bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition of the best probability distribution functions for annual minimum flows in the rivers of the Upper Euphrates River Basin, Turkey
Authors: Tosunoglu Fatih , Kahya Ercan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, it is aimed to define the most suitable probability distribution functions for modelling of annual minimum flows (AM7) data for the duration 7-day that obtained from daily streamflow data of the four gauge stations located in upper part of the Euphrates River. To achieve this purpose, ten widely used distributions, namely, Gamma, Gumbel, Generalized Extreme Value, two parameter Lognormal, three parameter Lognormal, Logistic, LogLogistic, Normal, Pearson type-III and Weibull were fitted and compared. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate parameters of the distributions. To select the most suitable distributions for AM7 series of the stations, five widely used model selection criterions (namely, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Anderson Darling (AD), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Cramér–von Mises (CvM) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) tests) were applied. Based on these tests/criteria, Gamma, Gumbel, Generalized Extreme Value, three parameter Lognormal, Pearson type-III were found to be the most suitable distributions for modelling data series. Finally, using the best fitted distributions that derived from these model selection methods, minimum flow estimates for various return periods (e.g. 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 years) were performed and results were discussed.
Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams containing waste plastic fibers
Authors: Al-Hadithi A.I. , Abdulrahman M.B. , Al-Rawi M. I. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research was conducted to study the effect of adding waste plastic fibers (WPFs) on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Fifteen simply supported RC beams with a cross section of (100 * 150) mm and a clear span of (1100) mm was tested under two-point loads until failure. Three beams of the total samples were made from the reference mix, and the twelve beams remaining were made from concrete mixes containing WPFs with volumetric percentage ratios (Vf) varying from (0.5% to 2%) of the total volume. These beams were divided into three main groups according to the longitudinal steel reinforcement area ratio (ρ), and these ratios were approximately equal to (ρ
max, 0.75 ρ
max, ρ
min). Test results established that the adding of WPFs, in addition, to decreasing the danger of PET wastes on the environment, leads to increasing the maximum applied load causing ultimate failure, an increment in ductility index and transformation of the mode of failure of the tested beams into a more ductile one for all beams contains such kind of fibers.
The Impact of the distribution of Fuel Stations on the Urban Environment Case Study Kut-Iraq
Authors: Ihsan A. J. , Mustafa A. E. , Akeel A. A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The task of urban planning is to optimize use of land for competing activities in the city, so the successful planning is which maximizes benefits and reduces environmental, social and economic costs through determinants and standards. The use of gas stations is one of the uses of the land supposed to be distributed spatially achieve better efficiency of the city and improve its performance. The research attempts to assess the spatial distribution of the fuel station and how it serves of the Kut city of (within the masterplan border) and the impact of this distribution on the urban structure of the city. It was found that the distribution of stations was inefficient, lacked clear criteria and lacked social justice in distribution, As poor areas are less covered, It adds economic costs as a result of the increase in the number of trips, and length so thus increase pollution of all kinds due to increased traffic volume.
Improvement in demulsification of Iraqi crude oil with water removal demulsifiers in oil fields
Authors: Hadi Haider Ahmed , Mohammed Thamer Jasim 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study is targeted to present an overall survey on the most eminent techniques and methods that could be used in treating petroleum emulsions. Presently, the generally used way for handling petroleum emulsion is the process of chemical additives, known as demulsifers. Considered nanomaterials are materials used for boosting oil restoration. This project discusses whether the collection of demulsifiers and nanomaterials can supply a much stable emulsion than demulsifiers only to obtain the best method of removal of water phase from crude oil emulsion mixture. Previous studies carried out two sections of experiments in their search. First were performed utilizing three kinds of demulsifiers; non-ionic, ionic, and cationic demulsifier. Trade names of those demusifiers were Poly Ethylene glycol (PEG), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The other section utilized groups of self-same demulsifiers referred to at the top with nanomaterials were aluminium oxide (Al2O3) (60nm). These experiments were carried out using laboratory batch of homogenizer stirrer. These two sections were investigated with effect of different parameters such as; the kind of substance and the concentration or dosage of demulsifiers, various proportion of water to oil, stirring temperature, stirring speed of mixing, various of pH, TDS, on the efficiency of water removal. The sample test of case study used Iraqi crude oil (Basra & Kirkuk Oil fields.The results reached efficiency water removal of (86%) by (SDS) at optimum operating parameters, so, it is better than other chemical demulsifiers reaching the efficiency water removal (84%) by (CTAB) and (67%) with (PEG). However, the maximum efficiency improved within the range 88-90% of water separation from oil was obtained with using a blend of SDS with non-materials of (Al2O3) at optimum values of parameters.
Reducing steel scrap in fabrication of steel storage tanks
Authors: Al-Kindi Luma A H , Al-Ghabban Wadood K K 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper focuses on reducing steel scrap in the process of fabrication of steel storage tanks. Reducing steel scrap is important for society to decrease the environmental influence, save natural resources and to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions and energy usage associated with steelmaking that is considered as a valuable resource in industry. “4Rs” i.e. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Restoring the materials are being considered as strategies of solid waste management. Production of any product causes waste which has little economy for the main production process, but those waste products also have an economic value, which can be improved by processing. A methodology to reduce steel scrap is proposed and applied on a case study which is; a job order for manufacturing (17) storage tanks of capacity (55) m3in the Heavy Engineering Equipment State Company (HEESCO). Scrap evaluation for each area, volume and weight is calculated. The percentage of area, volume and weight of plates used in the current situation are (13.609%), (15.875%) and (15.875%), respectively. After applying the proposed method the percentage of area, volume and weight of plates used are (6.666%), (8.154%) and (8.153%), respectively. The amount of improvement rate in reducing steel scrap generated is (51.017%) of the area (48.636%) and volume (48.642%) of weight. This amount of improvement rate and the evaluation of the steel scrap generated are considered as a valuable resource in steel fabrication industry.
Creation and Operation of Recreational Footpath System
Authors: Romanov S M , Popov A A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The concept of “recreational footpath” is introduced as comfortable linear recreational facilities for mass pedestrian tourism, as element of path network of recreational areas. Proposals to improve the regulatory and methodological support for the creation and operation of a system of recreational footpaths have been developed. The definition of ecological footpath is proposed as a form of recreational footpath designed for eco-tourism. The classification of recreational footpath and their technical characteristics are proposed.
The pavements by precast concrete flags
Authors: Kawther Khawla K. , Hussien Rasha , Sabih Narjis 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The construction units used in pavement reinforce the functional and aesthetic effects of sidewalks and public places in the city. The pavement can be carried out from paving of different materials, which can be used according to the location and the surrounding environment. There are a number of pavers, including prefabricated concrete, asphalt, stone, etc. The study will examine the precast concrete (flag) that is used in pavement of sidewalk. Research problem: Locally, there is a weakness in integrating the engineering standards of pavement with the standards of urban design to achieve the special and distinctive urban form, which is appropriate for use. The non-use of colours in the direction of movement and the realization of privacy and the definition of use leads to lack of care for the urban environment, and its components.
Research hypothesis: The integration of engineering and construction standards of precast concrete flags used in paving sidewalks and streets must be met with urban design standards to achieve the appropriate urban shape in the urban environment, needing to use colours to guide traffic and achieve privacy and definition of use.
MODIS and Landsat satellite images comparison for modeling near surface air temperature
Authors: Jasim O Z , AL-Anbari R H , Mohammed Z T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Near surface air temperature (T air) is a descriptor of terrestrial environment conditions and one of climatic variables that most widely used in climate change studies. In this search, the worker suggested a high-resolution air temperature estimation from integrating Iraqi Agrometeorological network daily (T air) and land surface temperature (LST) that derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) or from Landsat8. The objective of this search is to find model to estimate high spatial resolution air temperature for any region based on satellite images and climate datasets. The data of air temperature used for modelling is collected by four weather stations located in Babylon Governorate from December 2016 to March 2017. The standard error for MODIS winter model is 1.55 and RMSE for landsat8 winter model is 1.3.
Designing a building facility using GIS
Authors: Ismael Hameed Sarhan. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
By using ArcGIS ArcMap and ArcScene software capabilities in building and facilities design to save the costs of errors that will happen in real establishment. GIS provides the ability to draw, import drawings and import information from other software, aerial images, satellite images & from hardcopies to add to the changes that happened and link it to the geographical coordinates system. All that in one or more geodatabase that provides full information to the user without the need of other software, or more hands to search for information in lesser time. This is what the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) has done to minimize the time and effort that is needed to find information. Easy to use by discovering the errors and finding a way to fix it. This procedure is most flexible for directly fixing and modifying things, such as incorrect length of the deigned electricity wires, incorrect shape & height of walls & the errors in designing the sewer. We can use the data that already exists in another building, that has the same information instead of entering it from the beginning, this ability saves time and money.
Optimal spatial distribution of fire stations using geographic information systems Baghdad case study
Authors: Shok Mufeed Ehsan 
Published: March 2020

Summary
The significant growth of Baghdad city at the population and urban levels and the lack of control over the fires that cause human and material losses might be caused by the poor spatial distribution of the fire stations and the time the fire car spends from these stations towards the areas where the fires occur. Therefore, the research assumed that human and material losses are controlled when reducing the access time, and this depends on redistributing stations according to new standards, including dependence on population and urban densities. In addition to the hierarchical standard in dividing the city according to the standards of the locality, neighborhood, sector and city, and on reducing the time to reach less than four minutes. The study was relied on the program (arc GIs) by using one of the methods (buffer) to diagnose the coverage problem by located stations in a current location and then proposing to increase the stations number according to the areas not covered by adopting the standard of accessibility and reducing the arrival time. The concluded that the optimal location of fire extinguishing stations depends on the influence area around it, which ensures that vehicle arrive in less time and on the population density standard.
Change detection in city of Hilla during period of 2007-2015 using Remote Sensing Techniques
Authors: Kadhum Z M , Jasim B S. , Obaid M K. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study was carried out in order to identify and map the temporal changes in the land covers in Hilla province using Remote Sensing and GIS. Two images were used of land sate taken in Quick Bird Satellite acquired for the ETM sensor taken on 15 April 2015 and 15 April 2007 with spatial accuracy (0.6 m). These were used as reference sources in the selection of some classification samples after matching them with the Landsat 8 above. In this research using topography maps of the study area (Hilla) with scale 1/10000 generated from the General Authority as a reference data and achieved compatibility with the image of space after it was corrected geometrically 1976, 2000 and 2014. In this research using Geographic Information System (GIS) software with projection images WGS84 process (based on the projection of the global map and the global geodetic system) and within the 38th north. Supervised classification was used to identify land cover classes dominated in the study area. Change detection results showed an increase in the urban areas, in the year 2015 the area had become 1380.350-hectare unit, while in the year 2007 the area was 318.562-hectare unit. Similarly, the vegetation had increased between 2007-2015 from (132.531 to 507.296) hectare unit. Results indicated that urban land and salinization process can be considered as the important phenomena which positively affected the agriculture area. So, the increase in the cover of water is an important reason of decrease in the arid land, which was due to the increase of urban land reach to 1061.788-hectare unit. Many changes have happened in the quantity of reclaimed land in these arid lands between the two years (2007 and 2015).
Evaluating the life efficiency of Mosul before liberation
Authors: Jaber T. A. , Ebraheem A K , Ebraheem M A , Abdujalil A. A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The research deals with the concept of urban liveability, which refers to cities that are able to satisfy the requirements of their inhabitants by providing a range of elements (healthy environment, safe public spaces, decent housing, gardens, opportunities for entertainment, social interaction, non-crowded roads and jobs). Studying the liveability of cities from the assessment of the reality of cities in order to identify the strengths of the city to conform them and identify its weaknesses to avoid them.
The Iraqi government intends to assist the donor countries and humanitarian organizations to start the extensive reconstruction of Mosul city after it was destroyed by the liberation operations. So, the study aims to evaluate the reality of the city before the occupation of the city to identify the weaknesses to be avoided, and to identify the points of strengths to be fortified. The researchers came up with a set of conclusions and recommendations that are directly relevant to the research.
Assessment of the drought impacts on the vegetation cover over Iraqi lands
Authors: Beg A A F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The current study was carried out on Iraqi lands, which is located between latitudes 29° 00′ to 37° 15′ N and longitudes 38° 45′ to 48° 25′ E and extended over an area of 436364 square kilometres. The study period is characterised by frequent drought conditions and scarcity of herbaceous crops for many years. The study aims to cast light on the impact of drought on vegetation cover using Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. Required data are downloaded from Global SPEI database and Copernicus the Global Land Services. The spatial interpolation of the SPEI and NDVI are used for comparing drought conditions and the percentage of vegetation cover. The results point out to six years of dry conditions i.e., 1999, 2000, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012 during which most of Iraqi regions passed through moderate to extreme drought conditions with a significant decrease in vegetation cover. Measurement of the correlation coefficient marked moderate to very high correlation over areas where herbaceous crops are dominant, except areas in middle-south which show weak correlation due to dependence on irrigation process while southwestern parts due to the presence of sandy soil and north-eastern parts; because of dominance of wet-cold climatic conditions.
The use of Yehya Abu Al Qasim shrine and Al Tahra church and surrounding space for social and mixed religious group development
Authors: Hasan Shatha A. , Ebraheem Mustafa A. , Altaey Mowaffaq 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The main reason for our endeavour to present syntheses and rehabilitate the tomb of Yahia Abu Al Qasim is to try to insert this area within the boundaries of the heritage area of the old Mosul area. Previous studies were defined the old city according to the boundaries of the main streets surrounding the urban fabric, while in the usual contexts we see that the boundaries of the heritage and historical area are within the historical wall, this is because the heritage values of space confined between the urban fabric and the wall are not less than the building part. The district of Yahia Abu Al Qasim was considered outside the heritage area because the area is defined by the path of the dividing street between the heritage area and the new area in Mosul, rather than the old wall route. Based on the concept of containment of the river by the historic Nineveh on the left side and the old Mosul on the right side, describing this area by butterfly shape and each part of it represents a wing, and to confirm that it was necessary to have every wing entity and areas of polar growth, (Polar Development); and a spine connecting the poles with a filtration area between the old and the new, so we find that this study may complement the high level and functional for previous studies. The re-designation of the importance of the shrine through spatial analysis will re define the historical dimension of old city by adopting the matching maps and satellite images available for that.
Integration urban land use planning with transportation planning: an evaluation toward sustainable transportation for the holy city of Karbala.
Authors: Alourafi Samir Nori , Alrawi Areaj Khairy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The integrated planning of urban land use and transport systems addresses the development of strategies to increase economic efficiency, reduce excessive use of resources, improve social aspects.
The research aims to assess the integration of urban land uses with the transportation system in Karbala, which achieves sustainability. Through two world strategies, the first is planning the land uses to achieve the reliance on walking and bicycle use. It was evaluated through the zone of influence of service (Zone of influence we can define :the area that benefits from a specific service with a specified distance), the index adopted by the Ministry of Housing for the year 2018. Second is integration of land uses with public transport, identification of public transport routes, type of media used and identification of residential areas served by the network, to identify areas not serviced by the public transport network. The GIS program was used for these uses and analyzes by buffer zone were conducted for the spatial location of the services and the calculation of their zone of influence of service.
Detecting similarity in color images based on perceptual image hash algorithm
Authors: Ali Nada Hussein M. , Mahdi Marwa Emad 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Due to the ever-increasing digitization, the authentication of digital media content is becoming more and more important. Authentication, in general, means deciding whether a digital media is authentic or not, that is, if it matches a given original image. The authentication depends heavily on the type of the digital media, in other words, it is important that every single bit exactly matches the original digital media. Cryptographic hash functions are adequate for such tasks; in this case, a robust hashing is a technology as a change tolerant alternative to cryptographic hashes. Since normal cryptographic hashing methods are error prone to image processing techniques, perceptual hashing is a promising solution to image content authentication. However, conventional image hash algorithms only offer a limited authentication level for overall protection of the content. When intensity components of the color image are used, it is meant that the image is converted to only hashing functions image to produce strong adaptive hashes and that is lead to inadequate recognition abilities.
In this paper, a hash function for color images has been introduced and it is considered robust against global changes inside the image contents. A good discrimination achievement has been obtained since it takes all constituents of the color images into account. Firstly, the input image is resized or re-scaled into a fixed size that is predefined earlier. Secondly, converting the RGB image to HSI and YCbCr
color spaces, respectively. The purpose of this process is to extract local color features of the RGB image. Thereafter, the YCbCr
image is divided into blocks for computing mean and variance of each block component. Finally, the hash values for both source and attack images are calculated using Euclidian distances formula to measure the difference between them.
Experiments are lead to validate the efficiency of the suggested perceptual robustness hash function. Different image operations; brightness, darkness and rotating; were used to test the robustness of the image hash functions. Besides, different evaluated metrics, such as Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak to Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), were used to measure the performance of the hash function. The obtained results from the perceptual image hash algorithm matched up to 98% between the source image and their corresponding attack image.