bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying EoR delay spectrum contamination from diffuse radio emission
Authors: Lanman Adam E , Pober Jonathan C , Kern Nicholas S , de Lera Acedo Eloy , DeBoer David R , Fagnoni Nicolas 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The 21 cm hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen offers a promising probe of the large-scale structure of the universe before and during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), when the first ionizing sources formed. Bright radio emission from foreground sources remains the biggest obstacle to detecting the faint 21 cm signal. However, the expected smoothness of foreground power leaves a clean window in Fourier space where the EoR signal can potentially be seen over thermal noise. Though the boundary of this window is well defined in principle, spectral structure in foreground sources, instrumental chromaticity, and choice of spectral weighting in analysis all affect how much foreground power spills over into the EoR window. In this paper, we run a suite of numerical simulations of wide-field visibility measurements, with a variety of diffuse foreground models and instrument configurations, and measure the extent of contaminated Fourier modes in the EoR window using a delay-transform approach to estimate power spectra. We also test these effects with a model of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) antenna beam generated from electromagnetic simulations, to take into account further chromatic effects in the real instrument. We find that foreground power spillover is dominated by the so-called pitchfork effect, in which diffuse foreground power is brightened near the horizon due to the shortening of baselines. As a result, the extent of contaminated modes in the EoR window is largely constant over time, except when the Galaxy is near the pointing centre.
The Use of Alternative Routes for the Delivery of Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma
Authors: Sweid Ahmad , Hammoud Batoul , Texakalidis Pavlos , Xu Vivian , Shivashankar Kavya , Baldassari Michael P , Das Somnath , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula , Shields Carol L , Ancona-Lezama David , Lim Li-Anne S , Dalvin Lauren A , Maamari Dimitri J , Jabbour Pascal 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The introduction of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) for treatment of retinoblastoma considerably changed the paradigm by which this disease is managed, with event-free survival rates being above 70%.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze efficacy of IAC treatment using alternative approaches to ophthalmic artery catheterization (OAC), such as external carotid artery approach or balloon-assisted drug delivery.

METHODS
This is a retrospective chart review for subjects receiving IAC for retinoblastoma. The primary approach was OAC. In cases in which selective OAC was not feasible, alternative routes including catheterization of the external carotid artery or use of a balloon-assisted drug infusion were used.

RESULTS
This study included 197 consecutive patients with 207 retinoblastomas who underwent 658 IAC procedures overall. The mean age at diagnosis was 24 mo, and 54.5% of the study population was male. Success rate with IAC was 97% (639). Alternative approaches to OAC were, in total, 42 cases (6.4%)—external carotid artery catheterization and use of ICA balloon were performed in 22 (3.3%) and 20 (3%) cases, respectively. A mean of 3.1 IAC cycles were performed for each patient. In total, there were 23 technical failures of the primary OAC technique (3.4%). Periprocedural adverse events occurred in 4 procedures (0.6%). Use of an alternative technique for chemotherapy delivery other than selective OAC in at least one IAC cycle was not a predictor of enucleation.

CONCLUSION
IAC is a safe and effective treatment option for retinoblastoma. Chemotherapy delivery using alternative techniques is as effective as selective OAC.
How Can Embedded Criminologists, Police Pracademics, and Crime Analysts Help Increase Police-Led Program Evaluations? A Survey of Authors Cited in the Evidence-Based Policing Matrix
Authors: Piza Eric L , Szkola Jason , Blount-Hill Kwan-Lamar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEvidence-based policing emphasizes the evaluation of interventions to create a catalogue of effective programs and practices. Program evaluation has primarily been considered the purview of academic researchers, with police agencies typically uninvolved in the evaluation of their own interventions. Scholars have recently advocated for police to take more ownership over program evaluation, often arguing for an increased role of three primary entities: embedded criminologists, police pracademics, and crime analysts. While an emerging body of literature has explored these entities individually, research has yet to explore the unique contributions each can make to police-led science. The current study is a survey of scholars who authored or co-authored one or more studies included in the evidence-based policing matrix. The authors explore four distinct research questions pertaining to police-led science. Findings suggest that embedded criminologists, police pracademics, and crime analysts may each have a unique role to play in promoting police-led science.
As Good As ‘Enough and As Good’
Authors: van der Vossen Bas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Lockean theory of property licenses unilateral appropriation on the condition that there be ‘enough, and as good left in common for others’. However, the meaning of this proviso is all but clear. This article argues that the proviso is centered around the Lockean theory of freedom. To be free, I argue, we must be ‘non-subjected’ in the exercise of our rights, including our rights to appropriate. We enjoy such freedom only when the ability to exercise our rights does not depend on others. That can obtain if literally enough and as good is left in common. But it can also obtain in other ways, for example through competitive labour markets. The latter offer something as good as ‘enough and as good’.
Modeling Covid-19 dynamics for real-time estimates and projections: an application to Albanian data
Authors: Gjini Erida 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 epidemic is one of the biggest challenges healthcare systems worldwide have ever had to face. To curb transmission many countries have adopted social distancing measures and travel restrictions. Estimating the effect of these measures in each context is challenging and requires mathematical models of the transmission dynamics. Projections for the future course of the epidemic strongly rely on model predictions and accurate representation of real-time data as they accumulate. Here I develop an SEIR modeling framework for Covid-19, to evaluate reported cases and fatalities, and to enable forecasting using evidence-based Bayesian parameter estimation. This Bayesian framework offers a tool to parametrize real-time dynamics of Covid-19 cases, and explore the effect of control as it unfolds in any setting. I apply the model to Covid-19 data from Albania, where drastic control measures were put in place already on the day of the first confirmed case. Evaluating the dynamics of reported cases 9-31 March 2020, I estimate parameters and make preliminary projections. Three weeks into the measures, Albanian data already indicate a strong signature of more than 40% transmission reduction, and lend support to a progressively increasing effect of control measures rather than a static one. In the Albanian setting, the model and data match well, projecting the peak of the outbreak may be around 5-15 April, and be contained within 300 active confirmed cases if control continues with the same trend. This framework can be used to understand the quantitative effects of different control measures in real-time, and inform adaptive intervention for success in other settings.
First-in-class matrix anti-assembly peptide prevents staphylococcal biofilmin vitroandin vivo
Authors: Von Borowski Rafael Gomes , Chat Sophie , Schneider Rafael , Nonin-Lecomte Sylvie , Bouaziz Serge , Giudice Emmanuel , Zimmer Aline Rigon , Gnoatto Simone Cristina Baggio , Macedo Alexandre José , Gillet Reynald 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStaphylococci are pathogenic biofilm-forming bacteria, source of multidrug-resistance and/or – tolerance causing a broad spectrum of infections. These bacteria are enclosed in a matrix that allows them to colonize medical devices such as catheters and tissue, and which protects against antibiotics and immune systems. Advances in antibiofilm strategies for targeting this matrix are therefore extremely relevant. Plants are constantly attacked by a wide range of pathogens, and have protective factors such as peptides to defend themselves. These peptides are common components inCapsicumpeppers (CP). Here, we describe the development of CP bioinspired peptide “capsicumicine”. We demonstrate that capsicumicine strongly prevents methicillin-resistantS. epidermidisbiofilmviaa new extracellular “matrix anti-assembly” mechanism of action. Catheters pre-coated with capsicumicine decreasedS. aureuscolonization leading to the attenuation of infection, decreasing mice systemic infection. Capsicumicine is the first-in-class non-antibiotic, carbohydrate-binding peptide.
Neural Anomalies during Vigilance in Schizophrenia: Diagnostic Specificity and Genetic Associations
Authors: Klein Samuel D. , Shekels Laurie L. , McGuire Kathryn A. , Sponheim Scott R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractImpaired vigilance is a core cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and may serve as an endophenotype (i.e., mark genetic liability). We used a continuous performance task with perceptually degraded stimuli in schizophrenia patients (N=48), bipolar disorder patients (N=26), and first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients (N=55) and bipolar disorder patients (N =28) and healthy controls (N=68) to clarify whether previously reported vigilance deficits and abnormal neural functions were indicative of genetic liability for schizophrenia as opposed to a generalized liability for severe psychopathology. We also examined variation in the Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene to evaluate whether brain responses were related to genetic variation associated with higher-order cognition. Relatives of schizophrenia patients had an increased rate of misidentification of nontarget stimuli as targets when they were perceptually similar, possibly reflecting difficulties with contour perception. Larger early visual responses (i.e., N1) were associated with better task performance, while reduced N2 augmentation to target stimuli was specific to schizophrenia patients. Both schizophrenia patients and relatives of schizophrenia patients displayed reduced late cognitive responses (P3b) that predicted worse performance. Bipolar patients and their relatives exhibited performance deficits and some aberrant neural responses that were milder and dependent on sex. Variation in the Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene was differentially associated with P3b in schizophrenia and bipolar groups. Poor vigilance in schizophrenia is specifically predicted by a failure to enhance early visual responses, weak augmentation of mid-latency brain responses to targets, and limited engagement of late cognitive responses that may be tied to genetic variation associated with prefrontal dopaminergic availability.
Use Crow-AMSAA Method to predict the cases of the Coronavirus 19 in Michigan and U.S.A
Authors: Wang Yanshuo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Crow-AMSAA method is used in engineering reliability world to predict the failures and evaluate the reliability growth. The author intents to use this model in the prediction of the Coronavirus 19 (COVID19) cases by using the daily reported data from Michigan, New York City, U.S.A and other countries. The piece wise Crow-AMSAA (CA) model fits the data very well for the infected cases and deaths at different phases while the COVID19 outbreak starting. The slope β of the Crow-AMSAA line indicates the speed of the transmission or death rate. The traditional epidemiological model is based on the exponential distribution, but the Crow-AMSAA is the Non Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP) which can be used to modeling the complex problem like COVID19, especially when the various mitigation strategies such as social distance, isolation and locking down were implemented by the government at different places.SummaryThis paper is to use piece wise Crow-AMSAA method to fit the COVID19 confirmed cases in Michigan, New York City, U.S.A and other countries.
The basic reproduction number and prediction of the epidemic size of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shahroud, Iran
Authors: Khosravi Ahmad , Chaman Reza , Rohani-Rasaf Marzieh , Zare Fariba , Mehravaran Shiva , Emamian Mohammad Hassan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19 in the early stage of the epidemic and predict the expected number of new cases in Shahroud, Northeast of Iran.MethodsThe R0of COVID-19 was estimated using the serial interval distribution and the number of incidence cases. The serial interval was fit with a gamma distribution. The probable incidence and cumulative incidence in the next 30 days were predicted using the assumption that daily incidence follows a Poisson distribution determined by daily infectiousness. Data analysis was done using “earlyR” and “projections” packages in R software.ResultsThe maximum-likelihood value of R0was 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1 to 3.4) for the COVID-19 epidemic in the early 14 days and decreased to 1.13 (95% CI: 1.03 to 1.25) by the end of the day 41. The expected average number of new cases in Shahroud is 9.0±3.8 case/day, which means an estimated total of 271 (95% CI: 178-383) new cases in the next 30 days.ConclusionsIt is essential to reduce the R0to values below one. Therefore, we strongly recommend enforcing and continuing the current preventive measures, restricting travel, and providing screening tests for a larger proportion of the population.
Genomic determinants of pathogenicity in SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses
Authors: Gussow Ayal B. , Auslander Noam , Faure Guilhem , Wolf Yuri I. , Zhang Feng , Koonin Eugene V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 poses an immediate, major threat to public health across the globe. Here we report an in-depth molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of the enhanced pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses that are severe human pathogens. Using integrated comparative genomics and machine learning techniques, we identify key genomic features that differentiate SARS-CoV-2 and the viruses behind the two previous deadly coronavirus outbreaks, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, from less pathogenic coronaviruses. These features include enhancement of the nuclear localization signals in the nucleocapsid protein and distinct inserts in the spike glycoprotein that appear to be associated with high case fatality rate of these coronaviruses as well as the host switch from animals to humans. The identified features could be crucial elements of coronavirus pathogenicity and possible targets for diagnostics, prognostication and interventions.
Population-level COVID-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly individuals without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters
Authors: Ioannidis John P.A. , Axfors Cathrine , Contopoulos-Ioannidis Despina G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOBJECTIVETo provide estimates of the relative risk of COVID-19 death in people <65 years old versus older individuals in the general population, the absolute risk of COVID-19 death at the population level during the first epidemic wave, and the proportion of COVID-19 deaths in non-elderly people without underlying diseases in epicenters of the pandemic.ELIGIBLE DATACountries and US states with at least 800 COVID-19 deaths as of April 24, 2020 and with information on the number of deaths in people with age <65. Data were available for 11 European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK), Canada, and 12 US states (California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey and New York) We also examined available data on COVID-19 deaths in people with age <65 and no underlying diseases.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESProportion of COVID-19 deaths in people <65 years old; relative risk of COVID-19 death in people <65 versus ≥65 years old; absolute risk of COVID-19 death in people <65 and in those ≥80 years old in the general population as of May 1, 2020; absolute COVID-19 death risk expressed as equivalent of death risk from driving a motor vehicle.RESULTSIndividuals with age <65 account for 4.8-9.3% of all COVID-19 deaths in 10 European countries and Canada, 13.0% in the UK, and 7.8-23.9% in the US locations. People <65 years old had 36- to 84-fold lower risk of COVID-19 death than those ≥65 years old in 10 European countries and Canada and 14- to 56-fold lower risk in UK and US locations. The absolute risk of COVID-19 death as of May 1, 2020 for people <65 years old ranged from 6 (Canada) to 249 per million (New York City). The absolute risk of COVID-19 death for people ≥80 years old ranged from 0.3 (Florida) to 10.6 per thousand (New York). The COVID-19 death risk in people <65 years old during the period of fatalities from the epidemic was equivalent to the death risk from driving between 13 and 101 miles per day for 11 countries and 6 states, and was higher (equivalent to the death risk from driving 143-668 miles per day) for 6 other states and the UK. People <65 years old without underlying predisposing conditions accounted for only 0.7-2.6% of all COVID-19 deaths (data available from France, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, Georgia, and New York City).CONCLUSIONSPeople <65 years old have very small risks of COVID-19 death even in pandemic epicenters and deaths for people <65 years without underlying predisposing conditions are remarkably uncommon. Strategies focusing specifically on protecting high-risk elderly individuals should be considered in managing the pandemic.
Signatures of mitonuclear coevolution in a warbler species complex
Authors: Wang Silu , Ore Madelyn J. , Mikkelsen Else K. , Lee-Yaw Julie , Toews David P. L. , Rohwer Sievert , Irwin Darren 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear (nDNA) genes interact to govern metabolic pathways of mitochondria. When differentiated populations interbreed at secondary contact, incompatibilities between mtDNA of one population and nDNA of the other could result in low fitness of hybrids. In northwestern North America, two hybridizing species of warblers, Setophaga occidentalis (abbreviated as SOCC) and S. townsendi (STOW), provide an excellent system to investigate the potential co-adaptation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. The inland population of STOW (inland STOW) harbors mtDNA haplotype that is half a million years divergent from the SOCC mtDNA, and these populations also differ strongly in a few nDNA regions. Coastal populations of STOW (coastal STOW) have mixed ancestry, consistent with ancient hybridization of SOCC and inland STOW-like population. Of the few highly-differentiated nDNA regions between inland STOW and SOCC, one of these regions (on chromosome 5) is also differentiated between coastal STOW and inland STOW, and covaries with mtDNA among coastal STOW populations. Genes in this 1.2Mb region of chromosome 5 are associated with fatty acid oxidation and energy-related signaling transduction, both of which are closely associated with mitochondrial function. This chromosome 5 region is correlated with mtDNA haplotypes both within and across sampling sites, a pattern consistent with mitonuclear co-adaptation. We show that such mitonuclear coevolution might be maintained by climate-related selection, because mitonuclear ancestry is correlated with climatic conditions among sampling sites. Together, our observation suggests climatic-associated adaptation shaping mitonuclear differentiation and introgression in this species complex.
Genetically Defined, Syngeneic Organoid Platform for Developing Combination Therapies for Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Iyer Sonia , Ran Hao , Dolgalev Igor , Wei Wei , Foster Connor , Weinberg Robert A. , Neel Benjamin G. 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYThe paucity of genetically informed, immune-competent tumor models impedes evaluation of conventional, targeted, and immune therapies. By engineering mouse fallopian tube (FT) organoids using lentiviral gene transduction and/or CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we generated multiple high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) models exhibiting mutational combinations seen in patients. Detailed analysis of homologous recombination (HR)-proficient (Tp53-/-;Ccne1OE;Akt2OE;KrasOE), HR-deficient (Tp53-/-;Brca1-/-;MycOE) and unclassified (Tp53-/-;Pten-/-;Nf1-/-) organoids revealed differences inin vitroproperties and tumorigenicity. Tumorigenic organoids had variable sensitivity to HGSOC chemotherapeutics and evoked distinct immune microenvironments. These findings enabled development of a chemotherapy/immunotherapy regimen that yielded durable, T-cell dependent responses inTp53-/-;Ccne1OE;Akt2OE;KrasHGSOC; by contrast,Tp53-/-;Pten-/-;Nf1-/-tumors failed to respond. Genotype-informed, syngeneic organoid models could provide an improved platform for rapid evaluation of tumor biology and therapeutics.HIGHLIGHTSOrthotopic injection of genetically defined fallopian tube organoids yield HGSOC.Ovarian tumors with different genotypes evoke distinct immune microenvironmentsCombining Gemcitabine, anti-PD-L1, and anti-CTLA-4 result in complete responses inTp53-/-;Ccne1OE;Akt2OE;KrasOEorganoid-derived HGSOCTherapeutic response is tumor genotype-specific
Insulin/IGF signaling and TOR promote vitellogenesis via inducing juvenile hormone biosynthesis
Authors: Zhu Shiming , Liu Fangfang , Zeng Huanchao , Li Na , Ren Chonghua , Su Yunlin , Zhou Shutang , Wang Guirong , Palli Subba Reddy , Wang Jian , Qin Yiru , Li Sheng 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTVitellogenesis, including vitellogenin (Vg) production in the fat body and Vg uptake by maturing oocytes, is of great importance for the successful reproduction of adult females. The endocrinal and nutritional regulation of vitellogenesis differs distinctly in insects. Here, the complex crosstalk between juvenile hormone (JH) and the two nutrient sensors, insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) and target of rapamycin (TOR), was investigated to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating vitellogenesis in the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana.Our data showed that a block of JH biosynthesis or JH action arrested vitellogenesis, partially by inhibiting the expression ofdoublesex (Dsx),a key transcription factor gene involved in the sex determination cascade. Depletion of IIS and TOR blocked both JH biosynthesis and vitellogenesis. Importantly, the JH analog methoprene, but not bovine insulin (to restore IIS) and amino acids (to restore TOR activity), restored vitellogenesis in the neck-ligated (both nutrient- and JH-deficient) cockroaches. Combining classic physiology with modern molecular techniques, we have demonstrated that JH signaling alone is able to induce vitellogenesis and thus ovarian maturation. By contrast, IIS and TOR do not induce vitellogenesis independent of JH, the nutrient sensors promote vitellogenesis in an indirect manner via activating JH biosynthesis.