bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline: A Trauma-Informed, Critical Race Perspective on School Discipline
Authors: Dutil Stacey 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Disciplinary policies in schools throughout the United States disproportionately affect students of color through exclusionary policies. A punitive approach can have detrimental effects on a population that also experiences higher rates of trauma. This article identifies school disciplinary practices that may retraumatize and criminalize youths and suggests replacing exclusionary discipline practices with trauma-informed ones that prioritize social–emotional support to students. Critical race theory (CRT) is an appropriate theoretical framework to guide the development of trauma-informed schools. Suggestions are provided for school social workers as key change agents in the issue of school discipline. The integration of CRT and trauma-informed practice is emphasized, as both are essential tools for dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline.
Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?
Authors: Edgerly Janice S , Sandel Brody , Regoli Isabel , Okolo Onyekachi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
String sequence analysis revealed that silk spinning behavior of adult female Embioptera varies from species-specific to individualistic. This analysis included 26 species from ten taxonomic families with a total of 115 individuals. Spin-steps, 28 possible positions of the front feet during spinning, were scored from hour-long DVD recordings produced in the laboratory. Entire transcripts of hundreds to thousands of spin-steps per individual were compared by computing Levenshtein edit distances between all possible pairs of subsequences, with lengths ranging from 5 to 25—intraspecific similarity scores were then computed. Silk gallery characteristics and architecture, body size, climatic variables, and phylogenetic relationships were tested as possible drivers of intraspecific similarity in spinning behavior. Significant differences in intraspecific similarity aligned most strongly with climatic variables such that those species living in regions with high temperature seasonality, low annual precipitation, and high annual temperatures displayed more species-stereotypical spinning sequences than those from other regions, such as tropical forests. Phylogenetic signal was significant but weakly so, suggesting that environmental drivers play a stronger role in shaping the evolution of silk spinning. Body size also appears to play a role in that those of similar size are more like each other, even if not related.
Inherent colistin resistance in genogroups of the Enterobacter cloacae complex: epidemiological, genetic and biochemical analysis from the BSAC Resistance Surveillance Programme
Authors: Mushtaq Shazad , Reynolds Rosy , Gilmore Michael C , Esho Olubukola , Adkin Rachael , García-Romero Inmaculada , Chaudhry Aiysha , Horner Carolyne , Bartholomew Toby L , Valvano Miguel A , Dry Magdalena , Murray John , Pichon Bruno , Livermore David M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundPolymyxins have re-entered use against problem Gram-negative bacteria. Resistance rates are uncertain, with estimates confounded by selective testing.MethodsThe BSAC Resistance Surveillance Programme has routinely tested colistin since 2010; we reviewed data up to 2017 for relevant Enterobacterales (n = 10 914). Unexpectedly frequent resistance was seen among the Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates (n = 1749); for these, we investigated relationships to species, genome, carbon source utilization and LPS structure.ResultsAnnual colistin resistance rates among E. cloacae complex isolates were 4.4%–20%, with a rising trend among bloodstream organisms; in contrast, annual rates for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. (including K. aerogenes) generally remained &lt;2%. WGS split the E. cloacae complex isolates into seven genogroup clusters, designated A–G. Among isolates assigned to genogroups A–D, 47/50 sequenced were colistin resistant, and many of those belonging to genogroups A–C identified as E. asburiae. Isolates belonging to genogroups E–G consistently identified as E. cloacae and were rarely (only 3/45 representatives sequenced) colistin resistant. Genogroups F and G, the predominant colistin-susceptible clusters, were metabolically distinct from other clusters, notably regarding utilization or not of l-fucose, formic acid, d-serine, adonitol, myo-inositol, l-lyxose and polysorbates. LPS from resistant organisms grown without colistin pressure lacked substitutions with 4-amino-arabinose or ethanolamine but was more structurally complex, with more molecular species present.ConclusionsColistin resistance is frequent in the E. cloacae complex and increasing among bloodstream isolates. It is associated with: (i) particular genomic and metabolic clusters; (ii) identification as E. asburiae; and (iii) with more complex LPS architectures.
Impact of integrated graphical display on expert and novice diagnostic performance in critical care
Authors: Reese Thomas J , Del Fiol Guilherme , Tonna Joseph E , Kawamoto Kensaku , Segall Noa , Weir Charlene , Macpherson Brekk C , Kukhareva Polina , Wright Melanie C 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the impact of a graphical information display on diagnosing circulatory shock.Materials and MethodsThis was an experimental study comparing integrated and conventional information displays. Participants were intensivists or critical care fellows (experts) and first-year medical residents (novices).ResultsThe integrated display was associated with higher performance (87% vs 82%; P &lt; .001), less time (2.9 vs 3.5 min; P = .008), and more accurate etiology (67% vs 54%; P = .048) compared to the conventional display. When stratified by experience, novice physicians using the integrated display had higher performance (86% vs 69%; P &lt; .001), less time (2.9 vs 3.7 min; P = .03), and more accurate etiology (65% vs 42%; P = .02); expert physicians using the integrated display had nonsignificantly improved performance (87% vs 82%; P = .09), time (2.9 vs 3.3; P = .28), and etiology (69% vs 67%; P = .81).DiscussionThe integrated display appeared to support efficient information processing, which resulted in more rapid and accurate circulatory shock diagnosis. Evidence more strongly supported a difference for novices, suggesting that graphical displays may help reduce expert–novice performance gaps.
The Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace
Authors: Valiñas Marta 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, SJP) is the judicial component of the Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-Repetition created by the Peace Agreement signed between the Government of Colombia and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia — People’s Army in November 2016. The SJP started functioning in March 2018 and has already selected a few priority cases, some of which include sexual and gender-based crimes. It is to be expected that more cases involving these crimes will be initiated in the future. This article aims to offer some considerations for the SJP as it begins its investigation and adjudication of cases involving sexual and gender-based crimes. These considerations relate to ensuring that the full scope of sexual and gender-based violence is captured, including the experiences of male victims and the gender components of non-sexual crimes; and that the contextualization of sexual violence is prioritized over unnecessary considerations about the personal motives of the perpetrators.
Weak lensing minima and peaks: Cosmological constraints and the impact of baryons
Authors: Coulton William R , Liu Jia , McCarthy Ian G , Osato Ken 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a novel statistic to extract cosmological information in weak lensing data: the lensing minima. We also investigate the effect of baryons on cosmological constraints from peak and minimum counts. Using the MassiveNuS simulations, we find that lensing minima are sensitive to non-Gaussian cosmological information and are complementary to the lensing power spectrum and peak counts. For an LSST-like survey, we obtain $95{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ credible intervals from a combination of lensing minima and peaks that are significantly stronger than from the power spectrum alone, by $44{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, $11{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, and $63{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for the neutrino mass sum ∑mν, matter density Ωm, and amplitude of fluctuation As, respectively. We explore the effect of baryonic processes on lensing minima and peaks using the hydrodynamical simulations BAHAMAS and Osato15. We find that ignoring baryonic effects would lead to strong (≈4σ) biases in inferences from peak counts, but negligible (≈0.5σ) for minimum counts, suggesting lensing minima are a potentially more robust tool against baryonic effects. Finally, we demonstrate that the biases can in principle be mitigated without significantly degrading cosmological constraints when we model and marginalize the baryonic effects.
Cataclysmic variables as possible counterparts of ancient Far Eastern guest stars
Authors: Hoffmann Susanne M , Vogt Nikolaus 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Continuing our efforts to select possible classical nova candidates among Far Eastern guest stars and to identify them with modern cataclysmic variables (CVs), we present a search for counterparts in 24 promising areas of the sky corresponding to ancient observations between 204 bce and 1690 ce. These areas were derived by us in a previous paper. Based on the physical entities of the CVs in our areas and reasonable magnitude limits compatible with the distribution of known eruption amplitudes of telescopic classical novae, we present a catalogue of a total of 80 CVs and related targets that could possibly have caused the historical sightings. This list could potentially be reduced by additionally discussing further information such as brightness or duration. In some cases, we present a detailed discussion of the interpretation of ancient sources comparing them with properties of the brightest CVs in the field. In order to estimate whether this list is representative, we discuss the distribution of CV types in our catalogue of counterparts for the historical events. Compared to the entire sky, the surface densities of most CV subtypes in our search fields reveal similar values, except for polars and intermediate polars, i.e. strongly magnetic CVs, for which a significant excess in our search fields was detected. Finally, we give an outlook towards future research in this topic, and provide in the online supplementary information a complete atlas of the celestial maps of all 24 guest star events, displaying the search areas and locations of CVs within them.
Heart of darkness: the influence of galactic dynamics on quenching star formation in galaxy spheroids
Authors: Gensior Jindra , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Keller Benjamin W 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Quenched galaxies are often observed to contain a strong bulge component. The key question is whether this reflects a causal connection – can star formation be quenched dynamically by bulges or the spheroids of early-type galaxies? We systematically investigate the impact of these morphological components on star formation, by performing a suite of hydrodynamical simulations of isolated galaxies containing a spheroid. We vary the bulge mass and scale radius, while the total initial stellar, halo, and gas mass are kept constant, with a gas fraction of 5 per cent. In addition, we consider two different sub-grid star formation prescriptions. The first follows most simulations in the literature by assuming a constant star formation efficiency per free-fall time, whereas in the second model it depends on the gas virial parameter, following high-resolution simulations of turbulent fragmentation. Across all simulations, central spheroids increase the gas velocity dispersion towards the galactic centre. This increases the gravitational stability of the gas disc, suppresses fragmentation and star formation, and results in galaxies hosting extremely smooth and quiescent gas discs that fall below the galaxy main sequence. These effects amplify when using the more sophisticated, dynamics-dependent star formation model. Finally, we discover a pronounced relation between the central stellar surface density and star formation rate (SFR), such that the most bulge-dominated galaxies show the strongest deviation from the main sequence. We conclude that the SFR of galaxies is not only set by the balance between accretion and feedback, but carries a (sometimes dominant) dependence on the gravitational potential.
Radiative equilibrium estimates of dust temperature and mass in high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Inoue Akio K , Hashimoto Takuya , Chihara Hiroki , Koike Chiyoe 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The estimation of the temperature and mass of dust in high-redshift galaxies is essential for discussions of the origin of dust in the early Universe. However, this is made difficult by limited sampling of the infrared spectral-energy distribution. Here, we present an algorithm for deriving the temperature and mass of dust in a galaxy, assuming dust to be in radiative equilibrium. We formulate the algorithm for three geometries: a thin spherical shell, a homogeneous sphere and a clumpy sphere. We also discuss the effects of the mass absorption coefficients of dust at ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, κUV and κIR, respectively. As an example, we apply the algorithm to a normal, dusty star-forming galaxy at z = 7.5, A1689zD1, for which three data points in the dust continuum are available. Using κUV = 5.0 × 104 and $\kappa _{\rm IR}=30(\lambda /100\,\mu{\rm m})^{-\beta }$ cm2 g−1 with β = 2.0, we obtain dust temperatures of 38–70 K and masses of 106.5–7.3 M⊙ for the three geometries considered. We obtain similar temperatures and masses from just a single data point in the dust continuum, suggesting that the algorithm is useful for high-redshift galaxies with limited infrared observations. In the case of the clumpy sphere, the temperature becomes equal to that of the usual modified black-body fit, because an additional parameter describing the clumpiness works as an adjuster. The best-fitting clumpiness parameter is ξcl = 0.1, corresponding to ∼10 per cent of the volume filling factor of the clumps in this high-redshift galaxy if the clump size is ∼10 pc, similar to that of giant molecular clouds in the local Universe.
Mean field dynamo action in shear flows. I: fixed kinetic helicity
Authors: Jingade Naveen , Singh Nishant K 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTWe study mean field dynamo action in a background linear shear flow by employing pulsed renewing flows with fixed kinetic helicity and non-zero correlation time (τ). We use plane shearing waves in terms of time-dependent exact solutions to the Navier–Stokes equation as derived by Singh & Sridhar (2017). This allows us to self-consistently include the anisotropic effects of shear on the stochastic flow. We determine the average response tensor governing the evolution of mean magnetic field, and study the properties of its eigenvalues that yield the growth rate (γ) and the cycle period (Pcyc) of the mean magnetic field. Both, γ and the wavenumber corresponding to the fastest growing axisymmetric mode vary non-monotonically with shear rate S when τ is comparable to the eddy turnover time T, in which case, we also find quenching of dynamo when shear becomes too strong. When $\tau /T\sim {\cal O}(1)$, the cycle period (Pcyc) of growing dynamo wave scales with shear as Pcyc ∝ |S|−1 at small shear, and it becomes nearly independent of shear as shear becomes too strong. This asymptotic behaviour at weak and strong shear has implications for magnetic activity cycles of stars in recent observations. Our study thus essentially generalizes the standard αΩ (or α2Ω) dynamo as also the α effect is affected by shear and the modelled random flow has a finite memory.
EnzymeMiner: automated mining of soluble enzymes with diverse structures, catalytic properties and stabilities
Authors: Hon Jiri , Borko Simeon , Stourac Jan , Prokop Zbynek , Zendulka Jaroslav , Bednar David , Martinek Tomas , Damborsky Jiri 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Millions of protein sequences are being discovered at an incredible pace, representing an inexhaustible source of biocatalysts. Despite genomic databases growing exponentially, classical biochemical characterization techniques are time-demanding, cost-ineffective and low-throughput. Therefore, computational methods are being developed to explore the unmapped sequence space efficiently. Selection of putative enzymes for biochemical characterization based on rational and robust analysis of all available sequences remains an unsolved problem. To address this challenge, we have developed EnzymeMiner—a web server for automated screening and annotation of diverse family members that enables selection of hits for wet-lab experiments. EnzymeMiner prioritizes sequences that are more likely to preserve the catalytic activity and are heterologously expressible in a soluble form in Escherichia coli. The solubility prediction employs the in-house SoluProt predictor developed using machine learning. EnzymeMiner reduces the time devoted to data gathering, multi-step analysis, sequence prioritization and selection from days to hours. The successful use case for the haloalkane dehalogenase family is described in a comprehensive tutorial available on the EnzymeMiner web page. EnzymeMiner is a universal tool applicable to any enzyme family that provides an interactive and easy-to-use web interface freely available at https://loschmidt.chemi.muni.cz/enzymeminer/.
Exposed facet-controlled N2 electroreduction on distinct Pt3Fe nanostructures of nanocubes, nanorods and nanowires
Authors: Tong Wu , Huang Bolong , Wang Pengtang , Shao Qi , Huang Xiaoqing 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Understanding the correlation between exposed surfaces and performances of controlled nanocatalysts can aid effective strategies to enhance electrocatalysis, but this is as yet unexplored for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Here, we first report controlled synthesis of well-defined Pt3Fe nanocrystals with tunable morphologies (nanocube, nanorod and nanowire) as ideal model electrocatalysts for investigating the NRR on different exposed facets. The detailed electrocatalytic studies reveal that the Pt3Fe nanocrystals exhibit shape-dependent NRR electrocatalysis. The optimized Pt3Fe nanowires bounded with high-index facets exhibit excellent selectivity (no N2H4 is detected), high activity with NH3 yield of 18.3 μg h−1 mg−1cat (0.52 μg h−1 cm−2ECSA; ECSA: electrochemical active surface area) and Faraday efficiency of 7.3% at −0.05 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, outperforming the {200} facet-enclosed Pt3Fe nanocubes and {111} facet-enclosed Pt3Fe nanorods. They also show good stability with negligible activity change after five cycles. Density functional theory calculations reveal that, with high-indexed facet engineering, the Fe-3d band is an efficient d-d coupling correlation center for boosting the Pt 5d-electronic exchange and transfer activities towards the NRR.
High-Chern-number and high-temperature quantum Hall effect without Landau levels
Authors: Ge Jun , Liu Yanzhao , Li Jiaheng , Li Hao , Luo Tianchuang , Wu Yang , Xu Yong , Wang Jian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The quantum Hall effect (QHE) with quantized Hall resistance of h/νe2 started the research on topological quantum states and laid the foundation of topology in physics. Since then, Haldane proposed the QHE without Landau levels, showing nonzero Chern number |C| = 1, which has been experimentally observed at relatively low temperatures. For emerging physics and low-power-consumption electronics, the key issues are how to increase the working temperature and realize high Chern numbers (C &gt; 1). Here, we report the experimental discovery of high-Chern-number QHE (C = 2) without Landau levels and C = 1 Chern insulator state displaying a nearly quantized Hall resistance plateau above the Néel temperature in MnBi2Te4 devices. Our observations provide a new perspective on topological matter and open new avenues for exploration of exotic topological quantum states and topological phase transitions at higher temperatures.
Treatment of Carotid Ophthalmic Aneurysm With Woven EndoBridge (WEB SL): 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Recker Matthew J , Rajah Gary B , Tso Michael K , Dossani Rimal H , Levy Elad I 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Wide-necked cerebral aneurysms often require complex treatment strategies for optimal treatment. As the surgeon's arsenal continues to expand, consideration of all potential applications of available devices is important. The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device (MicroVention-Terumo, Aliso Viejo, California) capitalizes on flow disruption to promote thrombosis and is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for saccular wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms located at the middle cerebral artery bifurcation, internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus, anterior communicating artery complex, and basilar apex. In this video, we demonstrate an off-label use of the WEB to treat a wide-necked type II
1
ophthalmic artery aneurysm, highlighting the importance of correct device sizing. The patient is a 74-yr-old woman with a family history of aneurysms. Her aneurysm was found incidentally after a minor trauma. Observation and various treatment options were considered. The patient preferred to avoid open surgical intervention and dual antiplatelet therapy. Endoluminal flow diversion for types II and III ophthalmic artery aneurysms has relatively low occlusion rates and a higher incidence of visual field deficits.
1
A WEB device can be an excellent alternative to treat these aneurysms. A biaxial system was used to selectively catheterize the supraclinoid internal carotid artery and then the aneurysm, and optimal flow diversion was achieved. The patient did well and was discharged home the next day on aspirin alone. Six-month angiography showed near-occlusion of the aneurysm and ophthalmic artery patency. The neck remnant will be followed up with repeat angiography in 6 mo.
The patient gave informed consent for the procedure and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary.
Video ©University at Buffalo Neurosurgery, 2019. With permission.