bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do the Affluent Override Average Americans? Measuring Policy Disagreement and Unequal Influence
Authors: Bowman Jarron 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn this article, I seek to adjudicate between contradictory findings in studies of unequal responsiveness that focus on policy issues over which affluent and average Americans disagree.MethodsI assess the impact of 22 definitions of policy disagreement and two methods of measuring policy influence—based on win rates and policy change rates—on analyses of unequal responsiveness.ResultsWin rates are an unreliable measure of influence and comparing policy change rates across cases of agreement and disagreement minimizes bias and allows for a more direct measure of relative independent policy influence. When income groups disagree over proposed policy changes, the preferences of the affluent—but not those of the middle—significantly impact the likelihood that the policies are implemented.ConclusionMy results support previous findings that the affluent have substantial influence over policy making while average Americans have little to no influence.
Impact of COVID‐19 on blood centres in Zhejiang province China
Authors: Wang Yongjun , Han Wenjuan , Pan Lingling , Wang Cuier , Liu Yan , Hu Wei , Zhou Huapin , Zheng Xiaofan 
Published: April 2020

Background and ObjectivesA worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has affected millions of people. A ‘closed‐off management’ protocol has been launched nationwide in China to cope with this major public health emergency. However, these procedures may cause a crisis for blood donation and blood supply. In this study, we assessed the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on blood donation and supply in Zhejiang province, which could provide reference and insight for developing countermeasures in other countries.Materials and MethodsBlood donor and supply information from 38 blood centres during the Spring Festival of 2019 and 2020 were reviewed. A self‐administered questionnaire was carried out.ResultsDue to the COVID‐19 pandemic, the number of whole blood donors dropped by 67%. The success rate of recruitment for donations dropped by 60%. Most respondents (81·2%) were worried about the ‘possibility of acquiring COVID‐19 during blood donation’. The total amount of RBCs supply dropped by 65%. In the first week of the outbreak, the weekly amount of issued RBC units (10171·5 u) was almost six times higher than the collected units (1347·5 u). The mean haemoglobin value for RBCs transfusion was about 6·3 g/dl. About 4% of RBCs and 2·8% of frozen plasma were used in COVID‐19 patients.ConclusionThe secondary consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic are blood shortages caused by the unavailability of blood donors, and this is likely to be replicated in many countries with high burdens of COVID‐19. Practical actions to broaden sources and reduce use for the global crisis must be taken proactively.
Thermal Stability Analysis of Nonlocal Temperature-Dependent Functionally Graded Tapered Timoshenko Nanobeam
Authors: Lal Roshan , Dangi Chinika 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Analysis on buckling behavior of functionally graded (FG) Timoshenko nanobeam with cross-sectional variation induced by nonlinear temperature (NLT) field has been presented on the basis of first-order shear deformation theory in conjunction with Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory. The cross-sectional nonuniformity of the beam is assumed to arise due to linear variation in thickness along the length. The material composition of the beam varies in thickness direction according to a power-law function and depends upon temperature. For the first time in case of nanobeam, the dependency of temperature has been incorporated in the analysis by using an iterative procedure for computing the material properties at current temperature instead of ambient temperature which gives a more accurate approximation for the temperature-dependent material properties. The governing equations of buckling for such a beam model have been developed using minimum energy principle and solved numerically using generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) for three different edge conditions. A significant contribution of nonuniformity in the cross section on thermal buckling behavior of Timoshenko nanobeam has been noticed.
Leg Joint Stiffness Affects Dynamics of Backward Falling From Standing Height: A Simulation Work
Authors: Qiao Mu , Yang Feng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Falling backward can lead to injuries including hip fracture, back injury, and traumatic brain impact among older adults. A loss of consciousness is associated with falling backward and accounts for about 13% of all falls among older adults. Little is known about the dynamics of backward falls, such as the falling duration, the impact severity, and how the fall dynamics are affected by the biomechanical properties of the lower limb joints, particularly the rotational stiffness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the stiffness of individual leg joints on the dynamics of backward falls after losing consciousness in terms of the falling duration and impact velocities. Based on a 15-segment human model, we simulated the process of falling backward by sweeping the parameter space of ankle, knee, and hip's stiffnesses varying from 0 to 8.73 N·m·deg−1 (or 500 N·m·rad−1). The results revealed that the falling duration and impact speeds of the head and hip ranged from 0.27 to 0.63 s, 2.65 to 7.88 m·s−1, and 0.35 to 3.36 m·s−1, respectively, when the stiffness of the leg joints changed within their limits. Overall, the influence of the joint stiffness on the falling dynamics (falling duration and impact speed) is comparable between hip and knee joints, whereas ankle stiffness showed little influence on the backward falling dynamics. Our findings could provide references for designing protective devices to prevent impact-induced injuries after a backward fall.
Geological alteration of organic macromolecules by irradiation: Implication for organic matter occurrence on Mars
Authors: Yang Shengyu , Schulz Hans-Martin , Horsfield Brian , Schovsbo Niels H. , Grice Kliti , Zhang Jinchuan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The harsh radiation environment on Mars is widely believed to destroy organic matter, but elucidating the systematic degradation pathway and its controlling factors has proved elusive. Here we show the alteration of macromolecular organic matter in the ∼500-m.y.-old uranium-rich Alum Shale Formation (northwestern Europe), which is suggested as a geological analogue on Earth of the Martian surface samples, in response to ⟨-particle irradiation. The composition and quantity of pyrolysates as well as the extractability of immature Alum Shale are governed by uranium content, and this has been confirmed independently using uranium-rich shales of younger geological age. During the course of irradiation, macromolecules undergo cross-linking, demethylation, and aromatization processes, which are active at different stages in the alteration of the organic matter. A comparison of the Martian surface samples with Kolm (carbonaceous nodules with very high uranium content intercalated in the Alum Shale) samples in terms of irradiation dosage and organic geochemical characteristics reveals that they have received similar levels of irradiation. A model of the radiation-induced alteration of organic matter has been developed, which opens a window for understanding the possible pristine nature and composition of the irradiated organic matter on Mars and offers arguments to qualitatively predict potential organic matter in the Martian paleo-lacustrine subsurface.
Radioisotopic and biostratigraphic constraints on the classical Middle–Upper Permian succession and tetrapod fauna of the Moscow syneclise, Russia
Authors: Davydov V.I. , Arefiev M.P. , Golubev V.K. , Karasev E.V. , Naumcheva M.A. , Schmitz M.D. , Silantiev V.V. , Zharinova V.V. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The East European Platform and the PreUrals are the regions where the Permian System was first established, but the provincialism of fossils and lack of radioisotopic age control have prevented the use there of the regional Permian subdivisions used outside of the region. We report the first U-Pb zircon chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) age of 253.95 ± 0.06 Ma for a volcanic tuff from the terrestrial upper part of the lower Vyatkian Regional Stage in the Moscow syneclise (Russia). This age greatly improves the correlation of the East European Platform and the PreUrals with the international geologic time scale, and contributes to our understanding of sedimentation within the Permian-Triassic transition in the studied region. The new radioisotopic age integrated within the regional chronostratigraphic framework reveals the synchrony in extinction of faunas of the Dinocephalian superassemblage in the studied region with that in South Africa.
Diverse rock types detected in the lunar South Pole–Aitken Basin by the Chang’E-4 lunar mission
Authors: Huang (黄俊) Jun , Xiao (肖智勇) Zhiyong , Xiao (肖龙) Long , Horgan Briony , Hu (胡晓依) Xiaoyi , Lucey Paul , Xiao (肖潇) Xiao , Zhao (赵思源) Siyuan , Qian (钱煜奇) Yuqi , Zhang (张昊) Hao , Li (李春来) Chunlai , Xu (徐睿) Rui , He (何志平) Zhiping , Yang (杨建峰) Jianfeng , Xue (薛彬) Bin , He (何琦) Qi , Zhong (钟杰) Jie , Lin (林宏宇) Hongyu , Huang (黄长宁) Changning , Xie (谢剑锋) Jianfeng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin, located between the South Pole and Aitken crater on the far side of the Moon, is the largest confirmed lunar impact structure. The pre-Nectarian SPA basin is a 2400 × 2050 km elliptical structure centered at 53°S, 191°E, which should have exposed lower crust and upper mantle due to the enormous excavation depth. Olivine, the dominant mineral in Earth’s mantle, has only been identified in small and localized exposures in the margins of the SPA basin, and the dominant mafic component is, instead, pyroxene. These mineralogical characteristics could be explained by the recent hypothesis that the lunar upper mantle is dominated by low-calcium pyroxene, not olivine. Here, we present observations from imaging and spectral data from China’s Chang’E-4 (CE-4) lunar mission in the first 4 synodic days, especially the first in situ visible/near-infrared spectrometer observations of an exposed boulder. We identified a variety of rock types, but not the recently reported olivine-rich materials in the landing region. The results are consistent with orbital observations. The obtained mineralogical information provides a better understanding of the nature and origin of SPA materials.
Using speleothems to constrain late Cenozoic uplift rates in karst terranes
Authors: Engel John , Woodhead Jon , Hellstrom John , White Susan , White Nicholas , Green Helen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The utility of speleothems as environmental and geological archives has greatly expanded with recent advances in geochronology. Here we reevaluate their ability to constrain late Cenozoic uplift in karst terranes. Using combined U-Th and U-Pb speleothem chronologies for the Buchan karst along the passive margin of southeastern Australia, we calculate a maximum uplift rate of 76 ± 7 m m.y.−1 maintained over the past 3.5 m.y. The timing and extent of this process is consistent with independent constraints on Neogene uplift in Australia, possibly in response to increased plate-boundary strain with New Zealand. Speleothem chronologies provide highly precise age control on individual events and the potential for near-continuous records across long periods of geological time, complementing and expanding upon existing uplift proxies.
Alcohol screening and brief intervention among military service members and veterans: rural–urban disparities
Authors: McDaniel Justin T , Albright D L , Laha-Walsh K , Henson H , McIntosh S 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundAccess to screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment programmes for alcohol use have been shown to be effective; however, little is known about access to these services among service members and veterans. We examined the association of service member or veteran rural-dwelling area and the following outcomes: recent general health check-up, alcohol screening and alcohol brief intervention.MethodsData on 5080 military service members and veterans were obtained from the 2017 Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System of the USA. We estimated rural–urban disparities in the receipt of a recent voluntary general health check-up, as well as the receipt of alcohol screening and brief intervention, using a mixed logit model.ResultsOf the 5080 participants in the study, a total of 4666 (90.49%, 95% CI 89.39% to 91.48%) reported a general health check-up in the last 2 years. Results showed 7.48% of the sample (95% CI 6.64% to 8.41%) exhibited heavy alcohol consumption patterns. Of the 414 participants who did not undergo a general health check-up, 13.80% (95% CI 9.63% to 19.41%) exhibited a pattern of heavy alcohol consumption. Rural individuals were less likely to report a recent health check-up (adjusted OR=0.82, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.87). Rurality was also independently associated with decreased likelihood of receiving an alcohol screening and brief intervention.ConclusionGreater access to telehealth or other geographically flexible screening and brief intervention programmes is needed in rural areas for service members and veterans.
Are symptoms of insomnia related to respiratory symptoms? Cross-sectional results from 10 European countries and Australia
Authors: Bjornsdottir Erla , Lindberg Eva , Benediktsdottir Bryndis , Gislason Thorarinn , Garcia Larsen Vanessa , Franklin Karl , Jarvis Debbie , Demoly Pascal , Perret Jennifer L , Garcia Aymerich Judith , Arenas Sandra Dorado , Heinrich Joachim , Torén Kjell , Jögi Rain , Janson Christer 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of different insomnia subtypes among middle-aged adults from Europe and Australia and to explore the cross-sectional relationship between insomnia subtypes, respiratory symptoms and lung function.DesignCross-sectional population-based, multicentre cohort study.Setting23 centres in 10 European countries and Australia.MethodsWe included 5800 participants in the third follow-up of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III (ECRHS III) who answered three questions on insomnia symptoms: difficulties falling asleep (initial insomnia), waking up often during the night (middle insomnia) and waking up early in the morning and not being able to fall back asleep (late insomnia). They also answered questions on smoking, general health and chronic diseases and had the following lung function measurements: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the FEV1/FVC ratio. Changes in lung function since ECRHS I about 20 years earlier were also analysed.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of insomnia subtypes and relationship to respiratory symptoms and function.ResultsOverall, middle insomnia (31.2%) was the most common subtype followed by late insomnia (14.2%) and initial insomnia (11.2%). The highest reported prevalence of middle insomnia was found in Iceland (37.2%) and the lowest in Australia (22.7%), while the prevalence of initial and late insomnia was highest in Spain (16.0% and 19.7%, respectively) and lowest in Denmark (4.6% and 9.2%, respectively). All subtypes of insomnia were associated with significantly higher reported prevalence of respiratory symptoms. Only isolated initial insomnia was associated with lower FEV1, whereas no association was found between insomnia and low FEV1/FVC ratio or decline in lung function.ConclusionThere is considerable geographical variation in the prevalence of insomnia symptoms. Middle insomnia is most common especially in Iceland. Initial and late insomnia are most common in Spain. All insomnia subtypes are associated with respiratory symptoms, and initial insomnia is also associated with lower FEV1.
Rationale and methodology for a European pooled analysis of postmarketing interventional and observational studies of insulin glargine 300 U/mL in diabetes: protocol of REALI project
Authors: Freemantle Nick , Bonadonna Riccardo C , Gourdy Pierre , Mauricio Didac , Mueller-Wieland Dirk , Bigot Gregory , Ciocca Alice , Mauquoi Celine , Rollot Mélissa , Bonnemaire Mireille 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common and heterogeneous disease. Using advanced analytic approaches to explore real-world data may identify different disease characteristics, responses to treatment and progression patterns. Insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla-300) is a second-generation basal insulin analogue with preserved glucose-lowering efficacy but reduced risk of hypoglycaemia. The purpose of the REALI pooled analysis described in this paper is to advance the understanding of the effectiveness and real-world safety of Gla-300 based on a large European patient database of postmarketing interventional and observational studies.Methods and analysisIn the current round of pooling, REALI will include data from up to 10 000 subjects with diabetes mellitus (mostly T2DM) from 20 European countries. Outcomes of interest include change from baseline to week 24 in haemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose, body weight, insulin dose, incidence and rate of any-time-of-the-day and nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The data pool is being investigated using two complementary methodologies: a conventional descriptive, univariate and multivariable prognostic analysis; and a data-mining approach using subgroup discovery to identify phenotypic clusters of patients who are highly associated with the outcome of interest. By mid-2019, deidentified data of 7584 patients were included in the REALI database, with a further expected increase in patient number in 2020 as a result of pooling additional studies.Ethics and disseminationThe proposed study does not involve collection of primary data. Moreover, all individual study protocols were approved by independent local ethics committees, and all study participants provided written informed consent. Furthermore, patient data is deidentified before inclusion in the REALI database. Hence, there is no requirement for ethical approval. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at international congresses as data are analysed.
Strategies to support HIV literacy in the roll-out of pre-exposure prophylaxis in Scotland: findings from qualitative research with clinical and community practitioners
Authors: Young Ingrid , Valiotis George 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesLimited understanding of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), coupled with negative public discourse, are significant barriers to its introduction. What works to support PrEP awareness and broader HIV literacy among diverse communities in the context of biomedical HIV prevention remains unclear. This article considers how PrEP can be translated across diverse communities and what the HIV literacy challenges might be in the current context of PrEP provision.SettingWe developed an HIV literacy informed community tool to support the roll-out of PrEP in Scotland. We undertook qualitative research with practitioners in urban and rural settings across nine Scottish health boards.Primary outcome measureTo examine HIV literacy challenges in the context of PrEP provision.ParticipantsInterviews and focus groups with community (n=19) and clinical (n=13) practitioners working with gay and bisexual men and African communities were undertaken between March and October 2017 concerning PrEP support, stigma and HIV literacy.ResultsHIV literacy in the context of PrEP needs to consider more than the provision of individually targeted information. Practitioners identified and responded to stratified communities and social norms of knowledge, which influenced messaging, support and informed how practitioners enabled PrEP engagement and dialogue. Social barriers in HIV literacy, including structural stigmas relating to HIV and homophobia, shaped practitioner concerns and support for community members’ willingness to engage with PrEP.ConclusionCritical HIV literacy in the age of PrEP is a complex social practice. Attention needs to be paid tohowinformation is provided and facilitates engagement, rather than simplywhatinformation is given.By exploring practitioner use of the Know about PrEP tool, we have shown how consideration of the patterns of access to services and information, the delivery of and support for engagement with PrEP information and the wider strategies employed to negotiate ongoing structural social barriers can support more equitable and diverse PrEP community conversations.
Adverse events in the paediatric emergency department: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Plint Amy C , Stang Antonia , Newton Amanda S , Dalgleish Dale , Aglipay Mary , Barrowman Nick , Tse Sandy , Neto Gina , Farion Ken , Creery Walter David , Johnson David W , Klassen Terry P , Calder Lisa A 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundUnderstanding adverse events among children treated in the emergency department (ED) offers an opportunity to improve patient safety by providing evidence of where to focus efforts in a resource-restricted environment.ObjectiveTo estimate the risk of adverse events, their type, preventability and severity, for children seen in a paediatric ED.MethodsThis prospective cohort study examined outcomes of patients presenting to a paediatric ED over a 1-year period. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with an adverse event (harm to patient related to healthcare received) related to ED care within 3 weeks of their visit. We conducted structured telephone interviews with all patients and families over a 3-week period following their visit to identify flagged outcomes (such as repeat ED visits, worsening symptoms) and screened admitted patients’ health records with a validated trigger tool. For patients with flagged outcomes or triggers, three ED physicians independently determined whether an adverse event occurred.ResultsOf 1567 eligible patients, 1367 (87.2%) were enrolled and 1319 (96.5%) reached in follow-up. Median patient age was 4.34 years (IQR 1.5 to 10.57 years) and most (n=1281; 93.7%) were discharged. Among those with follow-up, 33 (2.5%, 95% CI 1.8% to 3.5%) suffered an adverse event related to ED care. None experienced more than one event. Twenty-nine adverse events (87.9%, 95% CI 72.7% to 95.2%) were deemed preventable. The most common types of adverse events (not mutually exclusive) were management issues (51.5%), diagnostic issues (45.5%) and suboptimal follow-up (15.2%).ConclusionOne in 40 children suffered adverse events related to ED care. A high proportion of events were preventable. Management and diagnostic issues warrant further study.