bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Investigation of Broken Cut Spikes on Elastic Fasteners Using Instrumented Spikes at FAST
Authors: Gao Yin , McHenry Mike , Brice Megan , Baillargeon Jay 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Elastic fasteners have been shown to reduce gage widening and decrease the potential for rail roll compared to conventional cut-spike-only systems. For this reason, elastic fastening systems have been installed in high-degree curves on many North American heavy-haul railroads. Field observations in the United States, however, have noted broken cut spikes and screw/drive spikes on this type of fastening system, especially in steep-grade, high-degree curve territories. It was found that spikes typically fracture between 1 to 1.5 inches below the top surface of the ties, making them difficult to detect by visual inspection alone. Notable recent derailments have been attributed to broken spikes as reported by Class I railroads.
Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI), as part of a joint program between the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and the Association of American Railroads (AAR), completed the initial phase of a study investigating the root cause of these broken cut and screw/drive spikes. Previous research under this joint program has confirmed through metallurgical investigation that material fatigue was the failure mechanism, and subsequent numerical simulation has shown that the bending stress in spikes can exceed the fatigue limit of the spike material. To further investigate the in-track loading environment of spikes, cut spikes instrumented with strain gages were installed in the high-tonnage test loop of the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST) at FRA’s Transportation Technology Center The test investigated the loading environment of spikes by considering several in-track conditions. The results showed that the load transferred to spikes during insertion and train passing could cause spike stresses higher than the fatigue limit and therefore lead to the permanent bending of spikes. Moreover, the bending moment was primarily carried by one of the four spikes from the same plate. This paper provides an overview of the development of instrumented spikes as well as the results of the in-track testing using these spikes. The findings from this study will guide future revenue service testing, for which a high-grade, high-curvature location will be considered to further investigate the broken spike issue.
Continuous Monitoring of the Wheel-Rail Contact Vertical Forces by Using a Variable Measurement Scale
Authors: Boronenko Yu. P. , Rahimov R. V. , Lafta Waail M. , Dmitriev S. V. , Belyankin A. V. , Sergeev D. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a new technology of continuous measurement and recording of forces in wheel/rail contact by measuring strains in two rail cross-sections, which allows increasing the measurement accuracy. The method for processing the measurement data is proposed with a variable scale between strains and force, depending on the instantaneous position of the wheel with respect to a span between sleepers. The gage characteristics obtained by rolling a wheel over the rail between two sleepers are approximated by using Fourier series abilities and used for the assessment of wheel/rail forces. By using the suggested technology, the amount of information obtained increased 2 times.
Research on Simulation of Resilient Wheel Dynamometer
Authors: Jimin Zhang , Jingyuan Wan , Wen Li , Xujie Zhong , Hechao Zhou , Yuan Qi , Chuanlun Hou 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Among many testing items of infrastructure, wheel-rail force is an important factor that causes track failure, damage, train derailment and vehicle parts damage. It is also used to evaluate the ride stability, safety and as the main basis for speed limit and speed increase. Among many methods of wheel-rail force detection, the method of wheel-rail force measurement is the most accurate and direct method of wheel-rail force measurement. The method of measuring wheel-rail interaction force using wheelset of railway locomotive and rolling stock as force sensor has the highest accuracy among all wheel-rail force measurement methods.
Force-measuring wheelset is the core sensor in the dynamic test research of railway vehicles, and its performance directly affects the evaluation results of the tested objects. Before the actual line test, it is necessary to calibrate the dynamometer wheelset on the test bench. The calibration of dynamometer wheelset is an important link in the research and application of dynamometer wheelset.
With the rapid development of rail transit in various countries and the great improvement of locomotive and rolling stock manufacturing technology, higher and higher requirements has been put forward for the performance of force-measuring wheelsets, which are mainly embodied in obtaining ideal sensitivity and linearity, minimizing cross-interference and all kinds of possible external interference, and reducing the influence of the change of the position of the action point on the measurement results. For the rigid wheelset, the calibration of the force-measuring wheelset is basically perfect from the actual production to the algorithm. The relevant countries also determine the calibration in the standard form.
At present, more and more urban rail low floor vehicles are using independent resilient wheels. The mechanical structure of the bogie with resilient wheels is complex. At the same time, because of the small diameter of the resilient wheels and the rubber layer between the wheel hoop and the wheel center, it is difficult to find the strain/stress sensitive area accurately, as well as the unique installation process, the calibration of resilient wheels is rather difficult.
This paper takes the low floor resilient wheels as the research object, and studies how to make the calibration method of high precision and suitable for the independent rotating wheels of resilient wheels and the processing and analysis of calibration data. The main research contents are as follows: the development of force-measuring wheelset which is based on the finite element simulation of a resilient wheel, stress distribution analysis, and the fabrication scheme of force-measuring wheelset which meets the requirement of test accuracy is proposed by using virtual bridge formation.
Thermal Effects on Wheel Performance Based on Twin Disc Testing
Authors: Li Dingqing , Stewart Monique 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the results and findings from a testing program conducted to investigate how temperature at the wheel-rail interface may affect wheel surface performance; i.e., development of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and wear. Under this testing program, a twin disc test machine was used to test two different types of wheel specimens (cast and forged) under a range of temperatures (ambient to 800° F) and slip ratios from 0 to 0.75 percent. This testing program included a total of 32 tests, covering two wheel materials, four different temperatures, four slip ratios, and various traction coefficients as a ratio of longitudinal and vertical wheel/rail contact forces.
A Numerical Investigation of Laterally Loaded Steel Fin Pile Foundations
Authors: Pei Te , Qiu Tong , Laman Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The present study comprehensively evaluates the improvement in lateral load-carrying capacity of steel pipe piles by adding steel plates (fins) at grade level. This configuration of steel fin pile foundations (SFPFs) is effective for applications where high lateral loads are encountered and rapid pile installation is advantageous. An integrated finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted. The FEA utilized an Abaqus model, first developed to account for the nonlinear soil-pile interaction, and then calibrated and validated against well-documented experimental and filed tests in the literature. The validated FEA model was subsequently used to conduct a parametric study to understand the effect of fin geometry on the load transfer mechanism and the response of SFPFs subjected to lateral loading at pile head. The behavior of SFPFs at different displacement levels and load levels was studied. The effect of the relative density of soil on the performance of SFPFs was also investigated. Based on the numerical simulation results, the optimal fin width for maximum improvement in lateral load-carrying capacity was suggested and the underlining mechanism affecting the efficiency of fins was explained.
Comparison of Methodologies for Finite Element Model Validation of Railroad Tank Car Side Impact Tests
Authors: Eshraghi Shaun , Carolan Michael , Perlman Benjamin , González Francisco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has sponsored a series of full-scale dynamic shell impact tests on railroad tank cars. For each shell impact test a pre-test finite element (FE) model is created to predict the overall force-time or force-displacement histories of the impactor, puncture/non-puncture outcomes of the impacted tank shell, global motions of the tank car, internal pressures within the tank, and the energy absorbed by the tank during the impact. While qualitative comparisons (e.g. the shapes of the indentation) and quantitative comparisons (e.g. peak impact forces) have been made between tests and simulations, there are currently no standards or guidelines on how to compare the simulation results with the test results, or what measurable level of agreement would be an acceptable demonstration of model validation.
It is desirable that a framework for model validation, including well-defined criteria for comparison, be developed or adopted if FE analysis is to be used without companion full-scale shell impact testing for future tank car development. One of the challenges to developing model validation criteria and procedures for tank car shell puncture is the number of complex behaviors encountered in this problem, and the variety of approaches that could be used in simulating these behaviors. The FE models used to simulate tank car shell impacts include several complex behaviors, which increase the level of uncertainty in simulation results, including dynamic impacts, non-linear steel material behavior, two-phase (water and air) fluid-structure interaction, and contact between rigid and deformable bodies.
Approaches to model validation employed in other areas of transportation where validation procedures have been documented are applied to railroad tank car dynamic shell impact FE simulation results. This work compares and contrasts two model validation programs: Roadside Safety Verification and Validation Program (RSVVP) and Correlation and Analysis Plus (CORA). RSVVP and CORA are used to apply validation metrics and ratings specified by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 22-24 (NCHRP 22-24) and ISO/TS 18571:2014 respectively. The validation methods are applied to recently-completed shell impact tests on two different types of railroad tank cars sponsored by the FRA. Additionally, this paper includes discussion on model validation difficulties unique to dynamic impacts involving puncture.
Cytogenetic complexity and heterogeneity in intravascular lymphoma
Authors: Fujikura Kohei , Yamashita Daisuke , Yoshida Makoto , Ishikawa Takayuki , Itoh Tomoo , Imai Yukihiro 
Published: August 2020

AimsTo characterise the karyotypic abnormalities and heterogeneities in intravascular lymphoma (IVL).MethodsG-banded karyotyping was performed on biopsy specimens from a single-centre IVL cohort comprising intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL, n=12) and NK/T-cell lymphoma (IVNKTCL, n=1).ResultsFive IVLBCL cases and one IVNKTCL case (total 46%) were found to have normal karyotypes, and the cytogenetic abnormalities observed in the other seven IVLBCL cases (54%) were investigated further. These seven karyotypes were uniformly complex with an average of 13 aberrations. The seven cases all had abnormalities involving chromosome 6, with 57% involving structural abnormalities at 6q13, and chromosome 8, with 43% involving abnormalities at 8p11.2. In addition, 71% had aberrations at 19q13. On average, 4.4 chromosomal gains and losses were detected per case. Cytogenetic heterogeneities were observed in six cases (86%) and tetraploidy in three cases (43%). There was no significant difference in progression-free survival (p=0.92) and overall survival (p=0.61) between the IVLBCL cases with complex and normal karyotypes.ConclusionApproximately half of IVLBCL cases had a highly heterogeneous pattern of karyotypes with different clonal numerical and structural chromosome aberrations.
Innervation and electrical pulse stimulation — in vitro effects on human skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Marš Tomaz , Miš Katarina , Meznarič Marija , Prpar Mihevc Sonja , Jan Vid , Haugen Fred , Rogelj Boris , Rustan Arild C. , Thoresen G. Hege , Pirkmajer Sergej , Nikolić Nataša 
Published: August 2020

Contraction-induced adaptations in skeletal muscles are well characterized in vivo, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are still not completely understood. Cultured human myotubes represent an essential model system for human skeletal muscle that can be modulated ex vivo, but they are quiescent and do not contract unless being stimulated. Stimulation can be achieved by innervation of human myotubes in vitro by co-culturing with embryonic rat spinal cord, or by replacing motor neuron activation by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Effects of these two in vitro approaches, innervation and EPS, were characterized with respects to the expression of myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) and metabolism of glucose and oleic acid in cultured human myotubes. Adherent human myotubes were either innervated with rat spinal cord segments or exposed to EPS. The expression pattern of MyHCs was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence, while the metabolism of glucose and oleic acid were studied using radiolabelled substrates. Innervation and EPS promoted differentiation towards different fiber types in human myotubes. Expression of the slow MyHC-1 isoform was reduced in innervated myotubes, whereas it remained unaltered in EPS-treated cells. Expression of both fast isoforms (MyHC-2A and MyHC-2X) tended to decrease in EPS-treated cells. Both approaches induced a more oxidative phenotype, reflected in increased CO2production from both glucose and oleic acid.Novelty: Innervation and EPS favour differentiation into different fiber types in human myotubes. Both innervation and EPS promote a metabolically more oxidative phenotype in human myotubes.
Differential Dyson–Schwinger equations for quantum chromodynamics
Authors: Frasca Marco 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUsing a technique devised by Bender, Milton and Savage, we derive the Dyson–Schwinger equations for quantum chromodynamics in differential form. We stop our analysis to the two-point functions. The ’t Hooft limit of color number going to infinity is derived showing how these equations can be cast into a treatable even if approximate form. It is seen how this limit gives a sound description of the low-energy behavior of quantum chromodynamics by discussing the dynamical breaking of chiral symmetry and confinement, providing a condition for the latter. This approach exploits a background field technique in quantum field theory.
Third-Generation Balloon and Self-Expandable Valves for Aortic Stenosis in Large and Extra-Large Aortic Annuli From the TAVR-LARGE Registry
Authors: Armijo Germán , Tang Gilbert H.L. , Kooistra Nynke , Ferreira-Neto Alfredo Nunes , Toggweiler Stefan , Amat-Santos Ignacio J. , Keller Lukas S. , Urena Marina , Ahmad Hasan , Tafur Soto Jose , Muñoz-Garcia Erika , Regueiro Ander , Leenders Geert E. , Tirado-Conte Gabriela , Sengupta Aditya , McInerney Angela , Couture Thomas , Cuevas Herreros Oscar , Rodriguez-Gabella Tania , Kini Annapoorna , Ahmed Mohammed , Zaid Syed , Gonzalo Nieves , Nuñez-Gil Ivan J. , Muñoz-Garcia Antonio J. , Jimenez-Quevedo Pilar , Fernández-Ortiz Antonio , Himbert Dominique , Nietlispach Fabian , Stella Pieter , Dangas George D. , Escaned Javier , Macaya Carlos , Rodés-Cabau Josep , Nombela-Franco Luis 
Published: August 2020

Background:

Currently, 2 third-generation transcatheter valves, 29-mm Sapien-3 and 34-mm Evolut-R (ER), are indicated for large sized aortic annuli. We analyzed short and 1-year performance of these valves in patients with large (area ≥575 mm
2
or perimeter ≥85 mm) and extra-large (≥683 mm
2
or ≥94.2 mm) aortic annuli undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Methods:
A total of 833 patients across 12 centers with symptomatic aortic stenosis and large aortic annuli underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement with 29-mm Sapien-3 (n=640) or 34-mm ER (n=193). Clinical, anatomic, and procedural characteristics were collected, and Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 outcomes were reported.

Results:

Median aortic annulus area and perimeter were 617 mm
2
(591–657) and 89.1 mm (87.0–92.1), respectively (704 mm
2
[689–743] and 96.0 mm [94.5–97.9] in the subgroup of 124 patients with extra-large annuli). Overall device success was 94.3% (Sapien-3, 95.8% and ER, 89.3%;
P
=0.001), with a higher rate of significant paravalvular leak (
P
=0.004), second valve implantation (
P
=0.013), and valve embolization (
P
=0.009) in the ER group. Thirty-day and 1-year mortality was 2.4% and 9.2%, respectively, without differences between groups. Valve hemodynamics were excellent (mean gradient, 8.8±3.6 mm Hg; 3.3% rate of moderate-severe paravalvular leak) in the extra-large annulus, without differences compared with the large annulus group.

Conclusions:
In patients with large and extra-large aortic annuli, transcatheter aortic valve replacement using 29-mm Sapien-3 and 34-mm ER is safe and feasible. Observed differences in clinical outcomes and hemodynamic performance may guide valve choice in this cohort of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
Prevalence and Outcomes of Medium Vessel Occlusions With Discrepant Infarct Patterns
Authors: Ospel Johanna M. , Cimflova Petra , Marko Martha , Mayank Arnuv , Hafeez Moiz , Almekhlafi Mohammed A. , Hill Michael D. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Menon Bijoy K. , Goyal Mayank 
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose:
The prognosis of medium vessel occlusions (MeVOs), that is, M2/3 middle cerebral artery, A2/3 anterior cerebral artery, and P2/3 posterior cerebral artery occlusions, is generally better compared with large vessel occlusions, since brain ischemia is less extensive. However, in some MeVO patients, infarcts are seen outside the territory of the occluded vessel (MeVO with discrepant infarcts). This study aims to determine the prevalence and clinical impact of discrepant infarct patterns in acute ischemic stroke due to MeVO.

Methods:
We pooled data of MeVO patients from INTERRSeCT (Identifying New Approaches to Optimize Thrombus Characterization for Predicting Early Recanalization and Reperfusion With IV Alteplase and Other Treatments Using Serial CT Angiography) and PRove-IT (Precise and Rapid Assessment of Collaterals Using Multi-Phase CTA in the Triage of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke for IA Therapy)—2 prospective cohort studies of patients with acute ischemic stroke. The combination of occlusion location on baseline computed tomography angiography and infarct location on follow-up computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify MeVOs with discrepant infarct patterns. Two definitions for discrepant infarcts were applied; one was more restrictive and purely based on infarct patterns of the basal ganglia, whereas the second one took cortical infarct patterns into account. Clinical outcomes of patients with versus without discrepant infarcts were summarized using descriptive statistics. Logistic regression was performed to obtain adjusted effect size estimates for the association of discrepant infarcts and good outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2, and excellent outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0–1).

Results:
Two hundred sixty-two patients with MeVO were included in the analysis. The prevalence of discrepant infarcts was 39.7% (definition 1) and 21.0% (definition 2). Patients with discrepant infarcts were less likely to achieve good outcome (definition 1: adjusted odds ratio, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.25–0.91]; definition 2: adjusted odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.22–0.99]). When definition 1 was applied, patients with discrepant infarcts were also less likely to achieve excellent outcome (definition 1: adjusted odds ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.31–0.99]; definition 2: adjusted odds ratio, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.31–1.25]).

Conclusions:
MeVO patients with discrepant infarcts are common, and they are associated with more severe deficits and poor outcomes.
Fantastic Borderlands and Masonic Meta-religion in Rudyard Kipling’s “The Man Who Would Be King”
Authors: Kwong Lucas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article examines Kipling’s “The Man Who Would Be King” through the lens of Freemasonry’s interreligious ideology. In British India, members of “The Craft” offered what scholar James Laine calls a meta-religion, a fraternity whose emphasis on interreligious tolerance masks power relations between colonizers and colonized. When he became a Freemason, Kipling’s lifelong fascination with India’s religious diversity translated into enthusiasm for the sect’s unifying aspirations. In this context, “The Man Who Would Be King” stands out for how sharply it contests that enthusiasm. The story’s Masonic protagonists determine to find glory and riches in Kafiristan, a borderland region known for its idiosyncratic polytheism. Initially offering an ideal staging ground for Masonic triumphalism, the region ultimately upends Freemasonry’s goal of unifying imperial subjects under a metareligious banner; Kipling’s deployment of the fantastic frames Kafiristan as a borderland, not only between Empire and wilderness, but also between incommensurable visions of reality.
A Parasociology
Authors: Lucas Kevin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In 1956, American researchers Horton and Wohl coined the term “para-social interaction,” defined as the bond of intimacy that a consumer of media feels towards the “image” of the performer. Later developed into the notion of “celebrity worship” by researchers, “parasociality” has a relationship to the worshipful dynamics of totemism—in which the image of the animal exceeds the actual being in sacredness—as described by French sociologist Émile Durkheim. Discussing French author Jean Genet’s exploration of the unlikely forms of totemic worship common in the age of mass media, this article posits that Genet’s “parasociology of religion” demonstrates the way in which Durkheimian sociology of religion can offer insight into ostensibly secular contemporary practices, including those of fan communities.