bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program. VII. The Distance to M101 via the Optical Tip of the Red Giant Branch Method*
Authors: Beaton Rachael L. , Seibert Mark , Hatt Dylan , Freedman Wendy L. , Hoyt Taylor J. , Jang In Sung , Lee Myung Gyoon , Madore Barry F. , Monson Andrew J. , Neeley Jillian R. , Rich Jeffrey A. , Scowcroft Victoria 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program (CCHP) is building a direct path to the Hubble constant (H
0) using Population II stars as the calibrator of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia)-based distance scale. This path to calibrate the SNe Ia is independent of the systematics in the traditional Cepheid-based technique. In this paper, we present the distance to M101, the host to SN 2011fe, using the I-band tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) based on observations from the ACS/WFC instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope. The CCHP targets the halo of M101, where there is little to no host galaxy dust, the red giant branch is isolated from nearly all other stellar populations, and there is virtually no source confusion or crowding at the magnitude of the tip. Applying the standard procedure for the TRGB method from the other works in the CCHP series, we find a foreground-extinction-corrected M101 distance modulus of μ
0 = 29.07 ± 0.04stat ± 0.05sys mag, which corresponds to a distance of D = 6.52 ± 0.12stat ± 0.15sys Mpc. This result is consistent with several recent Cepheid-based determinations, suggesting agreement between Population I and II distance scales for this nearby SN Ia host galaxy. We further analyze four archival data sets for M101 that have targeted its outer disk to argue that targeting in the stellar halo provides much more reliable distance measurements from the TRGB method owing to the combination of multiple structural components and heavy population contamination. Application of the TRGB in complex regions will have sources of uncertainty not accounted for in commonly used uncertainty measurement techniques.
Fluorine Abundances in the Galactic Disk
Authors: Guerço Rafael , Cunha Katia , Smith Verne V. , Hayes Christian R. , Abia Carlos , Lambert David L. , Jönsson Henrik , Ryde Nils 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chemical evolution of fluorine is investigated in a sample of Milky Way red giant stars that span a significant range in metallicity from [Fe/H] ∼ −1.3 to 0.0 dex. Fluorine abundances are derived from vibration-rotation lines of HF in high-resolution infrared spectra near 2.335 μm. The red giants are members of the thin and thick disk/halo, with two stars being likely members of the outer disk Monoceros overdensity. At lower metallicities, with [Fe/H] < −0.4 to −0.5, the abundance of F varies as a primary element with respect to the Fe abundance, with a constant subsolar value of [F/Fe] ∼ −0.3 to −0.4 dex. At larger metallicities, however, [F/Fe] increases rapidly with [Fe/H] and displays a near-secondary behavior with respect to Fe. Comparisons with various models of chemical evolution suggest that in the low-metallicity regime (dominated here by thick-disk stars), a primary evolution of 19F with Fe, with a subsolar [F/Fe] value that roughly matches the observed plateau, can be reproduced by a model incorporating neutrino nucleosynthesis in the aftermath of the core collapse in Type II supernovae. A primary behavior for [F/Fe] at low metallicity is also observed for a model including rapidly rotating low-metallicity massive stars, but this overproduces [F/Fe] at low metallicity. The thick-disk red giants in our sample span a large range of galactocentric distance (R

g
∼ 6–13.7 kpc) yet display a roughly constant value of [F/Fe], indicating a very flat gradient (with a slope of 0.02 ± 0.03 dex kpc−1) of this elemental ratio over a significant portion of the Galaxy having

∣
Z
∣

> 300 pc away from the Galaxy midplane.
Steady Electron Runaway Model SERM: Astrophysical Alternative for the Maxwellian Assumption
Authors: Scudder J. D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A Steady Electron Runaway Model (SERM) is formulated describing plasmas in the astrophysical “condition” having finite (rather than infinitesimal) Knudsen number,

, suggesting an omnipresent leptokurtic, nonthermal, and heat-conducting electron velocity distribution function (eVDF) as the replacement for the Maxwellian ansatz typically made. The shape parameters of SERM’s eVDFs are functionals of the local dimensionless electric field,

, shown to be nearly interchangeable with the pressure Knudsen number,

. The eVDF is determined by the total density and pressure, heat flux, and

with the Maxwellian as a special case when

. The nonthermal part of the eVDF is caused by local and global runaway physics and its density fraction is monotonically dependent on

. SERM explains the distinguishable conduction band of suprathermal electrons to be the result of the inhomogeneities of astroplasmas that require

to enforce quasi-neutrality. SERM shows that the direction of the heat flow should be that of

. Almost all reported space age correlations among the shape parameters of the solar wind eVDF are reproduced by this modeling, including scaling of: (i) nonthermal spectral break energy, and (ii) partition of suprathermal density and partial pressure, with solar wind speed. SERM, together with eVDF observations, indirectly bracket

, producing a steady-state eVDF, consistent with in situ (i) heat flows, (ii) strahl pitch angle features in high-speed winds, (iii)

, and (iv) non-negative probability at all velocities. Because finite

is the identified prerequisite for SERM modeling, nonthermal eVDF’s are expected nearly everywhere in astrophysics where

.
Pharmacogenetic analyses of variations of measures of cardiovascular risk in Alzheimer's dementia
Authors: de Oliveira Fabricio Ferreira , Berretta Juliana Marília , de Almeida Junior Guido Veiga , de Almeida Sandro Soares , Chen Elizabeth Suchi , Smith Marilia Cardoso , Ferreira Bertolucci Paulo Henrique 
Published: November 2019

Background & objectives:
Neurodegeneration affects blood pressure variations, while renal function and cerebral perfusion are impaired by vascular risk factors. This study was aimed to estimate variations of measures of cardiovascular risk in Alzheimer's dementia by pharmacogenetic analyses of the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and statins.

Methods:
Consecutive patients were prospectively followed to study variations of creatinine clearance and blood pressure for one year, estimated by correlating the effects of ACE inhibitors with the ACE Alu I/D polymorphism and genotypes or haplotypes of rs1800764 or rs4291, and the effects of statins with LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) genotypes or haplotypes of rs11669576 (exon 8) or rs5930 (exon 10), or genotypes of rs2695121 (liver X receptor β gene). Variations of the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk according to these cardiovascular measures were also explored.

Results:
All polymorphisms of the 193 patients were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic determinants of cardiovascular effects affected the individual variability of the response to ACE inhibitors and statins. ACE inhibitors, but not statins, reduced blood pressure for all patients. ACE inhibitors protected carriers of alleles that supposedly decrease serum ACE levels (rs1800764-T, rs4291-A, Alu II) regarding creatinine clearance variations (P<0.005), but carriers of Alu DD (P<0.02), rs1800764-C (P<0.05), or rs4291-AT (P<0.04) showed better blood pressure lowering effects. The presence of rs2695121-T (P=0.007) or rs5930-A (P=0.039) was associated with systolic blood pressure lowering, whereas rs5930-AA was protective against decrease in creatinine clearance (P=0.019). Statins lowered creatinine clearance for carriers of rs2695121-CT (P=0.026).

Interpretation & conclusions:
Pharmacological response of blood pressure and creatinine clearance to ACE inhibitors and statins may be genetically mediated.
Investigations of Latvian Illite/Kaolinite Clays Irradiated Under Action of Accelerated Electrons
Authors: CONKA Dāvis , AVOTINA Līga , SVINKA Ruta , SVINKA Visvaldis , BAUMANE Laris , TRUBACA-BOGINSKA Anna , KINERTE Valentīna , KIZANE Gunta 
Published: November 2019

Natural clay is a perspective material for application as sorbents for wastewater treatment as well as for sorption of radionuclides, where the properties of the clays can be changed under influence of ionizing radiation. For application of Latvian illite/kaolinite clays for isotope sorption it is important to characterize the physic-chemical properties of pre-prepared air dried clays. Two fractions of the illite clays were selected. A fraction with grain size 100 μm (SiO2 content 60.9 ± 1.5 wt.%, specific surface area 35 m2/g) and a sand free fraction – 2 μm (SiO2 47.7 ± 1.9 wt.%, specific surface area 38 m2/g). Selected fractions were irradiated with accelerated electrons (5 MeV, ELU-4, Salaspils, absorbed dose up to 500 kGy). Non-irradiated and irradiated clays were analysed with means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry.
Surface Morphology of Single and Multi-Layer Silicon Nitride Dielectric Nano-Coatings on Silicon Dioxide and Polycrystalline Silicon
Authors: AVOTINA Liga , PAJUSTE Elina , ROMANOVA Marina , ENICHEK Gennady , ZASLAVSKIS Aleksandrs , KINERTE Valentina , AVOTINS Juris , DEHTJARS Yuri , KIZANE Gunta 
Published: November 2019

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) in a form of single and multi-layer nanofilms is proposed to be used as a dielectric layer in nanocapacitors for operation in harsh environmental conditions. Characterization of surface morphology, roughness and chemical bonds of the Si3N4 coatings has an important role in production process as the surface morphology affects the contact surface with other components of the produced device. Si3N4 was synthesized by using low pressure chemical vapour deposition method and depositing single and multi-layer (3 – 5 layers) nanofilms on SiO2 and polycrystalline silicon (PolySi). The total thickness of the synthesized nanofilms was 20 – 60 nm. Surface morphology was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Chemical bonds in the layers were identified by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) method. (From the SEM and AFM images it was estimated that both single and multi-layer coatings are deposited homogenously. Si-N breathing and stretching modes are observed in FTIR spectra and the surface morphology is highly dependent on PolySi, therefore suggesting the decrease of the roughness of the bottom electrode for use in the nanocapacitors.
A Study on Farmers Knowledge about Crop Insurance Schemes in Northern Karnataka
Authors: Jamanal S. K. , Natikar K. V. , Halakatti S. V. 
Published: November 2019

Agriculture production and farm income in India are frequently affected by natural disasters such as droughts, floods, cyclones, storms, landslides and earthquakes. In recent times, mechanisms like contract farming and future trading have been established which are expected to provide some insurance against price fluctuations directly or indirectly. But, agricultural insurance is considered as an important mechanism to address the risk of output and income effectively which is resulting from various natural and manmade events. The study was conducted in Karnataka State during the year 2017-18 by using “Ex-post- facto” research design. Belgavi, Dharwad, Haveri and Vijayapura districts were selected purposely based on more number of insured farmers. Further, two taluks from each district and from each taluk three villages (i.e. total 24 villages) were randomly selected. Sample size for the study was 240. Purposive sampling procedure was used. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model were applied to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that, 44.17 per cent of the insured farmers belonged to low knowledge level followed by medium (37.92%) and high (17.91%) level with respect to Crop Insurance Schemes. The variable ‘credit availed’ had positive and significant relationship at one per cent level of probability. The co-efficient of determination (R2) was 0.427 which indicated that 42.70 per cent of the variation in the knowledge level of insured farmers was together explained by all the independent variables. Thus, concerned officers should conduct awareness programmes from time to time by using different extension teaching methods like trainings, workshops, distribution of pamphlets, road shows, advertisement through television, newspaper, radio, mobile SMS etc to enhance the knowledge level of farmers.
Spinal Accessory Dysfunction Following Neck Dissection with Harmonic Scalpel V/S Electrocautery – A Single Centre Experience
Authors: Kaushik Mitesh Chandra , . Sucheta , Malhotra Chanchal , Pawar Richa 
Published: November 2019

Aims: This study is an effort towards comparing the efficacy of the Harmonic Focus and Electrosurgical technique with regard to nerve injury especially spinal accessory nerve and its morbidity postoperatively after neck dissection.
Sample: Ninety patients of oral carcinoma who required neck dissection were included in the study.
Study Design: This is a prospective study.
Place and Duration of Study: Bhagwan Mahaveer Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India for a period of 17 months from November 2016 to March 2018.
Methodology: Patients’ post-operative recovery was studied prospectively by using parameters pertaining to shoulder function and shoulder pain.
Results: There were significant differences in the pain and abduction deformity at various time periods after surgery. However differences in the quality of life did not show significant difference at the end of 3 months. For up to one month pain scores were lower for Harmonic Focus and shoulder function was better through 3 months.
Conclusion: Though the technique of neck dissection (harmonic v/s electro cautery) has significant impact on shoulder dysfunction, despite that in postoperative period shoulder function measured by way of shoulder pain and shoulder abduction recover almost fully during follow-up period without causing significant morbidity and with minimal effect on quality of life. There are few recommendations we would like to suggest that if incorporated, they might significantly affect the outcome and better results.
Growth, Yield and Seed Nutrient Quality of Soybean (Glycine max L.) as Affected by Organic, Biofertilizer and Synthetic Fertilizer Application
Authors: Samarakoon Dhanushi , Yapa Neelamanie 
Published: November 2019

Pot experiment was carried out in dry zone of Sri Lanka in the year 2015 with the aim of investigating the effects of organic manure, biofertilizers and synthetic fertilizer application on growth, yield and seed nutrient quality of soybean (Glycine max L.). Treatments were field soil only (T0), field soil and 5% biochar (T1), field soil and 5% cow dung (T2), field soil, 2.5% biochar and 2.5% cow dung (T3), field soil, 5% biochar and Bradyrhizobium (T4), field soil, 5% biochar and mycorrhizae (T5), field soil, 5% cow dung and Bradyrhizobium (T6) field soil, 5% cow dung and mycorrhizae (T7), field soil and synthetic fertilizer (T8), field soil, 2.5% cow dung 2.5% biochar and synthetic fertilizer (T9), field soil, 5% cow dung, mycorrhizae and Bradyrhizobium (T10), field soil, 5% biochar, mycorrhizae and Bradyrhizobium (T11). The treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six replicates.
The results indicated that application of organic and biofertilizers with synthetic fertilizers (T9) significantly (p<0.05) improved the relative growth rate, number of leaflets, root dry weight, shoot dry weight of soybean. However, soybean yield such as the number of pods and the dry weight of 100 seeds, was significantly high (p<0.05) with field soil, 5% cow dung, mycorrhizae and Bradyrhizobium (T10). Higher seed protein percentage was observed in T10, fat percentage in T4 and crude fibre percentage in T8 treatments. In conclusion, the application of organic and biofertilizers together resulted in an improvement of the yield components and nutrient quality of soybean seeds, except for the case of crude fiber content which increased by the application of synthetic fertilizer. Overall, organic and biofertilizers could be used as efficient substitutes for synthetic fertilizers, without compromising the yield and nutrient quality of soybean.
Efficient Near‐Infrared Light‐Emitting Diodes based on In(Zn)As–In(Zn)P–GaP–ZnS Quantum Dots
Authors: Wijaya Hadhi , Darwan Daryl , Zhao Xiaofei , Ong Evon Woan Yuann , Lim Kang Rui Garrick , Wang Tian , Lim Li Jun , Khoo Khoong Hong , Tan Zhi‐Kuang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) lighting plays an increasingly important role in new facial recognition technologies and eye‐tracking devices, where covert and nonvisible illumination is needed. In particular, mobile or wearable gadgets that employ these technologies require electronic lighting components with ultrathin and flexible form factors that are currently unfulfilled by conventional GaAs‐based diodes. Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and emerging perovskite light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) may fill this gap, but generally employ restricted heavy metals such as cadmium or lead. Here, a new NIR‐emitting diode based on heavy‐metal‐free In(Zn)As–In(Zn)P–GaP–ZnS quantum dots is reported. The quantum dots are prepared with a giant shell structure, enabled by a continuous injection synthesis approach, and display intense photoluminescence at 850 nm with a high quantum efficiency of 75%. A postsynthetic ligand exchange to a shorter‐chain 1‐mercapto‐6‐hexanol (MCH) affords the QDs with processability in polar solvents as well as an enhanced charge‐transport performance in electronic devices. Using solution‐processing methods, an ITO/ZnO/PEIE/QD/Poly‐TPD/MoO3/Al electroluminescent device is fabricated and a high external quantum efficiency of 4.6% and a maximum radiance of 8.2 W sr−1 m−2 are achieved. This represents a significant leap in performance for NIR devices employing a colloidal III–V semiconductor QD system, and may find significant applications in emerging consumer electronic products.
Redox Tuning in Crystalline and Electronic Structure of Bimetal–Organic Frameworks Derived Cobalt/Nickel Boride/Sulfide for Boosted Faradaic Capacitance
Authors: Wang Qingyong , Luo Yumei , Hou Ruizuo , Zaman Shahid , Qi Kai , Liu Hongfang , Park Ho Seok , Xia Bao Yu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe development of efficient electrode materials is a cutting‐edge approach for high‐performance energy storage devices. Herein, an effective chemical redox approach is reported for tuning the crystalline and electronic structures of bimetallic cobalt/nickel–organic frameworks (Co‐Ni MOFs) to boost faradaic redox reaction for high energy density. The as‐obtained cobalt/nickel boride/sulfide exhibits a high specific capacitance (1281 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), remarkable rate performance (802.9 F g−1 at 20 A g−1), and outstanding cycling stability (92.1% retention after 10 000 cycles). An energy storage device fabricated with a cobalt/nickel boride/sulfide electrode exhibits a high energy density of 50.0 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 857.7 W kg−1, and capacity retention of 87.7% (up to 5000 cycles at 12 A g−1). Such an effective redox approach realizes the systematic electronic tuning that activates the fast faradaic reactions of the metal species in cobalt/nickel boride/sulfide which may shed substantial light on inspiring MOFs and their derivatives for energy storage devices.
Yb(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition/[3,3]‐Rearrangement of N‐Vinyl‐α,β‐Unsaturated Ketonitrones with Methylenecycloprop‐anes: Stereoselective Synthesis of Nine‐Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Ma Xiao‐Pan , Nong Cai‐Mei , Zhao Jie , Lu Xiuqiang , Liang Cui , Mo Dong‐Liang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe report a Yb(OTf)3‐catalyzed formal [7+2] cycloaddition for the preparation of nine‐membered N‐heterocycles bearing three stereocenters in good yields with high diastereoselectivity through a [3+2] cycloaddition/[3,3]‐rearrangement cascade strategy from N‐vinyl‐α,β‐unsaturated nitrones and methylenecyclopropanes. Preliminary studies show that the Yb(OTf)3 catalyst accelerates the reaction affording kinetically controlled cis‐diastereomers as the major products. The obtained nine‐membered N‐heterocycles are easily converted to useful derivatives for late‐stage modification.magnified image
Archaic hominin introgression into modern human genomes
Authors: Gokcumen Omer 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAncient genomes from multiple Neanderthal and the Denisovan individuals, along with DNA sequence data from diverse contemporary human populations strongly support the prevalence of gene flow among different hominins. Recent studies now provide evidence for multiple gene flow events that leave genetic signatures in extant and ancient human populations. These events include older gene flow from an unknown hominin in Africa predating out‐of‐Africa migrations, and in the last 50,000–100,000 years, multiple gene flow events from Neanderthals into ancestral Eurasian human populations, and at least three distinct introgression events from a lineage close to Denisovans into ancestors of extant Southeast Asian and Oceanic populations. Some of these introgression events may have happened as late as 20,000 years before present and reshaped the way in which we think about human evolution. In this review, I aim to answer anthropologically relevant questions with regard to recent research on ancient hominin introgression in the human lineage. How have genomic data from archaic hominins changed our view of human evolution? Is there any doubt about whether introgression from ancient hominins to the ancestors of present‐day humans occurred? What is the current view of human evolutionary history from the genomics perspective? What is the impact of introgression on human phenotypes?
Effect of different healing stages on stable isotope ratios in skeletal lesions
Authors: Curto Ana , Mahoney Patrick , Maurer Anne‐France , Barrocas‐Dias Cristina , Fernandes Teresa , Fahy Geraldine E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionPhysiological stress is one of the various factors that can have an impact on stable isotope ratios. However, its effect on bone collagen stable isotope ratios is still not fully understood. This study aims to build on previous research on how different disease stages may affect bone collagen stable isotope ratios.Materials and MethodsCarbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios were assessed in 33 skeletons that retained evidence of infectious disease and healed fractures. Samples were taken from active lesions (long bones n = 14; ribs n = 4), healed lesions (long bones n = 10; ribs n = 9), or a fracture callus (long bones n = 9; ribs n = 3). Results were compared to stable isotope ratios calculated for regions on these bones that did not retain evidence of disease or fracture.ResultsLong bones with active lesions had a significantly higher average δ15N (δ15N = 11.1 ± 0.9‰) compared to those without lesions (δ15N = 10.7 ± 0.7‰; p = .02), while fracture calluses showed the largest range for both δ15N and δ13C. There were no significant differences in stable isotope ratios when compared between nonlesion and lesion sites in the ribs.DiscussionThe increase in δ15N seen in active lesions, when compared with δ15N from nonlesion regions on the same long bone, may be a consequence of altered protein metabolism. The high variability of δ15N and δ13C in fractures may be related to different healing stages of the calluses. This study suggests that stable isotope data can contribute information about diseases in the past, as well as an individual's response to diseases in the absence of modern medicine and antibiotics.