bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunology and the elder eye
Authors: Jager Martine J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSeveral eye diseases occur more frequently in the elderly, such as age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), primary open angle glaucoma and intraocular melanoma. Inflammation has become an important player, and while in the past AMD was considered purely a vessel disease, it has become clear that macrophages and complement play an important role in the development of the leaky vessels. The function of macrophages changes when we age. As Makitie and Kivela had shown that macrophages have a prognostic value in uveal melanoma, we started to investigate the role of aging in the development of ocular tumors in a mouse model. Ly observed that depletion of macrophages had no effect in young mice, but prevented intraocular tumor growth in old mice. Maat, Bronkhorst and Brouwer showed that specific chromosomal abnormalities in a uveal melanoma are associated with prognosis, influx of macrophages and a high vessel density.While working on this, I learned about a patient with glaucoma who had the impression that her visual field had decreased when she had the flu. Around the same time, Dr Dong Feng Chen of the Schepens Eye Research Institute in Boston developed a murine glaucoma model. A Dutch PhD student, Dr Khanh Vu, set out to determine whether inflammation plays a role in glaucoma, and indeed, glaucomatous damage following high eye pressure increased through the induction of immune responses. High eye pressure led to influx of macrophages and T cells into the retina, and the induction of specific antibodies and T cell responses. The T cells are directed against heat shock proteins, which become expressed after trauma. Blocking T cell immune response limited the loss of retinal ganglion cells and axons in the mouse after glaucoma induction. The anti‐heat shock immune response did not develop when the mouse lacked a microbiome. Patients with glaucoma also showed anti‐heat shock protein antibodies and T cell responses.These data show that inflammation plays a role in several age‐related eye disease, including age‐related macular degeneration, uveal melanoma and glaucoma.Makitie T. et al. Tumor‐infiltrating macrophages (CD68+ cells) and prognosis in malignant uveal melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 1414‐1421. Bronkhorst I.H. et al. Detection of M2 macrophages in uveal melanoma and relation with survival. Invest Ophtalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 643‐650. Doi: 10.1167/iovs.10‐5979. Ly L.V. et al. In aged mice, outgrowth of intraocular melanoma depends on proangiogenic.M2 type macrophages. J Immunol. 2010; 185: 3481‐3488. Chen H. et al. Commensal microflora‐induced T cell responses mediate progressive neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Nat Commun 2018; Aug 10;9(1): 3209. Doi: 10.1038/s41467‐018‐05681‐9
Recent advances in nanoscopic drug delivery systems for the treatment of glaucoma
Authors: Sánchez López Elena 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNeuroprotection for glaucoma is still an unmet medical need and a proper drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye is crucial. During the last decade, researchers have focussed their attention in the development of new drug delivery systems such as nanostructured lipid carriers, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. These nanoscopic systems overcome ocular barriers and provide a prolonged drug delivery on the target tissue avoiding adverse effects of the encapsulated drugs. During this course, recent advances and future perspectives in nanoscopic drug delivery systems for the treatment of glaucoma would be reviewed. Moreover, among several drug delivery systems, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have been proven to constitute a safe and suitable vehicle to encapsulate a wide range of drugs and be administrated as eye‐drops. Therefore, poly‐lactic‐co glycolic acid (PLGA) in addition to be biodegradable, biocompatible and non‐toxic, have demonstrated to be an effective drug carrier for ocular drug delivery. In this sense, Memantine loaded PLGA nanoparticles functionalized with polyethylene glycol (MEM‐NP) constitute a suitable neuroprotective strategy to increase MEM availability. MEM‐NP adminstered as eye‐drops confirmed to be safe, well‐tolerated and neuroprotective in an experimental glaucoma model. Nanoscopic systems could be the key for the efficient topical administration of neuroprotective compounds glaucoma treatment.
Basics for ultrastructures in transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Kaarniranta Kai 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disease. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration is one of the primary sign in AMD pathology. RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that contributes to protein misfolding, aggregation and functional abnormalities during pathological aging. The protein aggregates formed at the cell periphery are delivered along the microtubulus network to a juxtanuclear location. RPE damage secondarily affects on survive of photoreceptors. Main cellular waste in AMD are extracellular drusen and lysosomal lipofuscin. Theirs accumulation is related to decreased ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) and lysosomal autophagy clearance. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, damaged mitochondria, and pigmentation alterations are also associated with the degeneration of RPE cells and photoreceptors. Ultrastructures observed in AMD pathology are showed in transmission electron micrographs.
Tips and tricks on how to plan a good study
Authors: Lains Ines 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this session, we will address crucial steps for appropriate planning of a research project. Specific examples will be used and tips and tricks will be shared regarding: (1) the relevance of formulating a good research question and strategies to achieve it; (2) the relevance of knowing the literature and the gaps in current knowledge; (3) different types of study designs and how to choose the most appropriate to address a certain research question; (4) execution planning and stepwise approaches to ensure the feasibility of the proposed study within the available timeframe. The relevance of ethical considerations and the eventual needs for a multidisciplinary team will also be covered. At the end of this session, participants are expected to feel more comfortable with planning of their research studies.
Changes in the ABCD keratoconus grade after corneal cross linking
Authors: Ali Yekta Abbas , Reza Sedaghat Mohammad , Momeni‐Moghaddam Hamed , Danesh Zienab , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Heravian Shandiz Javad , Azimi Khorasani Abbas , Ostadimoghaddm Hadi , Ehsaei Asieh , Yekta Reihaneh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo assess the changes in the ABCD keratoconus staging system after 3 and 6 months and Material corneal cross linking.MethodsThirty one eyes of 31 pationts with keratocnus who were corneal cross linking with the rebofelavin A and ultraviolet ray laser were assessed preoperative and postoperative assessments included determination of distance corrected visual acuity (DCVA), refraction. and Scheimpflug tomography with the Pentacam HR. In the ABCD keratoconus staging system, the elements A, B, C, and D stand for anterior and posterior radii of curvature in a 3.0‐mm zone centered on the thinnest point (TP), corneal thickness at the TP, and DCVA, respectively.ResultsCorneal cross linking produced no significant changes (preoperatively vs. postoperatively) in the anterior (6.91 ± 0.39 vs. 6.92 ± 0.41 vs. 6.94 ± 0.40 mm, p = 0.397) and posterior (5.29 ± 0.42 vs. 5.23 ± 0.44 vs. 5.26 ± 0.44 mm, p = 0.003) radii of curvature of the 3‐mm zone centered on the corneal TP associated with a statistically significant invariant in the DCVA (0.82 ± 0.16 vs. 0.76 ± 0.18 vs. 0.79 ± 0.20 in the decimal notation, p = 0.066) with a little improvement in the corneal thickness at the TP (446.77 ± 89.01 vs. 453.96 ± 38.16 vs. 457.64 ± 37.93 µm, p < 0.001). The most changes occurred in element B of the ABCD keratoconus classification. and elements A, C and D did not show changes in their postoperative stages after corneal cross linking. ABCD keratoconus staging before corneal cross linking was A1B2C1D1 and changed to A1B2C1D1 3and 6 months after surgery.ConclusionThe ABCD staging system provides a more comprehensive guide that better illustrates the structural changes and visual acuity as one aspect of visual function after the corneal cross linking.
Estimation of the variance components in TP53 mRNA expression in the rat lens after in vivo exposure to UVR‐B
Authors: Galichanin Konstantin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposesThe aim of this study is to investigate the variance components in TP53 mRNA expression after in vivo exposure to double threshold dose of UVR‐B.MethodsTwelve six‐week‐old female albino Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to double threshold dose (8 kJ/m2) of UVR‐B unilaterally and sacrificed at 1, 3, 8 and 24 hr after exposure. Lenses were enucleated and TP53 mRNA expression was detected by qRT‐PCR. Variance components for groups, animals and measurements were estimated with analysis of variance.ResultsThe variance for groups is 0.15 rel.2. The variance for animals is 0.29 rel.2. The variance for measurements is 0.32 rel.2.ConclusionsThe variance for animals is on the same order as the variance for measurements. The reduction of the variance for measurements is needed in order to obtain the acceptable level of detection the difference in TP53 mRNA expression and the reduction in sample size.
Benchmarking posterior capsule rupture rate in glaucoma patients before and after patient‐surgeon risk match
Authors: Susanna Fernanda , Puertas Renata 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate posterior capsule rupture (PCR) rate in glaucoma patients before and after the implementation of patient risk and surgeon match system.MethodsThe study included patients from the Glaucoma service between 2010 and 2017 that had phacoemulsification. Rates of PCR are analysed annually for internal reporting use and were compared before and after implementation of patient risk and surgeon match system.ResultsThe rate of PCR was 1.75% in 2010–2011, 1.04% in 2012–2013, 1.30% in 2014, 0.91% in 2015, 1.01% in 2016 and 1.03% in 2017. The mean rate before matching system was 1.36%; after intervention the PCR rate dropped to 0.98%, showing a reduction of 27.9% in the unadjusted PCR rate.ConclusionThe PCR rate was within national standards by the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (1.95%) at all time. It also concurred with the 30% reduction in National Ophthalmic Database between first reporting in 2010 and subsequent one in 2016–2017. This shows how a robust reporting system with feedback can aid to patient safety, boosting performance with benchmarking.
Prevalence of Endophthalmitis after Aqueous Shunt Implants and related procedures in an eye service
Authors: Puertas Renata , Susanna Fernanda , Turner Suzanne , Grant‐McKenzie Nadine , Wagland Catherine , Papadopoulos Maria 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the rate of endophthalmitis, its microorganisms, risk factors and visual outcomes, related to aqueous shunt implant (tube) surgery in the Glaucoma service in 5 years of laboratory electronic database.MethodsThis study was approved by the Clinical Audit Office. All eyes with tube implant or related surgery were reviewed from 2009 to 2013. Development of endophthalmitis was identified from the electronic database and notes reviewed.ResultsA total of 1827 tubes, 893 revisions and 2391 removal of stent suture (RoS) were performed in that period. In total six eyes developed endophthalmitis related to tube surgery, all were following revision/RoS, none were after tube implant only. Time till onset was 8 ± 6.7 days. The rate of endophthalmitis was 0.67% after tube revision and 0.25% after RoS. No microorganisms were identified in any samples.ConclusionEndophthalmitis is a rare complication of tube surgery, its rate in this study was less than reported in literature and was only observed after revision/RoS surgeries.
Keratoconus recognition using a parameter set determined from IOP‐matched scenario
Authors: Tian Lei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeAmong the current practices for keratoconus recognition using biomechanical parameters from corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology (Corvis ST), matching intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) is often required to eliminate the biasing influence; as a result, the combined biomechanical parameters determined from IOP‐unmatched scenario possibly bring in confounding influence. This paper was therefore designed to introduce a novel compatible parameter set (CPS) determined from IOP‐matched scenario, hopefully could show its compatibility and superiority for recognizing keratoconus in both IOP‐matched and not scenarios.MethodsA total of 335 eyes were included. Among them, 70 eyes (35 keratoconus and 35 normal eyes; pairwise matching for IOP) were used to determined CPS by forward logistics regression, 62 eyes (31 keratoconus and 31 normal eyes; pairwise matching for IOP) were used to validate CPS in IOP‐matched scenario, and resting 203 eyes (112 keratoconus and 91 normal eyes; not pair matching for IOP) were used to validate CPS in IOP‐unmatched scenario. To analyze its superiority, CPS was also compared with other two reported Biomechanical Indexes (aCBI 6,7 and DCR 8) in both scenarios. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC), accuracy, FI, sensitivity and specificity were used to access and compare the performance of these three parameter sets in both scenarios.ResultsThe resulting CPS was comprised of only 3 biomechanical parameters: DA Ratio Max 1mm (DRM1), the first applanation time (AT1) and an energy loading parameter (Eload). In the IOP‐matched validation, the area under ROC (AUC) reached 95.73%, with an accuracy of 95.2%, sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 96.8% (leave one out cross‐validation). All these indicators reached 96.54%, 95.1%, 95.6% and 94.6% respectively, in the IOP‐unmatched validation (leave one out cross‐validation). Surprisingly, CPS performed better than other two parameter sets on a whole.ConclusionsThe parameter set determined from IOP‐matched scenario indeed exhibit its superiority for differentiation of keratoconus and normal corneas, regardless of IOP‐matched or not.
Is central corneal thickness a constant during air puff indentation with Corvis ST?
Authors: Tian Lei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeCorvis ST (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) is the only commercial device that can capture corneal dynamic deformation in real time and provide a number of dynamic parameters, which include central corneal thickness (CCT). This study aimed to quantitatively analyse the change in CCT during air puff indentation using Corvis ST.MethodsSixty‐seven keratoconic eyes and 84 normal eyes were enrolled in this study. Dynamic videos were obtained from Corvis ST. An adaptive bilateral filtering method and a frame correlation method were used to remove noises. An adaptive threshold segmentation method was used to extract corneal boundary. The change in central corneal thickness, described as relative change rate of central corneal thickness (RCRCCT) and change speed of central corneal thickness (CSCCT) were compared between keratoconus group and normal cornea group.ResultsIt is shown that CCT would change and these two parameters were statistically significantly different between the keratoconus group and the normal cornea group RCRCCT, p = 0.014; CSCCT, p = 0.001.ConclusionsThe result of this study approved that CCT would change during air puff indentation. Further study is needed to develop more clinical applications based on these new findings, such as distinguishing keratoconus from normal cornea.
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Fig. 1 Curves of changes in cornea and force over time. (A) Curve of corneal apex displacement and curve of air puff force; (B) A typical curve of the CCT changingover time. The red lineis the central corneal thickness‐time curve, the blue line is the force ‐time curve, and the green line is the fitting curveof force curve.
Effects of vitamin D deficiency on intraocular pressure values obtained by ocular response analyzer
Authors: Kocaturk Tolga , Bekmez Sinan , Unubol Mustafa 
Published: December 2019

AbstarctTo compare corneal biomechanical properties measured with ocular response analyzer (ORA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in patients with vitamin D deficiency and in healthy cases.One hundred twenty eyes of 120 subjects (between the ages of 19–78) who applied to university outpatient clinic between June 2015 and August 2018 were included in this study, 41 lack of vitamin D (Group 1), 39 insufficient vitamin D (Group 2) and 40 controls (Group 3). The eyes included in the study were randomly chosen. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg) and corneal compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) of patients were measured by ORA. The study protocol had the approval of the university’s ethics committee and complied with the guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.The mean ages were 48.9 ± 12.1, 52.8 ± 13.6 and 52.1 ± 13.9 in Group 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p = 0.370). 22 (53.7%) were female, 19 (46.3%) were male in Group 1, 20 (51.3%) were female, 19 (48.7%) were male in Group 2 and 20 (50.0%) were female, 20 (50.0%) were male in Group 3 (p = 0.946). Mean IOPcc values were 16.5 ± 3.6 (8.1–27.3), 16.7 ± 2.7 (12.0–22.7) and 16.3 ± 3.3 (10.8–27.4) mmHg (p = 0.889); mean IOPg values were 16.8 ± 5.0 (6.5–39.5), 16.3 ± 2.9 (10.3–23.0) and 15.9 ± 3.2 (10.0–26.0) mmHg (p = 0.539); mean CH values were 10.8 ± 1.9 (8.3–19.0), 11.4 ± 1.6 (6.9–14.0) and 11.2 ± 1.5 (7.5–13.2; p = 0.257); mean CRF values were 10.5 ± 2.7 (7.4–25.0), 11.1 ± 1.5 (6.8–13.5) and 10.5 ± 1.2 (7.7–12.8; p = 0.282) in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of IOPcc, IOPg CH and CRF. However, mean CH values were found less in the lack of vitamin D group.In our study, we found that the CH values were lower and the IOPg values were higher in cases of vitamin D deficiency. Corneal biomechanical differences in patients with lack of vitamin D were not statistically significant.
In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of fluorescein 0.5% eye drops
Authors: Bouche Thibaud , Claude Quintyn Jean , Join Lambert Olivier , Guerin Francois , Auzou Michel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeFluorescein is commonly used in ophthalmology to confirm a diagnostic of corneal ulceration. In case of infectious keratitis, microbiological investigations are necessary involving anesthetic eye drops administration and corneal sampling. An antibacterial activity has already been described associated with anesthetic eye drops yielding therefore a risk of false negative result. However fluorescein influence has never been studied. This study was aimed at evaluating antibacterial in vitro activity for fluorescein and for most common anesthetic eye drops.MethodsThe most frequently isolated germs in case of infectious keratitis (S. epidermidis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, M. lacunata, M. catarrhalis and C. macginleyi) have been tested. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the different eye drops (0.5% fluorescein, 0.4% oxybuprocaine and 1% tetracaine) was achieved by microdilution in liquid medium.ResultsFluorescein did not exhibit antibacterial activity for most germs (MICs > 2500 mg/L) except for Moraxella (M. catarrhalis and M. lacunata), for which the MICs observed were 1250 mg/L and 625 mg/L respectively and corresponding to a dilution of 1/4 and 1/8 of the commercial solution.ConclusionAt the usual concentration of 0.5% (5 g/L), fluorescein does exhibit antibacterial activity for Moraxella bacteria. Therefore, it is essential to properly wash the eye with sterile physiological serum before sampling in order to eliminate fluorescein and local anesthetic.
A preclinical study of the intraocular pressure lowering efficacy of bimatoprost sustained release in eyes pretreated with selective laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Ghosn Corine , Engles Michael , Rajagopalan Lakshmi , Ugarte Sveti , Mistry Shruti , Orilla Werhner , Goodkin Margot , Robinson Michael , Rivas Marcos , Dibas Mohammed 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeSelective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) is a treatment for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma, however IOP‐lowering is not sustained after SLT over long term in a substantial proportion of patients. Recent human studies found less reduction in IOP when SLT and topical prostaglandin analogues (PGA) were used in combination. Bimatoprost Sustained Release (BimSR) implant is currently in development as an IOP‐lowering agent delivered intracamerally (IC). The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of BimSR in both eyes of a cohort of dogs following unilateral SLT treatment.MethodsUnilateral SLT was performed in 11 female, normotensive, drug‐naïve beagle dogs. IOP was monitored up to 10 weeks following SLT. Six to ten weeks post SLT, nine of 11 eyes returned to their baseline IOP. Dogs were administered BimSR (15 μg) IC in both eyes. Percent change in IOP from baseline was calculated in SLT‐treated and naïve eyes. Data expressed as mean ± SE. A linear mixed effects model was used to evaluate the treatment effect of BimSR in SLT‐treated and contralateral SLT‐naïve eyes.ResultsBimSR was equally efficacious in lowering IOP in both SLT‐treated and SLT‐naïve eyes. Mean percent decrease in IOP following BimSR administration to SLT‐treated eyes was 34.2% ± 2.8 and 34.7% ± 1.7 in contralateral, SLT‐naïve eyes. BimSR lowered IOP equally in eyes that responded to SLT (sustained decrease in IOP of ≥3 mmHg in the laser treated eye, n = 6, mean percent IOP decrease, 34.3% ± 4.2) and eyes that did not respond to SLT treatment (decrease in IOP of <3 mmHg in the laser treated eye, n = 5, mean percent IOP decrease, 34.1% ± 2.7).ConclusionsIntracameral BimSR had substantial IOP‐lowering effects in eyes previously treated with SLT, suggesting that eyes that have been treated with SLT can still benefit from IC drug delivery of the BimSR implant. Importantly, BimSR was effective in lowering IOP in eyes that were previously non‐responders to SLT.