bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Sensorimotor Processes in Pain Empathy
Authors: Riečanský Igor , Lamm Claus 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pain is a salient, aversive sensation which motivates avoidance, but also has a strong social signaling function. Numerous studies have shown that regions of the nervous system active in association with first-hand pain are also active in response to the pain of others. When witnessing somatic pain, such as seeing bodies in painful situations, significant activations occur not only in areas related to the processing of negative emotions, but also in neuronal structures engaged in somatosensation and the control of skeletal muscles. These empathy-related sensorimotor activations are selectively reviewed in this article, with a focus on studies using electrophysiological methods and paradigms investigating responses to somatic pain. Convergent evidence from these studies shows that these activations (1) occur at multiple levels of the nervous system, from the spinal cord up to the cerebral cortex, (2) are best conceptualized as activations of a defensive system, in line with the role of pain to protect body from injury, and (3) contribute to establishing a matching of psychological states between the sufferer and the observer, which ultimately supports empathic understanding and motivate prosocial action. Future research should thus focus on how these sensorimotor responses are related to higher-order empathic responses, including affective sharing and emotion regulation, and how this motivates approach-related prosocial behaviors aimed at alleviating the pain and suffering of others.
Isolation of nucleic acids using silicon dioxide powder as a tool for environmental monitoring
Authors: Urbaniak Jacek , Janowski Daniel , Jacewski Brayan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Isolation and purification of nucleic acids are basic laboratory procedures used in molecular analysis supporting determination of organisms in environmental monitoring. However, many different methods of isolation are commonly used, often being designed for a particular type of DNA extraction. While researchers commonly decide on commercial isolation kits for their ease of use and efficiency, they require large amounts of studied tissue, and the cost of purchasing such kits over a long run can be high. To provide an alternative to using commercial kits, we have developed a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and reliable protocol for DNA isolation from cultured fungi on slants and from dried fungal samples using silica particles (silicon dioxide powder) in chaotropic conditions. With the presented method, it is possible to isolate good-quality DNA from fungi in less than 1.5 h, using easily accessible chemicals. Compared with other methods employing CTAB or commercial kits, it allows fast, easy, and cheap DNA purification from two main sources of fungi routinely used for research. In addition to the method protocol, we also provide advice for further optimization of the isolation process to account for specific conditions, making the procedure more useful.
Detecting tropical defects of polynomial equations
Authors: Görlach Paul , Ren Yue , Sommars Jeff 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe introduce the notion of tropical defects, certificates that a system of polynomial equations is not a tropical basis, and provide two algorithms for finding them in affine spaces of complementary dimension to the zero set. We use these techniques to solve open problems regarding del Pezzo surfaces of degree 3 and realizability of valuated gaussoids on 4 elements.
Inaction and public policy: understanding why policymakers ‘do nothing’
Authors: McConnell Allan , ’t Hart Paul 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn recent decades, the policy sciences have struggled to come to terms with the significance of inaction in public policy. Inaction refers to instances when policymakers ‘do nothing’ about societal issues. This article aims to put the study of inaction on a new footing. It presents a five-part typology of forms of inaction before focusing on detail on core drivers of inaction found at four policy-making loci: individuals (coping behaviour), public organisations (information pathologies), governments (agenda control and protection) and networks (non-coordination and lack of feasibility). Acknowledging the conceptual and methodological challenges of researching inaction, it concludes by identifying strategies for putting ‘doing nothing’ (back) on the research agenda of the policy sciences.
Mercury Concentration in Technosols and Alder Tissue from a Plantation on a Combustion Waste Disposal Site
Authors: Woś Bartłomiej , Sroka Katarzyna , Józefowska Agnieszka , Pietrzykowski Marcin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Combustion of fossil fuels including coal is one of the sources of mercury pollution. Combustion waste from fly ash disposal sites poses a problem for the environment and constitutes a potential source of Hg, thus phytostabilisation is a crucial goal in the mitigation of fossil fuel impact. The paper presents mercury (Hg) concentration in technosols from combustion waste and in individual biomass components (fine roots, bark, stem wood and leaves) of alder species (black, gray and green alder) introduced as part of a long-term experiment to develop a method of phytostabilisation and afforestation of a lignite combustion disposal site. Mercury content in the combustion waste was elevated compared to the data for natural soils from uncontaminated forest areas, however, it did not exceed the amounts considered to be toxic. Hg content in technosols was related to clay and silt fraction content and phosphorus content. Mercury in the alder biomass accumulated mainly in the underground part, especially in the fine roots and displayed a positive correlation with acid and alkaline phosphatase and sulfur content, with no differences in the accumulation of Hg between the alder species. The obtained results indicate that the fine roots are the frontier of Hg biosorption in developed alder systems on combustion waste disposal sites.
Indications for an early invasive strategy in NSTE-ACS patients
Authors: Zwart B. , ten Berg J. M. , van ’t Hof A. W. , Tonino P. A. L. , Appelman Y. , Liem A. H. , Arslan F. , Waltenberger J. , Jukema J. W. , de Winter R. J. , Damman P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
An early invasive strategy in patients who have acute coronary syndrome without ST-elevation (NSTE-ACS) can improve clinical outcome in high-risk subgroups. According to the current guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), the majority of NSTE-ACS patients are classified as “high-risk”. We propose to prioritise patients with a global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) risk score >140 over patients with isolated troponin rise or electrocardiographic changes and a GRACE risk score <140. We also acknowledge that same-day transfer for all patients at a high risk is not necessary in the Netherlands since the majority of Dutch cardiology departments are equipped with a catheterisation laboratory where diagnostic coronary angiography is routinely performed in NSTE-ACS patients. Therefore, same-day transfer should be restricted to true high-risk patients (in addition to those NSTE-ACS patients with very high-risk (VHR) criteria) in centres without coronary angiography capabilities.
Guidelines: The dos, don’ts and don’t knows of remediation in medical education
Authors: Chou Calvin L. , Kalet Adina , Costa Manuel Joao , Cleland Jennifer , Winston Kalman 
Published: November 2019

Introduction Two developing forces have achieved prominence in medical education: the advent of competency-based assessments and a growing commitment to expand access to medicine for a broader range of learners with a wider array of preparation. Remediation is intended to support all learners to achieve sufficient competence. Therefore, it is timely to provide practical guidelines for remediation in medical education that clarify best practices, practices to avoid, and areas requiring further research, in order to guide work with both individual struggling learners and development of training program policies.
Methods Collectively, we generated an initial list of Do’s, Don’ts, and Don’t Knows for remediation in medical education, which was then iteratively refined through discussions and additional evidence-gathering. The final guidelines were then graded for the strength of the evidence by consensus.
Results We present 26 guidelines: two groupings of Do’s (systems-level interventions and recommendations for individual learners), along with short lists of Don’ts and Don’t Knows, and our interpretation of the strength of current evidence for each guideline.
Conclusions Remediation is a high-stakes, highly complex process involving learners, faculty, systems, and societal factors. Our synthesis resulted in a list of guidelines that summarize the current state of educational theory and empirical evidence that can improve remediation processes at individual and institutional levels. Important unanswered questions remain; ongoing research can further improve remediation practices to ensure the appropriate support for learners, institutions, and society.
Choosing between hotels: impact of bimodal rating summary statistics and maximizing behavioral tendency
Authors: Coba Ludovik , Rook Laurens , Zanker Markus 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRating summary statistics are basic aggregations that reflect users’ assessments of experienced products and services in numerical form. Thus far, scholars primarily investigated textual reviews, but dedicated considerably less time and effort exploring the potential impact of plain rating summary statistics on people’s choice behavior. Notwithstanding their fundamental nature, however, rating summary statistics also are relevant to electronic commerce in general, and to e-tourism in particular. In this work, we attempted to fill this void, by exploring the effects of different types of rating attributes (the mean rating value, the overall number of ratings, and the bimodality of rating distributions) on hotel choice behavior. We also investigated whether individual differences in the cause of people’s maximizing behavioral tendency moderated the effect of rating summary statistics on hotel choice behavior. Results of an eye-tracked conjoint experiment show that people’s high or low on decision difficulty as the cause of maximization determined whether and how rating summary statistics have an impact on the choice between hotels. Implications for the tourism and hospitality domain are addressed.
Blood‐based protein predictors of dementia severity as measured by δ: Replication across biofluids and cohorts
Authors: Royall Donald R. , Bishnoi Ram J. , Palmer Raymond F. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Pavlik Valory , Massman Paul , Darby Eveleen , Rodriguear Monica , Ansari Aisha Khaleeq , DeToledo John C. , Reddy Hemachandra , Wilms Henrick , Johnson Kim , Perez Victoria , Fairchild Thomas , Knebl Janice , O'Bryant Sid E. , Hall James R. , Johnson Leigh , Barber Robert C. , Mains Douglas , Alvarez Lisa , Cullum Munro , Rosenberg Roger , Williams Benjamin , Quiceno Mary , Reisch Joan , Hynan Linda S. , Huebinger Ryan , Smith Janet , Nguyen Trung , Royall Donald , Palmer Raymond , Polk Marsha , Stevens Alan , Ory Marcia , Paydarfar David , Bertelson John , Woon Martin , Ayres Gayle , Aguirre Alyssa , Wilhelmsen Kirk C. , Tilson Jeffrey L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionDementia severity can be empirically described by the latent dementia phenotype “δ” and its various composite “homologs”. We have explored δ's blood‐based protein biomarkers in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC) study. However, it would be convenient to replicate those associations in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). To this end, we recently engineered a δ homolog from observed cognitive performance measures common to both projects (i.e., “dT2A”).MethodsWe used nine rationally chosen peripheral blood‐based protein biomarkers as indicators of a latent variable “INFLAMMATION”. We then associated that construct with dT2A in structural equation models adjusted for age, gender, depressive symptoms, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allelic burden. Significant factor loadings and INFLAMMATION's association with dT2A were confirmed in random splits of TARCC's relatively large sample, and across biofluids in the ADNI.ResultsNine proteins measured in serum (TARCC) or plasma (ADNI) explained ≅10% of dT2A's variance in both samples, independently of age, APOE, education, and gender. All loaded significantly on INFLAMMATION, and positively or negatively, depending on their known roles are PRO‐ or ANTI‐inflammatory proteins, respectively. The parameters of interest were confirmed across random 50% splits of the TARCC's sample, and replicated across biofluids in the ADNI.DiscussionThese results suggest that SEM can be used to replicate biomarker findings across samples and biofluids, and that a substantial fraction of dementia's variance is attributable to peripheral blood‐based protein levels.
“Some Sanity and Love”: The Cold War, Antarctic Treaty, and Fids’ identity, 1957–1958
Authors: Avery Andrew J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn 1942, the British government created the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) to enforce sovereignty over the Antarctic Peninsula. The small groups of men who worked for the Survey called themselves Fids. During the late 1950s when Antarctic sovereignty was being hotly debated and worked out by national governments, Fids serving at British bases criticised the British government’s use of science as a bargaining chip. Using in-house magazines written and printed at FIDS bases and oral histories, this article examines how Fids viewed Antarctic politics and how those events influenced daily life at bases on the Peninsula.
Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Wootton Robyn E. , Richmond Rebecca C. , Stuijfzand Bobby G. , Lawn Rebecca B. , Sallis Hannah M. , Taylor Gemma M. J. , Hemani Gibran , Jones Hannah J. , Zammit Stanley , Davey Smith George , Munafò Marcus R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundSmoking prevalence is higher amongst individuals with schizophrenia and depression compared with the general population. Mendelian randomisation (MR) can examine whether this association is causal using genetic variants identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS).MethodsWe conducted two-sample MR to explore the bi-directional effects of smoking on schizophrenia and depression. For smoking behaviour, we used (1) smoking initiation GWAS from the GSCAN consortium and (2) we conducted our own GWAS of lifetime smoking behaviour (which captures smoking duration, heaviness and cessation) in a sample of 462690 individuals from the UK Biobank. We validated this instrument using positive control outcomes (e.g. lung cancer). For schizophrenia and depression we used GWAS from the PGC consortium.ResultsThere was strong evidence to suggest smoking is a risk factor for both schizophrenia (odds ratio (OR) 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67–3.08, p < 0.001) and depression (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.71–2.32, p < 0.001). Results were consistent across both lifetime smoking and smoking initiation. We found some evidence that genetic liability to depression increases smoking (β = 0.091, 95% CI 0.027–0.155, p = 0.005) but evidence was mixed for schizophrenia (β = 0.022, 95% CI 0.005–0.038, p = 0.009) with very weak evidence for an effect on smoking initiation.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the association between smoking, schizophrenia and depression is due, at least in part, to a causal effect of smoking, providing further evidence for the detrimental consequences of smoking on mental health.
Money or in-kind gift? Evidence from red packets in China
Authors: Hudik Marek , Fang Eddy S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn Western societies, in-kind gifts are generally more common than money gifts. However, exchange of in-kind gifts potentially involves inefficiency. Several models have been suggested to explain the in-kind gift-giving practice as a rational behaviour under certain assumptions about givers’ preferences and information and/or technological constraints. Unlike many Western societies, China has a long tradition of money gift-giving. So-called red packets are commonly exchanged. We argue that models developed to rationalise Western norms of gift-giving cannot fully account for Chinese gift-giving practices, and some Chinese practices even contradict existing theories. We collect Chinese household data through two surveys to establish stylised facts about gift-giving. We find that money gifts are commonly appropriate, depending on the occasion and relationship between givers and receivers. Moreover, for every occasion and relationship, money is more appropriate than gift vouchers. Finally, unlike studies focusing on Western gift-giving, our study finds no evidence that givers need to compensate receivers with higher value when giving money gifts rather than in-kind gifts. Our results are consistent with the view that the acceptability of moneyvis-à-visin-kind gifts is governed primarily by social convention rather than information and technological constraints or the specific preferences of givers.
Investigations of Aerobic Methane Oxidation in Two Marine Seep Environments: Part 2—Isotopic Kinetics
Authors: Chan E. W. , Shiller A. M. , Joung D. J. , Arrington E. C. , Valentine D. L. , Redmond M. C. , Breier J. A. , Socolofsky S. A. , Kessler J. D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDuring aerobic oxidation of methane (CH4) in seawater, a process which mitigates atmospheric emissions, the 12C‐isotopologue reacts with a slightly greater rate constant than the 13C‐isotopologue, leaving the residual CH4 isotopically fractionated. Prior studies have attempted to exploit this systematic isotopic fractionation from methane oxidation to quantify the extent that a CH4 pool has been oxidized in seawater. However, cultivation‐based studies have suggested that isotopic fractionation fundamentally changes as a microbial population blooms in response to an influx of reactive substrates. Using a systematic mesocosm incubation study with recently collected seawater, here we investigate the fundamental isotopic kinetics of aerobic CH4 oxidation during a microbial bloom. As detailed in a companion paper, seawater samples were collected from seep fields in Hudson Canyon, U.S. Atlantic Margin, and atop Woolsey Mound (also known as Sleeping Dragon) which is part of lease block MC118 in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and used in these investigations. The results from both Hudson Canyon and MC118 show that in these natural environments isotopic fraction for CH4 oxidation follows a first‐order kinetic process. The results also show that the isotopic fractionation factor remains constant during this methanotrophic bloom once rapid CH4 oxidation begins and that the magnitude of the fractionation factor appears correlated with the first‐order reaction rate constant. These findings greatly simplify the use of natural stable isotope changes in CH4 to assess the extent that CH4 is oxidized in seawater following seafloor release.
Identifying and Quantifying the Impacts of Advected North African Dust on the Concentration and Composition of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter in Houston and Galveston, Texas
Authors: Bozlaker Ayse , Prospero Joseph M. , Price Jim , Chellam Shankararaman 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEvery summer, large‐scale dust plumes emerge from the west coast of North Africa, cross the Atlantic, enter the Caribbean Basin, and on occasion pass over the southern United States. We show that such dust events significantly increase the concentration and alter the chemical composition of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in southern Texas. Between 1 August and 13 September 2014, PM2.5 was sampled daily at Clinton Drive, an industrial location in Houston, and at Galveston located on the Gulf of Mexico coast that is not directly/significantly impacted by local and regional pollution sources. Between 17–25 August, average PM2.5 concentrations nearly doubled when a large dust‐laden African air mass moved through the region. Using ground‐based measurements, satellite observations, and modeling tools, we demonstrate that this massive influx of mineral dust greatly reduced the relative abundance of pollutants in Houston where aerosols are otherwise dominated by local and regional emissions. Chemical mass balance modeling estimated that African dust contributed 19–48% of PM2.5 during the 9‐day dust episode. Moreover, African dust was present throughout the measurement period even on days outside the main dust event contributing an estimated ~8% of PM2.5 which suggests that it may be a normal summertime component in this region. These measurements agree closely with inferences of “fine dust” based on a generic soil composition in the IMPROVE (National Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) network. Our detailed protocol supports the conclusion that African dust affects a wide region of the South, Southeast, and East Coast United States.
Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Preliminary Breakdown Pulses in Intracloud Lightning Flashes
Authors: Shi Dongdong , Wang Daohong , Wu Ting , Takagi Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe have studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of preliminary breakdown (PB) pulses in 32 normal intracloud flashes recorded by a fast antenna lightning mapping array system called Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array. It was found that PB processes started with a stage of preliminary isolated pulses (PIPs) and followed by classic PB pulse (PBP) clusters. A typical PIP stage consists of two or three PIPs and on average lasts about 129 μs. A typical PBP cluster consists of several narrow pulses (NPs) and one classic PBP and on average lasts about 193 μs. During one PIP stage, the pulses occurring later usually have a lower altitude, indicating a kind of backward extension relative to the overall upward progression of PB process. On average, the horizontal and vertical extensions involved in a PIP stage are 60 and 216 m, respectively. In each PBP cluster, PBP is always located at the lowest height and behind its preceding NPs, while these NP locations could have various patterns in term of extension. On average, the overall horizontal and vertical extensions involved in a typical PBP cluster are 161 and 515 m, respectively. For both the PIP stage and PBP cluster, their vertical extensions are apparently longer than their horizontal extensions, reflecting a predominantly vertical channel of PB process. Based on the temporal and spatial characteristics of PB pulses, we have proposed a model to interpret how the PIPs, NPs, and PBPs are produced.