bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review about Structure and Evaluation of Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited with Neurotoxic Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Figueroa-Villar José Daniel , Petronilho Elaine C. , Kuca Kamil , Franca Tanos C.C. 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Neurotoxic chemical warfare agents can be classified as some of the most dangerous
chemicals for humanity. The most effective of those agents are the Organophosphates (OPs) capable
of restricting the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which in turn, controls the nerve impulse
transmission. When AChE is inhibited by OPs, its reactivation can be usually performed through cationic
oximes. However, until today, it has not been developed one universal defense agent, with complete
effective reactivation activity for AChE inhibited by any of the many types of existing neurotoxic OPs.
For this reason, before treating people intoxicated by an OP, it is necessary to determine the neurotoxic
compound that was used for contamination, in order to select the most effective oxime. Unfortunately,
this task usually requires a relatively long time, raising the possibility of death. Cationic oximes also
display a limited capacity of permeating the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). This fact compromises their
capacity to reactivating AChE inside the nervous system.

Methods:
We performed a comprehensive search on the data about OPs available on the scientific literature
today in order to cover all the main drawbacks still faced in the research for the development of
effective antidotes against those compounds.

Results:
Therefore, this review about neurotoxic OPs and the reactivation of AChE, provides insights for
the new agents’ development. The most expected defense agent is a molecule without toxicity and effective
to reactivate AChE inhibited by all neurotoxic OPs.

Conclusion:
To develop these new agents, the application of diverse scientific areas of research, especially
theoretical procedures as computational science (computer simulation, docking and dynamics),
organic synthesis, spectroscopic methodologies, biology, biochemical and biophysical information, medicinal
chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, is necessary.
Recent Breakthroughs in Various Antimicrobial Resistance Induced Quorum Sensing Biosynthetic Pathway Mediated Targets and Design of their Inhibitors
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Saxena Mridula , Saxena Anil K. , Nandi Sisir 
Published: April 2020

Objective:
The world is under the grasp of dangerous post-antibiotics and antimicrobials
attack where common infections may become untreatable, leading to premature deaths due to
antimicrobial resistance (AMR). While an estimated 7,00,000 people die annually due to AMR,
which is a public health threat to all communities in different parts of the world regardless of their
economic status; however, this threat is serious in low- and middle-income countries having lack
of sanitation and health infrastructure. The 68th World Health Assembly endorsed the Global
Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, many countries started drafting and
committing to National Action Plans against AMR. As strong as National Action Plans are in terms
of prescribing rational use of antimicrobials, infection control practices, and related public health
measures, without strong healthcare systems, these measures will have a limited impact on AMR in
developing countries.

Methods:
The major reason for AMR is microbial quorum sensing (QS) that may strengthen the
microbial community to generate inter-communication and virulence effects via quorum sensing
mechanisms. Global stewardship to combat antimicrobial resistance aims to develop anti-quorum
sensing compounds that can inhibit the biosynthetic pathway mediated different quorum sensing targets.

Results:
It may pave an effective attempt to minimize microbial quorum sensing mediated
antimicrobial resistance. The present review describes QS mediated various potential target enzymes,
their connection to AMR, and finds out the corresponding QS biosynthetic target inhibitors.

Conclusion:
These potential inhibitors can be derivatized to design and develop next-generation
antimicrobial agents.
Identification of 2’-O-methylation Site by Investigating Multi-feature Extracting Techniques
Authors: Huang Qin-Lai , Wang Lida , Han Shu-Guang , Tang Hua 
Published: April 2020

Background:
RNA methylation is a reversible post-transcriptional modification
involving numerous biological processes. Ribose 2'-O-methylation is part of RNA methylation. It
has shown that ribose 2'-O-methylation plays an important role in immune recognition and other
pathogenesis.

Objective:
We aim to design a computational method to identify 2'-O-methylation.

Methods:
Different from the experimental method, we propose a computational workflow to
identify the methylation site based on the multi-feature extracting algorithm.

Results:
With a voting procedure based on 7 best feature-classifier combinations, we achieved
Accuracy of 76.5% in 10-fold cross-validation. Furthermore, we optimized features and input the
optimized features into SVM. As a result, the AUC reached to 0.813.

Conclusion:
The RNA sample, especially the negative samples, used in this study are more
objective and strict, so we obtained more representative results than state-of-arts studies.
Potential of Mirabegron and its Extended-release Formulations for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder Syndrome
Authors: Mandpe Pankaj , Prabhakar Bala , Shende Pravin 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Overactive bladder syndrome is a broadly occurring urological disorder with a distressing
impact on the quality of life. The commonly used antimuscarinic drugs show poor patient compliance because of
unsatisfactory potency, tolerability and high occurrence of adverse effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation,
dizziness etc. Mirabegron is the first approved β3-adrenoreceptor agonist, used as mono or in combination
therapies for overactive bladder syndrome.

Objective:
The present review provides an insight into the mechanism, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, clinical
trials and the development of various conventional and modified-release dosage forms of mirabegron for the treatment
of overactive bladder syndrome.

Results:
The clinical trials of phase II and phase III of mirabegron demonstrated symptomatic relief from the overactive
bladder without disturbing the micturition cycle. To date, mirabegron showed promising results for safety, tolerability
and efficacy in patients with overactive bladder syndrome. The modified-release tablet dosage form of mirabegron
appear to be a proficient and suitable replacement for antimuscarinics and revealed the tremendous potential
to overcome the adverse effects of conventional antimuscarinic drugs like Oxybutyline chloride ER, Detrol LA,
VESIcare, etc.

Conclusion:
Mirabegron shows a distinct mode of action, i.e., targeting β3-adrenoreceptors and improving bladder
storage without altering void contractions. The limited side effects, high safety, efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron
present an adequate substitute to antimuscarinics. However, long-term analysis and clinical studies are prerequisites
for assessing the safety, tolerability and efficacy profile of mirabegron.
Studies on the pIC50 of 4,5-Diarylisoxazole as HSP90 Inhibitors
Authors: Ouyang Jing , Liu Xiaoqian , Zhao Yutao , Liu Ying , Si Hongzong , Zhai Honglin 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Heat Shock Protein 90(HSP90) inhibitors are involved in multiple anticancer
pathways, which indicate many important novel molecular targets for cancer therapy. However,
the characteristics of poor water solubility, liver toxicity and finite bioavailability of the present
inhibitors limit clinical application. Hence, it is crucial to evaluate the characteristics of compounds
and develop new drugs with hypotoxicity and high-bioactivity.

Methods:
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) has been an effective method for
screening novel structures and predicting various properties of the synthesized compounds. Heuristic
Method (HM) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) algorithm were used to establish linear and
nonlinear models severally.

Results:
The results showed that HM has good correlation coefficients of R2 and lower S2 as 0.79
and 0.29 for the training set and GEP has better values of 0.89 and 0.05, respectively.

Conclusion:
Both models have the capability of prediction but the nonlinear model developed by
GEP has a more excellent predictive ability and indicates further optimization of the HSP90 inhibitors.
A Novel Secure and Robust Encryption Scheme for Medical Images
Authors: Chirakkarottu Siyamol , Mathew Sheena 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Medical imaging encloses different imaging techniques and processes to
image the human body for medical diagnostic and treatment purposes. Hence it plays an important
role to improve public health. The technological development in biomedical imaging specifically
in X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT), nuclear ultrasound including Positron Emission Tomography
(PET), optical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can provide valuable information
unique to a person.

Objective:
In health care applications, the images are needed to be exchanged mostly over a wireless
medium. The diagnostic images with confidential information of a patient need to be protected
from unauthorized access during transmission. In this paper, a novel encryption method is proposed
to improve the security and integrity of medical images.

Methods:
Chaotic map along with DNA cryptography is used for encryption. The proposed
method describes a two-phase encryption of medical images.

Results:
The performance of the proposed method is also tested by various analysis metrics. The robustness
of the method against different noises and attacks is analyzed.

Conclusion:
The results show that the method is efficient and well suitable for medical images.
Synthesis of New Thioureas Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Efficacy as Proliferation Inhibitors in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells by Using 99mTc-MIBI Radiotracer
Authors: Hormati Ahmad , Shiran Jafar Abbasi , Molazadeh Mikaeil , Kaboudin Babak , Ahmadpour Sajjad 
Published: April 2020

Background & Objective:
Anti-tumor activity of some thioureas derivatives is well
documented in literature and received considerable attention. The present study aims to synthesize
and characterize some novel thioureas and carbonylthioureas as anti-tumor agents for MCF-7
breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and Methods:
Several 1-allyl-3-(substituted phenyl), N,N'-(phenylene) bis(3-
allyldithithiourea) and 1-cyclopropanecarbonyl-3-(substituted phenyl)-thioureas derivatives were
synthesized and confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR and 13C-NMR. Anti-tumor activity of
these compounds was determined by various in vitro and in vivo assays including; MTT, tumor
volume measurement as well as,99mTc-MIBI tumor uptake in MCF-7 tumor bearing nude mice.

Results:
Among all of the synthesized compounds, some thioureas derivatives [3i] and [4b] at 100
nM concentration exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of MCF-7 cell in vitro.
However, this inhibition was not observed in HUVEC human endothelial normal cells. In vivo
anti-tumor effects of the synthesized compounds on MCF-7 xenograft mouse models demonstrated
a reduction in the tumor volume for various concentrations between 2 to 10 mg/kg after 21 days.
These effects were comparable with Tamoxifen as standard anti-estrogen drug. According to the
99mTc-MIBI biodistribution result, treatment of MCF-7 bearing nude mice with both [3i] and [4b]
compounds at the maximum concentration (10 mg/kg) can lead to a significant decrease of 99mTc-
MIBI tumor uptake.

Conclusions:
Compounds [3i] and [4b] suppressed the growth of MCF-7 cells in the xenograft
nude mice at the doses that were well-tolerated. Our study suggests that these new compounds
with their significant anti-tumor effects, may serve as useful candidates for breast cancer therapy.
A Concise Review on Multidimensional Silver Nanoparticle Health Aids and Threats
Authors: Phaugat Parmita , Khansili Aparna , Nishal Suchitra , Kumari Beena 
Published: April 2020

Nanoparticles (Np) are the 21st century material in supreme formulations due to their
unique properties and design. In review, systematic discussion of the synthesis, characterization,
bio-applications, and risks of AgNps (Silver Nanoparticles) especially highlighting anticancer activity
envisaging mechanisms as well as therapeutic approaches for cancer. Ag-Nps mainly possess
toxicological concern.

Benefits and Risk:
AgNps have beneficial approaches for cancer treatment and angiogenesisrelated
diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetic psoriasis, retinopathy, endometriosis,
and adiposity.

Ag-Nps induced cytotoxicity through oxidative stress by the ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) generation
could be measured as dependent on different properties, such as nanoparticle shape, size,
agglomeration, concentration, and aggregation.

Result:
The advancing nanotechnology-based therapy needs to be devised better, and it should
offload the hitches of prevailing treatment approaches. Essential studies are required to explain the
synergistic effect of two different cytotoxic agents.
GASPIDs Versus Non-GASPIDs - Differentiation Based on Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Ahmad Fawad , Ikram Saima , Ahmad Jamshaid , Ullah Waseem , Hassan Fahad , Khattak Saeed Ullah , Irshad Ur Rehman  
Published: April 2020

Background:
Peptidases are a group of enzymes which catalyze the cleavage of peptide
bonds. Around 2-3% of the whole genome codes for proteases and about one-third of all known
proteases are serine proteases which are divided into 13 clans and 40 families. They are involved
in diverse physiological roles such as digestion, coagulation of blood, fibrinolysis, processing of
proteins and prohormones, signaling pathways, complement fixation, and have a vital role in the
immune defense system. Based on their functions, they can broadly be divided into two classes;
GASPIDs (Granule Associated Serine Peptidases involved in Immune Defense System) and Non-
GASPIDs. GASPIDs, in particular are involved in immune-associated functions i.e. initiating
apoptosis to kill virally infected and cancerous cells, cytokine modulation for the generation of
inflammatory responses, and direct killing of pathogens through phagosomes.

Methods:
In this study, sequence-based characterization of these two types of serine proteases is
performed. We first identified sequences by analyzing multiple online databases as well as by
analyzing whole genomes of different species from different orthologous and non-orthologous
species. Sequences were identified by devising a distinct criterion to differentiate GASPIDs from
Non-GASPIDs. The translated version of these sequences was then subjected to feature extraction.
Using these distinctive features, we differentiated GASPIDs from Non-GASPIDs by applying
multiple supervised machine learning models.

Results and Conclusion:
Our results show that, among the three classifiers used in this study,
SVM classifier coupled with tripeptide as feature method has shown the best accuracy in
classification of sequences as GASPIDs and Non-GASPIDs.
Characterizing the Binding of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I Inhibitory Peptide to Human Hemoglobin: Influence of Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Sadeghzadeh Farzaneh , Entezari Amir Arsalan , Behzadian Kiana , Habibi Kimia , Amiri-Tehranizadeh Zeinab , Asoodeh Ahmad , Saberi Mohammad Reza , Chamani Jamshidkhan 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Drug-protein complexes is one of the crucial factors when analyzing the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug because they can affect the excretion, distribution,
metabolism and interaction with target tissues.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of human hemoglobin (Hb) and
angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide (ACEIP) in the absence and presence of different-
frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF).

Methods:
Various spectroscopic methods like fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet, circular
dichroism and conductometry techniques were applied to investigate Hb-ACEIP interaction in the
absence and presence of EMF.

Result:
The presented spectroscopic studies indicated that EMF changed the interaction between
Hb and ACEIP. The a-helix content of Hb decreased upon binding to ACEIP and conductivity of
the solution enhanced upon binding. Based on Stern-Volmer equations, it could be stated that the
Hb-ACEIP affinity was higher in the presence of EMF.

Conclusion:
It can be concluded that for patients who use the drug to control blood pressure, a
low-frequency electromagnetic field would have a positive effect on the uptake of the drug.
Protein Markers in Osteoporosis
Authors: Porcelli Teresa , Pezzaioli Letizia , Delbarba Andrea , Maffezzoni Filippo , Cappelli Carlo , Ferlin Alberto 
Published: April 2020

:
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural
deterioration of bone tissue. Biomarkers of bone turnover have been used for years in
bone disease management, especially to determine response to treatment. They are substances
found in biological fluids, produced during the bone remodelling process. Recently, new approaches
for the detection of bone physiology and pathology biomarkers have been proposed, among
which proteomics, with particular interest in osteoporosis. The objective of this manuscript is to review
current knowledge on proteomics applied to osteoporosis in vivo. The analysis of the 14
studies published to date showed a range of proteins whose expression is altered in patients with osteoporosis.
The relatively small number of papers depends mainly on high costs and technical limitations;
due to the difficulty to collect osteoclasts, most of the studies performed proteomics on peripheral
blood monocytes (PBMs), already accepted as an excellent osteoporosis cell model in
vivo. Among the identified proteins, the most promising are represented by Gelsolin (GSN), Annexin
A2 (ANXA2), and Prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB). They have been related to bone mineral
density (BMD), sometimes in apparent disagreement (some upregulated and others downregulated
in patients with low BMD).

:
Finally, worthy of mention is the application of proteomics in the emerging field of microvesicles
(MVs); they are important messengers, widely present in body fluids, and have recently emerged
as novel targets for the diagnosis of multiple diseases, among which musculoskeletal diseases. In
conclusion, the proteomic field is relatively novel in osteoporosis and has a considerable but theoretical
potential; further investigations are needed in order to make proteome-derived markers applicable
to clinical practice.
Animal Models for the Evaluation of Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Soyluoglu Selin , Durmus-Altun Gulay 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Theranostic is a new field of medicine that combines diagnosis and patient-
specific targeted treatment. In the theranostic approach, it is aimed to detect diseased cells by using
targeted molecules using disease-specific biological pathways and then destroy them by cellular
irradiation without damaging other tissues. Diagnostic tests guide the use of specific therapeutic
agents by demonstrating the presence of the receptor/molecule on the target tissue. As the therapeutic
agent is administered to patients who have a positive diagnostic test, the efficacy of treatment in
these patients is largely guaranteed. As therapeutic efficacy can be predicted by therapeutic agents,
it is also possible to monitor the response to treatment. Many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
in nuclear medicine are classified as theranostic. 131I treatment and scintigraphy are the best examples
of the theranostic application. Likewise, 177Lu / 90Y octreotate for neuroendocrine tumors,
177Lu PSMA for metastatic or treatment-resistant prostate cancer, 90Y SIRT for metastatic liver
cancer, and 223Ra for bone metastasis of prostate cancer are widely used. Moreover, nanoparticles
are one of the most rapidly developing subjects of theranostics. Diagnostic and therapeutic
agents that show fluorescent, ultrasonic, magnetic, radioactive, contrast, pharmacological drug or
antibody properties are loaded into the nanoparticle to provide theranostic use.

Methods:
This article reviewed general aspects of preclinical models for theranostic research, and
presented examples from the literature.

Conclusion:
To achieve successful results in rapidly accelerating personalized treatment research
of today, the first step is to conduct appropriate preclinical studies.
Eco-friendly Transformation of Waste Biomass to Biofuels
Authors: Parakh Pranav D. , Nanda Sonil , Kozinski Janusz A. 
Published: April 2020

Background:
The development of viable alternative fuel sources is assuming a new urgency
in the face of climate change and environmental degradation linked to the escalating consumption
of fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic biomass is composed primarily of high-energy structural components
such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels
requires the application of both pretreatment and conversion technologies.

Methods:
Several pretreatment technologies (e.g. physical, chemical and biological) are used to recover
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from biomass and begin the transformation into biofuels.
This paper reviews the thermochemical (e.g. pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction), hydrothermal
(e.g. subcritical and supercritical water gasification and hydrothermal liquefaction), and biological
(e.g. fermentation) conversion pathways that are used to further transform biomass feedstocks into
fuel products.

Results:
Through several thermochemical and biological conversion technologies, lignocellulosic biomass
and other organic residues can produce biofuels such as bio-oils, biochar, syngas, biohydrogen,
bioethanol and biobutanol, all of which have the potential to replace hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels.

Conclusions:
This review paper describes the conversion technologies used in the transformation of
biomass into viable biofuels. Biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass and organic wastes are a
promising potential clean energy source with the potential to be carbon-neutral or even carbonnegative.
Investigation of Geographic and Macrolevel Variations in LGBTQ Patient Experiences: Longitudinal Social Media Analysis
Authors: Hswen Yulin , Zhang Amanda , Sewalk Kara C , Tuli Gaurav , Brownstein John S , Hawkins Jared B 
Published: April 2020

Background
Discrimination in the health care system contributes to worse health outcomes among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) patients.

Objective
The aim of this study is to examine disparities in patient experience among LGBTQ persons using social media data.

Methods
We collected patient experience data from Twitter from February 2013 to February 2017 in the United States. We compared the sentiment of patient experience tweets between Twitter users who self-identified as LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ. The effect of state-level partisan identity on patient experience sentiment and differences between LGBTQ users and non-LGBTQ users were analyzed.

Results
We observed lower (more negative) patient experience sentiment among 13,689 LGBTQ users compared to 1,362,395 non-LGBTQ users. Increasing state-level liberal political identification was associated with higher patient experience sentiment among all users but had stronger effects for LGBTQ users.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight that social media data can yield insights about patient experience for LGBTQ persons and suggest that a state-level sociopolitical environment influences patient experience for this group. Efforts are needed to reduce disparities in patient care for LGBTQ persons while taking into context the effect of the political climate on these inequities.