bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning from Teaching Graduate Students How to Design Climate Change Education Programs
Authors: Reimers Fernando M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses lessons learned engaging my graduate students in education policy analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in designing climate change education curricula in partnership with educational institutions around the world. Studying those programs developed by my students, I draw out seven cross-cutting themes about what such an approach yields for students, for the educational institutions they partnered with and for my own institution, while drawing parallels between those curricula and the graduate course in comparative education policy analysis in which these curricula were developed. In addressing those themes the chapter revisits some of the central arguments presented in the introductory chapter about the urgency and the challenges of enhancing the effectiveness of climate change education, and some of the key conclusions of critical reviews of the literature on education and climate change about the limitation of existing approaches to the subject.Those themes are:Educating students to address climate change is about engaging them in active problem solving, not contemplation.While learning from doing is valuable, to advance the field of climate change education, it is necessary to conceptualize and theorize practice.The need to think broadly about learning outcomes in climate change educationThe power of contextually situated learningA Signature project-based pedagogy to Change Climate through EducationAugmenting the capacity for climate change education among teachers and schoolsThe limitations of infusing climate change education in existing coursesThe chapter concludes examining some blind spots in the climate change curricula presented in the book and drawing parallels between the education response to the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020 and the education response to Climate Change.
Applications of Synchronized Pushdown Systems
Authors: Späth Johannes 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA precise static data-flow analysis transforms the program into a context-sensitive and field-sensitive approximation of the program. It is challenging to design an analysis of this precision efficiently due to the fact that the analysis is undecidable per se. Synchronized pushdown systems (SPDS) present a highly precise approximation of context-sensitive and field-sensitive data-flow analysis. This chapter presents some data-flow analyses that SPDS can be used for. Further on, this chapter summarizes two other contributions of the thesis “Synchronized Pushdown System for Pointer and Data-Flow Analysis” calledBoomerangand IDEal.Boomerangis a demand-driven pointer analysis that builds on top of SPDS and minimizes the highly computational effort of a whole-program pointer analysis by restricting the computation to the minimal program slice necessary for an individual query. IDEalis a generic and efficient framework for data-flow analyses, e.g., typestate analysis. IDEalresolves pointer relations automatically and efficiently by the help ofBoomerang. This reduces the burden of implementing pointer relations into an analysis. Further on, IDEalperforms strong updates, which makes the analysis sound and precise.
Software Developers’ Work Habits and Expertise: Empirical Studies on Sketching, Code Plagiarism, and Expertise Development
Authors: Baltes Sebastian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnalyzing and understanding software developers’ work habits and resulting needs is an essential prerequisite to improve software development practice. In our research, we utilize different qualitative and quantitative research methods to empirically investigate three underexplored aspects of software development: First, we analyze how software developers use sketches and diagrams in their daily work and derive requirements for better tool support. Then, we explore to what degree developers copy code from the popular online platform Stack Overflow without adhering to license requirements and motivate why this behavior may lead to legal issues for affected open source software projects. Finally, we describe a novel theory of software development expertise and identify factors fostering or hindering the formation of such expertise. Besides, we report on methodological implications of our research and present the open dataset SOTorrent, which supports researchers in analyzing the origin, evolution, and usage of content on Stack Overflow. The common goal for all studies we conducted was to better understand software developers’ work practices. Our findings support researchers and practitioners in making data-informed decisions when developing new tools or improving processes related to either the specific work habits we studied or expertise development in general.
Same but Different: Consistently Developing and Evolving Software Architecture Models and Their Implementation
Authors: Konersmann Marco , Goedicke Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs software architecture is a main driver for the software quality, source code is often accompanied by software architecture specifications. When the implementation is changed, the architecture specification is often not updated along with the code, which introduces inconsistencies between these artifacts. Such inconsistencies imply a risk of misunderstandings and errors during the development, maintenance, and evolution, causing serious degradation over the lifetime of the system. In this chapter we present the Explicitly Integrated Architecture approach and its toolCodeling, which remove the necessity for a separate representation of software architecture by integrating software architecture information with the program code. By using our approach, the specification can be extracted from the source code and changes in the specification can be propagated to the code. The integration of architecture information with the code leaves no room for inconsistencies between the artifacts and creates links between artifacts. We evaluate the approach and tool in a use case with real software in development and with a benchmark software, accompanied by a performance evaluation.
Actionable Program Analyses for Improving Software Performance
Authors: Selakovic Marija 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNowadays, we have greater expectations of software than ever before. This is followed by the constant pressure to run the same program on smaller and cheaper machines. To meet this demand, the application’s performance has become an essential concern in software development. Unfortunately, many applications still suffer from performance issues: coding or design errors that lead to performance degradation. However, finding performance issues is a challenging task: there is limited knowledge on how performance issues are discovered and fixed in practice, and current profilers report only where resources are spent, but not where resources are wasted. In this chapter, we investigate actionable performance analyses that help developers optimize their software by applying relatively simple code changes. We focus on optimizations that are effective, exploitable, recurring, and out-of-reach for compilers. These properties suggest that proposed optimizations lead to significant performance improvement, that they are easy to understand and apply, applicable across multiple projects, and that the compilers cannot guarantee that these optimizations always preserve the original program semantics. We implement our actionable analyses in practical tools and demonstrate their potential in improving software performance by applying relatively simple code optimizations.
“This Has Triggered a Civil War”: Russian Deterrence of Democratic Revolts
Authors: Rothman Maarten 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the use of deterrence by President Putin of the Russian Federation against potential democratic revolts. It combines insights from the literatures on democratic revolutions and social movements on the one hand and deterrence and coercion on the other. This exploratory research sketches a rough model of a strategy to deter democratic revolts. From Putin’s perspective, democratic revolts present a severe strategic threat. The chapter distinguishes two channels through which he can discourage or deter democratic revolts: suppression and the threat of intervention. It focuses on the latter and specifically on punishment after the revolt. Democratic revolts are not enacted by a unitary actor but by an emergent collective which, strictly speaking, does not exist prior to the event; this deprives the deterrent actor of the part of his arsenal that goes through backchannels. The alternative, targeting the population at large, carries increased risk that the threat backfires. Putin formulates carefully according to a rhetorical strategy that obscures his own role while ensuring the threat is mainly carried by news media, which report the failing aspirations of previous democratic revolts and the pains suffered by the people who fought for them. It serves Russia’s interests to periodically feed the media by manufacturing incidents in any of the large number of frozen conflicts in which it is involved.
New Technologies and Deterrence: Artificial Intelligence and Adversarial Behaviour
Authors: Wilner Alex , Babb Casey 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOffering a critical synthesis of extant insights into technological developments in AI and their potential ramifications for international relations and deterrence postures, this chapter argues that AI risks influencing military deterrence and coercion in unique ways: it may alter cost-benefit calculations by removing the fog of war, by superficially imposing rationality on political decisions, and by diminishing the human cost of military engagement. It may recalibrate the balance between offensive and defensive measures, tipping the scales in favour of pre-emption, and undermine existing assumptions imbedded in both conventional and nuclear deterrence. AI might altogether remove human emotions and eliminate other biological limitations from the practice of coercion. It may provide users the ability to collect, synthesize, and act upon real-time intelligence from several disparate sources, augmenting the certainty and severity of punishment strategies, both in theatre and online, compressing the distance between intelligence, political decisions, and coercive action. As a result, AI may quicken the overall pace of action across all domains of coercion, in conflict, crisis, and war, and within the related subfields of national security, counterterrorism, counter-crime, and counter-espionage.
The Continuing Relevance of Conventional Deterrence
Authors: Mueller Karl 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the theoretical principles that underpin conventional deterrence and its evolution in practice over the past century. It disaggregates conventional deterrence approaches into four strategic categories based on their geographic scope and the nature of the threats they employ, and focuses in particular on strategies of punishment through resistance to an invader on the battlefield. It concludes with an assessment of the strengths and limitations of conventional and nuclear deterrence, and a set of summary principles for conventional deterrence strategy makers.
Exploiting genetic diversity in two European maize landraces for improving Gibberella ear rot resistance using genomic tools
Authors: Gaikpa David Sewordor , Kessel Bettina , Presterl Thomas , Ouzunova Milena , Galiano-Carneiro Ana L. , Mayer Manfred , Melchinger Albrecht E. , Schön Chris-Carolin , Miedaner Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractKey messageHigh genetic variation in two European maize landraces can be harnessed to improve Gibberella ear rot resistance by integrated genomic tools.AbstractFusarium graminearum(Fg) causes Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize leading to yield reduction and contamination of grains with several mycotoxins. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis of GER resistance among 500 doubled haploid lines derived from two European maize landraces, “Kemater Landmais Gelb” (KE) and “Petkuser Ferdinand Rot” (PE). The two landraces were analyzed individually using genome-wide association studies and genomic selection (GS). The lines were genotyped with a 600-k maize array and phenotyped for GER severity, days to silking, plant height, and seed-set in four environments using artificial infection with a highly aggressive Fg isolate. High genotypic variances and broad-sense heritabilities were found for all traits. Genotype-environment interaction was important throughout. The phenotypic (r) and genotypic ($${r}_{g}$$rg) correlations between GER severity and three agronomic traits were low (r =  − 0.27 to 0.20;$${r}_{g}\hspace{0.17em}$$rg=  − 0.32 to 0.22). For GER severity, eight QTLs were detected in KE jointly explaining 34% of the genetic variance. In PE, no significant QTLs for GER severity were detected. No common QTLs were found between GER severity and the three agronomic traits. The mean prediction accuracies ($$\rho $$ρ) of weighted GS (wRR-BLUP) were higher than$$\rho $$ρof marker-assisted selection (MAS) and unweighted GS (RR-BLUP) for GER severity. Using KE as the training set and PE as the validation set resulted in very low$$\rho $$ρthat could be improved by using fixed marker effects in the GS model.
3D printed composite materials for craniofacial implants: current concepts, challenges and future directions
Authors: Jindal Swati , Manzoor Faisal , Haslam Niall , Mancuso Elena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMillions of craniofacial surgeries are performed annually worldwide for craniofacial bones’ replacement and augmentation. This represents a significant economic burden as well as aesthetic expectations. Autografts and allografts are the first choice for treatment of craniofacial defects; however, their limited availability and difficulty to shape have led to investigation for alternative strategies. Biomaterial-based approaches have been used for implantation as they have ample supply but their processing through conventional technologies present several drawbacks; the major one relates to the poor versatility towards the production of patient-specific implants. Additive manufacturing has gained considerable attention during the last decade, as it allows the manufacturing of implants according to patient need. Biomaterial implants can be additively manufactured but have one or more limitations of stress shielding, radiopacity, high strength to weight ratio and limited bone integration. Over the last few decades, composites are investigated to surmount the limitations with traditional implants and also improve their bone integration. This review provides an overview of the most recent polymeric composite-based biomaterials that have been used in combination with 3D printing technology for the development of patient-specific craniofacial implants. Starting with the conventional treatments, biomaterials available for the craniofacial implants, the additive manufacturing rationale are discussed. Also, the main challenges still associated with 3D printing of polymer-based composites are critically reviewed and the future perspective presented.
Enterokolitis als Ursache eines akuten unerwarteten Todes eines Orang-Utans in Zoohaltung
Authors: Zack F. , Warnke P. , Manhart J. , Angeli A. , Nizze H. , Rudnick J. O. , Steinhagen I. , Kolbe V. , Hammer M. , Büttner A. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungEs wird von einem 13 Jahre alt gewordenen weiblichen Orang-Utan berichtet, der 4 Tage vor dem Tod an einer akuten Enterokolitis erkrankte. Die tierärztliche Ultraschalluntersuchung einen Tag vor dem Tod erbrachte den Nachweis von vermehrter Flüssigkeit im Zäkum und einer abschnittsweise verdickten Kolonwand. Nach dem für die Veterinärmediziner und die Zoomitarbeiter unerwarteten Todeseintritt erfolgte eine Obduktion durch Rechtsmediziner der Universitätsmedizin Rostock mit Unterstützung von Ärzten weiterer Fachrichtungen. Dabei wurde als Todesursache eine akute Escherichia-coli-Enterokolitis mit massiver Blutung in den Darm festgestellt. Begünstigend oder ursächlich für die letale Enterokolitis dürften wahrscheinlich zahlreiche rezidivierende Durchfallerkrankungen in der Anamnese des Orang-Utans als Folge eines Verweigerns des Stillens durch die Mutter nach der Geburt gewesen sein.
Alcohol attention bias in 14-16 year old adolescents: an eye tracking study
Authors: McGivern Casey , Curran David , Hanna Donncha 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rationale
Theoretical models regarding the automaticity of attentional processes highlight a progression of attentional bias style from controlled to automatic in drinking populations as alcohol use progresses. Previous research has focused on older adolescent and adult drinking populations at later stages in their drinking career.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate alcohol attention bias in 14–16-year-old adolescent social drinkers and abstainers.

Methods
Alcohol attention bias was measured in social drinking and abstaining groups in an eye-tracking paradigm. Questionnaires measured alcohol use, expectancies, exposure and socially desirable response styles.

Results
Social drinkers fixated to alcohol stimuli more frequently and spent a larger proportion of their fixation time attending to alcohol stimuli compared to non-drinkers. Groups displayed differences in their style of attentional processing of alcohol-related information, with heavy drinkers fixating significantly longer to alcohol information across alcohol stimulus presentation and exhibiting a delayed disengagement style of alcohol attention bias that differentiated them from light drinking and abstaining peers. All social drinkers fixated significantly more than abstainers in the latter half of alcohol stimulus presentation.

Conclusion
Alcohol attention bias was present in this adolescent sample. Drinking subgroups are defined from abstaining peers by unique features of their attentional bias that are controlled in nature. These findings are comparable to those in other adolescent and adult social drinking populations. The identification of specific attentional bias features according to drinking subpopulations has implications for our theoretical understanding of developing alcohol attention bias and problematic drinking behaviours, as well as at-risk identification and early intervention.
Nicotine delivery and user reactions to Juul EU (20 mg/ml) compared with Juul US (59 mg/ml), cigarettes and other e-cigarette products
Authors: Phillips-Waller Anna , Przulj Dunja , Smith Katie Myers , Pesola Francesca , Hajek Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rationale
The degree to which the EU version of Juul with 20 mg/ml nicotine (Juul EU) delivers nicotine to users is likely to determine its treatment potential.

Objectives
To compare the pharmacokinetic profile and user ratings of Juul EU, Juul US (59 mg/ml nicotine), cigarettes and other e-cigarette (EC) products.

Methods
In a within-subjects crossover design, 18 vapers used, at separate sessions, their own brand cigarette (OBC), Juul US and Juul EU for 5 min ad libitum, after overnight abstinence. Seven of the participants also tested eight other EC previously. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 30 min after initiating product use. Products were rated on a range of characteristics.

Results
Juul EU delivered less nicotine than OBC (t(13) = −4.64 p < .001) and than Juul US (t(13) = −6.40, p < .001): AUC0 ≥ 30 77.3, 324.8 and 355.9, respectively. Maximum nicotine concentration (Cmax) was also much lower for Juul EU than Juul US (z = −3.59, p < .001): Cmax 3.8 ng/ml vs 21.1 ng/ml, respectively. Juul EU was perceived to relieve urges to smoke less than Juul US (z = −2.29, p = .022) and to provide less nicotine (z = −2.57. p = 0.010). Juul EU delivered less nicotine than refillable EC (Cmax: t(6) = 3.02, p = 0.023; AUC0 ≥ 30: z = −2.20, p = 0.028) and also less than cig-a-like EC, though the difference did not reach significance (Cmax: t(6) = 2.49, p = 0.047; AUC0 ≥ 30: z = −1.99, p = 0.046). Subjective ratings of Juul EU and other EC products were similar.

Conclusions
Juul EU delivers much less nicotine to users than Juul US, and also less than refillable EC products. It may thus have more limited potential to help smokers quit.
Extension of Boley’s method to functionally graded beams
Authors: Gahleitner J. , Schoeftner J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe objective of this contribution is the computation of the Airy stress function for functionally graded beam-type structures subjected to transverse and shear loads. For simplification, the material parameters are kept constant in the axial direction and vary only in the thickness direction. The proposed method can be easily extended to material varying in the axial and thickness direction. In the first part an iterative procedure is applied for the determination of the stress function by means of Boley’s method. This method was successfully applied by Boley for two-dimensional (2D) isotropic plates under plane stress conditions in order to compute the stress distribution and the displacement field. In the second part, a shear loaded cantilever made of isotropic, functionally graded material is studied in order to verify our theory with finite element results. It is assumed that the Young’s modulus varies exponentially in the transverse direction and the Poisson ratio is constant. Stresses and displacements are analytically determined by applying our derived theory. Results are compared to a 2D finite element analysis performed with the commercial software ABAQUS. It is found that the analytical and numerical results are in perfect agreement.
Effects of ground-motion sequences on fragility and vulnerability of case-study reinforced concrete frames
Authors: Aljawhari Karim , Gentile Roberto , Freddi Fabio , Galasso Carmine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of ground-motion sequences on fragility and vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames (MRFs). Two four-storey, four-bay RC MRFs are selected as case studies. These structures, which share the same geometry, are representative of distinct vulnerability classes in the Mediterranean region and are characterized by different material properties, cross-section dimensions, and detailing. The first case study is a ductile MRF designed according to Eurocode 8 (i.e., a special-code frame), while the second is a non-ductile MRF designed to sustain only gravity loads (i.e., a pre-code frame). The influence of masonry infills on their seismic performance is also investigated. Advanced numerical models are developed to perform cloud-based sequential nonlinear time history analyses using ground-motion sequences assembled by randomly pairing two real records via Latin hypercube sampling. Different structure-specific damage states are considered to derive fragility curves for the undamaged structures, when subjected to a single ground-motion record, and state-dependent fragility curves by considering the additional damage induced by a second ground-motion record within the sequence. Damage-to-loss models are then used to derive mean vulnerability relationships. Results of the analysis show the importance of considering the effect of damage accumulation in the pre-code frames. Moreover, the presence of infills shows an overall positive contribution to the seismic performance of both frame types. Vector-valued vulnerability relationships accounting for the damaging effect of two ground-motion records are finally presented in the form of mean vulnerability surfaces.