bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of tannase enzyme for degradation of tannin from cashew apple juice: Modeling and optimization of process using artificial neural network and response surface methodology
Authors: Abdullah S. , Pradhan Rama Chandra , Aflah Muhammed , Mishra Sabyasachi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe study was conducted on tannase‐assisted extraction of cashew apple juice at different combinations of tannase concentration (0.01–0.1% wt/wt), incubation time (20–120 min), and incubation temperature (30–50°C) for the maximum reduction of tannin from the juice. The modeling and optimization of process parameters were performed using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The RSM proposed an optimum process condition of 0.079% tannase concentration, 85 min incubation time, and 46°C incubation temperature, whereas the ANN model proposed 0.085% tannase concentration, 89 min incubation time, and 39°C incubation temperature as the optimum conditions. The reduction in tannin content achieved using the optimum conditions proposed by RSM and ANN models were 63.93 and 68.85%, respectively. Statistical parameters such as absolute average deviation (AAD), mean squared error (MSE), and determination coefficient (R2) indicated the superiority of the ANN model with high R2 and low AAD and MSE values.Practical applicationAstringency due to tannin content is the primary reason behind the low consumer acceptability of the cashew apple juice. The application of tannase enzyme during juice extraction has a potential to decrease the tannin content of cashew apple juice. However, the effect of tannase enzyme, on tannin degradation in cashew apple juice has not been systematically studied in details. Hence, a study was conducted to optimize the process parameters of tannase‐assisted juice extraction from cashew apple for maximum reduction of tannin content. More than 68% reduction in tannin content was achieved using the optimized process conditions. This study will help food industries to develop juice from highly nutritious cashew apple with minimum astringency and better consumer acceptability.
Hot deformation behaviour of bimodal sized Al2O3/Al nanocomposites fabricated by spark plasma sintering
Authors: SADEGHI BEHZAD , CAVALIERE PASQUALE , NOSKO MARTIN , TREMBOŠOVÁ VERONIKA , NAGY ŠTEFAN 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThe deformation behaviour of bimodal sized Al2O3/Al nanocomposites were investigated by hot compression tests conducted in the temperature range 350–500°C and strain rates of 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 s–1. The dynamic recrystallisation behaviour of the nanocomposites strongly depended on the forming parameters. The bimodal sized Al2O3 particles played a crucial role in the recrystallised microstructure. The addition of bimodal sized Al2O3 particles led to a significant increase of activation energy of plastic deformation, corroborating the enhanced resistance of the nanocomposite to hot deformation. This was also reflected by the increased compressive yield strength in the nanocomposite due to both dislocation strengthening caused by n‐Al2O3 and preventing the grain growth due to the presence of μ‐Al2O3 at grain boundaries. It was found that with the decrease of Z values, local strain induced by deformation was released and the grain size of aluminium matrix gradually increased, indicating that the main softening mechanism of the bimodal sized Al2O3/Al nanocomposites was dynamic recrystallisation (DRX). The lower the Z value was, the easier the DRX occurred. The highly beneficial role of the bimodal sized Al2O3 reinforcement in improving the high‐temperature performance of aluminium matrix nanocomposite was discussed.
Impact of hearing impairment on early childhood development in Australian Aboriginal children: A data linkage study
Authors: Su Jiunn‐Yih , Guthridge Steven , He Vincent Y , Howard Damien , Leach Amanda J 
Published: July 2020

AimTo investigate the association between hearing impairment (HI) and measures of early childhood development in Aboriginal children at age 5 years.MethodsAn observational cohort study (n = 1037) of children aged 4.0–7.3 years (median 5.4 years), living in remote Northern Territory (NT) communities, was conducted using multiple linked administrative datasets, including the NT Perinatal Data Register, Remote Hearing Assessment records (2007–2015) and Australian Early Development Censuses (AEDC, 2009, 2012 and 2015). Outcome measures were summary and domain‐specific AEDC results using both dichotomous and continuous variables (domain scores).ResultsCompared with normal hearing children, after adjustment for selected confounding factors, those with moderate or worse HI had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.69 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–2.77) for being developmentally vulnerable in two or more of the five AEDC domains. Children with mild HI and those with moderate to worse HI had lower domain score sum by −1.60 (95% CI, −3.02 to −0.18) and − 2.40 (95% CI, −4.50 to −0.30), respectively. There was also evidence for an association between HI and poorer outcomes in the ‘language and cognitive skills’, ‘communication skills and general knowledge’ and ‘physical health and wellbeing’ domains.ConclusionsOtitis media‐related HI is associated with increased risk for poorer outcomes in early childhood development and this risk appears to increase with higher levels of HI. Prevention and early treatment of otitis media will reduce both the disease and the associated negative impact on early child development, especially the development of language, cognitive and communication skills and physical health and wellbeing.
Resolving robust phylogenetic relationships of core Brassicaceae using genome skimming data
Authors: Liu Liang‐Min , Du Xin‐Yu , Guo Cen , Li De‐Zhu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Brassicaceae is an economically and scientifically important family distributed globally, including oilseed rape and the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Although growing molecular data have been used in phylogenetic studies, the relationships among major clades and tribes of Brassicaceae are still controversial. Here, we investigated the core Brassicaceae phylogenetics using 222 plastomes and 235 nrDNA cistrons, including 106 plastomes and 112 nrDNA cistrons assembled from newly sequenced genome skimming data of 112 taxa. The sampling covered 73 genera from 61.5% tribes and four unassigned genera and species. Three well supported lineages LI, LII, and LIII were revealed in our plastomic analyses, with LI sister to LII + LIII. In addition, the monophyly of the newly delimitated LII was strongly supported by three different partition strategies, concatenated methods under Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses. LII comprised 13 tribes, including four tribes previously unassigned to any lineage, that is Biscutelleae as the earliest diverging clade and Cochlearieae as the sister to Megacarpaeeae + Anastaticeae. Within LII, the intertribal relationships were also well resolved, except that a conflicting position of Orychophragmus was detected among different datasets. In LIII, Shehbazia was resolved as a member of Chorisproreae, but Chorisproreae, Dontostemoneae, and Euclidieae were all resolved as paraphyletic, which was also confirmed by nrDNA analyses. Moreover, the loss of the rps16 gene was detected as likely to be a synapomorphy of the tribes Arabideae and Alysseae. Overall, using genome skimming data, we resolved robust phylogenetic relationships of core Brassicaceae and shed new light on the complex evolutionary history of this family.
A history of antimicrobial drugs in animals: Evolution and revolution
Authors: Lees Peter , Pelligand Ludovic , Giraud Etienne , Toutain Pierre‐Louis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe evolutionary process of antimicrobial drug (AMD) uses in animals over a mere eight decades (1940–2020) has led to a revolutionary outcome, and both evolution and revolution are ongoing, with reports on a range of uses, misuses and abuses escalating logarithmically. As well as veterinary therapeutic perspectives (efficacy, safety, host toxicity, residues, selection of drug, determination of dose and measurement of outcome in treating animal diseases), there are also broader, nontherapeutic uses, some of which have been abandoned, whilst others hopefully will soon be discontinued, at least in more developed countries. Although AMD uses for treatment of animal diseases will continue, it must: (a) be sustainable within the One Health paradigm; and (b) devolve into more prudent, rationally based therapeutic uses. As this review on AMDs is published in a Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, its scope has been made broader than most recent reviews in this field. Many reviews have focused on negative aspects of AMD actions and uses, especially on the question of antimicrobial resistance. This review recognizes these concerns but also emphasizes the many positive aspects deriving from the use of AMDs, including the major research‐based advances underlying both the prudent and rational use of AMDs. It is structured in seven sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Sulfonamide history; (3) Nontherapeutic and empirical uses of AMDs (roles of agronomists and veterinarians); (4) Rational uses of AMDs (roles of pharmacologists, clinicians, industry and regulatory controls); (5) Prudent use (residue monitoring, antimicrobial resistance); (6) International and inter‐disciplinary actions; and (7) Conclusions.
A Multi‐Transition Approach to Evaluating Peacekeeping Effectiveness
Authors: Kim Wukki , Sandler Todd , Shimizu Hirofumi 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYPast studies of the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations (PKOs) mainly focus on the preservation of peace. If the transitions from peace to conflict or from conflict to peace are correlated based on grievances or war weariness, then a multi‐transition survival analysis provides more efficient estimates and may limit bias. Our main analysis for 133 country‐based conflicts during 1990–2016 shows that estimates of the two transitions display a significant negative covariance, consistent with grievances and the need for a multi‐transition approach. As a robustness check, we match UN PKOs with the absence of UN PKOs to address nonrandom assignments of PKOs. For the matched and unmatched estimates, we find that UN peace enforcement missions induce a transition from conflict to peace, while UN observation, traditional peacekeeping, and peacebuilding missions limit a transition from peace to conflict. We also show that UN troops, rather than UN police, are more effective in transitioning from conflict to peace and in maintaining peace after conflict. Further robustness runs for alternative subsamples (e.g., just civil wars) support the main results. Our findings indicate the appropriate UN PKO mission type and personnel mix to deploy depending on the conflict’s current state.
The Arabidopsis thaliana gene AtERF019 negatively regulates plant resistance to Phytophthora parasitica by suppressing PAMP‐triggered immunity
Authors: Lu Wenqin , Deng Fengyan , Jia Jinbu , Chen Xiaokang , Li Jinfang , Wen Qujiang , Li Tingting , Meng Yuling , Shan Weixing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPhytophthora species are destructive plant pathogens that cause significant crop losses worldwide. To understand plant susceptibility to oomycete pathogens and to explore novel disease resistance strategies, we employed the Arabidopsis thaliana–Phytophthora parasitica model pathosystem and screened for A. thaliana T‐DNA insertion mutant lines resistant to P. parasitica. This led to the identification of the resistant mutant 267‐31, which carries two T‐DNA insertion sites in the promoter region of the ethylene‐responsive factor 19 gene (ERF019). Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR) assays showed that the expression of ERF019 was induced during P. parasitica infection in the wild type, which was suppressed in the 267‐31 mutant. Additional erf019 mutants were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and were confirmed to have increased resistance to P. parasitica. In contrast, ERF019 overexpression lines were more susceptible. Transient overexpression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that the nuclear localization of ERF019 is crucial for its susceptible function. RT‐qPCR analyses showed that the expression of marker genes for multiple defence pathways was significantly up‐regulated in the mutant compared with the wild type during infection. Flg22‐induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation and reactive oxygen species burst were impaired in ERF019 overexpression lines, and flg22‐induced MAPK activation was enhanced in erf019 mutants. Moreover, transient overexpression of ERF019 strongly suppressed INF‐triggered cell death in N. benthamiana. These results reveal the importance of ERF019 in mediating plant susceptibility to P. parasitica through suppression of pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity.
Sources of Power in Public Negotiations: A Framework Applied to Public‐Public and Public‐Private Negotiations
Authors: Mandell Brian S. , Petraeus Stephen , Subramanian Guhan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe negotiation literature has extensively examined the topic of power and how it can be wielded. Numerous frameworks have been created and utilized in the various treatises on negotiations; analyzing the power differential in any given situation is a common teaching technique. However, despite this focus on the topic, discussions of power have been mainly focused on negotiations in the private sector. As a result, many of the most common frameworks are oriented toward this type of situation, resulting in a clumsy application to a public‐sector negotiation.Given the growing importance of negotiations to public‐sector leaders, we provide a new structure for analyzing power that can be utilized in such situations. For a municipal leader confronted with a complex public‐private partnership, it is important to have the right tools to use when examining the power dynamics at play. After examining several current models of power, as well as other writings on the topic in negotiation and strategy literature, we present a new model. This model divides power into different categories based on whether it stems from formal or informal mechanisms, and then offers several specific forms relevant to the public sector.We then use this new model to examine a case study involving the new mayor of Manchester, New Hampshire and her efforts to negotiate a better response to the opioid and homelessness crisis. This case study illustrates the unique nature of public sector negotiations and provides a roadmap for negotiators looking to use our new framework.
Nutraceuticals as potential therapeutics for vesicant‐induced pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Businaro Rita , Maggi Elisa , Armeli Federica , Murray Alexa , Laskin Debra L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractExposure to vesicants, including sulfur mustard and nitrogen mustard, causes damage to the epithelia of the respiratory tract and the lung. With time, this progresses to chronic disease, most notably, pulmonary fibrosis. The pathogenic process involves persistent inflammation and the release of cytotoxic oxidants, cytokines, chemokines, and profibrotic growth factors, which leads to the collapse of lung architecture, with fibrotic involution of the lung parenchyma. At present, there are no effective treatments available to combat this pathological process. Recently, much interest has focused on nutraceuticals, substances derived from plants, herbs, and fruits, that exert pleiotropic effects on inflammatory cells and parenchymal cells that may be useful in reducing fibrogenesis. Some promising results have been obtained with nutraceuticals in experimental animal models of inflammation‐driven fibrosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the putative preventive/therapeutic efficacy of nutraceuticals in progressive pulmonary fibrosis, with a focus on their activity against inflammatory reactions and profibrotic cell differentiation.
Effectiveness of school‐based interventions to prevent obesity among children aged 4 to 12 years old in middle‐income countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Singhal Juhi , Herd Clare , Adab Peymane , Pallan Miranda 
Published: July 2020

SummaryEconomic and accompanying nutrition transition in middle‐income countries is resulting in rapidly increasing childhood obesity prevalence, exceeding acceleration rates in the West. Previous school‐based obesity prevention reviews have mainly included studies from high‐income countries. This review aimed to summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of school‐based interventions in preventing childhood obesity in middle‐income countries. Six electronic databases were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, LILACS, IBECS and WPRIM. Eligibility criteria included middle‐income country setting, randomized/cluster‐randomized controlled trials, children aged 4–12 years and school‐based interventions targeting dietary intake and/or physical activity. Twenty‐one cluster‐randomized controlled trials, conducted in Asia (n = 10), South America (n = 4), North America (n = 4) and the Middle East (n = 3), were included. Fifteen studies reported a significant intervention effect on at least one adiposity‐related outcome. Characteristics of effective interventions included combined diet and PA interventions, school teacher‐delivery, duration of >8 months, parental involvement, education sessions and school food modifications. The risk of bias in these trials was mixed. The pooled estimate of the odds ratio for obesity in intervention versus control schools (nine studies) was 0.77; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.94; p = 0.009. In conclusion, there is some evidence to support school‐based interventions in preventing childhood obesity in middle‐income countries.
Gestational weight gain and delivery outcomes: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Xu Huiling , Arkema Elizabeth V. , Cnattingius Sven , Stephansson Olof , Johansson Kari 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundGestational weight gain is a modifiable factor that could impact maternal and infant health. However, its effect on delivery outcomes is not well established.ObjectivesTo investigate the associations between gestational weight gain and delivery outcomes stratified by early‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI).MethodsThe study population included singleton livebirths in the Stockholm‐Gotland obstetric cohort (January 2008 to October 2014; n = 174 953). The exposure was total gestational weight gain standardised into gestational‐age‐specific z‐scores by using previously defined Swedish pregnancy weight gain‐for‐gestational age charts. The outcomes included caesarean delivery (overall, elective, and emergency), instrumental vaginal delivery, induction of labour, and postpartum haemorrhage. Confounders included maternal age, maternal height, parity, smoking status, cohabitation status, chronic hypertension, and pre‐pregnancy diabetes. Logistic regression models with marginal standardisation were used to estimate risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each delivery outcome stratified by early‐pregnancy BMI.ResultsAbove average weight gain (z‐score ≥ 0.50 SD) increased risks of caesarean delivery (from RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00, 1.15 to RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.35, 1.55 across BMI groups), induction of labour (from RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04, 1.23 to RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.25, 1.51 across BMI groups except underweight), and postpartum haemorrhage (from RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.07, 1.19 to RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09, 1.41 among normal and overweight). Below average weight gain (z‐score <−0.50 SD) decreased caesarean delivery risk (from RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61, 0.93 to RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84, 0.95 across BMI groups except underweight).ConclusionsIn normal and overweight women, the risks of caesarean delivery, induction of labour, and postpartum haemorrhage increased with gestational weight gain. In obese women, higher gestational weight gain increased risks of caesarean delivery and induction of labour. Low gestational weight gain reduced risk of caesarean delivery in all BMI groups except underweight.
Reconsidering electrophysiological markers of response inhibition in light of trigger failures in the stop‐signal task
Authors: Skippen P. , Fulham W. R. , Michie P. T. , Matzke D. , Heathcote A. , Karayanidis F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the neural correlates underpinning response inhibition using a parametric ex‐Gaussian model of stop‐signal task performance, fit with hierarchical Bayesian methods, in a large healthy sample (N = 156). The parametric model accounted for both stop‐signal reaction time (SSRT) and trigger failure (i.e., failures to initiate the inhibition process). The returned SSRT estimate (SSRTEXG3) was attenuated by ≈65 ms compared to traditional nonparametric SSRT estimates (SSRTint). The amplitude and latency of the N1 and P3 event‐related potential components were derived for both stop‐success and stop‐failure trials and compared to behavioral estimates derived from traditional (SSRTint) and parametric (SSRTEXG3, trigger failure) models. Both the fronto‐central N1 and P3 peaked earlier and were larger for stop‐success than stop‐failure trials. For stop‐failure trials only, N1 peak latency correlated with both SSRT estimates as well as trigger failure and temporally coincided with SSRTEXG3, but not SSRTint. In contrast, P3 peak and onset latency were not associated with any behavioral estimates of inhibition for either trial type. While the N1 peaked earlier for stop‐success than stop‐failure trials, this effect was not found in poor task performers (i.e., high trigger failure/slow SSRT). These findings are consistent with attentional modulation of both the speed and reliability of the inhibition process, but not for poor performers. Together with the absence of any P3 onset latency effect, our findings suggest that attentional mechanisms are important in supporting speeded and reliable inhibition processes required in the stop‐signal task.
Analyzing Collision, Grounding, and Sinking Accidents Occurring in the Black Sea Utilizing HFACS and Bayesian Networks
Authors: Uğurlu Özkan , Yıldız Serdar , Loughney Sean , Wang Jin , Kuntchulia Shota , Sharabidze Irakli 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study examines and analyzes marine accidents that have occurred over the past 20 years in the Black Sea. Geographic information system, human factor analysis and classification system (HFACS), and Bayesian network models are used to analyze the marine accidents. The most important feature distinguishing this study from other studies is that this is the first study to analyze accidents that have occurred across the whole Black Sea. Another important feature is the application of a new HFACS structure to reveal accident formation patterns. The results of this study indicate that accidents occurred in high concentrations in coastal regions of the Black Sea, especially in the Kerch Strait, Novorossiysk, Kilyos, Constanta, Riva, and Batumi regions. The formation of grounding and sinking accidents has been found to be similar in nature; the use of inland and old vessels has been highlighted as important factors in sinking and grounding incidents. However, the sequence of events leading to collision‐contact accidents differs from the sequence of events resulting in grounding and sinking accidents. This study aims to provide information to the maritime industry regarding the occurrence of maritime incidents in the Black Sea, in order to assist with reduction and prevention of the marine accidents.