bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PGC-1α-mediated regulation of mitochondrial function and physiological implications
Authors: Halling Jens Frey , Pilegaard Henriette 
Published: June 2020

The majority of human energy metabolism occurs in skeletal muscle mitochondria emphasizing the importance of understanding the regulation of myocellular mitochondrial function. The transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) has been characterized as a major factor in the transcriptional control of several mitochondrial components. Thus, PGC-1α is often described as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis as well as a central player in regulating the antioxidant defense. However, accumulating evidence suggests that PGC-1α is also involved in the complex regulation of mitochondrial quality beyond biogenesis, which includes mitochondrial network dynamics and autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria. In addition, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production has been suggested to regulate skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, which may also be influenced by PGC-1α. This review aims to highlight the current evidence for PGC-1α-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function beyond the effects on mitochondrial biogenesis as well as the potential PGC-1α-related impact on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.Novelty PGC-1α regulates mitochondrial biogenesis but also has effects on mitochondrial functions beyond biogenesis. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, including fission, fusion, and mitophagy, are regulated by PGC-1α. PGC-1α-mediated regulation of mitochondrial quality may affect age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin sensitivity.
Influence of collagen changes on the tenderness of yak rumen smooth muscle during storage
Authors: Yan Mingyi , Li Shengsheng 
Published: June 2020

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of collagen changes on the tenderness of yak rumen smooth muscle during storage. Yak rumen smooth muscle was stored at 3 ± 1 °C for 7 d and the Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF); total, soluble, and insoluble collagen content (TCC, SCC); collagen solubility (CS); and histological structure were monitored. Label-free mass spectrometry was used to validate the changes in collagen. Collagen changes significantly influenced yak rumen smooth muscle tenderness. A significant positive relationship was found between WBSF and TCC, SCC, as well as CS. The label-free mass spectrometry results validated that the collagen of smooth muscle was degraded during storage. Histological analysis revealed that yak rumen smooth muscle structure was destroyed during storage. Smooth muscle underwent a similar change in tenderness as skeletal muscle, and the weakening of connective tissue was the main reason for smooth muscle tenderness development.
Chapter 17 Mining-induced fault reactivation in the UK
Authors: Donnelly Laurance 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Faults are susceptible to reactivation during coal mining subsidence. The effects may be the generation of a scarp along the ground surface that may or may not be accompanied by associated ground deformation including fissuring or compression. Reactivated faults vary considerably in their occurrence, height, length and geometry. Some reactivated faults may not be recognizable along the ground surface, known only to those who have measured the ground movements or who are familiar with the associated subtle ground deformations. In comparison, other reactivated faults generate scarps up to several metres high and many kilometres long, often accompanied by widespread fissuring of the ground surface. Mining subsidence-induced reactivated faults have caused damage to roads, structures and land. The objective of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the occurrence and characteristics of fault reactivation in the UK.
Chapter 18 Radon gas hazard
Authors: Appleton J. D. , Jones D. G. , Miles J. C. H. , Scivyer C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Radon (
222
Rn) is a natural radioactive gas that occurs in rocks and soils and can only be detected with special equipment. Radon is a major cause of lung cancer. Therefore, early detection is essential. The British Geological Survey and Public Health England have produced a series of maps showing radon affected areas based on underlying geology and indoor radon measurements, which help to identify radon-affected buildings. Many factors influence how much radon accumulates in buildings. Remedial work can be undertaken to reduce its passage into homes and workplaces and new buildings can be built with radon preventative measures.
Chapter 19 Methane gas hazard
Authors: Wilson Steve , Mortimer Sarah 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper identifies potential sources, and the key chemical properties, of methane. Guidance is provided on deriving a conceptual site model for methane, utilizing various lines of evidence to inform a robust, scientific, reasoned and logical assessment of associated gas risk. Discussion is provided regarding the legislative context of permanent gas risk assessment for methane, including via qualitative, semi-quantitative and detailed quantitative (including finite element modelling) techniques. Strategies for mitigating risks associated with methane are also outlined, together with the legal context for consideration of methane both in relation to the planning regime and under Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act 1990.
Chapter 2 Seismic hazard
Authors: Musson R. M. W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

It is often thought that earthquakes do not occur in the UK; however, the seismicity of the UK is usually classified as low-to-moderate. On average, a magnitude 3.2 M
w
moment magnitude or larger earthquake occurs once per year, and 4.2 M
w
or larger every 10 years. The latter is capable of causing non-structural damage to property. The damage caused by British earthquakes is generally not life-threatening, and no-one has been killed in a British earthquake (at the time of writing, May 2013) since 1940. Damage is caused by shaking, not by ground rupture, so the discovery of a fault surface trace at a construction site is not something to be worried about as far as seismic hazard is concerned. For most ordinary construction in the UK, earthquake hazard can be safely discounted; this is not the case with high-consequence facilities such as dams, bridges and nuclear power plants.
Chapter 4 Landslide and slope stability hazard in the UK
Authors: Lee Edward Mark , Giles David Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
With its rich lithological variation, upland, lowland and coastal settings, and past climatic changes, the UK presents a wide variety of landslide features that can pose significant hazards to people, construction and infrastructure, or simply add to landscape character and conservation value of an area. This chapter describes and defines the nature and extent of this landsliding; the causes, effects and geological controls on failure; and their mitigation and stabilization. A risk-based approach to landslide management is outlined with qualitative and semi-quantitative methodologies described. Numerous case studies are presented exemplifying landslide and slope stability hazards in the UK.
Chapter 5 Debris flows
Authors: Winter M. G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fast-moving, rainfall-induced debris-flow events are relatively common in the mountainous areas of the UK. Their impacts are largely, although by no means exclusively, economic and social. They often sever (or delay) access to and from relatively remote communities for services and markets for goods; employment, health and educational opportunities; and social activities. Specific forms of economic impact are described and their extent is defined by the vulnerability shadow. The mechanisms of rainfall-induced, fast-moving debris flows are considered to bridge between slow mass movements and flood phenomena. The occurrence of debris flows is largely restricted to mountainous areas and a series of case studies from Scotland is briefly described. Hazard and risk assessment are briefly considered and a strategic approach to risk reduction is described. The latter allows a clear focus on that overall goal before concentrating on the desired outcomes and the generic approach to achieving those outcomes. The effects of climate change on debris-flow hazard and risk are also considered and it is concluded that, in Scotland, increases in debris-flow frequency and/or magnitude are most likely and that increases in the risks associated with debris flows are also likely.
Chapter 9 Peat hazards: compression and failure
Authors: Warburton Jeff 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Peat is a highly compressible geological material whose time-dependent consolidation and rheological behaviour is determined by peat structure, degree of humification and hydraulic properties. This chapter reviews the engineering background to peat compression, describes the distribution of peat soils in the UK, provides examples of the hazards associated with compressible peat deposits and considers ways these hazards might be mitigated. Although some generalizations can be made about gross differences between broad peat types, no simple relationship exists between the magnitude and rate of compression of peat and loading. Based on examples described here, land failures resulting from peat compression are locally generated, but due to the sensitive nature of peat these can result in runaway failures that pose great risk. Understanding the geological hazards associated with compressible peat soils is challenging because peat is geotechnically highly variable and the mapped extent of peat in the UK is subject to considerable error due to inconsistencies in the definition of peat. Mitigating compression hazards in peat soils is therefore subject to considerable uncertainty; however, a combination of improved understanding of the properties of compressible peat, better mapping and land use zoning, and appropriate construction will help to mitigate risk.
Oncogenic Herpesvirus Engages Endothelial Transcription Factors SOX18 and PROX1 to Increase Viral Genome Copies and Virus Production
Authors: Gramolelli Silvia , Elbasani Endrit , Tuohinto Krista , Nurminen Veijo , Günther Thomas , Kallinen Riikka E. , Kaijalainen Seppo P. , Diaz Raquel , Grundhoff Adam , Haglund Caj , Ziegelbauer Joseph M. , Pellinen Teijo , Bower Mark , Francois Mathias , Ojala Päivi M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractKaposi sarcoma is a tumor caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and is thought to originate from lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC). While KSHV establishes latency in virtually all susceptible cell types, LECs support spontaneous expression of oncogenic lytic genes, high viral genome copies, and release of infectious virus. It remains unknown the contribution of spontaneous virus production to the expansion of KSHV-infected tumor cells and the cellular factors that render the lymphatic environment unique to KSHV life cycle. We show here that expansion of the infected cell population, observed in LECs, but not in blood endothelial cells, is dependent on the spontaneous virus production from infected LECs. The drivers of lymphatic endothelium development, SOX18 and PROX1, regulated different steps of the KSHV life cycle. SOX18 enhanced the number of intracellular viral genome copies and bound to the viral origins of replication. Genetic depletion or chemical inhibition of SOX18 caused a decrease of KSHV genome copy numbers. PROX1 interacted with ORF50, the viral initiator of lytic replication, and bound to the KSHV genome in the promoter region of ORF50, increasing its transactivation activity and KSHV spontaneous lytic gene expression and infectious virus release. In Kaposi sarcoma tumors, SOX18 and PROX1 expression correlated with latent and lytic KSHV protein expression. These results demonstrate the importance of two key transcriptional drivers of LEC fate in the regulation of the tumorigenic KSHV life cycle. Moreover, they introduce molecular targeting of SOX18 as a potential novel therapeutic avenue in Kaposi sarcoma.Significance:SOX18 and PROX1, central regulators of lymphatic development, are key factors for KSHV genome maintenance and lytic cycle in lymphatic endothelial cells, supporting Kaposi sarcoma tumorigenesis and representing attractive therapeutic targets.
Stress-induced Norepinephrine Downregulates CCL2 in Macrophages to Suppress Tumor Growth in a Model of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Steinberger Kayla J. , Bailey Michael T. , Gross Amy C. , Sumner Laura A. , Voorhees Jeffrey L. , Crouser Nisha , Curry Jennifer M. , Wang Yijie , DeVries A. Courtney , Marsh Clay B. , Glaser Ronald , Yang Eric V. , Eubank Timothy D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPsychological stressors have been implicated in the progression of various tumor types. We investigated a role for stress in tumor immune cell chemotaxis in the B16F10 mouse model of malignant melanoma. We exposed female mice to 6-hour periods of restraint stress (RST) for 7 days, then implanted B16F10 malignant melanoma tumor cells and continued the RST paradigm for 14 additional days. We determined serum corticosterone and liver catecholamine concentrations in these mice. To evaluate the tumor microenvironment, we performed IHC and examined cytokine expression profiles using ELISA-based analysis of tumor homogenates. We found that tumors in mice subjected to RST grew significantly slower, had reduced tumor C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), and contained fewer F4/80-positive macrophages than tumors from unstressed mice. We observed a concomitant increase in norepinephrine among the RST mice. An in vitro assay confirmed that norepinephrine downregulates CCL2 production in both mouse and human macrophages, and that pretreatment with the pan-β-adrenergic receptor inhibitor nadolol rescues this activity. Furthermore, RST had no effect on tumor growth in transgenic CCL2-deficient mice. This study suggests that stress reduces malignant melanoma by reducing recruitment of tumor-promoting macrophages by CCL2.
First records of ectoparasitic insects (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) of bats in the department of Caldas, Colombia
Authors: Raigosa Álvarez Jorge , García Osorio Carolina , Autino Analía Gladys , Gomes Dias Lucimar 
Published: June 2020

In Colombia, the taxonomical understanding of ectoparasites (Diptera: Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) of bats is scarce, despite the high diversity of hosts. This fact reflects the lack of important information on the group and poses the need for studies that expand the knowledge on bat ectoparasites in different regions of the country. The aim of this study was to contribute pioneer knowledge on bat ectoparasitic insects in the department of Caldas, located in the Central Andes Mountain range of Colombia. We assessed 318 bats from four eco parks in the city of Manizales, and collected 234 ectoparasitic insects. We provide the first report of the family Streblidae for Caldas, with seven genera and eight species: Anastrebla caudiferae Wenzel, 1976, Anatrichobius scorzai Wenzel, 1966, Exastinion oculatum Wenzel, 1976, Megistopoda proxima (Séguy‚ 1926), Paratrichobius longicrus Ribeiro, 1907, Paraeuctenodes similis Wenzel, 1976, Trichobius longipes Rudow, 1871, and Trichobius tiptoni Wenzel, 1976. In addition, we report the species Basilia ferrisi Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931 and Basilia sp. for the family Nycteribiidae.
Small mammal diversity in Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest of the southernmost Brazilian Pampa: the importance of owl pellets for rapid inventories in human-changing ecosystems
Authors: Stutz Narla Shannay , Hadler Patrícia , Cherem Jorge José , Pardiñas Ulyses Francisco José 
Published: June 2020

The Pampa biogeographic province covers a mere 2% of the Brazilian territory (176,496 km²). However, it stands out as a complex and diverse ecosystem, although its mammal communities are still scarcely understood. Human activities are transforming the territory into a mosaic of agroecosystems, native and exotic forest fragments, and grasslands. Here we conducted the first investigation to determine the richness of small mammal assemblages in the region based on extensive analyses of owl pellets (Tyto furcata). Craniodental remains were studied from samples collected from 12 Semi-deciduous Seasonal Forest sites in the municipality of São Lourenço do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. A total of 2,617 individuals belonging to 19 taxa were recorded, including 2 marsupials (Didelphidae; 0.42%), 2 chiropterans (Molossidae, Phyllostomidae; 0.12%), and 15 rodents (Cricetidae, Muridae, Caviidae; 99.46%). The rodent genera Oligoryzomys, Mus, Calomys, and Akodon were the most common taxa. Large samples also included poorly known taxa, such as the cricetids Bibimys, Juliomys (recording here its southernmost occurrence), Lundomys, and Wilfredomys. From a biogeographical point of view, the recorded assemblage embraces a mixture of Platan, Pampean, and Atlantic Forest elements, highlighting the role of the southernmost Brazilian hills as a wedge favoring the penetration of forest micromammals to higher latitudes. Our findings testify to the great diversity of the Pampa, but also point to a growing homogeneity and dominance of rodent species that are widespread in agroecosystems. Rapid inventories based on owl pellets emerge as a suitable, economic, non-invasive tool to document these community changes.
New species and new records of Tonnoira (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Brazil
Authors: Bravo Freddy , Vilarinho Naiara , Araújo Maíra Xavier 
Published: June 2020

A new species of moth-fly, Tonnoira igrapiunensis sp. nov. (Psychodidae, Psychodinae), from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest is described. The new species can be distinguished from other species of the genus by its eye bridge separated by 0.5 facet diameter, R₅ ending slightly posterior to apex of the wing, gonostyli bifurcated with long arm shorter than length of gonocoxites, aedeagus bipartite and asymmetrical, and two asymmetrical parameres. The gonostylus is similar to that of Tonnoira andradei Santos, 2014, but in the latter species the aedeagus has only one shaft and not two as in the new species. Tonnoira bifida Bravo & Chagas, 2004, Tonnoira brisolaii Santos, 2014, and Tonnoira galatiae Santos, 2014 have their distribution expanded.
Antegrade Intentional Laceration of the Anterior Mitral Leaflet to Prevent Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
Authors: Lisko John C. , Greenbaum Adam B. , Khan Jaffar M. , Kamioka Norihiko , Gleason Patrick T. , Byku Isida , Condado Jose F. , Jadue Andres , Paone Gaetano , Grubb Kendra J. , Tiwana Jasleen , McCabe James M. , Rogers Toby , Lederman Robert J. , Babaliaros Vasilis C. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Intentional laceration of the anterior mitral leaflet (LAMPOON) is an effective adjunct to transcatheter mitral valve replacement that prevents left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. To date, LAMPOON has been performed in over 150 patients using a retrograde approach that can be technically challenging. A modified antegrade transseptal technique may simplify the procedure.

Methods:
Antegrade LAMPOON was developed and tested in nonsurvival pig experiments. Thereafter, antegrade LAMPOON was performed in patients at prohibitive risk of LVOT obstruction. Clinical, procedural, and angiographic details were abstracted from medical records of their index procedure, and were compared with findings in comparable patients at risk of fixed-LVOT obstruction in the LAMPOON investigational device exemption trial.

Results:
Eight patients at risk of fixed LVOT obstruction underwent antegrade LAMPOON. Leaflet traversal and laceration were technically successful in all. There were no cases of clinically significant LVOT obstruction (mean LVOT gradient at discharge: 5.4±1.4 mm Hg). One patient suffered a ventricular wire perforation, unrelated to the antegrade LAMPOON technique, and did not survive to discharge. At the time of discharge, no patients had an increase of >10 mm Hg in LVOT gradient compared with baseline. Procedure times (from traversal to transcatheter mitral valve replacement) were shorter, compared with the retrograde technique in the LAMPOON investigational device exemption trial (39±09 versus 65±35 minutes). All patients survived (8/8, 100%) the procedure, and 7/8 (88%) survived to 30 days, similar to subjects in the LAMPOON investigational device exemption trial.

Conclusions:
Antegrade LAMPOON is an effective, reproducible, and simplified strategy to lacerate the anterior leaflet before transcatheter mitral valve replacement. The authors recommend the technique as the new standard for LAMPOON.
Cardiospecific Overexpression of ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase) Increases Histidine Dipeptide Levels and Prevents Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , Conklin Daniel J. , Guo Yiru , Zhang Xiang , Obal Detlef , Guo Luping , Jagatheesan Ganapathy , Katragadda Kartik , He Liqing , Yin Xinmin , Prodhan Md Aminul Islam , Shah Jasmit , Hoetker David , Kumar Amit , Kumar Vijay , Wempe Michael F. , Bhatnagar Aruni , Baba Shahid P. 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with complex pathophysiological changes characterized by
pH
imbalance, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products acrolein and 4‐hydroxy
trans
‐2‐nonenal, and the depletion of
ATP
levels. Cardioprotective interventions, designed to address individual mediators of I/R injury, have shown limited efficacy. The recently identified enzyme ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase), which synthesizes histidyl dipeptides such as carnosine, has the potential to counteract multiple effectors of I/R injury by buffering intracellular
pH
and quenching lipid peroxidation products and may protect against I/R injury
.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We report here that β‐alanine and carnosine feeding enhanced myocardial carnosine levels and protected the heart against I/R injury. Cardiospecific overexpression of
ATPGD
1 increased myocardial histidyl dipeptides levels and protected the heart from I/R injury. Isolated cardiac myocytes from
ATPGD
1‐transgenic hearts were protected against hypoxia reoxygenation injury. The overexpression of
ATPGD
1 prevented the accumulation of acrolein and 4‐hydroxy
trans
‐2‐nonenal–protein adducts in ischemic hearts and delayed acrolein or 4‐hydroxy
trans
‐2‐nonenal–induced hypercontracture in isolated cardiac myocytes. Changes in the levels of
ATP
, high‐energy phosphates, intracellular pH, and glycolysis during low‐flow ischemia in the wild‐type mice hearts were attenuated in the
ATPGD
1‐transgenic hearts. Two natural dipeptide analogs (anserine and balenine) that can either quench aldehydes or buffer intracellular
pH
, but not both, failed to protect against I/R injury.

CONCLUSIONS
Either exogenous administration or enhanced endogenous formation of histidyl dipeptides prevents I/R injury by attenuating changes in intracellular pH and preventing the accumulation of lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes.