bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention and Criminal Justice
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
First, we describe the general issues that governments face when pursuing social and criminal justice policies in a multi-centric environment. Both governments manage the same tensions between relatively punitive and individual versus supportive and population-wide measures to reduce crime, as part of an overall cross-cutting focus on prevention and early intervention. Second, we identify the historic policymaking strategies that UK governments have used to combine social policy and criminal justice policy, often with reference to target populations who—according to several UK ministers—do not pay their fair share to society and do not deserve state help. Third, we show how such trends influence preventive policies in specific areas such as drugs policy, in which the UK still reserves responsibility for drugs classification. Fourth, we use this UK context to identify the extent to which Scottish policy has a greater emphasis of social over criminal justice. To do so, we use the case study of a window of opportunity for a public health approach to serious violence. We focus on Scotland as the relatively innovative government on this issue, to provide context for initial analysis of the UK government’s proposed policy shift.
“Nor is the Printing of such Miscellanies … unpresidented”
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the influence of Poems, by J.D. in poetry collections published in the 1640s and 1650s. It begins by surveying prefaces and title pages that offer accounts of gathering and organizing manuscript sources for print publication. Although editors have sometimes challenged the veracity of these accounts, they show that the diverse agents responsible for poetic publication believed readers would prefer accurate, authoritative texts. Such texts were necessary to memorialize poets in print. After the publication of the 1635 edition of Poems, by J.D., biography became an important paradigm for reading poems, especially by members of the clergy. A final section considers the power and pervasiveness of this model in relation to an ambitious poet who resisted it: John Milton.
‘Factor to a Worthy Principle’
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins with an account of Robert Huntington’s collecting of inscriptions and coins in Syria. It goes on to describe Huntington’s antiquarian acquisitions in Egypt, exploring what his letters reveal about the market for antiquities in the seventeenth century, and Huntington’s dependence on the Catholic missionaries and French commercial infrastructures. The second part of the chapter focuses on two early English journeys to Palmyra. Huntington’s 1678 expedition reveals largely the perils of travel beyond the relative safety of the city limits. In 1691, William Hallifax had more success, yet the chapter explains the problems he faced in attempting to copy the then unknown Palmyrene script, and in describing unfamiliar objects through the lens of long-familiar books.
Conclusion: Benchmarks from the British–Irish Process
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analysis of the process by which a stable peace was secured in Northern Ireland after decades of low-level war and civil unrest suggests a number of features that account for this development. First, policy paradigms and the modes of thought in which they were embedded have evolved: debates about sovereignty, democracy, and equality have followed a distinctive path, from being wedded to specific cultural understandings to becoming broad concepts with application in a much wider domain than that of Northern Ireland. Second, these changes helped to bring the two sovereign states together in cooperative conflict management and peacemaking and permitted the formation of shared policy. Third, political, cultural, and ideological change has also facilitated limited convergence between parties within Northern Ireland. However, these processes of change have not seen the emergence of any consensus on Northern Ireland’s future, highlighting that region’s continuing dependence on effective British–Irish stewardship. Notwithstanding the achievements of the peace process, the new ideological currents unleashed by Brexit and the related political exigencies have exposed strains in Northern Ireland’s political architecture and have shown its vulnerability to stresses in the British–Irish political relationship.
Guarantees of Legal Stability in the Strict Sense
Authors: Ortino Federico 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to inquire whether, and if so, the extent to which, investment treaties contain guarantees of strict legal stability. More specifically, this chapter asks whether investment treaties contain provisions (a) guaranteeing that contractual undertakings vis-à-vis the foreign investment are respected (contractual stability in the strict sense); and/or (b) ensuring that adverse regulatory changes will not be applied to foreign investments (regulatory stability in the strict sense). First, the chapter finds that legal stability in the strict sense does represent one of the guarantees in international investment treaties, provided specifically through investment treaties’ umbrella clauses and stabilization clauses. Second, based on an examination of recent arbitral decisions, the role of legal stability within the FET standard remains at best ambiguous.
Laying the Foundations
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines a metaphysics of the representational content of action and perception. This is built on a teleosemantic account of perceptual content borrowed from Neander, which is here generalized to give an account of the content of action-guiding states. The key ingredient of such stories is an account of biological function, and this chapter lays out and responds to a central challenge to such approaches. After presenting Neander’s account, the chapter will show how to generalize this to the case of action-guiding states. The final section of this chapter takes a final look at these, the ultimate basis for representation on my three-layer story.
The Relationship between Disability Non-Discrimination Law and Quota Schemes
Authors: Waddington Lisa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between disability quota schemes and non-discrimination law in Europe. While at first sight they seem to sit uneasily beside each other, the chapter reveals how, in some instances, quota schemes can serve to facilitate compliance with non-discrimination legislation. At the same time, the chapter explores seeming incompatibilities between the two approaches and considers whether there are differences between common and civil law jurisdictions in this respect. Tentative conclusions suggest that there is a greater willingness to establish quota schemes through legislation in civil law jurisdictions compared to common law jurisdictions, and that quota schemes in civil law jurisdictions are more likely to provide for the imposition of a levy in the case that employers fail to meet their quota obligations through employing the required number of people with disabilities. There also seems to be some indication that there is greater awareness of the potential for conflict or tension, in various forms, between non-discrimination law and quota schemes in common law jurisdictions than in civil law jurisdictions. Finally, the two schemes operating in the common law states are only applicable to the public sector—whilst in civil law states quotas are generally applied to both public and private sector employers. This may indicate different perceptions regarding the role of public sector employers and the legitimacy of imposing quota requirements.
Enforcing Anti-Discrimination Law in Greece
Authors: Yannakourou Stamatina , Goulas Dimitris 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the causes of the courts’ limited role in the enforcement of anti-discrimination law in Greece. The authors identify substantive law barriers stemming from the courts’ conservatism to implement an unfamiliar legal framework, as well as procedural deficiencies of the individual litigation system itself. They reveal how these, separately and in combination, affect the judicial enforcement of anti-discrimination law. It is argued that anti-discrimination law will not be enforced effectively in Greece as long as it cannot be accommodated within the rules of more traditional areas of law, such as civil law, labour law, and civil procedure law. Therefore, a broader proactive enforcement strategy should be developed, associating the courts institutionally with the Ombudsman as equality body, in order to obtain remedies that would not only benefit individuals but also seek to achieve a more systematic change of policies, practices, and societal attitudes.
Gender Discrimination in Romania through the Case Law of the ECtHR
Authors: Brodeală Elena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the barriers to the application of non-discrimination law in Romania through the few gender discrimination cases from the country that have reached the ECtHR. Unlike the other contributions in this volume, this chapter does not focus on the national legislation on non-discrimination implementing EU law or on the national case law on sex discrimination. This is due to the poor availability of sources, but also due to the fact that the ECtHR cases offer a more comprehensive view of the domestic (mis)application of the non-discrimination principle, since they were adjudicated under Article 14 ECHR, which has much broader scope than EU anti-discrimination law as transposed in the national legislation.
Evaluation of conventional troponin I testing for the detection of myocardial dysfunction in children
Authors: McGovern Eimear , Voss Christine , Hemphill Nicole M , Sanatani Shubhayan , Barakauskas Vilte , Harris Kevin C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Troponin is a marker of myocardial injury but is not well studied in children. Our primary objective was to ascertain the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of conventional troponin I for the detection of acute myocardial dysfunction in previously healthy children. Our secondary objective was to identify clinical predictors of myocardial dysfunction in the setting of elevated troponin.

Study Design
This was a retrospective chart review in a single, paediatric, tertiary care centre of troponin tests performed in all admitted children over a 4-year period. Demographics, symptoms, signs, chest x-ray, ECG, and echocardiogram abnormalities were documented. Myocardial dysfunction was presumed to be absent when the patient had a normal cardiac assessment, with or without echocardiography, and did not re-present.

Results
From January 2014 through December 2017, 566 patients had troponin tested as a screen for myocardial injury. Troponin was positive in 38 of 566 cases (6.7%). Myocardial dysfunction was detected in 9 of 566 cases (1.6%). Troponin was elevated in six of nine cases of myocardial dysfunction. The sensitivity of conventional troponin I for detecting acute myocardial dysfunction was 66% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30 to 93%). The specificity was 94% (95% CI 92 to 96%). PPV was 16% (95% CI 6 to 31%) and NPV 99% (95% CI 98 to 100%). An abnormal ECG was more prevalent in patients with a true positive versus a false-positive troponin result (P=0.03).

Conclusion
Troponin testing identified few cases of myocardial dysfunction. We found the test to have only 66% sensitivity. Troponin testing as a screen for myocardial injury in children has limited utility.
Quotas, the Electoral System Type and the Election of Young Women
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Sundström Aksel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article focuses on a specific group of legislators facing large hurdles during recruitment processes, namely young women. Building on the institutional literature, we hypothesize that gender quota regulations, youth quotas, and proportional representation (PR) electoral systems should particularly benefit young women. Our quantitative study, capturing one hundred elections conducted between 2012 and 2017, finds partial support for our expectations. For the three hypotheses, we find that legislative quotas and voluntary party quotas for both youths and gender do not significantly increase the share of young women. In contrast, PR electoral systems render the electoral arena less discriminatory toward younger women.
Identification of a transcriptional regulatory module that reduces leaf temperature in poplar under heat stress
Authors: Song Yuepeng , Xuan Anran , Bu Chenhao , Liu Xiaoge , Zhang Deqiang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA stable leaf temperature provides plants with a suitable microenvironment for photosynthesis. With global warming, extreme temperatures have become more frequent and severe; therefore, it is increasingly important to understand the fine regulation of leaf temperature under heat stress. In this study, five poplar species (Populus tomentosa, Populus simonii, Populus euphratica, Populus deltoides and Populus trichocarpa) that live in different native environments were used to analyze leaf temperature regulation. Leaf temperatures were more stable in Populus simonii and Populus euphratica (adapted to water-deficient regions) under elevated ambient temperature. Although transpiration contributes strongly to leaf cooling in poplar, the thicker epidermis and mesophyll and lower absorbance of Populus simonii and Populus euphratica leaves also help reduce leaf temperature, since their leaves absorb less radiation. Co-expression network and association analysis of a natural population of P. simonii indicated that PsiMYB60.2, PsiMYB61.2 and PsiMYB61.1 play dominant roles in coordinating leaf temperature, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in response to heat stress. Individuals with CT-GT-GT genotypes of these three candidate genes have significantly higher water-use efficiency, and balance leaf temperature cooling with photosynthetic efficiency. Therefore, our findings have clarified the genetic basis of leaf cooling among poplar species and laid the foundation for molecular breeding of thermostable, water-conserving poplar varieties.
The temporal RNA virome patterns of a lesser dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea) colony revealed by deep sequencing
Authors: Paskey Adrian C , Ng Justin H J , Rice Gregory K , Chia Wan Ni , Philipson Casandra W , Foo Randy J H , Cer Regina Z , Long Kyle A , Lueder Matthew R , Frey Kenneth G , Hamilton Theron , Mendenhall Ian H , Smith Gavin J , Wang Lin-Fa , Bishop-Lilly Kimberly A 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe virosphere is largely unexplored and the majority of viruses are yet to be represented in public sequence databases. Bats are rich reservoirs of viruses, including several zoonoses. In this study, high throughput sequencing (HTS) of viral RNA extracted from swabs of four body sites per bat per timepoint is used to characterize the virome through a longitudinal study of a captive colony of fruit nectar bats, species Eonycteris spelaea in Singapore. Through unbiased shotgun and target enrichment sequencing, we identify both known and previously unknown viruses of zoonotic relevance and define the population persistence and temporal patterns of viruses from families that have the capacity to jump the species barrier. To our knowledge, this is the first study that combines probe-based viral enrichment with HTS to create a viral profile from multiple swab sites on individual bats and their cohort. This work demonstrates temporal patterns of the lesser dawn bat virome, including several novel viruses. Given the known risk for bat–human zoonoses, a more complete understanding of the viral dynamics in South-eastern Asian bats has significant implications for disease prevention and control. The findings of this study will be of interest to U.S. Department of Defense personnel stationed in the Asia-Pacific region and regional public health laboratories engaged in emerging infectious disease surveillance efforts.
Molecular markers contribute to the clinical diagnosis for pancreatic cystic neoplasms
Authors: Liu Zhen , Zhang Shu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA pancreatic cystic neoplasm (PCN) is a rare pancreatic disease. Malignant PCNs are usually identified incidentally while evaluating other lesions. However, PCNs are being identified more frequently owing to the increased use of abdominal imaging. Malignant PCNs have complicated and diverse biological behaviors, including various malignant risk factors, diverse molecular features, natural history, and complex pathological classifications. Although many diagnostic methods, such as cross-sectional imaging and endoscopic evaluation, have been developed, malignant PCNs are still difficult to differentiate from benign tumors. On searching for related articles in the recent decade, we found that some molecular biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen could be useful for discriminating between malignant tumors and benign tumors. However, cytopathologic evaluation is the most useful method for differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. Although cytopathologic evaluation has a specificity of 100% for identifying malignancies, its accuracy is often hampered by the low cellularity of PCN cells in the cystic fluid. Herein, we review the progress in the use of cellular and molecular markers for the accurate identification of PCNs.
Impact of Age and Genotype on Serum Concentrations of Valproic Acid and Its Hepatotoxic Metabolites in Chinese Pediatric Patients With Epilepsy
Authors: Zhao Mingming , Chen Yanan , Wang Minglu , Li Guofei , Zhao Limei 
Published: February 2020

Background:
The aim of the study was to investigate how age and genetic polymorphisms of UGT1A6 and UGT2B7 contribute to the concentrations of valproic acid (VPA) and its hepatotoxic metabolites in Chinese pediatric patients with epilepsy.

Methods:
A total of 122 children with epilepsy were genotyped at 19T>G, 541A>G, and 552A>C in UGT1A6 and -161C>T and 802C>T in UGT2B7 using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method or direct sequencing method. The concentrations of VPA, 4-ene-VPA, and 2,4-diene-VPA were simultaneously determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results:
Significant association was observed between the UGT2B7 802C>T genotype and dose-adjusted concentrations of VPA, 4-ene-VPA, and 2,4-diene-VPA. The younger children had increased concentrations of the hepatotoxic metabolites and decreased levels of VPA. The allele status of UGT2B7 802C>T had no influence on the metabolite ratios within age groups, but showed a significant difference among the age groups.

Conclusions:
The present study suggests that UGT2B7 802C>T polymorphism and age are factors affecting the concentrations of dose-adjusted VPA and its metabolites. No genotype-related differences were noted in the metabolite ratios of 4-ene-VPA and 2,4-diene-VPA within age-assigned groups. Therefore, careful administration is particularly necessary for younger patients who are UGT2B7 802C>T poor metabolizers.
Combined Mastopexy and Augmentation with Autologous Fat Grafting: First Results with Lipopexy
Authors: De Fazio Domenico , Cingozoglu Carlos Augusto Cutini 
Published: February 2020

Background:
The treatment of breast ptosis and gland hypoplasia in a single surgery is a challenging procedure and the result is less predictable. In this surgery, the complications mainly concern the prosthesis, such as implant deflation, capsular contracture, palpability, or malposition. We, therefore, propose a different and new technique that avoids breast prosthesis, combining mastopexy and autologous augmentation with fat grafts.

Methods:
Combined mastopexy and autologous fat graft augmentation (lipopexy) was performed in women affected by breast ptosis and asymmetric breast or hypomastia. The breast lift technique was determined due to the ptosis level. The process of fat grafting was executed according to the PureGraft and, in some cases, to GID System, to Celution System or Carraway’s techniques.

Results:
Thirty-four patients affected by breast ptosis and hypomastia underwent lipopexy from January 2010 to May 2017. The mean volume of adipose tissue injected for each breast was 225.98 ml. After surgery, the patients were followed for an average of 22.8 months. A mild ptosis relapse with partial fat absorption was observed in 4 cases (11.76%) and the presence of oily cysts was diagnosed in 2 patients (5.88%). One severe complication was recorded (hematoma drainage). All the patients healed uneventfully in 2 weeks.

Conclusions:
This technique allows the surgeon to distribute the desired fat volume along the breasts, avoids implants, and displayed stable results. This treatment has been demonstrated not to interfere with follow-up breast imaging. We, therefore, consider lipopexy a valuable and safe alternative to mastopexy and mild to moderate breast volume augmentation.
Higher Distress in Patients with Breast Cancer Is Associated with Declining Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Corkum Joseph P. , Butler Kate , Zhong Toni 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Distress among newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer is common and may have an impact on their surgical decision-making. The revised Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r) is a validated instrument that provides an estimate of patients’ total distress, and no previous study has related preoperative scores to the choice to have breast reconstruction.

Methods:
Women with breast cancer treated at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in 2014 were reviewed, and patient and tumor characteristics were collected from local databases. Breast reconstruction status was obtained from patients’ electronic medical records until April 2017. A multivariable logistic regression model assessed for an independent association between preoperative ESAS-r total distress scores and patients’ decision to have breast reconstruction.

Results:
A total of 312 patients were analyzed. ESAS-r values had an overall median score of 10.0 and ranged from 0 to 69 (interquartile range, 17). Of these patients, 82 chose to undergo breast reconstruction surgery (26.8%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that higher ESAS-r scores were associated with patients forgoing breast reconstruction surgery (lumpectomy-alone group: odds ratio estimate, 1.034 [1.004–1.064], P = 0.025; mastectomy-alone group: odds ratio estimate, 1.031 [1.004–1.059], P = 0.023).

Conclusions:
This study of patients with breast cancer found that higher distress scores as measured by the ESAS-r were associated with reduced breast reconstruction. Distress in patients with breast cancer is important to address, as it is often treatable, and its resolution may unmask a desire for breast reconstruction, which has known benefits psychosocially.