bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doctrinal Adaptation in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of doctrinal adaptability during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The US Army’s conventional doctrine of AirLand Battle developed after the Vietnam War rejected counterinsurgency as a mission, which made the army poorly prepared for the recent wars. In Afghanistan, the army rapidly adapted its civil affairs doctrine to address the challenges of security and reconstruction, and ultimately established new provincial reconstruction teams. But the broader processes of adapting army doctrine for counterinsurgency took more than four years and a remarkable confluence of events and determined individuals—including General David Petraeus—in order to circumvent the army’s normal processes for developing doctrine and produce an entirely new manual in the midst of a failing war.
Theater Leadership Adaptation in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of leadership adaptability at the theater level during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. It focuses on two stark cases of failure that had severe strategic consequences. In Iraq, General George Casey proved unable to adapt to the reality of an ever-worsening war, despite clear evidence that the trajectory of the war was veering sharply downward, and never questioned the fundamental assumptions of his strategy. In Afghanistan, General David McKiernan did not understand the changing character of the Afghan war or the shifting political dynamics among his superiors in Washington, and became the first US senior commander relieved for unsatisfactory performance since the Korean War.
Anti-System Politics
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Recent elections in the advanced Western democracies have undermined the basic foundations of political systems that had previously beaten back all challenges—from both the Left and the Right. The election of Donald Trump to the US presidency, only months after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, signaled a dramatic shift in the politics of the rich democracies. This book traces the evolution of this shift and argues that it is a long-term result of abandoning the postwar model of egalitarian capitalism in the 1970s. That shift entailed weakening the democratic process in favor of an opaque, technocratic form of governance that allows voters little opportunity to influence policy. With the financial crisis of the late 2000s, these arrangements became unsustainable, as incumbent politicians were unable to provide solutions to economic hardship. Electorates demanded change, and it had to come from outside the system. Using a comparative approach, the text explains why different kinds of anti-system politics emerge in different countries and how political and economic factors impact the degree of electoral instability that emerges. Finally, it discusses the implications of these changes, arguing that the only way for mainstream political forces to survive is for them to embrace a more activist role for government in protecting societies from economic turbulence.
Explaining the Rise of Anti-System Parties: Inequality, Debt, and the Crisis
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the electoral successes of anti-system forces, looking at how differences in the social, economic, and political institutions in rich democracies determine the extent and nature of anti-system support. Anti-system politics is stronger in countries that are structurally prone to run trade deficits, have weak or badly designed welfare states, and have electoral rules that artificially suppress the range of political options voters can choose from. The chapter also shows that the ways in which welfare systems distribute exposure to economic risks predict whether anti-system politics takes a predominantly left-wing or right-wing direction. Right-wing anti-system politics is successful in creditor countries with very inclusive welfare states. Meanwhile, left-wing anti-system politics is stronger in debtor countries with “dualistic” welfare states.
American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the 2016 election in the United States is best understood in terms of the long-run consequences of the neoliberal turn in the 1970s, and the way in which the financial crisis of the late 2000s was addressed. In 2016 the electorate of the United States delivered probably the biggest political shock in their modern history, electing the unlikely figure of Donald Trump to the presidency. Trump’s rise is deeply intertwined with the financial crisis and with the longer-term political shifts resulting from the market liberal turn of the 1980s. If Trump is the most spectacular example of anti-system politics, the United States is the most extreme case of the subjection of society to the brute force of the market. The destabilization of US politics shows how an obsessive drive for marketization, high levels of income inequality, an unstable financial system, and constraints on political choice provoke political revolt.
Conclusions
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter addresses the implications of anti-system politics for the future of capitalism and democracy in the advanced countries. It argues that the current wave of anti-system support reflects the ultimate failure of the project of “market liberalism,” in that the limitations of the market logic have been laid bare by the financial crisis and the inability of the free market model to deliver prosperity and security. The answer to this crisis is likely to involve a reassertion of political authority over the market: either a revival of social democracy, the guiding ideology of the inclusive capitalism of the second half of the twentieth century, or a return to the nationalism and mercantilism of the interwar period.
Preliminaries
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The central thesis of this book is that relevance theory, pioneered by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, can be developed into an all-encompassing theory for modeling communication, including its visual and multimodal mass-communicative varieties. The first chapter paves the way for this claim by discussing a series of studies from different disciplines that together paint a picture of the basic assumptions underlying communication. Ultimately relevance theory is rooted in the Darwinian drive to survive and to reproduce. Aspects of this are the crucial importance of intentionality; the close link between perception and cognition; the need for group members to cooperate to achieve shared goals; the connection between information and attitudes, emotions, and beliefs pertaining to that information; and agreement about what is “fair” behavior. To support these claims, key insights are discussed and summarized in studies of two psycholinguists (Gibbs 1999; Clark 1996), two film scholars (Bordwell 1989; Grodal 2009), two art historians (Gombrich 1999; Arnheim 1969), two scholars working on communication with apes (Tomasello 2008, 2019; De Waal 2009, 2016), and several humanities and social science scholars inspired by Darwin’s evolution theory (Boyd et al. 2010).
Relevance Theory—Basics
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
After showing how relevance theory is rooted in Grice’s “communicative principles,” the chapter explains the most important dimensions of “classic,” spoken language-oriented relevance theory and introduces the terminology used to label these dimensions, defining them for an audience of non-experts. Examples are used throughout to facilitate readers’ comprehension. The terms and concepts discussed are the Cognitive Principle of Relevance (generally referred to as the First, Cognitive Principle of Relevance) and the Communicative Principle of Relevance (generally referred to as the Second, Communicative Principle of Relevance); the communicative and the informative intention; recognizing and fulfilling intentions; positive cognitive effects/rewards and mental effort; decoding and inferring; the logical form; reference assignment, disambiguation, and enrichment; explicatures and implicatures; strong and weak communication; relevance to an individual; descriptive and interpretive utterances; symptomatic communication; loose talk; babbling and lying; optimal stimuli; relevance and trust; relevance and altruism; and the falsifiability of relevance theory. The chapter ends with a paragraph in which relevance theory’s fundamental tenets are summarized in non-technical terms.
Relevance Theory and Mediated Mass-Communication
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The examples analyzed in classic RT pertain to face-to-face communication, that is, a situation in which one communicator speaks to a single addressee standing next to her. The shift from this situation to mass-communication affects several dimensions of RT. In this chapter, the central RT tenet that relevance is always relevance to an individual is discussed in light of the fact that mass-communicative audiences consist of (very) many individuals. Concepts affected pertain to the recognition and fulfillment of the communicative and informative intention and to the cognitive environment (≈ background knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, etc.) of the numerous individuals in the envisaged audience, who after all may not share the ideological assumptions of the communicator. Moreover, mass-communication is usually mediated. Some of the technical, financial, institutional, and ideological consequences of mediated mass-communication for RT are sketched.
Genre
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
How is it that mass audiences often understand messages in remarkably similar ways, even though these audiences consist of many individuals, all of whom have to process these messages in their own unique cognitive environments? The answer is that just as people are very good in assessing what activity-type (Goffman) they are about to be involved in (visiting a museum, having a meeting with colleagues, going for dinner, attending a wedding), they are usually well aware of the genre of a discourse they are confronted with. Thanks to various genre-markers, they come to this awareness often even before they encounter the discourse itself. This awareness enormously steers and constrains people’s search for relevance in a discourse. Therefore, genre serves as an “interface” that greatly narrows down the infinitely large storehouse of knowledge, emotions, and attitudes that could theoretically be evoked by a discourse to the small subset of these that are directly relevant. Discourse genre, which in this chapter is taken to be equivalent to discourse type, is thereby the single most important pragmatic principle governing the interpretation of mass-communicative messages. This chapter discusses several sources on genre to support this view, discusses the importance of prototype theory for the notion of genre, and demonstrates how the importance of genre can be accommodated in classic RT.
Case Studies
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Classic RT states that only purely verbal information can cue the derivation of explicatures, that is, completely explicit information, since explicatures find their source in coded information. This first case-study chapter argues that at least some visuals are completely coded and therefore allow for explicatures. Visual genres that enable explicatures include pictograms in public space; Michelin Guide pictograms; logos of brands and organizations; and traffic signs. The central claim is that such visuals, combined with the location where they appear, enable explicatures. Examples of these various types of coded visuals are discussed, and a tentative connection is proposed with art historical symbols in Vanitas paintings.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The final chapter first recaptures the most important claims made in the book and outlines issues and dimensions within RT that deserve further thought in the service of improving the theory. Next, suggestions are presented for how an RT analysis of modes, media, and genres not addressed in this book might be developed. The book ends with a recapitulation of why it is useful to adopt RT as the overall model for the analysis of visual, multimodal, and other forms of communication—although it will always have to be complemented by insights from other theories and models. Given that the relevance principle inextricably links communication to perception and cognition in all living species, RT’s insights may feed into experiments both with humans and with other primates, and even non-primates, and may help theorize robotic communication.
Seeing Faces in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Donougho Martin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This essay explores Goethe’s use of physiognomic description in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, arguing that the novel exhibits a general shift from such use—in the theater, for instance—to the model of self-development (Bildung) promoted by the Society of the Tower. In the 1770s, Goethe had fallen under the influence of J. C. Lavater, although his attitude toward the supposed “science” of physiognomics tended to waver, and he rejected Lavater’s appeal to transcendent fate. Many passages in Meister call on characters, narrator, and reader alike to make sense of physical appearance, with no interpretive rules available. Faces and situations seem radically individual, which makes for realistic effects yet also leaves an impression of uncertainty. Goethe’s motto “Individuum est ineffabile” harbors the problem of how to discern or describe difference. With Bildung, Wilhelm tries another way to square individuality with the larger whole. But in Goethe’s telling, Wilhelm experiences disillusionment there, too.
Hegel and Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Houlgate Stephen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This essay examines Hegel’s interpretation of Goethe’s Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre. It argues that, for Hegel, the archetypal modern novel depicts the struggles of idealistic youth as an “apprenticeship” that ends with the young man concerned becoming reconciled to the social order around him. The essay then looks closely at Goethe’s novel and assesses to what extent Hegel’s interpretation does justice to it. The conclusion is that it does, even though it overlooks many significant details. The essay then briefly compares Goethe’s novel with Hegel’s Phenomenology, which is itself often regarded as a “novel of education,” and notes that in both cases a self-absorbed consciousness is gradually transformed into one that finds satisfaction in mutual recognition. The essay concludes by comparing the accounts given by Hegel and Goethe of Hamlet and the beautiful soul.
Playing and Reality
Authors: Mücke Dorothea von 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Analyzing Wilhelm’s love affair with the theater and the beautiful soul’s particular kind of piety, this article shows how Goethe’s novel supports a growing person’s narcissistic infatuations and illusions by way of assigning to them a propaedeutic function, as it also affirms the nexus between those illusions and their external, material support in such transitional objects as toys, visual artifacts, or—in the case of the beautiful soul—devotional guides and prayer books. This kind of illusion is not to be terminated by way of disillusionment, by way of a confrontation with reality. Instead, it is to be supplanted through the encounter with a distinct model of art. It is when faced with Shakespeare’s oeuvre and with the uncle’s art collection that Wilhelm and the beautiful soul acquire a larger perspective on the self and the world, for it is then that the work of art as an autonomous whole comes into play.
Excess in Print
Authors: Maree Claire 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the entextualization of queerqueen Japanese into multimodal texts that endeavor to (re)create sonic qualities through visual means. It examines five books published in 1979–1980 by twin brothers Osugi (Sugiura Takaaki, cinema critic; 1945–) and Peeco (Sugiura Katsuaki, fashion critic; 1945–) that employ the taidan (conversational dialogue) format and incorporate illustrations from leading graphic artists. In a “boom” of popularity, Osugi and Peeco were renowned for their playful banter and were labeled the okama (pejorative slang for “fag/faggot/poofter”) twins. The rich textual fields of the books combine layout and graphic design with metalinguistic annotation and nonconventional orthography provided via stenography, transcription, and editing. Through visual mimesis and orthographic stylization, the “excessive” nature of the talk is visually highlighted. Censorship tropes visually mark that which must be contained. Spoken interactions emergent in “actual” conversations are thus entextualized and function as precursor for later articulations of queerqueen booms.
Introduction
Authors: Liu Jun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction assesses and identifies lacunae and challenges in the existing literature on ICTs and contentious collective action. Through a survey of relevant scholarship on social movement and contentious politics, this chapter proposes to explicitly make communication a key element in a tripartite framework of contentious politics and social movements and, further, to regard communication as an intermediary between ICTs and contentious collective action. The introductory chapter further elucidates the embeddedness of mobile communication technologies within Chinese society and, thus, it has become a context for (political) action as well and can therefore have an impact on contentious politics.
More Than Words
Authors: Liu Jun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ingrained into everyday life, mobile communication has woven itself into contemporary social relationships and networking, shaping the structure of society. Yet, what kinds of change are made possible with the introduction of mobile communication into political contention? This chapter advances this topic by probing the mobilization dynamics of mobile communication. I argue that the concept of reciprocity deserves a central place in the study of mobile-mediated micromobilization in light of the mobile phone as “a reciprocal technology” (Ling, 2013, p. 160) that functions most crucially as a mediator (or facilitator) of reciprocity. By taking guanxi-embedded, mobile-mediated mobilization in China in a series of case studies, this chapter sheds greater empirical and theoretical light on the influence of mobile communication on the process of mobilization and recruitment, as well as its broader political and social implications.
“To Retweet Each and Every Rumor”
Authors: Liu Jun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practice of rumor diffusion via mobile communication, or what I call “mobile rumoring,” against the hegemonic discourse of the authorities. What drives easy diffusion and proliferation of rumor via mobile phones and other ICTs, even in the face of intensified rumor control, surveillance, and punishment from the regime? As the answer unfolds, the Chinese state’s strategies to suppress communication in the guise of so-called rumor unwittingly establishes the socio-cultural foundation for rumor proliferation, while the official denunciation of rumor becomes a political opportunity that triggers the collective practice of rumor diffusion against the authorities. The call for rumor dissemination thus becomes both an action—a type of tactic, or covert resistance—and a frame to contest communication control and political manipulation by the authorities. Both contested identity and dissenting emotion join as counter-authority initiatives that represent the dynamic behind mobile rumoring in China today.
Introduction
Authors: Cruz Gabriela 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Beginning in the 1820s, grand opera developed into a new artistic medium for the delivery of historical spectacles which, in turn, afforded audiences a new way of seeing and hearing the past. Afterwards, grand operatic spectacles fetischized the past while obfuscating the crisis of memory brought about by the 1789 revolution. They became vehicles for remembrance, relying on which Charles Baudelaire would later describe as a mnemotechnics. Jacques Fromental Halévy’s Derniers mémoirs et souvenirs (1863) provides us with a roadmap for reading opera as a medium of memory. Pursing a memnotechnical sense of grand opera, I investigate the introduction of new visual and musical technologies (gaslight illumination, the diorama, orchestration and singing) at the Opéra, and consider the role played by these technologies in shoring up the central concern with memory in grand opera.
The Metropolis in “Old World” Constitutional Law
Authors: Hirschl Ran 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the constitutional subjugation of the metropolis throughout much of the Global North in constitutional orders adopted over a two-century span between the late eighteenth century and the 1970s, from the United States and Canada to the United Kingdom, Western Europe, and Australia. It illustrates how constitutional stalemate has emerged in these countries as a result of hardwired city-subverting constitutional frameworks, rigid amendment rules, a lack of political incentives to empower cities, and oftentimes proactive resistance to city power. At least two lessons may be drawn from this chapter. First, in contrast to North America, where litigation is the main channel for debating the constitutional status of urban centers, the megacity discussion in Europe is largely taking place in central government planning and policy-making circles. Second, when it comes to urban agglomeration, the Global North has witnessed a great constitutional silence.
Attempts at City Self-Empowerment
Authors: Hirschl Ran 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines efforts by constitutionally voiceless cities and mayors to expand cities’ quasi-constitutional powers through urban citizenship schemes or, more frequently, through international networking and collaboration based on notions such as “the right to the city,” “sustainable cities,” “solidarity cities,” and “human rights cities.” For the most part, such initiatives have a socially progressive undercurrent to them. They address policy areas such as air quality and energy efficient construction, “smart cities,” affordable housing, enhanced community representation, or accommodating policies toward refugees and asylum seekers. Such experimentation with city self-emancipation is increasing in popularity and possesses significant potential in policy areas not directly addressed or hermetically foreclosed by statist constitutional law.
Discourse and Democracy
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main analytical moves in the TRUST heuristic for analyzing untruthfulness. It then applies the heuristic to three short texts that have been widely called out as lies: Trump’s tweet about large-scale voter fraud just before the 2016 presidential elections; the “Brexit Battle Bus” claim that the United Kingdom sent £350 million per week to the European Union; and Tony Blair’s 2002 statement to Parliament about Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction. The cases share a common theme: the capacity of untruthful public discourse to undermine democratic legitimacy by, respectively, questioning the integrity of electoral procedures, harming the capacity of voters to make a rational choice, and undermining faith in the rational and responsible deliberation of one’s leaders. The chapter troubles the simple attribution of lying in these cases and shows how a TRUST analysis can lead to a deeper understanding of the types and ethical value of untruthfulness.