bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of sentiment analysis in social media security and analytics
Authors: Sharma Sanur , Jain Anurag 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSocial media, in recent times, has with eased an explosion of data with so many social media platforms available to interact and express opinions freely. This has led to easy access to the privacy of social media users which raise broader security concerns and issues. The present paper provides an overview of various sentiment analysis approaches and techniques for social media security and analytics. The multiple security application domains like deception detection, anomaly detection, risk management, and disaster relief have been identified where sentiment analysis is used for social media security. An in‐depth study on security issues related to data provenance, distrust, e‐commerce security, consumer security breaches, market surveillance, credibility, and risk assessment in social media have been presented. A comparison of various techniques, methodologies, dataset, and application domain where sentiment analysis is used has been discussed. The present work discusses the results of different machine learning techniques based on the performance metrics that have been used for the implementation of sentiment analysis in the respective security domains. It identifies the various gaps, issues, and the recent advancements in the field and presents a line of work that needs to be carried forward in future.This article is categorized under:
Commercial, Legal, and Ethical Issues > Security and Privacy
Technologies > Machine Learning
Technologies > Prediction
AI in the headlines: the portrayal of the ethical issues of artificial intelligence in the media
Authors: Ouchchy Leila , Coin Allen , Dubljević Veljko 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAs artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become increasingly prominent in our daily lives, media coverage of the ethical considerations of these technologies has followed suit. Since previous research has shown that media coverage can drive public discourse about novel technologies, studying how the ethical issues of AI are portrayed in the media may lead to greater insight into the potential ramifications of this public discourse, particularly with regard to development and regulation of AI. This paper expands upon previous research by systematically analyzing and categorizing the media portrayal of the ethical issues of AI to better understand how media coverage of these issues may shape public debate about AI. Our results suggest that the media has a fairly realistic and practical focus in its coverage of the ethics of AI, but that the coverage is still shallow. A multifaceted approach to handling the social, ethical and policy issues of AI technology is needed, including increasing the accessibility of correct information to the public in the form of fact sheets and ethical value statements on trusted webpages (e.g., government agencies), collaboration and inclusion of ethics and AI experts in both research and public debate, and consistent government policies or regulatory frameworks for AI technology.
Hybrid manufacturing of titanium Ti-6Al-4V combining laser metal deposition and cryogenic milling
Authors: Moritz Juliane , Seidel André , Kopper Michael , Bretschneider Jörg , Gumpinger Johannes , Finaske Thomas , Riede Mirko , Schneeweiß Michael , López Elena , Brückner Frank , Leyens Christoph , Rohr Thomas , Ghidini Tommaso 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHybrid manufacturing, which, e.g., combines additive manufacturing with conventional machining processes, can be a way of overcoming limitations currently encountered in additive manufacturing. Cryogenic milling might be a viable option for hard-to-cut materials, as it leaves a contamination-free surface and can increase surface quality and tool life compared to conventional cooling concepts. In this study, the influence of cryogenic milling with carbon dioxide on titanium Ti-6Al-4V specimens manufactured with laser metal deposition (LMD) was investigated regarding tool wear and surface integrity in comparison to dry machining and machining with cooling lubricants. Moreover, additional layers of material were deposited on top of conventionally and cryogenically machined surfaces by means of LMD. The interface zone was then examined for defects. The milling process was closely monitored by means of thermal and high-speed imaging. Optical and tactile surface analysis provided evidence that lower roughness values and improved surface qualities could be obtained with cryogenic machining in comparison to dry machining. Moreover, significantly less tool wear was observed when a cryogenic cooling medium was applied. Although the utilization of conventional cooling lubricants resulted in satisfying surface qualities, substantial residual contamination on the milled surface was detected by means of fluorescence analysis. These contaminants are suspected to cause defects when the next layer of material is deposited. This is supported by the fact that pores were found in the weld bead applied on top of the milled specimens by means of LMD. Conversely, cryogenic machining resulted in very clean surfaces due to the residue-free evaporation of the coolant. Hence, a good metallurgical bonding between the weld bead and the milled substrate could be achieved. The results indicate the great potential of cryogenic milling in hybrid manufacturing, especially in terms of intermediate machining, as it provides residue-free surfaces for subsequent material deposition without an additional cleaning step and can significantly prolongate tool life.
Sup-ADF-style bubble-detection methods under test
Authors: Monschang Verena , Wilfling Bernd 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the capacity of supremum augmented Dickey–Fuller (SADF), generalized SADF (GSADF), and of several heteroscedasticity-adjusted sup-ADF-style tests for detecting and date-stamping financial bubbles. Our Monte Carlo simulations find that the majority of the sup-ADF-style tests exhibit substantial size distortions, when the data-generating process is subject to leverage effects. Moreover, the sup-ADF-style tests often have low empirical power in identifying a (flexible and empirically relevant) rational stock-price bubble, recently proposed in the literature. In a simulation study, we compare the effectiveness of two real-time bubble date-stamping procedures (Procedures 1 and 2), both based on variants of the backward SADF (BSADF) test. While Procedure 1 (predominantly) provides better estimates of the bubbles’ origination and termination dates than Procedure 2, the first procedure frequently stamps non-existing bubbles. In an empirical application, we use NASDAQ data covering a time-span of 45 years and find that the bubble date-stamping outcomes of both procedures are sensitive to the data frequency chosen by the econometrician.
Internal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and biological markers in 101 healthy 1-year-old children: associations between levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and vaccine response
Authors: Abraham Klaus , Mielke Hans , Fromme Hermann , Völkel Wolfgang , Menzel Juliane , Peiser Matthias , Zepp Fred , Willich Stefan N. , Weikert Cornelia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPerfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a complex group of man-made chemicals with high stability and mobility leading to ubiquitous environmental contamination and accumulation in the food chain. In human serum/plasma samples, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are the lead compounds. They are immunotoxic in experimental animals, and epidemiological studies provided evidence of a diminished production of vaccine antibodies in young children. However, information on children of the first year of age is missing but relevant, as they have a relatively high exposure if breastfed, and may have a higher susceptibility as their immune system is developing. In a cross-sectional study with 101 healthy 1-year-old children, internal levels of persistent organic pollutants and a broad panel of biological parameters were investigated at the end of the 1990s. Additional analysis of PFASs resulted in plasma levels (mean ± SD) of PFOA and PFOS of 3.8 ± 1.1 and 6.8 ± 3.4 µg/L, respectively, in the 21 formula-fed children, and of 16.8 ± 6.6 and 15.2 ± 6.9 µg/L in the 80 children exclusively breastfed for at least 4 months. The study revealed significant associations between levels of PFOA, but not of PFOS, and adjusted levels of vaccine antibodies against Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib, r = 0.32), tetanus (r = 0.25) and diphtheria (r = 0.23), with no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs) determined by fitting a ‘knee’ function of 12.2, 16.9 and 16.2 µg/L, respectively. The effect size (means for PFOA quintiles Q1 vs. Q5) was quantified to be − 86, − 54 and − 53%, respectively. Furthermore, levels of PFOA were inversely associated with the interferon gamma (IFNɣ) production of ex-vivo lymphocytes after stimulation with tetanus and diphtheria toxoid, with an effect size of − 64 and − 59% (means Q1 vs. Q5), respectively. The study revealed no influence of PFOA and PFOS on infections during the first year of life and on levels of cholesterol. Our results confirmed the negative associations of PFAS levels and parameters of immune response observed in other epidemiological studies, with high consistency as well as comparable NOAECs and effects sizes for the three vaccine antibodies investigated, but for PFOA only. Due to reduction of background levels of PFASs during the last 20 years, children in Germany nowadays breastfed for a long duration are for the most part not expected to reach PFOA levels at the end of the breastfeeding period above the NOAECs determined.
Individual factors increasing complexity of drug treatment—a narrative review
Authors:   HIOPP-6 Consortium, Schmidt Steffen J. , Wurmbach Viktoria S. , Lampert Anette , Bernard Simone , Haefeli Walter E. , Seidling Hanna M. , Thürmann Petra A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Complexity of drug treatment is known to be a risk factor for administration errors and nonadherence promoting higher healthcare costs, hospital admissions and increased mortality. Number of drugs and dose frequency are parameters often used to assess complexity related to the medication regimen. However, factors resulting from complex processes of care or arising from patient characteristics are only sporadically analyzed. Hence, the objective of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of relevant, patient-centered factors influencing complexity of drug treatment.

Methods
A purposeful literature search was performed in MEDLINE to identify potential complexity factors relating to the prescribed drug (i.e. dosage forms or other product characteristics), the specific medication regimen (i.e. dosage schemes or additional instructions), specific patient characteristics and process characteristics. Factors were included if they were associated to administration errors, nonadherence and related adverse drug events detected in community dwelling adult patients.

Results
Ninety-one influencing factors were identified: fourteen in “dosage forms”, five in “product characteristics”, twelve in “dosage schemes”, nine in “additional instructions”, thirty-one in “patient characteristics” and twenty in “process characteristics”.

Conclusions
Although the findings are limited by the non-systematic search process and the heterogeneous results, the search shows the influence of many factors on the complexity of drug treatment. However, to evaluate their relevance for individual patients, prospective studies are necessary.
Preoperative Role of RAS or BRAF K601E in the Guidance of Surgery for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Ravella L. , Lopez J. , Descotes F. , Giai J. , Lapras V. , Denier M.‐L. , Borson‐Chazot F. , Lifante J.‐C. , Decaussin‐Petrucci M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundRAS and K601E BRAF mutations are not a reliable indicator of malignancy in fine‐needle aspirations (FNA) of thyroid indeterminate cytologic nodules. We aimed to evaluate the histologic characteristics, the risk of malignancy associated with such mutations in FNA and their potential interest for preoperative clinical management of nodules.MethodsWe evaluated 69 indeterminate thyroid nodules with RAS or K601E BRAF mutations with available histopathologic follow‐up. All FNA specimens were indeterminate according to the thyroid Bethesda system. Diagnosis of malignant, benign or indolent neoplasms was classified according to 2017 WHO classification. Carcinoma, NIFTP (noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like features) and WDTUMP (well‐differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential) were considered “surgical,” as they require surgical excision. Adenoma was considered “non‐surgical.” The risk of malignancy and the risk of “surgical disease” were evaluated.ResultsPathologic evaluation of the 69 mutated nodules demonstrated benign, indolent and malignant histology in 17 cases (25%), 21 cases (30%) and 31 cases (45%), respectively. The risk of malignancy was 45%, and the risk of surgical disease was 75%. The majority of carcinomas were a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. On follow‐up, there have been no recurrences to date.ConclusionPreoperative RAS or BRAF K601E mutations detection in cytologic indeterminate thyroid nodules carries a high risk of surgical disease and may benefit from surgical management. Most surgical lesions harboring those mutations are low‐risk tumors, which may be in favor of an initial lobectomy.
A Novel Parameter Identified Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography may Contribute to Predicting Anastomotic Leakage in Gastric Cancer Surgery
Authors: Mori Mikito , Shuto Kiyohiko , Hirano Atsushi , Kosugi Chihiro , Narushima Kazuo , Hosokawa Isamu , Fujino Masafumi , Yamazaki Masato , Shimizu Hiroaki , Koda Keiji 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnastomotic leak is one of the most serious postoperative complications, and intraoperative adequate perfusion plays a key role in preventing its development in gastric cancer surgery. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between anastomotic leak and the parameters defined by an assessment of intraoperative anastomotic perfusion using a near‐infrared indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence system and to evaluate the usefulness of this ICG fluorescence assessment in gastric cancer surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed data of 100 patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery. In a visual assessment based on fluorescence intensity, we classified ICG fluorescence image patterns as homogeneous, heterogeneous, or faint. In a chronological assessment, the first or second time point of ICG fluorescence appearance on one or the other side of the anastomosis was defined as FT or ST, respectively. The time difference in ICG fluorescence appearance between FT and ST was defined as TD. The relationships between anastomotic leak and the evaluated clinical factors, including the parameters identified by the ICG fluorescence assessment, were evaluated using univariate or multivariate analysis.ResultsAlthough no signs of leak were found by surgeons’ subjective judgments, four patients developed postoperative anastomotic leak of Clavien–Dindo grade III or IV. Multivariate analysis revealed that TD was an independent predictor of anastomotic leak (odds ratio 35.361, 95% confidence interval 1.489–839.923, p = 0.027).ConclusionsA novel parameter identified using near‐infrared ICG fluorescence assessment may be useful to predict anastomotic leak in gastric cancer surgery.Trial RegistrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry: #UMIN000030747 (https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm).
ETV in infancy and childhood below 2 years of age for treatment of hydrocephalus
Authors: El Damaty Ahmed , Marx Sascha , Cohrs Gesa , Vollmer Marcus , Eltanahy Ahmed , El Refaee Ehab , Baldauf Joerg , Fleck Steffen , Baechli Heidi , Zohdi Ahmed , Synowitz Michael , Unterberg Andreas , Schroeder Henry W. S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Age and etiology play a crucial role in success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) as a treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus. Outcome is worse in infants, and controversies still exist whether ETV is superior to shunt placement. We retrospectively analyzed 70 patients below 2 years from 4 different centers treated with ETV and assessed success.

Methods
Children < 2 years who received an ETV within 1994–2018 were included. Patients were classified according to age and etiology; < 3, 4–12, and 13–24 months, etiologically; aqueductal stenosis, post-hemorrhagic-hydrocephalus (PHH), tumor-related, fourth ventricle outflow obstruction, with Chiari-type II and following CSF infection. We investigated statistically the predictors for ETV success through computing Kaplan-Meier estimates using patient’s follow-up time and time to ETV failure.

Results
We collected 70 patients. ETV success rate was 41.4%. The highest rate was in tumor-related hydrocephalus and fourth ventricle outlet obstruction (62.5%, 60%) and the lowest rate was in Chiari-type II and following infection (16.7%, 0%). The below 3 months age group showed relatively lower success rate (33.3%) in comparison to older groups which showed similar results (46.4%, 46.6%). Statistically, a previous VP shunt was a predictor for failure (p value < 0.05).

Conclusion
Factors suggesting a high possibility of failure were age < 3 months and etiology such as Chiari-type II or following infection. Altered CSF dynamics in patients with PHH and under-developed arachnoid villi may play a role in ETV failure. We do not recommend ETV as first line in children < 3 months of age or in case of Chiari II or following infection.
Non-additive (dominance) effects of genetic variants associated with refractive error and myopia
Authors:   and the UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium, Pozarickij Alfred , Williams Cathy , Guggenheim Jeremy A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed that the genetic contribution to certain complex diseases is well-described by Fisher’s infinitesimal model in which a vast number of polymorphisms each confer a small effect. Under Fisher’s model, variants have additive effects both across loci and within loci. However, the latter assumption is at odds with the common observation of dominant or recessive rare alleles responsible for monogenic disorders. Here, we searched for evidence of non-additive (dominant or recessive) effects for GWAS variants known to confer susceptibility to the highly heritable quantitative trait, refractive error. Of 146 GWAS variants examined in a discovery sample of 228,423 individuals whose refractive error phenotype was inferred from their age-of-onset of spectacle wear, only 8 had even nominal evidence (p < 0.05) of non-additive effects. In a replication sample of 73,577 individuals who underwent direct assessment of refractive error, 1 of these 8 variants had robust independent evidence of non-additive effects (rs7829127 within ZMAT4, p = 4.76E−05) while a further 2 had suggestive evidence (rs35337422 in RD3L, p = 7.21E−03 and rs12193446 in LAMA2, p = 2.57E−02). Accounting for non-additive effects had minimal impact on the accuracy of a polygenic risk score for refractive error (R2 = 6.04% vs. 6.01%). Our findings demonstrate that very few GWAS variants for refractive error show evidence of a departure from an additive mode of action and that accounting for non-additive risk variants offers little scope to improve the accuracy of polygenic risk scores for myopia.
Cats show an unexpected pattern of response to human ostensive cues in a series of A-not-B error tests
Authors: Pongrácz Péter , Onofer Dóra L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIt is an intriguing question whether cats’ social understanding capacity, including the sensitivity to ostensive signals (resulting in fast preferential learning of behavioural choices demonstrated by humans), would be comparable to that in dogs. In a series of A-not-B error tests, we investigated whether the ostensive or non-ostensive manner of human communication and the familiarity of the human demonstrator would affect the search error pattern in companion cats. Cats’ performance showed an almost completely different distribution of perseverative erring than earlier was shown in dogs and human infants. Cats demonstrated perseverative errors both during ostensive and non-ostensive cueing by the owner and also during non-ostensive cueing by the experimenter. However, unlike prior studies with dogs, they avoided perseverative errors during the experimenter ostensive cueing condition. We assume that the reliance on human ostensive signals may serve different purpose in companion dogs and cats—meanwhile in dogs, human ostension could support fast rule learning, in cats, it may have only a circumstantial attention-eliciting effect. Our results highlight the need of conducting further throughout experiments on the social cognition of cats, based on their own right beside the traditional cat–dog comparative approach.
Landslide damming hazard susceptibility maps: a new GIS-based procedure for risk management
Authors: Tacconi Stefanelli C. , Casagli N. , Catani F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA complete landslide dam hazard management incorporates two assessment phases: the damming probability and the breach hazard. A prompt evaluation of the dam stability is crucial during the emergency to mitigate its consequences, but a reliable risk assessment can be realized only after the event has occurred, when the available time is very short. Therefore, it is necessary to develop tools able to help in mapping the spatial probability of damming over large areas for land-use planning, in order to better constrain consequence analysis and risk scenarios for setting up mitigation measures. In this work, a semi-automated GIS-based mapping methodology, based on a statistical correlation of morphometric parameters described by a morphological index, is proposed to spatially assess the likelihood of a river obstruction by landslide damming through two main mechanisms: the reactivation of existing landslides and the formation of new landslides. The two mapping methods (damming predisposition and damming probability) were used on a test area, the Arno River basin in Italy. The Eastern part of the basin resulted as the most susceptible to damming events in the whole basin. These are the highest mountain ridges in the basin (about 1600 m a.s.l.), characterized by calcareous, arenaceous, and marl lithology. The results are confirmed by the high concentration of the known historical landslide dams in the area according to existing inventories.