bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ge−Fe Carbonyl Cluster Compounds: Ionic Liquids‐Based Synthesis, Structures, and Properties
Authors: Wolf Silke , Egeberg Alexander , Treptow Jens , Feldmann Claus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNine Ge−Fe carbonyl cluster compounds are prepared via ionic liquids‐based synthesis. This includes the novel compounds [EMIm][Fe(CO)3I(GeI3)], [EHIm][Fe(CO)3I(GeI3)], [BMIm][GeI2{Fe(CO)4}2(μ‐I)][AlCl4]2, [GeI2{Fe(CO)4}2(μ‐I)][Fe(AlBr4)3], [BMIm]2[(FeI2)0.75{Fe(CO)2I(GeI3)2}2], and [EHIm][Fe(CO)4(GeI2)2Fe(CO)3GeI3] as well as the previously reported compounds (Fe(CO)4(GeI3)2, FeI4{GeI3Fe(CO)3}2, and Ge12{Fe(CO)3}8(μ‐I)4 (EMIm: 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, EHIm: 1‐ethylimidazolium, BMIm: 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium). With this series of compounds, a comparison of synthesis conditions and structural features is possible and, for instance, allows correlating the composition and structure of the respective Ge−Fe carbonyl cluster compounds with the type and acidity of the ionic liquid. With [EMIm][{GeI3}2Fe(CO)3I], moreover, we can exemplarily show the thermal decomposition as a single‐source precursor in the ionic liquid, resulting in bimetallic Ge−Fe nanoparticles with small size and narrow size distribution (7.0±1.4 nm).
Challenges in the impact evaluation of behaviour change interventions: The case of sea turtle meat and eggs in São Tomé
Authors: Thomas‐Walters Laura , Vieira Sara , Jiménez Victor , Monteiro Domingas , Ferreira Betânia , Smith Robert J. , Veríssimo Diogo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRobust impact evaluations are needed for conservation to learn and grow as a field. Currently we lack a large body of evidence on the effects of behaviour change interventions in social‐ecological systems. By uncovering mechanistic relationships and establishing causality we can refine future programmes to enhance likelihood of effectiveness. Although a range of sophisticated methodological approaches to evaluation have been developed, conceptually linking project outcomes with conservation impacts remains difficult in complex systems.For example, sea turtles are one taxon in which unsustainable harvesting has been a particular problem. There have been a number of campaigns to reduce demand for sea turtle products, but we still have little evidence documenting their outcomes. We conducted the first formal impact evaluation of a conservation marketing campaign aimed at reducing the consumption of sea turtle meat and eggs. The campaign took place on the island of São Tomé, Central Africa, and included traditional mass media advertisements as well as community events. This is one of few demand reduction evaluations that has assessed both human behaviour and biological conservation outcomes. It benefited from an advantageous setting for evaluation, as nesting sea turtles are relatively easy to monitor and the island's small size and geographic isolation increased the detectability of potentially confounding factors. We found a decrease in self‐reported sea turtle egg consumption and a decrease in poaching of adult sea turtles.However, multiple unforeseen difficulties arose which complicated attempts at causal attribution. We were hampered by spatial spillovers, design effects from the sensitive questioning technique, concurring law enforcement and changes in biological monitoring effort. These challenges highlight the difficulties faced by practitioners seeking to apply impact evaluations in the field. We reflect on what this means for future impact evaluations of behaviour change interventions in conservation. Our recommendations include combining multiple outcome measures to triangulate hard‐to‐measure behaviours and theory‐based evaluation methods to explore causal impacts.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Classification of intestinal T‐cell receptor repertoires using machine learning methods can identify patients with coeliac disease regardless of dietary gluten status
Authors: Foers Andrew D , Shoukat M Saad , Welsh Oliver E , Donovan Killian , Petry Russell , Evans Shelley C , FitzPatrick Michael EB , Collins Nadine , Klenerman Paul , Fowler Anna , Soilleux Elizabeth J 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn coeliac disease (CeD), immune‐mediated small intestinal damage is precipitated by gluten, leading to variable symptoms and complications, occasionally including aggressive T‐cell lymphoma. Diagnosis, based primarily on histopathological examination of duodenal biopsies, is confounded by poor concordance between pathologists and minimal histological abnormality if insufficient gluten is consumed. CeD pathogenesis involves both CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated gluten recognition and CD8+ and γδ T‐cell‐mediated inflammation, with a previous study demonstrating a permanent change in γδ T‐cell populations in CeD. We leveraged this understanding and explored the diagnostic utility of bulk T‐cell receptor (TCR) sequencing in assessing duodenal biopsies in CeD. Genomic DNA extracted from duodenal biopsies underwent sequencing for TCR‐δ (TRD) (CeD, n = 11; non‐CeD, n = 11) and TCR‐γ (TRG) (CeD, n = 33; non‐CeD, n = 21). We developed a novel machine learning‐based analysis of the TCR repertoire, clustering samples by diagnosis. Leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (LOOCV) was performed to validate the classification algorithm. Using TRD repertoire, 100% (22/22) of duodenal biopsies were correctly classified, with a LOOCV accuracy of 91%. Using TCR‐γ (TRG) repertoire, 94.4% (51/54) of duodenal biopsies were correctly classified, with LOOCV of 87%. Duodenal biopsy TRG repertoire analysis permitted accurate classification of biopsies from patients with CeD following a strict gluten‐free diet for at least 6 months, who would be misclassified by current tests. This result reflects permanent changes to the duodenal γδ TCR repertoire in CeD, even in the absence of gluten consumption. Our method could complement or replace histopathological diagnosis in CeD and might have particular clinical utility in the diagnostic testing of patients unable to tolerate dietary gluten, and for assessing duodenal biopsies with equivocal features. This approach is generalisable to any TCR/BCR locus and any sequencing platform, with potential to predict diagnosis or prognosis in conditions mediated or modulated by the adaptive immune response. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
A regional soil classification framework to improve soil health diagnosis and management
Authors: Devine Scott M. , Steenwerth Kerri L. , O'Geen Anthony T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSoil health research has developed soil tests to validate management strategies for creating healthier soils, such as cover crops, compost, and reduced tillage. Missing in this research agenda are soil health management strategies and diagnostics tailored to the systematic variation of soils. The Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database offers comprehensive estimates for many properties linked to soil health indicators. This research uses unsupervised classification of soil surface (0–30 cm) properties and root restrictive horizons in an internationally important agricultural region, the Central and Coastal Valleys of California, covering 5.6 million ha of mostly cropland. K‐means clustering of 10 soil properties derived from SSURGO revealed groups distinct from USDA‐NRCS Soil Taxonomy. Clustering metrics, data visualization, and validation tests justified a seven‐region soil health conceptual model that divided the landscape into two broad classes—those with and without performance limitations. Results revealed three pedogenic conditions limiting soil performance: (a) root restrictive horizons that impede root growth into deeper soil; (b) salinity and alkalinity harmful to crops; and (c) shrink–swell properties making soils challenging to cultivate. Soils without performance limitations, soils with restrictive horizons, and salt‐affected soils are further divided by texture and/or organic matter for a total of seven soil health regions. In reality, variation in soil properties is often continuous across the landscape and sometimes fractal in nature, but this research establishes a testable framework for evaluating soil health diagnostics according to geographically coherent differences in soil properties, demonstrating potential for how soil health management and interpretation can be tailor‐made to the landscape.
Multiuser collaborative illustration and visualization for volumetric scientific data
Authors: Liu Richen , Wen Xiaodong , Jiang Meng , Yang Guang , Zhang Chuyu , Chen Xiaojian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMultiuser can collaboratively complete complex visualization tasks that cannot be completed by a single user. Although multiuser collaboration system has made great progress, there are many challenges in the collaborative visualization of 3D volumetric scientific data due to the difficulties in multiuser collaboration, and collaborative slice analysis. This article proposes a client‐server based collaborative visualization system, which consists of a 3D volume explorer and a 2D slice analyzer, to help domain experts to fully utilize their background domain knowledge to illustrate different parts of the data. For example, the brain surgeon expert, pulmonologist, and cardiologist can visualize and analyze the different subsets of the volumetric scientific data, that is, the corresponding subvolumes of the brain, heart, lungs, and blood vessels. It also allows taking full advantage of the hardware resources, because all the computation intensive tasks especially for the whole data rendering can be allocated to the powerful server while the light‐weight tasks can be allocated to the portable clients. Besides, we design a seed point tracing algorithm based on flood fill algorithm to illustrate the slice more efficiently. We evaluate the system by collecting the feedback from domain experts and the people who are unfamiliar with data computation or visualization. The evaluation shows that the 3D volume explorer and the 2D slice analyzer are capable of supporting peer‐expert discussion and medical case teaching, respectively.
Quantitative Proteomics in Drosophila with Holidic Stable-Isotope Labeling of Amino Acids in Fruit Flies (SILAF)
Authors: Schober Florian A. , Atanassov Ilian , Freyer Christoph , Wredenberg Anna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProtein-focused research has been challenging in Drosophila melanogaster due to few specific antibodies for Western blotting and the lack of effective labeling methods for quantitative proteomics. Herein, we describe the preparation of a holidic medium that allows stable-isotope labeling of amino acids in fruit flies (SILAF). Furthermore, in this chapter, we provide a protocol for mitochondrial enrichments from Drosophila larvae and flies together with a procedure to generate high-quality peptides for further analysis by mass spectrometry. Samples obtained following this protocol can be used for various functional studies such as comprehensive proteome profiling or quantitative analysis of posttranslational modifications upon enrichment. SILAF is based on standard fly routines in a basic wet lab environment and provides a flexible and cost-effective tool for quantitative protein expression analysis.
Introduction: Japanese Theories and Overview of the Chapters in This Book
Authors: Isoda Masami , Olfos Raimundo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis introductory chapter explains the origin of this book and provides overviews of every chapter in Parts I and II of the book. Part I of the book is aimed at explaining what multiplication and lesson study are in relation to the Japanese approach. It provides an overview of Japanese theories on mathematics education for developing students who learn mathematics by and for themselves and provides necessary ideas to understand the Japanese approach and lesson study. Part II consists of contributions from leading researchers in Ibero-America. Through their contributions, this book provides various perspectives based on different theories of mathematics education which provide the opportunity to reconsider the teaching of multiplication and theories.
Can We Explain Students’ Failure in Learning Multiplication?
Authors: del Carmen Chamorro Maria 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTeaching multiplication is a compulsory topic in elementary education mathematics programs. Much time is dedicated to teaching multiplication tables and algorithms, obtaining mediocre results. Recent investigations in neuroscience suggest that our way of teaching is not congruent with how the brain works and, as such, important changes should be made in teaching of numerical facts and algorithms. Additionally, other kinds of calculation, like mental calculation and calculations with a calculator, have not yet reached the level of importance of their use in education that citizens require in a contemporary society.
Japanese Lesson Study for Introduction of Multiplication
Authors: Olfos Raimundo , Isoda Masami 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn Chap. 2, we posed questions about the differences in several national curricula, and some of them were related to the definition of multiplication. In Chap. 3, several problematics for defining multiplication were discussed, particularly the unique Japanese definition of multiplication, which is called definition of multiplication by measurement. It can be seen as a kind of definition by a group of groups, if we limit it to whole numbers. In Chap. 4, introduction of multiplication and its extensions in the Japanese curriculum terminology were illustrated to explain how this unique definition is related to further learning. Multiplicand and multiplier are necessary not only for understanding the meaning of multiplication but also for making sense the future learning. The curriculum sequence is established through the extension and integration process in relation to multiplication. In this chapter, two examples of lesson study illustrate how to introduce the definition of multiplication by measurement in a Japanese class. Additionally, how students develop and change their idea of units—that any number can be a unit in multiplication beyond just counting by one—is illustrated by a survey before and after the introduction of multiplication. After the illustration of the Japanese approach, its significance is discussed in comparison with the Chilean curriculum guidebook. Then, the conclusion illustrates the feature of the Japanese approach as being relatively sense making for students who learn mathematics by and for themselves by setting the unit for measurement (McCallum, W. (2018). Making sense of mathematics and making mathematics make sense. Proceedings of ICMI Study 24 School Mathematics Curriculum Reforms: challenges, changes and Opportunities (pp. 1–8). Tsukuba, Japan: University of Tsukuba.). A comparison with Chile is given in order to demonstrate the sense of it from the teacher’s side. In relation to lesson study, this is a good exemplar of how Japanese teachers develop mathematical thinking. It also illustrates the case for being able to see the situation based on the idea of multiplication (Isoda, M. and Katagiri, S. (2012). Mathematical thinking: How to develop it in the classroom. Singapore: World Scientific; Rasmussen and Isoda Research in Mathematics Education 21:43–59, 2019), as seen in Figs. 4.2 and 4.3 in Chap. 4 of this book.
Composting: A Sustainable Route for Processing of Biodegradable Waste in India
Authors: Mandpe Ashootosh , Kumari Sweta , Kumar Sunil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSurging populations, coupled with the ever-increasing demand for sustenance, have led to the generation of behemoth proportions of wastes throughout the globe. The processing of such a considerable amount of waste has raised concerns for environmental planners, policymakers, and researchers in regard to maintaining sustainability. Biodegradable waste is a part of the total waste stream. Consideration should be given to the importance of making better use of biodegradable waste. The technology that is adopted for the management of biodegradable waste should be ecologically sustainable and cost-effective, as well as beneficial to social well-being. The most efficient way of managing biodegradable waste must include different methods for the optimal utilisation of such waste, ranging from the small scale (single household) to the very large scale (entire city). Amid all the other waste processing technologies, composting stands out as a most potent option because of its ability to maintain and restore soil fertility, along with the transformation of waste into a resource. Composting is one of the few technologies which has a benefit–cost ratio higher than 1 at all scales of operation. This chapter analyses the most significant aspects of the composting process, including the recent developments and dynamics involved in it. The chapter discusses various aspects of composting via analysis of the integrated waste management system and composting-related projects implemented at the community level in the Indian context. Finally, the chapter presents policies and the efforts put in place by the Government of India with the aim of encouraging composting practice and related activities.
Urban Waste as a Resource: The Case of the Utilisation of Organic Waste to Improve Agriculture Productivity Project in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Yirenya-Tawiah Dzidzo , Annang Ted , Ofori Benjamin Dankyira , Fosu-Mensah Benedicta Yayra , Lawson Elaine Tweneboah- , Yeboah Richard , Owusu-Afriyie Kwaku , Abudey Benjamin , Annan Ted , Datsa Cecilia , Gordon Christopher 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPoor municipal solid waste management continues to be a daunting issue for municipal authorities in Ghana. Major cities generate 2000 tonnes of mixed municipal waste per day, of which about 80% is collected and disposed of at open dump sites and/or at the limited number of landfills available. About 60% of this waste is organic. The Utilization of Organic Waste to Improve Agricultural Productivity (UOWIAP) project sought to co-create knowledge through a private-public engagement for the development of organic waste value chain opportunities to sustainably manage municipal organic waste and, at the same time, improve urban farm soils and increase food productivity in the Ga-West Municipal Assembly in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Through the project, identified key stakeholders in the waste and agricultural sectors, such as market traders, informal waste collectors, unemployed persons, farmers, landscapers, media, agricultural extension officers, Municipal Assembly officers and the general public, were engaged and made aware of sustainable organic waste management processes, including organic waste segregation from source, collection and compost production. Four formal markets were selected for the piloting of organic waste segregation from source. Interested persons were trained in organic waste collection, compost production and entrepreneurship. The lessons learned draw attention to the need for a massive effort to generate demand for compost use as this will invariably drive removal of organic waste from the unsorted waste stream.
Finland: Success Through Equity—The Trajectories in PISA Performance
Authors: Ahonen Arto K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Finnish education system has gone through an exciting developmental path from a follower into a role model. Also on the two-decade history of PISA studies, Finland’s performance has provided years of glory as of the world’s top-performing nation, but also a substantial decline. This chapter examines Finland’s educational outcomes in recent PISA-study and the trends across previous cycles. Boys’ more unsatisfactory performance and the increasing effect of students’ socio-economic background are clear predictors of the declining trend, but they can explain it only partly. Some of the other possible factors are discussed.
Biomechanical and Tribological Aspects of Orthopaedic Implants
Authors: Gotman Irena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrthopaedic and dental implant treatments have allowed to enhance the quality of life of millions of patients. Total hip/knee arthroplasty is a surgical replacement of the hip/knee joint with an artificial prosthesis. The aim of joint replacement surgery is to relieve pain improve function, often for sufferers of osteoarthritis, which affects around a third of people aged over fifty. Nowadays, total hip and knee replacement (THR) surgeries are considered routine procedures with generally excellent outcomes. Given the increasing life expectancy of the world population, however, many patients will require revision or removal of the artificial joint during their lifetime. The most common cause of failure of hip and knee replacements is mechanical instability secondary to wear of the articulating components. Thus, tribological and biomechanical aspects of joint arthroplasty are of specific interest in addressing the needs of younger, more active patients. The most significant improvements in the longevity of artificial joints have been achieved through the introduction of more wear resistant bearing surfaces. These innovations, however, brought about new tribocorrosion phenomena, such as fretting corrosion at the modular junctions of hip implants. Stiffness mismatch between the prosthesis components, non-physiological stress transfer and uneven implant-bone stress distribution are all involved in premature failure of hip arthroplasty. The development of more durable hip and knee prostheses requires a comprehensive understanding of biomechanics and tribocorrosion of implant materials. Some of these insights can also be applied to the design and development of dental implants.
The Co-production of Pilot Projects and Society
Authors: Ryghaug Marianne , Skjølsvold Tomas Moe 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the shaping of pilot projects. Against a critique that such projects tend to be shaped top-down by powerful actors, our discussion notes how such projects are also shaped locally by materiality, culture, actors, interests and issues. Through this we show how projects end up looking very different from each other while enacting diverse socio-technical futures. We discuss three types of pilot projects: technology-oriented projects, geographically bound projects and national laboratories. We argue that pilot projects, in either form tend to mirror and amplify the interests of involved actors, and we proceed to discuss the potential politics of such projects. We do this by discussing processes of scaling up pilot projects, and through upscaling, shaping broader aspects of society. As these projects often have wide transformational ambitions, we conclude that a focus on who participates and who does not is central for future research.
Democratic and Participatory Pilot Projects?
Authors: Ryghaug Marianne , Skjølsvold Tomas Moe 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter starts from the normative assumption that since pilot projects are key sites in the shaping of future societies, it is essential that they are conducted in an inclusive and democratic way. Building on key perspectives from STS, we focus on two aspects: First, we consider participation as an orchestrated and distributed phenomenon, highlighting the fact that the way actors participate in such innovation activities will be shaped by technologies, assumptions and the work of a series of actors related to pilot projects. Consequently, we also note how new forms of participation can be actively nurtured. Second, we explore the role of technologies in shaping material participation. Here, we explore how material traits might produce new forms of awareness, knowledge or literacy, and new practices or action, amounting to what we call energy citizenship.