bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
131 The effect of increasing phytase dose to 1000 FTU/kg on phosphorous and calcium digestibility in pigs fed diets without inorganic P
Authors: Rundle Carly M , Hillen Barthold , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Debicki-Garnier Anne-Marie , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to compare two sources of phytase, Buttiauxella phytase expressed in T. reesei (Phytase B) and a hybrid phytase expressed in A. niger (Phytase H), on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorous (P) and calcium (Ca) in pigs fed diets without inorganic P. Eighty barrows (12.8 ± 1.04 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and fed 8 diets (10 pigs/diet). A positive control diet (PC) based on corn, wheat, canola meal, and soybean meal was formulated to contain 0.29% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P and 0.60% Ca. A negative control (NC) was formulated without inorganic P, and this diet contained 0.48% Ca and 0.19% STTD P. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 250, 500, or 1000 units of each phytase (FTU)/kg to NC. After 5 d of adaptation, feces were collected from the feed fed during the following 4 days. Data were analyzed using contrast statements to compare source of phytase and determine the linear and quadratic effects within each source of phytase. With increasing dosage, fecal excretion of P decreased with phytase B (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) and tended to decrease with phytase H (P &lt; 0.10), but fecal P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for phytase H than phytase B. The ATTD of P increased quadratically with increasing dose of either phytase B or phytase H (P &lt; 0.05). Across dose levels, phytase B had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of P and Ca (77.3 and 83.5%) than phytase H (71.0 and 79.3), indicating that phytase B increases the ATTD of P and Ca to a greater extent than phytase H. In conclusion, both phytase B and phytase H, to a different extent, reduced fecal P excretion and increased ATTD of Ca and P in a dose dependent manner.
116 Meta-analysis of 3 trials: the effect a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on phosphorus digestibility and retention in piglets fed inorganic phosphate free diets
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak , Hardy Rachael , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) and P retention in piglets (initial body weight of 9.6 ± 1.8 kg). Database was constructed using 3 studies (unpublished), contributing 189 data points. All studies had a positive control (PC) diet with adequate levels of calcium (Ca; 0.57–0.85%) and digestible P (0.25–0.29%), a negative control (NC) diet with low Ca and digestible P levels (total removal of inorganic P). Piglets were fed a corn or wheat soybean meal-based diet with rice bran or sunflower meal for 7–10 d, followed by 4 d fecal and urine collection. Total analyzed Ca, total P, calculated digestible P and phytate P levels in NC varied from 0.48 to 0.79%, 0.37 to 0.40%, 0.16 to 0.18%, and 0.24 to 0.28%, respectively, among studies. The NC diet was supplemented with a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) or a commercial Buttiauxella sp. phytase (PhyB), at 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg. Data were analyzed using Mixed Model by JMP 14.0. Addition of both phytases improved (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD P compared to NC diets. The NC reduced digestible P (g/kg) vs PC, both phytases showed greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible P (g/kg) when compared to NC and recovered to the level of PC. Digestible P improvement (g/kg) over NC showed a significant phytase effect, where PhyG supplementation had 17% greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible P improvement when compared to PhyB. Phosphorus retention improved (P &lt; 0.05) with phytase supplementation, with 1,000 FTU/kg showing greater (P &lt; 0.05) P retention when compared to 500 FTU/kg. It was concluded that both PhyG and PhyB are efficient in improving ATTD P and P retention, PhyG showed greater digestible P improvement when compared to PhyB, and 1,000 FTU/kg showed greater effect than 500 FTU/kg.
130 Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on immunity markers, intestinal morphology, and microbial communities in diets fed to weanling pigs
Authors: Lewton Jaron R , Woodward Adrienne , Moser Ronny , Thelen Kyan M , Moeser Adam J , Trottier Nathalie , Tempelman Robert , Rozeboom Dale W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on intestinal mucosal and blood plasma immunological markers, intestinal morphology, and microbiota of nursery pigs as indicators of health status. Eighty pigs, of equal number of barrows and gilts (initial BW: 6.99 ± 1.67 kg), weaned at 21 ± 1 days of age were randomly allotted to sixteen pens, with five pigs per pen. Two dietary treatments were implemented, a basal control (CON) and a control plus DFM (DFM). Both diets were corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains based, formulated to meet all or exceed all nutritional requirements, and manufactured on site. Diets were fed for 42 days. On d 21 and 42 of the experiment, one pig per pen was randomly selected and euthanized, with equal number of males and females represented. Blood samples were collected prior to euthanasia for assessment of plasma levels of immunoglobin A (IgA) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein. Segments of the gastrointestinal tract including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and distal colon were removed for analysis of intestinal morphology, microbial communities, and levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Jejunal villus height was greater (P = 0.02) in DFM compared with CON (422 vs. 385 ± 10 µm, respectively) and ascending colon crypt depth tended to be greater (P = 0.10) on d 21 (373 vs. 337 ± 14 µm, respectively). Compared to CON, DFM tended to increase IgA (P = 0.06) on d 21 (0.34 vs. 0.54 ± 0.07 mg/mL, respectively) and tended to increase IL-10 (P = 0.12) on d 42 (133 vs. 237 ± 49 pg/mL, respectively). Addition of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based DFM may have a potential early benefit to nursery pig health status.
133 Effects of methionine source and zinc level on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Hansen Sharlie A , Pietig Jamie L , Galloway Stewart T , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 44-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Met source and Zn level on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure with main effects of Met source (DL-Met or MHA-Ca) and added Zn level (100 or 3,000 mg/kg). A total of 1,008 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.6 kg, were used, with 9 replicates per treatment. The basal Zn level of 100 mg/kg was from organic source, while the added level of 2,900 mg/kg was from Zn oxide. The different added Zn levels were fed from d 0 to 20, whereas the different Met sources were fed throughout the experimental period (d 0 to 44). Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for Met × Zn interactive effects. From d 0 to 20, pigs fed DL-Met had a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for higher ADG and BW. Pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn had higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI, ADG, and BW. From d 20 to 44, there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) between Met source. Pigs previously fed 100 mg/kg added Zn had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI and ADG. Overall (d 0 to 44), pigs fed DL-Met had a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for higher ADG and final BW. No evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) was observed between pigs fed 100 or 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. In conclusion, pigs fed DL-Met tended to have improved performance. Feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved performance until d 20, but no differences were observed in the overall nursery period.
122 Nutrient digestibility of heat pretreated or multienzyme treated corn whole stillage for pigs
Authors: Jerez-Bogota Kevin , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value (NE) for pigs of heat-pretreated or enzyme-predigested corn whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS). Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 65.6 ± 3.5 kg) were fed 5 diets in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing corn DDGS, untreated WS (C-WS), heat-pretreated WS (Heat-WS) or enzyme-predigested WS (Predigested-WS), and N-free diet. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in feedstuffs was determined by difference from the N-free diet. The WS was heat pretreated at 140 °C and 70 psi for 15 min. Predigestion of the WS was achieved by incubating with multienzyme that supplied xylanase, celullase, α-galactosidase at 2.4, 2.0 and 2.3 mg per gram of WS, respectively, for 12 h at 55 °C. On DM basis, DDGS, C-WS, Heat-WS, Predigested-WS contained 32.8, 30.8, 28.18, and 39.7% CP, 39.8, 51.0, 52.2 and 53.8% NDF, and 4.5, 4.6, 5.7 and 4.5% EE, respectively. The SID of Lys for C-WS (75.5%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that for C-DDGS (67.4%) and Heat-WS (53.9%), but lower (P &lt; 0.05) than for Predigested-WS (84.1%). The NE value for C-WS (2,793 kcal/kg) did not differ from that of C-DDGS (2,668 kcal/kg DM). The NE value for C-WS was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that for Heat-WS (1,834 kcal/kg DM) and lower than that for Predigested-WS (2,814 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, enzymatic predigestion of WS increased its SID of Lys and NE value, and hence it can be an attractive technology to increase the nutritive value of corn DDGS for pigs. Heat pretreatment reduced SID of AA and NE values of the WS.
117 Functionality of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant in enhancing phosphorus digestibility in gestating and lactating sows
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak , de Grave Xandra Benthem , Waller Katie , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) in gestating and lactating sows. In Exp. 1, a total of 40 sows (parity 2–6) at d 78 of gestation were randomly assigned, based on parity, over 4 experimental diets. In Exp. 2, 40 sows (parity 2.0–6.0) at d 4 of lactation were randomly assigned based on parity, over 4 experimental diets. Both studies had a positive control (PC) diet with adequate levels of calcium (Ca) and digestible P (6.5 and 2.5 g/kg and 7.0 and 3.2 g/kg for gestation and lactation diets, respectively), a negative control (NC) diet with low Ca and digestible P levels (5.0 and 1.0 g/kg and 5.0 and 1.5 g/kg for gestation and lactation diets, respectively), and NC supplemented with a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) or a commercial Buttiauxella sp. phytase (PhyB), both at 500 FTU/kg. Diets were corn, soybean meal and sunflower meal based (phytate P of 3.0 g/kg) with restricted feeding during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. In both studies, fecal samples were collected after an adaptation of 14 d on 4 successive days to determine ATTD of P. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, treatment mean comparison using Tukey test using JMP 14. In addition, data from the Exp. 1 and 2 were pooled to further investigate their combined effect, using trial as random effect. In both studies, supplementation of both phytases improved (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of P vs NC. With data combined from two trials, sows fed PhyG showed greater (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of P when compared those fed PhyB. In conclusion, PhyG at 500 FTU/kg showed a greater ATTD of P in sows when compared to the PhyB at 500 FTU/kg, when data combined from two trials.
134 Effects of Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic on in vitro digestibility and fermentability of fibrous ingredients and diets
Authors: Zhu Jinlong , Jang Jae-Cheol , Shurson Gerald C , Whitacre Lynsey , Ipharraguerre Ignacio R , Urriola Pedro E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It has been an increasing interest to develop strategies to improve utilization of fibrous ingredients in swine. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic (AOP, Amaferm®) on in vitro digestibility and fermentability of energy and dry matter using a 3-step in vitro enzymatic digestion and fermentation. Three diets were formulated based on corn-DDGS (DDGS), rice bran (RB), and wheat middlings (WM). During in vitro hydrolysis and fermentation, 0.05% AOP was added to the diets (DDGS+AOP, RB+AOP, and WM+AOP) and sole ingredients. Each 2-g sample was hydrolyzed for 2 h with pepsin and for a subsequent 4 h with pancreatin. Hydrolyzed residues were filtered, washed, dried, weighed, pooled within the same sample, and used for subsequent fermentation using swine fecal inoculum. Volume of gas produced was recorded at 11 time points during 72 h of incubation. Parameters of gas production kinetics were calculated using a nonlinear monophasic model, and differences among treatment groups were compared using a mixed model. Supplementation of AOP increased (P &lt; 0.05) in vitro digestibility of gross energy (IVDGE) and dry matter (IVDDM) in the diets and AOP tended to increase (P = 0.06) dry matter fermentability of the diets. Supplementation of AOP during fermentation did not (P &gt; 0.1) affect maximum gas production in ingredients or diets. AOP decreased the half-time to asymptote (T/2) in the ingredient of DDGS+AOP compared with that of DDGS and increased the fraction rate of degradation at T/2 in the diet of RB+AOP compared with that of RB. In conclusion, supplementation of AOP increased energy and dry matter digestibility of the diets during in vitro hydrolysis and modified gas production kinetics during in vitro fermentation and the effects were dietary- and ingredient-type dependent.
140 Effect of hCG on the last day of the 5-d CIDR-Synch and/or on day 5 of the estrous cycle on luteal dynamics in recipient Holstein heifers
Authors: El Azzi Marcelo Siqueira , Galvan Everardo Anta , Arciniega Teresita Valdes , Leão Iago , Sala Rodrigo , Fosada Meliton , de Souza José , Martins Joao Paulo N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of hCG (3,300 IU) administered on days 0 and/or 5 of the estrous cycle on total luteal area (TLA) and circulating concentrations of progesterone (P4) in recipient heifers. All heifers (n = 232; BCS = 3.3 ± 0.2) were synchronized with a 5d CIDR-Synch protocol (d-8: used CIDR inserted; d-3: CIDR removed and PGF2α treatment; d0: 100µg GnRH or hCG). Heifers were randomly assigned to four treatments: control, hCGd0, hCGd5, and hCGd0&5. Controls were treated with GnRH on d0, while hCGd0 received hCG on d0. hCGd5 heifers were treated with GnRH on d0 and hCG on d5, while hCGd0&5 received hCG on d0 and 5. Ovaries were scanned by ultrasound on d0, 5, and 12. Blood was collected on d0, 5, 7, and 12. Synchronization rate (94%) did not differ (P = 0.94) by treatment. Treatment differences were only tested in synchronized heifers (n = 218). Proportion of heifers with 1 or 2+ CL on d5 did not differ (P = 0.10) for hCG d0 treatments (hCGd0 + hCGd0&5) vs. GnRH d0 treatments (controls + hCGd5). However, heifers treated with hCG on d0 had greater (P &lt; 0.01) TLA and P4 on d5 vs. treatments with GnRH on d0 (311 ± 13 vs. 257 ± 9 mm2; and 2.39 ± 0.15 vs. 1.90 ± 0.09 ng/mL). Ovulation rate for d5 hCG did not differ (P = 0.63) for hCGd5 vs. hCGd0&5 (93 vs. 84%). Controls had the lowest serum P4 on d7 and 12. In contrast, hCGd0&5 had the highest serum P4 on d7 (Table 1). Serum P4 on d7 did not differ for hCGd0 vs. hCGd5. On d12, serum P4 and TLA were not different for hCGd5 vs. hCGd0&5. These data indicate that hCG can be used on d0 to induce an increase in serum P4 on d5 compared to GnRH. However, only heifers treated with hCG on d5 achieved mean serum P4 &gt; 8ng/mL.
375 Economic Consequences of Pregnancy Loss in Beef Cattle
Authors: Mercadante Vitor R G , Dias Nicholas W , Timlin Claire L , Pancini Stefania 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Over the last four decades, several advances in reproductive biotechnologies have helped beef producers improve genetic traits of their cattle, tighten the breeding season and shorten the calving season, leading to an increase in overall profitability of cow-calf production systems. However, even with these advancements, reproductive failure and embryo mortality are still a major cause for economic loss in beef production. Recently, we projected a loss of $6.25 per exposed cow for every 1% decrease in pregnancy rate, with an estimated gross loss of $2.8 billion annually in the United States due to pregnancy failure in beef females. It is estimated that 75 to 80% of embryonic loss occurs by d 20 of gestation; a large portion of these losses occur during the first week of gestation and likely are caused by issues relating to fertilization failure, incompetence of embryos originated from poor quality oocytes and suboptimal uterine conditions. Furthermore, within the first month of gestation, nearly half of all cows submitted to breeding will not be pregnant 30 d later, and another 5% will lose their pregnancy by d 100 of gestation. In addition, breeding related costs, including bull purchase, breeding soundness exam, estrous synchronization, semen purchase, labor associated with artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis, are estimate at $65 per cow exposed. Assuming a 90% pregnancy rate at the end of the breeding season, and a scenario where all 30 million beef females in the U.S. are exposed to fixed-time artificial insemination and undergo one pregnancy diagnosis, the added lost revenue of not producing a live calf to sell at weaning and the cost of breeding, would represent a loss of over $21 billion annually in the United States. Strategies that reduce pregnancy loss in beef cattle are essential to improve productivity and profitability of cow-calf production systems.
169 Investigating relationships between weather variables and dry matter intake of beef cattle in feedlot
Authors: Fernandes Arthur Francisco Araujo , Dorea Joao R , Amaral Thais B , Rosa Guilherme J M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Currently, the amount of feed delivered daily in feedlots is based on the previous day’s consumption and the estimated animal growth. Nevertheless, factors such as weather variables may influence feed consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of weather on dry matter intake (DMI) in beef cattle finished in a commercial feedlot facility in South America. A total of 8.388 animals (Nellore and crossbreed Nellore x Angus) divided across 55 pens were evaluated from July 2018 to April 2019. The animals entered the feedlots with average body weight (BW) of 337 ± 28 kg and had a harvest BW of 517 ± 33 kg, with an average of 125 ± 25 days in feedlot. Daily feed consumption in each pen was estimated by subtracting any morning leftover feed from the total feed amount delivered on the previous day. Data on 16 weather variables for the farm location (latitude and longitude) was acquired using the Dark Sky API and processed in R. The weather variables were clustered via hierarchical cluster into groups given by: G1) humidity, cloud cover, and precipitation; G2) dew point, temperature (max, min, apparent max and apparent min), and day length; G3) atmospheric ozone and pressure; G4) UV index and visibility; G5) wind speed and gust; and G6) moon phase. Variables in G3 were positively correlated with DMI, while G2 and G4 presented negative correlations. The most important correlations were for day length (r = -0.74, P &lt; 0.01), apparent max temperature (r = -0.65, P &lt; 0.05), dew point (r = -0.65, P &lt; 0.05), ozone (r = 0.62,P &lt; 0.05), and pressure (r = 0.61, P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, several weather variables presented potential as candidate for the development of predictive models of DMI of beef cattle in feedlots.
170 Effects of Dietary Phytogenic Supplementation to a Finishing Diet on Intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Carcass Measures
Authors: Althaber Colton A , Coffey Ken , Caldwell James D , Pruden Michael C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dietary manipulations to include tannins can change the proportion and amount of nitrogen (N) excreted in the urine and feces as well as improve N-use efficiency in ruminants. Our objective was to determine the effects of different levels of phytogenic supplementation (Actifor®) on intake, digestibility, carcass measures, and N balance of lambs offered a corn-based finishing diet. Twenty-six lambs (31.5 ± 5.39 kg BW) were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 corn-based finishing diets (85% concentrate) that were offered for ad libitum consumption. Lambs were housed individually in 1 × 1.5-m pens with plastic-coated grate flooring (n = 18; 6/trt) or 1.5 × 4.3-m pens with rubber mat flooring (n = 8; 2 or 3/trt). Diets were not supplemented or supplemented with 4 or 8 g/d of Actifor® (n = 8, 9, and 9 lambs/trt, respectively). A 7-d total fecal and urine collection period (n = 6 lambs/trt) began on d 43. On d 50, rumen samples were taken at 0800, 1100, and 1400 h for measurement of pH and VFA concentrations. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and orthogonal linear and quadratic contrasts were used to assess phytogenic supplementation level effects. Intake and digestibility of DM and OM were not different across treatments (P ≥ 0.32). Average fecal N and lamb shrink before slaughter increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing levels of phytogenic supplementation. Propionate and acetate:propionate decreased (P ≤ 0.05) and acetate, valerate, and pH tended to increase quadratically (P ≤ 0.08) with increasing phytogenic inclusion. Back-fat and yield grade tended (P = 0.06) to decrease linearly and dressing percentage tended (P = 0.06) to decrease quadratically with increasing phytogenic inclusion. Phytogenic supplementation increased average fecal N and improved some carcass measures, but did not affect diet digestibility.