bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lehtimäki v Cooper: Duty and Jurisdiction in Charity Law
Authors: Picton John 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLehtimäki v Cooper is a significant Supreme Court decision which establishes that the members of charitable companies are in a fiduciary relationship with respect to the purposes of their organisation. Its core principles have the potential to impact on a very large number of people in the voluntary sector. This note critically assesses the nature and scope of the new fiduciary relationship. In the light of the fact that the majority of new charities are founded as charitable incorporated organisations, the note also criticises the narrow focus on charitable companies taken in the case. Finally, it analyses the expansion in jurisdiction in the decision. The case is notable for bringing companies within the courts’ traditional, and powerful, jurisdiction over trusts.
Determinants of organizational performance in disaster risk reduction: A preliminary study of global humanitarian NGOs
Authors: Fu Jiawei Sophia , Lai Chih‐Hui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHumanitarian organizations involved in disaster risk reduction (DRR) play a major role in helping communities better cope with disaster risks. But a lack of research has hindered our understanding of how to equip organizations with the capacity to carry out effective DRR measures. To address this question, this study unpacks the determinants of humanitarian organizations’ DRR performance. Survey data from 104 global humanitarian organizations revealed that external communication capacity was positively associated with organizational leaders’ perception of organizational DRR performance both directly and indirectly via interorganizational collaboration and social media communication. In contrast, collaboration communication quality was positively linked to perceived organizational DRR performance indirectly via interorganizational collaboration and social media communication. These findings highlight the centrality of communicative and relational resources required for effective DRR performance, which helps long‐term community resilience building. Despite social media's importance for engaging with stakeholders, this research suggests that organizations should also use media channels beyond social media to build external communication capacity and improve DRR performance.
The Struggle of Farming Systems in Europe: Looking for Explanations through the Lens of Resilience
Authors: Meuwissen Miranda P.M. , Feindt Peter H. , Midmore Peter , Wauters Erwin , Finger Robert , Appel Franziska , Spiegel Alisa , Mathijs Erik , Termeer Katrien J.A.M. , Balmann Alfons , de Mey Yann , Reidsma Pytrik 
Published: December 2020

SummaryMany farming systems in Europe are struggling to respond to accumulating economic, environmental, institutional and social challenges. From a resilience perspective, they need three distinct capacities to continue delivering products, income and public goods: robustness, adaptability and transformability. Based on a structured assessment of the resilience capacities of 11 farming systems across Europe we conclude that three mismatches likely contribute to their struggles. First, while farming systems comprised many non‐farm actors, resilience strategies largely focused on farms and their robustness, neglecting other options and opportunities. Second, while the delivery of public goods such as biodiversity and attractive landscapes was seen as a major concern, most resilience strategies focused on the delivery of private goods. Third, while in many farming systems actors expressed the need for transformation, farming systems’ capacity to transform was perceived as low. Building on the differentiated concept of resilience, findings can guide policymakers, farming system actors, consumers and societal interest groups to identify pathways towards more resilient agricultural systems in Europe.
Telling Stories – Farmers Offer New Insights into Farming Resilience
Authors: Nicholas‐Davies Phillipa , Fowler Susan , Midmore Peter 
Published: December 2020

SummaryWe explore elements of resilience on East Anglian farms through analysis of nine farmers’ life stories. Using a largely unprompted narrative approach, narrators had freedom to structure their own personal accounts, and later to review our initial interpretations. Transcriptions were organised in timelines, themes were identified, and causes and effects of major farm turning points distinguished. We find that internal drivers such as intergenerational transition, health and family relationships, from the narrators’ viewpoint, were cited as producing more change than external pressures such as price volatility or production variation. Robust and especially adaptation responses are prevalent in the stories, transformations are neither particularly radical nor innovative, but widespread piecemeal change through time can accumulate to enhance resilience. Four farmers identified more as businesspeople, with blurred boundaries between their farming and other commercial interests. Farming succession, with occasional conflict and new problems arising from extended working lives, prompts most change. Insights can arise as much from what is unsaid in these stories, and self‐explanation to outsiders can have cathartic effects. This narrative and analysis approach challenges preconceptions and can reframe theoretical perspectives and suggest approaches for policy reform. The focus was on existing farms with some resilience, further work should explore why former farmers were not resilient. Narrative analysis in other European countries showed important similarities in differing system contexts, but also divergences in the overall character of the life‐stories.
How do Stakeholders Perceive the Sustainability and Resilience of EU Farming Systems?
Authors: Reidsma Pytrik , Meuwissen Miranda , Accatino Francesco , Appel Franziska , Bardaji Isabel , Coopmans Isabeau , Gavrilescu Camelia , Heinrich Florian , Krupin Vitaliy , Manevska‐Tasevska Gordana , Peneva Mariya , Rommel Jens , Severini Simone , Soriano Bárbara , Urquhart Julie , Zawalińska Katarzyna , Paas Wim 
Published: December 2020

SummaryAn increasing variety of stresses and shocks provides challenges and opportunities for EU farming systems. This article presents findings of a participatory assessment on the sustainability and resilience of eleven EU farming systems, to inform the design of adequate and relevant strategies and policies. According to stakeholders that participated in workshops, the main functions of farming systems are related to food production, economic viability and maintenance of natural resources. Performance of farming systems assessed with regard to these and five other functions was perceived to be moderate. Past strategies were often geared towards making the system more profitable, and to a lesser extent towards coupling production with local and natural resources, social self‐organisation, enhancing functional diversity, and facilitating infrastructure for innovation. Overall, the resilience of the studied farming systems was perceived as low to moderate, with robustness and adaptability often dominant over transformability. To allow for transformability, being reasonably profitable and having access to infrastructure for innovation were viewed as essential. To improve sustainability and resilience of EU farming systems, responses to short‐term processes should better consider long‐term processes. Technological innovation is required, but it should be accompanied with structural, social, agro‐ecological and institutional changes.
Insuring Weather Risks in European Agriculture
Authors: Vroege Willemijn , Finger Robert 
Published: December 2020

SummarySmart insurance designs (e.g. tailoring insurances to the individual farm) and technological progress (e.g. advances in satellite technology) enable improvements in insurance schemes. Spatially and temporally more detailed information as well as better knowledge of the relationship between weather and yields losses can reduce basis risk of insurances. However, the use of new and better data does not automatically lead to better insurance schemes. The SURE‐Farm project contributes to the understanding of weather risks and new insurance mechanisms as possible tools to increase the resilience of European agriculture to weather extremes. Therefore, we aim to show how to integrate newly available data sources for different agricultural outputs, namely grassland, crop and dairy production in different European regions. In the four contributions summarised here, we evaluate currently existing index insurance schemes and provide fundamental insights for future developments of index insurances for the crop and livestock sector in Europe. We first summarise and discuss existing index‐based weather insurances. Second, we investigate the drought risk reduction potential of different drought indicators in two case studies on different crops in Eastern Germany. Third, we examine the relationship between hot and humid weather and milk yield losses for dairy producers in Flanders.
Improving the Resilience‐enabling Capacity of the Common Agricultural Policy: Policy Recommendations for More Resilient EU Farming Systems
Authors: Buitenhuis Yannick , Candel Jeroen , Feindt Peter H. , Termeer Katrien , Mathijs Erik , Bardají Isabel , Black Jasmine , Martikainen Anna , Moeyersons Mertijn , Sorrentino Alessandro 
Published: December 2020

SummaryOne of the aims of the post‐2020 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is to improve the resilience of Europe's farming systems. The CAP of the budget period 2014–2020, however, has insufficiently supported the resilience of farming systems. The ongoing CAP reform process offers an appropriate opportunity to integrate a broader perspective on resilience in the CAP. We therefore propose a set of policy recommendations on how to improve the capability of the CAP to support more fully the resilience (i.e. robustness, adaptability and transformability) of farming systems in the EU. The policy recommendations are based on a comparative analysis of six national co‐design workshops with stakeholders and a final EU‐level workshop with Brussels‐based experts. We concluded three key lessons about the CAP's influence on resilience: (1) resilience challenges, needs and policy effects are context‐specific; (2) resilience capacities are complementary, but trade‐offs between robustness, adaptability and transformability occur at the level of policies and due to budget competition; (3) there is a need for a coordinated long‐term vision for Europe's agriculture, which is difficult to achieve through the bargaining processes associated with a CAP reform. We propose specific policy recommendations that could contribute to a better balance between policies that support robustness, adaptability and transformability of Europe's farming systems.
Making Farming Systems Truly Resilient
Authors: Mathijs Erik , Wauters Erwin 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe resilience of European farms and farming systems has become prominent on the policy agenda, but the definition of resilience tends to be interpreted narrowly as the ability to withstand shocks and maintain the status quo. We argue that resilience encompasses the capacity of farms, farmers and farming systems to anticipate, cope and respond to shocks and stresses. This capacity is not only influenced by resources held and developed by farmers, but also by resources invested and allocated in farming systems by government and society at large. Furthermore, resilience is not only about coping with crisis, it is also about building up capacity to adapt or even transform farming systems. This should be done by reflecting on three key questions: (1) what characteristics of a farming system enable or constrain anticipating, coping and responsive capacities; (2) which actors can – or even should – play which role in building and mobilising resources to develop these capacities; and (3) how should institutions govern investment in and use resources and capacities? The Common Agricultural Policy – but also other policies – play a key role in determining farming system resilience. However, they tend to put more resources into developing safety nets than into stimulating adaptation and especially transformation.
Higher serum levels of autotaxin and phosphatidylserine‐specific phospholipase A1 in patients with lupus nephritis
Authors: Iwata Yasunori , Kitajima Shinji , Yamahana Junya , Shimomura Shuji , Yoneda‐Nakagawa Shiori , Sakai Norihiko , Furuichi Kengo , Ogura Hisayuki , Sato Koichi , Toyama Tadashi , Yamamura Yuta , Miyagawa Taro , Hara Akinori , Shimizu Miho , Ohkawa Ryunosuke , Kurano Makoto , Yatomi Yutaka , Wada Takashi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies revealed that lysophospholipids (LPLs) and related molecules, such as autotaxin (ATX) and phosphatidylserine‐specific phospholipase A1 (PS‐PLA1), are candidates for novel biomarkers in melanoma, glaucoma and diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not clear whether serum levels of ATX/ PS‐PLA1 would be associated with pathological and clinical findings of lupus nephritis (LN).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, serum samples were collected from 39 patients with LN and 37 patients with other glomerular diseases. The serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were evaluated for an association with renal pathology and clinical phenotypes of LN.ResultsThe serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were higher in the patients with LN as compared to those with other glomerular diseases. Among the classes of LN, the patients with class IV showed the trend of lower serum levels of ATX. Moreover, the patients with lower levels of ATX exhibited higher scores of activity index (AI) and chronicity index (CI). The level of ATX tended to be negatively correlated with AI and CI. These results might be explained by the effect of treatment, because the serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were inversely correlated with the daily amount of oral prednisolone. Moreover, they did not reflect the level of proteinuria or kidney survival in LN patients.ConclusionAlthough the serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were affected by the treatment, these levels were higher in the patients with LN. The potential clinical benefits of these markers need to be clarified in further studies.
Effect of willow cultivar and plant age on the melezitose content of giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) honeydew
Authors: Tun Kyaw Min , Minor Maria , Jones Trevor , Clavijo McCormick Andrea 
Published: December 2020

The giant willow aphidTuberolachnus salignusis an invasive pest in New Zealand, attacking over 50 species and hybrids of willow. The aphids produce copious amounts of honeydew, which is used by other insects as a food source.When foraged by honeybees,T. salignushoneydew causes honey to crystallize in the comb and affects bee health; these effects are associated with the elevated melezitose content in the honeydew. The impact of host plant‐related factors onT. salignushoneydew melezitose content remains unknown.This study investigated the effect of willow cultivar and plant age on the melezitose content (and that of other sugars) ofT. salignushoneydew. To do so, we conducted high‐performance liquid chromatography analyses of honeydew samples from 13 willow clones collected in the same season (autumn) from 1‐ and 2‐year old plants under field conditions.Melezitose was the most abundant of the measured sugars in most samples, but its content did not vary significantly with willow cultivar or plant age. By contrast, sucrose was significantly affected by both factors. Fructose and glucose were significantly impacted by willow plant age and cultivar, respectively. A significant cultivar*age interaction was observed for all sugars.We recommend the selection of resistant willow cultivars and further research on potential biocontrol agents to lessen melezitose‐related problems in apiculture industries.
Mating and adult feeding behaviour influence pheromone production in female Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Xu Tian , Hansen Laura , Teale Stephen A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky is a destructive invasive species worldwide. Female ALB produce a pheromone component, α‐longipinene, in the genitalia. However, the origin and factors, such as age, mating, adult feeding and host plant, influencing the production of this compound are unclear.
Our results showed that virgin female ALB consistently produced α‐longipinene at various ages after feeding for several days post eclosion, but unfed adult females never produced this compound. Mating significantly reduced the amount of α‐longipinene in female genitalia.
α‐Longipinene was the most dominant compound in the volatiles emitted by females, but not in those emitted by males or host twigs (Acer pensylvanicum L.). The proportion of α‐longipinene among the beetle‐released sesquiterpenes that were known to be male antennally active was significantly greater than that emitted by ALB damaged, mechanically damaged or control twigs.
These results suggest that ALB females probably derive α‐longipinene or a precursor from hosts via adult feeding, and release it at a significantly different ratio from that found in host volatiles. The various ratios of α‐longipinene produced by beetles and host twigs may encode information pertaining to multiple purposes such as aggregation, mate and host location.
Venture Capital Backing and Issuance of Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence from China*
Authors: Yang Songling , Li Hemei , Li Juncheng , Zhang Qiuyue , Shi Qianqian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe analyze how venture capital (VC) affects the timing of seasoned equity offering (SEO) issuance and the post‐SEO performance of Chinese companies during the 2006–2018 period. Empirical analysis confirms that VC “accelerates” SEO issuance because of greater financing demands. Thus, VC‐backed firms prefer to issue their first SEOs earlier than non‐VC‐backed firms. Moreover, quick SEOs promoted by venture capitalists are more underpriced because of information asymmetry.
How do national values contribute to perceived organizational resilience and employee resilience in times of disaster? An example from the Philippines
Authors: Isidro Ma. Queenie Y. , Calleja Mendiola Teng 
Published: December 2020

Using a sequential exploratory mixed‐methods design, this research examined the role of national values on perceived organizational and employee resilience in times of disaster. First, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 13 Filipino employees and leaders involved in disaster response in six organizations. Thematic analysis revealed bayanihan, malasakit, pananagutan, and volunteerism as values relevant to the disaster response and management efforts of organizations. The Manifestations of Filipino National Values for Disaster in Organizational Management scale was then constructed reflecting these four national values in order to examine the relationship of these values with perceived organizational and employee resilience. In total, 221 employees from various industries participated in the survey. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesized relationships. Results showed a full mediation model wherein except for pananagutan, the national values of bayanihan, malasakit, and volunteerism significantly predicted employee resilience through perceived organizational resilience. These findings indicate that employee resilience can be enhanced not only through personal resources, but also by drawing on organizational and sociocultural resources accessible to employees in times of disaster. Implications for resilience and disaster literature and resilience‐building efforts of organizations are discussed.
Multidisciplinary consensus on sputum induction biosafety during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Crespo‐Lessmann Astrid , Plaza Vicente ,   Consensus Group
Published: December 2020

AbstractSputum induction (SI) is the gold standard approach to the non‐invasive study of airway inflammation. The differential count of inflammatory cells for SI allows patients with asthma to be classified according to inflammatory phenotypes and predicted therapeutic responses. Since SI involves the generation of aerosols, there is a need to establish a protocol to ensure biosafety in clinical practice during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. The multidisciplinary consensus on SI described in this article was developed by 22 experts in SI from different Spanish hospitals who drew on available scientific evidence in achieving consensuated opinions, compiled by means of an electronic survey. We hope that these unified criteria and recommendations will guide health professionals in implementing SI sampling and processing procedures as safely as possible during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Myonuclear content and domain size in small versus larger muscle fibres in response to 12 weeks of resistance exercise training in older adults
Authors: Snijders Tim , Holwerda Andy M. , van Loon Luc J. C. , Verdijk Lex B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo assess the relation between muscle fibre hypertrophy and myonuclear accretion in relatively small and large muscle fibre size clusters following prolonged resistance exercise training in older adults.MethodsMuscle biopsies were collected before and after 12 weeks of resistance exercise training in 40 healthy, older men (70 ± 3 years). All muscle fibres were ordered by size and categorized in four muscle fibre size clusters: ‘Small’: 2000‐3999 µm2, ‘Moderate’: 4000‐5999 µm2, ‘Large’: 6000‐7999 µm2 and ‘Largest’: 8000‐9999 µm2. Changes in muscle fibre size cluster distribution were related to changes in muscle fibre size, myonuclear content and myonuclear domain size.ResultsWith training, the percentage of muscle fibres decreased in the Small (from 23 ± 12 to 17 ± 14%, P < .01) and increased in the Largest (from 11 ± 8 to 15 ± 10%, P < .01) muscle fibre size clusters. The decline in the percentage of Small muscle fibres was accompanied by an increase in overall myonuclear domain size (r = −.466, P = .002) and myonuclear content (r = −.390, P = .013). In contrast, the increase in the percentage of the Largest muscle fibres was accompanied by an overall increase in myonuclear content (r = .616, P < .001), but not in domain size.ConclusionProlonged resistance‐type exercise training induces a decline in the percentage of small as well as an increase in the percentage of the largest muscle fibres in older adults. Whereas the change in the percentage of small fibres is best predicted by an increase in overall myonuclear domain size, the change in the percentage of the largest fibres is associated with an overall increase in myonuclear content.