bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silica and modified silica fume waste (mSF) as reinforcing fillers for rubber industry
Authors: El-Sabbagh Salwa H. , Ahmed Nivin M. , Mahmoud Doaa Samir , Mohamed Wael S. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of commercial silica, silica fume-waste (SF) and modified silica fume-waste (mSF) as reinforcing filler in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) through the mixing process of rubber. The composites were prepared using different loadings of silica fume and commercial silica in EPDM and NBR composites. Structural characterization of silica and SF was done using X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface of silica fume waste was modified using poly methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate through emulsion polymerization to increase the interaction between silica and rubber, then consequently better dispersion in rubber matrix was obtained. The mSF waste was characterized using FT-IR spectra and transmission electron microscopy.

Design/methodology/approach
The investigated rubber mixes and vulcanizates were evaluated by measuring the curing characteristics, mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis and morphological studies (SEM). The mechanical properties of composites including tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus were estimated and analyzed.

Findings
The results revealed that the composites (NBR and EPDM) containing mSF as filler exhibited better rheological and mechanical properties compared to unmodified silica waste and commercial silica. The SEM analysis indicated that the mSF was homogeneously dispersed through the surface of NBR and EPDM composites. Also, results showed that (NBR and EPDM) composites exhibited remarkable improvements in tensile strength, elongation at break and hardness in the presence of mSF; they also showed an increase in the thermal stability. This means that the treatment of surface SF can improve its dispersion in rubber.

Research limitations/implications
Silica cannot be applied in rubber matrix without surface modification because of their incompatibility; their dispersion is not good without surface modification.

Practical implications
The modified silica surface is considered as effective reinforcing filler which can replace other fillers because of its lower surface energy and enhanced intercalating behavior in rubber.

Social implications
This study is just a start in establishing rubber projects with wide applications in the industry and providing a cheap local product while preserving the quality and that is the use of factory waste, which helps in protecting the environment from pollution.

Originality/value
mSF is cheap with relatively high purity, which make rubber/mSF composites appear as new grade of material that can be used in different media rather than rubber.
Low predictability of energy balance traits and leaf temperature metrics in desert, montane and alpine plant communities
Authors: Blonder Benjamin , Escobar Sabastian , Kapás Rozália E. , Michaletz Sean T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Leaf energy balance may influence plant performance and community composition. While biophysical theory can link leaf energy balance to many traits and environment variables, predicting leaf temperature and key driver traits with incomplete parameterizations remains challenging. Predicting thermal offsets (δ, Tleaf − Tair difference) or thermal coupling strengths (β, Tleaf vs. Tair slope) is challenging.

We ask: (a) whether environmental gradients predict variation in energy balance traits (absorptance, leaf angle, stomatal distribution, maximum stomatal conductance, leaf area, leaf height); (b) whether commonly measured leaf functional traits (dry matter content, mass per area, nitrogen fraction, δ13C, height above ground) predict energy balance traits; and (c) how traits and environmental variables predict δ and β among species.

We address these questions with diurnal measurements of 41 species co‐occurring along a 1,100 m elevation gradient spanning desert to alpine biomes. We show that (a) energy balance traits are only weakly associated with environmental gradients and (b) are not well predicted by common functional traits. We also show that (c) δ and β can be partially approximated using interactions among site environment and traits, with a much larger role for environment than traits. The heterogeneity in leaf temperature metrics and energy balance traits challenges larger‐scale predictive models of plant performance under environmental change.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Along with intraspecific functional trait variation, individual performance is key to resolving community assembly processes
Authors: Doudová Jana , Douda Jan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Species contributing high proportions to community biomass strongly influence ecosystem processes within the community. Studies have shown that dominant species may serve as nurse plants, helping to ensure biomass stability of the subordinate species under stress conditions. The question is widely debated as to whether either niche differentiation or neutral processes drive the net outcome of plant interactions within a subordinate plant community. To answer this question, requires precise estimates of individual variation in functional traits and performance.

In a 5‐year mesocosm experiment, the functional responses of a subordinate plant community to the removal of the dominant species were evaluated across two drought‐stress scenarios. Small‐scale (i.e. large pots) wetland communities were constructed comprising one dominant species Carex elata and three subordinate species. Removal of the dominant species allowed evaluation of the net effects of drought and interspecific interactions. We estimated the functional divergences for three traits (SLA, leaf dry matter content and allocation to height growth) and compared these with performance differences quantified individually. This enabled distinctions to be made between deterministic (i.e. niche differentiation) and neutral processes driving the drought response of the subordinate community.

We showed that the dominant species decreased relative performance differences within the subordinate plant community under conditions of permanent drought stress. These changes were associated with the convergence of traits related to resource acquisition and growth. The dominant species equalized species performance differences by supressing relatively drought‐tolerant species with low competitive ability and by supporting the less drought‐tolerant species with relatively high competitive ability. Meanwhile, under conditions of inter‐annual drought, the subordinate species likely coexisted due to differentiation in resource‐use strategies and the interaction with the dominant species.

Inclusion of individual variation in performance with a functional trait approach provides valuable insights into the processes structuring plant communities. Ours is the first study to provide evidence that subordinate species exposed to drought may coexist via neutral processes arising from their interactions with the dominant species, leading to functional convergence of traits associated with the trade‐off between stress tolerance and competitive ability.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The Balto‐Slavicā‐aorist
Authors: Villanueva Svensson Miguel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe paper presents a new theory of the origin of the Balto‐Slavicā‐aorist. It is argued that the conjunct evidence of Baltic and Slavic allows us to reconstruct a clear picture of the position of theā‐aorist in the Balto‐Slavic verb system: the Balto‐Slavic aorist suffix *‐ā‐ was non‐acute (thus pointing to an original form *‐ah2‐e/o‐ > Bl.‐Sl. *‐ā‐), triggered zero grade of the root, and was exclusively found beside primary thematic andi̯e/o‐presents. As indicated by a new analysis of the Slavic data, theā‐aorist was exclusively used to make aorists fromPIEpresent roots. In spite of frequent claims to the contrary, the Balto‐Slavicā‐aorist has no obvious cognates elsewhere in the family and is thus likely to be an innovation of this branch. The most obvious clue within Balto‐Slavic itself is the formal identity of Balticā‐preterits andā‐presents. Some recent refinements in our understanding of the Indo‐Europeanah2‐presents and their development in Balto‐Slavic (where they were specialized as a deverbative formation with iterative value) allow us to postulate that the Balto‐Slavicā‐aorist goes back to the imperfect of a Balto‐Slavicā‐iterative.
Blast and Aircraft Crash Trauma: A Selection of WWII Cases from the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Laboratory*†
Authors: Palmiotto Andrea , Van Deest Traci L. , McCormick Kyle , Freas Laurel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study examines patterns of skeletal trauma in propeller‐driven aircraft crashes and blast‐related ground loss incidents from WWII. Specifically, descriptions and criteria used to characterize aircraft deceleration‐ versus blast‐related skeletal injuries are examined from 35 recently identified forensic anthropology cases to determine possible diagnostic traits and characterize skeletal trauma associated with these events. Among these cases, blast trauma is more localized within the skeleton and is associated with one or few primary directions of force. It is recommended that analysts differentiate between secondary and nonspecific blast trauma categories. Conversely, aircraft crash deceleration trauma is more widespread throughout the skeleton, with torsional fractures and injuries occurring from multiple or indeterminate directions. These traits reflect factors such as more complex loading environments than is seen in blast events. Two case studies are presented in detail to further illustrate differences in aircraft crash and blast‐related incidents. Both studies emphasize consideration of the body as a whole unit to facilitate interpretations. While the cases presented herein result from historic war‐related casualties that characterize the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency’s (DPAA) casework, these skeletal cases provide guidelines more appropriate than clinically derived criteria developed through assessments of soft tissue injuries. These guidelines can be used by anthropologists and pathologists working with skeletal remain from mass disasters and other complex contexts, as well as provide avenues for future research.
The effect of preoperative anxiety on phenylephrine dose during cesarean delivery: An open controlled one‐arm clinical trial
Authors: Danon Eran , Heesen Philip , Orbach‐Zinger Sharon , Kornilov Evgeniya , Ronen Ariel , Weiniger Carolyn , Eidelman Leonid 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundWe performed an open controlled one‐arm clinical trial to assess whether preoperative anxiety influences phenylephrine dosage required to maintain normotension during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.MethodsNinety‐four parturients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were included. Anxiety levels were measured using a verbal numerical scale anxiety score (0‐10). Phenylephrine infusion to prevent hypotension was adjusted by a standard algorithm. The primary outcome was total phenylephrine dose. Linear uni‐ and multivariate regressions were performed to assess the relationship between preoperative anxiety and the outcome. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWe found no association between preoperative anxiety and phenylephrine dosage (R2 = 0.05). Taking the number of attempts for spinal anesthesia and surgical time into account did not lead to a significant improvement of the regression model.ConclusionIn conclusion, we did not find a large independent effect of preoperative anxiety on phenylephrine dose required to maintain normotension in our cohort. We believe that spinal hypotension and phenylephrine dose requirement are multifactorial and anxiety is only one of the factors in this complex interaction.
Understanding the differential effect of alcohol consumption on the relation between socio‐economic position and alcohol‐related health problems: results from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort
Authors: Thern Emelie , Landberg Jonas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimTo test (i) whether the harmful effects of average volume of alcohol consumption (AC) and heavy episodic drinking (HED) differ by socio‐economic position (SEP), and (ii) if so, to what extent such differential effects can be attributed to an unequal distribution of harmful levels and patterns of drinking, health, life‐style and social factors.DesignA longitudinal cohort study with baseline in 2002 or 2006, with record‐linkage to national registers.SettingStockholm County, Sweden.ParticipantsA total of 37 484 individuals, aged 25–70 years, responding to the survey in 2002 or 2006.MeasurementsThe outcome of alcohol‐related health problems was obtained from the National Patient Register and Cause of Death Register using the Swedish index diagnoses related to alcohol use. Self‐reported information on occupational class (measure of SEP), AC, HED as well as other health‐related factors were extracted from the surveys. Average follow‐up time was 13.3 years.FindingsDuring follow‐up, a total of 1237 first‐time events of alcohol‐related health problems occurred. After initial adjustments, heavy drinking appeared to be more harmful to individuals with low SEP compared with high SEP (P = 0.001). Differences in HED frequency explained the largest part of the differential effect of AC. Engaging in weekly HED was more harmful to individuals with low SEP (P = 0.031) than high SEP. Differences in AC, together with other factors, explained a large part of the differential effect of HED.ConclusionsThe greater adverse impact of alcohol consumption on health in Sweden on people with lower socio‐economic position may be largely attributable to higher prevalence of heavy episodic drinking, as well as other behavioral and social risk factors.
Role of IL‐25, IL‐33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation
Authors: Hong Haiyu , Liao Shumin , Chen Fenghong , Yang Qintai , Wang De‐Yun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnder the concept of "united airway diseases," the airway is a single organ wherein upper and lower airway diseases are commonly comorbid. The upper and lower airways are lined with respiratory epithelium that plays a vital role in immune surveillance and modulation as the first line of defense to various infective pathogens, allergens, and physical insults. Recently, there is a common hypothesis emphasizing epithelium‐derived cytokines, namely IL‐25, IL‐33, and TSLP, as key regulatory factors that link in immune‐pathogenic mechanisms of allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and asthma, mainly involving in type 2 inflammatory responses and linking innate and adaptive immunities. Herein, we review studies that elucidated the role of epithelium‐derived triple cytokines in both upper and lower airways with the purpose of expediting better clinical treatments and managements of AR, CRS, asthma, and other associated allergic diseases via applications of the modulators of these cytokines.
Guideline on anaesthesia and sedation in breastfeeding women 2020
Authors: Mitchell J. , Jones W. , Winkley E. , Kinsella S. M. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryBreastfeeding has many health benefits for the mother and infant. Women who are breastfeeding may require anaesthesia or sedation. Concerns regarding the passage of drugs into breast milk may lead to inconsistent advice from professionals. This can sometimes result in the interruption of feeding for 24 hours or longer after anaesthesia, or expressing and discarding (‘pumping and dumping’) breast milk; this may contribute to early cessation of breastfeeding. However, there are data regarding the transfer of most anaesthetic drugs into breast milk. We advise that breastfeeding is acceptable to continue after anaesthesia and should be supported as soon as the woman is alert and able to feed, without the need to discard breast milk. We provide evidence‐based information on the pharmacokinetics of drugs commonly used during anaesthesia so that professionals can undertake a risk‐benefit discussion with the woman. We advise the development of local policies that aid logistical planning and guide staff to facilitate breastfeeding during the woman’s hospital stay.
Material Politics Facing Post‐Truth: Speculation, Infrastructure, and Ecology in Turkey
Authors: Hoyng Rolien , Es Murat 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDespite their imposing material presence, the values and harms stemming from the construction of infrastructural megaprojects remain speculative affairs in Istanbul, Turkey. This article distinguishes two modes of speculation pertaining to megaprojects that present different ethical and political possibilities, namely de‐materialising and re‐materialising speculation. Contributing to debates about material politics informed by Noortje Marres (Material Participation; Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) and William Connolly (The Fragility of Things; Duke University Press, 2013), our framework of de‐ and re‐materialising speculation avoids isolating material and planetary agency to instead consider how their uncertainties and potentials play a role at the intersection with politico‐economic life. Accordingly, we analyse the coalescence of ecological and democratic crises. In Turkey, populism’s anthropocentric construction of “the will of the people” exacerbates ecological collapse. But also, ecological collapse inspires a search for a politics and ethics that acknowledge human–nonhuman ecological entanglements. The contestation between de‐and re‐materialising speculation underscores possibilities and limitations of ecological politics in contexts of populism and post‐truth.
Antiseizure drugs and risk of developing smoking‐related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or lung cancer: A population‐based case–control study
Authors: Leuppi‐Taegtmeyer Anne B. , Reinau Daphne , Yilmaz Stella , Rüegg Stephan , Krähenbühl Stephan , Jick Susan S. , Leuppi Jörg D. , Meier Christoph R. 
Published: August 2020

AimsTo determine whether enzyme‐inducing antiseizure drugs (ASDs) affect the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer in smokers.MethodsCases of COPD and lung cancer and matched controls without these conditions were identified from a population of smokers with ≥1 prescription for any type of ASD in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink UK database of patients managed in primary care (1995–2016). A matched case–control study was performed utilising multivariate logistic regression analyses of exposure to enzyme‐inducing ASDs compared to non–enzyme‐inducing ASDs. The duration of ASD exposure and level of tobacco exposure were also assessed.ResultsWe identified 5952 incident COPD and 1373 incident lung cancer cases, and 59 328 and 13 681 matched controls, respectively. Compared with never use, ever use of enzyme‐inducing ASDs was associated with slightly decreased risk estimates of COPD (adjusted odds ratio: 0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.81–0.89) and lung cancer (adjusted odds ratio: 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.73–0.92). These risk estimates were attenuated in heavy smokers.ConclusionWe found slightly decreased risk estimates of COPD and lung cancer among smokers taking enzyme‐inducing ASDs and hypothesise that this may be related to induction of detoxification of tobacco‐specific lung toxins.
Long‐term trajectories of medicine use among older adults experiencing polypharmacy in Australia
Authors: Falster Michael O. , Charrier Rayan , Pearson Sallie‐Anne , Buckley Nicholas A. , Daniels Benjamin 
Published: August 2020

AimsTo explore longitudinal changes in the number and type of medicines used among older people who experience polypharmacy.MethodsWe used pharmaceutical claims for a 10% sample of Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme beneficiaries to identify people aged 70 years and older who were exposed to 5 or more medicines on 15 February 2014. Using group‐based trajectory modelling, we explored changes in the quarterly number and type of medicines used over a 5‐year period (2014–2018).ResultsIn our cohort of 98 539 people, we identified 2 predominant groups of medicine use: sustained polypharmacy (77% of people, 4 trajectories); and decreasing medicine use (23%, 3 trajectories). Within the sustained polypharmacy group, people in trajectories with a lower mean number of medicines (e.g. 6 unique medicines) had relatively stable trajectories, while those using a higher number of medicines (e.g. 15 unique medicines) experienced greater seasonal variation in the number and type of medicines used. On average, people continued to use 2/3 of their medicines (chemical substance level) across adjacent quarters. Within groups of decreasing medicine use, the most common trajectory was a slight drop in medicines within 3 months. Overall, 79% of people still experienced polypharmacy after 1 year.ConclusionPolypharmacy among older people is a sustained phenomenon, reflecting the chronic nature of multimorbidity within this population. However, there is an underlying volatility in the nature of medicines involved, reflecting both changes in treatment and seasonal fluctuation in dispensing. Ongoing prescribing vigilance is required, particularly for patients using very large amounts of medicines.
Estimation of piperacillin clearance with different glomerular filtration rate formulas in critically ill children
Authors: Béranger Agathe , Benaboud Sihem , Urien Saïk , Nguyen‐Khoa Thao , Gana Inès , Toubiana Julie , Zheng Yi , Lesage Fabrice , Renolleau Sylvain , Hirt Déborah , Tréluyer Jean‐Marc , Oualha Mehdi 
Published: August 2020

AimsGlomerular filtration rate (GFR) is difficult to assess in critically ill children using gold standard method and alternatives are needed. This study aimed to determine the most accurate GFR estimation formula for assessing piperacillin clearance in critically ill children, using a published piperacillin pharmacokinetics (PK) population model.MethodsAll children hospitalized in the paediatric intensive care unit of a single institution who were receiving piperacillin were included. PK were described using the nonlinear mixed effect modelling software MONOLIX. In the initial PK model, GFR was estimated according to the Schwartz 1976 formula. We evaluated a set of 12 additional validated formulas, developed using plasma creatinine and/or cystatin C concentrations, in the building model to assess the lowest between‐subject variability for piperacillin clearance.ResultsWe included 20 children with a median (range) postnatal age of 1.9 (0.1–19) years, body weight of 12.5 (3.5–69) kg. Estimated GFR according to the Schwartz 1976 formula was 160.5 (38–315) mL min−1 1.73 m−2. Piperacillin clearance was best predicted by the Bouvet combined formula.ConclusionThe combined Bouvet formula was the most accurate GFR estimation formula for assessing piperacillin clearance in critically ill children.