality of business regulation. From an economic policy perspective our findings suggest that confidence in the business sector can be facilitated by an implicit guarantee from governments of fair and impartial treatment.