bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anhydrous weight loss kinetics model development for torrefied green waste
Authors: Jamin N A , Samad N A F A , Saleh S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
One of the compositions of municipal solid waste (MSW) is green waste (GW) that collected from landscaping, garden, yard and trimming waste. GW has potential in becoming a biomass feedstock, but poses some drawbacks such as high moisture content, low heating value, high O/C and H/C ratios. Implementation of torrefaction as pre-treatment will improve the GW properties. During torrefaction, biomass is decomposed and leads to anhydrous weight loss (AWL). The estimation model for AWL is significant to study thermal degradation of GW. The aim of this work is to study two steps reaction in series for AWL prediction. GW were torrefied under inert condition at 240-300°C, 10°C/min heating rate and 30 minutes holding time using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Two steps reaction series model named Di Blasi and Lanzetta with extended non-isothermal phase is used in developing the AWL model. From initial guess, the parameters of activation energy and kinetic constant are adjusted to fit the calculated AWL to experimental AWL data by applying nonlinear optimization ‘lsqcurvefit’ routine in Matlab. The estimated kinetic parameters been used for AWL model and later being compared to experimental data from TGA. Good agreement obtained between experimental and model data indicating good kinetic parameters estimation
Integrating microwave heating pre-treatment to improve torrefaction of food waste
Authors: Ismail M , Abdul Rasid R , Abdul Rahman R N U , Ahmad N S , Mohd Radzuan M A W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The food waste (FW) disposal is one of the main issues of concern, as it affects environmental and sustainable development in Malaysia. FW should be utilized to produce more valuable products such as energy. However, FW is characterized by its low high heating value (HHV) and high moisture content and which lower the energy efficiency during energy production process. To overcome this problem, torrefaction assisted by microwave heating pretreatment is used to upgrade FW properties to produce solid biofuel which is called as biochar. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of microwave (MW) heating power at 240 W for 5 min to enhance the quality of torrefied FW. The pre-treated FW is then torrefied at three different temperatures (280, 300 and 320 °C) for 30, 45 and 60 min. The torrefied FW was then characterized in terms of ultimate and proximate analysis, HHV, mass and energy yield as well as its functional groups. The optimum condition of torrefaction in this study was 320°C and 30 min with HHV of 23.82 MJ/kg, 95.54% of energy yield and 84.28% of mass yield. This suggests that torrefied FW with MW heating pre-treatment has the potential to be used as an energy source.
Aspen Plus simulation and optimization of industrial spent caustic wastewater treatment by wet oxidation method
Authors: Chandraseagar S , Abdulrazik A H , Abdulrahman S N , Abdaziz M A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Spent caustic is a waste generated by petrochemical refineries, which used to eliminate acid components such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and mercaptans from the refined product streams. A study was carried out on simulation and optimization of spent caustic wastewater treatment system by using Aspen Plus based on wet air oxidation (WAO) method. WAO method uses air under elevated temperature and pressure to carry out oxidation in the aqueous phase. Process flow diagram (PFD) of WAO method was drawn and relevant input data was keyed in Aspen Plus according to experimental results on WAO. Both results were validated and the results were match each another as the percentage of allowable error between both the results were less than 5 %. After that, optimization was carried out to determine the optimum ratio of spent caustic feed flow rate to air flow rate and operating temperature of the flash separator unit involved in the process. From the optimization results, it can come to a conclusion that 1: 9.2 is the minimum spent caustic feed flow rate to air flow rate ratio and optimum operating temperature of flash separator unit is 140°C in order for maximum flow rate of CH3SSCH3 in offgas stream in this simulation model of spent caustic wastewater treatment system using WAO method.
Integrating ILS in dissolving palm fruit cellulose
Authors: Mansor K N , Halim M A M , Ali N , Rahman W Z W A , Abdullah S B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are introduced to improve the production of palm oil in industry in order to extract more thus lowering the oil losses. The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of sulfate-based ILs in dissolving palm fruit cellulose. The interpretation study was done in lab scale by dissolving cellulose (that directly extracted from palm fruit) in ILs and percentage of cellulose dissolved is calculated based on weight percentage dissolved. The highest average percentage dissolving of cellulose was 10.67 wt% with condition concentration of sulfate-based ILs is 9000 ppm and the mixing time was two hours. In a nutshell, the higher concentration of ILs and more mixing time will achieve higher percentage of cellulose dissolved.
Synthesis of optimal biogas production system from multiple sources of wastewater and organic waste
Authors: Misrol M A , Wan Alwi S R , Lim J S , Manan Z A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Biogas is one of the products that can be produced from wastewater or organic waste. Given the input streams for biogas digester can come from multiple sources rich in organic compound, optimization can be performed to maximise the production. In an industrial park with several types of industry, wastewaters and/or organic wastes from the industries or surrounding area can be used as feedstock for biogas production. Compared to conventional industrial park, Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) could be the appropriate platform for implementation as it advocates for industrial symbiosis through materials exchange and minimisation of waste, which are also in-line with the circular economy concept. In this study, a superstructure applicable for an EIP, which consists of multiple biogas sources, biogas digester, biogas upgrading, and biogas demands are developed. The model considers parameters which can affect biogas production quality and quantity such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Carbon/Nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), and temperature. It also considers percentage of methane lost, removal efficiency of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), electricity cost, capital cost of the selected biogas digesters as well as the cleaning and upgrading units. The main objective of the mathematical model is to maximise the profit generation from biogas generation for the EIP centralized biogas production plant. The model is solved by using General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) software. Case study conducted shows that anaerobic closed lagoon is selected as digester for the industrial wastewaters, while water scrubber is suggested as the biogas upgrading technology. A yearly profit is estimated at USD13,700,000, which is generated from selling of 279nm3 of purified biogas. This may suggest that generating biogas from several sources of industrial wastewater and organic waste could be potentially feasible, thus reducing unnecessary pollutant while capturing the carbon source as an additional revenue stream.
Towards water integration in Eco-Industrial Park: An overview of water recovery from industries
Authors: Sa’ad S F , Zailan R , Wan Alwi S R , Lim J S , Manan Z A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water integration among different industries in Eco-Industrial Park brings a promising opportunity in reducing freshwater consumption by implementing industrial symbiosis concept. Mixing of wastewater from industries might be cost-effective, however, it is not the best option for water reuse since different reuse option requires different water qualities and treatment. Thus, wastewater segregation based on the wastewater source and quality is required. This paper reviews the potential wastewater source from the industry and wastewater recovery prior to be reused. The review is based on the literature survey from the industries, suppliers and guidelines. From the survey, wastewater sources that can be recovered for reuse option are water generated as by-product, wastewater from the cleaning operation and utility operation. These wastewater sources cannot be mixed because each source has different types of contaminant content. Appropriate water quality can be achieved through primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Advance technology such as membranes are efficient to remove non-desirable compounds from wastewater. The treated wastewater can provide a viable solution as an alternative water source to ease water-related stress and wastewater segregation can reduce the burden of the treatment.
Superstructure optimization of bioethanol production from corn stover
Authors: Azizan S S , Effendy N F I , Handani Z B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Bioethanol is a liquid fuel that can be produced from various raw materials. The first generation of bioethanol which are starch and sugar has begun to decline as these materials are considered to be the food sources for human as well as animals. However, the rise of production of bioethanol from the second generation which are the lignocellulosic materials has been proven to give a lot of benefits to mankind instead. Various technologies were studied in order to design an optimal processing route for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. A superstructure on the available process technologies which include the three main technologies, the pretreatment, sugar conversion, separation and purification was first developed before screening it down to a final superstructure. All of the data have been used in this study were collected from open literature and followed by the selection and development of the models required in order to solve the generic models and problems by using an optimization software, the Generic Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS). The optimization results indicate that the optimal processing route in producing bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass include the technologies of steam explosion, dilute acid followed by fermentation, beer and dehydration of ethanol on zeolite for each process interval with maximum yield of 2238.4 kg/h.
Study of natural gas powered solid oxide fuel cell simulation and modeling
Authors: Nafees A , Abdul Rasid R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system has been proposed to address the issue of waste gas emission due to gas flaring in oil and gas industry. System has unique advantage of consuming the waste gases and generating electricity as bye product. To analyze and quantify the proposed benefits, a robust cell performance model is highly desirable. A detailed understanding of SOFC component including electrode, electrolyte, interconnect, fuel processing and electrochemical reactions are first step in accurate determination of characteristic performance of the system. For this purpose, a review of modeling philosophies of SOFC system was undertaken in this study. Specifically, SOFC simulation and modeling using commercial software such as Aspen Plus, Aspen Hysys was focused in detail. SOFC models available in literature are either mathematical model or numerical models and ever evolving and improving. SOFC simulation rely on split approach due to absence of built-in module. Authors have developed an Aspen Hysys simulation model using split approach and discussed briefly here. Split approach approximates the SOFC phenomena, thereby inducing error. To overcome this deficiency, authors are developing a MATLAB based user model that can be integrated using ‘user unit operation’ available in Hysys. Details of the MATLAB program approach is included.
Performance modelling and validation on co-gasification of coal and sawdust pellet in research-scale downdraft reactor
Authors: Mansur F Z , Faizal C K M , Samad A F A , Atnaw S M , Sulaiman S A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Co-gasification of the fossil fuel with the biomass is considered a very promising clean energy opt-in reduce the greenhouse gas emission. The main objective of this research is to develop a simple and reliable model provided as a preliminary tool to evaluate the performance of the co-gasification of sub-bituminous coal with densified biomass (sawdust pellet, SP). The simulation model using Aspen Plus was validated with the experimental data for minimization of the Gibbs free energy model. Three performance parameter; the calorific value of the syngas (CVsyngas), syngas yield (Ysyngas) and gasification efficiency (ŋGE) were studied along with three different control parameter. The increase of the sawdust pellet blending ratio denoted in a decrease of the CVsyngas, Ysyngas and ηGE ranged from 3.00-6.00 MJ/Nm3, 1.20-2.20 Nm3/kg and 25%-37%, respectively. On the contrary, effect of the gasification temperature at the various blending ratio exhibits an increase for all the performance parameters. In addition, ERair resulted in the decline of the CVsyngas from 8.50 to 1.58 MJ/Nm3 and ηGE from 52 to 15% while vice versa for Ysyngas. Furthermore, it is found that the result obtained from the developed model agrees well with the experimental data that have been conducted in replicate.
Influenced of Ni loading on SBA-15 synthesized from oil Palm ash silica for syngas production
Authors: Razak H A , Abdullah N , Setiabudi H D , Yee C S , Ainirazali N 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The nickel loading (1-3wt.%) effect on SBA-15 prepared via sol-gel method for dry reforming of methane (DRM) was investigated. Silica source of sodium silicate-oil palm ash (Na2SiO3-OPA) was obtained from extraction of OPA using mass ratio Na2SiO3/P123~2.9. The SBA-15 was synthesized via hydrothermal treatment reflux route at treatment temperature of 80 °C. A vertical stainless steel fixed-bed reactor was applied for catalytic DRM process at 800 °C, atmosphere pressure and ratio CH4:CO2 is 1:1 for 30 h. Characteristic of structure SBA-15 was successfully analyzed by TEM, indicates to the positive role of Na2SiO3-OPA as silica sources. XRD, BET and FTIR results revealed that 2Ni/SBA-15 exhibited high surface area (460.89 m2/g) and pore diameter (6.53 nm), small NiO particle (14.71 nm) which assist good metal dispersion and led to better metal-support interaction. The increase of Ni loading from 1 to 3wt.% results in lowering the surface area and pore volume of catalyst as more Ni particles tend to agglomerate and positioning on the SBA-15 pores. The performance of Ni/SBA-15 catalyst in DRM decrease with the trend of 2Ni/SBA-15>3Ni/SBA-15>1Ni/SBA-15 whereby the H2/CO followed the order of 2Ni/SBA-15≈3Ni/SBA-15>1Ni/SBA-15.These studies revealed the Ni loading influences the metal-support interaction and significantly affect the H2/CO production.
Electro-oxidation of renewable glycerol to value added chemicals over phosphorous-doped Pt/MCNTs nanoparticles
Authors: Ahmad M S , Cheng C K , Ong H R , Abdullah H , Khan M R 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the present work, Pt/MCNTs and P-dopedPt/MCNTs catalysts were synthesized via hydrothermal method and utilized for glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR). The catalysts were physio-chemically characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate pore size, pore volume, structure and morphology of the catalysts. A remarkable reduction in BET surface area was found for P-dopedPt/MNCTs which 1.56 time less than the sole MNCTs is confirming the incorporation of phosphorous into the pore channels of Pt/MCNT. The TEM analysis of P-dopedPt/MCNTS demonstrated the uniform distribution of Pt nanoparticles over multiwalled carbon nanotubes with an average particle size of 6.23 nm. The activity and stability of the catalysts were analysed for GOR using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The CV testing showed the higher current density for P-doped Pt/MCNTs (28.33 A/m2) which is 2 times higher than the Pt/MCNTs (14.20 A/m2) current density. The synthesized products were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis which demonstrated the selective synthesis of tartronic acid as a major product with maximum yield. It was found that the P-dopedPt/MCNTs have higher selectivity for tartronic acid and glyceric acid as compared to its counterpart.
Characterization of a novel terpolymer containing maleic anhydride-co-stearyl methacrylate-co-benhely acrylate for wax inhibition application
Authors: Elganidi I , Elarbe B S , Abdullah N , Ridzuan N 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Wax deposition in petroleum pipelines is deliberated as one of the most severe operational issues, and extraordinary efforts have been made to remediate and prevent this flow assurance problem. Using, polymeric pour point depressants (PPD) as a wax control strategy to improve the fluidity of waxy crude oil and reduce the pour point have received significant attention. The purpose of the current research is to synthesize novel terpolymers which used as PPD and viscosity improvers. The synthesis process occurred via polymerization of stearyl methacrylate (SMA), benhely acrylate (BA), and maleic anhydride (MA) monomers using free radical polymerization method in toluene as a solvent, and (1 wt%) benzoyl peroxide (BZP) as initiator. The chemical structure of the prepared terpolymer was characterized by FTIR and NMR. Also, the crystallization behavior of paraffin wax was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Experimental investigations furnish that the synthesized PPD showed high yield (87%) at the concentration (1:1:1) of BA-co-SMA-co-MA. From FTIR and 1HNMR characterization results observed that maleic anhydride moiety, alkyl chain moiety, and methacrylate moiety are existing in the prepared terpolymer. Furthermore, DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature of the prepared terpolymer is weakly stated over a wide temperature range.
Characterization of dehydrated keratin protein extracted from chicken feather
Authors: Alashwal B Y , Gupta A , Husain M S B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Keratin is one of the most important biomaterials due to its relatively good biocompatibility, high physicochemical with excellent mechanical properties and good film coordination ability. Chicken feathers are a major waste in poultry industries however, 90% of pure keratin can be obtained from the total featherweight. Chicken feathers are abundant of keratin protein which can be considered as a suitable protein source and used as a component in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study is to extract keratin protein from chicken feather source. The chemical structure of the keratin protein was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed the presence of, Amide I-III bands, which gave critical information on the protein conformation and alteration in backbone structure of the keratin., Surface morphology analysis was described by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extracted keratin was found to present aspheric shaped, small microspheres with smooth surface. Meanwhile the X-Ray Diffraction results showed the crystalline form of the chicken feather dehydrated keratin. The diffraction peak was indexed for the β-sheet crystalline structure of keratin. In conclusion, the characterization of keratin extracted from chicken feathers was successfully performed using the abovementioned analyses.
Properties of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch at different sulfuric acid concentration and hydrolysis temperature
Authors: Sukaimi J , Wan Abdullah W N H , Supian M A F , Jamari S S , Mohd Azman N A , Mohamad S , Ali M F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a biodegradable crystalline powder that normally isolated through acid hydrolysis process of cellulose. However, the implication of high concentration of acid, such as more than 5M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in MCC production is concerned. Therefore, this work studies the effect of low acid concentration (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 M) and hydrolysis temperature (40, 60 and 80 °C) for the MCC isolation from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) assisted with steam explosion process cellulose fibers. Yield, crystallinity and chemical properties of the isolated EFB-MCC were discussed and compared with the commercial MCC. The crystallinity result shows the range of 72 – 77% for the isolated EFB-MCC. The highest crystallinity (77%) achieved at 3.5M H2SO4 at 80°C, similar to the crystallinity of the commercial MCC. As for the yield, the trend is decreasing severely as the increment of temperature, however small reduction of yield detected at different H2SO4 concentration. While for the chemical properties, FTIR spectra illustrated consistent wavenumbers detection for the EFB-MCC, commercial MCC and exploded EFB-Cellulose. It can be concluded that the optimum condition for the acid hydrolysis process is 1.5M H2SO4 at 60 °C with the middle range of crystallinity (74.7 %) and yield (82.4 %).
Three different types of tea as surfactant in liquid exfoliation of graphite: green tea, black tea and oolong tea
Authors: Ismail F S , Yusoh K , Zainal Abidin A S , Abdullah A H , Ismail Z 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLiquid phase exfoliation (LPE) with surfactant-assisted is a method to produce graphene that used water and surfactant as solvent. Tea is one of possible surfactants that can be used in LPE of graphite as it reduced the surface tension energy of water (72.75 mJ m−2) to ~40 – 50 mJ m−2which is suitable level to exfoliate graphite. Three different types of tea were used as surfactant through one-step production of graphene which were green tea (GT), black tea (BT) and oolong tea (OT). The exfoliation of graphite in each tea solutions were successful as the UV spectra of supernatant samples show peak at 270 nm which indicates the C – C bond of graphene flakes. Morphology analysis (AFM) of resulted graphene samples show that graphene sheets have sharp edges caused by sonication process. The effect of sonication time was being investigated in this work. Green tea has higher exponent factor of time (1.715) compare to black tea (1.033) and oolong tea (0.762) due to high quantity of small molecules of polyphenols present in green tea solution. Thus, it is better to used GT as surfactant in LPE of graphite compare to BT and OT.
Synthesis of alumina from aluminium can waste to be applied as catalyst support for biodiesel production
Authors: Bin Mokaizh A A , Wirman N , Shariffuddin J H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Abundant of aluminum beverage cans are normally discarded after use have caused considerable land pollution and environmental problems. This research is therefore aimed to synthesize alumina from aluminum can waste which is one of the most common kind of waste. The objective of this research is to synthesize and characterize alumina produced from aluminum can waste, and to be applied as catalyst support in the biodiesel production. In this study, the alumina from aluminum can waste was produced via Sol-gel method by varying the aging time. Characterization of alumina was performed by using FTIR, XRD, BET, and SEM-EDX. The synthesized alumina was used as catalyst support for potassium nitrate catalyst to be applied in biodiesel production by using transesterification reaction of cooking oil. The biodiesel produced was analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and FTIR. The experimental results revealed that the alumina powder synthesized at room temperature have high surface area which are suitable to be used as catalyst support of producing biodiesel. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to produce alumina from aluminum can waste that can be used as catalyst support for biodiesel production. From the GCMS and FTIR results, it was proven that biodiesel is produced.