bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar feeding patterns of New YorkAedes albopictusmosquitoes are affected by environmental dryness, flowers, and host seeking
Authors: Fikrig Kara , Peck Sonile , Deckerman Peter , Dang Sharon , Fleur Kimberly St , Goldsmith Henry , Qu Sophia , Rosenthal Hannah , Harrington Laura C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundSugar feeding is an important behavior which may determine vector potential of mosquitoes. Sugar meals can reduce blood feeding frequency, enhance survival, and decrease fecundity, as well as provide energetic reserves to fuel energy intensive behaviors such as mating and host seeking. Sugar feeding behavior also can be harnessed for vector control (e.g. attractive toxic sugar baits). Few studies have addressed sugar feeding ofAedes albopictus, a vector of arboviruses of public health importance, including dengue and Zika viruses. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed sugar feeding patterns ofAe. albopictusfor the first time in its invasive northeastern USA range.Methodology/ Principal FindingsUsing the cold anthrone fructose assay with robust sample sizes, we demonstrated that a large percentage of both male (49.6%) and female (41.8%)Ae. albopictusfed on plant or homopteran derived sugar sources within 24 hrs of capture. Our results suggest that sugar feeding behavior increases when environmental conditions are dry and may vary by behavioral status (host seeking vs. resting). Furthermore, mosquitoes collected on properties with flowers (>3 blooms) had higher fructose concentrations compared to those collected from properties with few to no flowers (0-3).Conclusions/SignificanceOur results provide the first evidence ofAe. albopictussugar feeding behavior in the Northeastern US and reveal relatively high rates of sugar feeding. These results suggest the potential success for regional deployment of toxic sugar baits. In addition, we demonstrate the impact of several environmental and mosquito parameters (environmental dryness, presence of flowers, host seeking status, and sex) on sugar feeding. Placing sugar feeding behavior in the context of these environmental and mosquito parameters provides further insight into spatiotemporal dynamics of feeding behavior forAe. albopictus, and in turn, provides information for evidence-based control decisions.
Fifty shades of The Virtual Brain: Converging optimal working points yield biologically plausible electrophysiological and imaging features
Authors: Triebkorn Paul , Meier Jil , Zimmermann Joelle , Stefanovski Leon , Roy Dipanjan , Solodkin Ana , Jirsa Viktor , Deco Gustavo , Breakspear Michael , Schirner Michael , McIntosh Anthony Randal , Ritter Petra 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBrain network modeling studies are often limited with respect to the number of data features fitted, although capturing multiple empirical features is important to validate the models’ overall biological plausibility. Here we construct personalized models from multimodal data of 50 healthy individuals (18-80 years) with The Virtual Brain and demonstrate that an individual’s brain has its own converging optimal working point in the parameter space that predicts multiple empirical features in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). We further show that bimodality in the alpha band power - as an explored novel feature - arises as a function of global coupling and exhibits inter-regional differences depending on the degree. Reliable inter-individual differences with respect to these optimal working points were found that seem to be driven by the individual structural rather than by the functional connectivity. Our results provide the groundwork for future multimodal brain modeling studies.
Impact of a candidate vaccine on the dynamics of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation and immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)
Authors: Swain Jaya Kumari , Carpio Yamila , Johansen Lill-Heidi , Velazquez Janet , Hernandez Liz , Leal Yeny , Kumar Ajey , Estrada Mario Pablo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInfection with parasitic copepod salmon louseLepeophtheirus salmonis, represents one of the most important limitations to sustainable Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) farming today in the North Atlantic region. The parasite exerts negative impact on health, growth and welfare of farmed fish as well as impact on wild salmonid populations. It is therefore central to ensure continuous low level of salmon lice with the least possible handling of the salmon and drug use. To address this, vaccination is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly control approach. In this study, efficacy of a vaccine candidate, containing a peptide derived from ribosomal protein P0, was validated post infestation withL. salmonis, at the lab-scale. The sampling results showed good potential of the vaccine candidate when administered intraperitoneally in the host, in reducing the ectoparasite load, through reduction of adult female lice counts and fecundity and with greater presumptive effect in F1 lice generation. The sampling results correlated well with the differential modulation of pro-inflammatory, Th1, Th2 and T regulatory mediators at the transcript level at different lice stages. Overall, the results supports the effectiveness of the vaccine candidate in controlling salmon lice infestation load. However, further validation is necessary under field conditions.
The technique of articular rabbit cartilage roughness measurement and analysis of the effect of PRP in knee osteoarthritis therapy using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Mikhail Ihnatouski M. , Pauk Jolanta , Karev Dmitrij , Karev Borys 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHyaline cartilage undergoes degenerative-dystrophic changes with subsequent involvement of the subchondral bone. The purpose of this study was developing a new AFM-based method to articular rabbit cartilage roughness measurement, followed by an investigation of whether platelet-rich plasma therapy of knee osteoarthritis has a positive impact on mechanical properties of rabbit cartilage. The rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (N=6) and the patients (N=12). Saline (0.5 ml) and 10% surgical talc solution were injected into the right knee of 12 rabbits to induce osteoarthritis. Six rabbits underwent PRP therapy, while the other six did not receive treatment. The mechanical properties and the submicron surface morphology rabbit hyaline cartilage were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the group of specimens worn out by induced osteoarthritis, the maximum arithmetic average of absolute values (Ra) change was a 23% increase; the maximum peak height (Rp) increased by over 100%, while the mean spacing between local peaks (S) increased by 26%, compared to healthy rabbit cartilage (p<0.05). In the group of specimens worn out by induced osteoarthritis and cured with PRP therapy,Raincreased by 13%;Rpincreased by 33%, whileSdecreased by 77%, compared to healthy rabbit cartilage (p<0.05). It was found that the mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage deteriorate under the influence of simulated osteoarthritis. The results of PRP treatment in rabbits may constitute a step forward to further relevant studies involving OA patients.
Crystal structure of β-L-arabinobiosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 121
Authors: Saito Keita , Viborg Alexander Holm , Sakamoto Shiho , Arakawa Takatoshi , Yamada Chihaya , Fujita Kiyotaka , Fushinobu Shinya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEnzymes acting on α-L-arabinofuranosides have been extensively studied; however, the structures and functions of β-L-arabinofuranosidases are not fully understood. Three enzymes and an ABC transporter in a gene cluster of Bifidobacterium longum JCM 1217 constitute a degradation and import system of β-L-arabinooligosaccharides on plant hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. An extracellular β-L-arabinobiosidase (HypBA2) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 121 plays a key role in the degradation pathway by releasing β-1,2-linked arabinofuranose disaccharide (β-Ara2) for the specific sugar importer. Here, we present the crystal structure of the catalytic region of HypBA2 as the first three-dimensional structure of GH121 at 1.85 Å resolution. The HypBA2 structure consists of a central catalytic (α/α)6 barrel domain and two flanking (N- and C-terminal) β-sandwich domains. A pocket in the catalytic domain appears to be suitable for accommodating the β-Ara2 disaccharide; this pocket is highly conserved among GH121 proteins. The three acidic residues Glu383, Asp515, and Glu713, located in this pocket, are completely conserved among all ~270 members of GH121; site-directed mutagenesis analysis showed that they are essential for catalytic activity. The active site of HypBA2 was compared with those of GH63 α-glycosidase, GH94 chitobiose phosphorylase, GH142 β-L-arabinofuranosidase, GH78 α-L-rhamnosidase, and GH37 α,α-trehalase. Based on these analyses, we concluded that the three conserved residues are essential for catalysis and substrate binding. β-L-Arabinobiosidase genes in GH121 are mainly found in the genomes of bifidobacteria and Xanthomonas species, suggesting that the cleavage and specific import system for the β-Ara2 disaccharide on plant hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins are shared in animal gut symbionts and plant pathogens.
Capsid lattice destabilization leads to premature loss of the viral genome and integrase enzyme during HIV-1 infection
Authors: Eschbach Jenna E. , Elliott Jennifer L. , Li Wen , Zadrozny Kaneil K. , Davis Keanu , Mohammed Shawn , Lawson Dana Q. , Pornillos Owen , Engelman Alan N. , Kutluay Sebla B. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThe human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein forms a conical lattice around the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP) consisting of a dimeric viral genome and associated proteins, together constituting the viral core. Upon entry into target cells, the viral core undergoes a process termed uncoating, during which CA molecules are shed from the lattice. Although the timing and degree of uncoating are important for reverse transcription and integration, the molecular basis of this phenomenon remains unclear. Using complementary approaches, we assessed the impact of core destabilization on the intrinsic stability of the CA lattice in vitro and fates of viral core components in infected cells. We found that substitutions in CA can impact the intrinsic stability of the CA lattice in vitro in the absence of vRNPs, which mirrored findings from assessment of CA stability in virions. Altering CA stability tended to increase the propensity to form morphologically aberrant particles, in which the vRNPs were mislocalized between the CA lattice and the viral lipid envelope. Importantly, destabilization of the CA lattice led to premature dissociation of CA from vRNPs in target cells, which was accompanied by proteasomal-independent losses of the viral genome and integrase enzyme. Overall, our studies show that the CA lattice protects the vRNP from untimely degradation in target cells and provide the mechanistic basis of how CA stability influences reverse transcription.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid (CA) protein forms a conical lattice around the viral RNA genome and the associated viral enzymes and proteins, together constituting the viral core. Upon infection of a new cell, viral cores are released into the cytoplasm where they undergo a process termed “uncoating”, i.e. shedding of CA molecules from the conical lattice. Although proper and timely uncoating has been shown to be important for reverse transcription, the molecular mechanisms that link these two events remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that destabilization of the CA lattice leads to premature dissociation of CA from viral cores, which exposes the viral genome and the integrase enzyme for degradation in target cells. Thus, our studies demonstrate that the CA lattice protects the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes from untimely degradation in target cells and provide the first causal link between how CA stability affects reverse transcription.
Nephron progenitor maintenance is controlled through FGFs and Sprouty1 Interaction
Authors: Huh Sung-Ho , Ha Ligyeom , Jang Hee-Seong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) give rise to all segments of functional nephrons and are of great interest due to their potential as a source for novel treatment strategies for kidney disease. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal plays pivotal roles in generating and maintaining NPCs during kidney development. However, molecule(s) regulating FGF signal during nephron development is not known. Sprouty (SPRY) is an antagonist of receptor tyrosine kinases. During kidney development, SPRY1 is expressed in the ureteric buds (UBs) and regulates UB branching by antagonizing Ret-GDNF signal. Here, we provide evidence that SPRY1 expressed in NPCs modulates activity of FGF signal in NPCs and regulates NPC stemness. Haploinsufficiency ofSpry1rescues bilateral renal agenesis and premature NPC differentiation caused by loss ofFgf9andFgf20. In addition, haploinsufficiency ofSpry1rescues NPC proliferation and cell death defects induced by loss ofFgf9andFgf20. In the absence of SPRY1, FGF9 and FGF20, another FGF ligand, FGF8 promotes nephrogenesis. Deleting bothFgf8andFgf20results in kidney agenesis and defects in NPC proliferation and cell death. Rescue of loss of Fgf9 and Fgf20 induced renal agenesis bySpry1haploinsufficiency was reversed when one copy ofFgf8was deleted. These findings indicate the importance of the balance between positive and negative signal during NPC maintenance. Failure of the balance may underlie some human congenital kidney malformation.Significance StatementNephrons are functional units of kidney to filter blood to excrete wastes and regulate osmolarity and ion concentrations. Nephrons are derived from nephron progenitors. Nephron progenitors are depleted during kidney development which makes it unable to regenerate nephrons. Therefore, understanding signaling molecules regulating nephron progenitor generation and maintenance is of great interest for the future kidney regenerative medicine. Here, we show that Sprouty1 regulates nephron progenitor maintenance by inhibiting FGF signal. Deletion of Sprouty1 rescues renal agenesis and nephron progenitor depletion in the Fgf9/20 loss-of-function kidneys. Further decrease of FGF signal by deleting one copy of Fgf8 makes kidneys irresponsive to Sprouty1 resulting in failure of nephron progenitor maintenance. This study thus identifies the reciprocal function of FGF-Sprouty1 signal during nephron progenitor development.
CDeep3M-Preview: Online segmentation using the deep neural network model zoo
Authors: Haberl Matthias G , Wong Willy , Penticoff Sean , Je Jihyeon , Madany Matthew , Borchardt Adrian , Boassa Daniela , Peltier Steven T , Ellisman Mark H 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSharing deep neural networks and testing the performance of trained networks typically involves a major initial commitment towards one algorithm, before knowing how the network will perform on a different dataset. Here we release a free online tool, CDeep3M-Preview, that allows end-users to rapidly test the performance of any of the pre-trained neural network models hosted on the CIL-CDeep3M modelzoo. This feature makes part of a set of complementary strategies we employ to facilitate sharing, increase reproducibility and enable quicker insights into biology. Namely we: (1) provide CDeep3M deep learning image segmentation software through cloud applications (Colab and AWS) and containerized installations (Docker and Singularity) (2) co-hosting trained deep neural networks with the relevant microscopy images and (3) providing a CDeep3M-Preview feature, enabling quick tests of trained networks on user provided test data or any of the publicly hosted large datasets. The CDeep3M-modelzoo and the cellimagelibrary.org are open for contributions of both, trained models as well as image datasets by the community and all services are free of charge.
Severe airport sanitarian control could slow down the spreading of COVID-19 pandemics in Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro Sérvio Pontes , Dáttilo Wesley , e Silva Alcides Castro , Reis Alexandre Barbosa , Góes-Neto Aristóteles , Junior Alcantara Luiz Carlos , Giovanetti Marta , Coura-Vital Wendel , Fernandes Geraldo Wilson , Azevedo Vasco Ariston C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated a likely scenario of COVID-19 spreading in Brazil through the complex airport network of the country, for the 90 days after the first national occurrence of the disease. After the confirmation of the first imported cases, the lack of a proper airport entrance control resulted in the infection spreading in a manner directly proportional to the amount of flights reaching each city, following first occurrence of the virus coming from abroad.MethodologyWe developed a SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) model divided in a metapopulation structure, where cities with airports were demes connected by the number of flights. Subsequently, we further explored the role of Manaus airport for a rapid entrance of the pandemic into indigenous territories situated in remote places of the Amazon region.ResultsThe expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus between cities was fast, directly proportional to the airport closeness centrality within the Brazilian air transportation network. There was a clear pattern in the expansion of the pandemic, with a stiff exponential expansion of cases for all cities. The more an airport showed closeness centrality, the greater was its vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2.ConclusionsWe discussed the weak pandemic control performance of Brazil in comparison with other tropical, developing countries, namely India and Nigeria. Finally, we proposed measures for containing virus spreading taking into consideration the scenario of high poverty.
Spatiotemporal patterns of high-frequency activity (80-170 Hz) in long-term intracranial EEG
Authors: Chen Zhuying , Grayden David B. , Burkitt Anthony N. , Seneviratne Udaya , D’Souza Wendyl J. , French Chris , Karoly Philippa J. , Dell Katrina , Cook Mark J. , Maturana Matias I. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the variability in the rates and locations of high-frequency activity (HFA) and epileptiform spikes after electrode implantation, and to examine the long-term patterns of HFA using ambulatory intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings.MethodsContinuous iEEG recordings obtained over an average of 1.4 years from 15 patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy were used in this study. HFA was defined as high-frequency events with amplitudes clearly larger than the background, which was automatically detected using a custom algorithm. High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) were also visually annotated by three neurologists in randomly sampled segments of the total data. The automatically detected HFA was compared with the visually marked HFOs. The variations of HFA rates were compared with spikes and seizures on patient-specific and electrode-specific bases.ResultsHFA was a more general event that encompassed HFOs manually annotated by different reviewers. HFA and spike rates had high amounts of intra- and inter-patient variability. The rates and locations of HFA and spikes took up to weeks to stabilize after electrode implantation in some patients. Both HFA and spike rates showed strong circadian rhythms in all patients and some also showed multiday cycles. Furthermore, the circadian patterns of HFA and spike rates had patient-specific correlations with seizures, which tended to vary across electrodes.ConclusionsAnalysis of HFA and epileptiform spikes should account for post-implantation variability. Like seizures, HFA and epileptiform spikes show circadian rhythms. However, the circadian profiles can vary spatially within patients and their correlations to seizures are patient-specific.
Complimentary action of structured and unstructured domains of epsin supports clathrin-mediated endocytosis at high tension
Authors: Joseph Jophin G. , Osorio Carlos , Yee Vivian , Agrawal Ashutosh , Liu Allen P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMembrane tension plays an inhibitory role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) by impeding the transition of flat plasma membrane to hemispherical clathrin-coated structures (CCSs). Membrane tension also impedes the transition of hemispherical domes to omegashaped CCSs, a necessary step before their internalizationviadynamin-mediated membrane scission. However, CME is not completely halted in cells under high tension conditions. Here we find that epsin, a membrane bending protein which inserts its N-terminus H0helix into lipid bilayer, supports flat-to-dome transition and increases the stability of CCSs at high tension. This discovery is supported by molecular dynamic simulation of the epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain that becomes more structured when embedded in a lipid bilayer. In addition, epsin has an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) C-terminus domain which induces membrane curvatureviasteric repulsion. Insertion of H0helix into lipid bilayer is not sufficient for stable epsin recruitment as deleting the IDP domain in epsin renders it cytosolic. Epsin’s binding to adaptor protein 2 and clathrin is critical for epsin’s association with CCSs under high tension conditions, supporting the importance of multivalent interactions in CCSs. Together, our results support a model where the ENTH and IDP domains of epsin have complementary roles to ensure CME initiation and CCS maturation are unimpeded under high tension environments.
Norpsilocin: freebase and fumarate salt
Authors: Chadeayne Andrew R. , Pham Duyen N. K. , Golen James A. , Manke David R. 
Published: March 2020

The solid-state structures of the naturally occurring psychoactive tryptamine norpsilocin {4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine (4-HO-NMT); systematic name: 3-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-4-ol}, C11H14N2O, and its fumarate salt (4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptammonium fumarate; systematic name: bis{[2-(4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]methylazanium} but-2-enedioate), C11H15N2O+·0.5C4H2O4
2−, are reported. The freebase of 4-HO-NMT has a single molecule in the asymmetric unit joined together by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds in a two-dimensional network parallel to the (100) plane. The ethylamine arm of the tryptamine is modeled as a two-component disorder with a 0.895 (3) to 0.105 (3) occupancy ratio. The fumarate salt of 4-HO-NMT crystallizes with a tryptammonium cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The ions are joined together by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional framework, as well as π–π stacking between the six-membered rings of inversion-related indoles (symmetry operation: 2 − x, 1 − y, 2 – z).