bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliable cerebrospinal fluid cytology reporting over an extended period: Is it possible by adding formol saline and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as cell preservative?
Authors: Rastogi Kanika , Singh Lavleen , Khatri Arti , Mishra Kirtisudha , Gupta Ranjan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundReporting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology within a narrow time frame is crucial as it is often indicated in critically ill patients and moreover, the cells in CSF are highly labile and tend to decline rapidly on standing. However, due to various logistic issues, delay in reporting is inevitable at times, especially if ancillary tools are required. In this study, we examine the effect of using formol saline and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a preservative on the cellular composition of CSF at 18, 24, and 48 hours of preservation.MethodsThirty CSF specimens were examined within 2 hours of collection and this reading was recorded as time zero reading. The CSF specimens were then divided in three tubes with: (a) preservative:CSF ratio of 1:1; (b) preservative:CSF ratio of 1:5; and (c) no preservative. Total and differential leucocyte counts and immunocytochemistry were performed on the three specimens at 18, 24, and 48 hours and were compared with the readings at 0 hour.ResultsPreserved CSF (in the ratio of 1:5) showed no significant decrease in the number of cells at 18 hours (P = .4), 24 hours (P = .3), and 48 hours (P = .1). Cellularity decreased by 8.5%, 22%, and 40% at 18, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. Cell morphology and antigenicity were well preserved at all the three time intervals.ConclusionFormol saline and EDTA, when mixed with the CSF in the ratio of 1:5, can preserve significant cellularity for up to 24 hours.
Development of a predation index to assess trophic stability in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Barnes Cheryl L. , Beaudreau Anne H. , Dorn Martin W. , Holsman Kirstin K. , Mueter Franz J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPredation can have substantial and long‐term effects on the population dynamics of ecologically important prey. Diverse predator assemblages, however, may produce stabilizing (i.e., portfolio) effects on prey mortality when consumption varies asynchronously among predators. We calculated spatiotemporal variation in predation on a dominant forage species to quantify synchrony and portfolio effects in a food web context and better understand diversity–stability relationships in a large marine ecosystem that has undergone considerable changes in community composition. We selected Walleye Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) as our case study because they support some of the largest, most valuable commercial fisheries in the world and serve as essential prey for an array of economically and culturally important species. Thus, there are sufficient data for Pollock with which to test ecological theories in an empirical setting. Spatially explicit predation indices accounted for annual variation in predator biomass, bioenergetics‐based rations, and age‐specific proportions of Pollock consumed by a suite of groundfishes in the Gulf of Alaska (1990–2015). We found that Arrowtooth Flounder (Atheresthes stomias) was, by far, the dominant Pollock predator (proportional consumption: 0.74 ± 0.14). We also found synchronous trends in consumption among predator species, indicating a lack of portfolio effects at the basin scale. This combination of a single dominant predator and synchronous consumption dynamics suggests strong top‐down control over Pollock in the Gulf of Alaska, though the degree of synchrony was highly variable at all spatial scales. Whereas synchrony generally increased in the western subregion, consumption in the central Gulf of Alaska became less synchronous through time. This suggests diminished trophic stability in one area and increased stability in another, thereby emphasizing the importance of spatiotemporal heterogeneity in maintaining food web structure and function. Finally, total Pollock consumption was highly variable (ranging from 1.87 to 7.63 Tg) and often exceeded assessment‐based estimates of productivity. We assert that using our holistic and empirically derived predation index as a modifier of assumed constant natural mortality would provide a practical method for incorporating ecological information into single‐species stock assessments.
Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: No easy solutions
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere is currently no evidence‐based definition of severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE‐AN) with which to reliably inform clinical practice and research. Indeed, data on the effect of AN severity and duration on treatment outcome are inconsistent. A large group of patients with SE‐AN are repeatedly unsuccessfully managed with the available eating disorders treatments and have no access to adequate treatment for their illness. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) adapted for SE‐AN has been designed to enhance quality of life and reduce harm rather than promoting weight gain in such patients, and has had some success. However, a percentage of patients with SE‐AN achieves remission, or at least returns to a normal weight range, with available evidence‐based treatments for eating disorders, such as enhanced CBT (CBT‐E). It would therefore be worth conducting a large‐scale randomized controlled trial comparing CBT adapted for SE‐AN with CBT‐E to assess their relative acceptability; efficacy, including their effect on quality of life and medical stability; cost‐effectiveness; and the treatment response moderators that might allow better matching of patients with SE‐AN to a treatment oriented either to harm reduction or to change.
Parasite and pathogen effects on ecosystem processes: A quantitative review
Authors: Fischhoff Ilya R. , Huang Tao , Hamilton Stephen K. , Han Barbara A. , LaDeau Shannon L. , Ostfeld Richard S. , Rosi Emma J. , Solomon Christopher T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPathogens and parasites (henceforth “pathogens”) can make up a large percentage of the biomass found in ecosystems, and therefore, their impacts on ecosystem processes should be prominent. Pathogens influence ecosystem processes by affecting the abundance or phenotype of hosts and through direct contributions to ecosystem production. However, there has been little quantitative synthesis of the relative effect sizes of these impacts on ecosystem processes. This study presents a systematic review and meta‐analysis of pathogen effects on primary production, secondary production, and biogeochemical cycles. We find that the effects of pathogens on ecosystem processes were greater where pathogens influenced host or community abundance or biomass than when they influenced phenotypes. Pathogen impacts on primary production were larger than on secondary production or biogeochemical cycles. By contrast, we detected no general differences in effect sizes across host or pathogen taxon or ecosystem type (terrestrial vs. aquatic). While we have found potential evidence of publication bias against negative results, a well‐known issue in meta‐analyses, our work nonetheless shows that the available literature under‐represents some taxa and geographic regions. To better understand the extent and magnitude of pathogen impacts on ecosystem processes, future research is needed in four areas. First, research is needed on the most understudied systems, including bacteria and viruses, as well as tropical ecosystems. A second priority is research seeking to understand how key components of ecosystem variation, including age (time of ecological continuity), productivity, and species diversity and composition, may interact to mediate pathogen impacts. Third, we suggest expanding on work examining how pathogen effects are influenced by climate change, species introductions, deforestation, and other human impacts. Fourth, we expect that host coinfection influences ecosystem processes in ways that cannot always be predicted based on studies of single infections. To enable others to build on this work, we make available the data we extracted from the literature, with the code for computing effect sizes.
Assessing conservation conflict: Does intertidal oyster aquaculture inhibit foraging behavior of migratory shorebirds?
Authors: Maslo Brooke , Burkhalter J. Curtis , Bushek David , Yuhas Tanner , Schumm Brian , Burger Joanna , Lockwood Julie L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractConservation is increasingly in conflict with human activities due to global human population growth, particularly in areas that support threatened species. Conflicts often impede effective implementation of needed conservation measures and also have implications for social inequality, resource use and economic development. Bivalve molluscan shellfish aquaculture is commonly considered one of the least impactful forms of protein production worldwide but, in some locations, may interfere with essential activities of threatened species such as the stopover ecology of migrating shorebirds. Here we assess the impact of oyster aquaculture as practiced in Delaware Bay (New Jersey, USA) on the presence and foraging behavior of migratory shorebird species of conservation concern. We conducted counts and behavioral observations of shorebirds across a 4.8‐km stretch of the Delaware Bay and tested the effect of regulated aquaculture structures and activities on shorebird presence relative to various environmental factors. We also evaluated differences in mean peck rates for each species within and away from aquaculture areas, and we examined multiple factors influencing foraging rates for each species. For all species, we found that oyster tending reduced the probability of shorebird presence by 1–7%, whereas the untended aquaculture structures had no detectable impact. Foraging rates were mostly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly the presence of competitors (gulls or other shorebirds), and the foraging substrate. None of the focal species substantially altered their time budget or foraging rates in the presence of tended or untended oyster aquaculture. This evidence suggests that intertidal oyster aquaculture and migrating shorebirds can co‐utilize the resource rich intertidal areas on which they occur.
Regulation of tartary buckwheat‐resistant starch on intestinal microflora in mice fed with high‐fat diet
Authors: Zhou Yiming , Wei Yun , Yan Beibei , Zhao Shen , Zhou Xiaoli 
Published: May 2020

AbstractResistant starch (RS) is closely related to the composition of intestinal flora. Based on many studies on the physiological functions of probiotics and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), it is possible that RS can improve the intestinal health of the host. Therefore, we speculated that tartary buckwheat‐resistant starch (TBRS) can also regulate the intestinal flora disorder caused by high‐fat diet. We randomly divided 36 SPF C57BL/6J mice into low‐fat diet, high‐fat diet (HF‐CS), high‐fat diet supplemented with TBRS (HF‐BRS), and high‐fat diet supplemented with corn‐resistant starch (HF‐CRS). We analyzed the diversity and richness of gut microbiota based on PCR and Illumina high‐throughput sequencing technology. In community abundance, the HF‐BRS group was significantly higher than the other three groups (p < .05). TBRS improved the gut microbiota dysbiosis, including decreasing the Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratios (F/B) and contributing to the growth of Bacteroides and Blautia as well significantly inhibiting the growth of Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, and Erysipelatoclostridium. We also analyzed the production of SCFAs by GC‐MS, and the concentration of total SCFAs increased in the HF‐CS group. However, TBRS significantly increased the production of SCFAs, especially the propionate concentration compared with the HF‐CRS group (p < .05). These results elucidated that TBRS has the potential to improve intestinal health by altering the structure of gut microbiota and increasing the production of SCFAs. Our findings have important implications for TBRS as functional food ingredient to manipulate intestinal microflora.
Chemometric analysis combined with FTIR spectroscopy of milk and Halloumi cheese samples according to species’ origin
Authors: Tarapoulouzi Maria , Kokkinofta Rebecca , Theocharis Charis R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFood adulteration is an issue of major concern, as numerous foodstuffs and beverages do not follow their labeling. Our research interest is in the field of authenticity of dairy products and particularly cheese. Adulteration of dairy products is a well‐known phenomenon, and there are numerous published studies specifically on the authenticity of cheese. In fact, substitution of a portion of fat and/or proteins, adulteration with milk of other species’ origin, and mislabeling of ingredients are some of the main issues that the science of dairy products’ authenticity is regularly facing. Discrimination of dairy products can be determined through several chemical or microbiological methods as presented in the literature. In addition, chemometric analysis is an important tool for interpretation of a huge load of measurements. The aim of this study is to discriminate between various milk samples, which is the primary ingredient of dairy products. Milk samples with different trademarks were analyzed. That data was combined with Halloumi cheese samples for chemometric discrimination of species’ origin. The innovative point of this study is the fact that it is the first time that a research study related to dairy products includes Halloumi cheese which is a traditional Cypriot cheese, not well‐studied until now. The first step of the methodology was the freeze‐drying via lyophilization of the samples. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was chosen for their chemical characterization. Moreover, interpretation of the measurements was carried out by chemometric analysis using SIMCA software. For this study, FTIR data combined with chemometrics have given a very good discrimination of the samples according to their species’ origin. Chemometric methods such as PCA and OPLS‐DA have been used with great success. In the future, this model will be studied regarding geographical origin of the samples.
Lateralization of epilepsy using intra‐hemispheric brain networks based on resting‐state MEG data
Authors: Pourmotabbed Haatef , Wheless James W. , Babajani‐Feremi Abbas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFocal epilepsy originates within networks in one hemisphere. However, previous studies have investigated network topologies for the entire brain. In this study, magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to investigate functional intra‐hemispheric networks of healthy controls (HCs) and patients with left‐ or right‐hemispheric temporal lobe or temporal plus extra‐temporal lobe epilepsy. 22 HCs, 25 left patients (LPs), and 16 right patients (RPs) were enrolled. The debiased weighted phase lag index was used to calculate functional connectivity between 246 brain regions in six frequency bands. Global efficiency, characteristic path length, and transitivity were computed for left and right intra‐hemispheric networks. The right global graph measures (GGMs) in the theta band were significantly different (p < .005) between RPs and both LPs and HCs. Right and left GGMs in higher frequency bands were significantly different (p < .05) between HCs and the patients. Right GGMs were used as input features of a Naïve‐Bayes classifier to classify LPs and RPs (78.0% accuracy) and all three groups (75.5% accuracy). The complete theta band brain networks were compared between LPs and RPs with network‐based statistics (NBS) and with the clustering coefficient (CC), nodal efficiency (NE), betweenness centrality (BC), and eigenvector centrality (EVC). NBS identified a subnetwork primarily composed of right intra‐hemispheric connections. Significantly different (p < .05) nodes were primarily in the right hemisphere for the CC and NE and primarily in the left hemisphere for the BC and EVC. These results indicate that intra‐hemispheric MEG networks may be incorporated in the diagnosis and lateralization of focal epilepsy.
Systematic review and pooled analysis of survival rates, success, and outcomes of osseointegrated implants in a variety of composite free flaps
Authors: Khadembaschi Darius , Brierly Gary I. , Chatfield Mark D. , Beech Nicholas , Batstone Martin D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of this review was to provide an update on survival rates of osseointegrated implants into common composite free flaps used for maxillary and mandibular reconstructions and identify factors affecting outcomes. PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. Included studies reported implant survival by flap type. Results were pooled and survival was estimated with the Kaplan‐Meier method. Variables affecting survival were assessed using Cox regression. Thirty‐two of the 2631 articles retrieved were included, totaling 2626 implants placed into fibula, iliac crest, scapula, and radial forearm free flaps. Pooled survival showed 94% 5‐year survival of implants in fibula and iliac crest with no difference between groups (P = .3). Factors effecting survival included radiotherapy (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2‐4.6, P = .027) and malignant disease (HR 2.2, 95%CI 1.6‐3.1, P < .001). Implant survival appears adequate across common flap types; however, there are limited numbers reported in less common flaps.
Real‐world data on efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil, rituximab plus chlorambucil, and rituximab plus bendamustine in the frontline treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The GO‐CLLEAR Study by the Czech CLL Study Group
Authors: Panovská Anna , Němcová Lucie , Nekvindová Lucie , Špaček Martin , Šimkovič Martin , Papajík Tomáš , Brejcha Martin , Lysák Daniel , Zuchnická Jana , Novák Jan , Starostka David , Poul Hynek , Vrbacký Filip , Vodárek Pavel , Urbanová Renata , Plevová Karla , Pospíšilová Šárka , Mašlejová Stanislava , Brychtová Yvona , Koriťáková Eva , Smolej Lukáš , Doubek Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUntil recently, a combination of anti‐CD20 antibody plus less intensive chemotherapy was a standard of care in elderly population with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The aim of this observational study was to retrospectively assess efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab + chlorambucil (G‐Clb), rituximab + chlorambucil (R‐Clb), and bendamustine + rituximab (BR) given as the frontline therapy within routine practice. The final analyzed dataset included 398 consecutive CLL patients from 10 hematology centers cooperating within the Czech CLL Study Group: 63 treated with G‐Clb, 78 with R‐Clb, and 257 with BR. There were no significant differences in prognostic and predictive markers among the groups. On the contrary, median age at the start of therapy and cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) score was significantly higher in R‐Clb group. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil regimen was preferably offered to elderly patients (compared to BR) with less severe comorbidities and lower CIRS score (compared to R‐Clb). A time period when a treatment was indicated had also a strong impact on the choice of the regimen. The overall response rate reached 76% (30% complete remissions, CRs) in G‐Clb, 75% (22% CRs) in R‐Clb, and 85% (47% CRs) in BR group. Median event‐free survival was 49.0 months for G‐Clb, 20.3 months for R‐Clb, and 37.0 months for BR group. Neutropenia grade ≥ 3 developed in 43% of G‐Clb, 31% of R‐Clb and in 49% of BR patients, grade ≥ 3 infections were recorded in 17% of G‐Clb, 6.4% of R‐Clb, and 17% of BR patients. In conclusion, real‐world therapeutic activity of G‐Clb appears to be at least comparable to prospective clinical trial data. R‐Clb yields relatively good results in very old and severely comorbid patients.
The Effect of Fall Biomechanics on Risk for Hip Fracture in Older Adults: A Cohort Study of Video-Captured Falls in Long-Term Care
Authors: Yang Yijian , Komisar Vicki , Shishov Nataliya , Lo Bryan , Korall Alexandra MB , Feldman Fabio , Robinovitch Stephen N 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Over 95% of hip fractures in older adults are caused by falls, yet only 1% to 2% of falls result in hip fracture. Our current understanding of the types of falls that lead to hip fracture is based on reports by the faller or witness. We analyzed videos of real-life falls in long-term care to provide objective evidence on the factors that separate falls that result in hip fracture from falls that do not. Between 2007 and 2018, we video-captured 2377 falls by 646 residents in two long-term care facilities. Hip fracture was documented in 30 falls. We analyzed each video with a structured questionnaire, and used generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to determine relative risk ratios (RRs) for hip fracture associated with various fall characteristics. All hip fractures involved falls from standing height, and pelvis impact with the ground. After excluding falls from lower than standing height, risk for hip fracture was higher for sideways landing configurations (RR = 5.50; 95% CI, 2.36–12.78) than forward or backward, and for falls causing hip impact (3.38; 95% CI, 1.49–7.67). However, hip fracture risk was just as high in falls initially directed sideways as forward (1.14; 95% CI, 0.49–2.67), due to the tendency for rotation during descent. Falling while using a mobility aid was associated with lower fracture risk (0.30; 95% CI, 0.09–1.00). Seventy percent of hip fractures involved impact to the posterolateral aspect of the pelvis. Hip protectors were worn in 73% of falls, and hip fracture risk was lower in falls where hip protectors were worn (0.45; 95% CI, 0.21–0.99). Age and sex were not associated with fracture risk. There was no evidence of spontaneous fractures. In this first study of video-captured falls causing hip fracture, we show that the biomechanics of falls involving hip fracture were different than nonfracture falls for fall height, fall direction, impact locations, and use of hip protectors. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Resisting and assisting engagement with public welfare in engineering education
Authors: Niles Skye , Contreras Santina , Roudbari Shawhin , Kaminsky Jessica , Harrison Jill Lindsey 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing engineering students' engagement with public welfare is central to promoting ethical responsibility among engineers and enhancing engineers' capacity to serve the public good. However, little research has investigated how student experience attempts to increase engagement with public welfare concerns.Purpose/HypothesisThis study identifies and analyzes the challenges facing efforts to increase engineering students' engagement with the social and ethical implications of their work through a study of students' experiences at two engineering programs that emphasize public welfare engagement.Design/MethodsWe conducted interviews with engineering students (n = 26) and ethnographic observations of program events, classes, presentations, and social groups (n = 60) at two engineering programs that focus on engagement with public welfare and foreground learning about the social context and social impacts of engineering. We analyzed these data to identify areas in which students experienced challenges integrating considerations of public welfare into their work.ResultsWe found that four main areas where engineering students experienced difficulty engaging with considerations of public welfare: (a) defining and defending their identities as engineers; (b) justifying the value of nontechnical work and relevance to engineering; (c) redefining engineering expertise and integrating community knowledge into projects; and (d) addressing ambiguous questions and ethics.ConclusionsThis work contributes to knowledge about the barriers to increasing students' engagement with issues of public welfare, even when programs encourage such engagement. These findings are relevant to broader efforts to increase concerns for ethics, social responsibility, and public welfare among engineers.