bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground truth to fake geographies: machine vision and learning in visual practices
Authors: Gil-Fournier Abelardo , Parikka Jussi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the concept of the ground truth as both an epistemic and technical figure of knowledge that is central to discussions of machine vision and media techniques of visuality. While ground truth refers to a set of remote sensing practices, it has a longer history in operational photography, such as aerial reconnaissance. Building on a discussion of this history, this article argues that ground truth has shifted from a reference to the physical, geographical ground to the surface of the images echoing earlier points raised by philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy that there is a ground of the image that is central to the task of analysis beyond representational practices. Furthermore, building on the practices of pattern recognition, composite imaging, and different interpretational techniques, we discuss contemporary practices of machine learning that mobilizes geographical earth observation datasets for experimental purposes, including tests such as “fake geography” as well as artistic practices, to show how ground truth is operationalized in such contexts of AI and visual arts.
A sharp stability estimate for tensor tomography in non-positive curvature
Authors: Paternain Gabriel P. , Salo Mikko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe consider the geodesic X-ray transform acting on solenoidal tensor fields on a compact simply connected manifold with strictly convex boundary and non-positive curvature. We establish a stability estimate of the form $$L^2\mapsto H^{1/2}_{T}$$

L
2

↦

H
T

1
/
2

, where the $$H^{1/2}_{T}$$

H
T

1
/
2

-space is defined using the natural parametrization of geodesics as initial boundary points and incoming directions (fan-beam geometry); only tangential derivatives at the boundary are used. The proof is based on the Pestov identity with boundary term localized in frequency.
Virtual monoenergetic images from spectral detector computed tomography facilitate washout assessment in arterially hyper-enhancing liver lesions
Authors: Reimer R. P. , Große Hokamp N. , Fehrmann Efferoth A. , Krauskopf A. , Zopfs D. , Kröger J. R. , Persigehl T. , Maintz D. , Bunck A. C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate whether the increased soft tissue contrast of virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) obtained from a spectral detector computed tomography (SDCT) system improves washout assessment of arterially hyper-enhancing liver lesions.

Methods
Fifty-nine arterially hyper-enhancing lesions in 31 patients (age 65 ± 9 years, M/W 20/11) were included in this IRB-approved study. All patients underwent multi-phase SDCT for HCC screening. MRI, CEUS or biopsy within 3 months served as standard of reference to classify lesions as LiRADS 3 or 4/5. VMIs and conventional images (CIs) were reconstructed. Visual analysis was performed on 40, 60, and 80 kiloelectronvolt (keV) and CIs by 3 radiologists. Presence and visibility of washout were assessed; image quality and confidence of washout evaluation were evaluated on 5-point Likert scales. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), lesion-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) (|HUlesion–HUliver|/SDliver) and washout (|HUlesion–HUliver|) were calculated. Statistical assessment was performed using ANOVA and Wilcoxon test.

Results
On subjective lesion analysis, the highest level of diagnostic confidence and highest sensitivity for the detection of lesion washout were found for 40-keV VMIs (40 keV vs. CI, 81.3 vs. 71.3%). Image quality parameters were significantly better in low-kiloelectronvolt VMIs than in CIs (p < 0.05; e.g. SNRliver: 40 keV vs. CIs, 12.5 ± 4.1 vs. 5.6 ± 1.6). In LiRADS 4/5 lesions, CNR and quantitative washout values were significantly higher in 40-keV VMIs compared to CIs (p < 0.05; e.g. CNR and washout in 40 keV vs. CIs, 2.3 ± 1.6 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5 and 29.0 ± 19.1 vs. 12.9 ± 6.9 HU, respectively).

Conclusion
By increasing lesion contrast, low-kiloelectronvolt VMIs obtained from SDCT improve washout assessment of hyper-enhancing liver lesions with respect to washout visibility and diagnostic confidence.

Key Points
• Low-kiloelectronvolt virtual monoenergetic images from spectral detector CT facilitate washout assessment in arterially hyper-enhancing liver lesions.
• Image quality and quantitative washout parameters as well as subjective washout visibility and diagnostic confidence benefit from low-kiloelectronvolt virtual monoenergetic images.
Microstate ERP Analyses to Pinpoint the Articulatory Onset in Speech Production
Authors: Jouen Anne-Lise , Lancheros Monica , Laganaro Marina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of electroencephalography (EEG) to study overt speech production has increased substantially in the past 15 years and the alignment of evoked potential (ERPs) on the response onset has become an extremely useful method to target “latest” stages of speech production. Yet, response-locked ERPs raise a methodological issue: on which event should the point of alignment be placed? Response-locked ERPs are usually aligned to the vocal (acoustic) onset, although it is well known that articulatory movements may start up to a hundred milliseconds prior to the acoustic onset and that this “articulatory onset to acoustic onset interval” (AAI) depends on the phoneme properties. Given the previously reported difficulties to measure the AAI, the purpose of this study was to determine if the AAI could be reliably detected with EEG-microstates. High-density EEG was recorded during delayed speech production of monosyllabic pseudowords with four different onset consonants. Whereas the acoustic response onsets varied depending on the onset consonant, the response-locked spatiotemporal EEG analysis revealed a clear asynchrony of the same sequence of microstates across onset consonants. A specific microstate, the latest observed in the ERPs locked to the vocal onset, presented longer duration for phonemes with longer acoustic response onsets. Converging evidences seemed to confirm that this microstate may be related to the articulatory onset of motor execution: its scalp topography corresponded to those previously associated with muscle activity and source localization highlighted the involvement of motor areas. Finally, the analyses on the duration of such microstate in single trials further fit with the AAI intervals for specific phonemes reported in previous studies. These results thus suggest that a particular ERP-microstate is a reliable index of articulation onset and of the AAI.
Transcriptome-wide identification and evaluation of optimal reference genes for RT-qPCR expression analysis of Saccharina latissima responses to biotic and abiotic stress
Authors: Xing Qikun , Rousvoal Sylvie , Leblanc Catherine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSaccharina latissima, known as sugar kelp, is a brown macroalga with huge ecological and economic values. In marine intertidal environment, S. latissima has to cope with both biotic and abiotic stress, which can cause the reduction of the yield during cultivation. To better understand the physiological responses of S. latissima under different stress conditions, large-scale transcriptomic analyses are useful to explore global metabolic pathway regulations. In addition, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful and rapid method for further quantifying changes in gene expression, and for targeting specific defense-related gene pathways. However, its level of accuracy is highly related to the expression stability of reference genes used for normalization and those still need to be evaluated in S. latissima. In this study, we therefore experimentally tested eight candidate reference genes identified from in silico screening of public transcriptomic datasets of S. latissima from different abiotic and biotic stress treatments. The stability analysis using complementary statistical approaches showed that EIF5B and ATPase are the most stable reference genes under biotic stress, whereas, under temperature and light stress, their combination with NDH gene is the best choice for RT-qPCR normalization. The validated reference genes were used to monitor the expression of target genes, related to oxidative responses, such as those involved in oxylipin pathways, in S. latissima plantlets submitted to different stress in laboratory-controlled conditions.
Pathways and Barriers to Careers in Academic Clinical Cancer Prevention: a Qualitative Study
Authors: Kok Melissa Y. , Chavez Janelle C. , Quesada Pompeyo R. , Adegoke Oluwapelumi T. , Chang Shine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNational surveys document steady declines over time in interest in academic medicine and cancer prevention careers (Am J Prev Med 54(3):444–8, 2018). Through interviews with 16 academic cancer prevention physicians at one comprehensive cancer center, this study identifies motivations and barriers to physician careers in academic cancer prevention and proposes recommendations to increase recruitment. Participants reported that cancer prevention was vague to them early in training, impairing career exploration. Further, without role models and opportunities to learn about cancer prevention, many were ignorant of career options. Many had incorrect views about cancer prevention practice being mainly within the scope of primary care physicians, and some reported colleagues viewing the rigor of cancer prevention skeptically. However, all described notable experiences—in classes, with mentors, on research projects, or from encounters with patients, motivating them to pursue academic clinical cancer prevention regardless of challenges. Clearly, a lack of both information and guidance towards careers in clinical cancer prevention has been critical barriers to robust recruitment of physicians to the field and must be addressed urgently. Helping physicians earlier during training to both understand the value of prevention and cultivate their interests in it, particularly for clinical cancer prevention, would have widespread benefits.
Depression symptoms in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A contextual approach to mental health comorbidities
Authors: Greenlee Jessica L. , Winter Marica A. , Johnson Marie 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionAlthough research on mental health comorbidities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased in recent years, little has been done to evaluate potential individual × environment interactions associated with these comorbidities. The current study explored whether ASD‐related characteristics (social‐communication impairment) and environmental factors (peer and family contexts) had additive or interactive effects on the depression symptoms of youth with ASD.MethodIn a cross‐sectional sample of adolescents with ASD (N = 176; 13–17 years old; 72.7% male), primary caregivers and adolescents responded to a series of surveys online pertaining to adolescents' mental health (Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale), family functioning (Self‐Report of Family Inventory), and experiences of peer victimization (Peer Experiences Questionnaire‐Revised).ResultsThere were statistically significant interactions between social‐communication skills and the environment in both family (△R2 = 0.02) and peer (△R2 = 0.02) contexts. For youth with better social‐communication skills, there was a positive association between peer victimization and depression symptoms and a negative association between family competence and depression symptoms.ConclusionFindings support social‐push interactive models in which better social‐communication skills are associated with fewer depression symptoms in the context of less‐stressful peer and family environments, highlight the utility of ecologically informed approaches to the mental health of youth with ASD, and suggest several areas for future study.
Teacher and peer relationships and life satisfaction: Mediating the role of student resilience in south korean elementary schools
Authors: Lee Minyoung , Lee Sang Min 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between life satisfaction and positive student-teacher and peer relationships. Further, we aimed to test the mediating effects of student resilience in a multilevel model. The data were collected from elementary students in South Korea. To examine the mediating effects of student resilience, multilevel structural equation modelling was conducted. The results indicated that schools with positive student-teacher relationships correlated with higher life satisfaction for children. This relationship was fully mediated by student resilience. However, the mediating effects of student resilience in the relationship between peer relationships and life satisfaction was found to be at the individual level rather than by school climate. Practical implications on ways to improve students’ life satisfaction within the school and classroom settings are discussed.
On the Use of Two-Way Fixed Effects Regression Models for Causal Inference with Panel Data
Authors: Imai Kosuke , Kim In Song 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe two-way linear fixed effects regression (2FE) has become a default method for estimating causal effects from panel data. Many applied researchers use the 2FE estimator to adjust for unobserved unit-specific and time-specific confounders at the same time. Unfortunately, we demonstrate that the ability of the 2FE model to simultaneously adjust for these two types of unobserved confounders critically relies upon the assumption of linear additive effects. Another common justification for the use of the 2FE estimator is based on its equivalence to the difference-in-differences estimator under the simplest setting with two groups and two time periods. We show that this equivalence does not hold under more general settings commonly encountered in applied research. Instead, we prove that the multi-period difference-in-differences estimator is equivalent to the weighted 2FE estimator with some observations having negative weights. These analytical results imply that in contrast to the popular belief, the 2FE estimator does not represent a design-based, nonparametric estimation strategy for causal inference. Instead, its validity fundamentally rests on the modeling assumptions.
Longitudinal and Interhemispheric Ionospheric Response to 2009 and 2013 SSW Events in the African‐European and Indian‐East Asian Sectors
Authors: Kakoti Geetashree , Kalita Bitap Raj , Bhuyan P. K. , Baruah S. , Wang K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ionospheric response to two sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events that occurred during low (2009) and moderate solar activity (2013) around 10°E (±10°) African‐European and 95°E (±10°) Indian‐East Asian sectors is investigated. The total electron content (TEC) obtained from a meridional chain of stations in the two sectors are used to understand the interlongitudinal and interhemispheric response to these SSW events. Significant depletion of daytime TEC was observed after the onset of 2009 SSW around the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest followed by an increase during the decaying phase of SSW. The formation of an early peak in the daytime TEC and semidiurnal variation in the response of TEC in the form of morning enhancement and afternoon depletion was observed at low latitudes. The morning enhancement is prominent at northern low latitudes while afternoon depletion is more at southern low latitudes. The conspicuous TEC perturbations characterized by semidiurnal variation in mid‐January of 2013 override the sudden increase in solar activity after the onset of the SSW. SSW impacted semidiurnal perturbations in F2 layer peak electron density (NmF2) and height (hmF2) noticed at Cocos Island, the southern hemisphere low latitude station. Longitudinal and interhemispheric differences in the magnitude and evolution of TEC perturbations were noticed. The longitudinal differences in SSW modulation of TEC might be attributed to the differential impact of the nonmigrating tides and differences in the geomagnetic field elements between the two sectors. The meridional wind in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region contribute to the TEC enhancement.
Particles and Aeration at Mire‐Stream Interfaces Cause Selective Removal and Modification of Dissolved Organic Matter
Authors: Einarsdóttir Karólína , Attermeyer Katrin , Hawkes Jeffrey A. , Kothawala Dolly , Sponseller Ryan A. , Tranvik Lars J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPeatlands are dominant sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to boreal inland waters and play important roles in the aquatic carbon cycle. Yet before peat‐derived DOM enters aquatic networks, it needs to pass through peat‐stream interfaces that are often characterized by transitions from anoxic or hypoxic to oxic conditions. Aeration at these interfaces may trigger processes that impact the DOM pool, and its fate downstream. Here we experimentally assessed how the aeration of iron‐ and organic‐rich mire‐waters influences biodegradation, particle‐formation, and modification of DOM. In addition, we investigated how suspended peat‐derived particles from mires may influence these processes. We found that within 5 days of aeration, 20% of the DOM transformed into particulate organic matter (POM). This removal was likely due to combination of mechanisms including coprecipitation with oxidized iron, aggregation, and DOM‐adsorption onto peat‐derived particles. Peat‐derived particles promoted microbial activity, but biodegradation was a minor loss mechanism of DOM removal. Interestingly, microbial respiration accounted for only half of the oxygen loss, suggesting substantial nonrespiratory oxygen consumption. The differences observed in DOM characteristics between anoxic and aerated treatments suggest that hydrophilic, aromatic DOM coprecipitated with iron oxides in aerated samples, and the corresponding C:N analysis of generated POM revealed that these organic species were nitrogen‐poor. Meanwhile, POM formed via adsorption onto peat‐derived particles generated from nonaromatic DOM and more nitrogen‐rich species. Hence, selective removal of DOM, dissolved iron, and thus oxygen may be important and overlooked processes in mire‐dominated headwater systems.
Neuronal cell life, death, and axonal degeneration as regulated by the BCL-2 family proteins
Authors: Pemberton James M. , Pogmore Justin P. , Andrews David W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAxonal degeneration and neuronal cell death are fundamental processes in development and contribute to the pathology of neurological disease in adults. Both processes are regulated by BCL-2 family proteins which orchestrate the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). MOM permeabilization (MOMP) results in the activation of pro-apoptotic molecules that commit neurons to either die or degenerate. With the success of small-molecule inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins for the treatment of lymphoma, we can now envision the use of inhibitors of apoptosis with exquisite selectivity for BCL-2 family protein regulation of neuronal apoptosis in the treatment of nervous system disease. Critical to this development is deciphering which subset of proteins is required for neuronal apoptosis and axon degeneration, and how these two different outcomes are separately regulated. Moreover, noncanonical BCL-2 family protein functions unrelated to the regulation of MOMP, including impacting necroptosis and other modes of cell death may reveal additional potential targets and/or confounders. This review highlights our current understanding of BCL-2 family mediated neuronal cell death and axon degeneration, while identifying future research questions to be resolved to enable regulating neuronal survival pharmacologically.
Microalgae-blend tilapia feed eliminates fishmeal and fish oil, improves growth, and is cost viable
Authors: Sarker Pallab K. , Kapuscinski Anne R. , McKuin Brandi , Fitzgerald Devin S. , Nash Hannah M. , Greenwood Connor 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAquafeed manufacturers have reduced, but not fully eliminated, fishmeal and fish oil and are seeking cost competitive replacements. We combined two commercially available microalgae, to produce a high-performing fish-free feed for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)—the world’s second largest group of farmed fish. We substituted protein-rich defatted biomass of Nannochloropsis oculata (leftover after oil extraction for nutraceuticals) for fishmeal and whole cells of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich Schizochytrium sp. as substitute for fish oil. We found significantly better (p < 0.05) growth, weight gain, specific growth rate, and best (but not significantly different) feed conversion ratio using the fish-free feed compared with the reference diet. Fish-free feed also yielded higher (p < 0.05) fillet lipid, DHA, and protein content (but not significantly different). Furthermore, fish-free feed had the highest degree of in-vitro protein hydrolysis and protein digestibility. The median economic conversion ratio of the fish-free feed ($0.95/kg tilapia) was less than the reference diet ($1.03/kg tilapia), though the median feed cost ($0.68/kg feed) was slightly greater than that of the reference feed ($0.64/kg feed) (p < 0.05). Our work is a step toward eliminating reliance on fishmeal and fish oil with evidence of a cost-competitive microalgae-based tilapia feed that improves growth metrics and the nutritional quality of farmed fish.
Red-COLA1: a human fibroblast reporter cell line for type I collagen transcription
Authors: Wong Hui Hui , Seet Sze Hwee , Bascom Charles C. , Isfort Robert J. , Bard Frederic 
Published: November 2020

AbstractType I collagen is a key protein of most connective tissue and its up-regulation is required for wound healing but is also involved in fibrosis. Control of expression of this collagen remains poorly understood apart from Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β1)-mediated induction. To generate a sensitive, practical, robust, image-based high-throughput-compatible reporter system, we genetically inserted a short-lived fluorescence reporter downstream of the endogenous type I collagen (COL1A1) promoter in skin fibroblasts. Using a variety of controls, we demonstrate that the cell line faithfully reports changes in type I collagen expression with at least threefold enhanced sensitivity compared to endogenous collagen monitoring. We use this assay to test the potency of anti-fibrotic compounds and screen siRNAs for regulators of TGF-β1-induced type I collagen expression. We propose our reporter cell line, Red-COLA1, as a new efficient tool to study type I collagen transcriptional regulation.
Metric basis and metric dimension of 1-pentagonal carbon nanocone networks
Authors: Hussain Zafar , Munir Mobeen , Ahmad Ashfaq , Chaudhary Maqbool , Alam Khan Junaid , Ahmed Imtiaz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResolving set and metric basis has become an integral part in combinatorial chemistry and molecular topology. It has a lot of applications in computer, chemistry, pharmacy and mathematical disciplines. A subset S of the vertex set V of a connected graph G resolves G if all vertices of G have different representations with respect to S. A metric basis for G is a resolving set having minimum cardinal number and this cardinal number is called the metric dimension of G. In present work, we find a metric basis and also metric dimension of 1-pentagonal carbon nanocones. We conclude that only three vertices are minimal requirement for the unique identification of all vertices in this network.