bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Proportion of Inhibitory Interneuron Types from Sensory to Executive Areas of the Primate Neocortex: Implications for the Origins of Working Memory Representations
Authors: Torres-Gomez Santiago , Blonde Jackson D , Mendoza-Halliday Diego , Kuebler Eric , Everest Michelle , Wang Xiao Jing , Inoue Wataru , Poulter Michael O , Martinez-Trujillo Julio 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Neuronal spiking activity encoding working memory (WM) is robust in primate association cortices but weak or absent in early sensory cortices. This may be linked to changes in the proportion of neuronal types across areas that influence circuits’ ability to generate recurrent excitation. We recorded neuronal activity from areas middle temporal (MT), medial superior temporal (MST), and the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of monkeys performing a WM task and classified neurons as narrow (NS) and broad spiking (BS). The ratio NS/BS decreased from MT &gt; MST &gt; LPFC. We analyzed the Allen Institute database of ex vivo mice/human intracellular recordings to interpret our data. Our analysis suggests that NS neurons correspond to parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneurons while BS neurons are pyramidal (P) cells or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) interneurons. We labeled neurons in monkey tissue sections of MT/MST and LPFC and found that the proportion of PV in cortical layers 2/3 decreased, while the proportion of CR cells increased from MT/MST to LPFC. Assuming that primate CR/CB/PV cells perform similar computations as mice VIP/SST/PV cells, our results suggest that changes in the proportion of CR and PV neurons in layers 2/3 cells may favor the emergence of activity encoding WM in association areas.
Financing Pull Mechanisms for Antibiotic-Related Innovation: Opportunities for Europe
Authors: Årdal Christine , Lacotte Yohann , Ploy Marie-Cécile 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Antibiotic innovation is in serious jeopardy as companies continue to abandon the market due to a lack of profitability. Novel antibiotics must be used sparingly to hinder the spread of resistance, but small companies cannot survive on revenues that do not cover operational costs. When these companies either go bankrupt or move onto other therapeutic areas, these antibiotics may be no longer accessible to patients. Although significant research efforts have detailed incentives to stimulate antibiotic innovation, little attention has been paid to the financing of these incentives. In this article, we take a closer look at 4 potential financing models (diagnosis-related group carve-out, stewardship taxes, transferable exclusivity voucher, and a European-based “pay or play” model) and evaluate them from a European perspective. The attractiveness of these models and the willingness for countries to test them are currently being vetted through the European Joint Action on AMR and Healthcare-Associated Infections (EU-JAMRAI).
Deregulating antitrust policy
Authors: Stelzner Mark , Chaturvedi Mayuri 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Starting in the 1980s, market concentration began to rise dramatically decreasing competition and increasing market power for the firms that remain. Such developments have important effects on a number of economic variables such as the efficiency of our economy and income inequality. Thus, it is important to ask: how has the administration of antitrust policy changed over the last half century? To shed more light on these important questions, we explore both change in policy outline by the Department of Justice in its Horizontal Merger Guidelines and change in administrative actions looking at both secondary requests for mergers and acquisitions of different sizes, and pre, post and change in Herfindahl–Hirschman Index in mergers and acquisitions contested by the Department of Justice through the courts.
Integrating bioenergetics and conservation biology: thermal sensitivity of digestive performance in Eastern Collared Lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) may affect population persistence
Authors: Brewster Casey L , Ortega Jason , Beaupre Steven J 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInformation on bioenergetics can provide valuable insight into the ecology, life history and population dynamics of organisms. For ectothermic animals, thermal sensitivity of digestion is an important determinant of net assimilated energy budgets. A recent study in the Ozark Mountains indicated that eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) restricted to encroached glades (characterized by woody vegetation encroachment) experience reduced environmental heat loads and have reduced age-specific growth and reproductive rates compared to populations in intact glades. To assess the potential impact of reduced body temperatures on assimilation rates of C. collaris in encroached glades, we conducted feeding trials across four temperature treatments (28, 31, 34 and 37°C). We tested for temperature effects on voluntary feeding rates, passage times, apparent assimilated energy (AE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Passage times decreased and voluntary feeding rates increased significantly with increasing temperature. Consumption explained the majority of variance in AE and ME, followed by the effect of temperature treatments. Using data on voluntary feeding rates, passage times and ME as a function of temperature, we estimated over a 10-fold increase in predicted daily assimilated energy across temperature treatments (28°C = 0.58 kJ/day, 31°C = 1.20 kJ/day, 34°C = 4.30 kJ/day, 37°C = 7.95 kJ/day). Thus, lower heat loads in encroached glades may cause reduced body temperature and result in restricted energy assimilation rates. Our study provides a novel approach to the integration of bioenergetics and conservation and shows the efficacy of using information on digestive performance to investigate underlying mechanisms in a conservation context.
Total arch replacement and frozen elephant trunk for aortic dissection in aberrant right subclavian artery
Authors: Li Jian-Rong , Ma Wei-Guo , Chen Yu , Zhu Jun-Ming , Zheng Jun , Xu Shang-Dong , Liu Yong-Min , Sun Li-Zhong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Aortic dissection (AoD) in the presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is very rare. Clinical experience is limited, and there is no consensus regarding the optimal management strategy. We seek to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the total arch replacement (TAR) and frozen elephant trunk (FET) technique as an approach to AoD in patients with ARSA by retrospectively analysing our single-centre experience.

METHODS
From 2009 to 2017, we performed TAR + FET for 22 patients with ARSA sustaining AoD (13 acute, 59.1%). The mean age was 46.0 years [standard deviation (SD) 8.3], and 19 patients were male (86.4%). ARSA orifice was dilated in 15 (68.2%) patients, and a Kommerall diverticulum was diagnosed in 13 (59.1%) patients with a mean diameter of 21.8 mm (SD 7.7; range 15–40). Surgery was performed via femoral and right/left carotid cannulation under hypothermic circulatory arrest at 25°C. The ARSA was reconstructed using a separate branched graft.

RESULTS
ARSA was closed proximally by ligation in 16 (72.7%) patients, direct suture in 4 (18.2%) patients and both in 2 (9.1%) patients. Operative mortality was 13.6% (3/22). Type Ib endoleak occurred in 1 (4.5%) patient at 8 days. Follow-up was complete in 100% at mean 4.2 years (SD 2.0), during which 3 late deaths and 1 reintervention for type II endoleak occurred. Survival was 81.8% and 76.4% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Freedom from reoperation was 89.2% up to 8 years. In competing risks analysis, the incidence was 22.1% for death, 10.8% for reoperation and 67.1% for event-free survival at 5 years. The false lumen, ARSA orifice and Kommerall diverticulum were obliterated in 100%. Grafts were patent in 100%. No patients experienced cerebral ischaemia and upper extremity claudication. Hypothermic circulatory arrest time (min) was sole predictor for death and aortic reintervention (hazard ratio 1.168, 95% confidence interval 1.011–1.348; P = 0.034).

CONCLUSIONS
The TAR and FET technique is a safe and efficacious approach to AoD in patients with ARSA. Modifications of routine TAR + FET techniques are essential to successful repair, including femoral and right/left carotid artery cannulation, ligation of ARSA on the right side of the trachea and ARSA reconstruction with a separate graft.
Co-seismic internal deformations in a spherical layered earth model
Authors: Liu Tai , Fu Guangyu , She Yawen , Zhao Cuiping 
Published: February 2020

SUMMARYUsing a numerical integral method, we deduced a set of formulae for the co-seismic internal deformation in a spherically symmetric earth model, simultaneously taking self-gravitation, compressibility and realistically stratified structure of the Earth into account. Using these formulae, we can calculate the internal deformation at an arbitrary depth caused by an arbitrary seismic source. To demonstrate the correctness of our formulae, we compared our numerical solutions of radial functions with analytical solutions reported by Dong & Sun based on a homogeneous earth model; we found that two sets of results agree well with each other. Our co-seismic internal Green's functions in the near field agree well with the results calculated by the formulae of Okada, which also verifies our Green's functions. Finally, we calculated the Coulomb stress changes on the Japanese Islands and Northeast China induced by the Tohoku-Oki Mw 9.0 earthquake using the methods described above. We found that the effect of layered structure plays a leading role on the near field, while curvature occupies a dominant position on the deep region of the far field. Through a comparison of the Coulomb stress changes at a depth of 10 km on a layered earth model calculated by our method along with the corresponding results of Okada, we found that the discrepancy between them in near field was ∼31.5 per cent, and that of far field was &gt;100 per cent of the signals.
Improving and Developing Analytical Methods ... A Continuing Challenge
Authors: Holak Walter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In recognition of his skill at conceiving rugged, elegant analytical methods that have helped further the consumer protection mission of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the 1987 AOAC Harvey W. Wiley Award was presented to Walter Holak at the 101st AOAC Annual International Meeting and Exposition in San Francisco, CA, Sept. 14, 1987. Holak began working for FDA on Dec. 10, 1962, the same year he became a member of AOAC. In the ensuing 25 years, he has developed many methods, perhaps the most significant being those to measure methyl mercury and iodine and that to determine "free" and "total" sulfites in foods. FDA recognized his achievements with a Commendable Service Award in 1979, and in the same year AOAC gave him the double honor of naming him Associate Referee of the Year and electing him a Fellow.
Interactive Effects of Duration of Storage and Addition of Formaldehyde on Levels of
Aflatoxin M1 in Milk
Authors: Heimbecher Susan K , Jorgensen Karen V , Price Ralph L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Spray-dried skim milk, naturally contaminated with aflatoxin M„ was added to either raw or pasteurized whole milk to a final concentration of 1.1 Mg aflatoxin M,/L milk. Formalin (37% w/w) was added to the milk solutions to final concentrations of 0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1% formaldehyde. Samples were stored in the dark at 21°C in plastic and glass containers and were analyzed for aflatoxin M, at 0,1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. This experiment was repeated using only raw milk and glass containers. Aflatoxin M, analyses were done at 0, 1, and 2 weeks. Aflatoxin M, losses increased over time and with increased formaldehyde concentration. With both experiments, aflatoxin M, levels after 2 weeks were less than 0.05 iigfL in samples containing 0.1% formaldehyde.
Stability-Indicating Liquid Chromatographic Procedure for Determination of Allantoin in
Cosmetic Lotion
Authors: Trivedi Ramesh J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A sensitive, specific liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure was developed for determination of allantoin [(2,5-dioxo-4--imidaazolidinyl) urea or 5-ureidohydantion] in cosmetic lotion. A reverse-phase, ionsuppression mechanism separated allantoin from interfering constituents of the sample matrix, and the compound was determined with a UV detector at 240 nm with a sensitivity limit of ((.20 mg/mL. The chromatographic parameters were optimized for retention time, efficiency, and relative response to the analyte. The assay procedure was validated with spiked laboratory-prepared samples at 100 ± 15% levels. An average recovery of 99.4% with a relative standard deviation of 1.5% (n = 7) was obtained. The stability-indicating characteristics of the method were established by recovery study (99.8%) of samples spiked with known degradation products (urea, allantoic acid, and glyoxylic acid).
Method to Determine Effect of Antibiotics at Residue Levels on R-Factor Transfer
Authors: Sue Brady Marietta , Katz Stanley E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An analytical system was developed which can assess the ability of antibiotic/antimicrobial residues (0.01-1.00 ppm) to affect the conjugal transfer of resistance among the Enterobacteriaceae. The donor strain, Escherichia coli RP-4 (Amr Tcr Nmr Km' Lac+), and recipient strain, E. coli Sc-8632 (Smr Lac ), were incubated together in a 1:9 donor : recipient ratio for 18 h with gentle shaking (50 rpm) in brain heart infusion broth in the presence of residue levels of antibiotics. The mating cultures were serially diluted and spread-plated onto MacConkey agar containing 25 ng streptomycin/mL to select the total recipient population of sensitive E. coli Sc-8632 and transconjugants. After an 18 h incubation at 37°C, the plates were replicaplated onto MacConkey agar containing 25 ng ampicillin/mL to select the ampicillin-resistant transconjugant population. Repeatability was good; the average transfer was 51.8%, with a coefficient of variation of 9.3%. Residue levels of tylosin (0.10 and 1.00 ppm) increased the transfer of the ampicillin marker beyond the 95% confidence limits. Oxytetracycline, bacitracin, streptomycin, penicillin, and virginiamycin did not increase the percent transfer. Oxytetracycline at 0.01 ppm decreased the percent transfer. In general, residue levels of antibiotics (0.01-1.00 ppm) did not affect the conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance.
Microbial Receptor Assay for Rapi d Detection and Identification of Seven Families of
Antimicrobial Drugs in Milk: Collaborative Study
Authors: Charm Stanley E , Chi Ruey 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A microbial competitive receptor assay for detecting residues of antibiotic families in milk was studied collaboratively by 13 laboratories. The drugs and levels (ppb) tested in this study i nclude penicillin G, 4.8; cephapirin, 5.0; cloxacillin, 100; tetracycline, 2000; chlortetracycline, 2000; oxytetracycline, 2000; erythromycin, 200; lincomycin, 400; clindamycin, 400; sulfamethazine, 75; sulfamethoxazole, 50; sulfisoxazole, 50; streptomycin, 1000; novobiocin, 50; and chloramphenicol, 800. In this method, microbial cells added to a milk sample provide specific binding sites for which 14C or 3H libeled drug competes with drug residues in the sample. The UC or H binding to the specific binding sites is measured in a scintillation counter and compared with a zero standard milk. If the sample is statistically different from the zero standard, it is positive. The assay takes about 15 min. The binding reaction occurs between the receptor site and the drug functional group, so all members of a drug family are detected. In this case, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, novobiocin, chloramphenicol, and sulfonamides, including/^-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and its other analogs, are detectable. The incidence of false negative determinations among samples is about 1%; the incidence of false positives is about 3%. For negative cases, the relative standard deviations for repeatability ranged from 0 to 5% and for reproducibility from 0 to 6%. For positive cases, relative standard deviations ranged from 0 to 13% for repeatability and from 0 to 14% for reproducibility. The method has been adopted official first action.
Determination of Trichlorfon in Technical and Powder Formulations
Authors: Slahck Stephen C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A facile procedure is described for the determination of trichlorfon in technical material and an 80% powder formulation by using liquid chromatography with ion-pairing and UV detection. Liquid chromatography allows the direct determination of trichlorfon and detection of any dichlorvos present. This method is applicable to quality control and storage stability analyses and eliminates any need for derivatization to counter the thermal lability of trichlorfon. The average standard deviations for the technical and 80% formulation determinations were 0.51 and 0.37%, respectively.
Temperature-Independent Pectin Gel Method for Aerobic Plate Count in Dairy and Nondairy
Food Products: Collaborative Study
Authors: Roth Jonathan N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ten laboratories participated in a collaborative study to compare the pectin-based plate count (PC) Redigel method with the aerobic plate count and standard plate count agar-based standard methods for the estimation of total bacterial counts in 9 different nondairy food and dairy food products. The foods were cream, homogenized milk, raw milk, cheese, raw chicken, raw oysters, frozen broccoli, flour, and spices. Each laboratory analyzed 6 samples (3 sample pairs) of each food group. Counts obtained by the pectin-based plate count and agarbased plate count methods differed significantly (P 0.05) only for homogenized milk, where the pectin gel method resulted in higher counts. The actual counts were higher in the pectin gel method in 8 of the 9 food groups. The log means for pectin gel and agar-based media, respectively, for the 9 food groups were: cream 8.106 and 7.844; homogenized milk 8.642 and 8.231; raw milk 8.711 and 8.423; chicken 7.654 and 7.645; oysters 7.201 and 7.180; broccoli 7.102 and 6.798; cheese 8.045 and 8.055; flour 4.112 and 3.988; spice 5.379 and 5.314. The repeatability standard deviations favored the pectin gel method in 6 of the 9 foods tested. The reproducibility standard deviations favored the pectin gel method in 7 of the 9 foods tested. These results strongly support the suitability of the pectin gel method as an alternative to agar-based plate count and other methods for total bacterial counts in nondairy and dairy food products. The pectin gel method has been adopted official first action.
Multi-Laboratory Study of Measurement of Chlorobiphenyls and Other Organochlorines in Fish Oil
Authors: Uthe John F , Musial Charles J , Misra Raj K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analysts participating in a multi-laboratory comparative study were asked to identify 4 chlorobiphenyls (CBs) supplied in neat form, to measure the amounts of these present in spiked and unspiked fish oil, to measure other CBs and organochlorines in the unspiked fish oil, and to compare results for their own standard solution and those for standard solutions prepared from the supplied CB compounds. Comparisons were done for a common supplied method and the individual methods used in each laboratory. Participants had no trouble identifying 2,2',5,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,2',4,5,5-pentachlorobiphenyl, and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl. Most misidentified 2,2',3,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Approximately one-half of the quantitative comparisons between participants' standards and those prepared from the supplied CBs differed by more than 10%. Two standards prepared from one of the CBs differed by an average of 6.6% (range 0.0-24.5%). Recoveries of added CBs from the fish oil ranged from 24 to 294% for spikes of 63-85 ng/g with no clear distinction between results for the common method vs individual laboratory methods. The common methodology gave a lower coefficient of variation (CV) for most other CBs and organochlorines, but in most cases the CVs for the individual CBs were not smaller than that for Aroclor 1254 equivalents.
Levels and Incidences of Pesticide Residues in Various Foods and Animal Feeds Analyzed by
the Luke Multiresidue Methodology for Fiscal Years 1982-1986
Authors: Luke Milton A , Masumoto Herbert T , Cairns Thomas , Hundley Harvey K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
During a 5 year period from 1982 to 1986, the FDA Los Angeles District Laboratory analyzed 19 851 samples of domestic and imported food and feed commodities for pesticide residues. A single, rapid, multiresidue method was used. The resultant data have been compiled showing the commodities sampled and the identity and range of levels of pesticide residues detected, including an indication of those residue findings that did not comply with U.S. federal tolerance levels. The residue data presented should not be viewed as being representative of the U.S. food supply; rather, the results are indicative of a surveillance- and compliance-oriented sampling of various food shipments collected by the Los Angeles District.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: A New Technique for AOAC
Authors: Knowles David E , Richter Bruce E , Wygant Michele B , Nixon Lori , Andersen Marion R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a chromatographic technique that, in many ways, is a hybrid of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography and offers many advantages over both. As this technique continues to grow in use, SFC will become very advantageous to the AOAC analyst.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Carhadox in Complete Feeds, Premixes, and Concentrates: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Aerts René M L , Werdmuller Geziena A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method previously published for the determination of carbadox in finished feeds and premixes was slightly modified and tested in an interlaboratory study. The feed samples are extracted with methanol-acetonitrile (50 + 50) after wetting with water. The extracts are purified over a short alumina column. An aliquot of the eluate is analyzed with reverse phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Before the actual interlaboratory study, a prestudy with 2 familiarization feed samples was performed. For the interlaboratory study, 2 series of meal and pelleted samples were prepared with carbadox from different suppliers. Eight collaborating laboratories received 6 feed samples previously milled and ground and 4 pelleted samples which had to be ground by the collaborator's in-house method. Collaborators also received 3 carbadox concentrates (about 10% w/w) and 4 premix samples derived from the concentrates (about 1% w/w). Coefficients of variation under reproducibility conditions were 8.3% for meal samples and 4.9% for pellets. A minor but significant effect was noted for the influence of pelleting temperature on the carbadox content. A minor and insignificant effect was observed for the influence of the milling and grinding procedure on the carbadox content. Alumina cleanup of 1% premixes was not essential, although the resulting chromatograms were cleaner. A slight difference in reproducibility was observed with concentrates (10%) when 0.2 or 0.5 g sample size was used, although the average carbadox concentration found was the same. For premixes and concentrates, coefficients of variation under reproducibility conditions were low, ranging from 2.9 to 7.5%.