bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogical Studies of the Manganese Ores in Banswara Manganese Belt, Banswara District, Rajasthan
Authors: Shaif Mohd , Siddiquie F. N. , Ahmad Masood 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A comprehensive study of the manganese ore deposits of Banswara manganese belt (23°10'-23°20'N to 74°15'-74°25'E) in the Banswara district, Rajasthan, has shown a characteristic assemblage of manganese ore minerals. The manganese ore deposits are associated with Aravali phyllite, schist, quartzite and limestone, etc., and occur within a narrow linear belt trending NW-SE. These meta-sediments hosted manganese ores that belong to the Aravalli Supergroup are of Paleo-Proterozoic age.
The mineralogical investigation of a number of polished blocks showed the dominance of braunite accompanied by pyrolusite and cryptomelane. A number of mineral assemblages are recommended. The significant ore textures are, banding, replacement and colloform, while other textures identified are veined, granular, brecciated, relict, open space, and mutual boundary relationship. The micro-structural and textural relations are discussed and interpreted to disclose the paragenetic history of ore minerals crystallization, which are usually divided into primary (metamorphic) and secondary (supergene) ores.
The aim of this study is to determine the presence of manganese oxides/silicates ore minerals, and to comprehend the sequence of their crystallization. This study is further correlated to a geochemical background of these Mn ores to depict the mode of their origin and depositional settings. The present study has come to the conclusion that the dominance of braunite, banded texture and conformable relations with the associated rocks, indicates the original deposition of syngenetic manganiferous pelitic-psammitic sediments, which, were regionally metamorphosed to form a low grade primary ore deposits but the dominance of pyrolusite, and cryptomelane, along with other secondary manganese ore minerals also pointed out a subsequent chemical weathering and leaching of these earlier formed primary ore, and silicate minerals, resulting in precipitation, and deposition of high grade secondary ore deposits of later origin.
Nano-sized Pt–NbOx supported on TiN as cost-effective electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Daudt N. F. , Poozhikunnath A. , Yu H. , Bonville L. , Maric R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) play a key role for sustainable energy; however, catalyst degradation remains one of the main challenges for competing with traditional energy technologies. The Pt/C commercially available electrocatalysts are susceptible to Pt dissolution and carbon support corrosion. In this context, we design a Pt–NbOx catalyst supported on TiN nanoparticles as an alternative electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The use of Pt–NbOx reduces materials’ costs by lowering the required platinum loading and improving catalyst performance. The TiN support is selected to improve support stability. The electrocatalyst is successfully synthesized by a one-step flame spray process called reactive spray deposition technology. Electrocatalyst with two different very low Pt loadings (0.032 mg cm−2 and 0.077 mg cm−2) are investigated and their performance as cathode is evaluated by the rotating disk electrode method. The new electrocatalyst based on Pt–NbOx supported on TiN has ORR performance that is comparable to the state-of-the-art Pt/C electrocatalyst. A half-wave potential of 910 mV was observed in the polarization curves, as well as a mass activity of 0.120 A∙mgPt−1 and a specific activity of 283 μA∙cmPt−2 at 0.9 V. These results demonstrate that Pt–NbOx on TiN electrocatalyst has the potential for replacing Pt/C cathode in PEMFC.
Two-dimensional CFD simulation and pilot-scale experimental verification of a downdraft gasifier: effect of reactor aspect ratios on temperature and syngas composition during gasification
Authors: Siripaiboon Chootrakul , Sarabhorn Prysathyrd , Areeprasert Chinnathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper focuses on a two-dimensional CFD simulation of a downdraft gasifier and a pilot-scale experiment for verification using wood pellet fuel. The simulation work was carried out via the ANSYS-Fluent CFD software package with in-house coding via User Defined Function. Three gasification parameters were taken into account in the simulation and validation to achieve highly accurate results; namely, fuel consumption, temperature profile, and syngas composition. After verification of the developed model, the effects of aspect ratios on temperature and syngas composition were investigated. Results from simulation and experimental work indicated that the fuel consumption rate during the steady state gasification experiment was 1.750 ± 0.048 g/s. The average steady state temperature of the experiment was 1240.32 ± 14.20 K. In sum, the fuel consumption and temperature profile during gasification from modeling and experimentation show an error lower than 1.3%. Concentrations of CO, CO2, H2, and CH4 were 20.42 vol%, 15.09 vol%, 8.02 vol%, and 2.6 vol%, respectively, which are comparable to those of the experiment: 20.00 vol%, 15.48 vol%, 8.00 vol%, and 2.65 vol%. A high concentration of syngas is observed in the outer radial part of the reactor because of the resistive flow of the air inlet and the synthesis gas produced. The average temperatures during the steady state of the gasifier with aspect ratios (H/D) of 1.00, 1.38 (experiment), and 1.82 were 978.77 ± 11.60, 1256.46 ± 9.90, and 1368.94 ± 9.20 K, respectively. The 1.82 aspect ratio reactor has the smallest diameter, therefore the radiative heat transferred from the reactor wall affects the temperature in the reactor. Syngas compositions are comparable. Inverse relationships between the aspect ratios and the syngas LHV, (4.29–4.49 MJ/N m3), cold gas efficiency (29.66% to 31.00%), and carbon conversion (79.59% to 80.87%) are observed.
Recent Progress, Challenges, and Prospects in Two-Dimensional Photo-Catalyst Materials and Environmental Remediation
Authors: Khan Karim , Tareen Ayesha Khan , Aslam Muhammad , Sagar Rizwan Ur Rehman , Zhang Bin , Huang Weichun , Mahmood Asif , Mahmood Nasir , Khan Kishwar , Zhang Han , Guo Zhongyi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe successful photo-catalyst library gives significant information on feature that affects photo-catalytic performance and proposes new materials. Competency is considerably significant to form multi-functional photo-catalysts with flexible characteristics. Since recently, two-dimensional materials (2DMs) gained much attention from researchers, due to their unique thickness-dependent uses, mainly for photo-catalytic, outstanding chemical and physical properties. Photo-catalytic water splitting and hydrogen (H2) evolution by plentiful compounds as electron (e−) donors is estimated to participate in constructing clean method for solar H2-formation. Heterogeneous photo-catalysis received much research attention caused by their applications to tackle numerous energy and environmental issues. This broad review explains progress regarding 2DMs, significance in structure, and catalytic results. We will discuss in detail current progresses of approaches for adjusting 2DMs-based photo-catalysts to assess their photo-activity including doping, hetero-structure scheme, and functional formation assembly. Suggested plans, e.g., doping and sensitization of semiconducting 2DMs, increasing electrical conductance, improving catalytic active sites, strengthening interface coupling in semiconductors (SCs) 2DMs, forming nano-structures, building multi-junction nano-composites, increasing photo-stability of SCs, and using combined results of adapted approaches, are summed up. Hence, to further improve 2DMs photo-catalyst properties, hetero-structure design-based 2DMs’ photo-catalyst basic mechanism is also reviewed.
The Value of Autoethnography in Leadership Studies, and its Pitfalls
Authors: Deckers Jan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe field of leadership studies frequently focuses on defining leadership traits in abstraction from the context in which leadership operates. The first aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of reasons why this might be the case. Reasons include: leadership studies being dominated by the perspectives of leaders; the lack of definition and visibility of followership studies; the status and limitations of much qualitative research; and a predominant focus on good leadership. Consequently, many people who experience the effects of leadership, and particularly those of bad leadership, do not recognise their experiences in the literature. However, recognising that followers who experience bad leadership personally increasingly engage in autoethnographic studies, my second aim is to draw out some examples of bad leadership from the autoethnographic literature, as well as their effects. In spite of its negative effects, bad leadership frequently remains unchallenged. My third aim is to explain why this might be the case, where I argue that this stems partly from the pitfalls of autoethnographic studies. I also sketch how these pitfalls might be overcome and how doing so and adopting the principle of ‘accountability for reasonableness’ might help to tackle bad leadership.
Crack-based and Hair-like Sensors Inspired from Arthropods: A Review
Authors: Zhang Changchao , Zhang Junqiu , Chen Daobing , Meng Xiancun , Liu Linpeng , Wang Kejun , Jiao Zhibin , Sun Tao , Wang Dakai , Niu Shichao , Han Zhiwu , Ren Luquan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOver a long period of time, arthropods evolve to have two excellent mechanical sensilla of slit sensilla and trichobothria sensilla, which construct a perfect perception system. The former mainly perceives the change of the in-the-plane force while the latter perceives that of the out-of-plane force. In recent years, these two sensilla have attracted researchers as the models for developing artificial mechanical sensors. This review mainly includes the biomechanics and biomimetic manufacturing techniques as well as their future application value. In order to better understand the advantages of biological strategies, this review describes the morphology, mechanical analysis, and information recognition of slit sensilla and trichobothria sensilla. Then this review highlights the recent development of Crack-based Sensors (CBSs) and Hair-like Sensors (HLSs) based on the analysis of biological mechanism. The manufacturing method and substrate of crack in CBS and those of hair rods in HLS are discussed respectively. Finally, the practical applications and potential value of two sensilla, such as flexible wearable electronic devices, robot sensing system, autopilot sensing and wind tunnel speed detection, are briefly discussed.
The Absence of a Validated English-Language Survey to Assess Prosthesis Satisfaction: A Prospective Cohort Using the Sexual Quality of Life After Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Carlos Evan C. , Nosé Brent D. , Barton Gregory J. , Davis Leah , Lentz Aaron C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Prior assessments of sexual quality of life (SQoL) after penile prosthesis implantation have been performed without validated implant-specific tools. The Quality of Life and Sexuality with Penile Prosthesis (QoLSPP) questionnaire was designed and validated in Italian to specifically evaluate SQoL after a penile prosthesis is placed.

Aim
We aim to better characterize prosthesis-specific SQoL after inflatable penile prosthesis placement using the English translation of the QoLSPP questionnaire.

Methods
A total of 395 consecutive patients received an inflatable penile prosthesis between January 1, 2009 and November 27, 2017, and 270 had functional emails to whom the QoLSPP questionnaire was sent. 90 surveys were completed by 75 first-time implantees and 15 patients who underwent removal/replacement surgery. Responses were considered positive if ≥ 3. Among first-time implantees, subpopulation analysis was carried out by age at survey completion (&lt;55 years, 55–65 years, and ≥66 years), age of penile prosthesis at survey completion (&lt;1 year, 1–5 years, and &gt;5 years), device model (Coloplast Titan, AMS 700 CX, and AMS LGX), history of a psychiatric diagnosis, etiology of erectile dysfunction, total device length &gt; or ≤ 21 cm, diabetes status, and body mass index &lt; /≥ 30. Responses were analyzed in R using t-tests for continuous variables and Chi-squared tests (Fisher's for small counts) for categorical variables.

Outcomes
The main outcome measure of this study was sexual quality of life assessed by QoLSPP.

Results
Patients completed the survey on average 3.15 years from their most recent prosthesis placement. 84% of first-time implantees had positive responses. Among them, there were no significant differences in the proportion of positive responses by device type, age, history of a psychiatric diagnosis, total implanted device length, etiology of erectile dysfunction, diabetes, or body mass index statuses (all P &gt; .05). There was no difference in SQoL between first-time implantees and those who underwent removal/replacement surgery (P = 1.0).

Clinical Implications
Patients experience a positive impact on their SQoL following implantation of a penile prosthesis.

Strengths & Limitations
Our study is the first to apply the English language QoLSPP which demonstrates high prosthesis specific SQoL but is limited by size and a lack of a validated English language tool.

Conclusions
The positive impact on patients’ SQoL with penile prosthesis is 84% when assessed by the English QoLSPP questionnaire. While these results mirror those reported from Italy, the English-speaking patient population is plagued with a lack of a validated tool to assess satisfaction, a void the academic and prosthetic community must fill to better understand the impact prostheses have on their patients.
Comparison of Electron Density and Temperature From the CSES Satellite With Other Space‐Borne and Ground‐Based Observations
Authors: Yan Rui , Zhima Zeren , Xiong Chao , Shen Xuhui , Huang Jianping , Guan Yibing , Zhu Xinghong , Liu Chao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper we provide a comprehensive comparison of in situ electron density (Ne) and temperature (Te) measured by Langmuir probe (LAP) on board the China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), with nearly simultaneous measurements from the Swarm B satellite, incoherent scatter radar (ISR) at Millstone Hill, as well as predictions from empirical models including the incoherent scatter radar ionospheric model (ISRIM) for Millstone Hill and International Reference Ionosphere model (IRI‐2016). Results reveal that the global distributions and their relative variations of Ne/Te from CSES and Swarm are quite consistent during conjunction periods of the two satellites, although the absolute values of Swarm Ne are proportionally larger than that of CSES. The large‐scale ionospheric structures, such as the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), the longitudinal wave number (WN3/4), the Weddell Sea anomaly (WSA), the northern midlatitude summer nighttime anomaly (MSNA), and the midlatitude ionospheric trough (MIT), are well represented by the CSES measurements. For the temporal variation over Millstone Hill station, CSES Ne at nightside shows some different characteristics from the predictions of IRI and ISRIM, possibly due to the influences of MIT and midlatitude arc (MLA) that are often observed at latitudes of Millstone Hill. Our results suggest that the CSES in situ plasma parameters are reliable with a high scientific potential for investigation of geophysics and space physics.
Detection of HCOOH, CH3OH, CO, HCN, and C2H6in Wildfire Plumes Transported Over Toronto Using Ground‐Based FTIR Measurements From 2002–2018
Authors: Yamanouchi Shoma , Strong Kimberly , Lutsch Erik , Jones Dylan B. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at the University of Toronto Atmospheric Observatory has been operational since 2002, collecting solar absorption spectra from which atmospheric trace gas profiles and columns are retrieved. The time series of total columns of CH3OH and HCOOH over Toronto are presented here for the first time, along with those for CO, HCN, and C2H6. Transport of wildfire plumes over the site results in enhanced columns of biomass burning species. Here we report the detection of biomass burning enhancement events between 2002 and 2018. Several simultaneous enhancements of CO, HCN, and C2H6were observed, and the measured columns were used to derive emission ratios and emission factors for HCN and C2H6for fire events in 2012, 2015, and 2017. From these events, which included plumes from both boreal and temperate forest fires, emission ratios with respect to CO were derived using CO lifetimes of 30 and 61 days. HCN emission ratios range between 0.0037 ± 0.0003 and 0.0057 ± 0.0008, while C2H6emission ratios vary from 0.00122 ± 0.0015 to 0.019 ± 0.001. Enhanced columns of CH3OH and HCOOH were also observed during the 2015 and 2017 events, and emission ratios were derived but have greater uncertainties due to shorter lifetimes and other sources for these gases. The FLEXPART, HYSPLIT, and GEOS‐Chem models were used for source attribution and traveltime estimation. GEOS‐Chem was run in the tagged CO simulation mode and successfully captured the CO enhancements from fires for the 2015 and 2017 events.
Observing and Modeling the Isotopic Evolution of Snow Meltwater on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Pu Tao , Wang Ke , Kong Yanlong , Shi Xiaoyi , Kang Shichang , Huang Yonghui , He Yuanqing , Wang Shijin , Lee Jeonghoon , Cuntz Matthias 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObserving the isotopic evolution of snow meltwater helps in understanding the process of snow melting but remains a challenge to acquire in the field. In this study, we monitored the melting of two snowpacks near Baishui Glacier No. 1, a typical temperate glacier on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We employed a physically based isotope model (PBIM) to calculate the isotopic composition of meltwater draining from natural snowpacks. The initial condition of the PBIM was revised to account for natural conditions, i.e., the initial δ18O stratigraphy of snow layers before melting. Simulations revealed that the initial heterogeneity of δ18O in snow layers as well as ice‐liquid isotopic exchange were responsible for most variations of δ18O in snow meltwater, whereas new snow and wind drift could result in sudden changes of the isotopic composition of the meltwater. The fraction of ice involved in the isotopic exchange (f) was the most sensitive parameter for the model output. The initial δ18O in the snowpack is mirrored in meltwater in case of small f and is smoothed with a large exchange fraction f. The other unknown parameter of the PBIM is the dimensionless rate constant of isotopic exchange, which depends on water percolation and initial snow depth. The successful application of the PBIM in the field might not only be useful for understanding snow melting process but might also provide the possibility of predicting the isotopic composition of snow meltwater and improve the accuracy of hydrograph separation.
Predictive Modeling of Envelope Flood Extents Using Geomorphic and Climatic‐Hydrologic Catchment Characteristics
Authors: Tavares da Costa R. , Zanardo S. , Bagli S. , Hilberts A. G. J. , Manfreda S. , Samela C. , Castellarin A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA topographic index (flood descriptor) that combines the scaling of bankfull depth with morphology was shown to describe the tendency of an area to be flooded. However, this approach depends on the quality and availability of flood maps and assumes that outcomes can be directly extrapolated and downscaled. This work attempts to relax these problems and answer two questions: (1) Can functional relationships be established between a flood descriptor and geomorphic and climatic‐hydrologic catchment characteristics? (2) If so, can they be used for low‐complexity predictive modeling of envelope flood extents? Linear stepwise and random forest regressions are developed based on classification outcomes of a flood descriptor, using high‐resolution flood modeling results as training benchmarks, and on catchment characteristics. Elementary catchments of four river basins in Europe (Thames, Weser, Rhine, and Danube) serve as training data set, while those of the Rhône river basin in Europe serve as testing data set. Two return periods are considered, the 10‐ and 10,000‐year. Prediction of envelope flood extents and flood‐prone areas show that both models achieve high hit rates with respect to testing benchmarks. Average values were found to be above 60% and 80% for the 10‐ and the 10,000‐year return periods, respectively. In spite of a moderate to high false discovery rate, the critical success index value was also found to be moderate to high. It is shown that by relating classification outcomes to catchment characteristics, the prediction of envelope flood extents may be achieved for a given region, including ungauged basins.
Making Your Own Luck: A Meaningful Career From Being Open to Opportunities
Authors: Robock Alan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe most important work I have done in my career is to warn the world about the dangers of nuclear weapons. While the Soviet‐American nuclear arms race has ended, and the 2017 United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is on its way to ratification, there is still much more work to do. The smoke from fires ignited by nuclear weapons would block out the Sun, cooling Earth's surface. The United States and Russia can still produce a nuclear winter, killing most crops and producing a global famine. I have worked on this because I have been open to new opportunities, have used my scientific expertise to apply to important problems, and am sensitive to issues that present dangers to society. Having spent more than $20 million of the public's money on my research, I feel an obligation to warn society of dangers I discover, and focus on that communication as an intimate part of my scientific efforts. And nuclear winter research has been very good to me. It led to meeting Sherri West (my wife), Carl Sagan, and Fidel Castro; to getting my current job at Rutgers; and to being a participant in the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, which won the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize. Taking advantage of chance encounters at the Fall American Geophysical Union Meetings has been an important factor in this tale.