bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curvilinear Stress-Strain Relationship for Concrete of EN-2 Regulation in the ZI Method and the Calculation of Beam Strength
Authors: Ipolitas ŽIDONIS 
Published: October 2019

The article illustrates the possibilities of the practical application of the ZI method [1 and 2] when calculating the strength of reinforced concrete beams. The article presents variants of description of the EN-2 regulation curvilinear diagram for concrete with reliability of 50 % by the ZI method with reliability of 50 %, 95 % and ~100 %. The article demonstrates how, when calculating the strength of normally and abundantly reinforced concrete beams by the ZI method, it is possible to do without the calculation of the limit value of the thickness of the concrete layer of the beam compression zone. This is important in the case of the calculation of the strength of abundantly reinforced beams. The method for calculating the strength of abundantly reinforced beams has been improved. When calculating strength, we also obtain actual values of stress-strain parameters at the crack. The tables provide data supporting the proposed innovations and facilitating calculations.
Hair cortisol concentrations, as a measure of chronic activity within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is elevated in dogs farmed for meat, relative to pet dogs, in South Korea
Authors: Maxwell NB , Buchanan CG , Evans NP 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHuman consumption of dog meat continues in some countries as a result of tradition, ritual and claimed medical benefits. In South Korea, it is estimated that over 2,500,000 dogs (Canis familiaris) are eaten annually; however, dog farming is unregulated, as dogs are not classified as livestock, leading to animal welfare concerns. A key component of the physiological stress response is activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Cortisol released as a consequence of HPA axis activation is stably deposited in growing biological media, such as hair. Extraction and quantification of hair cortisol can provide a historical record of physiological stress experienced as the hair was growing. By comparison of hair cortisol concentrations in samples collected from dogs surrendered from meat farms with pet dogs, this study demonstrates that hair cortisol concentrations from dogs rescued from meat farms are over twice as high as pet dogs living in and close to Seoul. This difference was independent of sex, breed and coat colour. Within the farmed dogs there were no significant effects of farm identity, number of dogs per farm or dogs per cage. Within the Korean Jindos surrendered from meat farms, hair cortisol was significantly higher in white-compared to black-coated dogs but there were no significant differences within or between dogs of other coat colour variants (agouti, brown). These data provide quantitative evidence that dogs in meat farms are kept in conditions associated with poor welfare and identify the need for better welfare laws to protect farmed dogs.
Evaluation of euthanasia of sheep with intravenous saturated salt
solutions to enable the collection of whole, intact brains
Authors: Stanger KJ , Kells NJ , Fisher AD , Jubb T , Rault J-L , Johnson C 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Captive bolts or firearms are unsuitable for euthanasia of livestock
when an intact brain is required for diagnostics. Injectable barbiturates
can be used, but this method carries risk of poisoning animals eating the
carcase. Intravenous saturated salt solutions have been used to euthanase
heavily sedated ruminants and are cheap, readily available and not a risk to
scavenging animals. However, there is concern that they may be painful or
cause distress to animals that are not unconscious. This study aimed to
determine the suitability of saturated salt solutions, in combination with
xylazine, as a method of euthanasia of ruminants using a sheep model.
Thirty-two sheep were sedated with xylazine (0.4 mg
kg-1 IM) and euthanased with an intravenous
overdose of pentobarbitone (PENT; n = 10), saturated potassium chloride
(KCL; n = 11) or saturated magnesium sulphate (MGS; n = 10). Time until end
of rhythmic breathing and cardiac arrest, and movement events were recorded.
Conscious perception of pain was evaluated by measuring cortical brain
activity by electroencephalography (EEG). There was no evidence of perceived
pain or unpleasant sensory experience for any treatment as indicated by P50,
P95 and Ptot and so all methods were deemed humane.
Time until transient EEG was comparable for all treatments. Time until onset
of isoelectric EEG was prolonged for KCL. Animals euthanased with KCL
consistently exhibited severe reflex movements during infusion (eg kicking,
convulsion). No severe movement events were observed in animals euthanased
with MGS, hence, physiological and movement data support the preferential
use of MGS over KCL.
Artificial rearing affects the emotional state and reactivity of pigs post-weaning
Authors: Schmitt O , O’Driscoll K , Baxter EM , Boye LA 
Published: October 2019

AbstractArtificial rearing involves removing piglets from their mother at seven days of age and feeding them milk replacer until weaning. Early-life rearing conditions can influence piglets’ mental development, as reflected by their emotional state and reactivity. This study compared the post-weaning emotional state and reactivity of pigs which were either sow-reared or artificially reared pre-weaning. Behavioural tests (startle test, novel object test, human-animal relationship test and open door test) were conducted one week post-weaning (weaner 1, 34 [± 0.6] days old), one week after movement to weaner 2 (69 [±1.2] days old) and to finisher (100 [± 1.3] days old) stages. Qualitative Behavioural Assessments (QBA) were conducted on the same days in weaner 2 and finisher stages. QBA descriptors were computed by PCA and all other data were analysed using linear models. Artificially reared pigs were less fearful of human contact in weaner 1 (45.1 [± 8.43] vs 81.3 [± 7.89]%) and finisher (25.8 [± 5.19] vs 45.7 [± 6.00]%) stages; but there was no difference in the other tests. Artificially reared pigs had a higher QBA score (more positive) than sow-reared pigs in weaner 2 (54.49 [± 10.102] vs 17.88 [± 9.94]) but not in finisher (70.71 [± 8.860] vs 52.76 [± 9.735]) stage. In conclusion, artificially reared pigs appeared to have a more positive emotional state transiently post-weaning and a lower fearfulness towards humans, which are likely mediated by their pre-weaning conditions. These data emphasise the need to consider the entire life of the animals to fully evaluate the long-term impacts of a rearing system.
Humans can identify cats’ affective states from subtle facial expressions
Authors: Dawson LC , Cheal J , Niel L , Mason G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough cats’ popularity as pets rivals that of dogs, cats are little studied, and people's abilities to read this apparently ‘inscrutable’ species have attracted negligible research. To determine whether people can identify feline emotions from cats’ faces, participants (n = 6,329) each viewed 20 video clips of cats in carefully operationalised positively (n =10) or negatively valenced states (n = 10) (cross-factored with low and high activity levels). Obvious cues (eg open mouths or fully retracted ears) were eliminated. Participants’ average scores were low (11.85/20 correct), but overall above chance; furthermore, 13% of participants were individually significantly successful at identifying the valence of cats’ states (scoring ≥ 15/20 correct). Women were more successful at this task than men, and younger participants more successful than older, as were participants with professional feline (eg veterinary) experience. In contrast, personal contact with cats (eg pet-owning) had little effect. Cats in positive states were most likely to be correctly identified, particularly if active rather than inactive. People can thus infer cats’ affective states from subtle aspects of their facial expressions (although most find this challenging); and some individuals are very good at doing so. Understanding where such abilities come from, and precisely how cats’ expressions change with affective state, could potentially help pet owners, animal care staff and veterinarians optimise feline care and welfare.
Adapting to Multiple Sclerosis Stigma Across the Life Span
Authors: Spencer Lauren A. , Silverman Arielle M. , Cook Jonathan E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background:
Most people with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience social stigma at mild-to-moderate levels, with potential implications for their health. However, little is known about how adults adapt to social stigma across their lives, or with respect to MS stigma in particular. Using a large national database and controlling for confounding demographic and health-related variables, this study examined whether longer MS duration was associated with reports of stigma in people with MS.

Methods:
Data were available from 6771 participants enrolled in the semiannual survey conducted by the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS). Participants completed measures of MS stigma and reported on demographic and health-related covariates.

Results:
With disability level, age, and other demographic and health-related covariates taken into account, the longer respondents had lived with MS, the less stigma they felt. Results were similar for people's anticipation of stigma and their feelings of isolation because of stigma.

Conclusions:
As people gain experience living with MS, their adaptations to the social aspects of their illness may allow them to structure their lives so that they can mitigate the impact of stigma. Doctors, therapists, and other health care personnel should consider that patients with MS might be especially concerned and distressed by stigma earlier in the course of their illness.
Review of Autonomous and Remotely Controlled Ships in Maritime Sector
Authors: Bratić Karlo , Pavić Ivan , Vukša Srđan , Stazić Ladislav 
Published: October 2019

This paper presents the extent of the currently achieved progress in autonomous and remotely controlled ships in the maritime sector. Major researches, statements from relevant sources and various anticipations on this subject are presented to outline a comprehensive scope of such progress.
The engine room on conventional merchant ships is used as a viewpoint because it comprises numerous and complex systems. The main purpose of this paper is to establish a link between the levels of autonomy and the engine room with its associated systems on a conventional ship. At each level, the link should describe the relations between autonomy and the systems which are commonly found in the engine room on conventional ships.
To create this link, comparison analysis uses the latest statements from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and Classification Societies. Technical standards for autonomous and offshore vessels are derived from the guidelines provided by Classification Societies. Technical standards and requirements, related to the engine room of such ships, are individually described and compared to provide accurate and comprehensive scope of their current progress.
Identification of a five-miRNA signature predicting survival in cutaneous melanoma cancer patients
Authors: Lu Tao , Chen Shuang , Qu Le , Wang Yunlin , Chen Hong-duo , He Chundi 
Published: October 2019

Background
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Numerous studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed abnormally in melanoma tissues. Our work aimed to assess multiple miRNAs using bioinformatic analysis in order to predict the prognoses of cutaneous melanoma patients.

Methods
The microarray dataset GSE35579 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to detect the differential expression of miRNAs (DEMs), including 41 melanoma (primary and metastatic) tissues and 11 benign nevi. Clinical information and miRNA sequencing data of cutaneous melanoma tissues were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) to assess the prognostic values of DEMs. Additionally, the target genes of DEMs were anticipated using miRanda, miRmap, TargetScan, and PicTar. Finally, functional analysis was performed using selected target genes on the Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) website.

Results
After performing bioinformatic analysis, a total of 185 DEMs were identified: 80 upregulated miRNAs and 105 downregulated miRNAs. A five-miRNA (miR-25, miR-204, miR-211, miR-510, miR-513c) signature was discovered to be a potential significant prognostic biomarker of cutaneous melanoma when using the Kaplan–Meier survival method (P = 0.001). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the five-miRNA signature could be an independent prognostic marker (HR = 0.605, P = 0.006) in cutaneous melanoma patients. Biological pathway analysis indicated that the target genes may be involved in PI3K-Akt pathways, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and focal adhesion.

Conclusion
The identified five-miRNA signature may serve as a prognostic biomarker, or as a potential therapeutic target, in cutaneous melanoma patients.
Exploration of the selective binding mechanism of protein kinase Aurora A selectivity via a comprehensive molecular modeling study
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Xu Yafei , Wu Jian , Shen Ying , Cheng Hao , Xiang Yiming 
Published: October 2019

Background
The kinase of Aurora A has been regarded as a promising therapeutic target due to its altered expression in various human cancers. However, given the high similarity of the active binding site of Aurora A to other kinases, designing highly selective inhibitors towards Aurora A remains a challenge. Recently, two potential small-molecule inhibitors named AT9283 and Danusertib were reported to exhibit significant selectivity to Aurora A, but not to Gleevec. It was argued that protein dynamics is crucial for drug selectivity to Aurora A. However, little computational research has been conducted to shed light on the underlying mechanisms.

Methods
In this study, MM/GBSA calculations based on conventional molecular dynamics (cMD) simulations and enhanced sampling simulations including Gaussian accelerated MD (GaMD) simulations and umbrella sampling were carried out to illustrate the selectivity of inhibitors to Aurora A.

Results
The calculation results from cMD simulation showed that the binding specificity is primarily controlled by conformational change of the kinase hinge. The protein dynamics and energetic differences were further supported by the GaMD simulations. Umbrella sampling further proved that AT9283 and Danusertib have similar potential of mean force (PMF) profiles toward Aurora A in terms of PMF depth. Compared with AT9283 and Danusertib, Gleevec has much lower PMF depth, indicating that Gleevec is more easily dissociated from Aurora A than AT9283 and Danusertib. These results not only show the selective determinants of Aurora A, but also provide valuable clues for the further development of novel potent Aurora A selective inhibitors.
A
ctinoallomurus
Authors: Tamura Tomohiko 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Gr. fem. n.
actis actinos
, ray, used to refer to actinomycetes; Gr. adj.
allos
, different; L. masc. n.
murus
, wall; N.L. masc. n.
Actinoallomurus
, actinomycetes with a different wall.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Streptosporangiales / Thermomonosporaceae / Actinoallomurus

The genus
Actinoallomurus
shows extensive branching and nonfragmenting substrate hyphae, and spore chains develop on the tips of the aerial mycelium. The cell wall contains
d
‐glutamic acid,
d
‐ and
l
‐alanine,
d
‐ and
l
‐lysine, and
meso
‐A
2
pm. Whole‐cell hydrolysates contain madurose and galactose. Cellular fatty acids comprise iso‐branched, anteiso‐branched, 10‐methylated branched saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids; iso‐C
16 : 0
is the major component. MK‐9(H
6
) and MK‐9(H
8
) or MK‐9(H
4
) are the predominant menaquinones. Phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol are detected (phospholipid pattern type PI). Mycolic acids are not detected. The acyl type of the muramic acid is
N
‐acetyl.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 65–74.

Type species
:
Actinoallomurus spadix
(Nonomura and Ohara 1971) Tamura, Ishida, Nozawa, Otoguro and Suzuki 2009, 1872
VP
(basonym
Actinomadura spadix
Nonomura and Ohara 1971, 911).
Graphene Hybrid Anisotropic Structural Color Film for Cardiomyocytes' Monitoring
Authors: Li Linjie , Chen Zhuoyue , Shao Changmin , Sun Lingyu , Sun Lingyun , Zhao Yuanjin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHeart‐on‐a‐chip based on microfluidic platform can simulate the structure and reveal the function of heart at the micrometer level, compensating the gap between organism and experiments in vitro. In this paper, a novel heart‐on‐a‐chip system integrated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hybrid anisotropic structural color film is designed for cardiac sensing and evaluation. This hybrid anisotropic film is based on the opposite adhesion properties of the polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). The PEGDA area with low adhesion rate has inverse opal structure and specific reflection peak, while microgroove‐patterned rGO‐doped GelMA area with high adhesion rate provides the cardiomyocytes with excellent growing environment and induced orientation property. Benefiting from the design, the cultured cardiomyocytes only adhere in specific area without affecting the surface microstructure of the structural color. When cardiomyocytes recover beating, its elongation and contraction will stretch the structure of PEGDA and result in a color shift, which realizes the transformation from micromechanics to macroscopic optics. In addition, the heart‐on‐a‐chip system based on the anisotropic structural color hydrogels and microfluidics provides an outstanding visible method for cardiac sensing, which is of great significance in cardiac pathophysiological studies and drug detection in vitro.
A Universal Platform for High‐Efficiency “Engineering” Living Cells: Integration of Cell Capture, Intracellular Delivery of Biomolecules, and Cell Harvesting Functions
Authors: Qu Yangcui , Zheng Yanjun , Yu Liyin , Zhou Yang , Wang Yaran , Zhang Yanxia , Yu Qian , Chen Hong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA universal platform for the efficient intracellular delivery of biomacromolecules with minimal trauma to the cells is highly desirable for biological research and clinical applications. Moreover, such a platform should include the ability to harvest the “engineered” cells, for particular in vitro or ex vivo conditions. Herein, a broadly applicable platform is presented with integrated multifunctions based on silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWAs) modified with a sugar‐responsive polymer containing phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups. Due to the synergistic effects of the specific recognition of PBA groups by sialic acid and “nanoenhancement” by the SiNWAs, this system shows a high capture capacity for both surface adherent and suspension cells overexpressing sialic acid on the membrane. Under appropriate near‐infrared irradiation, the photothermal properties of SiNWAs endow this system with high efficiency to deliver biomacromolecules into the captured cells by a membrane disruption mechanism. The cells thus “engineered” can be harvested simply by treatment with a nontoxic sugar solution, thereby maintaining good viability for subsequent applications. This method appears to have strong potential for the intracellular delivery of diverse biomacromolecules into both surface adherent and suspension cells, including hard‐to‐transfect suspension T cells, and may open up new pathways for engineering living cells.
Nanostructured β‐Bi2O3 Fractals on Carbon Fibers for Highly Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Tran‐Phu Thanh , Daiyan Rahman , Fusco Zelio , Ma Zhipeng , Amal Rose , Tricoli Antonio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract3D Bi2O3 fractal nanostructures (f‐Bi2O3) are directly self‐assembled on carbon fiber papers (CFP) using a scalable hot‐aerosol synthesis strategy. This approach provides high versatility in modulating the physiochemical properties of the Bi2O3 catalyst by a tailorable control of its crystalline size, loading, electron density as well as providing exposed stacking of the nanomaterials on the porous CFP substrate. As a result, when tested for electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR), these f‐Bi2O3 electrodes demonstrate superior conversion of CO2 to formate (HCOO−) with low onset overpotential and a high mass‐specific formate partial current density of −52.2 mA mg−1, which is ≈3 times higher than that of the drop‐casted control Bi2O3 catalyst (−15.5 mA mg−1), and a high Faradaic efficiency (FEHCOO−) of 87% at an applied potential of −1.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. The findings reveal that the high exposure of roughened β‐phase Bi2O3/Bi edges and the improved electron density of these fractal structures are key contributors in attainment of high CO2RR activity.
Combination of Bacterial‐Photothermal Therapy with an Anti‐PD‐1 Peptide Depot for Enhanced Immunity against Advanced Cancer
Authors: Chen Wenfei , Guo Zhaofei , Zhu Yining , Qiao Nan , Zhang Zhirong , Sun Xun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPhotothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising cancer treatment, but it has so far proven successful only with relatively small subcutaneous tumors in animal models. Treating larger tumors (≈200 mm3) is challenging because most PTT materials do not efficiently reach the hypoxic, avascular center of tumors, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment prevents T cells from fighting against residual tumor cells, thereby allowing recurrence and metastasis. Here, the widely used PTT material polydopamine is coated on the surface of the facultative anaerobe Salmonella VNP20009, which can penetrate deep into larger tumors. The coated bacteria are intravenously injected followed by near‐infrared laser irradiation at the tumor site, combined with a local inoculation of phospholipid‐based phase separation gel containing the anti‐programmed cell death‐1 peptide AUNP‐12. The gel releases AUNP‐12 sustainably during 42 days, maintaining the tumor microenvironment as immunopermissive. Using a mouse model of melanoma, this triple combination of biotherapy, PTT, and sustainable programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) blockade shows high efficiency on eliciting robust antitumor immune responses and eliminating relatively large tumors in 50% of animals within 80 days. Thus, the results shed new light on a previously unrecognized immunological facet of bacteria‐mediated therapy, and this innovative triple therapy may be a powerful cancer immunotherapy tool.