bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Radicality of the Demand and the Social Norms
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the radicality of the ethical demand, and how that sets it apart from social mores and laws. It is argued that because the demand is silent or unspoken, we must then respond selflessly for the good of the other person, while it may also interfere with our lives, and could include love of the enemy. The radicality of the demand then expresses itself in the fact that a person has no right to make the demand, while it isolates or makes responsible the person on whom it falls. At the same time, the radicality of the demand does not mean it is limitless. However, as we cannot rely on people to act as the demand requires, we also need social norms, which are not radical in these ways. The relation between the demand and these norms is explored, and each is argued to require the other.
The Changeability of the Social Norms
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the relation between the ethical demand and social norms. It considers the changeability of such norms, focusing on the cases of the norms governing sex, love, and marriage, the relation between political authority and citizens, and between society and the church and religion. The final section asks whether, given the historical variability in the nature of such norms, there is a worry of moral relativism. In response, it is argued that even if our social norms can vary, the ethical demand itself cannot, as what remains constant is the wrongness of exploiting the vulnerability of others for our own good: it is just that in different societies, such exploitation can take different forms, so that the norms protecting us from such vulnerability to others can vary.
Kierkegaard and Heidegger on ‘Life in the Crowd’
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers a fundamental problem which is central to Søren Kierkegaard and Martin Heidegger, namely how to avoid living a life that is governed by others and so is inauthentic, trapped within the hum-drum and the mundane—a life in the crowd. Focusing first on Kierkegaard, and his critique of ‘busyness’, it then turns to Heidegger, and his account of ‘idle talk’. However, it is argued that Kierkegaard’s approach differs from Heidegger’s in being fuelled by an ethical passion, which is partly driven by his hostility to Hegelianism, and also to contemporary Danish Christendom. Moreover, while on Heidegger’s account, life in the crowd is made an inevitable and therefore neutral feature of human existence, for Kierkegaard it can be avoided. How this might be possible for Kierkegaard is considered in subsequent chapters.
The Relation between Heidegger’s and Kierkegaard’s Analyses of Existence
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how Heidegger’s account of existence relates to his conception of life in the crowd, and how it compares to Kierkegaard’s position. It is argued that while they share broadly the same view of the self as involving becoming and movement, whereas for Kierkegaard this can be traced back to its relation to the infinite demand, for Heidegger it can be traced back to ‘care’ or ‘Sorge’, through which the individual takes on responsibility for themselves in a way that can never be finished or concluded. The chapter also contrasts the role that the infinite plays in Kierkegaard’s account with the role that death plays in Heidegger’s, which then leads to differences in their respective treatments of anxiety and nothingness.
More Voice, Less Exit
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The second chapter constructs a theoretical framework to account for the introduced research puzzle. Building on a central line of work on ‘federal dynamics’, it argues that the institutions and procedures of intergovernmental relations bear a decisive impact on a multilevel system’s ability to organize openness to international trade. While self-rule systems build on power-hoarding and the delineation of spheres of competence, shared rule systems rely on collaborative power-sharing between central and subcentral executives. In reference to Hirschman’s seminal concepts of exit and voice, the chapter then posits that any multilevel polity endows subcentral executives with a specific amount of voice in the making of trade and procurement policy. This voice it expects to be inversely related to exit: the more voice subcentral executives are equipped with, the less they dispose of an incentive to exit from a system-wide policy or international commitment. As shared-rule systems endow constituent units with more voice in polity-wide trade policy-making, they should organize openness more effectively than self-rule systems. At the same time, the inverse relationship between voice and exit does not unfold in an experimental vacuum. Depending on the specific policy sector, intervening factors can come to affect constituent units’ propensity to seek exit without affecting the amount of their voice. In the specific field of trade and procurement policy, the book expects two such policy-specific factors potentially to affect constituent units’ degree of exit. These are the amount of domestic procurement market integration and the politicization of international procurement liberalization.
European Union
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The third case study investigates the case of the European Union. It finds that the EU’s constituent units enjoy an unusually influential role in its council model of subcentral representation. Member states shape EU trade policy at both stages of formal decision-making. In-between these formal veto points, collaborative relations between supranational and national executives are supported by a dense and formalized network of committees as well as a clear-cut division of procedural authorities. Turning to the two theorized intervening factors, the chapter finds that the nexus between European integration and international liberalization has been particularly close in procurement, reinforcing member states’ openness. Politicization of procurement liberalization, in turn, has remained low despite recent years’ contestation against CETA and TTIP. Ultimately, the EU case corroborates the initial expectation that shared rule systems are institutionally and procedurally well-equipped to adapt flexibly to the demands of multilevel trade governance and organize openness more effectively than self-rule models. EU member states have developed strategies to avoid the joint-decision trap’s propensity to decision-making blockades and lowest common denominator outcomes. Among these means rank a clear-cut division of procedural competences with the Commission, a densely institutionalized system of IGR largely secluded from domestic public and party political pressures, and the adoption of legislative proposals by qualified majority. This general institutional and procedural set-up has allowed the Union to act as a ‘market-making polity’ both internally, forging an integrated procurement market, as well as externally, pursuing an offensive agenda in the WTO and in preferential trade agreements.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Marcel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the two case study villages Neukirch and Ebersbach, explains the methodology of the study, and outlines the structure of the book. It also sets out the central argument that there were parallel histories of responses to social change among villagers in the divided Germany. The chapter then outlines the three major ways in which the book contributes to scholarship on postwar Germany: Firstly, by highlighting similarities between East and West, it complicates persisting Cold War divisions in the historical literature. Secondly, it emphasizes the complex ways in which East and West Germans engaged with large-scale changes through peculiarly local meanings. Thirdly, by focusing on two case study localities which question conventional divides between the urban and the rural, it challenges understandings of the rural as the traditional ‘other’ in modern society.
Strangers in the Village
Authors: Thomas Marcel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The third chapter turns towards newcomers in Neukirch and Ebersbach and explores how the villagers responded to the growing inflow of non-locals into the locality in the postwar era. Unlike previous scholarship, which has often focused on one particular group of newcomers, it examines the continuities between different waves of migration in East and West. The chapter reveals that ethnic German refugees, foreign workers, and urban newcomers were in similar ways marginalized by long-standing locals who tried to claim ownership over the spaces of ‘their’ locality. While migration is remembered through very different narratives in Neukirch and Ebersbach, Easterners and Westerners failed to fully come to terms with diversity in their village. In the booming Ebersbach, locals remembered a continuous inflow of strangers that diversified the community. In the shrinking Neukirch, on the other hand, stop-and-go migration was silenced in a narrative of continued homogeneity of the community. The chapter thus demonstrates how migration and integration in the divided Germany played out in local contexts. Diversity in postwar society, it will be shown, was contested in debates over local identity and belonging.
Give-and-Take Politics
Authors: Thomas Marcel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter five focuses on instances of activism in the two villages to challenge the dominant understanding of rural politics in East and West as mirror images. It demonstrates that the remodelling of localities in postwar Germany provided the framework for a new kind of give-and-take politics which relied on a mutually beneficial partnership between citizens and the state. In the liberal democracy of the West as well as the socialist dictatorship of the East, dynamic local politicians created spaces for participation which were readily seized upon by local residents. Locals became more willing to volunteer their time and energy towards the remodelling of their locality, often partnering with, or at least expecting support from, state authorities. In return, they increasingly defended their own interests and held the welfare state to its promises. The localities of the divided Germany thus became the site of a new kind of give-and-take between citizens and state. Within the confines of the very different social and political systems, a parallel transformation of local politics in East and West occurred in the 1960s and 1970s.
Realism, Truth, and Error in the Writing of B. S. Johnson
Authors: Jordan Julia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Over the last decade or so in particular, B. S. Johnson has come to represent an exemplar of the 1960s and early 1970s experimental tendency for readers and scholars alike. His complex relation to realism is here examined, and the chapter shows the connections between this and his writing’s tonal and affective cast, proposing the centrality of anxiety, and preoccupation with the body. This recurs throughout his work as a corporeal proximity that scrambles the distance between subject and object. The errancy identified as so key to the experimental novel of the period is central: Johnson’s texts worry at themselves, both in what they depict and in their ability to depict it at all. This chapter shows how his novels register an emerging aesthetic of failure, whereby the productive potential of error allows the experimental novel to negotiate and to expand the contested categories of realism and late modernism.
Accidental Subjects, or Ann Quin’s Literature of Possibility
Authors: Jordan Julia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ann Quin is often painted as an isolated and rebarbative voice, more influenced by the nouveau roman than by any of her peers. Her novels display to various degrees a narrative capacity for waiting, lingering, doing nothing, and for silence. This chapter links the notions of latency and unrealized possibility in her fiction to her dissolution of the subject. Her characters are defined by their hazy lack of definition, which this chapter will link to the ways in which she thinks people, and, relatedly, objects, are and are not used. Her texts refuse utility of all kinds; so do her characters, and so do her things. This chapter therefore argues that Quin’s attraction to the microscopic and phenomenological, her formal elevation of uncertainty into a narrative device, and her philosophically informed decentring of the subject, make her one of the most significant avant-garde figures of the period.
Alexander Trocchi, Tom McCarthy, and Late, Late Modernism
Authors: Jordan Julia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The accidental and the errant have so far been suggested as formal and philosophical principles in the experimental writing of the British post-war scene. Accordingly, late modernism has here been understood as more than a periodizing hypothesis or a chronological marker; rather, it is distinctively late because it is accidental. This final chapter will read Alexander Trocchi alongside Tom McCarthy, as a novelist who explicitly writes in the tradition of the post-war avant-garde, and read both in the light of the idea of the atomic swerve or clinamen. The chapter argues that the novel form becomes imbricated in questions of whether rupture might supervene its own representation. Both writers’ late modernist tasks become entangled with writing’s more fundamental relation to accident, event, error, and traumatic or chronologically scrambled repetition.
Cross-Cultural Management Revisited
Authors: d'Iribarne Philippe , Chevrier Sylvie , Henry Alain , Segal Jean-Pierre , Tréguer-Felten Geneviève 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The cross-cultural management literature is still dominated by the quantitative approach to cultures which made the research field popular in the early 1980’s. While the hegemony of this approach was being consolidated, a French research group, Gestion & Société, led by Philippe d’Iribarne, was conducting alternative research. Over the past thirty years, the team has carried out investigations in over fifty countries, collecting data from a large sample of companies concerned with making the most of the cultures with which they were dealing. This book provides an overview of the lessons learnt from thirty years of empirical research and of the refinements of a new theoretical approach to national cultures which challenges the mainstream ones. It introduces an interpretative approach to culture considered as a filter through which people understand reality and give it meaning. Throughout the world, employees confer different meanings on the daily situations arising from companies’ operations such as being subject to the authority of a manager, responding to requests from a client, or having one’s work monitored. All interactions within organizational contexts are underpinned by social relations which make sense in different cultural universes of meaning. Drawing upon this interpretative perspective, the book covers the main management issues: leadership, procedures implementation and control, decision-making, industrial relations, customer relations, ethics and corporate social responsibility, interpersonal and corporate communication, multicultural teams, and international transfers of management practices. Finally, the book provides methodological guidelines to enable researchers and practitioners to engage in this alternative approach.
Customer Relations
Authors: D’Iribarne Philippe , Chevrier Sylvie , Henry Alain , Segal Jean-Pierre , Tréguer-Felten Geneviève 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Everywhere customer satisfaction is crucial to business success. As a result, cross-cultural marketing has extensively studied the specific cultural expectations of customers regarding products and services. It has also investigated the influence of cultures on negotiation processes, especially in business-to-business transactions. However, the literature has overshadowed that what customer relations mean and how they are maintained vary across cultures. Three examples from China, France, and Côte d’Ivoire respectively illustrate different conceptions of customer relations. In each country, relations to customers make sense according to the prevailing forms of social relations. Providing, as well as obtaining, good customer service in each context requires an understanding of that specific cultural background.
Interpersonal Communication
Authors: D’Iribarne Philippe , Chevrier Sylvie , Henry Alain , Segal Jean-Pierre , Tréguer-Felten Geneviève 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In today’s linguistically-diverse business world, communication using English as a lingua franca (ELF)—the most frequently chosen common corporate language (CCL)—often overlooks intercultural difficulties. ELF words are generally perceived as conveying a unique meaning to all when, in fact, the sense that speakers make out of them draws on what is most easily accessible in their own minds—that is, their specific universe of meaning. This, along with the communicative styles imported from their native languages, slows organisations’ dynamics—a fact often mistakenly attributed to speakers’ poor ELF skills. Such meaning relativity has an impact on the credibility of cross-cultural studies relying on questionnaires. They use ELF formulations that, taken out of their original contexts, undergo back-and-forth translations, before being amalgamated and presented as evidence, although inherently flawed.
Intercultural Team Challenges
Authors: D’Iribarne Philippe , Chevrier Sylvie , Henry Alain , Segal Jean-Pierre , Tréguer-Felten Geneviève 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Working in multicultural teams can be a challenge since members do not share the same cultural references. How can they reach an agreement when decision-making does not mean the same things to participants? How can expatriates empower local staff when managers and employees do not have the same empowerment prerequisites in mind? A Franco-Swedish and a Franco-Malagasy case illustrate these misunderstandings, which are emblematic of the misperceptions that emerge in bi-national work contexts. Training in intercultural communication and awareness of cultural distances are not sufficient to overcome these misunderstandings. In addition, cultural misunderstandings are sometimes strategically constructed and often not even acknowledged as such. A better intercultural cooperation requires deciphering the participants’ universes of meaning.
From ‘vast extended prospect’ to ‘the spectacle of nature’
Authors: Bainbridge Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes as its starting point William Wordsworth’s ascent of Snowdon in 1791 and Keats’s ‘fag & tug’ up Ben Nevis in 1818 to show how the writers participated in the period’s developing mountaineering culture. It investigates the visual dimension of the two poets’ ascents, locating their climbs within the optically-motivated culture of Romantic-period climbing and showing how ascent made possible new ways of seeing. To trace the developing aesthetics of elevated viewing, the chapter examines a wide range of travel texts by writers including the following: Thomas Pennant, John Brown, William Hutchinson, Charles Moritz, Ann Radcliffe, James Denholm, Adam Walker, John Stoddart, William Green, Jonathan Otley, and Edward Baines. Within the context of this developing literature of mountaineering, it argues that Wordsworth’s and Keats’s mountain-top experiences can be best understood within the evolving framework of ‘the spectacle of Nature’.
‘Fearless I rove, exploring, free’
Authors: Bainbridge Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates why the figure of the mountaineer became so important in Romantic-period literature, beginning with an examination of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s influential account of the benefits of being in the mountains. It explores the politics of the mountaineering identity, examining the relationships between different types of climbers, especially between those who worked in the mountains and those whose economic and social positions made it possible to climb for pleasure. Through analysis of a number of travel texts and literary works, the chapter reveals the extent to which the summit was a place of negotiation between individuals, groups, and classes, rather than simply a scene of self-assertion or self-discovery for the solitary climber. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Wordsworth’s The Excursion, which includes the instruction to ‘Climb every day’, and presents the mountaineer as the ideal post-war identity and the embodiment of the nation’s imperial future.
Roman History and the Status of Women
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 locates William Thomas’s (d.1554) translation of a succinct but significant moment of the AUC concerning the repeal of the Lex Oppia, a sumptuary law targeting women in particular. The episode shows the women of Rome taking to the streets to demand the law’s repeal, forcing senators and tribunes alike to acknowledge their protest. Thomas thus chose to adapt one of the most arresting examples of women’s engagement in Roman politics. By choosing Livy as a champion of female autonomy, he went firmly against the contemporary grain, vying against more frequent appeals to the AUC as a means of censuring women’s dress and behaviour. Thomas was most probably alerted to this way of reading Livy during his extensive travel in Italy. During the Quattrocento, there had emerged a series of speeches and tracts concerning the status of women, which had similarly harnessed Livy in the defence of womankind. This chapter explores how Thomas was able combine these arguments with his own reading of classical history, producing a bold intervention in the Renaissance querelle des femmes.
Livy’s Lucretia in English Poetry and Prose
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 compares Painter’s re-politicizing of the Lucretia legend with Shakespeare’s adaptation of the same narrative in Lucrece. By returning to Livy, this chapter argues, Painter placed a renewed emphasis on the republican hero, Lucius Junius Brutus, whose presence in the narrative had been all but forgotten by the vernacular tradition. While Lucretia’s father and husband are dumbstruck by Lucretia’s suicide, it is Brutus who seizes the opportunity for action and takes their oath to avenge her death. Alerted to the dramatic force of Brutus’s intervention by Painter’s translation, Shakespeare harnessed Livy’s eloquent revolutionary not only in Lucrece, but also in Coriolanus, Julius Caesar, and Titus Andronicus. The significance of Brutus and his republican revolution to Shakespeare is thus traced across his plays and poetry, revealing Shakespeare’s consistent interest in this very specific politically charged moment in Roman history.