bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
182 Uterine gene expression of beef cows in response to supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil
Authors: Timlin Claire L , Parrish Taylor , Dias Nicholas W , Santili Felipe , Pancini Stefania , Mercadante Vitor R G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We hypothesize that expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs; PPARa, PPARg, PPARd) and prostaglandin synthases (PGES, AK1B1) in endometrial tissue of Bos taurus beef cows changes after supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO) rich in omega-6 fatty acids compared to a saturated fat. Multiparous cows, stratified by BW (658.05±16.64 kg) and BCS (7.52±0.18), were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) 0.7 kg/(hd.d-1) corn gluten feed + 0.1 kg/(hd.d-1) of prilled saturated fatty acids (Energy Booster, Milk Specialties, Eden Prairie, MN; CON, n = 12); or 2) 0.7 kg/(hd.d-1) corn gluten feed + 0.1 kg/(hd.d-1) of CSSO (Essentiom, Church and Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ; CSSO, n = 13). Cows were given a 21-d adaptation period before initiation of the experiment, maintained on common pasture, provided ad libitum access to forage and water, and individually fed treatments. Cows underwent a 7-d CO-Sync+CIDR estrus synchronization protocol beginning d0. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed d14 to determine location of a corpus luteum (CL). Uterine biopsies were collected d18 and d28 of the study, corresponding to d8 and d18 of the estrous cycle, respectively. One biopsy was taken from the anterior-most portion of uterine horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the CL for RNA extraction. Transcript expression was analyzed with reverse transcriptase qPCR and quantified using the 2-ddCt method with GAPDH as reference gene. There was no treatment effect for any transcripts analyzed (P ≥ 0.30), nor an interaction between treatment, horn relative to CL, and day (P ≥ 0.11). Transcript expression increased for both treatments from d18 to d28 for PPARa (0.8±0.18 vs. 1.8±0.22, P = 0.01), PPARd (1.13±0.12 vs. 1.9±0.13, P &lt; 0.01), PPARg (1±0.2 vs. 1.3±0.25, P = 0.01), and AK1B1 (0.62±0.16 vs. 2.34±0.22, P &lt; 0.01). While uterine transcript expression of selected genes increased through the luteal phase, supplementing beef cows with CSSO did not affect transcript expression compared to cows receiving saturated fat.
140 Relaxin Regulates Porcine Adipose Tissue Development by Inhibiting Preadipocyte Number, Stimulating Lipolysis, and Upregulating mRNA Expression of Adipokine, Fatty Acid Metabolism and Extracellular Matrix Genes
Authors: Charlton Courtney E , Reeves Maegan A , Brandebourg Terry D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Relaxin (RLN) is best known as a reproductive hormone that remodels cervical connective tissue. However, porcine adipose tissue can secrete and respond to RLN, suggesting locally derived RLN could modulate adipose tissue development and function. To test this hypothesis, primary cultures of porcine subcutaneous adipose tissue stromal-vascular (AT-SV) cells and visceral adipose tissue explants were utilized as model systems to determine the effect of 100 ng/ml exogenous RLN on 1) preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, 2) the mRNA expression of adipokine, extracellular matrix protein and fatty acid metabolism genes, and 3) lipolytic rate in porcine adipose tissue. AT-SV cells were harvested from 3-day-old neonatal pigs (n=6) and plated in vitro in growth medium containing either vehicle or RLN for cell number assays or were induced to differentiate by treatment with insulin, hydrocortisone, and rosiglitazone for 8 days in the presence or absence of RLN for adipogenesis assays. Total RNA was extracted from differentiating cultures on days 0 and 8 post-induction. Real-time PCR was then utilized to determine changes in mRNA expression for target genes. For lipolysis and cell signaling experiments, visceral adipose tissue was obtained from market weight pigs at harvest, minced into explants, and cultured in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of RLN and cAMP pathway modulators with differences in glycerol release determined following 2-hour treatment. Overall, RLN decreased preadipocyte number 1.27-fold under serum-free conditions (P &lt; 0.05), enhanced adipogenesis based upon 2.4-fold increase in GAPDH activity (P &lt; 0.05) and a 2.2-fold increase in ORO accumulation (P &lt; 0.05) while significantly increasing the mRNA expression of multiple metabolic, adipokine, and extracellular matrix component genes. RLN treatment stimulated glycerol release by 3-fold via the cAMP pathway (P &lt; 0.01). Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that RLN regulates adipose tissue development through stimulating adipogenesis and modulating adipocyte metabolism.
133 Provision of Artificial Shade During Summer Reduced Vaginal Temperature and Improved Growth Performance of Pregnant Grazing Beef Heifers
Authors: da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Laporta Jimena , Dubeux Jose Carlos Batista , Chebel Ricardo , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of providing artificial shade during the summer in Florida on growth performance and vaginal temperature (VT) of pregnant grazing beef heifers. From July to September 2017 (THI from 61.5 to 92.3), 36 black-hided Angus and Angus crossbred pregnant heifers (418 ± 20 kg BW) were stratified by breed, blocked by body weight (BW) and allocated to 12 bahiagrass pastures (Paspalum notatum Flüggé; 1.3 ha, n = 3 heifers/pasture), with (SHADE; 6 pastures) or without (NO SHADE; 6 pastures) access to artificial shade. The shade structures were comprised of a shade cloth that measured 11 × 7.3 m in length and provided 26.8 m2 of shade per animal. Shrunk and full BW were obtained on d 0 and 47, and on d 14 and 28, respectively, to assess changes in BW and average daily gain (ADG). Vaginal temperature was automatically recorded every 10 min for 5 d during weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the study using an intravaginal digital thermo-loggers attached to a blank CIDR. Herbage mass was measured every 14 d to calculate herbage allowance (HA), and additional heifers were used as needed to maintain the same HA among pastures. No differences were observed for HA (P = 0.78). The ADG from d 0 to 47 (P = 0.08 and SEM = 0.07) tended to be greater for SHADE relative to NO SHADE heifers (0.20 vs. -0.02 kg, respectively), whereas no differences were observed for BW (P &gt; 0.10) throughout the study. Vaginal temperature was reduced for SHADE vs. NO SHADE heifers on weeks 1 and 3 (P &lt; 0.001); however, no differences were observed on weeks 5 and 7 (P &gt; 0.10). Providing artificial shade during summer to pregnant grazing beef heifers reduced vaginal temperature and tended to improve ADG.
107 Influence of chronic melatonin supplementation on bovine testis physiology
Authors: Littlejohn Brittni P , Mercer Kayla B , Bowers Karrigan J , Messman Riley D , Contreras-Correa Zully , Reid Dana , Feugang Jean , Vann Rhonda C , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the influence of melatonin supplementation on bovine testis biometrics, thermoregulation, and blood flow in two age groups. Mature and peri-pubertal bulls received four subdermal 24 mg melatonin implants (MEL; n = 5 and n = 6, respectively) or no implants (CON; n = 5 and n = 6, respectively) every 30 ± 4 d for 120 ± 5 d. Body weight, scrotal circumference (SC), testes temperature (average temperature of left and right testes as quantified with thermal imaging), and total testicular artery blood flow (TBF; total blood flow to left and right testes as measured with Doppler ultrasonography) were evaluated on d 60, 90, and 120 ± 4. On d 120, peri-pubertal bulls were castrated and total testes weight (TTW) determined. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS specific for repeated measures with treatment, time, and the interaction as fixed effects and sire (peri-pubertal only) as a random effect. On d 120, peri-pubertal bull data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect and sire as a random effect, and relationships of TBF, SC, TTW, testes temperature, and ambient temperature assessed using CORR procedures of SAS. Body weight, testes temperature, TBF, and TBF as a proportion of SC changed over time in peri-pubertal (P &lt; 0.05) but not mature (P &gt; 0.05) bulls. On d 120, TBF was increased (P = 0.05) and TBF as a proportion of TTW tended (P = 0.10) to be increased in MEL (95.48 ± 14.63 mL/min and 0.29 ± 0.03 mL/min*g, respectively) compared to CON (65.06 ± 15.10 mL/min and 0.21 ± 0.03 mL/min*g, respectively) peri-pubertal bulls. TBF was positively correlated with SC (r = 0.59; P = 0.04) and TTW (r = 0.66; P = 0.02). Ambient temperature was positively correlated with testes temperature (r = 0.78; P &lt; 0.01). No other differences were identified (P &gt; 0.05). Limited alterations in testis physiology were observed in melatonin-supplemented bulls.
138 Randel Lecture: Reproductive Behavior – the basis of reproductive success
Authors: Alexander Brenda M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In domesticated, promiscuous species like sheep, mate choice is constrained by breeding strategies with limited mate choice. The proportion of rams with limited sexual interest in ewes is nearly 30% of the total number of breeding rams. Rams with low sexual interest detect putative sexual signals from ewes but fail to act in a suitable manner. While a tempered reward mechanism with decreased dopamine synthesis in the mid-brain of low sexually performing rams may partially account for this behavior, how the ewe responds to low-sexually performing rams remained unknown. Ewes are relatively undemonstrative in the expression of sexual behavior. The most widely expressed behavior from the ewe is the increased ambulatory behavior to seek out and affiliation with a ram. The expression of this behavior is estrogen dependent and likely increases the sexual interest of the ram and the reproductive success of the ewe. Rams with low sexual interest do mate and sire lambs. It might be expected that ewe affiliation behavior would increase when the ratio of ewes to rams is high (ie. breeding intensity) or sexual interest is low. This does not appear to be the case since ewes express more proceptive behavior toward rams with greater sexual interest. Ewes spent more time in affiliation with high sexually performing rams (P &lt; 0.001) 57.7% (±3.3) than those expressing low sexual interest (23.8% [± 3.4]). Rams expressing high sexually interest garner more solicitous looks from ewes than do low performing rams. Time in affiliation highly correlated with expression of ram behaviors including number of mounts, total anticipatory, and consummatory behavior. While ewes exhibited increased number of purposeful moves toward high performing rams, movement away from the ram to did not differ by expression of male behavior. In conclusion, ewe behavior does not compensate for low sexual interest from the ram and would not be expected to contribute to the reproductive success of rams expressing low sexual interest.
37 Early pregnancy detection in cattle by analysis of maternal circulating microRNA expression
Authors: DeCarlo Andrea N , Parrish Joseph , Long Nathan , Pratt Scott 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pregnancy detection in cattle is performed by rectal palpation, transrectal ultrasonography or detection of pregnancy associated glycoproteins at approximately d 28 of gestation. Majority of embryonic loss in cattle occurs much earlier. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are excellent markers for physiological states including pregnancy. The objective of this experiment was to assess expression of miRNAs in maternal serum to serve as markers for pregnancy detection at d 18 post-artificial insemination. Cows of varying age and parity (n = 80) were synchronized using a 7-d Co Synch and CIDR estrous synchronization protocol. One insemination by a single sire was performed 60 to 66 h following CIDR removal. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture on d 0 and 18 post-insemination. Total RNA isolation was performed using PAXgene Blood RNA kit (PreAnalytiX, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland) or by miRNeasy (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Ultrasound was performed d 30 of gestation. Taqman microRNA assay utilizing primers for Let7a, mir-16,15b, 25, and 26 was performed on RNA from whole blood and serum in pregnant (n = 10) and open (n = 10) cows. Analysis of variance and pair-wise student’s t-test among LSMeans for relative abundance were performed with fixed effects for pregnancy, day, isolation, and their interactions. MicroRNA abundance did not differ due to pregnancy. Relative abundance for miR-16 increased in d 18 (1.86 ± 0.49) compared to d 0 samples (3.42 ± 0.48), regardless of pregnancy status or isolation method (P = 0.03). Let-7a (serum, 0.99 ± 0.98; PAXgene, 6.25 ± 0.87), miR-15b (serum, 0.59 ± 1.67; PAXgene, 12.44 ± 1.48) and miR-26 (serum, 1.44 ± 1.2; PAXgene, 7.64 ± 1.06) relative abundance was higher in serum compared to PAXgene isolated samples (P &lt; 0.05). These results disagree with previous reports and indicate that these candidate miRNAs are not a reliable indicator for early pregnancy detection in cattle.
42 Effect of injectable trace mineral supplementation on beef cows fertility and overall mineral status
Authors: Pancini Stefania , Currin Jhon F , Stewart Jamie L , Clark Sherrie , Redifer Tracey , Dias Nicholas W , Timlin Claire L , Sales Alvaro , Mercadante Vitor R G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an injectable multi-mineral complex supplementation on beef cows overall mineral status and fertility. This study involved 9 different locations in the state of Virginia and a total of 1,128 Angus crossbred multiparous cows. All cows had ad libitum access to forage and water, and received mineral supplementation in form of mineral blocks. All cows were enrolled in a 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR fixed-time AI (FTAI) protocol, followed by natural service for an approximately 70-d breeding season. At the initiation of the FTAI protocol (d 0) cows were stratified by days post-partum (82 ± 18 d) and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) One dose of an injectable trace mineral containing zinc (60mg/ml), copper (15mg/ml), selenium (5mg/ml) and manganese (10mg/ml) on d 0 (n = 560; 1 ml/90 kg BW of Multimin® 90, Multimin USA, Ft. Collins, CO); or 2) a negative control with no trace mineral injection (n = 568). BCS was recorded at d 0, 61 and 121. Estrus detection was recorded at d 10 using an estrus detection patch. Pregnancy was diagnosed on days 71 and 131 by ultrasonography. Liver biopsies were collected on days 0 and 45 in a subgroup of 140 cows from both treatments and distributed among all locations. No differences between treatments were detected in days post-partum (P = 0.83), BCS (P ≥ 0.42) and estrus detection (P= 0.12), neither in mineral status of copper, manganese, selenium or zinc (P ≥ 0.28). No effect of treatment was detected (P ≥ 0.20) in AI pregnancy rate (57%) or overall pregnancy rate (93%). In conclusion, one dose of injectable trace mineral administrated 10 days before AI did not improve pregnancy rate or overall mineral status in multiparous beef cows enrolled in FTAI.
179 Using a 100% Dried Distillers Grains Cube as a Supplement for Steers Grazing Mixed Grass Prairie in Oklahoma
Authors: Grigsby Zane N , Beck Paul A , Gunter Stacey A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This research was conducted to determine effects of supplementation and implanting on BW gain by steers grazing mixed grass prairie (n = 12 pastures, 19.9 ± 0.7 ha) in northwest Oklahoma. Three main plot treatments were: 1) Negative Control (NC), no supplementation, 2) Positive Control (PC), supplemented with DDGS cubes, 1.8 kg/steer on alternate days in late summer, 3) High Supplement (HS), 1/3 increase in stocking rate with 0.75% BW supplemental DDGS cubes all season. Steers (n = 125, BW = 223.1 ± 23.2 kg) were stocked at 2.2 ha/steer for PC and NC, 1.3 ha/steer for HS. Grazing was from May 17 – September 27 (132 d). All steers were implanted with 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate (SYN, Synonvex S, Zoetis Animal Health) on May 17. On July 18 three reimplant treatments were applied: 1) no reimplant; 2) SYN; or 3) 40 mg trenbolone acetate and 8 mg estradiol (Revalor G, Merck Animal Health). Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a split-plot experimental design. In early summer HS had 0.26 kg greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG than NC and PC. Late summer gains of PC were 0.33 kg/d more (P ≤ 0.01) than NC; and HS gained 0.49 and 0.16 kg/day more (P ≤ 0.04) than NC and PC, respectively. Gain per hectare for PC (46 kg/ha) were greater (P &lt; 0.01) than NC (35 kg/ha) and more than doubled (P &lt; 0.01) with HS (89 kg/ha). Reimplanting had no effect on ADG (P ≥ 0.28). Late season supplementation with PC resulted in supplemental efficiency of 2.7 kg supplement/kg added gain compared with NC. Increased stocking rates with season long supplementation in HS resulted in supplemental efficiency of 3.8 kg supplement/kg added gain per hectare. Based on these data, a 100% DDGS cube is an effective supplement option to increase BW gain during the late summer or increase carrying capacity and gain during the summer grazing period in northwestern Oklahoma.
54 Effects of an injectable zinc solution at weaning as an alternative castration method during the backgrounding period in beef bulls
Authors: Cauble Reagan N , Powell Powell G , Kegley Elizabeth , Gadberry Shane , Beck Paul A , Sims Michael , Shelton Cody 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Castration is a routine management practice performed on an estimated 15 million bull calves each year in the United States. Although castration is a common practice worldwide, the process causes pain and stress that temporarily reduces performance. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of a novel injectable zinc solution as an alternative castration method on the growth performance, testicular width, and serum testosterone concentrations of weaned beef bulls. Calves (n = 74) were processed at birth and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 castration methods: 1) negative control, in which calves were surgically castrated at birth, or 2) chemically castrated, in which calves remained intact males until weaning and were chemically castrated with a 1 mL intratesticular injection of zinc solution in each testicle. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS and significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05. Chemically castrated calves were heavier (P &lt; 0.01) throughout the 168-d backgrounding phase compared to steers (285 and 266 kg respectively); however, the overall change in BW (P = 0.73) and ADG (P = 0.81) was similar between castration techniques. Testicular width measurements were greatest on d 28 and returned to baseline weaning measurements by d 56. Testicular width continued to decrease on d 77 and remained constant for the remainder of the backgrounding period (time P &lt; 0.01). Although testicular width decreased, chemically castrating did not affect (time P = 0.17) testosterone concentrations; however, concentrations were numerically lowest on d 28 and 56. Chemically castrating cattle at weaning resulted in greater overall body weights and reduced testicular width during the backgrounding period; however, it did not eliminate testosterone production as compared to surgically castrating at birth. This solution was not effective in bulls at weaning.
33 Determining the feeding value of hulless barley relative to corn in beef finishing rations
Authors: Pent Gabriel J , Wilson Thomas B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hulless varieties of barley have been developed to improve the digestibility of this small grain. The objective of this project was to determine the feeding value of hulless barley relative to corn in a beef-finishing ration. Angus-cross steers (n = 12) were fed rations that included varying ratios of cracked corn and cracked hulless barley. Steers were stratified by body weight (BW) and allotted to one of four rations: corn, 2:1 ratio of corn to barley, 1:2 ratio of corn to barley, and barley. All treatments included concentrate at 85% and baleage at 15% of total ration dry matter (DM). Rations were fed ad libitum on an individual basis using Calan gates. Feed refusals were measured daily. Steers were weighed and ultrasound 12th rib fat thickness (FT) was measured every 28 d. Steers were harvested at a commercial abattoir when average FT exceeded 0.9 cm. Average daily gain (1.2 kg/d), final BW (653 kg), feed to gain efficiency (10.2:1), and final ultrasound FT (0.94 cm) were not different (P ≥ 0.1486) between treatments. Steer DM intake was lower (P ≤ 0.0496) for those fed corn (9.8 kg/d) compared to those fed barley (12.2 kg/d) or a 1:2 ratio of corn to barley (11.7 kg/d); steer DM intake was similar (P ≥ 0.0640) for those fed a 2:1 ratio of corn to barley compared to those fed the other rations. Finishing ration did not affect hot carcass weight (384 kg; P = 0.7158), carcass FT (1.6 cm; P = 0.9511), ribeye area (87.7 cm^2; P = 0.7184), kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (2.6%; P = 0.3842), and yield grade (3.5; P= 0.8802). Feeding hulless barley compared to corn resulted in similar performance and carcass characteristics when included in beef finishing rations although feed intake was greater when barley exceeded 56% of the ration DM.
113 Mineral Supplementation Effects in Stocker Cattle Performance Grazed on Wheat Seeded Native Pastures
Authors: Kipp Kaylee R , Eborn Douglas , Owen Megan P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
One way to extend the grazing season in the southeast United States is to plant cool-season forages into native pastures to provide additional forages for the winter and spring grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different medicated (Monensin) supplementation types, with or without protein, on stocker calves grazing native pasture overseeded with wheat through the months of February to May. Cross-bred steers (n = 36; BW = 291.76 kg ± 29.92) and heifers (n = 29; BW = 288.17 kg ± 25.22), sired primarily by Hereford bulls, were assigned to two treatment groups at two locations blocked by sex and weight. All mineral supplementation was provided ad libitum. The first supplementation consisted of a commercial loose mineral (Advanced Mineral Performance Technology (AMPT); ADM; Quincy, Illinois), and the second was a commercial protein block (MoorMan’s, Mintrate Blonde Block RU; ADM; Quincy, IL) containing 42.0% Crude Protein. Average Daily Gain was compared using PROC MIX with the main effects: treatment, pasture, gender, and their interactions. The starting weights of the treatment groups were not different (P = 0.996). No significant interactions (P &lt; 0.05) were detected and only the main effects will be reported. Steers gained more (P &lt; 0.0001) than heifers (1.25 kg ± 0.025 kg vs. 0.96 kg ± 0.029 kg, respectively). ADG for the mineral was 1.14 kg ± 0.027 kg, compared to 1.06 kg ± 0.028 kg for the protein block (P &lt; 0.05). Differences in ADG was observed between pastures (P &lt; 0.07). At 124 days the final body weight of heifers averaged 119.56 kg and the steers averaged 154.70 kg. These results indicate that the mineral improved ADG over the block supplementation.