bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of spaced learning in adaptation of optokinetic response
Authors: Pham Ngoc Chien , Kim Yong Gyu , Kim Sang Jeong , Kim Chang‐Hee 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe superiority of spaced training, in which repeated training sessions are given with resting intervals, over massed training in learning efficacy has been well established. However, longer duration of total training time has been required for spaced training than massed training because spacing intervals intervene between training sessions in spaced training. Thus, the learning efficacy may not be simply compared between spaced and massed training in terms of “time efficiency.” The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of spaced and massed training using adaptation of horizontal optokinetic reflex (hOKR) in mice.MethodsTraining paradigms were categorized into seven groups according to the duration of spacing interval, keeping total duration of hOKR training including spacing almost equal in all training paradigms.ResultsThe amount of short‐term hOKR gain increase immediately after the 60 min hOKR training was not significantly different among seven training paradigms. The hOKR adaptation was still in progress during a spacing interval, and the increment in hOKR gain tended to be greater with the longer spacing interval. The increase in hOKR gain was maintained until 48 hr after the end of training in both massed and spaced training.ConclusionThe short‐term learning effect was not significantly different among training paradigms regardless of spacing interval in hOKR adaptation, which suggests that the spacing effect is robust enough to overcome the shortage of optokinetic training cycles in hOKR adaptation.
Graph‐based calibration transfer
Authors: Nikzad‐Langerodi Ramin , Sobieczky Florian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe problem of transferring calibrations from a primary to a secondary instrument, that is, calibration transfer (CT), has been a matter of considerable research in chemometrics over the past decades. Current state‐of‐the‐art (SoA) methods like (piecewise) direct standardization perform well when suitable transfer standards are available. However, stable calibration standards that share similar (spectral) features with the calibration samples are not always available. Towards enabling CT with arbitrary calibration standards, we propose a novel CT technique that employs manifold regularization of the partial least squares (PLS) objective. In particular, our method enforces that calibration standards, measured on primary and secondary instruments, have (nearly) invariant projections in the latent variable space of the primary calibration model. Thereby, our approach implicitly removes interdevice variation in the predictive directions of X, which is in contrast to most SoA techniques that employ explicit preprocessing of the input data. We test our approach on the well‐known corn benchmark data set employing the National Bureau of Standards and Technology (NIST) glass standard spectra for instrument standardization and compare the results with current SoA methods.
Immune regulation of neurodevelopment at the mother–foetus interface: the case of autism
Authors: Sotgiu Stefano , Manca Salvatorica , Gagliano Antonella , Minutolo Alessandra , Melis Maria Clotilde , Pisuttu Giulia , Scoppola Chiara , Bolognesi Elisabetta , Clerici Mario , Guerini Franca Rosa , Carta Alessandra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by deficits in social communication and stereotypical behaviours. ASD’s aetiology remains mostly unclear, because of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Recently, a strong consensus has developed around ASD’s immune‐mediated pathophysiology, which is the subject of this review. For many years, neuroimmunological studies tried to understand ASD as a prototypical antibody‐ or cell‐mediated disease. Other findings indicated the importance of autoimmune mechanisms such as familial and individual autoimmunity, adaptive immune abnormalities and the influence of infections during gestation. However, recent studies have challenged the idea that autism may be a classical autoimmune disease. Modern neurodevelopmental immunology shows the double‐edged nature of many immune effectors, which can be either beneficial or detrimental depending on tissue homeostasis, stressors, neurodevelopmental stage, inherited and de novo gene mutations and other variables. Nowadays, mother–child interactions in the prenatal environment appear to be crucial for the occurrence of ASD. Studies of animal maternal–foetal immune interaction are being fruitfully carried out using different combinations of type and timing of infection, of maternal immune response and foetal vulnerability and of resilience factors to hostile events. The derailed neuroimmune crosstalk through the placenta initiates and maintains a chronic foetal neuroglial activation, eventually causing the alteration of neurogenesis, migration, synapse formation and pruning. The importance of pregnancy can also allow early immune interventions, which can significantly reduce the increasing risk of ASD and its heavy social burden.
Age and annual growth rate cause spatial variation in body size in Phrynocephalus przewalskii (Agamid)
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhao Yangyang , Guo Rui , Qi Yue , Wang Xiaoning , Li Na 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhether or not biogeographic rules dealing with spatial patterns of animal body sizes are valid for ectotherms is controversial. As the ectotherms grow all their lives, we explored the role of age and annual growth rate in body size variation in Phrynocephalus przewalskii in northern China. Morphological data were collected from 11 populations across a broad geographic gradient. Correlations between age, sex, climatic factors, and body size were analyzed using generalized linear model (GLM) and generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). GLM analysis indicated that the general body size of both sexes and the appendage size of females increased significantly with increasing temperature; however, the coefficient of determination was very small. GLMM analysis indicated that body size only correlated with age, whereas appendage size was affected by age, temperature, rainfall, and sunshine. Annual growth rates were positively correlated with temperature. We concluded that body size variation was mainly caused by age structure and plasticity of the growth rate in P. przewalskii and did not follow Bergmann's rule; however, females followed Allen's rule. Future studies to investigate the effect of energy restriction are needed to further understand the relationship between growth rate and body size. We also suggest that further studies on thermal advantage and sexual selection may be helpful to understand appendage size variation in P. przewalskii.
Direct and plant‐mediated effects of climate on bird diversity in tropical mountains
Authors: Vollstädt Maximilian G. R. , Albrecht Jörg , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Hemp Andreas , Howell Kim M. , Kettering Laura , Neu Alexander , Neuschulz Eike Lena , Quitián Marta , Santillán Vinicio E. , Töpfer Till , Schleuning Matthias , Fritz Susanne A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimAlthough patterns of biodiversity across the globe are well studied, there is still a controversial debate about the underlying mechanisms and their generality across biogeographic scales. In particular, it is unclear to what extent diversity patterns along environmental gradients are directly driven by abiotic factors, such as climate, or indirectly mediated through biotic factors, such as resource effects on consumers.LocationAndes, Southern Ecuador; Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.MethodsWe studied the diversity of fleshy‐fruited plants and avian frugivores at the taxonomic level, that is, species richness and abundance, as well as at the level of functional traits, that is, functional richness and functional dispersion. We compared two important biodiversity hotspots in mountain systems of the Neotropics and Afrotropics. We used field data of plant and bird communities, including trait measurements of 367 plant and bird species. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled direct and indirect effects of climate and the diversity of plant communities on the diversity of bird communities.ResultsWe found significant bottom‐up effects of fruit diversity on frugivore diversity at the taxonomic level. In contrast, climate was more important for patterns of functional diversity, with plant communities being mostly related to precipitation, and bird communities being most strongly related to temperature.Main conclusionsOur results illustrate the general importance of bottom‐up mechanisms for the taxonomic diversity of consumers, suggesting the importance of active resource tracking. Our results also suggest that it might be difficult to identify signals of ecological fitting between functional plant and animal traits across biogeographic regions, since different species groups may respond to different climatic drivers. This decoupling between resource and consumer communities could increase under future climate change if plant and animal communities are consistently related to distinct climatic drivers.
Using stable isotopes to infer stock‐specific high‐seas distribution of maturing sockeye salmon in the North Pacific
Authors: Espinasse Boris , Hunt Brian P. V. , Finney Bruce P. , Fryer Jeffrey K. , Bugaev Alexander V. , Pakhomov Evgeny A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe stock‐specific distribution of maturing salmon in the North Pacific has been a persistent information gap that has prevented us from determining the ocean conditions experienced by individual stocks. This continues to impede understanding of the role of ocean conditions in stock‐specific population dynamics. We assessed scale archives for 17 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocks covering the entire North Pacific, from the Columbia River (Washington State and British Columbia) to Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia), to infer salmon locations during their last growing season before returning to their spawning grounds. The approach used, first pioneered in salmon stocks in the Atlantic, relies on the relationship between temporal changes in δ13C in salmon scales and sea surface temperature to estimate salmon distribution based on correlation strength. An advantage of this approach is that it does not require fish sampling at sea, but relies on existing fishery agency collections of salmon scales. Significant correlations were found for 7 of the stocks allowing us to propose plausible feeding grounds. Complementary information from δ15N, historical tagging studies, and connectivity analysis were used to further refine distribution estimates. This study is a first step toward estimating stock‐specific distributions of salmon in the North Pacific and provides a basis for the application of the approach to other salmon scale archives. This information has the potential to improve our ability to relate stock dynamics to ocean conditions, ultimately enabling improved stock management. For example, our estimated distributions of Bristol Bay and NE Pacific stocks demonstrated that they occupy different areas with a number of the former being distributed in the high productivity shelf waters of the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea. This may explain why these stocks seem to have responded differently to changes in ocean conditions, and the long‐term trend of increased productivity of Bristol Bay sockeye.
Capillary zone electrophoresis as a simple approach for the study of p‐arsanilic acid transformation in the process of photolytic degradation
Authors: Polyakova Evgeniya V. , Shuvaeva Olga V. , Koshcheeva Olga S. , Tyutereva Yuliya E. , Pozdnyakov Ivan P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractArsenic aromatic compounds including p‐arsanylic acid (pASA) are still widely used in a number of countries as the feed additives in animal breeding resulting in its entering the environment. Under the influence of oxidizing agents or UV radiation, pASA undergoes transformations leading to generation of inorganic arsenic species that are more mobile and toxic than organic ones. On the one hand, an approach based on the treatment of contaminated waters by UV irradiation seems perspective for their detoxification, but the feasibility of this approach depends on the composition of the products forming as a result of photodegradation.In the present work, a CZE was applied for the study of the pASA degradation process during stationary (308 nm) photolysis in the presence of Fe(III)‐oxalate complex. A developed assay allowed controlling the parent compounds and also As‐containing products of pASA degradation, presented mainly by arsenate and arsenite ions. It was found that the main inorganic derivatives of the pASA photolytic conversions are presented by arsenate and arsenite ions whose ratio depends on the initial amount of pASA and reaction conditions.
Instabilities of the pH gradient in carrier ampholyte‐based isoelectric focusing: Elucidation of the contributing electrokinetic processes by computer simulation
Authors: Thormann Wolfgang , Mosher Richard A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElectrokinetic processes that lead to pH gradient instabilities in carrier ampholyte‐based IEF are reviewed. In addition to electroosmosis, there are four of electrophoretic nature, namely (i) the stabilizing phase with the plateau phenomenon, (ii) the gradual isotachophoretic loss of carrier ampholytes at the two column ends in presence of electrode solutions, (iii) the inequality of the mobilities of positively and negatively charged species of ampholytes, and (iv) the continuous penetration of carbonate from the catholyte into the focusing column. The impact of these factors to cathodic and anodic drifts was analyzed by simulation of carrier ampholyte‐based focusing in closed and open columns. Focusing under realistic conditions within a 5 cm long capillary in which three amphoteric low molecular mass dyes were focused in a pH 3–10 gradient formed by 140 carrier ampholytes was investigated. In open columns, electroosmosis displaces the entire gradient toward the cathode or anode whereas the electrophoretic processes act bidirectionally with a transition around pH 4 (drifts for pI > 4 and pI < 4 typically toward the cathode and anode, respectively). The data illustrate that focused zones of carrier ampholytes have an electrophoretic flux and that dynamic simulation can be effectively used to assess the magnitude of each of the electrokinetic destabilizing factors and the resulting drift for a combination of these effects. Predicted drifts of focused marker dyes are compared to those observed experimentally in a setup with coated capillary and whole column optical imaging.
Bid responsive generation rescheduling for congestion management in electricity market
Authors: Sarwar Md , Siddiqui Anwar Shahzad , Jaffery Zainul Abdin , Kothari D. P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElectricity market economics is one of the vital factors which play a key role in achieving the efficient operation of the power system. Economic operation along with secure & reliable operation is must for ensuring optimum utilization of the resources in order to maximize social welfare. This article presents a method for achieving economic operation of electricity market in case of congestion occurring in the system. The generator sensitivity (GS) method alone can manage the system congestion, however it does not consider the economic benefits which can be achieved by considering the bids submitted by the generators and as a result it leads to situation of market power. To avoid such scenario, bid sensitivity factor (BSF) is proposed to select the generators to participate and regulate their real power generation for alleviating congestion from the system optimally. The BSF takes into account the GS as well as bids of the generators. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed method in eliminating market power is realized by changing the bids of the generators. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 30‐bus system and IEEE 118‐bus system. The obtained results show an encouraging pattern for managing the congestion more optimally and economically.
Biofuel characteristics and combustion emissions of poultry litter and lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Ozdemir Saim , Demir Meryem Sekine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBroiler chicken industry generate different kinds of organic wastes mainly poultry litters (PL), which presenting high energy potential, but significant incineration burdens due to the mineral compositions. In the present study, the combustion potential of PL and locally available biomass co‐combustion candidates were evaluated based on proximate, ultimate, ash constitute, and exhaust gas emission. High heating values measured for PL samples were in the range of 13.5–14.6 MJ/kg and low heating values were 12.9–13.6 MJ/kg, respectively. The ultimate analysis result of PL was as follows; C (46.5 ± 1.3%), O (44.8 ± 0.7%), H (3.6 ± 0.3%), N (3.9 ± 0.3%), and S (0.9 ± 0.1%). Ash deposit challenging minerals were abundant in PL, in contrasting to the lignocellulosic biomass; wood residue (WR), hazelnut shell (HS), corn stalk (CS), and giant reed (GR), which can serve mitigation potential. High nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in PL had significantly increased the NOx and SO2 emissions but confirming related standards. Despite the high exhaust gas and ash emissions, the energy recovery practices of PL co‐combustion with lignocellulosic biomas allow environmentally safe management option for PL.
Solvothermal decoration of Cu3SnS4 on reduced graphene oxide for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Govindaraju Varsha Raj , Sreeramareddygari Muralikirshna , Hanumantharayudu Nagaraju Doddahalli , Devaramani Samrat , Thippeswamy Ramakrishnappa , Surareungchai Werasak 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetal sulphides combined with graphene/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) represent a unique class of materials for hydrogen generation either through electrocatalytic or photo(electro) catalytic methods. Herein, we report a solvothermal synthesis of Cu3SnS4 decorated rGO resulting in a highly active electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compared to its native Cu3SnS4. The Cu3SnS4‐rGO exhibited very low overpotential of 190 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), whereas Cu3SnS4 requires 250 mV versus RHE at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Tafel slope of Cu3SnS4‐rGO and Cu3SnS4 is about 64 and 76 mV/dec, respectively. This suggests that Cu3SnS4‐rGO is a better electrocatalyst when compared to Cu3SnS4 and follows mixed Volmer and Heyrovsky mechanism for HER.
Green ZnO nanoparticles photocatalyst for efficient BR51 degradation: Kinetics and mechanism study
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Yashni , Al‐Gheethi Adel , Mohamed Radin , Arifin Nor Hidayah , Salleh Nor Aishah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDyes are broadly utilized and therefore wastewaters discharged into rivers or public sewage treatment plants are extremely polluted. Thus, the current work aimed to study the kinetic for photocatalytic degradation of Basic Red 51 (BR51) dye in aqueous solution by green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The results revealed that the maximum degradation (98.40%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (98.08%) was recorded with 150 mg of ZnO NPs, pH 3 and 5 ppm of BR51. ZnO NPs showed high reusability of 95.73%. The photocatalytic degradation of BR51 follows pseudo first‐order kinetics, the apparent rate constants (Kapp) of solar photocatalytic degradation of BR51 were determined as 0.3798, 0.6066, 0.2747 and 0.1307 min−1 for 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm of BR51 at optimum condition respectively. Phytotoxicity study confirms that the degraded products of BR51 are non‐toxic. This confers the possibility of applying green ZnO NPs for the treatment of industrial wastewaters containing dye pollutants to ensure the environmental sanitation for future generations.
Valorization of harmful algal blooms and food waste as bio‐methane
Authors: Plude Sara , Demirer Goksel N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study evaluated anaerobic digestibility and biogas production potential of microalgal biomass and food waste. Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) assays were conducted to determine the biogas generation potential of microalgal biomass and food waste both separately and together. Results indicated that several algal species in the collected samples are among the major harmful algal bloom (HAB) taxa found in freshwaters in North America. Bio‐methane yields for mono‐digestion of microalgal biomass and food waste were found to be 131–188 and 430–542 ml of bio‐methane per gram of volatile solids (ml CH4/g VS), respectively; while bio‐methane yield for co‐digestion of microalgal biomass and food waste was 426–505 ml CH4/g VS. Co‐digestion of microalgal biomass and food waste resulted in up to 12.3% increase in methane production relative to mono‐digestion of these substrates.Statement of Industrial RelevanceHarmful algal blooms (HABs) have many adverse environmental impacts such as lowering dissolved oxygen concentrations, altering aquatic food webs, producing toxins, and taste‐and‐odor compounds. There has been a dramatic rise in the severity and geographical range of HABs with the increasing environmental degradation over the past century. This work provides a new insight in terms of integrating HABs disposal and valorization for bio‐methane generation as a renewable energy. Bioenergy generation from mechanically harvested HABs along with its environmental and resource‐conserving benefits are relevant to waste management and biogas industries.SignificanceThe results indicate that integrating mechanical harvesting of HABs with valorization of the collected algal biomass will increase its economic feasibility. Moreover, anaerobic co‐digestion of HABs and food wastes generate extra bio‐methane relative to mono‐digestion of these substrates by balancing the C:N ratio.
Exploring contemporary screen time in Australian adolescents: A qualitative study
Authors: Thomas George , Bennie Jason A. , De Cocker Katrien , Biddle Stuart J.H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIssue addressedScreen time, a highly prevalent behaviour, can be detrimental to adolescent health. To better understand this health‐related behaviour, this study explores the nature of adolescents’ contemporary screen engagement, adding to the currently limited body of qualitative research in this area.MethodsSixteen adolescents (9 girls and 7 boys) aged 13‐17 years from a secondary school in Queensland, Australia participated in semi‐structured one‐on‐one interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, anonymised and thematically analysed using an inductive approach.ResultsSmartphone use was ubiquitous, occurring mostly at home, after school, and typically used for social, entertainment and functional activities. Binge‐watching and multi‐screening emerged as common sedentary patterns of contemporary screen engagement, often performed solitary. Screen time appeared to be an important aspect of adolescents’ social lives, while there were also some psychological, physical and behavioural concerns. Family and friends were thought to influence adolescents’ screen time either directly (co‐participation) or indirectly (modelling), while social smartphone notifications were said to prompt habitual, frequent and prolonged screen engagement.ConclusionThis study provided several new insights into the nature, functions, patterns, and benefits and concerns of adolescents’ contemporary screen engagement. On the whole, adolescents engaged in a wide variety of screen‐viewing practices, including newer digital media, mostly as a function to connect with friends and family.So what?It might be desirable for screen time reduction interventions and policies to take into account the underlying social and psychological factors, and habitual nature of contemporary screen engagement among adolescents.