bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disagreement on cancer drug decisions in Europe
Authors: Maynou Laia , Cairns John 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesDespite the efforts of the European Union (EU) to promote voluntary cooperation among Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies, different reimbursement decisions for the same drug are made across European countries. The aim of this paper is to compare the agreement of cancer drug reimbursement decisions using inter-rater reliability measures.MethodsThis study is based on primary data on 161 cancer drug reimbursement decisions from nine European countries from 2002 to 2014. To achieve our goal, we use two measures to analyze agreement, in other words, congruency: (i) percentage of agreement and (ii) the κ score.ResultsOne main conclusion can be drawn from the analysis. There is a weak to medium agreement among cancer drug decisions in the European countries analyzed (based on the percentage of agreement and the κ score). England and Scotland show the highest consistency between the two measures, showing a medium agreement. These results are in line with previous literature on the congruency of HTA decisions.ConclusionsThis paper contributes to the HTA literature, by highlighting the extent of weak to medium agreement among cancer decisions in Europe.
Childhood predictors and moderators of lifetime risk of self-harm in girls with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Meza Jocelyn I. , Owens Elizabeth B. , Hinshaw Stephen P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with self-harm during adolescence and young adulthood, especially among females. Yet little is known about the developmental trajectories or childhood predictors/moderators of self-harm in women with and without childhood histories of ADHD. We characterized lifetime risk for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation (SI), and suicide attempts (SA), comparing female participants with (n= 140) and without (n= 88) childhood ADHD. We examined theory-informed childhood predictors and moderators of lifetime risk via baseline measures from childhood. First, regarding developmental patterns, most females with positive histories of lifetime self-harm engaged in such behaviors in adolescence yet desisted by adulthood. Females with positive histories of self-harm by late adolescence emanated largely from the ADHD-C group. Second, we found that predictors of NSSI were early externalizing symptoms, overall executive functioning, and father's negative parenting; predictors of SI were adverse childhood experiences and low self-esteem; and predictors of SA were early externalizing symptoms, adverse childhood experiences, and low self-esteem. Third, receiver operating characteristics analyses helped to ascertain interactive sets of predictors. Findings indicate that pathways to self-harm are multifaceted for females with ADHD. Understanding early childhood predictors and moderators of self-harm can inform both risk assessment and intervention strategies.
Narrow reading, vocabulary load and collocations in context: Exploring lexical repetition in concordances from a pedagogical perspective
Authors: Ballance Oliver James 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNarrow reading has the potential to reduce vocabulary load and to provide rich opportunities for developing collocation knowledge, but these benefits rely on narrow reading increasing lexical repetition within a text. Hence, interest in narrow reading has been limited by the relatively small lexical effect of narrowing reading by topic (Nation, 2013). Nevertheless, research in data-driven learning and teaching and language corpora has reported positively on learners using concordances in a manner comparable to narrow reading. However, the potential for concordances to provide an increased lexical-repetition effect has not been assessed. This study bridges this gap by exploring the degree of lexical repetition available in concordances and identifies corpus composition as a key predictor of lexical repetition. The study uses standardised type-token ratio (sTTR) to analyse concordances extracted from corpora at three different levels of homogeneity/heterogeneity. The results show large, reliable variations in lexical repetition resulting from variation in corpus homogeneity/heterogeneity, and so identifies concordance-based narrow reading as a possible means of overcoming the limitations of traditional narrow reading by topic. The results are discussed with reference to pedagogical implications for language learners, teachers, and researchers.
Actuarial valuations to monitor defined benefit pension funding
Authors: O’Brien Christopher D. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper is motivated by The Pensions Regulator (TPR)’s review of its Code of Practice on funding for defined benefit schemes and aims to suggest how trustees and regulators should monitor the extent to which scheme assets are adequate to cover liabilities. It concludes that current practice is inadequate and needs to change.
A review is carried out of papers on not only this subject but also (to collect ideas rather than automatically apply them to pensions solvency valuations) pensions and insurance accounting and regulation.
Current practice is “scheme-specific funding” which permits discretion on choice of discount rates and other assumptions; the paper is concerned that this can lead to bias, and that trends in a scheme’s solvency can be obscured by changing assumptions. This also leads to the funding ratio communicated to scheme members having little meaning.
The paper suggests that regulators should require a valuation that is based on sound principles, objective, fair, neutral, transparent and feasible. A prescribed methodology would replace discretion.
It concludes that the benefits to be valued are those arising on discontinuance of the scheme, without allowing for future salary-related benefit increases, which are felt to no longer be a constructive obligation of employers.
The valuation should, it is suggested, use market values of assets, which is largely current practice.
Liabilities should reflect the trustees fulfilling their liabilities, rather than transferring them to an insurer (which may introduce artificialities).
The discount rate should follow the “matching” approach, being a market-consistent risk-free rate: this is consistent with several papers to the profession in recent years. It avoids the problems of the “budgeting” approach, where the discount rate is based on the expected return on assets – this can be used to help set contribution levels but is not suitable for determining the value of liabilities, which depends on salary, service, longevity, etc and (very largely) not on the assets held. In principle, the liability value can be adjusted for illiquidity. Credit risk of the employer should not be allowed for.
Liabilities should reflect the (probability-weighted) expected value of future cash flows and should not be increased by prudent margins or risk margins (which would lead to a non-neutral figure). Risk disclosures are needed to understand and manage risks.
The resulting funding ratio is a consistent measure, to be disclosed to members, which can be used to manage the scheme, and by regulators as the basis for requiring action. Scheme-specific management using data such as the employer covenant means that immediate action to ensure 100% solvency on the proposed basis would not necessarily be appropriate.
The author encourages the profession to advise TPR on the above lines.
The 18 November 2015 Magnetopause Crossing: The GEM Dayside Kinetic Challenge Event Observed by MMS/HPCA
Authors: Trattner K. J. , Burch J. L. , Fuselier S. A. , Petrinec S. M. , Vines S. K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAt Earth's dayside magnetopause, the fundamental process known as magnetic reconnection is responsible for connecting geomagnetic field lines to interplanetary magnetic field lines and converting magnetic energy into particle energy and heat. As part of a coordinated analysis effort by the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) community to determine the reconnection location and other aspects of reconnection, a magnetopause crossing by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on 18 November 2015 was selected. The crossing occurred during stable solar wind and dominantly southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. The MMS satellites were located close to the subsolar region and observed southward accelerated ion jets during encounters with the magnetopause boundary layers, indicating the presence of an active X‐line north of the satellites. Using proton distributions from the Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer (HPCA) instruments, the distance from the spacecraft to the reconnection site was initially determined to be between 5 to 7 RE. A slight rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field caused a change of the magnetic topology at the magnetopause. This topology change produced conditions which are known to change the location of the X‐line. After the change, the location of the component reconnection line was estimated to be less than 4 RE, but most likely was much closer to the observing satellites.
Influences of North Pacific Ocean Domain Extent on the Western U.S. Winter Hydroclimatology in Variable‐Resolution CESM
Authors: Rhoades Alan M. , Jones Andrew D. , O'Brien Travis A. , O'Brien John P. , Ullrich Paul A. , Zarzycki Colin M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVariable‐resolution global climate models (VRGCMs) are a dynamical downscaling method that can reach spatiotemporal scales needed for regional climate assessments. Over the years, several users of VRGCMs have assumed where the location and extent of the refinement domain should be based on knowledge of the prevailing storm tracks and resolution dependence of important regional climate processes (e.g., atmospheric rivers [ARs] and orographic uplift), but the effect of high‐resolution domain size and extent on the simulation of downstream hydroclimatic phenomena has not been systematically evaluated. Here, we use variable resolution in the Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) to perform such a test. To do this, three VR‐CESM grids were generated that span the entire, two thirds, and one third of the North Pacific and evaluated for a 30‐year climatology using Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project protocols. Simulations are compared with reanalysis products offshore (fifth‐generation of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis [ERA5]) and onshore (Livneh, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.42, and Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model [PRISM]) of the western United States. The westward expansion of refinement domain influenced integrated vapor transport (IVT), which was generally high biased but minimally impacted AR characteristics. Due to slight differences in landfalling AR counts in the western United States, California winter precipitation generally improved with westward expansion of the refinement domain. Western U.S. mountain snowpack and surface temperatures were insensitive to refinement domain size and were more influenced by changes in topographic resolution and/or land surface model version. Given minimal dependence of simulated western U.S. hydroclimate on refinement domain size over the North Pacific, we advise future VR‐CESM studies to focus grid resolution on better resolving land surface heterogeneity.
On the Stability of Deep‐Seated Landslides. The Cases of Vaiont (Italy) and Shuping (Three Gorges Dam, China)
Authors: Seguí Carolina , Rattez Hadrien , Veveakis Manolis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDeep‐seated landslides can have catastrophic impacts on human life and infrastructure when they suddenly fail. These events are devastating because of the large volumes of soil and rock masses involved and their often long runout. The present study suggests an energy‐based method to determine when a landslide becomes unstable, giving critical values for measurable variables (velocity and basal temperature) up to which remediation actions can be deployed. This work focuses on large ancient landslides reactivated by dam‐related water table variations that modify landslide stability. The main hypothesis of this work is that most of the deformation of deep‐seated landslides is concentrated on a thin, basal shear band forming the sliding surface. In particular, this assumption allows an approximation of deep‐seated landslides as elastic/rigid blocks sliding over a viscoplastic shear band, featuring weak phases like expansive clays. When the landslide moves, it causes friction in the shear band that raises the temperature of the clays until they become unstable and collapse catastrophically through a thermal runaway instability. The model is applied to the Vaiont landslide in Northern Italy and the Shuping landslide next to the Three Gorges Dam in China. The results of the model reproduce the sliding behavior of both landslides and provide constraints on the critical points of stability.
Intact Ether Lipids in Trench Sediments Related to Archaeal Community and Environmental Conditions in the Deepest Ocean
Authors: Xu Yunping , Wu Weichao , Xiao Wenjie , Ge Huangmin , Wei Yuli , Yin Xiuran , Yao Huimin , Lipp Julius Sebastian , Pan Binbin , Hinrichs Kai‐Uwe 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArchaea play an important role in marine biogeochemical cycle; however, their phylogenetic distribution and lipid composition in the hadal zone (6–11 km water depth) are poorly known. Here, we analyzed archaeal membrane lipids and 16S rRNA gene sequences in sediments from Mariana Trench (MT), Massau Trench (MS), and New Britain Trench (NBT), varying from 1,560 to 10,840 m depth. Forty‐two intact polar lipids (IPLs) were identified, including glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), OH‐GDGTs, glycerol dialkyl diethers (GDDs), and archaeol (AR) with polar headgroups of monohexose (1G), dihexose (2G), trihexose (3G), and hexose‐phosphohexose (HPH). Compositional and spatial distribution patterns of archaeal lipids suggest benthic Thaumarchaeota as a major source for IPLs, consistent with the predominance of Thaumarchaeota genes (>80%). The redundancy analysis (RDA) based on lipid and 16S rRNA data separates samples into three groups: extremely deep water (MT), significant terrestrial influence (NBT 1, 4, and 6), and predominant marine influence (MS, NBT 2, 3, 7, and 10). 1G‐GDDs and 1G‐AR positively correlate with water depth, likely reflecting the adaptation of benthic archaea to elevated hydrostatic pressure or variation of archaeal community in trench sediments. Bathyarchaeota are more abundant in sediments receiving terrestrial input; this pattern was attributed to their capability of utilizing terrestrial organic matter as an energy source. Our study highlights important environmental influences (e.g., pressure and organic matter quality and quantity) on benthic archaeal community and archaeal IPL compositions, which should be considered when IPLs and core lipids are applied as chemotaxonomic markers and paleo‐proxies.
Effect of Fluid Viscosity on Earthquake Nucleation
Authors: Cornelio C. , Violay M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInjection of fluids in geo‐reservoirs can reduce the effective stresses at depth, lubricating the nearby faults, promoting slip and, potentially, earthquakes. High‐viscous fluids are often used during hydraulic fracturing and production phases in geo‐reservoirs. Here, we performed dedicated experiments to study the influence of fluid viscosity on earthquake nucleation. We performed frictional sliding experiments at 30 and 50 effective normal stresses and fluids viscosity ranging from 1 to 1,226 mPa s and modeled them with a rate‐and‐state friction law. In the presence of fluid, the state variable is defined as the ability of the fluid to flow. Our results showed that static friction slightly decreases with increasing viscosity, the dynamic friction is governed by the dimensionless Sommerfeld number (S = 6ηVL/(σ'nH2)). Moreover, we observed that the (a − b) parameters of the rate‐and‐state friction law decrease with increasing viscosity down to (a − b) < 0, possibly promoting unstable slip and earthquake nucleation.
Near‐Field Modeling of the 1964 Alaska Tsunami: The Role of Splay Faults and Horizontal Displacements
Authors: Suleimani Elena , Freymueller Jeffrey T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNear‐field observations of tsunami waves generated by the Mw9.2 1964 Alaska earthquake reveal a complex relationship between coseismic slip and the tsunami wavefield in the source area. The documented times and amplitudes of first arrivals, measured run‐up heights and inundation areas along the coasts of the Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island show that secondary splay faults played an important role in generating destructive tsunami waves. We find that a splay fault extending to about 150°W is required to fit tsunami first arrivals on the Kenai Peninsula but that the splay fault did not rupture along the entire length of the Kenai Peninsula. This extent supports the connection of splay faulting to a persistent Prince William Sound asperity. Our results also show that the contribution of coseismic horizontal displacements into the initial tsunami wavefield does not change the pattern of tsunami arrivals much but increases the amplitude. The coseismic deformation model of Suito and Freymueller (2009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005954) explains the pattern of tsunami arrivals in the Kodiak Island region well, indicating that it provides a good estimate of slip on the megathrust in the Kodiak asperity. The sensitivity of the near‐field arrival information to the coseismic slip model shows that such data are important in distinguishing between slip on splay faults and on the megathrust and in discriminating between competing slip models.
Ultrasonic Imaging of the Onset and Growth of Fractures Within Partially Saturated Whitby Mudstone Using Coda Wave Decorrelation Inversion
Authors: Zotz‐Wilson Reuben , Douma Lisanne A. N. R. , Sarout Joel , Dautriat Jeremie , Dewhurst David , Barnhoorn Auke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUsing active ultrasonic source survey data, coda wave decorrelation (CWD) time‐lapse imaging during the triaxial compression of Whitby Mudstone cores provides a 3‐D description of the evolution and redistribution of inelastic strain concentrations. Acoustic emissions (AEs) monitoring is also performed between any two consecutive surveys. From these data, we investigate the impact of initial water saturation Sw on the onset, growth, and reactivation of inelastic deformation, compared to the postdeformation fracture network extracted from X‐ray tomography scans. Our results indicate for the applied strain rate and degree of initial water saturation, and within the frequency range of our ultrasonic transducers (0.1 to 1 MHz), that inelastic strain localization and propagation in the Whitby Mudstone does not radiate AEs of sufficient magnitude to be detected above the average noise level. This is true for both the initial onset of inelasticity (strain localization) and during macroscopic failure. In contrast, the CWD results indicate the onset of what is interpreted as localized regions of inelastic strain at less than 50% of the peak differential stress the Whitby Mudstone can sustain. The seemingly aseismic nature of these clay‐rich rocks suggests the gradual development of inelastic strain, from the microscopic diffuse damage, up until the macroscopic shear failure.
Globally Consistent Patterns of Asynchrony in Vegetation Phenology Derived From Optical, Microwave, and Fluorescence Satellite Data
Authors: Wang Xian , Dannenberg Matthew P. , Yan Dong , Jones Matthew O. , Kimball John S. , Moore David J. P. , van Leeuwen Willem J. D. , Didan Kamel , Smith William K. 
Published: June 2020

Key Points

Asynchrony in phenology metrics derived from optical, microwave, and fluorescence satellite data increases as the growing season progresses
Globally, peak‐/end‐of‐season phenology metrics are temporally organized such that fluorescence < optical < microwave
Integration of these independent satellite‐based indices reveals vegetation senescence as a prolonged, complex, and well‐organized process
Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup Near Bayhorse, Idaho: Late‐Stage Rodinian Rifting Was Deflected West Around the Belt Basin
Authors: Brennan Daniel T. , Pearson David M. , Link Paul K. , Chamberlain Kevin R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractConflicting models of Rodinian rifting have been proposed to explain the recognized variation in the Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian tectonostratigraphic architecture of the western Laurentian margin. However, discrimination among rift models is hampered by limited exposure and metamorphism of the rocks. Southeastern Idaho preserves more than 6 km of Neoproterozoic and Cambrian strata. In contrast, along the inferred continuation of the margin in east central Idaho, correlative rocks are missing across the Lemhi arch. Our field mapping and U‐Pb dating studies, located approximately 50 km west of the Lemhi arch unconformity, focused on a succession of regionally extensive rocks that were previously assigned an Ordovician age. We show that ~1.5 km of strata here overlies a ~667 Ma reworked felsic tuff and was intruded by a 601 ± 27 Ma gabbro sill; we thus redesignate these rocks as Cryogenian and Ediacaran in age. These rocks are overlain by a ~1 km thick Ediacaran to middle Cambrian quartzite. Middle Ordovician quartzites overlie these middle Cambrian strata, indicating that though Neoproterozoic and lower Cambrian rocks are present west of the Lemhi arch, upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician rocks are thin or absent. Comparison of this redesignated section to the closest correlative sections suggests an initial stage of symmetric rifting followed by later asymmetric rifting. We suggest that prerifting ~1,370 Ma magmatism within the Belt basin produced lithospheric rigidity that influenced the final stage of rifting and produced heterogeneity in the geometries of structural domains similar to those documented in other well‐defined, modern rift margins.
Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the respiratory system
Authors: Holtzman Joshua , Lee Heedoo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) present numerous biomedical ways of studying disease and pathology. They function as protective packaging for the delivery of controlled concentrations of miRNAs and effector molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, genetic material, and small signaling molecules. Previous studies of EVs have yielded valuable insights into pathways of intercellular communication that affect a variety of biological processes and disease responses. The roles of EVs, specifically microRNA-containing EVs (EV-miRNAs), in either mitigating or exacerbating pulmonary disease symptoms are numerous and show promise in helping us understand pulmonary disease pathology. Because of their well-documented involvement in pulmonary diseases, EVs show promise both as possible diagnostic biomarkers and as therapeutic agents. This review surveys the physiological functions of EVs in the respiratory system and outlines the pulmonary disease states in which EVs are involved in intercellular crosstalk. This review also discusses the potential clinical applications of EV-miRNAs in pulmonary diseases.