bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapist Self-Disclosure
Authors: Barnett Jeffrey E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Psychotherapist self-disclosure is addressed as a potentially important psychotherapeutic technique. Different types of self-disclosure are explained, to include deliberate self-disclosure, unavoidable self-disclosure, and accidental self-disclosure, illustrating their potential value and benefits to clients and to the psychotherapy process. Self-disclosure is examined as a boundary issue and ethics issues relevant to the use of self-disclosure are addressed. Illustrative examples are provided and a decision-making process is provided to assist psychotherapists to utilize self-disclosure with clients in an ethically appropriate and clinically effective manner. Relevant factors to be considered in the decision-making process are reviewed to include cultural factors, treatment setting, and the client’s treatment plan. Ethical challenges relevant to having an online presence are addressed and potential pitfalls for psychotherapists to be cognizant of are shared. Recommendations for the ethical and clinically appropriate use of self-disclosure are provided.
Psychotherapeutic Futility
Authors: Geppert Cynthia 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The formal concept of futility has been inchoately explored in psychotherapeutic scholarship and only recently has a small body of work focused primarily on anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia emerged. Therefore, this chapter must be considered an exploratory investigation of the meaning of the concept of futility in the practice of psychotherapy. The exploration will begin with a tracing of the intellectual history of the concept and a review of attempts to develop definitions and typologies of futility. It will then outline the fundamental ethical arguments debated in the medical futility literature with reference to anorexia nervosa. Medical, philosophical, legal, and ethical critiques of the idea of futility and its use in medicine and psychiatry will be examined. Finally, a tentative initial effort will be made to apply the ethical principles and values inherent in the debate regarding these discussions of futility to psychotherapy.
Ethical Issues in the Psychotherapy of High Risk Offenders
Authors: Adshead Gwen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ethical dilemmas that arise in the psychotherapy of high risk offenders, i.e., those offenders who have caused serious harm to others and who may be at risk of doing so again. These offenders may be detained in prison or in secure psychiatric facilities; but wherever they are, they are expected to take part in activities that will reduce their risk to others as well as improve their mental health. The chapter starts by assuming that these “activities” are intended to bring about a change of mind in offenders. It explores the ethical issues raised by this assumption; and reviews previous work covering related themes. It concludes with discussion of the four ethical issues in therapy with offenders: (a) autonomy and coercion, (b) welfare and outcomes, (c) justice, and (d) disclosure of risk and confidentiality.
The Ethics of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: A Population-Level Perspective
Authors: Schmidt Andreas T. , Savić Lovro 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
When applied in population-level contexts, such as schools or business, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) find themselves in a crossfire between two different kinds of criticisms. On one side, some worry that MBIs’ normative commitments might be “too thick,” worrying that MBIs might come with a particular conception of the good, and significant ethical and religious commitments. On the other side, some worry that contemporary MBIs are ethically “too thin,” as they shed too many of their original Buddhist ethical and soteriological goals. In this chapter, it is argued that contemporary MBIs should remain normatively thin, as that makes them more suitable for population-level contexts. Against “thickness worries,” it is argued that MBIs are compatible with liberal respect for autonomy, as the benefits are often autonomy-enhancing, which makes MBIs potentially valuable across a broad range of conceptions of the good. The second line of argument is developed through a discussion of MBIs in schools.
Technological Change and Financial Innovation in Banking
Authors: Frame W. Scott , Wall Larry , White Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFinancial intermediation has changed dramatically over the past thirty years, due in large part to technological change. The chapter first describes the role of the financial system in a modern economy and how technological change and financial innovation can affect social welfare. We then survey the empirical literature relating to several specific financial innovations, broadly categorized as new production processes, new products or services, or new organizational forms. In each case, we also include examples of significant FinTech innovations that are transforming various aspects of banking. Drawing on the literature on innovations from the 1990s and 2000s informs what we might expect from recent developments.
Hardy Perennials
Authors: Caprio Gerard , Honohan Patrick 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the long history of systemic banking crises—including, but not limited to, the Global Financial Crisis—the worst cases have been caused or at least severely exacerbated by what may be called bad banking and bad policies: those that permitted or encouraged excessive risk-taking and even “looting” of other people’s money. With each crisis there is an inevitable chorus of calls for more official prudential regulation and supervision to prevent a recurrence. Empirical evidence suggests that policy is best directed toward ensuring a dynamic approach to regulation focusing on the information that is being disclosed to market participants, the degree of market discipline on the behavior of bankers, and the incentives in the financial system, including those for regulators.
Banking Globalization
Authors: Buch Claudia M. , Delong Gayle L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe financial crisis has renewed interest in the globalization of the banking industry, the patterns of entry into foreign markets, and the effects of complex banking organizations. There is a rich body of literature on international banks, which has recently been expanded by the improved theoretical modeling of the international banking firm and by focusing on implications for (systemic) risk. In this chapter, we focus on three main questions. First, what are the determinants of cross-border entry through acquisitions of commercial banks? Second, what are the effects of cross-border entry on complexity and the efficiency of banks? Third, what are the risk effects of international bank acquisitions, in particular with regard to systemic risk? We begin with a brief summary of the stylized facts, and we conclude with implications for researchers and policymakers.
Commercial Banking and Shadow Banking
Authors: Boot Arnoud W. A. , Thakor Anjan V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe review in this chapter the market developments related to the increasing blurring of the boundaries between banks and financial markets, and the literature associated with this. While traditionally viewed as competitors, institutions and markets are now viewed as engaging in three forms of interaction: competition, complementarity, and co-evolution. The blurring boundaries between banks and markets are evidenced by the growth in shadow banking and P2P lending. We discuss how this has led to economic gains as banks become increasingly dependent on and intertwined with markets. But we also point to a dark side of this intertwining, which is the consequent increase in systemic risk and financial institution fragility. The increased importance of “gatekeepers,” like credit rating agencies, and the implications of these developments for the regulation of banks and markets, are also discussed.
Banking in Africa
Authors: Beck Thorsten , Cull Robert , Valenzuela Patricio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter takes stock of the current state of banking systems across Sub-Saharan Africa and discusses recent developments, including innovations that might help Africa leapfrog more traditional banking models. Using an array of different data, the chapter documents that African banking systems are shallow but stable. African banks are well capitalized and over-liquid, but lend less to the private sector than banks in non-African developing countries. African enterprises and households are less likely to use financial services than their peers in other developing countries, although there has been significant progress over the past decade. The chapter also describes a number of financial innovations across the continent that can help overcome different barriers to financial inclusion and have helped to expand the bankable and the banked population. The chapter ends with discussing current challenges for policymakers and academics, including the lack of (data on) long-term finance and the supervisory challenges stemming from increasing cross-border banking in the region.
Banking in China
Authors: Klapper Leora , Soledad Martínez Pería María , Zia Bilal 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Chinese financial sector has grown at an impressive pace over the last decade, and its banking sector is now the largest in the world. China has also experienced a credit boom, which makes the need to better understand how the Chinese financial sector functions even more important. In this chapter, we first describe the structure and performance of the financial sector in China, focusing largely on banks. Next, we discuss how regulators’ efforts to slow the growth of bank intermediation have been accompanied by rapid growth in shadow-banking products, as banks try to circumvent limits on their ability to grow. Finally, we document China’s progress in expanding consumer access to formal financial services and track the recent expansion of FinTech, especially digital payment products.
Banking in the Transition Countries of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Fungáčová Zuzana , Hasan Iftekhar , Solanko Laura , Wachtel Paul 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter explains the functioning of the banking sectors in the European transition countries. First, we reflect on the thirty-year history of transition banking from the creation of banking institutions out of the planning structures through the effect of the global financial crisis and the post-crisis challenges. We show that experiences across the region are by no means uniform, both with respect to the path since transition started and the current state of the industry. Second, we focus on the state of the banking industry when transition is finalized and show the similarities and differences between banking in this region and elsewhere. Finally, we analyze financial inclusion as one of the critical issues that affects contemporary banking in the region.
Banking in Australia and New Zealand—Geographic Proximity, Market Concentration, and Banking Integration
Authors: Moshirian Fariborz , Wu Eliza 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Australian and New Zealand (NZ) banking industry. Australian and New Zealand banks have undergone significant growth and challenges in the past decade. Australian banks weathered the Great Recession from 2008 and still recorded strong profits and minimal losses while other global banks failed internationally. To understand why this might be, we examine the composition of the closely integrated banking sectors in Australia and NZ, their respective performance, capital levels, and some defining regulatory reforms that have particularly shaped the Australian banking system since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis.
Corporate Governance and Culture in Banking
Authors: Hagendorff Jens 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Banks differ from non-financial firms. These differences affect the manner of agency conflicts between the various bank stakeholder groups compared with non-financial firms. However, the main corporate governance arrangements used in the banking industry to mitigate these agency conflicts are largely similar to those of non-financial firms. A case in point is executive compensation. No other major industry has less equity on the balance sheet than banking. However, executive pay in banking is linked to shareholder wealth just as in other industries thus exacerbating existing incentives for bank managers to shift risk. Further, the governance arrangements in banking make the corporate culture prevailing in banks an important subject to study. This chapter reviews the literature on corporate governance in banking with a focus on those aspects of corporate governance in which banks (should) differ from non-financial firms, that is, executive compensation, the composition of the board of directors, and culture in banks. The chapter encourages a more profound rethink of the corporate governance of banks.
Creation and Regulation of Bank Liquidity
Authors: Bouwman Christa H. S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLiquidity creation is a core function of banks and an important economic service to the economy. This chapter discusses two distinct notions of bank liquidity creation developed in the theoretical literature—funding liquidity creation and improved risk sharing for risk-averse depositors. It also examines the empirical literature on bank liquidity creation. The focus is on the economics of bank liquidity creation, both in the traditional relationship banking context and in the shadow-banking context. This chapter discusses related prudential regulation issues, pertaining mainly to capital requirements and liquidity requirements, as well. It provides a historical overview, starting in the early 1800s and ending with Basel III and the Dodd–Frank Act. It identifies open research questions regarding both capital requirements and liquidity requirements.
A Quantitative Theory of Political Transitions
Authors: Buchheim Lukas , Ulbricht Robert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe develop a quantitative theory of repeated political transitions driven by revolts and reforms. In the model, the beliefs of disenfranchised citizens play a key role in determining revolutionary pressure, which in interaction with preemptive reforms determine regime dynamics. We study the quantitative implications of the model by fitting it to data on the universe of political regimes existing between 1946 and 2010. The estimated model generates a process of political transitions that looks remarkably close to the data, replicating the empirical shape of transition hazards, the frequency of revolts relative to reforms, the distribution of newly established regime types after revolts and reforms, and the unconditional distribution over regime types.
Hydroxychloroquine is associated with a lower risk of polyautoimmunity: data from the RELESSER Registry
Authors: Mena-Vázquez Natalia , Fernández-Nebro Antonio , Pego-Reigosa José María , Galindo María , Melissa-Anzola Ana , Uriarte-Isacelay Esther , Olivé-Marqués Alejandro , Aurrecoechea Elena , Freire Mercedes , Tomero Eva , García-Villanueva María Jesús , Stoye Claudia , Salas-Heredia Esteban , Bernal-Vidal Jose Antonio , Salgado Eva , Blanco Ricardo , Javier Novoa Francisco , Ibáñez-Barcelo Mónica , Torrente-Segarra Vicente , Narvaez Javier , Calvet Joan , Moriano Morales Clara , Ramon Vazquez-Rodriguez Tomas , Garcia de la Peña Paloma , Bohórquez Cristina , Andreu-Sánchez José Luis , Cobo-Ibañez Tatiana , Bonilla Gema , Lozano-Rivas Nuria , Montilla Carlos , Toyos Francisco Javier , De la Fuente Jose Luis Marenco , Expósito Lorena , Ruiz-Lucea María Esther , Vals Elia , Manero-Ruiz Javier , Bernal-Vidal Jose A , Rua-Figueroa Iñigo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This article estimates the frequency of polyautoimmunity and associated factors in a large retrospective cohort of patients with SLE.

Methods
RELESSER (Spanish Society of Rheumatology Lupus Registry) is a nationwide multicentre, hospital-based registry of SLE patients. This is a cross-sectional study. The main variable was polyautoimmunity, which was defined as the co-occurrence of SLE and another autoimmune disease, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, RA, scleroderma, inflammatory myopathy and MCTD. We also recorded the presence of multiple autoimmune syndrome, secondary SS, secondary APS and a family history of autoimmune disease. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate possible risk factors for polyautoimmunity.

Results
Of the 3679 patients who fulfilled the criteria for SLE, 502 (13.6%) had polyautoimmunity. The most frequent types were autoimmune thyroiditis (7.9%), other systemic autoimmune diseases (6.2%), secondary SS (14.1%) and secondary APS (13.7%). Multiple autoimmune syndrome accounted for 10.2% of all cases of polyautoimmunity. A family history was recorded in 11.8%. According to the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with polyautoimmunity were female sex [odds ratio (95% CI), 1.72 (1.07, 2.72)], RP [1.63 (1.29, 2.05)], interstitial lung disease [3.35 (1.84, 6.01)], Jaccoud arthropathy [1.92 (1.40, 2.63)], anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB autoantibodies [2.03 (1.55, 2.67)], anti-RNP antibodies [1.48 (1.16, 1.90)], MTX [1.67 (1.26, 2.18)] and antimalarial drugs [0.50 (0.38, 0.67)].

Conclusion
Patients with SLE frequently present polyautoimmunity. We observed clinical and analytical characteristics associated with polyautoimmunity. Our finding that antimalarial drugs protected against polyautoimmunity should be verified in future studies.
EEG connectivity across sleep cycles and age
Authors: Bouchard Maude , Lina Jean-Marc , Gaudreault Pierre-Olivier , Dubé Jonathan , Gosselin Nadia , Carrier Julie 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
In young adults, sleep is associated with important changes in cerebral connectivity during the first cycle of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Our study aimed to evaluate how electroencephalography (EEG) connectivity during sleep differs between young and older individuals, and across the sleep cycles.

Methods
We used imaginary coherence to estimate EEG connectivity during NREM and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in 30 young (14 women; 20–30 years) and 29 older (18 women; 50–70 years) individuals. We also explored the association between coherence and cognitive measures.

Results
Older individuals showed lower EEG connectivity in stage N2 but higher connectivity in REM and stage N3 compared to the younger cohort. Age-related differences in N3 were driven by the first sleep cycle. EEG connectivity was lower in REM than N3, especially in younger individuals. Exploratory analyses, controlling for the effects of age, indicated that higher EEG connectivity in delta during N2 was associated with higher processing speed, whereas, during REM sleep, lower EEG connectivity in delta and sigma was associated with higher verbal memory performance and a higher global averaged intelligence quotient score.

Conclusion
Our results indicated that age modifies sleep EEG connectivity but the direction and the magnitude of these effects differ between sleep stages and cycles. Results in N3 and REM point to a reduced ability of the older brains to disconnect as compared to the younger ones. Our results also support the notion that cerebral functional connectivity during sleep may be associated with cognitive functions.
Personal Faith and Professional Ethics: Best Practice with the Families of Sexual and Gender Minority Youths
Authors: Okrey Anderson Sloan , McGuire Jenifer K 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Religious mental health practitioners who hold traditional views of gender and sexuality may face moral and ethical dilemmas when working with sexual and gender minority (SGM) clients. Typical responses to this dilemma include selective positioning, values-based referrals, and attempted objectivity. Grounded in social work ethics and values, this article examines the evidence base, viability, and repercussions of these approaches. This article demonstrates the importance of cultural competence and affirmative therapeutic practices for religious mental health practitioners, whether or not they expect to work with gender and sexual minority clients or their families. In addition, the author tackles the difficult issue of providing ethical, evidence-based therapeutic services for religiously conservative parents of SGM children and adolescents. SGM people exist in every community, in every faith, and in every kind of family. The ethical treatment of SGM clients is relevant to all mental health practitioners, regardless of personal values or the type of practice they maintain.
Facial Pain and Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Secondary to Acromegaly: Treatment With Manual Therapy, Neuromuscular Reeducation—A Case Report
Authors: Wechsler Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose:
Acromegaly is a disorder typically caused by a benign pituitary adenoma resulting in hypersecretion of growth hormone. Common sequelae, including musculoskeletal changes and arthropathies, can result in facial pain and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) that persist beyond primary treatment. Because of the unique etiology of facial pain and TMD in cases of acromegaly, the generalizability of established physical therapy (PT) literature for treatment of TMD cannot be assumed. The purpose of this case report was to illustrate an example of multimodal PT as a treatment strategy for facial pain and TMD secondary to acromegaly following treatment of benign pituitary macroadenoma.

Case Description:
A 48-year-old male patient with a history significant for benign pituitary macroadenoma presented with facial pain and TMD secondary to acromegaly. Patient-reported outcomes of pain, function, and quality of life were assessed using the Gothenburg Trismus Questionnaire (GTQ) at baseline, eighth PT visit, and 8 weeks following course of PT. Quantity and quality of jaw mobility were assessed at baseline and postintervention using standard goniometric measurements and observation. A total of 9 PT sessions were delivered over 3 months consisting of manual therapy, relaxation techniques, neuromuscular reeducation, and therapeutic exercise.

Outcomes:
After 8 PT visits, the patient's GTQ score decreased from 81% to 67.6%, with a corresponding decrease in pain and improved symmetry of jaw mobility. Eight weeks following the last PT visit, the patient's GTQ score further decreased from 67.6% to 61.3%.

Discussion:
Conservative management through multimodal PT may be effective in managing facial pain and TMD secondary to acromegaly following treatment of benign pituitary macroadenoma.