bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Flowing Aqueous Solid Dispersions of Electroactive Lithium-Ion Battery Materials
Authors: Koenig Gary , Foley Sonia , Geng Linxiao , Gupta Devanshi 
Published: February 2020

While there are many material characterization techniques that are employed for the quality control processes of lithium-ion battery active material powders, eventually the materials must be validated electrochemically in battery cells. This requires making the cells including slurry mixing, slurry coating and drying, electrode calendering and pairing, and final cell assembly. Fabricating cells requires significant equipment and material expense and, in some cases, significant time. Additionally, the cells must be electrochemically tested which depending on the protocol can take multiple days. A technique that provides insights into the electrochemical properties of battery materials without cell fabrication and electrochemical evaluation could improve battery active material powder quality control and potentially reduce the time and cost involved in material validation.
Our lab has been working on a technique where dispersions of battery active materials are evaluated electrochemically during collisions with current collectors. The technique has been referred to as dispersed particle resistance (DPR), and in previous studies we have shown that DPR measurements provide an indicator of the rate capability of lithium-ion battery active materials. DPR has a significant advantage with regards to timescale for material evaluation because the method takes only a few minutes and has the option of high throughput analysis due to a flow-through configuration. We have also adapted the technique to characterization of the particles in aqueous dispersions, and in this presentation we will demonstrate that the technique is effective with aqueous dispersions of cathode materials, including water-sensitive layered metal oxides with high nickel content such as LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2.
Interest of Cross-Section Surface Analysis for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond
Authors: Madec Lénaïc , Ledeuil Jean-Bernard , Gachot Grégory , Coquil Gaël , Courrèges Cécile , Monconduit Laure , Martinez Hervé 
Published: February 2020

Conversion type reaction have revolutionized Li-ion batteries and beyond in term of performance as well as of fundamental aspects. To tackle the volume expansion issue occurring during lithiation/delithiation, composite materials made of electrochemically active/inactive elements have been successfully developed.1
,
2 However, direct evidence of the electrochemical conversion reaction as well as the role of the inactive elements over long term cycling still remains to be elucidated.
To tackle this issue, we propose advanced surface Auger / µXPS / ToF-SIMS imaging to analyze the chemical and morphological evolution of clean electrodes cross-sections, prepared by ion-milling. These innovative approaches were used to study ternary conversion materials, MSnSb (M=Ti or Nb) for which unexpected electrochemical performance were observed at high temperature.3
,
4 It provided a direct proof that the electrochemical conversion mechanism still occurred even after 400 cycles, which was unexpected. Importantly, it highlights the role of the inactive element (Ti or Nb) in the long term reversibility of the conversion reaction. Overall, a gradual shell to core expansion/break up of MSnSb particles is revealed during the continuous conversion reactions which leads to highly porous structures after 400 cycles. Finally, it will be showed that the developed approaches will benefit to the study of all-solid-state batteries for which buried interfaces have to be reached.

References

V. Aravindan, Y. S. Lee, and S. Madhavi, Adv. Energy Mater., 5, 1402225 (2015).

A. Mukhopadhyay and B. W. Sheldon, Prog. Mater. Sci., 63, 58 (2014).

L. Madec, G. Gachot, G. Coquil, H. Martinez, and L. Monconduit, J. Power Sources, 391, 51 (2018).

G. Coquil, M. T. Sougrati, S. Biscaglia, D. Aymé-Perrot, P. F. Girard, and L. Monconduit, Electrochim. Acta, 281, 619 (2018).
Modeling Thermal Decomposition of Metal Oxide Cathodes in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes for Prediction of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Shurtz Randy C. , Hewson John 
Published: February 2020

The magnitude and rate of heat release that leads to thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries is highly dependent on the composition and material properties of the cathode material. This work considers the thermodynamic heat release with respect to calorimetry measurements for commercialized metal-oxide cathode materials in electrolytes consisting of LiPF6 in carbonate solvents. Kinetic forms are also developed for prediction of thermal runaway in single cells and cascading failure in groups of cells. This work builds on the examples of legacy models while drawing on more recent data to develop physics-based models with proper dependence on material properties. These models of cathode decomposition in electrolyte complement a recently published study on the thermal decomposition of lithiated graphite in electrolytes.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2019-4391 A
Lithium Ion Batteries and Next Generation Energy Storage Technology - Adoption to Aircraft and Aerospace
Authors: Brewer Roger Alan 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion batteries provide a high energy to weight ratio making the technology attractive for aircraft and aerospace applications. Introducing lithium ion battery technology, as with other types of battery chemistries, can prove challenging for a variety of reasons. As electrical load demands for aircraft increase controlling and harnessing high energy dense solutions will become more critical.
The presentation will begin with a basic introduction of lithium ion battery chemistry and evolve into a discussion on the role various aspects play in safely implementing lithium ion batteries on aircraft including the key design drivers and issues that influence system safety. The presentation will also cover key operational modes, applied to aircraft in general, that can drive risk and effect a prudent power system design (cell overheating, voltage “sag” below minimums at low temperatures, etc.) in the integration of battery technologies to an aircraft. Battery design features and attributes that relate to typical operating modes in an airborne platform will also be discussed in some detail.
The presentation will next evolve into a narrative on next generation energy storage technologies and supercapacitors (electric double layer devices) and their potential role in evolving airborne applications. Implementation of higher surge supportable energy storage designs, again driven by considerations at cold temperature conditions, will also be discussed, and of specific interest for Space applications. Energy and power density "road mapping targets" for evolving applications will be highlighted along with issues that influence nominal values including, but not limited to, operating temperature (cold and hot temperature extremes) typical of battery installations in harsher Aerospace environments. An illustration will be provided in the presentation of what the ideal aircraft battery looks like including the ability to float on an unregulated aircraft bus (without Batter Management Electronics) with large voltage swings, ripple content as well as other “nice to haves” (including higher packaged battery system Whrs and kilo-Watts per kilo gram than existing). A final summary will wrap up the discussion with an overview of the presentation material.
Insights from a Comprehensive Commercial Lithium Ion Battery Cycling and Aging Study
Authors: Ferreira Summer , Preger Yuliya , Fresquez Armando , Barkholtz Heather , Mier Frank Austin , Chalamala Babu R. 
Published: February 2020

The single largest barrier to adoption of electrochemical storage in the grid is often stated to be the value of a battery over the life of the system. To ensure long-term system safety and reliability, batteries must be selected based on application specific requirements and performance characteristics. Our approach to addressing the uncertainty in the performance and cycle life of commercially viable lithium ion batteries for grid storage has been to design studies with multiple chemistries, and conduct long term life cycle evaluations with systematically varied cycling conditions. Namely, we initiated a large-scale, multi-year cycling study of commercial LiFePO4/LFP, LiNixCoyAl1-x-y­O2/NCA, and LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2/NMC cells. This study looks at chemistry specific influences on efficiency and cycle life under variables that include discharge rate, depth of discharge (DoD) and temperature, and is complemented by a calendar aging study. The source of differences in aging behavior was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential capacity analysis. We compare results to literature to identify the degree to which variations may be expected with manufacturer and version, as products can see manufacturing changes year to year. Understanding variations is critical for lifetime assessment and economic evaluation that is meaningful for installed systems. We further look at how these best-case scenario results from single cell studies may be used as a baseline in moving toward understanding aging in module and system configurations. The overarching goal is to begin to effectively understand laboratory cell studies in a context applicable to grid storage systems.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
Electrochemistry Research in the Stickney Lab: A Brief Summary of Dr. John Stickney's Past and Present Research on GeTe
Authors: Sisk Peter W , Howell Pauline , Stickney John Lewellen 
Published: February 2020

GeTe is a promising material for PRAM applications due to it’s two different crystal structures; crystalline and amorphous, which have very different resistance and optical properties. GeTe has demonstrated the ability to have switching speeds approaching 1ns, but the properties are dependent on stoichiometry, which can be difficult to control.1,2 While many GeTe films are formed using PVD or CVD, electrochemical methods offer a room temperature alternative with controlled stoichiometries.3 Using E-ALD, a deposition technique originating in the Stickney lab, alternating atomic layers of material can be electrochemically reduced onto the substrate creating smooth, epitaxial thin films. In the past, GeTe and GeSbTe films produced by this group have been Germanium rich due to the tendency of the chalcogenide, Tellurium, to reductively strip out of the film at the negative potentials needed to deposit Germanium. In this study, E-ALD is used to deposit the first atomic layers of GeTe onto a gold substrate.
References:

Physical Review B. 2006, 73, 045210.

Phys. Status Solidi B. 2012, 249, 10, 1939-1944.

Nanoscale Research Letters. 2015, 10, 432.
At the Intersection of Photons and Electrons: A Perspective on Operando, in-Situ and Ex-Situ Synchorotron X-Ray Studies of Battery and Electrocatalysis Reactions
Authors: Alamgir Faisal M. 
Published: February 2020

X-ray spectroscopies used under ex-situ, in-situ and operando conditions provide vital mechanistic information on charge transfer and structural re-organization processes in electrochemical materials. We will specifically look at how the core-hole techniques of near-edge and extended fine structure from x-ray absorption (XANES and EXAFS) can be used in the study of electrochemically active materials such as in batteries and fuel cells, particularly by tuning to resonances in both the soft and hard x-ray regimes.
First we will examine the role of oxygen in the charge compensation of LiMO2 compounds and the consequences of such for battery safety and for unprecedented changes to electrical/magnetic properties. The electronic and atomic structure local to oxygen was first examined indirectly using hard x-rays by operando resonant K-level measurements of M atoms in battery cathodes of working batteries. The results were then complemented by direct operando measurements at the K-edge of oxygen atoms in the cathode using soft x-rays. It will be demonstrated that the detailed electrochemical roadmap for the reaction mechanisms in LiMO2 cathodes could only be revealed by a combination of soft and hard x-ray based experiments. Next, we will look at the effects of dimension, strain and charge transfer on the electrochemical activity and durability of electrocatalysts for both low and high temperature fuel cells. Again, it will be demonstrated that a by fully utilizing XANES, EXAFS and complementary core-hole methods at both soft and hard x-ray regimes is necessary to reveal a detailed story of the reaction mechanisms in working electrocatalysts.
(Invited) Exploring the Mysteries in Electrochemistry with in Situ X-Ray Characterizations
Authors: Chen Hailong 
Published: February 2020

In the past, the understanding of electrochemical reactions majorly relied on the monitoring and recording of the change of current and voltage, as well as the interpretation of the relations between them. In recent decades, a variety of spectroscopy methods have been used as complementary means to explore electrochemical reactions such as battery reactions, electrocatalysis reactions and electrolysis, etc. However, in most reported cases such characterizations were ex situ or postmortem. In situ or operando observations are in general more difficult as they require tremendous design and instrumentation efforts incorporating the electrochemical devices into the analytical testing platforms.
Since started in 2014, our group at the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech has been working on developing state-of-the-art X-ray based in situ tools for a variety of electrochemical reactions and devices. Lab X-ray diffractometer based setups were built to perform operando XRD examination on Li-ion and Na-ion batteries in charge-discharge cycling. Our recent research on design of high capacity cathode materials for sodium ion batteries will be reported and the phase transitions during the electrochemical intercalation/deintercalation of Na-ions were cleared observed and interpreted by the in-house operando XRD setup. Another example research based on synchrotron X-ray took the advantages of the high energy, high flux and high Q- and time-resolutions of the synchrotron facilities. In addition, research of in situ XRD for synthesis will also be presented, as the controlling and tuning of the materials is very important for materials used in electrochemical reactions.
(Invited) Template Free Method for Macroporous SnO2 Thin Film Sensors
Authors: Lionti Krystelle , Sundberg Linda , Fasoli Andrea , Sherwood Mark , Bozano Luisa 
Published: February 2020

Transition metal oxides are attractive candidates for gas sensing thanks to their interesting semiconductive properties [1,2]. In particular, tin oxide (SnO2) is the most utilized n-type metal oxide semiconductor, as it typically provides high sensitivity to a large variety of gas analytes. In this study, we are using the versatility of solution-based approaches to prepare MOS materials at the nanoscale and to control critical film morphology parameters for gas sensing such as crystallinity, grain size, film thickness, as well as surface area (through porosity) – the focus of this paper. In the literature, methods of preparing porous SnO2 have been reported many times. However, they are either i) simple but yield SnO2 with small, hard to access pores (sol-gel), potentially non-contiguous films (nanoparticles packing), or ii) they are more complex and in turn more costly (use of porogen, electrochemical processes etc.). Here, we report on a simple, template-free, one-step process that, if deposited in the right conditions, inherently yields highly porous films with large pores (Fig. 1b). The morphology of the macropores was unanticipated with the pores being self-organized, and completely open to the surface. An important parameter to obtain these pores is to deposit the solution at an optimal aging time, as illustrated in Figure 1. Additionally, other factors such as solution concentration and pH, or the nature of the solvent can also impact the macropores formation. The role played by these factors will be discussed, and hypotheses on the macropores formation mechanism will be proposed. The presence of these macropores led to a two-fold increase in sensitivity in our gas sensing measurements (Fig. 1e, 1f) [3]. Altogether, these results suggest that solution-based processes are very powerful to prepare highly sensitive metal oxide gas sensors. The unique morphologies achieved could be highly advantageous in the context of an electronic nose.
References

K. Lionti et.al., TechConnect Briefs 2017, Chap. 7, p.219

A. Fasoli et.al., IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose 2017, p.978

K. Lionti et al., 2017, US10020199B1.

Figure 1
Design of a High Signal to Noise Balanced Platinum Thermal Conductivity Detector
Authors: Lotfi Ardalan , Hesketh Peter J. , Navaei Milad 
Published: February 2020

Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) is one of the universal gas sensors which often is used in the Gas Chromatography (GC) systems. The principle behind TCD sensor is joule heating. TCD sensor heats the surrounding gas which results in change of thermal-physical properties of the sensor. The focus of this work is to improve the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) by the separating the heating and sensing elements of the sensor. Although the TCD sensor has several advantages over chemical sensors: short response time, no base-line drift, and high corrosion resistance, the shortcoming of this sensor is the limit of detection (LOD) [1-3].
The conventional TCD sensor uses a single layer of thin film for both heating and sensing and even though it simplifies the fabrication process, degrades the TCD SNR. Here we propose a new design in which a thin layer of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 is sandwiched between two layers of platinum film. In order to enhance the performance of the TCD at the operating temperature of 700˚ K [1, 4], the heating layer of the sensor needs to be thick enough to be able to pass a sufficiently high current. On the contrary, for the sensing layer to be sensitive to the change of temperature, it needs to be thin enough to have a high resistance value. In this study a lumped model was used to study the High SNR (HSNR) balanced TCD design which revealed that the sensing layer can follow the TCD heater’s temperature with a delay less than 0.3 ns while the HSNR balanced TCD’s response time is 6 µs. Therefore, by comparing the delay time between the two layers, and the response time of the sensor, it can be concluded that the sensing layer resistance represents the real-time temperature of the TCD. The sensor design schematic has been represented in Figure 1. The new design has a higher precision and accuracy which enhances the Limit of Detection (LOD) of the TCD sensor. This was achieved by separating the sensing and heating elements.

Lotfi, A., et al., Ultimate Sensitivity of Physical Sensor for Ammonia Gas Detection Exploiting Full Differential 3-Omega Technique. ECS Transactions, 2017. 80(10): p. 1571-1578.

Mahdavifar, A., et al., Simulation and Fabrication of an Ultra-Low Power Miniature Microbridge Thermal Conductivity Gas Sensor. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2014. 161(4): p. B55-B61.

Kommandur, S., et al., A microbridge heater for low power gas sensing based on the 3-Omega technique. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2015. 233: p. 231-238.

Lotfi, A., M. Navaei, and P.J. Hesketh, A Platinum Cantilever-Based TCD for 3-Omega Sensing of Gas Mixtures. ECS Transactions, 2018. 86(16): p. 79-86.

Figure 1
Graphene-Enhanced Spectro-Electrochemistry on Boron-Doped Diamond Waveguides
Authors: Mizaikoff Boris 
Published: February 2020

With an increasing usage of engineered nanoparticles, a considerable amount of nanoparticles is inevitably released into the environment. This circumstance raises increasing environmental pollution and human health concerns. To mitigate their negative impacts, it is essential to understand the transport, transformation, and ultimate fates of these species within the environment. Among the most important parameters is their interaction with dissolved organic matters (DOM), which may significantly affect the surface properties and aggregation behavior of engineered nanoparticles. Consequently, this affects not only their geochemical cycling, but also any potential environmental remediation strategy. Understanding the heterogeneity of nanoparticle-DOM interactions, and unravelling the mechanisms in molecular details, as well as the factors regulating such interactions calls for effective analytical tools.
Here, we present the development of advanced infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) sensing technologies for environmental analysis with specific focus on elucidating DOM-nanoparticle interactions in aquatic environments. The interaction dynamics of DOM with nanoparticles will be studied via thin-film diamond ATR waveguides combined with tunable quantum cascade laser and signal-enhancing graphene and graphene oxide surface structures (a.k.a. surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy) enabling unprecedently sensitive detection of DOM-nanoparticle interactions via molecular spectroscopy. Doping the diamond waveguide with boron (BDD) establishes an IR-transparent electrode material facilitating simultaneous electrochemical studies. Based on these orthogonal IR-spectroscopic and electrochemcial data sets derived from the same sample it is anticipated that DOM-nanoparticle interactions may be elucidated in yet unprecedented detail.