bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Zitoufi Maquis
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Gendarmes minutes of the interrogation of twenty-four peasants in the douar Taouira, east of Ténès, enables a close micro-level reconstruction of a little-known communist maquis. The influential djemâa president, Mohamed Zitoufi, patriarchal head of a large, joint family, had dominated life in the douar for nearly forty years, and as president of the peasant trade union, the Syndicat des petits cultivateurs, was a figure of national status. Orders for the implantation of a guerrilla force during 1956 were received, along with logistic supplies, from Dr Masseboeuf of Ténès, and the Kabyle militant and market trader, Rabah Benhamou. Behamou prepared secret cache locations in the caves, and during night-time operations led a group that forced farmers to hand over their shotguns, money, and other supplies, and assassinated informers or collaborators, including the brother of the bachaga Boualam. The gendarmes interrogations reveal how the peasants reacted to the implantation of the guerrilla, some of them hostile, and Mohamed Zitoufi had difficulty in imposing unity on a douar that was internally divided. Eventually the Zitoufi family was arrested, and the remnants of the maquis under Benhamou was absorbed into the FLN.
Modernity or Neo-tribalism?
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A central feature of long-term colonial rule in Algeria was a deep and unresolved tension, between indirect rule by local, conservative élites based on patrimonial forms of government, and plans for economic and political modernization that depended on breaking the hold of the caids and the old system of commune mixte administration. Opération Pilote revealed such contradictions. Servier supported plans of socio-economic development and modernization, the creation of a ‘New Algeria’, but in practice he supported the neo-tribalism of the bachaga Boualam, and other traditional élites, that continued to depend on patron-client relations, maraboutism, and charismatic authority. The special forces officer Hentic was unable to transform Boualam’s harkis from an incompetent ‘private’ army into a regular, trained force. Likewise the secret service supported and armed the third force movement led by the ex-MNA leader Djilali Belhadj or ‘Kobus’. Kobus, revealing wider political ambitions, acted like a predatory warlord and had catastrophic impacts in damaging COIN operations in the Ouarsenis, before his assassination by the FLN.
Sources and Content of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich , Andrijauskaitė Agnė 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the sources of the pan-European principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE). It maps the degree of concretization these principles have reached, and how far they have spread concerning the classical and modern topics of administrative law. It scrutinizes the Statute of the CoE, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the (relevant) case law of the European Court of Human Rights, other CoE conventions (such as the CoE Convention on Data Protection, the Convention on Access to Official Documents, and the European Charter of Local Self Government), and the recommendations and other soft law on good administration of the Committee of Ministers and other institutions of the CoE. The chapter concludes that the principles deriving from these sources should not be considered as a loose bundle of various rules in administrative matters but instead form a ‘coherent whole’.
Belgian Pluralism and Pragmatism
Authors: Marique Yseult 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact on Belgian administrative law of the pan-European principles of good administration from the Council of Europe (CoE). Although the Belgian legal order is rather receptive to European law the specific direct impact of the CoE on good administration is limited, with the exception of the constitutional provision enacting administrative transparency. This situation is due to three factors. First, Belgian administrative law first and foremost borrows concepts from its neighbours, France and the Netherlands. Secondly, the CoE´s influence is most often mediated by technical devices, such as the constitutional provisions relating to equality. Finally, some principles of good administration, such as linguistic rights, are politically sensitive, which highlights the formal limitation of the CoE’s influence on Belgian principles of good administration. Overall, the CoE acts as a ‘high magistrature’ influencing administrative, legislative and political actors, as long as these broadly agree with the CoE’s principles.
The Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration in the Italian Legal System
Authors: Macchia Marco , Figliolia Claudia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on Italian administrative law. The chapter presents the main finding that the Italian legal system is generally in line with these principles. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights has played a particularly strong role in national administrative law (especially in the context of administrative sanctioning and lengthy court proceedings). At the same time, some limitations to full reception of the said principles remain, the most notable of them being the resistance of constitutional jurisprudence to give ‘generalized’ execution to the pan-European principles and the low degree of recognition of the importance of the Council of Europe’s recommendations and conventions (other than the ECHR) for the development of these principles in national administrative law. The chapter concludes by stressing the (sometimes) contradictory nature of Italy’s acknowledgement of the pan-European scope of these principles.
The Austrian Perception of the Council of Europe
Authors: Balthasar Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact on Austrian administrative law of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). It reveals that the standards of individual protection stemming from the European Convention on Human Rights have greatly influenced the system of administrative justice in Austria. The impact of other CoE sources, especially various recommendations on administrative law, remains rather limited due to their high tension with the (constitutional) principle of legality. The chapter concludes that a widening gap in the relationship between the CoE and Austria can be discerned, partially because of the changing priorities of the latter and the ever-growing influence of the European Union.
Implementation of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration in Bulgaria? It Would Be a Really Good Idea
Authors: Paskalev Vesco 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter canvasses the impact on the administrative law of Bulgaria of the pan-European principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE) in the aftermath of socialism and in the shadow of EU integration. It zeroes in on each of the three channels of CoE influence—the direct effects of the CoE conventions ratified by Bulgaria, the indirect introduction of pan-European principles by the national legislator, and through application of the European Convention on Human Rights. It finds that the influence of all these channels has been limited although some progress has been made. Finally, it places the quest for pan-European principles and good administration in the context of Bulgarian legal culture and argues that the formalist character of the latter is a serious impediment to the actual effect that any legal principles (as opposed to rules) may have in the country.
The Impact of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on Croatian Administrative Law
Authors: Ofak Lana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European general principles of good administration on the Croatian legal system. It discloses that such an impact is especially discernible in the field of administrative proceedings as Croatia had to reform the system thereof in order to stay in line with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. However, it goes on to reveal that the case law of the Croatian administrative courts shows that, to a certain extent, a lack of knowledge of the said principles persists. This can be attributed to the cases of overly formalistic applications of law stemming from a deep-rooted legacy of ‘passive’ administration that calls for change.
Listening to Reason in Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Focusing on Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, this book compares their views on the persuasiveness of moral argument: how far did they think it could reach beyond a narrow circle of believers and influence people more generally? Answering this question requires a wide–ranging approach, which examines their views on such topics as rationality, moral psychology, rhetoric, education, and gender. The first part of the book shows that for Plato certain kinds of argument are beyond the reach of most people, specifically arguments that make appeal to transcendent Forms. But he still thought that there is another level of argument, restricted to human psychology and politics, which could have a much wider appeal, especially if supplemented by the appropriate rhetoric. The second half of the book turns to the Nicomachean Ethics to determine Aristotle’s views about the reach of moral argument, as well as its purposes. He is certainly very restrictive when it comes to the kinds of argument pursued in the work itself, proposing to talk only to those who are mature in years and well brought up. Like Plato, however, he also allows for the possibility of another type of discourse, which is more rhetorical in nature and could benefit those who are less mature. Though mainly focused on the Republic and Nicomachean Ethics, this book also examines relevant passages from Plato’s Laws and Aristotle’s Politics.
The Longer Route
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Is everyone able to follow the longer route? Apparently not: in Rep. V–VI, Socrates states that only a few can attain knowledge of the forms. There are three reasons for this. First, their appetitive and spirited parts would need to have been tamed so as not to distract them from philosophical inquiry. Second, the longer route requires as a preliminary the mathematical programme outlined in Rep. VII, which most people have not even begun. Third, attaining philosophical knowledge requires a number of natural attributes or talents, which are rarely found. So when Socrates says that most people are unable to acquire knowledge of forms he means that even in the ideal state, where their non-rational parts have been kept in check, they would still be unable to do so; their inability is not a product of living in a corrupt state.
Irrationality in Republic VIII–IX
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues to examine the account of irrationality in books VIII–IX, focusing on the democrat and the tyrant. It argues that, like the oligarch, both would be intransigent to moral argument. (This is despite the fact that the democrat shows some interest in philosophy and the tyrant experiences some shame and regret about his lifestyle.) However, we cannot simply infer from this that the majority of people would be similarly intransigent and unable to benefit from following the shorter route. We could make such an inference if most people fall into one or other of these types (the oligarch, the democrat, or the tyrant). But the text never claims that most people fall squarely under one of these three types, but simply that these types (together with timocracy) constitute the most basic forms of vice. In reality most people are combinations of different character types.
The Functions of the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Aristotle’s purposes in writing the NE. His main goal is to clarify the nature of the human good (eudaimonia), enabling the statesman to understand the mark at which he should be aiming. But I argue that he is also concerned with something more protreptic: reinforcing the moral intuitions of his audience. This is not to say he is interested in converting an actual sceptic, but he does, like Plato in the Republic, combat the sceptical position in case his audience finds it appealing enough to relax their commitment to the intuitions imbued by their upbringing. I find evidence of moral reinforcement in X 1–6 and IX 4, which provide Platonically inspired arguments for the virtuous life.
Aristotle and Moral Scepticism
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues to look for evidence of moral reinforcement in the NE. My attention focuses initially on the function argument of NE I 7, which shows remarkable similarities to an argument used at the end of Republic I to convince the moral sceptic Thrasymachus that justice is necessary for happiness. I show how Aristotle synthesized this argument with the doctrine of the mean to provide a new argument that what we intuitively think of as virtues are indeed the qualities required for eudaimonia. Again, he is not attempting to convert an actual sceptic, but targeting the sceptical position in order to reinforce the moral convictions of his audience. In the second part of the chapter, I contrast the approach of the NE with Politics VII, where Aristotle does appear interested in the more ambitious task of converting the sceptic.
The Roles of Music and Habituation
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Like Plato, Aristotle thought that early education affects one’s susceptibility to rational argument later in life. In the best case, the right education in childhood promotes a love of the kalon (the ‘beautiful’ or the ‘noble’) which makes one more receptive to moral argument in adulthood. However, when Plato describes early education in the Republic, he is mostly interested in music and poetry, whereas the NE focuses entirely on behavioural habituation. In this chapter I try to account for this difference by comparing their approaches to the kalon. Plato sees it as a property that is the same whether manifested in beautiful works of art or noble actions; hence the aesthetic can act directly as an introduction to the moral. For Aristotle, by contrast, they are distinct properties. So a musical training is a less direct way of introducing the young to moral value than habituation.
Conclusion
Authors: Scheer Monique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe concluding chapter makes that case that the concept of “enthusiasm” presented in this study might be useful as an analytical term, to be applied in further study beyond the confines of the religious context. Conviction about something always enlists the body and emotions for its maintenance and reinvigoration, which is to say that it is always also enthusiastic—but this enthusiasm takes on different styles due to a combination of ideology (what emotions are and how they work) and taste or preference, which is linked to social context. Observing that a reactivated reticence toward political emotion in Germany in response to the rise in right-wing populism reprises many of the patterns from debates over religious enthusiasm from previous centuries, the chapter reflects on the relations between a number of terms which, in binary constellations, find themselves on the other side of “rationality,” which has led us to think of them as naturally grouped together: emotion, belief, religion, and—recalling Weber—charisma, enchantment, presence. The chapter suggests that enthusiasm is one of these terms, one that captures how conviction enchants people.
Counterterrorism Between the Wars
Authors: Barton Mary S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This is a book about terrorism, weapons, and diplomacy in the interwar years between the First and Second World Wars. It charts the convergence of the manufacture and trade of arms; diplomacy among the Great Powers and the domestic politics within them; the rise of national liberation and independence movements; and the burgeoning concept and early institutions of international counterterrorism. Key themes include: a transformation in meaning and practice of terrorism; the inability of Great Powers—namely, Great Britain, the United States, France—to harmonize perceptions of interest and the pursuit of common interests; the establishment of the tools and infrastructure of modern intelligence—including the U.S.-U.K. cooperation that would evolve into the Five Eyes intelligence alliance; and the nature of peacetime in the absence of major wars. Particular emphasis is given to British attempts to quell revolutionary nationalist movements in India and elsewhere in its empire, and to the Great Powers’ combined efforts to counter the activities of the Communist International. The facilitating roles of the Paris Peace Conference and League of Nations are explored here, in the context of the Arms Traffic Convention of 1919, the Arms Traffic Conference of 1925, and the 1937 Terrorism Convention.
Arms and Diplomacy in the Postwar Order, 1919–25
Authors: Barton Mary S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While the peacemakers at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 did not anticipate the extensive revanchist and state-sponsored terrorism that would bedevil the Great Powers during the interwar years, members of the British delegation persuaded their French and American counterparts that the unprecedented scale of production of weapons in wartime would lead to an upsurge in global arms trafficking in peacetime. They signed the Convention for the Control of the Trade in Arms and Ammunition, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 10, 1919. National priorities and diverging security concerns in the years following the signing of treaty, however, took precedence over ratification and enforcement of the agreement. By the end of 1924, the League of Nations had emerged as the principal organization concerned with stopping international arms trafficking and keeping surplus munition stocks from being “distributed to persons and states who are not fitted to possess them.”
The Arms Traffic Conference of 1925
Authors: Barton Mary S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In May 1925, the League of Nations convened a Conference for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War in Geneva, Switzerland. Six weeks of negotiations resulted in a new Arms Traffic Convention (as well as the Geneva Protocol against the usage of chemical and biological weapons), which representatives from eighteen countries—including the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan—signed on June 17. The United States led the way to that moment yet did not follow through on it afterward. The treaty, which lacked robust enforcement mechanisms, languished in national legislatures and never entered into force. Even so, it had a constructive legacy: the compilation and publication of statistics on gun-running. Intelligence based on open and closed sources collected for, and resulting from, the Arms Traffic Conference, indicated systematic violations of the European peace settlements and revealed a world awash in guns.
Understanding the Macro-financial Effects of Household Debt
Authors: Alter Adrian , Feng Alan , Valckx Nico 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Higher household debt has been associated with lower future GDP growth across a broad set of 80 countries over the period from 1950 to 2016. Several institutional factors, such as flexible exchange rates, capital account openness, and higher financial development and inclusion, appear to mitigate this negative relationship between an increase in household debt and lower future GDP growth. Three mutually reinforcing mechanisms help explain this relationship. First, increases in household debt amplify the probability of future banking crises which significantly disrupt financial intermediation. Second, crash risk may be systematically neglected due to investors’ overoptimistic expectations associated with household debt booms. Third, debt overhang impairs household consumption when negative shocks hit.
Modernism and the Meaning of Corporate Persons
Authors: Siraganian Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Long before the U.S. Supreme Court announced that corporate persons freely “speak” with money in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the Court elaborated the legal fiction of American corporate personhood in Santa Clara v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886). Yet endowing a non-human entity with certain rights exposed a fundamental philosophical question about the possibility of collective intention. That question extended beyond the law and became essential to modern American literature. This book offers the first multidisciplinary intellectual history of this story of corporate personhood. The possibility that large collective organizations might mean to act like us, like persons, animated a diverse set of American writers, artists, and theorists of the corporation in the first half of the twentieth century, stimulating a revolution of thought on intention. The ambiguous status of corporate intention provoked conflicting theories of meaning—on the relevance (or not) of authorial intention and the interpretation of collective signs or social forms—still debated today. As law struggled with opposing arguments (corporate intention, pro versus con), modernist creative writers and artists grappled with interrelated questions, albeit under different guises and formal procedures. Combining legal analysis of law reviews, treatises, and case law with literary interpretation of short stories, novels, and poems, the chapters analyze legal philosophers including Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Frederic Maitland, Harold Laski, Maurice Wormser, and creative writers such as Theodore Dreiser, Muriel Rukeyser, Gertrude Stein, Charles Reznikoff, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and George Schuyler.
The Making of the American Creative Class
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During most of the twentieth century, the production of America’s consumer culture was centralized in New York to an extent unparalleled in the history of the modern United States. Within a few square miles were the headquarters of broadcast networks like NBC and CBS, the editorial offices of book and magazine publishers, major newspapers, and advertising and design agencies. Every day tens of thousands of writers, editors, artists, performers, technicians, secretaries, and other white-collar workers made advertisements, produced media content, and enhanced the appearance of goods in order to boost sales. While this center of creativity has often been portrayed as a smoothly running machine, within these offices many white-collar workers challenged the managers and executives who directed their labor. This book examines these workers and New York’s culture industries throughout the twentieth century. As manufacturers and retailers competed to attract consumers’ attention, their advertising expenditures financed the growth of enterprises engaged in the production of culture. With the shock of the Great Depression, employees in these firms organized unions to improve their working conditions; launched alternative media and cultural endeavors supported by public, labor, or cooperative patronage; and fought in other ways to expand their creative autonomy. As blacklisting and attacks on unions undermined these efforts after the Second World War, workers in advertising, design, publishing, and broadcasting found themselves constrained in their ability to respond to economic dislocations and to combat discrimination on the basis of gender and race in these fields of cultural production.