bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of colorectal cancer in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Results from a prospective Nigerian hospital registry
Authors: Sharma Avinash , Alatise Olusegun I. , Adisa Adewale O. , Arowolo Olukayode A. , Olasehinde Olalekan , Famurewa Olusola C. , Omisore Adeleye D. , Komolafe A. O. , Olaofe O. , Katung Aba I. , Ibikunle Ayoola D. , Egberongbe Ayoola A. , Olatoke Samuel A. , Agodirin S. O. , Adesiyun A. O. , Adeyeye Ademola , Ibrahim K. , Kolawole O. A. , Idris O. L. , Adejumobi M. O. , Ajayi Adebowale I. , Olakanmi Akinwumi O. , Constable Jeremy C. , Seier Ken , Gonen Mithat , Brennan Murray F. , Kingham T. Peter 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Mortality for CRC is improving in high income countries, but in low and middle income countries, rates of disease and death from disease are rising. In Sub‐Saharan Africa, the ratio of CRC mortality to incidence is the highest in the world. This study investigated the nature of CRC treatment currently being offered and received in Nigeria.MethodsBetween April 2013 and October 2017, a prospective study of consecutively diagnosed cases of CRC was conducted. Patient demographics, clinical features, and treatment recommended and received was recorded for each case. Patients were followed during the study period every 3 months or until death.ResultsThree hundred patients were included in our analysis. Seventy‐one percent of patients received a recommended surgical operation. Of those that didn't undergo surgery as recommended, 37% cited cost as the main reason, 30% declined due to personal reasons, and less than 5% absconded or were lost to follow up. Approximately half of patients (50.5%) received a chemotherapy regimen when it was recommended, and 4.1% received radiotherapy when this was advised as optimal treatment. With therapy, the median overall survival for patients diagnosed with stage III and stage IV CRC was 24 and 10.5 months respectively. Overall, we found significantly better median survival for patients that received the recommended treatment (25 vs 7 months; P < .01).ConclusionsA number of patients were unable to receive the recommended treatment, reflecting some of the burden of untreated CRC in the region. Receiving the recommended treatment was associated with a significant difference in outcome. Improved healthcare financing, literacy, training, access, and a better understanding of tumor biology will be necessary to address this discrepancy.
Best practices for emergency surgical airway: A systematic review
Authors: DeVore Elliana K. , Redmann Andrew , Howell Rebecca , Khosla Sid 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveIn the case of an emergency surgical airway, current guidelines state that surgical cricothyrotomy is preferable to tracheotomy. However, complications associated with emergency cricothyrotomy may be more frequent and severe. We systematically reviewed the English literature on emergency surgical airway to elicit best practices.MethodsPubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to January 2019 for studies reporting emergency cricothyrotomy and tracheotomy outcomes. All English‐language retrospective analyses, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses were included. Case reports were excluded, as well as studies with pediatric, nonhuman, or nonliving subjects.ResultsWe identified 783 articles, and 20 met inclusion criteria. Thirteen evaluated emergency cricothyrotomy and included 1,219 patients (mean age = 39.8 years); 4 evaluated emergency tracheotomy and included 342 patients (mean age = 46.0 years); 2 evaluated both procedures. The rate of complications with both cricothyrotomy and tracheotomy was comparable. The most frequent early complications were failure to obtain an airway (1.6%) and hemorrhage (5.6%) for cricothyrotomy and tracheotomy, respectively. Airway stenosis was the most common long‐term complication, occurring at low rates in both procedures (0.22–7.0%).ConclusionsComplications associated with emergency cricothyrotomy may not occur as frequently as presumed. Tracheotomy is an effective means of securing the airway in an emergent setting, with similar risk for intraoperative and postoperative complications compared to cricothyrotomy. Ultimately, management should depend on clinician experience and patient characteristics.Level of EvidenceIV
Response of the sea‐ice diatomFragilariopsis cylindrusto simulated polar night darkness and return to light
Authors: Morin Philippe‐Israël , Lacour Thomas , Grondin Pierre‐Luc , Bruyant Flavienne , Ferland Joannie , Forget Marie‐Hélène , Massicotte Philippe , Donaher Natalie , Campbell Douglas A. , Lavaud Johann , Babin Marcel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractArctic photoautotrophic communities must survive through polar night darkness until light returns in spring. We tracked changes in the cellular resource allocations and functional capacities of a polar sea‐ice diatom,Fragilariopsis cylindrus, to understand acclimation processes in both darkness and during the subsequent return to light. We measured parameters at specific time‐points over 3 months of darkness, and then over 6 d after a return to light. Measured parameters included cell number and size, cellular carbon and nitrogen quotas, lipid and pigment contents, concentration of key proteins of the photosynthetic system, photosynthetic parameters based on both variable fluorescence and carbon assimilation, and the level of nonphotochemical quenching. A stable functional state was reached within a few days after the transition to dark and was then maintained throughout 3 months of darkness. The dark period resulted in a decrease of lipid droplet cell quota (−6%), chlorophyllacell quota (−41%) and the maximum carbon fixation rate per cell (−98%). Return to light after 1.5 months of darkness resulted in a strong induction of nonphotochemical quenching of excitation and a fast recovery of the maximum carbon fixation rate within 1 d, followed by a rapid increase in the cell number. Return to light after 3 months of darkness showed an increase of mortality or a profound downregulation induced over longer periods of darkness.
Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Khan Tuhina , Relitti Nicola , Brindisi Margherita , Magnano Stefania , Zisterer Daniela , Gemma Sandra , Butini Stefania , Campiani Giuseppe 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) exhibit a survival rate of less than 60% and 40%, respectively. Late‐stage diagnosis and lack of effective treatment strategies make both OSCC and ESCC a significant health burden. Autophagy, a lysosome‐dependent catabolic process, involves the degradation of intracellular components to maintain cell homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a feasible therapeutic strategy with clinical utility in cancer treatment, although its associated regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. The detection of relevant biomarkers in biological fluids has been anticipated to facilitate early diagnosis and/or prognosis for these tumors. In this context, recent studies have indicated the presence of specific proteins and small RNAs, detectable in circulating plasma and serum, as biomarkers. Interestingly, the interplay between biomarkers (eg, exosomal microRNAs) and autophagic processes could be exploited in the quest for targeted and more effective therapies for OSCC and ESCC. In this review, we give an overview of the available biomarkers and innovative targeted therapeutic strategies, including the application of autophagy modulators in OSCC and ESCC. Additionally, we provide a viewpoint on the state of the art and on future therapeutic perspectives combining the early detection of relevant biomarkers with drug discovery for the treatment of OSCC and ESCC.
Energy decay and control for a system of strings elastically connected in parallel
Authors: Nunes Ruikson S.O. , Bastos Waldemar D. , Pitot João Manoel S. 
Published: November 2019

In the present paper, we study energy decay and exact boundary controllability for a system of n one‐dimensional linear wave equations coupled in parallel. The control obtained is a square integrable of the Neuman type for initial data with finite energy. The controllability time is near optimal value. We treat the case of control in the whole boundary and also in part of it.
Clinical implementation and commissioning of the MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator for non‐isocentric scanned proton beam treatments
Authors: Grevillot Loïc , Osorio Moreno Jhonnatan , Letellier Virgile , Dreindl Ralf , Elia Alessio , Fuchs Hermann , Carlino Antonio , Kragl Gabriele , Palmans Hugo , Vatnitsky Stanislav , Stock Markus 
Published: November 2019

PurposeThis paper describes the clinical implementation and medical commissioning of the MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator (MAPTA) for non‐isocentric scanned proton beam treatments.MethodsMedical physics involvement during technical commissioning work is presented. Acceptance testing procedures, including advanced measurement methods of intra‐spill beam variations, are defined. Beam monitor calibration using two independent methods based on a dose‐area product formalism is described. Emphasis is given to the medical commissioning work and the specificities related to non‐isocentric irradiation, since a key feature of MedAustron is the routine delivery of non‐isocentric scanned proton beam treatments.ResultsKey commissioning results and beam stability trend lines for more than 2 yr of clinical operation have been provided. Intra‐spill beam range, size, and position variations were within specifications of 0.3 mm, 15%, and 0.5 mm, respectively. The agreement between two independent beam monitor calibration methods was better than 1.0%. Non‐isocentric treatment delivery allowed lateral penumbra reduction of up to about 30%. Daily QA measurements of the beam range, size, position, and dose were always within 1 mm, 10%, 1 mm, and 2% from the baseline data, respectively.ConclusionsNon‐isocentric treatments have been successfully implemented at MedAustron for routine scanned proton beam therapy using horizontal and vertical fixed beamlines. Up to now every patient was treated in non‐isocentric conditions. The presented methodology to implement a new Scanned Ion Beam Delivery (SIBD) system into clinical routine for proton therapy may serve as a guidance for other centers.
Numerical study on the effect of rigid inclusions on existing railroads
Authors: Wang Dong , Sánchez Marcelo , Briaud Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2019

SummaryRailroad track problems have been exacerbated by the continuous increase in freight loads and train traffic. The need to implement soil improvement technique in a relatively short window‐time (ie, to minimize train‐traffic disruption) is a key aspect to be considered when adopting a convenient remedial solution to control settlements in railroads constructed on problematic subgrades. Rigid inclusions are selected in this paper because they are reliable solutions relatively easy to implement. Furthermore, they can be used in different ground conditions and are suitable for short construction times (eg, do not require a curing time, as in grouting methods). Typical (analytical) methods for the design of rigid inclusions are adopted in this paper to define an optimal distribution of piles for the case of existing railroads. The selected layout is then analyzed in detail by means of a 3‐D dynamic finite element simulator using both, elastoplastic and elastic models. The performance of rigid inclusions is studied considering different operational scenarios, with dynamic and static loads, as well as involving subgrades with different plasticity index values. It is found that the predictions from the analytical design methods for rigid inclusion tend to be unconservative when compared against the finite element results. As for the numerical solutions, the most unfavorable stress condition is associated with the dynamic elastoplastic finite element solution. It is estimated that the rigid inclusions will contribute to a reduction in the ground settlements of around 15% to 20%, depending on the subgrade plasticity index.
Mechanical and thermal properties of polyethylene/carbon nanofiber composites produced by rotational molding
Authors: Zepeda‐Rodríguez Zenen , Arellano‐Martínez Martin R. , Cruz‐Barba Emilio , Zamudio‐Ojeda Adalberto , Rodrigue Denis , Vázquez‐Lepe Milton , González‐Núñez Rubén 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNanocomposites based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE) were prepared by rotational molding. In particular, a simple dry‐blending process was used to add different CNF contents (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 wt%). To improve the fiber‐matrix adhesion, the CNF were treated by an oxygen cold plasma and the level of surface modification was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the samples produced a complete set of morphological, mechanical, rheological, and thermal characterization was performed. By following the internal air temperature while rotomolding, it was possible to detect the LMDPE melting and crystallization temperature and the values were confirmed by DSC. On the other hand, the XPS results show that the plasma treatment increased the CNF oxygen content and possibly the surface roughness. In general, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were improved by the addition of low CNF content: impact strength (30%), tensile modulus (20%), tensile strength (8%), elongation at break (35%), and toughness (70%).
A cross‐cultural examination on global orientations and moral foundations
Authors: Hu Xiaomeng , Zhu Yijie , Yu Feng , Wilder David A. , Zhang Li , Chen Sylvia Xiaohua , Peng Kaiping 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough there is a flourishing literature on the psychology of globalization and the psychology of morality, respectively, the moral dimension has been largely absent in the discourse of globalization psychology. Our current work attempts to fill this gap by establishing a conceptual and empirical link between global orientations and moral foundations. Our results indicated that (1) multicultural acquisition was positively linked with both individualizing and binding values; (2) ethnic protection was positively linked with only binding values; and (3) the relation patterns between global orientations and moral foundations were essentially congruent across cultures albeit with some cultural variations. Our findings provide direct evidence to map out the relation patterns between how people mentally cope with globalization and their explicit moral matrices.
Synthesis and electropolymerization of a multifunctional naphthalimide clicked carbazole derivative
Authors: Coban Fatma , Ayranci Rukiye , Ak Metin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this study, a multifunctional ‘clicked’ naphthalimide carbazole derivative (CNaP) was synthesized via Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Combining carbazole as an electroactive group with naphthalimide as a fluorescence group via click chemistry imparts multifunctional properties to this unique structure. CNaP was characterized via Fourier transform IR, 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as fluorescence and electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical polymerization of the CNaP monomer was carried out in acetonitrile/boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (2:1) (v/v) by the cyclic voltammetry technique. The resulting polycarbazole‐derived conductive polymer was characterized via optical and electrochemical measurements. PCNaP displayed multi‐electrochromism behaviour with good optical contrast (41% at 693 nm) and switching time (1.92 s at 693 nm). These results demonstrate that the new ‘clicked’ fluorescent, polycarbazole‐derived conductive polymer can be used in various applications such as electrochemical/optical sensors and electrochromic and fluorescence imaging devices. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
RDX Based Enhanced Energy Propellant for Tank Gun Ammunition
Authors: Jaiswal Garima , Shaikh Munis A. R. , Shelar Sunil D. , Ramavath Vijayalakshmi , Roy Subhankar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAmmunition designers are faced now a day with the tasks of improving muzzle velocity (MV) to achieve required penetration as well as developing gun propellant with minimum variation of ballistics at extremes of temperatures so as to maintain safe chamber pressure of gun. In order to meet the requirement an optimized propellant composition containing RDX, energetic plasticizer, nitrocellulose (NC), cellulose acetate (CA) and additives referred as Enhanced Energy Propellant (EEP) was processed and evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Performance in respect of ballistic parameters (static and dynamic), sensitivity, thermal characteristics, thermal stability and mechanical properties were evaluated and compared with that of the conventional triple base propellant (TBP). Experimental data on comparative study indicated that the newly developed EEP is superior to existing TBP in terms of energy, stability and thermal properties while sustaining the safe chamber pressure of gun. Dynamic firing results show that, EEP requires lower charge mass (7.43 kg) and lesser chamber pressure (459 MPa) to realize MV at par with standard. This illustrates high energy of EEP.
Theoretical study of the desorption of neutral and ionic alkali metal atoms from the excited Li+(H2O)n = 1‐4 and Na+(H2O)n = 1‐4 cluster models: Electronic excitation charge transfer
Authors: Farrokhpour Hossein , Khoshkhou Samaneh 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this work, the potential energy curves of several low‐lying excited states of M+(H2O)n = 1‐4 (M = Li and Na) clusters with one M─O bond, related to the stretching of their M─O bond, were calculated in the gas phase. The time‐dependent density functional theory and direct‐symmetry‐adapted cluster‐configuration interaction were used in this study separately. Theoretical calculations showed that the charge transfer occurred between M+ and (H2O)n in the excited clusters so that the neutral metal atom was obtained at the dissociation limit of the potential curves. The excited potential curves of clusters were also calculated in the presence of the electrostatic field of water (EFW), and it was found that the charge transfer was blocked in the presence of EFW. The effect of the size of the (H2O)n cluster on the shape of the excited potential curves was investigated to observe how the M─O bond was affected in the excited states depending on the (H2O)n size. It was found that the increase in the size of the (H2O)n cluster increased the number of bonding excited potential curves. The difference between the electron density of the excited and ground electronic states was calculated to see how the charge transfer was affected by the size of the (H2O)n cluster.
The effectiveness of interventions for reducing subjective and objective social isolation among people with mental health problems: a systematic review
Authors: Ma Ruimin , Mann Farhana , Wang Jingyi , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Terhune James , Al-Shihabi Ahmed , Johnson Sonia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeSubjective and objective social isolation are important factors contributing to both physical and mental health problems, including premature mortality and depression. This systematic review evaluated the current evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to improve subjective and/or objective social isolation for people with mental health problems. Primary outcomes of interest included loneliness, perceived social support, and objective social isolation.MethodsThree databases were searched for relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Studies were included if they evaluated interventions for people with mental health problems and had objective and/or subjective social isolation (including loneliness) as their primary outcome, or as one of a number of outcomes with none identified as primary.ResultsIn total, 30 RCTs met the review’s inclusion criteria: 15 included subjective social isolation as an outcome and 11 included objective social isolation. The remaining four evaluated both outcomes. There was considerable variability between trials in types of intervention and participants’ characteristics. Significant results were reported in a minority of trials, but methodological limitations, such as small sample size, restricted conclusions from many studies.ConclusionThe evidence is not yet strong enough to make specific recommendations for practice. Preliminary evidence suggests that promising interventions may include cognitive modification for subjective social isolation, and interventions with mixed strategies and supported socialisation for objective social isolation. We highlight the need for more thorough, theory-driven intervention development and for well-designed and adequately powered RCTs.
The role of personality, cognition, and affective state in same-sex contests in the red junglefowl
Authors: Garnham Laura Clare , Porthén Sabina Ahlgren , Child Sarah , Forslind Sara , Løvlie Hanne 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Intra-species contests are common in the animal kingdom and can have fitness consequences. Most research on what predicts contest outcome focuses on morphology, although differences in personality and cognition may also be involved. Supporting this, more proactive individuals often have dominant status, although the causality of this relationship is rarely investigated. Contest initiators often win; thus, individuals that are more proactive in their personality (e.g., more aggressive, risk-taking) or cognition (e.g., more optimistic, impulsive) may initiate contests more often. To investigate this, we assayed the behavior and cognition of sexually mature male and female red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), a species in which both sexes contest over social status, before staging intra-sexual contests. We confirm that contest initiators were more likely to win. In males, individuals that behaved more boldly in a novel arena test were more likely to initiate and win contests. Female initiators tended to be less active in novel object test, more aggressive in a restrained opponent test, and respond less optimistically in a cognitive judgement bias test, whereas the main predictor of whether a female would win a contest was whether she initiated it. These results suggest that behaviors attributed to proactive and reactive personalities, and—at least for female red junglefowl—optimism, can affect contest initiation and outcome. Therefore, within species, and depending on sex, different aspects of behavior and cognition may independently affect contest initiation and outcome. The generality of these findings, and their fitness consequences, requires further investigation.

Significance statement
In red junglefowl, we explored how behavior previously shown to describe personality, cognition, and affective state affected initiation and outcome of intra-sexual contests, by staging contests between sexually mature individuals previously assayed in behavioral and cognitive tests. In both sexes, contest initiators usually won. Bolder males were more likely to initiate and win contests. Female contests initiators were less active, more aggressive, and less optimistic. Our results suggest that personality and cognition could affect the initiation and outcome of contests and that how this occurs may differ between sexes.