bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of semi-refined carrageenan film plasticized with glycerol incorporated with Persicaria minor extract as antioxidant additives
Authors: Yahaya W A W , Husaini N H , Zaharudin F N H , Azman N A M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSemi refined carrageenan (2%w/w) plasticized with 0.9% (w/w) glycerol (G) added withPersicaria minor(PM) extract and 0.4% (w/w) BHA as antioxidant additives for the development of active packaging films. The extraction of PM using 75% (v/v) ethanol: water ratio showed the highest polyphenol content with 176.80±4.37 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/L sample and 94.65±0.17% inhibition analyzed using DPPH antioxidant activity (p<0.05). The characterization of SRC-G based film containing 0.4, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (w/w) PM and BHA were observed using FTIR, mechanical and physical properties of the treated films. FTIR spectrum band showed insight analysis of PM extract and BHA with carrageenan. SRC film plasticized with glycerol improved overall physical properties including thickness, barrier and flexibility and increased tensile strength and elongation at break compared to the SRC film only (p<0.05). The active films with PM extracts (2.0% w/w) exhibited good mechanical properties with tensile strength and elongation at break with 28.01±0.17 and 37.37±0.29 respectively (p<0.05). The addition of PM extract in SRC films increased the moisture content and opacity as proportionally to the concentration of PM extracts. Film treated with 2.0% PM showed lowest value of films solubility compare to all sample (p<0.05). Hence, the characterization measurement of SRC based films demonstrated great potential with natural extract formulation for the development of active film packaging for food products.
Effect of water alternating gas (WAG-N2) after water or gas flooding on crude oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs
Authors: Alagorni A. H , Yaacob Z. B , Nour A. H , Junin R. B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Previous studies showed that nitrogen injection could recover oil up to 45-90 % of the Original Oil in Place (OOIP) of the reservoir. Additionally, when applying Water Alternating Gas (WAG-N2), recovery can be improved by combining gas and water and having better gas mobility control by reducing viscous fingering and density tonging, as well as contacting the un-swept zones, leading to an improved microscopic displacement. The objective of this study is to determine the total Oil Recovery Factor (ORF) of WAG-N2 process either after Water Flooding (WF) or after Gas Flooding (GF) in sandstone reservoirs. The results showed that with the following conditions: 38.8° API gravity oil, injection rate of 0.6cm3/m, injection pressure of 2000 psi (1378.59 kpa), WAG rate of 1:1, and Sand pack temperature of 70°C, the maximum ultimate ORF was 71.2 % in WAG after WF and 52.42 % of WAG after GF. On the other hand, WF provided ORF of 65.6 % when compared with GF recovery (29.03 %).
PHYTOREMEDIATION: TREATING EUTHROPHIC LAKE AT KotaSAS LAKESIDE, KUANTAN BY AQUATIC MACROPHYTES
Authors: Muhammad Haziq J , Farah Amalina I , Abdul Syukor AR , Sulaiman S , Nurul Islam Siddique Md , Woon SXR 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This investigation was embraced ex-situ to investigate the capability of the submerged plants’ water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) as phytoremediation aquatic macrophytes for nutrients removal from a eutrophic lake situated at KotaSAS Lakeside surrounded by residential area as the risk of algae bloom can be avoided. The present of mankind activities such as sewage runoff and agricultural towards water bodies, the eutrophication process being speed up. The capability of these plants to evacuate certain parameters not just supplements while additionally including BOD5, COD, TSS, Turbidity, and heavy metals. The technique for investigation of lake water was alluded by Standard Method for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Water lettuce displayed extraordinary nitrate removal effectiveness up to 94% however this plant species shrivelled from week 2 of the examination because of an absence of nitrate supply and caused an expansion in phosphorus concentration. Then, water hyacinth indicates relentless evacuation productivity with a normal of 82% for nitrate and phosphorus. Other than that, water hyacinth indicates 88% and 72% of TSS and turbidity expulsion effectiveness which can improve the clarity of lake water. With this accomplishment gained in phytoremediation innovation utilizing water hyacinth, it is of most significance for this innovation to be executed in bigger scales in the future.
Cultivation of microalgae in fluidized bed bioreactor: impacts of light intensity and CO2 concentration
Authors: Rosli S S , Lim J W , Lam M K , Ho Y C , Yeong Y F , Mohd Zaid H F , Chew T L , Aljunid Merican Z M , Mohamad M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Harvesting of suspended microalgae biomass will generally incur excessive time and intensive energy due to low biomass density. Microalgae cultivation via fluidized bed bioreactor was introduced to tackle the harvesting process in which the support material was fluidizing within the culture medium, allowing the microalgae to settle onto the surface of fluidized material and grow thereafter. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was adopted to design the experiments for optimization of attached microalgae growth onto the fluidized bioreactor. The optimization condition occurred at 216 μmol/m2 s light intensity and 9% CO2 concentration with maximum biomass concentration (Xmax) and maximum specific growth rate μmax) of attached microalgae obtained at 0.692 g/L and 0.028 1/h, respectively. The Verhulst logistic kinetic model illustrated the attached microalgae growth from lag to stationary phase, supporting the use of this model to represent the kinetic of attached microalgae growth onto the fluidized bed bioreactor under various condition.
Synthesis of Ionic Salt for Calcite and Barite Solid Scale Dissolution
Authors: Sulaiman M H , Adam F , Yaacob Z , Mohd Noor Z 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The most common well intervention work to solve solid scale problem in oil production is a treatment to remove or inhibit the solid scale. Calcite (CaCO3) and barite (BaSO4) are two of the most common solid scale found in the oil well tubular and piping. Often, acid treatment such as hydrochloric acid is used to dissolve the solid scale. However, acid is highly corrosive and harmful to handle in the challenging environment of oilfield operation. A new generation of less corrosive solid scale dissolver includes functional group such as a carboxylic group due to its ability to chelate metals ions. This study utilised economical and non-toxic materials, monosodium glutamate (MSG), as the starting materials to synthesis solid scale dissolver with the carboxylic group as the main functional group presence. The double step acidification of MSG produces glutamic acid hydrochloride (GluCl). It is solid at room temperature and soluble in water makes it safer to transport and handle in the challenging environment of oilfield operation. Dissolution test shows that GluCl can dissolve more than 3000 ppm of calcium at a concentration of just 20g/L.
Evaluation on the factors influencing the deposition of wax using full factorial design
Authors: Ridzuan N , Azhar A A , Subramanie P 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine the rate of wax deposition of Malaysian crude oil by evaluating the operational factors using full factorial design (FFD) approach (Design Expert version 7.1.6). Four factors were studied, which are rotation speed (A), cold finger temperature (B), experimental duration (C) and type of wax inhibitor (D), Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and xylene were used as a wax inhibitor. The individual effects of each factor and its interaction effects towards the response variable were studied. The result demonstrated that fewer wax deposit was obtained (0.0055 g) when optimal conditions of 2 h duration with 600 rpm rotation speed at 15°C cold finger temperature and EVA as an inhibitor were used. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor B was found to be the main factor in affecting the wax deposit formation. However, the interaction between factors A and D shows the highest influence to reduce wax deposition. Furthermore, the model is designated with high determination coefficient (R2= 0.8221), which explains 82.21% of the variability in the response. Hence, it can be concluded that factor B, and interaction between factors A and D need to be focused in controlling the parameters to minimize wax deposition.
Flow Behaviour in the calciner of cement production
Authors: Sooklon P , Jiamrittiwong P , Pana-Suppamassadu K , Swadchaipong N , Srisurat T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Calciner was one of the cement production unit that used momentum, heat, mass distribution and chemical reaction to change calcium carbonate into calcium oxide. One of the important processes was fluid flow. Thus, the computational fluid dynamic was used to predict the flow behavior in the calciner. Regarding gas hydrodynamics, the Navier-Stokes equations were applied along with all practical operating conditions. The simulation results showed that both sides of calciner had the same velocity. High velocity was originated from decreasing of flow area. The velocity in the conjunction zone between TAD and Kiln had high unsteady velocity distribution but, in the higher level, the velocity approached a steady state. This simulation model could be used as a preliminary data in order to predict the temperature distribution.
Explosion of rice flour at different concentration and moisture content
Authors: Wan Sulaiman W Z , Mohd Idris M F , Gimbun J , Sulaiman S Z 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The dust explosion characteristics of commercial rice flour towards different concentration were analysed. Experiments were performed in 20 L spherical explosion chamber to obtain maximum explosion overpressure (Pmax), rate of pressure rise (dP/dT), and minimum explosibility concentration (MEC) of undried and dried commercial rice flour. The dust samples and air mixtures were ignited by two chemical ignitors at ignition time of 100 ms. The Kistler Piezoelectric pressure sensors were used to quantify the propagation of pressure wave during the explosion process. The moisture content of the samples were measured by using proximate analysis. The Pmax was obtained at the highest pressure over the range of concentrations. Pmax for undried rice flour and dried flour are 10.0 bar and 10.4 bar respectively at 1000 kg/m3. Both of the Pmax were attained at the highest level of concentration. The highest value of dP/dT of undried was 70 bar/s at 1000 kg/m3 but for dried rice flour, the highest value obtained was 63.5 bar/s at 750 kg/m3. MEC for both dried and undried was 500 kg/m3. This study concluded that as the concentration increases, the severity of dust explosion would also increase and the presence of moisture decrease the severity of the rice flour explosion but not too significant at ignition time of 100 ms.
Treatment of leachate by coagulation-flocculation process using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and tapioca starch (TS)
Authors: Azizan M O , Shaylinda M Z N , Mohd-Salleh S N A , Amdan N S M , Yashni G , Fitryaliah M S , Afnizan W M W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Coagulation-flocculation is commonly used in the leachate treatment. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum conditions (dosage and pH) and to compare the performances between single coagulants (polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and tapioca starch (TS)) and dual coagulant (PAC+TS) through a series of jar test. The highest percentage removal by PAC at the optimum conditions as a single coagulant (dose 2.5 g/L at pH 7) in terms of suspended solids (SS), turbidity, colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia was 92 %, 77 %, 94 %, 37% and 32 %, respectively. While for TS coagulant, at the optimum conditions (dose 2.5 g/L at pH 8), the percentage removal of SS, turbidity, colour and ammonia at pH 8 was 35%, 13%, 30% and 38% removals respectively. Thus, PAC performed better than TS as a single coagulant. While in dual coagulant, the percentage removal of SS, turbidity, colour, COD and ammonia of dual coagulant at optimum condition (dose PAC 1.5 g/L and dose TS 0.2 g/L at pH 5) was 90%, 74%, 87%, 40%, and 17%, while the percentage removal of single PAC (dose 1.5 g/L at pH 5) was 69%, 31%, 85%, 28%, and 13%, respectively. The addition of TS at a dose of 0.2 g/L into 1.5 g/L of PAC at pH 5 was able to achieve more percentage removal than single PAC and TS. This showed that the dosage of chemical coagulant could be reduced by 40% (2.5 g/L to 1.5 g/L) and indirectly reduced the drawbacks without affecting its efficiency.
Formulation and evaluation of antimicrobial herbosomal gel from Quercus infectoria extract
Authors: Suzilla W Y , Izzati A , Isha I , Zalina A , Rajaletchumy V K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, the use of herbal medicine is gaining importance for treating many diseases due to their significant effect and lesser side effects as compared to allopathic medicines. Phytosomal herbal formulations or herbosomes are better absorbed and produce better bioavailability than the conventional botanical extracts. Hence, this study is conducted to formulate the herbosomal gel from QI galls ethanolic extract. The QI gall was extracted using ethanol giving the percentage of yield 17%. For the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis, it was revealed that the QI galls extract contains large amount of tannic acid (1794.18 mg/g) and small amount of gallic acid (76.22 mg/g). The formulation consists of 1.0% of Carbopol 940 were found to be the best formulation since it shows good physicochemical properties. pH value was 6.31 while the viscosity was 3482.3144 cps. Formulated gel showed good stability after 21 days of formulation by not showing significance changes in pH value, viscosity and spreadability. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity and the results showed the inhibition zone for P. aeruginosa was greater than S. aureus. As conclusion, the QI galls extract formulated herbosomes was showed promising results to be developed as a new antibacterial gel formulation.
An approach on a sustainable and stable continuous emulsion liquid membrane (CELM) for phenol recovery
Authors: Sulaiman R N R , Othman N , Harith N H , Rahman H A , Jusoh N , Noah N F M , Rosly M B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Throughout this work, continuous emulsion liquid membrane (CELM) was employed for the recovery of phenol using a primary water in oil (W/O) emulsion containing a mixture of kerosene and palm oil as diluent, Span 80 as a surfactant, and sodium hydroxide as a strippant. Several factors influencing the recovery of phenol namely rotational speed, treat ratio and retention time were examined and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Results revealed that about 29% of phenol was recovered with 7 times enrichment (2100 ppm) was concentrated in the internal phase under best conditions of 527 rpm of rotational speed, 1:4 of treat ratio and 2.6 min of retention time. Besides, an interaction effect of rotational speed and retention time was found to be significant towards phenol recovery in CELM. Thus, CELM has the ability to recover and concentrate the phenol for other applications.
Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation of essential oil from lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) leaves: Response surface methodology studies
Authors: Dao T. P. , Tran T. H. , Nguyen P.T.N. , Tran T.K.N. , Ngo T.C.Q. , Nhan L.T.H. , Anh T.T. , Toan T.Q. , Quan P.M. , Linh H.T.K. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) of essential oils from the lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) leaves was attempted and optimized. Optimization of MAHD was performed by using response surface methodology. In the optimization, selected parameters consisted of water and material ratio, microwave power and extraction time were. It is also indicated that quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the microwave extraction of essential oil from Lemon (Citrus aurantifolia) leaves. The optimal extraction conditions included microwave power of 523.89W, water to material ratio of 3.27 mL/g, and extraction time of 84.47 minutes. The optimized yield (0.76%) approached predicted yield predicted by the model, implying that the model is suitable to predict behavior of the process.
In-situ quantification of alkali metals from biomass
combustion by optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Lim M , Matsuoka L 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, an in-situ method was developed to quantify the
alkali metal emissions and its speciation from the combustion of biomass in a
150 kWth furnace. An optical emission spectrometer was used to detect
the spontaneous atomic emissions of the potassium and sodium in the flame. A
calibration is performed to obtain the radiation intensities of potassium and
sodium, which are precursive values needed to quantify each alkali
metals’ relative ground state number densities. The results show that the
spontaneous emissions of the alkali metals appear as doublet lines in the
spectra. The calibrated radiation intensities for sodium were converted to
relative values via Lorentzian fitting. The relative excited state number
densities for sodium and potassium were within the range of 0.536 to 0.791
cm−3 and 23.468 and 30.320 cm−3
respectively. This shows that potassium vapours and its compounds were higher
compared to sodium. These number densities will be compared to the sodium and
content in the ash for further discussion and validation.
Production of phytosterols mix from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) through multi-staged extraction processes
Authors: Nor Faizah J , Noorshamsiana A W , Wan Hasamudin W H , Astimar A A , Kamarudin H , Ab Gapor M T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Phytosterols is one of bio-active compounds that naturally present in vegetable oils and its by-products or derivatives. The source of phytosterols can be in the form of by-product that generated during the extraction of vitamin E and in this study known as phytosterols resources (PSR). Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) extracted from the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) produces solid by-product containing 2–4% (w/w) sterols. However, there are no suitable extraction and purification processes developed to exploit these compounds. Therefore, the extraction of phytosterols from PFAD by-product in a mini-pilot scale involving multistage extraction processes, which are solid-liquid extraction, saponification, liquid-liquid extraction and crystallization was developed. Phytosterols was recovered from the extraction and purification processes were of more than 80% purity and 80% yield, composed of ☐-sitosterol (21-22%), campesterol (13-20%) and stigmasterol (59–64%). In conclusion, this extraction process is technically feasible to extract and produce crude phytosterols from a byproduct of the PFAD processing.
Enhanced removal of Methyl Orange from aqueous solution by Chitosan-CaCl2 beads
Authors: Wong V L , Tay S Y , Lim S S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Use of low-cost and environmental friendly sorbents has been studied as an ideal alternative to the current costly methods of removing textile dyes especially methyl orange from wastewater. In present study, the adsorption affinity of chitosan (CS)-CaCl2 beads towards anionic acid dye, methyl orange was investigated by performing batch adsorption experiments. The surface morphology and elemental composition of CS-CaCl2 beads were examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) respectively. The effects of initial dye concentration (20 to 100 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.05 g to 0.5 g), contact time (0 to 48 h), and agitation speed (0 to 300 rpm) were also studied to evaluate the efficacy of adsorption. Adsorption isotherm data of CS-CaCl2 fitted well to Langmuir (R2 = 0.9964) isotherm model, indicating that homogenous adsorbent surface. Kinetic studies showed that the sorption process followed pseudo-second-order rate that involves chemisorption process, indicating that the adsorption nature of dye on CS-CaCl2 adsorbent. Based on the results, CS-CaCl2 beads could be alternative cost effective adsorbents gaining prominence as a method for the removal of anionic acid dye from textile effluent. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a profound impact on improvement in water quality.
Influence of activation temperature and acid concentration on sludge-based activated carbon
Authors: Nafsun A I , Nasir A J , Mohd Jamal M N , Mohamad S , Abdulrazik A , Selva Raja D D , Herz F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this work, the influence of operational parameters on activation process of POME sludge is presented. The POME sludge undergone processing steps including cutting and grinding. Then, the sample was carbonized at 400°C for 1 hours and followed by chemical activation process. The chemical activation process was carried out by impregnated with 25 wt% of phosphoric acid with impregnation ratios of 1:4 (w/w) for 24 h. After 24 h, the sample was filtrated and dried overnight in the oven. The sample then pyrolyzed at different temperature (500°C to 800°C) for 1 hour for activation and followed by washing. Based on the BET analysis, the activated carbon prepared under highest activation temperature as well as highest phosphoric acid concentration resulted in biggest surface area (186.46 m2/g). Therefore, activation temperature and acid concentration are the important parameters determining the activated carbon quality.
Modified banana peels for Fe (II) ion sorption
Authors: Yuen M L , Ros A R , Nurfyahfizeh N , Tan Y P , Yuen C W 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe capability of modified banana peel (MBP) to adsorb Fe (II) ions from synthetic ion solution has been studied. The acidic and basic solution strongly affected the Fe (II) ions adsorption. The effect of contact time and initial ion concentrations revealed that removal efficiency for 15 mg/L Fe (II) ions above 90 % after 2 hours. The size particles for MBP below 106 μm turned out to be the prefer size due to the highest percentage of ions adsorption. MBP appears to be a promising material to purify wastewater.
Characteristics and techno-economic potential of bio-compressed natural gas (Bio-CNG) from palm oil mill effluent (POME)
Authors: Nasrin A B , Raman A A A , Loh S K , Sukiran M A , Bukhari N A , Aziz A A , Saad M F M , Kamarudin M K M , Buthiyappan A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study investigated technical and economic feasibility of converting biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME) into bio-compressed natural gas (Bio-CNG) for offsite utilization. Purification of raw biogas using biological and physical methods and removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) using membrane separation were evaluated. With about 99% hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and 88% CO2 removal efficiencies, the Bio-CNG was found to contain about 92%, 7% and 0.9% of methane (CH4), CO2 and oxygen (O2), respectively with H2S at trace level of 5 ppm. Biogas purification process also increased the calorific value (CV) of biogas from 20.0 MJ m−3 to 35.0 MJ m−3. The combined biological and physical method was found to be a feasible process for H2S and CO2 removal. The economic analysis conducted for Bio-CNG plant in comparison with existing biogas plant showed an approximate internal rate of 14% with a payback period about 6 years for a mill that processes 60 tonnes of fresh fruits bunches hourly. This study has therefore demonstrated that it is technically and economically viable to produce Bio-CNG as a fuel from POME for offsite utilization.