bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ugandan Medical Student Career Choices Relate to Foreign Funding Priorities
Authors: Kakembo Nasser , Situma Martin , Williamson Hannah , Kisa Phyllis , Kamya Moses , Ozgediz Doruk , Sekabira John , Fitzgerald Tamara N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe surgical workforce in sub‐Saharan Africa is insufficient to meet population needs. Therefore, medical students should be encouraged to pursue surgical careers and “brain drain” must be minimized. It is unknown to what extent foreign aid priorities influence medical student career choices in Uganda.MethodsMedical students in Uganda completed an online survey examining their career choices and attitudes regarding career opportunities and funding priorities. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and responses among men and women were compared using Fisher's exact tests.ResultsNinety‐eight students participated. Students were most influenced by inspiring role models, employment opportunities and specialty fit with personal skills. Filling an underserved specialty was near the bottom of the influence scale. Women placed higher importance on advice from mentors (p = 0.049) and specialties with lower stress burden (p = 0.027). Men placed importance on opportunities in non‐governmental organizations (p = 0.033) and academia (p = 0.050). Students expressed that the most supported specialties were infectious disease (n = 65, 66%), obstetrics (n = 15, 15%) and pediatrics (n = 7, 7%). Most students (n = 91, 93%) were planning a career in infectious disease. Fifty‐three students (70%) indicated plans to leave Africa for residency. Female students were more likely to have a plan to leave (p = 0.027).ConclusionMedical students in Uganda acknowledge the career opportunities for physicians in specialties prioritized by the Sustainable Development Goals. In order to avoid “brain drain” and encourage students to pursue careers in surgery, career opportunities including surgical residencies must be prioritized and supported in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Visual Preference for Biological Motion in Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study
Authors: Kaliukhovich Dzmitry A. , Manyakov Nikolay V. , Bangerter Abigail , Ness Seth , Skalkin Andrew , Boice Matthew , Goodwin Matthew S. , Dawson Geraldine , Hendren Robert , Leventhal Bennett , Shic Frederick , Pandina Gahan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractParticipants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 121, mean [SD] age: 14.6 [8.0] years) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 40, 16.4 [13.3] years) were presented with a series of videos representing biological motion on one side of a computer monitor screen and non-biological motion on the other, while their eye movements were recorded. As predicted, participants with ASD spent less overall time looking at presented stimuli than TD participants (P < 10–3) and showed less preference for biological motion (P < 10–5). Participants with ASD also had greater average latencies than TD participants of the first fixation on both biological (P < 0.01) and non-biological motion (P < 0.02). Findings suggest that individuals with ASD differ from TD individuals on multiple properties of eye movements and biological motion preference.
Development of tannic acid-enriched materials modified by poly(ethylene glycol) for potential applications as wound dressing
Authors: Kaczmarek Beata , Mazur Olha , Miłek Oliwia , Michalska-Sionkowska Marta , Osyczka Anna M. , Kleszczyński Konrad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe interests in the biomedical impact of tannic acid (TA) targeting production of various types of biomaterials, such as digital microfluids, chemical sensors, wound dressings, or bioimplants constantly increase. Despite the significant disadvantage of materials obtained from natural-based compounds and their low stability and fragility, therefore, there is an imperative need to improve materials properties by addition of stabilizing formulas. In this study, we performed assessments of thin films over TA proposed as a cross-linker to be used in combination with polymeric matrix based on chitosan (CTS), i.e. CTS/TA at 80:20 or CTS/TA at 50:50 and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at the concentration of 10% or 20%. We evaluated their mechanical parameters as well as the cytotoxicity assay for human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, human melanotic melanoma (MNT-1), and human osteosarcoma (Saos-2). The results revealed significant differences in dose-dependent of PEG regarding the maximum tensile strength (σmax) or impact on the metabolic activity of tissue culture plastic. We observed that PEG improved mechanical parameters prominently, decreased the hemolysis rate, and did not affect cell viability negatively. Enclosed data, confirmed also by our previous reports, will undoubtedly pave the path for the future application of tannic acid-based biomaterials to treat wound healing.
The Critical Point and the Supercritical State of Alkali Feldspars: Implications for the Behavior of the Crust During Impacts
Authors: Kobsch Anaïs , Caracas Razvan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe position of the vapor‐liquid dome and of the critical point determine the evolution of the outermost parts of the protolunar disk during cooling and condensation after the Giant Impact. The parts of the disk in supercritical or liquid state evolve as a single thermodynamic phase; when the thermal trajectory of the disk reaches the liquid‐vapor dome, gas and melt separate leading to heterogeneous convection and phase separation due to friction. Different layers of the proto‐Earth behaved differently during the Giant Impact depending on their constituent materials and initial thermodynamic conditions. Here we use first‐principles molecular dynamics to determine the position of the critical point for NaAlSi3O8 and KAlSi3O8 feldspars, major minerals of the Earth and Moon crusts. The variations of the pressure calculated at various volumes along isotherms yield the position of the critical points: 0.5–0.8 g cm−3 and 5500–6000 K range for the Na‐feldspar, 0.5–0.9 g cm−3 and 5000–5500 K range for the K‐feldspar. The simulations suggest that the vaporization is incongruent, with a degassing of O2 starting at 4000 K and gas component made mostly of free Na and K cations, O2, SiO and SiO2 species for densities below 1.5 g cm−3. The Hugoniot equations of state imply that low‐velocity impactors (<8.3 km s−1) would at most melt a cold feldspathic crust, whereas large impacts in molten crust would see temperatures raise up to 30000 K.
Evaluation of the MC4R gene across eMERGE network identifies many unreported obesity-associated variants
Authors: Namjou Bahram , Stanaway Ian B. , Lingren Todd , Mentch Frank D. , Benoit Barbara , Dikilitas Ozan , Niu Xinnan , Shang Ning , Shoemaker Ashley H. , Carey David J. , Mirshahi Tooraj , Singh Rajbir , Nestor Jordan G. , Hakonarson Hakon , Denny Joshua C. , Crosslin David R. , Jarvik Gail P. , Kullo Iftikhar J. , Williams Marc S. ,   The eMERGE Network, Harley John B. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background/Objectives
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an essential role in food intake and energy homeostasis. More than 170 MC4R variants have been described over the past two decades, with conflicting reports regarding the prevalence and phenotypic effects of these variants in diverse cohorts. To determine the frequency of MC4R variants in large cohort of different ancestries, we evaluated the MC4R coding region for 20,537 eMERGE participants with sequencing data plus additional 77,454 independent individuals with genome-wide genotyping data at this locus.

Subjects/Methods
The sequencing data were obtained from the eMERGE phase III study, in which multisample variant call format calls have been generated, curated, and annotated. In addition to penetrance estimation using body mass index (BMI) as a binary outcome, GWAS and PheWAS were performed using median BMI in linear regression analyses. All results were adjusted for principal components, age, sex, and sites of genotyping.

Results
Targeted sequencing data of MC4R revealed 125 coding variants in 1839 eMERGE participants including 30 unreported coding variants that were predicted to be functionally damaging. Highly penetrant unreported variants included (L325I, E308K, D298N, S270F, F261L, T248A, D111V, and Y80F) in which seven participants had obesity class III defined as BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. In GWAS analysis, in addition to known risk haplotype upstream of MC4R (best variant rs6567160 (P = 5.36 × 10−25, Beta = 0.37), a novel rare haplotype was detected which was protective against obesity and encompassed the V103I variant with known gain-of-function properties (P = 6.23 × 10−08, Beta = −0.62). PheWAS analyses extended this protective effect of V103I to type 2 diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic renal failure independent of BMI.

Conclusions
MC4R screening in a large eMERGE cohort confirmed many previous findings, extend the MC4R pleotropic effects, and discovered additional MC4R rare alleles that probably contribute to obesity.
Sacrificial layer-assisted nanoscale transfer printing
Authors: Liu Junshan , Pang Bo , Xue Riye , Li Rui , Song Jinlong , Zhao Xiaojun , Wang Dazhi , Hu Xiaoguang , Lu Yao , Wang Liding 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTransfer printing is an emerging assembly technique for flexible and stretchable electronics. Although a variety of transfer printing methods have been developed, transferring patterns with nanometer resolution remains challenging. We report a sacrificial layer-assisted nanoscale transfer printing method. A sacrificial layer is deposited on a donor substrate, and ink is prepared on and transferred with the sacrificial layer. Introducing the sacrificial layer into the transfer printing process eliminates the effect of the contact area on the energy release rate (ERR) and ensures that the ERR for the stamp/ink-sacrificial layer interface is greater than that for the sacrificial layer/donor interface even at a slow peel speed (5 mm s−1). Hence, large-area nanoscale patterns can be successfully transferred with a yield of 100%, such as Au nanoline arrays (100 nm thick, 4 mm long and 47 nm wide) fabricated by photolithography techniques and PZT nanowires (10 mm long and 63 nm wide) fabricated by electrohydrodynamic jet printing, using only a blank stamp and without the assistance of any interfacial chemistries. Moreover, the presence of the sacrificial layer also enables the ink to move close to the mechanical neutral plane of the multilayer peel-off sheet, remarkably decreasing the bending stress and obviating cracks or fractures in the ink during transfer printing.
An active self-cleaning surface system for photovoltaic modules using anisotropic ratchet conveyors and mechanical vibration
Authors: Sun Di , Böhringer Karl F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to develop an active self-cleaning system that removes contaminants from a solar module surface by means of an automatic, water-saving, and labor-free process. The output efficiency of a solar module can be degraded over time by dust accumulation on top of the cover glass, which is often referred to as “soiling”. This paper focuses on creating an active self-cleaning surface system using a combination of microsized features and mechanical vibration. The features, which are termed anisotropic ratchet conveyors (ARCs), consist of hydrophilic curved rungs on a hydrophobic background. Two different ARC systems have been designed and fabricated with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) silane and fluoropolymer thin film (Cytop). Fabrication processes were established to fabricate these two systems, including patterning Cytop without degrading the original Cytop hydrophobicity. Water droplet transport characteristics, including anisotropic driving force, droplet resonance mode, cleaning mechanisms, and system power consumption, were studied with the help of a high-speed camera and custom-made test benches. The droplet can be transported on the ARC surface at a speed of 27 mm/s and can clean a variety of dust particles, either water-soluble or insoluble. Optical transmission was measured to show that Cytop can improve transmittance by 2.5~3.5% across the entire visible wavelength range. Real-time demonstrations of droplet transport and surface cleaning were performed, in which the solar modules achieved a 23 percentage-point gain after cleaning.
Microfracture versus Enhanced Microfracture Techniques in Knee Cartilage Restoration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wen Hong-Jie , Yuan Li-Bo , Tan Hong-Bo , Xu Yong-Qing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of the microfracture (MFx) and microfracture augmented (MFx + ) techniques for the treatment of cartilage defects of the knee. The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched from 1 January, 1950 to 1 May, 2019. RevMan5.3 was used to perform statistical analysis. Relative risk was calculated for binary variables, and weighted mean difference and standardized mean difference (SMD) were measured for continuous variables. The 95% confidence interval (CI) of each variable was assessed. Thirteen trials with 635 patients were included. There was a significant difference in the Lysholm's score (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.01–0.50, p = 0.04) and magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue score (SMD = 14.01, 95% CI: 8.01–20.02, p < 0.01) between the MFx and MFx+ groups. There was no significant difference in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score (SMD =  − 12.40, 95% CI: −27.50 to 32.71, p = 0.11), International Knee Documentation Committee score (SMD = 8.67, 95% CI: −0.92 to 18.27, p = 0.08), visual analog scale score (SMD =  − 0.20, 95% CI: −2.45 to 0.96, p = 0.57), Tegner's score (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: −0.67 to 1.18, p = 0.59), modified Cincinnati's score (SMD =  − 4.58, 95% CI: −14.31 to 5.14, p = 0.36) and modified International Cartilage Repair Society pain score (SMD = 0.09, 95% CI: −0.37 to 0.55, p = 0.70) between the groups. Results of the pooled analyses of the MFx+ and MFx groups suggested that the MFx+ technique is slightly superior to the MFx technique for the treatment of articular cartilage defects of the knee. Further research is required and future studies should include assessments of the outcomes at long-term follow-ups. Trial registration number is PROSPERO CRD42019135803.
Cutoff criteria for overall model fit indexes in generalized structured component analysis
Authors: Cho Gyeongcheol , Hwang Heungsun , Sarstedt Marko , Ringle Christian M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGeneralized structured component analysis (GSCA) is a technically well-established approach to component-based structural equation modeling that allows for specifying and examining the relationships between observed variables and components thereof. GSCA provides overall fit indexes for model evaluation, including the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) and the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR). While these indexes have a solid standing in factor-based structural equation modeling, nothing is known about their performance in GSCA. Addressing this limitation, we present a simulation study’s results, which confirm that both GFI and SRMR indexes distinguish effectively between correct and misspecified models. Based on our findings, we propose rules-of-thumb cutoff criteria for each index in different sample sizes, which researchers could use to assess model fit in practice.
Hidden language ‘battles’ in the diaspora
Authors: Sabaté-Dalmau Maria 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFollowing a critical sociolinguistics approach to language maintenance in the diaspora, this paper investigates interplaying linguistic identities and ideologies towards home and host languages among four case-study Pakistanis living in Catalonia, a Catalan/Spanish-speaking European society. By drawing on fieldnotes, interviews, naturally-occurring conversations and visual materials gathered in a Barcelona call shop, it shows how informants invest in Spanish as the ‘integration’ language, despite being categorised as ‘deficient’ users of it. They present themselves as ‘native’ speakers of Urdu, which indexes modern ‘Muslimness’ and ‘Pakistaniness’, while Punjabi users, associated with the ‘yokels’, are silenced. English is ambivalently taken-up as an intra-group sign of educational status and political power and as an anti-Muslim ‘coloniser’ language. Overall, these stratifying sociolinguistic behaviours reveal how Pakistanis’ home/host multilingual resources get re-ideologised through linguistic hierarchisations which foster the maintenance of majority languages only, dismissing minority language speakers, in unchartered transnational contexts where these are already ‘delanguaged’.
Hot Bathtub, Cold Consequences—Misleading Wounds After Scald Injuries: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Bingoel Alperen S , Krezdorn Nicco , Jokuszies Andreas , Dastagir Khaled , Vogt Peter Maria , Mett Tobias R 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Scalds in the elderly are frequently associated with the use of a bathtub and a disturbed consciousness. Therefore, the total burn surface area is often high. The initial clinical presentation displays a stark erythema of the skin, which frequently does not represent the true depth. The aim of this study was to characterize and assess medical features and outcome of scalds sustained in the bathtub. We conducted a retrospective study at a burn intensive care unit (BICU) between 2011 and 2018. Medical features as well as the treatment in these patients were statistically analyzed. We identified 16 patients and divided them into two groups regarding survival and lethality. The mean total burn surface area was 37.50 ± 19.47%. In 81.25% of the patients, we found a previous history of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Dementia and alcohol abuse were the most common triggers for the trauma. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference for the ABSI-score and the presence of multi organ failure (P-value .0462, respectively, .0004). Erythematous skin areas tended to progress into full thickness burns. We, therefore, coined the term “lobster redness” for these regions. Scalds sustained in the bathtub are devastating injuries. Initial assessment can be misleading and might delay early necrectomy. The wounds request even more attention, if the injuries occurred due to unconsciousness because of the longer exposure to heat. Early necrectomy should be considered. A biopsy with histological workup can be useful. Furthermore, we recommend special safety precautions for neurologically and psychiatrically affected patients.
APPLICABILITY OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS FOR REDUCING THE INDOOR RADON CONCENTRATION
Authors: Jiránek Martin , Kačmaříková Veronika 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
An analysis is presented of the ability of balanced mechanical ventilation systems to reduce the radon concentration in residential buildings efficiently. The analysis takes into account the following parameters: radon supply rate into the building, ventilation intensity, required indoor radon concentration and energy consumption. It is shown that the applicability of ventilation systems is limited mainly by energy consumption. Ventilation systems can be considered energetically acceptable if the ventilation intensity does not exceed 0.6 h−1, i.e. radon supply rate should not exceed 60 Bq/m3h for a required indoor radon concentration of 100 Bq/m3. Energy consumption can be significantly reduced by operating the ventilation system in a cyclic mode. Simulating the behavior of ventilation systems in time has been found as a useful tool for their design. In order to express by one parameter energy consumption and radon reduction, a completely new quantity—the ‘radon-related energy need’ has been proposed.
Irradiated Skeletal Muscle Cells Mimicking Those of Atypical Fibroxanthoma on Mohs Frozen Sections
Authors: Xiong Michael Y. , Kolker Steven , Bennett Richard G. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract:
Radiation can induce changes to skeletal muscle cells that may mimic and thus be confused with cells of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), pleomorphic dermal sarcoma, spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma, and other spindle soft-tissue tumors. An 80-year-old White man presented for Mohs micrographic surgery of an AFX on the left lateral neck. The medical history was notable for a tongue squamous cell carcinoma 9 years before that had been treated with wide local excision, left neck dissection, and radiation to the oral cavity and left neck. Frozen sections from the first stage of Mohs did not show typical AFX, but did reveal patchy clusters of atypical spindled and epithelioid cells, some with multiple nuclei. Because of the unusual appearance of these cells, Mohs micrographic surgery was halted, and the frozen tissue block was sent for permanent pathology examination. The cells on permanent sections stained positive for desmin, revealing them to be of skeletal muscle origin (in this case damaged platysma muscle because of late postradiation changes). It is thus important for the Mohs surgeon and the consultant dermatopathologist to be aware of the unusual histologic appearance of irradiated skeletal muscle to avoid confusion with other spindle cell tumors.
Evaluation of dual time-point fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography imaging in gastric cancer
Authors: Tasdemir Bekir , Güzel Yunus , Komek Halil , Can Canan 
Published: September 2020

Background
We aimed to evaluate the efficiency of dual time-point fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging in detecting primary and metastatic lesions in gastric cancer.

Methods
Between May 2019 and January 2020, 52 patients with gastric carcinoma were prospectively involved in our study. And dual time-point FDG PET/CT imaging performed to the patients. Of detected primary and metastatic lesions, the ones that are better visualized or only appear in delayed imaging were visually identified. Also, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary and metastatic lesions and the intact liver tissue were measured in early and delayed imaging. Acquired SUVmax values and SUVmax ratios were compared statistically.

Results
In delayed images, lesions were better visualized in 32 patients (61.5%) and extra lesions were detected in 4 patients (7.7%). SUVmax of primary tumor, SUVmax of liver metastases, SUVmax of lymph node metastases, primary tumor SUVmax/liver SUVmax ratio and lymph node metastasis SUVmax/liver SUVmax ratio were significantly higher in delayed images (P < 0.001, P = 0.022, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). However, SUVmax of liver parenchyma was significantly lower in delayed images (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
There is a visually and statistically significant increase in the number and detectability of lesions seen in delayed images and dual time-point FDG PET/CT imaging seems useful in detecting primary and metastatic lesions in gastric cancer.
Walking on Eggshells
Authors: SmithBattle Lee 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Teen mothers are stigmatized for violating age norms for parenting and for being members of devalued racial or socioeconomic groups. Stereotypes of young mothers perpetuate stigma by teen pregnancy prevention campaigns, television shows, sex education programs, professionals, and the general public. How teen mothers became a stigmatized group; updates on research about their experience of stigma; and resources for reducing stigma are presented. Because stigma is pervasive and has damaging effects, nurses are urged to reduce stigma and discrimination by assuring that health settings are safe and welcoming, and that pregnant and parenting teens are treated with respect and dignity. Doing so is consistent with our professional commitment to promote social justice and mitigate the social inequities that contribute to health disparities for all parents, irrespective of age, gender, ethnicity, immigration status, or income.