bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of salt intake assessed by 24-h urinary sodium level among adults speaking different dialects from the Chaoshan region of southern China
Authors: Cai Fen , Dong Wen-Ya , Jiang Jia-Xin , Chen Xiao-Li , Wang Yue , Deng Chang-Yu , Zhang Qing-Ying 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:Dietary salt intake may vary depending on different lifestyles. We aimed to estimate the different salt intakes and evaluate the knowledge and self-awareness about salt among people speaking the Teochew, Teochew–Hakka and Hakka dialects in the Chaoshan region of southern China.Design:The study followed a cluster sampling of residents in Chaoshan region. General characteristics, lifestyles, health status as well as knowledge and self-awareness related to salt intake were investigated using a questionnaire. Anthropometric variables as well as Na and K excretion in a 24-h urine collection were measured.Setting:Chaoshan region of China.Participants:Four hundred fifteen adults who spoke only one of these three dialects.Results:The salt intake of adults who spoke the Teochew, Teochew–Hakka and Hakka dialects was 7·19 (interquartile range (IQR) 5·29–10·17), 9·03 (IQR 6·62–11·54) and 10·12 (IQR 7·61–12·82) g/d, respectively, with significant differences between Teochew and Teochew–Hakka speakers and between Teochew and Hakka speakers (bothP< 0·05). The Na:K ratio for adults who spoke the three dialects was 3·00 (IQR 2·00–4·11), 3·50 (IQR 2·64–4·82) and 4·52 (IQR 3·35–5·97), respectively, and differed significantly among the groups (allP< 0·05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed increased Na:K ratio associated with hypertension (β= 0·71,P= 0·043) in Hakka speakers. Knowledge and self-awareness about salt intake were poor in this population.Conclusions:Salt intake was closely related to lifestyles and was higher than the upper limit (5 g/d) recommended by the WHO in adults of Chaoshan, especially those speaking the Hakka dialect.
Offender Subtypes Based on Psychopathic Traits
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Hollerbach Pia S. , Eher Reinhard 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Psychopathy is a primary risk factor of re-offending in sexual offenders. Conceptually, both variable-centered (e.g., factor analysis) and clustering methods (e.g., latent profile analysis) have been used in previous research. Variable-centered and clustering methods were merged in a simultaneous modeling strategy for two purposes: First, to test assumptions on the emergence of psychopathic versus sociopathic (antisocial) sub-groups. And second to compare the predictive validity of clusters with that afforded by a dimensional cut-score. Using mixture modeling, two types of models were estimated: Latent class factor-analytic (LCFA) and factor-mixture models (FMM). The four-factor model of psychopathy as assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was estimated for up to 12 latent classes in a sample of adult male sexual offenders from Austria ( N = 1,266). Solutions with five (LCFA) and two latent classes (FMM) provided a good and parsimonious fit for the data. The two-latent-class FMM solution yielded higher predictive validity than a cut-score but only for general offense recidivism. Theoretically, this solution goes against etiological models that distinguish psychopathic from sociopathic (antisocial) individuals. Official data on offense recidivism (at a fixed 7-year-interval post-release) corroborate the importance of psychopathic offender subtypes. The rates of recidivism varied considerably between the subgroups.
The Contributions of Shear and Turbulence to Cloud Overlap for Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Sulak Anthony M. , Calabrase William J. , Ryan Shawn D. , Heus Thijs 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe causes of vertical cloud overlap, the ratio between the cloud fraction by area and the cloud fraction by volume, are studied for fields of cumulus convection. Using large‐eddy simulations, the structure of individual clouds within the cloud field is inspected and connected to the overall cloud cover of the entire cloud field. First, it is shown that the cloud overlap of the entire field can be well approximated by the total cloud overlap of the individual clouds. It is then shown that a simple maximum overlap assumption, which is commonly used for cloud fields with small layer depth, can only account for roughly half of the overlap inefficiency. This is due to the fact that maximum overlap only represents variations in cloud width as a function of depth but does not take other factors into account, most notably shear or turbulence. The effects of turbulence and wind shear on the overlap of individual clouds are first estimated as a function of cloud depth, which closes the discrepancy between observed cloud overlap and the maximum overlap assumption. Then, an empirical model is developed for the shear and turbulence contributions on overlap as a function of cloud depth and of synoptic conditions. Finally, it is shown that our model is capable of accurately predicting overlap for a large number of cloud fields and under a variety of meteorological conditions.
Coherent Interannual Variations of Springtime Surface Temperature and Temperature Extremes Between Central‐Northern Europe and Northeast Asia
Authors: Chen Shangfeng , Wu Renguang , Chen Wen , Yao Shuailei , Yu Bin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study reveals a strong coherent interannual variation in spring surface air temperature (SAT) and temperature extremes between central‐northern Europe (45–70°N, 0–30°E) and Northeast Asia (40–70°N, 110–140°E). The regional mean spring SAT over the two regions is highly correlated, with a correlation of 0.6 during 1950–2017. Arctic Oscillation (AO) and an atmospheric teleconnection, termed the North Atlantic‐Eurasian (NAE) pattern, both play important roles in connecting SAT anomalies over the two regions. Anticyclonic anomalies are seen over central‐northern Europe and Northeast Asia during positive phases of the spring AO and NAE teleconnections. The associated southerly and westerly wind anomalies to the northwestern side of the anomalous anticyclones lead to surface warming over the two regions via anomalous wind‐induced heat advection from lower latitudes. In addition, a decrease in cloud cover and an accompanying increase in surface downward shortwave radiation also contribute to the coherent SAT warming over central‐northern Europe and Northeast Asia. We suggest that synoptic‐scale eddies forcings are crucial to the maintenance of the spring NAE teleconnection. Atmospheric model experiments indicate that the North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies also partly contribute to the maintenance of the NAE‐related atmospheric anomalies over the North Atlantic and European regions. The observed coherent spring SAT variations over central‐northern Europe and Northeast Asia and their associations with the AO and midlatitude atmospheric teleconnections can be reproduced in the long historical simulation of a coupled model. This study has implication for the understanding of concurrent occurrence of extreme temperature events over different regions of Eurasia.
The Utility of Information Flow in Formulating Discharge Forecast Models: A Case Study From an Arid Snow‐Dominated Catchment
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Larsen Laurel , Bellugi Dino , Moges Edom , Zhang Liang , Ma Hongxu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStreamflow forecasts often perform poorly because of improper representation of hydrologic response timescales in underlying models. Here, we use transfer entropy (TE), which measures information flow between variables, to identify dominant drivers of discharge and their timescales using sensor data from the Dry Creek Experimental Watershed, ID, USA. Consistent with previous mechanistic studies, TE revealed that snowpack accumulation and partitioning into melt, recharge, and evaporative loss dominated discharge patterns and that snow‐sourced baseflow reduced the greatest amount of uncertainty in discharge. We hypothesized that machine learning models (MLMs) specified in accordance with the dominant lag timescales, identified via TE, would outperform timescale‐agnostic models. However, while lagged‐variable random forest regressions captured the dominant process—seasonal snowmelt—they ultimately did not perform as well as the unlagged models, provided those models were specified with input data aggregated over a range of timescales. Unlagged models, not constrained by timescales of the dominant processes, more effectively represented variable interactions (e.g., rain‐on‐snow events) playing a critical role in translating precipitation into streamflow over long, intermediate, and short timescales. Meanwhile, long short‐term memory (LSTM) models were effective in internally identifying the key lag and aggregation scales for predicting discharge. Parsimonious specification of LSTM models, using only daily unlagged precipitation and temperature data, produced the highest performing predictions. Our findings suggest that TE can identify dominant streamflow controls and the relative importance of different mechanisms of streamflow generation, useful for establishing process baselines and fingerprinting watersheds. However, restricting MLMs based on dominant timescales undercuts their skill at learning these timescales internally.
Data Assimilative Optimization of WSA Source Surface and Interface Radii using Particle Filtering
Authors: Meadors Grant David , Jones Shaela I. , Hickmann Kyle S. , Arge Charles N. , Godinez‐Vasquez Humberto C. , Henney Carl J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge (WSA) model estimates solar wind speed and interplanetary magnetic field polarity in the inner heliosphere using global photospheric magnetic field maps. WSA employs the Potential Field Source Surface (PFSS) and Schatten Current Sheet (SCS) models to determine the Sun's global coronal magnetic field. The PFSS and SCS models are connected through two radial parameters, the source surface and interface radii, which specify the overlap region between the inner SCS and outer PFSS models. Though both radii values are adjustable, they have typically been fixed to 2.5 solar radii. Our work highlights how solar wind predictions improve when the radii are allowed to vary over time. Data assimilation using particle filtering (sequential Monte Carlo) is used to infer optimal values over a fixed time window. Solar wind model predictions and satellite observations are compared with a newly developed quality‐of‐agreement prediction metric. The agreement metric between the model and observations is assumed to correspond to the probability of the two key WSA model parameters, the source surface and interface radii, where the highest metric value implies the optimal radii. We find that the optimal particle filter values of solar radii can perform twice as well as standard values for an exploratory period during Carrington Rotation 1901, with these values also reducing nonphysical kinking effects seen in solar magnetic field lines. Data assimilation choices of input realization and time frame have implications for variation in the solar wind over time. We present this work's theoretical context and practical applications for prediction accuracy.
Upregulation of CD38 expression on multiple myeloma cells by novel HDAC6 inhibitors is a class effect and augments the efficacy of daratumumab
Authors: García-Guerrero Estefanía , Götz Ralph , Doose Sören , Sauer Markus , Rodríguez-Gil Alfonso , Nerreter Thomas , Kortüm K. Martin , Pérez-Simón José A. , Einsele Hermann , Hudecek Michael , Danhof Sophia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is incurable, so there is a significant unmet need for effective therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. This situation has not changed despite the recent approval of the anti-CD38 antibody daratumumab, one of the most potent agents in MM treatment. The efficiency of daratumumab might be improved by combining it with synergistic anti-MM agents. We therefore investigated the potential of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor ricolinostat to up-regulate CD38 on MM cells, thereby enhancing the performance of CD38-specific therapies. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, we observed that ricolinostat significantly increases CD38 RNA levels and CD38 surface expression on MM cells. Super-resolution microscopy imaging of MM cells by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy confirmed this rise with molecular resolution and revealed homogeneous distribution of CD38 molecules on the cell membrane. Particularly important is that combining ricolinostat with daratumumab induced enhanced lysis of MM cells. We also evaluated next-generation HDAC6 inhibitors (ACY-241, WT-161) and observed similar increase of CD38 levels suggesting that the upregulation of CD38 expression on MM cells by HDAC6 inhibitors is a class effect. This proof-of-concept illustrates the potential benefit of combining HDAC6 inhibitors and CD38-directed immunotherapy for MM treatment.
Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Lewnard Joseph A. , Lo Nathan C. , Arinaminpathy Nimalan , Frost Isabel , Laxminarayan Ramanan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVaccines may reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance, in part by preventing infections for which treatment often includes the use of antibiotics1–4. However, the effects of vaccination on antibiotic consumption remain poorly understood—especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of antimicrobial resistance is greatest5. Here we show that vaccines that have recently been implemented in the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunization reduce antibiotic consumption substantially among children under five years of age in LMICs. By analysing data from large-scale studies of households, we estimate that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines confer 19.7% (95% confidence interval, 3.4–43.4%) and 11.4% (4.0–18.6%) protection against antibiotic-treated episodes of acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea, respectively, in age groups that experience the greatest disease burden attributable to the vaccine-targeted pathogens6,7. Under current coverage levels, pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines prevent 23.8 million and 13.6 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness, respectively, among children under five years of age in LMICs each year. Direct protection resulting from the achievement of universal coverage targets for these vaccines could prevent an additional 40.0 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness. This evidence supports the prioritization of vaccines within the global strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance8.
Harmonised global datasets of wind and solar farm locations and power
Authors: Dunnett Sebastian , Sorichetta Alessandro , Taylor Gail , Eigenbrod Felix 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEnergy systems need decarbonisation in order to limit global warming to within safe limits. While global land planners are promising more of the planet’s limited space to wind and solar photovoltaic, there is little information on where current infrastructure is located. The majority of recent studies use land suitability for wind and solar, coupled with technical and socioeconomic constraints, as a proxy for actual location data. Here, we address this shortcoming. Using readily accessible OpenStreetMap data we present, to our knowledge, the first global, open-access, harmonised spatial datasets of wind and solar installations. We also include user friendly code to enable users to easily create newer versions of the dataset. Finally, we include first order estimates of power capacities of installations. We anticipate these data will be of widespread interest within global studies of the future potential and trade-offs associated with the global decarbonisation of energy systems.
Incompatible Coulomb hamiltonian extensions
Authors: Abramovici G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe revisit the resolution of the one-dimensional Schrödinger hamiltonian with a Coulomb λ/|x| potential. We examine among its self-adjoint extensions those which are compatible with physical conservation laws. In the one-dimensional semi-infinite case, we show that they are classified on a U(1) circle in the attractive case and on $${\boldsymbol{(}}{\mathbb{R}},{\boldsymbol{+}}{\boldsymbol{\infty }}{\boldsymbol{)}}$$(R,+∞) in the repulsive one. In the one-dimensional infinite case, we find a specific and original classification by studying the continuity of eigenfunctions. In all cases, different extensions are incompatible one with the other. For an actual experiment with an attractive potential, the bound spectrum can be used to discriminate which extension is the correct one.
4-Hydroxyestrone, an Endogenous Estrogen Metabolite, Can Strongly Protect Neuronal Cells Against Oxidative Damage
Authors: Choi Hye Joung , Lee Anthony J. , Kang Ki Sung , Song Ji Hoon , Zhu Bao Ting 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEarlier studies showed that endogenous estrogens have neuroprotective effect against oxidative damage. The present study seeks to investigate the protective effect of various endogenous estrogen metabolites against oxidative neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Using immortalized mouse hippocampal neuronal cells as an in vitro model, 4-hydroxyestrone, an estrone metabolite with little estrogenic activity, is found to have the strongest neuroprotective effect against oxidative neurotoxicity among 25 endogenous estrogen metabolites tested, and its protective effect is stronger than 17β-estradiol. Similarly, 4-Hydroxyestrone also exerts a stronger protective effect than 17β-estradiol against kanic acid-induced hippocampal oxidative damage in rats. Neuroprotection by 4-hydroxyestrone involves increased cytoplasmic translocation of p53 resulting from SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of p53. Analysis of brain microsomal enzymes shows that estrogen 4-hydroxylation is the main metabolic pathway in the central nervous system. Together, these results show that 4-hydroxyestrone is an endogenous neuroestrogen that can strongly protect against oxidative neuronal damage.
Drivers of concentrated predation in an Antarctic marginal-ice-zone food web
Authors: Saenz Benjamin T. , Ainley David G. , Daly Kendra L. , Ballard Grant , Conlisk Erin , Elrod Megan L. , Kim Stacy L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPredators impact preyscapes (3-D distribution of forage species) by consuming prey according to their abilities or by altering prey behavior as they avoid being consumed. We elucidate prey (Antarctic silverfish[Pleuragramma antarctica] and crystal krill[Euphausia chrystallorophias]) responses to predation associated with the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, polynya. Prey abundance and habitat was sampled across a 30 × 15 km area by remotely-operated vehicle, and included locations that were accessible (ice edge) or inaccessible (solid fast ice) to air-breathing predators. Prey and habitat sampling coincided with bio-logging of Adélie penguins and observations of other air-breathing predators (penguins, seals, and whales), all of which were competing for the same prey. Adélie penguins dived deeper, and more frequently, near the ice edge. Lowered abundance of krill at the ice edge indicated they were depleted or were responding to increased predation and/or higher light levels along the ice edge. Penguin diet shifted increasingly to silverfish from krill during sampling, and was correlated with the arrival of krill-eating whales. Behaviorally-mediated, high trophic transfer characterizes the McMurdo Sound MIZ, and likely other MIZs, warranting more specific consideration in food web models and conservation efforts.
Impact of groundwater depth and soil salinity on riparian plant diversity and distribution in an arid area of China
Authors: Zeng Yong , Zhao Chengyi , Shi Fengzhi , Schneider Michael , Lv Guanghui , Li Yan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRiparian plant diversity in arid regions is sensitive to changes in groundwater. Although it is well known that groundwater has a significant influence on plant diversity, there have been few studies on how groundwater and soil salinity impact plant community in desert riparian ecosystems. Therefore, we surveyed 77 quadrats (100 m × 100 m) to examine the relationship between groundwater depth, groundwater salinity, soil salinity and plant community in the upper reaches of the Tarim River. Data were analyzed with two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicated thatPopulus euphratica,Tamarix ramosissima, andPhragmites australiswere the dominant plants among trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. Five plant community types were classified. There were significant differences in species diversity, soil moisture, soil salinity, groundwater depth and groundwater salinity across the community types. The composition and distribution of plant community are significantly influenced by groundwater depth, groundwater salinity, soil moisture, distances from the river to the quadrats, soil pH, electrical conductivity, total salt, CO32−, Cl−, SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+and K+. Shallow groundwater depth, low groundwater salinity, and high soil moisture and soil salinity were associated with higher plant diversity.
Highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus subtype clade 2.3.4.4 indigenous in South Korea
Authors: Shin Juyoun , Kang Shinseok , Byeon Hyeonseop , Cho Sung-Min , Kim Seon-Yeong , Chung Yeun-Jun , Jung Seung-Hyun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, caused by novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, resulted in the loss of one billion birds in South Korea. Here, we characterized the H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in South Korea from December 2017 to August 2019 by next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 shared almost identical nucleotide sequences with the HPAI H5N6 viruses from 2016 in South Korea. This repeated detection of evolutionarily identical H5N6 viruses in same region for more than three years may suggest indigenization of the HPAI H5N6 virus in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 were evolutionarily distinct from those isolated in 2018. Molecular analysis revealed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 had features associated with an increased risk of human infection (e.g. a deletion at position 133 of HA and glutamic acid residue at position 92 of NS1). Overall, these genomic features of HPAI H5N6 viruses highlight the need for continuous monitoring of avian influenza viruses in wild migratory birds as well as in domestic birds.