bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field-Testing of Biodiesel (B100) and Diesel-Fueled Vehicles: Part 2—Lubricating Oil Condition Monitoring
Authors: Agarwal Avinash Kumar , Agarwal Deepak 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the use of biodiesel (B100) and baseline diesel in two identical unmodified vehicles to realistically assess different aspects of biodiesel’s compatibility with modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines and its effects on lubricating oil degradation and wear. Two identical vehicles were operated for 30,000 km each under identical operating conditions on highway during a field-trial while using biodiesel (B100) and baseline mineral diesel. Exhaustive experimental results from this series of tests were divided into four segments, and this paper covers the second segment showing the effect of long-term usage of biodiesel on the lubricating oil properties and traces of wear metal addition compared to baseline mineral diesel. Lubricating oil samples were drawn periodically from these vehicles for condition monitoring such as lubricating oil viscosity, density, soot content, total base number (TBN), ash content, trace metal concentrations, and thermal stability. The viscosity of lubricating oil samples drawn from biodiesel fueled vehicles were found to be ∼10–15% lower compared to that from diesel-fueled vehicles, whereas density and ash content were relatively lower by ∼5–10%. Carbon residues of lubricating oil samples drawn from B100 fueled vehicles were lower by ∼15–20% compared to that of diesel-fueled vehicles. There was a very strong reduction (∼70%) in the soot content of lubricating oil from biodiesel fueled vehicles. Trace metal analysis to compare wear debris addition was also done for all lubricating oil samples. Thermo-gravimetric analyses of lubricating oil samples from biodiesel fueled vehicles showed lower mass loss with increasing temperature hence relatively higher thermal stability and lower deterioration. Results also suggested that operational and durability issues associated with vegetable oils as alternate fuel were completely eliminated by using them after converting them into biodiesel meeting prevailing biodiesel specifications.
Effect of Topological Defects on the Elasticity of Near-Ideal Polymer Networks
Authors: Alamé Ghadeer , Brassart Laurence 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn recent years, new types of polymer gels have emerged, which have a well-controlled network structure and few topological defects. These so-called near-ideal polymer networks constitute a good model system to revisit the long-standing problem of structure–property relationships in polymer networks, as well as a promising platform for the development of polymer gels with outstanding mechanical properties. In this study, we investigate the relative contributions of network defects (dangling chains and second-order loops) on the stress–stretch response of near-ideal polymer networks using a computational discrete network model. We identify the average chain prestretch as a key parameter to capture the effect of network topology on the elastic modulus and maximum extensibility. Proper account of the chain prestretch further leads to scaling relations for the elastic properties in terms of topology parameters that differ from classical estimates of rubber elasticity theory. Stress–stretch curves calculated using the discrete network model are also compared to semi-analytical estimates.
Superior Dynamic Penetration Resistance of Nanoscale Multilayer Polymer/Metal Films
Authors: Dewapriya M. A. N. , Miller R. E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Recent advances in experimental techniques have enabled impact tests of ultrathin films. For example, microprojectile impact tests of ultrathin polymer films have revealed that their specific penetration energy is about ten times more than that of the conventional armor materials. On the other hand, metallic nanostructures have demonstrated extraordinary mechanical properties. These observations suggest that multilayer arrangements of nanoscale polymer and metal films could possess superior ballistic impact resistance. In order to test this hypothesis, we simulated the impact tests of multilayer aluminum-polyurea nanostructures using molecular dynamics (MD). Our simulations demonstrate that the ballistic limit velocity (V50) and the specific penetration energy of the multilayers and aluminum nanofilms are significantly higher than the experimentally measured values for any material. In order to further investigate the mechanisms associated with the observed superior ballistic performance of multilayers, we computed their V50 using an existing membrane model and another analytical model reflecting a two-stage penetration process. Our results demonstrate a potential bottom-up design pathway for developing flexible barrier materials with superior dynamic penetration resistance.
Solutions for Downslope Pipeline Walking on a Seabed With a Peaky Trilinear Soil Resistance Model
Authors: Castelo Adriano , White David , Tian Yinghui 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Offshore pipelines used for transporting hydrocarbons are cyclically loaded by great variations of pressure and temperature. These variations can induce axial instability in such pipelines. This instability may cause the pipelines to migrate globally along their length; an effect known as pipeline walking. Traditional models of pipeline walking have considered the axial soil response as rigid-plastic (RP); however, such behavior does not match observations from physical soil tests. It leads to inaccurate estimates of walking rate (WR) per cycle and over design. In this paper, a trilinear (3L) soil resistance model is used to represent seabed resistance to investigate the behavior of pipeline walking. Different parameters, i.e., shapes and properties of trilinearity (within the peaky soil model type), have been considered leading to a closed-form solution. This solution improves the understanding of the main properties involved in the peaky trilinear soil behavior by providing a set of analytical expressions for pipe walking, which were benchmarked and validated against a set of finite element analyses.
Loss Mechanism of Low-Pressure Turbine Secondary Flows Due to Different Incoming Boundary Layers
Authors: Hou Jiangdong , Zhou Chao 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In high bypass ratio engines, the flow exits the interturbine duct (ITD) and enters the low-pressure (LP) turbine. This paper aims to understand the effects of the boundary layer at the exit of ITD on the endwall secondary flows and loss of the first blade row in a low-pressure turbine. From the Navier–Stokes equations, the loss is decomposed into the parts generated by the mean vortex as well as turbulence theoretically. The result of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) shows that the incoming boundary layer from the ITD increases the total pressure loss coefficient by 14% compared to the case with uniform inlet condition. Although the distribution of the secondary vortices is strongly affected by the inlet boundary layer, the loss generated by the mean vortex within the blade passage is hardly affected. The analysis based on the turbulent dissipation shows that the dominant factor leading to the loss increase is the turbulent dissipation downstream of the blade trailing edge (TE) near the hub. The mixing process of the wake and the strong counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) increases the turbulent dissipation significantly. It is also found that a simplified incoming boundary layer defined by the Prandtl's one-seventh power law can not reproduce the complex effects of the incoming boundary layer from the ITD.
Primary prevention of sexually transmitted infections in Switzerland: practices of family physicians and their determinants—a national cross-sectional survey
Authors: Vautrin Hanna , Senn Nicolas , Cohidon Christine 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo describe the activities of general practitioners (GPs) pertaining to primary prevention in the field of affective and sexual life, studying the advice they provide as well as their vaccination practices.DesignCross-sectional national survey.Setting/participantsThe study was carried out using the Swiss Primary Care Active Monitoring GPs’ network, a national GP network created in 2012. One hundred and seventy Swiss GPs, from a random sample from professional lists stratified by canton, participated in the present study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevention practices against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) performed by GPs through advice provided as well as their vaccination practices. Predictive factor of these practices through their links with the doctors’ relevant characteristics and their opinions about STI prevention.ResultsApproximately 80% consider prevention in the area of affective and sexual life to be part of their duty and discuss it easily with patients. Most of them spontaneously give advice regarding STIs during a routine consultation. Regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation in adults, almost half of GPs report never doing it, while almost 75% often or always immunise their adult patients against hepatitis B. Higher numbers of consultations per day are associated with vaccinating more adults against HPV (OR 1.13 (1.05 to 1.23)) and against hepatitis A (OR 1.17 (1.05 to 1.31)). Vaccinating children against hepatitis B is associated with practising in rural areas (OR 4.64 (1.20 to 17.98)). GPs practising in the French-speaking region of Switzerland immunise children less against HPV (OR 0.40 (0.20 to 0.80)). Longer consultations are associated with providing advice on affective and sexual life during a first consultation (OR 1.08 (1.01 to 1.14)).ConclusionSwiss GPs are involved in primary prevention against STIs and consider it as their responsibility. Prevention practices are associated with GPs’ favourable opinions on prevention.
Blood pressure reduction and outcome after endovascular therapy: a secondary analysis of the BEST study
Authors: Anadani Mohammad , de Havenon Adam , Yaghi Shadi , Mehta Tapan , Arora Niraj , Starosciak Amy Kathryn , De Los Rios La Rosa Felipe , Siegler James , Mistry Akshitkumar M , Chitale Rohan , Spiotta Alejandro M , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Khatri Pooja , Mistry Eva A 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundElevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the acute phase after endovascular therapy (EVT) is associated with worse outcome. However, the association between systolic blood pressure reduction (SBPr) and the outcome of EVT is not well understood.ObjectiveTo determine the association between SBPr and clinical outcomes after EVT in a prospective multicenter cohort.MethodsA post hoc analysis of the Blood Pressure after Endovascular Stroke Therapy (BEST) prospective observational cohort study was carried out. SBPr was defined as the absolute difference between admission SBP and mean SBP in the first 24 hours after EVT. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between SBPr and poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 3–6) at 90 days.ResultsA total of 259/433 (58.5%) patients had poor outcome. SBPr was higher in the poor outcome group than in the good outcome group (26.6±27.4 vs 19.0±22.3 mm Hg; p<0.001). However, in adjusted models, SBPr was not independently associated with poor outcome (OR=1.00 per 1 mm Hg increase, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.01) or death (OR=0.9 per 1 mm Hg increase; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.00). No association remained when SBPr was divided into tertiles. Subgroup analyses based on history of hypertension, revascularization status, and antihypertensive treatment yielded similar results.ConclusionThe reduction in baseline SBP following EVT was not associated with poor functional outcomes. Most of the cohort (88%) achieved successful recanalization, and therefore, these results mainly apply to patients with successful recanalization.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and oropharyngeal HPV in ethnically diverse, sexually active adolescents: community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Kerry-Barnard Sarah , Beddows Simon , Reid Fiona , Beckley-Hoelscher Nicholas , Soldan Kate , Panwar Kavita , Seran Cangul , Fleming Charlotte , Lesniewska Agata , Planche Tim , Williamson Jonathan , Hay Phillip , Oakeshott Pippa 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesOropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancer in the UK, but little is known about the prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV in sexually active teenagers. We investigated reported HPV vaccination coverage (in females) and prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV in sexually active students attending six technical colleges in London, UK.MethodsIn 2017, we obtained mouthwash samples and questionnaires from male and female students taking part in the ‘Test n Treat’ chlamydia screening trial. Samples were subjected to HPV genotyping.ResultsOf 232 participants approached, 202 (87%) provided a mouthwash sample and questionnaire. Participants’ median age was 17 years and 47% were male. Most (73%) were from black and minority ethnic groups, 64% gave a history of oral sex, 52% reported having a new sexual partner in the past 6 months, 33% smoked cigarettes, 5.9% had concurrent genitourinaryChlamydia trachomatisinfection and 1.5%Neisseria gonorrhoeaeand 5.0% were gay or bisexual. Only 47% (50/107) of females reported being vaccinated against HPV 16/18, of whom 74% had received ≥2 injections. HPV genotyping showed three mouthwash samples (1.5%, 95% CI 0.3% to 4.3%) were positive for possible high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), one (0.5%, 0.0% to 2.7%) for low-risk HPV 6/11, but none (0.0%, 0.0% to 1.8%) for HR-HPV. Four samples (2.0%, 0.5% to 5.0%) were positive for HPV16 using a HPV16 type-specific quantitative PCR, but these were at a very low copy number and considered essentially negative.ConclusionsDespite the high prevalence of oral sex and genitourinary chlamydia and low prevalence of HPV vaccination, the prevalence of oropharyngeal HR-HPV in these adolescents was negligible.
Comprehensive measurements of cross sections and spin observables of the three-body break-up channel in deuteron-deuteron scattering at 65 MeV/nucleon
Authors: Ramazani-Sharifabadi R. , Amir-Ahmadi H. R. , Bayat M. T. , Deltuva A. , Eslami-Kalantari M. , Kalantar-Nayestanaki N. , Kistryn St. , Kozela A. , Mahjour-Shafiei M. , Mardanpour H. , Messchendorp J. G. , Mohammadi-Dadkan M. , Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani A. , Stephan E. , Tavakoli-Zaniani H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDetailed measurements of five-fold differential cross sections and a rich set of vector and tensor analyzing powers of the $$^{2}\mathrm{H}({\varvec{d}},dp){n}$$

2

H

(

d

,
d
p
)

n

break-up process using polarized deuteron-beam energy of 65 MeV/nucleon with a liquid-deuterium target are presented. The experiment was conducted at the AGOR facility at KVI using the BINA 4$$\pi $$
π
-detection system. We discuss the analysis procedure including a thorough study of the systematic uncertainties. The results can be used to examine upcoming state-of-the-art calculations in the four-nucleon scattering domain, and will, thereby, provide further insights into the dynamics of three- and four-nucleon forces in few-nucleon systems. The results of coplanar configurations are compared with the results of recent theoretical calculations based on the Single-Scattering Approximation (SSA). Through these comparisons, the validity of SSA approximation is investigated in the Quasi-Free (QF) region.
Children’s Capacities and Role in Matters of Great Significance for Them
Authors: McEwan-Strand Amy , Skivenes Marit 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
How do decision-makers in the judiciary approach children’s capacities as set out in Article 5 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child? Children in public care who cannot be reunified with their birth parents may be adopted, but are children given agency in these cases that are highly important to the involved children? We examine all judgments on adoptions from care made in Norway in a six-year period (2011-2016) involving children aged 4-17 years old, a total of 169 judgments. These cases are decided after a two- to three-day hearing in the court-like County Board. The results of our analysis are discouraging because many children are absent in the decision-maker’s justification and conclusion about adoption. Young children do not have their capacity assessed, and older children’s capacity undergoes a shallow assessment at best, and typically only their opinion is mentioned. Age is commonly used as a proxy for competency and maturity, and the role children’s opinion plays in the cases as well as in the decision-making is unclear overall. Possible explanations for this situation may be lack of guidelines for how to give children agency, that decision-makers do not have sufficient competency in assessing children’s capabilities, and/or that decision-makers are not aware of their obligations or are not willing to give children agency.
PD-1 blockade in deficient mismatch repair mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach: new hope for an orphan disease
Authors: Riccò Beatrice , Salati Massimiliano , Reggiani Bonetti Luca , Dominici Massimo , Luppi Gabriele 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is an uncommon and aggressive tumor arising throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Treatment options are limited, and survival is dismal with conventional therapies. Case description: We present the case of a 66-year-old man who was diagnosed with a locally advanced MANEC of the gastroesophageal junction. He was treated with perioperative chemotherapy and total gastrectomy. After anastomotic tumor recurrence was detected, he underwent three systemic regimens, including chemoradiotherapy. The patient was then tested for mismatch repair (MMR) protein status, revealing defective expression of MLH1 and PMS2 proteins. Treatment with anti–programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab was started and radiologic response is ongoing after 11 months. Clinical benefit was evident, and no immune therapy–related side effect was detected. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a heavily pretreated and rapidly progressing deficient MMR gastroesophageal MANEC experiencing a durable benefit from anti-PD1 treatment.
Outcome of Corticosteroid Injections, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy, and Radiofrequency Thermal Lesioning for Chronic Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Erden Tunay , Toker Berkin , Cengiz Omer , Ince Bugra , Asci Seyda , Toprak Ali 
Published: September 2020

Background: Chronic heel pain with plantar fasciitis is relatively common and can affect adults of all ages regardless of an active or sedentary lifestyle. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of corticosteroid injection (CSI), extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), and radiofrequency thermal lesioning (RTL) treatments in chronic plantar heel pain that has been unresponsive to other conservative treatments. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the results of 217 patients treated with CSI ( n = 73), ESWT ( n = 75), and RTL ( n = 69). The treatment efficacy and pain intensity, as measured using the visual analog scale, were recorded and compared at the 6-month follow-up. Results: Pain intensity decreased significantly in all patients. However, it decreased significantly more in the CSI and RTL groups than in the ESWT group ( P < .001). Age, sex, body mass index, calcaneal spur presence, and symptom duration were similar among 3 groups ( P > .05). No complications were noted after the CSI, ESWT, or RTL sessions. Conclusion: CSI, ESWT, and RTL successfully treated chronic plantar heel pain that did not respond to other conservative treatments; however, CSI and RTL yielded better therapeutic outcomes. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Hemorrhagic risk factors of endovascular onyx embolization of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Liu Peng , Chen Xiheng , You Wei , Li Youxiang , Lv Ming , Lv Xianli 
Published: September 2020

Background and purpose Hemorrhagic complication is a disastrous complication of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) embolization. This study was to analyze the possible risk factors for the hemorrhagic complication caused by endovascular embolization of DAVFs. Methods From January 2012 to July 2016, a total of 267 patients with intracranial DAVFs received endovascular Onyx embolization at our hospital. The demographic information, clinical presentation, angiographic features, endovascular treatment and hemorrhagic complications were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the risk factors contributing to the post-procedural hemorrhagic complications. Results In 267 patients of DAVF treated with endovascular embolization, procedure-related hemorrhagic complication occurred in 12 (4.5%) patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the pial arterial supplier (OR 13.630; 95% CI, 1.556–119.368; P = 0.018), giant venous aneurysm (OR 15.196; 95% CI, 2.505–92.183; P = 0.003) and Onyx volume ≥ 6 ml (OR 1.138; 95% CI, 1.006–1.288; P = 0.040) were significant factors associated with these hemorrhagic complications. Conclusions Hemorrhagic complications associated with endovascular DAVF embolization are not negligible. The pial arterial supplier, giant venous aneurysm and higher Onyx volume in one session may be risk factors for endovascular DAVF embolization.
Sex differences in intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Voigt S , van Os HJA , van Walderveen MAA , van der Schaaf IC , Kappelle LJ , Broersen A , Velthuis BK , de Jong PA , Kockelkoren R , Kruyt ND , Algra A , Wermer MJH ,   on behalf of the DUST study group
Published: September 2020

Background and aim To investigate sex differences with respect to presence and location of atherosclerosis in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods Participants with acute ischemic stroke were included from the Dutch acute stroke trial, a large prospective multicenter cohort study performed between May 2009 and August 2013. All patients received computed tomography/computed tomography-angiography within 9 h of stroke onset. We assessed presence of atherosclerosis in the intra- and extracranial internal carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries. In addition, we determined the burden of intracranial atherosclerosis by quantifying internal carotid and vertebrobasilar artery calcifications, resulting in calcium volumes. Prevalence ratios between women and men were calculated with Poisson regression analysis and adjusted prevalence ratio for potential confounders (age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol use). Results We included 1397 patients with a mean age of 67 years, of whom 600 (43%) were women. Presence of atherosclerosis in intracranial vessel segments was found as frequently in women as in men (71% versus 72%, adjusted prevalence ratio 0.95; 95% CI 0.89–1.01). In addition, intracranial calcification volume did not differ between women and men in both intracranial internal carotid (large burden 35% versus 33%, adjusted prevalence ratio 0.93; 95% CI 0.73–1.19) and vertebrobasilar arteries (large burden 26% versus 40%, adjusted prevalence ratio 0.69; 95% CI 0.41–1.12). Extracranial atherosclerosis was less common in women than in men (74% versus 81%, adjusted prevalence ratio 0.86; 95% CI 0.81–0.92). Conclusions In patients with acute ischemic stroke the prevalence of intracranial atherosclerosis does not differ between women and men, while extracranial atherosclerosis is less often present in women compared with men.