bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of proximal cavities and primary molar absence on space in the dental arches
Authors: Gomide Rafael T. , Frencken Jo E. , Leal Soraya C. , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne Marie , Faber Jorge 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundA recently proposed treatment protocol for dental caries in primary teeth, called Ultra Conservative Treatment (UCT), keeps medium to large cavities open so that children can keep them clean with tooth brushing and fluoride toothpaste. However, carious lesions have been related to malocclusion and decrease of space for the eruption of the permanent successor.MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated dental casts of 235 schoolchildren, aged 6–7 years old of six public schools in deprived suburban areas, and with at least two cavitated dentin carious lesions. The casts were grouped according to the location of cavitated dentin lesions into non-proximal cavity (NPC), proximal cavity with buccal or lingual surface contact point to adjacent tooth (PCCP) and proximal cavity without contact to adjacent tooth (PCWC), as well as the absence of primary molars due carious lesions (PMA). The relationship between location of cavitated dentin lesions or absence of primary molars with C+D+E and D+E space was analyzed.ResultsChildren with absence of primary molars exhibited the smallest C+D+E and D+E space in the maxilla (P< 0.001) and mandible (P< 0.001), followed by proximal cavity without buccal or lingual surface contact. No significant difference was observed between NPC and PCCP groups in upper and lower arches.DiscussionPCWC are associated with minor (less than the leeway space) C+D+E and D+E space loss in both arches, and additional space loss is noted when primary molars are prematurely lost. These results may have implications for orthodontic and restorative dental care decisions in children.
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism increases segregation of structural correlation networks in healthy adult brains
Authors: Ueda Issei , Takemoto Kazuhiro , Watanabe Keita , Sugimoto Koichiro , Ikenouchi Atsuko , Kakeda Shingo , Katsuki Asuka , Yoshimura Reiji , Korogi Yukunori 
Published: August 2020

Background
Although structural correlation network (SCN) analysis is an approach to evaluate brain networks, the neurobiological interpretation of SCNs is still problematic. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is well-established as a representative protein related to neuronal differentiation, maturation, and survival. Since a valine-to-methionine substitution at codon 66 of the BDNF gene (BDNF Val66Met single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) is well-known to have effects on brain structure and function, we hypothesized that SCNs are affected by the BDNF Val66Met SNP. To gain insight into SCN analysis, we investigated potential differences between BDNF valine (Val) homozygotes and methionine (Met) carriers in the organization of their SCNs derived from inter-regional cortical thickness correlations.

Methods
Forty-nine healthy adult subjects (mean age = 41.1 years old) were divided into two groups according to their genotype (n: Val homozygotes = 16, Met carriers = 33). We obtained regional cortical thickness from their brain T1 weighted images. Based on the inter-regional cortical thickness correlations, we generated SCNs and used graph theoretical measures to assess differences between the two groups in terms of network integration, segregation, and modularity.

Results
The average local efficiency, a measure of network segregation, of BDNF Met carriers’ network was significantly higher than that of the Val homozygotes’ (permutation p-value = 0.002). Average shortest path lengths (a measure of integration), average local clustering coefficient (another measure of network segregation), small-worldness (a balance between integration and segregation), and modularity (a representative measure for modular architecture) were not significantly different between group (permutation p-values ≧ 0.01).

Discussion and Conclusion
Our results suggest that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism may potentially influence the pattern of brain regional morphometric (cortical thickness) correlations. Comparing networks derived from inter-regional cortical thickness correlations, Met carrier SCNs have denser connections with neighbors and are more distant from random networks than Val homozygote networks. Thus, it may be necessary to consider potential effects of BDNF gene mutations in SCN analyses. This is the first study to demonstrate a difference between Val homozygotes and Met carriers in brain SCNs.
Diagnóstico da gestão do conhecimento: um estudo em uma organização da sociedade civil de interesse público
Authors: Azevedo Ismael de Mendonça , Brito Lydia Maria Pinto , Rocha Neto Manoel Pereira da , Araújo Maria Valéria Pereira 
Published: August 2020

As organizações mudaram a sua forma de gerar e gerir riqueza a partir da gestão do conhecimento. Neste contexto este estudo parte da seguinte questão: Qual o nível atual da gestão do conhecimento na percepção dos coordenadores de unidades do Instituto Nordeste Cidadania? Seu objetivo geral foi: diagnosticar o nível atual da gestão do conhecimento de uma Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público - OSCIP, a partir da percepção dos coordenadores de unidades no Rio Grande do Norte, mediante aplicação do Diagnóstico de Gestão do Conhecimento de Bukowitz e Williams. O estudo foi elaborado com base em textos de referência. Trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo e descritivo. Os resultados revelam que, o instituto encontra-se em um elevado nível de gestão do conhecimento nos processos táticos e estratégicos. Conclui-se, porém, que precisa trabalhar pontualmente alguns indicadores para refinar o processo de gerenciamento do conhecimento.
A Search for Suitable Growing Environment for Sesame Production in Nigeria
Authors: Hussaini A. , Usman M. , Falgore J. Y. , Sani S. S. , Zakari Y. , Muktar H. D. 
Published: August 2020

The economic relevance of farm management practices to the production of sesame crops in Nigeria includes preventing and combatting food crises, actualization and realization of national food security as well as enhancing gross domestic product. This research seeks to examine the edaphology of some soil types in relation to the productivity of sesame crops in Nigeria. The experiment was conducted in statistical farm of Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Jigawa State, Nigeria during 2019 growing season. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design with one hundred replications. There were three types of soils investigated; Clay, Sandy, and Loamy were compared with one another. The soils were made free of any nuisance factors effects. The chlorophyll content of the plants was read using Konica Minolta chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 plus, and the data analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The result of the analysis indicates a higher significant effect of Sandy soil (M = 11.20, SD = 2.37) on the yield of sesame crops in this region as compared to the effects of the Clay (M = 3.60, SD = 0.89), and Loamy (M = 6.86, SD = 3.39) soils. The overall ANOVA test indicates that growing environment does have effect on sesame production, F (2, 27) = 6.70, p = 0.00. However, the result indicates insignificant chlorophyll mean difference between Clay and Loamy soils. It is therefore evident from these results and the reviewed literatures that the suitable growing environment for sesame production in Nigeria is fertile Sandy soil that is deep, light textured, well-drained and that is exposed to an average temperature of 25oC to 37oC. The crop is also tolerant to draught, but not at the germination and seedling stages, water logging, and excessive rain fall while it requires 90–120 frost-free days to achieve optimal yields in cold regions. The challenges which stand in the way of increasing the productivity and quality of sesame crops need to be overcome. As with other crops, which is a major export crop in many countries, these crops should be given more research attention.
Contribution of Home Gardening to Household Food Security: A Case Study of Home Gardeners in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Oladele O. N. , Emeghara U. U. , Ayodele J. T. , Ishola B. F. , Awobona T. A. , Olukotun O. 
Published: August 2020

Aims: This study examined the contribution of home gardening to household food security in IgabI Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Study Design: The study was designed to collect data from 120 home gardeners using well structured questionnaire and personal interview of the gardeners by the researchers.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria between June to July, 2019.
Methodology: Multi-stage, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 120 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as means, frequency distribution, table, percentage and Likert – scale.
Results: The results showed male (65.83%) in their active age (87.50% are within the age range of 21-50 years) and highly educated (92.50%) with good number of years of experience in home gardening, (80% had over 5years of experience) dominated the practice of home gardening in the study area. The study also revealed that they produced many types of crops, about 32. The most popular crops cultivated were; tomato 91.67%),cowpea(87.50%),groundnut(82.50%),okra(75.00%), pumpkin (70.83%), spinach (70.83%) maize(56.67%),millet(56.67%),sorghum(51.67%), pepper (50.00%) and sweet potato (50.00%).The Likert--scale result showed that all the home gardeners household were food secure and the study established that home gardening does not only contribute to their house hold food supply but also their income. However the home gardening in the study area is faced with problems such as pests attack and diseases infestation (80.00%) and lack of farm inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farm tools(75.00 %).
Conclusion: The study revealed that home gardening contributed significantly to the household food security. It is therefore important to integrate home gardening into our farming system been a good tool for achieving food security among households and people should also be sensitize to utilize empty plots of land around their homestead for home gardens.
Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gelatin Solutions of Different Viscosities
Authors: Lee Kyubae , Chen Yazhou , Yoshitomi Toru , Kawazoe Naoki , Yang Yingnan , Chen Guoping 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that stem cell fate can be regulated by mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Most studies have focused onthe influence of matrix elasticity and viscoelasticity on stem cell differentiation. However, how matrix viscosity affects stem cell differentiation has been overlooked. In this study, a biphasic gelatin solution/hydrogel system is used for 3D culture of human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to investigate the influence of gelatin solution viscosity on simultaneous osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation at the same culture condition. Gelatin solution promotes cell proliferation, while its promotive effect decreases with the increase of viscosity. The influence of viscosity on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs shows opposite trends. A high‐viscosity gelatin solution results in an increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, and expression of osteogenesis‐related genes. On the other hand, in a low‐viscosity gelatin solution, a lot of lipid vacuoles are formed and adipogenesis‐related genes are highly expressed. The results indicate high viscosity is beneficial for osteogenic differentiation, while low viscosity is beneficial for adipogenic differentiation. These findings suggest the importance of matrix viscosity on stem cell differentiation in 3D microenvironments.
The Design of Vaccines Based on the Shielding of Antigenic Site Ø of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Immunogen
Authors: Frey Steven J. , Varner Chad , Arsiwala Ammar , Currier Michael G. , Moore Martin L. , Kane Ravi S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV), for which there is currently no licensed vaccine, displays a fusion (F) protein that is considered a vaccine target. This protein has an antigenic site called site Ø, which has been shown to elicit potent, neutralizing antibodies and has therefore been considered important in the formulation of RSV vaccines. However, this site is also the least conserved region on the F protein across RSV subtypes. Therefore, directing the immune response away from site Ø and refocusing it toward more conserved parts of the RSV F protein might serve to better elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies. To demonstrate that directing the immune response away from site Ø is a viable approach, a prefusion F‐based vaccine based on an F protein with a shielded site Ø is generated. Sera from mice immunized with multivalent scaffolds presenting this immunogen is capable of neutralizing RSV of both subtypes. This result may have application in the development of an effective and broadly protective RSV vaccine.
The Bulk Heterojunction in Organic Photovoltaic, Photodetector, and Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Wadsworth Andrew , Hamid Zeinab , Kosco Jan , Gasparini Nicola , McCulloch Iain 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOrganic semiconductors require an energetic offset in order to photogenerate free charge carriers efficiently, owing to their inability to effectively screen charges. This is vitally important in order to achieve high power conversion efficiencies in organic solar cells. Early heterojunction‐based solar cells were limited to relatively modest efficiencies (<4%) owing to limitations such as poor exciton dissociation, limited photon harvesting, and high recombination losses. The development of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) has significantly overcome these issues, resulting in dramatic improvements in organic photovoltaic performance, now exceeding 18% power conversion efficiencies. Here, the design and engineering strategies used to develop the optimal bulk heterojunction for solar‐cell, photodetector, and photocatalytic applications are discussed. Additionally, the thermodynamic driving forces in the creation and stability of the bulk heterojunction are presented, along with underlying photophysics in these blends. Finally, new opportunities to apply the knowledge accrued from BHJ solar cells to generate free charges for use in promising new applications are discussed.
Side Chain Redistribution as a Strategy to Boost Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance and Stability
Authors: Moser Maximilian , Hidalgo Tania Cecilia , Surgailis Jokubas , Gladisch Johannes , Ghosh Sarbani , Sheelamanthula Rajendar , Thiburce Quentin , Giovannitti Alexander , Salleo Alberto , Gasparini Nicola , Wadsworth Andrew , Zozoulenko Igor , Berggren Magnus , Stavrinidou Eleni , Inal Sahika , McCulloch Iain 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA series of glycolated polythiophenes for use in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is designed and synthesized, differing in the distribution of their ethylene glycol chains that are tethered to the conjugated backbone. While side chain redistribution does not have a significant impact on the optoelectronic properties of the polymers, this molecular engineering strategy strongly impacts the water uptake achieved in the polymers. By careful optimization of the water uptake in the polymer films, OECTs with unprecedented steady‐state performances in terms of [μC*] and current retentions up to 98% over 700 electrochemical switching cycles are developed.
Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis of Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide Transparent Conductive Coatings
Authors: Kim Jaewon , Murdoch Billy J. , Partridge James G. , Xing Kaijian , Qi Dong‐Chen , Lipton‐Duffin Josh , McConville Christopher F. , van Embden Joel , Gaspera Enrico Della 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTransparent conducting oxides are fundamental for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices including touchscreen displays, solar cells, and light emitting diodes. However, they mostly rely on rare elements and expensive vacuum‐based deposition methods that negatively affect the overall cost of optoelectronics. Here, a detailed investigation on the synthesis of antimony‐doped tin oxide films using an ultrasonic spray coating system is presented. High‐quality, crystalline SnO2 films are deposited via decomposition of metal precursors sprayed directly onto hot (>400 °C) substrates. Doping is easily achieved by adding the dopant salt to the spray solution, and the presence of the dopant atoms heavily influences the optical, electrical, and structural properties of SnO2. These coatings are characterized using a comprehensive suite of techniques including X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, X‐ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies, Hall effect measurements, optical spectroscopy in the visible and near infrared, and atomic force microscopy, in order to elucidate the relationship between the synthetic conditions and functional properties. Through a careful optimization process, Sb‐doped SnO2 coatings showing transmittance values in the visible spectrum between 80% and 90%, and sheet resistances of 10–20 Ω/sq−1 are achieved. Such values are suitable for immediate applications of these Sb‐doped SnO2 films as high‐performance transparent conductors.
Simple Salt‐Template Assembly for Layered Heterostructures of C/Ferrite and EG/C/MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) Nanoparticle Arrays toward Superior Microwave Absorption Capabilities
Authors: Wu Liwen , Lu Yao , Shao Wen , Wei Haiyan , Tong Guoxiu , Wu Wenhua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLayered C/ferrite nanoparticle array (NPA) and expanded graphite (EG)/C/MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) NPA heterostructures are synthesized via a simple sodium salt‐template method. An array of well‐distributed ferrite nanoparticles supported by layered carbon grows simultaneously on the EG surface from metal–oleate complexes. Some dynamic factors are systematically optimized to well adjust the size, content, and morphology of the heterostructures. The heterostructures show good soft magnetic nature with the Ms decreasing in the following order: EG/C/γ‐Fe2O3 > EG/C/CoFe2O4 > EG/C/NiFe2O4 > EG/C/ZnFe2O4. As microwave absorbers, these heterostructures of EG/C/MFe2O4 NPA exhibit significantly enhanced electromagnetic‐wave absorbing capabilities (EWACs) compared with pure EG, EG/γ‐Fe2O3 NPA heterostructure, and other C‐based composites. Hereinto, EG/C/CoFe2O4 NPA heterostructures exhibit the optimal EWAC with a minimal reflection loss of −49.85 dB at 13.9 GHz and a 1.3 mm coating thickness. The frequency range of 99% absorption is over 2.0–17.0 GHz and the corresponding thickness is 1.10–8.0 mm. The excellent microwave absorption relies on cooperation of double dielectric relaxations, natural resonance, eddy current loss, high attenuation, and appropriate impedance matching. Therefore, layered heterostructures of EG/C/MFe2O4 NPA are promising electromagnetic wave absorbers for practical application.
Recent Progress on NiFe‐Based Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Gong Lanqian , Yang Huan , Douka Abdoulkader Ibro , Yan Ya , Xia Bao Yu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is significant for energy conversion and storage technologies. However, efficient electrocatalysts are required to overcome its sluggish kinetics. Recently, NiFe‐based composites have shown to be promising electrocatalysts for alkaline OER, and numerous efforts have been invested in the development of low‐cost and advanced NiFe‐based nanostructures. In this mini review, the latest developments in NiFe‐based electrocatalysts are summarized and discussed. Following the introduction of the OER mechanism, different NiFe electrocatalysts in alloys, (hydr)oxides, and other derived compounds are successively introduced. Moreover, the synthesis methods of typical layered NiFe hydroxide structures are also introduced. Finally, recent progress is summarized and some perspectives are provided for addressing future challenges for NiFe‐based electrocatalysts. It is believed that this review may provide useful reference for the future design and preparation of NiFe compounds for the alkaline OER and beyond.
Novel imidazole derivatives with recoverable activity as latent curing agents for epoxy
Authors: Shi Kunxiang , Shen Yucai , Yang Yunxu , Wang Tingwei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA series of latent curing agents were developed by replacing the hydrogen atom on secondary amine in imidazole with methoxy polyethylene glycol maleate diesters via Michael addition reaction. Methoxy polyethylene glycol maleate diesters with different molecular weight also restrained the reactivity of tertiary amine in imidazole ring. The curing properties and pot‐life of the modified imidazole/epoxy systems were measured by differential scanning calorimeter and rotational rheometer. The modified imidazole/epoxy system could be cured quickly at 175°C. The modified imidazole shows good latency. After stored for more than 1 month, viscosity of modified imidazole/epoxy system remains unchanged. The longer chain polyether had the better thermal latency these curing agents had. Compared with unmodified imidazole, the novel latent curing agents led to better impact strength for cured epoxy. However, the compatibility between epoxy and latent curing agent will get worse if the molecular weight of polyether unite is over 750.