bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of long- and short-term volcanic strain on aquifer pressure: a case study from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (W.I.)
Authors: Strehlow K , Gottsmann J , Rust A , Hautmann S , Hemmings B 
Published: July 2020

Summary
Aquifers are poroelastic bodies that respond to strain by changes in pore pressure. Crustal deformation due to volcanic processes induces pore pressure variations that are mirrored in well water levels. Here, we investigate water level changes in the Belham valley on Montserrat over the course of 2 yr (2004–2006). Using finite element analysis, we simulate crustal deformation due to different volcanic strain sources and the dynamic poroelastic aquifer response. While some additional hydrological drivers cannot be excluded, we suggest that a poroelastic strain response of the aquifer system in the Belham valley is a possible explanation for the observed water level changes. According to our simulations, the shallow Belham aquifer responds to a steadily increasing sediment load due to repeated lahar sedimentation in the valley with rising aquifer pressures. A wholesale dome collapse in May 2006 on the other hand induced dilatational strain and thereby a short-term water level drop in a deeper-seated aquifer, which caused groundwater leakage from the Belham aquifer and thereby induced a delayed water level fall in the wells. The system thus responded to both gradual and rapid transient strain associated with the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano (Montserrat). This case study gives field evidence for theoretical predictions on volcanic drivers behind hydrological transients, demonstrating the potential of hydrological data for volcano monitoring. Interrogation of such data can provide valuable constraints on stress evolution in volcanic systems and therefore complement other monitoring systems. The presented models and inferred results are conceptually applicable to volcanic areas worldwide.
Using conventional and pop-up satellite transmitting tags to assess the horizontal movements and habitat use of thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Kneebone Jeff , Sulikowski James , Knotek Ryan , McElroy W David , Gervelis Brian , Curtis Tobey , Jurek Joe , Mandelman John 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) have experienced decreasing abundance and range contraction in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) in recent decades. To better understand the extent to which population structure, environmental conditions, and movement ecology may play a role in these disruptions, 128 “mark-report” pop-up satellite tags (mrPATs) and 2195 conventional tags were deployed from 2002 to 2019. Data obtained from 84 mrPATs and 43 conventional tag recaptures [127 individuals: 55 males, 72 females; 32–104 cm total length (TL)] revealed minimum linear horizontal movements of 0.4–46.8 km in all cardinal directions over periods 22–3435 d. There was no relationship between days at liberty, TL, sex, depth, reporting season, or tag type and minimum linear displacement, and no broad seasonal movements were evident. Skates were observed at depths 27–201 m and in water temperatures 2.5–12.5°C, with fluctuations in both depth and temperature evident by season. Given their restricted movements, thorny skate may represent a single stock/population with metapopulation-like structure in the GOM. The pervasiveness of sedentary behaviour may also place the species at risk of localized depletion and climate change but also demonstrates the potential efficacy of spatial closures for promoting population recovery.
Effect of zinc pyrithione shampoo treatment on skin commensal Malassezia
Authors: Leong Cheryl , Wang Joyce , Toi Min Jet , Lam Yuen In , Goh Joleen PZ , Lee Shi Mun , Dawson Thomas L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Malassezia restricta and Malassezia globosa are lipid dependent commensal yeasts associated with dandruff. Antifungal actives such as zinc pyrithione are commonly used in antidandruff shampoos, although their efficacy is not clearly demonstrated. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of antifungal treatments on scalp Malassezia via a combination of culturomic and genomic detection methods. Zinc pyrithione inhibited Malassezia growth at low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In a longitudinal pilot study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed a decrease in M. restricta on the scalp after zinc pyrithione treatment. These findings validate the antifungal efficacy of zinc pyrithione as a dandruff treatment.

Lay Abstract
Malassezia yeasts are associated with dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Zinc pyrithione is effective against Malassezia growth in vitro and when tested on human skin as a shampoo. These findings will be useful for investigating the role of Malassezia in skin microbiome intervention studies.
Noise from undetected sources in Dark Energy Survey images
Authors: Eckert K , Bernstein G M , Amara A , Amon A , Choi A , Everett S , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Huff E M , Kuropatkin N , Roodman A , Sheldon E , Yanny B , Zhang Y , Abbott T M C , Aguena M , Avila S , Bechtol K , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Costanzi M , da Costa L N , De Vicente J , Desai S , Diehl H T , Dietrich J P , Eifler T F , Evrard A E , Flaugher B , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hartley W G , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Kron R , Kuehn K , Maia M A G , Marshall J L , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Plazas A A , Romer A K , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Soares-Santos M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , Varga T N , Walker A R , Wester W , Wilkinson R D , Zuntz J ,   (The DES Collaboration)
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
For ground-based optical imaging with current CCD technology, the Poisson fluctuations in source and sky background photon arrivals dominate the noise budget and are readily estimated. Another component of noise, however, is the signal from the undetected population of stars and galaxies. Using injection of artifical galaxies into images, we demonstrate that the measured variance of galaxy moments (used for weak gravitational lensing measurements) in Dark Energy Survey (DES) images is significantly in excess of the Poisson predictions, by up to 30 per cent, and that the background sky levels are overestimated by current software. By cross-correlating distinct images of ‘empty’ sky regions, we establish that there is a significant image noise contribution from undetected static sources (US), which, on average, are mildly resolved at DES resolution. Treating these US as a stationary noise source, we compute a correction to the moment covariance matrix expected from Poisson noise. The corrected covariance matrix matches the moment variances measured on the injected DES images to within 5 per cent. Thus, we have an empirical method to statistically account for US in weak lensing measurements, rather than requiring extremely deep sky simulations. We also find that local sky determinations can remove most of the bias in flux measurements, at a small penalty in additional, but quantifiable, noise.
Three-dimensional heat transfer effects in external layers of a magnetized neutron star
Authors: Kondratyev Ilya A , Moiseenko Sergey G , Bisnovatyi-Kogan Gennady S , Glushikhina Maria V 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Determination of a magnetic field structure on a neutron star (NS) surface is an important problem of a modern astrophysics. In a presence of strong magnetic fields, a thermal conductivity of a degenerate matter is anisotropic. In this paper, we present 3D anisotropic heat transfer simulations in outer layers of magnetized NSs, and construct synthetic thermal light curves. We have used a different from previous works tensorial thermal conductivity coefficient of electrons, derived from the analytical solution of the Boltzmann equation by the Chapman–Enskog method. We have obtained an NS surface temperature distribution in presence of dipole-plus-quadrupole magnetic fields. We consider a case, in which magnetic axes of a dipole and quadrupole components of the magnetic field are not aligned. To examine observational manifestations of such fields, we have generated thermal light curves for the obtained temperature distributions using a composite blackbody model. It is shown that the simplest (only zero-order spherical function in quadrupole component) non-coaxial dipole-plus-quadrupole magnetic field distribution can significantly affect the thermal light curves, making pulse profiles non-symmetric and amplifying pulsations in comparison to the pure-dipolar field.
The parallel tracks of kHz QPOs in low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1728−34: explorer of the bimodal accretion modes
Authors: Wang De-Hua , Zhang Cheng-Min 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Parallel tracks in the relation between the lower kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillation (kHz QPO) frequency ν1 and the X-ray intensity I have been observed in the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary (NS-LMXB) 4U 1728−34, and we try to ascribe these phenomena to the bimodal accretion modes, i.e. the disc accretion and radial accretion. For the source with one constant radial accretion rate $\dot{M}_{\rm r}$, as the increase of the disc accretion rate $\dot{M}_{\rm d}$, the NS magnetosphere-disc radius can shrink from ∼18 to ∼16 km, while ν1 increases from ∼670 to ∼870 Hz. Then, due to the increase of the kHz QPO frequency and total X-ray intensity Itot, the source will trace out an oblique track in ν1–I relation. While, if the source enters another constant radial accretion rate due to the variation of the accretion environment, the increase of the disc accretion rate can arise another parallel track in ν1–I relation. Finally, the reliability of the theoretical assumptions, the variability of the accretion radius and accretion rate, as well as the dependence of the two accretion modes, are also investigated and discussed.
Robotic reverberation mapping of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 120
Authors: Hlabathe Michael S , Starkey David A , Horne Keith , Romero-Colmenero Encarni , Crawford Steven M , Valenti Stefano , Winkler Hartmut , Barth Aaron J , Onken Christopher A , Sand David J , Treu Tommaso , Diamond-Stanic Aleksandar M , Villforth Carolin 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We carried out photometric and spectroscopic observations of the well-studied broad-line radio galaxy 3C 120 with the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) global robotic telescope network from 2016 December to 2018 April as part of the LCO AGN Key Project on Reverberation Mapping of Accretion Flows. Here, we present both spectroscopic and photometric reverberation mapping results. We used the interpolated cross-correlation function to perform multiple-line lag measurements in 3C 120. We find the H γ, He ii λ4686, H β, and He i λ5876 lags of $\tau _{\text{cen}} = 18.8_{-1.0}^{+1.3}$, $2.7_{-0.8}^{+0.7}$, $21.2_{-1.0}^{+1.6}$, and $16.9_{-1.1}^{+0.9}$ d, respectively, relative to the V-band continuum. Using the measured lag and rms velocity width of the H β emission line, we determine the mass of the black hole for 3C 120 to be $M=(6.3^{+0.5}_{-0.3})\times 10^7\, (f/5.5)$ M⊙. Our black hole mass measurement is consistent with similar previous studies on 3C 120, but with small uncertainties. In addition, velocity-resolved lags in 3C 120 show a symmetric pattern across the H β line, 25 d at line centre decreasing to 17 d in the line wings at ±4000 km s−1. We also investigate the inter-band continuum lags in 3C 120 and find that they are generally consistent with τ ∝ λ4/3 as predicted from a geometrically thin, optically thick accretion disc. From the continuum lags, we measure the best-fitting value τ0 = 3.5 ± 0.2 d at $\lambda _{\rm 0} = 5477\, \mathring{\rm A}$. It implies a disc size a factor of 1.6 times larger than prediction from the standard disc model with L/LEdd = 0.4. This is consistent with previous studies in which larger than expected disc sizes were measured.
Radiative cooling rates, ion fractions, molecule abundances, and line emissivities including self-shielding and both local and metagalactic radiation fields
Authors: Ploeckinger Sylvia , Schaye Joop 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We use the spectral synthesis code cloudy to tabulate the properties of gas for an extensive range in redshift (z = 0–9), temperature (log T[K] = 1–9.5), metallicity (log Z/Z⊙ = −4 – +0.5, Z = 0), and density ($\log n_{\mathrm{H}}[\, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}] = -8$ − +6). This therefore includes gas with properties characteristic of the interstellar, circumgalactic, and intergalactic media. The gas is exposed to a redshift-dependent UV/X-ray background, while for the self-shielded lower-temperature gas (i.e. ISM gas), an interstellar radiation field and cosmic rays are added. The radiation field is attenuated by a density- and temperature-dependent column of gas and dust. Motivated by the observed star formation law, this gas column density also determines the intensity of the interstellar radiation field and the cosmic ray density. The ionization balance, molecule fractions, cooling rates, line emissivities, and equilibrium temperatures are calculated self-consistently. We include dust, cosmic rays, and the interstellar radiation field step-by-step to study their relative impact. These publicly available tables are ideal for hydrodynamical simulations. They can be used stand alone or coupled to a non-equilibrium network for a subset of elements. The release includes a C routine to read in and interpolate the tables, as well as an easy-to-use python graphical user interface to explore the tables.
An unusual cause of appendectomy in a child (a sharp pin trapped in the appendix): a case report
Authors: Doya Leen Jamel , Salhab Nabila , Mansour Hanin Ahmed , Alkhalil Mohammad Ahmad Almahmod 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Foreign bodies’ (FBs) ingestion is a common problem among children and the psychologically deranged. Ingested FBs usually pass through the alimentary tract without any incident. They can rarely be placed in the appendix and may cause problems.
Here we report a case of an appendectomy with no signs of inflammation indicated for a sharp metallic foreign body trapped in the appendix of a 13-year-old Syrian girl. The diagnosis was made through serially abdominal X-rays and abdominal ultrasound.
Taking a Theoretical Turn
Authors: Raeff Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to raise and explore varied issues regarding theory and psychology, and to consider what it means to say that psychology is a fundamentally theoretical enterprise. It begins by discussing why theorizing is necessary for understanding and investigating human functioning. The chapter then turns to considering psychology’s stance toward theorizing, including why conventional psychology practices end up rendering the field rather atheoretical. It is argued that much theorizing in psychology is subordinate to method. The chapter next considers how more elaborate theorizing includes analyzing psychology itself, as well as articulating theoretical approaches to human functioning. The chapter ends with a consideration of relativism and suggests criteria for evaluating theorizing.
Implications for Pondering Some Complexities of Causality and Meaning
Authors: Raeff Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents some implications and applications of the theoretical framework that is presented in Chapters 5, 6, and 7. It first shows that the theoretical framework provides a basis for thinking about how action involves varied kinds of causes. To go beyond conventional analyses of deterministic causality, this chapter explains how action is constituted by the structuring of individual, social, cultural, bodily, and environmental processes. It also considers how these constitutive processes may both enable and constrain action. The theoretical framework is used to think about context in terms of active processes that both shape and are shaped by what people do. The chapter then considers some implications of the theoretical framework for understanding the meaning of action in terms of individual, social, cultural, bodily, and environmental processes.
On Borders
Authors: Ochoa Espejo Paulina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhen are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? People today think of borders as an island’s shores. Just as beaches delimit a castaway’s realm, so borders define the edge of a territory occupied by a unified people, to whom the land legitimately belongs. Hence a territory is legitimate only if it belongs to a people unified by civic identity. Sadly, this Desert Island Model of territorial politics forces us to choose. If a country seeks to have a legitimate territory, it can either have democratic legitimacy or inclusion of different civic identities—but not both. The resulting politics creates mass xenophobia, migrant bashing, hoarding of natural resources, and border walls. On Borders presents an alternative model. Drawing on an intellectual tradition concerned with how land and climate shape institutions, this book argues that we should not see territories as pieces of property owned by identity groups. Instead, we should see them as watersheds: as interconnected systems where institutions, people, the biota, and the land together create overlapping civic duties and relations, what the book calls place-specific duties. This Watershed Model argues that borders are justified when they allow us to fulfill those duties; that border-control rights spring from internationally agreed conventions—not from internal legitimacy, that borders should be governed cooperatively by the neighboring states and the states system, and that border redrawing should be done with environmental conservation in mind. The book explores how this model undoes the exclusionary politics of desert islands.
Country Focus and Global Endeavors
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key developments and policies of antiradicalization through the war on terror, and global agencies like the UN and NATO, to help situate the policies and programs of the countries presented. Particular attention is paid to the Women, Peace and Security Agenda, charting its connections to ideas about security and how the field of counterterrorism is only just beginning to address questions of gender. The chapter then gives details about the current situation within each specified country regarding extremism/radicalization and briefly outlines the evolution of antiradicalization efforts. This groundwork helps contextualize the arguments presented in the subsequent chapters.
Groomed and Seduced
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses some key theories on radicalization and looks at women in radicalization. It pays particular attention to theories and writers who discuss groups with women as active members. The chapter shows that none of the theories take gender seriously; they dismiss the lived experiences of radicals, despite claims to the contrary. Consequently, theories at worst ignore or at best diminish women’s involvement, a trend repeated in policies. The chapter demonstrates how commentators sexualize women’s agency, then considers explanations of individual women who have been involved in terrorism and political violence from the position of intersectional agency. Looking at group analysis, the chapter reveals how, when they are violent or support violence within groups, women’s actions are revealed in policy and public discourse as more shocking but also a sign of weakness on the part of terrorist organizations, denying the internal logics of radical groups justifying women’s participation.
The Antiradicalization Protection Racket
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses program failures. The masculinities supported are premised on a “chivalric” defense of citizens, which only works if “bad men are lurking to attack women.” As societies accept an increasingly paternalistic state, they are expected to extend gratitude for protection; dissent or criticism is marginalized. There is a proliferation of securitization, where areas of ordinary life are reclassified as “security” concerns. Broad methods create unsafe spaces through increased surveillance and the appropriation of other institutions for security measures. Attempts by the state to lessen women’s suffering are utilitarian, aimed at reducing the risk of detainees regressing by placing women as their “wives,” making detainees dependent upon the state to which they owe gratitude. These programs present a “protection racket,” which undermines the rights and security of women and constitutes a demand for deference from citizens in exchange for governance and security. Dissent is delegitimized be evoking security needs.
The Limits of Antiradicalization
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the arguments of the book, reveals the consequences of these programs, and presents alternative policy options, offering three main criticisms. First, these programs fail to engage with how masculinity and femininity inform the radicalization process, and cannot understand personal drivers or the sociopolitical environment. Second, male radicalization is unreflectively linked to a flawed masculinity, and women’s radicalization depends on orientalist stereotypes about passivity and subjugation. Solutions hinge on particular ideals of masculinity that few men can obtain, while women are seen as a rescue mission. Third, a paternalist logic justifies intervention in ordinary lives in the name of security, yet fails to deliver. A gendered differential exists in the impact of counter-radicalization measures, and there are wider consequences. Individuals are denied agency, not given the option to critique for themselves the non-radical versions of agency and self being presented to them, engendering a limited form of loyalty to and security for the state.
Terrible Revolution
Authors: Blythe Christopher James 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The relationship between Mormons and the United States was marked by anxiety and hostility. Nineteenth-century Latter-day Saints looked forward to apocalyptic events that would unseat corrupt governments across the globe but would particularly decimate the tyrannical government of the United States. Mormons turned to prophecies of divine deliverance by way of plagues, natural disasters, foreign invasions, American Indian raids, slave uprisings, or civil war unleashed on American cities and American people. For the Saints, these violent images promised an end to their oppression. It also promised a national rebirth as part of the millennial Kingdom of God that would vouchsafe the protections of the U.S. Constitution. Blythe examines apocalypticism across the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, particularly as it would take shape in localized and personalized forms in the writings and visions of ordinary Latter-day Saints outside of the church’s leadership. By following the official response of church leaders to lay prophecy, Blythe shows how the hierarchy, committed to a form of separatist nationalism of their own, encouraged apocalypticism during the nineteenth century. Yet, after Utah obtained statehood, as the church sought to accommodate to national norms for religious denominations, leaders sought to lessen the tensions between themselves and American political and cultural powers. As a result, visions of a violent end to the nation became a liability, and leaders began to disavow and regulate these apocalyptic narratives especially as they showed up among the laity.