bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering problems in machine learning systems
Authors: Kuwajima Hiroshi , Yasuoka Hirotoshi , Nakae Toshihiro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFatal accidents are a major issue hindering the wide acceptance of safety-critical systems that employ machine learning and deep learning models, such as automated driving vehicles. In order to use machine learning in a safety-critical system, it is necessary to demonstrate the safety and security of the system through engineering processes. However, thus far, no such widely accepted engineering concepts or frameworks have been established for these systems. The key to using a machine learning model in a deductively engineered system is decomposing the data-driven training of machine learning models into requirement, design, and verification, particularly for machine learning models used in safety-critical systems. Simultaneously, open problems and relevant technical fields are not organized in a manner that enables researchers to select a theme and work on it. In this study, we identify, classify, and explore the open problems in engineering (safety-critical) machine learning systems—that is, in terms of requirement, design, and verification of machine learning models and systems—as well as discuss related works and research directions, using automated driving vehicles as an example. Our results show that machine learning models are characterized by a lack of requirements specification, lack of design specification, lack of interpretability, and lack of robustness. We also perform a gap analysis on a conventional system quality standard SQuaRE with the characteristics of machine learning models to study quality models for machine learning systems. We find that a lack of requirements specification and lack of robustness have the greatest impact on conventional quality models.
The Trade-off Between Poverty Reduction and Carbon Emissions, and the Role of Economic Growth and Inequality: An Empirical Cross-Country Analysis Using a Novel Indicator
Authors: Malerba Daniele 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIs it possible for countries to eradicate poverty while also meeting environmental goals? Despite the passage of international agreements calling for these issues to be addressed simultaneously, little is known about the direct relationship between them. This study addresses this gap by proposing a new and composite indicator that integrates measures for both poverty and environmental outcomes (carbon emissions) into a single variable, the carbon intensity of poverty reduction (CIPR). This variable defines the trade-off between the proportional changes of emissions per capita and of the share of the population above the poverty line. In parallel an analytic framework is developed to formulate propositions concerning the possible effects of growth and inequality on the CIPR. The propositions are tested empirically using data from 135 countries across a 30-year time period (1981–2012). The findings confirm that the carbon intensity of poverty reduction is heterogeneous across countries. This heterogeneity is partly explained by economic growth, which is found to have a negative effect on the CIPR up to a certain income level, defined here as a “turning point”. Above that turning point, economic growth increases the CIPR. By contrast, inequality reduction is shown to have a significant negative effect on the CIPR. This study contributes to the literature on sustainable development by analytically and quantitatively linking its three dimensions (social, economic and environmental) and by employing a composite indicator that directly measures the trade-off between poverty reduction and emission levels across countries.
Associations between model-predicted rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics and efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Zhang Liping , Yan Xiaoyu , Fox Keith A. A. , Willmann Stefan , Nandy Partha , Berkowitz Scott D. , Hermanowski-Vosatka Anne , Weitz Jeffrey I. , Solms Alexander , Schmidt Stephan , Patel Manesh , Peters Gary 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics may affect the rivaroxaban benefit–risk balance. This study aimed to quantify associations between model-predicted rivaroxaban exposure and patient characteristics and efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), using data from the phase 3 ROCKET AF trial (NCT00403767). In ROCKET AF, 14,264 patients with NVAF were randomized to rivaroxaban (20 mg once daily [OD], or 15 mg OD if creatinine clearance was 30–49 mL/min) or dose-adjusted warfarin (median follow-up: 707 days); rivaroxaban plasma concentration was measured in a subset of 161 patients. In this post hoc exposure–response analysis, a multivariate Cox model was used to correlate individual predicted rivaroxaban exposures and patient characteristics with time-to-event efficacy and safety outcomes in 7061 and 7111 patients, respectively. There was no significant association between model-predicted rivaroxaban trough plasma concentration (Ctrough) and efficacy outcomes. Creatinine clearance and history of stroke were significantly associated with efficacy outcomes. Ctrough was significantly associated with the composite of major or non-major clinically relevant (NMCR) bleeding (hazard ratio [95th percentile vs. median]: 1.26 [95% confidence interval 1.13–1.40]) but not with major bleeding alone. The exposure–response relationship for major or NMCR bleeding was shallow with no clear threshold for an acceleration in risk. History of gastrointestinal bleeding had a greater influence on safety outcomes than Ctrough. These results support fixed rivaroxaban 15 mg and 20 mg OD dosages in NVAF. Therapeutic drug monitoring is unlikely to offer clinical benefits in this indication beyond evaluation of patient characteristics.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of TAS4 and MYBA7 loci in grapevine rootstock 101-14
Authors: Sunitha Sukumaran , Rock Christopher D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPierce’s disease (PD) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is caused by the bacteriumXylella fastidiosaand is vectored by xylem sap-sucking insects, whereasGrapevine Red Blotch Virus(GRBV) causes Red Blotch Disease and is transmitted in the laboratory by alfalfa leafhopperSpissistilus festinus. The significance of anthocyanin accumulations in distinct tissues of grapevine by these pathogens is unknown, but vector feeding preferences and olfactory cues from host anthocyanins may be important for these disease etiologies. Phosphate, sugar, and UV light are known to regulate anthocyanin accumulation via miR828 andTrans-Acting Small-interfering locus4(TAS4), specifically in grape by production of phasedTAS4a/b/csmall-interfering RNAs that are differentially expressed and targetMYBA5/6/7transcription factor transcripts for post-transcriptional slicing and antisense-mediated silencing. To generate materials that can critically test these genes’ functions in PD and GRBV disease symptoms, we produced transgenic grape plants targetingTAS4bandMYBA7using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We obtained fiveMYBA7lines all with bi-allelic editing events and no off-targets detected at genomic loci with homology to the guide sequence. We obtained two independent editedTAS4blines; one bi-allelic, the other heterozygous while both had fortuitous evidences of bi-allelicTAS4aoff-target editing events at the paralogous locus. No visible anthocyanin accumulation phenotypes were observed in regenerated plants, possibly due to the presence of genetically redundantTAS4candMYBA5/6loci or absence of inductive environmental stress conditions. The editing events encompass single base insertions and di/trinucleotide deletions ofVvi-TAS4a/bandVvi-MYBA7at expected positions 3 nt upstream from the guideRNA proximal adjacent motifs NGG. We also identified evidences of homologous recombinations ofTAS4awithTAS4bat theTAS4aoff-target in one of theTAS4blines, resulting in a chimeric locus with a bi-allelic polymorphism, supporting independent recombination events in transgenic plants associated with apparent high Cas9 activities. The lack of obvious visible pigment phenotypes in edited plants precluded pathogen challenge tests of the role of anthocyanins in host PD and GRBV resistance/tolerance mechanisms. Nonetheless, we demonstrate successful genome-editing of non-coding RNA andMYBtranscription factor loci which can serve future characterizations of the functions ofTAS4a/b/candMYBA7in developmental, physiological, and environmental biotic/abiotic stress response pathways important for value-added nutraceutical synthesis and pathogen responses of winegrape.
A novel modeling approach for a generalizable photo-Fenton-based degradation of organic compounds
Authors: Audino Francesca , Pérez-Moya Montserrat , Graells Moisès , Espuña Antonio , Csukas Bela , Varga Monika 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis work aims at proposing and validating a model that can be exploited for the future development of industrial applications (e.g., process design and control) of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Hence, a compromise modeling solution has been developed between the non-generalizable accuracy of the first principles models (FPMs) and the oversimplification of the empirical models (EMs). The work presents a novel model of moderate complexity that is simplified enough to be generalizable and computationally affordable, while retaining physical meaning. The methodology is based on a general degradation mechanism that can be algorithmically generated from the carbon number of the target compound, as well as from the knowledge of two kinetic parameters, one for the faster initial rate and the other one for the subsequent degradation steps. The contaminant degradation mechanism has been combined with an appropriately simplified implementation of the well-known Fenton and photo-Fenton kinetics. This model describes the degradation not only of the target compound and of the oxidant, but also of total organic carbon (TOC), which is used to define the overall quality of the water. Experimental design techniques were used along with a non-conventional modeling methodology of programmable process structures (PPS). This novel modeling approach was applied and validated on the degradation of three model compounds. A successful prediction of the evolution of the contaminants H2O2 and TOC was confirmed and assessed by the root mean square error (RMSE).
Bibliometric analysis of European publications between 2001 and 2016 on concentrations of selected elements in mushrooms
Authors: Świsłowski Paweł , Dołhańczuk-Śródka Agnieszka , Rajfur Małgorzata 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article presents a bibliometric study of 200 European publications released between 2001 and 2016, about the contamination of mushrooms by selected elements. The analysis includes figures on the type of analyte, its concentration, the species of fungi, and its country of origin. In the literature review, 492 species of mushrooms (wild-growing and cultured) found in 26 European countries and their concentration of 74 associated elements were analysed. The papers, which dealt mainly with the heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) concentrations of mushrooms, primarily came from Turkey, Poland, Spain, and the Czech Republic. More than 50% of the publications provided data about edible mushrooms. The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that over the 16 years, European research on fungal contamination by selected analytes has not lessened in popularity and is ongoing. Many of the studies underlined the need to assess the risk to human health arising from the consumption of contaminated mushrooms taken from various habitats. These results were the effect of, among other things, the strong interest in studies carried out on edible species, in which concentrations of mainly heavy metals that are dangerous to health and are marked were indicated (Cd, Pb, and Hg).
The role of human capital on family firm innovativeness: the strategic leadership role of family board members
Authors: Calabrò Andrea , Torchia Mariateresa , Jimenez Daniela Gimenez , Kraus Sascha 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDrawing on the resource-based view of the firm, this study investigates the relationship between human capital (employees’ experience, knowledge and technical skills, managerial talent) and innovativeness (propensity to innovate) in a sample of 478 family firms taken from a cross-country dataset (STEP Project). Furthermore, we consider the moderating effect of the proportion of family members sitting on the board of directors (family board ratio). The main findings highlight that there is a positive relationship between human capital and family firm innovativeness. Moreover, family board ratio positively moderates the relationship between human capital and innovativeness in such a way that when the family board ratio is high, the relationship between human capital and innovativeness is stronger. This result is weaker when multiple family generations are actively involved in the firm. In summary, family members sitting on the board of directors focus more attention on people and for this reason, play an important strategic leadership role in valorizing human capital that fosters more innovativeness.
Aktiv zur Schule
Authors: Reimers Anne K. , Engels Eliane , Marzi Isabel , Steinvoord Katrin , Krieger Claus 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In Deutschland und anderen Industrienationen bewegen sich viele Kinder nicht ausreichend und leiden zunehmend an Folgeerkrankungen des Bewegungsmangels. Aktive Schulwege sind ein relevantes Setting der körperlichen Aktivität und stellen einen wichtigen Ansatzpunkt für Interventionen zur Bewegungsförderung im Grundschulalter dar.

Ziel des Beitrags
Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Stand der Forschung zu aktiven Schulwegen von Grundschulkindern. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf der Relevanz dieses Phänomens aus Perspektive der Gesundheitsforschung in Deutschland.

Methoden
Die Vorstellung des Forschungsstands erfolgt als narrativer Review, der nationale und internationale Studien, die mittels Literaturrecherche identifiziert und zusammengefasst wurden, einschließt. Es werden die Erfassungsmethoden, Prävalenzen und historischen Trends, Befunde über Gesundheitseffekte und Einflussfaktoren von aktiver Mobilität sowie Interventionsprogramme zur Steigerung aktiver Schulwege thematisiert.

Ergebnisse
Aktuelle Studien berichten, dass zwischen 47% und 81% der Grundschulkinder in Deutschland aktiv den Schulweg zurücklegen. Aktive Schulwege sind sowohl mit einigen Gesundheitsparametern als auch mit dem Gesamtumfang der körperlichen Aktivität positiv korreliert. Insbesondere die Distanz zur Schule und soziale Faktoren, wie das elterliche Unterstützungsverhalten und Sicherheitsbedenken, sind mit aktiven Schulwegen assoziiert. Es liegen praxisorientierte Publikationen zu Interventionsansätzen zur Förderung aktiver Schulwege an deutschen Grundschulen (wie z. B. „Walking-school-bus-Maßnahmen“) vor, die jedoch kaum wissenschaftlich evaluiert wurden.

Schlussfolgerung
Zur Bewegungsförderung im Grundschulalter sollten Maßnahmen zur Förderung aktiver Schulwege entwickeln und wissenschaftlich evaluiert werden.
Advances in the Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis
Authors: Macedo Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli , Schwartzmann Pedro Vellosa , de Gusmão Breno Moreno , Melo Marcelo Dantas Tavares de , Coelho-Filho Otávio Rizzi 
Published: April 2020

Opinion statementCardiac amyloidosis is associated with a high mortality rate, a long delay between the first signs and the diagnosis but a short interval between diagnosis and death. This scenario has changed recently due to improved disease awareness among doctors and significant progress in diagnosis thanks to multimodal imaging and a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, during the last few years, we have had access to specific therapies for those patients. Those therapies are quite different depending on the type of amyloidosis, but there has been real progress. Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) with cardiac involvement is the most common form of cardiac amyloidosis. The severity of heart disease dictates the prognosis in AL amyloidosis. Advances in chemotherapy and immunotherapy that suppress light chain production have improved the outcomes. These recent improvements in survival rates have enabled therapies such as implanted cardiac defibrillators and heart transplantation that were usually not indicated for patients with advanced light chain amyloid cardiomyopathy to now be applied in selected patients. For transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR), the second most common form of amyloidosis with cardiac involvement, there is also significant progress in treatment. Until recently, we had no specific therapy for ATTR cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM), though now disease-modifying therapies are available. Therapies that stabilize transthyretin, such as tafamidis, have been shown to improve outcomes for patients with ATTR-CM. Modern treatments that stop the synthesis of TTR through gene silencing, such as patisiran and inotersen, have shown positive results for patients with TTR amyloidosis. Significant progress has been made in the treatment of amyloid cardiomyopathy, and hopefully, we will see even more progress with the spread of those treatments. We now can be optimistic about patients with this disease.
Ketamine as an Anesthetic for Patients with Acute Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gregers Mads Christian Tofte , Mikkelsen Søren , Lindvig Katrine Prier , Brøchner Anne Craveiro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFor years, the use of ketamine as an anesthetic to patients suffering from acute brain injury has been debated because of its possible deleterious effects on the cerebral circulation and thus on the cerebral perfusion. Early studies suggested that ketamine could increase the intracranial pressure thus lowering the cerebral perfusion and hence reduce the oxygen supply to the injured brain. However, more recent studies are less conclusive and might even indicate that patients with acute brain injury could benefit from ketamine sedation. This systematic review summarizes the evidence regarding the use of ketamine in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury. Databases were searched for studies using ketamine in acute brain injury. Outcomes of interest were mortality, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, blood pressure, heart rate, spreading depolarizations, and neurological function. In total 11 studies were included. The overall level of evidence concerning the use of ketamine in brain injury is low. Only two studies found a small increase in intracranial pressure, while two small studies found decreased levels of intracranial pressure following ketamine administration. We found no evidence of harm during ketamine use in patients suffering from acute brain injury.
The composition of acid/oil interface in acid oil emulsions
Authors: Ganeeva Yulia M. , Yusupova Tatiana N. , Barskaya Ekaterina E. , Valiullova Alina Kh. , Okhotnikova Ekaterina S. , Morozov Vladimir I. , Davletshina Lucia F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn well stimulation treatments using hydrochloric acid, undesirable water-in-oil emulsion and acid sludge may produce and then cause operational problems in oil field development. The processes intensify in the presence of Fe(III), which are from the corroded surfaces of field equipment and/or iron-bearing minerals of the oil reservoir. In order to understand the reasons of the stability of acid emulsions, acid emulsions were prepared by mixing crude oil emulsion with 15% hydrochloric acid solutions with and without Fe(III) and then separated into free and upper (water free) and intermediate (with water) layers. It is assumed that the oil phase of the free and upper layers contains the compounds which do not participate in the formation of acid emulsions, and the oil phase of the intermediate layers contains components involved in the formation of oil/acid interface. The composition of the oil phase of each layer of the emulsions was studied. It is found that the asphaltenes with a high content of sulfur, oxygen and metals as well the flocculated material of protonated non-polar oil components are concentrated at the oil/acid interface. In addition to the above, in the presence of Fe(III) the Fe(III)-based complexes with polar groups of asphaltenes are formed at the acid/oil interface, contributing to the formation of armor films which enhance the emulsion stability.
Natural Fibre Modification and Its Influence on Fibre-matrix Interfacial Properties in Biocomposite Materials
Authors: Amiandamhen S. O. , Meincken M. , Tyhoda L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBiocomposite materials manufactured from natural fibres and polymer matrix represent a group of engineered composite products with diverse applications. These materials continue to find increasing applications due to their design flexibility, superior properties and aesthetic appeal. The applicability of these biocomposites, however, depends on the interaction in the fibre-matrix interface. This paper reviews the state of the art research in fibre-matrix interfacial interaction based on published literature. A brief background on biocomposite materials is presented. The focus of this review is the modification of natural fibres and its effect on fibre-matrix interfacial adhesion and properties. In addition, the effect of chemical treatment on fibre composition and fibre-matrix interfacial bonding mechanism are discussed.
Predicting the Past from Minimal Traces: Episodic Memory and its Distinction from Imagination and Preservation
Authors: Werning Markus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe paper develops an account of minimal traces devoid of representational content and exploits an analogy to a predictive processing framework of perception. As perception can be regarded as a prediction of the present on the basis of sparse sensory inputs without any representational content, episodic memory can be conceived of as a “prediction of the past” on the basis of a minimal trace, i.e., an informationally sparse, merely causal link to a previous experience. The resulting notion of episodic memory will be validated as a natural kind distinct from imagination. This trace minimalist view contrasts with two theory camps dominating the philosophical debate on memory. On one side, we face versions of the Causal Theory that hold on to the idea that episodic remembering requires a memory trace that causally links the event of remembering to the event of experience and carries over representational content from the content of experience to the content of remembering. The Causal Theory, however, fails to account for the epistemic generativity of episodic memory and is psychologically and information-theoretically implausible. On the other side, a new camp of simulationists is currently forming up. Motivated by empirical and conceptual deficits of the Causal Theory, they reject not only the necessity of preserving representational content, but also the necessity of a causal link between experience and memory. They argue that remembering is nothing but a peculiar form of imagination, peculiar only in that it has been reliably produced and is directed towards an episode of one’s personal past. Albeit sharing their criticism of the Causal Theory and, in particular, rejecting its demand for an intermediary carrier of representational content, the paper argues that a causal connection to experience is still necessary to fulfill even the minimal requirements of past-directedness and reliability.