bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Produced by Different Amounts of Oxidant
Authors: Hastuti N. , Kanomata K. , Kitaoka T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The use of oil palm waste as a source of raw materials for nanocellulose production is a promising approach for turning agricultural waste into valuable products. This study aimed to characterize cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) produced by 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO. TEMPO-mediated oxidation was carried out at pH 10 by applying different amounts of oxidant: 10, 15 and 20 mmol/g-cellulose at room temperature for 2 h, where the resultant CNFs were denoted as T-10, T-15 and T-20, respectively. Characterization results revealed that the carbon content of each CNF decreased as compared to the starting pulp, from 40% to ca. 37%. Microscopic analysis showed that the aspect ratios of obtained CNFs remained almost unchanged by increasing the amounts of oxidant, which were ca. 40. The crystallinity indices (CrIs) ranged from 34 to 55%. The carboxy contents of CNFs increased by adding higher amounts of oxidant, but the thermal resistance properties were slightly decreased. High-performance nanomaterials such as TEMPO-oxidized CNFs were successfully prepared to show good characteristics, from low-quality biomass waste such as OPEFB.
Lignocellulosic materials modification and engineering in relation to viscoelastic perspectives
Authors: Dwianto W , Bahanawan A , Darmawan T , Akbar F , Sufiandi S , Adi D S , Damayanti R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
By 2010, only 52% or 94 million ha of the total land area in Indonesia was forested. Therefore, we should develop forest plantation with fast growing species, or better efficiency and quality improvement for the utilization of forest products. The conventional method of fabricating curved wooden products is to cut wooden beams into a curved wood, and to connect them for the expected curve shape. However, the disadvantages of this conventional woodworking process are wasting of wood raw materials, decreasing the wood strength due to fiber cutting, and reducing the beauty of wood fiber direction. These problems can be overcomed by bending solid wood, as well as curving laminated veneer lumber (LVL). The bending method of solid wood requires special technique and equipment compared to curving method of LVL. The development of commercial products is required to understand basic knowledge of wood bending. This paper deals with lignocellulosic materials modification and engineering in relation to viscoelastic perspectives; describing viscoelastic property of wood and other lignocellulosic materials, and development of furnitures and bicycle frames from LVL curves. It is expected that more modified and engineered products can be made from lignocellulosic materials based on the knowledge of their viscoelastic properties.
Time-lapse geochemical exploration utilizing a multi-depth sampling design
Authors: AbuAli Mahdi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The objective of this proposed surface geochemical exploration method is to design a sampling survey in a different way than has been done conventionally. Traditionally, surface sampling is carried out at a depth ranging from 0.5-1.0 meters. A new patented method is proposed to test different depth intervals to reach the optimum depth. The survey is then repeated to verify whether the same results are consistently obtained (time-lapse). A regional east-west transect was chosen to test whether the multi-depth approach would reveal a depth-seepage relationship. The area of interest is ideal for such a study because of its relatively simple petroleum system setting. Hydrocarbons are derived from a single source and trapped in a single reservoir, thereby minimizing or eliminating the risk of confusing signals from multiple reservoirs. The transect runs through a producing well and a dry well for calibration purposes. The geochemical sensors were placed at 1, 5 and 10 meter depths using drilled cased holes along the transect. The sensors were collected after three weeks. A regional trend was established and a comparative model was created, which allowed for contrasting the different depth profiles and validating the resultant geochemical signatures with the typical signature in the area. Encouraging results were achieved from multi-depth seepage profiling in the field, but they were limited by the relatively sparse transect sample pattern. Distinct conclusions were apparent when using both light and mid-range compounds (C2-C5 and C6-C10). The geochemical anomalies suggested an optimal sampling depth for seepage detection based on this study. In some instances positive anomalies were present over undrilled leads in the area. The dataset was modelled using both neural network and linear discriminant techniques. More follow-up work is underway to validate the results by varying the depth profiles, using cased holes vs. non-cased holes, sampling air blanks and repeating the survey to confirm reproducibility of the results (time-lapse effects). The results from this study require validation and future development to improve the technology of multi-depth geochemical profiling before these techniques can be made routine in hydrocarbon exploration. The survey can be conducted concurrently with seismic acquisition to prove the presence of a petroleum charge before making more expensive decisions whether in seismic acquisition or in exploration drilling.
A study on the Identification of Jurassic paleo-oil reservoirs in the Mosuowan uplift, Junggar Basin
Authors: Mi Julei , Wang Pengli , Wang Jian , Gao Xiuwei , Ren Jiangling 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
At present, some small to medium-sized oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered in Jurassic Lower Sangonghe Formation (J1s). Previous studies speculated that the Mosuowan uplift was an important gathering area for oil and gas migration during the middle and late Jurassic, and it had a large-scale oil accumulation. Due to the southern dipping of the basin during the Himalayan Period, the paleo-oil and gas reservoirs formed in the Mosuowan uplift in the early stage migrated from the south to the north and re-accumulated. In this paper, the grain fluorescence technique was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of hydrocarbons and free hydrocarbons in the particles of the reservoir by laser scanning analysis. The fluid stratigraphy analysis technique was used to remove the free natural gas and light hydrocarbons in the reservoir sandstone by vacuum desorption. The two techniques combined with gas measurement of total hydrocarbons, geochemical parameters and oil test results, identify the height of the ancient oil column, and clarify that most of the wells exist in the exploration layer. But the height of the column is generally small, and most of the single layers are less than 20m, indicating that the Mosuowan uplift does not form a broad-cover type of oil and gas reservoir. Most wells don’t have obvious ancient oil columns.
Origin and hydrocarbon source of the Ordovician high wax content oil in Southern Slope Zone of Dongying Depression
Authors: Zhai Zheng , Cao Zhongxiang , Wang Xuejun , Bao Yan , Qi Yanli , Liu Qing 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Exploration has inevitably extended into deep layers with ever-increasing exploration for oil and gas. Oils from Ordovician burial hill are recently discovered from Ordovician burial hill in the south slope of Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay basin, and the oils are characterized by high content of waxy alkanes with a low concentration of biomarker and sulphur content. Several types of oils also existed in the south slope of Dongying depression, such as biodegraded oil, normal oils in Shahejie Formation and high wax oils in Kongdian Formation. Forty-three oil samples and twenty-three source rock samples are finely analysed by inclusion analysis, monomer hydrocarbon isotope analysis and absolute content of biomarkers. On the basis of isotope compositions, biomarkers and integrating the physical properties of the hydrocarbons including densities and PVT relationships, it can be speculated that the oils from Ordovician buried hill and Kongdian Formation have the same source, obviously different from the overlying oils from Shahejie Formation. Combined with maturity parameters, biomarkers, and inclusions analysis, it is speculated that the oils are a secondary hydrocarbon accumulation from the mixing of earlier formed oil and a late formed gas, and the oils of Ordovician and Kongdian bear a typical features of deep Es4 source rocks. Aquatic organism, higher plants and bacteria are the source of the waxy oil, and the gas invasion in geological history should be responsible for the formation of the high waxy oils. This study is helpful for unravelling hydrocarbons accumulation mechanisms and deep petroleum resources evaluation in this area. Besides, the research process in this paper can also be applied to other basins to explore for high wax oil reservoirs.
Effect of CO2 injection on adsorption of methane on shale from the Sichuan Basin in China
Authors: Zhang C , Zhou S X , Li J , Chen K F , Li P P , Sun Z X 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to understand the change of adsorption capacity of methane (CH4) after carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into shale at high pressure condition. The pore structure character and adsorption capacity of CH4 were analysed via low-pressure N2 adsorption and isothermal adsorption measurements for original and supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) treated shale samples from Jiaoshiba area in the Sichuan Basin. The results show that the ScCO2 treated samples have lower specific surface areas, less micropore and mesopore, and more macropore compare to original one. For ScCO2 treated shale samples, specific surface area and micropore decrease with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the absolute adsorption capacity of CH4 in original shale is higher than that in ScCO2 treated ones, indicating that micropore specific surface area is probably the main factor controlling adsorption capacity of CH4 on shale. For all samples, the absolute adsorption capacity of CH4 increase with increasing pressure from 0 MPa to 43 MPa and then tended to be stable.
Formability and Grained Structure Refinement of Cold-Rolled Friction Stir Welded AA5754 Sheet
Authors: Cabibbo Marcello , Paoletti Chiara , Simoncini Michela , Forcellese Archimede 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Among different welding techniques currently available in the market, friction stir welding (FSW) is surely considered as an effective and reliable joining technique. Friction stir welds are characterized by lack of voids, cracks and distortions, as the technique does not involve any material fusion. The grained structure of the weld joint is generally finer than the base material. In particular, the nugget zone (NZ) experiences a dynamic recrystallization process during FSW that generally guarantees a stable very-fine grained structure. In the present study, the effect of cold rolling (CR) on the formability limits, the resulted microstructure, and mechanical response of FSW but joint was investigated. To this purpose, an AA5754 aluminium alloy was used. The FSW was performed with rotational and welding speeds equal to 1200 rpm and 100 mm/min, respectively, and an initial tool sinking of 0.1 mm. Strips extracted from the FSWed sheets were CR, with the rolling direction perpendicular to the welding line. Two setups were used in the CR experiments. One, conventional to determine the formability limit of the FSW AA5754 sheet; a second one performed in a CR set-up designed to induce an equivalent strain ε ∼ 1, in a single passage through the CR gage. This was aimed to make the post-FSW CR able to induce a further grained structure reduction within the NZ.
High Temperature Deformation and Microstructure Evolution Behaviours of 7075 Cast Aluminum Alloy under Multi-pass Loading
Authors: Zhang Ranyang , Zhao Gangyao , Yu Huan , Shuai Gewang , Wu Longtao , Jin Chenbo , He Long , Kang Chunshuang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To analyse the effects of loading pass and heating temperature on the deformation behaviour and microstructure evolution of 7075 cast aluminium alloy, multi-pass high temperature loading experiments on Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation compressor were carried out. The results indicated that under each loading, all the true stress-strain curves are typical dynamic recrystallization curves. As strain increases, the stress increases sharply and then basically remains unchanged when it reaches a maximum value. As temperature rise, the peak value of flow stress slightly decreases when the temperature is less than 350°C, whereas it increases slightly when the temperature is larger than 350°C. The grain was elongated perpendicular to the axis. Only a small amount of fine recrystallized grains were found to nucleate and grow at grain boundaries at a lower temperature (250°C). As temperature increased, the recrystallized grain gradually increases, and its proportion gradually also increases until the recrystallization is basically completed. The achievements can provide a guideline to select processing parameters for the processes of metal forming of 7075 cast aluminium alloy, such as ingot blooming, spinning and extrusion.
The Surface Chemistry of the Mild Steel and Glass Substrates for Thermal Spray
Authors: Xie Wei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The surface chemical condition of substrates plays a key role in single splats formation. Single splats are the foundation of thermal spray coatings. In this study, the surface chemistry of the mild steel and glass substrates were investigated. The result indicated that the 100 °C heat treatment released the absorbents of mild steel substrates. The adsorbed water disappears from the surface of the mild steel sample after one hour of heat treatment at 100 °C; there is no adsorbed water on the surface of the glass sample.
Investigating the Effect of TIG Welding on the Surface Roughness of the Welded Closure of Thin Stainless Steel Tubes
Authors: Al-Badani K. , Elmshawet E. , Tang C. , Kaid T. , Li L. , Liu J. , Wang J. , Ren X. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of thin stainless steel tubes is an important manufacturing process with many applications, in particular for the closure of sheathed thermocouples tubes and thermocouple wells. During the welding process, the microstructure, properties as well as the surface roughness is directly influenced by the setup of the welding procedure and material properties. For the steel tubes of thermocouples, the surface roughness also influences the appearance as well as the wetting behaviour between the probe surface and liquid, which could affect the response of the probe or the maintenance when the probe is used to measure the temperature of liquid and gaseous mediums. In this work, welding tests with controlled parameters and analysis has been conducted on thin austenite stainless tubes of different sizes, the surface roughness of the welded tube is characterised for different welding settings. The data shows that the surface roughness varies between 1-3.5 microns and oxidation patch significantly reduce the smoothness of the surface. The influence of the surface roughness of the tube is investigated and their influence on the service conditions such as wetting/dripping is discussed with reference to typical results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation.
Elastic-plastic Sliding Asperity Interaction of Machined Multiscale Metal Surface
Authors: Li Guoxi , Zhang Kai , Gong Jingzhong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sliding process between asperities of machined metal surface is important to analyse wear mechanisms. Elastic-plastic sliding asperity model based on fractal geometry is proposed in this paper to extend the sliding process of single micro-asperity to a macro-asperity. The contact force, the critical interference and residual interference are calculated with fractal dimension D and fractal roughness G in the multiscale views. The influence of fractal parameters on normal and tangential contact force are studied. The results of the simulation show that the plastic deformation and residual interference are the main factors affecting the contacting force and asperity radius. For smaller G and bigger D surfaces, the sliding interaction of asperities is less remarkable and the plastic force accounts for less in the contact force.
Effect of Bismuth on Sulfide in High Sulfur Free-cutting Steel
Authors: Hu Shaohui , Li Zhiwei , Fan Tian , Fu Jianxun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of bismuth content on the morphology of sulfide in free-cutting steel, different pure bismuth particles were added to SAE1215 high sulfur free-cutting steel to modify the sulfide. The samples were observed and analyzed by metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the size of sulfide decreased with the increase of bismuth content. Bismuth exists in steel in three forms: 1) Bismuth exists alone in steel matrix; 2) Bismuth adheres to sulfide; 3) Bismuth encapsulates sulfide. Sulfide exists in the form of MnS in steel with two morphologies: spherical MnS and rod/dendritic MnS. The sulfide morphology changes from rod or dendritic to spherical or ellipsoid with the increase of bismuth content.
Simulation of the Thermal Contact Resistance Characteristics on Rod Fastening Rotor
Authors: Li Yiping 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The thermal contact resistance model of the rod fastening rotor is improved, which can be more suitable for the engineering condition. By means of numeric simulation, the relationships between characteristics of the heat transfer between contact interfaces and the pre-tightening force of the tie rod, the surface roughness and the temperature of the contact interface are revealed intuitively. The simulation results show that the coefficient of contact heat transfer between the contact interfaces will increases with the pre-tightening pretension of the tie rod, will decreases with the increase of the surface roughness, and will increases with the increase of the surface temperature. It is also shown that the thermal contact resistance between the contact interfaces will have an important influence on the overall temperature distribution and heat transfer of the rod fasten rotor, and the thermal contact resistance between the interfaces must be considered when the temperature field distribution of the rod fastening rotor are accurately researched.
PSO-SVM Model for Classifying Spontaneous Combustion Tendency Grade of Sulfide Ores
Authors: Liu Nianping , Xie Xiaojun , Huang Siqi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three main factor indexes that most reflect spontaneous combustion tendency of sulfide ores were selected such as oxidation increment of ore sample under low temperature, self-heating point temperature and self-burning point temperature as the basic discriminate factors of the classification model. Based on the theory of cross validation and particle swarm optimization(PSO) to optimize the parameters of support vector machine (SVM),the PSO-SVM model for classifying spontaneous combustion tendency grade of sulfide ores was built by using training samples from measured data, and was verified by engineering data. It shows that the model has high predication accuracy, which also is scientific and feasible, it provides a new approach to evaluate the spontaneous combustion tendency grade of ores in any sulfide mines.
Numerical Model and Simulation Analysis of Composite Stringer Docking Structures
Authors: Wei Jingchao , Wang Gang , Cao Su , Chen Xiangming 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Due to the manufacturing restrictions or design requirements, composite structures are usually connected in the form of butt joint near the wing rib or fuselage frame to solve the problem of discontinuity of load transfer. In this paper, the finite element model of butt joint structure is established by simulating the engineering model of metal fasteners and common joint connected by beam element under the action of in-plane load, and the mechanical simulation analysis of typical butt joint configuration is carried out. In the engineering model, the allowable stress value is used to predict the failure of composite material and the classical strength theory is used to predict the fracture failure of metal fasteners. The result show that the strength prediction obtained by the engineering model is in good agreement with the test results, and the application of this method can improve the calculation efficiency of connection strength with complicated multi-fastened composite structures.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Model Compounds Protein and Glucose: Effect of Maillard Reaction on Low Lipid Microalgae
Authors: Tang Xiaohan , Zhang Chao , Yang Xiaoyi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reaction between protein and carbohydrate is important for the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of low lipid microalgae. Model compounds glucose and soy protein were used to simulate the HTL of low lipid microalgae under different conditions. Transfer of element and distributions of compounds were quantified to study the effect of Maillard reaction during HTL. Solid residue was mainly caused by dehydration of glucose. Deamination was the main reaction for protein, although most of the nitrogen was presented in aqueous or gas products, high protein content had bad effects on the quality of bio-crude. Interaction between protein and glucose at optimal ratio could prevent the production of solid residue from glucose and counteract bad effects of protein during HTL, thus promote the quality and yield of bio-crude.
Optimization of Reaction Conditions for Preparing Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Bamboo Scraps by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Chen Weiqing , Wen Ying 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is mainly prepared from cotton linter and wood pulp. The bamboo scraps is a kind of natural lignocellulosic material with rich cellulose content. In this paper, the manufacture process of CMC from pre-treated bamboo scraps was reported. Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were implemented for optimizing the reaction conditions in the light of single factor experiments. The results proved that the optimal factors of carboxymethyl reaction were: pre-treated bamboo powder (contained 91.7% α-cellulose) was added into aqueous ethanol with sodium hydroxide solution, the alkalization kept at 33.6°C for 120min; subsequently, etherifying agent chloroacetic aicd was put into the system and etherification carried out at 54.6°C for 138min. After this preparation process, the product’s viscosity of its 1% water solution was 233 mPa⋅s.
Fractal Analysis on Damage of the Aggregate Gradation Crumb Rubber Concrete Beam with MATLAB
Authors: Sun Hongquan , Wang Jing , Yang Yunxue 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The fractal dimensions of the surface crack of the three concrete beams with different gradations coarse aggregate crumb rubber in damaging state are calculated. The research indicates that the damage evolution process of the test beams is a process of the fractal dimension increasing. The research result reveals the relationship between damage variables and fractal dimension of the test beams. The small particle size of coarse aggregate gradation has the best mechanical characteristics with the increasing load. It provides a new method for studying the mechanical properties of crumb rubber concrete beams.