bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-Cost Measurement Technique of Poisson’s Ratio of Thin, Solvent-Sensitive Polymer Membranes
Authors: Dienemann Lara L. , Saigal Anil , Zimmerman Michael A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates a low-cost testing procedure that measures Poisson’s ratio of thin membranes whose properties may be affected by traditional speckle patterns which are solvent-based. The shear modulus, a key indicator of how materials will fail — especially for thin membranes subjected to interfacial stresses — is a function of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, which can be determined by tensile testing.
The precision of using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to measure Poisson’s ratio coupled with a solvent-free speckle pattern of fused silica on polyimide film specimen is investigated. DIC processes for thin membranes are currently under development. As such, spraying a conventional speckle pattern may be unfeasible for thin polymer membranes whose properties are a function of solvent content. Experimental factors’ effects, such as vibration and area to which DIC is applied, were also studied in a design of experiments. It was determined that using fused silica as a solvent-free speckle pattern, as opposed to a traditional solvent pattern, does not significantly affect the measurements of Poisson’s Ratio of the polyimide film. Furthermore, it was found that the experimental factors noted above can play a significant role in fused silica-speckled Poisson’s ratio specimen.
Peltier Cooling for Low Concentration Photovoltaic Cells: Numerical Modeling and Feasibility Study
Authors: Pant Anuj , Dhole Sourabh , Najafi Hamidreza 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Thermal management of concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) panels is known as a major concern that has been investigated in the recent years. Appropriate cooling techniques must be employed to maintain optimum cell temperature, thus improving system efficiency and life cycle. Thermoelectric cooling offers several attractive characteristics including high controllability, no need to refrigerant, modularity, quiet operation and more. In this paper, the possibility of using convective cooling using a water channel along with thermoelectric cooling for a low concentration photovoltaic (LCPV) module is investigated. A numerical model is developed using COMSOL Multiphysics® and MATLAB® to assess the performance of a novel CPV-TE system. The proposed system consists of a Thermoelectric cooling (TEC) module attached to the backside of a photovoltaic (PV) cell. A water channel has been implemented on the backside of the Peltier module to provide effective heat removal using water flow. A parametric study is conducted on the proposed system by varying solar concentration incident on the PV, input current to the Peltier cooler and inlet velocity and temperature of the water flow. The temperature distribution through the system, power output from the PV module and energy consumption by the Peltier module are determined under different operational circumstances. The results are extensively discussed to provide an understanding regarding the feasibility of the proposed system.
Data-Driven Decisions in Prototyping and Product Development: A Framework for Uncertainty and Decision-Making
Authors: Ali Hadi , Lande Micah 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We propose a framework, established in the literature on uncertainty and decision-making, that guides the development of effective prototypes that inform the design of products and systems in a way where digital, big-data become central to the design process. Ultimately, we seek to move design thinking to the new domain of digitization of organizations and product platforms so that the gap between data-driven decisions and creative solutions is bridged through design thinking.
A New Approach to the Numerical Modeling of the Viscoelastic Rayleigh-Benard Convection
Authors: Zheng Xin , Boutaous M’hamed , Xin Shihe , Siginer Dennis A. , Hagani Fouad , Knikker Ronnie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A new approach to the numerical simulation of incompressible viscoelastic Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a cavity is presented. Due to the fact that the governing equations are of elliptic-hyperbolic type, a quasi-linear treatment of the hyperbolic part of the equations is proposed to overcome the strong instabilities that can be induced and is handled explicitly in time. The elliptic part related to the mass conservation and the diffusion is treated implicitly in time. The time scheme used is semi-implicit and of second order. Second-order central differencing is used throughout except for the quasi-linear part treated by third order space scheme HOUC. Incompressibility is handled by a projection method. The numerical approach is validated first through comparison with a Newtonian benchmark of Rayleigh-Bénard convection and then by comparing the results related to the convection set-up in a 2 : 1 cavity filled with an Oldroyd-B fluid. A preliminary study is also conducted for a PTT fluid and shows that PTT fluid is slightly more unstable than Oldroyd-B fluid in the configuration of Rayleigh-Bénard convection.
Guidelines and Limitations of the Compact Compression Specimen
Authors: Plechaty David J. , Carpenter Kevin T. , Parmigiani John P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Damage initiation and propagation material models for carbon fiber composites can be categorized according to the loading applied to constituent components. An example of such categorization is fiber tension, fiber compression, matrix tension, and matrix compression material models. Of these, matrix compression has been by far the least studied based on amount of published literature. Recent work at Oregon State University (OSU) has begun to address this lack of study. OSU researchers have published several papers culminating in the specification of an effective test specimen for isolating matrix compression damage initiation and propagation in carbon fiber laminates. While providing compelling results indicating the effectiveness and usefulness of this test specimen, little or no information has been provided regarding its manufacture, usable notch lengths, and optimum loading rate during testing. Experience at OSU has shown that this information is critical and not trivial to obtain. The purpose of this paper is to provide specific guidelines and “lessons learned” needed for other researchers to efficiently and effectively use this specimen in a comprehensive study. Test specimens are manufactured in the OSU Composites Materials Manufacturing Laboratory using typical commercial pre-peg carbon fiber following the specified layup and curing procedures. Once the material was cured the carbon fiber plate was then water-jet cut into the desired geometry and notch length. Usable notch length and optimum loading rate was determined by testing a series of specimens. All testing was conducted at an OSU lab using a universal testing machine with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) data collected. Specimens were preloaded and matrix compression initiation and propagation data collected until tensile failure occurred on the back edge of the specimen. Testing showed that shorter notch lengths result in inconsistent data and longer in effective initiation but limited propagation due to reduced ligament length. Testing suggested that a speed less than 5 mm/min gave the best results as faster displacement rates caused less crack propagation to occur, while increasing the likelihood of the specimen to fail in tension along its back edge. Through the use of these guidelines, researchers are able to manufacture and use an effective test specimen for the investigation of matrix compression damage initiation and propagation.
On Characterizing Uncertainty Sources in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing Models
Authors: Moges Tesfaye , Witherell Paul , Ameta Gaurav 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Tremendous effort has been dedicated to computational models and simulations of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes to better understand process complexities and better realize high-quality parts. However, understanding whether a model is an acceptable representation for a given scenario is a difficult proposition. With metals, the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process involves complex physical phenomena such as powder packing, heat transfer, phase transformation, and fluid flow. Models based on these phenomena will possess different degrees of fidelity as they often rely on assumptions that may neglect or simplify process physics, resulting in uncertainty in their prediction accuracy. Predictive uncertainty and its characterization can vary greatly between models. This paper characterizes sources of L-PBF model uncertainty, including those due to modeling assumptions (model form uncertainty), numerical approximation (numerical uncertainty), and model input parameters (input parameter uncertainty) for low and high-fidelity models. The characterization of input uncertainty in terms of probability density function (PDF) and its propagation through L-PBF models, is discussed in detail. The systematic representation of such uncertainty sources is achieved by leveraging the Web Ontology Language (OWL) to capture relevant knowledge used for interoperability and reusability. The topology and mapping of the uncertainty sources establish fundamental requirements for measuring model fidelity and guiding the selection of a model suitable for its intended purpose.
DC-Biased AC Electrokinetics Effect on V-Shaped Electrode Patterns for Microfluidics Applications
Authors: Parvez Mohammad Salman , Rubby Mohammad Fazlay , Iqbal Samir , Islam Nazmul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
AC electrokinetics is one of the widely used methods as an actuating mechanism in the lab-on-a-chip devices because of the absence of moving mechanical parts. In this paper, an analysis is done by using two perpendicular electrodes which are placed in V-shape to each other while maintaining an angle of 45 degrees with the third horizontal electrode. A semiconductive fluid was used to observe the microfluidic behavior and characteristics under the application of a DC biased AC signal. Applying the AC signal produced two different mechanisms of electrokinetics such as DC-biased AC electrothermal (ACET) and DC-biased AC electroosmosis (ACEO). In the ACEO process, a time-varying voltage was applied to the electrodes to create the double layer capacitance and zeta potential. This ACEO mechanism required lower voltage. On the other hand, the AC Electrothermal (ACET) flow produced a non-uniform electric field that generated spatially varying heat sources which in turn created a non-uniform temperature distribution. Two surface characteristics were also analyzed experimentally; one of these was by using the hydrophobic surface and the other used glass-surface only. At the microscale, mechanical microdevice encounter very high flow resistance and put stringent requirements on the strength of fluid channels, chambers and the interconnects. While many types of microfluidic manipulations can be effectively done by AC electrokinetics techniques, current research work focused on the observation of varying frequencies and voltages and their effects on microfluidic manipulations.
Nanoparticles Shape Effect on Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Hasan Roni Md. Rakibul , Morshed AKM M. , Tikadar Amitav , Paul Titan C. , Khan Jamil A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Nanofluids have become the subject of theoretical and experimental researches over the few decades due to their enhanced heat transfer performance. In this study, thermal conductivity of copper argon nanofluids is determined through MD simulation. Different types of nanoparticles based on shape was used to make nanofluids. Role of different shape of nanoparticles such as cylindrical, cubical and spherical was disused. Green Kubo method is employed to determine the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. Result shows that, for volume fraction 3% and 86 K system temperature, thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluid containing spherical, cubical and cylindrical shape is 15%, 40% and 50% respectively compared with that of base fluid. Thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluid for spherical particle at 86 K, 94 K and 102 K is 15%, 30% and 40% respectively while for volume fraction 3%, 6% and 9%, the enhancement is 15%, 35% and 45% respectively. The mechanism of increased heat transfer performance for different shape of the nanoparticles is discussed in this paper.
Design and Characterization of an Automated Assistive Knee Brace for Leg Muscle Rehabilitation
Authors: Zaidi Sohail , Huynh Austin , Thach Peara , Rubio Isaac , Patel Harsh , Viswanathan Vimal 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The advances in the field of mechatronics and robotics have allowed us to create a variety of medical devices. Comparable advances are not reported in the area of rehabilitation and assistive devices. In the prior work, the authors have created an automated orthotic knee joint that provides assistance to the victims of partial paralysis. This device uses electromyography sensors to gather impulse signals and use pneumatic actuators in the form of fluidic muscles. A microcontroller is used to interpret the signals from the sensors and uses a feedback control loop to provide augmented strength and mobility to the wearer. This paper reports a couple of experiments performed to characterize the behavior of this knee brace. Firstly, the brace is operated stand-alone with the help of electromyography sensors attached to a healthy individual. The system provided reaction times from one to three seconds, which is reasonable for an assistive device. Next, the system is attached to a mannequin that mimics the behavior of a human knee. While the brace is observed to be behaving as expected, the reaction times were significantly higher than that of the natural motion of the human leg. The study provided insights about several parameters that need to be optimized before the brace is completely operational.
Relationship Between the Frictional Shear Stresses and the Normal Pressure on the Buttocks While Lying on a Spine Board
Authors: Pallerla Vinay Kumar , Hefzy Mohamed Samir 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cushions have been used on spine boards to reduce the interface pressure acting on the skin and thus prevent the formation of pressure ulcers. Several studies have focused on determining how using different types of cushions can reduce the normal interface pressure on the buttocks while lying on the spine boards. On the other hand, and while it has been agreed upon that the shear stresses contribute to the formation of pressure ulcers, this role has not been understood or quantified. The purpose of this work is to use 3-D finite element modeling to determine the contact frictional shear stresses at the buttocks while an individual is lying on a spine board when cushions of various stiffnesses are used.
The Zygote Solid 3D Male Human Anatomy model was used to construct a 3D CAD model of a section of the human body in the pelvic region. Skin, fat, muscles and bones were identified in the model. The Zygote SolidWorks model, the HyperMesh finite element preprocessor, and the ABAQUS software were used to create the finite element model. Bones were considered as an elastic isotropic material whereas skin, fat and muscles were modeled using Hyperelastic Neo-Hookean materials. Results were obtained to find the effects of body weight on the shear stresses while a person is lying flat with his buttocks contacting the spine board.
The results indicate that frictional skin shear stresses cannot be ignored since they were found to be, and depending on the cushion material, about 15% to 35% of the maximum normal pressure. We propose, and for the first time, a relationship to estimate the maximum shear stresses at the buttocks in terms of the maximum normal pressure for different Young’s moduli of cushions. These results can also be used as a guide to select cushion material that minimize normal and shear interface stresses.
Effect of Feedback Conditions on Blood Viscosity Estimation Method in Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic-Measurement-Integrated Blood Flow Analysis
Authors: Kishimoto Takuya , Kadowaki Hiroko , Tokunaga Takeshi , Mori Koji , Saito Takashi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Wall shear stress from blood flow is particularly considered to be a factor that promotes atherosclerosis, and is expressed as the product of blood viscosity and velocity gradient of blood flow. If in vivo wall shear stress can be evaluated by simultaneously measuring blood flow velocity and blood flow velocity gradient in real time, it is thought that blood viscosity estimation leads to elucidation of mechanism of arteriosclerosis and early detection.
In previous study, a blood viscosity estimation method was proposed by applying two-dimensional ultrasonic-measurement-integrated (2D-UMI) blood-flow analysis reproducing an intravascular blood flow field by feeding back an ultrasonic measurement to a numerical fluid analysis. The estimation accuracy was examined by a numerical experiment under specific conditions. However, the effects of analysis conditions on this method are not verified.
Accordingly, we investigated the effects of the feedback domain and the feedback gain on the estimation accuracy, and examined appropriate feedback conditions by a numerical experiment for a blood flow field of a straight blood vessel assuming a common carotid artery.
As a result, it was suggested that the estimation accuracy generally improves as the feedback gain is increased in a specific feedback domain.
Microfluidic-Based Fabrication and Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Microcapsules
Authors: Maktabi Sepehr , Schertzer Jeffrey W. , Chiarot Paul R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
To probe the complexity of biological systems, large numbers of independent experiments are needed to gather statistically reliable information. A platform that performs these experiments at high-throughput demands precise control over the formation and delivery of microcapsules. Microfluidics enables passive and active modes of droplet formation, manipulation, and mixing. Aqueous- and organic-based emulsions serve as well-defined compartments that encapsulate target materials (e.g., cells, reagents, nucleic acid, and nanoparticles) in femto- to picoliter volumes surrounded by an immiscible fluid. In this work, we demonstrate a high-throughput PDMS-based microfluidic device for fabrication and control of uniform micron-size water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. Passive and active modes of droplet generation (i.e., hydrodynamic flow focusing and electrospray, respectively) are utilized to form droplets in the size range of 1 to 100 μm. We also leverage dielectrophoretic forces to steer the microemulsions across flows of organic or inorganic phases. The dielectrophoretic force provides high-speed separation with no moving elements and does not require droplet charging. Two electrode designs of AC- and DC-based circuits incorporated into the PDMS block are proposed. We investigate the effect of frequency and voltage on the degree of deflection and separation efficiency of the emulsions. We show that the fabricated microcapsules can be used as templates to build synthetic lipid bilayer model membranes that more accurately mimic physiological conditions. In addition, our microfluidic-based device integrated with on-board electronics can be used as an essential component in high-speed screening bioassays.
Vibration of Beam-Type Resonant Biosensors With Time-Varying Mass Density
Authors: Hassanpour Pezhman 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the dynamic response of a uniform beam with varying density. The governing equation of motion is derived using the Euler-Bernoulli model of the beam considering the dynamic effect of the change of the beam’s density. The dynamics of a beam-type resonant biosensor is investigated to demonstrate the effect of time-varying beam’s density. In this type of sensors, the density of the resonant beam changes with time due to the nature of absorption process. The absorption is modeled as an asymptotic exponential function of time. It is shown that the adsorption leads to a viscous damping force with a time-varying coefficient. The approximate solution of the governing equation of motion is derived for comparing with the exact solution. The response of the system is presented for several combinations of the system parameters. It is shown that two factors govern the viscous damping effect of the absorption process, namely the time constant of the process and the total change of the mass density over time. In general, a faster absorption process and greater change in mass density lead to more damping in the system. This is significant because a fast absorption rate and greater mass change are desirable design goals while damping is generally considered undesirable.
The Efficacy of Spreadsheet Modelling As an Alternative Means of Teaching Process Simulation
Authors: Armstrong Aaron , Kumpaty Subha 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Spreadsheet based simulation has many advantages over the pre-programmed simulation applications more commonly used in teaching simulation in undergraduate courses. They are almost universally ubiquitous in business settings around the world. There is near certainty that students will have access to them after graduation since spreadsheets are a standard business tool used by nearly all engineers [1]. In addition, spreadsheets are already present within most standard operating systems. This means that there will be no need to buy or get approvals from Information Technology software committees or other managerial roadblocks. As an alternative to this, there are now free OpenOffice and LibreOffice spreadsheets available on most platforms which make their access effectively universal.
Aside from their excellent availability, spreadsheets are an extremely capable learning tool for best practices in process simulation. Most engineering students are arriving at college with a good set of spreadsheet skills from their primary education and then the rest tend to pick it up early as underclassmen [2]. Spreadsheet simulation is easy to explain and generally very simple to debug. Although the now mainly antiquated code-based simulation packages used to offer these same advantages, they have now been largely replaced by more graphically oriented packages which depend in part on subtle mouse clicks and sometimes complex sub-menu structures. In addition, spreadsheets offer easily accessible native analysis and excellent graphing capabilities.
Several advantages and potential disadvantages of spreadsheet simulation are presented in comparison to contemporary process simulation. Several simulation projects are then discussed related to Markovian processes including stochastic scatter patterns, sequential random object movement, multi-server queueing processes, dynamic intercept models, complex traffic and evacuation models, and Susceptible-Infected-Removed infections design simulations were taught using spreadsheet simulation.