bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of sentencing reform on racial and ethnic disparities in involvement with the criminal justice system: The case of California's proposition 47
Authors: Lofstrom Magnus , Martin Brandon , Raphael Steven 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe analyze the disparate effects of a recent California sentencing reform on the arrest, booking, and incarceration rates experienced by California residents from different racial and ethnic groups. In November 2014, California voters passed state Proposition 47 that redefined a series of felony and “wobbler” offenses (offenses that can be charged as either a felony or misdemeanor) as straight misdemeanors, causing an immediate 15% decline in total drug arrests, an approximate 20% decline in total property crime arrests, and shifts in the composition of arrests away from felonies towards misdemeanors. Using microdata on the universe of arrests in the state in conjunction with demographic data from the American Community Survey, we document a substantial narrowing in interracial differences in overall arrest rates and arrest rates by offense type, with very large declines in the interracial arrest rate gaps for felony drug offenses. We see declines in bookings rates for all groups (conditional on being arrested), though we find a larger decrease for white arrestees. This relatively greater decline for white arrests is largely explained by differences in the distribution of arrests across recorded offenses. Despite the widening of racial gaps in the conditional booking rate, we observe substantial declines in overall booked arrests that are larger for African Americans and Hispanics relative to Whites and Asians. For some offenses (felony drug offenses), interracial disparities in jail booking rates narrow by nearly half. Finally, we use data from the American Community Survey to analyze changes in the proportion incarcerated on any given day and how these changes vary by race and ethnicity. For these results, we present trends for the time period spanning the larger set of policy reforms that have been implemented in the state since 2011. We observe sizable declines in the overall incarceration rate for African Americans, with the largest declines observed for African American males. The one quarter decline in total correctional populations in the state coincided with sizable narrowing in interracial differences in incarceration rates.
Testing for disparities in traffic stops: Best practices from the Connecticut model
Authors: Ross Matthew B. , Kalinowski Jesse J. , Barone Kenneth 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConnecticut's novel approach to collecting and analyzing traffic stop data for evidence of disparate treatment is widely considered to be a model of best practice. Here, we provide an overview of Connecticut's framework, detail solutions to the canonical empirical challenges of analyzing traffic stop, and describe a data‐driven approach to early intervention. Unlike most jurisdictions that simply produce an annual traffic stop report, Connecticut has developed an ongoing system for identifying and mitigating disparity. Connecticut's framework for identifying significant disparities on an annual basis relies on the so‐called “preponderance of evidence” approach. Drawing from the cutting‐edge of the empirical social science literature, this approach applies several, as opposed to a single, rigorous empirical test of disparity. For departments identified as having a disparity, Connecticut has developed a process for intervening on an annual basis. In that process, policing administrators engage with researchers to conduct an empirical exploration into possible contributing factors and enforcement policies. In Connecticut, this approach has transformed what had once been a war of anecdotes into a constructive data‐driven conversation about policy. Variants of the Connecticut Model have recently been adopted by the State of Rhode Island, Oregon, and California. Connecticut's approach provides a useful model and policy framework for states and localities conducting disparity studies of police traffic stops.
Effects of structural attributes on the rheological properties of ice cream and melted ice cream
Authors: Freire Dieyckson O. , Wu Biqing , Hartel Richard W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough the ice phase greatly influences the properties of ice cream, other structural components also affect its rheological behavior, particularly after melting. In this study, mix viscosity (serum phase viscosity), extent of fat destabilization (FD), and overrun were manipulated to produce different microstructures. The effects of these structural components were evaluated on the rheological properties of the ice creams and melted ice creams. In oscillatory thermorheometry, mix viscosity and then overrun, influenced G’ and tanδ below −10 °C. When ice phase decreased (between −10 and −2.7 °C), mix viscosity had reduced effects, but continued to strongly affect G’ and tanδ, followed by FD, and with lower effects from overrun. When the ice phase was completely melted at 0 °C, FD had most influence on G’ and tanδ, followed by overrun, and with lower effects from mix viscosity. In creep/recovery test, six‐element model described well creep behavior of melted ice cream at 0 °C. Viscous behavior at lower shear rate (η0 0 °C) was most influenced by mix viscosity, followed by FD, and lower overrun effects. In stress growth measurement, transient behavior, represented by σY 0 °C, of melted matrix at 0 °C was most influenced by FD, followed by mix viscosity, with lower overrun effects. In flow ramp measurement, Hysteresis Area was most affected by mix viscosity, followed by overrun, and with lower FD effects. Moreover, correlation between Hyst 0 °C and tanδ Peak suggested that structure formation affected the magnitude of tanδ Peak. These results document the importance of microstructure on properties of melted ice cream.Practical ApplicationThe understanding of how structural components, such as mix viscosity, fat destabilization, and overrun, affect the ice cream matrix can help manufacturers to control its rheological behavior. The influence of these structural components on the G’, tanδ, η0 0 °C, σY 0 °C, and Hyst 0 °C can be also used to understand the structural rearrangements that occur in meltdown tests and sensory analyses for future studies. Therefore, elucidation of these mechanisms on the rheological properties can directly assist in quality control and new product development in the ice cream industry.
Characterization of the key aroma compounds in Yunnan goat milk cake using a sensory‐directed flavor analysis
Authors: Tian Huaixiang , Sun Xuefeng , Yu Haiyan , Ai Lianzhong , Chen Chen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo identify the key aroma compounds in Yunnan goat milk cake, seven varieties of milk cake samples were subjected to sensory analysis and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O), aroma recombination, omission, and addition tests. The GC‐MS results revealed 53 compounds with aroma characteristics in all the samples. A further comparison of odor activity values and aroma intensities (AI) revealed 25 of these compounds as the initial key aroma compounds. The contributions of these key aroma compounds to the sensory attributes were determined using a partial least squares regression. Of these compounds, 2‐heptanone and 2‐nonanone were closely related to the “milky” and “cheesy” attributes and were highly abundant in the samples from Kunming. Fatty acids, including butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid, were the most abundant compounds detected in the milk cakes. These fatty acids were closely related to the “rancid” and “animalic (goat)” attributes and were largely detected in the samples from Dali Dengchuan and Dali Xiaguan. Sensory‐directed aroma recombination, omission, and addition tests further validated the important contributions of ethyl butyrate, benzaldehyde, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐heptanone, hexanoic acid, and octanoic acid to the overall sensory properties. Moreover, ethyl butyrate, benzaldehyde, and 2‐heptanone, when added, had evident inhibitory or masking effects on the AI of “sour,” “rancid,” and “animalic (goat)” attributes.Practical ApplicationGoat milk cake is a popular acid‐curd cheese in Yunnan, China, however, our limited knowledge to its key aroma compounds restricts its development and industrial production. In this study, a sensory‐directed flavor analysis was used to characterized the key aroma compounds of Yunnan goat milk cake, which will help to enhance our understanding on the flavor profile of Yunnan goat milk cake and provide a reference for optimizing the flavor feature and organoleptic quality of this fresh goat cheese.
Novel 5‐point 18‐FDG‐PET/CT visual scoring system for assessing treatment response in patients with oesophageal or gastro‐oesophageal junction carcinoma
Authors: Cong Edward , Oar Andrew J , Lee Mark T , Chicco Andrew , Lin Michael , Yap June , Lin Peter , Ho Shon Ivan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic utility and reproducibility of a qualitative 5‐point 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐PET primary visual score (PVS) in patients with oesophageal and gastro‐oesophageal junction (GOJ) cancer.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of patients with histologically proven oesophageal or GOJ cancer who received curative intent therapy. Clinical, pathological and imaging data were extracted from electronic medical records. Patients were required to have pre‐treatment and post‐treatment FDG‐PET scans, that were evaluated with a 5‐point primary visual score (prePVS, postPVS). The changes in PVS (ΔPVS) were correlated with progression‐free survival and overall survival. Interobserver variability was assessed using Cohen's Kappa intraclass correlation and agreement.ResultsSixty‐seven patients were retrospectively identified. Two (3%), 36 (54%) and 29 (43%) of the patients had stage I, II and III disease respectively. Twenty‐five (37%) patients had squamous cell carcinoma. Thirty‐seven (55%) patients proceeded onto surgical resection. postPVS was associated with both PFS (P = 0.013) and OS (P = 0.0002). ΔPVS predicted for PFS (P = 0.002) and OS (P = 0.0003). When thresholds of response were considered, agreement was 80.6% (K = 0.78) and 74.6% (K = 0.69) for postPVS and ΔPVS respectively.ConclusionQualitative assessment of oesophageal and GOJ cancers utilising FDG‐PET is reproducible and may be able to prognosticate outcomes in patients undergoing treatment. Prospective validation is required.
Hypersensitive response: From NLR pathogen recognition to cell death response
Authors: Dalio Ronaldo J. D. , Paschoal Daniele , Arena Gabriella D. , Magalhães Diogo M. , Oliveira Tiago S. , Merfa Marcus V. , Maximo Heros J. , Machado Marcos A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA wide range of potentially plant pathogenic microorganisms are naturally present in the environment. Despite relying only on the innate immune system, plants are able to resist most of the pathogens. Plants employ a multi‐layered defence system in which the first layer triggers the basal resistance (pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity [PTI]). The second layer occurs when a resistance protein (R protein) that mostly encodes nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat receptors (NLRs) recognises an effector molecule secreted by an adapted pathogen, leading to effector‐triggered immunity (ETI), which triggers the hypersensitive response (HR). More recently, ETI was shown to restore and potentiate PTI signalling components, leading to a robust immune response. Multiple mechanisms of regulation are employed to guarantee proper HR activation. NLR proteins can interact between them and form a heel‐like pentamer that anchors to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, NLRs and other proteins can cooperate with NLRs to propagate the immune signalling. Downstream to the recognition of the pathogen by the plant, a rapid cellular response is initiated involving the generation of signalling events that precedes the HR. Here, we summarise the mechanisms involved in HR and highlight new advances in the knowledge of the immune system signalling. We also approach the role of HR threshold during infection by biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens and the impact in plant fitness and the community of pathogens found in the environment.
RNA sequencing‐based long non‐coding RNA analysis and immunoassay in ovarian endometriosis
Authors: Bi Jianlei , Wang Dandan , Cui Liangyi , Yang Qing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractProblemThe mechanism underlying endometriosis is currently unknown. However, studies have indicated that immunity plays an important role in endometriosis occurrence and development. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) do not encode proteins but participate in a variety of biological processes via different mechanisms. This study investigated differences in immune cells and immune‐related lncRNAs via high‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) analysis of ectopic and eutopic endometria with endometriosis.Method of studyRNA‐seq was performed in six pairs of ectopic and eutopic endometria samples, and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to verify the results of RNA‐seq for 30 pairs of samples. Different immune cell types were identified based on the RNA‐seq results, using ImmuCellAI. Immune‐related lncRNAs were obtained by analyzing immune‐related genes from the ImmPort Database and RNA‐seq results.ResultsA total of 952 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified, of which 446 were immune‐related. The ectopic and eutopic endometrium could easily be distinguished in the principal component analysis of immune‐related lncRNAs. Analysis of 24 immune cell types revealed the differential abundance of 13 types. Sixty immune‐related mRNAs were associated with the top 20 dysregulated immune‐related lncRNAs, 11 of which were transcripts of immune cell marker genes.ConclusionsOur data indicated that a variety of dysregulated lncRNAs were associated with immunity, and these may provide a basis for future immune‐related endometriosis research.
Correlation between apnea–hypopnea index and Tp‐Te interval, Tp‐Te/QT, and Tp‐Te/QTc ratios in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Karacop Erdem , Karacop Handan B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep disorder associated with important cardiovascular complications including ventricular arrhythmias. Tp‐Te interval, Tp‐Te/QT, and Tp‐Te/QTc ratios are repolarization indices representing ventricular arrhythmogenic potential. These parameters are associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between apnea–hypopnea index and Tp‐Te, Tp‐Te/QT, and Tp‐Te/QTc in OSA.MethodsWe screened a total of 280 patients who underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) between the years 2012–2017 at our institution. Patients were assigned into four groups based on severity of apnea–hypopnea index: 70 with apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) <5 (control group), 71 with 5 ≤ AHI < 15, 63 with 15 ≤ AHI < 30, and 76 with AHI ≥ 30. Tp‐Te, Tp‐Te/QT, and Tp‐Te/QTc were measured.ResultsCompared to control group, repolarization parameters were significantly prolonged in other groups (Tp‐Te interval: 68.3 ± 6.8, 71.8 ± 6.3, 79.1 ± 5.5, and 85.1 ± 6.4 ms, p < .001; Tp‐Te/QT ratio: 167.5 ± 12.7, 181.7 ± 13.0, 202.2 ± 10.0 and 219.4 ± 13.5, p < .001; Tp‐Te/QTc ratio: 151.1 ± 16.6, 167.6 ± 16.6, 193.7 ± 14.4, and 225.5 ± 17.0, p < .001). There was a significant trend toward higher Tp‐Te, Tp‐Te/QT, and Tp‐Te/QTc across higher AHI categories. In a univariate regression analysis, body mass index, smoking status, Tp‐Te, and Tp‐Te/QTc were significantly associated with the severity of AHI in OSA. Tp‐Te (OR 1.629, 95% CI 1.393–1.906, p < .001), Tp‐Te/QTc (OR 1,333 95% CI 1.247–1.424, p < .001), and smoking status (OR 5.771, 95% CI 1.025–32.479, p = .047) were found to be significant independent predictors of severity of AHI in a multivariate analysis, after adjusting for other risk parameters.ConclusionsOur study showed that Tp‐Te, Tp‐Te/QT, and Tp‐Te/QTc were prolonged in patients with OSA. There was significant correlation between apnea–hypopnea index and these parameters.
Used dental implant healing abutments elicit immune responses: A comparative analysis of detoxification strategies
Authors: Narvekar Aniruddh , Valverde Estepa Araceli , Naqvi Afsar , Nares Salvador 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeTo determine if healing abutments (HA) can be “decontaminated” using four strategies available in clinical settings and compare the detoxification efficacy by quantifying residual biomaterial and capacity to elicit an inflammatory response in‐vitro.Materials and methodsForty HA collected from subjects following intraoral use were randomly distributed into four test groups (A‐D): A: autoclave only, B: ultrasonic bath plus autoclave, C: prophy‐jet plus autoclave, and D: Scrub sponge plus autoclave. New, sterile HA: group E (Control). Residual protein concentration was determined by Micro BCA assay and stained with Phloxine B for macroscopic examination. HA were placed in human CD14+ monocyte derived‐macrophage (mo‐Mφ) cultures and supernatant collected at 4, 24, 48, and 5 days to analyze cytokine profiles using multiplex bead assay.ResultsTest groups showed visible differences in “decontamination” levels compared to control. Groups C and D showed most effective debris removal and lowest residual protein concentration. Multiplex assay showed marked induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by groups A and B and to a significantly lower level by groups C and D.ConclusionHA were not entirely “decontaminated” using common methods available relative to new, sterile HA and were capable of stimulating an immune response.
The role of nasal congestion as a defence against respiratory viruses
Authors: Eccles Ronald 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis review discusses how nasal congestion may have benefits as a mechanism of defence against respiratory viruses.MethodsA literature research was conducted on respiratory viruses and nasal congestion, following a recently published review on how temperature sensitivity is important for the success of common respiratory viruses.ResultsThe literature reported that common respiratory viruses are temperature sensitive and replicate well at the cooler temperatures of the upper airways (32°C), but replication is restricted at body temperature (37°C). The amplitude of the phases of congestion and decongestion associated with the nasal cycle was increased on infection with respiratory viruses and this caused unilateral nasal congestion and obstruction. Nasal congestion and obstruction increase nasal mucosal temperature towards 37°C and therefore restricted the replication of respiratory viruses.ConclusionNasal congestion associated with the nasal cycle may act as a mechanism of respiratory defence against infection with respiratory viruses.
How irritant are n‐propanol and isopropanol? – A systematic review
Authors: Tasar Ramona , Wiegand Cornelia , Elsner Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe use of alcoholic‐based hand rubs (ABHRs) is an important tool for hand hygiene, especially in times of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Possible irritant effects of ABHR may prevent their use by persons at risk of infection.MethodsThis systematic review is based on a PubMed search of articles published between January 2000 and September 2019 in English and German, and a manual search, related to the irritation potential of alcohol‐based disinfectants restricted to n‐propanol (1‐propanol) and its structural isomer isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol, 2‐propanol).ResultsThe majority of the included studies show a low irritation potential of n‐propanol alone. However, recent studies provide evidence for significant barrier damage effects of repeated exposure to 60% n‐propanol in healthy, as well as atopic skin in vivo. The synergistic response of combined irritants, (ie, a combination of n‐propanol or isopropanol with detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate) is greater, compared with a quantitatively identical application of the same irritant alone.ConclusionWhile recent studies indicate a higher risk of skin irritation for n‐propanol and isopropanol than reported in the past, this risk still seems to be lower than that for frequent handwashing with detergents, as recommended by some to prevent COVID‐19 infections.
The impact of religiously tailored and ethically balanced education on intention for living organ donation among Muslim Americans
Authors: Padela Aasim I. , Duivenbode Rosie , Saunders Milda R. , Quinn Michael , Koh Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe tested the efficacy of religiously tailored and ethically balanced education upon living kidney organ donation intent among Muslim Americans. Pre‐post changes in participant stage of change, preparedness, and likelihood judged efficacy. Among 137 participants, mean stage of change toward donation appeared to improve (0.59; SD ± 1.07, P < .0001), as did the group's preparedness to make a donation decision (0.55; SD ± 0.86, P < .0001), and likelihood to donate a kidney (0.39; SD ± 0.85, P < .0001). Mean change in likelihood to encourage a loved one, a co‐worker, or a mosque community member with ESRD to seek a living donor also increased (0.22; SD ± 0.84, P = .0035, 0.23; SD ± 0.82, P = .0021, 0.33; SD ± 0.79, P < .0001 respectively). Multivariate ordered logistic regression models revealed that gains in biomedical knowledge regarding organ donation increased odds for positive change in preparedness (OR = 1.20; 95% CI 1.01‐1.41, P = .03), while increasing age associated with lower odds of positive change in stage of change (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96‐0.998, P = .03), and prior registration as an organ donor lowered odds for an increase in likelihood to donate a kidney (OR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.08‐0.60, P = .003). Our intervention appears to enhance living kidney donation‐related intent among Muslim Americans [Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT04443114].