bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Role of Corticothalamic and Thalamo-Accumbens Projections in the Augmentation of Heroin Seeking in Chronically Food-Restricted Rats
Authors: Chisholm Alexandra , Rizzo Damaris , Fortin Émilie , Moman Vanessa , Quteishat Nour , Romano Assunta , Capolicchio Tanya , Shalev Uri 
Published: November 2020

Drug addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, and involves repetitive cycles of compulsive drug use, abstinence, and relapse. In both human and animal models of addiction, chronic food restriction increases rates of relapse. Our laboratory has reported a robust increase in drug seeking following a period of withdrawal in chronically food-restricted rats compared with sated controls. Recently, we reported that activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) abolished heroin seeking in chronically food-restricted rats. However, the precise inputs and outputs of the PVT that mediate this effect remain elusive. The goal of the current study was to determine the role of corticothalamic and thalamo-accumbens projections in the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction. Male Long–Evans rats were trained to self-administer heroin for 10 d. Next, rats were removed from the self-administration chambers and were subjected to a 14 d withdrawal period while sated (unlimited access to food) or mildly food-restricted (FDR). On day 14, rats were returned to the self-administration context for a 3 h heroin-seeking test under extinction conditions during which corticothalamic and thalamo-accumbens neural activity was altered using chemogenetics. Surprisingly, chemogenetic activation or inhibition of corticothalamic projections did not alter heroin-seeking behavior. Chemogenetic activation of thalamo-accumbens shell, but not core, projectors attenuated heroin seeking in FDR rats. The results indicate an important role for the PVT to nucleus accumbens shell projections in the augmentation of heroin seeking induced by chronic food restriction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRelapse to heroin use is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of opiate addiction. Triggers for relapse are modulated by environmental challenges such as caloric restriction. Elucidating the brain mechanisms that underlie relapse is critical for evidence-based treatment development. Here we demonstrate a critical role for the input from the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), a hub for cortical, sensory, and limbic information, to the nucleus accumbens shell (an area known to be important for reward and motivation) in the augmentation of heroin seeking in food-restricted rats. Our findings highlight a previously unknown role for the PVT in heroin seeking following a period of abstinence.
Responsabilidad estatal del gobierno legislador en el marco del COVID-19
Authors: Ulloa Castrillón Luis Fernando 
Published: November 2020

Los estados de excepción por los cuales se decreta la emergencia económica, social y ecológica, para atender una pandemia global como el Covid-19, nos lleva a revisar la capacidad de respuesta que tiene Colombia para conjurar una crisis con repercusiones en el sistema democrático, jurisdiccional y político, en el marco del respeto irrestricto a los derechos humanos, toda vez que el centro de la preocupación para el derecho deriva en la concentración de los poderes públicos en cabeza del ejecutivo, obviando convocar un gran diálogo democrático nacional en el seno del Congreso para revisar y aprobar las salidas a la crisis mediante una legislación especial para estos casos de pandemia, más allá de decretos excepcionales con fuerza de ley de larga duración amparados en normas para cortos periodos, lo que es gravoso para el Estado de derecho, previendo que el Gobierno, en su condición de legislador, abarque muchos temas sin los adecuados controles y sin convocar a todos los poderes representativos del Estado.
Igualmente se profundizará en el estudio de los derechos fundamentales y los controles, así como la responsabilidad del Gobierno Legislador cuando ostenta supra poderes y finalmente se abordará la imputación objetiva basada en el daño especial en concordancia con los mecanismos de protección de los derechos fundamentales de la cidh y los derechos humanos.
Metode Inabah Sebagai Terapi Edukasi Islami Para Pecandu Narkoba
Authors: Mukri Syarifah Gustiawati 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:In order to overcome victims of drug crime, several healing methods are used, including the inabah method. The Inabah method is a method of Islamic education developed by Abah Anom as the concept of care for victims of drug abuse and the treatment of naughty teenagers in various forms of spiritual illness. It is hoped that he can help drug addicts to restore their mental defenses, so that they realize the bad effects and try to leave forever. The guidance is realized through bathing repentance, prayer, dhikr and prayer.Keywords: Inabah, Drug Crime, Method Abstrak:Guna menanggulangi korban kejahatan narkoba, maka digunakan beberapa metode penyembuhan, diantaranya adalah dengan metode inabah. Metode Inabah merupakan metode pendidikan Islam yang dikembangkan oleh Abah Anom sebagai konsep perawatan korban penyalahgunaan narkoba dan perawatan remaja yang nakal dalam berbagai bentuk penyakit kerohanian. Diharapkan dengannya dapat membantu para pecandu narkoba dalam memulihkan pertahanan mentalnya, sehingga mereka menyadari dampak buruknya dan berupaya untuk meninggalkan selamanya. Bimbingan tersebut, diwujudkan melalui mandi taubat, shalat, dzikir dan doa.Kata Kunci: Inabah, Kejahatan Narkoba, Metode
Nilai Ramadhan dan Pendidikan Kaum Tertindas (Mustadh’afin): Tinjauan Atas Ekonomi Islam
Authors: Aji Rizqon Halal Syah , Muslim Azis 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:Ramadan teaches social care. Momentum that is present this month (fasting) includes the teaching of humans about education. The message of transformative Islam in education is the meaning of Ramadan on the education of the oppressed (mustadh'afin). Education on the grounds of equality of knowledge rights and also in obtaining economic distribution rights. Ramadan teaches economic equality and balance so that the practice of liberation from the economic downturn of the people can be overcome. Islam offers muamalah (economic activism) through Islamic economics. The aim is to open up confinement over economic oppression and also be aware of the obligations of fellow human beings to be economically just. The practice of Islamic economics tries to dismantle the deterioration of the lower class economy with the concept of financial inclusion.Keywords: Ramadan, Education of The Oppressed, Mustadh'afin, Islamic EconomicsAbstrak:Ramadhan mengajarkan kepedulian sosial. Momentum yang hadir pada bulan ini (puasa) diantaranya adalah pengajaran atas manusia tentang pendidikan. Pesan Islam transformatif dalam pendidikan yang dimaksud adalah pemaknaan Ramadhan atas pendidikan kaum tertindas (mustadh’afin). Pendidikan atas nalar kesamaan hak pengetahuan dan juga dalam memperoleh hak distribusi ekonomi. Ramadhan mengajarkan kesamaan dan keseimbangan ekonomi sehingga praktik pembebasan atas keterpurukan ekonomi umat dapat di atasi. Islam menawarkan muamalah (aktivisme ekonomi) melalui ekonomi syariah. Tujuannya adalah membuka keterkungkungan atas ketertindasan ekonomi dan juga menyadarkan akan kewajiban sesama manusia untuk dapat bersikap adil secara ekonomi. Praktik ekonomi Islam mencoba membongkar keterpurukan ekonomi kelas bawah dengan konsep keuangan insklusif. Kata Kunci: Ramadhan, Pendidikan Kaum Terindas, Mustadh’afin, Ekonomi Islam
Penggunaan Buzzer Politik di Media Sosial Pada Masa Kampanya Pemilihan Umum
Authors: Hidayat Rayhan Naufaldi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract:The campaign is an activity that is part of the holding of a very crucial general election. In these activities, election participants took a variety of ways in order to gain the support of votes from the public, including by utilizing social media. In the campaign strategy on social media, political buzzer is a tool that is considered to be able to increase the popularity, electability and acceptability of election participants. Therefore, the existence of a political buzzer is urgently needed, so that legal arrangements regarding political buzzers must be clear in regulating it so that the use of social media by involving political buzzers does not deviate from the main objectives of the election itself.Keywords: Buzzer, Social Media, Politics, Campaigns and General Elections Abstrak: Kampanye merupakan kegiatan yang menjadi bagian dari penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum (Pemilu) yang sangat krusial. Dalam kegiatan tersebut, peserta pemilu melakukan berbagai cara agar dapat memperoleh dukungan suara dari masyarakat, diantaranya dengan cara memanfaatkan media sosial. Dalam strategi kampanye di media sosial, buzzer politik menjadi alat yang dinilai dapat meningkatkan popularitas, elektabilitas dan akseptabilitas peserta pemilu. Maka dari itu, keberadaan buzzer politik menjadi sangat dibutuhkan, sehingga pengaturan hukum perihal buzzer politik pun harus jelas dalam mengatur hal tersebut agar pemanfaatan media sosial dengan melibatkan buzzer politik tidak menyimpang dari tujuan utama dari pemilu itu sendiri.Kata Kunci: Buzzer, Media Sosial, Politik, Kampanye dan Pemilihan Umum
Трудовая миграция в России в период коронавирусной пандемии
Authors: Денисенко Михаил Борисович , Мукомель Владимир Изявич 
Published: November 2020

Введение карантинных мер в связи с пандемией коронавируса сопровождалось перекрытием трансграничных коммуникаций и ограничением деятельности предприятий в большинстве отраслей экономики. Трудовые мигранты и члены их семей, пребывающие на территории России, оказались в сложном положении. Сокращение занятости в первую очередь в тех сферах, где работают мигранты, сделало иностранных граждан одной из наиболее уязвимых социальных групп. Первый пласт вопросов, рассматриваемых в статье, связан с оценкой ситуации, в которой оказались мигранты, находящиеся в России. В каких видах экономической активности сокращение занятости стало особенно болезненным для мигрантов? Каково их материальное положение? Насколько они готовы покинуть Россию в случае восстановления транспортных коммуникаций? Каковы их ближайшие и отдаленные планы, связанные с трудовой деятельностью и жизнью в России? Во втором фокусе исследования находятся потенциальные мигранты, которые не смогли въехать в Россию после разрыва международных транспортных связей. Каково их экономическое положение на родине? Как быстро они собираются выехать в Россию в случае снятия ограничений на международные поездки? Каковы их краткосрочные и долгосрочные планы, связанные с пребыванием в России? Поиску ответов на эти вопросы посвящена настоящая статья, базирующаяся на онлайн-опросе 2695 иностранных граждан (в том числе 1304 мигрантов, находящихся на территории России, и 1391 – за ее пределами), а также телефонном опросе 300 трудовых мигрантов в Московском мегаполисе, проведенных в первой половине июня 2020 г.
Anxiety in Relatives of Patients Admitted to Cardiac Care Units and its Relationship with Spiritual Health and Religious Coping
Authors: Dehghanrad Fereshteh , Mosallanejad Marjan , Momennasab Marzieh 
Published: November 2020

Objective. This work sought to determine the level of anxiety in relatives of patients admitted to CCUs and its relationship with spiritual health and religious coping.
Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 relatives of Cardiac Care Units patients in Jahrom, Iran. Required data was collected using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Paloutzian-Ellison Spiritual Well Being Scale (SWBS), and the Pargament Brief RCOPE questionnaire.
Results. The results showed that both levels of state and trait anxiety were moderate and the level of total spiritual health was high. Anxiety score had an inverse relationship with spiritual health (r=-0.52) and a direct relationship with negative religious coping score (r=0.25). However, no significant relationship was found between total anxiety score and positive religious coping (p>0.05). There was a direct relationship between spiritual health and positive religious coping (r=0.19), and an inverse relationship between spiritual health and negative religious coping(r=-0.36).
Conclusion. According to the findings of the study, it is suggested to paying attention to the reinforcement of spiritual attitudes, beliefs, and religious coping strategies to reduce their anxiety in CCU patients.
Assessment of the Relationship between Nurses’ Perception of Ethical Climate and Job Burnout in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Rivaz Mozhgan , Asadi Fatemeh , Mansouri Parisa 
Published: November 2020

Objective. To determine the relationship between ethical climate and burnout in nurses working in Intensive Care Units (ICUs).
Methods. This cross-sectional and multi-center study was conducted among 212 nurses working in adult ICUs of six hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2019. The participants were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Data was collected using valid instruments of Olson’s Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).
Results. Ethical climate was favorable (3.5±0.6). The intensity (32.2±12.4) and frequency (25.5±12.4) of burnout were high. Ethical climate had significant and inverse relationships with frequency of burnout (r =-0.23, p=0.001) and with intensity of burnout (r=-0.186, p=0.007). Ethical climate explained 5.9% of burnout. Statistically significant relationships were also found between these factors: age with ethical climate (p=0.001), work shifts with burnout (p=0.02), and gender and with intensity frequency of burnout in ICU nurses (p=0.038). The results of Spearman correlation coefficient showed significant and inverse relationships between ethical climate and job burnout (r=-0.243, p<0.001).
Conclusion. Nurses in ICUs perceived that ethical climate was favorable however, burnout was high. Therefore, burnout can be affected by many factors and it is necessary to support ICU nurses since they undertake difficult and complicated task. It is recommended to assess factors that increase burnout and adopt specific measures and approaches to relieve nursing burnout.
Level and Noise Sources in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Reference Hospital
Authors: Hernández-Salazar Alma Damaris , Gallegos-Martínez Josefina , Reyes-Hernández Jaime 
Published: November 2020

Objective. Determine the level of environmental and periauricular noise in preterm babies and identify the sources generating noise in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -NICU- of a reference hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
Methods. Cross-sectional and analytic study of the measurement of the level of environmental noise in five critical areas of the NICU, according with the method of measurement of noise from fixed sources by the Mexican Official Norm and periauricular at 20 cm from the preterm patient’s pinna. The measurements were carried out during three representative days of a week,morning, evening and nocturnal shifts. A STEREN 400 sound level meter was used with 30 to 130 dB range of measurement and a rate of 0.5 s.
Results. The average level of periauricular noise (64.5±1.91dB) was higher than the environmental noise (63.3±1.74 dB) during the days and shifts evaluated. The principal noise sources were activities carried out by the staff, like the nursing change of shift and conversations by the staff, which raised the level continuously or intermittently, operation of vital support equipment (alarms) and incidences (clashing of baby bottles and moving furnishings) producedsudden rises of noise.
Conclusions. Environmental and periauricular noise in NICU exceeds by two and almost three times the 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night from the norm in hospitals. It is necessary to implement permanent noise reduction programs to prevent sequelae in the preterm infant and professional burnout in the nursing staff.
Clean Room Classification
Authors: Stokes Konrad 
Published: November 2020

Clean rooms are traditionally classified as either laminar flow or mixed flow rooms. Although these two types of rooms operate quite differently, they have generally been used in the same manner, with the same rules applying to both types, on the assumption that there was a unidirectional flow in both types. Experiments have shown that this is not the case in the mixed flow rooms. In some cases vertical counterflows have been shown to carry contaminants all the way to the ceiling of such rooms.
In the dilution controlled clean room concept, the air is sufficiently stirred to achieve good mixing. With a homogeneous concentration of particles in the air, the steady state particle concentration can be calculated. Particle concentration may be controlled by adjusting the air flow to maintain the concentration at a constant value. Under these conditions, only enough air must be circulated to carry away the particles currently being generated. This means that energy consumption is directly related to the particles being generated in the room and is therefore a practical as well as theoretical minimum.
Unique Test Capabilities of the Eglin AFB McKinley Climatic Laboratory
Authors: Klein Lorin 
Published: November 2020

The 92,900m3 (3.28 million ft3) Main Chamber of the Climatic Laboratory (Figure 1) is the largest and most complex climatic environmental test chamber in the world. It employs an air makeup system to cool or heat air to the test temperatures and ingest this air into the chamber to allow the operation of jet engines during climatic tests.
Other test chambers discussed are the 2,750 m3 (97,000 ft3) Engine and Equipment Test Facility and the 2,125 m3 (75,000 ft3) Sun, Wind, Rain, and Dust Facility.
Acoustic and Thermal Test Facility Construction and Validation
Authors: Dimick Dennis 
Published: November 2020

A requirement was developed to expose the upper stage of the Centaur in the final flight configuration to intense acoustic and thermal environments. To satisfy this requirement a large state-of-the-art acoustic and thermal test facility was constructed. The facility consists of a 1840.8 m3 (65,000 ft3) reverberation chamber and a 1316.9 m3 (46,500 ft3) thermal chamber housed in a single clean environment facility.
The acoustic chamber has an overall sound pressure capability of 154 dB with uniformity within -2 to +4 dB. The sound intensity is created by a four-horn matrix with a frequency range of 25 to 10,000 Hz. The thermal chamber has a temperature range capability of -35 to +185° F with a uniformity of ±5°. The thermal chamber air is humidity controlled and filtered to maintain cleanliness standards. Both chambers are supported by modern digital data acquisition and control systems located in a 175.2 m2 (1886 ft2) control room.
The facility has the capability to store and transfer cryogenic liquids into the Centaur vehicle. Problems encountered during the design and construction are discussed along with the test program that was performed to validate the facility. Suggestions are made to future builders of large acoustic or thermal test facilities.
Evaluation of a Procedure for the Analysis of Nonstationary Vibroacoustic Data
Authors: Himelblau Harry , Piersol Allan 
Published: November 2020

Much of the structural vibration and aeroacoustic noise of aerospace vehicles is nonstationary random. Methodology for nonstationary data analysis exists, but the procedure requires measurements from repeated flights, which is often impractical. An alternative parametric procedure can be applied to individual records under the assumption that the data have a specific type of nonstationarity. A type of parametric model, called the product model, and a special case, called the locally stationary model, are described and applied to space vehicle launch data. A nonstationary procedure is presented and evaluated using launch vibration data measured at a Shuttle Orbiter/payload interface.
The procedure permits a longer sampling duration to be used for spectral analysis as compared with the traditional short-duration method, significantly reducing random errors. In this evaluation, only modest differences were observed between the two types of "raw" spectra. However, when random errors were taken into account (large for the traditional method and small for the nonstationary procedure), the short-duration spectra exceeded those for the nonstationary procedure by a significant amount. Thus unnecessarily high vibration spectra can be avoided using the nonstationary procedure.
Military Integrated Circuits Screening Report (Summary) ESSEH Parts Committee
Authors: Golshan Shahin 
Published: November 2020

Electronic parts suppliers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and government agencies have reported divergent perceptions of military integrated circuit quality. In 1986 the Environmental Stress Screening of Electronic Hardware (ESSEH) Parts Committee was formed. This committee accepted the task of identifying the underlying problems related to these perceptions. This report presents the strategy and a pilot implementation, as well as development of a standard for exchange of quality data. It includes specific rescreening data and analysis of correlation issues.
The report shows that most components are defect free, and that supplier/OEM teams can systematically resolve correlation and quality issues.
Climatic Engineering
Authors: Coveney D. 
Published: November 2020

Facilities at Canada's National Research Council for research into the effects of climate on engineering equipment are described. The Low Temperature Laboratory currently operates a large climatic test chamber, two smaller cold chambers, a cold chest for extremely cold temperatures, an icing tunnel, a helicopter icing facility, and a heat pump calorimeter.
The capabilities and limitations of the test chambers are illustrated through descriptions of a variety of tests. Growth of ice on objects and the development and calibration of icing detectors in the icing tunnel are described to illustrate the capabilities of the tunnel. A description is presented of the inflight evaluation of helicopter performance in a supercooled vapor cloud produced by the helicopter icing facility.
Background Rationale for Tailoring Airborne External Stores Vibration Tests in MIL-STD-810, Method 514 or Myths and Sacred Cows in the Environmental Sciences Revisited
Authors: Caruso Hank 
Published: November 2020

This paper identifies background rationale currently missing from Method 514 (Vibration) of MIL-STD-810C/D/E for vibration testing of external stores and associated equipment carried on jet aircraft (Categories 7A and 7B). Information for this paper was taken from the original research study for this part of the test method. The original assumptions made in developing MIL-STD-810 are included so that users of the standard can decide whether the assumptions are relevant to their particular circumstances. Specific topics examined in this paper include:
• Misapplication of the response threshold in Category 7A as an input spectrum
• The level of conservatism factored into the test spectra published in this method
• Longitudinal axis vibration test levels compared with vertical and lateral axis test levels
• Appropriate values of dynamic pressure for specific aircraft/store combinations.