bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Egalitarian Quality of Lottocracy
Authors: Jakobi Julia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Recently, political models which employ lottery-selection instead of ballot voting have been proposed. Proponents argue that such lottocraticmodels can improve the representation of the population and reduce undemocratic influences. In this paper, I argue that these proposals also satisfy the egalitarian requirement of democracy. I claim that having an equal chance to be selected by lot is equally egalitarian as having an equally weighed vote for two reasons: first, having a chance to be selected by lot satisfies the requirement for political justicebetter than electoral democracy and second, it provides citizens with equal political influence and not merely equal impact.
Keywords: Lottocracy, Procedural Democracy, Political Equality, Political Fairness, Egalitarian Democracy
Effects of salinity on photosynthetic traits, ion homeostasis and nitrogen metabolism in wild and cultivated soybean
Authors: Ullah Abd , Li Mingxia , Noor Javaria , Tariq Akash , Liu Yuan , Shi Lianxuan 
Published: December 2019

Background
Carbon and nitrogen metabolism need to be highly regulated to achieve cell acclimation to changing environmental conditions. The understanding of physio-biochemical responses of crops to salinity stress could help to stabilize their performance and yield. In this study we have analyzed the roles of photosynthesis, ion physiology and nitrate assimilation toward saline/alkaline stress acclimation in wild and cultivated soybean seedlings.

Methods
Growth and photosynthetic parameters, ion concentrations and the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation were determined in seedlings of one wild and one cultivated soybean accession subjected to saline or alkaline stresses.

Results
Both saline and alkaline stresses had a negative impact on the growth and metabolism of both wild and cultivated soybean.The growth, photosynthesis, and gas exchange parameters showed a significant decrease in response to increasing salt concentration. Additionally, a significant increase in root Na+ and Cl– concentration was observed. However, photosynthetic performance and ion regulation were higher in wild than in cultivated soybean under saline and alkaline stresses. Nitrate reductase (NR) and the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle showed a significant decrease in leaves of both genotypes. The reduction in the GS/GOGAT cycle was accompanied by high aminating glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase) activity, indicating the assimilation of high levels of NH4+. A significant increase in the activities of aminating and deaminating enzymes, including glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), was observed, probably due to the high glutamate demand and maintenance of the Krebs cycle to correct the C: N status.

Conclusions
Cultivated soybean was much more stress sensitive than was the wild soybean. The decrease in growth, photosynthesis, ion regulation and nitrogen assimilation enzymes was greater in cultivated soybean than in wild soybean. The impact of alkaline stress was more pronounced than that of saline stress. Wild soybean regulated the physiological mechanisms of photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation more effectively than did cultivated soybean. The present findings provide a theoretical basis with which to screen and utilize wild and cultivated soybean germplasm for breeding new stress-tolerant soybean.
Vascularized Polymers Spatially Control Bacterial Cells on Surfaces
Authors: Marquis Kayla , Chasse Benjamin , Regan Daniel P. , Boutiette Amber L. , Khalil Andre , Howell Caitlin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNature uses vascular systems to permit large‐area control over the functionality of surfaces that lie above them. In this work, the application of this concept to the control of a hybrid living–nonliving system is demonstrated. Defined arrangements of vascular channels are created in agar using a fugitive ink printing method. The antibiotic gentamicin is then introduced into the vascular network where it diffuses to the surface and interacts with a model system of Escherichia coli cells. The cells either live or die depending on their distance from the underlying channels, permitting spatial control over the biological system. Using single‐channel systems to define critical parameters, a theoretical model is developed to define the final surface pattern based solely on the arrangement of the underlying vascular channels. The model is then successfully used to create more complex arrangements of cells at the surface. Finally, by introducing different types of active compounds into separate vascular channels, a mixture of bacterial species is separated and localized at defined points. This work demonstrates the ability of bioinspired embedded vascular systems to predictably control a biological system at a surface, laying the groundwork for future spatially and temporally controlled biointerfaces in both industry and medicine.
Self‐Albumin Camouflage of Carrier Protein Prevents Nontarget Antibody Production for Enhanced LDL‐C Immunotherapy
Authors: Ji Haiying , Wu Guangxi , Li Yongyong , Wang Kun , Xue Xiaomei , You Shasha , Wu Shengming , Ren Tianbin , He Bin , Shi Xueyin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractElevated low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Peptide‐based PCSK9 vaccines have shown a promising prospect of reducing LDL‐C. In peptide vaccine (pVax) design, the peptide antigens need to conjugate with carrier protein (CP). However, CP incorporation can induce undesirable anti‐CP antibodies, which sterically mask peptide epitopes from being recognized by specific B cells and impair subsequent therapeutically antibody production. This epitopic suppression has posed a barrier in clinical translation of conjugate vaccines all along. A model CP (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH) is herein camouflaged with serum albumin (SA) into hybrid nanocarriers (SA@N), with PCSK9 peptide being anchored onto the surface to form nanovaccine (SA@NVax). Such camouflage of KLH via high “self” SA coverage is able to inhibit KLH from extracellular immune recognition and prevent detectable anti‐KLH antibody production. Furthermore, the nanovaccine around 70 nm stabilized by intermolecular disulfide network is ideal for internalization and biodegradation by antigen presenting cells as well as better retention in draining lymph nodes and spleen. As expected, the SA@NVax efficiently primes higher anti‐PCSK9 IgG antibody titer than PCSK9 pVax.
Role of Biomaterials and Controlled Architecture on Tendon/Ligament Repair and Regeneration
Authors: No Young Jung , Castilho Miguel , Ramaswamy Yogambha , Zreiqat Hala 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEngineering synthetic scaffolds to repair and regenerate ruptured native tendon and ligament (T/L) tissues is a significant engineering challenge due to the need to satisfy both the unique biological and biomechanical properties of these tissues. Long‐term clinical outcomes of synthetic scaffolds relying solely on high uniaxial tensile strength are poor with high rates of implant rupture and synovitis. Ideal biomaterials for T/L repair and regeneration need to possess the appropriate biological and biomechanical properties necessary for the successful repair and regeneration of ruptured tendon and ligament tissues.
Antiperovskites with Exceptional Functionalities
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Zhang Hao , Zhu Jinlong , Lü Xujie , Li Shuai , Zou Ruqiang , Zhao Yusheng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractABX3 perovskites, as the largest family of crystalline materials, have attracted tremendous research interest worldwide due to their versatile multifunctionalities and the intriguing scientific principles underlying them. Their counterparts, antiperovskites (X3BA), are actually electronically inverted perovskite derivatives, but they are not an ignorable family of functional materials. In fact, inheriting the flexible structural features of perovskites while being rich in cations at X sites, antiperovskites exhibit a diverse array of unconventional physical and chemical properties. However, rather less attention has been paid to these “inverse” analogs, and therefore, a comprehensive review is urgently needed to arouse general concern. Recent advances in novel antiperovskite materials and their exceptional functionalities are summarized, including superionic conductivity, superconductivity, giant magnetoresistance, negative thermal expansion, luminescence, and electrochemical energy conversion. In particular, considering the feasibility of the perovskite structure, a universal strategy for enhancing the performance of or generating new phenomena in antiperovskites is discussed from the perspective of solid‐state chemistry. With more research enthusiasm, antiperovskites are highly anticipated to become a rising star family of functional materials.
Building on the biocultural syntheses: 20 years and still expanding
Authors: Leatherman Thomas , Goodman Alan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBuilding a New Biocultural Synthesis: Political Economic Perspectives in Human Biologycalled for an integration of political economy with ecological and adaptability perspectives in biocultural anthropology. A major goal of this volume was to explore the utility of including political‐economic and sociocultural processes in analyses of human biological variation, nutrition, and health. A second goal was to enhance collaboration among subfields and work against the “chasm” that separated complementary perspectives in cultural and biological anthropology. Twenty years hence, new ways to link social inequalities and human biology have emerged in part through contributions of developmental origins of health and disease, epigenetics, microbiomes, and other new methods for tracing pathways of embodiment. Equally important, notions of “local/situated biologies” and “reactive genomes,” provide frameworks for understanding biology and health at the nexus of ecologies, societies, and histories. We review and highlight these contributions toward expanding critical approaches to human biology. Developments over the past two decades have reinforced the central role of social environments and structural inequalities in shaping human biology and health. Yet, within biocultural approaches, a significant engagement with historical, political‐economic, and sociocultural conditions remains relatively rare. We review potential barriers to such analyses, focusing on theoretical and methodological challenges as well as the subfield structure of anthropology. Achieving politically and socially contextualized and relevantcritical bioculturalapproaches remains a challenge, but there is reason for optimism amid new theoretical and methodological developments and innovations brought by new generations of scholars.
The duty to warn at‐risk relatives—The experience of genetic counselors and medical geneticists
Authors: Perry Tabitha J. , Patton Samantha I. , Farmer Meagan B. , Hurst Christina B. , McGwin Gerald , Robin Nathaniel H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStudies published over 15 years ago surveyed genetic counselors (GC) and medical geneticists (MG) to examine their clinical experiences with the conflict of “duty to warn” versus patient confidentiality. Federal and state laws pertaining to medical professionals' duty to warn have since been implemented following the publications of these studies. Using a merged version of surveys employed in the prior studies, this study seeks to understand clinicians' current decision‐making process when faced with patient refusal to inform at‐risk relatives, as well as their familiarity with and opinions of laws and guidelines covering this issue. Consistent with the previous studies, the majority of MG and almost half of GC experience patient refusal. Significantly, fewer MG and GC believe they had a duty to warn their patients' relatives of genetic risk. Only 8% of participants believe current guidelines effectively address the issue of duty to warn. Participant awareness of federal or state laws regulating the disclosure of genetic information remains low. The conflict of duty to warn remains a shared experience among genetics professionals, and resources are needed to facilitate informed decision‐making. Participants' opinions of current policies and clinical decisions may guide professional actions regarding duty to warn.
Hydroxide Is Not a Promoter of C2+ Product Formation in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO on Copper
Authors: Li Jing , Wu Donghuan , Malkani Arnav S. , Chang Xiaoxia , Cheng Mu‐Jeng , Xu Bingjun , Lu Qi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHighly alkaline electrolytes have been shown to improve the formation rate of C2+ products in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) on copper surfaces, with the assumption that higher OH− concentrations promote the C−C coupling chemistry. Herein, by systematically varying the concentration of Na+ and OH− at the same absolute electrode potential, we demonstrate that higher concentrations of cations (Na+), rather than OH−, exert the main promotional effect on the production of C2+ products. The impact of the nature and the concentration of cations on the electrochemical reduction of CO is supported by experiments in which a fraction or all of Na+ is chelated by a crown ether. Chelation of Na+ leads to drastic decrease in the formation rate of C2+ products. The promotional effect of OH− determined at the same potential on the reversible hydrogen electrode scale is likely caused by larger overpotentials at higher electrolyte pH.
Aminoazanium of DABCO: An Amination Reagent for Alkyl and Aryl Pinacol Boronates
Authors: Liu Xingxing , Zhu Qing , Chen Du , Wang Lu , Jin Liqun , Liu Chao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe aminoazanium of DABCO (H2N‐DABCO) has been developed as a general and practical amination reagent for the direct amination of alkyl and aryl pinacol boronates. This compound is stable and practical for use as a reagent. Various primary, secondary. and tertiary alkyl−Bpin and aryl−Bpin substrates were aminated to give the corresponding amine derivatives. The amination is stereospecific. The anti‐Markovnikov hydroamination of olefins was easily achieved by catalytic hydroboration with HBpin and in subsequent situ amination using H2N‐DABCO. Moreover, the combination of 1,2‐diboration of olefins, using B2pin2, with this amination process achieved the unprecedented 1,2‐diamination of olefins. The amination protocol was also successfully extended to aryl pinacol boronates.
Supracolloidal Self‐Assembly of Divalent Janus 3D DNA Origami via Programmable Multivalent Host/Guest Interactions
Authors: Loescher Sebastian , Walther Andreas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe introduce divalent 3D DNA origami cuboids as truly monodisperse colloids and harness their ability for precision functionalization with defined patches and defined numbers of supramolecular binding motifs. We demonstrate that even adamantane/β‐cyclodextrin host/guest inclusion complexes of moderate association strength can induce efficient supracolloidal fibrillization at high dilution of the 3D DNA Origami as a result of cooperative multivalency. We show details on the assembly of Janus and non‐Janus 3D DNA origami into supracolloidal homo‐ and heterofibrils with respect to multivalency effects, electrostatic screening, and stoichiometry. We believe that the merger of 3D DNA origami with colloidal self‐assembly and supramolecular motifs provides new synergies at the interface of these disciplines to better understand multivalency effects, to promote structural complexity, and add non‐DNA assembling and switching mechanisms to DNA nanoscience.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective C−H Cyclopropylation of N‐Phenoxylsulfonamides: Combined Experimental and Computational Studies
Authors: Zheng Guangfan , Zhou Zhi , Zhu Guoxun , Zhai Shuailei , Xu Huiying , Duan Xujing , Yi Wei , Li Xingwei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCyclopropane rings are a prominent structural motif in biologically active molecules. Enantio‐ and diastereoselective construction of cyclopropanes through C−H activation of arenes and coupling with readily available cyclopropenes is highly appealing but remains a challenge. A dual directing‐group‐assisted C−H activation strategy was used to realize mild and redox‐neutral RhIII‐catalyzed C−H activation and cyclopropylation of N‐phenoxylsulfonamides in a highly enantioselective, diastereoselective, and regioselective fashion with cyclopropenyl secondary alcohols as a cyclopropylating reagent. Synthetic applications are demonstrated to highlight the potential of the developed method. Integrated experimental and computational mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds via a RhV nitrenoid intermediate, and Noyori‐type outer sphere concerted proton‐hydride transfer from the secondary alcohol to the Rh=N bond produces the observed trans selectivity.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Mineral Respiration: How Iron Hemes Synchronize Electron Transfer Rates
Authors: Chabert Valentin , Babel Lucille , Füeg Michael P. , Karamash Maksym , Madivoli Edwin S. , Herault Nelly , Dantas Joana M. , Salgueiro Carlos A. , Giese Bernd , Fromm Katharina M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAnaerobic microorganisms of the Geobacter genus are effective electron sources for the synthesis of nanoparticles, for bioremediation of polluted water, and for the production of electricity in fuel cells. In multistep reactions, electrons are transferred via iron/heme cofactors of c‐type cytochromes from the inner cell membrane to extracellular metal ions, which are bound to outer membrane cytochromes. We measured electron production and electron flux rates to 5×105 e s−1 per G. sulfurreducens. Remarkably, these rates are independent of the oxidants, and follow zero order kinetics. It turned out that the microorganisms regulate electron flux rates by increasing their Fe2+/Fe3+ ratios in the multiheme cytochromes whenever the activity of the extracellular metal oxidants is diminished. By this mechanism the respiration remains constant even when oxidizing conditions are changing. This homeostasis is a vital condition for living systems, and makes G. sulfurreducens a versatile electron source.
Real‐Time Atomic‐Scale Visualization of Reversible Copper Surface Activation during the CO Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Luo Langli , Nian Yao , Wang Shuangbao , Dong Zejian , He Yang , Han You , Wang Chongmin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBy using in situ aberration‐corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy, for the first time at atomic level, the dynamic evolution of the Cu surface is captured during CO oxidation. Under reaction conditions, the Cu surface is activated, typically involving 2–3 atomic layers with the formation of a reversible metastable phase that only exists during catalytic reactions. The distinctive role of CO and O2 in the surface activation is revealed, which features CO exposure to lead to surface roughening and consequently formation of low‐coordinated Cu atoms, while O2 exposure induces a quasi‐crystalline CuOx phase. Supported by DFT calculations, it is shown that crystalline CuOx reversibly transforms into the amorphous phase, acting as an active species to facilitate the interaction of gas reactants and catalyzing CO oxidation.
Preparation of Docosahexaenoic Acid‐Rich Diacylglycerol‐Rich Oil by Lipase‐Catalyzed Glycerolysis of Microbial Oil from Schizochytrium sp. in a Solvent‐Free System
Authors: Zou Xiaoqiang , Nadege Kakeza , Ninette Irabogora , Wen Ye , Wu Shibin , Jiang Xuan , Zhang Hui , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xingguo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐rich diacylglycerol (DAG)‐rich oil was prepared by lipase‐catalyzed glycerolysis of microbial oil from Schizochytrium sp. in a solvent‐free system. The reaction parameters including lipase type, substrate molar ratio, temperature, lipase concentration, and reaction time were screened. The selected conditions were determined as follows: Novozym® 435 (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) as biocatalyst at 8 wt%, substrate ratio (DHA‐rich microbial TAG/glycerol) of 1:1 mol/mol, temperature of 50 °C, and reaction time of 12 hours. Under these conditions, the triacylglycerol (TAG), DAG, and monoacylglycerol (MAG) contents in the product were 36.4%, 48.2%, and 15.4%, respectively. The lipase was reused successively for 18 cycles without significant loss of activity under the conditions given above. Fatty acid composition analysis of the final product showed that the contents of DHA in TAG, DAG, and MAG were 53.9%, 44.9%, and 34.8%, respectively. DHA‐rich DAG has the potential to be used as an ingredient in infant formula to increase the bioavailability of DHA.
Fisheries and conservation assessment of sharks in Pacific Panama
Authors: Guzman Hector M. , Cipriani Roberto , Vega Angel J. , Morales‐Saldaña Jorge Manuel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

In Panama, shark fisheries were initially developed in the 1980s and progressively increased in production in the 1990s mainly due to the high demand for shark fins and meat from the international Asian market. Since then, and despite the exploitation rate (average 3,514 t year–1) and endangered status of some species, shark fisheries have seldom been studied, and official statistics are general or incomplete and not suitable for the development of appropriate conservation and management strategies.
To understand the dynamics of shark fisheries in Panama, field surveys were conducted between 2007 and 2009 at several landing ports of small‐scale and industrial fisheries, at fish processing plants and on‐board fishing vessels in Pacific Panama, where most of the fishing vessels of the country operate.
In general, it was found that the artisanal and industrial fisheries of the Pacific coast of Panama regularly exploit at least 18 species of sharks, which are also being exploited by neighbouring countries in the eastern Pacific, suggesting the importance of coordinated conservation initiatives across the multiple jurisdictions. A large number of the individuals caught were immature, implying a certain level of impact on recruitment rates. This pattern was particularly evident in species such as Sphyrna lewini, for which immature individuals represented at least 99% and 63% of the total catch by small‐scale and industrial fisheries, respectively. Catch per unit of effort analyses showed that Carcharhinus and Sphyrna species were the most exploited (representing ~80% of the catches) by industrial fisheries in Panama between 2006 and 2009, suggesting that fishery management should provide special attention to these groups.
It is expected that the information presented here provides a baseline to develop new regulations, including the implementation of annual quotas and fishing seasons and the protection of nursery areas, for the long‐term sustainability and conservation of sharks in Panama.