bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Less Is More: Downsizing, Sense of Place, and Well-Being in Late Life
Authors: Costlow Kyrsten , Choi Shinae , Roskos Beverly , Parmelee Patricia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the decision-making process and outcomes associated with downsizing to a smaller home in late life. Older adults who had downsized in the past year (n = 68) completed self-report measures of push-pull factors driving the decision to move, relocation controllability, sense of place (SOP), move satisfaction, and psychological well-being. It was hypothesized that the relation between push-pull factors and relocation outcomes (i.e., move satisfaction and psychological well-being) would be serially mediated by control and SOP. Haye’s PROCESS macro was used to test serial multiple mediator models for each of the relocation outcomes. Placing greater importance on push relative to pull factors was associated with lower levels of well-being in three domains: environmental mastery (b = -5.52, p = .002), purpose in life (b = -3.94, p = .01), and self-acceptance (b = -3.61, p = .007). Results of serial mediation analyses suggested that older adults whose downsizing decisions were more strongly influenced by push factors felt less control over relocation, found it more difficult to develop SOP in the new home, and, in turn, experienced lower levels of psychological well-being and move satisfaction. These findings can be used to inform older adults’ downsizing decisions and develop supports for relocating older adults.
Predictors of Motivation to Learn Among Middle-Aged and Older Men in the United States
Authors: Yamashita Taka , Millar Roberto , Sahoo Shalini , Smith Thomas , Cummins Phyllis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Middle-aged and older men are less likely than women to participate in adult education and training (AET) outside of their work. AET is known to provide psychological, social and economic (e.g., job-related skills) benefits throughout the life course. Research has shown that motivation to learn (MtL) is the key to promoting AET. The objective of this study is to identify MtL predictors among middle-aged and older men in the U.S. Nationally representative data (n = 1,450) of men aged 45 years and older were obtained from the 2012/2014 Program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Structural equation models were constructed to examine how a latent MtL construct measured by four 5-point Likert-type itemsMtL might be predicted by participant characteristics. Results showed that having a postsecondary degree (vs. high school or less; b = 0.19, p &lt; 0.05), higher literacy skills (0-500 points; b = 0.01, p &lt; 0.05), at least one parent/guardian with a postsecondary degree (vs. those without; b = 0.08, p &lt; 0.05) and better self-rated health (b = 0.14, p &lt; 0.05) were associated with greater MtL. Additionally, Black (b = 0.22, p &lt; 0.05) and Hispanic (b = 0.19, p &lt; 0.05) men showed greater MtL than White men. Overall, socioeconomic status indicators and race/ethnicity were linked to MtL. Given the known challenges involved in middle-aged and older men’s participationin AET (e.g., low and short-term participation), enhancing MtL may have long-term implications. Theoretical explanations and possible policy implications are evaluated.
The Feasibility and Acceptability of Training Dietitians to Hand Feed People Living With Dementia
Authors: Ferguson Christine , Douglas Joy , Nolan Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a training program using the interactive Positive Approach to Care□ dementia care curriculum to Registered Dietitians (RDs). To recruit RDs, the Alabama Dietetic Association emailed its member twice about the training opportunity, and a maximum of 25 potential participants could register online. Of those who registered, 80% (20/25) attended the training, and all attendees agreed to the informed consent. The total cost for the two training sessions, including travel, supplies, and labor hours, was approximately $800. The primary challenge for the facilitator was accurately following the script due to time constraints. Two weeks after completing the training, participants answered open ended questions, and many shared how they enjoyed the hands-on activities and watching videos of people living with dementia being fed using the Hand-Under-Hand□ technique. Some participants would have preferred a longer workshop at a location that was more convenient for them. All participants shared how this training may impact their professional practice, such as how it changed the way they approach and communicate with people living with dementia. Since receiving the training, many shared how they have either already started or are interested in sharing the information with interdisciplinary healthcare professionals and/or caregivers. Overall, the training session is considered a feasible, acceptable, and low-cost approach to training RDs on providing hands-on care to people living with dementia. Lengthening the training may improve the replicability of the script in addition to providing opportunities for more hands-on activities.
Awareness of Aging Mediates the Relationship Between Health and Control Beliefs: A Micro-Longitudinal Study
Authors: Zhang Shenghao , Neupert Shevaun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective: Control beliefs are bidirectionally related to physical and cognitive health, but it is unclear how health influences control beliefs. Health-related experiences (physical symptoms and memory failures) on a particular day can make older adults more aware of their aging, and may subsequently lead to lower control beliefs. We propose that awareness of aging constructs (subjective age and awareness of age-related change [AARC]) could function as mediating mechanisms between health and control beliefs, and examine this relationship from both between- and within-person perspectives separately for domain-general and domain-specific control beliefs. Methods: Older adults (n=116) ranging in age from 60 to 90 (M=64.71) completed a nine-day daily diary study online, resulting in 743 total days. Participants reported their physical symptoms, memory failures, felt age, daily AARC gain and loss experiences, and control beliefs on Days 2-9. Results: Multilevel mediation results showed that between-person AARC losses mediated the relationship between physical symptoms and both domain-general and domain-specific control over physical symptoms. Between-person AARC losses also mediated the relationship between memory failures and both domain-general and domain-specific control over memory. AARC gains and subjective age did not mediate the relationship between health and control beliefs. Discussion: Our findings suggest that between-person differences in AARC losses function as underlying mechanisms linking health and control beliefs. Efforts to reduce AARC losses may lessen the negative impact of health problems on control beliefs for older adults.
Philippine Older Adults’ Attitudes to Love and Remarriage
Authors: Kim Ju Young , Xu Hanzhang , Ostbye Truls , Cruz Grace 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Attitudes to love in older adults, often operationalized as acceptance of love and re-marriage in their 60s and 70s, is a key yet understudied component of aging in Southeast Asia. Using data from the 2007 Philippine Study on Aging that included 3105 older adults 60+, this study aimed to 1)describe the level of acceptance of love in older adults in the Philippines, 2)assess factors associated with acceptance of love, and 3)assess how acceptance of love is associated with social activity, life satisfaction, and health behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine these associations while adjusting for age, gender, urban or rural residence, education, religion, marital status, self-reported health, comorbidity, and physical functioning). Only 1-in-5 older adults in the Philippines reported acceptance of love in older ages. Men and those with good health were more likely to report such acceptance, after adjustment for covariates (P&lt;0.05). Although marital status alone had no association with acceptance of love, marital status interacting with gender showed significant associations with acceptance: unmarried men were more likely than married men to report acceptance. Individuals with lower acceptance of love were more likely to smoke (P&lt;0.01). Attitude towards love was not significantly associated with social activity or life satisfaction after accounting for confounders. By evaluating the health and social outcomes associated with acceptance of love in older adults, this paper provided a better understanding of the utility of attitudes to love in older adults as a metric of elderly health in the Philippines.
The Association Between Recent Family Death and Self-Perceptions of Aging Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Xu Shu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The loss of a family member may have a significant influence on one’s aging experience in life. Self-perceptions of aging, which are an individual’s beliefs or evaluation of their experiences of aging, have been described as an important factor for one’s health and daily life. However, there is little research on the association between family death and self-perceptions of aging. This study examines the relationships between recent family death, self-perceptions of aging, and gender of the bereaved among middle-aged and older adults. Using nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we conducted cross-sectional analysis on adults age 50 years and older (n=1,839). Self-perceptions of aging were accessed by 8 items derived from the Attitudes Toward Own Aging subscale of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale and the Berlin Aging Study, and we considered recent family death (i.e., parental death, spousal death, sibling death and child death), as well as gender of the bereaved. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that respondents who experienced recent family death report less positive self-perceptions of aging compared to those who did not experience recent family death (t = 12.40, p &lt; .01). Recent parental death was more negatively related with self-perceptions of aging for bereaved women than for bereaved men (χ2 = 4.28, p &lt; .05). Findings suggest that middle-aged and older adults experiencing recent family loss have less positive self-perceptions of aging, and gender of the bereaved plays an important role in the relationship between parental death and self-perceptions of aging.
Supporting Persons With Severe Dementia in Communicating Their Preferences
Authors: Burshnic Vanessa , Bourgeois Michelle 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Government mandates require US nursing homes to provide preference-based, person-centered care. Persons with dementia (PWD) are less likely to have a role in preference assessments (PAs) used for care planning due to communication challenges associated with the disease. Thus, PWD are at risk of receiving de-personalized treatments. External supports (photograph and text cues) are known to improve communication in PWD. Yet these cues have never been studied with widely used PAs, such as the MDS 3.0 Section F and Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI). This study examined the effect of two PA conditions (externally supported; standard verbal) on preference consistency and response types (off-topic, clarification requests, elaboration) of residents with severe dementia (N=21) (BIMS &lt; 7) when assessed twice, one-week apart. PA questions were derived from the MDS 3.0 Section F and PELI. As a social validity measure, naïve judges (N=10) listened to interviews and rated residents’ communication clarity and their confidence understanding residents’ preferences. Results showed that neither condition promoted significantly greater levels of consistency over time. Residents’ ‘clarification requests’ were significantly fewer with use of external supports. Other response types were not significantly different across conditions. Judges’ ratings were not significantly different across conditions; however, they rated residents’ communication as clear and understandable overall. This study addresses a gap in current research and holds important implications for helping providers meet government mandates and enhance care plan participation by residents with severe dementia and other communication challenges.
Does Discrimination Attenuate Age-Benefits in Emotional Health?
Authors: Zavala Daisy , Munoz Elizabeth , Sliwinski Martin , Scott Stacey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Perceived discrimination has been found to negatively impact emotional health (e.g., depression, psychological distress). Few studies, however, have examined this association across adulthood. Strength and Vulnerability Integration Theory (SAVI) proposes that there may be age-benefits in emotion regulation, however these may be reduced when faced with stressors. We examined whether two forms of stress related to discrimination (i.e., subtle and major) moderated expected age-benefits in emotional outcomes. We predicted that individuals who experienced more discrimination would display worse emotional outcomes, and that this effect would be stronger with older age. Participants were 334 diverse adults (25-65 years, Mage = 47, 63% Female) from Bronx, New York. They reported major and subtle discrimination experiences, depressive symptoms, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA). Subtle discrimination was associated with greater NA and depressive symptoms and lower PA (ps &lt;.0001), but the associations with depressive symptoms and PA did not vary by age. Age, however, moderated the relationship between subtle discrimination and NA (b = .022, t (22) = 2.04, p&lt;.05). Specifically, the slope between subtle discrimination and NA was stronger with older age. Greater major discrimination was associated with greater NA and depressive symptoms (p&lt;.05), but these effects were age invariant. These results demonstrate that subtle and major discrimination are associated with poorer emotional health across individuals. Partially consistent with SAVI, stressful experiences like subtle discrimination may serve as a boundary condition for age-benefits in emotional outcomes.
Resilience Factors That Modify Genetic Risk for ADHD Matter for Later Life Emotional and Cognitive Health Outcomes
Authors: Arpawong Thalida , Milam Joel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Having features of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with challenges with emotional regulation and cognitive function. Heritability for ADHD in adults is estimated to be 30%. The degree to which genetic risk for ADHD can be modified by protective factors, such as strong personal relationships and pursuing more education, to result in better emotional and cognitive outcomes at later ages is not well understood. We evaluated these relationships in a population-representative sample of older adults in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study, with 9,003 European Americans (EA; 57% women, age M=68.6, SD=10.4), and 1,622 African Americans (AA; 63% women, age M=64.4, SD=9.5). Outcomes included validated scales for psychological resilience, life satisfaction, depressive symptoms (DepSx), cognitive functioning, and impairment, assessed between 2008-2012. A genetic risk score for ADHD (GRS-ADHD) was calculated from a genomewide-scan, using a mixed ancestry sample. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, and genetic ancestry. We found a protective effect such that stronger personal relationships in adulthood reduced the inverse relationship between the GRS-ADHD and resilience and life satisfaction in later age (interaction p’s&lt;.004 in EAs), but not with DepSx. In contrast, strong parental relationships in childhood attenuated the association between the GRS-ADHD and later life DepSx (interaction p’s&lt;.007 in EAs and AAs) only. Education did not modify, but mediated the main effect of the GRS-ADHD on cognitive abilities and impairment in EAs and AAs. Findings have implications for later age health for those at greater genetic risk for ADHD.
New Insights on Self-Employment of Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Abramowitz Joelle 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This work examines the nature of self-employment arrangements of older adults in the United States. Many people engage in self-employment - in the 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 20 percent of respondents working for pay reported being self-employed - yet there exists a dearth of data on these arrangements. This lack of data prevents consideration of important questions relevant to employment, inequality, and policy. Who works in different types of self-employment? What resources facilitate some individuals obtaining higher quality self-employment arrangements? To what extent does the income from different types of arrangements keep people out of poverty? Are different types of arrangements associated with individuals being happier and having more job satisfaction? This work leverages novel restricted-access data collected in the HRS in 2016 on the employer names and locations for individuals reporting self-employment along with respondent narratives on industry and type of work to classify self-employment reports into three entrepreneurial roles (own/run; manage; independent) across 14 different types of work. Using the breadth of information collected in the HRS and linkage to administrative records, this work then presents differences in characteristics, such as demographics, income, wealth, savings, health insurance coverage, home ownership, health status, and expectations of working longer, associated with different classifications of self-employment. Exploring these questions provides unique insights into the changing nature of work and the transition to retirement relevant to policy considerations across the health, insurance, and retirement income dimensions, among others.
Do Mediators Linking Childhood Conditions to Late-Life Chronic Inflammation Vary by Race?
Authors: Ferraro Kenneth , Morton Patricia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recent findings suggest that childhood exposures can lead to chronic inflammation decades later, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are relatively unknown. We investigate how childhood exposures influence adult chronic inflammation (measured by C-reactive protein) and examine five potential mediators comprising two midlife domains: socioeconomic status (SES) and health lifestyles. Using a sample of 8,891 adults aged 51 and older from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the analysis tests whether these life course mediators operate differently for Black, White, and Hispanic Americans. Among the six childhood domains examined, low SES and risky parental behaviors predict adult chronic inflammation, but adult health lifestyles mediate the effects of childhood SES and parental behavior. Adult SES also mediates the effect of childhood SES. Smoking and wealth exert stronger direct and indirect effects on adult inflammation for White Americans compared to Black Americans whereas BMI and exercise exert stronger direct and indirect effects for White Americans compared to Hispanic Americans. Although education mediated the effect of childhood SES on adult chronic inflammation, its effects did not vary by race. These results demonstrate that the physiological consequences of childhood exposures are carried into late-life via adult lifestyle factors and SES. In addition, the life course antecedents of chronic inflammation are distinct for Black, White, and Hispanic Americans. Future research investigating the early origins of adult health should consider not only multiple midlife mechanisms but also how resource mediation varies by race and ethnicity.
Driving Private Vehicles in Later Life: Necessity or Luxury?
Authors: Choi Moon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The automobile industry in South Korea has rapidly expanded for the last half century. The current generation of older adults is the first generation that has experienced mass car ownership and also faced challenges related to driving cessation due to geriatric syndromes. This study aimed to explore diversity in reasons for driving private vehicles among Korean older adults. Data came from a nationally representative survey on adults aged 65 years and older conducted in August, 2019 (N=1,500; women 57.1%). One out of four respondents (24.5%) reported driving, and the current drivers were categorized into four groups by primary reason for driving: (a) for convenience, (b) for caregiving, (c) for survival (due to the lack of public transport) and (d) for living (i.e. taxi or bus driver). The results showed that current drivers were more likely to be men, younger and more educated compared to non-drivers. Conspicuously, those who reported driving for their family members with mobility needs were the second largest group after those who reported driving for convenience such as for grocery shopping (34.6% and 43.6%, respectively). The results of multinomial logistic regression model showed that older age, living in rural areas and poorer self-rated health were associated with driving for survival as compared to driving for convenience. About the odds of driving for caregiving compared to driving for convenience were higher for those married and living with their spouse than for those not-married. The results imply the importance of considering diversity in developing public policies for older drivers.
Examining Risky Driving Behavior Among Older Drivers Using Self-Reported and Objective Data
Authors: Zakrajsek Jennifer , Molnar Lisa , Eby David , LeBlanc David , Kostyniuk Lidia , Zanier Nicole , Sayer Tina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Motor vehicle crashes represent a significant public health problem. Efforts to improve driving safety are multifaceted, focusing on vehicles, roadways, and drivers with risky driving behaviors playing integral roles in each area. As part of a study to create guidelines for developing risky driving countermeasures, 480 drivers (118 young/18-25, 183 middle-aged/35-55, 179 older/65 and older) completed online surveys measuring driving history, risky driving (frequency of engaging in distracted [using cell phone, texting, eating/drinking, grooming, reaching/interacting] and reckless/aggressive [speeding, tailgating, failing to yield right-of-way, maneuvering unsafely, rolling stops] driving behaviors), and psychosocial characteristics. A cluster analysis using frequency of the risky behaviors and seat belt use identified five risky behavior-clusters: 1) rarely/never distracted-rarely/never reckless/aggressive (n=392); 2) sometimes distracted-rarely/never reckless/aggressive (n=33); 3) sometimes distracted-sometimes reckless/aggressive (n=40); 4) often/always distracted-often/always reckless/aggressive (n=11); 5) no pattern (n=4). Older drivers were more likely in the first/lowest cluster (93.8% of older versus 84.2% of middle-aged and 59.3% of young drivers; p&lt;.0001). Fifteen older drivers participated in a follow-up study in which their vehicles were equipped with a data acquisition system that collected objective driving and video data of all trips for three weeks. Analysis of video data from 145 older driver trips indicated that older drivers engaged in at least one distracted behavior in 115 (79.3%) trips. While preliminary, this suggests considerably more frequent engagement in distracted driving than self-reported and that older drivers should not be excluded from consideration when developing risky driving behavior countermeasures. Full study results and implications will be presented.