bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Power of Narrative
Authors: Lejano Raul P. , Nero Shondel J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Narrative is the stuff of community. The Power of Narrative embarks on a quest to understand how narrative works in taking an inchoate group of individuals and turning it into a powerful social movement. To understand the force of narrative, the authors examine the particular phenomenon of climate skepticism. Somehow, the narrative of climate skepticism has been able to forge a movement and stake a challenge to the hegemony of the larger community of scientists on what is ostensibly a matter of science. The book asks: How is this achieved? What is the narrative of climate skepticism, and how has it evolved over time and diffused from place to place? Is it possible that this narrative shares with other issue narratives an underlying genetic code of sorts, a story that is more fundamental than all of these? How has the climate skeptical narrative contended with its other, which is the narrative-network of climate change science, and forged its own social movement? The outcome of this struggle between climate science and its denial has implications for society that go far beyond climatology. Using narrative and discourse analysis, the authors demonstrate how the narrative lens allows us unique insights into these questions. The book takes the reader on a journey, across times and places and social realms; throughout, we see the power of narrative at work, making believers, or skeptics, of us all.
Ideological Narratives and beyond in a Post-Truth World
Authors: Lejano Raul P. , Nero Shondel J. , Chua Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 concludes with a review of the self-constructed climate skeptic community’s efforts to challenge the dominance of anthropogenic climate science by systematically creating an ideological narrative framed as us vs. them through particular use of words/phrases and rhetorical and messaging strategies. US climate skepticism is also part of the post–WW II anti-reflexivity movement that views reflexivity around climate science as increasingly intruding on public policy and personal freedoms, which it vehemently rejects. To meet this challenge, this chapter proposes building on existing research combatting misinformation about science; changing the messaging around climate science; changing communication strategies in mainstream and social media; and teaching climate change in schools. It argues that continued debate is necessary, giving scientists their due on matters of evidence while not dismissing people’s doubts and closing off discussion. In an increasingly divided world, only dialogue can begin to save us from ideological paralysis.
Organic Electronics
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Organic electronics is a platform for very low cost and high performance optoelectronic and electronic devices that cover large areas, are lightweight, and can be both flexible and conformable to irregularly shaped surfaces such as foldable smart phones. Organics are at the core of the global organic light emitting device (OLED) display industry, and also having use in efficient lighting sources, solar cells, and thin film transistors useful in medical and a range of other sensing, memory and logic applications. This book introduces the theoretical foundations and practical realization of devices in organic electronics. It is a product of both one and two semester courses that have been taught over a period of more than two decades. The target audiences are students at all levels of graduate studies, highly motivated senior undergraduates, and practicing engineers and scientists. The book is divided into two sections. Part I, Foundations, lays down the fundamental principles of the field of organic electronics. It is assumed that the reader has an elementary knowledge of quantum mechanics, and electricity and magnetism. Background knowledge of organic chemistry is not required. Part II, Applications, focuses on organic electronic devices. It begins with a discussion of organic thin film deposition and patterning, followed by chapters on organic light emitters, detectors, and thin film transistors. The last chapter describes several devices and phenomena that are not covered in the previous chapters, since they lie outside of the current mainstream of the field, but are nevertheless important.
Charge transport in organic semiconductors
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the basic principles of the origins of transport levels and bands, charge conduction in disordered materials, and injection from contacts are introduced. Charge transport in organics is fundamentally different than in inorganic semiconductors due to narrow transport bands that, in general, lead to charge transport via hopping, resulting in carrier mobilities that are at most only a few cm2/V s. Processes of charge injection leading to space charge limited transport that defines the current vs. voltage characteristics of the materials are discussed. Methods of measuring mobility, background charge densities, and quantifying charge recombination are described. Doping of organics using both molecular and atomic species to modify their conductivity is also considered. The theory of transport in energetically and structurally disordered films is developed. The chapter closes by describing, from first principles, the theory of conduction over organic and organic/inorganic semiconductor heterojunctions that are used in almost all organic photonic devices.
Modern Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter shifts the focus from fears and anxieties that primarily resulted from the Federal Republic’s external situation to internal fears. The modernization and stabilization of West German society generated their own fears. This chapter focuses on fears of automation during the late 1950s and 1960s. Contrary to conventional wisdom, West Germans did not display an unabashed optimism about technology but were keenly aware of the ambivalent consequences of technological progress. In particular, they remembered the negative consequences of the rationalization movement of the 1920s and their impact on the political stability of the Weimar Republic. The chapter analyzes first the debate about technology among West German intellectuals such as Friedrich Pollock, Helmut Schelsky, and Arnold Gehlen. It then focuses on the broader cultural debate on automation that brought into view anxieties about structural unemployment, deskilling of workers, and psychological impact of automation. As a case study, the chapter then analyzes the confrontation of the largest West German industrial union, IG Metall, with automation. Labor unions did not respond to automation with optimism but were keenly aware of its potentially detrimental effects. A more skeptical attitude toward automation and technological progress more generally thus predated the economic crisis of the 1970s.
Revolutionary Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the impact of the West German student movement on the history of fear and on emotional culture more generally. The “68ers” propagated an expressive emotional culture that partly displaced the older repressive emotional culture. The student movement celebrated the public display of emotions and enabled a new significance of emotions within political activism and for individual subjectivities. The chapter brings into focus the specific role that fear and anxiety played in shaping the political outlooks and subjectivities of student activities. While historians have often emphasized the optimism that drove the student movement, activists’ fears and disappointments resulted, in part, from their far-reaching, even utopian, ambitions. Fears also resulted from student activists’ confrontation with police and popular violence. Students’ politicization of sexuality turned personal relationships into a source of anxiety because many activists found it difficult to reconcile their political views with their private lives. Finally, the chapter analyzes conservative fears of revolution, as they were expressed by the conservative Bund Freiheit der Wissenschaft that sought to contain the influence of left-wing forces within the universities. The dialectic of fear that had already shaped the interplay between democratic fears and fears of democracy in the earlier period intensified further. Revolutionary fears and fears of revolution structured the political debate in the West German 1960s and beyond.
Moral Uncertainty
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVery often, we’re uncertain about what we ought, morally, to do. We don’t know how to weigh the interests of animals against humans, or how strong our duties are to improve the lives of distant strangers, or how to think about the ethics of bringing new people into existence. But we still need to act. So how should we make decisions in the face of such uncertainty? Though economists and philosophers have extensively studied the issue of decision-making in the face of uncertainty about matters of fact, the question of decision-making given fundamental moral uncertainty has been neglected. In this book, philosophers William MacAskill, Krister Bykvist and Toby Ord try to fill this gap. They argue that there are distinctive norms that govern how one ought to make decisions given moral uncertainty. They then defend an information-sensitive account of how to make such decisions according to which the correct way to act in the face of moral uncertainty depends on whether the moral theories in which one has credence are merely ordinal, cardinal, or both cardinal and intertheoretically comparable. They tackle the problem of how to make intertheoretic comparisons, discussing several novel potential solutions. Finally, they discuss implications of their view for metaethics and practical ethics, and show how their account can shed light on the value of moral enquiry.
Introduction
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe introduce our central question: ‘Given that we are morally uncertain, how ought we to act in light of that uncertainty?’ We define key terms to help us make that question more precise, and introduce the framework within which we work. The approach we take to answering the question is ‘divide and conquer’. We ask, for each of a number of different informational situations, what the correct theory of decision-making under moral uncertainty is given that informational situation. We pay particular attention to the situations of cardinal measurability and intertheoretic comparability, cardinal measurability with no intertheoretic comparability, and merely ordinal measurability with no comparability. We then discuss what is and isn’t included within the scope of the book, and give an outline of what’s to come.
Why We Should Take Moral Uncertainty Seriously
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we introduce the topic of moral uncertainty, argue that moral uncertainty is a real and significant issue, and argue that there are non-trivial answers to the question, ‘Given that we are morally uncertain, how ought we to act in light of that uncertainty?’ In particular, we argue that there is an answer to the question of what a morally conscientious agent rationally should do when she is morally uncertain. We shall also consider and defend against some recent objections to the very project of trying to develop an account of decision-making under moral uncertainty: we’ll call these the fetishism objection; the regress objection; the blameworthiness objection; the conscientiousness objection; and the disanalogy with prudence objection.
Interval-Scale Theories and Variance Voting
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses how to take into account moral uncertainty over interval-scale measurable but non-comparable theories. Once again, we make use of the analogy between decision-making under moral uncertainty and voting. We give examples of interval-scale theories where it’s plausible to think that these theories are incomparable with each other and discuss what to do in such cases. Arguing against the Borda Rule and Ted Lockhart’s Principle of Equity Among Moral Theories, we argue in favour of an account we call variance voting. Finally, we discuss what to do in conditions where one has positive credence in some merely ordinal theories, some interval-scale but non-comparable theories, and some theories that are both interval-scale measurable and comparable with each other. We discuss whether the normalization used by this account should be done only within the decision-situation at hand, or whether it should be done over all possible decision-situations.
Fanaticism and Incomparability
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss two further problems that face accounts of decision-making under moral uncertainty, and are particularly pressing for theories that involve maximizing expected choice worthiness. First, the fanaticism problem—that the expected choice worthiness of options might be primarily determined by tiny credences in theories that posit huge amounts of value. Second, the infectious incomparability problem—that any credence in theories with radical incomparability might render the expected choice worthiness of almost every option undefined. We argue that both problems can be overcome. The fanaticism problem is a problem for decision-making under uncertainty in general, not just for decision-making in the face of moral uncertainty. The infectious incomparability problem requires an account of decision-making in the face of both moral uncertainty and incomparability. We suggest one possible account.
Conclusion
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe summarize the argument of the book: the case for taking moral uncertainty seriously, and the case for an information-sensitive account: the correct rule for making decisions under moral uncertainty depends crucially on the information provided by the moral theories in which one has credence. We then note some open questions that would require further work to address, such as how to axiomatize decision-making under moral uncertainty, how we should assign deontic statuses, such as permissible and impermissible, under moral uncertainty, and what a reasonable credence distribution across different moral theories looks like. We end by considering what implications our argument has for the value of doing moral philosophy, suggesting we should conclude that further normative research is one of the most important moral priorities of our time.
The Emergence of International Standards
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a short theoretical discussion on the role of standards, as opposed to rules and principles, in the progressive development of international law. The chapter also assesses the conceptual and legal relevance of each initiative, namely: the UN draft Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations, the UN Global Compact, the UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights, the influential UN Framework on Business and Human Rights and its Guiding Principles, the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Performance Standards of the International Finance Corporation. The chapter discusses the different conceptual approaches taken by these initiatives and assesses the extent to which current human rights-based approaches have built upon the earlier consolidation of international corporate environmental accountability standards and the extent to which they contribute to further detailing these standards.
Assessing the Convergence of International Standards on Corporate Environmental Responsibility
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter carries out a critical analysis of the international standards on corporate environmental responsibility by relying on the normative advances made under the Convention on Biological Diversity. It focuses on the more recent emergence of these substantive standards that relate to the human rights of indigenous peoples to their territories, lands, natural resources, and traditional knowledge (environmental and socio-cultural impact assessments, free prior informed consent, fair and equitable benefit-sharing). The chapter also discusses other international standards of corporate environmental responsibility with regard to protected areas, and the sustainable use of natural resources, including in relation to ecosystem services, invasive alien species, threatened species, sustainable agri-business, and sustainable production more generally.
Parallel Scientific Computation
Authors: Bisseling Rob H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book explains how to use the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) model to design and implement parallel algorithms in the areas of scientific computing and big data. Furthermore, it presents a hybrid BSP approach towards new hardware developments such as hierarchical architectures with both shared and distributed memory. The book provides a full treatment of core problems in scientific computing and big data, starting from a high-level problem description, via a sequential solution algorithm to a parallel solution algorithm and an actual parallel program written in the communication library BSPlib. Numerical experiments are presented for parallel programs on modern parallel computers ranging from desktop computers to massively parallel supercomputers. The introductory chapter of the book gives a complete overview of BSPlib, so that the reader already at an early stage is able to write his/her own parallel programs. Furthermore, it treats BSP benchmarking and parallel sorting by regular sampling. The next three chapters treat basic numerical linear algebra problems such as linear system solving by LU decomposition, sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV), and the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The final chapter explores parallel algorithms for big data problems such as graph matching. The book is accompanied by a software package BSPedupack, freely available online from the author’s homepage, which contains all programs of the book and a set of test programs.
Introduction
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main question of the book: how did mass violence come to be a primary—perhaps the primary—mode of making political claims in the twentieth and twenty-first century Middle East? It asks when mass violence became a constitutive aspect of the political landscape of the region, why it took precedence over other strategies of state building and establishing political authority, and how governments, armies, and civilians alike came to think of mass violence as a viable and legitimate mode of claiming political space and national rights. Drawing on several different and largely separate historiographies, this introduction argues, makes it possible to produce a synthetic account of violence in the twentieth century Eastern Mediterranean that takes account of regional developments as much as individual national histories.
Money, Arms, and the New Sectarian Violence, 1967–1988
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the international channeling of money and weaponry into local and regional politics in the context of the Cold War and the ways these Cold War formulations articulated and defined new identitarian blocs. It focuses on two regional phenomena: first, the sectarianization of the nominally Ba‘thist regimes in Syria and Iraq, their search for external partners as they sought control over state resources and expanded their military capacities, and their delegitimization of political opponents through domestically and internationally directed narratives of sectarian and Islamist resistance to their authority; and second, the violent intensification of ethnically and communally based political blocs in Israel and Lebanon in the late 1970s, as the United States moved beyond indirect influence to thoroughly involve itself in the affairs of each of these states as a way to maintain strategic access to the region as a whole and especially its oil supplies.
Violence and the New Internationalism, 1988–2003
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the first intifada—a grassroots resistance movement that emerged in the West Bank and Gaza in late 1987 and showed considerable promise before being crushed by Israeli military might. Its collapse also coincided with the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, marking the beginning of a new American tactic of supposed humanitarian concern for ethnically or communally defined victims of a regime as a pretext for military action intended to ensure resource access, especially to oil. These arguments for and practices of occupation not only invigorated and intensified internal ethnic and communal tensions within the Iraqi state, but also fueled new forms of Islamist opposition that had never before flourished in the Mashriq.
Epilogue The Triumph of Violence in the Middle East
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This final chapter offers the opportunity to think about the ways in which external powers have repeatedly and consistently made use of the Middle East to declare their participation in discursively liberal political formulations whose practice on the ground emerged as illiberal, antidemocratic, and focused on the extraction and exploitation of material resources. This long history of simultaneous appropriation of and violent opposition to liberalizing political agendas, from both within and without, serves as an important backdrop for contemporary developments—for instance, the slide from broadly based pro-democracy demonstrations to the violent reassertion of authoritarianism in the recent “Arab Spring.”
The linguistics of Arrival
Authors: Coon Jessica 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
If aliens arrived, could we communicate with them? What are the tools linguists use to decipher unknown languages? How different can languages be from one another? Do these differences have bigger consequences for how we see the world? This chapter addresses these questions through the lens of the 2016 science-fiction film Arrival and the real-life work of language documentation (in particular, the Mayan language Ch’ol). In Arrival, linguistics professor Dr. Louise Banks is recruited by the military to translate the language of the newly arrived alien heptapods. Her job is to find the answer to the question everyone is asking: why are they here? Language is a crucial piece of the answer. This chapter discusses the themes which Arrival has brought to the mainstream, including Universal Grammar, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and the importance of linguistic fieldwork.