bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Venture Capital Financing on Investment in Kenya
Authors: Wanjala Kevin , Kizito Valerie 
Published: June 2020

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to determine the effect of venture capital financing on investment in Kenya.
Methodology: To achieve the objective of the study, venture capital was disaggregated into two variables, namely, the number of firms financed and the total amount of financing. Other variables, such as interest rate and GDP per capita were also included in the analysis to act as control variables. The study used 10 years of data spanning from 2009 to 2018. A regression analysis was done in order to analyze the data.
Results: The study established that there is a positive correlation between the number of firms financed and the aggregate investment in Kenya. The study observed that the total amount of financing has a positive correlation with aggregate investment.
Implications: The study concludes that venture capital financing has a positive effect on aggregate investment levels in Kenya. The study recommends that the Kenyan government should come up with ways of financing small and medium enterprises, which will boost their productive capacities leading to more investment in the country and more generation of income.
Government Expenditure and Economic Discomfort in Nigeria
Authors: OBAYORI JOSEPH BIDEMI 
Published: June 2020

Purpose: Government expenditure affects the behavior of both producers and consumers, and influence the distribution of income and wealth in the economy. But, a cursory look at government expenditure (recurrent and capital) in Nigeria over the year, showed that expenditure has been on the increase but the rate of increase has not translated into economic comfort (reduction in poverty and unemployment rates). Due to this assumption, this paper examined government expenditure and economic discomfort in Nigeria.
Methods: Annual time-series data from 1990-2018 were obtained from the CBN Statistical Bulletin (various issues) and the World Bank report. The descriptive statistics, ADF unit root test, and ARDL model serves as the analytical tools.
Results: Based on the empirical result, the paper concluded that government capital expenditure has a negative and significant relationship with economic discomfort. On the other hand, government recurrent expenditure is positively and insignificantly related to economic discomfort.
Implications: This result implies that while the increase in capital expenditure will depress economic discomfort, an increase in the recurrent component of the expenditure will not help to reduce economic discomfort. Based on these conclusions, the paper recommended amongst others that more government capital spending should be encouraged as it plays a critical role in reducing both poverty and unemployment rates in Nigeria.
Pleiades or Not? Resolving the Status of the Lithium-rich M Dwarfs HHJ 339 and HHJ 430
Authors: Stauffer John , Barrado David , David Trevor , Rebull Luisa M. , Hillenbrand Lynne A. , Mamajek Eric E. , Oppenheimer Rebecca , Aigrain Suzanne , Bouy Herve , Lillo-Box Jorge 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Oppenheimer et al. discovered two M5 dwarfs in the Pleiades with nearly primordial lithium. These stars are not low enough in mass to represent the leading edge of the lithium depletion boundary at Pleiades age (∼125 Myr). A possible explanation for the enhanced lithium in these stars is that they are actually not members of the Pleiades but instead are members of a younger moving group seen in projection toward the Pleiades. We have used data from Gaia DR2 to confirm that these two stars, HHJ 339 and HHJ 430, are indeed not members of the Pleiades. Based on their space motions, parallaxes, and positions in a Gaia-based color–magnitude diagram, it is probable that these two stars are about 40 parsecs foreground to the Pleiades and have ages of ∼25 Myr. Kinematically they are best matched to the 32 Ori moving group.
Solar Flare Prediction Using Magnetic Field Diagnostics above the Photosphere
Authors: Korsós M. B. , Georgoulis M. K. , Gyenge N. , Bisoi S. K. , Yu S. , Poedts S. , Nelson C. J. , Liu J. , Yan Y. , Erdélyi R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this article, we present the application of the weighted horizontal gradient of magnetic field (WG
M
) flare prediction method to three-dimensional (3D) extrapolated magnetic configurations of 13 flaring solar active regions (ARs). The main aim is to identify an optimal height range, if any, in the interface region between the photosphere and lower corona, where the flare onset time prediction capability of WG
M
is best exploited. The optimal height is where flare prediction, by means of the WG
M
method, is achieved earlier than at the photospheric level. 3D magnetic structures, based on potential and nonlinear force-free field extrapolations, are constructed to study a vertical range from the photosphere up to the low corona with a 45 km step size. The WG
M
method is applied as a function of height to all 13 flaring AR cases that are subject to certain selection criteria. We found that applying the WG
M
method between 1000 and 1800 km above the solar surface would improve the prediction of the flare onset time by around 2–8 hr. Certain caveats and an outlook for future work along these lines are also discussed.
Detection of a Radio Bubble around the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source Holmberg IX X-1
Authors: Berghea Ciprian T. , Johnson Megan C. , Secrest Nathan J. , Dudik Rachel P. , Hennessy Gregory S. , El-khatib Aisha 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We present C- and X-band radio observations of the famous utraluminous X-ray source (ULX) Holmberg IX X-1, previously discovered to be associated with an optical emission line nebula several hundred parsecs in extent. Our recent infrared study of the ULX suggested that a jet could be responsible for the infrared excess detected at the ULX position. The new radio observations, performed using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in B-configuration, reveal the presence of a radio counterpart to the nebula with a spectral slope of −0.56 similar to other ULXs. Importantly, we find no evidence for an unresolved radio source associated with the ULX itself, and we set an upper limit on any 5 GHz radio core emission of 6.6 μJy (4.1 × 1032 erg s−1). This is 20 times fainter than what we expect if the bubble is energized by a jet. If a jet exists its core component is unlikely to be responsible for the infrared excess unless it is variable. Strong winds which are expected in super-Eddington sources could also play an important role in inflating the radio bubble. We discuss possible interpretations of the radio/optical bubble and we prefer the jet+winds-blown bubble scenario similar to the microquasar SS 433.
The Rise and Fall of the King: The Correlation between FO Aquarii’s Low States and the White Dwarf’s Spin-down
Authors: Littlefield Colin , Garnavich Peter , Kennedy Mark R. , Patterson Joseph , Kemp Jonathan , Stiller Robert A. , Hambsch Franz-Josef , Heras Teófilo Arranz , Myers Gordon , Stone Geoffrey , Sjöberg George , Dvorak Shawn , Nelson Peter , Popov Velimir , Bonnardeau Michel , Vanmunster Tonny , Miguel Enrique de , Alton Kevin B. , Harris Barbara , Cook Lewis M. , Graham Keith A. , Brincat Stephen M. , Lane David J. , Foster James , Pickard Roger , Sabo Richard , Vietje Brad , Lemay Damien , Briol John , Krumm Nathan , Dadighat Michelle , Goff William , Solomon Rob , Padovan Stefano , Bolt Greg , Kardasis Emmanuel , Debackère André , Thrush Jeff , Stein William , Walter Bradley , Coulter Daniel , Tsehmeystrenko Valery , Gout Jean-François , Lewin Pablo , Galdies Charles , Fernandez David Cejudo , Walker Gary , Boardman James , Pellett Emil 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The intermediate polar FO Aquarii (FO Aqr) experienced its first reported low-accretion states in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and, using newly available photographic plates, we identify prediscovery low states in 1965, 1966, and 1974. The primary focus of our analysis, however, is an extensive set of time-series photometry obtained between 2002 and 2018, with particularly intensive coverage of the 2016–2018 low states. After computing an updated spin ephemeris for the white dwarf (WD), we show that its spin period began to increase in 2014 after having spent 27 yr decreasing; no other intermediate polar has experienced a sign change of its period derivative, but FO Aqr has now done so twice. Our central finding is that the recent low states all occurred shortly after the WD began to spin down, even though no low states were reported in the preceding quarter-century, when it was spinning up. Additionally, the system’s mode of accretion is extremely sensitive to the mass-transfer rate, with accretion being almost exclusively disk-fed when FO Aqr is brighter than V ∼ 14 and substantially stream-fed when it is not. Even in the low states, a grazing eclipse remains detectable, confirming the presence of a disklike structure (but not necessarily a Keplerian accretion disk). We relate these various observations to theoretical predictions that during the low state, the system’s accretion disk dissipates into a non-Keplerian ring of diamagnetic blobs. Finally, a new XMM-Newton observation from a high state in 2017 reveals an anomalously soft X-ray spectrum and diminished X-ray luminosity compared to pre-2016 observations.
Thermodynamic and Energetic Limits on Continental Silicate Weathering Strongly Impact the Climate and Habitability of Wet, Rocky Worlds
Authors: Graham R. J. , Pierrehumbert Ray 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The “liquid water habitable zone” (HZ) concept is predicated on the ability of the silicate weathering feedback to stabilize climate across a wide range of instellations. However, representations of silicate weathering used in current estimates of the effective outer edge of the HZ account for neither the thermodynamic limit on the concentration of weathering products in runoff set by clay precipitation nor the energetic limit on precipitation set by planetary instellation. We find that when the thermodynamic limit is included in an idealized coupled climate/weathering model, the steady-state planetary climate loses sensitivity to silicate dissolution kinetics, becoming sensitive to temperature primarily through the effect of temperature on runoff and to

pCO

2

through an effect on solute concentration mediated by pH. This increases sensitivity to land fraction,

CO

2

outgassing, and geological factors such as soil age and lithology, all of which are found to have a profound effect on the position of the effective outer edge of the HZ. The interplay between runoff sensitivity and the energetic limit on precipitation leads to novel warm states in the outer reaches of the HZ, owing to the decoupling of temperature and precipitation. We discuss strategies for detecting the signature of the silicate weathering feedback through exoplanet observations in light of insights derived from the revised picture of weathering.
Sexual desire, sexual functioning and well-being in married males: a community based study
Authors: Lakshmana G. , Mohd F. , Panda A. B. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundSexual dysfunction is a common yet treatable condition, which is associated with significant negative effects on the quality of life. However the true nature of this problem in India is not known, as many people are hesitant to discuss this topic. AimsThe study aimed to measure sexual desire, sexual functioning and well-being among married men in a regional city in India. MethodsFifty-four males were recruited using cluster sampling. Assessments were conducted using the sexual desire inventory, brief sexual functioning inventory and PGIgeneral well-being scales. ResultsOf the participants, 98% had a moderate level of overall sexual desire, while 81% reported sexual dysfunction, 58% reported moderate problems in ejaculation and 50% reported moderate problems in erection. A majority (85%), reported good general well-being. Age was negatively correlated with sexual functioning and sexual desire, whereas general wellbeing showed a positive correlation. ConclusionsSexual dysfunction is a common problem in Indian males. Increase in awareness about these problems may encourage people to seek treatment for these important health issues.
ÖĞRETMEN ADAYLARININ MÜLTECİLERE YAPILAN EĞİTİM YARDIMLARINA İLİŞKİN GÖRÜŞLERİ
Authors: NAYIR Funda , KURU CETİN Saadet 
Published: June 2020

Farklı kültürden gelen insanlara en temel haklarından biri olan eğitim
hakkının nasıl sağlanacağı, bu konuda ne tür eğitim yardımlarının yapılacağı
göç olgusuyla yüzleşen ülkelerin ortak sorunlarından biridir. Mültecilere
eğitim hakkının verilebilmesi için gerekli en temel öğe öğretmendir. Günümüz
şartlarında öğretmenlerden değişikliklere uyum sağlaması farklılıklara duyarlı
olması her şeyden önce eğitimin hakkının öneminin farkında olmaları
beklenmektedir. Bu nedenle göçle birlikte Türkiye’ye gelen mültecilere yapılan
eğitim yardımlarıyla ilgili öğretmen adaylarının görüşlerin ortaya
çıkarılmasının önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı öncelikli
olarak mültecilere yapılan eğitim yardımlarına ilişkin bir ölçek geliştirmek ve
daha sonra öğretmen adaylarının mültecilere yapılan eğitim yardımlarına ilişkin
görüşlerini ortaya çıkartmıştır.. Araştırmada betimsel tarama modeli
kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini basit tesadüfi örnekleme ile seçilmiş
371 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Öğretmen adaylarının görüşlerini belirlemek
amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından “Mültecilere Yapılan Eğitim Yardımları
Ölçeği” geliştirilmiştir. Ölçek geliştirme aşamasında verilerin analizinde
doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA), Cronbach alfa katsayısı ve açımlayıcı faktör
analizi (AFA), kullanılacaktır.
Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, aritmetik ortalama ve standart
sapma t testi, ANOVA ve Kruskall Wallis testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma
bulgularına göre katılımcıların görüşleri arasında cinsiyet ve baba eğitim
durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı fark yoktur. Ancak, anne eğitim durumu ve
ailenin yaşadığı bölge değişkenleri katılımcıların görüşleri arasında anlamlı
bir fark yaratmaktadır
Observation of sensible and latent heat flux profiles with lidar
Authors: Behrendt Andreas , Wulfmeyer Volker , Senff Christoph , Muppa Shravan Kumar , Späth Florian , Lange Diego , Kalthoff Norbert , Wieser Andreas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. We present the first measurement of the sensible heat
flux (H) profile in the convective boundary layer (CBL) derived from the
covariance of collocated vertical-pointing temperature rotational Raman
lidar and Doppler wind lidar measurements. The uncertainties of the H
measurements due to instrumental noise and limited sampling are also derived
and discussed. Simultaneous measurements of the latent heat flux profile
(L) and other turbulent variables were obtained with the combination of water-vapor differential absorption lidar (WVDIAL) and Doppler lidar. The
case study uses a measurement example from the HOPE (HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype
Experiment) campaign, which took
place in western Germany in 2013 and presents a cloud-free well-developed
quasi-stationary CBL. The mean boundary layer height zi was at 1230 m
above ground level. The results show – as expected – positive values of
H in the middle of the CBL. A maximum of (182±32) W m−2, with the
second number for the noise uncertainty, is found at 0.5 zi. At about
0.7 zi, H changes sign to negative values above. The entrainment flux was
(-62±27) W m−2. The mean sensible heat flux divergence in the
observed part of the CBL above 0.3 zi was −0.28 W m−3, which
corresponds to a warming of 0.83 K h−1. The L profile shows a slight positive mean flux divergence of 0.12 W m−3 and an entrainment flux of (214±36) W m−2. The combination of H and L profiles in combination with variance and other turbulent parameters is very valuable for the evaluation of large-eddy simulation (LES) results and the further improvement and validation of turbulence parameterization schemes.
Changes of the Arctic marginal ice zone during the satellite era
Authors: Rolph Rebecca J. , Feltham Daniel L. , Schröder David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Many studies have shown a decrease in Arctic sea ice
extent. It does not logically follow, however, that the extent of the
marginal ice zone (MIZ), here defined as the area of the ocean with ice
concentrations from 15 % to 80 %, is also changing. Changes in the MIZ
extent has implications for the level of atmospheric and ocean heat and gas
exchange in the area of partially ice-covered ocean and for the
extent of habitat for organisms that rely on the MIZ, from primary producers
like sea ice algae to seals and birds. Here, we present, for the first time,
an analysis of satellite observations of pan-Arctic averaged MIZ extent. We
find no trend in the MIZ extent over the last 40 years from observations.
Our results indicate that the constancy of the MIZ extent is the result of
an observed increase in width of the MIZ being compensated for by a decrease in
the perimeter of the MIZ as it moves further north. We present simulations
from a coupled sea ice–ocean mixed layer model using a prognostic floe size
distribution, which we find is consistent with, but poorly constrained by,
existing satellite observations of pan-Arctic MIZ extent. We provide
seasonal upper and lower bounds on MIZ extent based on the four
satellite-derived sea ice concentration datasets used. We find a large and
significant increase (>50 %) in the August and September MIZ
fraction (MIZ extent divided by sea ice extent) for the Bootstrap and
OSI-450 observational datasets, which can be attributed to the reduction in
total sea ice extent. Given the results of this study, we suggest that
references to “rapid changes” in the MIZ should remain cautious and provide
a specific and clear definition of both the MIZ itself and also the property
of the MIZ that is changing.
Communication between a performer and listener during a choral concert
Authors: Zeman Aleksandra 
Published: June 2020

The article discusses the question of communication between a performer and listener during a choral concert. What happens there is an immediate encounter of three entities forming an inimitable community of the event. The entities comprise the following: conductor, choir, recipient–listener. In order to explore the essence of this unique relation between a performer and listener during a choral concert, research was carried out in the conductors’ milieu in 2018. The research was the second part of the project related to communication and creation of a musical work. A performer interacts with a listener at a choral concert through their own, unrepeatable interpretation. What facilitates this communication are first and foremost conductor’s and ensemble’s excellent skills, developed through regular work on the repertoire.
Rapid Validation of Telepathology by an Academic Neuropathology Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Henriksen Jonathan , Kolognizak Teresa , Houghton Tracy , Cherne Steve , Zhen Daisy , Cimino Patrick J. , Latimer Caitlin S. , Scherpelz Kathryn P. , Yoda Rebecca A. , Alpers Charles E. , Chhieng David F. , Keene C. Dirk , Gonzalez-Cuyar Luis F. 
Published: June 2020

Context.—The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic is placing unparalleled burdens on regional and institutional resources in medical facilities across the globe. This disruption is causing unprecedented downstream effects to traditionally established channels of patient care delivery, including those of essential anatomic pathology services. With Washington state being the initial North American COVID-19 epicenter, the University of Washington in Seattle has been at the forefront of conceptualizing and implementing innovative solutions in order to provide uninterrupted quality patient care amidst this growing crisis.Objective.—To conduct a rapid validation study assessing our ability to reliably provide diagnostic neuropathology services via a whole slide imaging (WSI) platform as part of our departmental COVID-19 planning response.Design.—This retrospective study assessed diagnostic concordance of neuropathologic diagnoses rendered via WSI as compared to those originally established via traditional histopathology in a cohort of 30 cases encompassing a broad range of neurosurgical and neuromuscular entities. This study included the digitalization of 93 slide preparations, which were independently examined by groups of board-certified neuropathologists and neuropathology fellows.Results.—There were no major or minor diagnostic discrepancies identified in either the attending neuropathologist or neuropathology trainee groups for either the neurosurgical or neuromuscular case cohorts.Conclusions.—Our study demonstrates that accuracy of neuropathologic diagnoses and interpretation of ancillary preparations via WSI are not inferior to those generated via traditional microscopy. This study provides a framework for rapid subspecialty validation and deployment of WSI for diagnostic purposes during a pandemic event.
Teaching "Climate Change and Glaciers" Using ESA-Eduspace Material
Authors: Karatza Athina , Galani Lia , Parcharidis Issaak 
Published: June 2020

According to the literature, satellite imagery has positive effects on the teaching of Geography. Some of the most prominent benefits to students are the development of geographic thinking, the holistic understanding of the world, and the recognition of the problems the active citizen of the future will encounter. The present study forms part of a broader postgraduate work focusing on Satellite Imagery in Education.
Aims: The research undertaken for the present study aimed to determine the appropriateness for the Greek school system of a case study (i.e. theoretical background and worksheet exercises) presented through the European Space Agency’s (ESA) website, Eduspace.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental.
Place and Duration of Study: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, between December 2016 and May 2017.
Methodology: The case study entitled “Climate change and glaciers” was implemented to 19 Greek lower secondary students (control group) as approached by ESA. The purpose was to determine its positive aspects as well as points that could be further improved. Based on the findings of the implementation, researchers modified the case study proposing qualitative changes to adapt it to the Greek lower secondary school. The modified case study was applied to 20 Greek lower secondary students (experimental group).
Results: Results indicated there were differences in the educational outcomes of the two groups and, more specifically, in the degree of students' understanding of the theoretical framework and the corresponding exercises, as well as their understanding of glaciers as systems influenced by many factors.
Conclusion: Modifications can be made to the ESA case study “Climate change and glaciers” in order for it to be effective and useful in Greek lower secondary school.