bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRELIMINARY MYCOCHEMICAL, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF CALOCERA VISCOSA (PERS.) FR.
Authors: NAIK S NAVEEN KUMAR , R ASHWATHANARAYANA , NAIKA RAJA 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Calocera viscosa, commonly called as the yellow stagshorn, is a jelly fungus, belongs to the family of Dacrymycetales, unknown for its medicinal properties and biological activities.
Method: The sporocarps of C. viscosa (Pers.) Fr. were collected from Agumbe, Karnataka. Mycochemical and Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis done by standard procedures and antibacterial activity was done by agar well diffusion method.
Results: Physicochemical was analyzed and results revealed the highest percentage of alcohol-soluble extractives were present followed by ash content. Alcohol-soluble extractives were 20.76%, total moisture content (10.9%), and foreign matter (0.5%). Extraction was done by Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol and subjected to qualitative mycochemicals analysis both petroleum ether and chloroform extract confirms less mycochemicals, whereas ethanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, sterols, glycosides, terpenoids, and phenols. GC–MS analysis of ethanoic extract showed many known bioactive compounds in that, 19 compounds were unknown and 21 compounds were known for its medicinal properties, most of them were food additives and flavoring agents. Antibacterial potentials were studied against pathogenic bacteria revealed that ethanolic extract showed appreciable zone of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria, in that maximum zone of inhibition showed against Klebsiella pneumonia followed by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Conclusion: C. viscosa (Pers.) Fr. sporocarp can be explored for potential antibacterial with rich full of useful mycochemicals.
COLON SPECIFIC DELIVERY OF COMBINATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL AND CELECOXIB: PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY ASSAY
Authors: BANSAL VIKAS , KAMBOJ ANJOO , MADAN JITENDER 
Published: October 2019

Objective: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and celecoxib (Cel) combination offered additive effect in the treatment of colon cancer. However, physicochemical and biopharmaceutical attributes of both drugs deliver suboptimal concentration at the site of action. The objective of the current study is the development of a microparticulate drug delivery system loaded with a combination of 5-FU and Cel to achieve prolonged drug delivery in colon cancer.
Methods: 5-FU and Cel combination were loaded in Eudragit coated chitosan (CH) microspheres (MSs) and characterized.
Results: The average particle size of the MSs was in the range of 2.7±0.9μm to 4.8±1.1μm. A substantial drug encapsulation efficiency of 71.30±2.3% as obtained for 5-FU as compared to 35.20±1.9% of Cel in the tailored microparticles. The drug loading capacity of 6.5 mg/10 mg and 2.3 mg/10 mg was obtained for 5-FU and Cel, respectively. By Eudragit S 100 (Ed) coating, significant pH-dependent release profile was achieved, and no drug release was observed in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The developed MSs exhibited the release of 92.1±2.9% of 5-FU in 8h whereas 18.9±0.7% Cel was found to be released from the developed MSs. The drug-loaded MSs exhibited appreciable potency against HT-29 cells with an IC50 value of 35.9 μM.
Conclusion: The results indicated that these microparticles are a promising vehicle for selectively targeting drugs to the colon in the chemotherapy of colon cancer.
ANTIOXIDANT AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL AT MAXIMUM PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: APOLLO SINAGA FAJAR , HARAHAP URIP , SILALAHI JANSEN , SIPAHUTAR HERBERT 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) treatment on hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses after maximum physical activity.
Methods: This study used 24 healthy male rats. The rats were divided into four groups randomly consisted of six rats in each group. The control group (P0) was given 2 mL water, the treatment groups (VCO-1, VCO-2, and VCO-4) were given VCO 1 ml/200 g BW, 2 ml/200 g BW, and 4 ml/200 g BW, respectively, per day using gavage spuit. The rats were trained to swim for a month, 30 min/day in the 1st week, 35 min/day in the 2nd week, 40 min/ day in the 3rd week, and 45 min/day in the 4th week. After 28 days, the rats were forced to perform the maximal activity by putting the rats in water with no exit. Blood samples were collected immediately after the maximum physical activity, and then, all rats were killed and liver tissues were collected. The malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvate transaminase level were then measured.
Results: VCO increased swimming time to exhaustion, levels of GPx in the liver, which were accompanied by corresponding decreases in the MDA, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase content.
Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that VCO is effective in the prevention of oxidative stress following maximum physical activity.
IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE CENTRAL NORTH OF MOROCCO: A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF ALTERNATIVE DRUGS AGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: ZEOUK IKRAME , OUALI LALAMI ABDELHAKIM EL , BEKHTI KHADIJA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study aims the investigation of the antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants selected in the central north of Morocco against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strain often involved in dermatitis.
Methods: Structured interviews were carried out among 91 herbalists and traditional healers through a specific information questionnaire, the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus strains award ethanol extracts was evaluated using the well-diffusion assay, while the agar-microdilution method was used to determinate the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The total phenolic and flavonoids contents of all tested extracts were also determined.
Results: Based on the ethnobotanical survey, a total of 55 plant species belonging to 30 families were mentioned. The Lamiaceae family was the most represented (18.80%) followed by the Apiaceae family (10.90%). Leaves (45.00%) were the favored used part. Decoction method (48.53%) was the most frequently used to prepare remedies that are taken externally (75.00%). Nine of the 17 most selected species have shown an effective antistaphylococcal activity; the most active extracts were Punica granatum and Rhamnus alaternus with MIC values ranging between 0.25 mg/ml and 2.00 mg/ml.
Conclusion: The current data confirm the good antistaphylococcal activity of P. granatum and R. alaternus and suggest that these species could constitute a promoter source for antistaphylococcal drugs with deeply studies.
PHYTOCHEMICAL, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF ANDROGRAPHIS SERPYLLIFOLIA METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: R MADHANKUMAR , S MURUGESAN 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study is to evaluate the preliminary study of phytochemical screening and biological applications of Andrographis serpyllifolia methanol leaf extracts.
Methods: The methanol leaf extracts of A. serpyllifolia was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus and the extract was analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro antioxidant activity was determined by superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase. Further, the antibacterial activity of methanolic leaf extract of A. serpyllifolia was tested against various human pathogens by using agar disc diffusion method.
Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS results revealed phenols, aromatic carboxylic acids, and esters in the chloroform extract to be the molecules responsible for the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of A. serpyllifolia methanol extract and fractions showed the presence of various secondary metabolites present.
Conclusion: The present study strongly recommended that the methanolic extract of A. serpyllifolia leaves possesses compounds that inhibit the growth of microbes as wells excellent antioxidant activities. The study further suggested the potential therapeutic use of these extract in cancer study.
IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF MAYTENUS EMARGINATA STEM BARK ON INDIAN ADULT EARTHWORM
Authors: JOSHI UMESH PRABHAKAR , WAGH RAJENDRA DAYARAM 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The development of anthelmintic activity and the high cost of synthetic anthelmintic drugs it leads to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of crude methanolic, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts of the stem bark of Maytenus emarginata on eggs and adult Pheretima posthuma and Ascaridia galli.
Methods: Three concentrations (10, 25, and 50 mg/ml) of methanolic, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts of plant M. emarginata were studied in activity which involved the determination of the time of paralysis (called as vermifuge) and time of death (called as vermicidal) of the worms. Piperazine citrate in same concentration as those of extract was included as standard reference and normal saline water with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose as control.
Results: The methanolic, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 50 mg/ml. Peak activity was exhibited by the methanolic extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml.
Conclusion: The overall findings of the present study have shown that M. emarginata contain possible anthelmintic compounds and further evaluation of these plants should be carried out. The traditional use of anthelmintic activity of this plant is genuine.
ANTIMICROBIAL INVESTIGATION AND BINDING MODE ANALYSIS OF SOME NEWLY SYNTHESIZED 4-AMINO-5-((ARYL SUBSTITUTED)-4H-1, 2, 4-TRIAZOLE-3-YL)-THIO LINKED HYDROXAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Authors: DAS MOUSUMI , DAS BHASKAR , DE ARNAB , BANERJEE SUBHASIS , SAMANTA AMALESH 
Published: October 2019

Objective: A series of 5-substituted-4-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole-linked hydroxamic acid derivatives have been synthesized and explored in vitro to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Methods: Different 5-phenyl group substituted-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol reacted with chlorine substituted hydroxamic acid to produce the desired compounds and characterized spectroscopically. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), zone of inhibition (ZOI), growth kinetic studies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to elicit the antimicrobial efficacy of synthesized compounds against a wide range of bacterial and fungal strains.
Results: Compounds 6a, 6b, 6d, and 6k (MIC of 25 μg/ml) have been found to be more potent against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus, Micrococcus luteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compounds 6a-6d, 6k, and 6l (MIC of 25–50 μg/ml) have shown potent antibacterial efficacy against Klebsiella pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholera compare to the standard drug amoxicillin (MIC of 60 μg/ml, 65 μg/ml, and 25 μg/ml, respectively). Screening for the antifungal activity revealed that the compounds were found to be most active against Candida albicans (6a, 6b, and 6l), Candida tropicalis (6b and 6d), and Aspergillus niger (6a, 6b, 6d, and 6j) with MIC of 15–25 μg/ml. Bacteriostatic and fungistatic effect of titled compounds was revealed from growth kinetics study.
Conclusion: Electron donating group at the 5-position of the 5-substituted-1,2,4-triazole-linked hydroxamic acid derivatives conferred the biological effectiveness of the synthesized compounds and also offer a therapeutically effective prototypical structure for further development of new chemical entities with superior antimicrobial activity.
BENEFICIAL OUTCOMES AFTER COMBINED THERAPY WITH AZATHIOPRINE AND PIOGLITAZONE IN PRECLINICAL ARTHRITIC MODELS
Authors: BABU PRATAP VEERESH , VARLA SOUNDARYA , M GANGA RAJU 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of azathioprine-pioglitazone combination therapy to check whether it has an add on benefit over monotherapy with azathioprine or pioglitazone on disease activity in rodent models.
Methods: The antioxidant activity of test drugs and their combination was screened by H2O2 and nitric oxide scavenging assays. They were further evaluated for anti-arthritic activity using in vitro models such as protein denaturation and membrane stabilization and in vivo methods such as formaldehyde and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis.
Results: The combination of test drugs showed better inhibition of free radicals in both H2O2 and nitric oxide scavenging assay than individual counterparts revealing its potential antioxidant activity. They also showed significant inhibition of protein denaturation and proliferation of the red blood cell in in vitro models. The test drugs showed significant inhibition of the paw volume in both the formaldehyde and CFA-induced arthritis along with reverting the altered biochemical parameters. These findings were corroborated by radiological and histopathological studies.
Conclusions: Combination of azathioprine and pioglitazone exhibited better antioxidant and anti-arthritic effect than the individual drugs showing synergistic interaction between them.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DIPHENHYDRAMINE, EPHEDRINE, NOSCAPINE, AND GLYCEROL GLYCOLATE USING STABILITY-INDICATING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: APPLICATION TO NOSCOF TABLETS
Authors: BHASKARARAO PULAGURTHA , DANNANA GOWRI SANKAR 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Noscof tablet is a fixed dosage combination formulation having diphenhydramine (DH), ephedrine (ED), noscapine (NP), and glycerol glycolate (GG). A sensitive, selective, accurate, precise, and stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with photodiode array detection has been developed and validated for simultaneous analysis of DH, ED, NP, and GG in bulk drug and Noscof tablets.
Methods: Reversed-phase chromatographic separation and analysis of DH, ED, NP, and GG were done on an Altima C18 column with 0.01 M KH2PO4 buffer (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (50:50%, v/v) as mobile phase at 0.8 ml/min flow rate in isocratic mode. Detection was performed at 260 nm. The method was validated in harmony with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The tablet sample solution was subjected to diverse stress conditions using ICH strategy such as hydrolytic degradation (neutral - with distilled water, alkaline - with 2 N NaOH, and acidic - with 2 N HCl), oxidation (with 10% H2O2), photodegradation (exposing to UV light), and dry heat degradation (exposing to 105°C).
Results: Using the above stated chromatographic conditions, sharp peaks were obtained for ED, NP, DH, and GG with retention time of 3.272 min, 4.098 min, 5.467 min, and 6.783 min, respectively. Good regression coefficient values were obtained in the range of 2–12 μg/ml for ED, 3.75–22.5 μg/ml for NP, 3.125–18.75 μg/ml for DH, and 25–150 μg/ml for GG. The quantification limits were 0.181 μg/ml, 0.187 μg/ml, 0.246 μg/ml, and 1.114 μg/ml for ED, NP, DH, and GG, respectively. The values of validation parameters are within the acceptance limits given by ICH. The ED, NP, DH, and GG showed more percent of degradation in acid condition and less percent of degradation in the neutral condition. The peaks of degradants did not interfere with the peaks of analytes. ED, NP, DH, and GG were assessed with a good percentage of the assay (near to 100%) and low percent relative standard deviation (<2%) in Noscof tablets using the proposed method.
Conclusion: The stability indicating RP-HPLC method developed was suitable for quantifying ED, NP, DH, and GG simultaneously in bulk as well as in tablet formulation.
DESIGN AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF FLOATING TABLETS OF METRONIDAZOLE
Authors: ESWARAIAH M CHINNA , S JAYA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate the effervescent floating matrix tablet of metronidazole and to evaluate the effect of varying concentrations of hydrophilic polymers on drug release.
Methods: Drug excipients interaction was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. The effervescent floating matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression technique using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMCK4) and xanthan gum alone and in combination as release retardants. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as diluent. Sodium bicarbonate was used as effervescent agent. The prepared matrix tablets were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, content uniformity, buoyancy time, and in vitro dissolution.
Results: Micromeritic properties and post-compression parameters were evaluated and all the parameters were found within the acceptable limit. The drug release data were subjected to different models to evaluate release kinetics and mechanism of drug release. The matrix tablets prepared with xanthan gum and a mixture of xanthan gum and HPMCK4 were retarded the drug release up to 12 h. The release mechanism of metronidazole was evaluated on the basis of release exponent n value in Peppas model. The n value of the formulations ranged from 0.46 to 0.89 which indicated Case II transport and zero-order release.
Conclusion: Floating matrix tablet is the simple, efficient, and economic method to sustain the release of metronidazole to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease.
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF AYURVEDIC DRUGS (BHASMAS) BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
Authors: A ASHWINI , BR KERUR 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Ayurvedic drugs/bhasmas are very potent and promising drugs for the treatment of various ailments. Bhasmas are the multielement samples, and the present work deals the analysis of the concentration of metallic elements in three ayurvedic bhasmas of four different brands, to compare and know the quality of commercial bhasma in market.
Methods: Commercially available abhraka bhasma (AB), mandoor bhasma (MB), and godanti bhasma (GB) in market from four different manufacturing companies were procured, and bhasma sample solution was prepared to analyze the elemental concentrations in bhasma; the solution is subjected to flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) technique and determined elemental concentration in bhasmas of four different commercial brands.
Results: FAAS analysis explores the presence of Mg, Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Cd elements’ concentration in three bhasmas/drugs by four manufacturers. AB is rich in Al and Fe following the other elements in low concentrations, MB is rich in Fe, Ca, Mn, Cu, K, and Al and other elements are present in less quantity, and GB is rich in Ca and all other elements were very less in quantity.
Conclusion: FAAS analysis showed that there is a difference in quantity/concentration of elements present in bhasma, aluminum (Al) is found high in Patanjali brand bhasmas compared to other three brands, and the toxic metal cadmium (Cd) is found in Dhootapapeshwar mandoor bhasma (DMB) (0.0458 mg/l), except DMB, all bhasmas found free from toxic metals, which reveal that there is a variation in quality of bhasmas from different manufacturers, and the elements present in bhasmas are found to be in permissible range for human intakes. As the mineral elements are essential in human diet, if the amount of any elements becomes too high in body, then it can affect the functioning of other important minerals in body causing the severe health problems, so it is must, to balance all nutrients in human diet, either through food or medicines. Hence, the present analysis work focuses on the variation of concentrations of elements present in bhasma of different manufacturers, which will help in practitioners to compare and refer good quality bhasmas or drugs in terms of their ingredients/elements, which plays a major role in functioning of human body normally. Further work is necessary to carry out on bhasmas and ayurvedic formulations in order to get good of diet supplementation.
NEPHROPROTECTIVE ROLE OF ZINC AGAINST THE AMMONIUM SULFATE TOXICITY IN MALE ALBINO RATS
Authors: TEKURI SIVA KUMAR , RANI AMURU SHOBHA , BASSAIAHGARI PURUSOTHAM , GALI YUVARANJANI , PABBARAJU NEERAJA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Intention of the present study is to investigate the protective role of zinc against ammonium sulfate (AS) toxicity in renal tissue by evaluating certain biochemical activities of albino rats.
Methods: Rats were divided into four groups, namely control, ammonia, zinc, and ammonia + zinc. Rats were exposed to AS (18.3 mg/kg body weight) or zinc chloride (4 mg/kg body weight) or both through intraperitoneally for 7-day experimentation with 24-h time interval.
Results: AS-administered rats showed significant increased levels of ammonia, urea, glutamine, glutamine synthetase, free amino acids, and lactate dehydrogenase and decreased levels of total proteins, pyruvate, succinate dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase, and biochemical activities when compared with control. Supplementation of zinc mitigated AS-induced oxidative stress and restored all the biochemical parameter activities. Zinc administered to normal rats did not exhibit any significant changes in any of the parameters studied.
Conclusion: From the study, it concluded that zinc cotreatment with AS has effectively recovered the mitochondrial enzyme activities and ammonia metabolic biochemical parameters in renal tissue of rat treated with AS.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF COMMIPHORA CAUDATA AGAINST DIABETIC-INDUCED RATS IN HIGH-FAT DIET-STREPTOZOTOCIN MODEL
Authors: K ANITHA , LAKSHMI SABAPATHI MOHANA , SV SATYANARAYANA 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study was to explore the phytochemical analysis and antidiabetic potential of the root of Commiphora caudata in high-fat diet (HFD) streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Methods: The ethanolic root extract of C. caudata at a dose of 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg was administered to diabetic rats. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) was used as standard drug.
Results: The data were statistically assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dennett’s multiple comparison tests. To unfold the mechanism, we studied all the biochemical parameters glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very LDL (VLDL) and histopathological examination of the pancreatic tissue section. The ethanolic extracts of root of C. caudata showed significant reduce of the level of cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL, and significant increase in the serum level of HDL at 400 mg/kg rather than 200 mg/kg.
Conclusion: Further studies should look into the characterization and isolation of the constituents to know the exact mechanism of hypoglycemic activity. Statistical analyses of this screening method confirm that the proposed method is appropriate and it can be expected to improve basic idea to the researcher who is working in area-like antidiabetic activity.