bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Career Development and Human Capital Theory: Preaching the “Education Gospel”
Authors: Hooley Tristram 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the relationship between career development, education, and human capital theory. It argues that education lies at the heart of our understanding of how individuals develop their careers and how purposeful career development interventions can support them in this endeavour. Career development services are most evident and accessible in the education system. This relationship is not accidental but is rooted in both the historical development of the field and in the importance of human capital theory to the ideology of both education and career development. The chapter finishes by critiquing the dependence of policymakers and advocates for the field on human capital theory and by considering alternative relationships that could be built between education and career development.
Aerodynamic Loading Due to Non-Synoptic Wind Systems
Authors: Chowdhury Jubayer , Wu Teng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, an effort has been made to give an overview of the aerodynamic loading on structures due to non-synoptic wind events, mainly tornadoes and downbursts. A brief description of the provisions in the building codes and standards for non-synoptic wind loads is presented. Current state of the art in simulating non-synoptic wind systems to obtain wind loads on structures is also discussed. The primary focus is buildings, bridges, and transmission lines in the discussion of the aerodynamic loading on structures. Finally, some insights are given on how future research in evaluating non-synoptic wind loads on structures might unfold.
Assessing Wind Damage to Residential Structures
Authors: Marshall Timothy P. , Womble J. Arn 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Most building damage occurs at relatively low wind speeds, at or below 50 m s–1 (112 mph), as certain components fail, such as doors, windows, chimneys, and roof coverings. Rainwater then enters these openings, leading to interior damage. Structural failures usually begin with the removal of gable end walls, roof decking, and poorly attached roof structures as wind speeds increase; the greatest damage occurs at roof level as wind speeds increase with height above the ground. Internal wind pressure effects can lead to additional, more catastrophic damage, such as the removal of walls and ceilings. It is difficult to measure wind speeds directly on buildings as they would have to be instrumented well in advance of the storm, and there is no guarantee the storm would strike them. Furthermore, flying debris can damage pressure sensors on instrumented buildings. Thus, damage evaluators must infer failure wind speeds indirectly by studying damage left behind in the wake of windstorms. Therefore, it is important that damage evaluators know how buildings are constructed to better understand how they fail. This chapter identifies similar failure modes in residential structures regardless of wind type according to information from more than four decades of storm damage surveys. The information presented herein highlights some of the lessons learned in evaluating storm damage to wood-framed residential structures.
Locating Physiology in the Study of Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Aloia Lindsey S. , Denes Amanda , Crowley John P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Interpersonal communication is a biological behavior that necessitates coordination between multiple physical and physiological systems. Concurrent with the demands placed on the body to communicate, verbal and nonverbal messages impact the body. The goal of this chapter is to introduce the physiological approach toward the study of interpersonal communication. In the chapter, we start by reviewing the theory of evolution by natural selection as a theoretical foundation explaining the relationship between the physical body and interpersonal communication. We then review research highlighting physiological systems implicated in biophysiological behavioral research. Finally, we provide a preview of the chapters included in this edited collection.
Relational Transitions and Stress
Authors: Brisini Kellie St. Cyr , Solomon Denise Haunani 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines transitions that occur over the lifespan of romantic relationships, with a focus on marriages or partnerships with a similar long-term commitment. The chapter evaluates transitions that mark the early years of marriage (getting married and becoming parents), are sparked by unexpected challenges during the child-rearing phase of marriage (discovering infertility, learning a child has autism spectrum disorder, and bereaving the death of a child), and reflect developments later in life (living in an “empty nest,” caring for elderly parents, and coping with a partner’s declining health). The discussion of these transitions considers their potential to both undermine and enhance personal and relational well-being and includes evidence of physiological responses to these transitions where it is available. The conclusion highlights directions for research on relational turbulence, as well as resilience, over the lifespan of marriage.
Real or Not Real?
Authors: Turner Jeanine W. , Robinson James D. , McCarthy Alexandra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the connections between computer-mediated communication (CMC) and physiology. Given that the study of CMC began in the late 1970s during the explosion of the Internet and use of email, there is limited empirical research available supporting this association. However, research within the areas of social support, telemedicine, channel use, online writing, and simulated environments provides a foundation for how best to approach investigating the link between physiology and CMC. We begin by exploring how scholars theoretically examine CMC through the cues-filtered-out approach (Culnan & Markus, 1987; Sproull & Kiesler, 1986), the hyperpersonal approach (Walther, 1996), presence (Lombard & Ditton, 1997), the psychobiological approach (Kock, 2004), and technological fit (Goodhue & Thompson, 1995). We then consider the physiological consequences of CMC as it relates to social support, telemedicine, and mobile technology. We conclude by considering future research opportunities.
Understanding Physiological Associations With Emotional Competence
Authors: Hesse Colin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The communication discipline has long believed that emotions are a fundamental part of the human experience, becoming one of the building blocks upon which interpersonal communication events can occur. This chapter examines the various ways that emotional competence is linked to biopsychosocial health. It focuses on alexithymia, a condition where individuals are less able to understand and communicate emotions. The chapter then describes the relationships between alexithymia and a host of physiological outcome measures, including elements of the sympathetic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. It also details several neurological structures that are related to alexithymia, including socioaffective processing, interoceptive arousal, and emotion-guided decision making. Finally, the chapter concludes with some general insights about the state of research in this domain and possible future directions.
The Physiology of Affectionate Communication
Authors: Floyd Kory , Pavlich Corey A. , Dinsmore Dana R. , Ray Colter D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Affectionate communication consists of the verbal and nonverbal means through which people convey messages of love, fondness, appreciation, and commitment to others in close relationships. Like all interpersonal behaviors, affectionate communication has physiological antecedents, correlates, and consequences, many of which have implications for physical and mental wellness. This chapter begins by situating affectionate behavior in a bioevolutionary frame, noting its adaptive nature with respect to survival, procreation, and well-being. The chapter then reviews research on the genetic and neurological distinctions between highly affectionate and less affectionate individuals; the stress management and stress recovery benefits of affection exchange; the associations between affection, immunocompetence, and experiences of relaxation and calm; and the physical and psychological detriments associated with affection deprivation.
The Physiology of Conflict, VERBAL Aggression, and Violence
Authors: Aloia Lindsey S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Recent research points to disturbances in physiological patterns caused by exposure to and participation in conflict, verbal aggression, and violence. In addition, disordered physiological systems encourage conflictual, verbally aggressive, and violent behavior. Accordingly, the goal of this chapter is to examine the bidirectional nature of the associations between physiology and conflict, verbal aggression, and violence. To start, I describe communication as an essential feature of conflict, verbal aggression, and violence. I then review the physiological responses from the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to conflict, verbal aggression, and violence. Also, I consider how activity in the HPA axis leads to compensatory activity in the cardiovascular, integumentary, and nervous systems. Finally, I explain how physiological dysregulation caused by conflict, verbal aggression, and violence predicts disease development, illness progression, and mortality, and I consider areas for future research.
Enacting the Demand/Withdrawal Pattern and Physical Well-Being
Authors: Roloff Michael E. , Reznik Rachel M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The frequency and focus of conflict varies during relational development, however, disagreements occur during every phase. One maladaptive communication pattern that has received considerable attention is the demand/withdrawal sequence – a pattern that generally involves one individual demanding that his or her partner change, and that partner then responding by withdrawing from the interaction. This chapter reviews research that examines how the demand/withdrawal sequence is related to measures of emotional provocation, physiological arousal, and physical health. We first explicate the features of the pattern and theories that have guided previous research. Then we examine research that investigated how the pattern is related to emotional, physiological, and health-related outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions.
Regulation of Protein Synthesis by eIF4E in the Brain
Authors: Chalkiadaki Kleanthi , Kouloulia Stella , Bramham Clive R. , Gkogkas Christos G. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Regulation of gene expression at the level of mRNA translation is crucial for all the functions our brains carry out. eIF4E binds to the 5′-end of eukaryotic mRNAs and dictates the rate-limiting step of cap-dependent initiation. This chapter reviews the key pathways regulating eIF4E function, but also the less studied and novel mechanisms of eIF4E modulation, linked to synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and nervous system disorders. Understanding how regulation of protein synthesis by eIF4E affects different aspects of brain function is yet elusive.
Focusing on mRNA Granules and Stalled Polysomes Amidst Diverse Mechanisms Underlying mRNA Transport, mRNA Storage, and Local Translation
Authors: Anadolu Mina N. , Sossin Wayne S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In neurons, mRNAs are transported to distal sites to allow for localized protein synthesis. There are many diverse mechanisms underlying this transport. For example, an individual mRNA can be transported in an RNA transport particle that is tailored to the individual mRNA and its associated binding proteins. In contrast, some mRNAs are transported in liquid-liquid phase separated structures called neuronal RNA granules that are made up of multiple stalled polysomes, allowing for rapid initiation-independent production of proteins required for synaptic plasticity. Moreover, neurons have additional types of liquid-liquid phase–separated structures containing mRNA, such as stress granules and P bodies. This chapter discusses the relationships between all of these structures, what proteins distinguish them, and the possible roles they play in the complex control of mRNA translation at distal sites that allow neurons to use protein synthesis to refine their local proteome in many different ways.
Communicable Disease Law in the United States
Authors: Parmet Wendy E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the key features of American infectious disease law. The history of health law in the United States begins with the colonial laws that responded to the epidemics of smallpox, yellow fever, and other infectious diseases that regularly devastated the North American colonies. In the twentieth century, as the fear of infection declined, courts began to provide greater protections for individuals and vulnerable populations subjected to infectious disease laws. Moreover, the federal government began to play a more prominent and complex role in the control of infectious diseases. The chapter then looks at the allocation of authority between the states and federal government with respect to infectious disease control. It also discusses the role that restraint on individual rights plays in infectious disease control and the limits that the US Constitution and civil rights laws place on such restraints. The chapter also considers some of the specific tools that jurisdictions employ in response to infectious disease. It concludes with a brief discussion of the United States' role in global public health.
Regulating Medical Devices in the European Union
Authors: Mahalatchimy Aurélie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the regulation of medical devices in the European Union. The overall goals of the European regulatory framework for medical devices are the same as the goals of the framework for medicines. It aims to protect public health by ensuring that medical devices are of good quality and safe for their intended use. However, the regulation of medical devices in Europe is very different from the regulation of medicines in two regards. First, unlike medicines, there is no pre-market authorisation by a regulatory authority for medical devices to lawfully enter the EU market. Second, unlike in the United States where the Food and Drug Administration is the primary regulator of devices throughout the nation, the European Union does not have a single regulator of medical devices. Instead, several organisations may be involved, and mainly a notified body in specific cases. The chapter then explains what constitutes a medical device in the EU and how devices are classified according to their level of risk in the EU. It then discusses how medical devices reach the market, how their risks are managed all along their lifecycle, and what kinds of incentives are provided for innovation and competition. The chapter also analyses the balance between public and private actors in the regulation of medical devices. It then concludes with case studies of innovative medical technologies that have challenged the traditional European regulatory scheme and that have led to many revisions in the 2017 device regulations.
Social Determinants in the United States
Authors: Parmet Wendy E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the social determinants of health in the United States, focusing on one important but often overlooked social determinant: law. It explains how law influences social determinants and why law should itself be viewed as an important social determinant, one that can both magnify or diminish health disparities. Law can affect population health in numerous ways. Most obviously, laws create, empower, and restrain state, local, and federal public health agencies; regulate the delivery of healthcare; and seek to promote population health by regulating unsafe practices and activities, such as smoking. Health laws, however, are not the only laws that affect health. Laws that affect employment, income inequality, housing, the built environment, and education may also impact health. The chapter then considers some defining features of US law that may play a role in creating or perpetuating health disparities both within the US and between the US and other nations of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. It also reviews some recent initiatives in the US, many but not all undertaken via law, to address social determinants, and it looks at the barriers that remain to ameliorating social determinants through law, as well as some reasons for optimism.
photography as a research method
Authors: Holm Gunilla 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of photography as a research method in the social sciences. It describes the different types of photographs used, such as archival photographs and photographs taken by the researcher, and it focuses especially on photographs taken by participants. The uses of different approaches to obtain photographs and issues of interest concerning each approach are presented. The most common approaches to analyze photographs, such as content analysis, discourse analysis, and ethnographic analysis, are described. Interesting and challenging questions about the interpretation and presentation of photographs are raised, such as the impact of the researcher’s and participants’ habitus on the interpretation of photographs. Finally, ethical issues in research using photographs are considered, especially the meaning of informed consent, and confidentiality in photographic research is emphasized.
Qualitative Data Analysis Strategies
Authors: Saldaña Johnny 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of selected qualitative data analysis strategies with a particular focus on codes and coding. Preparatory strategies for a qualitative research study and data management are first outlined. Six coding methods are then profiled using comparable interview data: process coding, in vivo coding, descriptive coding, values coding, dramaturgical coding, and versus coding. Strategies for constructing themes and assertions from the data follow. Analytic memo writing is woven throughout as a method for generating additional analytic insight. Next, display and arts-based strategies are provided, followed by recommended qualitative data analytic software programs and a discussion on verifying the researcher’s analytic findings.
Museum Studies
Authors: Tucker Erica L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes and discusses the major qualitative research methods used to study museums. These methods include analyses of visual displays and reconstructions; interviews with museum visitors, professionals, and stakeholders; as well as ethnographic fieldwork in museum settings. The chapter explores how these methods can be adapted to the study of exhibits, galleries, programs, and museums as knowledge-generating institutions from a range of case studies conducted by museum practitioners, anthropologists, historians, and other museum studies scholars at a variety of museums. Case studies are drawn from works that examine ethnographic, natural history, art and community museums as well as historic sites. Approaches to research design, data analyses, and writing up are also examined.
Contractual Arbitrage
Authors: Choi Stephen J. , Gulati Mitu , Scott Robert E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Standard-form contracts are likely to be incomplete because they are not tailored to the needs of particular deals. In an attempt to reduce incompleteness, standard-form contracts often contain clauses with vague or ambiguous terms. Terms with indeterminate meaning present opportunities for strategic behavior well after a contract has been executed. This linguistic uncertainty in standard-form commercial contracts creates an opportunity for “contractual arbitrage”: parties may argue ex post that the uncertainties in expression mean something that the contracting parties did not contemplate ex ante. This chapter argues that the scope for contractual arbitrage is a direct function of the techniques that courts use to resolve ambiguities in boilerplate language. Using the case of NML Capital v. Argentina, this chapter shows how traditional contract doctrine can produce a fertile setting for the growth of contractual arbitrage.
The Accuracy of Stereotypes About Personality
Authors: Jussim Lee , Stevens Sean T. , Honeycutt Nate 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter first reviews general conceptual and methodological issues in the study of the (in)accuracy of stereotypes. First, the authors define stereotype accuracy. Second, different types of accuracy are discussed and standards for considering a stereotype belief accurate or inaccurate are presented. Finally, the chapter reviews the empirical evidence produced thus far that bears on the (in)accuracy of stereotypes regarding personality. The strongest evidence regarding the (in)accuracy of stereotypes regarding personality have focused on gender, age, and national character stereotypes. Weaker evidence relying primarily on self-reports of individual differences with respect to racial stereotypes and miscellaneous stereotypes (e.g., jazz vs. ballet dancers) is also reviewed. The chapter concludes by developing hypotheses that could help explain the pattern of (in)accuracy in stereotypes regarding personality.
Ethical Importance of Psychotherapists’ Self-Care and When It Fails
Authors: Consoli Andrés J. , Zetzer Heidi A. , Sharma Himadhari 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The practice of psychotherapy can be as rewarding as challenging. Psychotherapists are likely to find themselves inspired by their work at times, while at others, demoralized. The clients they serve can be a source of encouragement, even admiration in their abilities to overcome their difficulties; they can also be a source of great stress and discouragement. Considering the sizable range of emotions psychotherapists will experience in their daily practice, the ability of providers to proactively engage in self-care while striving towards congruence is paramount. In this chapter, the authors elaborate on the constructs of personal and professional self-care as meaningful ways to cope with, if not right out prevent, distress, burnout, and impairment. Moreover, the chapter advances an institutional, organizational, and communitarian view of self-care that acknowledges psychotherapists as members of a socially needed workforce, with their own rights to associate and unionize, while affirming their well-being.
Elections and Electoral Systems
Authors: Mitchell James , Henderson Ailsa 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Research on voting and political engagement suggests that structural features of political life can affect whether and how individuals participate. This includes the administration of elections, the ease with which one can cast a ballot, the opportunities for deliberation and engagement during election campaigns as well as the ways in which votes are translated into seats. Key here are the costs for voters—costs of time often chief amongst them—of getting involved, staying informed, reaching decisions, and casting a ballot. Scots have multiple electoral worlds to navigate, each of which has the capacity to alter the incentive structures for engagement for voters. This chapter explores these variations—focusing on the diversity of electoral experience in Scotland as well as frequent, recent, changes to elections—before focusing in greater detail on electoral systems, why they have been adopted and their implications for electoral outcomes in Scotland.