bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary shift and social hierarchy from the Proto-Shang to Zhou Dynasty in the Central Plains of China
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Shanjia , Lu Minxia , Qiu Menghan , Wen Shaoqing , Ma Minmin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Proto-Shang, the Shang and the Zhou dynasties (∼2000–221 BCE: Before Common Era) are key periods in the origin and evolution of ancient civilizations in China since the periods include the processes and mechanisms of social development in the Central Plains of China during the Bronze Age. However, human-environment interactions in the context of trans-Eurasia cultural exchange during that time are not well-understood. In this study, isotopic analysis and radiocarbon dating of human and animal bones from Xinancheng cemetery in southeast Shanxi Province are reported. It was deduced that, for the period ∼1000–800 BCE, humans buried in Xinancheng cemetery relied primarily on C4-based foods and upper-status individuals consumed more animal protein and probably C3 crops. Also, considering the paleoclimate and other archaeological data of the Central Plains, the human diet and subsistence strategies changed significantly with more C3 staples such as wheat being consumed during the Eastern Zhou (770–221 BCE), as evidenced by an increased intake of wheat by lower-status individuals and the development of a mixed wheat and millet agricultural system. It is argued that the socio-economic change around the late western Zhou-early eastern Zhou Dynasty occurred as a result of the necessity to adapt to the aggravation caused by climate deterioration and population pressures, factors which profoundly influenced the economic and lifestyle patterns in ancient China. The socio-economic system of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty displayed more resilience to climate change than that of earlier periods.
Differences in the destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific between slow- and rapid-transforming El Niño years
Authors: Tu Shifei , Xu Jianjun , Xu Feng , Liang Mei , Ji Qianqian , Chen Siqi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The relationship between the destructive potential of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) (as quantified by the Power Dissipation Index) and El Niño events is investigated in this work. Results show that the destructive potential of TCs is significantly affected by how rapidly El Niño decays from a positive phase to a negative phase. For TCs occurring during ‘slow-transforming’ El Niño, more of them initiate over the southeastern part (0°–15 °N, 150 °E–180°) of the WNP and the destructive potential of TCs is usually strong. In contrast, weaker destructiveness is indicated during ‘rapid-transforming’ periods, with fewer TC formations in the southeastern area. This weaker destructiveness during rapid-transforming El Niño years is mainly caused by anomalously cooler upper-ocean conditions in the central Pacific, negative relative vorticity anomalies, and increased vertical wind shear in the WNP. These findings may have important implications for the seasonal prediction of TC changes in the WNP.
Power, proximity, and physiology: does income inequality and racial composition amplify the impacts of air pollution on life expectancy in the United States?
Authors: Jorgenson Andrew K , Hill Terrence D , Clark Brett , Thombs Ryan P , Ore Peter , Balistreri Kelly S , Givens Jennifer E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study advances research at the intersection of environmental degradation, social stratification, and population health in the United States. Expanding the theoretical principles of power, proximity, and physiology, we hypothesize that the harmful effect of fine particulate matter on life expectancy is greater in states with higher levels of income inequality and larger black populations. To test our hypothesis, we use two-way fixed effects regression analysis to estimate the effect of a three-way interaction between fine particulate matter, income share of the top ten percent, and the percent of the population that is black on state-level average life expectancy for all US states and the District of Columbia (2000–2014). The findings support our hypothesis: the estimated effect of the three-way interaction on average life expectancy is negative and statistically significant, net of various socioeconomic and demographic controls. Using post-estimation techniques, we visually illustrate that the harmful effect of fine particulate matter on life expectancy is especially pronounced in states with both very high levels of income inequality and very large black populations. We conclude by summarizing the theoretical and substantive implications of our findings, the limitations of the study, and potential next steps in this evolving area of interdisciplinary research.
Optimal translational motion of the elastic telescopic robot arm
Authors: Bokhonsky Alexander , Golovin Vasiliy , Maistrishin Mikhail 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Paper aims to implement optimal translational movement (to the final state of absolute quiescence) in the shortest possible time, which is found from the moment ratios in relative motion. An example of an elastic manipulator arm as a system with two degrees of freedom have been described: while frequency of the first tone and total arm length are given, the links lengths and the second tone frequency of the oscillations are determined. The following related tasks are solved: designing an elastic robot arm with given properties; optimal movement analysis of the arm as a superposition of the translational and relative motions.
Double-sided summer-winter vehicle tire: advantages and prospects of industrial production
Authors: Voiku I P , Komissarov I A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Improvement of the tire design is considered as the main scenario of innovative development of the tire industry. The results of the research work of the employees of the FSBEI of Higher Education “Pskov State University”, who developed a utility model “Double-sided summer-winter pneumatic tire” (Patent for utility model No. 182679), is presented. The design features of the the double-sided summer-winter vehicle tire and the distinctive features that determine its scientific novelty is revealed. Providing the possibility of year-round use of pneumatic tires is highlighted as the main technical problem solved by the proposed utility model. The prospects for the production of the double-sided summer-winter pneumatic tire associates with the possibility of its multiple and periodic overturning. The article specifies the design features of automotive pneumatic tires, which in a particular state are the obstacles for overturning of the tires. The conclusion is made, that the design features determine the possibility and speed of overturning, and the knowledge of the deformation limit values specifies the requirements for the production of this innovative product.
Information model of multipass mechanical treatment
Authors: Tchigirinsky Ju L , Chigirinskaya N V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The applicability of a multidimensional information array describing a phased change in the state of a product during mechanical processing is justified for building information support for CAD/CAM automation subsystems. A mathematical data model has been developed for a formalized solution to the problem of the formed simple technological processing routes for surface treatment in the case of using complex quality indicators that determine the operational properties of products.
Comparison of topological optimization methods on the example of column press traverse
Authors: Glebov A O , Karpov S V , Malygin E N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Based on the example of a real three-dimensional object (the traverse of a column press) the results of applying the most common topological optimization methods (ESO and SIMP) in terms of accuracy and speed are presented. Two formulations of the topological optimization problem are considered: minimization of compliance with a limit on volume and minimization of volume with a limit on equivalent stresses. Engineering interpretations of optimized structures are proposed and the results of their comparison with the existing version of the traverse are presented.
The effect of the stressed state of the ring gear due to interference with the base part in calculating the flexural strength of the tooth
Authors: Zhed O , Koshelenko A , Khishova K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Strain intensity state (SIS) of a non-rigid toothing in which the shape of the hole is distorted during the clean-working stage due to elastic deformations from clamping forces of the self-centering chuck in research by photomechanics method. For this reason, when the toothing is placed on the base part with interference, there is uneven pressure on the contour of its hole, and also a preliminary uneven SIS is formed in the transitional fillets of the interdental space, which reduces the service life of the toothing by flexural strains.
Application of MAO coatings in a two-stroke internal combustion engine for thermal protection against burning-through of the piston
Authors: Sakulin R , Rezvanov D , Rezyapov T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, a significant problem of high powered two-stroke engines is burning-through of the piston. This problem can be solved by the thermal barrier coatings. It is formed by the method of microarc oxidation (MAO). In this work it was proved that MAO coating of the piston bottom increases the burning-through resistance of two-stroke internal combustion engines. The influence of MAO-layer on the two-stroke engine characteristics (torque, brake specific fuel consumption, temperature under the spark plug and emissions) are investigated. As result, in case of MAO coating of the piston bottom 2.4 times reducing of the burning-through likelihood is take place. Negative impacts on the engine parameters (brake characteristics or emissions) are not detected.
Methods for developing carbon composites with functional properties
Authors: Nelyub Vladimir 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The paper discusses the results of experimental analyses of carbon tape properties for FibArmTape-230/300 and LUP grades, and carbon composites based on the same. Metal coatings were applied to carbon tapes by magnetron sputtering. To apply metal coatings, two magnetron sputters were used: a laboratory MIR-2 and an industrial MMR-188M. Metal coatings were applied using stainless steel and copper targets. The values of breaking force under tension, relative elongation, and filament diameter before and after applying the metal coating, as well as the carbon composite interlayer shear strength, have been experimentally determined. The parameters of electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and shielding properties have been assessed. It has been found that applying a copper coating on carbon tapes allows to increase their thermal conductivity coefficient almost twice and decreases their heat capacity. The electrical resistance of metal-coated carbon tapes and carbon composites was lower than that of the same uncoated materials. The electrical conductivity of the LUP carbon tape, both with a metal coating of different thickness and without a coating, was higher than that of FibArm Tape-230|300 carbon tape. Metal coating on carbon tapes allows to improve significantly the carbon composites shielding properties.
Improving the fire resistance of PVC plastic the introdution ammonium octamolybdate
Authors: Borukaev T A , Kharaev A M , Shaov A Kh , Borodulin A S , Kalinnikov A N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of ammonium octamolybdate with a quantitative yield has been developed.Compounds based on PVC plastic and octamolybdate are obtained. It was found that the introduction of ammonium octamolybdate in PVC plastic leads to an increase in the fire resistance of the compound and to a decrease in smoke formation during its combustion. At the same time, the mechanism for reducing smoke emission during PVC plastic combustion in the presence of ammonium octamolybdate consists in its catalytic action in the conversion of soot particles into various oxidized forms. It is shown that PVC plastics containing ammonium octamolybdate have elevated oxygen index and coke residue.
The microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the alloy Ti-50.7 at.%Ni with different deformation processing during multiple martensitic transformations
Authors: Churakova A A , Gunderov D V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The influence of thermal cycling in the temperature range of B2-B19’ martensitic transformations on the TiNi alloy structure and properties are studied. Different states are considered, namely the initial coarse-grained (CG) state, the ultrafine-grained (UFG) state after ECAP, the state after ECAP and cold upsetting by 30%. It is shown that, as a result of thermal cycling, microhardness and strength grow in all the three states. According to the data from TEM analysis, the increment of the dislocation density is observed, resulting from thermal cycling.
Analytical approach to solving dynamic problems on resonators
Authors: Melnikov R V , Trutnev G A , Shchenyatsky A V , Krivov V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A sensitive element, its geometric features, and errors affecting the performance characteristics of the product are considered in this article. The analysis was carried out, which showed that the main contribution to the self-care of the angle is made by such errors as elastic-mass defects of the quartz resonator, inaccuracy of the assembly of the structure, errors in the shooting and control system, geometric errors of the resonator. The influence of such errors as the frequency response and the quality difference on the final characteristics of the navigation device is estimated. An urgent task is to improve the control component and increase the accuracy of the entire measuring system of a solid-state wave gyroscope. The use of adaptive automatic control systems provides setting the resonant frequency of the sensitive element, capturing the natural frequency of oscillations, generating signals of the mismatch of the amplitude of oscillations, etc. To improve the efficiency of the automatic control system, to reduce the time to bring the device to the required level of quality, a mathematical model is being developed. This article discusses the model of the circuit of automatic suppression of dissimilarity for the push-pull control system of a solid-state wave gyro. An assumption has been made that it is possible to apply the results of simulation modeling for the further implementation of the circuit of suppressing different-Q-factors in the navigation block.
Information technologies in the assessment of timber road train – log trucks
Authors: Budalin S V , Lyakhov S V , Nikulin S V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In work the estimation and a choice of log trucks for the certain technology of export of assortments on technical and economic criteria is considered. The considered algorithm includes the formation of requirements for cars -sortiment trucks from the road transport organizations, the choice of cars present in the market, the calculation of their economic efficiency, the definition of integrated quality indicators and the final choice of the car brand. As a result, the most efficient sorting vehicle is chosen for the selected timber transportation segment and the fleet of the trucking organization is formed, depending on the volume of transportation. The offered technique can be used at formation of a cargo vehicle fleet of any enterprise, its updating, and also at the organization of transportations with a view of fastening of concrete cars behind certain routes.
Comparative analysis of tracked vehicles steering mechanism functional properties
Authors: Zemlyansky Y M , Dyakonov A A , Kondakov S V , Podzhivotova I A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article discusses the advantages for a tracked vehicle of a continuous steering control mechanism. Using the example of an idealized two-stream transmission of industrial tractor, an algorithm has been developed for separating two power flows from an internal combustion engine - to the main transmission and to the steering mechanism, with constant preservation of the maximum engine load.
Numerical simulation of backward extrusion process with local acting of active friction forces
Authors: Semenov I E , Ivanov A V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article presented the results of numerical analysis of the deformation forces calculation on the backward extrusion of box-shaped details including the active friction forces action. It is shown on the example of aluminium box-shaped details, that the numerical methods of the analysis based on finite elements method, give accurate results. This allows us to recommend numerical methods for calculation of the force values acting on the working tool in backward extrusion. In addition, a numerical research enables to predict the shape change of the workpieces at any stage of the backward extrusion process. All this allows drawing conclusions about the quality of the box-shaped parts and more considerably take into account the characteristic features of the deformation during the development of the technological process.
Organized selection of the set of carbide cutting inserts with coating for interlocking side milling cutters
Authors: Plotnikov A , Volk R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
It was proposed to use a fundamentally new method of selection a set of carbide cutting inserts with coatings based on a preliminary estimate of their cutting properties using the thermo-emf value of the test run. The technique allows to increase the reliability of interlocking side milling cutters and rationally manage the increased efficiency of this type of tool.
An investigation of the influence of cam track manufacturing accuracy on the dynamics of automatic machine mechanisms
Authors: Telegin V V , Kozlov A M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article deals with the application of dynamic analysis methods to study the efficiency of cam mechanisms depending on the accuracy of manufacturing their elements. It is commonly known that the successful choice of the cam track contour law significantly determines the level of dynamic loads in the mechanism and, hence, its reliability and efficiency. However, all efforts to create the “best” cam track contour law can be nullified by such a factor as the error in manufacturing its elements (primarily cams). The proposed paper analyzes the influence of the accuracy of manufacturing cam tracks for the transfer mechanism of the automated cold-upsetting machine contoured according to the sinusoidal, cosinusoidal and uniformly accelerated laws. Research was carried out for various speed modes of the mechanism operation. A technique for estimating the calculation of the error function parameters at which the dynamic processes in the mechanism increase sharply is given.
Designing the Structure of and a Fabrication Process for a Corrective Insole in CAD/CAE/CAM Systems
Authors: Nosov N V , Zyabochkina A P 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the results of our research into improving the design and fabrication quality of custom-molded corrective insoles by developing modern computer-aided modeling and programming methods that factor in changes in the mechanical properties of materials during use. This paper proposes a method for designing custom corrective insoles using the optimal insole structure and material. We used OrthoModel to design an insole model in a solid-body format and then exported it as an STL file. Then, using FreeCAD, we converted the STL file to a STEP file to better adapt the model for further use and analysis. Using the Ansys environment, we devised a finite element model for insole deformation and investigated the behavior exhibited by the material of the insole arch under different loads and combinations of EVA materials with varying hardness. The model yielded the stresses and deformations experienced by the insole arch during use, depending on the combination of the material and the geometry of the foot, and those stresses and deformations were experimentally verified. The calculated values for insole deformation served as input for programming the processing of the insole with a CNC machine. With a 3D insole model, it is possible to both fabricate the insole with a CNC machine and to print the insole with a 3D printer. The calculated cost price of fabricating custom-molded corrective insoles attests to the competitiveness of the proposed technique.
Coupled CFD-based Shape Optimization of a Wing of Reusable Space Vehicle of Tourist Class
Authors: Ashikhmina E R , Prosuntsov P V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article proposes an approach to two-stage shape optimization of the wing of tourist class reusable space vehicle. To achieve appropriate lift and drag force levels, CFD-based optimization methods in combination with geometric parametrisation was applied. During the first stage, the optimization focuses on reduction of wing square and providing required velocity during vehicle’s landing. In this case, for improving the aerodynamic and mass characteristics five geometric design variables were used. The second stage of optimization emphasis on drag force minimization in order to enhance the wing shape in assigned design area by means of adjoint discrete method.
Investigation of dynamic lo dynamic loading of the traveling system of track-type tractor
Authors: Vyaznikov M V , Vyaznikov A M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article presents a technique for studying dynamic loading of the tracked vehicle undercarriage system. It includes developing a dynamic model of the undercarriage system for loads simulation in typical loading modes and finite element models of the undercarriage component parts to determine the stress-strain state and the safety factor of the parts for each computational case. The undercarriage system is described as a set of solid bodies connected by elastic-damping force elements among themselves, and with a ground contact area for a numerical solution of equations of motion. The time domain loads on the undercarriage system components obtained according to such a model in typical loading modes are used to identify the most dangerous, from the point of view of strength, computational cases for each element. Loads for each computational case are transferred to finite element models of the undercarriage parts, which are used to evaluate the strength. The technique is displayed in typical modes “tilted down on the idler when lifting the blade” and “single rail crossing”. The problems of load transfer from a dynamic model to component finite element models are considered. The described technique improves the reliability of undercarriage strength estimate in typical operation modes and allows you to reasonably choose configuration parameters by considering a large number of complex spatial loading modes, taking into account the kinematics and elastic characteristics of the undercarriage system.