bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis A Person-to-Person Outbreaks: Epidemiology, Morbidity Burden, and Factors Associated With Hospitalization—Multiple States, 2016–2019
Authors: Hofmeister Megan G , Xing Jian , Foster Monique A , Augustine Ryan J , Burkholder Cole , Collins Jim , McBee Shannon , Thomasson Erica D , Thoroughman Douglas , Weng Mark K , Spradling Philip R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Since 2016, the United States has experienced person-to-person hepatitis A outbreaks unprecedented in the vaccine era. The proportion of cases hospitalized in these outbreaks exceeds historical national surveillance data.

Methods
We described the epidemiology, characterized the reported increased morbidity, and identified factors associated with hospitalization during the outbreaks by reviewing a 10% random sample of outbreak-associated hepatitis A cases in Kentucky, Michigan, and West Virginia—3 heavily affected states. We calculated descriptive statistics and conducted age-adjusted log-binomial regression analyses to identify factors associated with hospitalization.

Results
Participants in the random sample (n = 817) were primarily male (62.5%) with mean age of 39.0 years; 51.8% were hospitalized. Among those with available information, 73.2% reported drug use, 14.0% were experiencing homelessness, 29.7% were currently or recently incarcerated, and 61.6% were epidemiologically linked to a known outbreak-associated case. Residence in Michigan (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.8), being a man who has sex with men (aRR = 1.5), noninjection drug use (aRR = 1.3), and homelessness (aRR = 1.3) were significantly (P &lt; .05) associated with hepatitis A-related hospitalization.

Conclusions
Our findings support current Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations to vaccinate all persons who use drugs, men who have sex with men, and persons experiencing homelessness against hepatitis A.
L'International: The World's First International Journal and the Possibilities and Limits of International Studies
Authors: Davies Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractL'International, a journal published in Paris in the 1840s that brought together an international team of intellectuals aiming to advance international studies, represents not only a forgotten milestone in the development of international studies but also provides an important case study shedding light on the challenges that need to be overcome in the development of international studies as a distinctive area of research. This article considers both the potential and the limits of the approach to international studies set out in L'International with a view to further understanding the potential and limits of international studies today. It elucidates four features of the approach taken in L'International pertinent to debates in today's discipline: (i) the boundaries of international studies; (ii) the nature of a scientific approach to the subject; (iii) the role of race, gender, and class; and (iv) the relationship between international studies and the policy sector. While its contributors were notable for putting forward a pluralist approach to the subject, their efforts were marred by their consideration of a limited set of interests.
Commands and the Doctrine of theApūrvain Prābhākara Mīmāṃsā
Authors: Cummins Patrick T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract:This article argues that Prābhākara Mīmāṃsā’s cornerstone doctrine on the apūrva has gone unrecognized in the field, both in terms of the theory’s mechanics and its intellectual history. Śālikanātha (fl. c. 900 CE?) positions the apūrva, the sacrifice’s enduring capacity to trans-temporally produce results, at the top of the language hierarchy within his theory of the archetypal Vedic command: svargakāmo yajeta (‘The man desiring heaven must sacrifice’). Śālikanātha argues against Kumārila (fl. c. 660 CE?), for whom the apūrva is an extra-linguistic postulate. By integrating the ontologically superordinate apūrva within the language hierarchy, Śālikanātha subordinates Kumārila and Maṇḍana’s theories of bhāvanā, ‘bringing into being’, while incorporating their philosophical resources. Śālikanātha’s new doctrine of the apūrva is nowhere to be found in the Bṛhatī of Prabhākara himself (fl. c. 690 CE?). Śālikanātha’s model becomes the baseline for the subsequent textual tradition of Prābhākara Mīmāṃsā, which rises to dominate the field of philosophy of language in his wake.
Euthanasia in Belgium: Shortcomings of the Law and Its Application and of the Monitoring of Practice
Authors: Raus Kasper , Vanderhaegen Bert , Sterckx Sigrid 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn 2002 with the passing of the Euthanasia Law, Belgium became one of the few countries worldwide to legalize euthanasia. In the 18 years since the passing of the law, much has changed. We argue that in Belgium a widening of the use of euthanasia is occurring and that this can be ethically and legally problematic. This is in part related to the fact that several legal requirements intended to operate as safeguards and procedural guarantees in reality often fail to operate as such. We focus on three kinds of safeguards or procedural guarantees: (1) the legally defined due care criteria for eligibility for euthanasia; (2) the consultation of a second (and sometimes third) physician; and (3) the reporting of euthanasia cases to the Federal Control and Evaluation Commission for Euthanasia. We will show how each of these three safeguards can exhibit shortcomings in theory and practice.
Policy Alienation and Street-level Bureaucrats’ Psychological Wellbeing: The Mediating Role of Alienative Commitment
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Ali Moazzam , Mughal Farooq , Agyemang-Mintah Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn an era of New Public Management reforms, public sector policies often create a mismatch between social and economic values that can lead to public policy alienation—professionals’ feelings of disconnection from public policies. Policy alienation can create unrest among public professionals and carry several negative repercussions for their wellbeing and work-related attitudes. The negative repercussions of policy alienation are likely to inhibit public service delivery. However, existing research on policy alienation and its consequences for street-level bureaucrats’ wellbeing is scarce. Thus, it is unknown how policymakers can curb policy disconnect and counter its negative implications. To contribute to both general policy alienation theory and practice, our study hypothesized that the two dimensions of general policy meaninglessness—client meaninglessness and societal meaninglessness—are negatively related to street-level bureaucrats’ psychological wellbeing. We hypothesize this negative relationship is due to alienative commitment. A time-lagged survey data collected from 401 public professionals and analyzed using structural equation modeling supported our hypothesized relationships. The present study extends the nomological networks of the antecedents and consequences of alienative commitment and offers important implications that can help policymakers counter the issues related to public professionals’ alienative commitment and psychological wellbeing.
A General Model to Explain Repeated Turnovers of Sex Determination in the Salicaceae
Authors: Yang Wenlu , Wang Deyan , Li Yiling , Zhang Zhiyang , Tong Shaofei , Li Mengmeng , Zhang Xu , Zhang Lei , Ren Liwen , Ma Xinzhi , Zhou Ran , Sanderson Brian J , Keefover-Ring Ken , Yin Tongming , Smart Lawrence B , Liu Jianquan , DiFazio Stephen P , Olson Matthew , Ma Tao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Dioecy, the presence of separate sexes on distinct individuals, has evolved repeatedly in multiple plant lineages. However, the specific mechanisms by which sex systems evolve and their commonalities among plant species remain poorly understood. With both XY and ZW sex systems, the family Salicaceae provides a system to uncover the evolutionary forces driving sex chromosome turnovers. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study to characterize sex determination in two Populus species, P. euphratica and P. alba. Our results reveal an XY system of sex determination on chromosome 14 of P. euphratica, and a ZW system on chromosome 19 of P. alba. We further assembled the corresponding sex-determination regions, and found that their sex chromosome turnovers may be driven by the repeated translocations of a Helitron-like transposon. During the translocation, this factor may have captured partial or intact sequences that are orthologous to a type-A cytokinin response regulator gene. Based on results from this and other recently published studies, we hypothesize that this gene may act as a master regulator of sex determination for the entire family. We propose a general model to explain how the XY and ZW sex systems in this family can be determined by the same RR gene. Our study provides new insights into the diversification of incipient sex chromosomes in flowering plants by showing how transposition and rearrangement of a single gene can control sex in both XY and ZW systems.
Derivation and Validation of Clinical Prediction Rules for COVID-19 Mortality in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Fisman David N , Greer Amy L , Hillmer Michael , Tuite R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a high-mortality global pandemic. The clinical spectrum of disease caused by this virus is broad, ranging from asymptomatic infection to organ failure and death. Risk stratification of individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is desirable for management, and prioritization for trial enrollment. We developed a prediction rule for COVID-19 mortality in a population-based cohort in Ontario, Canada.

Methods
Data from Ontario’s provincial iPHIS system were extracted for the period from January 23 to May 15, 2020. Logistic regression–based prediction rules and a rule derived using a Cox proportional hazards model were developed and validated using split-halves validation. Sensitivity analyses were performed, with varying approaches to missing data.

Results
Of 21 922 COVID-19 cases, 1734 with complete data were included in the derivation set; 1796 were included in the validation set. Age and comorbidities (notably diabetes, renal disease, and immune compromise) were strong predictors of mortality. Four point-based prediction rules were derived (base case, smoking excluded, long-term care excluded, and Cox model–based). All displayed excellent discrimination (area under the curve for all rules &gt; 0.92) and calibration (P &gt; .50 by Hosmer-Lemeshow test) in the derivation set. All performed well in the validation set and were robust to varying approaches to replacement of missing variables.

Conclusions
We used a public health case management data system to build and validate 4 accurate, well-calibrated, robust clinical prediction rules for COVID-19 mortality in Ontario, Canada. While these rules need external validation, they may be useful tools for management, risk stratification, and clinical trials.
A short history of the gender wage gap in Britain
Authors: Bryson Alex , Joshi Heather , Wielgoszewska Bożena , Wilkinson David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAfter shrinking dramatically during the Second World War, the gender wage gap (GWG) narrowed again in the early 1970s due to the Equal Pay Act. The GWG has closed across birth cohorts at all points in the adult life-cycle but remains. Within birth cohort it rises to middle age before falling again. Among those born in 1958, the raw GWG was 16 percentage points among workers aged 23, rising to 35 percentage points at 42. Among those born in 1970 the gaps were 9 and 31 percentage points at age 26 and age 42 respectively. Differences in men’s and women’s work experience in mid-life account for much but not all of the raw gap in both cohorts. The GWG is a little larger early in the life cycle when accounting for non-random selection into employment but selection plays no role later in life. Policy options for closing the remaining gap are considered.
Gravitational wave echoes induced by a point mass plunging into a black hole
Authors: Sago Norichika , Tanaka Takahiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Recently, the possibility of detecting gravitational wave echoes in the data stream subsequent to the binary black hole mergers observed by LIGO was suggested. Motivated by this suggestion, we presented templates of echoes based on black hole perturbations in our previous work. There, we assumed that the incident waves resulting in echoes are similar to the ones that directly escape to the asymptotic infinity. In this work, to extract more reliable information on the waveform of echoes without using the naive assumption on the incident waves, we investigate gravitational waves induced by a point mass plunging into a Kerr black hole. We solve the linear perturbation equation with the source term induced by the plunging mass under the purely outgoing boundary condition at infinity and a hypothetical reflection boundary condition near the horizon. We find that the low-frequency component below the threshold of the super-radiant instability is highly suppressed, which is consistent with the incident waveform assumed in the previous analysis. We also find that the high-frequency mode excitation is significantly larger than the one used in the previous analysis, if we adopt the perfectly reflective boundary condition independently of the frequency. When we use a simple template in which the same waveform as the direct emissions to infinity is repeated with the decreasing amplitude, the correlation between the expected signal and the template turns out to decrease very rapidly.
Scalar clockwork and flavor neutrino mass matrix
Authors: Kitabayashi Teruyuki 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We study the capability of generating the correct flavor neutrino mass matrix in a scalar clockwork model. First, we assume that the flavor structure is controlled by the Yukawa couplings as in the standard model. In this case, the correct flavor neutrino mass matrix could be obtained by appropriate Yukawa couplings $Y_{\ell^\prime\ell}$ where $\ell^\prime, \ell = e, \mu, \tau$. Next, we assume that the Yukawa couplings are extremely democratic: $|Y_{\ell^\prime\ell} |=1$. In this case, the model parameters of the scalar clockwork sector, such as the site number of a clockwork gear in a clockwork chain, should have the flavor indices $\ell^\prime$ and/or $\ell$ to generate the correct flavor neutrino mass matrix. We show some examples of assignments of the flavor indices which can yield the correct flavor neutrino mass matrix.
Non-Hermiticity and topological invariants of magnon Bogoliubov–de Gennes systems
Authors: Kondo Hiroki , Akagi Yutaka , Katsura Hosho 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Since the theoretical prediction and experimental observation of the magnon thermal Hall effect, a variety of novel phenomena that may occur in magnonic systems have been proposed. We review recent advances in the study of topological phases of magnon Bogoliubov–de Gennes (BdG) systems. After giving an overview of previous works on electronic topological insulators and the magnon thermal Hall effect, we provide the necessary background for bosonic BdG systems, with particular emphasis on their non-Hermiticity arising from the diagonalization of the BdG Hamiltonian. We then introduce definitions of $$ \mathbb{Z}_2 $$ topological invariants for bosonic systems with pseudo-time-reversal symmetry, which ensures the existence of bosonic counterparts of “Kramers pairs.” Because of the intrinsic non-Hermiticity of bosonic BdG systems, these topological invariants have to be defined in terms of the bosonic Berry connection and curvature. We then introduce theoretical models that can be thought of as magnonic analogs of two- and three-dimensional topological insulators in class AII. We demonstrate analytically and numerically that the $$ \mathbb{Z}_2 $$ topological invariants precisely characterize the presence of gapless edge/surface states. We also predict that bilayer CrI$$_3$$ with a particular stacking would be an ideal candidate for the realization of a two-dimensional magnon system characterized by a nontrivial $$ \mathbb{Z}_2 $$ topological invariant. For three-dimensional topological magnon systems, the magnon thermal Hall effect is expected to occur when a magnetic field is applied to the surface.
On Katz’s (A,B)-Exponential Sums
Authors: Fu Lei , Wan Daqing 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We deduce Katz’s theorems for (A, B)-exponential sums over finite fields using $\ell$-adic cohomology and a theorem of Denef–Loeser, removing the hypothesis that A + B is relatively prime to the characteristic p. In some degenerate cases, the Betti number estimate is improved using toric decomposition and Adolphson–Sperber’s bounds for degrees of L-functions. Applying the facial decomposition theorem, we prove that the universal family of (A, B)-polynomials is generically ordinary for its L-function when p is in certain arithmetic progression.
Supporting the formation and functioning of innovation platforms in healthcare value chains
Authors: Marais Annica , Grobbelaar Sara S (Saartjie) , Meyer Isabel , Kennon Denzil , Herselman Marlien 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Rising patient demands, a growing population, and resource limitations constrain the South African healthcare system. The integration of disparate interventions that are developed and implemented across various actors in healthcare value chains (VCs) remains a significant challenge. This calls for a multi-disciplinary approach to integrate the knowledge of communities, non-governmental organisations, private sector actors, frontline healthcare workers, and researchers in the development of sustainable, value-adding interventions. Multi-stakeholder engagement, in this article referred to as innovation platforms (IPs), is a mechanism through which interdependent VC actors could be organised and coordinated to develop sustainable innovations to strengthen the healthcare system. This article addresses the lack of guidance on how to develop and operate healthcare IPs in South Africa by presenting a framework for IP formation and functioning in healthcare VCs. A grounded theory approach, namely conceptual framework analysis, informed framework development within an exploratory qualitative study. The outcome of the study is an innovation management tool for improved policy development in a developing country context. It provides practical guidance to policy makers on how to: (1) Setup and develop an IP; (2) Implement interventions to improve IP functioning; and (3) Develop mechanisms to address commonly experienced challenges.
Smoking-Related Social Interactions as Experienced by Persons Who Smoked Long-term
Authors: Draucker Claire Burke , Rawl Susan M. , Vode Emilee , Fields Matthew , Elkins Candice , Morgan Olivia , Perez Sara R. , Straber Lucy , Carter-Harris Lisa 
Published: October 2020

Purpose/Aims
Smoking-related stigma is manifested in the everyday social interactions of persons who smoke and can result in low self-esteem, diminished self-efficacy, and resistance to smoking cessation. The purpose of this study was to describe smoking-related social interactions as experienced by persons with a history of long-term smoking.

Design
This study used a qualitative descriptive approach.

Methods
This study is part of a larger study designed to identify factors that influence lung cancer screening participation. Data were drawn from 39 qualitative interviews with persons from the parent study. All descriptions about smoking-related social interactions found in the narratives were extracted, coded, categorized, and summarized with content analytic techniques.

Results
Seven different types of social interactions were identified: (a) being looked down on for smoking, (b) being humiliated for smoking in public, (c) being banished while smoking, (d) being blamed for one's health problems, (e) not “really” being blamed for smoking, (f) being told “just quit,” and (g) being worried about hurting others.

Conclusions
Clinical nurse specialists should promote antismoking campaigns that are not stigmatizing, discuss health risks of smoking in a respectful manner, provide evidence-based cessation resources, improve communication with persons who smoke, and address stigma in programs to improve screening for smoking-related illnesses.
The Clusters of Transcription Factors NFATC2, STAT5, GATA2, AP1, RUNX1 and EGR2 Binding Sites at the InducedIl13Enhancers MediateIl13Gene Transcription in Response to Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Kamran Mohammad , Liang Jinyi , Liu Bing , Li Yapeng , Gao Junfeng , Keating Ashley , Mohamed Fathia , Dai Shaodong , Reinhardt Richard , Jiong Yang , Wu Zhongdao , Huang Hua 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInterleukin-13 plays a critical role in mediating many biological processes responsible for allergic inflammation. Mast cells expressIl13mRNA and produce IL-13 protein in response to antigenic stimulation. Enhancers are essential in promoting gene transcription and are thought to activate transcription by delivering essential accessory co-factors to the promoter to potentiate gene transcription. However, enhancers mediatingIl13have not been identified. Furthermore, whichIl13enhancers detect signals triggered by antigenic stimulation have not yet been defined. In this study, we identified potentialIl13enhancers using histone modification monomethylation at lysine residue 4 on histone 3 (H3K4me1) ChIP-seq and acetylation at lysine residue 27 on histone 3 (H3K27ac) ChIP-seq. We used Omni-ATAC-seq to determine which accessible regions within the potentialIl13enhancers that responded to IgE receptor crosslinking. We also demonstrated that the transcription factor (TF) cluster consisting of the NFATC2, STAT5, GATA2, AP1, and RUNX1 binding sites at the proximalIl13enhancer, the TF cluster consisting of the EGR2-binding site at the distalIl13E+6.5 enhancer, are critical in sensing the signals triggered by antigenic stimulation. Those enhancers, which are responsive to antigenic stimulation and constitutively active, cooperate to generate greater transcriptional outputs. Our study reveals a novel mechanism underlying how antigenic stimulation induces robustIl13mRNA expression in mast cells.