bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and synthesis of new series of 3‐cyanopyridine and pyrazolopyridine derivatives
Authors: Keshk Reda Mohammed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractReaction of 3‐cyano‐4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐pyridone with ethyl chloroacetate afforded ethyl 2‐([3‐cyano‐4,6‐dimethylpyridin‐2‐yl]oxy)acetate 2 and ethyl 2‐(3‐cyano‐4,6‐dimethyl‐2‐oxopyridin‐1[2H]‐yl)acetate 3, the reaction product yield depend on the reaction condition (potassium carbonate concentration and reaction time). These compounds used as precursors to synthesize pyridine derivatives 4, 6‐10, 15, 17‐20, furopyridines 5, 16, pyrazolopyridine 12, pyridopyrazolopyrimidines 14a,b. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by spectral data (IR, NMR, and mass spectra) and elemental analysis.
Encephalitic syndrome and anosmia in COVID‐19: Do these clinical presentations really reflect SARS‐CoV‐2 neurotropism? A theory based on the review of 25 COVID‐19 cases
Authors: Pouga Lydia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSince the discovery of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), a disease caused by the new coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the pathology showed different faces. There is an increasing number of cases described as (meningo)encephalitis although evidence often lacks. Anosmia, another atypical form of COVID‐19, has been considered as testimony of the potential of neuroinvasiveness of SARS‐CoV‐2, though this hypothesis remains highly speculative. We did a review of the cases reported as brain injury caused by SARS‐CoV‐2. Over 98 papers found, 21 were analyzed. Only four publications provided evidence of the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 within the central nervous system (CNS). When facing acute neurological abnormalities during an infectious episode it is often difficult to disentangle neurological symptoms induced by the brain infection and those due to the impact of host immune response on the CNS. Cytokines release can disturb neural cells functioning and can have in the most severe cases vascular and cytotoxic effects. An inappropriate immune response can lead to the production of auto‐antibodies directed toward CNS components. In the case of proven SARS‐CoV‐2 brain invasion, the main hypothesis found in the literature focus on a neural pathway, especially the direct route via the nasal cavity, although the virus is likely to reach the CNS using other routes. Our ability to come up with hypotheses about the mechanisms by which the virus might interact with the CNS may help to keep in mind that all neurological symptoms observed during COVID‐19 do not always rely on CNS viral invasion.
Kinetic modeling of liquid‐phase esterification of acetic acid withn‐butanol using heterogeneous poly(o‐methylenep‐toluene sulfonic acid) as catalyst
Authors: Nagveni P. , Kamesh Reddi , Yamuna Rani K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLiquid‐phase esterification of acetic acid withn‐butanol ton‐butyl acetate is studied in the presence of a polymeric catalyst, that is, poly(o‐methylenep‐toluene sulfonic acid). The performance of the proposed catalyst is compared with the other commercially available homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in terms of its activity. Experiments are conducted in an isothermal stirred batch reactor to study the effects of speed of agitation, temperature, and catalyst loading on the rate of reaction. A concentration‐based pseudo‐homogeneous (PH) kinetic model and activity‐based kinetic models such as PH, Eley‐Rideal (ER), and Langmuir‐Hinselwood‐Hougen‐Watson (LHHW) models are developed. All the models considered in this study resulted in similar percentage deviation close to 4%. Further, kinetic models are validated through additional experiments, and it is observed that the simple concentration‐based PH model is able to predict experimental data with least deviation compared to activity‐based PH, ER, and LHHW models. The developed kinetic models are also tested using the Fisher‐Snedecor test (F‐test) and are found to be acceptable. By incorporating both modeling data and validation data, the overall absolute average deviations of different models are found to be concentration‐based PH model 4.354%, activity‐based PH model 5.006%, ER I model 5.189%, ER II model 5.403%, ER III model 5.437%, and LHHW model 6.104%, illustrating the superiority of the simple concentration‐based PH model.
Spatial‐channel relation learning for brain tumor segmentation
Authors: Cheng Guohua , Ji Hongli , Ding Zhongxiang 
Published: July 2020

PurposeRecently, research on brain tumor segmentation has made great progress. However, ambiguous patterns in magnetic resonance imaging data and linear fusion omitting semantic gaps between features in different branches remain challenging. We need to design a mechanism to fully utilize the similarity within the spatial space and channel space and the correlation between these two spaces to improve the result of volumetric segmentation.MethodsWe propose a revised cascade structure network. In each subnetwork, a context exploitation module is introduced between the encoder and decoder, in which the dual attention mechanism is adopted to learn the information within the spatial space and channel space, and space interaction learning is employed to model the relation between the spatial and channel spaces.ResultsExtensive experiments on the BraTS19 dataset have evaluated that our approach improves the dice coefficient (DC) by a margin of 2.1, 2.0, and 1.4 for whole tumor (WT), tumor core (TC), and enhancing tumor (ET), respectively, obtaining results competitive with the state‐of‐art approaches working on brain tumor segmentation.ConclusionsContext exploitation in the embedding feature spaces, including intraspace relations and interspace relations, can effectively model dependency in semantic features and alleviate the semantic gap in multimodel data. Our approach is also robust to variations in different modality.
Nuevo Amanecer‐II: Results of a randomized controlled trial of a community‐based participatory, peer‐delivered stress management intervention for rural Latina breast cancer survivors
Authors: Nápoles Anna María , Santoyo‐Olsson Jasmine , Stewart Anita L. , Ortiz Carmen , Samayoa Cathy , Torres‐Nguyen Alma , Palomino Helen , Coleman LaVerne , Urias Aday , Gonzalez Nayeli , Cervantes Silvia Araceli , Totten Vicken Y. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe report results of a community‐based multisite, randomized controlled trial of Nuevo Amanecer (NA‐II), a 10‐week stress management program for rural, low literacy Latina breast cancer survivors.MethodsTrained peers delivered NA‐II to Spanish‐speaking Latinas with non‐metastatic breast cancer in three rural communities. Women were randomized to receive the program immediately or wait 6 months. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Primary outcomes were breast cancer‐specific quality of life domains; secondary outcomes included general distress symptoms and stress management skills. Intention‐to‐treat analyses using repeated‐measures linear regression models estimated changes in slope between groups.ResultsOf 153 participants (76 randomized to intervention, 77 to control group), 92% were retained at 6 months. Mean age was 54.8 years (SD = 10.5); 80% had less than high school education. There were no statistically significant treatment × time effects on quality of life. Compared to women in the control group, intervention group women reported greater improvements in anxiety at 6 months (−0.20 vs −0.02, P = .049; range 0‐4) as well as three stress management skills: relaxation at 3 months (+0.98 vs −0.07, P < .0001; range 0‐4) and 6 months (+0.82 vs +0.04, P < .001), awareness of tension at 3 months (+0.31 vs −0.19, P < .01; range 0‐4) and 6 months (+0.29 vs −0.11, P < .05), and coping confidence at 3 months (+0.12 vs −0.23, P < .01; range 0‐4).ConclusionsStress management programs delivered by trained peers in rural community settings can reduce anxiety and improve stress management skills among Latina breast cancer survivors.
Communities of learning as support for one knowledge and innovation management system: A case study
Authors: Gutiérrez Ángel , Lleras Ernesto , Díaz Julia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe problem was creating a Knowledge and Innovation Management System at Bogotá's Water Supply and Sewage Company (Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá) as a public service business. This article proposes the creation of a community of learning as a space for innovation within the organization. Acknowledging the theoretical bases that have been established for the notions of community of learnings at the Universidad de los Andes, we test a practice methodology that, within the organization, fosters the creation and strengthening of a community of learning composed of mentors and apprentices. They have the capability of proposing new practices in their organization.
Prostaglandin Total Synthesis Enabled by the Organocatalytic Dimerization of Succinaldehyde
Authors: Bennett Steven H. , Coulthard Graeme , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProstaglandins have been attractive targets in total synthesis for over 50 years, resulting in the development of new synthetic strategies and methodologies that have served the broader chemical community. However, these molecules are not just of academic interest, a number of prostaglandin analogues are used in the clinic, and some are even on the WHO list of essential medicines. In this personal account, we describe our own approach to the family of prostaglandins, which centers around the synthesis of a key enal intermediate, formed from thel‐proline catalysed dimerization of succinaldehyde. We highlight the discovery and further optimization of this key reaction, its scale up, and subsequent application to a range of prostaglandins.
On Hadamard and Kronecker products in covariance structures for genotype × environment interaction
Authors: Martini Johannes W. R. , Crossa Jose , Toledo Fernando H. , Cuevas Jaime 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhen including genotype × environment interactions (G × E) in genomic prediction models, Hadamard or Kronecker products have been used to model the covariance structure of interactions. The relation between these two types of modeling has not been made clear in genomic prediction literature. Here, we demonstrate that a certain model based on a Hadamard formulation and another using the Kronecker product lead to exactly the same statistical model. Moreover, we illustrate how a multiplication of entries of covariance matrices is related to modeling locus × environmental‐variable interactions explicitly. Finally, we use a wheat and a maize data set to illustrate that the environmental covariance E can be specified easily, also if no information on environmental variables – such as temperature or precipitation – is available. Given that lines have been tested in different environments, the corresponding environmental covariance can simply be estimated from the training set as phenotypic covariance between environments. To achieve a high level of increase in predictive ability, the environmental covariance has to be defined appropriately and records on the performance of the lines of the test set under different environmental conditions have to be included in the training set.
Gastroenteropankreatische neuroendokrine Neoplasien – Heterogenität, Management und Perspektiven der Versorgung und Forschung
Authors: Luley K , Gebauer J. , Gebauer N. , Tharun L. , Buchmann I. , Barkhausen J. , von Bubnoff N. , Lindner K. , Keck T. , Lehnert H. , Schmid S. M. 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungUnter dem Überbegriff neuroendokrine Neoplasien (NEN) wird eine molekular und biologisch sehr heterogene Gruppe von Tumoren zusammengefasst, deren gemeinsames Merkmal der Ursprung aus neuroendokrinen Zellen ist. Die ebenfalls sehr heterogene Subgruppe der gastroenteropankreatischen neuroendokrinen Neoplasien (GEP-NEN) ist am besten klassifiziert und untersucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag bietet eine Systematik zu aktueller Klassifikation, Diagnostik und zu Therapieoptionen von GEP-NEN. Zur besseren Übersicht wurde bewusst darauf verzichtet, nach der Primärlokalisation der Tumoren vorzugehen. Stattdessen wurde eine thematische Gliederung gemäß Klassifikation, klinischem Phänotyp, Diagnostik und Therapie gewählt.
Seltene Erkrankungen in der Pädiatrie – von der Diagnostik und Behandlung einzelner Erkrankungen zum Aufbau von Netzwerkstrukturen
Authors: Hoffmann G. F. , Mundlos C. , Dötsch J. , Hebestreit H. 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Versorgung von Menschen mit seltenen Erkrankungen (SE) stellt das Gesundheitssystem vor große Aufgaben. Dieses betrifft in besonderem Maße die Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, denn mehr als 80 % aller SE werden im Verlauf des Kindesalters symptomatisch. Oft fehlten und fehlen trotz rascher diagnostischer und therapeutischer Fortschritte belastbare Behandlungs- und Betreuungskonzepte mit ausreichender personeller Kontinuität und Expertise im ambulanten wie auch stationären Bereich.Derzeit leben in Deutschland ca. 4 Mio. Patienten mit einer SE, und jeder Kinder- und Jugendmediziner, ob in der Praxis oder in der Spezialambulanz im Universitätsklinikum, wird immer wieder mit diesen Patienten beschäftigt sein. In den letzten Jahren konnten die diagnostischen und jetzt zunehmend auch ursächlich therapeutischen Möglichkeiten entscheidend verbessert werden. Dieser Prozess ist äußerst dynamisch, wie die aktuellen Entwicklungen und Diskussionen um die ursächlichen genetischen Therapien der spinalen Muskelatrophie zeigen. Zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung der medizinischen Fortschritte in unser Gesundheitssystem wurde unter entscheidender Einbeziehung der Selbsthilfe, die für die Betroffenen von SE und ihre Angehörigen essenzielle Arbeiten leistet, 2013 ein Nationaler Aktionsplan für Menschen mit Seltenen Erkrankungen erarbeitet und verabschiedet. Dieser sieht sektorenübergreifende Versorgungsstrukturen und die Strukturierung von Zentren für seltene Erkrankungen vor. Innovationsfondprojekte haben inzwischen konkrete Verbesserungen der Versorgung von Patienten mit SE erfolgreich erprobt, und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ) hat eine neue Kommission für SE unter Einbeziehung der Patientenvertretung Allianz Chronischer Seltener Erkrankungen (ACHSE) e. V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Humangenetik eingerichtet. Diese soll sich dieser speziellen Thematik widmen sowie diese positiven Entwicklungen beratend unterstützen. Mit diesem Artikel nehmen wir eine aktuelle Standortbestimmung vor und geben Anregungen für Diskussionen.
GRACE gravitational measurements of tsunamis after the 2004, 2010, and 2011 great earthquakes
Authors: Ghobadi-Far Khosro , Han Shin-Chan , Allgeyer Sébastien , Tregoning Paul , Sauber Jeanne , Behzadpour Saniya , Mayer-Gürr Torsten , Sneeuw Nico , Okal Emile 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe 2004 Sumatra, 2010 Maule, and 2011 Tohoku great earthquakes triggered tsunamis as large as a few decimeters over a few 100 km in the open ocean. The transient ocean mass redistribution propagating as tsunamis changed the Earth’s gravity field enough to perturb the GRACE satellites’ orbits at ~ 500 km above the surface. The on-board microwave ranging system detected inter-satellite acceleration anomalies of up to 1.0–4.0 nm/s2. There is good agreement between GRACE measurements and tsunami models for the three events. Complementarily to buoys, ocean bottom pressure sounders, and satellite altimeters, GRACE is sensitive to the long-wavelength spatial scale of tsunamis and provides an independent source of information for assessing alternate early earthquake and tsunami models. Our study demonstrates an innovative way of applying GRACE and GRACE Follow-On data to detect transient geophysical mass changes which cannot be observed by the conventional monthly Level-2 and mascon solutions.
Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SUS) and their products in the leaves of Miscanthus × giganteus and Zea mays at low temperature
Authors: Bilska-Kos Anna , Mytych Jennifer , Suski Szymon , Magoń Justyna , Ochodzki Piotr , Zebrowski Jacek 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMain conclusionThe changes in the expression of key sugar metabolism enzymes (SPS and SUS), sucrose content and arrangement of chloroplast starch may play a significant role in the cold response inM. giganteus and maize plants.AbstractTo understand the mechanism of the chilling-response of two closely-related C4plants, we investigated the changes in the expression of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SUS) as well as changes in their potential products: sucrose, cellulose and starch in the leaves ofMiscanthus × giganteusandZea mays. Low temperature (12–14 °C) increased SPS content inMiscanthus(MG) and chilling-sensitive maize line (Zm-S), but not in chilling-tolerant one (Zm-T). In Zm-S line, chilling also caused the higher intensity of labelling of SPS in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells, as demonstrated by electron microscopy. SUS labelling was also increased by cold stress only in MG plants what was observed in the secondary wall between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, as well as in the vacuoles of companion cells. Cold led to a marked increase in total starch grain area in the chloroplasts of Zm-S line. In turn, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed a slight shift in the cellulose band position, which may indicate the formation of more compact cellulose arrangement in Zm-T maize line. In conclusion, this work presents new findings supporting diversified cold-response, not only between two C4plant species but also within one species of maize.
The FOCCUS study: a prospective evaluation of the frequency, severity and treatable causes of gastrointestinal symptoms during and after chemotherapy
Authors: Andreyev H. Jervoise N. , Lalji Amyn , Mohammed Kabir , Muls Ann C. G. , Watkins David , Rao Sheela , Starling Naureen , Chau Ian , Cruse Sarah , Pitkaaho Ville , Matthews Jennifer , Caley Laura , Pittordou Victoria , Adams Carolyn , Wedlake Linda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are poorly researched. This study characterised the nature, frequency, severity and treatable causes for GI symptoms prospectively in patients undergoing chemotherapy for GI malignancy.

Methods
Patients receiving chemotherapy for a GI malignancy were assessed pre-chemotherapy, then monthly for 1 year using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, a validated patient-reported outcome measure. Patients with new, troublesome GI symptoms were offered investigations to diagnose the cause(s). Their oncologist was alerted when investigations were abnormal.

Results
A total of 241 patients, 60% male, median age 63 years (range 30–88), were enrolled; 122 patients were withdrawn, 93%, because of progressive disease or death. During the study, > 20% patients reported chronic faecal incontinence and > 10% reported moderate or severe problems with taste, dysphagia, belching, heartburn, early satiety, appetite, nausea, abdominal cramps, peri-rectal pain, rectal flatulence, borborygmi, urgency of defecation or tenesmus. Thirty percent reported continuing passage of hard stools and 30% on-going diarrhoea. Moderate or severe fatigue affected 40% participants at its peak and persisted in 15% at 1 year. Toxicity dictated change in chemotherapy for 13–29% patients/month. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events underestimated gastrointestinal morbidity. Pre-chemotherapy screening identified previously undiagnosed pathology: exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (9%), vitamin B12 deficiency (12%) and thyroid dysfunction (20%). Patients often refused investigations to diagnose their chemotherapy-induced symptoms; however, for every three investigations performed, one treatable cause was diagnosed: particularly small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (54%), bile acid malabsorption (43%), previously not described after chemotherapy, and unsuspected urinary tract infection (17%).

Conclusions
Patients undergoing chemotherapy for GI malignancy commonly have difficult GI symptoms requiring active management which does not occur routinely. The underlying causes for these symptoms are often treatable or curable. Randomised trials are urgently needed to show whether timely investigation and treatment of symptoms improve quality of life and survival.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02121626
Die Lohnungleichheit von Vollzeitbeschäftigten in Deutschland: Rückblick und Überblick
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Seidlitz Arnim 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungIn Westdeutschland stieg zwischen 1980 und 2010 die Lohnungleichheit von Vollzeitbeschäftigten deutlich an. Der Anstieg beschränkte sich zunächst auf den oberen Bereich der Lohnverteilung und setzte sich ab Mitte der 1990er Jahre sowohl im oberen als auch im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung fort. Im Zeitraum 1995 bis 2010 ging die Entwicklung mit starken Reallohnverlusten im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung einher. Nach 2010 stiegen die Reallöhne über die gesamte Lohnverteilung deutlich an, aber die Lohnungleichheit für Vollzeitbeschäftigte verblieb auf hohem Niveau trotz eines leichten Rückgangs am untersten Ende der Verteilung ab 2015. Dieser Beitrag dokumentiert und interpretiert die Entwicklung der Lohnungleichheit und geht auf mögliche Datenprobleme ein.