bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive medicine is the best method for computer hygiene
Authors: Barak Liron 
Published: January 2020

It's amazing just how closely computer viruses – and how we detect and remedy them – mimic the real thing. By looking at how biological viruses manifest and spread – and how we combat them, we can inform our approach to doing so more effectively in the digital world. It's amazing just how closely computer viruses – and how we detect and remedy them – mimic the real thing. There are striking similarities between biological viruses and their cyber equivalents. Just as your immune system reacts to viruses by detecting their genetic code, traditional cyber security defences depend on their ability to identify the genetic codes of the malware. Liron Barak of BitDam suggests that looking at how biological viruses manifest and spread can inform our approach to defending more effectively in the digital world.
Spinozistic Selves
Authors: NEWLANDS SAMUEL 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSpinoza'sEthicspromises a path for sweeping personal transformations, but his accounts face two sets of overarching problems. The first concerns his peculiar metaphysics of action and agents; the second his apparent neglect of the very category of persons. Although these are somewhat distinct concerns, they have a common, unified solution in Spinoza's system that is philosophically rich and interesting, both in its own right and in relation to contemporary work in moral philosophy. After presenting the core of the problem facing Spinoza's action theory, I turn to his overlooked account of selves, one that can be illuminated by contemporary work on so-called deep-self theories. I then show how Spinoza's distinctive account of selves prevents his action theory from collapsing into metaphysical incoherence, and conclude with an implication for Spinoza's broader account of transformation.
Naïve Normativity: The Social Foundation of Moral Cognition
Authors: ANDREWS KRISTIN 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo answer tantalizing questions such as whether animals are moral or how morality evolved, I propose starting with a somewhat less fraught question: do animals have normative cognition? Recent psychological research suggests that normative thinking, or ought-thought, begins early in human development. Recent philosophical research suggests that folk psychology is grounded in normative thought. Recent primatology research finds evidence of sophisticated cultural and social learning capacities in great apes. Drawing on these three literatures, I argue that the human variety of social cognition and moral cognition encompass the same cognitive capacities and that the nonhuman great apes may also be normative beings. To make this argument, I develop an account of animal social norms that shares key properties with Cristina Bicchieri's account of social norms but which lowers the cognitive requirements for having a social norm. I propose a set of four early developing prerequisites implicated in social cognition that make up what I call naïve normativity: (1) the ability to identify agents, (2) sensitivity to in-group/out-group differences, (3) the capacity for social learning of group traditions, and (4) responsiveness to appropriateness. I review the ape cognition literature and present preliminary empirical evidence supporting the existence of social norms and naïve normativity in great apes. While there is more empirical work to be done, I hope to have offered a framework for studying normativity in other species, and I conclude that we should be open to the possibility that normative cognition is yet another ancient cognitive endowment that is not human-unique.
Outcome of pediatric emergency mental health visits: incidence and timing of suicide
Authors: Lee Joshua , Black Tyler , Meckler Garth , Doan Quynh 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine the incidence, risk, and timing of mortality (unnatural and natural causes) among youth seen in a pediatric emergency department (ED) for mental health concerns, compared with matched non–mental health ED controls.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a quaternary pediatric ED in British Columbia. All visits for a mental health related condition between July 1st, 2005, and June 30th, 2015, were matched on age, sex, triage acuity, socioeconomic status, and year of visit to a non–mental health control visit. Mortality outcomes were obtained from vital statistics data through December 31st, 2016 (cumulative follow-up 74,390 person-years).ResultsAmong all cases in our study, including 6,210 youth seen for mental health concerns and 6,210 matched controls, a total of 13 died of suicide (7.5/100,000 person-years) and 33 died of suicide or indeterminate causes (44/100,000 person-years). All-cause mortality was significantly lower among mental health presentations (121.3/100,000 v. 214.5/100,000 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37–0.78). The median time from initial emergency visit to suicide was 5.2 years (interquartile range, 4.2–7.3). Among mental health related visits, risk of death by suicide or indeterminate cause was three-fold that of matched controls (HR, 3.05 95%CI, 1.37–6.77).ConclusionsWhile youth seeking emergency mental health care are at increased risk of death by unnatural causes, their overall mortality risk is lower than non–mental health controls. The protracted duration from initial presentation to suicide highlights the need for long-term surveillance and preventative care for youth seen in the ED for all mental health concerns.
Building bridges between a community and an academic medical center via community tours
Authors: Irby Megan B. , Moore Keena R. , Hamlin DeWanna , Brown Olivia , Trejo Grisel , Summers Phillip , Daniel Stephanie , Skelton Joseph A. , Lischke Michael , Rhodes Scott D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAcademic medical centers (AMCs) face challenges in conducting research among traditionally marginalized communities due to long-standing community mistrust. Evidence suggests that some AMC faculty and staff lack an understanding of the history of distrust and social determinants of health (SDH) affecting their communities. Wake Forest Clinical and Translational Science Institute Program in Community Engagement (PCE) aims to build bridges between communities and Wake Forest Baptist Health by equipping faculty, clinicians, administrators, and staff (FCAS) with a better understanding of SDH. The PCE collaborated with community partners to develop and implement community tours to improve cross-community AMC understanding and communication, enhance knowledge of SDH, and build awareness of community needs, priorities, and assets. Nine day-long tours have been conducted with 92 FCAS. Tours included routes through under-resourced neighborhoods and visits to community assets. Participant evaluations assessed program quality; 89% reported enhanced understanding of access-to-care barriers and how SDH affect health; 86% acknowledged the experience would improve future interactions with participants and patients; and 96% agreed they would recommend the tour to colleagues. This work supports the use of community tours as a strategy to improve cross-community AMC communication, build trust, and raise awareness of community needs, priorities, and assets.
MOMENTS OF RANDOM MULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTIONS, I: LOW MOMENTS, BETTER THAN SQUAREROOT CANCELLATION, AND CRITICAL MULTIPLICATIVE CHAOS
Authors: HARPER ADAM J. 
Published: January 2020

We determine the order of magnitude of$\mathbb{E}|\sum _{n\leqslant x}f(n)|^{2q}$, where$f(n)$is a Steinhaus or Rademacher random multiplicative function, and$0\leqslant q\leqslant 1$. In the Steinhaus case, this is equivalent to determining the order of$\lim _{T\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{T}\int _{0}^{T}|\sum _{n\leqslant x}n^{-it}|^{2q}\,dt$.In particular, we find that$\mathbb{E}|\sum _{n\leqslant x}f(n)|\asymp \sqrt{x}/(\log \log x)^{1/4}$. This proves a conjecture of Helson that one should have better than squareroot cancellation in the first moment and disproves counter-conjectures of various other authors. We deduce some consequences for the distribution and large deviations of$\sum _{n\leqslant x}f(n)$.The proofs develop a connection between$\mathbb{E}|\sum _{n\leqslant x}f(n)|^{2q}$and the$q$th moment of a critical, approximately Gaussian, multiplicative chaos and then establish the required estimates for that. We include some general introductory discussion about critical multiplicative chaos to help readers unfamiliar with that area.
Political Machines and the Institutional Background of Economic Miracles
Authors: Popa Mircea 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSome of the world's most notable economic miracles were accompanied by corruption, rent-seeking and clientelism, which is puzzling given the wide agreement on the importance of good institutions for growth. This article builds on the experiences of the US, Japan, Italy, South Korea and China to argue that these institutional maladies can be the natural outcomes of governance structures that facilitate growth. The theoretical argument revolves around the nature and strategies of dominant political organizations. Party machines can sometimes broker compensatory transfers that allow entrenched interests to profit from economic change, rather than be hurt by it, by the logic of the political Coase theorem. Transfers which are inefficient in most settings can therefore, if properly rationed and targeted, alleviate some of the key strategic impediments to growth identified by the political economy literature.
Cross-Ethnic Voting: An Index of Centripetal Electoral Systems
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCentripetal approaches to democracy in divided societies seek to promote inter-ethnic accommodation and moderation by making politicians dependent on the electoral support of groups other than their own base. Such cross-ethnic voting stands in contrast to situations where politicians need only the support of their own co-ethnics to win elections. This distinction can be used to evaluate the utility of centripetal electoral systems in promoting voting across ethnic divides. To do so, this article begins by considering some critiques of centripetalism, showing that cross-ethnic voting is more common in both institutional design and actual practice than some critics believe. It then moves on to examine cases of cross-ethnic voting via ethnically designated party lists, cross-regional party formation rules, at-large communal or sectoral seat reservations, and uni-directional vote-pooling, using these cases to construct an index of strong, moderate and weak centripetal electoral systems.
Nutritional status coverage trend registered in the SISVAN web in seven municipalities of the Zona Da Mata Mineira, Brazil, from 2008 to 2017, and its association with socio-economic, demographic and organisation of health system variables
Authors: Gonçalves Irene da Silva Araújo , Pereira Patrícia Feliciano , Silva Mariana Belcavelo Lino , Ladeira Fernanda Batista , Moreira Tiago Ricardo , Cotta Rosângela Minardi Mitre , Costa Glauce Dias da 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe analysed the coverage trend of the evaluation of the nutritional status of users of public health services registered in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) between 2008 and 2017 in seven municipalities and verified the association of the coverage trend with the socio-economic, demographic and organisational aspects of health system variables. It is an ecological time-series study performed with secondary data extracted from health information systems. Descriptive statistics, linear regression model and repeated measures analysis were performed. The coverage of evaluation of nutritional status was low over the period. Five municipalities showed a tendency to increase coverage, although small, while two remained stable. The highest annual variation in coverage increase was concentrated in the group of pregnant women and the lowest in adolescents and older adults. There was a downward trend in follow-ups from the Bolsa Family Programme and a trend towards increased follow-ups from SUS Primary Care (e-SUS AB). SISVAN coverage was positively associated with the proportion of rural population (P≤ 0·001) and coverage of community health agents (P< 0·001); and negatively associated with total population (P< 0·001), demographic density (P= 0·006) and gross domestic product per capita (P= 0·008). Despite the tendency to increase coverage in some municipalities, SISVAN still presents low coverage of nutritional status assessment, which compromises population monitoring. Knowing the factors that influence the coverage can subsidise the elaboration of strategies for its expansion.
Do we need a theory of legitimate expectations?
Authors: Tomlinson Joe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years, it has become common to see claims that the doctrine of legitimate expectations has no sufficiently defined purpose, and that administrative law scholars should do more theoretical work to bring coherence to this area of law. In this paper, I suggest this ‘conceptual critique’ of legitimate expectations is misplaced and that, instead, it reveals a much wider failing of contemporary administrative law scholarship. First, I show how there has not yet been, and is unlikely to be, a satisfactory answer to the conceptual critique. Following on from this premise, I suggest that the assumptions underlying the conceptual critique are faulty and, administrative lawyers need to fundamentally alter and expand how they study legitimate expectations. The aim now, I argue, must be to move towards providing an account of the practice of legitimate expectations in the wider context of public administration. My specific argument in this paper is thus a case for a significant reorientation and an expansion of the study of how law protects legitimate expectations, but the wider suggestion is that the same shift is required in administrative law scholarship generally.
Losing the local? Public participation and legal expertise in planning law
Authors: Abbot Carolyn 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLocal community opposition to environmentally significant development proposals is commonplace, with environmental issues often at the forefront of community concerns. Whilst the development consent system provides multiple opportunities for local community groups to participate in the initial decision-making process, a legal commitment to such participation ensures neither its quality nor its effectiveness. This is especially so for local group ‘have-nots’ who lack resource and expertise, and whose focus on locally-based objections can delegitimise their valid and often broader concerns about the proposed development. This paper argues that access to legal expertise plays a significant role in promoting principles of fairness and competence in participation by helping shape local opposition views in a way that is both understood and accepted as valid by the planning system. Whilst there are important and valuable sources of advice and support currently available, many local groups find themselves in the position of having to raise considerable funds to pay for the legal expertise they need. This unsatisfactory position needs to be addressed if local groups are to meaningfully engage with the planning process.
Universality Without Normativity: Interpreting the Demand of Kantian Judgements of Taste
Authors: Harbin R. Kathleen 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTKant claims that we demand the agreement of others when making judgements of taste. I argue that this claim is part of an explanation of how the phenomenology of familiar aesthetic judgements supports his contention that judgements of taste are universal. Kant's aesthetic theory is plausible only if we reject the widespread contention that this demand is normative. I offer a non-normative reading of Kantian judgements of taste based on a close reading of the Analytic and Deduction, then argue against the three prominent normative interpretations, which force us to attribute to Kant a position that he did not accept.
Effect of fermented whey with a probiotic bacterium on gut immune system
Authors: García Gisela , Agosto María Emilia , Cavaglieri Lilia , Dogi Cecilia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of the work presented in this Research Communication was to evaluate the effect of fermented whey (FW) with Lactobacillus rhamnosus RC007 in a mice model. BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: control group: animals received orally 0.1 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS); FW group: animals received orally 0.1 ml of FW; whey (W) group: animals received orally 0.1 ml of W without fermentation with probiotic bacterium. After 10 d mice were sacrificed. Small intestines were collected for determination of IL-10; IL-6, TNFα, goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Increases of all the cytokines assayed were observed in mice that received FW compared to control and W group. The ratio between the anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10/TNFα) increased in the group of mice that received FW. The number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes were also increased in animals that received FW. The results showed that FW with L. rhamnosus RC007 was able to stimulate and to modulate mouse immune system. Whey fermented by this probiotic bacterium is an interesting alternative for development of a new food additive for pig production, taking advantage of the beneficial properties of probiotic bacterium and the nutritional properties of whey.
The restoration of the Buganda Kingdom Government 1986–2014: culture, contingencies, constraints
Authors: Kasfir Nelson 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTThe restoration of the Kabaka of Buganda a quarter century after its abolition was the unexpected and contested product of different views of Ganda social structure that had emerged over several centuries. Competing groups, despite acting on contradictory cultural principles, overcame the suspicion of a newly empowered central government. Selective recall of cultural norms and adroit organisational tactics of the individuals who recreated the Buganda Kingdom Government allowed them to surpass their rivals and become the main Ganda interlocutors with the central government. They persuaded the central government to restore the king, though not the kingdom. The compromise they struck permitted the king to be cultural, but not political. Not only did that raise further questions about the meaning of Ganda culture, it constrained the Buganda Kingdom Government's ability to promote Ganda interests with the central government and on occasion reduced its support from the Ganda public in the years following restoration.
Rumours in war: Boko Haram and the politics of suspicion in French–Cameroon relations
Authors: Orock Rogers 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCameroon's autocrat, Paul Biya, declared war on Boko Haram in 2014. Using a variety of ethnographic materials, this article examines the politics of rumours and conspiracy theories that have defined the popular response to this war in Cameroon. It underlines the mobilising force of these rumours on intra-elite struggles within the national context as well as on international relations, particularly on French–Cameroon relations. I argue that rumour-mongering is a central mode of production of suspicion in times of war and social crisis. Yet, the current rumours in the wake of the war against Boko Haram in Cameroon are inscribed within a historical framework of a state-directed politics of paranoia that seeks to define ‘enemies of destabilisation’. In the end, this politics of suspicion also works to bring otherwise disaffected Cameroonians to support the autocratic Paul Biya as a victim of foreign plots for regime change in Cameroon.
A new species of Sunamphitoe Bate, 1857 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Ampithoidae) from Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kodama Masafumi , Onitsuka Toshihiro , Kawamura Tomohiko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA new species of ampithoid amphipod, Sunamphitoe gigantea sp. nov., is described from Katsurakoi, Hokkaido, Japan. The new species most closely resembles S. eoa, but can be distinguished from it by the shorter flagellum of antenna 1, the maxilla 1 inner plate that bears two slender setae, the short dactylus of male gnathopod 2, and the presence of a group of long setae on anterior margins of pereopods 3 and 4 bases. Nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I obtained from the type specimens also differentiated this new species from the congeners. Ontogenetic morphological changes of the male gnathopod 2 are briefly discussed.
The real advantages of the simulation solution to the problem of natural evil
Authors: CRUMMETT DUSTIN 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNick Bostrom has famously defended the credibility of the simulation hypothesis – the hypothesis that we live in a computer simulation. Barry Dainton has recently employed the simulation hypothesis to defend the ‘simulation solution’ to the problem of natural evil. The simulation solution claims that apparently natural evils are in fact the result of wrong actions on the part of the people who create our simulation. In this way, it treats apparently natural evils as actually being moral evils, allowing them to be explained via the free will theodicy. Other theodicies which assimilate apparently natural evils to moral ones includeFall theodicies, which attribute apparently natural evils to the biblical Fall, anddiabolical theodicies, which attribute them to the activity of demons. Unfortunately, Dainton fails to give compelling reasons for preferring the simulation solution to Fall or diabolical theodicies. He gives one argument against diabolical theodicies, but it has no force against their best version, and he does not discuss Fall theodicies at all. In this article, I attempt to rectify this. I discuss several problems faced by Fall and diabolical theodicies which the simulation solution avoids. These provide some reason to prefer the simulation solution to these alternatives.
Divine knowledge as direct awareness: a defence of Alston
Authors: SAEEDIMEHR MOHAMMAD 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn his ‘Does God have beliefs?’, William Alston argues for an intuitive construal of the nature of Divine knowledge according to which God's knowledge consists in His direct awareness without any beliefs. Recently, Travis Dickinson has raised some objections to Alston's view and has developed an alternative account of God's knowledge as His acquaintance with a fact, a corresponding thought or belief, and a correspondence between these two. In this article, I respond to Dickinson's objections and show that there is no reason to favour his acquaintance construal of God's knowledge over Alston's intuitive view of the nature of God's knowledge.
Longitudinal study of Caribbean pine elucidates the role of 4-allylanisole in patterns of chemical resistance to bark beetle attack
Authors: Hammer Austin J. , Bower Nathan W. , Snyder Aaron I. , Snyder Zachary N. , Archila Fredy L. , Snyder Marc A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSouthern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) and symbiotic fungi are associated with mass mortality in stands of Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet). This study provides a 12.7-year assessment of semiochemical mediation between southern pine beetle and Caribbean pine in relation to concentrations of 4-allylanisole (estragole, methyl chavicol) and monoterpenes measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in different seasons in premontane and coastal pine stands of Belize and Guatemala. Individual trees and stands with >2.5% (relative mass %) of 4-allylanisole in the xylem oleoresin exhibited significantly less beetle-induced mortality than those with <2.5%. Changes in relative levels of 4-allylanisole and monoterpenes during this study are consistent with seasonal temperature and cumulative water deficit effects and suggest bark beetle attack of P. caribaea may intensify in the future.