bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategy (Part I): Conceptual Foundations
Authors: Silver Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStrategies are mentioned across a variety of domains, from business ethics, to the philosophy of war, philosophy of sport, game theory, and others. However, despite their wide use, very little has been said about how to think about what strategies are or how they relate to other prominently discussed concepts. In this article, I probe the close connection between strategies and plans, which have been much more thoroughly characterized in the philosophy of action. After highlighting the challenges of analyzing strategies in terms of plans, I show how the work done on the connection between plans and intentions can inspire further questions about the nature of strategy. I conclude by showing how one particular innovation in the understanding of plans—how they can be more or less partial—can be used to help us to mark what makes for a good strategy.
Leaving the Barracks: Military Coups in Developing Democracies
Authors: Hunter Lance Y. , Rutland Josh , King Zachary 
Published: November 2020

A large body of research has examined the factors that influence military coups in authoritarian and democratic states. While this research is informative, we contend that three factors are central in assessing the likelihood of military coups in developing democracies: the perception of corruption within regimes, levels of popular support, and the incentives segments of the military have to initiate coups. In utilizing a historical case‐study analysis with six states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America (from 1970‐2010) we find that successful military coups are more likely to occur when the ruling administration is increasingly viewed by the public as being corrupt, is unpopular with large portions of society and key factions within the state, and when segments of the military perceive their position within the state as being threatened by the current regime. These findings have important implications for democratic governance in developing democracies.
Related Articles:Hiroi, Taeko, and Sawa Omori. 2013. “Causes and Triggers of Coups d'état: An Event History Analysis.” Politics & Policy 41 (1): 39‐64. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12001Kim, Hae S. 2009. “The Complexities of Internal Conflict in the Third World: Beyond Ethnic and Religious Conflict.” Politics & Policy 37 (2): 395‐414. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00177.x/abstractMcCarthy‐Jones, Anthea, and Mark Turner. 2015. “Policy Transfer through Time and the Search for Legitimacy in Developing Nations.” Politics & Policy 43 (2): 215‐238. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12113
Time course of the unmasked attentional blink
Authors: Ching April Shi Min , Kim Jeesun , Davis Chris 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Attentional Blink (AB) usually refers to the impaired report of a second target (T2) if it appears within 200–500 ms after a first target within a rapid sequence of distractors. The present study focused on a less studied AB variant known as the unmasked AB, where T2 is the last item of the sequence and T2 report is unaffected. This aspect of the unmasked AB holds promise for an experimental paradigm in which measures of on‐going event‐related processing are unconfounded by differences in late‐stage processing. To fully characterize the unmasked AB paradigm, we used a randomization statistics approach to comprehensively examine the electroencephalographic signature of the unmasked AB. We examined the unmasked AB with auditory and visual T2s—participants attended to either the auditory or visual information within a sequence of paired auditory‐visual stimuli, and reported targets within the attended modality stream while ignoring the other. As predicted, T2 report was unaffected by the unmasked AB. The visual AB was associated with delayed but intact N2 and P3 components, and a suppressed N1. We suggest that this N1 is linked to auditory processing of the distractor stream, and reflects the cognitive system prioritizing the processing of visual targets over auditory distractors in response to AB‐related processing load. The auditory AB only indicated a delayed but intact P3. Collectively, these findings support the view that the AB limits the entry of information into consciousness via a late‐stage modal bottleneck, and suggest an ongoing compensatory response at early latencies.
Pharmacological fMRI provides evidence for opioidergic modulation of discrimination of facial pain expressions
Authors: Zhao Yili , Rütgen Markus , Zhang Lei , Lamm Claus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe endogenous opioid system is strongly involved in the modulation of pain. However, the potential role of this system in perceiving painful facial expressions from others has not been sufficiently explored as of yet. To elucidate the contribution of the opioid system to the perception of painful facial expressions, we conducted a double‐blind, within‐subjects pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, in which 42 participants engaged in an emotion discrimination task (pain vs. disgust expressions) in two experimental sessions, receiving either the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone or an inert substance (placebo). On the behavioral level, participants less frequently judged an expression as pain under naltrexone as compared to placebo. On the neural level, parametric modulation of activation in the (putative) right fusiform face area (FFA), which was correlated with increased pain intensity, was higher under naltrexone than placebo. Regression analyses revealed that brain activity in the right FFA significantly predicted behavioral performance in disambiguating pain from disgust, both under naltrexone and placebo. These findings suggest that reducing opioid system activity decreased participants' sensitivity for facial expressions of pain, and that this was linked to possibly compensatory engagement of processes related to visual perception, rather than to higher level affective processes, and pain regulation.
Clusters of sleep apnoea phenotypes: A large pan‐European study from the European Sleep Apnoea Database (ESADA)
Authors: Bailly Sébastien , Grote Ludger , Hedner Jan , Schiza Sofia , McNicholas Walter T. , Basoglu Ozen K. , Lombardi Carolina , Dogas Zoran , Roisman Gabriel , Pataka Athanasia , Bonsignore Maria R , Pepin Jean‐Louis ,   ESADA Study Group
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveTo personalize OSA management, several studies have attempted to better capture disease heterogeneity by clustering methods. The aim of this study was to conduct a cluster analysis of 23 000 OSA patients at diagnosis using the multinational ESADA.MethodsData from 34 centres contributing to ESADA were used. An LCA was applied to identify OSA phenotypes in this European population representing broad geographical variations. Many variables, including symptoms, comorbidities and polysomnographic data, were included. Prescribed medications were classified according to the ATC classification and this information was used for comorbidity confirmation.ResultsEight clusters were identified. Four clusters were gender‐based corresponding to 54% of patients, with two clusters consisting only of men and two clusters only of women. The remaining four clusters were mainly men with various combinations of age range, BMI, AHI and comorbidities. The preferred type of OSA treatment (PAP or mandibular advancement) varied between clusters.ConclusionEight distinct clinical OSA phenotypes were identified in a large pan‐European database highlighting the importance of gender‐based phenotypes and the impact of these subtypes on treatment prescription. The impact of cluster on long‐term treatment adherence and prognosis remains to be studied using the ESADA follow‐up data set.
Tampering with Nature: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hoogendoorn Gea , Sütterlin Bernadette , Siegrist Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTampering with nature has been shown to be a strong, and sometimes even the strongest, predictor of the risk perception and acceptance of various technologies and behaviors, including environmental technologies, such as geoengineering. It is therefore helpful to understand what tampering with nature is as a construct, to which factors it relates, and when a technology or behavior is perceived as such. By means of a systematic review, we show that very little systematic research has been conducted on tampering with nature. Because tampering with nature has not yet been clearly defined, no systematic operationalization of tampering with nature has been used in the current literature. We show that tampering with nature is often used interchangeably with other constructs, such as naturalness. Based on the literature, we suggest that tampering with nature is related to and possibly influenced by three other constructs, which are naturalness, morality, and controllability. We discuss the influence of tampering with nature on the acceptance and risk perception of various technologies and behaviors and make suggestions for future research needs in order to better understand this construct.
Abnormal expression of autophagy‐related proteins in immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Liu Shu‐yan , Zhang Xiao‐mei , Sun Rui‐Jie , Zhu Jing‐jing , Yuan Dai , Shan Ning‐ning 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAutophagy is a highly conserved protein degradation pathway that is essential for affecting some autoimmune diseases. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common autoimmune disorder, and the complex dysregulation of cellular immunity has been observed; however, the relationship between autophagy‐related proteins and immune responses in ITP remains unclear. Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), the mRNA expression levels of Beclin‐1, SQSTM1/p62 and LC3 were measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 20 newly diagnosed patients with active ITP, 16 ITP patients in remission and 21 healthy volunteers. The stained Beclin‐1 and SQSTM1/p62 proteins were also observed in the bone marrow of active ITP patients and normal controls by immunofluorescence. SQSTM1/p62 mRNA expression in PBMCs in newly diagnosed patients was significantly decreased. At the same time, Beclin‐1 mRNA was increased significantly. During the remission stages, the levels of these autophagy‐related proteins were comparable with those observed in healthy controls. Taken together, these results suggest that the aberrant expression of autophagy‐related proteins might be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. Further study of the autophagy pathway may provide a new strategy and direction for the treatment of ITP.
Effect of marathon and ultra‐marathon on inflammation and iron homeostasis
Authors: Kaufmann Christoph C. , Wegberger Claudia , Tscharre Maximilian , Haller Paul M. , Piackova Edita , Vujasin Irena , Kassem Mona , Tentzeris Ioannis , Freynhofer Matthias K. , Jäger Bernhard , Wojta Johann , Huber Kurt 
Published: November 2020

The physiological response to high‐level endurance exercise, such as running a marathon, poses several beneficial but also potentially harmful metabolic changes. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of marathon (M) and ultra‐marathon (UM) on inflammation and iron homeostasis in paired samples. Fifteen well‐trained, non‐professional endurance athletes (14 males, 1 female) performed both a 130 km ultra‐marathon and a traditional 42.195 km marathon. We determined markers of inflammation and iron homeostasis before, immediately after, and within 5 days after finishing each run, respectively. Biomarkers of inflammation (leucocytes, neutrophil granulocytes, monocytes, and c‐reactive protein [CRP]) increased significantly after both marathon and ultra‐marathon with higher levels of CRP after ultra‐marathon compared with marathon both immediately after the race (18.15 ± 12.41 vs 5.58 ± 9.65 mg/L, P < .001) and at follow‐up (15.67 ± 16.97 vs 7.19 ± 7.75 mg/L, P = .045) Concentrations of ferritin also increased significantly after both races and remained high at follow‐up. Higher levels of ferritin immediately after the race (111.5 ± 103.2 vs 84.8 ± 86.3, P = .001) and at follow‐up (102.7 ± 79.5 vs 74.6 ± 65.6, P = .001) were found in ultra‐marathon finishers. The observed increase of serum iron and transferrin saturation (TSAT) after marathon and the decrease of serum iron and TSAT after ultra‐marathon resulted in a significant absolute difference between the two races. The present data suggest a higher degree of inflammation after ultra‐marathon compared with marathon. Markers of iron homeostasis also showed different response patterns with regard to running distance.
Clinical value of high‐resolution dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI in diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tang Mengxiao , Huang Renjun , Chen Jianhua , Sheng Meiying , Zhang Zhongshuai , Xing Jianming , Guo Lingchuan , Li Yonggang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhile uncomplicated cases of skin squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) can be treated with surgery topical therapy alone, more objective and non‐invasive examination methods are needed to guide clinicians to make more detailed biopsy and surgical plans for lesions with atypical or subcutaneous growth. High‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR‐MRI) is a novel skin imaging method.Materials and methodsProspective collection of 19 patients with clinically suspected cSCC. All patients underwent high‐resolution DCE‐MRI using a 70‐mm microscopy coil before operation. The imaging features and results of surgical pathology were recorded. Ktrans, Kep, Ve values, and the time‐signal curve (TIC) types were determined using DCE images.Results16 cases of cSCC, 3 cases of acanthoma. The subcutaneous invasion of all lesions was clearly displayed, of which 8 lesions invaded the subcutaneous fat layer, 5 invaded the muscle layer, 1 invaded the periosteum, 2 invaded the cap fascia, and the layer of all lesions invasion judged by HR‐MR imaging was consistent with the postoperative pathology. The main manifestations of cSCC were ill‐defined margin, obvious inhomogeneous enhancement, higher perfusion parameters value and type‐III TIC, while acanthoma showed well‐defined and type‐I TIC. Some imaging findings (such as boundary, enhancement) and DCE perfusion parameters of the two groups overlap.ConclusionHigh‐resolution DCE‐MRI can fully and directly display the subcutaneous invasion of cSCC, and more work needs to be done to prove its value. Next, we will expand the sample size, and further explore its value in the differential diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of cSCC from acanthoma or other skin tumors.
CFM1, a member of the CRM‐domain protein family, functions in chloroplast group II intron splicing in Setaria viridis
Authors: Feiz Leila , Asakura Yukari , Mao Linyong , Strickler Susan R. , Fei Zhangjun , Rojas Margarita , Barkan Alice , Stern David B. 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYThe chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation (CRM) domain is a RNA‐binding domain found in a plant‐specific protein family whose characterized members play essential roles in splicing group I and group II introns in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Together, these proteins are required for splicing of the majority of the approximately 20 chloroplast introns in land plants. Here, we provide evidence from Setaria viridis and maize that an uncharacterized member of this family, CRM Family Member1 (CFM1), promotes the splicing of most of the introns that had not previously been shown to require a CRM domain protein. A Setaria mutant expressing mutated CFM1 was strongly disrupted in the splicing of three chloroplast tRNAs: trnI, trnV and trnA. Analyses by RNA gel blot and polysome association suggest that the tRNA deficiencies lead to compromised chloroplast protein synthesis and the observed whole‐plant chlorotic phenotypes. Co‐immunoprecipitation data demonstrate that the maize CFM1 ortholog is bound to introns whose splicing is disrupted in the cfm1 mutant. With these results, CRM domain proteins have been shown to promote the splicing of all but two of the introns found in angiosperm chloroplast genomes.
Abundance of Rhamphicarpa fistulosa in rainfed lowland rice fields in the Savannah region of Togo: Moderate influence of physico‐chemical characteristics of soils
Authors: Houngbedji Tossimidé , Dessaint Fabrice , Nicolardot Bernard , Perronne Rémi , Gibot‐Leclerc Stéphanie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRainfed lowland rice fields in northern Togo are increasingly infested by the facultative hemiparasitic weed Rhamphicarpa fistulosa that is widely reported throughout sub‐Saharan Africa to be one of the most damaging weeds in rice fields. In this geographical area, some studies have shown that soil characteristics may influence the presence and/or the level of infestation of some parasitic weeds, but none have been conducted on R. fistulosa. Based on surveys conducted in northern Togo over two years in 66 lowland rice fields, we characterised the level of infestation of R. fistulosa as well as physico‐chemical characteristics of soils. We highlighted that fields with medium‐to‐high levels of infestation of R. fistulosa (more than 5 plants per m2) were mainly characterised by a coarser soil texture, a higher potassium content and a higher pH, while fields without R. fistulosa were characterised by a lower proportion of silt content. In contrast, the level of infestation of R. fistulosa appeared only marginally influenced by soil organic carbon and nitrogen in our study. Considering these results, options to modify the main physico‐chemical characteristics of soils that influence the level of infestation of R. fistulosa are likely difficult to implement. In order to continue rice production in these lowland fields, we suggest several measures to better manage R. fistulosa seedbank and development.
Prevalence and incidence of adverse events with catheter ablation for adults with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Meier Kathleen N. , Tatum Eva C. , Christian Robin , Palokas Michelle 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence to determine the prevalence and incidence of adverse events in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who have undergone catheter ablation.

Introduction:
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a rare congenital heart disease affecting the normal cardiac conduction system that predisposes an individual to tachyarrhythmias. Patients with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome can experience a wide range of life-threatening symptoms and frequently undergo catheter ablation procedures to treat this disease. These patients are at risk of developing a variety of adverse events, including pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, atrial fibrillation, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, major bleeding or hematoma, deep vein thrombosis, atrioventricular-block, cardiac perforation, coronary artery injury, pulmonary emboli, and death.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will include adults aged 18 or older with a diagnosis of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who have undergone catheter ablation, including radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation.

Methods:
MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases will be searched from 1980 to the present for English-language studies only. Prevalence and incidence data, experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, and descriptive studies will be included and critically appraised by two independent reviewers. Data will be extracted using the standardized data extraction tool for prevalence data. If sufficient data is available, a meta-analysis will be conducted; otherwise, the findings will be presented in narrative form including tables and figures to aid in data presentation where appropriate.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42020180391
Damper Force Characteristics of a Separated Dual-Chamber Single-Rod Type Damper Utilizing an Elastomer Particle Assemblage in the Case of Both Chambers Containing Particles
Authors: Toyouchi Atsushi , Ido Yasushi , Iwamoto Yuhiro , Hanai Makoto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Particle dampers that use soft/hard particles are attracting attention as a solution to problems such as oil leakage of oil dampers and the temperature dependence of their characteristics. Particle dampers effectively attenuate vibration using the friction and inelastic normal collisions generated between particles or between particles and walls. Here, the effects of the packing fraction of particles, the vibration frequency, and hardness of the material on the damper force characteristics of a separated dual-chamber single-rod type damper with elastomer particle assemblages were investigated experimentally. The maximal damper force and its hysteresis increased with the packing fraction, the vibration frequency, and the Young’s modulus of the particle material. Numerical simulations using the discrete element method (DEM) were performed to confirm the behavior of the elastomer particles when they were packed in both chambers. The compressive force distribution and velocity vector diagram of particles in the simulations showed that friction and compression between particles due to particle movement, friction between particles and the chamber walls, and the viscosity of the elastomer particles caused a large hysteresis in the damper force. The maximum damper force is affected by the viscoelastic component force and the friction force in the same proportion, and the hysteresis is dominated by the friction force. The simulation results were confirmed to be in good agreement, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with the experimentally measured damper force characteristics.
Design and Analysis of a Programmable Rotational Element Utilizing Coupled Kresling Origami Modules
Authors: Li Zhen , Kidambi Narayanan , Wang Liangmo , Wang Kon-Well 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Origami–inspired designs are being explored extensively for structural and material applications in a variety of different engineering fields because of their attractive kinematic and mechanical properties, design flexibility, and multi-functionality. However, most if not all of these studies have focused on translational motions. Utilizing origami in replacing or enhancing torsional components, such as joints, shafts and motors, has received little attention. With this in mind, this research introduces an origami-inspired rotational element via a coupled Kresling modular design (CKMD). Two Kresling origami modules with opposite chirality are integrated, achieving pure rotational motion between two ends of polygon surfaces. A model with nondimensionalized parameters is developed and a key design variable (natural height ratio) is varied to investigate the kinematic and mechanical properties of CKMD. Results show that these properties can be tailored by strategic selection of the natural height ratio, which alters the energy landscapes of both Kresling modules and leads to qualitatively distinct mechanical responses. Further investigation shows that the rotational stability characteristics of CKMD — monostability, symmetric and asymmetric bistability — may be programmed in a similar manner. Design guidelines are discussed, and the outcomes lay the foundation for integrating programmable, origami-inspired, rotational components in mechanical systems.