bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memantine Protects From Exacerbation of Ischemic Stroke and Blood Brain Barrier Disruption in Mild But Not Severe Hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Gu Sean X. , Sonkar Vijay K. , Katare Parmeshwar B. , Kumar Rahul , Kruger Warren D. , Arning Erland , Bottiglieri Teodoro , Lentz Steven R. , Dayal Sanjana 
Published: February 2020

Background
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for ischemic stroke; however, a targeted treatment strategy is lacking partly because of limited understanding of the causal role of homocysteine in cerebrovascular pathogenesis.

Methods and Results

In a genetic model of cystathionine beta synthase (
CBS
) deficiency, we tested the hypothesis that elevation in plasma total homocysteine exacerbates cerebrovascular injury and that memantine, a N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist, is protective. Mild or severe elevation in plasma total homocysteine was observed in
Cbs+/−
(6.1±0.3 μmol/L) or
Cbs−/−
(309±18 μmol/L) mice versus
Cbs+/+
(3.1±0.6 μmol/L) mice. Surprisingly,
Cbs−/−
and
Cbs+/−
mice exhibited similar increases in cerebral infarct size following middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion injury, despite the much higher total homocysteine levels in
Cbs−/−
mice. Likewise, disruption of the blood brain barrier was observed in both
Cbs+/−
and
Cbs−/−
mice. Administration of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist memantine protected
Cbs+/−
but not
Cbs−/−
mice from cerebral infarction and blood brain barrier disruption. Our data suggest that the differential effect of memantine in
Cbs+/−
versus
Cbs−/−
mice may be related to changes in expression of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunits.
Cbs−/−
, but not
Cbs+/−
mice had increased expression of
NR
2B subunit, which is known to be relatively insensitive to homocysteine.

Conclusions
These data provide experimental evidence that even a mild increase in plasma total homocysteine can exacerbate cerebrovascular injury and suggest that N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonism may represent a strategy to prevent reperfusion injury after acute ischemic stroke in patients with mild hyperhomocysteinemia.
Students of Purdue Observing Tornadic Thunderstorms for Research (SPOTTR) A Severe Storms Field Work Course at Purdue University
Authors: Tanamachi Robin L. , Dawson Daniel T. , Parker Loran Carleton 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA summer course has been developed at Purdue University that leverages students’ intrinsic desire to observe tornadoes as a motivator for learning severe storms forecasting. Relative to previous “storm chasing” courses described in the literature, the Students of Purdue Observing Tornadic Thunderstorms for Research (SPOTTR) course is enhanced by active learning exercises, career exploration activities, and the inclusion of research-grade meteorological instrumentation in order to provide an authentic in-field experiential learning scenario. After teaching severe weather forecasting skills and deployment techniques for several meteorological instruments (such as a mobile radar, radiosondes, and disdrometers), the instructors then guide the students on a 1-week field trip to the Great Plains, where the group executes a miniature field campaign to collect high-quality meteorological observations in and near severe storms. On days with no targetable severe weather, the participants visit sites deemed beneficial to the students’ professional development. The final week of the course is spent performing retrospective case studies based on the observations collected, and distilling lessons learned. Surveys given to SPOTTR students show that students’ understanding of severe storms forecasting, technical skills, and career aspirations all improved as a result of having participated in the SPOTTR course, affirming the efficacy of the course design.
Tropical Widening: From Global Variations to Regional Impacts
Authors: Staten Paul W. , Grise Kevin M. , Davis Sean M. , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Waugh Darryn W. , Maycock Amanda C. , Fu Qiang , Cook Kerry , Adam Ori , Simpson Isla R. , Allen Robert J , Rosenlof Karen , Chen Gang , Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Quan Xiao-Wei , Kossin James P. , Davis Nicholas A. , Son Seok-Woo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOver the past 15 years, numerous studies have suggested that the sinking branches of Earth’s Hadley circulation and the associated subtropical dry zones have shifted poleward over the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century. Early estimates of this tropical widening from satellite observations and reanalyses varied from 0.25° to 3° latitude per decade, while estimates from global climate models show widening at the lower end of the observed range. In 2016, two working groups, the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) working group on the Changing Width of the Tropical Belt and the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Tropical Width Diagnostics Intercomparison Project, were formed to synthesize current understanding of the magnitude, causes, and impacts of the recent tropical widening evident in observations. These working groups concluded that the large rates of observed tropical widening noted by earlier studies resulted from their use of metrics that poorly capture changes in the Hadley circulation, or from the use of reanalyses that contained spurious trends. Accounting for these issues reduces the range of observed expansion rates to 0.25°–0.5° latitude decade‒1—within the range from model simulations. Models indicate that most of the recent Northern Hemisphere tropical widening is consistent with natural variability, whereas increasing greenhouse gases and decreasing stratospheric ozone likely played an important role in Southern Hemisphere widening. Whatever the cause or rate of expansion, understanding the regional impacts of tropical widening requires additional work, as different forcings can produce different regional patterns of widening.
Decomposition of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability in a Historical Climate Simulation
Authors: Colfescu Ioana , Schneider Edwin K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) modulates various climate features worldwide with enormous societal and economic implications, including variations in hurricane activity in the Atlantic, sea level, West African and Indian monsoon rainfall, European climate, and hemispheric-scale surface temperature. Leading hypotheses regarding the nature and origin of AMV focus primarily on its links with oceanic and coupled ocean–atmosphere internal variability, and on its response to external forcing. The role of another possible process, that of atmospheric noise forcing of the ocean, has received less attention. This is addressed here by means of historical coupled simulations and diagnostic experiments, which isolate the influences of external and atmospheric noise forcings. Our findings show that external forcing is an important driver of the simulated AMV. They also demonstrate that weather noise is key in driving the simulated internal AMV in the southern part (0°–60°N) of the AMV region, and that weather noise forcing is responsible for up to 10%–20% of the multidecadal internal SST variability in some isolated areas of the subpolar gyre region. Ocean dynamics independent from the weather noise forcing is found to be the dominant cause of multidecadal SST in the northern part of the AMV region.
The Observation-Based Application of a Regional Thermohaline Inverse Method to Diagnose the Formation and Transformation of Water Masses North of the OSNAP Array from 2013 to 2015
Authors: Mackay Neill , Wilson Chris , Holliday N. Penny , Zika Jan D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe strength of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the North Atlantic is dependent upon the formation of dense waters that occurs at high northern latitudes. Wintertime deep convection in the Labrador and Irminger Seas forms the intermediate water mass known as Labrador Sea Water (LSW). Changes in the rate of formation and subsequent export of LSW are thought to play a role in MOC variability, but formation rates are uncertain and the link between formation and export is complex. We present the first observation-based application of a recently developed regional thermohaline inverse method (RTHIM) to a region encompassing the Arctic and part of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre for the years 2013, 2014, and 2015. RTHIM is a novel method that can diagnose the formation and export rates of water masses such as the LSW identified by their temperature and salinity, apportioning the formation rates into contributions from surface fluxes and interior mixing. We find LSW formation rates of up to 12 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) during 2014–15, a period of strong wintertime convection, and around half that value during 2013 when convection was weak. We also show that the newly convected water is not exported directly, but instead is mixed isopycnally with warm, salty waters that have been advected into the region, before the products are then exported. RTHIM solutions for 2015 volume, heat, and freshwater transports are compared with observations from a mooring array deployed for the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) and show good agreement, lending validity to our results.
Potential Vorticity Generation by West African Squall Lines
Authors: Johnson Richard H. , Ciesielski Paul E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The West African summer monsoon features multiple, complex interactions between African easterly waves (AEWs), moist convection, variable land surface properties, dust aerosols, and the diurnal cycle. One aspect of these interactions, the coupling between convection and AEWs, is explored using observations obtained during the 2006 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) field campaign. During AMMA, a research weather radar operated at Niamey, Niger, where it surveilled 28 squall-line systems characterized by leading convective lines and trailing stratiform regions. Nieto Ferreira et al. found that the squall lines were linked with the passage of AEWs and classified them into two tracks, northerly and southerly, based on the position of the African easterly jet (AEJ). Using AMMA sounding data, we create a composite of northerly squall lines that tracked on the cyclonic shear side of the AEJ. Latent heating within the trailing stratiform regions produced a midtropospheric positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly centered at the melting level, as commonly observed in such systems. However, a unique aspect of these PV anomalies is that they combined with a 400–500-hPa positive PV anomaly extending southward from the Sahara. The latter feature is a consequence of the deep convective boundary layer over the hot Saharan Desert. Results provide evidence of a coupling and merging of two PV sources—one associated with the Saharan heat low and another with latent heating—that ends up creating a prominent midtropospheric positive PV maximum to the rear of West African squall lines.
Mastoid, middle ear and inner ear analysis in CT scan – a possible contribution for the identification of remains
Authors: Rodrigues Henrique , Ramos Rosa , Fagundes Leoni , Galego Orlando , Navega David , Coelho João d'Oliveira , Alves Filipe Caseiro , Cunha Eugénica 
Published: February 2020

Objective We aimed to evaluate whether the internal structures of the human ear have anatomical characteristics that are sufficiently distinctive to contribute to human identification and use in a forensic context. Materials and methods After data anonymisation, a dataset containing temporal bone CT scans of 100 subjects was processed by a radiologist who was not involved in the study. Four reference images were selected for each subject. Of the original sample, 10 examinations were used for visual comparison, case by case, against the dataset of 100 patients. This visual assessment was performed independently by four observers, who evaluated the anatomical agreement using a Likert scale (1–5). Inter-observer agreement, true positive rate, positive predictive value, true negative rate, negative predictive value, false positive rate, false negative rate and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) were evaluated. Results Inter-observer agreement obtained an overall Cohen’s Kappa = 99.59%. True positive rate, positive predictive value, true negative rate and negative predictive value were all 100%. Conclusion Visual assessment of the mastoid examinations was shown to be a robust and reliable approach to identify unique osseous features and contribute to human identification. The statistical analysis indicates that regardless of the examiner’s background and training, the approach has a high degree of accuracy.
Depressive symptoms after stroke are associated with worse recovery
Authors: Lin Chen , Babiker Ahmed , Srdanovic Nina , Kocherginsky Masha , Harvey Richard L 
Published: February 2020

Objective More studies are needed on how depressive symptoms in stroke patients can impact outcomes. We evaluated the relationship between depression symptom severity and motor outcomes in a cohort of patients with motor impairment from ischemic stroke. Method We enrolled consecutive ischemic stroke patients without a clinical diagnosis of depression who presented to a single-center urban academic referral hospital. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale was used to measure depression symptom severity at three months. Three assessments of motor function were collected at stroke onset and three months: Fugl-Meyer upper extremity (FM-UE), Motricity Index, and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). We assessed the association between three-month severity on PHQ-9 scores with the outcome measures using univariable and multivariable linear regression models. Results Fifty-seven patients (mean age 67.8 ± 17.0 years; 50.9% male; 59.6% Caucasian) were included in the final analysis. Mean (standard deviation) outcome scores at three months were PHQ-9: 6.39 (5), Motricity Index: 86.93 (30.04), FM-UE: 52.67 (17.83), and ARAT: 43.77 (20.03). After adjusting for age, initial National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and if patient discharged after hospitalization on a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, sex, and baseline motor outcome, we found that for every point increase in PHQ-9, the Motricity Index decreased by 0.82 points (p = 0.02) and the FM-UE decreased by 0.77 points (p = 0.049). Conclusion Depressive symptoms are common in the stroke population. Depressive symptoms after stroke are associated with multiple types of motor impairments. We need better understanding of the biologic and psychologic aspects of depression involved in stroke recovery.
Infrastructures of Feeling and the Right to the City
Authors: Rosati Clayton 
Published: February 2020

For over sixteen years, I have been tracing and retracing an idea through a set of projects involving the political economy and cultural politics of infrastructure—especially, the infrastructure of media. When I began those projects as a graduate student, my concern was a frustration with the image-centered studies of media and culture, which tended to get bogged down in representational politics and a focus on the micropolitics of interpretation and use. Infrastructure attracts similar debates, as anything from a train tunnel to a water use meter can be appropriated and used in unauthorized or subversive ways. The physicality of infrastructure and the relationships it has with the materiality of ideas, ideologies, and social processes is a growing dimension of cultural inquiry around inequality and power, especially in the study of electronic devices.In this article, I will report on a strand of my research that explores an urban history of interactive media that unfolds into our contemporary world of automated ecologies of surveillance, marketing, disinformation, and covert politics. In recent iterations, this strand intersects with the increasingly popular concept of the ‘right to the city.’
Salidroside promotes sciatic nerve regeneration following combined application epimysium conduit and Schwann cells in rats
Authors: Li Jiaqi , Zhang Yongguang , Yang Zhimin , Zhang Jingxian , Lin Ren , Luo Daoshu 
Published: February 2020

Schwann cell and nerve conduit are crucial for nerve regeneration and re-myelination after peripheral nerves injury. To investigate the effects of Salidroside on autogenous epimysium conduit mixed with BD matrigel and RSC96 Schwann cells on an animal model with 5 mm sciatic nerve defect injury in rat, motor function, muscle reinnervation, immunohistochemical staining, retrograded tracing and Western blot were used in this study. The results showed that Salidroside enhanced the compound effects of epimysium conduit mixed with BD matrigel and RSC96 Schwann cells to improve the sciatic functional index and the gastrocnemius muscle weight ratio, which were better than EPM group at 8 weeks and 12 weeks post operation. Immunofluorescence and Western blot results of P75NTRshowed that Salidroside improved the sciatic nerve regeneration, and retrograded tracing of CTB-Alexa 488 also supported that Salidroside was better to promote CTB tracer transporting from the distal nerve defect to the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion and ventral horn of L3-L5 spinal cord on post-operation 8 weeks and 12 weeks. Our results demonstrated that Salidroside improved the effect of autogenous epimysium conduit mixed with BD matrigel and RSC96 Schwann cells on sciatic nerve regeneration in our study.Impact statementPeripheral nerve injury and regeneration remain a major challenge. Although nerve conduit and Schwann cells have been used to study the nerve regeneration, our results demonstrated that Salidroside improved the regenerative effect in a rat model with sciatic nerve injury model, following a combined application of autogenous epimysium conduit mixed with Schwann cells. Different concentrations of Salidroside combining autogenous epimysium conduit and Schwann cells were applied to compare the epimysium conduit group and the epimysium conduit combining Schwann cells group. Based on the results of motor function and muscle reinnervation evaluation, as well as neuronal tracing and expression of P75NTR, our study for the first time suggests that Salidroside may improve the regeneration effect on the sciatic nerve following a combined application of epimysium conduit and RSC96 Schwann cells in rats.
Particulated Cartilage for Chondral and Osteochondral Repair: A Review
Authors: Christensen Bjørn Borsøe , Olesen Morten Lykke , Hede Kris Tvilum Chadwick , Bergholt Natasja Leth , Foldager Casper Bindzus , Lind Martin 
Published: February 2020

Introduction Injuries to articular cartilage have a poor spontaneous repair potential and no gold standard treatment exist. Particulated cartilage, both auto- and allograft, is a promising new treatment method that circumvents the high cost of scaffold- and cell-based treatments. Materials and Methods A comprehensive database search on particulated cartilage was performed. Results Fourteen animal studies have found particulated cartilage to be an effective treatment for cartilage injuries. Many studies suggest that juvenile cartilage has increased regenerative potential compared to adult cartilage. Sixteen clinical studies on 4 different treatment methods have been published. (1) CAIS, particulated autologous cartilage in a scaffold, (2) Denovo NT, juvenile human allograft cartilage embedded in fibrin glue, (3) autologous cartilage chips—with and without concomitant bone grafting, and (4) augmented autologous cartilage chips. Conclusion Implantation of allogeneic and autologous particulated cartilage provides a low cost and effective treatment alternative to microfracture and autologous chondrocyte implantation. The methods are promising, but large randomized controlled studies are needed.
A multifaceted investigation into molecular associations of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis
Authors: Halliday Stephen J , Matthews Daniel T , Talati Megha H , Austin Eric D , Su Yan R , Absi Tarek S , Fortune Niki L , Gailani David , Matafonov Anton , West James D , Hemnes Anna R 
Published: February 2020

Purpose Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is characterized by incomplete thrombus resolution following acute pulmonary embolism, leading to pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction. Conditions such as thrombophilias, dysfibrinogenemias, and inflammatory states have been associated with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, but molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are poorly understood. We sought to characterize the molecular and functional features associated with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension using a multifaceted approach. Methods We utilized functional assays to compare clot lysis times between chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients and multiple controls. We then performed immunohistochemical characterization of tissue from chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and healthy controls, and examined RNA expression patterns of cultured lymphocytes and pulmonary arterial specimens. We then confirmed RNA expression changes using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting in pulmonary arterial tissue. Results Clot lysis times in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients are similar to multiple controls. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension endarterectomized tissue has reduced expression of both smooth muscle and endothelial cell markers. RNA expression profiles in pulmonary arteries and peripheral blood lymphocytes identified differences in RNA transcript levels related to inflammation and growth factor signaling, which we confirmed using immunohistochemistry. Gene expression data also suggested significant alterations in metabolic pathways, and immunofluorescence and Western blot experiments confirmed that unglycosylated CD36 and adiponectin expression were increased in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension versus controls. Conclusions Our data do not support impaired clot lysis underlying chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, but did demonstrate distinct molecular patterns present both in peripheral blood and in pathologic specimens of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients suggesting that altered metabolism may play a role in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension pathogenesis.