bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcription factor networks of oligodendrogliomas treated with adjuvant radiotherapy or observation inform prognosis
Authors: So Jonathan , Mamatjan Yasin , Zadeh Gelareh , Aldape Kenneth , Moraes Fabio Y 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Recent international sequencing efforts have allowed for the molecular taxonomy of lower-grade gliomas (LGG). We sought to analyze The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, 2015) gene expression datasets on molecularly defined oligodendrogliomas (IDH-mutated and 1p/19q-codeleted) patients treated with adjuvant radiation or those observed to discover prognostic markers and pathways.

Methods
mRNA expression and clinical information of patients with oligodendroglioma were taken from the TCGA “Brain Lower Grade Glioma” provisional dataset. Transcription factor network reconstruction and analysis were performed using the R packages “RTN” and “RTNsurvival.” Elastic net regularization and survival modeling were performed using the “biospear,” “plsRCox,” “survival” packages.

Results
From our cohort of 137 patients, 65 received adjuvant radiation and 72 were observed. In the cohort that received adjuvant radiotherapy, a transcription factor activity signature, that correlated with hypoxia, was associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (median = 45 months vs 108 months, P &lt; .001). This increased risk was not seen in patients who were observed (P = .2). Within the observation cohort, a transcription factor activity signature was generated that was associated with poor DFS (median = 72 months. vs 143 months., P &lt; .01).

Conclusions
We identified a transcription factor activity signature associated with poor prognosis in patients with molecular oligodendroglioma treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. These patients would be potential candidates for treatment intensification. A second signature was generated for patients who were more likely to progress on observation. This potentially identifies a cohort who would benefit from upfront adjuvant radiotherapy.
The Utility of Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing to Triage Symptomatic Patients and to Screen Asymptomatic Preprocedure Patients for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Tworek Joseph A , Khan Faisal , Sekedat Matthew D , Scheidel Caleb , Malani Anurag N 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We investigate the utility of the ID Now when compared to RT-PCR to triage patients suspected of having COVID-19 presenting to emergency rooms (ERs) and to screen asymptomatic patients presenting for pre-procedural testing. We find it useful when prevalence of COVID-19 is high in symptomatic patents and potentially useful in asymptomatic patients who are likely to be retested if symptoms emerge.
Prospects for Justice before the International Criminal Court
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 begins the book’s journey through the accountability matrix with the International Criminal Court (ICC). Although Russia and China vetoed the ICC referral resolution, thus preventing the Court from exercising its plenary jurisdiction over events in Syria, the transnational elements of the conflict mean that there are still some options for invoking the Court’s nationality and territorial jurisdiction. Given the proliferation of foreign fighters hailing from around the globe, including from ICC member states, the Syrian conflict offers the potential to activate the Court’s nationality jurisdiction. In addition, the spillover effects of the war implicate the territories of ICC states parties, in the region and beyond, as well as states where the ICC is already active, such as Libya. Finally, there are theoretical arguments that the Security Council could refer “the situation involving ISIL” to the Court, which could encompass either the organization itself, untethered from any territorial space, or the transboundary statelet that once encompassed ISIL’s self-proclaimed caliphate. Although many advocates and diplomats assumed that the ICC should be in the lead adjudicating the many international crimes committed in Syria, this chapter closes with some notes of caution as to why the ICC may not be the ideal forum, even assuming a Council referral were forthcoming.
Conclusion
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The book’s conclusion offers a number of overarching observations about the prospects of justice for Syria and highlights a few bright spots on an otherwise rather bleak landscape. These grounds for cautious optimism include the fact that we now have a robust and comprehensive international jus puniendi of international crimes, even if we lack sufficient institutions in which to apply it. Although the repeat failures of the U.N. Security Council have eroded our faith in the post–World War II system of collective security, other multilateral, regional, and domestic institutions have—to a certain extent—stepped in to fill the breach. This multilateral paralysis has thus spurred creative thinking about new jurisdictional theories, generated multiple and varied institutional proposals, and re-enlivened the principle of universal jurisdiction after a period of decline. The enhanced sophistication of international crimes documentation ensures that future transitional justice efforts will have the evidence needed to hold those most responsible for abuses to account. While the many accountability proposals have yet to bear fruit, it is now clear that they suffer from no legal impediments; all that is needed is the political will and resources to bring them to fruition. All of these developments are the work of an epistemic community of justice entrepreneurs—representing multilateral institutions, sovereign nations, and global civil society—who refuse to take “no” for an answer.
Moral Sphere Collapses
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We live in well-separated moral spheres, typically well compartmentalized, but they can collapse. These spheres are delimited by context and people, each calling for different moral biases and codes. We develop a remarkable ability to switch moral codes depending on people and circumstances, as exemplified by Hitler and his pet dog or Ariel Castro with his child and neighbors. However, collapse between these spheres may happen causing great anxieties and, in some instances, can be lethal. Moral code implosions due to such collapse are the main cause of guilt, a major conundrum of human psychology.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We live in a world that is greatly imagined and made of quick and dirty inferences, especially in the social domain that is mined with moral heuristics and other quick moral judgments. A major moral drift is the so-called fundamental attribution error or correspondence bias. This error consists in the propensity to erroneously explain and attribute strongly biased causes to the behaviors of self and others. At least in our individualistic Western cultures, we tend to make attribution and explain our as well as others’ behavior mainly in terms of dispositional features of the individual and much less in terms of the situation in which the person is embedded (e.g., her social class, economic resources, place in society, etc.).
Group Essentialism
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Group affiliation is typically objectified in physical things like uniforms, a flag, or family totems. These things stand for and are placeholders of our alliances. Essentialism applies to groups and intergroup relations. This is particularly evident in the kind of blind-spot inferences we tend to make regarding in-group as opposed to out-group intrinsic elusive characteristics, presumably inherent to race and national identity. Both are ready-made constructs, but with no objective biological or even sociohistorical essential features. Indeed, what defines a Black person or a Russian, except for skin color, geographic birth, or a passport? Anything but the intrinsic characteristics we infer and amplify from such surface features, guiding us blindly toward categorical attitudes and short-cut moral decisions. The spectacular drama of team competition, gang wars, and other intergroup conflicts represents an opportunity for players, fans, gang members, and other protagonists to express and assert essential characters of their in-group and reveal essential characters of the out-group. It is an opportunity to probe alliances and for protagonists to emulate the extent to which they belong and merit membership to the group.
The Frigidity Epidemic
Authors: Margolin Leslie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
“The Frigidity Epidemic” examines how the next generation of Freudian therapists used the concept of frigidity to cast women who did not live up to men’s sexual expectations as psychological deviants. Like Dora, “frigid” women were given no credit as tellers of their own stories. This chapter seeks to specify not only how physicians persuaded themselves and others that sexual frigidity represents a public health threat of the first magnitude—an epidemic—but also how they represented men and their sexuality as the norm and women and their sexuality as suspicious, in need of the most rigorous surveillance and control.
Conclusion
Authors: Margolin Leslie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The book’s main conclusion is that sex therapists have long believed that heterosexual women should want sex as much as men want it, and in way men want it, with intercourse leading to orgasm. They have long treated departures from men’s sexuality as abnormal and suboptimal. The book closes by placing these biases within the context of other patriarchal biases and institutions, and by suggesting a series of techniques and approaches that might offer sex therapy a way forward.
Squiggly Economics
Authors: Chambers Robert G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Three generic economic optimization problems (expenditure (cost) minimization, revenue maximization, and profit maximization) are studied using the mathematical tools developed in Chapters 2 and 3. Conjugate duality results are developed for each. The resulting dual representations (E(q;y), R(p,x), and π(p,q)) are shown to characterize all of the economically relevant information in, respectively, V(y), Y(x), and Gr(≽(y)). The implications of different restrictions on ≽(y) for the dual representations are examined.
Partition
Authors: Frankel Francine R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The partition of India into the two independent states of India and Pakistan created strategic anomalies. India lost the advantage of its own geographic position, which had placed it across the Arabian Sea close to the sea lanes leading to the Persian Gulf in the west and astride the Bay of Bengal adjacent to Southeast Asia on the east. Pakistan, divided by one thousand miles of Indian territory, was considered virtually indefensible without a powerful ally—most obviously, the United States. As the Cold War took hold, India’s potential as a great power counted for less than Pakistan’s strategic location close to the oil fields of the Middle East. Nehru believed India’s decision to join the British Commonwealth protected India from sloping too much toward the United States.
Kashmir
Authors: Frankel Francine R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
India’s suspicion of US motives set in during the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir in 1950, after the Hindu maharaja of Muslim majority Kashmir acceded to India. Great Britain, considering that Kashmir should join Muslim-majority Pakistan and that India-Pakistan cooperation was essential to Commonwealth defense, feared India could exercise its legal right to self-defense after tribesmen aided by Pakistan invaded across the northern border. Foreign Office records reveal how the British acted behind the scenes in the UN Security Council to block a discussion of India’s request to remove the tribesmen from Azad Kashmir as the condition for holding a plebiscite. The United States, influenced by the British, appeared to Nehru as the power behind the hostility toward India, while seeking a Cold War bastion in Kashmir.
Science
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Biology is the most important science in Bazin’s theory. By rejecting Herbert Spencer’s survival of the fittest, the film theorist valorizes the holism of Darwinian evolution and the randomness of quantum physics. Due to the physical materiality of photographic tracing, Bazin rejects the Platonic equations of algebra and the static structures of classical geometry. Representative of the anti-Euclidean modern mathematics of change, contingency, and motion, the metaphor of the “integral” from calculus highlights the quasi-documentary, improvisational approach of a few Italian neorealist films. The difference between Italian neorealism and other cinematic realisms, based on a quantitative approach and naturalistic details, is that everything happens as if it were unfolding for the very first time. Neither a style nor a genre nor a repeatable formula, Italian neorealism deals with changing subjective perceptions within unpredictable social relations.
Religion
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Bazin argues that miracles are inexplicable events that test science. Wary of the supernatural and transcendence, he does not approve of Pius XII’s standards of sainthood. All religions are fair game for social anthropology, even if they address mankind’s spiritual dimension. Irrational belief in God is necessary to maintain hope in eternal justice, since human laws are imperfect. Cinema’s illusionism turns irrational belief into a spiritual sensibility even for those who do not believe in any religion. Opposed to the dogmatic tendencies of any religion, Bazin argues that, in comparison to Jean Delannoy’s literary adaptations, Robert Bresson’s Diary of a Country Priest (1951) stands out as an avant-garde film that is a masterpiece. This film explores Blaise Pascal’s notion of the Hidden God, by remapping the senses in such a way as to mark a new stage in the evolution of cinematic language. It is an example of pure cinema, comparable to Vittorio De Sica’s very different Bicycle Thieves (1948).
Hybrid Hate
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe study of Western racism has tended to concentrate on either the hatred and murder of Jews or the hatred and enslavement of black people. As chief objects of racism Jews and blacks have been linked together for centuries, peoples apart from the general run of humanity. In medieval Europe Jews were often perceived as blacks, and the conflation of Jews and blacks continued throughout the period of the Enlightenment. With the discovery of a community of black Jews in Loango in west Africa in 1777, and later of black Jews in India, the Middle East, and other parts of Africa, the figure of the hybrid black Jew was thrust into the maelstrom of evolving theories about race hierarchies and taxonomies. The new hybrid played a particular role in the great battle between monogenists and polygenists as they sought to establish the unitary or disparate origins of humankind. From the mid-nineteenth century to the period of the Third Reich, Jews and blacks were increasingly conflated in a racist discourse that combined the two fundamental racial hatreds of the West. While Hitler considered Jews “Negroid parasites,” in Nazi Germany as in Fascist Italy, through texts, laws, and cartoons, Jews and blacks were combined in the figure of the black/Jew, the mortal foe of the Aryan race.
“The Most Striking Circumstance”
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe nineteenth century witnessed the development of a bitter struggle between monogenists and polygenists. Polygenists increasingly looked for confirmation of racial hierarchies and signs of racial immutability in physiological indicators. Change in color within a race seemed to be an unanswerable proof of the effect of nature on racial characteristics and seemed to offer an explanation of racial difference. The color change of Jews from white to black was the best example of this, and increasingly black Jewish communities became the proof monogenists needed of the unitary origins of humankind. James Cowles Prichard was the leading British monogenist, and he was among the first to perceive that the color spectrum in Jews was the strongest weapon in the monogenist armory.
The Black/Jew
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSander Gilman argued that the consensus of nineteenth century ethnography was that the Jews “were ‘black’ or, at least, ‘swarthy.’ ” In fact, there was no such consensus. Monogenist ethnographers had to show that European Jews were white in order to be able to show that black Jews had changed from white as a result of climate determinism. The increased racialization of Jews and blacks around the time of the American Civil War was accompanied by a renewal of the idea that the Jews and blacks had much in common, including color. Robert Knox was one of the first anthropologists to argue that the Jews were negroid. He was followed by many others, most of them polygenists. Other conflations of Jews and blacks included features such as smell, ears, eyes, hair, sexuality, etc. Jews were constructed as negroes, and at the same time blacks were constructed as Jews. They were both considered to be uniquely ugly. The ugliest Africans were the so-called Hottentots, who themselves had been deemed to be of Jewish origin. African tribes throughout the continent were constructed as Jews. The founder of political antisemitism, Wilhelm Marr, came to his hatred of Jews through a hatred of blacks in America. He thought Jews had negroid features and antecedents. From the time of the German Enlightenment Jews were inserted into the category of black slaves. For the influential racial theorist Houston Stewart Chamberlain, black blood flowed in the veins of Jews. The same goes for the important theorist Friedrich Ratzel. In the Americas, out-and-out anti-black racists were often equally anti-Jewish.
The Epistemology of Logic
Authors: Warren Jared 
Published: December 2020

This chapter shows that unrestricted inferentialism/conventionalism leads to a naturalistically satisfying account of our a priori knowledge of logical validity. The chapter first lays the groundwork by discussing the general question of what conditions arguments need to meet in order to lead to knowledge of their conclusions.	Following Boghossian, the chapter then argues that inferentialism/conventionalism is particularly well posed to allow rule-circular arguments to lead to a priori knowledge of the validity of our basic rules. Restricted inferentialists were often forced to complicate and sometimes abandon their accounts of logical knowledge in the face of bad company. By contrast, unrestricted inferentialism has no problem at all with bad company. All told, conventionalism gives a naturalistic account of our a priori knowledge of logic.
Drama in Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMessiaen’s Visions de l’Amen is interpreted as ritual cum drama, enacted by its two pianists. Beginning with the work’s compositional background, this chapter profiles Visions’ two original pianists (Messiaen and Yvonne Loriod), describes the occasion of its premiere, and outlines its extramusical inspiration in Messiaen’s visions of the Amen. Messiaen uses combinatorial means to create Visions’ ritual and drama: repeating, varying, superposing, juxtaposing, combining, and recombining. His combinatorial materials are themes, timbres, and harmonic and rhythmic modules: two types of themes (the Creation theme and the blackbird’s song), two types of timbral elements (birdsong and percussion sounds), and two types of pedals (rhythmic and melodic-harmonic) are discussed, exploring their construction, locations, and functions in Visions. The two pianos themselves, along with the constructs of ritual and drama, are viewed as combinatorial components; the chapter closes by showing how the two pianos, in combination, enact ritual and drama through their relationships.
Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter reflects on the function of shared items, shared objectives (activity objects and epistemic objects), and shared agents in the book’s collaborations. Shared items included scores, notation, poetry, Mahler’s sketch fragment, Bartók’s letter to the Kolisch Quartet, and recordings. The pursuit of shared objectives (book chapters, interpretive insights) gave rise to “experimental systems” and the “problem spaces” of differing disciplinary approaches. Shared agents entailed both Leong’s identity as theorist-pianist (underlying joint performing and rehearsing experiences) and the multidisciplinary identity of several of her collaborators. Issues of representation and voice in scholar-performer collaborations are raised. Institutional and disciplinary factors affecting scholar-performer collaborations (particularly in the United Kingdom and in North America) are discussed.
Performers, Structure, and Ways of Knowing
Authors: Leong Daphne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis concluding chapter revisits the book’s theme: performers and a theorist, interacting on musical structure, manifesting ways of knowing. The book’s nine variations are seen as windows onto larger issues integral to the relation of analysis and performance. They group into three trios: the first moves from performance to analysis and explores questions of embodiment, the creation of structure, and understanding of notation; the second proceeds from analysis to performance and constructs metaphors of remembering, of contrapuntal motion, and of ritual and drama; and the third presents analysis and performance in tandem, conflicting, fusing, and impacting audience reception. Further dimensions of knowledge are explored and related to wissen (knowing that), können (knowing how), and kennen (knowing, as in knowing a person). Analysis, performance, and the endeavor to relate the two are described as activities, meaningful in their particularity.
“Mommie was the sparkplug and Catherine was the inspiration.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Mommie opens a dance studio in Llanerch and teaches for the Philadelphia Music Club at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in the 1920s. Big Jim teaches horsemanship to wealthy men at private riding clubs. Catherine becomes a Ziegfeld dancer and performs in Sally and the Ziegfeld Follies. In New York, she studies with Italian pedagogue Luigi Albertieri. She leaves Ziegfeld’s employ and she and Mommie take their first trip to Paris. Big Jim forms News Reel Laboratory with partner Louis Kellman. Mommie opens a Littlefield School at 1415 Locust Street across from the Academy of Music. Catherine teaches there and raises its standards. She also serves as Mommie’s première danseuse. Mommie directs the “America” pageant at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition.
“She was 9/10ths a performer and 1/10th a wife.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Catherine briefly choreographs dances at the Roxy Theatre in New York. Dorothie Littlefield performs in Europe with various ensembles, and Catherine returns home to Philadelphia to stage ballets at the Robin Hood Dell. Jimmie Littlefield forms an orchestra, while Carl Littlefield begins taking dancing lessons at the Littlefield School at the behest of Mommie. Catherine marries wealthy socialite lawyer Philip Leidy, a great-nephew of renowned naturalist Joseph Leidy, on June 8, 1933. The couple moves to an apartment at the fashionable Barclay Hotel on Rittenhouse Square. Catherine has all the pieces in place—dancers, audience, and funding—to establish her long-dreamed-of professional ballet company.