bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Oxyanion Adsorption on Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Arenberg Mary R. , Arai Yuji 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe growing use of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) in consumer and agricultural products has accelerated its introduction into terrestrial environments, where its impact has not been documented extensively. TiO2 toxicity arises primarily from its ability to photochemically generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While common ligands in soil porewaters can either hinder or enhance the degradation of organic contaminants by TiO2, their effects on ROS production by TiO2 have not been understood clearly. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of phosphate (P) and nitrate on UV-irradiated anatase, nano-TiO2. Accordingly, H2O2-generation kinetics experiments were conducted in UV-irradiated TiO2 under environmentally relevant concentrations of the ligands (0, 50, 100, and 250 μM) and pH values (4.00 ± 0.02 and 8.00 ± 0.02) from 0–100 min. Under all conditions, H2O2 grew logarithmically and reached between 5.38 and 22.98 μM after 100 min. At pH 4.00 ± 0.02, H2O2 production was suppressed by P but not by nitrate. Conversely, at pH 8.00 ± 0.02, nitrate did not affect H2O2 concentration while P increased it. Non-specific, minimal adsorption of nitrate prevented interference with the photoreactivity of TiO2. Due to the pH-dependent behavior of suspended TiO2 and H2O2 degradation rates, specific adsorption of P on TiO2 impeded its ability to produce H2O2 photochemically at pH 4.00 ± 0.02 but amplified it at pH 8.00 ± 0.02.
Mental‐health disparities between heterosexual and sexual‐minority adolescents: Examining the role of informant discrepancies
Authors: Perales Francisco , Campbell Alice , Johnson Sarah 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionAn emerging literature documents substantial mental‐health disparities by sexual orientation amongst adolescents, with sexual‐minority youth exhibiting poorer mental health than heterosexual youth. This brief report provides the first empirical account of how the association between sexual‐minority status and adolescent mental health differs depending on who assesses adolescents' mental health (child/mother/father/teacher), and how informant discrepancies in assessments of adolescent mental health differ by adolescents’ sexual orientation.MethodsData come from an Australian national sample of 14‐/15‐year‐old adolescents (Longitudinal Study of Australian Children; n~3,000). Adolescent mental health is measured using multiple measures from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and modelled using multivariable linear regression models.ResultsMental‐health disparities between sexual‐minority and heterosexual adolescents emerged irrespective of who assessed the child's mental health. However, their magnitude varied substantially by informant, being largest when mental‐health was reported by adolescents (~0.7 standard deviations) and smallest when reported by teachers (~0.2 standard deviations). Discrepancies between mental‐health scores collected from the child and other informants were largest for internalising than externalising behaviours, and in child‐father than child‐mother comparisons.ConclusionsUnderstanding informant discrepancies and their meaning is pivotal to designing surveys that generate robust insights into the health of sexual‐minority adolescents, as well as appropriate policy interventions.
Associations Between Social Support and Subjective Symptoms in Disaster-Stricken Ishinomaki, Japan
Authors: Midorikawa-Inomata Akie , Inoue Mariko , Ishiguro Aya , Matsumoto Shoko , Yamaoka Kazue , Yano Eiji 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Natural disasters affect long-term health by directly disrupting or destroying health-care systems and social support. We examined the associations between social support and subjective symptoms (SS) among disaster victims living in their homes approximately 1–2 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, which devastated the northeastern Japan seaboard and far inland, focusing on Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture.Methods:The Health and Life Revival Council of Ishinomaki District conducted door-to-door household surveys between April 2012 and January 2013. Replies to 12 questions regarding social support, specifically emotional, informational, and instrumental, were investigated. SS prevalence was calculated as the proportion of those having any of 8 predetermined symptoms including back pain, neck stiffness, sleep difficulty, dizziness, heart palpitations, poor appetite, or stomachache. Logistic regression analysis by sex was used to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios for the association between SS prevalence and forms of social support.Results:From 4023 households, self-reported data on 2593 individuals from 1709 households were obtained. SS prevalence was 29.1%. Adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that instrumental support with others and emotional support with personal and others were specific associated with SS in men and women, respectively.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that providing social support depending on needs is potentially effective in preventing SS in disaster areas.
Operational Communications: Adapting a Hospital Daily Check-In (DCI) for Expanded Use During Emergency Events
Authors: Bailey Kimberly , Williford Kyle , Cawley Patrick , Wain Matthew J. , Lehman-Huskamp Kathy 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTLow-frequency, high-acuity emergency events can and do occur within health care settings. Having a strong sense of daily situational and operational awareness is the first step in responding to any emergency event. To maintain high reliability, hospital leaders and staff must understand the full impact to the organization as the emergency event evolves. The Medical University of South Carolina health system has implemented the common practice of a daily operations safety briefing, called the Daily Check-In, to communicate any issues that could impact the operational ability of the hospitals within the enterprise, or any other associated resources during a disaster or emergency. Throughout various emergency events, including extreme weather, the Daily Check-In has evolved as a standard process for use during emergencies that is open to all staff and uses highly reliable systems.
Scientific broadcasting as a social responsibility? John Maynard Smith on radio and television in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: PIEL HELEN 
Published: January 2020

AbstractJohn Maynard Smith (1920–2004) was one of Britain's most eminent evolutionary biologists. For over forty years, from 1954 onwards, he also regularly appeared on radio and television. He primarily acted as a scientific expert on biology, but in the late 1960s and the 1970s he often spoke on the implications of science (biology and more generally) for society. Through four case studies, this paper analyses Maynard Smith's scientific broadcasting against developments within the BBC as well as the relation between science and society in Britain. It finds that while Maynard Smith acknowledged and accepted increasing mediation through the BBC and its producers, he stayed publicly and privately critical of both format and content decisions in his reflections on the science–media relationship. At the same time, we find that over a decade before the 1985 report by the Royal Society on the public understanding of science, Maynard Smith came to think of engagement with the public via the media as scientists’ responsibility.
Community versus Commodity in Francophone Canada: A Multilevel Approach to the Neoliberalization of Immigration
Authors: Edwards Catrin Wyn 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSince the 1990s, Canada's francophone minority communities (FMCs) have become increasingly involved in francophone immigration governance, and this trend has coincided with the wider neoliberalization of immigration in Canada. This article analyzes the implications of the growing influence of a neoliberal immigration policy and the narrative of an ideal immigrant on Canada's FMCs by focussing on the francophone Acadian community in New Brunswick, Canada's only constitutionally bilingual province. Making use of three types of sources—semistructured interviews, debates in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and official and archival documents—the article argues that francophone and Acadian organizations have adopted the federal, neoliberal perspective on immigration, placing greater emphasis on economic integration and the creation of a bilingual workforce. Changes in the type of immigrant selected and role of the community in the lives of francophone immigrants create new challenges for minority language communities that define and identify themselves through language use and belonging.
Characterization and metamorphic evolution of Mesoproterozoic granulites from Sonapahar (Meghalaya), NE India, using EPMA monazite dating
Authors: Dwivedi Shyam Bihari , Theunuo Kevilhoutuo , Kumar Ravi Ranjan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper presents three different age domains, obtained by electron microprobe monazite dating, for granulitic gneisses collected from the Shillong-Meghalaya Gneissic Complex in Sonapahar, NE India, which contain radioactive materials, e.g. thorium (3.32–7.20 wt %), uranium (0.133–1.172 wt %) and lead (0.101–0.513 wt %). The microprobe analyses of monazite grains in the rock samples show that the monazites have three different ages ranging from Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic. The oldest age (1571 ± 22 Ma) represents a peak metamorphic event, the youngest dominant age indicates the Pan-African tectonic event (478 ± 7 Ma) and the intermediate age marks the Grenvillian orogeny (1034 ± 91 Ma) or may be a mixing artefact; these ages are located at the cores, rims and intermediate parts of the monazite grains, respectively. The equilibrium mineral phases calculated for the granulitic gneisses from Sonapahar lie in a P–T range from 5.9 kbar/754 °C to 8.3 kbar/829 °C in the NCKFMASH system. Plotting the P–T conditions of the granulitic gneisses reveals a clockwise P–T path. Two major metamorphic events are observed in Sonapahar. The M1 metamorphic stage is represented by peak mineral assemblages of prograde garnet-forming reactions (8.2 kbar/∼713 °C) during Mesoproterozoic time (1571 ± 22 Ma). The M2 metamorphic stage featured decompression (3.9 kbar/∼701 °C) in which garnet–sillimanite broke down to form cordierite along an isothermal decompression path during the Pan-African tectonic event (478 ± 7 Ma).
A naturalistic, long-term follow-up of purging disorder
Authors: Forney K. Jean , Crosby Ross D. , Brown Tiffany A. , Klein Kelly M. , Keel Pamela K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe DSM-5 introduced purging disorder (PD) as an other specified feeding or eating disorder characterized by recurrent purging in the absence of binge eating. The current study sought to describe the long-term outcome of PD and to examine predictors of outcome.MethodsWomen (N = 84) who met research criteria for PD completed a comprehensive battery of baseline interview and questionnaire assessments. At an average of 10.24 (3.81) years follow-up, available records indicated all women were living, and over 95% were successfully located (n = 80) while over two-thirds (n = 58) completed follow-up assessments. Eating disorder status, full recovery status, and level of eating pathology were examined as outcomes. Severity and comorbidity indicators were tested as predictors of outcome.ResultsAlthough women experienced a clinically significant reduction in global eating pathology, 58% continued to meet criteria for a DSM-5 eating disorder at follow-up. Only 30% met established criteria for a full recovery. Women reported significant decreases in purging frequency, weight and shape concerns, and cognitive restraint, but did not report significant decreases in depressive and anxiety symptoms. Quality of life was impaired in the physical, psychological, and social domains. More severe weight and shape concerns at baseline predicted meeting criteria for an eating disorder at follow-up. Other baseline severity indicators and comorbidity did not predict the outcome.ConclusionsResults highlight the severity and chronicity of PD as a clinically significant eating disorder. Future work should examine maintenance factors to better adapt treatments for PD.
Dehydration Melting Below the Undersaturated Transition Zone
Authors: Panero W. R. , Thomas C. , Myhill R. , Pigott J. S. , Raepsaet C. , Bureau H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA reflector 70–130 km below the base of the transition zone beneath Tibet is observed in receiver functions and underside seismic reflections, at depths consistent with the transition of garnet to bridgmanite. Contrast in water storage capacity between the minerals of the Earth's transition zone and lower mantle suggests the possibility for dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle. First‐principles calculations combined with laboratory synthesis experiments constrain the mantle water capacity across the base of the transition zone and into the top of the lower mantle. We interpret the observed seismic signal as consistent with 3–4 vol % hydrous melt resulting from dehydration melting in the garnet to bridgmanite transition. Should seismic signals evident in downwelling region result from water contents representative of upper mantle water globally, this constrains the water stored in nominally anhydrous minerals in the mantle to <30% the mass of the surface oceans.
An efficient analytical reduction of detailed nonlinear neuron models
Authors: Amsalem Oren , Eyal Guy , Rogozinski Noa , Gevaert Michael , Kumbhar Pramod , Schürmann Felix , Segev Idan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDetailed conductance-based nonlinear neuron models consisting of thousands of synapses are key for understanding of the computational properties of single neurons and large neuronal networks, and for interpreting experimental results. Simulations of these models are computationally expensive, considerably curtailing their utility. Neuron_Reduce is a new analytical approach to reduce the morphological complexity and computational time of nonlinear neuron models. Synapses and active membrane channels are mapped to the reduced model preserving their transfer impedance to the soma; synapses with identical transfer impedance are merged into one NEURON process still retaining their individual activation times. Neuron_Reduce accelerates the simulations by 40–250 folds for a variety of cell types and realistic number (10,000–100,000) of synapses while closely replicating voltage dynamics and specific dendritic computations. The reduced neuron-models will enable realistic simulations of neural networks at unprecedented scale, including networks emerging from micro-connectomics efforts and biologically-inspired “deep networks”. Neuron_Reduce is publicly available and is straightforward to implement.
Targeting the tumor vasculature with engineered cystine-knot miniproteins
Authors: Lui Bonny Gaby , Salomon Nadja , Wüstehube-Lausch Joycelyn , Daneschdar Matin , Schmoldt Hans-Ulrich , Türeci Özlem , Sahin Ugur 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe extra domain B splice variant (EDB) of human fibronectin selectively expressed in the tumor vasculature is an attractive target for cancer imaging and therapy. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of EDB-specific optical imaging probes. By screening combinatorial cystine-knot miniprotein libraries with phage display technology we discover exquisitely EDB-specific ligands that share a distinctive motif. Probes with a binding constant in the picomolar range are generated by chemical oligomerization of selected ligands and fluorophore conjugation. We show by fluorescence imaging that the probes stain EDB in tissue sections derived from human U-87 MG glioblastoma xenografts in mice. Moreover, we demonstrate selective accumulation and retention of intravenously administered probes in the tumor tissue of mice with U-87 MG glioblastoma xenografts by in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging. These data warrants further pursuit of the selected cystine-knot miniproteins for in vivo imaging applications.
Evolutionary selection of biofilm-mediated extended phenotypes in Yersinia pestis in response to a fluctuating environment
Authors: Cui Yujun , Schmid Boris V. , Cao Hanli , Dai Xiang , Du Zongmin , Ryan Easterday W. , Fang Haihong , Guo Chenyi , Huang Shanqian , Liu Wanbing , Qi Zhizhen , Song Yajun , Tian Huaiyu , Wang Min , Wu Yarong , Xu Bing , Yang Chao , Yang Jing , Yang Xianwei , Zhang Qingwen , Jakobsen Kjetill S. , Zhang Yujiang , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Yang Ruifu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractYersinia pestis is transmitted from fleas to rodents when the bacterium develops an extensive biofilm in the foregut of a flea, starving it into a feeding frenzy, or, alternatively, during a brief period directly after feeding on a bacteremic host. These two transmission modes are in a trade-off regulated by the amount of biofilm produced by the bacterium. Here by investigating 446 global isolated Y. pestis genomes, including 78 newly sequenced isolates sampled over 40 years from a plague focus in China, we provide evidence for strong selection pressures on the RNA polymerase ω-subunit encoding gene rpoZ. We demonstrate that rpoZ variants have an increased rate of biofilm production in vitro, and that they evolve in the ecosystem during colder and drier periods. Our results support the notion that the bacterium is constantly adapting—through extended phenotype changes in the fleas—in response to climate-driven changes in the niche.
Elastic straining of free-standing monolayer graphene
Authors: Cao Ke , Feng Shizhe , Han Ying , Gao Libo , Hue Ly Thuc , Xu Zhiping , Lu Yang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe sp2 nature of graphene endows the hexagonal lattice with very high theoretical stiffness, strength and resilience, all well-documented. However, the ultimate stretchability of graphene has not yet been demonstrated due to the difficulties in experimental design. Here, directly performing in situ tensile tests in a scanning electron microscope after developing a protocol for sample transfer, shaping and straining, we report the elastic properties and stretchability of free-standing single-crystalline monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The measured Young’s modulus is close to 1 TPa, aligning well with the theoretical value, while the representative engineering tensile strength reaches ~50-60 GPa with sample-wide elastic strain up to ~6%. Our findings demonstrate that single-crystalline monolayer graphene can indeed display near ideal mechanical performance, even in a large area with edge defects, as well as resilience and mechanical robustness that allows for flexible electronics and mechatronics applications.
A predator-prey interaction between a marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. and Gram-positive bacteria
Authors: Tang Bai-Lu , Yang Jie , Chen Xiu-Lan , Wang Peng , Zhao Hui-Lin , Su Hai-Nan , Li Chun-Yang , Yu Yang , Zhong Shuai , Wang Lei , Lidbury Ian , Ding Haitao , Wang Min , McMinn Andrew , Zhang Xi-Ying , Chen Yin , Zhang Yu-Zhong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPredator-prey interactions play important roles in the cycling of marine organic matter. Here we show that a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from marine sediments (Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain CF6-2) can kill Gram-positive bacteria of diverse peptidoglycan (PG) chemotypes by secreting the metalloprotease pseudoalterin. Secretion of the enzyme requires a Type II secretion system. Pseudoalterin binds to the glycan strands of Gram positive bacterial PG and degrades the PG peptide chains, leading to cell death. The released nutrients, including PG-derived D-amino acids, can then be utilized by strain CF6-2 for growth. Pseudoalterin synthesis is induced by PG degradation products such as glycine and glycine-rich oligopeptides. Genes encoding putative pseudoalterin-like proteins are found in many other marine bacteria. This study reveals a new microbial interaction in the ocean.
Observation of extremely efficient terahertz generation from mid-infrared two-color laser filaments
Authors: Koulouklidis Anastasios D. , Gollner Claudia , Shumakova Valentina , Fedorov Vladimir Yu. , Pugžlys Audrius , Baltuška Andrius , Tzortzakis Stelios 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExtreme nonlinear interactions of THz electromagnetic fields with matter are the next frontier in nonlinear optics. However, reaching this frontier in free space is limited by the existing lack of appropriate powerful THz sources. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that two-color filamentation of femtosecond mid-infrared laser pulses at 3.9 μm allows one to generate ultrashort sub-cycle THz pulses with sub-milijoule energy and THz conversion efficiency of 2.36%, resulting in THz field amplitudes above 100 MV cm−1. Our numerical simulations predict that the observed THz yield can be significantly upscaled by further optimizing the experimental setup. Finally, in order to demonstrate the strength of our THz source, we show that the generated THz pulses are powerful enough to induce nonlinear cross-phase modulation in electro-optic crystals. Our work paves the way toward free space extreme nonlinear THz optics using affordable table-top laser systems.
Predictive mapping of the global power system using open data
Authors: Arderne C. , Zorn C. , Nicolas C. , Koks E. E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLimited data on global power infrastructure makes it difficult to respond to challenges in electricity access and climate change. Although high-voltage data on transmission networks are often available, medium- and low-voltage data are often non-existent or unavailable. This presents a challenge for practitioners working on the electricity access agenda, power sector resilience or climate change adaptation. Using state-of-the-art algorithms in geospatial data analysis, we create a first composite map of the global power system with an open license. We find that 97% of the global population lives within 10 km of a MV line, but with large variations between regions and income levels. We show an accuracy of 75% across our validation set of 14 countries, and we demonstrate the value of these data at both a national and regional level. The results from this study pave the way for improved efforts in electricity modelling and planning and are an important step in tackling the Sustainable Development Goals.
Birth weight and prematurity with lung function at ~17.5 years: “Children of 1997” birth cohort
Authors: He Baoting , Kwok Man Ki , Au Yeung Shiu Lun , Lin Shi Lin , Leung June Yue Yan , Hui Lai Ling , Li Albert M. , Leung Gabriel M. , Schooling C. Mary 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe aimed to determine if prematurity and lower birth weight are associated with poorer lung function in a non-western developed setting with less marked confounding by socioeconomic position. Using multivariable linear regression in Hong Kong’s “Children of 1997” birth cohort, adjusted associations of prematurity and birth weight with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of the pulmonary volume (FEF25–75%) at ~17.5 years were assessed. Associations for birth weight were stronger in boys for FEV1 (boys: 0.31 L, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 0.38, girls: 0.18 L, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.25), FVC (boys: 0.36 L, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.44, girls: 0.22 L, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.28) and FEF25–75% (boys: 0.35 L, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.49, girls: 0.22 L, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.34) adjusted for age, socioeconomic position and infant and maternal characteristics. Similarly adjusted, preterm birth (compared to full-term birth) was associated with lower FEV1/FVC and FEF25–75%. Thus, associations of lower birth weight, especially in boys, and prematurity with poorer lung function at 17.5 years were found. Identifying underlying mechanism might contribute to the improvement of pulmonary health and the prevention of adult respiratory illness.