bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of conservation methods on the bioaccessibility of bioelements from in vitro‐digested edible mushrooms
Authors: Kała Katarzyna , Krakowska Agata , Zięba Piotr , Opoka Włodzimierz , Muszyńska Bożena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe release of bioelements from edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, Cantharellus cibarius, and Imleria badia) was examined using in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion to assess their health‐promoting potential. The following samples were tested: fresh, frozen, dried in a food dryer, dried in the sun, and lyophilized. The samples were incubated in gastric juice (pepsin, NaCl, HCl) and in intestinal juice (NaHCO3, pancreatin, bile salts) with the aim of verifying the bioaccessibility of the bioelements and the digestibility of mushrooms. Four bioelements that are essential for the human body were studied: Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe.RESULTSIt was found that Mg was extracted in the highest amounts from the sun‐dried A. bisporus (1.620 g kg−1 d.w.). In the case of microelements, the lyophilized fruiting bodies of I. badia released Zn in the highest quantities (0.180 g kg−1 d.w.). Lyophilization and sun‐drying methods were more advantageous than other methods. Fresh material was a more valuable source of bioelements than frozen material.CONCLUSIONOur results showed that edible mushrooms have a high content of bioelements that are easily bioaccessible, which indicates their health‐promoting properties. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Preservation of Aloe vera and soybean flour fortified Granny Smith apple through optimised quartz–halogen radiated vacuum drying: kinetics and quality evaluation
Authors: Chakraborty Rajat , Samanta Ritika , Das Sabyasachi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDGranny Smith (GS) apple has low protein content and poor antimicrobial properties; hence it has been blended with Aloe vera (AV; high ascorbic acid, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties) and soybean flour (SF; rich in phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, total antioxidant and protein) in different proportions to obtain fortified GS, i.e. GSAVSF. Moreover, GS being a perishable fruit, its moisture content should be reduced to enhance shelf life. Accordingly, this GSAVSF was osmotically pre‐dehydrated and finally dried through energy‐efficient quartz–halogen radiation (QHR) assisted vacuum‐drying (QHRVD) to produce dried GSAVSF i.e. (DGSAVSF) under optimized conditions.RESULTSThe optimally dehydrated DGSAVSF product resulted in minimum moisture (4.85% w/w) and maximum protein (6.24 g kg−1) content. The application of osmotic dehydration and QHRVD afforded acceptable colour of DGSAVSF compared to GSAVSF (ΔEI* = 10.07 ± 0.21). A parametric drying model was formulated that corroborated well with Fick's equation. QHRVD rendered high moisture diffusivity (1.49 × 10−8 m2 s−1) and low activation energy (27.64 kJ mol−1 K−1). Appreciable quality improvements with respect to fresh GS concerning ascorbic acid (176.05%), total phenolic (579.07%), total flavonoid (333.33%) contents and 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (446.71%) could be achieved. The product demonstrated satisfactory shelf life (1 × 104CFU g−1: aerobic mesophilic; 1 × 104CFU g−1: mould and yeast) and high rehydration ratio (4.25 ± 0.1).CONCLUSIONThe enrichment of GS with AV and SF along with optimal drying protocols could provide a quality fortified DGSAVSF through an energy‐proficient sustainable process. The highly nutritious product with suitable colour, microbial stability and rehydration ratio also satisfied a 9‐point hedonic scale, thus confirming consumer acceptability. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of methyl jasmonate on the monoterpenes of Muscat Hamburg grapes and wine
Authors: Yue Xiaofeng , Shi Pengbao , Tang Yali , Zhang Huaixin , Ma Xin , Ju Yanlun , Zhang Zhenwen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe importance of monoterpenes in grape and wine aroma has compelled researchers to focus on developing methods to increase their abundance. Recent research has revealed that exogenous elicitors can increase the contents of these compounds. This study determined the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) preharvest treatments on the monoterpene profiles of Muscat Hamburg grapes and wine.RESULTSA total of 27 monoterpenes were identified for Muscat Hamburg grapes and wine. The contents of most of the monoterpenes (free and glycosylated forms) in the grapes and wine increased in response to MeJA. An analysis of the expression of the genes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway indicated that the related biosynthetic pathways were activated by MeJA. The transcript levels of some genes were consistent with monoterpene production, including VviCSLinNer, VviGwbOciF, VviPNRLin, VviGT14 and VviUGT85A1L1. The developmental expression patterns of the VviPP2B1 and VviMYB24 transcription factor genes were positively correlated with monoterpene accumulation in ripening grapes.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that MeJA may be useful for improving the aroma quality of grapes and wines.
Expression profiling of endo‐xylanases during ripening of strawberry cultivars with contrasting softening rates. Influence of postharvest and hormonal treatments
Authors: Hirsch Mailén , Langer Silvia E , Marina María , Rosli Hernán G , Civello Pedro M , Martínez Gustavo A , Villarreal Natalia M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoftening is one of the main features that determine fruit quality during strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch.) ripening and storage. Being closely related to textural changes, the molecular and biochemical bases underlying strawberry cell‐wall metabolism is a matter of interest. Here we investigated the abundance of transcripts encoding putative strawberry endo‐xylanases in plant tissues, during fruit ripening and under postharvest and hormonal treatments. Total xylanase activity and expression of related genes in strawberry varieties with contrasting firmness were analyzed.RESULTSFaXynA and FaXynC mRNA abundance was significantly higher than FaXynB in each plant tissue studied. Higher total xylanase activity was detected at the end of the ripening of the softer cultivar (‘Toyonoka’) in comparison with the firmer one (‘Camarosa’), correlating with the abundance of FaXynA and FaXynC transcripts. Postharvest 1‐methylcyclopropene treatment up‐regulated FaXynA and FaXynC expressions. FaXynC mRNA abundance decreased with heat treatment but the opposite was observed for FaXynA. Calcium chloride treatment down‐regulated FaXynA and FaXynC expression. Both genes responded differently to plant growth regulators' exposure. FaXynC expression was down‐regulated by auxins and gibberellins treatment and up‐regulated by abscisic acid. FaXynA was up‐regulated by auxins, while no changes in mRNA levels were evident by abscisic acid and gibberellins treatment. Ethephon exposure did not change FaXynA and FaXynC expressions.CONCLUSIONNew knowledge about the presence of xylanases in ripening strawberry fruit and their response to postharvest and hormonal treatments is provided. Our findings suggest a role for endo‐xylanases in hemicelluloses depolymerization and possibly in strawberry fruit softening. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Soil bacterial and eukaryotic co‐occurrence networks across a desert climate gradient in northern China
Authors: Feng Wei , Zhang Yuqing , Lai Zongrui , Qin Shugao , Yan Ru , Sun Yanfei , She Weiwei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA vast portion of the surface of the Earth is desert and desertified land, where, due to the harsh natural environment, vegetation is generally scarce. Soil microbes play important roles in ecosystems and have been used as indicators of soil quality and health. However, microbial interactions in desert ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this study, we collected soil samples from 12 deserts in northern China, spanning four climate types representing distinct aridity gradients, to evaluate bacterial and eukaryotic co‐occurrence networks, and analyze environmental factors determining microbial interactions and their relationships with these factors. At the regional scale, bacterial and eukaryotic interactions strengthened with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP). They were also influenced by soil total phosphorus and the normalized difference vegetation index. At the local scale, although soil‐, climate‐, and plant‐related factors significantly constrained bacterial and eukaryotic networks, their relative effects varied. Overall, eukaryotic communities formed smaller and less complex networks than bacterial communities. Both bacterial and eukaryotic networks were more complex in deserts with higher MAP, suggesting that they are more stable and play more important roles in biogeochemical cycling in these areas than in lower MAP deserts. Our results provide further evidence that altered precipitation gradient probably leads to unstable and vulnerable microbial communities. This study enhances our understanding of microbial community organization in desert ecosystems, while providing novel insights into soil health. These findings should prove valuable in the evaluation of land development and degradation processes.
Regional differences in the factors that affect vegetation cover in China
Authors: Ma Zihao , Guo Jiahong , Li Weiming , Cai Zhaoyang , Cao Shixiong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDecreasing vegetation cover leads to serious environmental problems, with negative impacts on human health and socioeconomic development. In recent years, these problems have seriously threatened human societies around the world. Although there have been many studies of urbanization's impacts on natural land cover, ecosystem health, and biodiversity, the effects of spatial variation of human factors and their interaction with climate factors are less well known, particularly in rapidly developing countries such as China. This makes it difficult to design effective ecological restoration policies because the lack of such research creates a high risk of misunderstanding the current situation and wasting a lot of money and labour. To provide some of the missing information, we used municipal‐ and county‐level data from China in 2017 to calculate the contributions of 14 factors that affect vegetation cover, which combine urbanization, socioeconomic development, and natural influences. We found significant regional differences in the impacts of the urbanization and socioeconomic development factors, suggesting that their impact differed among northeastern, southern, and western China, sometimes with opposite effects. This was especially true in western China, where most human factors had negative impacts on vegetation cover. Our research has implications for environmental protection planning in regions affected by environmental degradation in China.
Improvements in Disease‐Specific Health‐Related Quality of Life of Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients During Immunosuppression Withdrawal
Authors: Mohammad Saeed , Sundaram Shikha S. , Mason Kristen , Lobritto Steven , Martinez Mercedes , Turmelle Yumirle P. , Bucuvalas John , Feng Sandy , Alonso Estella M. 
Published: December 2020

Long‐term immunosuppression (IS) leads to systemic complications affecting health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric liver transplantation (LT) recipients. We serially assessed HRQOL using the PedsQL Generic and Multidimensional Fatigue Scales and Family Impact and Transplant Modules as part of a multicenter prospective immunosuppression withdrawal (ISW) trial between 2012 and 2018. Participants received a primary LT ≥4 years before the study and were on stable IS with normal liver tests and without rejection in the prior 2 years. IS was withdrawn in 7 steps over 36 to 48 weeks. HRQOL was assessed at regular intervals. The primary endpoint was change in disease‐specific HRQOL measured by the PedsQL Transplant Module. Generic HRQOL was measured by the PedsQL Generic Scale and was compared with an age‐matched and sex‐matched multicenter cohort. Of the 88 participants, 39 were boys, median age was 11 years (range, 8‐13), and time since transplant was 9 years (range, 6‐11). For 36 months, disease‐specific HRQOL improved for all participants, whereas generic HRQOL was unchanged. Neither generic nor disease‐specific HRQOL changed for the 35 participants who developed acute rejection during ISW. In the first use of patient‐reported outcome measures during an ISW trial, we found improvements in disease‐specific HRQOL in all participants and no lasting detrimental effects in those who experienced rejection.
A novel SLC37A4 missense mutation in GSD‐Ib without hepatomegaly causes enhanced leukocytes endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis
Authors: Xu Qianyun , Tang Haiyan , Duan Liping , Zuo Xiaoxia , Shi Xiaoliu , Li Yisha , Zhao Hongjun , Zhang Huali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundGlycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ib is an autosomal recessive disease caused by defects of glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter (G6PT), encoded by the SLC37A4 gene. To date, over 100 mutations have been revealed in the SLC37A4 gene. GSD‐Ib patients manifest a metabolic phenotype of impaired blood glucose homeostasis and also carry the additional complications of neutropenia and myeloid dysfunction.MethodsHere, we present two daughters with an initial diagnosis of gout in a Chinese consanguineous family. Whole‐exome sequencing was performed to identify the mutations. The mechanism of leukocytopenia was investigated.ResultsWhole‐exome sequencing analysis of the proband identified a novel homozygous p.P119L mutation in SLC37A4, leading to a diagnosis of GSD‐Ib. We found that the potential pathogenic p.P119L mutation leads to an unusual phenotype characterized by gout at onset, and GSD‐Ib arising from this variant also manifests multiple metabolic abnormalities, leukocytopenia, and anemia, but no hepatomegaly. The leukocytes from the proband showed increased mRNA levels of sXBP‐1, BIP, and CHOP genes in the unfolded protein response pathway, and enhanced Bax mRNA and caspase‐3 activity, which might contribute to leukocytopenia.ConclusionOur findings broaden the variation spectrum of SLC37A4 and suggest no strict genotype–phenotype correlations in GSD‐Ib patients.
Ultrasound‐assisted laser thrombolysis with endovascular laser and high‐intensity focused ultrasound
Authors: Jo Janggun , Forrest M. Laird , Yang Xinmai 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe combination of laser and ultrasound can significantly improve the efficiency of thrombolysis through an enhanced cavitation effect. We developed a fiber optics‐based laser‐ultrasound thrombolysis device and tested the feasibility and efficiency of this technology for restoring blood flow in an in vitro blood clot model.MethodsAn in vitro blood flow‐clot model was setup, and then an endovascular laser thrombolysis system was combined with high‐intensity focused ultrasound to remove the clot. The laser and ultrasound pulses were synchronized and delivered to the blood clot concurrently. The laser pulses of 532 nm were delivered to the blood clot endovascularly through an optical fiber, whereas the ultrasound pulses of 0.5 MHz were applied noninvasively to the same region. Effectiveness of thrombolysis was evaluated by the ability to restore blood flow, which was monitored by ultrasound Doppler.ResultsAs laser powers increased, the ultrasound threshold pressures for effective thrombolysis decreased. For laser fluence levels of 0, 2, and 4 mJ/cm2, the average negative ultrasound threshold pressures were 1.26 ± 0.114, 1.05 ± 0.181, and 0.59 ± 0.074 MPa, respectively. The periods of time needed to achieve effective thrombolysis were measured at 0.8, 2, and 4 mJ/cm2 laser fluence levels and 0.42, 0.70, and 0.98 MPa negative ultrasound pressures. In general, thrombolysis could be achieved more rapidly with higher laser powers or ultrasound pressures.ConclusionsEffective thrombolysis can be achieved by combining endovascular laser with noninvasive ultrasound at relatively low power and pressure levels, which can potentially improve both the treatment efficiency and safety.
Technical Note: Characteristics of a microSilicon X shielded diode detector for photon beam dosimetry
Authors: Akino Yuichi , Okamura Keita , Das Indra J. , Isohashi Fumiaki , Seo Yuji , Tamari Keisuke , Hirata Takero , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Inoue Shinichi , Ogawa Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThis study investigated the characteristics of a new shielded diode detector, microSilicon X (model 60022: MSX), for small‐field and large‐field dosimetry.MethodsThe percent depth dose (PDD), beam profiles, detector output factor (OFdet), temperature dependence, dose rate dependence, dose‐per‐pulse (DPP) dependence, and dose‐response linearity of MSX were evaluated in Cyberknife and TrueBeam photon beams and compared with various detectors including microDiamond (PTW model 60019: MD), Sun Nuclear EDGE detector, Photon diode (PTW model 60016: PD), and semiflex ionization chamber (PTW model 31010: IC).ResultsFor field sizes ranging from 50 × 50 mm2 to 400 × 400 mm2, MSX‐measured OFdet values were within 1% of the IC‐measured values. For the CyberKnife small fields, the maximum difference between the MSX‐measured OFdet and the MD‐measured field output factor (Ω) was 4.0%, while the maximum differences were 8.8% and 10.9% for PD and EDGE, respectively. MSX showed a stable response within 0.7% for water temperatures of 5°C to 34°C, while PD and EDGE showed a linear correlation between the water temperature and the response. MSX showed small variations within 0.2% for the dose rate, and PD and EDGE showed logarithmic increases in the response with the dose rate. MSX and MD had smaller DPP dependences than PD and EDGE.ConclusionsThe characteristics of MSX for measurements of small‐ and large‐field photon beams are favorable. Compared to PD, MSX exhibited significant improvement in the over‐response for small fields. The OFdet values measured by MSX were approximately in‐between those measured by MD and PD. MSX showed stable responses against water temperature, dose rate, and DPP variations and provided suitable data for a wide range of field sizes. However, careful attention is required for measurements of OFdet for field sizes of <10 × 10 mm2 and PDD for field sizes of ≥200 × 200 mm2.
On the signal‐to‐noise ratio benefit of spiral acquisition in diffusion MRI
Authors: Lee Yoojin , Wilm Bertram J. , Brunner David O. , Gross Simon , Schmid Thomas , Nagy Zoltan , Pruessmann Klaas P. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeSpiral readouts combine several favorable properties that promise superior net sensitivity for diffusion imaging. The purpose of this study is to verify the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) benefit of spiral acquisition in comparison with current echo‐planar imaging (EPI) schemes.MethodsDiffusion‐weighted in vivo brain data from three subjects were acquired with a single‐shot spiral sequence and several variants of single‐shot EPI, including full‐Fourier and partial‐Fourier readouts as well as different diffusion‐encoding schemes. Image reconstruction was based on an expanded signal model including field dynamics obtained by concurrent field monitoring. The effective resolution of each sequence was matched to that of full‐Fourier EPI with 1 mm nominal resolution. SNR maps were generated by determining the noise statistics of the raw data and analyzing the propagation of equivalent synthetic noise through image reconstruction. Using the same approach, maps of noise amplification due to parallel imaging (g‐factor) were calculated for different acceleration factors.ResultsRelative to full‐Fourier EPI at b = 0 s/mm2, spiral acquisition yielded SNR gains of 42‐88% and 40‐89% in white and gray matter, respectively, depending on the diffusion‐encoding scheme. Relative to partial‐Fourier EPI, the gains were 36‐44% and 34‐42%. Spiral g‐factor maps exhibited less spatial variation and lower maxima than their EPI counterparts.ConclusionSpiral readouts achieve significant SNR gains in the order of 40‐80% over EPI in diffusion imaging at 3T. Combining systematic effects of shorter echo time, readout efficiency, and favorable g‐factor behavior, similar benefits are expected across clinical and neurosciences uses of diffusion imaging.
Transceive phase corrected 2D contrast source inversion‐electrical properties tomography
Authors: Stijnman Peter R. S. , Stefano Mandija  , Fuchs Patrick S. , van den Berg Cornelis A. T. , Remis Rob F. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeTo remove the necessity of the tranceive phase assumption for CSI‐EPT and show electrical properties maps reconstructed from measured data obtained using a standard 3T birdcage body coil setup.MethodsThe existing CSI‐EPT algorithm is reformulated to use the transceive phase rather than relying on the transceive phase assumption. Furthermore, the radio frequency (RF)‐shield is numerically implemented to accurately model the RF fields inside the MRI scanner. We verify that the reformulated two‐dimensional (2D) CSI‐EPT algorithm can reconstruct electrical properties maps given 2D electromagnetic simulations. Afterward, the algorithm is tested with three‐dimensional (3D) FDTD simulations to investigate if the 2D CSI‐EPT can retrieve the electrical properties for 3D RF fields. Finally, an MR experiment at 3T with a phantom is performed.ResultsFrom the results of the 2D simulations, it is seen that CSI‐EPT can reconstruct the electrical properties using MRI accessible quantities. For 3D simulations, it is observed that the electrical properties are underestimated, nonetheless, CSI‐EPT has a lower standard deviation than the standard Helmholtz based methods. Finally, the first CSI‐EPT reconstructions based on measured data are presented showing comparable accuracy and precision to reconstructions based on simulated data, and demonstrating the feasibility of CSI‐EPT.ConclusionsThe CSI‐EPT algorithm was rewritten to use MRI accessible quantities. This allows for CSI‐EPT to fully exploit the benefits of the higher static magnetic field strengths with a standard quadrature birdcage coil setup.
FSL‐MRS: An end‐to‐end spectroscopy analysis package
Authors: Clarke William T. , Stagg Charlotte J. , Jbabdi Saad 
Published: December 2020

PurposeWe introduce FSL‐MRS, an end‐to‐end, modular, open‐source MRS analysis toolbox. It provides spectroscopic data conversion, preprocessing, spectral simulation, fitting, quantitation, and visualization.MethodsThe FSL‐MRS package is modular. Its programs operate on data in a standard format (Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative [NIfTI]) capable of storing single‐voxel and multivoxel spectroscopy, including spatial orientation information. The FSL‐MRS toolbox includes tools for preprocessing of raw spectroscopy data, including coil combination, frequency and phase alignment, and filtering. A density matrix simulation program is supplied for generation of basis spectra from simple text‐based descriptions of pulse sequences. Fitting is based on linear combination of basis spectra and implements Markov chain Monte Carlo optimization for the estimation of the full posterior distribution of metabolite concentrations. Validation of the fitting is carried out on independently created simulated data, phantom data, and three in vivo human data sets (257 single‐voxel spectroscopy and 8 MRSI data sets) at 3 T and 7 T. Interactive HTML reports are automatically generated by processing and fitting stages of the toolbox. The FSL‐MRS package can be used on the command line or interactively in the Python language.ResultsValidation of the fitting shows low error in simulation (median error of 11.9%) and in phantom (3.4%). Average correlation between a third‐party toolbox (LCModel) and FSL‐MRS was high (0.53‐0.81) in all three in vivo data sets.ConclusionThe FSL‐MRS toolbox is designed to be flexible and extensible to new forms of spectroscopic acquisitions. Custom fitting models can be specified within the framework for dynamic or multivoxel spectroscopy. It is available as part of the FMRIB Software Library.