bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Halide Perovskites: Thermal Transport and Prospects for Thermoelectricity
Authors: Haque Md Azimul , Kee Seyoung , Villalva Diego Rosas , Ong Wee‐Liat , Baran Derya 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe recent re‐emergence of halide perovskites has received escalating interest for optoelectronic applications. In addition to photovoltaics, the multifunctional nature of halide perovskites has led to diverse applications. The ultralow thermal conductivity coupled with decent mobility and charge carrier tunability led to the prediction of halide perovskites as a possible contender for future thermoelectrics. Herein, recent advances in thermal transport of halide perovskites and their potentials and challenges for thermoelectrics are reviewed. An overview of the phonon behavior in halide perovskites, as well as the compositional dependency is analyzed. Understanding thermal transport and knowing the thermal conductivity value is crucial for creating effective heat dissipation schemes and determining other thermal‐related properties like thermo‐optic coefficients, hot‐carrier cooling, and thermoelectric efficiency. Recent works on halide perovskite‐based thermoelectrics together with theoretical predictions for their future viability are highlighted. Also, progress on modulating halide perovskite‐based thermoelectric properties using light and chemical doping is discussed. Finally, strategies to overcome the limiting factors in halide perovskite thermoelectrics and their prospects are emphasized.
Efficient and Reabsorption‐Free Radioluminescence in Cs3Cu2I5 Nanocrystals with Self‐Trapped Excitons
Authors: Lian Linyuan , Zheng Moyan , Zhang Weizhuo , Yin Lixiao , Du Xinyuan , Zhang Peng , Zhang Xiuwen , Gao Jianbo , Zhang Daoli , Gao Liang , Niu Guangda , Song Haisheng , Chen Rong , Lan Xinzheng , Tang Jiang , Zhang Jianbing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRadioluminescent materials (scintillators) are widely applied in medical imaging, nondestructive testing, security inspection, nuclear and radiation industries, and scientific research. Recently, all‐inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystal (NC) scintillators have attracted great attention due to their facile solution processability and ultrasensitive X‐ray detection, which allows for large area and flexible X‐ray imaging. However, the light yield of these perovskite NCs is relatively low because of the strong self‐absorption that reduces the light out‐coupling efficiency. Here, NCs with self‐trapped excitons emission are demonstrated to be sensitive, reabsorption‐free scintillators. Highly luminescent and stable Cs3Cu2I5 NCs with a photoluminescence quantum yields of 73.7%, which is a new record for blue emission lead‐free perovskite or perovskite‐like NCs, is produced with the assistance of InI3. The PL peak of the Cs3Cu2I5 NCs locates at 445 nm that matches with the response peak of a silicon photomultiplier. Thus, Cs3Cu2I5 NCs are demonstrated as efficient scintillators with zero self‐absorption and extremely high light yield (≈79 279 photons per MeV). Both Cs3Cu2I5 NC colloidal solution and film exhibit strong radioluminescence under X‐ray irradiation. The potential application of Cs3Cu2I5 NCs as reabsorption‐free, low cost, large area, and flexible scintillators is demonstrated by a prototype X‐ray imaging with a high spatial resolution.
Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations
Authors: Juras Anna , Makarowicz Przemysław , Chyleński Maciej , Ehler Edvard , Malmström Helena , Krzewińska Maja , Pospieszny Łukasz , Górski Jacek , Taras Halina , Szczepanek Anita , Polańska Marta , Włodarczak Piotr , Szyca Agnieszka , Lasota‐Kuś Anna , Wójcik Irena , Jakobsson Mattias , Dabert Miroslawa 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn this work we aim to investigate the origins and genetic affinities of Bronze Age populations (2,400–1,100 BC) from the region of southern Poland and to trace maternal kinship patterns present in the burials of those populations by the use of complete mitochondrial genomes.Materials and methodsWe performed ancient DNA analyses for Bronze Age individuals from present‐day Poland associated with the Strzyżow culture, the Mierzanowice culture, and the Trzciniec Cultural circle. To obtain complete mitochondrial genomes, we sequenced genomic libraries using Illumina platform. Additionally, hybridization capture was used to enrich some of the samples for mitochondrial DNA. AMS 14C‐dating was conducted for 51 individuals to verify chronological and cultural attribution of the analyzed samples.ResultsComplete ancient mitochondrial genomes were generated for 80 of the Bronze Age individuals from present‐day Poland. The results of the population genetic analyses indicate close maternal genetic affinity between Mierzanowice, Trzciniec, and Corded Ware culture‐associated populations. This is in contrast to the genetically more distant Strzyżów people that displayed closer maternal genetic relation to steppe populations associated with the preceding Yamnaya culture and Catacomb culture, and with later Scythians. Potential maternal kinship relations were identified in burials of Mierzanowice and Trzciniec populations analyzed in this study.DiscussionResults revealed genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic Corded Ware groups to Bronze Age Mierzanowice and Trzciniec‐associated populations, and possible additional genetic contribution from the steppe to the formation of the Strzyżów‐associated group at the end of 3rd millennium BC. Mitochondrial patterns indicated several pairs of potentially maternally related individuals mostly in Trzciniec‐associated group.
Characteristic Executive Dysfunction for High‐Functioning Autism Sustained to Adulthood
Authors: Xie Rao , Sun Xiao , Yang Li , Guo Yanqing 
Published: April 2020

The comprehensiveness and severity of executive dysfunction in high‐functioning autism (HFA) spectrum disorder have not reached a unified conclusion especially in patients in adulthood. Clarifying this issue is critical for guiding clinical diagnosis and targeted intervention. The primary objective of the present meta‐analysis was to study the characteristics of executive function (EF) in adults with HFA compared to typically developing (TD) adults, by taking five key components into consideration, including inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and fluency. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched to identify peer‐reviewed studies that compared EF in adults with and without HFA from 1980 to November 2018. Hedges'geffect sizes were computed to measure the primary outcome. Moderators like age, sex, and diagnostic tools were controlled using meta‐regressions. Forty‐two studies satisfying the selection criteria were included, which resulted in a large sample size of 2419 participants. A moderate overall effect size for reduced EF across domains was found in adults with HFA, compared with TD (g= 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.47–0.66). Subsequently, a broad executive dysfunction was found in adults with HFA in this study (flexibility [g= 0.69], planning [g= 0.64], inhibition [g= 0.61], working memory [g= 0.48], fluency [g= 0.42]), with the predominated impairment on flexibility and planning. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the executive dysfunction hypothesis and may assist in the clinical diagnosis and targeted intervention, suggesting the necessity of sustained intervention on EF for individuals with HFA from childhood to adulthood.Lay SummaryThe meta‐analysis explored the characteristics of EF in adults with high‐functioning autism (HFA) comparing to typically developing controls. Moderate effect sizes for reduced EF across domains were found in adults with HFA, with the flexibility and planning being the most predominately impaired. A comprehensive measurement of EF in adults with HFA has important clinical implications for the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and a fundamental understanding for developmental trajectory of these patients.
Characterization of Catalysts by Advanced Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Authors: Sun Yao , Zeng Kaiyang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractConsidering that there is a shortage of sustainable resources and that serious environmental issues need to be solved, the development of efficient catalysts has attracted a lot attention globally for energy saving and environmental improvement. In the last few decades, great progresses have been made in terms of fabrication and application of catalysts, however, systematic characterization with advanced technology and methods that enable researchers to have a detailed understanding of the catalysts’ properties and catalytic reactions, especially where an interface is present, are still limited. This Review focusses on the applications of advanced Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) and Spectroscopy techniques for the characterization of catalytic materials and their related reactions. A detailed description of advanced SPM and Spectroscopy techniques is introduced, followed by their applications in the characterization of surfaces and properties of common ordered catalytic materials including some coordination polymers and metal oxides. Various properties of these catalytic materials, such as conductivity, piezoelectricity, nanomechanics, photoresponse, and others, characterized by SPM and Spectroscopy are discussed. Subsequently, we introduce the high‐resolution imaging of chemical reactions and bond configuration by high‐resolution non‐contact Atomic Force Microscopy (NC‐AFM). Finally, the challenges involved in the development of SPM and Spectroscopy and an outlook for future research are presented. This Review provides fundamental insights into the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts and viewpoints to the development of smart catalytic materials.
Transition Metals Modified Ni−M (M=Fe, Co, Cr and Mn) Catalysts Supported on Al2O3−ZrO2 for Low‐Temperature CO2 Methanation
Authors: Wu Yushan , Lin Jianghui , Xu Yanfei , Ma Guangyuan , Wang Jie , Ding Mingyue 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough considerable efforts have been made in transforming carbon dioxide into high value‐added products, it still remains a big challenge to convert CO2 to CH4 directly at low temperature. Here, we report transition metals (including Fe, Co, Cr and Mn) modified Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3−ZrO2 via a single‐step sol‐gel method for low temperature CO2 methanation. Specially, incorporation of Mn metal into the Ni/Al2O3−ZrO2 catalyst was the most beneficial to the reduction and dispersion of NiO particles on the surface of Al2O3−ZrO2 composite support in comparison to other transition metals such as Fe, Co and Cr, which promoted the formation of active metallic Ni sites. Furthermore, the addition of Mn promoter facilitated the formation of surface oxygen vacancies, which combined with more metallic Ni active sites, thus improving the low‐temperature CO2 methanation performance significantly. An optimized Ni−Mn/Al2O3−ZrO2‐1 catalyst exhibited a superior CO2 conversion of 78 % with CH4 selectivity almost 100 % at a lower temperature of 300 °C without any deactivation in the long term 100 h reaction, which presented a potential industrial application for CO2 methanation.
Two‐step support vector data description for dynamic, non‐linear, and non‐Gaussian processes monitoring
Authors: Zhang Yunfeng , Li Xiangshun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this study, a the two‐step support vector data description (TS‐SVDD) method is proposed to handle the problem of fault detection for dynamic, non‐linear, and non‐Gaussian processes. First, the dynamic structure of the data is identified and the data is divided into two components: innovation component and dynamic component. Then, the innovation component is used to make the SVDD model for fault detection. Moreover, in order to overcome the issue with two‐step principal component analysis (TS‐PCA) that the choice of parameters q and D affects the fault detection effect of the methods, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the parameters. The proposed method combines the advantages of TS‐PCA in processing dynamic process data and SVDD in dealing with non‐linear and non‐Gaussian process data. In order to evaluate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method, TS‐SVDD is applied to the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process and the intelligent industrial processes control test facility (I2PC‐TF), and the fault detection performance is compared with TS‐PCA and SVDD in terms of dault detection rate (FDR) and false alarm rate (FAR). The results show that TS‐SVDD has a better monitoring performance.
Early high‐moisture wheat harvest improves double‐crop system: II. Soybean growth and yield
Authors: Parvej Md. Rasel , Holshouser David L. , Kratochvil Robert J. , Whaley Cory M. , Dunphy E. James , Roth Gregory W. , Faé Giovani S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDouble cropping soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) increases total food production without additional land. However, double‐crop soybean usually yields less than full‐season soybean, mainly due to late planting. We evaluated double‐crop soybean growth and yield as affected by early planting immediately after high‐moisture wheat harvest across 20 site‐years in five Mid‐Atlantic states during 2015–2017. At each site, six soybean cultivars from relative maturity group (rMG) 3.1–5.9 were planted at three to five dates in a 4‐ to 14‐d interval. Soybean growth, measured by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across the growing season, was affected only by planting date. Although NDVI peaked near the R5 stage, it took 9–27 more days to reach the peak NDVI (0.84–0.98) for early‐planted soybean than for late‐planted soybean. Relative yield declined with planting dates, which explained 41–81% of the relative yield variability. The yield loss from delayed planting was greater in the north (33–80%; Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware) than in the south (20–27%; Virginia, North Carolina) due to longer delay in planting and shorter growing season in the north. Soybean NDVI from the R1–R6 stages was associated with yield, with the strongest association (R2 = .55–.57) at the R2 and R3 stages. The area under the NDVI curve (AUNDVIC) was also strongly associated (R2 = .77) with relative yield, indicating an excellent tool for explaining double‐crop soybean yield loss due to poor growth. High‐moisture wheat harvest facilitated soybean planting 4–21 d earlier, which increased growth and yield.
Recycling Iron‐Containing Sludges from the Electroflocculation of Printing and Dyeing Wastewater into Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Gang , Shen Yiyao , Ma Peihua , Zhao Sijia , Bonnefont Antoine , Lv Yaokang , Wang Congze , Ruhlmann Laurent , Zhang Cheng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIron‐containing sludges (DW/Fe) were prepared by the electroflocculation of industrial printing and dyeing wastewater (DW). To investigate the formation process and the properties of the DW/Fe sludges and their application in anode materials in Li‐ion batteries, the DW/Fe sludges were compared to three other sludges (MB/Fe, RB/Fe, Ta/Fe) prepared from model solutions that contained either methyl blue (MB), rhodamine B (RB), or tartrazine (Ta). The DW/Fe sludges were calcined at 500 °C under N2 to form iron oxide/carbon composite C‐DW/Fe. The composition and structure of the sludges and the C‐DW/Fe composite were analyzed by using FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, TEM, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their performances as anodes of Li‐ion batteries were studied by adding different proportions of conductive agent (super P® conductive carbon black). Our results show that the sludges are a complex mixture of Fe3O4 and organic matter. The specific capacity and stability can be improved during the charge–discharge test by increasing the amount of carbon black. Importantly, this improvement is more pronounced on DW/Fe that does not require high‐temperature carbonization, which means that the sludges cannot only protect the environment and avoid the waste of resources but also can be used directly and widely in decentralized energy storage devices.
Testing for GW501516 (cardarine) in human hair using LC/MS–MS and confirmation by LC/HRMS
Authors: Kintz Pascal , Ameline Alice , Gheddar Laurie , Raul Jean‐Sébastien 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGW501516, also known as GW‐1516 or cardarine and endurobol, is a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor delta (PPAR‐δ) agonist. Activation of the receptor will increase fat‐burning capacity and muscle production, as it changes the body's fuel preference from glucose to lipids. GW501516 has no therapeutic use, but can be abused for performance‐enhancing purposes using the oral route, at dosages of 10 to 20 mg per day, for 6 to 8 weeks. Both athletes and amateurs can abuse GW501516 as the drug can be easily obtained via the Internet. Since January 2009, the list of prohibited substances and methods of doping as established by the World Anti‐Doping Agency includes GW‐501516, first as a gene doping substance and now in the S4.5 Metabolic modulators class. It is prohibited at all times. Using LC/MS–MS and confirmation by LC/HRM, after methanol incubation of 20 mg with ultrasound for 1 hour, GW501516 was identified in the hair of a male abuser at 32 and 22 pg/mg in 2 × 2 cm segments. The result is the first evidence that this compound with a carboxylic acid function is incorporated in human hair.
Understanding the drivers of mortality in African savannah elephants
Authors: Schlossberg S. , Gobush K. S. , Chase M. J. , Elkan P. W. , Grossmann F. , Kohi E. M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPopulations of African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) have been declining due to poaching, human–elephant conflict, and habitat loss. Understanding the causes of these declines could aid in stabilizing elephant populations. We used data from the Great Elephant Census, a 19‐country aerial survey of savannah elephants conducted in 2014 and 2015, to examine effects of a suite of variables on elephant mortality. Independent variables included spatially explicit measures of natural processes and human presence as well as country‐level socioeconomic measures. Our dependent variable was the carcass ratio, the ratio of dead elephants to live plus dead elephants, which is an index of recent elephant mortality. Carcass ratios are inversely proportional to population growth rates of elephants over the 4 yr prior to a survey. At the scale of survey strata (n = 275, median area = 1,222 km2), we found strong negative associations for carcass ratios with vegetation greenness at the time of the survey, overseas development aid to the country, and distance to the nearest international border. At the scale of ecosystems (n = 42, median area = 12,085 km2), carcass ratios increased with drought frequency and decreased with human density and overseas development aid to the country. Both stratum‐ and ecosystem‐scale models explained well under one‐half of the variance in carcass ratios. The differences in results between scales suggest that the drivers of mortality may be scale‐specific and that the corresponding solutions may vary by scale as well.
How does increasing mast seeding frequency affect population dynamics of seed consumers? Wild boar as a case study
Authors: Touzot Laura , Schermer Éliane , Venner Samuel , Delzon Sylvain , Rousset Cyril , Baubet Éric , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Gamelon Marlène 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMast seeding in temperate oak populations shapes the dynamics of seed consumers and numerous communities. Mast seeding responds positively to warm spring temperatures and is therefore expected to increase under global warming. We investigated the potential effects of changes in oak mast seeding on wild boar population dynamics, a widespread and abundant consumer species. Using long‐term monitoring data, we showed that abundant acorn production enhances the proportion of breeding females. With a body‐mass‐structured population model and a fixed hunting rate of 0.424, we showed that high acorn production over time would lead to an average wild boar population growth rate of 1.197 whereas non‐acorn production would lead to a stable population. Finally, using climate projections and a mechanistic model linking weather data to oak reproduction, we predicted that mast seeding frequency might increase over the next century, which would lead to increase in both wild boar population size and the magnitude of its temporal variation. Our study provides rare evidence that some species could greatly benefit from global warming thanks to higher food availability and therefore highlights the importance of investigating the cascading effects of changing weather conditions on the dynamics of wild animal populations to reliably assess the effects of climate change.
Optimal reproductive phenology under size‐dependent cannibalism
Authors: Takashina Nao , Fiksen Øyvind 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntra‐cohort cannibalism is an example of a size‐mediated priority effect. If early life stages cannibalize slightly smaller individuals, then parents face a trade‐off between breeding at the best time for larval growth or development and predation risk from offspring born earlier. This game‐theoretic situation among parents may drive adaptive reproductive phenology toward earlier breeding. However, it is not straightforward to quantify how cannibalism affects seasonal egg fitness or to distinguish emergent breeding phenology from alternative adaptive drivers. Here, we devise an age‐structured game‐theoretic mathematical model to find evolutionary stable breeding phenologies. We predict how size‐dependent cannibalism acting on eggs, larvae, or both changes emergent breeding phenology and find that breeding under inter‐cohort cannibalism occurs earlier than the optimal match to environmental conditions. We show that emergent breeding phenology patterns at the level of the population are sensitive to the ontogeny of cannibalism, that is, which life stage is subject to cannibalism. This suggests that the nature of cannibalism among early life stages is a potential driver of the diversity of reproductive phenologies seen across taxa and may be a contributing factor in situations where breeding occurs earlier than expected from environmental conditions.
Experience may outweigh cue similarity in maintaining a persistent host‐plant‐based evolutionary trap
Authors: Steward Rachel A. , Boggs Carol L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRapid environmental change can decouple previously reliable cues from important resources, causing specialized recognition systems to result in maladaptive behaviors. For native herbivorous insects, such evolutionary traps are often imposed by attractive invasive plants that prove harmful to their offspring. Despite the costs of ovipositing on a poor‐quality host, evolutionary traps are expected to persist when overlapping cue sets (cue similarity) link decreased preference for the novel, unsuitable plant with decreased preference for the historical or native resource. We evaluated the role of cue similarity in the persistence of maladaptive oviposition by a native butterfly on a lethal, invasive mustard. While the novel plant shares glucosinolate cues with at least one of the native hosts and the most abundant cue is a strong oviposition stimulant, we found that this cue was not a major driver of preference for either plant. Nor was preference for the two plants correlated, meaning decreased preference for the invasive mustard would not cause butterflies to miss potential oviposition opportunities on the superior native host. Instead, butterfly preference was modified by previous experience in a way that suggests that frequent encounters with native hosts in the wild may buffer butterflies against this evolutionary trap.