bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oumuamuas Passing through Molecular Clouds
Authors: Pfalzner Susanne , Davies Melvyn B. , Kokaia Giorgi , Bannister Michele T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The detections of 1I/‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov within just two years of each other impressively demonstrate that interstellar objects (ISOs) must be common in the Milky Way. Once released from their parent system, these ISOs travel for billions of years through interstellar space. While often imagined as empty, interstellar space contains gas and dust most prominent in the form of molecular clouds. Performing numerical simulations, we test how often ISOs cross such molecular clouds (MCs). We find that the ISOs pass through MCs amazingly often. In the solar neighborhood, ISOs typically spend 0.1%–0.2% of their journey inside MCs, for relatively slow ISOs (<5 km s−1) this can increase to 1%–2%, equivalent to 10–20 Myr per Gyr. Thus the dynamically youngest ISOs spend the longest time in MCs. In other words, MCs must mainly contain relatively young ISOs (<1–2 Gyr). Thus the half-life of the seeding process by ISOs is substantially shorter than a stellar lifetime. The actual amount of time spent in MCs decreases with distance to the Galactic center. We find that ISOs pass through MCs so often that backtracing their path to find their parent star beyond 250 Myr seems pointless. Besides, we give a first estimate of the ISO density depending on the distance to the Galactic center based on the stellar distribution.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Reverberation Mapping Project: Estimating Masses of Black Holes in Quasars with Single-epoch Spectroscopy
Authors: Bontà Elena Dalla , Peterson Bradley M. , Bentz Misty C. , Brandt W. N. , Ciroi S. , Rosa Gisella De , Alvarez Gloria Fonseca , Grier Catherine J. , Hall P. B. , Hernández Santisteban Juan V. , Ho Luis C. , Homayouni Y. , Horne Keith , Kochanek C. S. , Li Jennifer I-Hsiu , Morelli L. , Pizzella A. , Pogge R. W. , Schneider D. P. , Shen Yue , Trump J. R. , Vestergaard Marianne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is well known that reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) reveals a relationship between AGN luminosity and the size of the broad-line region, and that use of this relationship, combined with the Doppler width of the broad emission line, enables an estimate of the mass of the black hole at the center of the active nucleus based on a single spectrum. An unresolved key issue is the choice of parameter used to characterize the line width, either FWHM or line dispersion

(the square root of the second moment of the line profile). We argue here that use of FWHM introduces a bias, stretching the mass scale such that high masses are overestimated and low masses are underestimated. Here we investigate estimation of black hole masses in AGNs based on individual or “single-epoch” observations, with a particular emphasis in comparing mass estimates based on line dispersion and FWHM. We confirm the recent findings that, in addition to luminosity and line width, a third parameter is required to obtain accurate masses, and that parameter seems to be Eddington ratio. We present simplified empirical formulae for estimating black hole masses from the Hβ
λ4861 and C iv
λ1549 emission lines. While the AGN continuum luminosity at 5100 Å is usually used to predict the Hβ reverberation lag, we show that the luminosity of the Hβ broad component can be used instead without any loss of precision, thus eliminating the difficulty of accurately accounting for the host-galaxy contribution to the observed luminosity.
Deuterated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Interstellar Medium: The C–D Band Strengths of Monodeuterated Species
Authors: Yang X. J. , Li Aigen , Glaser R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Deuterium (D) is one of the light elements created in the Big Bang. As the Galaxy evolves, the D/H abundance in the interstellar medium (ISM) decreases from its primordial value due to astration. However, the observed gas-phase D/H abundances of some sightlines in the local Galactic ISM are substantially lower than the expected reduction by astration. The missing D could have been depleted onto polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules which are ubiquitous and abundant in interstellar regions. To quantitatively explore the hypothesis of PAHs as a possible reservoir of interstellar D, we quantum-chemically compute the infrared vibrational spectra of monodeuterated PAHs and their cations. We find that, as expected, when H in PAHs is replaced by D, the C–H stretching and bending modes at 3.3, 8.6, and 11.3 μm shift to longer wavelengths at ∼4.4, 11.4, and 15.4 μm, respectively, by a factor of ∼

, the difference in reduced mass between the C–H and C–D oscillators. From the computed spectra we derive the mean intrinsic band strengths of the 3.3 μm C–H stretch and 4.4 μm C–D stretch to be

and

for neutral deuterated PAHs which would dominate the interstellar emission at 3.3 and 4.4 μm. By comparing the computationally derived mean band-strength ratio of

for neutral PAHs with the mean ratio of the observed intensities of

, we find that the degree of deuteration (i.e., the fraction of peripheral atoms attached to C atoms in the form of D) is ∼2.4%, corresponding to a D enrichment of a factor of ∼1200 with respect to the interstellar D/H abundance.
Swift/UVOT+MaNGA (SwiM) Value-added Catalog
Authors: Molina Mallory , Ajgaonkar Nikhil , Yan Renbin , Ciardullo Robin , Gronwall Caryl , Eracleous Michael , Ji Xihan , Blanton Michael R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We introduce the Swift/UVOT+MaNGA (SwiM) value-added catalog, which comprises 150 galaxies that have both Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)/MaNGA integral field spectroscopy and archival Swift/UVOT near-UV (NUV) images. The similar angular resolution between the three Swift/UVOT NUV images and the MaNGA maps allows for a high-resolution comparison of optical and NUV indicators of star formation, crucial for constraining quenching and attenuation in the local universe. The UVOT NUV images, SDSS images, and MaNGA emission line and spectral index maps have all been spatially matched and reprojected to match the point-spread function (PSF) and pixel sampling of the Swift/UVOT uvw2 images and are presented in the same coordinate system for each galaxy. The spectral index maps use the definition first adopted by Burstein et al., which makes it more convenient for users to compute spectral indices when binning the maps. Spatial covariance is properly taken into account in propagating the uncertainties. We also provide a catalog that includes PSF-matched aperture photometry in the SDSS optical and Swift NUV bands. In an earlier companion paper, we used a subset of these galaxies to explore the attenuation laws of kiloparsec-sized star-forming regions. The catalog, maps for each galaxy, and associated data models are publicly available on the SDSS website.
Distribution of alien plant species of the Middle Volga Region (South-East of the European part of Russia): a dataset
Authors: Senator Stepan , Tretyakova Alyona , Vorontsov Dmitry 
Published: November 2020

The dataset presented in the current study contains information regarding alien vascular plant species found in the Middle Volga Region (South-East of the European part of Russia). The dataset overall includes 413 species belonging to 247 genera and 67 families. The described dataset is based on the data published during floristic studies from 1851 to 2019. The dataset does not include alien vascular plant species that have presently disappeared from the territory of the region. It contains a total of 7,782 records of occurrences, extracted from the Salix system of information and analytics, developed in the Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
A total of 7,782 records were published on the occurrence of alien vascular plants in the Middle Volga Region. Each entry includes information regarding the place of occurrence of the alien plant species, the year of occurrence, the person who recorded the alien plant and who identified it, status of the species (introduced or invasive), link to the herbarium, which contains the specimen and the literary source. If it were impossible to establish the names of the persons who collected the samples and (or) their identification in the identifiedBy and recordedBy fields, the names of the authors of the publication given in the associatedReferences field were entered. The presented dataset supplements the information on the distribution of alien plant species in the whole European part of Russia and specifies the places of their findings in the Middle Volga Region.
Innate Immune Memory to Repeated Borrelia burgdorferi Exposure Correlates with Murine In Vivo Inflammatory Phenotypes
Authors: Bernard Quentin , Hu Linden T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is transmitted by the bite of an infected tick. Once inoculated into the host dermis, it disseminates to various organs including distant skin sites, the heart, the joint and the nervous system. Most humans will develop an early skin manifestation called erythema migrans at the tick bite site. This can be followed by symptoms such as carditis, neuritis, meningitis, or arthritis if not treated. A specific mouse strain, C3H/HeN develops arthritis with B. burgdorferi infection whereas another strain, C57BL/6, develops minimal to no arthritis. Neither strain of mice show any skin signs of rash or inflammation. Factors that determine the presence of skin inflammation and the joint arthritis susceptibility in the host are only partially characterized. We show in this study that murine fibroblast-like synoviocytes display trained immunity, a program in some cells that results in increased inflammatory responses if the cell has previously come in contact with a stimulus, and that trained immunity in fibroblast-like synoviocytes tested ex vivo correlates with Lyme arthritis susceptibility. Conversely, skin fibroblasts do not exhibit trained immunity, which correlates with the absence of skin symptoms in these mice. Moreover, we demonstrate that the trained phenotype in FLS is affected by the cell environment, which depends on the host genetic background. Future studies expanding this initial report of the role of trained immunity on symptoms of B. burgdorferi infection may provide insight into the pathogenesis of disease in murine models.
T Follicular Regulatory Cell–Derived Fibrinogen-like Protein 2 Regulates Production of Autoantibodies and Induction of Systemic Autoimmunity
Authors: Sungnak Waradon , Wagner Allon , Kowalczyk Monika S. , Bod Lloyd , Kye Yoon-Chul , Sage Peter T. , Sharpe Arlene H. , Sobel Raymond A. , Quintana Francisco J. , Rozenblatt-Rosen Orit , Regev Aviv , Wang Chao , Yosef Nir , Kuchroo Vijay K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells limit Ab responses, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we identify Fgl2 as a soluble TFR cell effector molecule through single-cell gene expression profiling. Highly expressed by TFR cells, Fgl2 directly binds to B cells, especially light-zone germinal center B cells, as well as to T follicular helper (TFH) cells, and directly regulates B cells and TFH in a context-dependent and type 2 Ab isotype–specific manner. In TFH cells, Fgl2 induces the expression of Prdm1 and a panel of checkpoint molecules, including PD1, TIM3, LAG3, and TIGIT, resulting in TFH cell dysfunction. Mice deficient in Fgl2 had dysregulated Ab responses at steady-state and upon immunization. In addition, loss of Fgl2 results in expansion of autoreactive B cells upon immunization. Consistent with this observation, aged Fgl2−/− mice spontaneously developed autoimmunity associated with elevated autoantibodies. Thus, Fgl2 is a TFR cell effector molecule that regulates humoral immunity and limits systemic autoimmunity.
Stereological and Histological Assessment of the Umbilical Cord in New-Born Rat
Authors: Altunkaynak Berrin Zuhal , Yahyazadeh Ahmad 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Umbilical cord plays a crucial role in the continuation of pregnancy by transferring nutrition and oxygen across the placenta to the fetus. We aimed to investigate the morphometrical and histological features of the umbilical cords in new-born rats.

Materials and Methods:
The adult male and female rats were chosen for matting purpose in the present study. Briefly, ten adult Wistar albino rats (female, n = 5; male, n = 5) were randomly assigned into five groups of two animals (female, n = 1; male, n = 1). Immediately after parturition, two umbilical cords of new-born rats (0-day-old) from each group were randomly selected. Finally, ten umbilical cord samples were examined using the histological and stereological methods in the light and electron microscopes.

Results:
The total numbers of Hofbauer cells and mesenchymal stromal cells was estimated statistically. We also calculated the mean volume of umbilical cords, arteries and veins, as well as arterial and venous lumens. Our histological findings also exhibited the histological features of Hofbauer cells, mesenchymal stromal cell cells, and blood vessels.

Conclusion:
Our findings showed more detailed information about umbilical cord tissues and their components, and that may contribute to the diagnose of umbilical cord complications in the developing fetus.
Cytological Evaluation of Palpebral Lesions
Authors: Mondal Krishnendu , Mandal Rupali , Chakrabarti Indranil 
Published: November 2020

Context:
Eyelids by virtue of its unique histomorphology give rise to multitudes of different pathological conditions. Appropriate preoperative cytological diagnoses of these cases are necessary to determine their optimal therapy.

Aims:
The aims of this study were to evaluate the utility of various cytological techniques in diagnosing the definite pathology for palpebral lesions and thereby to highlight the drawbacks associated with cytology in this context.

Materials and Methods:
Fine-needle cytology with or without applying the aspiration was the preferable method. Ulcerated lesions were sampled through scrapings.

Results:
Totally 62 cases were examined. Cytologically, 22 lesions were diagnosed as nonneoplastic, 38 lesions were neoplastic, and nondiagnostic material was obtained twice. Malignant tumors predominated among the neoplastic cases. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was the most common malignancy observed. On histopathological corroboration, benign skin adnexal tumor was found to be the most frequently misinterpreted entity. Two (out of four cases) of those tumors were confirmed as melanocytic nevus and BCC. A single case of squamous cell carcinoma was also cytodiagnostically erred into sebaceous carcinoma.

Conclusions:
Cytologically palpebral pathologies, including the neoplastic ones, are at times vulnerable to misinterpretation. To avert such dilemma, it is better to readily excise any recurrent lesion, basaloid neoplasm, or any necrohemorrhagic lesion presumptive of overshadowing the neoplastic pathology underneath.
Ekoteologi : Tinjauan Teologi Terhadap Keselamatan Lingkungan Hidup
Authors: Ngabalin Marthinus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe world created by God, with everything in it is saved as an expression of God’s justice that should be guarded to maintain a cosmological balance for the welfare of all beings. However, it is realized, that human individualism often control itself to exploit nature. It is realized that the conception of salvation possessed by the Church had long been dominated by human-centered theology of salvation, consciously putting aside the conscience of life and salvation which are also the right of all beings. This research is a qualitative research with a literature study approach. This study aims to explain the ecotheology of the environment, its model and its implementation as a human effort in overcoming natural and environmental problems.Keywords: Nature; life; salvation; ecotheology AbstrakDunia yang diciptakan oleh Allah, dengan segala sesuatu yang mendiaminya diselamatkan sebagai wujud keadilan Allah yang patut dikawal untuk menjaga keseimbangan kosmologi bagi kesejahteraan segala makhluk. Namun di dalam kenyatannya, sikap individualisme manusia seringkali menguasai dirinya untuk mengeksploitasi alam. Disadari bahwa konsep keselamatan yang dimiliki oleh Gereja sudah sejak lama didominasi oleh teologi keselamatan yang bersifat berpusat pada manusia, yang secara sadar mengesampingkan nurani kehidupan dan keselamatan yang juga adalah hak segala makhluk. Penelitian merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menjelaskan ekoteologi lingkungan hidup, model serta implementasinya sebagai upaya manusia dalam mengatasi masalah alam dan lingkungan hidup.Kata Kunci: Alam; Kehidupan; Keselamatan, Ekoteologi
CRISPR Cas System: an efficient tool for cancer modelling
Authors: Mehran Akhtar  , Tazkira Jamal  , Mudassir Khan  , Shah Rukh Khan  , Shohra Haider  , Fazal jalil  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats–Cas-9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system has been a revolutionising tool in the field of molecular genetics, which provides a versatile range of editing potentials. Researchers can produce breaks or alter genomes with ease using the system. Cancer is one of the multi-gene diseases whose genes need to be studied in detail. The CRISPR-Cas9 technology may also provide a promising potential in the field of cancer genetics. The current narrative review comprised 50 research articles which were keenly analysed and the applications and outcomes of CRISPR-Cas9 system in cancer genetics were comprehensively and critically discussed. It was concluded that application of the system had great potential to help understand cancer biology of various types and could be used for its genetic modelling. However, much work is still needed to be done to apply the technology for understanding...Continuous...
Pedagogical Approach for Effective Teaching of English Language in Nigerian Secondary Schools
Authors: Oparinde Yemi , Emmanuel Ogechi , Olarewaju Ogundele Michael 
Published: November 2020

This paper examined the pedagogical approaches to the teacher learning of English language in Nigerian secondary schools. However, the paper identified the concepts and types of pedagogical approaches. The factors affecting pedagogical approach for effective teaching and learning of English language. It was therefore concluded that the most effective pedagogical approach for the teaching-learning process of English language is the use of child centredness approach, activity oriented prorgamme it was therefore recommended that teachers should be curriculum. It was noted that effective use of pedagogical approach enhances effective teaching learning of English language especially in Nigerian secondary schools.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Community Pharmacists towards Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions: A Study from Sudan
Authors: Mohammed Tahir Rana , Hussein Mustafa 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: The concept of Pharmacovigilance (PhV) evolved to improve patient safety and the quality of provided healthcare. Community pharmacists are considered to be key players in the process of PhV and reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs).The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of community pharmacists in relation to pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions.
Study Design: A cross sectional study.
Subjects and Methods: An observational cross-sectional survey was carried out among community pharmacists in Sudan to evaluate their knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards Pharmacovigilance. The study was carried out between March and May 2020, including 201 community pharmacists who were selected through simple random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 24.
Results: A total of 201 community pharmacists were included in the survey. Females constituted 68.7% of the study participants. Two-thirds of the study population were between 23 and 30 years of age. The majority had a career experience between 1 and 5 years (52.2%). The mean knowledge score among males was 3.48 (± 1.51), and 3.75 (± 1.36) among females. The difference in the mean knowledge score between the two genders was not statistically significant (p-value 0.197). 73.1% showed a positive attitude towards Pharmacovigilance. The mean attitude score was higher among females (2.97 vs 2.90). However, the difference was not statistically significant (p-value 0.662).
Conclusion: Community pharmacists may have a prominent role in responding to the increase of ADR reporting if they have enough knowledge about Pharmacovigilance and how to report it. This survey showed that community pharmacists had a positive attitude about ADR but, unfortunately, many of them had insufficient knowledge.
Development of a Measurement Scale in Marketing and Management Fields: its Methodological Phases and Controls
Authors: Ouarda Djeffel 
Published: November 2020

This article aims to demystify the steps in the measurement scale design and development in the marketing and management fields, and it presents an overview of the reliability and validity aspects to help researchers to develop appropriate measurement scales and to improve their development process. More specifically, it explains the necessary steps of tool development which includes the conceptual definition in which items are generated and content validation is checked, a Survey management in that Pre-test is conducted, the sample size is determined, and reliability is calculated, next, to reduce the initial item number the exploratory factor analysis is conducted, and internal consistency is examined, finally, the confirmatory factor analysis is used to test the significance of the scale, and to test the convergent and discriminate validity.
Economic and Administrative Transformations as Repercussions of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Crisis
Authors: Serrai Salah , Ayad Saadi 
Published: November 2020

The outbreak of Covid-19 - which was first discovered in China- affected people in 185 countries, where its spread left companies around the world calculating their costs day after day, this outbreak became a pandemic - where the WHO identified the outbreak of Covid-19 as a pandemic on March 11 - which resulted in more than 1.4 million confirmed cases and more than 83,000 deaths worldwide. It also raised fears of an economic crisis and an impending recession. Social divergence, self-isolation, and travel restrictions have forced the workforce to decline in all economic sectors and have caused many jobs to be lost. Schools closed, and the need for manufactured goods and products decreased. As a result of the pandemic, the global economy is projected to contract sharply by –3 percent in 2020, much worse than during the 2008–09 financial crisis. In contrast, the need for medical supplies increased significantly. The food sector also witnessed great demand due to the panic buying and storage of food products.
After months of closures restricting work and movement, many countries have begun to lift the strict measures they have taken to slow the spread of Coronavirus, as European countries embarked on a gradual process of reopening their economies, following in the footsteps of China where the virus originated. But the economic fallout from the epidemic appears to be one of the biggest shocks in generations. Ordinary economic activity was disrupted on an unprecedented scale in peacetime as daily lifestyles were radically transformed.
In this special issue, there are some authentic articles based on accurate and scientific analysis that explore the relationship between the emerging Covid-19 crisis and both economic and administrative transformations.