bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
tRNA import across the mitochondrial inner membrane inT. bruceirequires TIM subunits but is independent of protein import
Authors: Shikha Shikha , Huot Jonathan L , Schneider André , Niemann Moritz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMitochondrial tRNA import is widespread, but mechanistic insights of how tRNAs are translocated across mitochondrial membranes remain scarce. The parasitic protozoan T. brucei lacks mitochondrial tRNA genes. Consequently, it imports all organellar tRNAs from the cytosol. Here we investigated the connection between tRNA and protein translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Trypanosomes have a single inner membrane protein translocase that consists of three heterooligomeric submodules, which all are required for import of matrix proteins. In vivo depletion of individual submodules shows that surprisingly only the integral membrane core module, including the protein import pore, but not the presequence-associated import motor are required for mitochondrial tRNA import. Thus we could uncouple import of matrix proteins from import of tRNAs even though both substrates are imported into the same mitochondrial subcompartment. This is reminiscent to the outer membrane where the main protein translocase but not on-going protein translocation is required for tRNA import. We also show that import of tRNAs across the outer and inner membranes are coupled to each other. Taken together, these data support the ‘alternate import model’, which states that tRNA and protein import while mechanistically independent use the same translocation pores but not at the same time.
Association of circulating cardiac biomarkers with electrocardiographic abnormalities in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kula Alexander J , Katz Ronit , Zelnick Leila R , Soliman Elsayed , Go Alan , Shlipak Michael , Deo Rajat , Ky Bonnie , DeBoer Ian , Anderson Amanda , Christenson Rob , Seliger Stephen L , Defilippi Chris , Feldman Harold I , Wolf Myles , Kusek John , Shafi Tariq , He Jiang , Bansal Nisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the circulating cardiac biomarkers soluble ST2 (SST2), galectin-3, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin-T (hsTnT) possibly reflect pathophysiologic processes and are associated with clinical cardiovascular disease. Whether these biomarkers are associated with electrocardiographic findings is not known. The aim of this study was to test the association between serum cardiac biomarkers and the presence of electrocardiographic changes potentially indicative of subclinical myocardial disease in patients with CKD.

Methods
We performed a cross-sectional analysis using 3048 participants from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) without atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block, bundle branch block or a pacemaker at the baseline visit. Using logistic regression, we tested the association of each of the five cardiac biomarkers with baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) findings: PR interval &gt;200 ms, QRS interval &gt;100 ms and a prolonged QTc interval. Models were adjusted for demographic variables, measures of kidney function, prevalent cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors.

Results
In adjusted models, hsTnT levels associated with prolonged PR {odds ratio [OR] 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.40]}, QRS [OR 1.28 (95% CI 1.16–1.42)] and QTc [OR 1.94 (95% CI 1.50–2.51)] intervals. NT-proBNP levels were associated with prolonged QRS [OR 1.11 (95% CI 1.06–1.16)] and QTc [OR 1.82 (95% CI 1.58–2.10)] intervals. SST2, galectin-3 and GDF-15 were not significantly associated with any of the ECG parameters.

Conclusions
hsTnT and NT-proBNP were associated with ECG measures indicative of subclinical myocardial dysfunction. These results may support future research investigating the significance of myocardial ischemia and volume overload in the pathogenesis of dysfunctional myocardial conduction in CKD.
Menthol and Mint Cigarettes and Cigars: Initiation and Progression in Youth, Young Adults and Adults in Waves 1–4 of the PATH Study, 2013–2017
Authors: Villanti Andrea C , Johnson Amanda L , Halenar Michael J , Sharma Eva , Cummings K Michael , Stanton Cassandra A , Delnevo Cristine D , Wackowski Olivia A , Bansal-Travers Maansi , Pearson Jennifer L , Abrams David B , Niaura Raymond S , Fong Geoffrey T , Elton-Marshall Tara , Hatsukami Dorothy , Trinidad Dennis R , Kaufman Annette , Sawdey Michael D , Taylor Ethel V , Slavit Wendy I , Rass Olga , Compton Wilson M , Hyland Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction
This study examined in youth (12–17 years), young adults (18–24 years), and adults (25+ years): (1) the prevalence of the first menthol cigarette and menthol/mint cigar use among new tobacco users; (2) association between the first menthol/mint use, subsequent tobacco use, and nicotine dependence ~1 year later compared with the first non-menthol/mint use.

Aims and Methods
Longitudinal analysis of data from Waves 1 to 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study (2013–2017; 10 086 youth and 21 281 adults). Main outcome measures were past 12-month and past 30-day cigarette and cigar use, and nicotine dependence.

Results
Youth and young adult new cigarette users are more likely to smoke a menthol cigarette or indicate that they do not know the flavor compared with adults aged 25+. A greater proportion of adults aged 25+ first used menthol/mint-flavored cigars (13.4%) compared with youth (8.5%) and young adults (7.4%). Among young adults, first use of a menthol cigarette is associated with past 12-month use of cigarettes at the subsequent wave and first use of any menthol/mint-flavored cigars is associated with past 30-day use of these products at the subsequent wave in both youth and young adults. In youth and adults, there were no significant relationships between first use of a menthol/mint cigarette or cigar and nicotine dependence scores at a subsequent wave in multivariable analyses.

Conclusions
The first use of menthol/mint cigarettes and cigars is associated with subsequent cigarette and cigar use in young people aged 12–24.

Implications
This study examined the relationship between initiation with menthol cigarettes and menthol/mint cigars, subsequent tobacco use, and nicotine dependence in US youth, young adults, and adults who participated in Waves 1–4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. New use of menthol cigarettes was associated with greater past 12-month cigarette use in young adults and new use of menthol/mint-flavored cigars was associated with greater past 30-day cigar use in youth and young adults compared with non-menthol use. Initiation with menthol/mint cigarette and cigar products may lead to subsequent use of those products.
Assessment of Testing and Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Initiated in the Emergency Department
Authors: Petty Lindsay A , Vaughn Valerie M , Flanders Scott A , Patel Twisha , Malani Anurag N , Ratz David , Kaye Keith S , Pogue Jason M , Dumkow Lisa E , Thyagarajan Rama , Hsaiky Lama M , Osterholzer Danielle , Kronick Steven L , McLaughlin Elizabeth , Gandhi Tejal N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Reducing antibiotic use in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) has been inpatient focused. However, testing and treatment is often started in the emergency department (ED). Thus, for hospitalized patients with ASB, we sought to identify patterns of testing and treatment initiated by emergency medicine (EM) clinicians and the association of treatment with outcomes.

Methods
We conducted a 43-hospital, cohort study of adults admitted through the ED with ASB (February 2018–February 2020). Using generalized estimating equation models, we assessed for (1) factors associated with antibiotic treatment by EM clinicians and, after inverse probability of treatment weighting, (2) the effect of treatment on outcomes.

Results
Of 2461 patients with ASB, 74.4% (N = 1830) received antibiotics. The EM clinicians ordered urine cultures in 80.0% (N = 1970) of patients and initiated treatment in 68.5% (1253 of 1830). Predictors of EM clinician treatment of ASB versus no treatment included dementia, spinal cord injury, incontinence, urinary catheter, altered mental status, leukocytosis, and abnormal urinalysis. Once initiated by EM clinicians, 79% (993 of 1253) of patients remained on antibiotics for at least 3 days. Antibiotic treatment was associated with a longer length of hospitalization (mean 5.1 vs 4.2 days; relative risk = 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.23) and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) (0.9% [N = 11] vs 0% [N = 0]; P = .02).

Conclusions
Among hospitalized patients ultimately diagnosed with ASB, EM clinicians commonly initiated testing and treatment; most antibiotics were continued by inpatient clinicians. Antibiotic treatment was not associated with improved outcomes, whereas it was associated with prolonged hospitalization and CDI. For best impact, stewardship interventions must expand to the ED.
Gender economics: an assessment
Authors: Sevilla Almudena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConcerns about gender equality have jumped to the forefront of public debate in recent years, and Gender Economics is slowly affirming its place as a major field of study. This assessment examines where we are in terms of gender equality. It reviews the theoretical foundations that can explain existing inequalities, and documents the empirical findings supported by the theories, identifying avenues for future research and providing a fruitful framework to think about the effectiveness of policies and interventions targeting gender inequality. In doing so, I provide the foundations against which the contributions in this issue can be placed.
Exploring the Development, Validity, and Utility of the Short-Form Version of the CHoice of Outcome In Cbt for PsychosEs: A Patient-Reported Outcome Measure of Psychological Recovery
Authors: Webb Rebecca , Bartl Gergely , James Bryony , Skan Rosie , Peters Emmanuelle , Jones Anna-Marie , Garety Philippa , Kuipers Elizabeth , Hayward Mark , Greenwood Kathryn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The original CHoice of Outcome In Cbt for psychosEs (CHOICE) measure was designed in collaboration with experts by experience as a patient-reported “Psychological Recovery” outcome measure for cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp). A short version (CHOICE-SF) was developed to use as a brief outcome measure, with a focus on sensitivity to change, for use in future research and practice. CHOICE-SF was developed and validated using 3 separate samples, comprising 640 service users attending 1 of 2 transdiagnostic clinics for (1) CBTp or (2) therapies for voice hearing or (3) who took part in the treatment as usual arm of a trial. In the initial subsample of 69 participants, items from the original CHOICE measure with medium to large effect sizes for change pre- to post-CBTp were retained to form the CHOICE-SF. Internal consistency, construct validity, and sensitivity to change were confirmed, and the factor structure was examined in 242 participants. Specificity was confirmed by comparison with 44 participants who completed CHOICE at 2 time points but did not receive therapy. Validation of CHOICE-SF was carried out by confirming factor structure and sensitivity to change in a new sample of 354 and a subsample of 51 participants, respectively. The CHOICE-SF comprised 11 items and 1 additional personal goal item. A single-factor structure was confirmed, with high internal consistency, construct validity, and sensitivity to change. The CHOICE-SF is a brief, psychometrically robust measure to assess change following psychological therapies in research and clinical practice for people with psychosis and severe mental illness.
The Color Line in Southeastern Europe: A Du Boisian Analysis of the Yugoslav Region
Authors: Kuperberg Jeremy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSociologists apply the theory and methods of W.E.B. Du Bois to cases of widely-understood racial difference, often using the historical black-white divide of the United States as a default case. As a result, there is a dearth of Du Boisian analysis of phenomena that are primarily conceptualized using non-racial categories such as nation, ethnicity, or class. However, Du Bois's theories and the racialized structures they address are global in scope. This article uses Du Boisian theory to examine identity discourse surrounding the Yugoslav region, an ostensibly white space at the blurred border of Europe and historical empire. This article places Du Bois in conversation with critical Balkan scholarship to reveal the ways in which South Slavic populations experience unique versions of racialized double consciousness, despite assumptions of whiteness. This framing illuminates the presence of race and empire otherwise obscured in discussions of historical conflict. We can better understand the relevance of a global Du Boisian project if we reject the assumption that processes of racialization map neatly onto bounded populations or geographic spaces.
Bottleneck, Isolate, Amplify, Select (BIAS) as a mechanistic framework for intracellular population dynamics of positive-sense RNA viruses
Authors: Qu Feng , Zheng Limin , Zhang Shaoyan , Sun Rong , Slot Jason , Miyashita Shuhei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many positive-sense RNA viruses, especially those infecting plants, are known to experience stringent, stochastic population bottlenecks inside the cells they invade, but exactly how and why these populations become bottlenecked are unclear. A model proposed ten years ago advocates that such bottlenecks are evolutionarily favored because they cause the isolation of individual viral variants in separate cells. Such isolation in turn allows the viral variants to manifest the phenotypic differences they encode. Recently published observations lend mechanistic support to this model and prompt us to refine the model with novel molecular details. The refined model, designated Bottleneck, Isolate, Amplify, Select (BIAS), postulates that these viruses impose population bottlenecks on themselves by encoding bottleneck-enforcing proteins (BNEPs) that function in a concentration-dependent manner. In cells simultaneously invaded by numerous virions of the same virus, BNEPs reach the bottleneck-ready concentration sufficiently early to arrest nearly all internalized viral genomes. As a result, very few (as few as one) viral genomes stochastically escape to initiate reproduction. Repetition of this process in successively infected cells isolates viral genomes with different mutations in separate cells. This isolation prevents mutant viruses encoding defective viral proteins from hitchhiking on sister genome-encoded products, leading to the swift purging of such mutants. Importantly, genome isolation also ensures viral genomes harboring beneficial mutations accrue the cognate benefit exclusively to themselves, leading to the fixation of such beneficial mutations. Further interrogation of the BIAS hypothesis promises to deepen our understanding of virus evolution and inspire new solutions to virus disease mitigation.
A Pilot Trial Examining the Merits of Combining Amantadine and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as an Intervention for Persons With Disordered Consciousness After TBI
Authors: Bender Pape Theresa L. , Herrold Amy A. , Livengood Sherri L. , Guernon Ann , Weaver Jennifer A. , Higgins James P. , Rosenow Joshua M. , Walsh Elyse , Bhaumik Runa , Pacheco Marilyn , Patil Vijaya K. , Kletzel Sandra , Conneely Mark , Bhaumik Dulal K. , Mallinson Trudy , Parrish Todd 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
Report pilot findings of neurobehavioral gains and network changes observed in persons with disordered consciousness (DoC) who received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or amantadine (AMA), and then rTMS+AMA.

Participants:
Four persons with DoC 1 to 15 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design:
Alternate treatment-order, within-subject, baseline-controlled trial.

Main Measures:
For group and individual neurobehavioral analyses, predetermined thresholds, based on mixed linear-effects models and conditional minimally detectable change, were used to define meaningful neurobehavioral change for the Disorders of Consciousness Scale-25 (DOCS) total and Auditory-Language measures. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the default mode and 6 other networks was examined.

Results:
Meaningful gains in DOCS total measures were observed for 75% of treatment segments and auditory-language gains were observed after rTMS, which doubled when rTMS preceded rTMS+AMA. Neurobehavioral changes were reflected in rsFC for language, salience, and sensorimotor networks. Between networks interactions were modulated, globally, after all treatments.

Conclusions:
For persons with DoC 1 to 15 years after TBI, meaningful neurobehavioral gains were observed after provision of rTMS, AMA, and rTMS+AMA. Sequencing and combining of treatments to modulate broad-scale neural activity, via differing mechanisms, merits investigation in a future study powered to determine efficacy of this approach to enabling neurobehavioral recovery.
Safety Considerations for the Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Treatment for Coma Recovery in People With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Kletzel Sandra L. , Aaronson Alexandra L. , Guernon Ann , Carbone Christina , Chaudhry Noor , Walsh Elyse , Conneely Mark , Patil Vijaya , Roth Elliott , Steiner Monica , Pacheco Marilyn , Rosenow Joshua , Bender Pape Theresa L. 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
For persons in states of disordered consciousness (DoC) after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI), we report cumulative findings from safety examinations, including serious adverse events (AEs) of a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) parameter protocol in 2 different studies.

Participants:
Seven persons in states of DoC after sTBI with widespread neuropathology, but no large lesions in proximity to the site of rTMS. One participant had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt with programmable valve.

Methods:
Two clinical trials each providing 30 rTMS sessions to the right or left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, involving 300 to 600 pulses over 1 or 2 sessions daily. One study provided concomitant amantadine. Safety indicators monitored related to sleep, temperature, blood pressure, skin integrity, sweating, weight loss, infections, and seizure.

Results:
Average changes for monitored indicators were of mild severity, with 75 nonserious AEs and 1 serious AE (seizure). The participant incurring a seizure resumed rTMS while taking antieplieptics without further seizure activity.

Conclusions:
Considering elevated risks for this patient population and conservative patient selection, findings indicate a relatively safe profile for the specified rTMS protocols; however, potential for seizure induction must be monitored. Future research for this population can be broadened to include patients previously excluded on the basis of profiles raising safety concerns.
SYSTEMIC FACTORS AND EARLY TREATMENT RESPONSE TO INTRAVITREAL INJECTION FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA
Authors: Hwang Hyeseong , Lee Hwanho , Kim Jin Young , Lee Suhwan , Seo Eoi Jong , Chae Ju Byung , Kim Dong Yoon 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose:
To investigate the effect of systemic factors on early treatment response to intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVBI) and intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IVDI) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods:
We reviewed the medical records of 117 treatment naïve DME patients who underwent IVBI. We divided the patients according to their IVBI response. An IVDI was performed in patients with poor response to IVBIs. We investigated the various systemic factors of diabetic patients and examined the relationship between systemic factors and the treatment response to IVBI and IVDI.

Results:
In a total of 117 treatment naïve DME eyes, 61 eyes (52.14%) were classified as IVBI responders. An IVDI was performed in 23 of 56 eyes with poor response to IVBI, and 17 eyes (73.91%) had a good response. Among various systemic factors of patients with diabetes, renal function (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate) showed a significant negative correlation with central subfield retinal thickness improvement after treatment (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference in HbA1C levels regarding the treatment response to IVBI and IVDI.

Conclusion:
Renal function was significantly worse in patients with a poor response to IVBI and IVDI. Renal function could be used as a possible predictor for treatment response in certain patients with DME. Furthermore, for patients with DME with poor responses to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor or steroid treatments, assessment of renal function could help explain the poor treatment response.
Cognitive Remediation for Inpatients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Buonocore Mariachiara , Agostoni Giulia , Bechi Margherita , Inguscio Emanuela , Gritti Davide , Anchora Lavinia , Spangaro Marco , Cocchi Federica , Bianchi Laura , Guglielmino Carmelo , Sormani Marika , Russotti Massimiliano , Bosia Marta , Cavallaro Roberto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) is a computer-based rehabilitation treatment aimed at improving cognition and at developing strategies that can be applied to various functional areas. Different protocols are currently used with great variability over the intensity and duration of treatments. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a brief and intensive CACR training (i.e., 15 sessions for 3 weeks) on cognitive domains, as well as the durability of cognitive gains and their generalization to functional areas, 3 months after CACR training. Thirty-eight patients with schizophrenia were recruited and assessed for psychopathology, cognitive performance, and functioning before the rehabilitative intervention. Patients were reassessed for cognition after CACR rehabilitation. Moreover, a subsample of 13 patients was evaluated for cognition and functioning 3 months after CACR completion. Results show significant improvements in multiple cognitive domains after CACR. Furthermore, 3 months after CACR completion, significant improvements were also detected in executive functions and daily functioning. This study suggests that a brief and intense CACR training is effective on cognitive and functional domains and that it could be feasible and affordable for health care services, thus offering patients the best options for fulfilling recovery goals.