bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic model for pitting of copper canisters
Authors: Briggs Scott , Lilja Christina , King Fraser 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCopper canisters for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel are expected to be subject to general (uniform) corrosion and a limited degree of localised damage. Although the canister is expected to be exposed to predominantly active conditions, it is nevertheless prudent to assess the probability of pitting corrosion in passive conditions. A probabilistic pitting model is developed for aerobic conditions in water‐saturated bentonite. While aerobic, saturated conditions may be unlikely to occur if saturation is slow or O2 consumption is fast, these conditions have been assumed as a starting point because of the availability of data. The model samples from environmental conditions use a Monte Carlo approach to predict active or passive conditions. Under passive conditions, the model compares corrosion potentials to breakdown and repassivation potentials to determine pit initiations and deaths, respectively. Pit depth distributions can then be calculated. For the assumed conditions, the model predicts that active conditions dominate 90% of the time while the remaining passive conditions can lead to pitting during the first few years primarily controlled by the availability of oxygen.
Current and Future Trends in Polyurethanes: An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Eling Berend , Tomović Željko , Schädler Volker 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe urethane polyaddition reaction was discovered about 80 years ago. Since then this chemistry has further developed into many industrial applications and grown into a multibillion dollar business. The versatility of polyurethanes is founded in a broad spectrum of properties which can be achieved ranging from flexible to rigid and from compact to foamed by choosing suitable combinations of starting materials, the key raw materials being polyol and isocyanate. While on the industrial megaton scale the number of isocyanate building blocks is quite limited, there is a huge choice of polyols and additives available to achieve tailor‐made polymer properties for various applications. For the future development of polyurethanes, the two major trends, i) the further improvement of all sustainability characteristics and ii) digitalization in product and process development, are discussed. The former is reflected in four main areas: the production of improved insulation materials to reduce energy consumption; production of raw materials with an improved carbon footprint; odor and emission reduction in indoor applications; and recycling of production and consumer waste. The present review concludes with a few examples as to how digitalization can change and accelerate research and development work in the future.
Arc routing problems: A review of the past, present, and future
Authors: Corberán Ángel , Eglese Richard , Hasle Geir , Plana Isaac , Sanchis José María 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArc routing problems (ARPs) are defined and introduced. Following a brief history of developments in this area of research, different types of ARPs are described that are currently relevant for study. In addition, particular features of ARPs that are important from a theoretical or practical point of view are discussed. A section on applications describes some of the changes that have occurred from early applications of ARP models to the present day and points the way to emerging topics for study. A final section provides information on libraries and instance repositories for ARPs. The review concludes with some perspectives on future research developments and opportunities for emerging applications.
Predicting needlestick and sharps injuries in nursing students: Development of the SNNIP scale
Authors: Bagnasco Annamaria , Zanini Milko , Catania Gianluca , Watson Roger , Hayter Mark , Dasso Nicoletta , Dini Guglielmo , Agodi Antonella , Pasquarella Cesira , Zotti Carla Maria , Durando Paolo , Sasso Loredana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimTo develop an instrument to investigate knowledge and predictive factors of needlestick and sharps injuries (NSIs) in nursing students during clinical placements.DesignInstrument development and cross‐sectional study for psychometric testing.MethodsA self‐administered instrument including demographic data, injury epidemiology and predictive factors of NSIs was developed between October 2018–January 2019. Content validity was assessed by a panel of experts. The instrument's factor structure and discriminant validity were explored using principal components analysis. The STROBE guidelines were followed.ResultsEvidence of content validity was found (S‐CVI 0.75; I‐CVI 0.50–1.00). A three‐factor structure was shown by exploratory factor analysis. Of the 238 participants, 39% had been injured at least once, of which 67.3% in the second year. Higher perceptions of “personal exposure” (4.06, SD 3.78) were reported by third‐year students. Higher scores for “perceived benefits” of preventive behaviours (13.6, SD 1.46) were reported by second‐year students.
Evolution and prospects of the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) package ecosystem
Authors: Mora‐Cantallops Marçal , Sicilia Miguel‐Ángel , García‐Barriocanal Elena , Sánchez‐Alonso Salvador 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFree and open source software package ecosystems have existed for a long time, but such collaborative development practice has surged in recent years. One of the oldest and most popular package ecosystems is Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), the repository of packages of the statistical language R, a popular statistical computing environment. CRAN stores a large number of packages that are updated regularly and depend on many other packages in a complex graph of relations. As the repository grows, its sustainability could be threatened by that complexity or nonuniform evolution of some packages. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the evolution of the CRAN repository in the last 20 years, considering the laws of software evolution and the effect of CRAN's policies on such development. Results show how the progress of CRAN is consistent with the laws of continuous growth and change and how there seems to be a relevant increase in complexity in recent years. Significant challenges are raising related to the scale and scope of software package managers and the services they provide; understanding how they change over time and what might endanger their sustainability are key factors for their future improvement, maintenance, policies, and, eventually, sustainability of the ecosystem.
Team‐external coordination in large‐scale software development projects
Authors: Sablis Aivars , Smite Darja , Moe Nils 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh‐quality work is said to depend on team abilities. However, teams working in large‐scale projects often do not have all expertise to complete their tasks, which are also highly interdependent. Therefore, teams need to rely on coordination with other teams, experts, and supporting roles. In this paper, we explore teams' coordination needs and evaluate the impact of the satisfaction of these needs on team performance. We conducted an embedded multicase study with nine teams in two projects in two companies. We collected qualitative data through nine focus groups and 19 interviews and quantitative data using a questionnaire with 49 members from the studied teams. Our results suggest that project‐, team‐, and task‐related characteristics impact teams' coordination needs. Even in the same project, teams may have different expertise and work coordination needs. We found that the satisfaction of these needs seems to influence teams' performance, although our results are inconclusive and yield a closer look in future research. On the basis of our findings, we recommend the companies to cultivate a networking culture and support teams external coordination with other teams and experts, paying attention to their needs, for example, driven by a lack of experience or increased work complexity.
Exploring the Millimeter Sky
Authors: Kellermann Kenneth I. , Bouton Ellen N. , Brandt Sierra S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn 1962, Frank Drake recruited Texas Instruments physicist Frank Low to come to Green Bank to develop bolometer receiver systems for use at millimeter wavelengths. Under Low’s leadership, NRAO contracted with the Rohr Corporation to manufacture a 36 Foot Telescope designed for use at wavelengths as short as 1 mm. To minimize the effects of tropospheric water vapor, NRAO located the telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. Fabrication errors led to long delays, and before the 36 Foot Telescope was finished, Low left NRAO to join the University of Arizona, where he could pursue his interests in infrared astronomy. Low’s bolometers never reached the anticipated sensitivity at 1 mm, and manufacturing errors limited the performance of the 36 Foot dish. However, the unanticipated discovery of powerful 2.6 mm radio emission from interstellar carbon monoxide (CO), and later from other molecular species, led to a greatly increased interest in millimeter astronomy. Despite many technical and administrative concerns, the 36 Foot Telescope became the most oversubscribed NRAO telescope. In 1983, NRAO replaced the faulty 36 Foot dish with a more precise 12 Meter surface. Arguably, the 36 Foot/12 Meter telescope became the most productive instrument in the world for millimeter spectroscopy until it was eclipsed by more powerful facilities both in the US and abroad.
Growing Pains
Authors: Kellermann Kenneth I. , Bouton Ellen N. , Brandt Sierra S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe search for the director of NRAO turned out to be unexpectedly difficult, as various astronomers turned down offers, citing the remoteness of the Green Bank site and the need to give up their own research programs. Finally, in 1959, Otto Struve, a distinguished optical astronomer and member of AUI’s Search Committee, agreed to take on the job. But in 1961 both he and AUI President Lloyd Berkner resigned. I.I. Rabi, the new AUI President, appointed Australian Joe Pawsey as NRAO director, but due to a fatal illness he never served, and in 1962, Dave Heeschen became the new NRAO Director.
Is Anyone Out There?
Authors: Kellermann Kenneth I. , Bouton Ellen N. , Brandt Sierra S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the shadows of the struggles surrounding the construction of the 140 Foot Radio Telescope, Frank Drake, NRAO’s newest and youngest scientist, carried out a small observing project to detect radio signals from nearby stars that would indicate the present of extraterrestrial intelligent life. Naming his program “Project Ozma,” after the mythical princess of the Land of Oz, Drake observed two nearby stars, Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani. This project, the first modern Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), captured the imagination of the public and scientific communities alike. In the following decades, other investigators initiated a variety of SETI programs of ever-increasing capability at NRAO and elsewhere. NASA began a major SETI program, but it became mired in controversy over whether searching for intelligent life in the Universe is a proper scientific pursuit or should be relegated to the realm of science fiction. While no confirmable evidence for extraterrestrial intelligent life has yet been found, the discovery of the widespread existence of other planetary systems combined with the vastly improved sensitivity of radio telescopes has reinvigorated SETI research, and the exciting promise of detection continues to attract the attention of new generations of astronomers and the public.
The Very Large Array
Authors: Kellermann Kenneth I. , Bouton Ellen N. , Brandt Sierra S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStarting in 1961, NRAO scientists began the process of designing a radio telescope that could make images with an angular resolution comparable to the best optical telescopes operating from a good mountain site. In 1967, the Observatory submitted a proposal to the National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction of the Very Large Array (VLA). The VLA proposal was for 36, later reduced to 27, fully steerable 25 meter diameter antennas spread over an area some 35 km in diameter. However, there was a competing, much simpler and much cheaper proposal from Caltech for an 8 element array of 130 foot dishes. Several NSF review committees praised the VLA concept but indicated that it was too ambitious, and recommended that NRAO further study the VLA design, and that construction of the Caltech array should begin immediately. Following a confrontational battle among proponents of the NRAO and Caltech arrays, as well as a competing proposal for a 440 foot radome-enclosed antenna proposed by an MIT-Harvard led consortium, support of the VLA by the 1970 National Academy decadal review of astronomy led to approval of its construction.
Evaluating Data Journeys: Climategate, Synthetic Data and the Benchmarking of Methods for Climate Data Processing
Authors: Parker Wendy S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter concerns the benchmarking of methods used to process data in climate science. It explores the nature and value of benchmarking in this context by examining an ongoing initiative – the International Surface Temperature Initiative (ISTI) – that is developing a public databank of temperature observations as well as a system for benchmarking the methods that databank users employ to further process the data. Interestingly, the benchmarking system will make use of “synthetic data” generated with the help of computer simulation models. It is argued here that the benchmarking system has crucial scientific and gatekeeping roles to play in the context of ISTI. It is further suggested that, once we appreciate how synthetic data are to be produced and used by ISTI, we uncover yet another variety of what Paul Edwards (A vast machine: computer models, climate data, and the politics of global warming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2010) has described as “model-data symbiosis” in the practice of climate science.
Radiocarbon Dating in Archaeology: Triangulation and Traceability
Authors: Wylie Alison 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhen radiocarbon dating techniques were applied to archaeological material in the 1950s they were hailed as a revolution. At last archaeologists could construct absolute chronologies anchored in temporal data backed by immutable laws of physics. This would make it possible to mobilize archaeological data across regions and time-periods on a global scale, rendering obsolete the local and relative chronologies on which archaeologists had long relied. As profound as the impact of14C dating has been, it has had a long and tortuous history now described as proceeding through three revolutions, each of which addresses distinct challenges of capturing, processing and packaging radiogenic data for use in resolving chronological puzzles with which archaeologists has long wrestled. In practice, mobilizing radiogenic data for archaeological use is a hard-won achievement; it involves multiple transformations that, at each step of the way, depend upon a diverse array of technical expertise and background knowledge. I focus on strategies of triangulation and traceability that establish the integrity of these data and their relevance as anchors for evidential reasoning in archaeology.
Data Journeys in Art? Warranting and Witnessing the ‘Fake’ and the ‘Real’ in Art Authentication
Authors: Coopmans Catelijne , Rappert Brian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter approaches questions about data and data journeys by examining demonstrations of fakery and expertise in popular accounts by forgers and their pursuers. We examine how relations between tellers and audiences are configured – who can be trusted, and what can be relied on when it comes to knowing the real from the forged. The various ambivalences regarding the nature of art, of perception, and of expertise, as well as the ways in which moves and techniques (re)produce the expert-teller in fraught conditions, bring a shiftiness to the constitution of data and evidence in this domain. Taking our cue from STS scholarship on the fixation and circulation of visual evidence in scientific practice, we discuss moves and techniques that point to (particular) features of a work of art to resolve authenticity questions, as well as those that point away from and negate features. More though, at stake in the case of forgery is not just how individual objects get rendered discernible, but also whether there is anything to discern at all. This chapter examines how experts find a place to stand as they account for the potentially unfaithful objects under their care.
A Data Journey Through Dataset-Centric Population Genomics
Authors: Griesemer James 
Published: June 2020

AbstractI describe a data journey drawn from a case study of research in human population genomics. The case is framed in dialogue with a project on what has been called the “re-situation” of scientific knowledge (Morgan 2014). The kind of journey described elicits a missing concept—“dataset-centric” biology—in the conversation around the emergence of “big data” and data-centric biology (Leonelli 2016) and its contrast, “traditional” or “small data” biology. I distinguish datapoint-centric from dataset-centric practices. The case study is about the development, use, and amendment of data sets in one lab’s pursuit of human genome diversity studies. I offer a model of data journeys to interpret the case. The model is comprised of three kinds of components: scientific data structures, data representations, and data journey narratives. The case study illustrates two visualizations that frame the dataset journey.
A History of Payment by Results: Lowe’s Code (1862) and the Browne Report (2010)
Authors: Bulaitis Zoe Hope 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter establishes a history of the Payment by Results approach in policymaking, first established in the Revised Code of Education, known as Lowe’s Code (1862), and recently re-introduced in the reforms of the Browne Report (2010). Explaining how educational policy was first economised in England between 1858 and 1888 through explicit government intervention, provides a previously absent history of how economism operates within the very processes of governance. Critical interpretation of the Browne Report reveals its interest in fulfilling a national skills deficit as opposed to the cultivating well-rounded citizens. This chapter also observes how the prioritisation of individualism in higher education raises the potential for liberal values to be reinstated in the direct relationship between the university and individual students.
Impact and the Humanities: The Rise of Accountability in Public Cultural Life
Authors: Bulaitis Zoe Hope 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter scrutinises the rise of the impact criterion within research assessment and places it within a wider context of market-led cultural policy (1980–90s). Specifically, the chapter addresses the impact agenda of the 2014 REF by drawing upon a wider context of accountability in public museums. The discussion of the public museum demonstrates how, since the nineteenth century, cultural values are configured within a framework of national interests and regulated through mechanisms of accountability and assessment of public impact. The chapter draws from critical scholarship in the field of museology in order to provide a language with which humanities scholars can address the contemporary changes facing research assessment culture in higher education.
Conclusion
Authors: Bulaitis Zoe Hope 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe conclusion summarises the key findings of each chapter and reflects on the future research required in understanding the place of the humanities in higher education, from explorations of student perceptions of value, interrogations of new hybrid subjects such as the medical humanities and the creative industries, to better sharing knowledge concerning global changes to the value of education through engagement with diverse local contexts. The conclusion to ‘Value and the Humanities’ calls upon scholars to engage in articulations of value that reflect their disciplines. In the present moment, with the rise of populist thinking, this book concludes with the acknowledgement of the vital need for the reinvigoration of articulations of value.
Scope and Objective of This Study
Authors: Kaufmann-Kohler Gabrielle , Potestà Michele 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study is to examine the multiple intersections between national and international courts in the field of investment protection, and to suggest possible modes for regulating jurisdictional interactions between domestic courts and international tribunals going forward. It seeks to contribute not only to the legal analysis, but also to the policy reflections that are necessarily linked to the ongoing initiatives for the reform of investor-State dispute settlement.
Why Investment Arbitration and Not Domestic Courts? The Origins of the Modern Investment Dispute Resolution System, Criticism, and Future Outlook
Authors: Kaufmann-Kohler Gabrielle , Potestà Michele 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews the existing criticism of investor-State dispute settlement in relation to the role of domestic courts. In essence, this criticism contends that the IIA investment arbitration regime does not account for situations in which domestic courts offer adequate access to justice and discriminates against domestic investors by granting only (certain) foreign investors a privileged procedural track. In order to place such criticism in a broader context, the study provides an overview of the historical, economic, and political reasons that underpin the creation of the current investment dispute settlement system and discusses whether these motivations still justify the existence of an international system of investment dispute resolution, whether in the form of arbitration or standing adjudicatory bodies.
Constructive Hybrid Games
Authors: Bohrer Rose , Platzer André 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHybrid games combine discrete, continuous, and adversarial dynamics. Differential game logic ("Equation missing") enables proving (classical) existence of winning strategies. We introduce constructive differential game logic () for hybrid games, where proofs that a player can win the game correspond to computable winning strategies. This constitutes the logical foundation for synthesis of correct control and monitoring code for safety-critical cyber-physical systems. Our contributions include novel semantics as well as soundness and consistency.