bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-particle optical-trapping Raman spectroscopy for the detection and identification of aerosolized airborne biological particles
Authors: Ai Yukai , Alali Haifa , Pan Yongle , Videen Gorden , Wang Chuji 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The detection and identification of bioaerosol particles, especially a potential threat from aerosolized biowarfare agents (BWAs), has become increasingly important. Here, we report on single-particle optical-trapping Raman spectroscopy (OT-RS) for the detection and identification of airborne biological particles. OT enables the capture of single particles in air for several minutes or longer, more than sufficient to capture the Raman spectra and minimize the interference from background aerosol particles. Simultaneously, the embedded imaging system can provide real-time information on the shape and size of the trapped particles. Several kinds of bioaerosol particles were analyzed using OT-RS including four BWA surrogates: Bacillus globigii, Yersinia rhodei, MS2, and Bacillus subtilis, along with some interfering bioaerosol particles commonly presented in the atmosphere. Similarities and differences of the Raman spectra of these biological particles are discussed. In addition, the BWA surrogates are well classified by using the principal component analysis. The results demonstrate that single-particle OT-RS can be used not only for the potential detection of BWAs but also for the identification of BWAs.
Bioinspired design and assembly of a multilayer cage-shaped sensor capable of multistage load bearing and collapse prevention
Authors: Cheng Xu , Liu Zhi , Jin Tianqi , Zhang Fan , Zhang Hang , Zhang Yihui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Flexible bioinspired mesostructures and electronic devices have recently attracted intense attention because of their widespread application in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), reconfigurable electronics, health-monitoring systems, etc. Among various geometric constructions, 3D flexible bioinspired architectures are of particular interest, since they can provide new functions and capabilities, compared to their 2D counterparts. However, 3D electronic device systems usually undergo complicated mechanical loading in practical operation, resulting in complex deformation modes and elusive failure mechanisms. The development of mechanically robust flexible 3D electronics that can undergo extreme compression without irreversible collapse or fracture remains a challenge. Here, inspired by the multilayer mesostructure of Enhydra lutris fur, we introduce the design and assembly of multilayer cage architectures capable of multistage load bearing and collapse prevention under large out-of-plane compression. Combined in situ experiments and mechanical modeling show that the multistage mechanical responses of the developed bionic architectures can be fine-tuned by tailoring the microstructural geometries. The integration of functional layers of gold and piezoelectric polymer allows the development of a flexible multifunctional sensor that can simultaneously achieve the dynamic sensing of compressive forces and temperatures. The demonstrated capabilities and performances of fast response speed, tunable measurement range, excellent flexibility, and reliability suggest potential uses in MEMS, robotics and biointegrated electronics.
Ratio of arterial blood pressures at borders of window surrounding systolic peak indicates patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
Authors: Bennis Frank C , Andriessen Peter , van Pul Carola , Kramer Boris W , Delhaas Tammo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective. Presence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in neonates is assessed by echocardiography. Echocardiographic assessment has disadvantages, primarily its discontinuous nature. We hypothesize that the continuously measured ratio of arterial blood pressures (ABP) at the borders of a window surrounding the systolic peak ratio discriminates non-PDA from PDA patients. Approach. Preterm infants (gestational age <32 weeks) with and without PDA were included. Patients were divided into controls (n = 8) and PDA patients (n = 22), the latter with a subset of patients with closed PDA after three doses Ibuprofen (n = 10). For each patient, a six-hour ABP segment from 12 AM to 6 AM on the day of echocardiographic assessment patency or closure of the DA was selected. The mean ratio of the ABP values a samples before and p samples after the systolic peak (R
ABP) was calculated for each segment. If R
ABP < 1, the patient was predicted to have a PDA. The a and p with the least misclassifications were selected (−64 and +104 ms). Main results.
R
ABP was significantly lower in PDA patients (median 0.95, IQR 0.06) compared to controls (median 1.05, IQR 0.10; p = 0.0024). R
ABP correctly predicted 19 out of 22 patients (86.4%) and six out of eight controls (75%). R
ABP increased after closure in nine out of 10 patients (median 1.01, IQR 0.04; p = 0. 0182). Significance.
R
ABP may discriminate preterm PDA patients from non-PDA patients and can be calculated continuously from clinical data measured during standard of care.
A unified theory of zonal flow shears and density corrugations in drift wave turbulence
Authors: Singh Rameswar , Diamond P H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A unified theory of zonal flow shears and density corrugations in drift wave turbulence is presented. Polarization and density advection beat excitation are studied in combination with modulational response. Noise is driven by two-time flux correlation. While the effective zonal flow eddy viscosity can go negative, the zonal diffusivity is positive definite. There is no inverse cascade of density corrugation. The connection between avalanches and corrugations is discussed. The zonal cross-correlation is identified and calculated. Conditions for alignment of zonal shears and corrugation gradients are determined, and the implications for staircase structure are discussed. We show that the synergy of beat noise and modulational effects is stronger than either alone. Strong zonal flows can be excited well below the modulational instability threshold. In the context of L–H transition, zonal noise quenches turbulence overshoot by eliminating the threshold for zonal flow excitation. The power threshold for L–H transition is lowered.
Intra-cavity dynamics in a microplasma channel by side-on imaging
Authors: Kreuznacht Simon , Böke Marc , Schulz-von der Gathen Volker 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Here, a microplasma channel was investigated. The design was developed from a recently presented modular microplasma array. The setup consists of three stacked layers: a magnet, a dielectric foil and two nickel foils that are separated by a 120 μm wide gap. The magnet is grounded while the two nickel foils are powered. The channel is in two dimensions identical (50 μm high and 120 μm wide) to a single cavity of the microplasma arrays while it is two orders of magnitude longer. Unlike the microplasma arrays, the channel provides an additional optical access to the inside of the cavity from the side. The setup was operated with a triangular voltage with a frequency of 10 kHz and an amplitude of up to 700 V at atmospheric pressure. Phase resolved emission images were used to investigate the microplasma channel dynamics with line of sight from the top and from the side to the inside of the cavity. The top view images revealed that the discharge in the microplasma channel and the microplasma arrays behave similar. The already known asymmetric discharge behavior, the self-pulsing and the wavelike ignition was also observed in the microplasma channel. For the wavelike ignition in the channel a simple one dimensional model was proposed. With the additional side view images the asymmetric discharge behavior was examined more thoroughly. Unlike in the microplasma arrays, the discharge expands here in both half periods of the applied voltage above the upper edge of the powered electrodes. The discharge extends over a larger width in the half period, in which the potential of the upper electrodes is increasing, while it extends over a larger height in the other half period. Phase resolved images were also used to investigate the ignition phase of the discharge. The discharge ignites in the two half periods on a different height. This was explained by modeling the drift and diffusion of the charged particles between two discharge pulses. The new insights into the discharge dynamics in the microplasma channel will help to understand the behavior of the discharge in the microplasma arrays.
Uncertainty analysis of a shape memory alloy model for dynamic analysis
Authors: Hou Hetao , Li Jinpeng , Chen Cheng , Qiu Canxing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) are capable of recovering large inelastic deformation and dissipating energy under loading reversals, and therefore present promising application in vibration control of engineering structures subjected to dynamic loads. Properties of SMAs are often optimised based on experimental results and treated as deterministic for dynamic analysis of structures with SMA-based devices. This study applies the Metropolis–Hasting algorithm to characterise the uncertainties within an SMA material model and to provide insight into its parameter uncertainty. Cyclic tests of SMA bars are first conducted and the experimental data are analysed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. The statistical properties of SMA model parameters are calculated based on posterior parameter distributions. The influence of SMA model parameter uncertainty is further explored on energy dissipation capacity under cyclic tests. The first four L-moment method is applied to transform the posterior parameter distributions into standard normal distribution to further evaluate the influence of model parameter uncertainty on energy dissipation in dynamic analysis.
Smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam obtained via processing based on saccharomycetes fungus and ammonium molybdate
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhao Zidong , Lei Yun , Cui Yong , Li Xuetian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present work proposes an environmentally friendly, simple, and efficient way to impart smoke suppression and flame retardancy to rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) by soaking the pristine RPUF for short periods in the saccharomycetes fungus (SF) solution and then in the ammonium molybdate (AM) solution. The co-addition of SF and AM exhibit good performance on smoke suppression and flame retardant. The level of flammability, thermal degradation behavior, and combustion properties of the samples are evaluated mainly via vertical burning tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and calorimetry, respectively. The proportions of 16SF/3AM/RPUF are varied to maximize the performance of the processed RPUF samples in terms of both smoke suppression and flame retardancy, which are substantially increased by the optimal sample compared to those of pristine RPUF.
Noise-tolerant quantum speedups in quantum annealing without fine tuning
Authors: Kapit Eliot , Oganesyan Vadim 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Quantum annealing is a powerful alternative model of quantum computing, which can succeed in the presence of environmental noise even without error correction. However, despite great effort, no conclusive demonstration of a quantum speedup (relative to state of the art classical algorithms) has been shown for these systems, and rigorous theoretical proofs of a quantum advantage (such as the adiabatic formulation of Grover’s search problem) generally rely on exponential precision in at least some aspects of the system, an unphysical resource guaranteed to be scrambled by experimental uncertainties and random noise. In this work, we propose a new variant of quantum annealing, called RFQA, which can maintain a scalable quantum speedup in the face of noise and modest control precision. Specifically, we consider a modification of flux qubit-based quantum annealing which includes low-frequency oscillations in the directions of the transverse field terms as the system evolves. We show that this method produces a quantum speedup for finding ground states in the Grover problem and quantum random energy model, and thus should be widely applicable to other hard optimization problems which can be formulated as quantum spin glasses. Further, we explore three realistic noise channels and show that the speedup from RFQA is resilient to 1/f-like local potential fluctuations and local heating from interaction with a sufficiently low temperature bath. Another noise channel, bath-assisted quantum cooling transitions, actually accelerates the algorithm and may outweigh the negative effects of the others. We also detail how RFQA may be implemented experimentally with current technology.
Coherent control with user-defined passage
Authors: Liu Bao-Jie , Yung Man-Hong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is a standard technique to combat experimental imperfections and can be used to realize robust quantum state control, which has many applications in physics, chemistry, and beyond. However, STIRAP is susceptible to decoherence since it requires long evolution time. To overcome this problem, stimulated Raman ‘user-defined’ passage (STIRUP) is proposed, which allows users to design the passages unlike the STIRAP but fast and robust against both decoherence and experimental imperfections. Here, we further develop a more general STIRUP method. Comparing with shortcut to adiabaticity and its’ variants, the generalized STIRUP is more simpler and compatible with more complex energy-level structure and many-body systems. Furthermore, the generalized STIRUP has many important applications such as geometric phase measurement, coherent population transfer, and quantum state preparation. Specifically, as examples, we show how to realize the high-fidelity quantum state transfer and entangled state generation in a robust way via STIRUP with the state-of-the-art experimental superconducting circuits.
Instrumentation for tracking electrochemical reactions by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under conventional vacuum conditions
Authors: Endo Raimu , Ohnishi Tsuyoshi , Takada Kazunori , Masuda Takuya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A bias application system for tracking electrochemical reactions by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is constructed using a laboratory-based apparatus. A specialized sample holder and stage with three electrical terminals provide contacts to a potentio-galvanostat on the outside, allowing bias application to an electrochemical device in the analysis chamber under vacuum conditions. The application of a direct current bias voltage to the sample holder is confirmed using metal Au samples. The Au 4f peaks from the Au grounded to the analyzer are identical, while those from the Au insulated from the analyzer shift due to the applied bias voltage. Furthermore, galvanostatic lithiation/delithiation processes and in situ XPS measurements are performed on a Si thin-film electrode after transferring the sample into the XPS apparatus without exposure to open air using a newly developed transfer vessel. After the initial lithiation process, a Li 1s peak containing a lithium-silicide component appears, and the Si 2p peaks shift to a lower binding energy due to the lithiation of the Si electrode. After the subsequent delithiation process, the Si 2p peak from the lithium silicide partially shifts back to a higher binding energy. As a result, in situ XPS measurements of the lithiation/delithiation reactions are successfully performed using the developed system.
2021 Roadmap: electrocatalysts for green catalytic processes
Authors: Liu Jiandong , Ma Jianmin , Zhang Zhicheng , Qin Yuchen , Wang Yan-Jie , Wang Yao , Tan Rou , Duan Xiaochuan , Tian Tong Zhen , Zhang Cai Hong , Xie Wen Wen , Li Nian-Wu , Yu Le , Yang Chenhuai , Zhao Yanyan , Zia Hamna , Nosheen Farhat , Zheng Guangchao , Gupta Suraj , Wu Xianhong , Wang Zhiyu , Qiu Jieshan , Zhou Guangyao , Xu Lin , Liu Kang , Fu Junwei , Liu Min , Choi Sang-Il , Xie Junfeng , Peng Xinwen , Li Tingzhen , Lin Gaoxin , Wang Jiacheng , Han Jingrui , Liang Hongyan , Li Shuyu , Zhang Xiaotao , Zhu Yating , He Ting , Cui Xiaoya , Wang Haiqing , Wei Zengxi , Liu Quanhui , Fan Guangyin , Liu Qian , Sun Xuping , Feng Yuezhan , Liu Yaping , Chu Ke , Qiu Yuan , Liu Xijun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Serious challenges in energy and the environment require us to find solutions that use sustainable processes. There are many sustainable electrocatalytic processes that might provide the answers to the above-mentioned challenges, such as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), water splitting, the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), and the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). These reactions can enhance the value added by producing hydrogen energy through water splitting or convert useless CO2 and N2 into fuels and NH3. These electrocatalytic reactions can be driven by high-performance catalysts. Therefore, the exploration of novel electrocatalysts is one of the important electrocatalytic fields. In this paper, we aim to systematically discuss a variety of electrocatalysts used for sustainable processes and to give further insights into their status and associated challenges. We invited many famous research groups to write this roadmap with topics including platinum (Pt) and its alloys for ORR, oxides for ORR, chalcogenides for ORR, carbon-based hollow electrocatalysts for ORR, carbides for ORR, atomically dispersed Fe–N–C catalysts for ORR, metal-free catalysts for ORR, single-atom catalysts (SACs) for ORR, metal boride (MB) electrocatalysts for water splitting, transitional metal carbides (TMCs) for water splitting, transition metal (TM) phosphides for water splitting, oxides for water splitting, sulfides for water splitting, layered double hydroxides for water splitting, carbon-based electrocatalysts for water splitting, Ru-based electrocatalysts for water splitting, metal oxides for CO2RR, metal sulfides for CO2RR, metals for CO2RR, carbon for CO2RR, SACs for CO2RR, heterogeneous molecular catalysts for CO2RR, oxides for NRR, chalcogenides for NRR, C3N4 for NRR, SACs for NRR, etc. Their contributions enabled us to compile this 2020 roadmap on electrocatalysts for green catalytic processes and provide some suggestions for future researchers.
Deep learning in electron microscopy
Authors: Ede Jeffrey M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDeep learning is transforming most areas of science and technology, including electron microscopy. This review paper offers a practical perspective aimed at developers with limited familiarity. For context, we review popular applications of deep learning in electron microscopy. Following, we discuss hardware and software needed to get started with deep learning and interface with electron microscopes. We then review neural network components, popular architectures, and their optimization. Finally, we discuss future directions of deep learning in electron microscopy.
The transformer earthquake alerting model: a new versatile approach to earthquake early warning
Authors: Münchmeyer Jannes , Bindi Dino , Leser Ulf , Tilmann Frederik 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY
Earthquakes are major hazards to humans, buildings and infrastructure. Early warning methods aim to provide advance note of incoming strong shaking to enable preventive action and mitigate seismic risk. Their usefulness depends on accuracy, the relation between true, missed and false alerts and timeliness, the time between a warning and the arrival of strong shaking. Current approaches suffer from apparent aleatoric uncertainties due to simplified modelling or short warning times. Here we propose a novel early warning method, the deep-learning based transformer earthquake alerting model (TEAM), to mitigate these limitations. TEAM analyses raw, strong motion waveforms of an arbitrary number of stations at arbitrary locations in real-time, making it easily adaptable to changing seismic networks and warning targets. We evaluate TEAM on two regions with high seismic hazard, Japan and Italy, that are complementary in their seismicity. On both data sets TEAM outperforms existing early warning methods considerably, offering accurate and timely warnings. Using domain adaptation, TEAM even provides reliable alerts for events larger than any in the training data, a property of highest importance as records from very large events are rare in many regions.
Brain cell type-specific endocytosis of arylsulfatase A identifies limitations of enzyme-based therapies for metachromatic leukodystrophy
Authors: Kaminski Debora , Yaghootfam Claudia , Matthes Frank , Reßing Annika , Gieselmann Volkmar , Matzner Ulrich 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEnzyme replacement therapies, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and gene therapies are treatment options for lysosomal storage diseases caused by inherited deficiencies of soluble lysosomal enzymes. Independent from the approach, the enzyme must be delivered to lysosomes of deficient patient cells. Little is known about the dissemination of enzyme within a tissue where cells compete for uptake via different receptor systems, binding affinities and endocytic rates. To evaluate dissemination and lysosomal targeting of a lysosomal enzyme in the CNS, we analysed receptor-mediated endocytosis of arylsulfatase A (ASA) by different types of brain-derived cell lines and primary murine brain cells. For ASA expressed by chinese hamster ovary cells for enzyme replacement therapy of metachromatic leukodystrophy, endocytic rates decline from microglia to neurons and astrocytes and to oligodendrocytes. Only immature oligodendrocytes endocytose significant amounts of enzyme. Uptake by non-microglial cells is due to mannose 6-phosphate receptors, whereas several receptor systems participate in endocytosis by microglial cells. Interestingly, ASA expressed by microglial cells cannot be taken up in a mannose 6-phosphate dependent manner. The resulting failure to correct non-microglial cells corroborates in vivo data and indicates that therapeutic effects of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy on metachromatic leukodystrophy are independent of metabolic cross-correction of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Worldwide burden of genital human papillomavirus infection in female sex workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wu Jie , Ding Cheng , Liu Xiaoxiao , Zhou Yuqing , Tian Guo , Lan Lei , Chen Can , Yan Danying , Huang Chenyang , Fu Xiaofang , Li Lanjuan , Yang Shigui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Although female sex workers (FSWs) have long been identified as a key human papillomavirus (HPV)-affected population, the burden and scope of their disproportionate risk for HPV infection have not been systematically estimated. We therefore aimed to estimate the prevalence of HPV and the distribution of HPV types in FSWs at the country, regional and global levels.

Methods
We searched the PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, EBSCO, ProQuest, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases for articles published between 1 January 1990 and 31 June 2019. Studies of genital HPV prevalence in FSWs, or with sufficient data (e.g. adequate number of HPV-positive cases and sample size) to compute prevalence rates in FSWs, were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis was completed using the random effects model.

Results
We ultimately identified 107 studies in 45 countries or regions with sufficient data to calculate HPV prevalence in FSWs. The pooled global HPV prevalence among FSWs was 39.5% (95% CI 35.3, 43.9%), with notable variations by WHO region and country. Globally, the five most common HPV types in FSWs were HPV16 (9.0%), HPV 52 (8.3%), HPV89 (7.0%), HPV58 (6.2%), and HPV53 (5.3%).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that FSWs are disproportionately affected by HPV, which is more pronounced in the Western Pacific and African regions, and are therefore in need of prevention, treatment and care services.