bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation planning for adaptive and neutral evolutionary processes
Authors: Hanson Jeffrey O. , Marques Adam , Veríssimo Ana , Camacho‐Sanchez Miguel , Velo‐Antón Guillermo , Martínez‐Solano Íñigo , Carvalho Silvia B. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Protected area systems should ideally maintain adaptive and neutral evolutionary processes. To achieve this, plans for expanding protected area systems (prioritizations) can improve coverage of related attributes (evolutionary attributes). However, long‐standing challenges in mapping and operationalizing evolutionary attributes have prevented their widespread usage.

We outline a novel framework for incorporating evolutionary processes into conservation planning. Using three amphibian species in the Iberian Peninsula (Hyla molleri, Pelobates cultripes and Rana iberica), we mapped a comprehensive range of adaptive and neutral evolutionary attributes to delineate places containing individuals with moderate to high heterozygosity, different neutral genetic clusters, different adaptive genetic clusters and climatic refugia. We overlaid these maps with boundaries of existing protected areas to quantify representation shortfalls and generated a prioritization to identify additional priority areas. To assess the performance of conventional approaches, we also generated a prioritization using only the species' distribution data—without the evolutionary attributes.

We found that existing protected areas within the Iberian Peninsula are failing to adequately represent evolutionary attributes for the study species. Specifically, they are not adequately representing places predicted to contain individuals with moderate to high heterozygosity for any of the studied species, and neither are they adequately representing the species' potential climatic refugia. They also have poor coverage of the distinct adaptive and neutral genetic clusters that comprise each of the species' distributions. By incorporating the evolutionary attributes into the prioritization process, we identified priority areas that would address all of the shortfalls for only a minor increase in the size of the protected area system. In comparison, the prioritization generated following conventional approaches, despite encompassing a similar extent, did not substantially improve representation of the species' evolutionary attributes.

Synthesis and applications. We introduce a framework for incorporating adaptive and neutral evolutionary processes into conservation planning. This framework can reveal weaknesses in the coverage of climatic refugia, genetic diversity and potential local adaptations by existing protected areas. Moreover, it can identify priority areas to improve conservation of evolutionary processes. Since neglecting evolutionary processes can impair conservation plans, we recommend using evolutionary data to inform decision‐making where possible.
The importance of extreme rainfall events and their timing in a semi‐arid grassland
Authors: Post Alison K. , Knapp Alan K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Climate change is intensifying the hydrologic cycle globally, increasing both the size and frequency of extreme precipitation events, or deluges. Arid and semi‐arid ecosystems are expected to be particularly responsive to this change because their ecological processes are largely driven by distinct soil moisture pulses. However, since soil moisture, air temperature and plant phenology vary throughout the growing season, deluges will likely have differing impacts on these systems depending on when they occur.

We conducted a field experiment to assess how the seasonal timing (early, middle or late growing season) of a single deluge (70‐mm precipitation event) altered key ecological processes in the semi‐arid shortgrass steppe of North America.

Regardless of timing, a single deluge stimulated most ecosystem processes, but a deluge at mid‐season caused the greatest increase in soil respiration, canopy greenness, above‐ground net primary production (ANPP) and growth and flowering of the dominant plant species Bouteloua gracilis. In contrast, below‐ground net primary production (BNPP) was insensitive to deluge timing, with a consistent BNPP increase in all the deluge treatments that was almost twice as large as the ANPP response. This BNPP response was largely driven by enhanced root production at the 10–20 cm, rather than 0–10 cm, soil depth.

Synthesis. In a semi‐arid ecosystem, a single deluge can have season‐long impacts on many ecosystem processes, but responses can be mediated by event timing. Therefore, predicting responses of semi‐arid ecosystems to more dynamic precipitation regimes, and subsequent impacts on the global carbon budget, will require knowledge of how deluge magnitude, frequency and timing are being altered by climate change.
Crisis management in times of COVID‐19: Game, set or match?
Authors: Trachsler Tara , Jong Wouter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19 has spread around the world, and crisis teams are working full steam ahead to address its challenges. We argue that crisis teams tend to rely on procedures and responsibilities but largely underestimate the importance of the mindset of individual participants. We posit that crisis management should be regarded as an elite sport and adopt insights from that field accordingly.
Lung cancer reported as a benign lesion due to low‐dose chest computed tomography artefact: A case report
Authors: Coughlan Fionn , Saffar Bann , McWilliams Annette , Melsom Stephen 
Published: July 2020

SummaryCT imaging for lung cancer screening requires low dose technique. Low dose CT chest imaging is associated with an increased risk of artefacts, such as increased noise. We present a case where an artefact from the low dose technique lead to a lung cancer being erroneously reported as a benign hamartoma.
Deep learning‐based methods for individual recognition in small birds
Authors: Ferreira André C. , Silva Liliana R. , Renna Francesco , Brandl Hanja B. , Renoult Julien P. , Farine Damien R. , Covas Rita , Doutrelant Claire 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Individual identification is a crucial step to answer many questions in evolutionary biology and is mostly performed by marking animals with tags. Such methods are well‐established, but often make data collection and analyses time‐consuming, or limit the contexts in which data can be collected.

Recent computational advances, specifically deep learning, can help overcome the limitations of collecting large‐scale data across contexts. However, one of the bottlenecks preventing the application of deep learning for individual identification is the need to collect and identify hundreds to thousands of individually labelled pictures to train convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

Here we describe procedures for automating the collection of training data, generating training datasets, and training CNNs to allow identification of individual birds. We apply our procedures to three small bird species, the sociable weaver Philetairus socius, the great tit Parus major and the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata, representing both wild and captive contexts.

We first show how the collection of individually labelled images can be automated, allowing the construction of training datasets consisting of hundreds of images per individual. Second, we describe how to train a CNN to uniquely re‐identify each individual in new images. Third, we illustrate the general applicability of CNNs for studies in animal biology by showing that trained CNNs can re‐identify individual birds in images collected in contexts that differ from the ones originally used to train the CNNs. Finally, we present a potential solution to solve the issues of new incoming individuals.

Overall, our work demonstrates the feasibility of applying state‐of‐the‐art deep learning tools for individual identification of birds, both in the laboratory and in the wild. These techniques are made possible by our approaches that allow efficient collection of training data. The ability to conduct individual recognition of birds without requiring external markers that can be visually identified by human observers represents a major advance over current methods.
How managers use culture and controls to impose a ‘996’ work regime in China that constitutes modern slavery
Authors: Wang Jenny Jing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe paper investigates how unrestricted global capitalism and a Confucian culture of hierarchy and obedience combine to create a form of modern slavery in China. The cases cited involve semi‐structured interviews with 11 managers and 19 workers working in the hospitality and manufacturing sectors. The interviews are analysed to determine how managers use controls to exploit power/distance, high levels of insecurity, and unenforced labour rights to impose harsh working conditions. Prior research has examined what mechanisms are imposed in a society that retains a Confucian legacy of obedience but not ‘how’ they are imposed in a way that constitutes a form of modern slavery.
Identifying risk factors involved in the common versus specific liabilities to substance use: A genetically informed approach
Authors: Iob Eleonora , Schoeler Tabea , Cecil Charlotte M. , Walton Esther , McQuillin Andrew , Pingault Jean‐Baptiste 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIndividuals most often use several rather than one substance among alcohol, cigarettes or cannabis. This widespread co‐occurring use of multiple substances is thought to stem from a common liability that is partly genetic in origin. Genetic risk may indirectly contribute to a common liability to substance use through genetically influenced mental health vulnerabilities and individual traits. To test this possibility, we used polygenic scores indexing mental health and individual traits and examined their association with the common versus specific liabilities to substance use.We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 4218) and applied trait‐state‐occasion models to delineate the common and substance‐specific factors based on four classes of substances (alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis and other illicit substances) assessed over time (ages 17, 20 and 22). We generated 18 polygenic scores indexing genetically influenced mental health vulnerabilities and individual traits. In multivariable regression, we then tested the independent contribution of selected polygenic scores to the common and substance‐specific factors.Our results implicated several genetically influenced traits and vulnerabilities in the common liability to substance use, most notably risk taking (bstandardised = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.10, 0.17]), followed by extraversion (bstandardised = −0.10; 95% CI [−0.13, −0.06]), and schizophrenia risk (bstandardised = 0.06; 95% CI [0.02, 0.09]). Educational attainment (EA) and body mass index (BMI) had opposite effects on substance‐specific liabilities such as cigarette use (bstandardised‐EA = −0.15; 95% CI [−0.19, −0.12]; bstandardised‐BMI = 0.05; 95% CI [0.02, 0.09]) and alcohol use (bstandardised‐EA = 0.07; 95% CI [0.03, 0.11]; bstandardised‐BMI = −0.06; 95% CI [−0.10, −0.02]). These findings point towards largely distinct sets of genetic influences on the common versus specific liabilities.
Insect pollination of cycads
Authors: Toon Alicia , Terry L. Irene , Tang William , Walter Gimme H. , Cook Lyn G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMost cycads have intimate associations with their insect pollinators that parallel those of well‐known flowering plants, such as sexually deceptive orchids and the male wasps and bees they deceive. Despite this, the mistaken belief that cycads are mostly wind‐pollinated is still commonly expressed. Perhaps as a consequence, cycad–pollinator systems are rarely exemplified in studies of the role of pollinators in plant evolution and diversification. Although first recognised more than a century ago, specialised associations between cycads and their insect pollinators have been elucidated experimentally only in the past few decades. This review covers the history of understanding pollination in cycads, the advances that have been made since the 1980s using field observations and experiments, and analyses of molecular data from the population to phylum level. We outline areas for future research to address how such interactions might have affected speciation and extinctions. We stress that inclusion of cycads in broader considerations of the role of pollinators in plant diversification is important because they are phylogenetically distant from flowering plants and their pollination systems might have evolved independently of one another. This review is timely because cycads are a globally threatened group that might be vulnerable to co‐extinction with pollinator loss.
Silent, underground warfare of flies: an endoparasitic bee fly (Diptera: Bombyliidae) larva parasitising a predatory assassin fly (Diptera: Asilidae) larva
Authors: Ferguson David J , Li Xuankun , Yeates David K 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAssassin or robber flies (Asilidae) and bee flies (Bombyliidae) are two of the largest and most diverse fly families with over 7400 and 4700 described species worldwide, respectively. Adult assassin flies are predatory, feeding on smaller insects captured on the wing, and larvae predate on soft‐bodied arthropods in the soil or rotting wood. Adult bee flies feed on nectar and pollen. Almost all bee fly larvae are external or internal parasitoids of other insect larvae, usually in the soil. Although the interaction between bee fly larvae and their hosts has been rarely observed, we recently discovered assassin fly larvae hosting bee fly Lepidanthrax linguatus (Anthracinae: Villini) endoparasitoids in riverine sandy soil in southern NSW, Australia. While bee fly larvae have been known to attack other fly larvae, Asilidae is an uncommon host group. Furthermore, to find bee fly larvae inside the host is even less common because most bee fly larvae are ectoparasitoids. Here we describe and illustrate the host assassin fly (Bathypogon nigrinus: Bathypogoninae) larva and pupa, as well as the first instar bee fly larva (planidium) though careful external examination of the surface of the asilid larva, which is translucent, allowing us to see the internal parasite. This is the first larva and pupa from Bathypogoninae to be described. We also illustrate the bee fly larva in detail based on scanning electron microscopy of a larva in situ, after dissection from the host. Finally, we describe the late instar larval and pupal exuvia of the endoparasitoid. Like other endoparasitoid bombyliid larvae in the Villini, the first instar larva causes the host to produce a breathing tube that surrounds the posterior half of the parasitoid, allowing the parasitoid to maintain contact with atmospheric oxygen.
Dermoscopic patterns of intradermal naevi
Authors: Greco Vincenzo , Cappello Milena , Megna Matteo , Costa Claudia , Villani Alessia , Fabbrocini Gabriella , Marino Vincenzo , Scalvenzi Massimiliano 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntradermal naevi represent a benign histopathological variant of common melanocytic naevi. Studies describing dermoscopic criteria of dermal naevi are very limited.ObjectivesTo identify dermoscopic features of dermal naevi in order to facilitate differential diagnosis from malignant lesions.MethodsA 15‐year retrospective study was performed to evaluate the dermoscopic characteristics of 202 dermal naevi, histopathologically diagnosed through the analysis of digital dermoscopic images performed with polarised light dermoscopy. For each lesion, vascular pattern, pigment pattern and other dermoscopic clues were evaluated.Results147 Unna naevi and 55 Miescher naevi were included in the study. Brown pigment (37.1%) was the pigment pattern most frequently observed in both Unna and Miescher naevi, followed by cobblestone pattern (30.6%) in Unna naevi and white areas (23.6%) and dotted/globule pattern (20%) in Miescher naevi. As regards the vascular patterns, the polymorphic one was the most frequently observed (34.6%). The combination between comma‐shaped and arborising vessels was the most common among all naevi.ConclusionsOur study describes the dermoscopic features of dermal naevi that may help to differentiate them from malignant lesions such as basal cell carcinoma, amelanotic melanoma and Spitz naevi.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and extracellular vesicles in pregnancy
Authors: Tong Mancy , Tsai Bridget W. , Chamley Lawrence W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are autoantibodies that target phospholipid‐binding proteins, such as β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI), and can induce thrombosis systemically, as well as increase the risk of obstetric complications such as recurrent miscarriage and preeclampsia. Due to the expression of β2GPI by placental trophoblasts, aPL readily target the maternal‐fetal interface during pregnancy and many studies have investigated the deleterious effects of aPL on placental trophoblast function. This review will focus on studies that have examined the effects of aPL on the production and modification of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from trophoblasts, as EVs are a key mode of feto‐maternal communication in both normal and pathological pregnancy. A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of aPL on the quantity and cargo of EVs extruded by the human placenta may contribute to our current knowledge of how aPL induce both systemic and obstetric disease.
Experimental models of glaucoma filtration surgery
Authors: Chong Rachel S , Crowston Jonathan G , Wong Tina T 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGlaucoma filtration surgery plays an important role in achieving intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction in patients who have high IOP despite maximum medical therapy. Preclinical experimental models of glaucoma filtration surgery contribute a great deal to our knowledge of the wound healing processes that predispose to scarring and may lead to poor outcomes. However, this research needs to be interpreted in the light of the specific study design, animal model and methods used. We review the existing literature addressing various models of experimental glaucoma filtration surgery, discuss the considerations in assessing these models and describe future steps in evaluating potential therapeutics and bleb characteristics that could impact translational research in this field.
Print versus digital reading comprehension tests: does the congruency of study and test medium matter?
Authors: Ben‐Yehudah Gal , Eshet‐Alkalai Yoram 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe use of digital environments for both learning and assessment is becoming prevalent. This often leads to incongruent situations, in which the study medium (eg, printed textbook) is different from the testing medium (eg, online multiple‐choice exams). Despite some evidence that incongruent study‐test situations are associated with inferior achievements, the effect of study‐test congruency has not been investigated systematically. Here, we examine this question in the context of digitally displayed versus printed text comprehension using a full‐factorial experimental design. One hundred and twelve university students participated in the study. They studied an expository text in one medium (print or digital) and then, comprehension was assessed in either the same (congruent) or the different (incongruent) medium. No significant differences in performance were found between the congruent and incongruent study‐test conditions. However, consistent with findings reported in the literature, comprehension of the digital text was inferior to that of the printed text. Results show that this screen inferiority occurred irrespective of the testing medium. These findings suggest that studying in one medium and taking the test in another does not affect comprehension, but the medium in which one studies does influence test outcomes.
Pediatric meningioma: a clinicopathologic and molecular study with potential grading implications
Authors: Toland Angus , McNulty Samantha N. , Pekmezci Melike , Evenson Michael , Huntoon Kristin , Pierson Christopher R. , Boue Daniel R. , Perry Arie , Dahiya Sonika 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMeningiomas are common in adults (~35% of brain tumors) but rare in children, where they exhibit unique clinical, pathological and molecular features compared to adult counterparts. Thus, data generated from adult cohorts may be imperfectly suited to guiding diagnostic, prognostic and treatment decisions for children. We studied 50 meningioma patients ≤18 years with available clinical and pathological data to address the need for data obtained in the pediatric setting. As previously described, we noted a slight bias toward male patients and a higher proportion of spinal tumors compared to adults. Thirty‐eight of 50 specimens were further analyzed by next generation sequencing. Loss‐of‐function mutations in NF2 and chromosome 22 losses were common, but pathogenic variants in other genes (SMARCB1, FUBP1, BRAF, TERT promoter, CHEK2, SMAD and GATA3) were identified in a minority of cases. Copy number variants outside of chromosomes 22 and 1 were infrequent. H3K27 hypomethylation, a useful biomarker in adult tumors, was not found in our cohort. In exploring the correlation between mitotic count and recurrence‐free survival, we found a threshold of six mitoses per 10 high powered fields as the optimal cutoff in predicting recurrence‐free survival. If independently validated in larger studies, adjusted grading thresholds could enhance the clinical management of pediatric meningiomas.
Sleep health practices and sleep knowledge among healthcare professionals in Dutch paediatric rehabilitation
Authors: Hulst Raquel Y. , Pillen Sigrid , Voorman Jeanine M. , Rave Neele , Visser‐Meily Johanna M.A. , Verschuren Olaf 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSleep disorders are highly prevalent in children with neurodisabilities, yet they seem under‐recognized in paediatric rehabilitation settings. The aim of this study was to assess among two groups of healthcare professionals (HCPs) working in paediatric rehabilitation: (1) sleep health practices and (2) knowledge about sleep physiology, sleep disorders and sleep hygiene.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional sleep survey among medical and non‐medical HCPs and the general population. Participants (30 rehabilitation physicians [RPs], 54 allied health professionals [AHPs] and 63 controls) received an anonymous 30‐item survey consisting of three domains: (1) general information, (2) application of sleep health practices and (3) sleep knowledge.ResultsRPs address sleep issues more frequently in clinical practice than AHPs. Sleep interventions mostly consist of giving advice about healthy sleep practices and are given by the majority of HCPs. While RPs demonstrated the highest scores on all knowledge domains, total sleep knowledge scores did not exceed 50% correct across groups, with AHPs and controls showing equal scores. Sleep hygiene rules closest to bedtime and related to the sleep environment were best known, whereas those related to daytime practices were rarely mentioned across all groups. A small minority of HCPs (RPs 20%; AHPs 15%) believed to possess sufficient sleep knowledge to address sleep in clinical practice. No association was found between self‐perceived knowledge and sleep knowledge scores among HCPs.ConclusionsSleep should become a standard item for review during routine health assessments in paediatric rehabilitation settings. HCPs' limited exposure to sleep education may result in feelings of incompetence and inadequate sleep knowledge levels, affecting their sleep health practices. Appropriate sleep training programs should be implemented to empower HCPs with knowledge, skills and confidence, needed to recognize and treat sleep disorders in children with neurodisabilities, as well as to be able to guide parents.