bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unique Versatility of the Double Metal Cyanide (DMC) Catalyst: Introducing Siloxane Segments to Polypropylene Oxide by Ring‐Opening Copolymerization
Authors: Mohr Rebecca , Wagner Manfred , Zarbakhsh Sirus , Frey Holger 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe combination of hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) blocks with hydrophilic polyether segments plays a key role for silicone surfactants. Capitalizing on the double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst, the direct (i.e., statistical) copolymerization of cyclic siloxanes and epoxides is shown to be feasible. The solvent‐free one‐pot copolymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane and propylene oxide results in the formation of gradient propylene oxide (PPO)‐PDMS copolymers. Copolymers with up to 46% siloxane content with low dispersities (Ð < 1.2) are obtained in the molecular weight range of 2100–2900 g mol–1. The polymerization kinetics are investigated by pressure monitoring and in situ 1H and in situ 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Contact angle measurements reveal the impact of siloxane incorporation manifest in strongly increased hydrophobicity of PPO‐PDMS copolymers and a glass transition of −95 °C for 46% SiO content. This unusual copolymerization offers promise for the synthesis of silicone/polyether polyols.
Dental plaque removal ability of different power toothbrushes: a preliminary study of a novel automated toothbrush
Authors: Saghiri Mohammad Ali , Saghiri Ali Mohammad , Asatourian Armen , Nath Devyani 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough currently used power toothbrushes have shown promising results in comparison with manual toothbrushes, automated toothbrushes have risen recently to improve oral hygiene and fulfil the limitations of dexterity of users. The present study intends to evaluate the efficacy of dental plaque removal ability of two automated toothbrushes: V‐White and a recently developed mechanical toothbrush, Cyberbrush, with an ultrasonic power toothbrush by using the typodont model. Typodonts were divided into four quadrants and further divided into four zones each (two teeth per zone). Photographs were taken from each area, with unstained typodonts ‐ negative control (0% plaque), and typodonts were covered with black chalk and used as a positive control (100% plaque). Three typodonts were prepared according to three experimental groups, including (1) FairyWill, (2) Cyberbrush and (3) V‐White toothbrush. Toothbrushing was performed for 2 min, and then, photographs were taken per zone of each typodont, imported into the ImageJ software, and the percentage of the remaining dental plaque was measured. Data were analysed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests at the level of significance p < .05. The highest percentage of dental plaque was detected in the V‐White toothbrush group, and the lowest was seen in the FairyWill group. Significant differences were only noticed between the groups of V‐White toothbrushes with the other two groups (p < .05). Within 2 min of brushing time, neither the ultrasonic and nor the automated toothbrushes could completely remove the artificial dental plaque.
Upper airway stimulation for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA): A new paradigm of treatment
Authors: Aluffi Valletti Paolo , Dell’Era Valeria , Farri Filippo , Braghiroli Alberto 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is a chronic condition, caused by anatomical factors associated with a progressive loss of muscular tone of the tongue and pharyngeal walls, producing upper airways collapse with oxygen desaturation during sleep. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) is an innovative and physiological technique, with validated positive effects, to treat patients with OSA who have failed or refused continuous positive airway (cPAP) standard therapy. HNS is a mixed medical and surgical procedure consisting of an electrical stimulation of the medial branches of the hypoglossal nerve—activating the genioglossus muscle (GM) that is the primary protrusor muscle of the tongue—by an implanted cuff electrode connected to a pulse generator and to a respiratory‐sensing lead. The purpose of HNS is to increase the neuromuscular activity and the tone of the tongue during sleep in order to avoid upper airway collapse and improve airflow. Compared to traditional surgical procedures, HNS is more conservative and produces a titratable and potentially reversible activation of upper airway dilatators muscles, without definitive anatomical modifications. A strict multidisciplinar approach, from patient clinical evaluation to neurostimulator programming and follow‐up, is of crucial importance to achieve a successful implantation. Limitations of HNS are the uncertainty about the long‐term adherence and effectiveness and high costs of the device. Further clinical studies are needed to improve the technological features of the current devices and to optimize patients selection criteria in order to identify best responders and to achieve higher cure rates.
Cross‐modality deep learning: Contouring of MRI data from annotated CT data only
Authors: Kieselmann Jennifer P. , Fuller Clifton D. , Gurney‐Champion Oliver J. , Oelfke Uwe 
Published: November 2020

PurposeOnline adaptive radiotherapy would greatly benefit from the development of reliable auto‐segmentation algorithms for organs‐at‐risk and radiation targets. Current practice of manual segmentation is subjective and time‐consuming. While deep learning‐based algorithms offer ample opportunities to solve this problem, they typically require large datasets. However, medical imaging data are generally sparse, in particular annotated MR images for radiotherapy. In this study, we developed a method to exploit the wealth of publicly available, annotated CT images to generate synthetic MR images, which could then be used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to segment the parotid glands on MR images of head and neck cancer patients.MethodsImaging data comprised 202 annotated CT and 27 annotated MR images. The unpaired CT and MR images were fed into a 2D CycleGAN network to generate synthetic MR images from the CT images. Annotations of axial slices of the synthetic images were generated by propagating the CT contours. These were then used to train a 2D CNN. We assessed the segmentation accuracy using the real MR images as test dataset. The accuracy was quantified with the 3D Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff distance (HD), and mean surface distance (MSD) between manual and auto‐generated contours. We benchmarked the approach by a comparison to the interobserver variation determined for the real MR images, as well as to the accuracy when training the 2D CNN to segment the CT images.ResultsThe determined accuracy (DSC: 0.77±0.07, HD: 18.04±12.59mm, MSD: 2.51±1.47mm) was close to the interobserver variation (DSC: 0.84±0.06, HD: 10.85±5.74mm, MSD: 1.50±0.77mm), as well as to the accuracy when training the 2D CNN to segment the CT images (DSC: 0.81±0.07, HD: 13.00±7.61mm, MSD: 1.87±0.84mm).ConclusionsThe introduced cross‐modality learning technique can be of great value for segmentation problems with sparse training data. We anticipate using this method with any nonannotated MRI dataset to generate annotated synthetic MR images of the same type via image style transfer from annotated CT images. Furthermore, as this technique allows for fast adaptation of annotated datasets from one imaging modality to another, it could prove useful for translating between large varieties of MRI contrasts due to differences in imaging protocols within and between institutions.
Magnetic resonance imaging with submillisecond temporal resolution
Authors: Zhong Zheng , Sun Kaibao , Karaman M. Muge , Zhou Xiaohong Joe 
Published: November 2020

PurposeTo demonstrate an MRI technique—Submillisecond Periodic Event Encoded Dynamic Imaging (SPEEDI)—for capturing cyclic dynamic events with submillisecond temporal resolution.MethodsThe SPEEDI technique is based on an FID or an echo signal in which each time point in the signal is used to sample a distinct k‐space raster, followed by repeated FIDs or echoes to produce the remaining k‐space data in each k‐space raster. All acquisitions are synchronized with a cyclic event, resulting in a set of time‐resolved images of the cyclic event with a temporal resolution determined by the dwell time. In SPEEDI, spatial encoding is accomplished by phase encoding. The SPEEDI technique was demonstrated in two experiments at 3 T to (1) visualize fast‐changing electric currents that mimicked the waveform of an action potential, and (2) characterize rapidly decaying eddy currents in an MRI system, with a temporal resolution of 0.2 ms and 0.4 ms, respectively. In both experiments, compressed sensing was incorporated to reduce the scan times. Phase difference maps related to the dynamics of electric currents or eddy currents were then obtained.ResultsIn the first experiment, time‐resolved phase maps resulting from the action potential–mimicking current waveform were successfully obtained and agreed well with theoretical calculations (normalized RMS error = 0.07). In the second experiment, spatially resolved eddy current phase maps revealed time constants (27.1 ± 0.2 ms, 41.1 ± 3.5 ms, and 34.8 ± 0.7 ms) that matched well with those obtained from an established method using point sources (26.4 ms, 41.2 ms and 34.8 ms). For both experiments, phase maps from fully sampled and compressed‐sensing–accelerated k‐space data exhibited a high structural similarity (> 0.8) despite a two‐fold to three‐fold acceleration.ConclusionsWe have illustrated that SPEEDI can provide submillisecond temporal resolution. This capability will likely lead to future exploration of ultrafast, cyclic biomedical processes using MRI.
Dissolved 129Xe lung MRI with four‐echo 3D radial spectroscopic imaging: Quantification of regional gas transfer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Collier Guilhem J. , Eaden James A. , Hughes Paul J. C. , Bianchi Stephen M. , Stewart Neil J. , Weatherley Nicholas D. , Norquay Graham , Schulte Rolf F. , Wild Jim M. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeImaging of the different resonances of dissolved hyperpolarized xenon‐129 (129Xe) in the lung is performed using a four‐echo flyback 3D radial spectroscopic imaging technique and is evaluated in healthy volunteers (HV) and subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).Theory and Methods10 HV and 25 subjects with IPF underwent dissolved 129Xe MRI at 1.5T. IPF subjects underwent same day pulmonary function tests to measure forced vital capacity and the diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). A four‐point echo time technique with k‐space chemical‐shift modeling of gas, dissolved 129Xe in lung tissue/plasma (TP) and red blood cells (RBC) combined with a 3D radial trajectory was implemented within a 14‐s breath‐hold.ResultsResults show an excellent chemical shift separation of the dissolved 129Xe compartments and gas contamination removal, confirmed by a strong agreement between average imaging and global spectroscopy RBC/TP ratio measurements. Subjects with IPF exhibited reduced imaging gas transfer when compared to HV. A significant increase of the amplitude of RBC signal cardiogenic oscillation was also observed. In IPF subjects, DLCO% predicted was significantly correlated with RBC/TP and RBC/GAS ratios and the correlations were stronger in the inferior and periphery sections of the lungs.ConclusionLung MRI of dissolved 129Xe was performed with a four‐echo spectroscopic imaging method. Subjects with IPF demonstrated reduced xenon imaging gas transfer and increased cardiogenic modulation of dissolved xenon signal in the RBCs when compared to HV.
Novel applications of the magnetohydrodynamics couple stress fluid flows between two plates with fractal‐fractional derivatives
Authors: Akgül Ali , Siddique Imran 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this work, we study the applications of recently introduced nonlocal differential operators with fractional order and fractal dimension referred as fractal‐fractional differential operators in fluid dynamics. We consider the magnetohydrodynamics couple stress fluid flows between two parallel plates such that the lower plate is at rest while the upper plate is acting with constant velocity. For each operator, we demonstrate a comprehensive analysis containing numerical solutions and stability investigation.
Diabetic polyneuropathy and neuropathic pain: findings from a qualitative study
Authors: Vogel Signe , Gylfadottir Sandra Sif , Finnerup Nanna Brix , Jensen Troels Staehelin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDiabetic polyneuropathy and painful diabetic polyneuropathy are common long‐term complications of diabetes. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the impact of diabetic polyneuropathy and painful diabetic polyneuropathy symptoms on the participants’ quality of life.Individual interviews were conducted in order to examine how diabetic polyneuropathy and painful diabetic polyneuropathy symptoms are experienced and how they impact on quality of life. The participants were all recruited from a large cohort of patients from a cross‐sectional, nationwide, population‐based study of diabetic polyneuropathy within adult patients with type 2 diabetes in Denmark. Narratives were elicited from the interview transcripts and then analysed in order to identify themes and patterns within and across interviews.Seventeen people participated in the study; seven were diagnosed with diabetic polyneuropathy and 10 were diagnosed with painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Analysis of the data showed that diabetic polyneuropathy and painful diabetic polyneuropathy symptoms can significantly exacerbate the illness burden of type 2 diabetes. The patients’ experiences of symptoms do not always correspond with the biomedical measurement of these, and patients do not necessarily experience the same symptoms in the same way as their individual context affects their perception.Diabetic polyneuropathy and painful diabetic polyneuropathy can be severe complications of type 2 diabetes and in order to assess the impact on quality of life an individualistic and holistic approach is necessary. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
Joining laser‐sintered with injection‐molded parts made of PA12 using infrared welding
Authors: Wolf Michael , Drummer Dietmar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLaser‐sintering offers the possibility to produce complex and individualized components cost‐effectively. To fully exploit the advantages of laser‐sintering in assemblies with mass‐produced components, high‐performance joining processes like welding are necessary. Thus, a cost‐effective customization of products can be enabled, which allows to follow the increasing trend of individualization. Infrared welding, in particular, can also be suitable for complex laser‐sintered parts due to the reduced transverse forces during joining, compared to other welding processes. The investigations show that high strength between PA12 laser‐sintered and injection‐molded components can be achieved by infrared welding. The bond strength is mainly influenced by the welding parameters. Especially a low weld pressure leads to high achievable strengths and failure outside the weld seam. Joints between laser‐sintered parts and glass fiber reinforced injection‐molded components demonstrate the transferability of the obtained knowledge. The residual melt layer thickness of the joint decreases with increasing weld pressure, as the morphological characterization shows. Besides, the typical morphological seam structure can be seen on the side of the injection‐molded component. In the area of the laser‐sintered components, a deviating morphological structure can be observed. Distinctive flow lines can be observed, spherulitic structures can only partially be seen as well as deformed spherulites.
Biomass‐Templated Preparation of Hierarchically Multi‐Functional Ni/NiO@C Hollow‐Fibers
Authors: Su Bitao , Wang Yangchen , Luo Hao , Zhong Ming , Lei Ziqiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTwo series of hierarchically Ni/NiO@C hollow‐fibers with magnetic, adsorptive, and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) properties are successfully prepared via a facile and green cotton fiber (CF)‐templated dipping/adsorbing‐calcining strategy. The effect of calcination temperature and CF amount on morphologies, components, and properties of the as‐prepared materials is investigated. The results demonstrate that a proper CF template can endow the as‐obtained materials with hierarchically hollow‐fiber morphology and multi‐components (Ni0, NiO, and C) at a certain calcination temperature, therefore providing excellent magnetic, adsorptive, and electrocatalytic OER and HER properties. Specifically, the unique hierarchical morphology and synergistic effect between Ni0 and NiO remarkably enhance OER and HER properties of as‐prepared samples. This strategy is low‐cost, simple, eco‐friendly, and could be extended to prepare other composites with multi‐components and functionalities.
Taxonomical diversity and palaeobiogeographical affinity of belemnites from the Pliensbachian–ToarcianGSSP(Lusitanian Basin, Portugal)
Authors: Rita Patrícia , Weis Robert , Duarte Luís V. , De Baets Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHigh‐resolution analysis of the late Pliensbachian – early Toarcian belemnite assemblages from the Peniche section (Lusitanian Basin) has enabled, for the first time, recognition of eight taxa of the suborder Belemnitina, previously reported from contemporaneous north‐west Tethyan and Arctic sections. The presence ofBairstowius amaliaesp. nov. in the late Pliensbachian (emaciatumZone) represents a novelty given that hitherto the genusBairstowiuswas known only from late Sinemurian and early Pliensbachian deposits. Additionally, the replacement ofBairstowius amaliaebyCatateuthis longiforma, during the latest Pliensbachian, suggests an evolutionary relationship between the two taxa. This relationship suggests a new scenario for the subsequent development of endemic Toarcian Boreal–Arctic faunas, characterized by the occurrence ofCatateuthis. Comparison of the Peniche belemnite fauna with coeval faunas from the Mediterranean/Submediterranean and Euro‐Boreal domains indicates taxonomic uniformity during the late Pliensbachian and early Toarcian (emaciatumandpolymorphumZones), in the north‐west Tethys. Despite the lack of a marked taxonomic turnover, the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary corresponds to a slight decrease in diversity observed not only in the Lusitanian Basin but also in coeval north‐western European basins. Ordination and cluster analyses indicate that the largest changes in belemnite diversity and palaeogeographical distribution occurred rather during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (base of thelevisoniZone). This event is marked by the extinction of taxa, affecting more severely the Mediterranean/Submediterranean domain and resulting in a more pronounced provincial differentiation among north‐western European and Arctic belemnite faunas.
Herstellung von 3D‐gedruckten Stahlknoten
Authors: Bergmann Jean Pierre , Lange Jörg , Hildebrand Jörg , Eiber Mathias , Erven Maren , Gaßmann Christof , Chiang Chen‐Hao , Lenz Claus , Röder Thorsten , Bashariar Wais 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEs wird ein Einblick in die Vorgehensweise zur Fertigung von Knotenstrukturen im Stahlbau mittels Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) und der numerischen und experimentellen Untersuchung der Knotenstrukturen gegeben. Ausgehend von der geometrischen Komplexität sich schneidender Profilstäbe aus Stahl werden wesentliche Punkte bei der simulationsgestützten Ermittlung von Knotenstrukturen beschrieben. In Abhängigkeit von den Lastfällen können unterschiedliche Strukturen in der Topologieoptimierung gefunden werden. Für die Herstellung der Knotenstruktur durch das Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing müssen die numerisch gefundene Geometrie angepasst sowie Varianten der Bahnplanung entwickelt und bewertet werden. Dabei wird auch der Einfluss von Prozessparametern auf Verzug, Endkonturnähe und mechanische Eigenschaften der Bauteile untersucht. Für die Prognose von Spannungs‐ und Verformungszuständen des Knotens wird eine vereinfachte thermische und mechanische Analyse des Herstellungsprozesses durchgeführt. Weiter wird ein Verfahren für eine In‐situ‐Bauteilprüfung vorgestellt, welche Prozessunregelmäßigkeiten anhand von Sensordaten erkennt und deren Einflüsse auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Bauteils bewertet, wodurch frühzeitig im Prozess Maßnahmen zur Fehlerkorrektur getroffen oder Kosten durch Ausschuss reduziert werden können.
Nordic Academic Feminism and Whiteness as Epistemic Habit
Authors: Dahl Ulrika 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a contribution to ongoing discussions about Nordic academic feminism. It asks why and how this field continues to assume and reproduce whiteness as its naturalised point of departure and orientation and for forming a Nordic feminist “we.” It is largely conceptual, and I draw on a lived archive of 15 years of participant observation in ”Nordic” academic feminism as it has taken shape at conferences, in network and research meetings, and in classrooms and public debates. Building on the work of Sara Ahmed, Sirma Bilge, Lena Sawyer, Marta Cuesta and Diana Mulinari, I propose that whiteness can be understood as an epistemic habit of and within Nordic academic feminism. To that end, the chapter sketches a framework for understanding how whiteness is habitually and epistemically reproduced in broader logics of narration about the field, in forms of assembly and in responses to critiques of racism. Thus, whiteness is not simply a question of over-representation of white bodies, it is also about the orientations and comfort of white bodies, and about how some critiques and stories become understood as “ours” and others not.
Introduction
Authors: Sanchez Summerer Karène , Zananiri Sary 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this introductory chapter toBetween Connection and Contention, Sanchez Summerer and Zananiri lay out the genesis of the project, an overview of issues related to the study of cultural diplomacy in relation to Christian Palestinians during the British Mandate and review various theoretical approaches to field. They establish the conceptual grounding of this interdisciplinary volume, which engages with methodologies from history, cultural studies and international relations. They layout how this volume approaches and reconceptualises the agency of the different actors involved as central to both the production of culture and its operationalisation through cultural diplomacy.
Competition in the Cultural Sector: Handicrafts and the Rise of the Trade Fair in British Mandate Palestine
Authors: Ari Nisa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOn the eve of Palestine’s violent ethno-national clashes of the 1930s, two simultaneous, competing trade fairs were mounted in Palestine: the Levant Fair in Tel Aviv (1932) and the First National Arab Fair in Jerusalem (1933). This chapter sketches a lineage of trade fairs in Palestine in the decades immediately prior to the debut of these duelling “national” fairs to investigate the roots of this typology within Palestine and its rise as a space for political action and debate. Undergirding the evolution of the trade fair in Palestine, the author argues, was the formation of a “cultural sector”—a conglomerate of institutions delimited by a distinct regional focus, furthering cultural development as part of both economic and political missions.