bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition-Metal-Doped TiO2 Decorated Nife Layered Double Hydroxide Catalyst in Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Tsai Meng-Che , Hwang Bing-Joe , Lin Xiang-De , Su Wei-Nien 
Published: February 2020

Efficient and earth abundant electrocatalysts for high-performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are essential for the development of sustainable energy conversion technologies. Here, the 3d transition-metal-doped TiO2 were synthesized and used the catalysts for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction. Commercial catalyst usually uses carbon as support such as Ir/C and Ru/C. But during oxygen evolution reaction, carbon will be corroded seriously. So, catalyst will detach from carbon support cause efficiency of catalyst to decay very quickly. In order to overcome these problems, we develop TiO2 as a support because TiO2 is a very durable material in high potential region and high concentration alkaline electrolyte. However, TiO2 is not a good catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and suffer from its poor conductivity. To solve these drawbacks, we synthesized different 3d transition metal doping TiO2 in this work. After electrochemical tests, we choose (Ni, Fe) dual doped TiO2 was chosen because of its potential for oxygen evolution reaction.
First of all, different different doping compositions of Ni and Fe were investigated, and it was found that Ni:Fe in molar ratio 3:1 showed the best oxygen evolution reaction performance. Next, different doping amounts of Ni to Fe, from 6:2, 3:1 to 1.5:0.5 were also evaluated, where Ni:Fe in 6:2 was the best composition for alkaline oxygen evoution.
Furthermore, we modified catalyst by adding long chain anion, hydrogen treatment and loading NiFe LDH on (Ni, Fe) dual doped TiO2. Finally, NiFe/TiNiFe perform better oxygen evolution reaction than pure NiFe LDH. At the current density reach 10 mA/cm2, the required potential of NiFe/TiNiFe was 10 mV less than for pure NiFe LDH. After chronopotentiometric stability test for 48 hours, NiFe/TiNiFe showed almost no decay during reaction and is more superior than NiFe LDH. Our work successfully solves activity and stability issue at the same time by an excessive dual doping approach.
(Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award Address) Development and Commercialization of Large Scale PEM Water Electrolysis
Authors: Abouatallah Rami , Joos Nathaniel Ian , Wang Rainey Yu , Sinanan Anson 
Published: February 2020

Keywords: PEM Electrolyzer, Power to Gas, Mega Watt (MW)
In future energy systems with high percentages of fluctuating renewable energy generation, electricity storage will become increasingly important for the utilization of surplus energy. Among several electricity storage options, the Power to Gas technology is one promising option for solving the challenge of long-term electricity storage [1]. In this approach, excess renewable energy is converted via water electrolysis to hydrogen and used directly as an energy storage medium or it can go thru further conversion to methane [2]. To fully utilize the potential of Power to Gas, large-scale technology implementation should be accelerated so the costs are driven down. PEM electrolyzers need to become quickly available on multi-mega watt (MW) scale [3].
Hydrogenics has been developing water electrolysis technology based on proton exchange membrane (PEM) since the late 1990s. Driven by Power to Gas applications and corresponding cost modeling, Hydrogenics increased the scale of its PEM water electrolysis stack and launched its new MW scale electrolysis platform in 2014. This MW scale platform is still the most compact, highest capacity PEM electrolyzer cell stack in the world and capable of absorbing 3 MW of electricity with a single stack.
To date, Hydrogenics has delivered numerous MW systems globally, with the majority of them in Power to Gas, renewable energy storage and grid balancing applications. Hydrogenics is developing the next-generation systems with continuing focus on cost reduction through technology innovation and scale up. With the market introduction of a single 3 MW stack, Hydrogenics continues to demonstrate that its hydrogen-based energy storage technology will transform the energy sector by providing ancillary and grid balancing services to grid operators while converting large scale renewable energy at a utility scale.
References:

Jentscha, T. Trosta, M. Sternerb, Optimal Use of Power-to-Gas Energy Storage Systems in an 85% Renewable Energy Scenario, Energy Procedia
46 ( 2014 ) 254 – 261

Power-to-Gas: The Case for Hydrogen White Paper, Califonia Hydrogen Business Council, 2015

Schulze, J. Holstein, A. Noort and J. Knijp, Power-to-gas in a Decarbonized European Energy System Based on Renewable Energy Sources, European Power to Gas White Paper
(Energy Technology Division Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award Address) Towards Deterministic Electrode Design: Elucidating the Role of Surface Chemistry and Microstructure on Flow Battery Performance
Authors: Brushett Fikile R. 
Published: February 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising for energy-intensive grid storage applications, but further improvements are needed for universal adoption.1,2 While research efforts have primarily focused on molecular engineering of redox couples as a means of reducing system cost, advances in other critical systems components also hold significant cost reduction potential. Of particular importance are the porous electrodes which are responsible for multiple critical functions in the flow cell related to thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport including providing surfaces for electrochemical reactions, enabling uniform liquid electrolyte distribution with low hydraulic resistance, as well as conducting electrons and heat. However, there is limited knowledge on how to systematically design and implement these materials in emerging RFB applications, forcing the repurposing of available materials that are not tailored for this electrochemical system. Moreover, current generation materials, which are typically developed via empirical approaches, lack control of surface chemistry (e.g., compositional heterogeneity) and morphology (e.g., broad pore size distribution). This fundamentally limits the performance, durability and, consequently, the cost of resultant systems. In this talk, I will discuss methods for disaggregating and quantifying resistive losses in various porous electrodes using model redox couples, diagnostic flow cells, and electrochemical modeling.3,4 When applied in combination with suitable spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, structure-performance relations can be elucidated5,6 which may eventually lead to design rules that enable the fabrication of chemistry-specific electrodes based solely on the knowledge of the physical and electrochemical properties of the redox active electrolyte.

References

1. I. Gyuk, M. Johnson, J. Vetrano, K. Lynn, W. Parks, R. Handa, L. Kannberg, S. Hearne, K. Waldrip, R. Braccio, Grid Energy Storage, US Department of Energy, 2013
2. R.M. Darling, K.G. Gallagher, J.A. Kowalski, S. Ha, F.R. Brushett, Energy & Environmental Science, 2014, 7, 3459
3. J.D. Milshtein, J.L. Barton, R.M. Darling, F.R. Brushett, Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 327, 151
4. J.D. Milshtein, K.M. Tenny, J.L. Barton, J. Drake, R.M. Darling, F.R. Brushett, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, 164(11), E3265
5. K.V. Greco, A. Forner-Cuenca, A. Mularczyk, J. Eller, F.R. Brushett, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(51), 44430
6. A. Forner-Cuenca, E. Penn, A. Oliveira, F.R. Brushett, in preparation
(Invited) Understanding Benzothiadiazole Based Anolyte Materials for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Cells
Authors: Zhang Lu , Zhang Jingjing , Wei Xiaoliang , Brushett Fikile R. , Shkrob Ilya A 
Published: February 2020

Redox-active organic materials (ROMs) have shown great promise for redox flow battery applications but generally encounter limited cycling efficiency and stability at relevant redox material concentrations in nonaqueous systems. In this talk, a new family of heterocyclic organic anolyte molecules, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BZNSN) and derivatives,1-2 will be discussed, which demonstrated high solubility, low redox potential, and fast electrochemical kinetics. By coupling BZNSN with a benchmark catholyte ROM (DBMMB), the nonaqueous organic flow battery delivered significant improvement in cyclable redox material concentrations and cell efficiencies compared to the state-of-the-art nonaqueous systems. In order to obtain an insightful understanding of this family of molecules, a series of derivatives have been developed by varying the 5-position substitutions with tunable electronic accepting/withdrawing features. The substituent effects on their properties of interest have been examined, including redox potentials, calendar lives of charged ROMs in an electrolyte, and the flow cell cycling performance. While the calendar life of energized fluids can be tuned in a predictable fashion over a wide range, the improvements in the calendar life do not directly translate into the enhanced cycling performance. This finding strongly indicates the significant role of structural engineering in achieving improvement of radical ion stability, suggesting a generic guidance for developing long-cycling ROM-based flow cells.
Figure 1 Structures and cyclic voltammogram of benzothiadiazole derivatives and the correlation of the half-decay lifetime of the radical anions with the redox potentials. Mind the logarithmic vertical scale.

Duan, W.; Huang, J.; Kowalski, J. A.; Shkrob, I. A.; Vijayakumar, M.; Walter, E.; Pan, B.; Yang, Z.; Milshtein, J. D.; Li, B.; Liao, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, W.; Liu, J.; Moore, J. S.; Brushett, F. R.; Zhang, L.; Wei, X.,. ACS Energy Letters
2017,
2(5), 1156-1161.
2. Huang, J.; Duan, W.; Zhang, J.; Shkrob, I. A.; Assary, R. S.; Pan, B.; Liao, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wei, X.; Zhang, L..Journal of Materials Chemistry A
2018,
6 (15), 6251-6254.

Figure 1
Lock-in Thermography As a Diagnostic Tool for Water Detection and Quantification in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs)
Authors: Rasha Lara , Brett Dan J.L , Shearing Paul R. , Cho Jason I.S 
Published: February 2020

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are among the most promising energy conversion technologies for a broad range of applications and in recent years has shown tremendous advancements in terms of performance and durability, with wide-scale commercialisation imminent. However, new techniques are sought to optimise performance by understanding the internal workings of these devices. Understanding aspects of thermal and water management is of particular interest as they have a profound effect on both PEFC performance and durability, especially under dynamic load changes when used as power sources in automotive vehicles.
Neutron imaging is a powerful technique for probing water distribution in PEFCs; however, beam-time access is limited, expensive and only available in a few sites worldwide. This work looks to develop a new diagnostic technique that is able to image water distribution in PEFCs in-operando using lab-based equipment. This non-invasive and non-destructive technique requires a thermal imaging camera and a periodic heat stimulus imposed on the fuel cell. By locking-in the camera to the frequency of the heat source stimulus, it is possible to isolate heat travelling through a fuel cell from the source. The internal fuel cell features (including presence of water) affect heat transfer properties and can consequently be detected by the camera. Furthermore, if the technique is applied over a range of perturbation frequencies, it can determine the spatial location and amount of liquid water within the fuel cell (figure attached).

Figure 1
Pore Morphology Effects of Liquid/Gas Diffusion Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Cells
Authors: Yu Shule , Yang Gaoqiang , Li Yifan , Canfield Brian , Terekhov Alexander , Davis Lloyd , Zhang Feng-Yuan 
Published: February 2020

Hydrogen is now considered the most preferred medium for storing energyout of renewable, intermittent power sources because of its great advantages such as high energy density, low weight, environmental friendliness, etc. Water electrolysis is the most accessible hydrogen production method. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is attracting much attention with its high efficiency. In a PEM electrolyzer cell (PEMEC), liquid/gas diffusion layers (LGDLs) are porous layers whose main functions are conducting electrons and heat and transporting reactants/products to and from the reaction sites. To achieve high efficiency, a PEMEC demands LGDLs with minimum intrinsic ohmic, thermal, and mass diffusion losses and also low interfacial contact resistances with other components. Thus, the morphologies and surface properties of LGDLs can greatly affect the cell performance.
In this research, anode LGDLs featuring pore sizes of approximately ten microns are fabricated by pulsed-laser micromachining (PLM). The effects of pore morphologies, including porosities and pore sizes, are characterized comprehensively ex-situ and in-situ. Electrochemical
impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) analysis is also carried out to investigate the impact of LGDL pore morphologies on the PEMEC performance. Results from this research can help the community better understand the relationship between LGDL morphology and PEMEC performance. A prediction of the performance at the design stage should also be available based on the morphology of an anode LGDL. Furthermore, an optimal design for anode LGDLs may be acquired.
Enhanced Anodic Reaction of Dimethyl Ether (DME) on Ptpdsn Based Catalysts for High Power Low Temperature Fuel Cells
Authors: Schechter Alex , Teller Hanan , Kashyap Diwakar 
Published: February 2020

Dimethyl ether (DME) was recently proposed as an alternative fuel for fuel cells, due to its high energy density (8 kWh kg−1), low boiling point (-24 °C) which enables to supply it as fumes to the cell, and the lower crossover of DME molecules through the membrane compared to methanol, enabling the use of thin membranes. Yet, the state of the art DME oxidation catalysts such as PtRu, do not prove to be highly has slower oxidation kinetic and lower durability. Fuel cells utilizing Pt based catalysts requires high anode loading (above 2-4 mg of Pt), pressure and temperature which are relatively high (1.4 - 3.0 bar and 80 ֯C) to produce power output of 60- 200 mW cm-2.
We present herein a study of our patented ternary PtPdSn\C catalyst. The catalyst was optimized in terms of synthesis conditions and composition for DME oxidation in liquid electrolyte. Comparison with Pt\C, Pd\C and PtPd\C catalysts was done to explore the role of the different metals in the oxidation process over PtPdSn. Online FTIR and mass spectrometry measurements applied towards the identification of DME oxidation products, which included methanol, formic acid and methyl formate. The high electrto-activity in DME oxidation was maintained even after prolonged cycling 0.5 M H2SO4, in contrary to state of the art commercial PtRu catalyst. Polymer electrolyte fuel cell implementing PtPdSn/C catalyst produces peak power density of 150 mW cm-2 with a loading of only 1.2 mg/cm2 of active platinum group metal (PGM) at 70 ֯C and ambient pressure, which is significantly higher than reported power density values with PtRu under more demanding conditions. Analytical analysis of the DME oxidation product formed under selected anode operation conditions was carried out by on line mass spectrometry and on line FTIR showed formic acid as the main partial oxidation product at water stichometry lower than 3, whereas at full hydration above 3 moles of water per mole of DME, the main product other than CO2 was methanol resulting from hydrolysis reaction of the ether bond. The above mentioned results suggest that DME feed directly to a acidic PEMFC structure device has the potential of becoming a viable alternative to compressed hydrogen in PEMFC system in wide spectrum of applications.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction, Catalyst Development
Authors: Siahrostami Samira 
Published: February 2020

The sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the main bottleneck for development of highly efficient fuel cells. It has been a long-standing goal to develop and identify efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts with high activity towards this reaction. In this talk, I will give an overview of our recent developments in catalyst discovery effort for ORR. 1–3
References
(1) Kulkarni, A.; Siahrostami, S.; Anjli, P.; Norskov, J. K. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118 (5), 2302-2312.
(2) Abroshan, H.; Bothra, P.; Back, S.; Kulkarni, A.; Nørskov, J. K.; Siahrostami, S. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122 (9), 4783–4791.
(3) Back, Seoin; Kulkarni, Ambarish; Siahrostami, S. ChemCatChem 2018, 10 (14), 3034-3039.
Electrochemical and Ultra-Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Study of Ionomer Adsorption on Catalytic Sites in PEFC Electrodes
Authors: Farghaly Ahmed A. , Kariuki Nancy N. , Park Jaehyung , Myers Deborah J. 
Published: February 2020

The composition of the catalyst ink has a crucial impact on the electrode performance in the polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The presence of the perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) catalyst layer results in a sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics compared with an ionomer-free catalyst layer. Moreover, recently it has been shown that a thin film with high resistance to oxygen transport is formed around the catalyst particles due to its interaction with the ionomer.1 In order to improve the performance of the catalyst layer and eliminate or minimize the loss in both the ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity due to the ionomer-catalyst particles interaction in the next generation fuel cells new encased platinum group metal catalysts have been designed. Nanoporous materials have a wide range of technological applications2-6 and are potential candidates to improve the performance of the PEFC catalysts. Ordered inorganic nanoporous structures with well-defined and uniform pores are used to host the catalyst nanoparticles and block the access of the ionomer aggregates to the catalyst surface. In order to validate this assumption a series of catalyst inks with different ionomer: catalyst ratios (I/C) in isopropyl alcohol aqueous solvent were prepared. The ORR activity of the catalysts in thin film electrodes formed from these inks has been determined. The activity measurements are complemented by ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) studies on the inks and electrodes to determine the effect ionomer on the microstructure of the catalyst aggregates.
References

C. Cetinbas, R. K. Ahluwalia, N. N. Kariuki, and D.J. Myers, J. Electrochem. Soc.,
165(13), F1051 (2018).

A. Farghaly, R. K. Khan, and M. M. Collinson, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10(25), 21103 (2018).

Demir, A. A. Farghaly, M. J. Decuir, M. M. Collinson, and R. B. Gupta, Mater. Chem. Phys., 216, 508 (2018).

Nahar, A. A. Farghaly, R. J. A. Esteves, and I. U. Arachchige, Chem. Mater., 29(18),7704 (2017).

A. Farghaly and M. M. Collinson, Langmuir, 32(23), 5925 (2016).

A. Farghaly, M. Lam, C. J. Freeman, B. Uppalapati, and M. M. Collinson, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163(4) H3083 (2016).

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the United States Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fuel Cell Technologies Office. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source (APS), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Thickness Dependence Impact on Proton Transport Proton Properties of Nafion® Thin-Film on Platinum Model Electrode
Authors: Uchiyama Tomoki , Gao Xiao , Yamamoto Kentaro , Takao Naoki , Matsumoto Masashi , Imai Hideto , Sugawara Seiho , Shinohara Kazuhiko , Uchimoto Yoshiharu 
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Improving oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of cathode catalyst is required for wide spread of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Because ORR occurs at the three-phase-boundary among the cathode catalyst, ionomer and oxygen gas, understanding the impact the ionomer on the cathode catalyst is important to achieve the high performance PEFCs. Especially, the structure of the ionomer on the cathode is strongly influenced by humidity, thickness, annealing treatment [1-3]. In this study, we examined the proton conductivity the Nafion® thin-film with various thickness from 5 to 200 nm. The correlation between structure and proton conductivity of the Nafion on Pt electrode was discussed.

Experimental

For proton conductivity measurements, Nafion thin-films were prepared on interdigitated array of gold electrodes on SiO2 substrate by soaking the electrode on Nafion dispersion. For GISAXS measurements, Nafion thin-films were prepared on Pt sputtered P doped-silicon substrates by spin casting of Nafion dispersion. Proton conductivity under humidity was measured by applying an alternating potential of amplitude 100 mV over a frequency 7 MHz to 0.01 Hz. GISAXS measurements were performed under humidity in beamline BL40B2 at SPring-8, Japan.

Results and Discussion

In the Nafion thin-films with thickness more than 50 nm, EIS results indicated that the hydrophilic domains grew gradually as the thickness increases. In contrast, the hydrophilic domains, which works as the protonic path, grows larger with increase of the thickness, leading to reduce the activation energy of proton conductivity. According to GISAXS, the hydrophilic domain disappears in the Nafion thin-film with thickness less than 50 nm. These results indicate that the structure of Nafion thin-film drastically changes with the thickness. It is anticipated that the proton conductivity of the in-plane in the Nafion film is larger than that of the out-of-plane because the hydrophilic domain of the in-plane grows larger than that of the out-of-plane. The anisotropy of the ordered structure in the Nafion thin-film is enhanced by the interaction between the ionomer and substrate. These results indicate that the proton conductivity in the Nafion is largely influenced by the amount of the hydrophobic domain.

Acknowledgments

This research is based on results obtained from a project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

Reference:

[1] A. Kusoglu, D. Kushner, D. K. Paul, D. Karan, M. Hickner, A. Weber, Adv. Funct. Mater., 24, 4763 (2014)
[2] D. K. Paul, H. K. Shim, J. B. Giorgi, K. Karan, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys., 54, 1267 (2016)
[3] D. K. Paul, R. McCreery, K. Karan, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, F1395 (2014)