bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red cell distribution width for prognosis in patients with pulmonary embolism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xing Xiqian , Deng Yishu , Zhu Yun , Xu Shuangyan , Liu Jie , Zhang Chunfang , Xu Shuanglan , Yang Jiao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesPatients with pulmonary embolism (PE) have a higher red cell distribution width (RDW), which may complicate the interpretation of the prognosis of PE. We aim to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the RDW in patients with PE.MethodsEligible studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE from inception to December 23, 2018. The data were pooled using Stata 12 to evaluate the prognostic value. The sources of heterogeneity were detected.ResultsFor the analysis of prognosis, 7 studies with 2146 patients were included, with median RDW values ranging from 13.4% to 15.7% and a median cut‐off point of 18.27%. A total of 247 patients (11.5% mortality) among the 2146 participants died. Overall, RDW was positively associated with the prognosis of PE in the overall analysis (HR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.10‐1.29, I2 = 73.4%; P = 0.000). Subgroup analyses by study design, sex and follow‐up time indicated that they were not sources of heterogeneity.ConclusionsAn elevated RDW has the potential to be a biomarker for prognosis in PE patients.
Outcome domains and measures after lower limb orthopaedic surgery for ambulant children with cerebral palsy: an updated scoping review
Authors: Almoajil Hajar , Wilson Nichola , Theologis Tim , Hopewell Sally , Toye Francine , Dawes Helen 
Published: June 2020

AimTo determine the reported outcome domains and measures used to assess lower limb orthopaedic surgery of ambulant children and young people with cerebral palsy (CP) and map these outcomes to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health – Children and Youth (ICF‐CY) framework.MethodThis updated scoping review included studies published between January 2016 and July 2019 in five databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies were included if participants were ambulant individuals with CP aged between 0 and 20 years who had undergone lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Health outcome domains and measures were identified and classified using the ICF‐CY framework.ResultsForty‐four eligible studies were identified with a total of 40 different outcome domains recorded. Among eligible studies, 44 (100%) measured body function and structural impairment and seven (16%) measured activity limitation and participation restriction. The most frequently reported outcome was gait pattern (n=37, 84%). Few studies reported adverse effects of surgery (n=13, 30%). Twenty‐nine different outcome measures were identified. Patient‐reported outcomes measures were used in 10 studies (23%).InterpretationThe review highlights a heterogeneity in the reported outcome domains and measures used in CP studies. The majority of the reported outcomes focus on the ICF‐CY domain of body function and structure. The review also highlights a notable shift towards patient‐reported outcomes in recent years. Development of a core outcome set for lower limb orthopaedic surgery would guide researchers to use more consistent and complete measurement sets.
Defence variation within a guild of aphid‐tending ants explains aphid population growth
Authors: Devegili Andrés M. , Lescano María N. , Gianoli Ernesto , Farji‐Brener Alejandro G. 
Published: June 2020

Mutualism studies often focus on the service provided by single species, while variation in benefits provided by multiple partners is less understood. Ant‐aphid food‐for‐protection mutualisms are suitable to study the implications of intra‐guild service variation because they often involve several ant species with varying levels of aggressiveness.
We studied an aphid species and its associated ant guild to address whether intra‐guild defence variation against aphid natural enemies explains aphid performance on plants (thistles). We surveyed plants with natural abundances of aphids associated with different ant species and estimated aphid population growth. We conducted confrontation experiments between ant species and aphid natural enemies (ladybugs and hoverfly larvae). In plants patrolled by the most aggressive ant species, we determined the ant's probability of expelling aphid natural enemies and tested whether ant exclusion affects the abundance of aphids and their natural enemies.
The ant Dorymyrmex tener was the most abundant and frequent species on plants and the most aggressive against aphid natural enemies. Aphid populations grew faster on plants patrolled by D. tener compared to plants patrolled by Camponotus distinguendus or D. richteri. Field experiments confirmed that D. tener effectively expels aphid natural enemies from plants. When D. tener was excluded, the density of aphids decreased, while the abundance of aphid natural enemies increased.
The disruption of aphid predation by aggressive and numerically dominant ant species is a determinant of aphid population dynamics. This study illustrates the importance of considering intra‐guild service variation to better understand multi‐partner mutualisms.
How is paediatric dentistry taught? A survey to evaluate undergraduate dental teaching in dental schools in the United Kingdom
Authors: Grindrod Matthew , Barry Siobhan , Albadri Sondos , Nazzal Hani 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe quality assurance of undergraduate dental education in the UK is regulated by the General Dental Council who describe the competencies expected of the newly qualified dentist or “safe beginner.” Whilst the literature has explored the level of undergraduate training in a number of dental specialties within the UK, there is a paucity of information on the UK curriculum for undergraduate paediatric dental teaching.AimsThis study aimed to assess the undergraduate teaching of paediatric dentistry within dental schools in the UK.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all 16 UK dental schools via email.ResultsTwelve questionnaires were completed, giving a response rate of 75%. First exposure to both academic teaching and clinical teaching in paediatric dentistry ranged from years 1‐4. Whilst there were broad similarities between units with regard to core components of the curricula, there were notable differences including the teaching of regenerative endodontics (75%) and the use of the titanium trauma splint (58%). Silver diamine fluoride was only used clinically in one unit (8%), and non‐vital pulpotomy was taught by two units (16%). There was also considerable heterogeneity in assessment methods between universities.ConclusionThe undergraduate paediatric dental curriculum is broadly similar between UK dental schools. However, there are discrepancies in assessment methods and the teaching of new advances.
Multispecies functional responses reveal reduced predation at high prey densities and varied responses among and within trophic groups
Authors: Smith Brian E. , Smith Laurel A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding predator–prey interactions is critical for marine fisheries and ecosystem management as they shape community structure, regulate prey populations and present energy demands critical for community sustainability. We examined multispecies functional responses of 17 fishes (48 predator‐size combinations) spanning piscivores, planktivores and benthivores for the northeast US continental shelf. Similar to previous work, linear relationships between predation and prey density (Holling type I response) were not supported, since model estimates of handling time were greater than zero for the prey considered. Instead, a clear majority of the predators sampled were Holling type III feeders (sigmoidal; prey switching or learning). For piscivores, nearly all responses were Holling type III with the exception of one being Holling type II (hyperbolic; satiation). Planktivores and benthivores exhibited a combination of type IV (feeding confusion at high prey density) and Holling type III responses. The relationships were predator‐ and prey‐dependent, which is counter to assumptions that are often made of trophic groups. Decreased predation at high prey densities (type IV response) present among planktivores and benthivores suggests an overestimation of predation can occur if ignored. This contrasts with fish and squid prey which primarily invoked a Holling type III response. Functional responses are key to modelling trophic interactions for multispecies and ecosystem models. By refining these inputs in a multispecies context with empirical data, we can advance our understanding of whole‐shelf ecology and improve decision‐making tools for resource management.
Management of transboundary and straddling fish stocks in the Northeast Atlantic in view of climate‐induced shifts in spatial distribution
Authors: Gullestad Peter , Sundby Svein , Kjesbu Olav Sigurd 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe introduction of 200 n.m. exclusive economic zones (EEZs) in the late 1970s required increased collaboration among neighbouring coastal states to manage transboundary and straddling fish stocks. The established agreements ranged from bilateral to multilateral, including high‐seas components, as appropriate. However, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not specify how quotas of stocks crossing EEZs should be allocated, nor was it written for topical scenarios, such as climate change with poleward distribution shifts that differ across species. The productive Northeast Atlantic is a hot spot for such shifts, implying that scientific knowledge about zonal distribution is crucial in quota negotiations. This diverges from earlier, although still valid, agreements that were predominately based on political decisions or historical distribution of catches. The bilateral allocations for Barents Sea and North Sea cod remain robust after 40 years, but the management situation for widely distributed stocks, as Northeast Atlantic mackerel and Norwegian spring‐spawning herring, appears challenging, with no recent overall agreements. Contrarily, quotas of Northern hake are, so far, unilaterally set by the EU despite the stock's expansion beyond EU waters into the northern North Sea. Negotiations following the introduction of EEZs were undertaken at the end of the last cooler Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) period, that is, with stock distributions generally in a southerly mode. Hence, today's lack of management consensus for several widely distributed fish stocks typically relates to more northerly distributions attributed to the global anthropogenic signal accelerating the spatial effect of the current warmer AMO.
Collaborative tasks for online language teaching
Authors: González‐Lloret Marta 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOnline language teaching has become a reality for many foreign language programs that have been forced to teach remotely. When developing an online language teaching curriculum (beyond a simple emergency teaching patch), it is important to uphold the same rigor and base our curriculum in methodological and pedagogic choices based on second language acquisition and educational research, and keep in mind that interaction is critical to developing second language skills. This article advocates that, through collaborative technology‐mediated tasks, we can promote productive language output (spoken and written) and the type of interaction that facilitates language learning and motivates students to continue improving their language skills.
Teacher professional development and online instruction: Cultivating coherence and sustainability
Authors: Paesani Kate 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs we work to provide coherent and systematic professional development for online language teachers, a consideration of findings from teacher development research is essential. This essay begins by briefly overviewing this research as well as investigations into teacher learning related to online instruction, with a specific focus on studies grounded in sociocultural theory (Lantolf, 2000, Sociocultural theory and second language learning, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England; Vygotsky, 1986, Thought and language, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA). The main takeaways from this study are exemplified through the teacher professional development efforts currently underway at the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition at the University of Minnesota. The essay concludes with recommendations for crafting a research‐informed professional development program for online language instruction.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer 2019 update by the Japanese Urological Association: Summary of the revision
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroaki , Shiraishi Koji , Azuma Haruhito , Inoue Keiji , Uemura Hirotsugu , Eto Masatoshi , Ohyama Chikara , Ogawa Osamu , Kikuchi Eiji , Kitamura Hiroshi , Shinohara Nobuo , Takahashi Satoru , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Nakagawa Masayuki , Narumi Yoshifumi , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Habuchi Tomonori , Hinotsu Shiro , Fujii Yasuhisa , Fujimoto Kiyohide , Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Mizowaki Takashi , Matsuyama Hideyasu 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesDespite just a 4‐year interval from the last version (2015) of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer, several dramatic paradigm shifts have occurred in the latest clinical practice regarding both the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. Herein, we updated the 2019 version of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer under the instruction of the Japanese Urological Association.MethodsWe previously reported in a revision working position paper for Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bladder Cancer 2019 edition and described the methods of revision detail.ResultsThe major points of change in the 2019 version are presented and explanations are given as follows: (i) introduction of the new reference assessment system; (ii) modification of the risk classification for non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer; (iii) addition of clinical questions for the new tumor‐visible techniques in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer; (iv) inclusion of minimally invasive surgeries for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and immune checkpoint inhibitors for locally advanced/metastatic muscle‐invasive bladder cancer; (v) overview chapter of the histological variant of urothelial cancer and rare cancers of the bladder; and (vi) recommendation of follow up in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and muscle‐invasive bladder cancer.ConclusionsGuidelines should be updated based on the current evidence and updates carried out without delay. The hope is that this guidelines will be assessed by many urologists and will be the cornerstone for the next revision.
Cross talk between intracellular pathogens and cell death
Authors: Demarco Benjamin , Chen Kaiwen W. , Broz Petr 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInfections with bacterial pathogens often results in the initiation of programmed cell death as part of the host innate immune defense, or as a bacterial virulence strategy. Induction of host cell death is controlled by an elaborate network of innate immune and cell death signaling pathways and manifests in different morphologically and functionally distinct forms of death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, NETosis and pyroptosis. The mechanism by which host cell death restricts bacterial replication is highly cell‐type and context depended, but its physiological importance is highlighted the diversity of strategies bacterial pathogens use to avoid induction of cell death or to block cell death signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the latest insights into how bacterial pathogens elicit and manipulate cell death signaling, how different forms of cell death kill or restrict bacteria and how cell death and innate immune pathway cross talk to guard against pathogen‐induced inhibition of host cell death.
The impact of suicide prevention education programmes for nursing students: A systematic review
Authors: Ferguson Monika , Reis Julie , Rabbetts Lyn , McCracken Tara , Loughhead Mark , Rhodes Kate , Wepa Dianne , Procter Nicholas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this systematic review was to locate and synthesize peer‐reviewed evidence regarding the effectiveness of providing suicide prevention education to nursing students. Systematic searches were conducted in seven databases (EMBASE, EmCare, Joanna Briggs, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science). Results were screened in duplicate at two stages: title and abstract, and full text. Critical appraisal and data extraction were also completed in duplicate. Initial database searching yielded 303 results. Following the addition of seven records from relevant reference lists, and the removal of duplicates, a total of 118 results were included for screening. Eight articles were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review; most (n = 5) were quantitative. While all were conducted within university settings, half were stand‐alone education sessions, while the remaining were integrated with existing programmes/courses. The types of education programmes varied considerably across studies, with only three being established, evidence‐based programmes. The studies explore a range of outcomes, which have been narratively categorized as enhanced skills, abilities, and self‐confidence; development of positive attitudes and beliefs; acquisition of knowledge; and programme experience and evaluation. While there is a small body of evidence indicating that suicide prevention education programmes contribute to improvements in skills, abilities, self‐confidence, and attitudes among nursing students, the variability in educational interventions and outcomes, coupled with short‐term evaluation time frames, makes it difficult to fully understand the impact of this important suicide prevention strategy.
Respiratory viral coinfection in a birth cohort of infants in rural Nepal
Authors: Emanuels Anne , Hawes Stephen E. , Newman Kira L. , Martin Emily T. , Englund Janet A. , Tielsch James M. , Kuypers Jane , Khatry Subarna K. , LeClerq Steven C. , Katz Joanne , Chu Helen Y. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcute respiratory illnesses are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality in children. Coinfection with multiple respiratory viruses is common. Although the effects of each virus have been studied individually, the impacts of coinfection on disease severity are less understood.MethodsA secondary analysis was performed of a maternal influenza vaccine trial conducted between 2011 and 2014 in Nepal. Prospective weekly household‐based active surveillance of infants was conducted from birth to 180 days of age. Mid‐nasal swabs were collected and tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus, parainfluenza (HPIV), and bocavirus by RT‐PCR. Coinfection was defined as the presence of two or more respiratory viruses detected as part of the same illness episode.ResultsOf 1730 infants with a respiratory illness, 327 (19%) had at least two respiratory viruses detected in their primary illness episode. Of 113 infants with influenza, 23 (20%) had coinfection. Of 214 infants with RSV, 87 (41%) had coinfection. The cohort of infants with coinfection had increased occurrence of fever lasting ≥ 4 days (OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0), and so did the subset of coinfected infants with influenza (OR 5.8, 95% CI: 1.8, 18.7). Coinfection was not associated with seeking further care (OR 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.5) or pneumonia (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.6).ConclusionA high proportion of infants had multiple viruses detected. Coinfection was associated with greater odds of fever lasting for four or more days, but not with increased illness severity by other measures.
Compressive creep of SiC whisker/Ti3SiC2 composites at high temperature in air
Authors: Dash Apurv , Malzbender Jürgen , Dash Khushbu , Rasinski Marcin , Vaßen Robert , Guillon Olivier , Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe compressive creep of a SiC whisker (SiCw) reinforced Ti3SiC2 MAX phase‐based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) was studied in the temperature range 1100‐1300°C in air for a stress range 20‐120 MPa. Ti3SiC2 containing 0, 10, and 20 vol% of SiCw was sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS) for subsequent creep tests. The creep rate of Ti3SiC2 decreased by around two orders of magnitude with every additional 10 vol% of SiCw. The main creep mechanisms of monolithic Ti3SiC2 and the 10% CMCs appeared to be the same, whereas for the 20% material, a different mechanism is indicated by changes in stress exponents. The creep rates of 20% composites tend to converge to that of 10% at higher stress. Viscoplastic and viscoelastic creep is believed to be the deformation mechanism for the CMCs, whereas monolithic Ti3SiC2 might have undergone only dislocation‐based deformation. The rate controlling creep is believed to be dislocation based for all the materials which is also supported by similar activation energies in the range 650‐700 kJ/mol.
Structure and stability of alkali gallates structurally reminiscent of hollandite
Authors: Juillerat Christian A. , Kocevski Vancho , Klepov Vladislav V. , Amoroso Jake W. , Besmann Theodore M. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSingle crystals of CsGa7O11, RbGa7O11, and RbGa4In5O14 were grown from alkali halide melts and their structures were characterized by single crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction. CsGa7O11 and RbGa7O11 adopt the same structure type, reminiscent of the hollandite structure type, as it contains nearly rectangular channels made up of two dimers of edge‐sharing GaO6 octahedra, and two corner‐sharing octahedron/tetrahedron pairs. The structure of RbGa4In5O14 is more complex and is comprised of indium octahedra, gallium trigonal bipyramids, and gallium tetrahedra, and contains similar sized tunnels as CsGa7O11 and RbGa7O11. CsGa7O11 and RbGa4In5O14 were further characterized by TGA, ion exchange experiments, and DFT studies revealing that both structures are thermodynamically stable up to 850°C; however, CsGa7O11 decomposes to GaO(OH) xH2O when heated in warm aqueous solutions. CsGa7O11 undergoes ion exchange in both an aqueous solution of RbCl and a RbNO3 melt, as predicted by DFT studies, where the ion exchange is more extensive in the RbNO3 melt.
Resistance of pure and mixed rare earth silicates against calcium‐magnesium‐aluminosilicate (CMAS): A comparative study
Authors: Wolf Markus , Mack Daniel Emil , Guillon Olivier , Vaßen Robert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRare earth silicate environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) are state of the art for protecting SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) against corrosive media. The interaction of four pure rare earth silicate EBC materials Yb2SiO5, Yb2Si2O7, Y2SiO5, Y2Si2O7 and three ytterbium silicate mixtures with molten calcium‐magnesium‐aluminosilicate (CMAS) were studied at high temperature (1400°C). The samples were characterized by SEM and XRD in order to evaluate the recession of the different materials after a reaction time of 8 hours. Additionally, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was determined to evaluate the suitability of Yb silicate mixtures as EBC materials for SiC CMCs. Results show that monosilicates exhibit a lower recession in contact with CMAS than their disilicate counterparts. The recession of the ytterbium silicates is far lower than the recession of the yttrium silicates under CMAS attack. Investigation of the ytterbium silicate mixtures exposes their superior resistance to CMAS, which is even higher than the resistance of the pure monosilicate. Also their decreased CTE suggests they will display better performance than the pure monosilicate.