bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corruption’s Motley Foes
Authors: Gillies Alexandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
While some political heavyweights used anticorruption campaigns to go after their enemies, many of the battles against oil sector corruption ended in true success. More and more, anticorruption actors are working across borders, just like the corruption they’re trying to fight. Foreign governments stepped up their enforcement of antibribery laws and debuted innovative tools for stemming the flow of dirty money. International networks of journalists exposed corruption on an unprecedented scale, and activists pushed an ambitious transparency agenda. Even the international enablers of corruption—those bankers, lawyers, and accountants who help the dirty money flow—showed on occasion that they could be anticorruption heroes too.
Evolutionary Neuropsychology
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book is designed to introduce the evolutionary origins of the human brain’s present structures and functions. Evolutionary neuropsychology is a new multidisciplinary science that embraces and uses empirical findings from the fields of evolution, neuroscience, cognitive sciences, psychology, anthropology, and archaeology. This book is designed for the intellectually curious, but styled especially for academics at any level and psychologists focusing on various aspects of human behavior. The bedrock foundation of evolutionary neuropsychology is the assumption that functionally specialized brain regions are adaptations naturally selected in response to various environmental challenges over the course of billions of years of evolution. These adaptations and their brain regions and circuitry may now serve new functions, which are called exaptations, and they are particularly involved in higher cognitive functions.
The Frontal Lobes
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter notes that the expansion of the brain, particularly the cortex, as well as increased behavioral flexibility, in mammals compared to that in reptiles, birds, and fishes. Mammalian brains have been typified by mosaic evolution and concerted evolution. The two most important influences on modern human brains have been the evolution of mammalian brains and primate brains, and the latter had the most profound influence on modern human brains. The prefrontal cortex is one of the major exaptations of the human brain, where the cognitive abilities known executive functions primarily reside. Those functions include decision-making, forming plans and goals, organizing, devising strategies to attain goals, inhibition, and the monitoring of effective performance. The frontal lobes of the earliest primates were under selective pressure to identify and eat fruits with their forelimbs. The brains of hominins may have exapted these same regions for object manipulation, tool-making, and eventually language functions such as word choice and word sequencing.
The Cerebellum
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The cerebellum is estimated to contain about 80% of all of the brain’s neurons. Its original adaptation appears to be the seamless and smooth execution of motor movements. The dendritic branching of the cerebellum’s neurons is the most complex and extensive in the brain. The lateral and posterior portions of modern humans’ cerebellum have a more recent phylogenetic origin than that of other hominins. An exaptation of the human cerebellum is the cognitive control and refinement of higher cognitive functions, including lower- and higher-level abstract thinking. Numerous empirical studies link insight and creativity to the cerebellum.
The Evolution of Sleep and Dreams
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Primitive sleep states developed from earth’s rotational cycle, where activities were constrained by alternating periods of light and dark. Extant reptiles, birds, mammals, and primates exhibit slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which suggests an early evolutionary development dating to at least 300 million years ago or earlier. There may have been no single purpose of sleep, however, multiple reasons for its evolution and different sleep stages have been suggested, including reduced energy demands, facilitation of learning and memory, removal of waste metabolites, priming for subsequently successful waking activities, and aiding creativity. When Homo erectus appeared about 1.9 million years ago, it made a full transition to terrestrial life, including sleeping on the ground instead of in nests in trees. Ground sleep resulted in a single integrated sleep period, which had many positive cognitive repercussions. The design for the Acheulean handaxe, attributed to Homo erectus, may have come to a stone knapper in a dream. Some handaxes, beginning about 500,000 years ago, had aesthetic qualities and may have been used as a means of sexual selection.
Bayesian Liberalism
Authors: Feeney Megan , Schellenberg Susanna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article defends liberalism, that is, the view that perceivers are justified in their perceptual beliefs simply on grounds of the perceptions on which the beliefs are based. By critically discussing several conservativist objections, it shows that liberalism is compatible with standard Bayesianism. This argument calls into question an assumption in the conservatist objections, an assumption that can be traced back to Pyrrhonian skepticism, namely, that the acquisition of perceptual evidence is primarily a matter of forming introspective beliefs about seemings or appearances. By contrast, this essay argues that the formation of introspective beliefs is an extra step over and above the acquisition of perceptual evidence. Forming the relevant introspective beliefs requires the possession of seeming or appearance concepts. However, subjects can acquire perceptual evidence, on this view, even if they lack these concepts or are incapable of forming the relevant introspective beliefs. Thus, the essay defends Bayesian liberalism.
The Force of Assumptions and Self-Attributions
Authors: Pagin Peter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis essay provides a general, abstract characterization of the content-force connection: the force of an utterance applies the content to the actual index of evaluation, for instance the actual world. It then considers two possible counterexamples to this general connection: Sextus Empiricus’ claim that talk about appearances is not assertoric, despite being concerned with the actual world, and that assumptions made in arguments concern the actual world, despite lacking assertoric force. The chapter notes that by modern standards, talk about appearance is assertoric. It also argues that, contrary to appearance, assumptions do not concern the actual world. The possible counterexamples are therefore not real.
Hypothetical Syllogisms and Infinite Regress
Authors: Malink Marko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn his commentary on Aristotle’s De interpretatione, Ammonius puts forward an argument for the priority of categorical over hypothetical syllogisms. The argument relies on two of the Five Modes of Agrippa, the modes from infinite regress and from hypothesis. Much of the argument, however, remains unclear and open to doubt. The present chapter sheds new light on the argument by considering it against the backdrop of two related arguments given by Pseudo-Ammonius and Alexander of Aphrodisias in their commentaries on the Prior Analytics. The chapter argues that all three arguments originate in Theophrastus’ discussion of Aristotle’s treatment of syllogisms from a hypothesis. They rely on the view that stating a hypothetical proposition If P, then Q does not amount to the unqualified assertion of a conditional proposition, but rather to a conditional assertion of Q on the supposition that P.
Incomplete Ignorance
Authors: Haas Jens , Vogt Katja Maria 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOne can neither inquire into what one knows nor into what one doesn’t know. The first leg of this problem has recently been called the Dogmatism Puzzle. If knowledge is incompatible with inquiry, the thought goes, knowledge breeds dogmatism. Call the second leg of the problem the Ignorance Puzzle. Inquiry starts from not knowing what one seeks to know, and yet it cannot simply start from ignorance. A compelling solution, we argue, jointly addresses the Dogmatism and Ignorance Puzzles. Inquirers, we propose, are in Incomplete Ignorance. They have proleptic concepts, which enable them to ask questions. We defend a minimalist account of the complement of questions. Questions, this chapter argues, call for an improvement of the inquirer’s cognitive state regarding the issue. Such improvement may psychologically close off further inquiry. But the inquirer’s cognitive state is not thereby epistemically closed. In principle, it permits further inquiry.
Echoes of Sextus Empiricus in Nietzsche?
Authors: Bett Richard 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe essay considers two related questions: (a) whether Sextus was a philosophical influence on Nietzsche, and (b) whether there are significant connections between their philosophies. On the first question, it is notable that while Nietzsche cites Sextus Empiricus numerous times in his early scholarly works, it is always for purely antiquarian reasons; he never shows interest in Sextus as a philosopher in his own right. On the second question, a considerable philosophical overlap is identified, especially concerning the perspectival character of all human thinking, and the possibility of forms of knowledge and inquiry that do not aspire to any absolute status. One significant difference, however, concerns Nietzsche’s moral anti-realism. This appears to be inconsistent with the general emphasis on perspective that he shares with Sextus—although paradoxically, it also puts him in contact with another part of Sextus’ writing, Against the Ethicists, that is itself inconsistent with Sextus’ outlook elsewhere.
Value Disagreement, Action, and Commitment
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe problem of disagreement is a well-known tool in the arsenal of various anti-realist and skeptical views. Persistent disagreement is supposed to be evidence that our moral judgments do not track a realm of objective values. This chapter is concerned with a different form of skepticism that one might try to ground on the fact of value disagreement: namely, “commitment skepticism.” According to the commitment skeptic, the fact of value disagreement should, at least under certain circumstances, lower our confidence in our evaluative judgments. But such lowering of confidence, if taken seriously, leaves us with no way to move from our judgments to actions. According to this skeptic, we have justification neither for our usual moral commitments, nor for any particular course of action based on these evaluative judgments. This chapter argues that Kant’s view about our awareness of the moral law provides an important way of resisting commitment skepticism.
Relativistic asteroseismology
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe ideas behind gravitational-wave asteroseismology are introduced and motivated by a set of phenomenological relations. The impact of general relativity on different classes of stellar oscillation modes is outlined and the emergence of a new family of modes (the w-modes) associated with the dynamcis of spacetime itself is explained. The impact of relevant physics on a given neutron star’s oscillation spectrum is discussed. The instability of the f-mode in fast-spinning neutron stars is considered.
Dual Objects
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Dual objects are abstract categorical structures that represent the quantum notion of entanglement. We prove a range of important results about dual objects and show how to use them to model quantum teleportation. Dual objects have an important topological representation, in terms of wires bending ‘backwards in time’, and we use this to characterize different sorts of duality structures, including pivotal, ribbon and compact structures. Dual objects interact well with any linear structure available, allowing us to capture linear-algebraic properties such as trace and dimension.
Practising Public Health
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book is based on over 40 years work in public health at a time of unprecedented change and challenge. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of working at different levels of action, very much ‘how to do it and how it was done’. As such it is a personal account. This period marked a new era in which the previous medical paradigm, dating from the mid-nineteenth century, was replaced by a broader, multidisciplinary approach, grounded in social science, the humanities, ecology, and public engagement with the politics of health once more coming into focus. The author uses case studies, storytelling, and real-life experience of establishing a new and revitalized public health system in the North West of England to bring the subject alive for a new generation of students and practitioners. Building on historic insights and timeless lessons from the Victorian and early-twentieth-century pioneers, he traces the evolution of the new thinking and its translation into action. The volume offers a rich menu of examples of responses to an array of new challenges ranging from new infections, such as HIV/AIDS and Ebola, to the lifestyle diseases of the new age, and the application of public health thinking to mental health and the problems of an ageing population. The external threats to health from the environment and as a result of man-made disasters and emergencies are extensively covered. The author brings a fresh approach to public health and the communication of public health issues. This work is accessible and stimulating, speaking to a wide range of audiences and sharing his passion for the subject.
Protecting health
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of health protection, defines its scope, and illustrates how health protection may be needed in relation to a wide range of issues with specific examples that the author has been involved with during his public health career. A framework for health protection which covers both communicable and non-communicable disease threats in both the natural and built environment is proposed. Examples covered include chemical incidents; the emergence of new and novel infectious diseases; the crisis in measles, mumps and rubella vaccination following the publication of a since-discredited scare in the Lancet by former Dr Andrew Wakefield; the Hillsborough football stadium disaster; the humanitarian crisis in North Macedonia during the Kosovo emergency; and a fatal mass shooting in Cumbria. The emergence of the threat of HIV infection to injecting drug users in Liverpool is described together with details of the response which included the first large-scale syringe exchange programme. The importance of preparedness, training, intelligence, and inclusive public communication is stressed as well as the dynamic nature of health protection.
Healthy cities
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter the origins of the WHO Healthy Cities Project are described, beginning with the project group meeting in Copenhagen. The early days of the project are reported together with an account of how the project developed from small beginnings to become a global movement with political leadership from the city level. The achievements of the project are reported together with issues raised in creating a new dynamic for urban health. The chapter concludes with the latest phase of the project beginning in 2018, which saw Healthy Cities aligned to the pursuit of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.
Structuring Partisan Power
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Controls on emergency rule are often sought in legal constraints upheld by courts, or strategies of institutional design that make exceptionalism less appealing. As this chapter argues, what tends to be missing is an account of the political will that could support such initiatives. Challenging the transnational politics of emergency depends, it argues, on strengthened ties of partisanship, both as these may constrain directly the discretion of representatives holding executive authority, and especially as they may influence it indirectly from a position of opposition. The chapter draws and develops on debates concerning the possibility of transnational partisanship, and connects them to a discussion of the structural preconditions of political opposition, examining in particular its temporal aspects.
Introduction
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
What has changed in British politics? Volatility. The British party system, and the electorate within it, have become more volatile over time, delivering substantial increases in fragmentation, in 2015, and then the largest two-party share in decades, in 2017. This chapter explains the focus of the book; what we explain, and then how we go about doing so. We focus on long-term changes in volatility, what explains that volatility, and what explains the parties that benefit from this in general elections, specifically focusing on vote outcomes in the 2015 and 2017 Elections through novel explanations combining the effects of electoral shocks in a context of increasing vote switching between elections. The chapter provides an overview of the book.
Volatility and Electoral Shocks
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The General Elections of 2015 and 2017 marked a historically high level of volatility, both at the aggregate level and at the level of the individual voter. In this chapter we describe how this increased volatility is part of a long-term trend in British politics, but one which accelerated markedly after 2010. At the aggregate level, 2015 and 2017 were the two most volatile elections since 1931. At the individual-level, they were the two most volatile elections we have data to measure. Unlike aggregate volatility, which has changed erratically over time, we show that individual-level volatility has been steadily and significantly increasing since 1964. Moreover, unlike many elections when vote flows favouring one party are compensated by counter-flows favouring another, voters in 2015 and 2017 moved systematically, first away from, and then towards the two major parties.
Brexit and the Reshaping of British Electoral Politics
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we show how the vote to leave the EU in 2017 brought about a return to two-party politics and a fundamental shift in the social and geographical alignment of party support. Electoral competition between the two main parties previously dominated by concerns relating to redistribution, taxation, and an emphasis on the free market versus social protection now also focused almost equally on the EU, immigration, and liberal–authoritarian values. For the first time in modern history, economic left–right competition between Labour and the Conservatives was accompanied by a commensurate emphasis on a second cultural, or social, dimension of politics. This was also reflected in changes in the demographic patterns of party support, especially age and education.
Moral Knowledge from Others
Authors: McGrath Sarah 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores a number of philosophical issues raised by the possibility of arriving at moral views by relying on other people. I defend the Moral Inheritance View, according to which a person whose earliest moral views are inherited from her social environment might very well have substantial moral knowledge even before she is in a position to begin critically reflecting upon or reasoning about those views. More generally, I argue that other people are in principle potentially rich sources of moral knowledge. To the extent that we have reservations about the propriety of forming moral views by relying on others—as opposed to through the exercise of our own autonomous judgment—what is legitimate in those reservations does not derive from its being impossible to acquire moral knowledge in this way, but rather from other sources.
Between Church and Empire
Authors: Bauer Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 continues the discussion of Panvinio’s life. It begins with Panvinio’s journey to Germany in the summer of 1559. After his return to Rome in September 1559, in time for the conclave in which Pope Pius IV was elected, Panvinio started publishing only works on sacred matters, although he continued to produce unpublished studies on Roman antiquity. In 1565, he was given a position in the Vatican Library; but he held on to it for less than a year because the next pope, Pius V, did not renew it for financial reasons. In this period Panvinio also found new patrons in Germany and Spain: Hans Jakob Fugger, Cardinal Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, and, among royalty, the Habsburgs Maximilian II and Philip II. During this phase of his career, Panvinio employed several scribes—and the more he had to pay the scribes, the more funding he needed from patrons. This, in turn, meant that he had to produce yet more manuscripts for income. His feverish productivity was halted only by his untimely death on a journey to Palermo in 1568. This chapter ends with a discussion of the fate of Panvinio’s manuscripts, the publication of which after his death was held up by an order of Pius V as well as by the Congregations of the Index of Prohibited Books and the Inquisition.
Panvinio’s History of Papal Elections
Authors: Bauer Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with Panvinio’s history of papal elections (De varia creatione Romani pontificis). Panvinio was the first author to write such a work. He put together an extensive range of relevant historical material to cover 1,500 years of history. Panvinio felt free to criticize past popes for their ‘lust’ for power, while at the same time defending papal primacy. He stated in his preface that he wanted to demonstrate two things: first, that there had been different forms of election from the time of St Peter to his own day; and second, that no variation in the electoral process had taken place without the authority and consent of the popes. One of the key issues was Panvinio’s presentation of change, discord, and diversity in the Church’s past. Panvinio stated ‘What I have written will not please the Christian reader’, and he included some hard-hitting criticism of the papacy’s growing bid for secular power from Gregory VII (1073–85) onwards. Panvinio did not attempt to publish the full version of De varia creatione, but instead presented an abridgement—which still contained much criticism of the Church’s past—to Pope Pius IV and his nephew, Cardinal Carlo Borromeo.