bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After the epizootic: Host–pathogen dynamics in montane tropical amphibian communities with high prevalence of chytridiomycosis
Authors: C. LaBumbard Brandon , Shepack Alexander , Catenazzi Alessandro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused byBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd), poses a great threat to global amphibian biodiversity. In Peruvian cloud forests of the Kosñipata Valley of Manu National Park where chytrid infection is highly prevalent, we have monitored species‐rich amphibian communities since 1996. An epizootic of chytridiomycosis is thought to have caused the disappearance of 35% of species richness in the early 2000s. We investigated the post‐epizooticBdprevalence and infection intensity within the remnant amphibian community from 2008 to 2015, and modeledBddynamics as a function of species, season, reproductive mode, life stage, and elevation. Prevalence was higher in 2012–2015 than in 2008–2009, but overall prevalence has remained fairly constant (~50%) post‐epizootic. We also found that while prevalence decreased with elevation during the wet season, it generally increased with elevation during the dry season, potentially due to seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation. In aquatic habitats,Bdis likely maintained through a single, stream‐breeding, putative reservoir species (which survived epizootics, in contrast to other aquatic‐breeding species). The now‐dominant terrestrial‐breeding species allowBdto persist and spread in terrestrial habitats, possibly through individual dispersal into naïve areas. We conclude thatBdprevalence in the Kosñipata Valley has stabilized over time, suggesting thatBdis now enzootic. Long‐term monitoring of host infection is important because temporal changes in prevalence and infection intensity can cause changes in host species richness and abundance, which in turn may alter the trajectory of host–pathogen dynamics.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Additive and non‐additive responses of seedlings to simulated herbivory and drought
Authors: Barton Kasey E. , Shiels Aaron B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDrought is a global threat, increasing in severity and frequency throughout tropical ecosystems. Although plants often face drought in conjunction with biotic stressors, such as herbivory or disease, experimental studies infrequently test the simultaneous effects of drought and biotic stress. Because multiple simultaneous stressors may have non‐additive and complex effects on plant performance, it is difficult to predict plant responses to multiple threats from research examining one stress at a time. Using an experimental approach in the greenhouse, we investigated potential non‐additivity in seedling growth and survival to simulated drought and herbivory across a phylogenetically diverse pool of ten Hawaiian plant species. Overall, seedlings showed limited tolerance, defined as similar growth and survival in stressed compared with control (non‐stressed) plants, to simulated herbivory and drought, with the combined effects of both stressors to be generally additive and negative across species. Significant variation in stress tolerance was detected among species, and species variation was explained, at least in part, by functional traits such that species with larger root/shoot ratios and smaller seeds, tended to demonstrate greater herbivory and drought tolerance. Future research incorporating additional trait analysis and different stressors could shed light on mechanisms underlying seedling stress tolerance and clarify whether additivity, as detected in this study, extends across other combinations of stressors. Such work will provide needed insights into the regeneration of seedlings in tropical forests under threats of herbivory and climate change.
Outcomes of a multidisciplinary Ear, Nose and Throat Allied Health Primary Contact outpatient assessment service
Authors: Payten Christopher L. , Eakin Jennifer , Smith Tamsin , Stewart Vicky , Madill Catherine J. , Weir Kelly A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundTraditionally, patients are seen by an ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeon prior to allied health referral for treatment of swallowing, voice, hearing and dizziness. Wait‐times for ENT consultations often exceed those clinically recommended. We evaluated the service impact of five allied health primary contact clinics (AHPC‐ENT) on wait‐times and access to treatment.SettingA metropolitan Australian University Hospital Outpatient ENT Department.ParticipantsWe created five AHPC‐ENT pathways (dysphonia, dysphagia, vestibular, adult and paediatric audiology) for low‐acuity patients referred to ENT with symptoms of dysphonia, dysphagia, dizziness and hearing loss.Main outcome measuresUsing multiple regression analysis, we compared waiting times in the 24‐month pre‐ and 12‐month post‐implementation of the AHPC‐ENT service. In addition, we measured the number of patients requiring specialist ENT intervention after assessment in the AHPC‐ENT, adverse events and evaluation of service delivery costs.ResultsSeven hundred and thirty‐eight patients were seen in the AHPC‐ENT over the first 12 months of implementation (dysphagia, 66; dysphonia, 153; vestibular, 151; retro‐cochlear, 60; and paediatric glue ear, 308). All pathways significantly reduced the waiting times for patients by an average of 277 days, compared with usual care. The majority of patients were able to be discharged without ongoing ENT intervention (72% dysphagia; 81% dysphonia; 74% vestibular; 53% retro‐cochlear; and 32% paediatric glue ear). No adverse events were recorded.ConclusionsThe AHPC‐ENT improved waiting times for assessment and access to treatment. Future research on cost‐effectiveness and diagnostic agreement between AHPs and ENT clinicians would provide further confidence in the model.
Handwritten Meitei Mayek recognition using three‐channel convolution neural network of gradients and gray
Authors: Inunganbi Sanasam , Choudhary Prakash , Manglem Khumanthem 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe problem of searching a similar pattern is an exciting and challenging research field of pattern recognition. The intelligence of humans for vision to read is a crucial phenomenon for machine simulation and has been carried out for a few decades. Therefore, in this article, a recognition system of handwritten Meitei Mayek (Manipuri script) is introduced using a convolutional neural network. Generally, character recognition is performed using the gray scale of the image of characters. However, we have additionally considered the corresponding gradient direction and gradient magnitude images to create three‐channels image for every character so that supplementary information from gradient images can be obtained for efficient recognition. Experiments are conducted on 14 700 sample images collected from various individuals of different age groups and educational backgrounds. A recognition rate of 98.70% is obtained, which is compared with the existing methods, and it is found to be superior performance than other neural network methods on Meitei Mayek.
Evaluating nonadherence to preventer inhaler therapy in severe asthmatic patients receiving omalizumab
Authors: Erdogan Tuba 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAsthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and can often be controlled by existing treatments, but in the 5%‐10% of patients with severe asthma, control is frequently more challenging. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the adherence to preventer inhaler therapy in severe asthmatic patients receiving omalizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti‐IgE antibody indicated for moderate‐to‐severe asthma.MethodsThis study included 29 patients who were receiving omalizumab treatment as maintenance therapy. All patients completed the six question Turkish Modified Morisky Scale. In addition, patients were classified by adherence to their prescribed preventer therapy, based on pharmaceutical and medical device institution records from the preceding one year.ResultsOf the 29 enrolled patients, 24.1% had NSAID‐exacerbated respiratory disease; 75.9% were female and median age was 47.2 ± 12.99 years. Severe asthma patients demonstrated high levels of motivation (98.8%, n = 28) and knowledge (86.2%, n = 22) about asthma treatment. Nevertheless, the rate of nonadherence to preventer inhaler therapy was only 34.5% (n = 10). There were no significant differences among the characteristics of the patients that might affect the adherence to inhaler therapy.ConclusionIn patients with severe asthma, suboptimal adherence to preventer inhaler therapy is common before and after omalizumab treatment. Although patients have high levels of motivation and knowledge about asthma treatment, adherence to inhaler preventer therapy declined after omalizumab therapy. Given these findings, it is important to decide whether preventer inhaler therapy should be continued as monotherapy or be discontinued inpatients exhibiting impaired adherence to biological agents, such as omalizumab.
Smoking behaviours and other substance use among Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australian secondary students, 2017
Authors: Heris Christina , Guerin Nicola , Thomas David , Chamberlain Catherine , Eades Sandra , White Victoria M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsSmoking is a major cause of preventable illness for Indigenous peoples. As most regular smoking is established during adolescence when other substances are often first used, effective tobacco prevention requires an understanding of the patterns of related substance use for Indigenous youth.Design and MethodsWe reviewed smoking among Indigenous students through cross‐sectional analyses of the 2017 Australian Secondary Students' Alcohol and Drug survey and compared findings to non‐Indigenous participants. We used logistic regression to evaluate differences in prevalence of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use, and how smoking and other substance use were related.ResultsPast month smoking was strongly associated with alcohol and cannabis use for both Indigenous and non‐Indigenous students. The association between tobacco and cannabis use did not differ by Indigenous status, but the tobacco and alcohol use association was weaker for Indigenous students (P = 0.004). However, the prevalence of tobacco [odds ratio (OR) 1.91 (95% confidence interval; CI 1.55, 2.36)], alcohol [OR 1.44 (1.25, 1.66)] and cannabis [OR 1.97 (1.56, 2.48)] use in the past month was significantly higher in Indigenous than non‐Indigenous students. Even within the most socially advantaged sub‐group, Indigenous students were more likely to smoke than non‐Indigenous students [OR 3.37 (2.23, 5.09)].Discussion and ConclusionsCannabis and alcohol use are important predictors of smoking for all students. Tobacco policies and community programs must address common determinants of tobacco and other substance use, including resilience and social influence skills as well as broader family and community factors that may be different for Indigenous students.
Larval sex identification of in vivo and long‐term ethanol‐preserved social wasps
Authors: De Souza André Rodrigues , da Silva Rafael Carvalho , Ferreira Ríudo Paiva , Mateus Sidnei , Prato Amanda , Oi Cintia Akemi , Noll Fernando Barbosa , Lino‐Neto José 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLarval genital discs are sexually dimorphic in many social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). These sexual traits are visible in vivo and in long‐term ethanol‐preserved samples. Genital disc morphology provides a cheap, quick, and accurate way to distinguish larvae of females and males.
Wolbachia prevalence patterns: horizontal transmission, recombination, and multiple infections in chestnut gall wasp‐parasitoid communities
Authors: Hou Han‐Qing , Zhao Gao‐Zhi , Su Cheng‐Yuan , Zhu Dao‐Hong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Oriental chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), is a global invasive pest that causes serious damage to almost all chestnut species belonging to the Castanea genus (Fagaceae). Dryocosmus zhuili Liu et Zhu is a recently described sibling species of D. kuriphilus, which induces galls on Castanea henryi (Skan) Rehd. et Wils. There are many indigenous parasitoid species in China which play an important role in the natural regulation of their population dynamics. Wolbachia is a maternally inherited α‐proteobacterium widely found in arthropods. This study screened for the presence of Wolbachia in the two chestnut gall wasps and in six parasitoid species from 12 populations, to investigate the prevalence patterns of Wolbachia in the chestnut gall wasp‐parasitoid communities. We found that D. zhuili and four parasitoid species were infected with Wolbachia; among them, all individuals of the two populations of Megastigmus sp. had multiple Wolbachia infections. By using multilocus sequence types to characterize bacterial strains, three new sequence types were identified. The Wolbachia strains infecting D. zhuili (ST‐507), Torymus sinensis Kamijo (ST‐508), and Sycophila variegata (Curtis) (ST‐508) belonged to supergroup A, whereas the Wolbachia strain infecting Megastigmus nipponicus Kamijo (ST‐503) belonged to supergroup B. Our results also suggested that horizontal transmission of Wolbachia occurs between chestnut gall wasps and their parasitoids. Moreover, multiple Wolbachia infections of Megastigmus sp. may be due to gene recombination and horizontal transmission.
A systematic literature review of assessment feedback in preclinical dental education
Authors: Rung Andrea , George Roy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionDevelopment of evaluative judgement abilities through assessment and feedback strategies is crucial in students’ progress to become self‐regulated lifelong learners. Dentists’ ability to appraise the quality of treatment provided to their patients starts with development of competences in a simulated preclinical training environment. However, the effectiveness of these assessment and feedback strategies is not well understood.Material and methodsThis literature review aimed to identify the assessment and feedback interventions and their effect on dental students’ appraisal and psychomotor skills during preclinical training. A search of the electronic databases PubMed, Ebscohost (Dentistry and Oral Health), Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE was conducted of studies published until October 2019.ResultsTwelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies were randomised controlled trials and ten non‐randomised studies. All studies included students’ self‐assessment and grading criteria as part of their feedback interventions. Feedback utilisation training was reported in 66% of the included studies. Evidence suggests feedback strategies improve psychomotor skills and increase agreement between students’ and teachers’ awarded grades. However, these improvements vary with the complexity of the task. Only one study shows self‐directed learning significantly contributing to students’ psychomotor skill improvement.ConclusionAlthough assessment and feedback are regarded as crucial for developing students’ evaluative judgement capabilities to become self‐regulated lifelong learners, there is limited empirical evidence of the assessment and feedback conditions that enhance students’ judgement abilities, performance and self‐regulation. Further research is needed to investigate and compare the effect of different assessment and feedback interventions on students’ appraisal skills, their impact on learning and self‐regulation.
Biomarker function of HMGA2 in ultraviolet‐induced skin cancer development
Authors: Ha Wootae , Hinde Amanda , Xie Lillian , Trager Megan H. , Liu Liang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe high mobility group AT‐hook 2 (HMGA2) gene encodes a transcription factor that is expressed during embryonic development but down‐regulated in adult tissues. Its re‐expression in adult tissues is often associated with tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that HMGA2 is highly expressed in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines and primary SCC tumors, but not in adjacent normal skin. In non‐ultraviolet (UV)‐irradiated mouse skin, baseline Hmga2 expression was detected in the epidermis but not in hair follicles. Following chronic UV exposure, we found activation of Hmga2 in hair follicles. UV‐induced mouse skin SCC tumors displayed a ubiquitous increase in Hmga2 expression compared to non‐tumor‐bearing adjacent skin. In human SCC cells, decreased HMGA2 expression was linked with reduced cell proliferation following depletion of FOXM1 and TRIP13, two UV master regulator genes. Taken together, these findings highlight an important biomarker function of HMGA2 expression in UV‐induced skin tumorigenesis and cell proliferation.
Multi‐label learning on principles of reverse k‐nearest neighbourhood
Authors: Sadhukhan Payel , Palit Sarbani 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article, we present a novel neighbourhood based multi‐label classifier, Multi‐label Learning on principles of Reverse k‐Nearest Neighbourhood (ML‐RkNN) where we estimate the neighbourhood of the points on the basis of their reverse k‐nearest neighbourhood (RkNN). Through RkNN, for the same value of k, we get different number of neighbours for different instances and this happens adaptively according to the neighbourhood configuration of the points. The automatically adaptive neighbourhood helps us in better learning of the local configurations around the points. Our scheme also facilitates implicit handling of the local imbalances prevailing in the datasets by comparing the class distributions of the test points and their reverse nearest neighbours. This implicit and adaptive handling is particularly useful for multi‐label label datasets, whose labels are differentially imbalanced. Empirical study is performed on 10 real‐world multi‐label datasets considering five neighbourhood based multi‐label learners. Macro F1 is used as the evaluating metric. The proposed method has given statistically superior and statistically comparable performances with respect to three and two comparing methods respectively. Additionally, we have explored the use of two different distance metrics, Euclidean and Jaccard in our scheme for nominal datasets.
Left‐BehindChildren's Grandparent–Child and Parent–Child Relationships and Loneliness: A Multivariable Mediation Model
Authors: Song Jingjing , Ma Chensen , Ruan Yifan 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveThe current study tested the association between family relationships and left‐behind children's loneliness, as well as mediators of those associations.BackgroundThere is considerable concern in China about the psychological well‐being of rural children whose parents move to urban areas for work, so‐called left‐behind children. However, there have been inconsistent results in the research concerning loneliness for these children.MethodParticipants were Chinese left‐behind children from rural families in which one or both parents had left to work in an urban area (N = 399; 139 females; 11–16 years of age). The children completed questionnaires on grandparent–child relationships, parent–child relationships, emotional intelligence, peer relationships, and loneliness.ResultsPositive parent–child relationships were negatively associated with left‐behind children's loneliness. Path analysis showed that more positive grandparent–child and parent–child relationships were associated with a higher level of emotional intelligence and better peer relationships, which in turn were negatively associated with lower child loneliness. Moreover, the unique effect of parent–child relationships was higher than that of grandparent–child relationships in predicting left‐behind children's loneliness.ConclusionIt appears possible that a positive relationship with grandparents can lessen the loneliness experienced by left‐behind children, but the parent–child relationship is still more important for this aspect of psychological adjustment. Emotional intelligence and peer relationships appear to be mechanisms that account for the association between positive family relationships and lower loneliness in this group of children.ImplicationsThe results are discussed in terms of the role that parents and grandparents can play in interventions to help this population.
Pityriasis in dermatology: an updated review
Authors: Chin Laura D. , Parvinnejad Nikoo , Haber Richard M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDermatology has a very distinctive lexicon. The term pityriasis refers to several dermatologic conditions which all feature scaling of the skin. According to the Merriam‐Webster dictionary, the term pityriasis was first used in print in 1684. Although the diseases beginning with the name pityriasis are of diverse causation, they do represent important dermatologic diseases, with some common and others quite rare. It is important for dermatologists to be aware and updated on all pityriasis conditions in dermatology.
Tinzaparin for venous thromboembolism in patients with renal impairment: a single‐centre, prospective pilot study
Authors: Yeung James , Dix Caroline H. K. , Ritchie Angus G. , Kow Marian , Chen Vivien M. Y. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground: Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are used extensively for prophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), bridging therapy for warfarin and standard of care in cancer‐associated VTE (CA‐VTE). Tinzaparin has the highest molecular weight of all LMWH and relies least on renal clearance to Cockcroft‐Gault creatinine clearance (CrCl) of 20 mL/min. Previous pharmacological studies have demonstrated safety and effectiveness in elderly patients. Prospective clinical trials have confirmed these findings to CrCl 20 mL/min and in CA‐VTE. We describe the pilot program developed at Concord Repatriation General Hospital for tinzaparin.Aims: We aim to confirm the deliverability of tinzaparin in patients with renal insufficiency.Methods: Twenty patients were established on tinzaparin as therapeutic anticoagulation with CrCl or CKD‐EPI estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 20–50 mL/min with an indication for anticoagulation. Tinzaparin was given as a subcutaneous injection at 175 units/kg as a single daily dose, rounded to the nearest vial size. Tinzaparin anti‐Xa levels were tested at Days 2, 7 and 14 (±1 day) and transition to oral anticoagulants were allowed at clinician discretion.Results: No accumulation of tinzaparin was seen into Day 14. Two patients required dose‐adjustment, five patients had bleeding complications (two major, three minor) and four patients died during follow‐up, all attributable to patients' comorbidities. CrCl and body surface area‐standardised CrCl were significantly correlated with tinzaparin anti‐Xa level only on Day 2, and this effect was lost when patients with CrCl >50 mL/min were excluded. Data from our cohort confirm the deliverability of therapeutic tinzaparin in patients with CrCl or CKD‐EPI eGFR 20–50 mL/min. Bleeding and death outcomes were also comparable to other trials using tinzaparin in CA‐VTE.Conclusion: For patients with renal insufficiency, tinzaparin represents an attractive alternative anticoagulant with once‐daily administration in a range of potential indications.