bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Properties of Passive Film Formed on Supermartensitic Stainless Steel in a Chloride Medium
Authors: Soares Renata B. , Campos Wagner R.C. , Gastelois Pedro L. , Macedo Waldemar A.A. , Dick Luís F.P. , Lins Vanessa F.C. 
Published: June 2020

The electrochemical behavior and the electronic properties of passive films formed on a super martensitic stainless steel (SMSS) used in oil and gas industries were investigated in aqueous 0.6 M and 2.1 M NaCl solutions with additions of sodium acetate and acetic acid (pH 4.5). Open-circuit potential transients, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were measured to characterize the passive film formed on SMSS. The electrochemical behavior of the steel in an aqueous solution of 0.6 M NaCl presented the highest pitting potential and the highest polarization resistance in relation to the NaCl/NaAc solution. The passive film of SMSS in an aqueous solution of NaCl presented a thickness of 18.40 nm, three times the thickness of the oxide film in NaCl/NaAc, and consisted of FeO, Cr2O3, MoO2, and spinels such as FeCr2O4 species that are a p-type semiconductor, but may also contain a small fraction of the Fe2O3 and MoO3 oxides. Additionally, it was shown that the passive layer after immersion in a saline solution also contains hydroxides such as FeOOH and Cr(OH)3.
Long-term (1999–2019) variability of stratospheric aerosol over Mauna Loa, Hawaii, as seen by two co-located lidars and satellite measurements
Authors: Chouza Fernando , Leblanc Thierry , Barnes John , Brewer Mark , Wang Patrick , Koon Darryl 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. As part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), ground-based measurements obtained from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) stratospheric ozone lidar and the NOAA stratospheric aerosol lidar at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, over the past 2 decades were used to investigate the impact of volcanic eruptions and pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) smoke plumes on the stratospheric aerosol load above Hawaii since 1999. Measurements at 355 and 532 nm conducted by these two lidars revealed a color ratio of 0.5 for background aerosols and small volcanic plumes and 0.8 for a PyroCb plume recorded on September 2017. Measurements of the Nabro plume by the JPL lidar in 2011–2012 showed a lidar ratio of (64±12.7) sr at 355 nm around the center of the plume.
The new Global Space-based Stratospheric Aerosol Climatology (GloSSAC), Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) Level 3 and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III-ISS) stratospheric aerosol datasets were compared to the ground-based lidar datasets. The intercomparison revealed a generally good agreement, with vertical profiles of extinction coefficient within 50 % discrepancy between 17 and 23 km above sea level (a.s.l.) and 25 % above 23 km a.s.l. The stratospheric aerosol depth derived from all of these datasets shows good agreement, with the largest discrepancy (20 %) being observed between the new CALIOP Level 3 and the other datasets.
All datasets consistently reveal a relatively quiescent period between 1999 and 2006, followed by an active period of multiple eruptions (e.g., Nabro) until early 2012. Another quiescent period, with slightly higher aerosol background, lasted until mid-2017, when a combination of extensive wildfires and multiple volcanic eruptions caused a significant increase in stratospheric aerosol loading. This loading maximized at the very end of the time period considered (fall 2019) as a result of the Raikoke eruption, the plume of which ascended to 26 km altitude in less than 3 months.
A comparison of OH nightglow volume emission rates as measured by SCIAMACHY and SABER
Authors: Zhu Yajun , Kaufmann Martin , Chen Qiuyu , Xu Jiyao , Gong Qiucheng , Liu Jilin , Wei Daikang , Riese Martin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Hydroxyl (OH) short-wave infrared emissions arising from OH(4-2, 5-2,
8-5, 9-6) as measured by channel 6 of the SCanning Imaging Absorption
spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) are used to
derive concentrations of OH(v=4, 5, 8, and 9) between 80 and
96 km. Retrieved concentrations are used to simulate OH(5-3,
4-2) integrated radiances at 1.6 µm and OH(9-7, 8-6) at
2.0 µm as measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using
Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, which are not fully
covered by the spectral range of SCIAMACHY measurements. On average,
SABER “unfiltered” data are on the order of 40 % at
1.6 µm and 20 % at 2.0 µm larger than
the simulations using SCIAMACHY data. “Unfiltered” SABER data are
a product, which accounts for the shape, width, and transmission of
the instrument's broadband filters, which do not cover the full
ro-vibrational bands of the corresponding OH transitions. It is found
that the discrepancy between SCIAMACHY and SABER data can be reduced
by up to 50 %, if the filtering process is carried out
manually using published SABER interference filter characteristics and
the latest Einstein coefficients from the HITRAN database. Remaining
differences are discussed with regard to model parameter uncertainties
and radiometric calibration.
A first comparison of TROPOMI aerosol layer height (ALH) to CALIOP data
Authors: Nanda Swadhin , de Graaf Martin , Veefkind J. Pepijn , Sneep Maarten , ter Linden Mark , Sun Jiyunting , Levelt Pieternel F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) level-2 aerosol layer height (ALH) product has now been released to the general public. This product is retrieved using TROPOMI's measurements of the oxygen A-band, radiative transfer model (RTM) calculations augmented by neural networks and an iterative optimal estimation technique. The TROPOMI ALH product will deliver ALH estimates over cloud-free scenes over the ocean and land that contain aerosols above a certain threshold of the measured UV aerosol index (UVAI) in the ultraviolet region. This paper provides background for the ALH product and explores its quality by comparing ALH estimates to similar quantities derived from spaceborne lidars observing the same scene. The spaceborne lidar chosen for this study is the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on the
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission, which flies in formation with NASA's A-train constellation since 2006 and is a proven source of data for studying ALHs. The influence of the surface and clouds is discussed, and the aspects of the TROPOMI ALH algorithm that will require future development efforts are highlighted. A case-by-case analysis of the data from the four selected cases (mostly around the Saharan region with approximately 800 co-located TROPOMI pixels and CALIOP profiles in June and December 2018) shows that ALHs retrieved from TROPOMI using the operational Sentinel-5 Precursor Level-2 ALH algorithm is lower than CALIOP aerosol extinction heights by approximately 0.5 km. Looking at data beyond these cases, it is clear that there is a significant difference when it comes to retrievals over land, where these differences can easily go over 1 km on average.
AGrammaof Motives: The Drama of Plato's Tripartite Psychology
Authors: Jasso John J. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTRhetoricians usually consider Plato's Republic as a work dedicated to political philosophy. As such, it is ostensibly antidemocratic and thus antirhetorical. But if we focus on the reason for the political allegory—the investigation of justice in the soul—it is clear that Plato is interested in Burke's question: “What is involved, when we say what people are doing and why they are doing it?” Accordingly, this article employs the terms of Burke's pentad in order to articulate the rhetorical significance of Plato's own drama of psychic motivation. Ultimately, I read the degenerating constitutions of the Republic as a rhetorical typography that not only identifies audience types and how to influence them, but also offers a map of psychic transformation that addresses Socrates's famous challenge to rhetoric in the Phaedrus.
(Potestatieve) voorwaarden in overnamecontracten: van theorie naar praktijk
Authors: Schrooten R.P. , Elion B.C. 
Published: June 2020

(Potestatieve) voorwaarden in overnamecontracten: van theorie naar praktijk
In de (internationale) overnamepraktijk wordt in overnamecontracten veelvuldig gecontracteerd onder één of meer opschortende voorwaarden. Veel van de opschortende voorwaarden die partijen overeenkomen, bevatten een potestatief element: de vervulling van de voorwaarde is (grotendeels) afhankelijk van de wil van een van de contractspartijen. In dit artikel bespreken de auteurs veelgebruikte voorwaarden uit de praktijk. De auteurs gaan in op de vraag of deze voorwaarden potestatief zijn en wat het effect daarvan zou zijn op (verbintenissen uit) het overnamecontract. De auteurs sluiten af met enkele aanbevelingen voor het gebruik van voorwaarden in de praktijk.
Comparison of the External Morphology of Straw- coloured Fruit Bats on Different Locations on Obafemi Awolowo University Campus
Authors: Bamidele A. O. , Israel O. F. 
Published: June 2020

Background of the Study: In the past few years, the presence of straw-coloured fruit bats in various parts of the University has been of a great concern to the University community. The movement of straw-coloured fruit bats from one location to another also creates concern of possible destruction of some important ecosystem features on campus.
Objective of the Study: This study compared the external morphology of straw-coloured fruit bats from three different locations on Obafemi Awolowo University campus students’ residential area, academic area and staff quarters).
Methodology: Non-lethal trap and mist nets were used in collecting the Straw-coloured fruit bats between June and December 2019. Captured specimen were transported in cages into the laboratory and chloroform was used to anesthetize the specimens before measuring the external morphometric parameters (HB, FA, HF, TIB, EL, TL, Tr, TBL and BW) with the aid of ruler and venier calliper.
Results and Conclusion: A total of 114 fruit bats (66 male and 58 female) were sampled with the use of non-lethal trap and mist nets. The mean Head body length for male specimens from the three locations were 204.6±2.1 mm, 214.6±1.2 mm and 216.6±2.6 mm and the mean body weight were 208.5±2.4, 224.6±2.1 and 254.3±2.9 g respectively. The mean Head body length of female specimens were 158.5±1.1 mm, 172.8±1.5 mm, and 186.5±2.6 mm and the mean of body weight from all the locations were 184.6±2.0, 206.5±2.1 and 232.6±2.9g. The specimens from Student hostel had the lowest external morphometric parameters values, while specimens from Staff quarters had the highest morphometric values. The PCA scatter plot showed no relationship in the morphometric parameters of all the specimens from the three locations. The PCA loading showed that HB, TIB and the BW of all the specimen had negative correlation which may be due to different factors. In conclusion, the Straw-coloured fruit Bat on OAU campus showed different external morphometry which may be due to roosting, foraging and predator.
A Coupled FEM‐SPH Modeling Technique to Investigate the Contractility of Biohybrid Thin Films
Authors: Vannozzi Lorenzo , Mazzocchi Tommaso , Hasebe Arihiro , Takeoka Shinji , Fujie Toshinori , Ricotti Leonardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBiohybrid actuators have the potential to overcome the limitations of traditional actuators employed in robotics, thanks to the unique features of living contractile muscle cells, which can be used to power artificial elements. This paper describes a computational approach for the estimation of the contractile capabilities of skeletal muscle cell‐powered biohybrid actuators based on polymeric thin films. The proposed model grounds on the coupling between finite element modeling and smooth particle hydrodynamics. This allows describing the overall condition, including the viscous forces caused by the surrounding liquid medium, in which biohybrid systems are normally immersed. The model is calibrated by analyzing the contractile behavior of polydimethylsiloxane films coupled with skeletal muscle cells, reported in the literature as muscular thin films. Afterward, it is applied to poly (D, L‐lactic acid) thin films to explore the behavior of these systems, due to myotubes cultured on them, evaluating the role of thickness, tissue maturation status, and hydrostatic pressure on the contractile performance. These results pave the way toward a novel optimization approach of biohybrid robot design relying on the simulation of all the boundary conditions, thus reducing the need for extensive trial‐and‐error efforts.
Biodegradable Polyanhydrides as Encapsulation Layers for Transient Electronics
Authors: Choi Yeon Sik , Koo Jahyun , Lee Young Joong , Lee Geumbee , Avila Raudel , Ying Hanze , Reeder Jonathan , Hambitzer Leonhard , Im Kyungtaek , Kim Jungwon , Lee Kyung‐Mi , Cheng Jianjun , Huang Yonggang , Kang Seung‐Kyun , Rogers John A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBioresorbable electronic systems represent an emerging class of technology of interest due to their ability to dissolve, chemically degrade, disintegrate, and/or otherwise physically disappear harmlessly in biological environments, as the basis for temporary implants that avoid the need for secondary surgical extraction procedures. Polyanhydride‐based polymers can serve as hydrophobic encapsulation layers for such systems, as a subset of the broader field of transient electronics, where biodegradation eventually occurs by chain scission. Systematic experimental studies that involve immersion in phosphate‐buffered saline solution at various pH values and/or temperatures demonstrate that dissolution occurs through a surface erosion mechanism, with little swelling. The mechanical properties of this polymer are well suited for use in soft, flexible devices, where integration can occur through a mold‐based photopolymerization technique. Studies of the dependence of the polymer properties on monomer compositions and the rates of permeation on coating thicknesses reveal some of the underlying effects. Simple demonstrations illustrate the ability to sustain operation of underlying biodegradable electronic systems for durations between a few hours to a week during complete immersion in aqueous solutions that approximate physiological conditions. Systematic chemical, physical, and in vivo biological studies in animal models reveal no signs of toxicity or other adverse biological responses.
Visible and NIR Upconverting Er3+–Yb3+ Luminescent Nanorattles and Other Hybrid PMO‐Inorganic Structures for In Vivo Nanothermometry
Authors: Kaczmarek Anna M. , Suta Markus , Rijckaert Hannes , Abalymov Anatolii , Van Driessche Isabel , Skirtach Andre G. , Meijerink Andries , Van Der Voort Pascal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLanthanide‐doped luminescent nanoparticles are an appealing system for nanothermometry with biomedical applications due to their sensitivity, reliability, and minimal invasive thermal sensing properties. Here, four unique hybrid organic–inorganic materials prepared by combining β‐NaGdF4 and PMOs (periodic mesoporous organosilica) or mSiO2 (mesoporous silica) are proposed. PMO/mSiO2 materials are excellent candidates for biological/biomedical applications as they show high biocompatibility with the human body. On the other hand, the β‐NaGdF4 matrix is an excellent host for doping lanthanide ions, even at very low concentrations with yet very efficient luminescence properties. A new type of Er3+–Yb3+ upconversion luminescence nanothermometers operating both in the visible and near infrared regime is proposed. Both spectral ranges permit promising thermometry performance even in aqueous environment. It is additionally confirmed that these hybrid materials are non‐toxic to cells, which makes them very promising candidates for real biomedical thermometry applications. In several of these materials, the presence of additional voids leaves space for future theranostic or combined thermometry and drug delivery applications in the hybrid nanostructures.
Direct Conversion of Fe2O3 to 3D Nanofibrillar PEDOT Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Diao Yifan , Lu Yang , Yang Haoru , Wang Hongmin , Chen Haozhe , D'Arcy Julio M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMicrosupercapacitors (µSCs) are attractive electrochemical energy storage devices serving as alternatives to batteries in miniaturized portable electronics owing to high‐power density and extended cycling stability. Current state‐of‐the‐art microfabrication strategies are limited by costly steps producing materials with structural defects that lead to low energy density. This paper introduces an electrode engineering platform that combines conventional microfabrication and polymerization from the vapor phase producing 3D µSCs of the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). A sputtered Fe2O3 precursor layer enables deposition of a 250 nm thick polymer coating comprised of a high packing density of vertically aligned PEDOT nanofibers possessing exceptional electrical conductivity (3580 S cm−1). The 3D µSCs exhibit state‐of‐the‐art volumetric energy density (16.1 mWh cm−3) as well as areal (21.3 mF cm−2) and volumetric (400 F cm−3) capacitances in 1 m H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. These figures of merit represent the highest values among conducting polymer‐based µSCs. Electrochemical performance is controlled by investigating coating thickness, gap distance, fractal geometry, and gel electrolyte (1 m H2SO4/polyvinyl alcohol). The quasisolid‐state µSCs exhibit extended rate capability (50 V s−1), retain 94% of original capacitance after 10 000 cycles and remain thermally stable up to 60 °C.
Biradical‐Featured Stable Organic‐Small‐Molecule Photothermal Materials for Highly Efficient Solar‐Driven Water Evaporation
Authors: Chen Guanyu , Sun Jiangman , Peng Qian , Sun Qi , Wang Guan , Cai Yuanjing , Gu Xinggui , Shuai Zhigang , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWith recent progress in photothermal materials, organic small molecules featured with flexibility, diverse structures, and tunable properties exhibit unique advantages but have been rarely applied in solar‐driven water evaporation owing to limited sunlight absorption resulting in low solar–thermal conversion. Herein, a stable croconium derivative, named CR‐TPE‐T, is designed to exhibit the unique biradical property and strong π–π stacking in the solid state, which facilitate not only a broad absorption spectrum from 300 to 1600 nm for effective sunlight harvesting, but also highly efficient photothermal conversion by boosting nonradiative decay. The photothermal efficiency is evaluated to be 72.7% under 808 nm laser irradiation. Based on this, an interfacial‐heating evaporation system based on CR‐TPE‐T is established successfully, using which a high solar‐energy‐to‐vapor efficiency of 87.2% and water evaporation rate of 1.272 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun irradiation are obtained, thus making an important step toward the application of organic‐small‐molecule photothermal materials in solar energy utilization.
Analytical Study of Solution‐Processed Tin Oxide as Electron Transport Layer in Printed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Rohnacher Valentina , Ullrich Florian , Eggers Helge , Schackmar Fabian , Hell Sebastian , Salazar Adriana , Huck Christian , Hernandez‐Sosa Gerardo , Paetzold Ulrich W. , Jaegermann Wolfram , Pucci Annemarie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSolution‐processed tin oxide (SnOx) electron transport layers demonstrate excellent performance in various optoelectronic devices and offer the ease of facile and low cost deposition by various printing techniques. The most common precursor solution for the preparation of SnOx thin films is SnCl2 dissolved in ethanol. In order to elucidate the mechanism of the precursor conversion at different annealing temperatures and the optoelectronic performance of the SnOx electron transport layer, phonon and vibrational infrared and photoelectron spectroscopies as well as atomic force microscopy are used to probe the chemical, physical, and morphological properties of the SnOx thin films. The influence of two different solvents on the layer morphology of SnOx thin films is investigated. In both cases, an increasing annealing temperature not only improves the structural and chemical properties of solution‐processed SnOx, but also reduces the concentration of tin hydroxide species in the bulk and on the surface of these thin films. As a prototypical example for the high potential of printed SnOx layers for solar cells, high performance perovskite solar cells with a stabilized power conversion efficiency of over 15% are presented.
Color Gamut Behavior in Epsilon Near‐Zero Nanocavities during Propagation of Gap Surface Plasmons
Authors: Lio Giuseppe Emanuele , Ferraro Antonio , Giocondo Michele , Caputo Roberto , De Luca Antonio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis work reports on numerical and experimental results obtained in plasmonic metal–insulator nanocavities. The systems are composed of silver as metal, and different materials as insulator, namely polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), indium tin oxide (ITO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). The proposed nanocavities exhibit extraordinary optical effects as tunable color hue, highlighted in gamut maps, depending on incident/viewing angles, extraordinary transmission and zero reflection at resonant wavelengths, for different incident polarizations. These phenomena are related to the formation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and gap surface plasmons (GSPs) whose presence is evidenced by a remarkable sigmoidal behavior of the pseudo dielectric function, with epsilon‐near‐zero singularities in its real and imaginary parts. This function is directly calculated from the measured ellipsometric parameters Ψ and Δ and allows probing, in a fast and effective way, the existence of the plasmonic modes. Moreover, in presence of these singularities, the ellispometric analysis of the systems also shows a pronounced dephasing between p‐ and s‐reflected beams that can lead to a Goos–Hänchen shift effect to be exploited for sensing applications. Thanks to their unusual optical properties, the proposed nanocavities open a wide scenario of applications in fields like tunable color filters, optics, photonics, physical security, and sensing.
n‐Type Dirac‐Source Field‐Effect Transistors Based on a Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Heterojunction
Authors: Xiao Mengmeng , Lin Yanxia , Xu Lin , Deng Bing , Peng Hailin , Peng Lian‐Mao , Zhang Zhiyong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs a type of steep‐slope transistor, a Dirac‐source field‐effect transistor (DS‐FET) provides both high performance and sub‐60 mV dec−1 subthreshold swing (SS) at room temperature. However, only p‐type DS‐FETs are experimentally demonstrated, and n‐type DS‐FETs for constructing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic circuits are lacking. Here, the first experimental demonstrations of n‐type DS‐FETs and tunneling FETs (TFETs) based on a graphene/carbon nanotube heterojunction with a Sc drain are provided. The as‐fabricated n‐type DS‐FETs present a minimum SS as low as 37 mV dec−1 at room temperature and a high I60 of 2.6 µA µm−1 (Vds = 0.1 V), which reflect an advantage in the on‐state performance of more than two orders of magnitude over the TFETs. In addition, the Gm/Ids ratio reaches 70 V−1, which breaks the physical limit (38.5 V−1) and reflects the ultrahigh transconductance efficiency of the transistor for analog applications. The realization of n‐type DS‐FETs not only opens a door to achieving CMOS DS‐FETs for future high‐energy‐efficiency digital electronics and high‐performance analog electronics but also further verifies the validity and universality of device physics for DS‐FETs.