bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fears of Falling Short versus Anxieties of Decline: Explaining Russia and China’s Approach to Status-Seeking
Authors: Krickovic Andrej , Zhang Chang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Although recent scholarship has advanced our understanding of status, little attention has been paid to the factors that shape states’ status-seeking behaviour. Consequently, existing theories are unable to explain why Russia has been more aggressive and confrontational in its status-seeking than China. What is missing is a detailed examination of the ways in which status-seekers’ power trajectories affect their status-seeking behaviour. Whether a status-seeker is rising or in decline shapes its propensity to take risks in pursuit of status, its calculations regarding the utility of attaining more status, and its ability to use non-confrontational and non-aggressive status-seeking strategies to induce other states to accord it higher status. Declining powers, such as Russia, engage in aggressive status-seeking to avoid imminent status losses. Decliners need to initiate confrontations with other states to compel them to recognise their status. Risers, such as China, are more cautious and restrained. Recognising that aggressive status-seeking can jeopardise imminent gains, they are conscious of the costs that accompany elevated status. Their admirable successes and growing power, moreover, make other states all the more willing to accord them higher status. Risers, therefore, can enhance their status without resorting to aggressive or confrontational methods.
Systematic Review of Development and Content Validity of Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Do We Measure What We Measure?
Authors: van Andel Emma M , Koopmann Brechtje D M , Crouwel Femke , Noomen Casper G , de Boer Nanne K H , van Asseldonk Dirk P , Mokkink Lidwine B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Patient-reported outcome measures are increasingly important in daily care and research in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. This study provides an overview of the content and content validity of IBD-specific patient-reported outcome measures on three selected constructs.

Methods
Databases were searched up to May 2019 for development and/or content validity studies on IBD-specific self-report measures on health-related quality of life, disability, and self-report disease activity in adults. Evidence was synthesised on content validity in three aspects: relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility following the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments methodology. Questionnaire items were organised in themes to provide an overview of important aspects of these constructs.

Results
For 14/44 instruments, 25 content validity studies were identified and 25/44 measures had sufficient content validity, the strongest evidence being of moderate quality, though most evidence is of low or very low quality. The Crohn’s Life Impact Questionnaire and IBD questionnaire-32 on quality of life, the IBD-Control on disease activity, and the IBD Disability Index Self-Report and its 8-item version on disability, have the strongest evidence of sufficient relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility, ranging from moderate to very low quality. A fair number of recurring items themes, possibly important for the selected constructs, was identified.

Conclusions
The body of evidence for content validity of IBD-specific health-related quality of life, self-report disease activity, and disability self-report measures is limited. More content validity studies should be performed after reaching consensus on the constructs of interest for IBD, and studies should involve patients.
Relapse 1 week after bracket removal: a 3D superimpositional analysis
Authors: Papagiannis Alexandros , Koletsi Despina , Halazonetis Demetrios J , Sifakakis Iosif 
Published: March 2020

SummaryObjectivesTo measure tooth movement 1 week post-treatment and assess potential correlation with changes invoked during treatment.Subjects and methodsThirty-eight patients were recruited (19 males, 19 females). Polyvinyl siloxane impressions were taken after bracket debonding (T1) and 1 week later (T2) and digitally scanned. During this period no retention was used. The digital casts were superimposed on structures of the hard palate. Translation and rotation of the first molars, canines, and central incisors were recorded. Additionally, movement of these teeth was assessed from the beginning (T0) until the end of treatment (T1). The correlation between the post-treatment relapse (T1–T2) and tooth movement during treatment (T0–T1) was investigated via the Spearman correlation coefficient.ResultsRelapse was detected and reflected changes in tooth position during treatment. For the first molars (right, left) the correlation between treatment and post-treatment tooth movement was evident in the transverse direction (r = −0.38, P = 0.020; r = −0.32, P = 0.052), tipping (r = −0.40, P = 0.015; r = −0.34, P = 0.034) and the antero-posterior direction (r = −0.31, P = 0.061; r = −0.36, P = 0.027); for the canines (right and left), as rotation around their long axis (r = −0.55, P = 0.003; r = −0.58, P = 0.002); for central incisors (right and left) in the antero-posterior direction (r = −0.55, P = 0.000; r = −0.48, P = 0.03), transverse direction (r = −0.43, P = 0.07; r = −0.32, P = 0.047), and rotation around their long axis (r = −0.53, P = 0.001; r = −0.28, P = 0.089).ConclusionsPost-treatment changes in tooth position were mostly related to tooth movement during treatment. The reported correlations may help clinicians predict short-term relapse, evaluate long-term retention need, and design individualized retention schemes.
Staying close: short local dispersal distances on a managed forest of two Patagonian Nothofagus species
Authors: Sola Georgina , El Mujtar Verónica , Gallo Leonardo , Vendramin Giovanni G , Marchelli Paula 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Understanding the impact of management on the dispersal potential of forest tree species is pivotal in the context of global change, given the implications of gene flow on species evolution. We aimed to determine the effect of logging on gene flow distances in two Nothofagus species from temperate Patagonian forests having high ecological relevance and wood quality. Therefore, a total of 778 individuals (mature trees and saplings) of Nothofagus alpina and N. obliqua, from a single plot managed 20 years ago (2.85 hectares), were mapped and genotyped at polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. Historical estimates of gene dispersal distance (based on fine-scale spatial genetic structure) and contemporary estimates of seed and pollen dispersal (based on spatially explicit mating models) were obtained. The results indicated restricted gene flow (gene distance ≤ 45 m, both pollen and seed), no selfing and significant seed and pollen immigration from trees located outside the studied plot but in the close surrounding area. The size of trees (diameter at breast height and height) was significantly associated with female and/or male fertility. The significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure was consistent with the restricted seed and pollen dispersal. Moreover, both estimates of gene dispersal (historical and contemporary) gave congruent results. This suggests that the recent history of logging within the study area has not significantly influenced on patterns of gene flow, which can be explained by the silviculture applied to the stand. The residual tree density maintained species composition, and the homogeneous spatial distribution of trees allowed the maintenance of gene dispersal. The short dispersal distance estimated for these two species has several implications both for understanding the evolution of the species and for defining management, conservation and restoration actions. Future replication of this study in other Nothofagus Patagonian forests would be helpful to validate our conclusions.
Impact of ventilation design on the precooling effectiveness of horticultural produce—a review
Authors: Cao Yuhui , Gong Ya-Fang , Zhang Xin-Rong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOptimizing the ventilation design of packaging system is of crucial importance for improving the efficiency of the forced-air precooling process to maintain the quality of horticultural produce and extend the shelf life in food cold chain. Many efforts had been devoted to the study about the impact of ventilation design on airflow and temperature distribution inside ventilated packages. This paper reviews relevant research methods, commonly used quantities for the measurement of precooling effectiveness, attractive design parameters, and their impact on precooling effectiveness. These allow us to know exactly the characteristic and deficiency of each research method, identify dominant design parameters, and seek a promising way for the future improvement of the ventilated packaging system.
The Biomechanics of Multi-articular Muscle–Tendon Systems in Snakes
Authors: Astley Henry C 
Published: March 2020

SynopsisThe geometry of the musculoskeletal system, such as moment arms and linkages, determines the link between muscular functions and external mechanical results, but as the geometry becomes more complex, this link becomes less clear. The musculoskeletal system of snakes is extremely complex, with several muscles that span dozens of vertebrae, ranging from 10 to 45 vertebrae in the snake semispinalis-spinalis muscle (a dorsiflexor). Furthermore, this span correlates with habitat in Caenophidians, with burrowing and aquatic species showing shorter spans while arboreal species show longer spans. Similar multi-articular spans are present in the prehensile tails of primates, the necks of birds, and our own digits. However, no previous analysis has adequately explained the mechanical consequences of these multi-articular spans. This paper uses techniques from the analysis of static systems in engineering to analyze the consequences of multiarticular muscle configurations in cantilevered gap bridging and compares these outcomes to a hypothetical mono-articular system. Multi-articular muscle spans dramatically reduce the forces needed in each muscle, but the consequent partitioning of muscle cross-sectional area between numerous muscles results in a small net performance loss. However, when a substantial fraction of this span is tendinous, performance increases dramatically. Similarly, metabolic cost is increased for purely muscular multi-articular spans, but decreases rapidly with increasing tendon ratio. However, highly tendinous spans require increased muscle strain to achieve the same motion, while purely muscular systems are unaffected. These results correspond well with comparative data from snakes and offer the potential to dramatically improve the mechanics of biomimetic snake robots.
Lateral Oscillation and Body Compliance Help Snakes and Snake Robots Stably Traverse Large, Smooth Obstacles
Authors: Fu Qiyuan , Gart Sean W , Mitchel Thomas W , Kim Jin Seob , Chirikjian Gregory S , Li Chen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSnakes can move through almost any terrain. Similarly, snake robots hold the promise as a versatile platform to traverse complex environments such as earthquake rubble. Unlike snake locomotion on flat surfaces which is inherently stable, when snakes traverse complex terrain by deforming their body out of plane, it becomes challenging to maintain stability. Here, we review our recent progress in understanding how snakes and snake robots traverse large, smooth obstacles such as boulders and felled trees that lack “anchor points” for gripping or bracing. First, we discovered that the generalist variable kingsnake combines lateral oscillation and cantilevering. Regardless of step height and surface friction, the overall gait is preserved. Next, to quantify static stability of the snake, we developed a method to interpolate continuous body in three dimensions (3D) (both position and orientation) between discrete tracked markers. By analyzing the base of support using the interpolated continuous body 3-D kinematics, we discovered that the snake maintained perfect stability during traversal, even on the most challenging low friction, high step. Finally, we applied this gait to a snake robot and systematically tested its performance traversing large steps with variable heights to further understand stability principles. The robot rapidly and stably traversed steps nearly as high as a third of its body length. As step height increased, the robot rolled more frequently to the extent of flipping over, reducing traversal probability. The absence of such failure in the snake with a compliant body inspired us to add body compliance to the robot. With better surface contact, the compliant body robot suffered less roll instability and traversed high steps at higher probability, without sacrificing traversal speed. Our robot traversed large step-like obstacles more rapidly than most previous snake robots, approaching that of the animal. The combination of lateral oscillation and body compliance to form a large, reliable base of support may be useful for snakes and snake robots to traverse diverse 3-D environments with large, smooth obstacles.
Parties versus democracy: Addressing today’s political party threats to democratic rule
Authors: Daly Tom Gerald , Jones Brian Christopher 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The growing threat to liberal democracy worldwide is, in many ways, a political party threat. Recent years have witnessed the rise of a range of authoritarian populist, illiberal, far-right, nativist, and extremist parties. Some have entered government in countries including Hungary, Poland, Austria, and Italy. Germany’s Alternativ für Deutschland (AfD) is now the main parliamentary opposition. Beyond Europe we see democratic structures threatened or incrementally dismantled through the subversion of an established democratic party by an outsider (e.g. Donald Trump in the United States or Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines) or ascendance of the extremist wing of a right-wing party (e.g. India’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)). Parties and party leaders occupying an ill-defined space on the political spectrum—a form of “far-right lite”—today generally present a much greater threat to democratic governance than overtly antidemocratic fringe outfits, such as Germany’s National Democratic Party (NPD). The ambiguity of such parties, their growing size, their entry into government, the subversion of “good” democratic parties by a “bad” leadership, and the rise of the “shadow party” and intensifying external control mean that contemporary political party threats seriously frustrate the possibility of remedial action afforded by existing public law and policy mechanisms. They also require us to reflect anew on crafting novel remedies and to revisit our deep assumptions about parties as creatures of central constitutional importance.
Is aortic valve replacement with a minimally invasive extracorporeal circuit a contemporary option for octogenarians?
Authors: El-Essawi Aschraf , Follis Marco , Brouwer René , Breitenbach Ingo , Groeger Steffen , Anssar Marcel , Harringer Wolfgang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Minimally invasive extracorporeal circuits have been introduced to cardiac surgery in an attempt to reduce the negative effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on patient outcome. On the other hand, transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) provides an excellent option to replace the aortic valve without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass. Several studies have compared TAVR to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) but none have utilized a minimally invasive extracorporeal circuit.

METHODS
We retrospectively analysed the results of both procedures among octogenarians operated in our department from 2003 to 2016. Excluded were patients with an active endocarditis, a history of previous cardiac surgery, as well as those who had a minimally invasive surgical approach. This yielded 81 and 142 octogenarians in the SAVR and TAVR groups, respectively. To compensate for a lack of randomization, we performed a propensity score analysis, which yielded 68 patient pairs for the final analysis.

RESULTS
The 30-day postoperative mortality was lower in the SAVR group (1.5% vs 5.9%) but not statistically significant (P  = 0.4). In contrast, the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was lower in the TAVR group (13% vs 29%) but also non-significant (P  = 0.2). Finally, the incidence of paravalvular leakage was in favour of the SAVR group (2.9% vs 52%; P  = 0.001) while the transfusion requirement was significantly lower in the TAVR group (29% vs 72%; P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
SAVR utilizing a minimally invasive extracorporeal circuit improves the quality of patient care and can offer an alternative to TAVR in octogenarians.
Capacity allocation of HESS in micro-grid based on ABC algorithm
Authors: Zhang Yu , Yan Zhe , Zhou Cui Cui , Wu Tie Zhou , Wang Yue Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is a key component for smoothing fluctuation of power in micro-grids. An appropriate configuration of energy storage capacity for micro-grids can effectively improve the system economy. A new method for HESS capacity allocation in micro-grids based on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is proposed. The method proposed a power allocation strategy based on low pass filter (LPF) and fuzzy control. The strategy coordinates battery and supercapacitor operation and improves the battery operation environment. The fuzzy control takes the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and supercapacitors as the input and the correction coefficient of the time constant of the LPF filter as the output. The filter time constant of the LPF is timely adjusted, and the SOC of the battery and supercapacitor is stable within the limited range so that the overcharge and over-discharge of the battery can be avoided, and the lifetime of the battery is increased. This method also exploits sub-algorithms for supercapacitors and battery capacity optimization. Besides, the Monte Carlo simulation of the statistic model is implemented to eliminate the influence of uncertain factors such as wind speed, light intensity and temperature. The ABC algorithm is used to optimize the capacity allocation of hybrid energy storage, which avoids the problem of low accuracy and being easy to fall into the local optimal solution of the supercapacitors and battery capacity allocation sub-algorithms, and the optimal allocation of the capacity of the HESS is determined. By using this method, the number of supercapacitors required for the HESS is unchanged, and the number of battery is reduced from 75 to 65, which proves the rationality and economy of the proposed method.
Identification of New Psychoactive Substances in Seized material Using UHPLC–QTOF-MS and An Online Mass Spectral Database
Authors: von Cüpper Maria , Dalsgaard Petur Weihe , Linnet Kristian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The unpredictable pharmacological and toxicological effects associated with the recreational use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) represent a threat to the public health. Analysts are constantly facing a challenge to identify these designer drugs. In this article, five seized samples were submitted for analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QTOF-MS). To tentatively identify the NPS in the samples, the potential usage of an online mass spectral database (HighResNPS.com) was explored by searching the exact mass of the precursor ion and evaluating the fragmentation profile. This approach successfully identified a suspected candidate compound present in three of the five samples. However, conclusive identification of the remaining two was not possible, due to indistinguishable fragmentation profiles of positional isomers. Therefore, complementary analytical methodologies are of paramount importance. In light of the above, HighResNPS.com is a useful tool in presumptively identifying an NPS without a reference standard.
In Vivo Metabolites of AB-PINACA in Solid Tissues Obtained from Its Abuser: Comparison with In Vitro Experiment
Authors: Minakata Kayoko , Hasegawa Koutaro , Yamagishi Itaru , Nozawa Hideki , Suzuki Masako , Kitamoto Takuya , Suzuki Osamu , Watanabe Kanako 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, solid tissues such as the lung, liver, kidney and urine were highlighted to profile the AB-PINACA in vivo metabolites in a fatal abuse case, although such metabolite analysis is usually made with urine specimens. We compared the relative peak intensities of in vivo metabolites of AB-PINACA in lung, liver, kidney and urine specimens collected at the autopsy of its abuser with its in vitro metabolites in human hepatocytes. The metabolites of AB-PINACA in tissues were extracted after homogenization. The urine specimen and portions of the extracted metabolites from tissues were firstly hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase, and the metabolites were extracted. For in vitro experiment, AB-PINACA was incubated with human hepatocytes for 3 h to produce its metabolites. The identification of the in vivo and in vitro metabolites was performed using liquid chromatography (LC)–high-resolution Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), and the relative intensities of these metabolites were measured using low resolution LC–quadrupole-ion trap-MS-MS. Thirteen metabolites of AB-PINACA were characterized in vivo in several human specimens and in in vitro human hepatocytes. They were produced by the terminal amide hydrolysis to carboxylic acid, hydroxylation, carbonyl formation and/or glucuronidation. The most detectable metabolite in the hepatocytes, lung or liver was the one produced by the terminal amide hydrolysis, whereas the top metabolite in the kidney or urine was the one produced by hydroxylation or carbonyl formation on the pentyl side chain after the terminal amide hydrolysis, respectively. At least 12 metabolites of AB-PINACA were detected in authentic human lung, liver or kidney specimen from a cadaver. It is concluded that the postmortem metabolite profiling of AB-PINACA can be fulfilled with solid tissues, and the lung and kidney were most recommendable especially when urine specimen is not available.
First Report of a Mesonivirus and Its Derived Small RNAs in an Aphid Species Aphis citricidus (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Implying Viral Infection Activity
Authors: Chang Tengyu , Guo Mengmeng , Zhang Wei , Niu Jinzhi , Wang Jin-Jun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We report a new positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ss RNA+) virus from the brown citrus aphid Aphis citricidus. The 20,300 nucleotide (nt)-long viral genome contains five open-reading frames and encodes six conserved domains (TM2, 3CLpro, TM3, RdRp, Zm, and HEL1). Phylogenetic analysis and amino acid sequence analysis revealed this virus might belong to an unassigned genus in the family Mesoniviridae. The presence of the virus was also confirmed in the field population. Importantly, analysis of the virus-derived small RNAs showed a 22-nt peak, implying that viral infection triggers the small interfering RNA pathway as antiviral immunity in aphids. This is the first report of a mesonivirus in invertebrates other than mosquitoes.