bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teacher feedback and student learning: A quantitative study
Authors: Leung Albert , Fine Peter , Blizard Robert , Tonni Ingrid , Louca Chris 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionFeedback plays a significant role in informing students about the outcome of their assessments and contributes to their ongoing learning. The aim of this study was to investigate feedback currently given by clinical teachers to dental students throughout Europe.MethodsThis study used a piloted questionnaire, delivered on‐line to members of the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE). A largely quantitative approach was adopted with multiple‐choice, single answer, open text boxes and Likert scale type questions. These data were collected via Google Forms, transferred to an excel spreadsheet and analysed using SPSS software Version 24.ResultsData were collected from 223 questionnaires completed by respondents from 42 countries. Students received feedback following: (i) formative assessment (70%; n = 155), (ii) summative assessment (88%; n = 196) and iii) informally at any time (85%; n = 188). Feedback was delivered by different people including administrative staff (15%; n = 25). Several methods were used to deliver feedback, including written, oral/spoken, email and individually or as a group. 85% (n = 184) of teachers reported that their teaching had changed following feedback they had received from students.ConclusionThe study showed a strong ethos of delivering feedback from teachers to dental students following both assessment and non‐assessment related activities. Teachers should understand/appreciate the individualistic nature of feedback and the importance of cultivating a congenial environment for feedback delivery. Challenges remain in delivering them to a high standard and in a timely manner.
Reward does not modulate corticospinal excitability in anticipation of a Stroop trial
Authors: Bundt Carsten , Boehler Carsten N. , Verbruggen Frederick , Brass Marcel , Notebaert Wim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAction preparation is associated with a transient decrease of corticospinal excitability just before target onset. We have previously shown that the prospect of reward modulates preparatory corticospinal excitability in a Simon task. While the conflict in the Simon task strongly implicates the motor system, it is unknown whether reward prospect modulates preparatory corticospinal excitability in tasks that implicate the motor system less directly. To that effect, we examined reward‐modulated preparatory corticospinal excitability in the Stroop task. We administered a rewarded cue‐target delay paradigm using Stroop stimuli that afforded a left or right index finger response. Single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was administered over the left primary motor cortex and electromyography was obtained from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. In line with previous findings, there was a preparatory decrease in corticospinal excitability during the delay period. In contrast to our previous study using the Simon task, preparatory corticospinal excitability was not modulated by reward. Our results indicate that reward‐modulated changes in the motor system depend on specific task‐demands, possibly related to varying degrees of motor conflict.
GABAergic and glycinergic systems regulate ON–OFF electroretinogram by cooperatively modulating cone pathways in the amphibian retina
Authors: Hirasawa Hajime , Miwa Naofumi , Watanabe Shu‐Ichi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe network mechanisms underlying how inhibitory circuits regulate ON‐ and OFF‐responses (the b‐ and d‐waves) in the electroretinogram (ERG) remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of inhibitory circuits to the emergence of the b‐ and d‐waves in the full‐field ERG in the newt retina. To this end, we investigated the effects of several synaptic transmission blockers on the amplitudes of the b‐ and d‐waves in the ERG obtained from newt eyecup preparations. Our results demonstrated that (a) L‐APB blocked the b‐wave, indicating that the b‐wave arises from the activity of ON‐bipolar cells (BCs) expressing type six metabotropic glutamate receptors; (b) the combined administration of UBP310/GYKI 53655 blocked the d‐wave, indicating that the d‐wave arises from the activity of OFF‐BCs expressing kainate‐/AMPA‐receptors; (c) SR 95531 augmented both the b‐ and the d‐wave, indicating that GABAergic lateral inhibitory circuits inhibit both ON‐ and OFF‐BC pathways; (d) the administration of strychnine in the presence of SR 95531 attenuated the d‐wave, and this attenuation was prevented by blocking ON‐pathways with L‐APB, which indicated that the glycinergic inhibition of OFF‐BC pathway is downstream of the GABAergic inhibition of the ON‐system; and (e) the glycinergic inhibition from the ON‐ to the OFF‐system widens the response range of OFF‐BC pathways, specifically in the absence of GABAergic lateral inhibition. Based on these results, we proposed a circuitry mechanism for the regulation of the d‐wave and offered a tentative explanation of the circuitry mechanisms underlying ERG formation.
Multivariate white matter alterations are associated with epilepsy duration
Authors: Owen Thomas W. , de Tisi Jane , Vos Sjoerd B. , Winston Gavin P. , Duncan John S , Wang Yujiang , Taylor Peter N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrevious studies investigating associations between white matter alterations and duration of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have shown differing results, and were typically limited to univariate analyses of tracts in isolation. In this study, we apply a multivariate measure (the Mahalanobis distance), which captures the distinct ways white matter may differ in individual patients, and relate this to epilepsy duration. Diffusion MRI, from a cohort of 94 subjects (28 healthy controls, 33 left‐TLE and 33 right‐TLE), was used to assess the association between tract fractional anisotropy (FA) and epilepsy duration. Using ten white matter tracts, we analysed associations using the traditional univariate analysis (z‐scores) and a complementary multivariate approach (Mahalanobis distance), incorporating multiple white matter tracts into a single unified analysis. For patients with right‐TLE, FA was not significantly associated with epilepsy duration for any tract studied in isolation. For patients with left‐TLE, the FA of two limbic tracts (ipsilateral fornix, contralateral cingulum gyrus) were significantly negatively associated with epilepsy duration (Bonferonni corrected p < .05). Using a multivariate approach we found significant ipsilateral positive associations with duration in both left, and right‐TLE cohorts (left‐TLE: Spearman's ρ = 0.487, right‐TLE: Spearman's ρ = 0.422). Extrapolating our multivariate results to duration equals zero (i.e., at onset) we found no significant difference between patients and controls. Associations using the multivariate approach were more robust than univariate methods. The multivariate Mahalanobis distance measure provides non‐overlapping and more robust results than traditional univariate analyses. Future studies should consider adopting both frameworks into their analysis in order to ascertain a more complete understanding of epilepsy progression, regardless of laterality.
Spontaneous hybridization and introgression between walleye (Sander vitreus) and sauger (Sander canadensis) in two large reservoirs: Insights from genotyping by sequencing
Authors: Graham Carly F. , Eberts Rebecca L. , Goncin Una , Somers Christopher M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAnthropogenic activities may facilitate undesirable hybridization and genomic introgression between fish species. Walleye (Sander vitreus) and sauger (Sander canadensis) are economically valuable freshwater species that can spontaneously hybridize in areas of sympatry. Levels of genomic introgression between walleye and sauger may be increased by modifications to waterbodies (e.g., reservoir development) and inadvertent propagation of hybrids in stocking programs. We used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine 217 fish from two large reservoirs with mixed populations of walleye and sauger in Saskatchewan, Canada (Lake Diefenbaker, Tobin Lake). Analyses with 20,038 (r90) and 478 (r100) single nucleotide polymorphisms clearly resolved walleye and sauger, and classified hybrids with high confidence. F1, F2, and multigeneration hybrids were detected in Lake Diefenbaker, indicating potentially high levels of genomic introgression. In contrast, only F1 hybrids were detected in Tobin Lake. Field classification of fish was unreliable; 7% of fish were misidentified based on broad species categories. Important for activities such as brood stock selection, 12 of 173 (7%) fish field identified as pure walleye, and one of 24 (4%) identified as pure sauger were actually hybrids. In addition, two of 15 (13%) field‐identified hybrids were actually pure walleye or sauger. We conclude that hybridization and introgression are occurring in Saskatchewan reservoirs and that caution is warranted when using these populations in stocking programs. GBS offers a powerful and flexible tool for examining hybridization without preidentification of informative loci, eliminating some of the key challenges associated with other marker types.
Assessment of intrasynovial injection in horses by contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography using air bubbles created by agitation of solution
Authors: Ogden Nadine K. E. , Cullen Matthew D. , Stack John D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAccuracy of intrasynovial injections can be challenging to assess in a clinical setting in horses. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using injectate agitated with air has been used to determine the success rates of synovial injections in human rheumatology.ObjectivesTo assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CEUS and to describe its clinical use.Study designsCadaveric study followed by a prospective descriptive observational study.MethodsPart 1: CEUS was performed following injection of agitated methylene‐blue solution targeting 13 different anatomical synovial structures from three equine cadavers. Contrast was seen as hyperechoic dots, patches or lines on ultrasonography. CEUS was classified as positive if contrast was considered to be intrasynovial and negative if contrast was considered to be extrasynovial. A second synoviocentesis was performed to determine if the injection was intrasynovial based on the presence or absence of methylene‐blue. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Part 2: CEUS was performed following injection of agitated solutions targeting synovial structures as part of routine investigation and treatment of clinical cases.ResultsPart 1: CEUS was correctly classified as positive or negative in all intrasynovial and extrasynovial injections respectively. The sensitivity estimate was 100% (CI 93%‐100%) and the specificity estimates was 100% (CI 16%‐100%). Part 2: The technique was used safely for 26 injections (14 horses; 19 different synovial structures) administered to localise or treat lameness. Traumatic intersynovial communications or synovial membrane defects were identified using CEUS in 3 horses.Main limitationsThe low number of extrasynovial injections in Part 1 resulted in an imprecise specificity estimate.ConclusionsIn horses, CEUS performed following intended intrasynovial injection can be useful for identifying unsuccessful injections.
Caecal fermentation characteristics of commonly used feed ingredients
Authors: Ochonski Patricia , Drouillard James S. , Douthit Teresa L. , Vahl Christopher , Lattimer James M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCommercial horse feeds use cereal grains and by‐products; however, their effects on the caecal environment remain poorly characterised.ObjectiveCharacterise the effect of commonly used feed ingredients on caecal pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration.Study design6 × 6 Latin square.MethodsTwo days prior to the start of the study, 6 caecally cannulated Quarter horses were moved into individual stalls where Smooth bromegrass hay (brome) was offered at 2.0% BW/d split between 2 feedings (0600 and 1800). On day 0, caecal digesta was collected every 2 h for 12 h relative to the 0600 feeding to establish control values for horses consuming only brome (HAY). On day 1, horses began consuming their respective treatments which consisted of beet pulp (BP), maize (M), dehydrated alfalfa (A), oats (OAT), soybean hulls (SBH), or wheat middlings (WM) at 0.25% BW/d split into 2 feedings. On day 7 of each treatment period, caecal digesta was collected every 2 h for 12 h and analysed for pH and VFA. Data were analysed using mixed ANOVA with repeated measures, fixed effects of treatment and time and random effects of horse and period.ResultsThere was a main effect of hour (P ≤ .05) indicative of post‐prandial shifts in caecal metabolites. There were no main effects of treatment on pH or VFA concentration (P ≥ .3). Effects of hour × treatment (P ≤ .04) were observed for all response variables. Regardless of treatment or hour, caecal pH remained well within normal limits. Three horses exhibited signs of lower oesophageal choke immediately after consumption of BP pellets.LimitationsInteractions between ingredients when mixed for formulation of a concentrate warrant further research. Furthermore, a short adaptation period was chosen to mimic common management practices.ConclusionMinimal differences in caecal fermentation parameters were detected when ingredients were fed at a common inclusion level.
Inflammatory cytokines in horses with cervical articular process joint osteoarthritis on standing cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Brown Kara A. , Davidson Elizabeth J. , Johnson Amy L. , Wulster Kathryn B. , Ortved Kyla 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundStanding cone beam computed tomography (CT) provides cross‐sectional imaging of the caudal cervical articular process joints (CAPJs) in the sedated horse, though the clinical implications of osteoarthritis (OA) identified on CT in this location are unknown. Increases in concentrations of intra‐synovial cytokines could lend support to the clinical significance of CAPJ OA identified on this imaging modality.ObjectivesInvestigate the presence and concentration of intra‐synovial inflammatory cytokines in CAPJs with and without standing cone beam CT evidence of OA using an equine specific multiplex assay.Study designProspective clinical study.MethodsStanding cone beam CT of C5‐6 and C6‐7 was performed on horses with CAPJ OA and control horses. Synovial fluid samples of the CAPJs of C5‐6 and C6‐7 were obtained bilaterally using ultrasound guidance and analysed for concentrations of IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17 and TNFα with the Milliplex® multi‐analyte profiling kit. CT Images were retrospectively graded using a novel grading scheme. Significant differences between concentrations of inflammatory cytokines between joints with different categories of osteoarthritis severity were explored using a Wilcoxon rank‐sum test or Kruskal‐Wallis test.ResultsConcentrations of intra‐synovial cytokines were higher in joints with moderate to severe OA when compared to joints with no or mild OA, with differences in concentrations of IL‐17 reaching statistical significance (P = .007).Main limitationsLimitations include discrepancy in number, age, and breed between control and OA populations, use of a novel grading scheme, and lack of a histologic gold‐standard to confirm the presence and severity of CAPJ OA.ConclusionsDifferences in inflammatory cytokines between caudal CAPJs with and without evidence of moderate to severe osteoarthritis on standing cone beam CT exist. This finding lends support to the clinical relevance of a diagnosis of moderate to severe CAPJ OA in the caudal cervical vertebral column as identified with this imaging modality.
How do large river zooplankton communities respond to abiotic and biotic drivers over time? A complex and spatially dependent example
Authors: Chará‐Serna Ana M. , Casper Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Recent evidence shows that in lotic, physically‐dominated ecosystems like large rivers, zooplankton can develop spatially structured assemblages and fulfill functionally important roles. While refuting the long‐standing notion that riverine zooplankton communities are numerically depauperate and spatially homogeneous, this also shows that the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers and the consistency of ecological patterns are still poorly understood for these communities.

We collected zooplankton along 300 km of the Illinois River for 5 years to test the influence of a suite of biotic and abiotic variables on zooplankton density, biomass, and diversity. We hypothesized abiotic variables such as temperature, turbidity, and velocity would be predominant predictors, with biotic variables like planktivory becoming important when physical factors do not constrain them.

Results showed basin‐wide declines in zooplankton taxonomic richness as planktivory from the invading silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) increased. In contrast, density and biomass were explained by abiotic factors at the basin scale, with velocity, turbidity, and pH driving biomass and velocity driving density. We also found that both the driving factors and the plankton responses varied among the upper, middle, and lower sections of the Illinois River.

We conclude that while zooplankton communities of the Illinois River are highly structured in space, the driving forces behind their distribution patterns are not simple. Instead, there is a complex spatio‐temporal template of biological, chemical, and hydraulic factors shaping these communities in the Illinois River. Along with emphasizing the importance of spatial heterogeneity in large river ecosystems, these results also support a growing view that invasive species interactions can supersede the well‐established role of abiotic factors in explaining global freshwater diversity losses. This also highlights the importance of including long‐term zooplankton sampling in ecological monitoring programs in diverse and productive large river systems like the Illinois.
The heritability of insomnia: A meta‐analysis of twin studies
Authors: Barclay Nicola L. , Kocevska Desi , Bramer Wichor M. , Van Someren Eus J. W. , Gehrman Philip 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTwin studies of insomnia exhibit heterogeneity in estimates of heritability. This heterogeneity is likely because of sex differences, age of the sample, the reporter and the definition of insomnia. The aim of the present study was to systematically search the literature for twin studies investigating insomnia disorder and insomnia symptoms and to meta‐analyse the estimates of heritability derived from these studies to generate an overall estimate of heritability. We further examined whether heritability was moderated by sex, age, reporter and insomnia symptom. A systematic literature search of five online databases was completed on 24 January 2020. Two authors independently screened 5644 abstracts, and 160 complete papers for the inclusion criteria of twin studies from the general population reporting heritability statistics on insomnia or insomnia symptoms, written in English, reporting data from independent studies. We ultimately included 12 papers in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis focussed on twin intra‐class correlations for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Based on these intra‐class correlations, the meta‐analytic estimate of heritability was estimated at 40%. Moderator analyses showed stronger heritability in females than males; and for parent‐reported insomnia symptoms compared with self‐reported insomnia symptoms. There were no other significant moderator effects, although this is likely because of the small number of studies that were comparable across levels of the moderators. Our meta‐analysis provides a robust estimate of the heritability of insomnia, which can inform future research aiming to uncover molecular genetic factors involved in insomnia vulnerability.
The critical turn of resilience: Mapping thematic communities and modes of critical scholarship
Authors: Smirnova Vera , Lawrence Jennifer L. , Bohland James 
Published: November 2020

This paper explores the structures of the critical literature on resilience by mapping the ways in which critical trajectories developed and travelled across thematic communities. We use bibliometric analysis to examine 49 years of scholarship on resilience from international relations, geography, political ecology, and other social science disciplines that foremost focused on questions of power, inequality, and social justice. As a result, this paper delves into the composition of different types of critique mobilised in resilience scholarship and identifies the interdependencies between modes of critical thought and their degree of interdisciplinary connectivity.
How white is the global elite? An analysis of race, gender and network structure
Authors: YOUNG KEVIN L. , GOLDMAN SETH K. , O'CONNOR BRENDAN , CHULUUN TUUGI 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResearch on elites often utilizes network analysis to describe and analyse the interrelationships among elites and how their prominence varies by demographic characteristics. We examine the diversity of global elites through an analysis of the board members of large corporations, think tanks, international organizations, and transnational policy planning groups. Using new data, we provide the first descriptive picture of global elite networks in terms of race and gender. We also test the ‘core–periphery’ hypothesis, which predicts that as non‐whites and women achieve elite positions they will be marginalized to the periphery of elite networks, while the core remains significantly more white and male. We find consistent evidence for the core–periphery hypothesis across a range of empirical tests, from simple k‐coring to various core–periphery models. Most groups decline in their representation in the core, and this includes white women. White men are the only group that increases in representation in the core compared to the periphery.