bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FLEXPART v10.1 simulation of source contributions to Arctic black carbon
Authors: Zhu Chunmao , Kanaya Yugo , Takigawa Masayuki , Ikeda Kohei , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Taketani Fumikazu , Miyakawa Takuma , Kobayashi Hideki , Pisso Ignacio 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The Arctic environment is undergoing rapid changes such as faster warming
than the global average and exceptional melting of glaciers in Greenland.
Black carbon (BC) particles, which are a short-lived climate pollutant, are
one cause of Arctic warming and glacier melting. However, the sources of BC particles are still uncertain. We simulated the potential emission
sensitivity of atmospheric BC present over the Arctic (north of
66∘ N) using the FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle) Lagrangian transport model (version 10.1). This version includes a new aerosol wet removal scheme, which better represents particle-scavenging processes than older versions did. Arctic BC at the surface (0–500 m) and high altitudes (4750–5250 m) is sensitive to emissions in high latitude (north of 60∘ N) and mid-latitude (30–60∘ N) regions, respectively. Geospatial sources of Arctic BC were quantified, with a focus on emissions from anthropogenic activities (including domestic biofuel burning) and open biomass burning (including agricultural burning in the open field) in 2010. We found that anthropogenic sources contributed 82 % and 83 % of annual Arctic BC at the surface and high altitudes, respectively. Arctic surface BC comes predominantly from anthropogenic emissions in Russia (56 %), with gas flaring from the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Komi Republic being the main source (31 % of Arctic surface BC). These results highlight the need for regulations to control BC emissions from gas flaring to mitigate the rapid changes in the Arctic environment. In summer, combined open biomass burning in Siberia,
Alaska, and Canada contributes 56 %–85 % (75 % on average) and 40 %–72 % (57 %) of Arctic BC at the surface and high altitudes, respectively. A large fraction (40 %) of BC in the Arctic at high altitudes comes from anthropogenic emissions in East Asia, which suggests that the rapidly growing economies of developing countries could have a non-negligible effect on the Arctic. To our knowledge, this is the first year-round evaluation of Arctic BC sources that has been performed using the new wet deposition scheme in FLEXPART. The study provides a scientific basis for actions to mitigate the rapidly changing Arctic environment.
Amplified warming of seasonal cold extremes relative to the mean in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics
Authors: Gross Mia H. , Donat Markus G. , Alexander Lisa V. , Sherwood Steven C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Cold extremes are anticipated to warm at a faster rate than both hot extremes and average temperatures for much of the Northern Hemisphere.
Anomalously warm cold extremes can affect numerous sectors, including human
health, tourism and various ecosystems that are sensitive to cold temperatures. Using a selection of global climate models, this paper
explores the accelerated warming of seasonal cold extremes relative to
seasonal mean temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics. The
potential driving physical mechanisms are investigated by assessing
conditions on or prior to the day when the cold extreme occurs to understand how the different environmental fields are related. During winter, North America, Europe and much of Eurasia show amplified warming of cold extremes projected for the late 21st century, compared to the mid-20th century. This is shown to be largely driven by reductions in cold air temperature advection, suggested as a likely consequence of Arctic amplification. In spring and autumn, cold extremes are expected to warm faster than average temperatures for most of the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes to high latitudes, particularly Alaska, northern Canada and northern Eurasia. In the shoulder seasons, projected decreases in snow cover and associated reductions in surface albedo are suggested as the largest contributor affecting the accelerated rates of warming in cold extremes. The key findings of this study improve our understanding of the environmental conditions that contribute to the accelerated warming of cold extremes relative to mean temperatures.
The herpetofauna of Wallops Island, Accomack County, Virginia: A case study of a vulnerable community
Authors: Delis Pablo R. , Meshaka Walter E. 
Published: February 2020

abstractBarrier islands are valuable models for evolutionary and conservation biology studies. Since 2010, we have investigated the herpetofauna of Wallops Island, Virginia, 25 years after a seminal study. We used combinations of taxon-specific field techniques to maximize accuracy. A total of four species of amphibians and seven species of reptiles were identified. The most abundant amphibian and reptile were Fowler&#x92;s toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) and the North American racer (Coluber constrictor), respectively. We report three previously undetected amphibians and the likely prior misidentification of another. We also identified a new snake species. The diamond-backed terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is only seasonally abundant on the island, in contrast to the year-round well-established Eastern mud turtle (Kinosternon subrubrum), while only a few juveniles of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) were detected. No lizards were found in the island. These limited yet interesting herpetofauna face momentous environmental challenges derived from global climate change and rising sea level.
Reaching sustainability goals through efficiency and off-grid living
Authors: Sell Michael C. 
Published: February 2020

abstract
Off-grid, simple living is a foundation of the recent "Tiny House" movement. Utilizing technologies such as solar, wind, and biomass, these tiny spaces are generating their own energy to provide modern luxuries in small, simple living spaces. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the average size of a new single-family house in 2017 was 2631 square feet. In contrast, tiny house footprints span no more than a few hundred square feet. While not everyone is rushing to downsize, tiny house living can offer lessons for more sustainable living. Trends adopted in off-grid design also mirror developments in the larger grid system, which is increasingly turning to renewable technologies, higher efficiency, and energy storage. This movement inspired the Saint Francis University Institute for Energy to construct a tiny, mobile classroom/lab to use as a demonstration of different renewable energy technologies and as an environment for teaching about such technologies.
Methodologies of Travel: William James and the Ambulatory Pragmatism of Bruno Latour
Authors: Sheehey Bonnie 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThis article argues for the methodological resonance shared by Bruno Latour and William James in order to understand Latour's affiliation with pragmatism. Unlike many readers of Latour, I suggest that his relation with pragmatism is primarily methodological rather than primarily ontological. To clarify this, I look to the resonances between James's methodological pragmatism and Latour's actor-network methodology. Latour's pragmatism resonates with James's as it incorporates a methodological focus on practices and objects, and as it furthers underdeveloped themes of motion in James's pragmatism. This methodological alliance, I argue, consists in a modification of the metaphoric of method from one of Cartesian construction to one of movement and travel.
PSO-verordening in de openbaar vervoerregelgeving: een lex specialis of juist niet?
Authors: van Angeren J.R. , ten Hove F.E. 
Published: February 2020

PSO-verordening in de openbaar vervoerregelgeving: een lex specialis of juist niet?
De PSO-verordening brengt sinds de inwerkingtreding op 3 december 2009 het specifieke karakter van het openbaar personenvervoer ten opzichte van andersoortige overheidsopdrachten tot uitdrukking. Dat heeft geleid tot rechtspraak van het Hof van Justitie over de verhouding van de PSO-verordening met de algemene aanbestedingsregelgeving. In deze bijdrage belichten wij de verschillende regelgeving die op de aanbesteding van openbaar busvervoer van toepassing is. Die regelgeving is ingewikkeld en bevestigt onze veronderstelling dat de positie van het openbaar vervoer binnen het aanbestedingsrecht een bijzondere plaats inneemt.HvJ 21 maart 2019, gevoegde zaken C-26617 en C-267/17, ECLI:EU:C:2019:241 (Rhein-Sieg-Kreis/Verkehrsbetrieb Hüttebräucker GmbH en BVR Busverkehr Rheinland GmbH en Rhenus Veniro GmbH & Co. KG/Kreis Heinsberg)HvJ 8 mei 2019, zaak C-253/18, ECLI:EU:C:2019:386 (Stadt Euskirchen/Rhenus Veniro GmbH & Co. KG)
Cellular automata and urban studies: a literature survey
Authors: Norte Pinto Nuno , Pais Antunes António 
Published: February 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a técnica matemática de
autómatos celulares (CA) e a sua aplicação a estudos urbanos. Os modelos baseados em CA
são actualmente alvo de intensa investigação não só em termos teóricos como também na sua
aplicação operacional. Diversos modelos são já aplicados a diversas áreas urbanas e regiões
metropolitanas em todo o mundo. É feita a apresentação da formulação clássica de CA bem
como das suas primeiras aplicações a problemas geográficos e urbanos, sendo ainda
discutidas as principais evoluções da técnica. É apresentada uma série de aplicações de
modelos baseados em CA e é dedicada uma atenção particular às suas medidas de
desempenho e a diversas abordagens de calibração dos modelos.
Downregulation of miR-193a-3p is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting CCND1
Authors: Wang Shi-shuo , Huang Zhi-guang , Wu Hua-yu , He Rong-quan , Yang Li-hua , Feng Zhen-bo , Dang Yi-wu , Lu Hui-ping , Fang Ye-ying , Chen Gang 
Published: February 2020

Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second-highest cause of malignancy-related death worldwide, and many physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). miR-193a-3p is an anti-oncogene that plays an important part in health and disease biology by interacting with specific targets and signals.

Methods
In vitro assays were performed to explore the influences of miR-193a-3p on the propagation and apoptosis of HCC cells. The sequencing data for HCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the expression levels of miR-193a-3p in HCC and non-HCC tissues were calculated. The differential expression of miR-193a-3p in HCC was presented as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in Stata SE. The impact of miR-193a-3p on the prognoses of HCC patients was determined by survival analysis. The potential targets of miR-193a-3p were then predicted using miRWalk 2.0 and subjected to enrichment analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis. The interaction between miR-193a-3p and one predicted target, Cyclin D1 (CCND1), was verified by dual luciferase reporter assays and Pearson correlation analysis.

Results
MiR-193a-3p inhibited the propagation and facilitated the apoptosis of HCC cells in vitro. The pooled SMD indicated that miR-193a-3p had a low level of expression in HCC (SMD: −0.88, 95% CI [−2.36 −0.59]). Also, HCC patients with a higher level of miR-193a-3p expression tended to have a favorable overall survival (OS: HR = 0.7, 95% CI [0.43–1.13], P = 0.14). For the KEGG pathway analysis, the most related pathway was “proteoglycans in cancer”, while the most enriched GO term was “protein binding”. The dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated the direct interaction between miR-193a-3p and CCND1, and the Pearson correlation analysis suggested that miR-193a-3p was negatively correlated with CCND1 in HCC tissues (R = − 0.154, P = 0.002).

Conclusion
miR-193a-3p could suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis by targeting CCND1 in HCC cells. Further, miR-193a-3p can be used as a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC in the future.
Microbial Diversity Assessment in Milkfish Culture Ponds
Authors: M. M. Dalmacio L. , L. Ramirez B. , Estacio R. , Borlongan I. , M. Ramirez J. , V. Evangelista K. , Madlangbayan E. , Guillergan F. , A. Kron M. 
Published: February 2020

Aims: To determine bacterial diversity in milkfish culture ponds that contain different life-cycle stages of the milkfish (pond A: fry, pond B: juveniles and pond C: adults) by DNA sequence analysis of organisms and compare that microbial diversity to organisms found in soil adjacent to the ponds.
Study Design: Comparative metagenomic study of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity based on DNA sequence analysis of water and soil DNA.
Place and Duration of Study: SEADEC milkfish ponds in Tingnauan, Iloilo. Philippines. All water and soil samples were collected over a three-day period.
Methodology: DNA sequence analysis of nucleic acids extracted from water samples collected from the three types of milkfish ponds along with soil adjacent to the ponds. DNA was extracted and PCR was performed using the 11F-1492R primer pair to amplify 16S rRNA gene. Purified 16S rDNA amplicons were cloned in using the TOPO-TA cloning kit for DNA sequencing. 16s rRNA gene sequences were analyzed with the use of software tools at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website and imported into the ARB phylogenetic analysis software. Distance matrices were exported using the neighbor-joining algorithm in ARB, in the form of PHYLIP-formatted lower triangular matrices. The distance matrices were then used to calculate Shannon-Weaver and Simpson diversity indices to evaluate the richness and evenness of the sampled populations. Rarefaction curves were determined to evaluate sampling efficiency.
Results: Rarefaction curves indicated that the sampling effort was sufficient to reveal the majority of phyla present in the sample. Shannon-Weaver and Simpson indices suggested that the diversities of all the groups were statistically different from each other. It was observed that pond A was least diverse, followed by pond C and pond B. The soil was most diverse. DNA sequence analysis identified the various species of bacteria in soil and water.
Conclusion: All three pond communities were significantly different in diversity. This study did not identify any significant human pathogens such as Vibrios, Salmonella or Shigella. Bacterial diversity of sites decreased in the following order: soil > fry pond > fingerling pond > adult pond.
Physio-chemical Parameters of Wastewater from Food Industries of Faisalabad
Authors: Naveed Muhammad , Sajjad Rafakat , Talat Nida , Habiba Umay , Idrees Muhammad , Umer Mukhtar Muhammad , Waqar Muhammad , Afzaal Akram Muhammad 
Published: February 2020

Food waste or food loss is food that is unnecessary or lost uneaten. The reasons of food waste or loss are various and take place at the stages of production, processing, transaction and utilization. The main objective of this study was to access the quality of groundwater in Faisalabad city. From different food industries of Faisalabad water samples were collected to estimate their physicochemical parameters. The physiochemical parameters such as (pH, Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Calcium, Bi-carbonates, Total Hardness and chloride) were analyzed and their values were compared with the standard values. In the majority of the industries waste, water was not up to the mark. pH, TSS, EC and Chlorides values were out of range in most of the samples. On the completion of data physiochemical parameters of groundwater, statistical analysis was applied. Descriptive statistics were carried out to evaluate the significant differences between means of samples.
D-trans-allethrins in Some Selected Mosquito Coil Repellents Causes Histological Inflammation in Trachea of Experimental Animals
Authors: Abdulaziz A. , G. Avwioro O. , O. Abdul Rasheed M. , S. Abubakar M. , Abubakar U. , D. Abubakar S. , Shagari M. B. 
Published: February 2020

Background: Many reports on the toxicity of some mosquito repellents have been recorded, however, its effect on the trachea.
Aim: This study was aimed at determining the Histopathological and Morphological changes in Trachea of Wistar rats exposed to selected mosquito repellents commonly used in Sokoto, Nigeria especially after the recent outbreak of Malaria and Dengue fever.
Methods: Mosquito repellent brands of Pyrethroids-containing mosquito coil, aerosolized spray and Dichlovors aerosolized spray were studied over 21 days. Rats were exposed to the fumes in coils and aerosolized insecticidal spray for 5 minutes each day, in a well-ventilated box. Control rats were not exposed. Animals were sacrificed on days 7, 14 and 21 post-exposure.
Results: Early observable behavioural signs include irritation, scratching of the eyes and nostrils; in later stages of exposure, sneezing, ruffled fur and lethargy were observed. Gross changes were not apparent in most organs, except for frothy trachea observed in few Wistar rats exposed to the fumes. Histopathology revealed varying degrees of epithelial disruption, lymphocytic infiltration and vascular congestion; more apparent 7 days post-exposure and to a lesser degree, 21 days post-exposure. The severity of the macroscopic changes was more in the first 14 days of exposure while it was reduced in rats that were exposed for 21 days. The most obvious changes were observed in coil repellents containing Rich-d-Trans allethrin.
Conclusion: Acute exposure to fumes of mosquito repellents containing rich-d-trans allethrin is irritating to the trachea and could lead to possible respiratory problems.
Feeling Things Out: Bidirectional Signaling of the Cell–ECM Interface, Implications in the Mechanobiology of Cell Spreading, Migration, Proliferation, and Differentiation
Authors: Miller Andrew E. , Hu Ping , Barker Thomas H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBiophysical cues stemming from the extracellular environment are rapidly transduced into discernible chemical messages (mechanotransduction) that direct cellular activities–placing the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a potent regulator of cell behavior. Dynamic reciprocity between the cell and its associated matrix is essential to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and dysregulation of both ECM mechanical signaling, via pathological ECM turnover, and internal mechanotransduction pathways contribute to disease progression. This review covers the current understandings of the key modes of signaling used by both the cell and ECM to coregulate one another. By taking an outside‐in approach, the inherent complexities and regulatory processes at each level of signaling (ECM, plasma membrane, focal adhesion, and cytoplasm) are captured to give a comprehensive picture of the internal and external mechanoregulatory environment. Specific emphasis is placed on the focal adhesion complex which acts as a central hub of mechanical signaling, regulating cell spreading, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, a wealth of available knowledge on mechanotransduction is curated to generate an integrated signaling network encompassing the central components of the focal adhesion, cytoplasm and nucleus that act in concert to promote durotaxis, proliferation, and differentiation in a stiffness‐dependent manner.
Color Determination from a Single Broadband Organic Photodiode
Authors: Dyson Matthew J. , Verhage Michael , Ma Xiao , Simone Giulio , Tordera Daniel , Janssen René A. J. , Gelinck Gerwin H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEstablishing the color of incident light is essential for many applications, such as machine vision, but generally requires either a dispersive component or multiple spectrally selective photodetectors. In contrast, here an incident spectrum is parametrized using a single broadband organic photodiode (OPD). This is achieved by exploiting the incident wavelength dependence of charge extraction caused by optically induced trap states in a metal oxide electron extraction layer, which results in an atypical spectral dependence of the reverse bias photocurrent density vs voltage (J–V) characteristics. Such dependence is augmented by confining the active layer within an optical microcavity to influence the light absorption profile and thus metal oxide trap state density. The average wavelength of an (approximately normally distributed) incident spectrum is then calculated to within ≈5 nm by algorithmically minimizing the difference between a measured J–V curve and one determined from the overlap integral of a trial spectrum with previously acquired voltage bias dependent external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra.
Quantifying Losses and Assessing the Photovoltage Limits in Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Water Splitting Systems
Authors: Hemmerling John , Quinn Joseph , Linic Suljo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMetal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) photo‐electrocatalysts offer a pathway to stable and efficient solar water splitting. Initially motivated as a strategy to protect the underlying semiconductor photoabsorber from harsh operating conditions, the thickness of the insulator layer in MIS systems has recently been shown to be a critical design parameter which can be tuned to optimize the photovoltage. This study analyzes the underlying mechanism by which the thickness of the insulator layer impacts the performance of MIS photo‐electrocatalysts. A concrete example of an Ir/HfO2/n‐Si MIS system is investigated for the oxygen evolution reaction. The results of combined experiments and modeling suggest that the insulator thickness affects the photovoltage i) favorably by controlling the flux of charge carriers from the semiconductor to the metal electrocatalyst and ii) adversely by introducing nonidealities such as surface defect states which limit the generated photovoltage. It is important to quantify these different mechanisms and suggest avenues for addressing these nonidealities to enable the rational design of MIS systems that can approach the fundamental photovoltage limits. The analysis described in this contribution as well as the strategy toward optimizing the photovoltage are generalizable to other MIS systems.
Response of oat grain yield and quality to nitrogen fertilizer and fungicides
Authors: May William Earl , Brandt Stewart , Hutt‐Taylor Kayleigh 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecently agronomists and producers have expressed interest in combining higher nitrogen (N) rates with a fungicide application even when disease intensity is low. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fungicide application and N rates on grain yield and oat quality (Avena sativa L.). The experimental design was a split plot with fungicide (none, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin) as the main plot, and eight N rates as sub‐plots (5, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 kg ha−1). This study was conducted in 2012 and 2013 at two locations in Saskatchewan, Melfort and Indian Head. Disease intensity was very low for crown rust (Puccinia coronata) and low‐to‐moderate for all other foliar diseases, and with no large effect on grain yield and quality. No interaction between fungicide and N was observed. A curvilinear increase in grain yield occurred as the N rate increased from 5 to 140 kg ha−1. Increasing the N rate caused a small linear decrease in test weight. At a low oat price, $130 t−1, the N rate that maximized economic return was sensitive to N fertilizer price. As the crop price increased the optimum N rate was100 kg ha−1. In conclusion, our results indicate that using an N rate of 100 kg ha−1 provided the most consistent economic returns when the crop price is between $162 and $194 t−1. There is no beneficial interaction between fungicide and N for growers using higher N rates at low disease intensity and resistant genotypes.