bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of an All-Semiconductor Selective Metamaterial Emitter in the Mid-IR Regime with Larger Feature Sizes for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion Applications
Authors: Oh Minsu , Carlson Emily , Vandervelde Thomas E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system converts heat that is absorbed via conduction, convection, and/or radiation to electricity. The efficiency of TPV energy conversion can be improved with a narrowband selective emitter that emits photons at just above the bandgap energy towards the TPV photodiode. We numerically report a selective metamaterial (MM) emitter design with a single layer of cylindrical structures of p-type silicon (boron-doped). Our design (substrate-free) features a peak absorbance of 94.8% at the wavelength of 3.47 μm with the smallest lateral dimension of 0.8 μm. The absorption is found to be due to the resonance of electric and magnetic fields in the structure. The larger dimensions of our selective MM emitter design make it significantly easier to pattern than many of previously reported selective MM emitters operating at similar wavelengths to that of our work. We believe that our work demonstrates a path forward for future research on larger-area all-semiconductor selective MM emitters with a variety of peak absorbance wavelengths for TPV applications.
Relationship between pre-service mathematics teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and instructional practices in China
Authors: Yang Xinrong , Kaiser Gabriele , König Johannes , Blömeke Sigrid 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper we examine the relationship between teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and instructional practices based on a study with 495 Chinese pre-service mathematics teachers. The results indicate that Chinese pre-service mathematics teachers tend to hold mixed beliefs about the nature of mathematics, and a constructivist view about mathematics teaching and learning, and that they are inclined to report that their teaching is inquiry-oriented. Mathematical content knowledge (MCK) and mathematics pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK) were found not to correlate with the teachers’ self-reported instructional practice, in contrast to pre-service mathematics teachers’ beliefs, which showed a stronger association with their self-reported inquiry-oriented instructional practice. Moreover, pre-service teachers’ dynamic beliefs about the nature of mathematics, and constructivist beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning, acted as mediators between pre-service mathematics teachers’ MCK, MPCK and instructional practice respectively.
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia in Its Niche: the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Ladikou E. E. , Sivaloganathan H. , Pepper A. , Chevassut T. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignancy for which treatment options remain suboptimal. It is clear that a greater understanding of the biology of the AML niche will enable new therapeutic strategies to be developed in order to improve treatment outcomes for patients.

Recent Findings
Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of the bone marrow microenvironment in protecting leukaemia cells, and in particular leukaemic stem cells from chemotherapy-induced cell death. This includes mesenchymal stem cells supporting growth and preventing apoptosis, and altered action and secretion profiles of other niche components including adipocytes, endothelial cells and T cells.

Summary
Here, we provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the AML bone marrow microenvironment. Clinical trials of agents that mobilise leukaemic stem cells from the bone marrow are currently ongoing and show early promise. Future challenges will involve combining these novel therapies targeted at the AML niche with conventional chemotherapy treatment.
Strategic trade policy with socially concerned firms
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Buccella Domenico 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the light of the recent adoption of social responsible activities by large exporters, this paper sets up a strategic trade policy model in which two national champions compete à la Cournot in a third country and both governments can tax or subsidise the production of its local champion and reconsiders the well-known result of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game structure in which governments set subsidies for their exporters. We show that (1) multiple sub-game perfect equilibria emerge in which one government taxes, while the other one allows free trade, provided that firms’ social concerns are sufficiently large and (2) the social welfare of both countries in the latter asymmetric equilibrium is higher than that under free trade. Our findings suggest that a free-trade regime is always the less efficient policy in industries characterised by large social concerns. Moreover, we analyse the impact of the firms’ social concerns interacting with strategic trade policies on welfare effects, showing that the welfares of consumers and the world as a whole (resp., total welfare of producing countries) are a U-shaped (resp., an inverted U-shaped) function of the intensity of social concerns: this suggests that in some cases, rather unexpectedly, producing countries (resp. consumers) benefit (resp. are harmed) by raising firms’ social concerns.
Assessment of potability of spring water and its health implication in a hilly village of Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Chauhan Jaspal Singh , Badwal Tarun , Badola Neha 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWater quality assessment of different sources of water in a village was carried out by taking selected significant parameters, namely temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (free CO2), alkalinity, hardness, calcium, phosphate, nitrate, chloride and coliform count. All these parameters were analyzed as per the standard protocol of American Public Health Association. Further, seven parameters (pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, nitrates and chloride) were used to calculate water quality index for assessing overall drinking water status of sampling sites. A survey of health status of population of the village was also conducted with the help of questionnaire and interview method to draw the relationship of water quality and health. All selected physicochemical parameters were found under prescribed limits as stated by Indian Standard 10500 and Central Pollution Control Board guidelines. The values for most probable number count were found above the permissible limit of drinking water indicating contamination of coliform at all sites. Further, water quality index for SN1, SN2, SN3, SN4 and SN5 was 17.61, 30.11, 69.73, 25.60 and 47.15, respectively. As per the water quality index, the water samples of natural springs which were away from village were classified under ‘excellent’ category as compared to supply water samples. The result of survey recorded 38% population suffered from dysentery, 23% from diarrhea and 17% from typhoid. The report of the survey and the presence of coliform suggest that drinking water contamination is leading to waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid. It is also suggested that water quality of all sites except SN3 was suitable for drinking purpose, but disinfection of coliform before use is warranted.
Post-Brexit UK Fund Regulation: Equivalence, Divergence or Convergence?
Authors: Howell Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe UK’s collective investment scheme (‘CIS’) sector is a key aspect of UK financial services. With the UK’s departure from the EU, it has also become a politically salient topic, with various Member States competing to lure business to their financial centres in the light of Brexit. Brexit prompts hard choices and a key question arising for the CIS industry is whether the UK should continue to shadow EU law or whether elements of regulatory divergence could be envisaged. The paper suggests that, over the short to medium term, the UK should ensure it is likely to be deemed equivalent under EU law. Be that as it may, the paper also suggests that there may be areas within UK CIS regulation where some limited divergence can be considered. This would be provided that the UK remains in line with international standards, and (ideally) continues to be recognisably similar to remain equivalent. This certainly holds true in the event that equivalence is interpreted as more of a holistic assessment that could extend to embrace an element of regulatory competition. Any such divergence could also be framed as being of an optional nature, in order to grant CIS businesses full flexibility with respect to which regime they wish to comply. Writ large, Brexit may also help to stimulate broader conversations about the longer-term challenges the CIS industry faces in today’s world. Viewed in this light, leaving the union could also inspire innovative and proportionate solutions to support and strengthen this pivotal sector.
Challenges in Construction of Secant Bored Piles in Sandy Soil and Within a Railway Protection Zone
Authors: Mittal Nancy , Ho Arthur Yew Chai , Tay Edwin Sze Beng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe continuing growth of population density in urban areas around the world has placed greater emphasis on the utilisation and development of underground space to meet the increasing demands of the city. Due to limited land space available in downtown areas, many cities in the world are also embarking on integration of major construction projects of metro infrastructure, commercial developments and residential estates, etc., to meet the growing demand of infrastructure In land-scarce Singapore, the development of a comprehensive and well-integrated public transport network is important to achieve a people-centric, world-class transport system. To enhance the connectivity of a rail network, interchange stations and underground linkways are constructed to connect the various lines so that transfers between mass rapid transit (MRT) lines can be seamless. Hence, it is becoming more challenging to construct a new MRT line in the vicinity of existing MRT lines without impacting the operations of existing MRT lines. The prime aim of this study is to present the ways to overcome the challenges in construction of secant bored piles (SBPs) above the existing underground MRT linkway (15 m below ground) and adjacent to the existing underground MRT East West Line station. The paper presents four different techniques applied to construct the SBP wall in the sandy soil since the conventional method of construction was not applicable to the site condition. The new techniques were successful as the SBP wall was constructed while keeping the vibrations and movement to the existing MRT structures within the allowable limits. From this venture, it can be concluded that it is possible to install SBPs in sandy soils without any significant impact on adjacent structures and construction timeline. The experience gained from this endeavour will be invaluable and can serve as lessons learnt for SBP works in the densely populated area and in the vicinity of existing sensitive structures which is increasingly becoming unavoidable.
Applying conditional process modelling to investigate factors influencing the adoption of water pollution mitigation behaviours
Authors: Okumah Murat , Ankomah-Hackman Priscilla 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGiven that much of water resource pollution is behavioural in nature, understanding pro-environmental behaviour as well as the complex determinants of such behaviours is key to designing effective policies aimed at addressing the problem. The limited studies that attempt to explore the topic rely typically on first-generation statistical procedures, often failing to address the complexities of pro-environmental behaviour. We apply conditional process modelling to investigate potential determinants of behaviours aimed at mitigating water pollution—using an extended attitude-behaviour-context model. Results show that knowledge of the sources of water pollution has an effect on attitude towards water resources management. Additionally, situational factors—such as the availability of waste collection bins—influence behaviour in relation to water pollution. These findings suggest the need to deepen awareness on water pollution and to consider situational factors in policy design and implementation.
Question Tags in Philippine English
Authors: Westphal Michael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the use of question tags (QTs) in a subcorpus of dialogues from the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English. It takes into account the full range of QT forms used in Philippine English, including English variant QTs as well as English and Tagalog invariant forms. The analysis investigates the effects of text type and pragmatic function on the selection of particular forms. The results show that Filipino speakers use English and Tagalog forms to almost equal proportions, but invariant forms dominate by far over variant ones. Text type has a strong effect on the overall frequency of QTs and on the distribution of individual forms. In addition, function is shown to be a significant factor that influences QT use: speakers preferentially use specific QTs over others for particular functions in specific contexts. The results show that it is beneficial to analyze the full range of QTs to describe the characteristics of Philippine English and to illustrate variety-internal variation. Furthermore, the analysis of English and Tagalog QTs shows that variation in discourse-pragmatic features can provide valuable insights into language contact situations. In conclusion, the study highlights the benefits of small diverse corpora for corpus-pragmatic research as they allow studying pragmatic phenomena in a range of different contexts.
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Infancy: a Latent Class Approach Exploring Interrelatedness of Risks
Authors: McKelvey Lorraine M. , Whiteside-Mansell Leanne , Zhang Dong , Selig James P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearchers have documented the ways in which children’s parenting and home environments impact their social, emotional, and cognitive skills. There is scientific consensus that certain adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), particularly in the absence of a nurturing caregiver, decrease the likelihood that children will develop optimally. Many ACEs co-occur, thereby increasing the number of adversities children experience. This study examined the interrelatedness of ACEs for 14-month-old children from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (N = 2361). Using latent class analysis, three classes were identified: ACEs-low (N = 1431, 60.6%), ACEs-parent maltreatment (N = 636, 26.9%), and ACEs-household dysfunction (N = 294, 12.5%). Class membership was significantly associated with related parenting constructs. Children in families with greater household dysfunction (ACEs-household dysfunction) had parents with the highest levels of parenting stress and the lowest levels of self-efficacy, but who were knowledgeable of infant development and were observed to be moderately supportive in play with their child. Parents at risk for child maltreatment (ACEs-parent maltreatment) had moderate levels of stress and self-efficacy, but the least knowledge of development and were observed to be the least supportiveness in play. Our study suggests that infants experience constellations of ACEs, which are differentially associated with parenting characteristics and behaviors. Results lend credibility to ACE screening in infancy and could be used to inform intervention efforts and the development of more efficient, sensitive screening methods.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma immune microenvironment and immunotherapy prospects
Authors: Li Ke‐Yu , Yuan Jia‐Long , Trafton Diego , Wang Jian‐Xin , Niu Nan , Yuan Chun‐Hui , Liu Xu‐Bao , Zheng Lei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is non‐immunogenic, which consists of the stellate cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, extracellular matrix, and some other immune suppressive molecules. This low tumor perfusion microenvironment with physical dense fibrotic stroma shields PDAC from traditional antitumor therapies like chemotherapy and various strategies that have been proven successful in other types of cancer. Immunotherapy has the potential to treat minimal and residual diseases and prevent recurrence with minimal toxicity, and studies in patients with metastatic and nonresectable disease have shown some efficacy. In this review, we highlighted the main components of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and meanwhile, summarized the advances of some promising immunotherapies for PDAC, including checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptors T cells, and cancer vaccines. Based on our previous researches, we specifically discussed how granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor based pancreatic cancer vaccine prime the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and introduced some novel immunoadjuvants, like the stimulator of interferon genes.
An endocrine hypothesis to explain obesity-related lactation insufficiency in breastfeeding mothers
Authors: Knight Christopher H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this Research Reflection I shall develop and validate the hypothesis that lactation insufficiency in obese breastfeeding mothers has an endocrine explanation. I shall not present data, but I shall review pertinent literature to show that obesity is associated with a partial or sometimes complete failure to initiate and maintain lactation, and critically examine the belief that this is due to psychosocial factors, a failure of prolactin secretion or both. Since progesterone is inhibitory to lactogenesis and oestrogens are inhibitory to milk secretion, I shall then explore the possibility that these steroids are linked to lactation failure, through sequestration of progesterone and aromatization of oestrogen in mammary adipose tissue. I shall conclude by describing experimental approaches in animal models that could be used to test this hypothesis.
Geodetic Evidence of Time‐Dependent Viscoelastic Interseismic Deformation Driven by Megathrust Locking in the Southwest Japan Subduction Zone
Authors: Li Shaoyang , Fukuda Jun'ichi , Oncken Onno 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe time‐variable features of interseismic deformation in subduction zones are poorly understood and commonly ignored. Here, by incorporating century‐long leveling data and contemporary global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) velocities, we investigate the temporal evolution of interseismic deformation in southwest Japan using two‐dimensional viscoelastic earthquake‐cycle models. We find that a steady‐state continental mantle viscosity of 1019 Pa·s is required to explain these two geodetic data sets. Our preferred model predicts significant variations in the surface velocity field throughout the entire interseismic period due to viscous mantle flow driven by ongoing megathrust locking, indicating that the multiyear GNSS‐derived velocity field represents a snapshot of time‐varying interseismic deformation. The locking depth and locking time exert significant influences on the horizontal and vertical deformation patterns. Our findings highlight the importance of the interseismically relaxing mantle and the necessity of considering such an effect in determining the current locking state along the Nankai subduction zone.
Segmentation of the Main Himalayan Thrust Illuminated by Bayesian Inference of Interseismic Coupling
Authors: Dal Zilio Luca , Jolivet Romain , van Dinther Ylona 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe use a recent compilation of geodetic data of surface displacements in a fully Bayesian approach to derive a probabilistic estimate of interseismic coupling along the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Our probabilistic estimate of interseismic coupling highlights four large, highly coupled patches separated by three potential barriers of low coupling. Locked patches overlap with estimated rupture areas of historical large earthquakes over the past centuries. The coincident spatial variability in coupling, seismicity, and prominent active topography suggests a structural segmentation of the MHT imposed by inherited tectonic structures from the India‐Eurasia collision. This correlation implies that inherited tectonic structures may affect how stress builds up along the MHT, thereby influencing the location and size of large Himalayan earthquakes and the growth of the mountain range.
An Experimental Assessment of the Importance of S(IV) Oxidation by Hypohalous Acids in the Marine Atmosphere
Authors: Liu Tengyu , Abbatt Jonathan P.D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHypohalous acids (HOCl + HOBr) play an important but highly uncertain role in sulfate aerosol production in the marine atmosphere due to the unmeasured reaction rate constants (k) of HOCl/HOBr and HSO3−, the dominant S(IV) species in acidified sea salt aerosols and cloudwater. We directly determined
by investigating the kinetics of aqueous oxidation of dissolved SO2 by HOCl in low pH aerosol particles in a flow tube. Further, we predicted
using a novel kinetics model developed from the HOCl/HSO3− results.
and
were estimated to be 2 and 3 orders of magnitude lower, respectively, than the values used in atmospheric models. We assess the importance of halogen‐driven S(IV) oxidation in the marine atmosphere with this new fundamental understanding and find that in‐cloud sulfate production via HOBr oxidation remains an important atmospheric process, but the HOCl oxidation pathway in acidified sea salt aerosols is unlikely to be important.
Semiautomated Estimates of Directivity and Related Source Properties of Small to Moderate Southern California Earthquakes Using Second Seismic Moments
Authors: Meng Haoran , McGuire Jeffrey J. , Ben‐Zion Yehuda 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe develop a semiautomated method for estimating with second seismic moments the directivity, rupture area, duration, and centroid velocity of earthquakes. The method is applied to 41 southern California earthquakes with magnitude in the range 3.5–5.2 and provides stable results for 28 events. Apparent source time functions (ASTFs) of P and S phases are derived using deconvolution with three stacked empirical Green's functions (seGf). The use of seGf suppresses nongeneric source effects, improves the focal mechanism correspondence to the analyzed earthquakes, and typically allows inclusion of 5 to 15 more ASTFs compared with analysis using a single eGf. Most analyzed earthquakes in the Trifurcation area of the San Jacinto Fault have directivities toward the northwest, while events around Cajon Pass and San Gabriel Mountain tend to propagate toward the southeast. These results are generally consistent with predictions for dynamic rupture on bimaterial interfaces associated with the imaged velocity contrasts in the area. The second moment inversions also provide constraints on the upper and lower bounds of rupture areas in our data set. Stress drops and uncertainties are estimated for elliptical ruptures using the derived characteristic rupture length and width. The semiautomated second moment method with seGfs can be used for routine application to moderate earthquakes in locations with good station coverage.