bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No support for the emergence of lichens prior to the evolution of vascular plants
Authors: Nelsen Matthew P. , Lücking Robert , Boyce C. Kevin , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Ree Richard H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe early‐successional status of lichens in modern terrestrial ecosystems, together with the role lichen‐mediated weathering plays in the carbon cycle, have contributed to the long and widely held assumption that lichens occupied early terrestrial ecosystems prior to the evolution of vascular plants and drove global change during this time. Their poor preservation potential and the classification of ambiguous fossils as lichens or other fungal–algal associations have further reinforced this view. As unambiguous fossil data are lacking to demonstrate the presence of lichens prior to vascular plants, we utilize an alternate approach to assess their historic presence in early terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we analyze new time‐calibrated phylogenies of ascomycete fungi and chlorophytan algae, that intensively sample lineages with lichen symbionts. Age estimates for several interacting clades show broad congruence and demonstrate that fungal origins of lichenization postdate the earliest tracheophytes. Coupled with the absence of unambiguous fossil data, our work finds no support for lichens having mediated global change during the Neoproterozoic‐early Paleozoic prior to vascular plants. We conclude by discussing our findings in the context of Neoproterozoic‐Paleozoic terrestrial ecosystem evolution and the paleoecological context in which vascular plants evolved.
Differential tolerance and selectivity of herbicides in forages of the genus Cynodon
Authors: Brighenti Alexandre Magno , Souza Sobrinho Fausto , Benites Flávio Rodrigo Gandolfi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlant recovery due to herbicide symptoms of phytotoxicity characterizes an additional waste of energy that should not be accepted as a natural physiologic response; therefore, it might result in yield losses. Herbicide‐tolerant forages and the use of less phytotoxic products on pastures provide improvements in chemical weed control and increases in forage yield. The objectives of this study were to test differences between Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) and African star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) in relation to their degree of tolerance to herbicides, as well as the selectivity of herbicides for both species. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 × 8 factorial, with four replicates. Two species of Cynodon and eight herbicide treatments were evaluated. The tolerance and selectivity of herbicides for Tifton 85 and African star grass are a function of each species and the type and dose of herbicide applied. Among the two species of Cynodon, Tifton 85, in general, was more tolerant to the applied herbicides than was the African star grass and consequently with less probability to occur forage yield losses. The most phytotoxic herbicides for both forages were fluroxypyr + aminopyralid (160.0 + 80.0 g ae/ha [grams of acid equivalent per hectare]), fluroxypyr + triclopyr (320.0 + 960.0 g ae/ha) and glyphosate (180 g ae/ha). The most selective herbicides were bentazon (720.0 g ai/ha [grams of active ingredient per hectare]), imazapyr (25.0 g ai/ha) and MSMA (1,440.0 g ai/ha), which have potential for use in fields of Tifton 85 and African star grass.
Effects of the ABCDE bundle on the prevention of post‐intensive care syndrome: A retrospective study
Authors: Lee YoonMi , Kim Kyunghee , Lim Changwon , Kim Ji‐Su 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimTo identify the effects of each domain of the early and modified ABCDE bundle on post‐intensive care syndrome (PICS).DesignThis is a retrospective study.MethodsWe analysed the data from electronic medical records of 91 intensive care patients who received therapeutic interventions in stages, based on the early ABCDE bundle (admitted to the intensive care unit [ICU] from June – August 2013) and 94 patients who received interventions using a modified ABCDE bundle developed through continuous quality improvement activities (admitted to the ICU from June to August 2014).ResultsIn the ABC domain, the percentage of patients showing sedation levels of alertness and calmness increased significantly from 58.2% using the early ABCDE bundle to 72.4% using the modified ABCDE bundle. Coma prevalence decreased significantly from 45.1% using the early ABCDE bundle to 28.7% using the modified ABCDE bundle. In the E domain, the percentage of patients receiving early mobility interventions increased significantly from 11% using the early ABCDE bundle to 54.3% using the modified ABCDE bundle.ConclusionThe ABCDE bundle in the ICU helped prevent PICS by reducing deep sedation and immobilization among intensive care patients. To effectively use the ABCDE bundle, it is necessary for institutions to develop suitable protocols for each constituent element and to test their effectiveness.ImpactThe ABCDE bundle was a suitable tool to support evidence‐based practice in intensive care patients, including oversedation and immobilization, which is related to the prevention of PICS. Individual institutions will need to actively use the ABCDE bundle in the ICU, by developing protocols and testing their effectiveness.
MiR‐485‐3p modulates neural stem cell differentiation and proliferation via regulating TRIP6 expression
Authors: Gu Juxian , Shao Rusheng , Li Meng , Yan Qiuyue , Hu Hongwei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecent references have showed crucial roles of several miRNAs in neural stem cell differentiation and proliferation. However, the expression and role of miR‐485‐3p remains unknown. In our reference, we indicated that miR‐485‐3p expression was down‐regulated during NSCs differentiation to neural and astrocytes cell. In addition, the TRIP6 expression was up‐regulated during NSCs differentiation to neural and astrocytes cell. We carried out the dual‐luciferase reporter and found that overexpression of miR‐485‐3p decreased the luciferase activity of pmirGLO‐TRIP6‐wt but not the pmirGLO‐TRIP6‐mut. Ectopic expression of miR‐485‐3p decreased the expression of TRIP6 in NSC. Ectopic miR‐485‐3p expression suppressed the cell growth of NSCs and inhibited nestin expression of NSCs. Moreover, elevated expression of miR‐485‐3p decreased the ki‐67 and cyclin D1 expression in NSCs. Furthermore, we indicated that miR‐485‐3p reduced proliferation and induced differentiation of NSCs via targeting TRIP6 expression. These data suggested that a crucial role of miR‐485‐3p in self‐proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. Thus, altering miR‐485‐3p and TRIP6 modulation may be one promising therapy for treating with neurodegenerative and neurogenesis diseases.
The interaction between temperature and dose on the efficacy and biochemical response of Atlantic salmon to hydrogen peroxide treatment for amoebic gill disease
Authors: Wynne James W. , Stratford Chris , Slinger Joel , Samsing Francisca , Rigby Megan , McCulloch Russell , Quezada‐Rodriguez Petra , Taylor Richard S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a commonly used treatment for a range of parasitic diseases of marine finfish, including amoebic gill disease (AGD). While this treatment is partially effective at reducing parasite load, H2O2 can have detrimental effects on the host under certain conditions. Treatment temperature and dose concentration are two factors that are known to influence the toxicity of H2O2; however, their impact on the outcome of AGD treatment remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of treatment temperature (8, 12 or 16°C) and dose concentration (750, 1,000, 1,250 mg/L) on the efficacy of H2O2 to treat AGD. We demonstrated that a 20‐min bath treatment of H2O2 at all doses reduced both parasite load and gross gill score significantly. Parasite load and gross gill score were lowest in the 1,000 mg/L treatment performed at 12°C. At the high dose and temperature combinations, H2O2 caused moderate gill damage and a significant increase in the plasma concentration of electrolytes (sodium, chloride and potassium). Taken together, our study demonstrates that higher H2O2 treatment temperatures can adversely affect the host and do not improve the effectiveness of the treatment.
Optimization and characteristics of extruded puffed snacks with Agaricus bisporus powder and rice flour
Authors: Huang Yulu , Liang Jin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUsing rice flour and Agaricus bisporus powder as raw materials, a puffed snack was developed by twin‐screw extrusion technology. The Box–Behnken design method was used to optimize the process variables with three factors in three levels. The experimental variables were included temperature (135°C–155°C), moisture (13%–17%) and the addition amount of A. bisporus powder (3%–7%). The extrudate properties were evaluated by determining the expansion ratio. The optimization results indicated that the extrusion temperature was adjusted to 149°C, the moisture content of raw materials was 14.4%, and the addition of A. bisporus powder was 4.2%. Under these conditions, the expansion rate of the product was up to 3.41. The obtained extruded snacks had good taste, high expansion ratio and loose porosity. Compared with snacks without A. bisporus powder, the puffed snacks had better characteristics (high consumer tasting score, relatively low hardness).Practical applicationsAfter making the puffed snacks, fruits and vegetables were easy to store and transport and enrich the products of A. bisporus. The puffing rate, consumer evaluation and hardness of A. bisporus snacks were studied, which provided a theoretical basis for optimizing the processing characteristics of A. bisporus. Agaricus bisporus and rice flour provided great space for the development of puffed food.
The effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength and mobility in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Abshirini M. , Mozaffari H. , Kord‐Varkaneh H. , Omidian M. , Kruger M.C 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe results obtained from previous trials regarding the effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength and mobility in postmenopausal women have been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength and mobility in postmenopausal women.MethodsA comprehensive search on EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE and SCOPUS was performed to identify relevant articles published up to 28 March 2019. RCTs published in English measuring the effect of all forms and doses of vitamin D supplementation with or without calcium on muscle strength and mobility outcomes in postmenopausal women were included.ResultsIn total, 29 eligible studies were included in the systematic review. The pooled findings using a random effects model showed that vitamin D supplementation insignificantly increased hand grip strength (HGS) as the measurement of muscle strength (MD = 0.656; 95% confidence interval = −0.037 to 1.350, P = 0.06). However, it did not affect timed‐up‐and‐go (TUG) as the measurement of mobility (MD = 0.118; 95% confidence interval = −0.655 to 0.892, P = 0.76). The subgroup analyses showed that vitamin D supplementation improved HGS with respect to dosages >1000 IU day−1 (P = 0.016), a treatment duration of 3 months (P ˂ 0.001) and subjects with baseline vitamin D <30 ng mL−1 (P = 0.033).ConclusionsThe present review demonstrates that vitamin D supplementation resulted in small but nonsignificant improvements in muscle strength compared to control in postmenopausal women. No significant effect was observed in mobility after vitamin D administration.
TGF‐β1 activates RSC96 Schwann cells migration and invasion through MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activities
Authors: Muscella Antonella , Vetrugno Carla , Cossa Luca Giulio , Marsigliante Santo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFollowing peripheral nerve injury, remnant Schwann cells adopt a migratory phenotype and remodel the extracellular matrix allowing axonal regrowth. Although much evidence has demonstrated that TGF‐β1 promotes glioma cell motility and induces the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, the effects of TGF‐β1 on Schwann cell migration has not yet been studied. We therefore investigated the cellular effects and the signal transduction pathways evoked by TGF‐β1 in rattus norvegicus neuronal Schwann RSC96 cell. TGF‐β1 significantly increased migration and invasion of Schwann cells assessed by the wound‐healing assay and by cell invasion assay. TGF‐β1‐enhanced migration/invasion was blocked by inhibition of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9. Consistently, by real‐time and western blot analyses, we demonstrated that TGF‐β1 increased MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 mRNA and protein levels. TGF‐β1 also increased MMPs activities in cell growth medium, as shown by gelatin zymography. The selective TGF‐β Type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 completely abrogated any effects by TGF‐β1. Indeed, TGF‐β1 Type I receptor activation provoked the cytosol‐to‐nucleus translocation of SMAD2 and SMAD3. SMAD2 knockdown by siRNA blocked MMP‐2 induction and cell migration/invasion due to TGF‐β1. TGF‐β1 also provoked phosphorylation of MAPKs extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 and JNK1/2. Both MAPKs were upstream to p65/NF‐kB inasmuch as both MAPKs’ inhibitors PD98059 and SP600125 or their down‐regulation by siRNA significantly blocked the TGF‐β1‐induced nuclear translocation of p65/NF‐kB. In addition, p65/NF‐κB siRNA knockdown inhibited the effects of TGF‐β1 on both MMP‐9 and cell migration/invasion. We conclude that TGF‐β1 controls RSC96 Schwann cell migration and invasion through MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activities. MMP‐2 is controlled by SMAD2 whilst MMP‐9 is controlled via an ERK1/2‐JNK1/2‐NF‐κB dependent pathway.
image
Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs
Authors: Beresheim Amy C. , Pfeiffer Susan , Grynpas Marc 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThere is considerable variation in the gross morphology and tissue properties among the bones of human infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Using 18 known‐age individuals (nfemale = 8, nmale = 9, nunknown = 1; birth to 21 years old), from a well‐documented cemetery collection, Spitalfields Christ Church, London, UK, this study explores growth‐related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure. Micro‐CT scans of mid‐shaft middle thoracic ribs are used for quantitative analysis. Results are then compared to previously quantified conventional histomorphometry of the same sample. Total area (Tt.Ar), cortical area (Ct.Ar), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and the major (Maj.Dm) and minor (Min.Dm) diameters of the rib demonstrate positive correlations with age. Pore density (Po.Dn) increases, but age‐related changes to cortical porosity (Ct.Po) appear to be non‐linear. Trabecular thickness (Tb.th) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) increase with age, whereas trabecular bone pattern factor (Tb.Pf), structural model index (SMI), and connectivity density (Conn.D) decrease with age. Sex‐based differences were not identified for any of the variables included in this study. Some samples display clear evidence of diagenetic alteration without corresponding changes in radiopacity, which compromises the reliability of bone mineral density (BMD) data in the study of past populations. Cortical porosity data are not correlated with two‐dimensional measures of osteon population density (OPD). This suggests that unfilled resorption spaces contribute more significantly to cortical porosity than do the Haversian canals of secondary osteons. Continued research using complementary imaging techniques and a wide array of histological variables will increase our understanding of age‐ and sex‐specific ontogenetic patterns within and among human populations.
Relationship Trading in Over‐the‐Counter Markets
Authors: HENDERSHOTT TERRENCE , LI DAN , LIVDAN DMITRY , SCHÜRHOFF NORMAN 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTWe examine the network of trading relationships between insurers and dealers in the over‐the‐counter (OTC) corporate bond market. Regulatory data show that one‐third of insurers use a single dealer, whereas other insurers have large dealer networks. Execution prices are nonmonotone in network size, initially declining with more dealers but increasing once networks exceed 20 dealers. A model of decentralized trade in which insurers trade off the benefits of repeat business and faster execution quantitatively fits the distribution of insurers' network size and explains the price–network size relationship. Counterfactual analysis shows that regulations to unbundle trade and nontrade services can decrease welfare.
Intellectual property and its foundations: Using Art. 7 and 8 to address the legitimacy of the TRIPS
Authors: Rochel Johan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper addresses legitimacy issues of the international IP regime by focusing on how normative resources internal to the Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) might be drawn upon. It combines legal analysis and political theory to account for the TRIPS’ normative foundations (Art. 7 and 8). The paper's primary contribution is to show that these special legal norms are both a locus of balancing the objectives and principles and a guiding light for the interpretation of subsequent norms contained within the treaty. Their content might best be understood using concepts coined by political theory. This combination of legal and philosophical insights identifies two levels of relevance for these special legal norms: as a specification about the type of competition in global trade foreseen by the TRIPS, and as a justification for intellectual property rights protection. To illustrate the relevance of this approach, the paper briefly considers the panel report in Plain Packaging and its use of Art. 7 and 8. Overall, the paper entails both a methodological contribution on the dialog between political theory and law on international trade, as well as a legal argument on how to unpack normative resources entailed by the TRIPS itself.
Oral glutamine challenge is a marker of altered ammonia metabolism and predicts the risk of hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Ampuero Javier , Gil Antonio , Viloria María del Mar , Rico María Carmen , Millán Raquel , Camacho Inés , Romero‐Gómez Manuel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe current therapies for hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are not completely effective in all patients, probably due to the physiopathological heterogeneity and the different conditions underlying the bout of HE. We hypothesized that oral glutamine challenge (OGC) is able to predict the risk of HE through the identification of various features and types of HE.MethodsWe included 238 cirrhotic patients (198 without and 40 with a previous HE episode) that underwent OGC, obtaining baseline and 60 minutes post‐load ammonia levels. Combined evaluation of baseline hyperammonemia (>78 mcg/dL) and impaired OGC (Δ >32 mcg/dL) defined low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk groups. Patients were censored at HE, liver transplantation and death or 6 years of follow‐up.ResultsThe 28.3% (56/198) of the main cohort suffered from HE during the follow‐up. In the competing risk analysis, both intermediate‐ (subhazard ratio (sHR) 2.01 (95% CI 1.00‐4.14); P = .048) and high‐risk groups (sHR 4.67 (95% CI 2.19‐9.98); P = .0001) were associated with the first HE episode, together with age and albumin. Similar results were found for repeated HE events. The cumulative incidence for HE of the high‐risk group was two and four times greater than the intermediate‐ and low‐risk groups, respectively. The HE grade was also higher in individuals with the greatest risk (P = .035). The most common precipitant factor was diuretics in the high‐risk group, while infections and electrolyte imbalance predominated in the rest of patients.ConclusionOral glutamine challenge identified patients at risk of HE and defined specific features of the episodes. This tool could be useful in the decision‐making process for the adequate management of HE.
The business of managing nurses’ substance‐use problems
Authors: Ross Charlotte A. , Jakubec Sonya L. , Berry Nicole S. , Smye Victoria 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNurses’ experiences in, and the overall effectiveness of, widely used alternative‐to‐discipline programs to manage nurses’ substance‐use problems have not been adequately scrutinized. We uncovered the conflicted official and experiential ways of knowing one such alternative‐to‐discipline program in a Canadian province. We explicated this conflict through an institutional ethnography analysis. Ethnographic data from interviews with 12 nurses who were enrolled in an alternative‐to‐discipline treatment program and three program administrators, as well as institutional texts, were analyzed to explore how institutional practices and power relations co‐ordinated and managed nurses’ experiences. Analysis revealed the acritical acceptance of a standardized program not based on current norms of practice. Potential and actual conflicts of interest, power imbalances, and prevailing corporate interests were rife. Nurses were not afforded the same rights to quality ethical health care as other citizens. ‘Expert’ physicians’ knowledge was privileged while nurses’ knowledge was subordinated. Conclusions were that regulatory bodies cannot rely on the taken‐for‐granted standardized treatment model in widespread use. Individualized treatment alternatives reflecting current, scientific evidence must be offered to nurses, and nurses’ knowledge, expertise, and experiences need to be included in decision‐making processes in these programs.
Thick Red Tape and the Thin Blue Line: A Field Study on Reducing Administrative Burden in Police Recruitment
Authors: Linos Elizabeth , Riesch Nefara 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPolice departments struggle to recruit officers, and voluntary drop‐off of candidates exacerbates this challenge. Using four years of administrative data and a field experiment conducted in the Los Angeles Police Department, the authors analyze the impact of administrative burden on the likelihood that a candidate will remain in the recruitment process. Findings show that reducing friction costs to participation and simplifying processes improve compliance, as behavioral public administration would predict. Applicants who were offered simpler, standardized processes completed more tests and were more likely to be hired. Later reductions to perceived burden led to an 8 percent increase in compliance, with a 60 percent increase in compliance within two weeks. However, removing steps that would have allowed for better understanding of eligibility kept unqualified candidates in the process for longer, reducing organizational efficiency. These results extend the field's understanding of how administrative burden can impact the selection of talent into government.