bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress and inflammatory effects in human lung epithelial A549 cells induced by phenanthrene, fluorene, and their binary mixture
Authors: Guo Huizhen , Zhang Zhewen , Wang Huiling , Ma Haitao , Hu Fengjing , Zhang Wenwen , Liu Yang , Huang Yushan , Zeng Yong , Li Chengyun , Wang Junling 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLow molecular weight‐Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LMW‐PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, which may contribute to respiratory diseases. However, studies of the relative mechanisms are limited. This study aimed to explore the effects of two LMW‐PAHs [phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu)], separately and as binary PAH mixture on oxidative stress and inflammation in A549 cells. Cell viability was firstly detected at various concentrations (200‐800 μM) by Phe, Flu, and the mixture of Phe and Flu. ROS level, MDA content, SOD and CAT activities were then determined to evaluate oxidative damage. The protein and mRNA expressions of IL‐6, TNF‐α, TGF‐β, and the protein content of SP‐A were further determined to evaluate inflammation. Results showed that Phe, Flu, and their mixture triggered ROS generation and induced abnormal productions of MDA, SOD, and CAT. And the protein and mRNA expressions of TNF‐α and IL‐6 were increased by Phe, Flu, and their mixture, respectively. In addition, SP‐A was also increased by Phe and Flu, while it was decreased by their mixture at 600 μM. The results demonstrated that Phe, Flu, and their mixture could induce oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation in A549 cells, while combined inflammatory response was stronger than single actions.
Transition from physical to virtual visit format for a longitudinal brain aging study, in response to the Covid‐19 pandemic. Operationalizing adaptive methods and challenges
Authors: Udeh‐Momoh Chinedu Theresa , de Jager‐Loots Celeste A. , Price Geraint , Middleton Lefkos T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic necessitated adaptations to standard operations and management of clinical studies, after lockdown measures put in place by several governments to reduce the spread of SARS‐COV‐2. In this paper, we describe our telehealth strategy developed for transitioning our dementia prevention clinical observational prospective study from face‐to‐face visits to virtual visits, to ensure the ongoing collection of longitudinal data. We share the lessons learned in terms of challenges experienced and solutions implemented to achieve successful administration of study assessments. Our methods will be useful for informing longitudinal observational or interventional studies that require a feasible model for remote data collection, in cognitively unimpaired adults.
Reading Comprehension Instruction for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Chang Ya‐Chih , Menzies Holly M. , Osipova Anna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStudents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have more difficulty in achieving proficiency in reading comprehension than their neurotypical peers. As students with ASD are increasingly educated in inclusive settings, general education teachers must have knowledge of the characteristics of autism that may impede comprehension of text to understand which instructional methods will achieve the best outcomes in reading. The authors describe how to use reading assessment measures to determine an instructional approach for students with ASD.
Die Gasdurchlässigkeit von Vakuummaterialien
Authors: Vinogradov Maksim L. , Barchenko Vladimir T. , Lisenkov Alexander A. , Kostrin Dmitrii K. , Babinov Nikita A. 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungPermeation von Gas durch Vakuummaterialien – Massenspektrometrische Apparatur zur Bestimmung der GasdurchlässigkeitZiel der hier vorgestellten Arbeiten ist die Untersuchung der Gasdurchlässigkeit von Materialien, die in unbemannten Flugobjekten eingesetzt werden sollen. Auf der Grundlage eines Helium‐Lecksuchgerätes wurde dazu eine Messapparatur zur Bestimmung der Permeabilitätskoeffizienten aufgebaut. Aufgrund der Permeation von Helium durch die beim Aufbau verwendeten Viton‐Dichtungen beträgt der kleinste mit der Apparatur bestimmbare Fluss 10−10 Pa · m3/s. Das System wurde mit Hilfe einer PTFE‐ Probe bekannter Helium‐Gasdurchlässigkeit überprüft. Drei verschiedene Verbundmaterialien wurden untersucht und ihre Helium‐Gasdurchlässigkeit im Fließgleichgewicht bestimmt. Dabei lagen die Werte für die Permeabilität für hochmolekulares Polyethylen (HMWPE) mit einer 100 nm dicken Kupferbeschichtung bei 3,1 · 10−8 in [Pa · m3/s] · [m/(m2 · bar)], für High‐Density Polyethylen (HDPE 209‐07) mit einer 100 nm dicken Kupferbeschichtung bei 1,9 · 10−7 [Pa · m3/s] · [m/(m2 · bar)] und für die vakuumdichte Keramik VK94‐1 mit einer K400 Klebstoffschicht bei 2,2 · 10−9 [Pa · m3/s] · [m/(m2 · bar)]. Die Autoren bieten das Vermessen neuer zur Verfügung gestellter Materialien an.
Free ammonia resistance of nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria developed in aerobic granular sludge cultivated in continuous upflow airlift reactors performing partial nitritation
Authors: An Zhaohui , Kent Timothy R. , Sun Yewei , Bott Charles B. , Wang Zhi‐Wu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFree ammonia (FA) inhibition has been taken advantage as a strategy to suppress the growth of nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in aerobic granules stabilized in a continuous upflow airlift reactor to achieve partial nitritation. However, after nearly 18 months of continuous exposure of aerobic granules to FA in the reactor, the FA inhibition of NOB was proven ineffective, and the partial nitritation gradually shifted to partial nitrification even though the long‐term granule structural stability remained excellent under the continuous‐flow mode. The extent of NOB resistance to FA inhibition was quantified based on the kinetic response of NOB to various FA concentrations in the form of an uncompetitive inhibition coefficient. It was confirmed that the NOB immobilized in larger granules under longer term exposure to FA tend to become more resistant to FA. Thereby, it was concluded that NOB can develop strong resistance to FA after continuous exposure, and thus, FA inhibition is not a reliable strategy to achieve partial nitritation in mainstream wastewater treatment.Practitioner points

Nitrifying aerobic granules can remain structurally stable in continuous‐flow bioreactors.

NOB developed free ammonia resistance after 6‐month continuous exposure.

Larger aerobic granules tended to develop stronger free ammonia resistance.

Free ammonia inhibition is not a reliable strategy for mainstream anammox.
Preference assessments as a tool to evaluate environmental enrichment
Authors: Woods Jocelyn M. , Lane Erin K. , Miller Lance J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEnvironmental enrichment is an important tool utilized to improve animal welfare in zoological institutions through opportunity for mental and physical stimulation. Many past studies have focused on the impact enrichment has on animal behavior; however, none have conducted preference assessments on enrichment items to examine the relationship between animals' preferences and interaction with enrichment over a 24‐hr period. Ten‐minute free operant, paired‐choice preference assessments were implemented in Study 1 to determine the enrichment preferences of African lions (N = 3). Following Study 1, Study 2 was conducted, which examined the behavior of African lions with enrichment items over the course of 30, 24‐hr trials to evaluate the relationship between preferences established in Study 1 and long‐term interaction with the enrichment. Generalized estimating equations revealed a statistically significant relationship between the percentage of time the enrichment was approached first and the average duration of interaction in Study 1 to the total duration of interaction and the percent of hours interacted with the item in Study 2. Additionally, the first 2 min of the preference data resulted in comparable statistically significant findings, demonstrating shorter preference assessments can produce similar results. The results support our prediction that preference assessments can be used to estimate the amount of interaction with enrichment over the course of time, with preferred items being interacted with more frequently and in longer duration. Information gained from this study suggests preference assessments can be a time and cost‐effective tool to evaluate enrichment preference and predicted efficacy.
Formalised Boundaries Between Polytechnics and Technical Universities: Experiences from Portugal and Finland
Authors: Carvalho Teresa , Diogo Sara 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe chapter demonstrates the relevance of contextual factors in the potential transformation of non-university institutions into ‘technical universities’. The phenomena of professional and academic drift have challenged the pertinence of the existence of binary Higher Education (HE) systems. Portugal and Finland have been facing this problem and the governments of both countries called on the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to advise them on the relevance of its maintenance. The chapter aims at enriching the conceptual discussion over the social representation of the ‘technical university’ by discussing the relevance of the context in the evolving process of the actual non-university institutions. Data analysis is supported by empirical evidence gathered through 26 interviews conducted with key actors as well as on content analysis of policy reports in order to understand how the co-existence of different types of higher education institutions (HEI) is envisioned in the two countries. This chapter establishes a linkage to the scope of this volume by evidencing the relevance of contextual factors in the potential transformation of non-university institutions in ‘technical universities’ in the two countries. The results reveal a convergence in the recommendations regarding the maintenance and reinforcement of differentiated HE systems. However, the operationalisation of this differentiation translates into distinct roles for professional institutions in each country, suggesting a path of continuity for Portugal and discontinuity for Finland.
Technical Identity in a MergerProcess—Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: Vellamo Tea , Pekkola Elias , Siekkinen Taru , Cai Yuzhuo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUniversity mergers are sites of self-reflection where the identities of the institutions in question are juxtaposed and challenged. We examine the organisational identity of a Finnish single-faculty technical university in the context of a merger process with a comprehensive multi-disciplinary university and a university of applied sciences. Through interview data, we shed light on the self-conception of the technical university compared with the other higher education institutions. According to our analysis, the identity of the technical university is constructed and represented in relation to the aspects of society and entrepreneurialism, academic discipline and, particularly, the technical disciplines, engineering identity and organisational form and function. These aspects are compared with the aspects associated with the two other institutions involved in the merger. The self-representation of the technical university depends on whether it is compared with the research-oriented comprehensive university or with the practically oriented university of applied sciences. Although there are shared aspects of organisational identity, the identity of the technical university seems unique, and neither of the other institutions have a similar identity or offer the possibility of shared identity formation.
Refined Zigzag Theory: an appropriate tool for the analysis of CLT-plates and other shear-elastic timber structures
Authors: Wimmer Heinz , Hochhauser Werner , Nachbagauer Karin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCross laminated timber (CLT), as a structural plate-like timber product, has been established as a load bearing product for walls, floor and roof elements. In a bending situation due to the transverse shear flexibility of the crossing layers, the warping of the cross section follows a zigzag pattern which should be considered in the calculation model. The Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) can fulfill this requirement in a very simple and efficient way. The RZT, founded in 2007 by A. Tessler (NASA Langley Research Center), M. Di Sciuva and M. Gherlone (Politecnico Torino) is a very robust and accurate analysis tool, which can handle the typical zigag warping of the cross section by introducing only one additional kinematic degree of freedom in case of plane beams and two more in case of biaxial bending of plates. Thus, the RZT-kinematics is able to reflect the specific and local stress behaviour near concentrated loads in combination with a warping constraint, while most other theories do not. A comparison is made with different methods of calculation, as the modified Gamma-method, the Shear Analogy method (SA) and the First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT). For a test example of a two-span continuous beam, an error estimation concerning the maximum bending stress is presented depending on the slenderness L/h and the width of contact area at the intermediate support. A stability investigation shows that FSDT provides sufficiently accurate results if the ratio of bending and shear stiffness is in a range as stated in the test example. It is shown that by a simple modification in the determination of the zigzag function, the scope can be extended to beams with arbitrary non-rectangular cross section. This generalization step considerably improves the possibilities for the application of RZT. Furthermore, beam structures with interlayer slip can easily be treated. So the RZT is very well suited to analyze all kinds, of shear-elastic structural element like CLT-plate, timber-concrete composite structure or doweled beam in an accurate and unified way.
Accuracy of the pneumatic follower for the wooden surface quality assessment
Authors: Jermak Cz. J. , Rucki M. , Jakubowicz M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWooden or wood-plastic composite surfaces are often valued for their aesthetic appearance and the quality of the surface. Independent from the technology, the surface features may be assessed using typical roughness parameters. In this paper, a pneumatic non-contact method is proposed. Despite certain limitations in surface characteristics measurement, air gauges proved to be a good tool for wooden surfaces, much cheaper than the laser profilometers. In the current research, a novel non-contact air gauge was combined with a slider to eliminate the influence of the asperities of higher order (waviness) and to protect the wooden surface from being damaged by the measuring nozzle. The measurement signal was used to control a follower that kept constant distance between the surface and the nozzle edge. The measuring speed was set at 0.8 mm/s, and the back-pressure was measured with accuracy of 0.01 kPa with real time acquisition. A series of measurements was taken, and the results were compared with the ones obtained from Perthen S8P profilometer (contact measurement) and WYKO NT 1100 interferometer microscope.
Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in COVID-19
Authors: Harrogate Suzanne , Mortimer Alex , Burrows Lorna , Fiddes Barnaby , Thomas Ian , Rice Claire M 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with hypercoagulopathy, but haemorrhage, including spontaneous intracerebral parenchymal haemorrhage and diffuse petechial cerebral haemorrhage, has also been reported. We present two cases of nonaneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in patients with severe COVID-19. Careful review of neuroimaging for haemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 should be undertaken, particularly for those patients receiving enhanced prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism. Although likely to be a marker of severe disease, non-aneurysmal SAH can be associated with favourable outcome.
Changes in Emergency General Surgery During Covid‐19 in Scotland: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dick Lachlan , Green James , Brown Jasmine , Kennedy Ewan , Cassidy Richard , Othman Salasiah , Berlansky Martin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionCovid‐19 has had a significant impact on all aspects of health care. We aimed to characterise the trends in emergency general surgery at a district general hospital in Scotland.MethodsA prospective cohort study was performed from 23/03/20 to 07/05/20. All emergency general surgery patients were included. Demographics, diagnosis and management were recorded along with Covid‐19 testing and results. Thirty‐day mortality and readmission rates were also noted. Similar data were collected on patients admitted during the same period in 2019 to allow for comparison.ResultsA total of 294 patients were included. There was a 58.3 per cent reduction in admissions when comparing 2020 with 2019 (85 vs 209); however, there was no difference in age (53.2 vs 57.2 years, p = 0.169) or length of stay (4.8 vs 3.7 days, p = 0.133). During 2020, the diagnosis of appendicitis increased (4.3 vs 18.8 per cent, p = < 0.05) as did severity (0 per cent > grade 1 vs 58.3 per cent > grade 1, p = < 0.05). The proportion of patients undergoing surgery increased (19.1 vs 42.3 per cent, p = < 0.05) as did the mean operating time (102.4 vs 145.7 min, p = < 0.05). Surgery was performed in 1 confirmed and 1 suspected Covid‐19 patient. The latter died within 30 days. There were no 30‐day readmissions with Covid‐19 symptoms.ConclusionCovid‐19 has significantly impacted the number of admissions to emergency general surgery. However, emergency operating continues to be needed at pre‐Covid‐19 levels and as such provisions need to be made to facilitate this.
Equilibrium crystallization of massif-type anorthosite residual melts: a case study from the 1.64 Ga Ahvenisto complex, Southeastern Finland
Authors: Fred Riikka , Heinonen Aku , Heinonen Jussi S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFe–Ti–P-rich mafic to intermediate rocks (monzodiorites and oxide–apatite–gabbronorites, OAGNs) are found as small intrusions in most AMCG (anorthosite–magnerite–charnokite–granite) suites. The origin of the monzodioritic rocks is still debated, but in many studies, they are presumed to represent residual liquid compositions after fractionation of anorthositic cumulates. In the 1.64 Ga Ahvenisto complex, SE Finland, monzodioritic rocks occur as minor dike-like lenses closely associated with anorthositic rocks. We report new field, petrographic, and geochemical (XRF, ICP-MS, EMPA) data complemented with crystallization modeling (rhyolite-MELTS, MAGFRAC) for the monzodioritic rocks, apatite–oxide–gabbronorite, and olivine-bearing anorthositic rocks of the Ahvenisto complex. The presented evidence suggest that the monzodioritic rocks closely represent melt compositions while the apatite–oxide–gabbronorite and olivine-bearing anorthositic rocks are cumulates. The monzodioritic rocks seem to form a liquid line of descent (LLD) from primitive olivine monzodiorites to more evolved monzodiorites. Petrological modeling suggests that the interpreted LLD closely corresponds to a residual melt trend left after fractional crystallization (FC) and formation of the cumulate anorthositic rocks and minor apatite–oxide–gabbronorite in shallow magma chambers. Consequent equilibrium crystallization (EC) of separate monzodioritic residual magma batches can produce the observed mineral assemblages and the low Mg numbers measured from olivine (Fo25–45) and pyroxenes (En48–63, Mg#cpx 60–69). The monzodioritic rocks and apatite–oxide–gabbronorites show similar petrological and geochemical characteristics to corresponding rock types in other AMCG suites, and the model described in this study could be applicable to them as well.
Optimising the outcomes of index admission laparoscopic cholecystectomy and bile duct exploration for biliary emergencies: a service model
Authors: Nassar Ahmad H. M. , Ng Hwei J. , Ahmed Zubir , Wysocki Arkadiusz Peter , Wood Colin , Abdellatif Ayman 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsThe rate of acute laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains low due to operational constraints. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a service model of index admission cholecystectomy with referral protocols, refined logistics and targeted job planning.MethodsA prospectively maintained dataset was evaluated to determine the processes of care and outcomes of patients undergoing emergency biliary surgery. The lead author has maintained a 28 years prospective database capturing standard demographic data, intraoperative details including the difficulty of cholecystectomy as well as postoperative outcome parameters and follow up data.ResultsOver five thousand (5555) consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed. Only patients undergoing emergency procedures (2399,43.2% of entire group) were analysed for this study. The median age was 52 years with 70% being female. The majority were admitted with biliary pain (34%), obstructive jaundice (26%) and acute cholecystitis (16%). 63% were referred by other surgeons. 80% underwent surgery within 5 days (40% within 24 h). Cholecystectomies were performed on scheduled lists (44%) or dedicated emergency lists (29%). Two thirds had suspected bile duct stones and 38.1% underwent bile duct exploration. The median operating time was 75 min, median hospital stay 7 days, conversion rate 0.8%, morbidity 8.9% and mortality rate 0.2%.ConclusionIndex admission cholecystectomy for biliary emergencies can have low rates of morbidity and mortality. Timely referral and flexible theatre lists facilitate the service, optimising clinical results, number of biliary episodes, hospital stay and presentation to resolution intervals. Cost benefits and reduced interval readmissions need to be weighed against the length of hospital stay per episode.