bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Polarization in Madhya Pradesh: A District Wise Analysis
Authors: Acharya Rekha , Khobragade Sweksha mahendra 
Published: December 2020

Economic polarization among different regions is common phenomenon in literature and it results into unequal growth and income inequalities within regions. Economists points out that whenever economies achieve higher growth they presumed that it would automatically trickle down to poor. Anderson (1964) and Aaron (1977) pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between economic growth and income distribution. So in this present paper we analyze economic polarization in Madhya Pradesh over the two decades 2000 and 2011 using per capita consumption expenditure (PCCE) and work participation rate (WPR). We show that multidimensional polarization (on rural-urban and region) has increased since the 2000. Overall, our results suggest that high growth witnessed by Madhya Pradesh since the bifurcation of it in the year 2000 has been associated with widening disparities within districts. Out of total 50 districts, same 15 numbers of districts is in high and middle income group and 20 are in low income group. Comparing MPCE and WPR trends, we find similarities but also some differences; our study contributes to the study of polarization in one of the grooming Bimaru state.Â Â Â Â Â
A Causal Relationship between Corporate Investment and Inflation: empirical investigation from WAMZ economy
Authors: Raji Rahman olanrewaju 
Published: December 2020

Â Â Â Â Â Â The paper examines causal relationship between corporate investment and inflation for four countries in West African Monetary Zone, using the Vector Error Correction model (VECM). The study discovered that there is co-integration between investment and inflation in the selected countries in WAMZ. This implies that a long run relationship between inflation and investment in the selected WAMZ nations. The results show that investment Granger causes inflation in Gambia, Ghana and Nigeria while inflation Granger causes investment in Sierra Leone but bi-directional relationship inflation and investment was not found in WAMZ. Â However, the results show that there are needs to ensure reforms and policies that should be adopted and must become the utmost priority in the WAMZ economies for the monetary policy to be effective in influencing economic activities which in turn enhances investment in the zone.
The Relationship between Globalization and Income Inequality in South Africa
Authors: Oladipo Oluwasheyi 
Published: December 2020

Â The wave of globalization is having far-reaching implications for the economic wellbeing of citizens in all regions and among all income groups.Â Using data from 1994q1 to 2012q4, the paper investigates the relationship between globalization and income inequality in South Africa. We find no evidence that globalization might have deepened income inequality in South Africa, particularly in the provinces. Rather, the paper found strong evidence indicating that income distribution is improving, and has become more so, in provinces that have stronger links to the world economy. Strengthening those links appears to result in reductions in inequality.Â
INCLUSIVE STRATEGY FOR THE POOR FINDS WIDER APPLICATIONS
Authors: Ganapathy Venkatesh 
Published: December 2020

It took almost four years for the academic effort of C K Prahlad and Stuart Hart to be recognized as fit for publication by Harvard Business Review. The path-breaking research by the duo has received wide acclaim and has led to multinational corporations using the strategy as part of their efforts to grow their business footprint by also focusing on the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) segment of the market. In their research, Prahlad and Hart pointed out the companies were losing a greater pie of the market by not focusing on developing products for the poorest of poor. They highlighted the need for a strategy to exploit the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid.
The research on the BOP strategy has evolved over the years. The research has also been subject to criticism from some quarters as a strategy that exploits the poor and is imperialistic by nature. Organisations have achieved success with BOP strategy. However, there are also organizations that have faced failure with this strategy.
This case study traces the journey of the evolution of the BOP strategy over the years and documents the lessons that one can learn from failure in its implementation. Understanding the BOP market and educating the poorest consumers through unconventional means is a critical success factor. Profit cannot be the sole driver for successful implementation of BOP strategy as social and environmental obligations have to be met. The trade-off between profitability, scale, and nonprofit obligations is a tightrope for organizations attempting to garner a slice of the BOP market share. Community involvement is a crucial determinant of success as well.
relevance of dual model of TVET system for the developing world
Authors: Abhishek Abhishek 
Published: December 2020

Under the Global Production Networks (GPN) / Global Value Chain (GVCs), the MNCs usually locate their units in accordance with the skill of the labour force which they get. If some of the Asian countries managed to attract huge amount of foreign direct investment, initially in labour-intensive manufacturing and then in other sectors, moving up the global value chain. It is because their education in general and Technical and Vocational Education and Training system in particular was well-suited at the time. As, for developing countries, skilling at a mass-level will not only help to attract Foreign Direct Investments by increasing the productivity of the labour force but also to mitigate inequality and reduce poverty as it will up to an extent solve the crisis of employability. For the developing countries the dual-corporatist, Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) system of Germany offers so many things to learn.
The paper which is divided in three parts argues that, instead of having the wages as low as possible and engaging in a race to bottom, a country with a well-functioning TVET system can make itself a favourite manufacturing destination. The first part of the paper looks at the opportunities provided by GPNs/GVCs to developing countries and the issue of skills. The second part of the paper gives a brief account of the German TVET system. The last part of the paper highlights some of the lesson which the developing countries can draw from the German model.
A Comparative Analysis on Public Private Partnership Investment in BRICS Nations
Authors: Dawra Aarti 
Published: December 2020

Public Private Partnerships (PPP) have emerged as one of the major approaches for delivering infrastructure projects effectively and efficiently. In recent years it has created various success stories whether it is infrastructure sector, agriculture, education or health care sector in various countries. Various developed countries have implemented numerous projects via PPP in the development of infrastructure. Investors are now keen in investing in the developing nations like India, Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa, which is showing good track record in the last few years with respect to the trade and GDP. This paper has shown how investment and PPP projects are affecting the GDP of BRICS countries and the paper has also shown various infrastructure indicators of these five countries as well. A panel data has been taken for the analysis for last 22 years for BRICS countries and with the help of panel regression models the significant results are shown with the help of Eviews.
The Macro Economic Management Challenges of Foreign Aid in Developing Countries
Authors: Arabi U , Nagendra - 
Published: December 2020

Foreign aid is one of the most powerful weapons in the war against poverty.Â Many people equate aid with charity as one way act of generosity directed from high income countries to their low income counterparts. Foreign aid is indispensable for the development of less developed countries. It flows in the form of loans, assistance outright grants from various governmental and international organizations. It spreads the benefits of global integration and shared prosperity by enabling poor people and countries to overcome the health, education and economic resources barriers that keep them in poverty. There is an international consensus that human development should be the primary objective. Hence aid budgets are raising despite the several fiscal and public debt problems facing some of the donor countries.
Horticulture Development Scenario in Karnataka
Authors: Jayasheela - , Hans V. Basil , Kiran Kumar P 
Published: December 2020

Karnataka, which ranks 2nd in installation of drip irrigation, has vast potential for growth and export of horticulture crops of different variety. Horticulture in Karnataka contributes 40 per cent of the combined income from agricultural sector and its share in state GDP is about 17 per cent, both of which are significant for the growth of Karnataka economy in general and its agricultural sector in particular. This paper therefore, tries to revisit the domain of Karnataka horticulture in order to examine its growth and development in terms of area, productivity, output, export potential and income derived.Â The primary objective of the authors herein is to highlight the horticultural development experience of the state in terms of the above mentioned variables so as to draw lessons for further progress of horticulture both in Karnataka and the rest of India. Such a study when viewed in a macro perspective is of immense value in todayâ€™s need for a globally integrated and locally sustainable agriculture.
Microfinance Intervention In Poverty Alleviation And Development
Authors: Shanthi A. , Dhanabhakyam M. 
Published: December 2020

Poverty is one of the conspicuous features of the developing economies in Africa. It is more sever in Eritrea where the size of its economy is small, significant economic growth and transformation may take place if Eritrea exploits all opportunities for export of goods and services and is open to foreign investment and can curtail the rampant poverty. No economy can develop without the right mix of educated, experienced and skilled labor.Â Skill itself isnâ€™t adequate without the right attitude, hope and enthusiasm among the labor force. This indicates that there are other factors which affect poverty of a household in conjunction with education. There is a need for providing complementary factors along side with education so as to alleviate poverty. These results suggest labour market policies as potential instruments for tackling poverty in Eritrea. It is possible that because of the war situation and aging population most of those who are poor and unemployed may turn out to be non employable.Â
THE GENERALIZED OTOC FROM SUPERSYMMETRIC QUANTUM MECHANICS: Study of Random Fluctuations from Eigenstate Representation of Correlation Functions
Authors: Choudhury Sayantan 
Published: December 2020

The concept of out-of-time-ordered correlation (OTOC) function is treated as a very strong theoretical probe of quantum randomness, using which one can study both chaotic and non-chaotic phenomena in the context of quantum statistical mechanics. In this paper, we define a general class of OTOC, which can perfectly capture quantum randomness phenomena in a better way. Further we demonstrate an equivalent formalism of computation
using a general time independent Hamiltonian having well defined eigenstate representation for integrable supersymmetric quantum systems. We found that one needs to consider two new correlators apart from the usual one to have a complete quantum description. To visualize the impact of the given formalism we consider the two well known models viz. Harmonic Oscillator and one dimensional potential well within the framework of supersymmetry. For the Harmonic Oscillator case we obtain similar periodic time dependence
but dissimilar parameter dependences compared to the results obtained from both microcanonical and canonical ensembles in quantum mechanics without supersymmetry. On the other hand, for one dimensional potential well problem we found significantly different time scale and the other parameter dependence compared to the results obtained from non-supersymmetric quantum mechanics. Finally, to establish the consistency of the prescribed formalism in the classical limit, we demonstrate the phase space averaged version of the classical version of OTOCs from a model independent Hamiltonian along with the previously mentioned these well cited models.
Cost-Effectiveness of Open Versus Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Barnes James I. , Paci Gabrielle , Zhuang Thompson , Baker Laurence C. , Asch Steven M. , Kamal Robin N. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common upper-extremity nerve compression syndrome. Over 500,000 carpal tunnel release (CTR) procedures are performed in the U.S. yearly. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic CTR (ECTR) versus open CTR (OCTR) using data from published meta-analyses comparing outcomes for ECTR and OCTR.

Methods:
We developed a Markov model to examine the cost-effectiveness of OCTR versus ECTR for patients undergoing unilateral CTR in an office setting under local anesthesia and in an operating-room (OR) setting under monitored anesthesia care. The main outcomes were costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). We modeled societal (modeled with a 50-year-old patient) and Medicare payer (modeled with a 65-year-old patient) perspectives, adopting a lifetime time horizon. We performed deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSAs).

Results:
ECTR resulted in 0.00141 additional QALY compared with OCTR. From a societal perspective, assuming 8.21 fewer days of work missed after ECTR than after OCTR, ECTR cost less across all procedure settings. The results are sensitive to the number of days of work missed following surgery. From a payer perspective, ECTR in the OR (ECTROR) cost $1,872 more than OCTR in the office (OCTRoffice), for an ICER of approximately $1,332,000/QALY. The ECTROR cost $654 more than the OCTROR, for an ICER of $464,000/QALY. The ECTRoffice cost $107 more than the OCTRoffice, for an ICER of $76,000/QALY. From a payer perspective, for a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY, OCTRoffice was preferred over ECTROR in 77% of the PSA iterations. From a societal perspective, ECTROR was preferred over OCTRoffice in 61% of the PSA iterations.

Conclusions:
From a societal perspective, ECTR is associated with lower costs as a result of an earlier return to work and leads to higher QALYs. Additional research on return to work is needed to confirm these findings on the basis of contemporary return-to-work practices. From a payer perspective, ECTR is more expensive and is cost-effective only if performed in an office setting under local anesthesia.

Level of Evidence:
Economic and Decision Analysis Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Novel Surgical Technique for Glenoid Reconstruction in the Trauma Setting With a Distal Tibia Allograft
Authors: Harrison James , Sanderson Galen , Crickard Colin V. , Hammond James 
Published: December 2020

Case:
A 21-year-old woman presented with a chronic fracture dislocation of her left shoulder after striking a submerged tree during a watersport activity. She was initially treated at an outside hospital, where she underwent open reduction and internal fixation of her posterior scapula. She presented 8 weeks after index procedure with pain and severely decreased range of motion. Her comminuted and displaced fracture comprising 70% of the anterior superior glenoid was surgically reconstructed using a distal tibia allograft (DTA), resulting in a functional shoulder.

Conclusion:
A DTA is a feasible option to reconstruct the glenoid surface in fracture dislocations of the shoulder with a significant loss of the articular surface.
Infectious Rice Body Formation in a Patient with Anti-aminoacyl-t RNA Synthetase Syndrome
Authors: Kitagawa Atsushi , Nakamura Tomoko , Hashimoto Yasushi 
Published: December 2020

Case:
An adult woman with anti-aminoacyl-t RNA synthetase syndrome developed pain and swelling of both hands and her left forearm, initially diagnosed as seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Surgical exploration revealed multiple “rice bodies,” and the specimen grew Mycobacterium intracellurale. She subsequently received antibiotic therapy.

Conclusion:
In the diagnosis of rice body formation in musculoskeletal tissues, it is necessary to consider not only rheumatic diseases but also mycobacterial infection.
Complications and Controversies in the Management of 5 Common Pediatric Sports Injuries
Authors: Striano Brendan M. , Aoyama Julien T. , Ellis Henry B. , Kocher Mininder S. , Shea Kevin G. , Ganley Theodore J. 
Published: December 2020

» Growing participation in sports among children, along with increasingly intense training regimens, has contributed to an increasing rate of sports-related injuries.» Despite the similarities to adult sports injuries, pediatric patients have distinctive injury patterns because of the growing physis and therefore necessitate unique treatment algorithms.» Caring for these injured children requires in-depth knowledge of not only pediatric injury patterns, but also the scope of age-specific treatments, the associated complications, and the controversies.» When treating motivated pediatric athletes, one must be able to strike a delicate balance between patients’ eagerness to return to sport and the need to ensure their long-term health and function.» Knowledge of controversies and complications will help both patients and physicians make informed decisions about how best to restore pediatric athletes back to health.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Versus Quantitative Computer Tomography and Anthropometry for The Assessment of Body Composition Parameters in China
Authors: Qin Qian , Yang Yang , Chen Jingfeng , Jiang Yaojun , Li Ang , Huang Meng , Dong Yihan , Wang Shoujun , Ding Suying 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives: The study evaluated the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) device against the body composition parameters measured by anthropometry and quantitative computer tomography (QCT) to assess its reliability and accuracy among Chinese adults.Methods: Body composition parameters (waist circumstance [WC], body weight, body mass index [BMI] and visceral fat area [VFA]) were measured in 1,379 subjects (20-81 years old), both manually and by BIA, and in 1,317 of 1,379 subjects by QCT. The correlation coefficients were calculated between these measurements. Linear regression models were used to estimate each parameter based on the BIA measurements. Multivariate linear regression models were applied to calculate the correlation among VFA, WC and BMI. The concordance correlation coefficient from the Bland-Altman plots were calculated for VFA between QCT and BIA. Results: High correlation was observed for WC, weight and BMI (adjusted R2=0.78, 0.99 and 0.99) between BIA and anthropometry, and for VFA between BIA and QCT in both sex (adjusted R2=0.549 and 0.462). The multivariate regression models were established for the accurate prediction of QCT-VFA using WC and BMI (adjusted R2=0.603). In addition, a strong consistency of VFA measurement was found between BIA and QCT.Conclusion: Body composition parameters could be accurately determined in clinic using simple measurements of BIA. WC is more reliable as a predictor of visceral fat in the metabolic syndrome. Being non-invasive, accurate and free of radiation, BIA can be used as a safe and convenient tool in scientific research and clinical practice for the quick measurement of anthropometric parameters.
The effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the corneal endothelium and central corneal thickness
Authors: Kim Tae Gi , Kim Yoo Jin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in corneal endothelial cell morphology and corneal thickness in patients with and without type 2 diabetes related to age, disease duration, and HbA1c percentage. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 511 type 2 diabetes patients (1022 eyes) and 900 (1799 eyes) non-diabetic patients. The endothelial cell density (ECD), variation in endothelial cell size (CV), percentage of hexagonal cells, and central corneal thickness (CCT) were analyzed using a noncontact specular microscope and a Pentacam Scheimpflug camera. We also examined the correlation between the corneal parameters and the duration of diabetes. Blood HbA1c results in DM patients were used within 2 months of ophthalmic examination. The controls had no diabetes confirmed by blood tests. For all ages, the subjects with type 2 diabetes showed significantly lower ECD, hexagonality, higher CV, and thicker CCT than the control group. This difference was more pronounced in patients with long-standing DM (≥10 years) and high HbA1c (≥7 %). When stratified by age group, from the 60s group, corneal endothelial cell parameters showed a statistically significant difference between DM and control groups. The duration of diabetes was inversely correlated with ECD (r=-0.167; P=0.000), but HbA1c was not correlated with ECD. These findings suggest that diabetes affects corneal endothelial cell in older age and those with long-standing DM and higher HbA1c. Regular corneal endothelial examinations are required in diabetic patients.
Gender Disparities and Long-Term Changes of HIV/AIDS Incidence Rate in China and the U.S. From 1994-2019: Age-period-cohort Analysis
Authors: Ma Yudiyang , Cui Yiran , Hu Qian , Yu Chuanhua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: HIV/AIDS is a serious sexually transmitted disease with poor prognosis. So statistical data on burden of HIV/AIDS incidence and epidemic characteristics are valuable for policy making and reducing healthcare costs. This study aims to explore gender disparities of HIV/AIDS incidence and relative risks of HIV/AIDS incidence by gender and age groups in China and U.S. Methods: We extracted data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study and compared epidemic characteristic and gender disparities between China and U.S. Then we employed APC model to estimate age-period-cohort effect of HIV/AIDS incidence in both countries. Results: ASIR in China kept growing between 1994 and 2004 then fell to the level of mid-1990s but in U.S. ASIR increased in the past decade. There existed a huge and continuous expanding gender gap in U.S. while it came to widen in China before 2005 then shrunk during 2005-2019. APC analysis showed the age effect and period effect were consistent to the result of incidence comparison between male and female: gender disparities increased with progress of time in both countries and men had higher incidence of HIV/AIDS when they became old in China. Cohort effect indicated later birth groups bear relatively higher risks of incidence than earlier birth groups. Conclusions: large gender disparities could worsen the HIV epidemic situation. In the U.S., disparities continuously expanded meanwhile incidence of HIV/AIDS was increasing, while gap was under control in China and incidence curbed. Analyzing by APC model, besides younger age groups exposed to high risks of HIV/AIDS incidence in both countries, elder citizens in China faced higher risks which implies aging of population may lead another wave of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Therefore, both young and old age groups deserve to be noticed by police-makers and narrow gender disparities should put on agenda.