bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
388 Bayou Beef: A random effects model of crustacean waste as a feedstock
Authors: Burrell Taylor , Wood Shelby L , Cherry Nichole M , Muir James P , Smith William B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is important for researchers, as progressive producers, to consider human enterprise wastes as one of the next steps in feedstuff investigation. In an effort to reuse a seemingly useless and disposable component of one of America’s most enjoyed aquatic delicacies, our objective was to determine the nutritive value of crawfish and shrimp shells in relation to ruminant nutrition. These discarded items were collected from local events and sorted into four different groups: crawfish heads, crawfish tails, shrimp shells, and shrimp tails. Crawfish and shrimp wastes were tested independent of each other. These groups were dried at 55°C for 72 h and ground to pass through a 2-mm screen. Samples were subjected to a batch-culture in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) assay. A separate set of samples (1 mm) were assayed for dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL; inclusive of residual ash). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Crawfish heads were assayed to contain 26.2% NDF, 13.4% ADF, and 1.0% ADL, while crawfish tails contained 23.7% NDF, 16.3% ADF, and 1.1% ADL. Crawfish heads and tails did not differ in IVTD (P = 0.48) or in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD; P = 0.13; 76.7 vs. 77.2% and 86.8 vs. 91.0%, respectively). Shrimp shells contained 36.1% NDF, 26.9% ADF, and 4.1% ADL, whereas shrimp tails contained 29.1% NDF, 17.9% ADF, and 0.7% ADL. Shrimp tails had greater (P &lt; 0.01) IVTD (74.2 vs. 66.4%) but lesser (P = 0.01) IVNDFD than shrimp shells (80.6 vs. 85.0%). Results are interpreted to mean that crustacean waste may represent a suitable prospective feedstuff for further evaluation.
400 Relationship between fecal microbiota and enteral methane emissions of dairy cows
Authors: Plaizier Jan C , Kotz Allan , Khafipour Khafipour 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Relationships between enteral methane emissions and abundances of bacterial taxa in the feces of dairy cows were determined to assess if these abundances can be used to predict these emissions. Six mature non-lactating Holstein dairy cows on diets with forage (alfalfa/grass hay) to grain ratios of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50 were used during 5-wk experimental periods in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square Design. Dietary NDF and starch concentrations ranged from 38.7 to 56.0 % DM and from 0.5 to 19.5 % DM among diets, respectively. Methane outputs were measured using an open-hood calorimetric system during two 24 h periods on two separate days during the fifth week of experimental periods. Daily methane emissions ranged from 288.5 to 588.5 L/d among cows and diets, and averaged 413.4 L/d. Feces were sampled twice daily on the days preceding methane measurements. Compositions of the microbiota in feces were determined using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing. Linear regression models were developed using the MIXED procedure of the SAS to determine the relationships between daily methane emissions (L/d) and the abundances of bacterial taxa in feces (%). Relative abundances of taxa that were significantly correlated with methane emissions and that were present in at least 30% of feces samples were included in the initial model. Abundances with a significance level greater than 0.25 were stepwise removed from the model. Taxa with high correlation coefficients (r &gt; 0.75) were not placed together in models. The final model included the abundances of 6 bacterial families in the feces, and had an R2, CV, and root MSE values of 0.92, 4.93, and 20.2, respectively. These results suggest that enteral methane emissions can be predicted from the bacterial composition of the feces. However, model validation with different data sets and diets is needed.
404 Awardee Talk - Healthy gut, healthy calf, productive life
Authors: Steele Michael A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The calf undergoes major transformations in early life that make it more susceptible to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disease and disorders compared to all herd-mates. One of the most critical management factors in calf survival and health is feeding a sufficient amount of high-quality colostrum in order to improve passive transfer. However, further benefits to GIT function and health are now also being recognized. It has recently been shown that a delay in colostrum feeding of only six or twelve hours after birth can impact not only passive transfer but also the colonization of healthy bacteria (Bifidobacterium) in the small intestine of newborn calves. In addition, the heat treatment of colostrum has been shown to increase the colonization of Bifidobacterium and decrease the colonization of Escherichia coli in the small intestine of calves during the first 12 hours of life. New research is showcasing how the transition from colostrum to milk in the first days of life is critical to GIT development. For example, calves that transition directly to milk after the first meal of colostrum have less overall GIT mass and small intestinal villi development compared to calves fed transition milk or colostrum at three days of life. Based on these preliminary findings, there is a need to consider other bioactive components in colostrum and transition milk that impact GIT development in order to provide the calf with the best chance to combat GIT ailments later in life. With respect to the pre-weaning period of calf production, the amount of milk to be fed to calves has been a hot topic in the past decade, as it directly impacts pre-weaning average daily gain, which may be associated with lifetime production. Most dairy calves are only fed two meals per day and it is thought that increasing meal sizes may cause milk overflow into the rumen, resulting in digestive upsets and hyperglycemia. What recent research has shown however is that the GIT of the calf has a certain degree of plasticity and can adapt to large meal sizes (10% of birth bodyweight) in the first weeks of life by altering abomasal emptying as a means of controlling nutrient delivery to the intestine, thereby stabilizing blood metabolites such as glucose. In addition, new research investigating milk replacer composition, which is higher in lactose and lower in fat compared to whole milk, shows differences in abomasal function that may lead to a negative impact on insulin sensitivity. This research suggests that we have been underestimating how much milk calves can consume and how new milk replacer formulations may be impacting GIT health. An improved understanding of how diet, microbiota, and biomolecules interact to impact growth and barrier function of the calf’s GIT would greatly benefit the industry. A mechanistic understanding of such adaptations would also aid in the formulation of specific management regimens and the provision of diets that support or enhance gut function in young calves.
409 Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a high-concentrate substrate
Authors: Espinoza-Rock Nadira J , Doblado Andrea O , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Dias Evandro , Sandes Michael , Hagestuen Erik , Ciriaco Francine M , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren D 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A randomized complete block design was used to determine the effects of 4 concentrations of 4 essential oils (EO) on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables. In vitro fermentation consisted of 0.7 g of high concentrate substrate (86.7% DM) and 50 mL of 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum incubated for 24 h for each batch (n = 3; separate days) Treatments were arranged as a 4 × 5 factorial. Factors included 4 EO (eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, anethole, and garlic oil) at 5 concentrations (0, 10, 75, 200, and 400 mg/L of inoculum). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of EO, concentration, and their interaction, and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for total gas production, where a cubic effect (P ≤ 0.041) was observed for eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, and anethole, and a quadratic effect (P = 0.001) was observed for garlic oil. No interactions (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) or CH4 production. There was an effect of EO (P &lt; 0.001) on IVOMD, where eugenol reduced (P ≤ 0.007) digestibility compared with anethole and garlic oil, which promoted the greatest (P ≤ 0.029) IVOMD. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was affected by EO (P &lt; 0.001), where it was decreased (P ≤ 0.001) by garlic oil compared with all other EO. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for H2S production (µmol/g OM fermented), where it was linearly decreased (P = 0.003) and linearly increased (P &lt; 0.001) as concentrations of eugenol and garlic oil increased, respectively. These EO had contradictory impacts on in vitro ruminal fermentation, thus combining them could potentially improve multiple aspects of in vitro and in vivo fermentation.
410 Effect of relative dietary concentration of zinc amino acid complexes on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers - a nine study pooled analysis
Authors: Reinhardt Christopher , Millican Allison , Wickersham Tryon , Larson Connie , Branine Mark 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A nine-study retrospective pooled analysis was conducted to evaluate effects of relative dietary concentration of supplemental Zn provided as an amino acid complex (ZnAA) on growth, feed efficiency, carcass quality and yield in finishing beef steers. Data from nine well-controlled studies conducted at university and commercial feedlot research facilities in AB, IA, KS, OK and TX were evaluated using 249 pens ranging from 6 to 275 steers/pen (Total number=14,096 animals.; initial BW = 340± 6.2 kg). Dietary ZnAA concentrations were defined where; Level 0 = &lt; 30 mg-1·kg-1; Level 1 =30 – 59 mg-1·kg-1; Level 2= 60 – 89 mg-1·kg-1; Level 3= &gt; 90 mg-1·kg-1. Linear (L), quadratic (Q) and cubic (C) effects of dietary ZnAA level were evaluated with pen as the experimental unit and initial BW as a covariate. Carcass-adjusted growth parameters (ADG and Gain:Feed) and final BW indicated a Q response (P ≤ 0.10) with increasing dietary ZnAA concentration, whereas DM intake was not affected by ZnAA level. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and ribeye area quadratically increased (P ≤ 0.03) as dietary ZnAA concentration increased. Measures of relative carcass finish (backfat thickness and calculated YG) indicated a L increase (P ≤ 0.01) towards a greater degree of carcass fat as ZnAA increased. Additionally, a L increase in percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice with increasing dietary ZnAA concentrations and conversely L reductions in percentages of carcasses in YG 1 and 2 categories; suggested dietary ZnAA concentration impacts carcass composition in finishing beef steers. Total and A+ liver abscess incidence was reduced (Q; P ≤ 0.01) with Level 2 having the lowest observed incidence. Results suggest a dietary concentration of 60 mg-1·kg-1 DM supplemental ZnAA results in optimal growth performance and carcass traits for finishing beef cattle.
159 The effect of multispecies swards on parasite faecal egg counts of grazing lambs
Authors: Rodriguez Romina A , Grace Cornelia , Lynch Mary B , Sheridan Helen , Lott Stephen , Boland Tommy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Multispecies swards (MSS) for ruminants are increasing in popularity in temperate regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of MSS containing grasses, legumes and herbs on lambs faecal egg counts (FEC) compared to a perennial ryegrass monoculture. Over two years (2015 and 2016) lambs (n = 60 per year, n = 120 in total per treatment) grazed one of four sward types. The treatments were: perennial ryegrass only (PRG), perennial grass and white clover (PRGWC), six species sward (perennial ryegrass, timothy, plantain, chicory, white and red clover; 6S) and nine species (9S) additional to the 6S were cocksfoot, greater birdsfoot trefoil and yarrow. Feces samples were collected fortnightly commencing when lambs were six weeks old and FEC were determined by the modified McMaster procedure for quantifying Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus eggs. All lambs were treated with anthelmintic at 12 weeks of age and subsequent anthelmintic treatments were administered when a threshold of 400 egg per gram (epg) was reached. The statistical analysis used was a repeated measures model in PROC MIXED of SAS. Nematodirus FEC did not differ with treatment (P &gt; 0.05). Trichostrongylus FEC was influenced by sward type (P &lt; 0.05), the lambs grazing the PRG sward displaying higher FEC, while the lambs grazing the 9S sward displaying lower FEC compared to other treatments. The lambs offered PRG required fewer days in reach the 400 epg threshold compared to the other treatments (P &lt; 0.05) that did not differ. The repeatability of FEC from one date to the next date was 21.54% and 11.85% for Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus respectively, being considered low. The correlation between FEC (Nematodirus) and ADG (weaning-slaughter) was positive (0.1377), but FEC (Trichostrongylus) and ADG correlation was negative (-0.1084). These results suggest that lambs offered the 9S treatment had lower FEC of Trichostrongylus eggs compared to PRG.
168 Effects of forsythia suspensa extract supplemented in sows and piglets on performance, antioxidant status, serum immunity and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets
Authors: Long Shenfei , Piao Xiangshu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) supplemented in sows and piglets on performance, serum immunity and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 192 healthy piglets [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 21-d weaned, average weight 6.98 ± 0.32 kg] were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment (3 barrows and 3 gilts per pen). The dietary treatments are 2 × 2 design, which included a corn-soybean basal diet (CTR) or FSE diet (CTR+100 mg/kg FSE) in sows (maternal) and weaned piglets (offspring) individually. Compared with CTR, maternal FSE supplementation could reduce (P &lt; 0.01) diarrhea score and rate, tend to increase ADG in phase 1 (d 1 to 14) and 2 (d 15 to 28), as well as enhance (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and feed efficiency in overall (d 1 to 28). On d 14, maternal and offspring FSE supplementation have interaction effects on increasing serum SOD, GSH-Px and CAT contents, while maternal FSE supplementation also showed enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) serum GSH-Px content compared with CTR. On d 28, maternal or offspring FSE supplementation showed improved (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of serum IgG, SOD, T-AOC and GH, decreased (P &lt; 0.05) content of serum MDA, whereas maternal and offspring FSE supplementation have interaction effects on enhancing (P &lt; 0.05) the concentrations of serum IgA, T-AOC and GSH-Px contents compared with CTR. Moreover, maternal FSE supplementation had higher (P &lt; 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum, increased (P &lt; 0.05) villus height, and lower (P &lt; 0.05) crypt depth in ileum compared with CTR. In conclusion, maternal FSE supplementation could be an efficient way to improve performance, antioxidant status and immune function in weaned piglets.
169 Awardee Talk - nutrition from a risk management perspective
Authors: Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Research with many nutrients for growing swine has historically focused on the effects of supplementation levels on feed intake, growth, and feed conversion ratio. Following the establishment of nutrient requirement estimates for the maximization of, principally, growth rate, there certainly have been studies that have evaluated altered nutrient supplementation effects on a variety of metabolic responses related to health. However, often the value of increased nutrients for health improvement in a typical production setting is not fully realized because of the difference in the conditions that exist between a typical production setting and a university research setting coupled with a use of only a subset of animals in a university setting and the fact that the subset of animals that are used may not include the most health-susceptible portion of the population. Thus, research in many university settings will not capture the true effect of health challenges or of added supplementation on mortality and morbidity. Further, when decisions about nutrient supplementation levels are made on the farm, the decisions must consider the cost of the nutrient relative to the potential improvement in performance; this exercise determines the return on investment (ROI). Consequently, in situations where the effects of a nutrient on health are inadequately quantified or infrequently observed, the ROI for increased nutrient supplementation is underestimated. Examples from vitamin supplementation demonstrate the difference between the ROI when it is calculated only from growth performance compared to a calculation that includes both growth performance and mortality. The examples argue for a more robust ROI calculator that includes mortality. Additionally, the lack of knowledge of nutrient supplementation effects on the entire pig population, with specific knowledge of the most health-susceptible segment, argues for scaling up of promising results observed in a university setting to a commercial setting.
176 Characterizing the mycobiome in piglets during the weaning transition
Authors: Arfken Ann , Frey Juli , Ramsay Timothy , Summers Katie L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The importance of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals is recognized as a critical player in host health. Recently, the significance of the mycobiome has been recognized, but culture-independent studies are limited, especially in swine. Weaning is a time of stress, dietary changes, and a predisposition to infections, making it a time of interest to industry. In this study, we sought to assess and characterize the mycobiome and microbiome in the feces and GI tract of swine from birth through the critical weaning transition (days 1–35 post-birth). In addition, we investigated environmental factors that may alter microorganisms present in piglets. Fecal bacterial populations increased in diversity over the experimental timeline and demonstrated a transition from an Enterobacteriaceae-dominated population, to a Prevotellaceae and Ruminococcaceae-dominated population by days 24–35 post-birth. These later populations are capable of fiber degradation and short chain fatty acid production. In fecal fungal populations, richness and diversity peaked at weaning and declined post-weaning. There was also a dynamic shift in the mycobiome to a Saccharomycetaceae-dominated population that remained stable into adulthood. Fungal organisms contributing to this colonization were not found in environmental samples including water, colostrum, and feed. Despite fungal populations present in the feces of sows, these maternal fungi were not similar to the piglet mycobiome and thus did not indicate a maternally-derived effect. Furthermore, the microbiomes of the GI tract showed decreased richness and diversity in the upper GI compared to the lower GI, and a high degree of individual variation and litter effect throughout the organs. This study provides insights into the early colonization and establishment of fungi during the weaning transition. Future studies will investigate the effect of the mycobiome on piglet growth and health during the weaning transition, including their role in fast- versus slow-growing piglets.
PSIII-16 Evaluating the impact of group stunning on physiological parameters of pigs in a small abattoir
Authors: Schaeperkoetter Morgan A , Grandin Temple , Edwards-Callaway Lily 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Small abattoirs commonly process pigs and sheep in a handling system designed for cattle. Smaller species are usually stunned in groups in the cattle shackling area in front of the stun box. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stun order on physiological parameters in pigs. A total of 148 barrows and gilts were stunned in 29 groups of four to five pigs with seven control pigs. All pigs were moved together into the stunning pen and stunned one at a time with a handheld penetrating captive bolt stunner and immediately shackled and processed. The average time from pen entrance to the final stun was 22 minutes. To act as a control, one pig was moved into the pen individually and stunned after the same elapsed time as the groups. Blood lactate and glucose concentration were measured in exsanguination blood using hand-held analyzers. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine the effect of stun order on blood metabolite concentration. Pigs stunned first had significantly greater lactate than the last pigs stunned (P &lt; 0.01). Stun order did not have a significant effect on blood glucose concentration (P = 0.43). The control pigs had significantly lower lactate than the first pig stunned (P = 0.04). Greater blood lactate concentrations in the first pig may be due to handling into the stunning pen prior to the first stun. Handler interaction may have resulted in an increase in certain behaviors such as turning back and squealing which further caused the first pigs to have increased lactate.
PSIII-8 A risk factor analysis of health traits in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) on Canadian farms
Authors: Leishman Emily M , van Staaveren Nienke , Osborne Vern R , Wood Ben J , Baes Christine F , Harlander Alexandra 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Current production systems for commercial turkeys can lead to challenges including the development of footpad dermatitis (FPD) and aggressive pecking. Both have welfare and economic implications for turkey production. To date, there have been no epidemiological studies conducted in Canada on risk factors for either FPD or aggressive pecking. In this study, over 500 turkey farmers across Canada will receive a cross-sectional survey which includes a health-scoring guide and a questionnaire. Farmers will be asked to record the health status of 30 turkeys on their farms using the illustrated instructions to score head injuries, skin damage, and FPD. The information on head injuries and skin damage will provide insight into the prevalence of aggressive pecking within the flock. Farmers will score these areas on a three-point scale where a score of zero indicates no damage and two indicates severe damage. Additionally, an inventory of housing and management practices will be taken on each farm using a questionnaire covering topics on bird characteristics, lighting, air quality, litter quality, feeding, and health. The data obtained from this survey will be used to 1) estimate the prevalence of FPD and pecking injuries, 2) describe housing and management practices, 3) identify risk factors for FPD and pecking injuries and 4) make recommendations to reduce the prevalence of FPD and pecking injuries. With the information from this study we plan to develop a management tool tailored to the Canadian industry to reduce FPD and pecking injuries on Canadian farms.