bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monetary Policy Implementation: Making Better and More Consistent Use of the Federal Reserve's Balance Sheet
Authors: Ireland Peter N. 
Published: November 2019

Since December 2015, the Federal Reserve has operated a new “floor system” in which it brings about desired changes in its targeted federal funds rate by managing the interest rate it pays on bank reserves and other short‐term liabilities. The design of this new system reflects the tendency of Fed officials to view monetary policy as affecting the economy through Keynesian” interest rate channels. From this Keynesian perspective, policy actions that change the size of the balance sheet are seen as tools for influencing credit market conditions that operate in addition to and independently of the Fed's monetary policy stance.The alternative monetarist framework proposed by the author views monetary policy and its effects as operating through the interaction between money supply and demand. Use of this framework makes clear that, even under a floor system, monetary policy actions designed to affect the aggregate price level and the rate of inflation must be accompanied sooner or later by traditional open market operations that have implications for the size and composition of the Fed's balance sheet.Use of the monetarist framework also underscores the likelihood that the Fed, by paying interest on reserves, has unknowingly contributed to the restrictiveness of its own monetary policies since the financial crisis, a period during which inflation has run consistently below target. More generally, the monetarist framework downplays the importance of the zero lower interest rate bound and suggests that monetary policy could be conducted more effectively by adopting and adhering to a consistent, rule‐like manner during good times and bad.
Will Blockchain Be a Big Deal? Reasons for Caution
Authors: Pirrong Craig 
Published: November 2019

The initial enthusiasm for implementing blockchain in financial markets has been dampened considerably by its collision with economic realities. Though the author warns against avoiding the Panglossian trap of viewing ours as the best of all possible worlds, he reminds us that trusted institutions have evolved and emerged in a competitive environment as a means of economizing on transaction costs. Such costs arise from the nature of transactions, including crucially the information environment in which they take place. Though new technologies such as blockchain have the potential to reduce some of these costs, they often do so without fundamentally changing the underlying economic conditions that give rise to them. And as a result, institutions such as banks and exchanges that technologists scoff at may well prove surprisingly competitive and durable in the face of technological challengers.The most successful implementation of blockchain—Bitcoin—solves a very basic transactional challenge peculiar to cryptocurrency: the double spend problem. But it does so in a very expensive way, and many other transactions pose far more complex challenges. The three cautionary tales provided by the author—the first involving securities and derivatives trading and clearing, the second commodity trading, and the third proposals to “equitize” assets—all demonstrate the need to confront “Chesterton's Fence” when evaluating the potential of blockchain in any particular application. In other words, to understand the value of a new technology for a given set of functions, one must understand the economic forces that have shaped the processes and institutions that currently perform those functions. When such forces are considered, it often becomes apparent that new technologies like blockchain will not prove superior to existing practices—and may even create adverse unintended consequences that offset and perhaps even eliminate its beneficial effects.
The Reference‐Driven College Paper (Or Why Your Students Should Read the JACF)
Authors: Trefzger Joseph W. 
Published: November 2019

The main objective of college finance courses should be critical thinking in financial settings. Instructors assigning papers therefore should be concerned about not just writing fundamentals, but also students’ ability to develop well‐reasoned arguments that are expressed effectively.Finding the right reference materials is likely to be an important first step toward identifying important topics and issues in finance, and then formulating and expressing cogent arguments about them. Unfortunately, paper writers too often begin by selecting topics that sound interesting, followed by information searches that tend to yield either popular articles that are short on analysis, or academic publications with solid analysis based on quantitative content well over their heads. Students should instead be encouraged to take the “middle way” of the reference‐driven approach: that is, find analytical materials written at a level they can comprehend and choose topics supported by those sources.The ideal tools for building the critical thinking of undergraduate finance students can be found in two sources: the Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, which presents articles written with practitioners in mind by academics, as well as edited transcripts of roundtable discussions between academic theorists and corporate practitioners; and the subset of finance articles in the Journal of Economic Perspectives. Both of these publications are written mainly by top academic thinkers, but without the complicated mathematics that can discourage students. The author also offers access to files that facilitate the search for articles in both of these journals based on topics, phrases, or authors.
Notch3 promotes 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes differentiation by up‐regulating the expression of LARS to activate the mTOR pathway
Authors: Guo Yuxian , Tan Junyu , Xiong Wei , Chen Shuzhao , Fan Liping , Li Yaochen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdipocytes constitute a major component of the tumour microenvironment. Numerous studies have shown that adipocytes promote aggressiveness and invasion by stimulating cancer cells proliferation and modulating their metabolism. Herein, we reported that Notch3 promotes mouse 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes differentiation by performing the integrative transcriptome and TMT‐based proteomic analyses. The results revealed that aminoacyl‐tRNA_biosynthesis pathway was significantly influenced with Nocth3 change during 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes differentiation, and the expression of LARS in this pathway was positively correlated with Notch3. Published studies have shown that LARS is a sensor of leucine that regulates the mTOR pathway activity, and the latter involves in adipogenesis. We therefore supposed that Notch3 might promote 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes differentiation by up‐regulating LARS expression and activating mTOR pathway. CHIP and luciferase activity assay uncovered that Notch3 could transcriptionally regulate the expression of LARS gene. Oil Red staining identified a positive correlation between Notch3 expression and adipocytic differentiation. The activation of mTOR pathway caused by Notch3 overexpression could be attenuated by knocking down LARS expression. Altogether, our study revealed that Notch3 promotes adipocytic differentiation of 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes cells by up‐regulating LARS expression and activating the mTOR pathway, which might be an emerging target for obesity treatment.
Virus susceptibility of a new cell line derived from the fin of black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus
Authors: Wang Yizhou , Xue Ting , Wang Qian , Xia Bilin , Pan Qihua , Chen Tiansheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA continuous cell line MPF derived from the fin of black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus was established and characterised in this study. Mylopharyngodon piceus fin (MPF) cells were subcultured for more than 80 passages with high viability recovery after long‐term storage. The karyotyping analysis revealed that MPF had a modal diploid chromosome number (2n = 48) and identical ribosomal RNA sequence with black carp. In addition, the expression of pluripotency‐associated markers including nanog, oct4 and vasa, were detected in MPF. The transient transfection efficiency of MPF reached 23% with a fluorescent reporter by modified electroporation and stable expression of red fluorescent MPF was established by the baculovirus system, indicating that MPF is an ideal platform for studying gene functions in vitro. Lastly, cytopathic effects were also observed and RNA transcripts of a viral gene increased after infection by spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), suggesting that MPF could be an alternative tool for investigating pathogen‐host interactions in black carp. In conclusion, a fin cell line that is susceptible to SVCV was established as a potential adult stem‐cell line, providing a suitable tool for future genetic analyses and pathogen–host studies in black carp.
Population dynamics of Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. in ready‐to‐eat Mediterranean vegetable salads
Authors: Olaimat Amin N. , Al‐Holy Murad A. , Abu Ghoush Mahmoud H. , Abu Hilal Haneen M. , Al‐Nabulsi Anas A. , Osaili Tareq M. , Rasco Barbara A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study evaluated the behavior of Salmonella and Shigella (5–6 log CFU/g) in tomato–cucumber (TC) salad without additives (control), TC with 1.0% lemon juice and 0.5% salt, TC with 10% wt/wt tahini, coleslaw, and toum sauce at 4, 10, or 24°C for 5 days. At 4°C, both pathogens survived well in all salads, with a 0.2–1.6 log CFU/g reduction after 5 days (except for toum sauce with >3.5 log CFU/g reduction after 4 days). At 10°C, Salmonella in the different TC salads remained constant, whereas Shigella numbers significantly increased by 1.0–1.7 log CFU/g after 5 days. Yet, both pathogens significantly decreased by 1.2–1.4 log CFU/g in coleslaw after 5 days and by >3.5 log CFU/g in toum sauce after 3 days. At 24°C, Salmonella significantly increased in TC salad without additives by 1.4 log CFU/g after 5 days and were below the detection level in the other types of salad after 5 days. However, Shigella numbers significantly increased by 1.0 log CFU/g in TC with tahini, but they significantly declined by 1.9–2.9 log CFU/g in TC salads after 5 days, and the pathogen was not detected in coleslaw and toum sauce after 4 days.
Healthcare Utilization and Physical Functioning in Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Cheng Yue , Goodin Amie J. , Pahor Marco , Manini Todd , Brown Joshua D. 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVESDecline in physical function is associated with older age. Healthcare utilization and expenditures related to physical functioning declines will likely increase as the proportion of the population of older adults rises. This study evaluated resource utilization associated with differences in physical functioning in a nationally representative sample of older adults.DESIGNA retrospective panel study nationally representative for 26 809 552 older adults in the United States.SETTINGMedical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data from 2013 to 2014.PARTICIPANTSAdults aged 70 years or older who completed both rounds of the Self‐Administered Questionnaire in MEPS.MEASUREMENTSPhysical Component Score (PCS) from the Short‐Form Health Survey as a measure of physical functioning was stratified into quartiles. Healthcare utilization (count of medical visits by setting) and total expenditures were assessed during and after the PCS measurements. Generalized linear mixed models, adjusted for demographic and clinical covariates, estimated the relationship between healthcare utilization and physical functioning.RESULTSThe lowest functional status (Q1) was associated with significantly increased healthcare utilization of emergency department, inpatient, home health, outpatient, and total medical visits compared with the three higher quartiles groups (P < .001, all). When compared with the lowest functioning group (Q1), the percentage savings for direct healthcare expenditures were 26.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.8‐41.7) in Q2, 50.1% (95% CI = 35.6‐61.4) in Q3, and 65.2% (95% CI = 54.7‐73.2) in Q4. Similarly, there were 10.4% (95% CI = 9.2‐11.7), 11.9% (95% CI = 10.5‐13.6), and 14.0% (95% CI = 2.2%‐15.9%) reductions in total medical visits, respectively.CONCLUSIONLower physical functioning was associated with higher healthcare utilization and expenditures. These estimates are conservative because they do not capture long‐term care utilization due to the nature of MEPS. These results can be used to benchmark other healthcare resource benefits of interventions to maintain or improve physical functioning in older adults in noninstitutionalized settings. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:266–271, 2020
The interaction of CaM7 and CNGC14 regulates root hair growth inArabidopsis
Authors: Zeb Qudsia , Wang Xiaohan , Hou Congcong , Zhang Xiwen , Dong Mengqi , Zhang Sisi , Zhang Qian , Ren Zhijie , Tian Wang , Zhu Huifen , Li Legong , Liu Liangyu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOscillations in cytosolic free calcium determine the polarity of tip‐growing root hairs. The Ca2+ channel cyclic nucleotide gated channel 14 (CNGC14) contributes to the dynamic changes in Ca2+ concentration gradient at the root hair tip. However, the mechanisms that regulate CNGC14 are unknown. In this study, we detected a direct interaction between calmodulin 7 (CaM7) and CNGC14 through yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. We demonstrated that the third EF‐hand domain of CaM7 specifically interacts with the cytosolic C‐terminal domain of CNGC14. A two‐electrode voltage clamp assay showed that CaM7 completely inhibits CNGC14‐mediated Ca2+ influx, suggesting that CaM7 negatively regulates CNGC14‐mediated calcium signaling. Furthermore, CaM7 overexpressing lines phenocopy the short root hair phenotype of a cngc14 mutant and this phenotype is insensitive to changes in external Ca2+ concentrations. We, thus, identified CaM7‐CNGC14 as a novel interacting module that regulates polar growth in root hairs by controlling the tip‐focused Ca2+ signal.
Prospective application of exosomes derived from adipose‐derived stem cells in skin wound healing: A review
Authors: Qiu He , Liu Shuo , Wu Kelun , Zhao Rui , Cao Lideng , Wang Hang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundWound healing has always been an intractable medical problem for both clinicians and researchers and a burden for patients both physically and financially. Poor wound healing at the injury site, especially in an exposed site, is associated with an unappealing esthetic appearance in patients and also results in a bad skin barrier, tissue infection and necrosis, loss of main function in extreme cases and other serious local and systemic consequences. There is a crucial and urgent need for newer, more efficacious methods for enhancing the healing process to achieve optimal outcomes morphologically and functionally. Recent advances have focused on developing therapies that promote tissue regeneration through positively activating the mechanism of tissue repair. Given the increasing high‐quality studies concerning exosomes derived from adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs‐Exos), their potential use in accelerating or supporting the wound healing process has gained increasing attention in recent years.AimsIn this review, we present an overview of the recent advances in the field of ADSCs‐Exos and investigate their benefit in wound healing for skin regeneration with the expectation of providing a perspective on how to best utilize this powerful cell‐free therapy in the future.MethodsA retrospective review of the published data was conducted.ResultsMost studies have shown the possible roles of ASCs‐derived exosomes (ADSCs‐Exos) in cutaneous wound healing through regulation of the inflammatory response and promotion of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis and matrix reconstruction to provide a new perspective strategy for the use of ASCs‐Exos in skin wound healing.ConclusionADSCs‐Exos are likely to achieve the best functionally and cosmetic skin wound healing while avoiding undesirable consequences. ADSCs‐Exos represent a novel therapeutic tool in soft tissue repair; however, further randomized, double‐blind, comparative clinical trials must be performed to determine the specific mechanisms, safety and other relevant cosmetic concerns.
The minimum wage and seasonal employment: Evidence from the US agricultural sector
Authors: Kandilov Amy M. G. , Kandilov Ivan T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNearly 40% of agricultural workers in the United States earn an hourly wage that is within 10% of the prevailing state‐level minimum wage. We evaluate the impact of the minimum wage on farm employment using county‐level data from the United States Census of Agriculture. We employ long‐differences specifications and find evidence of a dynamic, negative effect of the minimum wage on seasonal agricultural employment, but no effect on year‐round agricultural employment. We estimate a long‐run elasticity of total agricultural employment with respect to the minimum wage of about −0.40, which is both statistically and economically significant. Employers’ total expenditures on hired agricultural workers are not affected by the minimum wage. Finally, our analysis suggests that increases in minimum wages may lead to higher capital investment as well as the consolidation of farming operations in the agricultural sector.
Eight weeks of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for genotype 3 hepatitis C in previously untreated patients with significant (F2/3) fibrosis
Authors: Boyle Alison , Marra Fiona , Peters Erica , Datta Shouren , Ritchie Trina , Priest Matthew , Heydtmann Mathis , Barclay Stephen T. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryTwelve weeks sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) is a highly effective pan‐genotypic regimen for hepatitis C. Phase 2 data suggest 8 weeks of treatment may be sufficient for previously untreated noncirrhotic patients with genotype 3 (GT3) infection. To maximize the number of patients potentially cured within a fixed treatment budget, we elected to treat such patients locally eligible for treatment (F2/3), with 8 weeks of SOF/VEL. By local protocol, treatment‐naive patients with F2 (LSM > 6.9kPa < 9.5kPa) or F3 fibrosis (≥9.5kPa < 12.5kPa) were eligible for 8‐week SOF/VEL treatment. Patients commencing treatment before 1 Oct 2017 were identified from the Scottish HCV database. Baseline and treatment outcome data obtained. Ninety patients were included for analysis (72 (80%) male, mean age 45 (IQR ± 8.4), 28 (31.1%) F3 fibrosis). Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) was prescribed in 82 (91.1%) patients. Of 49 patients attending Glasgow city Alcohol and Drug Services, 27 (55.1%) had evidence of recent drug use (< 3 months) including 8 (16.3%) with self‐reported intravenous drug use. On an intention‐to‐treat basis, SVR rates were 86/90 (95.6%, 95% CI 89.0‐98.8). Excluding those who prematurely discontinued treatment (n = 4), died prior to SVR testing (n = 1) or whom experienced reinfection (n = 1), per‐protocol SVR rate was 84/84 (100%, 95% CI 95.7‐100.0). In conclusion, eight‐week SOF/VEL is highly effective in treatment‐naive GT3 patients with significant fibrosis. This offers a non‐protease inhibitor‐based 8‐week regimen which may be useful for complex drug interactions or where time‐limited opportunity for treatment. In limited resource settings, reduction in drug acquisition costs may help achieve progress towards the goal of HCV elimination.
Genotypic variation in Norway spruce correlates to fungal communities in vegetative buds
Authors: Elfstrand Malin , Zhou Linghua , Baison John , Olson Åke , Lundén Karl , Karlsson Bo , Wu Harry X. , Stenlid Jan , García‐Gil M. Rosario 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe taxonomically diverse phyllosphere fungi inhabit leaves of plants. Thus, apart from the fungi's dispersal capacities and environmental factors, the assembly of the phyllosphere community associated with a given host plant depends on factors encoded by the host's genome. The host genetic factors and their influence on the assembly of phyllosphere communities under natural conditions are poorly understood, especially in trees. Recent work indicates that Norway spruce (Picea abies) vegetative buds harbour active fungal communities, but these are hitherto largely uncharacterized. This study combines internal transcribed spacer sequencing of the fungal communities associated with dormant vegetative buds with a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) in 478 unrelated Norway spruce trees. The aim was to detect host loci associated with variation in the fungal communities across the population, and to identify loci correlating with the presence of specific, latent, pathogens. The fungal communities were dominated by known Norway spruce phyllosphere endophytes and pathogens. We identified six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the relative abundance of the dominating taxa (i.e., top 1% most abundant taxa). Three additional QTLs associated with colonization by the spruce needle cast pathogenLirula macrosporaor the cherry spruce rust (Thekopsora areolata) in asymptomatic tissues were detected. The identification of the nine QTLs shows that the genetic variation in Norway spruce influences the fungal community in dormant buds and that mechanisms underlying the assembly of the communities and the colonization of latent pathogens in trees may be uncovered by combining molecular identification of fungi with GWAS.
Women's Perspectives on Postpartum Intrauterine Devices in Tanzania
Authors: Huber‐Krum Sarah , Hackett Kristy , Senderowicz Leigh , Pearson Erin , Francis Joel M. , Siril Hellen , Ulenga Nzovu , Shah Iqbal 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDespite the numerous benefits of the postpartum copper intrauterine device (PPIUD), which is inserted within 48 hours after giving birth, it is underutilized in many resource‐constrained settings, including Tanzania. We conducted in‐depth interviews with 20 pregnant women who received contraceptive counseling during routine antenatal care in 2016–2017 and 27 postpartum women who had a PPIUD inserted in 2018 to understand reasons for use versus nonuse and continuation versus discontinuation. Primary motivators for using a PPIUD included: convenience, effectiveness, perceived lack of side effects, and duration of pregnancy protection. Barriers to use included: fear of insertion, concerns related to sexual experiences post‐insertion, and limited knowledge. Women who had a PPIUD inserted continued use when their expectations matched their experience, while discontinuation resulted from unexpected expulsion and experience of unanticipated side effects. Frequent follow‐up and guidance on side‐effect management influenced women's decisions to continue use. To support uptake and continued utilization of the PPIUD, postpartum contraceptive counseling should explicitly address side effects and risk of expulsion.
Accentuating the Positive: City Branding, Narrative and Practice
Authors: Gold John R. , Gold Margaret M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis commentary on the contribution made by Kavaratzis and Ashworth (2005) examines the antecedents to which it responded, the key ideas that it offered at the time of publication, and assesses its lasting impact. There are three main sections. The first reflects upon the informal and improvised approaches that characterised place promotion, marketing and branding in the final decades of the twentieth century. The second surveys Kavaratzis and Ashworth’s critical reflections on the existing theory and practice of city branding. The third section discusses their role in contributing a benchmark in scholarly discourse that reflected convergences with management science and policy relevance, but recognises that it was implicated in a broader meta‐narrative shaped by neoliberalist approaches and values.