bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Sketch Based Content Creation: from the Desktop to Virtual and Augmented Reality
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sukanya , Chaudhuri Parag 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSketching is one of the most natural ways for representing any object pictorially. It is however, challenging to convert sketches to 3D content that is suitable for various applications like movies, games and computer aided design. With the advent of more accessible Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies, sketching can potentially become a more powerful yet easy‐to‐use modality for content creation. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of techniques related to sketch based content creation, both on the desktop and in VR/AR. We discuss various basic concepts related to static and dynamic content creation using sketches. We provide a structured review of various aspects of content creation including model generation, coloring and texturing, and finally animation. We try to motivate the advantages that VR/AR based sketching techniques and systems can offer into making sketch based content creation a more accessible and powerful mode of expression. We also discuss and highlight various unsolved challenges that current sketch based techniques face with the goal of encouraging future research in the domain.
Salivary gland hyalinizing clear‐cell carcinoma with cutaneous metastasis: A rare and deceptive tumor
Authors: Abou Shaar Rand , Zia Sheeren , Alhamar Mohamed , Romano Theresa , Shaw Brandon , Keller Christian , Friedman Ben J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClear‐cell carcinoma (CCC) is an uncommon malignant tumor of minor salivary glands. It characteristically has a low‐grade morphology and a favorable outcome by most reports. An EWSR1‐ATF1 fusion can be detected in the majority of cases. We present a rare case of CCC, which had an aggressive course with the development of cutaneous metastases. Practicing dermatopathologists should be aware of this tumor given its low‐grade appearance and histopathologic resemblance to other primary cutaneous adnexal and metastatic neoplasms.
Alternatives for natural‐gas‐based heating systems: A quantitative GIS‐based analysis of climate impacts and financial feasibility
Authors: Verhagen Teun Johannes , van der Voet Ester , Sprecher Benjamin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe heating of buildings currently produces 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable heating technologies can reduce heating‐related CO2 emissions by up to 90%. We present a Python‐based GIS model to analyze the environmental and financial impact of strategies to reduce heating‐related CO2 emissions of residential buildings. The city‐wide implementation of three alternatives to natural gas are evaluated: high‐temperature heating networks, low‐temperature heating networks, and heat pumps. We find that both lowering the demand for heat and providing more sustainable sources of heat will be necessary to achieve significant CO2‐emission reductions. Of the studied alternatives, only low‐temperature heating networks and heat pumps have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by 90%. A CO2 tax and an increase in tax on the use of natural gas are potent policy tools to accelerate the adoption of low‐carbon heating technologies.
Wart removal without anesthesia using long‐pulse 1064‐nm Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Zorman Anže , Koron Neža 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundWarts are benign epithelial proliferations that result from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection occurring on the skin and mucosa. Patients express a significant reduction in quality of life due to this cosmetic nuisance, as well as functional problems and physical discomfort. Newer methods of wart removal include different energy‐based devices, mostly lasers. Nonablative lasers such as Nd:YAG have a higher success rate and are usually used with topical or infiltrative anesthesia. The procedure may be safer without anesthesia but still tolerable with an appropriate cooling and technique.AimsThe purpose of this study is to report on our experience over 3 years since the approach without anesthesia has been utilized.Patients/MethodsA retrospective chart review analysis of all 85 patients who underwent 1064 nm Nd:YAG wart removal without anesthesia between November 2016 and August 2019 was conducted. One of the main outcome measures was determining the number of sessions required in order to get full clearance.ResultsThe mean number of sessions was 2.2 (range 1‐7). The mean VAS pain score during the procedure was 6 (range: 2‐10), and side effects were negligible.ConclusionLong‐pulse 1064‐nm Nd:YAG laser without any chemical anesthesia is safe and effective for the treatment of warts.
Body Mass Index Correlates with Skin to Spinal Canal Distance: A Large Retrospective Single‐Center Study
Authors: Mahmoudi Keon , Joon Young , Kihira Shingo , Goldstein Jonathan , Garvey Katherine Laura , Platt Samantha , Belani Puneet , Rigney Brian , Naidich Thomas , Costa Anthony , Doshi Amish 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEDespite increasing demand for fluoroscopy‐guided lumbar puncture (FG‐LP), there is limited quantitative and epidemiological data on patients undergoing this procedure. Additionally, data are scarce on the correlation of iliac crest landmarks to the actual anatomical lumbar level (intercristal line). The aim of this study is to determine if (1) body mass index (BMI) correlates with skin to spinal canal distance (SCD) and (2) the iliac crest landmark correlates with the presumed anatomical landmark on cross‐sectional imaging.METHODSIn this retrospective, single‐center IRB‐approved study, we assessed 495 patients who underwent FG‐LP and had lumbar computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging within 6 months of presentation. SCD was measured on the sagittal view at the L3‐L4, L4‐L5, and L5‐S1 intervertebral levels.RESULTSIn our cohort of 495 adults (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 53.2 ± 16.4 years), there was a statistically significant linear correlation between BMI and SCD at each intervertebral level. Mean ± SD (R2) SCD at L3‐4, L4‐5, and L5‐S1 was 6.7 ± 1.6 cm (.5486), 7.4 ± 1.9 cm (.5894), and 7.8 ± 1.9 cm (.5968), respectively. The intercristal line aligned with L3‐L4, L4‐L5, and L5‐S1 in 2.1%, 72.4%, and 6.2% of patients, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThere was direct, positive linear correlation between BMI and SCD at clinically relevant lumbar disc levels. Furthermore, there is considerable anatomical variance in the intervertebral space that aligns with the superior aspect of the iliac crest.
Synovial tissue cytokine profile in disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Ulmner Mattias , Sugars Rachael , Naimi‐Akbar Aron , Suslu Safiyye , Reseland Janne Elin , Kruger‐Weiner Carina , Lund Bodil 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSymptomatic disc displacement (DD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may cause pain and limited mouth opening. The aetiopathogenesis is obscure and probably complex, which makes the diagnostic classification crude and mainly based on clinical criteria rather than disease mechanisms, and tissue characteristics.ObjectivesThe study aim was to characterise and quantify synovial tissue in DD, where specific cytokine patterns might serve as potential biomarkers.MethodsAn observational cohort study was performed harvesting synovial tissue from 63 patients: 44 with DD without reduction (DDwoR) and 19 with DD with reduction (DDwR). DDwoR was subdivided depending on type of onset (sudden, n = 17; delayed, n = 27), and DDwR served as the control group. Proteins were extracted from tissue samples and investigated in a multi‐analytic profiling system.ResultsDDwoR patients had significantly higher concentrations in 12 out of 28 analysed cytokines compared to DDwR. In the same statistical model, significantly lower concentrations of interferon gamma‐induced protein (IP) 10, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANTES were detected in DDwoR patients. Women showed significantly higher concentrations of epidermal growth factor and interleukin (IL) 1ra compared to men. DDwoR with sudden onset had significant higher concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein 4, eotaxin and IL‐8 compared to DDwoR with delayed onset.ConclusionsCharacterising the biomarker panel for TMJ conditions may serve as suggestible targets for disease classification and novel treatment options. The significantly lower concentrations of IP‐10, OPG and RANTES could be proposed as putative markers for the separation of the studied conditions to other TMJ diseases.
Digital Duplication and 3D Printing for Implant Overdenture Fabrication
Authors: Yang Yang , Yang Zhen , Lin Wei‐Shao , Chen Li , Tan Jianguo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis technical report describes a workflow to fabricate an implant overdenture via digital duplication of an interim complete removable dental prosthesis and additive manufacturing (3D printing). An edentulous patient was provided with an interim maxillary denture after implant placement. After 4 months of healing, the existing interim denture was scanned, duplicated via 3D printing, and used to make the final impression, record the maxillomandibular interocclusal relationship, and transfer the esthetic information to the definitive implant overdenture. The framework of the implant overdenture was digitally designed and manufactured using a direct metal printing (DMP) system. This digital duplication workflow facilitated the implant overdenture fabrication with favorable clinical outcomes.
Modeling melanopsin‐mediated effects of light on circadian phase, melatonin suppression, and subjective sleepiness
Authors: Tekieh Tahereh , Lockley Steven W. , Robinson Peter A. , McCloskey Stephen , Zobaer M. S. , Postnova Svetlana 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA physiologically based model of arousal dynamics is improved to incorporate the effects of the light spectrum on circadian phase resetting, melatonin suppression, and subjective sleepiness. To account for these nonvisual effects of light, melanopic irradiance replaces photopic illuminance that was used previously in the model. The dynamic circadian oscillator is revised according to the melanopic irradiance definition and tested against experimental circadian phase resetting dose‐response and phase response data. Melatonin suppression function is recalibrated against melatonin dose‐response data for monochromatic and polychromatic light sources. A new light‐dependent term is introduced into the homeostatic weight component of subjective sleepiness to represent the direct alerting effect of light; the new term responds to light change in a time‐dependent manner and is calibrated against experimental data. The model predictions are compared to a total of 14 experimental studies containing 26 data sets for 14 different spectral light profiles. The revised melanopic model shows on average 1.4 times lower prediction error for circadian phase resetting compared to the photopic‐based model, 3.2 times lower error for melatonin suppression, and 2.1 times lower error for subjective sleepiness. Overall, incorporating melanopic irradiance allowed simulation of wavelength‐dependent responses to light and could explain the majority of the observations. Moving forward, models of circadian phase resetting and the direct effects of light on alertness and sleep need to use nonvisual photoreception‐based measures of light, for example, melanopic irradiance, instead of the traditionally used illuminance based on the visual system.
Interaction between CHOP and FoxO6 promotes hepatic lipid accumulation
Authors: Kim Dae Hyun , Kim Byeong Moo , Chung Ki Wung , Choi Yeon Ja , Yu Byung Pal , Chung Hae Young 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the major causes of hepatic insulin resistance through increasing de novo lipogenesis. Forkhead box O6 (FoxO6) is a transcription factor mediating insulin signalling to glucose and lipid metabolism, therefore, dysregulated FoxO6 is involved in hepatic insulin resistance. In this study, we elucidated the role of FoxO6 in ER stress‐induced hepatic lipogenesis.MethodsHepatic ER stress responses and lipogenesis were monitored in mice overexpressed with constitutively active FoxO6 allele and FoxO6‐null mice. In the in vitro study, HepG2 cells overexpressing constitutively active FoxO6 were treated with palmitate, and then alterations in ER stress and lipid metabolism were measured.ResultsFoxO6 activation induced hepatic lipogenesis and the expression of ER stress‐inducible genes. The expression and transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were significantly increased in constitutively active FoxO6 allele. Interestingly, we found that the active FoxO6 physically interacted with C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an ER stress‐inducible transcription factor, which was responsible for PPARγ expression. Palmitate treatment caused the expression of ER stress‐inducible genes, which was deteriorated by FoxO6 activation in HepG2 cells. Palmitate‐induced ER stress led to PPARγ expression through interactions between CHOP and FoxO6 corresponding to findings in the in vivo study. On the other hand, the expression of PPARα and β‐oxidation were decreased in constitutively active FoxO6 allele which implied that lipid catabolism is also regulated by FoxO6.ConclusionOur data present significant evidence demonstrating that CHOP and FoxO6 interact to induce hepatic lipid accumulation through PPARγ expression during ER stress.
The role of adipokines in the modulation of lymphoid lineage cell development and activity: An overview
Authors: Żelechowska Paulina , Brzezińska‐Błaszczyk Ewa , Kusowska Aleksandra , Kozłowska Elżbieta 
Published: July 2020

SummaryAdipokines are predominantly known to play a vital role in the control of food intake, energy homeostasis and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, evidence supporting the concept of their extensive involvement in immune system defence mechanisms and inflammatory processes continues to grow. Some of the adipokines, that is, leptin and resistin, have been recognized to exhibit mainly pro‐inflammatory properties, whereas others such as visfatin, chemerin, apelin and vaspin have been found to exert regulatory effects. In contrast, adiponectin or omentin are known for their anti‐inflammatory activities. Hence, adipokines influence the activity of various cells engaged in innate immune response and inflammatory processes mainly by affecting adhesion molecule expression, chemotaxis, apoptosis and phagocytosis, as well as mediators production and release. However, much less is known about the role of adipokines in processes involving lymphoid lineage cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the importance of different adipokines in the lymphopoiesis, recirculation, differentiation and polarization of lymphoid lineage cells. It also provides insight into the influence of selected adipokines on the activity of those cells in tissues.
The Invisible Thin Red Line
Authors: Torrengo Giuliano , Iaquinto Samuele 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to argue that the adoption of an unrestricted principle ofbivalenceis compatible with a metaphysics that (i) denies that the future is real, (ii) adopts nomological indeterminism and (iii) exploits a branching structure to provide a semantics for future contingent claims. To this end, we elaborate what we call Flow Fragmentalism, a view inspired by Kit Fine's non‐standard tense realism, according to which reality is divided up into maximally coherent collections of tensed facts. In this way, we show how to reconcile a genuinely A‐theoretic branching time model with the idea that there is a branch corresponding to the thin red line, that is, the branch that will turn out to be the actual future history of the world.
T cell receptor therapy against melanoma—Immunotherapy for the future?
Authors: Winge‐Main Anna K. , Wälchli Sébastien , Inderberg Else Marit 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMalignant melanoma has seen monumental changes in treatment options the last decade from the very poor results of dacarbazine treatment to the modern‐day use of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Melanoma has a high mutational burden making it more capable of evoking immune responses than many other tumours. Even when considering double immune checkpoint blockade with anti‐CTLA‐4 and anti‐PD‐1, we still have far to go in melanoma treatment as 50% of patients with metastatic disease do not respond to current treatment. Alternative immunotherapy should therefore be considered. Since melanoma has a high mutational burden, it is considered more immunogenic than many other tumours. T cell receptor (TCR) therapy could be a possible way forward, either alone or in combination, to improve the response rates of this deadly disease. Melanoma is one of the cancers where TCR therapy has been frequently applied. However, the number of antigens targeted remains fairly limited, although advanced personalized therapies aim at also targeting private mutations. In this review, we look at possible aspects of targeting TCR therapy towards melanoma and provide an implication of its use in the future.
Detection of community‐acquired respiratory viruses in allogeneic stem‐cell transplant recipients and controls—A prospective cohort study
Authors: Rachow Tobias , Lamik Toni , Kalkreuth Jana , Kurze Stephanie , Wagner Kathleen , Stier Pia , Hammersen Friedrich J. , Rüthrich Maria Madeleine , Winkelmann Nils , Klink Anne , Hilgendorf Inken , Hermann Beate , Lang Susanne , Hochhaus Andreas , von Lilienfeld‐Toal Marie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundCommunity‐acquired respiratory viruses (CARV) cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections (URTI/LRTI) and may be life‐threatening for recipients of an allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT).MethodsIn a prospective study encompassing 4 winter‐seasons, we collected throat gargles (TG) at random time points from allo‐SCT recipients (patients) and controls and followed them up for at least 3 weeks including repetitive sampling and documentation of symptoms. A Multiplex‐PCR system to identify 20 CARV and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was used to detect CARV.ResultsOne hundred ninety‐four patients with 426 TG and 273 controls with 549 TG were included. There were more patients with a positive test result (25% vs 11% in the controls), and the patients had a higher number of positive TG (70 = 16%) compared to controls (32 = 6%) (P < .001). Altogether, 115 viruses were detected. Multiple viruses in one TG (11/48, 34%) and prolonged shedding were only observed in patients (13/48, 27%). Patients had more RSV (18/83, 26%) and adenovirus (15/83, 21%) than controls (both viruses 2/32, 6%). Independent risk factors for the detection of CARV included age >40 years (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.8‐6.4, P < .001) and presence of URTI‐symptoms (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.9‐5.5, P < .001). No controls developed a LRTI or died whereas 4/48 (8%) patients developed a LRTI (coronavirus in 2, RSV in 1 and influenza A H1N1 in 1 patient). One patient died of CARV (influenza A H1N1).ConclusionAllo‐SCT‐recipients have more CARV‐infections, exhibit a different epidemiology, have more cases of co‐infection or prolonged shedding and have a higher rate of LRTI and mortality.
A novel mutation in PDE6B in Spanish Water Dogs with early‐onset progressive retinal atrophy
Authors: Winkler Paige A. , Ramsey Harrison D. , Petersen‐Jones Simon M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the underlying mutation in a recently identified early‐onset progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in the Spanish Water Dog (SWD) breed.Animal StudiedEighteen SWDs were used in this study. Six SWDs diagnosed with PRA and 12 phenotypically normal SWDs.ProceduresAn exclusion analysis using an established microsatellite panel to screen PRA candidate genes was combined with whole genome sequencing of two affected SWD siblings and two phenotypically normal SWDs (a sibling and the dam).ResultsA 6‐bp deletion was identified in exon 19 of PDE6B removing two highly conserved amino acids from the enzymatic domain of the PDE6B protein (c.2218‐2223del; p.Phe740_Phe741del). This segregated with the disease status in the small study pedigree.ConclusionsIdentification of this novel PDE6B mutation adds to the already described PDE6B mutations responsible for PRA in the Irish Setter, Sloughi, and American Staffordshire Terrier dog breeds. A DNA‐based test was designed to allow breeders to genotype their animals and make informed breeding decisions in the effort to eradicate PRA from the SWD breed.
Acute reductions in haematocrit increase flow‐mediated dilatation independent of resting nitric oxide bioavailability in humans
Authors: Hoiland Ryan L. , Tremblay Joshua C. , Stacey Benjamin S. , Coombs Geoff B. , Nowak‐Flück Daniela , Tymko Michael M. , Patrician Alexander , Stembridge Mike , Howe Connor A. , Bailey Damian M. , Green Daniel J. , MacLeod David B. , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: July 2020

Key points
Changes in haematocrit influence nitric oxide signalling through alterations in shear stress stimuli and haemoglobin scavenging of nitric oxide; these two regulatory factors have not been assessed simultaneously
Isovolumic haemodilution led to a marked increase in brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation in humans
The increase in flow‐mediated dilatation occurred in the face of an unaltered shear stress stimulus for vasodilatation and reduced resting steady‐state nitric oxide levels in the blood
Collectively, our data point towards haemoglobin scavenging of nitric oxide as a key regulatory factor of brachial flow‐mediated dilatation and highlight the importance of the simultaneous consideration of nitric oxide production and inactivation when investigating vascular function in humans
AbstractHaemoglobin (Hb) may impact the transduction of endothelium‐dependent and nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated vasodilator activity, given its contribution to shear stress stimuli and diverse biochemical reactions with NO. We hypothesized that an acute reduction in [Hb] and haematocrit (Hct) would increase brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD). In 11 healthy males (28 ± 7 years; 23 ± 2 kg m−2), FMD (Duplex ultrasound), arterial blood gases, Hct and [Hb], blood viscosity, and NO metabolites (ozone‐based chemiluminescence) were measured before and after isovolumic haemodilution, where ∼20% of whole blood was removed and replaced with 5% human serum albumin. Haemodilution reduced Hct by 18 ± 2% (P < 0.001) and whole blood viscosity by 22 ± 5% (P < 0.001). Plasma nitrite (P = 0.01), S‐nitrosothiols (P = 0.03) and total red blood cell NO (P = 0.001) were collectively reduced by ∼15–40%. Brachial artery FMD increased by ∼160% from 3.8 ± 2.1 to 9.7 ± 4.5% (P = 0.004). Statistical covariation for the shear stress stimulus did not alter FMD, indicating that the increase in FMD was not directly related to alterations in whole blood viscosity and the shear stimulus. Collectively, these findings indicate that haemoglobin scavenging of NO appears to be an important factor in the regulation of FMD under normal conditions through constraint of endothelium‐dependent NO‐mediated vasodilatation in healthy humans.