bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site-specific Transmission Electron Microscope Characterization of Micrometer-sized Particles Using the Focused Ion Beam Lift-out Technique
Authors: Lomness Janice K. , Giannuzzi Lucille A. , Hampton Michael D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMicrometer sized particles have been studied to show that a high-quality transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimen can be produced, without the use of embedding media, from a site-specific region of chosen particles using the focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out (LO) technique. The uniqueness of this technique is that site-specific TEM LO specimens may be obtained from particles and from regions which are smaller than the conventional ∼10–20 μm × 5 μm × ∼0.1 μm dimensions of the LO specimen. The innovative FIB LO procedures are described in detail and TEM images of electron transparent specimens obtained from specific micrometer-sized particles are presented.
Atomic-scale Study of a Transition Phase Precipitate and Its Interfacial Chemistry in an Fe−15 at.% Mo−5 at.% V Alloy
Authors: Isheim Dieter , Hellman Olof C. , Seidman David N. , Danoix Frédéric , Bostel Alain , Blavette Didier 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA Mo-rich precipitate in an Fe-rich matrix and the heterophase interface bounding the precipitate have been examined on an atomic scale by three-dimensional atom-probe (3DAP) microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Mo-rich precipitate was generated by isothermal solid-state decomposition at 500°C of an Fe-15 at.% Mo-5 at.% V alloy. After this heat treatment, TEM reveals a characteristic modulated strain contrast structure. The precipitate has a composition of Mo-13.0 at.% Fe-4.9 at.% V as measured by 3DAP microscopy. The alloy decomposes at a nearly constant 5 at.% V, constituting a metastable tie-line between Fe-rich and Mo-rich bcc solid solutions. The formation of the equilibrium intermetallic phases is kinetically impeded. A local vanadium enrichment of 21 at.% is detected at the interface of the precipitate in a matrix region about 0.27 nm or 1–2 atomic layers in thickness. The corresponding value of the Gibbsian interfacial excess of vanadium is 3.3 ± 1.3 nm−2.
Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy Reveal Genome–dependent Ultrastructure of Seed Surface
Authors: Guha T. , Bhar R. , Ganesan V. , Sen A. , Brahmachary R.L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBoth scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact mode imaging via atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been utilized to elucidate the ultrastructure of mung bean seed surfaces. The results indicate: 1) that AFM is useful in the examination of seed surface ultrastructure ex-vaccuo without the need for additional complex preparative procedures; and 2) that both the cotyledon and seed coat of different strains of mung beans bear specific ultrastructural details unique to each strain. To our knowledge, these are the first AFM images of seed surfaces.
Nondestructive Angle-resolved X-ray Depth Profiling: Interpretation of Angle-resolved Profiles Using a Monte Carlo Approach
Authors: Wilkinson David K. , Loveday Daniel A. , Prutton Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA technique has been developed for the interpretation of composition-depth profiles from angleresolved X-ray data using a Monte Carlo electron scattering simulation. This is a nondestructive depth profiling procedure. Software has been developed that uses a Monte Carlo scattering simulation to generate the signal intensity from a multilayer sample for any combination of primary beam angle of incidence and take-off angle to the X-ray detector. An interactive C++ application uses this simulation to interpret measured angle-resolved depth profiles. The method has been tested using a custom-made Ag/Al “staircase” sample containing two layers each of Ag and Al. Using the technique, it is possible to quantify the composition-depth profile for the two- and three-layer “steps” of the sample. Qualitative information may be gained about the four-layer area of the sample.
A Few Examples of Electron Microanalysis of Art Objects at the Boston
Museum of Fine Arts
Authors: Ogilvie Robert E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Examples of a few objects are presented, where the electron microprobe
has proved that it can provide the conservator and the curator with
information that will help in evaluating the authenticity of a particular
art object. They will also obtain a better understanding of how an object
was fabricated and what materials it was made from. The results of the
analysis of paint samples, samples from metal artifacts, as well as
specimens from marble sculptures, are described.
X-ray Crystal Spectrometers and Monochromators in Microanalysis
Authors: Wittry David B. , Barbi Nicholas C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Castaing’s successful implementation and application of the electron
probe microanalyzer in 1950 stimulated a flurry of development activity
around the world. The later versions of this instrument represented a truly
international effort, with significant contributions by scientists from
Europe, Asia, and North America. If the probe-forming system of the
instrument was its heart, the X-ray wavelength spectrometer was its soul.
This article reviews some of the history of spectrometer
developments—lthrough the “golden years” of microprobe development, namely
the dozen or so years following the publication of Castaing’s thesis, to the
present. The basic physics of spectrometer and crystal design is reviewed.
Early experimental devices, such as those developed by Castaing, Borovskii,
Wittry, Duncumb, and Ogilvie are reported. Examples of commercial
spectrometers such as those by ARL, MAC, Microspec, and Peak are described.
Recent developments such as the combination of grazing-incidence optics with
flat crystal spectrometers are noted, and the properties and uses of doubly
curved crystals are discussed. Finally, the continued development of doubly
curved crystal configurations, such as the “Wittry geometry” for scanning
monochromators, and point-to-point focusing diffractors for producing small
monochromatic X-ray probes to provide improved detection limits for
microanalysis are considered.
Castaing’s Electron Microprobe and Its Impact on Materials
Science
Authors: Newbury Dale E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The development of the electron microprobe by Raymond Castaing provided
a great stimulus to materials science at a critical time in its history. For
the first time, accurate elemental analysis could be performed with a
spatial resolution of 1 µm, well within the dimensions of many
microstructural features. The impact of the microprobe occurred across the
entire spectrum of materials science and engineering. Contributions to the
basic infrastructure of materials science included more accurate and
efficient determination of phase diagrams and diffusion coefficients. The
study of the microstructure of alloys was greatly enhanced by electron
microprobe characterization of major, minor, and trace phases, including
contamination. Finally, the electron microprobe has proven to be a critical
tool for materials engineering, particularly to study failures, which often
begin on a micro-scale and then propagate to the macro-scale with
catastrophic results.
Multiple Beam Interference Confocal Microscopy: Tool for Morphological Investigation of a Living Spermatozoon
Authors: Joshi N.V. , Medina H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe interference pattern obtained from a multiple internal reflection of a spermatozoon, sandwiched between the glass plate and the cover plate, was focused on the objective of a scanning confocal microscope. According to optical path differences, morphological details were revealed. The combined features, namely improved resolution in z axis, originating from the interference pattern and the optical sectioning of the confocal scanning system, enhanced the resolution and contrast in an impressive manner. These features permitted unprecedented images of the spermatozoon to be obtained at 0.1 μm optical sectioning and reconstruction of three-dimensional (3-D) images. With the help of optical sectioning, it was possible to estimate the thickness and the morphological details of the spermatozoon.
The Application of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) to Evaluate Strain Predictions Generated by Finite Element Models of the Osteoarthritic Humeral Head
Authors: Kusins Jonathan , Knowles Nikolas , Columbus Melanie , Oliviero Sara , Dall’Ara Enrico , Athwal George S. , Ferreira Louis M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractContinuum-level finite element models (FEMs) of the humerus offer the ability to evaluate joint replacement designs preclinically; however, experimental validation of these models is critical to ensure accuracy. The objective of the current study was to quantify experimental full-field strain magnitudes within osteoarthritic (OA) humeral heads by combining mechanical loading with volumetric microCT imaging and digital volume correlation (DVC). The experimental data was used to evaluate the accuracy of corresponding FEMs. Six OA humeral head osteotomies were harvested from patients being treated with total shoulder arthroplasty and mechanical testing was performed within a microCT scanner. MicroCT images (33.5 µm isotropic voxels) were obtained in a pre- and post-loaded state and BoneDVC was used to quantify full-field experimental strains (≈ 1 mm nodal spacing, accuracy = 351 µstrain, precision = 518 µstrain). Continuum-level FEMs with two types of boundary conditions (BCs) were simulated: DVC-driven and force-driven. Accuracy of the FEMs was found to be sensitive to the BC simulated with better agreement found with the use of DVC-driven BCs (slope = 0.83, r2 = 0.80) compared to force-driven BCs (slope = 0.22, r2 = 0.12). This study quantified mechanical strain distributions within OA trabecular bone and demonstrated the importance of BCs to ensure the accuracy of predictions generated by corresponding FEMs.
Effect of Yttrium Additions in Relation to Oxygen Content on Glass Formation in the Zr50Cu40Al10 Alloy
Authors: Pajor Krzysztof , Kozieł Tomasz , Rutkowski Bogdan , Cios Grzegorz , Błyskun Piotr , Tyrała Dorota , Bała Piotr , Zielińska-Lipiec Anna 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The effect of yttrium additions on the glass formation of the Zr50Cu40Al10 alloy with high oxygen content was investigated. Unlike other reports showing the positive effect of alloying Zr-based alloys with a few percent of rare earth elements, we examined the Y-to-oxygen ratios. As calculated, a stoichiometric amount of yttrium (2808 at ppm) is required to bind all the oxygen (4212 at ppm) to form the Y2O3. Additionally, the influence of half (1404 at ppm) and double stoichiometric (5616 at ppm) levels of yttrium, with respect to the measured oxygen content to be bound was evaluated. The Y-doped alloys were synthesized by arc melting, followed by suction casting into copper molds with conical and rod cavities. The critical diameter of the undoped alloy was below 3 mm, while stoichiometric and double stoichiometric yttrium concentrations allowed to obtain 5 and 7 mm diameter glassy samples, respectively. Microstructure observations confirmed the scavenging effect of yttrium, leading to the formation of a cubic (

$$ Ia\bar{3} $$

I
a

3

¯

space group) yttrium sesquioxide. The glass forming ability of the alloys was additionally determined based on differential thermal analysis, allowing to propose the best indicator for the studied Zr-Cu-Al alloys.
High resolution strain mapping of a single axially heterostructured nanowire using scanning X-ray diffraction
Authors: Hammarberg Susanna , Dagytė Vilgailė , Chayanun Lert , Hill Megan O. , Wyke Alexander , Björling Alexander , Johansson Ulf , Kalbfleisch Sebastian , Heurlin Magnus , Lauhon Lincoln J. , Borgström Magnus T. , Wallentin Jesper 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAxially heterostructured nanowires are a promising platform for next generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. Reports based on theoretical modeling have predicted more complex strain distributions and increased critical layer thicknesses than in thin films, due to lateral strain relaxation at the surface, but the understanding of the growth and strain distributions in these complex structures is hampered by the lack of high-resolution characterization techniques. Here, we demonstrate strain mapping of an axially segmented GaInP-InP 190 nm diameter nanowire heterostructure using scanning X-ray diffraction. We systematically investigate the strain distribution and lattice tilt in three different segment lengths from 45 to 170 nm, obtaining strain maps with about 10−4 relative strain sensitivity. The experiments were performed using the 90 nm diameter nanofocus at the NanoMAX beamline, taking advantage of the high coherent flux from the first diffraction limited storage ring MAX IV. The experimental results are in good agreement with a full simulation of the experiment based on a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model. The largest segments show a complex profile, where the lateral strain relaxation at the surface leads to a dome-shaped strain distribution from the mismatched interfaces, and a change from tensile to compressive strain within a single segment. The lattice tilt maps show a cross-shaped profile with excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement with the simulations. In contrast, the shortest measured InP segment is almost fully adapted to the surrounding GaInP segments.
Structure, morphology, and microwave dielectric properties of SmAlO3 synthesized by stearic acid route
Authors: Li Jiamao , Zhang Chuimin , Liu Hui , Qiu Tai , Fan Chuangang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA rapid and facile approach was developed for the synthesis of ultrafine SmAlO3 powders through the combustion of stearic acid precursors. The obtained products were characterized by typical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to analyze the phase composition and microstructure. The dielectric characteristics of SmAlO3 microwave ceramics, using the as-obtained products as original materials, were also studied. Compared with the conventional solid-state reaction method, the synthesis temperature was dramatically reduced to 750 °C. The large-size sheet structure was composed of a number of micro/nano-scale crystallites, which were mostly irregular in shape due to the mutual growth and overlapping shapes of adjacent grains. The SmAlO3 ceramics with high density and uniform microstructure were obtained after sintering at 1500 °C for 4 h due to the favorable sintering activity of the as-synthesized powders. In addition, desired dielectric properties at microwave frequencies (dielectric constant εr = 20.22, quality factor Q·f = 74110 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency τf = −74.6 ppm/°C) were achieved.
Real-Time Influence Maximization in a RTB Setting
Authors: Dupuis David , du Mouza Cédric , Travers Nicolas , Chareyron Gaël 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo maximize the impact of an advertisement campaign on social networks, the real-time bidding (RTB) systems aim at targeting the most influential users of this network. Influence maximization (IM) is a solution that addresses this issue by maximizing the coverage of the network with top-k influencers who maximize the diffusion of information. Associated with online advertising strategies at Web scale, RTB is faced with complex ad placement decisions in real time to deal with a high-speed stream of online users. To tackle this issue, IM strategies should be modified in order to integrate RTB constraints. While most traditional IM methods deal with static sets of top influencers, they hardly address the dynamic influence targeting issue by integrating short time decision, no interchange and stream’s incompleteness. This paper proposes a real-time influence maximization approach which takes influence maximization decisions within a real-time bidding environment. A deep analysis of influence scores of users over several social networks is presented as well a strategy to guarantee the impact of an IM strategy in order to define the budget of an ad campaign. Finally, we offer a thorough experimental process to compare static versus dynamic IM solutionswrt. influence scores.
Normalised degree variance
Authors: Smith Keith M. , Escudero Javier 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFinding graph indices which are unbiased to network size and density is of high importance both within a given field and across fields for enhancing comparability of modern network science studies. The degree variance is an important metric for characterising network degree heterogeneity. Here, we provide an analytically valid normalisation of degree variance to replace previous normalisations which are either invalid or not applicable to all networks. It is shown that this normalisation provides equal values for graphs and their complements; it is maximal in the star graph (and its complement); and its expected value is constant with respect to density for Erdös-Rényi (ER) random graphs of the same size. We strengthen these results with model observations in ER random graphs, random geometric graphs, scale-free networks, random hierarchy networks and resting-state brain networks, showing that the proposed normalisation is generally less affected by both network size and density than previous normalisation attempts. The closed form expression proposed also benefits from high computational efficiency and straightforward mathematical analysis. Analysis of 184 real-world binary networks across different disciplines shows that normalised degree variance is not correlated with average degree and is robust to node and edge subsampling. Comparisons across subdomains of biological networks reveals greater degree heterogeneity among brain connectomes and food webs than in protein interaction networks.
How solar home systems temporally stimulate increasing power demands in rural households of Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Opiyo Nicholas Nixon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSmall solar home systems (SHS) have emerged as potential alternatives to grid electrifications, enabling households to make modest investments into their power systems, and to modify those systems according to their changing economic circumstances and power demands. Study shows that introduction to basic electricity access temporally stimulates increasing power demands in rural households, leading to eventual installations of larger systems that can power more electric appliances. Specifically, study shows that once households get access to basic electricity, they get to realise the socio-economic benefits of it and start to desire more appliances, with TV being the most desired appliance, followed by stereo systems, small fridges, and small cooling fans. These desires are realised temporally with increasing household incomes, leading to increasing loads, and thus to the modifications of the originally installed small SHS, to meet those increasing load demands; the desire for luxurious appliances leads to activities that contribute to increased household incomes, and thus to the modifications of the initial SHS. Acquisitions of luxury appliances lead to improvements in quality of life and to improved esteem visibility and social status within the local communities. Potentially, increasing load demands within a given community could lead to extensions of the national utility grid to those areas, as total loads justify such investments. SHS therefore potentially act as grid electrification stimulators, leading to eventual grid electrification of a given community.
Operational calculus for rows, columns, and blocks of linear relations
Authors: Hassi Seppo , Labrousse Jean-Philippe , de Snoo Henk 
Published: June 2020

AbstractColumns and rows are operations for pairs of linear relations in Hilbert spaces, modelled on the corresponding notions of the componentwise sum and the usual sum of such pairs. The introduction of matrices whose entries are linear relations between underlying component spaces takes place via the row and column operations. The main purpose here is to offer an attempt to formalize the operational calculus for block matrices, whose entries are all linear relations. Each block relation generates a unique linear relation between the Cartesian products of initial and final Hilbert spaces that admits particular properties which will be characterized. Special attention is paid to the formal matrix multiplication of two blocks of linear relations and the connection to the usual product of the unique linear relations generated by them. In the present general setting these two products need not be connected to each other without some additional conditions.
One size fits all? Designing financial incentives tailored to individual economic preferences
Authors: LIPMAN STEFAN A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFinancial incentives are often designed to benefit from behavioral insights. Individuals’ preferences for such behaviorally inspired incentives are rarely studied, nor is the role played by the behavioral insights that motivated them. This study aimed to let individuals design their own incentives (i.e., tailored incentives) and to explore which individual characteristics are associated with these preferences for tailored incentives. A sample of students (n = 182) tailored hypothetical incentives for visiting the gym. Incentives could be tailored by: (1) committing personal funds; (2) picking weekly payouts (increasing or decreasing); and (3) introducing payout risk while increasing value. Afterwards, (inter alia) loss aversion, probability weighting, time discounting, present bias, cognitive reflection and trait self-control were measured. A large majority indicated being willing to deposit their own money, and only very few individuals selected risky incentives. These heterogeneous preferences for financial incentives are poorly predicted by the individual characteristics measured (i.e., economic preferences and psychological traits). These results suggest that preferences for tailored incentives could be studied as input for the design of financial incentives. However, it is unclear whether tailoring incentives improves cost-effectiveness, as the lack of association between tailored incentives and the behavioral insights that motivate them has multiple conflicting interpretations.
Development of a national, standardized simulation case template
Authors: Baylis Jared , Heyd Christopher , Thoma Brent , Hall Andrew K. , Chaplin Timothy , Petrosoniak Andrew , McColl Tamara , O'Brien Michael , Deshaies Jean-François , Caners Kyla 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTEmergency medicine (EM) training programs incorporate simulation for teaching as well as formative and summative assessment. The development of a simulation curriculum for Canadian postgraduate EM programs is underway and would be facilitated by a standardized, user-friendly, nationally endorsed simulation template. We convened a nationally representative group of simulation educators to participate in a three-phase process to develop and refine a simulation case template for Canadian EM educators. Participants provided feedback by means of free text comments and focus groups which were analyzed to inform modification of the template. We anticipate that this template will facilitate the sharing of cases across sites and the development of standardized cases for simulation-based assessment.