bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and its formation reason analysis of adiabatic shear band produced by gear fracture
Authors: Zhiwei Zhang , Fan Wang , Sufen Liu , Yang Zhang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The formation and characteristics of adiabatic shear band during the fracture of gear assembly were studied. It shows that in the fracture process, the strain required by the adiabatic shear band can be achieved near the failure position of the gear, and thus the adiabatic shear band is generated. The distribution of the adiabatic shear band is discontinuous, and the angle with the gear is about 20 ° to 45 °. With the appearance of adiabatic shear band, a high strain rate is produced, and a lot of heat is produced in some areas. And because of the extremely fast speed, these heat can not be transferred in time, resulting in deformation, which leads to the fracture of gear assembly. At the same time, the critical strain and critical temperature are calculated.
Yang–Baxter maps, Darboux transformations, and linear approximations of refactorisation problems
Authors: Buchstaber V M , Igonin S , Konstantinou-Rizos S , Preobrazhenskaia M M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Yang–Baxter maps (YB maps) are set-theoretical solutions to the quantum Yang–Baxter equation. For a set X = Ω × V, where V is a vector space and Ω is regarded as a space of parameters, a linear parametric YB map is a YB map Y: X × X → X × X such that Y is linear with respect to V and one has πY = π for the projection π: X × X → Ω × Ω. These conditions are equivalent to certain parametric nonlinear algebraic relations for the components of Y. Such a map Y may be nonlinear with respect to parameters from Ω. We present general results on such maps, including the clarification of the structure of the algebraic relations that define them and several transformations which allow one to obtain new such maps from known ones. Also, methods for constructing such maps are described. In particular, developing an idea from (Konstantinou-Rizos and Mikhailov 2013 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.
46 425201), we demonstrate how to obtain linear parametric YB maps from nonlinear Darboux transformations of some Lax operators using linear approximations of matrix refactorisation problems corresponding to Darboux matrices. New linear parametric YB maps with nonlinear dependence on parameters are presented.
Weed Pixel Level Classification Based on Evolving Feature Selection on Local Binary Pattern With Shallow Network Classifier
Authors: Andy Lease Basil , Wong WK , Gopal L , Chiong W. R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes an evolving feature selection on a rotation-invariant Local Binary Pattern (LBP) with genetic algorithm (GA) and a non-linear classifier to perform pixel-wise classification on biomass pixels. Early true leaf growth of carrots and weeds consists of 60 images provided by a public benchmark Crop/Weed Field Image Dataset (CWFID) [1] was used. The GA encodes LBP feature parameters generated from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image slices as genome consisting of number of neighbours, radius, size of image slice, number of LBP combinations. LBP is a lightweight rotation invariant texture feature descriptor which encodes discriminative local texture information between crops and weeds. The study evaluated multiple ensemble models evolved by GA, where GA evolves the LBP feature parameter selection, and the number of LBP features as input variables used. The classifier can handle crop and weed overlaps, which are often present in commercial fields. Weeds often grow in close proximity and overlap crops and are similar in size, which adds complexity in discriminating them. Our experiments have shown that combinations with a back-propagation neural network with a symmetrical two hidden-layer network achieved the best classification accuracy when compared to other non-linear classifiers. By utilizing a single type of feature (LBP texture feature), our resulting Artificial Neural Network (ANN) ensemble classifier is able to achieve a classification accuracy of 83.5 %.
Influence of Azodicarbonamide on Physical and Mechanical Behaviours of Thermoplastic Blend
Authors: Chen Ruey Shan , Ahmad Sahrim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Foaming technology is promising in producing foamed materials which can offer benefits such as lowering the cost and weight of materials as well as their utility in many applications. In this study, the thermoplastic blend of recycled high density polyethylene and recycled polyethylene terephthalate was foamed with azodicarbonamide chemical foaming agent (CFA) at 0.5-2.0 phr. The blending of thermoplastic was carried out via extrusion and the foaming process occurred during hot/cold pressing. The cell morphology, density and mechanical properties were examined. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrograph showed that the thermoplastic blend foamed with 1.5 phr CFA had the cellular morphology structure with non-collapsed cells and better cell distribution. As the CFA content increased, the density of blend foams decreased accordingly. The minimum density was achieved at 1.00 g/cm3 for 2.0 phr ADC. Tensile and bending properties generally decreased with the content of CFA added. The impact strength of blend foams increased when the CFA added up to 1.0 phr and then reduced with further CFA content. It can be concluded that the fabricated foamed blend can give value added to the recycled polymers.
Analysis of Wind Energy Possibilities of Different Sites in India.
Authors: Sarmah P , Hussain M Z , Khan S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wind energy is one of the most cost effective renewable energy resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate wind energy potential at different sites in India from year 2008-2017 for six month basis (March to August). The average wind speed data for different sites indicates that the average wind speed for site Tiruchirappalli is highest. The normal probability plot shows that wind speed data are normally distributed except for the site Kolkata. Weibull cumulative probability plot shows that the higher probability of occurrence of wind energy was at higher average wind speed for each site. Weibull probability density function shows that the probability density function is minimum at higher average wind speed. It is also found that the scale parameter is an important parameter compare to shape parameter that affect wind speed. The analysis of power density shows that the average power density for site Tiruchirappalli is highest and lowest for site Agartala. The analysis also shows that higher wind energy possibility is in Tiruchirappalli followed by Coimbatore.
Investigation on the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for green synthesis of glycerol carbonate from crude glycerol
Authors: Lo P K , Leong S Y , Tan C Y 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present work demonstrates the utilization of ultrasonic-irradiation for synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) with direct use of crude glycerol (C.Gly) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). This transesterification reaction was catalysed by calcium oxide (CaO) and the effect of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification reaction was studied. In order to verify the contents of C.Gly, the C.Gly obtained from biodiesel production plant was characterized and the results showed that C.Gly consists of 71.21%w/w glycerol, 16.01%w/w of moisture, 7.10%w/w of methanol, 2.76%w/w of ash, 3.60 %w/w of soap and 10.02%w/w of matter organic non-glycerol (MONG). Subsequently, effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratios of reactants and catalyst loading on C.Gly conversion and GC yield have been investigated. The highest yield of GC (95.41%) was attained with 9 mol% of CaO catalyst loading, 3:1 molar ratio of (DMC:C.Gly) at 70 °C for 90 min. The yield of GC was observed to rise with all the reaction parameters till the optimum conditions obtained. Moreover, the yield of GC obtained from ultrasonic-assisted was compared with the conventional-heating method done in the previous study. It was noticeable that the yield of GC obtained via ultrasonic-assisted was found to be 51.44% better than conventional-heating transesterification. In conclusion, the production of GC via ultrasonic-assisted transesterification shows better feasibility than that of the conventional-heating method.
A laboratory investigation of the compaction properties of road sub-base stabilised with cement and latex copolymer.
Authors: Tan E H , Zahran E M M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The quality of road pavements is an important factor to ensure an acceptable level of service and safety to the road users. When flexible road pavements are to be constructed on weak sub-grade soils, it is often necessary to provide a stabilised sub-base to improve their relevant engineering properties. This paper presents the results and observations from a laboratory investigation evaluating the compaction properties of road sub-base stabilised with Type I cement (ordinary Portland cement) and styrene-butadiene latex copolymer. The proposed polymer contents were 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% and 2% and the proposed cement contents were 2%, 3% and 5%. The 2.5kg rammer compaction test was conducted on the gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL samples. It was found that the maximum dry densities (MDD) for the untreated soil samples were higher than the cement-polymer-treated soil samples, indicating that the MDD values decrease when cement and polymer are added. The MDD values for gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL treated with cement-polymer lied between 2Mg/m3+0.03Mg/m3 and 2.09Mg/m3+0.04Mg/m3 respectively. The optimum moisture contents for gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL treated with cement-polymer were maintained at 9%+0.5%. The air void lines for gravelly SAND and sandy GRAVEL lied between 7%+1% and 3%+1% respectively.
A study on the challenges of implementing green building concept in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Yong Lee Yee , Syaznie Ikqmal Azmi Muhd , Huei Lee Yeong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Malaysia is looking forward in achieving developed country status which drives several strategic plans in construction, as it plays a vital role in country’s economic growth and development. Construction Industry Transformation Programme (CITP) has been introduced to boost its performance with sustainable construction. However, most of the construction industry players are not involved in sustainable construction especially on green building concept and thus decelerating the development. Therefore, this study is conducted to identify the drivers and challenges faced by the construction industry players through questionnaire survey where the market demand from stakeholders is placed primarily in implementing green building. The findings showed that awareness and understanding of the stakeholders about green building concept are lacked due to unforeseen circumstances. Detail explanations or descriptions on the benefits and contributions from green building application are needed to be delivered to stakeholders. A framework is proposed for future implementation by improving the education and delivered information, as well as providing the mechanism of promoting the green building concept among the stakeholders.
External time-influencing risk factors in infrastructure soft soils projects
Authors: Low W W , Wong K S , Lee J L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Malaysian government has putting a lot of budget and resources in developing and upgrading infrastructure of the country. The covered area of an infrastructure project especially in a transportation project is quite significant compared to residential and commercial projects. As such, construction on soft soils is unavoidable and it increases uncertainties and risks in an infrastructure project. The current literature review showed that existing knowledge on risk assessment of infrastructure projects on soft soils is scarce. Hence, this research was focused on determining the critical time-influencing external risk factors during the construction phase. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the most critical external risks in infrastructure projects on soft soils. Research method was questionnaire survey. It is found that the five most critical risk factors were thick soft soil layer, high water content, high organic content, price changes (material & energy) and karstic cavity formation. While the five least critical risk factors were archaeological/habitant issue, lack of political support, protectionism, corruption and change in government/legislative/regulatory. In conclusion, soil condition and economic are critical determining the time performance in infrastructure projects on soft soils, while political risk contributes little impact on this aspect.
Biogenic synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Aloe barbadensis leaf latex extract
Authors: Jeevanandam Jaison , San Chan Yen , Jing Wong Yee , Siang Hii Yiik 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Biological methods are employed to yield less or non-toxic MgO nanoparticles to utilize them in biological applications. Among various biosynthesis approaches, plant extracts with phytochemicals, especially from leaves, are widely used to fabricate MgO nanoparticles, due to their high availability, rapid synthesis and ability to yield smaller stable nanoparticles. Aloe barbadensis is a succulent xerophytic plant with unique characteristics to withhold water in its leaf named parenchymal gel, which is protected by a chloroplast containing thick latex, to avoid transpiration in high temperature condition of the desert. These latex contains phytochemicals such as flavanol, quercetin, Kaempeferol, myricetin and fisetin, along with other common phytochemicals such as phenols and terpenoids, that are essential for nanoparticle formation. Further, these compounds also possess enhanced biological properties. Thus, the aim of the present study is to obtain crude phytochemical extracts from Aloe barbadensis latex and utilize them as reducing and stabilizing agent for the smaller MgO nanoparticle formation. In addition, the parameters which affect the formation of nanoparticles are identified and optimized to yield smaller MgO nanoparticles with phytochemicals as surface functional groups, to be beneficial in biomedical applications.
Aerodynamic Analysis of Active Trailing-Edge Flaps and Passive Surface Roughness on NACA 4412 Airfoil
Authors: Manickam Thanesh A/L , Roy Sukanta 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The focus of this study is to understand the effect of the flow control mechanism on NACA 4412 airfoil. Two configuration of flow control method is used in this investigation. The first configuration is, airfoil with only the trailing-edge flap. This is the active flow control method. The trailing-edge flap can be deflected to various angle accordingly. The second configuration is a combination of, active trailing-edge flap with a passive surface roughness at the leading-edge of the airfoil. The surface roughness is expected to reduce the flow separation at the leading-edge of the airfoil. This is expected to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil. Both configuration 1 and configuration 2 was simulated and the results compared with the base airfoil without any flow control mechanism. Based on the results, airfoil with configuration 1 performed better compared to the base airfoil. Airfoil with configuration 2, performed well but not better than the airfoil with configuration 1. Upon further analysis, key patterns emphasise airfoil with configuration 2 could perform better if the roughness element parameters further optimised. This airfoil to be used for wind turbine applications.
The Dynamic Simulation Model of Local Soybean Competitiveness Policy to Support the Soybean Price Stabilization
Authors: Nugraha I , Sutopo W , Hisjam M , Oktyajati N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fluctuations in soybean commodity prices become a crucial issue in Indonesia every year. In this study, it is proposed to conduct a research on the development of a dynamic simulation model for fulfilling the logistics of soybeans, which aims to look at the competitiveness of local soybeans and to support soybean price stability (case study: in Central Java Province). Researchers focus on examining the relationship between variables in the system for fulfilling soybean logistics in Central Java, namely food needs (demand), total soybean availability (supply) and soybean prices using a dynamic system framework. This study also aims to identify factors in increasing local soybean competitiveness towards meeting the needs of consumers with dynamic system simulations to increase local soybean competitiveness in the national market and stabilize soybean prices that can benefit both parties, namely producers and consumers. Based on simulation results, to look at the competitiveness of local soybeans and to support soybean price stability for the next 20 years using software powersim studio 10, the government needs to take action as follows: (1) Dummy monopoly bulog intervention in soybean import price and soybean producer prices; (2) Increasing soybean import tariffs 20%; (3) Increasing soybean local prices with predicting soybean price conditions.
The Selection of Lithium Battery raw Materials by Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainable
Authors: Sholichah AI , Hisjam M , Sutopo W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The development of technology is done to advance knowledge and simplify life, and to develop the issues that are around. The development of electric vehicles must be encouraged by the development of batteries used to run these vehicles. The batteries used are usually made from lithium, because it has a strong electrical shelf life, not easily damaged, fast charging power, and so forth. This study evaluates and selects the best raw materials for lithium batteries from three selected raw materials, namely Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Iron Phospate (LFP), and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), because these materials are often used to make good lithium batteries and have some things in common. The approach used to choose the right standard material by knowing the life cycle of each material. This life cycle consists of three elements namely environmental, social, and economic. An environmental approach to find out whether the material used will have an impact on the surrounding environment such as air, water pollution and so forth. An economic approach to find out which materials are more economical so as not to burden the company and consumers who use them. The social approach is carried out to find out information about the material has been known by the consumer related to applicable standards.
Performance Measurement in Supply Chain Using SCOR Model in The Lithium Battery Factory
Authors: Yuniaristanto  , Ikasari N , Sutopo W , Zakaria R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The research aim is to measure the performance of supply chain in the UNS Lithium Battery Factory using the SCOR model in order to determine an improvement plan for the company. The battery supply chain performance is measured using the SCOR model with following steps: (i) identifying supply chain performance metrics, (ii) validating metric level 1 as KPI, (iii) performance measurements using metrics level 1 and level 2 and (iv) normalization using Snorm de Boer formula. Based on the monitoring system of the performance indicators, the performance of reliability and cost is categorized in good while the performance of responsiveness, agility, and asset management efficiency is categorized average.
Framework to assess technology readiness of lithium-ion battery to fulfill the safety standard: IEC 62660-3:2016 (case study: smart lithium battery of UNS product)
Authors: Fachriansyah K , Fakhma F , Pujiyanto E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Electric vehicles are one of the ways to solve the problem of air. Electric vehicles have a very vital component which is the battery as a source of power for other components. The type of battery that has bes performance for electric vehicles is lithium-ion battery. Reliability and safety present significant challenges in lithium-ion batteries. Thus, lithium product standards are important to guarantee the quality of lithium battery products. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published a lithium battery standard product regulation in document IEC 62660-3:2016, that provide a basic level of safety test methodology and criteria with general versatility, serves a function in common primary testing of lithium-ion cells to be used in variety of battery systems. This paper aims to identify the technological readiness of Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) lithium-ion enterprise to fulfill the lithium battery product standards by modifying the Quality Functional Deployment (QFD). Several production processes in technoware and humanware are not compatible with lithium battery standard, but all production processes in infoware and orgaware are compatible with lithium battery standard.
Sound Energy Approach in The Use of LRAD as A Bird Deterrent Device in Sam Ratulangi Manado International Airport, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Basuki B , Palupi M R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To fulfil the airport safety requirements as stated in International Civil Aviation Organization document, ICAO 9137-3 AN part 3 – Airport Services Manual, Wildlife control and reduction, especially the bird stike control programme, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport is decided to apply the auditory method to control the birds in aerodrome area. Study on this need have been carried out using the sound energy approach, more specifically on inverse square law theory in free field. The theory said that by doubling the distance between the speaker and the sound level meter will decrease in sound pressure level of around 6 dB. From the field measurement results, the measured sound pressure level were 85 dB and 79 dB at the distance of 50 m and 100 m from the speaker. Both levels and distance were used in trials of repelling birds at 1600 Hz to 3150 Hz in frequencies. The use of long range acoustic device, LRAD speakers, that genereate 156 dB at a distance of 1 m in front of the speaker can effectively reach longer distances.
A Closed-loop Supply Chain Inventory Model Considering Limited Number of Remanufacturing Generation and Environmental Investigation
Authors: Jauhari W A , Septian R D , Laksono P W , Dwicahyani A R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study presents a mathematical inventory model in the Closed-loop Supply Chain (CLSC) system. We investigate a CLSC system that consists of a retailer, a manufacturer and a 3rd party collection dealer. The model aims to minimize the annual joint total inventory cost for the three parties and determine several decision variables, including number of shipments, manufacturer shipment lot size and number of remanufacturing generations. The number of remanufacturing generations is one of our concerns since we consider a type of product that could not be remanufactured in an unlimited number of time. Thus, how many times the product should be remanufactured becomes important. In this study, we also investigate the environmental impacts in term of carbon emissions, energy usage, as well as annual disposed items. The model can guide companies in the related industry to plan a system of CLSC inventory management with environmental considerations.