bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct electrochemical production of pseudo-binary Ti–Fe alloys from mixtures of synthetic rutile and iron(III) oxide
Authors: Graham Simon J. , Benson Lyndsey L. , Jackson Martin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCombining the FFC-Cambridge process with field-assisted sintering technology (FAST) allows for the realisation of an alternative, entirely solid-state, production route for a wide range of metals and alloys. For titanium, this could provide a route to produce alloys at a lower cost compared to the conventional Kroll-based route. Use of synthetic rutile instead of high purity TiO2 offers further potential cost savings, with previous studies reporting on the reduction of this feedstock via the FFC-Cambridge process. In this study, mixtures of synthetic rutile and iron oxide (Fe2O3) powders were co-reduced using the FFC-Cambridge process, directly producing titanium alloy powders. The powders were subsequently consolidated using FAST to generate homogeneous, pseudo-binary Ti–Fe alloys containing up to 9 wt.% Fe. The oxide mixture, reduced powders and bulk alloys were fully characterised to determine the microstructure and chemistry evolution during processing. Increasing Fe content led to greater β phase stabilisation but no TiFe intermetallic phase was observed in any of the consolidated alloys. Microhardness testing was performed for preliminary assessment of mechanical properties, with values between 330–400 Hv. Maximum hardness was measured in the alloy containing 5.15 wt.% Fe, thought due to the strengthening effect of fine α phase precipitation within the β grains. At higher Fe contents, there was sufficient β stabilisation to prevent α phase transformation on cooling, leading to a reduction in hardness despite a general increase from solid solution strengthening.
Resource Model Updating For Compositional Geometallurgical Variables
Authors: Prior Ángel , Tolosana-Delgado Raimon , van den Boogaart K. Gerald , Benndorf Jörg 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the field of mineral resources extraction, one main challenge is to meet production targets in terms of geometallurgical properties. These properties influence the processing of the ore and are often represented in resource modeling by coregionalized variables with a complex relationship between them. Valuable data are available about geometalurgical properties and their interaction with the beneficiation process given sensor technologies during production monitoring. The aim of this research is to update resource models as new observations become available. A popular method for updating is the ensemble Kalman filter. This method relies on Gaussian assumptions and uses a set of realizations of the simulated models to derive sample covariances that can propagate the uncertainty between real observations and simulated ones. Hence, the relationship among variables has a compositional nature, such that updating these models while keeping the compositional constraints is a practical requirement in order to improve the accuracy of the updated models. This paper presents an updating framework for compositional data based on ensemble Kalman filter which allows us to work with compositions that are transformed into a multivariate Gaussian space by log-ratio transformation and flow anamorphosis. This flow anamorphosis, transforms the distribution of the variables to joint normality while reasonably keeping the dependencies between components. Furthermore, the positiveness of those variables, after updating the simulated models, is satisfied. The method is implemented in a bauxite deposit, demonstrating the performance of the proposed approach.
Hydrothermal anomalies of the Earth's surface and crustal seismicity related to Ms8.0 Wenchuan EQ
Authors: Zheng Shuo , Qin Kai , Wu Lixin , An Yanfei , Yin Qifeng , Lai Chunkit 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHydrothermal anomalies related to the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (EQ) on May 12, 2009, have been widely reported. However, the reported anomalies have not been associated with multi-geosphere analysis, and space–time analysis with crustal seismicity is lacking. In this paper, the space–time variation of hydrothermal parameters, including soil moisture, soil temperature, near-surface relative humidity (RHsig995) and air temperature (TMPsfc), was first extracted and analyzed with the NCEP-FNL reanalysis dataset. The b-value (a seismic parameter from the Gutenberg–Richter law) was calculated and mapped to unravel the crustal stress and rock rupture. Our results reveal a similar time window for hydrothermal anomalies on April 20 and April 30, 2008, and these anomalies are mainly distributed along the southern and middle parts of the Longmenshan fault zone. The surface temperature anomalies lag behind the humidity anomalies, and the accelerating stress accumulation started since June 2007 and lasted for eight to nine months before the mainshock. The b-value mapping shows a segmented difference along strike of the Longmenshan fault, and that regional stress accumulated mainly in the southern parts of the F2 and F3 faults. We propose the occurrence of a complex coupling process led by crustal stress buildup before the Wenchuan EQ. The anomalies are concentrated in the southern part of the surface rupture zone. The prolonged crustal stress accumulation corresponds to the short intermittent hydrothermal response on the Earth’s surface before the Wenchuan EQ. Our findings reveal new hydrothermal anomalies in the Earth’s surface and atmosphere and explore direct link with seismogenic processes in the crust.
Potential Theory on Minimal Hypersurfaces II: Hardy Structures and Schrödinger Operators
Authors: Lohkamp Joachim 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArea minimizing hypersurfaces and, more generally, almost minimizing hypersurfaces frequently occur in geometry, dynamics and physics. A central problem is that a general (almost) minimizing hypersurfaceHcontains a complicated singular set Σ. Nevertheless, we manage to develop a detailed potential theory onH∖Σ applicable to large classes of linear elliptic second order operators. We even get a fine control over their analysis near Σ. This is Part 2 of this two parts work.
How effectively do households insure food consumption and assets against funeral expenses? The case of urban Zimbabwe
Authors: Dafuleya Gift , Tregenna Fiona 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn response to funeral expenses, which drastically affect household consumption, many families in developing countries enter into formal and/or informal funeral insurance arrangements. Using new household survey data collected in the city of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, we investigate the effectiveness of these arrangements in insuring food consumption and household non-financial assets against funeral expenses. We find that informal funeral insurance, especially when combined with formal insurance, effectively insures household assets from funeral shocks. Households that own more than one item of the same asset prefer to sell assets rather than destabilise food consumption, in the event that funeral insurance is inadequate or not available. Households without multiple of the same asset prefer to retain their assets and destabilise food consumption. We also show that the funeral insurance of households in Bulawayo partially insures food consumption. Our findings suggest that households have a hierarchy of preferred coping strategies when they are either uninsured or not fully insured against shocks.
Measurement and Analysis of Heterogeneous Strain Fields in Uniaxial Tensile Tests for Boron Steel Under Hot Stamping Conditions
Authors: Zhang R. , Shao Z. , Lin J. , Dean T. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
A significant amount of uniaxial tensile tests has been carried out using Gleeble systems to investigate the viscoplastic deformation of boron steel (22MnB5) under hot stamping conditions. However, due to heat loss through the end clamps, a temperature gradient in the reduced parallel section of dog-bone shaped specimens is inevitable.

Objective
In the work reported in this paper, the effect of temperature gradient on measured outcomes is examined.

Methods
Uniaxial tensile tests on 1.5 mm thick boron steel specimens are carried out, under hot stamping conditions and strain fields are quantified using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The effect of gauge length on the properties of boron steel, as calculated from observed test results, is determined.

Results
Compared with the test at room temperature, a bell-shaped strain distribution occurs within the gauge length even before the appearance of the maximum load. Also, average strain within the gauge length, especially in the later stages, changes with gauge length within the investigated range, and thus, different engineering stress-strain curves and fracture strains are determined. In addition, normalized strain rate is significantly dependent on gauge length, which results in over 16% difference among the computed flow stresses by using a unified constitutive model.

Conclusions
The characterized properties of the material are dependent on gauge length and thus, a testing standard for measuring thermal-mechanical data of materials by using a Gleeble need to be defined.
Basalt fibers as functional additives in coating of textiles
Authors: Ruffen Carolin , Mahltig Boris 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the presented study, basalt fibers are used as additives in polymer coatings applied onto textiles substrates. As basalt fibers, short fibers with diameters of around 13 µm and with lengths in the range of 0.16–4 mm are used. As the textile substrate, a cotton fabric is used. The polymer coatings are based on acrylate or polyurethane. As a further coating additive, the silicate compound Aerosil is also evaluated. The realized coated materials are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by optical spectroscopy in arrangement of diffusive reflection and transmission. The optical spectra are recorded in a spectral range from 220 to 1400 nm. By these optical measurements, it is demonstrated that the optical properties for UV-light, visible light and near infrared light are influenced by the basalt-containing coatings. The transmission for UV-light is drastically reduced. It is possible to decrease the transmission for infrared light drastically by use of these coating while the IR-reflectance stays on a significant level. In future perspective, these types of coatings could be used as protection against both UV- and IR-light. The surface topography of realized coatings is dominated by the applied basalt fibers. In the case of medium or high basalt fiber concentration, a parallel orientation of some basalt fibers occurs. This type of parallel arrangement could be used in future perspective for different types of applications, e.g., the development of new filter materials.
Monitoring the Physiological State in the Dark Fermentation of Maize/Grass Silage Using Flow Cytometry and Electrooptic Polarizability Measurements
Authors: Gómez-Camacho Carlos E. , Pellicer Alborch Klaus , Bockisch Anika , Neubauer Peter , Junne Stefan , Ruggeri Bernardo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDark fermentation (DF), a key biohydrogen-producing process, is generally operated as a black-box, by monitoring different operative macroscopic process parameters without evaluating or tracking the physiology of the biotic phase. The biotic phase in DF is constituted by a large variety of microorganisms, mainly fermentative bacteria. The present study uses two (electro)optical techniques, flow cytometry (FC) and frequency-dependent polarizability anisotropy (FDPA) measurements, to gain insights into the physiology of open mixed consortia throughout the DF process. The mixed consortia for DF were obtained from a methanogenic sludge, selecting spore-forming bacteria by means of an acid treatment. Then, DF systems with and without pH control were studied, using as substrate a mixture of maize and grass silage (9:1 w/w). Over the course of fermentation, the butyric pathway was dominant in both systems, and relevant titers of acetate, formate, and ethanol were detected; while hydrogen yields amounted to 20.80 ± 0.05 and 17.08 ± 0.05 NmL/gVS under pH-regulated and non-regulated conditions, respectively. The cytometric pattern analysis of the culture together with microscopic observations made it possible, over the course of fermentation, to identify and track the predominant morphologies in play (i.e., free spore, rod-shaped, and endospore, which are typical of Clostridium spp.). Furthermore, the use of the fluorescent dye DiBAC4(3) in FC and FDPA measurements provided similar information regarding the physiological state (PS) of the mixed consortia during the different phases of the culture.
Paleorecords of Domesticated and Wild Grapevine in Romania: a Review
Authors: Brașoveanu Casandra , Bodi George , Danu Mihaela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews the, so far available, paleorecords ofVitis sylvestrisC.C. Gmel andVitis viniferaL. from Romania. The study takes into consideration the presence ofVitispollen from Holocene peat sediment sequences and archaeological context, but also the presence of macrorests from various archaeological sites that date from Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, and La Tène. Both paleobotanical arguments and archaeological discoveries support the theory that places the beggining of viticulture in Romania a few millenia ago, in Neolithic period. Also, written evidences (works of classical authors, epigraphical sources) confirm, indirectly, the presence of grapevine in La Tène period. Occurrences ofVitis viniferaand those ofVitis sylvestrismanifest independently of the climate oscillations, being present both through colder and more humid episodes, as well as through drier and warmer events. Probably prehistoric communities have made a constant and deliberate effort, all along the Holocene, to maintain grapevine crops.
Younger Dryas and early Holocene subsistence in the northern Great Basin: multiproxy analysis of coprolites from the Paisley Caves, Oregon, USA
Authors: Blong John C. , Adams Martin E. , Sanchez Gabriel , Jenkins Dennis L. , Bull Ian D. , Shillito Lisa-Marie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractYounger Dryas and early Holocene Western Stemmed Tradition occupants of the northern Great Basin appear to have practiced a broad-based subsistence strategy including the consumption of a wide variety of small animal and plant resources. However, much of our evidence for human diet and land use during this period comes from dry cave and rockshelter sites where it can be challenging to distinguish plant and small animal remains deposited as a result of human versus nonhuman activity. This study presents new direct evidence for Younger Dryas and early Holocene human diet in the northern Great Basin through multiproxy analysis of nine human coprolites from the Paisley Caves, Oregon, USA. The evidence indicates that Western Stemmed Tradition occupants consumed plants, small mammals, fish, and insects, including direct evidence for consumption of whole rodents and several types of beetle. Occupation of the caves occurred during the summer and fall by individuals foraging on wetland, sagebrush grassland, and riparian ecological landscapes suggesting geographical and seasonal variability in land-use patterns during the Younger Dryas and early Holocene periods. This research suggests that Western Stemmed Tradition settlement patterns were seasonally centered on productive valley bottom lakes and wetlands but also included forays to a variety of ecological landscapes. The results highlight the importance of plant and small animal resources in the human diet during the terminal Pleistocene settlement of North America and contribute to debates about the process of the peopling of the Americas.
Erratum to: The political economy of adult learning systems
Authors: Ioannidou Alexandra , Desjardins Richard 
Published: August 2020

In the Editorial of this issue, Miroslav Stefanik was accidentally stated as the single author of the article “Multi-layered Perspective on the Barriers to Learning Participation of Disadvantaged Adults”. The article is a joint authorship by Sofie Cabus, Petya Ilieva-Trichkova and Miroslav Stefanik
The Family Talk Intervention in palliative home care when a parent with dependent children has a life-threatening illness: A feasibility study from parents’ perspectives
Authors: Alvariza Anette , Jalmsell Li , Eklund Rakel , Lövgren Malin , Kreicbergs Ulrika 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveOne of the main goals of the Family Talk Intervention (FTI) is to increase communication within families with dependent children about illness-related consequences and to support parenting. FTI is family-centered and includes six manual-based meetings led by two interventionists. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the FTI in terms of acceptability from the perspective of parents in families with dependent children where one parent receives specialized palliative home care.MethodA descriptive design employing mixed methods was used to evaluate the FTI in specialized palliative home care. In total, 29 parents participated in interviews and responded to a questionnaire following FTI. Qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics were used for analyses.ResultsFTI responded to both the ill parent's and the healthy co-parent's expectations, and they recommended FTI to other families. Parents found the design of FTI to be well-structured and flexible according to their families’ needs. Many parents reported a wish for additional meetings and would have wanted FTI to start earlier in the disease trajectory. Parents also would have wished for a more thorough briefing with the interventionists to prepare before the start. The importance of the interventionists was acknowledged by the parents; their professional competence, engagement, and support were vital for finding ways to open communication within the family. The FTI meetings provided them with a setting to share thoughts and views. Parents clearly expressed that they would never have shared thoughts and feelings in a similar way without the meetings.Significance of resultsAccording to parents, FTI was found acceptable in a palliative home care context with the potential to add valuable support for families with minor children when a parent is suffering from a life-threatening illness.
Physical Mechanisms Driving Oxygen Subduction in the Global Ocean
Authors: Portela Esther , Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Vic Clément , Thierry Virginie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFuture changes in subduction are suspected to be critical for the ocean deoxygenation predicted by climate models over the 21st century. However, the drivers of global oxygen subduction have not been fully described or quantified. Here, we address the physical mechanisms responsible for the oxygen transport across the late‐winter mixed layer base and their relation with water mass formation. Up to 70% of the global oxygen uptake takes place during Mode Water subduction mostly in the Southern Ocean and the North Atlantic. Te driving mechanisms are (i) the combination of strong currents with large mixed‐layer‐depth gradients at localized hot spots and (ii) the wind‐driven vertical velocity within the subtropical gyres. Oxygen diffusion, despite being underestimated in this study, is likely to play an important role in the global ocean oxygenation. The physical mass flux dominates the total oxygen subduction while the oxygen solubility plays a minor role in its modulation.
Linkage Between a Dominant Mode in the Lower Stratosphere and the Western Hemisphere Circulation Pattern
Authors: Tan Xin , Bao Ming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBased on the statistical analyses using ERA data sets, this study reveals a significant linkage between the tropospheric Western Hemisphere (WH) circulation pattern and the stratospheric EOF1 mode (North America [NA] pattern) of the wintertime daily height field at 50 hPa, which exhibits the displacement of the polar vortex to NA. The results of composite analysis indicate that the WH pattern leads the NA pattern at about 5 days. This time‐lagged linkage between the two patterns is further confirmed by the results of time‐lagged singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses. Through the linear interference with climatological waves, the WH pattern contributes to the enhanced (suppressed) wave‐2 (wave‐1) activity propagating into the stratosphere. The characteristics of planetary waves, with opposite sign of anomalous wave‐1 and wave‐2 activity, lead to the formation of the stratospheric NA pattern. We suggest the need for caution in interpreting the stratospheric influences on cold air outbreaks over NA.
Charge‐State‐Dependent Energization of Suprathermal Ions During Substorm Injections Observed by MMS in the Magnetotail
Authors: Bingham S. T. , Cohen I. J. , Mauk B. H. , Turner D. L. , Mitchell D. G. , Vines S. K. , Fuselier S. A. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the energization processes and constituent composition of the plasma and energetic particles injected into the near‐Earth region from the tail is an important component of understanding magnetospheric dynamics. In this study, we present multiple case studies of the high‐energy (≳40 keV) suprathermal ion populations during energetic particle enhancement events observed by the Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS) on NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission in the magnetotail. We present results from correlation analysis of the flux response between different energy channels of different ion species (hydrogen, helium, and oxygen) for multiple cases. We demonstrate that this technique can be used to infer the dominant charge state of the heavy ions, despite the fact that charge is not directly measured by EIS. Using this technique, we find that the energization and dispersion of suprathermal ions during energetic particle enhancements concurrent with (or near) fast plasma flows are ordered by energy per charge state (E/q) throughout the magnetotail regions examined (~7 to 25 Earth radii). The ions with the highest energies (≳300 keV) are helium and oxygen of solar wind origin, which obtain their greater energization due to their higher charge states. Additionally, the case studies show that during these injections the flux ratio of enhancement is also well ordered by E/q. These results expand on previous results which showed that high‐energy total ion measurements in the magnetosphere are dominated by high‐charge‐state heavy ions and that protons are often not the dominant species above ~300 keV.
Seasonal and Latitudinal Variability of the Gravity Wave Spectrum in the Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Lindgren Erik A. , Sheshadri Aditi , Podglajen Aurélien , Carver Robert W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSuperpressure balloon data of unprecedented coverage from Loon LLC is used to investigate the seasonal and latitudinal variability of lower stratospheric gravity waves over the entire intrinsic frequency spectrum. We show that seasonal variability in both gravity wave amplitudes and spectral slopes exist for a wide range of intrinsic frequencies and provide estimates of spectral slopes in five latitudinal regions for all four seasons, in five different frequency windows. The spectral slopes can be used to infer gravity wave amplitudes of intrinsic frequencies as high as 70 cycles/day from gravity waves resolved in model and reanalysis data. We also show that a robust relationship between the phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation and gravity wave amplitudes exists for intrinsic frequencies as high as the buoyancy frequency. These are the first estimates of seasonal and latitudinal variability of gravity wave spectral slopes and high‐frequency amplitudes and constitute a significant step toward obtaining observationally constrained gravity wave parameterizations in climate models.