bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking research funding in pandemic times
Authors: Kalpazidou Schmidt Evanthia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExperiences from individualized gender equality funding programs, as the ones used in Denmark, demonstrate that one‐off policy interventions, although a small step in the right direction, cannot stand alone in the fight against gender imbalances in academia. Closing the gender gap is a complex, multi‐level undertaking that needs constant rethinking of policies and the dedication of adequate financial resources. The need of rethinking policy is in particular urgent during Covid‐19, which has further amplified imbalances due to a drop in the productivity of women researchers. Funding bodies should therefore reconsider traditional approaches heavily rewarding publications in the distribution of research funds. They ought to respond to the gendered impact of the pandemic by engaging institutions in structural and cultural change, setting up requirements for institutions to have achieved a certain level of gender equality outcomes, and thus link institutional progress to research funding.
Ethical conflict during COVID‐19 pandemic: the case of Spanish and Italian intensive care units
Authors: Falcó‐Pegueroles Anna , Zuriguel‐Pérez Esperanza , Via‐Clavero Gemma , Bosch‐Alcaraz Alejandro , Bonetti Loris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo identify factors underlying ethical conflict occurring during the current COVID‐19 pandemic in the critical care setting.BackgroundDuring the first wave of the COVID‐19 outbreak, Spanish and Italian intensive care units were overwhelmed by the demand for admissions. This fact revealed a crucial problem of shortage of health resources and rendered that decision‐making was highly complex.Sources of evidenceApplying a nominal group technique this manuscript identifies a series of factors that may have played a role in the emergence of the ethical conflicts in critical care units during the COVID‐19 pandemic, considering ethical principles and responsibilities included in the International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics. The five factors identified were the availability of resources; the protection of healthcare workers; the circumstances surrounding decision‐making, end‐of‐life care, and communication.DiscussionThe impact of COVID‐19 on health care will be long‐lasting and nurses are playing a central role in overcoming this crisis. Identifying these five factors and the conflicts that have arisen during the COVID‐19 pandemic can help to guide future policies and research.ConclusionsUnderstanding these five factors and recognizing the conflicts, they may create can help to focus our efforts on minimizing the impact of the ethical consequences of a crisis of this magnitude and on developing new plans and guidelines for future pandemics.Implications for nursing practice and policyLearning more about these factors can help nurses, other health professionals, and policymakers to focus their efforts on minimizing the impact of the ethical consequences of a crisis of this scale. This will enable changes in organizational policies, improvement in clinical competencies, and development of the scope of practice.
Development of nurse practitioner metaspecialty clinical practice standards: A national sequential mixed methods study
Authors: Gardner Anne , Helms Christopher , Gardner Glenn , Coyer Fiona , Gosby Helen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo achieve profession‐wide consensus on clinical practice standards for six broad Australian nurse practitioner specialty areas (termed metaspecialties).DesignSequential mixed methods with initial interpretive study (Interpretive Phase) followed by modified three‐round Delphi study (Survey Phase).MethodsParticipants from all Australian jurisdictions were recruited. Main eligibility criterion was current endorsement as a nurse practitioner for 12 or more months. Interpretive Phase comprised in‐depth interviews of purposeful sample of nurse practitioners to identify clinical care activities and practice processes. Six sets of draft clinical practice standards relevant to six previously identified metaspecialties were developed. Outcome informed Round 1 of Survey Phase (six nested web‐based Delphi surveys), with draft standards reviewed profession‐wide. Responses comprised scoring using Likert scales to calculate content validity indexes for individual standards with qualitative responses supporting decision‐making. For Rounds 2 and 3, participants rated relevancy of original or revised standards after consideration of individual and group feedback. The study was conducted 2014–2017.ResultsInterpretive Phase: Analysis of interview data with 16 nurse practitioners provided 75 draft standards. Survey Phase: 221 nurse practitioners completed Round 1 (20% of then eligible Australian nurse practitioners). Weighted respondent retention was 92%. Seventy‐three standards were validated, with final content validity indices of 92–100%. Scale‐level indices were 98%, strongly validating metaspecialty taxonomy.ConclusionA research‐derived, professionally endorsed suite of nurse practitioner clinical practice standards was developed. This provides a broad clinical learning structure with metaspecialties guiding nurse practitioner student clinical education.ImpactThe clinical practice standards and metaspecialty taxonomy strengthen nurse practitioner clinical education and professional development nationally and internationally. These novel study methods and findings are applicable to advanced specialty roles in other health professions.
Breathing exercises in people with COPD: A realist review
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Wei , Ding Xinxin , Wang Wenjing , Li Kun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsTo determine the theoretical framework that explains the mechanisms of the success of breathing exercise interventions in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.DesignA realist review.Data sourcesSeven bibliographic databases and the grey literature were searched from 2015–January 2020 to identify the studies of breathing exercises.Review MethodsThe evaluation criteria of realist review and the mixed method appraisal tool were both used to evaluate the included studies. We extracted and integrated the context–mechanism–outcome strings of each study to form the theoretical framework.ResultsSix theoretical mechanisms that affected the success of the intervention were articulated: Wide acceptance of training methods, Integration of the intervention with life, Self‐management of the participants, Confidence in controlling symptoms, Participation and support of practitioners, Motivation for intervention. Conversely, the other two mechanisms including the gap between implementation and training and the duration of the intervention, had negative impacts on the implementation of breathing exercises.ConclusionThis review updates and expands the previous literature review on the impact of breathing exercises in people and provides researchers and clinical practitioners with theoretical mechanisms to ensure that the interventions achieve expected effects.ImpactWhen formulating or selecting breathing exercise interventions, our theoretical framework will guide researchers and clinical practitioners to ensure that the intervention will have practical effects.
Departing from an ideal: An asymmetric, bimodal and non‐Equatorial latitudinal gradient of marine diversity in Western Atlantic burrowing shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea and Gebiidea)
Authors: Hernáez Patricio , Fenberg Phillip B. , Rivadeneira Marcelo M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimDespite the generality of the latitudinal gradient of species diversity (LDG) phenomenon, there is growing evidence showing deviations from an idealized pattern, that is, a single peak of species richness symmetrically centred in the Equator, but the underlying causes remain little studied. We here evaluate the existence of departures from the idealized LDG in a group of marine crustaceans and the explanatory role of environmental variables.LocationCoastal shelf (<200 m depth) along the Western Atlantic coast (46°N–47°S).TaxonBurrowing shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea and Gebiidea).MethodsWe assessed the shape of the LDG in 100 burrowing shrimp species using the reported latitudinal ranges of distribution. Species richness was calculated in one‐degree latitude bands using a range‐through approach. The shape of the LDG was statistically evaluated in terms of latitudinal symmetry, number of modes and location. We evaluated the importance of 10 environmental variables (proxies of different hypothesis categories) predicting the LDG using a random forest model.ResultsBurrowing shrimps exhibit an increase in diversity towards the tropics, but departures to the idealized LDG were evident. The LDG is asymmetric between hemispheres and bimodal (two peaks within the tropics), and this trend cannot be explained in terms of sampling artifacts. A random forest model explains 92% of species richness, but the only significant variables were bottom seawater temperature, bottom seawater salinity, bottom seawater temperature range, and tidal range. These predictors were nonlinearly related to species richness, whereas only bottom seawater temperature and bottom seawater salinity showed a significant phylogenetic signal.Main conclusionsThe LDG of burrowing shrimps is driven by ecophysiological restrictions of species, reflecting the role of evolutionary (i.e. ‘time for species accumulation’ and/or ‘diversification dynamics’) and ecological processes (i.e. ‘ecological limits’). Departures from the idealized LDG could be explained by the nonlinear responses of species richness to environmental conditions, the spatial structure of these environmental conditions, and a varying degree of phylogenetic conservatism of key ecophysiological constraints.
Astragaloside IV attenuates inflammatory response mediated by NLRP‐3/calpain‐1 is involved in the development of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Sun Yang , Lu Meili , Sun Tairan , Wang Hongxin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInflammation eventually leads to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Astragaloside IV(AS‐IV) has a protective effect on pulmonary hypertension, but the specific protective mechanism has been unclear until now. Therefore, in this study, our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of AS‐IV on PAH. In vivo, male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were injected intraperitoneally with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg) and treated with AS‐IV (40 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg), MCC950 and MDL‐28170. In vitro, human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were treated with monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP, 60 μg/mL). The protein expression levels of NLRP‐3, caspase‐1, ASC, IL‐18, IL‐1β and calpain‐1 were measured in vivo and/or in vitro. The results showed that AS‐IV decreased the protein expression levels of NLRP‐3, caspase‐1, ASC, IL‐18, IL‐1β and calpain‐1 in vivo and/or vitro. In conclusion, in this study the results suggested that AS‐IV could inhibit monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension via the NLRP‐3/calpain‐1 pathway.
Intervention on gut microbiota may change the strategy for management of colorectal cancer
Authors: Taghinezhad‐S Sedigheh , Mohseni Amir Hossein , Fu Xiangsheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDysbiosis in the gut microbiota composition due to environmental or genetic variations can disrupt the immune system and may promote several diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Gut microbiota can alter the toxicity and efficiency of an extensive range of CRC treatment methods, especially surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. The recent scientific evidence suggested that gut microbiota modulation exhibits an essential positive influence on inhibition and treatment of CRC. The literature survey revealed that modulating the gut microbiota composition by probiotics, prebiotics, and diets protects CRC patients from treatment‐associated adverse effects. This review summarizes the recent advancements in the association between interventions on gut microbiota and CRC to provide innovative strategies for enhancing the safety and efficiency of CRC therapy.
Benefiting others and self: Production of vitamins in plants
Authors: Li Yufei , Yang Chenkun , Ahmad Hasan , Maher Mohamed , Fang Chuanying , Luo Jie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVitamins maintain growth and development in humans, animals, and plants. Because plants serve as essential producers of vitamins, increasing the vitamin contents in plants has become a goal of crop breeding worldwide. Here, we begin with a summary of the functions of vitamins. We then review the achievements to date in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying how vitamins are synthesized, transported, and regulated in plants. We also stress the exploration of variation in vitamins by the use of forward genetic approaches, such as quantitative trait locus mapping and genome‐wide association studies. Overall, we conclude that exploring the diversity of vitamins could provide new insights into plant metabolism and crop breeding.
Establishment of a patient‐derived xenograft model and cell line of malignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary
Authors: Tamauchi Satoshi , Suzuki Shiro , Xuboya Chang , Yoshihara Masato , Yoshida Kosuke , Ikeda Yoshiki , Yoshikawa Nobuhisa , Kajiyama Hiroaki , Kikkawa Fumitaka 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimMalignant transformation of mature cystic teratoma (MTMCT) of the ovary is a rare gynecological malignancy and commonly arises in women older than 50 years of age. The most common histological type of MTMCT is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the prognosis is extremely poor. Patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models are promising animal models for preclinical drug screening. Here, we report the generation of a new PDX model of MTMCT, and a new cell line established from the tumors of PDX model animals.MethodsTumor tissue was obtained from a 32‐year‐old patient with MTMCT. To generate PDX, NSG (NOD.Cg‐PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) mice, a strain of super‐immunodeficient mice, were used. Tumor‐bearing mice were sacrificed, followed by the collection of these tumors and re‐transplantation into new NSG mice (in vivo passage). Tumor samples were also cultured in vitro. Adherent cells were continuously cultured and passaged, a cell line was established.ResultsIn the primary PDX mouse, tumor engraftment was confirmed 30 days after tumor implantation. After three times in vivo passage, we confirmed that the cryopreserved tumors could be engrafted even when transplanted into BALB/c nude mice. Using the tumor tissue at the time of the first in vivo passage, a new cell line NOSCC1 was established. PDX tumors and cell‐line derived xenograft tumors exhibited similar morphology of SCC.ConclusionWe established a new PDX model of MTMCT and a new cell line of it, which may be important tools for the development of new therapies and the elucidation of the carcinogenic mechanisms of MTMCT.
Comparison of Wear Resistance of Prefabricated Composite Veneers Versus Ceramic and Enamel
Authors: Dederichs Marco , Fahmy Mina D. , An Hongseok , Guentsch Arndt , Viebranz Stephanie , Kuepper Harald 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeTo measure surface roughness before and after wear‐tests of two different prefabricated composite veneers and compare them to ceramic veneers and human dental enamel.Materials and MethodsRoughness (Ra‐values) of two prefabricated composite veneers (Visalys Veneer Chairside (VIS) and Componeer (COM)) were compared to lithium disilicate Veneers (e.max CAD) and dental enamel (DENT) in vitro. In total n = 45 specimens per material and enamel samples were used for wear‐tests. Wear‐out tests were conducted by abrasion tests with a toothbrush simulator (22,000 strokes/ 100 g load; approximately equal to two years of cleansing) and erosion tests were carried out using citric acid (pH 1.57). Ra‐ and Sa‐values were detected by white light interferometer before and after wear‐tests. Data were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Games‐Howell post hoc test and t‐test (α = 0.05).ResultsAt baseline the lowest Ra‐ and Sa‐values were found in VIS (Ra: 0.01 µm; Sa: 0.04 µm) while DENT revealed significantly higher surface roughness (Ra: 0.11 µm, p < 0.05; Sa: 0.30, p = 0.186). COM had significantly higher Ra‐values (Ra: 0.10 µm; Sa: 0.22 µm) after abrasion, while e.max CAD was most resistant to the treatments (Ra: 0.01 µm, p < 0.05; Sa: 0.05 µm, p < 0.05). Compared to DENT all veneers were significantly less affected by citric acid (p < 0.001).ConclusionsPrefabricated composite veneers have demonstrated less wear after abrasion and erosion tests compared to DENT, nevertheless, they revealed more wear compared to e.max CAD.
Integrative taxonomy recognized a new cryptic species within Stipa grandis from Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Nie Bao , Jiao Bo‐Han , Ren Li‐Fei , Gudkova Polina D. , Chen Wen‐Li , Zhang Wen‐Hao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Stipa shanxiensis, a cryptic species within Stipa grandis that originated from central and western China, is described based on morphological, genomic, and ecological data from field and common garden experiments. Stipa shanxiensis morphologically resembles S. grandis, although phylogenetically it is closely related to the less morphologically similar Stipa baicalensis and Stipa krylovii. Of the eight significant morphological differences between S. shanxiensis and S. grandis, the two, cauline ligules longer than 2 cm with a filiform apex, and hairs shorter than 0.2 mm on the adaxial surface of the cauline uppermost leaves can be used to distinguish the species. Results from a common garden experiment verified that the two diagnostic characteristics were relatively stable and less morphologically plastic in response to environmental variation. Furthermore, a significant ecological divergence was found between S. shanxiensis and S. grandis, such that the former preferred warmer and more humid climates, and their predicted distribution was generally separated. Taken together, our results highlight that the integrative taxonomic approach was valuable for recognizing a new cryptic species in Stipa. In particular, we find that common garden experiments involving the effects of growth stage and characteristic position helped to morphologically diagnose cryptic species. These findings may also facilitate our understandings of ecological adaption and phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental change.
Breed predispositions, clinical findings, and prognostic factors for death in dogs with nonregenerative immune‐mediated anemia
Authors: Woolhead Vanessa L. , Szladovits Balazs , Chan Antonia , Swann James W. , Glanemann Barbara 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundBreed predispositions, survival, and prognostic factors have not been evaluated in dogs with nonregenerative immune‐mediated anemia (nrIMA).Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe clinicopathologic variables, evaluate their associations with survival, and determine breed predispositions for dogs with nrIMA.AnimalsFifty‐nine client‐owned dogs with nrIMA.MethodsReferral hospital records were reviewed retrospectively for dogs with primary nrIMA (PCV ≤30%, corrected reticulocyte percentage (CR%) ≤1.0, bone marrow sampling with evidence of immune‐mediated destruction, and underlying causes excluded). Breed predispositions were evaluated by calculation of odds ratios in a case control study; prognostic factors by logistic regression in a cohort study.ResultsFifty‐nine dogs with nrIMA had a median PCV of 12% (interquartile range [IQR]: 10%‐17%) and CR% 0.1 (0%‐0.2%). At least ≥1 ACVIM IMHA diagnostic criteria were met by 35 dogs (59%). Whippets, Lurchers, and miniature Dachshunds were predisposed to nrIMA. Median survival time was 277 days (IQR: 37‐1925), with 3‐ and 12‐month survival rates 61% and 43%, respectively. Erythroid regeneration and remission were achieved by 88% and 62% of dogs, respectively. Corrected reticulocyte percentage >0.2 was associated with improved survival.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceAlthough there is overlap of clinical features between dogs with IMHA and nrIMA, the prognosis for those with nrIMA depends predominantly on the severity of reticulocytopenia.
Short and middle‐term outcomes of vaginally assisted laparoscopic sacropolpopexy
Authors: Aydın Serdar , Ateş Seda , Gökmen Karasu Ayşe Filiz , Arıoğlu Çağrı 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveVaginally assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (VALS), which is a combined surgical approach where a vaginal hysterectomy is initially performed, followed by transvaginal placement of synthetic mesh and laparoscopic suspension, can be an alternative to overcome the dissection, suturing limitations of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. The aim of this study was to compare the operative times and middle‐term anatomic outcomes of women with uterovaginal prolapse undergoing VALS with those of women undergoing abdominal sacrocolpopexy.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study that evaluates operation times, anesthesia times, estimated blood loss, middle‐term outcomes, perioperative and postoperative complications. We compared the results of 47 women who had the VALS to that of 32 abdominal sacrocolpopexy (AS).ResultsThe mean follow up was 22.4 months for AS group and 20.5 months for VALS group. The VALS group (median 1 day) had shorter hospitalization duration than the AS group (median 3 days). The mean operation time was significantly shorter in the VALS group (125.9 minutes) than the AS group (151.9 minutes) (P = .03). There was no significant difference in perioperative and postoperative complication rates. Objective failure rate (8.5% in VALS, 15.6% in AS), subjective failure rates (6.4% in VALS, 9.4% in AS), recurrence (2.1% in VALS, 9.4% in AS) and mesh exposition rates (2.1% in VALS, 9.4% in AS) were similar in both procedures.ConclusionsVALS with shorter operative time and hospitalization than conventional AS is a promising modification minimally invasive technique for sacrocolpopexy especially for those inexperienced in laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy.
Effect of Photobiomodulation on Relapse in an Experimental Rapid Maxillary Expansion Model in Rat
Authors: Pirmoradian Maryam , Safiaghdam Hannaneh , Nokhbatolfoghahaei Hanieh , Ashnagar Sajjad , Fekrazad Reza 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRapid maxillary expansion (RME) is performed on transversely deficient maxilla. As all orthodontic treatments, retention is important in maintaining therapeutic outcomes. Fixed /removable retainers are used post‐RME causing hygiene and compliance problems. Given photobiomodulation’s positive effects on the quantity and quality of bone regeneration, its effect on post‐RME relapse was studied. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into group R, non‐irradiated RME‐treated (n = 12), group P, irradiated RME‐treated (n = 12) and group C, non‐RME non‐irradiated (n = 6). A 1.5 mm metal ring inserted between maxillary incisors at days 0 and 15 was expanded until 1.5 mm space was obtained at day 30. In group P, Ga‐Al‐As diode laser (810 nm, 100 mW, 4J/cm2, 30 secs) was applied on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 as predictor variable. The relapse was measured as the space lost between incisors for 30 days after appliance removal (primary outcome variable) and compared with t‐test. In week 2, space loss in group P was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than all other groups. The relapse during weeks 2 and 3 was significantly lower in group P than group R. However, no significant difference in relapse amount was found between groups during first and fourth week. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between groups in relapse rates (secondary outcome variable) but not in total relapse after 4 weeks. Photobiomodulation proved beneficial in resisting relapse in our study, and it is suggested to be continued until the end of expansion.