bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian forests, megafires and the risk of dwindling carbon stocks
Authors: Bowman David M.J.S. , Williamson Grant J. , Price Owen F. , Ndalila Mercy N. , Bradstock Ross A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOver the Austral spring and summer of 2019/20 > 7 million ha of Eucalyptus forest and woodland, including some of Australia's most carbon dense ecosystems, were burnt on the east coast of Australia. We estimated bootstrapped mean CO2 emissions of c. 0.67 Pg, with other available estimates ranging from 0.55 to 0.85 Pg. Eucalyptus forests are renowned for their ability to resist and recover from wildfire so it would be expected that emitted CO2 will be reabsorbed. The combination of drought and frequent fires is likely reducing the capacity to recover from the fire so future Australian forests may store less carbon. Broadscale prescribed burning is a widely promoted approach to reduce uncontrolled wildfires, yet the benefits for the management of carbon stores are controversial. Prescribed burning can reduce carbon losses from subsequent wildfire, yet the “carbon costs” of it may equal or outweigh the “carbon benefits” in reduced wildfire emissions. Likewise, mechanical thinning of vegetation to reduce fuel loads also carries heavy carbon costs with uncertain carbon benefits. Research involving empirical measurements, modelling and a mix of large‐scale management intervention is urgently required to determine what interventions can maximise carbon storage in the face of climate change‐driven fires.
Pediatric maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis: Retrospective review of signs, symptoms, and associated conditions
Authors: Gurnee Emily A. , Johansen Maija L. , Phung Thuy L. , Guo Emily L. , Fong Aaron , Tollefson Megha , Nguyen Henry , Brandling‐Bennett Heather , Moriarty Natalie , Paller Amy S. , Huynh Thy N. , Lawley Leslie P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThough maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis is the most common form of pediatric mastocytosis, it remains unclear which patients will experience severe symptoms. We sought to better define the presentation and the cutaneous and systemic signs and symptoms in patients with maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis.MethodsWe analyzed retrospective data on 227 patients diagnosed with maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis prior to age 15 years from five US clinical sites. We collected data on signs, symptoms, age of onset, and laboratory testing.ResultsMedian age of onset of maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis was 3 months, with 94% of patients presenting prior to age 2 (range 0‐15 years). Patients presenting before age 2 had significantly lower serum tryptase level (P = .019). Greater number of skin lesions (P = .006), number of reported skin signs and symptoms (P < .001), and higher tryptase levels (P < .001) were associated with more systemic symptoms.ConclusionChildren with maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, who have greater skin involvement, higher serum tryptase level, and more skin signs and symptoms, are more likely to have systemic symptoms.
Ectoparasite‐induced increase in Drosophila host metabolic rate
Authors: Brophy Taylor , Luong Lien T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractParasites exert numerous effects upon their hosts, including physiological and metabolic changes that can in turn influence various aspects of host life history. Using flow‐through respirometry, we investigated how infection intensity of an ectoparasitic mite (Macrocheles subbadius) affects the respiratory rate (CO2 production) of its host Drosophila nigrospiracula. Mean fly respiratory rate increased with infection intensity with the strongest effect, a 40% increase relative to uninfected controls, occurring with three mites attached. We also verified the causal relationship between elevated respiration rate and mite attachment by examining changes in host respiration before and after mite exposure. We found that the rate of CO2 production increased by 11% for individual flies following parasite attachment. Fly locomotor activity was not significantly different between infected and uninfected individuals. Metabolic rate of hosts increased as a result of infection in an intensity dependent manner and was not simply due to changes in host activity. These results demonstrate that parasites can have a significant influence on the energy requirements of their host, which may account for the parasite‐mediated loss in host fitness.
In situ study of cellular immune response in human cutaneous lesions caused byLeishmania (Viannia) panamensisin Panama
Authors: Gonzalez Kadir , Calzada José Eduardo , Tomokane Thaise Yumie , Pacheco Carmen Maria Sandoval , Flores Gabriela Venicia Araujo , Castro Gomes Cláudia Maria , Pereira Corbett Carlos Eduardo , Saldaña Azael , Laurenti Marcia Dalastra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsLeishmaniasis is considered a disease with multiple clinical/immunopathological characteristics, depending on the immunity of the host and the species of the parasite. In Panama, the most prevalent species that causes localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) isLeishmania (Viannia) panamensis, and its immune response is poorly studied. Therefore, we evaluated by immunohistochemistry, the in situ immune response during this infection.Methods and ResultsBiopsies from Panamanian patients with LCL were collected and processed by histological techniques. Infection byL. (V.) panamensiswas demonstrated by isolation in culture and molecular characterization by Hsp70‐RFLP. The in situ immune response was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The immune response was characterized by predominance of T cells, mainly CD8 cells that showed positive correlation with IFN‐γ and Granzyme B. CD4 cells presented positive correlation with both IFN‐γ and IL‐13, pointed by mixed cellular immune response. Regulatory response was characterized by FoxP3 cells, which showed positive correlation to IL‐10 but not with TGF‐β.ConclusionsL. (V.) panamensisinfection triggers a mixed cellular immune response, characterized by the presence of pro‐inflammatory, anti‐inflammatory and regulatory elements in the skin lesion of Panamanian patients. These data contribute to a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis ofLeishmania Vianniainfection in Panama.
And he shall rule over you: Genesis and the sexes in Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron
Authors: Haake Gregory 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the prologue to Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron, Hircan pronounces, ‘In the game, we are all equal.’ This declaration of equality among the group of would‐be storytellers is a surprising one, but its meaning – and Marguerite's point – is unclear. Is this a nascent feminist statement, or is it a theological one about the status of human beings before their God? In this paper, I will explore how the Heptaméron's frame story, along with the content of the tales themselves, both reveal Marguerite's approach to the question of equality between the sexes. Reading the Heptaméron through the biblical and exegetical lens of the book of Genesis suggests that a truce in the battle of the sexes may be more a question of accepting hard realities rather than hoping that men and women can overcome divisions that go back to the Fall.
A reproducing kernel Hilbert space log‐rank test for the two‐sample problem
Authors: Fernández Tamara , Rivera Nicolás 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWeighted log‐rank tests are arguably the most widely used tests by practitioners for the two‐sample problem in the context of right‐censored data. Many approaches have been considered to make them more robust against a broader family of alternatives, including taking linear combinations, or the maximum among a finite collection of them. In this article, we propose as test statistic the supremum of a collection of (potentially infinitely many) weighted log‐rank tests where the weight functions belong to the unit ball in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). By using some desirable properties of RKHSs we provide an exact and simple evaluation of the test statistic and establish connections with previous tests in the literature. Additionally, we show that for a special family of RKHSs, the proposed test is omnibus. We finalize by performing an empirical evaluation of the proposed methodology and show an application to a real data scenario.
Soil dissolved organic carbon responses to sugarcane straw removal
Authors: Gmach Maria Regina , Kaiser Klaus , Cherubin Maurício Roberto , Cerri Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino , Lisboa Izaias Pinheiro , Vasconcelos Ana Luisa Soares , Siqueira‐Neto Marcos 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGlobal demand for bioenergy increases interest in biomass‐derived fuels, as ethanol from sugarcane straw. However, straw is the main carbon source to soil and its removal reduces C input, affecting active fractions (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) and C storage. To quantify the effects of straw removal on DOC and C stocks, we built lysimeter system using soil (Rhodic Kandiudox) from sugarcane field. We evaluated four soil depths (1, 20, 50 and 100 cm) and four straw removal rates: no removal NR, medium MR, high HR and total TR, leaving 12, 6, 3 and 0 Mg/ha on the soil surface, respectively. After rainfall, drainage water was collected and analysed for DOC content. Soil C stocks were determined after the 17‐month. Total DOC released at 1‐cm depth amounted to 606, 500, 441 and 157 kg/ha in NR, MR, HR and TR, respectively. Net‐DOC suggests straw as the main source of DOC. Most of DOC in NR (50%) was retained within the 1–20 cm layer, resulting in higher C stock (10 Mg/ha) in the topsoil. In HR and MR, DOC retention was higher within 20–50 cm, suggesting differences in DOC composition. DOC in TR was 40% higher at 20 cm than at 1 cm, indicating C losses from topsoil. Low concentrations of DOC were found at 100‐cm depth, but representing 30% in TR. Straw removal for bioenergy production is sustainable, but we should leave at least 3 Mg/ha of straw to ensure DOC production and soil C storage, taking account the DOC contribution to key soil functions.
Do riparian buffer zones and new forest management practices reduce stream suspended sediment loads?: Re‐visiting the Afon Tanllwyth in Hafren Forest, Plynlimon, 20 years on
Authors: Stott Tim A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStudies of forest clear‐felling operations in 1995–97 in the Afon Tanllwyth sub‐catchment of the upper River Severn on Plynlimon, mid‐Wales, by Stott et al. (Journal of Environmental Management (2001), 63, 3), indicated elevated suspended sediment loads (SSLs) immediately following timber harvesting. UK Forestry Commission (1993) Forests and Water Guidelines recommended that riparian buffer zones adjacent to streams were left unplanted. This study 20 years on assessed the SSLs at the same point in the Afon Tanllwyth for 21 months between January 2017 and September 2018. While SSLs reported by Stott et al. (Journal of Environmental Management (2001), 63, 3). increased during and after the clear‐felling operations, by 2017–18 (20 years later) they appear to have recovered to levels similar to those measured pre‐clear‐felling (1995), despite this study taking place only a few months after approximately 3 ha of mature forest was clear‐felled on the north side of the catchment. Although the mean monthly SSL for 2017–18 of 1628 ± 95 kg is slightly lower than the 1,800 ± 176 kg reported for 1995, the difference is not significant. When SSL is corrected for differences in total monthly flow the flow adjusted SSLs are 1,346 ± 132 kg for 1995 and 945 ± 55 kg for 2017–18, thus significantly lower in 2017–18. These new data for 2017–18 indicate that SSLs seem to have recovered to levels significantly below those measured and reported by Stott et al. (Journal of Environmental Management (2001), 63, 3–25) in 1995 pre‐clear‐felling period, likely as a result of the establishment of the 50 m buffer zone.
Chromosome reciprocal translocations have accompanied subspecies evolution in bananas
Authors: Martin Guillaume , Baurens Franc‐Christophe , Hervouet Catherine , Salmon Frédéric , Delos Jean‐Marie , Labadie Karine , Perdereau Aude , Mournet Pierre , Blois Louis , Dupouy Marion , Carreel Françoise , Ricci Sébastien , Lemainque Arnaud , Yahiaoui Nabila , D’Hont Angélique 
Published: October 2020

SummaryChromosome rearrangements and the way that they impact genetic differentiation and speciation have long raised questions from evolutionary biologists. They are also a major concern for breeders because of their bearing on chromosome recombination. Banana is a major crop that derives from inter(sub)specific hybridizations between various once geographically isolated Musa species and subspecies. We sequenced 155 accessions, including banana cultivars and representatives of Musa diversity, and genotyped‐by‐sequencing 1059 individuals from 11 progenies. We precisely characterized six large reciprocal translocations and showed that they emerged in different (sub)species of Musa acuminata, the main contributor to currently cultivated bananas. Most diploid and triploid cultivars analyzed were structurally heterozygous for 1 to 4 M. acuminata translocations, highlighting their complex origin. We showed that all translocations induced a recombination reduction of variable intensity and extent depending on the translocations, involving only the breakpoint regions, a chromosome arm, or an entire chromosome. The translocated chromosomes were found preferentially transmitted in many cases. We explore and discuss the possible mechanisms involved in this preferential transmission and its impact on translocation colonization.
Substrate Stiffness Modulates the Crosstalk Between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Macrophages
Authors: Sridharan Rukmani , Kelly Daniel J. , O'Brien Fergal J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Upon implantation of a biomaterial, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and macrophages contribute to the wound healing response and the regeneration cascade. Although biomaterial properties are known to direct MSC differentiation and macrophage polarization, the role of biomaterial cues, specifically stiffness, in directing the crosstalk between the two cell types is still poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role of substrate stiffness in modulating the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs and to shed light on their complex interactions with macrophages when presented with diverse biomaterial stiffness cues, a situation analogous to the implant environment where multiple cell types interact with an implanted biomaterial to determine regenerative outcomes. We show that MSCs do not play an immunomodulatory role in the absence of an inflammatory stimulus. Using collagen-coated polyacrylamide gels of varying stiffness values, we demonstrate that the immunomodulatory capability of MSCs in the presence of an inflammatory stimulus is not dependent on the stiffness of the underlying substrate. Moreover, using paracrine and direct contact culture models, we show that a bidirectional crosstalk between MSCs and macrophages is necessary for promoting anti-inflammatory responses and positive immunomodulation, which is dependent on the stiffness of the underlying substrate. We finally show that direct cell–cell contact is not essential for this effect, with paracrine interactions promoting immunomodulatory interactions between MSCs and macrophages. Together, these results demonstrate that biophysical cues such as stiffness that are presented by biomaterials can be tuned to promote positive interactions between MSCs and macrophages which can in turn direct the downstream regenerative response.
Tissue Engineering for Periodontal Ligament Regeneration: Biomechanical Specifications
Authors: Gauthier R. , Jeannin Christophe , Attik N. , Trunfio-Sfarghiu A-M , Gritsch K. , Grosgogeat B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe periodontal biomechanical environment is very difficult to investigate. By the complex geometry and composition of the periodontal ligament (PDL), its mechanical behavior is very dependent on the type of loading (compressive versus tensile loading; static versus cyclic loading; uniaxial versus multiaxial) and the location around the root (cervical, middle, or apical). These different aspects of the PDL make it difficult to develop a functional biomaterial to treat periodontal attachment due to periodontal diseases. This review aims to describe the structural and biomechanical properties of the PDL. Particular importance is placed in the close interrelationship that exists between structure and biomechanics: the PDL structural organization is specific to its biomechanical environment, and its biomechanical properties are specific to its structural arrangement. This balance between structure and biomechanics can be explained by a mechanosensitive periodontal cellular activity. These specifications have to be considered in the further tissue engineering strategies for the development of an efficient biomaterial for periodontal tissues regeneration.
Addressing the low consumption of fruit and vegetables in England: a cost-effectiveness analysis of public policies
Authors: Pinho-Gomes Ana-Catarina , Knight Alec , Critchley Julia , Pennington Mark 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundMost adults do not meet the recommended intake of five portions per day of fruit and vegetables (F&V) in England, but economic analyses of structural policies to change diet are sparse.MethodsUsing published data from official statistics and meta-epidemiological studies, we estimated the deaths, years-of-life lost (YLL) and the healthcare costs attributable to consumption of F&V below the recommended five portions per day by English adults. Then, we estimated the cost-effectiveness from governmental and societal perspectives of three policies: a universal 10% subsidy on F&V, a targeted 30% subsidy for low-income households and a social marketing campaign (SMC).FindingsConsumption of F&V below the recommended five portions a day accounted for 16 321 [10 091–23 516] deaths and 238 767 [170 350–311 651] YLL in England in 2017, alongside £705 951 [398 761–1 061 559] million in healthcare costs. All policies would increase consumption and reduce the disease burden attributable to low intake of F&V. From a societal perspective, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were £22 891 [22 300–25 079], £16 860 [15 589–19 763] and £25 683 [25 237–28 671] per life-year saved for the universal subsidy, targeted subsidy and SMC, respectively. At a threshold of £20 000 per life-year saved, the likelihood that the universal subsidy, the targeted subsidy and the SMC were cost-effective was 84%, 19% and 5%, respectively. The targeted subsidy would additionally reduce inequalities.ConclusionsLow intake of F&V represents a heavy health and care burden in England. All dietary policies can improve consumption of F&V, but only a targeted subsidy to low-income households would most likely be cost-effective.
Association of public care in childhood with social, criminal, cognitive, and health outcomes in middle-age: five decades of follow-up of members of the 1958 birth cohort study
Authors: Xie Tiffany , de Mestral Carlos , Batty G David 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundChildren who have been exposed to public (out-of-home) care experience a range of negative outcomes by late adolescence and early adulthood. The longer-term impact of childhood care is, however, uncertain.AimTo examine if there is a prospective association between childhood public care and adverse life outcomes in middle-age.MethodsWe used data from the UK 1958 birth cohort study of 18 558 individuals. Parents reported offspring care status at age 7, 11 and 16. An array of social, criminal, cognitive, and health outcomes was self-reported by cohort members at age 42 (71% response proportion in eligible sample) and a cognitive test battery was administered at age 50 (62% response).ResultsA total of 420 (3.8%) of 11 160 people in the analytical sample experienced childhood public care by age 16. Net of confounding factors, experience of public care (vs none) was linked to 11 of the 28 non-mutually exclusive endpoints captured in middle-age, with the most consistent effects apparent for psychosocial characteristics: 4/7 sociodemographic (eg, odds ratio; 95% confidence interval for homelessness: 2.1; 1.4 to 3.1); 2/2 antisocial (eg, use of illicit drug: 2.0; 1.2 to 3.5); 2/3 psychological (eg, mental distress: 1.6; 1.2 to 2.1); 1/3 health behaviours (eg, current cigarette smoker: 1.7; 1.3 to 2.2); 2/8 somatic health (physical disability: 2.7; 1.9 to 3.8); and 0/5 cognitive function (eg, beta coefficient; 95% confidence interval for immediate word recall: −0.1; −0.3 to 0.1) endpoints.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that selected associations apparent between childhood care and outcomes in adolescence and early adulthood are also evident in middle-age.
Bronchoscopic intratumoral injections of cisplatin and endostar as concomitants of standard chemotherapy to treat malignant central airway obstruction
Authors: Jiang Wenqing , Yang Xiaoping , Wang Xuekun , Li Yue , Yang Xinai , Wang Na , Yin Bin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStudy PurposeMalignant central airway obstruction (CAO) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with high morbidity and requires endobronchial palliative treatment to re-establish a free air passage. We investigate intratumoral therapy combining anti-angiogenic and cytotoxic as a feasible therapeutic modality to treat malignant CAO.Study DesignTen NSCLC subjects with symptomatic malignant CAO underwent endobronchial intratumoral cisplatin and Endostar co-injection after tumour debulking next to systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Injection was performed immediately after debulking surgery and was then carried out on day 2, day 6 and day 10 past systemic chemotherapy. Nine subjects of control group constantly received traditional cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Bronchoscopy, CT scanning, histology, FEV1/FVC ratio, Karnofsky performance (KPS) and shortness of breath scores were analysed to assess therapeutic efficacy.ResultsAll 10 subjects benefited from the intratumoral cisplatin and endostar co-injection and systemic chemotherapy combination therapy. Bronchoscopy and CT scanning analyses showed a massive airway widening after treatment. Increased KPS and reduced shortness of breath score were also observed. A substantial improvement of lung function was further confirmed by increased FEV1/FVC ratio. For subjects of control group, the improvement was moderate and obviously not as optimal as the 10 subjects with intratumoral injection.ConclusionsWe have shown that the intratumoral injection of cytotoxic cisplatin plus anti-angiogenic Endostar is an effective and safe adjuvant therapeutic option to treat malignant CAO in clinical practice. This time-staggered local and systemic treatment combination improves quality of life and clinical parameters, thus may provide a feasible therapeutic option for symptomatic CAO.
Revisiting the minimum length in the Schwinger–Keldysh formalism
Authors: Casadio Roberto , Kuntz Iberê 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe existence of a minimum length in quantum gravity is investigated by computing the in-in expectation value of the proper distance in the Schwinger–Keldysh formalism. No minimum geometrical length is found for arbitrary gravitational theories to all orders in perturbation theory. Using non-perturbative techniques, we also show that neither the conformal sector of general relativity nor higher-derivative gravity features a minimum length. A minimum length scale, on the other hand, seems to always be present when one considers in-out amplitudes, from which one could extract the energy scale of scattering processes.