bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low sensitivity of gross primary production to elevated CO2 in a mature eucalypt woodland
Authors: Yang Jinyan , Medlyn Belinda E. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Duursma Remko A. , Jiang Mingkai , Kumarathunge Dushan , Crous Kristine Y. , Gimeno Teresa E. , Wujeska-Klause Agnieszka , Ellsworth David S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The response of mature forest ecosystems to a rising atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentration (Ca) is a major uncertainty in projecting the
future trajectory of the Earth's climate. Although leaf-level net
photosynthesis is typically stimulated by exposure to elevated Ca
(eCa), it is unclear how this stimulation translates into carbon cycle
responses at the ecosystem scale. Here we estimate a key component of the
carbon cycle, the gross primary productivity (GPP), of a mature native
eucalypt forest exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment (the EucFACE
experiment). In this experiment, light-saturated leaf photosynthesis
increased by 19 % in response to a 38 % increase in Ca. We used the
process-based forest canopy model, MAESPA, to upscale these leaf-level
measurements of photosynthesis with canopy structure to estimate the GPP and its
response to eCa. We assessed the direct impact of eCa, as well as
the indirect effect of photosynthetic acclimation to eCa and variability
among treatment plots using different model scenarios. At the canopy scale, MAESPA estimated a GPP of 1574 g C m−2 yr−1
under ambient conditions across 4 years and a direct increase in the GPP of
+11 % in response to eCa. The smaller canopy-scale response
simulated by the model, as compared with the leaf-level response, could be
attributed to the prevalence of RuBP regeneration limitation of leaf
photosynthesis within the canopy. Photosynthetic acclimation reduced this
estimated response to 10 %. After taking the baseline
variability in the leaf area index across plots in account, we estimated a field GPP
response to eCa of 6 % with a 95 % confidence interval (−2 %, 14 %).
These findings highlight that the GPP response of mature forests to
eCa is likely to be considerably lower than the response of
light-saturated leaf photosynthesis. Our results provide an important
context for interpreting the eCa responses of other components of the
ecosystem carbon cycle.
The Yeoman's “Pecok Arwes”
Authors: Thompson Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
While attention to the Knight's Yeoman in Chaucer's General Prologue typically focuses on his weapons, fundamental misunderstandings regarding those weapons persist in the critical commentary. The character's peacock-fletched arrows are perhaps the most frequently misinterpreted component of his arms. This article contextualizes the peacock fletching of the Yeoman's arrows by explicating birdwing anatomy, the appearance of various peacock feathers, medieval fletching practices, and historical references to peacock-fletched arrows. Rather than being ostentatious, peacock fletching was mundane—unless enhanced by decorative embellishments. Based on reported uses of peacock-fletched arrows, it appears likely that esteem for such arrows was based more on performance than appearance, and a subsequent analysis of how the Yeoman's fletching is likely trimmed supports the tactical utility of his arrows. In this light, the Yeoman's “pecok arwes” suggest that he is a consummate bowman and a lethally effective companion to the Knight.
Anthropometric analysis of the eyeball exposure area in Koreans
Authors: Park Ki Soo , Ka Soon Il , Park Dae Hwan 
Published: January 2020

Background Eyelids vary in morphology and structure depending on age, sex, and race. Usually, one-dimensional measurements are used to evaluate blepharoplasty outcomes. However, in recent years, three- or four- directional enlargements of the eyelid have been used for blepharoplasty in Asian patients, and the outcomes of techniques such as lateral canthoplasty or canthotomy and medial epicanthoplasty with increased scleral area cannot be analyzed using marginal reflex distance 1 or the area of corneal exposure. Therefore, we describe the use of a measurement method based on the eyeball exposure area (EEA).
Methods To obtain normal EEA values by age and sex, 320 individuals were recruited. The participants were divided into eight age groups (n=40 in each group: female subjects, n=20; male subjects, n=20): 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and 80–89 years. The EEA value was obtained by dividing the exposed area by the total eyeball area. The normal EEA values and differences in EEA according to age and sex were calculated.
Results The mean EEA values for male and female subjects were 66.86% ±9.20% and 71.48%±10.48%, respectively. In each age group, the EEA values of females were higher than those of males. EEA decreased significantly with age in both male and female subjects (P<0.05).
Conclusions We determined normal EEA values according to age and sex. EEA can be used as an indicator of the outcome of blepharoplasty.
Asociación de Cooperativas Argentinas y Agricultores Federados Argentinos: dos buenos ejemplos de la transición en el cooperativismo agrario argentino
Authors: Mateo Graciela 
Published: January 2020

Las cooperativas conforman una experiencia centenaria del agro argentino. En el siglo XXI, su desarrollo es uno de los principales ejes del Plan Estratégico Agroalimentario y Agroindustrial Participativo y Federal 2010-2020 para el logro de objetivos de competitividad y equidad social. Desde sus orígenes, el cooperativismo agrario procura cumplir con un doble objetivo: el primero, de carácter social, está destinado a la prestación de un servicio basado en principios de solidaridad, libre asociación y gestión democrática; el segundo, de carácter económico, está orientado a defender los intereses y mejorar la situación económica de sus asociados.Desde un criterio funcional, las cooperativas agrarias pueden cubrir diversas actividades, necesidades o servicios, tales como el aprovisionamiento, la producción, comercialización, la transformación o industrialización y el crédito, cumpliendo una o varias de esas fases. El artículo procura mostrar las transformaciones y permanencias operadas en el modelo cooperativo, a través del análisis de dos asociaciones emblemáticas del agro argentino: por un lado, la Asociación de Cooperativas Argentinas (ACA), primera entidad de segundo grado constituida en 1922 y que en la actualidad se encuentra entre los principales exportadores de cereales. Por otro, Agricultores Federados Argentinos (AFA), conformada en 1932 y que hoy es la principal cooperativa de primer grado del país.
This paper analyzes the gestation of environmental protec-tion regulations related to mining activities, as well as specific mining provisions that were approved and had an impact to reduce the negative effects to the natural environment. The mining regulations that were approved in the Modern Age envisaged some measures in order to avoid damage to agri-culture, livestock and to villages in the environment of mining activities. In the XIX century, with a liberal State, several laws and mining regulations were slowly being adopted from the middle of the century, due to social conflicts, which introduced measures with health and natural protection effects. With a greater de-gree of state interventionism in the XX century, in a context of pressure from affected social groups, various sectoral rules for the protection of rivers and streams were approved. The Law of Mines in force introduced that it was approved by decree to fix the imperative conditions of protection of the environ-ment, being the origin of the first Royal Decree of restoration of mining activities of 1982.
Comparative analysis of cutaneous bacterial communities of farmed Rana dybowskii after gentamycin bath
Authors: Bie Jia , Tong Qing , Liu Xiaoning , Zhang Xianhao , Wang Hongbin 
Published: January 2020

Introduction
Pathogenic bacteria limit the success of Rana dybowskii breeding. Gentamicin is used to treat R. dybowskii disease. To understand the effects of gentamicin on the composition and structure of the cutaneous bacterial community of R. dybowskii, three groups (control, gentamicin and recovery) were established in this study.

Materials & Methods
The V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed in samples by high-throughput sequencing. Alpha diversity and beta diversity were evaluated to compare the cutaneous bacterial community diversity.

Results
A total of 1,159,668 valid sequences and 3,132 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from these three experimental groups. The number of OTUs obtained in the control group, gentamicin group and recovery group were 2,194, 2,288, and 2,047, respectively, and the number of shared OTUs was 1,313. The alpha diversity of the cutaneous bacterial community was not significantly affected by gentamicin, while beta diversity was significantly affected.

Discussion & Conclusions
The effect of a gentamicin bath on relative species abundance was greater than the effect on the species composition. The changes in Proteobacteria, Acinetobacter, and Chryseobacterium were significant, and reductions were observed after the recovery period. Six potentially pathogenic genera were detected, including Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Chryseobacterium, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Among them, Aeromonas and Chryseobacterium were significantly inhibited by the gentamicin bath. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the application of gentamicin in R. dybowskii breeding.
Gini coefficients for measuring the distribution of sexually transmitted infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity
Authors: Gsteiger Sandro , Low Nicola , Sonnenberg Pam , Mercer Catherine H. , Althaus Christian L. 
Published: January 2020

Objectives
Gini coefficients have been used to describe the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity. The objectives of this study were to investigate Gini coefficients for different sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and to determine how STI control interventions might affect the Gini coefficient over time.

Methods
We used population-based data for sexually experienced women from two British National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2: 1999–2001; Natsal-3: 2010–2012) to calculate Gini coefficients for CT, Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. We applied bootstrap methods to assess uncertainty and to compare Gini coefficients for different STIs. We then used a mathematical model of STI transmission to study how control interventions affect Gini coefficients.

Results
Gini coefficients for CT and MG were 0.33 (95% CI [0.18–0.49]) and 0.16 (95% CI [0.02–0.36]), respectively. The relatively small coefficient for MG suggests a longer infectious duration compared with CT. The coefficients for HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 ranged from 0.15 to 0.38. During the decade between Natsal-2 and Natsal-3, the Gini coefficient for CT did not change. The transmission model shows that higher STI treatment rates are expected to reduce prevalence and increase the Gini coefficient of STIs. In contrast, increased condom use reduces STI prevalence but does not affect the Gini coefficient.

Conclusions
Gini coefficients for STIs can help us to understand the distribution of STIs in the population, according to level of sexual activity, and could be used to inform STI prevention and treatment strategies.
Differential effects of the menstrual cycle on reactive and proactive aggression in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Peters Jessica R. , Owens Sarah A. , Schmalenberger Katja M. , Eisenlohr‐Moul Tory A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by rapidly shifting symptoms, including intense anger and aggressive behavior. Understanding how fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle may contribute to symptom instability is key for accurate assessment of BPD symptoms and effective interventions. Reactive and proactive aggression, as well as anger‐in and anger‐out, were assessed daily in 15 physically healthy, unmedicated naturally cycling female individuals meeting criteria for BPD across 35 days. Urine luteinizing hormone surge and salivary progesterone were used to confirm ovulation and verify the cycle phase. Multilevel models evaluated cyclical differences of symptoms between cycle phases. Both forms of aggressive behavior demonstrated marked cycle effects, with reactive aggression highest during the midluteal cycle phase, co‐occurring with initial increases in anger and irritability and followed by perimenstrual peaks in anger and anger‐in. In contrast, highest levels of proactive aggression were observed during the follicular and ovulatory phases, when emotional symptoms and anger were otherwise at lowest levels. These findings highlight the importance of identifying the function of aggression when considering potential psychological and biological influences. Naturally cycling individuals with BPD may be at elevated risk for luteal worsening of a range of interpersonally reactive symptoms, including reactive aggression, whereas proactive aggression may occur more in phases characterized by less emotional and cognitive vulnerability and greater reward sensitivity. Research on aggression in this population should consider cycle effects. Cycling individuals with BPD attempting to reduce aggressive behavior may benefit from cycle‐tracking to increase awareness of these effects and to develop appropriate strategies.
Observer uncertainties of soft tissue‐based patient positioning in IGRT
Authors: Hirose Taka‐aki , Arimura Hidetaka , Fukunaga Jun‐ichi , Ohga Saiji , Yoshitake Tadamasa , Shioyama Yoshiyuki 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeThere remain uncertainties due to inter‐ and intraobserver variability in soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning even with the use of image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT). This study aimed to reveal observer uncertainties of soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning on cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for prostate cancer IGRT.MethodsTwenty‐six patients (7–8 fractions/patient, total number of 204 fractions) who underwent IGRT for prostate cancer were selected. Six radiation therapists retrospectively measured prostate cancer location errors (PCLEs) of soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning between planning CT (pCT) and pretreatment CBCT (pre‐CBCT) images after automatic bone‐based registration. Observer uncertainties were evaluated based on residual errors, which denoted the differences between soft‐tissue and reference positioning errors. Reference positioning errors were obtained as PCLEs of contour‐based patient positioning between pCT and pre‐CBCT images. Intraobserver variations were obtained from the difference between the first and second soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning repeated by the same observer for each fraction. Systematic and random errors of inter‐ and intraobserver variations were calculated in anterior–posterior (AP), superior–inferior (SI), and left–right (LR) directions. Finally, clinical target volume (CTV)‐to‐planning target volume (PTV) margins were obtained from systematic and random errors of inter‐ and intraobserver variations in AP, SI, and LR directions.ResultsInterobserver variations in AP, SI, and LR directions were 0.9, 0.9, and 0.5 mm, respectively, for the systematic error, and 1.8, 2.2, and 1.1 mm, respectively, for random error. Intraobserver variations were <0.2 mm in all directions. CTV‐to‐PTV margins in AP, SI, and LR directions were 3.5, 3.8, and 2.1 mm, respectively.ConclusionIntraobserver variability was sufficiently small and would be negligible. However, uncertainties due to interobserver variability for soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning using CBCT images should be considered in CTV‐to‐PTV margins.
Early phase 2 trial of TAS‐205 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Komaki Hirofumi , Maegaki Yoshihiro , Matsumura Tsuyoshi , Shiraishi Kazuhiro , Awano Hiroyuki , Nakamura Akinori , Kinoshita Satoru , Ogata Katsuhisa , Ishigaki Keiko , Saitoh Shinji , Funato Michinori , Kuru Satoshi , Nakayama Takahiro , Iwata Yasuyuki , Yajima Hiroyuki , Takeda Shin’ichi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscular disease characterized by chronic cycles of inflammatory and necrotic processes. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is produced by hematopoietic PGD synthase (HPGDS), which is pathologically implicated in muscle necrosis. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled early phase 2 study (NCT02752048) aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the novel selective HPGDS inhibitor, TAS‐205, with exploratory measures in male DMD patients aged ≥5 years.MethodsPatients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive low‐dose TAS‐205 (6.67–13.33 mg/kg/dose), high‐dose TAS‐205 (13.33–26.67 mg/kg/dose), or placebo. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in a 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD) at Week 24.ResultsThirty‐six patients were enrolled, of whom 35 patients were analysed for safety. The mean (standard error) changes from baseline to Week 24 in 6MWD were −17.0 (17.6) m in the placebo group (n = 10), −3.5 (20.3) m in the TAS‐205 low‐dose group (n = 11), and −7.5 (11.2) m in the TAS‐205 high‐dose group (n = 11). The mean (95% confidence interval) difference from the placebo group was 13.5 (−43.3 to 70.2) m in the TAS‐205 low‐dose group and 9.5 (−33.3 to 52.4) m in the TAS‐205 high‐dose group. No obvious differences were observed in the incidences of adverse events between treatment groups. No adverse drug reactions specific to TAS‐205 treatment were observed.InterpretationThe HPGDS inhibitor TAS‐205 showed a favorable safety profile in DMD patients. Further research is required to examine the effectiveness of TAS‐205 in a larger trial.
Thick‐Film Organic Solar Cells Achieving over 11% Efficiency and Nearly 70% Fill Factor at Thickness over 400 nm
Authors: Gao Wei , An Qiaoshi , Hao Minghui , Sun Rui , Yuan Jian , Zhang Fujun , Ma Wei , Min Jie , Yang Chuluo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThickness‐insensitive small molecule acceptors (SMAs) are still a great challenge for developing thick‐film organic solar cells (OSCs) towards practical use. Herein, two SMAs, MF1 and MF2, are designed and synthesized by employing a bifunctional end group with fluorine and methyl moieties. Combined with fused‐ring cores with alkyl side chains, both MF1 and MF2 exhibit ordered π–π stacking and high charge carrier mobilities in neat and blend films. The champion devices based on PM7:MF1 and PM7:MF2 deliver high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 12.4% and 13.7%, and high fill factors (FFs) of 78.3% and 74.5%, respectively. With increasing active layer thickness, the FFs of the OSCs decrease relatively slowly, demonstrating the preferrable properties of MF1 and MF2 in terms of their thickness insensitivity, especially for MF1. As a result, the two thick‐film OSCs achieve over 11% PCEs at an active layer thickness over 400 nm (an FF close to 70% for PM7:MF1) and over 10% PCEs when the thickness is increased up to 500 nm. These are the highest PCEs among OSCs with such active layer thicknesses to date. This work reveals a molecular design strategy by reasonably combining fluorine and methyl together to simultaneously enhance charge carrier mobilities and fine‐tune the morphology, which is beneficial to achieve high‐performance thick‐film OSCs.
Uniform Virus‐Like Co–N–Cs Electrocatalyst Derived from Prussian Blue Analog for Stretchable Fiber‐Shaped Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Chen Shengmei , Ma Longtao , Wu Shuilin , Wang Shuyun , Li Zebiao , Emmanuel Adesina Ayotunde , Huqe Md Rashedul , Zhi Chunyi , Zapien Juan Antonio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractZn‐air batteries (ZABs) offer promising commercialization perspectives for stretchable and wearable electronic devices as they are environment‐friendly and have high theoretical energy density. However, current devices suffer from limited energy efficiency and durability because of the sluggish oxygen reduction and evolution reactions kinetics in the air cathode as well as degenerative stretchability of solid‐state electrolytes under highly alkaline conditions. Herein, excellent bifunctional catalytic activity and cycling stability is achieved by using a newly developed Co–N–C nanomaterial with a uniform virus‐like structure, prepared via a facile carbonization of a prussian blue analogue (PBA). Furthermore, a solid‐state dual‐network sodium polyacrylate and cellulose (PANa‐cellulose) based hydrogel electrolyte is synthesized with good alkaline‐tolerant stretchability. A solid‐state fiber‐shaped ZAB fabricated using this hydrogel electrolyte, the virus‐like Co–N–Cs air cathode, and a zinc spring anode display excellent stretchability of up to 500% strain without damage, and outstanding electrochemical performance with 128 mW cm−2 peak power density and good cycling stability for >600 cycles at 2 mA. The facile synthesis strategy demonstrated here opens up a new avenue for developing highly active PBA‐derived catalyst and shows, for the first time, that virus‐like structure can be favorable for electrochemical performance.
In Situ Photocatalyzed Oxygen Generation with Photosynthetic Bacteria to Enable Robust Immunogenic Photodynamic Therapy in Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Liu Lanlan , He Huamei , Luo Zhenyu , Zhou Haimei , Liang Ruijing , Pan Hong , Ma Yifan , Cai Lintao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHypoxia in the tumor microenvironment is a major hurdle dampening the antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, active photosynthetic bacteria (Synechococcus 7942, Syne) are utilized for tumor‐targeted photosensitizer delivery and in situ photocatalyzed oxygen generation to achieve photosynthesis‐boosted PDT. Photosensitizer‐encapsulated nanoparticles (HSA/ICG) are assembled by intermolecular disulfide crosslinking and attached to the surface of Syne with amide bonds to form a biomimetic system (S/HSA/ICG). S/HSA/ICG combined the photosynthetic capability of Syne and the theranostic effect of HSA/ICG. Syne capable of photoautotrophy exhibit a moderate immune stimulation effect and a certain photodynamic role under 660 nm laser irradiation. Upon intravenous injection into tumor‐bearing mice, S/HSA/ICG can effectively accumulate in tumors and generate oxygen continuously under laser irradiation through photosynthesis, which remarkably relieve tumor hypoxia and enhance reactive oxygen species production, thereby completely eliminating primary tumors. This photosynthesis‐boosted PDT can also effectively reverse the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and robustly evoke systematic antitumor immune responses, which exhibit excellent effect on preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis inhibition in a metastatic triple‐negative breast cancer mouse model. Hence, this photosynthetic bacteria‐based photosynthesis‐boosted immunogenic PDT offers a promising approach to eliminate both local and metastatic tumors.