bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion, Implications, and Future Research
Authors: Valdini Melody E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 presents the implications of the book’s findings as well as suggestions for future research. Because the findings suggest that women’s political presence can be a strategic tool used by male gatekeepers to maintain power, one of the key implications of this project is that scholars of women’s descriptive representation should engage more with the strategies of male elites in their analyses. In addition, the chapter suggests that scholars use more caution when their findings demonstrate a correlation between women’s low confidence and their representation in government; it may not be as simple as instructing women to “lean in.” Finally, the chapter offers several paths for future research, including proposing the engagement of intersectionality, the variation in women’s assumed traits, and a theoretical broadening to engage those countries in which strategic feminization is never an advantageous approach (e.g., Russia and the Central African Republic).
Definition and the Mind–Body Problem
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with definition and the monism–dualism debate. It first deals with two major issues—a definition of consciousness and the mind–brain problem. The former is simply stated as “consciousness is an organism’s awareness of itself.” After arriving at a clear working definition, the chapter turns to the mind–brain problem. It pays particular attention to the monism–dualism debate, the former of which argues that there is only one unifying reality. From here, the chapter jump-starts a discussion on consciousness as an epiphenomenon of brain activity, ultimately with a conclusion in favor of epiphenomenalism, in the sense that the mind is a product of the working of the brain.
Concepts, Conferences, and Controversies
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines the history of research meetings dealing with consciousness, beginning with that hosted by Herbert Jasper in the Laurentian mountains of Quebec in 1953. It starts, however, with a brief discussion on ancient scientific approaches to medicine, which was jump-started by the Greek physician, Hippocrates. Afterward, the chapter skips forward two millennia to major figures who made breakthroughs in the field of brain science. It also touches on a central debate that reached its climax a little later, as to which part of the brain was responsible for consciousness. The chapter considers whether it was the cerebral cortex, as had been the prevailing assumption, or if it was the brain stem.
Who Else Is Conscious?
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies the behaviors of various animal species, as well as animal consciousness. It argues for the significance of such studies, for these indicate that they, the animals, share the property of consciousness with human beings. The chapter contends that animals are perfectly capable of language (and thus of thought), both vocal and signed. It is up to the humans then to undertake the challenge of deciphering these. To illustrate these points, the chapter looks at research done on various species of animals, from cats and dogs to dolphins and even insects. In so doing, this chapter it draws awareness to the fact that brains do not have to be built like that of humans to possess consciousness.
Awaking the Cortex
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the discovery of the reticular activating system. At the same time, the chapter traces various attempts to address the larger question of “waking” the cortex and bringing it to a state of consciousness. It turns to two scientists, Horace Magoun and Giuseppe Moruzzi, both of whom conducted experiments to explore the possible effects on the cerebral cortex of stimulating the brain stem. Since the brain’s reticular formation ended just below the thalamus on either side, it was logical to see if it might alter cortical excitability. The chapter shows how Magoun and Moruzzi came to the conclusion that, through its action on the excitability of the cortex, the reticular formation could control the wakefulness of the brain.
Electricity Works
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the electrical activity of the brain. It first highlights Richard Caton’s demonstration of slow waves in the rabbit brain before an audience of physicians in Edinburgh in 1875. Then the chapter turns to the impact of Hans Berger’s discovery of similar slow waves in the human brain and of the advent of electroencephalography. The chapter finishes with the remarkable technical accomplishment of Mircea Steriade in being able to record from the same single neuron during periods of sleep and wakefulness, thereby showing the enormous range of impulse firing frequencies possible. From here, the chapter considers if it is possible that it is simply the intensity of the cortical discharge, with its thalamic underpinning, that determines whether or not impulse activity enters into consciousness.
Single Units and Grandmother Cells
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter turns to a more recent discovery in the human hippocampus, that of “concept” (or “grandmother”) cells. These grandmother cells are neurons that code for multiple aspects of the same person or object. The prediction that specific recognition cells were present in the brain had been made many years previously by vision scientists in Cambridge University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Especially relevant for an understanding of conscious mechanisms was the observation that merely thinking about a person or image could increase the impulse firing rate of the corresponding concept cell, even when the person or image was no longer being seen. At about the same time Jerzy Konorski, in Warsaw, had argued for the existence of similar neurons (“gnostic units”) serving a number of functions.
Making Sense of the Senses
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the novel findings of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel when recording from single cells in the primary visual cortex and how these findings supported the concept that the various features of the observed image underwent independent processing in parallel. Of the various sensory systems, the one about which most is known is the visual one. Vision is also the most complex sensory system, which is reflected in its large cortical territory. The chapter thus focuses on the sense of sight in particular as it explores the findings of Hubel and Wiesel. However, the chapter also presents an alternative to the now-classic Hubel–Wiesel scheme, one that, despite its fundamental differences, seems equally plausible.
More on Gnostic Units and Cortical Columns
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter returns to the subject of gnostic units discussed in Chapter 9, as well cortical columns, both of which form the building blocks of cortical function. Gnostic units are used to describe a neural assembly having knowledge (information). The chapter first expounds on gnostic units and how they relate to the concept/grandmother cells already discussed previously. It then goes on to consider the type of neural structure, which might correspond to a gnostic unit. At the simplest level, electrophysiological recordings have shown that a single neuron could be regarded as a gnostic unit. From here, the chapter conceives of a hierarchy of analyzers in the form of cortical columns. At the highest level will be the column(s) specific for a particular face or object—these cells will fire, and the face or object will be recognized by the conscious brain.
Introduction
Authors: Dohoney Ryan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The introduction argues for a broader investigation into Morton Feldman’s music for the Rothko Chapel beyond a model of ekphrasis that considers only how Feldman translates Rothko’s paintings into music. Instead of focusing on the dyadic relationship of influence between Rothko and Feldman, it argues that the role of the patrons John and Dominique de Menil must figure in any account of Feldman’s Rothko Chapel. This leads to a reconsideration of Feldman’s music not as translation of Rothko’s painting, but as a broader event in which conflicting intentions and interpretations of abstraction, ecumentical spirituality, experimental music were held in productive tension with one another. Furthermore, it argues for the inclusion of religion as a category of analysis in the study of experimental music.
Epilogue
Authors: Dohoney Ryan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The epilogue tracks the aftermath of the premiere of Rothko Chapel and focuses on the subsequent recording of the piece and its role in the life of the Chapel. The record managed to extend the circulation of both Feldman’s music and the chapel but also lead to conflicts between the de Menils’s and Feldman in his new position as composition professor at the University of Buffalo. It concludes with a broader reflection on the place of religion in the study of experimental music and notes the ways in which the Rothko Chapel event exemplifies the process by which events are deemed religious, that is taken as experiences are freighted with spiritual meaning.
Governing the Rainforest
Authors: Bratman Eve Z. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSustainable development is among the foremost ideas that guide societal aspirations around the world. This book interrogates the concept through a critical lens, examining both its history and the trajectory of its manifestations in the Brazilian Amazon. The book argues that sustainable development is a concept that is better understood as involving embroilments and ongoing processes of contestation rather than a single end goal. The research offers historical analysis of Amazonian development from the colonial era into the discourse and praxis of sustainable development in contemporary times, and then illustrates the tensions of sustainable development plans that are experienced by people living in the areas geographically the closest to where those plans are being implemented. The history of the Brazilian Amazon is introduced to readers through focused discussions on the tensions between making grand plans for the region and the everyday practices and experiences of sustainable development, which involve considerably more muddling. Case studies explore agrarian reform initiatives that occur alongside road paving projects, the creation of extractive reserves and conservation areas that follow in the wake of assassinations, and the construction of a massive hydroelectric dam. While Amazonian sustainable development is a widely-accepted imperative, the research presented here shows how land use and infrastructure plans conducted in the name of sustainable development often perpetuate and reinforce economic and political inequalities.
The Roads through the Forest
Authors: Bratman Eve Z. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the legacy of modernization-oriented planning processes, which are reinforced through transposition into the language and logics of sustainable development planning concerning how lands bordering the Transamazon and BR-163 highways will be protected, even as those roads are paved. The experiences of sustainable development explored in this chapter reveal how techno-managerial coordination and institutional capacity plays out on vulnerable landscapes and frequently marginalized populations, with consequences that are full of friction and imbalanced privilege. They also reveal how historically constituted relationships and understandings of modernity inform development projects, often reproducing long-standing inequalities.
The Land in the Middle
Authors: Bratman Eve Z. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChapter 5 explores the creation of conservation areas in the region known as the Terra do Meio, a process that involved the collaborations of state actors with local and international civil society groups and ultimately transformed a region of substantial isolation and lawlessness into one of the world’s largest and most important biodiversity corridors. The chapter highlights how the sustainable development forms taking shape suggest how territories of conservation are circumscribed by strategic alliances and political moments and entail different, often contradictory, ideas of place and identity that are articulated by different actors.
The River
Authors: Bratman Eve Z. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Chapter 6, competing visions behind sustainable development articulations are analyzed based on the case study of the Belo Monte hydroelectric project, which is located along the Xingu River. The chapter reveals how the framework of sustainable development promotes the logics of state planning for the promotion of macro-economic and growth-oriented goals, while concealing the social and environmental consequences of the infrastructure under the auspices of democratic engagement. In order to structure this chapter’s exposition of what is one of the world’s most controversial dams, the discussion is organized around three central arenas, all of which contributed to the creation and perpetuation of the sustainable development narrative surrounding Belo Monte: the legal disputes, civil society activism, and global-level policies over hydroelectric dams. The chapter concludes with a critical analysis of the divergence between articulations of sustainable development in its idealized form and the mismatched shortfalls that were present in reality.
UFOs, Ufologists, and Digital Media in Brazil
Authors: Almeida Rafael Antunes 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an ethnography of a Brazilian ufological community that focuses on the role of digital media on its constitution. The author offers a critique of the heuristic capacity of the notion of “belief” to interpret the socialities formed around extraterrestrial motives and proposes a move from the discussion concerned with the “secret of belief” to what has been termed the “pragmatic of secrecy.” Drawing on the idea of “pragmatic of secrecy” and on Bruno Latour’s analysis of science networks, the author discusses three processes: reduction, multiplication, and differentiation. When combined, they constitute ufology by translating the order of the supernatural into the realm of the “ultra-natural.”
Algorithm Magic
Authors: Marenko Betti 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Drawing on Simondon’s vision of the primitive magical universe—the original harmonious mode of existence of the human in the world—the chapter proposes that a new algorithmic magical and animistic universe is in the making in our contemporary computational world. By framing the immersive experience of computation and its sensibilities, perceptions, and affects through Simondon’s magical unity, where humans are an integral part of a totalizing and harmonious whole, the chapter looks at the black mirrors of our digital screens as the portals into a new magical and animistic reticulation of the human and the nonhuman. This perspective locates the algorithm within a genealogy of the relationship between technology and magic, and reads it as a mysterious form of nonhuman intelligence performing in inscrutable ways. It is the increasing autonomous agency and digital uncertainty of algorithms that engenders a new magical and animistic universe.
The Problem in Detail
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for the empirical investigation of the domestic political economic sources of international conflicts and cooperation. It consists of four parts. First, it gives a general brief historical overview over the problems of the international regulation of finance since nineteenth-century imperialism until the global financial crisis that started in 2008. Second, it introduces the G20 as the main forum for global economic cooperation. Third, it offers an overview of the different reactions to the global economic crisis since 2008. Fourth, it introduces the major conflicts in the G20 about the international regulation of finance in the three crucial areas identified in Chapter 1: global imbalances and macroeconomic coordination, financial globalization and financial regulation, as well as currency competition and management.
Probabilistic graphical models
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStatistical machine learning and statistical DSP are built on the foundations of probability theory and random variables. Different techniques encode different dependency structure between these variables. This structure leads to specific algorithms for inference and estimation. Many common dependency structures emerge naturally in this way, as a result, there are many common patterns of inference and estimation that suggest general algorithms for this purpose. So, it becomes important to formalize these algorithms; this is the purpose of this chapter. These general algorithms can often lead to substantial computational savings over more brute-force approaches, another benefit that comes from studying the structure of these models in the abstract.
Discrete signals: sampling, quantization and coding
Authors: Little Max A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDigital signal processing and machine learning require digital data which can be processed by algorithms on computer. However, most of the real-world signals that we observe are real numbers, occurring at real time values. This means that it is impossible in practice to store these signals on a computer and we must find some approximate signal representation which is amenable to finite, digital storage. This chapter describes the main methods which are used in practice to solve this representation problem.
Linkage Disputes and the Enduring Quest for Legitimacy
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for the analysis of the Dispute Settlement System (DSS) operation and goal-attainment efforts in ‘linkage’ (or ‘trade-and’) disputes, the dispute category at the centre of Part II. As the chapter explains, linkage disputes have long subjected the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the DSS to intense legitimacy challenges; they thus form an instructive site for examining how the systemic challenges raised in such cases shape DSS goal-attainment efforts, motivate shifts and trade-offs between its goals, and, in consequence, affect DSS effectiveness in realizing its manifold objectives. The chapter first clarifies the notion of legitimacy as employed here, and situates the story of linkage disputes in the broader historical and institutional context of the multilateral trading system. It then unpacks the various legitimacy challenges encapsulated in linkage disputes while highlighting the shifts these challenges seem to generate between DSS goals, engaging the system in a heightened quest after its legitimization objectives.
The Multilateral Trade System Goes Bananas
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The transatlantic Bananas dispute rambled on in the multilateral trade system for almost two decades. The convoluted conflict, standing at the centre of this chapter, provides a useful starting point for studying the goal-attainment efforts exhibited by the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) in perennial disputes, together with the goal-shifting and goal-conflict patterns characterizing such cases. The chapter first provides a brief background of the Bananas case. It then recounts the dispute’s major turning points in the multilateral trading system, and identifies the main factors rendering the conflict so prolonged and resistant to resolution. On these foundations, the chapter turns to a close goal-based reading of EC-Bananas, tracing the DSS’s goal-attainment efforts and the goal shifts marking this lengthy dispute. Thereafter, the chapter examines the resulting conflicts between DSS goals and the mixed, noncompliant outcomes ultimately produced in EC-Bananas, while assessing their ramifications for an analysis of the system’s effectiveness.
The Transatlantic Conflict Over Beefed-Up Beef
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Alongside EC-Bananas, the transatlantic trade feud over hormone-fed beef constitutes another informative case study for investigating how the challenges invoked in perennial disputes affect the motivations for and the practice of disputing at the World Trade Organization (WTO), generate shifts and conflicts between the goals of the WTO Dispute Settlement System (DSS), and shape the outcomes it ultimately yields. The chapter first recounts the basic facts of EC-Hormones and the dispute’s major milestones in the multilateral trade system. It then distils the factors that rendered EC-Hormones so resistant to compliance and resolution. On this basis, the chapter turns to an in-depth, goal-based analysis of the dispute, exploring the goal shifting characterizing the DSS’s operation throughout the conflict and the heightened role the system played along the fine line between law and politics. Finally, the chapter examines the mixed outcomes delivered in the case while addressing the goal conflicts those outcomes represent and their implications for the DSS’s effectiveness assessment.
Extending the Analysis
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The present chapter extends the goal-based analytic framework applied in Parts II and III of the book to an additional category of disputes filed with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS)—those reflecting the growing friction between the WTO’s multilateral trade regime and the network of regional trade agreements (RTAs) proliferating around the globe. Looking at a series of prominent RTA-related cases that came before the WTO DSS, the extensive analysis carried out in this chapter shows that the dynamic reality of goal shifts and goal conflicts experienced within the DSS is not unique to trade-and and perennial disputes. Similar processes can be observed in the histories of other classes of WTO disputes, an analysis of which is likely to disclose different DSS goal-attainment patterns evidencing new goal priorities and trade-offs, and resulting in varying dimensions of judicial effectiveness and ineffectiveness, adjusted to the new operational environments.
Eucharist
Authors: Furani Khaled 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Heuristically evoking the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist, this chapter undertakes a counterargument to Chapter 1, asserting that anthropology in fact also preserves theology. In proverbial, genealogical, and analogical ways, anthropologists breach the very dome they construct, refracting some “harmful theospheric rays” while reflecting others. Excavating the theistic roots of anthropology’s concepts and practices, most notably its consummate practice of fieldwork, this chapter reveals the ways in which ethnographic immersion essentially betrays loyalty to Enlightenment dictates on reason by endeavoring to immerse the knower in that desired to be known, as well as enable a very theistic pursuit to “know thyself.”