bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential and Tank-Mixed Dimension (Dithiopyr) and MSMA Treatments for Large Crabgrass Control in Bermudagrass Turf
Authors: Johnson B. Jack 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during 1995 and 1996 in Georgia to determine the influence of Dimension (dithiopyr) and MSMA applied as sequential and tank-mixed treatments on large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] control in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Large crabgrass control by late August was equal to or higher when Dimension and MSMA were applied in a single tank-mixed application after weeds emerged in early May than when Dimension was applied as preemergence late February followed by MSMA as postemergence early June. Full season control ranged from ≥73% for tank-mixes of Dimension plus MSMA at 0.14 + 1.1 kg/ha (0.12 + 1.0 lb/A) to ≥93% when applied at 0.28 + 2.2 kg/ha (0.25 + 2.0 lb/A). The injury to common bermudagrass was due to MSMA and not related to Dimension. MSMA applied in May caused only slight discoloration but injury in June ranged from from ≤42% in 1995 and ≤25% in 1996. The higher injury in 1995 was related to higher air temperature following treatments. When injury was observed, recovery occurred within 2 to 3 weeks.
Incorporation of a Hydrophilic Polymer into Annual Landscape Beds
Authors: Boatright Jennifer L. , Balint Donna E. , Mackay Wayne A. , Zajicek Jayne M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The incorporation of a hydrophilic polymer into annual landscape beds was found to buffer temperature changes by as much as 3C (37F) during daylight hours. Under dry conditions, hydrophilic polymer incorporation increased the growth and flowering of petunias by as much as 64% and 75%, respectively. Vinca and marigold flowering did not increase with polymer incorporation. However, in the case of marigolds, the medium rate of polymer incorporation resulted in an average of 40% higher dry weights compared to control plants. Under nonlimiting water conditions, the advantage of using polymers were less pronounced than under dry conditions. In addition, plant growth and flowering were not affected. The findings suggest that drought-sensitive plants such as petunia may benefit from the addition of a hydrophilic polymer in areas receiving little or sporadic rainfall in addition to elevated temperatures.
Stem and Flower Bud Hardiness of Deciduous Azaleas
Authors: Väinölä Anu , McNamara Steve , Pellett Harold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem and flower bud hardiness of five deciduous azalea (Rhododendron sp.) clones were compared on six dates during the dormant period of 1992–1993. Visual evaluation and a specific conductance technique were compared on four dates as methods of evaluating freezing injury of stems. With a single exception, stems were always more hardy than the corresponding florets. Stems acclimated more rapidly in the fall and were from 3–15C (5–27F) more hardy than florets on two November sampling dates. Stems and florets of all clones achieved their maximum hardiness levels in January. With the exception of ‘Spicy Lights’, the maximum midwinter hardiness obtained by florets was 2–4C (4–7F) less than that of the corresponding stems. Midwinter stem hardiness was greatest in ‘White Lights’ and ‘Mandarin Lights’ [−40C (−40F)] while ‘Spicy Lights’ exhibited the greatest floret hardiness [−40C (−40F)]. Florets deacclimated substantially more than stems between January 25 and March 17. Rates of deacclimation in stems and flower buds were similar between March 17 and April 14, but stems were still significantly more hardy than florets on April 14. Visual ratings and specific conductance measurements provided similar estimates of hardiness in most, but not all cases. Use of visual observation for evaluating freezing injury of azalea stems is recommended based upon the relative ease and efficacy of this technique.
Ozone Sensitivity of Selected Southeastern Landscape Plants
Authors: Findley Douglas A. , Keever Gary J. , Chappelka Arthur H. , Gilliam Charles H. , Joseph Eakes D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twenty-six species and/or cultivars commonly used in landscapes of the southeastern United States were exposed to three ozone (O3) levels for 3-week periods during spring and summer 1994. Thirteen species or cultivars exhibited visible foliar injury at the highest rate, 2.5× ambient, and two cultivars exhibited foliar injury with ambient O3 concentrations. The most sensitive were two cultivars of buddleia or butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii Franch. ‘Black Knight’ and ‘Royal Red’), with visible injury under ambient and 2.5× ambient O3 levels, and ‘White Star’ zinnia (Zinnia angustifolia HBK ‘White Star’) with visible injury observed under 2.5× ambient O3 levels. Seven other cultivars of buddleia and three cultivars of red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Franksred’ (Red SunsetTM)) exhibited minor foliar injury under 2.5× ambient O3 levels. Visible injury was not present on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L. ‘Stokes Pink’), hollies (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Green Luster’, I. cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. ‘Carissa’, I. x attenuate Ashe ‘Fosteri #2’), cultivars of crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Byers Wonderful White’ and ‘Carolina Beauty’), glossy abelia (Abelia x grandiflora (Andre) Rehd.), southern waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera L.), sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth), begonia (Begonia semperflorens-cultorum Hort. ‘Pizzazz Red’), petunia (Petunia x hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. ‘Celebrity Red’), salvia (Salvia splendens Sello. ‘Hotline’), or gomphrena (Gomphrena globosa L. ‘Strawberry Fields’).
Effect of Shade Levels and IBA During the Rooting of Eight Tree Taxa
Authors: Zaczek J. J. , Heuser C. W. , Steiner K. C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Softwood shoot cuttings of Acer griseum, A. rubrum ‘Bowhall’, A. rubrum ‘Franksred’ Red Sunset™, A. saccharum ‘Legacy’, Cornus kousa, Quercus alba, Q. ellipsoidalis, and Q. palustris were subjected to hormone treatments (IBA and control) and placed in a fog-humidified polyethylene tent rooting chamber under one of three levels of shade (83% or control, 91%, and 97% of ambient sun). Percentage rooting, the number of roots per cutting, and the number of days to root were significantly influenced by shade levels and hormone treatment, but responses were dependent on species or cultivar. For most taxa, percentage rooting was greatest at 91% or 97% shade. Only for A. griseum was the control shading treatment best for rooting. Generally, under the greater shade levels, the IBA treated cuttings rooted more often, had more roots, and rooted faster than cuttings without IBA. However, in some cases, the hormone treatment did not provide a clear advantage. Results of this study demonstrate that high shade levels in the rooting environment can increase the rooting performance of cuttings of a number of woody plant taxa.
Shearing and Growth of Five Intermountain Native Shrub Species
Authors: Rupp Larry , Kjelgren Roger , Ernstsen Jerriann , Varga William 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We investigated growth of native Intermountain West shrub species sheared yearly. Five shrub species with potential for use in naturalized landscapes and roadside reclamation, silver sage (Artemesia cana), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), red-stem dogwood (Cornus sericea), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), were planted as seedlings in summer 1989. From 1991–1993, half of the plants were sheared to within 0.15 m (0.5 ft) of the ground every spring prior to or at budbreak. Crown height and crown cross-sectional area were measured every year prior to pruning. Significant shearing effects were detected in some shrubs the first year after shearing, with crown area affected more than height. Height of three species with a multistemmed habit, C. nauseosus, A. cana, and C. sericea, was unaffected by shearing both years. Crown area of all species except C. sericea was reduced by shearing. All species were able to regrow to at least 50% of the crown area and 70% of the height of the unsheared plants, suggesting they would be able to tolerate shearing as a management tool with little to no loss of vigor.
Growth of Dianthus and Petunia in Media Amended with Composted Urban Waste
Authors: Klock Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bedding plant growers have the opportunity to utilize composted urban waste as a component in bedding plant media. Growth of Dianthus chinensis L. (dianthus) and Petunia × hybrida Hort. (petunia) was evaluated in media with 0, 30, 60, or 100% compost made from biosolids and yard trimmings. Dianthus and petunia shoot dry mass, size, and height increased as the percentage of compost in the medium increased from 0 to 60% but decreased at 100% compost. However, dianthus and petunia growth was greater in 100% than 0% compost. Initial nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and soluble salt concentrations linearly increased as the percentage of compost in the medium increased from 0 to 100%. Soluble salt concentrations in 100% compost were 28× greater than in 0% compost and 2× greater than in 30 and 60% compost. Media containing compost made from biosolids and yard trimmings produced larger dianthus and petunia plants than plants grown in peat, vermiculite, perlite medium. The best dianthus and petunia growth was in the medium containing 60% compost.
Preemergent Control of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Black Medic (Medicago lupulina L.)
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. , Martin Frank G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preemergence applied herbicides, Barricade 65 WDG (prodiamine), Derby 5G (metolachlor + simazine), Pendulum 60 WDG (pendimethalin), Snapshot DF (isoxaben + oryzalin), and Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) were evaluated for control of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) in 2.5 liter (0.7 gal) containerized soilless medium. Herbicides were applied at label rates in November 1993 (experiment 1) and 1994 (experiment 2). Common vetch was controlled up to 16 weeks after treatment (WAT) by both Snapshot formulations. Pendulum and Barricade, or Derby provided excellent and good control of vetch for 8 WAT (experiment 1), respectively, but only 4 WAT in experiment 2. Both Snapshot formulations resulted in excellent control of black medic for the entirety of both experiments. Pendulum provided excellent control up to 12 WAT (experiment 2) and good control up to 16 WAT (experiment 1). Further studies should evaluate the turfgrass/landscape herbicide Gallery (isoxaben), the common active ingredient in both Snapshot formulations.
Evaluation of Lonicera Taxa for Honeysuckle Aphid Susceptibility, Winter Hardiness and Use
Authors: Herman Dale E. , Davidson Campbell G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One-hundred-thirty-five honeysuckle (Lonicera L.) taxa were evaluated in North Dakota, Manitoba and/or reviewed in the literature for relative honeysuckle aphid [Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg)] susceptibility, winter hardiness and landscape characteristics. Sixty taxa are rated susceptible to highly susceptible, 13 lightly susceptible and 55 with apparent resistance to aphid attack. Lonicera tatarica L.,L. morrowii Gray. and L. ruprechtiana Reg., including cultivars and hybrids derived from these species, were particularly susceptible. Taxa with apparent aphid resistance were evaluated for hardiness zone assignment and landscape qualities. Only 3 taxa are rated in the high recommendation category for landscape planting in USDA hardiness zones 2 through 5. These include L. x brownii (Reg.) Carr. ‘Dropmore Scarlet’, L. x xylosteoides Tausch. ‘Miniglobe’ and L. xylosteum L. ‘Emerald Mound’. Sixteen taxa received an average recommendation and 27 taxa a low recommendation. The 60 taxa which proved susceptible or highly susceptible to honeysuckle aphid, plus 17 additional taxa, are placed in the non-recommendation category. These 77 taxa represent 57% of the taxa evaluated in this study. Eleven taxa are recommended for potential use in shelterbelt or conservation plantings as replacements for aphid susceptible honeysuckles.
Diagnosis of X-Disease Phytoplasma in Stone Fruits by a Monoclonal Antibody Developed Directly from a Woody Plant
Authors: Guo Y. H. , Cheng Z.-M. , Walla J. A. , Zhang Z. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A monoclonal antibody was produced by using enriched antigen from an infected chokecherry plant, and was used to detect the X-disease phytoplasma using both ELISA and immunofluorescence staining. The monoclonal antibody reacted with five of seven tested phytoplasmas in the X-disease phytoplasma cluster, and one of four phytoplasmas (pigeon pea witches'-broom phytoplasma) outside that cluster. The efficiency of the monoclonal antibody for detection of X-disease phytoplasmas was verified through assays of infected stone fruit plants. The efficacy of the monoclonal antibody was confirmed by X-disease phytoplasma-specific nested-polymerase chain reaction. Development of the monoclonal antibody represents a substantial improvement in the potential for commercial diagnosis of X-disease phytoplasma infection in nurseries and orchards and for screening large numbers of stone fruit plants for X-disease phytoplasma infection in breeding programs.
Effects of Nursery Container Type on Root Growth and Landscape Establishment of Acer rubrum L.
Authors: Marshall Michael D. , Gilman Edward F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Trees of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were planted into seven container types evaluated for their ability to reduce number of roots deflected by the container wall. Seedlings were grown 70 weeks (production phase) in seven container types to a mean trunk diameter of 3.9 cm (1.5 in) and were transplanted into a sandy soil and grown with frequent or periodic irrigation for 24 weeks (landscape phase). There was no effect of container type on total root mass, trunk diameter or height during the production phase. Total deflected root length was less in low-profile plastic containers, chemical root pruning containers, air root pruning containers (ARPC), and wood boxes than in standard black plastic containers (SBPC). Trees produced in the SBPC had the most horizontally-oriented deflected root length while the ARPC and SBPC had the most vertically-oriented deflected root length. Trees grown in the ARPC had less roots on the inside of the root ball than all other container types. Container type did not influence root and shoot growth, but impacted stem water potential in the first five months after transplanting to the landscape. Trees frequently irrigated during the landscape phase had greater trunk diameter, height, and generated more new root mass than those which were infrequently irrigated.
Susceptibility of Cultivars of Several Dogwood Taxa to Powdery Mildew and Spot Anthracnose
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Hardin B. , Gilliam C. H. , Keever G. J. , Williams J. D. , Eakes J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Incidence of powdery mildew (Microsphaera penicillata) and spot anthracnose (Elsinoe corni) was assessed on 37 selections or cultivars of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), kousa dogwood (C. kousa), hybrid dogwood (C. kousa x florida and C. nuttallii x florida) and giant dogwood (C. controversa). Across all cultivars, the flowering dogwood and C. nuttallii x florida ‘Eddie's White Wonder’ are more susceptible to powdery mildew and spot anthracnose than the kousa, C. kousa x florida hybrids and giant dogwood. Among the cultivars of flowering dogwood screened, ‘Cherokee Brave’, ‘Cherokee Chief’, ‘Welch's Bay Beauty’ and ‘Weaver's White’ were partially to highly resistant to both diseases. With few exceptions, the kousa dogwood and C. kousa x florida hybrids, and giant dogwood suffered very little powdery mildew or spot anthracnose-related damage.
Effects of Gallery Applied at Different Growth Stages to Dwarf Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus ‘Compacts’)
Authors: Salihu Sydha , Derr Jeffrey F. , Hatzios Kriton K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effect of Gallery application timing on dwarf burning bush tolerance was determined in field trials. Gallery was applied foliarly at 0.84, 1.69 and 3.39 kg ai/ha (0.75, 1.5 and 3 lb ai/A) to dwarf burning bush at different growth stages. Gallery applied at the dormant stage and two months after bud-break did not injure dwarf burning bush. Plants treated one month after bud-break with all three rates were injured approximately 30 to 45% at one and three months after herbicide application. Injury symptoms were manifested as decreased leaf size and leaf distortions. Gallery applied at 0.84 and 1.69 kg/ha (0.75 and 1.5 lb/A) one month after bud-break decreased plant width. Shoot-dieback was also observed in plants treated with Gallery at all rates one month after bud-break. Gallery at all three rates applied one month after bud-break caused 60 to 75% of the leaves to defoliate six weeks earlier in the fall compared to the other application timings.
Effect of Lifting Date and Time of Storage on Survival and Die-Back in Four Deciduous Species
Authors: Lindqvist Hans 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Woody landscape plants transplanted in urban areas frequently show poor establishment and high mortality rates. The importance of lifting date in combination with cold storage was tested in a trial with four species, European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.), redosier dogwood (Cornus sericea L. ‘Flaviramea’), singleseed hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.). Plants were lifted at 14-day intervals during the fall and divided for different purposes including assessment of root growth potential (RGP) before and after four months of cold storage; evaluation of survival and damages after four months of cold storage; and for evaluation of survival, damage and shoot growth in a field trial. Early lifting in combination with cold storage was negative for the survival and damage to the four species. A longer period of cold storage had a further negative effect on plants lifted early. RGP assessed in the fall could indirectly be used to predict lifting date of European white birch, English oak and red-osier dogwood. RGP after storage could be used to predict field performance in European white birch and English oak. Singleseed hawthorn did not show any differences in RGP.
Effects of Cyclic Micro-irrigation and Substrate in Pot-in-pot Production
Authors: Fain Glenn B. , Tilt Ken M. , Gilliam Charles H. , Ponder Harry G. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate production techniques for increasing irrigation application efficiency [(water volume applied − water volume leached) / water volume applied] for large container trees. Three irrigation treatments (single, three cycle and six cycle) and three substrate treatments [pinebark, pinebark:coir (4:1 by vol), and pinebark:peat (4:1 by vol)] were evaluated for effects on irrigation application efficiency and growth of Acer rubrum ‘Franksred’ in a pot-in-pot production system in Auburn, AL. Substrate pH, electrical conductivity and leachate total inorganic nitrogen (N) content were measured. Cyclic irrigation reduced total N lost by a minimum of 89% when compared to a single irrigation application. Irrigation application efficiency increased with cyclic irrigation compared to a single irrigation application and for the pinebark: coir substrate compared to the pinebark. Growth was greater when irrigation was applied in six cycles than in a single irrigation application. Trees grown in pinebark: peat substrate had greater shoot dry weight than those grown in the pinebark substrate.
Cyclic Irrigation and Grass Waterways Combine to Reduce Isoxaben Losses from Container Plant Nurseries
Authors: Briggs Jeanne , Whitwell Ted , Riley Melissa B. , Lee Tracy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the remediating effects of the combination of cyclic irrigation and grass waterways on pesticide loads in runoff water. Cleary's 3336 (thiophanate-methyl), Dursban (chlorpyrifos), and Snapshot TG (trifluralin plus isoxaben) were applied to container nursery beds. The two treatments were continuous irrigation (90 min duration) with runoff emptying through a clay/gravel waterway and cyclic irrigation (three 30 min cycles with 90 min between cycles) with runoff emptying into a grass waterway. Samples of runoff water were collected at the end of the waterways on the day of application and 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after application. Cyclic irrigation reduced runoff water volume 15% compared to continuous irrigation. All pesticides were detected in runoff water on the day of application from both treatments. Isoxaben was detected in runoff water through 8 days after application from both treatments. Isoxaben concentrations and amounts were reduced by the cyclic irrigation/grass waterway treatment on the day of application and as a total for the duration of the study.
Pre-emergence Applied Herbicides for Container-Grown Liriope after Division
Authors: Hayes Christine K. , Gilliam Charles H. , Olive John W. , Keever Gary J. , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of preemergence-applied herbicides on growth of liriope [Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey ‘Big Blue’ and ‘Variegata’] when applied immediately after division. Overall, most herbicides caused no injury or suppression of root or shoot development. Surflan (oryzalin) and a Surflan + Gallery (isoxaben) combination inhibited root and shoot growth. Predict (norflurazon) caused foliar injury characterized by bleached bands or spots on both old and new foliage.
Supercooling in Dormant Flower Buds of Forsythia, and the Correlation between Pistil Size and Bud Hardiness
Authors: Flinn Cindy L. , Ashworth Edward N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine if dormant buds of Forsythia taxa exhibit the deep supercooling characteristic. Specimens were collected from thirteen Forsythia taxa including: F. suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, F. x intermedia cv. Spectabilis (Koehne), F. x intermedia cv. Lynwood (G.E. Peterson), F. europaea (Degen and Baldacci), F. giraldiana (Lingelsh), F. japonica (Makino) var. saxatilis (Nakai), F. mandshurica (Uyeki), F. ovata (Nakai), F. suspensa var. fortunei (Lindl.), F. viridissima (Lindl.), F. x intermedia cv. Arnold Giant (Sax), F. cv. Arnold's Dwarf, and F. cv. Meadowlark (Flint). Buds and attached stem segments, were cooled at 2C (3.6F) per hour, and the temperature at which freezing occurred was determined by thermal analysis. Typically, two distinct freezing events were detected within Forsythia buds. The first freezing event, or high temperature exotherm, occurred just below 0C (32F), while the second freezing event, or low temperature exotherm, occurred between −16C (3.2F) and −28C (−18.4F). The low temperature exotherm corresponded to the freezing of supercooled water within dormant buds, and the detection of low temperature exotherms in buds of all 13 Forsythia taxa indicated that deep supercooling is common among members of this genus. In nine of the 13 Forsythia taxa, the temperature of the low temperature exotherm was an accurate indicator of bud freeze-tolerance (LT50), as determined by a laboratory freeze-stress protocol. The discrepancies noted in the other four taxa were apparently due to the occurrence of field freezing injury prior to conducting these laboratory studies. Evidence indicated a relationship between the extent of supercooling and the size of the pistil in dormant Forsythia buds.