bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Abuse of Rights in International Arbitration
Authors: El Far Ahmed 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of abuse of rights in international arbitration. It determines the legal basis of abuse of rights, questions the transnational nature of the principle, and examines whether it comprises a principle of transnational public policy. A scrutiny of the principle’s application in international arbitration not only demonstrates the omnipresence of the principle in most legal systems as well as under international law, but provides compelling evidence that a general principle of abuse of rights has emerged in international arbitration. Moreover, a review of different legal systems testify that the principle is recognized as a general substantive and procedural principle of law. This is further confirmed by the views of renowned scholars and by the constant application of abuse of rights as a general principle of law. However, while the principle reflects fundamental interests that decision makers should uphold, its depiction as part of transnational public policy is controversial.
Entrectinib, a TRK/ROS1 inhibitor with anti-CNS tumor activity: differentiation from other inhibitors in its class due to weak interaction with P-glycoprotein
Authors: Fischer Holger , Ullah Mohammed , de la Cruz Cecile C , Hunsaker Thomas , Senn Claudia , Wirz Thomas , Wagner Björn , Draganov Dragomir , Vazvaei Faye , Donzelli Massimiliano , Paehler Axel , Merchant Mark , Yu Li 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudies evaluating the CNS penetration of a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor, entrectinib, proved challenging, particularly due to discrepancies across earlier experiments regarding P-glycoprotein (P-gp) interaction and brain distribution. To address this question, we used a novel “apical efflux ratio” (AP-ER) model to assess P-gp interaction with entrectinib, crizotinib, and larotrectinib, and compared their brain-penetration properties.MethodsAP-ER was designed to calculate P-gp interaction with the 3 drugs in vitro using P-gp–overexpressing cells. Brain penetration was studied in rat plasma, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples after intravenous drug infusion. Unbound brain concentrations were estimated through kinetic lipid membrane binding assays and ex vivo experiments, while the antitumor activity of entrectinib was evaluated in a clinically relevant setting using an intracranial tumor mouse model.ResultsEntrectinib showed lower AP-ER (1.1–1.15) than crizotinib and larotrectinib (≥2.8). Despite not reaching steady-state brain exposures in rats after 6 hours, entrectinib presented a more favorable CSF-to-unbound concentration in plasma (CSF/Cu,p) ratio (&gt;0.2) than crizotinib and larotrectinib at steady state (both: CSF/Cu,p ~0.03). In vivo experiments validated the AP-ER approach. Entrectinib treatment resulted in strong tumor inhibition and full survival benefit in the intracranial tumor model at clinically relevant systemic exposures.ConclusionsEntrectinib, unlike crizotinib and larotrectinib, is a weak P-gp substrate that can sustain CNS exposure based on our novel in vitro and in vivo experiments. This is consistent with the observed preclinical and clinical efficacy of entrectinib in neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) and ROS1 fusion-positive CNS tumors and secondary CNS metastases.
The Modern Individual
Authors: Watts Miller W. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article tracks key changes and continuities in Durkheim’s approach to the modern individual, beginning with the landscape of his thesis on the division of labor. A period of transition then helped to generate his increasing belief in the dynamics of creative effervescence, both as a foundation of an irreducibly social realm and as a way to tackle a modern crisis and get going processes of reform. He nonetheless never abandoned his commitment to the importance of social structures, as in his call for a web of new intermediate groups linking the individual with a wider society, or in his view of the division of labor as a source of modern ideals and route to combining autonomy and solidarity. He was also well aware that times of effervescent upsurge come with serious risks. Indeed, risk is built into the freedom and indeterminacy they entail.
Émile Durkheim and the Sociology of Religion
Authors: Koenig Matthias 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As religion has gained public and scholarly attention, sociologists have critically revised orthodox secularization theory. This article revisits Emile Durkheim’s sociologie religieuse and explores its potential and limitation for analyzing contemporary religious reconfigurations in the twenty-first century. First, it reviews how the “New Durkheim” as recovered by the recent historiography of classical sociology defined, explained, and assessed religion. It argues that Durkheim’s theory of the sacred, its relation to society, and its impact on morality and knowledge displays inherent tensions reflected in his quest for social bonds in secular society. Second, having acknowledged Durkheim’s ambivalent legacy in the sociology of religion and cultural sociology more broadly, the article shows that his theory of the sacred, while failing to grasp religio-political power configurations so central to the Weberian tradition, helps discern the persistence and production of collective religious forms in a global age, ranging from nationalisms to human rights.
Émile Durkheim and the Modern Family
Authors: de Singly François 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Emile Durkheim’s first specialized course in Bordeaux (in 1888) was on the sociology of the family. Although his work on the topic is not his best known, and is often rather misunderstood, it is still quite interesting. Durkheim was able to perceive the two leading characteristics of the European family under the first modernity (from the 1850s through the 1960s): the personalization of ties and the increasing intervention of the state in family affairs. Understanding this change did not lead Durkheim to approve of it, however, and he worried about the weakening of rules and discipline within the family.
The Sociality of Mind
Authors: Nungesser Frithjof 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ever since Durkheim, the question of the sociality of mind has remained both contentious and fruitful. This article discusses the Durkheimian contribution to the sociology of knowledge in three steps. First, by drawing on Durkheim and Mauss’s “Primitive Classification” (1903) and on Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912), two key arguments of the Durkheimian sociology of knowledge will be distinguished. Second, it is argued that the differences between these two key contributions reverberate through the reception of Durkheim’s sociology of knowledge, resulting in two quite different lines of reception: one that focuses on classificatory homologies (Lévi-Strauss, Bourdieu, Boltanski) and one that focuses on ritual, the sacred, and the emergence of nonordinary realities (Bellah, Joas). Finally, the continuing provocative force of Durkheim’s sociology of knowledge is explained by systematizing the various tensions within Durkheim’s arguments as well as within and between its appropriations.
Negative Predicates
Authors: Moeschler Jacques 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe main goal of this chapter is to explain why natural language needs negative predicates to express negative contents. In contrast with syntactic negation, negative predicates exhibit some semantic properties, which are not expressed syntactically: they are complete semantically, restricted to lexical categories, and encode a negative feature. On the other hand, negative predicates are motivated pragmatically: they are stronger statements than syntactic negation; they realize, under syntactic negation, mitigated assertions; they cannot express metalinguistic negation, as syntactic negation does. One relevant semantic proposal (Horn 1989) is the distinction between two negation operators: ¬, realized syntactically, and ©, realized lexically. This chapter does not only give arguments supporting these properties, but also provides an explicit account of the relation between syntactic negation and negative predicates.
Negative Quantifiers
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses two puzzling phenomena in the domain of negative quantifiers: the so-called nall-problem and the existence of split-scope readings triggered by negative indefinites. The nall-problem concerns the fact that no language in the world lexicalizes negated universal quantifiers (with the meaning ‘not every’) and other negated high-scale elements. Negative Indefinites in languages such as Dutch and German may give rise to so-called split scope readings. Sentences like German Du must keine Krawatte anziehen (‘you must wear no tie’) have a reading where the modal takes scope in between the negation and the indefinite. That suggests that prima facie negative indefinites are not negative quantifiers in a straightforward sense. This chapter briefly discusses and evaluates the main analyses that have been put forward to account for these puzzles.
Calculating the Scope of Negation
Authors: Fleisher Nicholas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates scopal interactions between sentential negation and quantifiers, with special attention to the relative scope of negation and quantificational subjects. It examines a variety of proposals that explore the influences of phrase structure, focus, topic, and other pragmatic factors on the scope of negation. It also examines the related phenomena of incorporated negation in quantifiers and negative islands.
Negation and Alternatives
Authors: Fălăuş Anamaria 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates the interplay between negation and alternatives, one of the richest areas of investigation for the semantics-pragmatics interface, with significant insights into how meaning is compositionally calculated and the role context plays in this process. It explores the focus-sensitivity of negation and the role of syntactic factors in determining the scope of negation with respect to focused elements. The semantic effects produced by the interaction between negation and focus alternatives are approached by discussing two empirical domains (i) focus-sensitive particles and (ii) focused and non-focused negative polarity items.
Intervention Effects with Negation
Authors: Mayr Clemens 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNegation inhibits certain wh-dependencies. This chapter investigates two kinds of intervention effects: negative islands such as *How didn’t John behave? and Beck-effects such as *Which student did no one give which book to? It is shown that both types of intervention effects call for a semantic or pragmatic rather than a syntactic explanation. At the same time, it is argued that the two types should not be reduced to one. Different semantic and pragmatic approaches to the data are surveyed and issues for future research are highlighted.
Denial
Authors: Ripley David 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDenial is something we do; it is a speech act. Negation, on the other hand, is a particular lexical item. Despite being very different kinds of things, denial and negation certainly seem to have something to do with each other. There’s something negative about them both. This ‘negative’ aspect, whatever it is, unifies denial and negation across these categories. It is something that denial does not share with the speech act of assertion, for example, although they are both speech acts; nor does negation share it with, say, ‘must’, although they are both lexical items. There are a range of theories about the relationships between negation and denial. This article aims to give a brief overview of these theories, and to indicate some of the reasons for and against each.
Negative Polarity Items
Authors: Tovena Lucia M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates the phenomenon of negative polarity sensitivity. The term negative polarity items (NPIs) has been introduced in the literature to refer to forms whose distribution was observed to polarize in negative contexts. NPIs can vary from indefinites that take a special form when they occur in the scope of negation, e.g. any in English, to DPs functioning as minimizers, e.g. a drop, verbal idiomatic expressions such as lift a finger, and more. NPIs are often characterized indirectly by analyzing their distribution in terms of licensing contexts. Sentential negation is a typical licensor that is required to c-command an NPI. A weaker but more inclusive semantic notion of negativity shared by many licensing environments is provided by downward monotonicity. Distributional patterns also led to distinguishing between weak NPIs and stronger NPIs, the latter being restricted to a subset of contexts from the broad selection of licensing environments.
Quantitative Studies of the Use of Negative (Dependent) Expressions
Authors: Wallage Phillip 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany recent quantitative studies examine the use of English negative-dependent expressions, focusing on variation between no-negation and not-negation. Tottie, Varela-Perez, Wallage, Childs, Burnett et al. identify several constraints on this variation–notably verb-type and discourse-function—which, in turn, inform the structural analysis of Present-day English negative words and negative clauses. Explaining its origins, Tottie hypothesizes that variation between no-negation and not-negation is a consequence of the ongoing lexical diffusion of not. However, statistical analyses of diachronic corpus data provide evidence against this hypothesis. They indicate that variation between no-negation and not-negation is stable and historically persistent from the sixteenth century to the Present-day, suggesting that it is established during Middle English (eleventh to fifteenth centuries) through the interaction of two independent changes to the syntax of negation—the Jespersen Cycle and the quantifier cycle.
Evolution of Negative Dependencies
Authors: Gianollo Chiara 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews the diachronic processes affecting indefinites in the scope of negation and other nominal elements that enter the negation system as strengtheners of the sentential negative marker. Changes involving indefinites interweave with Jespersen’s Cycle because changes in the syntactic nature of the negative marker may lead to the creation of syntactic dependencies between negative items in the clause. In turn, indefinites themselves are subject to diachronic clines and cyclical processes of change modifying their pragmatic and semantic properties and renewing their form and their featural content. A particularly intriguing systematic phenomenon leads originally positive elements to become more ‘negative’, in ways that will be explored in this chapter by means of examples from the diachrony of various languages.
Negation, Prosody, and Gesture
Authors: Prieto Pilar , Espinal M. Teresa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes the current state of the art with regard to the contribution of prosody and gesture to the semantic and pragmatic expression and interpretation of negation. A review of the literature shows that three types of speech acts involving negation (e.g. denial, rejection, and metalinguistic negation) can be encoded through differentiated prosodic and gestural means across languages. Negative elements in denials tend to be prosodically highlighted through the use of high tones in tonal languages or pitch accentual prominence in intonational languages. By contrast, specific intonational contours are used differently across languages to express a speech act of rejection, whether in questions or in statements. Metalinguistic or corrective speech acts, which express a speaker’s attitude of disapproval, can also be identified by means of prosodic prominence. All three types of speech act tend to be accompanied by specific gestures. This chapter also shows the central role played by prosody and gesture in the interpretation of the semantic scope of negation, as well as in the interpretation of negative shifts affecting so-called double negation phenomena and bare polar particle responses. The chapter concludes by analyzing the interaction between prosodic and gestural modes of communication in adult and child speech, and suggests possible avenues for further research on the prosody–gesture negation interface.
Negation and First Language Acquisition
Authors: Thornton Rosalind 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates children’s acquisition of negation from a cross-linguistic perspective. The chapter reviews topics in the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of negation in children’s grammars. Discussion of the syntax of negation in early grammars includes the hierarchical position of negation in children’s early structures, internal versus external negation, and the syntactic category of the negative marker. Topics relevant to 3- to 5-year-old grammars include children’s access to double negation, whether or not children acquiring Standard English permit negative concord as part of their core grammar, and children’s negative question structures. Children’s acquisition of the semantics of negation is covered in a discussion of negation as a licensor of any and of disjunction. The investigations underline the importance of providing appropriate pragmatic contexts in experiments targeting children’s production and comprehension of negation.
Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants
Authors: Hochmann Jean-Rémy 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe meaning of verbal negation cannot be created ex-nihilo when words like ‘no’ and ‘not’ are first acquired. Rather, there must exist pre-lexical precursors of negation. This chapter, guided by the analysis of the meaning of early negative utterances, explores the infant cognition literature, in search of such precursors. We show that infants are able to learn behaviors relying on avoidance and to react to unfulfilled expectations. Furthermore, we present recent results suggesting that infants are able to represent the relation different (i.e. not the same), and that such representation suggests the existence of a precursor to truth-functional negation. Finally, the chapter discusses a fourth possible precursor of negation: inhibition.
The Morpho-Syntactic Nature of the Negative Marker
Authors: Gianollo Chiara 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to the morpho-syntactic properties of markers of sentential negation, and to the relation between such properties and other aspects of the syntax of negation. It reviews the results of cross-linguistic research and describes the different forms of negative markers (affixes, particles, auxiliary verbs, complementizers). It also discusses a number of correlations between the form of the sentential negative marker and more general structural aspects (doubling, pre- vs. postverbal negation, presence of Negative Concord).
Negative Polarity Illusions
Authors: Muller Hanna , Phillips Colin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough decades of research have illuminated the licensing requirements, both syntactic and semantic, of negative polarity items, the matter of how these licensing requirements are satisfied in real time, as a sentence is being processed, remains an ill-understood problem. Grammatical illusions—cases where native speakers, as they comprehend an ungrammatical sentence, experience a fleeting perception of acceptability—offer a window into online computations like NPI licensing. This chapter reviews the findings on negative polarity illusions, their parallels (and, in some cases, the lack of parallels) with other grammaticality illusions, and the implications of this line of research for understanding the incremental processing of negative sentences as well as negative polarity phenomena more broadly.
Individual Differences in Processing of Negative Operators
Authors: Dwivedi Veena D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that a focus on individual differences in sentence processing is key in understanding how bilinguals process negation and negative dependencies. That is, bilinguals, like monolinguals, have been shown to exhibit considerable variation in behavioral and neural responses to sentence perception. It draws on recent findings in the author’s lab, and elsewhere, to show that individual differences in interpretation for sentences exhibiting scope ambiguity can account for disparate results (across typologically different languages, such as Korean and English) regarding negation in monolinguals. Moreover, the chapter shows how the model of sentence processing as ‘Heuristic first, algorithmic second’ accounts for neural signatures associated with negative sentences. Finally, heuristic vs. algorithmic processing is linked to appropriate neural responses and theories of bilingual sentence perception, and implications regarding the study of bilingual neural architecture are discussed.
The Neurobiology of Lexical and Sentential Negation
Authors: Papeo Liuba , de Vega Manuel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIs negation inherently harder than affirmation? How does negation change the neural representation of a word meaning? Recent studies considering pragmatic aspects of language, largely neglected in early studies on negation, have challenged the view that negation involves an extra processing stage to modify, or recode, an affirmative representation initially activated. In consequence, researchers have sought to determine the earliest effects of negation on the neural activity associated with language understanding. Behavioral, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological research have highlighted three circumstances. First, negation changes the neural representation of a word meaning from the earliest stages of word processing. Second, negation reduces or abolishes the activity in brain areas representing the word in the scope of negation. Third, the brain network for response inhibition is recruited during processing negation. Composing these results into a unitary framework, a neurobiological model of negation is proposed that integrates the neurophysiological mechanisms of lexical-semantic processing and inhibition.
The Expression of Negation in Sign Languages
Authors: Quer Josep 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNegation systems in sign languages have been shown to display the core grammatical properties attested for natural language negation. Negative manual signs realize clausal negation in much the same way as in spoken languages. However, the visual-gestural modality affords the possibility to encode negative marking non-manually, and sign languages vary as to whether such markers can convey negation on their own or not. Negative concord can be argued to exist between manual and non-negative markers of negation, but we also find cases of negative concord among manual signs. Negation interacts in interesting ways with other grammatical categories, and it can be encoded in irregular and affixal forms that still have sentential scope. At the same time, negation is attested in lexical morphology leading to forms that do not express sentential negation.