bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Directions for Research Examining the Notion of Familiarity and Its Impact on the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of the goals of the book and offers a look to the future in eyewitness familiarity research. The chapter addresses why there has been limited research examining familiarity within an eyewitness context. Next, it describes the current state of the field in terms of studying familiarity through four themes: (1) the limited amount of research utilizing familiarity in an eyewitness context; (2) the importance of focusing on system variables, such as police practices and procedures, that may exacerbate errors in familiarity cases; (3) the importance of understanding the interaction between familiarity and estimator variables that may increase or decrease eyewitness accuracy; and (4) the influence of familiarity claims in the courtroom. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the importance of studying familiarity in terms of the criminal justice system.
Gaullism Loses Ground
Authors: Veugelers John W.P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Looking at the decade between 1968 and 1978, this chapter examines how the shift in power from Gaullists to Giscard and his party affected the politics of the ex-colonials. The worker-student movement of May 1968 gave the ex-colonials an opportunity to press their grievances, but they won few concessions until the election of Giscard as president in 1974. Seeking their vote, Giscard lured the mayor of Toulon his party; the mayor extended new favors to the ex-colonials and in the 1978 parliamentary elections won election to the National Assembly. Rather than withering, the system of patron-client relations in Toulon had survived the end of the Gaullist era. The moderate right continued to divert the far-right potential of the ex-colonials.
A City under the Far Right
Authors: Veugelers John W.P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the far right won power in Toulon, and how it governed between 1995 and 2001. When corruption scandals damaged the moderate right, the National Front followed through by winning the city elections. It triumphed due to its efforts to organize, the disgrace of the moderate right, the left’s refusal to withdraw, and critical support from the ex-colonials. Constrained by law, the far right could not implement the party program of national preference. Instead, it bolstered the police force; turned the city’s annual book fair into a cultural battleground; and punished opponents and rewarded friends by fiddling with city grants to voluntary associations. Faithful to the memory of French Algeria, the far right courted the ex-colonials but also annoyed them by insisting on partisan politics. The far right reduced the city’s debt but lacked the means of proving itself.
Holding Off the National Front
Authors: Veugelers John W.P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the moderate right has held power in Toulon ever since the far-right experiment of 1995–2001. Eleven towns in France elected the National Front to power in the 2014 municipal elections and three of those towns are in the Var. Still, the moderate right enjoys a strong hold over Toulon, whose mayor has built up a power base that rivals that of the moderate right before it fell in the mid-1990s. While avoiding scandal, he and his allies have attracted significant state funding. They have mounted public works projects and buttress their power at the departmental level with influence over the regional conurbation. The moderate right is also disciplined. The city is not a loser of globalization. Still, it faces other economic challenges. Further, local results from national (presidential and parliamentary) elections suggest the city’s far-right potential remains significant.
Introduction to the Mirror
Authors: Mokhberi Susan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
During the seventeenth century, French missionaries, travelers, diplomats, and writers raised comparisons between France and Persia that established Persia as a suitable mirror for France. The two countries were connected through diplomatic contacts, images, material objects, and texts, which together laid the basis for an imagined relationship. Frenchmen created an image of Persia that matched their own tastes and political circumstances and evolved over the course of the century. Inspired by new trajectories in global history, the case study of France and Persia challenges traditional ideas of Orientalism by uncovering the variety of European responses to Asia in the early modern period.
Missionaries, Travelers, and the Case of Jean Chardin
Authors: Mokhberi Susan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Missionaries and travelers presented the earliest representations of Persia. Missionaries imagined the Safavid Shiite state as open to conversion to Christianity and an ally against the Sunni Ottomans. Through Catholic writings, Frenchmen absorbed literature that portrayed Persia as tolerant and friendly to Europeans. French contacts with Persia increased under the patronage of Louis XIV’s finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert. Some of these travelers drew connections between the two monarchies. One of the most famous French travelers to Persia, Jean Chardin, depicted the Persian royal court as a model of comparison for the French. He not only described Persia to Frenchmen but also used it as a means to instruct and reflect upon French political and social institutions.
The Persian Embassy to France in 1715
Authors: Mokhberi Susan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The diplomatic visits from Ottoman, Muscovite, Siamese, and Moroccan ambassadors were handled differently than the frequent diplomatic visits from European countries. The “Oriental” visits produced many ceremonial challenges but also generated tremendous curiosity in the East, which Louis XIV used to his advantage. The crown took special care to turn the audiences with Oriental ambassadors into spectacular events to promote the Bourbon monarchy but had to be careful to adhere to French protocol and ensure that the diplomatic exchanges enhanced the image of French grandeur. The last magnificent display of Louis XIV’s reign, the visit of Mohammad Reza Beg in 1715, reveals the difficulties the French court encountered when dealing with foreign embassies. Louis XIV’s introducteur des ambassadors, the Baron de Breteuil, proved a culturally sensitive host, but he could not prevent conflict over French protocol that arose out of conceptions in common between France and Persia.
Images of the Persian Visit
Authors: Mokhberi Susan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Engravings of Mohammad Reza Beg’s grand audience at Versailles showcased the connections between France and Persia. The images highlighted the Beg’s diplomatic gifts, which represented the luxurious goods that symbolized both the French and Persian crowns. The engravings further linked the Safavid and Bourbon crowns through the inclusion of symbols of royal power, such as the throne and the sword. Yet these representations also suggested Louis XIV’s semblance to an Oriental despot. The painting “Louis XIV Receives the Ambassador Mehemet Reza-Bey” shows how after the death of Louis XIV the crown distanced itself from these negative connotations raised by an association with Persia.
The Impact of Identity and Culturally Responsive School Leadership: Leaders of Schools and Programs for the Deaf
Authors: O’Brien Catherine A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between culturally responsive school leadership and school culture in schools for the deaf. The author demonstrates how Deaf culture, identity, and culturally responsive school leadership intertwine and influence each other. This chapter reports on observations of and interviews with leaders in six schools for the deaf in the United States. Many current school leaders serving Deaf children lack knowledge and understanding of Deaf culture and Deaf identity. Culturally responsive leaders in the schools for the deaf that were studied were almost all part of Deaf culture. If school leaders are to better meet the needs deaf students’ education and identity development, they must recognize the students’ cultures and identities. The author makes a plea for better equipping potential principals and other leaders of schools for the deaf.
Identity Positioning and Languaging in Deaf-Hearing Worlds: Some Insights From Studies of Segregated and Mainstream Educational Settings
Authors: Bagga-Gupta Sangeeta 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the author, a hearing multidisciplinary scholar, uses her expertise in spoken, signed, and written languages to explore the relationships between language issues and the development of deaf identities. The research that she presents illustrates the ways in which various communication forms including spoken, signed, and written languages can shape the meaning of deaf identities. The focus is on what transpires in segregated and mainstream Swedish classrooms in terms of communication patterns and how the language variety and modality is used to influence the identity positioning of not only deaf students but also the adults who interact with them. A narrow focus on language use can lead to a homogeneous language-learner identity position. In contrast, a broader focus on language use can facilitate a heterogeneous fluid language-learning position where many ways of being deaf is facilitated.
Intersectionality—Beyond the Individual: A Look Into Cultural Identity Development of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children of Multicultural “Hearing” Families
Authors: Wu Cheryl L. , Grant Nancy C. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter by a hard-of-hearing psychologist and a hearing social worker focuses on intersectionality as it manifests in multicultural issues arising from the multiple complex social identities of deaf children and youth whose families are hearing and from racially, ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse backgrounds. The authors affirm that intersectionality is not just about dealing with how separate parts of an individual develop. Rather, there is an interactive component in terms of how these separate parts engage each other and the sociopolitical environments that influence them. The child needs to identify and negotiate his or her “diversity within” and then express that complex multicultural identity with clarity and confidence appropriately in different environments. The authors expand on these perspectives and processes using examples to bring issues to life. Finally, they propose an institute to continue the research and create concrete strategies for many situations.
Distributions, Relations, and Justifications
Authors: Hiebaum Christian 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In political philosophy, it has become common to distinguish two paradigms of egalitarian thought: distributive and social egalitarianism. While the former focuses on who should get how much of what, the latter conceives of equality as a certain relationship between the members of society. This chapter first provides a rough reconstruction of those two paradigms and their respective strengths and weaknesses. It then offers some doubts about Rainer Forst’s discourse-ethical version of the social- egalitarian approach to justice. Finally, it draws an egalitarian picture of justice with the notion of rights at its center that blends the focuses on distributions, relations, and justifications.
Noumenal Power, Reasons, and Justification
Authors: Bajaj Sameer , Rossi Enzo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the connection between the right to justification and power. It reconstructs Forst’s noumenal understanding of power by analyzing his argumentative steps from the recognition of reasons by subjects of power to the thesis that this recognition requires justification and, ultimately, to the conclusion that power requires justification. It then challenges different aspects of this account related to a conceptual link and a normative link between power and justification. As far as the conceptual link is concerned, the chapter critically explores Forst’s various premises in order to challenge his conclusion that power requires justification. This critical exploration raises doubts about Forst’s starting point that to be a subject of power is to be moved by reasons.
Work with Human Nature
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Human beings are not psychologically well-equipped to prepare for the impacts of climate change. We are not good at dealing with dangers we have trouble picturing in our minds, and we often succumb to excessive optimism. Human beings are also reluctant to pay short-term costs that are certain in exchange for future, uncertain benefits. Given the enormity of the climate resilience challenge, this chapter outlines how citizens are at risk of feeling overwhelmed and therefore paralyzed by the scope of the problem. If we are going to build resilience to climate change successfully, it argues, we are going to have to work around these cognitive limitations. Human nature is hard, if not impossible to change, so it is best to deploy a variety of approaches and “nudges” that work with human nature, not against it.
Reconceive National Security
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on climate change as a global disrupter of military might and social order. The connection between climate change and national security may appear tenuous to some, but climate change threatens to drastically reshape the security environment, reshuffle geopolitics, and upend some traditional assumptions about what it means to prepare for and win wars. The national security establishment in the United States and other countries will need to reconceive national security. Climate change can create new power vacuums where bad actors can take root, threaten power bases previously thought to be invulnerable, and intensify resource competition among countries. To prepare, the US government needs a framework to ensure that national security plans, policies, and strategies account for the accelerating impacts of climate change.
Getting There
Authors: Halperin Ehud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad historical, cultural, and sociopolitical background on the goddess Haḍimbā, her community, and the region. It begins by describing a typical bus journey from Delhi to Manali, which introduces the reader to the area experientially and reproduces the point of view of visiting tourists and scholars alike. This is followed by a description of the “devtā system,” the indigenous religious tradition of this area, which is known as the Land of the Gods (Dev Bhūmi). There is an overview of the available sources for our knowledge about the Kullu Valley’s past and a brief history of its ruling dynasty. The chapter ends with a description of the recent introduction of modernity, capitalism, and tourism to the region and of how these have affected the local economy, sociopolitics, and religion, as well as the goddess Haḍimbā and her cult.
Conclusion
Authors: Halperin Ehud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The conclusion provides brief remarks about Haḍimbā emerging from the book as a whole. It offers several final insights about the goddess and her associations with her people and argues that Haḍimbā provides her followers with a model for living, acting, interpreting, and engaging in the world. In a broad sense, Haḍimbā is revealed in this study as a ritual and conceptual compound that serves as an index of, a platform for, and an agent in her community. Methodologically, by allowing the inconsistent and often internally conflicting character of Haḍimbā to surface, it becomes clear that it is exactly this trait that makes her potent, relevant, long-lasting, and attractive. The conclusion thus outlines what the case of Haḍimbā teaches us about Hinduism, India, and religion more broadly.
Assessing LOAC Compliance and Discourse as New Technologies Emerge
Authors: Blank Laurie R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the consequences for effective discourse about the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) compliance of new technologies that intentionally or effectively mask the effects of an attack, the location or identify of the attackers, or even the very existence of an attack during armed conflict. The emergence of new weapons technologies that hinder or eliminate our ability to see the effects of attacks, to make the necessary connections between cause and effect, or to even identify the existence of an attack, may well erode the current trend towards the use of effects-driven, outcome-based analysis, which, although incorrect as a matter of law, nonetheless has captured attention. Examining how legal compliance can or would be assessed in such situations of new technologies is therefore useful to help enhance both implementation and analysis of the law. The chapter first frames the problem that new technologies may pose for assessing LOAC compliance, highlighting what may be, in essence, a new “effects problem.” These problems include situations where the effects of an attack are unclear or cannot be seen at all, where the connection between the weapon or attacker and the effects cannot be identified, and where a harm may occur but it is unclear or impossible to tell that there was an attack. The chapter then addresses the consequences of this potential new “effects problem,” examining the challenges of legal analysis in the absence of externally identifiable information about what happened, who suffered what effects, or who launched what type of weapon or attack. In addition, the chapter seeks to identify pressure points for LOAC analysis in the context of new technologies that place stressors on the traditional tools and touchstones of legal analysis.
The Other Side of Autonomous Weapons
Authors: Margulies Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The role of autonomy and artificial intelligence (AI) in armed conflict has sparked heated debate. The resulting controversy has obscured the benefits of autonomy and AI for compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). Compliance with IHL often hinges on situational awareness: information about a possible target's behavior, nearby protected persons and objects, and conditions that might compromise the planner's own perception or judgment. This chapter argues that AI can assist in developing situational awareness technology (SAT) that will make target selection and collateral damage estimation more accurate, thereby reducing harm to civilians. SAT complements familiar precautionary measures such as taking additional time and consulting with more senior officers. These familiar precautions are subject to three limiting factors: contingency, imperfect information, and confirmation bias. This chapter breaks down SAT into three roles. Gatekeeper SAT ensures that operators have the information they need. In each of the three contexts, SAT can help fulfill IHL's mandate of “constant care” in the avoidance of harm to civilian persons and objects.
Invisible Soldiers
Authors: Sultana Sephora , Nasu Hitoshi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The idea of invisibility has long tantalized the human imagination. Once considered fantastical, recent advances have edged technology closer to the possibility of invisibility. On the battlefield, invisibility technology could be used to cloak soldiers and military equipment without restraining the mobility or manoeuvrability of troops and equipment. These developments necessitate a consideration of how the Law of Armed Conflict should be interpreted and applied to the use of invisibility technology in warfare. In particular, invisibility raises questions concerning how to determine when the use of invisibility technology has crossed from lawful ruse to prohibited act of perfidy. This chapter explores how the use of invisibility to conceal the causal connection between an act of perfidy and an attack may fall within a grey area of the law.
Attack Decision-Making
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Proportionality is one of the most important civilian protection rules in the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC). In an era when combat almost always occurs in areas with substantial civilian populations, the proportionality rule is critical to protecting civilians and civilian property from the incidental and collateral consequences of attacks directed at otherwise lawful targets. The proportionality rule, however, prohibits attacks against otherwise lawful military objectives only when the attacker anticipates that civilian casualties or destruction to civilian property will be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. Application of the proportionality rule has triggered ongoing debates over the meaning of its constituent terms: What is a military advantage? How is military advantage to be valued? What qualifies as a concrete and direct advantage? When does the knowing infliction of civilian harm qualify as excessive? Considering criminal accountability adds another layer of complexity: What is the proper standard of assessing criminal responsibility based on a violation of this obligation? This chapter explores the relationship between the duty of obedience and the implementation of the proportionality obligation at the tactical level. Given that deliberate attack planning and dynamic targeting arise in different operational contexts, each requires a different implementation focus.
The Monster Function
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 begins the second part of the book, “Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps).” Whereas the first part focused on the sensational address and direct stimulation of the horror viewer, gamer, and browser, the second half focuses on monsters. This chapter argues for understanding monsters as figures that embody and limit anxieties, and which therefore offer reassuring locations onto which those anxieties can be placed. This argument places the monster-centric “philosophy of horror” of Noel Carroll in dialogue with the explicitly unembodied theory of abjection of Julia Kristeva to understand the importance of this embodiment and limitation to traditional horror: horror is a vehicle for working through anxieties that otherwise are not, or cannot, be articulated. The chapter first establishes the extent to which monstrosity is an essentially formal category—decided by stylistic presentation as much as by biological make-up. It then performs close readings of three recent works that engage with this tradition of monstrous forms to minimize visualization and embodiment and, therefore, the monster function: It Follows (2014), the Paranormal Activity series of films (2007–2015), and the game Amnesia: The Dark Descent (2010).
Monsters, and the Viewers Who Love Them
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on horror that prioritizes narrative over sensation to work through why the themes of horror hold fascination for viewers and gamers when not paired with visceral affective goals. The chapter theorizes this mode as “integrated horror”—works that incorporate horror tropes into existing narrative forms and structures—with recent television at the forefront of this trend. Integrated horror allows for exploration of, and familiarization with, monsters and monstrosity, of death and abjection. This mode allows viewers and gamers to conceive of and, in some sense, work through, the inconceivable fears that define horror. This chapter discusses the uses of monsters and why we embrace them over the course of the dozens or hundreds of hours that make up a television show like The Walking Dead (2010–) and American Horror Story (2011–).