bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrodeposited Inconel and Stellite like Coatings for Improved Corrosion Resistance in Biocombustors
Authors: Hall Timothy D , Vijapur Santosh H. , Wang Dan , Taylor E. J. , Inman Maria , Snyder Stephen , Brady Michael 
Published: February 2020

Biomass embodies tremendous potential as a renewable energy resource. According to the biomass thermal Energy Council (BTEC), biomass energy is renewable, carbon neutral, domestic and technologically mature. In addition, the low cost per BTU of wood chips and pellets relative to fossil fuels makes biomass an attractive thermal energy source. Furthermore, ~7% of global energy consumption comprises small-scale biomass combustion,[1] representing a tremendous market for technologies that facilitate enhanced biomass utilization. However, a major challenge associated with utilization of biomass is its combustion behavior. The moisture content, chemical composition, and combustion efficiency varies depending on the source of biomass. Small scale biomass combustors (Figure 1), which for cost reasons are often constructed of mild or low-alloy steels, during operation are subjected to corrosive environments that include alkali halides (borne, e.g., by fly ash particulates), mineral/halogen acids and water; as well as various others such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides. There is a need to create more efficient, longer lasting, cleaner, and cost effective cookstoves for use in burning biomaterials. The materials used for cokstoves must improve burning efficiency, must be able operate at higher temperatures, and should be low cost material systems to durably perform in the corrosive environments. Within this context, Faraday Technology is working on developing low cost and high value corrosion-resistant alloy coatings for existing bio-combustors or lower cost steels with the goal of increasing their functional lifetime, while reducing the component cost. The manufacturing process involves electrodeposition of binary/ternary/quaternary alloys consisting of [Ni/Co]-Cr-[Mo/Fe] onto a low cost substrate and subsequent accelerated high temperature corrosion evaluation. A wide array of electrolytes and processing parameters were evaluated in order to understand these effects on the deposit composition, structure, and high-temperature corrosion resistance properties towards the goal of developing an ideal alloy coating. Specifically, 60 wt% Ni – 40 wt% Cr (NiCr) binary and 25 wt% Ni – 20 wt% Cr – 55 wt% Co (NiCoCr) ternary alloy coatings demonstrated enhanced corrosion resistance when exposed to an aggressive environment (~700°C, 1000 hr, coating surface salted with ~3 mg/cm2 every 100 hours). When compared to the SS base material the NiCr and NiCoCr alloy coatings exhibited a 70% lower weight loss and 3.4 times lifetime improvement over its base material.

Acknowledgements: The financial support of DOE Contract No. DE-SC0013870 is acknowledged.
[1] Biomass Production Now 10 Percent of World Energy, http://www.realclearenergy.org/charticles/2013/09/26/biomass_production_now_10_percent_of_world_energy_107257.html. Accessed 12 Jan 2015.

Figure 1
Electrolytic Reduction of Cerium Oxide
Authors: Rodriguez David , Monreal Marisa , Jackson Matt , Weisbrod Kirk 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Since the early 2000s, when the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC, direct reduction) and the Ono-Suzuki (OS, indirect reduction) processes on titanium oxide were elucidated, several additional metal oxides (Zr, Ta, Cr, and Nb) have been reported to electrolytically reduce to their metallic state in molten CaCl2-CaO.1-3 However, the electrolytic reduction of cerium oxide has resulted in mixed degrees of success. As such, the goal of this study is to identify side reactions that occur that are parasitic to the overall reaction of producing cerium metal and correlate that to the composition of the salt. Previous reports indicate that the reaction pathway from CeO2 to Ce0 is not direct and includes side reactions that result in the formation of Ce2O3, CeOCl and CeCl3.3-5 Our efforts to use cyclic voltammetry to identify side reactions, which allowed for the determination of approximate concentrations of side reaction products as well as Ce0 produced as a result of electrolysis, will be presented.

Acknowledgements

For financial support of this work, we acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy through the LANL LDRD Program (Mission Foundations Research Project #20170558ER).

References

1 Chen, G. Z., Fray, D. J. & Farthing, T. W. Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride. Nature
407, 361-364 (2000).
2 Suzuki, R. O., Ono, K. & Teranuma, K. Calciothermic reduction of titanium oxide and in-situ electrolysis in molten CaCl2. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B
34, 287-295, (2003).
3 Claux, B., Serp, J. & Fouletier, J. Electrochemical reduction of cerium oxide into metal. Electrochimica Acta
56, 2771-2780, (2011).
4 Zhao, B. et al. Direct electrolytic preparation of cerium/nickel hydrogen storage alloy powder in molten salt. Journal of Alloys and Compounds
468, 379-385, (2009).
5 Castrillejo, Y., Bermejo, M. R., Pardo, R. & Martı́nez, A. M. Use of electrochemical techniques for the study of solubilization processes of cerium–oxide compounds and recovery of the metal from molten chlorides. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
522, 124-140, (2002).
(Invited) Optical Properties of All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Gregorkiewicz Tom 
Published: February 2020

All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbX3 NCs, X = Cl, Br, I) have attracted much attention recently due to their high photoluminescence quantum yields (50-90%) and narrow emission bands with wide tunability. They combine the advantages of perovskites and quantum dots creating an exceptional material for low-cost optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices. Conducting low-voltage electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) on individual NCs, we provide novel insights regarding three important aspects of their microscopic behavior: (i) we explicitly demonstrate the relation between NC size and shape with their bandgap, and that the effective coupling between proximal NCs causes band structure modifications [1]; (ii) the synthesis of CsPbX3 NCs inevitably yields simultaneous formation of other nanostructures, insulating Cs4PbBr6 nanohexagons and hybrid nanospheres [2]; and (iii) drop-casted NCs merge spontaneously at room conditions by seamless stitching of aligned NCs, it can be accelerated by humidity and mild-temperature treatments, while arrested with electron beam irradiation [3]. Further, by using high-resolution induced absorption and emission spectroscopies, we obtain detailed information on carrier dynamics in perovskite NCs [4], their water-resistant encapsulation [5], and on energy exchange within their ensembles [6]. Finally, we will also report on the on-going quest of carrier multiplication in these materials.
[1] J. Lin et al. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 7198.
[2] C. de Weerd et al. C 2017, 121, 19490.
[3] L. Gomez et al. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, under consideration.
[4] E. M. L. D. de Jong et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 1941.
[5] L. Gomez et al. Nanoscale 2017, 9, 631.
[6] C. de Weerd et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 13310.
Color Pure Green and Blue Electroluminescence Using Colloidal Quantum Confined Perovskites
Authors: Jagielski Jakub , Kumar Sudhir , Shih Chih-Jen 
Published: February 2020

Hybrid lead halide perovskites, described by a formula ABX3, recently emerged as a new class of semiconducting materials for various optoelectronic devices. Especially, colloidal perovskites exhibit numerous favorable properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), tunable bandgap, defect tolerance, high charge carrier mobility, large exciton binding energy (EB
), outstanding color purity (FWHM < 25 nm) and low cost of production, for high efficiency solution-processed light-emitting diodes (LEDs).[1] Analogously to conventional, inorganic quantum dots (QDs), quantum confinement effects could be observed upon forming colloidal perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) with thicknesses below ~10 unit cells (n < 10). Taking MAPbBr3 for example, we demonstrate a facile synthetic route to obtain monodisperse colloidal solutions of layered perovskites with precise control from n = 1 to n = 7-10 layers.[2] These layer controlled perovskite NPLs not only offer a color-tunable emission, but also enhance the EB
. The resultant high EB
is crucial to enable efficient radiative recombination of excitons. Most interestingly, our layer controlled NPLs also showed record high solid-state PLQYs (50-85%) for blue and green emission. With this approach we were able to demonstrate efficient pure-blue electroluminescence at room temperature using colloidal 2D perovskites. On the other hand, in order to meet the requirement for ultrapure green emission which targets the Rec.2020 recommendation, FAPbBr3 perovskite NPLs were utilized. Through dielectric quantum well (DQW) engineering high exciton binding energy of 162 mV was achieved which further resulted in superior PLQY value of 92%. The optimized active layer LEDs exhibited a maximum current efficiency of 13 cd/A but most importantly with its CIE 1931 color coordinates (0.168, 0.773) it represents the “greenest” LED ever reported.[3] Motivated by harsh market requirements, we were able to further improve the performance of ultrapure green device over 2-fold through compositional engineering. Using colloidal, ultrapure green emitting perovskite nanocrystals such result has never been reached so far. This opens an avenue towards low-cost and high-throughput production of solution-processed LEDs.
[1] J. Jagielski, S. Kumar, W.-Y. Yu, C.-J. Shih, Journal of Materials Chemistry C
2017, 5, 5610.
[2] S. Kumar, J. Jagielski, S. Yakunin, P. Rice, Y.-C. Chiu, M. Wang, G. Nedelcu, Y. Kim, S. Lin, E. J. G. Santos, M. V. Kovalenko, C.-J. Shih, ACS Nano
2016, 10, 9720.
[3] S. Kumar, J. Jagielski, N. Kallikounis, Y.-H. Kim, C. Wolf, F. Jenny, T. Tian, C. J. Hofer, Y.-C. Chiu, W. J. Stark, T.-W. Lee, C.-J. Shih, Nano Letters
2017, 17, 5277.
(Invited) Low Pressure and Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Interactions with Molten Metals and Liquid Droplets for Materials Processing
Authors: Sunkara Mahendra Kumar , Jaramillo-Cabanzo Daniel Felipe , Ajayi Babajide 
Published: February 2020

Several grand challenges in energy storage and conversion need the discovery functional materials that many agree will be composed of complex compositions and nanoscale materials such as nanowires. In this regard, plasma based materials processing has been shown to be promising for combinatorial techniques and scalable processing. For example, our group has shown that gentle plasma excitation of gas phase will allow the use of non-catalytic, low melting metals for catalyzing nanowire growth. Furthermore, the use of plasma oxidation of liquid precursors allows for creation of metastable complex oxide particles with compositional control. A number of examples will be discussed in which the above two techniques are currently being used for accelerating the development of a variety of catalysts including electrocatalysts and materials for storage applications.
This talk will highlight our efforts to understand the role of plasmas under two categories: (a) the synergistic effects hydrogen and nitrogen plasma interactions with molten metals; and (b) the oxygen plasma-liquid droplet interactions. To gain insights into these mechanisms we have studied the interaction of hydrogen and nitrogen plasmas with low melting point metals, primarily with gallium. Absorption/desorption experiments as well as theoretical-computational calculations were performed. Experiments have shown an increment of adsorbed gaseous species into the molten metal in the presence of plasmas; furthermore, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations suggest a strong interaction between atomic hydrogen and molten gallium that is described as a high absorption on the surface, rapid diffusion and a steady state concentration of the gas inside the bulk. In the case of oxygen plasma-liquid droplet interactions for creating complex oxides, the role of solvated electrons and oxygen radicals will be discussed.

Acknowledgements

Author acknowledge primary funding support from NSF Solar Project (DMS 1125909), NSF EPSCoR (1355438). Acknowledge with Dr. Miran Mozetic and Dr. Uros Cvelbar for helpful technical discussions regarding measurements. The presentation includes contributions from Dr. Maria Carreon who is currently at U. of Tulsa.
(Invited) Beyond the Highs and Lows: A Selectively Colorful Yet Chilly Perspective on the Future of Dielectrics in Nanoelectronic Devices
Authors: King Sean W. 
Published: February 2020

High-dielectric constant (high-k) gate oxides and low-dielectric constant (low-k) interlayer dielectrics (ILD) have dominated the nanoelectronic materials research scene over the past decade, but have recently reached a state of maturity and perhaps the limits of their scaling. Based on this, one may ponder the direction of nanoelectronic dielectric research and the future of the field. However, as we will clarify, the well has fortunately not yet run dry!
In this address, we seek to illustrate that high-k gate oxides and low-k ILDs represent just a small fraction of the numerous dielectric materials utilized in nanoelectronic products and that numerous new applications for dielectric materials are emerging as the industry transistions to novel patterning schemes and prepares for life post CMOS scaling. We will begin by briefly exploring the entirety of dielectric materials utilized in advanced nanoelectronic products with a particular focus on often ignored etch stopping, diffusion barrier, and passivation dielectrics and their more specialized requirements relative to high-k and low-k dielectrics. We will then transition to examining the various novel pitch division schemes being developed to cope with the delay of EUV lithography and the abundant new dielectric material applications these schemes create. We will specifically focus on the various new spacer and hard mask dielectrics that pitch division requires, their colorful selectivity requirements, and suggest future research needed to enable even more exotic patterning schemes.
We will further examine how what was once old can become new again and specifically explore how both high-k and low-k dielectrics are being utilized to fill the needs of future beyond CMOS devices. In particular, the application of high-k and low-k dielectrics in novel resistive switching, magnetic, and nano-electro-mechanical device and sensor applications will be surveyed along with the research needed to extend these materials into even more diverse applications. We will conclude by reviewing the unique obstacles that dielectric materials present for the realization of advanced cryogenic quantum computing architectures and the necessary associated research vectors to prevent dielectrics from becoming quantum computing’s Achilles heel.
(Invited) Reactions or No Reaction: Lithium Deposition on the Surface of Solid State Electrolyte
Authors: Xiao Jie , Wu Bingbin , Wang Shanyu , Lochala Joshua Andrew , Desrochers David , Yang Jihui 
Published: February 2020

Li metal anode has regained intensive interest in recent years in order to develop high energy next-generation battery technologies. Unfortunately, Li metal suffers from poor cycling stability and low efficiency as well as the formation of dangerous Li dendrites raising safety concerns. The employment of solid state electrolyte (SSE) to prevent Li dendrite growth provides a promising approach to address the dendrite issue. However, recent studies indicate that Li dendrites easily form at elevated current densities, while the fundamental mechanisms of forming Li dendrites within SSE is still unknown. This calls for further investigation to understand, and control the detrimental observation.
The origin and evolution of Li dendrite growth through SSE will be discussed in this talk by using two different SSE membranes, garnet and phosphate-type, as the separators. During cycling, Li is repeatedly deposited on SSE. Although a good SSE should not react with the deposited Li, the reactions between Li deposits and SSE generate a self-terminating interface, which stops the fast propagation of dendritic Li through the SSE membrane. New insights are provided on the further modification and/or incorporation of interfacial layers between SSE and Li metal to enable future solid state batteries.
Electrodeposited Transition Metal Oxides As Separate Electrodes for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries
Authors: Xiong Ming , Labbe Matthew , Li Na , Ivey Douglas G 
Published: February 2020

The rapid growth of renewable energy production requires an economical and efficient way to store and deliver the electricity. Electrically rechargeable Zinc-air batteries have gained revived interest among the various technologies available with their high theoretical energy density and low cost1. However, the large-scale industrial deployment of zinc-air batteries has been hampered by several problems, i.e., low round-trip energy efficiency and reduced cycling stability, both of which can be primarily attributed to the degradation of the air electrodes. Unlike conventional batteries like Li-ion, the charging and discharging processes for zinc-air batteries have different requirements for the electrodes. The discharge process is driven by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and requires an air electrode that is not flooded by the electrolyte. The charging process (oxygen evolution reaction, OER), on the other hand, is more favored when the electrode is submerged in the electrolyte. In addition, the ORR active sites at the electrode can be damaged by the oxidation potential of the OER process2. Therefore, a design with physically decoupled electrodes for discharge and charge can avoid these adverse effects. This approach also allows for more flexibility to optimize ORR and OER electrocatalysts individually.
In this study, ORR and OER active catalysts based on transition metal oxides are electrodeposited on different current collectors. The ORR catalyst is based on manganese oxides, while the OER catalyst is a cobalt-iron solid solution oxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that both catalysts are nanostructured with high surface areas for electrochemical reactions. Electrochemical tests show that the both catalysts have comparable or even better activity than their commercial Pt-Ru catalyst counterparts. The durability of the manganese oxide catalyst is significantly enhanced by using it exclusively for ORR instead of as an ORR-OER bifunctional catalyst. The catalysts were assembled into a zinc-air battery as decoupled electrodes for discharge and charge tests. Preliminary cell testing shows that the discharge-charge efficiency was around 59% at 10 mA/cm2 current density. Both electrodes demonstrate excellent stability after 50 hours of battery testing.

References

1. E. Davari and D.G. Ivey, Sustainable Energy & Fuels, in press, 29 proof pages, DOI: 10.1039/c7se00413c (2017).
2. Y. Li and J. Lu, ACS Energy Letters,
2 (6), 1370-1377 (2017).
New Approaches to Dynamic Windows Based on Metal Electrodeposition and Dissolution
Authors: Barile Christopher J. , Islam Shakirul M. , Juarez-Rolon Jose S. , Fini Christine , Hull Troy , Kessinger Riley , Preciado Kevin , Alcaraz Geoffrey Kirk A. 
Published: February 2020

Dynamic windows with electronically tunable transparency have applications in buildings, automobiles, and switchable sunglasses. By modulating solar lighting and heating flux, well-functioning dynamic windows improve the energy efficiency, comfort, and aesthetics of spaces. While most switchable windows utilize electrochromic materials, we have developed dynamic windows based on the reversible electrodeposition of metals. These windows possess clear-to-black transitions with ~80% optical contrast in 1 minute. 25 cm2 prototypes of these devices switch thousands of times without detectable deterioration.
The windows function through the electrochemical movement of metal between a transparent conducting working electrode and a counter electrode metal frame. To facilitate uniform electrodeposition over a large working electrode area, transparent conducting oxides are modified with a self-assembled monolayer of Pt nanoparticles, which serves as an inert metal seed layer for metal nucleation and improves electrodeposit morphology. An aqueous electrolyte separates the two electrodes and consists of Ag+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and/or Bi3+ ions. We investigated several electrodeposition chemistries and established relationships between electrolyte composition and device performance. In addition, by selecting appropriate electrolyte additives, we have constructed dynamic windows that switch reversibly at temperatures as low as -40°C without electrolyte freezing. Lastly, we consider how improvements in electrode design will increase the scalability and optical functionality of these devices.
Photograph of Mt. Rose, Nevada through a 25 cm2 dynamic window based on reversible metal electrodeposition as it switches in subfreezing weather:

Figure 1
ALD Al2O3 Coating of Self-Organized TiO2 Nanotubes As High Performance Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Djenizian Thierry , Macak Jan M. , Sopha Hanna , Salian Girish 
Published: February 2020

Alumina coatings produced by Atomic layer deposition (ALD) on electrode materials have been explored extensively. Alumina coatings generally, have been used as a protective layer for the suppression of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in various electrode materials.1 But its influence on increasing the electronic conductivity of the electrode material has not been explored. TiO2 nanotubes have been recently explored due to its low volume expansion, good capacity retention even at faster kinetics.2 The utilization of anodic TiO2 nanotube layers with uniform Al2O3 coatings of different thicknesses (prepared by atomic layer deposition, ALD) as new electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is reported. Electrodes with very thin Al2O3 coatings (~1 nm) show a superior electrochemical performance for the use in lithium ion batteries compared to uncoated TiO2 nanotube layers. A more than two times higher capacity is received on these coated TiO2 nanotube layers (~75 µAh/cm2 vs 200 µAh/cm2 at 1 C) as well as a higher rate capability and coulombic efficiency. Reasons for this can be attributed to a better diffusion of Li+ ions within the coated nanotube layers. However, thicker ALD Al2O3 coatings result in a passivation of the electrode surface and, therefore, in a capacity decrease. Fig. 1(a) shows the influence of alumina coating with different thickness on the capacity of the TiO2 nanotube layer. Fig.1(b) shows the long term cycling of the 1 nm alumina coated and the uncoated TiO2 nanotube layers at 1C. In this work, factors influencing the increase in capacity due to the alumina coating will be discussed using results from different electrochemical characterization methods. 3

References
(1) Jung, Y. S. et al, Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2172-2176.
(2) Ortiz, G. F. et al, Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 63-67.
(3) Sopha, H. et al, ACS Omega, 2, 2749 (2017)

Figure 1