bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parenthood Wage Gaps Across the Life Course: A Comparison by Gender and Race
Authors: Van Winkle Zachary , Fasang Anette Eva 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe map the magnitude, timing, and persistence of parenthood wage gaps in the life course for Black, Hispanic, and White men and women in the United States.BackgroundPrevious research indicates that penalties only persist into mid‐life for mothers with three or more children without distinguishing by race. The timing and age range in which parenthood wage gaps occur for fathers and mothers of different racial backgrounds are unknown. We develop a theoretical framework based on the gender‐ and race‐specific interplay between labor market dynamics and family demographics over the life course to derive hypotheses.MethodAge‐specific parenthood wage gaps from ages 20–40 are estimated using 1979 and 1997 National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data and fixed effects models.ResultsOnly White women with three or more children suffer large and persistent adjusted motherhood penalties up to age 40. For Black and Hispanic mothers, penalties are concentrated in a brief age range of 5–10 years around age 30 and then attenuate irrespective of the number of children. Adjusted fatherhood premiums only occur for White men and are confined to brief periods in early adulthood, suggesting that they result from complex selection effects into education, employment, and fatherhood.ConclusionFor minority men and women, parenthood wage gaps are concentrated in brief periods of the life course. Only White mothers with many children experience persistent wage penalties. The race‐ and gender‐specific interplay between labor market dynamics and family demographics over the life course offers a consistent account of these findings.
Serum cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and their native acid derivatives after transdermal application of a low‐THC Cannabis sativa extract in beagles
Authors: Hannon Mary Beth , Deabold Kelly A. , Talsma Bryce N. , Lyubimov Alex , Iqbal Asif , Zakharov Alexander , Gamble Lauri Jo , Wakshlag Joseph J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCannabinoids hold promise for treating health problems related to inflammation and chronic pain in dogs, in particular cannabidiol (CBD), and its native acid derivative cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Information regarding systemic delivery of cannabinoids through transdermal routes is sparse. The purpose of this study was to determine pharmacokinetics of transdermal administration of a low‐THC Cannabis sativa extract in healthy dogs. Six purpose‐bred research beagles were treated with a transdermal CBD‐CBDA‐rich extract, and serum concentrations of CBD, CBDA, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and its acid derivative tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) were examined prior to and at the end of weeks 1 and 2. A 4 mg/kg dose of total cannabinoids twice daily resulted in appx 10 ng/ml of CBD, 21–32 ng/ml of CBDA, trace amounts of THCA, and unquantifiable amounts of THC in serum at the end of weeks 1 and 2 of treatment. Results showed that CBDA and THCA were absorbed better systemically than CBD or THC.
Quantitative trait loci involved in the reproductive success of a parasitoid wasp
Authors: Benoist Romain , Capdevielle‐Dulac Claire , Chantre Célina , Jeannette Rémi , Calatayud Paul‐André , Drezen Jean‐Michel , Dupas Stéphane , Le Rouzic Arnaud , Le Ru Bruno , Moreau Laurence , Van Dijk Erwin , Kaiser Laure , Mougel Florence 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDissecting the genetic basis of intraspecific variations in life history traits is essential to understand their evolution, notably for potential biocontrol agents. Such variations are observed in the endoparasitoid Cotesia typhae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), specialized on the pest Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Previously, we identified two strains of C. typhae that differed significantly for life history traits on an allopatric host population. To investigate the genetic basis underlying these phenotypic differences, we used a quantitative trait locus (QTL) approach based on restriction site‐associated DNA markers. The characteristic of C. typhae reproduction allowed us generating sisters sharing almost the same genetic content, named clonal sibship. Crosses between individuals from the two strains were performed to generate F2 and F8 recombinant CSS. The genotypes of 181 clonal sibships were determined as well as the phenotypes of the corresponding 4,000 females. Informative markers were then used to build a high‐quality genetic map. These 465 markers spanned a total length of 1,300 cM and were organized in 10 linkage groups which corresponded to the number of C. typhae chromosomes. Three QTLs were detected for parasitism success and two for offspring number, while none were identified for sex ratio. The QTLs explained, respectively, 27.7% and 24.5% of the phenotypic variation observed. The gene content of the genomic intervals was investigated based on the genome of C. congregata and revealed 67 interesting candidates, as potentially involved in the studied traits, including components of the venom and of the symbiotic virus (bracovirus) shown to be necessary for parasitism success in related wasps.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors and its relation to memories of ICU
Authors: Askari Hosseini Seyyed Mohsen , Arab Mansoor , Karzari Zahra , Razban Farideh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundStressors in intensive care units (ICUs) are sometimes so severe that they result in Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in ICU survivors. The memories that survivors have from the ICU may play a role in developing PTSD.AimThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of PTSD‐related symptoms in ICU survivors in Southeast Iran and its relationship with their memories of the ICU.MethodsIn this descriptive correlational study, 100 people discharged from ICUs in southeastern Iran completed the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R) and ICU memory tool (ICU‐MT).ResultsFindings indicated that, from 100 participants who, on average, were assessed 3.19 ± 5.37 months after discharge, 13% were suffering from PTSD. The total mean IES‐R score and the scores of “Intrusion,” “Avoidance,” and “Hyperarousal” subscales in patients with delusional memories were higher compared with the patients who did not have such memories. In the patients who were mechanically ventilated at the time of their stay in the ICU, the total mean IES‐R score was 6.86 times higher (P = .03).ConclusionThis research provided further evidence of the relationship between delusional memories and PTSD in patients who had been discharged from the ICU.Relevance to clinical practiceIn the care of patients admitted to the ICU, preventive strategies should be used to minimize delusional memories and PTSD. It is necessary to detect post‐ICU psychiatric morbidities and provide early psychological intervention in post‐discharge follow‐up programmes to improve psychological outcomes after critical illness.
Status of IL‐4 and IL‐10 driven markers in experimental models of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Moulik Srija , Karmakar Joyshree , Joshi Sumit , Dube Anuradha , Mandal Chitra , Chatterjee Mitali 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimLeishmania donovani, the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), modulates host monocytes/macrophages to ensure its survival. However, knowledge regarding the host‐parasite interactions underpinning the disease remains limited. As disease progression is associated with polarization of monocytes/macrophages towards M2, which is regulated by cytokines IL‐4/IL‐13 and IL‐10, this study evaluated the status of key IL‐4‐ and IL‐10 driven markers in experimental models of VL, as also evaluated their correlation, if any, with parasite load.MethodsIn liver and splenic tissues from L donovani–infected hamsters and BALB/c mice, the parasite burden was determined along with mRNA expression of IL‐4–driven markers, that is CD206, Arginase‐I, CCL17, CCL22, PPAR‐γ, STAT6, KLF4, FIZZ1 and YM1 along with IL‐10–driven markers, CXCL13, IL‐10, TGF‐β, VDR, CCR2 and CYP27A1.ResultsThe mRNA expression of IL‐4‐ and IL‐10–driven markers was enhanced in both models, but only in the hamster model, the splenic tissues demonstrated a positive correlation between all the IL‐10–driven markers and parasite load.ConclusionsContrary to human VL, both models demonstrated an increased expression of IL‐4‐ and IL‐10–driven markers.
Improved control of septoria tritici blotch in durum wheat using cultivar mixtures
Authors: Ben M'Barek Sarrah , Karisto Petteri , Abdedayem Wided , Laribi Marwa , Fakhfakh Moez , Kouki Hajer , Mikaberidze Alexey , Yahyaoui Amor 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMixtures of cultivars with contrasting levels of resistance can suppress infectious diseases in wheat, as demonstrated in numerous field experiments. Most studies focus on airborne pathogens in bread wheat, while splash‐dispersed pathogens have received less attention, and no studies have been conducted in durum wheat. We conducted a 2‐year field experiment in Tunisia to evaluate the performance of cultivar mixtures with varying proportions of resistance (0%–100%) in controlling the polycyclic, splash‐dispersed disease septoria tritici blotch (STB) in durum wheat. To measure STB severity, we used a high‐throughput method based on digital image analysis of 3,074 infected leaves collected from 42 and 40 experimental plots during the first and second years, respectively. This allowed us to quantify pathogen reproduction on wheat leaves and to acquire a large data set that exceeds previous studies with respect to accuracy and precision. Our analyses show that introducing only 25% of a disease‐resistant cultivar into a pure stand of a susceptible cultivar provides a substantial reduction of almost 50% in disease severity compared to the susceptible pure stand. However, incorporating two resistant cultivars instead of one did not further improve disease control, contrary to predictions of epidemiological theory. Susceptible cultivars can be agronomically superior to resistant cultivars or be better accepted by growers for other reasons. Hence, if mixtures with only a moderate proportion of the resistant cultivar provide a similar degree of disease control as resistant pure stands, as our analysis indicates, such mixtures are more likely to be accepted by growers.
The importance of body weight status on motor competence development: From preschool to middle childhood
Authors: Lima Rodrigo A. , Soares Fernanda C. , Queiroz Daniel R. , Aguilar Javiera A. , Bezerra Jorge , Barros Mauro V. G. 
Published: July 2020

We evaluated the association between weight status and motor competence from preschool age (3‐5 years of age) until middle childhood (7‐9 years of age). Longitudinal study with three to five‐year‐old preschool children (n = 1155) enrolled in public and private preschools in Recife, Brazil. Children were followed twice (2010, 2012, and 2014) for four years. Köperkoordinationstest für kinder (KTK) assessed the children's motor competence (KTK Motor Quotient). Weight status (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity) was classified according to the children's sex and age. Preschool children with normal weight exhibited higher motor competence at 5‐7 years of age compared to preschool children with overweight (+3.73 MQ, P = .03) and obesity (+5.09 MQ, P < .01). Preschool children with normal weight presented higher motor competence at 7‐9 years of age compared to their peers with overweight (+6.00 MQ, P = .03) and obesity (+5.88 MQ, P = .01). Children with normal weight at 5‐7 years of age presented higher motor competence at 7‐9 years of age compared to their peers with overweight (+3.33 MQ, P = .02) and obesity (+4.00 MQ, P = .02). Independent of the childhood phase and extension of the period evaluated (2‐ or 4‐year period), children who had excessive weight (overweight or obesity) and changed their weight status to underweight or normal weight presented similar motor competence compared to children who continued underweight or normal weight. Weight status already at preschool age is an important predictor of the children's motor competence until middle childhood. Interventions improving the children's weight status, already at preschool age, might impact their motor competence development positively.
Airway cholinergic history modifies mucus secretion properties to subsequent cholinergic challenge in diminished chloride and bicarbonate conditions
Authors: Liao Yan Shin J. , Collins Emily N. , Guevara Maria Valentina , Schurmann Veronica , Atanasova Kalina R. , Bravo Laura , Sponchiado Mariana , Hoegger Mark J. , Reznikov Leah R. 
Published: July 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
What is the impact of airway cholinergic history on the properties of airway mucus secretion in a cystic fibrosis‐like environment?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Prior cholinergic challenge slightly modifies the characteristics of mucus secretion in response to a second cholinergic challenge in a diminished bicarbonate and chloride transport environment. Such modifications might lead to retention of mucus on the airway surface, thereby potentiating exacerbations of airway disease.

AbstractViral infections precipitate exacerbations in many airway diseases, including asthma and cystic fibrosis. Although viral infections increase cholinergic transmission, few studies have examined how cholinergic history modifies subsequent cholinergic responses in the airway. In our previous work, we found that airway resistance in response to a second cholinergic challenge was increased in young pigs with a history of airway cholinergic stimulation. Given that mucus secretion is regulated by the cholinergic nervous system and that abnormal airway mucus contributes to exacerbations of airway disease, we hypothesized that prior cholinergic challenge would also modify subsequent mucus responses to a secondary cholinergic challenge. Using our established cholinergic challenge–rechallenge model in pigs, we atomized the cholinergic agonist bethanechol or saline control to pig airways. Forty‐eight hours later, we removed tracheas and measured mucus secretion properties in response to a second cholinergic stimulation. The second cholinergic stimulation was conducted in conditions of diminished chloride and bicarbonate transport to mimic a cystic fibrosis‐like environment. In pigs previously challenged with bethanechol, a second cholinergic stimulation produced a mild increase in sheet‐like mucus films; these films were scarcely observed in animals originally challenged with saline control. The subtle increase in mucus films was not associated with changes in mucociliary transport. These data suggest that prior cholinergic history might modify mucus secretion characteristics with subsequent stimulation in certain environmental conditions or disease states. Such modifications and/or more repetitive stimulation might lead to retention of mucus on the airway surface, thereby potentiating exacerbations of airway disease.
Confidence-Based Uncertainty Quantification and Model Validation for Simulations of High-Speed Impact Problems
Authors: Moon Min-Yeong , Sen Oishik , Rai Nirmal Kumar , Gaul Nicholas J. , Choi Kyung K. , Udaykumar H. S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Validation exercises for computational models of materials under impact must contend with sparse experimental data as well as with uncertainties due to microstructural stochasticity and variabilities in thermomechanical properties of the material. This paper develops statistical methods for determining confidence levels for verification and validation of computational models subject to aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties and sparse stochastic experimental datasets. To demonstrate the method, the classical problem of Taylor impact of a copper bar is simulated. Ensembles of simulations are performed to cover the range of variabilities in the material properties of copper, specifically the nominal yield strength A, the hardening constant B, and the hardening exponent n in a Johnson–Cook material model. To quantify uncertainties in the simulation models, we construct probability density functions (PDFs) of the ratios of the quantities of interest, viz., the final bar diameter Df to the original diameter D0 and the final length Lf to the original length L0. The uncertainties in the experimental data are quantified by constructing target output distributions for these QoIs (Df/D0 and Lf/L0) from the sparse experimental results reported in literature. The simulation output and the experimental output distributions are compared to compute two metrics, viz., the median of the model prediction error and the model confidence at user-specified error level. It is shown that the median is lower and the model confidence is higher for Lf/L0 compared to Df/D0, implying that the simulation models predict the final length of the bar more accurately than the diameter. The calculated confidence levels are shown to be consistent with expectations from the physics of the impact problem and the assumptions in the computational model. Thus, this paper develops and demonstrates physically meaningful metrics for validating simulation models using limited stochastic experimental datasets. The tools and techniques developed in this work can be used for validating a wide range of computational models operating under input uncertainties and sparse experimental datasets.
Foot Rotation Gait Modifications Affect Hip and Ankle, But Not Knee, Stance Phase Joint Reaction Forces During Running
Authors: Bennett Hunter J. , Valenzuela Kevin A. , Lynn Scott K. , Weinhandl Joshua T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlterations of foot rotation angles have successfully reduced external knee adduction moments during walking and running. However, reductions in knee adduction moments may not result in reductions in knee joint reaction forces. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of internal and external foot rotation on knee, hip, and ankle joint reaction forces during running. Motion capture and force data were recorded of 19 healthy adults running at 3.35 m/s during three conditions: (1) preferred (normal) and with (2) internal and (3) external foot rotation. Musculoskeletal simulations were performed using opensim and the Rajagopal 2015 model, modified to a two degree-of-freedom knee joint. Muscle excitations were derived using static optimization, including muscle physiology parameters. Joint reaction forces (i.e., the total force acting on the joints) were computed and compared between conditions using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) via statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Internal foot rotation reduced resultant hip forces (from 18% to 23% stride), while external rotation reduced resultant ankle forces (peak force at 20% stride) during the stance phase. Three-dimensional and resultant knee joint reaction forces only differed at very early and very late stance phase. The results of this study indicate, similar to previous findings, that reductions in external knee adduction moments do not mirror reductions in knee joint reaction forces.
Knowledge, attitudes and eye health-seeking behaviours in a population-based sample of people with diabetes in rural China
Authors: Chen Tingting , Jin Ling , Zhu Wenhui , Wang Congyao , Zhang Guoshan , Wang Xiuqin , Wang Jun , Yang Ke , Cochrane Gillian M , Lamoureux Ecosse Luc , Friedman David S , Gilbert Suzanne , Lansingh Van C , Resnikoff Serge , Zhao Jialiang , Xiao Baixiang , He Mingguang , Congdon Nathan 
Published: July 2020

AimsTo assess knowledge of diabetes and acceptance of eye care among people with diabetes in rural China, to improve service uptake.MethodsPopulation-based study of people in Guangdong, China, with glycosylated haemoglobin A1c≥6.5% and/or known history of diabetes. Between August and November 2014, participants answered a questionnaire (based on Delphi process/previous focus groups) on medical history, demographic characteristics, self-rated health and vision, knowledge about diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, quality of local healthcare, barriers to treatment, likely acceptance of eye exams and treatment, and interventions rated most likely to improve service uptake. Presenting visual acuity was assessed, fundus photography performed and images graded by trained graders. Potential predictors of accepting care were evaluated and confounders adjusted for using logistic regression.ResultsA total of 562 people (9.6% (256/5825), mean age 66.2±9.84 years, 207 (36.8%) men) had diabetes, 118 (22.3%) previously diagnosed. ‘Very likely’ or ‘likely’ acceptance of laser treatment (140/530=26.4%) was lower than for eye exams (317/530=59.8%, p<0.001). Predictors of accepting both exams and laser included younger age (p<.001) and prior awareness of diabetes diagnosis (p=0.004 and p=0.035, respectively). The leading barrier to receiving diabetes treatment was unawareness of diagnosis (409/454, 97.2%), while interventions rated most likely to improve acceptance of eye exams included reimbursement of travel costs (387/562, 73.0%), video or other health education (359/562, 67.7%) and phone call reminders (346/562, 65.3%).ConclusionsImproving diagnosis of diabetes, along with incentives, education and communication strategies, is most likely to enhance poor acceptance of diabetic eye care in this setting.
Remdesivir for severe covid-19: a clinical practice guideline
Authors: Rochwerg Bram , Agarwal Arnav , Zeng Linan , Leo Yee-Sin , Appiah John Adabie , Agoritsas Thomas , Bartoszko Jessica , Brignardello-Petersen Romina , Ergan Begum , Ge Long , Geduld Heike , Gershengorn Hayley B , Manai Hela , Huang Minhua , Lamontagne François , Kanda Seema , Kawano-Dourado Leticia , Kurian Linda , Kwizera Arthur , Murthy Srinivas , Qadir Nida , Siemieniuk Reed , Silvestre Maria Asuncion , Vandvik Per Olav , Ye Zhikang , Zeraatkar Dena , Guyatt Gordon 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClinical questionWhat is the role of remdesivir in the treatment of severe covid-19? This guideline was triggered by the ACTT-1 trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine on 22 May 2020.Current practiceRemdesivir has received worldwide attention as a potentially effective treatment for severe covid-19. After rapid market approval in the US, remdesivir is already being used in clinical practice.RecommendationsThe guideline panel makes a weak recommendation for the use of remdesivir in severe covid-19 while recommending continuation of active enrolment of patients into ongoing randomised controlled trials examining remdesivir.How this guideline was createdAn international panel of patients, clinicians, and methodologists produced these recommendations in adherence with standards for trustworthy guidelines using the GRADE approach. The recommendations are based on a linked systematic review and network meta-analysis. The panel considered an individual patient perspective and allowed contextual factors (such as resources) to be taken into account for countries and healthcare systems.The evidenceThe linked systematic review (published 31 Jul 2020) identified two randomised trials with 1300 participants, showing low certainty evidence that remdesivir may be effective in reducing time to clinical improvement and may decrease mortality in patients with severe covid-19. Remdesivir probably has no important effect on need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Remdesivir may have little or no effect on hospital length of stay.Understanding the recommendationMost patients with severe covid-19 would likely choose treatment with remdesivir given the potential reduction in time to clinical improvement. However, given the low certainty evidence for critical outcomes and the fact that different perspectives, values, and preferences may alter decisions regarding remdesivir, the panel issued a weak recommendation with strong support for continued recruitment in randomised trials.