bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rumen epithelial transcriptome and microbiome profiles of rumen epithelium and contents of beef cattle with and without liver abscesses
Authors: Abbas Waseem , Keel Brittney N , Kachman Stephan D , Fernando Samodha C , Wells James E , Hales Kristin E , Lindholm-Perry Amanda K 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAbscess is the highest cause of liver condemnation and is estimated to cost the beef industry US$64 million annually. Fusobacterium necrophorum, commonly found in the bovine rumen, is the primary bacteria associated with liver abscess in cattle. Theoretically, damage to the rumen wall allows F. necrophorum to invade the bloodstream and colonize the liver. The objective of this study was to determine the changes in gene expression in the rumen epithelium and microbial populations adherent to the rumen epithelium and in the rumen contents of beef cattle with liver abscesses compared with those with no liver abscesses. Rumen epithelial tissue and rumen content were collected from 31 steers and heifers with liver abscesses and 30 animals with no liver abscesses. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing was performed on the rumen epithelium, and a total of 221 genes were identified as differentially expressed in the animals with liver abscesses compared with animals with no abscesses, after removal of genes that were identified as a result of interaction with sex. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling and interferon signaling pathways were significantly enriched in the differentially expressed gene (DEG) set. The majority of the genes in these pathways were downregulated in animals with liver abscesses. In addition, RNA translation and protein processing genes were also downregulated, suggesting that protein synthesis may be compromised in animals with liver abscesses. The rumen content bacterial communities were significantly different from the rumen wall epimural bacterial communities. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) analysis did not identify global differences in the microbiome of the rumen contents but did identify differences in the epimural bacterial communities on the rumen wall of animals without and with liver abscesses. In addition, associations between DEG and specific bacterial amplicon sequence variants of epimural bacteria were observed. The DEG and bacterial profile on the rumen papillae identified in this study may serve as a method to monitor animals with existing liver abscesses or to predict those that are more likely to develop liver abscesses.
The Impact of NORTH STAR on Suicidality, Substance Problems, Intimate Partner Violence, and Child Abuse
Authors: Slep Amy M Smith , Heyman Richard E , Lorber Michael F , Linkh David J 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
We evaluated the effectiveness of New Orientation for Reducing Threats to Health from Secretive-problems That Affect Readiness (NORTH STAR), a community assessment, planning, and action framework to reduce the prevalence of suicidality, substance problems, intimate partner violence, and child abuse.

Materials and Methods
One-third of U.S. Air Force bases worldwide were randomly assigned to NORTH STAR (n = 12) or an assessment-and-feedback-only condition (n = 12). Two Air Force-wide, cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based surveys were conducted of randomly selected samples assessing risk/protective factors and outcomes. This study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board at the investigators’ university and by the institutional review board at Fort Detrick.

Results
NORTH STAR, relative to control, bases experienced a 33% absolute risk reduction in hazardous drinking rates and cumulative risk, although, given the small number of bases, these effects were not statistically significant.

Conclusions
Given its relatively low cost, use of empirically supported light-touch interventions, and emphasis on sustainability with existing resources, NORTH STAR may be a useful system for prevention of a range of adult behavioral health problems that are difficult to impact.
Double trouble: Gaia reveals (proto)planetary systems that may experience more than one dense star-forming environment
Authors: Schoettler Christina , Parker Richard J 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Planetary systems appear to form contemporaneously around young stars within young star-forming regions. Within these environments, the chances of survival, as well as the long-term evolution of these systems, are influenced by factors such as dynamical interactions with other stars and photoevaporation from massive stars. These interactions can also cause young stars to be ejected from their birth regions and become runaways. We present examples of such runaway stars in the vicinity of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) found in Gaia DR2 data that have retained their discs during the ejection process. Once set on their path, these runaways usually do not encounter any other dense regions that could endanger the survival of their discs or young planetary systems. However, we show that it is possible for star–disc systems, presumably ejected from one dense star-forming region, to encounter a second dense region, in our case the ONC. While the interactions of the ejected star–disc systems in the second region are unlikely to be the same as in their birth region, a second encounter will increase the risk to the disc or planetary system from malign external effects.
Double-stranded RNA bending by AU-tract sequences
Authors: Marin-Gonzalez Alberto , Aicart-Ramos Clara , Marin-Baquero Mikel , Martín-González Alejandro , Suomalainen Maarit , Kannan Abhilash , Vilhena J G , Greber Urs F , Moreno-Herrero Fernando , Pérez Rubén 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sequence-dependent structural deformations of the DNA double helix (dsDNA) have been extensively studied, where adenine tracts (A-tracts) provide a striking example for global bending in the molecule. However, in contrast to dsDNA, sequence-dependent structural features of dsRNA have received little attention. In this work, we demonstrate that the nucleotide sequence can induce a bend in a canonical Watson-Crick base-paired dsRNA helix. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we identified a sequence motif consisting of alternating adenines and uracils, or AU-tracts, that strongly bend the RNA double-helix. This finding was experimentally validated using atomic force microscopy imaging of dsRNA molecules designed to display macroscopic curvature via repetitions of phased AU-tract motifs. At the atomic level, this novel phenomenon originates from a localized compression of the dsRNA major groove and a large propeller twist at the position of the AU-tract. Moreover, the magnitude of the bending can be modulated by changing the length of the AU-tract. Altogether, our results demonstrate the possibility of modifying the dsRNA curvature by means of its nucleotide sequence, which may be exploited in the emerging field of RNA nanotechnology and might also constitute a natural mechanism for proteins to achieve recognition of specific dsRNA sequences.
Structural basis for the substrate specificity and catalytic features of pseudouridine kinase from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kim Sang-Hoon , Witte Claus-Peter , Rhee Sangkee 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
RNA modifications can regulate the stability of RNAs, mRNA–protein interactions, and translation efficiency. Pseudouridine is a prevalent RNA modification, and its metabolic fate after RNA turnover was recently characterized in eukaryotes, in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we present structural and biochemical analyses of PSEUDOURIDINE KINASE from Arabidopsis (AtPUKI), the enzyme catalyzing the first step in pseudouridine degradation. AtPUKI, a member of the PfkB family of carbohydrate kinases, is a homodimeric α/β protein with a protruding small β-strand domain, which serves simultaneously as dimerization interface and dynamic substrate specificity determinant. AtPUKI has a unique nucleoside binding site specifying the binding of pseudourine, in particular at the nucleobase, by multiple hydrophilic interactions, of which one is mediated by a loop from the small β-strand domain of the adjacent monomer. Conformational transition of the dimerized small β-strand domains containing active site residues is required for substrate specificity. These dynamic features explain the higher catalytic efficiency for pseudouridine over uridine. Both substrates bind well (similar Km), but only pseudouridine is turned over efficiently. Our studies provide an example for structural and functional divergence in the PfkB family and highlight how AtPUKI avoids futile uridine phosphorylation which in vivo would disturb pyrimidine homeostasis.
The Association Between Body Mass Index and the Risk of Hospitalization and Mortality due to Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yang Wei-Shun , Chang Yi-Cheng , Chang Chia-Hsuin , Wu Li-Chiu , Wang Jiun-Ling , Lin Hsien-Ho 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
We aim to determine whether obesity increases the risk of various infections using a large prospective population-based cohort.

Methods
A total of 120 864 adults were recruited from the New Taipei City health screening program from 2005 to 2008. Statistics for hospitalization and mortality due to infection were obtained from the National Health Insurance Database and the National Death Registry in Taiwan.

Results
During a mean follow-up period of 7.61 years, there were 438, 7582, 5298, and 1480 first hospitalizations due to infection in the underweight, normal, overweight, and obese groups, respectively. Obesity significantly increases the risk of hospitalization for intra-abdominal infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.00–1.40), including diverticulitis, liver abscess, acute cholecystitis and anal and rectal abscess, reproductive and urinary tract infection (aHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.26–1.50), skin and soft tissue infection (aHR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.15–2.81), osteomyelitis (aHR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.14–2.54), and necrotizing fasciitis (aHR, 3.54; 95% CI,1.87–6.67), and this relationship is dose-dependent. This study shows that there is a U-shaped association between body mass index (BMI) and hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection, septicemia, and the summation of all infections and that underweight people are at the greatest risk, followed by obese people. There is a clear negative relationship between BMI and infection-related mortality.

Conclusions
The pattern that BMI affects the risk of hospitalization and mortality due to infection varies widely across infection sites. It is necessary to tailor preventive and therapeutic measures against different infections in hosts with different BMIs.
Recursion Theory for Metamathematics
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work is a sequel to the author's Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems, though it can be read independently by anyone familiar with Gödel's incompleteness theorem for Peano arithmetic. The book deals mainly with those aspects of recursion theory that have applications to the metamathematics of incompleteness, undecidability, and related topics. It is both an introduction to the theory and a presentation of new results in the field.
Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said To Think? (1952)
Authors: Turing Alan , Braithwaite Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This discussion between Turing, Newman, R. B. Braithwaite, and G. Jefferson was recorded by the BBC on 10 January 1952 and broadcast on BBC Radio on the 14th, and again on the 23rd, of that month. This is the earliest known recorded discussion of artificial intelligence. The anchor man of the discussion is Richard Braithwaite (1900–90). Braithwaite was at the time Sidgwick Lecturer in Moral Science at the University of Cambridge, where the following year he was appointed Knightsbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy. Like Turing, he was a Fellow of King’s College. Braithwaite’s main work lay in the philosophy of science and in decision and games theory (which he applied in moral philosophy). Geoffrey Jefferson (1886–1961) retired from the Chair of Neurosurgery at Manchester University in 1951. In his Lister Oration, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 9 June 1949, he had declared: ‘When we hear it said that wireless valves think, we may despair of language.’ Turing gave a substantial discussion of Jefferson’s views in ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ (pp. 451–2), rebutting the ‘argument from consciousness’ that he found in the Lister Oration. In the present chapter, Jefferson takes numerous pot shots at the notion of a machine thinking, which for the most part Turing and Newman are easily able to turn aside. Jefferson may have thought little of the idea of machine intelligence, but he held Turing in considerable regard, saying after Turing’s death that he ‘had real genius, it shone from him’. From the point of view of Turing scholarship, the most important parts of ‘Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said to Think’ are the passages containing Turing’s exposition of the imitation game or Turing test. The description of the test that Turing gave in ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’ is here modified in a number of significant ways. The lone interrogator of the original version is replaced by a ‘jury’ (p. 495). Each jury must judge ‘quite a number of times’ and ‘sometimes they really are dealing with a man and not a machine’. For a machine to pass the test, a ‘considerable proportion’ of the jury ‘must be taken in by the pretence’.
History, examination, risk assessment, and treatment planning
Authors: Gilchrist F , Rodd H D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The provision of dental care for children presents some of the greatest challenges and rewards in clinical dental practice. High on the list of challenges is the need to devise a comprehensive yet realistic treatment plan for these young patients. Successful outcomes are very unlikely in the absence of thorough short-and long-term treatment planning. Furthermore, decision-making for children has to take into account many more factors than is the case for adults. This Chapter aims to highlight how history-taking, examination, and risk assessment are all critical stages in the treatment planning process. Principles of good treatment planning will also be outlined. When making decisions about children’s dental care, the clinician’s foremost ethical responsibility is to do no harm, to act in the child’s best interests, and to respect the child’s right to refuse treatment. However, reconciling this last principle with the preceding two might well present a dilemma, in which case the clinician should ask him/herself the following questions. • Is what is being proposed really in the child’s best interests? • Is the child happy to go ahead? If not, is there an alternative? • If there is no alternative, what will really be the outcome if treatment does not proceed? In most cases, failure to provide dental care for a child at a specific moment in time will not be life-threatening and a delay will be acceptable. However, there are circumstances in which failure to provide treatment may cause a child pain and distress. On these occasions, the clinician may feel that he/she has no alternative other than to proceed with treatment. Having weighed up the ethical considerations, he/she must then seek valid consent for what is proposed. Valid consent to examination, investigation, or treatment is fundamental to the provision of dental care. The most important element of the consent process is ensuring that the patient/parent understands the nature and purpose of the proposed treatment, together with any alternatives available, and the potential benefits and risks. In this context, where clinician and patient/parent do not share a common language, the assistance of an interpreter is essential.
The Kitchen Sink
Authors: Smith Gary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Back in the 1980s, I talked to an economics professor who made forecasts for a large bank based on simple correlations like the one in Figure 1. If he wanted to forecast consumer spending, he made a scatter plot of income and spending and used a transparent ruler to draw a line that seemed to fit the data. If the scatter looked like Figure 1, then when income went up, he predicted that spending would go up. The problem with his simple scatter plots is that the world is not simple. Income affects spending, but so does wealth. What if this professor happened to draw his scatter plot using data from a historical period in which income rose (increasing spending) but the stock market crashed (reducing spending) and the wealth effect was more powerful than the income effect, so that spending declined, as in Figure 2? The professor’s scatter plot of spending and income will indicate that an increase in income reduces spending. Then, when he tries to forecast spending for a period when income and wealth both increase, his prediction of a decline in spending will be disastrously wrong. Multiple regression to the rescue. Multiple regression models have multiple explanatory variables. For example, a model of consumer spending might be: C = a + bY + cW where C is consumer spending, Y is household income, and W is wealth. The order in which the explanatory variables are listed does not matter. What does matter is which variables are included in the model and which are left out. A large part of the art of regression analysis is choosing explanatory variables that are important and ignoring those that are unimportant. The coefficient b measures the effect on spending of an increase in income, holding wealth constant, and c measures the effect on spending of an increase in wealth, holding income constant. The math for estimating these coefficients is complicated but the principle is simple: choose the estimates that give the best predictions of consumer spending for the data used to estimate the model. In Chapter 4, we saw that spurious correlations can appear when we compare variables like spending, income, and wealth that all tend to increase over time.
Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Dentistry
Authors: Longridge Nicholas , Clarke Pete , Aftab Raheel , Ali Tariq 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Dentistry features over 270 Single Best Answer questions. Written and peer-reviewed by clinicians working within each specialty and mapped to dental school curricula, this is an authoritative guide for dental students providing a wealth of revision. Organised by specialties, chapter introductions unlock difficult subjects with hints and tips. Each question is accompanied by detailed answers explaining the rationale behind right and wrong answers. Cross-references to the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry and further reading resources, expand your revision further. A four star rating system indicating question difficulty to monitor your progress as you learn. Key words also help highlight specific clues or words that can assist with recall. Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Dentistry is your prescription for exam succcess.
The Chronological Development of Roman Provincial Coin Iconography
Authors: Heuchert Volker 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Aims of this Chapter are to Provide a brief introduction to Roman provincial coinage as background to the book as a whole, and to outline the key developments in Roman provincial coin iconography from a chronological perspective. Geographical diversity will only be touched on here, but emerges strongly from the regional studies within this volume. It is also the main theme of Burnett’s paper which compares the Roman East with the Roman West. This chapter is based mainly on the material contained in the first two volumes of the Roman Provincial Coinage (RPC) series, which cover the Julio- Claudian and Flavian periods from 44 BC to AD 96, and the database of the RPC IV project. The latter embraces the Antonine period, the time from the accession of Antoninus Pius in ad 138 to the death of Commodus in AD 192. Provincial coins from the reigns of Nerva to Hadrian (ad 96–138) and the third century AD have not yet been catalogued systematically. Consequently, their treatment within this chapter can only be impressionistic, and will require refinement and revision once the RPC series has been completed. Readers in search of a more extended, but still impressionistic, treatment of key themes in the iconography of the period from ad 180 onwards are referred to Harl 1987. Finally, many of the examples given in this chapter are deliberately drawn from the rich material from the Roman province of Asia, as this region is not the subject of a dedicated chapter in this book. Types of Roman Provincial Coins and their Characteristics During the three and a half centuries from 44 BC the Roman empire embraced different categories of coinage. Scholars have divided the material into two main groups: ‘Roman imperial coins’ on the one hand and ‘Roman provincial coins’—also known as ‘Greek imperial coins’—on the other. Roman imperial mints produced coins in gold, silver, and ‘bronze’. Roman imperial gold coins (aurei) circulated throughout the empire, with the possible exception of Egypt. Imperial silver coins (denarii) and—from the reign of Caracalla onwards—also radiates or antoniniani increasingly circulated alongside provincial silver in the east.
Information, Legitimation, or Self-Legitimation? Popular and Elite Designs on the Coin Types of Syria
Authors: Butcher Kevin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn a Famous Essay ‘Numismatics and History’, A. H. M. Jones suggested that Roman imperial coin types could be compared to the designs on modern postage stamps. The purpose of this analogy was to demonstrate the relative insignificance of types and legends for the study of imperial policy. In doing so, however, he addressed a fundamental problem which is of particular relevance here: What are the meaning(s) of coin types, and who chose the designs? Jones’s comparison was perhaps offered with a slight hint of facetiousness, as a way of debunking the notion that imperial history could be reconstructed from the coin designs alone, yet the analogy does have some merit when considering the meanings of types on Roman provincial coins. These do indeed depict ‘famous men of the country concerned, its artistic monuments … fairs … or … great events in national history’, among other things. The analogy is not intended to mean that the designs were empty or frivolous, or that people could not construct a sense of identity from them. This chapter examines some of the coin types of cities in Syria, to show that not only the more unusual types, but also some of the designs that we might consider generic could have been seen as specific and generated a sense of identity among members of the issuing community. Whether individuals within a community found the same meanings in the designs is a question addressed here. What people understood is crucial to any search for identities. It is suggested that whilst people from outside the community might have understood the types, these designs were not generally intended to convey ‘information’ to outsiders. Some of the types may remain unexplained today because they were perhaps equally obscure to many non-citizens in antiquity. However, unless the issuing authorities and the audience can be clearly identified it will be very difficult to say very much about how the coin types generated a sense of identity, and what sort of identities were generated.