bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S100B protein level for the detection of clinically significant intracranial haemorrhage in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a subanalysis of a prospective cohort study
Authors: Blais Lécuyer Julien , Mercier Éric , Tardif Pier-Alexandre , Archambault Patrick M , Chauny Jean-Marc , Berthelot Simon , Frenette Jérôme , Perry Jeff , Stiell Ian , Émond Marcel , Lee Jacques , Lang Eddy , McRae Andrew , Boucher Valérie , Le Sage Natalie 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundClinical assessment of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is challenging and overuse of head CT in the ED is a major problem. Several studies have attempted to reduce unnecessary head CTs following a mTBI by identifying new tools aiming to predict intracranial bleeding. Higher levels of S100B protein have been associated with intracranial haemorrhage following a mTBI in previous literature. The main objective of this study is to assess whether plasma S100B protein level is associated with clinically significant brain injury and could be used to reduce the number of head CT post-mTBI.MethodsStudy design:secondary analysis of a prospective multicentre cohort study conducted between 2013 and 2016 in five Canadian EDs.Inclusion criteria:non-hospitalised patients with mTBI with a GCS score of 13–15 in the ED and a blood sample drawn within 24 hours after the injury.Data collected:sociodemographic and clinical data were collected in the ED. S100B protein was analysed using ELISA. All CT scans were reviewed by a radiologist blinded to the biomarker results.Main outcome:the presence of clinically important brain injury.Results476 patients were included. Mean age was 41±18 years old and 150 (31.5%) were women. Twenty-four (5.0%) patients had a clinically significant intracranial haemorrhage. Thirteen patients (2.7%) presented a non-clinically significant brain injury. A total of 37 (7.8%) brain injured patients were included in our study. S100B median value (Q1–Q3) was: 0.043 µg/L (0.008–0.080) for patients with clinically important brain injury versus 0.039 µg/L (0.023–0.059) for patients without clinically important brain injury. Sensitivity and specificity of the S100B protein level, if used alone to detect clinically important brain injury, were 16.7% (95% CI 4.7% to 37.4%) and 88.5% (95% CI 85.2% to 91.3%), respectively.ConclusionPlasma S100B protein level was not associated with clinically significant intracranial lesion in patients with mTBI.
Telemedicine in the emergency department to decrease personal protective equipment use: a before-and-after study
Authors: Candel Bart G J , Vaes Selma M M , van Bree Egid M , Groenen Sophie M A , Derkx Floor , Mignot Lisette A A , de Groot Bas 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundPersonal protective equipment (PPE) used by healthcare workers was scarce during the COVID-19 pandemic.The aim of this study was to assess whether telemedicine (using iPads) reduced PPE use in emergency department (ED) patients who were treated in contact isolation, and whether telemedicine had a positive effect on patient anxiety and satisfaction.MethodsWe conducted a prospective single centre before-and-after study including ED patients ≥18 years who were treated in contact isolation. PPE use, the Hospital Anxiety Scale and the 15-item Picker Patient Experience Questionnaire were compared between the control period (8 April to 14 April 2020) and intervention period (15 April to 24 April 2020).ResultsWe included 25 patients in each period. PPE use per patient was higher for physicians in the control period (mean 1.7; 95% CI 1.5 to 1.9) compared with the intervention period (mean 1.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.3, p<0.01). Total PPE use per patient contact for ED physicians decreased from 42 out of 42 patient contacts in the control period, to 29 out of 66 patient contacts in the intervention period (difference 54.3%; 95% CI 50.1% to 58.6%, p<0.01). Reported anxiety and satisfaction were not significantly different.ConclusionPPE use by physicians can successfully be reduced by using telemedicine in the ED without increasing anxiety or dissatisfaction. This study was a first step to gain experience with telemedicine in the ED which has the potential to reduce PPE use in future pandemics or other patients with an indication for contact isolation.
(Invited) Nanostructured Silicon with Incorporated Bi-Metallic Nanostructures
Authors: Rumpf Klemens , Granitzer Petra , Gonzalez-Rodriguez Roberto , Coffer Jeffery , Reissner Michael 
Published: December 2020

Silicon/bi-metal nanocomposites are fabricated in using porous silicon and silicon nanotubes as templates which are filled with magnetic bi-metal nanostructures (NiCo, FePt) and the magnetic response of the different systems is investigated. The morphology such as pore diameter and inner tube diameter of the two systems are comparable. The different metals (NiCo and FePt) offer drastic differences of the magnetic properties for both, porous silicon and silicon nanotubes.
The porous silicon (PSi) is fabricated by anodizing a highly n-doped silicon wafer in aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution. By applying a current density of 90 mA/cm2 pore diameters of 60 nm in average are achieved.
The silicon nanotube (SiNTs) formation is performed by silicon deposition on a ZO wire array and finally etching off the ZO [1]. The inner diameter and the wall thickness of the tubes are dependent on the chosen fabrication parameters. For comparison the inner diameters of the SiNTs are chosen comparable to the porous silicon structure. Co as well as FePt nanoparticles are chemically grown inside the pores and the tubes, respectively. In the case of FePt the molar ratio of Fe is varied (Pt:Fe 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6).
The magnetic properties of the different composite systems are investigated. PSi and SiNTs with deposited NiCo, Co and FePt nanoparticles show significant differences whereat the FePt filled samples offer higher coercivities and higher remanence and thus a high resulting energy product. The variation of the molar ratio of the FePt deposits shows a small impact in the magnetic response for both template types. Furthermore the differences between the two template materials are figured out. Such systems consisting of hard magnetic materials within nanostructured silicon are promising for on-chip applications using three dimensional arrays of nanomagnets.
[1] X. Huang, R. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, R. Rich, Z. Gryczynski, J.L. Coffer, Chem. Comm. 49, 5760 (2013).
Luminescent Porous Silicon Filled with Nanoscopic Magnetic Structures – Assessment of the Optical and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Granitzer Petra , Rumpf Klemens , Reissner Michael , Michor Herwig 
Published: December 2020

Luminescent porous silicon which is denoted as microporous silicon offers a structure size of a few nanometers. It is filled with magnetic metals resulting in a composite system with specific optical and magnetic properties. The morphology of microporous silicon offers a branched network of pores. The luminescence which is observed in the red-orange region due to the small structure size is influenced by the metal filling. The magnetic response of the samples is related to the interconnected pores and differs significantly to mesoporous silicon filled with magnetic nanostructures of similar size.
The luminescent porous silicon is etched in aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution by applying a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for 20 min resulting in a porous layer of about 0.8 µm thickness. The metal filling of microporous silicon is a challenging procedure which is carried out under cathodic conditions by pulsed electrodeposition. As electrolytes adequate metal salt solutions are used. The deposited nanosized metal structures are of the same interconnected sponge-like morphology as the template material.
Mesoporous silicon offers oriented pores whereas the diameter is in the range of 50 nm [1]. Also in this case the metal nanoparticles are electrodeposited within the matrix material.
The magnetic properties of the different systems rely on the morphology of the template material and the size and geometry of the incorporated metal deposits.
The magnetic response offers a significant difference between filled luminescent and mesoporous silicon samples. Luminescent metal filled samples show strong magnetic anisotropy between the magnetization parallel and perpendicular to the surface. For these specimens also significant differences of the anisotropy can be observed depending on the kind of deposited metal, e.g. Ni or Co. These differences are not so distinctive in the case of mesoporous metal filled silicon because of weak magnetic interactions between the metal nanoparticles.
Due to the merged optical and magnetic properties in the case of microporous silicon the nanocomposite could be promising for integrated magneto-optic devices.
[1] P. Granitzer, K. Rumpf, Semiconductor Science and Technology 31, 4004, 2016.
(Invited) Formation Efficiency of Anodic Porous Alumina in Sulfuric Acid Containing Alcohol As Additives
Authors: Asoh Hidetaka , Matsumoto Mikimasa , Hashimoto Hideki 
Published: December 2020

The properties of anodic porous alumina films, which are generally formed by the anodization of aluminum in an acid electrolyte, are well known to be affected by the dimensions of their structure (e.g., pore diameter, pore density, and film thickness). For instance, to increase the hardness of anodic films on aluminum, the anodization is industrially carried out at low-temperature to avoid chemical dissolution of the formed oxide film during anodization. Anodization in an electrolyte containing organic compounds is also one approach for improving the performance of anodic oxide film not only for aluminum but also for other light metals such as titanium and magnesium (1).
One such initiative is anodization of aluminum at a relatively high current density or high voltage using a common acidic electrolyte (e.g., sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, or phosphoric acid) with an alcohol added. In such studies, the effects of adding an alcohol are summarized as follows: i) the alcohol functions as an anti-freeze agent in the electrolyte, enabling the anodization temperature to be lowered; ii) the alcohol acts as a cooling agent—specifically, the vaporization of alcohol at the bottom of the pore channels removes the heat generated at the aluminum/oxide interface; and iii) nonuniform growth of the anodic film (i.e., burning) is effectively prevented, even during high-field anodization. However, these effects are observed not only for monohydric alcohols with a boiling point less than 100 °C (e.g., methanol and ethanol) but also for polyhydric alcohols with a boiling point greater than 100 °C (e.g., ethylene glycol and glycerol). Therefore, the effect of alcohol addition cannot be reasonably explained solely on basis of the boiling point of the alcohol used as an additive. Understanding the effects of alcohol addition necessitates a systematic investigation comparing types of alcohols, in addition to further fundamental studies.
In this study, monohydric alcohols or polyhydric alcohols were added to the sulfuric-acid-based electrolyte to examine their effects on the anodization behavior of aluminum, the coating ratio, the porosity, the maximum attainable film thickness, and the resulting etching ability. Anodization was conducted in sulfuric acid solutions containing various alcohols with different physical properties under mild anodization conditions with a constant current of 100 A·m−2 at 20 °C (2, 3). The influence of the type and concentration of alcohol on the coulombic efficiency of film formation and the structure of the porous alumina under a constant electric charge was also investigated. In terms of basic research, the potential impact of alcohol addition in electrolytes will be discussed.

H. Asoh, K. Asakura, H. Hashimoto, RSC Advances, 10, 9026-9036 (2020).

H. Asoh, M. Matsumoto, H. Hashimoto, Surface and Coatings Technology, 378, 124947 (2019).

M. Matsumoto, H. Hashimoto, H. Asoh, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167, 041504 (2020).
Fabrication of Sticky and Slippery Superhydrophobic Aluminum Surfaces Covered with Nanostructured Anodic Oxide
Authors: Kikuchi Tatsuya , Kondo Ryunosuke , Suzuki Ryosuke O. , Natsui Shungo , Nakajima Daiki 
Published: December 2020

Anodizing aluminum in a concentrated pyrophosphoric acid solution leads to the formation of numerous anodic alumina nanofibers, and this nanofiber-covered surface shows superhydrophilicity measuring less than 10° in water contact angle. In contrast, as the alumina surface is modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), the surface exhibits superhydrophobicity measuring more than 150°. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of sticky and slippery superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces by optimizing the nanostructure of anodic alumina nanofibers.
Commercially available 5N aluminum and 3004 aluminum alloy were anodized at a constant voltage of 75 V for up to 60 min for the formation of anodic alumina nanofibers on the surface. The specimens, then, were immersed in a 1.5 mM 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8,-tridecafluorooctylphosphonic acid (FOPA)/ethanol solution at 313 K for 48 h to form SAMs on the surface of the anodic oxide. The sliding behavior of the water droplet formed on the anodized surface was examined by advancing and receding contact angle investigations.
Numerous anodic alumina nanofibers and nanofiber-tangled intermetallic particles were formed on the aluminum surface by anodizing in pyrophosphoric acid. As the nanofiber-covered aluminum alloys were modified with fluorinated phosphonic acid SAMs, the aluminum surface exhibits a superhydrophobic behavior with contact angles of more than 170°. The sliding behavior of the water droplet was drastically changed with the anodizing time, and the highly sticky and slippery aluminum surfaces could be fabricated by controlling the structure of alumina nanofibers (Figure 1). A superhydrophobic aluminum surface with different wettabilities including sticky and slippery properties was fabricated by the selective anodizing process.

Figure 1
Investigation of Li+ Insertion in NMC622 Cathode Material upon Deep Lithiation Via Electrochemistry and x-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Usubelli Camille , Besli Muenir Mustafa , Kuppan Saravanan , Metzger Michael , Christensen Jake , Gorlin Yelena 
Published: December 2020

Nickel-based cathode materials have become an exciting alternative to the widely used LixCoO2 (LCO) for consumer electronics. The main advantages of this type of cathode materials over the LCO electrodes are a higher practical capacity and excellent safety characteristics.[1] Additionally, the tendency to increase the nickel content of these electrodes proves to be cost effective due to their lower cobalt content.[2] One known drawback of nickel-containing layered cathodes is their poor first cycle efficiency of 87-88.6% when cycled in the standard potential window of 2.8 V to 4.4V, whereas LCO cathodes reach a first cycle efficiency of 98%.[3]
In this study, we focus on the electrochemical properties of LixNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) cathode materials. We start by demonstrating that it is possible to recover the capacity “lost” by the NMC622 electrode in the first cycle by increasing the applied overpotential, as was previously shown for other nickel-based cathodes, including LiNiO2, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, and LiNi0.8Co0.10Al0.05O2.[3-4] We then establish through electrochemical measurements that it is possible to overlithiate the NMC622 cathode material by as much as 300 mAh/g relative to the pristine electrode. Finally, we complement our electrochemical characterization with ex-situ X-ray diffraction as well as soft and hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments, to elucidate how the structure of the material and the oxidation states of the transition metals (nickel, cobalt, manganese) change throughout the overlithiation process.
[1] Andre, D. et al. Future generations of cathode materials: An automotive industry perspective. J. Mater. Chem. A
3, 6709–6732 (2015).
[2] Xu, J., Lin, F., Doeff, M. M. & Tong, W. A review of Ni-based layered oxides for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A
5, 874–901 (2017).
[3] Kang, S. H., Yoon, W. S., Nam, K. W., Yang, X. Q. & Abraham, D. P. Investigating the first-cycle irreversibility of lithium metal oxide cathodes for Li batteries. J. Mater. Sci.
43, 4701–4706 (2008).
[4] Dahn, J. R., von Sacken, U. & Michal, C. A. Structure and electrochemistry of Li1+/-xNiOz and a new Li2Ni02 phase with the Ni (OH) 2 structure. Solid State Ionics
44, 87–97 (1990).
Improving the Energy Density of Ni-Rich Layered Cathodes: Through Increasing Nickel Composition or By Raising the Charge Cut-Off Voltage?
Authors: Park Geontae , Nam Gyeong Won , Sun Yang-Kook 
Published: December 2020

Since the commercialization of lithium-ion batteries, portable energy storage devices have undergone extensive development. This has allowed for the significant extension of their application areas especially large-scale applications such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs). However, the limited driving range, high costs, and safety concerns of electrified transportation systems are impeding their wider acceptance by society.1 Therefore, further improvements in the energy density, thermal stability, and cycle life of LIBs are necessary to accelerate their penetration into the automobile market.
Generally, two approaches can be undertaken to enhance the energy density of NCM cathodes. The first approach is improving the specific capacity of the cathodes by increasing the composition of the redox-active nickel metal relative to other transition metals.2 This transition towards higher Ni produced positive effects in terms of energy density. However, it inevitably led to the deterioration of the cycling and thermal stability of the materials. The second approach is increasing the upper cut-off voltage to extract more Li+ ions. Enhancing the energy density of NCM-111 and NCM-523 has been investigated by operating at charge cut-off potentials higher than 4.3 V.3, 4 However, there is no report directly comparing electrochemical, structural, and thermal properties of the cathodes which are currently used (NCM-622) and will be adapted (NCM-811 and NCM-90) for EVs.
In this study, the two approaches, increasing the Ni contents and the upper cut-off potential for high energy density, are directly compared. The comparative study is specifically carried out in terms of capacity and cycling lifespan as well as thermal stability.

References

S.-T. Myung, F. Maglia, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon, P. Lamp, S.-J. Kim and Y.-K Sun., ACS Energy Lett., 2017, 2, 196.

H.-J. Noh, S. Youn, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, J. Power Sources, 2013, 233, 121.

J. Kasnatscheew, M. Evertz, B. Streipert, R. Wagner, S. Nowak, I. C. Laskovic and M. Winter, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2017, 121, 1521.

J. A. Gilbert, J. Bareno, T. Spila, S. E. Trask, D. J. Miller, B. Z. Polzin, A. N. Jansen and D. P. Abraham, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2017, 164, A6054.
Resolving Li-F Locking Effect in Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes with Mg-Doping
Authors: Zhong Peichen , Cai Zijian , Zhang Yaqian , Ouyang Bin , Zeng Guobo , Chen Yu , Lun Zhengyan , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: December 2020

The discovery of Li-excess cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) cathodes greatly enlarges the design space beyond the layered NCM-type rocksalt chemistries. Fluorination of DRX cathodes can provide more capacity by reducing the transition metal valence and reduce oxygen loss by protecting the surface. On the other hand, fluorine’s strong bonding with lithium creates Li-F short-range order (SRO) and prevents some lithium from being extracted. We performed a systematic computational study to investigate which inactive doping elements can lower the bonding strength with lithium, and found that substituting a small amount of Li by Mg could be beneficial for generating higher capacity.
To investigate this effect, we synthesized two composition with identical Li-excess, fluorination and transition metal amount: Li1.25Mn0.45Ti0.3O1.8F0.2 (LMTF) / Li1.25Mg0.1Mn0.45Nb0.2O1.8F0.2 (LMMNF). Electrochemical experiment confirmed an increased capacity from 279 mAh/g (899 Wh/kg) for the undoped sample to 290 mAh/g (905 Wh/kg) for the Mg-doped sample. The inaccessible Li-content after the first cycle reduces from 0.17 to 0.24 per formula unit. In a related group of composition Li1.33Mn0.67O1.33F0.67 (LMF) and Li1.28Mg0.11Mn0.61O1.33F0.67 (LMMF) the inaccessible Li-ion content was reduced from 0.53 to 0.47 per formula unit, while delivering a similar charge capacity 276 mAh/g and 272 mAh/g.
By comparing these results with detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the ionic configurations in the material we conclude that the Li-site distribution plays a more important role than the metal-redox capacity in determining the initial capacity. While fluorination enhances the long-term performance of DRX materials its strong attraction to lithium can make some of those Li-ions unextractable in a reasonable voltage window. Mg-doping can be used to free some of these locked Li-ions within the working voltage range, thus delivering higher charge capacity. This new design strategy should be considered in oxyfluorides cathode materials.

Figure 1
Uniform Carbon Coated Na3V2(PO4)2O2xF3
−
2x Nanoparticles for Sodium Ion Batteries as Cathode
Authors: Park Sohyun , Soundharrajan Vaiyapuri , Park Sunhyeon , Kim Jaekook 
Published: December 2020

A uniform carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)2O2xF3
−
2x (NVPOF/C) nanoparticle synthesized by a novel pyro synthesis method is utilized for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) as a cathode. Remarkably, the electrochemical properties are performed at high rates show significantly improved discharge capacity (Fig. 1). At 0.1 C, the NVPOF/C cathode shows a discharge capacity of 130 mAh g−
1, corresponding to 100% of the theoretical capacity. Even at 50 C, a discharge capacity of ~85 mAh g−
1 could be attained. The in situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy results exposed that the reversible sodium ion insertion/ extraction into/from NVPOF/C host structure occurs with a small volume change (3.4%), indicating the structural stability of the cathode. Our study validates that the Na3V2(PO4)2O2xF3
−
2x/C electrode is a promising candidate for developing high power/ energy density cathodes for SIBs.
Figure 1. (a) Galvanostatic charge/discharge potential profiles of Na3V2(PO4)2O2xF3-2x in the potential range of 2.0 ~ 4.3V at 0.1C. (b) Cycle performance at 1C. (c) The discharge profiles of different C. (d) Comparison of the rate capabilities at various curve

Figure 1