bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apropos the New Corpus of Linear B Tablets from Pylos
Authors: Civitillo Matilde 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Les archives du roi Nestor offers scholars the long-awaited full scholarly edition of the Linear B documents found at Pylos from 1939 to date. For the first time—along with transliterations, information about size and number of fragments, find-spot, publication history and a critical apparatus—, each document is accompanied by drawings and colour photographs. The new analysis of the palaeography of the tablets has allowed considerable improvement of previously proposed transliterations and the suggestion of new readings. Moreover, it has enriched our knowledge of Mycenaean scribal practices by further clarifying the role of individual scribes in the administration chain of the Palace at Pylos. Finally, it has huge philological and historical implications. The following review article tries to discuss the main positions of the book, by contextualizing them in the field of research and by entering into more detailed discussion of some of them.
Compound slides: a new technique for examining branchiopod head pores in optical microscopes
Authors: Andrade D. S. , Sousa F. D. R. , Mugnai R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A new technique for the optimization of the taxonomic study of cephalic openings in Branchiopoda is proposed here. The study of the cephalic openings in the various taxa that constitute this clade is of great importance. This is true not only for taxonomic studies, being fundamental for species identification in the Chydoridae, but also for phylogenetic and physiological investigations. For this, currently available protocols include the use of electron microscopic analysis, using the whole specimen, or the use of optical microscopy, by removing the cephalic shield from the specimen and mounting it on slides. This work presents a simple technique for the study of cephalic openings in Branchiopoda, facilitating their study, particularly for those associated with the Chydoridae.
A comparative analysis of genetic differentiation of the E. affinis species complex and some other Eurytemora species, using the CO1, nITS and 18SrRNA genes (Copepoda, Calanoida)
Authors: Sukhikh Natalia , Abramova Ekaterina , Holl Anne-Catherine , Souissi Sami , Alekseev Victor 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Eurytemora represents a challenging group of species due to their taxonomy, in particular the former group of cryptic species known as E. affinis sensu lato. In this paper, we analyse DNA sequences that are all available in GenBank, along with our own data on the genus Eurytemora. For this study, a set of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (CO1, nITS and 18SrRNA) was used. In total 543 sequences were analysed (437 CO1; 54 nITS; 52 18SrRNA). However, this work is mainly meta-analytical, and only 67 sequences from unstudied earlier populations or species were obtained specifically for this work to analyse the genetic differentiation of the morphologically described species. We found that relatively young species of the E. affinis complex are different from each other in the CO1 and nITS genes, but not in the conservative 18SrRNA nuclear gene. Nucleotide differences among affinis-group species in the CO1 gene are 9.4-11.8%; in the nITS genes, 1.1-5.0%. At the same time, all other studied Eurytemora species have significant differences from each other in the CO1 and nITS genes, as well as in 18SrRNA. The level of differences among the species is 13.2-19.2% for the CO1 gene, 18.0-27.6.2% for nITS genes, and 0.4-1.8% for the 18SrRNA gene.
‘All Necessary Means’ to Protect Civilians
Authors: Bourgeois Hanna 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this article, I aim to explore the interpretation and implementation of United Nations (UN) Security Council mandates authorising the protection of civilians (PoC) and, in particular, the meaning of an authorisation to use ‘all necessary means’ to protect civilians. Over the past two decades, the UN Security Council has repeatedly provided UN (mandated) peace operations with an explicit mandate to protect civilians. In doing so, it has typically authorised the use of ‘all necessary means’ to achieve the aforementioned objective. This PoC language has been subject to varying interpretations and implementations in practice and is therefore often considered ambiguous. The conclusion reached in this article is that PoC language is indeed vague, but that this is not necessarily problematic. It might even be unavoidable in light of the cascade structure in which the PoC mandate is placed and whereby the PoC mandate is interpreted and implemented at the various levels of authority, command, and control. What is problematic is that there is uncertainty and discussion about the limits to the use of force in the implementation of PoC mandates. After all, the formula to use ‘all necessary means’ cannot be regarded as a ‘blank cheque’ to use any amount of force. Therefore, I identify the upper limit to what UN (mandated) peace operations may lawfully do to protect civilians when being provided with a mandate to use ‘all necessary means’. I also detect an emerging lower limit for what UN (mandated) peace operations must lawfully do to protect civilians when being provided with such a PoC mandate.
Development proposals of Human Research Protection Program
Authors: Zhou Jiyin , Liu Dan 
Published: October 2020

Background: China’s ethics committees alone are unable to meet the growing need for human participant protection. Several scandals in recent years indicate weaknesses in the protection of human participants in China. Objectives: The aim of the study is to summarize the status and problems of human research protection program in China and to explore its establishment proposals at national and hospital levels. Research design: To conduct literature retrieval, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Document Database, and English databases Web of Science and PubMed were searched; laws, guidelines, and regulations were also searched on web by Google and Chinese search engine Baidu. Ethical considerations: No data were collected from human participants, and ethical review was not required. Findings: There are problems for China’s Human Research Protection Program, such as weak relevant legal systems, insufficient administrative supervision, and incompetent ethics committee capacities. To fully protect human participants, China should promote the development of Human Research Protection Program, which can formulate ethics-related laws, improve regulations for the protection of the safety and rights of human participants, strengthen supervision, and enforce compensation for human participants. Owing to the frequency with which human participants are recruited in hospitals in China, hospitals can utilize existing ethics committees and establish data and safety monitoring committees, quality control, fund and contract management, and conflict of interest management offices. Discussion: As a growing program, it remains necessary to learn from the experience of developed countries with high ethics standards and reformulate them to fit China’s conditions to explore potential future development. The program will also be an experience for other developing countries. Conclusion: Human Research Protection Program can strengthen communication and coordination among various hospital departments to effectively protect the rights and welfare of human participants.
Sinhala and Tamil Nationalism Through the Lens of Territorialisation and Memorialisation in Post-conflict Sri Lanka
Authors: Kapur Roshni 
Published: October 2020

Perera, Sasanka, Warzone Tourism in Sri Lanka: Tales from Darker Places in Paradise (SAGE Publications, 2016). pp. 256, ₹578.00. ISBN 978-9351509226 (Hardcover). Subramanian, Samanth, This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan War (Thomas Dunne Books). pp. 336, ₹1,312. ISBN: 978-1250069740 (Hardcover).
The Association Between the Mechanical Ventilator Pressures and Outcomes in a Cohort of Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Edriss Hawa , Yang Shengping , Juarez Edna , Crane Joshua , Lear Michelle , Sanchez Asley , Nugent Kenneth 
Published: October 2020

Background: Pressures measured during mechanical ventilation provide important information about the respiratory system mechanics and can help predict outcomes. Methods: The electronic medical records of patients hospitalized between 2010 and 2016 with sepsis who required mechanical ventilation were reviewed to collect demographic information, clinical information, management requirements, and outcomes, such as mortality, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Mechanical ventilation pressures were recorded on the second full day of hospitalization. Results: This study included 312 adult patients. The mean age is 59.1 ± 16.3 years; 57.4% were men. The mean BMI was 29.3 ± 10.7. Some patients had pulmonary infections (46.2%), and some patients had extrapulmonary infections (34.9%). The overall mortality was 42.6%. In a multi-variable model that included age, gender, number of comorbidities, APACHE 2 score, and PaO2/FiO2 ratio, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and PEEP all predicted mortality when entered into the model separately. There was an increase in peak pressure, plateau pressure, and driving pressure across BMI categories ranging from underweight to obese. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that ventilator pressure measurements made early during the management of patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation provide prognostic information regarding outcomes, including mortality. Patients with high mechanical ventilator pressures during the early course of their acute respiratory failure require more attention to identify reversible disease processes when possible. In addition, increased BMIs are associated with increased ventilator pressures, and this increases the complexity of the clinical evaluation in the management of obese patients.
Early Characteristics and Progression of Blunt Traumatic Aortic Injuries at a Single Level I Trauma Center
Authors: Cheng Daniel , McNickle Allison G. , Fraser Douglas R. , Carroll Joseph T. , Vega Jorge A. , Dickhudt Timothy , Bombard Judzia , Kuhls Deborah A. , Chestovich Paul J. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The most widely accepted grading system for blunt traumatic aortic injury (BTAI) by the Society of Vascular Surgery (SVS) recommends endovascular repair for grade 2 and greater. Non-operative management in grade 2 injuries has been shown to be reasonable in certain circumstances. The natural history of low-grade injuries (1, 2) when managed non-operatively is not well defined. Methods: Utilizing our trauma registry, patients from 2013 to 2016 with blunt traumatic injury who underwent initial computed tomography were identified. Aortic pathology was graded and grouped by SVS classification. Clinical courses were reviewed for timing of interventions, repeat imaging, concurrent injuries, and outcomes. Analysis of variance and Chi-square tests of significance were utilized to compare between groups. Results: Out of 10,178 patients, we identified 32 with BTAI (grade: 1 (n = 13), 2 (n = 5), 3 (n = 3), 4 (n = 11)). High-grade injuries (3, 4) resulted only from motor vehicle, motorcycle, and pedestrian mechanisms. Initially, 9 patients (28%) required intervention, 5 (16%) were treated non-operatively, and 18 (56%) underwent repeat imaging. On repeat imaging, injuries that did not resolve remained stable and no injuries were found to progress. Of these patients, 9 (50%) required delayed intervention and 9 (50%) successfully underwent non-operative management. Patients with low-grade injuries were more likely to have successful non-operative management than those with high-grade injuries (72% vs 7%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: While low-grade injuries generally have good outcomes, some ultimately do require delayed intervention, and short-term imaging is not reliable in identifying these cases.
Bronchiectasis and increased mortality in patients with corticosteroid-dependent severe asthma: a nationwide population study
Authors: Choi Hayoung , Lee Hyun , Ryu Jiin , Chung Sung Jun , Park Dong Won , Sohn Jang Won , Yoon Ho Joo , Kim Sang-Heon 
Published: October 2020

Background: Long-term corticosteroid (CS) use is associated with increased mortality in patients with asthma, and comorbid bronchiectasis is also associated with frequent asthma exacerbation and increased healthcare use. However, there is limited information on whether bronchiectasis further increases mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma. This study examined the impact of bronchiectasis on mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma. Methods: A retrospective cohort of patients with CS-dependent asthma ⩾18 years old was established using records from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database from 2005 to 2015. Patients with CS-dependent asthma with and without bronchiectasis were matched by age, sex, type of insurance, and Charlson comorbidity index. We evaluated the hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in patients with bronchiectasis compared with those without bronchiectasis. Results: The study cohort included 754 patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis and 3016 patients with CS-dependent asthma without bronchiectasis. Patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis had a higher all-cause mortality than those without bronchiectasis (8429/100,000 versus 6962/100,000 person-years, p < 0.001). The adjusted HR for mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis relative to those without bronchiectasis was 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.18–1.50), and the association was primarily significant for respiratory diseases (subdistribution HR = 1.65, 95% confidence interval, 1.42–1.92). Conclusions: Bronchiectasis further increases all-cause mortality in patients with CS-dependent asthma, a trend that was especially associated with respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Strategies to improve treatment outcomes in patients with CS-dependent asthma with bronchiectasis are urgently needed to improve long-term survival. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Muscle Activity of the Triceps Surae With Novel Propulsion Heel-Lift Orthotics in Recreational Runners
Authors: Sánchez-Gómez Rubén , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo , Romero Morales Carlos , Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena , Castrillo de la Fuente Aitor , López-López Daniel , Díez Vega Ignacio , Calvo-Lobo César 
Published: October 2020

Background: The triceps surae muscle has been identified with propulsion during running gait, and typical heel-lift orthotics (THOs) have been used to treat some sports injuries of this structural-biomechanical unit. The effects of a novel propulsion heel-lift orthotic (PHO) on surface electromyography (EMG) activity of the gastrocnemius during a full cycle of running have yet to be tested. Purpose/Hypothesis: We aimed to assess EMG changes in gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis muscle activity when wearing THOs, PHOs, or neutral sports shoes only (SO) during running. We hypothesized that EMG activity of the triceps surae muscle would be lower for PHOs than THOs or SO during running. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 26 healthy, regular recreational runners of both sexes (mean age, 33.58 ± 6.02 years) with a neutral Foot Posture Index and rearfoot strike pattern were recruited to run on a treadmill at 9 km/h using aleatory THOs of 6 and 9 mm, PHOs, and SO while EMG activity of the gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis muscles was recorded over a 30-second period. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to assess reliability. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient values indicated near perfect reliability, ranging from 0.801 for 6-mm THOs to 0.959 for SO in the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle. EMG activity of the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle was greater for PHOs (25.516 ± 4.780 mV) than for SO (23.140 ± 4.150 mV) ( P < .05), but EMG activity of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle did not show any statistically significant difference between conditions (23.130 ± 2.980 mV vs 26.315 ± 2.930 mV, respectively) ( P = .3). Conclusion: A novel PHO may increase muscle activity of the gastrocnemius lateralis during a full cycle of running gait; consequently, its prescription to treat triceps surae muscle injuries is cautioned. Clinical Relevance: The prescription of novel PHOs could increase EMG activity, which has not been previously described.
Performance assessment of alternative SSS networks by combining KPIs and factor-cluster analysis
Authors: Serra Patrizia , Fancello Gianfranco 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPerformance assessment is a fundamental tool to successfully monitor and manage logistics and transport systems. In the field of Short Sea Shipping (SSS), the performance of the various maritime initiatives should be analyzed to assess the best way to achieve efficiency and guide related policies. This study proposes a quantitative methodology which can serve as a decision-support tool in the preliminary assessment and comparison of alternative SSS networks. The research is executed via a Mediterranean case study that compares a hypothetical Mediterranean ro-ro SSS network developed in the framework of a past Euro-Mediterranean cooperation project with the network of existing ro-ro liner services operating in the area. Performance benchmarking of the two networks is performed using a set of quantitative Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and applying a factor-cluster analysis to produce homogeneous clusters of services based on the relevant variables while accounting for sample heterogeneity. Quantitative results mostly confirm the overall better performance of the prospective network and demonstrate that using KPIs and factor-cluster analysis to investigate the performance of maritime networks can provide policymakers with a preliminary wealth of knowledge that can help in setting targeted policy for SSS-oriented initiatives.
Signaling pathways have an inherent need for noise to acquire information
Authors: Azpeitia Eugenio , Balanzario Eugenio P. , Wagner Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
All living systems acquire information about their environment. At the cellular level, they do so through signaling pathways. Such pathways rely on reversible binding interactions between molecules that detect and transmit the presence of an extracellular cue or signal to the cell’s interior. These interactions are inherently stochastic and thus noisy. On the one hand, noise can cause a signaling pathway to produce the same response for different stimuli, which reduces the amount of information a pathway acquires. On the other hand, in processes such as stochastic resonance, noise can improve the detection of weak stimuli and thus the acquisition of information. It is not clear whether the kinetic parameters that determine a pathway’s operation cause noise to reduce or increase the acquisition of information.

Results
We analyze how the kinetic properties of the reversible binding interactions used by signaling pathways affect the relationship between noise, the response to a signal, and information acquisition. Our results show that, under a wide range of biologically sensible parameter values, a noisy dynamic of reversible binding interactions is necessary to produce distinct responses to different stimuli. As a consequence, noise is indispensable for the acquisition of information in signaling pathways.

Conclusions
Our observations go beyond previous work by showing that noise plays a positive role in signaling pathways, demonstrating that noise is essential when such pathways acquire information.
Overexpression of an ethylene-forming ACC oxidase (ACO) gene precedes the Minute Hilum seed coat phenotype in Glycine max
Authors: Zabala Gracia , Kour Anupreet , Vodkin Lila O. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
To elucidate features of seed development, we investigated the transcriptome of a soybean isoline from the germplasm collection that contained an introgressed allele known as minute hilum (mi) which confers a smaller hilum region where the seed attaches to the pod and also results in seed coat cracking surrounding the hilum region.

Results
RNAs were extracted from immature seed from an extended hilum region (i.e., the hilum and a small ring of tissue surrounding the hilum in which the cracks form) at three different developmental stages:10–25, 25–50 and 50–100 mg seed fresh weight in two independent replicates for each stage. The transcriptomes of these samples from both the Clark isoline containing the mi allele (PI 547628, UC413, iiR t mi G), and its recurrent Clark 63 parent isoline (PI 548532, UC7, iiR T Mi g), which was used for six generations of backcrossing, were compared for differential expression of 88,648 Glyma models of the soybean genome Wm82.a2. The RNA sequence data obtained from the 12 cDNA libraries were subjected to padj value < 0.05 and at least two-fold expression differences to select with confidence genes differentially expressed in the hilum-containing tissue of the seed coat between the two lines. Glyma.09G008400 annotated as encoding an ethylene forming enzyme, ACC oxidase (ACO), was found to be highly overexpressed in the mi hilum region at 165 RPKMs (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads) compared to the standard line at just 0.03 RPKMs. Evidence of changes in expression of genes downstream of the ethylene pathway included those involved in auxin and gibberellin hormone action and extensive differences in expression of cell wall protein genes. These changes are postulated to determine the restricted hilum size and cracking phenotypes.

Conclusions
We present transcriptome and phenotypic evidence that substantially higher expression of an ethylene-forming ACO gene likely shifts hormone balance and sets in motion downstream changes resulting in a smaller hilum phenotype and the cracks observed in the minute hilum (mi) isoline as compared to its recurrent parent.