bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It’s Not About Ethical Dilemmas: A Survey of Bavarian Veterinary Officers’ Opinions on Moral Challenges and an e-Learning Ethics Course
Authors: Dürnberger Christian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe presented survey focused on moral challenges of Bavarian veterinary officers in their daily work and their expectations of an (e-learning) ethics module in their training program. The results suggest that Bavarian veterinary officers are confronted with morally challenging situations. However, they do not describe these challenges as dilemmas in which the veterinary officers do not know what the moral right choice would be. They are rather convinced to know what they should do from an ethical point of view but see difficulties with the realization as the crucial moral challenge of their profession. The participants in the study do not only expect ethics to help them to find a morally justified way of dealing with moral challenges, but also to gain a better understanding of essential conflicts. In regard to a possible e-learning course on ethics, most veterinary officers were skeptical or highly critical because, from their perspective, ethics needs personal exchange, promoting a dialogue with colleagues, and this is best possible in a classroom-based seminar. Therefore, according to the participants in the survey, if e-learning tools are used, this should only be in combination with classroom-based events.
A Phenomenological Analysis of Freckling in Directional Solidification of Ni-Base Superalloy: The Role of Edge and Curvature in Casting Components
Authors: Ma D. X. , Dong Z. H. , Wang F. , Dong H. B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The geometrical factor in freckle formation has rarely been taken into account. In this work, freckle formation in superalloy components is examined. It is found that freckle formation is subject to the effects of the edge and curvature. In polygonal casting sections, freckles are formed preferably on the convex edges. In the components with a curved contour, freckles are exclusively formed on the outward-curving surface having positive curvature.
The study of the effect of fault transmissibility on the reservoir production using reservoir simulation—Cornea Field, Western Australia
Authors: Abdullah Nurafiqah , Hasan Nurul , Saeid Nawaf , Mohyaldinn Mysara Eissa , Zahran El-Said Mamdouh Mahmoud 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe focused area in this study is in the Cornea Field located in the Yampi Shelf, north-eastern Browse Basin, Australia. The field was stated to be an elongated unfaulted drape anticline over highly eroded basement. From the literature and seismic data, faults die at the basement in the Cornea Field. Therefore, no faults were considered previously. The tectonic activity was not apparent in the area with only deformation by gravitational movements and compaction in the basement zone. However, fault might present in the reservoir and seal depth as time passed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to simulate the Cornea field with faults, to determine the effect of fault transmissibility on oil production. The study shows that the fault permeability and fault displacement thickness ratio have a close relationship with fault transmissibility. The fault transmissibility increases when fault permeability and fault displacement thickness ratio increase. Transmissibility multiplier was also considered in this study. The fault transmissibility increases with the increase in transmissibility multiplier, thus the oil production. This study contributes to the gap present in the research of the Cornea Field with fault structure, where it is important to consider fault existence during exploration and production.
PROPORTIONATE MAIMING: THE ORIGINS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S PROVISIONS FOR FACIAL DISFIGUREMENT IN BILL 64
Authors: Cock Emily 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTIn 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed the use of nose-cutting to punish women convicted of specific offences, and the use of retaliation (lex talionis) for anyone who deliberately disfigured another person. These punishments were intended to replace the death penalty for these crimes, and as such formed part of Jefferson's attempt to rationalise the Virginian law code in line with eighteenth-century reform principles. Jefferson drew on British laws from the Anglo-Saxon period to the Coventry Act for his bill, but his proposals contrast strikingly with British movements away from corporal marking as punishment used against their own citizens. This article examines the origins and fates of equivalent crimes and punishments in the law codes Jefferson examined, and compares the legal and wider connotations of facial appearance and disfigurement that made these proposals coherent in Virginia when they had long ceased elsewhere. Tracing examples and discussion of these intersecting cases will greatly increase our understanding of Jefferson's proposals, and the relationships between facial difference, stigma and disability in eighteenth-century America.
POLITICISING CHERNOBYL: WALES AND NUCLEAR POWER DURING THE 1980s
Authors: Martin Seán Aeron , Wiliam Mari Elin 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTThe Chernobyl disaster of 1986 had international repercussions, as nuclear fallout, and accompanying fear, traversed well beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. In Britain, raised radioactivity levels caused some upland regions, such as north-west Wales, to become subject to restrictions on the sale of livestock, which created upheaval for the agricultural community, leading to an uncharacteristic outburst of protest from farmers who were unhappy with the government's response to the crisis. Concurrently, nuclear sceptics in Wales attempted to politicise the tragedy in the Ukraine to underline the dangers of nuclear power, dovetailing the accident with the looming perils of Wales's domestic nuclear industry. In exploring these issues, this paper contributes to a growing body of work on ‘British nuclear cultures’, moving away from its generally urban focus by examining a Welsh rural case study. This approach also circumvents the well-trodden historiographical narrative surrounding the politics of nuclear warfare by highlighting debates arising from civil nuclear power. Crucially, the work demonstrates how looking at the modern Welsh past through the prism of a transnational nuclear event such as the Chernobyl catastrophe shows that the history of twentieth-century Wales is enriched by moving beyond the stereotypically ‘Welsh’ industrial shibboleths of the south Wales coalfield and the slate mines of north Wales.
HOW NATURAL IS NATURAL? HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WILDLIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN BRITAIN
Authors: Williamson Tom 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTThis article explores some of the ways in which historians can, and should, engage with current debates about the environment. What we often think of as ‘natural’ habitats in Britain – heaths, ancient woodland, meadows and the like – are largely anthropogenic in character, and much of our most familiar wildlife, from rabbits to poppies, are alien introductions. The environments we cherish are neither natural nor timeless, but are enmeshed in human histories: even the kinds of tree most commonly found in the countryside are the consequence of human choice. The ways in which the environment was shaped by past management systems – to produce fuel, as much as food – are briefly explored; and the rise of ‘rewilding’ as a fashionable approach to nature conservation is examined, including its practical and philosophical limitations and its potential impacts on the conservation of cultural landscapes.
Tsunami Resonance and Spatial Pattern of Natural Oscillation Modes With Multiple Resonators
Authors: Aranguiz R. , Catalán P. A. , Cecioni C. , Bellotti G. , Henriquez P. , González J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTsunami resonance and coupled oscillation of shelf and bays modes has been reported to be important in tsunami wave amplification. The main objective of this work is to study the spatial pattern of natural oscillation modes and to analyze the influence of several resonators on the coast of the central Chile, which has a complex morphology with several bays, submarine canyons, and a wide continental shelf. First, natural oscillation modes were computed by means of modal analysis of local and regional domains. Second, a dense network of tide gauges and pressure sensors was analyzed to obtain background spectra inside bays. Third, tsunami spectra were computed from both tsunami records and numerical simulations. The results show that the use of modal analysis and background and tsunami spectra is effective for identifying natural oscillation modes. In addition, a dense network of tide gauges is useful to validate the spatial pattern of these natural modes. It was observed that larger resonators and the shelf are important in coupling oscillation with local bays, such that large amplification can be observed. Finally, this analysis allowed the diverse effects of 2010 and 2011 tsunamis in the bays of central Chile to be explained, making it possible to better address tsunami mitigation measures and the preparedness of coastal communities.
The Convection Connection: How Ocean Feedbacks Affect Tropical Mean Moisture and MJO Propagation
Authors: DeMott Charlotte A. , Klingaman Nicholas P. , Tseng Wan‐Ling , Burt Melissa A. , Gao Yingxia , Randall David A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe response of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) to ocean feedbacks is studied with coupled and uncoupled simulations of four general circulation models (GCMs). Monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) from each coupled model is prescribed to its respective uncoupled simulation, to ensure identical SST mean‐state and low‐frequency variability between simulation pairs. Consistent with previous studies, coupling improves each model's ability to propagate MJO convection beyond the Maritime Continent. Analysis of the MJO moist static energy budget reveals that improved MJO eastward propagation in all four coupled models arises from enhanced meridional advection of column water vapor (CWV). Despite the identical mean‐state SST in each coupled and uncoupled simulation pair, coupling increases mean‐state CWV near the equator, sharpening equatorward moisture gradients and enhancing meridional moisture advection and MJO propagation. CWV composites during MJO and non‐MJO periods demonstrate that the MJO itself does not cause enhanced moisture gradients. Instead, analysis of low‐level subgrid‐scale moistening conditioned by rainfall rate (R) and SST anomaly reveals that coupling enhances low‐level convective moistening forR> 5 mm day−1; this enhancement is most prominent near the equator. The low‐level moistening process varies among the four models, which we interpret in terms of their ocean model configurations, cumulus parameterizations, and sensitivities of convection to column relative humidity.
Modeling Organic Carbon Accumulation Rates and Residence Times in Coastal Vegetated Ecosystems
Authors: Belshe E. Fay , Sanjuan Jose , Leiva‐Dueñas Carmen , Piñeiro‐Juncal Nerea , Serrano Oscar , Lavery Paul , Mateo Miguel Angel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCoastal vegetated “blue carbon” ecosystems can store large quantities of organic carbon (OC) within their soils; however, the importance of these sinks for climate change mitigation depends on the OC accumulation rate (CAR) and residence time. Here we evaluate how two modeling approaches, a Bayesian age‐depth model alone or in combination with a two‐pool OC model, aid in our understanding of the time lines of OC within seagrass soils. Fitting these models to data from Posidonia oceanica soil cores, we show that age‐depth models provided reasonable CAR estimates but resulted in a 22% higher estimation of OC burial rates when ephemeral rhizosphere OC was not subtracted. This illustrates the need to standardize CAR estimation to match the research target and time frames under consideration. Using a two‐pool model in tandem with an age‐depth model also yielded reasonable, albeit lower, CAR estimates with lower estimate uncertainty, which increased our ability to detect among‐site differences and seascape‐level trends. Moreover, the two‐pool model provided several other useful soil OC diagnostics, including OC inputs, decay rates, and transit times. At our sites, soil OC decayed quite slowly both within fast cycling (0.028 ± 0.014 yr−1) and slow cycling (0.0007 ± 0.0003 yr−1) soil pools, resulting in OC taking between 146 and 825 yr to transit the soil system. Further, an estimated 85% to 93% of OC inputs enter slow‐cycling soil pools, with transit times ranging from 891 to 3,115 yr, substantiating the importance of P. oceanica soils as natural, long‐term OC sinks.
Overcoming resolution limits with quantum sensing
Authors: Gefen T. , Rotem A. , Retzker A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe field of quantum sensing explores the use of quantum phenomena to measure a broad range of physical quantities, of both static and time-dependent types. While for static signals the main figure of merit is sensitivity, for time dependent signals it is spectral resolution, i.e. the ability to resolve two different frequencies. Here we study this problem, and develop new superresolution methods that rely on quantum features. We first formulate a general criterion for superresolution in quantum problems. Inspired by this, we show that quantum detectors can resolve two frequencies from incoherent segments of the signal, irrespective of their separation, in contrast to what is known about classical detection schemes. The main idea behind these methods is to overcome the vanishing distinguishability in resolution problems by nullifying the projection noise.
Time-invariant working memory representations in the presence of code-morphing in the lateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Parthasarathy Aishwarya , Tang Cheng , Herikstad Roger , Cheong Loong Fah , Yen Shih-Cheng , Libedinsky Camilo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMaintenance of working memory is thought to involve the activity of prefrontal neuronal populations with strong recurrent connections. However, it was recently shown that distractors evoke a morphing of the prefrontal population code, even when memories are maintained throughout the delay. How can a morphing code maintain time-invariant memory information? We hypothesized that dynamic prefrontal activity contains time-invariant memory information within a subspace of neural activity. Using an optimization algorithm, we found a low-dimensional subspace that contains time-invariant memory information. This information was reduced in trials where the animals made errors in the task, and was also found in periods of the trial not used to find the subspace. A bump attractor model replicated these properties, and provided predictions that were confirmed in the neural data. Our results suggest that the high-dimensional responses of prefrontal cortex contain subspaces where different types of information can be simultaneously encoded with minimal interference.
The receptor-like kinase NIK1 targets FLS2/BAK1 immune complex and inversely modulates antiviral and antibacterial immunity
Authors: Li Bo , Ferreira Marco Aurélio , Huang Mengling , Camargos Luiz Fernando , Yu Xiao , Teixeira Ruan M. , Carpinetti Paola A. , Mendes Giselle C. , Gouveia-Mageste Bianca C. , Liu Chenglong , Pontes Claudia S. L. , Brustolini Otávio J. B. , Martins Laura G. C. , Melo Bruno P. , Duarte Christiane E. M. , Shan Libo , He Ping , Fontes Elizabeth P. B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogens and defend themselves. Crosstalk may happen among receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways in the same host during simultaneous infection of different pathogens. However, the related function of the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in thwarting different pathogens remains elusive. Here, we report that NIK1, which positively regulates plant antiviral immunity, acts as an important negative regulator of antibacterial immunity. nik1 plants exhibit dwarfed morphology, enhanced disease resistance to bacteria and increased PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, which are restored by NIK1 reintroduction. Additionally, NIK1 negatively regulates the formation of the FLS2/BAK1 complex. The interaction between NIK1 and FLS2/BAK1 is enhanced upon flg22 perception, revealing a novel PTI regulatory mechanism by an RLK. Furthermore, flg22 perception induces NIK1 and RPL10A phosphorylation in vivo, activating antiviral signalling. The NIK1-mediated inverse modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity may allow bacteria and viruses to activate host immune responses against each other.
The transcription factor ERG regulates a low shear stress-induced anti-thrombotic pathway in the microvasculature
Authors: Peghaire C. , Dufton N. P. , Lang M. , Salles-Crawley I. I. , Ahnström J. , Kalna V. , Raimondi C. , Pericleous C. , Inuabasi L. , Kiseleva R. , Muzykantov V. R. , Mason J. C. , Birdsey G. M. , Randi A. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEndothelial cells actively maintain an anti-thrombotic environment; loss of this protective function may lead to thrombosis and systemic coagulopathy. The transcription factor ERG is essential to maintain endothelial homeostasis. Here, we show that inducible endothelial ERG deletion (ErgiEC-KO) in mice is associated with spontaneous thrombosis, hemorrhages and systemic coagulopathy. We find that ERG drives transcription of the anticoagulant thrombomodulin (TM), as shown by reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. TM expression is regulated by shear stress (SS) via Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). In vitro, ERG regulates TM expression under low SS conditions, by facilitating KLF2 binding to the TM promoter. However, ERG is dispensable for TM expression in high SS conditions. In ErgiEC-KO mice, TM expression is decreased in liver and lung microvasculature exposed to low SS but not in blood vessels exposed to high SS. Our study identifies an endogenous, vascular bed-specific anticoagulant pathway in microvasculature exposed to low SS.
An anionic, endosome-escaping polymer to potentiate intracellular delivery of cationic peptides, biomacromolecules, and nanoparticles
Authors: Evans Brian C. , Fletcher R. Brock , Kilchrist Kameron V. , Dailing Eric A. , Mukalel Alvin J. , Colazo Juan M. , Oliver Matthew , Cheung-Flynn Joyce , Brophy Colleen M. , Tierney John W. , Isenberg Jeffrey S. , Hankenson Kurt D. , Ghimire Kedar , Lander Cynthia , Gersbach Charles A. , Duvall Craig L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPeptides and biologics provide unique opportunities to modulate intracellular targets not druggable by conventional small molecules. Most peptides and biologics are fused with cationic uptake moieties or formulated into nanoparticles to facilitate delivery, but these systems typically lack potency due to low uptake and/or entrapment and degradation in endolysosomal compartments. Because most delivery reagents comprise cationic lipids or polymers, there is a lack of reagents specifically optimized to deliver cationic cargo. Herein, we demonstrate the utility of the cytocompatible polymer poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA) to potentiate intracellular delivery of cationic biomacromolecules and nano-formulations. This approach demonstrates superior efficacy over all marketed peptide delivery reagents and enhances delivery of nucleic acids and gene editing ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) formulated with both commercially-available and our own custom-synthesized cationic polymer delivery reagents. These results demonstrate the broad potential of PPAA to serve as a platform reagent for the intracellular delivery of cationic cargo.
CXCR3 enables recruitment and site-specific bystander activation of memory CD8+ T cells
Authors: Maurice Nicholas J. , McElrath M. Juliana , Andersen-Nissen Erica , Frahm Nicole , Prlic Martin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBystander activation of memory T cells occurs in the absence of cognate antigen during infections that elicit strong systemic inflammatory responses, which subsequently affect host immune responses. Here we report that memory T cell bystander activation is not limited to induction by systemic inflammation. We initially observe potential T cell bystander activation in a cohort of human vaccine recipients. Using a mouse model system, we then find that memory CD8+ T cells are specifically recruited to sites with activated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a CXCR3-dependent manner. In addition, CXCR3 is also necessary for T cell clustering around APCs and T cell bystander activation, which temporospatially overlaps with the subsequent antigen-specific T cell response. Our data thus suggest that bystander activation is part of the initial localized immune response, and is mediated by a site-specific recruitment process of memory T cells.
Infant airway microbiota and topical immune perturbations in the origins of childhood asthma
Authors: Thorsen Jonathan , Rasmussen Morten A. , Waage Johannes , Mortensen Martin , Brejnrod Asker , Bønnelykke Klaus , Chawes Bo L. , Brix Susanne , Sørensen Søren J. , Stokholm Jakob , Bisgaard Hans 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAsthma is believed to arise through early life aberrant immune development in response to environmental exposures that may influence the airway microbiota. Here, we examine the airway microbiota during the first three months of life by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in the population-based Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC2010) cohort consisting of 700 children monitored for the development of asthma since birth. Microbial diversity and the relative abundances of Veillonella and Prevotella in the airways at age one month are associated with asthma by age 6 years, both individually and with additional taxa in a multivariable model. Higher relative abundance of these bacteria is furthermore associated with an airway immune profile dominated by reduced TNF-α and IL-1β and increased CCL2 and CCL17, which itself is an independent predictor for asthma. These findings suggest a mechanism of microbiota-immune interactions in early infancy that predisposes to childhood asthma.
Unbalanced dendritic inhibition of CA1 neurons drives spatial-memory deficits in the Ts2Cje Down syndrome model
Authors: Valbuena Sergio , García Álvaro , Mazier Wilfrid , Paternain Ana V. , Lerma Juan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOverinhibition is assumed one of the main causes of cognitive deficits (e.g. memory impairment) in mouse models of Down syndrome (DS). Yet the mechanisms that drive such exaggerated synaptic inhibition and their behavioral effects remain unclear. Here we report the existence of bidirectional alterations to the synaptic inhibition on CA1 pyramidal cells in the Ts2Cje mouse model of DS which are associated to impaired spatial memory. Furthermore, we identify triplication of the kainate receptor (KAR) encoding gene Grik1 as the cause of these phenotypes. Normalization of Grik1 dosage in Ts2Cje mice specifically restored spatial memory and reversed the bidirectional alterations to CA1 inhibition, but not the changes in synaptic plasticity or the other behavioral modifications observed. We propose that modified information gating caused by disturbed inhibitory tone rather than generalized overinhibition underlies some of the characteristic cognitive deficits in DS.