bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes associated with Epstein‐Barr virus‐DNAemia and Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated disease in patients after haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A single‐center study
Authors: Zhou Ling , Gao Zhi‐Yong , Lu Dao‐Pei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHuman leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) is an effective alternative to HLA‐matched transplantation. However, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection causes morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing haplo‐HSCT. Here, we retrospectively evaluated the incidence and risk factors of EBV‐DNAemia and EBV‐associated diseases in 131 patients who underwent haplo‐HSCT. Patients were classified into the no EBV infection groups, EBV‐DNAemia group and EBV‐associated disease group. Cumulative incidences of acute graft‐vs‐host disease, EBV infections, overall survival (OS), and relapse were analyzed. The cumulative incidences of EBV‐DNAemia and EBV‐associated disease were 26.9% and 33.3%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐DNAemia was confirmed as an independent risk factor associated with EBV‐DNAemia and EBV‐associated disease. Patients with EBV‐associated disease had higher transplant‐related mortality (TRM) rates and lower OS rates, but similar relapse rates. Overall, these findings demonstrated the cumulative incidences of EBV‐DNAemia and EBV‐associated disease and identified correlations of EBV infection with TRM, relapse, and OS. Additionally, CMV‐DNAemia was a risk factor for EBV‐DNAemia and EBV‐associated disease.
Thermoforming technique for suppressing reduction in mouthguard thickness: Part 2 Effect of model height and model moving distance
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Bando Yogetsu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground/AimWearing a mouthguard reduces the risk of sports‐related injuries, but the material and thickness of the mouthguard have a substantial impact on its effectiveness and safety. The aim of this study was to establish a thermoforming technique in which the model position is moved just before formation to suppress the reduction in thickness. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of model height and model moving distance on mouthguard thickness.Materials and MethodsEthylene‐vinyl acetate sheets of 4.0 mm thick and a vacuum forming machine were used. Three hard plaster models were trimmed so that the height of the anterior teeth was 25 mm, 30 mm and 35 mm. Model position (MP) was 40 mm from the front of the forming unit. The sheet was softened until it sagged 15 mm, after which the sheet frame was lowered to cover the model. The model was then pushed from behind to move it forward, and the vacuum was switched on. The model was moved at distances of 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm whereas a control model was not moved. Thickness after formation was measured with a specialized caliper. Differences in mouthguard thickness due to model height and moving distance were analysed by two‐way ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests.ResultsSheet thickness decreased as the model height increased. Each MP condition was significantly thicker than the control in each model. There was no significant difference among MP conditions except for the buccal surface.ConclusionsMoving the model forward by 20 mm or more just before formation is useful to secure the labial thickness of the mouthguard. This thermoforming technique increased the thickness by 1.5 times or more compared with the normal forming method, regardless of model height.
Worldwide tendency and perspectives in traumatic dental injuries: A bibliometric analysis over two decades (1999‐2018)
Authors: Liu Fei , Wu Tian‐tian , Lei Gang , Fadlelseed Anas Fadlelseed Ahmed , Xie Na , Wang Dan‐yang , Guo Qing‐yu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsTraumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are considered to be a public dental health problem worldwide. The aim of the current study was to provide the worldwide tendency and perspectives in TDIs in the last two decades via bibliometric analysis.Methods‘‘Tooth injuries’’ was searched as the Medical Subject Headings term within PubMed with the date range from 1999 to 2018. Two investigators perused information in the articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles were independently categorized according to the following aspects: (a) annual scholarly output; (b) leading countries or regions; (c) leading journals; (d) productive authors; (e) citations; (f) study design; (f) distribution of topics; and (g) the type of dentition and TDIs. VOSviewer 1.6.7 and Citespace 5.2 were used for analyzing and visualizing bibliometric networks.ResultsA total of 2627 articles about traumatic dental injuries were published and indexed in PubMed during the two decades, and the number of publications on traumatic dental injuries was rising in general. The research outputs were mainly concentrated in developed countries and affiliated hospitals of universities. Brazil was the most productive country. The journal Dental Traumatology had the most contributions to the scientific research of traumatic dental injuries. “Case report” was the most frequent type of article (36.50%), followed by cross‐sectional studies (19.57%) and case‐control studies (13.67%). Most studies focused on the treatment of TDIs (38.94%), especially for avulsion (21.01%), crown fracture (9.71%), and intrusion (5.25%). Permanent teeth (66%) were the dominant dentition.ConclusionThere is a lack of high‐quality well‐designed studies such as cohort studies. The number of publications on prevention and the primary dentition is disproportionate in relation to their significance.
Compensatory mechanisms affect sensorimotor integration during ongoing vocal motor acts in marmoset monkeys
Authors: Pomberger Thomas , Löschner Julia , Hage Steffen R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAny transmission of vocal signals faces the challenge of acoustic interferences such as heavy rain, wind, animal or urban sounds. Consequently, several mechanisms and strategies have evolved to optimize signal‐to‐noise ratio. Examples to increase detectability are the Lombard effect, an involuntary rise in call amplitude in response to masking ambient noise, which is often associated with other vocal changes such as call frequency and duration, as well as the animals’ capability of limiting calling to periods where noise perturbation is absent. Previous studies revealed vocal flexibility and various audio‐vocal integration mechanisms in marmoset monkeys. Using acoustic perturbation triggered by vocal behaviour, we investigated whether marmosets are capable of exhibiting changes in call structure when perturbing noise starts after call onset or whether such effects only occur if noise perturbation starts prior to call onset. We show that marmosets are capable of rapidly modulating call amplitude and frequency in response to such noise perturbation. Vocalizations swiftly increased call frequency after noise onset indicating a rapid effect of perturbing noise on vocal motor production. Call amplitudes were also affected. Interestingly, however, the marmosets did not exhibit the Lombard effect as previously reported but decreased call intensity in response to noise. Our findings indicate that marmosets possess a general avoidance strategy to call in the presence of ambient noise and suggest that these animals are capable of counteracting a previously thought involuntary audio‐vocal mechanism, the Lombard effect. These findings will pave the way to investigate the underlying audio‐vocal integration mechanisms explaining these behaviours.
Kant on moral self‐opacity
Authors: Berg Anastasia N. A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIt has been widely accepted that Kant holds the “Opacity Thesis,” the claim that we cannot know the ultimate grounds of our actions. Understood in this way, I shall argue, the Opacity Thesis is at odds with Kant's account of practical self‐consciousness, according to which I act from the (always potentially conscious) representation of principles of action and that, in particular, in acting from duty I act in consciousness of the moral law's determination of my will. The Opacity Thesis thus threatens to render acting from duty unintelligible. To diffuse the threat, I argue, first, that we need not attribute the Opacity Thesis to Kant. Kant's concern with the ubiquity of moral self‐opacity does not imply the strong skeptical conclusion that knowledge of the grounds of one's action is impossible. Second, I show how moral self‐opacity in cases of morally bad action emerges from the intrinsic inability of representing to oneself what one is doing, insofar one is pursuing the indeterminate end of “happiness.”
Streamline density and lesion volume reveal a postero–anterior gradient of corpus callosum damage in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Petracca M. , Schiavi S. , Battocchio M. , El Mendili M. M. , Fleysher L. , Daducci A. , Inglese M. 
Published: March 2020

Background and purposeAlthough interhemispheric disconnection significantly contributes to disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), the topography, timeline and relationship of callosal damage accrual with hemispheric damage are still unclear.MethodsStreamline density and the presence of focal lesions in five callosal subregions were computed in 55 people with MS [13 relapsing–remitting (RRMS), 20 secondary progressive (SPMS), 22 primary progressive (PPMS)] and 24 healthy controls.ResultsStreamline density decrease was identified in SPMS in all corpus callosum (CC) subregions, in PPMS in the posterior CC and mid‐posterior CC and in RRMS in the posterior CC. CC density was independently predicted by CC lesion volume and hemispheric lesion volume and independently predicted visuospatial memory, Expanded Disability Status Scale, manual dexterity and ambulation.ConclusionsThe reduction in CC density across phenotypes suggests an earlier involvement of the posterior regions, followed only at a later stage by involvement of the anterior portions of the CC. Such interhemispheric disconnection seems to develop as a consequence of white matter macroscopic damage and exerts a relevant impact on motor and, to a lesser extent, cognitive disability.
Predation shapes the impact of cancer on population dynamics and the evolution of cancer resistance
Authors: Perret Cédric , Gidoin Cindy , Ujvari Beata , Thomas Frédéric , Roche Benjamin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCancer is a widespread disease that affects most of the metazoans. However, cancer development is a slow process and, long before causing the death of the individual, may weaken organisms’ capacities and impair their interactions with other species. Yet, the impact of cancer development on biotic interactions, and over the dynamics of the whole ecosystem, is still largely unexplored. As well, the feedback of altered biotic interactions on the evolution of resistance against cancer in the context of community ecology has not been investigated. From this new perspective, we theoretically investigate how cancer can challenge expected interaction outcomes in a predator–prey model system, and how, in return, these altered interaction outcomes could affect evolution of resistance mechanism against cancer. First, we demonstrate a clear difference between prey and predator vulnerability to cancer, with cancer having a limited impact on prey populations. Second, we show that biotic interactions can surprisingly lead to a null or positive effect of cancer on population densities. Finally, our evolutionary analysis sheds light on how biotic interactions can lead to diverse resistance levels in predator populations. While its role in ecosystems is mostly unknown, we demonstrate that cancer in wildlife is an important ecological and evolutionary force to consider.
Proliferation and benevolence—A framework for dissecting the mechanisms of microbial virulence and health promotion
Authors: Wollein Waldetoft Kristofer , Råberg Lars , Lood Rolf 
Published: March 2020

AbstractKey topics in the study of host–microbe interactions—such as the prevention of drug resistance and the exploitation of beneficial effects of bacteria—would benefit from concerted efforts with both mechanistic and evolutionary approaches. But due to differences in intellectual traditions, insights gained in one field rarely benefit the other. Here, we develop a conceptual and analytical framework for the integrated study of host–microbe interactions. This framework partitions the health effects of microbes and the effector molecules they produce into components with different evolutionary implications. It thereby facilitates the prediction of evolutionary responses to inhibition and exploitation of specific molecular mechanisms.
Differential expression analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinomas in The Cancer Genome Atlas distinguishes an aggressive subset enriched with chromosomes 7 and 12 gains
Authors: Pan Chin‐Chen , Yeh Yi‐Chen , Wang Yu‐Chao , Chang Yen‐Hwa 
Published: March 2020

AimsThe Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provides an integrated resource for investigating the genetic, phenotypical and clinical characteristics of cancer. In this study, we aimed to define distinct subsets of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) through differential expression and principal component analyses.Methods and resultsWe used DESeq2 to examine the expression profiles of 472 cases in TCGA. After a process of segregation and regrouping, we compared the mutation and copy number variation landscapes to discern two major clusters: cluster 1, composed mainly of classic ccRCC, and cluster 2, which was associated with gains at chromosomes 7 and 12. Gene set enrichment analysis disclosed that cluster 2 tumours were enriched in genes involving epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Histologically, cluster 2 tumours frequently exhibited cell elongation or spindling. Patients with cluster 2 tumours or tumours harbouring chromosomes 7 or 12 gains had a significantly greater cumulative incidence of mortality. We then employed fluorescencein‐situhybridisation with probes against chromosomes 7 and 12 in a cohort of 119 cases of ccRCC from our institute for validation. Chromosomes 7 and 12 gains were associated with lower survival rates in both univariate and multivariate analyses.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that genetic data obtained through appropriate molecular methodologies can be a useful adjunct to help predict prognosis. It also provides an example of exploring TCGA to extract meaningful information that can eventually contribute to precision medicine.
Association between pulp and periapical conditions and dental emergency visits involving pain relief: epidemiological profile and risk indicators in private practice in Australia
Authors: Franciscatto G. J. , Brennan D. S. , Gomes M. S. , Rossi‐Fedele G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimTo assess the prevalence of dental emergency visits (DEV) involving pain relief and their relationship with socio‐economic and clinical factors in an Australian representative sample in the primary care setting.MethodologyData on reason for visit and patient characteristics were collected from a representative random sample of Australian dentists in private practice surveyed in 2009–2010. Information regarding socio‐economic (gender, age, health insurance) and clinical factors (number of teeth, number of decayed teeth, diagnosis and reason for visit [DEV, check‐up, other reasons not involving pain relief]) were retrieved from compiled questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were reported, and Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between socio‐economic and clinical factors and DEV. Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.ResultsA total of 1148 dentists responded (67%), resulting in records from 6504 patients. The overall prevalence of DEV was 20.8%. The unadjusted analysis, according to the reason of visit, revealed the following predictors for DEV: male gender (PR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.08–1.29), age 18–64 years (PR = 2.70; 95% CI = 2.19–3.33) and over 65 years (PR = 2.64, 95% CI = 2.10–3.32), uninsured patients (PR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.24–1.49), patients with <20 teeth (PR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.06–1.33), decayed teeth (PR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.48–1.81). After adjustment for confounding factors (gender, age, insurance status, number of teeth and decayed teeth) apart from ‘dental trauma’ (PR = 1.37), all remaining diagnoses had lower PR (‘other’ PR = 0.19, ‘decay’ PR = 0.34, ‘periodontal’ PR = 0.51, ‘failed restoration’ PR = 0.45) compared with ‘pulp/periapical disease’.ConclusionsIn the primary care setting, the diagnoses ‘pulp/periapical’ and ‘dental trauma’ had a stronger association with DEV compared with visits not involving relief of pain. Both socio‐economic (male gender, older age and uninsured individuals) and clinical factors (tooth loss, decayed teeth, endodontic diseases and dental trauma) were identified as independent risk indicators for DEV in this population. Future public health policies should include specific preventive strategies addressing these factors, aiming to reduce the need for DEV.
Immunological roles of intestinal mesenchymal cells
Authors: Thomson Carolyn A. , Nibbs Robert J. , McCoy Kathy D. , Mowat Allan Mcl 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe intestine is continuously exposed to an enormous variety and quantity of antigens and innate immune stimuli derived from both pathogens and harmless materials, such as food and commensal bacteria. Accordingly, the intestinal immune system is uniquely adapted to ensure appropriate responses to the different kinds of challenge; maintaining tolerance to harmless antigens in the steady‐state, whilst remaining poised to deal with potential pathogens. To accomplish this, leucocytes of the intestinal immune system have to adapt to a constantly changing environment and interact with many different non‐leucocytic intestinal cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells, neurons, and a heterogenous network of intestinal mesenchymal cells (iMC). These interactions are intricately involved in the generation of protective immunity, the elaboration of inflammatory responses, and the development of inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the immunological functions of iMC under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, focusing particularly on iMC in the mucosa and submucosa, and highlighting how an appreciation of the immunology of iMC may help understand the pathogenesis and treatment of disease.
Ultrafast formation of Al2O3–Y3Al5O12 eutectic ceramic by flash sintering
Authors: Liu Jinling , Xu Xiang , Liu Dianguang , Chen Liying , Zhao Ke , An Linan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study, a dense Al2O3–Y3Al5O12 (YAG) ceramic was synthesized by flash sintering a powder mixture of Al2O3 and Y2O3 in less than 150 seconds at a furnace temperature of 1350°C. The resultant ceramic has a well‐defined eutectic structure consisting of alternating Al2O3 and YAG layers. The hardness and fracture toughness of the ceramic were measured to be 18.5 GPa and 4.3 MPa.m1/2, respectively. These values are comparable to those of similar eutectic ceramics made by directional solidification techniques. The results suggest a new method for making high‐performance eutectic ceramics, which could be applied in other systems.
Estimation of genetic parameters for milk and fertility traits within and between low, medium and high dairy production systems in Kenya to account for genotype‐by‐environment interaction
Authors: Wahinya Peter K. , Jeyaruban Gilbert , Swan Andrew , Magothe Thomas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDairy records from the Dairy Recording Service of Kenya were classified into low, medium and high production systems based on mean 305‐day milk yield using the K‐means clustering method. Milk and fertility records were then analysed to develop genetic evaluation systems accounting for genotype‐by‐environment interaction between the production systems. Data comprised 26,638 lactation yield, 3,505 fat yield, 9,235 age at first calving and 17,870 calving interval records from 12,631 cows which were descendants of 2,554 sires and 8,433 dams. An animal model was used to estimate variance components, genetic correlations and breeding values for the production systems. Variance components increased with production means, apart from genetic group variances, which decreased from the low to the high production system. Moderate heritabilities were estimated for milk traits (0.21–0.27) and fat traits (0.11–0.38). Low heritabilities were estimated for lactation length (0.04–0.10) and calving interval (0.03–0.06). Moderate heritabilities (0.25–0.26) were estimated for age at first calving, except under the high production system (0.05). Within production systems, lactation milk yield, 305‐day milk yield and lactation length had high positive genetic correlations (0.52–0.96), while lactation milk yield and lactation length with age at first calving had negative genetic correlations. Milk yield and calving interval were positively correlated except under the low production system. The genetic correlations for lactation milk yield and 305‐day milk yield between low and medium (0.48 ± 0.20 and 0.46 ± 0.21) and low and high production systems’ (0.74 ± 0.15 and 0.62 ± 0.17) were significantly lower than one. Milk yield in the low production system is, therefore, a genetically different trait. The low genetic correlations between the three production systems for most milk production and fertility traits suggested that sires should be selected based on progeny performance in the targeted production system.
‘Inverse association between the total naevus count and melanoma thickness’
Authors: Marghoob N.G. , Liopyris K. , Navarrete‐Dechent C. , Dusza S.W. , Balais G. , Megaris A. , Papageorgiou C. , Apalla Z. , Lallas A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with a high total naevus count (TNC) are at a higher risk to develop melanoma, and screening efforts have been largely focused on this group. However, some studies suggest that melanomas of patients with many nevi are thinner than those of patients with few nevi. Additionally, nodular melanoma has been associated with individuals with a low naevus count.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between TNC and melanoma Breslow thickness.MethodsA two‐centre retrospective study from 1 January 2016 to 1 January 2018. This included three hundred and twenty‐six consecutive melanoma patients from two tertiary melanoma centres. The mean age at presentation was 58.3 years (SD = 15.9), and the majority (54.9%, N = 179) were men. Incidence of new in situ and invasive melanomas and correlation with TNC were measured.ResultsThe mean total naevus count for patients presenting with in situ melanoma was 57.2 (range 4–178), while for patients presenting with invasive disease was 31.5 (P = 0.01). In situ disease was associated with a higher TNC across all ages. For invasive melanoma, a positive association between age and Breslow thickness was observed, while TNC was inversely associated with Breslow thickness. Each additional naevus accounted for a 4% decreased likelihood that the subject had invasive disease.ConclusionPatients with a higher naevus count had thinner melanomas and more melanomas in situ, independent of age and sex.