bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Davis Christina P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChapter 1 begins by asking: To what extent can trilingual education policies mitigate ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, and how do the experiences of Kandy Tamil and Muslim girls demonstrate the limits of this vision? The chapter presents the arc of the book, progressively moving from Kandy schools into the larger public sphere to demonstrate how beliefs and ideas about language and ethnic difference are reinforced and challenged in interactions in classrooms, homes, buses, and streets, and how ethnicity-based models of identity impact the way youth conceive their place in Kandy and a wider Sri Lanka. It traces the shifting linguistic, regional, religious, and ethnic/racial identities in Sri Lanka, and presents the history of Kandy as a place of retreat and a cosmopolitan center. This chapter also lays out the book’s contributions to language ideological studies, its methods, and the author’s positioning in relation to her research subjects.
School Segregation and Language-Based Ethnic Divisions
Authors: Davis Christina P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChapter 2 demonstrates the segregation of Sinhala- and Tamil-medium students and how linguistic, ethnic, and religious divisions were reinforced in national and local education policies and everyday practices. It looks at the implementation of the recent Sinhala-as-a-second-language (SSL), Tamil-as-a-second language (TSL), and English programs at Hindu College and Girls’ College in relation to the regimenting of language of instruction, ethnicity, and religion in school-based practices. At Hindu College, pedagogical practices and the school’s orientation as a Tamil-speaking sphere of practice prevented students from improving their skills in SSL and English. Students gained proficiency in English at Girls’ College, but the SSL and TSL programs were unevenly implemented, with Sinhala-medium students writing Tamil but refraining from speaking it. This chapter argues that while the trilingual policies were enacted to create interethnic harmony, national and local education policies and practices continue to use languages as a basis for ethnic difference, the results of which play out far beyond educational settings.
Constituent Power and the Law
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book examines the place of the concept of constituent power in constitutional history, focusing on the legal and institutional implications that theorists, politicians, and judges have derived from it. It shows that constituent power, even though having historically been associated with extra-legality and violations of the constitutional order, has played important functions in the making of determinations of legal validity. Constitutional courts have employed it to justify their jurisdiction to invalidate constitutional amendments that alter the fundamental structure of the constitution and thus amount to a constitution-making exercise. Some governments have recurred to it to defend the legality of the transformation of the constitutional order through procedures not contemplated in the constitution’s amendment rule but considered participatory enough to be seen as equivalent to ‘the people in action’, and these attempts have sometimes been sanctioned by courts. Commentators and citizens have relied on the theory of constituent power to defend the idea that electors have the right to instruct representatives, and that the creation of new constitutions must take place through extra-legislative entities, such as primary assemblies open to all citizens. Several Latin American constitutions explicitly incorporate the theory of constituent power and allow citizens, acting through popular initiative, to trigger constitution-making episodes that may result in the replacement of the entire constitutional order. Building on these findings, the book ultimately develops a distinction between sovereignty and constituent power and argues that even a constitution-making body can be made legally subject to the conditions arising from a constituent referendum.
Back to Rousseau
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of what should be understood as one of the most sophisticated analyses of the distinction between constituent and constituted authority, that of Rousseau. It engages in a close reading of Rousseau’s work and considers the ways in which it anticipated and served as the basis for Sieyès’ famous theory. Rousseau has not generally been seen as a theorist of constituent power. This is probably a result of his apparent support of direct democracy: in a direct democracy, there is no separation between the government and the governed and, therefore, no separation between the constituted powers and the constituent subject. But Rousseau, the chapter shows, clearly rejected direct democracy as a form of government: he only insisted in the direct intervention of the citizenry for the ratification of the ‘laws’. The problem with most contemporary interpretations of Rousseau is that they attribute to his use of the term ‘law’ the same meaning that that term has today: an ordinary statute adopted by a representative body. But Rousseau used the term ‘law’ to refer to the fundamental norms of the legal system, norms that only an assembly of the entire people or a multiplicity of primary assemblies, the constituent subject, could legitimately adopt. The chapter also considers the practical implications of Rousseau’s approach, such as primary assemblies with the authority to issue legally binding instructions.
Sieyès via Rousseau
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the gradual emergence of the distinction between the constituted and the constituent power in the work of Sieyès, using Rousseau as the main source of comparison. It examines how Sieyès constructed constituent power as an extra-legal force and identifies the key juridical implications of his views. Part I briefly considers some uses of the term ‘constituent power’ before Sieyès and outside the context of the French Revolution. Part II examines Sieyès’ early pamphlets, where he puts forward his initial understanding of the power to be exercised by the nation’s representatives in the Estates-General. This approach, it will be seen in Part III, led him to propose the creation of a supreme constitution that ensured that the (representative) law-making power acted consistently with the general will. Part IV of the chapter focuses on Sieyès’ main published work, What is the Third Estate?, which contains a more developed formulation of the distinction between constituent and constituted power, as well as about the nature of representation. In that work, one can also see a transformation of Sieyès’ conception of the legislative power, one that brought him further than ever away from Rousseau. Finally, the chapter considers the role of extra-ordinary representatives in Sieyès’ conception of constitution-making and constitutional reform.
Between Law and Revolution
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although the origins of the theory of constituent power are generally placed in the French Revolution, the different legal and institutional implications associated with it in late 18th-century France are seldom explored. This chapter engages in such an exploration by focusing on two institutions that were rejected by Sieyès: the imperative mandate and (decision-making) primary assemblies. Part I focuses on Sieyès’ proposals about constitution-making and constitutional reform after 1789. Part II of the chapter examines the role of citizen instructions in late 18th-century France. Sieyès saw citizen instructions as radically inconsistent with the very idea of representation; they were abolished very early in the Revolution. In so doing, it will be shown, French revolutionaries altered in fundamental ways not only the relationship between electors and representatives, but the very nature of what counts as an exercise of constituent power. Part III focuses on the role of primary assemblies during the more radical stages of the French Revolution (namely, 1792–1793). The approach to primary assemblies found in both in the Constitution of 1793, as well as in the Girondin Draft Constitution, reflected in important ways Rousseau’s conception of those entities as a key mechanism of democratic constitutional change. This approach to constitutional change will be contrasted with that of Sieyès, who saw primary assemblies as the site for the exercise of the much more modest ‘commissioning power’, the power to elect those seen as capable of identifying the nation’s constituent will.
The Identity and Limits of the Constituent Subject
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the legal and institutional implications that different 19th-century authors derived from the theory on constituent power and that, in many cases, were reflected in actual constitutional practice. Part I briefly examines the general historical context in which the works discussed in the chapter were written. Part II considers the constitutional theories of a group of authors who focused on the exclusive character of the nation’s constituent power. Theirs were theories that largely rejected the English tradition of parliamentary sovereignty, that is, of a parliament able to engage in both constituted and constituent activity. Importantly, these conceptions were developed at a time when it was not uncommon for written constitutions to lack amendment rules. Part III considers the work of a group of authors who, while largely operating under the Sieyèsian ‘constituent power of the nation’ approach, attempted to provide a more concrete form to ‘the nation’ without fully embracing Rousseau’s system of popular sovereignty. Finally, Part IV examines the work of authors who approach the theory of constituent power from a natural law perspective.
Renormalization Group
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 introduces the key ideas of the renormalization group, including how they provide a theoretical scheme and a proper language to face critical phenomena. It covers the scaling transformations of a system and their implementations in the space of the coupling constants and reducing the degrees of freedom. From this analysis, the reader is led to the important notion of relevant, irrelevant and marginal operators and then to the universality of the critical phenomena. Furthermore, the chapter also covers (as regards the RG) transformation laws, effective Hamiltonians, the Gaussian model, the Ising model, operators of quantum field theory, universal ratios, critical exponents and β-functions.
Fermionic Formulation of the Ising Model
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A crucial aspect of the Ising model is its fermionic nature and this chapter is devoted to this property of the model. In the continuum limit, a Dirac equation for neutral Majorana fermions emerges. The details of the derivation are much less important than understanding why it is possible. The chapter emphasizes the simplicity and the exactness of the result, and covers the so-called Wigner-Jordan transformation, which brings the original Hamiltonian to a quadratic form in the creation and annihilation operators of the fermions. It covers the role played by the Bogoliubov transformation and the importance of the order and disorder operators.
Exact S-Matrices
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Ising model in a magnetic field is one of the most beautiful examples of an integrable model. This chapter presents its exact S-matrix and the exact spectrum of its excitations, which consist of eight particles of different masses. Similarly, it discusses the exact scattering theory behind the thermal deformation of the tricritical Ising model and the unusual features of the exact S-matrix of the non-unitary Yang–Lee model. Other examples are provided by O(n) invariant models, including the important Sine–Gordon model. It also discusses multiple poles, magnetic deformation, the E8 Toda theory, bootstrap fusion rules, non-relativistic limits and quantum group symmetry of the Sine–Gordon model.
Boundary Field Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

AbstractQuantum field theory with boundaries is a very rich subject both from purely theoretical point of view or applicative aims. Chapter 21 presents the basis results relative to critical systems and massive integrable field theories. It covers stress-energy tensor in boundary conformal field theories and integrable deformations of these theories (including the single Virasoro algebra), reflection amplitudes, conformal boundary operators and states (including the Hilbert space and Ishibashi state), non-renormalizable states of the Hilbert space, operator product expansion involving a boundary operator, massive integrable boundary field theory, the massive boundary Ising model, boundary magnetic fields and correlation functions.
Particle Spectrum by Semi-classical Methods
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 23 discusses the setting of a semi-classical method—based on the Lagrangian density of the model, irrespective of whether or not it describes an integrable system—to address the computation of the particle spectrum of bound states in quantum field theory with a set of degenerate vacua connected by kink excitations. It begins by investigating kinks and anti-kinks and a semi-classical formula for the kink matrix elements, as well as asymptotic behavior. It then goes on to cover such topics as universal mass formula, symmetric wells, asymmetric wells and the double Sine–Gordon model, a benchmark of the semi-classical method.
Truncated Hilbert Space Approach
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 25 covers the Truncated Hilbert Space Approach provides a very efficient numerical algorithm to study many properties of a perturbed conformal field theory defined on a finite geometry, typically an infinite cylinder of radius R. These include the masses of the various excitations, their number below threshold, the presence of false vacua and resonances, on-shell three-particle coupling, etc. The implementation of this approach does not depend on the integrability of the off-critical model and therefore it is a very useful tool to extend study to the entire scaling region around the critical point. This chapter discusses the basis of such an algorithm and provides some interesting applications thereof.
Introduction to the Symbolic Management Perspective
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive and integrative alternative to conventional economic theories of governance. It describes key tenets of the theory, including the proposition that there is a pervasive pattern of decoupling, or a symbolic separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system, from micro-level interactions between leaders inside firms to the corporate governance system as a whole. It introduces the major forms of symbolic management, including symbolic organizational policies and structures, symbolic social and organizational processes, and collective forms of symbolic management that cross organizational boundaries. Also, it describes the social and psychological processes that facilitate symbolic management, including social influence processes, social network processes, group- and community-level biases, and the social psychological dynamics of firm leadership.
The Multi-Stage Social Influence Process in CEO–Board Relationships
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The CEO’s social influence over the board of directors is a primary determinant of symbolic action. In this chapter we explain how CEOs acquire social influence over the board through a multi-stage, multi-level process in which appearances are decoupled from actual behavior at each stage. The influence process begins with director selection, and is reinforced through socialization, ongoing interpersonal influence tactics such as ingratiation, social control of counter-normative behavior, and recommendations for board appointments. We describe a pervasive pattern of decoupling between directors’ rhetoric about CEO–board relationships and the reality of actual board behavior, and explain how this decoupling is reinforced by the socially constructed beliefs of directors themselves, and by self-serving biases that protect directors’ personal and social identities.
Group-Level Social and Psychological Processes that Support Symbolic Management
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we examine group-level social and psychological processes that support symbolic management. We describe how social distancing, a kind of social influence in which groups isolate individuals who deviate from group norms, operates at multiple levels of the governance system: within boards, in relations between leaders and information intermediaries, and within larger professional communities. We then describe how pluralistic ignorance occurs at multiple levels of governance. Pluralistic ignorance is a systematic tendency for group members to underestimate the extent to which their concerns about a policy or practice are shared by other members. We explain how this bias occurs in small groups within the firm, including top management teams and boards, and among professional communities outside the firm, including security analysts. We go on to explain how these processes contribute to suboptimal firm strategies, policies, and practices, including various forms of symbolic decoupling.
Conclusions, Future Research Directions, and Policy Implications
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we summarize and synthesize key tenets of the symbolic management perspective on corporate governance and strategy. We discuss opportunities for future research on the forms and processes of symbolic management. We call for research on different audiences of symbolic management (e.g., lower-level managers and employees), different subjects of symbolic management (e.g., corporate transparency, executive succession, and various aspects of the decision-making process, such as the use of performance feedback), and different forms of symbolic management (e.g., cooperative and competitive forms). We then propose symbolic management theory as a powerful and comprehensive approach to the study of organizational behaviour more broadly, and conclude by describing managerial and public policy implications of our theory.
Introducing Martin Burgess, Clockmaker
Authors: Andrewes William 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In 1775, two years after receiving the second half of the Longitude Prize, John Harrison (1693–1776) published a book, which, among other things, described a pendulum clock that could keep time to one second in 100 days. His claim of such unprecedented accuracy for a clock with a pendulum swinging in free air (i.e. not in a vacuum) was met with ridicule both at the time of its publication and for the next two centuries. This chapter describes the early life of Martin Burgess, the clockmaker who proved that Harrison’s claim was indeed true. Like Harrison, Martin was a self-taught clockmaker. From his training in the arts and crafts, he saw the mechanics of clockwork as sculpture in its own right, each element contributing to the overall design. Martin’s upbringing, his education, and his unusual lifestyle and approach were all crucial to his quest to prove that John Harrison was right.
Rescuing Martin Burgess’s Clock B
Authors: Saff Donald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Intrigued by a forlorn and dilapidated yet compellingly unusual clock in a repair shop above an antique furniture dealer’s nineteenth-century mid-town New York building, Saff’s journey began. This clock was originally commissioned by rock music impresario, Simon Napier-Bell, who requested that it be suitably mesmerising that it might preoccupy clients with whom he was negotiating. A small presentation plate on the clock led the author to Burgess’s work on Harrison’s approach to horology, which defied the commonly accepted view that precision timekeeping is only achievable by high-Q pendulum systems. The chapter identifies a parallel between Harrison’s late regulator and Burgess’s Clock B—both of which were never finally adjusted to their makers’ satisfaction—and outlines the author’s quest to prevent further ‘scandalous neglect’.
Analysis of the Mechanisms for Compensation in Clock B
Authors: Harrison David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the design requirements of the grasshopper escapement, the pendulum and suspension spring to provide compensation for changing density and viscosity of the air surrounding the pendulum and changing escapement torque. It assesses the key components of the Harrison system: a pendulum bob of modest mass; a pendulum operating at a large running arc; and the grasshopper escapement’s increased torque delivery, ability to run without lubrication, its composers that allow fine adjustment to the torques delivered before and after the escaping arcs are reached and the importance of the thickness of the suspension spring that runs within circular cheeks. It also compares the system to the traditional pendulum clock design that traditionally employs a pendulum with a large mass and high-quality factor—high Q. Furthermore, it discusses Harrison’s stipulation that the pendulum needed to slightly reduce its length when warm.
Francophone Literary Culture on the Move
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter connects northern Italy with networked vectors of transmission encompassing the Low Countries, Britain, France, and the eastern Mediterranean: Arthurian prose romance is a vehicle for, and an instrument of, a pan-European chivalric vision of the past, present, and future. This Christianizing interest in figures like Tristan and Guiron le Courtois connects Italy with the Low Countries and the eastern Mediterranean in particular. A key feature of the transmission of this material, and one that grows in importance by the fourteenth century, is compilation. The famous Arthurian compilation (c. 1270) of Rusticiaus de Pise gathers episodes from different romance traditions. Guiron le Courtois circulates in ever-expanding compilations between the Low Countries and Northern Italy.
History, Time, and Empire
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the manuscripts of the Histoire ancienne made in Acre between roughly 1260 and Acre’s fall in 1291. The four Acre manuscripts are not just highly sophisticated, visually exquisite artefacts: they are also cultural productions of a specific place and time, and we situate them in the beleaguered frontier-land that is the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. That this text written in French had currency in the Latin Kingdom is significant in that French was the common vernacular in the crusader states; and the French they used was particularly mobile and translatable, thus adapted to further diffusion to audiences in Europe. Language and texts—and the vision of past, present, and future they purveyed—were one of the main instruments of the network on which the Latin Kingdom depended for its fragile survival.