bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and genetic diversity of the Balearic lizard, Podarcis lilfordi (Günther, 1874): Is it relevant to its conservation?
Authors: Pérez‐Cembranos Ana , Pérez‐Mellado Valentín , Alemany Iris , Bassitta Marta , Terrasa Bàrbara , Picornell Antonia , Castro José A. , Brown Richard P. , Ramon Cori 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsTo characterize the genetic and morphological diversification of the endangered Balearic lizard Podarcis lilfordi and to assess the relevance of this diversity, and how it is described, to conservation measures.LocationThis study covers all the populations of the Balearic lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, present in its range of distribution at coastal islets of Menorca, Mallorca and Cabrera Archipelago.MethodsWe analysed genetic and morphological variation across the 43 known extant populations of the Balearic lizard, using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We examined morphometric and scalation characters using, in some cases, phylogenetically independent contrasts. We also incorporated the study of dorsal coloration and dorsal colour pattern including the analysis of melanism in several populations.ResultsWe detected clear genetic divergence between Menorcan populations and populations from Mallorca and Cabrera, in both nuclear and mtDNA markers, but genetic divergence is relatively low among different insular populations within these groups. In contrast, morphological divergence was substantial both between Menorcan and remaining populations and within these groups. Morphological traits, such as dorsal coloration, body size and the number and size of scales, seemed to be linked with differences in climatic conditions between populations. In addition, some traits, as melanism, showed a strong phylogenetic signal.Main conclusionsThe morphological and genetic diversity of the Balearic lizard is incongruent with the subspecies described in the classical taxonomic literature. Moreover, current populations differ not only in some genetic and morphological features, but also in several ecological and ethological characteristics, in many cases unique to one population. Based on our results, we propose abandoning the use of subspecies to describe the extraordinary morphological diversity of the Balearic lizard and its replacement with the concept of evolutionary significant units (ESUs). ESUs are particularly suitable to describe and recognize such diversity and, especially, to ensure the continuity of the evolutionary process.
Global Value Chains, Industrial Policy and Economic Upgrading in Ethiopia's Apparel Sector
Authors: Whitfield Lindsay , Staritz Cornelia , Morris Mike 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTThis article examines whether low‐income countries can still benefit from participating in manufacturing global value chains (GVCs) in terms of broader industrial development in a global context of greater competition and higher requirements. It contends that developing internationally competitive local firms and domestic linkages, in addition to upgrading, is crucial for participation in GVCs to drive industrialization. The study focuses on Ethiopia's recent experience with developing an apparel export industry through strategic industrial policy. Based on original empirical data collected through firm‐level surveys and interviews with government officials, industry experts and buyers, the article analyses the upgrading and localization trajectories of foreign and local apparel‐exporting firms. It argues that value‐capture benefits in assembly positions in apparel GVCs have become more difficult. The potential for localization benefits depends on the type of global buyers and foreign producers and their levels of embeddedness, but whether this potential is realized also depends on local firm characteristics and related industrial policy. Ethiopia's industrial policy has been relatively successful regarding national economy linkages, but less successful in developing competitive local export firms due to a weak local manufacturing tradition combined with a global context that has led to a supplier squeeze.
A theology of pastoral multiplicity
Authors: Gano Lindner Cynthia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe contemporary moment is characterized by liquidity and difference. “Liquidity” means rapidly changing social structures, accelerations in consumption, and constantly changing personal and group identities. In this increasingly diverse context, encounters with difference are not only inevitable, they are essential—and can be transformative for our understandings of our multiple selves, for our pastoral encounters with others, and for our theological imagination, as well. Viewing the self, especially the pastor's self, as a collection of multiple selves, identities, and performances illumines pastoral leadership; pastors who claim their multiplicity more wholly meet “others” when encountering difference. The triune God reveals divine multiplicity, so pastors who claim their multiplicity as their identity thereby make a theological claim.
Risk factors for academic difficulties in children with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated acute demyelinating syndromes
Authors: Deiva Kumaran , Cobo‐Calvo Alvaro , Maurey Hélène , De Chalus Alienor , Yazbeck Elise , Husson Béatrice , Vukusic Sandra , Serguerra Che , Horellou Philippe , Marignier Romain ,   Kidbiosep Cohort
Published: June 2020

AimTo describe cognitive abilities through the evaluation of academic difficulties in children with acute demyelinating syndromes (ADS) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies.MethodThis was an observational, retrospective study of a French paediatric cohort that included children aged 18 years and younger. Clinical, biological, and imaging data were collected and academic outcome was measured.ResultsSeventy‐six children were included in the study with a mean (SD) follow‐up of 4 years 7 months (6y 4mo). Median age at disease onset was 9 years 1 months (interquartile range=4y 7mo–13y 11mo; 36 females, 40 males). Thirty‐six children relapsed and 20 had academic difficulties at the last follow‐up. Academic difficulties, as well as deep grey matter and putaminal lesions (p=0.047 and p=0.006 respectively), were significantly more prevalent in children aged 10 years and younger (p=0.02). Using univariate binary regression analysis, we found that age at disease onset of 10 years and younger (odds ratio [OR] 3.72 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.19–11.64]; p=0.024), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis at disease onset (OR 52.5 [95% CI 5.97–461.4]; p<0.001), and deep grey matter lesions (OR 17.33 [95% CI 3.87–77.72]; p<0.001) were associated with academic difficulties.InterpretationMOG antibody‐associated ADS have distinct clinical and radiological patterns that are age‐dependent. Indirect cognitive evaluation through academic difficulties was prevalent in younger children and is associated with specific clinical and magnetic resonance imaging factors that need to be considered earlier on when assessing this patient population.
Suction samplers are a valuable tool to sample arthropod assemblages for conservation translocation
Authors: Helbing Felix , Fartmann Thomas , Poniatowski Dominik 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn important component of recent nature conservation is the ecological restoration of semi‐natural grasslands. The aim of such projects is usually the restoration of typical plant communities; translocation of animals, by contrast, plays only a minor role. This is based on the assumption that a recovery of the flora will lead to recovered fauna; however, this is not always the case. Suction samplers with gauze collection bags are well suited to sample arthropods, and they may also be helpful for transferring animals. However, to date, the suitability of suction samplers as a translocation tool is unclear due to a lack of empirical data on the mortality rate of the sampled arthropod taxa. In this study, we sampled arthropods (leafhoppers, spiders, beetles, and true bugs) with a suction sampler on 21 calcareous grasslands. Immediately after sampling, animals were stored in collection bags and their mortality rate was determined. We compared storage periods (1, 2, and 3 h) and tested the suitability of a cool box to reduce mortality rates. Our study revealed that arthropod mortality was generally low (9% of all sampled individuals); however, the survival rate was affected by (1) storage time, (2) storage conditions, and (3) arthropod group. The mortality of beetles and true bugs was very low and not influenced by storage time or storage conditions. In contrast, leafhoppers and spiders had higher mortality, which increased with storage time and decreased by the use of a cool box. According to our results, suction samplers can be a valuable tool to sample arthropod assemblages for conservation translocation. In order to reduce mortality in sensitive groups such as leafhoppers and spiders, the storage process can be optimised. We thus recommend (1) using a cool box and (2) minimising the period until release of the collected arthropods at the restored site.
Prepulse inhibition in first‐degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: A systematic review
Authors: Li Weidi , Mao Zhen , Bo Qijing , Sun Yue , Wang Zhimin , Wang Chuanyue 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating used to identify deficits in early‐stage information processing and inhibitory function defects. Many studies support the presence of PPI deficits in schizophrenia patients. However, very few studies have explored PPI levels among first‐degree relatives (FDR) of schizophrenia patients, and the results have been inconsistent. This review article explored PPI levels in FDR of schizophrenia patients.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review using the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, EBSCO and Chinese databases from inception to January 2020. A series of related factors (eg, PPI paradigm, heritability and sample characteristics) and outcomes were summarized from the literature that met the inclusion criteria. The Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies.ResultsA total of eight studies were eligible for systematic review after screening. A meta‐analysis of the selected studies was not conducted due to the limitations of quantity and paradigm heterogeneity. A majority of the studies' subjects were siblings of schizophrenia patients and different paradigms were applied. Most of the included studies reported no difference in PPI values between FDR of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.ConclusionContrary to traditional certainty that unaffected FDR of schizophrenia patients have PPI defects, our review found no sufficient evidence supporting that the PPI level in FDR of schizophrenia patients was lower than in healthy controls. A prospective cohort study focusing on different outcomes such as developing schizophrenia is required to explore PPI levels in FDR of schizophrenia patients.
Patient satisfaction with random assignment to extended early intervention for psychosis vs regular care: Relationship with service engagement
Authors: Iyer Srividya N. , Mustafa Sally S. , Abadi Sherezad , Joober Ridha , Abdel‐Baki Amal , Jarvis Eric , Latimer Eric , Margolese Howard C. , Casacalenda Nicola , Schmitz Norbert , Brown Thomas , Malla Ashok 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimWe investigated whether individuals varied in their satisfaction with being randomized to an extension of early intervention (EI) for psychosis or regular care after 2 years of EI, and whether satisfaction was associated with service engagement 3 years later.MethodsFollowing randomization, patients (N = 220) indicated if they were happy with, unhappy or indifferent to their group assignment. Follow‐up with service providers was recorded monthly.ResultsPatients randomized to extended EI were more likely to express satisfaction with their group assignment than those in the regular care group (88.2% vs 31.5%, χ2 = 49.96, P < .001). In the extended EI group, those happy with their assigned group were likelier to continue seeing their case manager for the entire five‐year period than those who were unhappy/indifferent (χ2 = 5.61, P = .030).ConclusionsPerceptions about EI, indicated by satisfaction with being assigned to extended EI, may have lasting effects on service engagement.
Food web feedbacks drive the response of benthic macrofauna to bottom trawling
Authors: van de Wolfshaar Karen E. , van Denderen P. Daniël , Schellekens Tim , van Kooten Tobias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBottom trawl fisheries have significant effects on benthic habitats and communities, and these effects have been studied intensively in the last decades. Most of these studies have related the changes in benthic community composition to direct effect of trawl gears on benthos, through imposed mortality. This line of argumentation ignores the fact that benthic organisms themselves form a complex food web and that bottom trawling may trigger secondary effects through this food web. We studied the potential consequences of such food web effects using a model of benthic predators, filter feeders, deposit feeders and fish. Our analysis shows how inclusion of ecological interactions complicates the relationship between bottom trawling intensity and the state of the benthic community and causes a non‐linear and non‐monotonic response of the benthic community to trawling. This shows that indirect food web effects can fundamentally alter the response of a benthic ecosystem to bottom trawling, compared to the direct effects of mortality. In light of our results, we argue that indicators of fishing impact on benthos need to account for positive as well as negative effects of bottom trawling, in order to accurately quantify the impact. Our findings highlight that understanding the food web ecology of the benthic ecosystem is crucial for understanding and predicting the effects of trawling on the seafloor. Work that promotes such understanding of the food web ecology seems a more productive research strategy than conducting ever more empirical trawling effect measurements.
Effect of lath martensite submicrostructure on mechanical properties and crack propagation behaviour by in‐situ tension in 0.09C–1.7Mn–0.6Cr steel
Authors: Guo Chengyu , Hao Leilei , Li Shengci , Kang Yonglin , An Yuguo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present paper was aimed at understanding the effect of lath martensite submicrostructure quenched at different austenitizing temperature on the crack propagation behaviour. Different techniques were used to characterize the details of microstructure and submicrostructure. In‐situ tensile tests with scanning electron microscope were performed to observe the propagation of the crack. The results illustrated that packet size and block size increase almost linearly with the increasing austenitizing temperature. However, austenitizing temperature has no significant effect on the size of laths. Both of the packet size and the block size match the Hall–Petch relationship well with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. In macro tensile tests and in‐situ tension, the deflection angle of crack encountered with prior austenite grain boundary is higher than 60°, while it is lower than 90° for packet boundary and 60° for block boundary. The deflection angle of crack is relevant to the interface energy of the encountered boundaries. The interface energy of prior austenite grain boundary is higher than that of packet boundary because of the component difference, while the interface energy of packet boundary is higher than that of block boundary because of larger misorientation.
Genetic improvement of the chemical composition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) juvenile wood for bioenergy production
Authors: Funda Tomáš , Fundová Irena , Fries Anders , Wu Harry X. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChemical composition is one of the key characteristics that determines wood quality and in turn its suitability for different end products and applications. The inclusion of chemical compositional traits in forest tree improvement requires high‐throughput techniques capable of rapid, non‐destructive and cost‐efficient assessment of large‐scale breeding experiments. We tested whether Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, coupled with partial least squares regression, could serve as an alternative to traditional wet chemistry protocols for the determination of the chemical composition of juvenile wood in Scots pine for tree improvement purposes. FTIR spectra were acquired for 1,245 trees selected in two Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) full‐sib progeny tests located in northern Sweden. Predictive models were developed using 70 reference samples with known chemical composition (the proportion of lignin, carbohydrates [cellulose, hemicelluloses and their structural monosaccharides glucose, mannose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose] and extractives). Individual‐tree narrow‐sense heritabilities and additive genetic correlations were estimated for all chemical traits as well as for growth (height and stem diameter) and wood quality traits (density and stiffness). Genetic control of the chemical traits was mostly moderate. Of the major chemical components, highest heritabilities were observed for hemicelluloses (0.43–0.47), intermediate for lignin and extractives (0.30–0.39), and lowest for cellulose (0.20–0.25). Additive genetic correlations among chemical traits were, except for extractives, positive while those between chemical and wood quality traits were negative. In both groups (chemical and wood quality traits), correlations with extractives exhibited opposite signs. Correlations of chemical traits with growth traits were near zero. The best strategy for genetic improvement of Scots pine juvenile wood for bioenergy production is to decrease and stabilize the content of extractives among trees and then focus on increasing the cellulose:lignin ratio.
Shock the system: Emergency powers and political capacity
Authors: Fisunoğlu Ali , Rooney Bryan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStates that grant their leaders extraordinary powers in times of emergency do so to protect the nation against dramatic shocks. Implicit in this choice is the assumption that the government will better retain its capacity when confronted with an emergency situation if the leader can invoke emergency powers. This remains an untested proposition. In this article, we challenge this assumption and argue that the relationship between emergency powers and political capacity depends on both the nature of the emergency itself and the type of capacity in question. We find that emergency powers better allow the government to extract resources from the public during periods of emergency. However, it is only in national political emergencies where these resources are well allocated. After extra‐territorial emergencies, increased emergency power strength leads to inefficient government allocation. This suggests that emergency powers are not a panacea guarding against the ills of crisis.
Construction of a 13‐microRNA‐based signature and prognostic nomogram for predicting overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Zhihua , Wen Yi , Nie Kechao , Tang Shuting , Chen Xu , Lan Shaoyang , Pan Jinglin , Jiang Kailin , Jiang Xiaotao , Liu Peng , Yan Yanhua , Liu Fengbin , Liu Yufeng , Li Peiwu 
Published: June 2020

AimHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy associated with a poor prognosis due to difficulties in reliably estimating overall survival (OS). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in HCC initiation, progression, and metastasis and are highly correlated with patient prognosis. Thus, miRNA‐based risk signatures and nomograms are urgently required for predicting OS in patients with HCC.MethodsWe constructed a 13‐miRNA‐based signature and prognostic nomogram using 408 HCC samples and 58 normal tissues with miRNA sequencing data and clinical data from 323 patients downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. A total of 195 patients were assigned as the internal validation cohort for verification and testing. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis was applied to investigate pathway enrichment for the signature.ResultsWe identified and validated a 13‐miRNA risk signature highly associating with the OS of HCC patients. The signature showed good performances by calculating C‐index, area under the curve, and calibration curves. After verification and testing using an internal validation cohort, the results yielded a miRNA‐based signature and a prognostic nomogram with reliable predictive accuracy. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that various genes and multiple pathways were closely related to the mechanisms of HCC proliferation and metastasis.ConclusionWe successfully identified a 13‐miRNA‐based signature and prognostic nomogram that are capable of predicting OS in patients with HCC.
Effect of emulsifiers on drying stress and intercellular cohesion in human stratum corneum
Authors: Ansari F. , McGuiness C. , Zhang B. , Dauskardt R. H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesEmulsifier molecules, with their amphiphilic character, are ubiquitous in moisturizing creams and primarily serve to disperse the water‐insoluble molecules such as emollients, oils, lipids and fats in water. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of emulsifier molecules on the barrier and biomechanical properties of human stratum corneum (SC) and to compare the efficacy of emulsifier molecules when used in a fully formulated moisturizing cream.MethodsWe employed methods based on thin‐film mechanics to measure the drying stress and intercellular cohesion in the SC. The emulsifier molecules or moisturizing creams formulated with them were applied to a fully hydrated SC adhered to a glass substrate. In‐plane stress developed in the SC during drying was then measured by tracking changes in the curvature of the glass substrate. The intercellular cohesion within the SC was measured by means of a double cantilever beam (DCB) set‐up, where the treated or untreated SC was sandwiched between two substrates, and the delamination energy calculated by measuring the force required to drive a crack through the SC. Moisturizing cream diffusivity through the stratum corneum was measured by spectroscopic technique and related to internal SC stress and fracture energy.ResultsWe observe significant differences in the biomechanical behaviour of SC when moisturizing creams with different emulsifier molecules are applied on isolated stratum corneum ex vivo. The reduction in maximum stress varied between 12% and 26% depending on the emulsifier molecules used in the formulation. The intercellular cohesion and the diffusion of molecules in the formulated moisturizing creams through the SC were also found to be strongly dependent on the type of emulsifier molecule used in the formulation.ConclusionsThe biomechanical and barrier properties of the human stratum corneum show strong dependence on the emulsifier molecule used in the moisturizing creams, even when the creams included only ~3 weight% emulsifier molecules. Moreover, we found that the reduction in SC peak stress was strongly correlated with the formulation diffusivity into the SC. The moisturizing creams diffusing fastest into the SC had the largest reduction in peak stress and vice versa.