bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It’s the Thought That Counts
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the primacy of ideas in dominant ethical theories, focusing on several influential religious and secular traditions: Lutheran Christianity, including its roots in the thought of both Paul and Augustine, and Kantian philosophy. Despite their differences, these models agree that the agent’s intentions are the key to moral evaluation; what makes a decision morally good or bad is in the actor’s head. Augustine and Luther, following Paul, frame this in terms of faith, will, and love, while Kantians emphasize decision-making processes, which must be completed prior to any actions. As a result of the priority placed on attitudes and intentions, all these models marginalize practice. This chapter, as throughout the book, compares religious and secular approaches, showing how they influence each other, historically and currently, and how neither alone can fully account for either academic or popular thinking about ethics.
Virtue, Catholic, and Feminist Ethics
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The theories highlighted in this chapter—virtue ethics, feminist ethics, Roman Catholic social thought, and liberation theology—are driven by substantive, normative claims about the good and ways to achieve it. They also all share a social view of human nature and a conviction that ethics is integrated with other parts of life, not an isolated sphere of decision-making. The chapter begins with virtue ethics, including its Aristotelian roots and several contemporary interpreters. It then turns to feminist care ethics, which makes emotions, relationships, and practices crucial to defining the good. Finally, the chapter looks at Catholic ethics, including liberation theology, which insists that in their practices, people may share in the divine process of creation and perhaps even help build the reign of God. In different ways, these models all challenge the idealist, rationalist, and individualist emphases of mainstream ethics.
Euthanasia, Human and Other
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to one of the most important and controversial issues in medical ethics: euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The intensely personal scale of mercy killing makes it possible to consider practice in a very concrete way, including activities that shape the situations of very ill people and their relations with a variety of other moral agents, from family members and physicians to policymakers. The chapter explores not only human euthanasia and PAS but also killings of nonhuman animals, including both the euthanasia of beloved pets and the killing of homeless dogs and cats in shelters. This comparison highlights the difference that relationships make in ethical arguments. It also reveals how much species runs through ethical argumentation, in the form of unquestioned assumptions about what makes a life valuable.
Introduction
Authors: Beehner Lionel , Maurer Daniel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The introduction launches the arguments presented and outlines the intentions of the chapters in this book. The chapters ask a number of questions about the study and practice of contemporary American civil-military relations. First, they examine the military’s role in civil-military relations, focusing specifically on prevailing norms of professionalism and those that limit the military’s political activity. Second, the chapters explore the civilian side of the civil-military equation. Third, they investigate the relationship between society and the military, examining societal attitudes toward the military by focusing on how trends in partisanship and polarization are challenging civil-military relations. The fourth and final theme of this volume examines similar challenges in civil-military relations arising from the changing character of war and armed conflict.
Civil-Military Relations Norms and Democracy
Authors: Ulrich Marybeth P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
American civil-military relations are rooted in constitutional foundations that distribute and check political power, such as civilian control over the military. Preserving American democracy requires adherence to these foundational democratic principles. This chapter argues that American policymakers, the military, and civilian society lack a shared understanding of the democratic norms that underpin US civil-military relations. Furthermore, poor understanding of democratic norms in general, and of civil-military relations norms in particular, puts American democracy at risk. Consequently, a review of the constitutional foundations of American civil-military relations and an assessment of the normative state of such relations is in order. This chapter defines civil-military relations; reviews the constitutional origins of American civil-military relations; presents the essential civil-military norms for democratic states; and highlights the responsibilities of political leaders, military actors, and civilian society to uphold them. Such a review contributes to improving the shared understanding of democratic civil-military relations norms that is essential to their preservation.
Dissents and Sensibility
Authors: Robinson Michael A. , Cohn Lindsay P. , Margulies Max Z. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The architecture of objective control has informed a great deal of the development of civil-military norms and the professional education of military officer corps, particularly in the democratic West. But while this idealized vision of civil-military relations has been influential, it is incomplete in its accounting of the moral, ethical, legal, and political structures surrounding the military service member. In practical terms, it is not a simple task to divide problems into purely military and purely political aspects, nor is it easy to determine how to reconcile conflicting imperatives. This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive typology of the various loyalty structures within which military personnel are located and the various ways in which these structures can conflict. It discusses how democratic theory and classical principal-agent models may prescribe different outcomes for such conflicts and provide a granular understanding of the sources of civil-military friction.
Civilian Oversight inside the Pentagon
Authors: Karlin Mara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The epicenter of steady civilian oversight of the military is inside the Pentagon, yet the literature on civil-military relations surprisingly gives it little attention. This chapter focuses on civilian oversight inside the halls of the Pentagon by examining the key role played by the secretary of defense—the day-to-day “overseer in chief”—and by extension, his or her staff: the Office of the Secretary of Defense, particularly the policy arm. The chapter argues that the most crucial issues demanding oversight are force management, force employment, and force development, not publicly prominent but regionally focused issues. This chapter outlines three key dynamics essential to effective civilian oversight: capable civilians, consistent dialogue, and an atmosphere of trust and transparency.
Militarized Ministries of Defense?
Authors: White Peter B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
General (Ret.) James Mattis’s tenure as secretary of defense represents a rarity in US history, in that at only one other time has the United States had a retired general in that post. This chapter places Mattis’s tenure in a comparative context. It leverages new data on comparative ministries of defense to examine patterns in the military background of ministers of defense (MoD) across a range of countries from 1964 to 2008. The analysis shows that, while not unprecedented, having a retired or active-duty military officer as MoD is relatively rare among democracies. The chapter concludes by examining the implications of another retired general or flag officer being appointed as secretary. The chapter argues that while a shift toward retired military officers as secretaries of defense would not necessarily increase the conflict propensity of the United States, it could harm the defense policymaking process. The effect would likely depend on whether a future secretary’s tenure saw the continued marginalization of civilian voices in policymaking in the Pentagon and White House.
Confidence without Sacrifice
Authors: Burbach David T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The American public expresses more confidence and trust in the US military than in any civil or private-sector institution. Such esteem for the military is notable given that the public also believes recent US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were failures. Confidence may emerge from the military’s professionalism rather than delivery of battlefield results and may also reflect positive sentiments based on social expectations and “cheap” patriotism. The public’s willingness to fund, join, or grant autonomy to the military is more circumscribed than high trust would suggest; the public may be “confident” but is willing to overrule generals and admirals when values are in conflict. Confidence may increasingly reflect political support: both a growing affinity between the military and the Republican Party and a tendency (again, stronger for Republicans) to express more confidence when the president is of one’s own party. Disturbingly, trends in public opinion as well as recent behavior of politicians and retired military leaders all suggest growing politicization, with possible ramifications for weakening civilian control, ultimately causing a loss of the public’s trust.
Crisis in the Civil-Military Triangle?
Authors: Rapp William E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Despite the high regard for the US military by the American public, a number of tensions continue to grow in civil-military relations in the United States. These are exacerbated by a lack of clarity, and thus productive debate, in the various relationships inherent in civil and military interaction. By trisecting civil military relations into the relations between the people and the military, the military and the government, and the people and the government on military issues, this chapter examines the potential for crisis in coming years. Doing so allows for greater theoretical and popular understanding and thus action in addressing the tensions, for there is cause for concern and action in each of the legs of this interconnected triangle.
Light Footprint, Low Profile, Low Information
Authors: Friend Alice Hunt 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the following questions: How do operations conducted “below the threshold” of major war affect U S civil-military relations? Conversely, how does the state of civil-military relations inform the public’s perceptions of these kinds of military engagements? In recent years the U S armed forces, especially ground forces and special operators, have spent the balance of their deployments conducting so-called low-intensity conflict or irregular warfare. This chapter examines the existing scholarship on the relationships between U S civil-military relations and Americans’ perceptions of modern military operations. It then refers to responses to the October 2017 ambush in Niger to generate insights and hypotheses about the interactions between the state of civil-military relations and public perceptions of light- footprint and (previously) low- profile operations.
The Civil-Military Implications of Emerging Technology
Authors: Brooks Risa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that adaptation of emerging technology—artificial intelligence (AI), among other forms—will introduce new stresses and tensions in civil-military relations across a variety of domains and contexts. Specifically, the analysis highlights four areas of potential stress. The first area is the organizational implications of technological change and innovation for military institutions and civilian actors. The second is the opportunities and obstacles emerging technology poses for civilian oversight of the military. A third area includes how the introduction of technology in advisory processes at the senior level may affect tensions in strategic assessment and the provision of military advice in those processes. A final issue is the evolving character of the profession of arms and the diminution of the military’s exclusive domain of expertise relative to civilian actors.
Introduction
Authors: George Doran 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Introduction provides an overview of the theoretical approach taken in the book, namely to consider movement in general and training regimens for dancers in particular as forms of cultural production that disseminate both an aesthetics and a politics. It discusses methodologies, including ethnographic and choreographic analysis, oral history, and critical contemplation of the author’s own extensive experience with Somatics regimens. The author argues, in part based on their personal experience, that through the invocation of metaphors such as the “natural body,” Somatics had the effect of both excluding and repressing some aspects of identity while liberating others.
Renewable Originality
Authors: George Doran 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the development of Somatics training from its early twentieth-century pioneers through to its contemporary use globally as a system for training dancers. Throughout it pays special attention to the ways that Somatics pedagogy made the case for its efficacy through appeal to the natural body. Pioneering teachers developed Somatics by studying the musculoskeletal functioning of the body, and they argued that this structure was universal, lying beneath any cultural and social influences. At the same time, they incorporated references to mystical Eastern practices and primitive peoples, and in so doing established the Somatics body as white and heterosexual. The chapter considers how Somatics opened dance training to many new bodies and how it excluded other bodies. It also exposes the way that Somatics continually reinvented itself through appeal to a universal naturalness.
Contradictory Dissidence
Authors: George Doran 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the dissemination of Somatics pedagogy globally, focusing on five key sites where it developed: New York City, New England, England, the Netherlands, and Australia. Each site developed Somatics in different ways, adapting it to fit the aesthetics and politics of the locale. At the same time, teachers and performers frequently traveled from one site to another, thereby maintaining a network of distinctive yet mutually reinforcing hubs of practice. The chapter shows how Somatics met different kinds of needs for dancers in the distinct locales as they worked to establish experimental approaches to technique and performance and to connect with their sociopolitical surround. Even as Somatics was adapted differently in each location, it also carried with it an ideology of American expansionism that validated freedom and individuality.
Somatics Bodies on the Concert Stage
Authors: George Doran 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between Somatics training and the concert stage where its influence on dancers was increasingly evident. Focusing on New York City specifically, the chapter identifies three phases where Somatics impacted performance differently: first, as signaling the dancer’s real-time efforts to construct the dance in performance; second, as providing novel sources of movement; and third, as displaying a new standard of virtuosity. The chapter shows how in each of these phases the relationship of the choreographer to the performer shifted. In the first phase the choreographer and dancer were one and the same, processing the dance in real time, and this was seen as a radical alternative to midcentury modernist approaches in which the dancers showcased the choreographer’s vision. In the second phase, dancers deployed Somatics to demonstrate new vocabularies of movement and new ways of moving, not so much as a way to focus on dance making as to establish their unique artistic voices. In the third phase, the role of the choreographer was restored as the author of the dance, separate from the dancers, who then displayed the choreographer’s vision.
Introduction
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In a 1981 Executive Order, President Ronald Reagan placed cost-benefit analysis at the heart of the US regulatory system. In the following decades, many progressives opposed cost-benefit analysis, arguing that it was a tool to undermine protections for consumers, public health, and the environment. Notwithstanding this resistance within their own party, Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama embraced cost-benefit analysis and showed how the technique could be used while implementing a protection-oriented regulatory agenda. As Democratic constituencies became more comfortable with cost-benefit analysis, conservatives and industry trade associations became more skeptical. This trend ultimately culminated in the Trump administration’s rejection of expertise, analysis, and evidence and its open manipulation of cost-benefit analysis to obscure the true effects of an overzealous deregulatory agenda that is often at odds with the public interest.
The Illusion of Costs without Benefits
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The core of the Trump administration’s regulatory agenda is to focus on the costs of regulations while ignoring, trivializing, and mischaracterizing their benefits. The administration has made significant regulatory efforts to delay or repeal important initiatives of the Obama administration designed to protect public health and the environment. In some of these proceedings, the Trump administration has altogether ignored the benefits of the rules it seeks to eliminate or suspend, instead focusing solely on cost savings to regulated industry. For example, Trump’s Executive Order 13,771 directs agencies to control costs and eliminate two regulations for every new one. This one-sided approach makes a mockery of cost-benefit analysis. Saving regulatory costs is attractive only if the benefits forgone as a result of these savings are lower than those costs. A rule that reduces compliance costs by giving up an even larger set of social benefits is hardly an attractive proposition.
Resurrecting Discredited Models
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Trump administration is pushing an argument that is at odds with the scientific consensus, claiming that prevalent air pollutants have thresholds below which they produce no adverse health effects. In doing so, the administration can hide an important portion of the health benefits of regulation. A major focus of this effort is particulate matter, which poses extraordinarily serious threats to public health. The administration is engaged in this effort with the support of industry advocates, who have discredited themselves repeatedly over more than half a century by attacking the scientific consensus behind government regulation of tobacco, acid rain, and other threats to health and the environment. In contrast, the administration’s efforts are opposed by the leadership of the scientific community and by the EPA’s own science advisors.
Trivializing Climate Change
Authors: Livermore Michael A. , Revesz Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Trump administration has, at every turn, taken actions to reverse the climate progress achieved during the Obama administration, moving to repeal or significantly roll back three significant rules to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from existing power plants, passenger cars and light trucks, and oil and gas installations. To mask the true effects of its policies, the Trump administration has targeted the social cost of carbon, which quantifies the harm caused by a ton of carbon dioxide emissions. It has used two principal techniques, unsupported by economic theory, to reduce the estimate of the damages of greenhouse emissions by a factor of about 10.
The Invention of Martial Arts
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Invention of Martial Arts examines the media history of what we now call ‘martial arts’ and argues that martial arts is a cultural construction that was born in film, TV, and other media. It argues that ‘martial arts’ exploded into popular consciousness entirely thanks to the work of media. Of course, the book does not deny the existence of real, material histories and non-media dimensions in martial arts practices. But it thoroughly recasts the status of such histories, combining recent myth-busting findings in historical martial arts research with important insights into the discontinuous character of history, the widespread ‘invention of tradition’, the orientalism and imagined geographies that animate many ideas about history, and the frequent manipulation of history for reasons of status, cultural capital, private or public power, politics, and/or financial gain. In doing so, the book argues for the primacy of media representation as key player in the emergence and spread of martial arts, and overturns the dominant belief that ‘real practices’ are primary while representations are secondary. The book makes its case via historical analysis of the British media history of such Eastern and Western martial arts as Bartitsu, jujutsu, judo, karate, taiji, and mixed martial arts (MMA) across a range of media, from newspapers, comics, and books to cartoons, films, and TV series, as well as television adverts and music videos, focusing on often overlooked texts such as adverts for ‘Hai Karate’, the 1970s hit ‘Kung Fu Fighting’, and other mainstream and marginal media texts.
Conceptual Foundations
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 starts by interrogating the Oxford English Dictionary’s treatment of the term ‘martial arts’ as a way to broach the book’s concerns. Today, the idea that the term ‘martial arts’ is associated with practices that are ‘mainly of East Asian origin’ is contentious. But this chapter sets out how and why these connotations emerged. It goes on to deepen the case for the relationship between history and analysis within this work, to set out the core argument about the cultural power of media representation, and to lay out the ways in which its ensuing chapters will support the argument that ‘martial arts’ is a recently invented, variegated, and variable ‘discursive entity’.
Modernity, Media, and Martial Arts
Authors: Bowman Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2, ‘Modernity, Media, and Martial Arts: From Beginning at the Origin to the Origin of the Beginning’ poses the question of when and where the analysis of the discursive entity ‘martial arts’ should begin. In exploring this, the chapter notes the prominence of origin stories in traditionalist martial arts, and interrogates their roles and functions. This leads to a discussion of what Rey Chow called ‘primitive passions’ in a deracinated, postmodern, and postcolonial world. All of this prompts a critique of a current popular and academic orientation that the chapter diagnoses as a widespread fixation, which it calls the ‘origin destination’. It concludes by setting out and reflecting on key issues in the immediate pre-history of martial arts, via a discussion of moral panics stimulating self-defence discourses through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.