bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning How to Hope
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Democracy is struggling in America. Citizens increasingly feel cynical about our system and doubt they can influence public policy. Distrustful of other Americans and elected officials, some are even turning to authoritarian alternatives. Hyperpartisanship and recent contentious presidential elections have deepened political despair. While some citizens get swept up in optimism during campaign cycles, they often later find themselves frustrated with elected leaders as they wait for change. This book seeks to revive democracy by teaching citizens how to hope. Hope animates life in a democracy, moving citizens forward through new challenges, new ideas, and new experiments. The form of hope described in this book is more than just a campaign slogan or a self-help program, it is an informed call to citizen engagement that opens new possibilities for our country. Drawing on examples from life in America today and pragmatist philosophy, this book explains how schools can cultivate hope through our habits and how action in our communities can sustain hope. It shows how we can build trust, grow political agency, and shape an improved American identity through hoping together. This book provides guidance for learning how to hope in schools, universities, and civil society. It describes what hope is, why it matters to democracy, and how to teach it.
Gurdjieff
Authors: Azize Joseph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This is the first analysis of all of Gurdjieff’s published internal exercises, together with those taught by his students, George and Helen Adie. It includes a fresh biographical study of Gurdjieff, with groundbreaking observations on his relationships with P. D. Ouspensky and A. R. Orage (especially why he wanted to collaborate with them, and why that broke down). It shows that Gurdjieff was, fundamentally, a mystic and that his contemplation-like methods were probably drawn from Mount Athos and its hesychast tradition. It shows the continuity in Gurdjieff’s teaching, but also development and change. His original contribution to Western Esotericism lay in his use of tasks, disciplines, and contemplation-like exercises to bring his pupils to a sense of their own presence, which could, to some extent, be maintained in daily life in the social domain, and not only in the secluded conditions typical of meditation. It contends that he had initially intended not to use contemplation-like exercises, as he perceived dangers to be associated with these monastic methods, and the religious tradition to be in tension with the secular guise in which he first couched his teaching. As Gurdjieff adapted the teaching he had found in Eastern monasteries to Western urban and post-religious culture, he found it necessary to introduce contemplation. His development of the methods is demonstrated, and the importance of the three exercises in the Third Series, Life Is Real Only Then, When “I Am,” is shown, together with their almost certain borrowing from the exercises of the Philokalia.
Cinema Pessimism
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cinema Pessimism uses the medium of film to explore the dilemmas of democratic representation. When is representation an aid to democracy, and when is it an obstacle? Why are democratic populations so perpetually dissatisfied with their representatives? An exploration of film representation gives us a unique standpoint from which to answer these and other questions. Representation contains dangers for democracy, including its ability to foster illusions of power and freedom in a citizenry rather than genuine autonomy. Film itself can be a powerful political narcotic, suppressing rather than expressing the humanity that is supposed to flourish in democracy. Most popular films today, like many elected representatives, frustrate and interrupt democracy rather than sustain it. In its best form, however, representation, both filmic and political, can add something irreplaceable to our political life. Democratic citizens are hard to represent because human beings only reveal themselves over time. Representing them thus holds special challenges that this work explores. Great representatives and great representations are rare, but when they do appear, they enhance our politics by sustaining the reciprocity and equality that are at the heart of any well-ordered human society. We can draw these lessons from films even as we resist the increasing saturation of modern life with representations that distract or degrade us.
The Metaphysics of the Material World
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book traces a particular development of the metaphysics of the material world in early modern thought. The route it follows derives from a critique of Spinoza in the work of Pierre Bayle. Bayle charged in particular that Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world founders on the account of extension and its “modes” and parts that he inherited from Descartes, and that Descartes in turn inherited from late scholasticism, and ultimately from Aristotle. After an initial discussion of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza and its relation to Aristotle’s distinction between substance and accident, this study starts with the original re-conceptualization of Aristotle’s metaphysics of the material world that we find in the work of the early modern scholastic Suárez. What receives particular attention is Suárez’s introduction of the “modal distinction” and his distinctive account of the Aristotelian accident of “continuous quantity.” This examination of Suárez is followed by a treatment of the connections of his particular version of the scholastic conception of the material world to the very different conception that Descartes offered. Especially important is Descartes’s view of the relation of extended substance both to its modes and to the parts that compose it. Finally, there is a consideration of what these developments in Suárez and Descartes have to teach us about Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world. Of special concern here is to draw on this historical narrative to provide a re-assessment of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza.
Spinoza and Moral Anti-Realism
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is undeniable that the Ethics contains seemingly incompatible claims about the nature of goodness and badness. The text presents its share of challenges to anyone who sets out to construct a coherent interpretation of Spinoza’s moral philosophy. It is not a surprise that these difficulties have led scholars to interpretations that do not agree on every detail. This chapter focuses on what in the author’s judgment is a major difficulty for a charitable interpretation of Spinoza’s theory of goodness and badness and then he examines Michael LeBuffe’s way of meeting this challenge, a way that constitutes an alternative to the moral realist reading defended in chapter 3.
Derivative Goodness and Derivative Badness
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In addition to the goodness and badness of wellness and illness, Spinoza has things to say about the goodness and badness of types of actions and about such things as food, music, sporting activities, and knowledge of God. This chapter continues to flesh out his moral philosophy. To avoid confusion with “action” in Spinoza’s technical sense of the word (3D2), the author uses “deed” when speaking of actions in our ordinary sense. By “deed” is meant an individual’s voluntary behavior—that is, behavior that results from an individual’s desires, emotions, and beliefs regardless of whether the desires and emotions are active or passive and regardless of whether the beliefs are adequate or inadequate. In contrast with the underivative goodness of wellness and the underivative badness of illness, this chapter shows that Spinoza is committed to the derivative goodness and derivative badness of deeds and of spatially external objects.
Summum Mentis Bonum
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Spinoza maintains that knowledge of God is the mind’s greatest good (4p28). This chapter addresses two questions concerning Spinoza’s account of the summum mentis bonum. First, in what way is knowledge of God related to emotions and desires and to the evaluative judgments that result from emotions and desires? The author argues that, for Spinoza, knowledge is, or is invariably accompanied by, an enhancement of power, and that as an enhancement of power knowledge is a type of joy. It is not the case that knowledge, in Spinoza’s view, is motivationally inert. The second question the chapter addresses is whether the goodness of knowledge of God is on a par with the goodness of such things as food, shelter, sporting activities, and theater while differing from these sorts of things only in degree. The author argues that the goodness of knowledge of God qualitatively differs from the goodness of food, shelter (etc.). Unlike the derivative goodness of human deeds and of spatially external objects, the goodness of knowledge of God is underivative.
The Empowered Life: Tenacity
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Everyone at times experiences intense passive emotions and, specifically, experiences intense types of sadness. This is unavoidable. Spinoza’s view is that we need not and should not surrender to a life of passivity and unhappiness. Although invulnerability is impossible, we can achieve a robust level of self-determination and happiness. We can take care of ourselves and have good lives. But taking care of oneself is something to be achieved. This chapter shows that Spinozistic tenacity is the intelligent care of oneself through hardship, setbacks, and misfortune. It is empowered self-love. It is empowered self-love because, as a species of strength of character, it is both a type of intelligence and a form of strength and resilience.
How the EU Became a Global Regulatory Power
Authors: Bradford Anu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the European Union’s (EU’s) emergence as a global regulatory power. It introduces key EU institutions and describes their role in the regulatory process. It then explains how regulation has become a key tool to advance European integration, giving these institutions a powerful motivation to pursue an ambitious regulatory agenda. It also argues how the creation of the single market was always the primary concern for the EU institutions. For a long time, the Brussels Effect was an ancillary and largely unintended by-product of a regulatory agenda that was driven by internal motivations. Only more recently, a conscious external agenda has emerged alongside this internal agenda.
Devotional Sovereignty
Authors: Simmons Caleb 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book investigates the shifting articulations of kingship in a wide variety of literary (Sanskrit and Kannada), visual, and material courtly productions in the South Indian kingdom of Mysore during the reigns of Tipu Sultan (r. 1782–1799) and Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (r. 1799–1868). Tipu Sultan was a Muslim king famous for resisting British dominance until his death, and Krishnaraja III was a Hindu king who succumbed to British political and administrative control. Both of their courts dealt with the changing political landscape of the period by turning to the religious and mythical past to construct a royal identity for their kings. With their use of religious narrative to articulate their kingship, the changing conceptions of sovereignty that accompanied burgeoning British colonial hegemony did not result in languishing. The religious past, instead, provided an idiom through which the Mysore courts could articulate their kings’ unique claims to kingship in the region, as they attributed their rule to divine election and increasingly employed religious vocabularies in a variety of courtly genres and media. What emerges within this material is an increasing reliance on devotion to frame Mysore kingship in relation to the kings’ changing role in regional politics. The emphasis on devotion for the constitution of Indian sovereignty in this period had lasting effects on Indian national politics as it provided an ideological basis for united Indian sovereignty that could simultaneously integrate and transcend premodern forms of regional kingship and its association with local deities.
“Learning by Thinking” in Science and in Everyday Life
Authors: Lombrozo Tania 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces “learning by thinking” (LbT) as a form of learning distinct from familiar forms of learning through observation. When learning by thinking, the learner gains genuinely new insight in the absence of novel observations “outside the head.” Scientific thought experiments are canonical examples, but the phenomenon is much more widespread, and includes learning by explaining to oneself, through analogical reasoning, or through mental simulation. The chapter argues that episodes of LbT can be re-expressed as explicit arguments or inferences but are neither psychologically nor epistemically reducible to explicit arguments or inferences, and that this partially explains the novelty of the conclusions reached through LbT. It also introduces a new perspective on the epistemic value of LbT processes as practices with potentially beneficial epistemic consequences, even when the commitments they invoke and the conclusions they immediately deliver are not themselves true.
Metaphor and Scientific Explanation
Authors: Levy Arnon 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The idea that metaphors can serve an explanatory function, or that they can carry any theoretical weight, has raised the hackles of philosophers of science from Hempel onward. But there seem to be bona fide cases of explanatory metaphors in science. This chapter sketches an account of explanation, grounded in the connection between explanation and understanding. It discusses some potential arguments for this account and shows how it allows us to make sense of the idea that metaphors can explain. The chapter illustrates these ideas by looking at the case of informational metaphors in cell biology.
Farroupilha and Freedom
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Rufino is living in Porto Alegre when the the Farroupilha federalist revolt begins in 1835. Porto Alegre was a town much like other Brazilian cities such as Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Recife, where slaves made up a large part of the urban population. Manumission rates were also high in Porto Alegre. Most of the manumission letters were bought by the slaves themselves. Mina slaves were not the majority of the slave population, as in Salvador, but they were a significant minority. In 1838, Mina slaves would lead a Muslim slave conspiracy in Pelotas, Rio Grande, where documents in Arabic were found. But Rufino was not there any more, for he had bought his freedom in 1835, when cattle ranchers started the Farroupilha rebellion against the Imperial government. Many slaves seized the oppportunity to escape into the bush or cross the border to Uruguay. That same year, Rufino buys his manumission from the police chief, and somewhat later he moves to Rio de Janeiro.
Freedman in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
When Rufino arrives, Rio de Janeiro is an African Tower of Babel. More than 600,000 Africans landed there between 1801 and 1830, many of whom stayed in the city. Less than 6 percent had come from West Africa, like Rufino. Central Africans comprised more than 80 percent and Mozambicans, 15 percent. Although they were a minority, West Africans controlled a large portion of the street labor market. Most worked as porters and vendors, the majority of the latter being women. In Rio de Janeiro, Rufino gets acquainted with the slave trade and may have realized that he could find protection and earn a living by working in that business.
Rio de Janeiro, a City in Fear
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Rufino arrives in Rio de Janeiro between the last months of 1835 and the first days of 1836, one year after the great Muslim slave rebellion in Salvador. As a result, African Muslims became a main targets of police authorities in Rio de Janeiro, for some of the rebels had been sold, if slaves, or migrated, if freedpersons, to the capital of the Brazilian empire. Throughout the 1830s there were rumors and fear of slave rebellions. Marronage in the suburbs, slave flights, and resistance were rampant. The city and its hinterland were under heavy police surveillance. West Africans, like Rufino, were closely watched.
The Evolutionary Roots of Social Comparisons
Authors: Benítez Marcela E. , Brosnan Sarah F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A core aspect of human behavior is that people evaluate themselves in comparison to others in their social group. These social comparisons impact how people see themselves, the decisions they make, and the way they behave on a daily basis. Why, however, are people so focused on relative outcomes, rather than looking at their absolute gains? The answer to this question may lie in understanding the evolutionary roots of social decision-making. Like humans, animals regularly make important social decisions. Studies in animal behavior indicate that, both in the lab and in the wild, animals often make these decisions based on relative outcomes, rather than absolutes. This chapter relies on the comparative approach, pulling from studies on animal behavior, anthropology, and comparative psychology, to explore the evolutionary roots of social comparisons, with an emphasis on spanning the gap between controlled laboratory studies and natural contexts.
Health Cognitions, Decision-Making, and Behavior
Authors: Klein William M. P. , Rice Elise L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Social comparison processes exert a ubiquitous influence on people’s thoughts, decisions, and behaviors related to their health. Moreover, many comparative perceptions (e.g., perceived personal risk, estimation of social norms) are miscalibrated with reality. The way in which people compare themselves with others on a wide variety of dimensions can have important implications for their long-term health, and health communications may be more influential to the extent that they heed people’s interest in social comparisons and acknowledge the role of biases in these comparisons. This chapter reviews the various influences that social comparisons can have on health outcomes, with a particular focus on health cognitions, decision-making, and behavior.
Income Inequality and Well-Being
Authors: Cheung Felix , Lucas Richard E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Income inequality has risen drastically in recent decades. The question of whether income inequality is linked to subjective and physical well-being has gained increasing interest from various fields. This chapter reviews existing evidence and finds that income inequality is not consistently associated with greater or poorer well-being. The authors discuss how theoretical and methodological factors may have contributed to the heterogeneity in extant research. From a social comparison perspective, income inequality may not always lead to feelings of relative deprivation, and income differences may, in certain contexts, have positive associations with well-being. From a methodological standpoint, past research has used various operationalizations of income inequality, making comparisons across studies difficult. The authors point to new theoretical accounts and methodological improvements that may help future research to develop a deeper understanding of the associations between income inequality and well-being.
Overview
Authors: Westreich Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The study of epidemiology is about learning to ask, and answer, good questions in population health. The first section of the book lays the groundwork for understanding how study designs work, what they estimate, and how they can fail. These chapters give an overview of prevalence and incidence, measures of contrast such as risk differences and risk ratios, principles of causal inference and causal effect estimation, diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. The second section of the book builds on the core concepts of measuring disease and assessing causality to describe the study designs that are the core tools of epidemiology. This section focuses on randomized trials, observational cohort studies, and case-control studies; the author briefly addresses additional study designs including quasi-experiments. The final section discusses the causal impact approach to epidemiologic methods for moving from internally valid estimates to externally valid estimates to valid estimates of the effects of population interventions
Measures of Association
Authors: Westreich Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the measures of contrast between two groups within the study population. Whereas in Chapter 1 the researcher might describe the total number of cases of a disease in a large population as a whole, in this chapter the researcher is interested in (for example) contrasting risk among those exposed to a drug and those unexposed to that drug within a larger population. In this chapter, the author primarily focuses on difference and ratio measures. This chapter introduces the 2 × 2 table, a widely used tool for learning epidemiologic methods. The author also discusses how to communicate these findings for researchers, policy makers, clinicians, and patients, all of whom may need to make decisions based on these data.
Building America
Authors: Baker Jean H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Building America: The Life of Benjamin Henry Latrobe is a biography of America’s first professionally trained architect and engineer. Born in 1764, Latrobe was raised in Moravian communities in England and Germany. His parents expected him to follow his father and brother into the ministry, but he rebelled against the church. Moved to London, he studied architecture and engineering. In 1795 he emigrated to the United States and became part of the period’s Transatlantic Exchange. Latrobe soon was famous for his neoclassical architecture, designing important buildings, including the US Capitol and Baltimore Basilica as well as private homes. Carpenters and millwrights who built structures more cheaply and less permanently than Latrobe challenged his efforts to establish architecture as a profession. Rarely during his twenty-five years in the United States was he financially secure, and when he was, he speculated on risky ventures that lost money. He declared bankruptcy in 1817 and moved to New Orleans, the sixth American city that he lived in, hoping to recoup his finances by installing a municipal water system. He died there of yellow fever in 1820. The themes that emerge in this biography are the critical role Latrobe played in the culture of the early republic through his buildings and his genius in neoclassical design. Like the nation’s political founders, Latrobe was committed to creating an exceptional nation, expressed in his case by buildings and internal improvements. Additionally, given the extensive primary sources available for this biography, an examination of his life reveals early American attitudes toward class, family, and religion.