bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the aims and conclusions of the work. In addition, this concluding chapter sets out five ‘light’ challenges, and related propositions, for development of IR theory, propositions reflective of the sensibility relational cosmology, as translated here via critical humanism, might direct us to adopt. Many challenges remain, but we should not feel weighed down by them but explore new ways of thinking, being, and becoming as we ‘loosen’ ourselves into the ‘mesh’ and the complex negotiations of human and non-human relations residing there requires. IR of the future will likely be more open, more interdisciplinary, and hopefully more cosmologically aware, and it has the opportunity to develop new ways of thinking and doing co-existence and politics.
Elections and Rural Development
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChapter 2 presents the theoretical argument underlying the hypothesis that the introduction of competitive elections across Africa results in pro-rural development. This argument is motivated by a puzzle: despite widespread acceptance that party competition in Africa is dominated by issues of ethnicity and clientelism, not by an urban–rural cleavage, urban residents across Africa are significantly less likely to support incumbents than their rural counterparts. How can this stark urban–rural electoral cleavage be accounted for? After reviewing relevant existing literature, Chapter 2 argues that democratic elections make African governments more responsive to rural interests. This follows from acknowledgement of the particular demographic contexts in which electoral institutions are embedded across Africa. Because a majority of Africans live in rural areas, competitive elections create incentives for governments to implement pro-rural policies to win the support of the rural majority, thereby generating dissatisfaction among urban voters. The argument rests on the assumption that voters in Africa condition their votes on the provision of public goods and services, at least in part. This assumption is crucial, because if it does not hold then there would be no reason to think that politicians should implement pro-rural policies in order to win rural votes. This argument implies an important conditional effect, that incentives to implement pro-rural policies should dissipate as the size of the rural majority decreases. Consequently, the extent of urban–rural differences in development outcomes resulting from electoral competition should be conditional on levels of urbanization. Taken together, the theoretical argument implies three key empirical implications: (1) across Africa, urban hostility towards incumbents and dissatisfaction with democracy should be conditional on levels of urbanization; (2) the distribution of benefits resulting from democratic electoral competition should be targeted primarily towards rural areas; (3) the extent of pro-rural targeting of the democratic dividend should be conditional on levels of urbanization.
Microfoundations: Voting for Public Goods in Ghana
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChapter 5 evaluates the core assumption underlying the argument that voters in Africa engage in evaluative voting and condition their support on the provision of public goods and services. This assumption is crucial because without it there would be no reason to think that politicians should implement pro-rural policies in order to win rural votes. Moreover, it is not obvious that the assumption holds, because existing work on the determinants of voter choice in African elections has focused predominantly on issues of clientelism and ethnic voting. In examining whether voters in Africa use elections to hold governments accountable for their performance in office, Chapter 5 narrows the focus to a single country, Ghana. Doing so accounts for important contextual variations in how goods are provided, which influence the extent to which responsibility for this provision can be attributed to political action. The analysis uses data on two types of goods to investigate whether Ghanaian voters are evaluative. First it looks at education, considering a range of inputs at the district level. Usefully, analysis of this data supports the idea that voters are more likely to condition their support on the provision of goods and services which can be attributed to political action than on those which cannot. Acknowledging limitations to inference resulting from aggregation to the district level, the chapter then turn to roads. Analysis of an original panel dataset containing detailed information on road conditions throughout Ghana provides even more robust evidence that electoral support is affected by the provision of public goods.
Conclusion
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe concluding chapter brings together the implications and insights from the four empirical chapters, reconsidering the theoretical claim in the light of this evidence. It also discusses the generalizability of the findings, both for Africa as a whole and for new democracies throughout the world. Finally, it attempts to situate the argument and findings in the context of an ever-changing Africa. In doing so, it considers the impact of urban–rural linkages, and the implications of rapid demographic changes taking place across the continent. In a continent that has been experiencing historically unprecedented rates of urbanization, how should we expect political incentives, and subsequent policies, to evolve? How might pro-rural development affect the nature of urban–rural relations across Africa? How in turn might this influence the nature of electoral competition? And finally, how much reason do we have to be optimistic about democracy in Africa?
The Construction Sector in Developing Countries
Authors: Kirchberger Martina 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The construction sector plays a key role in providing public and private infrastructure as well as housing. This chapter surveys the literature on central issues pertaining to the construction sector with a focus on low-income countries. It starts by highlighting distinctive features of goods produced by the construction sector and discusses the link between natural resource discovery or exploitation and the construction sector. It then summarizes our knowledge about differences in unit costs across time and space and how these affect the relationship between investment effort and investment outcomes. The chapter also considers key bottlenecks in the sector related to organization and capabilities, institutional constraints, critical inputs, and governance and corruption. It concludes by discussing policy options related to institutional and regulatory reforms as well as procurement and local content.
Rowing against the Current
Authors: Page John 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is likely that Africa holds almost a third of the world’s reserves of minerals, oil, and gas. The exploitation of natural resources is a huge opportunity, but it also carries considerable risks. The exploitation of natural resources is a huge opportunity, but one that carries considerable risks. Relative prices in resource-exporting economies tend to push them towards economic structures dominated by the resource sector. This chapter explores ways to achieve diversification in a resource-rich economy. It describes the relative price changes that accompany a resource boom and suggests policies and public investments to mitigate their impact. It explores some of the issues that influence the participation of local firms in the resource value chain and argues for broadening the options for diversification, through the development of ‘industries without smokestacks’ and investments in knowledge.
The Construction Sector in Mozambique
Authors: Cruz António S. , Fernandes Francisco , Mafambissa Fausto J. , Pereira Francisco 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Mozambique’s construction sector has long played an important role in the economy. However, this sector has proven to be vulnerable to economic fluctuations, such as those which emerged after 2014 with the macroeconomic and debt crisis, and faces challenges which need to be addressed through long-term sector policies. International experience shows that investment in infrastructure and human capital can play a key role in economic development by enabling expansion in activities, deeper intersectoral integration, and structural transformation in the long run. However, when countries face high construction costs, this can negatively affect the quality of public infrastructures. Moreover, bottlenecks affecting construction companies prevent them from expanding, which leads to an increase in costs and prices when there is a surge in demand. This chapter aims both to identify the main bottlenecks affecting the sector and to present some policy measures.
Local Content and the Prospects for Economic Diversification in Mozambique
Authors: Dietsche Evelyn , Esteves Maria 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In recent years, Mozambique has made international headlines for the significant hydrocarbon deposits found offshore. These have increased the country’s extractive resource endowments, in addition to its mining and onshore natural gas sector. It is expected that these industries will contribute to economic diversification and social development, not least by means of procuring locally produced goods and services and hiring Mozambicans. A key factor to achieve this is building domestic capital—in people, institutions, and infrastructure. Looking at the policy environment, this chapter argues that the prospects are extremely challenging for ‘local content’ to provide the link between the extractive industries and the economic diversification of the local economy. The country needs institutional changes that support broader and rural-focused private sector development.
Gas in Tanzania
Authors: Henstridge Mark 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
There are large volumes of gas offshore Tanzania, which has raised hopes of a boom and accelerated economic development. With such big numbers associated with the natural gas, it is not hard to imagine the fantastic prospects of increased wealth and accelerated development. But those hopes look set to be disappointed. A boom would depend heavily on there being a sizeable flow of revenue to government from producing and exporting gas. This chapter sets out the scale of the gas, and the array of risks which currently make investment in gas production, and any associated boom, unlikely. As well as geological, engineering, and market risks, the risks to investment from public policy have been elevated over the last few years.
Local Content
Authors: Ellis Mia , McMillan Margaret 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Tanzania is rich with natural resources, which have significant potential to contribute to the country’s economic development. Several laws recently passed in Tanzania are dedicated to establishing linkages between foreign firms in natural resource extraction and the local economy. This chapter documents this legislation and the institutions set up to enforce and monitor these laws. Effectiveness of local content legislation and the potential for firms in the mining sector to contribute to local development are then evaluated using a combination of qualitative and quantitative evidence. The chapter next uses existing data to explore trends in local content and the estimate the value of local content in the mining sector; this exercise highlights the need for improved data. We then examine other developing countries’ experiences with local content legislation, drawing lessons for Tanzania.
Construction and Public Procurement in Uganda
Authors: Colonnelli Emanuele , Ntungire Nicole 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
As it transitions to an oil-producing country, Uganda’s investments in infrastructure and physical capital will increasingly depend on the ability of the construction sector to respond to surges in demand and transform investment effort into outcomes. Using administrative and survey data, this chapter sets out to examine the current bottlenecks to production faced by the construction sector in Uganda and identifies possible policy remedies to relieve them. A secondary point of emphasis in the chapter’s analysis is the interaction between government and construction firms through public procurement, and the instrumental role procurement plays in the efficient development of the industry. These new opportunities and challenges raise several questions. How much of the increased economic activity will be passed to the domestic private sector? Will these opportunities motivate efficiency and transparency? Would corruption and inefficiency in public procurement still play a major role as a barrier to industry development?
The Boom–Bust Cycle of Global Copper Prices, Structural Change, and Industrial Development in Zambia
Authors: Liebenthal Robert , Cheelo Caesar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter is about understanding the cycle of global copper price booms and busts over Zambia’s economic history. We explore how the mining industry has been managed, and wider economic management during boom periods. We find that successive Zambian governments did not use copper revenues to accumulate productive assets, focusing instead on financing consumption subsidies and sustaining inefficient state-owned companies. In recent times, Zambia has accumulated worryingly high levels of sovereign debt with virtually no prospect of official debt relief. Nonetheless, a reasonable chance exists of avoiding debt distress, provided the authorities consistently pursue strong fiscal management and discipline. Ultimately, Zambia’s ability to ring-fence and prudently use the mineral revenues from copper mining in building productive capacities remains elusive. Instead recurrent consumption expenditure demands dominate the fiscal landscape and the agenda of the fiscal authorities.
Local Content in Zambia—a Faltering Experience?
Authors: Lombe Wilfred C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
At independence in 1964, Zambia inherited an economy driven by copper mining. This has not changed despite post-independence policies to industrialize and diversify the economy. This chapter traces the role of local content in Zambia’s mining sector in supporting industrialization and economic diversification. It assesses productive linkages and manufacturing competitiveness during the import-substitution industrialization and post-1991 liberalization and privatization periods, and the adequacy of the current policy environment. Despite diminished productivity and export competitiveness during import-substitution industrialization, that era was successful in terms of domestic manufacture of mining goods. Privatization and liberalization stymied local content capabilities, retarding industrialization and economic diversification. Post-2000 policies emphasize local content development and export competitiveness. Their success, however, depends on addressing continuing weaknesses in the regulatory environment; human and technological capital; endogenous entrepreneurship; and the macroeconomic environment.
Introduction
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A modern politics attaching itself to the state must adopt a position sovereignty, by which is meant the political settlement in which potestas and auctoritas are aligned. Three competing forms are identified: unitary sovereignty, divided and balanced sovereignty, and the view that sovereign power must be limited by universal principles. Each of these forms can be divided into “red” and “black” varieties, depending on the imagined relationship between sovereign power and modern conditions of flux. A chapter outline introduces the figures who will be explored in the book as a whole: Thomas Hobbes; William Fiennes, Lord Saye and Sele; John Barclay and the romance writers of the 1650s whom he influences; John Milton; and Andrew Marvell. Also described is the book’s sustained engagement of Carl Schmitt, and the ways in which his thought on sovereignty is an example of the competition amongst the concept’s three competing forms.
Provincializing Romance
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with Coke’s and Selden’s speeches on liberty of person in the wake of the Five Knights’ Case (1627). Here civil law and supra-legal principles, or the national and the universal, converge, in a way running parallel to the period’s engagements of the romance tradition, which historically claims common cultural ground for Western Christendom but becomes dominated in the seventeenth century by narrower concerns. This shift is visible in John Barclay’s Argenis, effecting an unlikely marriage of romance and raison d’état. That proves to be an influential model in the prose romances of the 1650s—considered most closely are Theophania and Sir Percy Herbert’s Cloria and Narcissus. In a way recalling Arendt’s remarks on nomos, likely a response to Schmitt, these romances of the 1650s solidify the social ties of a disempowered elite while displaying a unique and fleeting posture of openness on the question of sovereignty.
Marvell’s Dread of the Sword
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
For Marvell sovereignty names the brutal core of political order, where a single ruler, or body of rulers, decides on the state of exception. This recognition is visible in the early, middle, and late stages of his career, from The Picture of Little T.C. and the Villiers elegy, to the Protectorate poems, to the Advice to a Painter poems and An Account of the Growth of Popery. The last of these is illumined by consideration of the case of Shirley v. Fagg (1675); for all that Marvell aligned himself with Shaftesbury, they take different views of the case reflecting their different views of constitutional order. In his mature thought especially, we see Marvell’s impulse to advance the legal rights of the subject and so limit the damage that can be done by the sovereign wielding the power of the sword. This impulse is brought into conversation with Schmitt’s thought on the nature of the pluralist state, which he offers through a critique of Harold Laksi.
Epilogue
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In The Concept of the Political, Schmitt identifies Hobbes as the theorist of the protection–obedience axiom par excellence. That identification informs his later critique in The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes, which seems to break with Hobbes in part because his formulation of protection and obedience fails to account for the possibility of the sovereign’s betrayal of a loyal subject. But we do see Hobbes hint at this recognition through the story of Uzzah, which he mentions in both Leviathan and Behemoth. His reading of the would-be rescuer of the Ark who is struck down by God is placed alongside others in the period, notably those of Richard Hooker, Lancelot Andrewes, and John Donne. For Hobbes, as with Schmitt, personal experience reveals hard lessons on the ways in which obedience is not always repaid with protection.
“After all, anybody is as their land and air is … ”
Authors: Pecora Vincent P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Both Robert Frost and Gertrude Stein confront the need for belonging with a certain American ambivalence, one that can also be found in the novelistic tradition, but their complicated attitudes toward the land of their birth puts the English attitude that we find in George Eliot in sharp relief. The English novel after George Eliot turns increasingly to what has been called questions of agro-romantic values. The chapter looks specifically at such values in Thomas Hardy (Tess of the d’Urbervilles); Joseph Conrad (Lord Jim); D. H. Lawrence (The Rainbow and The Plumed Serpent); E. M. Forster (Howards End and A Passage to India); and Virginia Woolf (To the Lighthouse and Between the Acts).
A Different Passage to India
Authors: Pecora Vincent P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Ashis Nandy, an Indian psychologist and cultural critic of the post-1945 era, has spent his career largely re-imagining “Indic civilization” as a Gandhi-inspired rejection of Western civilization and especially Western modernity. Very much like Brunner in his rewriting of German civilization, Nandy returns us to pre-nation-state Indian literary and religious texts, the interpretation of which he reconstructs in order to rescue the texts from modern revisionism that has been shaped by the “muscular Christianity” of the Raj. Further, Nandy understands Indic culture, reaching from Afghanistan to Vietnam, as a diversified yet unified entity, comprising a host of territories within one, supra-national civilization. In this sense, Nandy’s work echoes that of Brunner on the authentic, pre-nation-state German Reich, complete with its array of Volksgemeinschaften. But Nandy’s thinking is also reflected in the modern Hindutva movement of present-day India.
Getting Rights out of Wrongs
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Sometimes, we can gain new moral rights by acting wrongly. Sometimes, we can gain new moral rights (in addition to restitution rights) from other people acting wrongly. This chapter presents a typology of these rights. It then analyses why some wrongs can change the moral ballgame in this way to give us new rights, and other wrongs cannot. The chapter focuses on three factors that are relevant to moral ballgame-changing cases: (1) legitimate expectations; (2) personal investments; and (3) piggybacking on others’ interests. Finally, the chapter examines two ultimately unsuccessful strategies to resist this analysis of wrong-generated rights. The first strategy pertains to the defeasibility of rights. The second strategy pertains to their conditionality.
Free Speech and the Embodied Self
Authors: Pallikkathayil Japa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Democratic theories of free speech hold that the right to free speech is grounded in the nature of collective self-governance. The legitimacy of imposing laws on those who disagree with them depends on giving all citizens an equal right to participate in the lawmaking process, including the right to express their opposition. Ronald Dworkin argues that views of this kind are in tension with hate speech regulation. If we forbid the expression of prejudice, we undermine the legitimacy of laws protecting minority groups. The aim in this chapter is to diffuse the tension Dworkin sees between a democratic justification of the right to free speech and hate speech regulation. This is done by developing an account of how our bodily rights constrain the right to free speech.
Global Equality and Open Borders
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Egalitarians disagree about the extent to which states should have open borders. Sometimes, this disagreement is due to a deeper disagreement about the scope of egalitarian justice. Egalitarians holding that equality has domestic scope only may be inclined to favor restrictive immigration policies to protect the welfare state. Egalitarians holding that equality has global scope, on the other hand, may be inclined to support more open borders in order to reduce global inequality. This chapter argues that equality has global scope and then considers the implications of global egalitarianism for the issue of open borders. Furthermore, the chapter provides an argument for why (more) open borders can be expected reduce global inequality. Then some objections to this argument are considered, based on brain drain, threats to welfare states, and in-group bias. Finally, the chapter considers the suggestion that (more) open borders is not the best (or most efficient) way of reducing global inequality.