bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter redefines the problem of hospitals in the medieval church. It surveys the spread of welfare foundations to the West and, especially, the intensive foundation of welfare houses, in many forms, during the ‘charitable revolution’ of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This messy picture of hospitals on the ground, ‘between church and world’, has never conformed to the legal model that historians have long held for hospitals, as ecclesiastical houses under the bishop (a model that rests fundamentally on the sixth-century laws of Justinian, the East Roman/Byzantine Emperor). This gap between the ‘theory’ and ‘practice’ of hospitals, so familiar in scholarship, has long been attributed to lax enforcement—and a general lack of concern—by bishops, popes, and canonists. This chapter redefines the problem as the model itself, which was established by early twentieth-century historians. It unpicks this model, identifying the national agendas that produced it and the frameworks that have continued to shape the field. It argues for canon law as a European question and for the place of welfare at the heart of medieval Christianity. The overall approach and structure of the book is then introduced.
Carolingian Lombardy (780–860)
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It was not in Francia but Lombardy that councils turned their attention to xenodochia, in what was to be the only sustained effort by Western law-makers to engage with welfare houses. This chapter explores their activity, which was the product of local concern, given voice through a new forum, the Carolingian council. It identifies a programme of reform initiated under Pope Hadrian I and then Charlemagne: restauratio, a call to restore the material inheritance of the landscape, especially buildings and public infrastructure. In Lombardy, the call brought xenodochia to the attention of councils who, over time, developed language and strategies by which to address these facilities. The Lombard capitularies offer a clear definition of xenodochia, one distinct from monasteries, which the chapter then teases out. It argues that a xenodochium was not a community but a material endowment, a gift dedicated in perpetuity to a specific task or tasks of Christian welfare. To councils, the central issue was its dispositio or institutio: the directives of a will-maker as enshrined in his or her testament. This provided a fixed constitution, particular to each xenodochium. A final section explores the implications for these findings on the character of a xenodochium’s endowment.
Canonists and Commentators at the Edges of Canon Law (1100–1260)
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Part III returns to the high and later middle ages to explore the efforts of law-makers to confront what they could not simply claim in law. This chapter uncovers the legal work of popes, canonists, and commentators, as they navigated the problem of hospitals in canon law and, eventually, built a modest corpus in law to define (and develop) these foundations. The rare initiative by early canonists, notably Anselm of Laon and Ivo of Chartres, was succeeded by silence in Gratian and by the frustrated efforts of decretists to discuss a subject without law. Their lack was ended with the creation of Si hospitale, a statement crafted from a decretal of Alexander III, Ad petitionem (reconstituted in Appendix A), originally a rule for the Italian order of Cruciferi (c.1170). Its appearance was part of a wider concern with hospitals, brought to a head by Bernard of Pavia, who emerges as the unexpected radical of hospital law. The nature and consequences of Bernard’s activities form the substance of the final section. His cause was rejected, although the new category of ‘religious house’, which he created to redefine hospitals as belonging to the church, passed from his Breviarium extravagantium (Compilatio prima antiqua) to the Liber extra. The defining statement in law is discovered to be Urban III’s Ad haec (X 3.36.4), which found an ingenious means to dedicate a hospital in perpetuity to its own charitable duties.
Robert de Courson and the Northern Reformers
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter, the first study of hospital reform under papal legate Robert de Courson, offers a new picture of the legation in preparation for Lateran IV. Courson’s hospital decree is well-known from his councils of Paris (1213) and Rouen (1214). The chapter begins by exploring the origins of the decree, finding that it did not emerge from Courson’s own moral theology, nor from the Parisian theological circle of which he was a leading member. Documentary evidence reveals an earlier iteration of the same decree and unearths a lost first council under Courson, at Reims (1213). Further investigation reveals that the legation was not launched at Paris, as has always been assumed, but with a preaching tour of Flanders and Brabant in June 1213, followed by the council at Reims. The new geography offers a new source for the hospital reform, which is explored through the spread of hospital rules, westward out of Brabant, in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century. It argues, finally, that the reform was closely tied to the beguine movement and, especially, to Jacques de Vitry. After Courson’s council at Rouen (1214), it was not adopted at any other council, including Lateran IV.
Conclusion
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The conclusion reflects on some of the main findings from the book, especially its implications for a view of the relationship between church and world. It considers the changing efforts of law-makers to engage with welfare across a millennium, stressing what is most significant in their diverse responses: a consistent understanding of the character and role of a xenodochium or hospital, as something imagined and made by any of the faithful. It was a model not merely recognized but cultivated by law-makers and prelates. Welfare was an obligation incumbent on any Christian, not merely to see, but to recognize the humanity in even the most wretched stranger. This obligation, fundamental to salvation, lay at the heart of Christian society and so medieval Christianity itself.
Toward an Analytic Theology of Liberation
Authors: Yadav Sameer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to diagnose and critique the relative lack of interest in liberation theology as a research programme in analytic theology. After offering analyses of what constitutes ‘analytic theology’ and ‘liberation’ theology respectively and showing that the two are compatible, I argue that the epistemic good theology seeks—that of producing true explanatory theories—is subject to pragmatic and moral encroachment by other sorts of goods, including the good of serving the needs of the oppressed in society. Accordingly, I conclude that Christian theology ought to recognize liberatory interests as a norm of theological inquiry, and that instances of Christian analytic theology that are not also instances of liberation theology ought to be regarded as instances of bad theology.
Non-deference to Religious Authority
Authors: Merrick Teri 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In Epistemic Authority, Linda Zagzebski argues that members of long-standing religious communities are rationally justified in deferring to the authority of their tradition when asserting certain beliefs or deciding on a course of action. Deferential trust in religious authority, on her account, is a proper expression of a member’s intellectual humility. In this chapter, I argue that Zagzebski has not sufficiently considered the fact that religious traditions may be vehicles of epistemic oppression. Christian communities have a history of hermeneutically marginalizing those whose bodies and gender identities deviate from the so-called ‘able-bodied’ male type. Drawing on the work of Kristie Dotson, Miranda Fricker, and Hermann Cohen, I show that wholesale deference to traditional religious authority would merely perpetuate this marginalization and the ensuing epistemic oppressions. On my account, non-deference to some traditionally authorized beliefs is not indicative of member’s arrogance, but rather an attempt to cultivate the virtue of epistemic justice.
Shattered Faith
Authors: Cockayne Joshua , Efird David , Warman Jack 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we argue that it’s possible to lose your faith in God by the actions of other people. In particular, we argue that spiritually violent religious trauma, where religious texts are used to shame a person into thinking themselves unworthy of God’s love, can cause a person to stop engaging in activities that sustain their faith in God, such as engaging in the worship of God. To do this, we provide an analysis of faith, worship, and love on which to have faith in God is to have an attitude of worship to him; to have such an attitude of worship to God is to love him; and to love God is to desire union with him. We apply this analysis particularly to the case of LGBT Christians and their experience in the church today.
The Shape of Trans Afterlife Justice
Authors: Hereth Blake 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Trans persons endure terrible injustices in this life: They are bullied, murdered, forced to conceal their identities, and denied opportunities that would be available to them if they were cis. This chapter offers grounds for theological hope—in particular, hope that the afterlife would be better for trans persons. I argue that we should view trans identities as worthy of respect and that, as a matter of justice, their gender identities should be preserved in the afterlife. I focus specifically on trans persons with interests in transitioning and argue that they are owed an opportunity to transition in the afterlife. Moreover, the parties responsible for their earthly abuse are principally responsible for any transitioning costs and must participate directly in the process. Finally, trans persons should be provided opportunities to procreate and enter romantic unions they were denied during their earthly lives because of their trans identities.
Defiant Afterlife
Authors: Timpe Kevin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many Christian theologians have struggled with how people with disabilities could be perfectly united to God in the afterlife. For some, union with God requires that those with disabilities will have their disabilities ‘cured’ or ‘healed’ prior to heavenly union with God. Others have suggested that certain disabilities preclude an individual’s ability to be united with God, thus suggesting, even if only implicitly, that such individuals have no eschatological place in the Body of Christ. In this chapter, I develop an argument for the possibility of individuals retaining their disabilities in the eschaton and nevertheless enjoying complete union with God (and through God to others). While I don’t think that the argument I develop here applies equally well to all disabilities, I think it gives us good reason to consider heavenly disability as a plausible part of speculative theology.
Introduction
Authors: Gaudern Mia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Etymology has been linked to poetry in various ways since the start of the twentieth century. Beginning with theory—from formalist understandings of etymology’s role in ambiguity through the contested place of philology in modern literary criticism to poststructuralist interpretations of etymology as a purely rhetorical category—this chapter surveys the use of etymology in critical practice. It also introduces the ‘etymological poetry’ of Auden, Prynne, and Muldoon through examples of their ‘self-inwoven etymologies’. Finally, a version of Paula Blank’s theory of the ‘quasi-disciplinarity of etymological desire’ is proposed: for poets who suspend its force between critical discovery and poetic invention, etymology can address profound tensions that lie at the heart of the use of language as an artistic medium.
Paul Muldoon the ‘Etymological Junkie’
Authors: Gaudern Mia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
‘Who knew forensic derives from forum?’, Muldoon asks in a recently published poem. His compulsive etymologising challenges audiences to see both the relevance and the irrelevance of etymology to interpretation, thereby accepting that they are the ultimate arbiters of Muldoon’s linguistic forensics. Following an analysis of how audience responses to etymologies are cued in his criticism, this chapter reflects on the connection that seems to exist between etymologising and elegising in Muldoon’s poetry to characterise the effect of what Paula Blank calls the ‘“etymological moment” in contemporary critical practice’ when it occurs in the poetry itself.
Reading J. H. Prynne with ‘Mental Ears’
Authors: Gaudern Mia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In 1973, Donald Davie attributed the famous difficulty of Prynne’s poetry to its etymological ‘logic’. More recently, Prynne himself proposed that we read poetry with ‘mental ears’, listening for latent etymological connections. This chapter considers how etymology can be used to read Prynne’s poems, focusing specifically on morphological patterns such as the splitting of words across line endings and the repetition of roots or affixes. Such patterns are consistent across Prynne’s large and varied oeuvre; detailed readings are given here of The White Stones (1969), Unanswering Rational Shore (2001), and Kazoo Dreamboats (2011). These readings find that Prynne’s poetic language communicates on the boundary between meaningfulness and meaninglessness, where every word disrupts and is disrupted by its history.
W. H. Auden’s Paysages Etymologisés
Authors: Gaudern Mia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adapting contemporary psychological, sociological, and religious theories of human consciousness, Auden repeatedly tells the story of how the invention of language radically altered our relationships with the natural world. These contexts are used to examine the role of etymology—and specifically the concrete etymologies of abstract words—in Auden’s moralised landscapes, which are the settings for his stories about the origin of language. Etymological analyses identify dialogues between past and present meanings—for example, of the words ‘rival’ and ‘savage’—that illuminate Auden’s concern with ‘the relation of man as a history-making person to nature’.
Lyric Diction in J. H. Prynne
Authors: Gaudern Mia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pearls That Were is an anomaly in Prynne’s oeuvre; it whole-heartedly adopts a Romantic lyric diction that is only used in a fragmentary way elsewhere in his poetry. Such a characteristic diction—a ‘lightness ready-made’, as Prynne once wrote—raises questions of inheritance, and there are many echoes of the Romantic poets in the collection. This chapter considers the different ways in which sustained and fragmentary lyricism (in both poetry and criticism) can avoid the manoeuvre that Clifford Siskin termed the ‘lyric turn’, which exploits a ‘lightness ready-made’. Instead, Prynne reclaims this diction by giving it back its historical weight.
Paul Muldoon’s Onomastics
Authors: Gaudern Mia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Muldoon’s use of names, of both people and places, in the contexts of Northern Irish conflict and traditional Irish name lore. It addresses the political and poetic implications of Muldoon’s commitment to the proverb nomen est omen, focusing on instances of dinnseanchas, charactonymy, prosopopoeia, the transferral of names, and name translation. Naming is an etymological event in the sense that names are chosen from a language for a new purpose; their subsequent relationship to that language is paradoxical, as Derrida shows in ‘Des Tours de Babel’. In Muldoon, any temptation to interpret names from within the language—to see names as omens—is itself ominous.
Origins and Early Years
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sketches what is known of Heywood’s early life and career, taking him from Coventry in the early 1500s to the royal household in the 1520s, setting out both what is known about these early years and what is not. It offers close readings of two short interludes which it is suggested were produced for performance within the humanist circle around John Rastell and Thomas More, possibly on Rastell’s newly built domestic stage at his house in Finsbury Fields. It identifies elements of these early plays that would become characteristic of Heywood’s later dramaturgy, with its subtle, innovative approach to audience engagement.
Speaking in Parables
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Heywood’s most enigmatic and critically divisive text, the long, allegorical narrative poem, The Spider and the Fly. Against prevailing notions that it is a parable of the Reformation, in which the flies are oppressed Catholics and the arachnids persecuting Protestants, it argues, through a close reading of the poems many twists and turns, that it began as a gentle parody of lawyers’ quibbles, designed for the More circle in the 1520s. This was revisited in the aftermath of the popular rebellions in Cornwall and East Anglia in 1549, and finally repurposed for publication in the mid-1550s, at which point a short ‘conclusion’ was added, which represented the Maid’s last-minute intervention to save the Fly and crush the Spider as a reflection of Mary Tudor’s ‘merciful’ treatment at her accession of those who had conspired to place Jane Grey on the throne. It suggests how the discussion of Mary’s accession is crafted to offer counsel to Mary to take a similarly merciful approach to religious dissenters in the bloody final years of her reign.
‘His own life and nature’
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The conclusion addresses the themes of Erasmianism, identity, comedy, and survival that have run through the book as a whole, suggesting both the achievements and the limitations of Heywood’s life-long attempt to use drama, music, and poetry to address issues of Church and State and to remain true to the idea that writing should always be for the benefit of the commonweal. It offers a summation of the argument of the book as a whole, and makes the case again for the significance of Heywood as a writer, performer, and creative artists, and as a valuable witness to the turbulent history of the Tudor century.
Local Development Agents
Authors: Jakimow Tanya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Local development agents are critical to the practices and outcomes of development interventions and influential actors in local political economies, yet their experiences are relatively under-explored. This chapter argues for the distinctiveness of local development agents as an object of study in development studies, a term used to describe people engaged in delivering ‘development’ who share a close socio-economic and geographical location with the recipients. It maps out six characteristics of the diverse group of actors that fall into this category, of which greater susceptibility to be affected is one. The chapter introduces the local development agents that are the focus of this book and provides an overview of the conditions in which they operate. It makes a case for the importance of comparative ethnographies of such actors, and proposes a ‘research approach of affection’ to capture the emotional and affective dimensions of their experiences.
Servitude
Authors: Jakimow Tanya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Women municipal councillors in Dehradun, India, represent themselves as social workers, in affectionate relationships with their constituents. Yet often they are positioned as servants, required to undertake petty work on behalf of an ungrateful citizenry. This chapter argues that collective forms of affect make possible, if not probable this positioning. Affective practices of supplication during election campaigns resonate in the relationships between constituents and elected representatives, making durable what is most often considered only a temporary inversion of social hierarchies on election day. A moral atmosphere of clientelism makes political actors susceptible to engendering suspicion and disdain in others, further emboldening an assertive citizenry to make demands that far exceed their entitlements. These collective conditions shape the possibilities for self of women municipal councillors; becoming a ‘servant’ reveals the limits of their self-authorship.
The Epistemic Costs of Politeness
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to assess the distinctly epistemic costs of politeness. These include not only the loss of opportunities to acquire true beliefs when knowledgeable people self-censor owing to politeness, but also the loss of silence’s epistemic significance as a signal. The chapter does not claim that these costs should prompt us to give up our commitment to politeness; only to recognize the cost, in the spirit of an honest accounting.
The Prosthetic Fantasies and Fallacies of Claude Wheeler
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter frames Willa Cather’s 1922 novel One of Ours within the context of the US government’s concern about wartime production’s depletion of American forests. Government rehabilitationists and foresters alike sought to place disabled soldiers in forestry-related vocations, which would provide employment and spiritual renewal in nature. These concerns mirror those of Cather’s protagonist Claude Wheeler, who suffers a spiritual amputation at age five when his father cuts down a tree with which Claude had developed an Emersonian kinship. In war he finds spiritual wholeness by offering himself as the prosthetic limbs for those intellectually and artistically superior individuals whom the war has physically and spiritually amputated. Claude’s wholeness comes, ironically, in seeing himself as the trees being cut down for the matériel needed to win the war and civilization to the western world. This self-conceptualization puts him in close company with Italian Futurism, which praises both human mechanization and violence.
Disagreement, Semantics, and Meta-Semantics
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMoral Twin Earth thought experiments appear to show that practical language is highly stable, and that many possible users of practical language are capable of having genuine disagreements with each other. This chapter clarifies a tempting generalization of this idea, which is that the members of every pair of possible users of moral language are capable of having a genuine disagreement. This is the Universal Disagreement thesis. It then shows how this thesis can be adapted to a contextualist semantics for ‘ought’ and other practical terms. It concludes by arguing that, for the realist, the central explanatory target is a claim about the stability of practical language.
Failures of Stability
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues against the Universal Disagreement thesis. Some possible communities use moral language, but do not have substantive disagreements with others who use their moral language differently. These are cases where the parties both use their terms with a moral role, but instead of differing over which substantive theory they follow when applying their moral terms (as in the original Moral Twin Earth cases), they differ in which additional roles they use these terms with. This is consistent with intuitions about Moral Twin Earth cases, but shows that they can lead to overgeneralizations about the semantic effects of a moral role. Instead, what needs to be explained by a meta-semantics for moral language is a more limited claim. Realists will have to show that moral terms are highly stable, but that it is possible to use a term such as ‘right’ with a moral role without referring to moral rightness.