bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European master of science in nuclear fusion and engineering physics (FUSION-EP): 15 years of experience
Authors: Van Oost Guido , Beyer Peter , Devitre Alexis , Guirlet Rémy , Noterdaeme Jean-Marie , Thienpondt Hanne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of the Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree (EMJMD) FUSION-EP is to provide a high-level research-oriented education and a well-integrated cultural experience within an international consortium of institutions leading the interdisciplinary field of magnetic fusion. The combined and harmonized teaching and research activities coordinated among eight partner universities in Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany and Spain offer a variety of competences in a field of crucial importance to the problem of world energy supply. Besides the ITER International Organization, there are 24 EU and non-EU academic and research associate partners. As the fusion community makes pace towards commercialization, the balance in research will shift from an academic-and-fundamental direction to a technology-and-industry-driven orientation. For this purpose, the programme offers two tracks: fusion science and fusion engineering. In addition, an advisory board keeps the curriculum in line with the research activities carried out by the associate and industrial partners. Internationalization, multidisciplinarity, and student mobility are inherent parts of the programme structure and philosophy. There exist several student and alumni initiatives leveraging meaningful connections within a global network. As a first step towards long-term sustainability, the consortium decided to transfer the programme coordination from Ghent University to Aix-Marseille University in 2019; the geographical, topical and professional proximity of ITER is expected to allow an optimal alignment of the programme with the professional needs of the emerging nuclear fusion industry.
Imaging multiphoton ionization dynamics of CH3I at a high repetition rate XUV free-electron laser
Authors: Cheng Yu-Chen , Oostenrijk Bart , Lahl Jan , Maclot Sylvain , Augustin Sven , Schmid Georg , Schnorr Kirsten , Meister Severin , Rompotis Dimitrios , Manschwetus Bastian , Redlin Harald , Bomme Cédric , Erk Benjamin , Rolles Daniel , Boll Rebecca , Olshin Pavel , Rudenko Artem , Meyer Michael , Johnsson Per , Moshammer Robert , Gisselbrecht Mathieu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
XUV multiphoton ionization of molecules is commonly used in free-electron laser experiments to study charge transfer dynamics. However, molecular dissociation and electron dynamics, such as multiple photon absorption, Auger decay, and charge transfer, often happen on competing time scales, and the contributions of individual processes can be difficult to unravel. We experimentally investigate the Coulomb explosion dynamics of methyl iodide upon core–hole ionization of the shallow inner-shell of iodine (4d) and classically simulate the fragmentation by phenomenologically introducing ionization dynamics and charge transfer. Under our experimental conditions with medium fluence and relatively long XUV pulses (∼75 fs), we find that fast Auger decay prior to charge transfer significantly contributes to the charging mechanism, leading to a yield enhancement of higher carbon charge states upon molecular dissociation. Furthermore, we argue for the existence of another charging mechanism for the weak fragmentation channels leading to triply charged carbon atoms. This study shows that classical simulations can be a useful tool to guide the quantum mechanical description of the femtosecond dynamics upon multiphoton absorption in molecular systems.
From synchrotrons for XFELs: the soft x-ray near-edge spectrum of the ESCA molecule
Authors: Sorensen S L , Zheng X , Southworth S H , Patanen M , Kokkonen E , Oostenrijk B , Travnikova O , Marchenko T , Simon M , Bostedt C , Doumy G , Cheng L , Young L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A predictive understanding of soft x-ray near-edge absorption spectra of small molecules is an enduring theoretical challenge and of current interest for x-ray probes of molecular dynamics. We report the experimental absorption spectrum for the electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) molecule (ethyl trifluoroacetate) near the carbon 1s absorption edge between 285–300 eV. The ESCA molecule with four chemically distinct carbon sites has previously served as a theoretical benchmark for photoelectron spectra and now for photoabsorption spectra. We report a simple edge-specific approach for systematically expanding standard basis sets to properly describe diffuse Rydberg orbitals and the importance of triple excitations in equation-of-motion coupled-cluster calculations of the energy interval between valence and Rydberg excitations.
A comparative study of cold atmospheric plasma treatment, chemical versus physical strategy
Authors: Wang Qihui , Malyavko Alisa , Yan Dayun , Lamanna Olivia K , Hsieh Michael H , Sherman Jonathan H , Keidar Michael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To date, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species have been regarded as the key factors causing the observable cellular death of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)-treated cancer cells. The chemical basis of the conventional CAP treatment highlights apoptosis as the main CAP-triggered cell death mechanism. However, we recently demonstrated a strong anti-melanoma effect based on physically-based CAP treatment. In this study, we compared the anti-cancer effect of chemically-based versus physically-based CAP treatment on four typical cancer cell lines in vitro. Three of these cancer cell lines were more sensitive to the physical factors in CAP than the chemical factors in CAP, while the fourth cell line followed the original trend of being more sensitive to chemical factors. This study demonstrated that the physically-based CAP treatment could be an effective anti-cancer approach, which might have a deep impact on the future application of CAP in medicine.
Tuning the optical response of a plasmonic T-shaped dimer with nanowire loads for improved SERS and sensing applications
Authors: Ren Mengke , Li Ran , Wang Junqiao , Fan Chunzhen , Ding Pei , Li Yan , He Jinna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures have important applications for surface-enhanced Raman chips, optical sensors, perfect absorbers, and so on. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the optical properties of a T-shaped dimer (TD) nanostructure and a TD with nanowire loads (TD/NL) nanostructure. By depositing the NLs around the TD, the optical property of the TD is significantly modified, and the extinction spectrum of composite TD/NL appears the splitting resonance peak and shows the asymmetric characteristic of Fano resonance due to the plasmon hybridization. Besides, a stronger electric field enhancement can be obtained in the composite TD/NL nanostructure, and the calculated results show the field enhancement effect of the dark mode in designed TD/NL nanostructure is three times than that in the TD nanostructure. Furthermore, the Fano resonance in TD/NL nanostructure reveals the narrow spectral linewidth and high quality factor, which is advantageous to optical refractive index sensors, and the corresponding sensing sensitivity is as high as 1083 nm RIU−1.
Density-dependent quark mass model revisited: thermodynamic consistency, stability windows and stellar properties
Authors: Backes Betânia C , Hafemann Eduardo , Marzola Isabella , Menezes Débora P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work a density-dependent quark model is revisited, its thermodynamic consistency checked and the stability window for absolutely stable quark matter obtained. The hypotheses of both pure quark matter with equal quark chemical potentials and stellar matter subject to chemical stability and charge neutrality are investigated. The parameters that appear in the density-dependent mass and satisfy the Bodmer–Witten conjecture are then used to compute the masses and radii of strange stars. We show that the obtained values are compatible with the recently observed massive stars.
Investigating the kinetics of the formation of a C Cottrell atmosphere around a screw dislocation in bcc iron: a mixed-lattice atomistic kinetic Monte-Carlo analysis
Authors: Candela R , Gelin S , Mousseau N , Veiga R G A , Domain C , Perez M , Becquart C S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present a mixed-lattice atomistic kinetic Monte-Carlo algorithm (MLKMC) that integrates a rigid-lattice AKMC approach with the kinetic activation-relaxation technique (k-ART), an off-lattice/self-learning AKMC. This approach opens the door to study large and complex systems adapting the cost of identification and evaluation of transition states to the local environment. To demonstrate its capacity, MLKMC is applied to the problem of the formation of a C Cottrell atmosphere decorating a screw dislocation in α-Fe. For this system, transitions that occur near the dislocation core are searched by k-ART, while transitions occurring far from the dislocation are computed before the simulation starts using the rigid-lattice AKMC. This combination of the precision of k-ART and the speed of the rigid-lattice makes it possible to follow the onset of the C Cottrell atmosphere and to identify interesting mechanisms associated with its formation.
Antiferromagnetism, charge ordering and stretched Ni–O bond in Ln4Ni3O8 (Ln = La, Nd)
Authors: Fan Xinwei , Wen Hai-Hu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Superconductivity was recently observed in Sr-doped NdNiO2 film after a long pursuit, which inspires us to investigate another Ruddlesden–Popper-based nickelate Nd4Ni3O8 which may hold an antiferromagnetic order and a charge stripe order. Through ab initio calculations, we find that the obtained results turn out to be similar to those of La4Ni3O8. However, we propose that Ni1+ ions in the charge stripe order observed in La4Ni3O8 are in fact antiferromagnetically coupled through a twofold double-exchange mediated by the intermediate Ni2+ ion and the stretched Ni1+–O bond. Under high pressure, the extension of the stretched Ni1+–O bond is not favored and the system will be pushed into a meta-stable insulating state. Our picture can successfully explain the temperature dependence of resistivity under high pressure of La4Ni3O8, and shows also consistency with the insulating behavior of Nd4Ni3O8 observed in recent experiment. Considering a +1.33 average valence of Ni in Nd4Ni3O8, which is very close to that of the Sr-doped NdNiO2, our results support the earlier proposal that a possible way leading to metallicity and even superconductivity is to suppress the existing antiferromagnetism and charge ordering.
Singular self-energy for itinerant electrons in a dilute Ising spin bath
Authors: Fortin Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We consider itinerant spinless electrons moving as defects in a dilute two-dimensional Ising spin system, leading to an effective interaction mediated by spin fluctuations. Coupled self-consistent equations are analyzed after expressing the spin and fermion operators in terms of Grassmann variables. The effective mass, density of states, and specific heat are evaluated. We found that at low temperature and low electron density the effective mass is reduced, whereas in the critical region it sharply diverges. At higher temperature, the fermions behave like a Fermi liquid with a small enhanced mass.
Staphylococcus aureus biofilm eradication by the synergistic effect exerted by PEG-coated silicon dots immobilized in silica films and light irradiation
Authors: Gonik Eduardo , Rodríguez Sartori Damián , David Gara Pedro , Miñán Alejandro , Fernández Lorenzo de Mele Mónica , Gonzalez Mónica C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Immobilization of PEG-covered silicon dots, PEGSiDs, on glass substrates was performed following a simple strategy involving particle embedding by a sol-gel process forming a silica film on glass slides. The obtained films, denoted as fSiO
x
-PEGSiD, constitute a water-wettable, strongly supported, photoluminescent glass coating. The films showed high capacity for photosensitizing singlet oxygen (1O2) in the UVA when immersed in water. Staphylococcus aureus colonies formed on fSiO
x
-PEGSiDs modified glasses revealed the inhibition of bacterial adhesion and bacterial growth leading to the formation of loosely-packed and smaller S. aureus colonies. Upon 350 nm light irradiation of the biofilmed fSiO
x
-PEGSiDs -modified glasses, S. aureus growth was inhibited and bacteria killed reducing the number of living bacteria by three orders of magnitude. Eradication of attached bacteria was achieved by the synergistic effect exerted by a less adherent fSiO
x
-PEGSiDs surface that inhibits biofilm formation and the ability of the surface to photosensitize 1O2 to kill bacteria.
Tuning the electronic properties of highly anisotropic 2D dangling-bond-free sheets from 1D V2Se9 chain structures
Authors: Lee Weon-Gyu , Sung Dongchul , Lee Junho , Chung You Kyoung , Kim Bum Jun , Choi Kyung Hwan , Lee Sang Hoon , Jeong Byung Joo , Choi Jae-Young , Huh Joonsuk 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
True one-dimensional (1D) van der Waals materials can form two-dimensional (2D) dangling-bond-free anisotropic surfaces. Dangling bonds on surfaces act as defects for transporting charge carriers. In this study, we consider true 1D materials to be V2Se9 chains, and then the electronic structures of 2D sheets composed of true 1D V2Se9 chains are calculated. The (010) plane has indirect bandgap with 0.757 eV (1.768 eV), while the (111̅) plane shows a nearly direct bandgap of 1.047 eV (2.118 eV) for DFT-D3 (HSE06) correction, respectively. The (111̅) plane of V2Se9 is expected to be used in optoelectronic devices because it contains a nearly direct bandgap. Partial charge analysis indicates that the (010) plane exhibits interchain interaction is stronger than the (111̅) plane. To investigate the strain effect, we increased the interchain distance of planes until an indirect-to-direct bandgap transition occurred. The (010) plane then demonstrated a direct bandgap when interchain distance increased by 30%, while the (111̅) plane demonstrated a direct bandgap when the interchain distance increased by 10%. In mechanical sensors, this change in the bandgap was induced by the interchain distance.
Hollow and mesoporous lipstick-like nitrogen-doped carbon with incremented catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Zhang Ge , Zhou Jia , Liu Jiang , Ma Tian , Chen Yu , Xu Chunli 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hollow structure and pore size are considered to be crucial to the performance of nitrogen-doped carbon materials. In this paper, a lipstick-like hollow and mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon (HNC-1000) material is prepared using a bottom-up template participation strategy. The images by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy show that the precursor ZnO particles, the intermediate ZnO@ZIF-8 core–shell particles, and the target HNC-1000 particles all maintain a lipstick-like morphology, and HNC-1000 is a hollow nitrogen-doped carbon material. The specific surface area and pore size analyses show that the synthesized HNC-1000 has a very rich mesoporous structure with Vmeso+macro/Vtotal of 94.8% and mean mesopore size at 13.67 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that the nitrogen in the catalyst HNC-1000 is mainly pyridine nitrogen and graphite nitrogen. The prepared HNC-1000 has excellent ORR catalytic activity with onset potential (0.98 V versus RHE), half-wave potential (0.85 V versus RHE), and limiting current density (5.51 mA cm−2), which is comparable to that of commercial Pt/C (20 wt%) and superior to NC-1000 derived from pristine ZIF-8. HNC-1000 also has good stability and strong methanol tolerance, which is superior to commercial Pt/C catalyst. The improved performance of HNC-1000 is attributed to its hollow and mesoporous morphology. These findings demonstrate a stratage for the rational design and synthesis of practical electrocatalysts.
Segmentation and classification of thyroid follicular neoplasm using cascaded convolutional neural network
Authors: Yang Bailin , Yan Meiying , Yan Zaoming , Zhu Changrui , Xu Dong , Dong Fangfang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present a segmentation and classification method for thyroid follicular neoplasms based on a combination of the prior-based level set method and deep convolutional neural network. The proposed method aims to discriminate thyroid follicular adenoma (TFA) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) in ultrasound images. In their appearance, these two kinds of tumours have similar shapes, sizes and contrasts. Therefore, it is difficult for even ultrasound specialists to distinguish them. Because of the complex background in thyroid ultrasound images, before distinguishing TFA and FTC, we need to segment the lesions from the whole image for each patient. The main challenge of segmentation is that the images often have weak edges and heterogeneous regions. The main issue of classification is that the accuracy depends on the features extracted from the segmentation results. To solve these problems, we conduct the two tasks, i.e. segmentation and classification, by a cascaded learning architecture. For segmentation, to obtain more accurate results, we exploit the Res-U-net framework and the prior-based level set method to enhance their respective abilities. Then, the classification network is trained by sharing shallow layers of the segmentation network. Testing the proposed method on real patient data shows that it is able to segment the lesion areas in thyroid ultrasound images with a Dice score of 92.65% and to distinguish TFA and FTC with a classification accuracy of 96.00%.
Dense feature-based motion estimation in MV fluoroscopy during dynamic tumor tracking treatment: preliminary study on reduced aperture and partial occlusion handling
Authors: Serpa Marco , Bert Christoph 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Quality assurance solutions to complement available motion compensation technologies are central for their safe routine implementation and success of treatment. This work presents a dense feature-based method for soft-tissue tumor motion estimation in megavoltage (MV) beam’s-eye-view (BEV) projections for potential intra-treatment monitoring during dynamic tumor tracking (DTT). Dense sampling and matching principles were employed to track a gridded set of features landmarks (FLs) in MV-BEV projections and estimate tumor motion, capable to overcome reduced field aperture and partial occlusion challenges. The algorithm’s performance was evaluated by retrospectively applying it to fluoroscopic sequences acquired at ∼2 frames s−1 (fps) for a dynamic phantom and two lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) patients treated with DTT on the Vero SBRT system. First, a field-specific train image is initialized by sampling the tumor region at, S, pixel intervals on a grid using a representative frame from a stream of query frames. Sampled FLs are locally characterized in the form of descriptor vectors and geometric attributes representing the target. For motion tracking, subsequent query frames are likewise sampled, corresponding feature descriptors determined, and then patch-wise matched to the training set based on their descriptors and geometric relationships. FLs with high correspondence are pruned and used to estimate tumor displacement. In scenarios of partial occlusions, position is estimated from the set of correctly (visible) FLs on past observations. Reconstructed trajectories were benchmarked against ground-truth manual tracking using the root-mean-square (RMS) as a metric of positional accuracy. A total of 19 fluoroscopy sequences were analyzed. This included scenarios of field aperture obstruction during three-dimensional conformal, as well as step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) delivery assisted with DTT. The algorithm resolved target motion satisfactorily. The RMS was <1.2 mm and <1.8 mm for the phantom and the clinical dataset, respectively. Dense tracking showed promising results to overcome localization challenges at the field penumbra and partial obstruction by multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Motion retrieval was possible in ∼66% of the control points studied. In addition to MLC obstruction, changes in the external/internal breathing dynamics and baseline drifts were a major source of estimation bias. Dense feature-based tracking is a viable alternative. The algorithm is rotation-/scale-invariant and robust to photometric changes. Tracking multiple features may help overcome partial occlusion challenges by the MLC. This in turn opens up new possibilities for motion detection and intra-treatment monitoring during IMRT and potentially VMAT.
Pulse length selection for optimizing the accelerated ion flux fraction of a bipolar HiPIMS discharge
Authors: Viloan Rommel Paulo B. , Zanáška Michal , Lundin Daniel , Helmersson Ulf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect on the energy distributions of metal and gas ions in a bipolar high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge as the negative and positive pulse lengths are altered are reported. The results presented demonstrate that the selection of the pulse lengths in a HiPIMS discharge is important in optimizing the amount of accelerated ions. A short enough negative pulse is needed so that ions do not escape to the substrate before being accelerated by the positive pulse that follows the main negative HiPIMS pulse. The length of the positive pulse should also be long enough to accelerate the majority of the ions, but a too long positive pulse depletes the process chamber of electrons so much that it makes it difficult to initiate the next HiPIMS pulse. When pulse lengths of negative and positive pulses are properly selected, the fraction of ions, both metal and gas, accelerated by the positive pulse voltage is close to 100%.
Recent trends in piezoelectric actuators for precision motion and their applications: a review
Authors: Mohith S , Upadhya Adithya R , Navin Karanth P , Kulkarni S M , Rao Muralidhara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe need for precision positioning applications has enormously influenced the research and development towards the growth of precision actuators. Over the years, piezoelectric actuators have significantly satisfied the requirement of precision positioning to a greater extent with the capability of broad working stroke, high-accuracy, and resolution (micro/nano range) coupled with the advantage of faster response, higher stiffness, and actuation force. The present review intends to bring out the latest advancement in the field of piezoelectric actuator technology. This review brings out the specifics associated with the development of materials/actuators, the working principles with different actuation modes, and classifications of the piezoelectric actuators and their applications. The present article throws light on the design, geometrical features, and the performance parameters of various piezoelectric actuators right from unimorph, bimorph, and multilayer to the large displacement range actuators such as amplified actuators, stepping actuators with relevant schematic representations and the quantitative data. A comparative study has been presented to evaluate the pros and cons of different piezoelectric actuators along with quantitative graphical comparisons. An attempt is also made to highlight the application domains, commercial and future prospects of technology development towards piezoelectric actuators for precision motion applications. The organization of the paper also assists in understanding the piezoelectric materials applicable to precision actuators. Furthermore, this paper is of great assistance for determining the appropriate design, application domains and future directions of piezoelectric actuator technology.