bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Composition Measurements from Birth through 5 Years: Challenges, Gaps, and Existing & Emerging Technologies—A National Institutes of Health workshop
Authors: Gallagher Dympna , Andres Aline , Fields David A. , Evans William J. , Kuczmarski Robert , Lowe William L. , Lumeng Julie C. , Oken Emily , Shepherd John A. , Sun Shumei , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryBody composition estimates are widely used in clinical research and field studies as measures of energy‐nutrient balance, functionality and health. Despite their broad relevance and multiple applications, important gaps remain in techniques available for accurately and precisely quantifying body composition in infants and children from birth through 5 years. Identifying these gaps and highlighting research needs in this age group were the topics of a National Institutes of Health workshop held in Bethesda, MD, USA, 30–31 May 2019. Experts reviewed available methods (multicompartment models, air‐displacement plethysmography, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, weight‐length and height indices, bioimpedance analysis, anthropometry‐skinfold techniques, quantitative magnetic resonance, optical imaging, omics and D3‐creatine dilution), their limitations in this age range and high priority research needs. A summary of their individual and collective workshop deliberations is provided in this report.
Relations between preschooler social competence and coping tactics during resource‐based conflicts
Authors: Nichols Olivia I. , Vaughn Brian E. , Coppola Gabrielle , Shin Nana , Monteiro Lígia , Krzysik Lisa 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough peer conflict is a common experience in preschool classrooms, few studies have examined relations between coping with peer conflict and social competence (SC) in preschool samples. In this study, 166 preschoolers (95 male) were observed during dyadic play episodes designed to induce a resource‐based conflict. Coping tactics were coded using Zimmer‐Gembeck and Skinner’s framework, and their relations with indicators of SC, assessed using direct observations and sociometric interviews, were tested. On average, dyadic play episodes produced 4.19 conflict events per partner, with children’s most common tactics being verbal and/or physical assertions (29% and 17% of all conflict events, respectively). Coping tactics showed moderate correspondence with current taxonomies, and regression analyses with SC demonstrated partial correspondence to studies of older children. Cooperative tactics reflected higher levels of SC, particularly for boys, and failure to cope with the dilemma (i.e., perseveration) reflected lower levels of SC. The use of disengaged tactics was not associated with SC, and only few differences in coping tactic use were associated with the dyad gender composition. Results suggest that coping tactics during resource‐based conflicts among preschoolers are associated with measures of SC and, with slight adjustments, map onto existing frameworks.
Validation of finite‐element models using full‐field experimental data: Levelling finite‐element analysis data through a digital image correlation engine
Authors: Lava Pascal , Jones Elizabeth M. C. , Wittevrongel Lukas , Pierron Fabrice 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFull‐field data from digital image correlation (DIC) provide rich information for finite‐element analysis (FEA) validation. However, there are several inherent inconsistencies between FEA and DIC data that must be rectified before meaningful, quantitative comparisons can be made, including strain formulations, coordinate systems, data locations, strain calculation algorithms, spatial resolutions and data filtering. In this paper, we investigate two full‐field validation approaches: (1) the direct interpolation approach, which addresses the first three inconsistencies by interpolating the quantity of interest from one mesh to the other, and (2) the proposed DIC‐levelling approach, which addresses all six inconsistencies simultaneously by processing the FEA data through a stereo‐DIC simulator to ‘level' the FEA data to the DIC data in a regularisation sense. Synthetic ‘experimental' DIC data were generated based on a reference FEA of an exemplar test specimen. The direct interpolation approach was applied, and significant strain errors were computed, even though there was no model form error, because the filtering effect of the DIC engine was neglected. In contrast, the levelling approach provided accurate validation results, with no strain error when no model form error was present. Next, model form error was purposefully introduced via a mismatch of boundary conditions. With the direct interpolation approach, the mismatch in boundary conditions was completely obfuscated, while with the levelling approach, it was clearly observed. Finally, the ‘experimental' DIC data were purposefully misaligned slightly from the FEA data. Both validation techniques suffered from the misalignment, thus motivating continued efforts to develop a robust alignment process. In summary, direct interpolation is insufficient, and the proposed levelling approach is required to ensure that the FEA and the DIC data have the same spatial resolution and data filtering. Only after the FEA data have been ‘levelled' to the DIC data can meaningful, quantitative error maps be computed.
Relationships between genome methylation, levels of non‐coding RNAs, mRNAs and metabolites in ripening tomato fruit
Authors: Zuo Jinhua , Grierson Donald , Courtney Lance T. , Wang Yunxiang , Gao Lipu , Zhao Xiaoyan , Zhu Benzhong , Luo Yunbo , Wang Qing , Giovannoni James J. 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYRipening of tomato fruit is a complex tightly orchestrated developmental process that involves multiple physiological and metabolic changes that render fruit attractive, palatable and nutritious. Ripening requires initiation, activation and coordination of key pathways at the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels that lead to ethylene synthesis and downstream ripening events determining quality. We studied wild‐type, Gr and r mutant fruits at the coding and non‐coding transcriptomic, metabolomic and genome methylation levels. Numerous differentially expressed non‐coding RNAs were identified and quantified and potential competing endogenous RNA regulation models were constructed. Multiple changes in gene methylation were linked to the ethylene pathway and ripening processes. A combined analysis of changes in genome methylation, long non‐coding RNAs, circular RNAs, micro‐RNAs and fruit metabolites revealed many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with differentially methylated regions encoding transcription factors and key enzymes related to ethylene or carotenoid pathways potentially targeted by differentially expressed non‐coding RNAs. These included ACO2 (targeted by MSTRG.59396.1 and miR396b), CTR1 (targeted by MSTRG.43594.1 and miR171b), ERF2 (targeted by MSTRG.183681.1), ERF5 (targeted by miR9470‐3p), PSY1 (targeted by MSTRG.95226.7), ZISO (targeted by 12:66127788|66128276) and NCED (targeted by MSTRG.181568.2). Understanding the functioning of this intricate genetic regulatory network provides new insights into the underlying integration and relationships between the multiple events that collectively determine the ripe phenotype.
Bacterial contamination rates in extracorporeal photopheresis
Authors: Pamler Irene , Richter Eva , Hutchinson James A. , Hähnel Viola , Holler Ernst , Gessner André , Burkhardt Ralph , Ahrens Norbert 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDExtracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an immunosuppressive treatment that involves leukocyte apheresis, psoralen and UV light treatment, and subsequent reinfusion. Patients treated with ECP are usually immunosuppressed. Bacterial contamination therefore poses a much unwanted risk, but incidence data are lacking.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe screened all 1922 consecutive ECP procedures scheduled within a roughly 3‐year period for eligibility. Those with missing data on ECP method (inline or offline) or type of venous access (peripheral or central) were excluded. ECPs with complete aerobic and anaerobic microbial testing of baseline patient blood samples (n = 1637) and of ECP cell concentrates (n = 1814) were included in the analysis.RESULTSA test for microbial contamination was positive for 1.82% of the cell concentrates, with central venous access was the most significant risk factor for the contamination (odds ratio = 19). Patient blood samples were positive in 3.85% of cases, but no patients became septic. Staphylococcus spp. were most abundant, and products with bacterial contamination did not cause side effects after reinfusion. There were no significant differences in contamination rates between inline and offline ECP.CONCLUSIONThese findings stress the importance of sterile procedures and the benefits of using peripheral over central venous access for reducing the risk of bacterial contamination in ECP.
Simulation of Spray Cooling on Hot Steel Slabs in Continuous Casting
Authors: Ma Haibo , Silaen Armin A. , Zhou Chenn Q. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Continuous casting is an important process to solidify molten steel. Efficient and uniform heat removal by water spray without cracking or deforming steel slabs is a major challenge during continuous casting. With the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the current study presents a numerical model of spray cooling for process understanding and improvement. The Eulerian–Lagrangian approach is utilized to track the movement of water droplets that are injected from a hydraulic nozzle. The initial droplet size is predicted by the linear instability sheet atomization (LISA) model and the droplet distribution satisfies the Rosin-Rammler distribution. Droplet-slab impingement is modeled by the wall jet model and the associated heat transfer accounts for both heat conduction and radiation. Heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on slab surface is validated against a hot-plate benchmark experiment and shows good agreement. The significance of spray standoff distance and spray direction on heat transfer is also investigated. The results indicate the existence of the critical standoff distance beyond which the cooling effect becomes negligible. Spray direction plays an important role in determining the heat transfer rate as well, and insufficient cooling is observed when droplets are sprayed against gravity. Additional 10% to 15% of water will compensate for such low heat transfer. The current study should benefit the steel industry by providing fundamental insights into the process. The current model can also be applied to other types of spray nozzles and can further improve the efficiency of future simulations.
Master Device With Bending Safety for Flexible Surgical Robots
Authors: Ji Daekeun , Shim Seongbo , Kim Seunguk , Joung Sanghyun , Hong Jaesung 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Flexible robots have been widely studied for application to minimally invasive surgery because of their dexterity and miniaturization ability. Conventional master devices developed to manipulate rigid link-type robots are difficult to apply to flexible robots due to structural difference. In addition, the different kinematic structures of the master device and flexible slave robot cause complex mapping issues. Furthermore, most high-redundancy flexible robots inserted through an over-tube have limited bending angles depending on the insertion depth. Conventional master devices were not designed to comply with this limitation of flexible robots. We developed an isosceles master device that provides intuitive and simple mapping factors for controlling and maintaining the wire tension of a flexible robot in a safe range. We applied a variable isosceles triangle mechanism that structurally limits the bending angle according to the insertion depth. Experimental results showed that our master device can control a flexible slave robot with an error of less than 1.5 mm. Because of the limited bending angle, excessive tension and the resulting damage to the wire were prevented. The isosceles master device can also hold its position and orientation with a passive holding mechanism.
Estimating Effect of Additional Sample on Uncertainty Reduction in Reliability Analysis Using Gaussian Process
Authors: Bae Sangjune , Park Chanyoung , Kim Nam H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An approach is proposed to quantify the uncertainty in probability of failure using a Gaussian process (GP) and to estimate uncertainty change before actually adding samples to GP. The approach estimates the coefficient of variation (CV) of failure probability due to prediction variance of GP. The CV is estimated using single-loop Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), which integrates the probabilistic classification function while replacing expensive multi-loop MCS. The methodology ensures a conservative estimate of CV, in order to compensate for sampling uncertainty in MCS. Uncertainty change is estimated by adding a virtual sample from the current GP and calculating the change in CV, which is called expected uncertainty change (EUC). The proposed method can help adaptive sampling schemes to determine when to stop before adding a sample. In numerical examples, the proposed method is used in conjunction with the efficient local reliability analysis to calculate the reliability of analytical function as well as the battery drop test simulation. It is shown that the EUC converges to the true uncertainty change as the model becomes accurate.
Influence of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Low Velocity Impact Response of Laminated Composite
Authors: Pang Su-Seng , Li Guoqiang , Helms Jack E. , Ibekwe Samuel I. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this study, an E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminate is subjected to ultraviolet radiation (UV) for up to 48 hours. The intensity of the ultraviolet radiation is 1.5 J/cm2/min. A total of 42 specimens are prepared and tested, in which 6 specimens are used as control and 36 specimens are conditioned. For the conditioned specimens, 18 specimens are exposed to air and 18 specimens are immersed in a water base while subjected to UV radiation. Low velocity impact tests are conducted on the conditioned specimens and control specimens using instrumented drop-weight impact machine. Compression after impact (CAI) tests are conducted using a MTS machine to determine the residual load carrying capacity of the impact damaged specimens. Microscopic observation is conducted to aid in the analysis of the damage mechanism. The test results show that UV radiation alone has a significant effect on reducing the residual load carrying capacity of impact damaged laminated composites. The presence of water enhances the damage effect of UV radiation.
An International Standard (ISO) for GRP Pipelines and Piping Systems
Authors: Frost Simon R. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Over the last few years the number of standards relating to the use and implementation of GRP pipelines and piping systems has dramatically proliferated. A working group under ISO TC 67 was formed in an attempt to produce a single international standard with the aim to amalgamate and harmonise the many country wide standards. Standards that were considered in this amalgamation included ASTM F 1173, API 15 HR, BS 7159, ASME B31.3 and the Shell DEP. The work group consisted of members from the oil and gas industry, suppliers and local Health and Safety Executives.
The basis of the document was the old UKOOA specification for the GRP for off-shore systems. The scope of the this new ISO standard was broadened in terms of both application and service conditions.
The new ISO standard comprises 4 sections, scope, qualification, system design and installation/operation. The key points of the sections are;
Qualification procedures are performance based, i.e. the emphasis is on suppliers to demonstrate performance. Care was taken with this new standard to minimise the test burden without compromising on technical rigour.
System design procedures were defined which balanced existing design practices and experience with the limited amount of technical data.
Installation and operational procedures were selected to enhance the use of GRP in many applications. Typical damage mechanisms and defects that could possibly occur were documented with recommendations made of relevant inspection techniques and repair options.
The issue date for this ISO standard is mid 2001.
Development of Two Fluid Model for Pressure Drop Prediction in Two-Phase Vertical Churn Flow
Authors: Putra Satya A. , Christiansen Richard L. , Brill James P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Comprehensive mechanistic models for two-phase flow in pipes have been proposed by several authors. These models predict pressure gradients for bubble, dispersed bubble, churn, slug, and annular flow patterns. The churn flow pressure gradient is often formulated based on a homogeneous model or modification of a slug flow model. A new mechanistic model for churn flow in vertical two-phase flow in pipes has been formulated applying two-fluid model concepts. The two-fluid model for churn flow is developed by defining the mass and momentum balances for gas and liquid phases. An interfacial interaction term is introduced to the balance equations defining the interaction between phases. Pressure drops calculated from this model and other methods available in the literature are compared with measured churn flow data from the Tulsa University Fluid flow Projects (TUFFP) databank. Results show that the proposed churn flow model performs better than all other methods considered.
Flow Patterns in Heavy Crude Oil-Water Flow
Authors: Bannwart Antonio C. , Rodriguez Oscar M. H. , de Carvalho Carlos H. M. , Wang Isabela S. , Vara Rosa M. O. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper is aimed to an experimental study on the flow patterns formed by heavy crude oil (488 mPa.s, 925.5 kg/m3 at 20 °C) and water inside vertical and horizontal 1 in. pipes. The interfacial tension was 29 dynes/cm. Effort is concentrated into flow pattern characterization, which was visually defined. The similarities with gas-liquid flow patterns are explored and the results are expressed in flow maps of the superficial velocities. In contrast with other studies, the annular flow pattern (‘core annular flow’) was observed in both horizontal and vertical test sections. In fact this flow pattern typically occurs in heavy oil-water flows at low water input fractions. Because of the practical importance of core flow in providing an effective means for heavy oil production and transportation, this paper discusses two criteria that favor its occurrence in pipes.
A New Model for Dispersed Multi-Layer Oil-Water Flow
Authors: Jayawardena Subash S. , Alkaya Banu , Redus Clifford L. , Brill James P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Flow patterns observed in near-horizontal oil-water two-phase flows are quite different from those in gas-liquid flows. Experience with gas-liquid flows suggests that the mechanisms governing the flow behavior are flow-pattern dependent. However, little attention has been given to modeling flow patterns observed only in liquid-liquid systems. Such flow patterns include an oil-in-water dispersion flowing on top of a water layer and the simultaneous flow of dispersions of water-in-oil and oil-in-water as separate layers.
A new mechanistic model is developed for one such flow pattern in horizontal and near-horizontal pipelines. The model combined the two-fluid model used for stratified flows with the homogeneous model used for dispersed flows. This paper presents that model, and shows that the new model can predict the pressure gradient as well as the holdup. The model results are compared with those from two other models, the stratified flow model and the homogeneous model. The new model predictions are also compared with available experimental data.
Development and Implementation of an Environmental Management System for an Oil Company in South Trinidad, in Accordance With the ISO 14001 Standard
Authors: Maharaj Priya S. , Dyal Shyam , Ramnath Kelvin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Trinidad and Tobago has the oldest petroleum industry in the world. The activities of this industry have historically impacted the environment and newly drafted environmental rules and regulations of Trinidad and Tobago will require sound environmental management systems by all operating companies in the industry.
In order to meet the challenges of these new regulations, the Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (Petrotrin) is currently pursuing the development and implementation of an Environmental Management System within its Exploration and Production operations in accordance with the ISO 14001 Standard. This project was initiated in October 1999, and is expected to terminate in December 2001 with international certification.
Petrotrin, realizing the competitive advantages that can result from the integration of an Environmental Management System into its operating systems, has placed the implementation of the EMS as a company strategic goal.
The project was categorized into three main stages: Development, Implementation and Audit/Certification. To date, the Development Stage has been completed and the implementation stage initiated, with the following successes:
• Allocation of manpower resources in the formation of the Steering and Executive Management Committees, and an EMS Project Team;
• Training of project personnel in ISO 14001/10/11/12 Standards;
• Revision of the company Environmental Policy statement;
• Conducting the Gap Analysis Study;
• Development of the Implementation Plan based on the results of the Gap Analysis;
• Initiated the development of the EMS manual and drafted initial procedures as outlined in the Implementation Plan;
• Collection and analysis of data for identification of Significant Environmental Aspects and impacts for Exploration and Production activities.
The Development and Implementation of an Environmental Management System in accordance with the world renowned ISO 14001 is expected to derive many benefits to Petrotrin such as reduced operating costs, improved financial performance, increased access to markets, improved environmental performance, improved community relations, improved customer relations and employee involvement and education.
Environmental Management of Land Subsidence: Compaction Evaluation Through Radioactive Marker Technique
Authors: Macini Paolo , Mesini Ezio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Subsidence is a key issue in managing the production of underground fluids, especially in environmentally sensitive areas. This is the case of the Italian Adriatic offshore in front of the historical city of Venice, where several gas fields have been recently discovered. Here, the alleged risks connected with possible land subsidence and coastal impairment are crucial for releasing the authorizations to start a development project. In order to probe such risks, it has been utilized the Radioactive Marker Technique (RMT), nowadays a quite developed method to measure reservoir rock compaction of deep formations, by which it is possible to estimate the uniaxial compressibility coefficients (Cm). As it is well known, Cm is the chief geomechanical parameter influencing compaction phenomena, and thus its evaluation is vital for subsidence predictions by means of mathematical modeling. Generally, Cm can be evaluated by both in-situ and laboratory measurements.
Recent field applications seems to confirm that RMT-derived Cm’s match with sufficient precision with the ones calculated from the surface subsidence observed over the field by means of surveys (levelling, GPS, SAR), but are not always in good agreement with laboratory measurements.
The present study reports some field applications of RMT in the Italian Adriatic offshore, which confirm that Cm’s from laboratory measurements are overestimated with respect to the ones obtained by RMT.