bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Discrimination of a Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Model Using Partial Risk-Score in a Two-Phase Study
Authors: Pal Choudhury Parichoy , Chaturvedi Anil K. , Chatterjee Nilanjan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground:Independent validation of risk prediction models in prospective cohorts is required for risk-stratified cancer prevention. Such studies often have a two-phase design, where information on expensive biomarkers are ascertained in a nested substudy of the original cohort.Methods:We propose a simple approach for evaluating model discrimination that accounts for incomplete follow-up and gains efficiency by using data from all individuals in the cohort irrespective of whether they were sampled in the substudy. For evaluating the AUC, we estimated probabilities of risk-scores for cases being larger than those in controls conditional on partial risk-scores, computed using partial covariate information. The proposed method was compared with an inverse probability weighted (IPW) approach that used information only from the subjects in the substudy. We evaluated age-stratified AUC of a model including questionnaire-based risk factors and inflammation biomarkers to predict 10-year risk of lung cancer using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer (1993–2009) trial (30,297 ever-smokers, 1,253 patients with lung cancer).Results:For estimating age-stratified AUC of the combined lung cancer risk model, the proposed method was 3.8 to 5.3 times more efficient compared with the IPW approach across the different age groups. Extensive simulation studies also demonstrated substantial efficiency gain compared with the IPW approach.Conclusions:Incorporating information from all individuals in a two-phase cohort study can substantially improve precision of discrimination measures of lung cancer risk models.Impact:Novel, simple, and practically useful methods are proposed for evaluating risk models, a critical step toward risk-stratified cancer prevention.
Envisioning Turco-Arab Co-Existence between Empire and Nationalism
Authors: Yenen Alp 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The idea of a continued Turco-Arab co-existence under the Ottoman Sultanate might appear counterfactual or marginal – if not nostalgic – from the sober vantage of knowing “the end of history”. The Ottoman Empire neither survived the Great War nor made way for a multinational co-existence of Turks and Arabs. For contemporaries, however, different models of federalism and multinationalism offered solutions to save the Ottoman Empire and safeguard Turco-Arab co-existence. While the federalist ideas of Ottoman Arabs are far better known in the academic literature, in regards to Ottoman Turks, the commonplace interpretations follow the teleology of the Turkish nation-state formation. In order to correct this misperception, I will illustrate the existence of corresponding Turkish voices and visions of federalism and multinationalism. Envisioning Turco-Arab co-existence was a serious feature of policy debates, especially in the years of crisis from the Balkan Wars to the settlement of post-Ottoman nation-states in the aftermath of the First World War.
Denmark’s Obligations Regarding Mineral Resources in Greenland
Authors: Mortensen Bent Ole Gram , Fleth-Barten Ulrike 
Published: April 2020

Greenland has rich deposits of natural resources. Some of them could have the potential to be commercially developed. The exploitation of these resources could provide enormous opportunities for Greenland’s economic development.
Greenland is part of the Kingdom of Denmark and enjoys far reaching rights of self-government. The population of Greenland is overwhelmingly Inuit, a people elsewhere recognized as an Indigenous people. The question concerning the exploitation of the natural resources is thus a complicated legal issue.
International law provides indigenous peoples with special rights concerning the natural resources in their territory as referenced in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ILO Convention 169. The Kingdom of Denmark thus has international obligations regarding free, prior and informed consent.
At the national level, the Self-Government Act includes provisions concerning natural resources, and this area is under the sole competence of the self-government. The Greenlandic Mineral Resources Act includes provisions on participation and consultation processes of local inhabitants. This article discusses whether the Kingdom of Denmark, through the Self-Government Act, lives up to its obligations under international law regarding the rights of the Inuit people in relation to the natural resources in their territory.
The cambial response of Scots pine trees to girdling and water stress
Authors: Fajstavr Marek , Giagli Kyriaki , Vavrčík Hanuš , Gryc Vladimír , Horáček Petr , Urban Josef 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We monitored six healthy dominant trees and six girdled Scots pine trees for two successive growing seasons (2014 and 2015) to investigate the seasonal dynamics, cambial activity, and morphology of the new xylem and phloem cells formed under environmental stress when girdling was applied during the dormant period (15 January 2014). Microcore (1.8 mm) samples were collected weekly using a Trephor tool above and below the girdling area, and weather data were measured on site. Drought stress in combination with girdling reduced the total number of differentiation days cell formation. In 2014, no significant differences in tracheid dimensions were observed between the girdled area and the control trees, while in 2015, the control trees showed significantly smaller cell wall thickness and radial dimensions of the latewood tracheids (LW) compared to 2014 and girdled trees had no occurrence of LW. Under stressful heat waves and prolonged periods of no precipitation, the trees tended to reduce the number of tracheids that were formed and exhibited smaller radial dimensions (narrower tree rings) to increase their hydraulic efficiency. Trees responded to limited water availability by forming intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs L) in the zone of the LW to overcome stressful conditions. Although xylem cell differentiation was affected by stressful conditions, no significant variability in phloem cell dimensions was observed. Thus, the phloem tissue was less sensitive to exogenous factors.
Photography as a Research Method with Learners in Compulsory Education: A Research Review
Authors: HANNA Helen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article offers a review of thirty-one research articles from 2001–2019 on the use of photography as a research method with learners in compulsory education. Understood within the scope of ‘visual’, ‘participatory’ and ‘arts-based’ research methods, many scholars have linked the increased use of the photographic method to greater awareness of the rights of the child and changing understandings of children as full ‘human beings’ with agency rather than simply vulnerable ‘human becomings’. Nevertheless, photography is still a relatively under-utilised approach in research with learners in school-based compulsory education and its use is not widespread globally. Against the background of the history of visual and photographic methods in general and in education in particular, this article highlights two key themes in the empirical research literature: why the photographic method is used (dealing with representation, participation and emancipation); and how the photographic method and the photos themselves are used (pre-generated and participant-generated photographs). It closes with a reflection on what may be holding back its expansion, including key ethical concerns, and a proposal for encouraging its use in education.
Influences of the East Asian Summer Rainfall on Circumglobal Teleconnection
Authors: Zhou Fuli , Zhang Renhe , Han Jinping 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this study, the relationship between circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall was analyzed by data diagnoses and numerical experiments. It is found that the CGT has high spatial and temporal similarities with the teleconnection pattern incurred by the variation of the South Asian high (SAH), which is collaboratively influenced by both Indian and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. These two teleconnections have similar spatial distributions, and their indices are strongly correlated in temporal variations. Using the partial correlation method, it is revealed that SAH plays a significant role on the propagation of CGT, especially to the east of 90°E. The numerical experiments indicate that the latent heat release from East Asian summer monsoon rainfall stimulates an upper-tropospheric teleconnection, which shows the same spatial structure with CGT. This study demonstrates that the generation of CGT is not only associated with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, but also closely with the East Asian summer monsoon rainfall. The CGT is maintained by the latent heat released from the rainfall of both monsoons.
Associations between Trauma Exposure and Physical Conditions among Public Safety Personnel: Associations entre l’exposition à un traumatisme et les problèmes physiques chez le personnel de la santé publique
Authors: Sommer Jordana L. , El-Gabalawy Renée , Taillieu Tamara , Afifi Tracie O. , Carleton R. Nicholas 
Published: April 2020

Background: Trauma exposure is associated with adverse health-related correlates, including physical comorbidities, and is highly prevalent among public safety personnel (PSP). The current study (1) examined the association between context of index trauma exposure (part of job vs. other) and physical conditions and (2) established the prevalence of physical conditions according to PSP category (e.g., police, paramedic) and index trauma type (e.g., serious accident, physical assault) in a large Canadian sample of PSP. Methods: PSP completed an online survey between September 2016 and January 2017. Multivariable logistic regressions examined associations between context of index trauma exposure (i.e., part of job vs. other) and physical condition categories. Cross-tabulations with chi-square analyses examined whether the prevalence of physical conditions significantly differed according to PSP category and index trauma type. Results: There were 5,267 PSP included in the current study. Results from the most stringent model of logistic regressions demonstrated that, compared to PSP who experienced their index trauma in any other context, PSP who experienced it as part of their job had reduced odds of “other” physical conditions (adjusted odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval, 0.57 to 0.94, P < 0.05). Results also revealed significant differences in the prevalence of physical conditions across all PSP categories and select index trauma types. Conclusion: Results highlight the relevance of trauma exposure outside of an occupational context among PSP and may have implications for the positive impact of stress inoculation and resiliency training programs for PSP.
Polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS) is not suitable for rapid bacterial identification in peritoneal dialysis effluent
Authors: Szeto Cheuk Chun , Ng Jack Kit-Chung , Fung Winston Wing-Shing , Lai Ka-Bik , Chow Kai-Ming , Li Philip Kam-Tao , Massiah Arikana , Alcolea-Medina Adela , Wilks Mark , Fan Stanley L 
Published: April 2020

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is a serious complication of PD, but routine microbiological culture is slow and could not identify the organism in 15% cases. We examine the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS), a PCR-based method developed for the direct detection of bacteria in blood, for rapid identification of microorganisms from PD effluent. Methods: We recruited 73 consecutive patients with PD-related peritonitis. Dialysis effluent was collected for routine bacterial culture, PCR/ESI-MS, and bacterial DNA quantification before initiation of antibiotic therapy. Results: By digital PCR with universal bacterial primers, bacterial DNA was detectable in all PD effluent specimens. For the entire cohort, taking standard bacterial culture as the gold standard, the PCR/ESI-MS assay correctly identified 34.3% of the causative organisms, failed to identify any organism in 52.1% cases, and identified a different organism in 8.2% cases. For the 14 episodes of peritonitis that were culture negative by conventional bacterial culture, the PCR/ESI-MS assay identified an organism in only four cases. The detection rate of the IRIDICA BAC BSI assay was not affected by the use of biocompatible PD solution or concomitant exit-site infection. Conclusions: The PCR/ESI-MS assay could not identify the causative organism in over 50% of the PD effluent samples in patients with PD-related peritonitis and should be not used for such purpose. The reason for the poor performance needs further investigation.
Rural Child Maltreatment: A Scoping Literature Review
Authors: Maguire-Jack Kathryn , Jespersen Brooke , Korbin Jill E. , Spilsbury James C. 
Published: April 2020

Topic of Review: The current study sought to review the state of existing knowledge on rural maltreatment. Method of Review: We conducted a scoping literature review to answer two research questions: (1) Is maltreatment higher in rural areas compared to urban areas? and 2) Are there unique correlates of maltreatment in rural areas? Number of Research Studies Meeting the Criteria for Review: This review included studies that compared child maltreatment in rural and urban areas in the United States (9) and predictors of maltreatment in rural areas (7). Criteria for Inclusion: Studies that compared child maltreatment in rural and urban areas in the United States were included. For our second research question, related to understanding maltreatment in rural areas, we included those studies that exclusively examined rural areas, when maltreatment was the outcome variable. How Research Studies Were Identified: Studies were reviewed from relevant databases ( Annual Reviews, PsychINFO, PubMed, Web of Science) between 1975 and 2019. Major Findings: Findings were mixed on whether rates of maltreatment were higher or lower in rural areas. While five studies reported higher rates of maltreatment in rural areas, four reported higher rates in urban areas. Overall, child maltreatment rates tended to be higher in urban areas among people of color and higher in rural areas among White people. One study found that community economic factors were not related to maltreatment in a rural area, in stark contrast to robust findings from urban areas.
Quantitative Evaluation of Dynamic Lateral Meniscal Extrusion After Radial Tear Repair
Authors: Winkler Philipp W. , Wierer Guido , Csapo Robert , Hepperger Caroline , Heinzle Bernhard , Imhoff Andreas B. , Hoser Christian , Fink Christian 
Published: April 2020

Background: Radial tears of the lateral meniscus frequently accompany acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and lead to increased joint stress and pathological meniscal extrusion (ME). The dynamic behavior of the lateral meniscus after radial tear repair with respect to ME has not been described. Purpose: To quantitatively assess dynamic lateral ME after all-inside radial tear repair. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Patients who underwent ACL reconstruction and all-inside radial tear repair of the lateral meniscus and had no history of contralateral knee injuries were included. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired in loaded (50% of body weight) and unloaded conditions of both the injured and noninjured knees. A custom-made pneumatically driven knee brace was used for standardized knee positioning in 10° of flexion and with axial load application. Quantitative measures included the absolute lateral ME, meniscal body extrusion ratio, and Δ extrusion. Preoperative and postoperative unloaded extrusion data were compared by paired t tests. For postoperative data, the concomitant influence of the factors “leg” and “condition” were assessed through factorial analyses of variance. Results: A total of 10 patients with a mean follow-up of 47.9 months were enrolled. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) confirmed good interrater reliability (ICC, 0.898) and excellent intrarater reliability (ICC, 0.976). In the unloaded injured leg, all-inside repair reduced ME from 3.15 ± 1.07 mm to 2.13 ± 0.61 mm (–32.4%; P = .033). Overall, load application led to a significant increase in ME (+0.34 mm [+21.8%]; P = .029). Significantly greater ME was observed in the injured knee (+1.10 mm [+93.2%]; P = .001) than in the noninjured knee. The condition × leg interaction was not significant ( P = .795), suggesting that the compression-associated increase in ME did not differ significantly between the injured and noninjured knees. Conclusion: Lateral ME depends on the knee status and loading condition. All-inside repair of radial meniscal tears led to a reduction of extrusion with no alteration in dynamic lateral ME. Meniscus-preserving therapy is recommended in the case of a radial lateral meniscal tear to preserve its dynamic behavior.
ILROG emergency guidelines for radiation therapy of hematological malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Yahalom Joachim , Dabaja Bouthaina Shbib , Ricardi Umberto , Ng Andrea , Mikhaeel N. George , Vogelius Ivan R. , Illidge Tim , Qi Shunan , Wirth Andrew , Specht Lena 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG) guidelines for using radiation therapy (RT) in hematological malignancies are widely used in many countries. The emergency situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic may result in limitations of treatment resources. Furthermore, in recognition of the need to also reduce the exposure of patients and staff to potential infection with COVID-19, the ILROG task force has made recommendations for alternative radiation treatment schemes. The emphasis is on maintaining clinical efficacy and safety by increasing the dose per fraction while reducing the number of daily treatments. The guidance is informed by adhering to acceptable radiobiological parameters and clinical tolerability. The options for delaying or omitting RT in some hematological categories are also discussed.
Laparoscopic hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy: a retrospective study at a tertiary hospital
Authors: Aboulfotouh Mahmoud Elmorsi , Chaalan Fouad , Mohammed Abdelbaset Fakhry 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective
To compare laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) with total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) regarding different outcome measures at our tertiary hospital.

Study design
This retrospective comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Women’s Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. It included 44 patients who had LH (group 1) and 95 patients who had TAH (group 2) during the period from January 2009 through June 2014.

Results
Three patients were converted from LH to TAH and were excluded from the final analysis. The size of the uterus was smaller in the LH group than the TAH group (7.38 ± 1.92 vs 10.25 ± 3.84 cm, respectively; p < 0.0005). The operative time was shorter in TAH than in LH (2.22 ± 0.93 vs 2.43 ± 0.94, respectively; p = NS). The blood loss was less in the LH group than the TAH group (258.54 ± 65.26 vs 370.32 ± 74.8, respectively; p = NS). There were no significant differences between both groups regarding rates intraoperative and early postoperative complications; however, late postoperative complications were significantly higher in the TAH group (p < 0.05). The length of hospital stay was shorter with LH than TAH (3.63 ± 1.28 vs 5.22 ± 4 days, respectively; p < 0.001)

Conclusion
LH compares to TAH in terms of duration of surgery, rates of intraoperative and early postoperative complications, and the need for blood transfusion. However, it has significantly less rate of late postoperative complications and length of hospital stay.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of two contrasting wolfberry genotypes during fruit development and ripening and characterization of the LrMYB1 transcription factor that regulates flavonoid biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Cuiping , Dong Yan , Zhu Lizhen , Wang Libin , Yan Li , Wang Mengze , Zhu Qiang , Nan Xiongxiong , Li Yonghua , Li Jian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Lycium barbarum and L. ruthenicum have been used as traditional medicinal plants in China and other Asian counties for centuries. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit development and ripening, as well as the associated production of medicinal and nutritional components, have been little explored in these two species.

Results
A competitive transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the regulators and pathways involved in the fruit ripening of red wolfberry (L. barbarum) and black wolfberry (L. ruthenicum) using an Illumina sequencing platform. In total, 155,606 genes and 194,385 genes were detected in red wolfberry (RF) and black wolfberry (BF), respectively. Of them, 20,335, 24,469, and 21,056 genes were differentially expressed at three different developmental stages in BF and RF. Functional categorization of the differentially expressed genes revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and sugar metabolism were the most differentially regulated processes during fruit development and ripening in the RF and BF. Furthermore, we also identified 38 MYB transcription factor-encoding genes that were differentially expressed during black wolfberry fruit development. Overexpression of LrMYB1 resulted in the activation of structural genes for flavonoid biosynthesis and led to an increase in flavonoid content, suggesting that the candidate genes identified in this RNA-seq analysis are credible and might offer important utility.

Conclusion
This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism of Lycium fruit development and ripening and will be of value to novel gene discovery and functional genomic studies.