bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptual uncertainty and action consequences independently affect hand movements in a virtual environment
Authors: Giesel Martin , Nowakowska Anna , Harris Julie M. , Hesse Constanze 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhen we use virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) environments to investigate behaviour or train motor skills, we expect that the insights or skills acquired in VR/AR transfer to real-world settings. Motor behaviour is strongly influenced by perceptual uncertainty and the expected consequences of actions. VR/AR differ in both of these aspects from natural environments. Perceptual information in VR/AR is less reliable than in natural environments, and the knowledge of acting in a virtual environment might modulate our expectations of action consequences. Using mirror reflections to create a virtual environment free of perceptual artefacts, we show that hand movements in an obstacle avoidance task systematically differed between real and virtual obstacles and that these behavioural differences occurred independent of the quality of the available perceptual information. This suggests that even when perceptual correspondence between natural and virtual environments is achieved, action correspondence does not necessarily follow due to the disparity in the expected consequences of actions in the two environments.
3D infrared thermospectroscopic imaging
Authors: Aouali A. , Chevalier S. , Sommier A. , Abisset-Chavanne E. , Batsale J.-C. , Pradere C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis work reports a multispectral tomography technique in transmission mode (called 3DITI for 3D Infrared Thermospectroscopic Imaging) based on a middle wavelength infrared (MWIR) focal plane array. This technique relies on an MWIR camera (1.5 to 5.5 μm) used in combination with a multispectral IR monochromator (400 nm to 20 μm), and a sample mounted on a rotary stage for the measurement of its transmittance at several angular positions. Based on the projections expressed in terms of a sinogram, spatial three-dimensional (3D) cubes (proper emission and absorptivity) are reconstructed using a back-projection method based on inverse Radon transform. As a validation case, IR absorptivity tomography of a reflective metallic screw is performed within a very short time, i.e., shorter than 1 min, to monitor 72 angular positions of the sample. Then, the absorptivity and proper emission tomographies of a butane-propane-air burner flame and microfluidic perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) tubing filled with water and ethanol are obtained. These unique data evidence that 3D thermo-chemical information in complex semi-transparent media can be obtained using the proposed 3DITI method. Moreover, this measurement technique presents new problems in the acquisition, storage and processing of big data. In fact, the quantity of reconstructed data can reach several TB (a tomographic sample cube of 1.5 × 1.5 × 3 cm3 is composed of more than 1 million pixels per wavelength).
Prolonged administration of maraviroc reactivates latent HIV in vivo but it does not prevent antiretroviral-free viral rebound
Authors: López-Huertas María Rosa , Gutiérrez Carolina , Madrid-Elena Nadia , Hernández-Novoa Beatriz , Olalla-Sierra Julián , Plana Montserrat , Delgado Rafael , Rubio Rafael , Muñoz-Fernández María Ángeles , Moreno Santiago 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains incurable due to latent viral reservoirs established in non-activated CD4 T cells that cannot be eliminated via antiretroviral therapy. Current efforts to cure HIV are focused on identifying drugs that will induce viral gene expression in latently infected cells, commonly known as latency reversing agents (LRAs). Some drugs have been shown to reactivate latent HIV but do not cause a reduction in reservoir size. Therefore, finding new LRAs or new combinations or increasing the round of stimulations is needed to cure HIV. However, the effects of these drugs on viral rebound after prolonged treatment have not been evaluated. In a previous clinical trial, antiretroviral therapy intensification with maraviroc for 48 weeks caused an increase in residual viremia and episomal two LTR-DNA circles suggesting that maraviroc could reactivate latent HIV. We amended the initial clinical trial to explore additional virologic parameters in stored samples and to evaluate the time to viral rebound during analytical treatment interruption in three patients. Maraviroc induced an increase in cell-associated HIV RNA during the administration of the drug. However, there was a rapid rebound of viremia after antiretroviral therapy discontinuation. HIV-specific T cell response was slightly enhanced. These results show that maraviroc can reactivate latent HIV in vivo but further studies are required to efficiently reduce the reservoir size.
Insular responses to transient painful and non-painful thermal and mechanical spinothalamic stimuli recorded using intracerebral EEG
Authors: Liberati Giulia , Mulders Dounia , Algoet Maxime , van den Broeke Emanuel N. , Santos Susana Ferrao , Ribeiro Vaz José Géraldo , Raftopoulos Christian , Mouraux André 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBrief thermo-nociceptive stimuli elicit low-frequency phase-locked local field potentials (LFPs) and high-frequency gamma-band oscillations (GBOs) in the human insula. Although neither of these responses constitute a direct correlate of pain perception, previous findings suggest that insular GBOs may be strongly related to the activation of the spinothalamic system and/or to the processing of thermal information. To disentangle these different features of the stimulation, we compared the insular responses to brief painful thermonociceptive stimuli, non-painful cool stimuli, mechano-nociceptive stimuli, and innocuous vibrotactile stimuli, recorded using intracerebral electroencephalograpic activity in 7 epileptic patients (9 depth electrodes, 58 insular contacts). All four types of stimuli elicited consistent low-frequency phase-locked LFPs throughout the insula, possibly reflecting supramodal activity. The latencies of thermo-nociceptive and cool low-frequency phase-locked LFPs were shorter in the posterior insula compared to the anterior insula, suggesting a similar processing of thermal input initiating in the posterior insula, regardless of whether the input produces pain and regardless of thermal modality. In contrast, only thermo-nociceptive stimuli elicited an enhancement of insular GBOs, suggesting that these activities are not simply related to the activation of the spinothalamic system or to the conveyance of thermal information.
Usefulness of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in early diagnosis of airway complications after lung transplantation
Authors: Mendogni Paolo , Carrinola Rosaria , Gherzi Lorenzo , Tosi Davide , Palleschi Alessandro , Righi Ilaria , Damarco Francesco , Morlacchi Letizia Corinna , Bonitta Gianluca , Vaira Valentina , Nosotti Mario , Rosso Lorenzo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite the promising results achieved so far in long-term survival after lung transplantation (LuTx), airway complications (ACs) still arise in the post-operative period. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of ACs play a critical role in preventing their onset. Specifically, large bronchi ischemia has been recognized as a triggering factor for ACs. Autofluorescence bronchoscopy, which was first introduced for early cancer diagnosis, displays ischemic mucosae as red spots, while normal vascularized mucosae appear in green. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a significant correlation exists between ACs and the red/green (RG) ratio detected on scheduled autofluorescence bronchoscopy up to 1 year after LuTx. This prospective, observational, single-center cohort study initially considered patients who underwent LuTx between July 2014 and February 2016. All patients underwent concomitant white-light and autofluorescence bronchoscopy at baseline (immediately after LuTx), on POD7, POD14, POD21, POD28, POD45, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after LuTx. An autofluorescence image of the first bronchial carina distal to the anastomosis was captured and analyzed using histograms for red and green pixels; the R/G ratio was then recorded. Potential ACs were classified according according to the presence of a white-light following the MDS (macroscopic aspect, diameter and suture) criteria. The authors assessed the association between the R/G ratio and the ACs occurrence using a generalized estimating equations model. Thirty-one patients met the inclusion criteria and were therefore selected. Out of a total of 53 bronchial anastomoses, 8 developed complications (late bronchial stenosis), with an average onset time of 201 days after LuTx. ACs showed a similar baseline covariate value when compared to anastomoses that involved no complication. Generalized estimating equations regression indicated a clear association over time between the R/G ratio and the rise of complications (p = 0.023). The authors observed a significant correlation between post-anastomotic stenosis and the delayed decrease of the R/G ratio. Preliminary outcomes suggest that autofluorescence bronchoscopy may be an effective and manageable diagnostic tool, proving complementary to other instruments for early diagnosis of ACs after LuTx. Further research is needed to confirm and detail preliminary findings.
Leaf angle distribution in Johnsongrass, leaf thickness in sorghum and Johnsongrass, and association with response to Colletotrichum sublineola
Authors: Ahn Ezekiel , Odvody Gary , Prom Louis K. , Magill Clint 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBasal leaf angle distribution was surveyed in twenty-one Johnsongrass cultivars near the end of the vegetative stage. The angles increased from the top to the bottom leaves, and compared to cultivated grain sorghums, the average angle was larger in Johnsongrass. When basal leaf angle distribution data were correlated with pathogenicity test data from excised-leaf assays for three isolates of Colletotrichum sublineola, the results showed a weak positive correlation between basal leaf angle and pathogenicity level in Johnsongrass. In order to investigate a protective role of leaf thickness to C. sublineola, leaf thickness was measured in three sorghum cultivars and one Johnsongrass cultivar at the 8-leaf-stage. Leaf thickness near the apex, near the base, and half-way between the two points were measured in the top four leaves of each plant. Thickness of leaf blade and midrib were recorded separately. Using an excised-leaf-assay, the three points were inoculated with C. sublineola, and pathogenicity level was recorded 4-days-post-inoculation. Results showed strong negative correlations between leaf midrib thickness and pathogenicity level in sorghum and Johnsongrass but not in leaf blades.
Ecological responses to flow variation inform river dolphin conservation
Authors: Paudel Shambhu , Koprowski John L. , Thakuri Usha , Sigdel Rajesh , Gautam Ram Chandra 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMany environmental flow (e-flow) studies and applications have predominantly used state—(i.e., at a single time point) and rate—(i.e., temporal change) based demographic characteristics of species representing lower trophic levels (e.g., fish communities) to build flow-ecology relationships, rather than using a process that incorporates population dynamics. Recent studies have revealed the importance of incorporating data on species traits when building flow-ecology relationships. The effects of flow on keystone megafauna species (i.e., body mass ≥ 30 kg) reverberate through entire food webs; however, the relationships between flow and these species are not well understood, limiting the scope of the relationships used in flow management. Here, we fill this gap by incorporating the habitat selection traits at different flows of a freshwater apex predator, Ganges River dolphin (GRD, Platanista gangetica gangetica), which plays a significant role in maintaining the structure, functions and integrity of the aquatic ecosystem. Using temporally and spatially measured GRD habitat selection traits, we quantified flow-ecology responses in the Karnali River of Nepal during the low-flow season when habitat was heavily reduced and water demand was highest. We define ecological responses as suitable habitat templates with enough usable surface area to support GRD fitness by improving reproduction and survival. We measured the available and occupied habitats to develop flow-ecology responses. Variation in flow resulted in substantial differences in the ecological response across time and space, suggesting that aquatic species adjusted in a variety of habitats to support their life histories and maintain viable populations. The limited availability of suitable habitats combined with uninformed water regulations by humans likely places GRDs under severe physiological stress during low-water seasons (i.e., January–April), suggesting that reduced flows contribute to the process of endangering and extirpating highly sensitive endemic aquatic biodiversity. Our study reveals that ad hoc or experience-based flow management is no longer tenable to maintain the integrity and functionality of aquatic ecosystems. We stress that quantifying the flow-ecology relationships of foundational species, particularly megafauna, in response to flow variation is crucial for monitoring the effects of water alterations and determining the minimum flows needed for maintaining healthy and functional freshwater ecosystems in the Anthropocene.
Soil microbiomes mediate degradation of vinyl ester-based polymer composites
Authors: Breister Adam M. , Imam Muhammad A. , Zhou Zhichao , Ahsan Md Ariful , Noveron Juan C. , Anantharaman Karthik , Prabhakar Pavana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPolymer composites are attractive for structural applications in the built environment due to their lightweight and high strength properties but suffer from degradation due to environmental factors. While abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, and ultraviolet light are well studied, little is known about the impacts of naturally occurring microbial communities on their structural integrity. Here we apply complementary time-series multi-omics of biofilms growing on polymer composites and materials characterization to elucidate the processes driving their degradation. We measured a reduction in mechanical properties due to biologically driven molecular chain breakage of esters and reconstructed 121 microbial genomes to describe microbial diversity and pathways associated with polymer composite degradation. The polymer composite microbiome is dominated by four bacterial groups including the Candidate Phyla Radiation that possess pathways for breakdown of acrylate, esters, and bisphenol, abundant in composites. We provide a foundation for understanding interactions of next-generation structural materials with their natural environment that can predict their durability and drive future designs.
Towards a fully consistent Milky Way disk model
Authors: Sysoliatina K. , Just A. 
Published: December 2020

Aims.We present an updated version of the semi-analytic Just-Jahrei (JJ) model of the Galactic disk and constrain its parameters in the Solar neighbourhood.Methods.The new features of the JJ model include a simple two-component gaseous disk, a star-formation rate (SFR) function of the thick disk that has been extended in time, and a correlation between the kinematics of molecular gas and thin-disk populations. Here, we study the vertical number density profiles andW-velocity distributions determined from ∼2 × 106local stars of the secondGaiadata release (DR2). We also investigate an apparent Hess diagram of theGaiaDR2 stars selected in a conic volume towards the Galactic poles. Using a stellar evolution library, we synthesise stellar populations with a four-slope broken power-law initial mass function, the SFR, and an age-metallicity relation. The latter is consistently derived with the observed metallicity distribution of the local Red Clump giants from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). Working within a Bayesian approach, we sample the posterior probability distribution in a multidimensional parameter space using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method.Results.We find that the spatial distribution and motion of theGaiaDR2 stars imply two recent SF bursts centered at ages of ∼0.5 Gyr and ∼3 Gyr and characterised by a ∼30% and ∼55% SF enhancement, respectively, relative to a monotonously declining SFR continuum. The stellar populations associated with this SF excess are found to be dynamically hot for their age: they haveW-velocity dispersions of ∼12.5 km s−1and ∼26 km s−1. The new JJ model is able to reproduce the local star counts with an accuracy of ∼5%.Conclusions.UsingGaiaDR2 data, we self-consistently constrained 22 parameters of the updated JJ model. Our optimised model predicts two SF bursts within the last ∼4 Gyr, which may point to recent episodes of gas infall.
Eisenmangel bei chronischer Nierenerkrankung
Authors: Schricker Severin , Schanz Moritz , Ketteler Markus 
Published: December 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Mehrheit der Patienten mit fortgeschrittener chronischer Niereninsuffizienz (CNI) entwickelt eine Anämie. Hierbei spielt der Eisenmangel neben dem Erythropoetinmangel und weiteren Faktoren wie regelmäßige Blutverluste, Mangelernährung und chronische Entzündungszustände eine bedeutende Rolle. Dabei kann sowohl ein absoluter Eisenmangel oder auch ein relativer (funktioneller) Mangel bestehen, der die Nutzung der verfügbaren Eisenvorräte verhindert. Gleichzeitig bestehen gerade beim Kollektiv der CNI-Patienten Limitationen bzgl. der traditionellen Biomarker, die für die Diagnose der Eisenmangelanämie verwendet werden. Daher ist das Verständnis der Pathophysiologie und der möglichen Behandlungsoptionen in der Therapie entscheidend. Erfreulicherweise wurden zuletzt neue Studien veröffentlicht, die auf eine sichere und effiziente Eisensubstitution gerade auch bei HD-Patienten (HD: Hämodialyse) hindeuten. Dennoch bleiben viele Fragen weiter ungeklärt. Dieser Text soll einen Überblick über die Mechanismen der Eisenmangelanämie, der Diagnose und der verfügbaren Therapien bei Patienten mit CNI sowie über weitere offene Fragen in der Praxis geben.
Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Leg Using Navigated Endoprosthesis of the Knee
Authors: Schultz Katharina , Kräbber Manuel , Lazovic Djordje , Maus Uwe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAcute compartment syndrome of the lower leg following computer navigated primary total knee arthroplasty is rare but potentially devastating. This could be triggered by a setting of the bicortical tibial navigation pin. It is essential to take care during the operation, and to implement close post-operative control, especially if there are risk factors or nerve blocks.
A novel electrocautery-enhanced delivery system for one-step endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of the gallbladder and bile duct using a lumen-apposing metal stent: a feasibility study
Authors: Yoo Hae Won , Jo Seok Jung , Moon Jong Ho , Lee Yun Nah , Park Jae Keun , Lee Tae Hoon , Cha Sang-Woo , Cho Young Deok , Park Sang-Heum , Park Se Ik , Jeong Seok , Lee Don Haeng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background The use of a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) capable of one-step endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage (EUS-TD) can increase the effectiveness of the procedure. We evaluated the newly developed electrocautery-enhanced (EC) delivery system with a LAMS for one-step EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) or choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS).
Methods In the animal experiment, an EC-LAMS was advanced into the gallbladder without prior tract dilation in four pigs. A conventional LAMS was inserted in another four pigs as a control group. After the animal experiment, 17 patients underwent EUS-TD using the EC-LAMS (EUS-GBD in 10 patients, EUS-CDS in 7). The primary outcome was the technical success rate.
Results In the animal study, the mean procedure time was significantly shorter in the EC-LAMS group than in the conventional LAMS group. In the human study, the overall technical success rate was 94.1 %, with one EUS-GBD failure. The clinical success rate was 100 %. The overall adverse event rate was 17.6 %.
Conclusions One-step EUS-GBD or EUS-CDS using the novel EC-LAMS is a feasible approach that achieves a high success rate and maintains safety.
Framing governance for a contested emerging technology:insights from AI policy
Authors: Ulnicane Inga , Knight William , Leach Tonii , Stahl Bernd Carsten , Wanjiku Winter-Gladys 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
This paper examines how the governance in AI policy documents have been framed as way to resolve public controversies surrounding AI. It draws on the studies of governance of emerging technologies, the concept of policy framing, and analysis of 49 recent policy documents dedicated to AI which have been prepared in the context of technological hype expecting fast advances of AI that will fundamentally change economy and society. The hype about AI is accompanied by major public controversy about positive and negative effects of AI. Against the backdrop of this policy controversy, governance emerges as one of the frames that diagnoses the problems and offers prescriptions. Accordingly, the current governance characterized by oligopoly of a small number of large companies is indicated as one of the reasons for problems such as lack of consideration of societal needs and concerns. To address these problems, governance frame in AI policy documents assigns more active and collaborative roles to the state and society. Amid public controversies, the state is assigned the roles of promoting and facilitating AI development while at the same time being a guarantor of risk mitigation and enabler of societal engagement. High expectations are assigned to public engagement with multiple publics as a way to increase diversity, representation and equality in AI development and use. While this governance frame might have a normative appeal, it is not specific about addressing some well-known challenges of the proposed governance mode such as risks of capture by vested interests or difficulties to achieve consensus.