bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hearing Aid Use, Auditory Development, and Auditory Functional Performance in Swedish Children With Moderate Hearing Loss During the First 3 Years
Authors: Persson Anna Elisabeth , Al-Khatib Dareen , Flynn Traci 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
This study investigated longitudinal hearing aid (HA) use in a cohort of children with moderate hearing loss (CHL), fitted with amplification before the age of 6 months. Additionally, the relationship of HA use and aided audibility on outcomes of parental questionnaires of auditory skills was examined, and these outcomes were compared to a group of children with normal hearing (CNH).

Method
Nine CHL and 29 CNH and their parents participated in the study. Measures were collected at initial fitting, 10, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months of age. Parents reported hours of HA use and situations the HAs were used. Datalogging and speech intelligibility index were also collected. Auditory skills were measured through parental questionnaires.

Results
The mean hours of HA use/day for this cohort increased from 7.55 at the ages of 10 months to 10.15 at 36 months according to datalogging. Parental estimations of hours of HA use and in which situations varied between subjects. Correlations between HA use from datalogging and speech intelligibility index to measures of auditory skills were weak. CHL showed similar results to CNH on auditory development at the ages of 10, 18, and 24 months but presented with significantly lower scores on auditory functional performance in noise at 30 and 36 months of age.

Conclusions
Longitudinal monitoring of HA use from fitting of amplification with the combination of objective and subjective tools may have a positive impact on HA use in CHL. The lower scores on listening in noise compared to CNH call for further attention.
Mapping Robust Genetic Variants Associated with Exercise Responses
Authors: Alvarez-Romero Javier , Voisin Sarah , Eynon Nir , Hiam Danielle 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis review summarised robust and consistent genetic variants associated with aerobic-related and resistance-related phenotypes. In total we highlight 12 SNPs and 7 SNPs that are robustly associated with variance in aerobic-related and resistance-related phenotypes respectively. To date, there is very little literature ascribed to understanding the interplay between genes and environmental factors and the development of physiological traits. We discuss future directions, including large-scale exercise studies to elucidate the functional relevance of the discovered genomic markers. This approach will allow more rigour and reproducible research in the field of exercise genomics.
Carbonyl-Photoredox/Metal Dual Catalysis: Applications in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Li Hong-Xi , Zhu Da-Liang , Young David James 
Published: July 2020

Photoredox/metal dual catalysis is a versatile tandem methodology to construct carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds. The focus of this short review is the application of this technology to C(sp3)–C(sp3), C(sp3)–C(sp2), C(sp2)–C(sp2), C(sp2)–O, and C(sp3)–O bond formation induced by readily available and inexpensive carbonyl complexes as single electron transfer agents, photosensitizers, or hydrogen atom transfer agents.1	Introduction2	Homocoupling of Aryl Halides3	Functionalization of C(sp3)–H Bonds3.1	Dehydrogenation of Alkanes3.2	Arylation/Alkylation3.3	Carboxylation3.4	Acylation3.5	Hydroalkylation of Olefins3.6	Hydroalkylation of Imines4	Benzoylation of Aryl Bromides5	Aryl Esterification6	Oxidation of β-Keto Esters7	Conclusions and Future Outlook
Shifts in timing and duration of breeding for 73 boreal bird species over four decades
Authors: Hällfors Maria H. , Antão Laura H. , Itter Malcolm , Lehikoinen Aleksi , Lindholm Tanja , Roslin Tomas , Saastamoinen Marjo 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceThe changing climate is causing shifts in the timing of species activity. We use data on over 820,000 nesting records to quantify changes in the beginning, end, and duration of breeding among boreal birds. In addition to a general advance of breeding, we find an overall contraction of the breeding period. This pattern was most common among resident and short-distance migrating species. Overall, we detect a shift in the community-level distribution of bird reproduction, involving the start and end of reproduction and how concentrated the breeding period is. From a methodological perspective, our study illustrates that a focus on quantifying phenological advances alone may mask important patterns of phenology change across the season.
Recent anthropogenic curtailing of Yellow River runoff and sediment load is unprecedented over the past 500 y
Authors: Liu Yu , Song Huiming , An Zhisheng , Sun Changfeng , Trouet Valerie , Cai Qiufang , Liu Ruoshi , Leavitt Steven W. , Song Yi , Li Qiang , Fang Congxi , Zhou Weijian , Yang Yinke , Jin Zhao , Wang Yunqiang , Sun Junyan , Mu Xingmin , Lei Ying , Wang Lu , Li Xuxiang , Ren Meng , Cui Linlin , Zeng Xueli 
Published: July 2020

Significance
The Yellow River (YR) is the cradle of Chinese civilization. It supports agriculture, social prosperity, and human survival. YR runoff and sediment load have sharply fallen since the late 1980s. We reconstructed natural runoff history for the middle reach of the YR from 1492 to 2013 CE. We found that the recent low observed YR runoff is unprecedented over the past five centuries, mainly due to the combination of decreasing precipitation and increasing water consumption by human activities, particularly agricultural irrigation. Our results provide a valuable historical dataset for YR water management, as well as an important model for how to distinguish and quantify anthropogenic influence from natural variability in global change studies.
Microbial exposure drives polyclonal expansion of innate γδ T cells immediately after birth
Authors: Ravens Sarina , Fichtner Alina S. , Willers Maike , Torkornoo Dennis , Pirr Sabine , Schöning Jennifer , Deseke Malte , Sandrock Inga , Bubke Anja , Wilharm Anneke , Dodoo Daniel , Egyir Beverly , Flanagan Katie L. , Steinbrück Lars , Dickinson Paul , Ghazal Peter , Adu Bright , Viemann Dorothee , Prinz Immo 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceT cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells mediate recognition of antigen. Since each new T cell carries an individual clonal TCR, monitoring of TCR repertoires reflects how T cells react and proliferate in response to environmental cues in the developing immune system of neonates and children. γδ T cells appear early during ontogeny and are important for immune surveillance. Here, we longitudinally analyze γδ T cells in neonates and show an immediate polyclonal expansion of phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2+T cells after birth. We also observed differences in γδ TCR repertoires of children from Europe and Africa. Our study highlights the importance of γδ T cells in the neonatal immune system and their prompt expansion directly after birth.
Elevated paleomagnetic dispersion at Saint Helena suggests long-lived anomalous behavior in the South Atlantic
Authors: Engbers Yael A. , Biggin Andrew J. , Bono Richard K. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Earth’s magnetic field is generated in the outer core by convecting liquid iron and protects the atmosphere from solar wind erosion. The most substantial anomaly in the magnetic field is in the South Atlantic (SA). An important conjecture is that this region could be a site of recurring anomalies because of unusual core−mantle conditions, but this has not previously been tested on geological timescales. With paleodirectional data from rocks from Saint Helena, an island in the SA, we show that the directional behavior of the magnetic field in the SA did indeed vary anomalously between ∼8 million and 11 million years ago. This supports the hypothesis of core−mantle interaction being manifest in the long-term geomagnetic field behavior of this region.
An influenza A hemagglutinin small-molecule fusion inhibitor identified by a new high-throughput fluorescence polarization screen
Authors: Yao Yao , Kadam Rameshwar U. , Lee Chang-Chun David , Woehl Jordan L. , Wu Nicholas C. , Zhu Xueyong , Kitamura Seiya , Wilson Ian A. , Wolan Dennis W. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
The HA glycoprotein enables viral entry into host cells and is the main target for antibodies in our immune system. While HA has now been established as a validated target for drug discovery, no FDA-approved small molecules are available that specifically prevent HA from binding host receptors or inhibit its membrane fusion activity and, thus, prevent infection. We, therefore, designed a fluorescence polarization probe to enable rapid identification of small molecules that bind to the stem fusion machinery of group 1 HAs. Application of our assay yielded a small molecule to the influenza A group 1 HA stem with antiviral efficacy.
Fc-mediated effector function contributes to the in vivo antiviral effect of an HIV neutralizing antibody
Authors: Asokan Mangaiarkarasi , Dias Joana , Liu Cuiping , Maximova Anna , Ernste Keenan , Pegu Amarendra , McKee Krisha , Shi Wei , Chen Xuejun , Almasri Cassandra , Promsote Wanwisa , Ambrozak David R. , Gama Lucio , Hu Jianfei , Douek Daniel C. , Todd John-Paul , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Fourati Slim , Sekaly Rafick P. , Crowley Andrew R. , Ackerman Margaret E. , Ko Sung Hee , Kilam Divya , Boritz Eli A. , Liao Laura E. , Best Katharine , Perelson Alan S. , Mascola John R. , Koup Richard A. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against HIV-1 are under clinical development. Despite demonstrated antiviral activity when used as treatment in HIV-infected people, the mechanism of action of NAbs remains controversial. Quantification of the relative contribution of Fab-mediated (neutralization of free virus) and Fc-mediated functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis, and complement fixation is essential to develop better therapies. Here, we treated chronically SHIV-infected rhesus macaques with a single dose of NAb VRC07-523LS with or without Fc modifications. Fc function contributes 21% to the antiviral activity of VRC07-523LS with an unmodified Fc region, when compared to NAb with Fc knockout mutations. However, NAbs with improved ADCC function in vitro did not show enhanced antiviral activity in vivo.
Soft transition between subcritical and supercritical currents through intermittent cascading interfacial instabilities
Authors: Salinas Jorge , Balachandar S. , Shringarpure Mrugesh , Fedele Juan , Hoyal David , Cantero Mariano 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Gravity currents are predominantly horizontal flows driven by the density difference between the current’s fluid and the ambient fluid above. The two well-established flow regimes are the supercritical and subcritical regimes. We report on the existence of an intermediate transcritical regime where the flow along the interface undergoes a cyclical transition between quiescent and highly intermittent turbulent states. While the current slowly evolves in the subcritical and supercritical regimes in a near self-similar manner (akin to dynamics near a stable fixed point), the transcritical current with its unique cyclical evolution exhibits a limit-cycle–like behavior. This phenomenon has hitherto been unreported, since it requires highly resolved simulations over very long streamwise length involving about 1 billion grid points.
Fabrication of high-transmittance and low-reflectance meter-scale moth-eye film via roll-to-roll printing
Authors: Ju Sucheol , Choi Jin-Young , Chae Dongwoo , Lim Hangyu , Kang Hojung , Lee Heon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Anti-reflection technology is a core technology in the field of optoelectronic devices that is used to increase efficiency by reducing reflectance. In particular, the bio-mimetic moth-eye pattern has the advantage of being independent of wavelength, polarization, and angle of incidence. In this study, we fabricated a 1.1 m wide meter-scale moth-eye film using roll-to-roll printing. A uniform moth-eye pattern with a height of 170 nm was formed, which reduced the average reflectance value by 3.2% and increased the average transmittance value by 3.1%, in a wide wavelength range of 400–700 nm. Additionally, the moth-eye film coated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) exhibited a contact angle of 140.3°, almost equal to the superhydrophobic angle of 150°. Furthermore, the contact angle, transmittance, and reflectance of the SAM-coated moth-eye film were maintained after an environmental test, which was conducted for 168 h at 60 °C and 80% humidity.
Low-dose spectral CT reconstruction based on image-gradient L0-norm and adaptive spectral PICCS
Authors: Wang Shaoyu , Wu Weiwen , Feng Jian , Liu Fenglin , Yu Hengyong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The photon-counting detector based spectral computed tomography (CT) is promising for lesion detection, tissue characterization, and material decomposition. However, the lower signal-to-noise ratio within multi-energy projection dataset can result in poorly reconstructed image quality. Recently, as prior information, a high-quality spectral mean image was introduced into the prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS) framework to suppress noise, leading to spectral PICCS (SPICCS). In the original SPICCS model, the image gradient L1-norm is employed, and it can cause blurred edge structures in the reconstructed images. Encouraged by the advantages in edge preservation and finer structure recovering, the image gradient L0-norm was incorporated into the PICCS model. Furthermore, due to the difference of energy spectrum in different channels, a weighting factor is introduced and adaptively adjusted for different channel-wise images, leading to an L0-norm based adaptive SPICCS (L0-ASPICCS) algorithm for low-dose spectral CT reconstruction. The split-Bregman method is employed to minimize the objective function. Extensive numerical simulations and physical phantom experiments are performed to evaluate the proposed method. By comparing with the state-of-the-art algorithms, such as the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique, total variation minimization, and SPICCS, the advantages of our proposed method are demonstrated in terms of both qualitative and quantitative evaluation results.
Interaction of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet with grounded and floating metallic targets: simulations and experiments
Authors: Viegas Pedro , Hofmans Marlous , van Rooij Olivier , Obrusník Adam , L M Klarenaar Bart , Bonaventura Zdenek , Guaitella Olivier , Sobota Ana , Bourdon Anne 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The interaction of kHz μs-pulsed atmospheric pressure He jets with metallic targets is studied through simulations and experiments, focusing on the differences between floating and grounded targets. It is shown that the electric potential of the floating target is close to grounded in the instants after the impact of the discharge, but rises to a high voltage, potentially more than half of the applied voltage, at the end of the 1 μs pulse. As a result, a return stroke takes place after the discharge impact with both grounded and floating targets, as a redistribution between the high voltage electrode and the low voltage target. Electric field, electron temperature and electron density in the plasma plume are higher during the pulse with grounded target than with floating target, as gradients of electric potential progressively dissipate in the latter case. Finally, at the fall of the pulse, another electrical redistribution takes place, with higher intensity with the highly-charged floating target than with the grounded target. It is shown that this phenomenon can lead to an increase in electric field, electron temperature and electron density in the plume with floating target.
High quality semiconductor Cd2SnO4 films for solar cell applications
Authors: Diliegros-Godines C J , Castanedo-Pérez R , Torres-Delgado G , Elías-Zúñiga A , Flores-Ruiz F J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this work, we study the effect of Ar/CdS annealing treatment on physical properties of semiconductor Cd2SnO4 (∼260 nm thick) films. The films were produced by sol–gel dip-coating method and annealed at 450 °C ≤ T
a ≤ 650 °C. A full characterization of the optical, electrical, and structural properties, and a discussion of the mechanism that yield enhanced physical properties is presented. All annealing treatments explored led to the improvement of physical properties of the semiconductor films. However, values of electrical resistivity of 6 × 10−4 Ω-cm, carrier concentration of 3 × 1020 cm−3 and mobility of 35 cm2 Vs−1 were reached at T
a = 650 °C, without compromising the optical properties (T ≥ 85% for 450 ≤ λ ≤ 1200 nm). These represent an improvement of almost 6-fold over untreated films. Although the Moss–Burstein effect leads to a band gap of 3.5–3.7 eV, the fundamental band gap was estimated to be 3.3 eV. Moreover, the computed work function, 4.7–4.4 eV, indicates that these films can be used as transparent conductive oxide to design high-efficiency CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells due to the smooth match of Fermi level with CdS coupled layer.
Modeling the non-linear rheological behavior of magnetorheological gel using a computationally efficient model
Authors: Zhang Guang , Li Yancheng , Yu Yang , Wang Huixing , Wang Jiong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Magnetorheological (MR) gel is a novel generation of smart MR material, which has the inherent hysteretic properties and strain stiffening behaviors that are dependent on applied excitation, i.e. magnetic field. The main challenge for the application of the MR gel is the accurate reproduction of the above characteristics by a computationally efficient model that can predict the dynamic stress-strain/rate responses. In this work, parametric modeling on the non-linear rheological behavior of MR gel is conducted. Firstly, a composite MR gel sample was developed by dispersing carbon iron particles into the polyurethane matrix. The dynamic stress-strain/rate responses of the MR gel are obtained using a commercial rheometer with strain-controlled mode under harmonic excitation with frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 5 Hz and 15 Hz and current levels of 1 A and 2 A at a fixed amplitude of 10%. Following a mini-review on the available mathematical models, the experimental data is utilized to fit into the models to find the best candidate utilizing a genetic algorithm. Then, a statistical analysis is conducted to evaluate the model’s performance. The non-symmetrical Bouc–Wen model outperforms all other models in reproducing the non-linear behavior of MR gel. Finally, the parameter sensitivity analysis is employed to simplify the non-symmetrical Bouc–Wen model and then the parameter generalization is conducted and verified for the modified non-symmetrical Bouc–Wen model.
Automatic removal of false image stars in disk-resolved images of the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem
Authors: Zhang Qing-Feng , Lu Zhi-Cong , Zhou Xiao-Mei , Zheng Yang , Li Zhan , Peng Qing-Yu , Long Shun , Zhu Wei-Heng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Taking a large number of images, the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem(ISS) has been routinely used in astrometry. In ISS images, disk-resolved objects often lead to false detection of stars that disturb the camera pointing correction. The aimof this study was to develop an automated processingmethod to remove the false image stars in disk-resolved objects in ISS images. The method included the following steps: extracting edges, segmenting boundary arcs, fitting circles and excluding false image stars. The proposed method was tested using 200 ISS images. Preliminary experimental results show that it can remove the false image stars in more than 95% of ISS images with disk-resolved objects in a fully automatic manner, i.e., outperforming the traditional circle detection based on Circular Hough Transform (CHT) by 17%. In addition, its speed is more than twice as fast as that of the CHT method. It is also more robust (no manual parameter tuning is needed) when compared with CHT. The proposed method was also applied to a set of ISS images of Rhea to eliminate the mismatch in pointing correction in automatic procedure. Experiment results showed that the precision of final astrometry results can be improve by roughly 2 times that of automatic procedure without the method. It proved that the proposed method is helpful in the astrometry of ISS images in a fully automatic manner.
Chaos and Periodicities in Solar Flare Index from Kandilli Observatory during 1976–2014
Authors: Roy Soumya , Prasad Amrita , Ghosh Koushik , Panja Subhash Chandra , Patra Sankar Narayan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Solar Flare Index is regarded as one of the most important solar indices in the field of solarterrestrial research. It has the maximum effect on Earth of all other solar activity indices and is being considered for describing the short-lived dynamo action inside the Sun. This paper attempts to study the short as well as long-term temporal fluctuations in the chromosphere region of the Sun using the Solar Flare Index. The daily Solar Flare Index for Northern, Southern Hemisphere and Total Disk are considered for a period from January 1976 to December 2014 (total 14 245 days) for chaotic as well as periodic analysis. The 0–1 test has been employed to investigate the chaotic behavior associated with the Solar Flare Index. This test revealed that the time series data is non-linear and multi-periodic in nature with deterministic chaotic features. For periodic analysis, the Raleigh Power Spectrum algorithm has been used for identifying the predominant periods within the data along with their confidence score. The well-known fundamental period of 27 days and 11 years along with their harmonics are well affirmed in our investigation with a period of 28 days and 10.77 years. The presence of 14 days and 7 days periods in this investigation states the short-lived action inside the Sun. Our investigation also demonstrates the presence of other mid-range periods including the famous Rieger type period which are very much confirming the results obtained by other authors using various solar activity indicators.
Atmospheric regimes and trends on exoplanets and brown dwarfs
Authors: Zhang Xi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA planetary atmosphere is the outer gas layer of a planet. Besides its scientific significance among the first and most accessible planetary layers observed from space, it is closely connected with planetary formation and evolution, surface and interior processes, and habitability of planets. Current theories of planetary atmospheres were primarily obtained through the studies of eight large planets, Pluto and three large moons (Io, Titan, and Triton) in the Solar System. Outside the Solar System, more than four thousand extrasolar planets (exoplanets) and two thousand brown dwarfs have been confirmed in our Galaxy, and their population is rapidly growing. The rich information from these exotic bodies offers a database to test, in a statistical sense, the fundamental theories of planetary climates. Here we review the current knowledge on atmospheres of exoplanets and brown dwarfs from recent observations and theories. This review highlights important regimes and statistical trends in an ensemble of atmospheres as an initial step towards fully characterizing diverse substellar atmospheres, that illustrates the underlying principles and critical problems. Insights are obtained through analysis of the dependence of atmospheric characteristics on basic planetary parameters. Dominant processes that influence atmospheric stability, energy transport, temperature, composition and flow pattern are discussed and elaborated with simple scaling laws. We dedicate this review to Dr. Adam P. Showman (1968–2020) in recognition of his fundamental contribution to the understanding of atmospheric dynamics on giant planets, exoplanets and brown dwarfs.