bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Inflexibility as a Predictor of Sexual Functioning Among Women with Vulvovaginal Pain: A Prospective Investigation
Authors: Maathz Pernilla , Flink Ida K , Engman Linnea , Ekdahl Johanna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective
Persistent vulvovaginal pain affects many women and often has adverse effects on sexual functioning. Psychological inflexibility related to pain is associated with distress and functional disability across different types of chronic pain conditions, but little is known about the role of psychological inflexibility in vulvovaginal pain. The present study examines psychological inflexibility related to pain as a predictor of sexual functioning over time among women with vulvovaginal pain.

Methods
Questionnaires including measures of psychological inflexibility, pain severity, and sexual functioning were administered to female university students at two points in time. One hundred thirty women with vulvovaginal pain responded to the questionnaire at baseline and at follow-up after 10 months. A multiple regression model was used to explore psychological inflexibility and pain severity as predictors of sexual functioning at follow-up.

Results
Higher levels of psychological inflexibility and more severe pain at baseline were associated with poorer sexual functioning 10 months later. In analysis adjusting for baseline levels of sexual functioning, psychological inflexibility was the only significant predictor of sexual functioning at follow-up.

Conclusions
The findings provide preliminary evidence that psychological inflexibility is associated with sexual adjustment over time among women with vulvovaginal pain and point to the relevance of further examinations of the psychological inflexibility model in the context of vulvovaginal pain.
Effect of Suboccipital Release on Pain Perception and Autonomic Reflex Responses to Ischemic and Cold Pain
Authors: Metzler-Wilson Kristen , Vrable Abby , Schaub Andrew , Schmale Trenton K , Rodimel Benjamin V , Krause B Andrew , Wilson Thad E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective/Subjects
To determine the autonomic effects of suboccipital release (SOR) during experimentally induced pain, 16 healthy subjects (eight women, eight men) experienced ischemic (forearm postexercise muscle ischemia [PEMI]) and cold (cold pressor test [CPT]) pain.

Design
Beat-to-beat heart rate (electrocardiogram), mean arterial blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), baroreflex sensitivity (transfer function analysis), and pain perception were measured. SOR or a sham (modified yaw; 30 cycles/min) was performed in minute 2 of pain.

Results
PEMI increased blood pressure by 23 ± 2 and 20 ± 2 mmHg; no differences occurred between SOR or yaw. PEMI modestly elevated heart rate during ischemia, followed by significant reduction from baseline with SOR (–3 ± 2 bpm) and yaw (−4 ± 2 bpm); no differences were observed between treatments. CPT increased blood pressure (SOR = 11 ± 1, yaw = 9 ± 2 mmHg) and heart rate (SOR = 10 ± 2, yaw = 8 ± 3 bpm) before SOR and yaw. Neither treatment nor sham blunted blood pressure increases (SOR = 25 ± 2, yaw = 22 ± 2 mmHg) during CPT; both decreased heart rate (SOR = −3 ± 2, yaw = −2 ± 2 bpm) from baseline. PEMI and CPT caused increased pain without treatment modulation. Following pain and manual intervention, SOR increased baroreflex sensitivity in the 0.15–0.35 Hz range and decreased R-R interval power spectral density in the 0.03–0.5 Hz range compared with yaw. To probe potential mechanisms and interactions between manual treatment and a prototypic analgesic, oral aspirin (967 mg) was given 60 minutes before testing to reduce prostaglandin synthesis. Aspirin slightly attenuated pain but neither altered cardiovascular changes to PEMI nor interacted with SOR or yaw.

Conclusions
SOR has the capacity to modulate pain-induced autonomic control and regulation.
Certainty in Action
Authors: Beddor Bob 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
When is it permissible to rely on a proposition in practical reasoning? Standard answers to this question face serious challenges. This paper uses these challenges to motivate a certainty norm of practical reasoning. This norm holds that one is permitted to rely on p in practical reasoning if and only if p is epistemically certain. After developing and defending this norm, I consider its broader implications. Taking a certainty norm seriously calls into question traditional assumptions about the importance of belief and knowledge. In particular, it raises the possibility that many epistemological jobs that are usually assigned to belief and knowledge should be reallocated to two related but importantly different states: psychological and epistemic certainty.
Search for the correction term to Fermi’s golden rule in positron annihilation
Authors: Ushioda R , Jinnouchi O , Ishikawa K , Sloan T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the positron–electron annihilation process, finite deviations from the standard calculation based on Fermi’s golden rule are suggested in recent theoretical work. This paper describes an experimental test of the predictions of this theoretical work by searching for events with two photons from positron annihilation of energy larger than the electron rest mass ($511\,{\rm keV}$). The positrons came from a ${\rm {}^{22}Na}$ source, tagging the third photon from the spontaneous emission of ${\rm {}^{22}{Ne}^*}$ de-exitation to suppress backgrounds. Using the collected sample of $1.06\times 10^{7}$ positron–electron annihilations, triple coincidence photon events in the signal-enhanced energy regions are examined. The observed number of events in two signal regions, $N^{\rm SR1}_{\rm obs}=0$ and $N^{\rm SR2}_{\rm obs}=0$, are, within the current precision, consistent with the expected number of events, $N^{\rm SR1}_{\rm exp}=0.86\pm0.08({\rm stat.})^{+1.85}_{-0.81}({\rm syst.})$ and $N^{\rm SR2}_{\rm exp}=0.37\pm 0.05({\rm stat.})^{+0.80}_{-0.29}({\rm syst.})$ from Fermi’s golden rule, respectively. Based on the $P^{(d)}$ modeling, a 90% CL lower limit on the photon wave packet size is obtained.
Asymmetric Information and the Pecking (Dis)Order*
Authors: Fulghieri Paolo , García Diego , Hackbarth Dirk 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We study the classical problem of raising capital under asymmetric information. Following Myers and Majluf, we consider firms endowed with assets in place and riskier growth opportunities. When asymmetric information is concentrated on assets in place (rather than growth opportunities), equity-like securities are more likely to be optimal. In contrast, when asymmetric information falls on growth options, debt is optimal. Intuitively, this happens because when the asset with greater volatility is less affected by asymmetric information, issuing a security with greater exposure to upside potential (such as equity) can be less dilutive than issuing a security lacking such exposure (such as debt). Our results suggest that equity is more likely to dominate debt for younger firms with larger investment needs, endowed with riskier, more valuable growth opportunities. Thus, our model can explain why high-growth firms may prefer equity over debt, and then switch to debt financing as they mature.
No preferential carbon-allocation to storage over growth in clipped birch and oak saplings
Authors: Palacio Sara , Paterson Eric , Hester Alison J , Nogués Salvador , Lino Gladys , Anadon-Rosell Alba , Maestro Melchor , Millard Peter 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHerbivory is one of the most globally distributed disturbances affecting carbon (C)-cycling in trees, yet our understanding of how it alters tree C-allocation to different functions such as storage, growth or rhizodeposition is still limited. Prioritized C-allocation to storage replenishment vs growth could explain the fast recovery of C-storage pools frequently observed in growth-reduced defoliated trees. We performed continuous 13C-labeling coupled to clipping to quantify the effects of simulated browsing on the growth, leaf morphology and relative allocation of stored vs recently assimilated C to the growth (bulk biomass) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores (soluble sugars and starch) of the different organs of two tree species: diffuse-porous (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.). Carbon-transfers from plants to bulk and rhizosphere soil were also evaluated. Clipped birch and oak trees shifted their C-allocation patterns above-ground as a means to recover from defoliation. However, such increased allocation to current-year stems and leaves did not entail reductions in the allocation to the rhizosphere, which remained unchanged between clipped and control trees of both species. Betula pubescens and Q. petraea showed differences in their vulnerability and recovery strategies to clipping, the ring-porous species being less affected in terms of growth and architecture by clipping than the diffuse-porous. These contrasting patterns could be partly explained by differences in their C cycling after clipping. Defoliated oaks showed a faster recovery of their canopy biomass, which was supported by increased allocation of new C, but associated with large decreases in their fine root biomass. Following clipping, both species recovered NSC pools to a larger extent than growth, but the allocation of 13C-labeled photo-assimilates into storage compounds was not increased as compared with controls. Despite their different response to clipping, our results indicate no preventative allocation into storage occurred during the first year after clipping in either of the species.
Mobilization Effects of Multilateral Development Banks
Authors: Broccolini Chiara , Lotti Giulia , Maffioli Alessandro , Presbitero Andrea F , Stucchi Rodolfo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study uses loan-level data on syndicated lending to a large sample of developing countries between 1993 and 2017 to estimate the mobilization effects of multilateral development banks (MDBs), that is, their ability to crowd-in capital from private creditors. Controlling for a large set of fixed effects, the paper shows evidence of positive and significant mobilization effects of multilateral lending on the size of bank inflows. The number of lenders and the average maturity of syndicated loans also increase. These effects are present not only on impact but last for up to three years and are not offset by a decline in bond financing. There is no evidence of anticipation effects, and the results are robust to numerous tests controlling for the role of confounding factors and unobserved heterogeneity. Finally, the results are economically sizable, indicating that MDBs can mobilize about seven dollars in bank credit over a three-year period for each dollar invested.
Interprofessional Collaboration in Public Health
Authors: Hoffman Jenni L. , Cowdery Joan E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Public health departments exemplify interprofessional collaboration. Nursing and public health education students are required to complete practicum hours or an internship respectively in community health, yet placements at health departments are limited and competitive. This study evaluated the effects of an interprofessional education intervention on community health nursing and health education students’ current interprofessional awareness and understanding, and intent to collaborate interprofessionally. Results showed that the majority of participants felt that their interprofessional awareness, understanding, and intent to collaborate increased. This intervention helped bring an example of the health department experience to students and demonstrate its interprofessional nature.
Predictors of Nursing Clinical Judgment in Simulation
Authors: Shinnick Mary Ann , Cabrera-Mino Cristina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This was a pilot study of novice and expert nurses participating in a simulation to determine the predictors of clinical judgment. Covariates included age, nursing experience, simulation experience, and six measures of pupil dilation as a measure of stress with scores on the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric as the dependent variable. A stepwise linear regression found years of RN experience was the only predictor of better clinical judgment. Despite evidence of stress, only years as a nurse was a statistically significant predictor.
African American Nurses Describe Experiences of Mistrust and Trust While in Nursing School
Authors: White Barbara J. , Mentag Nicole M. , Kaunda Beverly R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

AIM
This qualitative descriptive study is a secondary analysis of previously collected data to describe the consequences of the racial experiences of nursing school for African American students.

BACKGROUND
African Americans’ health outcomes are negatively influenced by racism and historic oppression. A racially integrated health care workforce can improve health outcomes, yet nursing does not attract or retain an adequate number of African American students.

METHOD
The sample for this qualitative descriptive study included 14 African American nurses who reflected on their nursing school experiences.

RESULTS
Two key paradoxical themes across the transcripts were mistrust and trust of European American faculty members.

CONCLUSION
While working to build trusting relationships with African American students, forge relationships over time, and serve as mentors, faculty members need to understand the impact of societal stereotypes and mistrustful behaviors (e.g., stereotyping, saying one thing and doing another, using a double standard).
Point-of-Care diagnostics of coagulation in the management of bleeding and transfusion in trauma patients
Authors: Francis Roland C.E. , Theurl Igor , Maegele Marc , Graw Jan A. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of reviewTrauma-associated bleeding and coagulopathy require timely identification, prevention, and effective treatment. The present review summarizes the recent literature around point-of-care (POC) coagulation tests, their usefulness in the management of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC), their impact on trauma patient outcomes, and the requirement of quality assurance.Recent findingsBest practice algorithms to manage TIC have been compiled in the 2019 European Guideline on the management of major bleeding and coagulopathy after trauma. Evidence supports the use of goal-directed approaches to manage TIC. POC coagulation tests can accelerate and tailor individualized therapies. Recent findings emphasize: the time sparing of POC tests in prehospital settings and the validity of POC measurements in extreme environments; the potential scalability of POC-guided TIC algorithms in burn injuries and the pediatric population; the need for careful considerations of strategies to monitor and reverse the effects of direct oral anticoagulants in major trauma.SummaryIn contrast to an abundance of reviews and practical approaches to POC coagulation management in trauma patients, there is a scarcity of research in the field and large-scale clinical trials are urgently needed. The paneuropean multicenter trial Implementing Treatment Algorithms for the Correction of Trauma Induced Coagulopathy (iTACTIC) will inform on the potential of viscoelastic tests to augment transfusion protocols for better patient outcomes.
Addiction Medicine Training Fellowships in North America: A Recent Assessment of Progress and Needs
Authors: Derefinko Karen J. , Brown Randall , Danzo Andrew , Foster Susan , Brennan Timothy , Hand Sarah , Kunz Kevin 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
Although unhealthy substance use and addiction contribute to 1 in 4 deaths and are estimated to cost the US more than $740 billion annually, fewer than 12 hours of physician education over the 7 years of medical school and primary residency training specifically address alcohol and other drug-related issues. Addiction Medicine was formally recognized as a medical subspecialty in 2016 to address the need for physicians trained in prevention, treatment, and management of substance use. This study examines the characteristics of the Addiction Medicine fellowships in operation during this critical period in the subspecialty's development to identify needs and potential.

Methods:
This study is a cross-sectional survey of Addiction Medicine Fellowship Directors from 46 fellowships accredited as of 2017 (43 in the United States and 3 in Canada). The response rate was 100%.

Results:
Directors estimated significant growth in available fellowship slots between 2016 to 2017 and 2017 to 2018 (F = 49.584, P < .001). The majority of Directors reported that demand for their graduates was high (79.5%). Fellow training in screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment spanned many substances and age groups, although fewer programs focused on nicotine and on adolescent populations. Notably, most directors reported that graduates completed waiver training to prescribe buprenorphine-naloxone (77.5%) and gained clinical experience in an opioid treatment setting (89.1%). Funding was the #1 need among 56.8% of Directors.

Conclusions:
Despite significant growth in Addiction Medicine fellowships over the past 6 years, meeting future workforce demands for Addiction Medicine specialists depends on access to funding to support fellowships.
Validation of the NIDA-modified ASSIST as a Screening Tool for Prenatal Drug Use in an Urban Setting in the United States
Authors: Oga Emmanuel A. , Mark Katrina , Peters Erica N. , Coleman-Cowger Victoria H. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Screening for prenatal drug use is recommended. The NIDA-modified Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (NM-ASSIST) is a screener for drug use that has not yet been validated with pregnant women. This study aims to assess the substance-specific diagnostic validity of the NM-ASSIST (not including tobacco or alcohol) in pregnant women and determine optimal cut-points for substance-specific substance involvement (SI) scores.

Methods:
Five hundred (500) pregnant women were recruited from 2 obstetric practices as part of a larger study of substance use screeners. Participants completed the NM-ASSIST, and provided urine and hair samples for testing. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were derived to determine the optimal SI score cut-points for each drug.

Findings:
Prevalence estimates of prenatal drug use as determined by hair/urine drug testing were: cannabis (32.0%), cocaine (9.9%), benzodiazepines (1.0%), prescription opioids (4.3%), and street opioids (1.7%). The proportion of participants screening positive based on optimal SI score cut-points were as follows: cannabis (39.1%), cocaine (2.3%), benzodiazepines (0.8%), prescription opioids (2.7%), and street opioids (1.7%). There were no screen positives for amphetamines, but 6 (1.2%) women had a positive amphetamine hair or urine test. Optimal cut-points to identify prenatal drug use were: cannabis, 2 (area under the curve [AUC] 0.87; sensitivity 0.82; specificity 0.85; diagnostic odds ratio [DOR] 26.9); cocaine, 2 (AUC 0.58; sensitivity 0.17; specificity 0.99; DOR 29.0); benzodiazepines, 15 (AUC 0.59; sensitivity 0.20; specificity 0.99; DOR 38.8); prescription opioids, 3 (AUC 0.61; sensitivity 0.25; specificity 0.98; DOR 18.3); and street opioids, 4 (AUC 0.55; sensitivity 0.13; specificity 0.99; DOR 9.3).

Conclusions:
The NM-ASSIST reliably distinguished pregnant women who use cannabis from those who do not, but performed poorly for all other substances. More research is needed to identify screeners that reliably detect all prenatal drug use. Although more cost-prohibitive, a combination of self-report and toxicological screening may be preferable for detecting prenatal drug use.
Development of a Measure of Nociception for Patients With Severe Brain Injury
Authors: Whyte John , Poulsen Ingrid , Ni Pengsheng , Eskildsen Marianne , Guldager Rikke 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
Severe brain injury is often accompanied by painful comorbidities and by concurrent limitations in the ability to report pain. Assessment of nociception aids diagnosis and helps balance reduction in suffering with avoidance of sedating medications. Existing assessment methods confound patients’ level of consciousness with the intensity of nociception, complicating pain assessment as consciousness evolves. We sought to develop a measure of nociception that is independent of the level of consciousness.

Materials and Methods:
We identified 15 behavioral and physiological items likely to be sensitive to nociception. We rated noncommunicative patients with traumatic brain injury in 4 different activities predicted to modulate nociception, on each of 2 days, one randomly chosen for acetaminophen administration. The level of consciousness and level of agitation were also measured.

Rasch Analysis:
Rasch analysis was used to assess item fit to an underlying dimension of nociception.

Results:
Five items that demonstrated poor fit to the dimension were removed. The 10 remaining items demonstrated acceptable fit. Scores were significantly influenced by activity and analgesic treatment and were largely independent of measures of consciousness and agitation. Accurate scores could be obtained in about 10 minutes and were robust to missing data.

Discussion:
The results provide evidence that the Brain Injury Nociception Assessment Measure (BINAM) is reliable and feasible to administer. It can assess the intensity of nociception largely independent of the level of consciousness. Further research is warranted on the impact of BINAM use on the care of patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
Acupuncture Versus Sham Acupuncture
Authors: Lenoir Dorine , De Pauw Robby , Van Oosterwijck Sophie , Cagnie Barbara , Meeus Mira 
Published: February 2020

Editorial Note:

The original Letter to the Editor prepared by Jones et al was based on the initial electronic version then contained several important procedural errors that resulted in erroneous conclusions as noted by Jones et al in their original Letter. Subsequently, the authors of the Letter to the Editor were notified of the corrections and they then prepared the revised Letter to the Editor published here. Jones et al did note a remaining error in Table 5 of their corrected manuscript. Based on Jones et al’s observation, Lenoir et al were notified of an error on Table 5 and have addressed this in the current version of their paper published in this issue. We appreciate the input of the authors of the letter and the positive response of the author(s) of this article. Dennis C. Turk, PhD Editor-in-Chief

Objective:
Acupuncture is a common modality in the therapy of musculoskeletal disorders. The evidence for acupuncture has been examined frequently, but a clear synthesis of previous research is currently lacking. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the evidence for nonimmediate effects of acupuncture on pain, functionality, and quality of life in patients with musculoskeletal disorders, when compared with sham acupuncture.

Methods:
Search results from PubMed and Web of Science were brought together. All screening procedures were executed twice by 2 independent researchers. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with its confidence interval (CI) was estimated at follow-up at <1 month, 1 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, and >6 months.

Results:
For pain, the SMD equalled respectively −0.47 (CI −0.76 to −0.19), −0.27 (CI −0.44 to −0.11), −0.32 (CI −0.51 to −0.13) and −0.12 (CI −0.36 to 0.11) for <1 month, 1 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, and >6 months follow-up. For functionality, the pooled SMD equalled −0.43 (CI −0.76 to −0.10), −0.41 (CI −0.76 to −0.05), 0.07 (CI −0.22 to 0.36), and −0.13 (−0.46 to 0.19). In the area of QOL, pooled SMD of respectively 0.20 (CI 0.04 to 0.35), 0.19 (CI −0.01 to 0.39), 0.02 (CI −0.09 to 0.14) and −0.04 (CI −0.25 to 0.16) were obtained.

Discussion:
A significant difference in therapy effect, favoring acupuncture, was found for pain at <1 month, 1 to 3 months, and 3 to 6 months, as well as on quality of life at <1 month, and on functionality at <1 month and 1 to 3 months.