bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constitutional Law of Guyana
Authors: Haynes Jason 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide an authoritative account of Guyana’s intriguing constitutional history and modern constitutional landscape. It provides a unique analysis of Guyana’s constitutional antecedents, and presents a critical narrative of the nuanced features of its socialist constitution. More particularly, the chapter demonstrates how the exceptional powers of the Executive President and the uneasy relationship between the Legislature and the Executive have dominated Guyana’s recent constitutional affairs, and the impact that these developments have had on democratic accountability in that country. It also critically addresses the human rights dimensions of Guyana’s constitutional landscape, and, argues that there exists a piecemeal approach to the protection of some of the more contested constitutional rights in Guyana. Ultimately, the chapter contends that the while Guyana holds a unique place in regional constitutionalism, given its distinct constitutional antecedents and existing normative prescriptions, constitutional reform is long overdue.
Suriname’s Constitutional Limits
Authors: Gowricharn Ruben 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the major forces that have shaped the constitutional development of the Republic of Suriname. These forces include the transplant of population and legal institutions during the colonial era; the post-World War II shift of the international power balance in favour of decolonizing colonies as manifested in the right to self-determination; and domestic forces, including trade unions and media, that protected the constitution from being suspended or undermined in periods of political turmoil. Based on the experience of Suriname, it is argued that constitutional development in small postcolonial societies is highly constrained due to the transplant of European legal institutions and corresponding expertise.
Haiti’s Constitution of 1987
Authors: Aucoin Louis 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Haiti’s Constitution of 1987 has lasted longer than any of its previous 22 constitutions and is credited with bringing democracy. After a brief review of Haiti’s constitutional past, characterized by instability and violence, this chapter closely examines the 1987 constitution both as against this past and as the country’s foundation for the rule of law. It offers insight into the charter as a rejection of the authoritarianism and brutality of the Duvaliers, father and son, and describes the intent, palpable in the original text, to bring on democracy, human rights, and political liberalism. It emphasizes its insistence on parliamentary supremacy drawing from the political philosophy found throughout the francophone world during France’s third and fourth republics and describes the regime as semi-presidential, similar, and yet significantly different from the Constitution that governs France today. It delves into the principle difference by underscoring how, in contrast, Haiti’s 1987 Constitution expressly limits presidential power. It assesses this difference against the reality of the exercise of presidential power in issuing decrees in practice. It offers in-depth analysis of the revolutionary post-earthquake amendments of 2012 that impose gender equity in public life, eliminate the former prohibition on dual nationality, attempt to address Haiti’s chronic electoral dysfunction and environmental degradation, reinstitute the military, and establish a Constitutional Council with sweeping judicial review power. The chapter also exposes the failings of this constitutional democracy in addressing specific human rights violations and in clinging to an outdated insistence on parliamentary supremacy that potentially undermines constitutional supremacy.
Constitutional Dissonance and the Rule of Law in the Turks and Caicos Islands
Authors: Clegg Peter , O’Brien Derek 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Turks and Caicos Islands, a British Overseas Territory, has witnessed a decade of constitutional and political upheaval; the consequences of which are still being felt. The locally elected government took advantage of its relative constitutional freedom to abuse its position and brought governance in the territory to almost beyond breaking point. The investigations that followed shone a bright light on how the local government operated, the checks and balances that were (or were not) in place, and the role of the British government, which is meant to uphold good governance in the territories. The chapter provides a detailed assessment of the constitutional, legal, and political issues and arguments that were used as the British government tried to correct the deep-seated structural weaknesses present in the TCI, and prosecute individual cases of venality that were uncovered. This case study is important in highlighting how tenuous constitutionality, democracy, and legality can be in small territories.
Judicial Development of the Criminal Law by the Supreme Court
Authors: Stark Findlay 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It will be argued that the United Kingdom Supreme Court (UKSC) should be bound by certain restrictions on its ability to develop the substantive criminal law: (i) the UKSC’s decision must plausibly be part of an (albeit edited) continuing legal narrative, not a fresh ‘striking out’ in a new direction; (ii) the UKSC should not make decisions that permit the conviction of the defendant when this development could not reasonably have been predicted, ex ante; (iii) the UKSC should take account of the ‘mood music’ (if any) of Parliament, the government and the Law Commission when deciding whether to develop the criminal law in a particular manner; and (iv) the UKSC should bear in mind the practical and epistemic limitations inherent in criminal proceedings (even on appeal). Recent judgments of the UKSC display insufficient regard for these considerations. Attention will be given, specifically, to Jogee (on complicity) and Ivey (on dishonesty).
Modern Slavery and Supply Chain Transparency
Authors: New Steve 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The scourge of modern slavery has led to legislation in various countries requiring firms to engage in a particular form of supply chain transparency. However, these regulatory initiatives have been widely perceived to be, by themselves, a weak response to such a serious challenge. This chapter argues that assessment of these initiatives hinges on the interpretation of modern slavery itself: Are extreme forms of labor exploitation aberrations of an otherwise blameless system, or are they intrinsic to the functioning of contemporary global capitalism? If the latter, then new types of transparency might be needed that go beyond firms reporting on their policies and efforts. The chapter introduces the idea of interrogational transparency as a mechanism by which civil society actors (including consumers, activists, and researchers) can develop accountability dialogues with powerful corporations. To illustrate these points, the chapter examines emergent patterns of transparency within the food giant Nestlé.
Attitudes toward Immigration
Authors: Dinesen Peter Thisted , Hjorth Frederik 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews key themes and trends in the study of immigration attitudes in the political science literature spanning two decades. It begins with a data-driven examination of key trends in studies of attitudes toward immigration in top political science journals from 1996 to 2020, showing trends in terms of the quantity of studies, theoretical perspectives, empirical settings, and methodological approaches. The chapter then presents a narrative review of the literature, highlighting theoretical and methodological innovations as well as identifying gaps and pertinent questions to be addressed. It concludes by pointing to some promising directions for future research in the study of immigration attitudes.
Relation Between Full-Scale and Model Data
Authors: Hangan Horia , Refan Maryam , Romanic Djordje 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces recent results aiming to compare full-scale data and simulations of tornadoes and to establish a framework through which simulations of tornado-like vortices (both physical and numerical) can be compared to full-scale data. Physical and sometimes numerical simulations of non-synoptic winds such as tornadoes and downbursts are performed at a reduced (model) scale (Λl) compared to reality (prototype). That approach implies that there is also a timescale (Λt) and a velocity scale (Λv) involved, and the three of them are interlinked. The proper determination of these scales is critical in the process of translating results from model simulations to reality. This chapter discusses the state of the art of determining these scales for two types of non-synoptic winds—tornadoes and downbursts.
Toward a Sociology of the Body
Authors: Mason Katherine , Boero Natalie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This essay is designed to establish the theoretical framework and goals for The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment, foremost of which is delineating what a sociology of the body must entail. Critically, a sociology of the body must recognize bodies as both cause and consequence of societal forces. It must also investigate how bodies change in response to their surroundings: not just through the centuries-long process of evolution but within a single individual’s lifetime. We also suggest not only a sociology of the body but also the body in sociology. This approach holds that consideration of bodies—including both the body of the researcher as well as that of the researched—can help to enrich sociological understandings of a wide range of social dynamics and institutions. In sociological subfields ranging from law to labor, and from medicine to migration, attending to the social body has the potential to newly illuminate the mechanisms that underlie our social institutions. This handbook’s early chapters focus primarily on method, debating and elaborating the method(s) that the authors find most useful for studying the body in society. Subsequent chapters shift focus toward the presentation of empirical findings and analysis, but with a continuing focus on detailing their methodological choices and innovations. A detailed outline exploring the twenty-seven chapters of the handbook is provided in this essay.
The Sociology of Crime and Violence in Latin America
Authors: Alvarado Arturo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This section presents an overview on criminality and violence in Latin America from three analytical dimensions: (1) the attitudes toward and public perception of crime in the region, (2) some relevant crime trends in the region, and (3) social responses to violence, including victims’ efforts to prevent violence and the existence of widespread public insecurity. In addition, this section presents the state of affairs on crime analysis and prevention. It highlights various contributions from different countries and academics with an emphasis on some specifics from each subregion, considering various academic traditions, social and political conditions, and local criminal characteristics. Each author will contribute with a significant overview of the main criminal trends.
Central America and the United States
Authors: Gobat Michel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Central America has endured more US interventions than any other region in the world. This history reflects the long-standing belief of US officials that their country’s global aspirations hinged on its control of an interoceanic canal cutting across the isthmus. Yet geography alone does not explain the fixation with Central America. Ever since Manifest Destiny expansion of the mid-nineteenth century, the region has also served as a proving ground for new forms of US power such as overseas settler colonialism, dollar diplomacy, and counterinsurgency strategies. Central America’s lengthy encounter with the United States has generally been viewed by scholars in dichotomous terms: Central Americans either abetted US impositions or bravely rejected them. These Manichean images of accommodation and resistance have also served as political weapons for Central Americans and foreigners alike. In reality, such images obscure the ambiguities that not only define the region’s history with the northern “colossus” but also best capture the limits of US power.
Nicaragua
Authors: Charlip Julie A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nicaragua’s history has been shaped by violent political conflict, individual ambition, and US intervention. The idea of a unified polity has proved elusive as narrow factions have fought for power and privilege. Unity has come less from ideological positions than from opportunistic pacts. The constant quest for prosperity has depended on foreign investment and turned repeatedly to the chimera of a transisthmian canal route. While these conflicts are deeply rooted in domestic divisions, they have been exacerbated by the most destructive US intervention in Latin America. The US pursuit of its own goals, however, has always relied on local actors with their own agendas and claims to national power, leading repeatedly to dictatorship.
‘As it was bodily, so it is politically’: Prostitutes, Wives, and Political Power in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mudiwa Rudo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the term ‘prostitute’ is part of the political grammar in Zimbabwe, used to discipline women’s participation in party politics. Rather than approaching the use of this term as an unfortunate but prosaic aspect of politics, it situates the term in the now well-documented history of colonial policing and administration. ‘Out of place’ black women were linked to chaos and social breakdown, spurring attempts to control their visibility and mobility. The chapter argues that in likening politicians to prostitutes, women who monetize their own sexual labour, the term reveals the extent to which the control of women’s bodies, sexuality, and labour remains a key focus of the post-independence state. Moreover, it examines the use of this term alongside the growing visibility and tacit acceptance of sex work in Zimbabwe’s cities. Drawing from media coverage and interviews, this chapter examines the careers of four Zimbabwean female political figures, Joice Mujuru and Grace Mugabe from ZANU-PF, along with Thabitha Khumalo and Priscilla Misihairabwi-Mushonga from the MDC factions. It examines how these differently situated women have managed their public visibility under such constraints by deploying, rebuffing, or reappropriating the term prostitute.
Presidential Pathways and Profiles
Authors: Inácio Magna , Llanos Mariana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter brings together different strands of literature to, first, analyse the procedures and pathways followed for the selection of chief executives in democratic regimes with directly elected presidents; and, second, the attributes of those who are elected. Presidential elections are an electorally challenging and politically strategic contest shaped by different institutional, partisan, and contextual factors. We show that the parties’ and candidates’ moves in the selection process particularly depend on whether it occurs in one or in several stages and on which selection method is used. We identify candidate-centered and party-centered nominations as well as situations of self-recruitment. We analyse how the interaction of legal and party variables explain different outcomes in terms of candidate profile. Three distinctive aspects are highlighted in the literature when we come to presidential profiles: the extent to which the candidate is a party-loyal person; what kind of previous political experience he or she has; and what his or her typical social background is.
Judicialization and the Political Executive
Authors: Vanberg Georg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed a ‘global expansion of judicial power’ (Tate and Vallinder 1995) as courts have increasingly taken on issues traditionally reserved for elected policy-makers. Such judicialization often appears to come at the expense of executives and legislative majorities whose scope for policy-making is constrained by judges. This chapter provides an overview of the scholarly literature on judicialization and its impact on executive-judicial relations. The central conclusion that emerges is that judicialization—while a significant development—is driven by complex political processes beyond unilateral judicial action. Most importantly, judicialization is more likely to occur in fragmented political environments, and in the presence of well-organized interests that perceive opportunities to pursue political goals through the courts rather than the ordinary political process. Moreover, judicialization often occurs with the tacit complicity and even active encouragement of political executives.
Women and Executive Politics
Authors: O’Brien Diana Z. , Reyes-Housholder Catherine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe address the origins and consequences of male dominance over—and women’s entrance into—executive politics. The executive branch is gendered masculine, perpetuating men’s overrepresentation as cabinet ministers and heads of government. Scholars have shown that women’s inclusion in these posts is explained by institutional factors, rather than cultural and developmental variables. Studies addressing policy and audience effects, however, are fewer and less conclusive. Building on existing work, future scholarship should clarify how and why women’s presence in executive posts enhances modern democracies. New research should also integrate more insights from executive politics research. Scholars must propose and test conditional hypotheses to account for the mixed impact of women’s inclusion. Finally, researchers should explore how gender affects pathways to power, incentives to govern differently, and public approval. Though much work remains, it is already clear that executive politics cannot be fully understood in the absence of a gendered perspective.
Inside the Coordination Paradigm
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we examine the shift in presidentialism studies away from Linzian questions of conflict towards questions of coordination in executive-legislative relations. This change of focus has brought presidential studies into line with the research on parliamentary systems, generating a more unified literature on comparative executive politics. Focusing specifically on minority presidents and issues of coalition management, we explore how a conceptual vocabulary familiar to students of parliamentarism has shaped the emerging research agenda. We consider the phenomenon of ‘coalitional presidentialism’, which has become the modal form of minority presidential rule in modern democracies facing higher levels of party fragmentation. We discuss why coalitional presidentialism ‘matters’ for both empirical and theoretical reasons, and review the state of the literature on coalition management. Finally, we identify areas of future research in this field.
Executive Politics of Multi-Level Systems
Authors: Tömmel Ingeborg 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWithin the realm of multi-level systems, the European Union (EU) constitutes a unique case characterized by a compound executive order which might serve as a template for building similar systems worldwide. This chapter examines the literature on the EU executive. Theoretically inspired mainly by neo-institutionalism, this literature revolves around four basic themes: the institutional structure and the powers of the EU’s executive(s); the performance of and the interactions among executive institutions; the exercise of political leadership; the democratic legitimacy and accountability of the executive(s). Despite ongoing research and debate, scholars agree that EU executive power is widely dispersed among various institutions and that their performance and interactions are characterized by cooperation and conflict. Furthermore, they see leadership in this context faced with limited opportunities and multiple constraints and the democratic legitimacy and accountability of EU executives as poorly developed. The chapter concludes that many research lacunae remain.
Political Executives in Autocracies and Hybrid Regimes
Authors: LaPorte Jody 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter assesses the state of knowledge about political executives in non-democratic regimes. The chapter starts by examining what distinguishes executives in non-democracies from those in democracies, as well as how executives in non-democratic regimes vary from one another other. It then turns to the key questions and findings in this field, including how authoritarian governments maintain power and ensure regime stability and how executive coalitions affect policy outcomes. The third section lays out some avenues for future research, including further exploration of the formal organization of authoritarian executives, intra-executive politics, and the decision-making processes in non-democratic regimes.
Political Executives in Authoritarian Monarchies
Authors: Sunik Anna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn spite of a long-term general trend of monarchic disappearance, a small group of authoritarian monarchies have proven resilient. This chapter defines monarchies and monarchs, problematizes both the Eurocentric and Arabocentric bias in current monarchy research and provides typologies of different subtypes and an overview of monarchy research. After democratization made the study of the monarch as a good ruler obsolete, current research is now focused on monarchic resilience and resistance to democratization, and the question what distinguishes monarchies and republics. Other areas worth of further exploration relate to foreign policy behaviour, amalgamation processes of monarchies and republics and the study of non-Middle Eastern and formal authoritarian monarchies.
Political Executives in Military Regimes
Authors: Lindstaedt Natasha 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Military executives often seize power because the military sees itself as the best institution to lead the country. Yet the track record of military executives paints a very different picture. This chapter explains the consequences of military rule. In doing so, this chapter justifies why military executives need to be studied as a separate category from other types of authoritarian rule, and how the evolution of the study of military rule has changed over time. Countries ruled by military executives are more likely to commit human rights abuses and become embroiled in civil wars than are civilian executives. In spite of this, military executives have been able to construct the myth that they are better at ruling than civilians. This chapter explains how military executives actually govern and what the future is for the study of military executives.
Interest Groups and Lobbying in Political Executives
Authors: Kanol Direnç 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolitical executives and interest groups need each other to accomplish their political and policy goals. Important actions taken by top-level bureaucrats, ministers, and heads of states might be influenced by interest groups. Interest groups, in return, might serve as soldiers for the executives, gathering information or helping them implement policies. Without studying the connections between interest groups and political executives, one cannot paint a complete picture of how any political executive work. By reviewing the research on interest groups and lobbying in political executives, this chapter offers avenues for future research about the relationship between interest groups and different political executive types, and interest groups’ impact on policy outcomes. These are not merely theoretical issues. They have implications for institutional and policy design and are of utmost importance for practitioners.