bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A grounded theory for the performance of temporary disaster response teams
Authors: Wegmann Reto M. 
Published: June 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify and determine the most prevalent factors influencing the performance of temporary disaster response teams.Design/methodology/approachAfter a literature review on team performance and temporary organizations, this study uses the grounded theory approach, based on 13 years of United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination mission data.FindingsGeneric individual skills and a heterogeneous team composition are key. Speed of deployment trumps thoroughness of preparation. Partner organizations should contribute supporting capacities. Necessary leadership skills are simple rather than arcane. Uncontrollable factors must be accepted. Creativity plays only a small role.Practical implicationsPrioritize transferable competencies when selecting team members. Compose teams with regional, but not global, diversity. Reduce team leader training to basic leadership skills.Originality/valueThe intersection between temporary organizations and the performance of multinational disaster response teams is unexplored. Research aimed at increasing disaster response performance can contribute to human lives saved and advance general management and organization studies.
Collaboration during times of crisis
Authors: Patel Anant 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
During difficult times, it is crucial that organizations can communicate and collaborate to maintain an effective workforce. The purpose of this paper is to share the real-life, practical experience of a business leader in how to successfully collaborate and succeed during times of crisis.

Design/methodology/approach
The insights are gathered from real-world experience of the author in his position at his company.

Findings
This paper finds that we have seen some fantastic examples of collaboration amid the crisis landscape we are in, but we can only get to this point through ideation, innovation and collaboration. These three key areas, coupled with kindness and consideration for others, is what will ensure we all emerge from this storm united.

Originality/value
It is taken from the original experience and viewpoints of the author.
Tourophobia: fear of travel resulting from man-made or natural disasters
Authors: Çakar Kadir 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine how crises impact overall tourist behaviour and travel preferences in times of crisis events, both man-made and natural disasters. In doing so, the present paper has been designed to provide a new conceptualization of travellers’ shifting preferences in terms of the selection of holiday destinations through the new concept of tourophobia and to classify this as a new type of tourist behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach
The present study uses a literature review as a qualitative deductive content analysis of 58 field studies published by major hospitality and tourism journals. By using a deductive content analysis approach, the current paper is designed to delineate tourist behaviour through a generic review of relevant literature detailing travellers’ preferences in times of crisis.

Findings
The developed concept of tourophobia and the suggested model, which proposes two possible scenarios, shows that traveller behaviour is heterogeneous in terms of the destination selection process; this finding is based on a content analysis of the articles chosen. Further, by using the developed model, the decline in travel and tourism can also be explained by an increase in what is termed in this paper “tourophobia”, which results from the various devastating effects of crises.

Research limitations/implications
The proposed model is expected to help destination managers and marketers to segment and forecast the future market demand of tourist travel preferences, thereby enabling them to form effective marketing strategies and increase their responsiveness during difficult times. Only articles from hospitality and tourism journals were subjected to content analysis; this is a major limitation of the study.

Originality/value
The present research contributes to current knowledge by describing the concept of tourophobia as a tourist behaviour in times of crisis. As an emerging phenomenon, it is also introduced as being one criterion for the selection of destinations and, therefore, is regarded as a driver for tourist behaviour, thus generating the originality of the paper. This study strives to provide a new direction for future studies on tourist behaviour, rather than offering new empirical data.
Application of the redundant‐lifting scheme for ground‐roll attenuation in near‐surface characterization using full‐waveform inversion on P‐wave seismic data
Authors: Alam Md Iftekhar , Shukla Khemraj 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTSeismic modelling of the shallow subsurface (within the first few metres) is often challenging when the data are dominated by ground‐roll and devoid of reflection. We showed that, even when transmission is the only available phase for analysis, fine‐scale and interpretable P‐wave velocity (VP) and attenuation (QP−1) models can still be prepared using full‐waveform inversion, with data being preconditioned for ground‐roll. To prove this idea, we suppressed the ground‐roll in two different ways before full‐waveform inversion modelling: first, through a bottom mute; second, through a novel wavelet transform‐based method known as the redundant‐lifting scheme. The applicability of full‐waveform inversion is tested through imaging two buried targets. These include a pair of utility water pipes with known diameters of 0.8 m and burial depths of 1.5 m, respectively. The second target is the poorly documented backfill, which was the former location of the pipe(s). The data for full‐waveform inversion are acquired along a 2D profile using a static array of 24, 40 Hz vertical component geophones and a buried point source. The results show that (a) the redundant‐lifting scheme better suppresses the ground roll, which in turn provides better images of the targets in full‐waveform inversion; and (b) the VP and QP−1 models from full‐waveform inversion of redundant‐lifting scheme data could detect the two targets adequately.
Idea paper: Community‐interaction analyses contribute to improving the performance of microbial fuel cells
Authors: Doi Hideyuki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRenewable energy resources can potentially solve global warming issues that arise from the large amounts of CO2 emissions from currently used energy resources. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) can produce electrical energy from the environment, making them attractive for energy harvesting. The structures and mechanisms of MFC have been studied for a few decades, and the performance of MFC has constantly been improved using new materials in the devices or by interacting microbial species on the anode chamber of MFC. However, the ecological phenomena, especially inter‐species interactions, within the microbial community in MFC are still largely unknown. Analysis and control of the microbial community have high potential to improve the MFC performance. In this idea paper, I have provided ways to analyze the species interactions in the microbial communities of MFC: (a) empirical dynamic modeling for detecting species interactions in MFC, and (b) network analysis to explore the core microbe species in the MFC. The interaction analyses of the microbial communities in MFC devices can potentially contribute to improving the performance of MFC.
Eutrophication as a driver of microbial community structure in lake sediments
Authors: Han Xingguo , Schubert Carsten Johnny , Fiskal Annika , Dubois Nathalie , Lever Mark Alexander 
Published: June 2020

SummaryLake sediments are globally important carbon sinks. Although the fate of organic carbon in lake sediments depends significantly on microorganisms, only few studies have investigated controls on lake sedimentary microbial communities. Here we investigate the impact of anthropogenic eutrophication, which affects redox chemistry and organic matter (OM) sources in sediments, on microbial communities across five lakes in central Switzerland. Lipid biomarkers and distributions of microbial respiration reactions indicate strong increases in aquatic OM contributions and microbial activity with increasing trophic state. Across all lakes, 16S rRNA genes analyses indicate similar depth‐dependent zonations at the phylum‐ and class‐level that follow vertical distributions of OM sources and respiration reactions. Yet, there are notable differences, such as higher abundances of nitrifying Bacteria and Archaea in an oligotrophic lake. Furthermore, analyses at the order‐level and below suggest that changes in OM sources due to eutrophication cause permanent changes in bacterial community structure. By contrast, archaeal communities are differentiated according to trophic state in recently deposited layers, but converge in older sediments deposited under different trophic regimes. Our study indicates an important role for trophic state in driving lacustrine sediment microbial communities and reveals fundamental differences in the temporal responses of sediment Bacteria and Archaea to eutrophication.
Harnessing the type I CRISPR‐Cas systems for genome editing in prokaryotes
Authors: Xu Zeling , Li Yanran , Li Ming , Xiang Hua , Yan Aixin 
Published: June 2020

SummaryGenetic analysis is crucial to the understanding, exploitation, and control of microorganisms. The advent of CRISPR‐Cas‐based genome‐editing techniques, particularly those mediated by the single‐effector (Cas9 and Cas12a) class 2 CRISPR‐Cas systems, has revolutionized the genetics in model eukaryotic organisms. However, their applications in prokaryotes are rather limited, largely owing to the exceptional diversity of DNA homeostasis in microorganisms and severe cytotoxicity of overexpressing these nuclease proteins in certain genotypes. Remarkably, CRISPR‐Cas systems belonging to different classes and types are continuously identified in prokaryotic genomes and serve as a deep reservoir for expansion of the CRISPR‐based genetic toolkits. ~90% of the CRISPR‐Cas systems identified so far belong to the class 1 system which hinges on multi‐protein effector complexes for DNA interference. Harnessing these widespread native CRISPR‐Cas systems for ‘built‐in’ genome editing represents an emerging and powerful genetic tool in prokaryotes, especially in the genetically recalcitrant non‐model species and strains. In this progress review, we introduce the general workflow of this emerging editing platform and summarize its establishment in a growing number of prokaryotes by harnessing the most widespread, diverse type I CRISPR‐Cas systems present in their genomes. We also discuss the various factors affecting the success and efficiency of this editing platform and the corresponding solutions.
More Than IndyRef2? The Referendums (Scotland) Act 2020
Authors: Clark Alistair 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDemands for a second Scottish independence referendum have persisted since 2014. The Scottish government introduced the Referendums (Scotland) Bill at Holyrood in May 2019 to enable referendums within the competence of the Scottish parliament. The Scottish National Party (SNP) government presented this as a framework enabling a range of referendums. Opponents saw this as legislating for a second independence referendum. The act will form a large part of the legal framework and rules for any second independence referendum. Importantly, the legislation provides innovation in electoral law more generally. This article discusses the background to the bill, its initial contents, and debates around and amendments to the bill. It discusses its electoral law innovations, before considering its limitations and place as constitutional debates play out over a second independence referendum.
Reduced Mythimna separata infestation on Bt corn could benefit aphids
Authors: Li Xiang‐Wen , Du Li‐Xiao , Zhang Lei , Peng Yu‐Fa , Hua Hong‐Xia , Romeis Jörg , Li Yun‐He 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUse of genetically engineered plants that express insecticidal Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been proven efficacious for managing lepidopteran pests. However, in some cases herbivores that are not targeted by the Bt trait have increased in importance. It has been suggested that reduced caterpillar damage to Bt crops could lead to decreased levels of induced plant defensive compounds which might benefit other non‐target herbivores. Here we investigated the potential effect of reduced damage by larvae of Mythimna separata on aphid populations in Bt corn. We compared the performance of Rhopalosiphum maidis feeding on non‐Bt corn plants that had been infested by M. separata larvae or were uninfested. The results showed that caterpillar‐infested corn plants significantly reduced the fitness of R. maidis leading to a prolonged nymphal development time, reduced adult longevity and fecundity compared to uninfested plants. Consequently, the population growth rate of corn aphids feeding on caterpillar‐infested corn plants was significantly lower than on uninfested plants. As expected, the aphids performed significantly better on Lepidoptera‐resistant Bt corn than on non‐Bt corn when plants were infested with M. separata, since the caterpillars caused very little damage to the Bt plants. The current findings indicate that reduced M. separata infestation could benefit aphid development in Bt corn. Bt corn has the potential to be commercialized in China in the near future and aphids and other non‐target pests should be monitored in the farming fields.
Antifungal activity of hypocrellin compounds and their synergistic effects with antimicrobial agents against Candida albicans
Authors: Song Shihao , Sun Xiuyun , Meng Lili , Wu Qianhua , Wang Ke , Deng Yinyue 
Published: June 2020

SummaryCandida albicans is a common human fungal pathogen. The previous study revealed that quinone compounds showed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans by inhibiting cell growth. However, it was unclear whether quinones have other antifungal effects against C. albicans in addition to fungicidal effects. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory activity of a total of 25 quinone compounds against C. albicans morphological transition, which is essential for the pathogenicity of C. albicans. Several quinones exhibited strong inhibition of mycelium formation by C. albicans SC5314. Three leading compounds, namely hypocrellins A, B and C, also exhibited marked attenuation of C. albicans SC5314 virulence in both human cell lines and mouse infection models. These three compounds significantly suppressed the proliferation of C. albicans SC5314 cells in a mouse mucosal infection model. Intriguingly, hypocrellins not only attenuated the cytotoxicity of a nystatin‐resistant C. albicans strain but also showed excellent synergistic effects with antifungal agents against both wild‐type C. albicans SC5314 and the drug‐resistant mutant strains. In addition, hypocrellins A, B and C interfered with the biological functions and virulence of various clinical Candida species, suggesting the promising potential of these compounds for development as new therapeutic agents against infections caused by Candida pathogens.
Seventy‐one cases of uveitis‐glaucoma‐hyphaema syndrome
Authors: Armonaite Laura , Behndig Anders 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeTo assess Uveitis‐Glaucoma‐Hyphaema syndrome (UGH syndrome) with focus on resolution, glaucoma development and risk factors.MethodsThis retrospective case–control study with a cross‐sectional component was performed to compare three groups with 71 patients each: UGH syndrome, dislocated intraocular lens (IOL) without UGH syndrome and ordinary pseudophakia. Main outcome measures were resolution of the UGH syndrome, best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the need of glaucoma therapy. We also assessed the IOL‐iris contact signs and the use of blood thinners.ResultsUveitis‐Glaucoma‐Hyphaema (UGH) syndrome resolved in 77 % of patients who underwent various kind of IOL surgery. Intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased and BCVA improved in the operated cases (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively), but not in the cases treated conservatively. Intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥22 mmHg at the first haemorrhage predicted the need of glaucoma therapy after UGH syndrome resolution (p = 0.002, area under the curve = 0.8). Fifty‐one per cent of patients without preexisting glaucoma needed glaucoma therapy after UGH syndrome resolution. Pseudophacodonesis was seen more frequently in the UGH group than in the ordinary pseudophakia group (p = 0.001). Iris defects were not more frequent in the UGH group than in the Dislocated group but the types of defects differed (p < 0.0001). Blood thinners were not more frequent in UGH.ConclusionIn UGH syndrome, the results are better with surgical intervention than with conservative treatment, but surgery does not guarantee resolution. Pseudophacodonesis is a risk factor for UGH syndrome, but blood thinners are not, and iris defects are not specific to UGH syndrome. A high IOP at the first haemorrhage increases the risk for needing subsequent IOP‐lowering therapy.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected people and solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Mahale Parag , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Kahn Amy R. , Gonsalves Lou , Pawlish Karen , Koch Lori , Tirado‐Gomez Maribel , Clarke Christina A. , Alverson Georgetta , Shiels Meredith S. , Engels Eric A. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected people and solid organ transplant recipients have elevated risk of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Little is known regarding ALCL risk factors in immunosuppressed populations. We used data from US cancer registries linked to HIV registries (1996–2016) and to the national transplant registry (1992–2017). ALCL risk in HIV‐infected people and transplant recipients relative to the general population was calculated as a standardized incidence ratio (SIR). ALCL risk factors were evaluated using Poisson regression. We identified 121 incident ALCL cases in the HIV (n = 86) and transplant (n = 35) populations. We reviewed pathology reports for 45 cases and most (86·7%) were confirmed as ALCL. Epstein–Barr virus tested positive in 1/8 (12·5%) cases. Compared to the general population, ALCL risk was strongly elevated among HIV‐infected people [SIR 5·43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4·27–6·81] and transplant recipients (5·96; 4·03–8·49). Among HIV‐infected people, ALCL incidence was strongly related to CD4 count [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 0·15 for ≥500 vs. <200 cells/μl; P trend < 0·001]. Among transplant recipients, risk was highest within the first year (aIRR 6·82) and 10+ years post‐transplant (5·99). In conclusion, ALCL risk is strongly increased in these immunosuppressed populations but may be unrelated to EBV infection based on limited reports.
Non‐human‐papillomavirus‐related malignancies of the vulva: A clinicopathological study
Authors: Furlan Karina , Rohra Prih , Mir Fatima , Gattuso Paolo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundMalignant tumor of the vulva is the fourth gynecological malignancy in frequency. Close to 70% of all vulvar malignancies are related to high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.MethodsA search for non‐HPV‐related malignant tumors of the vulva was performed in the last 20 years (2000‐2020) in the pathology database of a single tertiary institution. We aim to estimate the prevalence of non‐HPV‐related malignancies in our population, describe clinicopathological features of these tumors and investigate the expression of some potential therapeutic targets.ResultsA total of 71 patients were recovered; 26 patients (36%) had the diagnosis of extramammary Paget disease, 17 patients (24%) had basal cell carcinomas, 17 patients (24%) had primary melanomas, 10 patients (14%) had metastatic disease to the vulva and one patient (1%) had a primary dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Fifty‐four percent of patients with extramammary Paget disease had a secondary malignancy and 12.5% had invasive disease. Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PDL‐1) was positive in seven out of nine primary melanomas and Her2/neu was overexpressed in six out of seven extramammary Paget disease.ConclusionNon‐HPV‐related malignancies are important differential diagnoses in patient with vulvar lesions. Additional research is necessary to further understand these complex malignancies and potential new therapeutic targets.
Arithmetic knowledge from the spontaneous attention to relations
Authors: Prather Richard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChildren's knowledge of arithmetic principles is a key aspect of early mathematics knowledge. Knowledge of arithmetic principles predicts how children approach solving arithmetic problems and the likelihood of their success. Prior work has begun to address how children might learn arithmetic principles in a classroom setting. Understanding of arithmetic principles involves understanding how numbers in arithmetic equations relate to another. For example, the Relation to Operands (RO) principle is that for subtracting natural numbers (A − B = C), the difference (C) must be smaller than the minuend (A). In the current study we evaluate if individual differences in arithmetic principle knowledge (APK) can be predicted by the learners' spontaneous attention to relations (SAR) and if feedback can increase their attention to relations. Results suggest that participants’ Spontaneous Attention to Number (SAN) does not predict their knowledge of the RO principle for symbolic arithmetic. Feedback regarding the attention to relations did not show a significant effect on SAR or participants’ APK. We also did not find significant relations between reports of parent talk and the home environment with individual differences in SAN. The amount of parent's talk about relations was not significantly associated with learner's SAR and APK. We conclude that children's SAR with non‐symbolic number does not generalize to attention to relations with symbolic arithmetic.
What does an African ethic of social cohesion entail for social distancing?
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe most prominent strand of moral thought in the African philosophical tradition is relational and cohesive, roughly demanding that we enter into community with each other. Familiar is the view that being a real person means sharing a way of life with others, perhaps even in their fate. What does such a communal ethic prescribe for the coronavirus pandemic? Might it forbid one from social distancing, at least away from intimates? Or would it entail that social distancing is wrong to some degree, although morally permissible on balance? Or could it mean that social distancing is not wrong to any degree and could, under certain circumstances, be the right way to commune? In this article, I defend the latter view. I argue that, given an independently attractive understanding of how to value communal relationship, distancing oneself from others when necessary to protect them from serious incapacitation or harm can come at no cost to right action. However, I also discuss cases in which social distancing would evince a lack of good character, despite being the right thing to do.