bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Partisan Impact on Local Government Dissemination of COVID-19 Information: Assessing US County Government Websites
Authors: Hansen Michael A. , Johansson Isabelle , Sadowski Kalie , Blaszcynski Joseph , Meyer Sarah 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between local government dissemination of COVID-19 information and partisanship. The unit of analysis is all official county government websites in the United States. In particular, we investigate if there is a correlation between the overall partisanship of a county and whether a county government's website (1) mentions COVID-19 and (2) provides safety instructions concerning COVID-19. We hypothesize that mass partisanship will impact the probability that a county government's website provides information related to the coronavirus. We find that a larger share of Democratic voters in a county is associated with an increase in the probability that a county government's website mentions COVID-19 and provides safety instructions for its residents. The results hold even after controlling for population density, internet subscriptions and COVID-19 cases and deaths. The finding indicates that citizens’ access to information, even on matters of public health, are partially a consequence of partisanship.
Utilizing bycatch camera-trap data for broad-scale occupancy and conservation: a case study of the brown hyaenaParahyaena brunnea
Authors: Williams Kathryn S. , Pitman Ross T. , Mann Gareth K. H. , Whittington-Jones Gareth , Comley Jessica , Williams Samual T. , Hill Russell A. , Balme Guy A. , Parker Daniel M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWith human influences driving populations of apex predators into decline, more information is required on how factors affect species at national and global scales. However, camera-trap studies are seldom executed at a broad spatial scale. We demonstrate how uniting fine-scale studies and utilizing camera-trap data of non-target species is an effective approach for broadscale assessments through a case study of the brown hyaenaParahyaena brunnea. We collated camera-trap data from 25 protected and unprotected sites across South Africa into the largest detection/non-detection dataset collected on the brown hyaena, and investigated the influence of biological and anthropogenic factors on brown hyaena occupancy. Spatial autocorrelation had a significant effect on the data, and was corrected using a Bayesian Gibbs sampler. We show that brown hyaena occupancy is driven by specific co-occurring apex predator species and human disturbance. The relative abundance of spotted hyaenasCrocuta crocutaand people on foot had a negative effect on brown hyaena occupancy, whereas the relative abundance of leopardsPanthera pardusand vehicles had a positive influence. We estimated that brown hyaenas occur across 66% of the surveyed camera-trap station sites. Occupancy varied geographically, with lower estimates in eastern and southern South Africa. Our findings suggest that brown hyaena conservation is dependent upon a multi-species approach focussed on implementing conservation policies that better facilitate coexistence between people and hyaenas. We also validate the conservation value of pooling fine-scale datasets and utilizing bycatch data to examine species trends at broad spatial scales.
Phospholipid biomarkers in Mars-analogous soils of the Atacama Desert
Authors: Shen Jianxun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn Mars-analogous hyperarid soils of the Atacama Desert, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) as the main component of biomembrane play a role in reliably determining viable microbes. PLFA analyses illustrated a rise of the microbial abundance (from 5.0 × 106 to 4.2 × 107 cells g−1) and biodiversity (from 7 to 15 different individual PLFAs) from the north hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert to the southern arid region. Abundant cyclopropyl PLFAs (47.2 ± 4.6%) suggested the resistance to oligotrophic and hypersaline environments by Atacama microbial communities. The southernmost arid site had the highest proportion (8.7%) of eukaryotic and fungal lipid biomarkers. Different precipitations (ranging from 0.7 to 2 mm year−1) in the hyperarid core exerted different effects on microbial biomass, PLFA diversity, bacteria and microeukaryotes. By principal component analysis (cumulative 74.6% of variance), the dominance of PLFA hydroxylation was associated with the microbial viability; bacteria rich in C16:0, C18:0 and C16:1ω9 favoured higher soil conductivity and nitrate; and other PLFAs contributed more to the organic content. Additionally by comparing the ratios of PLFAs to well-preserved organics (e.g., mineral-bound organic carbon and microbial phosphorus), I found that the degradation of PLFAs decreased to a minimum when the mean annual precipitation is lower than 2 mm. These findings may further specify identifiable biomarkers on Mars, if potentially extant Martian microbes possess comparable phospholipid membrane structure.
Quenched Nitrogen-included Carbonaceous Composite (QNCC): A powerful candidate of the carriers of the UIR bands in classical novae
Authors: Endo Izumi , Sakon Itsuki , Onaka Takashi , Helton Andrew L. , Lau Ryan M. , Kimura Seiji , Wada Setsuko , Ogawa Nanako , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Kebukawa Yoko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe have succeeded in synthesizing organics, ‘Quenched Nitrogen-included Carbonaceous Composite (QNCC)’, via plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, whose infrared spectral properties reproduce the characteristics of the unidentified infrared (UIR) bands observed around classical novae. Past studies have shown that the UIR bands observed around novae appear somewhat differently from those observed in other astrophysical environment and are predominantly characterized by the presence of a broad 8μm feature. The remarkable similarity between the infrared properties of QNCC and the UIR bands in novae indicates that QNCC should be considered as a strong candidate of the carriers of the UIR bands in novae. Finally, we have started a space exposure experiment of QNCC aiming to explore the evolutional link between the QNCC and the insoluble organic molecule (IOM) in carbonaceous condrite and, thus, to infer the origins of organics in our solar system.
Laboratory evidence for the formation of hydrogenated fullerene molecules
Authors: Thrower J. D. , Pantazidis G. , Scheffler M. , Simonsen F. D. S. , Jensen P. A. , Hornekær L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExperimental evidence for the formation of hydrogenated fullerene molecules is presented. Films of C60 were grown on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (substrate) and exposed to a beam of deuterium atoms. Thermal desorption combined with mass spectrometry was used to determine the deuterated fullerene products formed, revealing a maximum degree of deuteration corresponding to C60D36. Release of D2 from the deuterated C60 film occurs at a much higher temperature than for D-saturated graphite.
Dust evolution: Going beyond the empirical
Authors: Ysard Nathalie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA key element when modeling dust in any astrophysical environment is a self-consistent treatment of the evolution of the dust material properties (size distribution, chemical composition and structure) as they react to and adjust to the local radiation field intensity and hardness and to the gas density and dynamics. The best way to achieve this goal is to anchore as many model parameters as possible to laboratory data. In this paper, I present two examples to illustrate how outstanding questions in dust modeling have been/are being moved forward by recent advances in laboratory astrophysics and what laboratory data are still needed to further advance dust evolution models.
Gas-dust chemistry of volatiles in the star and planetary system formation
Authors: Aikawa Yuri , Furuya Kenji 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe focus of this work is on two topics: (i) formation of complex organic molecules (COMs) and (ii) isotope fractionation. Various COMs, which are C, H-containing molecules consisting of 6 atoms and more, have been detected in the central warm region of protostellar cores. Most of this review is about gas-grain chemical models, which have been constructed to evaluate the mechanisms and efficiency of the COM formation. The relevant physical and chemical processes are investigated in laboratory experiments, as reported in other articles in this volume.The isotope fractionation of volatile elements is observed in both the interstellar medium (ISM) and Solar system material. While exothermic exchange reactions enrich molecules with heavier isotopes such as Deuterium, the isotope selective photodissociation can be coupled with ice formation to enrich the ice mantle with rare isotopes. The efficiency of this fractionation depends on the photodesorption yields, which has been studied in laboratory experiments.
C6H6 condensation on Titan’s stratospheric aerosols: An integrated laboratory, modeling and experimental approach
Authors: Dubois David , Sciamma-O’Brien Ella , Iraci Laura T. , Barth Erika , Salama Farid , Vinatier Sandrine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSaturn’s moon Titan was explored by the Cassini mission for nearly 13 years. Important discoveries made during the Cassini mission include the observations of stratospheric clouds in Titan’s cold polar regions in which spectral features or organic molecules were detected in the infrared (<100 μm). In particular, benzene (C6H6) ice spectral signatures were recently detected at unexpectedly high altitudes over the South Pole. The combined experimental, modeling and observational effort presented here has been devised and executed in order to interpret these high altitude benzene observations. Our multi-disciplinary approach aims to understand and characterize the microphysics of benzene clouds in Titan’s South Pole.
Integrating CBT and CFT within a case formulation approach to reduce depression and anxiety in an older adult with a complex mental and physical health history: a single case study
Authors: Birdsey Nicola 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDepression and anxiety are major contributors to growing healthcare costs in the UK, particularly with an increasingly ageing population. However, identification of mental health needs in older adults has been overshadowed by a tendency to focus on physical health issues, despite the established co-morbidity of depression, anxiety and physical health conditions. When older adults seek psychological support, treatment options may vary and may be time limited, either because of protocol guidance or due to the resource constraints of psychology services. Time-limited treatment, common in many adult services, may not best meet the needs of older adults, whose physical, cognitive and emotional needs alter with age. It is, therefore, important to identify treatments that best meet the needs of older adults who seek psychological support, but who may arrive with complex mental and physical health histories. This paper aims to explore how a case formulation-driven approach that draws on the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and compassion-focused therapy (CFT) can be used to reduce anxiety and depression in an older adult with a complex multi-morbid mental and physical health history. This study employs a single-case (A–B) experimental design [assessment (A), CBT and CFT intervention (B)] over 28 sessions. Results suggest the greatest reductions in depression and anxiety (as measured using PHQ-9 and GAD-7) occurred during the CFT phase of the intervention, although scores failed to drop below subclinical levels in any phase of the intervention. This case highlights the value of incorporating CFT with CBT in case formulation-driven interventions.Key learning aims(1)To consider the value of using case formulation approaches in older adult populations.(2)To demonstrate flexibility in balancing evidence-based interventions with service user needs by incorporating CBT and CFT to treat anxiety and depression in an older adult.(3)To present a clinical case to identify how assessment, formulation and treatment of anxiety and depression are adapted to best meet the needs of older adults with complex co-morbid mental and physical health conditions.(4)To appreciate the impact of contextual factors, such as austerity measures, on therapeutic work with individuals with long-standing mental and physical health difficulties.
The Effect of Geostrategic Competition on Public Attitudes to Aid
Authors: Wood Terence , Hoy Chris , Pryke Jonathan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChina’s rise is ushering in a new era of geostrategic contestation involving foreign aid. In many traditional OECD donors, aid policy is changing as a result. We report on a survey experiment studying the impacts of rising Chinese aid on public opinion in traditional donors. We randomly treated people with vignettes emphasising China’s rise as an aid donor in the Pacific, a region of substantial geostrategic competition. We used a large, nationally-representative sample of Australians (Australia is the largest donor to the Pacific). As expected, treating participants reduced hostility to aid and increased support for more aid focused on the Pacific. Counter to expectations, however, treatment reduced support for using aid to advance Australian interests. These findings were largely replicated in a separate experiment in New Zealand. Knowledge of Chinese competition changes support for aid, but it does not increase support for using aid as a tool of geostrategy.
Static Source Properties of Slow and Fast Earthquakes
Authors: Nanjundiah Priyamvada , Barbot Sylvain , Wei Shengji 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe source characteristics of slow and fast earthquakes provide a window into the mechanical properties of faults. In particular, the average stress drop controls the evolution of friction, fault slip, and event magnitude. However, this important source property is typically inferred from the analysis of seismic waves and is subject to many epistemic uncertainties. Here, we investigate the source properties of 53 earthquakes and 17 slow‐slip events on thrust and strike‐slip faults in various tectonic settings using slip distributions constrained by geodesy in combination with other data. We determine the width, potency, and potency density of slow and fast earthquake sources based on static slip distributions. The potency density, defined conceptually as the ratio of average slip to rupture radius, is a measure of anelastic deformation with limited bias from rigidity differences across depths and tectonic settings. Strike‐slip earthquakes have the highest potency density, varying from 20 to 500 microstrain. The potency density is on average lower on continental thrust faults and megathrusts, from 10 to 200 microstrain, with an algebraic decrease with centroid depth, indicative of systematic changes in dominant rupture processes with depth. Slow slip events represent an end‐member style of rupture with low potency density and large rupture width. Significant variability in potency density of slow‐slip events affects their moment‐duration scaling. The variations of source properties across tectonic settings, depth, and rupture styles can be used to better constrain numerical simulations of seismicity and to assess the source characteristics of future earthquakes and slow slip events.
Rethinking Reef Island Stability in Relation to Anthropogenic Sea Level Rise
Authors: Kane Haunani H. , Fletcher Charles H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnprecedented rates of anthropogenic sea level rise (ASLR) and attendant wave‐driven flooding and salinization threaten the stability (and habitability) of atoll islands. Thus, there is doubt regarding the continued existence of sovereign atoll nations and unique, place‐based indigenous atoll cultures. Evidence that some atoll islands may have originally formed in the latter stages of post‐glacial sea level rise (SLR) has been interpreted to mean they will persist under accelerating ASLR. These forecasts are at odds with interpretations that atoll islands will succumb to rising seas. To shed light on conflicting models of island stability, we develop a multitemporal island vulnerability assessment (MIVA) to anticipate island instability and apply it in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) where there is a history of previous research. Using evidence from geological and historical records of island response to changing late Holocene sea level and modern tide, wave, and groundwater observations, we identify thresholds where islands pass from stable to unstable phases due to projected local, relative ASLR. Under the most likely scenario (intermediate‐high) where ASLR reaches 1.91 m by 2100, island stability deteriorates by midcentury as historical rates of SLR at RMI increase threefold, and temporary flood events deteriorate potable groundwater and agroforests. In the second half of the century, as ASLR exceeds geological sea level thresholds, permanent island instability will be inevitable with no action. We conclude that these islands are already trending into declining stability due to ASLR as documented by published observations of extreme tides, wave inundation, salinization, and sediment mobilization.
A Case Study on the Origin of Near‐Earth Plasma
Authors: Glocer A. , Welling D. , Chappell C. R. , Toth G. , Fok M.‐C. , Komar C. , Kang S.‐B. , Buzulukova N. , Ferradas C. , Bingham S. , Mouikis C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study presents simulations of the coupled space environment during a geomagnetic storm that separates the different sources of near‐Earth plasma. These simulations include separate fluids for solar wind and ionospheric protons, ionospheric oxygen, and the plasmasphere. Additionally, they include the effects of both a hot ring current population and a cold plasmaspheric population simultaneously for a geomagnetic storm. The modeled ring current population represents the solution of bounce‐averaged kinetic solution; the core plasmaspheric model assumes a fixed temperature of 1 eV and constant pressure along the field line. We find that during the storm, ionospheric protons can be a major contributor to the plasmasheet and ring current and that ionospheric plasma can largely displace solar wind protons in much of the magnetosphere under certain conditions. Indeed, the ionospheric source of plasma cannot be ignored. Significant hemispheric asymmetry is found between the outflow calculated in the summer and winter hemispheres, consistent with past observations. That asymmetric outflow is found to lead to asymmetric filling of the lobes, with the northern (summer) lobe receiving more outflow that has a higher proportion of O+ and the southern (winter) lobe receiving less outflow with a higher proportion of H+. We moreover find that the inclusion of the plasmasphere can have a system‐wide impact. Specifically, when the plasmasphere drainage plume reaches the magnetopause, it can reduce the reconnection rate, suppress ionospheric outflow and change its composition, change the composition in the magnetosphere, and reduce the ring current intensity.
Lagrangian Statistics for Dispersion in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
Authors: Pratt J. , Busse A. , Müller W.‐C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMeasurements in the heliosphere and high‐resolution fluid simulations give clear indications for the anisotropy of plasma turbulence in the presence of magnetic fields. How this anisotropy affects transport processes like diffusion and dispersion remains an open question. The first efforts to characterize Lagrangian single‐particle diffusion and two‐particle dispersion in incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence were performed a decade ago. We revisit those pioneering results through updated simulations performed at higher Reynolds number. We present new investigations that use the dispersion of many Lagrangian tracer particles to examine the extremes of dispersion and the anisotropy in direct numerical simulations. We then point out directions in which Lagrangian statistics need to be developed to address the fundamental problem of anisotropic MHD turbulence and transport in solar and stellar winds.
Modulation of Whistler Waves by Ultra‐Low‐Frequency Perturbations: The Importance of Magnetopause Location
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Angelopoulos V. , Artemyev A. V. , Hartinger M. D. , Bortnik J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUltra‐low‐frequency (ULF, 0.001–1 Hz) perturbations are important aspect of the dynamics in the inner magnetosphere: They are responsible for radial transport (diffusion) of high‐energy electrons and for energizing the ionosphere with field‐aligned currents. This study is devoted to properties of ULF perturbations generated at the magnetopause, their propagation into the inner magnetosphere, and their modulation of whistler‐mode very‐low‐frequency (VLF) waves. Taking advantage of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission configuration in 2019, we investigate ULF perturbations simultaneously captured by three spacecraft at different distances from the magnetopause. Combining ground‐based and THEMIS measurements of ULF perturbations to separate temporal and spatial variations of their properties, we show that their intensity decays exponentially with distance from the magnetopause as close as the geostationary orbit. Near the magnetopause ULF perturbations can modulate whistler‐mode (VLF) waves effectively: Close to the magnetopause, VLF wave bursts have the same periodicity as the ULF perturbations. Our results demonstrate that almost the entire outer magnetosphere (from the geostationary orbit to L ∼ 12), including the outer radiation belts, is significantly influenced by ULF perturbations excited by magnetopause dynamic responses to the solar wind.
Stress‐Dependent Magnitudes of Induced Earthquakes in the Groningen Gas Field
Authors: Bourne S. J. , Oates S. J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGeological faults may produce earthquakes under induced stresses associated with hydrocarbon extraction, geothermal extraction, or CO2storage. The associated risks depend on the frequency and magnitude of these earthquakes. Within seismic risk analysis, the exceedance probability of seismic moments,, is treated as a pure power law distribution,, where the power law exponent,β, may vary in time or space or with stress. Insights from statistical mechanics theories of brittle failure, statistical seismology, and acoustic emissions experiments all indicate this pure power law may contain an exponential taper,, where the taper strength,ζ, decreases with increasing stress. The role of this taper is to significantly reduce the probability of earthquakes larger thanζ −1relative to the pure power law. We review the existing theoretical and observational evidence for a stress‐dependent exponential taper to motivate a range of magnitude models suitable for induced seismicity risk analysis. These include stress‐invariant models with and without a taper, stress‐dependentβmodels without a taper, and stress‐dependentζmodels. For each of these models, we evaluated their forecast performance within the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands using a combination of Bayesian inference, and simulations. Our results show that the stress‐dependentζmodel with constantβlikely offers (75–85%) higher performance forecasts than the stress‐dependentβmodels with. This model also lowers the magnitudes with a 10% and 1% chance of exceedance over the next 5 years of gas production from 4.3 to 3.7 and from 5.5 to 4.3, respectively.