bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A nonlinear critical layer generated by the
interaction of free Rossby waves
Authors: VANNESTE JACQUES 
Published: July 2002

Two free waves propagating in a parallel shear flow generate a
critical layer when
their nonlinear interaction induces a perturbation whose phase velocity
matches the
basic-state velocity somewhere in the flow domain. The condition necessary
for this
to occur may be interpreted as a resonance condition for a triad formed
by the two
waves and a (singular) mode of the continuous spectrum associated with
the shear.
The formation of the critical layer is investigated in the case of freely
propagating
Rossby waves in a two-dimensional inviscid flow in a β-channel.A weakly nonlinear analysis based on a normal-mode expansion in terms
of Rossby
waves and modes of the continuous spectrum is developed; it leads to a
system of
amplitude equations describing the evolution of the two Rossby waves and
of the
modes of the continuous spectrum excited during the interaction. The assumption
of
weak nonlinearity is not however self-consistent: it breaks down because
nonlinearity
always becomes strong within the critical layer, however small the initial
amplitudes
of the Rossby waves. This demonstrates the relevance of nonlinear critical
layers to
monotonic, stable, unforced shear flows which sustain wave propagation.A nonlinear critical-layer theory is developed that is analogous to
the well-known
theory for forced critical layers. Differences arise because of the presence
of the Rossby
waves: the vorticity in the critical layer is advected in the cross-stream
direction by
the oscillatory velocity field due to the Rossby waves. An equation is
derived which
governs the modification of the Rossby waves that results from their interaction;
it
indicates that the two Rossby waves are undisturbed at leading order. An
analogue
of the Stewartson–Warn–Warn analytical solution is also considered.
Hydrodynamic interactions and collision
efficiencies of spherical drops covered with an
incompressible surfactant film
Authors: BLAWZDZIEWICZ J. , WAJNRYB E. , LOEWENBERG MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

A theory is developed for the hydrodynamic interactions of surfactant-covered
spherical drops in creeping flows. The surfactant is insoluble, and flow-induced
changes of surfactant concentration are small, i.e. the film of adsorbed surfactant is
incompressible.For a single surfactant-covered drop in an arbitrary incident flow, the Stokes
equations are solved using a decomposition of the flow into surface-solenoidal
and surface-irrotational components on concentric spherical surfaces. The surface-solenoidal component is unaffected by surfactant; the surface-irrotational component
satisfies a slip-stick boundary condition with slip proportional to the surfactant
diffusivity. Pair hydrodynamic interactions of surfactant-covered bubbles are computed
from the one-particle solution using a multiple-scattering expansion. Two terms in a
lubrication expansion are derived for axisymmetric near-contact motion.The pair mobility functions are used to compute collision efficiencies for equal-size
surfactant-covered bubbles in linear flows and in Brownian motion. An asymptotic
analysis is presented for weak surfactant diffusion and weak van der Waals attraction.
In the absence of surfactant diffusion, collision efficiencies for surfactant-covered
bubbles are higher than for rigid spheres in straining flow and lower in shear flow. In
shear flow, the collision efficiency vanishes for surfactant diffusivities below a critical
value if van der Waals attraction is absent.
Evaluating the relationship between REM and memory consolidation: A need for scholarship and hypothesis testing
Authors: Smith Carlyle , Rose Gregory M. 
Published: July 2002

The function of REM, or any other stage of sleep, can currently only be conjectured. A rational evaluation of the role of REM in memory processing requires systematic testing of hypotheses that are optimally derived from a complete synthesis of existing knowledge. Our view is that the large number of studies supporting a relationship between REM-related brain activity and memory is not easily explained away.[Vertes & Eastman]
REDIALING POLICIES: OPTIMALITY AND SUCCESS PROBABILITIES
Authors: Coffman E. G. , Gilbert E. N. , Kogan Y. A. 
Published: July 2002

Since callers encountering busy signals often want to redial,
modern communication networks have been designed to provide
automatic redialing. Redialing services commonly have two
parameters: a maximum number n of retries and
a total duration τ over which retries are to be made.
Typically, retries are made at evenly spaced time intervals
of length τ/n until either the call succeeds or
n retries have failed. This rule has an obvious
intuitive appeal; indeed, among the main results of this paper
are proofs that τ/n-spacing is optimal in certain
basic models of called-number behavior. However, it is easy to
find situations where τ/n-spacing is not
optimal, as the paper verifies.All of our models assume Poisson arrivals, but different
assumptions are studied for the call durations; for a given
mean, these are allowed to have the relatively high-variance
exponential distribution or the zero-variance distribution
concentrated at a point. We approximate the probability
of success for the Erlang loss model with c >
1 trunks, and we calculate exact probabilities of success
for the c = 1 Erlang model and the model with
one trunk and constant call durations. For the latter model,
we present two intriguing conjectures, one about the optimal
choice of τ when n = 1 and one about the optimality
of the τ/n-spacing policy. In spite of their apparent
simplicity, these conjectures seem difficult to resolve. Finally,
we study policies that continue redialing until they succeed,
balancing a short mean wait against a small mean number of retries
to success.
Special values of the hypergeometric series II
Authors: ZUCKER I. J. , JOYCE G. S. 
Published: July 2002

Several authors [1, 5, 9] have investigated the algebraic and
transcendental values of the Gaussian hypergeometric series(formula here)for rational parameters a, b, c and algebraic and rational values of
z ∈ (0, 1). This led to several new identities such as(formula here)and(formula here)where Γ(x) denotes the gamma function. It was pointed out by the present authors
[6] that these results, and others like it, could be derived simply by combining certain
classical F transformation formulae with the singular values of the complete elliptic
integral of the first kind K(k), where k denotes the modulus.Here, we pursue the methods used in [6] to produce further examples of the type
(1·2) and (1·3). Thus, we find the following results:(formula here)The result (1·6) is of particular interest because the argument and value of the F
function are both rational.
Aircraft Collision Risks at the Start of the 21st Century
Authors: Cockburn David 
Published: July 2002

Much has been written on the subject of aircraft collision risk
and
avoidance over the past 50 years. As a particularly interested aviator
(a military and
civilian pilot for the last 32 years), with a limited memory for the mathematics
I studied
at school, I have read several of these treatises with interest. I do,
however, feel that
the advent of modern, accurate navigation systems has changed the distribution
of
collision causes radically. We should be concentrating, not on the risks
of aircraft
accidentally flying into each others' paths, but on the
risks of them deliberately doing so.That statement requires explanation, of course. There is a risk of one
pilot
deliberately and willingly putting his aircraft in
the path of another (a terrorist or suicide
for example), but the risk is considerably less than that of a pilot who

does it unwillingly, but equally deliberately.
Arterial compliance in older people
Authors: Rajkumar C. , Bonapace S. , Bulpitt C. J. 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionLongevity has lengthened in recent times. This has resulted in an increase in the elderly population, with life expectancy at birth in men in the UK being approximately 72.5 years and women, 78.5 years. Despite the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases decreasing in the past 40 years, these still continue to be the largest cause of mortality in the elderly. Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are lower in women. However, this is not true in the later years of life. After the age of 80, the risk of cardiovascular problems increases to that of men. The cardiovascular changes occurring with aging consists of changes in the heart and arterial system.
Outcome measures in the rehabilitation of older adults
Authors: MacKnight Chris , Powell Colin 
Published: July 2002

Why measure?Before we consider what to measure and how to measure outcomes in the rehabilitation of frail older adults, an antecedent question is, why measure these things? Without an answer satisfactory for both measurers and measured, much effort and ingenuity will be expended with resultant perspiration and exasperation and little else.Traditionally, medical care, i.e. that identified by physicians, has assumed that its principal objective was patient care, i.e. that appreciated by patients. Outcomes of care from the viewpoint of the patient, of his or her informal supporters, of the involved health care professionals, and of the health care delivery system have to be clarified and made operationally explicit. This recognition requires definition and measurement. Thus a powerful reason for measuring outcomes for recipients and providers of health care, as well as the health care delivery system, is to know what is happening (the descriptive question) and with what effect (the analytical question).
Nation and State
in Twentieth-Century Spain
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: July 2002

Pamela Beth
Radcliff, From Mobilisation to Civil War: The Politics of
Polarisation in the Spanish City of Gijón, 1900–1937
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 354 pp., £40, ISBN
0–521–56213–9.Carolyn Boyd, Historia Patria: Politics, History, and National Identity in Spain, 1875–1975
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 358 pp., $49.50,
£35.00, ISBN 0–691–02656–4.Sebastian Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire 1898–1923 (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1997), 269 pp., £35.00, ISBN
0–198–20507–4.Clare Mar-Molinero and Angel Smith,
eds., Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing
and Conflicting Identities (Oxford/Washington, DC: Berg, 1996),
281 pp., £34.95, pb £14.95, ISBN
1–859–73175–9.Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain,
1936–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 314
pp., £40.00, $59.95, ISBN 0–521–59401–4.Gerald Howson, Arms for Spain: the Untold Story of the Spanish Civil
War (London: John Murray, 1998), 354 pp., £25, ISBN
0–719–55556–6.During the long years of Francoism,
Spanish historiography was dominated by a search for explanation.
Against the regime's triumphalist account of the
‘essential’ Spain – resurgent in the form of the
victorious general's authoritarian, confessional state –
exiled intellectuals such as Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz and Américo
Castro posed questions about the ‘problem’ of Spain, looking
to the country's past to explain the political violence of the
present. For those who won the Civil War of 1936–39, Spain's
national destiny was to remain true to the imperial, Catholic legacy of
the Habsburg monarchy. Eschewing modern ‘decadence’ and the
false paths of secularism and democracy, Spain was to remain, according
to Franco, the ‘spiritual reserve of the west’. Such a
vision of history, in Mike Richards's words, ‘appropriated
time itself in acknowledging no distinctions between past, present and
future’ (Mar-Molinero and Smith, p. 152). To Francoist ideologues,
both history and the nation were understood in terms of providential
destiny: once understood, the national destiny would prove
immutable.
The potential role of tissue factor in regulating haemostasis, thrombosis and angiogenesis in human endometrium
Authors: Schatz F , Krikun G , Lockwood CJ 
Published: July 2002

Decidual cells prevent peri-implantational endometrical bleedingDuring the menstrual cycle, the concerted effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone induce human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) to undergo decidualization, the collection of morphological, proliferative and biochemical changes that transforms stromal cells to decidual cells. In the luteal phase, progesterone initiates E2-primed HESCs to decidualize around blood vessels. Under continued progesterone stimulation, decidualization spreads throughout the late luteal phase and gestational endometrium. Among species with a haemochorial placenta, human trophoblasts are the most intrinsically invasive and human endometrium undergoes the most extensive decidualization reaction. Implanting blastocyst-derived syncytiotrophoblasts breach endometrial blood vessels embedded in a matrix of decidual cells. This invasive process institutes the primordial uteroplacental circulation, and provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients. That it risks bleeding is clear from the phenomenon of chemical pregnancy, in which trophoblast-derived human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) appears transiently in the maternal blood followed by localized decidual bleeding. After endovascular invasion by syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous cytotrophoblasts penetrate uterine spiral arteries and initiate the morphological changes that lead to increased intervillous blood flow. The occurrence of decidual haemorrhage during this period is associated with spontaneous abortion, abruption and preterm birth. Ectopic pregnancies are most frequently complicated by haemorrhage in primate species lacking a true decidua, thus underscoring the importance of decidual cells in preventing uterine bleeding.
GWENDOLEN’S MADNESS
Authors: Tromp Marlene 
Published: July 2002

Grandcourt threw himself into a chair and said, with undertoned peremptoriness, “Sit down.” She, already in the expectation of something unpleasant, had thrown off her burnous with nervous unconsciousness, and immediately obeyed . . . “Oblige me in future by not showing whims like a mad woman in a play.” (502; ch. 36; emphasis added)NOVELISTIC HEROINES, like Gwendolen in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, become trapped in a complex network of social contradictions when they face the threat of marital violence in a world where such violence was thought not to exist — the middle and upper classes. Though increasing attention was paid to violence in the Victorian home as the century progressed, pamphlets, studies, and legislative inquiry significantly ommited sustained or systematic scrutiny of violence in the home that existed beyond the bounds of the working classes. Frances Power Cobbe’s important essay, “Wife Torture in England,” sought to raise public awareness about marital violence and to stimulate interest in protective legislation for the victims. Yet, in spite of Cobbe’s willingness to consider the possibility that some “gentlemen” might be guilty of abuse, she presents the phenomenon of wife abuse as safely distant from the comfortable quarters of the middle and upper classes, asserting that “the dangerous wife-beater belongs almost exclusively to the artisan and labouring classes” (55). In the debates surrounding the passage of the Divorce Act of 1857, Parliament repeatedly made apparent their belief that middle- and upper-class men could not be a danger to their wives by focusing exclusively on marital violence as a working-class issue. Only in “the humbler ranks of life [was] some prompt remedy” necessary; only “poor women” were conceived of as sufferers of violence at the hands of their husbands (Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser., 145 [25 May 1857], col. 801–02).
Current status and future developments of the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Buizza R , Barkmeijer J , Palmer T N , Richardson D S 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe two latest changes introduced during 1998 into the Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) operational at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are described. The first change, the inclusion of instabilities growing during the data assimilation period in the generation of the EPS initial perturbations, increased the probability that the analysis lies inside the ensemble forecast range. The second change, the introduction of a simulation of random model errors due to parametrized physical processes, improved in particular the prediction of precipitation. The performance of the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System from 1 May 1994 to 2 March 1999 is assessed using different statistical measures. Results indicate that the general performance of the EPS has been improving over the years. Finally, ongoing research projects on predictability issues developed either at ECMWF or at European research institutes in collaboration with ECMWF are discussed Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
MHC Class II Pseudogene and Genomic Signature of a 32-kb Cosmid in the House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus)
Authors: Hess Christopher M. , Gasper Joe , Hoekstra Hopi E. , Hill Christopher E. , Edwards Scott V. 
Published: July 2002

Large-scale sequencing studies in vertebrates have thus far focused primarily on the genomes of a few model organisms. Birds are of interest to genomics because of their much smaller and highly streamlined genomes compared to mammals. However, large-scale genetic work has been confined almost exclusively to the chicken; we know little about general aspects of genomes in nongame birds. This study examines the organization of a genomic region containing anMhcclass II B gene in a representative of another important lineage of the avian tree, the songbirds (Passeriformes). We used a shotgun sequencing approach to determine the sequence of a 32-kb cosmid insert containing a strongly hybridizingMhcfragment from house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). There were a total of three genes found on the cosmid clone, about the gene density expected for the mammalianMhc: a class IIMhcβ-chain gene (Came–DAB1), a serine–threonine kinase, and a zinc finger motif. Frameshift mutations in both the second and third exons ofCame–DAB1and the unalignability of the gene after the third exon suggest that it is a nonfunctional pseudogene. In addition, the identifiable introns ofCame–DAB1are more than twice as large as those of chickens. Nucleotide diversity in the peptide-binding region ofCame–DAB1(Π = 0.03) was much lower than polymorphic chicken and other functionalMhcgenes but higher than the expected diversity for a neutral locus in birds, perhaps because of hitchhiking on a selectedMhclocus close by. The serine–threonine kinase gene is likely functional, whereas the zinc finger motif is likely nonfunctional. A paucity of long simple-sequence repeats and retroelements is consistent with emerging rules of chicken genomics, and a pictorial analysis of the “genomic signature” of this sequence, the first of its kind for birds, bears strong similarity to mammalian signatures, suggesting common higher-order structures in these homeothermic genomes. The house finch sequence is among a very few of its kind from nonmodel vertebrates and provides insight into the evolution of the avianMhcand of avian genomes generally.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AF205032andAF241546–AF241565.]
High-resolution Genetic and Physical Map of theLgn1Interval in C57BL/6J ImplicatesNaip2orNaip5inLegionella pneumophilaPathogenesis
Authors: Growney Joseph D. , Dietrich William F. 
Published: July 2002

Prior genetic and physical mapping has shown that theNaipgene cluster on mouse chromosome 13D1-D3 contains a gene,Lgn1, that is responsible for determining the permissivity of ex vivo macrophages toLegionella pneumophilareplication. We have identified differences in the structure of theNaiparray among commonly used inbred mouse strains, although these gross structural differences do not correlate with differences inL. pneumophilapermissiveness. A physical map of the region employing clones of the C57BL/6J haplotype confirms that there are fewer copies ofNaipin this strain than are in the physical map of the 129 haplotype. We have also refined the genetic location ofLgn1, leaving onlyNaip2andNaip5as candidates forLgn1. Our genetic map suggests the presence of two hotspots of recombination within theNaiparray, indicating that the 3′ portion ofNaipmay be involved in the genomic instability at this locus.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AF240489–AF240530.]
Alpha Satellite DNA Variant-Specific Oligoprobes Differing by a Single Base Can Distinguish Chromosome 15 Homologs
Authors: O'Keefe Christine L. , Matera A. Gregory 
Published: July 2002

The ability to distinguish homologous chromosomes is a powerful cytogenetic tool. However, traditional techniques can only distinguish extreme physical variants and are highly dependent on sample preparation. We have previously reported oligonucleotide probes, specific for human chromosome 17 alpha satellite DNA sequence variants, that distinguish cytogenetically normal homologous chromosomes by FISH. Here we report the development of similar oligoprobes, differing at a single nucleotide position, that not only distinguish homologous chromosomes 15 but can be used to follow the transmission of a chromosome from parents to their offspring. We also identified a novel array-size polymorphism in another family. The alphoid array of one chromosome is quite small and below the detection threshold for our oligoprobes, although it is detectable by conventional FISH probes. This size polymorphism provides an additional FISH-based method for distinguishing homologs. Most importantly, this work illustrates the potential applicability of the technique to the entire human chromosome complement.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos. AF234768, AF234769, AF234770,AF234771, AF234772, AF2234773, AF234774, AF234775, AF234776, AF234777, and AF237720.]
TTY2: A Multicopy Y-Linked Gene Family
Authors: Makrinou Eleni , Fox Margaret , Lovett Michael , Haworth Kim , Cameron Jessie M. , Taylor Kay , Edwards Yvonne H. 
Published: July 2002

Genes involved in human male sex determination and spermatogenesis are likely to be located on the Y chromosome. In an effort to identify Y-linked, testis-expressed genes, a cDNA selection library was generated by selecting testis cDNA with Y-cosmid clones. Resultant clones containing repetitive or vector material were eliminated, and 79 of the remaining clones were sequenced. Nineteen cDNAs showed homology with the TTY2 gene, and indicated that TTY2 is part of a large gene family. Screening of a panel of Y-linked cosmids revealed that the TTY2 gene family includes at least 26 members organized in 14 subfamilies. Further investigation revealed that TTY2 genes are arranged in tandemly arrayed clusters on both arms of the Y chromosome, and each gene comprises a series of tandemly arranged repeats. RT-PCR studies for two of these genes revealed that they are expressed in adult and fetal testis, as well as in the adult kidney. None of the genes investigated in detail contain an open reading frame. We conclude that the TTY2 gene family is composed of multiple copies, some of which may function as noncoding RNA transcripts and some may be pseudogenes.[The sequence data described in this paper for TTY2L12A and TTY2L2A have been submitted to the EMBL data library, under accession nos.AJ297963 and AJ297964.]