bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of executive functions among children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and those with learning disabilities
Authors: El Wafa Heba Essam Abou , Ghobashy Soha Abd El Latif , Hamza Aya Maged 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Both ADHD and learning disorders have been found to be associated with executive dysfunctions; the executive functions’ (EFs) construct generally involves a series of components—planning, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, attention control, and verbal and visuo-spatial working memory—that work independently in many ways but are closely related. There were no significant studies comparing both disorders and excluding the drug’s effects on executive functions. In our study, we used BDEFS-CA to assess executive functions among a sample of 340 children divided in to four groups: group 1 (100 children), ADHD only; group II (80 children), LD only; group III (60 children), combined ADHD and LD; and group IV (100 children), control group. We included children aged from 6 to 13 of both sexes of average IQ and all had to be drug naive with no sensory impairment or disabling neurological disorder and after their parents’ consent.

Results
The results showed that there was significant higher affection of the five executive functions domains in the first three groups more than the fourth control group. Furthermore, the self-restraint (response-inhibition) executive dysfunction was the most commonly affected EF in group I while time management EF and self-regulation and problem solving EF were the most commonly affected EF in the LD group.

Conclusions
Complete executive function profile assessment should be done for children diagnosed with ADHD or learning disability and EF intervention program should be included in the management plan for better outcomes mainly self-restraint EF in case of ADHD and problem solving and self-organization EF in case of learning disabilities
The effect of power lines on time-domain airborne electromagnetic data
Authors: Kang Seogi , Dewar Noah , Knight Rosemary 
Published: November 2020

The acquisition of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data colocated with water well data provides an essential data set for constructing an accurate rock-physics relationship between resistivity from AEM and lithology from wells. Results from an AEM survey in Butte and Glenn Counties, California, USA, where 41 water wells are located within 100 m of the AEM flight lines, provide a unique opportunity to investigate the effect of water wells on AEM data. Based on systematic numerical analyses and examination of the field data, we find that the only noise source related to the wells that affects the AEM signals in our study area is the power lines; the effect of the steel casings in the study area is negligible. Our numerical simulations yield two important findings: (1) the effect of the power line is mainly dependent upon the resistivity of the ground pathway between the base of the power-line poles, and (2) for the resistivity structure in the study area, when the ground contact resistance is sufficiently low, the effect of the power line will be observed in the AEM data until there is a separation distance of 174 m from the power line; the total power-line percentage effect less than 3% has been considered to be negligible. However, we find that, in the field data, an average separation distance between the power line and high-quality AEM data (i.e., no impact from the power lines) is only 60% of this predicted distance. We attribute this to the high ground contact resistance caused by degradation of the grounded electrodes located at the bottom of the power-line poles. For our 41 wells, after removing any soundings contaminated by power-line noise, we are left with high-quality soundings located 0–160 m from the water wells, with an average distance of 77 m.
Role of Age at Diagnosis in Defining Potential Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer in Kindreds With Two Affected Members
Authors: Capezzone Marco , Sagnella Alfonso , Pilli Tania , Maino Fabio , Forleo Raffaella , Cantara Silvia , Cartocci Alessandra , Castagna Maria Grazia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Context
The definition of familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer (FNMTC) in 2 or more first-degree relatives is controversial due to the high probability of observing a sporadic association when only 2 members of first-degree relatives are affected.

Objective
To evaluate the role of age at diagnosis in differentiating the true cases of FNMTC.

Design, Setting, Participants, and Main Outcome
From a group of 721 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients, 95 familial PTC (FPTC) patients with 2 first-degree relatives have been identified. They were split in 2 groups: Group 1 consisted of both the proband and the affected relative, with age at diagnosis ≤ 45 years; Group 2 consisted of proband and/or the affected family member, with age at diagnosis &gt; 45 years. The clinical-pathological features and outcome of both FPTC groups were compared with 626 sporadic PTC patients (SPTC).

Results
Familial PTC patients with age at diagnosis ≤ 45 years, compared with the matched group of sporadic PTCs, had a more frequent multifocal, bilateral, and extrathyroidal extension of tumor and showed worse outcome. No differences were found between FPTC and SPTC patients with age &gt; 45 years. At multivariate analysis, distant metastases, American Thyroid Association (ATA) risk, and FPTC ≤ 45 years were independent predictors of outcome.

Conclusions
Based on the observation that PTC is more aggressive when the diagnosis is made in 2 family members, both with age &lt; 45years, we suggest that the definition of FPTC in kindreds with 2 affected members should also take into account the age at diagnosis as a key element of familial cancer.
Kazuo Ishiguro's Nonactors
Authors: Christou Maria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
At center stage in Kazuo Ishiguro's work is the figure of the nonactor: a character type that confronts us time and again with scenarios in which action is devalued. This essay shows that, despite finding themselves in situations that mandate action, Ishiguro's characters opt instead for risk-averse and mechanical-like behaviors that are antonymous to change. This, however, is not a solely aesthetic phenomenon, and the essay examines the figure of the nonactor in Ishiguro's novels as part of a broader turn toward nonaction. It does so by considering this figure in relation to a distinctly twentieth-century context within which, as Hannah Arendt has it, human action came to be seen as more dangerous than ever before. Ishiguro's nonactors can be seen as the legacy, but also as the mutations, of this understanding in our own era and in the contemporary novel. This legacy, the essay demonstrates, reveals an underexamined aspect of the neoliberal mind-set that dominates the post–Cold War world. Rather than promote the worthiness of individual, self-serving action, Ishiguro's novels bring to the forefront something different though no less pernicious: a wholescale devaluation of the individual's capacity to act.
Growing Up Against Allegory: The Late Works of J. M. Coetzee
Authors: Davies Benjamin R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The first two books of J. M. Coetzee's recent trilogy, The Childhood of Jesus (2013) and The Schooldays of Jesus (2016), are extremely strange. Just when “the Australian fiction,” following the works set in South Africa and various international locations, was thought to be the last phase of Coetzee's career, the Nobel laureate changed tack. The Jesus books challenge readers and critics with their sparse tone, lengthy philosophical dialogues, and allegorical obscurity. Their difficulty seems to shed little light on some of the most intriguing questions about Coetzee's writing: namely, its form and its interaction with allegory. Beginning with a reappraisal of a classic work of Coetzee studies, this essay then lays out a theory about the connection between reading and writing allegory within traditions of what constitutes a “novel.” In the second section, examples from Coetzee's earlier fiction are analyzed, with focus on In the Heart of the Country (1977) and Boyhood (1997). Parental roles are found to be vital in the connections between the novel form and allegory. The third section applies these analyses to Childhood and Schooldays. Focus on the books’ references to Plato and Don Quixote helps scrutinize their philosophy and reach the thesis of this essay: that with these books, Coetzee experiments with a form that goes beyond the novel.
Paper-based Electrochemical Flow Biosensor Using Enzyme-modified Polystyrene Particles
Authors: Loew Noya , Shitanda Isao , Kishiro Kanako , Hoshi Yoshinao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Paper-based electrochemical biosensors are a promising alternative to conventional biosensors. Herein, a screen-printed paper-based electrochemical flow biosensor was developed. The sensor comprised carbon-based working and counter electrodes and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode that was printed directly on paper, thereby forming a flow path. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on polystyrene (PS) beads and a mediator tetrathiafulvalene was introduced upstream of the electrodes. The response current of the biosensor increased linearly with the glucose concentration, up to 100 mM of glucose.
Moodle E-Learning Environment as an Effective Tool for Descriptive Geometry Teaching Organization in the COVID-19 Pandemic Conditions
Authors: Ignat'ev S. , Folomkin A. , Tret'yakova Z. , Glazunov K. 
Published: November 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a serious crisis in the Russia’s education system, associated with the simultaneous universal transition to distance learning, which required the mobilization of all information and communication resources, and intensification of efforts to create conditions for e-distance learning implementation. In this paper the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the effectiveness of high educational institutions’ students distance work in the Moodle e-learning environment when studying "Descriptive Geometry" course have been theory-based and defined. Has been performed generalization of pedagogical experience and analysis of scientific literature on education informatization. Have been presented the concept and algorithm of the developed electronic course, which includes interactive lectures, practical studies and test tasks. The system of statistical indicators used to optimize test tasks, whose calculation incorporated into the Moodle system, has been considered: the ease index of test tasks, standard deviation, discrimination index, and discrimination coefficient. Have been presented the results of survey findings for students on the peculiarities of working with "Descriptive Geometry" electronic course. Effective organizational and pedagogical conditions for the widespread introduction of "Descriptive Geometry" electronic course during the pandemic have been identified. In the paper’s postlude have been presented ways for further development and improvement of the electronic course. In particular, for educational process’s quality improvement, it is proposed the follows:
-	to transfer the input control and assessment of students' subject readiness to study graphic disciplines in the Moodle system;
-	to create appropriate materials for repeating geometry and drawing school courses, to which a student will be redirected depending on test results;
-	to develop an e-course working algorithm, building a certain trajectory of learning adapted to a particular student.
The surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsions
Authors: Wood David , French Sofie R. , Munir Selin , Kaila Rajiv 
Published: November 2020

Aims Despite the increase in the surgical repair of proximal hamstring tears, there exists a lack of consensus in the optimal timing for surgery. There is also disagreement on how partial tears managed surgically compare with complete tears repaired surgically. This study aims to compare the mid-term functional outcomes in, and operating time required for, complete and partial proximal hamstring avulsions, that are repaired both acutely and chronically. Methods This is a prospective series of 156 proximal hamstring surgical repairs, with a mean age of 48.9 years (21.5 to 78). Functional outcomes were assessed preinjury, preoperatively, and postoperatively (six months and minimum three years) using the Sydney Hamstring Origin Rupture Evaluation (SHORE) score. Operating time was recorded for every patient. Results Overall, significant improvements in SHORE scores were seen at both six months and mid-term follow-up. Preoperatively, acute patients (median score 27.1 (interquartile range (IQR) 22.9)) reported significantly poorer SHORE scores than chronic patients (median score 42.9 (IQR 22.1); p < 0.001). However, this difference was not maintained postoperatively. For partial tears, acutely repaired patients reported significantly lower preoperative SHORE scores compared to chronically reapired partial tears (median score 24.3 (IQR 15.7) vs median score 40.0 (IQR 25.0); p < 0.001) but also significantly higher SHORE scores at six-month follow-up compared to chronically repaired partial tears (median score 92.9 (IQR 10.7) vs. median score 82.9 (IQR 14.3); p < 0.001). For complete tears, there was only a difference in preoperative SHORE scores between acute and chronic groups. Overall, acute repairs had a significantly shorter operating time (mean 64.67 minutes (standard deviation (SD) 12.99)) compared to chronic repairs (mean 74.71 minutes (SD = 12.0); t = 5.12, p < 0.001). Conclusion Surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsions successfully improves patient reported functional outcomes in the majority of patients, irrespective of the timing of their surgery or injury classification. However, reducing the time from injury to surgery is associated with greater improvement in patient outcomes and an increased likelihood of returning to preinjury functional status. Acute repair appears to be a technically less complex procedure, as indicated by reduced operating times, postoperative neurological symptoms and number of patients requiring bracing. Acute repair is therefore a preference among many surgeons. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1419–1427.
Fasciectomy under local anaesthetic and adrenaline for Dupuytren’s contracture in a community setting in the UK with a cost analysis
Authors: Noureddine Hussein , Vejsbjerg Karen , Harrop Jennifer E. , White Martin J. , Chakravarthy Jagganath , Harrison John W. K. 
Published: November 2020

Aims In the UK, fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s contracture is generally performed under general or regional anaesthetic, with an arm tourniquet and in a hospital setting. We have changed our practice to use local anaesthetic with adrenaline, no arm tourniquet, and perform the surgery in a community setting. We present the outcome of a consecutive series of 30 patients. Methods Prospective data were collected for 30 patients undergoing open fasciectomy on 36 digits (six having two digits affected), over a one-year period and under the care of two surgeons. In total, 10 ml to 20 ml volume of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline was used. A standard postoperative rehabilitation regime was used. Preoperative health scores, goniometer measurements of metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) contractures, and Unité Rheumatologique des Affections de la Main (URAM) scores were measured pre- and postoperatively at six and 12 weeks. Results The mean preoperative contractures were 35.3° (0° to 90°) at the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ), 32.5° (0° to 90°) at proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) (a combined deformity of 67.8°). The mean correction was 33.6° (0° to 90°) for the MCPJ and 18.2° (0° to 70°) for the PIPJ leading to a combined correction of 51.8°. There was a complete deformity correction in 21 fingers (59.5%) and partial correction in 14 digits (37.8%) with no correction in one finger. The mean residual deformities for the partial/uncorrected group were MCP 4.2° (0° to 30°), and PIP 26.1° (0° to 85°). For those achieving a full correction the mean preoperative contracture was less particularly at the PIP joint (15.45° (0° to 60°) vs 55.33° (0° to 90°)). Mean preoperative URAM scores were higher in the fully corrected group (17.4 (4 to 31) vs 14.0 (0 to 28)), but lower at three months post-surgery (0.5 (0 to 3) vs 4.40 (0 to 18)), with both groups showing improvements. Infections occurred in two patients (three digits) and both were successfully treated with oral antibiotics. No other complications were noted. The estimated cost of a fasciectomy under local anaesthetic in the community was £184.82 per patient. The estimated hospital theatre costs for a fasciectomy was £1,146.62 under general anaesthetic (GA), and £1,085.30 under an axillary block. Conclusion This study suggests that a fasciectomy performed under local anaesthetic with adrenaline and without an arm tourniquet and in a community setting is safe, and results in favourable outcomes regarding the degree of correction of contracture achieved, functional scores, and short-term complications. Local anaesthetic fasciectomy in a community setting achieves a saving of £961.80 for a GA and £900.48 for an axillary block per case. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1354–1358.
Comparison of plaster-of-Paris casts and Woodcast splints for immobilization of the limb during serial manipulation and casting for idiopathic clubfoot in infants
Authors: Singh Kumar Amerender , Shah Hitesh , Joseph Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Aims The study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of Woodcast splints and plaster-of-Paris casts in maintaining correction following sequential manipulation of idiopathic clubfeet. Methods In this randomized prospective trial, 23 idiopathic clubfeet were immobilized with plaster-of-Paris casts and 23 clubfeet were immobilized with a splint made of Woodcast that encircled only two-thirds the circumference of the limb. The number of casts or splints needed to obtain full correction, the frequency of cast or splint-related complications, and the time taken for application and removal of the casts and splints were compared. Results The mean number of casts required to obtain full correction of the deformity (Pirani Score 0) was 4.35 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.74 to 4.95) when plaster-of-Paris was used and 4.87 (95% CI 4.33 to 5.41) when the Woodcast splint was used (p = 0.190). The time required for application and removal of the Woodcast splint were significantly less than that required for application and removal of plaster-of-Paris casts (p < 0.001). Woodcast splint-related complications were not more frequent than plaster-of-Paris cast related complications. Conclusion Though Woodcast splints covering two-thirds of the circumference of the lower limbs of infants were effective in maintaining the correction of clubfoot deformity during serial manipulation and casting treatment, the superiority of Woodcasts over plaster-of-Paris could not be established. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1399–1404.
Systematic investigation of metallosis associated with magnetically controlled growing rod implantation for early-onset scoliosis
Authors: Zhang Teng , Sze K. Y. , Peng Z. W. , Cheung Kenneth M. C. , Lui Y. F. , Wong Y. W. , Kwan Kenny Y. H. , Cheung Jason P. Y. 
Published: November 2020

Aims To investigate metallosis in patients with magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) and characterize the metal particle profile of the tissues surrounding the rod. Methods This was a prospective observational study of patients with early onset scoliosis (EOS) treated with MCGRs and undergoing rod exchange who were consecutively recruited between February 2019 and January 2020. Ten patients were recruited (mean age 12 years (SD 1.3); 2 M:8 F). The configurations of the MCGR were studied to reveal the distraction mechanisms, with crucial rod parts being the distractable piston rod and the magnetically driven rotor inside the barrel of the MCGR. Metal-on-metal contact in the form of ring-like wear marks on the piston was found on the distracted portion of the piston immediately outside the barrel opening (BO) through which the piston rod distracts. Biopsies of paraspinal muscles and control tissue samples were taken over and away from the wear marks, respectively. Spectral analyses of the rod alloy and biopsies were performed to reveal the metal constituents and concentrations. Histological analyses of the biopsies were performed with haematoxylin and eosin staining. Results Titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), and neodymium (Nd) concentrations in the biopsies taken near the wear marks were found to be significantly higher than those in the control tissue samples. Significantly increased Nd concentrations were also found in the tissues near the barrel of the MCGR. Chronic inflammation was revealed by the histological studies with fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. Black particles were present within the macrophages in the fibrotic tissues. Conclusion Ti and V were generated mainly at the BO due to metal-on-metal contact, whereas the Nd from the rotor of the MCGR is likely released from the BO during distraction sessions. Phagocytotic immune cells with black particles inside raise concern regarding the long-term implications of metallosis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(10):1375–1383.
Is foot deformity associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip?
Authors: Håberg Øvind , Foss Olav A. , Lian Østein Bjerkestrand , Holen Ketil Jarl 
Published: November 2020

Aims To assess if congenital foot deformity is a risk factor for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Methods Between 1996 and 2012, 60,844 children were born in Sør-Trøndelag county in Norway. In this cohort study, children with risk factors for DDH were examined using ultrasound. The risk factors evaluated were clinical hip instability, breech delivery, a family history of DDH, a foot deformity, and some syndromes. As the aim of the study was to examine the risk for DDH and foot deformity in the general population, children with syndromes were excluded. The information has been prospectively registered and retrospectively analyzed. Results Overall, 494 children (0.8%) had DDH, and 1,132 (1.9%) a foot deformity. Of the children with a foot deformity, 49 (4.3%) also demonstrated DDH. There was a statistically significant increased association between DDH and foot deformity (p < 0.001). The risk of DDH was highest for talipes calcaneovalgus (6.1%) and club foot (3.5%), whereas metatarsus adductus (1.5%) had a marginal increased risk of DDH. Conclusion Compared with the general population, children with a congenital foot deformity had a significantly increased risk for DDH and therefore we regard foot deformity as a true risk factor for DDH. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(11):1582–1586.
Design of a Hybrid Digital Watermarking Algorithm with High Robustness
Authors: Xie Yi , Wang Yulin , Ma Maode 
Published: November 2020

With the development of the Internet, storage and transmission technologies such as printers and scanners, digital multimedia products are rapidly transmitted through the Internet broadcasting, multimedia works becoming easy to obtain and illegally tampering and copying. The copyright of media works urgently needs to be protected. As an important information security scheme, digital watermarking technology provides a powerful solution to the protection of multimedia works. In this paper, we propose an image digital watermarking algorithm combining discrete wavelet transform, discrete cosine transform and matrix singular value decomposition and new scrambling technique. Furthermore, to improve the robustness of the algorithm, grayscale scrambling and pseudo magic square transform are used. To evaluate our proposed algorithm, we realize the simulation based on Python 3.7. All the simulation results show that our proposed algorithm has strong imperceptibility and robustness.