bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-171 A Factor Analytic Investigation of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition in a Pediatric Clinical Sample
Authors: J Lace , D Seitz , E Kennedy , T Austin , B Ferguson , M Mohrland 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The parent-report Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) is a widely used measure in pediatric clinical neuropsychology. Unfortunately, despite notable changes from its predecessor, few studies to date have examined its internal factor structure (comprised of Behavioral Regulation [BRI], Emotion Regulation [ERI], and Cognitive Regulation [CRI]). Thus, this study sought to investigate the dimensionality of the parent-report BRIEF-2 in a mixed clinical sample.

Method
Two hundred two (202) outpatient pediatric neuropsychology examinees (M age = 9.90; 68% males; 53.5% with diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder) with complete data for the parent-report BRIEF-2 were extracted from an archival dataset. The sample was randomly split for confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses (CFA and EFA; ns = 101).

Results
Descriptive results revealed elevated scores across BRIEF-2 scales (Global Executive Composite M T = 70.16). CFA revealed that the theoretical three-factor model described by the BRIEF-2’s authors provided generally poor fit (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .12). Also, the three-factor model did not provide statistically significantly nor relatively better fit than a simpler two-factor model (RMSEA = .12), which merged BRI and ERI (consistent with the original BRIEF), identified via EFA.

Conclusion(s)
A two-factor structure (CRI and BRI/ERI) for the BRIEF-2 may be a more parsimonious and preferred model compared to the theoretical three-factor model in heavily neurodevelopmental clinical samples with high levels of reported executive dysfunction. Implications of these findings in context of previous literature, limitations of the present study, and appropriate directions for future inquiry are noted.
A-188 Psychometric Characteristics of the Cognitive Difficulties Scale in a Clinical Referral Sample
Authors: C Gass , B Patten , A Penate , A Rhodes 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Cognitive Difficulties Scale (CDS; McNair & Kahn, 1983), a 39-item Likert-type self-report instrument that requires a fifth-grade reading level. The CDS is a popular instrument that has been shown to predict cognitive decline. Evaluation included an exploratory factor analysis, measures of internal consistency, relation to demographics, criterion validity, and normative table for raw to T score/percentile transformation.

Method
Participants were 643 consecutive referrals (71&#37; women, mean age 60.6 and education 14.6 years) for a neuropsychological examination in a memory disorders clinic as part of a broader neurodiagnostic workup for cognitive decline. A principal components analysis was conducted followed by varimax rotation (Kaiser). Factor scores were investigated in relation to multiple internal and external criteria.

Results
Six dimensions of cognitive complaint emerged accounting for 64% of the variance: Attention/Concentration, Fine Motor Skill, Prospective Memory, Speech Problems, Memory for Names, and Temporal Orientation. Factors showed good internal consistencies (alphas &gt; .850). Correlations with Logical Memory, Visual Reproduction, and Digit Span were all nonsignificant. CDS factor scores were highly predictive of MMPI-2 measures of anxiety, depression, and somatic preoccupation. Percentiles and T-scores were derived for the CDS total score and its six component scales.

Conclusion
The CDS is a multidimensional measure of subjective cognitive complaints that provides clinicians with a psychometrically sound basis for deriving a profile with six subscale scores. The test has substantial clinical utility, and is a potentially useful tool in exploring subjective cognitive decline as a prodrome to dementia.
A-192 The General Ability Measure for Adults Underrepresents True IQ in a High-Functioning Aviation Population
Authors: A Dacosta , A Crane , A Roccaforte , M Davies , D Prewett , F Webbe , A Logalbo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The General Ability Measure for Adults (GAMA) is a brief nonverbal assessment of general intellectual ability (Naglieri & Bardos, 1997). Previous research supports use of the GAMA as a screening measure of cognitive ability in neurological populations (Davis, Bados & Woodward, 2005). However, there is a lack of research involving the use of the GAMA in high functioning populations commonly referred for neuropsychological evaluation (i.e. aviation pilots).

Method
Aviation pilots (n = 59; mean age = 44.90, SD = 9.78) were referred for a neuropsychological evaluation and were concluded to be cognitively intact. They were administered a battery that included the GAMA and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—4th edition (WAIS-IV) among other measures.

Results
A paired samples t-test revealed that IQ scores on the GAMA (M = 118.19, SD = 11.51) were significantly lower than IQ scores on the WAIS-IV (M = 125.73, SD = 10.12; p &lt; .001), with WAIS-IV IQ being 7.54 points higher on average. A Chi-square test of independence determined there was disagreement in score classification between the two tests (χ2(9) = 15.463, p = .079).

Conclusions
The GAMA appears to significantly underrepresent true IQ in both score and classification when compared to a more robust measure of intellectual assessment. Clinically, this suggests that IQ screeners, such as the GAMA, may not be appropriate for assessing patients who are suspected to be of higher premorbid functioning. Future research should expand on these results to assess the validity of verbal-based IQ screening measures in high-functioning populations.
A-207 Applying the Hartford Consistency Index to the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test—Revised for Assessing Performance Validity in an Outpatient Sample: A Pilot Study
Authors: K Sheikh , C Peck 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Prior studies have examined indices within the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test—Revised (BVMT-R) as potential embedded performance validity tests (PVT). Findings from these studies, however, are limited and with mixed results. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare the classification accuracy of the Hartford Consistency Index (HCI) with published BVMT-R performance validity measures in an outpatient sample.

Method
A total of 115 archival files met study inclusion criteria: a) ≥ 18 years-old; b) administered &gt; 2 PVTs (Reliable Digit Span, Dot Counting Test, and Test of Memory Malingering); and c) no diagnoses of intellectual disability or dementia. Utilizing standard cutoffs, participants were classified as ‘Valid’ (n = 94) or ‘Invalid’ (n = 21). ‘Valid’ profiles passed all PVTs and were free of known external incentives while ‘Invalid’ profiles failed ≥2 PVTs.

Results
An HCI cutoff of &lt; 1 yielded 90% specificity, 48% sensitivity, and the area under the curve (AUC = .70) was adequate. Applying published cutoffs for Recognition Hits (≤4) and Percent Retention (≤58%) to our sample produced &gt; 90% specificity, but sensitivity rates were &lt; 40% and AUCs were consistently &lt; .70. Similarly, the Recognition Discrimination (≤4) cutoff revealed inadequate specificity (84%), but acceptable sensitivity (63%), and AUC (.73).

Conclussions
Results from our study support the use of the HCI as an embedded PVT within the BVMT-R for non-demented outpatient samples. Furthermore, the HCI outperformed other embedded PVTs examined. Limitations of our study and future directions are discussed.
A-222 Efficacy of D–KEFS Trail Making Test Conditions 1–5 Using Age-Corrected Scaled Score Cutoffs as Embedded Validity Indicators in a Sample of Youth Athletes
Authors: R Thompson , S Arastu , S Markuson , A Deneen , R Hirst 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Embedded validity indicators (EVI) assist in the evaluation of performance validity across a neuropsychological battery without increasing the time or cognitive demand on patients during testing. Erdodi et al. (2018) evaluated Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D–KEFS) Trail Making Test Conditions 1–5 (TMT1–5) as EVIs in adults using age-corrected scaled score (ACSS) cutoffs, demonstrating adequate specificity but inadequate sensitivity. This study assessed the TMT1–5 as EVIs in children using a specificity threshold of &gt; .89 (Boone, 2013).

Method
Youth athletes (n = 134, M age = 12.2) completed a two-hour neuropsychological battery that included TMT1–5 and TOMM during a larger sport-related concussion clinical research evaluation. Specificity, sensitivity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for TMT1–5 using ACSS cutoffs to predict TOMM Trial 2 (TOMM2) pass/fail performance.

Results
When predicting TOMM2 (cutoff.89) and inadequate sensitivity (.00), with TMT3 and TMT4 having the highest AUC (.81 and .74, respectively). The following ACSS cutoffs met the specificity threshold (&gt;.89): TMT1 ACSS &lt; 7, TMT2 &lt; 9, TMT3 &lt; 6, TMT4 &lt; 7, and TMT5.79, we increased sensitivity for TMT1–3 (.33).

Conclusion
D–KEFS TMT1–5 achieved excellent specificity (&gt;.89) when predicting TOMM2 performance but demonstrated inadequate sensitivity. Lowering the specificity threshold slightly still yielded low sensitivity. These data suggest that D–KEFS TMT3 and TMT4 were most effective at detecting adequate effort, but should be supported with other validity measures when assessing performance validity across a neuropsychological battery.
A-226 Identifying Performance Validity Indices within the NIH Toolbox
Authors: S Monaghan , C Laduke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The National Institute of Health Toolbox–Cognitive Battery (NIHTB-CB) is a rigorously developed, state-of-the-art neuropsychological screening battery. However, one of its current limitations is the lack of any embedded measures of performance validity. To address this critical gap, the current project explored the relevant literature to determine which NIHTB-CB indices might be most suitable for further investigation.

Data Selection
A targeted literature review was conducted to explore the development of embedded indicators of performance validity within contemporary neuropsychological batteries. The most foundational and scientifically rigorous literature was gathered using targeted search terms in PsycInfo and Google Scholar.

Data Synthesis
This selected literature base was reviewed and compared to relevant NIHTB-CB indices. The most suitable indices within the NIHTB-CB appear to include: (1) a pattern of responding on the recognition trial for the Picture Sequence Memory Test that is inconsistent with that of individuals with known brain damage; (2) a severely impaired score on the Picture Vocabulary Test and the Oral Reading Recognition Test; (3) the frequency and length of unusual reaction time differences on the Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test; and (4) overall performance comparisons with groups with known brain injury or illness.

Conclusions
Several indices within the NIHTB-CB hold great promise as performance validity indicators. Future research is needed to establish the validity of these indices using simulation and known-group designs. Establishing indicators of performance validity within the NIHTB-CB will result in more rigorous clinical research and improved clinical practice.
A-250 Evidence for Language and Memory Improvements Following Right Anterior Temporal Lobectomy in a Patient with Mixed Language Dominance
Authors: S Leonard , E Olsen , K Bradbury 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) surgery for epilepsy is commonly associated with post-surgical impairments in memory and language abilities, specifically episodic memory and confrontational naming. Less is known regarding outcomes of patients with atypical language dominance.

Method
Casey is a 19 year-old, ambidextrous, male with a history of remote symptomatic medically intractable focal epilepsy secondary to right inferior temporal encephalomalacia. Casey underwent right anterior temporal lobectomy and resection of mesial structures including part of the hippocampus.

Results
Casey’s pre-surgical neuropsychological evaluation revealed overall intellectual functioning in the average range with relative strengths in perceptual reasoning skills and weaknesses in attention, executive control, confrontational naming, and verbal fluency. Casey’s pre-surgical cognitive profile and functional MRI were suggestive of bilateral language organization. At post-surgical evaluation, Casey demonstrated strong overall cognitive abilities, basic reading, visual–spatial skills, and visual memory, as well as notable improvements in his processing speed and visual-motor integration. He demonstrated significant improvement in verbal working memory, verbal fluency, and contextual verbal memory. Casey continued to show significant weaknesses in word finding, phonetic verbal fluency, and rote verbal learning and memory, and milder weaknesses in aspects of executive functioning. Casey continued to demonstrate mood difficulties.

Conclusions
The current case provides evidence of continued mild deficits in traditional dominant hemisphere skills including rote verbal memory and focal language abilities, in a patient with a history of mixed language dominance, following right hemisphere ATL surgery. This case further highlights the importance of pre-surgical neuropsychological evaluation and fMRI in patients undergoing right ATL surgery.
Higher-order income dynamics with linked regression trees
Authors: Druedahl Jeppe , Munk-Nielsen Anders 
Published: August 2020

Summary
We propose a novel method for modelling income processes using machine learning. Our method links age-specific regression trees, and returns a discrete state process, which can easily be included in consumption-saving models without further discretizations. A central advantage of our approach is that it does not rely on any parametric assumptions, and because we build on existing machine learning tools it is furthermore easy to apply in practice. Using a 30-year panel of Danish males, we document rich higher-order income dynamics, including substantial skewness and high kurtosis of income levels and growth rates. We also find important changes in income risk over the life-cycle and the income distribution. Our estimated process matches these dynamics closely. Using a consumption-saving model, the implied welfare cost of income risk is more than 10% of income.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Mauritius
Authors: Ori Bhooshun , Kowlessur Sudhirsen , Heecharan Jaysing , Poulter Neil R , Ster Anca Chis , Xia Xin , Beaney Thomas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hypertension is a growing burden worldwide, leading to over 10 million deaths each year. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative of the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) aimed at raising awareness of high blood pressure (HBP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. We here provide the results of the 2018 MMM (MMM18) edition in Mauritius. This cross-sectional survey of participants aged ≥18 years was carried out in May 2018. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90 mmHg or both. Blood pressure (BP) measurement and statistical analysis followed the standard MMM protocol. Screening was conducted by Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion Unit, which is under the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, mainly in workplaces and community centres, in both rural and urban areas across Mauritius. Of 5471 individuals screened, after multiple imputation, 786 (14.4%) had untreated hypertension. MMM18 was the largest BP screening campaign undertaken in Mauritius. These results suggest that MMM18 is very useful to identify significant numbers of patients with raised BP.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from China
Authors: Chen Xin , Li Yan , Hu Zhe , Liu Min , Yu Jing , Wang Hong-Yu , Xu Li-Ying , Zhou Bi-Rong , Yu Wei , Li Li , Tang Guo-Bao , Beaney Thomas , Ster Anca Chis , Poulter Neil R , Wang Ji-Guang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To further improve awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, the May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign continued in 2018 in China. Study subjects were adults aged 18 years or more, ideally those who had not their blood pressure (BP) measured for at least a year. Blood pressure was measured three times consecutively with a 1-min interval in the sitting position, using automated BP monitors in 288 342 participants and transmitted to a central database by a smartphone app. Questionnaire data were collected with the same app. After imputation, the overall proportion of hypertension was 29.8%. Of those with hypertension, the rates of awareness, treatment, and control were 62.3%, 57.3%, and 35.9%, respectively. In analysis based on linear regression models, both systolic and diastolic BP were higher with cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and overweight and obesity. Our study results suggest that hypertension management is improving in comparison with the data in MMM 2017 and the nationwide survey in 2012–15, and several known lifestyle factors are key to hypertension management.
May Measurement Month 2018: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Slovenia
Authors: Božič Nina , Knez Judita , Dolenc Primož , Salobir Barbara , Erhartič Andrej , Čegovnik Borut , Brus Ivanka , Petek Šter Marija , Hlastan Ribič Cirila , Beaney Thomas , Ster Anca Chis , Xia Xin , Poulter Neil R , Brguljan Hitij Jana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Elevated blood pressure (BP) is a growing burden worldwide, contributing to over 10 million deaths each year. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative organized by the International Society of Hypertension aimed to raise awareness of high BP. In May 2018, we carried out an opportunistic cross-sectional survey of volunteers from different parts of the country aged ≥18 years. Blood pressure measurement followed the standard MMM protocol and statistical analysis mean of the last 2 of 3 readings was used, where these were unavailable additional imputations were performed. In total, 4883 individuals (61.0% female) were screened during the whole month of May in 91 primary and secondary health facilities, pharmacies and through an online survey. After multiple imputation, 2841 (58.2%) had HTN. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 850 (29.4%) were hypertensive. Of those receiving antihypertensive medication, 1025 (51.5%) had uncontrolled BP. MMM18 was the largest BP screening campaign undertaken in Slovenia. A substantial number of people with possible HTN were identified and referred to general practitioners for further management. The high number of individuals with HTN, with newly diagnosed HTN and with uncontrolled BP despite medication, confirms a real need for such screening programmes in our country.
Implementation and outcome evaluation of a team nutrition intervention: increasing knowledge, attitudes, and preferences
Authors: Askelson Natoshia M , Brady Patrick , Ryan Grace , Scheidel Carrie , Delger Patti , Nguyen Phuong , Jung Youn Soo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLow-income, rural children are at a greater risk for poor dietary intake. Schools offer a venue to deliver appropriate interventions. Our aim was to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of Healthy Schools, Healthy Students (HSHS). We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation using a cluster-randomized trial design with 20 schools in a rural, Midwestern state. HSHS included education sessions, cafeteria coaching and taste testing. We interviewed implementers (n = 13) and nutrition educators (n = 8), conducted six focus groups with cafeteria coaches, and surveyed fourth graders (n = 1057) about their nutrition knowledge, attitudes toward and preferences for fruits and vegetables (F&V), F&V consumption and MyPlate awareness. We used multi-level linear models to estimate the intervention effect and qualitative data were coded. There were very few challenges to implementation. HSHS participation was positively associated with knowledge, attitudes toward F&V, preferences for vegetables from the taste tests, MyPlate awareness and vegetable consumption. HSHS was viewed as beneficial and easy to deliver, suggesting this type of intervention could be widely implemented. Improving knowledge and attitudes through nutrition education and preferences through taste testing have the potential to improve dietary intake among rural students. Low-cost nutrition interventions can be successfully implemented in rural elementary schools with positive outcomes.
Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent
Authors: Mauldin Matthew R , McCollum Andrea M , Nakazawa Yoshinori J , Mandra Anna , Whitehouse Erin R , Davidson Whitni , Zhao Hui , Gao Jinxin , Li Yu , Doty Jeffrey , Yinka-Ogunleye Adesola , Akinpelu Afolabi , Aruna Olusola , Naidoo Dhamari , Lewandowski Kuiama , Afrough Babak , Graham Victoria , Aarons Emma , Hewson Roger , Vipond Richard , Dunning Jake , Chand Meera , Brown Colin , Cohen-Gihon Inbar , Erez Noam , Shifman Ohad , Israeli Ofir , Sharon Melamed , Schwartz Eli , Beth-Din Adi , Zvi Anat , Mak Tze Minn , Ng Yi Kai , Cui Lin , Lin Raymond T P , Olson Victoria A , Brooks Tim , Paran Nir , Ihekweazu Chikwe , Reynolds Mary G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The largest West African monkeypox outbreak began September 2017, in Nigeria. Four individuals traveling from Nigeria to the United Kingdom (n = 2), Israel (n = 1), and Singapore (n = 1) became the first human monkeypox cases exported from Africa, and a related nosocomial transmission event in the United Kingdom became the first confirmed human-to-human monkeypox transmission event outside of Africa.

Methods
Epidemiological and molecular data for exported and Nigerian cases were analyzed jointly to better understand the exportations in the temporal and geographic context of the outbreak.

Results
Isolates from all travelers and a Bayelsa case shared a most recent common ancestor and traveled to Bayelsa, Delta, or Rivers states. Genetic variation for this cluster was lower than would be expected from a random sampling of genomes from this outbreak, but data did not support direct links between travelers.

Conclusions
Monophyly of exportation cases and the Bayelsa sample, along with the intermediate levels of genetic variation, suggest a small pool of related isolates is the likely source for the exported infections. This may be the result of the level of genetic variation present in monkeypox isolates circulating within the contiguous region of Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers states, or another more restricted, yet unidentified source pool.