bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multigenerational performance development of male and female top‐elite swimmers–A global study of the 100 m freestyle event
Authors: Post Aylin K. , Koning Ruud H. , Visscher Chris , Elferink‐Gemser Marije T. 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundThe present study investigated longitudinally the performance development of a multigenerational sample of competitive swimmers. The aim of the study was to provide unique insight into the junior toward senior performance development of those few who reached top‐elite level. Season Best Times (SBT) of 100 m freestyle performance of international swimmers, (1.305 males, aged 12‐26 and 1.841 females, aged 12‐24) competing in at least five seasons between 1993 and 2018, were corrected for the prevailing world record (WR). Swim performance was defined as a relative measure: relative Season Best Time=(SBT/WR) × 100. Based on rSBT, four performance groups were defined: top‐elite, elite, sub‐elite, and high‐competitive.ResultsUnivariate analyses of variance showed that male top‐elite swimmers outperformed high‐competitive swimmers from the age of 12, sub‐elite swimmers from the age of 14 and elite swimmers from the age of 18 while female top‐elite swimmers outperformed high‐competitive and sub‐elite swimmers from the age of 12 and elite swimmers from the age of 14 (P < .05). Frequency analysis showed that male top‐elite swimmers for the first time achieved top‐elite level between the 17 and 24 years old (mean age of 21) while female top‐elite swimmers started to perform at top‐elite level between the 14 and 24 years old (mean age of 18).ConclusionMale and female top‐elite swimmers are characterized by a high‐performance level from 12 years on and progressively outperform swimmers from similar age. However, this goes together with a large variety in the individual pathways toward top‐elite level within and between sexes.
Evaluating the quality of red blood cell concentrates irradiated before or after cryopreservation
Authors: Turner Tracey R. , Lautner Larissa , Hill Angela , Howell Anita , Skeate Robert , Acker Jason P. 
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUNDCryopreserved red blood cell concentrates (RCCs) are often required for patients with rare blood groups. Although transfusions from blood relatives are irradiated before transfusion, research has yet to make clear if this is necessary in cryopreserved RCCs. Given insufficient evidence to the contrary, irradiation of cryopreserved RCCs has been recommended, but the effect of irradiation timing is unknown. Therefore, this study was performed to assess the effect of RCC irradiation pre‐ and postcryopreservation on RCC quality.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSNine whole blood units from healthy donors were processed into RCCs using the buffy coat method. ABO‐ and Rh‐matched units were pooled and split into three groups: precryopreservation irradiation (pre‐CIG), postcryopreservation irradiation (post‐CIG), and nonirradiated controls. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell (WBC) count, extracellular potassium, mean cell volume, red blood cell (RBC) morphology, and RBC deformability were measured.RESULTSExtracellular potassium was greater in the irradiated conditions when compared to the nonirradiated controls and was greater in the post‐CIG group when compared to the pre‐CIG group (p < 0.05). WBC counts decreased after cryopreservation in all groups to values lower than the sensitivity of the assay. RBC deformability was greater in the post‐CIG group when compared to the pre‐CIG group and control group. No other significant differences were observed between groups.CONCLUSIONIrradiation of RCCs can be performed pre‐ or postcryopreservation with little effect on the RCC product, as both irradiated groups resulted in RCCs that were comparable to the nonirradiated cryopreserved RCCs.
RELIGION, SCIENCE, AND DISENCHANTMENT IN LATE MODERNITY
Authors: Watts Galen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLate modernity has witnessed a growing semantic shift from “religion” to “spirituality.” In this article, I argue what underlies this shift is a cultural structure I call the religion of the heart. I begin with an explication of what I mean by the “religion of the heart,” and draw on the work of Ernst Troeltsch and Colin Campbell to identify what I take to be its historical antecedents. Second, I analyze the ambiguous relationships fostered between the religion of the heart and the discourses of science and religion, respectively, in late modernity. I illuminate how the social conditions of late modernity undermine or challenge what we conventionally think of as scientific and religious authorities, while at the same time creating existential needs that the religion of the heart is well adapted to meet. I conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of this process, especially as it relates to the sustainability of science and religion, as independent enterprises, in the twenty‐first century.
MUTUAL ENHANCEMENT BETWEEN SCIENCE AND RELIGION: IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE EPIPHANY PHILOSOPHERS
Authors: Watts Fraser 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article describes some key features of the distinctive approach to issues in science and religion of the Epiphany Philosophers (EPs), and introduces a set of articles from a recent meeting. The objective of the EPs is not merely to establish harmonious coexistence between science and religion. Rather, they are dissatisfied with both, and have a reformist agenda. They see science as unduly constrained by arbitrary metaphysical assumptions, predominantly of an atheist kind, and wish to see it liberated from such constraints. They are also interested in the potential contribution of contemplative enquiry to scientific research. They see no reason why science should not engage with the transcendent, but they do not support any simplistic argument from scientific research to religious belief. They wish to see an approach to religion that is rooted more firmly in the contemplative path.
“SCIENCE,” “RELIGION,” AND “SCIENCE‐AND‐RELIGION” IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Authors: Yalçinkaya M. Alper 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMany intellectuals wrote texts on the relations between Islam and science in the nineteenth‐century Ottoman Empire. These texts not only addressed the massive social and cultural changes the Empire was going through, but responded to European authors’ claims about the extent to which Islam was compatible with the modern world. Focusing on several texts written in the second half of the nineteenth century by the influential Muslim Ottoman authors Namik Kemal, Ahmed Midhat, and Şemseddin Sami, this article shows the influence of these exigencies on arguments on Islam and science. In order to represent Islam as a respectable religion in harmony with science, these intellectuals defined a “pure Islam” that was a set of basic principles that could be found in the Qur'an. Rather than an embedded way of life, Islam in these texts was an objectified, delimitable entity that could be imagined as having relations with other entities, such as science.
CLIMATE ENGINEERING FROM HINDU‐JAIN PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Jain Pankaj 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough Indic perspectives toward nature are now well documented, climate engineering discussions seem to still lack the views from Indic or other non‐Western sources. In this article, I will apply some of the Hindu and Jain concepts such as karma, nonviolence (Ahiṃsā), humility (Vinaya), and renunciation (Saṃnyāsa) to analyze the two primary climate geoengineering strategies of solar radiation management (SRM) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR). I suggest that Indic philosophical and religious traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism offer ethical concepts to call for humility in all acts of climate engineering leading to a favoring of CDR over SRM and a favoring of lifestyle changes (particularly vegetarianism) over both. I demonstrate these concepts by introducing the five great elements from the Hindu philosophy, two Hindu legends from Hindu mythology, the Indic ethical ideas of karma, renunciation, and humility, and the moral authority of Gandhi.
Sensemaking in Critical Situations and in Relation to Resilience—A Review
Authors: Kilskar Stine S. , Danielsen Brit-Eli , Johnsen Stig O. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Accidents and incidents, such as the capsizing of the anchor handling vessel Bourbon Dolphin in 2007 and the unintended list of the drilling rig Scarabeo 8 in 2012, underline the need for addressing sensemaking in safety-critical situations in the maritime domain to reduce risks. Sensemaking and risks must be understood as a part of the organizational context of the incidents. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive qualitative literature review conducted to establish more knowledge on sensemaking in the context of safety-critical situations and on the relation between the concepts of sensemaking and resilience. In the obtained literature sensemaking is used as a frame of reference for understanding accidents; it is used in relation to critical situations or complex operations in general; it is described by some as a process creating situational awareness; and it is explained by others mainly in terms of how it relates to resilience. Sensemaking creates the context for being resilient; at the same time sources of resilience help to make sense of the situation. Few authors provide explicit characteristics of sensemaking in safety-critical situations, where discrepancies can be supported by redundant systems or by training to ensure the needed questioning attitude. There is a lack of literature regarding sensemaking in safety-critical situations and in relation to resilience that also addresses important aspects of training and system design.
Computational Modeling of Blunt Impact to Head and Correlation of Biomechanical Measures With Medical Images
Authors: Tan X. Gary , D'Souza Maria M. , Khushu Subhash , Gupta Raj K. , DeGiorgi Virginia G. , Singh Ajay K. , Bagchi Amit 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common injury to service members in recent conflicts. We attempt to correlate simulation results with clinical data from advanced imaging techniques to identify TBI-related subtle alterations in brain morphology, function, and metabolism. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) data were obtained for a young adult male, after a concussive head injury caused by a road traffic accident. A similar fall of a pedestrian using an articulated human body biodynamics model was integrated with the finite element (FE) analysis using a high-resolution human head model to investigate TBI from an accident. The hyper-viscoelastic model was used to represent the strain rate dependence in brain tissues. The bone structure was simulated using an elastoplastic model to capture the focal permanent deformation. Enhanced tetrahedral elements were used in modeling nearly incompressible tissues. The localized large deformation in the head was simulated and compared with those from the MRI images. Biomechanical measures, such as stresses and strains, were correlated with postaccident medical images with respect to injury location and severity in the brain. The correspondence between model results and MRI findings shows a new way to relate computational simulation response of human head to blunt impacts with clinical data from such incidents and thus enhances our understanding of the mechanism, extent, and effects of TBI.
Utilization of Fast Response Pressure Measurements to Non-Intrusively Monitor Blade Vibration in Axial Compressors
Authors: Leng Yujun , Key Nicole L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A novel non-intrusive method has been developed to monitor rotor blade vibration using unsteady casing pressure. The present blade vibration monitoring technique utilizes casing unsteady pressure sensors that can detect the pressure waves associated with blade vibration. Spinning mode theory was used to identify the specific frequencies and nodal diameters (NDs) of the spinning pressure waves associated with the blade vibration. A dual temporal-spatial analysis method has been developed to extract the specific frequency components using Fourier transforms, and the specific ND component was extracted using a circumferential mode-fitting algorithm. An experimental study was done in the Purdue 3-stage axial research compressor to verify the new rotor blade vibration monitoring method against the blade tip timing (BTT) method. During the experiment, the compressor was swept through the resonant crossing speed corresponding to the first torsion (1T) vibratory mode of the embedded rotor, while the unsteady casing pressure data and BTT data were simultaneously acquired. Utilizing as few as two sensors, the pressure wave due to blade forced vibration was extracted. A constant scaling factor between the resultant pressure wave strength and blade deflection amplitude was calculated for two different loading conditions. The close match between blade vibration-generated pressure wave strength and blade deflection amplitude through the resonant range provides the validation for the new rotor blade vibration monitoring method. This is the first time in the open literature that blade vibration-related pressure waves have been extracted from casing pressure sensor arrays and used to quantify blade vibration.
The Institute of Acoustics A B Wood Medal 2019: Julien Bonnel
Authors: Bonnel Julien 
Published: November 2019

A common requirement in ocean acoustic applications is for robust signal processing algorithms that take into account the complex ocean environment, which is variable in space and time. Julien Bonnel's research has provided the most innovative approach to signal processing of broadband acoustic data in the last decade: time and frequency warping.
Warping is a non-linear signal re-sampling method, based on a physical model of the shallow water sound channel, which compensates for dispersion in the propagating modes. The technique extracts the propagating modes from broadband signals in shallow water at significantly shorter ranges than previously possible, using data from only a single hydrophone.
The technique he has developed has applications in two important areas: geo-acoustic inversion in shallow water environments and passive detection and localization of marine mammals. An example of the latter is the localization based on whale vocalizations, to enable estimation of the animal's depth in the water. The method has been successfully applied to obtaining the range and depth of bowhead whales in the Chuchki Sea and North Atlantic Right Whales in the Bay of Fundy.
Julien continues his research in geo-acoustic inversion to develop methods for extracting modal wavenumbers from short horizontal arrays. Of significant general interest is his work on re-formulating the modal filtering technique for sound channels with different dispersion characteristics.
Julien Bonnel is a most promising early-career research scientist who has introduced innovative methods that have led to significant advances in ocean acoustics. The research community has benefitted from the use of his methods and he has done this within a few years of completing his PhD. Importantly, he continues to produce innovative research to improve the methods that he has already developed.
The IOA is delighted to present Julien Bonnel with the 2019 A B Wood Medal.
Meningococcal Quinolone Resistance Originated from Several Commensal
Neisseria
Species
Authors: Chen Mingliang , Zhang Chi , Zhang Xi , Chen Min 
Published: November 2019

Quinolone resistance is increasing in
Neisseria meningitidis
, with its prevalence in China being high (>70%), but its origin remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the donors of mutation-harboring
gyrA
alleles in
N. meningitidis
. A total of 198
N. meningitidis
isolates and 293 commensal
Neisseria
isolates were collected between 2005 and 2018 in Shanghai, China. The MICs of ciprofloxacin were determined using the agar dilution method.
Refined Permian–Triassic floristic timeline reveals early collapse and delayed recovery of south polar terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Mays Chris , Vajda Vivi , Frank Tracy D. , Fielding Christopher R. , Nicoll Robert S. , Tevyaw Allen P. , McLoughlin Stephen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe collapse of late Permian (Lopingian) Gondwanan floras, characterized by the extinction of glossopterid gymnosperms, heralded the end of one of the most enduring and extensive biomes in Earth’s history. The Sydney Basin, Australia, hosts a near-continuous, age-constrained succession of high southern paleolatitude (∼65–75°S) terrestrial strata spanning the end-Permian extinction (EPE) interval. Sedimentological, stable carbon isotopic, palynological, and macrofloral data were collected from two cored coal-exploration wells and correlated. Six palynostratigraphic zones, supported by ordination analyses, were identified within the uppermost Permian to Lower Triassic succession, corresponding to discrete vegetation stages before, during, and after the EPE interval. Collapse of the glossopterid biome marked the onset of the terrestrial EPE and may have significantly predated the marine mass extinctions and conodont-defined Permian–Triassic Boundary. Apart from extinction of the dominant Permian plant taxa, the EPE was characterized by a reduction in primary productivity, and the immediate aftermath was marked by high abundances of opportunistic fungi, algae, and ferns. This transition is coeval with the onset of a gradual global decrease in δ13Corg and the primary extrusive phase of Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province magmatism. The dominant gymnosperm groups of the Gondwanan Mesozoic (peltasperms, conifers, and corystosperms) all appeared soon after the collapse but remained rare throughout the immediate post-EPE succession. Faltering recovery was due to a succession of rapid and severe climatic stressors until at least the late Early Triassic. Immediately prior to the Smithian–Spathian boundary (ca. 249 Ma), indices of increased weathering, thick redbeds, and abundant pleuromeian lycophytes likely signify marked climate change and intensification of the Gondwanan monsoon climate system. This is the first record of the Smithian–Spathian floral overturn event in high southern latitudes.
Derivation and external validation of a risk prediction algorithm to estimate future risk of cardiovascular death among patients with type 2 diabetes and incident diabetic nephropathy: prospective cohort study
Authors: Yu Dahai , Shang Jin , Cai Yamei , Wang Zheng , Zhang Xiaoxue , Zhao Bin , Zhao Zhanzheng , Simmons David 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveTo derive, and externally validate, a risk score for cardiovascular death among patients with type 2 diabetes and newly diagnosed diabetic nephropathy (DN).Research design and methodsTwo independent prospective cohorts with type 2 diabetes were used to develop and externally validate the risk score. The derivation cohort comprised 2282 patients with an incident, clinical diagnosis of DN. The validation cohort includes 950 patients with incident, biopsy-proven diagnosis of DN. The outcome was cardiovascular death within 2 years of the diagnosis of DN. Logistic regression was applied to derive the risk score for cardiovascular death from the derivation cohort, which was externally validated in the validation cohort. The score was also estimated by applying the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk score in the external validation cohort.ResultsThe 2-year cardiovascular mortality was 12.05% and 11.79% in the derivation cohort and validation cohort, respectively. Traditional predictors including age, gender, body mass index, blood pressures, glucose, lipid profiles alongside novel laboratory test items covering five test panels (liver function, serum electrolytes, thyroid function, blood coagulation and blood count) were included in the final model.C-statistics was 0.736 (95% CI 0.731 to 0.740) and 0.747 (95% CI 0.737 to 0.756) in the derivation cohort and validation cohort, respectively. The calibration slope was 0.993 (95% CI 0.974 to 1.013) and 1.000 (95% CI 0.981 to 1.020) in the derivation cohort and validation cohort, respectively.The UKPDS risk score substantially underestimated cardiovascular mortality.ConclusionsA new risk score based on routine clinical measurements that quantified individual risk of cardiovascular death was developed and externally validated. Compared with the UKPDS risk score, which underestimated the cardiovascular disease risk, the new score is a more specific tool for patients with type 2 diabetes and DN. The score could work as a tool to identify individuals at the highest risk of cardiovascular death among those with DN.
Adverse birth outcomes in Guangdong province, China, 2014–2017: a spatiotemporal analysis of 2.9 million births
Authors: Miao Huazhang , Li Bing , Li Wu , Yao Fei , Chen Yuliang , Chen Ruyin , Lin Jiumin , Wu Yuntao , Guo Pi , Zhao Qingguo 
Published: November 2019

Objectives
Adverse birth outcomes pose a great threat to the public health and bring a heavy burden of disease in China. A comprehensive examination of the temporal and spatial trends of preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) epidemics can provide some elementary information for subsequent aetiological and epidemiological studies. This study aimed to characterise the spatiotemporal features of PTB, LBW and SGA based on a large cohort of live births in China.

Design
Spatiotemporal descriptive analysis was performed in Guangdong province, China, from 2014 to 2017.

Setting
Data involving 2 917 098 live births in Guangdong province, China from 2014 to 2017 was collected from Guangdong Birth Certificate System. Information was collected, including the date of birth, gestational age in week, birth weight, sex of the infant, age of the mother and registered residence of the mother.

Results
The estimated rate of PTB, LBW and SGA was 4.16%, 4.14% and 12.86%, respectively. For temporal trends, the rates of PTB, LBW and SGA showed seasonal fluctuations, especially for LBW and SGA. In addition, there were regional differences in the rates of PTB, LBW and SGA between the Pearl River Delta and Non-Pearl River Delta regions. From 2014 to 2017, the high rates of PTB and LBW expanded from the Pearl River Delta region to the Non-Pearl River Delta regions. However, compared with the Pearl River Delta region, the rate of SGA was higher in the Non-Pearl River Delta regions on the whole.

Conclusion
The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the aetiology and epidemiology of PTB, LBW and SGA in south China.