bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Could mycotoxigenic Fusarium sp. play a role in ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta)?
Authors: Pękala-Safińska Agnieszka , Jedziniak Piotr , Kycko Anna , Ciepliński Mateusz , Paździor Ewa , Panasiuk Łukasz , Kasprzak Mariusz , Jerzak Leszek 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFusarium infections have been reported in aquatic animals, but are still poorly investigated in wild salmonids. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the fungi and their toxins on the health status of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta) migrating from the Baltic Sea to the freshwater. Individuals from the wild brown trout population exhibiting ulcerative skin lesions were collected from the Słupia River in Poland and subjected to microbiological, histopathological, and hematological examinations, as well as toxicological analysis for a presence of mycotoxins. The results of microflora isolation from the brown trout skin samples revealed the presence of conditionally pathogenic bacteria and fungi classified by molecular techniques as Fusarium spp. Toxicological analysis allowed for detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract of the fish. In several cases, there was α-zearalenone (α-ZEL) identified at trace levels in the liver, as well as sterigmatocystin and enniatin B at low levels in the kidney and the liver. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of fungal hyphae disrupting the epidermis and penetrating into the necrotic dermis and hypodermis. The decreased values of the blood parameters, i.e., hemoglobin concentration (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and white blood cell count (WBC), were indicative of osmoregulation failure being a consequence of the skin damage. The results of the study provide new information regarding Fusarium sp. infection in brown trout and serve as the basis for further research on the potential impact of the fungi and their mycotoxins on the Baltic salmonid population, including their role in ulcerative dermal necrosis.
Vermessen, Klassifizieren, Zuweisen. Das AnKER-Zentrum als machtvolle Organisation der Asylverwaltung
Authors: Schmitt Caroline 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag untersucht, wie das AnKER-Zentrum als machtvolle Organisation der Asylverwaltung konzeptionell entworfen wird. AnKER ist ein Akronym für „Ankunft, Entscheidung und Rückführung“. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht eine objektiv-hermeneutische Analyse eines Auszugs aus dem Koalitionsvertrag der Großen Koalition aus dem Frühjahr 2018. Ziel ist eine Rekonstruktion der Mechanismen der Asylverwaltung, die in diesem Dokument zum Ausdruck kommen. Zentrales Ergebnis ist, dass der Koalitionsvertrag das AnKER-Zentrum als Kontrollinstanz konstruiert. Die Unterbringung geht mit einem Zugriff auf Körper, Biografie und Bewegung der Betreffenden einher. Sie werden vermessen, klassifiziert und letztlich ihren Herkunftsländern oder den Kommunen in Deutschland zugewiesen. Mit Michel Foucault lassen sich AnKER-Zentren als Disziplinarinstitutionen fassen. Sie zielen auf ein Einhalten behördlicher Regularien, während sozialarbeiterisches Handeln fall- und lebensweltbezogen ausgerichtet sein soll. Der Beitrag reflektiert auf Basis der Analyseergebnisse die Notwendigkeit Sozialer Arbeit, sich als organisationsbasierte Profession zu begreifen und in die Ausgestaltung von Geflüchtetenunterkünften zu involvieren.
Impacts of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Plant Species Composition on Methane Emissions from Subarctic Wetlands
Authors: Bridgman Matthew J. , Lomax Barry H. , Sjögersten Sofie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElevated atmospheric CO2 may create greater methane (CH4) emissions from subarctic wetlands. To date such ecosystem feedbacks remain poorly understood, particularly in relation to how different wetland plant species will control such feedbacks. In this study we exposed plant-peat mesocosms planted with four Cyperaceae species to 400 and 800 ppm atmospheric CO2 concentrations and measured plant and peat properties as well as CH4 fluxes. Above ground biomass for plants grown at 800 ppm CO2 increased for E. angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex brunnescens, but the total biomass of C. acuta decreased relative to the ambient CO2 treatment. The plant species and elevated CO2 treatment affected both peat redox potential and pore water chemistry. There was no overall effect of the elevated CO2 on CH4 emissions, however, CH4 emissions were related to above ground biomass and redox potential, both of which were significantly altered by elevated CO2. Our study shows that species composition poses an important control on how wetland communities will respond to elevated CO2 and that plant mediated changes of peat biogeochemical processes, in response to elevated CO2 levels, may affect CH4 emissions from sub-arctic wetlands, but any such responses will differ among species.
Outcome of spinal implant-associated infections treated with or without biofilm-active antibiotics: results from a 10-year cohort study
Authors: Köder Karolin , Hardt Sebastian , Gellert Max S. , Haupenthal Judith , Renz Nora , Putzier Michael , Perka Carsten , Trampuz Andrej 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Biofilm-active antibiotics are suggested to improve the outcome of implant-associated infections; however, their role in infections after spinal instrumentation is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the outcome of patients with spinal implant-associated infections treated with and without biofilm-active antibiotics.

Methods
The probability of infection-free survival was estimated for treatment of spinal implant-associated infections with and without biofilm-active antibiotics using the Kaplan–Meier method; Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to identify factors associated with treatment failure.

Results
Among 93 included patients, early-onset infection was diagnosed in 61 (66%) and late-onset in 32 infections (34%). Thirty patients (32%) were treated with biofilm-active antibiotic therapy and 63 (68%) without it. The infection-free survival after a median follow-up of 53.7 months (range, 8 days-9.4 years) was 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55–82%) after 1 year and 58% (95% CI 43–71%) after 2 years. The infection-free survival after 1 and 2 years was 94% (95% CI 85–99%) and 84% (95% CI 71–93%) for patients treated with biofilm-active antibiotics, respectively, and 57% (95% CI 39–80%) and 49% (95% CI 28–61%) for those treated without biofilm-active antibiotics, respectively (p = 0.009). Treatment with biofilm-active antibiotics (hazard ratio [HR], 0.23, 95% CI 0.07–0.77), infection with Staphylococcus auras (HR, 2.19, 95% CI 1.04–4.62) and polymicrobial infection (HR, 2.44, 95% CI 1.09–6.04) were significantly associated with treatment outcome. Severe pain was observed more often in patients without biofilm-active antibiotic therapy (49% vs. 18%, p = 0.027).

Conclusion
Treatment with biofilm-active antibiotics was associated with better treatment outcome and less postoperative pain intensity.
Diskriminierungserfahrungen und Bedrohungswahrnehmungen von in Deutschland lebenden Juden
Authors: Beyer Heiko , Liebe Ulf 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungBasierend auf Daten des Jahres 2018 der Fundamental Rights Agency der Europäischen Union ermittelt der vorliegende Beitrag Ausmaß und Faktoren antisemitischer Vorurteilskriminalität in Deutschland. Zum einen werden die Erfahrungen von in Deutschland lebenden Jüdinnen und Juden mit persönlichen Belästigungen und Beleidigungen, Vandalismus und körperlicher Gewalt innerhalb eines Zeitraumes von fünf Jahren vor dem Erhebungszeitpunkt beleuchtet. Zum anderen beschäftigen wir uns mit der geäußerten Furcht, zukünftig Opfer antisemitischer Übergriffe zu werden. Erfahrungen mit Gewalt und Vandalismus berichten 7 % der 1225 Befragten, und 44 % wurden in den letzten fünf Jahren belästigt, weil sie jüdisch sind. Vor allem Personen, die aufgrund des Tragens von Symbolen als Juden erkennbar sind, waren betroffen und vermeiden gelegentlich oder öfter Plätze in der lokalen Umgebung, weil sie sich dort unsicher fühlen. Wenn die Befragten hingegen in einer mehrheitlich jüdischen Nachbarschaft lebten, sank die Wahrscheinlichkeit Opfer von Belästigungen und Gewalttaten zu werden. Belästigt und beleidigt wurden zudem besonders religiöse Menschen und Personen, die die Unterstützung von Israel als sehr wichtig für ihre jüdische Identität erachten. Diese Personen fühlen sich, ebenso wie jene, die dem Erinnern an den Holocaust eine hohe Bedeutung beimessen, zudem stärker bedroht – eine Bestätigung der Vermutung, dass sekundärer und israelbezogener Antisemitismus ein großes Bedrohungspotential in der aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Situation darstellen. Als Reaktion auf die empfundene Bedrohung verzichten die Befragten zwar laut der vorliegenden Befragung nicht auf das Tragen von jüdischen Symbolen, aber stärkere Bedrohungswahrnehmungen korrelieren mit dem Vermeiden von als gefährlich eingeschätzten Plätzen sowie von jüdischen Veranstaltungen.
Model for sectional leading-edge vortex lift for the prediction of rotating samara seeds performance
Authors: Rezgui D. , Arroyo I.H. , Theunissen R. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThis article presents a development of a simple analytical aerodynamic model capable of describing the effect of leading-edge vortices (LEVs) on the lift of rotating samara wings. This analytical model is based on the adaptation of Polhamus’ method to develop a sectional two-dimensional lift function, which was implemented in a numerical blade element model (BEM) of a rotating samara blade. Furthermore, wind tunnel experiments were conducted to validate the numerical BEM and to assess the validity of the newly developed analytical lift function. The results showed good agreement between the numerical model and the experimental measurements of rotational speed and rate of descent of the samara wing. The results were also compared with numerical predictions using BEM but adopting different lift coefficient expressions available in literature. This research contributed towards efficient aerodynamic modelling of the lift generated by LEVs on rotating samara wings for performance prediction, which could potentially be used in the design of bio-inspired rotary micro-air vehicles.
Conservancies, Conflict and Dispossession: The Winners and Losers of Oil Exploration in Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Mkutu Kennedy , Mdee Anna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFormerly marginal areas are increasingly the focus of extractive mega-projects, which are framed as necessary for economic growth and a modern industrial economy. Yet there are concerns that such projects are unjustly displacing local populations, facilitated through the alliances of local elites with foreign investors. This article asks, who are the winners and losers from oil exploration in the Turkana region of Kenya? Using longitudinal ethnographic research on the dynamics of local government, oil exploration, and pastoralist livelihoods in Turkana, Mkutu and Mdee highlight how current processes may exacerbate inequality and marginalization, with the potential for increasingly violent consequences.
Attitude of Jordanian Nursing Educators Toward Integration of Disaster Management in Nursing Curricula
Authors: Alkhalaileh Murad 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:Nursing education plays a significant role in preparing nurses for disasters; it helps in increasing their knowledge about disasters. The purpose of this study was to explore the attitude of nursing educators in Jordan toward the integration of disaster preparedness contents in nursing curricula.Method:A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used. The instrument comprises 51 Likert-scale items; 150 questionnaires were distributed to nursing educators in all of the private and government universities. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 22 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY).Results:One hundred thirty-one (131) results were collected with an 87% response rate. All participants perceived that the integration of a disaster course in nursing curricula is quite important. Findings indicated a lack of nursing educators’ life experiences regarding disaster management. No significant differences were found in terms of age, area of experience, or years of teaching. Incorporating disaster management courses into nursing curricula will help resolve the lack of knowledge.Conclusion:Nursing educators have a low level of knowledge in disaster management. This highlights the necessity for preparing nursing educators for disasters by encouraging their participation in disaster management training. Therefore, they will circulate this information adequately to students accordingly.
Postdischarge antibiotic use for prophylaxis following spinal fusion
Authors: Warren David K. , Nickel Katelin B. , Han Jennifer H. , Tolomeo Pam , Hostler Christopher J. , Foy Katherine , Banks Ian R. , Fraser Victoria J. , Olsen Margaret A. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenter Program
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:Despite recommendations to discontinue prophylactic antibiotics after incision closure or <24 hours after surgery, prophylactic antibiotics are continued after discharge by some clinicians. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with postdischarge prophylactic antibiotic use after spinal fusion.Design:Multicenter retrospective cohort study.Patients:This study included patients aged ≥18 years undergoing spinal fusion or refusion between July 2011 and June 2015 at 3 sites. Patients with an infection during the surgical admission were excluded.Methods:Prophylactic antibiotics were identified at discharge. Factors associated with postdischarge prophylactic antibiotic use were identified using hierarchical generalized linear models.Results:In total, 8,652 spinal fusion admissions were included. Antibiotics were prescribed at discharge in 289 admissions (3.3%). The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (22.1%), cephalexin (18.8%), and ciprofloxacin (17.1%). Adjusted for study site, significant factors associated with prophylactic discharge antibiotics included American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class ≥3 (odds ratio [OR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.00–1.70), lymphoma (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.11–5.98), solid tumor (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.62–8.14), morbid obesity (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.09–2.47), paralysis (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.30–4.37), hematoma/seroma (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.17–7.33), thoracic surgery (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01–1.93), longer length of stay, and intraoperative antibiotics.Conclusions:Postdischarge prophylactic antibiotics were uncommon after spinal fusion. Patient and perioperative factors were associated with continuation of prophylactic antibiotics after hospital discharge.
Psychiatric hospitalization rates in Italy before and during COVID-19: did they change? An analysis of register data
Authors: Clerici M. , Durbano F. , Spinogatti F. , Vita A. , de Girolamo G. , Micciolo R. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives.To assess admission rates to seven General Hospital Psychiatric Wards (GHPWs) located in the Lombardy Region in the 40 days after the start of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, compared to similar periods of 2020 and 2019.Methods.Anonymized data from the regional psychiatric care register have been obtained and analyzed. The seven GHPWs care for approximately 1.4 million inhabitants and have a total of 119 beds.Results.In the 40-day period (February 21–March 31, 2020) after the start of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy, compared to a similar 40-day period prior to February 21, and compared to two 40-day periods of 2019, there has been a marked reduction in psychiatric admission rates. The reduction was explained by voluntary admissions, while there was not a noticeable reduction for involuntary admissions. The reduction was visible for all diagnostic groups, except for a group of ‘Other’ diagnoses, which includes anxiety disorders, neurocognitive disorders, etc.Conclusions.Large-scale pandemics can modify voluntary admission rates to psychiatric facilities in the early phases following pandemic onset. We suggest that the reduction in admission rates may be due to fear of hospitals, seen as possible sites of contagion, as well as to a change in thresholds of behavioral problems acting as a trigger for admission requests from family relatives or referrals from treating clinicians. It is unclear from the study whether the reduction in admissions was contributed to most by the current pandemic or the lockdown imposed due to the pandemic.
Personality neuroscience and psychopathology: should we start with biology and look for neural-level factors?
Authors: McNaughton Neil 
Published: May 2020

Abstract“Personality is an abstraction used to explain consistency and coherency in an individual’s pattern of affects, cognitions, desires and behaviors [ABCDs]” (Revelle, 2007, p. 37). But personality research currently provides more a taxonomy of patterns than theories of fundamental causes. Psychiatric disorders can be viewed as involving extremes of personality but are diagnosed via symptom patterns not biological causes. Such surface-level taxonomic description is necessary for science, but consistent predictive explanation requires causal theory. Personality constructs, and especially their clinical extremes, should predict variation in ABCD patterns, with parsimony requiring the lowest effective causal level of explanation. But, even biologically inspired personality theories currently use an intuitive language-based approach for scale development that lacks biological anchors. I argue that teleonomic “purpose” explains the organisation and outputs of conserved brain emotion systems, where high activation is adaptive in specific situations but is otherwise maladaptive. Simple modulators of whole-system sensitivity evolved because the requisite adaptive level can vary across people and time. Sensitivity to a modulator is an abstract predictive personality factor that operates at the neural level but provides a causal explanation of both coherence and occasional apparent incoherence in ABCD variation. Neuromodulators impact all levels of the “personality hierarchy” from metatraits to aspects: stability appears altered by serotonergic drugs, neuroticism by ketamine and trait anxiety by simple anxiolytic drugs. Here, the tools of psychiatry transfer to personality research and imply both interaction between levels and oblique factor mappings to ABCD. On this view, much psychopathology reflects extremes of neural-level personality factors, and we can view much pharmacotherapy as temporarily altering personality. So, particularly for personality factors linked to basic emotions and their disorders, I think we should start with evolutionary biology and look directly at conserved neural-level modulators for our explanatory personality constructs and only invoke higher order, emergent, explanations when neural-level explanation fails.
Redeeming Santo Domingo: North Atlantic Missionaries and the Racial Conversion of a Nation
Authors: Davidson Christina Cecelia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article examines North Atlantic views of Protestant missions and race in the Dominican Republic between 1905 and 1911, a brief period of political stability in the years leading up to the U.S. Occupation (1916–1924). Although Protestant missions during this period remained small in scale on the Catholic island, the views of British and American missionaries evidence how international perceptions of Dominicans transformed in the early twentieth century. Thus, this article makes two key interventions within the literature on Caribbean race and religion. First, it shows how outsiders’ ideas about the Dominican Republic's racial composition aimed to change the Dominican Republic from a “black” country into a racially ambiguous “Latin” one on the international stage. Second, in using North Atlantic missionaries’ perspectives to track this shift, it argues that black-led Protestant congregations represented a possible alternative future that both elite Dominicans and white North Atlantic missionaries rejected.
Genesis of coronae and implications of an early Neoproterozoic thermal event: a case study from SE Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex, India
Authors: Adak Vedanta , Dutta Upama 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPartial equilibrium textures such as corona provide information on changing pressure–temperature (P-T) conditions experienced by a rock during its geological evolution. Coronae layers may form in single or multiple stages; understanding the genesis of each layer is necessary to correctly extract information regarding the physicochemical conditions experienced by the rock. Mafic rocks from SE Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex, India, show the presence of multi-layered coronae at olivine–plagioclase contact with the mineral sequence: olivine | orthopyroxene | amphibole + spinel | plagioclase. Textural studies indicate that the coronae formed during metamorphism in a single stage due to a reaction between olivine and plagioclase. Reaction modelling shows that the corona formation occurred in an open system and experienced a minor volume loss. Pseudosection modelling and thermobarometry suggest that theP-Tconditions related to corona formation are 860 ± 50°C and 7 ± 0.5 kbar. A μMgO-μCaOdiagram shows that the layers in coronae formed in response to chemical potential gradients between the reactant minerals. A combination of field observations and theP-Tconditions of coronae formation suggest a fluid-driven metamorphism. Correlation with extant geological information indicates that the corona-forming event is possibly related to the accretion of India and Antarctica during the assembly of Rodinia.
Salience and central executive networks track overgeneralization of conditioned-fear in post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Berg Hannah , Ma Yizhou , Rueter Amanda , Kaczkurkin Antonia , Burton Philip C. , DeYoung Colin G. , MacDonald Angus W. , Sponheim Scott R. , Lissek Shmuel M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundGeneralization of conditioned-fear, a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has been the focus of several recent neuroimaging studies. A striking outcome of these studies is the frequency with which neural correlates of generalization fall within hubs of well-established functional networks including salience (SN), central executive (CEN), and default networks (DN). Neural substrates of generalization found to date may thus reflect traces of large-scale brain networks that form more expansive neural representations of generalization. The present study includes the first network-based analysis of generalization and PTSD-related abnormalities therein.MethodsfMRI responses in established intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) representing SN, CEN, and DN were assessed during a generalized conditioned-fear task in male combat veterans (N = 58) with wide-ranging PTSD symptom severity. The task included five rings of graded size. Extreme sizes served as conditioned danger-cues (CS+: paired with shock) and safety-cues (CS−), and the three intermediate sizes served as generalization stimuli (GSs) forming a continuum-of-size between CS+ and CS–. Generalization-gradients were assessed as behavioral and ICN response slopes from CS+, through GSs, to CS–. Increasing PTSD symptomatology was predicted to relate to less-steep slopes indicative of stronger generalization.ResultsSN, CEN, and DN responses fell along generalization-gradients with levels of generalization within and between SN and CEN scaling with PTSD symptom severity.ConclusionsNeural substrates of generalized conditioned-fear include large-scale networks that adhere to the functional organization of the brain. Current findings implicate levels of generalization in SN and CEN as promising neural markers of PTSD.