bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The associations of specific school- and individual-level characteristics with obesity among primary school children in Beijing, China
Authors: Cheng Lan , Li Qin , Hebestreit Antje , Song Yi , Wang Di , Cheng Yu , Wang Hai-Jun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:We aimed to investigate the associations between school-level characteristics and obesity among Chinese primary school children with consideration of individual-level characteristics.Design:This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015/2016. School-level characteristics were assessed using an interviewer-administered school questionnaire, and a ‘school-based obesity prevention index’ was further developed. Individual-level characteristics were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Objectively measured height and weight of students were collected, and obesity status was classified according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria for Asian children. Generalised linear mixed models were used to estimate the associations among the school- and individual-level characteristics and obesity of students.Setting:Thirty-seven primary schools from an urban and a rural district of Beijing, China.Participants:School staffs, 2201 students and their parents.Results:The school-based obesity prevention index involved the number of health professionals, availability of students’ health records, monitoring students’ nutrition status, frequency of health education activities, reporting achievements of obesity prevention activities to parents, duration of physical activity during school time and availability of playground equipment. The prevalence of obesity was lower in schools with the higher index value compared with that in schools with the lower index value (OR 0·56; 95 % CI 0·40, 0·79). Some individual-level characteristics were negatively associated with childhood obesity: liking sports, duration of screen time ≤2 h/d, perceived lower eating speed, parental non-overweight/obesity.Conclusions:Irrespective of individual-level characteristics, the specific school-level characteristics had a cumulative effect on obesity among Chinese primary school children. Further school-based obesity intervention should consider these characteristics simultaneously.
Lex Innocentium(697 AD): Adomnán of Iona – father of Westernjus in bello
Authors: Houlihan James W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article is concerned with an Irish law dating from 697 AD, calledLex Innocentiumor the Law of the Innocents. It is also known asCáin Adomnáin, being named after Adomnán (d. 704), ninth Abbot of Iona, who was responsible for its drafting and promulgation. The law was designed to offer legislative protection to women, children, clerics and other non-arms-bearing people, primarily, though not exclusively, in times of conflict. Today, the laws of war fall into two categories: those attempting to regulate when it is lawful or just to go to war, now calledjus ad bellum, and those attempting to limit the awful effects of war by stipulating how it should be properly conducted (for instance, in providing for non-combatant immunity), now calledjus in bello. By proscribing the killing and injuring of non-arms-bearing people,Lex Innocentiumis anin bellolaw, and by virtue of its being the first known such law, Adomnán, its author, is the father of Westernjus in bello.
Circumventing huge volume strain in alloy anodes of lithium batteries
Authors: Li Hongyi , Yamaguchi Takitaro , Matsumoto Shingo , Hoshikawa Hiroaki , Kumagai Toshiaki , Okamoto Norihiko L. , Ichitsubo Tetsu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSince the launch of lithium-ion batteries, elements (such as silicon, tin, or aluminum) that can be alloyed with lithium have been expected as anode materials, owing to larger capacity. However, their successful application has not been accomplished because of drastic structural degradation caused by cyclic large volume change during battery reactions. To prolong lifetime of alloy anodes, we must circumvent the huge volume strain accompanied by insertion/extraction of lithium. Here we report that by using aluminum-foil anodes, the volume expansion during lithiation can be confined to the normal direction to the foil and, consequently, the electrode cyclability can be markedly enhanced. Such a unidirectional volume-strain circumvention requires an appropriate hardness of the matrix and a certain tolerance to off-stoichiometry of the resulting intermetallic compound, which drive interdiffusion of matrix component and lithium along the normal-plane direction. This metallurgical concept would invoke a paradigm shift to future alloy-anode battery technologies.
Palliative Care in Dysphagia and Dementia
Authors: Smith Pamela A. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this clinical focus article is to discuss palliative care for patients with dysphagia who also have a comorbid condition of dementia. It reviews the nature of palliative care as encompassing important aspects of patient/resident choice and comfort, which are important regardless of the cognitive status of the patient or the terminal nature of the diagnosis. It provides a comparison of palliative care, hospice care, and rehabilitative care. It then discusses issues that are specific to dementia and dysphagia for patients who are approaching the end of life.

Conclusion
The philosophy of palliative care need not be limited to end-of-life cases in dysphagia management as considerations for comfort, and patient's wishes should always be part of care planning. Clinicians working with cognitively impaired patients at the end of life must be particularly sensitive to their communication efforts and be willing to work cooperatively with family members and other stakeholders in developing plans of care using shared decision making.
Diffusion of Radiodense Contrast Medium Following Perineural Injection of the Deep Branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve Using Two Different Techniques in Horses: an In Vivo Study
Authors: Cantatore Federica , Marcatili Marco , Pagliara Eleonora , Bertuglia Andrea , Withers Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objectives This article evaluates and compares the diffusion pattern of radiopaque contrast medium following perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve performed using two different techniques: weight-bearing or flexed.
Study Design This was an in vivo experimental study.
Methods Eight horses were enrolled. Perineural injection of the right and left deep branch lateral plantar nerves was performed with a weight-bearing or flexed technique, using radiopaque contrast medium (iohexol). Radiographic evaluation was performed after 5 (T5), 15 (T15) and 30 (T30) minutes. The diffusion of contrast medium was assessed independently by two blinded readers who analysed the extension of the main contrast medium bulk and the maximum diffusion of contrast medium in both proximal and distal directions. The effect of time and technique employed on contrast medium diffusion was assessed using two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures (p  ≤  0.05).
Results There was no significant difference in the diffusion of the contrast medium between the two techniques at T15. However, at T30 the weight-bearing technique resulted in a significantly increased diffusion in the proximal direction (p = 0.02). In one case, belonging to the weight-bearing group, contrast medium was identified within the tarsal sheath. There was no evidence of contrast medium in the tarsometatarsal joint of any horse, regardless of the technique used.
Conclusions The two techniques resulted in a similar diffusion at T15. However, the use of a weight-bearing technique resulted in a significant increase in proximal contrast medium diffusion 30 minutes after injection.
Evaluation of Film Thickness of Crown Disclosing Agents and Their Comparison with Cement Film Thickness after Final Cementation
Authors: Habib Syed Rashid , Ansari Abdul Sadekh , Bajunaid Salwa Omar , Alshahrani Abdullah , Javed Muhammad Qasim 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective Verification of the accuracy of crown fit before final cementation is imperative. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the film thickness of commonly used dental crown disclosing materials and their comparison with final cement thickness.
Materials
and Methods One hundred fifty provisional crowns (Protemp) were fabricated on standardized resin dies and divided into five groups (N = 150; n = 30) based on five disclosing agents: A = Fit-Checker auto-mix; B = Okklu-top; C = Express; D = Fit-Checker hand-mix; E = Coltene PSI, and Final cement = Relyx U200. Crowns were loaded with test materials, tried over dies under load (50N), and later cemented under same load. Film thickness (µm) was recorded between crown margin and the finish line of die after loading with test material and final cementation using a digital microscope.
Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Tukey’s and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).
Results Significant variations were found between the film thicknesses of the five disclosing agents (p = 0.019). Group-A showed the lowest (131.67 ± 101.10 μm), while group-B (295.00 ± 263.88 μm) showed the highest film thickness (p = 0.011). Film thicknesses after cementation were similar for groups (p = 0.957). Significant difference was observed for group-B disclosing agent versus final cement (p = 0.010). The lowest mean difference between the film thicknesses of the disclosing agent and final cementation of 13.1 μm was revealed for group-A.
Conclusions Variations in the film thicknesses of the tested disclosing agents were found. Fit-Checker auto-mix was found with minimal film thickness and satisfied the requirements as the disclosing agent, while Okklu-top aerosol spray did not.
Fatal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage due to Intravascular Adrenaline Absorption
Authors: Bansal Sonia , Rao Ganne S. Umamaheswara , Syeda Seham , Surve Rohini M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVasoconstrictors are commonly administered with local anesthetics (LAs) to decrease intraoperative bleeding. However, inadvertent systemic absorption of adrenaline is not uncommon and is associated with significant hemodynamic consequences and arrhythmias, which are usually inconsequential. We report a case of suspected intravascular adrenaline absorption in a 1-year-old girl with craniosynostosis, which led to subarachnoid hemorrhage, herniation, and death.
Mood alternations in the history of German
Authors: Abraham Werner 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Non-veridicality is at the heart of more than just the verbal subjunctive. The main distinction we drew is the free application of the subjunctive and the non-veridical mood in dependent sentences. Greek and the Romance languages are among the representatives of this syntactic-semantic design of the subjunctive in syntactic dependency. While this was the case in past periods of German, the use of the subjunctive in dependent sentences and in free occurrence came to enact chains of indirect and reported speech. Colloquial modern German uses the subjunctive as an expression of non-veridicality no longer as an instantiation of mood, but of attitude, of illocutionary Force (in Rizzi’s CP-expansion). Two questions are addressed: (1) How are nonverbal categories related to mood; (2) What has triggered the diachronic loss of epistemic expression in colloquial German.
Use-conditional expressions and nonlocal interpretation
Authors: Basso Renato Miguel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We investigate a Brazilian Portuguese (BrP) structure composed of an expressive item (EI), such as [essa droga de DP]; schematically [DP EI of DP]. The EI ‘droga’ in ‘Eu arrumei essa droga de carro’ (“I fixed this damn car”) does not usually have ‘carro’ (“car”) as its argument, but the whole sentence and expresses an attitude of the speaker towards the content of the proposition – s/he is not happy with the fact that s/he had to fix the car or that it broke. We claim that the EI in this structure can have scope only over the constituent in which it appears or over a CP or DP which occurs above it, based on Gutzmann’s (2015, 2019) theoretical framework.
Brazilian double subjects and sentence structure
Authors: Quarezemin Sandra 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This research investigates syntactic, semantic, and prosodic evidence of double subject sentences in Brazilian Portuguese. The paper verifies whether (i) such constructions can be analyzed as left dislocation; (ii) the pre-verbal subject behaves as a topic; (iii) the subject has the same behavior as the dislocated object with the resumption of the pronoun; (iv) the resumptive pronoun that resumes the pre-verbal subject is a clitic (a nucleus, weak pronoun) or a strong pronoun, filling the position of specifier. Cartography is the theoretical background (Rizzi 1997, 2001; Cardinaletti 1997, 2004; Rizzi & Shlonsky 2006, 2007). The paper concludes that there are two distinct sentence structures in BP: a left dislocated topic, and a simple double subject.
Wh-questions in Brazilian Portuguese and Quebec French
Authors: Kato Mary Aizawa 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this paper I propose (a) that Brazilian Portuguese and Quebec French underwent a very similar diachronic development of wh-questions; (b) that the great structural change in both languages was the loss of long wh-movement with the appearance of a short wh-movement to a position of Focus left-adjacent to vP. This change also affected cleft sentences, turning inverse clefts into canonic clefts. The other variants resulted from phonological reduction and do not constitute syntactic “doublets”, but stylistic ones.
Some low ellipses in Portuguese
Authors: Lopes Ruth E.V. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The paper aims to offer an analysis for the anaphoric null objects found in Brazilian Portuguese as a case of ellipsis. This was first proposed by Cyrino (1994) solely based on the fact that such null elements exhibit strict and sloppy readings, a test not considered trustworthy as a diagnosis for ellipses (see Merchant 2013a; a.o.). We will thus test them based on Jackendoff’s (1971) tests for VP-ellipsis, showing, however, that null objects cannot be subsumed under VP-ellipsis. A phase-based analysis for both cases of ellipsis will be proposed.
Offering a phase-based analysis not only contributes to the understanding of what can be a phase but also accommodates the facts examined in BP as well as its differences with EP.
Brazilian bare nouns in quantity judgments
Authors: Pires De Oliveira Roberta , Beviláqua Kayron 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The chapter reports the results of applying quantity judgment tests to bare nouns in Brazilian Portuguese. The results show that the bare singular and sentences with no nouns (no cues to atomicity, as argued in Scontras et al. 2017) behave alike, in contrast with plural nouns. Brazilian bare singulars allow for cardinal and volume readings. We show that this is explained by the fact that they carry no linguistic cues to atomicity. Finally, we argue that the difference between English and Brazilian Portuguese may be explained by Chierchia’s (2010, 2014) nominal parameter: English is a predicate language, whereas Brazilian Portuguese is a kind language. The conclusion explores some consequences of this semantic parameter.
Neonatal hyperglycemia in a preterm infant managed with a subcutaneous insulin pump
Authors: Muzzy Williamson Julia D , Thurlow Brenda , Mohamed Mohamed W , Yokom Dacotah , Casas Luis 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Successful use of a subcutaneous insulin pump to administer regular insulin to a preterm infant with neonatal hyperglycemia is described.

Summary
A 520-g female infant born at 23 weeks’ gestational age via caesarian section was noted to have elevated blood glucose concentrations ranging up to 180 mg/dL (in SI units, 10 mmol/L) on day of life (DOL) 3 and peaking on DOL 9 at 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) despite conservative glucose infusion rates. Continuous infusion of regular insulin was begun on DOL 8 and continued through DOL 44, with an average insulin infusion rate of 0.08 units/kg/h. The patient experienced blood glucose concentration lability due to multiple factors, resulting in the need for frequent and routine blood glucose concentration monitoring to minimize hypoglycemia events. On DOL 44, a subcutaneous insulin pump was placed and used to provide diluted regular insulin (25 units/mL). After 1 week, the patient’s blood glucose concentration normalized, which led to a reduction in the frequency of glucose monitoring. After 3 weeks, insulin pump use was discontinued. The patient remained euglycemic thereafter.

Conclusion
The use of an insulin pump resulted in decreased blood glucose checks, discontinuation of central line access, and overall better patient care.
Serpentine: a flexible 2D binning method for differential Hi-C analysis
Authors: Baudry Lyam , Millot Gaël A , Thierry Agnes , Koszul Romain , Scolari Vittore F 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Hi-C contact maps reflect the relative contact frequencies between pairs of genomic loci, quantified through deep sequencing. Differential analyses of these maps enable downstream biological interpretations. However, the multi-fractal nature of the chromatin polymer inside the cellular envelope results in contact frequency values spanning several orders of magnitude: contacts between loci pairs separated by large genomic distances are much sparser than closer pairs. The same is true for poorly covered regions, such as repeated sequences. Both distant and poorly covered regions translate into low signal-to-noise ratios. There is no clear consensus to address this limitation.

Results
We present Serpentine, a fast, flexible procedure operating on raw data, which considers the contacts in each region of a contact map. Binning is performed only when necessary on noisy regions, preserving informative ones. This results in high-quality, low-noise contact maps that can be conveniently visualized for rigorous comparative analyses.

Availability and implementation
Serpentine is available on the PyPI repository and https://github.com/koszullab/serpentine; documentation and tutorials are provided at https://serpentine.readthedocs.io/en/latest/.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Regional Emergence ofCandida aurisin Chicago and Lessons Learned From Intensive Follow-up at 1 Ventilator-Capable Skilled Nursing Facility
Authors: Pacilli Massimo , Kerins Janna L , Clegg Whitney J , Walblay Kelly A , Adil Hira , Kemble Sarah K , Xydis Shannon , McPherson Tristan D , Lin Michael Y , Hayden Mary K , Froilan Mary Carl , Soda Elizabeth , Tang Angela S , Valley Ann , Forsberg Kaitlin , Gable Paige , Moulton-Meissner Heather , Sexton D Joseph , Jacobs Slifka Kara M , Vallabhaneni Snigdha , Walters Maroya Spalding , Black Stephanie R 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundSince the identification of the first 2 Candida auris cases in Chicago, Illinois, in 2016, ongoing spread has been documented in the Chicago area. We describe C. auris emergence in high-acuity, long-term healthcare facilities and present a case study of public health response to C. auris and carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) at one ventilator-capable skilled nursing facility (vSNF-A).MethodsWe performed point prevalence surveys (PPSs) to identify patients colonized with C. auris and infection-control (IC) assessments and provided ongoing support for IC improvements in Illinois acute- and long-term care facilities during August 2016–December 2018. During 2018, we initiated a focused effort at vSNF-A and conducted 7 C. auris PPSs; during 4 PPSs, we also performed CPO screening and environmental sampling.ResultsDuring August 2016–December 2018 in Illinois, 490 individuals were found to be colonized or infected with C. auris. PPSs identified the highest prevalence of C. auris colonization in vSNF settings (prevalence, 23–71%). IC assessments in multiple vSNFs identified common challenges in core IC practices. Repeat PPSs at vSNF-A in 2018 identified increasing C. auris prevalence from 43% to 71%. Most residents screened during multiple PPSs remained persistently colonized with C. auris. Among 191 environmental samples collected, 39% were positive for C. auris, including samples from bedrails, windowsills, and shared patient-care items.ConclusionsHigh burden in vSNFs along with persistent colonization of residents and environmental contamination point to the need for prioritizing IC interventions to control the spread of C. auris and CPOs.
Burden of Norovirus in the United States, as Estimated Based on Administrative Data: Updates for Medically Attended Illness and Mortality, 2001–2015
Authors: Burke Rachel M , Mattison Claire P , Pindyck Talia , Dahl Rebecca M , Rudd Jessica , Bi Daoling , Curns Aaron T , Parashar Umesh , Hall Aron J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Up-to-date estimates of the burden of norovirus, a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in the United States, are needed to assess the potential value of norovirus vaccines in development. We aimed to estimate the rates, annual counts, and healthcare charges of norovirus-associated ambulatory clinic encounters, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States.

Methods
We analyzed administrative data on AGE outcomes from 1 July 2001 through 30 June 2015. Data were sourced from IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases (ambulatory clinic and ED visits), the Healthcare Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample (hospitalizations), and the National Center for Health Statistics multiple-cause-of-mortality data (deaths). Outcome data (ambulatory clinic and ED visits, hospitalizations, or deaths) were summarized by month, age group, and setting. Healthcare charges were estimated based on insurance claims. Monthly counts of cause-unspecified gastroenteritis-associated outcomes were modeled as functions of cause-specified outcomes, and model residuals were analyzed to estimate norovirus-associated outcomes. Healthcare charges were estimated by applying average charges per cause-unspecified gastroenteritis encounter to the estimated number of norovirus encounters.

Results
We estimate 900 deaths (95% confidence interval [CI], 650–1100), 109 000 hospitalizations (95% CI, 80 000–145 000), 465 000 ED visits (95% CI, 348 000–610 000), and 2.3 million ambulatory clinic encounters (95% CI, 1.7–2.9 million) annually due to norovirus, with an associated $430–$740 million in healthcare charges.

Conclusions
Norovirus causes a substantial health burden in the United States each year, and an effective vaccine could have important public health impact.