bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isothermal kinetics of ethanolic extraction of total hypericin from pre‐extracted Hypericum perforatum flowers
Authors: Adnadjevic Borivoj , Koturevic Biljana , Jovanovic Jelena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionHypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae (St John's wort) is a highly familiar plant in the medicinal community which recently showed good antiviral activities including against some types of coronavirus.ObjectiveEstablishing the kinetics of isothermal extraction of total hypericin (TH) from the pre‐extracted flowers of H. perforatum flowers.MethodsThe solvent extraction of TH from the remaining solid residue after the pre‐extraction procedure was performed providing isothermal conditions at the temperature of 313 K, 323 K, and 328 K (±1 K) using ethanol as a solvent. The feasibility of mathematical modelling of the isothermal kinetics of TH extraction was explored applying some of the frequently used kinetic models of solvent extraction: first‐order reaction model, film theory model, unsteady‐state diffusion model, parabolic diffusion model, Elovich's equation. The kinetic complexity was examined using the differential isoconversional method.ResultsThe kinetics of isothermal solvent extraction of TH is a kinetic elementary process with the unique rate‐determining step. It was found that the kinetics of isothermal extraction of TH can be best described employing the theoretical Jander three‐dimensional (3D) diffusional model and its suitability for modelling the investigated extraction was confirmed with statistical parameters [adjusted linear correlation coefficient (R2adj) = 0.998–0.999 and the standard error (SE) = 0.005–0.006]. The values of the model kinetic parameters (rate constant (kM/min‐1), activation energy (Ea = 21.0 ± 4.9 kJ/mol) and pre‐exponential factor (lnA = 3.1 ± 2.2 min‐1) were calculated.ConclusionsBased on the model mechanism of the kinetics of the investigated extraction a new mathematical model is suggested and the controlling step of the overall process was found.
Revisiting creep test on polyethylene pipe—Data analysis and deformation mechanisms
Authors: Jar Pean‐Yue Ben 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCreep tests have long been used to determine long‐term hydrostatic strength (LTHS) for polyethylene (PE) pipe. In view that current standard requires some long‐term creep tests of over 9000 h to determine LTHS, this paper explores the possibility of using relatively short‐term creep tests for the same purpose. The study found that trend line for applied stress versus failure time changes at the failure time around 10 h, and the data trend in the low‐stress regime is consistent with that from the standard test. The trend line change is believed to be caused by the change of the involvement of amorphous and crystalline phases in PE in the deformation process, that is, sequential involvement of the amorphous phase first and then the crystalline phase in the low‐stress regime, and simultaneous involvement of both phases from the beginning in the high‐stress regime. Activation energies based on the Eyring's model and the Norton power law are determined to examine the proposed concept. Both models suggest that additional activation energy is needed for deformation in the high‐stress regime, which provides some support to the proposed concept and the possibility of using short‐term creep tests to determine LTHS.
Stress and sleep in college students prior to and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Benham Grant 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWithin the short timeframe of the COVID‐19 pandemic, there has been increasing interest in its potential impact on psychological stress and sleep. Using standardized self‐report measures, we examined differences in stress and sleep by comparing responses from three independent samples of undergraduates in the United States. Samples were obtained prior to COVID‐19 (Spring 2019) and at two periods during the pandemic (Spring 2020 and Summer 2020) which corresponded to an increasing impact of COVID‐19 at the local level. Within the combined sample of 1222 students, 94% identified as Hispanic. Contrary to our hypotheses, stress, sleep quality and insomnia were not significantly higher in the samples collected during the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, in support of our hypotheses, bedtime and waketime were significantly later during the pandemic, and sleep duration was significantly longer. Although scores on the global measure of sleep quality did not differ across semesters, supplemental exploratory analyses demonstrated a more complex picture of differences in sleep variables. Among the findings, there was evidence of greater sleep latency, greater sleep medication use and poorer sleep efficiency during the pandemic. Our results suggest that, within the US college student population, COVID‐19's impact on stress and sleep may not be entirely negative.
2D van der Waals Molecular Crystal β‐HgI2: Economical, Rapid, and Substrate‐Free Liquid‐Phase Synthesis and Strong In‐Plane Optical Anisotropy
Authors: Lin Zeguo , Ding Ying , Zheng Wei , Zhu Yanming , Zhu Siqi , Huang Feng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract2D materials have a great potential for wide‐range applications due to their adjustable bandgap characteristics and special crystal structures. β‐HgI2 is a new 2D van der Waals inorganic molecular crystal material with a wide bandgap of 4.03 eV, on whose preparation and properties there are few relevant reports due to the feature of instability of molecular crystals. Here, an economical method to control the synthesis of large‐size 2D β‐HgI2 single crystal by using a mineralizer‐assisted solution is reported. According to angle‐resolved polarization Raman spectroscopy and first‐principles optical absorption calculation, 2D β‐HgI2 flake has a strong in‐plane anisotropic light scattering characteristic and high optical absorption dichroism (az/ay = 3.4), which is due to a low in‐plane symmetry of the orthorhombic structure of β‐HgI2. More importantly, due to the molecular crystal structure of β‐HgI2, its sensitivity to temperature is less than that of 2D materials such as MoS2, which has been confirmed by temperature‐dependent Raman spectroscopy. In the work, more 2D inorganic molecular crystals are studied in the aspect of growth, which provides a theoretical basis for 2D molecular crystal optoelectronic devices’ potential applications.
The evolution of polymer conjugation and drug targeting for the delivery of proteins and bioactive molecules
Authors: Grigoletto Antonella , Tedeschini Tommaso , Canato Elena , Pasut Gianfranco 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPolymer conjugation can be considered one of the leading approaches within the vast field of nanotechnology‐based drug delivery systems. In fact, such technology can be exploited for delivering an active molecule, such as a small drug, a protein, or genetic material, or it can be applied to other drug delivery systems as a strategy to improve their in vivo behavior or pharmacokinetic activities such as prolonging the half‐life of a drug, conferring stealth properties, providing external stimuli responsiveness, and so on. If on the one hand, polymer conjugation with biotech drug is considered the linchpin of the protein delivery field boasting several products in clinical use, on the other, despite dedicated research, conjugation with low molecular weight drugs has not yet achieved the milestone of the first clinical approval. Some of the primary reasons for this debacle are the difficulties connected to achieving selective targeting to diseased tissue, organs, or cells, which is the main goal not only of polymer conjugation but of all delivery systems of small drugs. In light of the need to achieve better drug targeting, researchers are striving to identify more sophisticated, biocompatible delivery approaches and to open new horizons for drug targeting methodologies leading to successful clinical applications.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Equity and Justice in Climate Change Adaptation: Policy and Practical Implication in Nigeria
Authors: Oramah Chinwe Philomina , Olsen Odd Einar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOver the past decade, justice and equity have become a quasi-universal answer to problems of environmental governance. The principles of justice and equity emerged as a useful entry point in global governance to explore the responsibilities, distribution, and procedures required for just climate change adaptation. These principles are designed primarily through the establishment of funding mechanisms, top-down guides, and frameworks for adaptation, and other adaptation instruments from the UNFCCC process, to ensure effective adaptation for vulnerable countries like Nigeria that have contributed least to the issue of climate change but lack adaptive capacity. Global adaptation instruments have been acknowledged for adaptation in Nigeria. Climate change has a detrimental impact on Nigeria as a nation, with the burden falling disproportionately on the local government areas. As Nigeria develop national plans and policies to adapt to the consequences of climate change, these plans will have significant consequences for local government areas where adaptation practices occur. Although the local government’s adaptation burden raises the prospects for justice and equity, its policy and practical implication remains less explored. This chapter explores the principles of justice and equity in national adaptation policy and adaptation practices in eight local government areas in southeast Nigeria. The chapter argues that some factors make it challenging to achieve equity and justice in local adaptation practices. With the use of a qualitative approach (interview (n = 52), observation, and document analysis), this chapter identified some of the factors that constraints equity and justice in local government adaptation in southeast Nigeria.
Introduction: Literary Advice from Quill to Keyboard
Authors: Masschelein Anneleen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief history of the dominant, Anglo-American literary advice tradition from the nineteenth century to the present as well as a state of the art of the existing scholarship on literary advice. We focus on several key moments for literary advice in the USA and in the UK: Edgar Allan Poe’s “Philosophy of Composition” (1846), the debate between Sir Walter Besant and Henry James surrounding “The Art of Fiction” (1884), the era of the handbook (1880s–1930s), the “program era” (McGurl 2009) and postwar literary advice, the rise of the “advice author” in the 1980s and 1990s, and finally advice in the “digital literary sphere” (Murray 2018). The overview captures both the remarkable consistency and the transformations of advice, against the background of changes in the literary system, the rise of creative writing, changes in the publishing world, and the rise of the Internet and self-publishing. It highlights the role of some specific actors in the literary advice industry, such as moguls, women, and gurus, and draws attention to a number of subgenres (genre handbooks, self-help literary advice, and the writing memoir), as well as to counter-reactions and resistance to advice in literary works and in avant-garde manuals. Advice is regarded both in the context of the professionalization of authorship in a literary culture shaped by cultural and creative industries, and of the exponential increase of amateur creativity.
“If You Can Read, You Can Write, or Can You, Really?”
Authors: Collins Jim 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe popular literary culture that emerged in the late 1990 s depended on a number of interdependent factors that formed a unique media ecology—book clubs (actual, online, televisual) literary bestsellers, Amazon.com, high-concept adaptation films, “superstore” bookstore chains, etc. The reading cultures generated by that media ecology were unified by certain overarching values, none more significant than the empowerment of amateur readers who were driven by the conviction that passionate reading was equal, if not superior to the bloodless close reading of professionalized readers. While the latter required a long apprenticeship, the former was guided by a self-imaging process that was fueled by a reading advice industry that provided confidence-building measures to validate that reading. The empowerment of readers depended on knowing where to look for both expertise and validation. Or, to put it another way, quality reading depended less on native intelligence, or a university education, and more on the ability to search and filter. Many of the factors that led to a fundamental recalibration of the relationship between amateur and professionalized reading have also changed the relationship between amateur and professional writing. I want to focus on the deeply conflicted perspectives concerning how the craft of writing is taught, or even can be taught, that have emerged over the past year in North American Literary cultures, in three contemporary novels, Tommy Orange’s There There (2018), Sigrid Nunez’s The Friend (2018) and Ocean Vuong’s On Earth We are Briefly Gorgeous (2019).
“Do You Use a Pencil or a Pen?”: Author Interviews as Literary Advice
Authors: Roach Rebecca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between author interviews and literary advice across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It draws on case studies in the form of two interview series: the interwar “How Writers Work” series, published in the British periodical Everyman, and the “Art of Fiction” series, published in the American magazine The Paris Review from 1953 onward. It also discusses the explosion of author interviews in the era of online media. The chapter argues that the author interview is an expansive form, encouraging readers of all types to bring their own agendas and reading styles to the text, including but not limited to reading for advice. The very ambiguity of the relationship between author interviews and literary advice has in fact worked in the former’s favor: enabling it to gain both popularity and prestige in an era of professionalized literary studies.
The “Ready-Made-Writer” in a Selection of Contemporary Francophone Literary Advice Manuals
Authors: Grauby Françoise 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the concepts of discursive and non-discursive ethos, as well as the notion of authorial stance (posture) as defined by Jerôme Meizoz (2007; 2011) in order to analyze the figure of the “ready-made-writer” in French manuals and writing guides at the beginning of the twenty-first century. “Authorial stance,” “ethos,” and “persona” are all terms that take stock of the way in which authors declare themselves writers in the literary field. For Meizoz,posturebegins at the moment of publication, that is, at the moment of the official recognition of the author. A close reading of some recent French writing manuals, however, reveals the outline of an implicit portrait of the author budding into a legitimate artist and credible writer, and contains indications on how to carve out a space of creation for oneself. The identities presented by the manuals are shaped by literary models and invested by a collective imaginary. They conform to culturally accepted archetypes, because “becoming a writer, and doing the work of a writer are part of the same phantasm” (Ducas 2002). Learning the craft of writing thus also entails acquiring a corporeal dramaturgy or an “auctorial scenography” (Diaz 2009) which is a prerequisite for creation. This can be achieved by going through various authorial stances, from “visionary” to “apprentice” and “manager of one’s own small enterprise.”
The Development of Mental Actions and the Orienting Basis of Actions
Authors: Engeness Irina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis lecture introduces the Study of the Development of Human Mental Activity. Galperin argues that to plan an action, it is necessary to create an image of an action. Any human action (both real and ideal) has a binary structure comprised of orienting and executive parts. Therefore, planning an action should include the creation of both its orienting and the executive parts.
Soziale Arbeit als massgebliche Kraft in der interprofessionellen Suchthilfe?
Authors: Sommerfeld Peter 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Kontext, in dem das vorliegende Buch und somit auch dieser Beitrag steht, ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Reihe von Einflüssen, welchen die Praxen der Sozialen Arbeit in der Suchthilfe seit einiger Zeit bereits ausgesetzt sind. Diese Einflüsse werden im Beitrag der HerausgeberInnen sowie in dem von Savary et al. näher beschrieben. Deshalb ist es nicht nötig, hier im Detail noch einmal darauf einzugehen.
Soziale Arbeit: Eine wichtige Profession in der suchtmedizinischen Tagesklinik Arbeitsfeld Teilstationäre Therapie
Authors: König‐Hauri Rahel 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Tagesklinik Lenzburg gehört zur Klinik im Hasel AG und bietet ein teilstationäres Therapie‐ und Beratungsangebot für erwachsene Menschen mit einer Abhängigkeitserkrankung an. Der Kompetenzschwerpunkt liegt auf der integrierten Behandlung von Sucht‐ und Traumafolgestörungen. Es werden sowohl substanzgebundene als auch Verhaltenssüchte behandelt, wobei erstere deutlich überwiegen. Voraussetzung für einen Aufenthalt in der Tagesklinik sind eine stabile Wohnsituation und bei Bedarf ein Entzug.
Soziale Arbeit – Dreh‐ und Angelpunkt der stationären Suchttherapie Arbeitsfeld Stationäre Sozialtherapie
Authors: Forster Peter , Müller Fabian , Villard Michel 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie casa fidelio – Institution für männerspezifische Suchtarbeit – wurde im Jahr 1993 gegründet. Träger der therapeutischen Gemeinschaft ist der politisch und konfessionell unabhängige, neutrale und gemeinnützige Verein «casa fidelio» mit Sitz in Niederbuchsiten (SO). Wir bieten maximal 25 suchtmittelabhängigen (Drogen‐, Alkohol‐, Medikamenten‐ und Spielsucht) erwachsenen Männern die Möglichkeit, ihre Sucht in einer stationären Therapie anzugehen.
Raus aus der Isolation durch soziale Integration Arbeitsfeld Tagesstruktur und Soziale Integration
Authors: Kaspar Andrea , Leimgruber Stefan 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Treffpunkt Azzurro in Bern wurde 2000 mit dem Ziel eröffnet, einen bedeutenden Beitrag zur sozialen Integration und zur Stabilisierung der psychosozialen Gesundheit von suchtgefährdeten und/oder desintegrierten Personen zu leisten. Mittels verschiedener Angebote soll zudem die Durchmischung aller Bevölkerungsschichten gefördert und der Entmischung (Segregation) von unterschiedlichen Personengruppen (religiösen, ethnischen, etc.) entgegengewirkt werden. Träger dieses Angebotes ist das Blaue Kreuz Bern‐Solothurn‐Freiburg, eine Organisation in der Suchthilfe, spezialisiert im Bereich Alkohol. Sie ist tätig in der Prävention/Gesundheitsförderung, Beratung/Therapie und Integration und ist politisch und konfessionell unabhäng.
CP violation in neutral lepton transition dipole moment
Authors: Balaji Shyam , Ramirez-Quezada Maura , Zhou Ye-Ling 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The CP violation in the neutrino transition electromagnetic dipole moment is discussed in the context of the Standard Model with an arbitrary number of right-handed singlet neutrinos. A full one-loop calculation of the neutrino electromagnetic form factors is performed in the Feynman gauge. A non-zero CP asymmetry is generated by a required threshold condition for the neutrino masses along with non-vanishing CP violating phases in the lepton flavour mixing matrix. We follow the paradiagm of CP violation in neutrino oscillations to parametrise the flavour mixing contribution into a series of Jarlskog-like parameters. This formalism is then applied to a minimal seesaw model with two heavy right-handed neutrinos denoted N1 and N2. We observe that the CP asymmetries for decays into light neutrinos N → νγ are extremely suppressed, maximally around 10−17. However the CP asymmetry for N2→ N1γ can reach of order unity. Even if the Dirac CP phase δ is the only source of CP violation, a large CP asymmetry around 10−5–10−3 is comfortably achieved.
Investigating the effects of differently produced synthetic amorphous silica (E 551) on the integrity and functionality of the human intestinal barrier using an advanced in vitro co-culture model
Authors: Hempt Claudia , Hirsch Cordula , Hannig Yvette , Rippl Alexandra , Wick Peter , Buerki-Thurnherr Tina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractE 551, also known as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is the second most produced food additive. However, according to the re-evaluation of E 551 by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2018, the amount of available data on the oral toxicity of food grade E 551 is still insufficient for reliable risk assessment. To close this gap, this study aimed to investigate six food-grade SAS with distinct physicochemical properties on their interaction with the intestinal barrier using advanced in vitro intestinal co-cultures and to identify potential structure–activity relationships. A mucus-secreting Caco-2/HT-29/Raji co-culture model was treated with up to 50 µg/ml SAS for 48 h, which represents a dose range relevant to dietary exposure. No effects on cell viability, barrier integrity, microvilli function or the release of inflammatory cytokine were detected after acute exposure. Slight biological responses were observed for few SAS materials on iron uptake and gene expression levels of mucin 1 and G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). There was no clear correlation between SAS properties (single or combined) and the observed biological responses. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the short-term impact of food-relevant SAS with distinct characteristics on the intestinal epithelium including a range of intestine-specific functional endpoints. In addition, it highlights the importance of using advanced intestinal co-cultures embracing relevant cell types as well as a protective mucus barrier to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the biological response of food additives at the intestinal barrier in vitro.
In vitro single vesicle fusion assays based on pore-spanning membranes: merits and drawbacks
Authors: Mühlenbrock Peter , Sari Merve , Steinem Claudia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNeuronal fusion mediated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) is a fundamental cellular process by which two initially distinct membranes merge resulting in one interconnected structure to release neurotransmitters into the presynaptic cleft. To get access to the different stages of the fusion process, several in vitro assays have been developed. In this review, we provide a short overview of the current in vitro single vesicle fusion assays. Among those assays, we developed a single vesicle assay based on pore-spanning membranes (PSMs) on micrometre-sized pores in silicon, which might overcome some of the drawbacks associated with the other membrane architectures used for investigating fusion processes. Prepared by spreading of giant unilamellar vesicles with reconstituted t-SNAREs, PSMs provide an alternative tool to supported lipid bilayers to measure single vesicle fusion events by means of fluorescence microscopy. Here, we discuss the diffusive behaviour of the reconstituted membrane components as well as that of the fusing synthetic vesicles with reconstituted synaptobrevin 2 (v-SNARE). We compare our results with those obtained if the synthetic vesicles are replaced by natural chromaffin granules under otherwise identical conditions. The fusion efficiency as well as the different fusion states observable in this assay by means of both lipid mixing and content release are illuminated.