bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superionic Conductivity in Ceria-Based Heterostructure Composites for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Zhang Yifei , Liu Jingjing , Singh Manish , Hu Enyi , Jiang Zheng , Raza Rizwan , Wang Faze , Wang Jun , Yang Fan , Zhu Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCeria-based heterostructure composite (CHC) has become a new stream to develop advanced low-temperature (300–600 °C) solid oxide fuel cells (LTSOFCs) with excellent power outputs at 1000 mW cm−2 level. The state-of-the-art ceria–carbonate or ceria–semiconductor heterostructure composites have made the CHC systems significantly contribute to both fundamental and applied science researches of LTSOFCs; however, a deep scientific understanding to achieve excellent fuel cell performance and high superionic conduction is still missing, which may hinder its wide application and commercialization. This review aims to establish a new fundamental strategy for superionic conduction of the CHC materials and relevant LTSOFCs. This involves energy band and built-in-field assisting superionic conduction, highlighting coupling effect among the ionic transfer, band structure and alignment impact. Furthermore, theories of ceria–carbonate, e.g., space charge and multi-ion conduction, as well as new scientific understanding are discussed and presented for functional CHC materials.
Comparative Efficacy of Linaclotide Versus Other Oral Constipation Treatments in Chronic Constipation: a Network Meta-analysis
Authors: Okumura Hiroyuki , Tang Wentao , Iwasaki Kosuke , Shoji Shingo , Odaka Takeo , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis systematic literature review and network meta-analysis (NMA) indirectly compared the Japanese standard dose of linaclotide 500 μg with other oral chronic constipation (CC) treatments. PubMed, Cochrane-CENTRAL, Ichushi-Web, andClinicalTrials.govwere systematically searched for eligible randomized controlled trials of 43 oral drugs approved globally for CC, including irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and opioid-induced constipation (OIC). The mean difference (95% credible interval) in change from baseline in weekly number of spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) was compared between linaclotide 500 μg (unapproved in OIC) and other treatments using Bayesian methodology. Fifty-two publications (54 trials) involving 47 treatments (16 drugs, different doses of the same drug treated as different treatments) were included in the NMA. Despite including various drugs/doses, for the mean difference in weekly SBM change, linaclotide 500 μg was statistically significantly more efficacious than other drugs/doses (vs 500 μg linaclotide) including the following: placebo (− 1.907; − 2.568, − 1.237); lubiprostone 16 μg (− 2.090; − 3.226, − 0.968); methylnaltrexone 150 mg (− 1.807; − 3.126, − 0.491), 300 mg (− 1.411; − 2.722, − 0.096), and 450 mg (− 1.405; − 2.708, − 0.097); naloxegol 5 mg (− 2.074; − 4.001, − 0.131) and 12.5 mg (− 1.329; − 2.347, − 0.318); and tegaserod 4 mg (− 1.133; − 2.059, − 0.207) and 12 mg (− 1.024; − 1.822, −0.228), and statistically significantly less effective than linaclotide 600 μg non-approved dose (1.159; 0.123, 2.199) and bisacodyl 10 mg (2.979; 1.723, 4.233). These findings provide relative efficacy data for linaclotide 500 μg vs other constipation drugs/doses regarding improving weekly SBM in CC and IBS-C and may inform clinical decision-making for constipation treatments.
Risk Factors for Developing Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: a Meta-analysis
Authors: Fakkel Tirzah M. , Çakici Nuray , Coert J. Henk , Verhagen Arianne P. , Bramer Wichor M. , van Neck Johan W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo identify risk factors for the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, Web-of-Science, Cochrane and Google scholar databases were performed to conduct a meta-analysis of prospective studies that quantified major risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Two authors independently extracted data for a random-effects meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI for continuous data, and an odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI for dichotomous data were calculated. Of 7473 studies retrieved, 16 qualified studies were included. Contributing risk factors for developing diabetic peripheral neuropathy were age (SMD = 0.36; CI, 0.19 to 0.54;P < 0.01), body mass index (SMD = 0.31; CI, 0.20 to 0.42;P < 0.01), diabetes duration (SMD = 0.47; CI, 0.30 to 0.65;P < 0.01), estimated glomerular filtration rate (SMD = − 0.45; CI, − 0.63 to − 0.27;P < 0.01), fibrinogen (SMD = 0.10; CI, 0.01 to 0.19;P = 0.03), haemoglobin A1c (SMD = 0.24; CI, 0.16 to 0.32;P < 0.01), high-density lipoproteins (SMD = − 0.14; CI, − 0.21 to − 0.06;P < 0.01) systolic blood pressure (SMD = 0.31; CI, 0.10 to 0.52;P < 0.01), waist circumference (SMD = 0.39; CI, 0.14 to 0.64;P < 0.01), weight (SMD = 0.34; CI, 0.24 to 0.43;P < 0.01), cardiovascular disease (OR = 2.22; CI, 1.75 to 2.81;P < 0.01), foot ulcer history (OR = 1.90; CI, 1.09 to 3.33;P = 0.02), hypertension (OR = 1.90; CI, 1.24 to 2.89;P < 0.01), macroalbuminuria (OR = 2.96; CI, 2.02 to 4.35;P < 0.01), micro- or macroalbuminuria (OR = 1.73; CI, 1.43 to 2.08;P < 0.01), proliferative retinopathy (OR = 2.48; CI, 1.80 to 3.41;P < 0.01) and retinopathy (OR = 2.19; CI, 1.84 to 2.62;P < 0.01). Our findings show 17 risk factors that significantly contribute to the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Long-term heat treatment of collector bars for aluminium electrolysis: impact on microstructure and electrical properties
Authors: Hankel Jonas , Kernebeck Sandra , Deuerler Friederike , Weber Sebastian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn order to identify possible optimizations regarding the electrical energy efficiency of an aluminium electrolysis cell, the impact of service temperature on microstructure and electrical properties of the cell cathode was investigated. The investigations include experiments regarding the chemical composition, especially the content of carbon, the electrical conductivity and the microstructure at selected positions. Thermodynamic calculations were used to estimate local service temperatures and explain phase transformations and formations. It was found that due to the increased service temperature diffusion processes of carbon took place to a particular extent between cast iron and collector bar. As a result, the carbon content in the collector bar changed from 0.06 to 1.05–1.4 wt%, while in the cast iron a reduction from 3.47 to < 1.50 wt% took place. These processes led to isothermal phase transformations and formations, that changed the matrix of the collector bar from austenitic with low content of ferrite to an austenitic matrix accompanied by precipitation of secondary, predominantly allotriomorphic cementite at service temperature. It was then shown that this has a negative effect on collector bar and decreases the electrical conductivity by up to 26 %. It was also discovered that graphite spheroidization within the grey cast iron has a positive effect on its electrical conductivity, which has increased by 52 %. The results provide the basis to gain an understanding of the carbon diffusion related processes within the cathode of an electrolysis cell and reveal further potential to increase the energy efficiency of primary aluminium production.
Impact of heart failure severity on ventricular assist device haemodynamics: a computational study
Authors: McElroy Michael , Xenakis Antonios , Keshmiri Amir 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This computational fluid dynamics study investigates the necessity of incorporating heart failure severity in the preoperative planning of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) configurations, as it is often omitted from studies on LVAD performance.

Methods
A parametric study was conducted examining a common range of LVAD to aortic root flow ratios (LVAD/AR-FR). A normal aortic root waveform was scaled by 5–30% in increments of 5% to represent the common range of flow pumped by the left ventricle for different levels of heart failure. A constant flow rate from the cannula compensated for the severity of heart failure in order to maintain normal total aortic flow rate.

Results
The results show that LVAD/AR-FR can have a significant but irregular impact on the perfusion and shear stress-related haemodynamic parameters of the subclavian and carotid arteries. Furthermore, it is found that a larger portion of the flow is directed towards the thoracic aorta at the expense of the carotid and subclavian arteries, regardless of LVAD/AR-FR.

Conclusion
The irregular behaviour found in the subclavian and carotid arteries highlights the necessity of including the LVAD/AR-FR in the preoperative planning of an LVAD configuration, in order to accurately improve the effects on the cardiovascular system post implantation.
Sexual Orientation–Related Differences in Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Problems—A Population-Based Study in Sweden
Authors: Björkenstam Charlotte , Mannheimer Louise , Löfström Matilda , Deogan Charlotte 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Human sexuality is a natural and important part of peoples’ life and well-being. The underlying interactions affecting sexual satisfaction are complex, and sexual orientation differences partly remain to be identified as well as explained.

Aim
Our aim was to investigate sexual orientation–related differences in sexual satisfaction and sexual dissatisfaction and differences in sexual function and sexual-related problems.

Methods
We used Swedish data from SRHR2017 (sexual and reproductive health and rights), based on self-administered surveys, linked to nationwide registers. The national sample consisted of 14,537 women and men aged 16–84 years. With logistic regression, we examined sexual orientation–related differences in self-reported sexual satisfaction and sexual dissatisfaction, stratified by sex.

Main outcome measures
The main outcome measures of this study are odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
Bisexual women were more dissatisfied with their sex life, as compared with heterosexual women (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.6), as were bisexual men compared with heterosexual men (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.7–4.4). A bisexual or lesbian identity was a robust risk factor for premature orgasm (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1–3.9 and OR: 8.0; 95% CI: 3.2–20.0, respectively). Lesbian women seemed to have lower risk for many sexual-related problems (however not significant). Gay men lacked arousal (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.6–6.9), had no orgasm (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4–4.7), and were at lower risk of experiencing premature ejaculation (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.9), as compared with heterosexual men.

Conclusion
Our findings contribute to the sparse evidence of some sexual orientation differences in sexual satisfaction and sexual dysfunctions. Especially bisexual women and men appear to experience less sexual satisfaction in relation to heterosexual and homosexual women and men.
Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere in the Equatorial Atlantic From Rayleigh Wave Tomography, Evidence for Small‐Scale Convection From the PI‐LAB Experiment
Authors: Harmon Nicholas , Rychert Catherine A. , Kendall J. Michael , Agius Matthew , Bogiatzis Petros , Tharimena Saikiran 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe oceanic lithosphere is a primary component of the plate tectonic system, yet its evolution and its asthenospheric interaction have rarely been quantified by in situ imaging at slow spreading systems. We use Rayleigh wave tomography from noise and teleseismic surface waves to image the shear wave velocity structure of the oceanic lithosphere‐asthenosphere system from 0 to 80 My at the equatorial Mid‐Atlantic Ridge using data from the Passive Imaging of the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary (PI‐LAB) experiment. We observe fast lithosphere (VSV > 4.4 km/s) that thickens from 20–30 km near the ridge axis to ~70 km at seafloor >60 My. We observe several punctuated slow velocity anomalies (VSV < 4.1 km/s) in the asthenosphere between 50 and 150 km depth, not necessarily focused beneath the ridge axis. Some of the slow velocity regions are located within 100 km of the ridge axis, but other slow velocity regions are observed at distances > 400 km from the ridge. We observe a high velocity lithospheric downwelling drip beneath 30 My seafloor that extends to 80–130 km depth. The asthenospheric slow velocities likely require partial melt. Although melt is present off axis, the lack of off‐axis volcanism suggests the lithosphere acts as a permeability boundary for deeper melts. The punctuated and off‐axis character of the asthenospheric anomalies and lithospheric drip suggests small‐scale convection is active at a range of seafloor ages. Small‐scale convection and/or more complex mantle flow may be aided by the presence of large offset fracture zones and/or the presence of melt and its associated low‐viscosities and enhanced buoyancies.
Full Particle Simulation of Whistler‐Mode Triggered Falling‐Tone Emissions in the Magnetosphere
Authors: Nogi Takeshi , Nakamura Satoko , Omura Yoshiharu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe perform a one‐dimensional electromagnetic full particle simulation for triggered falling‐tone emissions in the Earth's magnetosphere. The equatorial region of the magnetosphere is modeled with a parabolic magnetic field approximation. The short whistler‐mode waves with a large amplitude are excited and propagate poleward from an artificial current oscillating with a constant frequency and amplitude. Following the excited waves, clear emissions are triggered with a falling frequency. Without the inhomogeneity of the background magnetic field, no triggered emission appears. The falling tone has several subpackets of amplitude and decreases the frequency in a stepwise manner. The positive resonant current formed by resonant electrons in the direction of the wave magnetic field clearly shows that an electron hill is formed in the phase space and causes the frequency decrease. The entrapping of the resonant electrons at the front of the packets and the decrease of the amplitude at the end of packets are essential for the generation of falling‐tone emissions. Each wavefront of the emission has a strongly negative resonant current −JE, which results in the wave growth. In the formation process of the resonant currents, we investigate the inhomogeneous factor S, which controls the nonlinear motion of the resonant electrons interacting with waves. The factor S consists of two terms, a frequency sweep rate and a gradient of the background magnetic field. The resonant current JE in the wave packet changes its sign from negative to positive as the packet moves away from the equator, terminating the wave growth.
Toward An Integrated View of Ionospheric Plasma Instabilities: 5. Ion‐Thermal Instability for Arbitrary Ion Magnetization, Density Gradient, and Wave Propagation
Authors: Makarevich Roman A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA unified fluid theory of ionospheric electrostatic instabilities is presented that includes thermal effects due to nonisothermal processes for arbitrary ion magnetization, background density gradient, and wave propagation. The theory considers arbitrary altitude within the limits imposed by the fluid and collisional models and integrates the ion‐thermal instability (ITI) with the Farley‐Buneman and gradient‐drift plasma instabilities (FBI and GDI). A general dispersion relation is obtained and solved numerically for the complex wave frequency ω by using either an iterative or a polynomial (quadric) form in ω. An analytic explicit expression for the instability growth rate is also derived under the local and slow growth approximations. The previously considered limiting cases of the FBI/ITI at long wavelengths and the FBI/GDI for isothermal plasma are successfully recovered. In the high‐latitude E‐region near 110 km in altitude, thermal effects are found to be destabilizing at long wavelengths near
m and stabilizing at shorter wavelengths near 10 m. In the F‐region, the effects are destabilizing at
m but much weaker that those of GDI for moderate gradients. At shorter wavelengths, they become comparable so that a significant fraction of propagation directions at
m have positive growth rates, in contrast with the isothermal FBI/GDI case, where stronger gradients are needed to destabilize the plasma at these short wavelengths. The overall conclusion is that the thermal effects modify the growth rate terms traditionally associated with FBI and GDI rather than being purely additive.
Relationship Between Wintertime Leads and Low Clouds in the Pan‐Arctic
Authors: Li Xia , Krueger Steven K. , Strong Courtenay , Mace Gerald G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWintertime leads play an important role in the Arctic boundary layer as they promote turbulent flux exchanges from the warm exposed water to the cold atmosphere, thereby affecting the boundary layer cloudiness and structure. Recent work suggests that less (more) low‐level cloud occurrence is found in higher (lower) lead fraction periods, yet the analysis efforts were limited to a peripheral sea north of Barrow, Alaska. Here, we extend the previous study to examine this relationship between wintertime Arctic leads and low clouds in the context of a longer time series (November–March, 2006–2011) and greater spatial coverage (pan‐Arctic), based on cloud products from CloudSat and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellites and lead area fraction derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR‐E) observations. We focus on the east side of high‐pressure systems to isolate lead impacts on boundary layer clouds. Using a k‐means cluster‐analysis algorithm, low‐level cloud regimes are categorized on the basis of occurrence frequency of low‐level clouds. We find that, in the pan‐Arctic, less (more) low‐level cloud occurrence is associated with higher (lower) large‐scale lead flux, in agreement with the previous study. This lead‐low cloud association exhibits strong regional variation; it is enhanced over the Beaufort Sea where the variability of large‐scale meteorological conditions is decreased. These results suggest that a higher lead fraction might have important impacts on the Arctic surface energy budget by decreasing downwelling longwave radiation through reduced low‐level cloudiness.
Far‐Ranging Impact of Mountain Waves Excited Over Greenland on Stratospheric Dehydration and Rehydration
Authors: Kivi Rigel , Dörnbrack Andreas , Sprenger Michael , Vömel Holger 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn situ observations of reduced stratospheric water vapor combined with those of ice particle formation are rarely conducted. On the one hand, they are essential to broaden our knowledge about the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). On the other hand, the observed profiles allow the comparison with global circulation models. Here we report about a balloon‐borne observation above Sodankylä, Finland on 26 January 2005. The frostpoint hygrometer detected layers of reduced water vapor by up to 2 ppmv from 18.5 to 23 km. Beneath, a 1‐km‐deep layer of increased water vapor was identified. An aerosol backscatter sonde measured the presence of stratospheric ice clouds. According to meteorological analysis the PSCs were formed upstream above the east coast of Greenland due to mountain wave‐induced cooling. The inertia‐gravity waves generated a large and persistent stratospheric wake far downstream of Greenland and led to the observed dehydration. Comparing the most recent ERA5 data with operational analyses from 2005, we find an improved representation of mesoscale internal gravity waves, dehydration and PSC formation for this particular event.
Phototoxic damage to cone photoreceptors can be independent of the visual pigment: the porphyrin hypothesis
Authors: Marie Mélanie , Forster Valérie , Fouquet Stéphane , Berto Pascal , Barrau Coralie , Ehrismann Camille , Sahel José-Alain , Tessier Gilles , Picaud Serge 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLighting is rapidly changing with the introduction of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in our homes, workplaces, and cities. This evolution of our optical landscape raises major concerns regarding phototoxicity to the retina since light exposure is an identified risk factor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this disease, cone photoreceptors degenerate while the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is accumulating lipofuscin containing phototoxic compounds such as A2E. Therefore, it remains unclear if the light-elicited degenerative process is initiated in cones or in the RPE. Using purified cone photoreceptors from pig retina, we here investigated the effect of light on cone survival from 390 to 510 nm in 10 nm steps, plus the 630 nm band. If at a given intensity (0.2 mW/cm²), the most toxic wavelengths are comprised in the visible-to-near-UV range, they shift to blue-violet light (425–445 nm) when exposing cells to a solar source filtered by the eye optics. In contrast to previous rodent studies, this cone photoreceptor phototoxicity is not related to light absorption by the visual pigment. Despite bright flavin autofluorescence of cone inner segment, excitation–emission matrix of this inner segment suggested that cone phototoxicity was instead caused by porphyrin. Toxic light intensities were lower than those previously defined for A2E-loaded RPE cells indicating cones are the first cells at risk for a direct light insult. These results are essential to normative regulations of new lighting but also for the prevention of human retinal pathologies since toxic solar light intensities are encountered even at high latitudes.
Genetic modifiers in rare disorders: the case of fragile X syndrome
Authors: Crawford Hayley , Scerif Gaia , Wilde Lucy , Beggs Andrew , Stockton Joanne , Sandhu Pria , Shelley Lauren , Oliver Chris , McCleery Joseph 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMethods employed in genome-wide association studies are not feasible ways to explore genotype–phenotype associations in rare disorders due to limited statistical power. An alternative approach is to examine relationships among specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), selected a priori, and behavioural characteristics. Here, we adopt this strategy to examine relationships between three SNPs (5-HTTLPR, MAOA, COMT) and specific clinically-relevant behaviours that are phenotypic of fragile X syndrome (FXS) but vary in severity and frequency across individuals. Sixty-four males with FXS participated in the current study. Data from standardised informant measures of challenging behaviour (defined as physical aggression, property destruction, stereotyped behaviour, and self-injury), autism symptomatology, attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder characteristics, repetitive behaviour and mood/interest and pleasure were compared between each SNP genotype. No association was observed between behavioural characteristics and either 5-HTTLPR (serotonin) or MAOA (monoamine oxidase) genotypes. However, compared to the COMT (dopamine) AG and GG genotypes, the AA genotype was associated with greater interest and pleasure in the environment, and with reduced risk for property destruction, stereotyped behaviour and compulsive behaviour. The results suggest that common genetic variation in the COMT genotype affecting dopamine levels in the brain may contribute to the variability of challenging and repetitive behaviours and interest and pleasure in this population. This study identifies a role for additional genetic risk in understanding the neural and genetic mechanisms contributing to phenotypic variability in neurodevelopmental disorders, and highlights the merit of investigating SNPs that are selected a priori on a theoretical basis in rare populations.