bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of canine use and safety of isoxazoline parasiticides
Authors: Palmieri Valerie , Dodds W. Jean , Morgan Judy , Carney Elizabeth , Fritsche Herbert A. , Jeffrey Jaclyn , Bullock Rowan , Kimball Jon P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA veterinarian and pet owner survey (Project Jake) examined the use and safety of isoxazoline parasiticides given to dogs. Data were received during August 1–31, 2018 from a total of 2,751 survey responses. Forty‐two percent (1,157) reported no flea treatment or adverse events (AE), while 58% (1594) had been treated with some parasiticide for flea control, and of those that received a parasiticide, the majority, or 83% (1,325), received an isooxazoline. When any flea treatment was given, AE were reported for 66.6% of respondents, with no apparent AE noted for 36.1%. Project Jake findings were compared to a retrospective analysis of publicly available Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) reported AE. The number of total AE reported to FDA and EMA were comparable, although a 7 to 10 times higher occurrence of death and seizures was reported from the EMA or from outside the United States (US). Serious AE responses for death, seizures and neurological effects reported in our survey were higher than the FDA but moderately lower than the EMA reports. These sizable global data sets combined with this pre‐ and post‐parasiticide administration survey indicated that isoxazoline neurotoxicity was not flea‐ and tick‐specific. Post‐marketing serious AE were much higher than in Investigational New Drug (IND) submissions. Although the labels have recently been updated, dogs, cats and their caregivers remain impacted by their use. These aggregate data reports support the need for continued cross‐species studies and critical review of product labelling by regulatory agencies and manufacturers.
Introduction: Why Is Philosophy Relevant for Clinical Practice?
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Copeland Samantha , Rocca Elena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis book is intended as an intellectual resource for clinicians and healthcare professionals who are interested in digging deeper into the philosophical foundations of their daily practice. It is a tool for understanding some of the philosophical motivations and rationality behind the way medicine and healthcare are studied, evaluated and practiced. In particular, this book illustrates the impact that our thinking about causality, both philosophically and conceptually, has on the clinical encounter. The aim is to engage and empower healthcare professionals to take part in changing and defining the premises for their own practice. After all, if clinical decisions should be based on evidence, this ought to be evidence that is relevant and well-suited for the clinic. The book has two parts, Philosophical Framework and Application to the Clinic. The first part is written from the philosophical perspective and presents a singular overall framework. The second part is written primarily by clinicians who address some implications of the philosophical framework for different aspects of their own practice.
Lessons on Causality from Clinical Encounters with Severely Obese Patients
Authors: Hagen Kai Brynjar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, general practitioner and senior consultant Kai Brynjar Hagen calls for a more personal approach to the care of severely obese individuals. These patients are frequently dismissed, miscategorised and consequently mis-treated in the healthcare system. Two key insights should be highlighted. First, that the tendency to see obesity as a primarily physiological ailment stems not from scientific evidence (of which there is much to the contrary), but rather from the denial that emotional pain can have strong effects on one’s health, even when it does not fit neatly into a psychological diagnostic category. Such denial is in frame with the biomedical model of health and illness. Second, that taking the time to value clinical dialogue reveals much about the nature of that patient’s condition. Such dialogue gives context, elucidates values, and importantly, in combination with the published evidence, it suggests causal explanations that affect the options for successful treatment. Hagen translates into clinical practice the dispositionalist view of causal singularism, presented in Part I of this book: that since causation happens in the single case, it is from the single case that we need to start causal investigation. He gives details about how he operationalises a whole-person view of each patient, encourages joint insights through dialogue, and uses the patients’ narratives in a mutual decision making process about their future. Further, he explores how the results he has observed in his own practice, and the difficulties he has faced, reveal deep-seated issues with the way we tend to treat obesity medically, namely by focusing mainly on its symptoms and little or not at all on core causes.
Conclusion: CauseHealth Recommendations for Making Causal Evidence Clinically Relevant and Informed
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Copeland Samantha , Rocca Elena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFrom the philosophical perspective presented in the first part of this book, together with the clinical application of this framework in the second part, it follows that we must change the way we approach causal evidence of health and illness conceptually, methodologically and practically. This has some practical consequences for the clinical encounter, as discussed throughout the book. We here offer some specific CauseHealth recommendations for making causal evidence more clinically relevant and better informed by the clinical encounter. The recommendations follow from an overall consideration of the previous chapters, both the philosophical framework and its clinical implications.
The Guidelines Challenge
Authors: Copeland Samantha 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter looks at one of the key problems experienced by practitioners of medicine today, especially in large or public institutions, which is how to handle guidelines. Public management approaches to medicine tend to promote guidelines as rules to follow, and clinicians often feel pressure to follow a guideline even when their judgment cautions them to do otherwise. This ‘tramline’ approach to guidelines, we show, is philosophically as well as practically problematic. Especially when we take dispositions as the ontology of the causal relations that guidelines want to key in on—the best way to cause a recovery, or to counteract the causes of a condition—we see that guidelines cannot and ought not be treated as rules to be followed. We thus also make suggestions in this chapter about what kinds of guidelines, in terms of form and function, might be ideal.
The Complexity of Persistent Pain – A Patient’s Perspective
Authors: Price Christine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, Christine Price gives a personal account of how a deeper philosophical understanding of causal complexity had a direct effect on her ability to understand and manage her experiences of chronic pain. Price explains that learning about the dispositionalist understanding of causation and causal singularism, as presented in Part I, re-directed her efforts from getting information about chronic pain in general to becoming more knowledgeable about her own pain. The first part of this book presented the vector model as a way to qualitatively represent a single causal event. This is done by modelling the multiple dispositions at work and their strength of tendency toward, or away from, the manifestation of a certain effect. Here Price translates the vector model into her own method for understanding and managing her own dispositions in regard to her pain. In this way she provides a clear and personal example of how seeing causes as complex and interactive can, perhaps paradoxically, give patients more agency and control over their own care. Price’s account shows us that reflections on one’s own dispositions and how they contribute to health and illness can be a long-term effect of a positive clinical encounter.
Causality and Dispositionality in Medical Practice
Authors: Edwards Ivor Ralph 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, Ivor Ralph Edwards shares his reflections based on more than 20 years of international experience, both in clinical practice and in drug safety monitoring. Crucial for Edward’s work is the dispositionalist view that outlier cases and deviations from the norm have a great potential in advancing causal understanding, as discussed in the first part of this book. Through a number of examples drawn from his professional experience, Edwards here provides some advice on how the dispositionalist approach presented in Part I of this book can improve clinicians’ daily practice and can assist the process of differential diagnosis. Despite the time and other constraints placed upon practicing clinicians today, the urgency of taking causal complexity properly into account demands that a more personal and contextual approach be taken. This chapter highlights the urgency of the call for a new framework for medical practice, one that fully acknowledges patient narratives as evidential and emphasises the importance of understanding rare symptoms and responses as being nonetheless part of a larger pattern of dispositions and manifestations.
Civil Society Between Populism and Anti-populism
Authors: Ruzza Carlo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the activities of civil society formations in the European political environment. It argues that the long-established ethos of inclusionary civil society groups is undergoing a redefinition. Moralized ideational constructs such as “community”, “belonging” and “solidarity”, which have traditionally been associated with a cosmopolitan, tolerant conception of the role of civil society, are undergoing a process of redefinition. An individualistic, nationalist, exclusionary and socially conservative conception of civil society is emerging. The chapter frames the contrast between rival images of civil society through a movement–counter-movement dynamic, which opposes a populist and an anti-populist bloc. It interprets them with reference to studies of “civil” and “uncivil” society and provides a typology of their roles and values.
The Discursive Denial of Racism by Finnish Populist Radical Right Politicians Accused of Anti-Muslim Hate-Speech
Authors: Pettersson Katarina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores Finnish populist radical right politicians’ discursive denials of racism against Muslims following the 2015 European “refugee crisis”. The critical discursive psychological analysis of the politicians’ Facebook accounts identifies four ways in which racism was denied: first, through constructing the statements as mere displays of undisputable facts and common-sense; second, through personal narratives and ontological gerrymandering that acted as ‘proof’ of the politician’s non-racist disposition; third, through transferring the discussion from issues about race to concern matters of cultural threats; and, fourth, through reversing racism to the politicians’ political antagonists. The analyses show that in their discursive denial of racist hate-speech against Muslims, the Finnish politicians relied more on cultural arguments than welfare-protectionist ones. That is, the denials were primarily warranted through nostalgic references to Finnish national identity, people and values, and rhetorical promises that the hope of saving these rests on resisting the cultural threat posed by Islam.
Work Disability and Divorce
Authors: Brüggmann Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter uses German register to study the influence of divorce on the uptake of work disability. Information on work disability is included in the register data if sick leave extends beyond 42 days of illness. Thus, our analysis focuses on long-term health issues. We compare divorced men and women over a period of 12 years, starting 7 years before they filed for a divorce and ending 4 years thereafter. As a method, we use matching techniques, which enables us to compare the divorcees with a comparable control group of people who did not divorce. We show that health declined considerably around the time of separation and file opening. Even 4 years after they filed for a divorce, the divorcees’ risk of taking work disability was strongly elevated. However, a portion of the differences in the health status of the divorcees and the control group can be attributed to selection, because the health status of the divorcees had been lower than the health status of the control group 7 years before they filed for a divorce. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the societal consequences of divorce.
Economic Consequences of Divorce: A Review
Authors: Mortelmans Dimitri 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe consequences of a relationship break-up span a wide range of foreseeable and unforeseeable effects in the life courses of adult individuals, their parents, and their children. One consistent finding in the divorce literature concerns the gender gap in the financial consequences of divorce. While there are huge international differences, it appears that in every country, women are economically disadvantaged following a divorce. Men tend to lose little or no income after a divorce, while the financial losses for women can be substantial. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the financial consequences of union dissolution. We thereby consider both divorces and break-ups of unmarried cohabitating partners. First, we focus on the magnitude of the decrease in financial resources and the moderating effects of welfare state benefits. Second, we look at the coping strategies women employ to make up for their income losses. Third, we look at the position of lone mothers. Being a lone parent after a break-up turns out to be a very difficult situation, as the chances of ending up in poverty are high for single parents. Again, welfare states react quite differently to the challenges faced by lone parents, which results in a differential poverty risk for lone parents across countries.
Parents Returning to Parents: Does Migration Background Have an Influence on the “Boomerang Effect” Among Parents After Divorce?
Authors: Mortelmans Dimitri , Thielemans Gert , Van den Berg Layla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe literature on the “boomerang effect” (returning to the parental home) is predominantly focused on young adults returning to their parents’ home in response to economic hardship. In this chapter, we study the boomerang effect in the context of divorce by looking at who returns to the parental home after a relationship break-up. The analysis is restricted to individuals with children, as the presence of children in the dissolving household gives an additional dimension to the process of young adults moving back in with their parents. We use register data from Belgium to test the probability of returning to the parental home among individuals who were either married or cohabiting. In addition, we take population heterogeneity into account as we compare the boomerang effect among different origin groups (Belgians, Turks, Moroccans). We find that the boomerang process is highly gendered, with men being substantially more likely than women to return to the parental home. Our results also indicate that migration background plays a less important role, with the exception that fathers of Turkish and Moroccan origin are more likely than others to return to the parental home after separation.
Will Separations Lead to More or Less Gender-Equal Parenthood? Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parental Leave Use in Sweden
Authors: Duvander Ann-Zofie , Korsell Nicklas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSwedish family policy aims to give the same rights and responsibilities to mothers and fathers, regardless of their living arrangements. In terms of parental leave, this means that the father and the mother each get 8 months leave each to be used during their child’s preschool years, regardless of whether they separate. In practice, the father often transfers some of his days to the mother, and the mother uses about three-quarters of all days. This study focuses on the question of whether separated parents use their parental leave entitlement to the same extent as parents who do not separate. The sample consists of parents of children born in Sweden in 2002 and 2003. We examine the parental leave use of these parents for 8 years after their child’s birth. Multinomial regression is used to investigate the leave use of mothers and fathers and the total leave use, depending on whether the parents separated, and, if so, when they separated. The results indicate that although the mothers’ total use was not affected by separation, those who separated used more days before separation; while the fathers used fewer days after a separation, and in total. Considering the total number of days used by parents together, separating parents used fewer days than cohabiting parents. We conclude that the children of separated parents are disadvantaged regarding time with a parent on parental leave.
Beyond the Western Horizon: Rethinking Education, Values, and Policy Transfer
Authors: Silova Iveta , Rappleye Jeremy , Auld Euan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOver the past four decades, the dominant understanding of education policy has shifted dramatically. In the past, education policy was seen as a reflection of particular historical, political, social, economic, and cultural configurations of a given country. Today, policy is increasingly understood as heavily influenced by extra-national forces, so much so that policies “elsewhere” are seen as possible reform options. This has given rise to many dominant trends in education policy today: the OECD’s Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA), the discourses of “best practice,” the dominance of the World Bank in the “developing” world, and now even attempts to borrow from “high performing” countries to improve education policy and practice at home. This chapter critically reexamines the implicit backdrop of existing education policy research, foregrounding the limitations of its universalist logics and underlying provincialism, and reframes the discussion within the ontoepistemic possibility for pluriversality. Drawing on Walter Mignolo’s work, we propose a new framework for understanding the nature of education policy studies, comprising five main research trajectories that are shaping global futures: re-westernization, global reorientation to the left, de-westernization, decoloniality, and spiritual/ontological options. This framework also requires that we as researchers think seriously about the values that underpin our scholarship and reflect on what sort of global futures our work seeks to contribute to.
The Transformation of Government Responsibility and the Development of Educational Policies for Early Childhood Education Reform in China
Authors: Fan Jieqiong , Li Lin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCurrently, China is undergoing a social transformation driven by its government transformation. During this critical period, the development of nearly all social issues is closely tied to the role and accountability of the government. The development and reform of early childhood education (ECE) are no exception. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), almost all of the development trends of ECE can be attributed to the government’s performance in terms of its function and accountability. Exploring the reform and development of ECE in China from the government’s changing responsibility could lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the bigger picture. The World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World reminded that “far-reaching advancement in the global economy has us revisiting basic questions about government: what its role should be, what it can and cannot do, and how best to do it” (World Bank 1997: 25–26). In this chapter, we will introduce the status quo of ECE and government transformation in China, focusing on the influences of value orientation, the division of responsibility, and the impact of government accountability on the development of ECE. Furthermore, we will build a preliminary framework of ECE for the future, based on emerging issues and problems.
Interdependency in Transnational Education Governance
Authors: Grek Sotiria 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe dominance of International Organisations in the production of global metrics has not only penetrated the transnational social and policy fields; numbers have become an integral part of the fabric of International Organisations themselves. However, amidst avid critics and unapologetic fans, surprisingly little is known about the ways in which global processes of quantification are reconfiguring the field. Metrics have infiltrated not only organisational cultures and the environments these organisations inhabit; crucially, they are reshaping the ways International Organisations co-exist, compete and survive in an increasingly quantified yet uncertain world. Recent decades have seen fervent activity by International Organisations to build working collaborations and broad alliances for finding ‘global solutions’ to ‘global crises’. Financial investment in these collaborations is increasing and so is hope:If only we had known, we could have acted. Given the moral dimension that these new indices of progress have taken, as well as the enormous human and environmental cost of their failures, there is growing recognition for the need to examine the interplay of International Organisations in producing quantification for transnational governance.
Statistics Reasoning and Its “Acting” in Educational Policy
Authors: Popkewitz Thomas S. , Lindblad Sverker 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn an important book about numbers and social affairs, Theodore Porter (1995) begins by asking: “How are we to account for the prestige and power of quantitative methods in the modern world? How is it that what was used for studying stars, molecules and cells would have attraction for human societies?” To consider these questions, Porter continues that only a small proportion of numbers or quantitative expressions have any pretence of describing laws of nature or “even of providing complete and accurate descriptions of the eternal world” (Porter 1995: viii–ix). Numbers, he argues, are parts of systems of communication whose technologies create distances from phenomena by appearing to summarize complex events and transactions. The objectivity of numbers appears as mechanical, following a priori rules that project fairness and impartiality, numbers are seen as excluding judgment and mitigating subjectivity.
Elites and Expertise: The Changing Material Production of Knowledge for Policy
Authors: Ozga Jennifer T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe terms ‘experts’, ‘expertise’ and ‘knowledge’ are used frequently in current discussion by policymakers and in academic literature on policymaking in education and other fields, though often in loosely defined or contradictory ways. Experts face criticism as enemies of the free flow of information, as anti-democratic, serving vested interests and conspiring against society to protect economic and political elites against challenges to their power and interests. Experts are, nevertheless, invoked frequently by policymakers in support of specific policy directions, yet also castigated by them for their failure to provide coherent, incontrovertible and ‘actionable’ knowledge (Grundmann and Stehr 2012: 19). At the same time as public is confidently told that policy can now be based securely on objective scientific fact, policymakers state that society ‘has had enough of experts’ (see, e.g., Michael Gove, then Secretary of State for Education in England, quoted in Clarke and Newman 2017: 1).