bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Past and Future Trajectories of Human Excreta Management Systems: Paris in the Nineteenth to Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Esculier Fabien , Barles Sabine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses the fate of nutrients in agro-food systems after their ingestion by humans. Depending on how human urine and faeces are managed, they can become a source of pollution to the environment, or they can be used as a resource, notably as fertilisers, thus contributing to closing the loop of nutrients. Taking the city of Paris as a case study from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century, we analyse the fate of human excreta through the evaluation of corresponding nitrogen and phosphorus mass flows. We put forward two major phases concerning the management of human excreta:

The circularisation phase (1800s to 1900s): human excreta management is characterised by increasing circularity which peaks in the 1900s with around 50% of human excreta nutrients being recycled.

The linearisation phase (1900s–today): human excreta management is characterised by increasing linearity, i.e. a decrease in recycling rates of nutrients. Generalisation and improvement of wastewater treatment have led to decreasing pollution but also confirm the linearisation process (e.g. 5% recycling of human excreta nitrogen).

This increase in linearity came together with increased dependency of agro-systems on fossil resources. Ongoing climate change is also putting the current system under pressure since the dilution capacity of the Seine River is decreasing, while the population of Paris is increasing. We therefore analyse three scenarios of future human excreta management (incineration, end-of-pipe recycling and source separation) and show that source separation of human excreta may offer the perspective of a sustainable human excreta management system.
Trajectories of the Seine River Basin
Authors: Flipo Nicolas , Lestel Laurence , Labadie Pierre , Meybeck Michel , Garnier Josette 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Seine River basin in France (76,238 km2, 17 million (M) people) has been continuously studied since 1989 by the PIREN-Seine, a multidisciplinary programme of about 100 scientists from 20 research units (hydrologists, environmental chemists, ecologists, biogeochemists, geographers, environmental historians). Initially PIREN-Seine was established to fill the knowledge gap on the river functioning, particularly downstream of the Paris conurbation (12 M people), where the pressure and impacts were at their highest in the 1980s (e.g. chronic summer hypoxia). One aim was to provide tools, such as models, to manage water resources and improve the state of the river. PIREN-Seine gradually developed into a general understanding and whole-basin modelling, from headwater streams to the estuary, of the complex interactions between the hydrosystem (surface water and aquifers), the ecosystem (phytoplankton, bacteria, fish communities), the agronomic system (crops and soils), the river users (drinking water, navigation), and the urban and industrial development (e.g. waste water treatment plants). Spatio-temporal scales of these interactions and the related state of the environment vary from the very fine (hour-meter) to the coarser scale (annual – several dozen km). It was possible to determine the trajectories (drivers-pressures – state-responses) for many issues, over the longue durée time windows (50–200 years), in relation to the specific economic and demographic evolution of the Seine basin, the environmental awareness, and the national and then European regulations. Time trajectories of the major environmental issues, from the original organic and microbial pollutants in the past to the present emerging contaminants, are addressed. Future trajectories are simulated by our interconnected modelling approaches, based on scenarios (e.g. of the agro-food system, climate change, demography, etc.) constructed by scientists and engineers of major basin institutions that have been supporting the programme in the long term. We found many cumulated and/or permanent hereditary effects on the physical, chemical, and ecological characteristics of the basin that may constrain its evolution. PIREN-Seine was launched and has been evaluated since its inception, by the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), today within its national Zones Ateliers (ZA) instrument, part of the international Long-Term Socio-Economic and Ecosystem Research (LTSER) network.
River Basin Visions: Tools and Approaches from Yesterday to Tomorrow
Authors: Carré Catherine , Meybeck Michel , Garnier Josette , Chong Natalie , Deroubaix José-Frédéric , Flipo Nicolas , Goutte Aurélie , Le Pichon Céline , Seguin Laura , Tournebize Julien 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to provide a critical assessment of the approaches and production of tools within the PIREN-Seine programme over the past 30 years, as well as their use for river basin management and river quality improvement, and to analyse the challenges for the future. Three types of tools used in the PIREN-Seine programme are presented: metrology and fieldwork; model construction, simulation and their use in scenarios; and participatory science tools. These tools have been gradually built by the PIREN-Seine researchers and often developed together with the partners of the research programme, the main managers of the Seine River basin. Three issues raised by scientists and their partners are identified: (1) for metrology, how it has been improved to measure the state of waterbodies and to avoid their degradation; (2) for models, what they currently do and do not do and how they share common knowledge with practitioners; and (3) the place of researchers in the use of participatory devices in territories and their view of the effects of these tools to improve the quality of rivers and aquifers.
Reflections on the Clinician’s Role in the Clinical Encounter
Authors: Engebretsen Karin Mohn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA practicing Gestalt psychotherapist and academic researcher on the topic of burnout, Karin Mohn Engebretsen provides in this chapter a personal narrative from a professional perspective. The narration gives insight into the nature and impact of the healthcare practitioner’s influence on the clinical encounter. In the case study, Engebretsen puts herself in focus, touching on how her own dispositions affect the way that the patient’s dispositions manifest when she engages them in therapy. This is an essential aspect of the Gestalt approach, but Karin’s reflections go further to illustrate how the mutual manifestation of these dispositions can, in turn, interact as the treatment proceeds. This way the features of mutual manifestation and causal complexity, presented in Part I of this book, are placed at the very core of the clinical interaction itself. Indeed, the practitioner’s awareness of their own influence has an impact on the outcome and success of that treatment. In contrast with the biomedical model, which sees the patient as a passive subject of the treatment imposed upon them by the caregiver, both Gestalt theory and dispositionalism recognise that the treatment itself is something both the healthcare professional and the patient must be actively engaged in for it to work, as discussed in the first part of this book. Thus, the clinical encounter is essentially relational.
The Relevance of Dispositionalism for Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Lindstad Tobias Gustum 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, clinical psychologist Tobias Gustum Lindstad questions the scientific paradigm underlying the so-called Medical model of psychotherapy. Within such a model, Lindstad explains, psychotherapy research has lost its focus on critical dialogue and philosophical reflection, while psychotherapy has implemented treatment models supported by statistical evidence. Treatment interventions are tested with the same procedures as medicines, and thus the interventions are expected to work as ‘miracle drugs’, he argues. The Medical model commits the therapist to focus on implementing these specific interventions, which may effectively lead the focus away from the actual and unique needs of individual patients. In line with the philosophical framework presented in Part I, the chapter gives a philosophical diagnosis of this situation, by arguing that it is based on one specific and questionable view of causality: the Humean one. Lindstad argues here that an effective and constructive critique of the Medical model must start by revising its most basic assumptions about causality. The chapter shows how a switch to a dispositionalist view on causality is an indispensable step toward a psychological practice that is pluralist and relevant for the single person.
Probability for the Clinical Encounter
Authors: Rocca Elena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines three different interpretations of the concept of probability and explains why CauseHealth supports an understanding of probability as propensities, and how such understanding influences clinical decision making and medical investigations in general. For an illustration of the difference between the three perspectives presented here, imagine a situation in which we are going to cross a bridge with a heavy truck, and we want to evaluate the probability that the bridge will endure the weight of the truck. A frequentist approach would face this challenge by looking at how often similar bridges collapsed under the weight of similar trucks. A Bayesian approach would consider the information we have about the bridge and the truck, and would treat the probability as the value of how certain we are that an accident will (or will not) happen. The measure of such certainty will be updated every time we gain a new piece of information. The propensity approach would describe the probability using the qualities of the bridge, the truck, and the whole situation, and trying to understand the intrinsic disposition of the bridge to collapse under a certain weight. Such intrinsicality will be evaluated by investigating the properties at hand (height, length, solidity, material) and by understanding the causal and physical processes involved. All these perspectives – frequencies, uncertainty and propensities – offer something that can be useful for expanding our causal knowledge. The philosophical question is which we take to be basic.
Challenging Misconceptions: Danish Civil Society in Times of Crisis
Authors: Jørgensen Martin Bak , Olsen Daniel Rosengren 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we analyze a contemporary Danish civil society organization (CSO) using the Alan Sears concept infrastructures of dissent. We analyze the Danish CSO Venligboerne, which has gained widespread recognition for its activities and initiatives. The CSO has created a space for itself in the contemporary social landscape as an interlocutor amidst the broad spectrum of organizations that constitute the refugee solidarity movements (Toubøl, Differential recruitment to and outcomes of solidarity activism: ethics, values and group style in the Danish refugee solidarity movement. PhD thesis University of Copenhagen, 2017). We investigate how collective learning, capacities for solidarity, alliance-building and an everyday politics of hope have emerged in the Danish refugee solidarity movement.
“Retrotopia” as a Retrogressive Force in the German PEGIDA-Movement
Authors: Önnerfors Andreas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhat is the momentum of “retrotopia”, utopian longing for the past in political mobilization? In how far are sentiments of nostalgia and melancholia at play as drivers for political changes and retrogressive mobilization? The rise and success of PEGIDA in Germany 2014 as a civil society organization of the “European New Right” (ENR) raises several questions that are addressed in this chapter. Starting with a theoretical discussion of the terms “retrotopia” (Bauman 2017) and “post-welfare melancholia” (Pallas 2011) I propose an interpretative framework with the potential to inform studies at the crossroads of cultural nationalism, redistributive justice, and migration. Subsequently, the organizational development of PEGIDA and its ideological fuzziness are discussed followed by two examples in which its performative style infused with cultural positions are highlighted: the PEGIDA-“hymn” and its lyrics and the official PEGIDA-reaction upon Muslim protests against the decision in late 2017 to move the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. In a final section, I address the normative conflict between civil society agency as beneficial for democratization as opposed to the rise of “uncivil” society representing “unwanted” values from a superior vantage point of observation. What is only briefly touched upon is the almost simultaneous rise of the AfD as the largest German opposition party, entering the Bundestag in autumn 2017 and receiving massive electoral support in several state elections in 2019.
Introduction: Parental Life Courses After Separation and Divorce in Europe
Authors: Kreyenfeld Michaela , Trappe Heike 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides an overview of recent divorce trends and of attitudes towards divorce in European countries. Moreover, we summarise the existing literature on divorce and separation behaviour, particularly with respect to its consequences for fathers, mothers, and children. While the body of literature that deals with separation and divorce is large, there is far less research on the question of how the parental life course is affected by union disruption, and of how these patterns vary across countries. This volume helps to close this research gap by covering four main areas: (a) the economic conditions of parents after divorce and separation, (b) parent-child relationships, (c) parent and child well-being, and (d) the health-related consequences of divorce and separation.
Paternal Psychological Well-being After Union Dissolution: Does Involved Fatherhood Have a Protective Effect?
Authors: Maslauskaitė Aušra , Steinbach Anja 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough the attention scholars have paid to the question of how the involvement of fathers affects the well-being of their children in post-separation families has increased tremendously in recent years, the question of how fathers’ involvement affects their own well-being has been hardly examined. Using data from the cross-sectional survey “Fathering after Union Dissolution,” which was conducted in Lithuania in 2016 (N = 1225), we looked at the extent to which the involvement of fathers with their non-resident children (contact frequency, relationship quality, payment of child support, and the quality of the co-parenting relationship with the mother) was associated with their psychological well-being (depressive feelings and general life satisfaction). Our multiple regression results indicated that the self-assessed quality of the father’s relationship with the child was the most important factor contributing to paternal psychological well-being: i.e., the better the relationship quality, the less likely a father was to report having depressive feelings, and the more likely he was to report having a high level of general life satisfaction. However, while making regular child support payments was found to be associated with a lower likelihood of having depressive feelings, it was not shown to be associated with having a high level of general life satisfaction. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the frequency of contact with the non-resident child and the quality of the co-parenting relationship with the mother did not affect paternal psychological well-being. Accordingly, we concluded that the protection provided by involved fatherhood after union dissolution is not universal, but instead depends on the nature of the involvement.
Earnings Trajectories Following Parental Separation Among First-Time Parents in Sweden
Authors: Nylin Anna-Karin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study examines how separation affects the earnings of fathers and mothers in Sweden. Based on large-scale register data, this study tracks the earnings of women and men who had a first child between 2002 and 2004, and who were living with a partner at the first birth. The study compares mothers and fathers who separated before the first child reached age eight with mothers and fathers who stayed partnered. In particular, the question of how parents’ earning trajectories differed by pre-birth earnings quartiles is explored. It is assumed that separated mothers had more positive earnings trajectories than mothers who stayed partnered, given that separation leads to an increase in the labour supply and a reduction in the depreciation of human capital endowment among women. The results of this study show that the earnings of separated mothers are indeed higher in the period of time immediately after the separation. However, 8 years after the first birth, the earnings of partnered mothers are higher than those of separated mothers. Differences between separated and non-separated fathers are considerably smaller than among women. The findings also indicate that pre-birth labour earnings are a strong predictor of the earnings trajectories of both separated and non-separated mothers.
The Logic and Practices of Governments Providing Financial Support for Non-government Education
Authors: Wu Hua , Wang Xi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGovernment funding for private education is a global phenomenon (Glenn and Groof 2012). Non-government (Minban) education is literally private education in China. Passed on December 28, 2002, the Non-government Education Promotion Law of People’s Republic of China affirmed the legitimacy of government funding for non-government education (Chap. 7: Support and Reward). However, the content of this law was primarily focused on funding for private schools and contained numerous limitations in terms of specific concepts and policy design (Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 2002). While the 2010 Outline of National Medium and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (2010–2020) sought to improve the situation of public funding for non-government education through the provision of supporting policies, the funding only targeted private schools (State Council of the People’s Republic of China 2010). Despite clarifying the modes of providing financial support, the funding target delineated by On the Revision of the Non-government Education Promotion Law by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (adopted on November 7, 2016) remained confined to private schools (National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China 2016). Essentially, narrowing the concept of funding for non-government education to that for non-government schools constitutes a major flaw in the legislation and policy practice of educational finance policies for non-government education. It also indicates that the government lacks a comprehensive understanding of the logic of policy design with regard to the financial support of non-government education.
An Anthropological Approach to Education Policy as a Practice of Power: Concepts and Methods
Authors: Levinson Bradley A. , Winstead Teresa , Sutton Margaret 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSince the introduction to our 2001 edited volume, Policy as Practice: Toward a Comparative Sociocultural Analysis of Education Policy (Sutton and Levinson 2001), we have continued to sketch the foundational postulates of a critical anthropological approach to the study of education policy. In 2009, we expanded and deepened many of the points from that introduction, more systematically introducing and defining theoretical terms, and providing a bit of their intellectual genealogy (Levinson et al. 2009). We also discussed certain methodological considerations that accompanied the theoretical approach, and we argued for a type of engaged educational anthropology that goes beyond the mere “study” of education policy to its democratization and transformation. Here we provide an updated synopsis of our approach.
Social Inclusion/Exclusion of Youth and Rhetorical and Symbolic Illusions of Social Change in Recent Spanish Education Policy
Authors: Jiménez-Ramírez Magdalena , Luzón Antonio , Pereyra Miguel A. , Torres Mónica 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the last quarter of the twentieth century, Spanish education experienced a full historical cycle closely related to the profound political changes that the country underwent during that period. The social and economic structure of the Spanish society changed considerably during the years of Francoism, and as such the regime’s social base was gradually narrowing during the 1960s and its last years (e.g. it was the significant case of the progressive disaffection of the great support received from the beginning from the Catholic Church). The 1970s witnessed the decline and definitive disappearance of the dictator in 1975, when a process of political transition began that was to a certain extent complete, but peaceful and based on agreement among the main political parties and social groups. It was generally regarded as a “success story” as well as a foundation of a country’s re-emergence as a welcome, more effective player on the international scene. This was a so-called transition by transaction (reforma pactada) (Gillespie 2017) and was approached by the political elites, from both inside and outside the regime, with much improvization and even expeditiously under pressure regarding the new arrangements. However, this “judicious pragmatism” (Tzortzis 2017) that was praised for so many years has now come to be perceived by many as one of the most relevant weaknesses of the whole process and a means of generating for the near future a sense of historical amnesia among citizens and in particular for the new generations.
RNN for Motion-Force Control of Redundant Manipulators with Optimal Joint Torque
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Xu Zhihao , Li Shuai , Wu Hongmin , Cheng Taobo , Lv Xiaojing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrecise position force control is the core and difficulty of robot technology, especially for robots with redundant degrees of freedom. For example, track-based controls often fail to grind the robot due to the intolerable impact force applied to the end-effector. The main difficulties lie in the coupling of motion and contact forces, redundancy analysis and physical constraints. In this chapter, we propose a new motion force control strategy under the framework of recursive neural network. The tracking error and contact force are described respectively in the orthogonal space. By choosing the minimum joint torque as the secondary task, the control problem is transformed into the QP problem under multi-constraint conditions. In order to obtain real-time optimization of the joint torque relative to the non-convex joint angle, the original QP is reconstructed at the velocity level, and the original objective function is replaced by the time derivative. Then a convergent dynamic neural network is established to solve the improved QP problem online. The robot position control based on recursive neural network is extended to the robot position control based on position force, which opens a new way for the robot to turn from simple control angle to crossover design with convergence and optimality. Numerical results show that the proposed method can realize precise position force control, deal with inequality constraints such as joint angular velocity and torque limitation, and reduce joint torque consumption by 16% on average.