bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Tools and Methods for Estimating Groundwater‐Surface Water Exchange
Authors: Cremeans M.M. , Devlin J.F. , Osorno T.C. , McKnight U.S. , Bjerg P.L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA comparison of tools for measuring discharge rates in a sandy streambed was conducted along a transect near the north bank of the Grindsted Å (stream), Denmark. Four tools were evaluated at six locations spaced 3 m apart in the stream: mini‐piezometers, streambed point velocity probes (SBPVPs), temperature profilers, and seepage meters. Comparison of the methods showed that all identified a similar trend of low to high groundwater discharges moving westward along the transect. Furthermore, it was found that the differences between discharges estimated from Darcy calculations (using the mini‐pizometers), and SBPVPs were not statistically different from zero, at the 90% confidence level. Seepage meter estimates were consistently lower than those of the other two methods, but compared more reasonably with the application of a correction factor of 1.7, taken from the literature. In contrast, discharges estimated from temperature profiling (to a depth of 40 cm) were found to be about an order of magnitude less than those determined with the other methods, possibly due to interferences from horizontal hyporheic flow. Where the various methods produced statistically different discharge estimations at the same location, it is hypothesized that the differences arose from method‐specific sources of bias, including installation depths. On the basis of this work, practitioners interested in measuring flow across the groundwater‐surface water interface achieve the least variability with seepage meters and the SBPVP. However the accuracy of the seepage meter depended on a calibrated correction factor while that of the SBPVP did not.
Helicobacter hepaticus infection induces chronic hepatitis and fibrosis in male BALB/c mice via the activation of NF‐κB, Stat3, and MAPK signaling pathways
Authors: Cao Shuyang , Zhu Chen , Feng Jie , Zhu Liqi , Yin Jun , Xu Yongliang , Yang Haitao , Huang Yuzheng , Zhang Quan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundIt has been documented that Helicobacter hepaticus (H hepaticus) infection is linked to chronic hepatitis and liver cancer. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying progression of the H hepaticus‐induced hepatic inflammation to cellular hepatocarcinoma is still limited.Materials and methodsIn our study, male BALB/c mice were infected by H hepaticus for 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks. Histopathology, H hepaticus colonization dynamics, select signaling pathways, and expression of key inflammatory cytokines in the liver were examined.ResultsWe found that H hepaticus was detectible in feces of mice at 7 days postinfection (DPI) by PCR, but it was not detected in the livers by PCR until 8 weeks postinfection (WPI). In addition, abundance of colonic and hepatic H hepaticus was progressively increased over the infection duration. H hepaticus‐induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were aggravated over the infection duration, and necrosis or cirrhosis developed in the infected liver at 24 WPI H hepaticus infection increased levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Moreover, mRNA levels of Il‐6 and Tnf‐α were significantly elevated in the livers of H hepaticus‐infected mice compared to uninfected control from 8 WPI to 24 WPI. Furthermore, Stat3, nuclear factor‐κB (p65), and MAPK (Erk1/2 and p38) were activated by H hepaticus infection.ConclusionsThese data demonstrated that male BALB/c mice can be used as a new mouse model of H hepaticus‐induced liver diseases and that the H hepaticus‐induced liver injury is triggered by NF‐κB, Jak‐Stat, and MAPK signaling pathways.
Time course alterations of virus sequences and immunoglobulin titers in a chronic hepatitis E patient
Authors: Nitta Sayuri , Takahashi Kazuaki , Kawai‐Kitahata Fukiko , Tsuchiya Jun , Sato Ayako , Miyoshi Masato , Murakawa Miyako , Itsui Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Mina , Azuma Seishin , Kakinuma Sei , Watanabe Mamoru , Asahina Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2019

AimHepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause chronic infection in immunocompromised hosts. However, the dynamics of HEV during persistent infection is not well understood. To elucidate time course alterations in virus sequences and anti‐HEV antibodies during persistent infection, we analyzed the HEV sequences and titers of anti‐HEV antibodies from a chronic hepatitis E patient.MethodsSerum samples were obtained from a chronic hepatitis E patient under corticosteroid therapy for neurological disease. The titers of anti‐HEV antibodies (immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin G) in serum samples were detected by enzyme immunoassay. The full or near‐full nucleotide sequences of HEV isolated from consecutive serum samples were identified and compared. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed.ResultsAlterations of anti‐HEV antibodies from a chronic hepatitis E patient were different from those previously reported in acute hepatitis E patients. The virus sequence was unchanged in the period without treatment, but nucleotide mutations were observed after ribavirin treatment was started. In addition, the sequence of this strain had extremely high identity to that isolated from swine liver in Japan.ConclusionsVirus mutations in HEV emerged after ribavirin treatment was started. Sequence analysis may useful for deciding the treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis E patients who did not eliminate the virus with 3 months of RBV treatment and inferring the origin of the infection. This report provides insights into the chronicity of hepatitis E, and the impact of persistent infection and ribavirin treatment on the emergence of virus mutations.
Combined effects of HIV and obesity on the gastrointestinal microbiome of young men who have sex with men
Authors: Cook RR , Fulcher JA , Tobin NH , Li F , Lee D , Woodward C , Javanbakht M , Brookmeyer R , Shoptaw S , Bolan R , Aldrovandi GM , Gorbach PM 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesThe prevalence of obesity is rising among people living with HIV, which may synergistically increase inflammation and the risk of associated diseases. Disruption of gut bacterial communities may be one of the key drivers of this inflammation; however, the combined effects of HIV and obesity on the microbiome have not been explored.MethodsThis study included 381 men who have sex with men. Thirty‐nine were HIV‐positive and obese (H+O+), 143 were HIV‐positive and nonobese, 64 were HIV‐negative and obese, and 135 were HIV‐negative and nonobese. Microbiome composition was assessed by targeted sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene using rectal swab samples. Inverse probability of treatment‐weighted marginal structural models were used to investigate differences in microbial composition between groups while controlling for numerous clinical and behavioural confounders.ResultsSignificant variability in microbial composition was explained by the combination of HIV and obesity, over and above each condition alone (R2 for the marginal contribution of the H+/O+ group = 0.008; P = 0.001). H+O+ participants had the highest ratios of Prevotella to Bacteroides, a pro‐inflammatory enterotype that has been described in HIV infection and obesity independently. H+O+ participants had lower levels of Bacteroides and Veillonella than all other groups, suggesting a synergistic effect of HIV and obesity on these genera.ConclusionsOur findings support the hypothesis that HIV and obesity act together to disrupt gut microbial communities, which may help explain higher levels of generalized inflammation among people living with both HIV and obesity.
Preparation of highly porous Al2O3 aerogel by one‐step solvent‐exchange and ambient‐pressure drying
Authors: Wagle Roshan , Yoo Jeong Kun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis work presents the preparation of alumina aerogel via sol‐gel route utilizing ambient‐pressure drying. A novel and efficient solvent‐exchange process has been utilized as an alternative to conventional solvent‐exchange processes by directly boiling the hydro‐gel in solvent. High emphasis has been given in the selection of solvent based on polarity, boiling point, and specific gravity compared with water to facilitate efficient solvent‐exchange and reuse of the solvent. The ambient‐pressure‐dried alumina aerogel was thermally treated at temperature from 300°C‐1200°C to study the change in density, porosity, specific surface area, and microstructure along with crystalline properties. The ambient‐pressure‐dried alumina aerogel showed lower tapped density 0.108 g/cm3, specific surface area 519 m2/g, and total weight loss of 36.94% at 900°C. The degree of crystalline structure from amorphous was observed to increase with increase in thermal treatment temperature above 300°C, dominant above 700°C, whereas the transformation of bayerite γ‐Al(OH)3 to boehmite γ‐AlO2H was observed at 150°C‐300°C and to γ‐Al2O3 phase was observed at temperature of 300°C‐1200°C.
Dynamic tensile mechanical properties and failure mode of zirconium diboride‐silicon carbide ceramic composites
Authors: Liu Jianhao , Hu Zhou , Zhang Yuxia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDynamic indirect tension experiments were performed on zirconium diboride‐silicon carbide (ZrB2−20%SiC) ceramic. Flattened Brazilian disc specimens of ZrB2−20%SiC were prepared to conduct dynamic tensile tests using the modified Split Hopkinson pressure bar system. The tensile experiments were completed at the range of loading rates from 7.53 to 74.71 GP s−1. The tensile experimental results revealed that the zirconium diboride‐silicon carbide ceramic composite is rate‐sensitive in terms of the tensile strength and failure mode. The dynamic tensile strength increases linearly with the loading rate and changes from 195 MPa at 7.53 GP s−1 to 654 MPa at 74.71 GP s−1. Moreover, the dynamic tensile strength decreases with the increase in critical fracture time, which conforms to Tuler and Butcher's fracture criterion. In dynamic experiments, a high‐speed camera was used to examine the tensile failure process, and fragments were collected to analyze the dynamic tensile failure mechanism. The tensile fracture mode of ZrB2−20%SiC obviously showed the sensitivity of the loading rate. The fragment size of ZrB2−20%SiC ceramic decreased but the quantity of fragments increased as the loading rate increased.
Effect of antioxidants in combination of VCO nanoemulsion on gel properties and storage stability of refrigerated sardine surimi gel
Authors: Gani Asir , Benjakul Soottawat 
Published: December 2019

SummaryImpacts of β‐glucan–virgin coconut oil (VCO) nanoemulsion containing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and α‐tocopherol at levels of 0–3.0 g kg−1 on properties and storage stability of surimi gel were investigated. Augmented breaking force, deformation and fracture constant were obtained in gels containing 2.0 g kg−1 EGCG or 1.0 g kg−1 α‐tocopherol (P < 0.05). Expressible moisture content increased as EGCG levels were more than 2.0 g kg−1. Smoother microstructure was observed in gels containing 2.0 g kg−1 EGCG. Whiter gels were obtained when β‐glucan–VCO nanoemulsion was incorporated. No change in protein pattern of gels was observed regardless of antioxidant incorporation. Viscoelastic moduli decreased as β‐glucan–VCO nanoemulsion was added; however, incorporation of 2.0 g kg−1 EGCG or 1.0 g kg−1 α‐tocopherol lowered the decrease in G'. β‐glucan–VCO nanoemulsion containing gels had higher likeness scores than the control (P < 0.05). Gels containing EGCG and α‐tocopherol at selected levels had the improved oxidative stability and lowered microbial loads.
Effects of supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide extraction on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oil
Authors: Aiello Alessandra , Pizzolongo Fabiana , Scognamiglio Giorgio , Romano Annalisa , Masi Paolo , Romano Raffaele 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe increase in the popularity of hemp‐based products is mainly linked to the presence of non‐psychoactive cannabinoids that provide relief from aches, pain and anxiety. In this study, hemp seed oils were produced by two innovative and environmentally friendly extraction techniques: supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction. The chemical composition of the two oils was analysed and compared with that of a control oil obtained by solvent (n‐hexane) extraction. Both oils obtained by liquid and supercritical CO2 extraction presented interesting compositions: they contained large amounts of cannabinoids, polyphenols and tocopherols and were less oxidised than the control and contained a large amount of hexanal, which provided a pleasant aroma. The maximum cannabinoid content was found in the oil obtained by liquid CO2 extraction (71.51 mg of cannabidiol per kg of oil and 113.92 mg of cannabinol per kg of oil). Carotenoids were prevalent in the oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction (61.00 mg kg−1 of oil).
Rheological and colour properties of apple jellies supplemented with inulin with various degrees of polymerisation
Authors: Witczak Mariusz , Jaworska Grażyna , Witczak Teresa 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe objective of this study was to analyse the influence of inulin with different degrees of polymerisation (DP values) and oligofructose preparation on physicochemical and rheological properties of apple jelly. It has been determined that both the addition of inulin (independently of DP) and oligofructose significantly modify the rheological and textural properties of the analysed desserts. Preparation with high DP results in increased moduli, preparation with moderate levels results in their decrease, while preparation with low DP levels initially decreases and then increases the values of both moduli. Similar tendencies are exhibited by the remaining parameters of rheological characteristics. Supplementation with inulin and oligofructose influences, but not as markedly, physicochemical properties. It has been observed that the manner in which water is bound by the applied preparations may have a significant impact on the properties of jelly. In the majority of cases, the variability of the parameters, for which statistically significant differences have been determined, depended on the type and level of the additive, and this impact varied between individual preparation types. The study conducted has enabled the conclusion that inulin may pose an attractive ingredient in desserts with health‐promoting properties.
Association of cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte associated protein 4 gene polymorphisms with the risk and prognosis of oesophageal cancer in a high‐incidence region from northern China
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Yan , Wang Na , Huang Xi , Cao Shi‐Ru , Zhou Rong‐Miao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe most important anti‐tumour immune response is mediated by T lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA4) plays a critical role in the immune surveillance against tumours as an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule of T‐cell activation. This study was designed to explore the association of CTLA4 polymorphisms with the susceptibility to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and prognosis of patients with ESCC in a high‐incidence population from northern China. CTLA4 rs5742909 C/T and rs231775 G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction–ligase detection reaction (PCR‐LDR) method in 577 ESCC patients and 580 controls. Upper gastrointestinal cancer family history increased the risk of ESCC (the sex‐, age‐ and smoking status‐adjusted OR = 1.383, 95%CI = 1.094–1.749). The genotype frequencies of these two SNPs in the patients with ESCC were similar to that in the controls. Survival analyses were conducted in 204 patients with ESCC with five‐year survival information. The mean survival time of ESCC patients with rs231775 SNP A/A genotype in age over 60 years group was 23.2 months, significantly shorter than that of those with G/G genotype (47.3 months). The A/A genotype was associated with increased death risk of patients with ESCC older than 60 years (adjusted HR = 4.544, 95%CI = 1.913–10.790). CTLA4 rs231775 SNP might be used as genetic marker of worse prognosis for patients with ESCC over 60 years in a high‐incidence population from northern China.
Associations of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with abdominal and liver fat deposition in childhood
Authors: Voerman Ellis , Jaddoe Vincent WV , Hulst Mirjam E , Oei Edwin HG , Gaillard Romy 
Published: December 2019

SummaryBackgroundMaternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity. Studies in adults suggest that caffeine intake might also directly affect visceral and liver fat deposition, which are strong risk factors for cardio‐metabolic disease.ObjectiveTo assess the associations of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with childhood general, abdominal, and liver fat mass at 10 years of age.MethodsIn a population‐based cohort from early pregnancy onwards among 4770 mothers and children, we assessed maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and childhood fat mass at age 10 years.ResultsCompared with children whose mothers consumed <2 units of caffeine per day during pregnancy, those whose mothers consumed 4‐5.9 and ≥6 units of caffeine per day had a higher body mass index, total body fat mass index, android/gynoid fat mass ratio, and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat mass indices. Children whose mothers consumed 4‐5.9 units of caffeine per day had a higher liver fat fraction. The associations with abdominal visceral fat and liver fat persisted after taking childhood total body fat mass into account.ConclusionsHigh maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy was associated with higher childhood body mass index, total body fat, abdominal visceral fat, and liver fat. The associations with childhood abdominal visceral fat and liver fat fraction were independent of childhood total body fat. This suggests differential fat accumulation in these depots, which may increase susceptibility to cardio‐metabolic disease in later life.
Les pratiques d'achat prédatrices dans les chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales de la confection: effet sur les conditions de travail et d'emploi en Inde
Authors: ANNER Mark 
Published: December 2019

RésuméLes atteintes aux droits des travailleurs au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales de la confection sont bien documentées aujourd'hui. En revanche, on ignore souvent que le problème tend à s'aggraver sous l'effet des politiques d'achat agressives de clients toujours plus puissants. L'exemple de filières indiennes montre que ces pressions se répercutent sur les salaires, qu'elles encouragent les formes de travail atypiques et qu'elles banalisent la violence verbale et physique à l'encontre des travailleurs. Pour l'auteur, la solution passe par l'adoption de mécanismes de fixation des prix qui tiennent compte des coûts du travail décent, un cadre législatif adapté et une plus large implication des travailleurs.
L'évolution du tissu social – entre nouvelles technologies et tendances socio‐économiques anciennes
Authors: DOSI Giovanni , VIRGILLITO Maria Enrica 
Published: December 2019

RésuméNos sociétés vivent‐elles aujourd'hui une nouvelle révolution industrielle? Les auteurs s'efforcent de répondre à cette question à partir d'une évaluation des conséquences des changements technologiques sur le tissu socio‐économique actuel, notamment sous l'angle de l'emploi, des inégalités, des conditions de travail et des relations professionnelles. Ils avancent que les processus d'innovation et la diffusion de «l'automatisation intelligente» risquent de renforcer des schémas de répartition des revenus et des rapports de force inéquitables (certains préexistants à l'arrivée des technologies et d'autres apparus au cours des trente à quarante dernières années). Ils détaillent les implications de ces évolutions sur les politiques à mettre en œuvre.
T‐cell exhaustion in HIV infection
Authors: Fenwick Craig , Joo Victor , Jacquier Patricia , Noto Alessandra , Banga Riddhima , Perreau Matthieu , Pantaleo Giuseppe 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe T‐cell response is central in the adaptive immune‐mediated elimination of pathogen‐infected and/or cancer cells. This activated T‐cell response can inflict an overwhelming degree of damage to the targeted cells, which in most instances leads to the control and elimination of foreign invaders. However, in conditions of chronic infection, persistent exposure of T cells to high levels of antigen results in a severe T‐cell dysfunctional state called exhaustion. T‐cell exhaustion leads to a suboptimal immune‐mediated control of multiple viral infections including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this review, we will discuss the role of T‐cell exhaustion in HIV disease progression, the long‐term defect of T‐cell function even in aviremic patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), the role of exhaustion‐specific markers in maintaining a reservoir of latently infected cells, and exploiting these markers in HIV cure strategies.
Toward a size scale‐up cold sintering process at reduced uniaxial pressure
Authors: Bang Sun Hwi , Tsuji Kosuke , Ndayishimiye Arnaud , Dursun Sinan , Seo Joo‐Hwan , Otieno Stephen , Randall Clive A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCold sintering is a low‐temperature powder process methodology that enables the densification of ceramics and ceramic‐based composites at significantly reduced times and temperatures. Although the general notion of required pressure for the cold sintering is in the hundreds MPa, some material systems were reasonably demonstrated to be densified in the pressure below 50 MPa, which allows to increase the sample size up to 25 cm2 using a small tabletop laboratory press. Indeed, the pressure requirement has been a major constraint on promoting its application deployments, but this study is intended to propose a path to alleviate that limitation. Five different ceramic and composite systems (three ZnO‐based composites, Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, and zeolite Y) with applications in electronic, structural, and energy storage were investigated as a preliminary example of the size scale‐up process. One of the observed challenges of the scale‐up process was to obtain homogeneous microstructure all over the sample as the transient phase evaporation rate may be different upon the localization. In the case of ZnO, the inhomogeneous pellet translucency may pertain to partial anisotropic grain growth within the same sample.
Modeling nonisothermal crystallization in a BaO∙2SiO2 glass
Authors: Van Hoesen D. C. , Xia Xinsheng , McKenzie Matthew E. , Kelton K. F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe accuracy of a differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique for predicting the temperature range of significant nucleation is examined in a BaO∙2SiO2 glass by iterative numerical calculations. The numerical model takes account of time‐dependent nucleation, finite particle size, size‐dependent crystal growth rates, and surface crystallization. The calculations were made using the classical and, for the first time, the diffuse interface theories of nucleation. The results of the calculations are in agreement with experimental measurements, demonstrating the validity of the DTA technique. They show that this is independent of the DTA scan rate used and that surface crystallization has a negligible effect for the glass particle sizes studied. A breakdown of the Stokes‐Einstein relation between viscosity and the diffusion coefficient is demonstrated for low temperatures, near the maximum nucleation rate. However, it is shown that accurate values for the diffusion coefficient can be obtained from the induction time for nucleation and the growth velocity in this temperature range.