bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A selective androgen receptor modulator SARM‐2f activates androgen receptor, increases lean body mass, and suppresses blood lipid levels in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Morimoto Megumi , Yamaoka Masuo , Hara Takahito 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSARM‐2f a selective androgen receptor (AR) modulator, increases skeletal muscle mass and locomotor activity in rats. This study aimed to clarify its pharmacological effects in monkeys. In reporter assays, the EC50 values of SARM‐2f for rat, monkey, and human AR were 2.5, 3, and 3.6 nmol/L, respectively; those of testosterone were 12, 3.2, and 11 nmol/L, respectively. A single oral administration (10 mg/kg SARM‐2f) produced a maximal plasma concentration of 3011 ng/mL, with an area under the 24 hours concentration‐time curve of 8152 ng·h/mL in monkeys. Body weight (BW), lean body mass (LBM), and plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), alanine aminotransferase, and asparagine aminotransferase were measured after 4 weeks of treatment with SARM‐2f (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day, QD, p.o.) or testosterone enanthate (TE; 2 mg/kg/2 weeks, s.c.) in monkeys. BW and LBM were significantly increased by 12% each by SARM‐2f at 10 mg/kg, and by 5% and 8%, respectively, by TE, but these effects were not statistically significant. Plasma levels of all lipids were either decreased or showed a tendency to be decreased by SARM‐2f. TE decreased the triglyceride level and increased the low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Liver marker levels were not changed by either SARM‐2f or TE. Our data demonstrated that SARM‐2f exerted anabolic effects and produced a lipid profile that differed from that produced by testosterone in monkeys, suggesting that SARM‐2f might be useful for diseases such as sarcopenia.
Spectral and coherent properties of partially polarized pulsed electromagnetic beams upon turbulent atmosphere propagation for different source conditions
Authors: Li Yan , Gao Ming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe spectral and coherent properties of partially polarized pulsed electromagnetic beams propagating in a horizontal homogeneous and isotropic turbulent atmosphere channel for different source conditions are investigated in detail. Based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle and von Karman power spectrum, the analytical expressions for the elements of the two-frequency cross spectral density matrix, the average spectral intensity, the beam width, and the spectral degree of electromagnetic coherence are derived in turn. Finally, with the help of numerical calculations, the effects of different source conditions on the changes in the beam width, spectral and coherent properties of partially polarized pulsed Gaussian Schell-model electromagnetic beams are studied. Some theoretical results in this paper will be useful for applications involving polarized pulsed electromagnetic beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence.
UKGrsHP: a UK high-resolution gauge–radar–satellite merged hourly precipitation analysis dataset
Authors: Yu Jingjing , Li Xiao-Feng , Lewis Elizabeth , Blenkinsop Stephen , Fowler Hayley J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere is an urgent need for high-quality and high-spatial-resolution hourly precipitation products around the globe, including the UK. Although hourly precipitation products exist for the UK, these either contain large errors, or are insufficient in spatial resolution. An efficient way to solve this is to develop a merged precipitation product that combines the information and benefits from multiple data sources, improving both the spatial resolution and accuracy of hourly precipitation estimates over the UK. In this study, we develop a UK high-resolution gauge–radar–satellite merged hourly precipitation analysis: the UKGrsHP. It covers the UK from 12.5° W to  3.5° E, 49° N–60° N, with a spatial resolution of 0.01° × 0.01° in latitude/longitude (equivalent to 1 km resolution in the mid-latitudes). An optimal interpolation (OI)–based multi-source merging scheme with compound strategy is developed and tested for producing the UKGrsHP. Three input data sources are used: gauge analysis data interpolated from 1903 quality-controlled hourly observations, the UK Nimrod radar precipitation analysis and the GSMaP global satellite precipitation analysis. Using independent tests against ~ 220 independent gauge observations on 1 year’s experimental UKGrsHP, covering the period from January to December 2014, we find that the final merged data performs better than three individual precipitation analyses used as inputs. A full version of the UKGrsHP starting in April 2004 is now under production, which will have wide applications in climate services and scientific research across multiple disciplines.
Mixed peridynamic formulations for compressible and incompressible finite deformations
Authors: Bode T. , Weißenfels C. , Wriggers P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe large flexibility of meshfree solution schemes makes them attractive for many kinds of engineering applications, like Additive Manufacturing or cutting processes. While numerous meshfree methods were developed over the years, the accuracy and robustness are still challenging and critical issues. Stabilization techniques of various kinds are typically used to overcome these problems, but often require the tuning of unphysical parameters. The Peridynamic Petrov–Galerkin method is a generalization of the peridynamic theory of correspondence materials and offers a stable and robust alternative. In this work, the stabilization free approach is extended to three dimensional problems of finite elasticity. Locking-free mixed formulations for nearly incompressible and incompressible materials are developed and investigated in convergence studies. In general, an efficient implicit quasi-static framework based on Automatic Differentiation is presented. The numerical examples highlight the convergence properties and robustness of the proposed formulations.
Development of a&nbsp;CanMEDS-based instrument for evaluating medical students’ perceptions of the key competencies of a&nbsp;socially accountable healthcare practitioner
Authors: Naidu Claudia , Reid Steve , Burch Vanessa 
Published: February 2020

Introduction Numerous frameworks and tools have been developed to assist medical schools striving to achieve their social accountability mandate. The purpose of this study was to design an instrument to evaluate medical students’ perceptions of the key competencies of a ‘socially accountable’ healthcare practitioner using widely accepted frameworks which contain clear measurable outcomes.
Methods The instrument was designed in three phases: selection of a competency-based framework, development of items, and validation of the instrument through exploratory factor analysis. Medical students in the 6‑year medical degree program at the University of Cape Town, South Africa were invited to participate in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed using Stata/SE version 13.1.
Results Of 619 students invited to participate in the study, 484 (78%) responded. The CanMEDS framework was selected for designing the instrument, which comprised 35 statements reflecting five competencies for each CanMEDS role. Exploratory factor analysis of the student responses yielded a 28-item instrument. There was a significant difference in overall Perceptions of Social Accountability Instrument (PSAI) scores between men and women (p = 0.002) but no significant difference between the overall PSAI scores for students in the respective years of study.
Discussion This study describes the design of an instrument to evaluate medical students’ perceptions of the essential competencies of socially accountable healthcare practitioners. Used longitudinally, the data may provide evidence of the successes of our programs and identify areas where further improvements are required.
Psychometric properties of the external Housing-Related Control Belief Questionnaire among people with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Andersson Nilla , Nilsson Maria H. , Slaug Björn , Oswald Frank , Iwarsson Susanne 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundHousing-related control beliefs are associated with aspects of health among older people in general. Research on Parkinson’s disease (PD) focusing on perceptions of the home are rare and instruments capturing perceived aspects of home have seldom been used.AimsTo evaluate psychometric properties of the external Housing-related Control Beliefs Questionnaire (HCQ) among people with PD.MethodsThe external HCQ were administrated to 245 participants with PD, (mean age = 69.9 years; mean PD duration = 9.7 years). External HCQ has 16-items, with five response options. The psychometric properties evaluated were data quality, structural validity (factor analysis), floor and ceiling effects, corrected item total correlations, internal consistency and construct validity (testing correlations with relevant constructs according to pre-defined hypotheses).ResultsData quality was high. Structural validity showed a unidimensional construct with removal of two items. Homogeneity was questionable, but strengthened after the removal of the two items. For the 14-item version internal consistency was α = 0.78 and SEM 4.47. Corrected item total correlation ranged between 0.31 and 0.54 and no floor or ceiling effects. Significant correlations with relevant constructs supported the construct validity.ConclusionsTaken together, the psychometric results suggest a 14-item version of the external HCQ to be sufficiently reliable and valid for use in the PD population. The results pave the way for further studies, using the HCQ to analyse how perceptions of control of the home may be associated with health among people ageing with PD.
A perspective on the potential of using marine organic fertilizers for the sustainable management of coastal ecosystem services
Authors: Emadodin Iraj , Reinsch Thorsten , Rotter Ana , Orlando-Bonaca Martina , Taube Friedhelm , Javidpour Jamileh 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAgricultural production is predicted to double during the next century. To ensure food security in response to global population growth is a challenge and will require strategies that mitigate associated environmental damage in ways consistent with United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. One possible approach is to utilize organic fertilizers from marine sources to improve soil structure by enhancing activities of soil organisms and restoring essential plant nutrients to the soil. Here we identify opportunities to develop organic fertilizers from two types of materials of marine origin: seagrass wrack and jellyfish biomass. Seagrass wrack often occurs as undesirable waste material on beaches. In many coastal areas around the world jellyfish bloom presents a nuisance because of negative impacts on marine ecosystem productivity. Several investigations have reported that organic fertilizers produced from seagrass and jellyfish could enhance coastal ecosystem services by reducing pollution, and by improving soil health and quality. Recent research indicates that seagrass litter improves soil water holding capacity and the nutritional value of crops; moreover, it can be used as multi-functional fertilizer, due to its content of valuable macro- and microelements. The application of jellyfish fertilizer increases soil contents of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and enhances the growth and survival of seedlings significantly. In this overview we describe novel approaches regarding the utilization of seagrass and jellyfish as sources of fertilizer, and experimental studies on the influences of marine organic fertilizers on soil restoration, and implications for coastal management.
Effects of Black Liquor-Montmorillonite Complexes on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epichlorohydrin Rubber
Authors: Yu Zhipeng , Tan Yating , Luo Qionglin , Wang Xi , Su Shengpei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine effects of black liquor-montmorillonite (BL-Mnt) complexes on the mechanical and thermal properties of epichlorohydrin rubber. Considering the stability effect of lignin and the barrier property of clay minerals, a significant enhancement of thermo-oxidative aging properties of ECO/BL-Mnt composites was expected. Poly (epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) (ECO) composites filled with BL-Mnt complex were prepared by mechanical mixing on a two-roll mill. The ECO/BL-Mnt composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both XRD and TEM data showed that the filler particles were well dispersed throughout the ECO/BL-Mnt composites. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and 100% modulus of the rubber composite were 14.0 MPa, 457%, and 3.9 MPa, respectively, at a 50% loading of BL-Mnt. The retention of tensile strength was 99% after thermal oxidative aging in an air-circulating oven for 72 h at 100°C. Evidence indicated that ECO/BL-Mnt composites with good mechanical properties and thermo-oxidative aging properties were obtained.
Negotiating identity at the intersection of family legacy and present time life conditions: A qualitative exploration of central issues connected to identity and belonging in the lives of children of refugees
Authors: Drummond Johansen Jennifer , Varvin Sverre 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionMost studies on refugee populations are organized around trauma‐related issues and focus on explanations of pathological factors. Few studies are anchored in general developmental psychology with the aim of exploring normal age‐specific developmental tasks and how the special circumstances associated with forced migration can influence that development.MethodsUsing an ecological and transactional understanding of developmental trajectories, this qualitative study explored issues connected to identity formation processes in an exile context based on interviews with 6 male and 10 female children of refugees (18–26 years) who have grown up in Norway.ResultsThe findings show that family experiences of war and conflict intersect with experiences of marginalization in exile. The interaction of these experiences influences the development of individual identity in cumulative and complex ways. Many of the participants expressed feelings of isolation, disconnectedness, and a lack of belonging. Nevertheless, though the participants described growing up facing major challenges, they also searched for ways to reframe their difficult personal and family histories into meaningful experiences.ConclusionsIn order to provide conditions and develop interventions that can support well‐being and identity development, we need a better understanding of the different forces that influence the identity development of children of refugees. By foregrounding the participants’ experiences, and perspectives, we gained insight into different ways in which participants negotiate identity issues in relation to often contradictory demands and messages from family and the wider social context.
Inhibitory Role of Gamma-Aminobutyric Receptors in Paraventricular Nucleus on Ejaculatory Responses in Rats
Authors: Zhang Qi-Jie , Yang Bai-Bing , Yang Jie , Wang Ya-Min , Dai Yu-Tian , Song Ning-Hong , Wang Zeng-Jun , Xia Jia-Dong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Although abnormal sympathetic nerve system (SNS) activity has been demonstrated in the pathogenesis of ejaculation disorders, few data are available on its underlying mechanism.

Aim
To investigate whether differences in ejaculatory behavior of rats were associated with the state of SNS activity and gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) receptor expressions in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and the effects of GABA receptors in the PVN on ejaculatory behavior.

Methods
Based on ejaculatory performance, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into “sluggish,” “normal,” and “rapid” ejaculators. PVN microinjection was performed to evaluate the role of GABA receptors on sexual behavior.

Outcomes
The outcomes include differences in expression and distribution of GABA receptors and norepinephrine level among the 3 groups and changes in copulation behavior parameters after PVN microinjection.

Results
Compared with “normal” rats, the “rapid” group ejaculated more times with shorter latency (P &lt; .001, P &lt; .001) and had lower expression and distribution of both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, while the opposed results appeared in the “sluggish” group. The norepinephrine level was successively increased among “sluggish,” “normal,” and “rapid” rats (P &lt; .001) and correlated with ejaculation frequency (r = 0.896, P &lt; .001) and ejaculation latency (r = −0.835, P &lt; .001). In addition, bilateral microinjection of the GABA-A and GABA-B receptor agonist (isoguvacine and baclofen) into the PVN both significantly prolonged the intromission latency and inhibited ejaculation, which could be blocked by antagonist gabazine and CGP-35348, respectively. Vigabatrin, the GABA-transaminase inhibitor, caused a significantly reduced ejaculation frequency and extended ejaculation latency in rats, which could be offset by simultaneous injections of gabazine and CGP-35348.

Clinical Implications
Our findings provide new understanding about GABA receptors in the PVN on sexual behavior and enhance the comprehension of neurobiological mechanisms involved in premature ejaculation.

Strengths & Limitations
Our results have indicated that GABA receptors in the PVN may inhibit ejaculation through restraining the activity of SNS. However, our study did not analyze the changes of GABA receptors in other brain areas, which needs further study.

Conclusion
Ejaculation behaviors in male rats are associated with SNS activity and could be regulated by GABA receptors in the PVN, which may be of assistance in the treatment of ejaculation disorders in the future.
Changes in mountain birch forests and reindeer management: Comparing different knowledge systems in Sápmi, northern Fennoscandia
Authors: Forbes Bruce C. , Turunen Minna T. , Soppela Päivi , Rasmus Sirpa , Vuojala-Magga Terhi , Kitti Heidi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMountain birch forests in the northern areas of Sápmi, the Saami homeland, serve as pastures for semi-domesticated reindeer. Recent reindeer management of the area has, to date, proceeded with little involvement of reindeer herders or their knowledge. To get more in-depth understanding of recent changes, we present together herders’ knowledge and scientific knowledge concerning the impacts of herbivory and climate change on mountain birch forests in three Saami communities in Norway and in Finland. Most of the herders interviewed reported changes in weather during the preceding decades. Herders agreed that the canopy and understorey of mountain birch forests have changed. The observed transformations in the quality of pastures have increased the financial costs of reindeer husbandry. Our study demonstrates that herders have practical knowledge of the present state and recent changes of birch forests, and of the responses of reindeer caused by these. This knowledge generally coincides with scientific knowledge. We call for better integration of knowledge systems and a better protocol for co-production of knowledge as it relates to more adaptive future reindeer management regimes. Such integration will facilitate understanding of cultural adaptation within rapidly changing social-ecological systems in which sustainable reindeer husbandry continues to be an important livelihood.
Impact of Gravity Waves on the Middle Atmosphere of Mars: A Non‐Orographic Gravity Wave Parameterization Based on Global Climate Modeling and MCS Observations
Authors: Gilli G. , Forget F. , Spiga A. , Navarro T. , Millour E. , Montabone L. , Kleinböhl A. , Kass D. M. , McCleese D. J. , Schofield J. T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe impact of gravity waves (GW) on diurnal tides and the global circulation in the middle/upper atmosphere of Mars is investigated using a general circulation model (GCM). We have implemented a stochastic parameterization of non‐orographic GW into the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Mars GCM (LMD‐MGCM) following an innovative approach. The source is assumed to be located above typical convective cells (
250 Pa), and the effect of GW on the circulation and predicted thermal structure above 1 Pa (
50 km) is analyzed. We focus on the comparison between model simulations and observations by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) on board Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter during Martian Year 29. MCS data provide the only systematic measurements of the Martian mesosphere up to 80 km to date. The primary effect of GW is to damp the thermal tides by reducing the diurnal oscillation of the meridional and zonal winds. The GW drag reaches magnitudes of the order of 1 m/s/sol above 10
Pa in the northern hemisphere winter solstice and produces major changes in the zonal wind field (from tens to hundreds of m/s), while the impact on the temperature field is relatively moderate (10–20 K). It suggests that GW‐induced alteration of the meridional flow is the main responsible for the simulated temperature variation. The results also show that with the GW scheme included, the maximum day‐night temperature difference due to the diurnal tide is around 10 K, and the peak of the tide is shifted toward lower altitudes, in better agreement with MCS observations.
In Situ Photometric Experiment of Lunar Regolith With Visible and Near‐Infrared Imaging Spectrometer On Board the Yutu‐2 Lunar Rover
Authors: Lin Honglei , Xu Rui , Yang Wei , Lin Yangting , Wei Yong , Hu Sen , He Zhiping , Qiao Le , Wan Weixing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChina's Chang'E‐4 (CE‐4) mission successfully landed in Von Kármán crater within South Pole‐Aitken basin of the Moon. The Visible and Near‐Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS) on board Yutu‐2 rover investigated the photometric properties of lunar regolith. Seven VNIS measurements were conducted on a small lunar surface with a diameter <5 m by the rover rotating at the center, with the phase angles from 39.6 to 97.1° obtained in the similar observational geometry of solar altitude and observation angle. The phase function, which varies in different wavelength, is derived using a third‐order polynomial fitting, in combination with the calibration and comparison of orbital/in situ VNIS data at the Chang'E‐4 landing site and the same regions. After the photometrical correction of the spectra with the phase function, the derived FeO contents and optical maturity parameters of the regolith reduce much of their deviations, which is consistent with the homogeneity of the regolith and hence demonstrates the significance of the photometric correction on the VNIS spectra.