bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of an experimental method for determining the three key parameters of VOC emissions from solid materials
Authors: Caron Florent , Guichard Romain , Robert Laurence , Verriele Marie , Thevenet Frédéric 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The VOC emission processes from a solid material can be described by three key parameters: the partition coefficient (K), the initial emittable concentration (C0) and, the diffusion coefficient (D). These emission key parameters need to be determined experimentally for a VOC-material pair. A new method from literature allows determining simultaneously the three emission key parameters. However, this method has been evaluated in a single experiment only for formaldehyde. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the efficiency and the reproducibility of the experimental method from literature performing three tests in the same experimental conditions. This work permits to determine the three key parameters of eight main VOC emitted from a particleboard and to evaluate the accuracy of the experimental method. Successfully, experiments carried out using a 128 L well-mixed chamber containing a particleboard, and connected to an online gas analyzer (Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry), allow the effective characterization of the source material. Results evidence that compared to other VOCs, formaldehyde shows a specific behaviour: the response of formaldehyde between airtight and ventilated regimes is highly contrasted with those of other emitted VOCs.
Beyond recovery: measuring ventilation strategies and their impact on energy
Authors: Bakshi N , Donn M R , Ganda Sanjeev , Wallace J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Working with a medium scale, research-focused architectural practice this paper measures the efficacy of balanced pressure heat recovery ventilation systems (BPHR systems) in the existing housing stock as a strategy to mitigate thermal heat loss when incorporating ventilation strategies in New Zealand. Current research indicates that BPHR systems boast an efficiency upwards of 80%. The aim of this research is to determine at what point do BPHR systems meet current claims of efficiency. An examination of the existing New Zealand housing stock identifies that 66% of all dwellings do not meet thermal performance requirements. This has been attributed, in part, to the governance of legislation of minimum performance, which did not exist until 1978. This paper, first, identifies building simulation measures and assumptions to accurately simulate BPHR systems in controlled conditions, which is quality assured against the expected performance of a conventional code minimum residential building and a range of models that represent a spectrum of building leakage for pre-legislation buildings. This paper then examines passive ventilation strategies in each model to identify the energy balance of using BPHR systems and the potential for heating energy loss when implementing simpler ventilation strategies. This study identifies that the efficiency of BPHR systems significantly differ in the pre-legislation building simulations. In these models, the building leakage alone renders heat recovery negligible in comparison to simple passive design and occupant-controlled measures thatm achieve a similar result for the indoor air quality.
Effects of gender on thermal comfort of stratum ventilation with pulsating air supply
Authors: Li Yunhao , Tian Xue , Liao Chunhui , Cheng Yong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Physiological and psychological differences between males and females can lead to differences on thermal comfort. A novel ventilation strategy, stratum ventilation with pulsating air supply, have potentials to improve thermal comfort in warm conditions. Experiments were conducted in a classroom mock-up with dimensions of 8.4 m (L)×5.4 m (W)×2.6 m (H) served by stratum ventilation with pulsating air supply. There are two rows, and each row can hold six occupants. Twenty-five healthy subjects (i.e., 10 males and 15 females, aged 21-36 years) were recruited to attend the experiments. All the subjects were exposed to four test conditions with different combinations of supply air temperatures, air velocities and/or periodic time. Subjects’ perceptions on thermal comfort, thermal sensation and draft perception were obtained via the questionnaires. The longer cycle time will eliminate the difference on thermal sensation between genders. The difference on draft sensation disappeared at high velocity. Males show good tolerance to thermal environment. For all the cases, more than 80% of subjects voted thermal comfort as comfortable which shows that the thermal environments produced by stratum ventilation with pulsating air supply were acceptable.
Risk for contamination in a cleanroom with weakened aerodynamic barrier
Authors: Lind Knudsen Lasse , Georgiev Naydenov Kiril , Rasmussen Carsten , Krikor Melikov Arsen , Fang Lei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The risk for contamination in a pharmaceutical cleanroom was investigated through tracer gas measurements in 13 different scenarios, when the aerodynamic barrier between an airlock (AL) and a cleanroom (CR) was weakened by opening the door separating the rooms. Air velocities through the doorway, differential temperature between the airlock and the cleanroom, different door opening speeds and different walking paces of a mannequin entering the cleanroom were the four parameters in focus. The study was conducted in a full-scale cleanroom mock-up (4.7 x 3.5 x 2.5 m), where each scenario was repeated three times. The results of the investigation show that air velocity through the doorway is the most important design parameter to ensure the aerodynamic barrier, when an average air velocity between 0.14 m/s (resulted in 209 l of migrated air) and 0.33 m/s (resulted in 62 l of migrated air), which was achieved at isothermal conditions and with a door opening time of 10 seconds. Increasing the door opening time to 20 seconds diminishes the effect of a higher air velocity to neglectable levels. Last by not least, the differential temperature between airlock and cleanroom has an impact on the air migration, where a warm cleanroom (24 °C) and a cold airlock (20 °C) showed a low contamination risk with a door opening time of 10 seconds. A warm cleanroom (24 °C) and a cold airlock (20 °C) showed on the other hand a high level of air migration with almost 1.500 l of contaminated air entering the clean zone with a door opening of time 10 seconds.
Comparative analysis of thermal environment between raised-floor and row-based cooling in a campus data center
Authors: Jin Chaoqiang , Bai Xuelian , An Ya’nan , Zhang Xin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In recent years, the modular data center, which adopts row-based cooling strategy, is becoming popular and widely applied. Also, cold aisle containment is integrated to reduce the mixing of hot and cold air. Even so, similar to the raised-floor cooling, the cold air bypass and hot air recirculation still affect the thermal environment. This paper presents the comparison of thermal environment between raised-floor and row-based cooling, through changing the factors of servers’ arrangement, aisle containment and blanking panel. Experiment and simulation were employed to investigate the inlet air temperature of racks and thermal environment of the data room, and a total of 15 models were simulated. The results showed that combining the cold aisle containment with blanking panels can bring uniform airflow, and the servers installed in the upper part of the rack was the best choice for the both cooling strategies. Especially, the blanking panels could further improve the airflow for all servers’ arrangement using row-based cooling strategy, which can reduce the mean inlet air temperature by 16.7 °C, and the minimum SHI value can reach to 0.089. These results could guide the thermal environment management to guarantee the effective utilization of cooling capacity in data centers.
Improving the Energy Performance Certificate recommendations accuracy for residential building through simple measurements of key inputs
Authors: Gonzalez-Caceres A , Vik T A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) allows building users to be informed and aware of the quality of the buildings in terms of energy needs. Additionally, the EPC includes a future for existing buildings, which is the incorporation of a Recommendation list of Measures (RLMs) to improve their energy performance in a cost-effective way. This has risen the question if this tool can provide trustful cost-effective recommendations due despite the use of standardized inputs. This study focuses on estimating the impact of using measured ventilation rate, heating set point and airtightness on the profitability of the recommendations. The study is based on a common dwelling in Norway, comparing results obtained with a Building Performance Simulation Software, following the Norwegian standard for energy certification and with the use of measured ventilation rate, airtightness and real heating set points. The results show that the performance gap can be reduced significantly just by adopting these inputs, increasing the confidence on the RLMs and reducing the uncertainty of the investment.
Long-term performance of fibrous ventilation/air cleaner filter for particle removal
Authors: Ji Lili , Pei Jingjing , Liu Wenlong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The performance of building ventilation systems and/or portable indoor air cleaners is greatly affected by the performance of the fibrous filters installed in them. The initial particle efficiency is generally used as a measure to evaluate the performance of the fibrous filters. However, with dust loading, the long-term performance of the filters might change, and the filters may become particle sources themselves and affect the performance of other systems. Previous studies on long-term performance were mainly based on theoretical analyses or laboratory experimental tests. This study investigates the long-term efficiency and pressure-drop change of various ventilation filters during real operation. No obvious efficiency decrease is observed, and it is inferred that the effect of dust loading on efficiency can be ignored. Secondary particle detachment is found to be possible in real applications, but its effect on the downstream concentration and indoor air can be made negligible with the use of an H-level filter. The pressure drop of the ventilation filter is also found to increase significantly.
Manufacture of optimized PCM within thermal comfort range to improve building energy performance
Authors: Hun Park Ji , Wi Seunghwan , Lee Jongki , Yeol Yun Beom , Yang Sungwoong , Kim Sumin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The objective of study is to manufacture the optimized PCM within thermal comfort range to improve thermal performance and building energy performance. In order to prepare the melting temperature of PCM close to the thermal comfort range, n-octadecane (OT), n-heptadecane (HT), and n-hexadecane (HX) were selected. According to the circulation water bath test to investigate the melting temperature of PCM, the mixed PCMs of OT and HT (OTHT) with 22 to 23 °C were close to the thermal comfort range. In addition, the circulation water bath test of OTHT depending on various mixing ratio, divided into ratios of 9:1 to 1:9, was conducted to evaluate the ideal PCM melting temperature. As a result, melting temperature of OTHTs were measured to be 24 to 26 °C, 23 to 24 °C, 22 to 23 °C, 21 to 23 °C, and 20 to 22 °C, respectively. According to the analysis of thermal performance of OTHTs, OTHT91, where phase change temperature appeared at 24 to 26 °C, were the optimized PCM due to the highest latent heat capacity and ideal melting temperature within thermal comfort range. This indicate that building materials with application of OTHT91 can contribute to reducing building energy consumption and improving thermal comfort of occupants when the indoor condition in buildings is maintained at thermal comfort range.
Application of the ecological valency concept to buildings’ environmental control systems
Authors: Mahdavi A , Teufl H , Berger C 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Buildings are typically equipped with a number of elements and devices (such as windows, blinds, luminaires, radiators, and fans) to control indoor environmental conditions. The availability, effectiveness, and usability of control devices and their human interfaces constitute arguably an essential aspect of built environments quality and performance. We refer to this aspect as buildings’ indoor-environmentally relevant “ecological valency” (EV) or the “affordance”. It can be interpreted as a descriptor of buildings’ responsiveness toward inhabitants’ needs and requirements. Despite its critical importance, there is currently a lack of systematic evaluation or certifications procedures for objective characterization of indoor environments’ EV as related to the availability and effectiveness of control devices and their human interfaces. The present contribution explores thus the potential for designing and implementing formal procedures toward measurement and certification of indoor environments’ EV.
Modelling drivers of variance and adaptation for the prediction of thermal perception and energy use in zero energy buildings
Authors: Schweiker Marcel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As thermal perception is a subjective “condition of mind”, a high variance in observed thermal sensation votes does not come to a surprise. Literature reviews show a large number of individual and contextual influences. However, the quantification of the effect of individual drivers on thermal perception as well as thermal adaptation and their integration into thermal comfort models is still an open field of research. Still, analyses of the energy balance of zero-energy buildings (ZEB) are using assumptions related to the user’s needs e.g. in terms of thermal comfort. First, this paper explores a novel combination of a biophysical model and an adaptive framework (called the ATHB*TNZ approach) and discusses the applicability of such approach to model individual differences in thermal perception. Second, results of an implementation of these individualized comfort prediction on the energy balance of a zero energy building are presented together with the resulting discomfort hours. Results show that the consideration of physiological differences and adaptive processes in the modelling approach can replicate observed variations in thermal perception. The energy balance of a ZEB is hardly affected by set point adjustments due to individual requirements, but discomfort hours strongly depend on individual characteristics of occupants.
Prefabricated and low impact residential modules: comparative analysis between ventilation systems
Authors: Cascone S M , Russo G , Tomasello N , Vitale M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The recent natural and anthropic disasters have led some of today’s experimental researches to be oriented towards the study of residences for temporary living. During an emergency, the lack of primary resources and services often forces part of the affected population to live in inadequate health and environmental conditions. These problems are aggravated by the psychological damage to which the displaced people are subjected, as well as by the temporary nature of the residence. The temporary residence project should respect different requirements, e.g. construction speed, the ease of transport and the flexibility of the interior spaces. The aim of the present research is to improve the internal comfort of modular and prefabricated living areas designed for emergencies, through the application of a controlled mechanical ventilation system. The study aims to develop combinable and transportable modules that allow to obtain multiple spatial and planimetric combinations of accommodation thanks to an easy and quick junction system, the same for almost all panels. The easy assembly and disassembly as well as the ease of transport make these modules reusable and easy to install, fundamental characteristics as different emergency situations can occur in places very distant from each other. To achieve the required performance, a controlled mechanical ventilation system has been designed to make the modules adaptable to any environmental and climate context. A comparative analysis was carried out between a mechanical ventilation system and natural ventilation. For the mechanical ventilation an autonomous system for each module was chosen compared to a centralized system with ducts distributed in the house. The proposed solution allows to guarantee an adequate level of air health, without a significant increase of the associated costs.
Intervention field study in the Canadian arctic: Improving ventilation, indoor air quality, and the respiratory health in Nunavik dwellings and children
Authors: Aubin D , Ouazia B , Poulin P , Levesque B , Tremblay F , Boulet L-P , Duchaine C , Degois J , Maltais F , Brisson M , Savignac M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Homes with inadequate ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ) are particularly common in northern and remote communities. Previous studies have observed that the indoor air in these homes can have elevated concentrations of CO2, environmental tobacco smoke, and elevated relative humidity leading to mold issues. These conditions may cause various health problems, such as compromised respiratory health for the occupants and in particular in children with developing respiratory systems. The objectives of this current study were to measure the effectiveness of a targeted optimization of existing heating and ventilation systems at improving ventilation, IAQ, and the respiratory health of children. This study enrolled homes with children under the age 10 in both an intervention group and control group over the winter and spring of 2017-18 in Kuujjuaq, Québec, Canada. Various IAQ, ventilation, and behavioural characteristics were measured both before and after the intervention. Following the intervention, we observed statistically significant reductions in the median values a number relevant IAQ parameters. This study demonstrated that targeted preventative maintenance and optimization of ventilation systems can significantly improve ventilation rates and IAQ.
Performance of surface fluorinated P25-TiO2 on the photocatalytic degradation of volatile organic compounds in indoor environment
Authors: Shayegan Zahra , Haghighat Fariborz , Lee Chang-Seo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered as a major group of indoor air contaminants with several adverse health effects. Photocatalytic oxidation process (PCO) has been applied for the removal of indoor VOCs. In the PCO process, the adsorption extent of water molecules on the surface of photocatalysts is a decisive factor for PCO efficiency. Water molecules contribute in PCO process either as; a) the main hydroxyl radical’s source and enhance the removal efficiency, or b) compete with VOCs to adsorb on the super-hydrophilic surface of P25 and reduce the photodegradation efficiency. In this study, the effects of surface fluorination on the photoactivity and surface hydrophilicity of commercial P25 were investigated. The fluorinated P25 (F-P25) nanoparticles were synthesized to remove methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from the indoor environment. Surface fluorination formed the surface ≡ Ti – F by an exchange reaction between the surface hydroxyl groups (OH) and fluoride ions (F−) and decreased the water vapor adsorption on the photocatalyst’s surface. Herein, the photocatalytic efficiency of F-P25 was compared to P25 under a continuous-flow condition with a small residence time (0.026 sec) at four different relative humidity levels (0, 20, 40, and 60%). Furthermore, the performances of F-P25 and P25 on the generation of by-products, including formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were also evaluated. The results revealed that the F-P25 enhanced the photodegradation of MEK compared to bare-P25 in all tested relative humidity levels; however, the generation of the by-products increased as relative humidity increased.
Evaluation of the occupants’ exposition to the indoor environment.
Authors: Wladyslaw Dziedzic Jakub , Yan Da , Novakovic Vojislav 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
User behaviour has a significant contribution to the final energy consumption figures of buildings. As indicated in finding from the IEA EBC Annex 66 project, proper and continuous monitoring of occupant behaviour inside buildings can support reaching of the zero energy-building standard (ZEB). The collected data, however, must be gathered via in situ methodology to avoid potential influences on data quality. Commonly used measurement techniques such as plug-load monitoring, CO2 level sensing or PIR, are sufficient to describe energy-related occupant behaviour at the zone/room level. However, this resolution of description can only be treated as an energy consumption overview as it cannot guarantee an identification of individual indoor environment quality preferences. Development of a solution that can grant access to an individual description of occupant needs requires direct monitoring of their inside building activity. Herein, access to necessary input data can be provided with the use of the depth registration camera because the suggested measuring technique can deliver information about routine occupant positioning inside each zone/room. Additionally, it provides data about the position of the observed occupants’ body limbs. If information about the distribution of the occupants is delivered, it is possible to couple such with a result matrix obtained via CFD studies. Moreover, the coordinates of occupant limb positions can be used as a data-probing device in simulation studies. With such a tool, it will be possible to monitor the exposure of each limb to the thermal properties of indoor air. Collecting data through this methodology can grant access to a more profound understanding of the occupant thermal comfort sensation and the habits that influence building energy use.
Appropriate technology to improve thermal performance of existing window
Authors: Lee Suin. , seok Choi Gyeong , jung Choi Hyun , sik Kang Jae 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Technological development for reduction of CO2 emissions has been actively carried out globally. In buildings, windows and envelops are the parts that generate the greatest heat loss. Therefore, it is the target to improve primarily for the energy efficiency. Various techniques such as vacuum glass and heat-insulating reinforced frame have been developed to improve the thermal performance of windows, however, these techniques can be applied only for new windows. To apply these technologies, it is necessary to install them in a building on construction or to replace all of windows of existing building. In this paper, we developed the technology to improve the thermal performance of existing windows. This technology can be applied without any movement of occupants or furniture. Moreover, it is affordable, durable and available for everyone without any special expertise or tools. Another benefit of this technology is that it does not affect daylighting and view since it has a high transmittance. In order to verify the performance of it in terms of the thermal aspect, the mock-up experiment and the field test were conducted. Thermal transmittance of windows was measured and analyzed before and after improving their thermal performance with the technology. The result shows that the values of the thermal transmittance of windows have improved by 20% after application of the technology.