bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Mining Under the Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market: Are European Database Protection Rules Still Threatening the Development of Artificial Intelligence?
Authors: Meys Romain 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper explores how the existing European rules on the legal and contractual protection of databases limit the re-use of non-personal data by start-ups and SMEs for the purpose of developing artificial intelligence in the European Union. This analysis aims to determine whether the recent initiatives on data mining and data sharing are adequate to ensure an appropriate level of data re-usability for that purpose. In turn, this paper argues that additional reforms are needed to establish a more balanced European framework on the legal and contractual protection of databases. Therefore, it contemplates the introduction of data user rights, which would facilitate the access and re-use of non-personal data by the enterprises in question.
Tracking Atlantic bluefin tuna from foraging grounds off the west coast of Ireland
Authors: Horton Thomas W , Block Barbara A , Drumm Alan , Hawkes Lucy A , O’Cuaig Macdara , Maoiléidigh Niall Ó , O’Neill Ross , Schallert Robert J , Stokesbury Michael J W , Witt Matthew J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Pop-up archival tags (n = 16) were deployed on Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT) off the west coast of Ireland in October and November 2016 (199–246 cm curved fork length), yielding 2799 d of location data and 990 and 989 d of depth and temperature time-series data, respectively. Most daily locations (96%, n = 2651) occurred east of 45°W, the current stock management boundary for ABT. Key habitats occupied were the Bay of Biscay and the Central North Atlantic, with two migratory patterns evident: an east-west group and an eastern resident group. Five out of six tags that remained attached until July 2017 returned to the northeast Atlantic after having migrated as far as the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean Sea (MEDI) and the Central North Atlantic. Tracked bluefin tuna exhibited a diel depth-use pattern occupying shallower depths at night and deeper depths during the day. Four bluefin tuna visited known spawning grounds in the central and western MEDI, and one may have spawned, based on the recovered data showing oscillatory dives transecting the thermocline on 15 nights. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the aggregation of ABT off Ireland and, more broadly in the northeast Atlantic, highlighting the need for dedicated future research to conserve this important aggregation.
Still Taboo? Citizens’ Attitudes toward the Use of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Koch Lisa Langdon , Wells Matthew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHow robust is the “nuclear taboo”—the belief that it is wrong to use nuclear weapons—and can it be strengthened? In a series of experimental surveys, we investigate two mechanisms theorized to support the nuclear nonuse norm. First, we examine the moral foundation of the norm by testing whether respondents who receive descriptions of the aftermath of a nuclear blast will be less supportive of nuclear weapons use. Second, we assess the mechanism of self-interest by raising a sense of nuclear risk, and test whether varying the likelihood of nuclear retaliation affects support for a strike. We find that vivid information about the consequences of a nuclear strike, either in moral or self-interested terms, reduces support for nuclear use. These findings indicate that each of the two mechanisms may support the nuclear nonuse tradition, but that the strength of each mechanism is affected by exposure to vivid information.
High-Definition 4K 3D Exoscope (ORBEYETM) in Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Surgery: A Preliminary, Explorative, Pilot Study
Authors: Vetrano Ignazio G , Acerbi Francesco , Falco Jacopo , D’Ammando Antonio , Devigili Grazia , Nazzi Vittoria 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Surgery for peripheral nerve sheath tumors aims to preserve functional fascicles achieving gross-total resection. Increasing the visualization of anatomic details helps to identify the different layers and the tumor-nerve interface. The traditional microscope can present some limitations in this type of surgery, such as its physical obstruction.

OBJECTIVE
To present a proof-of-concept study about exoscope-guided surgery for schwannomas of the lower limbs, to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the 4K, high-quality, 3-dimensional (3D) imaging.

METHODS
We analyzed 2 consecutive surgical cases of suspected schwannomas of the lower limbs using the ORBEYE™ exoscope (Olympus). A standard operative microscope was also available in the operating room. All procedures were performed with neurophysiological monitoring, to identify functioning nerves and to localize the tumor capsule safest entry point. The cases are reported according to the PROCESS guidelines.

RESULTS
In both cases, we achieved a gross total resection of the schwannomas; the exoscope provided an excellent view of the anatomic details at tumor-nerve interface, as visible in intraoperative images and in the 3D-4K video supporting these findings. The surgeon's position was comfortable in both cases, although if the co-surgeon positioned himself in front of the first surgeon, the comfort was slightly reduced. The 4K monitor allowed a realistic, nontiring 3D vision for all the team.

CONCLUSION
The ORBEYETM, after an adequate learning curve, can represent a feasible and comfortable instrument for nerve tumor surgery, which is usually performed in a single horizontal plane. Further and wider clinical series are necessary to confirm this first impression.
History of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation—Update for the 21st Century
Authors: Ottestad Einar , Orlovich Daniel S 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo present a history of the development of peripheral nerve stimulation.MethodsNarrative literature review.ResultsPeripheral nerve stimulation has a history stretching from Scribonius Largus and eels in Mesopotamia to Michael Farady’s discovery in London, the German-English physician Julius Althaus’s application of electricity to a peripheral nerve, the sensational “Electreat” in the United States, to the application by Wall and Sweet of the gate theory proposed by Melzack and Wall to specialized neurosurgeons.ConclusionsThis is now a modern field in clinical neuroscience and medicine with improved technology, renewed interest by a diverse range of specialties, and accessibility with ultrasound.
Analysis for Lorentzian conformal field theories through sine-square deformation
Authors: Liu Xun , Tada Tsukasa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We reexamine two-dimensional Lorentzian conformal field theory using the formalism previously developed in a study of sine-square deformation of Euclidean conformal field theory. We construct three types of Virasoro algebra. One of them reproduces the result by Lüscher and Mack, while another type exhibits divergence in the central charge term. The third leads to a continuous spectrum and contains no closed time-like curve in the system.
Chronic pain and depressive symptoms are related to food insecurity among urban food bank users
Authors: Bigand Teresa L , Dietz Jeremy , Gubitz Hannah N , Wilson Marian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Food bank users suffer high food insecurity. Food insecurity increases risk for chronic health conditions. However, chronic pain and its relation to food insecurity among food bank users is unknown. Knowledge about populations with chronic pain is important to direct appropriate public health nutritional strategies.

Methods
Participants completed a survey including sleep, pain, depressive symptoms and food insecurity measures. Descriptive statistics characterized the burden of chronic pain among the sample, and a series of chi-square and t-tests assessed for demographic differences between food bank users who reported pain compared to those who did not. Logistic regression tested for variables predicting food insecurity.

Results
Within the sample (N = 207), 53% reported a chronic pain diagnosis. Adults with pain were more likely to receive food stamps and to have a mental health condition than those without pain. Regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms and chronic pain significantly predicted food insecurity when controlling for age and gender.

Conclusions
Exploring the link between depression, pain and nutritional resources may enhance understanding of causal relationships driving food insecurity. Public health officials should address nutritional needs of adults including those with chronic pain who use food bank services.
Investigating materials and orientation parameters for the creation of a 3D musculoskeletal interface co-culture model
Authors: Alsaykhan Hamad , Paxton Jennifer Z 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissue interfaces are a common site of injury in the young, active populations. In particular, the interface between the musculoskeletal tissues of tendon and bone is often injured and to date, no single treatment has been able to restore the form and function of damaged tissue at the bone–tendon interface. Tissue engineering and regeneration hold great promise for the manufacture of bespoke in vitro models or implants to be used to advance repair and so this study investigated the material, orientation and culture choices for manufacturing a reproducible 3D model of a musculoskeletal interface between tendon and bone cell populations. Such models are essential for future studies focussing on the regeneration of musculoskeletal interfaces in vitro. Cell-encapsulated fibrin hydrogels, arranged in a horizontal orientation though a simple moulding procedure, were shown to best support cellular growth and migration of cells to form an in vitro tendon–bone interface. This study highlights the importance of acknowledging the material and technical challenges in establishing co-cultures and suggests a reproducible methodology to form 3D co-cultures between tendon and bone, or other musculoskeletal cell types, in vitro.
Are current guidelines overcautious regarding refeeding of patients with severe anorexia nervosa: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ciobanasu Oana , Seth Bhavisha , Terekh Iryna , Bruno Alessandro , Ayton Agnes 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveWeight restoration is an integral part of managing anorexia nervosa patients and has been found to be associated with electrolyte and fluid abnormalities gathered under the umbrella term refeeding syndrome, which has led to cautious initiation of caloric regimes. This study looks at how a sample of severe anorexia nervosa patients were managed using higher rates of refeeding than the ones currently recommended.Designretrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with severe eating disorders admitted to an UK specialist tertiary centre. The treatment programme uses a weight restoration regime starting at 1000 kcal/day, increased to 1500 kcal/day after two days and to 2000 kcal/day after seven days. The main outcome was the rate of hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia within the first two weeks of weight restoration. The secondary outcomes included rate of weight gain and tendency of electrolyte shift.Results83% of the patient sample were categorised as extreme anorexia nervosa (BMI <15). 11.3% of patients developed hypophosphatemia, 11.3% had hypomagnesemia, 42% had hypokalaemia. The lowest levels were found between the 5-6 days after starting refeeding. The vast majority of electrolyte abnormalities fell into the mild category. Electrolyte abnormalities were easily corrected by oral supplementation, and only 5% required iv replacement. The only significant predictor for hypophosphatemia was a BMI below 13.ConclusionsThe majority of extremely ill patients with anorexia nervosa tolerate refeeding starting at 25-30kcal/kg. Oral supplementation is effective, so overcautious refeeding is unnecessary, provided that the patient is carefully monitored.
A statistical forecast of LOW mortality (< 400,000 deaths) due to COVID-19, for the whole WORLD
Authors: Barbero Cesar A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOBJECTIVETo forecast the death toll of COVID-19 in the whole world by fitting the time series of reported deaths with a parametric equation (integrated Gaussian equation) related to Farr’s law.DATAThe time series of cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 produced by John Hopkins University and stored in a github repository.RESULTSThe projected total death toll will be 261680 (392520 – 183176) which represents the 0.003 % of world population. This number amounts to 0.054 deaths per 1000, while the mean in the world (all causes) is 7.7. The daily peak of deaths (7270 (+/-500)) happened the 15 (+/- 3) of April, meaning that we are in descending curve of the pandemic. The outbreak will end completely the 23th (+/-3) of June. However, already on 9th (+/- 3) of May, 2 σ (95.45%) of the deaths will have be occured. The projected death toll is much lower (5-10 times) than those forecasted by the Imperial College Group (ICG) even considering the best scenario of total suppression of virus transmission. Using actual mortality rates it is possible to back calculate which number of infected individuals would produce such mortality. The death toll arises from a number of infected individuals between 53 (worst case) and 3.3 million. The calculated number of infected individuals is significantly lower than that calculated by ICG (227.5 millions) with suppression.
A clinical trial to study changes in neural activity and motor recovery following brain-machine interface enabled robot-assisted stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Bhagat Nikunj , Yozbatiran Nuray , Sullivan Jennifer L. , Paranjape Ruta , Losey Colin , Hernandez Zachary , Keser Zafer , Grossman Robert , Francisco Gerard , O’Malley Marcia K. , Contreras-Vidal Jose 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundBrain-machine interfaces (BMI) based on scalp electroencephalography (EEG) have the potential to promote cortical plasticity following stroke, which has been shown to improve motor recovery outcomes. However, clinical efficacy of BMI-enabled robotic rehabilitation in chronic stroke population is confounded by the spectrum of motor impairments caused by stroke.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of neurorehabilitation therapy on upper-limb motor recovery, by quantifying changes in clinical, BMI-based, and kinematics-based metrics. Further, to identify neural correlates or biomarkers that can predict the extent of motor recovery.MethodsChronic stroke survivors (n = 10, age 55 ± 9.2y, chronicity 3.1 ± 2.8y) were recruited to participate in a 4-6 weeks long clinical study. Participants completed 12 therapy sessions that involved a BMI enabled powered exoskeleton (MAHI Exo-II) for training, which targeted elbow flexion and extension. Clinical assessments including Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) were measured up to 2-months after therapy. BMI performance, kinematic performance, and change in movement related cortical potentials (MRCP) were also determined.ResultsOn average, 132 ± 22 repetitions were performed per participant, per session. BMI accuracy across all sessions and subjects was 79 ± 18%, with a small number of false positives (23 ± 20%). FMA-UE and ARAT scores improved significantly over baseline after therapy and were retained at follow-ups (ΔFMA-UE = 3.92 ± 3.73 and ΔARAT = 5.35 ± 4.62, p < 0.05). 80% participants (7 with moderate-mild impairment and 1 with severe-moderate impairment) reached minimal clinically important difference (MCID: FMA-UE > 5.2 or ARAT > 5.7) during the course of the study. Kinematic measures indicate that, on average, participants’ movements became faster and smoother. Quantification of changes in MRCP amplitude showed significant correlation with ARAT scores (ρ = 0.72, p < 0.05) and marginally significant correlation with FMA-UE (ρ = 0.63, p = 0.051), suggesting higher activation of ipsi-lesional hemisphere post-intervention. The study did not have any adverse events.ConclusionThis study presents evidence that BMI enabled robotic rehabilitation can promote motor recovery in individuals with chronic stroke, several years after injury and irrespective of their impairment level, or location of the lesion (cortical/subcortical) at baseline. Further, the extent of motor recovery was correlated with changes in movement related potentials, occurring contralateral to the impaired arm.SupportNIH National Robotics Initiative Grant R01NS081854 and a grant from Mission Connect, a project of TIRR Foundation.
Nonpharmaceutical interventions for pandemic COVID-19: A cross-sectional investigation of US general public beliefs, attitudes, and actions
Authors: Kantor Bella Nichole , Kantor Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) represent the primary mitigation strategy for pandemic COVID-19. Despite this, many government agencies and members of the general public may be resistant to NPI adoption. We sought to understand public attitudes and beliefs regarding various NPIs and self-reported adoption of NPIs, and explore associations between NPI performance and the baseline characteristics of respondents. We performed a cross-sectional age-, sex-, and race- stratified survey of the general US population. Of the 1,005 respondents, 37% (95% CI 34.0, 39.9) felt that NPIs were inconvenient, while only 0.9% (95% CI 0.3, 1.5) of respondents believed that NPIs would not reduce their personal risk of illness. Respondents were most uncertain regarding the efficacy of mask and eye protection use, with 30.6% and 22.1%, respectively, unsure whether their use would slow disease spread. On univariate logistic regression analyses, NPI adherence was associated with a belief that NPIs would reduce personal risk of developing COVID-19 (OR 3.06, 95% CI [1.25, 7.48], p=0.014) and with a belief that the NPIs were not difficult to perform (OR 1.79, 95% CI [1.38, 2.31], p<0.0001). Respondents were compliant with straightforward, familiar, and heavily-encouraged NPI recommendations such as hand-washing; more onerous approaches, such as avoiding face touching, disinfecting surfaces, and wearing masks or goggles, were performed less frequently. NPI non-adherence is associated with both outcome expectations (belief that NPIs are effective) and process expectations (belief that NPIs are not overly inconvenient); these findings have important implications for designing public health outreach efforts, where the feasibility, as well as the effectiveness, of NPIs should be stressed.
Racial, Economic and Health Inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States
Authors: Abedi Vida , Olulana Oluwaseyi , Avula Venkatesh , Chaudhary Durgesh , Khan Ayesha , Shahjouei Shima , Li Jiang , Zand Ramin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is preliminary evidence of racial and social-economic disparities in the population infected by and dying from COVID-19. The goal of this study is to report the associations of COVID-19 with respect to race, health and economic inequality in the United States.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of the associations between infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 and demographic, socioeconomic and mobility variables from 369 counties (total population: 102,178,117 [median: 73,447, IQR: 30,761-256,098]) from the seven most affected states (Michigan, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, Louisiana, Massachusetts).FindingsThe risk factors for infection and mortality are different. Our analysis shows that counties with more diverse demographics, higher population, education, income levels, and lower disability rates were at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. However, counties with higher disability and poverty rates had a higher death rate. African Americans were more vulnerable to COVID-19 than other ethnic groups (1,981 African American infected cases versus 658 Whites per million). Data on mobility changes corroborate the impact of social distancing.InterpretationThe observed inequality might be due to the workforce of essential services, poverty, and access to care. Counties in more urban areas are probably better equipped at providing care. The lower rate of infection, but a higher death rate in counties with higher poverty and disability could be due to lower levels of mobility, but a higher rate of comorbidities and health care access.
Methods of An Open-Label Proof-Of-Concept Trial of Intravenous Valproic Acid for Severe COVID-19
Authors: Chiquete Erwin , Toapanta-Yanchapaxi Liz , Cantú-Brito Carlos 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the systemic entity caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that may cause death through severe atypical pneumonia and acute lung injury. Valproic acid (VPA) has shown anti-inflammatory activity and mild intrinsic antiviral effect. These properties warrant the study of VPA as a possible active treatment in persons with severe COVID-19.MethodsConsecutive adult patients needing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) will be given intravenous (i.v.) VPA at a starting dose of 20 mg/kg/day and up to 60/kg/day (in 60 min i.v. infusions in 250 mL normal saline) as needed to reach plasma VPA concentrations of 50–100 μg/mL (measured every 72 h). These patients will be followed-up for 10 days for the primary outcome and for a further period of 30 days after treatment completion for the secondary outcome of recurrence. The primary study outcome is the reduction in the case fatality rate of at least 50% after 10 days of treatment (as compared with natural history). Secondary outcomes are the reduction of length of stay (LOS) of at least 50%, as well as COVID-19 recurrence at 30-day follow-up. The most important safety outcomes are acute liver failure, acute pancreatitis, and thrombocytopenia.ConclusionAlthough long-term adverse effects and even pro-inflammatory consequences have been reported with the chronic use of VPA, given the urgent need for a drug against COVID-19 to shorten the high mortality and LOS, the study of VPA is justified from a scientific standpoint.