bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Imaging and in-operando Tracking of Battery Electrode Microstructures
Authors: Tariq Farid , Yufit Vladimir , Eastwood David , Wu Billy , Merla Yu , Biton Moshiel , Cui Guansen , Freedman Kathrin , Peled Emanuel , Golodnitsky Diana , Lee Peter , Brandon Nigel P. 
Published: February 2020

Global demands for energy storage, supply and portability has seen continual increase. Meeting these requirements will be accelerated through an ability to directly image electrochemical devices such as batteries, in 3D, at high resolutions. However, despite their importance, the influence of microstructure on electrode behaviour remains poorly understood.
Tomographic techniques allow for direct 3D imaging and chracterisation of complex microstructures down towards tens of nanometers; which are inadequately described in 2D. The performance of battery electrodes are dependent on their inherent nano/micro scale structures where important reactions occur. Microstructural differences in mechanical, electrochemical or transport behaviour at fine length scales ultimately influences cell and pack level performance. Additionally, during processing or operation microstructural evolution may degrade electrochemical performance. Here we utilise tomographic techniques to probe different 3D battery anode structures at high resolutions to capture micro-nanometer length scale structure. The advanced 3D quantification of complex electrode shapes, structures and morphology facilitate an understanding of cell level behaviour. Furthermore, we directly image and track in-operando interfacial and microstructural changes during anode lithiation (Figure 1). In doing so, this provides important insights for electrode design and understanding sources of performance degradation.
Microstructure Evolution in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Processing
Authors: Liu Zhixiao , Mukherjee Partha P. 
Published: February 2020

The electrode microstructure and composition play an important role in determining the performance of the lithium ion battery (LIB). To this end, the processing of the multi-phase slurry consisting of active nanoparticles, conductive additives, binder and solvent determines the electrochemical properties and performance of the electrode. Mixing components in the slurry homogenously is one essential requirement to process the high quality electrode. Additionally, it is necessary to make these components cooperate very well with each other.1-4

Fundamentally, slurry properties and drying methods mainly determine the microstructure and the performance of the cathode composite. Viscosity of the slurry is an important property, which is determined by the concentration and the solid loading of each component, the interaction force among nanoparticles in the slurry, and the properties of active material nanoparticles that include the size of the nanoparticle, size distribution and the surface area.5 One common mechanism of the drying process is solvent evaporation from the surface of the substrate. The evaporation induced assembly is a popular scheme to make nanoparticles form desirable microstructures, and this assembly is controlled by interactions among nanoparticles and solvents, evaporation rates, mobility of nanoparticles and the morphology of nanoparticles.
In our present work, a morphology-detailed mesoscale model has been developed to gain fundamental understating of the influence of active particle morphology, size, volume fraction, solvent evaporation rated, and multi-phase (active particle, conductive additive, binder and solvent) interaction. Our results demonstrate that smaller isometric active particles tend to form favorable aggregation with conductive additive particles. Two regimes, namely spontaneous aggregation and evaporation induced
Study on Fluorine Content in Phosphates Used as Flame Retardant Additives / Co-Solvents in Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Murmann Patrick , Kalinovich Nataliya , Shevchuk Michael , Cekic-Laskovic Isidora , Winter Martin , Roeschenthaler Gerd-Volker 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have surpassed any other battery technology for consumer electronics and mobile devices in the last decades mostly due to the high energy density and the lack of memory effect. Following the invention of the concept, a lot of effort has been put into improving the energy, the power as well as the safety of the LIBs. [1] Besides other aspects, the flammability of carbonates, frequently used as electrolyte components in most batteries, is one of the major drawbacks. There are different approaches to overcome this problem. One approach is to replace the liquid electrolytes with, for example ionic liquids, gel polymer electrolytes or even solid electrolytes. [2]. In another approach flame retardants (FRs) are added to suppress the flammability of the electrolyte to the point at which it becomes non-flammable for example phosphorous containing compounds. [3] Xu et al. tested different phosphate containing compounds with varying concentrations.[4, 5]
This work displays a comparison study on five phosphorous containing FRs. The main goal was to gain deeper insight into the correlation between the fluorine content of the phosphate and the flammability of the electrolyte mixture. Special focus of the study was laid upon the fluorine content of the terminal carbon of the side chains.
Electrolyte compositions with different concentrations of the FRs were prepared using standard electrolyte components with 1 M Lithium hexafluorophosphate as conducting salt and a mix of carbonates as solvent. Since the goal was to improve the flammability of the electrolyte the crucial investigation is depicted by the self-extinguishing time (SET), which is a common way in literature to display the flammability of a certain liquid. To test the possible use of the mixtures in LIBs constant current cycling experiments were performed in half-cells on anode material (T44 graphite) as well as on cathode material (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC)). Physical properties like the flashpoint, the viscosity and the ionic conductivity completed the measurements.
Figure 1 displays the flammability of the tested electrolytes and the content in % is plotted vs the self-extinguishing time (SET) in s/g.
It was shown that the tested phosphates have potential for application as components in non-flammable electrolytes, which yields in an increase in safety without a big trade-off in performance.
[1] J. Wen, Y. Wen, C. Yu, J. Chen, Wen, Materials express, 2 (2012) 197-212.
[2] J.B. Goodenough, Y. Kim, Chem Mater, 22 (2010) 587-603.
[3] A. Granzow, Accounts Chem Res, 11 (1978) 177-183.
[4] K. Xu, J Electrochem Soc, 150 (2003) A161.
[5] K. Xu, M.S. Ding, S.S. Zhang, J.L. Allen, T.R. Jow, J Electrochem Soc, 149 (2002) A622-A626.
Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquids and Polar Solvent Mixture as Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Tran Man Van , Nguyen Truong Giang , Vo Dang Khoa , Le Phung My Loan 
Published: February 2020

Due to their unique properties like nonvolatility, non-flammability, high thermal stability, wide liquid range and wide electrochemical window, ionic liquids (ILs) have a great potential as components of lithium batteries [1-3]. However, the high viscosity of ILs based quaternary ammonium remains big challenge for application as lithium electrolyte. Many attempts to decrease the ILs viscosity such as: tailoring the cation and anion structures, using eutectic mixtures of ionic liquids, addition of molecular additive (organic solvent such as: EC, acetonitrile,…) [4-9].
In our previous report, the incorporation of 20 wt% EC has no positive effect on the pure IL dissociation, but decreases the viscosity as well as improves the electrochemical window stability [8, 9]. Thus, the IC-ILs mixture constitutes an interesting alternative and safe solvents for application in lithium batteries. To further explore the potential application of ammonium quaternary (QA) based ILs, we investigate here the cycling behavior and evolution of impedance characteristics of lithium cell (Li metal//ILs + 0.25M LiTFSI or ILs-EC + 0.25M LiTFSI //LiMn2O4, LiCoO2) using Swagelok prototype. The Li+insertion/desinsertion into electrode materials has also studied by cyclic voltammetry in lithium electrolyte based ILs.

Keywords:Electrolyte, ionic liquids, lithium battery

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) through Project Fund granted of 104.03-2012.46.

References

[1]. A. Lewandowski, A. S´widerska-Mocek, J. Power Sources, 194(2009).
[2]. M. Armand, F. Endres, D.R. MacFarlane, H. Ohno, B. Scrosati, Nature materials
8(2009).
[3]. A. Fernicola . B. Scrosati . H. Ohno, Ionics
12(2006)
[4]. S. Seiki, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kobayash, K.Takei, H. Miyashiro, K. Hayamizu, S. Tsuzuki, T. Mitsugi, Y. Umebayashi, J. Mol. Liq., 152(2010).
[5]. Honghe Zheng, Gao Liu, Vince Battaglia, J. Phys. Chem C
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(2010).
[6]. M. Diaw, A. Chagnes, B. Carré, P. Willmann, D. Lemordant, J. Power Sources
146(2005).
[7]. H. Tokuda, K. Hayamizu, K. Ishii, Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan, M. Watanabe,
J. Phys. Chem. B
108, (2004).
[8]. M. L. Phung Le, F. Alloin, P. Strobel, J. C. Leprêtre, L. Cointeaux, C. P. del Valle, Ionics, 18(2012).
[9]. M. L. P Le, L. Cointeaux, P. Strobel, J. C. Leprêtre, P. Judeinstein, F. Alloin, J. Phys.
Chem. C,
116 (14), (2012).
Efficient Plasmon-Induced Hot Electron Transfer and Photochemistry in Semiconductor-Au Nanorod Nanoheterostructures
Authors: Lian Tianquan 
Published: February 2020

Surface plasmon resonance in metal nanostructures have been used to enhance the efficiency of semiconductors and/or molecular chromophore based solar energy conversion devices by increasing the absorption or energy transfer rate through the enhanced local field strength. In more recent years, it has been shown that excitation of plasmons in metal nanostructures can lead to hot electron transfer into semiconductors and enhanced photochemistry. This novel plasmon-exciton interaction mechanism suggests that plasmonic nanostructures can potentially function as a new class of widely tunable and robust light harvesting materials for photo-detection or solar energy conversion. However, plasmon-induced hot electron injections from metal to semiconductor or molecules are still inefficient because of the competing ultrafast hot electron relaxation (via ultrafast electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering) processes within the metallic domain.
In this paper we discuss a recent study on the plasmon-exciton interaction mechanisms in colloidal quantum-confined epitaxially-grown semiconductor-gold plexcitonic nanorod heterostructures. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we show that optical excitation of plasmons in the Au tip leads to efficient hot electron injection into the semiconductor nanorod. In the presence of sacrificial electron donors, this plasmon induced hot electron transfer process can be utilized to drive photoreduction reactions under continuous illumination. Ongoing studies are examining how to further improve the plasmon induced hot electron injection efficiency through controlling the size and shape of the plasmonic and excitonic domains.
Periodic Mesoporous Materials for Overall Water Splitting: Design of an Artificial Leaf
Authors: Koodali Ranjit T , Peng Rui 
Published: February 2020

The overall splitting of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen using visible light photocatalysts is considered to be a holy grail in chemistry. Several semiconductors have been developed towards this purpose, however despite intense research, they suffer from poor quantum efficiencies. Furthermore, the development of stable and robust visible light absorbing photocatalysts seems to pose greater challenges.
In recent years, periodic mesoporous have attracted attention as support materials for catalytic reactions. Among the various classes of M41S series of materials, the cubic form called MCM-48 is an attractive material compared because it’s three-dimensional interpenetrating network of pores that provides efficient diffusion of reactants and products to the photocatalytically active sites. In addition, MCM-48 mesoporous materials also have high surface areas, tunable pore sizes, and large pore volumes that facilitate good dispersion of catalytically active sites. Our results show that the cubic MCM-48 materials containing spatially isolated titania clusters are efficient photocatalysts compared to titania incorporated into one-dimensional mesoporous supports such as MCM-41. Our research has demonstrated that titanium dioxide and CdS quantum dots can be well-dispersed within the MCM-48 mesoporous matrix. By deposition of RuO2 onto the CdS-Ti-MCM-48 photocatalyst, photocorrosion can be completely suppressed. The photocatalyst, RuO2-CdS-Ti-MCM-48 is the first known visible light photocatalyst capable of overall water splitting.
Blueprints for Photocatalytic Solar Fuel Applications
Authors: Redel Engelbert 
Published: February 2020

An important challenge of our 21st century will be the ability to capture and efficiently convert solar energy/sun-light into a storable terrestrial fuel. The future of photocatalysis and solar fuel generation lies in our ability to understand, extract and utilize “natural blueprints” e.g. for the photo-reduction process of CO2 or the splitting of H2O.
This includes e.g. (i) architectural, structural and photonic features; (ii) catalytic-material based blueprints and (iii) efficient light-harnessing and light-trapping materials that are able to mimic key photocatalytic processes and are potentially of high interest to be further utilized into new photo-catalytic materials, architectures and solar fuel devices.
Synthesis of Pd-Based Nanoparticles and Its Photocatalytic Activity for Organic Compounds Decomposition
Authors: Jeevagan Arockiam John , Gunji Takao , Hashimoto Masanari , Kaneko Shingo , Matsumoto Futoshi 
Published: February 2020

Oxide supported metal catalysts are widely recognized as an important photocatalyst because of its peculiar chemical and physical behaviors. Owing to its high reactivity, low cost and stability, TiO2 is one of the most extensivley studied photocatlaysts.1 However, for indoor applications, the faction of UV light available is very low. Hence, visble light photocatalysts are needed as an alternative of UV light photocatalysts. Recently, it hase been reported that Pt loaded WO3 exhibits high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic compounds under visible light.2 However, the high cost of Pt has been the primary impediment for the use of Pt loaded WO3 in indoor applications. The loading of other noble metals, such as Au, Pd, and Ag can also used as cocatalysts to enhance the photocatalytic activity of WO3. Among them Pd is one of the most effective cocatalyst because of the cost of the Pd is approximately one-fifth that of Pt and also shows enhanced charge separation lead to effective photocatalytic activity towards volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd and Pd based binary cocatalysts were prepared and subsequently characterized and we have demonstrated the enhancement of visible light photocatalytic activity of WO3in the decomposition of organic compounds. The details about the synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of catalysts would be discussed in the presentation.

References

1. M.R. Hoffman, S.T. Martin, W. Choi and D.W.
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95, 69, (1995).
2. R. Abe, H. Takami, N. Murakami and B. Ohtani,

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 7780, (2008)
Nanostructured Cu-Zn Oxides for Photocathodic Water Splitting
Authors: Banerjee Sriya , Myung Yoon , Im Hyungsoon , Park Jeunghee , Raman Sankar , Banerjee Parag 
Published: February 2020

In this study, we show that a metal alloy can be efficiently exploited, via controlled fabrication steps, to create mechanically robust and adherent, mixed metal oxide films with tunable photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties.
Brass is an alloy of Cu and Zn and an inexpensive source of semiconducting Cu2O, CuO and ZnO, which have all been used separately as photocathodes or photoanodes respectively for solar water splitting. However, thermodynamics and free energy change predicts a prevalence of ZnO formation when brass is oxidized. In this work however, we co-fabricate Cu and Zn oxides to form a highly adherent, mixed metal oxide surface and investigate the relationship between structure, property and performance in a PEC cell.
In order to make photocathodes, we first vacuum anneal brass which leads to a Zn-depleted Cu-rich surface. Following this, the foil is oxidized in air to obtain CuO. Simultaneously, Zn out-diffusion from the underlying brass, leads to formation of a mixed CuO-ZnO phase at the surface (Fig 1a) which is highly adherent to the metal foil underneath.
Structural characterization of the oxide layer is undertaken using SEM, Raman, XPS and XRD. SEM shows the presence of CuO nanowires interspersed with ZnO fibers (Fig. 1b). Raman and XRD data confirm the presence of both CuO and ZnO phases on the surface (Fig. 1c,d). Current voltage characteristics in sodium sulphate solution shows robust photocathodic response (Fig. 1e).
This study shows that thermal oxidation of metal alloys can lead to formation of highly interspersed, mixed oxide phases forming novel heterojunctions for use as economical and manufacturing-scalable energy harvesting devices.
Commercializing the Chloride-Containing All Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Li Liyu 
Published: February 2020

In 2010, a new vanadium redox flow battery chemistry using chloride-containing supporting electrolytes was invented at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.1,2 By adding a certain amount of chloride anions into the vanadium ions supporting solutions, stable V-Cl complexes form.
This new chemistry substantially improves the electrolyte stability over a significant wider range of temperatures, eases the system operation requirements and thus improves the system reliability and durability. It practically doubles the system energy capacity, allowing compact product design with 5X footprint reduction, and further enhances VFB safety through containerization and onsite chemical volume reduction. This technology was transferred to UniEnergy Technologies, LLC in 2012, and won the US Government’ highest Award of Excellence in Technology Transfer in 2013.
With this advanced technology, the first compact vanadium AC battery, UET’s Uni.SystemTM, was successfully developed in 2014. This system has many unique features, including

Factory integration: precision assembly & QC

Excellent safety: non-flammable, aqueous electrolytes; built-in secondary containment

Temperature agnostic: -40 °C to +50 °C

SOC agnostic: full capacity access

Plug & Play: rapid, low cost deployment

Excellent Availability: no stripping etc. required

20-year design life: unlimited cycles

100% recyclable: disposal contract included

In this presentation, the detail parameters and performance of this system will be discussed.
1. Li*, Kim, Wang, Vijayakumar, Nie, Chen, Zhang, Xia, Hu, Graff, Liu, Yang*, Advanced Energy Materials, 1, 394~400, 2011.8th International Vanadium Symposium: Chemistry, Biological Chemistry, & Toxicology (vanadium8.org)
2. Kim, Vijayakumar, Wang, Zhang, Chen, Nie, Chen, Hu, Li
*
, Yang*, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 18186-18193, 2011.
Na3V2(PO4)3-Graphene Nanocomposite As Stable Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Xiaolin , Liu Jun , Wang Chongmin , Choi Daiwon , Wang Wei , Sprenkle Vincent 
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Na-ion batteries, because of the high abundance and uniform geographic distribution of Na sources, have been regarded as low cost and high efficiency energy storage devices for stationary applications.1-2 However, it is difficult to find high energy and stable cathode materials for reversible Na ion insertion and extraction because of the large radius of Na ions (~40% larger than Li ions). Recently, layer structured metal oxides and NASICON structured Na3V2(PO4)3 have been demonstrated to be good cathode candidates.1-7 Na0.44MnO2 is known to have excellent cycling stability and can have a theoretical capacity of ~120 mAh/g when it cycles between Na0.22MnO2 and Na0.66MnO2. However, it has to be pre-cycled to 2V in order to fully use the capacity. Na3V2(PO4)3 is at discharge state and has a theoretical capacity of ~117 mAh/g. Yet it suffers from a low conductivity and usually needs large amount of carbon in electrode preparation. In this work, we synthesized Na3V2(PO4)3-graphene nanocomposite and demonstrated its excellent cycling stability and rate performance as cathodes for Na-ion batteries. A capacity of ~102 mAh/g was obtained at 0.5C current density and the capacity retention was ~99% after 600 cycles.

Results and Discussion

The Na3V2(PO4)3-graphene nanocomposite has 10% graphene. It was mixed with conductive carbon (10%) and binder (10%) and casted on an aluminum substrate. Long cycle stability was demonstrated in coin cells with Na metal as the counter electrode. A capacity of ~102 mAh/g was obtained at 0.5C and the capacity retention was ~99% after 600 cycles. We also studied the rate performance. The capacity at 2C rate is ~70 mAh/g.
Fig. 1. Long term cycling stability of the Na3V2(PO4)3-graphene nanocomposite.

Acknowledgement.

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability (OE) (under Contract No. 57558). We also are grateful for enlightening discussions with Dr. Imre Gyuk of the DOE-OE Grid Storage Program. (A portion of) The research was performed using EMSL, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

References

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2. HL Pan, Y-S Hu, and LQ Chen. Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013): 2338.

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