bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound‐Guided Injection of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle: A Cadaveric Study with Implications for Chemodenervation
Authors: Kim Beom Suk , Kim Da Som , Kang Seok , Kim Jae Young , Kang Byungheon , Rhyu Im Joo , Yoon Joon Shik 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundUltrasound guidance may improve the accuracy of botulinum toxin injection, but studies of its potential for cervical dystonia treatment are lacking.ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of ultrasound‐guided injection in the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).DesignObservational study.SettingTertiary care university hospital.ParticipantsEighteen embalmed cadavers.InterventionsIn total, 36 SCMs from 18 embalmed cadavers were examined. One physician performed ultrasound scans to divide each SCM into quarters and evaluated its cross‐sectional area (CSA) and thickness at each of three meeting points between adjacent quarters. Under ultrasound guidance, another experienced physician injected methylene blue solution at one of the three points, using the in‐plane technique (12 specimens per point; right SCM 3 mL, left SCM 5 mL). One anatomist dissected all cadavers and measured the distance of dye dispersion along the longitudinal axis of each muscle. Dispersion ratio was calculated as longitudinal dye dispersion divided by SCM length.Main Outcome MeasuresSCM thickness and CSA; dye dispersion patterns (dispersion distance and dispersion ratio).ResultsSCM thickness and CSA were greatest at the middle injection point (mean ± SD of 6.6 ± 2.0 mm and 1.4 ± 0.6 cm2, respectively). All injections were successful, except in one case where the SCM was thin and the dye reached the omohyoid muscle. Mean longitudinal dye dispersion and dispersion ratio were significantly greater when the volume was 5 mL. There were no statistically significant differences in dispersion patterns among the three injection points.ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided intramuscular injection can be performed with good accuracy in the SCM, as ultrasound can be used to evaluate SCM thickness and CSA. Higher volumes of injection solution appear to diffuse better, but further clinical studies are required to determine optimal injection volume.
Field observations of the lethality characteristics of endangered and endemic fish under the stress of total dissolved gas supersaturation
Authors: Yuan Quan , Wang Yuanming , Liang Ruifeng , Feng Jingjie , Li Yong , An Ruidong , Li Kefeng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTotal dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS) caused by high dam discharge may threaten the survival of fish downstream. This study investigated the TDGS of Dadu River in the first 3 years (2016–2018) after the operation of Dagangshan hydropower station. The effect of TDGS on endemic fish was also evaluated for the first time in this study.Schizothoracin prenanti,Schizothorax davidiandLeptobotia elongata, which are endangered and endemic species in the Dadu River, were selected to evaluate the adverse effects of supersaturation on fish. We found that the supersaturation level varied from 115% to 127% in 2016, from 111% to 121% in 2017, and from 103% to 112% in 2018. The average water levels in these 3 years were 2.99, 2.34 and 1.14 m, respectively. The mortality of fish was positively correlated with TDGS and negatively correlated with water depth. The mortality of juvenile fish was highest in 2016, and increased TDGS had a greater contribution to fish mortality than the other factors. The highest mortality of adults occurred in 2017, and inadequate water depth was an important factor that caused fish mortality. The lowest mortality of both adults and juveniles occurred in 2018, and gas bubble disease in fish was almost never found. Even at shallow water depths, low TDGS (103%–112%) did not cause fish mortality.
A novel method to evaluate stream connectivity using trail cameras
Authors: Bellucci Christopher J. , Becker Mary E. , Czarnowski Melissa , Fitting Corinne 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStream connectivity is important for the ecological health of the stream and downstream waters. In this study, we use the term stream connectivity to mean hydrologically connected pools and riffles that link stream habitat along a longitudinal continuum (upstream to downstream), while also recognizing the lateral dimension (connection to flood plain) and vertical connection to groundwater. There are thousands of man‐made structures (i.e. dams, culverts, surface and groundwater withdrawal locations) in Connecticut which negatively impact stream connectivity and can result in aquatic habitat fragmentation. Cost‐effective techniques are needed to assess human alteration to streams in order to prioritize management actions to restore stream connectivity. We developed a method to characterize stream connectivity using commercially available trail cameras that cost less than approximately $500 per deployment. We developed a six‐category system to describe the variations in stream connectivity observed using the trail camera images. We then used the categorical data to calculate metrics that quantify stream connectivity. To pilot this approach, we evaluated reference locations with minimal anthropogenic influence on stream connectivity in comparison with stream reaches likely to be impacted by nearby groundwater wells. We found that metrics derived from trail camera images were useful to quantify stream connectivity. We anticipate that the methods outlined herein is a useful stream connectivity assessment tool that can be effectively communicated to scientists and non‐scientists. All source code and data for this project are freely available and open source at: https://github.com/marybecker/streamconnectivitymetrics.
Flux intensity and diurnal variability of soil N2O emissions in a highly fertilized cropping system
Authors: Francis Clar Jordi T , Anex Robert P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractManually sampling N2O soil fluxes is labor‐intensive and sampling frequencies are often insufficient to capture daily variation in N2O soil flux, compromising the accuracy of emission estimates. Knowledge of the diurnal fluctuations in N2O flux has been used to choose a sampling time that maximizes the accuracy of N2O flux estimates, thereby reducing the sampling frequency required, but results from previous studies are inconsistent. We analyzed N2O soil emissions measured quasi‐continuously over 3 yr in a highly fertilized (>200 kg N ha−1) corn (Zea mays L.) system grown in southern Wisconsin. This is the first study of temporal variability in N2O flux that includes multiple difficult to measure peak emission events (“hot moments”) and estimates the relative contribution of hot moments to cumulative emissions. The relationship between the observed hourly average flux and the mean daily flux was assessed via linear regression of all measured data (≈22,000 fluxes) and data subsets grouped by magnitude. Diurnal variation in flux was closely associated with normalized flux size. During low‐emission periods, fluxes exhibited a diurnal pattern, where N2O flux measured at particular times of day, named “Preferred Measuring Times” (PMTs), were not significantly different from the mean daily flux. During high‐emission periods, N2O flux did not exhibit a diurnal pattern and there was no PMT. High‐emission periods included difficult to measure hot moments that did not exhibit a PMT and contributed up to 50% of the cumulative emissions; therefore, flux measurements with high temporal resolution were required to estimate cumulative emissions.
On the Proton Shuttle Motion in Protonated Acetylene: An Electronic Structure Perspective
Authors: Banik Subrata , Sansi Ankit Kumar , Nandan Shiv , Roy Tapta Kanchan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Grothus like hydrogen motion in the inter‐conversion of classical to non‐classical conformation of protonated acetylene is studied in the purview of the electronic structure perspective. The reorganization of electrons during the proton transfer is explored by means of the changes in structural features, partial charges, natural bond orbital and normal mode analysis following an intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) connecting classical and non‐classical structures. It is found that conversion of classical to non‐classical structures along the IRC occurs due to the charge donation to the vacant non‐bonding p‐orbital of a sp hybridized carbon from the adjacent C–H
‐bond which facilitates the delocalization of electron and leads to gain in stabilization energy. This interaction continues till post transition state, gradually weakens and is finally decomposed to two non‐bonding orbitals, one p‐orbital on sp2 carbon and one s‐orbital on migrating hydrogen. From this point, the migrating hydrogen in turn accepts and donates electrons simultaneously from the p‐orbital on sp2 carbon and non‐bonding p‐orbital of sp hybridized carbon, respectively, to finally arrive at the non‐classical structure.
DNA damage, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity induced by deltamethrin on the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii
Authors: Hong Yuhang , Huang Yi , Yan Guangwen , Yin Hongmei , Huang Zhiqiu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPyrethroid pesticides are applied to both agricultural and aquacultural industries for pest control. However, information of their impact on the commercial important freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii is scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize to effects of a commonly used pyrethroid pesticide, deltamethrin on DNA damage, immune response, and neurotoxicity in P. clarkii. Animals were exposed to 7, 14, and 28 ng/L of deltamethrin, which correspond to 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 of the LC50 (96 hours) of this pyrethroid to P. clarkii. Significant increase of olive tail moment (OTM) and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) was found after deltamethrin exposure in a dose‐dependent way. Total hemocyte counts (THC) and activities of immune‐related enzymes including acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LZM), and phenoloxidase (PO) were all decreased and significantly lower than control at concentration of 28 ng/L after 96 hours exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, an indicator of neurotoxic effect was investigated and it was decreased significantly in muscles at 14 and 28 ng/L after 24 hours exposure. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hemocytes was also measured and the significant increase of ROS was found at 14 and 28 ng/L concentrations. The results revealed that deltamethrin induced DNA damage, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity in P. clarkii by excessive generation of ROS. Because of the dose‐dependent responses of all parameters under exposure of deltamethrin at environmentally realistic concentrations, these parameters could be used as sensitive biomarkers for risk assessment of deltamethrin in aquaculture area.
Introducing fundamental accountability principles in sustainability reporting assessment: A cross‐sectoral analysis from the Greek business sector
Authors: Vouros Panagiotis , Nomikos Stylianos , Halkos George , Evangelinos Konstantinos , Sfakianaki Eleni , Konstandakopoulou Foteini , Fotiadis Stefanos , Karagiannis Ioannis , Skouloudis Antonis , Nikolaou Ioannis E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years, sustainability reports have been gradually adopted by businesses and organizations in order to enhance their preparedness, competitiveness, and ability to adapt to a rapidly changing world. The aim of this study was to assess the comprehensiveness of 44 Greek companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports published in 2016. For this purpose, an evaluation methodology was developed in line with the accountability reporting principles suggested by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)‐G4 guidelines for preparing and publishing sustainability reports. The overall findings indicate moderate levels of satisfaction as the sample Greek firms performed adequately at embedding the GRI reporting principles into their corporate disclosures. Most firms’ integration of the “accuracy” and “reliability” principles was poor. Emerging from the latter outcome, together with the low integration of some materiality issues, are problems of transparency, credibility, balance, and completeness related to the publishing of CSR reports. It is likely that operational features such as type, size, and sector have the potential to influence the style and comprehensiveness of reports.
Stationäre Versorgungskosten, kostenverursachende Faktoren und potenzielle Vergütungsprobleme bei Verletzungen und Frakturen im Rahmen epileptischer Anfälle
Authors: Verboket René D. , Mühlenfeld Nils , Sterz Jasmina , Störmann Philipp , Marzi Ingo , Balcik Yunus , Rosenow Felix , Strzelczyk Adam , Willems Laurent M. 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie Analyse krankheitsspezifischer Kosten gewinnt in einem zunehmend ökonomisch ausgerichteten Gesundheitssystem an Relevanz, wobei vor allem chronische Erkrankungen aufgrund der langen Krankheitsdauer sowie häufiger Hospitalisierung und Arztbesuche von besonderem Interesse sind. Epilepsien stellen eine häufige neurologische Erkrankung dar, welche mit paroxysmal auftretenden epileptischen Anfällen und häufig hiermit assoziierten Verletzungen einhergeht und alle Altersgruppen betrifft.ZielZiel der Arbeit ist die Aufarbeitung der stationären Behandlungskosten anfallsbedingter Verletzungen sowie die Analyse hinsichtlich relevanter kostenverursachender Faktoren. Mittels alternativer Kalkulation der Versorgungskosten soll zusätzlich der Frage nach potenziellen Vergütungsproblemen im aktuellen DRG-System („diagnosis related groups“) nachgegangen werden.MethodenGrundlage dieser monozentrischen, retrospektiven Analyse ist der tatsächliche Erlös der stationären Behandlung von 62 Patienten, die zwischen 01/2010 und 01/2018 im Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt aufgrund von Verletzungen im Rahmen epileptischer Anfälle erfolgte. Die Analyse potenzieller kostenverursachender Faktoren bezog sich auf relevante soziodemographische und klinische Aspekte, die alternative Kalkulation der Versorgungskosten wurde mit gängigen gesundheitsökonomischen Methoden durchgeführt.ErgebnisseDer mittlere DRG-Erlös betrug 7408 € (±8993 €, Median 5086 €, Spanne 563–44.519 €), die mittleren kalkulierten Kosten 9423 € (±11.113 €, 5626 €, Spanne 587–49.830 €). Als signifikant kostenverursachender Faktor konnte eine Liegedauer ≥7 Tage (p = 0,014) identifiziert werden. Aufgrund des signifikanten Unterschieds (p < 0,001) zwischen Erlös und kalkulierten Kosten erfolgte eine Analyse nach Faktoren für potenzielle Vergütungsprobleme, welche für eine Aufenthaltsdauer von ≥7 Tagen (p = 0,014) sowie für eine Behandlung auf Intensivstation (p = 0,019) signifikant verblieb.SchlussfolgerungDie stationären Versorgungskosten von Patienten mit Frakturen aufgrund epileptischer Anfälle sind hoch und daher gesundheitsökonomisch relevant. Generell scheint die auf Fallpauschalen basierende Vergütung nach G‑DRG die tatsächlichen Kosten zu decken, bei Patienten mit einer langen Liegedauer oder einen Aufenthalt auf Intensivstation können jedoch Vergütungsprobleme bestehen.
The human immunosenescence phenotype: does it exist?
Authors: Pawelec Graham 
Published: August 2020

Abstract“Immunosenescence” has been invoked as the root cause of increased incidence and severity of infectious disease in older adults and their poorer response to vaccination, and is implicated in increased solid cancers and increased autoimmunity with age. But how to define it in the individual and to show that immunosenescence is responsible for these adverse health outcomes? How can we monitor interventions aimed at restoring appropriate immune function to overcome these perceived immune deficits? Hence, the many efforts over the years aimed at establishing biomarkers of immunosenescence which to be useful must exhibit robust correlations with the chosen clinical outcome. Developments in “omics” technologies acquiring unprecedently detailed data on personal trajectories of immunosenescence and taking into account the under-appreciated importance of gender, ethnicity geography, socioeconomic, and multiple other differences will be of pivotal importance to identify biomarkers that are clinically useful at the level of the individual. This contribution addresses the question of whether or not we are currently in possession of any such useful biomarkers.
The impact of the initial severity on later outcome: retrospective analysis of a large cohort of botulinum toxin naïve patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia
Authors: Hefter Harald , Samadzazeh Sara , Rosenthal Dietmar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
The aim of study was to demonstrate that the first three injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) appear to be less effective in botulinum toxin naïve patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia (CD) with mild symptoms and low severity scores (TSUI-scores) at onset of BoNT/A-therapy compared to patients with full-blown CD and high initial TSUI-scores.

Methods
In 337 patients with CD who started BoNT/A-therapy in the BoNT-outpatient clinic of the university hospital in Düsseldorf during the last 12 years, demographical and treatment-related data as well as outcome measures (TSUI-scores) of the first four visits were extracted from the treatment ACCESS data bank.

Results
Distribution of the severity of CD scored using the TSUI-score significantly changed with the first three injections. In patients with a high baseline severity (TSUI-score > 10), mean TSUI-score continuously decreased (p < 0.001), whereas in patients with a low initial severity (TSUI-score < 6), mean TSUI-score increased (p < 0.001) during the first three injection cycles. Individual responses varied between 100% improvement, no response at all, and even worsening. Improvement of CD at the end of an injection cycle was observed in less than 25% in the mildly affected patients, but in more than 80% in the more severely affected patients.

Conclusion
Clinical response to the first three BoNT/A-injections in severely affected de novo CD-patients is different from the response to BoNT/A in mildly affected de novo CD-patients. This has implications for further scientific studies and the patient management of mildly affected de novo patients with cervical dystonia.
Tree-related microhabitats are similar in mountain forests of Europe and North America and their occurrence may be explained by tree functional groups
Authors: Asbeck T. , Basile M. , Stitt J. , Bauhus J. , Storch I. , Vierling K. T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Key message
Drivers of the abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats are similar in mountain forests of Europe and North America and their occurrence may be explained by tree functional groups.

Abstract
A common approach to support forest-dwelling species in managed forests is to preserve valuable habitat trees. To assess the quality of habitat trees, a hierarchical typology of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is applied in the European context for inventory standardization. The first aim of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to use this hierarchical typology as a standard protocol regardless of location, which is important for potentially standardizing future studies of TreMs, by testing whether the typology could be applied to the western North American mountain forests of Idaho. The second aim of the study was to analyse drivers that influence TreMs in forests of the region. Thirdly, we assessed whether the occurrence of TreMs could be explained by functional groups of trees across the western mountain forests of Idaho and Central European mountain forests, using TreM inventory data previously collected in the Black Forest, Germany. Abundance and richness of TreMs per tree were analyzed as a function of tree species, live status (dead vs. live trees), diameter at breast height (DBH), and site factors (latitude and altitude). Our results show that the TreM typology could be applied with slight modifications in the forests of Idaho. The abundance and richness of TreMs per tree increased with DBH. Snags offered more TreMs per tree than live trees. We were able to group tree species from the two continents in functional groups that were related to the occurrence of certain TreMs. Tree functional groups offer an opportunity to predict the role of certain tree species for habitat provision through TreMs. Combinations of trees from different functional groups could be used to optimize provisioning of TreMs within forest stands.
Das COMET-Projekt COMMBY – Aufbau eines fachübergreifenden Forschungsnetzwerkes zur Nutzung metallhältiger Nebenprodukte
Authors: Antrekowitsch Jürgen , Hanke Gustav , Flachberger Helmut , Melcher Frank 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungRecycling spielt seit langem in vielen Bereichen eine nicht mehr wegzudenkende Rolle. In der Metallurgie ist vor allem die Wiederverwertung von Schrotten weit verbreitet und neben primären Erzen eine wichtige Quelle für viele Metalle. Eine alternative Rohstoffressource stellen aber auch Nebenprodukte, welche in allen Metallherstellungsrouten anfallen, dar. In vielen Fällen werden diese jedoch nicht verarbeitet, wodurch oft beachtliche Mengen an gewinnbaren Wertstoffen verloren gehen. Außerdem stellt die Deponierung dieser Reststoffe Firmen vor große Probleme, da sie häufig als gefährlicher Abfall eingestuft werden, was mit erhöhten Auflagen und Kosten einhergeht. Da diese Materialien sich aber aufgrund ihrer Entstehung teils erheblich von primären Erzen unterscheiden, ist eine Evaluierung des Materials und das Einbringen in bestehende Prozesse oft schwierig beziehungsweise nicht möglich. Erschwerend kommt hinzu, dass es für sekundäre Rohstoffe keine Beurteilungsverfahren gibt, wie sie für primäre Lagerstätten seit langem üblich sind. Solche Verfahren sind ein wesentlicher Faktor, um Firmen und Investoren Sicherheit in Bezug auf die Beurteilung dieser Ressourcen zu geben.Das Projekt „COMMBY“ wurde an der Montanuniversität Leoben ins Leben gerufen, um die Verwertung von metallurgischen Nebenprodukten zu forcieren. In Zusammenarbeit mit sieben Industriepartnern werden verschiedene Reststoffe beurteilt und entsprechende Prozesse entwickelt und optimiert. Ein wichtiges Ziel dieses Projekts ist es, ein Beurteilungsschema für sekundäre Rohstoffe zu entwickeln. Dieses Schema wird im Aufbau prinzipiell jenem für primäre Rohstoffe ähneln, allerdings an die besonderen Eigenschaften und Herausforderungen von metallurgischen Reststoffen angepasst sein.Diese Veröffentlichung stellt die Hintergründe des Projektes COMMBY im Überblick vor und präsentiert die Schwerpunkte „Charakterisierung“, „Evaluierung von Halden“ und „Evaluierung der Verfahrenstechnik“. Anhand von Beispielen bisher erfolgter Arbeiten werden einige Besonderheiten und Herausforderungen in der Evaluierung metallurgischer Nebenprodukte aufgezeigt.
On the convergence of adaptive iterative linearized Galerkin methods
Authors: Heid Pascal , Wihler Thomas P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA wide variety of different (fixed-point) iterative methods for the solution of nonlinear equations exists. In this work we will revisit a unified iteration scheme in Hilbert spaces from our previous work [16] that covers some prominent procedures (including the Zarantonello, Kačanov and Newton iteration methods). In combination with appropriate discretization methods so-called (adaptive) iterative linearized Galerkin (ILG) schemes are obtained. The main purpose of this paper is the derivation of an abstract convergence theory for the unified ILG approach (based on general adaptive Galerkin discretization methods) proposed in [16]. The theoretical results will be tested and compared for the aforementioned three iterative linearization schemes in the context of adaptive finite element discretizations of strongly monotone stationary conservation laws.