bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of young radio pulsars – II. Braking indices and their interpretation
Authors: Parthasarathy A , Johnston S , Shannon R M , Lentati L , Bailes M , Dai S , Kerr M , Manchester R N , Osłowski S , Sobey C , van Straten W , Weltevrede P 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
In Paper I of this series, we detected a significant value of the braking index (n) for 19 young, high-$\dot{E}$ radio pulsars using ∼10 yr of timing observations from the 64-m Parkes radio telescope. Here, we investigate this result in more detail using a Bayesian pulsar timing framework to model timing noise and to perform selection to distinguish between models containing exponential glitch recovery and braking index signatures. We show that consistent values of n are maintained with the addition of substantial archival data, even in the presence of glitches. We provide strong arguments that our measurements are unlikely due to exponential recovery signals from unseen glitches even though glitches play a key role in the evolution of a pulsar’s spin frequency. We conclude that, at least over decadal time-scales, the value of n can be significantly larger than the canonical 3 and discuss the implications for the evolution of pulsars.
A fundamental test for MOND
Authors: Marra Valerio , Rodrigues Davi C , de Almeida Álefe O F 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The radial acceleration relation (RAR) shows a strong correlation between two accelerations associated with galaxy rotation curves. The relation between these accelerations is given by a non-linear function that depends on an acceleration scale a†. Some have interpreted this as an evidence for a gravity model, such as modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), which posits a fundamental acceleration scale a0 common to all the galaxies. However, it was later shown, using Bayesian inference, that this seems not to be the case: the a0 credible intervals for individual galaxies were not found to be compatible among themselves. A test like the latter is a fundamental test for MOND as a theory for gravity, since it directly evaluates its basic assumption and this using the data that most favour MOND: galaxy rotation curves. Here we improve upon the previous analyses by introducing a more robust method to assess the compatibility between the credible intervals, in particular without Gaussian approximations. We directly estimate, using a Monte Carlo simulation, that the existence of a fundamental acceleration is incompatible with the data at more than 5σ. We also consider quality cuts in order to show that our results are robust against outliers. In conclusion, the new analysis further supports the claim that the acceleration scale found in the RAR is an emergent quantity.
Origin and evolution of the Galactic inventories of interstellar dust and its composition
Authors: Gupta Anuj , Sahijpal Sandeep 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTInterstellar dust is a significant component of matter in the galaxies. The dust owns its origin and reprocessing in a wide range of astrophysical environments. In order to understand the origin and evolution of the distinct types of interstellar dust grains, we have attempted a comprehensive correlated study of the thermodynamics condensation of dust grains in distinct stellar environments with the Galactic chemical evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy. The Galaxy is evolved in terms of elemental evolution resulting from stellar nucleosynthetic contributions of several generations of stars. Based on the elemental composition of the evolving Galaxy, the relative abundances of the major constituents of interstellar dust are assessed. The major aim is to redistribute the various condensable elements at any epoch during the evolution of the Galaxy into various grain constituents and understand their abundance evolution based on a mass-balance formalism. We also performed thermodynamical equilibrium condensation calculations to understand the stellar origin of various grain constituents that could carry the isotopic signatures of the various stellar nucleosynthetic sources. This is perhaps a novel attempt to estimate the bulk dust mass budget in the evolving Galaxy. The normalized mass of the Galactic dust is predicted to decrease with the increase in distance from the Galactic centre. It increases over time. The supernovae SNe Ia are predicted as the most prominent sources of Fe-dust mass, the supernova SN II+Ib/c produces oxides- and silicate-dust mass, and the AGB stars contribute to carbonaceous dust mass.
Linking compact dwarf starburst galaxies in the RESOLVE survey to downsized blue nuggets
Authors: Palumbo Michael L , Kannappan Sheila J , Frazer Elaine M , Eckert Kathleen D , Norman Dara J , Fraga Luciano , Quint Bruno C , Amram Philippe , Mendes de Oliveira Claudia , Bittner Ashley S , Moffett Amanda J , Stark David V , Norris Mark A , Cleaves Nathaniel T , Carr Derrick S 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We identify and characterize compact dwarf starburst (CDS) galaxies in the REsolved Spectroscopy Of a Local VolumE (RESOLVE) survey, a volume-limited census of galaxies in the local Universe, to probe whether this population contains any residual ‘blue nuggets,’ a class of intensely star-forming compact galaxies first identified at high redshift z. Our 50 low-z CDS galaxies are defined by dwarf masses (stellar mass M* &lt; 109.5 M⊙), compact bulged-disc or spheroid-dominated morphologies (using a quantitative criterion, $\mu _\Delta \gt 8.6$), and specific star formation rates (SSFRs) above the defining threshold for high-z blue nuggets (log  SSFR [Gyr−1] &gt; −0.5). Across redshifts, blue nuggets exhibit three defining properties: compactness relative to contemporaneous galaxies, abundant cold gas, and formation via compaction in mergers or colliding streams. Those with halo mass below Mhalo ∼ 1011.5 M⊙ may in theory evade permanent quenching and cyclically refuel until the present day. Selected only for compactness and starburst activity, our CDS galaxies generally have Mhalo ≲ 1011.5 M⊙ and gas-to-stellar mass ratio ≳1. Moreover, analysis of archival DECaLS photometry and new 3D spectroscopic observations for CDS galaxies reveals a high rate of photometric and kinematic disturbances suggestive of dwarf mergers. The SSFRs, surface mass densities, and number counts of CDS galaxies are compatible with theoretical and observational expectations for redshift evolution in blue nuggets. We argue that CDS galaxies represent a maximally starbursting subset of traditional compact dwarf classes such as blue compact dwarfs and blue E/S0s. We conclude that CDS galaxies represent a low-z tail of the blue nugget phenomenon formed via a moderated compaction channel that leaves open the possibility of disc regrowth and evolution into normal disc galaxies.
Simulation of a compact object with outflows moving through a gaseous background
Authors: Li Xinyu , Chang Philip , Levin Yuri , Matzner Christopher D , Armitage Philip J 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
A compact object moving relative to surrounding gas accretes material and perturbs the density of gas in its vicinity. In the classical picture of Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton accretion, the perturbation takes the form of an overdense wake behind the object, which exerts a dynamical friction drag. We use hydrodynamic simulations to investigate how the accretion rate and strength of dynamical friction are modified by the presence of outflow from the compact object. We show that the destruction of the wake by an outflow reduces dynamical friction, and reverses its sign when the outflow is strong enough, in good quantitative agreement with analytic calculations. For a strong isotropic outflow, the outcome on scales that we have simulated is a negative dynamical friction, i.e. net acceleration. For jet-like outflows driven by reprocessed accretion, both the rate of accretion and the magnitude of dynamical friction drop for more powerful jets. The accretion rate is strongly intermittent when the jet points to the same direction as the motion of the compact object. The dynamical effects of outflows may be important for the evolution of compact objects during the common envelope phase of binary systems, and for accreting compact objects and massive stars encountering active galactic nucleus discs.
The short-chain fatty acids butyrate and propionate protect against inflammation-induced activation of mediators involved in active labor: implications for preterm birth
Authors: Moylan Hope Eveline Carter , Nguyen-Ngo Caitlyn , Lim Ratana , Lappas Martha 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Spontaneous preterm birth is a global health issue affecting up to 20% of pregnancies and leaves a legacy of neurodevelopmental complications. Inflammation has been implicated in a significant proportion of preterm births, where pro-inflammatory insults trigger production of additional pro-inflammatory and pro-labor mediators. Thus, novel therapeutics that can target inflammation may be a novel avenue for preventing preterm birth and improving adverse fetal outcomes. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate and propionate, are dietary metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the gut. SCFAs are known to possess anti-inflammatory properties and have been found to function through G-coupled-receptors and histone deacetylases. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of SCFAs on pro-inflammatory and pro-labor mediators in an in vitro model of preterm birth. Primary human cells isolated from myometrium and fetal membranes (decidua, amnion mesenchymal and amnion epithelial cells) were stimulated with the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) or interleukin 1B (IL1B). The SCFAs butyrate and propionate suppressed inflammation-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, adhesion molecules, the uterotonic prostaglandin PGF2alpha and enzymes involved in remodeling of myometrium and degradation of the fetal membranes. Notably, propionate and butyrate also suppressed inflammation-induced prostaglandin signaling and myometrial cell contraction. These effects appear to be mediated through suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. These results suggest that the SCFAs may be able to prevent myometrial contractions and rupture of membranes. Further in vivo studies are warranted to identify the efficacy of SCFAs as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic to prevent inflammation-induced spontaneous preterm birth.
Direct Renin Inhibition in Non-diabetic chronic Kidney disease (DRINK): a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Tang Sydney C W , Chan Kam Wa , Ip Dennis K M , Yap Desmond Y H , Ma Maggie K M , Mok Maggie M Y , Chan Gary C W , Tam Sidney , Lai Kar Neng 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
The potential long-term safety and efficacy of aliskiren in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) are unknown. We sought to investigate the renoprotective effect of aliskiren on nondiabetic CKD patients.

Methods
In this open-label, parallel, randomized controlled trial, nondiabetic CKD Stages 3–4 patients were randomized to receive aliskiren added to an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) at the maximal tolerated dose, or ARB alone. Primary outcome was the rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Secondary endpoints included rate of change in urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR), cardiovascular events and hyperkalemia. Composite renal outcomes of doubling of baseline serum creatinine or a 40% reduction in eGFR or incident end-stage renal disease or death were analyzed as post hoc analysis.

Results
Seventy-six patients were randomized: 37 to aliskiren (mean age 55.1 ± 11.1 years) and 39 to control (mean age 55.0 ± 9.4 years). Their baseline demographics were comparable to eGFR (31.9 ± 9.0 versus 27.7 ± 9.0 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.05) and UPCR (30.7 ± 12.6 versus 47.8 ± 2.8 mg/mmol, P = 0.33) for treatment versus control subjects. After 144 weeks of follow-up, there was no difference in the rate of eGFR change between groups. Six patients in the aliskiren group and seven in the control group reached the renal composite endpoint (16.2% versus 17.9%, P = 0.84). The cardiovascular event rate was 10.8% versus 2.6% (P = 0.217). The hyperkalemia rate was 18.9% versus 5.1% with an adjusted hazard ratio of 7.71 (95% confidence interval 1.14 to 52.3, P = 0.04) for the aliskiren arm.

Conclusion
Aliskiren neither conferred additional renoprotective benefit nor increased adverse events, except for more hyperkalemia in nondiabetic CKD patients.
Coombs-positive Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Authors: Kalam Sabrina , Beale Rupert , Hughes Derralynn , Kulasekararaj Austin , Srirangalingam Umasuthan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) are two distinct causes of haemolytic anaemia. They have different mechanisms that underpin their pathogenesis and, therefore, require different treatment strategies. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) or Coombs test is positive in cases of immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and, thus, is positive in AIHA but negative in PNH. We report a case of a woman presenting with a haemolytic anaemia who was found to have concomitant evidence of AIHA and PNH. The case highlights the importance of carrying out a comprehensive haemolysis work-up in patients who present with haemolytic anaemia.
Diversity of γ-ray and radio variability of bright blazars and implications for γ-ray emission location
Authors: Zhang Hai-Ming , Wang Zhen-Jie , Zhang Jin , Yi Ting-Feng , Chen Liang , Lu Rui-Jing , Liang En-Wei 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Violent multi-wavelength variabilities are observed in γ-ray-selected blazars. We present an analysis of long-term light curves for eight bright blazars to explore the co-variation pattern in the γ-ray and radio bands. We extract their γ-ray light curves and spectra with data observed by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) since 2008. We find diverse co-variation patterns between the γ-ray and radio (at 43 GHz) fluxes in these sources. The γ-ray and radio fluxes of 3C 454.3 and PKS 1633+382 are correlated without any time lag, suggesting that they are from the same radiation region. Similar correlation is also observed in 3C 273 and PKS 1222+216, but the radio flux lags behind the γ-ray flux by approximately ∼160 d and ∼290 d, respectively. This likely suggests that their γ-ray emission regions are located the upstream of their radio cores at 43 GHz. The γ-ray and radio fluxes of the other four blazars are not correlated, implying that the γ-ray and radio emission may be from different regions in their jets. The γ-ray light curves of the eight blazars can be decomposed into some components with long-timescale variability and some fast spike flares. We propose that they may be attributed to the central engine activity and the magnetic reconnection process or turbulence in the local emission region, respectively.
Assessing the UK Football Policing Unit Funding of Football Banning Orders in Times of Policing Austerity
Authors: Hester Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article examines how austerity measures have affected football policing units in UK, with a specific focus on the use of UK Football Policing Unit (UKFPU) funding for football banning orders. The research utilizes semi-structured interviews with football police officers and examines publicly available Home Office data. Austerity measures were found to be restrictive to operational deployments at football matches, reducing opportunities for early intervention, liaison-based policing, and evidence gathering. The findings offer limited support to previous research into UKFPU funding, in that it is a target driven process. However, new accounts are emerging which show that officers are rejecting the idea of funding for banning orders, and that reform is needed. This could be in the guise of UKFPU funding being utilized for other football policing activities that are aimed at preventing disorder, and engaging supporters into positive behaviour change.
Vasculitis and the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Ginsberg Lionel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common feature of systemic vasculitis and can also occur when vessel wall inflammation is confined to the vasa nervorum, as a tissue-specific condition—non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy (NSVN). Typically, the clinical picture in both systemic and non-systemic cases is of a lower limb predominant, distal, asymmetric or multifocal neuropathy, which is painful and subacute in onset. For NSVN, nerve biopsy is required to make the diagnosis, and nerve biopsy also has a role when vasculitic neuropathy is suspected and a systemic process has not yet declared itself. Early recognition of the disorder is important, because it is treatable, and without treatment potentially disabling, or even lethal if part of an undiagnosed systemic process. Treatment is generally with combination therapy (glucocorticoid plus other immunosuppressant), after which motor and sensory recovery are likely to occur, albeit slowly, but the patient may be left with chronic neuropathic pain.
IL-37 inhibits M1-like macrophage activation to ameliorate temporomandibular joint inflammation through the NLRP3 pathway
Authors: Luo Ping , Peng Sisi , Yan Yin , Ji Ping , Xu Jie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesIL-37 has been identified as an important anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive factor. This study was undertaken to explore how IL-37 affects M1/M2-like macrophage polarization and thus contributes to anti-inflammatory processes in the temporomandibular joint.MethodsWestern blotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were used to verify the IL-37-induced polarization shift from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype, and the related key pathways were analysed by western blotting. Human chondrocytes were stimulated with M1-conditioned medium (CM) or IL-37-pretreated M1-CM, and inflammatory cytokines were detected. siRNA-IL-1R8 and MCC-950 were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-37. Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced and disc perforation-induced inflammation models were used for in vivo studies. Haematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical and safranin-O staining protocols were used to analyse histological changes in the synovium and condyle.ResultsWestern blotting, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence showed that IL-37 inhibited M1 marker expression and upregulated M2 marker expression. Western blotting and qRT-PCR showed that pretreatment with IL-37 suppressed inflammatory cytokine expression in chondrocytes. IL-37 inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and upregulated the expression of IL-1R8. Si-IL-1R8 and MCC-950 further confirmed that the anti-inflammatory properties of IL-37 were dependent on the presence of IL-1R8 and NLRP3. In vivo, IL-37 reduced synovial M1 marker expression and cartilage degeneration and increased M2 marker expression.ConclusionIL-37 shifting of the polarization of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the beneficial anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype seems to be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating temporomandibular joint inflammation.
Hip fracture care—Latin America
Authors: Rojas Luis Gerardo Padilla , Hernández Sergio Quintero , Ávila José María Jiménez , Cervantes Roberto Enrique López , Enghelmayer Rafael Amadei , Pesciallo Cesar , Garabano German , Mackechnie Madeline C. , Quintero José Eduardo , Kojima Kodi E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Incidence rates of hip fractures in Latin America continue to rise. These fractures are associated with factors such as health, education, and socioeconomic status. Although there are many well-developed public and private healthcare systems available, the quality and consistency in the management of patients with hip fractures varies substantially.
This article provides a summary review of national hip fracture care guidelines in 4 of the largest countries in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina), describing national guidelines, audits, standard treatment approaches in each country and regional policies; with the goal of understanding and comparing the different guidelines, identifying the main problems in each country, learning from the policies of the other countries, and developing improvement projects.
Hip Fracture Management
Authors: Miclau Theodore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Hip fractures, among the most common geriatric injuries, are associated with adverse patient outcomes and significant costs. The incidence of these fractures continues to rise with an aging population worldwide. While many factors that negatively impact patient outcomes are nonmodifiable, others, which include pre- and postoperative medical management, timing of surgical stabilization, and fracture fixation methods, are modifiable and have been shown to affect outcomes. Treatment pathways are dependent upon available resources and established systems, and comparative guidelines from different regions and countries are not well documented. This special issue seeks to highlight regional differences in hip fracture care globally and represents a collaborative work of member societies of the International Orthopaedic Trauma Association, an international association of orthopaedic societies dedicated to the promotion of musculoskeletal trauma care through advancements in patient care, research, and education. The expectation is that better understanding these differences will aid efforts to better understand, improve, and standardize existing approaches to hip fracture management worldwide.
The top three unanswered questions in the management of open fractures
Authors: Atwan Yousif , Schemitsch Emil H. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Despite improvements in treatment strategies and emphasis on preventative measures, the management of open fractures continues to be a challenging endeavor for orthopaedic surgeons. Deep infections, delayed healing, and nonunion continue to be problematic complications associated with these devastating injuries. There remain many unanswered clinical questions regarding the management of these injuries and how the various aspects of care can be further optimized. There continues to be a paucity of evidence regarding how infection can best be treated and prevented, how to reliability predict bone healing/nonunion, and how bone healing can be best augmented in the setting of open fractures and their potential nonunions. This review aims to assess the current literature on these top unanswered questions and discuss the gaps in evidence that may be filled with future studies.
Hip fracture care and national systems
Authors: Swenning Todd , Leighton Jennifer , Nentwig Michelle , Dart Bradley 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
While it is widely understood that management of hip fractures not only represents clinical decision making dilemmas for the individual orthopaedist, these increasingly common injuries present economic burdens to local and national systems as well. This supplement article looks at current clinical trends, as well as systems-based issues in the United States and Canada.