bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of salivary noncoding microRNAs for the diagnosis of oral cancers
Authors: Deutsch Fiona T. , Khoury Samantha J. , Sunwoo John B. , Elliott Michael S. , Tran Nham T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOral cancer is on the rise globally and survival rates, despite improvements in clinical care, have not significantly improved. Early detection followed by immediate intervention is key to improving patient outcomes. The use of biomarkers has changed the diagnostic landscape for many cancers. For oral cancers, visual inspection followed by a tissue biopsy is standard practice. The discovery of microRNAs as potential biomarkers has attracted clinical interest but several challenges remain. These microRNAs can be found in bodily fluids such as blood and saliva which have been investigated as potential sources of biomarker discovery. As oral cancer is localized within the oral cavity, saliva may contain clinically relevant molecular markers for disease detection. Our review provides an outline of the current advances for the application of salivary microRNAs in oral cancer. We also provide a technical guide for the processing of salivary RNAs to ensure accurate clinical measurement and validation.
Neurotoxicity of metal‐containing nanoparticles and implications in glial cells
Authors: Chang Xiaoru , Li Jiangyan , Niu Shuyan , Xue Yuying , Tang Meng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWith the development of nanotechnology, metal‐containing nanoparticles are used widely in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The neurotoxicity of these nanoparticles has drawn attention. Glial cells (particularly microglial cells and astrocytes) have important functions in the CNS. Neural disorders are related to functional/histologic damage to glial cells. Dysfunctions of microglial cells or astrocytes injure the brain, and cause the neurodegeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We have summarized the route of access of metal‐containing nanoparticles to the CNS, as well as their neurotoxicity and potential molecular mechanisms involved in glial cells. Metal‐containing nanoparticles cross or bypass the blood‐brain barrier, access the CNS and cause neurotoxicity. The potential mechanisms are related to inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA and/or mitochondrial damage and cell death, all of which are mediated by microglial cell activation, inflammatory factor release, generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and/or autophagy in glial cells. Moreover, these processes increase the burden of the CNS and even accelerate the occurrence or development of neurodegenerative diseases. Some important signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of neurotoxicity in glial cells caused by nanoparticles are also discussed.
Co‐occurrence characteristics of antibiotics and estrogens and their relationships in a lake system affected by wastewater
Authors: Zhang Fengsong , Yang Linsheng , Wang Huaxin 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTAntibiotics and estrogens are recognized as emerging contaminants in the water environment because of their potentially adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. The concentrations of four steroid estrogens (17α‐estradiol, 17β‐estradiol, estrone, and estriol) and eight antibiotics (norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, metronidazole, sulfapyridine, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole) in the Chaohu Lake basin in Anhui province, China, were analyzed along with adjacent wastewater. The levels of the target antibiotics and estrogens were below detection limits (not detected [nd])–89.86 and nd–118.09 ng L−1, respectively, in the lake water. All of the target antibiotics and estrogens were detected in sediment, and the concentrations ranged widely (nd–35,544 and nd–16,344 ng kg−1, respectively). Antibiotics and estrogens varied spatially in the study area and mostly came from untreated wastewater. Antibiotics and estrogens were associated with water parameters such as pH and total nitrogen. A significant positive correlation was observed between estriol and levofloxacin concentrations (r = .65; p < .01), indicating that levofloxacin from the same source might have inhibited the microbiological degradation of estriol in the surface water. Overall, the estrogens pose a more severe risk than antibiotics to the Chaohu Lake system. However, co‐occurrence of antibiotics may affect the fate of estrogens in the same lake media. More attention should be given to estrogens than to antibiotics in wastewater‐affected lake systems.
Bone marrow infiltration pattern in patients with intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma diagnosed by random skin biopsy
Authors: Matsue Kosei , Abe Yoshiaki , Narita Kentaro , Kobayashi Hiroki , Kitadate Akihiro , Miura Daisuke , Takeuchi Masami , Takeuchi Kengo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe retrospectively analyzed bone marrow (BM) infiltration pattern in consecutive 30 intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) patients diagnosed by random skin biopsy (RSB). BM infiltration of lymphoma was observed in 18 patients (60.0%), including five patients with the intrasinusoidal pattern with minimal extravasation, eight patients with the mixed of intrasinusoidal and scattered/interstitial or nodular infiltration, and five patients with the nodular/diffuse pattern. Twelve patients were negative for lymphoma infiltration. BM histology of patients with IVLBCL were diverse and frequently discordant with those of other site of IVLBCL lesions. BM biopsy had a poorer diagnostic performance for detecting intravascular features.
Will differentiated care for stable HIV patients reduce healthcare systems costs?
Authors: Larson Bruce A , Pascoe Sophie JS , Huber Amy , Long Lawrence C , Murphy Joshua , Miot Jacqui , Fox Matthew P , Fraser‐Hurt Nicole , Rosen Sydney 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionSouth Africa’s National Department of Health launched the National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in 2015. These guidelines include adherence clubs (AC) and decentralized medication delivery (DMD) as two differentiated models of care for stable HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy. While the adherence guidelines do not suggest that provider costs (costs to the healthcare system for medications, laboratory tests and visits to clinics or alternative locations) for stable patients in these differentiated models of care will be lower than conventional, clinic‐based care, recent modelling exercises suggest that such differentiated models could substantially reduce provider costs. In the context of continued implementation of the guidelines, we discuss the conditions under which provider costs of care for stable HIV patients could fall, or rise, with AC and DMD models of care in South Africa.DiscussionIn prior studies of HIV care and treatment costs, three main cost categories are antiretroviral medications, laboratory tests and general interaction costs based on encounters with health workers. Stable patients are likely to be on the national first‐line regimen (Tenofovir/Entricitabine/Efavarinz (TDF/FTC/EFV)), so no difference in the costs of medications is expected. Laboratory testing guidelines for stable patients are the same regardless of the model of care, so no difference in laboratory costs is expected as well. Based on existing information regarding the costs of clinic visits, AC visits and DMD drug pickups, we expect that for some clinics, visit costs for DMD or AC models of care could be less, but modestly so, than for conventional, clinic‐based care. For other clinics, however, DMD or AC models could have higher visit costs (see Table 2).ConclusionsThe standard of care for stable patients has already been “differentiated” for years in South Africa, prior to the roll out of the new adherence guidelines. AC and DMD models of care, when implemented as envisioned in the guidelines, are unlikely to generate substantive reductions or increases in provider costs of care.
Stochastic process of extreme rainless periods in Serbia
Authors: Srdjevic Bojan , Srdjevic Zorica , Benka Pavel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper analyses extreme rainless periods for the territory of Serbia in southeast Europe. Treated as meteorological droughts from an agriculture perspective, the number of rainless periods longer than 20 days as well as their distributions is examined for the growing season (April–September) using data from a period of 50 years. The related stochastic process is modelled via the Zelenhasic–Todorovic (ZT) method for 20 evenly distributed locations across Serbia and important results are mapped in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. The principal components of the process are the number of rainless periods following a Poisson distribution, the theoretical exponential distribution of all droughts' duration and the theoretical double exponential distribution of the (yearly) longest drought's duration. These components are significant for agriculture under climate change because frequent and long‐lasting periods without or with very small amounts of rainfall (e.g., 3 mm·m−2·day−1) have a negative impact on crop production and require additional agricultural measures. This study shows that rainless periods long up to 45 days can be expected every 5 years. Extremely long droughts up to 75 days can be expected every 100 years. The saturation effect, visible if the distribution functions of the longest rainless periods are analysed for different return periods (100, 50, 20, 10, 5 and 2 years) at different locations in Serbia, illustrates that droughts of longer than approximately 55 days may occur every 50 years, while shorter droughts (30–33 days) may be expected every second year. Through quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of rainless periods across Serbia, this work demonstrates that periods without rain are at least equally important as periods with rain. As both are aspects of a unique climate variability process, they influence agriculture and other socio‐economic sectors and have major impacts on the reliability, resilience and vulnerability of production systems, industries and services.
The Role of Vocal Fold Bowing on Cough and Swallowing Dysfunction in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Enver Necati , Borders James C. , Curtis James A. , Sevitz Jordanna S. , Vanegas‐Arroyave Nora , Troche Michelle S. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease which results in cough and swallowing dysfunction and aspiration pneumonia. Relationships among vocal fold atrophy, cough, and swallowing have been identified in related diseases, but remain unknown in PSP. This study examined: 1) the prevalence of vocal fold bowing in PSP, and 2) the influence of vocal fold bowing on cough and swallowing in PSP.Study DesignProspective Cohort Study.MethodsTwenty‐three participants with PSP completed instrumental assessments of cough and swallowing. Vocal fold bowing (BI) and swallowing safety (PAS) was assessed using flexible laryngoscopy. Measures of cough effectiveness were obtained using spirometry. Statistical analyses were used to determine the frequency of mild–moderate (BI > 0) and severe (BI > 12.2) bowing, and to assess the influence of BI on PAS and cough effectiveness in PSP.ResultsFifty‐two percent (n = 12) of participants exhibited severe bowing while 48% (n = 11) exhibited mild‐to‐moderate bowing. Voluntary cough peak expiratory flow rate (P = .01), as well as reflex (P = .02) and voluntary (P = .005) cough volume acceleration were lower for participants with severe BI when compared to mild‐to‐moderate BI. However, BI did not influence PAS (P > .05).ConclusionsFindings from this study suggest that vocal fold bowing is highly prevalent in PSP and associated with reduced reflex and voluntary cough effectiveness. These findings provide insight into the pathophysiology of compromised airway protection in this patient population. Future studies should examine vocal fold atrophy as a treatment target for behavioral and medical intervention in PSP.Level of Evidence3 (Prospective Observational Study) Laryngoscope, 131:1217–1222, 2021
Analysing the research performance of province‐level administrative regions in China
Authors: Zhang Guijie , Wei Fangfang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper conducts a comparative study of the scientific publications of the 31 province‐level regions of Mainland China during 2006–2018. The main results are as follows. First, the four indices, ordered by total number of papers indexed, across all provinces, are the Science Citation Index (SCI), Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD), Chinese Social Science Citation Index (CSSCI), and Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). The number of international publications from these regions shows an increasing trend, while the number of domestic research outputs shows a fluctuating trend. Second, the international and domestic publications produced by these regions greatly improved over the study period. Third, different regions vary greatly not only in research output but also in research preference. The top five preferred disciplines of international and domestic academic achievement are very different; the former all belong to the natural sciences, while more than 7 of 10 of the latter belong to the social sciences. Moreover, the adjacency matrices of the similarity of the 31 regions show that there is some correlation between the research spotlight of a region and its economic and cultural patterns. In general, scientific research in China has developed rapidly in recent years, and different regions vary greatly not only in research achievement but also in research preference.Key points
Scientific output is unevenly distributed between Chinese provinces, with Beijing, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Hubei, and Shaanxi each contributing almost half total output.
The majority of Chinese‐authored articles in international journals are in STM areas, with national journals capturing the majority of social science articles.
Beijing has the highest number of articles in Q1 and Q2 journals within Web of Science, followed by Jiangsu and then Shanghai.
The different regions of china specialize in different academic disciplines, with some universities excelling social sciences and others in pure and applied sciences.
Sound levels with aural suctioning: Effects of suction size, canal moisture, and distance from the eardrum
Authors: Young Allen , Reeve Nathaniel H. , Yang Albert , Kahane Jacob , Cross Chad , Albanese Anita , Ng Matthew 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine sound levels resulting from aural suctioning of the external auditory canal.MethodsUnweighted decibels (dB) and A‐weighted decibels (dBA) sound pressure level measurements were recorded using a retrotympanic microphone in cadaveric human temporal bones. Sound measurements were made with common otologic suctions, size 3, 5, and 7 French, within the external ear canal at the tympanic membrane, 5, and 10 mm from the tympanic membrane in the dry condition. In the wet condition, the ear canal was filled with fluid and completely suctioned clear to determine sound effects of suctioning liquid from the ear canal.ResultsSound levels generated from ear canal suctioning ranged from 68.3 to 97 dB and 62.6 to 95.1 dBA. Otologic suctions positioned closer to the tympanic membrane resulted in louder sound levels, but was not statistically significant (P > .05). Using larger diameter suctions generated louder dB and dBA sound levels (P < .001) and the addition of liquid in the ear canal during the suction process generated louder dB and dBA sound levels (P < .001).ConclusionsSmaller caliber suction sizes and nonsuctioning techniques should be utilized for in‐office aural toilet to reduce noise trauma and patient discomfort.Level of evidence5
Engineering of the Second‐Harmonic Emission Directionality with III–V Semiconductor Rod Nanoantennas
Authors: Saerens Grégoire , Tang Iek , Petrov Mihail I. , Frizyuk Kristina , Renaut Claude , Timpu Flavia , Reig Escalé Marc , Shtrom Igor , Bouravleuv Alexey , Cirlin George , Grange Rachel , Timofeeva Maria 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe ability to engineer nonlinear optical emission from nanostructures is a key challenge to create efficient and compact components for integrated devices. This paper shows a method to control and manipulate the directionality of second‐harmonic generation emission by engineering geometry and position of rod nanoantennas. Single and dimer nanoantennas are fabricated by slicing III–V semiconductor nanowires with focused ion beam milling. The nonlinear optical response of nanoantennas is tailored by adjusting their length and position to achieve a targeted phase difference. The studied GaAs nanoantennas have a wurtzite structure that allows to achieve preferable directions for the second‐harmonic emission compared to a typical bulk zinc blende structure from top‐down fabricated nanostructures. Wurtzite nanoantennas provide a pure electric dipole response at the second‐harmonic wavelength, which together with pi‐phase control of emitted light is used for designing nonlinear emission patterns. The simulation results show how to redirect the second‐harmonic beam up to 30° and how to tailor the emission profile by adding elements. This method of second‐harmonic generation manipulation and phase array engineering can be applied to different types of nanowires and nanostructures. Nonlinear beam steering with structures from nanowires will foster the creation of compact optical components for integrated circuits.
Design Considerations for Energy Efficient DWDM PAM4 Transceivers Employing Avalanche Photodiodes
Authors: Kumar Ankur , Huang Zhihong , Zeng Xiaoge , Wang Binhao , Liang Di , Sorin Wayne , Fiorentino Marco , Beausoleil Raymond G. , Palermo Samuel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn effective approach to increase per‐fiber bandwidth is to combine per‐wavelength four‐level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). Silicon photonic transceivers based on microring resonator modulators and drop filters can allow for an efficient realization of this. Utilizing avalanche photodiodes (APDs) in the receiver front‐ends of these transceivers can significantly improve sensitivity, allowing for reduced source laser power and overall improved power efficiency. This paper analyzes the optical‐modulation amplitude (OMA) sensitivity of these APD‐based PAM4 receivers in a silicon photonic DWDM link. A comprehensive link budget is considered that takes into account various system losses and relevant noise sources. Modeling with a developed APD that has a maximum 230 GHz gain‐bandwidth product predicts sensitivity improvements at 32 to 64 Gb s−1 PAM4 ranging from 9.8 to 12 dB relative to a conventional p‐i‐n photodiode. Scaling the APD gain‐bandwidth to 310 GHz allows support of 112 Gb s−1 with −13.2 dBm OMA sensitivity at a BER of with an APD gain of 10. Utilizing the presented architecture, link budget analysis predicts a 9.5x reduction in laser power with APDs and that 38 mW source laser optical power can support a four‐channel DWDM link operating at an aggregate 448 Gb s−1 data rate.
HINT: BECOMING A LEADER DOESN'T HAVE TO BE DAUNTING
Authors: Goldin Kara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis is the story of how I overcame a seemingly endless series of no's and you cant's and it's impossible's to create a unique product, build a thriving company, compete with some of the biggest beverage companies on the planet—and live a life filled with rich experience and constant learning. Today, Hint Water is the #1 flavored water in the United States. I call myself an accidental entrepreneur because I came to the world of start‐ups differently than a lot of other entrepreneurs. Founding a company was never my goal. I didn't go to business school. I was in my mid‐thirties when I founded Hint. In addition to the troubles that are personal and directly related to your business, you will also have to deal with challenges and setbacks that are not of your own making and not within your control. We've gotten Hint through deep recession, political upheaval, competitive challenge, a pandemic, and more. If you want to live in a world where things are different, you sometimes have to do things that others consider foolish, but that you think of as bold, life‐changing, and valuable.
New insights into the stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel in ethanolic media
Authors: Ashrafriahi Ali , Ebrahimy Amir Forrozan , Ramsundar Vindel , Korinek Andreas , Newman Roger 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPotentiostatic slow strain rate testing was conducted on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) test specimens exposed to ethanolic environments prepared from pure dehydrated ethanol. The mechanism of SCC in such environments is not well‐understood. Cracks of various types—intergranular and transgranular open cracks, and sharp closed transgranular cracks—were found by altering several testing parameters. The presence of chloride was found to be essential for crack initiation. A scanning electron microscope examination indicated that an “anodic” cracking mechanism, not necessarily slip dissolution, was most likely operating at high elongations. Sharp, closed transgranular cracks, with a maximum depth of 4 µm, were detected at elongations below 3% in ethanol solutions containing 2.5‐mM LiCl. A focused ion beam was used to extract such a transgranular crack tip for analytical transmission electron microscopy using electron energy loss spectroscopy, which confirmed that the crack was in a ferrite grain. The sharp closed transgranular cracks seem to ally with the cracks observed in CO–CO2–H2O and anhydrous ammonia environments, which are proposed to grow by unique cleavage mechanisms. The possibility of embrittlement by carbon interstitials produced by ethanol electro‐oxidation within the crack is discussed.
Facile Synthesis of Novel Thermo‐Responsive Polyvalerolactones with Tunable LCSTs
Authors: Yiu Asteria , Simchuk Daniel , Hao Jing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThermoresponsive polymers have emerged as promising candidates for biomedical applications. Seven novel oligoethylene glycol (OEG) functionalized polyvalerolactones P1–P7 are synthesized from poly(α‐allyl‐δ‐valerolactone) via thiol‐ene addition post‐polymerization modification. All seven polymers exhibit thermoresponsive behavior with lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) ranging from 13.8 to 92.2 °C. Polymers P5–P7 are synthesized via thiol‐ene addition reaction using two thiol mixtures at three different ratios. LCSTs of P5–P7 fall in between those of P1 and P2, and exhibit a linear relationship, indicating a tunable thermoresponsive system. This newly developed system offers great control for a desired thermoresponsive biocompatible, biodegradable polymeric system with desired LCSTs.
Ionic (Co)Organocatalyst with (Thio)Urea Anion and Tetra‑n‑butyl Ammonium Cation for the Polymerization of γ‐Butyrolactone
Authors: Fang Ge , Zhe Wang , Yanyun Zhu , Xiaowu Wang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn effective ionic organocatalyst system is developed for the challenging ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of γ‐butyrolactone (GBL) at low temperature. The catalysts are prepared by dehydration reaction between tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) and (thio)ureas at ambient temperature, and utilized with or without extra benzyl alcohol (BnOH) initiator. The solid‐state structure of TUA‐3 comprising thiourea anion is characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Typically, a mixture of cyclic and linear poly(GBL) with low molecular weights (5000–1600 g mol−1) and slightly narrow molecular distribution Ð (1.2–1.4) is obtained by single base with/without combination with (thio)ureas. Interestingly, solely linear high‐molecular‐weight poly(GBL) (10 400 g mol−1) can be achieved by a synergistic effect of TBAOH/N,N′‐isopropylthiourea in the presence of BnOH. The obtained poly(GBL) is characterized with NMR spectroscopy and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI‐TOF MS). Mechanistic studies reveal different polymerization initiation steps in this reported catalyst system, which leads to poly(GBL) with divergent end groups.