bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Concepts and Allocating Referents
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The analysis of concepts is an important part of the philosophical exercise but has to be complemented by the allocation of a referent to any world-tracking concept: this will give an account of what constitutes the phenomenon tracked. But analysis generally leaves room for negotiation about the referent to be allocated, for two reasons. First, because it may underdetermine the specification of conditions that anything must satisfy if it is to count as a referent. And, second, because the specification chosen may itself underdetermine the property that constitutes the referent. The license that philosophy consequently enjoys has to be exercised on the basis of analytically independent criteria linked with the theory within which any realistic concept has to take its place. The lesson is illustrated schematically, it comments on concepts like those of causation, freewill, and value and in a case study of the concept of freedom. It connects with the line argued by a range of recent, more revisionary approaches to philosophy.
The Functions of MicroRNA in Female Reproduction
Authors: Power Michael L. , Quaglieri Caroline W. , Reed Eda G. , Schulkin Jay 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small RNA molecules of about 20–25 nucleotides in length which act to regulate gene expression post-transcription primarily by blocking the translation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). miRNA play important roles in the pathology of cancer, and also during normal pregnancy and lactation. The study of miRNAs related to cancer screening and treatment is perhaps the most developed of the clinical applications regarding miRNA, particularly for breast cancer. Evidence miRNAs affect pregnancy is strong, but the specifics remain poorly understood as the relationship between mother and neonate is complex. Within this relationship, miRNA in milk remain the most unknown, but it is hypothesized that milk miRNA play a role in regulation of both the mammary gland and in the neonate. This chapter describes ways biomedical researchers would gain from viewing miRNAs from an evolutionary perspective, specifically for research involving potential therapeutic interventions for women.
Evaluating Credence Change
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 shows how the rationality measures we established in previous chapters can be used to evaluate changes in a thinker’s credences. The focus is on how we can evaluate credence changes in thinkers who reason from irrational starting points. I consider three types of changes: cases in which the thinker revises their credences (i) without learning new information or adding new attitudes; (ii) without learning new information, but adding new attitudes; (iii) as a response to learning new evidence. Examining those cases leads to some interesting discoveries: An incoherent thinker can always form new credences based on their existing incoherent credences without becoming more incoherent. Also, the identification of good patterns of reasoning is of very limited benefit in dealing with irrational thinkers.
Negotiating a Settlement in Northern Ireland, 1969-2019
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 ended a protracted violent conflict in Northern Ireland and became an international reference point for peace-building. Negotiating a Settlement In Northern Ireland, 1969–2019 traces the roots and outworkings of the Agreement, focussing on the British and Irish governments, their changing policy paradigms and their extended negotiations from the Sunningdale conference of 1973 to the St Andrews Agreement of 2006. It identifies three dimensions of change that paved the way for agreement: in elite understandings of sovereignty, in development of wide-ranging and complex modes of power-sharing, and in the interrelated emergence of substantial equality in the socio-economic, cultural, and political domains. The book combines wide-ranging analysis with unparalleled use of witness seminars and interviews where the most senior British and Irish politicians, civil servants and advisors discuss the process of coming to agreement. In tracing the processes by which British and Irish perspectives converged to address the Northern Ireland conflict, the book provides a benchmark against which the ongoing impact of Brexit on the Good Friday Agreement can be assessed.
The Origin and Evolution of Investment Treaty Standards
Authors: Ortino Federico 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This book provides a conceptual and legal analysis of the core of investment protection guarantees that emerge from international treaties signed since 1959 for the promotion and protection of foreign investment. It focuses on both the origin and evolution of investment treaty standards. In terms of origin, the work considers the broader context at the time when the first modern investment treaty was concluded. In terms of evolution, the work examines (a) the many decisions of ad hoc arbitral tribunals that have been called upon to apply these treaties in order to resolve the several hundred investor–State disputes, as well as (b) some of the recent investment treaties that in the past ten to fifteen years have attempted to clarify and/or reform the content and scope of investment protection guarantees. This study posits that the key investment protection provisions in investment treaties (and thus much of the related controversy) revolve around three distinct concepts: legal stability, investment’s value and reasonableness. This book advances two main arguments. First, from the very beginning, the protection afforded to foreign investments by modern investment treaties has been an exceptionally broad one and as such restrictive of the host State’s ability to regulate. Second, while a growing number of investment treaty tribunals as well as new investment treaties have to some extent reined in such broad protections, the evolution of key investment protection standards has been (and in many ways still is) marred by inconsistency and uncertainty.
Introduction
Authors: Geiß Robin , Krieger Heike , Lahmann Henning 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An introduction to the aims of The ‘Legal Pluriverse’ Surrounding Multinational Military Operations, defining the key terms to be used within the book, particularly ‘pluriverse’, a term which is used to describe the multiplicity of rules that apply to and regulate contemporary multinational missions and the diversity of actors involved. This chapter briefly outlines the five main parts of the book and the legal problems that are dealt with by the contributing authors in their individual chapters, providing the necessary background for the book as a whole to take stock of this legal pluriverse and help to make sense of it in order to gradually move towards a more coherent regime.
An Operational Perspective
Authors: Boddens Hosang Hans 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the challenges related to the conduct of operations and the preparations for such operations as regards implementing international humanitarian law and international human rights law, exploring some of the differences between the two systems. In particular, the concepts of necessity and proportionality are examined, as well as the right to life and issues related to capture and detention, and the different meanings of those concepts and their scope in each of the two paradigms. As regards international humanitarian law, the chapter also discusses a number of challenges to interoperability in multinational military operations. The discussion on international human rights law, on the other hand, focuses on the inherent challenges in implementing that body of law in the context of (multinational) military operations outside a nation’s own borders.
Performing Epic Now
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
At the dawn of the twenty-first century, technological wizardry and the fragmentation or complete eschewal of narrative were rapidly becoming the staples of the commercial and the fringe stages respectively. In a postmodern world where ‘grand narratives’ were suspect, all narrative in the theatre was increasingly being viewed as no different from the artifice of the ‘well-made play’ and thus inadequate in the face of contemporary uncertainties. The decisive moment in this anti-narrative turn is often identified as the early 1950s, when the avant-garde in the visual arts, music, and theatre pioneered alternative modes of representation, seen in the works of Ad Reinhardt, John Cage, and Samuel Beckett. Hans-Thies Lehmann dates the turning point in performance to the 1970s and the ‘mediatization’ culture, when a split is perceptible between (text-based) drama and theatre that embraces performance in the broadest terms. Yet in recent decades there has also been plenty of resistance to any avowedly anti-narrative turn in performance and plenty of evidence that epic narratives have been making a comeback on the stage. Chapter 1 examines some of the reasons behind the return to narrative during this period, and the forms in which it can be seen, from storytelling to video games, podcasts to opera.
Telling Tales on Stage
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
While Hans-Thies Lehmann dated the postdramatic turn in performance to the 1970s, Christian Biet and Christophe Triau have argued that, on the contrary, it is a seventeenth-century construct. ‘Drama’, they argue, was fashioned in the rule books of neoclassical theorists, who sought to elevate French tragedy in order to distinguish it from both its forebears and from other (less ‘serious’) contemporary performance arts. Chapter 2 examines the divisions between theatre and narrative that have come to dominate performance thinking since the closing decades of the twentieth century. The longstanding theoretical interplay between narrative and theatre has often been agonistically cast as epic versus drama, but this is a false dichotomy, erected by neoclassical theory and practice and promulgated most successfully by Schiller and Goethe; it does not stem from Aristotle’s Poetics, where drama is pronounced to possess ‘epic’ qualities. But for Brecht, ‘dramatized epic’ is precisely what he strove to re-make in his ‘Epic Theatre’. This, in Peter Szondi’s view, was a result of a ‘crisis’ in dramatic form around 1900, when Aristotelean teleological form and its dialogic structure no longer sufficed—and it is Szondi’s privileging of Brechtian epic, and Brecht’s challenge to the perceived and longstanding opposition of epic and drama, that lies behind Lehmann’s postdramatic theatre. Yet theory, it seems, is out of step with practice because narrative and ‘stories’ appear to matter in the theatre in ways that Lehmann’s schema doesn’t allow, notwithstanding his often overlooked speculation that a ‘new narrative theatre’ may follow the postdramatic one.
The Author's Effects
Authors: Watson Nicola J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Author’s Effects: On Writer’s House Museums is the first book to describe how the writer’s house museum came into being as a widespread cultural phenomenon across Britain, Europe, and North America. Exploring the ways that authorship has been mythologized and materialized through the conventions of the writer’s house museum, The Author’s Effects anatomizes the how and why of the emergence, establishment, and endurance of popular notions of authorship in relation to creativity. It traces how and why the writer’s bodily remains, possessions, and spaces came to be treasured in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as a prelude to the appearance of formal writer’s house museums. It ransacks more than 100 museums and archives to tell the stories of celebrated and paradigmatic relics—Burns’ skull, Keats’ hair, Petrarch’s cat, Poe’s raven, Brontë’s bonnet, Dickinson’s dress, Shakespeare’s chair, Austen’s desk, Woolf’s spectacles, Hawthorne’s window, Freud’s mirror, Johnson’s coffee-pot, and Bulgakov’s stove, amongst many others. It investigates houses within which nineteenth-century writers mythologized themselves and their work—Thoreau’s cabin and Dumas’ tower, Scott’s Abbotsford and Irving’s Sunnyside. And it tracks literary tourists of the past to such long-celebrated literary homes as Petrarch’s Arquà, Rousseau’s Île St Pierre, and Shakespeare’s Stratford to find out what they thought and felt and did there, discovering deep continuities with the redevelopment of Shakespeare’s New Place for 2016
Introduction
Authors: Watson Nicola J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces an enquiry into the writer’s house museum as an idea and cultural form, arguing that it begins to emerge in the late eighteenth century as a widespread phenomenon. Starting from the working hypothesis that such museums are primarily designed to effect a figure of the author through the preservation and display of belongings within quasi-domestic space, it opens an investigation into the ways that authorial remains, possessions, and spaces came to remediate and locate the simultaneous materiality/immateriality of the author in ways that typically conceived place as national. It sites its investigation within current scholarship, defines terms, lays out a methodology, offers a guide to the remainder of the book, and argues its timeliness.
Household effects
Authors: Watson Nicola J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 widens the focus beyond the staging of the immediate scene of writing to develop a taxonomy of the ways that domestic objects and spaces have been made to bear witness to the writer’s life and work through inscription, caption, and representations of the author in life-size effigy or statue. It canvases objects that bear witness to authorial biography such as Johnson’s coffee-pot, explores how (and why) objects may choose instead to materialize the author’s writing, as in the Hans Christian Andersen museum in Odense, the James Joyce Museum in Sandycove, and the Mikhail Bulgakov museum in Kiev, and investigates how life-size representations of the adult author have been used in the Hannibal, Missouri Twain Boyhood Museum and in Lichfield to ‘remember’ childhood homes.
Civilization and the Culture of Science
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
How does science, in the period from the end of the eighteenth to the middle of the twentieth century, come to have such a central place in Western culture? At issue in the consolidation of a scientific culture is the way in which all cognitive values, and subsequently many moral, political, and social ones, come to be modelled around scientific values, and Civilization and the Culture of Science explores how these values were shaped and how they began in turn to shape those of society. The book continues the trajectory of three earlier volumes, which traced key aspects of the legitimation of science and the establishment of a scientific culture up to the early decades of the nineteenth century. The core nineteenth- and twentieth-century development is that in which science comes to take centre stage in shaping ideas of civilization. A central question is the role played by projects to unify the sciences, showing how the motivation for these comes from outside. A crucial part of this process was a fundamental rethinking of the relations between science and ethics, economics, philosophy, and engineering. The developments here are not linear or one-dimensional, and five issues that have underpinned the transition to a scientific modernity are explored: changes in the understanding of civilization; the push to unify the sciences; the rise of the idea of the limits of scientific understanding; the ideas of ‘applied’ and ‘popular’ science; and the way in which the public was shaped in a scientific image.
The Metaphysics of Representation
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
What is representation? How do the more primitive aspects of our world come together to generate it? How do different kinds of representation relate to one another? This book identifies the metaphysical foundations for representational facts. The story told is in three parts. The most primitive layer of representation is the ‘aboutness’ of sensation/perception and intention/action, which are the two most basic modes in which an individual and the world interact. It is argued that we can understand how this kind of representation can exist in a fundamentally physical world so long as we have an independent, illuminating grip on functions and causation. The second layer of representation is the ‘aboutness’ of (degrees of) belief and desire, whose representational content goes far beyond the immediate perceptable and manipulable environment. It is argued that the correct belief/desire interpretation of an agent is the one which makes their action-guiding states, given their perceptual evidence, most rational. The final layer of representation is the ‘aboutness’ of words and sentences, human artefacts with representational content. It is argued that one can give an illuminating account of the conditions under which a compositional interpretation of a public language like English is correct by appeal to patterns emerging from the attitudes conventionally expressed by sentences. The three-layer metaphysics of representation resolves long-standing underdetermination puzzles, predicts and explains patterns in the way that concepts denote, and articulates a delicate interactive relationship between the foundations of language and thought.
Radical Interpretation as a Metaphysics of Mental Content
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out the metaphysics of the mental content of belief and desire that is the focus of the first five chapters of the book: Radical Interpretation. This says that the correct interpretation of an agent is that which best rationalizes the agent’s actions given their evidence. Radical Interpretation therefore combines two ingredients to ground mental content: a set of base facts involving an agent’s action and evidence, and a relation of rationalization. The chapter makes progress on the second of these, with the ‘bubble puzzle’ being used to argue that the relation of rationalized involved must be a substantive one. The best rationalizing interpretation of an agent will make that agent as morally and epistemically good as possible.
Radical Interpretation and the Logical Form of Thoughts
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter is one of three that draws out the consequences of Radical Interpretation for how concepts represent the world. The focus in this chapter is on logical concepts: conjunction, negation, and universal generalization. This connects Radical Interpretation as a foundational theory of mental content to inferentialism, where commitment to certain kinds of rules of inference or coherence is cited to explain why our connectives mean what they do. Radical Interpretation, together with auxiliary assumptions about cognitive architecture and epistemology, predicts these patterns. One of the upshots is an explanation of how quantification over absolutely everything is possible, rebutting long-standing skolemite underdetermination puzzles.
Radical Interpretation and Reference Magnetism
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter is one of three that draws out the consequences of Radical Interpretation for how concepts represent the world. A claim associated with David Lewis is that metaphysically fundamental properties are ‘reference magnets’—that if usage is equipoised between two candidate referents, the one that is ‘closer to the metaphysical fundamentals’ is the one that gets to be the referent. This chapter examines how such a thesis might arise as a prediction of Radical Interpretation. It looks to epistemology of inference to the best explanation to make a connection between concepts used in explanations and naturalness. The connection to concepts used in induction is discussed.
Reducing Mental Representation?
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates whether Radical Interpretation as it has been articulated in this book can be a reduction or foundational metaphysics of mental representation. One can be worried about this from two angles: first, whether it really qualifies as foundational metaphysics; second, whether what it targets is the whole of mental representation. Both challenges are addressed here. The chapter defends a reductive, foundational construal of Radical Interpretation against charges of circularity, while acknowledging a more modest fallback construal of what it achieves. It also shows how to extend the metaphysics of reference and truth conditions of the previous chapters to a metaphysics of Fregean sense.
From Mental Representation to Linguistic Representation
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter is one of three that sets out a metaphysics of linguistic representation, and here the basic features of the approach is set out. The base facts for linguistic representation are conventional associations between sentences and propositions (the propositions being the contents of beliefs conventionally expressed by the sentences). The correct linguistic interpretation is then selected as the best theory of this data. The chapter considers two preliminary objections to the approach: an alleged need for a prior and independent identification of words and language-using populations, and an inability to handle declarative sentences that fail to express beliefs—a presupposition of expressivism. Both charges are rebutted.
Linguistic Convention and Shared Mental Content
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter is the second of three that sets out a metaphysics of linguistic representation, and here I turn to the key ingredient of linguistic convention. The focus is on a tension between the apparently individualistic character of the metaphysics of mental representation given by Radical Interpretation, and the presupposition of shared mental content apparently presupposed by appeals to linguistic convention. By considering the way in which beliefs about others’ beliefs influence the metaphysics of mental representation, the apparent tension is resolved. Either belief-attributions characterize others’ mental states indirectly, as having content somehow related to the contents used to characterize them, or they don’t. In the first case, there is no presupposition of shared mental content in the characterization of conventions. In the second case, there is such a presupposition, but Radical Interpretation will predict that there is metasemantic pressure to attribute shared content.