bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Decision Process of Contracting in Supply Chain Management
Authors: Roehrich Jens K. , Tyler Beverly B. , Kalra Jas , Squire Brian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Contracts are a formal mode of governing interorganizational relationships. They specify the terms and conditions of the agreement between two parties, interpret and adapt the relevant legal and industrial norms, serve as framing devices, and establish the rules and norms underpinning the relationship. The objective of this chapter is to synthesize the extant literature on interorganizational contracting to guide future research and practice. This chapter focuses on the three phases of contracting: (1) designing the contracting portfolio; (2) negotiating initial contracts; and (3) managing the relationship using contracts. The chapter explores the key decisions in each phase and the criteria involved in making these decisions. In doing so, it draws on existing research and theoretical frameworks that have contributed to the development of the contracting literature. The chapter also identifies some important and interesting directions for future contracting research and offers suggestions regarding how selected theoretical lenses might guide these endeavors. The principal conclusion is that while the existing research has primarily focused on the structural issues guiding contracting design, a more processual, social, and behavioral focus is required in future developments of the contracting literature.
Turks, Warriors, and Conquerors: Narratives of Hindu–Muslim Encounters between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Talbot Cynthia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Indian narratives about non-Muslim kings who were conquered by Muslims, in search of any distinctive features that could be characterized as a Hindu response to Muslim might. The main focus is on two North Indian rulers who were later considered Rajput heroes: Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer, defeated by Muhammad of Ghur in 1192, and Hammir Chauhan of Ranthambhor, defeated by Ala al-Din Khalji of Delhi in 1301. Stories about Prithviraj and Hammir, and also Kakatiya Prataparudra from South India, often stress the bravery of local warriors, betrayal by a trusted ally, and the hero’s hubris. Since these themes are also found in martial narratives that do not involve Muslim enemies, it appears that the religious affiliation of the foe was not as important as the fact that he was an outsider of some sort.
Mughal India: Economy, Resources, and Governance
Authors: Guha Sumit 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Mughal emperors were legendary for their wealth. Foreigners marveled at it. Leading economic historians like Irfan Habib have attributed it to their government’s capacity to exact almost the entire economic surplus from the countryside, thus suppressing all possibility of the emergence of capitalism. This chapter argues that this vision of Mughal omnipotence and the consequent absence of an independent market economy is flawed by an overreliance on imperial sources. Using ideas from the new political economy of information, it shows how regional and local elites collaborated with corrupt officials to subvert Mughal power and extract a large share of the gains from a new boom in international trade. But they had no incentive to publicize this. It is therefore only from Maratha sources—from estimates developed by the only serious challengers to the Mughal Empire, that we can glimpse the dimensions of this parallel economy.
Warriors and Zamindars in Mughal Punjab
Authors: Dhavan Purnima 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter will build on recent insights into the social history of peasant-soldiers in the Mughal province of Punjab to examine why Punjab became a center for military entrepreneurship by the mid-eighteenth century. Although Sikhs and Afghans were the most visible and enduring of these new warrior groups in Punjab, the presence of other clusters suggests that relationships forged in rural revenue collection, access to kinship networks, and the vast demand for military talent throughout the Mughal period created a nexus of opportunities for military entrepreneurs in eighteenth-century Punjab. This chapter will show why factors such as the embrace of new martial skills or ideologies cannot explain by themselves, the efflorescence of warrior groups that emerged in eighteenth-century Punjab. The dramatic changes wrought on rural Punjabi society by an expanding economy in the seventeenth century, along with the emerging cross-caste and cross-regional alliances that nourished political collaborations between groups, fostered new forms of military entrepreneurship.
Commercial Linkages with Central Asia and Iran
Authors: Levi Scott C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While it may seem counterintuitive, the increase in Mughal India’s maritime trade contributed to a tightening of overland commercial connections with its Asian neighbors. The primary agents in this process were “Multanis,” members of any number of heavily capitalized, caste-based family firms centered in the northwest Indian region of Multan. The Multani firms had earlier developed an integrated commercial system that extended across the Punjab, Sind, and much of northern India. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Multanis first appear in historical sources as having established their own communities in Central Asia and Iran. By the middle of the seventeenth century, at any given point in time, a rotating population of some 35,000 Indian merchants orchestrated a network of communities that extended across dozens, if not hundreds, of cities and villages in Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Iran, stretching up the Caucasus and into Russia.
The Role of the Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2) Pathway in Neuronal Function
Authors: Taha Elham , Rosenblum Kobi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the brain, mRNA translation regulation plays a major role during different processes, including development, learning and memory, and synaptic plasticity. While the initiation phase of translation is considered to be the rate-limiting step, regulation of the elongation phase via the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) pathway is also pivotal for memory and synaptic plasticity consolidation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning memory and synaptic plasticity formation is invaluable for understanding basic mechanisms underlying cognitive function and the identification of effective targets for cognitive disorders. This chapter discusses the molecular function of the eEF2/eEF2K pathway in memory consolidation, synaptic plasticity, and neurological diseases. In addition, it describes possible new genetic tools that would be useful in determining the neuronal function of eEF2K in health and disease conditions.
The Punk Worlds of Liverpool and Manchester, 1975–1980
Authors: Crossley Nick 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Accounts of the origins of UK punk invariably focus upon bands and events in London, particularly the early exploits of the Sex Pistols. However, punk did not remain concentrated in the capital for long. Bigger towns and cities across the UK quickly spawned their own local punk “worlds.” This chapter maps two of these worlds: Liverpool and Manchester. It is divided between a historical reconstruction, which tracks the movement of punk from London to Manchester and Liverpool, discussing early developments, protagonists, and institutions in the two northern cities, and a brief dissection, drawing upon the techniques of social network analysis (SNA), of the networks constitutive in some part of these two seminal UK punk worlds. In addition, the chapter offers a brief discussion of “music worlds,” a concept coined by the author in an effort to make sociological sense of punk and similar hives of musical activity.
Punk as Folk: Continuities and Tensions in the UK and Beyond
Authors: Dale Pete 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Numerous claims have been made by a wide range of commentators that punk is somehow “a folk music” of some kind. Doubtless there are several continuities. Indeed, both tend to encourage amateur music-making, both often have affiliations with the Left, and both emerge at least partly from a collective/anti-competitive approach to music-making. However, there are also significant tensions between punk and folk as ideas/ideals and as applied in practice. Most obviously, punk makes claims to a “year zero” creativity (despite inevitably offering re-presentation of at least some existing elements in every instance), whereas folk music is supposed to carry forward a tradition (which, thankfully, is more recognized in recent decades as a subject-to-change “living tradition” than was the case in folk’s more purist periods). Politically, meanwhile, postwar folk has tended more toward a socialist and/or Marxist orientation, both in the US and UK, whereas punk has at least rhetorically claimed to be in favor of “anarchy” (in the UK, in particular). Collective creativity and competitive tendencies also differ between the two (perceived) genre areas. Although the folk scene’s “floor singer” tradition offers a dispersal of expressive opportunity comparable in some ways to the “anyone can do it” idea that gets associated with punk, the creative expectation of the individual within the group differs between the two. Punk has some similarities to folk, then, but there are tensions, too, and these are well worth examining if one is serious about testing out the common claim, in both folk and punk, that “anyone can do it.”
Danger, Anger, and Noise: The Women Punks of the Late 1970s and Their Music
Authors: Reddington Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter will give an overview of the dangerous environment for young women in the British punk subculture in the late 1970s, followed by a discussion of the feelings of anger this sense of danger prompted in them, contributed to by a feeling of lack of control over those who appeared to have invincible power over their lives. Finally, the ways in which this anger translated into the punk songs they played will be discussed. Using contemporary music press and radical press reviews and features, extracts from published diaries of the time, and the author’s own interviews with women active in punk bands, the chapter highlights and explores the unexpectedness and originality of the noise that these women made, and its reception by male journalists at the time.
Writing Technology/Inventing Music: Similarities and Differences of Research-Based Creativity and Innovation in Patented Inventions and Copyrighted Works
Authors: Durand Joël-François 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Based on the author’s research for the development of a phonograph tonearm and his lifelong experience as composer, this chapter explores the similarities and differences that exist between the invention of technological products protected by patents or trade secrets and the composition of musical pieces registered as copyrighted works. In both instances, the process of invention generates from the start a number of questions that need appropriate answers. While this approach seems evident in the process of technology, artistic research follows similar models. Differences reside at a deeper level, where the types of consciousness involved are of different natures and invoke the question of human individuality and freedom, and their interaction with the community.
Performance and Evaluation of Political Executives
Authors: Helms Ludger 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhile not being a classic subject of executive politics research, there has been a wealth of scholarly activities more recently that have moved issues of performance, and evaluation, centre-stage. Understood as an independent variable, the performance of political executives has come to be acknowledged as a key factor shaping the political fate of both the government of the day (including more particular issues, such as the electoral costs of governing) and the regime more generally. Research on performance as a dependent variable has focused on such different aspects as the nature and timing of public policies that governments make, political communication, and the personality of different office-holders in the executive branch. As the agenda is expanding quickly, the growing realization of the various meanings of ‘performance’ and a new comparative ambition committed to reaching beyond a particular type of political regimes look set to become important catalysts for future innovations in the field.
Measuring Presidential and Prime Ministerial Power
Authors: Doyle David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe power of the executive is central to any understanding of politics. For those working in the tradition of comparative politics, the successful measurement of executive power is necessary to test our theories and push the discipline forward. Yet no clear consensus exists as to exactly how we should measure executive power. The purpose of this chapter is to provide some synthesis to the large amount of work that measures either presidential or prime ministerial power. After discussing the importance of executive power and considering the conceptual clarity of such measures, the chapter surveys existing measures of executive power from presidents to prime ministers. It highlights the divergence between measures of executive power in presidential systems in comparison to measures of executive power in parliamentary systems. Part of this divergence stems from the different sources of executive power for presidents, where power is rooted in constitutions, compared with prime ministers, where power is largely relational. There is also disagreement about the nature of power within regime types however. The chapter concludes by considering the future research agenda.
The Presidentialization of Political Executives
Authors: Elgie Robert , Passarelli Gianluca 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter aims to disentagle the ‘presidentialization’ and ‘prime ministerialization’ concepts and to clarify them. The first section begins by noting when the terms first came into common academic usage. It will also discuss the relationship between the concept of prime ministerialization and the more familiar concept of prime ministerial government as it has been used in the work on the core executive. The chapter will then focus on the most important research questions at stake in this area, noting the methods that are traditionally used to study this topic. The second section reviews the existing literature on presidentialization and prime ministerialization. The focus will be on the presidentialization of electoral or party politics only in so far as it affects the nature of executive politics. Finally, the chapter will try to set the research agenda for the future study of the presidentialization by focusing of what aspects have not been sufficiently or adequately investigated, or where there is still a lack of knowledge.
Empathy, Honesty, and Integrity in the Therapist
Authors: Cornelius-White Jeffrey H. D. , Proctor Gillian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Empathy, honesty, and integrity are essential concepts to ensure the quality of the therapy relationship and the client’s trust in the therapist. This chapter situates these concepts in relation to the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy proposed by Carl Rogers in the late 1950s, and particularly in relation to the therapist attitudes of empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. In person-centered therapy (PCT), empathy is a moral, not instrumental, practice that nondirectively protects the self-determination of the client. It exemplifies power with others, avoiding power over others, and facilitating power from within, by providing a conduit for non-possessive love, the active ingredient in PCT. Honesty in PCT involves the sincerity of the therapist’s unconditional empathy and the transparence to be a full person in relation to a client. Integrity refers not only to the disciplined moral practice of empathy, but an extensional, fully functioning maturation.
The Aesthetics of Action and Movement
Authors: Cross Emily S. , Orlandi Andrea 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The embodied simulation account proposed a pivotal role for the body of an observer in the aesthetic perception of artworks. Beginning with this consideration, this chapter briefly outlines evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience that supports this proposed relationship between the human body and motor knowledge and aesthetic appraisal of action. The chapter focuses on the cognitive processes involved in perceiving a moving body and aesthetic estimation. It also discusses the impact of visuomotor expertise in shaping different levels of action representation and relative hedonistic judgment. While this research field remains somewhat in its naissance, alternative accounts have also been proposed to account for the link between embodiment, expertise, and movement aesthetics, which are also considered here. The chapter concludes with some theoretical and methodological considerations, questions, and perspectives that warrant further attention in future studies to expand existing knowledge on the empirical aesthetics of the human body in action.
Robust Mechanism Design of Exchange
Authors: Andreyanov Pasha , Sadzik Tomasz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this article, we provide mechanisms for exchange economies with private information and interdependent values, which are ex post individually rational, incentive compatible, generate budget surplus, and are ex post nearly efficient, with many agents. Our framework is entirely prior-free, and we make no symmetry restrictions. The mechanisms can be implemented using a novel discriminatory conditional double auction, without knowledge of information structure or utility functions. We also show that no other mechanism satisfying the constraints can generate inefficiency of smaller order.
Public Market Players in the Private World: Implications for the Going-Public Process
Authors: Huang Shiyang , Mao Yifei , Wang Cong (Roman) , Zhou Dexin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate the effect of pre-IPO investments by public market institutional investors (institutions) on the exit of venture capitalists (VCs). Results indicate that institutions’ pre-IPO investments reduce IPO underpricing by mitigating VCs’ reliance on all-star analysts to boost market liquidity. We conclude that institutions facilitate VC exits in the secondary market. Supporting this view, our analysis reveals that the presence of institutions allows VCs to exit with a reduced price impact in the secondary market. Consistent with the ease of exit, VCs offer fewer shares at the IPO and are more likely to invest in institutionally backed startups.
Disease frequency, patient characteristics, comorbidity outcomes and immunosuppressive therapy in systemic sclerosis and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a US cohort study
Authors: Li Qiang , Wallace Laura , Patnaik Padmaja , Alves Margarida , Gahlemann Martina , Kohlbrenner Veronika , Raabe Christina , Wang Jocelyn R , Garry Elizabeth M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate prevalence estimates and incidence rates (IRs) for SSc and SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) cohorts and describe patient characteristics, immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and comorbid outcomes among incident SSc and SSc-ILD cohorts.

Methods
Data were obtained from the US IBM MarketScan (2008–2017) claims database using algorithms developed with expert consultation. For the SSc cohort, newly diagnosed patients (aged ≥18 years) had one or more diagnostic claim for SSc. For the SSc-ILD cohort, patients had an additional ILD claim. Sensitivity analyses using two or more claims or alternative ILD diagnostic codes were also conducted.

Results
When requiring one or more diagnostic claim, the prevalence of SSc and SSc-ILD per 100 000 persons was 72.1 and 19.0. The IR for SSc and SSc-ILD per 100 000 person-years was 18.3 and 4.3. Sensitivity analyses requiring two or more claims yielded much lower prevalence (SSc: 41.5; SSc-ILD: 13.3) and IR (SSc: 8.8; SSc-ILD: 1.6) estimates. Patients with SSc-ILD were older, with increased comorbidities and diagnostic procedures at baseline. MTX and MMF were the most common ISTs; 12.7% of the SSc-ILD cohort received therapy at baseline vs 8.2% for SSc. A total of 42.5% and 45.0% of the SSc and SSc-ILD cohorts, respectively, started a stable IST regimen and 21.7% and 19.4% of these had an escalation. Skin disorders were the most common comorbid outcome in both cohorts during follow-up.

Conclusions
SSc, with or without associated ILD, is a rare disease in the US. Newly diagnosed patients with SSc-ILD had received more IST and had more comorbidities compared with newly diagnosed SSc.
Arthroscopy in rheumatology: where have we been? Where might we go?
Authors: Ike Robert W , Arnold William J , Kalunian Kenneth C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The aim of our manuscript is to illustrate the past, present and future role of rheumatologists performing arthroscopy. Doctors first began adapting endoscopes to inspect joints to assess synovial conditions that concern rheumatologists. Rheumatologists were among the pioneers developing arthroscopy. Students of the father of modern arthroscopy, Watanabe, included rheumatologists, who taught others once home. Rheumatologists assessed the intra-articular features of their common diseases in the 60s and 70s. Improvements in instrumentation and efforts by a few orthopaedists adapted a number of common joint surgical procedures for arthroscopy. Interest from rheumatologists in arthroscopy grew in the 90s with ‘needle scopes’ used in an office setting. Rheumatologists conducting the first prospective questioning arthroscopic debridement in OA and developing biological compounds reduced the call for arthroscopic interventions. The arthroscope has proven an excellent tool for viewing and sampling synovium, which continues to at several international centres. Some OA features—such as calcinosis—beg further arthroscopic investigation. A new generation of ‘needle scopes’ with far superior optics awaits future investigators.