bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 27
Authors: Glancy Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
By the time Cary Grant and Betsy Drake announced their separation in 1958, Grant had followed Drake’s lead by embarking on an intensive form of psychotherapy using the hallucinogenic drug LSD. In clinically supervised sessions, he took the drug, which was not yet illegal, and explored his unconscious mind. This, he maintained, allowed him to peer into his past and overcome the childhood memories and experiences that haunted him. He revealed this to a prominent journalist, Joe Hyams, and then vehemently denied the story when it made headlines across the country. Yet the story did not dent his popularity with audiences. Operation Petticoat (1959), directed by Blake Edwards, became his biggest box-office success. Its humour is dated now, but it is still notable as the film that paired Grant with Tony Curtis, the actor who imitated him so memorably in Some Like It Hot (1959). The Grass is Greener (1960), directed by Stanley Donen, tried to repeat the success of the sophisticated comedy-romance Indiscreet (1958), but fell short of that mark. The screwball comedy A Touch of Mink (1962) paired Grant with Doris Day, the most popular screen actress of the period. They did not enjoy working together, but the film’s star power ensured that it was a hit. These successes, together with Grant’s lucrative contract with Universal-International Pictures, led the trade weekly Variety to declare that he was the “richest actor” and “most astute businessman” working in Hollywood.
Identity
Authors: Dhanda Meena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Three stories—of a blind photographer, a Jain monk, and a stockbroker with a kidney transplant, in a unique film The Ship of Theseus—frame several challenging puzzles about identity discussed in this chapter. From the analytic tradition of philosophy it considers what matters in identity: memory and/or the body, to indicate residual problems in conceptualizing the problem of identity by using this binary. It suggests using the Continental tradition of philosophy to explain identity in terms of the idea of being-in-the-world and of body schema. Identity as personal integrity is illustrated using examples from the film, foregrounding the importance of wholeness, habituated being, and situated being limiting the possibilities of action open to one. It argues that discussions fueled by imaginary cases of body/memory swaps ignore the pertinence of embodiment in determining our being-in-the-world, a lacunae corrected by feminist philosophers’ focus on the constitution of bodily identity.
Autonomy
Authors: Khader Serene J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains three conceptions of personal autonomy through a discussion of two teen girls’ struggles for self-definition. Autonomy is the ability to live a life that is genuinely one’s own. Starr, the protagonist of Angie Thomas’s The Hate You Give, struggles to know herself because the demands of upward mobility seem to ask her to disavow her Blackness. Kiara, the author of a blog post on oppressive beauty standards, struggles to find self-worth in a society that devalues the way she looks. The chapter discusses how coherentist, reasons-responsiveness, and socially constitutive conceptions of autonomy illuminate the girls’ lives. It also explains why autonomy should not be conceived of as the rejection of all social influence.
Race
Authors: Winnubst Shannon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the fraught concept of race through the mythical and historical girl named Venus, who suffers the abduction of the transatlantic slave trade. Quite different from the abduction of Persephone that introduces this volume of essays, the story of Venus has never been fully told and digested by Western philosophy. The abduction of this girl, Venus, ontologically changes the meaning of “human.” Consequently, the chapter argues that, if philosophy is to wrangle with this unthought historical event, it must reconceptualize three fundamental categories: ontology, race, and blackness. The chapter, ultimately argues that the concept of “race” aids and abets the perpetuation of anti-blackness.
Consciousness-Raising
Authors: Leggett Tabatha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines consciousness-raising as a means of challenging oppression. Bringing the #MeToo movement into contact with first-person accounts and criticisms of the radical feminist consciousness-raising groups that formed in New York and Chicago in the 1960s and 1970s, it suggests that they remain an essential force to challenge female oppression today. It touches on the various ways that patriarchal structures silence women, how consciousness-raising undercuts this silencing by giving women a collective voice, and how social media can amplify this voice. Finally, it addresses common criticisms of consciousness-raising movements, especially concerning the disproportionate focus on white women’s concerns that they have historically represented and universalized. It touches on Kimberlé Crenhaw’s theory of intersectionality as well as Paulo Friere’s conception of critical consciousness theory to explore the notion of truly inclusive consciousness-raising movements.
Tzedek
Authors: Shapiro Devora 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Tzedek, from the Jewish tradition, is often translated as “justice,” and it is the root of Tzedakah, or “charity.” But this virtue called tzedek can more significantly be understood as “doing what must be done.” This chapter introduces the story of Jael, a girl who saves her village from cruelty and oppression. In doing so, Jael does not do what is easy; instead she knows that what she does is right and just, and so she does what must be done. Jael illustrates how the virtue of tzedek can cultivate and reinforce integrity, responsibility, and self-trust. The author discusses the virtue of tzedek and highlights how tzedek can aid one in resisting the forces of shame that societal structures and expectations can inappropriately wield against young women. Doing what must be done requires people to own their actions, allowing them to be the authors of their own lives.
Empathy
Authors: Gruen Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role that empathy plays in understanding the experiences of human and nonhuman others. The chapter first distinguishes between two often confused concepts, sympathy and empathy, to show how empathy builds connections with others by trying to understand their perspectives and worlds. The chapter then traces different kinds of empathy (affective resonance, and storied empathy) to argue for a concept of entangled empathy, which requires recognizing the manifold relationships people are in, including social and material conditions. The chapter also addresses worries about empathy. The chapter concludes by showing how entangled empathy can help people address the ways that many human and nonhuman animals can be and are oppressed.
Fichte's Moral Philosophy
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis book develops and defends a new interpretation of Fichte’s moral philosophy as an ethics of wholeness. While virtually forgotten for most of the twentieth century, Fichte’s System of Ethics (1798) is now recognized by scholars as a masterpiece in the history of post-Kantian philosophy and a key text for understanding the work of later German idealist thinkers. This book provides a careful examination of the intellectual context in which Fichte’s moral philosophy evolved and of the specific arguments he offers in response to Kant and his immediate successors. A distinctive feature of the study is a focus on the foundational concepts of Fichte’s ethics—freedom, morality, feeling, conscience, community—and their connection to his novel but largely misunderstood theory of drives. By way of conclusion, the book shows that what appears to be two conflicting commitments in Fichte’s ethics, a commitment to the feelings of one’s conscience and a commitment to engage in open dialogue with others, are two aspects of his theory of moral perfection. The result is a fresh understanding of Fichte’s System of Ethics as offering a compelling resolution to the personal and interpersonal dimensions of moral life.
Origins
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAfter touching upon the conflicted reception of Fichte’s 1798 System of Ethics, this chapter explores Fichte’s early efforts to reconcile the needs of the heart with the demands of the understanding. The chapter then investigates the impact of Kant’s ethics on Fichte’s emerging philosophical position, focusing on Kant’s view of our higher and lower faculties of desire. Working through this material provides a background for understanding the path to Fichte’s System of Ethics, which ultimately rejects Kant’s faculty psychology. The alternative that Fichte proposes centers on his notion of an ‘original drive’ (Urtrieb), which he defines as our state of undivided wholeness. By way of conclusion, the chapter proposes that Fichte’s idea of an Urtrieb holds the key to rethinking his moral philosophy as an ethics of wholeness.
Freedom
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces a constellation of thinkers who had a major influence on Fichte: Kant, Reinhold, and Maimon. It begins with Kant’s effort to defend the coexistence of freedom and causal mechanism, leading up to his thesis that a free will and a will under moral laws are ‘reciprocal concepts.’ Reinhold criticizes this thesis on the grounds that it renders free yet immoral action impossible, and he proposes a new definition of freedom as our capacity to choose between our ‘selfish drive’ and our ‘unselfish drive.’ However, as Maimon observes, this new definition gives rise to the question of what, if anything, determines the agent to act one way or the other. The solution Fichte proposes in §10 of the System of Ethics comes in the form of his Genetic Model of freedom: the idea that indeterminacy and determinacy of choice are but stages in the emergence of freedom.
The Good Representation of Women
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 marks a key step in the development of the authors feminist design thinking, contending that electoral politics should institutionalize new representative processes. In so doing, it visualizes new relationships between elected representatives and those they represent in ways that are attendant to debates over what is in the interests of women, and all the time conceiving of the political representation of women in the round. Critically, the feminism of Feminist Democratic Representation refers not to a definition rooted in one or other type of feminism, or one or other set of feminist policies, but to processes characterized by three principles: inclusiveness, responsiveness, and egalitarianism. Chapter 3 also engages head on with critics, and the accusation that in shifting from a content to a procedural approach to women’s substantive representation we had effectively permitted “anything” to count. The authors disagreed then with this criticism, and here they extend their commitment to feminist processes of political representation.
Designing for Feminist Democratic Representation
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 opens the second part of Feminist Democratic Representation. It first offers a discussion of the recent institutional and representational turn in democratic theory. Four ideals are identified that speak to concerns with women’s political representation: (i) democratic representation connects the institutional and the societal, (ii) democratic representation is creative and educative, (iii) democratic representation is deliberative, and (iv) democratic representation unifies and builds trust. These normative ideals are very promising but on their own only go so far. Added to them are the feminist principles of inclusiveness, responsiveness, and egalitarianism. Together these produce the feminist democratic effects that the authors seek. To this end, an introduction is provided to the design thinking and the specificities of the design practices envisaged. Chapter 4 is, therefore, where the authors’ approach is situated within the emerging literature on democratic design.
Affected Representatives, Group Advocacy, and Account Giving
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 introduces a new category of political actors—the affected representatives of women—and discusses the key features of twin institutional augmentations, group advocacy and account giving. The affected representatives connect women to the formal representation process, establish new representative relations, and, importantly, generate a new context for deliberation by elected representatives on women’s issues. Affected representatives advocate for differently affected groups of women and hold elected representatives to account for their parliamentary deliberations and decisions. The standard according to which elected representatives will be publicly judged is reaching just and fair decisions for all women. Designed in this way, women’s group representation is better able to address women’s ideological and intersectional differences and tackle women’s inequality vis-à-vis men and within-group processes of privileging and marginalization. It is a much more solid answer to women’s failing representation compared with an overreliance on women’s descriptive representation and gender quota, the key first-generation design.
Conclusion
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion recaps the transformative potential of Feminist Democratic Representation, before reflecting a final time on the vignettes. This chapter explores how the representational problematics experienced by women might fare were the authors’ feminist democratic process of representation in place. The first effect is a changed composition of elected political institutions: accomplished by supplementing descriptive representation. In transforming the membership of legislatures via the affected representatives of women, the institutional agenda and deliberation are rebalanced in women’s favor, reflective of the diversity of women. The design thus makes meaningful political participation possible, creates stronger representative relationships, and ensures systematic accountability—re-connecting formal politics with the represented. In these ways—through a feminist process of representation—women’s poverty of representation is redressed.
The Outer Limit of Freedom
Authors: McKean Benjamin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on G. W. F. Hegel and John Rawls to develop a novel account of freedom that shows how many people can see themselves as having an interest in resisting unjust institutions. Taking seriously the effects that social and political institutions have on people before they could ever choose them means that freedom has an essentially retrospective element; a key experience of freedom is the recognition that the institutions which have shaped individuals are ones that could have been freely chosen. Rawls calls this “the outer limit of freedom” and says it is expressed in the dispositions that are acquired from just institutions. In a well-ordered society, citizens both meet their political obligations and express their freedom when they are disposed to reciprocity with each other. Highlighting these Hegelian dimensions of Rawls’s thought shows how egalitarian liberals can be part of a broader egalitarian coalition.
The Significance of Solidarity
Authors: McKean Benjamin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that bringing about egalitarian justice under neoliberal circumstances requires being disposed to solidarity with others who are also subject to unjust institutions. When unjust institutions cross state borders, people should regard others who are subject to those institutions as potential partners in efforts to resist them. Seeing these others as partners means that people should be alert to appeals to act from those they rely on, open to hearing out claims that they have misperceived their political status, and ready to understand the robustness of their freedom as partly dependent upon theirs. Such solidarity is mutually beneficial because people have a common interest in the removal of some shared obstacle to freedom. The advantages of the view are shown through comparison with rival accounts by Iris Marion Young, Sally Scholz, Avery Kolers, and others.
From Guantánamo to K2
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter lays out the empirical puzzle and theoretical explanation with which the book is concerned. Prior to the Second World War, foreign military presences could be understood only in terms of the subjugation of the host state. However, in contemporary security politics, states may enter contractual arrangements governing such presences and end them as desired. This development is rooted in a change in relations between military presence and territorial authority occasioned by the exigencies of the war and the early Cold War. Mainstream theories of international relations cannot adequately account for this development. Turning to practices and a pragmatist understanding of action helps explain the origins of what I call “sovereign basing,” as well as its persistence through recent changes in international politics. The chapter lays the foundation for the study by carefully defining the practice of sovereign basing and setting the bounds of the investigation.
Pragmatism
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Explaining changes in practices of sovereignty and the origins of new practices depends on a foregrounding of processes and relations in understanding the social world. This chapter develops a processual-relational approach to social analysis and contrasts it to the substantialism that dominates much international relations theory and that inherently limits analyses of novelty and change. The aim is to replace the conceptualization of actors, norms, and institutions as substantive things with an understanding of these entities as emerging through ongoing transactions and relations—an approach that also emphasizes the unavoidable intersubjectivity, and therefore normativity, of all action. This provides a foundation for the subsequent development of the key pragmatist concepts of habit, disruption, and deliberative innovation. Together, these concepts provide a general account of change in normative orientations and the emergence of novelty and help explain the historic change in the practices of sovereignty. I accompany this theoretical framework with a brief overview of the empirics.
Sovereignty
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter delves into the historical record to illustrate the stark change in practices of sovereignty following the Second World War. Prior to the war, the practice of sovereignty was, in part, constituted by a naturalized association between the presence of a state’s military in a given territory and the state’s authority over that territory. To host a foreign military was understood to entail subjugation. This was a robust and unquestioned aspect of sovereignty, which I illustrate through a discussion of the practices of naval power projection and the predicament of weak states in the crises prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. I contrast this with the situation today, in which the linkage between military presence and territorial authority is contingent. Basing agreements are concluded for a variety of reasons, some quite trivial. Moreover, the practice is durable, having outlived the conditions under which it first developed.
Colonial Collisions, 1938–1941
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins the exploration of the origins of contemporary basing practices with a close look at the 1941 Leased Bases Agreement between the United States and Britain and the developments from which it emerged. Concerned only with colonial territory, the agreement can now be seen, in hindsight, as a stepping stone to contemporary practices. The focus is on how policymakers wrestled with the issue of territorial sovereignty in the context of a rapidly evolving and deteriorating security situation immediately prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. Negotiators on both sides worked within the traditional understandings of the relationship between military presence and territorial authority, which made it extremely difficult to come to terms with a foreign military presence. American policymakers expected to retain broad authority in the territories hosting US bases—authority that had significant continuities with colonial governance—while British policymakers feared the loss of British sovereignty.
Here to Stay?
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
After briefly recapping how a pragmatist perspective informs our understanding of normative orientations by embedding them in practice and process, the concluding chapter discusses how this approach helps to make sense of the future of sovereign basing. While emerging out of a specific historical configuration of factors, sovereign basing as a strategy has persisted and will likely endure for the foreseeable future because strategies are not mere tools with which actors have an instrumental relationship. Rather, as a habit that informs how power is exercised and interests are conceived, policymakers cannot easily discard sovereign basing, and we will likely see continued and perhaps even increasing recourse to it not only by the United States but other states as well, particularly China. Barring developments that stimulate broad reflection and an intersubjective re-articulation of practices of sovereignty that excludes sovereign basing, recurring controversy over specific basing arrangements is unlikely to have a significant effect.
Implications for Molecular-Kinetic Theory
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The question in this chapter is what evidential bearing Perrin’s extraordinary findings on Brownian motion have on molecular-kinetic theory without having to assume that his measured kinetic energies match those of molecules in the surrounding liquid. Three possibilities are assessed: (1) they provide a successful test of the claim that Brownian motion is caused by molecular motion; (2) they “ground” molecular-kinetic theory by establishing values for its fundamental parameters; and (3) they add legitimacy to certain hypothetical molecular phenomena through establishing that Brownian motion exhibits counterparts to them. The conclusion in each case is that Perrin’s results provide some evidence, but of less moment than has generally been claimed. The chapter concludes that his results nevertheless do provide conclusive evidence not that molecules exist, but that sustained, highly localized random fluctuations are occurring in the liquid, fluctuations that are incompatible with its acting as a continuum.
Our Initial Issues, Revisited
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In addition to giving summary answers to the two issues singled out in Chapter 1—concerning (1) what Perrin established about Brownian motion itself and (2) how the standing of molecular theory changed between 1905 and 1913—the chapter answers three further questions raised by the intervening chapters: (3) What did Perrin and Brownian motion contribute to the new standing? (4) Given that Ostwald had already come to accept molecules before he encountered Perrin’s work, what led him to do so and what did the new standing amount to in his eyes? (5) How did the success in determining values for the interlinked principal molecular constants during the period of 1905 to 1913 contribute to the reliance on evidence from complementary theory-mediated measurements of interlinked “fundamental constants” that has been at the center of research in microphysics ever since?