bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discordant Voices
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Heywood’s most abrasive and experimental interlude, which sets a corrupt Pardoner against an enigmatic, elusive Friar in violent dispute over which of them merits alms from the audience. Rather than being merely a disorienting theatrical tour de force, in which both speakers are instructed to preach ‘even at the same time’, the chapter argues that the interlude was prompted by a specific act of bloody sacrilege committed by two priests in 1532. It suggests both the dramaturgical daring and subtlety of the interlude, and its capacity to reflect, powerfully, on the shocking implications of the priests’ violence, and the wider confessional rancour between the clergy and their critics in London in the period.
The Significance of Heywood’s Interludes
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks back over the previous seven chapters, drawing together a synoptic account of the nature and significance of Heywood’s distinct and coherent body of dramatic compositions. It argues for the formal innovation of the Heywoodian interlude, which draws its inspiration equally from the humanist dialogue, the Erasmian colloquy, Chaucerian satire, and farce, creating in the process a form like no drama before or since. It offers a nuanced account of the cultural work to which Heywood put these plays in troubled times, suggesting that they allowed him, in the spirit of the classical satirist Lucian, to talk about a number of otherwise taboo subjects before audiences in the royal court, the More–Rastell family circle, and the Inns of Court, who would otherwise not have had the licence to acknowledge the novelty, internal contradictions, and frequent absurdities of developments in Church and State.
New Forms, New Challenges
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Heywood’s songs have generally been seen by literary scholars as essentially harmless evocations of joie de vivre. This chapter looks afresh at their insistent evocation of good-will and harmony, and their rejection of malice, reading them in the light of the repressive legislation of 1533–34, which defined all opposition to the Royal Supremacy or Henry VIII’s second marriage as malicious acts of treason. It also examines the interrogation and trial of Thomas More, and More’s use of good-will as a specific defence against the charge of ‘malicious’ treason. In this context, Heywood’s songs become more pointed and political, an attempt to present himself, and the group of Catholic singing men around St Paul’s cathedral, as innocent of treason, part of a community bound together by values of loyalty, conviviality, and traditional good works of charity and hospitality in the face of increasing pressure on such things from outside.
The Accession of Mary Tudor
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
When Edward VI died, Mary Tudor’s chances of merely retaining her freedom, let alone of succeeding her brother on the throne, seemed slim. Her survival and eventual triumph over her enemies must have seemed to her supporters, as it later seemed to Cardinal Reginald Pole preaching to the Lords and Commons in Westminster, clearly providential. Heywood’s response to the accession of his former patron Mary Tudor is the subject of this chapter, which examines accounts of his oration at her coronation and the ballad he wrote to celebrate her marriage to Prince Philip of Spain, the future king Philip I. It suggests the web of delicate irony that the playwright spins in the ballad to place Philip as distinctly ‘second’ to Mary in status and significance, thus supporting the queen’s attempts to counter fears that she would be political subservient to her powerful foreign spouse.
Susceptibility in Development
Authors: Jakimow Tanya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Susceptibility in Development offers a novel approach to understanding power in development through theories of affect and emotion. Development agents—people tasked with designing or delivering development—are susceptible to being affected in ways that may derail or threaten their ‘sense of self’. This susceptibility is in direct relation to the capacity of others to affect development agents: an overlooked form of power. This book proposes a new analytical framework—the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected—to enable new readings of power relations and their consequences for development. These barely perceptible forms of power become visible through ethnographic attention to local level development. Susceptibility in Development offers a comparative ethnography of two types of local development agents: volunteers in a community development programme in Medan, Indonesia, and women municipal councillors in Dehradun, India. Ethnographic accounts that are attentive to the emotions and affects engendered in encounters between volunteers and ‘beneficiaries’, or municipal councillors and voters (for example) provide a fresh reading of the relations shaping local development. Local development agents may be more ‘susceptible’ than workers and volunteers from the global North, yet the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected orders relations and shapes outcomes of development from the local to the global. In theorizing from the local, Susceptibility in Development offers fresh insights into power dynamics in development.
Conclusion
Authors: Jakimow Tanya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A more ethical and just development practice requires a full account of the various forms of power operational in development terrains. This chapter revisits the ways the capacity/susceptibility to affect and be affected operates at the three levels explored in the book: the self, collective conditions, and encounters. It proposes ‘vulnerability’, an intentional practice of being open and responsive to the other, as a means to transform unequal and top-down power relations within development. It further argues for attention to the unevenness of the burden of susceptibility within development.
Anti-Reductionism and Expected Trust
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the prospects of using anti-reductionism in the epistemology of testimony to establish that speakers are entitled to expect to be presumed trustworthy when they testify. If it exists, such a connection between the epistemology of testimony and the interpersonal normativity of (epistemic) trust would be of great interest. In addition, such a connection would suggest that the interpersonal and epistemic dimensions of conversational pressure are more intimately linked than the author has so far acknowledged. After proposing what he regards as the best attempt at arguing from the epistemological claim to the interpersonal claim, the author concludes that its prospects for success depend on an epistemological assumption that has not yet been discussed in this connection. The guess is that this will come as an unpleasant surprise to those who find themselves sympathetic to the idea of arguing from the one to the other.
Conversational Silence
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues for a distinctive kind of conversational pressure bearing distinctly on audiences to a mutually observed statement or assertion: the normative pressure to signal when one disagrees. The argument for this conclusion appeals to two main claims: first, that conversational participants are entitled to expect cooperation from other participants; and second, that silent rejection of a public statement is marked as uncooperative. The result is that conversational participants are (presumptively but defeasibly) entitled to expect no silent rejection of a mutually observed statement, and this expectation gives participants a (practical) reason to indicate any disagreement or doubts when they observe such a statement. This argument avoids objections levelled against Pettit’s account of the significance of conversational silence. The chapter concludes by addressing the variety of contexts in which the entitlement to expect no silent rejection is itself defeated (including but not limited to conditions of oppression or ‘silencing’).
Silence Misinterpreted
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In conversations that take place under conditions of oppression, an audience’s silence typically reflects many things other than acceptance. This chapter argues that this point can be accommodated by an account that postulates a prima facie entitlement to regard another’s silence as indicating acceptance. What is more, the postulation of a prima facie entitlement (as part of our conversational practices) can be defended in two ways. First, the entitlement itself is part of the best explanation of the pervasiveness of the oppression, as well as of the nature of the wrongs of silencing that such oppression brings in its wake. Second, the entitlement is part of the solution to the problem of silencing itself: though the costs of silencing are disproportionately (and unfairly) borne by those who are silenced, these costs affect all of us; and the best way to address the problem involves seeing its source in (a misapplication of) the normative features of our conversational practices themselves.
Great War Prostheses in American Literature and Culture
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Drawing on rehabilitation publications, novels by both famous and lesser-known American writers, and even the prosthetic masks of a classically trained sculptor, Great War Prostheses in American Literature and Culture addresses the ways in which prosthetic devices were designed, promoted, and depicted in America in the years during and after the First World War. The war’s mechanized weaponry ushered in an entirely new relationship between organic bodies and the technology that could both cause and attempt to remedy hideous injuries. This relationship was evident in the realm of prosthetic development, which by the second decade of the twentieth century promoted the belief that a prosthesis should be a spiritual extension of the person who possessed it. This spiritualized vision of prostheses held a particular resonance in American postwar culture. Relying on some of the most recent developments in literary and disability studies, the book’s six chapters explain how a prosthesis’s spiritual promise was largely dependent on its ability to nullify an injury and help an amputee renew (or even improve upon) his prewar life. But if it proved too cumbersome, obtrusive, or painful, the device had the long-lasting power to efface or distort his “spirit” or personality.
History and Morality
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Against majority opinion within his profession, Donald Bloxham argues that it is legitimate, often unavoidable, and frequently important for historians to make value judgements about the past. History and Morality draws on a wide range of historical examples, and its author’s insights as a practising historian. Examining concepts like impartiality, neutrality, contextualization, and the use and abuse of the idea of the past as a foreign country, Bloxham’s book investigates how the discipline has got to the point where what is preached can be so inconsistent with what is practised. It illuminates how far tacit moral judgements infuse works of history, and how strange those histories would look if the judgements were removed. Bloxham argues that rather than trying to eradicate all judgemental elements from their work historians need to think more consistently about how, and with what justification, they make the judgements that they do. The importance of all this lies not just in the responsibilities that historians bear towards the past—responsibilities to take historical actors on those actors’ own terms and to portray the impact of those actors’ deeds—but also in the role of history as a source of identity, pride, and shame in the present. The account of moral thought in History and Morality has ramifications far beyond the activities of vocational historians.
Being True to Works of Music
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book argues that the so-called ‘authenticity debate’ about the performance of works of Western classical music has tended to focus on a side issue. While much has been written about the desirability (or otherwise) of historical authenticity—roughly, performing works as they would have been performed, under ideal conditions, in the era in which they were composed—the most fundamental norm governing our practice of work performance is, in fact, another kind of kind of authenticity altogether. This is interpretive authenticity: being faithful to the performed work by virtue of evincing a profound, far-reaching, or sophisticated understanding of it. While, in contrast to other performance values, both score compliance authenticity (being true to the work by obeying its score) and interpretive authenticity are valued for their own sake in performance, only the latter is a constitutive norm of the practice in the sense introduced by Christine Korsgaard. This has implications for cases in which the demands of these two kinds of authenticity conflict with each other. In cases of genuine such conflict, performers should sacrifice a little score compliance for the sake of making their performance more interpretively authentic.
Excuse without Exculpation
Authors: Sliwa Paulina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Can moral ignorance excuse? This chapter argues that philosophical debate of this question has been based on a mistaken assumption: namely that excuses are all-or-nothing affairs; to have an excuse is to be blameless. The chapter argues that we should reject this assumption. Excuses are not binary but gradable: they can be weaker or stronger, mitigating blame to greater or lesser extent. This chapter explores the notions of strength of excuses, blame mitigation and the relationship between excuses and moral responsibility. These ideas open up some principled middle-ground between the two positions staked out in the literature. Moral ignorance may well excuse but it does not exculpate.
Welfare and Rational Fit
Authors: Rosati Connie S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We commonly talk about what is good for someone or something. But the expression “good for” seems to refer to differing relations depending on the context of use. This chapter focuses on the welfarist good-for relation and undertakes to defend a particular view about the structure and nature of this good-for value. After discussing the basic structure of welfarist good-for, the chapter considers and critically assesses alternative views, including Moore’s eliminativist view, the “private ownership” view Wayne Sumner attributes to Moore, and both Donald Regan’s and Guy Fletcher’s (more recent) “locative analyses.” According to the rational fit theory of welfare defended herein, the welfarist good-for relation is a reason-giving relation of fit between a welfare object and a welfare subject, where a welfare subject is a valuable being.
Hybrid models of dislocations
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In a Volterra dislocation the relative displacement by the Burgers vector appears abruptly in the dislocation core so that the core has no width. This leads to divergent stresses and strains, which are unrealistic. Hybrid models correct this failure by considering a balance of forces that results in a finite core width, and finite stresses and strains throughout. Interatomic forces tend to constrict the core and elastic forces tend to widen it. The Frenkel-Kontorova model comprises two interacting linear chains of atoms as a representation of an edge dislocation, with linear springs between adjacent atoms of each chain. The Peierls-Nabarro model assumes the core is confined to two parallel atomic planes sandwiched between elastic continua. This model enables the stress to move the dislocation to be calculated, and it leads to the concept of dislocation kinks. These models highlight the role of atomic interactions in affecting ductility.
Pick the Winner, So You Can Then Choose the Reasons
Authors: Kreiner Kristian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studying architecture competitions from the perspective of valuation puts the formally designated valuators, i.e. the competition jury, into focus. The jury performs the dual task of evaluating the submitted design proposals and appointing the winner. Competitions are presumed to produce fair winners by first rating (evaluating) the design proposals and then ranking them (appointing the winner). Ethnographic studies of juries in action suggest that rating and ranking are performed, but in the reverse order. The winning design proposal sets the standards against which all proposals are understood and evaluated. This chapter develops the rationale for this counterintuitive, controversial practice. The nature of architectural design work and the jury’s task make the observed practice appear less a matter of choice than of necessity. Even when, occasionally, the practice becomes publicly known, picking the right winner seems more important than the legitimacy of the processes producing such winners.
Crowdsourcing Before the Smartphone
Authors: Payne Will 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Created by New York lawyers Tim and Nina Zagat in 1979, the Zagat Restaurant Survey brought computer-powered statistical methods and an avowedly egalitarian ideology to restaurant criticism. The Zagats synthesized numerical ratings and narrative reviews from amateur food lovers into paragraph-length listings, eventually selling millions of slim burgundy guidebooks annually for cities around the Global North. The Survey allowed a classed cohort of power users to shape urban environments with their collective judgments, meeting a widespread desire for more extensive information on upscale consumption spaces as the rhythms of professional and social life were changing drastically for highly educated workers. The Zagat Survey was both a class strategy by an emerging professional cohort to assert their dominance over the cultural and built environment in New York City, and a prototypical location-based service (LBS), pioneering many of the features assumed to be inherent to Web 2.0 networked applications.
What Are Digital Reputation Measures Worth?
Authors: Cardon Dominique 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The notion of digital reputation was a salient feature of the rise of social media during the period from 2005 to 2012. Supported by a convergent set of discourses, interests, and devices, the ambition that fueled the development of the social web was to reflect the circulation of influence by considering that each node of the social network (i.e. the “digital identities” that appear on Facebook, Twitter, or LinkedIn pages) had a different reputation and that these differences could be measured. The aim of this chapter is to review this promise ten years later. Reputation metrics have appeared so contextual, relational, and manipulable that it has not been possible to provide interpretive conventions that are sufficiently stable to coordinate and redefine activities. E-reputation is thus local and defies any standardization. When faced with the multiple uncertainties encountered by fragile reputation measures, service designers tend increasingly to neglect this mode of valuation in favor of popularity and personalized prediction.
Merit, Morality, and Market
Authors: Bach Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
China’s “Social Credit System” is an audacious national endeavor to collect, digitize, and share data on hundreds of millions of people to generate an automated system of rewards and punishment. Its spirit of social control and merit-based social organization shows how market-based systems of sorting, rewarding, and punishing consumers are being recombined with state-led attempts to organize society. This chapter asks what this experiment with social control tells us about the regimes of performance, valuation, and competition that this volume shows emerging in the West, and about China’s forty years of “Reform and Opening.” It examines how the Social Credit System emerged as a techno-utopian response to the interrelated challenges of productivity, trust, and population control, and how the state uses extensive policy experimentation to realize its goal of combining financial credit extension with social behavior modification in pursuit of the “right” balance between merit, morality, and the market.
Business Education and Anxiety in the Performance of Value
Authors: Muniesa Fabian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Business education epitomizes the cultural complex that situates performance (understood both as the intensification of valuation and as the spectacle of decision) at the center of social life. The experiential training technique known as the case method, famously recognizable as a Harvard Business School product, carries in particular a series of meanings that are central to the formation of the ideals of performance, adventure, effectiveness, and aplomb that distinguish business education today. It also conveys, however, elements of anxiety that are characteristic of the notion of the real that is actioned in such a setting. This hypothesis is explored here through an examination of early and contemporary aspects of the case method at the Harvard Business School, in particular in the financial valuation curriculum. It is suggested that the performative features of the case method, widely understood, concur with an exacerbation of the troubling aspects of the “performance complex.”
Organization of Genetic Variation
Authors: Hartl Daniel L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 deals with the manner in which genetic variation is organized in random-mating populations, including such basics as the Hardy–Weinberg principle, multiple alleles and DNA typing, and X-linkage. These are basic, elementary concepts that set the stage for later chapters. It also includes detailed examination of two-locus linkage disequilibrium (LD), measures of LD, and the levels of LD observed in natural populations. The chi-square test for goodness of fit is discussed, together with its interpretation, along with the basics of hypothesis testing including type I error (false positive), type II error (false negative), power, and the need to correct for multiple comparisons. Also discussed are LD due to population admixture and Wahlund’s principle.
Philosophy as a Way of Life
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces some of the guiding questions of the investigation, here drawing on Pierre Hadot’s text Philosophy as a Way of Life. These questions include: how should we understand the nature of spiritual goods? What is the relationship between a tradition’s world view and its conception of the well-lived human life? How should we conceive of the connection between the different vocabularies that can be used to describe progress in the spiritual life, for instance, those involving metaphysical and experiential categories? What epistemic conditions, if any, does a world view need to meet if it is to be capable of informing a spiritual ideal of life? And what is the contribution of tradition in shaping our understanding of the spiritual life? The key concept that runs through this volume is Thomas Aquinas’s notion of infused moral virtue, and this chapter also introduces this notion and considers its fruitfulness for addressing the second of these questions, concerning the relationship between world view and ideal of life. A contrast is drawn between Aquinas’s account of these matters, according to which some spiritual goods—the goods that are the object of the infused moral virtues—cannot be identified independently of reference to our theological or metaphysical context, and Hadot’s account, according to which ethical or spiritual ideals come first, and provide the basis for metaphysical commitments. We note some reasons for thinking that this distinction between the two authors should not be too sharply drawn.