bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Streamlined Methods for the Resolution and Quantification of Fatty Acids Including Trans Fatty Acid Isomers in Food Products by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Golay Pierre-Alain , Giuffrida Francesca , Dionisi Fabiola , Destaillats Frédéric 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To support labeling, claims, and authenticity of food products, industry needs reliable methods for the analysis of fatty acids, including Trans fatty acids (TFA). In finished products, precise quantification of TFA can be problematic due to the occurrence of various positional and geometrical isomers originating from different sources, such as animal fats or processed vegetable oils and fats. The risk of underestimating TFA amounts is particularly high when inappropriate GC conditions are used. Complex sample preparation procedures involving purification of TFA isomers by silver ion chromatography have been well-documented and used for research purposes. However, in the food industry, time and cost constraints do not permit multiple analytical steps; therefore, streamlined methods are necessary. Direct methods include preparation of fatty acid methyl esters directly from food samples without prior extraction. The appropriate resolution is obtained using high-resolution GC with a highly polar 100 m capillary column, and quantification is achieved using experimentally determined response. We found that it is possible to quantify TFA in the range of 0.01 to 5.00 g/100 g of lipids in a wide range of food products. In addition, the use of direct transmethylation, response factors, and high-resolution GC allow accurate quantification of other fatty acids, including polyunsaturated and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Qualitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Detecting Major Food Allergens (Peanut, Soybean, and Wheat) by Using Internal Transcribed Spacer Region
Authors: Hirao Takashi , Watanabe Satoshi , Temmei Yusuke , Hiramoto Masayuki , Kato Hisanori 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Allergen detection methods for peanut, soybean, and wheat were developed by designing PCR primer pairs for specific amplification of a fragment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region reported for Arachis spp. for peanut, Glycine spp. for soybean, and Triticum and Aegilops spp. for wheat. The target species for detection included not only cultivated, but also wild and ancestor species, which were thought to be potentially allergenic. The ability of the resultant primer pairs to detect the target species was verified using genomic DNA extracted from A. hypogaea for peanut and G. max for soybean; T. aestivum, T. turgidum, T. durum, T. aestivum-rye amphidiploid, T. monococcum, T. timopheevi, Ae. speltoides, and Ae. squarrosa for wheat. The LODs were 50500 fg of target DNA, which were comparable to those of the most sensitive PCR methods previously reported. The results from the present work, as well as those from our previous work on buckwheat and kiwifruit, prove that the ITS region, for its high copy number and interspecific diversity, is particularly useful as the target of allergen detection methods.
Application of Headspace Sorptive Extraction and Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric and Chemometric Methods to the Quantification of Pine Nuts and Pecorino in Pesto Genovese
Authors: Zunin Paola , Leardi Riccardo , Boggia Raffaella 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Headspace sorptive extraction and GC/MS, coupled with chemometric tools, were used to predict the amounts of pine nuts and Pecorino in Pesto Genovese, a typical Italian basil-based pasta sauce. Two groups of samples were prepared at different times and with ingredients from different batches for building the predicting models and testing their performances. Principal component analysis and partial least-squares regression (PLS) were applied to the chromatographic data. The 24 most-predictive variables were selected, and the application of PLS to the training set samples led to two models that explained approximately 70 of the variance in cross-validation, with prediction errors of 0.1 g for Pecorino and 0.6 g for pine nuts, thus confirming the reliability of the analytical method and the predicting ability of the models. The results obtained for the test set samples were not completely satisfactory, with a prediction error and a bias of 5.0 and 4.1 g, respectively, for Pecorino and corresponding values of 4.1 and 2.0 g for pine nuts. This preliminary study shows that the analytical methods used can allow construction of models with high predictive ability only if the great variability of the headspace composition of the ingredients and the effect of Twister&lt;sup/&gt; are considered.
Considerations in the Development of Biomarkers of Copper Status
Authors: Bertinato Jesse , Zouzoulas Athina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient, but a harmful metal in excess. As part of the North American Dietary Reference Intakes, the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Cu was set using a combination of biomarkers of Cu deficiency, including plasma Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations, erythrocyte Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity, and platelet Cu concentration. Liver damage was the sole indicator used in setting the Tolerable Upper Intake Level. Some studies suggest that these conventional biomarkers may not be sensitive enough to detect marginal reductions or excesses of Cu that could pose a health risk. The insensitivity of conventional biomarkers casts uncertainty as to the prevalence of Cu deficiency or overload in the population and in the accuracy of current nutritional reference values for Cu. Numerous biochemical changes have been associated with alterations in Cu status, and many potential biomarkers of Cu nutriture have been proposed; yet, conventional biomarkers are still the most frequently used, underscoring the need for research efforts to substantiate the use of novel biomarkers. In this report, biomarkers of Cu status are reviewed and practical considerations in the development of novel biomarkers are discussed as diagnostic tools for assessing Cu status in humans.
A Stability-Indicating High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Methocarbamol in Veterinary Preparations
Authors: Rosasco María A , Ceresole Rita , Forastieri Clara C , Segall Adriana I 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An isocratic HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitation of methocarbamol in the presence of its degradation products. Quantitation was achieved using a reversed-phase C18 column at ambient temperature with mobile phase consisting of methanolwatertetrahydrofuran (25 + 65 + 10, v/v). The flow rate was 0.9 mL/min. The detection was by UV light at 274 nm. The proposed method was validated for selectivity, precision, linearity, and accuracy. The assay method was found to be linear from 159.0 to 793.2 g/mL (3.2 to 15.9 g injected). All validation parameters were within the acceptable range. The developed method was successfully applied to estimate the amount of methocarbamol in a veterinary injection.
Single-Laboratory Validation of an NMR Method for the Determination of Aloe Vera Polysaccharide in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Davis Bryce , Goux Warren J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This report presents a single-laboratory-validated NMR method for determining the quantity of aloe vera polysaccharide in product formulations. The ratio of signal intensities of the acetyl methyl protons to methyl protons of an internal reference varied linearly with concentration (r2 &gt; 0.99) with a lower LOQ of 0.2 g/100 mL for two commercial aloe polysaccharide standards, Acemannan Hydrogel (AH) and Immuno10 (I10). The assay was used to quantify these standards in two nonacetylated polysaccharide matrices, dextrin and arabinogalactan, and in a pharmaceutical product. The concentrations of AH in samples containing the polysaccharide matrices agreed within 7 of values determined on the basis of weight and showed within- and between-run RSD values of &lt;3.5. The assay of I10 in the pharmaceutical product was within 7 of the expected values over a range from 50 to 125 of the targeted I10 concentration, with a between- run RSD of &lt;7. The assay showed no interference from other added polysaccharides or from other components of the pharmaceutical formulation and was independent of the molecular size distribution of the aloe polysaccharide present. The NMR assay can be used to validate aloe polysaccharide contained in a product and to follow any chemical degradation that may occur over time.
Membrane Electrodes for the Determination of Pyridostigmine Bromide
Authors: El-Kosasy Amira M , Salem Maissa Y , El-Bardicy Mohamed G , Abd El-Rahman Mohamed K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two pyridostigmine bromide (PB) selective electrodes were investigated with 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether as a plasticizer in a polymeric matrix of carboxylated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-COOH), based on the interaction between the drug solution and the dissociated COOH groups in the PVC-COOH. One of the sensors was fabricated by using PVC-COOH only as anionic site without incorporation of an ionophore (sensor 1). The second sensor was constructed by using 2-hydroxy propyl -cyclodextrin as an ionophore (sensor 2). Linear responses of PB within a concentration range of 103102 and 105102 M, with slopes of 51.9 0.31 and 56.7 0.40 mV/decade over pH range of 510 were obtained using sensors 2 and 1, respectively. The proposed method displayed useful analytical characteristics for determination of PB in tablets with average recoveries of 100.22 0.62, and 100.15 0.72, and in plasma with average recoveries of 99.14 1.19 and 99.79 0.72, for sensors 2 and 1, respectively. The utility of 2-hydroxy propyl -cyclodextrin as an ionophore has a significant influence on increasing both membrane sensitivity and selectivity of sensor 2 in comparison with sensor 1. The methods were also used to determine the intact drug in the presence of its degradate, and thus could be used as stability-indicating methods. The results obtained by the proposed procedures were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by the U.S. Pharmacopeia method. No significant difference for either accuracy or precision was observed.
Development of an Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Ceftiofur Sodium Powder
Authors: E Souza marinês J , Canedo Natália , Souza Filho Paulo S , Bergold Ana M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A UV spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of ceftiofur sodium in the drug substance and sterile powder for injection. The method validation, which yielded good results, included evaluation of the range, linearity, intraand interday precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity, robustness, LOQ, and LOD. The UV spectrophotometric determinations were performed at 292 nm. Good linearity was obtained between 2.5 and 20.0 g/mL. A prospective validation showed that the method is linear (r = 0.9999) and precise, with RSD values of 0.3 for product A and 0.4 for product B. The intraand interday precision values were &lt;2 for all samples analyzed. Comparison of UV spectrophotometry and LC by analysis of variance and Student's t-test showed no significant difference between methodologies. Moreover, the accuracy and precision obtained with the UV method correlated well with the values obtained with the LC method, and this correlation suggests that UV spectrophotometric analysis can be an inexpensive, reliable, and less time-consuming alternative to chromatographic analysis. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed method as a simple and useful alternative for the determination of ceftiofur in routine QC analyses.
Microdetermination of Emtricitabine in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yadav Manish , Singhal Puran , Goswami Sailendra , Sharma Primal , Shrivastav Pranav S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple, precise, and rapid LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of emtricitabine in human plasma using lamivudine as the internal standard (IS). The method involves liquidliquid extraction of emtricitabine and the IS in diethyl etherethyl acetate (50 + 50, v/v) from 0.1 mL human plasma. A Kromasil C18 (150 4.6 mm, 5 m particle size) analytical column was used for the chromatographic separation under isocratic conditions. The parent product ion transitions for emtricitabine (m/z 248.0130.0) and the IS (m/z 230.1 112.0) were monitored on a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, operated in the multiple reaction monitoring positive ion mode. The method was validated over the concentration range of 29.23110 ng/mL for emtricitabine, with a total chromatographic run time of 1.5 min. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for the concentrations used to prepare the standard curves. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by a pharmacokinetic study conducted with 43 healthy volunteers who were administered a capsule formulation containing 200 mg emtricitabine.
Determination of Total Iodine in Food Samples Using Inductively Coupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry
Authors: Benkhedda Karima , Robichaud André , Turcotte Stéphane , Béraldin Franca J , Cockell Kevin A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was developed and validated for the extraction and determination of total iodine (I) in food composite samples, representing different foods available on the Canadian market, by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Prior to analysis, samples were digested in a closed microwave system using a mixture of nitric acid and perchloric acid. The detection limit for iodine determination was 29 ng/g and precisions of 10 and 1.3 were obtained for 10 replicate measurements of 100 and 1000 ng/g standards, respectively. The method was validated using Certified Reference Materials and spike recovery measurements in food samples and was applied for the determination of iodine in a variety of food composite samples from the Canadian Total Diet Study. The high sample throughput of ICP-MS makes the method suitable for analysis of large numbers of food samples with varying matrixes, such as for Total Diet Studies.
Checking the Validity of the Harvesting and Disaggregating Steps in Laboratory Tests of Surface Disinfectants
Authors: Hamilton Martin A , Buckingham-Meyer Kelli , Goeres Darla M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A chemical disinfectant against surface-associated bacteria typically uses carriers (e.g., glass disks) that are purposely contaminated with bacteria prior to disinfection. After disinfection, the bacteria are harvested by mechanically separating them from the carrier surface to form a suspension of cells in a dilution tube. Bacterial clumps in the tube are disaggregated using mechanical or chemical techniques, thereby creating a well-mixed suspension of single cells suitable for enumeration. Efficacy is quantified by comparing the viable cell count for a disinfected carrier to the viable cell count for sham-disinfected (control) carrier. A test is said to be biased (invalid) if the observed efficacy measure is systematically higher or lower than the true efficacy. It is shown here for the first time that the bias attributable to the harvesting and disaggregating steps of a disinfectant test can be measured. For some conventional biofilm harvesting and disaggregating techniques, laboratory checks showed either negligible bias or important bias, depending on the disinfectant. Quantitative bias checks on the harvesting and disaggregating steps are prudent for each combination of carrier material, microorganism, and disinfectant. The quantitative results should be augmented by microscopic examination of harvested disinfected and control carriers and of the disaggregated suspensions.
Characterization of Hapten-Protein Conjugates: Antibody Generation and Immunoassay Development for Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid Pesticides
Authors: Boro Robin C , Singh K Vikas , Suri C Raman 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The generation of specific and sensitive antibodies against small molecules is greatly dependent upon the characteristics of the hapten-protein conjugates. In this study, we report a new fluorescence-based method for the characterization of hapten-protein conjugates. The method is based on an effect promoted by hapten-protein conjugation density upon the fluorescence intensity of the intrinsic tryptophan chromophore molecules of the protein. The proposed methodology is applied to quantify the hapten-protein conjugation density for two different chlorophenoxyacetic acid pesticides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB), coupled to carrier protein. Highly sensitive anti-2,4-D and anti-2,4-DB antibodies were obtained using these well-characterized hapten-protein conjugates. The generated antibodies were used in an immunoassay format demonstrating inhibitory concentration (IC50) values equal to 30 and 7 ng/mL for 2,4-D and 2,4-DB, respectively. Linearity was observed in the concentration range between 0.1500 ng/mL with LODs around 4 and 3 ng/mL for 2,4-D and 2,4-DB, respectively, in standard water samples. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the extent of hapten-protein conjugation to produce specific antibodies for immunoassay development against pesticides.
Levels of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE) and Bisphenol F Diglycidyl Ether (BFDGE) in Canned Liquid Infant Formula Products in Canada and Dietary Intake Estimates
Authors: Cao Xu-Liang , Dufresne Guy , Clement Genevieve , Blisle Stphane , Robichaud Andr , Beraldin Franca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method based on solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in liquid infant formula. In this method, instead of trying to isolate and measure each individual form of the molecules, hydrolysis of BADGE, BFDGE, BADGEH2O, and BFDGEH2O was forced to completion to their stable forms, BADGE2H2O and BFDGE2H2O, before extraction. The method LODs were 2.0 ng/g for BADGE and 3.0 ng/g for BFDGE. Extraction recoveries were 6191 for BADGE, and 5582 for BFDGE over the concentration range of 10 to 50 ng/g. The method was used to analyze samples of 21 canned liquid infant formula products for BADGE and BFDGE. BADGE was detected in samples of all products at levels ranging from as low as 2.4 ng/g to as high as 262 ng/g. BFDGE was detected in only one product (40 ng/g), and this product also had the highest BADGE level (262 ng/g). HPLC/MS/MS with a similar LOD was also used to confirm the results. The probable daily intakes (PDI) of BADGE and BFDGE due to consumption of canned liquid infant formula were estimated for infants from premature to 1218 months of age. The maximum PDI of BADGE was 22 g/kg body weight/day for the 1218 months old with the maximum formula intake. The maximum PDI of BFDGE was &lt;3.4 g/kg body weight/day.
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Benzoic Acid, Sorbic Acid, and Ascorbic Acid Using a Net Analyte Signal-Based Method
Authors: Naseri Abdolhossein , Ghorbani-Kalhor Ebrahim , Vallipour Javad , Jafari Samira , Shahverdizadeh Gholam Hossein , Asadpour-Zeynali Karim 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The net analyte preprocessing/classical least-squares (NAP/CLS) method is a simple chemometric method that has been used for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and ascorbic acid. The obtained results indicated that the performances of the NAP/CLS and partial least-squares methods were almost identical. The net analyte signal (NAS) concept was also used to calculate multivariate analytical figures of merit, such as LOD, selectivity, and sensitivity. Wavelength selection was applied based on the concept of NAS regression, and improved the method performance in samples containing nonmodeled interferences. The method afforded recoveries in the range of 98105. The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of the analytes in an Iranian soft drink.
GeneQuence Salmonella Assay
Authors: Alles Susan , Mozola Mark , Hammack Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to validate the GeneQuence Salmonella DNA hybridization assay, Performance Tested Method 030201, for detection of Salmonella spp. in peanut butter. The study was organized by the AOAC Research Institute under its Emergency Response Validation program. Peanut butter samples inoculated with S. Typhimurium were prepared by an independent laboratory and shipped to study participants for testing. The set of blind-coded test samples consisted of five uninoculated controls, 20 portions inoculated with S. Typhimurium at a low level [determined by most probable number (MPN) analysis to contain 1.1 CFU/25 g portion], and 20 portions inoculated with S. Typhimurium at a higher level (11 CFU/25 g portion by MPN analysis). Samples were tested in parallel by the GeneQuence method and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference culture procedure. All five control samples were negative by both methods. For the low-level samples, the same two samples were positive by both the GeneQuence and reference methods. For the high-level samples, the same 19 samples were positive by both methods. All positive GeneQuence assays were confirmed by plating from associated broth cultures. Agreement between the GeneQuence and reference methods was 100. Sensitivity and specificity of the GeneQuence method were both 100. Because neither the low- nor the high-level samples yielded the desired fractional positive results (515 positives out of 20 samples), a second trial was conducted. Samples in the second trial contained 0.1 and 0.5 CFU/25 g portion for the low and high levels, respectively. All five control samples were negative by both methods. For the low-level samples, the same two samples were positive by both the GeneQuence and reference methods. For the high-level samples, the same three samples were positive by both methods. All positive GeneQuence assays were confirmed by plating from associated broth cultures. Sensitivity and specificity of the GeneQuence method were both 100. Although once again the desired level of fractional positive results was not obtained, there was 100 agreement between the GeneQuence and reference methods. Based on the results of both trials, it is recommended that the validated claims for Performance Tested Method 030201 be expanded to include peanut butter.
iQ-Check Salmonella II: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Test Kit
Authors: Lauer Wendy F , Sidi Caroline D , Tourniaire Jean-Philippe , Hammack Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
iQ-Check Salmonella II is a real-time PCR kit for detection of Salmonella in foods. Specific oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target DNA during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. These probes are linked to a fluorophore, which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. As part of an Emergency Response Validation due to a massive outbreak and subsequent recall, peanut butter was tested to compare the performance of iQ-Check Salmonella II to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) reference method for detection of Salmonella. A single enrichment in buffered peptone water was used for a reduced enrichment time of 21 1 h over the 48 h reference method. There was no significant difference in the performance of the iQ-Check kit when compared to the FDA-BAM method, as determined by Chi-square analysis. All samples identified as positive by iQ-Check were confirmed by reference method protocol.