bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural responses to food cues in middle to older aged adults: a scoping review of fMRI studies
Authors: Bennett Christie , Burrows Tracy , Pursey Kirrilly , Poudel Govinda , Ng Ker Wei , Nguo Kay , Walker Karen , Porter Judi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimUnderstanding neural responses through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to food and food cues in middle‐older adults may lead to better treatment options to address the growing issue of malnutrition. This scoping review aimed to determine the extent, range and nature of research using fMRI, related to reward‐based regions, in response to food cues in middle to older aged adults (50 years and over).MethodsThe following databases were systematically searched in July 2019: CINAHL, CENTRAL, Embase, Dissertations and Theses, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, PsycEXTRA, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies were eligible for inclusion if participants had a mean or median age ≥50 years, utilised and reported outcomes of either a food cue task‐related fMRI methodology or resting‐state fMRI. Data from included studies were charted, and synthesised narratively.ResultsTwenty‐two studies were included. Eighteen studies utilised a task‐related design to measure neural activation, two studies measured resting state neural connectivity only and an additional two studies measured both. The fMRI scanning paradigms, food cue tools and procedure of presentation varied markedly. Four studies compared the neural responses to food between younger and older adults, providing no consensus on neural age‐related changes to food cues; two studies utilised longitudinal scans.ConclusionThis review identified significant extent, range and nature in the approaches used to assess neuronal activity in response to food cues in adults aged 50 years and over. Future studies are needed to understand the age‐related appetite changes whilst considering personal preferences for food cues.
Association between poverty exposure during childhood and adolescence, and drug use disorders and drug‐related crimes later in life
Authors: Manhica Hélio , Straatmann Viviane S. , Lundin Andreas , Agardh Emilie , Danielsson Anna‐Karin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsTo examine whether poverty exposure in childhood/adolescence increases the risk of later drug use disorder and drug crime conviction.Design, Setting and participantsA national cohort study encompassing 634 284 individuals born between 1985 and 1990, residing in Sweden between 5 and 18 years of age, followed‐up from January 2004 to December 2016, starting from the age of 19 years until the first visit to inpatient/outpatient care with a diagnosis of a drug use disorder or a drug crime offence.MeasurementsThe exposure variable was ‘trajectories of poverty’ based on household income, assessed through group‐based trajectory analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to obtain hazard ratios for drug use disorders and drug crime convictions using age as the underlying time scale.FindingsWe identified five trajectories of childhood/adolescence poverty: (1) ‘moving out of poverty in childhood’ (8.7%); (2) ‘never poverty’ (68.9%); (3) ‘moving into poverty in adolescence’ (11.0%); (4) ‘moving out of poverty in adolescence’ (5.4%); and (5) ‘chronically poor’ (5.9%). Compared with the ‘never poor’ group, almost all trajectory groups had higher risks for drug use problems. Young males ‘moving into poverty in adolescence’ had the highest risks of drug use disorder [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.40–1.57] and drug crime conviction (HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.38–1.62), after adjusting for calendar year, domicile, origin, psychiatric diagnosis and parental psychiatric diagnosis. The results were similar in females moving into poverty in adolescence (HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.52–1.76 and HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.74–2.05 for drug use disorders and drug crime, respectively).ConclusionIn Sweden, poverty exposure early in life seems to increase the risk of drug use problems in adulthood. These associations are not explained fully by domicile, origin or other psychiatric disorders. Young males and females moving into poverty in adolescence are at highest risk.
Coextinction of Pseudococcus markharveyi (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): a case study in the modern insect extinction crisis
Authors: Moir Melinda L 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe majority of modern insect extinctions are likely unrecorded, despite increasing concern for this hyperdiverse group. This is because they are either yet to be discovered and described, their distributions and host associations are poorly known, or data are too sparse to detect declines in populations. Here, I outline the likely extinction of an Australian mealybug, Pseudococcus markharveyi Gullan 2013, which was discovered and described less than 15 years ago but was highlighted recently as one of five most threatened invertebrates in Australia from recent bushfires. The synergistic threats of dieback disease (Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, 1922) and inappropriate fire regime as a consequence of climate change, have decimated host plant populations of the critically endangered Banksia montana (George, 1996) (Mast & Thiele 2007) and the montane habitat of both organisms, thereby leading to the coextinction of the mealybug. Its loss occurred despite attempts at conservation management and illustrates the general insect extinction crisis that Australia, and the world, is facing. The majority of Australian mealybugs are not receiving the same attention as P. markharveyi. Many poorly known species either remain undetected, without formal names, or data on their distribution, abundance and critical habitat are too scant to assess their conservation status. I also discuss the diversity of Australian mealybugs more generally and their need for conservation.
Choroidal imaging in patients with Cushing syndrome
Authors: Eymard Pauline , Gerardy Melvin , Bouys Lucas , Mehanna Chadi , Bertherat Jérôme , Behar‐Cohen Francine , Bousquet Elodie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsGlucocorticoid intake is a well‐established risk factor for central serous chorioretinopathy that belongs to the pachychoroid spectrum disease (PSD). The study aimed to assess the prevalence of PSD and analyse the choroidal phenotype in patients with Cushing syndrome.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was performed in Ophtalmopôle hôpital Cochin, Paris, France, with a systematic evaluation of hospitalized patients with Cushing syndrome, between November 2017 and July 2018. 56 eyes from 28 Cushing syndrome patients and 56 eyes of 28 age and gender‐matched, and close spherical equivalent healthy participants were included. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination including Enhanced‐Depth Imaging (EDI)‐Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Measures of subfoveal, 1000 µm nasal and 1000 µm temporal choroidal thicknesses were realized, and the presence of choroidal pachyvessels was evaluated. Hormonal tests evaluated the corticotropic axis.ResultsThe number of eyes with PSD was significantly higher in Cushing syndrome patients as compared to controls (21.4% versus 3.6%, p = 0.004). In Cushing patients’ eyes, 17.9% had a pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE) and 3.6% had a polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Pachyvessels were more common in Cushing syndrome patients than in healthy subjects (71.4% versus 42.9%, p = 0.002). Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 331 ± 110 µm in Cushing patients, with no statistical difference between the two groups. There was no correlation between choroidal thickness and urinary and salivary cortisol levels.ConclusionPatients with Cushing syndrome have a higher prevalence of PDS. An ophthalmologic specialized follow‐up of these patients with EDI‐OCT could detect chorioretinal abnormalities and adapt the surveillance of these patients.
A systematic literature review of LASA error interventions
Authors: Bryan Rachel , Aronson Jeffrey K. , Williams Alison J. , Jordan Sue 
Published: November 2020

AimsThe aim of this systematic review was to explore and evaluate the efficacy of interventions to reduce the prevalence of look‐alike, sound‐alike (LASA) medication name errors.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature, searching PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science up to December 2016, and re‐ran the search in February 2020 for later results. We included studies of interventions to reduce LASA errors and included randomized controlled trials, controlled before‐and‐after studies, and interrupted time series. Details were registered in Prospero (ID: CRD42016048198).ResultsWe identified six studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. All were conducted in laboratories. Given the diversity in the included studies, we did not conduct a meta‐analysis and instead report the findings narratively. The only intervention explored in RCTs was capitalization of selected letters (“Tall Man”), for which we found limited efficacy and no consensus.ConclusionsTall Man lettering is a marginally effective intervention to reduce LASA errors, with a number of caveats. We suggest that Tall Man gives rise to a “quasi‐placebo effect”, whereby a user derives more benefit from Tall Man lettering if they are aware of its purpose. Keywords: (on scholar one).
The antidepressant hoax: Conspiracy theories decrease health‐seeking intentions
Authors: Natoli Eleanor E. , Marques Mathew D. 
Published: November 2020

Health‐related conspiracy theories can undermine the trustworthiness of actors and institutions and may impact an individual’s intention to seek help. Across three experimental studies, we investigated the consequences of exposure to an antidepressant conspiracy theory on general intentions to seek medical and psychological help. Study 1 participants (N = 299) were randomly allocated to read one of three articles (pro‐conspiracy, anti‐conspiracy, control) after which they completed measures of conspiracy endorsement, trust, powerlessness, and health‐seeking intentions. Results suggested that exposure to antidepressant conspiracy theories significantly reduced individual’s intention to seek help indirectly through decreased trust in health authorities, but not health‐industry‐related powerlessness. In two additional pre‐registered studies, we found some support for these findings. While Study 2 (N = 244) found no support for a direct or indirect relationship between conspiracy exposure and health‐seeking intentions, an exploratory analysis highlighted the importance of gender differences when investigating conspiracy exposure on intentions. Study 3 (N = 247) replicated Study 1 findings, highlighting that antidepressant conspiracy theories decrease health‐seeking intentions indirectly through decreased trust and increased powerlessness. Mere exposure to antidepressant conspiracy theories had significant indirect consequences on general health‐seeking intentions.
Focal adhesion kinase—An emerging viable target in cancer and development of focal adhesion kinase inhibitors
Authors: Chauhan Akshita , Khan Tabassum 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFocal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non‐receptor tyrosine kinase located at the extracellular matrix cell adhesion site. This kinase mediates downstream signalling cascades on the cell‐extracellular matrix of integrins, cytokine receptors, growth factor receptors and G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Several studies have suggested the importance of FAK in cancer cell adhesion, motility, proliferation and survival and is over‐expressed in cancer cells. There is a growing body of evidence indicating involvement of FAK‐mediated signalling and functions in development of tumour cells, making FAK an emerging viable therapeutic target. There is substantial research impetus on development of small molecule FAK inhibitors that impact and inhibit the downstream pathways of FAK, subsequently modulating cancer progression and survival. A variety of scaffolds including hybrid scaffolds have been designed and synthesized with some translating into clinical trials. In addition to the reduction of metastasis and angiogenesis, these inhibitors are effective in inducing tumour cell apoptosis. In this paper, we provide an overview of FAK and analysis of design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of small molecule FAK inhibitors reported till date. We have discussed FAK inhibitors in clinical trials and highlighted future prospects in the development of FAK inhibitors to augment the armamentarium of cancer therapeutics.
Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic
Authors:   COVIDSurg Collaborative
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimThis study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic.MethodThis was an international cohort study of patients undergoing elective resection of colon or rectal cancer without preoperative suspicion of SARS‐CoV‐2. Centres entered data from their first recorded case of COVID‐19 until 19 April 2020. The primary outcome was 30‐day mortality. Secondary outcomes included anastomotic leak, postoperative SARS‐CoV‐2 and a comparison with prepandemic European Society of Coloproctology cohort data.ResultsFrom 2073 patients in 40 countries, 1.3% (27/2073) had a defunctioning stoma and 3.0% (63/2073) had an end stoma instead of an anastomosis only. Thirty‐day mortality was 1.8% (38/2073), the incidence of postoperative SARS‐CoV‐2 was 3.8% (78/2073) and the anastomotic leak rate was 4.9% (86/1738). Mortality was lowest in patients without a leak or SARS‐CoV‐2 (14/1601, 0.9%) and highest in patients with both a leak and SARS‐CoV‐2 (5/13, 38.5%). Mortality was independently associated with anastomotic leak (adjusted odds ratio 6.01, 95% confidence interval 2.58–14.06), postoperative SARS‐CoV‐2 (16.90, 7.86–36.38), male sex (2.46, 1.01–5.93), age >70 years (2.87, 1.32–6.20) and advanced cancer stage (3.43, 1.16–10.21). Compared with prepandemic data, there were fewer anastomotic leaks (4.9% versus 7.7%) and an overall shorter length of stay (6 versus 7 days) but higher mortality (1.7% versus 1.1%).ConclusionSurgeons need to further mitigate against both SARS‐CoV‐2 and anastomotic leak when offering surgery during current and future COVID‐19 waves based on patient, operative and organizational risks.
Inferring insect feeding patterns from sugar profiles: a comparison of statistical methods
Authors: Luquet Martin , Parisey Nicolas , Hervé Maxime , Desouhant Emmanuel , Cortesero Anne‐Marie , Peñalver‐Cruz Ainara , Lavandero Blas , Anton Sylvia , Jaloux Bruno 
Published: November 2020

Investigations in nutritional ecology often require the identification of animal feeding patterns in natural conditions (what, where, and when do animals eat). Thus, methods are needed to trace not only individual resource uptake but also the relative use of different resources in a population or community.
Recent biochemical developments allow predicting the use of sugar‐rich resources from insects in the field. Individual feeding status (feeding history, food sources) is inferred by comparing insect sugar profiles with those of individuals fed on controlled diets. Individual assignations are then used to predict the relative consumption of different resources at the population or community level. As both steps may generate error, accurate prediction rules are needed. However, research from other domains (e.g., protein‐marking studies) suggests that classical decision rules used for such tasks may sometimes induce bias.
This study evaluated the performance of these rules and compared them to alternative methods on simulated, realistic datasets. It tested different methods for individual classification but also introduced methods for prevalence estimation, whose specific purpose is to estimate the relative frequency of different classes.
Alternative methods substantially outperformed the traditional algorithms to predict insect individual feeding status and population class distribution (relative frequency of insects with different feeding status). This study provided a simple decision tool to choose a method according to dataset size, variance, and biochemical method used.
Alternative methods should increase prediction confidence in future studies. Such approaches should easily be generalized to a wider range of systems.
Divergent expression of hypoxia response systems under deoxygenation in reef‐forming corals aligns with bleaching susceptibility
Authors: Alderdice Rachel , Suggett David J. , Cárdenas Anny , Hughes David J. , Kühl Michael , Pernice Mathieu , Voolstra Christian R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExposure of marine life to low oxygen is accelerating worldwide via climate change and localized pollution. Mass coral bleaching and mortality have recently occurred where reefs have experienced chronic low oxygen events. However, the mechanistic basis of tolerance to oxygen levels inadequate to sustain normal functioning (i.e. hypoxia) and whether it contributes to bleaching susceptibility, remain unknown. We therefore experimentally exposed colonies of the environmentally resilient Acropora tenuis, a common reef‐building coral from the Great Barrier Reef, to deoxygenation–reoxygenation stress that was aligned to their natural night–day light cycle. Specifically, the treatment involved removing the ‘night‐time O2 buffer’ to challenge the inherent hypoxia thresholds. RNA‐Seq analysis revealed that coral possess a complete and active hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐mediated hypoxia response system (HRS) homologous to other metazoans. As expected, A. tenuis exhibited bleaching resistance and showed a strong inducibility of HIF target genes in response to deoxygenation stress. We applied this same approach in parallel to a colony of Acropora selago, known to be environmnetally susceptible, which conversely exhibited a bleaching phenotype response. This phenotypic divergence of A. selago was accompanied by contrasting gene expression profiles indicative of varied effectiveness of their HIF‐HRS. Based on our RNA‐Seq analysis, we propose (a) that the HIF‐HRS is central for corals to manage deoxygenation stress and (b) that key genes of this system (and the wider gene network) may contribute to variation in coral bleaching susceptibility. Our analysis suggests that heat shock protein (hsp) 70 and 90 are important for low oxygen stress tolerance and further highlights how hsp90 expression might also affect the inducibility of coral HIF‐HRS in overcoming a metabolic crisis under deoxygenation stress. We propose that differences in coral HIF‐HRS could be central in regulating sensitivity to other climate change stressors—notably thermal stress—that commonly drive bleaching.
A clinical librarian in a hospital critical care unit may generate a positive return on investment
Authors: Hartfiel Ned , Sadera Girendra , Treadway Victoria , Lawrence Catherine , Tudor Edwards Rhiannon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundTimely information provided by clinical librarians can contribute to outcomes such as improved patient care and time savings for hospital staff. What is unknown is the return on investment (ROI) of a clinical librarian on a critical care unit.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the ROI, from the employer perspective, of placing a clinical librarian in a critical care unit in a large UK acute hospital.MethodsUsing a mixed methods approach, ROI was estimated by comparing the total costs with the total monetised benefits of implementing the clinical librarian intervention. Total costs included salary and equipment costs. Total monetised benefits included time saving for hospital staff, support for professional development and improved patient care.ResultsWhen total monetised benefits were compared with total costs, the 15‐month clinical librarian intervention generated a positive ROI of £1.18–£3.03 for every £1 invested.DiscussionUsing outcome measures derived from previous research, this novel study generated promising results indicative for commissioners seeking to improve patient care and deliver value for money. To improve generalisability, multisite studies using standardised ROI tools are recommended.ConclusionEmploying a clinical librarian in a critical care unit can generate a positive ROI.
Renin–angiotensin system inhibition and risk of infection and mortality in COVID‐19: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Koshy Anoop N. , Murphy Alexandra C. , Farouque Omar , Ramchand Jay , Burrell Louise M. , Yudi Matias B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative agent of COVID‐19, enters human cells by binding of its viral protein to the aminopeptidase angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This has led to speculation whether treatment with renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors was associated with an increased likelihood of a positive test for COVID‐19 and risk of mortality.AimsWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to investigate whether RAS inhibitors increased the likelihood of a positive test or death/severe illness in patients with COVID‐19.MethodsA systematic search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE was conducted for studies stratified by the use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Pooled analysis was performed using a random‐effects model.ResultsSeven trials of 73 122 patients were included. Overall, 16 624 (22.7%) patients had a positive COVID‐19 test and 7892 (10.8%) were on a RAS inhibitor. RAS inhibitors were not associated with higher likelihood of a positive COVID‐19 test result (odds ratio (OR) 0.97 (95% CI 0.97–1.05, P = 0.48) with low heterogeneity. This was comparable when stratifying by use of each medication class. The use of RAS inhibitors was also not associated with mortality or severe illness (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73–1.07, P = 0.21) with moderate heterogeneity.ConclusionUse of ACEI or ARB was not associated with a heightened susceptibility for a positive diagnosis of COVID‐19. Furthermore, they were not associated with increased illness severity or mortality due to COVID‐19. Randomised controlled trials are needed to address definitively the potential benefits or harms of RAS inhibitors in patients with COVID‐19.