bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dilution-Induced Physico-Chemical Changes of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Due to Homeopathic Preparation Steps of Trituration and Succussion
Authors: Basu Abhirup , Temgire Mayur K. , Suresh Akkihebbal K. , Bellare Jayesh R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Although the presence of starting materials in extreme dilutions of homeopathic medicines has been established, the physico-chemical changes of these materials induced by the manufacturing steps—that is, solid–solid mixing involving grinding (trituration) and slurry mixing involving impact (succussion), followed by dilution—are still unknown.
Methods We subjected cupric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) to the homeopathic processes of trituration and succussion, followed by dilution up to 6 cH. Particle image velocimetry was employed to analyze the fluid motion during succussion and its effect on the NPs. The resulting microstructural and chemical changes at different dilution steps were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
Results The succussion triggered multi-sized bubble generation and turbulent fluid motion up to a duration of 400 ms, with maximum average velocity of 0.23 m/s. Due to 1% transfer of kinetic energy from a moving eddy with this velocity, upon collision, the rate of temperature change in a particle of size 1 µm and 1 nm was predicted to rise by approximately 102 K/s and 106 K/s respectively. During trituration, the oxide NPs reduced to metals and did not aggregate by remaining within lactose, but they converted to oxidized finer NPs after impact. Silicate chains leached from the vial cross-linked after third dilution, forming large macro-particles and encapsulating the NPs that were retained and carried at higher dilution steps.
Conclusion The results showed that the NPs sustained significant rate of temperature change due to energy transfer from moving eddies during succussion. Different physico-chemical changes, such as size reduction, successive reduction and oxidation of NPs, and morphological changes, were achieved through trituration and succussion. The retention of NPs within cross-linked poly-siloxane chains reveals the importance of both the borosilicate glass vial and the ethanol solution during preparation of homeopathic medicines.
Processability Theory as a tool in the study of a heritage speaker of
Norwegian
Authors: Hjelde Arnstein , Kvifte Bjørn Harald , Emilsen Linda Evenstad , Arntzen Ragnar 
Published: October 2019

In this article, we employ aspects of Processability Theory (PT) to study the
language of one fourth generation heritage speaker of Norwegian in America. This man, who we
refer to as Lars, was almost 50 years old when we first met and recorded him in 2010, and to
our knowledge he is among the youngest Norwegian-Americans still able to speak Norwegian as
a heritage language in the Upper Midwest. His dominant language was Norwegian until he
started school, when English took over this role. When we met him the first time, he had not
spoken Norwegian to any substantial extent for several decades.
When we examine his language, we find a number of grammatical deviations from
the baseline – the language as spoken in the old world, and we discuss the possible
explanations for these; are they related to the quality of the input, are they due to
attrition or are they the result of incomplete acquisition? In the discussion, we include
certain aspects of PT, and based on this, we claim that attrition is the most likely
explanation for the reduced structures in Lars’ Norwegian.
Improved adaptation of temperate grasses through mutualism with fungal endophytes.
Authors: Caradus J. R. , Johnson L. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Plants provide a unique ecological niche for diverse communities of fungal endophytes that vary in their impact, positive to negative, on the host plant. Fungal endophytes colonize plants without any visible disease symptoms for at least part of their life history. These symbionts are critical components of natural and semi-natural ecosystems, as well as cultivated agricultural communities, dramatically influencing plant adaptation and evolution. Many temperate grass species are reliant on their mutualistic association with obligate fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë for a variety of fitness benefits, such as persistence under both invertebrate and vertebrate grazing pressure and improved adaptation to abiotic stresses. In New Zealand, Epichloë endophytes have been estimated to contribute $200 m per year in increased animal production through improved pasture persistence and yield. Other fungal endophytes have also been studied in temperate grasses, although much less is understood about the biological and economic impacts of these plant-fungal interactions. Determining which fungal endophytes are mutualistic has been, and continues to be, a challenge, particularly as we begin to realize that endophytes interact with other endophytes and little is understood about what factors shape endophyte community structures.
China’s involvement in the trans-Saharan textile trade and industry in Nigeria: the case of Kano
Authors: Muhammad Murtala , Buba Ramatu , Azman Muhammad Danial , Ahmed Abubakar 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARY
This Briefing analyses the large volume and value of smuggled Chinese textile products through the Sahara into the Kano market from 2000 to 2015. The evidence indicates that China’s involvement has displaced local manufacturers in the historic textile city of Kano.
Searching for neutrino-less double beta decay of 136Xe with PandaX-II liquid xenon detector *
Authors: Ni Kaixiang , Lai Yihui , Abdukerim Abdusalam , Chen Wei , Chen Xun , Chen Yunhua , Cui Xiangyi , Fan Yingjie , Fang Deqing , Fu Changbo , Geng Lisheng , Giboni Karl , Giuliani Franco , Gu Linhui , Guo Xuyuan , Han Ke , He Changda , Huang Di , Huang Yan , Huang Yanlin , Huang Zhou , Ji Peng , Ji Xiangdong , Ju Yonglin , Liang Kun , Liu Huaxuan , Liu Jianglai , Ma Wenbo , Ma Yugang , Mao Yajun , Meng Yue , Namwongsa Parinya , Ning Jinhua , Ning Xuyang , Ren Xiangxiang , Shang Changsong , Si Lin , Tan Andi , Wang Anqing , Wang Hongwei , Wang Meng , Wang Qiuhong , Wang Siguang , Wang Xiuli , Wang Zhou , Wu Mengmeng , Wu Shiyong , Xia Jingkai , Xiao Mengjiao , Xie Pengwei , Yan Binbin , Yang Jijun , Yang Yong , Yu Chunxu , Yuan Jumin , Zhang Dan , Zhang Hongguang , Zhang Tao , Zhao Li , Zheng Qibin , Zhou Jifang , Zhou Ning , Zhou Xiaopeng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We report the Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay (NLDBD) search results from PandaX-II dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber. The total live time used in this analysis is 403.1 days from June 2016 to August 2018. With NLDBD-optimized event selection criteria, we obtain a fiducial mass of 219 kg of natural xenon. The accumulated xenon exposure is 242 kg·yr, or equivalently 22.2 kg·yr of 136Xe exposure. At the region around 136Xe decay Q-value of 2458 keV, the energy resolution of PandaX-II is 4.2%. We find no evidence of NLDBD in PandaX-II and establish a lower limit for decay half-life of 2.1

yr at the 90% confidence level, which corresponds to an effective Majorana neutrino mass

eV. This is the first NLDBD result reported from a dual-phase xenon experiment.
Simplified dark matter models with loop effects in direct detection and the constraints from indirect detection and collider search *
Authors: Li Tong , Wu Peiwen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We reexamine the simplified dark matter (DM) models with fermionic DM particle and spin-0 mediator. The DM-nucleon scattering cross sections in these models are low-momentum suppressed at tree-level, but receive sizable loop-induced spin-independent contribution. We perform one-loop calculations for scalar-type and twist-2 DM-quark operators, and complete two-loop calculations for scalar-type DM-gluon operator. Analyzing the loop-level contribution from new operators, we find that future direct detection experiments could be sensitive to a fraction of the parameter space. The indirect detection and collider search also provide complementary constraints on these models.
Alternative approach to thermodynamic phase transitions
Authors: Hendi Seyed Hossein , Panahiyan Shahram , Panah Behzad Eslam , Jamil Mubasher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
One of the major open problems in theoretical physics is the lack of a consistent quantum gravity theory. Recent developments in our knowledge on thermodynamic phase transitions of black holes and their van der Waals-like behavior may provide an interesting quantum interpretation of classical gravity. Studying different methods of investigating phase transitions can extend our understanding of the nature of quantum gravity. In this paper, we present an alternative theoretical approach for finding thermodynamic phase transitions in the extended phase space. Unlike the standard methods based on the usual equation of state involving temperature, our approach uses a new quasi-equation constructed from the slope of temperature versus entropy. This approach addresses some of the shortcomings of the other methods and provides a simple and powerful way of studying the critical behavior of a thermodynamical system. Among the applications of this approach, we emphasize the analytical demonstration of possible phase transition points and the identification of the non-physical range of horizon radii for black holes.
Multifractal spectrum and spectral behavior of calcium and titanium isotopes based on nuclear shell model
Authors: Razazi V. , Behnia S. , Ziaei J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We investigate the effect of valence space nucleons on the multifractal analysis (MFA) and spectral analysis of calcium and titanium isotopes. The multifractality of wavefunctions is characterized by its associated singularity spectrum f(α) and generalized dimension Dq
. The random matrix theory (RMT) has been employed in the study of properties of the distribution of energy levels. In particular, we find that the number of nucleons and two-body residual interactions particularly affect the singularity and energy level spectra.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ag and Ge multi-micro alloyed Al-(3.2) Cu-(2) Li-(0.6) Mg alloys
Authors: Laith Ali Enass , Rajih Abdalwahid K 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This work represent an attempt to investigate the possible improvement to replace (Cu) by (Li) in (Al-Cu) alloys used in aerospace industries. It is well established that (Al-Li) alloys are attractive for military and aerospace application because their properties are superior to those of congenital (Al) alloys. (Li) reduced the weight of the plane; hence, more speed can be attained. Several other improvements are also intruded. Alloys were prepared during this work by casting. they include (Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr), (Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr-Ag), and (Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr-Ag-Ge) alloys. Result showed that addition 0.35%Ag to Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy improve strength from (42MPa) to (127MPa) when aging at 175°C. and improve hardness from (156.64 Hv) to (173.74Hv) At the same temperature. But the deterioration when addition 0.2 Ge to Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy weakness strength from (127MPa) to (26MPa) at the same time improved hardness from (156.64Hv) to (171.76Hv) at the same temperature. Optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) were done to study the structure and the surface features and chemical composition of the alloys. Many phases shown which have an influence on the mechanical and chemical properties, such as (Al3Li), (Al3Zr), (Al2MgLi), omega (Ω) precipitates, (Ag2CuLi), (Ge4Zr5).Pin-on-disc testing technique was commonly used for investigating sliding wear. B significant increase in wear resistance of the alloy. The weight loss was only 60% of the other alloys.
Order-Convergence for Filters in a Dedekind Complete Riesz Spaces( K-Spaces)
Authors: Abdul-Hussein Kadhum Shatha , Abdul-Hussein Kadhum Shaimaa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we will be discussing order-convergence and (αℱ) −Cauchy for filters in a Dedekind complete Riesz spaces ( K-Spaces). In this context, we prove the basic theorems.
Applications of Horadam Polynomials on Bazilevic Bi-Univalent Function Satisfying Subordinate Conditions
Authors: Kareem Wanas Abbas , Lupas Alina Alb 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the present investigation, we use the Horadam Polynomials to establish upper bounds for the second and third coefficients of functions belongs to a new subclass of analytic and Bazilevic bi-univalent functions defined in the open unit disk ∪. Also, we discuss Fekete-Szegä problem for functions belongs to this subclass.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C45, 30C50.
Constructing a Nested Chain in James Abacus Diagram
Authors: Mohommed Eman F 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
James abacus diagram with e column and r rows is a combinatorial model used to represent any partition of a positive integer. In this paper, nested chain in James diagram is constructed which depended on e and r. Three forms of nested chain are found which are e < r, e > r and e = r. Then, characteristics for each form are provided. Furthermore, position numbers in each chain are then determined. In addition, a new function is established in order to determine the number of chains. Also sequences of the number of chains in nested chain are finally obtained.
Estimate the Rate of Contamination in Baghdad Soils By Using Numerical Method
Authors: Naji Mohammed Tawfiq Luma , Al-Noor Nadia H , Al-Noor Taghreed H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the rate of contamination in soils by using accurate numerical method as a suitable tool to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in soil. In particular, 2D –interpolation methods are applied in the models of the spread the metals in different direction.The paper illustrates the importance of the numerical method in different applications, especially nvironment contamination. Basically, there are many roles for approximating functions. Thus, the approximating of function namely the analytical expression may be expressed; the most common type being is polynomials, which are the easy implemented and simplest methods of approximation. In this paper the divided difference formula is used and extended in two dimensions (2D) to evaluate the concentration of metals in soil to estimate the rate of contamination in Baghdad city, Iraq.
Computation of fast linear equations convergent iterations solutions on the Jacobi and Gauss–Seidel methods
Authors: Fahem Abbas Ali , Jalal Ali Ali 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper present Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi class repetition systems be situated, planned with answering an equations of AXB = C liner produced the cracked organizations of A then B. Conjunction plus computational amount with these iterative approaches stay deliberate. In addition, are current preliminaries methods for Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi iterations. Numerical samples are assumed to establish the effectiveness of these approaches and suggested in the example for each. using MATLAB, by explain the schedule. We also show that using iterations of the Jacobi blocks, we can expand the range of tasks for which this approach can be effective. For iterations of Jacobi blocks, it is important, that to knows kind the matrix structure for choosing the best method with accurate fast and short result.
Diffusion model based on shared friends-aware independent cascade
Authors: Alasadi M K , Almamory H N 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Due to the swift growth of social network and the large variety of its application, numerous research effort aims at predict or explain the information diffusion phenomenon and how the user behaviour changes according to the effect of social pressure. Applications like viral marketing, rumour controlling, and individual behaviour analysis are some areas where these researches are applied. Many models proposed to handle the problem of information diffusion. Such models mostly require disseminated probabilities to be assigned for each link in diffusion network. In this paper we address the problem of predicting the information diffusion cascade. The proposed model named “Shared Friends-Aware IC-Based Diffusion Model (SFA-ICBDM)” can be seen as extension to the well known diffusion model, Independent Cascade model(IC). (SFA-ICBDM) model make use of structural feature of diffusion network specifically the common friend and similarity in terms of behaviour among users as a probability of influencing among users, then predict the cascade of information dissemination. The experiment has been conducted using real world social network dataset (Meme Tracker). In sum, the proposed model has been compared with baseline model IC and related works, where it shows improvement over baseline and related works. In addition, some promising conclusions have been obtained.
Breast Cancer Classification: Using Hybrid Technique (Association Rules and Deep Neural Network)
Authors: Kamel Ahmed Hajer , Abdulhade Abdullah Dhahir , Mustafa Al-Tuwaijari Jamal 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Early detection of any disease is very important since it aids curable with a few of effort. A lot of people fail to detection their disease before it be chronic. This causes an increase in mortality about the world. One of these diseases is breast cancer that can be cured when identified in the early stages before it spreads throughout the body. Develop techniques that can aide physicians to get accurate diagnosis is significantly important in early detection for this disease. The goal is design a hybrid approach (class association rules and deep neural network). In this paper, we design efficient methodology for classifying breast cancer using hybrid approach techniques. Where used a CARs to discover all the interesting relationship in a large database, while the DNN is used for classification purpose. In this study, use Wisconsin Breast cancer dataset from UCI machine learning repository to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The experiment show that proposed system achieves good results, with high accuracy of 100% and less mean square error rate 0.0002.
The Application of the Internet of Things to Enhance Smart Cities
Authors: Hameed Majeed Samar , Hadi Abdulwahid Ali 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper explores the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) as a tool to promote sustainable urban development in the context of Smart City campaigns. As an important element of the smart city concept, IoT is expected to enhance urban sustainability through sensor networks that detect and transmit data. However, challenges remain, adding a layer of difficulty to the process of using the Internet of things to achieve the goals.This paper affirms the concept and relationship of smart city and Internet of things. Then the use of the Internet of things technology in all aspects of supporting the sustainable development of the city was discussed. Therefore, the field of urban planning must cooperate to make good use of the Internet of things technology to achieve sustainable development. The development and application of IoT technology is closely related to the smart city movement. The current trend towards the use of information communication technology (ICT) in cities and architecture may pose new problems and challenges than urban planners. In the context of the smart city movement, urban planners need to understand the role that every ICT is playing in order to make better use of these technologies.
Automated Scoring for Essay Questions In E-learning
Authors: Joundy Hazar Manar , Hussein Toman Zinah , Hussein Toman Sarah 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
E-learning is employing technology to help and promote learning begun decades ago.one of most important example of using intelligent software agent in e-learning is Intelligent Tutoring systems (ITSs). Assessment plays a significant role in the educational process. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is defined as the computer technology that evaluates and scores the subjective answers. To evaluate students essay answers based on a linguistic knowledge in this project we presented a suitable model. Getting results from the recommended system application in calculating simulation results indicates high precision in performance associated with other methods. We used square root error rate (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient metrics to measure the system efficiency and also use student answer acquired from the University of North Texas data collection, this data accessible on the Internet.
Saccharine based carbonyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes: novel modification, characterization and its ability for removing Cd(II) and Cu(II) from soil and environmental water samples
Authors: Raoof Mahmood Ahmed , Alheety Mustafa A , Asker Mohammed M M , Zyaad Tareq Alarqam , Karadağ Ahmet 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This research highlights the chemical modification of one of the carbon nanostructures (multi-walled carbon nanotubes-COOH) with an artificial sweetener (saccharine) to synthesize a highly efficient absorbent material (MWCNTs-CO-Sac). This material was thereafter used to the packing column in solid phase extraction of cadmium and copper divalent ions from real samples. This nano-adsorbent was diagnosed with different techniques: infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry (TG), Differential thermal analysis (DTA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Particle size distribution (PSD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of pH, sample and eluent flow rates, volume, type and concentration of eluent, volume of sample and interfering ions were studied to achieve the optimal conditions for solid phase extraction of Cd(II) and Cu(II) based on the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Moreover, the preconcentration factors were calculated to be 75. The results of a limit of detection (LOD) 0.07 μgL−1 and 0.09 μgL−1 for Cd(II) and Cu(II) respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD %) of this study was 0.45% for Cd(II) and 0.51% for Cu(II). The optimized method was applied to soil and environmental water samples.
Mitigation effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on some metabolic compounds of maize seedling grown under salt stress
Authors: Mohamed Amal A , Khan Ekhlaque A , Misra Amarendra N 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Salt stress is considered as a major limiting factor for plant growth and crop productivity. The present study was conducted to investigate whether using nitric oxide (NO) molecule could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress in maize (Zea mays L.) seedling. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used at 60 µM concentration, as NO donor in the nutrient solution of maize seedlings grown with three concentrations of NaCl (0.0, 150 and 200 mM). Leaf samples were collected on the 7th and 15th day after NaCl treatment. Chlorophyll contents and lipid peroxidation gave different values under salt stress. The NO treated seedling showed high content of proline, phenolic and flavonoid. Nitric oxide induced an increase in antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities. These data indicated that the exogenous NO application is useful way to mitigate the salinity-induced oxidative stress in maize seedling.