bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work engagement as a mediator between subjective well-being and work-and-health outcomes
Authors: Garg Neha , Singh Pankaj 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of work engagement as a mediator in the relationship of subjective well-being with work performance, work withdrawal behavior, physical and mental health.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey design was used to collect the data from 369 Indian software developers. Latent variable structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationships.

Findings
Subjective well-being was found to have a significant positive association with work engagement and this, in turn, had significantly enhanced employee’s work performance and reduced work withdrawal behavior, mental and physical ill-health. In addition, work engagement was found to fully mediate the association of subjective well-being with work performance and mental ill-health, while it partially mediated the association of subjective well-being with work withdrawal behaviors and physical ill-health.

Practical implications
This paper contributes to the development of self-sustaining approach toward increasing work engagement and provides a way to deal with work-and-health outcomes.

Originality/value
This study is one of the early attempts to examine direct and indirect associations of subjective well-being with work-and-health outcomes in an Indian setting.
Fruit resource provisioning for avian frugivores: The overlooked side of effectiveness in seed dispersal mutualisms
Authors: Quintero Elena , Pizo Marco A. , Jordano Pedro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Mutualistic interactions between frugivorous birds and fleshy‐fruited plants are key processes for both natural plant regeneration and the maintenance of birds relying on fruit resources. However, seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) has been frequently studied only from the plant's perspective, that is the contribution of animals to plant fitness.

Using a sample of Atlantic rainforest avian frugivores, this study presents a first comparative, empirical study of fruit effectiveness as a nutritional food resource for seed‐dispersing birds through the use of resource‐provisioning effectiveness (RPE) models. RPE is the product of the amount of fruits a frugivore can consume (quantity component) and the quality of the ingesta in terms of energy and nutrients obtained (quality component).

Our results show wide variation in RPE among fleshy‐fruited plant species. Energy‐rich fruits consistently show a smaller quantity component, while energetically poor fruits are consistently the most consumed, with fruit species spanning a gradient from these two extremes.

The specific RPEi resulting from a pairwise fruit–frugivore interaction is positively correlated with the total RPE (RPET) that a given fruit species has for the whole frugivore assemblage. RPE therefore appears to be a characteristic feature of the fruit species, rather than of the specific frugivore partner.

Only the fruit's specific energy content showed a significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting potential constraints for free covariation between RPE and SDE of fruits and frugivores.

Synthesis. We analyse variation in the effectiveness of fleshy‐fruit food provisioning to avian frugivores by explicitly redefining RPE within the SDE framework. We found ample variation in RPE among plant species, showing differences in both quantity and quality components of fruit resources rewards for the frugivores. Our findings help unravel how seed‐dispersing birds may discriminate among alternative fruit resources and to understand the configuration of mutual dependencies among mutualistic partners.
Back to the Future: The Pulling Apart of our Towns and Cities
Authors: Nandy Lisa 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGrowing divisions between Britain’s towns and cities have created a dilemma for the Labour Party in seeking to represent very different parts of the country. There are some who argue that Labour must choose the global networked youth—who largely reside in cities—in order to maximise its electoral chances. This is an argument that defies electoral gravity and fails to address the root causes of the gulf between towns and cities. As jobs and investment have gone into cities, many towns have seen the local population age and local economies become unsustainable. In both towns and cities there is a clamour for power to move closer to home and for the renewal of democratic institutions, offering Labour the chance to win power and end the divisions that have come to characterise British politics.
A Public Ethics of Care for Policy Implementation
Authors: Engster Daniel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLiberal and republican political theorists have not paid much attention to a theory of public administration or policy implementation. To the extent that they have, they have tended to endorse an ideal‐typical Weberian model of bureaucracy and impersonal ethics of rules to limit street‐level discretion. This article argues that the Weberian bureaucratic ethics is inconsistent with core liberal and republican values and, in fact, dominating at the street level. In order for laws and policies to be implemented in a manner consistent with liberal and republican principles, an alternative public ethics is proposed—a public ethics of care. Building on earlier research, this article argues that a public ethics of care represents an important supplement to liberal and republican ideals, as well as a better alternative to Weberian bureaucratic ethics, for implementing laws and policies at the street level in limited and responsive, nondominating ways.
Association of sex with the global burden of glaucoma: an analysis from the global burden of disease study 2017
Authors: Ye Xin , She Xiangjun , Shen Lijun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the association of sex with the global burden of glaucoma by year, age and socio‐economic status using disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs).MethodThe global, regional and national sex‐specific DALY numbers, crude DALY rates and age‐standardized DALY rates caused by glaucoma, by year and age, were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Human development index (HDI) in 2017 as a national socio‐economic indicator was obtained from the Human Development Report. t‐Test and linear regression were performed to explore the association between sex difference in age‐standardized DALY rates and HDI.ResultsGlobally, changes in glaucoma DALY number and crude rates were similar of both sexes between 1990 and 2017. After controlling for population size and age structure, age‐standardized DALY rates decreased consistently from 10.7 in 1990 to 9.4 in 2017 among men and from 8.8 in 1990 to 8.0 in 2017 among women. In 2017, the global average age‐standardized DALY rates were 11.6 ± 8.6 (mean ± standard deviation) in women and 14.9 ± 12.1 in men. The sex difference in age‐standardized DALY of 195 countries was significant (t = 3.109; p < .01) in 2017. Men had higher rates than women of the same age, and sexual differences increased with age. t‐Test revealed that age‐standardized DALY rates among men were higher than those among women for low‐HDI countries (t = 3.102; p < .01) and high‐HDI countries (t = 2.110; p < .05). The difference (male minus female) in age‐standardized DALY rates (standardized β = −0.434, p < .001) and the female‐to‐male age‐standardized DALY rate ratios (standardized β = −0.315, p < .001) were inversely correlated with HDI.ConclusionAlthough global glaucoma health care is progressing, sexual differences in glaucoma burden showed little improvement in the past few decades. Worldwide, men have higher glaucoma burden than women. Older age and lower socio‐economic status are associated with greater sex differences in glaucoma burden. Our findings may enhance public awareness of sexual differences in global glaucoma burden and emphasize the importance of making sex‐sensitive health policy to manage global vision loss caused by glaucoma.
Vision‐related quality of life and visual function in a 70‐year‐old Swedish population
Authors: Havstam Johansson Lena , Škiljić Dragana , Falk Erhag Hanna , Ahlner Felicia , Pernheim Christina , Rydberg Sterner Therese , Wetterberg Hanna , Skoog Ingmar , Zetterberg Madeleine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate vision‐related quality of life (VRQoL), visual function and predictors of poor vision in a population of 70‐year‐olds.MethodsSelf‐reported ocular morbidity and responses to the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire‐25 (NEI VFQ‐25) in a cross‐sectional population study (N = 1203) in Gothenburg, Sweden, were compared with results from ophthalmic examination (N = 560).ResultsThe most common self‐reported ophthalmic morbidities were cataract (23.4%), age‐related macular degeneration (AMD; 4.7%), glaucoma (4.3%) and diabetic retinopathy (1.4%). Cataract was more prevalent in women (p = 0.001). The composite score from NEI VFQ‐25 for the entire cohort was 91.4 (standard deviation: 27.5). When comparing composite score for different eye diseases, persons with cataract or AMD exhibited lower scores (p = 0.029 and 0.018, respectively). Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was normal (≥0.5 decimal) in 98.9%; two individuals had low vision (<0.3). Men exhibited better BCVA (median: −0.08 logMAR) than women (−0.06; p = 0.005). Visual field defects were observed in 16.3% and uncorrected refractive errors in 61.5%. Poor vision was reported by 7.4% of participants with presenting visual acuity (PVA) ≥0.5 (decimal), while 66.7% with PVA <0.5 reported good vision. Of 27 individuals with PVA <0.5, 55.6% obtained a BCVA of ≥1.0 with the right correction. Low contrast sensitivity was a significant predictor of experiencing poor vision (p = 0.008), while PVA and visual field defects were not.ConclusionsLow contrast sensitivity is a predictor of experiencing poor vision. There is a discrepancy between subjective/objective visual function and a high prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors. Women have more cataract, and men demonstrate slightly better visual acuity.
Bariatric surgery might aggravate proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Sever Ozkan , Horozoglu Fatih 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to assess the changes experienced by patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) after bariatric surgery (BS).MethodsThis retrospective observational study includes 37 eyes of 21 patients with PDR who underwent BS at a tertiary university hospital over the period of 2014–2018. The control group (CG) comprised 37 eyes of 27 patients with PDR who attended the same research hospital for diabetes care without undergoing BS. Preoperative and postoperative glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, weight and diabetic retinopathy screening results were collected from the medical records of the patients. Patients who had undergone preoperative retinal screening and at least one postoperative retinal screening were included in the analysis.ResultsBoth groups exhibited statistically significant visual acuity (VA) loss at 6 months and 1 year (p < 0.001). At postoperative 6 months the VA loss experienced by the control BS group was significantly more severe than that experienced by the CG (p = 0.03). The first‐year HbA1c levels of the BS group were significantly lower than those of the CG (p = 0.02). The BS group had significantly higher intraocular haemorrhage (p = 0.04), neovascular glaucoma (p = 0.04) and retinal vein occlusion (p = 0.04) rates than the CG group. All complications occurred at different patients.ConclusionPatients with PDR who received BS showed more severe retinopathy than patients who were matched for age, sex, HbA1c levels and follow‐up duration and who did not receive BS.
Early antituberculosis drug exposure in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus‐associated tuberculosis
Authors: Schutz Charlotte , Chirehwa Maxwell , Barr David , Ward Amy , Janssen Saskia , Burton Rosie , Wilkinson Robert J. , Shey Muki , Wiesner Lubbe , Denti Paolo , McIlleron Helen , Maartens Gary , Meintjes Graeme 
Published: January 2020

AimsPatients hospitalized at the time of human immunodeficiency virus‐associated tuberculosis (HIV‐TB) diagnosis have high early mortality. We hypothesized that compared to outpatients, there would be lower anti‐TB drug exposure in hospitalized HIV‐TB patients, and amongst hospitalized patients exposure would be lower in patients who die or have high lactate (a sepsis marker).MethodsWe performed pharmacokinetic sampling in hospitalized HIV‐TB patients and outpatients. Plasma rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide concentrations were measured in samples collected predose and at 1, 2.5, 4, 6 and 8 hours on the third day of standard anti‐TB therapy. Twelve‐week mortality was ascertained for inpatients. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed.ResultsPharmacokinetic data were collected in 59 hospitalized HIV‐TB patients and 48 outpatients. Inpatient 12‐week mortality was 11/59 (19%). Rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide exposure was similar between hospitalized and outpatients (maximum concentration [Cmax]: 7.4 vs 8.3 μg mL–1, P = .223; 3.6 vs 3.5 μg mL–1, P = .569; 50.1 vs 46.8 μg mL–1, P = .081; area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to 8 hours: 41.0 vs 43.8 mg h L–1, P = 0.290; 13.5 vs 12.4 mg h L–1, P = .630; 316.5 vs 292.2 mg h L–1, P = .164, respectively) and not lower in inpatients who died. Rifampicin and isoniazid Cmax were below recommended ranges in 61% and 39% of inpatients and 44% and 35% of outpatients. Rifampicin exposure was higher in patients with lactate >2.2 mmol L–1.ConclusionMortality in hospitalized HIV‐TB patients was high. Early anti‐TB drug exposure was similar to outpatients and not lower in inpatients who died. Rifampicin and isoniazid Cmax were suboptimal in 61% and 39% of inpatients and rifampicin exposure was higher in patients with high lactate. Treatment strategies need to be optimized to improve survival.
Receptors for pro‐resolving mediators are increased in Alzheimer's disease brain
Authors: Emre Ceren , Hjorth Erik , Bharani Krishna , Carroll Steven , Granholm Ann‐Charlotte , Schultzberg Marianne 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNeuroinflammation is a key element of AD pathology and conceivably a result of a disturbed resolution. Resolution of inflammation is an active process which is strictly orchestrated following the acute inflammatory response after removal of the inflammatory stimuli. Acute inflammation is actively terminated by specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs) thereby promoting healing and return to homeostasis. Failed resolution may contribute to persistent neuroinflammation and aggravate AD pathology. BLT1 (leukotriene B4 receptor) and ChemR23 (chemerin receptor 23) are receptors for the SPM resolvin (Rv) E1 and are important clinical targets for ending inflammation. In AD, the levels of SPMs are decreased, and pro‐inflammatory mediators are increased. In the current study, the distribution of BLT1 and ChemR23 receptors in control brains and in AD as well as correlations with AD pathology was examined for the first time. BLT1 and ChemR23 were analyzed in different regions of post‐mortem human brain from cases with AD, early‐onset AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls, using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. BLT1 and ChemR23 were detected in neurons and glial cells in all examined regions of the human brain, with markedly higher levels in AD than in controls. The receptor levels correlated with the density of staining for the inflammation markers HLA‐DR and YKL‐40 for microglia and astrocytes, respectively, and elevated staining coincided with high Braak stages in AD. The relative staining densities of these receptors were higher in the basal forebrain, cingulate gyrus and hippocampal regions compared to the cerebellum and frontal cortex (BA46).In conclusion, alterations in the expression of the resolution receptor BLT1 in AD have not been reported previously and the changes in both BLT1 and ChemR23 suggest a disturbed resolution pathway in several regions of the AD brain that may play a role in disease pathology.
Spatial working memory, not IQ or executive function, discriminates early psychosis and clinically vulnerable creative individuals
Authors: Crabtree Julie , Hudson Jennifer L. , Brockman Robert , Newton‐John Toby 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimWhile associations between creativity and psychopathology have been well researched, the specific cognitive processes that distinguish highly creative from those with psychopathology warrant further investigation. This study will examine whether IQ, executive function, cognitive inhibition or spatial working memory differentiate individuals with early psychosis, clinically vulnerable creative individuals, creative controls and non‐creative controls.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 110 participants: early psychosis (n = 21); clinically vulnerable creative controls (n = 25); creative controls (n = 30) and non‐creative control (n = 34). The Diagnostic Interview for Psychosis assessed early psychosis participants and the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to screen for psychopathology in the remaining groups. Several cognitive tests were administered: IQ, neurocognitive measures of executive function and spatial working memory. Creativity was assessed using the Torrance Test of Creativity and Creative Achievement Questionnaire. A measure of vividness of mental imagery was also given.ResultsAcross all cognitive tests, spatial working memory differentiated the early psychosis group from both creative and non‐creative control groups. Spatial working memory predicted group membership but vivid imagery was a better predictor of creative achievement. The early psychosis, clinically vulnerable creative and creative groups all recorded significantly higher results on creative achievement and creative cognition compared to non‐creative controls.ConclusionsOur results provide further support for spatial working memory as an early neuro‐cognitive marker for early psychosis. Spatial working memory, rather than IQ or executive function, may also be an early protective factor for clinically vulnerable young creative individuals.
Personality and risk for serious mental illness
Authors: Santesteban‐Echarri Olga , MacQueen Glenda , Goldstein Benjamin I. , Wang JianLi , Kennedy Sidney H. , Bray Signe , Lebel Catherine , Addington Jean 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimCertain personality traits may be related to an increased risk of developing a severe mental illness (SMI). This study examined differences in personality characteristics in a sample of youth at‐risk of SMI across different clinical stages compared to healthy controls (HCs).MethodPersonality characteristics were assessed with the NEO‐Five‐Factor Inventory‐3 for 41 non‐help seeking asymptomatic youth with risk factors for SMI (Stage 0), 52 youth with early mood and anxiety symptoms and distress (Stage 1a), 108 youth with an attenuated psychiatric syndrome (Stage 1b), and 42 HCs.ResultsSymptomatic participants scored significantly higher in neuroticism, and lower in extraversion, and conscientiousness compared to non‐symptomatic participants. Compared to published norms, symptomatic participants had ratings of extraversion and conscientiousness in the low range and those with attenuated psychiatric syndromes scored high on neuroticism.ConclusionThe observed personality profiles of the symptomatic stages were similar to reported profiles for discrete disorders. Early identification of this profile could aid identification of those at risk of SMI.
Behavioral and neuronal interactions between exercise and alcohol: Sex and genetic differences
Authors: Booher Winona C. , Reyes Martínez Guillermo J. , Ehringer Marissa A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlcohol use disorders (AUDs) lead to early death and many devastating consequences for individuals, families and society. Currently, few effective treatments are available, but emerging research suggests exercise might be beneficial in some individuals. To develop the most effective exercise treatment program, more research on intensity, type, timing, stage of addiction, drug involved, sex of subject and subject population is needed. This review highlights the complexity of the interaction between alcohol behaviors and exercise, with a focus on the role of sex and genetics. Moreover, we describe a variety of rodent models used to investigate the neuronal physiology changes that underlie alcohol consumption and exercise. Specifically, current data indicate that moderate exercise may ameliorate neuronal damage caused by alcohol consumption. Additionally, we describe studies of rodent models in the context of hedonic substitution to draw broad conclusions about shared underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Until recently, most studies in rodents were performed only in males, and few studies have utilized different genetic strains of mice or rats. Comparing similar behavioral paradigms across sex and strain, it has become clear that major sex and genetic differences exist for each behavioral context alone (alcohol consumption and exercise) and combined. Therefore, future research in this area should be developed with careful study design and attention to address both of these factors.
Integrating infant mental health practice models in nursing
Authors: Gordon Jessica M. , Gaffney Kathy , Slavitt Hannah C. , Williams Amy , Lauerer Joy A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractProblemDuring the first years of life, the brain is developing rapidly and is especially vulnerable to the effects of trauma and or stress. Early exposure to such early trauma or stress predisposes young children to mental health problems. The practice of infant mental health (IMH) focuses on preventing negative mental health outcomes in infancy and toddlerhood. Currently, IMH is not standard practice in nursing. To enhance IMH in nursing, this manuscript provides an overview of IMH practice models, discusses nursing implications of each model and presents a model for integrating IMH into nursing practice.MethodsA scoping review was conducted with a literature search utilizing the keywords “infant mental health” AND “models of care” in the PubMed and CINHAL databases from 2002 to 2018.FindingsTwenty of the publications retrieved met search criteria. Among the 20 articles, 10 addressed clinical‐based content related to IMH practice and 10 addressed nonclinical‐based content associated with IMH educational training, policy development, or system‐based models of care.ConclusionsNurses are well positioned to impact IMH. The model presented provides the nursing process as a practical framework for the integration of IMH in nursing practice that can be expanded upon as IMH evolves.