bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic‐Level Reactive Sites for Semiconductor‐Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhang Yanzhao , Xia Bingquan , Ran Jingrun , Davey Kenneth , Qiao Shi Zhang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPhotocatalytic CO2 reduction is an effective means to generate renewable energy. It involves redox reactions, reduction of CO2 and oxidation of water, that leads to the production of solar fuel. Significant research effort has therefore been made to develop inexpensive and practically sustainable semiconductor‐based photocatalysts. The exploration of atomic‐level active sites on the surface of semiconductors can result in an improved understanding of the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction. This can be applied to the design and synthesis of efficient photocatalysts. In this review, atomic‐level reactive sites are classified into four types: vacancies, single atoms, surface functional groups, and frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). These different photocatalytic reactive sites are shown to have varied affinity to reactants, intermediates, and products. This changes pathways for CO2 reduction and significantly impacts catalytic activity and selectivity. The design of a photocatalyst from an atomic‐level perspective can therefore be used to maximize atomic utilization efficiency and lead to a high selectivity. The prospects for fabrication of effective photocatalysts based on an in‐depth understanding are highlighted.
Epidemiological profile of emergency medical services in Japan: a population‐based descriptive study in 2016
Authors: Nakao Shunichiro , Katayama Yusuke , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Hirose Tomoya , Sado Junya , Ishida Kenichiro , Tachino Jotaro , Umemura Yutaka , Kiguchi Takeyuki , Matsuyama Tasuku , Kiyohara Kosuke , Shimazu Takeshi 
Published: January 2020

AimThe aim of our study is to describe the characteristics of patients who use emergency medical services (EMS), EMS performance, and regional variations in Japan.MethodsWe undertook a nationwide, population‐based, descriptive review of anonymized ambulance transport records obtained from the Fire and Disaster Management Agency in Japan. All emergency patients transported to emergency medical institutions by EMS personnel from January to December 2016 were enrolled in this study, excluding patients who were not transported.ResultsDuring the study period, 5,097,838 patients were transported to a hospital. Their median age was 69 years, 51.4% were male, and 56.5% were over 65 years old. Median durations from EMS call to EMS arrival on scene were similar among the regions, ranging from 7 to 9 min. However, the longest median duration from EMS call to hospital arrival was 38 min, and the shortest was 31 min across the regions. Among all patients, 350,865 (6.9%) were assessed as being in a severe condition, 14,410 (0.3%) were in very severe condition, and 74,780 (1.5%) were confirmed to be dead at the time of initial medical examination in the emergency department.ConclusionsWe described the characteristics of emergency patients and EMS performance in Japan. This registry serves as a basis for providing relevant information to improve prehospital emergency medical systems.
De Novo Construction of Catenanes with Dissymmetric Cages by Space‐Discriminative Post‐Assembly Modification
Authors: Li Pan , Xu Shijun , Yu Chunyang , Li Zi‐Ying , Xu Jianping , Li Zi‐Mu , Zou Lingyi , Leng Xuebing , Gao Shan , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhang Shaodong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractConsiderable efforts have been made to increase the topological complexity of mechanically interlocked molecules over the years. Three‐dimensional catenated structures composed of two or several (usually symmetrical) cages are one representative example. However, owing to the lack of an efficient universal synthetic strategy, interlocked structures made up of dissymmetric cages are relatively rare. Since the space volume of the inner cavity of an interlocked structure is smaller than that outside it, we developed a novel synthetic approach with the voluminous reductant NaBH(OAc)3 that discriminates this space difference, and therefore selectively reduces the outer surface of a catenated dimer composed of two symmetric cages, thus yielding the corresponding catenane with dissymmetric cages. Insight into the template effect that facilitates the catenation of cages was provided by computational and experimental techniques.
Anatomy of the reproductive system of a population of Amerotyphlops brongersmianus from southeastern Brazil (Serpentes: Scolecophidia)
Authors: Khouri Rebeca S. , Almeida‐Santos Selma M. , Fernandes Daniel S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAmerotyphlops brongersmianus (Vanzolini, 1976) is distributed in Brazil from the Atlantic Rainforest to the Cerrado biome. Only few studies have focused on the gross anatomy, reproductive organs, and histological data of typhlopids. We accessed information from the anatomy of gonads of 95 individuals collected at different months in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. This included histological sections of the testes, ductus deferens and sexual segment of kidney (SSK) in males, and oviducts in females, from which fecundity was determined. Results revealed a correlation between gross morphology and histology of the reproductive system. Testes volume increased during spermatogenesis, and the ductus deferens diameter increased with the presence of spermatozoa. Additionally, changes occurred in kidney morphology, which showed a smooth or rough surface, the latter corresponding to the development of the SSK. Spermatozoa were found inside the lumen of the SSK of some males. Females lacked left oviducts and showed changes in morphological and histological aspects of the right oviducts throughout the year. In summer and spring the uterus showed undeveloped structures, while during winter this organ showed conspicuously developed glands and appeared pleated and opaque upon gross examination. The infundibulum was pleated in most females throughout the year and one female had spermatozoon in a receptacle located in the posterior infundibulum. In spring, this organ was enlarged compared to winter, with a thinner epithelium. Fecundity corresponded to 7–11 eggs.
Semi‐integrale Gumpenbachbrücke in Kornwestheim
Authors: Gehring Markus , Bayer Daniela 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFür eine ressourcensparende und zukunftsorientierte Bauweise ist der Querverschub einer semi‐integralen Brücke inkl. ihrer Stützen und Fundamente die passende Antwort auf die Frage, wie man eine zweibahnige Brücke im Zuge einer stark befahrenen Hauptverkehrsachse ersetzt, ohne den Verkehr länger als vier Wochen auf zwei Fahrspuren einzuengen. Die Gumpenbachbrücke im Zuge der B 27 in Kornwestheim inmitten der Metropolregion Stuttgart hat eine Länge von ca. 100 m. Innerorts liegend, besteht sie aus zwei Teilbauwerken mit jeweils drei Feldern. Die gevouteten Spannbetonplattenbalken sind monolithisch mit den Stützen verbunden und ergeben mit der Kalottenlagerung an den Widerlagern ein semi‐integrales Bauwerk. Eines der beiden Teilbauwerke der zweibahnigen Bundesstraße wird zunächst in Seitenlage gebaut, um den Verkehr darauf umzuleiten. In mehreren Bauphasen werden die parallel liegenden Bestandsbauwerke abgebrochen und das zweite Teilbauwerk errichtet. Schlussendlich wird das in Seitenlage erstellte semi‐integrale Brückenbauwerk einschließlich seiner Stützen und Fundamente mittels hydraulischer Hub‐ und Verschubsysteme in seine Endlage verschoben. Bei der Dimensionierung und der konstruktiven Ausbildung des Bauwerks ist der Querverschub für Bau‐ und Endzustand zu berücksichtigen. Im folgenden Beitrag wird auf die wichtigsten Aspekte der Entwurfsplanung eingegangen.
Tunable luminescence of a synthesized furophenanthraquinone derivative: interactions with different solvents
Authors: Sarkar Aparna , Pyne Dinesh Kumar , Biswas Tuyan , Das Rumpa , Kar Gandhi K. , Halder Arnab 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe synthesis is described of a luminescent furophenanthraquinone derivative, 9‐methoxyphenanthro[4,3‐b]furan‐4,5‐dione (MPFD). The biological importance of tetracyclic furophenanthraquinones was considered and the tunable luminescence of MPFD in different solvents was studied to explore the nature of the specific interactions between MPFD and solvents. Observation of dual emission bands and identical nature of the fluorescence excitation spectra of MPFD monitored at the emission wavelength in polar solvents indicated the formation of two different types of species in the excited state, probably due to proton transfer from the solvent to MPFD. Luminescence intensity due to anionic species was found to be increased and the corresponding peak was red shifted with increase in the proton‐donating ability of the solvents, acting as an acid with respect to MPFD. Availability of more acidic protons in the solvent facilitated this phenomenon occurring in the excited state. MPFD also interacted with halogen‐containing solvents by forming electron donor–acceptor charge transfer (CT) complexes. This CT complex formation was dependent on the number of chlorine atoms; the position of the corresponding luminescence band varied with the polarity of the solvent. Extent of the CT increased with increase in the number of chlorine atoms in the dichloro, trichloro and tetrachloro solvents, whereas the luminescence peak due to the CT complex was found to be blue shifted with decrease in solvent polarity. Interaction of the synthesized bioactive MPFD with different solvents deserves biological importance as proton transfer and CT play pivotal roles in biology.
Integrating clients' moment‐to‐moment ratings into psychotherapy research: A novel approach
Authors: Penix Elizabeth A. , Swift Joshua K. , Trusty Wilson T. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCounselling and psychotherapy researchers have considerably advanced the field's understanding of psychotherapy processes and how they relate to treatment outcomes. Despite these advances, little is known about the client's perspective of changes in psychotherapy processes that occur throughout a given session (i.e. micro‐processes). To address this gap, this article describes the novel application of methods that assess participants' moment‐to‐moment ratings to psychotherapy research. This method entails recording psychotherapy session content that clients and other potential raters (e.g. therapists, researchers) later review while simultaneously providing continuous ratings of psychotherapy processes (e.g. helpfulness, alliance). In addition, moment‐to‐moment ratings can facilitate significant events research by prompting researchers to elicit client feedback about the moments that are rated the most and least positively. However, few studies have used these methods in the context of psychotherapy research. Studies incorporating these methods may yield findings that advance psychotherapy research, training efforts and clinical practice. For example, studies may examine how the magnitude and timing of clients' moment‐to‐moment ratings of psychotherapy processes are associated with treatment outcomes, therapist ratings and physiological processes (e.g. heart rate variability). Trainee therapists and their supervisors may also use clients' moment‐to‐moment ratings to facilitate attunement to verbal and non‐verbal indicators of moments perceived more positively and negatively. Last, these methods can produce findings that are highly relevant to clinical practice, where therapists routinely navigate fluctuations in psychotherapy processes (e.g. alliance ruptures) that can be assessed using moment‐to‐moment ratings.
Treating severe wounds in pediatrics with medical grade honey: A case series
Authors: Smaropoulos Eleftherios , Cremers Niels A. J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMedical grade honey (MGH) has antimicrobial and pro‐healing properties. We here demonstrate that MGH is an easily applicable, safe, and cost‐effective approach for severe wounds. The use of MGH should more often be considered to treat all kinds of pediatric wounds.
Tranylcypromine‐Based LSD1 Inhibitors: Structure‐Activity Relationships, Antiproliferative Effects in Leukemia, and Gene Target Modulation
Authors: Fioravanti Rossella , Romanelli Annalisa , Mautone Nicola , Di Bello Elisabetta , Rovere Annarita , Corinti Davide , Zwergel Clemens , Valente Sergio , Rotili Dante , Botrugno Oronza A. , Dessanti Paola , Vultaggio Stefania , Vianello Paola , Cappa Anna , Binda Claudia , Mattevi Andrea , Minucci Saverio , Mercurio Ciro , Varasi Mario , Mai Antonello 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAbstract: LSD1 is a lysine demethylase highly involved in initiation and development of cancer. To design highly effective covalent inhibitors, a strategy is to fill its large catalytic cleft by designing tranylcypromine (TCP) analogs decorated with long, hindered substituents. We prepared three series of TCP analogs, carrying aroyl‐ and arylacetylamino (1 a–h), Z‐amino acylamino (2 a–o), or double‐substituted benzamide (3 a–n) residues at the C4 or C3 position of the phenyl ring. Further fragments obtained by chemical manipulation applied on the TCP scaffold (compounds 4 a–i) were also prepared. When tested against LSD1, most of 1 and 3 exhibited IC50 values in the low nanomolar range, with 1 e and 3 a,d,f,g being also the most selective respect to monoamine oxidases. In MV4‐11 AML and NB4 APL cells compounds 3 were the most potent, displaying up to sub‐micromolar cell growth inhibition against both cell lines (3 a) or against NB4 cells (3 c). The most potent compounds in cellular assays were also able to induce the expression of LSD1 target genes, such as GFI‐1b, ITGAM, and KCTD12, as functional read‐out for LSD1 inhibition. Mouse and human intrinsic clearance data highlighted the high metabolic stability of compounds 3 a, 3 d and 3 g. Further studies will be performed on the new compounds 3 a and 3 c to assess their anticancer potential in different cancer contexts.
Intrinsic sensory neurons provide direct input to motor neurons and interneurons in mouse distal colon via varicose baskets
Authors: Smolilo David J. , Hibberd Timothy J. , Costa Marcello , Wattchow David A. , De Fontgalland Dayan , Spencer Nick J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractConnections from intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), to ascending motor and interneurons have been described in guinea pig colon. These mono‐ and polysynaptic circuits may underlie polarized motor reflexes evoked by local gut stimulation. There is a need to translate findings in guinea pig to mouse, a species increasingly used in enteric neuroscience. Here, mouse distal colon was immunolabeled for CGRP, a marker of putative IPANs. This revealed a combination of large, intensely immunofluorescent axons in myenteric plexus and circular muscle, and thinner varicose axons with less immunofluorescence. The latter formed dense, basket‐like varicosity clusters (CGRP+ baskets) that enveloped myenteric nerve cell bodies. Immunolabeling after 4–5 days in organ culture caused loss of large CGRP+ axons, but not varicose CGRP+ fibers and CGRP+ baskets. Baskets were characterized further by triple labeling with CGRP, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and calretinin (CALR) antibodies. Approximately half (48%) of nerve cell bodies inside CGRP+ baskets lacked both NOS and CALR, while two overlapping populations containing NOS and/or CALR comprised the remainder. Quantitative analysis revealed CGRP+ varicosities were most abundant in baskets, followed by CALR+ varicosities, with a high degree of colocalization between the two markers. Few NOS+ varicosities occurred in baskets. Significantly higher proportions of CALR+ and CGRP+ varicosities colocalized in baskets than in circular muscle. In conclusion, CGRP+ baskets in mouse colon are formed by intrinsic enteric neurons with a neurochemical profile consistent with IPANs and have direct connections to both excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
Recent Advances in Non‐Precious Metal‐Based Electrodes for Alkaline Water Electrolysis
Authors: Zhou Daojin , Li Pengsong , Xu Wenwen , Jawaid Sana , Mohammed‐Ibrahim Jamesh , Liu Wen , Kuang Yun , Sun Xiaoming 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHydrogen gas has been regarded as an ideal energy source that could replace the need of fossil fuels, based on its high energy density with zero carbon emissions. The production of hydrogen via electrolysis of water is not a new field, but the technology has seen significant advancements in recent times, owing to the proportional growing demand of clean and affordable energy. This review discusses the most recent progresses achieved in the area of earth abundant catalysis, particularly, non‐precious metal (Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, W)‐based catalysts that are being utilized for the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline solutions. Based on the type of materials, the discussions are categorized into sections attributed to transition metal alloys, hydroxides, oxides, chalcogenides, carbides and nitrogenous materials. In general, a brief introduction of HER and OER mechanisms followed by a detailed discussion of the presently considered catalysts with endeavors have been made to highlight the new technologies and alternative approaches that are being considered promising towards production of clean H2 energy. Finally, a prospective has been provided to accentuate the future of non‐noble metal based catalyst in electro‐catalytic water splitting reactions.
Highly Aligned Carbon Nanotube‐Based Bi‐Material Microactuators with Reduced Intertube Slipping
Authors: Zhang Peng , Guo Jian , Hou Huwang , Zhang Yiyuan , Yang Xiaochen , Zhong Hongmei , Chen Lie , Zhao Yang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBi‐material microcantilevers have been widely used as both thermal sensors and thermal actuators. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are prominent candidates for bi‐material actuators due to the negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at the axial direction that allows for higher thermal sensitivity. However, CNT‐based actuators generally suffer not only from intertube slipping due to weak interactions between the assembled CNTs but also from poor control over orientation assembly. To address these challenges, a new class of closely packed, highly aligned CNT microcantilevers reinforced by ceramic interlocking is here proposed, followed with deposition of Al thin film to form the bi‐material actuators. The investigations of the mechanical properties and thermal response of CNT microcantilevers indicate that the slipping between the tubes limits both the strength and the thermal sensitivity of the bi‐material microcantilevers. Intertube deposition of Al2O3 as ceramic interlocking is used to reinforce the binding strength between the tubes, and increases in the mechanical strength as well as thermal sensitivity of the microcantilevers have been achieved.
Performance analysis of wireless sensor networks assisted by on‐demand‐based cloud infrastructure
Authors: S. Umamaheswari 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe wireless sensor networks composed of tiny sensor with the capability of monitoring the tangible changes for a wide range of applications are limited with the capabilities on processing and storage. Their limited capabilities make them seek the help of the cloud that provides the rented service of processing and storage. The dense deployment of the wireless sensor and their vulnerability to the unknown attacks, alterations make them incur difficulties in the process of the conveyance causing the modifications or the loss of the content. So, the paper proposes an optimized localization of the nodes along with the identification of the trusted nodes and minimum distance path to the cloud, allowing the target to have anytime and anywhere access of the content. The performance of the cloud infrastructure‐supported wireless sensor network is analyzed using the network simulator 2 on the terms of the forwarding latency, packet loss rate, route failure, storage, reliability, and the network longevity to ensure the capacities of the cloud infrastructure‐supported wireless sensor networks.
Stream habitat provided by large wood at risk under drainage law
Authors: Shirey Patrick D. , Kenny Jillian B. , Brueseke Michael A. , Lamberti Gary A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWatershed management efforts in agriculturally dominated landscapes of North America face nearly two centuries of laws and policies that encouraged habitat destruction. Although streams and wetlands in these landscapes are actively being restored using designs that incorporate science and engineering, watershed drainage laws can constrain action or impact passively restored or naturalized habitat. In general, drainage laws require removal of any riparian vegetation or wood deemed to obstruct flow in streams regulated as drains. We use a case study from Indiana (USA) to introduce the shortcomings of drainage laws for allowing large wood, which is an important habitat feature, to remain in stream ecosystems. Removals of large wood from monitored stream reaches in a regulated drain were associated with subsequent declines in fish biomass. Such legal activities represent an important environmental management problem that exists under drainage laws which apply to streams over a widespread geographic region of North America. Recent litigation in Wisconsin (USA) suggests that if state legislatures fail to update these antiquated laws, the courts may act in favour of science‐based management of drains. The statutes and regulations that govern agricultural drainage warrant careful consideration if streams within drainage districts are to be managed to improve ecological function. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty years of soil erosion on‐farm measurement: Annual variation, spatial distribution and the impact of conservation programmes for soil loss rates in Switzerland
Authors: Prasuhn Volker 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLong‐term field assessments of soil erosion on the landscape scale are very scarce. Such monitoring programmes create sound data regarding severity, extent, frequency and types of soil erosion and the vulnerability of particular crops. In a 20‐year monitoring programme between 1997 and 2017, accurate erosion damage mapping was carried out on 203 fields on arable land in the Canton of Berne (Switzerland). During 115 field inspections, 4060 field years and 2165 mapped erosion systems were recorded. Because several soil conservation programmes were implemented during this period, two 10‐year time periods (1st October 1997 to 30th September 2007 [P1] and 1st October 2007 to 30th September 2017 [P2]) were established and compared. The soil erosion rate was already low in P1 (mean: 0.74 t ha−1 year−1), but decreased significantly in P2 (mean: 0.20 t ha−1 year−1). During P1 and P2, respectively, 12 and 42% of the fields were without any visible erosion. Within 10 years, erosion occurred on each field on average 3.2 times in P1 and only 1.3 times in P2. Soil losses are spatially concentrated and linked to topographically defined pathways (thalwegs, slope depressions) or human‐made flow pathways (wheel tracks, tramlines, headlands). Financial incentives, rising awareness among farmers, innovative contractor farmers and good extension service of cantonal agencies helped conserve 85% of the arable land in the study area with conservation tillage methods by 2015. As a result, soil erosion was significantly reduced.The field‐based measurements show that a significant decrease in soil erosion is possible by changes in soil tillage practices and that erosion control is feasible almost everywhere under real‐life conditions on farmers’ fields. In this respect, the Frienisberg region is a case example of successful erosion control. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.