bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EEG alpha–theta dynamics during mind wandering in the context of breath focus meditation: An experience sampling approach with novice meditation practitioners
Authors: Rodriguez‐Larios Julio , Alaerts Kaat 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMeditation practice entails moments of distraction dominated by self‐generated thoughts (i.e. mind wandering). Initial studies assessing the neural correlates of mind wandering in the context of meditation practice have identified an important role of theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha (8–14 Hz) neural oscillations. In this study, we use a probe‐caught experience sampling paradigm to assess spectral changes in the theta‐alpha frequency range during mind wandering in the context of breath focus meditation. Electroencephalography (EEG) was measured in 25 novice meditation practitioners during a breath focus task in which they were repeatedly probed to report whether they were focusing on their breath or thinking about something else. Mind wandering episodes were associated with an increase in the amplitude and a decrease in the frequency of theta (4–8 Hz) oscillations. Conversely, alpha oscillations (8–14 Hz) were shown to decrease in amplitude and increase in frequency during mind wandering relative to breath focus. In addition, mind wandering episodes were shown to be accompanied by increased harmonicity and phase synchrony between alpha and theta rhythms. Because similar spectral changes in the theta‐alpha frequency range have been reported during controlled cognitive processes involving memory and executive control, we speculate that mind wandering and controlled processes could share some neurocognitive mechanisms. From a translational perspective, this study indicates that oscillatory activity in the theta‐alpha frequency range could form adequate parameters for developing EEG‐neurofeedback protocols aimed at facilitating the detection of mind wandering during meditation practice.
Can patients contribute to enhancing the safety and effectiveness of test‐result follow‐up? Qualitative outcomes from a health consumer workshop
Authors: Thomas Judith , Dahm Maria R. , Li Julie , Georgiou Andrew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundMissed test‐results and failure to follow‐up test‐results are major patient safety concerns. Strategies to improve test‐results management have predominantly focused on clinician‐based interventions, with patients principally involved in studies of test‐result communication preferences, the impact of patient portals or experiences with reporting processes in primary care.ObjectiveTo identify consumer perspectives and experiences of the challenges they have faced with test‐results management, through consumer participation in qualitative data analysis.Design and participantsVolunteers (n = 10) were recruited to participate in a health consumer reference group workshop on test‐results management. Prior to the workshop, consumers selected topics for discussion using a preference poll. During the workshop, consumers participated in qualitative data analysis of de‐identified excerpts of previously collected interview data discussing hospital test‐results management. Researchers (n = 5) guided consumers through the analytical process and discussion of themes. Discussions were audio‐recorded and transcribed for qualitative analysis.ResultsConsumer‐selected topics for discussion were ‘Transitions of Care’ and ‘Access’. Consumer data analysis prompted broader discussion including lived experiences. Following the workshop, a second level of content analysis pinpointed issues with implications for patient safety highlighting that consumers were astutely aware of macrolevel ‘Systems Factors’ relating to ‘Emergency Departments’ and the health system, as well as microlevel ‘Patient Factors’ (eg patient preferences and circumstances) which impact a patient's understanding during the ‘Communication’ (clinician to patient/between clinicians) of test‐results ‘Information’ (or lack thereof).ConclusionsConsumers identified the challenges patients experience with test‐results management, and our findings highlight areas for potential improvement in patient safety.Patient or public contributionTen health consumer volunteers actively participated in the test‐results management data analysis workshop conducted in this study. Two health consumers also volunteered to read and comment on the draft manuscript.
A case study of translanguaging phenomenon in CBI classes in a Chinese university context
Authors: Wang Ping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the past decade, the content‐based instruction (CBI) has become increasingly popular in university English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts. After reviewing the concepts of CBI and translanguaging, the present study employs the mixed methods to explore the translanguaging practices in a Chinese university context. To achieve the overall aim of this study, 200 subjects were asked to complete questionnaire surveys. Five content specialists as teachers of CBI classes were observed twice for a collection of translanguaging practices. The conclusion draws on the discussion of the data that translanguaging practices have paramount potentials in CBI programs, which should be clearly aware.
Interdependence of piezoelectric coefficient and film thickness in LiTaO3 cantilevers
Authors: Verma Anjneya , Panayanthatta Namanu , Ichangi Arun , Fischer Thomas , Montes Laurent , Bano Edwige , Mathur Sanjay 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectromechanical energy demands on homogenous thick films of piezoceramics with sufficiently large piezoelectric constant and reproducible performance. Single‐phase LiTaO3 films deposited by sol‐gel processing have been fabricated as cantilevers to investigate the interdependence of dielectric and piezoelectric properties as a function of film thickness. Phase pure LiTaO3 films with varying thickness in the range of 2.07‐4.37 µm on stainless steel substrates were obtained after calcination of samples at 650°C. The relative permittivity of optimized spin‐coated films peaked at 479.73 (1 kHz), whereas the piezoelectric coefficient (d33 mode) determined by piezoresponse force microscopy was in the range of 21‐24 pm/V. The effect of poling was studied through the butterfly and phase curves. A figure of merit (FOM) up to 3.29 (10−18 m2/V2) was determined for cantilever devices, which were able to generate a peak‐to‐peak voltage of 0.046‐0.15 V using a 1 MΩ resistor as an impedance load at a fixed acceleration of 1.5 m/s2. While the power density was in the range of ~4‐20 × 10−9 W/m3, which increased with the increasing film thickness. The leakage current density decreased in the range of 4 × 10−5‐6 × 10−7 A/m2 in the same direction. As both ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of LiTaO3 films are dependent on film thickness, an optimal energy conversion efficiency was obtained for a thickness of ~3 µm. Furthermore, these devices were tested up to a temperature of 150°C for voltage generation. Given the need for lead‐free piezoelectric materials for environmental applications, these LiTaO3 cantilevers are very promising for vibrational energy harvester (VEH) applications especially due to their cost effectiveness, small size, stability at higher temperatures, and repeatable properties, which makes them suitable for MEMS devices for industrial applications.
Medium‐ and long‐term clinical benefits of periodontal regenerative/reconstructive procedures in intrabony defects: Systematic review and network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled clinical studies
Authors: Stavropoulos Andreas , Bertl Kristina , Spineli Loukia M. , Sculean Anton , Cortellini Pierpaolo , Tonetti Maurizio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundSystematic reviews have established the short‐term improvements of periodontal regenerative/reconstructive procedures compared to conventional surgical treatment in intrabony defects. However, a hierarchy of periodontal regenerative/reconstructive procedures regarding the medium‐ to long‐term results of treatment does not exist.AimTo systematically assess the literature to answer the focused question “In periodontitis patients with intrabony defects, what are the medium‐ and long‐term benefits of periodontal regenerative/reconstructive procedures compared with open flap debridement (OFD), in terms of clinical and/or radiographic outcome parameters and tooth retention?”.Material & MethodsRandomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), reporting on clinical and/or radiographic outcome parameters of periodontal regenerative/reconstructive procedures ≥3 years post‐operatively, were systematically assessed. Clinical [residual probing pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, tooth loss] and radiographic [residual defect depth (RDD), bone gain (RBL)] outcome parameters were assessed. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and Bayesian random‐effects network meta‐analyses (NMA) were performed where possible.ResultsThirty RCTs, presenting data 3 to 20 years after treatment with grafting, GTR, EMD, as monotherapies, combinations thereof, and/or adjunctive use of blood‐derived growth factor constructs or with OFD only, were included. NMA based on 21 RCTs showed that OFD was clearly the least efficacious treatment; regenerative/reconstructive treatments resulted in significantly shallower residual PD in 4 out 8 comparisons [range of mean differences (MD): −2.37 to −0.60 mm] and larger CAL gain in 6 out 8 comparisons (range of MD: 1.26 to 2.66 mm), and combination approaches appeared as the most efficacious. Tooth loss after regenerative/reconstructive treatment was less frequent (0.4%) compared to OFD (2.8%), but the evidence was sparse. There were only sparse radiographic data not allowing any relevant comparisons.ConclusionPeriodontal regenerative/reconstructive therapy in intrabony defects results, in general, in shallower residual PD and larger CAL gain compared with OFD, translating in high rates of tooth survival, on a medium (3–5 years) to long‐term basis (5–20 years). Combination approaches appear, in general, more efficacious compared to monotherapy in terms of shallower residual PD and larger CAL gain. A clear hierarchy could, however, not be established due to limited evidence.
Description and etiology of paleopathological lesions in the type specimen of Parasaurolophus walkeri (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), with proposed reconstructions of the nuchal ligament
Authors: Bertozzo Filippo , Manucci Fabio , Dempsey Matthew , Tanke Darren H. , Evans David C. , Ruffell Alastair , Murphy Eileen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPaleopathology, or the study of ancient injuries and diseases, can enable the ecology and life history of extinct taxa to be deciphered. Large‐bodied ornithopods are the dinosaurs with the highest frequencies of paleopathology reported to‐date. Among these, the crested hadrosaurid Parasaurolophus walkeri is one of the most famous, largely due to its dramatic elongated and tubular nasal crest. The holotype of Parasaurolophus walkeri at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada, displays several paleopathologies that have not been discussed in detail previously: a dental lesion in the left maxilla, perhaps related to periodontal disease; callus formation associated with fractures in three dorsal ribs; a discoidal overgrowth above dorsal neural spines six and seven; a cranially oriented spine in dorsal seven, that merges distally with spine six; a V‐shaped gap between dorsal spines seven and eight; and a ventral projection of the pubic process of the ilium which covers, and is fused with, the lateral side of the iliac process of the pubis. These lesions suggest that the animal suffered from one or more traumatic events, with the main one causing a suite of injuries to the anterior aspect of the thorax. The presence of several lesions in a single individual is a rare observation and, in comparison with a substantial database of hadrosaur paleopathological lesions, has the potential to reveal new information about the biology and behavior of these ornithopods. The precise etiology of the iliac abnormality is still unclear, although it is thought to have been an indirect consequence of the anterior trauma. The discoidal overgrowth above the two neural spines also seems to be secondary to the severe trauma inflicted on the ribs and dorsal spines, and probably represents post‐traumatic ossification of the base of the nuchal ligament. The existence of this structure has previously been considered in hadrosaurs and dinosaurs more generally through comparison of origin and insertion sites in modern diapsids (Rhea americana, Alligator mississippiensis, Iguana iguana), but its presence, structure, and origin‐attachment sites are still debated. The V‐shaped gap is hypothesized as representing the point between the stresses of the nuchal ligament, pulling the anterior neural spines forward, and the ossified tendons pulling the posterior neural spines backward. Different reconstructions of the morphology of the structure based on the pathological conditions affecting the neural spines of ROM 768 are proposed. Finally, we review the history of reconstructions for Parasaurolophus walkeri showing how erroneous misconceptions have been perpetuated over time or have led to the development of new hypotheses, including the wide neck model supported in the current research.
Dispersal and recruitment limitations in secondary forests
Authors: Palma Ana C. , Goosem Miriam , Fensham Roderick J. , Goosem Steve , Preece Noel D. , Stevenson Pablo R. , Laurance Susan G. W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsSecondary forests are expanding rapidly in tropical regions and could play an important role in conserving native biodiversity and stabilising global climate. The recovery rate of plant communities in secondary forests varies considerably due to mechanisms associated with seed dispersal and recruitment dynamics. We explored these mechanisms along a chronosequence of tropical secondary forests in an agricultural landscape that was extensively cleared.LocationWe explored these mechanisms along a chronosequence of secondary forests in tropical Australia.MethodsWe used selected plant traits to characterise plant species and compared community composition between demographic stages (i.e. soil seedbank, understorey and overstorey) and forest age categories. We collected soil samples to assess seedbank composition and used quadrants and transects to assess understorey and overstorey plant community composition at each site.ResultsFor all demographic stages, we found that young (4‐12 years) and intermediate‐aged forests (16‐20 years) were dominated by early successional, small‐seeded species and traits associated with disturbed forests. In old secondary forest (23‐34 years) some traits associated with late successional stages were present (e.g. large seeds, trees). However, the traits and species composition of mature forests remained distinct from all secondary forests. Across the chronosequence, forest age and demographic stage were significant factors in discriminating species and trait composition between forest sites. We found clear plant community similarities within demographic stages, despite the forest age differences. This suggests stronger limitations to dispersal and recruitment between demographic stages than between forest ages.ConclusionsOur results show that secondary forests in this region assemble slowly with dispersal and recruitment limitations constraining their recovery. Although a successional transition in species and plant traits composition along the chronosequence is clear, similarities to mature forests remain low. The slow recovery of late successional and large‐seeded species in these secondary forests suggests that active restoration of such species may be necessary if we want to enhance the capacity of these forests to conserve native biodiversity.
Antigenic variation of SARS‐CoV‐2 in response to immune pressure
Authors: Forni Diego , Cagliani Rachele , Pontremoli Chiara , Mozzi Alessandra , Pozzoli Uberto , Clerici Mario , Sironi Manuela 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnalysis of the bat viruses most closely related to SARS‐CoV‐2 indicated that the virus probably required limited adaptation to spread in humans. Nonetheless, since its introduction in human populations, SARS‐CoV‐2 must have been subject to the selective pressure imposed by the human immune system. We exploited the availability of a large number of high‐quality SARS‐CoV‐2 genomes, as well as of validated epitope predictions, to show that B cell epitopes in the spike glycoprotein (S) and in the nucleocapsid protein (N) have higher diversity than nonepitope positions. Similar results were obtained for other human coronaviruses and for sarbecoviruses sampled in bats. Conversely, in the SARS‐CoV‐2 population, epitopes for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were not more variable than nonepitope positions. A significant reduction in epitope variability was instead observed for some of the most immunogenic proteins (S, N, ORF8 and ORF3a). Analysis over longer evolutionary time frames indicated that this effect is not due to differential constraints. These data indicate that SARS‐CoV‐2 evolves to elude the host humoral immune response, whereas recognition by T cells is not actively avoided by the virus. However, we also found a trend of lower diversity of T cell epitopes for common cold coronaviruses, indicating that epitope conservation per se is not directly linked to disease severity. We suggest that conservation serves to maintain epitopes that elicit tolerizing T cell responses or induce T cells with regulatory activity.
Fieldwork Protocols for Anthropological Research in Mexico: Permissions and Dissemination
Authors: Rees Martha W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe context of Mexican anthropology affects their institutional and ethical research protocols, and in turn, this context affects how foreign researchers should comply with these, in addition to the codes of their home professional associations and funders. This article examines research permissions and dissemination of results and products, in terms of Mexican protocols and the American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics, using examples from U.S. and Mexican field research. The objective is to promote greater collaboration, mutual respect, and dissemination, while recognizing the obstacles that different conceptual, professional, and funding frameworks present.
Dopamine and ghrelin receptor co‐expression and interaction in the spinal defecation centers
Authors: Furness John B. , Pustovit Ruslan V. , Syder Andrew J. , Ringuet Mitchell T. , Yoo Eun Ji , Fanjul Andrea , Wykosky Jill , Fothergill Linda J. , Whitfield Emily A. , Furness Sebastian G. B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) agonists both stimulate defecation by actions at the lumbosacral defecation center. Dopamine is in nerve terminals surrounding autonomic neurons of the defecation center, whereas ghrelin is not present in the spinal cord. Dopamine at D2 receptors generally inhibits neurons, but at the defecation center, its effect is excitatory.MethodsIn vivo recording of defecation and colorectal propulsion was used to investigate interaction between DRD2 and GHSR1a. Localization studies were used to determine sites of receptor expression in rat and human spinal cord.Key ResultsDopamine, and the DRD2 agonist, quinpirole, directly applied to the lumbosacral cord, caused defecation. The effect of intrathecal dopamine was inhibited by the GHSR1a antagonist, YIL781, given systemically, but YIL781 was not an antagonist at DRD2. The DRD2 agonist, pramipexole, administered systemically caused colorectal propulsion that was prevented when the pelvic nerves were cut. Drd2 and Ghsr were expressed together in autonomic preganglionic neurons at the level of the defecation centers in rat and human. Behaviorally induced defecation (caused by water avoidance stress) was reduced by the DRD2 antagonist, sulpiride. We had previously shown it is reduced by YIL781.Conclusions and InferencesOur observations imply that dopamine is a transmitter of the defecation pathways whose actions are exerted through interacting dopamine (D2) and ghrelin receptors on lumbosacral autonomic neurons that project to the colorectum. The results explain the excitation by dopamine agonists and the conservation of GHSR1a in the absence of ghrelin.
Serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the diagnosis of febrile seizure
Authors: Cokyaman Turgay , Kasap Tolga , Şehitoğlu Hilal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a noncovalently linked homodimer protein from the neurotrophic growth factor family. Although it is expressed throughout the brain, it is produced more intensively in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus and can cross the blood‐brain barrier in two directions easily. The aim of this study is to understand, for the first time, whether there is a relationship between febrile seizure (FS) and BDNF.MethodsThe study included cases diagnosed with FS and febrile illness, of similar age, weight, and height, between 6 months and 6 years. Samples for serum BDNF measurement were taken within the first 24–48 h of admission at the hospital and levels were measured using the commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit and expressed in ng/mL.ResultsEighty cases (40 FS, 40 febrile illness) were included in the study. The mean serum BDNF was found to be 6.7 ± 2.4 ng/mL in the FS group and 4.5 ± 2.6 ng/mL in the febrile illness group (P = 0.001). No relation was found between gender, age, body weight, length, and platelet counts and serum BDNF levels. The optimal cut‐off value for serum BDNF was found to be 5.2 ng/mL (75% sensitivity, 62.5% specificity, AUC: 0.723) to distinguish between FS and febrile illness.ConclusionsExcluding demographic variables such as gender, age, weight, length, and platelet counts serum BDNF levels have increased in children with FS. Considering the hippocampal origin of FS, we can suggest that the pathophysiology of FS may be related to the BDNF.
Combining favorability modeling with collaborative geo‐visual analysis to improve agricultural pest management
Authors: García‐Chapeton Gustavo Adolfo , Toxopeus Albertus G. , Olivero Jesús , Ostermann Frank O. , de By Rolf A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this article, we explore the potential of combining favorability modeling with collaborative geo‐visual analysis to determine when and where to apply countermeasures for the olive fruit fly. The favorability function estimates locations and times at which the conditions favor a species exceeding acceptable abundance levels, thus becoming a pest. We built two models based on monitoring data for the olive fruit fly in Andalusia, Spain. The models were used in a geo‐visual analytics prototype to produce map series for the seasons 2012 to 2018, and to explore the models’ outputs collaboratively with stakeholders. Results showed that the models capture known species’ dynamics, but tend to overpredict favorable conditions for pest development. Discussions with stakeholders indicate that the prototype facilitates the communication and discussion of modeling results between researchers, authorities, and field technicians, which also enables a better understanding of the pest dynamics, and the planning and execution of control activities.