bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences by Race/Ethnicity in the Prevalence of Clinically Detected and Monitor-Detected Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Heckbert Susan R. , Austin Thomas R. , Jensen Paul N. , Chen Lin Y. , Post Wendy S. , Floyd James S. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Kronmal Richard A. , Psaty Bruce M. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
African Americans are consistently found to have a lower prevalence of clinically detected atrial fibrillation (AF) than whites, despite a higher prevalence of major AF risk factors and higher risk of ischemic stroke. Long-term ambulatory ECG monitors provide the opportunity for unbiased AF detection. We determined differences by race/ethnicity in the prevalence of clinically detected AF and in the proportion with monitor-detected AF.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), a community-based cohort study that enrolled 6814 Americans free of clinically recognized cardiovascular disease in 2000 to 2002. At the 2016 to 2018 examination, 1556 individuals participated in an ancillary study involving ambulatory ECG monitoring and had follow-up for clinically detected AF since cohort entry.

Results:

Among 1556 participants, 41% were white, 25% African American, 21% Hispanic, and 14% Chinese; 51% were women; and the mean age was 74 years. The prevalence of clinically detected AF after 14.4 years’ follow-up was 11.3% in whites, 6.6% in African Americans, 7.8% in Hispanics, and 9.9% in Chinese and was significantly lower in African Americans than in whites, in both unadjusted and risk factor-adjusted analyses (adjusted rate difference, −6.6% [95% CI, −10.1% to −3.1%];
P
<0.001). By contrast, in the same individuals, the proportion with monitor-detected AF using a 14-day ambulatory ECG monitor was similar in the 4 race/ethnic groups: 7.1%, 6.4%, 6.9%, and 5.2%, respectively (compared with whites, all
P
>0.5).

Conclusions:
The prevalence of clinically detected AF was substantially lower in African American than in white participants, without or with adjustment for AF risk factors. However, unbiased AF detection by ambulatory monitoring in the same individuals revealed little difference in the proportion with AF by race/ethnicity. These findings provide support for the hypothesis of differential detection by race/ethnicity in the clinical recognition of AF, which may have important implications for stroke prevention.
Tracking Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation and Completion Among Medicare Beneficiaries to Inform the Efforts of a National Initiative
Authors: Ritchey Matthew D. , Maresh Sha , McNeely Jessica , Shaffer Thomas , Jackson Sandra L. , Keteyian Steven J. , Brawner Clinton A. , Whooley Mary A. , Chang Tiffany , Stolp Haley , Schieb Linda , Wright Janet 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Despite cardiac rehabilitation (CR) being shown to improve health outcomes among patients with heart disease, its use has been suboptimal. In response, the Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Collaborative developed a road map to improve CR use, including increasing participation rates to ≥70% by 2022. This observational study provides current estimates to measure progress and identifies the populations and regions most at risk for CR service underutilization.

Methods and Results:
We identified Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who were CR eligible in 2016, and assessed CR participation (≥1 CR session attended), timely initiation (participation within 21 days of event), and completion (≥36 sessions attended) through 2017. Measures were assessed overall, by beneficiary characteristics and geography, and by primary CR-qualifying event type (acute myocardial infarction hospitalization; coronary artery bypass surgery; heart valve repair/replacement; percutaneous coronary intervention; or heart/heart-lung transplant). Among 366 103 CR-eligible beneficiaries, 89 327 (24.4%) participated in CR, of whom 24.3% initiated within 21 days and 26.9% completed CR. Eligibility was highest in the East South Central Census Division (14.8 per 1000). Participation decreased with increasing age, was lower among women (18.9%) compared with men (28.6%; adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.91 [95% CI, 0.90–0.93]) was lower among Hispanics (13.2%) and non-Hispanic blacks (13.6%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (25.8%; adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.63 [0.61–0.66] and 0.70 [0.67–0.72], respectively), and varied by hospital referral region and Census Division (range: 18.6% [East South Central] to 39.1% [West North Central]) and by qualifying event type (range: 7.1% [acute myocardial infarction without procedure] to 55.3% [coronary artery bypass surgery only]). Timely initiation varied by geography and qualifying event type; completion varied by geography.

Conclusions:
Only 1 in 4 CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries participated in CR and marked disparities were observed. Reinforcement of current effective strategies and development of new strategies will be critical to address the noted disparities and achieve the 70% participation goal.
Affective Bias without Hemispheric Competition: Evidence for Independent Processing Resources in Each Cortical Hemisphere
Authors: Bekhtereva Valeria , Craddock Matt , Müller Matthias M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We assessed the extent of neural competition for attentional processing resources in early visual cortex between foveally presented task stimuli and peripheral emotional distracter images. Task-relevant and distracting stimuli were shown in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams to elicit the steady-state visual evoked potential, which serves as an electrophysiological marker of attentional resource allocation in early visual cortex. A task-related RSVP stream of symbolic letters was presented centrally at 15 Hz while distracting RSVP streams were displayed at 4 or 6 Hz in the left and right visual hemifields. These image streams always had neutral content in one visual field and would unpredictably switch from neutral to unpleasant content in the opposite visual field. We found that the steady-state visual evoked potential amplitude was consistently modulated as a function of change in emotional valence in peripheral RSVPs, indicating sensory gain in response to distracting affective content. Importantly, the facilitated processing for emotional content shown in one visual hemifield was not paralleled by any perceptual costs in response to the task-related processing in the center or the neutral image stream in the other visual hemifield. Together, our data provide further evidence for sustained sensory facilitation in favor of emotional distracters. Furthermore, these results are in line with previous reports of a “different hemifield advantage” with low-level visual stimuli and are suggestive of independent processing resources in each cortical hemisphere that operate beyond low-level visual cues, that is, with complex images that impact early stages of visual processing via reentrant feedback loops from higher order processing areas.
Large-scale Functional Integration, Rather than Functional Dissociation along Dorsal and Ventral Streams, Underlies Visual Perception and Action
Authors: Ray Dipanjan , Hajare Nilambari , Roy Dipanjan , Banerjee Arpan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Visual dual-stream theory posits that two distinct neural pathways of specific functional significance originate from primary visual areas and reach the inferior temporal (ventral) and posterior parietal areas (dorsal). However, there are several unresolved questions concerning the fundamental aspects of this theory. For example, is the functional dissociation between ventral and dorsal stream driven by features in input stimuli or is it driven by categorical differences between visuoperceptual and visuomotor functions? Is the dual stream rigid or flexible? What is the nature of the interactions between the two streams? We addressed these questions using fMRI recordings on healthy human volunteers and employing stimuli and tasks that can tease out the divergence between visuoperceptual and visuomotor variants of dual-stream theory. fMRI scans were repeated after seven practice sessions that were conducted in a non-MRI environment to investigate the effects of neuroplasticity. Brain activation analysis supports an input-based functional dissociation and existence of context-dependent neuroplasticity in dual-stream areas. Intriguingly, premotor cortex activation was observed in the position perception task and distributed deactivated regions were observed in all perception tasks, thus warranting a network-level analysis. Dynamic causal modeling analysis incorporating activated and deactivated brain areas during perception tasks indicates that the brain dynamics during visual perception and actions could be interpreted within the framework of predictive coding. Effectively, the network-level findings point toward the existence of more intricate context-driven functional networks selective of “what” and “where” information rather than segregated streams of processing along ventral and dorsal brain regions.
Tracking Syntactic Conflict between Languages over the Course of L2 Acquisition: A Cross-sectional Event-related Potential Study
Authors: Mickan Anne , Lemhöfer Kristin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
One challenge of learning a foreign language (L2) in adulthood is the mastery of syntactic structures that are implemented differently in L2 and one's native language (L1). Here, we asked how L2 speakers learn to process syntactic constructions that are in direct conflict between L1 and L2, in comparison to structures without such a conflict. To do so, we measured EEG during sentence reading in three groups of German learners of Dutch with different degrees of L2 experience (from 3 to more than 18 months of L2 immersion) as well as a control group of Dutch native speakers. They read grammatical and ungrammatical Dutch sentences that, in the conflict condition, contained a structure with opposing word orders in Dutch and German (sentence-final double infinitives) and, in the no-conflict condition, a structure for which word order is identical in Dutch and German (subordinate clause inversion). Results showed, first, that beginning learners showed N400-like signatures instead of the expected P600 for both types of violations, suggesting that, in the very early stages of learning, different neurocognitive processes are employed compared with native speakers, regardless of L1–L2 similarity. In contrast, both advanced and intermediate learners already showed native-like P600 signatures for the no-conflict sentences. However, their P600 signatures were significantly delayed in processing the conflicting structure, even though behavioral performance was on a native level for both these groups and structures. These findings suggest that L1–L2 word order conflicts clearly remain an obstacle to native-like processing, even for advanced L2 learners.
Neural Signatures of Learning Novel Object–Scene Associations
Authors: Smith Cybelle M. , Federmeier Kara D. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objects are perceived within rich visual contexts, and statistical associations may be exploited to facilitate their rapid recognition. Recent work using natural scene–object associations suggests that scenes can prime the visual form of associated objects, but it remains unknown whether this relies on an extended learning process. We asked participants to learn categorically structured associations between novel objects and scenes in a paired associate memory task while ERPs were recorded. In the test phase, scenes were first presented (2500 msec), followed by objects that matched or mismatched the scene; degree of contextual mismatch was manipulated along visual and categorical dimensions. Matching objects elicited a reduced N300 response, suggesting visuostructural priming based on recently formed associations. Amplitude of an extended positivity (onset ∼200 msec) was sensitive to visual distance between the presented object and the contextually associated target object, most likely indexing visual template matching. Results suggest recent associative memories may be rapidly recruited to facilitate object recognition in a top–down fashion, with clinical implications for populations with impairments in hippocampal-dependent memory and executive function.
The Sky in an Ant’s Egg: Ġhālib’s Structural Poetics
Authors: Pritchett Frances W. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Some of the most important structural patterns and devices used in individual ghazal verses by the famous poet Mirza Asadullah Khan ‘Ghalib’ are identified and analyzed; their literary effectiveness is illustrated with examples and discussion. In particular, the paper considers two such patterns. One set of verses have a ‘twist’ to them, such that the reader (or, ideally, hearer) is first misled or confused, then at the last possible moment is suddenly and almost explosively enlightened. Another set of verses create an inherently unresolvable ‘tangle’ of several possible meanings which cannot be either affirmed or rejected on any non-arbitrary grounds. The context-free independence of such small ghazal verses, together with their division into two formally distinct and performatively separated lines, makes for unusual poetic constraints and opportunities. The author has prepared an extensive commentarial website on the poetry of Ghalib and Mir.
Interview with Ali Sardar Jafri
Authors: Coppola Carlo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Ali Sardar Jafri (1913-2000) was an influential Urdu poet and critic, as well as a leading figure in the taraqqī pasand taḥrīk (Progressive Writers’ Movement), which espouses Marxist literary sensibilities. Carlo Coppola, a pioneer in the study of modern Urdu literature, spoke to Jafri in 1968 about the historical, ideological, and aesthetic orientations of the Progressives.
Virtual communities as breathing spaces for minority languages: Re-framing minority language use in social media
Authors: Belmar Guillem , Glass Maggie 
Published: January 2020

Virtual communities as breathing spaces for minority languages: Re-framing minority language use in social mediaConsidering that social media is increasingly present in our daily communicative exchanges, digital presence is an essential component of language revitalization and maintenance. Online communication has modified our language use in various ways. In fact, language use online is often described as hybrid, and boundaries across languages tend to blur. These are also characteristics of translanguaging approaches, which see language as fluid codes of communication. “Breathing spaces” are needed in order to achieve “sustainable translanguaging” practices for minority languages. The establishment of communities of performing minority language speakers in a digital environment raises the question whether these emerging virtual communities can take up the role of breathing spaces for minority languages. Społeczności wirtualne jako przestrzeń życiowa dla języków mniejszościowych. Nowe spojrzenie na używanie języków mniejszościowych w mediach społecznościowychPonieważ media społecznościowe są coraz bardziej obecne w codziennej komunikacji, obecność języków mniejszościowych w świecie cyfrowym jest niezbędnym elementem dla ich zachowania i rewitalizacji. Komunikacja online przyniosła zmiany wielu aspektów użycia języka. Używanie języka w Internecie często określa się jako hybrydowe, a granice między językami często się zacierają. Te zjawiska cechuje również transjęzyczność (translanguaging), podejście które postrzega język jako płynne kody komunikacji. W przypadku języków mniejszościowych, osiągnięcie „zrównoważonej transjęzyczności” (sustainable translanguaging) wymaga „przestrzeni życiowej” do ich używania. Tworzenie wirtualnych społeczności posługujących się językami mniejszościowymi w świecie cyfrowym rodzi pytanie, czy mogąone pełnić rolę takiej przestrzeni.
Ponašymu – mieszany kod językowy czeskiego Śląska Cieszyńskiego
Authors: Czaiński Kamil 
Published: January 2020

Ponašymu – the mixed language code of Těšín SilesiaThis article describes the development of the linguistic situation in the border region of Těšín Silesia throughout its history, with particular emphasis on the so-called ponašymu – a mixed language code used in the Czech part of the region. It is based on a random combination of forms of the traditional Těšín dialect with the standard Czech language and, to a lesser extent, elements borrowed from the Polish and Slovak languages and from neighbouring Moravian dialects. An important element of the study is the analysis of selected material collected by the author during fieldwork in August 2018. Ponašymu – mieszany kod językowy czeskiego Śląska CieszyńskiegoArtykuł opisuje rozwój sytuacji językowej w pogranicznym regionie Śląska Cieszyńskiego na przestrzeni dziejów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tzw. ponašymu – mieszanego kodu językowego używanego w czeskiej części regionu. Oparty jest on na dowolnym łączeniu form tradycyjnego śląskiego dialektu cieszyńskiego ze standardowym językiem czeskim i w mniejszym stopniu elementami zapożyczonymi z języka polskiego, słowackiego i sąsiednich gwar morawskich. Ważnym elementem pracy jest analiza wybranych materiałów zebranych przeze mnie w trakcie badań terenowych w sierpniu 2018 r.
Narratives of ethnic identity and language among young Pannonian Ruthenians in Serbia
Authors: Sakač Marina 
Published: January 2020

Narratives of ethnic identity and language among young Pannonian Ruthenians in SerbiaThis article offers a study of narratives of ethnic identity among young Ruthenians in Serbia. The analysed data comes from in-depth interviews and questionnaires conducted in 2016 with nine informants studying at the University of Novi Sad. The narrative approach has proven to be most suitable, especially when trying to understand the individual perspective of one’s ethnic and linguistic identity. In order to understand Ruthenians as an ethnic minority in Serbia, the study also provides a brief overview of the historical context, including information on Ruthenian migration from Transcarpathia to Vojvodina in the eighteenth century, their strategic positioning towards the nation states they have lived in, their Greek-Catholic denomination as a factor distinguishing them from other ethnic communities, as well as the intersubjective understanding of their ethnic identity. Vojvodina, the northern region of Serbia, where they live, is a multicultural and multi-confessional province, which has proven to be both an opportunity and a challenge for this community. The historical overview also presents how they have obtained their minority rights since their migration to the region. Narracje tożsamości etnicznej i języka wśród młodych Rusinów Panońskich w SerbiiNiniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest narracjom tożsamości etnicznej wśród młodych Rusinów w Serbii. Analizowane dane pochodzą z wywiadów pogłębionych i badań kwestionariuszowych przeprowadzonych w roku 2016 wśród dziewięciorga rozmówców studiujących na Uniwersytecie w Nowym Sadzie. Podejście narracyjne zostało wybrane jako najwygodniejsze do zbadania osobistych spojrzeń na własną tożsamość etniczną i językową. Aby pomóc w zrozumieniu położenia Rusinów jako mniejszości etnicznej w Serbii, praca przedstawia również w zwięzły sposób kontekst historyczny, w tym informacje o migracji Rusinów z Zakarpacia do Wojwodiny w XVIII wieku, strategie ich funkcjonowania w państwach narodowych, na obszarze których zamieszkiwali, grekokatolicką identyfikację religijną, stanowiącą czynnik odróżniający ich od innych miejscowych społeczności, oraz indywidualne sposoby rozumienia tożsamości etnicznej. Położona w północnej Serbii Wojwodina to region wielokulturowy i wielowyznaniowy, co przynosi rusińskiej wspólnocie zarówno trudności, jak i korzyści. Zawarte w artykule spojrzenie na historię ukazuje ponadto proces zdobywania praw mniejszości przez Rusinów po ich migracji do obecnego miejsca zamieszkania.
L’emploi de l’archimétaphore en tant qu’outil évaluatif de persuasion dans le genre du commentaire journalistique
Authors: Topa-Bryniarska Dominika 
Published: January 2020

The use of archimetaphor as an evaluative device of persuasion in the genre of journalistic commentaryThe present study explores the cognitive use of archimetaphor belonging to the evaluative devices of persuasion in emotional argumentation. The corpus consists of forty editorials taken from the Internet French newspapers and magazines. The subject matter of the gathered texts includes two thematic groups of reforms concerning the higher education system and the special retirement plan for public sector employees. Thanks to the archimetaphor the addresser may highlight or hide chosen aspects of the described problem in order to activate vital values concerning our life and existence. Therefore, the concept of “conflict” described in the analysed textes is conceptualised by means of four natural forces (elements) such as fire, air (wind), water and earth (soil) which leads both to the mechanism of naturalisation and axiological polarisation of the presented reality. The mechanism itself stems from two opposing relations: identification and differentiation, allowing the grouping of presented facts to the class of US (protagonists) and THEM (antagonists). In consequence, such axiological persuasion aims at influencing the addressees’ will and decisions and allows for nearly absolute acceptance of the opinions presented by the addresser. Użycie archimetafory jako perswazyjnego środka wartościującego w dziennikarskim gatunku komentarzaCelem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza kognitywnego użycia archimetafory, należącej do perswazyjnych środków służących wartościowaniu w argumentacji emocjonalnej. Korpus składa się z czterdziestu artykułów wstępnych zaczerpniętych ze stron internetowych francuskich magazynów i czasopism. Problematyka zebranych tekstów dotyczy dwóch tematycznych grup opisujących reformę szkolnictwa wyższego oraz specjalnego systemu emerytalnego dla pracowników sektora publicznego. Dzięki archimetaforyzacji nadawca może odpowiednio uwypuklić lub ukryć wybrane aspekty opisywanego zagadnienia w celu aktywowania wartości witalnych związanych z naszym życiem i egzystencją. To właśnie dlatego konceptualizacja pojęcia „konfliktu” poruszanego w analizowanym materiale odnosi się do czterech sił natury (żywiołów), takich jak: ogień, powietrze (wiatr), woda i ziemia (gleba), co z kolei prowadzi do naturalizowania i aksjologicznej polaryzacji opisywanej rzeczywistości. Mechanizm ów opiera się na dwóch typach relacji: identyfikacji i dyferencjacji (odmienności), pozwalających na pogrupowanie prezentowanych faktów do klasy MY (protagoniści) i ONI (antagoniści). Taka aksjologiczna perswazja ma za zadanie wpływać na wolę i decyzje odbiorcy, co skutkuje niemal bezwarunkową akceptacją prezentowanych przez nadawcę poglądów.