bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolving Documentaries and Social Change
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Opening with Barbara Kopple’s groundbreaking 1976 film, Harlan County, U.S.A., this chapter provides historical highlights to reveal how shifting cultural backdrops provided the fertile ground for documentary filmmakers, philanthropists, and new organizations to shape the practices, forms, values, marketplace, and audiences for present-day documentary storytelling and the ecology of professionals who enable and produce them. The bedrock values and practices of the contemporary social-issue documentary tradition evolved through individual organizations and people who laid the groundwork during the analog age, spurred by tumultuous demands for equity and a climate of social consciousness. Chapter 2 provides historical highlights organized by four core themes: enabling infrastructure developed out of movement culture and tension, civic motivation in documentary practice, representation of diverse voices and experiences, and shifting media platforms and technology that have aided documentary’s marketplace expansion. As other chapters illustrate, these themes underlie present-day documentary practice and public engagement.
Humanizing the Headlines
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Opening with the story of Private Violence, an intimate documentary about domestic abuse, this chapter launches the book’s series of documentary film case studies and analyses positioned within specific titled themes. Each theme (as a chapter) spotlights documentary stories to illustrate a continuum of social change. Chapter 5 focuses on “humanizing the headlines,” showcasing social-issue documentaries that reveal—through creative interpretation and intimacy—the depth and complexity of human stories beneath hot-button, politically polarized social issues. The film teams profiled here are rooted in community, and several also facilitated community engagement efforts designed to help publics and decision makers see the issues in new ways. The documentaries include 13th, an indictment of American racial injustice from historical underpinnings to the present day; Heroine(e), the story of lifesavers and community members working to bring their neighborhoods back from the destruction of opioid addiction; and Charm City, a behind-the-scenes portrait of Baltimore coming together as a community after historic unrest.
Shaping Laws
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Opening with The Invisible War, a majordocumentary that engaged the public and policymakers in the United States, this chapter argues that contemporary documentaries play a unique role in public policy due to their narrative approaches—human-centered narratives that expand beyond facts and statistics and ideological sides—and the collaborative, cultural nature of the policymaking process. Documentary films can also expose social problems relegated to obscurity, or new on the cultural horizon—documentary’s monitorial function. This chapter delves into the complexities of documentary films that successfully shaped US laws through filmmakers working with legislators, policy experts, and issue advocates, forming “policy subnetworks.” The film case studies here include Sin by Silence, which changed California state law focused on incarcerated survivors of domestic violence; Semper Fi, the environmental justice story that sparked a new federal law; and Playground, an investigation of child sex trafficking in the United States that helped to shape federal and state-based laws.
Imagining the Future
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Documentary finds itself at a curious cultural moment marked by paradoxical opportunity and challenge. On the one hand, the participatory media era has helped to democratize access for a broad swath of storytellers through evolving technology and platforms. The transformative media ecology has welcomed documentary audiences across an expanding list of media outlets and content distributors. Commercial networks are pouring money into nonfiction storytelling production, distribution, and promotion. As the future marches forward, structural conditions need focus and attention to ensure social-issue nonfiction storytelling progresses in a meaningful way, retaining characteristics of creative freedom, artistic innovation, and civic value. Within this context, particular themes are imperative to probe and advance: representation and diversity, the changing marketplace, and the central role of the professional nonfiction community equipped to uphold civic values and practices. These themes are critical to contemplating why documentary matters as an essential part of storytelling culture and democratic practice.
The Patrician and the New Man
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides the historical information necessary for the reader to understand the rest of the book. It compares the surviving character sketches of Catiline by Cicero and Sallust, and then compares the careers of Catiline and Cicero down to 59 BC. It describes the causes of the Catilinarian conspiracy. It includes a discussion (continued in Appendix 3) of two bowls inscribed with the names of Catiline and Cato that are in the possession of the Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome. It also includes a discussion of three series of coins from 62 BC commemorating the defeat of Catiline.
Leaping the Mark
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how, almost from the moment he graduated, William T. Sherman came under pressure to think about leaving the Army. When asked why he did not resign, he gave a forthright answer in 1842: “Why should I? It is the profession for which my education alone fits me, and as all the appearances indicate the rapid approach of action when the soldier will be required to do his proper labor, when a splendid field will be spread before him, every reason exists why I should remain.” The “action” Sherman referred to was the Second Seminole War (1835–42) in Florida. Sherman’s posting to Fort Pierce threw him into his first taste of warfare. He very quickly grasped the nature of this war and the Seminole tactics that had defied the best military minds in America. In June of 1842, the Regiment found itself on the move again, posted to Fort Moultrie, Charleston, South Carolina. Sherman’s main duty consisted of appearing in court martials, as his grasp of military law impressed all. While clinging to the profession he liked best, he developed two attitudes that underwrote his army life. The first concerned party politics, while the second matter involved religion. Both these qualities would be needed by a successful attorney. Yet he remained an army officer and these studies became an important part of his continuing military education.
Unfortunate Civilian, 1853–1861
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines William T. Sherman’s experience as a banker in San Francisco, California. With his customary thoroughness, Sherman studied business practices carefully. He viewed the trust placed in him with an elevated sense of moral responsibility not widely shared by other San Francisco bankers. The system knew no regulation; laissez faire in its most extreme form prevailed. So, in the best military fashion, Sherman laid down a series of principles to determine his conduct. These reveal the workings of his mind and broader mental affinities. Sherman had really re-dedicated himself to the military code he had imbibed at West Point; rather than rejected it by entering the business world. However, a financial crisis put him off banking. Sherman entered into a law partnership with Tom Ewing Jr., and they opened an office in Leavenworth. He also ran a farm for Thomas Ewing Sr. that, he recalled, “passed the time but afforded little profit.” This phase of his career ended without success when he returned to Lancaster in July of 1859, oppressed by his inability to earn a living for his family. The chapter then looks at Sherman’s appointment as the superintendent and chair of engineering at the Louisiana State Seminary (later Louisiana State University). In Louisiana, he failed in his efforts to recreate a military life in an academic context.
Divisional Commander, January–July 1862
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter recounts how, in February of 1862, after a surfeit of disappointment and humiliation, William T. Sherman received the revivifying news that he would command a division. He threw himself into the task of bringing order, cohesion, and discipline to his division. His staff played an important role in his success, as it oversaw the commander’s orders, although some time would elapse before a cohesive team emerged. The chapter then describes the great Battle of Shiloh, which erupted on April 6. Sherman’s conduct at Shiloh earned much praise. He might appear quirky, even eccentric, nervous, and highly-strung in daily affairs, but under fire he became cool, calculating, forthright, and decisive. Indeed, Sherman’s determination to hold back the tide of the Confederate onslaught, tactical insight, overall appreciation of the battle, willingness to assume responsibility, and empathy with the problems of other divisional commanders made an enormous contribution to the Union success at Shiloh.
Corps Commander, July–December 1862
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the arrival on July 5, 1862, of orders for William T. Sherman to assume command of the Military District of Memphis, Tennessee—a job he preferred to any other. When Sherman took up the appointment, he embraced the conservative view of the war that upheld the importance of conciliating southerners. Unfortunately, the realities of fighting a great war kept breaking in and disturbing his repose. After four or five months, Sherman came to realize that the irreconcilable could not be reconciled. These months proved significant in laying the foundations for Sherman’s much harsher, increasingly punitive ideas about the conduct of the war. His sense of duty presented him with a personal dilemma. As he struggled to reconcile what he would have preferred to do with the way that the realities of the war were forcing him to act, three issues moved to the front of his mind: the conundrum posed by slavery, illicit trade with the rebels, and the increasingly audacious activities of guerrilla bands. The chapter then details the Battle of Chickasaw Bluffs.
From Corps Command to Army Command
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines William T. Sherman’s experience of being an army commander in 1863. Sherman had never formally been anything other than a corps commander, though a “wing” of the Army of the Tennessee had been temporarily entrusted to his care. He had gained experience at high command and he put this to good use. To Sherman, the triumph of Vicksburg, including all the successes notched up since Arkansas Post, represented “the first gleam of daylight in this war.” All of his biographers agree that it represents an important learning experience for this commander. But this experience must be set within the context of the disappointments of the First Vicksburg Campaign. They distorted Sherman’s judgment and account for the development of Sherman’s essentially cautious outlook, mainly a product of the great distances that need to be traversed in this theater.
Slogging on to Atlanta, July–September 1864
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Battle of Atlanta in 1864. Far from halting William T. Sherman’s progress, the Battle of Atlanta was in reality a series of tactical successes and in total an operational triumph. Sherman’s campaign demonstrated the value of an offensive strategy and operational plan combined with defensive tactics—notably in trench warfare. He had not set out to mount operations of this kind, but he had quickly grasped how such a combination aided his purpose. He exploited the tactical defensive so that he might take greater operational risks. What Sherman wanted to avoid were fruitless attacks on Atlanta’s defenses or being repulsed in the field; by this date, a setback of any order might not only endanger the integrity of his armies but would certainly seal the doom of the Lincoln administration. Ultimately, Sherman’s capture of the city was his single biggest success and illustrates the intersection of military and political events at this stage of the Civil War.
The Transition to Peacetime Soldiering, 1865–1869
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights William T. Sherman’s return to Washington. The arrival of “the Vandal Sherman,” as he described himself, plus his troops loud in threats that his Washington critics would have them “to reckon with,” had led to significant developments even before his return. There had also been some wild talk, probably exaggerated in the re-telling, of overthrowing the government. Edwin M. Stanton, perhaps sensing a matter he could exploit to his disadvantage, ordered both Ulysses S. Grant and Sherman to testify before the Congressional Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War on the issues surrounding the ill-fated Memorandum of Understanding reached between Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston. In retrospect, the Committee’s failure to embarrass Sherman serves to underline the complete failure of Congress at this date to make any mark on Reconstruction policy. The ensuing great battle over this issue in 1866–67 would emerge as the defining, momentous political contest of these years, and Sherman would be dragged unwittingly into its margins.
Retirement of a Kind, 1884–1891
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the efforts of the Republican Party to nominate William T. Sherman as its candidate for presidency in 1884. Sherman found many of these requests for him to run, especially from his old soldiers, tantamount to moral blackmail. They exploited ties of affection forged during the Civil War. Sherman rejected these efforts on two grounds. First, “that it would be the height of folly to allow any false ambition to allow the use of my name for any political office.” Second, that it was not for others to take a decision for him that would so disrupt his private life. Even before retiring, he realized that the years of achievement had passed. Sherman’s life had often been led amid controversy and tumult, and this did not ebb as death approached. Contrary to his wishes, his body lay in state at his home and received two grand funerals.
Introduction
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Introduction explains how the author came to write on the topic of Robert Boyle’s chemical philosophy, specifically emphasizing the relevance of Boyle’s philosophical contributions, particularly as they anticipate current debates in the philosophy of chemistry regarding emergence, reductionism, and the autonomy of chemistry and of chemical explanations. The Introduction discusses the main thesis of the book and gives a short description of each chapter, explaining both the main topic addressed by each chapter, how the chapter addresses the topic, and how the topic ties in to the main thesis of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The conclusion recapitulates the thesis that has been defended in the book, reiterating the relevance of Boyle’s chemical philosophy for current debates in the philosophy of chemistry. The concluding remarks proceed to articulate the way in which Boyle’s emergentist conception of chemical qualities anticipates many of the positions currently taken by philosophers of chemistry, particularly with regard to the emergence and supervenience of chemical properties, epistemic and explanatory reductionism, and the autonomy of chemical explanations and of chemistry as a scientific discipline.
How Bees “Paint” Their Local Environments
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Bees are able to exploit their environments temporally as well as geographically. The results are like brushstrokes on the landscape. The effects of foraging activities of honey bees can be seen by the distribution of flowers. Honey bees have evolved mechanisms to forage optimally both as individuals and as colonies, expending their energy and short lives to maximally provision their nest. Their communication system directs foragers to different floral patches at different times of day, reflected in the changing kaleidoscope of color on the legs of returning pollen foragers. Their pollination transforms the landscape in the spring into splashes of color resembling a painter’s pallet.
The Superorganism
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Insect societies have been likened to superorganisms since the early 20th century because they are organized around defense, nutrition, and reproduction, like our own bodies. Like individual organisms, they undergo development and separate the germ line (eggs and sperm in our case) from the body cells, the soma. In social insects, the germ line is sequestered in the reproductive individuals, while the body cells are the non-reproductive workers. The superorganism was proposed by William Morton Wheeler as a real entity but instead was used primarily as a metaphor, a structure for hanging analogies with human organisms and societies. Throughout the 20th century there were many twists and turns in the definition and use of the superorganism concept and many questions regarding its usefulness.
How a Superorganism Evolves
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Superorganisms are reverse-engineered by natural selection. The totality of the organizational structure of a colony, its colony-level phenotype, is exposed to natural selection. Those colonies with phenotypes that are best adapted to their environment survive best and reproduce the most reproductive offspring. The heritable features of those colony phenotypes increase in frequency in the next generation, and the population evolves a social organization. Natural selection doesn’t “see,” doesn’t act on, the individual components of organization, only the gross product. Therefore, the intricacies of the design, such as reduced fertility of workers, nest design and maintenance, and defensive behavior, are reverse-engineered. They evolve as a consequence of their effects on the whole colony.
The Song of the Queen
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mating flight of a honey bee queen is orchestrated by events that occur days before she actually flies from her nest in pursuit of a gathering of drones, 20 or so of which will get lucky and mate with her. Her mating song begins within the nest while she’s still held captive in her royal cell by her worker sisters, piping and tooting audible sounds to her rival queens and her captors. The song changes pitch and intensity after she’s released from captivity and seeks out and destroys her rivals. The orchestra is joined by the workers running through the nest buzzing their wings, exciting the colony and the new virgin, pushing her toward the entrance, where she takes flight. When she finds the congregation of drones, they join in with the buzzing of their wings and popping sounds of their genitalia as they find and mate with her. The queen returns to the nest, the heir of the nest and colony; and a new superorganism is born.
Introduction
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This is an introductory account of the personal attitude that makes the humanistic conception of wisdom what it is. It briefly explains its pluralistic, evaluative, fallible, and personal components by contrasting them with the classical conception of wisdom that is absolutist, aims at an impersonal and universal ideal of The Good that is the same for everyone, always, everywhere, and claims that reason and morality require everyone to aim at it. It introduces and gives a brief account of three necessary components that jointly form human wisdom: basic assumptions, reflective understanding, and depth.
Two Assumptions
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The account of human wisdom is developed further by giving reasons against the widely held assumption that wisdom is knowledge of the ideal of The Good that reason requires everyone, always, in all circumstances to aim at. The contrary assumption of human wisdom is that all goods are plural and context-dependent. Human nature is varied, and human aims are many, ambivalent, and varied depending on changing psychological and social circumstances. Human nature is not basically good or bad, but basically complicated and ambivalent. Human wisdom is needed to form a reasonable view of our context, guide how we want to live, and enable us to cope as well as we can with adverse circumstances that prevent us from living as we think we should.
Basic Assumptions
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Basic assumptions are those we cannot help holding. Some of them are factual, such as that we have a body; other people exist; we need nutrition, rest, contact with others; we have and use language, and so forth. Others are evaluative, like health is better than sickness, happiness better than misery, appreciation better than humiliation, peace better than war, and so on. Such assumptions are about the fundamental conditions of our lives and presupposed by how we respond to the world. Some of them may be mistaken, but if many of them were mistaken, human life would be endangered. We can then test our beliefs, emotions, desires, and evaluations by asking whether they conform to basic assumptions. Part of human wisdom is to know which of the many assumptions we make are basic, which are not, and how to avoid confusing strongly held assumptions, especially evaluative ones, with basic ones.
The Human Right to Health and Access to Essential Medicines
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Living with untreated AIDS is devastating. Patients often suffer from terrible lesions, pneumonia, and nausea; become emaciated; have seizures; and eventually die. The first chapter argues that there should be an enforceable legal human right to health that includes a right to access essential medicines to treat diseases like AIDS. The chapter does not provide a complete account of the right’s basis; the right may also have to protect our basic equality and dignity, for instance. Nevertheless, it argues that health is necessary for, and partly constitutive of, a minimally good life. Lack of access to essential medicines characteristically undermines individuals’ ability to live such lives. So people should have a human right to health that grounds rights to access essential medicines.
The Human Right to Health and the Virtue of Creative Resolve
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Some maintain that people lack a human right to health because this right cannot provide guidance for distributing scarce resources. Even if the skeptics are right on this point, the second chapter suggests that is not a reason to reject the right; the role of the human right to health is to provide a kind of hope that can foster the virtue of creative resolve. This resolve is a fundamental commitment to finding creative solutions to what appear to be tragic dilemmas. Rather than helping one decide how to ration scarce resources, the human right to health provides reason to find ways to fulfill everyone’s claims. The hope this right provides gives us a response to apparent tragedy in motivating us to search for ways of avoiding it—rather than an account of distributive justice.