bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Search Query Interest in Gastrointestinal Symptoms With COVID-19 Diagnosis in the United States: Infodemiology Study
Authors: Rajan Anjana , Sharaf Ravi , Brown Robert S , Sharaiha Reem Z , Lebwohl Benjamin , Mahadev SriHari 
Published: July 2020

Background
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel viral illness that has rapidly spread worldwide. While the disease primarily presents as a respiratory illness, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea have been reported in up to one-third of confirmed cases, and patients may have mild symptoms that do not prompt them to seek medical attention. Internet-based infodemiology offers an approach to studying symptoms at a population level, even in individuals who do not seek medical care.

Objective
This study aimed to determine if a correlation exists between internet searches for gastrointestinal symptoms and the confirmed case count of COVID-19 in the United States.

Methods
The search terms chosen for analysis in this study included common gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Furthermore, the search terms fever and cough were used as positive controls, and constipation was used as a negative control. Daily query shares for the selected symptoms were obtained from Google Trends between October 1, 2019 and June 15, 2020 for all US states. These shares were divided into two time periods: pre–COVID-19 (prior to March 1) and post–COVID-19 (March 1-June 15). Confirmed COVID-19 case numbers were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering data repository. Moving averages of the daily query shares (normalized to baseline pre–COVID-19) were then analyzed against the confirmed disease case count and daily new cases to establish a temporal relationship.

Results
The relative search query shares of many symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and constipation, remained near or below baseline throughout the time period studied; however, there were notable increases in searches for the positive control symptoms of fever and cough as well as for diarrhea. These increases in daily search queries for fever, cough, and diarrhea preceded the rapid rise in number of cases by approximately 10 to 14 days. The search volumes for these terms began declining after mid-March despite the continued rises in cumulative cases and daily new case counts.

Conclusions
Google searches for symptoms may precede the actual rises in cases and hospitalizations during pandemics. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, this study demonstrates that internet search queries for fever, cough, and diarrhea increased prior to the increased confirmed case count by available testing during the early weeks of the pandemic in the United States. While the search volumes eventually decreased significantly as the number of cases continued to rise, internet query search data may still be a useful tool at a population level to identify areas of active disease transmission at the cusp of new outbreaks.
CATIONIC NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS: OPTIMIZATION OF ZETA POTENTIAL AND EVALUATION
Authors: BAIG MIRZA SALMAN , SIDDIQUI AQUIL-UR-RAHIM 
Published: July 2020

Objective: To fabricate, optimize and evaluate, Lipid-based cationic nanoparticulate dispersed system to improve the bio-adhesion property for ophthalmic use.
Methods: Lipid-based cationic nanoparticulate dispersed system was fabricated by melt emulsification ultrasonication method and Box-Behnken design was utilized for optimization of formulation through the Design-Expert® program. The concentration of stabilizer, liquid lipid and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) was selected as variables (factors) while particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) were selected as a response for optimization purpose. Characterization of particle properties was performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was performed to study chemical interaction among ingredients. Rhodamine B entrapped CNLC formulation was used to study the interaction of NLC and CNLC on a three-dimensional and two-dimensional ocular tissue model for cell uptake and penetration properties.
Results: Cationic nanostructured lipid carrier system was successfully fabricated by melt emulsification ultrasonication method. Characterization of nanoparticulate system using PCS revealed particle size in the range of 113.1 to 274.2 nm, PDI in a range of 0.147 to 0.280, while zeta potential in the range of 7.2 to 49.8 mV. The validation of statistical design suggested that it was suitable for navigation of design space. TEM imaging confirmed the results of PCS characterization. FT-IR study suggested a minimal chemical interaction among ingredients in CNLC. Confocal laser microscopic imaging for the interaction of NLC and CNLC on a three-dimensional and two-dimensional ocular tissue model revealed good penetration and bio-adhesion properties.
Conclusion: The fabricated Cationic nanostructured lipid carrier system was found to be the potential ophthalmic novel drug delivery system with good bio-adhesion and penetration properties.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE USING CALCIUM CROSS-LINKED CASSIA FISTULA GUM AND CROSS CARMELLOSE SODIUM
Authors: SINGH KULJIT , SHARMA SHAILESH 
Published: July 2020

Objective: The present investigation was aimed towards developing calcium crosslinked derivative of carboxymethylated cassia fistula gum and crosscarmellose sodium based orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of propranolol hydrochloride for enhancing the bioavailability and efficacy.
Methods: Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) of propranolol hydrochloride was formulated using natural (a carboxymethylated derivative of cassia fistula gum) and synthetic polymer (crosscarmellose sodium) by wet and dry granulation, lyophilization and cotton candy methods and then finally compressed by direct compression. The prepared ODTs were evaluated for several parameters such as hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration time, in vitro drug release. In vivo and stability studies were carried out on optimized formulation coding PC1.
Results: Drug polymer interaction were judged by FT-IR, DSC and XRD. The optimized formulation coding PC1 prepared by cotton candy process containing 2.5% w/w of crosslinked cassia fistula gum has the least disintegration time (18.9±0.4s), weeting time (12.5±0.8s) and relased the drug of 88.2% within 10 min in contrast to croscarmellose sodium. In vivo absorption studies revealed that same formulation has Cmax (µg/ml) 2.13±0.73, tmax (h) 0.21±0.17 and (µg ml-1 h-1) 14.33±1.59.
Conclusion: This research manuscript clearly shows the successful development of the ODTs loaded with an antihypertensive drug, namely propranolol hydrochloride. The formulation developed by cotton candy process utilizing crosslinked cassia fistula gum as a natural superdisintegrant in contrast to other existing techniques can be a best option over synthetic superdisintegrant i.e. crosscarmellose sodium. The prepared ODTs was enhanced the absorption rate by lowering tmax, which inturn enhance the bioavailability and the efficacy of drug.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE NEW ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE
Authors: ODNOVOROV A. I. , GREBENNIKOVA Т. V. , PLETENEVA T. V. , GARAEV T. M. , USPENSKAYA E. V. , KHODOROVICH N. A. , LEVITSKAYA O. V. , KOLDINA A. M. 
Published: July 2020

Objective: To develop a set of quality control procedures for the promising antiviral pharmaceutical substance L-histidyl-1-adamantylethylamine dihydrochloride monohydrate, a derivative of rimantadine.
Methods: Substances and solvents: synthesized in laboratory L-histidyl-1-adamantylethylamine dihydrochloride monohydrate (H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O), rimantadine hydrochloride (Rim•HCl), 99%, ethanol 96%, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) anhydrous, 99.8% and n-hexane anhydrous, 95%, deionized high-resistance water (18.2 MΩ•cm at 25 °C, Milli-Q system), silver nitrate. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy–Cary 630 Fourier Transform IR Spectrometer, elemental analysis–elemental composition analyzer CHNS-O EuroEA3000, ultraviolet (UV) spectrometry–Cary-60 spectrophotometer, polarimetry–POL-1/2 polarimeter with an external Peltier module, granulometric analysis by optical microscopy (Altami BIO 2 microscope) and low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS)–Master Sizer 3600, measurement of potential for hydrogen–potentiometer PB-11, Spirotox method–the study of temperature dependences of Spirostomum ambiguum lifetime to characterize the biological activity of the studied compounds.
Results: The substance H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O is an amorphous yellowish powder, slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, freely soluble in N, N-dimethylformamide, and practically insoluble in n-hexane. A study of the elemental composition has confirmed the authenticity of H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O. Comparison of the spectral characteristics of H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O and Rim•HCl by IR spectroscopy and UV spectrometry confirmed the authenticity of the substance. The racemic form of the substance Rim•HCl with an insignificant amount of impurity of the levorotatory enantiomer was proved polarimetrically: α =-0.0126±0.0003 (1% aqueous solution, 20±0.5 °С). The specific optical rotation of 1% aqueous solution H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O . In 1% ethanol solution -10.32±0.12. Using the method of laser light diffraction for a substance H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O, the dimensional spectra «fraction of particles, %-d, μm» were characterized, the maximum of which in hexane is in the region of 40–50 μm. Arrhenius’s kinetics on the Spirotox model established statistically significant differences in ligand-receptor interactions, which are characterized by values of observed apparent activation energy °bsEa, kJ/mol: 132.36±1.55 for H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O and 176.15±0.48 for Rim•HCl.
Conclusion: The developed set of methods for assessment of physical and chemical properties and biological activity of a new antiviral substance H-His-Rim•2HCl•H2O is the basis for establish of regulatory documentation.
Tanggung Jawab dan Perlindungan Hukum Direksi dalam Pengurusan Perseroan Terbatas
Authors: Raffles Raffles 
Published: July 2020

This article discusses the responsibilities of directors and their legal protection in managing a limited liability company. The responsibility of the directors in managing a limited liability company as regulated in the 2007 Company Law is related to the duties and authority to run the management of the company for the benefit of the company and in accordance with the aims and objectives of the company. To carry out the management of the company, the directors are authorized to carry out the management of the company in accordance with policies deemed appropriate, within the limits specified in the 2007 Company Law and/or articles of association. The responsibility of members of the directors for the company’s losses can be seen from the nature of the responsibility is personal and collective. The directors’ liability is personal if the loss suffered by the company is due to an error or negligence of the individual members of the board of directors. The responsibility of the directors is collective if the company’s losses are caused by an error or negligence in the board’s decision or action. Legal protection for directors in company management is provided if the management is based on good faith and prudence, which is recognized as the business judgment rule doctrine. Basically, directors are responsible for all actions and decisions they make, even personal accountability. However, directors can avoid personal liability if they can prove the basis and reasons and are based on good faith and caution.
Abstrak
Artikel ini membahas tanggung jawab dan perlindungan hukum direksi dalam pengurusan perseroan terbatas. Pertanggungjawaban direksi dalam pengurusan perseroan terbatas sebagaimana diatur dalam UUPT Tahun 2007 terkait dengan tugas dan wewenangnya menjalankan pengurusan perseroan untuk kepentingan perseroan dan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan perseroan. Untuk menjalankan pengurusan perseroan, direksi berwenang menjalankan pengurusan perseroan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang dipandang tepat, dalam batas yang ditentukan dalam UUPT Tahun 2007 dan/atau anggaran dasar. Pertanggungjawaban anggota direksi atas kerugian perseroan dilihat dari sifat pertanggungjawabannya bersifat pribadi dan kolektif. Pertanggungjawaban direksi bersifat pribadi apabila kerugian yang dialami perseroan disebabkan kesalahan atau kelalaian individu anggota direksi. Pertanggungjawaban direksi bersifat kolektif apabila kerugian perseroan diakibatkan adanya kesalahan atau kelalaian dalam keputusan atau tindakan dewan direksi. Perlindungan hukum terhadap direksi dalam pengurusan perusahaan diberikan jika pengurusan tersebut didasarkan pada itikad baik dan hati-hati, yang dikenali sebagai doktrin business judgement rule. Pada dasarnya direksi bertanggung jawab atas segala tindakan dan keputusan yang dibuatnya, bahkan pertanggungjawaban pribadi. Namun demikian, direksi dapat terhindar dari tuntutan pertanggungjawaban secara pribadi apabila dapat membuktikan dasar dan alasannya dan didasarkan pada itikad aik dan hati-hati.
MERCADO IMOBILIÁRIO EM CIDADES MÉDIAS TRANSFORMAÇÕES INTRAURBANAS EM PASSO FUNDO E ERECHIM-RS
Authors: Kalinoski Rafael , Spinelli Juçara 
Published: July 2020

A incapacidade do sistema político-econômico em prover moradia para muitas famílias evidencia resultados de um processo de transformação da habitação de bem social para ativo financeiro. O déficit habitacional é um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pela população e um desafio da agenda política brasileira. Passo Fundo e Erechim, cidades médias localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul, não são exceções. O jogo de forças do mercado imobiliário apresenta envolvimento dos agentes de Estado, grupos sociais e, cada vez mais, do setor imobiliário. A reestruturação produtiva regional promove o crescimento urbano e a consequente valorização imobiliária. A análise dos dados (anúncios de classificados, questionários, entrevistas e mapeamentos) possibilitou compreender: como o mercado procede para a reproduzir seu capital e corroborar para as transformações intraurbanas; como a crescente precificação promove o acirramento das desigualdades, demarcado pelos que acumulam imóveis e os que não tem acesso à moradia; a replicação do modelo cento-periferia das áreas metropolitanas nas médias cidades, as quais passam a ser um dos principais lócus da sobreacumulação do capital, pois o mercado se ocupa mais de criar estratégias para atrair investidores do que para oferecer possibilidades de moradia.
O Esquema construcional [[X]N-[mor]A]N na história da língua portuguesa (The constructional scheme [[X]N-[mor]A] N in the history of Portuguese)
Authors: Santos Antonia Vieira dos , Simões Neto Natival Almeida 
Published: July 2020

Neste trabalho, pretende-se fazer uma análise das construções [[X]N-[mor]A]N na história da língua portuguesa, seguindo os pressupostos da Gramática de Construções, como abordada na Morfologia Construcional, pensada por Booij (2010), Gonçalves (2016), Soledade (2013) e Tavares da Silva (2019), e na Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso, pensada por Traugott e Trousdale (2013), Oliveira (2017) e Rosário e Lopes (2019). Na abordagem construcional da linguagem, assume-se que uma construção deve ser instanciada por um esquema que pareia forma, função e significado. Nesse sentido, intenta-se analisar os aspectos semânticos, lexicais e morfossintáticos dos compostos [[X]N-[mor]A]N. Usou-se o levantamento realizado por Santos (2009) para os compostos nominais no português arcaico (séc. XIII-XVI), no qual figuram alcaide-mor, alferez-mor, beesteiro-mor e camareira-mor, altar-mor e capela-moor, entre outros. Para o português contemporâneo, procedeu-se a pesquisas em corpus disponibilizado na plataforma Linguateca e na rede social Twitter. Encontraram-se os seguintes exemplos: ladrão-mor, sapatão-mor, pessimista-mor, metaleiro-mor, gastador-mor, cínico-mor, pinguim-mor e breguice-mor.
PERBANDINGAN KADAR EUGENOL MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Meer. & Perry) DARI MALUKU, SUMATERA, SULAWESI, DAN JAWA DENGAN METODE GC-MS
Authors: Munawaroh Rima 
Published: July 2020

Senyawa eugenol merupakan komponen mayor minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan, antifungi, analgesik, dan antiseptik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menetapkan kadar eugenol minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dari beberapa daerah sentra penghasil (Maluku, Sumatera, Sulawesi, dan Jawa).. Sampel minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) diperoleh melalui metode destilasi uap dan air. Kandungan eugenol dalam minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan GC-MS. Analisis menggunakan kolom kapiler RxiTM-1ms, kecepatan alir fase gerak helium 0,1 mL/menit, energi ionisasi 70eV dan temperature programming 50-100oC (kenaikan 10oC/menit dan ditahan 1 menit), 100-140oC (kenaikan 5oC/menit), 140-160oC (kenaikan 2oC/menit), dan 160-245oC (kenaikan 5 oC/menit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kadar eugenol dalam minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dari Maluku, Sumatera, Sulawesi, dan Jawa berturut-turut 93,17±1,72%b/b, 60,29±0,67%b/b, 65,66±0,80%b/b, dan 55,88±0,98%b/b. Minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dari Maluku memiliki kualitas yang paling baik terkait kadar eugenol yang terkandung. Kata kunci: Minyak atsiri, bunga cengkeh, Syzygium aromaticum, eugenol, GC-MS
ANALISIS MUTU MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Meer. & Perry) DARI MALUKU, SUMATERA, SULAWESI DAN JAWA DENGAN METODE METABOLOMIC BERBASIS GC-MS
Authors: Munawaroh Rima 
Published: July 2020

Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Meer. Perry) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri. Mutu minyak cengkeh ditentukan oleh sifat fisik dan kandungan metabolit. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui metabolit yang ada di dalam minyak kuncup bunga cengkeh dari Maluku, Sumatera, Sulawesi, dan Jawa. Kuncup bunga cengkeh kering didestilasi uap dan air. Destilasi direplikasi 3 kali untuk setiap daerah. Minyak atsiri diuji indeks bias, organoleptis, bobot jenis dan dianalisis menggunakan GC-MS dengan kolom RxiTM-1MS, flow rate helium 5,3 mL/menit, dengan temperature programming 50–245oC (kenaikan 10oC/menit). Penentuan metabolit dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan spektra massa sampel dengan internal Willey Library. Hasil yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis Cluster. Pengelompokan didasarkan pada keberadaan senyawa dan %area masing-masing senyawa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dari Maluku dan Jawa mempunyai metabolit yang lebih banyak dan mempunyai kadar senyawa mayor yang lebih tinggi dibanding minyak atsiri bunga cengkeh dari Sumatera dan Sulawesi. Kata kunci: Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Meer. Perry), metabolit, kuncup bunga, GC-MS.
POTENSI KEMOPREVENTIF EKSTRAK ETANOLIK KULIT JERUK KEPROK (Citrus reticulata) PADA KARSINOGENESIS SEL HEPAR TIKUS GALUR SPRAGUE DAWLEY TERINDUKSI DMBA
Authors: Meiyanto Edy 
Published: July 2020

Salah satu titik tangkap strategi penemuan agen kemopreventif kanker khususnya kanker hepar adalah melalui penghambatan proliferasi dan penekanan ekspresi onkogen c-Myc. Tangeretin, nobiletin, dan hesperidin adalah beberapa senyawa aktif dari kulit jeruk keprok (Citrus reticulate) dilaporkan memiliki efek antiproliferatif pada berbagai sel kanker secara in vitro. Hasil penelitian ini dapat bermanfaat untuk mengetahui efek ekstrak etanolik kulit C. reticulata terhadap proliferasi dan penekanan ekspresi c-Myc pada sel hepar tikus betina galur Sprague Dawley berumur 40 hari terinduksi 7,12 Dimetilbenz[a]antrasen (DMBA). Tikus dikelompokan menjadi lima kelompok: (a) DMBA, tikus diinduksi DMBA secara peroral (p.o.), dengan dosis 20 mg/kgBB dalam minyak jagung, sebanyak 10 kali selama lima minggu(b) kontrol pelarut CMC-Na, (c) kontrol ekstrak dosis 1500 mg/KgBB, (d) DMBA+ekstrak 750 mg/kgBB,dan (e) DMBA+ekstrak 1500 mg/kgBB. Ekstrak dilarutkan dengan CMC-Na 0,5% dan diberikan setiap hari, dimulai minggu kelima setelah pemberian DMBA. Tikus dikorbankan saat awal minggu kesepuluh setelah pemberian DMBA. Organ hepar diisolasi dan diawetkan dengan buffer formalin untuk analisis proliferasi dan imunohistokimia c-Myc. Analisis antiproliferasi dilakukan dengan metode AgNOR dan hasil menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanolik kulit C. reticulata dosis 750 mg/KgBB memiliki potensi tinggi dalam menghambat proliferasi dan menekan ekspresi onkogen c-Myc. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etnolik kulit Citrus reticulata dapat menghambat proliferasi pada sel hepar tikus akibat pemberian DMBA melalui efek antiproliferasi dan penekanan ekspresi c-Myc..Kata kunci: Citrus reticulata, antiproliferatif, DMBA, AgNOR, c-Myc.
DOCKING ANALOG KURKUMIN TURUNAN PIPERAZINDION DENGAN TUBULIN (1TUB) RANTAI  MENGGUNAKAN VINA DAN AUTODOCK1
Authors: Santoso Broto 
Published: July 2020

Program Autodock mampu memprediksi energi bebas dan konformasi ikatan antara fleksibel ligan dan makromolekul target yang telah diketahui. Senyawa turunan dan analog kurkumin adalah ligan yang telah banyak dihasilkan dan diuji aktivitasnya. Beberapa diantaranya memiliki khasiat yang lebih baik dari kurkumin. Enam senyawa turunan piperazindion, kurkumin, PGV-0, dan PGV-1 dihitung energi optimasi geometrinya menggunakan density functional theory (DFT) – Gaussian. Ligan hasil optimasi dicari energi ikatan ligan dengan reseptor 1TUB rantai b melalui docking menggunakan Vina dan Autodock dengan metode Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm (LGA), traditional Genetic Algorithm (tGA), dan Simulated Annealing (SA) Monte Carlo. Data energi ikatan (affinitas) terbaik yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication (P=0,01). Hasil docking dengan semua metode menunjukkan bahwa senyawa analog kurkumin turunan piperazindion mempunyai potensi ikatan lebih baik dibanding senyawa induknya Kata Kunci: 1TUB, Autodock, docking, kurkumin, piperazindionage:IN'Kata kunci: Citrus reticulata, antiproliferatif, DMBA, AgNOR, c-Myc.
FORMULASI SUSPENSI SIPROFLOKSASIN DENGAN SUSPENDING AGENT PULVIS GUMMI ARABICI DAN DAYA ANTIBAKTERINYA
Authors: Kusumowati Ika Trisharyanti Dian 
Published: July 2020

Siprofloksasin merupakan antiinfeksi golongan quinolone yang tidak larut dalam air, karena itu sediaannya dibuat dalam bentuk suspensi. Pulvis Gummi Arabici (PGA) merupakan suspending agent yang mudah larut dalam air, tidak merubah konformasi kimia, dan bersifat alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh PGA terhadap stabilitas fisik dan daya antibakteri suspensi siprofloksasin. Suspensi dibuat dengan perbedaan konsentrasi PGA pada tiap formula. Formula I konsentrasi PGA 5,0%, formula II 7,5% dan formula III 10,0%. Suspensi dibuat dengan metode presipitasi. Uji terhadap suspensi siprofloksasin meliputi uji stabilitas fisik (pengukuran volume sedimentasi, viskositas, kemudahan dituang, ukuran partikel, redispersibilitas) dan uji daya antibakteri terhadap Eschericia coli. Pengamatan stabilitas fisik dilakukan tiap hari (hari 1-7) dilanjutkan pada hari terakhir setiap minggunya (2 bulan), pengamatan daya antibakteri dilakukan pada hari ke-1, ke-28, ke-56. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan konsentrasi suspending agent PGA berpengaruh terhadap sifat fisik suspensi. Formula I memiliki nilai volume sedimentasi dan nilai viskositas paling kecil, dan kemudahan dituang paling cepat. Ukuran partikel formula I paling besar dan memiliki redispersibilitas paling lama. Formula II memiliki diameter zona hambatan yang paling besar. Formula I, II, dan III setelah penyimpanan selama 2 bulan tetap memiliki aktivitas untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Eschericia coli. Kata kunci : siprofloksasin, Pulvis Gummi Arabici, suspensi, Eschericia colistyle='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ansi-language:IN': Citrus reticulata, antiproliferatif, DMBA, AgNOR, c-Myc.