bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of canine urine specific gravity measurements between various refractometers in a clinical setting
Authors: du Preez Kelly , Boustead Keagan , Rautenbach Yolandi , Goddard Amelia , Hooijberg Emma H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundVeterinary facilities might use multiple refractometers and individuals to measure urine specific gravity (USG). Previous comparison studies show conflicting results. Furthermore, the clinical significance of measurement differences and interobserver variabilities has not been assessed.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine statistically and clinically significant differences between four refractometers in measuring canine USG and subsequent categorization of urine concentrations and azotemia and determine the variability between different observers performing USG measurements.MethodsFifty‐nine specimens were included for the USG measurements with four refractometers by different observers. Each refractometer pair was compared using Spearman's rank correlation, Bland‐Altman difference plots, and Deming regression analyses. Calculated bias was compared to set performance goals. Interobserver agreement was evaluated, and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to determine differences in the categorization of urine concentrations and azotemia (prerenal or renal).ResultsThere was excellent correlation (rs = .99‐1.00) between refractometers. All comparisons involving R4 showed significant constant and proportional biases. Mean bias met the clinical performance goals for all refractometers, except for comparisons with R4, where up to 17 results were outside the allowable bias. There was almost perfect agreement (rs = .999) between observers and excellent agreement (ICC = .96‐.99) for the classification of urine concentrations. In azotemic patients (22%), there was perfect agreement (ICC = 1.00) for the categorization of azotemia.ConclusionsIn most cases, three of the refractometers evaluated in this study can be used interchangeably at all USG values, without affecting clinical decision‐making. Multiple observers did not significantly affect decision‐making.
Droplet Formation in a Microchannel T-Junction With Different Step Structure Position
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi Mohammad Yaghoub , Kazemi Rasoul , Ghalandari Mohammad 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this study, numerical simulation of formation of droplet within T-shaped microchannel is investigated. Three-dimensional, transient and two-phase numerical solution for four different microchannels with different stepping positions in the flow path was performed. Various parameters such as volume fraction, Nusselt number, pressure, Reynolds number, and temperature are discussed. The results show that the location of stepped barriers in the flow path affects the process of droplet formation, its number and size in the microchannel and should be considered as an important factor in determining the fluid behavior in the microchannel. It was observed that by placing half of the step at the entrance and the other half after the entrance, the continuous phase (S3 mode) was formed in 37.5 s compared to the other modes. The droplets were also smaller in size and more in numbers. It was also observed that the maximum value for the Nusselt number was obtained for the S2 mode where the step was located just above the discrete-phase entrance. In addition, the pressure at the inlet was higher and the flow velocity increased after the step and its pressure decreased, and continued to decrease due to frictional path.
Ultra-Precision Machining: Cutting With Diamond Tools
Authors: Lucca D. A. , Klopfstein M. J. , Riemer O. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article is written as a tribute to Professor Frederick Fongsun Ling 1927–2014. Single-point diamond machining, a subset of a broader class of processes characterized as ultraprecision machining, is used for the creation of surfaces and components with nanometer scale surface roughnesses, and submicrometer scale geometrical form accuracies. Its initial development centered mainly on the machining of optics for energy and defense related needs. Today, diamond machining has broad applications that include the manufacture of precision freeform optics for defense and commercial applications, the structuring of surfaces for functional performance, and the creation of molds used for the replication of a broad range of components in plastic or glass. The present work focuses on a brief review of the technology. First addressed is the state of current understanding of the mechanics that govern the process including the resulting forces, energies and the size effect, forces when cutting single crystals, and resulting cutting temperatures. Efforts to model the process are then described. The workpiece material response when cutting ductile and brittle materials is also included. Then the present state of the art in machine tools, diamond tools and tool development, various cutting configurations used, and some examples of diamond machined surfaces and components are presented. A discussion on the measurement of surface topography, geometrical form, and subsurface damage of diamond machined surfaces is also included.
Experiments on Probing the Configuration Space of Post-Buckled Panels
Authors: Ehrhardt D. , Virgin L. N. , Spottswood S. M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper describes a primarily experimental study in which a nonlinear structural component (a slender, mechanically buckled panel) is subject to probing. That is, equilibrium configurations are explored when a specific location on the panel is subject to the application of a (variable) displacement constraint and characterized by a corresponding probe force. This probe force (in this study located at the center of the rectangular panels) is measured using a load cell and the resulting shape(s), taken up by the panel, measured using digital image correlation (DIC). Although the probe is only applied at a single location, this arrangement supplies considerable information about the changing equilibrium landscape including revealing co-existing equilibrium configurations using large perturbations and associated hysteresis phenomena. In addition, monitoring the probing force, and specifically when it drops to zero, provides a window into “free” equilibria that would otherwise be unstable and unobservable. Finally, it is shown that the probed equilibrium configurations provide the “landscape” within which any dynamically induced trajectories evolve including snap-through oscillations.
A Review of Modern Communication Technologies for Digital Manufacturing Processes in Industry 4.0
Authors: Kurfess Thomas R. , Saldana Christopher , Saleeby Kyle , Dezfouli Mahmoud Parto 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDigital manufacturing technologies have quickly become ubiquitous in the manufacturing industry. The transformation commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, has ushered in a wide range of communication technologies, connection mechanisms, and data analysis capabilities. These technologies provide powerful tools to create more lean, profitable, and data-driven manufacturing processes. This paper reviews modern communication technologies and connection architectures for Digital Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 applications. An introduction to cyber-physical systems and a review of digital manufacturing trends is followed by an overview of data acquisition methods for manufacturing processes. Numerous communication protocols are presented and discussed for connecting disparate machines and processes. Flexible data architectures are discussed, and examples of machine monitoring implementations are provided. Finally, select implementations of these communication protocols and architectures are surveyed with recommendations for future architecture implementations.
Analysis of Flow Boiling Frictional Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
Authors: Tang Weiyu , Lv Tong , Li Wei , Sherif S. A. , Ayub Zahid , Yao Shi-Chune 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plate heat exchangers are widely used in various industries for many years. The corrugated channels on the plates effectively enhance the turbulence of flow boiling and complicate the prediction of pressure drop. This article presents a brief review about effects of various operating and geometrical factors on frictional pressure drop during flow boiling in plate heat exchangers. Experimental data points of frictional pressure drop were collected from the previous literature to develop a general correlation. The database contained 591 data points, covering six different refrigerants, mass flux range 5.5–130 kg/m2/s1, heat flux 0–15 kW/m2, vapor quality 0.04–0.96, saturation temperature −25 to 61 C°, chevron angle 20 deg–65 deg, and hydraulic diameter 1.7–5.35 mm. In this study, several existing correlations were compared with the database, and most of them seem fail to give an acceptable prediction. A new correlation was proposed with multiple regression analysis in terms of two-phase Fanning friction factor. The new method showed a good agreement with the present database and predicted 70.2% and 91.7% of data points within ±30% and ±50% errors, respectively.
Fluid-Thermal-Structural Characteristics of Spiral Square Channel
Authors: Li Na , Xu Hui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The extremely hot environment attributed to the combustion and aerodynamic heating exposes the scramjets to intense thermal-structural loads. The scramjet life is limited due to the wall cracks caused by the large temperature difference. The focus of this study was performing coupled 3D fluid-thermal-structural analysis of the cooling jacket for scramjet engines. Firstly, the mathematical models and the simulation method were established. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations were based on the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy. Strain compatibility, equilibrium equations, and constitutive law of elastic solids were applied for the 3D static thermal-structural analysis. Secondly, the fluid-thermal-structural analysis was performed. Results show that both large temperature difference and structure geometry have an obvious impact on the deformation of the cooling channel. Highest deformation (2.1%) of the straight square channel occurs at the middle of the hot side ligament. Compared with the straight square channel, the maximum temperature of the triangular channel and the spiral square channel is reduced by 7.3% and 26.1%, and the total deformation is increased by 5.0% and reduced by 28.3%, respectively.
Radiation and Partial Slip Effects on Magnetohydrodynamic Jeffrey Nanofluid Containing Gyrotactic Microorganisms Over a Stretching Surface
Authors: Kumaraswamy Naidu K. , Harish Babu D. , Harinath Reddy S. , Satya Narayana P. V. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this study, the impact of thermal radiation and partial slip on magnetohydrodynamic flow of the Jeffrey nanofluid comprising motile gyrotactic microorganisms via vertical stretching surface is analyzed. The governing partial differential equations are reformed to a system of coupled ordinary differential equations by utilizing the similarity transformations. The transformed equations are of order four, which are complex to solve analytically and hence, the coupled system is solved computationally by using the shooting technique along the Runge–Kutta integrated scheme. The ramifications of different thermophysical parameters on the density of gyrotactic microorganisms, Jeffrey nanofluid velocity, nanoparticles concentration, temperature, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number are illustrated graphically. Comparing this study with the results already published favors the validity of this study. It is established that the Nusselt number is boosted on enhancing the thermal radiation parameter, and the reverse trend has been observed on increasing the Richardson number, whereas the gyrotactic microorganisms density is more in case of viscous nanofluid compared to the Jeffrey nanofluid.
Multi-Loop Rover: A Kind of Modular Rolling Robot Constructed by Multi-Loop Linkages
Authors: Tian Yaobin , Kong Xianwen , Xu Kun , Ding Xilun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a new kind of modular rolling robot called multi-loop rover (MLR), which is essentially a multi-loop linkage that is able to roll and switch its rolling directions. For ease of rolling, the MLR retains a multi-loop topological structure composed of a number of strut and node modules. First, the modular design and assembling method are introduced to construct an MLR. Then, the mobility is analyzed based on screw theory, and a brief formula is presented to calculate the degree-of-freedoms of the robot. The results show that all node modules only have translational motions, which can significantly reduce the complexity of kinematics. The forward and inverse kinematics are conducted to show the deformation properties. Based on the kinematic rolling principle, the morphing strategies for rolling and turning functions are developed. Finally, a physical prototype is manufactured and a serial of experiments are carried out to verify the proposed method.
Numerical Study of Magnetic Field Influence on Three-Dimensional Flow Regime and Combined-Convection Heat Exchange Within Concentric and Eccentric Rotating Cylinders
Authors: Sodagar-Abardeh Javad , Nasery Payam , Arabkoohsar Ahmad , Farzaneh-Gord Mahmood 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The forced and natural flows of fluid within an annulus caused by the rotation of cylinders and temperature differences of the inner and outer walls are observed in various engineering applications. In this research, the laminar flow regime and mixed convection inside a ring-shaped horizontal concentric and eccentric space for an incompressible fluid are studied in the existence of an axial magnetic field. The present work is the first effort to investigate the influence of a magnetic field on flow and combined-convection heat exchange characteristics within an annulus with a cold outer cylinder and an inner hot cylinder. Here, the properties of the flow and heat transfer characteristics are studied using the finite volume method. Numerical procedures are mainly investigated for recognizing the influence of Hartmann number (in the range of 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), as the representative of the magnetic force, on velocity components, Nusselt number, streamlines, and isothermal lines. One of the notable effects is that when Ha number increases, it will reduce the vorticity of the fluid and buoyancy forces. As a result, streamlines and isothermal lines can be seen more constant as regular concentric circles. A rise in Ha number decreases the range of local Nu number variation for both cylinders. The average Nu number for the outer and inner cylinders has different trends when Ha number increases. Taking concentric cylinders as an example, this parameter for the inner and the outer cylinders increases and decreases by about 1.2 and 1.6, respectively.
Swirling Flow Regimes and Gas Carry-Under in Gas–Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separator in a Separated Outlet Configuration
Authors: Kolla Srinivas Swaroop , Mohan Ram S. , Shoham Ovadia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gas carry-under (GCU) and the corresponding gas volume fraction (GVF) in the gas–liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC©)2 liquid outlet occurs even within its normal operational envelope (OPEN). Few studies are available on GLCC, GCU, and GVF, which have been carried out in a GLCC operated in a metering loop configuration. This study focuses on GLCC GCU and GVF in swirling flow under separated outlet configuration with active control, which increases the GLCC OPEN significantly. A state-of-the-art test facility is used to acquire extensive GCU and GVF data for both air–water and air–oil flow in a 3″ diameter GLCC. The GLCC is equipped with three sequential trap sections to measure the instantaneous GVF and gas evolution in its lower part below the inlet. Also, gas trap sections are installed in the GLCC liquid outlet leg to measure the overall time-averaged GCU and GVF. The extensive acquired data shed light on the complex flow behavior in the lower part of the GLCC and its effect on the GCU and GVF in the GLCC. Tangential wall jet impingement from the GLCC inlet is the cause of gas entrainment and swirling in the lower GLCC body. The swirling flow mechanisms in the lower part of the GLCC are identified, which affect the GCU and GVF. The liquid viscosity and surface tension also affect the results. The GCU and GVF in the GLCC liquid outlet reduce as the superficial liquid velocities are increased for both air–oil and air–water flows, whereby the superficial gas velocities do not have a significant effect. The GCU and GVF for air–water flow are three orders of magnitude lower as compared to the air–oil flow.
Determination of Dynamic Drainage Volume in Water-Flood Operations Based on Fluid Flow Velocity Field Delineation
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Qian Qihao , Shi Chengfang , Wang John Yilin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDynamic drainage volume is a useful measure in evaluating well completions, well spacing, and water-flood operations. It is usually approximated with a two-dimensional circle or a three-dimensional (3D) box that encloses a well using empirical correlations and production/injection volumes. While this approximation may be convenient, it certainly is not a good estimation for the effective and dynamic drainage volume, which is key for improved recovery. This paper proposes a new method to compute dynamic drainage volumes based on reservoir simulation results. A 3D fluid flow velocity field is first generated and then visualized as a function of time. Through velocity thresholding, one can delineate flow regions, and accurately and parsimoniously determine well drainage in water-flood operations. Our new method was proven to be more efficient and practical as demonstrated in a field-based synthetic model with nine injectors and 16 producers formed as an inverted five-spot water-flood pattern commonly used in the field, and a benchmark SPE 9 model. The novelty of the method lies in that a 3D fluid velocity field is generated to determine dynamic drainage volume. Our new method could be applied to optimize well placement and improve well operation, and finally increase the production in a heuristic, instructive, and cost-effective manner to maximize the estimated ultimate recovery.
Study of Energy Saving Analysis for Different Industries
Authors: Abdel-Hadi Ahmad , Salem Abdel Rahman , Abbas Ahmad I. , Qandil Mohammad , Amano Ryoichi S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study analyzes the energy consumption and saving performance in the industries in the U.S.A. All energy assessments implemented were for facilities whose annual energy consumptions were less than 9,000,000 kWh (small- and medium-sized industries) that belong to the manufacturing industries with Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes ranging from 2000 to 3999 in addition to SIC codes starting with 49. In this study, assessments are classified based on the SIC codes with recommendations analysis for each classification to get a better idea of what recommendations were suggested in each major industrial sector, knowing that 68 assessments were made, and their SIC ranged from 14 to 49. In addition, this study could be considered as a guide for energy engineers and other personnel involved in the energy assessment process. The information investigated can give a better prediction for composing better energy-demanding industries and minimizing energy consumption. More than 61 energy assessments were conducted for manufacturing facilities and analyzing the data gathered and processed. Through the research, the Fabricated Metal industry achieved the highest average kWh savings and cost savings within the industries studied in this study. According to the average gigajoule (GJ) savings, the fabricated metal industry ranked second within the studied industries. Conversely, Food and Kindred Products achieved the highest GJ energy savings within the studied industries. Lighting, motors, compressors, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) were the most contributing industries in a total of 547 recommendations.
Experimental Characterization of a Large-Range Parallel Kinematic XYZ Flexure Mechanism
Authors: Awtar Shorya , Quint Jason , Ustick John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Previously, we reported the conceptual design of a novel parallel-kinematic flexure mechanism that provides large and decoupled motions in the X, Y, and Z directions, along with good actuator isolation, and small parasitic error motions (Awtar, S., Ustick, J., and Sen, S., 2012, “An XYZ Parallel-Kinematic Flexure Mechanism With Geometrically Decoupled Degrees of Freedom,” ASME J. Mech. Rob., 5(1), p. 015001). This paper presents the detailed design and fabrication of a high-precision experimental setup to characterize and validate the motion attributes of this proposed flexure design via comprehensive measurements. The unique aspects of this experimental setup include a novel modular construction and exact-constraint assembly of the flexure mechanism from 12 identical parallelogram flexure modules. The flexure mechanism along with the sensing and actuation setup in the experiment is designed to enable large range (10 mm) in each direction. Experimental measurements and finite-elements analysis demonstrate &lt;3% variation in motion direction stiffness, 20.4% lost motion, &lt;11.6% cross-axis error, &lt;3.3% actuator isolation, and &lt;9.5 mrad motion stage rotation over the entire 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm range of motion.
Robust Observer-Based Finite Time Sliding Mode Control for One-Sided Lipschitz Systems With Uncertainties
Authors: Ren Junchao , Sun Jie , Li Fangfang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the problem of observer-based finite time sliding mode control (SMC) for a class of one-sided Lipschitz (OSL) systems with uncertainties. The parameter uncertainties are assumed to be time-varying norm-bounded appearing not only in both the state and output matrices but also in the nonlinear function. For a time interval [0,T], we divide it into two parts: one part is the reaching phase within [0,T*] and another part is the sliding motion phase within [T*,T]. First, the reachability of the sliding mode surface with T*≤T is proved. Next, several conditions are proposed which ensure robust finite time boundedness (FTB) of the corresponding closed-loop systems in the interval [0,T*] and [T*,T], respectively. Then, the sufficient conditions, which guarantee robust finite time boundedness of the closed-loop system in whole time interval [0,T], are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), and further the robust observer and controller can be designed in an LMI frame. A convex optimization problem subject to LMIs is formulated to optimize the desired performance indices of interest to us. Finally, a practical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.