bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular mapping of stripe rust resistance gene YrH921 in a wheat introgression line H921‐11‐1
Authors: Ma Dong‐fang , Jiang Liling , Sun Cai , Li Han , Hou Lu , Guo Qingyun , Li Qiurong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSeveral novel stripe rust pathogen races emerging in the wheat‐planting regions of China in recent years were virulent to a majority of the designated wheat seedling resistance genes. Therefore, it is of great significance to continuously select more new and valuable materials for enriching resistant sources diversity, pyramiding different excellent resistance genes and achieving durable resistance. In this study, a resistance gene, temporarily designated as YrH921, was identified from wheat–Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H921‐11‐1. Two hybrid populations, 160 F2 plants and corresponding derived F2:3 families, of the two parents about Mingxian169 as female and H921‐11‐1 as male, were used to evaluate stripe rust resistance in seedling stage and as a mapping population. At last, a genetic map which comprises of four simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and six expressed sequence tag (EST) markers was constructed. YrH921 was located on the long arm of chromosome 5A. Two closely linked EST‐STS markers (BF483937 and BF484913) were screened, and the genetic distance linked to YrH921 was 3.0 and 4.3 cM, respectively. There was great value in research and production if the two closest markers were effectively used for marker‐assisted selection of YrH921 in breeding.
EffectorK, a comprehensive resource to mine for Ralstonia, Xanthomonas, and other published effector interactors in the Arabidopsis proteome
Authors: González‐Fuente Manuel , Carrère Sébastien , Monachello Dario , Marsella Benjamin G. , Cazalé Anne‐Claire , Zischek Claudine , Mitra Raka M. , Rezé Nathalie , Cottret Ludovic , Mukhtar M. Shahid , Lurin Claire , Noël Laurent D. , Peeters Nemo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPathogens deploy effector proteins that interact with host proteins to manipulate the host physiology to the pathogen's own benefit. However, effectors can also be recognized by host immune proteins, leading to the activation of defence responses. Effectors are thus essential components in determining the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions. Despite major efforts to decipher effector functions, our current knowledge on effector biology is scattered and often limited. In this study, we conducted two systematic large‐scale yeast two‐hybrid screenings to detect interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana proteins and effectors from two vascular bacterial pathogens: Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris. We then constructed an interactomic network focused on Arabidopsis and effector proteins from a wide variety of bacterial, oomycete, fungal, and invertebrate pathogens. This network contains our experimental data and protein–protein interactions from 2,035 peer‐reviewed publications (48,200 Arabidopsis–Arabidopsis and 1,300 Arabidopsis–effector protein interactions). Our results show that effectors from different species interact with both common and specific Arabidopsis interactors, suggesting dual roles as modulators of generic and adaptive host processes. Network analyses revealed that effector interactors, particularly “effector hubs” and bacterial core effector interactors, occupy important positions for network organization, as shown by their larger number of protein interactions and centrality. These interactomic data were incorporated in EffectorK, a new graph‐oriented knowledge database that allows users to navigate the network, search for homology, or find possible paths between host and/or effector proteins. EffectorK is available at www.effectork.org and allows users to submit their own interactomic data.
Technocracy in the Era of Twitter: Between intergovernmentalism and supranational technocratic politics in global tax governance
Authors: Picciotto Sol 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe international tax system developed as a form of technocratic governance, aimed at facilitating international investment, neglecting provisions for cooperation between national governments for tax enforcement. Its endogenous flaws resulted in its politicization in the 1970s, and again in the 1990s, leading to an increasingly technicized form of global governance. The great financial crisis was even more disruptive and accelerated a shift toward increasingly volatile interactions between the spheres of technocracy and politics. Complex global problems requiring long time‐horizons are dealt with by increasingly narrowly focused technical specialists, dominated by corporatized bureaucracies operating in public‐private symbiosis; while in the sphere of politics, a wider public seeks simple solutions and mistrusts experts, with good reason given the experience of regulatory failures, often due to the capture of regulation by private interests. Instant communication favors opinion‐formers claiming authority, while representative democracy has shifted to “audience representation,” opening the way for demagogue leaders, as well as clientelism and corruption. While the financial crisis opened up possibilities for a paradigm shift in international tax governance, the tensions in both the technocratic and political spheres, as well as the growing gap between them, make it hard to achieve a stable and effective outcome.
Phylogeny and diversification of the gallopheasants (Aves: Galliformes): Testing roles of sexual selection and environmental niche divergence
Authors: Hosner Peter A. , Owens Hannah L. , Braun Edward L. , Kimball Rebecca T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe gallopheasants comprise a clade of 22 species including some of the most elaborately plumaged and highly ornamented birds in the world. They also occupy a remarkable breath of environments and habitats, ranging from lowland rainforests to high grasslands and steppes of the Tibetan plateau. Here, we provide the first well‐resolved species phylogeny of this charismatic group, inferred from ultraconserved elements, nuclear introns and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Unlike previous studies which found unresolvable relationships and suggested a rapid initial burst of diversification, we identified a well‐resolved phylogeny supported in both concatenated and coalescent analytical frameworks, and a steady accrual of lineages through time. Morphological trait reconstructions demonstrated strong phylogenetic signal, not only for highly ornamented males, but also in more cryptically plumaged females. Environmental niche similarly exhibited strong phylogenetic signal. Moreover, evolution of male traits, female traits and environmental niche were all significantly correlated, making it difficult to disentangle their individual roles in gallopheasant diversification.
Computation of Discrete Medial Axis Using Local Search in Domain Delaunay Triangulation of a Solid
Authors: Sharma G. K. , Gurumoorthy B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA new method is proposed to determine the points on the medial axis transform (MAT) of an object from its surface mesh representation. Current art typically uses a Voronoi diagram-based approach to generate the medial axis of a given point cloud on the boundary of the object or a surface mesh representation as input. This approach defines the MAT points as a subset of the Voronoi vertices close to the medial axis, where the accuracy and density of the points on the medial axis depend on the sampling density of the input point cloud representation. Therefore, the set of medial axis points is incomplete and may lack various topological features of the MAT and its reconstruction property. Instead of filtering the Voronoi vertices that are not medial points, the method proposed in this paper searches for the correct MAT point in the vicinity of such Voronoi vertices and finds the pair of corresponding footpoints using the properties of the MAT point. Hence, the algorithm can determine points on the medial axis without being dependent on the given sampling density and even in the presence of inputs having non-manifold entities. As the MAT points are generated based on the definition of medial axis (MA), the result obtained is accurate to within a specified tolerance.
The Effect of Shape on the Motion and Stability of Marangoni Surfers
Authors: Sur Samrat , Uvanovic Nicholas , Masoud Hassan , Rothstein Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Marangoni propulsion of spheres and elliptical disks floating on the air–water interface were studied to understand the effect of particle shape on its motion and its stability at moderate Reynolds numbers. Self-propulsion of the Marangoni surfer was achieved by coating half of the spheres and the elliptical disks with either a solution of soap or isopropyl alcohol (IPA). The presence of the soap or IPA resulted in a surface tension gradient across the particles which propelled the particles in the direction of increasing surface tension. Beyond a critical velocity, a transition was observed from a straight-line motion to a rotational motion. These vortices were observed to shed above a critical Reynolds number resulting in an unbalanced torque that caused the particles to rotate. Increasing the aspect ratio between the major and minor axes of the elliptical disks was found to decrease their stability and greatly enhance their rate of rotation. This was especially true for elliptical disks traveling in a direction parallel to their major axis. The interactions between the particles and the wall of a Petri dish were also studied. Repulsive, concave curvature was found to decrease stability and enhance rotational motion, while attractive, convex curvature was shown to stabilize the straight-line motion of the spheres. For the neutrally buoyant elliptical disks, the presence of the bounding wall was found to greatly stabilize the straight-line motion of the elliptical disks when they were traveling in a direction parallel to their minor axis.
Effect of Motor Development Levels on Kinematic Synergies During Two-Hand Catching in Children
Authors: Balali Marzie , Parvinpour Shahab , Shafizadeh Mohsen 
Published: August 2020

The ability to coordinate different body parts under different constraints that are imposed by organism, environment, and tasks during motor development might be different in children. The aim of this study was to examine whether children with different motor development levels are different with regard to multijoint coordination during two-hand catching. Eighty-four children (age: 6.05 ±0.67 years) who were assessed on object control skills were recruited voluntarily. The biomechanical model was defined from 20 movements of seven segments (shoulders, elbows, wrists, and torso), and the principal component analysis was used to quantify the multijoint coordination and kinematic synergies during catching. The results showed that the redundancy of joints in two-hand catching is controlled by three kinematic synergies that defined the majority of the variance. The participants who were grouped based on their development levels did not show differences in the number and strength of synergies; however, they were different in the utilization of the kinematic synergies for successful catching. In conclusion, the number and the strength of the kinematic synergies during two-hand catching are not affected by the developmental levels and are related to the nature of the task.
Anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography for iris vasculature in pigmented eyes
Authors: Ang Marcus , Devarajan Kavya , Tan Anna CS , Ke Mengyuan , Tan Bingyao , Teo Kaiying , Sng Chelvin C.A. , Ting Daniel S , Schmetterer Leopold 
Published: August 2020

PurposeTo compare anterior segment optical coherence tomography angiography (AS-OCTA) systems in delineating normal iris vessels and iris neovascularisation (NVI) in eyes with pigmented irides.MethodsProspective study from January 2019 to June 2019 of 10 consecutive patients with normal pigmented iris, had AS-OCTA scans with a described illumination technique, before using the same protocol in five eyes with NVI (clinical stages 1–3). All scans were sequentially performed using a spectral-domain OCTA (SD-OCTA), and a swept-source OCTA (SS-OCTA, Plex Elite 9000). Images were graded by two masked observers for visibility, artefacts and NVI characteristics. The main outcome measure was iris vessel density measurements comparing SS-OCTA and SD-OCTA systems.ResultsThe median age of subjects was 28 (20–35) years, and 50% were female. The paired mean difference of iris vessel density measurements was 11.7 (95% CI 14.7 to 8.1; p=0.002), SS-OCTA detecting more vessels than SD-OCTA. The inter-rater reliability for artefact score (κ=0.799, p<0.001) and visibility score (κ=0.722; p<0.001) were substantial. Both AS-OCTA systems were able to detect NVI vessels with a fair agreement (κ=0.588), with clearer NVI characteristics in stage 1/2 compared to stage 3 NVI (mean difference NVI score: 2.7±0.4, p=0.009).ConclusionThe SS-OCTA was better able to delineate iris vessels in normal pigmented irides compared to SD-OCTA. Both AS-OCTA systems identified NVI characteristics based on its atypical configuration or location, but further improvements are needed to allow for more accurate objective, serial quantification for clinical use.
Performance and costs of multiple screening strategies for type 2 diabetes: two population-based studies in Shanghai, China
Authors: Li Yanyun , Jiang Huiru , Cheng Minna , Yao Weiyuan , Zhang Hua , Shi Yan , Xu Wanghong 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionTo compare the performance and the costs of various assumed screening strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Chinese adults, and identify an optimal one for the population.Research design and methodsTwo multistage-sampling surveys were conducted in Shanghai, China, in 2009 and 2017. All participants were interviewed, had anthropometry, measured fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c (A1c) and/or postprandial glucose. The 1999 WHO diagnostic criteria was used to identify undiagnosed T2DM. A previously developed Chinese risk assessment system and a specific risk assessment system developed in this study were applied to calculate diabetes risk score (DRS) 1 and 2. Optimal screening strategies were selected based on the sensitivity, Youden index and the costs using the 2009 survey data as the training set and the 2017 survey data as the validation set. A twofold cross-validation was also performed.ResultsOf numerous assumed strategies, FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L alone performed well (Youden index of 71.8%) and cost least (US$18.4 for each case detected), followed by the strategy of DRS2 ≥8 combining with FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L (Youden index of 71.7% and US$20.2 per case detected) and the strategy of DRS1 ≥17 combining with FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L (Youden index of 72.0% and US$21.6 per case detected). However, FPG alone resulted in more subjects requiring oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) than did combining with DRS. The strategy of FPG ≥5.6 mmol/L combining with A1c ≥4.7% achieved a Youden index of 72.1%, but had a cost as high as US$48.8 for each case identified. Twofold cross-validation also supported the use of FPG alone, but with an optimal cut-off of 6.1 mmol/L.ConclusionsOur results support the use of FPG alone in T2DM screening in Chinese adults. DRS may be used combining with FPG in populations with available electronic health records to reduce the number of OGTT and save costs of screening.
Diagnosis of Stress fractures in military trainees: a large-scale cohort
Authors: Shapiro Michael , Zubkov K , Landau R 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionThe Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has strict protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of stress fractures wherein diagnosis is clinical with imaging used for persistent symptoms only. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of clinical and radiological stress fractures during IDF combat training.MethodsMedical records of all soldiers enlisted to combat training between 2014 and 2017 were scanned for the diagnosis of stress fractures. We examined the imaging tests ordered (plain radiographs and bone scans) and their results and the time between the clinical diagnosis to imaging tests.ResultsDuring 4 years, 62 371 soldiers (10.1% women) had started combat training, and 3672 of them (5.9%) were diagnosed with clinical stress fractures. Radiographs were ordered for 53.5% of those diagnosed, of whom 29.7% also had a bone scan. Some 42% of radiographs were taken within 21 days. Radiographs were positive for stress fractures in 11.1% of tests. Bone scans showed evidence of stress fractures in 49.7%, of which 49.2% diagnosed stress fractures in multiple bones.ConclusionThe high percentage of negative radiographs may indicate towards alternative causes for symptoms. Performing the radiograph before or after 21 days did not affect workup results diverting from current belief that later radiographs will be more sensitive. Multiple stress fractures are a common finding, indicating that the increased training load puts the whole musculoskeletal system at increased risk for injury. Research results may necessitate a revision of clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of stress fractures in military trainees.
Predictive Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Score Categories for Coronary Events Versus Strokes: Impact of Sex and Race
Authors: Mehta Anurag , Pandey Ambarish , Ayers Colby R. , Khera Amit , Sperling Laurence S. , Szklo Moyses , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Budoff Mathew J. , Blaha Michael J. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Nasir Khurram , Joshi Parag H. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Coronary artery calcium (CAC) predicts atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events, inclusive of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, and is a decision-making aid for primary prevention. The predictive value of CAC categories for CHD and stroke separately and across sex and race groups of an asymptomatic population is unclear.

Methods:
White, Black, and Hispanic participants of MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) and DHS (Dallas Heart Study) underwent CAC measurement at enrollment and were followed for incident ASCVD events. Ten-year CHD-to-stroke incidence ratios across CAC score categories 0, 1 to 99, and ≥100 were assessed. Associations of CAC with incident CHD and stroke events were evaluated using multivariable-adjusted Cox models and multiplicative interactions of CAC with sex/race were tested.

Results:

Among 7042 participants (mean age, 57 years, 54% women, 36% Black, 23% Hispanic, 49% CAC=0, 19% CAC ≥100), 574 incident ASCVD events (333 CHD and 241 stroke) were observed over 12.3-year follow-up. Ten-year CHD-to-stroke incidence ratio increased significantly across CAC categories in men, women, Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics (all
P
<0.001). High CAC burden (score ≥100) was independently associated with ASCVD and CHD risk in all groups and with stroke risk in the overall cohort and Blacks. No sex- or race-based CAC interactions for ASCVD, CHD, and stroke events were observed. Adding CAC to a traditional risk factor model improved risk discrimination and reclassification for CHD but not for stroke events.

Conclusions:
In 2 population-based cohorts of asymptomatic individuals, 10-year CHD-to-stroke incidence ratio was higher with increasing CAC score categories across sex and race groups, and CAC was consistently a better predictor of CHD than stroke. High CAC burden comparably associated with ASCVD risk across sex and race groups.
Simultaneous Endo‐Epicardial Mapping of the Human Right Atrium: Unraveling Atrial Excitation
Authors: Kharbanda Rohit K. , Knops Paul , van der Does Lisette J. M. E. , Kik Charles , Taverne Yannick J. H. J. , Roos‐Serote Maarten C. , Heida Annejet , Oei Frans B. S. , Bogers Ad J. J. C. , de Groot Natasja M. S. 
Published: August 2020

Background
The significance of endo‐epicardial asynchrony (EEA) and atrial conduction block (CB), which play an important role in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) during sinus rhythm is poorly understood. The aim of our study was therefore to examine 3‐dimensional activation of the human right atrium (RA).

Methods and Results

Eighty patients (79% men, 39% history of AF) underwent simultaneous endo‐epicardial sinus rhythm mapping of the inferior, middle and superior RA. Areas of CB were defined as conduction delays of ≥12 ms, EEA as activation time differences of opposite electrodes of ≥15 ms and transmural CB as CB at similar endo‐epicardial sites. CB was more pronounced at the endocardium (all locations
P
<0.025). Amount, extensiveness and severity of CB was higher at the superior RA. Transmural CB at the inferior RA was associated with a higher incidence of post‐operative AF (
P
=0.03). EEA occurred up to 84 ms and was more pronounced at the superior RA (superior: 27 ms [interquartile range, 18.3–39.3], versus mid‐RA: 20.3 ms [interquartile range, 0–29.9], and inferior RA: 0 ms [interquartile range, 0–21],
P
<0.001). Hypertension (
P
=0.009), diabetes mellitus (
P
=0.018), and hypercholesterolemia (
P
=0.015) were associated with a higher degree of EEA. CB (
P
=0.007) and EEA (
P
=0.037) were more pronounced in patients with a history of persistent AF compared with patients without AF history.

Conclusions
This study provides important insights into complex atrial endo‐epicardial excitation. Significant differences in conduction disorders between the endo‐ and epicardium and a significant degree of EEA are already present during sinus rhythm and are more pronounced in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or a history of persistent AF.
Regional Variability and Trends of Temperature Inversions in Greenland
Authors: Shahi Sonika , Abermann Jakob , Heinrich Georg , Prinz Rainer , Schöner Wolfgang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStrong and thick temperature inversions are key components of the Arctic climate system and it is important to study and better understand them. The present study quantifies the temporal and spatial variability of surface-based inversions (SBIs) and elevated inversions (EIs) over Greenland, as derived from the ERA-Interim (ERA-I) dataset for the period 1979–2017. The seasonal and multiannual variability of inversion strength, thickness, and frequency are examined. Our results clearly show regional as well as seasonal patterns of both SBIs and EIs. SBIs are more frequent and stronger than EIs, and the spatial variability of inversions is larger during winter and smaller during summer. Furthermore, during summer, there has been a trend toward stronger (0.3 K decade−1), thicker (12 m decade−1), and more frequent (3% decade−1) SBIs in the southern part of Greenland, especially in the past two decades. Evidently, the strengthening of the anticyclone over Greenland causes a reduction of cloud cover, which manifests in an increase in SBI strength and thickness, particularly in the southern part of Greenland.