bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt
Authors: Yiftach Uri 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe papyri from Egypt allow a rare glimpse of the workings of Greek law outside the settings of the polis. The evidence stems from an extremely long period from the Macedonian to the Arab conquest, a period in the course of which Greek law interacted with and was influenced by other legal cultures, most notably Egyptian and Roman. The evidence is also unique: literary sources play a marginal role, as do inscriptions. It is rather private correspondence, texts composed on papyrus for ephemeral purposes, discarded and uncovered millennia later, that provides most of our evidence. Such direct access to everyday documentation is one of the most fascinating features of legal papyrology.
The “White Man,” Race, and Imperial War during the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Lake Marilyn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the transnational formation of the gendered and racialized figure of the “white man” in the constitutive relations of colonial conquest and imperial rule across the nineteenth and into the twentieth century. The self-styled bearer of a “civilizing mission” to indigenous peoples, the white man became a perpetrator of violence and atrocity as imperial rule and colonial settlement encountered continuing resistance and guerrilla warfare. In the process, the older ideal of moral manliness gave way to a more modern conception of masculinity characterized by toughness, aggression, and a capacity to use firearms to “pacify the natives.” Defined by power, even as he was haunted by his vulnerability, the white man engaged in systematic denial and disavowal, evasion, and euphemism and narratives of nation-building that justified his right to rule.
Changing Modes of Warfare and the Gendering of Military Medical Care, 1850s–1920s
Authors: Quataert Jean H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter centers on the gendering of battlefield services found at the nexus of war, law, and medicine from the 1850s to the 1920s. It offers a sociolegal analysis of the impact of states’ accession to the Geneva Conventions of 1864 (revised in 1906), which brought a medical reform agenda into national life and simultaneously created a global network of relief associations in the international Red Cross movement. Blending global and local analyses, the chapter examines the diverse national struggles that gained women entry into battlefield nursing and explores the complex motives sustaining the work of the gendered medical staff on the global battlefields. It offers a historically sensitive assessment of the evolution of humanitarian practices in their formative ties to war and their place in helping shape the new face of international public health under the League of Nations after 1918.
States, Military Masculinities, and Combat in the Age of World Wars
Authors: Kühne Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the age of the two world wars, traditional concepts of exclusive and heroic masculinity gave way to inclusive, protean masculinities. Their fabric as tutorials for coping with the emotional, moral, and physical challenges of total war allowed for the integration of soldiers with different personalities and different social backgrounds into the cohesive face-to-face combat group that proved crucial for the fighting morale of modern armies. While men within these homosocial groups could perform a broad range of seemingly contradictory emotions and practices, coded from “masculine” to “feminine,” these groups relied on the exclusion of women. This chapter tracks representations and experiences of military masculinities in the first half of the twentieth century and compares the developments in Europe and the United States.
Colonial Soldiers, Race, and Military Masculinities during and beyond World Wars I and II
Authors: Smith Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Millions of colonial soldiers served the empires during World Wars I and II. Until the end of the twentieth century their history and memory received little attention. This chapter shows how martial-race theory, notions of mental capacity, and pre–world war experiences impacted the deployment of colonial troops. These factors included fear of arming colonial subjects, anxieties about the apparent mental and physical incapacity of some white soldiers, and pragmatic strategic considerations. The chapter takes a comparative approach to explore how the imperial military service of colonial soldiers contributed to masculine visions of independent nationhood and citizenship following the First and Second World Wars. Visions of heroic masculine sacrifice were appropriated by emerging nations, even where war service involved discrimination and deployment as military labor. The chapter also evaluates the extent to which imperial loyalty and the hope of postwar political patronage motivated colonial troops.
Post-1945 Western Militaries, Female Soldiers, and Gay and Lesbian Rights
Authors: Hagemann Karen , Campbell D’Ann 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the changing policies of the Western militaries toward female, gay, and lesbian soldiers in the post-1945 era and the challenges these policies posed to dominant ideas of military masculinity. The focus will be on the NATO states of Britain, Canada, and the United States with different military traditions. The chapter discusses the main blocking, enabling and driving factors for policies of integrating women as well as gays and lesbians in these three countries. It argues that their integration was fostered, first, by the move to professional armies based on volunteers, which led to growing military manpower needs; second, by the expanding centrality of degendered technological sophistication, which allowed the integration of more and more women, because it required skills and knowledge and not mainly strength; third, by social movements that pushed for equal rights for women and queer people; and fourth, a change in public opinion.
War and Gender
Authors: Dudink Stefan , Hagemann Karen , Honeck Mischa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the intertwined histories of gender and war from the end of the Age of Revolutions in the early nineteenth century to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. In the opening section, it offers a reconsideration of the notion of Europe’s post-Napoleonic century as an “era of peace” and of key concepts that historians have used to make sense of pursuits of war and military force during this time period, such as total war, imperialism, and militarism, and nationalism. It then offers a panoramic view of the major wars waged from the 1830s to the 1910s, paying special attention to the often porous and fluid boundaries between national, colonial, and imperial armed conflicts. Next, the chapter surveys the peacetime militarization of the “Western world” before the era of the two world wars, analyzing it as part of the movement of politics, society, culture, and economics in what was by the mid-nineteenth century a global age. The chapter concludes with an exploration of the intersections of war and gender and a reflection on the state of scholarship.
War, Culture, and Gender in Colonial and Revolutionary North America
Authors: Zabin Serena 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The warfare of colonial and revolutionary North America, from European–native conflicts and the Seven Years’ War to the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, has only recently come to be considered in gendered terms. The roles of both women and men in North American warfare underwent enormous changes from the last quarter of the sixteenth century to the first quarter of the nineteenth. Two major themes are at the center of this chapter: on the one hand, the theme of the contested and changing constructions of military masculinity of Native Americans, British, and French white settlers and the British and French armies that were brought to North America especially in the context of the Seven Years’ War; and on the other hand, the theme of women’s different and changing involvement in warfare, which is related to the contested and changing representations of femininity in the different war societies.
Gender, Slavery, War, and Violence in and beyond the Age of Revolutions
Authors: Colwill Elizabeth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A definition of war limited to fields of battle orchestrated by monarchs or nation-states elides a primary form of state-sponsored violence at the heart of European wars of empire—slavery. It involved the forcible conversion of persons to chattel through the legal and military arms of the state—a conversion secured through the subjection of sexual, productive, and reproductive labor and the erasure of genealogies and family ties. In this sense, slavery could be seen as a protracted state of war. Armed conflict fueled the slave trade, slave revolts blended into “official” wars, and enslaved people sometimes spoke of slavery as a state of war. Soldiers and the state march front and center in the archives, their presence camouflaging the gendered implications of warfare for women, families, and statecraft. Yet armed conflict in the Age of Revolutions spilled beyond the battlefield, constructed distinct pathways to emancipation for men and women, and enshrined new, gendered forms of citizenship. These interrelated themes are the focus of this chapter.
Ottoman Europe
Authors: Gerelyes Ibolya , Vionis Athanasios , Bikić Vesna , Dinu Niculina , Biliaieva Svitlana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe expansive territories in South-Eastern and Central Europe that came under Ottoman rule in the 15th and 16th centuries were culturally and religiously diverse. Some of these territories became Ottoman vassal states, and others fell under direct Ottoman rule. Considering the diversity of the Empire’s inhabitants, research on the lands under Ottoman rule belongs only partly to the field of Islamic archaeology. However, in the context of the Ottoman Empire as a whole, it is clear that analysis of the archaeological heritage of the non-Muslim subjects of the Empire has its place in Ottoman archaeological research and, therefore, constitutes a part of Islamic archaeology. The written sources lend background and credibility to archaeological research and investigations of historical monuments. In this sense, archaeological research into the Ottoman period in Europe represents a branch of historical archaeology which is heavily impacted by textual source analysis.
Clinical observation of mineralized collagen bone grafting after curettage of benign bone tumors
Authors: Gao Chong , Qiu Zhi-Ye , Hou Jian-Wen , Tian Wei , Kou Jian-Ming , Wang Xi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurettage of benign bone tumor is a common cause for bone defect. For such bone defect repair, autogenous bone, allogeneic bone and traditional artificial bone graft substitutes have many disadvantages. In recent years, a biomimetic mineralized collagen (MC) with similar composition and microstructures to the natural bone matrix was developed and used for treating various bone defects. In this work, a retrospective study analyzed clinical outcomes of patients treated with curettage of benign bone tumors and bone grafting with MC, in comparison to another group treated with the same surgical method and autogenous bone. Lane–Sandhu X-ray score of the autogenous bone group was superior to the MC group at 1 month after the operation, but the two groups had no statistical difference at 6 and 12 months. The MC group was better in Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scoring at 1 and 6 months after the operation, and the two groups had no statistical difference at 12 month. Therefore, the MC performed not as good as autogenous bone in early stage of bone healing but achieved comparable outcomes in long-term follow-ups. Moreover, the MC has advantages in function recovery and avoided potential complications induced by harvesting autogenous bone.
A longitudinal observational population-based study of brain volume associated with changes in sleep timing from middle to late-life
Authors: Kim Regina E Y , Kim Hyeon Jin , Kim Soriul , Abbott Robert D , Thomas Robert J , Yun Chang-Ho , Lee Hyang Woon , Shin Chol 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
Sleep behaviors are related to brain structure and function, but the impact of long-term changes in sleep timing on brain health has not been clearly addressed. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of longitudinal changes in sleep timing from middle to late-life with gray matter volume (GMV), an important marker of brain aging.

Methods
We enrolled 1798 adults (aged 49–82 years, men 54.6%) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between 2011 and 2014. Midsleep time (MST) on free days corrected for sleep debt on workdays was adopted as a marker of sleep timing. Data on MST were available at the time of MRI assessment and at examinations that were given 9 years earlier (2003–2004). Longitudinal changes in MST over the 9-year period were derived and categorized into quartiles. Subjects in quartile 1 were defined as “advancers” (MST advanced ≥ 1 h) while those in quartile 4 were defined as “delayers” (MST delayed ≥ 0.2 h). Quartiles 2–3 defined a reference group (MST change was considered modest). The relationship of GMV with MST changes over 9 years was investigated.

Results
Nine-year change in MST were significantly associated with GMV. Compared to the reference group, advancers had smaller GMVs in the frontal and temporal regions. A delay in MST was also associated with smaller cerebellar GMV.

Conclusions
In middle-to-late adulthood, the direction of change in MST is associated with GMV. While advancers and delayers in MST tend to present lower GMV, associations appear to differ across brain regions.
MYB_SH[AL]QKY[RF] transcription factors MdLUX and MdPCL-like promote anthocyanin accumulation through DNA hypomethylation and MdF3H activation in apple
Authors: Li Wen-Fang , Ning Gai-Xing , Zuo Cun-Wu , Chu Ming-Yu , Yang Shi-Jin , Ma Zong-Huan , Zhou Qi , Mao Juan , Chen Bai-Hong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heritable DNA methylation is a highly conserved epigenetic mark that is important for many biological processes. In a previous transcriptomic study on the fruit skin pigmentation of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Red Delicious’ (G0) and its four continuous-generation bud sport mutants including ‘Starking Red’ (G1), ‘Starkrimson’ (G2), ‘Campbell Redchief’ (G3) and ‘Vallee spur’ (G4), we identified MYB transcription factors (TFs) MdLUX and MdPCL-like involved in regulating anthocyanin synthesis. However, how these TFs ultimately determine the fruit skin color traits remains elusive. Here, bioinformatics analysis revealed that MdLUX and MdPCL-like contained a well-conserved motif SH[AL]QKY[RF] in their C-terminal region and were located in the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. Overexpression of MdLUX and MdPCL-like in ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits, ‘Gala’ calli and Arabidopsis thaliana promoted the accumulation of anthocyanin, whereas MdLUX and MdPCL-like suppression inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Red Fuji’ apple fruit skin. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that MdLUX and MdPCL-like may bind to the promoter region of the anthocyanin biosynthesis gene MdF3H. Dual-luciferase assays indicated that MdLUX and MdPCL-like activated MdF3H. The whole-genome DNA methylation study revealed that the methylation levels of the mCG context at the upstream (i.e., promoter region) of MdLUX and MdPCL-like were inversely correlated with their mRNA levels and anthocyanin accumulation. Hence, the data suggest that MYB_SH[AL]QKY[RF] TFs MdLUX and MdPCL-like promote anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit skins through the DNA hypomethylation of their promoter regions and the activation of the structural flavonoid gene MdF3H.
Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Mortality After Cannulation for Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Ortiz Fernando , Brunsvold Melissa E. , Bartos Jason A. 
Published: November 2020

Objectives:
To assess the prevalence and prognostic value of right ventricular dysfunction as measured by echocardiography in patients treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study. The primary endpoint was survival to discharge. Survival to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation decannulation was the secondary endpoint.

Setting:
ICU at an academic quaternary medical center.

Subjects:
Sixty-four consecutive patients treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between January 2013 and December 2018 with an echocardiogram performed after cannulation.

Interventions:
Transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography was used to assess several standard right and left ventricular characteristics after cannulation with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Measurements and Main Results:
No single echo variable was predictive of outcomes. Composite markers such as right ventricular dysfunction (right ventricular dilation and abnormal septal motion) or a small dynamic left ventricle (left ventricle internal diastolic diameter < 4.0 cm and left ventricular ejection fraction > 60%) were associated with significantly decreased survival to decannulation (45% vs 83%; p < 0.01) and survival to hospital discharge (32% vs 64%; p = 0.02). Regression models confirmed the absence of both right ventricular dysfunction, and small left ventricle was highly predictive of increased survival to decannulation (odds ratio, 6; 95% CI, 1.87–19.28; p < 0.01) and discharge (odds ratio, 3.86; 95% CI, 1.29–11.55; p = 0.02).

Conclusions:
Echocardiographic variables consistent with right ventricular dysfunction or a small dynamic left ventricle were associated with decreased survival to decannulation and hospital discharge. These results enhance prognostic capabilities while implicating right ventricular dysfunction in the high mortality observed in this patient population.
Vasopressin in Conjunction With Norepinephrine in Septic Shock: A Retrospective Cohort Study From a Low Middle-Income Country
Authors: Raza Hussain Ahmed , Arshad Ainan , Ayaz Ahmed , Raja Mohummad H. R. , Gauhar Fatima , Khan Maria , Jamil Bushra 
Published: November 2020

Objectives:
Guidelines recommend use of norepinephrine as the first-line treatment for fluid-refractory septic shock and if septic shock persists vasopressin may be initiated. Since there are limited data from low middle-income countries with high disease burden of sepsis, we aimed to compare the outcomes of using vasopressin adjunct to norepinephrine in comparison with norepinephrine alone.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.

Patients:
Six-hundred fifty-three patients diagnosed with septic shock from January 2019 to December 2019, with 498 given norepinephrine only and 155 given norepinephrine-vasopressin combination.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were duration of vasopressor used, length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, and days on ventilatory support. After adjustment by multivariable logistic regression, it was found that mortality was not significantly associated with the norepinephrine-vasopressin combination (adjusted odds ratio, 0.633 [95% CI, 0.370–1.081]). However, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at admission (1.100 [1.014–1.193]), lactate at admission (1.167 [1.109–1.227]), duration of vasopressor used (1.481 [1.316–1.666]), and level of care (3.025 [1.682–5.441]) were found to be independently associated with the adjunct usage of norepinephrine and vasopressin.

Conclusions:
The use of norepinephrine-vasopressin combination has remained debatable in literature. Our study showed that although there was no difference in mortality between the two groups, admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores and admission lactate levels were found to be significantly higher in the norepinephrine-vasopressin group. Hence, physicians from Pakistan used the norepinephrine-vasopressin combination in resistant septic shock patients who were sicker to begin with. Furthermore, duration of vasopressor therapy and ICU admission were also significantly higher in the combination group. Considering the recent hyperinflation of vasopressors costs and that most healthcare expenditure for patients in Pakistan is out-of-pocket, this can consequently lead to unwarranted financial burden for patients and their families.
Nurse practitioner productivity measurement: An organizational focus and lessons learned
Authors: Lucatorto Michelle A. , Walsh-Irwin Colleen 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Nurse practitioners (NPs) are valued members of the health care team, and their numbers are growing each year. The volume of literature demonstrating the impact on quality, safety, patient satisfaction, and access measures is substantial and growing. There is a significant lack of measurement methods and outcomes related to NP contributions to organizational productivity. The construction of strategy for measurement of NP productivity is a prerequisite for studies focusing on impact. Models that are being used to measure physician productivity are available to be examined in terms of their applicability to the NP work force. In 2005, the Deputy Under Secretary for Health for Operations and Management directed Veterans Healthcare Administration (VHA) to develop a productivity-based model for physicians using the Medicare Resource-Based Relative Value Scale, which was created in 1992 to provide guidance on determining payment for physician services. In 2015, the VHA set out to set standards for productivity measurements for NPs, physician assistants, and clinical nurse specialists, and in doing so, the physician productivity model was adapted for the NP workforce. The work of adapting the model will be presented in this article. The specific steps in the process of measurement, operational definitions for work activities, and calculations are provided. The article concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and next steps.
The Compounding Effect of Race/Ethnicity and Disability Status on Children’s Health and Health Care by Geography in the United States
Authors: Akobirshoev Ilhom , Mitra Monika , Li Frank S. , Dembo Robert , Dooley Dan , Mehta Amar , Batra Neelesh 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
The objective of this study was to examine the potential compounding effect of race/ethnicity, and disability status on children’s health and health care, stratified by selected geographies.

Methods:
We used the 2011/2012 NSCH and the 2012 Boston Survey of Children’s Health for our compounded disparity analysis. We used VanderWheel and Knol method to first predict combined risk ratios of race/ethnicity and disability and then compared them with the observed combined risk ratios.

Results:
We demonstrated that racial/ethnic minority children with disabilities experience additional disparities in health care access outcomes that are greater than the sum of the effects from either characteristic alone. Further, we demonstrate that disparities persist across all selected geographies irrespective of whether children lived in states or metropolitan cities with the best health care systems in the United States.

Conclusions:
Despite reform efforts, our study demonstrates that racial/ethnic minority children with disabilities experience a double burden. Given the deleterious compounded disparities, public health and social service programs at all geographical levels should prioritize identifying participants that face this and tailor programs to meet their needs.