bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comorbid patterns of anaemia and diarrhoea among children aged under 5 years in Ghana: a multivariate complex sample logistic regression analysis and spatial mapping visualisation
Authors: Duah Henry Ofori , Amankwa Charles Enyaah , Adomako Isaac , Owusu Benson , Agbadi Pascal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Anaemia and diarrhoea are known independent causes of under-five morbidity and mortality. This study sought to investigate predictors of comorbid patterns of anaemia and diarrhoea using the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS).

Methods
The study employed analysis of secondary data from the 2014 GDHS. We performed a multivariate complex sample logistic regression and spatial analysis.

Results
The weighted prevalence of comorbid anaemia and diarrhoea was 9.28% with the highest burden (16.45%) found in the Upper West region. Independent predictors (risk factors) of comorbid patterns of anaemia and diarrhoea were children aged 6–23 mo (OR=2.17, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.33), male gender (OR=1.50, 95% C1 1.04 to 2.16), history of fever (OR=4.37, 95% CI 2.94 to 6.50) and living in a household with two children aged &lt;5 y (OR=1.80, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.84). Protective factors were having a father with secondary or higher education (OR=0.57, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.97), living in a household with ≥6 members (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.75) and living in a richer household (OR=0.38, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.89). Surface maps revealed inter-regional and subregional variations.

Conclusion
The study shows that the independent predictors of comorbid patterns of anaemia and diarrhoea among children aged &lt;5 y in Ghana are age, gender, history of fever, the number of children aged &lt;5 y in the household, parental education, household size and household wealth. The study identified zones to be targeted for cost-effective policy interventions.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on community antibiotic prescribing in Scotland
Authors: Malcolm William , Seaton Ronald A , Haddock Gail , Baxter Linsey , Thirlwell Sarah , Russell Polly , Cooper Lesley , Thomson Anne , Sneddon Jacqueline 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Following concerns about increased antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic, trends in community antibiotic prescriptions in Scotland were evaluated.

Methods
The primary care prescription electronic messaging system used in GP practices with NHS contracts provided near real-time data analysis of national data. The main outcome measures were the weekly number of prescriptions for antibiotics generated by prescribers in GP practices in 2020 compared with 2019.

Results
At end of Week 12 2020 (22 March), after a sharp increase, the number of prescriptions commonly used for respiratory infections was 44% higher than the corresponding week in 2019. The number of prescriptions for respiratory antibiotics reduced through April and May 2020, with 34% fewer prescriptions issued by end of Week 22 (31 May) than in the corresponding week in 2019. Reductions were pronounced in all age groups but particularly apparent for prescriptions for children aged 0–4 years. These data were compared with weekly prescriptions for a selection of non-respiratory antibiotics and no difference was seen between 2020 and 2019.

Conclusions
Trends in antibiotic prescription data show that after an initial surge, and following ‘lockdown’ in Scotland, the total number of prescriptions for antibiotics commonly used for respiratory infections fell. We believe this is the first published national evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on community use of antibiotics. Further analysis of national data is planned to provide a greater understanding of the reasons behind these trends.
Deconstructing Dud Disarmament Disputes
Authors: Fry James D , Nair Saroj 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This Article explores the limits of judicial settlement of nuclear-weapon disputes through a case study of the Marshall Islands’ cases against India, Pakistan and the UK before the International Court of Justice in 2016. It posits that judicial settlement is limited mainly by the quality of the arguments and evidence submitted by the disputants, not by any limitations inherent in judicial settlement with such politically sensitive disputes. The lawyers in the Marshall Islands’ cases should have taken greater care in crafting their arguments and in tying them explicitly to Article VI of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and its customary equivalent.
Knockout of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4 Channel Mitigates Cerebral Edema and Neuronal Injury After Status Epilepticus in Mice
Authors: Chen Xing , Liu Kewei , Lin Zhenzhou , Huang Kaibin , Pan Suyue 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate whether the knockout of transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) could reduce cerebral edema and improve neurologic outcome in a mouse model of status epilepticus (SE). Wild-type (WT) (n = 61) and Trpm4–/– mice (n = 61) with behavioral seizures induced by lithium (10 mEq/kg) and pilocarpine (30–40 mg/kg) were terminated 2.5 hours after the onset of SE. After SE, 28 WT-SE and 27 Trpm4–/–-SE mice were observed for 28 days and assessed for survival and cognitive function; the others were killed after 24 hours, 72 hours, or 7 days, and evaluated for cerebral edema and histological injury. In comparison to WT-SE mice, the mortality and cognitive deficit for Trpm4–/–-SE mice following SE after 28 days were significantly ameliorated. Trpm4–/–-SE mice also showed less water content and cerebral edema assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, and decreased blood-brain barrier breakdown after SE. Moreover, Trpm4 deficiency significantly mitigated neuronal loss, cellular necrosis and apoptosis in the hippocampus and piriform cortex and mitigated astrocytosis and microgliosis. In conclusion, this study suggests that Trmp4 may represent a new target for improving outcomes after SE.
The “Strings Attached” to Community Difference and Potential Pathways to Fire Adaptiveness in the Wildland Urban Interface
Authors: Billings Mark C , Carroll Matthew S , Paveglio Travis B 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article identifies specific social characteristics in two wildland urban interface communities that may have significant impacts on the ability of those communities to adapt to wildfire. Researchers used a mixed-methods approach to triangulate results to identify potential views and motives surrounding three important behaviors and values related to crafting potential strategies to mitigate wildfire risk. The analysis of quantitative data in the form of responses to Likert-type questions and qualitative data in the form of responses to questions asked during focus group sessions yielded a deeper understanding of the way the terms independence and trust are conceptualized from one community to another. Understanding what these concepts mean in the context of a given community is essential to understanding how to move forward with strategies to reduce risk and eliminate potential barriers to doing so.
Responsivity to Problem-Solving Skills Training in Mothers of Children With Cancer
Authors: Dolgin Michael J , Devine Katie A , Tzur-Bitan Dana , Askins Martha A , Fairclough Diane L , Katz Ernest R , Noll Robert B , Phipps Sean , Sahler Olle Jane Z 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Bright IDEAS (BI) is a problem-solving skills training (PSST) program that has been demonstrated in earlier randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to be an effective and specific intervention for improving problem-solving skills and reducing negative affect in caregivers of children with cancer. The objectives of this study were to (a) offer an approach to defining meaningful treatment response and to determine the rates of responsivity to PSST; and (b) identify characteristics of PSST responders and nonresponders.

Methods
Data from 154 mothers receiving the BI intervention were analyzed. Drawing on the literature on minimal clinically important differences, two criteria for determining responsivity were calculated for the primary outcome of problem-solving skills: (a) The reliable change index (RCI) based on group data, and; (b) The effect size (ES) of each participant’s pre/postintervention change score as a function of the group’s baseline SD.

Results
Thirty-three percent of the sample met both responsivity criteria immediately posttreatment (39% at follow-up) and 38% (39% at follow-up) met neither. An additional 29% demonstrated a small or greater ES (≥ 0.2) but did not meet the RCI criteria, suggesting possible benefit. The single consistent predictor of responsivity was participants’ pretreatment problem-solving skills, with lower skills at baseline predicting greater improvement (p &lt; .001).

Conclusions
These findings highlight the need to go beyond group data in interpreting RCTs and to incorporate measures of meaningful treatment response. Our ability to predict and screen for meaningful treatment response is critical to more precise targeting, enhanced outcomes, and better resource allocation.
Speed Mentoring: An Effective & Efficient Path to Development of Mentor Relationships in a Military Obstetrics & Gynecology Residency
Authors: Eubanks Allison A , MacKinnon Rene M , Shay Kelly H , Criscione Lily T , Saunders Rhiana D 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
With a deficit of effective military residency mentorships, a paucity of research on successful mentorship programs, and growing reports on innovative mentoring programs, we developed a “Speed Mentoring” event for the National Capital Consortium OBGYN Residency.

Materials and Methods
The development, implementation, and follow-up responses through participant surveys were designed as an institutional review board (IRB)-approved evidence-based quality improvement project at our institution. Our event coordinated mentorship opportunities between residents and faculty from a wide range of specialties, leadership roles, and research experiences. Residents were matched with faculty that aligned with self-identified goals. Surveys were distributed prior to the event and at follow-up intervals to demonstrate the lasting impact and areas for improvement.

Results
Prior to our first event, every resident reported by survey that they desired more mentorship opportunities. However, only 55% could identify a specific mentor, citing limited time and difficulty establishing a relationship. Immediately following the event, 90% of residents scheduled a follow-up with at least one mentor. Forty-seven percent of residents reported inspiration to initiate a new research project. Meanwhile, faculty felt valued and gained satisfaction by “giving back” to their profession. After 1 month, half of the residents and faculty had already conducted at least one meeting. At 3 months, 76% of meetings centered on research and 23% on quality improvement projects. Fifty-seven percent of participants reported future scheduled meetings. At 6 months, 75% of residents reported meaningful mentorship relationships.

Conclusions
After demonstrating a need for improved mentorship opportunities, we implemented an efficient way to foster mentorship while expanding resident involvement in research, QI projects, and fellowship applications. This “Speed Mentorship” program can be easily adapted to all residency programs.
External ear canal mycobiome of some rabbit breeds
Authors: Díaz Leyna , Castellá Gemma , Bragulat M Rosa , Martorell Jaume , Paytuví-Gallart Andreu , Sanseverino Walter , Cabañes F Javier 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

The genus Malassezia is part of the normal skin mycobiota of a wide range of warm-blooded animals. In this genus, M. cuniculi is the only species described from rabbits. However, Malassezia species are rarely studied in lagomorphs. In the present study, the presence of Malassezia was assessed in samples from the external ear canal of healthy rabbits of different breeds. Cytological and culture techniques, Sanger sequencing, and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to describe the ear mycobiota in the samples. Although no growth was observed in the cultured plates, cytological examination revealed the presence of round cells similar to those of Malassezia yeasts. For metagenomics analysis, the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of the ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) was PCR amplified and the resulting reads were mapped against a custom-made cured database of 26S fungal sequences. NGS analysis revealed that Basidiomycota was the most abundant phylum in all the samples followed by Ascomycota. Malassezia was the most common genus presenting the highest abundance in the external ear canal. Malassezia phylotype 131 and M. cuniculi were the main sequences detected in the external auditory canal of rabbits. The study included both lop-eared and erect-eared rabbits and no differences were observed in the results when comparing both groups. This is the first attempt to study the external ear canal mycobiome of rabbits of different breeds using NGS.

Lay Summary
In the present study, the presence of Malassezia was assessed in samples from the external ear canal of healthy rabbits of different breeds. Cytological and culture techniques, Sanger sequencing, and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to describe the ear mycobiota in the samples.
Mass–radius relation of intermediate-age disc super star clusters of M82
Authors: Cuevas-Otahola B , Mayya Y D , Puerari I , Rosa-González D 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a complete set of structural parameters for a sample of 99 intermediate-age super star cluster (SSCs) in the disc of M82, and carry out a survival analysis using the semi-analytical cluster evolution code emacss. The parameters are based on the profile-fitting analysis carried out in previous work, with the mass-related quantities derived using a mass-to-light ratio for a constant age of 100 Myr. The SSCs follow a power-law mass function with an index α = 1.5, and a lognormal size function with a typical half-light radius, Rh = 4.3 pc, which is both comparable with the values for clusters in the Magellanic Clouds, rather than in giant spirals. The majority of the SSCs follow a power-law mass−radius relation with an index of b = 0.29 ± 0.05. A dynamical analysis of M82 SSCs using emacss suggests that 23 per cent of the clusters are tidally limited, with the rest undergoing expansion at present. Forward evolution of these clusters suggests that the majority would dissolve in ∼2 Gyr. However, a group of four massive compact clusters, and another group of five SSCs at relatively large galactocentric distances, are found to survive for a Hubble time. The model-predicted mass, Rh, μV, and core radius of these surviving SSCs at 12 Gyr are comparable with the corresponding values for the sample of Galactic globular clusters.
A semisupervised machine learning search for never-seen gravitational-wave sources
Authors: Marianer Tom , Poznanski Dovi , Prochaska J Xavier 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
By now, tens of gravitational-wave (GW) events have been detected by the LIGO and Virgo detectors. These GWs have all been emitted by compact binary coalescence, for which we have excellent predictive models. However, there might be other sources for which we do not have reliable models. Some are expected to exist but to be very rare (e.g. supernovae), while others may be totally unanticipated. So far, no unmodelled sources have been discovered, but the lack of models makes the search for such sources much more difficult and less sensitive. We present here a search for unmodelled GW signals using semisupervised machine learning. We apply deep learning and outlier detection algorithms to labelled spectrograms of GW strain data, and then search for spectrograms with anomalous patterns in public LIGO data. We searched ${\sim}13{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the coincident data from the first two observing runs. No candidates of GW signals were detected in the data analyzed. We evaluate the sensitivity of the search using simulated signals, we show that this search can detect spectrograms containing unusual or unexpected GW patterns, and we report the waveforms and amplitudes for which a $50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ detection rate is achieved.
General polytropic hydrodynamic cylinder under self-gravity
Authors: Lou Yu-Qing , Lin Ming 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTFor filamentary clouds on various scales obeying general polytropic (GP) equation of state, their hydrodynamic collapses, expansions, and shocks are investigated. Our cylindrical model is axisymmetric, infinitely long with axial uniformity and involves Newtonian gravity. For such GP cylinders, we explore various analytical and numerical similarity solutions. Based on a singular hydrostatic solution, we derive a quasi-static asymptotic dynamic solution approaching the axis. There, we also derive the asymptotic cylindrical free-fall solution for polytropic index γ ≤ 1 and show the absence of such solutions for γ &gt; 1. We find new asymptotic solutions for expanding cylindrical central voids with no matter inside, and examine the asymptotic expansion solutions to higher orders far from the axis. We classify the sonic critical curve (SCC) into three (or five) types and analyse their properties. The asymptotic behaviors of the SCC towards the axis and infinity are examined. Examples are shown for solutions crossing the SCC twice with the global features of cylindrical envelope expansion or contraction with core collapses. We numerically construct new types of global similarity solutions with or without outgoing shocks. For γ &gt; 1, a shock is necessary to connect the inner and outer parts. The collapse and fragmentation of massive filaments or strings may give clues and implications to the formations of chains of stellar objects, chains of black holes, chains of galaxies or even chains of galaxy clusters in proper astrophysical and cosmological contexts.
An enhanced slope in the transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-104b
Authors: Chen G , Pallé E , Parviainen H , Wang H , van Boekel R , Murgas F , Yan F , Béjar V J S , Casasayas-Barris N , Crouzet N , Esparza-Borges E , Fukui A , Garai Z , Kawauchi K , Kurita S , Kusakabe N , de Leon J P , Livingston J , Luque R , Madrigal-Aguado A , Mori M , Narita N , Nishiumi T , Oshagh M , Sánchez-Benavente M , Tamura M , Terada Y , Watanabe N 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the optical transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-104b based on one transit observed by the blue and red channels of the Double Spectrograph (DBSP) at the Palomar 200-inch telescope and 14 transits observed by the MuSCAT2 four-channel imager at the 1.52-m Telescopio Carlos Sánchez. We also analyse 45 additional K2 transits, after correcting for the flux contamination from a companion star. Together with the transit light curves acquired by DBSP and MuSCAT2, we are able to revise the system parameters and orbital ephemeris, confirming that no transit timing variations exist. Our DBSP and MuSCAT2 combined transmission spectrum reveals an enhanced slope at wavelengths shorter than 630 nm and suggests the presence of a cloud deck at longer wavelengths. While the Bayesian spectral retrieval analyses favour a hazy atmosphere, stellar spot contamination cannot be completely ruled out. Further evidence, from transmission spectroscopy and detailed characterization of the host star’s activity, is required to distinguish the physical origin of the enhanced slope.
The Use of Antiplatelet Agents and Heparin in the 24-Hour Postintravenous Alteplase Window for Neurointervention
Authors: Binning Mandy J , Maxwell Christina R , McAree Michael , Veznedaroglu Erol , Felbaum Daniel R , Arthur Adam , Goyal Nitin , Wolfe Stacey Q , Tschoe Christine , Crowley R Webster , Levy Elad , Vakharia Kunal , Rai Hamid H , Pandey Aditya S , Daou Badih J , Tawk Rabih G , Ringer Andrew J , Liebman Kenneth M ,   on behalf of the Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG)
Published: November 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Intravenous (IV) alteplase with mechanical thrombectomy has been found to be superior to alteplase alone in select patients with intracranial large vessel occlusion. Current guidelines discourage the use of antiplatelet agents or heparin for 24 h following alteplase. However, their use is often necessary in certain circumstances during thrombectomy procedures.

OBJECTIVE
To study the safety and outcomes in patients who received blood thinning medications for thrombectomy after IV Tissue-Type plasminogen activator (tPA).

METHODS
This is a multicenter retrospective review of the use of antiplatelet agents and/or heparin in patients within 24 h following tPA administration. Patient demographics, comorbidities, bleeding complications, and discharge outcomes were collected.

RESULTS
A series of 88 patients at 9 centers received antiplatelet medications and/or heparin anticoagulation following IV alteplase for revascularization procedures requiring stenting. The mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission was 14.6. Reasons for use of a stent included internal carotid artery occlusion in 74% of patients. Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b-3 revascularization was accomplished in 90% of patients. The rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) was 8%; this was not significantly different than the sICH rate for a matched group of patients not receiving antiplatelets or heparin during the same time frame. Functional independence at 90 d (modified Rankin Scale 0-2) was seen in 57.8% of patients. All-cause mortality was 12%.

CONCLUSION
The use of antiplatelet agents and heparin for stroke interventions following IV alteplase appears to be safe without significant increased risk of hemorrhagic complications in this group of patients when compared to control data and randomized controlled trials.
Revision Notes for the Respiratory Medicine Specialty Certificate Examination
Authors: Patterson Coleman , Coleman Meg 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The newly introduced Specialty Certificate Examinations are a compulsory component of assessment for all UK medical trainees and represent the final examination barrier before getting the certificate of completion of training. This book provides a unique exam-specific revision guide for the Respiratory specialty certificate exam. Comprising of best of five test multiple choice questions and revision notes to facilitate targeted study, Revision Notes for the Respiratory Medicine Specialty Certificate Examination is the only book you need to prepare for this important examination. Questions are based around clinical scenarios and supplemented with images of radiological investigations such as x-rays, and lung function tests. Each question is structured as in the exam itself. The second half of the book comprises of a series of tutorials covering key areas and difficult concepts assessed in the examination including respiratory infection, respiratory malignancy, industrial lung disease, sleep disorders, standard respiratory tests and medical statistics. The combined approach allows trainees to become acquainted with the "best of five" format and facilitate recognition of areas of weakness and targeted study.