bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dislocations in Grain Boundary Regions: The Origin of Heterogeneous Microstrains in Nanocrystalline Materials
Authors: Zhang Zhenbo , Ódor Éva , Farkas Diana , Jóni Bertalan , Ribárik Gábor , Tichy Géza , Nandam Sree-Harsha , Ivanisenko Julia , Preuss Michael , Ungár Tamás 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Nanocrystalline materials reveal excellent mechanical properties but the mechanism by which they deform is still debated. X-ray line broadening indicates the presence of large heterogeneous strains even when the average grain size is smaller than 10 nm. Although the primary sources of heterogeneous strains are dislocations, their direct observation in nanocrystalline materials is challenging. In order to identify the source of heterogeneous strains in nanocrystalline materials, we prepared Pd-10 pct Au specimens by inert gas condensation and applied high-pressure torsion (HPT) up to γ ≅ 21. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations are used to investigate the dislocation structure in the grain interiors and in the grain boundary (GB) regions in the as-prepared and HPT-deformed specimens. Our results show that most of the GBs contain lattice dislocations with high densities. The average dislocation densities determined by HRTEM and MD simulation are in good correlation with the values provided by X-ray line profile analysis. Strain distribution determined by MD simulation is shown to follow the Krivoglaz–Wilkens strain function of dislocations. Experiments, MD simulations, and theoretical analysis all prove that the sources of strain broadening in X-ray diffraction of nanocrystalline materials are lattice dislocations in the GB region. The results are discussed in terms of misfit dislocations emanating in the GB regions reducing elastic strain compatibility. The results provide fundamental new insight for understanding the role of GBs in plastic deformation in both nanograin and coarse grain materials of any grain size.
Calculation of temperature profile in injection wells
Authors: Moradi Babak , Ayoub Mohammed , Bataee Mahmood , Mohammadian Erfan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInjection wells have long been an essential asset in enhanced oil recovery, wastewater disposal and carbon dioxide sequestration in petroleum industries. The temperature profile of fluid flow in the injection well is one of the main parameters of interest for petroleum engineers to determine optimum injection conditions and wellbore completion design especially in thermal injection projects and deep wells. In this study, the calculation involved in determining the temperature profile along the depth of wellbore has been revised to be newer and more robust via solving governing wellbore equations. The wellbore is segmented into discrete counterparts for it to be solved simultaneously in terms of mass, momentum and energy balance via wellbore governing equations. Five injection cases from the literatures, incompressible and compressible fluid flows, were used to confirm that the procedure is reproducible in terms of its behaviour, which is similar to field data. The new results acquired from the new procedure are in good agreement with field data collected with a maximum absolute error less than 3 °C.
The Genus Terminalia (Combretaceae): An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Rui , Kaunda Joseph Sakah , Zhu Hong-Tao , Wang Dong , Yang Chong-Ren , Zhang Ying-Jun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Terminalia Linn, a genus of mostly medium or large trees in the family Combretaceae with about 250 species in the world, is distributed mainly in southern Asia, Himalayas, Madagascar, Australia, and the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. Many species are used widely in many traditional medicinal systems, e.g., traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Indian Ayurvedic medicine practices. So far, about 39 species have been phytochemically studied, which led to the identification of 368 compounds, including terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, simple phenolics and so on. Some of the isolates showed various bioactivities, in vitro or in vivo, such as antitumor, anti HIV-1, antifungal, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, diarrhea and analgesic. This review covers research articles from 1934 to 2018, retrieved from SciFinder, Wikipedia, Google Scholar, Chinese Knowledge Network and Baidu Scholar by using “Terminalia” as the search term (“all fields”) with no specific time frame setting for the search. Thirty-nine important medicinal and edible Terminalia species were selected and summarized on their geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry and related pharmacological activities.
Maximizing rice husk waste for Daucus carota production
Authors: Baiyeri K. P. , Chukwudi U. P. , Chizaram C. A. , Aneke N. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Purpose
Rice husk is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many rice producing countries of the world. Here, we evaluated carrot production under different rice husk-amended media aimed at providing alternative use for rice husk.

Methods
The experimental design was 2 × 5 × 4 factorial in completely randomized design with six replications. Factor A consist of two production environments—high tunnel and open field while factor B was five growth media—5:0:0, 4:0:1, 3:1:1, 2:2:1 and 1:3:1 (topsoil:rice husk:poultry manure). Factor C was four carrot varieties; ‘Touchon’, ‘Amazonia’, ‘Carrot New Kuroda’ and ‘Touchon Mega’. Data were collected on seedling emergence and yield parameters. The analysed means were separated using FLSD(0.05).

Results
The biomass yield from plants grown in high tunnel was significantly higher than plants in the open field. Highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield were obtained from medium 4:0:1 followed by 3:1:1. Harvest index ranged from 32.3% in medium 1:3:1 to 62% in 3:1:1. Days to seedling emergence among varieties ranged from 8.5 to 11.3. ‘Amazonia’ variety produced the highest root weight, wet and dry biomass yield and was followed by ‘Touchon Mega’.

Conclusion
Carrot seedling emergence and yield differed in rice husk-amended media under high tunnel and open field environments. ‘Amazonia’ variety grown in media 4:0:1 or 3:1:1 gave the best yield. Inclusion of rice husk in media formulation beyond an optimum rate resulted in yield reduction in carrot. Carrot is sensitive to the physio-chemical properties of its growth medium.
Case-based blended eLearning scenarios—adequate for competence development or more?
Authors: Wadowski Patricia Pia , Litschauer Brigitte , Seitz Tamara , Ertl Sebastian , Löffler-Stastka Henriette 
Published: November 2019

Summary

Background
Learning, competence development and scientific thinking in medicine need several strategies to facilitate new diagnostic and therapeutic ways. The optimal collaboration between creative thinking and biomedical informatics provides innovation for the individual patient and for a medical school or society. Utilizing the flexibilities of an e‑learning platform, a case based blended learning (CBBL) framework consisting of A) case based textbook material, B) online e‑CBL with question driven learning scenarios and C) simulated patient (SP) contact seminars was developed and implemented in multiple medical fields.
Real-life clinical cases were anonymized and transferred into an interactive and an interdisciplinary eLearning platform.

Methods
As an example of the offered clinical teaching-case collection, an example of a psychiatric case for the disease “posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)” is presented: a 30-year-old man with a history of insomnia with difficulties in falling asleep and sleeping through, nightmares, nervousness and psychomotor restlessness. The students are challenged to identify possible differential diagnoses and further get to know the patient’s personal history (loss of relatives due to war, torture and flight from home country). Further, the students are guided through the principles of fear conditioning including translational aspects like neurotransmitter signaling of PTSD pathomechanism (translational and research aspects like dopamine transporter gene polymorphism, long term potentiation and synaptic signaling).

Results/Conclusion
The case presentation comprises different learning aspects: First, declarative knowledge has to be acquired and collected in basic medical sciences, knowledge that is in fact available and can be accessed on the conscious and preconscious level in long-term memory. Second, associative learning leads to the formation of neuronal connections and is an important way of learning and discovering, founded in neural associations. Third, polythematic-crosslinking thinking is needed as ability to link information in a meaningful way. These steps are a typical intellectual ability of gifted learners and researchers that combine previously seemingly unrelated areas to each other and drive innovation.
Before, Now, and After the Event of Terror: Situational Terror Awareness for Civilians in US Homeland Security
Authors: Arfsten Kerrin-Sina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article examines terror awareness as an individualized security practice that allows civilians to respond to situations of emergent terror as they occur, that is, in real time. It is a practice that targets the “time–space” (Walters in Comp Eur Polit 15(5):794–817, 2016) just before, during, and immediately after an event of terror. In recent years, the notion of “terror awareness” has gained salience in official US homeland security discourses. To protect themselves and their communities from harm and ensure an uninterrupted “way of life,” citizens are routinely encouraged to be vigilant and aware to signs of potential terror as they attend to their daily affairs. They are asked to stay informed, remain alert, and be ready to respond to the incipiency of terror so that they may avert—or, at least mitigate—its potentially catastrophic and disruptive consequences. According to the authorities, this kind of habitualized threat awareness can help prevent acts of terror and strengthen community resilience. But what exactly do government and security officials mean when they speak of “terror awareness”? What does this practice of being “terror aware” entail? And how is it supposed to function as a protective mechanism against potential terror? What is its relationship to such abstract concepts as “security,” “preparedness,” and “resilience”? This article seeks to answer these questions. It is based on a careful reading of official and publicly available texts (press statements, policy documents, reports, training brochures, websites, etc.) about homeland security and anti-terrorism, where the notion of “awareness” finds mention and a specific understanding of it—namely as an individualized security technology—is being communicated to the wider public.
New Evidence on Relations between Portugal and the Kingdom of Allada in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Pinto Pedro , Law Robin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract:The kingdom of Allada in the seventeenth century was an important supplier of slaves for the trans-Atlantic trade, and also an object of Christian missionary activity, but the earlier history of its interactions with Europeans is poorly documented. It has previously been assumed that the first direct Portuguese contact with the Allada area occurred in 1553. However, recently discovered documents in Portuguese archives correct this view. These comprise two petitions to the King of Portugal from an ambassador of the King of Allada currently in Lisbon: although undated, the content of one of them enables it to be dated to either 1544 or 1555, more probably the former; given the time which the ambassador had already spent in Portugal, his original dispatch from Allada occurred in 1540/1541 or 1551/1552. The petitions document the Allada king’s interest in the establishment of a Christian church in his realm, as well as commercial relations.
Coinfection by Trypanosoma cruzi and a fungal pathogen increases survival of Chagasic bugs: advice against a fungal control strategy
Authors: Laura Flores-Villegas A. , Cabrera-Bravo Margarita , De Fuentes-Vicente José A. , Guillermo Jiménez-Cortés J. , Salazar-Schettino Paz María , Bucio-Torres Martha Irene , Córdoba-Aguilar Alex 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTriatomine bugs carry the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease. It is known that both the parasite and entomopathogenic fungi can decrease bug survival, but the combined effect of both pathogens is not known, which is relevant for biological control purposes. Herein, the survival of the triatomine Meccus pallidipennis (Stal, 1872) was compared when it was coinfected with the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) and T. cruzi, and when both pathogens acted separately. The immune response of the insect was also studied, using phenoloxidase activity in the bug gut and hemolymph, to understand our survival results. Contrary to expectations, triatomine survival was higher in multiple than in single challenges, even though the immune response was lower in cases of multiple infection. We postulate that T. cruzi exerts a protective effect and/or that the insect reduced the resources allocated to defend itself against both pathogens. Based on the present results, the use of M. anisopliae as a control agent should be re-considered.
Development of an immunochromatographic device to detect antibodies for rapid diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis
Authors: Somboonpatarakun Chalermchai , Intapan Pewpan M. , Sadaow Lakkhana , Rodpai Rutchanee , Sanpool Oranuch , Maleewong Wanchai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCerebral angiostrongyliasis is a central nervous system disease caused byAngiostrongylus cantonensisand can produce eosinophilic meningitis or meningoencephalitis in humans. Sero-immunological techniques, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting, are most commonly used for the diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis. However, diagnosis in remote areas remains problematic because sophisticated equipment and specialized skills are required. To overcome, we have developed the immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit for rapid serological diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis through the detection of anti-A.cantonensis-specific antibodies in human serum. A recombinantA.cantonensisgalectin-2 (rAcGal2) from young adult female worms was used as an antigen for the ICT kit development. Diagnostic values were evaluated and compared using the ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the ICT kit were 87.0, 96.5, 94.6 and 91.4%, respectively, and those of the ELISA were 91.0, 97.2, 95.8 and 94.0%, respectively. The concordance of the ICT kit was 93.9%. We, thus, determined that the ICT kit is sensitive and specific and provides reliable diagnostic results. It is rapid and simple to perform and can be utilized for both point-of-care diagnosis in the bedside laboratory and epidemiological surveys in endemic regions where access to diagnostic equipment is limited.
Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: a neglected bane but a serious threat in Nigeria
Authors: Oyeyemi Oyetunde T. , Oyeyemi Ifeoluwa T. , Adesina Isaac A. , Tiamiyu Adebisi M. , Oluwafemi Yinka D. , Nwuba Roseangela I. , Grenfell Rafaella F. Q. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractToxoplasmosis is a global health threat in which occurrence in pregnant women poses grave consequences to fetal wellbeing. Studies on prenatal Toxoplasma gondii infection are generally limited in sub-Saharan African countries, including Nigeria. The risk of transmission of toxoplasmosis is very high in Nigeria due to the favourable climatic conditions and prevailing behavioural and socio-economic factors that could aid transmission. Currently, there are no systematic and organized procedures for diagnosis and treatment of maternal toxoplasmosis in Nigeria. These conditions forecast possible unabated transmission in many areas and exponential impact on associated adverse events of the disease during pregnancy. This paper highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment during pregnancy which may forestall subsequent development of infection in children delivered by infected mothers. Inclusion of toxoplasmosis control policy in the routine antenatal care of pregnant women is therefore strongly recommended.
Air pollutants and daily number of admissions to psychiatric emergency services: evidence for detrimental mental health effects of ozone
Authors: Bernardini F. , Attademo L. , Trezzi R. , Gobbicchi C. , Balducci P.M. , Del Bello V. , Menculini G. , Pauselli L. , Piselli M. , Sciarma T. , Moretti P. , Tamantini A. , Quartesan R. , Compton M.T. , Tortorella A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimsAim of the current study is to investigate the associations between daily levels of air pollutants (particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide) and daily admissions for mental disorders to the emergency department of two general hospitals in Umbria region (Italy).MethodsWe collected data about daily admissions to psychiatric emergency services of two general hospitals, air pollutants' levels and meteorological data for the time period 1 January 2015 until 31 December 2016. We assessed the impact of an increase in air pollutants on the number of daily admissions using a time-series econometric framework.ResultsA total of 1860 emergency department admissions for mental disorders were identified. We observed a statistically significant impact of ozone levels on daily admissions. The estimated coefficient of O3is statistically significant at the 1% level. All other pollutants were not significantly associated with the number of daily admissions.ConclusionsShort-term exposure to ozone may be associated with increased psychiatric emergency services admissions. Findings add to previous literature on existing evidence for air pollution to have an impact on mental health. Ozone may be considered a potential environmental risk factor for impaired mental health.
The Late Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Climate and Sea Ice History: A Challenge for Past and Future Scientific Ocean Drilling
Authors: Stein Ruediger 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOver the past 3–4 decades, coincident with global warming and atmospheric CO2increase, Arctic sea ice has significantly decreased in its extent as well as in thickness. When extrapolating this alarming trend, the central Arctic Ocean might become ice‐free during summers within about the next 2–5 decades. Paleoclimate records allow us to better understand the processes controlling modern climate change and distinguish between natural and anthropogenic forcing. In this context, detailed studies of the earlier Earth history characterized by a much warmer global climate with elevated atmospheric CO2concentrations are important. The main focus of this review paper is the long‐term late Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Arctic Ocean climate history from Greenhouse to Icehouse conditions, with special emphasis on Arctic sea ice history. Starting with some information on the Cretaceous Arctic Ocean climate, this paper will concentrate on selected results from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 302 (Arctic Ocean Coring Expedition (ACEX)), the first scientific drilling in the permanently ice‐covered Arctic Ocean, dealing with the Cenozoic climate history. While these results from ACEX were unprecedented, key questions related to the Cenozoic Arctic climate history remain unanswered, largely due to the major mid‐Cenozoic hiatus (if existing) and partly to the poor recovery of the ACEX record. Following‐up ACEX and its cutting‐edge science, a second scientific drilling on Lomonosov Ridge with a focus on the reconstruction of the continuous and complete Cenozoic Arctic Ocean climate history has currently been proposed and scheduled as IODP Expedition 377 for 2021.
Glacial Melt and Potential Impacts on Water Resources in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Castellazzi P. , Burgess D. , Rivera A. , Huang J. , Longuevergne L. , Demuth M. N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs a result of global climate change, glacial melt occurs worldwide. Major impacts are expected on the dynamics of aquifers and rivers in and downstream of mountain ranges. This study aims at quantifying the melt water input fluxes into the watersheds draining the Canadian Rocky Mountains and improving our knowledge about the fate of meltwater within the hydrological cycle. To this end, we use (1) time‐variable gravity data from GRACE satellites that are decomposed into water storage compartments; (2) an ensemble of glacier information: in situ observations, geodetic measurements, and a mass balance model; and (3) in situ surface water and groundwater level observations. The glacier mass balance model estimates a total ice mass change of ~43 Gt for the period 2002–2015, corresponding to an average of −3,056 (±2,275) MCM/yr (million cubic meters per year). 78% of the meltwater total flows west of the continental divide (to the Pacific Ocean), while 22% flows east of the continental divide (to the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay). However, the GRACE‐derived total water storage increases, suggesting that groundwater storage compensates for the glacial melt with an increase of 3,976 (±2,819) MCM/yr. A plausible explanation is that meltwater is not immediately flowing down in rivers but rather stored locally in aquifers. This hypothesis is supported by in situ river base flow observations, showing base flow increase in basins draining the ice melt, mostly west of the continental divide. Direct in situ evidences such as well water level time series are not sufficiently available to fully support this hypothesis.
Assimilation of High‐Resolution Soil Moisture Data Into an Integrated Terrestrial Model for a Small‐Scale Head‐Water Catchment
Authors: Gebler S. , Kurtz W. , Pauwels V. R. N. , Kollet S.J. , Vereecken H. , Hendricks Franssen H.‐J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLand surface‐subsurface modeling combined with data assimilation was applied on the Rollesbroich hillslope (Germany). Dense information from a soil moisture sensor network was assimilated with the ensemble Kalman filter applying different scenarios including the update of model states with or without updating of saturated soil hydraulic conductivity on an ensemble size of 128 (or 256) realizations with 3‐D heterogeneous fields of Mualem‐van Genuchten parameters. Simulations were also carried out with a synthetic test case mimicking the Rollesbroich site, to get more insight in the role of model structural errors. The combination of joint updating of model states and hydraulic conductivity was more efficient in updating the soil water content than state updating alone for the real‐world case. On average, the root‐mean‐square error at the sensor locations was reduced by 14% if states and parameters were updated jointly, but discharge estimation was not improved significantly. Synthetic simulations showed much better results with an overall root‐mean‐square error reduction by 55% at independent verification locations in case of daily soil water content data assimilation including parameter estimation. Individual synthetic data assimilation scenarios with parameter estimation showed an increase of the Nash‐Sutcliffe‐Efficiency for discharge from −0.04 for the open loop run to 0.61. This shows that data assimilation in combination with high‐resolution physically based models can strongly improve soil moisture and discharge estimation at the hillslope scale. Large performance differences between synthetic and real‐world experiments indicated the limits of such an approach associated with model structural errors like errors in the prior geostatistical parameters.