bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on Driving Style Classification for Shift Schedule of Dual Clutch Transmissions
Authors: Liu Yonggang , Wang Jiming , Zhao Pan , Sun Dongye , Yang Yang , Qin Datong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
As one of the most promising vehicle automatic transmission, the dual clutch transmissions (DCT) have become a research hotspot. In order to formulate different shift schedules of DCT to meet economic and comfort requirements, it is necessary to classify and identify driving styles based on vehicle driving data. Accurate classification of driving style is a prerequisite for effective identification, and in this research, a driving style classification method is built based on feature engineering. First, a specified road test is conducted considering the influence factors, in which the driving data is collected, and the driving style is subjectively evaluated. Subsequently, the information entropy is applied to discretize the velocity and the degree of accelerator pedal degree, where 44 feature quantities are extracted to characterize the driving style. Taking into account strong correlation and redundancy between the constructed feature quantities, the principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to reduce the dimension. Finally, the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm is used to classify the driving style. The successful classification rate can reach 92.16% of the subjective scoring result, and is improved by 9.81% comparing with traditional feature quantities. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed driving style classification method, which lays a foundation for the adaptive control of different driving styles for the establishment of an intelligent DCT control system.
Numerical Co-Simulation of Drag Torque in the Gearbox Combined Multibody Dynamics With Moving Particle Semi-Implicit Method
Authors: Zhang Lifu , Wu Guangqiang , Ju Lijuan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the gearbox, lubrication is an important technical measure to improve the friction state of the friction pair and ensure the smooth operation of the mechanical system, and it also plays an important role in cooling, sealing, rust prevention, shock absorption and force transmission. Common lubrication methods in automobile gearbox include dip lubrication, splash lubrication and forced lubrication, but dip and splash lubrication often result in oil churning power loss of the gearbox, and predicting this loss at design stage can help designers to modify the design and improve efficiency. In this paper, the moving particle semi-implicit method is applied to analyze the churning loss of a single helical gear in the transmission system, and the accuracy of the simulation results is verified by experimental data. This research can provide an effective new approach to study the oil churning power loss of gear in transmission.
An Augmented Reality-Based Training System for Manual Milling Operations
Authors: Chuang Tung-Jui , Yang Chih-Kai , Smith Shana 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study created an AR-based training system for manual milling machine operation. Users can operate a full-size virtual milling machine with their natural operating behavior, without additional worn or handheld devices. An Intel RealSense R200 camera was used to get the images and the depth information of the real world scenes. A Leap Motion controller was used to track user’s hand motion. Both Intel RealSense R200 and Leap Motion were mounted on an Oculus Rift head-mounted display so that users can freely walk around in the augmented environment to operate the virtual milling machine. A calibration method was developed to solve the dynamic occlusion problem in real time to increase the realism and immersiveness of the system. The system provided a safe learning-by-doing training environment, which was expected to enhance users’ learning effect and reduce accidents. User test results showed that the system was robust and helpful in improving user learning experience in manual milling machining operation.
Thick Folding Through Regionally-Sandwiched Compliant Sheets
Authors: Butler Jared , Pehrson Nathan , Magleby Spencer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The regional-sandwiching of compliant sheets (ReCS) technique presented in this work creates flat-foldable, rigid-foldable, and self-deploying thick origami-based mechanisms. Regional-sandwiching of the compliant sheet is used to create mountain/valley assignments for each fold about a vertex, constraining motion to a single branch of folding. Strain energy in deflected flexible members is used to enable self-deployment. This work presents the methods to design origami-based mechanisms using the ReCS technique, including volume trimming at the vertex of the compliant sheet and of the panels used in the sandwich. Physical models of a simple single fold mechanism and a degree-four vertex mechanism are presented to demonstrate the ReCS technique using acrylic panels and spring steel. Consideration is given to the risk of yielding of the compliant sheet due to parasitic motion with possible mitigation of yielding by decreasing the thickness of the sheet.
Compactly Folding Rigid Panels With Uniform Thickness Through Origami and Kirigami
Authors: Yang Jingyi , You Zhong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate and evaluate origami and kirigami patterns that enable folding arrays made from flat rigid panels with uniform thickness into compact stacks. In deployed state, all panels form a completely flat plane; while in folded state, no voids exist within the stack. Two approaches are proposed. The first approach folds an array of identical rectangular panels into compact stacks. By drawing a Hamiltonian circuit over the array, a method of placing revolute joints is presented. By selecting a symmetric Hamiltonian circuit, we show that the array can be folded into two stacks. The second approach is case specific, which folds arrays consisting of square and half square triangular panels into stacks. Three basic units as well as their combinations are proposed, all of which lead to compact folding. Our designs can be applied to package solar panels for aerospace applications.
Stability Analysis of High-Performance Drones With Suspended Payloads
Authors: Hoang Samantha , Liu Yifeng , Aliseda Alberto , Shen I. Y. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the stability of a system consisting of a drone with a heavy payload through both linear stability analysis and nonlinear simulations. The stability is studied with respect to two payload parameters: the length of the arm the payload is suspended from and the mass of the payload. Linearizing the drone-payload system around vertical flight results in a linearized system that is marginally stable with five negative, real eigenvalues and seven zero-eigenvalues. The presence of seven zero-eigenvalues makes it difficult to predict the stability of the nonlinear system so nonlinear simulations are completed to understand how the drone-payload system reacts to external disturbances. To directly study the severity of the nonlinear system’s instability, the system is subjected to an initial, one-second wind disturbance that induces different initial conditions on the system. The results of the nonlinear simulations indicate that the presence of a suspended payload will always cause the drone-payload system to be unstable. Both an increase in the length of the payload arm and the payload mass will individually increase the deviation of the system from the expected path.
Periodic Control in a Stick Balancing Problem
Authors: Bencsik Laszlo , Insperger Tamas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Understanding the human balancing is a fundamental question. Investigation of simple tasks can help in this challenging problem. In order to describe the nature of the underlying control mechanism, first of all, the balancing force has to be determined. As a second step one can identify the behaviour of the controller. There are two main problems in the model of the whole control process of balancing, time-delay is unknown and the exact mathematical definition of the control goal is also not known. The explanation for this latter issue the classical inverted pendulum model has 2DoF but only one control forces exists, thus it can be handled as a typical underactuated mechanical system. In under-actuated systems the task of inverse dynamics is not well defined. Some degrees-of-freedom cannot directly be controlled, and the corresponding generalized coordinates depend on the system dynamics only. In this study we model the control mechanism as a time periodically (i.e. clock-driven) switched controller. We investigate the stability properties of the closed-loop system. We show a periodically switched controlled which can be a possible model of human balancing.
Closed Form Calculation of Lead Flank Modification Proposal for Spur and Helical Gear Stages
Authors: Weinberger Uwe , Otto Michael K. , Stahl Karsten 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Due to the growing need for gearboxes to be as lightweight and efficient as possible, it is most important that the gear mesh’s potential is utilized as well as possible. One way of doing that is to define a flank modification that optimally distributes the load over the flank. Best practice for defining a flank modification is to manually check out the load distribution and to define a value of the flank modification. In general, this is an iterative method to get an optimally distributed load. This method can also be automated. To do this, the deformations of the gearbox (shafts, bearings, gear mesh) are calculated. With those results a modification proposal is calculated and applied to the calculation model. As soon as the values for the next additional modification proposal drop under a certain limit, the iteration is finished. This method consumes time and computing power. Additionally, since it is an iteration, does not always converge. A new method for calculating the lead flank modification for all gear stages in the gearbox to be calculated is presented in this paper. The method shown in this paper uses additional degrees of freedom and equations, which are integrated into the linear equation system of the gearbox model. Those degrees of freedom and the equations apply the boundary condition to the model of a constant load distribution. By introducing additional factors in the equations, it is possible to calculate a lead flank modification for an arbitrary load distribution. By integrating these additional degrees of freedom and the equations, only one additional calculation is needed to get a modification proposal. Examples throughout this paper show the results of this method.
A Capacitive MEMS Pressure Sensor With Wavy Membrane and Linear Capacitance-Pressure Response
Authors: Oke Stephen , Shavezipur Mohammad 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A novel structure for capacitive MEMS pressure sensors is presented that can be used for a wide range of pressure sensing applications. The sensor is designed such that its characteristic capacitance-pressure (C-P) response is highly linear and could cover a wide range of working pressure. A capacitive pressure sensor includes two capacitive electrodes, one patterned on the substrate and the other one suspended creating a sealed cavity. The suspended electrode acts as the pressure sensitive membrane in the device and undergoes out-of-plane deformation when there is a change in ambient pressure, resulting in a change in the device’s capacitance. The design presented in this work uses a wavy-shape membrane with controlled deformations to provide a highly linear C-P response. The wavy shape of the membrane can be fabricated using grey-scale mask and lithography. ANSYS APDL multiphysics solver is used to model and simulate the pressure sensor and optimize its response. The material used in the design and simulations of the pressure sensor is silicon carbide making this design suitable for harsh environment applications. The simulation results show that if the size and the shape of the wave form in the membrane are optimized, highly linear C-P response can be achieved and also its working pressure range can be extended.
An Analytical Investigation of Rattle Characteristics of Powder Metal Gears
Authors: Slavkovsky Elizabeth , Inalpolat Murat , Flodin Anders 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study employs an analytical model of a gear pair with transverse-torsional dynamics that allows analysis of single-sided, double-sided, and random rattle situations to contrast rattle characteristics of isotropic PM gears with a baseline steel gearset. This model utilizes time-varying gear mesh stiffness and transmission error as the internal excitation sources and time-varying operating torque as an external excitation. The gear rattle performance of PM gears is investigated under different torque conditions and operating speeds. The system kinetic and potential energy is assessed as an evaluation tool that can indicate the severity of different rattle conditions. The dynamic response of two different versions of an existing PM gear design are compared with a baseline traditional steel gear.
Dual-Arm Manipulators Kinematic Control Under Multiple Constraints via Virtual Joints Approach
Authors: Proietti Pagnotta Daniele , Freddi Alessandro , Longhi Sauro , Monteriù Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A kinematic controller for a dual-arm system able to cope with kinematic constraints is presented in this paper. The kinematic controller is designed according to the Relative Jacobian method to achieve cooperation of a couple of 7 DOF robotic arms. The kinematic redundancy obtained from cooperation is exploited to execute other subtasks along the main task. The concept of virtual joint space proposed in the General Weighted Least Norm (GWLN) method is employed in order to include the constraints in the problem. Firstly, the GWLN is reformulated for a dual-arm system, including only the joint limit avoidance subtask. Then, the obstacle avoidance subtask is also considered and a new version of the kinematic controller is derived when the number of constraints is larger than the number of joints. Simulation are performed on the model of the Baxter Robot, in the Matlab-Simulink environment.
Biosensing Mechanism Using Amplitude Voltage Response of Superharmonic Resonance of Fourth Order of Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Cantilever Resonators
Authors: Caruntu Dumitru I. , Reyes Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with the amplitude voltage response of electrostatically actuated MEMS cantilever resonators undergoing superharmonic resonance of fourth order. This can be used as sensing mechanism. The system consists of a MEMS cantilever beam held parallel to a ground plate with an applied voltage of alternating current (AC) causing the cantilever to vibrate. The driving frequency of the excitation voltage is near one eighth of the first natural frequency of the cantilever. This causes the cantilever to experience superharmonic resonance of order four. In order for this resonance to occur hard excitations are required wherein the magnitude of the excitation voltage must be large enough. This work models the electrostatic force to include fringe effect. The fringe effect is modeled using Palmer’s formula. Reduced order models (ROMs) are used in this work. The methods used to solve these models are 1) the method of multiple scales (MMS), 2) homotopy analysis method (HAM), and 3) numerical integration for ROM with 2 modes of vibration. The amplitude voltage response shows a softening. The response consists of three branches: two stable and one unstable. As the voltage is increased the system is stable until the first saddle-node bifurcation point is reached. Here the system experiences instability and it jumps to higher amplitude on the stable branch. As the voltage is swept down the system is stable until the second saddle-node bifurcation point in high amplitudes is reached and the system jumps down to lower amplitudes on the first stable branch. This is the biosensing mechanism proposed in this work. All three methods show excellent agreement with one another for detuning frequency values up to σ = −0.025. As the magnitude of the detuning frequency increases the MMS and HAM begin to disagree with the time responses obtained from the numerical integration of the ROM with 2 modes of vibration (or terms).
This demonstrates the limitations of MMS and HAM to accurately predict the behavior for hard excitations where the voltage is very high.
Comparison of Frequency Response of Primary Resonance of DWCNT and CNT Resonators Under Electrostatic Actuation
Authors: Caruntu Dumitru I. , Juarez Ezequiel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with the frequency-amplitude response of primary resonance of electrostatically actuated Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (DWCNT) and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) cantilever resonators. Their responses are compared. Both the DWCNT and SWCNT are modeled as Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beams. Electrostatic and damping forces are applied on both types of resonators. An AC voltage provides a soft electrostatic actuation. For the DWCNT, intertube van der Waals forces are present between the carbon nanotubes, coupling the deflections of the tubes and acting as a nonlinear spring between the two carbon nanotubes. Electrostatic (for SWCNT and DWCNT) and intertube van der Waals (for DWCNT) forces are nonlinear. Both resonators undergo nonlinear parametric excitation. The Method of Multiple Scales (MMS) is used to investigate the systems under soft excitations and weak nonlinearities. A 2-Term Reduced-Order-Model (ROM) is numerically solved for stability analysis using AUTO-07P, a continuation and bifurcation software. The coaxial vibrations of DWCNT are considered in this work, in order to draw comparisons between DWCNT and SWCNT. Effects of damping and voltage of the frequency-amplitude response are reported.
Interface Models for Multirate Co-Simulation of Nonsmooth Multibody Systems
Authors: Peiret Albert , Kövecses József , González Francisco , Teichmann Marek 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Co-simulation techniques enable the coupling of physically diverse subsystems in an efficient and modular way. Complex engineering applications can be simulated in co-simulation setups, in which each subsystem is solved and integrated using numerical methods tailored to its physical behaviour. Co-simulation implies that the communication between subsystems takes place at discrete-time instants and is limited to a given set of coupling variables, while the internals of each subsystem are generally not accessible to the rest of the simulation environment. In non-iterative co-simulation schemes, this may lead to the instability of the integration. Increasingly demanding requirements in the simulation of machinery have led to the coupling, in real-time co-simulation setups, of multibody models of mechanical systems to computational representations of non-mechanical subsystems, such as hydraulics and electronics. Often, these feature faster dynamics than their mechanical counterparts, which leads to the use of multirate integration in non-iterative co-simulation environments. The stability of the integration in these cases can be enhanced using interface models, i.e., reduced representations of the multibody system, to provide meaningful input values to faster subsystems between communication points. This work describes such interface models that can be used to represent nonsmooth mechanical systems subjected to unilateral contact and friction.
Frequency Response of Parametric Resonance of Electrostatically Actuated Circular Plates Under Hard Excitations
Authors: Beatriz Julio , Caruntu Dumitru I. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the Method of Multiple Scales, and the Reduced Order Model method of two modes of vibration are used to investigate the amplitude-frequency response of parametric resonance of electrostatically actuated circular plates under hard excitations. Results show that the Method of Multiple Scales is accurate for low voltages. However, it starts to separate from the Reduced Order Model results as the voltage values are larger. The Method of Multiple Scales is good for low amplitudes and weak non-linearities. Furthermore the Reduced Order Model running with AUTO 07p is validated and calibrated using the 2 Term ROM time responses.
Feasibility of Pairing a Low-Cost Positive Displacement Pump With Low-Energy Pressure Compensating Drip Irrigation Emitters for Smallholder Farms in Africa
Authors: Engelkemier Seiji , Grant Fiona , Landis Jordan , Sheline Carolyn , Varner Hannah , Zubajlo Rebecca E. , Sokol Julia , Winter Amos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In low income countries, existing drip irrigation systems are cost prohibitive to many smallholder farmers. Companies are working to develop efficient, low-cost irrigation systems by using technologies such as positive displacement (PD) pumps and pressure compensating (PC) emitters. However, these two technologies have not been paired in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Here we describe a proof-of-concept pump control algorithm that demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting the physical relationship between the input electrical power to a PD pump and the hydraulic behavior of a system of PC emitters in order to determine the optimal pump operating point. The development and validation of this control algorithm was conducted in partnership with the Kenya-based irrigation company SunCulture. This control method is expected to reduce cost, improve system efficiency, and increase accessibility of irrigation systems to smallholder farmers.
A Graph Coloring Technique for Identifying the Minimum Number of Parts for Physical Integration in Product Design
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Praveen Kumare , Cavallaro Jeffery , Jahanbekam Sogol , Behdad Sara 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical framework for determining the minimum number of parts required in a product to satisfy a list of functional requirements (FRs) given a set of connections between FRs. The problem is modeled as a graph coloring technique in which a graph G with n nodes (representing the FRs) and m edges (representing the connections between the FRs) is studied to determine the graph’s chromatic number χ(G), which is the minimum number of colors required to properly color the graph. The chromatic number of the graph represents the minimum number of parts needed to satisfy the list of FRs. In addition, the study calculates the computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Several examples are provided to show the application of the proposed algorithm.
Toward a Functional Failure Analysis Method of Identifying and Mitigating Spurious System Emissions in a System of Systems
Authors: Van Bossuyt Douglas L. , Arlitt Ryan M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Increasingly tight coupling and heavy connectedness in systems of systems (SoS) presents new problems for systems designers and engineers. While the failure of one system within a SoS may produce little collateral damage beyond a loss in SoS capability, a highly interconnected SoS can experience significant damage when one member system fails in an unanticipated way. It is therefore important to develop systems that are “good neighbors” with the other systems in a SoS by failing in ways that do not further degrade a SoS’s ability to complete its mission.
This paper presents a method to (1) analyze a system for potential spurious emissions and (2) choose mitigation strategies that provide the best return on investment for the SoS. The method is suited for use during the system architecture phase of the system design process. A functional and flow approach to analyzing spurious emissions and developing mitigation strategies is used in the method. Use of the method may result in a system that causes less SoS damage during a failure event.