bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Brayne Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on the major lessons learned from this book. The Los Angeles Police Department’s continued use of big data policing underscores the primary argument running through this book—that big data is fundamentally social. At every phase—from big data’s adoption to collection and analysis, institutional intervention, and reception—there is a social patterning to how data is used. There is a need to curb institutions’ craving for data, because that hunger too often outpaces people’s understanding of the intended and unintended consequences of a data binge. The chapter then offers guidelines for academics, lawmakers, and community groups regarding how data can be leveraged to promote efficiency, fairness, and accountability in criminal justice reform. It also discusses the future of law enforcement; identifies policy and research priorities; and argues that the implications of big data surveillance extend beyond policing into other social sectors.
Toward Relation-Centered Evaluation
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A relational orientation to evaluation is developed with three primary features: the first is a focus on the process of co-inquiry, where stakeholders inquire together into the student’s learning and development; the second is an emphasis on adding value to experiences of learning; and the third is the enhancement of meaningful relationships key to learning. Relational practices of evaluation should strive to foster learning, engender a sustained engagement in learning, and enrich the relational process itself. Such practices can be embedded within the ongoing learning processes, especially through dialogue and collaboration among co-learners. Equally, evaluative reflection may take place at specified intervals, such as once a term. Here students acquire a vocabulary of evaluation and appreciation that can be incorporated into the future learning journeys. Co-inquiry involves a generative process in which mutual valuing is prominent. Such evaluative reflection should ultimately be extended to the whole school as a learning community and beyond.
The Women Who Wrote
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces some of the female playwrights of the early twentieth century and examines some of the social conditions under which they worked. It argues that many of them represented a major cultural change for women of the period who were leaving the Victorian era behind and forging new paths in the young century. But the press frequently undermined their efforts by presenting them as wives instead of individuals, scrutinizing their physical attractiveness, and implying that playwriting was a hobby on the same level as gardening or homemaking. The chapter then shifts to the challenges of writing for the musical theater and collaborating with other writers. It concludes with examples of Young’s correspondence with the Shuberts and demonstrates her ability to navigate the business side of the theater.
The Old-Fashioned Things Must Go
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines two musical comedies by Young: Lady Luxury and Sometime. Both shows demonstrate the hallmarks of musical comedy: they take place in the present, use common slang and topical references, use dance as entertainment (rather than to advance plot), and are lighthearted. Lady Luxury is one of Young’s funniest musical comedies and anticipates some of the characters and themes of the 1925 hit No, No, Nanette. Sometime, which Young wrote with Rudolf Friml, contains aspects of operetta and musical comedy. It featured Ed Wynn, who may have written his own dialogue. For both shows, the chapter provides a synopsis and analysis of the libretto and lyrics.
Just One of the Boys
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores three musicals for which Young co-wrote the libretto and/or lyrics: The Red Petticoat (music by Jerome Kern, text co-written with Paul West), When Love Is Young (music by William Schroeder, text co-written with William Cary Duncan), and His Little Widows (also with Schroeder and Duncan). The Red Petticoat and When Love Is Young were adaptations of earlier plays by Young. For both, the chapter compares Young’s original script with its musical libretto to try to distinguish Young’s writing style and voice from those of her collaborators. This task was more challenging for His Little Widows, as there was no previous material with which to compare it. Again, for each show, the chapter provides a synopsis and analysis of the libretto and lyrics.
Will You Remember?
Authors: Peck Ellen M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Some of Young’s most productive years were during World War I. This chapter examines three operettas written during the war: Her Soldier Boy (music by Sigmund Romberg, based on Emmerich Kálmán), Maytime (music by Romberg), and Little Simplicity (music by Augustus Barratt). For each show, the chapter provides a synopsis and analysis of the libretto and lyrics. Her Soldier Boy and Maytime were both adapted from German sources and “Americanized” to suit audiences in an anti-German climate. Maytime was one of Young’s most successful shows, with an initial run of 492 performances.
Introduction
Authors: Herrera Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introduction presents the Centro Latinoamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales (CLAEM) at the intersecton of the three key themes in the book Elite Art Worlds. First, understanding how local and international philanthropy providing funding for CLAEM articulated foreign policy, private interests, and cultural diplomacy. Second, how diverse models of musical avant-gardism were followed, consumed, and rearticulated and then embodied, resignified and institutionalized in Latin America, problematizing the idea of a single homogenous avant-garde. And third, the ways in which participants of CLAEM navigated a regional discourse about identity and professional positioning labeled Latin Americanism. The chapter concludes with a discussion and problematization of the idea of elites and art worlds.
John Harrison, Alberto Ginastera, and the Creation of CLAEM
Authors: Herrera Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the creation of CLAEM through a series of vignettes that use the interactions between Rockefeller Foundation officer John P. Harrison and the famous composer Alberto Ginastera to show how institutional forces, usually imagined on a seemingly abstract level, actually come into play on the ground through the exchanges of specific people. The chapter demonstrates how Harrison played a fundamental role in the creation of CLAEM and heading several inroads of the Rockefeller Foundation into Latin American art music during the early 1960s. The narrative constructed in this chapter around the creation of CLAEM sets up several issues that will be further explored in the rest of the book in relation to the Rockefeller Foundation, the Di Tella Family, and the mission and vision of CLAEM.
Ethical Learning, Natural and Artificial
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
How might artificial systems become sensitive to ethically relevant considerations? This chapter argues that the question we should ask is not “How can we build ethics into robots?” but rather “How can we build robots with a capacity for ethical learning?” It is evident from the continuing disagreement over overarching ethical theories that we do not know a set of consensus ethical principles with sufficient definiteness to “program” ethics into a machine. Recent research in artificial intelligence has shown the power of general-purpose learning to acquire autonomous human-level competencies. Intriguingly, recent research in developmental psychology suggests that children may also acquire independent social and ethical competence via similar mechanisms. Instead of programing ethics into robots, this chapter proposes that artificial systems could gain ethical competence through general-purpose learning, comparable to infants learning human ethics in part by observing adult behavior.
Modeling and Reasoning with Preferences and Ethical Priorities in AI Systems
Authors: Loreggia Andrea , Mattei Nicholas , Rossi Francesca , Venable K. Brent 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As AI systems make decisions that affect our lives, we must ensure that these systems operate according to the same constraints, guidelines, and ethical principles that a human would follow. Humans make many complex decisions that rely on their subjective preferences, but their decisions are usually also constrained by these ethical priorities. Hence it is essential to equip AI systems with the tools to evaluate whether or not preferences are compatible with these other priorities. In computer science, the Conditional Preference networks (CP-nets), which graphically represent conditional and qualitative preference relations, can be used to model, combine, and compare subjective preferences and ethical priorities. This chapter proposes that one can use CP-nets to measure the distance between an agent’s subjective preference and the ethical principles of the agent’s community in order to ensure that the decisions of an AI system are aligned with a given set of ethical priorities.
Computational Law, Symbolic Discourse, and the AI Constitution
Authors: Wolfram Stephen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
How should we tell AIs what we want? For the past few decades, the Wolfram Language has been developed as a computational communication language to provide a bridge between human goals and computational capabilities. The Wolfram Language is becoming a full symbolic discourse language that can capture the kinds of human intentions we find in laws and contracts. If we want to tell AIs to “be nice to humans,” how should we actually do that? This chapter first discusses how the development of symbolic discourse language can make it possible to express such ideas. It then considers how we might approach building an AI constitution that defines how we want AIs to act and what ethics they should follow. This chapter also discusses some of the fundamental issues around having a complete computational legal or ethical system.
Saving the Nation
Authors: Reilly Thomas H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book is a history of the Chinese Protestant elite and their contribution to building a new China in the years from 1922 to 1952. While a small percentage of China’s overall population, China’s Protestants constituted a large and influential segment of the urban elite. They exercised that influence through their churches, hospitals, and schools, especially the universities, and also through institutions such as the YMCA and the YWCA, whose membership was drawn from the modern sectors of urban life. These Protestant elites believed that they could best contribute to the building of a new China through their message of social Christianity, believing that Christianity could help make Chinese society strong, modern, and prosperous, but also characterized by justice and mercy. More than preaching a message, the Protestant elite also played a critical social role, through their institutions, broadening the appeal and impact of social movements, and imparting to them a greater sense of legitimacy. This history begins with the elite’s participation in social reform campaigns in the early twentieth century, continues with their efforts in resisting imperialism, and ends with their support for the Communist-led social revolution.
The YMCA and the Protestant Elite Welcome the Revolution
Authors: Reilly Thomas H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Following World War II, the Chinese began the task of rebuilding their nation. Protestant churches and schools joined these efforts, and Protestant leaders such as Ginling College’s president Wu Yifang represented the Nationalist republic to the world. The wartime alliance between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists broke down in 1946, and a civil war ensued, ending with a Communist victory in 1949. The YMCA secretary Wu Yaozong took the lead in preparing the churches and the Protestant elite for life under the new regime. Consulting with the Communist leader, Zhou Enlai, Wu published the Christian Manifesto, which was a statement confessing the church’s complicity in Western imperialism and expressing her determination to support the revolution. The Korean War added a sense of urgency to these actions, and a new church structure, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, was established to better serve the new relationship between state and church.
From the Cabaret Number to the Melodrama of Dance Reform
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on two Bharatanatyam-trained stars in the 1950s and 1960s, Vyjayanthimala and Waheeda Rehman, analyzing changes in film dance alongside the canonization of specific classical and folk dance forms by the Sangeet Natak Akademi. By studying how dance training influences acting repertoires, this chapter calls attention to movement, gesture, and bodily comportment to enhance our understanding of virtuosity and technique, proposing a movement-based analysis of film acting grounded in kinesthetic performance and spectatorship. Rehman and Vyjayanthimala’s most ambitious production numbers speak to their own performative desires as trained dancers. Films featuring these A-list actresses as dancing protagonists evince a generic tendency, described here as the “melodrama of dance reform,” which combines the dance spectacular with the “social problem” film, producing in the process cinematic figurations riven with anxieties and aspirations around female sexuality, bodily movement, and economic independence.
Ballet in the Cold War
Authors: Searcy Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
During the Cold War, the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union developed cultural exchange programs, in which they sent performing artists abroad in order to generate goodwill for their countries. Ballet companies were frequently called on to serve in these programs, particularly in the direct Soviet-American exchange. This book analyzes four of the early ballet exchange tours, demonstrating how this series of encounters changed both geopolitical relations and the history of dance. The ballet tours were enormously popular. Performances functioned as an important symbolic meeting point for Soviet and American officials, creating goodwill and normalizing relations between the two countries in an era when nuclear conflict was a real threat. At the same time, Soviet and American audiences did not understand ballet in the same way. As American companies toured in the Soviet Union and vice versa, audiences saw the performances through the lens of their own local aesthetics. Ballet in the Cold War introduces the concept of transliteration to understand this process, showing how much power viewers wielded in the exchange and explaining how the dynamics of the Cold War continue to shape ballet today.
The Red Mirror
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book inquires into Vladimir Putin’s leadership strategy and relies on social identity theory to explain Putin’s success as a leader. The author argues that Russia’s second president has been successful in promoting his image as an embodiment of the shared national identity of the Russian citizens. He has articulated the shared collective perspective and has built a social consensus by tapping into powerful group emotions of shame and humiliation derived from the painful experience of the transition in the 1990s. He was able to overturn these emotions into pride and patriotism by activating two central pillars of the Soviet collective identity: a sense of exceptionalism that the Soviet regime promoted to consolidate the Soviet nation, and a sense of a foreign threat to the state and its people that also was foundational for the Soviet Union. Putin’s assertive foreign policy decisions, culminating in the annexation of Crimea, appeared to have secured, in the eyes of the Russian citizens, their insecure national identity. The top-down leadership and bottom-up collective identity–driven processes coalesced to produce a newly revanchist Russia, with its current leader perceived by many citizens to be irreplaceable. Politics of national identity in Russia are promoted through a well-coordinated media machine that works to focus citizens’ attention on Putin’s foreign policy and on Russia’s international standing. Public fears are played out against the backdrop of Soviet legacies of national exceptionalism and the politics of victimhood associated with the 1990s to conjure a sense of collective dignity, self-righteousness, and national strength to keep the present political system intact.
The White Knight and the Red Queen
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter relies on the “new psychology of leadership”—an approach to analyzing leadership process relying on social identity theory—to explain the relationship between Vladimir Putin and the Russian people. The main insights of this theory highlight the key elements that make Putin’s leadership effective. These are the shared popular perceptions: (1) that Putin is “one of us”; (2) that he is “doing it for us”; (3) that he is “crafting a sense of us”; and (4) that he is “making us matter.” In this chapter I address each of these elements conceived as a glue that links the followers to the leader and discuss how these sentiments get manifested in people’s own articulations. This chapter also discusses the results of an original survey experiment that aimed at testing the political implications of prompting insecure collective identity.
Constructing the Collective Trauma of the 1990s
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role of the 1990s for the political legitimation of Russia’s current political leadership. It builds on the constructivist approach to analyze the role of collective trauma in Russia and demonstrates that the cultural and political constructions in Russia over the past two decades have gone hand in hand in their modes of representing the collective experience of the 1990s. This decade has been represented entirely in black colors, highlighting and exaggerating the negative side of these experiences. The chapter demonstrates that this frame of the 1990s is propagated by the pro-Kremlin media personalities and is frequently invoked by Vladimir Putin in his speeches and press conferences.
MMM for VVP
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Putin’s leadership is constructed through media. This chapter explores the key points in the development of the Kremlin-controlled media machine, including the key actors, central mechanisms, and the dominant ideological frames. The chapter makes an argument that the media machine evolved in response to arising political challenges such as Ukraine’s 2004 “Orange revolution,” the 2011–2012 public protests in Russia, and the new standoff with the West after the 2014 annexation of Crimea.
Le Cirque Politique à la Russe
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter advances further the analysis of media as a political legitimation mechanism in Russia by delving into the role of political talk shows in controlling public opinion in Russia. Borrowing most effective practices from Western media and American “outrage industry,” the Russian media professionals create TV programming focused on the personalities of their hosts and driven by moral outrage, anger, and other uncivil techniques. The analysis zooms in on Vladimir Solovyev’s talk shows, considered most crucial for the Kremlin-based propaganda efforts, and pays specific attention to the toolkit used by Solovyev and other media personalities in service of the Kremlin.
Refugee Camps and Urban Settlements
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Though our moral obligations to resettle refugees or grant them asylum often dominate discussions among philosophers and the general public alike, this chapter shows why we must also think about the vast majority of refugees who will never be resettled nor even seek asylum. Over 90 percent of refugees remain in the Global South, in refugee camps or informally in urban centers, sometimes for decades. Refugee camps are often unable to protect basic rights or guarantee security and require refugees to give up their autonomy. Increasingly, refugees are refusing to go to camps and choosing instead to live, virtually without aid, in urban centers. Though they maintain their autonomy, urban refugees often struggle to find adequate work and housing, and often cannot access education for their children. This chapter demonstrates that neither of the two main options granted to refugees today allows refugees to access the minimum conditions of human dignity.
Introduction
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Research shows that repression can lead to both radicalization and deradicalization. When does it drive groups to pick up arms, and under what conditions does it foster disengagement from violence? To answer these questions, it is important to trace tactical changes over time, and to parse the factors that push groups toward or away from violence. The introduction outlines some conventional explanations for understanding tactical choices and shows that recent developments in terrorism studies and in the research on nonviolent resistance leave several puzzles unanswered. It introduces a theoretical framework through which we can understand both escalation and de-escalation, and provides a typology of engagement with violence that can guide the investigation of tactical change. After considering whether Islamist groups are distinctive, the chapter outlines the case-selection strategy and the methodology employed in the book, and then concludes with an outline of the remaining chapters.
The Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Potential for Violent Escalation
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter revisits the early history of the Muslim Brotherhood to understand why an organization that started out as a nonviolent religious movement came to be associated with violence. Many blame this on the harsh repression under President Gamal Abdel Nasser. However, the analysis shows that the drift toward violence started much earlier. Reconstructing the sequence of events between 1936 and 1948, the chapter reveals that what initially politicized the Brotherhood was the presence of British troops in Egypt and Palestine. The formation of an armed wing led to competition over authority within the group, which incentivized violent escalation. The chapter then focuses on the period between 1954 and 1970 and shows that repression had a dual effect. On the one hand, it inspired new jihadi interpretations, which were particularly appealing to younger members. On the other hand, the prisons were also the backdrop against which the Brotherhood became convinced that violence was futile.