bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substructure Formation in a Protostellar Disk of L1527 IRS
Authors: Nakatani Riouhei , Liu Hauyu Baobab , Ohashi Satoshi , Zhang Yichen , Hanawa Tomoyuki , Chandler Claire , Oya Yoko , Sakai Nami 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We analyze multifrequency, high-resolution continuum data obtained by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Jansky Very Lary Array to study the detailed structure of the dust distribution in the infant disk of a Class 0/I source, L1527 IRS. We find three clumps aligning in the north–south direction in the 7 mm radio continuum image. The three clumps remain even after subtracting free–free contamination, which is estimated from the 1.3 cm continuum observations. The northern and southern clumps are located at a distance of ∼15 au from the central clump and are likely optically thick at 7 mm wavelength. The clumps have similar integrated intensities. The symmetric physical properties could be realized when a dust ring, or spiral arms, around the central protostar is projected to the plane of the sky. We demonstrate for the first time that such substructure may form even in the disk-forming stage, where the surrounding materials actively accrete toward a disk-protostar system.
Gendered Understanding of Ebola Crisis in Sierra Leone. Lessons for COVID-19
Authors: Androsik Ana 
Published: May 2020

This case study provides evidence in response to the research question: “How did males and females in the bottom of the socio-economic hierarchy i.e. rural poor, respond to the 2014/2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone?” This case study focuses on the following research sub-questions:
• Caretaking Responsibilities: What kind of additional burdens were placed on rural men and women who took on the responsibility for orphaned children?
• Income Earnings: How did market closures and restrictions on movements affect income earnings of males and females in the rural area?
Based on the analysis of the Ebola crisis on rural poor men and women income and caretaking responsibilities highlighted in this case study, we can state that most women bore the costs of caretaking responsibilities. However, both women and men of Sierra Leone bore serious socio-economic costs at the level of their productive labor (income in this case study).
The international community is presently dealing with the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized communities, and the outcomes are still unknown. This brief case study helps to understand the gendered outcomes of previous public health epidemics in the context of social stratification. It is likely that many international humanitarian organizations will eventually aim at building economic and social resilience of impoverished communities with the focus on specific needs of different genders. An evidence from previous public health crises on the economy can help design the most efficient program interventions.
Hearing Loss in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Authors: Yan Flora , Reddy Priyanka D. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Ward Celine , Meyer Ted A. 
Published: May 2020

Objective.To determine the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to describe frequency-specific hearing threshold changes in this patient population compared to patients without AS.Methods.A systematic review querying 4 databases (PubMed, OVID Medline, Scopus, Cochrane) was performed to identify studies evaluating HL in patients with AS. Metaanalysis was performed to identify overall prevalence rate and OR of HL, as well as to compare mean differences in frequency-specific hearing thresholds between patients with and without AS.Results.Our metaanalysis included 14 studies and 1083 patients (598 with AS vs 485 without AS). The pooled prevalence of HL in patients with AS was 42.4% (95% CI 29.2–56.2). Patients with AS had a significantly higher OR of HL than patients without AS (OR 4.65, 95% CI 2.73–7.91). Mean differences in pure-tone hearing thresholds ranged from 0–5 decibels (dB) for frequencies of 0.25–4 kHz, and from 5–15 dB for frequencies of 6–16 kHz.Conclusion.Patients with AS have higher odds of having HL than patients without AS. The AS population also presents with significantly impaired hearing thresholds across all conventional and extended pure-tone frequencies. This may manifest as slight to moderate HL. Results of this systematic review might justify increased attention to audiologic manifestations of patients with AS.
À la recherche de Mohamed Kouaci, artisan de la Révolution par l’image
Authors: Chominot Marie 
Published: May 2020

Mohamed Kouaci (1922-1996) est le photographe algérien le plus connu de la période de la guerre d’indépendance (1954-1962). Pourtant, ses archives, conservées par la famille, restent en grande partie inédites. Peu explorées, elles n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’un inventaire raisonné. Elles posent à l’historien qui souhaite les appréhender comme sources des questions de méthodologie complexes. Basé sur le croisement de sources écrites, orales et photographiques, cet article propose une expérience de recherche en terrain algérien, centrée sur un fonds d’archives privé. Il retrace le parcours singulier de ce photographe militant, émigré à Paris en 1946 et que l’on retrouve à Tunis en 1958, devenu responsable du service photographique du ministère de l’Information du Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne. L’analyse fine de son fonds photographique permet de resituer son activité dans un contexte plus large : il fut l’un des nombreux artisans, la plupart anonymes, de la politique d’information menée par les indépendantistes du Front de libération nationale pendant la guerre, afin de proposer un autre récit et de s’opposer à la vision univoque donnée par la France. La photographie occupa en effet une place centrale dans les stratégies de médiatisation et d’internationalisation de la cause algérienne, qui ont fini par porter leurs fruits.
Pratique artistique et prise en charge de la mémoire : Sofiane Zouggar, artiste et archiviste
Authors: Khene Rym 
Published: May 2020

C’est par le prisme commun de l’archive et de l’art que l’artiste algérien Sofiane Zouggar s’attèle aux questions de l’image et de la violence de la période des années 1990. Cet article explore les différents volets du projet toujours en cours, Memory of Violence, en interrogeant le geste archivistique de l’artiste dans sa spécificité mais aussi en le rapprochant du geste du chercheur.
Tracing Self-Reactive B Cells in Normal Mice
Authors: Nojima Takuya , Reynolds Alexander E. , Kitamura Daisuke , Kelsoe Garnett , Kuraoka Masayuki 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
BCR transgenic mice dominate studies of B cell tolerance; consequently, tolerance in normal mice expressing diverse sets of autoreactive B cells is poorly characterized. We have used single B cell cultures to trace self-reactivity in BCR repertoires across the first and second tolerance checkpoints and in tolerized B cell compartments of normal mice. This approach reveals affinity “setpoints” that define each checkpoint and a subset of tolerized, autoreactive B cells that is long-lived. In normal mice, the numbers of B cells avidly specific for DNA fall significantly as small pre-B become immature and transitional-1 B cells, revealing the first tolerance checkpoint. By contrast, DNA reactivity does not significantly change when immature and transitional-1 B cells become mature follicular B cells, showing that the second checkpoint does not reduce DNA reactivity. In the spleen, autoreactivity was high in transitional-3 (T3) B cells, CD93+IgM−/loIgDhi anergic B cells, and a CD93− anergic subset. Whereas splenic T3 and CD93+ anergic B cells are short-lived, CD93−IgM−/loIgDhi B cells have half-lives comparable to mature follicular B cells. B cell–specific deletion of proapoptotic genes, Bak and Bax, resulted in increased CD93−IgM−/loIgDhi B cell numbers but not T3 B cell numbers, suggesting that apoptosis regulates differently persistent and ephemeral autoreactive B cells. The self-reactivity and longevity of CD93−IgM−/loIgDhi B cells and their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into plasmacytes in response to CD40 activation in vitro lead us to propose that this persistent, self-reactive compartment may be the origin of systemic autoimmunity and a potential target for vaccines to elicit protective Abs cross-reactive with self-antigens.
Loss of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity in Regulatory T Cells Leads to Neuronal Inflammation
Authors: Stark Anne-Katrien , Davenport Elizabeth C. M. , Patton Daniel T. , Scudamore Cheryl L. , Vanhaesebroeck Bart , Veldhoen Marc , Garden Oliver A. , Okkenhaug Klaus 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Class I PI3K enzymes are critical for the maintenance of effective immunity. In T cells, PI3Kα and PI3Kδ are activated by the TCR and costimulatory receptors, whereas PI3Kγ is activated by G protein–coupled chemokine receptors. PI3Kδ is a key regulator of regulatory T (Treg) cell function. PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors are in development for the treatment of diseases associated with immune dysregulation, including chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Idelalisib (PI3Kδ), alpelisib (PI3Kα), duvelisib (PI3Kδ/γ), and copanlisib (pan-PI3K) have recently been approved for use in cancer treatment. Although effective, these therapies often have severe side effects associated with immune dysregulation and, in particular, loss of Treg cells. Therefore, it is important to gain a better understanding of the relative contribution of different PI3K isoforms under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Experimental autoimmune encephalitis is a mouse model of T cell–driven CNS inflammation, in which Treg cells play a key protective role. In this study, we show that PI3Kδ is required to maintain normal Treg cell development and phenotype under homeostatic conditions but that loss of PI3Kδ alone in Treg cells does not lead to autoimmunity. However, combined loss of PI3Kα and PI3Kδ signaling resulted in increased experimental autoimmune encephalitis disease severity. Moreover, mice lacking PI3Kα and PI3Kδ in Treg cells developed spontaneous peripheral nerve inflammation. These results show a key role for PI3K signaling in Treg cell–mediated protection against CNS inflammation.
Mathematics Student Teachers’ Views and Choices about Teaching and Textbooks in Middle and High School Classrooms
Authors: Gay A. Susan , Barry Arlene , Rothrock Katrina S. , Pelkey Lisa 
Published: May 2020

A survey of 80 United States middle and high school mathematics student teachers gathered data on availability and use of textbooks and traditional and technology-supported instructional strategies. Findings about textbooks include (1) most classrooms had one or more textbook formats (print, digital or e-textbook) available but did not necessarily expect students to use the textbook; (2) some differences were noted when comparisons were made based on school location, size, and grade level; and (3) student teachers preferred the digital textbook format but there was also support for the print format. Analysis of student teachers’ self-reported use of instructional strategies, including a principal component analysis, revealed use of traditional teaching strategies and student-centered teaching. Student teachers’ views about how best to teach mathematics centered on themes of active learning and ways to meet students’ needs.
Evaluation of Facial and Dental Midline Discrepancies in Nepalese Population
Authors: Maharjan Surendra , Rajbhandari Anjana , Pradhan Resina , Bajracharya Manju , Manandhar Pushkar , Pant Bashu Dev 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: The facial midline is defined by the landmark such as the nose, philtrum, and chin aligned in a straight line. It should be in the center of the face and should coincide with the dental midline. But clinically it is often observed that some discrepancies exist between facial and dental midlines. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the facial and dental midline discrepancies.
Methods: A total of 300 subjects, 150 male and 150 female from People’s Dental College and Hospital were selected. Full facial view standardized photograph with a posed smile with teeth in occlusion was taken with Canon 400D digital SLR. For standardized measurement vertical metallic scale with millimeter, markings were placed on the right side of the patient in all cases. The software program Digimizer image analysis (version 4.6.1) was used to determine the facial and maxillary dental midline.
Result: This study showed 6.66% of male and 12% of female had perfectly coinciding F1 facial midline (perpendicular from the midpoint of inner canthus distance), F2 facial midline (line joining the midpoint of inner canthus and the midpoint of the base of the nose) and maxillary midline. 26% of males and 28% of females had less than 1mm of the discrepancy of F1 midline to maxillary midline whereas 41% of males and 38% of females had less than 1 mm of a discrepancy between F2 facial midline and maxillary midline. The study also showed that 24% of males and 24.66% of females had none coincidence of any of the midlines with one another.
Conclusion: Most of the Nepalese have noncoinciding facial and dental midline but females have more coinciding midlines in comparison to males. The shifted facial midlines are more towards the left side in relation to maxillary dental midline.
Use of Social Media among Intern Doctors in Regards to Covid-19
Authors: Subedi Prativa , Thapa Bibechan , Pandey Aakriti 
Published: May 2020

Background: The world is not just fighting a pandemic of COVID-19, but also tackling infodemic due to the rampant spread of misinformation and rumor about COVID-19 across various online and printed media. Social media is an easy, quick, and cost-effective source of information but its contents are not regulated. Users also usually don't verify information on social media on authentic sites. So, misinformation spreads at a exponential rate. Intern doctors as young physician should have scientific knowledge of disease and not be misled by rumors. Also, health-related information shared by health professionals owes greater credibility to the public. This study aims to explore whether or not intern doctors are using social media rationally in regards to COVID-19.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional, mixed-method study carried out among medical and dental interns of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Data was collected with the help of a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire after pretesting. Two Focus group discussions were conducted to gain in- depth information.
Findings: 65 % percent of the intern doctors most often used social media to gain information about COVID-19 out of which 87.1 % used Facebook more often. Around 46 % just read the full title of news appearing in social media while only 32.9 % read the full text. 36 % share the news just by seeing the title. Nearly 35 % of intern doctors check the authenticity of information on social media by verifying it via experts or from authentic sources.
Conclusion: Rational use of social media is a must to combat the epidemic of COVID 19. Health professionals including young doctors like interns should focus on scientific and evidence-based information and should use social media rationally both for acquisition and dissemination of information on COVID-19.
Framework of Socialisation, Authentic Leadership and Affective Commitment for Construction Professionals
Authors: Batra Sachin 
Published: May 2020

This paper highlights the human resources (HR) or behaviour-related success factors in construction projects, and these are training, understanding, co-worker support, future prospects, authentic leadership, and affective commitment. There exists discrepancies in existing literature regarding the factor structure of organisational socialisation and authentic leadership. Therefore, this study aims to explore the factor structure of socialisation, authentic leadership and affective commitment. Data was gathered from 301 newly joined construction professionals and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the factor structure for organisational socialisation, authentic leadership and affective commitment. A measurement model was further developed using the domains of organisational socialisation, authentic leadership and affective commitment. The results of CFA revealed that there exists four zero-order factor structure for organisational socialisation, and one zero-order factor structure for authentic leadership. The study contributes to both the researcher and practitioner communities by integrating the three constructs and validating the factor structure in the new context (i.e. construction). Further, the study contributes towards improving HR processes, namely, training, reward system, and induction process. It also helps in augmenting the authenticity among the project participants.
Large-scale biospheric drought response intensifies linearly with drought duration in arid regions
Authors: Orth René , Destouni Georgia , Jung Martin , Reichstein Markus 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Soil moisture droughts have comprehensive implications for terrestrial
ecosystems. Here we study time-accumulated impacts of the strongest observed
droughts on vegetation. The results show that drought duration, the time
during which surface soil moisture is below seasonal average, is a key
diagnostic variable for predicting drought-integrated changes in (i) gross
primary productivity, (ii) evapotranspiration, (iii) vegetation greenness,
and (iv) crop yields. Drought-integrated anomalies in these
vegetation-related variables scale linearly with drought duration with a
slope depending on climate. In arid regions, the slope is steep such that
vegetation drought response intensifies with drought duration, whereas in
humid regions, it is small such that drought impacts on vegetation are weak
even for long droughts. These emergent large-scale linearities are not well
captured by state-of-the-art hydrological, land surface, and vegetation
models. Overall, the linear relationship of drought duration versus
vegetation response and crop yield reductions can serve as a model benchmark
and support drought impact interpretation and prediction.
Rapid collaborative knowledge building via Twitter after significant geohazard events
Authors: Lacassin Robin , Devès Maud , Hicks Stephen P. , Ampuero Jean-Paul , Bossu Remy , Bruhat Lucile ,   Daryono, Wibisono Desianto F. , Fallou Laure , Fielding Eric J. , Gabriel Alice-Agnes , Gurney Jamie , Krippner Janine , Lomax Anthony , Sudibyo Muh. Ma'rufin , Pamumpuni Astyka , Patton Jason R. , Robinson Helen , Tingay Mark , Valkaniotis Sotiris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Twitter is an established social media platform valued by scholars as an open way to disseminate scientific information and to publicly discuss research results. Scientific discussions on Twitter are viewed by the media, who can then pass on information to the wider public. Social media is used widely by geoscientists, but there is little documentation currently available regarding the benefits or limitations of this for the scientist or the public. Here, we use the example of two 2018 earthquake-related events that were widely commented on by geoscientists on Twitter: the Palu Mw 7.5 earthquake and related tsunami in Indonesia and the long-duration Mayotte island seismovolcanic crisis in the Indian Ocean. We built our study on a content and contextual analysis of selected Twitter threads about the geophysical characteristics of these events. From the analysis of these two examples, we show that Twitter promotes a very rapid building of knowledge in the minutes to hours and days following an event via an efficient exchange of information and active discussion between the scientists themselves and the public. We discuss the advantages and potential pitfalls of this relatively novel way of making scientific information accessible to scholarly peers and lay people. We argue that scientific discussion on Twitter breaks down the traditional “ivory tower” of academia, contributes to the growing trend towards open science, and may help people to understand how science is developed and, in turn, to better understand the risks related to natural/environmental hazards.
Internal tides in the Solomon Sea in contrasted ENSO conditions
Authors: Tchilibou Michel , Gourdeau Lionel , Lyard Florent , Morrow Rosemary , Koch Larrouy Ariane , Allain Damien , Djath Bughsin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Intense equatorward western boundary currents transit the Solomon Sea, where active mesoscale structures exist with energetic internal tides. In this marginal sea, the mixing induced by these features can play a role in the observed water mass transformation. The objective of this paper is to
document the M2 internal tides in the Solomon Sea and their impacts on the
circulation and water masses, based on two regional simulations with and
without tides. Since the Solomon Sea is under the influence of ENSO, the
characteristics of the internal tides are also analyzed for two contrasted
conditions: the January–March 1998 El Niño and the April–June 1999 La
Niña. The generation, propagation, and dissipation of the internal tides
are sensitive to changes in stratification and mesoscale activity, and these
differ between these contrasted El Niño and La Niña case studies.
Mode 1 is the dominant vertical mode to propagate baroclinic tidal energy
within the Solomon Sea, but mode 2 becomes more energetic during the El
Niño period when the stratification is closer to the surface. The La
Niña period with a higher level of mesoscale activity exhibits more
incoherent internal tides. These results illustrate the complexity of
predicting internal tides in marginal seas in order to clearly observe meso-
and submesoscale signatures from altimetric missions, including the future
Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. Diapycnal mixing induced by tides contributes to a stronger
erosion of the salinity maximum of the upper thermocline water and to
cooling of the surface temperature interacting with the atmosphere. Such
effects are particularly visible in quieter regions, where particles may
experience the tidal effects over a longer time. However, when averaged over
the Solomon Sea, the tidal effect on water mass transformation is an order
of magnitude less than that observed at the entrance and exits of the
Solomon Sea. These localized sites appear crucial for diapycnal mixing,
since most of the baroclinic tidal energy is generated and dissipated
locally here, and the different currents entering/exiting the Solomon Sea
merge and mix. Finally, the extreme ENSO condition case studies suggest the
strong role of local circulation changes, as well as stratification changes,
in modifying the internal tides.