bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water, ice, and climate change in northwest Greenland
Authors: Nuttall Mark 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAlong the coastal areas of northwest Greenland, sea ice is crucial to people's livelihoods. People in the region have long depended on hunting marine mammals such as seals; walrus; narwhal, beluga, fin, and minke whales; and polar bears, as well as fishing for fjord cod, Greenland halibut, salmon, and Arctic char. Terrestrial animals such as reindeer and Arctic foxes have also been of some importance, as have musk ox in some areas. However, the effects of a changing climate on the marine environment are stark, immediate, and tangible. Ice is melting, and coastal waters are warming. Sea ice, glaciers, coastlines, and seas have become sites and objects for new forms of environmental governance shaped by ideas of unique and fragile ecosystems under threat at a moment of planetary crisis. Conservation organizations frame the Arctic as a zone of climate change crisis and have launched campaigns—underpinned by narratives of ruination—to protect what are termed last areas of ice. However, Inuit organizations are also working to ensure that environmental governance and conservation policymaking do not exclude local communities in the region and are campaigning for protected marine areas in which wildlife management systems and community‐based monitoring take note of indigenous rights and incorporate indigenous knowledge.This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Human Water > Rights to Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Computational predictions of two‐dimensional anode materials of metal‐ion batteries
Authors: Lin Jianyan , Yu Tong , Han Fanjunjie , Yang Guochun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe development of quantum‐mechanical approach and unbiased structure search technology plays an important role in accelerating the discovery of new materials. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in industrial and agricultural production and daily life. To improve the performance of LIBs and develop new types of batteries, it is necessary and urgent to design electrode materials with superior performance. With respect to bulk materials, two‐dimensional (2D) materials as anodes demonstrate unique advantages. Here, we survey recent progress of 2D anode materials identified or discovered by first‐principles calculations, placing emphasis on main group elements (e.g., carbon, boron, phosphorus), main group binary compounds, transition metal carbides, nitrides, and sulfides. The basic requirements and theoretical descriptors of high‐performance anode materials are outlined. On the other hand, the challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed, which might provide an outlook for the future development.This article is categorized under:
Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
On the three‐dimensional stationary exterior Stokes problem with non standard boundary conditions
Authors: Louati Hela , Meslameni Mohamed , Razafison Ulrich 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe study the three‐dimensional stationary exterior Stokes problem with non standard boundary conditions corresponding to a slip‐without‐friction boundary conditions. Because the flow domain is unbounded, we set the problem in weighted spaces in order to control the behavior at infinity of solutions. This functional framework allows to prescribe various behaviors at infinity of the solutions. The established results are related to the existence and the uniqueness of strong and very weak solutions. Our strategy relies on the fact that due to the boundary conditions, the pressure and the velocity can be decoupled and, as a result, we solve two separate systems to find these quantities.
Dynamics of black holes in Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity
Authors: Suh S. Josephine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We present a general solution for correlators of external boundary operators in black hole states of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity. We use the Hilbert space constructed using the particle-with-spin interpretation of the Jackiw-Teitelboim action, which consists of wavefunctions defined on Lorentzian AdS2. The density of states of the gravitational system appears in the amplitude for a boundary particle to emit and reabsorb matter. Up to self-interactions of matter, a general correlator can be reduced in an energy basis to a product of amplitudes for interactions and Wilson polynomials mapping between boundary and bulk interactions.
Flowing to $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 3 Chern-Simons-matter theory
Authors: Guarino Adolfo , Tarrío Javier , Varela Oscar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
New renormalisation group flows of three-dimensional Chern-Simons theories with a single gauge group SU(N ) and adjoint matter are found holographically. These RG flows have an infrared fixed point given by a CFT with $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 supersymmetry and SU(2) flavour symmetry. The ultraviolet fixed point is again described by a CFT with either $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 and SU(3) symmetry or $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 and G2 symmetry. The gauge/gravity duals of these RG flows are constructed as domain-wall solutions of a gauged supergravity model in four dimensions that enjoys an embedding into massive IIA supergravity. A concrete RG flow that brings a mass deformation of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 CFT into the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 3 CFT at low energies is described in detail.
Artificial intelligence, transparency, and public decision-making
Authors: de Fine Licht Karl , de Fine Licht Jenny 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for making decisions in public affairs has sparked a lively debate on the benefits and potential harms of self-learning technologies, ranging from the hopes of fully informed and objectively taken decisions to fear for the destruction of mankind. To prevent the negative outcomes and to achieve accountable systems, many have argued that we need to open up the “black box” of AI decision-making and make it more transparent. Whereas this debate has primarily focused on how transparency can secure high-quality, fair, and reliable decisions, far less attention has been devoted to the role of transparency when it comes to how the general public come toperceiveAI decision-making as legitimate and worthy of acceptance. Since relying on coercion is not only normatively problematic but also costly and highly inefficient, perceived legitimacy is fundamental to the democratic system. This paper discusses how transparency in and about AI decision-making can affect thepublic’s perceptionof the legitimacy of decisions and decision-makers and produce a framework for analyzing these questions. We argue that a limited form of transparency that focuses on providing justifications for decisions has the potential to provide sufficient ground forperceived legitimacywithout producing the harms full transparency would bring.
Upregulated immuno-modulator PD-L1 in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors provides a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target
Authors: Farschtschi Said , Kluwe Lan , Park Su-Jin , Oh Su-Jun , Mah Nancy , Mautner Victor-Felix , Kurtz Andreas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare aggressive sarcomas with poor prognosis. More than half of MPNSTs develop from benign precursor tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) which is a tumor suppressor gene disorder. Early detection of malignant transformation in NF1 patients is pivotal to improving survival. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the role of immuno-modulators as candidate biomarkers of malignant transformation in NF1 patients with plexiform neurofibromas as well as predictors of response to immunotherapeutic approaches.

Methods
Sera from a total of 125 NF1 patients with quantified internal tumor load were included, and 25 of them had MPNSTs. A total of six immuno-modulatory factors (IGFBP-1, PD-L1, IFN-α, GM-CSF, PGE-2, and AXL) were measured in these sera using respective ELISA.

Results
NF1 patients with MPNSTs had significantly elevated PD-L1 levels in their sera compared to NF1 patients without MPNSTs. By contrast, AXL concentrations were significantly lower in sera of NF1-MPNST patients. IGFBP-1 and PGE2 serum levels did not differ between the two patient groups. IFN-α and GM-CSF were below the detectable level in most samples.

Conclusion
The immuno-modulator PD-L1 is upregulated in MPNST patients and therefore may provide as a potential biomarker of malignant transformation in patients with NF1 and as a response predictor for immunotherapeutic approaches.
Isolation, Characterisation and Experimental Evolution of Phage that Infect the Horse Chestnut Tree Pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi
Authors: James Sarah L. , Rabiey Mojgan , Neuman Benjamin W. , Percival Glynn , Jackson Robert W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBleeding canker of horse chestnut trees is a bacterial disease, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi, estimated to be present in ~ 50% of UK horse chestnut trees. Currently, the disease has no cure and tree removal can be a common method of reducing inoculum and preventing spread. One potential method of control could be achieved using naturally occurring bacteriophages infective to the causative bacterium. Bacteriophages were isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic horse chestnut trees in three locations in the South East of England. The phages were found to be belonging to both the Myoviridae and Podoviridae families by RAPD PCR and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental coevolution was carried out to understand the dynamics of bacterial resistance and phage infection and to determine whether new infective phage genotypes would emerge. The phages exhibited different coevolution patterns with their bacterial hosts across time. This approach could be used to generate novel phages for use in biocontrol cocktails in an effort to reduce the potential emergence of bacterial resistance.
Breadth search strategies for finding minimal reducts: towards hardware implementation
Authors: Choromański Mateusz , Grześ Tomasz , Hońko Piotr 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAttribute reduction, being a complex problem in data mining, has attracted many researchers. The importance of this issue rises due to ever-growing data to be mined. Together with data growth, a need for speeding up computations increases. The contribution of this paper is twofold: (1) investigation of breadth search strategies for finding minimal reducts in order to emerge the most promising method for processing large data sets; (2) development and implementation of the first hardware approach to finding minimal reducts in order to speed up time-consuming computations. Experimental research showed that for software implementation blind breadth search strategy is in general faster than frequency-based breadth search strategy not only in finding all minimal reducts but also in finding one of them. An inverse situation was observed for hardware implementation. In the future work, the implemented tool is to be used as a fundamental module in a system to be built for processing large data sets.
Effect of food availability on offspring sex ratios in replacement clutches of Mew Gulls (Larus canus) and Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) in the highly unstable environment of the Vistula River
Authors: Bukaciński Dariusz , Bukacińska Monika , Chylarecki Przemysław 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe reproductive cost hypothesis predicts that parents with low investment capacity (e.g., those in poor condition) should produce the larger sex (usually males) less often so as to minimize the risk of current reproductive failure and/or a decrease in their residual reproductive value. The study aimed to test whether offspring sex ratio bias in replacement clutches of the Mew Gull (MG;Larus canus) and Black-headed Gull (BHG;Chroicocephalus ridibundus) exposed to different food conditions was in agreement with predictions of the reproductive cost hypothesis. Food availability was experimentally modified before egg laying. Our experimental treatment affected hatching sex ratio, being also significant the effect of laying order and species identity. For both gull species, parents that were provided with supplemental food had more sons at hatching than unfed (control) pairs. This was particularly so if they were fed until production of a replacement clutch. This gradient in hatching sex ratio was much more pronounced in MG than in BHG. In both gull species, sons hatched more often from first laid (A) than from second (B) or third-laid egg (C). Five days after hatching, the sex ratio of surviving chicks was dependent mainly on the experimental treatment and egg sequence. Unlike the time of hatching, there was no important effect of species × treatment interaction. In both gull species, the brood sex-ratio was clearly male-biased in parents receiving supplemental feeding. However, differences between experimental groups were less extreme than at hatching. Chicks hatched from C-egg had much lower survival than chicks from the first two eggs (A- and B-egg), irrespective of sex, treatment, or species. Supplementary feeding was associated with improved chick survival for both gull species, although this effect was dependent on chick gender. Surprisingly, in the case of control broods (i.e., broods whose parents did not receive supplementary food), male chicks survived better than female chicks, but the opposite was true for broods in which parents were fed. There was an overall tendency for higher survival of BHG chicks than MG chicks. During the early-chick period, competition between siblings and the related differentiated mortality of chicks from A-, B-, and C-eggs, constituted a mechanism which shaped the brood sex ratio bias. In this context, differences in the sex ratio bias in eggs of different rank (A, B, C) at hatching were important. The results appear to fulfil the expectations of the reproductive cost hypothesis. For the species with greater sexual dimorphism (MG), a relationship between the condition of parents and the expected bias of sex ratio was visible only at hatching, which may indicate that this feature is not significant in shaping the sex ratio bias in MG.
California Autism Prevalence by County and Race/Ethnicity: Declining Trends Among Wealthy Whites
Authors: Nevison Cynthia , Parker William 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCounty-level ASD prevalence was estimated using an age-resolved snapshot from the California Department of Developmental Services (DDS) for birth years 1993–2013. ASD prevalence increased among all children across birth years 1993–2000 but plateaued or declined thereafter among whites from wealthy counties. In contrast, ASD rates increased continuously across 1993–2013 among whites from lower income counties and Hispanics from all counties. Both white ASD prevalence and rate of change in prevalence were inversely correlated to county income from birth year 2000–2013 but not 1993–2000. These disparate trends within the dataset suggest that wealthy white parents, starting around 2000, may have begun opting out of DDS in favor of private care and/or making changes that effectively lowered their children’s risk of ASD.
Epigenetic preconditioning with decitabine sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide via induction of MLH1
Authors: Gallitto Matthew , Cheng He Rossana , Inocencio Julio F. , Wang Huaien , Zhang Yizhou , Deikus Gintaras , Wasserman Isaac , Strahl Maya , Smith Melissa , Sebra Robert , Yong Raymund L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Introduction
To improve the standard treatment paradigm for glioblastoma (GBM), efforts have been made to explore the efficacy of epigenetic agents as chemosensitizers. Recent data suggest possible synergy between decitabine (DAC), a DNA hypomethylating agent, and temozolomide (TMZ) in GBM, but the mechanism remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DAC on TMZ sensitization in a consecutively derived set of primary GBM cultures, with a focus on mismatch repair (MMR) proteins.

Methods
Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of TMZ were calculated in eleven consecutive patient-derived GBM cell lines before and after preconditioning with DAC. MMR protein expression changes were determined by quantitative immunoblots and qPCR arrays. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of bisulfite (BS)-converted PCR amplicons of the MLH1 promoter was performed to determine methylation status.

Results
TMZ IC50 significantly changed in 6 of 11 GBM lines of varying MGMT promoter methylation status in response to DAC preconditioning. Knockdown of MLH1 after preconditioning reversed TMZ sensitization. SMRT-BS sequencing of the MLH1 promoter region revealed higher levels of baseline methylation at proximal CpGs in desensitized lines compared to sensitized lines.

Conclusions
DAC enhances TMZ cytotoxicity in a subset of GBM cell lines, comprising lines both MGMT methylated and unmethylated tumors. This effect may be driven by levels of MLH1 via E2F1 transcription factor binding. Using unbiased long-range next-generation bisulfite-sequencing, we identified a region of the proximal MLH1 promoter with differential methylation patterns that has potential utility as a clinical biomarker for TMZ sensitization.
Emanzipation oder Reaktion: Wie konservativ ist die deliberative Demokratie?
Authors: Schäfer Andreas , Merkel Wolfgang 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungIst die deliberative Demokratie ein konservatives Modell? Beruht es auf Mechanismen, die in systematischer Weise seinen emanzipatorischen Anspruch unterminieren? Der Aufsatz beantwortet diese Frage im Anschluss an KritikerInnen der deliberativen Demokratie in Hinblick auf drei Dimensionen. Die zeitliche Dimension betreffend wird untersucht, inwieweit das deliberative Modell einen den Status quo bewahrenden Charakter hat. In der sachlichen Dimension wird eine Tendenz zur Entpolitisierung diskutiert. Für die soziale Dimension thematisiert der Aufsatz die potenzielle Exklusion bestimmter sozialer Gruppen und ihrer Perspektiven aus dem Deliberationsprozess. In Auseinandersetzung mit einschlägigen Ansätzen der deliberativen Demokratietheorie und mit Befunden der empirischen Deliberationsforschung gelangt der Aufsatz zu einem differenzierten Bild. Demnach lassen sich potenziell konservierende Tendenzen in der deliberativen Demokratie auffinden. Gleichzeitig wird argumentiert, dass diese Tendenzen vermeidbar sind, wenn einerseits das genuin kritische Potenzial deliberativer Praxis gegenüber anderen Elementen des Modells hervorgehoben und andererseits die Notwendigkeit der institutionellen Einbettung deliberativer Prozesse in Verfahren der repräsentativen Demokratie berücksichtigt wird.
Statistical approaches for semi-supervised anomaly detection in machining
Authors: Denkena B. , Dittrich M.-A. , Noske H. , Witt M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNumerous methods have been developed to detect process anomalies during machining. Statistical approaches for semi-supervised anomaly detection compute decision boundaries using information of normal running processes for process evaluation. In this paper, two statistical approaches for semi-supervised anomaly detection in machining based on envelopes are presented and compared. The proposed parametric approach assumes normal distributed envelopes to compute decision boundaries. However, experiments show that deviations from a normal distribution can reduce the monitoring quality. The new approach is non-parametric and employs kernel density estimation (KDE) to estimate the probability density function of the envelopes. Both approaches were evaluated for several machining processes. It is found that the parametric approach is robust against high scattering processes and yields low false alarm rates. By means of the selected safety factor, the number of detected anomalies can be increased using the non-parametric approach.
Temporal Variation in Resuspension Potential and Associated Nutrient Dynamics in Shallow Coastal Environments
Authors: Joensuu Mari , Pilditch Conrad A. , Norkko Alf 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSediment resuspension may play a major role in sediment-water exchange of nutrients, matter and energy in coastal areas where waves and currents dominate sediment transport. Biogeochemical sediment properties regulate sediment erodibility, but there is only limited knowledge of how temporal variability in environmental variables is reflected in the resuspension potential, especially for subtidal habitats. Further, the significance of resuspension on nutrient fluxes in coastal environments has remained unclear as contradicting results have been reported. Here we quantified the temporal variation in resuspension potential metrics (erosion threshold (τc; N m−2) and erosion constant (me; g N−1 s−1)) and associated nutrient fluxes from three sites in the Hanko archipelago (Finland) using a core-based erosion device (EROMES). The sites were sampled bi-monthly from April to December. We also quantified the temporal variation in biogeochemical sediment properties at each site. The τc exhibited the clearest temporal pattern in muddy sediment, where the coefficient of variation (= 67) was two to three times higher than the mixed (= 29) and sandy (= 16) sediments. Dry bulk density was the best predictor for sediment erodibility at all sites explaining 26–46% of the temporal variation in τc despite its limited variability at sandier sites. In addition, temporal variations in the macrofaunal community were important predictors of muddy sediment erodibility and therefore community dynamics need to be considered in sediment transport studies. All sites were potential nutrient sources, yet the overall role of sediment resuspension on nutrient release from the sediments was small.
Old bones or early graves? Megalithic burial sequences in southern Sweden based on 14C datings
Authors: Blank Malou , Sjögren Karl-Göran , Storå Jan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMegalithic tombs have since long been a focus of debate within the archaeological research field, not least regarding their emergence, use life and the various bursts of building activity in different regions and periods. The aim of this study is to investigate the temporal span of the main burial sequences in the conventional megalithic grave types of southern Sweden, with special focus on the less studied gallery graves. In Scandinavia, megalithic tombs are divided into three main types: dolmens, passage graves and gallery graves. Here, this prevailing typological seriation was tested. The study was based on 374 14C dates from unique individuals selected from 66 tombs. The form, layout and dating of the different types of tombs were studied in order to examine regional and chronological variation in the use of megaliths. By comparing sum plots, KDE models, individual 14C dates and typology of artefacts, the existing chronologies were evaluated. The 14C dates from dolmens and passage graves more or less agreed with the conventional chronology, while the presence of early skeletons in gallery graves was unexpected. The results indicate that megalithic graves appeared more or less simultaneously in southern Sweden and were first used around 3500–3300 cal BC. The dolmens and passage graves were used contemporaneously, although the proportion of early dates supports a slightly earlier start of the dolmens. Some of the gallery graves may also have been introduced at this time, although reburial of old bones cannot be ruled out.