bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closing well: national and international humanitarian workers’ perspectives on the ethics of closing humanitarian health projects
Authors: Hunt Matthew , Eckenwiler Lisa , Hyppolite Shelley-Rose , Pringle John , Pal Nicole , Chung Ryoa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProject closure is a core feature of humanitarian action. However, how decisions to end projects are made, and how closure is planned and implemented, has implications for upholding ethical commitments, and can have positive or negative consequences for affected communities, local stakeholders, and humanitarian organizations and their staff. To better understand the ethical dimensions of closing humanitarian projects, we undertook an investigation of national and international humanitarian workers’ experiences.Guided by interpretive description methodology, we conducted an exploratory qualitative study with two rounds of semi-structured interviews. Four national and five international staff of non-governmental organizations with experience of humanitarian health project closure took part. The participants had diverse professional roles and disciplinary backgrounds. All participants took part in the first round of interviews which focused on experiences and perceptions of ethics and project closure. Analysis of these interviews contributed to the development of a draft “ethics guidance note.” Five of the participants took part in the second round of interviews which focused on receiving feedback on the draft guidance note. We used constant comparative techniques and a recursive approach to data collection and analysis. In this article, we draw on both rounds of interviews to present findings related to how participants understood and experienced ethical responsibilities, challenges, and opportunities for humanitarian project closure.We identified six recurrent ethical concerns highlighted by interviewees regarding closure of humanitarian projects: respectfully engaging with partners and stakeholders, planning responsively, communicating transparently, demonstrating care for local communities and staff during project closure, anticipating and acting to minimize harms, and attending to sustainability and project legacy. We present these ethical concerns according to the temporal horizon of humanitarian action, that is, arising across five phases of a project’s timeline: design, implementation, deciding whether to close, implementing closure, and post-closure.This exploratory study contributes to discussions concerning the ethics of project closure by illuminating how they are experienced and understood from the perspectives of national and international humanitarian workers. The interview findings contributed to the development of an ethics guidance note that aims to support project closures that minimize harms and uphold values, while being mindful of the limits of ethical ideals in non-ideal circumstances.
Report of the Joint Meeting of the 6th Asian Congress on Environmental Mutagens and the 48th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society, Tokyo, November 18–20, 2019
Authors: Honma Masamitsu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe 6th Asian Congress on Environmental Mutagens (ACEM) was held at Hitotsubashi Hall, Chiyoda City, Tokyo on November 18–20, 2019, in conjunction with the 48th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Environmental Mutagen Society (JEMS). Ninety international delegates from Australia, China, Czechia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Korea, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the UK, and the USA, along with 340 Japanese delegates and students, participated. During the conference, one keynote lecture, seven symposia, and one workshop were held under the theme of “Innovations towards Environmental Mutagen and Genome Research Originating from Asia.” In the general presentation, 34 oral presentations and 138 poster presentations were made, accompanied by lively discussions. The organizers would like to express their sincere gratitude to those who attended the conference and made it a great success.
Recently isolated lycodine-type Lycopodium alkaloids and their total synthesis: a review
Authors: Patil Shriniwas P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Since long back, several plants species belonging to family Lycopodiaceae or Huperziaceae are being traditionally used in treatment of diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis. In 1986, huperzine A, structurally lycodine type of alkaloid was isolated and established as potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitor. Hence, further, in pursuit of similar compounds, several hundreds of different types of lycopodium alkaloids have been isolated from different Lycopodiaceae or Huperziaceae plants species.

Main body
For few of these recently isolated alkaloids, the possible mechanisms of their biosynthesis have been proposed while few of them were tried for their laboratory total asymmetric synthesis. This review summarized lycodine-type Lycopodium alkaloids, whose isolation, biosynthesis, and total synthesis have been reported after 2000. It also includes structure–activity relationship.

Short conclusion
More than 40 lycodine-type alkaloids have been isolated and structurally elucidated since 2000. Their biosynthetic pathway suggested that they got biosynthesized from lysine, while structure–activity relationship established the structural requirement of lycodine-type alkaloids to possess potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitory activity.
Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts
Authors: Kwong Alex S. F. , Pearson Rebecca M. , Adams Mark J. , Northstone Kate , Tilling Kate , Smith Daniel , Fawns-Ritchie Chloe , Bould Helen , Warne Naomi , Zammit Stanley , Gunnell David J. , Moran Paul A. , Micali Nadia , Reichenberg Abraham , Hickman Matthew , Rai Dheeraj , Haworth Simon , Campbell Archie , Altschul Drew , Flaig Robin , McIntosh Andrew M. , Lawlor Deborah A. , Porteous David , Timpson Nicholas J. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences.AimsTo quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic.MethodData were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale.ResultsDepression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23–26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12–14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression.ConclusionsThese results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic.
A Noncoding Variant Near PPP1R3B Promotes Liver Glycogen Storage and MetS, but Protects Against Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Kahali Bratati , Chen Yue , Feitosa Mary F , Bielak Lawrence F , O’Connell Jeffrey R , Musani Solomon K , Hegde Yash , Chen Yanhua , Stetson L C , Guo Xiuqing , Fu Yi-ping , Smith Albert Vernon , Ryan Kathleen A , Eiriksdottir Gudny , Cohain Ariella T , Allison Matthew , Bakshi Andrew , Bowden Donald W , Budoff Matthew J , Carr J Jeffrey , Carskadon Shannon , Chen Yii-Der I , Correa Adolfo , Crudup Breland F , Du Xiaomeng , Harris Tamara B , Yang Jian , Kardia Sharon L R , Launer Lenore J , Liu Jiankang , Mosley Thomas H , Norris Jill M , Terry James G , Palanisamy Nallasivam , Schadt Eric E , O’Donnell Christopher J , Yerges-Armstrong Laura M , Rotter Jerome I , Wagenknecht Lynne E , Handelman Samuel K , Gudnason Vilmundur , Province Michael A , Peyser Patricia A , Halligan Brian , Palmer Nicholette D , Speliotes Elizabeth K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Context
Glycogen storage diseases are rare. Increased glycogen in the liver results in increased attenuation.

Objective
Investigate the association and function of a noncoding region associated with liver attenuation but not histologic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Design
Genetics of Obesity-associated Liver Disease Consortium.

Setting
Population-based.

Main Outcome
Computed tomography measured liver attenuation.

Results
Carriers of rs4841132-A (frequency 2%-19%) do not show increased hepatic steatosis; they have increased liver attenuation indicative of increased glycogen deposition. rs4841132 falls in a noncoding RNA LOC157273 ~190 kb upstream of PPP1R3B. We demonstrate that rs4841132-A increases PPP1R3B through a cis genetic effect. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we engineered a 105-bp deletion including rs4841132-A in human hepatocarcinoma cells that increases PPP1R3B, decreases LOC157273, and increases glycogen perfectly mirroring the human disease. Overexpression of PPP1R3B or knockdown of LOC157273 increased glycogen but did not result in decreased LOC157273 or increased PPP1R3B, respectively, suggesting that the effects may not all occur via affecting RNA levels. Based on electronic health record (EHR) data, rs4841132-A associates with all components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, rs4841132-A associated with decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and risk for myocardial infarction (MI). A metabolic signature for rs4841132-A includes increased glycine, lactate, triglycerides, and decreased acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.

Conclusions
These results show that rs4841132-A promotes a hepatic glycogen storage disease by increasing PPP1R3B and decreasing LOC157273. rs4841132-A promotes glycogen accumulation and development of MetS but lowers LDL cholesterol and risk for MI. These results suggest that elevated hepatic glycogen is one cause of MetS that does not invariably promote MI.
Postsynaptic cAMP signalling regulates the antagonistic balance of Drosophila glutamate receptor subtypes
Authors: Zhao Kai , Hong Huilin , Zhao Lu , Huang Sheng , Gao Ying , Metwally Elsayed , Jiang Yuqiang , Sigrist Stephan J. , Zhang Yong Q. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The balance among different subtypes of glutamate receptors (GluRs) is crucial for synaptic function and plasticity at excitatory synapses. However, the mechanisms balancing synaptic GluR subtypes remain unclear. Herein, we show that the two subtypes of GluRs (A and B) expressed at Drosophila neuromuscular junction synapses mutually antagonize each other in terms of their relative synaptic levels and affect subsynaptic localization of each other, as shown by super-resolution microscopy. Upon temperature shift-induced neuromuscular junction plasticity, GluR subtype A increased but subtype B decreased with a timecourse of hours. Inhibition of the activity of GluR subtype A led to imbalance of GluR subtypes towards more GluRIIA. To gain a better understanding of the signalling pathways underlying the balance of GluR subtypes, we performed an RNA interference screen of candidate genes and found that postsynaptic-specific knockdown of dunce, which encodes cAMP phosphodiesterase, increased levels of GluR subtype A but decreased subtype B. Furthermore, bidirectional alterations of postsynaptic cAMP signalling resulted in the same antagonistic regulation of the two GluR subtypes. Our findings thus identify a direct role of postsynaptic cAMP signalling in control of the plasticity-related balance of GluRs.
4D formation of human embryonic forelimb musculature
Authors: Wilde Susan , Feneck Eleanor M. , Mohun Timothy J. , Logan Malcolm P. O. 
Published: November 2020

The size, shape and insertion sites of muscles enable them to carry out their precise functions in moving and supporting the skeleton. Although forelimb anatomy is well described, much less is known about the embryonic events that ensure individual muscles reach their mature form. A description of human forelimb muscle development is needed to understand the events that control normal muscle formation and to identify what events are disrupted in congenital abnormalities in which muscles fail to form normally.
We provide a novel, 4D anatomical characterisation of the developing human upper limb muscles between Carnegie Stage 18-22 using Optical Projection Tomography. We show muscles develop in a progressive wave, proximal to distal and superficial to deep. We show some muscle bundles undergo splitting events to form individual muscles, while others translocate to reach their correct position within the forelimb. Finally, we show palmaris longus fails to form from early in development. Our study reveals the timings of, and suggests mechanisms for, critical events that enable nascent muscle bundles to reach their mature form and position within the human forelimb.
Asynchrony of ovule primordia initiation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yu Shi-Xia , Zhou Lv-Wen , Hu Li-Qin , Jiang Yu-Tong , Zhang Yan-Jie , Feng Shi-Liang , Jiao Yuling , Xu Lin , Lin Wen-Hui 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Plant ovule initiation determines the maximum of ovule number and has a great impact on the seed number per fruit. The detailed processes of ovule initiation have not been accurately described, although two connected processes, gynoecium and ovule development, have been investigated. Here, we report that ovules initiate asynchronously. The first group of ovule primordia grows out, the placenta elongates, the boundaries of existing ovules enlarge and a new group of primordia initiates from the boundaries. The expression pattern of different marker genes during ovule development illustrates that this asynchronicity continues throughout whole ovule development. PIN-FORMED1 polar distribution and auxin response maxima correlate with ovule primordia asynchronous initiation. We have established computational modeling to show how auxin dynamics influence ovule primordia initiation. Brassinosteroid signaling positively regulates ovule number by promoting placentae size and ovule primordia initiation through strengthening auxin response. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrates numerous known regulators of ovule development and hormone signaling, and many new genes are identified that are involved in ovule development. Taken together, our results illustrate that the ovule primordia initiate asynchronously and the hormone signals are involved in the asynchrony.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection using immunochromatography among patients attending Tamboul Hospital in Gezira State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mohmmed Elhassan Ali Noor Rawda , Mohammed Abdalla Wafaa , Abd Alla Ahmed Bakheet , Ibrahim Hashim Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

Background: Helicobacter pylori causes a major health problem worldwide; more than half of the world’s population are infected with this pathogen. The diagnosis of the infection was initially made through invasive methods, but now non-invasive methods have been developed to make diagnosis easier. This study aimed to screen the presence of H.pylori antibodies and antigen among symptomatic and asymptomatic patients at Tamboul City in Gezira State. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tamboul city, Gezira State, Sudan between March 2016 and December 2019 to compare between antigen and antibody tests results used for diagnosis of H. pylori infection among symptomatic and asymptomatic Sudanese patients. Stool and blood samples were collected and analyzed for presence of antigen and antibodies to H. pylori using immunochromatography (ICT) cards. Results: Serum and stool samples were collected from 100 patients; 50 were symptomatic and 50 were asymptomatic. In symptomatic patients, 18/50 (36%) were men (32; 64%, women) with mean age of 16.7±24.6 years. In this group, 35/50 (70%) showed positive results for stool antigen, while 30/50 (60%) were positive for serum antibodies. In asymptomatic patients, 19/50 (38%) were men (31; 62%, women) with mean age of 16.7±20.4 years. In this group, 18/50 (36%) were positive for stool antigen and 25/50 (50%) for serum antibodies. There was a significant association between antigen results and patient group (P=0.001), but there was an insignificant association between antibodies results and patient group (P=0.317). Age group, history of infected persons in the family, blood group, and previous treatment were all not associated with H. pylori infection (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of H. pylori antigen was higher than antibodies in symptomatic patients, while the frequency of H. pylori antibodies was higher than antigen in asymptomatic patients.
Analysis of environmental migrants and their mental health in strengthening health systems
Authors: Herrán Keren , Biehler Dawn 
Published: November 2020

Background: It is predicted that by 2050 more than 250 million people will have to relocate as a result of climate-related change to their home environment. The existential threat posed by anthropogenic phenomena such as forest fires, floods, sea level rise, drought, and intensified weather events (e.g. tropical storms) has caused a new type of migrant to emerge. Within academic literature, these migrants are referred to as climate migrants, environmental migrants, or eco migrants, among other terms. These individuals’ migration journey and this journey’s impact on their mental health is currently an understudied research area. This paper summarizes the mental health challenges climate migrants face via a narrative review. Methods: Google Scholar was used as the main search database throughout May, 2020 until authors determined data saturation had been reached. Grey literature was also included. Sources were included if they focused directly on evaluating environmental migrants and their mental health experiences. Academic sources must have been peer-reviewed and published within the past 10 years. Information was coded and evaluated according to the three migration journey stages of before, after, and during relocation. Results: Main findings include that the slow or sudden degradation of one’s surroundings can cause the onset of mental health disorders that are later exacerbated by challenges faced when migrating, such as lack of access to health services. Mental health challenges faced upon reaching destination communities consist mainly of social marginalization and disruption of social ties. Lastly, action items for health systems are outlined and the need for more research on the mental wellbeing of climate migrants throughout their migration journey is stressed. Conclusions: This review is an urgent call to policymakers, health professionals, and researchers to strengthen health systems by making them more climate resilient and inclusive towards environmental migrants.
Ultrasensitive temperature fiber optic sensor based on a HO(Me2SiO)nH (silicone rubber) Fabry–Pérot cavity
Authors: Li Tingfen , Xiao Qian , Huang Jingwei , Zhou Pengwei , Jia Bo 
Published: November 2020

An ultra-sensitive fiber optic sensor based on a

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(silicone rubber) Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonant cavity is fabricated through a simple method of dipping, which has high linearity, high sensitivity, and a wide response range to temperature. The silicone rubber can form a smooth sphere without wire drawing, and it has strong heat resistance and aging resistance. Its favorable waterproof performance enables it to work efficiently in different humid environments. A method of synchronizing the detection and wavelength sweeping signal is applied to analyze the wavelength shifts of the interference signal. The sensitivity of the fabricated FP sensor is almost 400 pm/°C in the range of 50–190°C with a linearity of 0.999, and the resolution is 0.002 nm. In addition, the testing results at room temperature can also satisfy the linear relationship, providing the possibility of applications in the biological field.
Enhancing the photodetection performance of MAPbI3 perovskite photodetectors by a dual functional interfacial layer for color imaging
Authors: Ji Zhong , Liu Yujin , Mai Wenjie 
Published: November 2020

The color imaging capacity of recently developed perovskite photodetectors (PDs) has not been fully explored. In this Letter, we fabricate a

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) PD as a color imaging sensor mainly due to its almost flat spectral response in a full visible light region. To enhance the photodetection performance, we introduce a dual functional interfacial

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layer by atomic layer deposition, reducing the dark current to 12 pA from 13 nA and improving the photocurrent to 1.87 µA from 20 nA, resulting in a

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fold enhancement of the ON/OFF ratio. Since we obtained satisfactory color images, we believe that the

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perovskite PD is an ideal photosensitive device for color imaging.
Single-longitudinal-mode cascaded crystalline Raman laser at 1.7  µm
Authors: Zhao Hui , Tu Zhi-Hua , Dai Shi-Bo , Zhu Si-Qi , Yin Hao , Li Zhen , Chen Zhen-Qiang 
Published: November 2020

A single-longitudinal-mode crystalline Raman laser in the 1.7 µm wave band was reported for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The

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Raman laser, which was intracavity-pumped by an actively

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-switched 1314 nm Nd:YLF laser, demonstrated the cascaded Stokes oscillation at 1715 nm. By inserting an etalon in the fundamental resonator, linewidth narrowing and power scaling of the second-Stokes laser were realized based on the spatial-hole-burning-free Raman gain. With an optimal pulse repetition frequency of 4 kHz, the maximum single-longitudinal-mode average output power of 1.8 W was acquired with the spectrum linewidth of

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. Further increasing the incident pump power, the second-Stokes laser transitioned to multimode regime, and the maximum average output power reached 2.7 W with the peak power as high as

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.