bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auto Ignition Study of Methane and Bio Alcohol Fuel Blends
Authors: Zheng Xuan , Jouzdani Shirin , Akih-Kumgeh Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Methane (CH4) and bio alcohols have different ignition properties. These have been extensively studied and the resulting experimental data have been used to validate chemical kinetic models. Methane is the main component of natural gas, which is of interest because of its relative availability and lower emissions compared to other hydrocarbon fuels. Given growing interest in fuel-flexible systems, there can be situations in which the combustion properties of natural gas need to be modified by adding biofuels such as bio alcohols. This can occur in dual-fuel internal combustion engines or gas turbines with dual-fuel capabilities. The combustion behavior of such blends can be understood by studying the auto ignition properties in fundamental combustion experiments. Studies of the ignition of such blends are very limited in the literature. In this work, the auto ignition of methane and bio alcohol fuel blends is investigated using a shock tube facility. The chosen bio alcohols are ethanol (C2H5OH) and n-propanol (NC3H7OH). Experiments are carried out at 3 atm and 10 atm for stoichiometric and lean mixtures of fuel, oxygen, and argon. The ignition delay times of the pure fuels are first established at conditions of constant oxygen concentration and comparable pressures. The ignition delay times of blends with 50% methane are then measured. The pyrolysis kinetics of the blends is further explored by measuring CO formation during pyrolysis of the alcohol and methane–alcohol blends. The resulting experimental data are compared with the predictions of selected chemical kinetic models to establish the ability of these models to predict the disproportionate enhancement of methane ignition by the added alcohol.
Generation of the 105–100 Ma Dagze volcanic rocks in the north Lhasa Terrane by lower crustal melting at different temperature and depth: Implications for tectonic transition
Authors: Zeng Yun-Chuan , Xu Ji-Feng , Huang Feng , Li Ming-Jian , Chen Qin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSuccessively erupted intermediate-felsic rocks with variations in their geochemical compositions indicate physical changes in lower-crust conditions, and the variations can provide important insights into the regional tectonic setting. What triggered the late Early Cretaceous tectonic transition of the central-north Lhasa Terrane remains controversial, hindering the understanding of the mechanisms behind the formation of the central Tibetan Plateau. The sodic Dagze volcanic rocks in the north Lhasa Terrane are characterized by high contents of SiO2 and Na2O, low contents of MgO, Fe2O3, and K2O, and low values of Mg#. However, the trace element compositions of the whole-rocks and their zircons allow the rocks to be divided into two groups. The Group I rocks (ca. 105 Ma) have higher contents of Sr and Ba, higher Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, and lower contents of Y, Yb, Ti, and Zr than Group II rocks (ca. 100 Ma). Besides, the zircons from Group I rocks have higher values of Yb/Gd and U/Yb, lower values of Th/U, and lower Ti contents than the zircons from Group II rocks. However, the rocks of both groups have identical depleted whole-rock Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotope values. The geochemical data indicate that rocks of both groups were generated by partial melting of a juvenile lower crust, but the differences in the two groups reflect a transition from deep-cold melting to relatively shallower-hotter melting in the period from ca. 105 to 100 Ma. This transition was synchronous with the rapid cooling of granitoids, topographic uplift, and the shutdown of magmatism in the central-north Lhasa Terrane, and followed by sedimentation and the resumption of magmatism in the south Lhasa Terrane. The above observations collectively indicate that the central-north Lhasa Terrane was under an extensional setting in late Early Cretaceous, and we tentatively suggest that it was in response to lithospheric drip during roll-back of the northward-subducting Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate.
Structural analysis and tectonic evolution of the western domain of the Eastern Kunlun Range, northwest Tibet
Authors: Wu Chen , Liu Changfeng , Fan Suoya , Zuza Andrew V. , Ding Lin , Liu Wencan , Ye Baoying , Yang Shijie , Zhou Zhiguang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau, the largest highland on Earth, formed due to the collision of India-Asia over the past 50–60 m.y., and the evolution of the Tibetan Plateau impacts our knowledge of continental tectonics. Examination of the northernmost margin of the Tibetan Plateau is key to unravelling the deformation mechanisms acting in northern Tibet. The left-slip Altyn Tagh fault system defines the northwest margin of the Tibetan Plateau, separating the Western and Eastern Kunlun Ranges in the southwest. Both Cenozoic and pre-Cenozoic crustal deformation events at this junction between the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun Ranges were responsible for the construction of northwestern Tibet, yet the relative contribution of each phase remains unconstrained. The western domain of the Eastern Kunlun Range is marked by active NE-trending, left-slip deformation of the Altyn Tagh fault and an E-striking Cenozoic thrust system developed in response India-Asia collision. To better constrain the Paleozoic Altyn Tagh and Kunlun orogens and establish the Cenozoic structural framework, we conducted an integrated investigation involving detailed geologic mapping (∼1:50,000 scale), U-Pb zircon geochronology, and synthesis of existing data sets across northwestern Tibet. Our new zircon analyses from Paleoproterozoic–Cretaceous strata constrain stratigraphic age and sediment provenance and highlight Proterozoic–Paleozoic arc activity. We propose a tectonic model for the Neoproterozoic–Mesozoic evolution of northwestern Tibet wherein restoration of an ∼56-km-long balanced cross section across the western domain of the Eastern Kunlun suggests that Cenozoic minimum shortening strain was ∼30% (∼24 km shortening). Field evidence suggests this shortening commenced after ca. 25–20 Ma, which yields an average long-term shortening rate of 1.2–0.9 mm yr–1 and strain rates of 4.7 × 10–16 s–1 to 2.3 × 10–16 s–1. Geometric considerations demonstrate that this contractional deformation did not significantly contribute to left-slip offset on the Altyn Tagh fault, which has ∼10 mm/yr slip rates.
Not what it seems
Authors: McCorry Eimear Anna , OHagan Art , Shah Shilpa 
Published: October 2019

A 5-month-old female patient presented to the general practitioner with a 2-week history of an unexplained linear lesion on her left lower limb extending from the medial part of her thigh to the medial aspect of her leg and onto the sole of her foot (figures 1 and 2). It was hyperpigmented, papular and non-blanching. There was no history of trauma, itching, pain, infective symptoms or social concerns. The baby was well kempt and parents were appropriately concerned.Figure 1Linear lesion on the left leg.Figure 2Linear lesion extending posteromedially to the left foot.QuestionsWhat is the diagnosis?Accidental imprint mark caused by car seat straps or seams of clothing.Inflicted injury caused by a linear object.Lichen striatus.Incontinentia pigmenti.­What is the common age of onset of these lesions?Present at birth.Appears within 2 weeks of life.Onset in early infancy.Onset between ages 5 and 15 years of life.Answers can be found on page 2.
Australian pharmacists’ perspectives on physician-assisted suicide (PAS): thematic analysis of semistructured interviews
Authors: Isaac Sami , McLachlan Andrew , Chaar Betty 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate Australian pharmacists’ views about their role in physician-assisted suicide (PAS), their ethical and legal concerns and overall thoughts about PAS in pharmacy.DesignSemistructured interviews of pharmacists incorporating a previously validated vignette and thematic analysis.SettingAustralia (face to face or phone call).Participants40 Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency registered pharmacists, majority women (65%) with varied experiences in community, hospital, industry, academia, government and other fields.ResultsEmergent themes from the interviews were:legal and logistical framework,ethical framework,training and guidanceandhealthcare budget. More than half the participants supported the role of pharmacists in the supply of medicines for PAS, while less than half were either against or unsure of the legislation of PAS in Australia. Shared concerns included transparency of prescribing practices and identification of authorised physicians involved in PAS, which were consistent with existing literature. Religious faith, emotion and professional autonomy were key indicators for the implementation of conscientious objection to the supply of medicines in PAS. Re-evaluation of current guidelines, pharmacist training and government reimbursement was also of significance from participants’ perspectives.ConclusionThis study revealed current concerns of practising pharmacists in Australia, including previously undocumented perspectives on the pharmacoeconomic impact of and barriers relating to PAS. The need for training of all healthcare professionals involved, the provision of clear guidelines, including regulation around storage, administration and disposal of medicines dispensed for PAS and the updating of current therapeutic guidelines around end-of-life care were all issues delineated by this study. These findings highlighted the need for current and future policies to account for all stakeholders involved in PAS, not solely prescribers.
Help-seeking for genitourinary symptoms: a mixed methods study from Britain’s Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)
Authors: Mapp Fiona , Wellings Kaye , Mercer Catherine H , Mitchell Kirstin , Tanton Clare , Clifton Soazig , Datta Jessica , Field Nigel , Palmer Melissa J , Hickson Ford 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesQuantify non-attendance at sexual health clinics and explore help-seeking strategies for genitourinary symptoms.DesignSequential mixed methods using survey data and semistructured interviews.SettingGeneral population in Britain.Participants1403 participants (1182 women) from Britain’s Third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3; undertaken 2010–2012), aged 16–44 years who experienced specific genitourinary symptoms (past 4 weeks), of whom 27 (16 women) who reported they had never attended a sexual health clinic also participated in semistructured interviews, conducted May 2014–March 2015.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFrom survey data, non-attendance at sexual health clinic (past year) and preferred service for STI care; semistructured interview domains were STI social representations, symptom experiences, help-seeking responses and STI stigma.ResultsMost women (85.9% (95% CI 83.7 to 87.9)) and men (87.6% (95% CI 82.3 to 91.5)) who reported genitourinary symptoms in Natsal-3 had not attended a sexual health clinic in the past year. Around half of these participants cited general practice (GP) as their preferred hypothetical service for STI care (women: 58.5% (95% CI 55.2% to 61.6%); men: 54.3% (95% CI 47.1% to 61.3%)). Semistructured interviews elucidated four main responses to symptoms: not seeking healthcare, seeking information to self-diagnose and self-treat, seeking care at non-specialist services and seeking care at sexual health clinics. Collectively, responses suggested individuals sought to gain control over their symptoms, and they prioritised emotional reassurance over accessing medical expertise. Integrating survey and interview data strengthened the evidence that participants preferred their general practitioner for STI care and extended understanding of help-seeking strategies.ConclusionsHelp-seeking is important to access appropriate healthcare for genitourinary symptoms. Most participants did not attend a sexual health clinic but sought help from other sources. This study supports current service provision options in Britain, facilitating individual autonomy about where to seek help.
White cell counts in relation to mortality in a general population of cohort study in the Netherlands: a mediating effect or not?
Authors: Abete Itziar , Lu Yunxia , Lassale Camille , Verschuren Monique , van der Schouw Yvonne , Bueno-de-Mesquita Bas 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundWhite cell count (WCC) is a clinical marker of inflammation. Data are limited regarding the association of total and differential WCC with risk of mortality, and its role related with smoking and body mass index (BMI).MethodsA total of 14 433 participants (4150 men; 10 283 women; average age 47.3±11.8 years) from the Dutch European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands cohort were included. The associations between prediagnostic total WCC and its subtypes and risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality were assessed. The role of WCC related with smoking and BMI on mortality was further explored. Multivariate Cox regression models were performed to estimate the HR and 95% CI.ResultsAfter an average follow-up of 15.8 years, a total of 936 death cases were identified (466 cancer; 179 CVD; 291 other causes). Statistically significant graded associations between total WCC, and counts of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils and risk of total mortality were observed. These associations were more apparent in current smokers. Strong associations for all-cause mortality or cancer mortality were observed in subjects with BMI ≥25 kg/m2, ever smoking and elevated WCC (HR 3.92, 95% CI 2.76 to 5.57; HR 3.93, 95% CI 2.30 to 6.72). WCC partly mediated the associations between smoking or BMI and all-cause mortality.ConclusionsPrediagnostic WCC and its subtypes are associated with all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality risk. It may play a partially mediate role on the association between smoking or obesity and mortality.
Interventions to integrate care for people with serious mental illness and substance use disorders: a systematic scoping review protocol
Authors: Richardson Amy , Richard Lauralie , Gunter Kathryn , Derrett Sarah 
Published: October 2019

IntroductionPeople with serious mental illness (SMI) and/or substance use disorders (SUDs) have an elevated risk of premature mortality compared with the general population. This has been attributed to higher rates of chronic illness among these individuals, but also to inequities in healthcare access and treatment. Integrated care has the potential to improve the health of people with SMI/SUDs. The aims of this scoping review are to: (1) identify empirical investigations of interventions designed to integrate care for people with SMI/SUDs; (2) describe the underlying theories, models and frameworks of integrated care that informed their development; and (3) determine the degree to which interventions address dimensions of a comprehensive and validated framework of integrated care.Methods and analysisGuidelines for best practice and reporting of scoping reviews will be followed using the framework of Arksey and O’Malley and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses scoping review checklist. An iterative and systematic search of peer-reviewed publications reporting empirical research findings will be conducted. This literature will be identified by searching five databases: Medline (Ovid), PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase (Ovid) and Scopus. The search will be restricted to articles published between January 2000 and April 2019. Two reviewers will independently screen publications in two successive stages of title and abstract screening, followed by full-text screening of eligible publications. A tabular summary and narrative synthesis will be completed using data extracted from each included study. A framework synthesis will also be conducted, with descriptions of interventions mapped against a theoretical framework of integrated care.Ethics and disseminationThis review will identify the extent and nature of empirical investigations evaluating interventions to integrate care for people with SMI/SUDs. Ethical approval was not required. A team of relevant stakeholders, including people with lived experience of mental health conditions, has been established. This team will be engaged throughout the review and will ensure that the findings are widely disseminated. Dissemination will include publication of the review in a peer-reviewed journal. The review protocol has been registered through Open Science Framework and can be accessed athttps://osf.io/njkph/
Rates and predictors of general practitioner (GP) follow-up postdischarge from a tertiary hospital cardiology unit: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Huang Luke Y I , Fogarty Samuel J , Ng Arnold C T , Wang William Y S 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivePrevious studies in cardiac patients noted that early patient follow-up with general practitioners (GPs) after hospital discharge was associated with reduced rates of hospital readmissions. We aimed to identify patient, clinical and hospital factors that may influence GP follow-up of patients discharged from a tertiary cardiology unit.DesignSingle centre retrospective cohort study.SettingAustralian metropolitan tertiary hospital cardiology unit.Participants1079 patients discharged from the hospital cardiology unit within 3 months from May to July 2016.Outcome measuresGP follow-up rates (assessed by telephone communication with patients’ nominated GP practices), demographic, clinical and hospital factors predicting GP follow-up.ResultsWe obtained GP follow-up data on 983 out of 1079 (91.1%) discharges in the study period. Overall, 7, 14 and 30-day GP follow rates were 50.3%, 66.5% and 79.1%, respectively. A number of patient, clinical and hospital factors were associated with early GP follow-up, including pacemaker and defibrillator implantation, older age and having never smoked. Documented recommendation for follow-up in discharge summary was the strongest predictor for 7-day follow-up (p<0.001).ConclusionAfter discharge from a cardiology admission, half of the patients followed up with their GP within 7 days and most patients followed up within 30 days. Patient and hospital factors were associated with GP follow-up rates. Identification of these factors may facilitate prospective interventions to improve early GP follow-up rates.
Cancer pain management in Mexico
Authors: Lincoln Sarah Barry , Soto-Perez-de-Celis Enrique , Chavarri-Guerra Yanin , Covarrubias-Gomez Alfredo , Navarro Mariana , Goss Paul E 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundPain control is an essential component of high-quality palliative care. Unfortunately, many low-income and middle-income countries lack an appropriate infrastructure to provide palliative care and suffer from a severe lack of access to opioid analgesics to alleviate pain from various conditions such as cancer.ObjectivesWe aimed to review the history and current status of cancer pain management in Mexico, a middle-income Latin American country. Our objective was to identify existing barriers to proper, effective opioid use, as well as provide practical recommendations for improvement.MethodsUsing a search of EBSCOhost database, PubMed and Google, we found official documents and peer-reviewed articles related to health legislation, opioid consumption, palliative care infrastructure and palliative care training in Mexico.ResultsDespite advances in palliative care and access to opioids in Mexico, there are still several barriers that undermine effective pain management, showing a major gap between policy and practice. Although Mexican legislation and guidelines include adequate palliative care and pain control as a right for all patients with cancer, the lack of adequate infrastructure and trained personnel severely hampers the implementation of these policies. Additionally, there are important barriers to prescribing opioids, many of which are related to attempts at reducing the consumption of recreational drugs.ConclusionsAlthough Mexico has made significant improvements in pain control and palliative care, much needs to be done. Expansion of drug availability, improvement of palliative care training, and constant oversight of regulations and guidelines will help to strengthen Mexico’s palliative care services.
Wadi gravel – a new concrete aggregate in Qatar: Part 2 –Alkali aggregate reactivity
Authors: Sims Ian , Hassan Khaled , Reid Murray , Al-Kuwari Mohammed bin Saif , Attia Mohamed , Sidiq Ahmed , Al Naemi Abdulrahman 
Published: October 2019

Deposits of Wadi gravel are available in many parts of the Gulf region, but not widely utilized as aggregate for concrete, mainly due to the possibility of internal sulfate attack, plus the perceived risk of alkali aggregate reactivity (AAR). This paper describes the investigations for AAR of the Wadi gravel in this case, as part of the wider study described in Part 1 of this paper.
Wadi gravel from the Mekaines site in Qatar was subjected to petrographic analysis, plus the gel-pat and accelerated mortar-bar test methods. The AAR potential was found to be low to normal. The accelerated mortar-bar test exhibited ‘innocuous’ behaviour after 14 days of immersion in alkali solution. When separately testing the constituent rock types of the Wadi gravel, limestone and quartz returned innocuous results, while rhyolite, granite and quartzite returned potentially alkali silica reactive (ASR) results and some reaction was confirmed using post-expansion petrographic examination.
Wadi gravel was classified as potentially reactive in the RILEM AAR-4.1 accelerated concrete prism test, but of ‘low reactivity’ in the BS 812-123 test over the longer period of 12 months. Overcoming the potential problems of gypsum content and AAR successfully provides a valuable local resource of Wadi gravel aggregate for concrete.
Crossed activation of thoracic trunk motoneurons by medullary reticulospinal neurons
Authors: LaPallo Brandon K. , Giorgi Andrea , Perreault Marie-Claude 
Published: October 2019

Activation of contralateral muscles by supraspinal neurons, or crossed activation, is critical for bilateral coordination. Studies in mammals have focused on the neural circuits that mediate cross activation of limb muscles, but the neural circuits involved in crossed activation of trunk muscles are still poorly understood. In this study, we characterized functional connections between reticulospinal (RS) neurons in the medial and lateral regions of the medullary reticular formation (medMRF and latMRF) and contralateral trunk motoneurons (MNs) in the thoracic cord (T7 and T10 segments). To do this, we combined electrical microstimulation of the medMRF and latMRF and calcium imaging from single cells in an ex vivo brain stem-spinal cord preparation of neonatal mice. Our findings substantiate two spatially distinct RS pathways to contralateral trunk MNs. Both pathways originate in the latMRF and are midline crossing, one at the level of the spinal cord via excitatory descending commissural interneurons (reticulo-commissural pathway) and the other at the level of the brain stem (crossed RS pathway). Activation of these RS pathways may enable different patterns of bilateral trunk coordination. Possible implications for recovery of trunk function after stroke or spinal cord injury are discussed. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We identify two spatially distinct reticulospinal pathways for crossed activation of trunk motoneurons. Both pathways cross the midline, one at the level of the brain stem and the other at the level of the spinal cord via excitatory commissural interneurons. Jointly, these pathways provide new opportunities for repair interventions aimed at recovering trunk functions after stroke or spinal cord injury.