bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlating the Structural and Photophysical Properties of Ortho, Meta, and Para‐Carboranyl–Anthracene Dyads
Authors: Marsh Adam V. , Dyson Matthew J. , Cheetham Nathan J. , Bidwell Matthew , Little Mark , White Andrew J. P. , Warriner Colin N. , Swain Anthony C. , McCulloch Iain , Stavrinou Paul N. , Meskers Stefan C. J. , Heeney Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe role of the carborane isomer is investigated on the structural and photophysical properties of molecules comprising a carborane cluster and a conjugated organic moiety is investigated by synthesizing isomeric o‐, m‐, and p‐carboranyl‐anthracene donor–acceptor dyads. While appending a carborane leads to emission from a low energy intramolecular charge transfer state for the o‐isomer, as well as emission from an excited state localized on the anthracene, this is not the case for the m‐ and p‐carborane derivatives. This difference is attributed to a lower electron affinity for the latter two isomers. However, adding both m‐ and p‐ deforms the aromatic backbone and increases its structural rigidity, reducing non‐radiative decay pathways and hence enhancing photoluminescence quantum efficiency relative to anthracene.
Assessment of Professionalism During the Emergency Medicine Clerkship Using the National Clinical Assessment Tool for Medical Students in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Emery Matt , Parsa Michael D. , Watsjold Bjorn K. , Franzen Doug 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesIn 2016, a national consensus conference created the National Clinical Assessment Tool for Medical Students in Emergency Medicine (NCAT‐EM), a standardized end‐of‐shift assessment tool. We report the first large‐scale analysis of professionalism concerns collected from May 2017 through December 2018 by a multisite consortium using the NCAT‐EM. Our primary objective was to characterize the nature and frequency of professionalism concerns. Our secondary objective was to identify characteristics associated with giving or receiving a professionalism flag.MethodsThe consortium database includes assessments for all students on EM clerkships at participating sites. This report presents descriptive statistics about the frequency of different flags, the distribution of flags among different student categories, assessor and student characteristics, and distribution of global assessment scores on assessments citing concerns. We used Fisher's exact test to look for associations between the frequency of professionalism flags and the sex of the students and assessors and across student categories. We used logistic regression to look for relationships between professionalism concerns and global assessment scores as well as intent to apply in EM.ResultsWe screened 6,768 assessments of 784 students by 719 assessors from 13 sites. After excluding assessments without flags and assessments with apparent data entry errors, we analyzed 57 (0.8%) assessments containing 79 flags. The most frequent flags were punctuality (25/79, 31.6%) and initiative (20/79, 25.3%). Few students received flags (42/784, 5.4%). Few assessors flagged concerns (41/719, 5.7%). We detected no correlation between the frequency of flags and whether a student was applying in EM or between the sex of students and assessors. Global scores of lower one‐third appeared more often in assessments with a flag (30/57, 52.6% vs. 233/6,711, 3.5%).ConclusionsOnly 5.4% of students received flags. Punctuality and initiative accounted for a majority of citations. Professionalism flags correlated strongly with lower global assessment scores.
Effects of selenium hyperaccumulators on soil selenium distribution and vegetation properties
Authors: Reynolds R. Jason B. , Jones Rachel R. , Heiner Jake , Crane Kelsey M. , Pilon‐Smits Elizabeth A.H. 
Published: June 2020

PremiseThe ecological implications of hyperaccumulation have been investigated at the organismal level, but are poorly understood at the plant community level. Questions addressed here were: Does the presence of selenium (Se) hyperaccumulators affect Se distribution and concentration in their native soil, and do hyperaccumulators affect overall vegetation properties and species composition?MethodsPlant survey and soil Se mapping were performed at three seleniferous sites in Colorado. In season one, plots with and without hyperaccumulators were compared for (1) bare ground, canopy cover, and species richness; (2) relative species abundance; (3) soil Se distribution and concentration. In season two, a smaller‐scale design was implemented, focusing on areas 3 m in diameter around hyperaccumulators versus nonhyperaccumulators in 44 paired plots on one site.ResultsPlots with hyperaccumulators generally showed more bare ground, less canopy cover, higher species richness, and 2–3‐fold higher soil Se levels. These patterns were not consistently significant across all sites; the effects of hyperaccumulators may have been diluted by their low abundance and the relatively large area of survey. In the smaller‐scale study, highly significant results were obtained, showing more bare ground, less canopy cover, and higher species richness in plots with hyperaccumulators; soil Se concentration was also higher in plots with hyperaccumulators.ConclusionsHyperaccumulators may significantly affect local soil Se concentration and vegetation over at least a 3 m diameter area, or 4× their canopy. These differences may result from the combined positive and negative allelopathic effects observed earlier at the organismal level.
Genetic diagnoses and associated anomalies in fetuses prenatally diagnosed with esophageal atresia
Authors: Rohanizadegan Mersedeh , Tracy Sarah , Galarreta Carolina I. , Poorvu Tabitha , Buchmiller Terry L. , Bird Lynne M. , Estroff Judy A. , Tan Wen‐Hann 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEsophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital anomaly occurring in 2.3 per 10,000 live births. Due to advances in prenatal imaging, EA is more readily diagnosed, but data on the associated genetic diagnoses, other anomalies, and postnatal outcome for fetuses diagnosed prenatally with EA are scarce. We collected data from two academic medical centers (n = 61). Our data included fetuses with suspected EA on prenatal imaging that was confirmed postnatally and had at least one genetic test. In our cohort of 61 cases, 29 (49%) were born prematurely and 19% of those born alive died in the first 9 years of life. The most commonly associated birth defects were cardiac anomalies (67%) and spine anomalies (50%). A diagnosis was made in 61% of the cases; the most common diagnoses were vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, radial or renal dysplasia, and limb anomalies association (43%, although 12% met only 2 of the criteria), trisomy 21 (5%), and CHARGE syndrome (5%). Our findings suggest that most fetuses with prenatally diagnosed EA have one or more additional major anomaly that warrants a more comprehensive clinical genetics evaluation. Fetuses diagnosed prenatally appear to represent a cohort with a worse outcome.
Chemodivergent Dehydrative Nucleophilic Substitutions of Diarylmethanols with 1‐Phenyl‐1H‐tetrazole‐5‐thiol Catalyzed by FeCl3
Authors: Oda Ryoga , Nakata Kenya 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChemodivergent dehydrative nucleophilic substitutions of diarylmethanols with 1‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazole‐5‐thiol were achieved using FeCl3 as a catalyst in MeNO2 by changing reaction temperature. It was found that sulfur nucleophilic attack occurred to afford kinetically controlled products that rearranged into thermodynamically controlled products. A variety of diarylmethanols could be applied to the reaction, irrespective of the substituents on the aromatic rings of the substrates. It was also revealed that the reactions of several kinds of alkyl‐ and heteroaryl‐substituted benzyl alcohols gave moderate to good product yields. The controlled experiments performed revealed that both reactions proceeded in an SN1 fashion and heating with a Lewis acid was necessary for rearrangement.
Amyloid beta, tau, synaptic, neurodegeneration, and glial biomarkers in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum
Authors: Milà‐Alomà Marta , Salvadó Gemma , Gispert Juan Domingo , Vilor‐Tejedor Natalia , Grau‐Rivera Oriol , Sala‐Vila Aleix , Sánchez‐Benavides Gonzalo , Arenaza‐Urquijo Eider M. , Crous‐Bou Marta , González‐de‐Echávarri José Maria , Minguillon Carolina , Fauria Karine , Simon Maryline , Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Suárez‐Calvet Marc , Molinuevo José Luis ,   for the ALFA study
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe biological pathways involved in the preclinical stage of the Alzheimer's continuum are not well understood.MethodsWe used NeuroToolKit and Elecsys® immunoassays to measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid‐β (Aβ)42, Aβ40, phosphorylated tau (p‐tau), total tau (t‐tau), neurofilament light (NfL), neurogranin, sTREM2, YKL40, GFAP, IL6, S100, and α‐synuclein in cognitively unimpaired participants of the ALFA+ study, many within the Alzheimer's continuum.ResultsCSF t‐tau, p‐tau, and neurogranin increase throughout aging only in Aβ‐positive individuals, whereas NfL and glial biomarkers increase with aging regardless of Aβ status. We modelled biomarker changes as a function of CSF Aβ42/40, p‐tau and p‐tau/Aβ42 as proxies of disease progression. The first change observed in the Alzheimer's continuum was a decrease in the CSF Aβ42/40 ratio. This is followed by a steep increase in CSF p‐tau; t‐tau; neurogranin; and, to a lesser extent, in NfL and glial biomarkers.DiscussionMultiple biological pathways are altered and could be targeted very early in the Alzheimer's continuum.
Measurement of Residual Dipolar Couplings of Organic Molecules in Multiple Solvent Systems Using a Liquid‐Crystalline‐Based Medium
Authors: Qin Si‐Yong , Jiang Yan , Sun Han , Liu Han , Zhang Ai‐Qing , Lei Xinxiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResidual dipolar coupling (RDC), a robust anisotropic NMR parameter for structural elucidation of organic molecules, is only accessible in an anisotropic environment. Herein, we introduce a novel alignment medium based on the molecular self‐assembly of oligopeptide amphiphile (OPA). This medium is compatible with different intermediate and polar solvent systems, such as CD3OD, [D6]DMSO, and D2O. The preparation of the OPA‐based medium is simple and rapid, while only very weak background signals were observed from OPAs. Furthermore, we show that the purity of OPA has only a minor influence on the quality of the RDC data. These advantages allow RDC measurements of organic molecules with different polarities and solubilities with high efficiency and accuracy.
Enantiodivergent Cyclization by Inversion of the Reactivity in Ambiphilic Molecules
Authors: Rodríguez‐López Julio , Brovetto Margarita , Martín Víctor S. , Martín Tomás 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInverting the reactivity of the functional groups in ambiphilic molecules provides a new synthetic strategy to perform late‐stage enantiodivergence. Both enantiomers of the final compound can be obtained from a common chiral precursor. As a proof of concept, the synthesis of substituted five‐ and six‐membered oxacycles is described. The key step is the cyclization of an ambiphilic linear precursor bearing a propargylic alcohol and an epoxide linked through an alkyl chain. Through a slight modification of these linear precursors and employing different reaction conditions, these functional groups can inverse their chemical reactivity, producing one enantiomer or another of the final product. This enantiodivergent cyclization involves three stereogenic centers that can undergo fully controlled retention or inversion of their configuration depending on the cyclization pathway that is activated. The cyclization provides late‐stage enantiodivergence, enabling the synthesis of either enantiomers of the oxacycles from a common chiral substrate with total transfer of the enantiomeric purity.
Constructing E. coli Co‐Cultures for De Novo Biosynthesis of Natural Product Acacetin
Authors: Wang Xiaonan , Shao Alan , Li Zhenghong , Policarpio Lizelle , Zhang Haoran 
Published: June 2020

AbstractModular co‐culture engineering is an emerging approach for biosynthesis of complex natural products. In this study, microbial co‐cultures composed of two and three Escherichia coli strains, respectively, are constructed for de novo biosynthesis of flavonoid acacetin, a value‐added natural compound possessing numerous demonstrated biological activities, from simple carbon substrate glucose. To this end, the heterologous biosynthetic pathway is divided into different modules, each of which is accommodated in a dedicated E. coli strain for functional expression. After the optimization of the inoculation ratio between the constituent strains, the engineered co‐cultures show a 4.83‐fold improvement in production comparing to the mono‐culture controls. Importantly, cultivation of the three‐strain co‐culture in shake flasks result in the production of 20.3 mg L−1 acacetin after 48 h. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on acacetin de novo biosynthesis in a heterologous microbial host. The results of this work confirm the effectiveness of modular co‐culture engineering for complex flavonoid biosynthesis.
The maturation of the P1m component in response to voice from infancy to 3 years of age: A longitudinal study in young children
Authors: Yoshimura Yuko , Hasegawa Chiaki , Ikeda Takashi , Saito Daisuke N. , Hiraishi Hirotoshi , Takahashi Tetsuya , Kumazaki Hirokazu , Kikuchi Mitsuru 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionIn the early development of human infants and toddlers, remarkable changes in brain cortical function for auditory processing have been reported. Knowing the maturational trajectory of auditory cortex responses to human voice in typically developing young children is crucial for identifying voice processing abnormalities in children at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and language impairment. An early prominent positive component in the cerebral auditory response in newborns has been reported in previous electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies. However, it is not clear whether this prominent component in infants less than 1 year of age corresponds to the auditory P1m component that has been reported in young children over 2 years of age.MethodsTo test the hypothesis that the early prominent positive component in infants aged 0 years is an immature manifestation of P1m that we previously reported in children over 2 years of age, we performed a longitudinal MEG study that focused on this early component and examined the maturational changes over three years starting from age 0. Five infants participated in this 3‐year longitudinal study.ResultsThis research revealed that the early prominent component in infants aged 3 month corresponded to the auditory P1m component in young children over 2 years old, which we had previously reported to be related to language development and/or autism spectrum disorders.ConclusionOur data revealed the development of the auditory‐evoked field in the left and right hemispheres from 0‐ to 3‐year‐old children. These results contribute to the elucidation of the development of brain functions in infants.
Sufficiency economy philosophy: Buddhism‐based sustainability framework in Thailand
Authors: Song Hee‐Chan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDrawing upon institutional theory, sustainability scholars have demonstrated that various institutional factors, such as environmental regulations, national business systems, and global sustainability standards, shape legitimate sustainability frameworks. However, most of the studies have focused on formal institutions that have law‐like regulations and procedures. Owing to the skewed attention, the role of informal institutions in shaping sustainability frameworks has remained largely unexplored. The present study suggests that an informal institution, particularly religion, can play a significant role in developing a locally driven sustainability framework. In particular, this study investigates Thai context where Buddhism has shaped people's mindset, moral principles and day‐to‐day economic activity. For the past few decades, Thailand has theorized its own unique sustainability framework—sufficiency economy philosophy—based on Buddhist worldview on interrelationships of economy, society, and environment. By shedding light on how religion is formalized as a sustainability framework, this research contributes to institutional approach to sustainability.
Walking the tightrope and stirring things up: Exploring the institutional work of sustainable entrepreneurs
Authors: Arenas Daniel , Strumińska‐Kutra Marta , Landoni Paolo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSustainable entrepreneurs (SEs) operate under different institutional pressures, but they also aim to provoke changes in their institutional environment in order to advance the goals of sustainability. These changes are not always large‐scale, successful transformations. This article adopts the concept of institutional work to explore how SEs engage in purposive, mundane activities to both fit in and influence the prevailing institutional environment. In particular, our findings allow us to introduce and discuss four specific types of work: making sustainability convenient, politicizing economic action, maneuvering around regulation, and relational work. At the end, we suggest that SEs may find themselves in a situation where they aim to transform the prevailing commercial institutional logic in order to promote sustainability goals while also trying to adapt to, and hence reproducing, this same logic they would like to transform.
Implications of a cap‐and‐trade system for emission reductions under an asymmetric duopoly
Authors: Chen Zi‐rui , Nie Pu‐yan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractClimate change is a global problem causing wide concern and requiring workable solutions. The cap‐and‐trade system is recommended as a workable mechanism to reduce the emissions of enterprises and a popular policy affecting production and the environment. This article considers market power and studies the effects of a cap‐and‐trade system on the performance of companies and environmental protection under an asymmetric duopoly. A two‐step model was established to analyze the outputs, prices, and emission under the cap‐and‐trade system. The result indicates that the cap‐and‐trade system has significant implications for cleaner production. More precisely, the optimal emission cap is feasible with the function of social welfare. Both a low emission cap and high emission trading price are beneficial for promoting the development of sustainability. Moreover, the market value of the cap‐and‐trade system offers a huge incentive to companies emitting carbon dioxide. In particular, inefficient firms have a greater stimulus than efficient ones to reduce emissions to economize the cost of production. In summary, the cap‐and‐trade system makes a great contribution to the development of smart business.
Assessment of expression levels of leptin and leptin receptor as potential biomarkers for risk of prostate cancer development and aggressiveness
Authors: Kamel Hala Fawzy Mohamed , Nassir Anmar M. , Al refai Abeer A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Despite the growing evidence associating obesity and adipokines, particularly leptin and its receptors, with cancer development and progression, it is still a debatable matter in PCa.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the role of leptin and its receptors as potential biomarkers for the risk of PCa development and aggressiveness.MethodsIn this study, 176 men were included and categorized according to an established histopathological diagnosis into three age‐ and BMI‐matched groups. The PCa group included 56 patients while the BPH group and the control group comprised 60 men each. Serum levels of total PSA (tPSA) were assessed by ELISA and mRNA expression levels of leptin and leptin receptors were assessed by RT‐PCR.ResultsLeptin and leptin receptor mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in PCa patients relative to BPH and to healthy control men. Both were overexpressed in PCa patients with aggressive and distantly metastasizing tumors compared to patients with confined tumors. Leptin receptor mRNA was an independent predictor of high Gleason score ≥ 7, distant metastasis, LN, and seminal vesicles invasion.ConclusionLeptin and its receptors are suggested to be potential biomarkers for PCa; leptin receptor mRNA might predict risk and aggressiveness of PCa.
Mechanisms of Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 favor Tregs accumulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wang Jie , Luo Yunfan , Bi Pei , Lu Juan , Wang Fan , Liu Xiong , Zhang Bao , Li Xiangping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundDocumented reports proved that Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection increased infiltration of Tregs in malignancy. However, the mechanism of EBV recruitment Tregs into nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues has not been detailed discussion.MethodsExpression of EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and Foxp3 in NPC tissue samples was detected by immunohistochemistry. EBNA1+ NPC cell lines were used to coculture with PBMC, naïve T cells, Tregs, and monocytes. Percent of Treg was detected by flow cytometry.ResultsEBNA1 protein was overexpressed in NPC tissues, and was associated with a number of infiltrated Tregs. EBNA1+ NPC cells converted naïve T cells into Tregs by up‐regulated TGF‐β1. Enhanced CCL20 production in EBNA1‐expressed tumor cells increased Tregs migration. Polarized‐M2 macrophages by EBNA1 expression cells converted naïve T cells into Tregs.ConclusionsEBNA1 favors accumulation of Tregs in NPC through: (a) upregulated TGF‐β1 converted naïve T cell into Treg; (b) upregulated CCL20 increased Treg migration; and (c) polarized‐M2 macrophage converted naïve T cell into Treg.
Self‐regeneration of an extensive bony defect following mandibular resection
Authors: Hasheminasab Mahboube , Sharifi Reza , Mortazavi Mahsa , Javani Arezoo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSpontaneous bone regeneration is a rapid and uncommon formation of new bone in a previous bone defect. Preservation of periosteum as the main source of osteogenesis, young age, and genetics are possible important factors related to this phenomenon.