bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 23
Authors: Glancy Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
To help Betsy Drake’s flagging career, Grant agreed to do a radio series with her. Mr and Mrs Blandings (1951) continued the comical adventures that began in Mr Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), but the series was not well received. On screen, he took some risks in this period, playing an outspoken doctor in the politically charged People Will Talk (1952), and an ordinary family man in the gentle comedy Room for One More (1952). He also returned to the more familiar terrain of screwball comedy. Howard Hawks’ Monkey Business (1952), co-starring Ginger Rogers and Marilyn Monroe, allowed him some fine comic moments, but Dream Wife (1953), co-starring Deborah Kerr, seemed tired and old-fashioned. None of these films scored with audiences. Seeing the rising popularity of young method actors such as Marlon Brando, Grant began to wonder if his own debonair image was out of date, and if it was time for him to retire.
Changeable Children
Authors: Bjorklund David F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Plasticity is an evolved feature of Homo sapiens and is greatest early in development. Plasticity permits children to adjust to diverse environments and still grow up to be productive members of their society. This can be seen from the variety of rearing environments found in cultures around the world, from the child-adoring hunter-gatherers to those that view children as drains on resources. Plasticity is not infinite, however, but declines with age. Natural selection has provided children with sensitivity to early environments and the plasticity to entrain their development in adaptive ways, as explained by life history theory. Recent advances have provided important evidence for the proximal causes of changes in behavior as a result of experience—epigenetics, how genes are expressed in different contexts. We can now begin to understand plasticity at the level of the gene, and this has implications for understanding all forms of human functioning.
Evolutionary Mismatches in the Development of Today’s Children
Authors: Bjorklund David F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Differences between modern and ancient environments sometimes cause evolutionary mismatches. Many children are following an exceptionally slow life history strategy and as a result are safer and engage in less risky behavior than in the past (safetyism), although many are more psychologically fragile and less resilient. Excessive use of social media is associated with poorer physical and mental health, including increases in depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Today’s adolescents display hyper-individualism that emphasizes personal freedom and achievement. The relative lack of social bonding in individualistic societies is associated with increases in loneliness and mental health problems and can sometimes be exaggerated by social media use. Modern schools represent a mismatch with the environments of our forechildren. Similarly, young children’s exposure to digital media may have detrimental effects on subsequent learning and psychological development. Parents and educators can identify problems associated with evolutionary mismatches and design environments that make the lives of children happier.
Jacob Arminius
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the works of Jacob Arminius, a figure infrequently associated with covenant theology. Through his labors at the University of Leiden, Arminius and his colleagues continued to develop the covenant of works based upon a number of different texts and thus acted as a dissemination point for the doctrine. But the chapter also coordinates Arminius’s doctrine with the formulations of his colleagues at Leiden, Franciscus Gomarus, Francis Junius, and Lucas Trelcatius. Arminius’s doctrine was common and relatively uncontroversial. Instead, later Reformed theologians critiqued his theology because they believed his doctrine of the covenant of grace too closely resembled the covenant of works. Later theologians also critiqued Arminius’s understanding of the precise nature of Adam’s natural state, namely, that he received the supernatural grace of God.
James Ussher
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the views of James Ussher, a relatively little-known but nevertheless key figure in the development of the covenant of works. Ussher’s key contributions include treating the doctrine in a number of his writings but also codifying it for the first time in the Irish Articles. This document served an influential role in the creation of the Westminster Confession. Ussher was influential upon the later tradition for two main reasons. First, his Body of Divinity was a highly respected work and contained an exposition of the covenant of works. Second, his inclusion of the covenant of works in the Irish Articles likely encouraged the Westminster divines to include the doctrine in the Westminster Standards.
John Cameron and Edward Leigh
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
John Cameron and Edward Leigh are relatively unknown today but were quite influential in their own time. Cameron wrote theses on the doctrine of the covenant that altered the discussion of the covenant of works. His word altered the exegetical patterns. Commonly cited texts such as Leviticus 18:5 were not employed. Cameron argued that Adam’s reward was extended life in the garden, not eternal life. And Cameron introduced a threefold view of the covenant. Rather than the covenants of works and grace, he argued that the Mosaic covenant was an additional, third covenant, that was neither of the covenants of works nor grace. Edward Leigh picked up a number of these elements and disseminated them through his work.
Thomas Boston
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the wake of the turbulent seventeenth century, eighteenth-century theologians began to turn away from the covenant of works. Theologians and philosophers became critical of perceived doctrinal strictness and sought to reduce theological commitments to bare minimums. One of the supposed enemies of the simplicity of faith was Reformed scholasticism. Thus, for some, the covenant of works became a casualty. There were others, such as Thomas Boston, who were positively disposed to the doctrine because they saw Reformed scholasticism as an asset. They also continued to employ Reformation-era exegetical methods. Advocates of the doctrine also saw the Westminster Confession as a good source.
John Colquhoun
Authors: Fesko J. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the nineteenth century indifference toward the doctrine of works grew to outright rejection and hostility because of the influence of higher criticism and negative opinions of Reformed scholasticism. Critics of the doctrine argued that in order for the doctrine to be legitimate, there had to be an explicit biblical statement attesting to its existence. This was a change from earlier exegetical patterns of argumentation. Critics also characterized the covenant of works as an agreement between equals, which was an erroneous understanding of God’s dealings with Adam. Proponents of the doctrine, however, maintained earlier methodologies and commitments, saw Reformed scholastic theology as a good resource, and were careful to qualify their definitions of covenant to ensure that it was not construed as an agreement between equals. Theologians such as John Colquhoun promoted the doctrine.
Evil
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEven if the new interpretation of Fichte’s theory of conscience presented in Chapter 5 is correct, it remains unclear why he believes we all have a tendency to render our conscience obscure. This brings us to his theory of evil in §16 and the appendix to §16 in the System of Ethics. The aim of the present chapter is to show that Fichte’s effort to link evil and ‘laziness’ (Trägheit) does not run the risk of rendering immoral action unfree. On the contrary, there is evidence to show that Fichte understood laziness as a form of culpable self-deception, whereby we avoid the demands that morality places upon us. A secondary aim of this chapter is to show that Fichte’s remarks about the dominion of the I over the not-I, or of our striving for independence from nature, give voice to an incomplete (and ultimately pathological) step in the dialectic of agency.
Feminist Democratic Representation
Authors: Celis Karen , Childs Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
When are women well represented, politically speaking? The popular consensus has been, for some time, when descriptive representatives put women’s issues and feminist interests on the political agenda. Today, such certainty has been well and truly shaken; differences among women—especially how they conceive of their “interests”—is said to fatally undermine the principle and practice of women’s group representation. There has been a serious loss of faith, too, in legislatures as the sites where political representation takes place. Feminist Democratic Representation responds by making a second-generation feminist design intervention; firmly grounded in feminist empirical political science, the authors’ design shows how women’s misrepresentation is best met procedurally, taking women’s differences as their starting point, adopting an indivisible conception of representation, and reclaiming the role of legislatures. This book introduces a new group of actors—the affected representatives of women—and two new parliamentary practices: group advocacy and account giving. Working with a series of vignettes—abortion, prostitution, Muslim women’s dress, and Marine Le Pen—the authors explore how these representational problematics might fare were a feminist democratic process of representation in place. The ideal representative effects are broad rather than simply descriptive or substantive: they include effects relating to affinity, trust, legitimacy, symbolism, and affect. They manifest in stronger representative relationships among women in society, and between women and their representatives, elected and affective; and greater support for the procedures, institutions, and substantive outputs of representative politics, and at a higher level, the idea of representative democracy. Against the more fashionable tide of post-representative politics, Feminist Democratic Representation argues for more and better representation.
Brownian Motion and Molecular Reality
Authors: Seth Raghav , Smith George E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Legend has it that Jean Perrin’s experiments on Brownian motion between 1905 and 1913 “put a definite end to the long struggle regarding the real existence of molecules.” Close examination of these experiments, however, shows how little access they gained to the molecular realm. They did succeed in determining mean kinetic energies of particles in Brownian motion, but the values for molecular magnitudes Perrin inferred from them simply presupposed that those energies match the mean kinetic energies of molecules in the surrounding fluid. This presupposition became increasingly suspect between 1908 and 1913 as distinctly different values for these magnitudes were obtained from alpha-particle emissions (by Rutherford et al.), from ionization (by Millikan), and from Planck’s blackbody radiation equation. This monograph explains how Perrin’s measurements of the kinetic energies in Brownian motion were nevertheless exemplars of theory-mediated measurement—the practice of inferring values for inaccessible quantities from values of accessible proxies via theoretical relationships between them. Moreover, though Planck in 1900 had proposed turning to complementary theory-mediated measurements of interlinked molecular magnitudes as a source of evidence, it was Perrin more than anyone else who championed this approach. The concerted efforts of Rutherford, Millikan, Planck, Perrin, and their colleagues during the years in question led to evidence of this form becoming central to microphysics. The analysis here of how this came about replaces an untenable legend with an account that is not only tenable, but far more instructive about what the evidence did and did not show.
The Historical Background: Molecular Theory as of 1900
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The task of this chapter is to explain the sense in which molecular theory—both molecular-kinetic theory and chemical-molecular theory—were still viewed as hypotheses as of 1900 and why the evidence bearing on them during the second half of the nineteenth century was insufficient for them to have achieved standing beyond this. The chapter reviews the strengths and limitations of the evidence in question, taking advantage of two widely read textbooks in physical chemistry published in the 1890s by Wilhelm Ostwald and Walther Nernst and a uniquely comprehensive review of the evidence pertaining to the kinetic theory of gases, by O. E. Meyer, published in 1899. This background defines the historical context within physics and chemistry for the developments covered in the remainder of the monograph.
The Historical Background: Brownian Motion as of 1905
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The mystery of Brownian motion had been announced with its discovery by Robert Brown in 1828: the persistence of the motion of solid particles in liquids for indefinite periods of time instead of sinking as sediment to the bottom. Once molecular-kinetic theory emerged more fully a few years later, it was the obvious candidate for explaining the phenomenon. Nevertheless, those developing kinetic theory in the second half of the century, Maxwell and Boltzmann, appear to have ignored it. The chapter summarizes research on Brownian motion during the nineteenth century, indicating why leading physicists ignored it, and what developments in the first five years of the twentieth century led to its suddenly becoming so important to kinetic theory. This background supplements that of Chapter 2, completing the historical context for the developments covered in subsequent chapters.
Perrin’s Brownian Motion Experiments
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Between 1908 and 1911 Perrin published values for Avogadro’s number—the number of molecules per mole of any substance—on the basis of theory-mediated measurements of the mean kinetic energies of granules in Brownian motion. The umbilical cord connecting these energies to Avogadro’s number was the assumption that they are the same as the mean kinetic energies of the molecules in the surrounding liquid. This, as van Fraassen has argued, seems to presuppose that molecules exist, thereby undercutting Perrin’s claim to be proving their existence. This chapter reviews Perrin’s four theory-mediated measurements, showing, on the one hand, that none of them in fact depended on molecular theory yet, on the other, that, by virtue of being exemplars of theory-mediated measurement at its best, they managed to establish several extraordinary landmark conclusions about Brownian motion in its own right.
The First Pagan Historian
Authors: Clark Frederic 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The First Pagan Historian traces the reception history of a text that is now largely neglected but once occupied a central role in the ancient canon—the De excidio Troiae historia or History of the Destruction of Troy of one Dares Phrygius, who claimed to have been an eyewitness observer of the Trojan War. From late antiquity (when most scholars today now agree that the extant Latin version of the text was written) to the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, this study charts the many surprising twists and turns in the afterlife of an author long considered the first of the pagans to write history. It examines the subversive challenge that Dares posed to other ancient canonical traditions (especially the poetry of Homer and Virgil), and the manner in which Dares’s bold rewriting of the Troy story enabled centuries of postclassical readers to forge their own—sometimes radical—visions of the distant past. In doing so, The First Pagan Historian moves back and forth between the ancient world itself and various moments in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. The book uses the fortunes of a forged text to interrogate approaches to history, fiction, myth, philology, criticism, authorship, and numerous other topics of profound importance to the interplay between antiquity and modernity.
In the Beginning: Creation Stories
Authors: Hollis-Brusky Amanda , Wilson Joshua C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the visions for the intentionally transformative missions—or “Christian Worldviews”—of newly created Christian conservative law schools and training programs. It gives detailed institutional histories of Regent Law School, Liberty Law School, Ave Maria School of Law, and Alliance Defending Freedom’s Blackstone Legal Fellowship. The chapter also previews some of the constraints and challenges these institutions faced initially (and continue to face) in attempting to realize their transformative missions. Principally, these constraints relate to finances and patronage, accreditation, financial aid, and licensing requirements for attorneys. The chapter then relates these constraints back to the Support Structure Pyramid.
The Death of Human Capital?
Authors: Brown Phillip , Lauder Hugh , Cheung Sin Yi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Human capital theory, the notion that there is a direct relationship between educational investment and individual and national prosperity, has dominated public policy on education and labor for the past fifty years. This book describes the development of human capital theory and why it has turned into a failed revolution. It outlines an alternative theory that re-defines human capital in an age of smart machines. The new human capital rejects the view that automation and AI will result in the end of waged work, but sees the fundamental problem as a lack of quality jobs offering interesting, worthwhile and rewarding opportunities. At stake in the new human capital are the future prospects for individual wellbeing in productive, sustainable and inclusive societies. It also connects with a growing sense that capitalism is in crisis, felt by students and the wider workforce, in offering a sober assessment of current realities at the same time as a sense of hope for the future.
Understanding Virtue
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The last thirty years has seen a resurgence of interest in virtue among philosophers, psychologists, and educators. As is often the case with interdisciplinary endeavors, this renewed interest in virtue faces an important challenge—namely, successfully standing up to the requirements imposed by different disciplinary standards. For virtue, this means developing an account that practitioners from multiple disciplines will find sufficiently rigorous, substantive, and useful. Our volume was born in response to this interdisciplinary challenge. Its objective here is twofold. First, drawing on Whole Trait Theory in psychology and Aristotelian virtue ethics, it offers accounts of virtue and character that are both philosophically sound and psychologically realistic—and thus, able to be meaningfully operationalized into empirically measurable variables. Second, it offers a range of strategies for how virtue and character (so conceived) can be systematically measured, relying on the insights from the latest research in personality, social, developmental, and cognitive psychology, and psychological science more broadly. It thereby seeks to contribute to the emerging science of the measurement of virtue and character.
Strategies for Character Measurement
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 takes offers strategies for the measurement of character as a whole, not just of specific virtues. Specifically, it discusses measuring virtue constellations to describe the co-manifestation of multiple virtues that (in part) constitute a person’s character; the measurement of the regulative function of practical wisdom (or phronēsis) as one way of explaining interrelations among virtues, and the measurement of the reflective function of practical wisdom as it contributes to conscious awareness of the dynamics among virtues and manifests in virtue-relevant goals, values, and identity.
The Personal Is Political
Authors: Mishler Elliot , Squire Corinne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines social justice as an exemplar of progressive social change in its relations to narrative. Social justice can be seen as the limit case of social change, the condition to which all efforts at social change aspire. Alternatively, it can be seen as a condition tangential to social change, a state rather than a process. Perhaps it can be seen in both ways, so that the conjunction between narrative and social justice becomes simply a pointed, explicit version of that between narrative and social change—a version that resolves the ambiguities of change, while raising new questions around the complicated relations between narrative and justice, and the nature of social justice itself.
Beyond the Tyranny of Testing
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Practices of assessment in education are byproducts of a bygone era. When testing and grades become the very goals of education, learning suffers, along with the well-being of students and teachers. In this book, the authors propose a radical alternative to the measurement-based assessment tradition, a vision in which schools are no longer structured as factories but as sites of collective meaning-making. As it is within the process of relating that the world comes to be what it is for us, the authors draw from this process their understanding of what knowledge is and what is good and valuable. Equally, learning and well-being are embedded in relational process, which testing and grades undermine. Thus the authors advocate a relational orientation to evaluation in education, emphasizing co-inquiry and value creation. The aim is to stimulate and enhance learning while simultaneously enriching the vitality of the relational process. A wide range of innovations in evaluative practice bring these ideas to life. The authors include detailed illustrations using cases from pioneering schools around the globe, at both primary and secondary levels, demonstrating how evaluation can foster students’ engagement in learning, feed into teachers’ professional development, support whole school improvement, and further nurture learning communities beyond the school’s walls. A relational shift in evaluation also opens a space for the flourishing of interactive and participatory teaching practices and more flexible and co-created curricula. Such a transformation in education speaks to the demands of a rapidly changing and unpredictable world, in which our capacities to listen, dialogue, and collaborate are imperative.