bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutless and Atrimmec for Controlling Growth of Woody Landscape Plants in Containers
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Stefani Marcia A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cutless (flurprimidol) effectively reduced shoot elongation of container-grown woody ornamentals, including abelia, cotoneaster, crape myrtle, Foster holly, Mystery gardenia, Manhattan euonymus, photinia and rhododendron. Optimum Cutless 50W (flurprimidol) spray rates were 500–600 ppm for most species except for Manhattan euonymus (1250 ppm), Mystery gardenia and Natchez crape myrtle (750 ppm). Optimum Cutless 0.33G (flurprimidol) granular rates were 0.6 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A) for Coral Beauty cotoneaster and Foster holly, and 1.7 kg/ha (1.5 lb/A) for Fraser photinia. Atrimmec (dikegulac) was effective in controlling growth of abelia at spray rates of 1480 ppm, Coral Beauty cotoneaster, and Manhattan euonymus at 1600 ppm, Foster holly, and Fraser photinia at 4440 ppm. Neither Off-Shoot-O nor Trim-Cut (mefluidide) had a significant effect on any of the species studied. None of the growth regulators had a significant effect on nandina.
Validity of Screening for Foliage Cold Hardiness in the Laboratory
Authors: Johnson G.R. , Hirsh Allen G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Thirty-five broadleaf evergreens which are evergreen in USDA cold hardiness Zone 7 were screened using leaf discs in the laboratory for Zone 6 (-20C) temperatures. Field data were collected from the plants in the field after two consecutive nights with lows of-20C. Correlations between lab and field scores were high, demonstrating the usefulness of leaf discs in initially screening broadleaf evergreens for evergreeness. The method allows for a more thorough sampling of a taxon and may therefore give better results than using a limited number of larger leaf samples, such as whole leaves. A number of the tested taxa should prove evergreen in Zone 6, including: Camellia oleifera Abel ‘Lu Shan Snow’, Viburnum L. Arrowwood ‘Conoy’, Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl. ‘Cree’, and certain selections of Pyracantha M.J. Roem, Illicium anisatum L., Quercus acuta Thunb., Quercus myrsinifolia Blume and Daphniphyllum macropodum var. humile Miq.
Responses to High Root-zone Temperature Among Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple
Authors: Wilkins Lorna C. , Graves William R. , Townsend Alden M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine whether genotypes of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray) differ in responses to high root-zone temperature. During the first experiment, dry mass of ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple, ‘Indian Summer’ Freeman maple, and selections from Arkansas, Maine, and Wisconsin were similar at 24, 28, and 32C (75, 82, and 90F), but dry mass at 36C (97F) was only 22% of that at 28C (82F). ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple and ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’ Freeman maple differed in responses to 34C (93F) during the second experiment. Stem length and plant dry mass were higher at 28C (82F) than at 34C (93F) for all cultivars except ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Jeffersred’, and the extent to which 34C (93F) decreased the length of the longest third-order root ranged from 50% for ‘Autumn Flame’ to 90% for ‘Indian Summer’. The higher root-zone temperature decreased transpiration by as little as 25% for ‘Jeffersred’ to as much as 89% for ‘Franksred’, and 34C (93F) reduced leaf chlorophyll content of only ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’. These results indicate that ‘Franksred’ and ‘Indian Summer’ are relatively sensitive while ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Jeffersred’, and ‘Schlesinger’ are relatively resistant to high root-zone temperature.
Seed Source Affects Seedling Development and Nitrogen Fixation of Maackia amurensis
Authors: Pai J. Giridhar B. , Graves William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. were obtained from 38 sources, and 2,393 seedlings were examined for variation in plant growth and development. Mean stem length and number of leaves per plant after 21 months ranged from 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 in) and from 6 to 13, respectively, among seedlings from different sources. The mean product of length and width of a representative leaflet was 362 to 1510 mm2 (0.6 to 2.3 in2) among sources. A subset of seven seed sources was used to determine how seedling growth, root nodulation, and N content of shoots are influenced by applied N and inoculation with Bradyrhizobium. Plants from the seven sources varied in nodule dry mass and shoot N. Mean stem length, laminar area, and dry mass of plants provided N and grown in uninoculated medium were higher than those of plants not provided N regardless of inoculation. When N was not provided, inoculation increased N in shoots but did not affect growth. Nodule dry mass of plants in inoculated medium was correlated positively with surface area of lamina. Variation among seedlings provides a basis for selecting genotypes that produce high nodule mass and grow rapidly.
Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Biological Control against the Banded Ash Clearwing Borer
Authors: Smith-Fiola Deborah C. , Gill Stanton A. , Way Robert G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three species of entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for suppression of the banded ash clearwing borer (BACB; Podosesia aureocincta) attacking green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Field trials were located in Howard County, Maryland (shopping mall parking lot), utilizing Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae, and Ocean County, New Jersey (suburban street trees), utilizing Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. glaseri. Nematodes were applied as bark sprays in June (NJ), July (MD), and October (NJ) using a backpack sprayer. Examination of pupal exuviae and/or adult emergence revealed reduced BACB populations in 7 of 9 nematode treatments, with control ranging from 12-54 percent. Nematode sprays applied to dry bark did not provide acceptable control.
Evaluating Pulp and Paper Sludge as a Substitute For Peat Moss in Container Media
Authors: Tripepi Robert R. , George Mary W. , Campbell Alton G. , Shafii Bahman 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pulp and paper sludge from a newsprint mill was composted for 6 weeks and evaluated as a substitute for peat moss in container media. One-year-old seedlings of lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) and amur maple (Acer tataricum L. ssp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm.) as well as rooted cuttings of cistena plum (Prunus × cistena Hansen) were planted in #1 plastic pots that contained a pine bark and sand mixture (2:1 by vol) or pine bark and sand amended with either 25% or 50% peat moss or composted paper sludge. A 75% compost medium that consisted of composted paper sludge and sand (3:1 by vol) was also used in the study. Plant height was measured every 4 weeks. After 14 weeks of growth, shoot dry weight and final plant height were measured. All plants in compost-amended media grew as well as or better than those in peat-amended media, regardless of the species grown. Lilac plants in 25% compost produced almost double the amount of shoot dry weight and were 80% taller than plants in the bark: sand or 25% peat media. Maple plants in 50% compost produced at least 33% more shoot dry weight than those in either peat-amended medium. Plum cuttings in 25% compost grew at least 53% taller than those in either peat-amended medium. These results demonstrated that composted paper sludge from newsprint production was a worthy substitute for peat moss in a container medium for the three species tested.
Cold Hardiness of Flowering Crabapple Cultivars
Authors: McNamara Steve , Pellett Harold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cold hardiness of 38 crabapple taxa (Malus L.) was evaluated on 6 dates throughout the dormant period of 1992–93. Differences in cold hardiness among taxa were detected on all sampling dates, with no single cultivar being consistently most hardy. Midwinter hardiness levels ranged from −32C (−26F) for ‘Jewelberry’ to −44C (−47F) for M. baccata ‘Jackii’. ‘Dolgo’, ‘Red Jade’, ‘Red Splendor’, ‘Selkirk’, and M. baccata ‘Jackii’ were all hardy to at least −40C (−40F) in midwinter and also exhibited excellent early-and late-season hardiness. Large differences in hardiness among crabapple taxa were observed on November 9 and April 26 sampling dates [14C (25F) and 17C (31F), respectively], indicating that taxa vary substantially in timing and/or rates of acclimation and deacclimation. Although most cultivars demonstrated adequate hardiness for use in USDA hardiness zone 4a, the acclimation and deacclimation characteristics of some taxa may predispose them to injury from extreme low temperatures in the fall and early spring.
Rooting and Subsequent Overwinter Survival of Stem Cuttings of Stewartia ovata
Authors: Curtis David L. , Ranney Thomas G. , Blazich Frank A. , Whitman Everett P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted using stem cuttings of Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby to evaluate: 1) effects of indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentration on percent rooting and rooting index (root system size), 2) influence of N rate and medium amendments (dolomitic lime and/or complete fertilizer) on budbreak prior to overwintering and survival and shoot growth of cuttings following overwintering, and 3) effects of chilling duration on overwinter survival and subsequent shoot growth. Softwood cuttings of S. ovata were taken on June 19 and July 23, 1992, and treated with 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, or 8000 ppm IBA in 50% isopropyl alcohol. Rooting percentages and rooting index were highest for cuttings taken in June and treated with 2000 or 4000 ppm IBA. In the second experiment, cuttings were rooted in pine bark containing three different amendment combinations, and fertilized weekly with either 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppm N following root initiation. Overwinter survival was higher for cuttings rooted in pine bark or pine bark amended with lime, but decreased for cuttings in pine bark amended with lime and a complete fertilizer. Increasing N fertilization up to 200 ppm weekly stimulated budbreak prior to overwintering, resulted in greater shoot growth following overwintering, but had no effect on overwintering survival. In the third experiment, rooted cuttings were subjected to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks chilling at 6C (43F). Cuttings chilled for 10 weeks had the highest percent budbreak (survival) and greater overall shoot growth over a 12 week forcing period.
Susceptibility of ‘Skyline’ Honeylocust to Cankers Caused by Nectria cinnabarina Influenced by Nursery Field Management System
Authors: Calkins James B. , Swanson Bert T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The influence of five nursery field management treatments including alternative, sustainable practices (ie. companion crops, allelopathic cover crops/mulches) on the incidence of stem cankers caused by Nectria cinnabarina (Tode: Fr.) Fr. on ‘Skyline’ thornless honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd. ‘Skyline’) was monitored in Minnesota. Although considered a stress related disease, field management treatments that reduced tree vigor (ie. growth), decreased susceptibility to attack by N. cinnabarina while treatments which promoted vigorous growth increased susceptibility. The observed vulnerability of honeylocust trees to N. cinnabarina may be related to plant cold hardiness and subsequent winter injury to root and crown tissue as affected by nursery field management treatment. Moisture stress late in the growing season, resulting from root injury during the previous winter, mechanical root injury from cultivation, and high summer soil temperatures may have increased susceptibility to N. cinnabarina for honeylocust trees grown in bare soil field production systems. Moisture stress in late summer may not be reflected in plant growth, but may increase the susceptibility of honeylocust trees to attack by N. cinnabarina.
Propagation of ‘Carolina Sapphire’ Smooth Arizona Cypress by Stem Cuttings: Effects of Growth Stage, Type of Cutting, and IBA Treatment
Authors: Stubbs Hunter L. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of ‘Carolina Sapphire’ smooth Arizona cypress [Cupressus arizonica var. glabra (Sudw.) Little ‘Carolina Sapphire’] consisting of 30 cm (12 in) terminals or distal [terminal 15 cm (6 in)] and proximal [basal 15 cm (6 in)] halves of 30 cm (12 in) terminals were taken on three dates associated with specific growth stages (semi-hardwood, hardwood, and softwood). Cuttings were treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) in 50% isopropanol ranging from 0 to 16,000 ppm (1.6%) and placed under intermittent mist. Regardless of cutting type and auxin treatment, cuttings rooted at each growth stage. Overall percent rooting was highest during the hardwood stage (70%), followed by the semi-hardwood stage (44%). Softwood cuttings exhibited the lowest overall rooting (33%). At each growth stage, percent rooting, root count, and root dry weight varied depending on cutting type and IBA treatment. Rooting percentages ≥70% were attained at the semi-hardwood and hardwood growth stages for particular treatment combinations.
Effects of Preemergence-applied Herbicides on Pampas Grass Grown in Containers
Authors: Green James C. , Keever Gary J. , Gilliam Charles H. , Palmer Christine K. , Olive John W. , Joseph Eakes D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments evaluated the effects of preemergence herbicides on growth of pampas grass [Cortaderia selloana (Schult. and Schult f.) Asch. and Graebn.] applied after transplanting from 72-cell packs into 3.8 liter (#1) containers. Ronstar (oxadiazon) and Regal O-O (oxadiazon + oxyfluorfen) applied at the manufacturers' recommended rates caused little or no injury. Ornamental Weedgrass Control (pendimethalin), Pendulum 2G (pendimethalin), Pendulum 60 WDG (pendimethalin), Surflan 4AS (oryzalin), Rout (oryzalin + oxyfluorfen), and Factor 65 WG (prodiamine) suppressed root development in the upper 5.1 cm (2 in) of the container medium in both experiments. Application of Surflan 4AS resulted in 100% and 70% mortality of plants in the two experiments, respectively. Lodging was greatest with Factor 65 WG (100% and 90% in the two experiments) and Pendulum 60 WDG (50% in both studies). Some lodging occurred with the application of all dinitroaniline herbicides in the two studies.
Estimating the Cost of Producing Container-Grown Landscape Plants with the Assistance of Computer Accounting Software
Authors: Foshee Kenneth H. , House Lisa Offenbach , Phillips Travis D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Procedures and practices for a container nursery record keeping system were developed. The goal of developing this system was to allow for cost allocation to a given group of plants for pricing and planning purposes. To accomplish this, the economic engineering method was employed to develop a model nursery firm where the best proven practices of plant production were utilized. Enterprise budgets were updated and modified to estimate cost of production for container sized #1 woody landscape plants by five plant species. Job-cost accounting procedures were used to allocate annual fixed costs and general overhead expenses. Results revealed that fixed cost per plant represented approximately one-third of total cost per plant for each species and production method. Determination of per-plant costs in trials was important in determining whether the production of a species was profitable. This also aided in establishing selling prices.
Screening Buddleia Cultivars for Acute Ozone Sensitivity
Authors: Findley Douglas A. , Keever Gary J. , Chappelka Arthur H. , Gilliam Charles H. , Joseph Eakes D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eight cultivars of buddleia were exposed to ozone (O3) concentrations up to 375 ppb for two 4-hour periods on consecutive days in 1995. Visible injury to all cultivars consisted of small, discrete spots, reddish purple in color, on the adaxial leaf surface. Cultivars differed in sensitivity to acute O3 exposure with ‘Empire Blue’ and ‘Opera’ being the most tolerant and ‘Black Knight’, ‘Nanho Blue’, ‘Pink Delight’, and ‘Royal Red’ the most sensitive. Severe injury occurred on the most sensitive cultivars with O3 exposures of 250 or 375 ppb. At the highest O3 concentration, the severity index (SI), an indicator of foliar injury, ranged from 1.3 (less injury) for ‘Opera’ to 4.6 (more injury) for ‘Pink Delight’. An exposure-response study with ‘Black Knight’ resulted in visible injury increasing as both concentration and number of exposures increased, with the most severe injury to plants given the most exposures (5 days) to the highest concentration (375 ppb, SI of 6.3).
Susceptibility of Selected Juniper Cultivars to Cedar-Apple Rust, Kabatina Tip Blight, Cercospora Needle Blight and Botryosphaeria Canker
Authors: Tisserat Ned A. , Pair John C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The susceptibility of 39 juniper (Juniperus L.) cultivars to cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein.), Kabatina tip blight (Kabatina juniperi R. Schneider & Arx), Cercospora needle blight (Cercospora sequoiae Ellis & Everh. var. juniperi Ellis & Everh.), and Botryosphaeria canker (Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker) was studied in field plantings located in Wichita and Manhattan, KS. Cultivars of J. scopulorum Sarg. showed variable susceptibility to cedar-apple rust and most were moderately to highly susceptible to Kabatina tip blight and Cercospora needle blight. Many were also severely damaged by Botryosphaeria canker. Most J. virginiana L. cultivars were susceptible to cedar-apple rust but were more resistant to other disease problems than J. scopulorum. Cultivars of J. chinensis were highly resistant to all four diseases observed in the plantings. Conidia of B. stevensii were primarily collected in spore traps in late May and June, suggesting this is a major period for fungal infection.
Influence of Surflan (Oryzalin) Concentrations in Irrigation Water on Growth and Physiological Processes of Gardenia jasminoides radicans and Pennisetum rupelli
Authors: Bhandary Rajgopal , Whitwell Ted , Briggs Jeanne , Fernandez R. Thomas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of oryzalin concentrations on growth, CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration and ethylene synthesis in dwarf gardenia and fountain grass (tolerant and sensitive species). The plant species were subjected to irrigation water containing 10 μg/liter, 100 μg/liter and 1000 μg/liter oryzalin. CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration were measured 2 and 4 weeks after treatment initiation, and ethylene evolution was determined at the end of the study. Oryzalin did not affect net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration or ethylene evolution for dwarf gardenia or fountain grass. Dwarf gardenia shoot and root weights were not affected by oryzalin, but shoot and root weights of fountain grass were reduced by the highest concentration.
Response of Shade Trees Grown in In-ground Containers to Three Container Substrates
Authors: Murray Christine L. , Lumis Glen P. , Chong Calvin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two-year-old branched seedling whips of green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. and European birch, Betula pendula Roth, were grown for two seasons (1991 and 1992) in 38-liter (# 10) rigid, plastic, in-ground containers in three different substrate treatments: 10%, 50% and 100% soil, containing 10:30:60, 50:30:20, or 100:0:0 of field soil:sphagnum peat:ground pine bark, respectively. Trees were also planted directly into the soil (field-grown) to serve as a baseline control treatment. Top dry mass, trunk diameter and root dry mass in 1991 and 1992 and two size categories of root dry mass (&lt;3 and 3&lt;6 mm) in 1991 were consistently greatest for container-grown trees in the 10% soil treatment and least in the 100% soil treatments. Corresponding results for the 50% soil treatment were intermediate between the other treatments or similar to the 10% soil treatment. In 1991, the top dry mass and trunk diameter of both species grown in containers with 10% soil and in 1992, the top dry mass of ash, in the same treatment, were greater than those of field-grown trees.
Suppression of Seashore Paspalum in Bermudagrass with Herbicides
Authors: Davis Steve D. , Duncan Ronny R. , Jack Johnson B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A mixture of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) with bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) results in an overall poor quality turf on golf course fairways. A field experiment was conducted at two locations during 1997 in Hawaii to determine if herbicides would control paspalum encroachment without causing undesirable injury to the bermudagrass. Three applications of Asulox (asulam) applied alone at a total rate of 4.4 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) or with Image (imazaquin) suppressed paspalum ≥97% by 8 weeks after the initial treatment and ≥83% by 10 weeks. The suppression from three applications of Trimec Plus (MSMA + 2,4-D + mecoprop + dicamba) at a total rate of 11.1 kg/ha (9.6 lb/A) was ≥63% at 8 weeks and ≥70% by 10 weeks. Paspalum suppression from an initial application with Trimec Plus followed by two Asulox treatments was not advantageous, compared with three Asulox treatments. Three applications of Trimec Plus suppressed at least 70% paspalum by 10 weeks. The suppression was poor when treated with Ally (metsulfuron) and sequential applications with Surflan (oryzalin) and MSMA. Tifway bermudagrass (C. transvaalensis x C. dactylon) was severely injured when treated with all herbicides except Ally and Surflan plus MSMA. Maximum injury ranged from 40% when treated sequentially with Trimec Plus and Asulox, to 50% when treated with Asulox, 57% when treated with Asulox plus Image, and 91% when treated with Trimec Plus. By 10 weeks, bermudagrass had started to recover but the overall injury ranged from 28% to 40%.
Effects of Mulch Made From Flurprimidol Treated Zinnia, Silver Maple, and White Ash on Growth of Zinnia
Authors: Premachandra Gnanasiri S. , Chaney William R. , Holt Harvey A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Potential for carryover of flurprimidol in mulch derived from landscape plants and trees treated with this tree growth regulator and its effects on plants were investigated. Flurprimidol (Cutless®) was applied as a soil drench to the growing medium of greenhouse grown zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Scarlet’) at six concentrations ranging from 0.0016 to 5 mg/kg (0.00000003 to 0.0001 oz/lb) and as solid tree implants (0.2 g a.i./cm diameter) (0.018 oz/in) to plantation grown silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) and white ash (Fraxinus americana L). Shoots of zinnia were collected three weeks after treatment with flurprimidol and the leaves and one-year-old twigs of the two tree species were collected 1, 6, and 18 months after treatment. Tissues were ground into small particles and either mixed with the growing medium or applied to the surface of pots containing zinnia. Low concentrations of flurprimidol (0.0016 to 0.04 mg/kg soil) (0.00000003 to 0.0000006 oz/lb) stimulated the growth of zinnia, whereas higher concentrations (0.2 to 5 mg/kg) (0.000003 to 0.0001 oz/lb) reduced growth when applied either directly to the growing medium or as residue in mulch derived from treated plants. Mulch made from leaf or twig tissues of silver maple 6 and 18 months after treatment with trunk implants and of white ash 18 months after treatment reduced growth of zinnia.