bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of the Turbulent Energy Dissipation Beneath Nonbreaking Waves
Authors: Bogucki Darek J. , Haus Brian K. , Barzegar Mohammad , Shao Mingming , Domaradzki Julian A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHere we have determined the nature of turbulent flow associated with oceanic nonbreaking waves, which are on average much more prevalent than breaking waves in most wind conditions. We found this flow to be characterized by a low turbulence microscale Reynolds number of 30 < Reλ < 100. We observed that the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate associated with nonbreaking waves ϵ, ranged to 3 · 10−4 W/kg for a wave amplitude 50 cm. The ϵ, under nonbreaking waves, was consistent with
; Sij is the large‐scale (energy‐containing scales) wave‐induced mean flow stress tensor. The turbulent Reynolds stress associated with nonbreaking waves was consistent with experimental data when parameterized by an amplitude independent constant turbulent eddy viscosity, 10 times larger than the molecular value. Given that nonbreaking waves typically cover a much larger fraction of the ocean surface (90–100%) than breaking waves, this result shows that their contribution to wave dissipation can be significant.
Characterization on Temporal Evolution of Porosity, Permeability, and Reactive Specific Surface Based on Fractal Model During Mineral Dissolution
Authors: Tan Qigui , Kang Yili , You Lijun , Xu Chengyuan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAccurately understanding the temporal changes in hydrological properties induced by mineral dissolution is of great importance for characterization on reactive transport system in porous media. A theoretical model for characterizing the temporal evolution of rock porosity, permeability, and reactive specific surface during mineral dissolution under two different scenarios is developed with introduction of fractal dimensions of porous media. In the first scenario, dissolution rate is assumed as a linear function of temporal pore size, and changes in fractal dimensions are closely related to the time. The second scenario allows for the constant fractal dimension and an inverse relation between dissolution rate and time. The proposed model is fully verified with some published literatures, and most of results show the excellent/good fit with experimental/simulated data. The validation of the proposed model is also briefly discussed, mainly affected by reactive transport regimes.
Diffuse Deformation in the SE Tibetan Plateau: New Insights From Geodetic Observations
Authors: Li Zhangjun , Wang Yang , Gan Weijun , Fang Lihua , Zhou Renjie , Seagren Erin G. , Zhang Huiping , Liang Shiming , Zhuang Wenquan , Yang Fan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe southeastern Tibetan Plateau is a key component in the India‐Eurasia collision zone, which is characterized by spatially prevalent strike‐slip fault systems with devastating earthquakes. However, slip rates on some of these faults are still poorly constrained, hindering an understanding of kinematic and dynamic processes in this region. We analyze contemporary crustal deformation in the SE Tibetan Plateau based on the latest, dense geodetic observations. Slip rates on a set of dextral NW/NNW‐striking faults are determined using a 3‐D elastic half‐space dislocation model. Our results show that boundary faults such as the Red River and Lancangjiang faults yield dextral slip rates ranging from 1 to 3 mm/a, similar to those of other small‐scale sub‐parallel faults such as the Chuxiong, Qujiang, and Wuliangshan faults. Additionally, sinistral slip of the Xiaojiang fault may have partly transferred to transpressional slip on the Qujiang, Jianshui, and central Red River faults, which increase seismicity on these faults. New seismic relocation results, geodetic measurements, and existing structural observations show the geometry of this dextral fault system at the depth, which may be restricted above or within the rheologically weak mid‐lower crust rather than cutting into the mantle. Results confirm that the SE Tibetan Plateau is characterized by on‐going diffuse deformation between the Sagaing and Xianshuihe‐Xiaojiang faults. Driven by the northward advance of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and southward crustal extrusion, distributed right‐lateral movements occurred along the NW/NNW‐striking fault system.
Retracted: Plio‐Pleistocene Indonesian Throughflow Variability Drove Eastern Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperatures
Authors: Smith Rebecca A. , Castañeda Isla S. , Groeneveld Jeroen , De Vleeschouwer David , Henderiks Jorijntje , Christensen Beth A. , Renema Willem , Auer Gerald , Bogus Kara , Gallagher Stephen J. , Fulthorpe Craig S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOcean gateways facilitate circulation between ocean basins, thereby impacting global climate. The Indonesian Gateway transports water from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean via the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and drives the strength and intensity of the modern Leeuwin Current, which carries warm equatorial waters along the western coast of Australia to higher latitudes. Therefore, ITF dynamics are a vital component of global thermohaline circulation. Plio‐Pleistocene changes in ITF behavior and Leeuwin Current intensity remain poorly constrained due to a lack of sedimentary records from regions under its influence. Here, organic geochemical proxies are used to reconstruct sea surface temperatures on the northwest Australian shelf at IODP Site U1463, downstream of the ITF outlet and under the influence of the Leeuwin Current. Our records, based on TEX86 and the long‐chain diol index, provide insight into past ITF variability (3.5–1.5 Ma) and confirm that sea surface temperature exerted a control on Australian continental hydroclimate. A significant TEX86 cooling of ~5°C occurs within the mid‐Pliocene Warm Period (3.3–3.1 Ma) suggesting that this interval was characterized by SST fluctuations at Site U1463. A major feature of both the TEX86 and long‐chain diol index records is a strong cooling from ~1.7 to 1.5 Ma. We suggest that this event reflects a reduction in Leeuwin Current intensity due to a major step in ongoing ITF constriction, accompanied by a switch from South to North Pacific source waters entering the ITF inlet. Our new data suggest that an additional ITF constriction event may have occurred in the Pleistocene.
Increased long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 contributes to podocyte injury induced by high glucose through regulation of mitochondrial fission
Authors: Deng Qiongxia , Wen Ruowei , Liu Sirui , Chen Xiaoqiu , Song Shicong , Li Xuehong , Su Zhongzhen , Wang Cheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExcessive mitochondrial fission plays a key role in podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important in the development and progression of DKD. However, lncRNA regulation of mitochondrial fission in podocytes is poorly understood. Here, we studied lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (Meg3) in mitochondrial fission in vivo and in vitro using human podocytes and Meg3 podocyte-specific knockdown mice. Expression of lncRNA Meg3 in STZ-induced diabetic mice was higher, and correlated with the number of podocytes. Excessive mitochondrial fission of podocytes and renal histopathological and physiological parameters were improved in podocyte-specific Meg3 knockdown diabetic mice. Elongated mitochondria with attenuated podocyte damage, as well as mitochondrial translocation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), were decreased in Meg3 knockout podocytes. By contrast, increased fragmented mitochondria, podocyte injury, and Drp1 expression and phosphorylation were observed in lncRNA Meg3-overexpressing podocytes. Treatment with Mdivi1 significantly blunted more fragmented mitochondria and reduced podocyte injury in lncRNA Meg3-overexpressing podocytes. Finally, fragmented mitochondria and Drp1 mitochondrial translocation induced by high glucose were reduced following treatment with Mdivi1. Our data show that expression of Meg3 in podocytes in both human cells and diabetic mice was higher, which regulates mitochondrial fission and contributes to podocyte injury through increased Drp1 and its translocation to mitochondria.
Circumcision in childhood and male sexual function: a blessing or a curse?
Authors: Bañuelos Marco Beatriz , García Heil Jessica Leigh 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMale circumcision (MC) is the first planned surgical procedure ever performed. Nowadays many of these procedures are not necessarily carried out in a medical environment, therefore the real number remains unknown but it is estimated that one third of the men are circumcised. Some authors argue the negative impact of MC on men psychology and sexual life, but objective data are lacking. The purpose of this review is to summarize in the best possible way the literature to clarify this matter. A non-systematic narrative review was performed including articles between 1986 and 2019. The search for literature was carried out between July 2019 to October 2019 and any updates as of March 30, 2020. Although many authors support the hypothesis that circumcision status has an impact on sexual functioning, a negative outcome has not yet been entirely proven. Circumcision might affect how men perceive their body image, and consequently affect their sexual life. We should consider this when analysing the literature about MC and sexual dysfunction, as many of the results are based on specific populations with different attitudes towards this procedure. Sexual function consists of many elements that not only relate to measurable facts such as anatomy, somatosensory and histology. An objective evaluation of the impact of circumcision on sexuality is still challenging, as it affects a wide variety of people that confront sexuality differently due to their sociocultural and historical background. Therefore, individuals can either perceive their circumcision status as a blessing or a curse depending on the values and preferences of the different communities or social environments where they belong.
Frugivore-fruit size relationships between palms and mammals reveal past and future defaunation impacts
Authors: Lim Jun Ying , Svenning Jens-Christian , Göldel Bastian , Faurby Søren , Kissling W. Daniel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMammalian frugivores are critical seed dispersers, but many are under threat of extinction. Futhermore, the impact of past and future defaunation on plant assemblages has yet to be quantified at the global scale. Here, we integrate palm and mammalian frugivore trait and occurrence data and reveal a global positive relationship between fruit size and frugivore body size. Global variation in fruit size is better explained by present-day frugivore assemblages than by Late Pleistocene assemblages, suggesting ecological and evolutionary reorganization after end-Pleistocene extinctions, except in the Neotropics, where some large-fruited palm species may have outlived their main seed dispersers by thousands of years. Our simulations of frugivore extinction over the next 100 years suggest that the impact of defaunation will be highest in the Old World tropics, and an up to 4% assemblage-level decrease in fruit size would be required to maintain the global body size–fruit size relationship. Overall, our results suggest that while some palm species may be able to keep pace with future defaunation through evolutionary changes in fruit size, large-fruited species may be especially vulnerable to continued defaunation.
Stress fiber anisotropy contributes to force-mode dependent chromatin stretching and gene upregulation in living cells
Authors: Wei Fuxiang , Xu Xiangyu , Zhang Cunyu , Liao Yawen , Ji Baohua , Wang Ning 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLiving cells and tissues experience various complex modes of forces that are important in physiology and disease. However, how different force modes impact gene expression is elusive. Here we apply local forces of different modes via a magnetic bead bound to the integrins on a cell and quantified cell stiffness, chromatin deformation, andDHFR(dihydrofolate reductase) gene transcription. In-plane stresses result in lower cell stiffness than out-of-plane stresses that lead to bead rolling along the cell long axis (i.e., alignment of actin stress fibers) or at different angles (90° or 45°). However, chromatin stretching and ensuingDHFRgene upregulation by the in-plane mode are similar to those induced by the 45° stress mode. Disrupting stress fibers abolishes differences in cell stiffness, chromatin stretching, andDHFRgene upregulation under different force modes and inhibiting myosin II decreases cell stiffness, chromatin deformation, and gene upregulation. Theoretical modeling using discrete anisotropic stress fibers recapitulates experimental results and reveals underlying mechanisms of force-mode dependence. Our findings suggest that forces impact biological responses of living cells such as gene transcription via previously underappreciated means.
Myelin replacement triggered by single-cell demyelination in mouse cortex
Authors: Snaidero Nicolas , Schifferer Martina , Mezydlo Aleksandra , Zalc Bernard , Kerschensteiner Martin , Misgeld Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMyelin, rather than being a static insulator of axons, is emerging as an active participant in circuit plasticity. This requires precise regulation of oligodendrocyte numbers and myelination patterns. Here, by devising a laser ablation approach of single oligodendrocytes, followed by in vivo imaging and correlated ultrastructural reconstructions, we report that in mouse cortex demyelination as subtle as the loss of a single oligodendrocyte can trigger robust cell replacement and remyelination timed by myelin breakdown. This results in reliable reestablishment of the original myelin pattern along continuously myelinated axons, while in parallel, patchy isolated internodes emerge on previously unmyelinated axons. Therefore, in mammalian cortex, internodes along partially myelinated cortical axons are typically not reestablished, suggesting that the cues that guide patchy myelination are not preserved through cycles of de- and remyelination. In contrast, myelin sheaths forming continuous patterns show remarkable homeostatic resilience and remyelinate with single axon precision.
Satellite glial cells promote regenerative growth in sensory neurons
Authors: Avraham Oshri , Deng Pan-Yue , Jones Sara , Kuruvilla Rejji , Semenkovich Clay F. , Klyachko Vitaly A. , Cavalli Valeria 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPeripheral sensory neurons regenerate their axon after nerve injury to enable functional recovery. Intrinsic mechanisms operating in sensory neurons are known to regulate nerve repair, but whether satellite glial cells (SGC), which completely envelop the neuronal soma, contribute to nerve regeneration remains unexplored. Using a single cell RNAseq approach, we reveal that SGC are distinct from Schwann cells and share similarities with astrocytes. Nerve injury elicits changes in the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) signaling. Conditional deletion of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) in SGC impairs axon regeneration. The PPARα agonist fenofibrate rescues the impaired axon regeneration in mice lacking Fasn in SGC. These results indicate that PPARα activity downstream of FASN in SGC contributes to promote axon regeneration in adult peripheral nerves and highlight that the sensory neuron and its surrounding glial coat form a functional unit that orchestrates nerve repair.
Clarifying the quantum mechanical origin of the covalent chemical bond
Authors: Levine Daniel S. , Head-Gordon Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLowering of the electron kinetic energy (KE) upon initial encounter of radical fragments has long been cited as the primary origin of the covalent chemical bond based on Ruedenberg’s pioneering analysis of H$${}_{2}^{+}$$

2

+

and H2 and presumed generalization to other bonds. This work reports KE changes during the initial encounter corresponding to bond formation for a range of different bonds; the results demand a re-evaluation of the role of the KE. Bonds between heavier elements, such as H3C–CH3, F–F, H3C–OH, H3C–SiH3, and F–SiF3 behave in the opposite way to H$${}_{2}^{+}$$

2

+

and H2, with KE often increasing on bringing radical fragments together (though the total energy change is substantially stabilizing). The origin of this difference is Pauli repulsion between the electrons forming the bond and core electrons. These results highlight the fundamental role of constructive quantum interference (or resonance) as the origin of chemical bonding. Differences between the interfering states distinguish one type of bond from another.
Adiposity and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Ohno Tomoya , Aune Dagfinn , Heath Alicia K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSeveral studies have investigated associations between overweight/obesity and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, however, the evidence is not entirely consistent, and previous meta-analyses mainly included case–control studies, which can be affected by various biases. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies on adiposity and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase databases. Random effects models were used to estimate summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for rheumatoid arthritis in relation to different measures of adiposity. Thirteen cohort studies (10 publications) were included. The summary RR per 5 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI) was 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.18, I2 = 50%), but the association was restricted to women (1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.21, I2 = 17%) and not observed in men (0.89, 95% CI 0.73–1.09, I2 = 58%). The summary RR per 5 kg/m2 increment in BMI at age 18 years was 1.17 (95% CI 1.01–1.36, I2 = 26%, n = 3), and per 10 cm increase in waist circumference was 1.13 (95% CI 1.02–1.25, I2 = 44%, n = 2). Higher BMI in middle age, BMI at age 18 years, and waist circumference were associated with increased rheumatoid arthritis risk, suggesting adiposity could be targeted for primary prevention.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals dynamic molecular changes in skin induced by mechanical forces secondary to tissue expansion
Authors: Ledwon Joanna K. , Kelsey Lauren J. , Vaca Elbert E. , Gosain Arun K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTissue expansion procedures (TE) utilize mechanical forces to induce skin growth and regeneration. While the impact of quick mechanical stimulation on molecular changes in cells has been studied extensively, there is a clear gap in knowledge about sequential biological processes activated during long-term stimulation of skin in vivo. Here, we present the first genome-wide study of transcriptional changes in skin during TE, starting from 1 h to 7 days of expansion. Our results indicate that mechanical forces from a tissue expander induce broad molecular changes in gene expression, and that these changes are time-dependent. We revealed hierarchical changes in skin cell biology, including activation of an immune response, a switch in cell metabolism and processes related to muscle contraction and cytoskeleton organization. In addition to known mechanoresponsive genes (TNC, MMPs), we have identified novel candidate genes (SFRP2, SPP1, CCR1, C2, MSR1, C4A, PLA2G2F, HBB), which might play crucial roles in stretched-induced skin growth. Understanding which biological processes are affected by mechanical forces in TE is important for the development of skin treatments to maximize the efficacy and minimize the risk of complications during expansion procedures.
Eye lymphatic defects induced by bone morphogenetic protein 9 deficiency have no functional consequences on intraocular pressure
Authors: Subileau Mariela , Acar Niyazi , Carret Alison , Bretillon Lionel , Vilgrain Isabelle , Bailly Sabine , Vittet Daniel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAqueous humor drainage is essential for the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP), a major risk factor for glaucoma. The Schlemm’s canal and the non-conventional uveoscleral pathway are known to drain aqueous humor from the eye anterior chamber. It has recently been reported that lymphatic vessels are involved in this process, and that the Schlemm’s canal responds to some lymphatic regulators. We have previously shown a critical role for bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) in lymphatic vessel maturation and valve formation, with repercussions in drainage efficiency. Here, we imaged eye lymphatic vessels and analyzed the consequences of Bmp9 (Gdf2) gene invalidation. A network of lymphatic vessel hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1)-positive lymphatic vessels was observed in the corneolimbus and the conjunctiva. In contrast, LYVE-1-positive cells present in the ciliary bodies were belonging to the macrophage lineage. Although enlarged conjunctival lymphatic trunks and a reduced valve number were observed in Bmp9-KO mice, there were no morphological differences in the Schlemm’s canal compared to wild type animals. Moreover, there were no functional consequences on IOP in both basal control conditions and after laser-induced ocular hypertonia. Thus, the BMP9-activated signaling pathway does not constitute a wise target for new glaucoma therapeutic strategies.
Dental black plaque: metagenomic characterization and comparative analysis with white-plaque
Authors: Veses Verónica , González-Torres Pedro , Carbonetto Belén , del Mar Jovani-Sancho Mª , González-Martínez Raquel , Cortell-Ballester Isidoro , Sheth Chirag C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExtrinsic black dental staining is an external dental discoloration of bacterial origin, considered a special form of dental plaque. Currently, there is no definitive therapeutic option for eliminating black stain. This study employed 16S rRNA metagenomics to analyze black stain and white-plaque samples from 27 adult volunteers. Study objectives were to: describe the microbial diversity of adult black stain samples; characterize their taxonomic profile; compare the microbiomes of black stain versus white-plaque from adult volunteers and propose a functional map of the black stain microbiome using PICRUSt2. The black stain microbiome was poorer in species diversity as compared to white-plaque. The five most abundant genera in black stain were Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus. Functional analysis of microbial species revealed conserved and consistent clustering of functional pathways within and between black stain and white-plaque microbiomes. We describe enrichment of heme biosynthetic pathways in black stain. Our results suggest that the dysbiosis in black stain resembles “orally healthy” communities. The increased abundance of heme biosynthetic pathways suggests that heme-dependent iron sequestration and subsequent metabolism are key for black stain formation. Further research should decipher the regulation of heme biosynthetic genes and characterize the temporal sequence leading to colonization and dysbiosis.