bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbitrary Energy‐Preserving Control of Optical Pulse Trains and Frequency Combs through Generalized Talbot Effects
Authors: Romero Cortés Luis , Maram Reza , Guillet de Chatellus Hugues , Azaña José 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTrains of optical pulses and optical‐frequency combs are periodic waveforms with deep implications for a wide range of scientific disciplines and technological applications. Recently, phase‐only signal‐processing techniques based upon the theory of Talbot self‐imaging have been demonstrated as simple and practical means for user‐defined periodicity control of optical pulse trains and combs. The resulting schemes implement a desired repetition period control without introducing any noise or distortion, while ideally preserving the entire energy content of the signal. Here, recent developments on phase‐only signal‐processing schemes for periodicity control based on temporal and spectral self‐imaging are reviewed. As a central contribution, a comprehensive theory of generalized Talbot self‐imaging, so called phase‐controlled Talbot effect, is presented, comprising all the different approaches proposed to date. In particular, a closed unified mathematical framework for the design of the spectral and temporal phase manipulations that enable full arbitrary control of the period of repetitive signals is developed. The reported numerical studies fully validate the presented theoretical framework and shed light on crucial aspects of the proposed methods, consistently with previously reported experimental results. Important considerations concerning the practical, real‐world implementation of the described schemes, according to the needed specifications for different applications, are also discussed.
Targeting the Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Role in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Haque Md. Ezazul , Akther Mahbuba , Jakaria Md. , Kim In‐Su , Azam Shofiul , Choi Dong‐Kug 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExcessive activation of microglia and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Components of the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain and leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3 inflammasome complex, leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3, caspase‐1, and apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD, are highly expressed in activated microglia in PD patient brains. Findings suggest that neurotoxins, aggregation of α‐synuclein, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and disrupted mitophagy are the key regulators of microglial leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3 inflammasome activation and release of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐18 caspase‐1‐mediated pyroptotic cell death in the substantia nigra of the brain. Although this evidence suggests the leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3 inflammasome may be a potential drug target for treatment of PD, the exact mechanism of how the microglia sense these stimuli and initiate leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3 inflammasome signaling is unknown. Here, the molecular mechanism and regulation of microglial leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3 inflammasome activation and its role in the pathogenesis of PD are discussed. Moreover, the potential of both endogenous and synthetic leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3 inflammasome modulators, long noncoding RNA, microRNA to develop novel therapeutics to treat PD is presented. Overall, we recommend that the microglial leucine‐rich‐repeat‐ and pyrin‐domain‐containing 3 inflammasome can be a potential target for PD treatment. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Characterizing meteorological and hydrological droughts: A case study of the Gediz River Basin, Turkey
Authors: Kumanlioglu Ahmet Ali 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe determination of the drought characteristics of a basin that feeds a reservoir and provides water for agricultural irrigation or energy production is important for the sustainable management of reservoirs. In the present study, the meteorological and hydrological droughts of the upper basins feeding the Demirköprü Reservoir in the Gediz River Basin of Turkey are examined over one, three, six and 12 month timescales. The methods used include the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for defining meteorological droughts, and the standardized runoff index (SRI) method for defining hydrological droughts. The results show that the wet periods are dominant in the water years before 1984, and the dry periods occurred more frequently and were longer after this year in the basin. Owing to a temperature increase, it is determined that the effect of potential evapotranspiration losses on drought events has increased in the years after 2000, and the droughts that occurred after this year have happened more intensively in the basin. The results also show that both the meteorological and hydrological drought trends of the basin are prone to dry conditions and no that change is expected in these trends in the near future. Considering the predicted global climate changes, the results provide a source for describing the characteristics of the meteorological and hydrological droughts observed in the basins for the sustainable management of reservoirs which have a large irrigation area or energy production.
Design of a dual‐polarized reflect‐transmit‐array
Authors: Xi Baokun , Xue Qianzhong , Cai Yang , Wang Yong , Yang Shaopeng , Zhang Rui , Zhang Lianzheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA new low‐profile, dual‐polarized reflect‐transmit‐array antenna which combines the linearly polarized reflectarray (RA) and circularly polarized transmitarray (TA) with a shared aperture is proposed. The antenna adopts a three‐parallel dipole and a two‐surface dipole connected by vias as radiating elements in RA and TA design, respectively. By using the polarized grid, TA is decoupled from RA, which greatly enhanced the efficiency and significantly simplified the whole design process. To minimize the overall thickness, the TA employs double metal layer with two vias instead of multilayer structures. The operating mechanism of the TA layer is then analyzed by characteristic mode analysis. An array prototype with a 256‐mm circular aperture was fabricated and experimentally verified. The measured gains in reflect mode and transmit mode is 27.5 dB with 54.3% aperture efficiency and 26.7 dB with 45.1% aperture efficiency, respectively. This prototype confirms the feasibility of designing a low‐profile, multifunctional, wideband, and high‐efficiency reflect‐transmit array.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI model selection for predicting tumor aggressiveness in papillary thyroid cancers
Authors: Paudyal Ramesh , Lu Yonggang , Hatzoglou Vaios , Moreira Andre , Stambuk Hilda E. , Oh Jung Hun , Cunanan Kristen M. , Aramburu Nunez David , Mazaheri Yousef , Gonen Mithat , Ho Alan , Fagin James A. , Wong Richard J. , Shaha Ashok , Tuttle R. Michael , Shukla‐Dave Amita 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify the optimal tracer kinetic model from T1‐weighted dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) data and evaluate whether parameters estimated from the optimal model predict tumor aggressiveness determined from histopathology in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) prior to surgery. In this prospective study, 18 PTC patients underwent pretreatment DCE‐MRI on a 3 T MR scanner prior to thyroidectomy. This study was approved by the institutional review board and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The two‐compartment exchange model, compartmental tissue uptake model, extended Tofts model (ETM) and standard Tofts model were compared on a voxel‐wise basis to determine the optimal model using the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) for PTC. The optimal model is the one with the lowest AICc. Statistical analysis included paired and unpaired t‐tests and a one‐way analysis of variance. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated from the optimal model parameters to differentiate PTC with and without aggressive features, and AUCs were compared. ETM performed best with the lowest AICc and the highest Akaike weight (0.44) among the four models. ETM was preferred in 44% of all 3419 voxels. The ETM estimates of Ktrans in PTCs with the aggressive feature extrathyroidal extension (ETE) were significantly higher than those without ETE (0.78 ± 0.29 vs. 0.34 ± 0.18 min−1, P = 0.005). From ROC analysis, cut‐off values of Ktrans, ve and vp, which discriminated between PTCs with and without ETE, were determined at 0.45 min−1, 0.28 and 0.014 respectively. The sensitivities and specificities were 86 and 82% (Ktrans), 71 and 82% (ve), and 86 and 55% (vp), respectively. Their respective AUCs were 0.90, 0.71 and 0.71. We conclude that ETM Ktrans has shown potential to classify tumors with and without aggressive ETE in patients with PTC.
MR fingerprinting ASL: Sequence characterization and comparison with dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI
Authors: Su Pan , Fan Hongli , Liu Peiying , Li Yang , Qiao Ye , Hua Jun , Lin Doris , Jiang Dengrong , Pillai Jay J. , Hillis Argye E. , Lu Hanzhang 
Published: November 2019

MR Fingerprinting (MRF)‐based Arterial‐Spin‐Labeling (ASL) has the potential to measure multiple parameters such as cerebral blood flow (CBF), bolus arrival time (BAT), and tissue T1 in a single scan. However, the previous reports have only demonstrated a proof‐of‐principle of the technique but have not examined the performance of the sequence in the context of key imaging parameters. Furthermore, there has not been a study to directly compare the technique to clinically used perfusion method of dynamic‐susceptibility‐contrast (DSC) MRI. The present report consists of two studies. In the first study (N = 8), we examined the dependence of MRF‐ASL sequence on TR time pattern. Ten different TR patterns with a range of temporal characteristics were examined by both simulations and experiments. The results revealed that there was a significance dependence of the sequence performance on TR pattern (p < 0.001), although there was not a single pattern that provided dramatically improvements. Among the TR patterns tested, a sinusoidal pattern with a period of 125 TRs provided an overall best estimation in terms of spatial consistency. These experimental observations were consistent with those of numerical simulations. In the second study (N = 8), we compared MRF‐ASL results with those of DSC MRI. It was found that MRF‐ASL and DSC MRI provided highly comparable maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and bolus‐arrival‐time (BAT), with spatial correlation coefficients of 0.79 and 0.91, respectively. However, in terms of quantitative values, BAT obtained with MRF‐ASL was considerably lower than that from DSC (p < 0.001), presumably because of the differences in tracer characteristics in terms of diffusible versus intravascular tracers. Test–retest assessment of MRF‐ASL MRI revealed that the spatial correlations of parametric maps were 0.997, 0.962, 0.746 and 0.863 for B1+, T1, CBF, and BAT, respectively. MRF‐ASL is a promising technique for assessing multiple perfusion parameters simultaneously without contrast agent.
From Contentious to Contended: An ‘Event’‐ful Account of Karavaran History
Authors: Errington Frederick , Gewertz Deborah 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn 2019, we returned to Karavar, one of Papua New Guinea's Duke of York Islands. Since our last visit 28 years earlier, many with whom we worked had died. However, their children knew about us and were eager for our recollections about the lives and times of their parents. We, in turn, wished to learn about current lives and times. Our conversations, thus, often focused on multi‐generational changes. Significantly, most Karavarans thought that these changes had been for the better. Indeed, they seemed relatively satisfied with their present circumstances. In contrast, the Karavarans we had earlier known were frequently fired up with grievance, disappointment, possibility, and occasional exultation. Here we consider how contentiousness turned into contentment; how, what Karavarans had been, approached what they wanted to be. In understanding this historical process, we consider several ramifying ‘events’: happenings that Karavarans recognized, whether immediately or in retrospect, as interrupting business as usual and, ultimately, as challenging assumptions about the workings of their world.
On the use of graphene to improve the performance of concentrator III‐V multijunction solar cells
Authors: Barrutia Laura , Lombardero Iván , Ochoa Mario , Gabás Mercedes , García Iván , Palacios Tomás , Johnson Andrew , Rey‐Stolle Ignacio , Algora Carlos 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGraphene has been intensively studied in photovoltaics focusing on emerging solar cells based on thin films, dye‐sensitized solar cells, quantum dots, nanowires, and so forth. However, the typical efficiency of these solar cells incorporating graphene is below 16%. Therefore, the photovoltaic potential of graphene has not yet been shown. In this work, the use of graphene for concentration applications on III‐V multijunction solar cells, which indeed are the solar cells with the highest efficiency, is demonstrated. First, a wide optoelectronic characterization of graphene layers is carried out. Then, the graphene layer is incorporated onto triple‐junction solar cells, which decreases their series resistance by 35% (relative), leading to an increase in fill factor of 4% (absolute) at concentrations of 1000 suns. Simultaneously, the optical absorption of graphene produces a relative short‐circuit current density decrease in the range of 0% to 1.8%. As a result, an absolute efficiency improvement close to 1% at concentrations of 1000 suns was achieved with respect to triple‐junction solar cells without graphene. The impact of incorporating one and two graphene monolayers is also evaluated.
Synthesis and crosslinking reaction of a novel polymer containing benzoxazine and phenyleneethynylene moieties in the main chain
Authors: Kobayashi Takumi , Goto Masahide , Minami Masaki , Sanda Fumio 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTA novel polymer, poly(1) containing benzoxazine and phenyleneethynylene moieties in the main chain with number‐average molecular weights ranging from 1400 to 9800 was obtained quantitatively by the Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling polymerization of the corresponding iodophenyl‐ and ethynylphenyl‐substituted monomer1. Poly(1) was heated at 200 °C under N2for 2 h to obtain the cured polymer, poly(1)′ via the ring‐opening polymerization of the benzoxazine moieties. The structures of the polymer before and after curing were confirmed by1H‐NMR, IR, and UV–vis absorption and reflectance spectroscopies. Poly(1)′ was thermally more stable than monomer1and poly(1). A specimen was prepared from a mixture of poly(1) and phenol‐diaminodiphenylmethane type benzoxazine2by heating at 200 °C for 2 h under N2. The poly(1)/2resin was thermally stable than bisphenol‐A type benzoxazine resin3. Poly(1) exhibited XRD peaks corresponding to thed‐spacings of 1.26–0.98 and 0.40 nm, assignable to the repeating monomer unit and alignment of polymer molecules, respectively. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.2019,57, 2581–2589
Determination of the Surface Facets of Gold Nanorods in Wet‐Coated Thin Films with Grazing‐Incidence Wide Angle X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Zhang Peng , Rothkirch André , Koch Marcus , Roth Stephan , Kraus Tobias 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis work studies the surface facets of gold nanorods (AuNRs) in wet‐coated nanoparticle thin films with synchrotron‐light‐based grazing‐incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), which provides statistically relevant results on many nanoparticles. Air‐brush spraying deposits the monodisperse AuNRs into sparse monolayers where the long axis of rods is parallel to the substrate surface. It is found that the crystalline facets of individual AuNRs in the sparse monolayer are all in the same orientation, as indicated by narrow azimuthal widths of (200) reflections, over a macroscopic scale comparable to the substrate. This alignment is probably due to the rods' sitting on high‐index surface facets such as (520) and (250). A quantitative analysis of the angles between bulk facets and the surface facets leads to a “nested‐octagon” model for the cross sections of AuNRs: shell octagon with high‐index crystalline facets (520), (5‐20), (2‐50), (‐2‐50), (‐5‐20), (‐520), (‐250), and (250), and core octagon consisting of low‐index crystalline facets (100), (1‐10), (0‐10), (‐1‐10), (‐100), (‐110), (010), and (110).
Forced expiratory flows and volumes in a Swedish cohort of healthy term infants
Authors: Kosma Paraskevi , Palme‐Kilander Charlotte , Bottai Matteo , Ljungberg Henrik , Hallberg Jenny 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe use of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in infants has increased during the last decades, making the need for equipment‐ and ethnic‐specific reference data mandatory for appropriate interpretation of the results.AimOur aim was to investigate how well the already published reference equations for infant spirometry fit a healthy population of Swedish infants.MethodWe performed forced tidal and raised volume expiratory maneuvers in healthy infants using Jaeger BabyBody equipment.ResultsPFT data were collected from 91 healthy infants aged between 3 months to 2 years at 143 occasions. Mean (standard deviation) z‐scores were 0.68(1.33) for maximal flow at functional residual capacity (V'maxFRC), −0.15(0.96) for forced vital capacity (FVC), 0.40(1.33) for the forced expired volume in the initial 0.5 seconds (FEV0.5) and 0.52(0.93) for the ratio FEV0.5/FVC, respectively. Z‐scores for all indices but FEV0.5/FVC were highly dependent on length.ConclusionsWe have shown that the use of previously published reference equations may result in an age‐related misinterpretation of lung function measure in a Swedish infant population.
Application of MORUSES single‐layer urban canopy model in a tropical city: Results from Singapore
Authors: Simón‐Moral Andrés , Dipankar Anurag , Roth Matthias , Sánchez Claudio , Velasco Erik , Huang Xiang‐Yu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA tropical version of the high‐resolution (300 m) UK Met Office forecast model (UM) using the MORUSES urban canopy parametrization (UCP) is adapted for Singapore. High‐resolution urban surface parameters are determined using a methodology based on Voronoi polygons applied to a 3D building database. The model is evaluated for clear sky and calm conditions at the neighbourhood scale by comparing its predictions with two sources of observations: energy balance data from an eddy covariance flux tower located in a low‐rise residential area, and a network of sensors measuring screen‐level temperature across the city. The model is able to reproduce the diurnal cycle of the surface energy balance fluxes. Net radiation is overestimated which likely follows from an underestimation in cloud cover and effective surface albedo. This overestimation partly explains the overestimation of the sensible‐ and latent‐heat fluxes. The higher model sensible‐heat flux is further hypothesised to be related to the overestimation of modelled canyon sensible‐heat flux. Its peak exhibits a 1 h delay, similar to simulated roof and canyon surface temperature. The model captures the diurnal cycle of temperature at a height of 20.5 m above ground and at screen level. A night‐time cold bias of 0.1–1.1 K and an overestimation of the daytime peak value are observed at both heights. These deviations are smaller than those predicted by other UCPs reported in the literature. A simple method to estimate the capability of an urban model to qualitatively distinguish screen‐level temperature differences across different urban morphologies is developed which shows that MORUSES is clearly able to represent the impacts of different neighbourhoods on the thermal environment.
Investigation of structural and electronic properties by pnictogen substitution in the layered oxypnictides (LaO)ZnPn (Pn = P, As, Sb)
Authors: Muhammady Shibghatullah , Erlyanti Adelya S. , Widita Rena , Darma Yudi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe study the structural and electronic properties of p‐type layered oxypnictides (LaO)ZnPn (Pn = P, As, Sb), calculated by first principles. Pn substitution from P to Sb increases D2d‐type local symmetry distortions at ZnPn4 and OLa4 tetrahedra. (LaO)ZnP and (LaO)ZnAs exhibit direct band gaps (Γ → Γ) of 0.621 eV and 0.528 eV, respectively, while (LaO)ZnSb exhibits an indirect band gap (Γ → 0.2Λ) of 0.029 eV. The band gaps come from valence Pn p
x/p
y and conduction Zn 4s states. Moreover, the substitution increases split‐off energy at Z and Γ points. We find localized valence degeneracy‐lifted Zn 3d states because of the possible second‐order Jahn‐Teller effect, which induces the local symmetry distortions. The localized Zn 3d states are followed by minor bonding s‐p hybridization of Zn and Pn. Above them, we show major bonding s‐p hybridization; O 2p states in electron‐blocking [LaO]+ layers, which are essential for thermoelectricity; and nonbonding Pn p states near Fermi level. In the conduction band, antibonding s‐p hybridization is found. Our result shows new insights and findings of structural and electronic properties, which explain previous experimental results, as the focus of this study is related to inorganic chemistry. This study is important for future functional device applications.
Efficient Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes by AgI‐Bi2MoO6/Vermiculite Composite under Visible Light
Authors: Zhu Pengfei , Wang Ruoxu , Duan Ming , Chen Yanjun , Hu Min , Luo Xinruo , Teng Huan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA novel efficient AgI‐Bi2MoO6/vermiculite adsorption‐photocatalyst is successfully synthesized by sol‐gel method and precipitation method. The structure and properties of AgI‐Bi2MoO6/vermiculite were analyzed by XRD, FT‐IR, XPS, SEM, TEM, BET, and DRS. All the AgI‐Bi2MoO6/vermiculite composites with different AgI content show enhanced photocatalytic performance for malachite green (MG) dye degradation compared to pure Bi2MoO6 and Bi2MoO6/vermiculite composites. The highest degradation efficiency for MG (30 mg/L) via 5 wt%‐AgI‐Bi2MoO6/vermiculite composite (AgI content 5 wt%) photocatalyst (1 g/L) reaches 98.89% in 60 min at pH 9 without salt. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the uniform dispersion of Bi2MoO6 and AgI on the surface of vermiculite, the stable structure, the enhanced adsorption and the widened visible‐light absorption range as well as the faster separation of electron‐hole pairs. Besides, the photocatalyst still shows relatively high adsorption and photocatalytic performance after three times recycling. In addition, the possible photocatalytic mechanism is proposed at the end.