bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Societal and Ethical Issues in HRI
Authors: Wullenkord Ricarda , Eyssel Friederike 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose of the Review
The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the societal and ethical issues in human-robot interaction, (HRI), mainly focusing on the literature of the last five years.

Recent Findings
Both general ethical challenges associated with robot deployment and those specific to human-robot interaction are addressed and complemented by discussions of ethics within HRI research, ethics related behavior towards robots, as well as ethics and robot rights. Moreover, we discuss ethical challenges in sensitive contexts such as medicine, rehabilitation, and care. We conclude our review by providing an overview of the key ethics frameworks and guidelines to inspire researchers, developers, and stakeholders alike.

Summary
This review offers a timely overview of the state-of-the art societal and ethical issues that arise from the ever more steady integration of robots into human society. We exemplify the key issues and debates in the field by mainly covering the literature of the past five years.
The Flying and the Masked Man, One More Time: Comments on Peter Adamson and Fedor Benevich, ‘The Thought Experimental Method: Avicenna's Flying Man Argument’
Authors: KAUKUA JARI 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis is a critical comment on Adamson and Benevich (2018), published in issue 4/2 of the Journal of the American Philosophical Association. I raise two closely related objections. The first concerns the objective of the flying man: instead of the question of what the soul is, I argue that the argument is designed to answer the question of whether the soul exists independently of the body. The second objection concerns the expected result of the argument: instead of knowledge about the quiddity of soul, I claim the argument yields knowledge about the soul's existence independently of the body. After the objections, I turn to the masked man fallacy, claiming that although the Adamson-Benevich interpretation does save the argument from the fallacy, this comes at the cost of plausibility. I then give a more modest interpretation that both avoids the fallacy and is plausible. The paper concludes with a remark about the metaphysical possibility of the flying man.
Complementary and Alternative Therapy Use in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Oskoui Maryam , Ng Pamela , Zaman Michele , Buckley David , Kirton Adam , van Rensburg Esias , Wood Ellen , Shevell Michael , Majnemer Annette 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT:Objective:To describe complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use amongst children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Canada and to identify factors associated with CAM use.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study, utilising data from the Canadian CP Registry. We explored the association between CAM use and regional, socioeconomic and CP phenotypic variables, and parental perception of the family-centredness of clinical care using the Measures of Process of Care-56 (MPOC-56). Chi-square analyses were performed, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained. Mann–WhitneyUtests were used to compare MPOC-56 scores between CAM users and non-CAM users.Results:The study sample consisted of 313 families of which 27% reported CAM use in the past year. Children with CP using CAM were more likely to reside in Western Canada (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6–6.7), live in a two-parent household (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.5–8.4), have an ataxic/hypotonic or dyskinetic CP subtype (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.5–6.1) and have a greater motor impairment (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.7–4.9). MPOC-56 subscale scores were not significantly associated with CAM use.Conclusion:Physicians need to be aware of existing CAM therapies, the level of evidence supporting their efficacy (beneficence), their associated risks of adverse events (non-maleficence) and enable fair access to care that may be of benefit to each child.
COVID-19: public health management of the first two confirmed cases identified in the UK
Authors: Holden B. , Quinney A. , Padfield S. , Morton W. , Coles S. , Manley P. , Wensley A. , Hutchinson C. , Lillie P. J. , Duncan C. J. A. , Schmid M. L. , Li A. , Foster K. , Anaraki S. , Dabrera G. , Zambon M. , Hughes G. J. , Gent M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We report key learning from the public health management of the first two confirmed cases of COVID-19 identified in the UK. The first case imported, and the second associated with probable person-to-person transmission within the UK. Contact tracing was complex and fast-moving. Potential exposures for both cases were reviewed, and 52 contacts were identified. No further confirmed COVID-19 cases have been linked epidemiologically to these two cases. As steps are made to enhance contact tracing across the UK, the lessons learned from earlier contact tracing during the country's containment phase are particularly important and timely.
Exploring influences on adolescent diet and physical activity in rural Gambia, West Africa: food insecurity, culture and the natural environment
Authors: Janha Ramatoulie E , Hardy-Johnson Polly , Kehoe Sarah H , Mendy Michael B , Camara Isatou , Jarjou Landing , Ward Kathryn , Moore Sophie E , Fall Caroline , Barker Mary , Weller Susie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore, from the perspectives of adolescents and caregivers, and using qualitative methods, influences on adolescent diet and physical activity in rural Gambia.Design:Six focus group discussions (FGD) with adolescents and caregivers were conducted. Thematic analysis was employed across the data set.Setting:Rural region of The Gambia, West Africa.Participants:Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Four FGD, conducted with forty adolescents, comprised: girls aged 10–12 years; boys aged 10–12 years; girls aged 15–17 years, boys aged 15–17 years. Twenty caregivers also participated in two FGD (mothers and fathers).Results:All participants expressed an understanding of the association between salt and hypertension, sugary foods and diabetes, and dental health. Adolescents and caregivers suggested that adolescent nutrition and health were shaped by economic, social and cultural factors and the local environment. Adolescent diet was thought to be influenced by: affordability, seasonality and the receipt of remittances; gender norms, including differences in opportunities afforded to girls, and mother-led decision-making; cultural ceremonies and school holidays. Adolescent physical activity included walking or cycling to school, playing football and farming. Participants felt adolescent engagement in physical activity was influenced by gender, seasonality, cultural ceremonies and, to some extent, the availability of digital media.Conclusions:These novel insights into local understanding should be considered when formulating future interventions. Interventions need to address these interrelated factors, including misconceptions regarding diet and physical activity that may be harmful to health.
Assessment of crop and weed management strategies prior to introduction of auxin-resistant crops in Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Maxwel C. , Lencina Anelise , Ulguim André R. , Werle Rodrigo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA stakeholder survey was conducted from April through June of 2018 to understand stakeholders’ perceptions and challenges about cropping systems and weed management in Brazil. The dominant crops managed by survey respondents were soybean (73%) and corn (66%). Approximately 75% of survey respondents have grown or managed annual cropping systems with two to three crops per year cultivated in succession. Eighteen percent of respondents manage only irrigated cropping systems, and over 60% of respondents adopt no-till as a standard practice. According to respondents, the top five troublesome weed species in Brazilian cropping systems are horseweed (asthmaweed, Canadian horseweed, and tall fleabane), sourgrass, morningglory, goosegrass, and dayflower (Asiatic dayflower and Benghal dayflower). Among the nine species documented to have evolved resistance to glyphosate in Brazil, horseweed and sourgrass were reported as the most concerning weeds. Other than glyphosate, 31% and 78% of respondents, respectively, manage weeds resistant to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors and/or acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Besides herbicides, 45% of respondents use mechanical, and 75% use cultural (e.g., no-till, crop rotation/succession) weed control strategies. Sixty-one percent of survey respondents adopt cover crops to some extent to suppress weeds and improve soil chemical and physical properties. Nearly 60% of survey respondents intend to adopt the crops that are resistant to dicamba or 2,4-D when available. Results may help practitioners, academics, industry, and policy makers to better understand the bad and the good of current cropping systems and weed management practices adopted in Brazil, and to adjust research, education, technologies priorities, and needs moving forward.
Herbicidal activity and molecular docking study of novel PPO inhibitors
Authors: Zhao Li-Xia , Jiang Mao-Jun , Hu Jia-Jun , Zou Yue-Li , Gao Shuang , Fu Ying , Ye Fei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProtoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is an important target for discovering new herbicides that interfere with the synthesis of porphyrin. To discover new PPO inhibitors with improved biological activity, a series of new diphenyl ethers containing tetrahydrophthalimide were designed and synthesized. Among them, J6.1 (IC50 = 4.7 nM) and J6.3 (IC50 = 30.0 nM) show higher maize (Zea mays L.) PPO inhibitory activity than the commercial herbicides oxyfluorfen (IC50 = 117.9 nM) and flumioxazin (IC50 = 157.1 nM). The greenhouse herbicidal activity of J6.3 is comparable to that of oxyfluorfen, and it is greater than that of flumioxazin. Even at a dose of 300 g ai ha−1, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) show greater tolerance to J6.3, suggesting that J6.3 could be used for further development of new herbicide candidates in those fields. In addition, molecular docking has been used to further study the mechanism of action of J6.3. The results show that the introduction of a nitro group and tetrahydrophthalimide into the diphenyl ether structure is beneficial to biological activity.
Balloons in the Earth's Auroral Science—BALBOA's Modern Exploration
Authors: Zhou X.‐Y. , Rafol S. B. , Michell R. G. , Hampton D. , Geach C. , Berk A. , Lummerzheim D. , He Y.‐T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSince 1892, when an aurora was first imaged by Martin Brendel, a German physicist, auroral forms and their dynamics have been acquired only when the aurora is in darkness. Due to the sunlight contamination from Rayleigh scattering, it has been a long‐term challenge of imaging sunlit aurora. In addition, other constraints exist, such as moonlight contamination, cloud occultation, and the limited land area available for installing imagers near the auroral zone in both hemispheres. While auroral imaging from space provides auroral global dynamics or small‐scale structures, depending on the spacecraft orbit, the image quality is affected by low spatial and temporal resolutions, sunlight, and the lack of traceability of auroral variations. Consequently, we have little knowledge of sunlit auroral forms and their dynamics, as well as their coupling to conjugate aurora. Given the fact that the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is initiated on the dayside, understanding sunlit and dayside aurorae becomes very interesting and important. A scenario of imaging sunlit aurora from a balloon and the conceptual design of the instrument have been depicted in our previous article (Zhou et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028611). This paper elaborates the new science enabled by this new means and the feasibility of auroral ballooning by showing some sunlit auroral images obtained from a balloon flight and calculations of the corresponding sky brightness. In addition, we describe and explain the most important specs of the new NIR camera‐head being developed for the BALBOA balloon mission that is currently supported by the NASA/Low Cost Access to Space program.
Atmospheric Gravity Waves Observed in the Nightglow Following the 21 August 2017 Total Solar Eclipse
Authors: Paulino I. , Figueiredo C. A. O. B. , Rodrigues F. S. , Buriti R. A. , Wrasse C. M. , Paulino A. R. , Barros D. , Takahashi H. , Batista I. S. , Medeiros A. F. , Batista P. P. , Abdu M. A. , de Paula E. R. , Denardini C. M. , Lima L. M. , Cueva R. Y.C. , Makela J. J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNighttime airglow images observed at the low‐latitude site of São João do Cariri (7.4°S, 36.5°W) showed the presence of a medium‐scale atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) associated with the 21 August 2017 total solar eclipse. The AGW had a horizontal wavelength of ∼1,618 km, observed period of ∼152 min, and propagation direction of ∼200° clockwise from the north. The spectral characteristics of this wave are in good agreement with theoretical predictions for waves generated by eclipses. Additionally, the wave was reverse ray‐traced, and the results show its path crossing the Moon's shadow of the total solar eclipse in the tropical North Atlantic ocean at stratospheric altitudes. Investigation about potential driving sources for this wave indicates the total solar eclipse as the most likely candidate. The optical measurements were part of an observational campaign carried out to detect the impact of the August 21 eclipse in the atmosphere at low latitudes.
Hyporheic Exchange Under Undular Flows Over a Coarse Granular Bed
Authors: Shih WuRong , Wu Fu‐Chun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUndular flows over riffles (standing waves with underlying open‐channel flows) facilitate a quality environmental setting for riverine habitats. Understanding their link with hyporheic exchange flow (HEF) is important from eco‐hydro‐geomorphic perspectives. We conduct refractive index‐matched scanning experiments to resolve the exchange between surface and subsurface flows across a coarse granular bed. We show that the HEF includes wave pumping (WP) and grain‐scale pumping (GP) components. Mechanistically, the dynamic pressure gradient best explains the HEF on both wave and grain scales. However, due to the underlying open‐channel flow, the result exhibits a phase lag compared to the theoretical WP, suggesting a necessary shift from the existing water surface‐based model to a pressure gradient‐based approach. Quantitatively, with the present experimental setting, the GP flux is 1 order of magnitude smaller than the WP flux. The relative significance of WP to GP is further increased at higher discharges, indicating potential utility of WP in habitat vitalization.
Disentangling the Impact of the COVID‐19 Lockdowns on Urban NO2 From Natural Variability
Authors: Goldberg Daniel L. , Anenberg Susan C. , Griffin Debora , McLinden Chris A. , Lu Zifeng , Streets David G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTROPOMI satellite data show substantial drops in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during COVID‐19 physical distancing. To attribute NO2 changes to NOx emissions changes over short timescales, one must account for meteorology. We find that meteorological patterns were especially favorable for low NO2 in much of the United States in spring 2020, complicating comparisons with spring 2019. Meteorological variations between years can cause column NO2 differences of ~15% over monthly timescales. After accounting for solar angle and meteorological considerations, we calculate that NO2 drops ranged between 9.2% and 43.4% among 20 cities in North America, with a median of 21.6%. Of the studied cities, largest NO2 drops (>30%) were in San Jose, Los Angeles, and Toronto, and smallest drops (<12%) were in Miami, Minneapolis, and Dallas. These normalized NO2 changes can be used to highlight locations with greater activity changes and better understand the sources contributing to adverse air quality in each city.
Toward Sustained Monitoring of Subsidence at the Coast Using InSAR and GPS: An Application in Hampton Roads, Virginia
Authors: Buzzanga Brett , Bekaert David P. S. , Hamlington Ben D. , Sangha Simran S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHampton Roads is among the regions along the U.S. Atlantic Coast experiencing high rates of relative sea level rise. Partly to mitigate subsidence from aquifer compaction, Hampton Roads is injecting treated wastewater into the underlying aquifer. However, the GPS (Global Positioning System) station spacing (∼30 km) is too coarse to capture the spatial variability of subsidence and potential uplift from the injection. We present a cost‐effective workflow for generating an InSAR (interferometric synthetic aperture radar) and GPS combined displacement product. We leverage a live, open‐access archive of InSAR products generated from Sentinel‐1 data. We find an overall subsidence rate of −3.6 ± 2.3 mm/year with considerable spatial variability. The effects of groundwater injection are currently below detection. The workflow presented here is an asset for sustained monitoring of the injection effort and regional subsidence that is applicable along the U.S. coasts for assisting in mitigation and adaptation of relative sea level rise.
Influence of Geochemical Features on the Mechanical Properties of Organic Matter in Shale
Authors: Zhao Junliang , Zhang Wei , Zhang Dongxiao , Wei Ren , Wang Yuhan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOrganic matter is an important constituent in organic‐rich shale, which influences the hydrocarbon generation, as well as the mechanical behavior, of shale reservoirs. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of organic matter depend on the source material and the thermal evolution process. Previous works attempted to investigate the impact of thermal maturation on the mechanical properties of organic matter. However, owing to the lack of maceral classification and the limitation of data volume during the mechanical measurement, no consistent trend has been identified. In this work, vitrinite reflectance test, scanning electron microscope observation, nanoindentation, and micro‐Raman analysis were combined for geochemical and mechanical characterization. A total of 114 test areas were selected for testing, enhancing reliability of the test results. The Young's moduli of organic matter are from 3.57 to 8.32 GPa. With the same thermal maturity, inertinite has the highest Young's modulus, while the modulus of bitumen is the lowest. The Young's moduli of different organic types all increase with vitrinite reflectance. When vitrinite reflectance increases from 0.62% to 1.13%, the modulus of inertinite and vitrinite is increased by 57% and 78%, respectively. The indentation creep of different organic matter suggests that the stiffer organic type demonstrates less creep influence. In addition, with the increase of thermal maturity, the micro‐Raman test results show a decrease of intensity ratio of D peak to G peak, indicating an increase of the ordered structure in organic matter. From the characterization results, it was found that organic type and thermal maturity reflect the diversity of the source material and the chemical structure change during the thermal evolution process, and together they influence the mechanical properties of organic matter.
Predictability of Extreme Sea Level Variations Along the U.S. Coastline
Authors: Rashid M. M. , Wahl T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExtreme sea level variability (excluding the effects of mean sea level (MSL) and long‐period tidal cycles) at decadal to multidecadal time scales is significant along the U.S. coastlines and can modulate coastal flood risk in addition to long‐term MSL rise. Therefore, understanding the climatic drivers and ultimately predicting these low‐frequency variations are important. Extreme sea level indicators are used to represent the variations in 100‐year return water levels, estimated with a nonstationary extreme value analysis. Here, we develop prediction models in the frequency domain. Extreme sea level indicators (response) and potential predictors (traditional climate indices, sea level pressure [SLP], or sea surface temperature [SST]) are decomposed into subseries corresponding to predefined frequencies using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and regression models are formulated for each frequency separately. In the case of traditional climate indices, subseries of climate indices that provide the highest correlation with the corresponding subseries of indicators are used in the regression models, and original indicators are reconstructed by aggregating predicted subseries. Tailored climate indices are developed for each frequency band by averaging wavelet decomposed subseries of SLP or SST from grid locations where correlations with corresponding decomposed subseries of extreme sea level indicators are highest and robust. Models with wavelet filtered climate indices reproduce the variability and general trends of the indicators. The use of tailored indices further improves the model performance in predicting extreme sea level variations. Model performance in terms of Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency statistics varies from 0.54 to 0.93. Prediction of extreme sea level indicators using tailored indices derived from SLP and SST of initialized decadal climate model simulations is also tested to facilitate progress toward forecasting extreme sea level variations at decadal time scales.
Inconsistent Atmosphere‐Ocean Dynamics and Multidecadal Zonal SST Gradient Trends Across the Equatorial Pacific Ocean in Reanalysis Products
Authors: Jayasankar T. , Murtugudde R. , Eldho T. I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOcean reanalysis products are routinely employed as reality checks in model evaluations and for process studies. This is especially so for critical regions such as the equatorial cold tongue (ECT) in the eastern equatorial Pacific where models suffer a chronic cold bias. ECT is a major player in the Pacific equatorial zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient (ΔEWSST) that has a significant impact on oceanic heat uptake and thus global climate. Hence, we investigate the reliability of three ocean reanalysis products for surface flux and ocean dynamic controls on ΔEWSST and Niño3.4 SST trends. We infer that while Niño3.4 SST trends are positive in all products, the signs of ΔEWSST trends do not agree with each other because initial conditions likely play a big role in their evolution. However, for ΔEWSST trends, the effect of initial conditions gets canceled out to some extent. Mixed layer heat budget and trends in ocean dynamic features such as tropical and subtropical cells, equatorial undercurrent, and subsurface temperatures are also diagnosed. We show that two reanalysis products that show a strengthening of ΔEWSST have contradicting trends in their surface heat flux and ocean dynamic contributions. This suggests that without accurate surface heat and momentum fluxes, data assimilation techniques may produce an east–west trend that is inconsistent among each other. Reanalysis products must address these issues considering the importance of this gradient.