bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rationale for the legitimacy of the world legal order: Kant’s idea of a cosmopolitan will
Authors: CORRADETTI CLAUDIO 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this contribution I provide an interpretation of Stone Sweet’s and Ryan’s cosmopolitan legal order in conjunction with a certain reconstruction of the Kantian cosmopolitan rationale. Accordingly, I draw attention to the connection between the notion of a general (cosmopolitan) will in Kant’s reinterpretation of Rousseau and the role of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) as an ‘interpreter’ of such will. I conclude by suggesting that the opportunity of extending the CLO also accounts for a variety of other poliarchical regimes that, taken as a whole, illustrate the landscapes of contemporary global constitutionalism.
Dialogic constitutionalism and judicial review
Authors: BENHABIB SEYLA 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn A Cosmopolitan Legal Order: Kant, Constitutional Justice and the European Convention on Human Rights, Alec Stone Sweet and Clare Ryan reconstruct Kant’s legal philosophy as a program of cosmopolitan legal order (CLO). A CLO is defined as a multi-level, judicialized, transnational system of rights protection that confers on all persons, by virtue of their humanity, the entitlement to challenge the rights-regarding decisions of public officials, who are under an obligation to assure the equal juridical status of all. The authors illustrate this claim with respect to the development of the ECtHR and the Court of Justice of the European Union. While generally agreeing with their argument, I claim that they minimize the republican aspects of Kant’s political philosophy in favour of strong judicial review. After outlining republican and democratic objections, I claim that their book illustrates a model that I call ‘dialogic constitutionalism’. Dialogic constitutionalism does not neglect legislative authority, but places it in a conversation with judicial authority, whether domestic or transnational; such conversations can serve to upgrade standards of rights protection over time and are not frozen precommitments. Constitutions also have a representative function of standing for the intergenerational continuity of the people, whereas legislatures are bound by electoral cycles.
Legal cosmopolitanism in international law
Authors: BJORGE EIRIK 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article concerns two aspects of Stone Sweet and Ryan’s theory of legal cosmopolitanism: (1) what the Kantian cosmopolitan legal order means for an international court; and (2) what it means for the holders of the rights that flow from the cosmopolitan legal order. The article interrogates the extent to which, in order to be considered a truly cosmopolitan legal order, the European Convention on Human Rights needs at times not only to make non-citizens free of rights equal to those of citizens, but also to give them stronger rights than those enjoyed by citizens. The article concludes by turning to the meaning of the European Convention beyond its European context. The European system for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms may fail or succeed, yet the enthusiasm that the most successful rights-protecting body in the world has created in bystanders, and the very fact that it came into being at all, prove that real progress is possible. From a Kantian perspective, this may well be its greatest accomplishment.
Seasonal Carbon Dynamics in the Near‐Global Ocean
Authors: Keppler L. , Landschützer P. , Gruber N. , Lauvset S. K. , Stemmler I. 
Published: December 2020

The seasonal cycle represents one of the largest signals of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the ocean, yet these seasonal variations are not well established at a global scale. Here, we present the Mapped Observation‐Based Oceanic DIC (MOBO‐DIC) product, a monthly DIC climatology developed based on the DIC measurements from GLODAPv2.2019 and a two‐step neural network method to interpolate and map the measurements. MOBO‐DIC extends from the surface down to 2,000 m and from 65°N to 65°S. We find the largest seasonal amplitudes of surface DIC in the northern high‐latitude Pacific (∼30 to >50 μmol kg−1). Surface DIC maxima occur in hemispheric spring and minima in fall, driven by the input of DIC into the upper ocean by mixing during winter, and net community production (NCP) driven drawdown of DIC over summer. The seasonal pattern seen at the surface extends to a nodal depth of <50 m in the tropics and several hundred meters in the subtropics. Below the nodal depth, the seasonal cycle of DIC has the opposite phase, primarily owing to the seasonal accumulation of DIC stemming from the remineralization of sinking organic matter. The well‐captured seasonal drawdown of DIC in the mid‐latitudes (23° to 65°) allows us to estimate the spring‐to‐fall NCP in this region. We find a spatially relatively uniform spring‐to‐fall NCP of 1.9 ± 1.3 mol C m−2 yr−1, which sums to 3.9 ± 2.7 Pg C yr−1 over this region. This corresponds to a global spring‐to‐fall NCP of 8.2 ± 5.6 Pg C yr−1.
Resource Colimitation Drives Competition Between Phytoplankton and Bacteria in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ratnarajah Lavenia , Blain Stéphane , Boyd Philip W. , Fourquez Marion , Obernosterer Ingrid , Tagliabue Alessandro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAcross the Southern Ocean, phytoplankton growth is governed by iron and light, while bacterial growth is regulated by iron and labile dissolved organic carbon (LDOC). We use a mechanistic model to examine how competition for iron between phytoplankton and bacteria responds to changes in iron, light, and LDOC. Consistent with experimental evidence, increasing iron and light encourages phytoplankton dominance, while increasing LDOC and decreasing light favors bacterial dominance. Under elevated LDOC, bacteria can outcompete phytoplankton for iron, most easily under lower iron. Simulations reveal that bacteria are major iron consumers and suggest that luxury storage plays a key role in competitive iron uptake. Under seasonal conditions typical of the Southern Ocean, sources of LDOC besides phytoplankton exudation modulate the strength of competitive interactions. Continued investigations on the competitive fitness of bacteria in driving changes in primary production in iron‐limited systems will be invaluable in refining these results.
Roles of Shear and Convection in Driving Mixing in the Ocean
Authors: Ivey Gregory N. , Bluteau Cynthia E. , Gayen Bishakhdatta , Jones Nicole L. , Sohail Taimoor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUsing field, numerical, and laboratory studies, we consider the roles of both shear and convection in driving mixing in the interior of the density‐stratified ocean. Shear mixing dominates when the Richardson number Ri < 0.25, convective mixing dominates when Ri > 1.0, and in the intermediate regime when 0.25 < Ri < 1.0 both shear and convection can contribute to mixing. For pure shear mixing the mixing efficiency Rif approaches 0.5, while for pure convective mixing the mixing efficiency Rif approaches 0.75. The diapycnal diffusivities for the two mechanisms are given by very different expressions. Despite these complexities, a simple mixing length model using the mean flow shear S provides robust estimates of diffusivity across the range 0 < Ri < 2. To account for the roles of both shear and convection over this range of Ri, we also formulate a modified version of the empirical KPP model for parameterizing ocean mixing in numerical models.
The Role of the Mean State on MJO Simulation in CESM2 Ensemble Simulation
Authors: Kang Daehyun , Kim Daehyun , Ahn Min‐Seop , Neale Richard , Lee Jiwoo , Gleckler Peter J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study examines the role of the mean state in the propagation of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) over the Maritime Continent (MC). We use an ensemble of simulations made with a single model—the Community Earth System Model version 2—to assess the effect of the mean state that is unaffected by that of model components such as parameterization schemes. Results show that the background meridional moisture gradient is much steeper over the MC region in the periods with a stronger MJO propagation. Column water vapor budget of the MJO strongly suggests that the simulated mean state affects MJO via its impacts on moisture dynamics—a greater advection of mean moisture by MJO wind in the MC region is responsible for the anomalous MJO activity.
A New Reconstruction for Permian East Gondwana Based on Zircon Data From Ophiolite of the East Australian Great Serpentinite Belt
Authors: Milan L. A. , Belousova E. A. , Glen R. A. , Chapman T. , Kalmbach J. , Fu B. , Ashley P. M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Great Serpentinite Belt of eastern Australia is a ∼1500 km long dismembered ophiolite assumed to be Cambrian based on studies of small (typically <50 m2) exotic meta‐igneous inclusions despite contrasting ages (Cambrian—Devonian) and complex P‐T histories. To overcome these issues, we studied a ∼18 km2 coherent block of dismembered ophiolite that provides robust geological context to sampling the ophiolite. Zircon U‐Pb‐Hf‐O isotope and trace analyses from three plagiogranite dykes cutting massive gabbro confirm ∼283–277 Ma ages and a mantle source. As a result, we argue older Cambrian to Devonian plagiogranite and subducted blocks were inherited from previous subduction events in eastern Australia. These findings allow us to match the Great Serpentinite Belt with the contemporary Dun Mountain ophiolite (New Zealand) and the Koh ophiolite (New Caledonia), thus supporting a new, integrated Pacific Gondwana margin paleogeography involving multiple arcs and subduction zones.
On the Estimation of In‐Cloud Vertical Air Motion Using Radar Doppler Spectra
Authors: Zhu Zeen , Kollias Pavlos , Yang Fan , Luke Edward 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMeasurements of in‐cloud vertical air motion are key to quantitatively describe cloud dynamics and their role in cloud microphysics. Here, a retrieval technique for estimating the in‐cloud vertical air motion using the upward edge of the radar Doppler spectrum is presented. An additional broadening correction factor that depends on the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is introduced. A variety of independent measurements are used to assess the performance of the new technique. The vertical air motion is unbiased with an uncertainty of 0.2 m s−1 for SNR <30. The properties of in‐cloud vertical air motion are investigated from 1 year of ground‐based observations of warm marine boundary layer clouds. Clouds with higher LWP are characterized by stronger vertical air motions compared to those having lower LWP values.
A New Approach to Constrain the Seismic Origin for Prehistoric Turbidites as Applied to the Dead Sea Basin
Authors: Lu Yin , Moernaut Jasper , Bookman Revital , Waldmann Nicolas , Wetzler Nadav , Agnon Amotz , Marco Shmuel , Alsop G. Ian , Strasser Michael , Hubert‐Ferrari Aurélia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe seismic origin of turbidites is verified either by correlating such layers to historic earthquakes, or by demonstrating their synchronous deposition in widely spaced, isolated depocenters. A historic correlation could thus constrain the seismic intensity required for triggering turbidites. However, historic calibration is not applicable to prehistoric turbidites. In addition, the synchronous deposition of turbidites is difficult to test if only one deep core is drilled in a depocenter. Here, we propose a new approach that involves analyzing the underlying in situ deformations of prehistoric turbidites, as recorded in a 457 m‐long core from the Dead Sea center, to establish their seismic origin. These in situ deformations have been verified as seismites and could thus authenticate the trigger for each overlying turbidite. Moreover, our high‐resolution chemical and sedimentological data validate a previous hypothesis that soft‐sediment deformation in the Dead Sea formed at the sediment‐water interface.
Meltwater‐Driven Water‐Level Fluctuations of Bosten Lake in Arid China Over the Past 2,000 Years
Authors: Li Yuan , Hu Ling , Zhao Yongtao , Wang Haipeng , Huang Xiaozhong , Chen Guangjie , Leppänen Jaakko Johannes , Fontana Luciane , Ren Lele , Shi Zhilin , Liu Bing , Zhao Hui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChanges in water storage of the large freshwater lakes in Arid Central Asia (ACA) have significant implications for the regional social and ecological systems. Here we present a lake‐level record of the past 2,000 years from Bosten Lake, a large freshwater body in the region, using the sedimentary Cladoceran microfossil. The results suggest that a lower lake level and a higher salinity occurred during the cold, high‐precipitation periods of 280–450 AD and 1570–1850 AD, and that a higher lake level and a lower salinity occurred during the warm, low‐precipitation period of 450–1570 AD. The findings show that on the centennial timescale, the water‐level fluctuations of Bosten Lake were modulated mainly by temperature‐driven meltwater input. In addition, the shortage of freshwater during the cold period may have contributed to the collapse of the ancient cities and the depression of the trade along the Silk Road.
Foliage Senescence as a Key Parameter for Modeling Gross Primary Productivity in a Mediterranean Shrubland
Authors: Cueva Alejandro , Bullock Stephen H. , Méndez‐Alonzo Rodrigo , López‐Reyes Eulogio , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough drylands cover >40% of the land surface, models of ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) generally have been designed for mesic temperate ecosystems. Arguably, GPP models often lack a good representation of vegetation phenology, particularly not estimating the ecosystem effects of the prolonged foliage senescence which may be common in drylands. To estimate daily GPP for a water‐limited Mediterranean shrubland, we propose a simple framework (GPPmod) using light use efficiency, a spectral vegetation index derived from digital cameras, and five meteorological variables, including an index of functional senescence of foliage (i.e., heat degree‐days). We tested the model with different combinations of meteorological variables but without senescence, using 1 year's data. The best formulation showed good agreement with GPP derived from eddy covariance (GPPEC; r2 = 0.53, RMSE = 0.77). However, including the foliage senescence parameter significantly improved model performance (r2 = 0.74, RMSE = 0.49), especially during the fall season. In the following year, we validated the parameters: The overall GPPmod and GPPEC comparison yielded an r2 = 0.78. We postulate that models that mainly rely on meteorological variables or greenness indices could yield an overestimation of annual GPP between 24% and 90%, while models including the foliage senescence parameter reduced that bias by 10% to 34%. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating the phenology of foliage senescence in models regarding productivity in drylands or dry sclerophyll ecosystems.
Late Pleistocene to Recent Deformation in the Thick‐Skinned Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt of Northwestern Argentina (Central Calchaquí Valley, 26°S)
Authors: Figueroa Sara , Weiss Jonathan R. , Hongn Fernando , Pingel Heiko , Escalante Leonardo , Elías Leonardo , Aranda‐Viana R. Germán , Strecker Manfred R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe thick‐skinned fold‐and‐thrust belt on the eastern flank of the Andean Plateau in northwestern Argentina (NWA) is a zone of active contractional deformation characterized by fault‐bounded mountain ranges with no systematic spatiotemporal pattern of tectonic activity. In contrast, the thin‐skinned Subandean fold‐and‐thrust belt of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia is characterized primarily by in‐sequence (i.e., west to east) fault progression, with a narrow zone of Quaternary deformation focused at the front of the orogenic wedge. To better understand how recent deformation is accommodated across these mountain ranges and the Argentinian portion of the orogen in particular, estimating and comparing deformation rates and patterns across different timescales is essential. We present Late Pleistocene shortening rates for the central Calchaquí intermontane valley in NWA associated with at least three episodes of deformation. Global Positioning System data for the same region reveal a gradual decrease in horizontal surface velocities from the Eastern Cordillera toward the foreland, which contrasts with the rapid velocity gradient associated with a locked décollement in the Subandean Ranges of southern Bolivia. Our new results represent a small view of regional deformation that, when considered in combination with the shallow crustal seismicity and decadal‐scale surface velocities, support the notion that strain release in NWA is associated with numerous slowly deforming structures that are distributed throughout the orogen.
Associations between left ventricular structure and function with cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in individuals with cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord injury
Authors: Alrashidi Abdullah A. , Balthazaar Shane J. T. , Currie Katharine D. , Nightingale Tom E. , Krassioukov Andrei V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Study design
Cross-sectional.

Objective
It is known that left ventricular mass (LVM) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated to fat-free mass (FFM). It is unknown if these factors associated with left ventricular (LV) structure and function outcomes in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Setting
University-based laboratory.Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Methods
Thirty-two individuals (aged 40 ± 11 years) with chronic, motor-complete SCI between the fourth cervical and sixth thoracic levels were recruited. Echocardiographic LV parameters and body composition were assessed at rest, as per the recommended guidelines for each technique. CRF was assessed during an incremental arm-cycle exercise test until volitional fatigue. The appropriate bivariate correlation coefficients [i.e., Pearson’s (r) and Spearman’s rank (Rs)] tests were used for normal and non-normal distributed variables, respectively.

Results
LV structure and function parameters were not associated with the indexed peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) [i.e., relative to body weight or FFM] (Rs values ranged from −0.168 to 0.134, all P values > 0.223). The association between peak oxygen pulse and the resting echocardiographic-obtained SV was medium sized (Rs = 0.331, P = 0.069). The LVM associations with FFM and fat mass (FM) were large and small (r = 0.614, P < 0.001 and r = 0.266, P = 0.141, respectively). Associations of absolute V̇O2peak were medium- positive with FFM (Rs = 0.414, P = 0.021) but negative with FM (Rs = −0.332, P = 0.068).

Conclusion
LV parameters measured at rest are not associated with V̇O2peak in individuals with cervical and upper-thoracic SCI. Given the observed associations between LVM and V̇O2peak with FFM, future studies may consider utilizing FFM for indexing cardiovascular measures following SCI.
COVID-19 vaccine race: watch your step for cancer patients
Authors: Fanciullino Raphaelle , Ciccolini Joseph , Milano Gerard 
Published: December 2020

SummaryPatients with cancer should benefit from COVID-19 vaccination. Some of the most advanced vaccine candidates are mRNAs encapsulated into lipid carriers, and small liposomes are expected to accumulate in tumour tissues through the enhanced and permeation retention effect. However, to what extent solid tumours could take up a significant part of the vaccine dose as well remains unknown. This calls for a careful evaluation of the efficacy of these promising mRNA COVID-19 vaccines administered as lipid carriers for patients with solid tumours, including a possible re-appraisal of the dosing for optimal protection of this specific and frail population.
Isoliquiritigenin prevents hyperglycemia-induced renal injuries by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress via SIRT1-dependent mechanism
Authors: Huang Xiaozhong , Shi Yujuan , Chen Hongjin , Le Rongrong , Gong Xiaohua , Xu Ke , Zhu Qihan , Shen Feixia , Chen Zimiao , Gu Xuemei , Chen Xiaojun , Chen Xiong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy (DN) as a global health concern is closely related to inflammation and oxidation. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a natural flavonoid compound, has been demonstrated to inhibit inflammation in macrophages. Herein, we investigated the effect of ISL in protecting against the injury in STZ-induced type 1 DN and in high glucose-induced NRK-52E cells. In this study, it was revealed that the administration of ISL not only ameliorated renal fibrosis and apoptosis, but also induced the deterioration of renal function in diabetic mice. Mediated by MAPKs and Nrf-2 signaling pathways, respectively, upstream inflammatory response and oxidative stress were neutralized by ISL in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, as further revealed by the results of molecular docking, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) binds to ISL directly, and the involvement of SIRT1 in ISL-mediated renoprotective effects was confirmed by studies using in vitro models of SIRT1 overexpression and knockdown. In summary, by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, ISL has a significant pharmacological effect on the deterioration of DN. The benefits of ISL are associated with the direct binding to SIRT1, the inhibition of MAPK activation, and the induction of Nrf-2 signaling, suggesting the potential of ISL for DN treatment.
Establishment of a morphological atlas of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo using deep-learning-based 4D segmentation
Authors: Cao Jianfeng , Guan Guoye , Ho Vincy Wing Sze , Wong Ming-Kin , Chan Lu-Yan , Tang Chao , Zhao Zhongying , Yan Hong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe invariant development and transparent body of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enables complete delineation of cell lineages throughout development. Despite extensive studies of cell division, cell migration and cell fate differentiation, cell morphology during development has not yet been systematically characterized in any metazoan, including C. elegans. This knowledge gap substantially hampers many studies in both developmental and cell biology. Here we report an automatic pipeline, CShaper, which combines automated segmentation of fluorescently labeled membranes with automated cell lineage tracing. We apply this pipeline to quantify morphological parameters of densely packed cells in 17 developing C. elegans embryos. Consequently, we generate a time-lapse 3D atlas of cell morphology for the C. elegans embryo from the 4- to 350-cell stages, including cell shape, volume, surface area, migration, nucleus position and cell-cell contact with resolved cell identities. We anticipate that CShaper and the morphological atlas will stimulate and enhance further studies in the fields of developmental biology, cell biology and biomechanics.
Extraterrestrial hexamethylenetetramine in meteorites—a precursor of prebiotic chemistry in the inner solar system
Authors: Oba Yasuhiro , Takano Yoshinori , Naraoka Hiroshi , Furukawa Yoshihiro , Glavin Daniel P. , Dworkin Jason P. , Tachibana Shogo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite extensive studies on the formation of organic molecules in various extraterrestrial environments, it still remains under debate when, where, and how such molecules were abiotically formed. A key molecule to solve the problem, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) has not been confirmed in extraterrestrial materials despite extensive laboratory experimental evidence that it can be produced in interstellar or cometary environments. Here we report the first detection of HMT and functionalized HMT species in the carbonaceous chondrites Murchison, Murray, and Tagish Lake. While the part-per-billion level concentration of HMT in Murchison and Tagish Lake is comparable to other related soluble organic molecules like amino acids, these compounds may have eluded detection in previous studies due to the loss of HMT during the extraction processes. HMT, which can yield important molecules for prebiotic chemistry such as formaldehyde and ammonia upon degradation, is a likely precursor of meteoritic organic compounds of astrochemical and astrophysical interest.