bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luanda, Slave-Trading Capital of Angola
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The most important port from which Rufino’s employers traded slaves was Luanda, a cosmopolitan Portuguese town, where African, Portuguese, and Brazilian slave dealers lived and traded. Luanda’s slave markets were famous throughout the Atlantic world. Small and large caravans arrived daily, bringing large numbers of slaves to be sold on the coast, mostly captured in the city’s hinterland. In the 1840s, their destination in Brazil was usually Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco, although many others also reached São Luís, Belém and Bahia. The German physician George Tams leads us on a tour through Luanda’s society, where he lived and worked in Rufino’s day.
The Ermelinda Goes to Sea
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Ermelinda sails from Recife to Luanda in June, 1841, with Rufino on board. Due to a leak, the voyage is interrupted for repairs in Salvador, where Rufino had spent most of his life as a slave in Brazil. Travel to Luanda is resumed, but the ship is seized by a Royal Navy brig off the coast of that city on the grounds that it was allegedly equipped for the slave trade. The brig’s commander, Lieutenant Henry James Matson, was very active in these Atlantic waters. He would later declare to the British Parliament that he had captured at least forty slave ships during his career, and had met several well-known African slave dealers, such as Arsénio de Carpio in Luanda.
Dirty Tricks
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter specifies the procedures to which captured slave ships were subjected upon arrival in Sierra Leone. There were numerous interests at stake. In addition to those of the slave traders, Royal Navy officers and crew earned large sums for boats captured and Africans liberated; Sierra Leone merchants competed to buy condemned ships and merchandise when auctioned. It was quite common for interested parties to plant incriminating evidence in order to convict the ships, as was in the case of the Ermelinda. The plot was unveiled and the culprit quickly tried and condemned.
Rufino’s Recife
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
After a second sojourn in Sierra Leone, where he continued his studies of the Qur’ān and Arabic, Rufino returns to Brazil. Before settling in Recife he spent some time in Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, from where he brought a teenaged son, Nicolau José. In Recife he settled on the Rua da Senzala Velha (Old Slave Quarters Street). Although a small community, the Yoruba-speaking popoulation of Recife were not an insignificant minority. They included slaves, freedmen, and free Africans, and some were Muslims like Rufino, while others practiced African and Afro-Brazilian religions. One of the Muslim Yoruba speakers was Mohammah Gardo Baquaqua, who arrived in Pernambuco in 1845.
Individual Differences in Social Comparison
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Dijkstra Pieternel , Krizan Zlatan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Individuals differ considerably in their social comparison orientation (SCO), that is, the extent to which and the frequency with which they compare themselves with others. In this chapter, the major findings with the scale assessing SCO are discussed. After presenting the basic psychometric properties of the scale and the relationships with various personality variables, the authors discuss how SCO is related to, among others, seeking upward and downward social comparison information, to establishing one’s risk, and to assessing one’s future prospects. Next, we present particularly the role of SCO in moderating the effects of upward and downward social comparison information with respect to a variety of contexts and dimensions, including close relationships, ageing, work and organizations, depression, health, and physical attractiveness. Special attention is paid to the question if SCO fosters identification and assimilation rather than contrast.
Curriculum Content
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the many resources that come together to create the online music appreciation course curriculum. Because curriculum is the main content of the course, judiciously selecting from among the many options available to determine suitable content is essential. Readers will learn about limit-setting and curriculum components. Additionally, guidance for choosing a textbook and a review of major textbooks in print is provided, as well as a discussion of open educational resources (OERs) and sample resources. Some discussion is included about creating and providing instructor video lectures. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight the qualities and benefits of four major types of curriculum content.
Multimedia Assets
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews multimedia assets that involve audio, video, presentation, and engaging aspects, and which can be developed by the instructor and students. Elements of accessibility for students with learning differences and disabling conditions are provided to guide instructors in selecting and using tools. Copyright compliance is also introduced. Readers will benefit from guidelines for integrating multimedia content, suggestions for student asset development, and the reviews of many sample educational technology tools that can be effectively integrated into the online music appreciation course. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight four categories of multimedia tools that can be used to create instructor-made assets, with several applications and app examples included.
Ending the Course
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents strategies to teach out the final week of online music appreciation effectively. Just as the first week of an online class can be prepared with standard approaches and a checklist of activities, the final week will conclude in the best ways possible through preparations and a checklist of closing instructor activities. A list of final week essentials is provided, with examples to assist instructors in preparing for and teaching out the final week of an online music appreciation class. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight three essential ways online music appreciation instructors can prepare for the final week of class to meet students’ needs, streamline communications, and focus grading efforts.
Neurointerventions as Punishment
Authors: Ryberg Jesper 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question whether a properly imposed neurointervention can in itself function as a type of punishment. This question opens up a discussion concerning the definition of punishment and, furthermore, a broader discussion as to which requirements should be satisfied for a punishment to be morally justified. Finally, it is considered whether a punishment qua neurointervention, as has been suggested by several theorists, would constitute a way of dealing with offenders which is cruel and unusual, or which should, for other reasons, be banned in principle. As such, this chapter is primarily devoted to penal theoretical considerations.
The Ethics of Representing Oneself and Others
Authors: Parreñas Shimizu Celine 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In studying representations of Imelda Marcos, this chapter addresses intimacies that go way beyond the genital sex act to capture relations within production and consumption as well as across the screen and stage to the audience—between spectators and authors. It privileges the perspective of Filipin@x actors, producers, and spectators to answer these questions: Who can represent whom? Why do we tend to judge these works by their adherence to authenticity? And how do we conduct ourselves when we tell stories that represent rarely presented people? What does an ethical act of representing others look like? The critique that says a white man cannot represent these subjects ignores how they actually can and do so rampantly. In calling for broadening who can speak about movies and who can make movies, this chapter homes in on authorship and spectatorship as processes shared between so many but dominated by so few.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Lauer Jeremy A. , Morton Alec , Bertram Melanie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic evaluation concerned with efficiency: that is, with achieving the most for the resources (“value for money”). This chapter explains the appeal and relevance of CEA and describes its use in localized and strategic decision-making. Localized decision-making (marginal CEA using thresholds) poses the risk of “baking in” past allocation errors, while strategic decision-making (generalized CEA) can be impractical due to the large amount of information required, among other considerations. The authors provide an example of using CEA to evaluate a program for tuberculosis treatment and close with some recommendations for using CEA in strategic planning, which is a hybrid approach linking the localized and strategic approaches to CEA and remedying thereby some of the defects of each.
Why Health-Related Inequalities Matter and Which Ones Do
Authors: Voorhoeve Alex 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The author outlines and defends two egalitarian theories, which yield distinctive and complementary answers to why health-related inequalities matter. The first is a brute luck egalitarian view, according to which inequalities due to unchosen, differential luck are bad because unfair. The second is a social egalitarian view, according to which inequalities are bad when and because they undermine people’s status as equal citizens. These views identify different objects of egalitarian concern: the brute luck egalitarian view directs attention to health-related well-being, while social egalitarianism focuses on health-related capabilities that are central to a person’s status as a citizen. The author argues that both views are correct and should jointly guide priority-setting in health.
Between Science and Romanticism
Authors: Harm Volker 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Harm examines conflicting methods and philosophies that shaped the Deutsches Wörterbuch (DWB), particularly in its early stages under the leadership of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, but also under subsequent editors over its 120-year development. He traces the role of notions of German Romanticism in the development of the dictionary, including fascination with and reliance on historical language usage and the editors’ emphasis on collaboration and pursuit of a national agenda, given the dictionary’s emergence in the sociopolitical context of the 1830s and 1840s in Germany. Apparently in contrast, ‘scientific’ lexicographical methods were also employed, including the structure of entries, quotation evidence, orthographic decisions, and sense-ordering, as well as the use of both prescriptive and descriptive methods based on an understanding of a ‘natural history of language’. Though at odds in some ways, the two methods and ideals behind each of them together formed the basis of the DWB.
The First Scottish ‘National’ Dictionary
Authors: Rennie Susan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Rennie details John Jamieson’s compilation of the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language from Jamieson’s initial interest in antiquarian research through the publication and mass popularity of the Etymological Dictionary, which became both a repository of cultural history and a national icon. Intrigued by similarities between Scots and Nordic languages, Jamieson examined existing foreign language dictionaries, early Scots texts, and spoken Scots to trace the origins and earliest occurrences of headwords and to codify the Scots language using the methods of historical lexicography. Sir Walter Scott described Jamieson’s dictionary compilation as ‘an important national task’, at a time when the status of Scots as a dialect of English or a distinct language was much debated, and the dictionary continued to be a work of cultural and national significance throughout the nineteenth century.
Terrorists as Monsters
Authors: Pinfari Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book explores the use of archetypal metaphors of monstrosity in relation to terrorism. It presents two main original arguments, which are influenced by recent studies by leading philosophers and anthropologists on the social and political functions of monstrosity and monster metaphors. The first argument, developed in Part 1, explores the reasons why “terrorists” are sometimes framed as monsters by their audiences. Although this imagery serves the immediate purpose of depicting the “terrorist” as a non- or sub-human “other,” the book examines the recurrence of specific monster types across time and space (from the French Revolution through anarchist and ethnonational terrorism, until the current wave of jihadist terrorism), and concludes that the terrorist-monster is primarily an unmanageable creature and that this characterization is functional to the pursuit of rational political agendas and to securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. The second, developed in Part 2, is about why “terrorists” might want to portray and present themselves as monsters. In this regard, it argues that the impersonation of the monster prototype (in its entirety or in some of its components) is a tactic that has been rationally pursued by several groups throughout the history of terrorism, as part of the modus operandi of so-called revolutionary terrorism, primarily for increasing their scare power. Part 3 applies these analytical frameworks to other areas of terrorism studies, including the use of monster metaphors by the “terrorists” themselves to frame their enemies and recent trends in counterterrorism.
The abyss of counterterrorism
Authors: Pinfari Marco 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter engages with contemporary counterterrorist practices and discusses cases in which state actors either deal with “terrorists” according to the prescriptions inherent in the symbolic and metaphoric systems used to frame them in the first place, or impersonate the monster prototype (entirely or in some of its components) in their counterterrorist strategies. It first presents the so-called Dahiya Doctrine as an example of how the framing of an enemy as the paradigmatic, cosmic adversary of a people could help a state (Israel) justify violations of the law of war. The following paragraphs discuss the performative construction of the War on Terror as the war of monsters against monsters, focusing first on the impersonation of monstrosity as part of the condoning of unconventional interrogation and detention methods, and then on the move toward de-humanized, (allegedly) surgically effective, and automatized weapon platforms and surveillance systems.
The Early Crisis and Missed Opportunities
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 continues the historicizing of US journalism’s structural problems by drawing attention to the beginning of the contemporary press crisis of 2008–2009. Underscoring the missed opportunities in policy interventions, chapter 2 brings into focus the structural nature of the crisis and its relationship to both the internet and market failure. The chapter focuses specifically on the FCC’s policy actions and inactions during this time and leads into chapter 3 by tracing out the political economic roots of the journalism crisis. In addition, the chapter provides an overview of economic theories of journalism.
American Media Exceptionalism and the Public Option
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 makes the case that a publicly subsidized news media system is journalism’s last best hope. It shows that when compared with that of other countries, US media is exceptional in being dominated by a handful of corporations, only lightly regulated, and primarily commercial. As well as tracing the historical roots of this “US media exceptionalism,” the chapter provides a historical analysis of US public media. It then gives a comparative analysis showing how little money Americans devote toward their public media system and a general survey of press subsidies around the world. The chapter concludes with some suggestions on how to construct a viable US public media system.
Global Perspectives on Solitary Confinement—Practices and Reforms Worldwide
Authors: Nowak Manfred 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter puts the practice of solitary confinement in the context of and distinguishes it from other aggravated forms of deprivation of liberty, such as incommunicado detention, secret detention, and enforced disappearance. Thereafter, the case law of international and regional monitoring bodies and courts in respect of solitary confinement will be analyzed and compared with the author’s own experience as UN Special Rapporteur on Torture as well as with the experience of Juan Mendez who succeeded the author in this function. On the basis of medical and psychological research showing the harmful effects of solitary confinement on the mental and physical health of detainees, both the author and Juan Mendez contributed to the development of soft law standards, such as the Istanbul Statement and the Mandela Rules, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. By taking powerful scientific evidence into account, these soft law standards, which in principle prohibit every form of solitary confinement for more than fifteen days, are much more advanced than the fairly permissive standards of hard law, as interpreted by regional human rights courts and universal treaty monitoring bodies.
Torture, Solitary Confinement, and International Law
Authors: Méndez Juan E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Under various names and labels, solitary confinement has escaped scrutiny because the public does not automatically associate it with torture or inhuman treatment, despite the fact that prolonged or indefinite isolation clearly meets the standard of deliberate infliction, by a state agent, of severe pain and suffering of a physical or mental nature. There are, of course, legitimate uses for short-term segregation of inmates, for specified reasons and with due process guarantees. But it has become increasingly evident that a major effort needs to be made to regulate its use so that, in law and in fact, it does not cross the line into torture.
The Brain in Isolation
Authors: Akil Huda 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Absent direct studies that evaluate the brain damage specifically incurred as a result of extended solitary confinement, is there sufficient neuroscientific evidence that would make the likelihood of brain damage compelling? This chapter argues that such a general case can indeed be made. The basis of the argument is threefold: a) The intrinsic nature of the brain and its interaction with the individual’s physical and social context; b) The known impact of some specific features of prolonged isolation (e.g., chronic stress, sensory and motor deprivation, altered circadian patterns) on the brain, and the known biological changes they induce; and c) Changes in the brain associated with the psychological consequences of solitary confinement, such as anxiety disorders and severe clinical depression.
Use of Animals to Study the Neurobiological Effects of Isolation
Authors: Zigmond Michael J. , Smeyne Richard Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
For a social species like humans, it should not be surprising that the absence of social contact for any significant amount of time can have toxic neurobiological consequences. The most severe isolation conditions can be found in incarceration in solitary confinement. There are a great deal of data on isolation that have been gathered from studies of laboratory animals that we believe can provide critical insights into the impact of isolation in humans. In this chapter, we discuss the data from studies of laboratory animals on the impact of isolation on behavior and the brain. We also discuss the regulations that exist regarding the housing and care of these animals, noting the contrast with regulations regarding humans.
Prisoners’ Association as an Alternative to Solitary Confinement—Lessons Learned from a Norwegian High-Security Prison
Authors: Høidal Are 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The main rule in Section 17 of the Norwegian Penal Code is that all inmates in Norwegian prisons should, as far as practically possible, be allowed company during work, training, programming, and in their leisure periods. This basically means access to community and social contact with other prisoners all day, from morning to evening. This chapter will look more closely at this main rule as well as the exceptions. In order to better explain how the principle of access to community with other prisoners works in practice, the chapter describes some of the basic principles according to which the Norwegian Correctional Service operates, and it provides some general information about Halden prison. It also examines the rules concerning exclusion from the prisoner community when inmates break the rules. Finally, the chapter discusses how a strong focus on the inmates’ right to community, as particularly applied in Halden prison, helped prison adminstrators to minimize its use of solitary confinement.
Solitary Confinement in Canada
Authors: Arvay Joseph J. , Latimer Alison M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
On January 17, 2018, a historic decision put Canada at the forefront of an international movement against solitary confinement. A trial judge found that administrative segregation is a form of solitary confinement and that it causes some inmates physical harm and places all inmates subject to it in Canada at significant risk of serious psychological harm, including mental pain and suffering, and increased incidence of self-harm and suicide. This chapter describes the Canadian litigation and the findings of the trial judge with respect to the laws’ constitutional invalidity. The decision of the trial judge was largely upheld by the British Columbia Court of Appeal. The Canadian Parliament has now enacted a new law that purports to abolish solitary confinement but the authors are skeptical that the new law will pass constitutional muster because it is still too restrictive of inmate rights. It is expected that the government will seek leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.