bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Symmetrical La0.7Ca0.3Cr0.8Mn0.2O3-
d Electrode Scaffold-Type Micro Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells By Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Lee Sang-Hun , Park Yoon-Tae , Park Jae-Woo , Lee Ki-Tae 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the highest energy conversion efficiency among various fuel cell types. SOFCs can be divided into two categories according to their cell design: planner and tubular type. Tubular SOFCs have many advantages in terms of good mechanical strength, easy sealing, and simple stacking process.
Meanwhile, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is very useful technique to deposit thin or thick layers due to easy layer thickness control by voltage and time. When a dc electric field is applied to the carbon rod in the slurry, the charging agent carries the particles to a substrate. One of major advantages of EPD is to fabricate multi-layer structure at the same time.
In this study, symmetrical La0.7Ca0.3Cr0.8Mn0.2O3-
δ(LCCM) electrode scaffold-type micro tubular SOFCs with the configuration of LCCM-YSZ anode // YSZ electrolyte // LCCM-YSZ cathode have been fabricated by EPD process. LCCM is considered as promising symmetrical electrode because it is very stable in both oxidizing and reducing atmosphere. The microstructure of the symmetrical electrode was controlled by the amount of pore former (PMMA). LCCM-YSZ electrode slurry for highly porous microstructure with uniform pore distribution was obtained with 40 vol.% PMMA, 2.5 wt.% polyvinyl butyral (PVB), 100 ml anhydrous ethanol, and 3 wt.% charging agent (polyethyleneimine). YSZ electrolyte slurry with highly dense microstructure was prepared with polyvinyl butyral (PVB), 100 ml anhydrous ethanol, and 5 wt.% charging agent (phosphate ester). After weighing of each slurry, ball-milling process was performed for 24 hour to obtain well-dispersed and uniform slurry. Carbon rod was deposited by LCCM-YSZ anode slurry, YSZ electrolyte slurry, and LCCM-YSZ cathode slurry in order. Deposition condition affected the microstructure and on thickness of each layers. LCCM-YSZ anode had thick layer for supporting the single cell with the deposition condition of the applied voltage of 20 V for 100 second. YSZ electrolyte was deposited on anode with the deposition condition of the applied voltage of 20 V for 20 second. At last, LCCM-YSZ electrode was deposited on electrolyte with the deposition condition of the applied voltage of 20 V for 20 second. After deposition of all layers by EPD, the single cell was co-filed at 1400 °C for 5 hour.
Various processing conditions such as amount of charging agent, applied voltage, deposition time and sintering temperature were investigated. Stoichiometry amount of co-catalysts such as Pd or Co-Ni-Mo for better performance were impregnated into both sides of the LCCM scaffold by a glycine mediated solution impregnation method. Finally, the single cell performances of the fabricated LCCM symmetrical scaffold-type micro tubular SOFCs were evaluated in the temperature range of 600-800°C. Additionally thermal shock and redox cycling tests have been carried out.
Facile Synthesis and Electrochemical Investigation of Na0.67Mn0.65Fe0.20Ni0.15O2: A Positive Electrode Material for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kishore Brij , Viswanatha R , Venkatesh G , Munichandraiah N 
Published: February 2020

Research activities on Na-ion batteries have become intensive in recent years, as they are considered as economical alternatives to Li-ion batteries.1,2 Although, the use of small size Li-ion batteries is now wide spread, their range of applications is expected to increase in larger sizes for applications such as electric vehicles in future. One of the major concerns for expansion of Li-ion batteries in large sizes is the limited and unevenly distributed global resources of Li and hence its high cost. As the sources of Na are distributed over the globe in plentiful and being significantly cheaper than Li, research and development activities are now diverted towards Na-ion batteries.

Among several cathode materials investigated for rechargeable Na-ion batteries, Na0.67Mn0.65Fe0.20Ni0.15O2 is reported to be a promising material.3 Convenient method of synthesis is one of the key issues in deciding potential use of an electrode material in general. In the present study, a low temperature self-combustion method is employed to prepare Na0.67Mn0.65Fe0.20Ni0.15O2. An aqueous solution consisting of stoichiometric quantities of NaNO3, Mn(NO3)2.4H2O, Fe(NO3)2.9H2O and Ni(NO3)2.6H2O is prepared and sucrose is dissolved as the fuel. The mixed solution is slowly heated to 130 °C, where the fuel ignites and produces a black residue within a few minutes. The residue is heated at 800 °C for 6 h to produce well crystalline phase of Na0.67Mn0.65Fe0.20Ni0.15O2. The material is characterized by physicochemical techniques. For the electrochemical studies, CR2032 coin cells are assembled using Na foil as the counter cum reference electrode in an electrolyte of 1 M NaPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate (1:1 by volume).
When the cells are cycled at a current density of 35 mA g-1, a specific discharge capacity of 178 mAh g-1 is obtained with coulombic efficiency close to 100 %, initially. The capacity decreases to 127 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles which indicates capacity retention of 72% over 50 cycling. The decay in the capacity is studied with the help of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammogram and rate capability experiments are also carried out for detailed study of the material. These results will be presented.

References:

S. W. Kim, D. H. Seo, X. Ma, G. Ceder, and K. Kang, Adv. Energy Mater., 2, 710 (2012).

V. Palomares, P. Serras, I. Villaluenga, K. B. Hueso, J. C. Gonzalez, and T. Rojo Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 5884 (2012).

D. Yuan, X. Hu, J, Qian, F. Pei, F. Wu, R. Mao, X. Ai, H. Yang and Y. Cao, Electrochimica Acta, 116, 300 (2014).

Figure 1
Controlled Formation of Li4Ti5O12-C Hollow Hybrid Microspheres for an Improved Battery Performance in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao An-Min , Yang Li-Ping 
Published: February 2020

The In this contribution, we reported our progress on the construction and optimization of the hybrid structure of Li4Ti5O12-Carbon (LTO-C) for their application as an anode material in lithium ion batteries. By means of a template-free process, uniform hollow hybrid microspheres (HHMs) of LTO-C has been prepared with delicate control on the central cavity and the nanocomposite wall, which was composed of a crystalline LTO matrix with conductive carbon well dispersed inside. The synthesis protocol for LTO-C was very convenient, low-cost, environmentally benign, and suitable for large-scale production. We identified that the hollowing process is induced by the gradual crystallization of solid microspheres whose crystallinity was relatively low at the beginning. The high temperature treatment initiated a progressively-inward crystallization starting from the particle surface: Crystallization firstly happened on the surface, and then marched into the core as evidenced by a steady encroachment of the crystallization frontline towards the center, resulting in the formation of the central cavity due to the increased tension inside. We demonstrated that such a synthetic platform for hollow microspheres were versatile and could be readily applicable for the synthesis of different kinds of metal oxides HHMs. By using the LTO-C as an anode material, we confirmed the advantage of the HHMs structure for their application in lithium ion batteries as revealed by the much higher discharge capacity and much improved rate capability.
Figure 1: a) SEM images of the TiO2-UF precursors which exist as uniform solid nanospheres. b) SEM image of the FIB-prepared cross section of the LTO-C HHMs sample, showing the hollow nature of the inner particles. c) The ﬁrst charge/discharge curves at 0.1 C for different samples tested, showing the advantage of the LTO-C HHMs one as compared to those control samples with either no cavity or no carbon matrix. d) Cyclablity test results for different samples.

Figure 1
Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles and Study of Their Interaction with Hydroxyl Radicals
Authors: Muñoz Eduardo Carlo , Milesi Renzo , Navarrete Emilio Alonso , Henríquez Rodrigo Gonzalo , Schrebler Ricardo Silvio 
Published: February 2020

Nanoparticles have been extensively employed in different fields such as medicine, optics, physics, biology and chemistry, due to its optical, thermal, magnetic and reactivity properties can be controlled by changing the size of these particles without to vary the composition of the material. At present, they have made significant progress to synthesize high-quality nanostructures, mainly metal nanoparticles and semiconductor nanocrystals.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are of great interest because their chemical properties, i. e. molecular recognition, reactivity, biological properties i. e. DNA-AuNPs assemblies and physical properties, i. e. optical properties and electrochemical properties.
This work deals with the interaction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with hydroxyl radicals. The results obtained in this research constitutes a first theoretical and experimental approach for to evaluate AuNPs as a sensor to free radicals.
In a first stage, the synthesis of gold nanoparticles was performed in aqueous media by reaction with tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) and sodium citrate as reducing agent in a reflux system. The synthesis process was analyzed by using a factorial design experiment which considered different concentrations of reducing agent, temperature and stirring rate. In this analysis, the reducing agent concentration and temperature are significant variables and have a positive influence on AuNPs size, i. e. an increase of these produce an increase in the nanoparticle size.
Later, AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy where the corresponding absorption spectrums were obtained. In addition, AuNPs were immobilized on a silicon surface by means of a electrostatic irreversible deposition. A potential difference of 40 V was applied at different times between the p-type silicon and a graphite electrode immersed in the colloidal media containing the AuNPs. Afterwards, the modified silicon surface was analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) where size and AuNPs distribution were analyzed .
Finally, the AuNPs were exposed to hydroxyl radicals coming from a Fenton reaction. During the interaction, the intensity and wavelenght of the absorption maximum was monitored as function of time. Additionally, the morphological change after interaction was analyzed. The results obtained in this conditions show slight changes in the AuNPs properties. However, this study can be extended to other radicals which can present a stronger interaction with these nanoparticles.

Figure 1
The Importance of Renewable Hydrogen in Decarbonization
Authors: Ayers Katherine E , Danilovic Nemanja 
Published: February 2020

Hydrogen is an important industrial gas, representing a 10 million metric tons/year industry worth $100 billion. Currently over 95% of that hydrogen is made from fossil fuels: natural gas reforming or coal gasification. Close to 50% of the world’s annual hydrogen production is used for ammonia generation and oil refining, with the hydrogen generation being the highest energy and highest emission subcomponent of ammonia generation. In addition, 2% of U.S. energy currently goes through hydrogen as an intermediate, a number that will increase substantially when hydrogen fueled vehicles become widespread. In order to meet the Climate Action Plan goals of 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, net zero carbon pathways for hydrogen production are therefore critical.
There are several pathways to generating hydrogen from renewable sources, but one of the most advanced is membrane-based water electrolysis powered by solar, wind, or hydropower. While electrolysis has been demonstrated at megawatt scale, there is still significant promise for further improvement. Several countries are already committed to advancing this technology, and are working on the critical materials issues that drive cost and efficiency. Longer term technologies such as photoelectrochemical water splitting or thermochemical routes may provide lower cost pathways in the end, but need to build from technologies that have already been developed at relevant scale.
The "perfect" technology to address the energy challenge will always be 20 years away. As new concepts moves from basic principles to bench scale experiments and beyond, the pitfalls become clearer. At the same time, dismissing existing commercial technologies on the basis of limitations which might become relevant at multi-gigawatt or terawatt scale prevents us from maximizing early impact on sustainability. This poster will focus on the need to leverage existing clean energy technologies in the near term to serve the megawatt and gigawatt scale, as building blocks and bridges to future technologies.
Effect of Zero Volt Storage on Commercial Lithium Titanate Cells
Authors: Brunell Michael , Hanauer Brad , Loveridge Melanie , Dashwood Richard , Bhagat Rohit 
Published: February 2020

With the increase in usage of lithium ion batteries there has been an increased focus on the relative safety of the technology. One of the largest impacts has been the safety during shipping (air, marine and by road transport) with many passenger flights now banning the transport of all lithium ion batteries. In additional there are continued safety concerns that arise during the warehousing and storage of a large number of cells in system manufacturer’s facilities awaiting assembly into systems. Finally there has been an increase in the operating voltages of many vehicle and grid systems with transportation systems as high as 700 volts and grid systems reaching greater than 1,100 volts, as the voltage of the system increases the risks and safety concerns associated with assembly of the systems significantly increases.
This study examines the effect of reducing the terminal voltage of commercial 13 Ah lithium titanate cells to
zero volts
, well below the limits of traditional lithium ion batteries. [1,2] Prior to full cell testing, coin cells of lithium titanate versus lithium were manufactured to explore the behaviour of the lithium titanate under high voltage scenarios, as would be experienced by the electrode in a full cell stored at low voltages. The coin cells were characterized through cycling, storage and SEM imaging.
Following the half-cell testing commercial full cells were stored in multi-month intervals over the course of one year to simulate storage in a manufacturer’s warehouse. Following each storage period the cells health and performance were characterized through a number of techniques including standard cycling at various rates, capacity checks, incremental capacity analysis of low rate voltage curves, pulse power capability and EIS measurements at various states of charge.
A comparison to a set of control cells, stored under the same environmental conditions but at the manufacturers recommended voltages, is presented demonstrating that cells stored at zero volts suffer no appreciable change to capacity, cycling capability, voltage stability. Additionally it is shown that there has been no increase in impedance, high current rate performance for both charge and discharge remains unaffected, and no discernible damage has been done to the cell during long term storage. This work demonstrates that reducing a lithium titanate cell zero volts is a feasible method of storage and may provide a solution to increasing the safety of the cells in a number of scenarios.

[1] H.-F. Li, J.-K. Gao, S.-L. Zhang, Effect of Overdischarge on Swelling and Recharge Performance of Lithium Ion Cells, Chinese J. Chem. 26 (2008) 1585–1588. doi:10.1002/cjoc.200890286.
[2] H. Maleki, J.N. Howard, Effects of overdischarge on performance and thermal stability of a Li-ion cell, J. Power Sources. 160 (2006) 1395–1402. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.043.

Figure 1
Investigation of Anode/Cathode Electrolyte Interfaces at High Cell Voltages with and without Additives
Authors: Liu Dongqing 
Published: February 2020

The electrodes electrolyte interfaces of lithium ion battery at high cell voltages were investigated by using in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with three electrodes cell. NCM/C system electrodes were investigated separately in the electrolyte of LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with and without the most commonly used additives vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) were carried out to examine the stability of additives at the electrodes electrolyte interfaces at high cell voltage. This work provides valuable information for lithium ion battery at high cell voltage especially in the choice of electrolyte additives.
A Semi-Empirical Capacity Fade Model for Li-NCA Cathode
Authors: Basu Suman , Hariharan Krishnan S , Kolake Subramanyya Mayya , Song Taewon 
Published: February 2020

Lithium Nickel-Cobalt-Aluminum (NCA) is a popular cathode material for Li-ion cells due to its high energy density and moderate cost. Cycling experiments confirmed that the cathode capacity fade is the dominant capacity fade mechanism [1] in such cells. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) analysis of the aged LiNCA particles exhibit the formation of a NiO type layer, which is inactive to Li intercalation, at the surface of the particles. Estimated amount of this inactive layer is found to match with the capacity loss of the cell. Therefore, a physics based model with one empirically determined parameter has been constructed for this reaction and it has been implemented on Li-ion battery electrochemical model [3]. The model predicts the relative capacity of a Li-NCA cell cycles at different temperatures with high accuracy (Fig.1). For constant current condition, a simple closed form solution for the capacity fade has been derived and validated. On extension this model can effectively predict the remaining useful life.
References:

Y. Zhang and C-Y. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc.,
156, A527 (2009).

T. Sasaki, T. nonaka, H. Oka, C. Okuda, Y. Itou, Y. Kondo, Y. Takeuchi, Y. Ukyo, K. Tatsumi and S. Muto, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, A289 (2009).

S. Basu, K.S. Hariharan, S.M. Kolake, T.Song, T. Yeo, S. Doo, J. Electrochem. Soc., Manuscript Accepted.

Figure 1
Contribution of a Reference Electrode Inserted in a Commercial Cell in the Understanding of the Ageing Mechanisms of C/NMC Li-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures
Authors: Pilipili Matadi Bramy , Geniès Sylvie , Delaille Arnaud , Bultel Yann 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries degrade over time, according to different parameters and among which the charge conditions have a major impact. For both understanding and modeling work, a study about various parameters related to the charge has been conducted, considering the charge C-rate, the temperature, and the start and end of charge criteria (also called state-of-charge window). On the sidelines of this work, the monitoring of the potential of each electrode during an electrical test has been realized successfully thanks to the introduction of 2 lithium metal reference electrodes in a commercial lithium-ion cell. The measurements carried out on the instrumented commercial cell with a reference electrode allow to follow the potential behavior of each electrode separately while the cell is subjected to a charge / discharge profile.
The comparison of the results obtained from these measurements to those from post-mortem analysis (SEM, GC-MS, XRD, DSC and coin cells) of the cells have also made it possible to question the theory of metallic lithium deposition mechanism on the graphite electrode at full cycling and at cold temperatures [1] as predominant mechanism in favor of a new hypothesis, namely the polymerization of an electrolyte component as the cause of the lithium ions blocking into the graphite or an abnormal growth of the SEI in these conditions. This ageing mechanism would have diverse backgrounds according to the battery usage conditions [2]. TOF-SIMS analyzes are planned shortly and are expected to understand the mechanism involved
[1] J. B. Goodenough and Y. Kim, « Challenges for rechargeable batteries », Journal of Power Sources, 196 (2011) 6688-6694.
[2] M. C. Smart and B. V. Ratnakumar, « Effects of Electrolyte Composition on Lithium Plating in Lithium-Ion Cells », Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158 (4) A379-A389 (2011)

Figure 1
Study of the Aluminum Anode Oxide Film and Cathode Material Interface of Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Electrolytic Capacitor
Authors: Sekiguchi Masaki , Ito Tomohiro , Tachibana Kazuhiro , Nishina Tatsuo 
Published: February 2020

Introduction
In 1745, Lyden jar was invented by J.Sesaguliers and Peter Van Muchenbroek. In1855, It was discovered by Charles Weatstone capable of forming an insulating film on the surface of the electrode. (By this discovery, we can make the electrolytic capacitor.) Aluminum electrolytic capacitor, was made by GE, Inc in 1908. And about 1931, aluminum electrolytic capacitor has been commercialized in the United States.
Current, aluminum electrolytic capacitor is used in a power supply and noise reduction and an inveter.
Electrolytic capacitor has a large equivalent series resistance and electricity is wasted. So, having a small equivalent series resistance, conductive polymer aluminum solid electrolytic capacitors are in practical use.
However, conductive polymer aluminum solid electrolytic capacitor, to the leakage current is larger, the withstand voltage is low. It is desirable that this drawback is eliminated. It should be made clear disadvantages mechanism.
It seems to be difficult when using typical electrochemical cell. This study was carried out by devising the cell.
Experiments, Results and Discussion
The anode oxide film even if contaminated with carbon in a conductive polymer was repaired. As a result, the conductive polymer has been shown that increasing the insulating film of the anode oxide film.
A conductive polymer aluminum solid electrolytic capacitors made of aluminum foil and a separator, as compared with the electrolytic solution cathode electrolysis capacitance, equivalent series resistance decreases. equivalent series resistance was reduced, especially 10kHz ~ 100kHz.
Anodic aluminum after being anode oxidation, affixed a reinforcement seal.
It was added dropwise to the electrolyte solution into the hole of the reinforcement label. Put the counter electrode and measured cyclic voltammetry without separator. This experiment shows, the anode oxide film showed it to be damaged by a separator.