bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-233 Incremental Utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Memory Index Score (MIS) for Detection of Cognitive Impairment
Authors: K Bain , J Marceaux , A Kruzelock 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the incremental utility of the optional MoCA Memory Index Score (MIS) for detection of cognitive impairment.

Method
This cross-sectional study utilized data collected from a mixed clinical sample of 153 veterans referred for clinical neuropsychological evaluations at a VA hospital. The sample was 87% male (n = 133), with an average age of 63.23 years (range 20–91) and average education level of 13.6 years (range 6–20). All participants completed the MoCA, including the MIS items. Participants meeting criteria for mild (n = 66) or major neurocognitive disorder (n = 24) were classified as cognitively impaired (CI). Sixty-three participants who did not meet criteria for a neurocognitive disorder were classified as having no cognitive impairment (NCI). Chi square analysis and logistic regression were utilized to determine the sensitivity of the MoCA total score for detection of cognitive impairment, and to determine whether the MIS significantly improved classification accuracy.

Results
The MoCA total score was a significant predictor of cognitive impairment status (X2 = 40.92, p &lt; .001), with 73% sensitivity, 67% specificity, and 71% classification accuracy. When the MIS was added, the model retained significance (X2 = 41.13, p &lt; .001), but overall sensitivity, specificity, and classification accuracy were unchanged; MIS was not a significant predictor in the combined model.

Conclusions
The optional MIS score did not significantly improve the sensitivity of the MoCA for detection of cognitive impairment.
A-237 Investigating the Reliability and Item-Level Symptom Endorsement for the PROMIS® v2.0 Cognitive Function-8-Item Short Form
Authors: G Iverson , J Marsh , E Connors , D Terry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
We present the normative reference values, item level endorsement, and the internal consistency reliability of the PROMIS® v2.0 Cognitive Function-8-Item Short Form.

Method
The PROMIS® v2.0 Cognitive Function 8-Item Short Form measures subjective cognitive difficulties (raw score range = 8–40). A cohort of 1,009 adults (51.1% women) from the US population completed this measure. The total sample was stratified by gender and health status for analyses. A healthy subgroup (n = 475; 49.5% women) reported no personal history of mental health, neurological, or sleep disorders and rated their overall health, functioning, and quality of life as “good” or better.

Results
The healthy group reported less cognitive symptoms (i.e., higher raw score) than the total sample (total sample, M = 32.17, SD = 7.57, Md = 34; healthy sample, M = 35.02, SD = 5.94, Md = 38). This pattern was shown in men [all men, M = 31.06, SD = 7.68, Md = 32; healthy men, M = 33.95, SD = 6.34, Md = 36] and women [all women, M = 33.23, SD = 7.32, Md = 36; healthy women, M = 36.12, SD = 5.30, Md = 39]. The base rates for endorsing three or more cognitive symptoms were consistently lower among the healthy samples (total sample = 14.8%, total healthy sample = 4.8%, all men = 19.7%, healthy men = 7.5%, all women = 10.1%, and healthy women = 2.1%). Internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, ranged from 0.89 to 0.95 depending on subgroup.

Conclusions
The PROMIS® v2.0 Cognitive Function 8-Item Short Form is a reliable self-report measure of cognitive difficulties. Participants who reported their overall health status to be good tended to report less cognitive difficulties. The presented normative reference values can be useful in both research and clinical practice when assessing cognition in the general population.
A-243 Cross-Validation of the Dissimulation ADHD Scale in an Outpatient Veteran Sample
Authors: A Andrews , J Caron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Dissimulation ADHD (Ds-ADHD) scale for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form was developed by Robinson and Rogers (2017) using college students. The authors reported good discriminant validity and a 3% false positive (FP) rate when used in a sample of people with genuine ADHD. The objective of this study was to see if the FP rate would remain low when used in a sample of U.S. military veterans.

Method
Archival data was gathered from ADHD assessments conducted at an outpatient VA medical center. Participants were excluded if they did not meet DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ADHD (as a child and at time of assessment), or if they produced invalid scores on symptom validity measures from any of the self-report measures given at the time of the assessment. The final sample included 58 participants (mean age and education were 42 and 14, respectively; 91% male and 90% Caucasian).

Results
Using the published cutoff of &lt; 13, the Ds-ADHD scale’s FP rate in the sample of Veterans with genuine ADHD was 12.1%. This is slightly above most standards for acceptable FP rates (typically &lt; 10%), and four times higher than the original study’s genuine ADHD sample. When the cutoff was lowered to &lt; 12, the FP rate decreased to 5.2%, which is very good and more comparable to the original study.

Discussion
Using the published cutoff of &lt; 13 with veterans may lead to higher misclassification of feigning than when used in a university setting. Using a cut score of &lt; 12 for veterans may be more appropriate.
A-252 New Onset Severe Epilepsy in a Child with Existing Cerebral Palsy: Neuropsychological Findings Inform Medical Management
Authors: C Mullen , F Fulton 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Pediatric epilepsy is associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental challenges. Few studies have established children’s cognitive function prior to seizure onset making study of the direct impact of seizures challenging. This is especially true in cases with preexisting neurological disorders. The present case provides insight into the impact that new onset of seizures (including status epilepticus) have on cognitive development and illustrates how documented cognitive change informs clinical decision-making.

Method
The patient is a 10-year-old boy with a history of cerebral palsy who initially completed neuropsychological testing in the fall of 2018. New onset of drug-resistant seizures presented in January 2019, including episodes of status epilepticus leading to repeat neuropsychological evaluation in the fall of 2019. EEG studies in infancy showed poorly regulated background rhythm and MRI showed dysplastic corpus callosum and bilateral occipital heterotopias. Following the onset of seizures EEG showed independent seizure foci over temporal regions bilaterally. MRI showed extensive bilateral temporal and occipital subependymal gray matter heteropi, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebral vermis, and anterior commissure.

Results
Repeated neuropsychological assessment documented significant declines in intellectual function, visual and verbal memory (visual worse than verbal), and executive function, with limited academic progression. Persistent epileptic symptoms throughout testing complicated interpretation.

Conclusions
Findings were highly concerning for cognitive deterioration and the neurosurgical team deemed him as high risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. He underwent right anterior temporal lobectomy and left stereoelectroencephalography placement in January 2020. Scheduled repeat neuropsychological evaluation will further monitor neurocognitive functioning post neurosurgical intervention.
A-253 A Case Study of Anterograde Memory Impairment Following Forniceal Infarct– Neurocognitive Sequelae and Recovery
Authors: C Andrew , M Smith 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To describe neurobehavioral consequences and recovery course in a case of acute infarct of the fornix superimposed on chronic subcortical cerebrovascular disease.

Method
We present a right-handed, 72-year-old, African American man with cardiovascular risk factors, chronic kidney disease, and history of CVA with no prior functional or cognitive difficulties. He was evaluated twice, first four days post and again two months post-infarct of the bilateral fornix.

Results
Initial inpatient testing revealed impaired verbal memory characterized by rapid forgetting (HVLT-R Delay T = &lt; 20) with some benefit from recognition cues, and subtle deficits in constructional praxis and practical judgement.
Quantifying the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Sweden
Authors: Cho Sang-Wook (Stanley) 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThis paper estimates the effect of nonpharmaceutical intervention policies on public health during the COVID-19 outbreak by considering a counterfactual case for Sweden. Using a synthetic control approach, I find that strict initial lockdown measures play an important role in limiting the spread of the COVID-19 infection, as the infection cases in Sweden would have been reduced by almost 75 percent had its policymakers followed stricter containment policies. As people dynamically adjust their behaviour in response to information and policies, the impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions becomes visible, with a time lag of around 5 weeks. Supplementary robustness checks and an alternative difference-in-differences framework analysis do not fundamentally alter the main conclusions. Finally, extending the analysis to excess mortality, I find that the lockdown measures would have been associated with a lower excess mortality rate in Sweden by 25 percentage points, with a steep age gradient of 29 percentage points for the most vulnerable elderly cohort. The outcome of this study can assist policymakers in laying out future guidelines to further protect public health, as well as facilitate plans for economic recovery.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening campaign results in India
Authors: Maheshwari Anuj , Verma Narsingh , Bhardwaj Shipra , Jose Arun P , Bhalla Sandeep , More Arun , Patil Mansi , Gupta Amit , Gupta Bal Kishen , Takalkar Anant , Gupta Priyanka , Pandey Nikki , Patil Vishal , Beaney Thomas , Ster Anca Chis , Poulter Neil R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is the greatest attributable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in India. Recent studies have reported the crude prevalence of HTN in India to be 25.3%. In the May Measurement Month (MMM) screening campaign of 2017 conducted in India, 31.8% had HTN. In order to ratify earlier results, and further understand the awareness and control levels of HTN in India, organizations that participated in MMM 2017 decided to participate in the MMM global screening initiative of the International Society of Hypertension for a 2nd consecutive year. A total of 345 234 individuals were screened in MMM 2018. There were more than 1000 screening locations that included hospitals, clinics, workplaces, and special health camps organized across the country. After applying multiple imputation, a total of 111 462 (32.3%) individuals had HTN of whom 63 415 (55.6%) were aware of HTN and 61 646 (55.3%) were on antihypertensive medicines, out of which 15 583 (25.3%) were uncontrolled. Overall 57 864 (41.3%) hypertensives were uncontrolled. About half (44.7%) of hypertensive population in India were not on treatment. Around two-thirds (65.7%, n = 226 924) had not measured their blood pressure (BP) in last 12 months and 64% measured their BP for the first time in their life during the campaign, which strongly indicates the need for large scale awareness drives. This study suggests that opportunistic periodic public health screening at a national level is needed to increase HTN detection, treatment, control, and countrywide awareness in highly populated nations like India.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Indonesia
Authors: Turana Yuda , Widyantoro Bambang , Situmorang Tunggul D , Delliana Juzi , Roesli Rully M A , Danny Siska S , Suhardjono  , Sofiatin Yulia , Hermiawaty Eka , Kuncoro Ario S , Barack Rossana , Beaney Thomas , Ster Anca Chis , Poulter Neil R , Santoso Anwar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a significant burden worldwide, leading to high cardio-cerebro-reno-vascular morbidity and mortality. For the second year of the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign in Indonesia in 2018, we recruited 174 sites in 31 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia and screened through convenience sampling in public areas and rural primary health centres. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or both, or on the basis of receiving antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure was measured three times followed the standard global MMM protocol, multiple imputation was used to estimate the mean of the 2nd and 3rd BP readings if these were not recorded. A total of 91 222 individuals were screened, and after multiple imputations, 27 331 (30.0%) had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 14 367 (18.4%) were hypertensive. Among the 47.4% of hypertensive individuals on antihypertensive medication, 10 106 (78.0%) had uncontrolled BP. MMM17 and MMM18 were still the most extensive standardized screening campaigns for BP measurement in Indonesia. Compared to the previous study, the proportion with uncontrolled BP on medication was significantly higher and provided the substantial challenges in managing hypertension in the rural community.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Malawi
Authors: Ndhlovu Henry L L , Masiye Jones K , Chirwa Maureen L , Nyirenda Nancy M , Dhlamini Tiyezge D , Beaney Thomas , Ster Anca Chis , Poulter Neil R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Raised blood pressure (BP) is a growing health care problem in the world leading to over 10 million deaths annually. May Measurement Month (MMM), which aims at raising awareness and screening people for raised BP, is assisting people to know their BP status. In 2018, an opportunistic cross-sectional survey was carried out during May and June in 10 791 volunteers aged 18 years and above following that done in 2017. The screening took place in Lilongwe, Blantyre, Dedza, Kasungu, and Nkhatabay districts mostly in hospitals/clinics, marketplaces, workplaces, and churches/mosques with Kasungu and Nkhatabay in rural areas. After multiple imputation, 2404 (22.3%) had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive treatment, 2101 (20.0%) were found to have raised BP. Only 303 (12.6%) of those with hypertension were receiving antihypertensive treatment, and of these 101 (33.3%) had uncontrolled BP. MMM was the largest BP screening campaign ever undertaken in Malawi. The results identified a large number of individuals with raised BP who were unaware and not on treatment and over one-third of those on treatment were uncontrolled, indicating the need for better management of cases. These results suggest that opportunistic screening can identify significant numbers with raised BP.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Oman
Authors: Nadar Sunil K , Al-Riyami Hassan , Al-Riyami Adil , Al-Lawati Hatim , Panakkal Benny , Mohammed Shafeek , Nagaraju G B , Sharma S N , Abdulkader Muhamed M , Beaney Thomas , Ster Anca Chis , Poulter Neil R 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs per WHO estimates, around 17% of the adult Omani population are hypertensive. However, people with hypertension are often unaware of the diagnosis, and so the May Measurement Month (MMM) programme was set up to raise awareness of the importance of blood pressure (BP) screening. A cross-sectional screening of BP of subjects aged 18 years or more was carried out in May 2018 at various sites in Muscat, Oman. Screening sites were set up at the reception areas of participating hospitals, and at a few public areas such as shopping malls and workplaces of the volunteers. Blood pressure was measured according to a standardized protocol, and hypertension was defined as per the 2018 European Society of Hypertension guidelines. The data were analysed centrally by the MMM project team. A total of 12 689 individuals (mean age 40.6 ± 12.5 years, 72% male) were screened. The crude mean BP of the second and third readings (where three readings were taken, n = 4 738) was 127.1/79.2 mmHg. After multiple imputations, the average age and sex standardized BP was 127.3/80.2 mmHg. Of all participants, 29.8% had hypertension. There were 1 983 patients with a previous diagnosis of hypertension, of whom 1 810 were on antihypertensive medication. A further 1 973 subjects were newly diagnosed with hypertension. Of those on antihypertensive medication, 34.9% had uncontrolled BP readings. Screening programmes such as MMM are useful to identify persons with undiagnosed hypertension. However, more educational activities are required to increase the public awareness regarding the dangers of hypertension.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from United Arab Emirates
Authors: Yusufali Afzalhussein , Bazargani Nooshin , Bin Belaila Buthaina A , Suhail Aisha M , Shuri Hassan H , Agrawal Amrish , Muhammed Khalifa , Gabroun Ahmed , Albawab Amer , Vazir Zainab , Ravi Kumar Rajakumari , Ghannam Dana , Beaney Thomas , Ster Anca Chis , Poulter Neil R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and death even in high-income countries. According to the PURE Study, globally only half of hypertensives are aware and less than a fifth controlled. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global campaign to raise awareness and screen for high blood pressure (BP) in lieu of formal screening. United Arab Emirates (UAE) has taken part in MMM since its inception and here data from MMM18 are reported. Trained volunteers from 54 sites screened 31 316 individuals from all the Emirates of UAE using convenience sampling. Blood pressure measurement, the definition of hypertension, and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. The mean age was 36.8 ± 11.4 years and 18 411(59%) were male. Participants of Arab descent were 11 829 (38%) and 11 569 (37%) were South Asian. Mean body mass index was 26.8 ± 5.29 kg/m2. Of those screened, 7 917 (25%) had never had a BP recorded, while 16 892 (54%) had recorded BP in the previous year. After imputation, 6 243 (20%) had hypertension. Of those participants, only 2 540 (41%) were aware and 2 331 (37%) were on antihypertensive medication, of which 61% were controlled. Of all hypertensives, only 23% were controlled. May Measurement Month in UAE expanded significantly compared to 2017. A quarter had never had BP measured and awareness of hypertension low (41%). This opportunistic screening method found a substantial number of adults with untreated or inadequately treated hypertension.
Pinioning the Peacekeepers: Sovereignty, Host-State Resistance against Peacekeeping Missions, and Violence against Civilians
Authors: Duursma Allard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Why and how do host-states resist contemporary peacekeeping missions? This article puts forward the argument that host-state resistance against peacekeepers is a strategy to balance challenges to the internal and external faces of a civil war state's sovereignty. Government officials might see an intense counter-insurgency campaign as an effective way to regain the monopoly on violence and thus strengthen the internal sovereignty of the state, but this will often lead to criticism from the international community and thus also lead to an erosion of the external sovereignty of the state. Conversely, the acceptance of a peacekeeping mission can strengthen a civil war state's external sovereignty as this acceptance signals a willingness to manage armed violence, but the deployment of peacekeepers is at the expense of internal sovereignty as it often limits the ability of government troops to conduct their counter-insurgency efforts. States can resolve this dilemma by accepting a peacekeeping mission to prop up their external sovereignty, but at the same time trying to limit the effectiveness of peacekeepers in those areas where peacekeeping activities potentially interfere with the efforts of government troops to regain the monopoly on the use of violence. The article zooms in on how the Sudanese government accepted the deployment of the United Nations–African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), but at the same undermined its civilian protection efforts, though other cases are considered as well.
Development of Hydrotaea spinigera (Diptera: Muscidae) at Constant Temperatures and Its Significance for Estimating Postmortem Interval
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Yingna , Wang Man , Hu Guoliang , Fu Yangfan , Zhi Rong , Wang Jiangfeng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hydrotaea spinigera Stein is a necrophagous species, widely distributed in Oriental and Australasian regions. Considering that the postfeeding larvae or puparia of this species can still be found in abundance at the advanced decomposition stage or even the skeleton stage of remains, it can serve as a good supplementary indicator for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). This could also extend the range of PMImin when the primary colonizers are no longer associated with the corpse or have emerged as adults. This study investigated the development duration, accumulated degree hours, and larval body length changes of H. spinigera at seven constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 34°C, and established three development models for estimating PMImin, including isomorphen diagram, isomegalen diagram, and thermal summation model. At 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34°C, the development durations of H. spinigera from egg to adult stage were 1,412.6 ± 62.9, 867.4 ± 14.9, 657.1 ± 22.9, 532.3 ± 10.1, 418.8 ± 21.3, 379.8 ± 16.6, and 340.0 ± 20.3 h, respectively. The lower developmental threshold L0 was estimated as 10.50 ± 0.20°C, and the thermal summation constant K was 7,648.83 ± 146.74 degree hours. Using regression analysis, equations were obtained modeling the change of larval body length with time after hatching at different temperatures. This study provided basic data based on the growth and development of H. spinigera for the estimation of PMImin in forensic science.