bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Critique and Contemporary Theories
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter completes the testing of the Sceptical Tradition’s objections to natural rights, by examining the thought of a selection of contemporary thinkers, in addition to that of John Finnis (in Chapter 4). Those selected are Onora O’Neill (and in relation to her, John Tasioulas, Elizabeth Ashford, and Henry Shue), Nicholas Wolterstorff, and James Griffin (and in relation to him, Allen Buchanan). From this examination the conclusion is drawn that the arguments made by Shue, Tasioulas, Ashford, and Griffin fail to dislodge O’Neill’s ‘radical’ critique, namely, that where capable holders of feasible correspondent duties have not been identified, universal human rights are illusory. This implies that rights are contingent on the circumstances of feasibility and capability, and that there is no constant natural right. The chapter then proceeds to draw general conclusions from the testing of natural rights-talk in Chapters 2 to 5. One seminal conclusion is that the paradigm of a right is positively legal, commanding the support of such institutions as police and courts. This is what explains its distinctive authority vis-à-vis other claims. It follows that a natural right, existing apart from civil society and so lacking institutional support, is, at best, analogous to a proper, legal right. However, since the very concept of a right connotes the stability and security of a legal right, natural rights-talk misleads and is best avoided. Therefore, while there is natural right or law or morality, and while there are legal rights justified by natural morality, there are no natural rights.
What’s Wrong with (Some) Judges?Carterand the Invention of a Right to ‘Physician-Assisted Dying’
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that, in addition to rights-fundamentalism, another problem lies in the ‘progressive’ zeal, which moves some judges to exploit the room for creativity granted by abstract concepts, in order to invent novel rights. This, too, is imprudent in having courts, rather than elected legislatures, decide ethical issues that are politically controversial. The argument develops through an examination of Carter v. Canada, the 2015 judgement of Canada’s Supreme Court, which decided that an absolute prohibition of ‘physician-assisted dying’ violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The chapter concludes that Carter shows that charters that include unspecified rights generate several problems: they give judges no determinate guidance in deciding cases; they purport to exist before their limits have been set in relation to competing rights, whereas a right’s existence cannot be known until competing claims have been considered; and they afford judges vast room for the exercise of philosophical discretion, in which they lack professional expertise or authority. In addition, there are also problems with the views of the interpretation of rights: that judges have privileged insight into what ‘real rights’ are; and that they are not simply interpreters but developers of law, responsible for keeping it abreast of ‘progressive’ social mores. These views incline judges to overlook the natural myopia of their case-focused attention, the limitations of courts in achieving a comprehensive view of social facts, judges’ lack of accountability for the policy effects of their decisions, and their relative immunity from direct challenge by diverse viewpoints.
Linear elastostatics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter the basic field equations in terms of displacement, strain, and stress, and typical boundary conditions which are necessary to formulate a complete three-dimensional boundary-value-problem for linear elasticity in the static case (i.e., neglect of inertial terms) are stated. The uniqueness of a solution to such a boundary value problem is discussed. There are a number of alternate ways that one can approach the statement of an elastostatic boundary-value-problem. The first major approach is obtained by reducing the set of field equations by expressing them solely in terms of the displacement field --- the Navier equations --- while in the second major approach the general system of equations may be reformulated by eliminating the displacement and strain fields and casting the system solely in terms of the stress field --- the Beltrami-Michell equations. The special formulation of idealized two-dimensional boundary value problems is presented the two basic theories of plane strain and plane stress for isotropic materials are discussed.
Energy-based approach to fracture
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of energy release rates for linear elastic fracture mechanics. The concept of an energy release rate is defined and related to the criteria of Griffith with application in the context of bodies with point loads. Eshelby’s energy momentum tensor is also introduced and Rice’s path independent J-integral is derived, related to energy release rate, and applied to fracture problems.
SAFER model: Strategic allocation of fundamental epidemic resources
Authors: Weston B W , Swingen Z N , Gramann S , Pojar D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
To describe the Strategic Allocation of Fundamental Epidemic Resources (SAFER) model as a method to inform equitable community distribution of critical resources and testing infrastructure.

Methods
The SAFER model incorporates a four-quadrant design to categorize a given community based on two scales: testing rate and positivity rate. Three models for stratifying testing rates and positivity rates were applied to census tracts in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin: using median values (MVs), cluster-based classification and goal-oriented values (GVs).

Results
Each of the three approaches had its strengths. MV stratification divided the categories most evenly across geography, aiding in assessing resource distribution in a fixed resource and testing capacity environment. The cluster-based stratification resulted in a less broad distribution but likely provides a truer distribution of communities. The GVs grouping displayed the least variation across communities, yet best highlighted our areas of need.

Conclusions
The SAFER model allowed the distribution of census tracts into categories to aid in informing resource and testing allocation. The MV stratification was found to be of most utility in our community for near real time resource allocation based on even distribution of census tracts. The GVs approach was found to better demonstrate areas of need.
Abatement Strategies and the Cost of Environmental Regulation: Emission Standards on the European Car Market
Authors: Reynaert Mathias 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article studies the introduction of an EU-wide emission standard on the automobile market. Using panel data from 1998 to 2011, I find that firms decreased emission ratings by 14%. Firms use technology adoption and gaming of emission tests to decrease emissions, rather than shifting the sales mix or downsizing. I find that the standard missed its emission target, and from estimating a structural model, I find that the standard was not welfare improving. The political environment in the EU shaped the design and weak enforcement and resulted in firms’ choices for abatement by technology adoption and gaming.
Sensorimotor and Activity Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale: An Exploration of Scale Structure With Replication and Validation
Authors: Damme Katherine S F , Schiffman Jason , Ellman Lauren M , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Sensorimotor abnormalities precede and predict the onset of psychosis. Despite the practical utility of sensorimotor abnormalities for early identification, prediction, and individualized medicine applications, there is currently no dedicated self-report instrument designed to capture these important behaviors. The current study assessed and validated a questionnaire designed for use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR).

Methods
The current study included both exploratory (n = 3009) and validation (n = 439) analytic datasets—that included individuals identified as meeting criteria for a CHR syndrome (n = 84)—who completed the novel Sensorimotor Abnormalities and Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale, clinical interviews and a finger-tapping task. The structure of the scale and reliability of items were consistent across 2 analytic datasets. The resulting scales were assessed for discriminant validity across CHR, community sample non-psychiatric volunteer, and clinical groups.

Results
The scale showed a consistent structure across 2 analytic datasets subscale structure. The resultant subscale structure was consistent with conceptual models of sensorimotor pathology in psychosis (coordination and dyskinesia) in both the exploratory and the validation analytic dataset. Further, these subscales showed discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity. The sensorimotor abnormality scales discriminated CHR from community sample non-psychiatric controls and clinical samples. Finally, these subscales predicted to risk calculator scores and showed convergent validity with sensorimotor performance on a finger-tapping task.

Conclusion
The SMAP-R scale demonstrated good internal, discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity, and subscales mapped on to conceptually relevant sensorimotor circuits. Features of the scale may facilitate widespread incorporation of sensorimotor screening into psychosis-risk research and practice.
Treatment Capacity and Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Schizophrenia Who Were Treated With Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Plahouras Joanne E , Konstantinou Gerasimos , Kaster Tyler S , Buchman Daniel Z , Foussias George , Daskalakis Zafiris J , Blumberger Daniel M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with schizophrenia are often found incapable to consent to psychiatric treatment. We evaluated clinical outcomes for incapable and capable patients with schizophrenia treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Methods
We conducted a chart review of all inpatients treated with an acute course of ECT between 2010 and 2018 at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. Short-term outcomes included treatment response and cognitive impairment. We assessed whether incapable patients regained the capacity to consent to treatment. Long-term outcomes included readmissions and subsequent courses of acute or maintenance ECT.

Results
A total of 159 (67%) incapable and 79 (33%) capable patients were included. Patients experienced treatment response (incapable, n = 108, 67.9%; capable, n = 52, 65.8%; P = .771) and few experienced cognitive impairment (incapable, n = 21, 13.2%; capable, n = 19, 24.1%; P = .043). A minority of patients were treated with a subsequent course of acute ECT (incapable, n = 46, 28.9%; capable, n = 16, 20.3%; P = .162). Incapable patients were more likely to be treated with maintenance ECT for at least 6 months (incapable, n = 46, 28.9%; capable, n = 13, 16.5%; P = .039). Both groups had similar readmission rates (incapable, n = 70, 44.0%; capable, n = 35, 44.3%; P = 1.000). Eight (5.0%) incapable patients regained capacity and 7 consented to further treatment.

Conclusions
Irrespective of treatment capacity, the majority of patients demonstrated clinical improvement. Incapable patients experienced less cognitive side effects when compared with capable patients, though they had fewer treatments overall. This study informs clinicians, patients, and substitute decision-makers about the outcomes and challenges of ECT in patients with schizophrenia.
Understanding and recognizing cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: McVeigh Todd , Tennyson Carolina 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Cardiac amyloidosis is an infiltrative abnormality that causes myocardial thickening and dysfunction. Historically, it has been underrecognized as a cause of heart failure and was often misdiagnosed. In the past decade, the cardiology community has improved the understanding of the subtypes of these protein-based infiltrates and how they play a role in heart failure. This article reviews the pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of cardiac amyloidosis.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Failure to Wean From Cardiopulmonary Bypass After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: Analysis of Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry Data
Authors: Sperotto Francesca , Cogo Paola , Amigoni Angela , Pettenazzo Andrea , Thiagarajan Ravi R. , Polito Angelo 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used to support children who fail to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after pediatric cardiac surgery, but little is known about outcomes. We aimed to describe epidemiology and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation factors associated with inhospital mortality in these patients.

Design:
Retrospective multicenter registry-based cohort study.

Setting:
International pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centers.

Patients:
Children less than 18 years old supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac surgery during 2000–2016 and reported to Extracorporeal Life Support Organization’s registry.

Intervention:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The primary outcome measure was inhospital mortality. Cardiac surgical procedural complexity was assigned using risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery-1. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with the primary outcome. We included 2,322 patients, with a median age of 26 days (interquartile range, 7–159); 47% underwent complex surgical procedures (risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery 4–6 categories). Inhospital mortality was 55%. The multivariable model evaluating associations with inhospital mortality showed noncardiac congenital anomalies (odds ratio, 1.78; CI, 1.36–2.32), comorbidities (odds ratio, 1.59; CI, 1.30–1.94), preoperative cardiac arrest (odds ratio, 1.67; CI, 1.20–2.34), preoperative mechanical ventilation greater than 24 hours (odds ratio, 1.49; CI, 1.21–1.84), preoperative bicarbonate administration (odds ratio, 1.42; CI, 1.08–1.86), longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (> 251 min; odds ratio, 1.50; CI, 1.13–1.99), complex surgical procedures (odds ratio, 1.43; CI, 1.13–1.81), longer extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration (> 104 hr, odds ratio, 1.54; CI, 1.17–2.02), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications increased the odds of inhospital mortality. Age greater than 26 days (odds ratio, 0.56; CI, 0.42–0.75) reduced the odds of mortality.

Conclusions:
Children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass after cardiac surgery are at high risk of mortality (55%). Younger patients, those with congenital abnormalities and comorbidities, undergoing complex procedures, requiring longer cardiopulmonary bypass, and experiencing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications and longer extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration have higher mortality risk. These data can help assessing prognosis in this high-risk population.
Effects of pelvic floor muscle training in pregnant women
Authors: Pires Telma F. , Pires Patrícia M. , Costa Rui , Viana Rui 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective:
The aim is to verify the effectiveness of the pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) program in pregnant women, by analyzing the amount of urine leakage.

Design:
Experimental study.

Location:
Care units in the Vila Real district, Portugal.

Participants:
Forty-three pregnant women divided into an experimental group (EG) (n = 22) and a control group (CG) (n = 21).

Interventions:
Both groups were evaluated in a predelivery stage (initial) and 6 months after delivery (final). The EG was given a PFMT exercise protocol with a duration of 6 weeks, applicable in classes and at home, another PFMT protocol for 9 weeks.

Main measurements:
The strength of the pelvic floor muscle was measured by the Oxford Grading Scale and the amount of urine was assessed with a Pad test. Quality of life was measured by the King's Health Questionnaire and self-efficacy by the Broome Pelvic Muscle Self-Efficacy Scale.

Results:
The loss of urine, significantly reduced from 0.86 ± 0.83 to 0.50 ± 0.67 in the EG (P = .021), whereas in the CG no significant change was observed. The degree of muscle contraction increased by 4.82 ± 0.39 in EG and 3.95 ± 0.67 in CG. The quality of life observed significant improvements in both groups (P < .05). As for self-efficacy, for the EG it improved significantly – initial (P = .001), final (P = .031), and for the CG the values remained the same.

Conclusions:
This PFMT protocol reduced urinary incontinence in pregnant women. The program allowed significant improvement in the quantity of urinary leakage and an increase in the strength of the pelvic floor muscle.
Exercise preconditioning prevents left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Schmidt Cristine , Bovolini José A. , Gonçalves Nádia , Vasques-Nóvoa Francisco , Andrade Maria do Amparo , Santos Mário , Leite-Moreira Adelino , Henriques-Coelho Tiago , Duarte José Alberto , Moreira-Gonçalves Daniel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background:
Despite pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) directly affects the right ventricle (RV), important structural, functional, and molecular changes also occur in left ventricle (LV). The objective of our study was to analyze the hypothetical cardioprotective effects of exercise preconditioning on LV in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH.

Methods:
Forty male Wistar rats were randomly separated in sedentary (SED) and trained group (EX; running sessions of 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, at 25 m/min, for 4 weeks). After 4 weeks, animals were injected with MCT (60 mg/kg; SED + MCT; EX + MCT) or vehicle (SED + V). Following an additional period of 4 weeks where all animals remained sedentary, we completed LV hemodynamic evaluation in baseline and isovolumic conditions and collected LV samples for histological and molecular analysis.

Results:
Preconditioning with exercise was capable to restore LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction in both baseline and isovolumic conditions (P < .05). This improved was paralleled with prevention of LV cardiomyocytes atrophy, fibrosis, and endothelin 1 mRNA levels (P < .05).

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that exercise preconditioning can prevent LV dysfunction secondary to MCT-induced PAH, which is of particular interest for the familial form of the disease that is manifested by greater severity or earlier onset.
Return to Work Pathways Following Injury in Road Traffic Crashes
Authors: Gray Shannon E. , Collie Alex 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
To determine: 1) different return to work (RTW) pathways among road traffic crash (RTC) survivors; 2) RTW differences between RTC and workers’ compensation schemes, and; 3) factors associated with relapse and attempting graduated RTW.

Methods:
Administrative income support data from RTC survivors with compensated work absence in Victoria, Australia were arranged as daily income payments, pattern recognition determined RTW pathways. Multivariable logistic regression showed odds of relapse or attempting graduated RTW by covariate.

Results:
Most had successful RTWs without relapse (66.7% full, 7.2% graduated), 22% relapsed at least once, and 17% attempted gradual RTW. Sex, injury type, length of hospital stay, road user group, and compensation scheme were associated with relapse and graduated RTW attempt likelihood.

Conclusions:
Results help identify people likely to benefit from RTW interventions, such as programs that incentivise graduated RTW.
Effects on Firefighters’ Nocturnal Cardiac Autonomic Activity and Sleep Quality of On-Call Nights With and Without Simulated Firefighting Interventions
Authors: Marcel-Millet Philémon , Groslambert Alain , Ravier Gilles 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
To examine the effects on firefighters’ nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity and sleep quality of one on-call night without intervention and one on-call night with intervention.

Methods:
Thirteen firefighters completed three experimental nights: a control night (CON), an on-call night without intervention (0-INTER), an on-call night with one simulated intervention (1-INTER). Sleep parameters were determined from nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV), objective and subjective sleep quality.

Results:
Derived parasympathetic HRV indices were higher in CON compared with 0-INTER and 1-INTER (P < 0.05). Subjective sleep quality and total sleep time were decreased in 1-INTER compared with CON and 0-INTER (P < 0.01).

Discussion:
These results revealed that for firefighters, being on-call during the night with and without interventions disturbs cardiac autonomic activity. Objective and subjective sleep quality were disrupted when on-call nights were interrupted by simulated firefighting interventions.
Multiple Past Concussions in High School Hockey Players: Examining Cognitive Functioning and Symptom Reporting
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Cook Nathan E. , Gilman Isabelle G. , Maxwell Bruce , Mannix Rebekah , Zafonte Ross , Berkner Paul D. , Brooks Brian L. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
To investigate (1) if there are meaningful differences in baseline preseason cognitive functioning or symptom reporting between high school ice hockey players with and without prior concussions and (2) determine which health history variables predict symptom reporting.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
High schools across the state of Maine.

Participants:
Participants were 1616 male high school ice hockey players (mean age = 15.6 years; SD = 1.5 years) who completed baseline testing between 2009 and 2015.

Independent Variables:
Athletes were grouped according to their self-reported concussion history [0 (n = 1136), 1 (n = 321), 2 (n = 112), or 3+ (n = 47) previous concussions].

Main Outcome Measures:
Cognitive functioning was measured by the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) battery, and symptom ratings were obtained from the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale.

Results:
There were no statistically significant differences between groups in cognitive functioning as measured by ImPACT. The group with ≥3 prior concussions endorsed higher total symptom scores, but the effect sizes were small and not statistically significant. In a multivariate model, prior treatment for headaches (not necessarily migraines), prior treatment for a psychiatric condition, and prior treatment for substance/alcohol use all significantly predicted total symptom scores, with concussion history being the weakest independent predictor.

Conclusions:
Players with a history of prior concussions performed similarly to players with no prior concussions on cognitive testing. Health history factors were more strongly associated with symptom reporting than concussion history.