bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of freezing injury in temperate fruit trees
Authors: Yu Duk Jun , Lee Hee Jae 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFreezing is a major environmental stress limiting the geographical distribution, growth, and productivity of temperate fruit trees. The extent of freezing injury in the trees depends on the rate at which the temperature decreases, the minimum temperature reached, and the duration of the freezing conditions. The ability to tolerate freezing temperatures under natural conditions varies greatly among fruit tree species, cultivars, and tissues. Freezing injury must be precisely evaluated to reliably predict the winter survival and productivity of the trees in specific regions, to screen for tolerant species and cultivars, and to develop cultural strategies that reduce freezing stress. Various methods are used to evaluate freezing injury in temperate fruit trees under field and artificial conditions, including visual evaluation of tissue discoloration, thermal analysis, determination of electrolyte leakage, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction analysis. In this review, we describe the most frequently used experimental procedures for evaluating freezing injury.
A Police Partnership Targeting Truancy: Study Protocol for a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Mazerolle Lorraine , Bennett Sarah , Cardwell Stephanie M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch QuestionHow can an Australian police agency best test its role in a truancy prevention programme that can help to prevent crime?DataOperational and analytic planning for testing the Ability School Engagement Partnership (ASEP) programme in Queensland that aims to increase school attendance and reduce anti-social behaviour, including offending.MethodsFulfilling the requirements for registering a randomised trial protocol with theClinicaltrials.govRegistry (NCT04281966; date registered 24 February 2020).FindingsA protocol deploying a cluster randomised trial offers sufficient statistical power to detect a moderately large effect size as statistically significant with 80% probability.ConclusionImplementation of this protocol as planned would provide an internally valid test of the effectiveness of the ASEP programme in real-world conditions.
Autonomous Weapons Systems and Meaningful Human Control: Ethical and Legal Issues
Authors: Amoroso Daniele , Tamburrini Guglielmo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo provide readers with a compact account of ongoing academic and diplomatic debates about autonomy in weapons systems, that is, about the moral and legal acceptability of letting a robotic system to unleash destructive force in warfare and take attendant life-or-death decisions without any human intervention.Recent FindingsA précis of current debates is provided, which focuses on the requirement that all weapons systems, including autonomous ones, should remain under meaningful human control (MHC) in order to be ethically acceptable and lawfully employed. Main approaches to MHC are described and briefly analyzed, distinguishing between uniform, differentiated, and prudential policies for human control on weapons systems.SummaryThe review highlights the crucial role played by the robotics research community to start ethical and legal debates about autonomy in weapons systems. A concise overview is provided of the main concerns emerging in those early debates: respect of the laws of war, responsibility ascription issues, violation of the human dignity of potential victims of autonomous weapons systems, and increased risks for global stability. It is pointed out that these various concerns have been jointly taken to support the idea that all weapons systems, including autonomous ones, should remain under meaningful human control (MHC). Main approaches to MHC are described and briefly analyzed. Finally, it is emphasized that the MHC idea looms large on shared control policies to adopt in other ethically and legally sensitive application domains for robotics and artificial intelligence.
Implementation of a Framework for an Abridged Review Using Good Reliance Practices: Optimising the Medicine Regulatory Review Process in South Africa
Authors: Keyter Andrea , Salek Sam , McAuslane Neil , Banoo Shabir , Azatyan Samvel , Walker Stuart 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
This study sought to identify criteria and current practices for implementing an abridged review process and understanding barriers and enablers in utilizing reliance models and to offer recommendations for the implementation of an abridged review process in South Africa based on good reliance practices (GRelP).

Methods
A questionnaire was completed by six national regulatory authorities (NRAs) to determine criteria and current practices for implementing an abridged review process. In addition, two focus group discussions were conducted on the practical implementation of an abridged review process based on GRelP.

Results
Participating NRAs indicated that reliance would be placed on one reference agency. Applications submitted to NRAs for an abridged review had to be identical to those submitted to the reference agency. Unredacted reference agency assessment reports would be required to facilitate the abridged review process. A full technical dossier would also be required, but only parts would be assessed during the abridged review. Focus groups indicated that abridged review elements had been identified and should be considered in implementing GRelP.

Conclusions
NRAs strive to improve regulatory performance and accelerate approval times; however, many continue to face challenges due to resource constraints. Increasing workloads, advancing technologies, and limited expertise require NRAs to leverage regulatory convergence initiatives, collaborative registration procedures, and functional regional, continental and international networks to fulfil regulatory mandates. Recommendations for the implementation of an abridged review process and a framework for GRelP have been made with a view to optimise regulatory review processes in South Africa.
Evaluating the Success of ZaZiBoNa, the Southern African Development Community Collaborative Medicines Registration Initiative
Authors: Sithole Tariro , Mahlangu Gugu , Salek Sam , Walker Stuart 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Southern African Development Community (SADC) collaborative medicines registration initiative ZaZiBoNa is a successful regional work-sharing initiative on the African continent. This paper reviews the history of the ZaZiBoNa initiative, reflects on what has been realized in six years of operation and what still needs to be achieved. Statistics for the work done by the initiative are available in the literature, but there has not been a critical review of the process, including an analysis of factors contributing to the success of the initiative and conversely those negatively affecting performance. To do this, publicly available literature and statistics, meeting records, terms of reference and unpublished documents belonging to the initiative were reviewed. The successes of the ZaZiBoNa initiative can be attributed to leadership commitment, a clear vision and governance structure providing direction, and a clear, documented operating model, processes and objectives defined from the onset of the initiative. Closure of the gaps that were identified and implementation of the recommendations that were made in this paper will further strengthen the initiative. Furthermore, other regional harmonization or work-sharing initiatives on the African continent and beyond can draw lessons from this review of the ZaZiBoNa initiative for improved efficiency and effectiveness.
Impact of on-site compared to off-site testing for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on duration of isolation and resource utilization
Authors: Roberts Andrew T. , Wong Gabriella , Kotsanas Despina , Francis Michelle J. , Stuart Rhonda L. , Graham Maryza , Rogers Benjamin A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRapid detection and isolation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is the only means of reducing hospital transmission. We describe the impact of implementation of on-site severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing on reducing turnaround time, isolation duration, pathology test ordering, and antibiotic use in patients who do not have COVID-19.
On semidirectly closed non-aperiodic pseudovarieties of finite monoids
Authors: Kaďourek Jiří 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt is shown that, for every prime number p, the complete lattice of all semidirectly closed pseudovarieties of finite monoids whose intersection with the pseudovariety G of all finite groups is equal to the pseudovariety Gp of all finite p-groups has the cardinality of the continuum. Furthermore, it is shown, in addition, that the complete lattice of all semidirectly closed pseudovarieties of finite monoids whose intersection with the pseudovariety G of all finite groups is equal to the pseudovariety Gsol of all finite solvable groups has also the cardinality of the continuum.
‘SLOW REVOLUTION’ IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: HOUSEHOLD BIOSOCIAL REPRODUCTION AND REGIONAL ENTANGLEMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF CATTLE-KEEPING AMONG NGUNI-SPEAKERS, NINTH TO THIRTEENTH CENTURY CE
Authors: Jimenez Raevin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the eleventh to thirteenth century, Southern African Nguni-speakers made a counterintuitive choice to begin investing in large herds of cattle. Despite a long-standing knowledge of cattle, the earliest Nguni-speakers did not take to cattle-keeping as a way of life. Rather, the transition came as the result of changing social circumstances as households sought to manage the lifecycles of young men and reliably exploit their labor through gendered and generational expectations of decorum. Nguni-speakers grounded new concepts about cattle in older practices and norms regarding the social reproduction of young men. Agropastoralists situated cattle-keeping among the obligations young men faced after passing through initiation, giving cattle local salience. The transformation unfolded in gendered and generational household choices, but was shaped by the broad context of an increasingly interconnected Southern Africa.
The characterization of the cow-calf, stocker and feedlot cattle industry water footprint to assess the impact of livestock water use sustainability
Authors: Menendez H. M. , Tedeschi L. O. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPerception of freshwater use varies between nations and has led to concerns of how to evaluate water use for sustainable food production. The water footprint of beef cattle (WFB) is an important metric to determine current levels of freshwater use and to set sustainability goals. However, current WFBpublications provide broad WF values with inconsistent units preventing direct comparison of WFBmodels. The water footprint assessment (WFA) methodologies use static physio-enviro-managerial equations, rather than dynamic, which limits their ability to estimate cattle water use. This study aimed to advance current WFA methods for WFBestimation by formulating the WFA into a system dynamics methodology to adequately characterize the major phases of the beef cattle industry and provide a tool to identify high-leverage solutions for complex water use systems. Texas is one of the largest cattle producing areas in the United States, a significant water user. This geolocation is an ideal template for WFBestimation in other regions due to its diverse geography, management-cultures, climate and natural resources. The Texas Beef Water Footprint model comprised seven submodels (cattle population, growth, nutrition, forage, WFB, supply chain and regional water use; 1432 state variables). Calibration of our model replicated initial WFBvalues from an independent study by Chapagain and Hoekstra in 2003 (CH2003). This CH2003v.Texas production scenarios evaluated model parameters and assumptions and estimated a 41–66% WFBvariability. The current model provides an insightful tool to improve complex, unsustainable and inefficient water use systems.
First record of the rare deep-sea polychaete Rhamphobrachium (Rhamphobrachium) agassizii (Annelida: Onuphidae) in European waters
Authors: Arias Andrés , Paxton Hannelore 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRhamphobrachium (Rhamphobrachium) agassizii is reported from the Cantabrian Sea, Spain, from depths of 925–1207 m. This is its first record off the Iberian Peninsula and in European waters, representing its northernmost distribution in the North Atlantic Ocean to date. Previous reports of R. (R.) agassizii from the eastern and western North Atlantic demonstrate its apparent amphi-Atlantic distribution, which appears consistent with the distribution of the main Atlantic currents. It is a typical deep-water species with its deepest record at 2165 m from the Azores archipelago. The specimens were collected singly at two stations, attesting to the rarity of the species in contrast to its congener R. (Spinigerium) brevibrachiatum which was the most dominant polychaete species in a previous study.
Risk clusters of COVID-19 transmission in northeastern Brazil: prospective space–time modelling
Authors: Gomes D. S. , Andrade L. A. , Ribeiro C. J. N. , Peixoto M. V. S. , Lima S. V. M. A. , Duque A. M. , Cirilo T. M. , Góes M. A. O. , Lima A. G. C. F. , Santos M. B. , Araújo K. C. G. M. , Santos A. D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to analyse the trend and spatial–temporal clusters of risk of transmission of COVID-19 in northeastern Brazil. We conducted an ecological study using spatial and temporal trend analysis. All confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the Northeast region of Brazil were included, from 7 March to 22 May 2020. We used the segmented log-linear regression model to assess time trends, and the local empirical Bayesian estimator, the global and local Moran indexes for spatial analysis. The prospective space–time scan statistic was performed using the Poisson probability distribution model. There were 113 951 confirmed cases of COVID-19. The average incidence rate was 199.73 cases/100 000 inhabitants. We observed an increasing trend in the incidence rate in all states. Spatial autocorrelation was reported in metropolitan areas, and 178 municipalities were considered a priority, especially in the states of Ceará and Maranhão. We identified 11 spatiotemporal clusters of COVID-19 cases; the primary cluster included 70 municipalities from Ceará state. COVID-19 epidemic is increasing rapidly throughout the Northeast region of Brazil, with dispersion towards countryside. It was identified high risk clusters for COVID-19, especially in the coastal side.
Will there be any more classical scrapie cases in sheep in Great Britain? A modelling study to predict future cases
Authors: Arnold M.E. , Rajanayagam B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply a back-calculation model to Great Britain (GB) classical scrapie surveillance data, and use this model to estimate how many more cases might be expected, and over what time frame these cases might occur. A back-calculation model was applied to scrapie surveillance data between 2005 and 2019 to estimate the annual rate of decline of classical scrapie. This rate was then extrapolated to predict the number of future cases each year going forward. The model shows that there may be yet further cases of classical scrapie in GB. These will most likely occur in the fallen stock scheme, with approximately a 25% probability of at least 1 further scrapie positive, with a very low probability (~0.2%) of having up to three additional scrapie positives. This highlights the difficulty of completely eliminating all further cases, even in the presence of very effective control measures.
Characterisation of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from rabbits in Fujian, China
Authors: Wang J. , Sun S. , Chen Y. , Chen D. , Sang L. , Xie X. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a potential zoonotic pathogen, which mainly causes respiratory diseases in humans and a variety of animal species. B. bronchiseptica is one of the important pathogens isolated from rabbits in Fujian Province. However, the knowledge of the epidemiology and characteristics of the B. bronchiseptica in rabbits in Fujian Province is largely unknown. In this study, 219 B. bronchiseptica isolates recovered from lung samples of dead rabbits with respiratory diseases in Fujian Province were characterised by multi-locus sequencing typing, screening virulence genes and testing antimicrobial susceptibility. The results showed that the 219 isolates were typed into 11 sequence types (STs) including five known STs (ST6, ST10, ST12, ST14 and ST33) and six new STs (ST88, ST89, ST90, ST91, ST92 and ST93) and the ST33 (30.14%, 66/219), ST14 (26.94%, 59/219) and ST12 (16.44%, 36/219) were the three most prevalent STs. Surprisingly, all the 219 isolates carried the five virulence genes (fhaB, prn, cyaA, dnt and bteA) in the polymerase chain reaction screening. Moreover, the isolates were resistant to cefixime, ceftizoxime, cefatriaxone and ampicillin at rates of 33.33%, 31.05%, 11.87% and 3.20%, respectively. This study showed the genetic diversity of B. bronchiseptica in rabbits in Fujian Province, and the colonisation of the human-associated ST12 strain in rabbits in Fujian Province. The results might be useful for monitoring the epidemic strains, developing preventive methods and preventing the transmission of epidemic strains from rabbits to humans.
Modeling the auxiliary phrase asymmetry in code-switched Spanish–English
Authors: Tsoukala Chara , Frank Stefan L. , Van Den Bosch Antal , Valdés Kroff Jorge , Broersma Mirjam 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSpanish–English bilinguals rarely code-switch in the perfect structure between the Spanish auxiliary haber (“to have”) and the participle (e.g., “Ella ha voted”; “She has voted”). However, they are somewhat likely to switch in the progressive structure between the Spanish auxiliary estar (“to be”) and the participle (“Ella está voting”; “She is voting”). This phenomenon is known as the “auxiliary phrase asymmetry”. One hypothesis as to why this occurs is that estar has more semantic weight as it also functions as an independent verb, whereas haber is almost exclusively used as an auxiliary verb. To test this hypothesis, we employed a connectionist model that produces spontaneous code-switches. Through simulation experiments, we showed that i) the asymmetry emerges in the model and that ii) the asymmetry disappears when using haber also as a main verb, which adds semantic weight. Therefore, the lack of semantic weight of haber may indeed cause the asymmetry.
Perceptions of nutrition education classes offered in conjunction with a community-supported agriculture intervention among low-income families
Authors: Lu Isabel , Hanson Karla L , Jilcott Pitts Stephanie B , Kolodinsky Jane , Ammerman Alice S , Sitaker Marilyn , Wang Weiwei , Volpe Leah C , Belarmino Emily H , Garner Jennifer , Gonsalves Liana , Seguin Rebecca A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine participants’ experiences with nutrition education classes that were implemented with and designed to complement a cost-offset community-supported agriculture (CSA) programme.Design:Qualitative analysis of data from twenty-eight focus groups with ninety-six participants enrolled in Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids (F3HK). Transcribed data were coded and analysed by a priori and emergent themes.Setting:Rural and micropolitan communities in New York, North Carolina, Vermont and Washington (USA).Participants:Ninety-six F3HK participants.Results:Participants found recipes and class activities helpful and reported improvements in nutrition knowledge, food preservation skills and home cooking behaviours for themselves and their children; they also reported that classes promoted a sense of community. Some educators better incorporated CSA produce into lessons, which participants reported as beneficial. Other obligations and class logistics were barriers to attendance; participants recommended that lessons be offered multiple times weekly at different times of day. Other suggestions included lengthening class duration to encourage social engagement; emphasising recipes to incorporate that week’s CSA produce and pantry staples and offering additional strategies to incorporate children in classes.Conclusion:Complementing a cost-offset CSA with nutrition education may enhance programme benefits to low-income families by improving nutrition knowledge and cooking behaviours. However, future interventions will benefit from ongoing coordination between educators and local growing trajectories to maximise timely coverage of unfamiliar produce in lessons; synchronous scheduling of CSA pick-up and classes for participant convenience and creative strategies to engage children and/or provide childcare.
The role of dwelling type on food expenditure: a cross-sectional analysis of the 2015–2016 Australian Household Expenditure Survey
Authors: Oostenbach Laura H , Lamb Karen E , Dangerfield Fiona , Poelman Maartje P , Kremers Stef , Thornton Lukar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective:
To explore differences in proportion of food budget and total food expenditure by dwelling type.

Design:
A cross-sectional study using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics 2015–2016 Household Expenditure Survey. Food expenditure was examined on multiple categories: fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, pre-prepared meals, meals in restaurants, hotels and clubs, and fast food and takeaway meals, using two-part models and zero-one inflated beta regression models. Dwelling types were categorised as separate house, semi-detached house, low-rise apartment and high-rise apartment.

Setting:
Australia, 2015–2016.

Participants:
Seven thousand three hundred and fifty-eight households from greater capital city areas.

Results:
Households living in high-rise apartments were estimated to allocate a greater proportion of their food budget to meals in restaurants, hotels and clubs, and to spend more (actual dollars) on that category, compared with other dwelling types. No substantial differences were estimated in the proportion of food budget allocated to the other food categories across dwelling types.

Conclusions:
The dwelling type households live in may play a role in their food budget. Households living in a high-rise apartment may potentially spend more on meals in restaurants, hotels and clubs than those living in other dwelling types. Given the growth in urban population and the changes in living arrangements, findings point to the critical need for a better understanding of the influence of dwelling types on food expenditure and call for research investigating the relationship between the two.