bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ulna and radius
Authors: Drapeau Michelle S. M. , Menter Colin G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Descriptions of all radial and ulnar fossils from Sterkfontein are presented. The relatively large sample of forelimb bones from Sterkfontein provide information about the elbow, wrist, and forearm of Australopithecus africanus. The proximal orientation of the olecranon process and anterior orientation of the trochlear notch suggest that the forelimb was used in flexed position, as in humans. The bones are small relative to other hominins, and have relatively straight diaphysis and small muscle attachment markings like other australopiths, suggesting the presence of reduced forearm muscularity relative to apes. Diaphyseal cross-sectional shape suggests a pattern of forearm muscle use that may be neither completely human-like nor ape-like but somewhat intermediate, perhaps reflecting a reduced use in locomotion and an increased use in manipulation. In contrast to the diaphysis, the proximal radius is more clearly ape-like, with beveled heads and constricted and relatively long necks comparable to the Hadar specimens, which underscores the unique morphology of the elbow (neither completely human-like nor ape-like) in these hominins. The distal ulna, with the well-marked tendon groove, deep fovea, and a head shape intermediate between apes and humans, like A. afarensis specimens, suggest that stability was required during loading and use of the hand and wrist, although possibly less so than in extant apes. The overall picture of the Sterkfontein forelimb is that of a taxon that had powerful arms, but less powerful than apes, and that they were using them for tasks such as manipulation and probably less so for locomotion.
A Subjective Jurisprudence
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Justice Antonin Scalia’s jurisprudence dealing with the U.S. Constitution’s two structural axes, separation of powers and federalism. It argues that both constitutional principles are general, largely indeterminate, and easily manipulable and that Scalia construed them in light of his own subjective goals and values. He was determined to use them instrumentally to expand executive power, limit Congress, and severely restrict federal judicial power. The chapter argues that Scalia regarded separation of powers as more critical and important than federalism because it was better suited to serve his political and institutional goals and that, in joining the Rehnquist Court’s “federalism revolution” in the early twentieth century, he contradicted the position he had taken in his Senate confirmation hearing about the propriety of the Court giving special deference to Congress on federalism issues. Finally, the chapter shows that before he went on the Court, Scalia had made it clear that he viewed both separation of powers and federalism as principles that could and should be interpreted to serve the practical policy goals of the political right.
Introduction
Authors: Bremer Francis J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book makes a series of arguments that challenge the standard interpretation of the Pilgrim story and the influence of Plymouth on the colonization of New England and the history of the United States. Those who are commonly referred to as Pilgrims are presented as members of the broader English puritan movement. Lay leadership such as that of William Brewster was central to the forming and conduct of congregational churches. These believers recognized that “further light” might always provide further insight into God’s designs. And Plymouth’s role in shaping the religious and cultural institutions of Massachusetts were more significant than previously realized.
Dawn Land
Authors: Bremer Francis J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The land that the Mayflower sailed to was inhabited by various tribes of Native Americans. Over the preceding years some Natives had been kidnapped by English explorers and traders. Those same Englishmen had introduced diseases that, because of lack of previous exposure to the pathogens, became “virgin soil epidemics” that decimated many tribes. Patuxet, a Wampanoag village on the site the Mayflower colonists decided to settle, had been virtually wiped out by disease a few years earlier. The uneven impact that epidemics had on different tribes upset the balance of power between them. The Wampanoags, who had suffered greatly, were open to seeking aid from the English against their Native enemies.
“A Lady in New England”
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that women were essential in the development of revivalism and its verse. It traces the verse ministries of Elizabeth Singer Rowe and Anne Dutton through the poetic personae they inhabited. The first created an idealized convert persona that become prolific in evangelical poetics; the second helped define the woman poet-minister role as one of spiritual direction and print itinerancy. Both poetic personae were strategically taken up by the Boston poet Sarah Moorhead when she intervened in some of New England’s most politically charged religious debates and became the idealized convert and spiritual authorizer of Ralph Erskine’s Gospel Sonnets.
The Ethiop’s Verse
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that Phillis Wheatley engaged and contested the tradition and history of revival poetics that the first three chapters trace. Wheatley’s poetics entail subtle yet poignant critiques of both the limitations of the personae of white women poet-ministers built upon affective espousal devotion and of the political impotence of an anthropology based in evangelical harmony and appeals to the plainest capacity. Wheatley invented a new woman poet-minister persona, the Ethiop, which introduced the tensions of political freedom and chattel slavery into the Calvinist couplet and lived theology. Through her classicalism she practiced a politics of respectability at the same time that her Ethiop persona engaged in a politics of refusal that exposed white feminine sentimentalism and the domestic at the center of revival poetics, which helped structure the capacities of liberal rights-bearing subjects. Recognizing the ways that Wheatley critiqued revival poetry brings into view how enslaved femininity became a site of dynamic exchange between religious and secular aesthetics and epistemologies. A history of revival poetry, then, not only reveals the full import of Wheatley’s poetic choices in relation to slavery, but also how revivalism was integral to the often secularized story of the invention of race science.
The Challenges of Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In a time of party polarization, compromises seem increasingly uncommon in Congress. To what degree can this be attributed to the demands of the electorate? If people value partisan fidelity and ideological congruence from their representatives above all else, then legislators who resist compromises are merely acting in the interests of their constituents. In this chapter, the challenges of finding compromise in Congress are discussed, as well as the reasons to expect citizens to dislike policy compromises. The puzzle for the book is introduced: Why and when are people willing to consider compromise as a solution to political disagreements? The answer to this question is previewed: people learn in school about the virtues of compromise in politics, and this socialized support for democratic values checks people’s partisan tendencies when it comes to considering political compromise.
Partisan Motives and Consideration of Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In a time of party polarization, citizens increasingly see the world in partisan terms. The animosities people feel for the opposing partisan side could threaten the prospects for compromise. This chapter considers degree to which partisan biases prevail over principled thinking when it comes to supporting compromise in politics. With experimental evidence and a set of surveys that span three presidential administrations, partisans are shown to be enthusiastic about the principle of compromise in politics, and are willing to call on their own party to nominate candidates who are willing to make compromises. Yet partisan thinking leaves its mark, as people are more likely to demand compromise from the opposing side than to call on their own party to do the same. People call for compromise among their own ranks as a result of their moderate preferences, while they think their opponents should make concessions as a matter of democratic principle.
Campaigns, Competition, and Support for Political Compromise
Authors: Wolak Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Campaigns draw people into the partisan practice of politics, through close competition, campaign ads, and calls to take sides. Yet the conflicts of contentious campaigns may do little to encourage compromise, instead leading voters to call on their representatives to deliver on their campaign promises. This chapter shows rather than close the door to compromise, conflicts instead serve as a reminder that other people want different things than we do in politics, disrupting people’s tendencies to assume most others agree with them. Analysis of survey data shows that people who live in states marked by close partisan divides are more likely to prefer a president who is willing to consider compromise. Experimental data confirm that when people learn that other Americans want different policy outcomes, they become more willing to consider compromise solutions.
Support for Compromise in Principle and in Practice
Authors: Wolak Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter reports a set of experiments that consider people’s appraisals of specific policy compromises in Congress, focusing on whether people like compromises less once they understand what types of policy concessions they entail. Drawing on recent congressional compromises on domestic violence legislation, education reform, and health-care policy, the experiments test whether people evaluate Congress and its policy outcomes differently when bills are represented as compromises where both sides made concessions in order to achieve policy gains. The results show that people are disappointed when they learn that a bill failed to pass due to members of Congress refusing to compromise. Members of Congress do not seem to be penalized for their support of compromise legislation. Policy compromises serve to boost the perceived legitimacy of the decision-making process, particularly among those who are ideologically opposed to the outcome.
Theorizing Adaptation in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Elliott Kamilla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChapter 4 traces the expansion of adaptation studies to new media and new theories in the twenty-first century. By 2006, literary film adaptation studies outnumbered general literature-and-film studies, and Linda Hutcheon authoritatively opened adaptation studies beyond literature and film and beyond dyadic disciplines and theoretical camps into a pluralism of media, disciplines, and theories, although debates between pre–theoretical turn and post–theoretical turn theories have continued. They continue because new theories have not resolved the problems of old theories for adaptation, so that scholars return to older theories to try to redress them. New theories have done a great deal for adaptation, but they have also introduced new theoretical problems: so much so, that the latest debates in adaptation study no longer lie between theoretical progressivism and theoretical return but between theoretical pluralism and theoretical abandonment. Beyond specific theories and differing modes of pluralism, this debate points to theorization’s failure to theorize adaptation more generally.
Redefining Definitions
Authors: Elliott Kamilla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChapter 5 considers the relationship of adaptation to the first stage of theorization: definition, showing that, how, and why adaptation resists definition. Definition aims to fix; by contrast, defined as changed and changing to suit new environments, adaptation refuses to be fixed. Even so, adaptation and definition have things in common: both establish themselves via navigating similarities and differences between entities and by assessing relations of entities to their contexts. Like adaptation, theorization resists its own first stage, refusing to be defined, as scholars disagree about its definition. The task of redressing “the problem of theorizing adaptation” at the level of definition, then, is not one of agreeing on a theoretical definition of adaptation: rather, it is a task of redefining what theorization is and does in the humanities and redefining its relationship to adaptation. If adaptation studies is to be a field, not simply a sub-category of many fields, it cannot be defined solely by definitions of other things patched together from other fields: it needs to be defined first and foremost as adaptation. The chapter concludes with some proposals for how to begin this process of redefining theorization and adaptation in relation to each other.
Austrian and Czech neuroscience becomes “coordinated” under National Socialism
Authors: Zeidman Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Austrian neuroscience consolidation came swiftly and terribly on “non-Aryans.” Austrian anti-Semitism was arguably even more virulent than in Germany. And laws had already escalated in Nazi Germany to the point that Jewish physicians at most could only treat other Jews as derogatorily called “sick treaters”; these laws were instantly applicable in “annexed” Austria, with no stepwise progressive disfranchisement. Even “Aryan” neurologists who were thought to be unsympathetic to the Nazi movement were dismissed shortly after the “annexation.” The Vienna university neurology clinic was taken over primarily by SS neurologists who had been “illegal” Nazis before the annexation and were extremely dedicated to the Nazi cause. At least one, Walther Birkmayer, spoke of expanding the sterilization law to other hereditary conditions not stipulated already by the law. At least nine racial or political neuroscientist replacements, including directors of institutes, led to racial hygiene consequences, including execution of sterilization and euthanasia programs.
John Stuart Mill
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Mill’s empiricism and his attitude towards the unknowable which considers in detail the nature of his disagreement with Hamilton and which discusses the various senses in which his position might be described as one of ‘radical empiricism’. Moving on to more specific points, the chapter then discusses Mill’s views regarding space and time, his phenomenalism, his failed attempt to explain our idea of the self, his centre-staging the puzzle of other minds, and his positions respecting causation, free will, and natural law. The chapter concludes with a discussion of his posthumously published views about religion.
Shadworth Hollway Hodgson and William Kingdon Clifford
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Following on from a brief consideration of the Metaphysical Society, this chapter considers two highly original empiricist thinkers who used their membership as an opportunity to develop bold new metaphysical schemes. The chapter begins by outlining Hodgson’s unique methodology of descriptive empiricism, whose consequences are then explored via his theory of causality (or ‘real conditions’), his construction of external material reality, and his position about things-in-themselves. Lastly it is considered how his strict empiricism nonetheless leads him to embrace the curious notion of a ‘unseen universe’ of significance for both immortality and religion. The discussion of Clifford examines his empiricism, his phenomenalism, and his views about causation and religion, before examining in detail his paper ‘On the Nature of Things-in-themselves’, which (it is argued) brings him to another form of unseen reality.
G. H. Lewes and Karl Pearson
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Examining the cases of two further nineteenth-century empiricists, this chapter begins by considering how G. H. Lewes moved from an early position of neo-Comtean positivism which was avowedly anti-metaphysical to the advocacy of what he described as ‘empirical metaphysics’. An examination is made of five different ways in which Lewes moves beyond simple sensualism to a more sophisticated understanding of ‘the empirical’, before considering in detail three examples of his empirical metaphysics, respecting physical reality, mind, and causation. The discussion of Lewes concludes by reflecting upon the sense in which he remains hostile to what he describes as ‘metempirics’ including the notion of the unknowable thing-in-itself. The chapter concludes with a consideration of Karl Pearson’s philosophy which centre stages sense-impressions and champions both reductionism and scientism. But it is noted that even with Pearson we find willingness to engage in a degree of metaphysical speculation.
James Frederick Ferrier
Authors: Mander W. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Following a general discussion of how idealism relates to both agnosticism and empiricism, its origin in nineteenth-century British philosophy are explored through consideration of how Ferrier reacted to the philosophy of William Hamilton. Insisting that the minimal epistemic unit is always subject-plus-some-object, Ferrier challenged agnosticism by claiming that we could only be ignorant of what we might at some point know, and this challenge is examined by means of a detailed exploration of his conceptions of knowledge, ignorance and the contradictory, before it is explained how this stance leads to a form of absolute idealism and belief in the existence of God. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Ferrier’s influence on the British Idealists.
Introduction: The Secret of Life
Authors: Hanson Clare 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the debates over the genetic origins of human nature which form the wider context of the literature discussed in this book. It traces the rise of gene-centric neo-Darwinism in the late twentieth century and its mediation by popular science books which made claims about the causes of human behaviour which directly challenged humanistic values. It explores the ways in which novelists responded to this challenge, at a time when the arts and social sciences espoused social constructivism and were opposed to any biological account of human nature. It then considers the factors which have brought about a rapprochement between literature and biology, as genetic determinism has been supplanted by a post-genomic perspective which emphasizes the openness of the genome to environmental factors, while twenty-first century writers and philosophers increasingly represent humans and the environment as mutually constitutive.
Illustrating the Bible
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 is the first of three chapters that explore the resilience of a biblical culture of antiquity and the scriptural framework that served to comprehend the Near Eastern past. Scriptural visions of Palestine and Transjordan (a part of the Palestine mandate) were given new lease of life during the First World War. The Bible, the oldest and longest surviving framework for interpreting the Holy Land and the territories bordering it, shaped modes of writing about and experiencing them, as well as offering a narrative of the past and a scriptural temporality. The chapter demonstrates that notwithstanding the professionalization of archaeology and its adoption of scientific practices, the Scriptures remained dominant in discussions of the ancient past, and that archaeological discovery of a material Near East served to illustrate and corroborate scriptural texts. However, biblical culture—including research, travel-writing, and tourism—was adapted to modern technologies of transport and tourism, particularly to railways, cars, and aviation. The chapter examines the modernization of biblical narratives and of the physical experience of scriptural landscapes by considering a broad repertoire of writing: guidebooks for tourists, manuals and timetables, popular writings by archaeologists, and visual and material representations of the biblical past in metropolitan colonial exhibitions and in Palestine’s Museum of Archaeology. The chapter demonstrates how the modernization of uses of the Bible suited the mandate’s own rationale and agenda of modernization and development, and was endorsed and sometimes sponsored by officials.
How to Quantify Urbanization When Testing for Urban Evolution?
Authors: Szulkin Marta , Garroway Colin J. , Corsini Michela , Kotarba Andrzej Z. , Dominoni Davide 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResearch in urban evolution requires that the features of cities are accurately captured for input into evolutionary models. Until recently, the evolutionary effects of cities have often been addressed using single sites, dichotomous urban–rural contrasts or, to a lesser extent, using urban gradients. However, urbanization does not produce a homogenous spatial continuum: cities are highly heterogeneous environments, with sharp and often non-linear environmental changes related to the amount of impervious surface, green vegetation, air pollution, light, noise, or contrasted temperature profiles. The comprehensive quantification of urban heterogeneity in space and time is essential for exploring the origins of organismal variation and adaptation in cities, and to best identify the strength and directionality of selective pressures and neutral processes occurring in populations of urban organisms. This chapter reviews frameworks that can be used to describe and quantify urbanization—these include classical ecological frameworks, the understudied temporal dimension of urban evolutionary biology, and the concept of replicated insight into urban-driven evolutionary processes. The chapter further discusses how axes of variation capturing the urban environment can be quantified with univariate and multivariate approaches, and presents quantitative results on how urbanization is captured in published studies of urban evolution. Finally, it discusses study design and statistical approaches of interest when testing for urban evolution: these include the question of model selection and variable fitting, spatial autocorrelation, and appropriate scale use in studies of urban evolution.
Urban Evolutionary Physiology
Authors: Isaksson Caroline , Bonier Frances 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOrganisms living in urban environments are exposed to many novel, sometimes beneficial, but most often challenging conditions. These conditions include increased exposure to chemical pollution, artificial light at night, noise, altered pathogen and predator communities, increased abundance of often poor quality food, increased temperature, and increased human presence and disturbances. Given the central role of a variety of physiological responses in coping with challenges such as these, the authors of the chapter expect that the range of physiological phenotypes expressed by individuals and species will dramatically influence their ability to persist in urban habitat and cope with urban challenges. They also expect that plasticity in components of these physiological systems will be an important target of selection imposed by the challenges confronting urban populations. The chapter takes a closer look at three fundamental physiological systems in animals that are central components of coping responses to environmental challenges, namely detoxification, and endocrine and metabolic systems.