bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genes
Authors: Okasha Samir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There is no satisfactory one-line answer to the question ‘what exactly is a gene?’. The reasons why a precise definition is elusive are particularly interesting, and raise a number of philosophical subtleties. ‘Genes’ delves briefly into the history of genetics in order to understand them. It first looks at the work of Gregor Mendel in the 1860s and then the era of classical genetics in the 1920s and 1930s. It then moves on to molecular genetics, which came to fruition in the 1950s. How does the gene of Mendelian or classical genetics relate to the gene of molecular genetics? This question has long occupied philosophers of biology.
Reporting of adverse drug events in the Veterans Health Administration for patients whose treatment with empagliflozin or apixaban was discontinued
Authors: Fina Paul M , Cunningham Francesca E , Zhao Xinhua , Glassman Peter A , Moore Von R , Au Anthony , Aspinall Sherrie L 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeTo examine the reporting rates of adverse drug events (ADEs) with apixaban and empagliflozin as reports move up to the next level of spontaneous reporting.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of outpatients who discontinued apixaban or empagliflozin within 3 years of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. We enriched the sample using an active surveillance strategy to identify subsets of patients with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes possibly associated with an ADE. Stratified random samples of charts were reviewed to determine if patients discontinued the medication due to an ADE. If so, we ascertained whether these were uploaded into the Veterans Administration (VA) electronic health record reporting system (Adverse Reaction Tracking System [ARTS]), VA national Web-based system (VA Adverse Drug Event Reporting System [VA ADERS]), and FDA MedWatch.ResultsFrom the cohort of 2,973 patients who discontinued apixaban, 321 patients (10.8%) were randomly sampled for chart review (including 61 patients with relevant ICD codes). During chart review, 88 ADEs were identified, with 40/61 (65.6%) from the subset with ICD codes. Of the total of 88 ADEs, 18.2%, 10.2%, and 6.8% were reported in ARTS, VA ADERS, and MedWatch, respectively. Of the 1,555 patients who discontinued empagliflozin, 179 patients (11.5%) were randomly sampled for chart review (40 patients with relevant ICD codes). During chart review, 78 ADEs were identified, with 19/40 (47.5%) from the subset with ICD codes. Of the 78 ADEs, 28.2%, 19.2%, and 7.7% were reported in ARTS, VA ADERS, and MedWatch, respectively.ConclusionWe found substantial underreporting of apixaban and empagliflozin ADEs that became worse at each higher level of spontaneous reporting.
Taxation of Temporary Jobs: Good Intentions with Bad Outcomes?
Authors: Cahuc Pierre , Charlot Olivier , Malherbet Franck , Benghalem Helène , Limon Emeline 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article analyses the consequences of the taxation of temporary jobs of short duration recently introduced in several European countries to induce firms to create more open-ended contracts and to increase the duration of jobs. The estimation of a job search and matching model on French data shows that the taxation of temporary jobs does not reach its objectives: it reduces the mean duration of jobs and decreases job creation, employment and welfare of unemployed workers.
Catheter-directed therapy for acute pulmonary embolism: navigating gaps in the evidence
Authors: Chopard Romain , Ecarnot Fiona , Meneveau Nicolas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Systemic thrombolysis for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) reduces the risk of death and cardiovascular collapse but is associated with an increased rate of bleeding. The desire to minimize the risk of bleeding events has driven the development of catheter-based strategies for pulmonary reperfusion in PE. These catheter-based strategies utilize lower-dose fibrinolytic regimens or purely mechanical techniques to expedite removal of the embolus. Several devices providing mechanical or suction embolectomy and catheter-directed thrombolysis, with or without facilitation by ultrasound, have been tested. Data are inconsistent regarding the efficacy and safety of mechanical and suction embolectomy. The most comprehensive data on catheter-based techniques stem from trials of ultrasound-facilitated catheter fibrinolysis. Ultrasound-facilitated catheter fibrinolysis relieves right ventricular pressure overload with a lower risk of major bleeding and intracranial haemorrhage than historical rates with systemic fibrinolysis. However, further research is required to determine the optimal application of ultrasound-facilitated catheter fibrinolysis and other catheter-based therapies in patients with acute PE.
Structure and genetics ofEscherichia coliO antigens
Authors: Liu Bin , Furevi Axel , Perepelov Andrei V , Guo Xi , Cao Hengchun , Wang Quan , Reeves Peter R , Knirel Yuriy A , Wang Lei , Widmalm Göran 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTEscherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current standard in defining strains for taxonomy and epidemiology, providing the basis for many serotyping schemes for Gram-negative bacteria. This review covers the diversity in E. coli O antigen structures and gene clusters, and the genetic basis for the structural diversity. Of the 187 formally defined O antigens, six (O31, O47, O67, O72, O94 and O122) have since been removed and three (O34, O89 and O144) strains do not produce any O antigen. Therefore, structures are presented for 176 of the 181 E. coli O antigens, some of which include subgroups. Most (93%) of these O antigens are synthesized via the Wzx/Wzy pathway, 11 via the ABC transporter pathway, with O20, O57 and O60 still uncharacterized due to failure to find their O antigen gene clusters. Biosynthetic pathways are given for 38 of the 49 sugars found in E. coli O antigens, and several pairs or groups of the E. coli antigens that have related structures show close relationships of the O antigen gene clusters within clades, thereby highlighting the genetic basis of the evolution of diversity.
The association of microcephaly protein WDR62 with CPAP/IFT88 is required for cilia formation and neocortical development
Authors: Shohayeb Belal , Ho Uda , Yeap Yvonne Y , Parton Robert G , Millard S Sean , Xu Zhiheng , Piper Michael , Ng Dominic C H 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
WDR62 mutations that result in protein loss, truncation or single amino-acid substitutions are causative for human microcephaly, indicating critical roles in cell expansion required for brain development. WDR62 missense mutations that retain protein expression represent partial loss-of-function mutants that may therefore provide specific insights into radial glial cell processes critical for brain growth. Here we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 approaches to generate three strains of WDR62 mutant mice; WDR62 V66M/V66M and WDR62R439H/R439H mice recapitulate conserved missense mutations found in humans with microcephaly, with the third strain being a null allele (WDR62stop/stop). Each of these mutations resulted in embryonic lethality to varying degrees and gross morphological defects consistent with ciliopathies (dwarfism, anophthalmia and microcephaly). We find that WDR62 mutant proteins (V66M and R439H) localize to the basal body but fail to recruit CPAP. As a consequence, we observe deficient recruitment of IFT88, a protein that is required for cilia formation. This underpins the maintenance of radial glia as WDR62 mutations caused premature differentiation of radial glia resulting in reduced generation of neurons and cortical thinning. These findings highlight the important role of the primary cilium in neocortical expansion and implicate ciliary dysfunction as underlying the pathology of MCPH2 patients.
Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Marginalized Population in the United States
Authors: Sanchez Ninive 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe National Institutes of Health has identified polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a major public health problem for women in the United States and recommends establishing multidisciplinary programs to improve the awareness of the public and health care providers regarding management for women with PCOS. This article argues that individuals with PCOS are marginalized due to the syndrome’s misleading name; its underrepresentation in research; lack of culturally and gender-sensitive standards of care; debates about the contraceptive mandate; and stigmatization due to symptoms that do not conform to dominant social constructs of beauty, femininity, and womanhood. The article directs readers to key publications on the assessment and treatment of patients with PCOS, discusses a case study that illustrates the role of a social worker in treating an adolescent with PCOS as part of a multidisciplinary team, and emphasizes the importance of integrating behavioral health in the treatment of patients with PCOS.
Surgical treatment for left ventricular–aortic discontinuity and Gerbode defect with endocarditis
Authors: Uchida Tetsuro , Kuroda Yoshinori , Kobayashi Kimihiro , Sadahiro Mitsuaki 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
An extensive infection of the native aortic or prosthetic valve beyond the aortic annulus could be complicated with various types and degrees of tissue destruction. The left ventricular–aortic discontinuity resulting from extensive infective endocarditis often necessitates pericardial reconstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract and subsequent aortic root replacement. Furthermore, if the membranous ventricular septum is involved with infective tissue destruction, communication between the left ventricle and right atrium, known as a Gerbode defect, and complete atrioventricular block could occur. Surgical reconstruction of these complex pathologies is challenging, with high mortality and morbidity. Herein, we present a rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis complicated with both left ventricular–aortic discontinuity and an acquired Gerbode defect. At the time of surgery, left ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and the technically more demanding aortic root replacement were considered inevitable because of extensive tissue destruction. However, we performed circumferential left ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with a xenopericardial patch and supra-annular aortic valve replacement using the Solo Smart bovine pericardial stentless valve as a technically less demanding alternative to aortic root replacement. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient is well 1 year postoperatively, without valvular dysfunction and recurrent infection.
Population Size Estimation Using Multiple Respondent-Driven Sampling Surveys
Authors: Kim Brian J , Handcock Mark S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is commonly used to study hard-to-reach populations since traditional methods are unable to efficiently survey members due to the typically highly stigmatized nature of the population. The number of people in these populations is of primary global health and demographic interest and is usually hard to estimate. However, due to the nature of RDS, current methods of population size estimation are insufficient. We introduce a new method of estimating population size that uses concepts from capture-recapture methods while modeling RDS as a successive sampling process. We assess its statistical validity using information from the CDC’s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system in 2009 and 2012.
How feedback shapes galaxies: an analytic model
Authors: Salcido Jaime , Bower Richard G , Theuns Tom 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We introduce a simple analytic model of galaxy formation that links the growth of dark matter haloes in a cosmological background to the build-up of stellar mass within them. The model aims to identify the physical processes that drive the galaxy-halo co-evolution through cosmic time. The model restricts the role of baryonic astrophysics to setting the relation between galaxies and their haloes. Using this approach, galaxy properties can be directly predicted from the growth of their host dark matter haloes. We explore models in which the effective star formation efficiency within haloes is a function of mass (or virial temperature) and independent of time. Despite its simplicity, the model reproduces self-consistently the shape and evolution of the cosmic star formation rate density, the specific star formation rate of galaxies, and the galaxy stellar mass function, both at the present time and at high redshifts. By systematically varying the effective star formation efficiency in the model, we explore the emergence of the characteristic shape of the galaxy stellar mass function. The origin of the observed double Schechter function at low redshifts is naturally explained by two efficiency regimes in the stellar to halo mass relation, namely, a stellar feedback regulated stage, and a supermassive black hole regulated stage. By providing a set of analytic differential equations, the model can be easily extended and inverted, allowing the roles and impact of astrophysics and cosmology to be explored and understood.
A3COSMOS: the dust attenuation of star-forming galaxies at z = 2.5–4.0 from the COSMOS-ALMA archive
Authors: Fudamoto Yoshinobu , Oesch P A , Magnelli B , Schinnerer E , Liu D , Lang P , Jiménez-Andrade E F , Groves B , Leslie S , Sargent M T 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the dust attenuation of star-forming galaxies at z = 2.5–4.0 through the relationship between the UV spectral slope (β), stellar mass (M*), and the infrared excess (IRX = LIR/LUV) based on far-infrared continuum observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA). Our study exploits the full ALMA archive over the COSMOS field processed by the A3COSMOS team, which includes an unprecedented sample of ∼1500 galaxies at z ∼ 3 as primary or secondary targets in ALMA band 6 or 7 observations with a median continuum sensitivity of 126 $\rm {\mu Jy\, beam}^{-1}$ (1σ). The detection rate is highly mass dependent, decreasing drastically below log (M*/M⊙) = 10.5. The detected galaxies show that the IRX–β relationship of massive (log M*/M⊙ &gt; 10) main-sequence galaxies at z = 2.5–4.0 is consistent with that of local galaxies, while starbursts are generally offset by $\sim 0.5\, {\rm dex}$ to larger IRX values. At the low-mass end, we derive upper limits on the infrared luminosities through stacking of the ALMA data. The combined IRX–M* relation at $\rm {log\, ({\it M}_{\ast }/\mathrm{M}_{\odot })\gt 9}$ exhibits a significantly steeper slope than reported in previous studies at similar redshifts, implying little dust obscuration at log M*/M⊙ &lt; 10. However, our results are consistent with earlier measurements at z ∼ 5.5, indicating a potential redshift evolution between z ∼ 2 and z ∼ 6. Deeper observations targeting low-mass galaxies will be required to confirm this finding.
Neutron star QPOs from oscillating, precessing hot, thick flow
Authors: Fragile P Chris 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Across black hole (BH) and neutron star (NS) low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), there appears to be some correlation between certain high- and low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). In a previous paper, we showed that for BH LMXBs, this could be explained by the simultaneous oscillation and precession of a hot, thick, torus-like corona. In the current work, we extend this idea to NS LMXBs by associating the horizontal branch oscillations (HBOs) with precession and the upper-kiloHertz (ukHz) QPO with vertical epicyclic motion. For the Atoll source 4U 1608-52, the model can match many distinct, simultaneous observations of the HBO and ukHz QPO by varying the inner and outer radius of the torus, while maintaining fixed values for the mass (MNS) and spin (a*) of the NS. The best-fitting values are MNS = 1.38 ± 0.03 M⊙ and a* = 0.325 ± 0.005. By combining these constraints with the measured spin frequency, we are able to obtain an estimate for the moment of inertia of INS = 1.40 ± 0.02 × 1045 g cm2, which places constraints on the equation of state. The model is unable to fit the lower-kHz QPO, but evidence suggests that QPO may be associated with the boundary layer between the accretion flow and the NS surface, which is not treated in this work.
X-ray properties of z ≳ 6.5 quasars
Authors: Pons E , McMahon R G , Banerji M , Reed S L 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We present XMM–Newton X-ray observations and analysis of three Dark Energy Survey z &gt; 6.5 quasars (VDES J0020−3653 at z = 6.824, VDES J0244−5008 at z = 6.724, and VDES J0224−4711 at z = 6.526) and six other quasars with 6.438 &lt; z &lt; 6.747 from the XMM–Newton public archive. Two of the nine quasars are detected at a high (&gt;4σ) significance level: VDES J0224−4711(z = 6.53) at 9σ and PSO J159−02 (z = 6.38) at 8σ. They have a photon index of $\Gamma =1.82^{+0.29}_{-0.27}$ and $1.94^{+0.31}_{-0.29}$, respectively, which is consistent with the mean value of ∼1.9 found for quasars at all redshifts. The rest-frame 2–10 keV luminosity of VDES J0224−4711 is $L_{2\!-\!10\, \mathrm{keV}} = (2.92\pm 0.43)\times 10^{45}\,\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$, which makes this quasar one of the most X-ray luminous quasars at z &gt; 5.5 and the most X-ray luminous quasar at z &gt; 6.5, with a luminosity 6 times and 2.5 times larger than ULAS J1120+0641 (z = 7.08) and ULAS J1342+0928 (z = 7.54), respectively. The X-ray-to-optical power-law slopes of the nine quasars are consistent with the previously observed anticorrelation of αox with UV luminosity $L_{2500\, \mathrm{\mathring{\rm A} }}$. We find no evidence for evolution of αox with redshift when the anticorrelation with UV luminosity is taken into account. Similar to previous studies at z ∼ 6, we have found remarkably consistent X-ray spectral properties between low-redshift quasars (z ∼ 1) and high-redshift quasars. Our results add further evidence to the picture that the observable properties of high-luminosity quasars over the UV-to-X-ray spectral region have not evolved significantly from z ∼ 7 to the present day and that quasars comparable to local versions existed 800 Myr after the big bang.
Anatomical Variations in the Location of Veins Draining Into the Anterior Superior Sagittal Sinus: Implications for the Transbasal Approach
Authors: Borghei-Razavi Hamid , Raghavan Alankrita , Eguiluz-Melendez Aldo , Joshi Krishna , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C , Kshettry Varun R , Recinos Pablo F 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Many approaches are used for midline anterior cranial fossa meningioma resection. In the subfrontal approach, the anterior superior sagittal sinus (SSS) is commonly ligated to release the anterior falx. The transbasal approach allows access to the origin of the anterior SSS, allowing for maximum venous preservation.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate variations in the first and second veins draining into the SSS.

METHODS
We performed stepwise dissections for a transbasal level 1 approach on 8 anatomic specimens. We visualized the first and second veins draining into the sinus and measured the distance from the foramen cecum to these veins. We also measured the orbital bar height to determine the length of sagittal sinus that could be preserved with orbital bar removal.

RESULTS
The distance between the foramen cecum and the first vein ranged from 4 to 36 mm while the distance to the second vein ranged from 6 to 48 mm. The mean orbital bar height was 26.4 mm. Based on these measurements, with a traditional bicoronal craniotomy without orbital bar removal, 81% of first veins and 58% of second veins would be sacrificed.

CONCLUSION
A supraorbital bar or nasofrontal osteotomy, part of the transbasal skull base approach, is helpful to preserve the first and second veins when ligating the anterior SSS. Based on this study, it may be difficult to preserve these veins without orbital bar removal. Preservation of these veins may be of clinical importance when approaching midline anterior fossa pathologies.
Sources of Successful Societies
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Abstract: The world's twenty or so affluent longstanding-democratic nations have enjoyed rapid economic growth since the middle of the nineteenth century. As countries get richer, their citizens tend to want more public insurance to protect against loss, more policies and rules that boost the capabilities and well-being of the less fortunate, and greater prioritization of personal liberty. Together, affluence, its causes (markets, stable and supportive government, and science), and its consequences (desire for more insurance, fairness, and personal freedom) have produced societies that are not only richer but also more secure, better educated, healthier, fairer, freer, and happier.
Breaking the Binaries in Security Studies
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The book focuses on the study of women combat soldiers in the fields of Security Studies and International Relations. It addresses this issue by bringing the soldiers’ voices and silences to the forefront of research in these domains and by presenting the women soldiers as narrators. The book introduces a theoretical framework in Critical Security Studies for understanding—by binary deconstructions of the terms used in these fields—the integration of women soldiers into combat and combat-support roles and the challenges they face. The book draws on Feminist IR scholarship and introduces an interdisciplinary theoretical perspective that aims to lead scholars to consider why and how women’s experiences should be incorporated into the analysis of violence, state violence, combat trauma, security, and insecurity. The book therefore emphasizes the importance of including, in critical approaches to security, the understudied topic of the voices of women in combat. The book explores the voices and silences of women who served in combat roles in the Israeli Defense Forces. The analysis, however, extends beyond the Israeli case insofar as the book offers important general insights into the larger issues of the links between war and gender, body and gender, trauma and gender, and politics and gender. It also raises methodological considerations about ways of evaluating power relations in conflict situations and patriarchal structures. The binary deconstructions discussed in the book offer a paradigm shift in Security Studies and Conflict Studies.
Women in Combat
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The book focuses on the importance of the study of women combat soldiers and veterans in the fields of Security Studies and International Relations. The chapter addresses this issue by bringing women’s voices and silences to the forefront of research in these domains and by presenting women soldiers as narrators of war and conflict through their alternative and very personal stories. The pivotal motif that runs through the book is the theoretical framework it provides for understanding the process of integration of women soldiers into combat and combat-support roles and the challenges they face. The research seeks to explore narratives of women as violent actors rather than as women struggling for peace. The book prompts scholars to be critical of widely accepted knowledge and binary conceptions in military studies. Chapter 1 outlines the book’s rationale, the research framework, the context of the research, and the contents of the subsequent chapters.