bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of Nanoparticle-loaded In-situ Gel for Enhanced and Sustained Ophthalmic Delivery
Authors: D'Souza Anupriya , Pissurlenkar Raghuvir R.S. 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Flurbiprofen, a non-selective COX inhibitor utilized for managing mild to moderate pain and inflammation, operates through reversible inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 pathways. However, as a BCS class II drug, it exhibits limited aqueous solubility, leading to suboptimal ocular bioavailability and a brief corneal contact.

Objective:
The goal of this study was to amplify the aqueous solubility of Flurbiprofen by formu-lating it into a nanosuspension, which was subsequently incorporated into an in-situ gelling sys-tem so as to extend the ocular residence time and to achieve sustained drug release.

Methods:
Nanosuspensions were crafted through the anti-solvent precipitation ultra-sonication method. The assessment included parameters, such as particle size, surface morphology, XRD, and FT-IR. The optimized nanosuspension was then incorporated into a pH-sensitive in-situ gel.

Results:
The developed formulation was stable and showed enhanced contact time, minimizing the frequency of administration. Morphological analysis unveiled spherical drug nanoparticles in the nanosuspension without any signs of aggregation, supported by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The ex vivo permeation studies showed a drug release of 83.48%, indicating good permeation and histopathology, and isotonicity indicated no ocular irritation and tissue damage.

Conclusion:
The design and development of Flurbiprofen nanosuspension were found to be liq-uid at the formulated pH and formed gel due to changes in bonds between polymers. In-situ ocu-lar gels minimize the risk of systemic absorption of the drug, as they are designed to stay local-ized on the ocular surface and within the eye. An optimum point can be reached in the shortest time with minimum efforts to achieve desirable rheological and in-vitro release properties for in-situ gelling systems.
Inulin: A Versatile Biopolymer for Pharmaceutical Application
Authors: Mishra Debashis , Swain Sushree Sambita , Routray Debaprasad , Badhei Lipanjali , Nandi Prafulla , Pattnaik Gurudutta , Samal Himansu Bhusan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:
For many years, inulin has been a versatile oligosaccharide that is mainly utilized in
food. When compared to other biodegradable polysaccharides, inulin's unique and flexible structure,
protective/stabilizing properties, along with organ-targeting abilities make it an ideal drug delivery
vehicle. Inulin has drawn a lot of attention as a promising multifunctional natural biopolymer
with a wide range of uses in drug delivery, prebiotics, and therapies. The three hydroxyl
groups on each fructose unit present in inulin enable chemical modifications like (Esterification,
Conjugation, crosslinking, Oxidation, or Reduction), allowing it to be tailored for drug delivery applications.
Thus, therapeutics and biomolecules can be released in a sustained and controlled manner,
increasing their bioavailability and cellular absorption at the targeted site. It clarifies the complex
interactions between the host and inulin, microbiota, and medicinal drugs, exposing a multidimensional
biopolymer with transformative potential. They are excellent carriers in healthcare and
biomedicine due to their flexible structure, biocompatibility, remarkable target ability, innate ability
to govern release behaviour, customizable degradation kinetics, and protective capacity. Drug
targeting is the process of delivering a medication to the desired site of action. One of the advantages
of drug targeting is that the medicinal molecule is released at a consistent and regulated rate,
preventing overdose. The potential of inulin as an encapsulating material was examined in terms
of its enzymatic degradability and drug-release characteristics. Inulin has a wide range of therapeutic
applications. These include use as a dietary fibre with extra health benefits, as a diagnostic and
analytical tool, and as a carrier in a drug delivery system. Inulin has been the subject of extensive
research as a drug delivery carrier for colon-specific drug administration. Inulin has a wide range
of applications in the pharmaceutical industry overall, and research on it is still ongoing, especially
concerning chemically modified inulin. Therefore, it's conceivable that this flexible oligosaccharide
will find even more uses.
An Enhanced Lightweight Secure Authentication and Privacy-Preserving Approach for VANETs
Authors: Sudhakar Rayapati Venkata , Haritha Pathi , B Vamshi Krishna , Kalyani Kapula , C Mithra , Palanisamy K C , Tayubi Iftikhar Aslam 
Published: December 2024

Aims and Background:
Vehicular-Adhoc-Networks (VANETs) have gained a lot of attention
in the past ten years. Used extensively in intelligent transport systems (ITS), it facilitates the
sharing of traffic data between vehicles and their immediate surroundings, resulting in a more
pleasant driving experience. When it comes to VANET security, privacy and security are the two
biggest obstacles. To improve security in VANET, authentication and privacy-preserving methods
are required because any specific disclosure of vehicle specifics, including route data, might have
devastating consequences.

Objectives & Methodology:
In light of this need, this research introduces a novel framework for
VANETs called enhanced timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (ETESLTA), which enables
a new kind of lightweight authentication while simultaneously protecting users' privacy. Initialisation,
registration, mutual authentication, broadcasting and verification, and vehicle revocation are all
parts of the suggested model. Furthermore, the ETESLTA method requires very little memory while
yet providing excellent broadcast authentication, just like TESLTA. In addition, the ETESLTA method
incorporates a cuckoo filter to record the real details of cars inside the RSU's detection range.

Results:
The suggested approach provides strong anonymity to achieve privacy and resists common
assaults, and it features lightweight mutual authentication between the parties. A wide scale of experiments
are conducted and the outcomes are evaluated in terms of numerous metrics to ensure the
ETESLTA technique performs well.

Conclusion:
The experimental results demonstrated that the ETESLTA method was superior to the
most current state-of-the-art approaches.
Marine Natural Products as Novel Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Khare Ekta , Fatima Zeeshan , Tiwari O.P 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:
Alzheimer's disease is distinguished by gradual changes in behavior because of the aggregation
of β-amyloid and τ protein that blocks the signal transduction pathway. It is one of the
major problems in the current scenario. It mainly occurs after the age of 60 and eventually leads to
memory loss. Nonetheless, medicinal plants have therapeutic potential to improve many diseases.
Medicinal drugs with their phytoconstituents may offer therapeutic potential for improving the preventive
treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Five synthetic drugs that have been approved by the FDA
include Tacrine, Rivastigmine, Donepezil, Galantamine, and Memantine for the symptomatic
treatment of Alzheimer's. In the search for effective anti-Alzheimer's drugs from a natural source,
we discovered marine resources as the origin of the therapeutic and nutritional compound. The
methodology involves conducting a comprehensive literature survey. The database search methodology
used in this review was the use of keywords, which can be found in the article pertaining to
Alzheimer’s disease. The significant articles focused on marine flora phytoconstituents, such as Acetylcholinesterase
or butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors, thus prompting a comprehensive review
based on pertinent information. The review included descriptions of various studies, revealing that
numerous compounds derived from marine sources have demonstrated promising efficacy in the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Many compounds that originated from marine sources showed
good efficacy in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase inhibition
was the main pharmacological mechanism that was reported for most of the molecules, however,
few articles having alternative anti Alzheimer’s mechanisms have also been reported. This article
highlights marine compounds derived from marine sources like algae, fungi, and sponges, which
can combat Alzheimer's disease.
A Comparative Investigation of Kerf Width during CO2 and Fiber Laser Machining of SS 316L Material
Authors: Sargar Tukaram , Gautam Nitish Kumar , Jadhav Aniket , Gaikwad Mahendra U. 
Published: December 2024

Introduction:
The unconventional thermal machining method of laser cutting is extensively
used. Using this method, any material, essentially, having intricate geometries is machined
accurately. The primary purpose of the current paper is to investigate how process factors affect
kerf width for CO2 and fiber laser machining of the SS 316L method. This work mainly focuses on
an experimental study of CO2 and fiber laser machining for SS 316L. Changing process variables,
including gas pressure, laser power, and cutting speed, the cut characteristics are assessed using the
measurement of kerf width. A bystronic laser machine is used for the experimentation.

Results:
The design of the experiment (DOE) technique is applied using the response surface methodology
and Box Behnken design. In this, three factors and two levels are chosen, resulting in 17
trial runs. ANOVA is used to perform mathematical computations. This paper also covers the research
on SS 316L laser machining and identifies the optimized parameter. The major finding of
this research is that changing the laser power affects the kerf width. The CO2 and fiber laser processing
results in optimum kerf width values of 0.5726 mm and 0.3950 mm, respectively.

Conclusion:
This study contributes to the understanding of laser machining of SS 316L and is a
valuable resource for potential patent applications related to laser cutting technologies and optimized
machining parameters.
Alternate Ramp Merging Strategy for Connected Vehicles Based on Roadside Unit Support
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Wang Xiaolan , Zhang Weiwei , Xu Jiejie , Yu Wangpengfei , Guo Wengfeng , Li Jingyi 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Uncooperative driving behavior in merging areas significantly increases
traffic congestion and conflicts, resulting in reduced safety and comfort of vehicle travel. With the
advancement of technologies for intelligent connected environments, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
technologies have been implemented to enable real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure.
This exchange allows vehicles to make driving strategies and motion plans based on roadside
information. Therefore, it becomes particularly important to develop effective merging strategies.
Various methods, both patented and non-patented, have been proposed to solve the merging
challenges, aiming to optimize data exchange and enhance the formulation of driving strategies.

Objective:
In this paper, a strategy is proposed using roadside information to guide vehicles alternately
merging, aiming at solving the safety and traffic efficiency problems in the ramp merging area,
which has two main objectives: guiding vehicles to merge smoothly and safely under high traffic
flow to reduce vehicle conflicts and calculating their recommended velocity through connected
information to minimize congestion.

Methods:
A roadside system was designed to guide vehicles to merge alternately. GPS information
from connected vehicles is utilized to achieve cooperative perception and localization. A time-tomerge
(TTM) algorithm was developed to optimize vehicle trajectories combined with the responsibility-
sensitive-safety (RSS) theory, which assigns merge sequence and recommended velocity to
each vehicle based on the actual traffic conditions.

Results:
Simulation results indicate that this merging strategy eliminates conflicts and suppresses
the formation of deceleration waves compared to the first-in-first-out (FIFO) strategy. Compared to
the natural merging of independently controlled vehicles, it results in a 33.71% increase in average
vehicle velocity and a 14.68% reduction in average travel time through the merge area.

Conclusion:
This strategy improves driving safety and efficiency by enabling vehicles to reach a
common understanding of the merging sequence, and the more congested the traffic, the more significant
improvement in merging efficiency.
The Severity of Disease and Hospital Length of Stay for the First and Second Admission of COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study from
Southeastern Iran
Authors: Gohari Milad Ahmadi , Mehrolhassani Mohammad Hossein , Rahmati Shoboo , Sharifpoor Elham , Mirzaei Hossein , Jahani Yunes 
Published: December 2024

Background:
This study aimed to investigate the severity of disease and length of hospital
stay for COVID-19 patients admitted to a hospital in southeastern Iran.

Method:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kerman, Iran. Data were collected from patients
who visited Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman more than twice during the COVID-19 epidemic
from the end of February 2020 to March 21, 2021. We conducted two key analyses: 1. Mixed effect
logistic regression was used to check the relationship between the variables and COVID-19 severity.
2. Mixed effect linear regression was used to check the relationship between the variables and the
length of stay in the hospital.

Results:
The findings indicated that the most important risk factors for the severity of COVID-19
were heart diseases (OR=1.67,95%CI:1.20-2.30), increasing age (OR=2.23 for age>54, 95%CI:1.70-
2.90), male gender (OR=1.47,95%CI:1.10-1.96), respiratory diseases other than asthma, and frequency
of admission (OR=1.60,95%CI:1.20-2.15). All patients who underwent readmission experienced
a shorter duration of hospitalization during their subsequent admission
(OR=0.94,95%CI:0.91,0.96) and had a higher mortality rate (30% within 14 days, 26.6% between
14-90 days). Patients readmitted at intervals of 14-90 days and greater than 90 days exhibited lower
disease severity compared to those readmitted within the 0-14 day period.

Conclusion:
Examining readmissions, the severity of COVID-19, and the length of hospital stay in
affected patients are important factors for planning and allocating resources for COVID-19 management
and treatment. These factors can help policymakers develop effective clinical guidelines for
hospitalization or outpatient treatment of COVID-19 patients and contribute to reducing the burden
of disease in the community.
The Influence of Obesity on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rates in Women of Reproductive Age in East Java
Authors: Qomariyah Durrotul , Hariyanti Tita , Yuliatun Laily 
Published: December 2024

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder distinguished by irregular menstrual cycles, elevated androgen levels, and the presence of polycystic ovaries, impacting approximately 4-18% of women of reproductive age. This condition can lead to infertility, with obesity exacerbating its manifestations by elevating testosterone levels and contributing to insulin resistance. Various factors, including dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle, play a significant role in the prevalence of obesity, particularly in Indonesia. This research aims to explore the potential relationship between obesity, physical activity, and dietary habits concerning the prevalence of PCOS among women of reproductive age in East Java. A quantitative research design has been employed, utilizing a cross-sectional approach. The study comprises two distinct groups: one consisting of women diagnosed with PCOS and another comprising healthy women. The sampling method used is purposive sampling. The research instrument includes demographic questionnaires, Body Mass Index (BMI) calculations, dietary assessments, and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 21. The findings indicated that the obesity emerged as the most significant independent factor influencing the likelihood of PCOS occurrence (p=0.000). The Exponent Beta (Exp. B) value, calculated at 31.62, reveals that women with obesity are at a 31-fold increased risk of developing PCOS compared to their non-obese counterparts. In conclusion, there is a significant association between obesity, physical activity, and dietary habits and the occurrence of PCOS among women of childbearing age in East Java
Terminrade hipokratiskajā korpusā: osteoloģija un angioloģija
Authors: Fībiga Ieva 
Published: December 2024

Raksts ir veltīts hipokratiskā korpusa anatomiskā traktāta „Par kaulu dabu” terminrades analīzei. Līdz šim nav veikts traktāta tulkojums latviešu valodā, tāpēc terminiem sniegts autores tulkojums latviešu valodā. Raksts sastāv no ievada, empīriskās daļas un secinājumiem. Raksta ievadā sniegta informācija par hipokratisko korpusu, traktāta iespējamo tapšanas laiku, autorību, saturu un tā pētniecību mūsdienās. Empīriskajā daļā iepazīstināts ar traktāta terminrades klasifikāciju un terminu analīzi, atainojot vispārlietojamās valodas vārdu pārnesi uz konkrētu medicīnas nozari, terminos izmantotās vārdšķiras un to veidotās struktūras, kā arī vārddarināšanas paņēmienus. Šīs daļas izstrādei izmantotais pētījuma materiāls ir traktāta oriģinālteksts sengrieķu valodā. Traktātā vērojami gan vārdkoptermini, gan salikteņtermini. Rakstā termini aplūkoti šādā secībā: 1) substantīvs, 2) substantīvs ar nesaskaņoto apzīmētāju, 3) substantīvs ar saskaņoto apzīmētāju, 4) substantīvs ar adverbu un 5) salikteņi. Pirmā grupa ietver vispārlietojamās valodas vārdus, kurus skārusi terminoloģizācija. Šī grupa terminu skaita un terminu lietojuma biežuma ziņā ir plašākā, taču aptver tikai anatomijas pamatus. Otrā, trešā un ceturtā grupa atbilst vārdkopterminiem. Tās ir šaurākas nekā pirmā, taču šo grupu termini ir specializēti, proti, ar tiem nosaukti ne vairs tikai anatomijas pamatjēdzieni, bet gan anatomijas nozares algoloģijas jēdzieni. Pēdējā grupa ir salikteņtermini. Salīdzinājumā ar pirmo grupu šī ir šaura, taču, līdzīgi kā vārdkopterminu grupas, arī šie termini ir specializēti.
Latvian reflexive and non-reflexive verbs and action nouns with <i>paš-</i> ‘self-’
Authors: Horiguchi Daiki 
Published: December 2024

The author continues to address issues of Latvian reflexive and non-reflexive verbs compounded with paš- ‘self-’ and their action nouns. A mass media database search yielded 210 reflexive verbs and 39 non-reflexive verbs compounded with paš-, as well as 290 reflexive and 160 non-reflexive action nouns compounded with paš-. The functionality of paš-compounded reflexive verbs and nouns is facilitated through the interaction of the reflexive and emphatic semantics delivered by both the reflexive marker and paš-. For the non-reflexive verbs and action nouns, it may convey the causative semantics “subject someone/something to the autonomous action named by the verbal base” or the exclusive semantics “by oneself”. Although verbal derivation with paš- is a peripheral phenomenon in Latvian, reflexive verbs and nouns compounded with paš- provide insights into the intersection of verbal and nominal derivations. Paš- does not function fully in verbal derivation because of the sparse distribution of compound verbs. Instead, it demonstrates activity in the nominal domain as an action noun. For 53.4 % of the reflexive action nouns and 74.3 % of the non-reflexive action nouns, corresponding reflexive and non-reflexive verbs are not attested in the mass media database, which suggests the backformation of some paš-verbs due to the paradigmatic nature of the derivation verb – action noun. Paš- demonstrates its derivational potential from the nominal domain to the verbal domain, and action nouns with -šan- can be regarded as derived via this route.
Substantīvu piedēkļu <i>-in-</i> un <i>-īn-</i> lietojums Būtiņģes un Sventājas latviešu valodā
Authors: Straupeniece Daiga 
Published: December 2024

Lejaskurzemes izloksnēs ir daudzi produktīvi vārddarināšanas piedēkļi, kā -el-, -en-, -n-, -ien-, -in-, -īn-, -īt-. Arī Būtiņģes un Sventājas latviešu valoda, kas mūsdienās iekļaujas latviešu (kuršu) kultūrtelpā Lietuvas ziemeļrietumos pie Baltijas jūras, ar kultūrvēsturiskām tradīcijām piederīga gan Rucavas kultūrtelpai, gan plašākai Lejaskurzemes kultūras, tai skaitā lingvistiskajai, ainavai. Raksta mērķis ir izpētīt divu produktīvāko vārddarināšanas piedēkļu – -in- un -īn- – dinamiku Būtiņģes un Sventājas latviešu valodā, saskatot kopīgās iezīmes ar Lejaskurzemes izlokšņu materiālu, kā arī izceļot tās pazīmes un kvantitatīvos rādītājus, kas ir atšķirīgi. Pētījuma materiālu veido autores 2008.–2021. gadā veiktie latviešu valodas ierakstu atšifrējumi Būtiņģē un Sventājā, Kurzemes Humanitārā institūta ekspedīciju valodu piemēri, kas apkopoti grāmatā „No Sventājas līdz Ancei” (2008). Tāpat materiālā iekļauti arī Liepājas būtiņģnieku un sventājnieku (cilvēki, kuri dzimuši un auguši Būtiņģē un Sventājā, bet 20. gs. 60. gados pārcēlušies uz dzīvi Latvijā) 21. gs. valodas atšifrējumi. Galvenās darbā izmantotās pētniecības metodes ir analītiskā un salīdzinošā metode. No valodas materiāla tika ekscerpēti visi substantīvi ar piedēkļiem -in- un -īn-. Salīdzinošā metode izmantota, lai apzinātu substantīvu ar piedēkļiem -in- un -īn- lietojuma intensitāti trijās paaudzēs (vecākajā, vidējā un jaunākajā) dažādās tematiskajās grupās, kā arī salīdzinātu valodas materiālu gan ar Lejaskurzemes izloksnēm, gan lietuviešu valodas žemaišu dialekta ziemeļrietumu izloksnēm. Pētījumā tika secināts, ka substantīvi ar piedēkļiem -in- un -īn- galvenokārt ir neitrālas nozīmes vārdi, kas neizsaka deminutīva nozīmi, to lietojums 21. gs. sākumā Būtiņģes un Sventājas latviešu valodā ir izplatīts vecākās un vidējās paaudzes valodā. Lielu daļu atvasinājumu ar piedēkli -in- Būtiņģes un Sventājas latviešu valodā veido personu nosaukumi, kas darināti no vīriešu dzimtes personvārdiem.
Development of Lithuanian dialects in the active Baltic-Slavic contact zone: Signs of the decay of morphological structure
Authors: Tuomienė Nijolė 
Published: December 2024

This article presents sociolinguistic research of the Southern Aukštaitian subdialect of Lithuanian spoken on both sides of the border between Southeastern Lithuania and Northwestern Belarus. It should be noted that the Lithuanian dialect no longer forms a homogeneous area, as it is losing out to Belarusian, which is called po prostu in the studied areas. When the Lithuanian dialect lost its function, many Lithuanian speakers switched to the Belarusian dialect alone. The change of languages in the same areas over two or three generations has led to a very close relationship between the languages. The object of the investigation is two linguistic borderland areas: the first one includes 17 points of the southeastern borderland of Lithuania from Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (LKA) and the second one is comprised of four points, which constitute the continuation of Southern Aukštaitian beyond the borders of Lithuania. The material covers almost seven decades, from the second half of the 20th century to the second decade of the 21st century.
The aim of the study is to analyse the most important changes in the morphological system of the Southern Aukštaitian dialect used in the two areas. The article analyses the changes of contact origin, which have occurred in the Lithuanian language systems of nouns and verbs at the morphological level. Due to constant interaction with Slavic languages, the Lithuanian dialect has undergone complex degenerative changes in its grammatical structure. The language processes are analysed using the apparent-time method (Labov 1963): the current language of three generations of informants is studied and compared.