bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on the drag reduction property of puffer (Takifugu flavidus) spinal nonsmooth structure surface
Authors: Zhou Honggen , Liu Chenqing , Tian Guizhong , Feng Xiaoming , Jia Changfeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPuffers show good drag reduction performance during migration. It is worth noting that spines which are different from ordinary fish scales are densely distributed on the puffer skin. Here, the special morphological structure of puffer spines was observed using microscopy techniques, accurate contour models were established based on image processing techniques and curve fitting, then feature sizes were obtained. Based on the results, the nonsmooth surface was established by orthogonal test to simulate the flow field. In addition, the influence of spinal structure on boundary layer flow field and the drag reduction property of nonsmooth surface were further analyzed. The nonsmooth surface formed by spinal structure elements can effectively reduce the wall shear stress and Reynolds stress, and there was a special “climbing vortex” phenomenon, so as to reduce the surface viscous friction resistance and achieve drag reduction. Compared with the smooth surface, the drag reduction rate of the nonsmooth surface was 12.94% when the inflow velocity was 5 m/s, which revealed and verified the drag reduction performance of the spines of puffer skin. The results lay a foundation for further research and optimization of drag reduction ability of nonsmooth surface of bionic spines.Highlights
The contour of the spinous process was accurately reflected by the Fourier function.
The spines of puffer skin have good drag reduction effect.
There was a special “climbing vortex” phenomenon to explain the drag reduction property.
Racial and ethnic differences in genetic counseling experiences and outcomes in the United States: A systematic review
Authors: Southwick Sabrina V. , Esch Riley , Gasser Rachel , Cragun Deborah , Redlinger‐Grosse Krista , Marsalis Scott , Zierhut Heather A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAs genetic counseling services expand and reach a wider catchment of the population, there is a critical need to better understand the impact of services on a greater diversity of patients. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate genetic counseling experiences and outcomes among racial and ethnic minorities. Six databases extracted articles published from 2005 to 2019 that assessed genetic counseling participation, knowledge and awareness, motivators, barriers, perceptions, and outcomes for racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Genetic counseling outcomes were categorized using the Framework for Outcomes of Clinical commUnication Services. A total of 1,227 abstracts were identified, of which 23 papers met inclusion criteria. Results suggest the possibility of racial and ethnic differences in some genetic counseling experiences and outcomes but noted differences were not adequately replicated between studies. The few included studies differed greatly in aims, methods, and results, which made comparison across study designs challenging and effectively barred thematic analysis. Additional research is needed that includes more study populations and settings with patients of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, as well as more structured study designs that allow for elucidations of differences between White and non‐White populations.
The importance of personalismo: Navigating obstacles in recruitment strategies for Spanish speakers in marginalized communities
Authors: Glanton Emily , Yarrington Christina D. , Calderwood Laurel , Torrey Sosa Lillian , Connors Philip D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecruitment obstacles with Spanish‐speaking individuals and members of marginalized communities have been documented in the literature in narrative form, but quantitative data on effective strategies are limited. Within our research protocol assessing the impact of a storytelling intervention on knowledge and uptake of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) aneuploidy screening, three different recruitment strategies were trialed and enrollment rates were compared. Throughout the study, field notes were collected from observations in recruitment efforts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of language‐concordant, personal interactions, and culturally tailored materials for recruitment of Spanish‐speaking participants into genomic research studies. We also offer commentary on the experience of the researchers that provides insights to inform recruitment methods for marginalized communities.
Genetic counselor implicit bias and its effects on cognitive and affective exchanges in racially discordant simulations
Authors: Lowe Chenery L. , Beach Mary Catherine , Roter Debra L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrevious studies have linked clinicians' implicit racial bias with less patient‐centered communication between healthcare providers and patients in a variety of healthcare contexts. The current study extends this research by exploring the influence of implicit racial bias in genetic counselors' (GCs') facilitation of simulated clients' cognitive and emotional processing during genetic counseling sessions. We conducted a secondary analysis of a nationally representative sample of genetic counseling sessions of White and ethnic and/or racial minority (Black and Latinx) simulated clients with a subset of 60 GCs who had completed a Race Implicit Association Test (IAT). Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) was applied to session transcripts to identify word use by the simulated client consistent with emotional and cognitive processing. The Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) was used to link GC statements consistent with facilitation of emotional and cognitive processing, as used in previous studies. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to relate LIWC and RIAS variables to GC IAT scores, client race/ethnicity, and statistical interaction between GC IAT scores and client race/ethnicity. GCs used more cognitive facilitation strategies with ethnic and/or racial minority than with White clients (p = .04). There were no statistically significant associations between GCs' pro‐White implicit bias and GCs' facilitation of cognitive and emotional processing or clients' use of positive, negative, or cognitive process words. While implicit bias may affect some communication processes, our analysis did not show a relationship between GC IAT score and how GCs help clients process emotional or cognitive information conveyed during a session. It is also possible that the LIWC measure of cognitive and emotional processing is not a sensitive enough measure to capture an implicit bias effect if indeed one is present.
On nonfeasible edge sets in matching‐covered graphs
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Dong Fengming , Chen Sheng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLet be a matching‐covered graph and be an edge set of . is said to be feasible if there exist two perfect matchings and in such that . For any is said to be switching‐equivalent to , where is the set of edges in each of which has exactly one end in and is the symmetric difference of two sets and . Lukot'ka and Rollová showed that when is regular and bipartite, is nonfeasible if and only if is switching‐equivalent to . This article extends Lukot'ka and Rollová's result by showing that this conclusion holds as long as is matching‐covered and bipartite. This article also studies matching‐covered graphs whose nonfeasible edge sets are switching‐equivalent to or and partially characterizes these matching‐covered graphs in terms of their ear decompositions. Another aim of this article is to construct infinite many ‐connected and ‐regular graphs of class 1 containing nonfeasible edge sets not switching‐equivalent to either or for an arbitrary integer with , which provides a negative answer to a problem proposed by He et al.
Pure pairs. III. Sparse graphs with no polynomial‐sized anticomplete pairs
Authors: Chudnovsky Maria , Fox Jacob , Scott Alex , Seymour Paul , Spirkl Sophie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA graph is ‐free if it has no induced subgraph isomorphic to , and |G| denotes the number of vertices of . A conjecture of Conlon, Sudakov and the second author asserts that:

For every graph , there exists such that in every ‐free graph with |G| there are two disjoint sets of vertices, of sizes at least and , complete or anticomplete to each other. This is equivalent to:

The “sparse linear conjecture”: For every graph , there exists such that in every ‐free graph with , either some vertex has degree at least , or there are two disjoint sets of vertices, of sizes at least and , anticomplete to each other. We prove a number of partial results toward the sparse linear conjecture. In particular, we prove it holds for a large class of graphs , and we prove that something like it holds for all graphs . More exactly, say is “almost‐bipartite” if is triangle‐free and can be partitioned into a stable set and a set inducing a graph of maximum degree at most one. (This includes all graphs that arise from another graph by subdividing every edge at least once.) Our main result is:

The sparse linear conjecture holds for all almost‐bipartite graphs . (It remains open when is the triangle .) There is also a stronger theorem:

For every almost‐bipartite graph , there exist such that for every graph with and maximum degree less than , and for every with , either contains induced copies of , or there are two disjoint sets with and , and with at most edges between them. We also prove some variations on the sparse linear conjecture, such as:

For every graph , there exists such that in every ‐free graph with vertices, either some vertex has degree at least , or there are two disjoint sets of vertices with , anticomplete to each other.
Graph‐like compacta: Characterizations and Eulerian loops
Authors: Espinoza Benjamin , Gartside Paul , Pitz Max 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA compact graph‐like space is a triple , where is a compact, metrizable space, is a closed zero‐dimensional subset, and is an index set such that . New characterizations of compact graph‐like spaces are given, connecting them to certain classes of continua, and to standard subspaces of Freudenthal compactifications of locally finite graphs. These are applied to characterize Eulerian graph‐like compacta.
Synthesis of novel bis‐ and poly(benzimidazoles) as well as bis‐ and poly(benzothiazoles) as anticancer agents
Authors: Hebishy Ali M. S. , Abdelfattah Mohamed S. , Elmorsy Abdullah , Elwahy Ahmed H. M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA synthesis of bis‐ and poly(benzimidazoles) as well as bis‐ and poly(benzothiazoles) was attempted using different protocols. The best results were obtained by employing the reaction of the appropriate bis‐ or poly(aldehydes) with o‐phenylenediamine or 2‐aminothiophenol, respectively, in ethanol at reflux in the presence of NaHSO3. The anticancer activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF‐7), liver cancer cell line (HepG‐2), and epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (CaCO‐2). Hexakis(benzothiazole) was found to exhibit the highest activity against HepG‐2 and MCF‐7 cell lines with IC50 values of 21.16 and 13.25 μM, respectively.
“I just believe there is a risk” understanding of undetectable equals untransmissible (U = U) among health providers and HIV‐negative partners in serodiscordant relationships in Kenya
Authors: Ngure Kenneth , Ongolly Fernandos , Dolla Annabell , Awour Merceline , Mugwanya Kenneth K , Irungu Elizabeth , Mugo Nelly , Bukusi Elizabeth A , Morton Jennifer , Odoyo Josephine , Wamoni Elizabeth , Barnabee Gena , Peebles Kathryn , O'Malley Gabrielle , Baeten Jared M ,   for the Partners Scale‐Up Project Team
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionSustained HIV viral suppression resulting from antiretroviral therapy (ART) eliminates the risk of HIV transmission, a concept popularly framed as Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U). We explored knowledge and acceptance of information around the elimination of HIV transmission risk with ART (U = U) in Kenya.MethodsOur qualitative study was conducted within a project evaluating the use of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) integrated into ART care for HIV serodiscordant couples in public clinics in Kenya (the Partners Scale Up Project). From February 2017 to April 2019, we conducted semi‐structured key informant interviews with 83 health providers and in‐depth interviews with 61 HIV‐negative people in serodiscordant relationships receiving PrEP services. Transcripts were coded using thematic analysis.ResultsHealth providers reported being aware of reduced risk of HIV transmission as a result of consistent ART use and used words such as “very low,” “minimal” and “like zero” to describe HIV transmission risk after viral suppression. Providers reported finding viral load results helpful when counselling clients about the risk of HIV transmission. Many lacked confidence in U = U and counselled on consistent condom use even after viral suppression while some expressed concerns that communicating this message to people living with HIV (PLHIV) would lead them to engage in multiple sexual relationships. Other providers reported that they did not counsel about the reduced risk of HIV transmission after viral suppression for fear of being blamed if HIV transmission occurred. HIV‐negative partners reported being informed about U = U by providers but they did not believe nor trust the message. Even after their partners achieved viral suppression, some HIV‐negative partners were unwilling to stop PrEP, while others indicated that they would use condoms if they stopped PrEP to be sure that they were protected from HIV.ConclusionsDespite awareness that effective ART use eliminates HIV transmission risk, there is both a lack of in‐depth knowledge and conviction about the strategy among health providers and HIV‐negative partners in serodiscordant relationships. New strategies that go beyond communicating the science of U = U to consider the local social and clinical environments could maximize the effectiveness of U = U.
Quantitative MRI Reveals Microstructural Changes in the Upper Leg Muscles After Running a Marathon
Authors: Hooijmans Melissa T. , Monte Jithsa R.C. , Froeling Martijn , van den Berg‐Faay Sandra , Aengevaeren Vincent L. , Hemke Robert , Smithuis Frank F. , Eijsvogels Thijs M.H. , Bakermans Adrianus J. , Maas Mario , Nederveen Aart J. , Strijkers Gustav J. 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundThe majority of sports‐related injuries involve skeletal muscle. Unlike acute trauma, which is often caused by a single traumatic event leading to acute symptoms, exercise‐induced microtrauma may remain subclinical and difficult to detect. Therefore, novel methods to detect and localize subclinical exercise‐induced muscle microtrauma are desirable.PurposeTo assess acute and delayed microstructural changes in upper leg muscles with multiparametric quantitative MRI after running a marathon.Study TypeLongitudinal; 1‐week prior, 24–48 hours postmarathon and 2‐week follow‐upPopulationEleven men participants (age: 47–68 years).Field Strength/SequenceSpin‐echo echo planar imaging (SE‐EPI) with diffusion weighting, multispin echo, Dixon, and fat‐suppressed turbo spin‐echo (TSE) sequences at 3T. MR datasets and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations were obtained at three timepoints.AssessmentDiffusion parameters, perfusion fractions, and quantitative (q)T2 values were determined for hamstring and quadriceps muscles, TSE images were scored for acute injury. The vastus medialis and biceps femoris long head muscles were divided and analyzed in five segments to assess local damage.Statistical TestsDifferences between timepoints in MR parameters were assessed with a multilevel linear mixed model and in CK concentrations with a Friedman test. Mean diffusivity (MD) and qT2 for whole muscle and muscle segments were compared using a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).ResultsCK concentrations were elevated (1194 U/L [166–3906], P < 0.001) at 24–48 hours postmarathon and returned to premarathon values (323 U/L [56–2216]) at 2‐week follow‐up. Most of the MRI diffusion indices in muscles without acute injury changed at 24–48 hours postmarathon and returned to premarathon values at follow‐up (MD, RD, and λ3; P < 0.006). qT2 values (P = 0.003) and perfusion fractions (P = 0.003) were higher at baseline compared to follow‐up. Local assessments of MD and qT2 revealed more pronounced changes than whole muscle assessment (2–3‐fold; P < 0.01).Data ConclusionMarathon running‐induced microtrauma was detected with MRI in individual whole upper leg muscles and even more pronounced on local segments.Level of Evidence2Technical Efficacy Stage3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:407–417.
Quantifying the Financial Savings of Motion Correction in Brain MRI: A Model‐Based Estimate of the Costs Arising From Patient Head Motion and Potential Savings From Implementation of Motion Correction
Authors: Slipsager Jakob M. , Glimberg Stefan L. , Søgaard Jes , Paulsen Rasmus R. , Johannesen Helle H. , Martens Pernille C. , Seth Alka , Marner Lisbeth , Henriksen Otto M. , Olesen Oline V. , Højgaard Liselotte 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundPatient head motion is a major concern in clinical brain MRI, as it reduces the diagnostic image quality and may increase examination time and cost.PurposeTo investigate the prevalence of MR images with significant motion artifacts on a given clinical scanner and to estimate the potential financial cost savings of applying motion correction to clinical brain MRI examinations.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsIn all, 173 patients undergoing a PET/MRI dementia protocol and 55 pediatric patients undergoing a PET/MRI brain tumor protocol. The total scan time of the two protocols were 17 and 40 minutes, respectively.Field Strength/Sequences3 T, Siemens mMR Biograph, MPRAGE, DWI, T1 and T2‐weighted FLAIR, T2‐weighted 2D‐FLASH, T2‐weighted TSE.AssessmentA retrospective review of image sequences from a given clinical MRI scanner was conducted to investigate the prevalence of motion‐corrupted images. The review was performed by three radiologists with different levels of experience using a three‐step semiquantitative scale to classify the quality of the images. A total of 1013 sequences distributed on 228 MRI examinations were reviewed. The potential cost savings of motion correction were estimated by a cost estimation for our country with assumptions.Statistical TestThe cost estimation was conducted with a 20% lower and upper bound on the model assumptions to include the uncertainty of the assumptions.Results7.9% of the sequences had motion artifacts that decreased the interpretability, while 2.0% of the sequences had motion artifacts causing the images to be nondiagnostic. The estimated annual cost to the clinic/hospital due to patient head motion per scanner was $45,066 without pediatric examinations and $364,242 with pediatric examinations.Data ConclusionThe prevalence of a motion‐corrupted image was found in 2.0% of the reviewed sequences. Based on the model, repayment periods are presented as a function of the price for applying motion correction and its performance.Evidence Level4Technical EfficacyStage 6 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:731–738.
Exploring multiple‐cumulative trapping solid‐phase microextraction for olive oil aroma profiling
Authors: Mascrez Steven , Purcaro Giorgia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHeadspace solid‐phase microextraction is a solvent‐free sample preparation technique that is based on the equilibrium among a three‐phase system, i.e., sample‐headspace‐fiber. A compromise between sensitivity and extraction time is usually needed to optimize the sample throughput, especially when a large number of samples are analyzed, as usually the case in cross‐samples studies. This work explores the capability of multiple‐cumulative trapping solid‐phase microextraction on the characterization of the aroma profiling of olive oils, exploiting the automation capability of a novel headspace autosampler. It was shown that multiple‐cumulative solid‐phase microextraction has the potential to improve the overall sensitivity and burst the level of information for cross‐sample studies by using cumulative shorter extraction times.
Development of organic solvents‐free mode of solidification of floating organic droplet–based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from honey samples before their determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Fazaieli Farzin , Afshar Mogaddam Mohammad Reza , Farajzadeh Mir Ali , Feriduni Behruz , Mohebbi Ali 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study, a green mode of solidification of floating organic droplet–based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been developed for the extraction of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from honey samples before their determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In this method, an appropriate volume of menthol:decanoic acid deep eutectic solvent (as an extraction solvent) is added on a sugar cube (as a disperser agent). In the following, the cube is released into the diluted honey sample placed in a tube. After manual shaking a cloudy state is obtained as a result of dispersing the extraction solvent droplets throughout the sample solution and the analytes are extracted into them. After placing the tube in an ice bath, the droplet of the extractant is solidified on the top of the solution. This drop is taken and after dissolving in acetonitrile, an aliquot of the solution is injected into the separation system. Under optimum conditions, the suggested approach had high extraction recoveries (76–93%) and enrichment factors (380–465), low limits of detection (14–52 ng/kg) and quantification (47–173 ng/kg), and satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation ≤ 9%).
Recent Trends in Female and Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups in U.S. Otolaryngology Residency Programs
Authors: Lopez Erin M. , Farzal Zainab , Ebert Charles S. , Shah Rupali N. , Buckmire Robert A. , Zanation Adam M. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesOur objectives were to analyze the recent trends in applicants of otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery (Oto‐HNS) residency programs, including evolutions in sex and racial/ethnic distribution within the applicant pool and subsequent residency cohort.MethodsRetrospective database and literature review. Data regarding applicants to Oto‐HNS programs as well as Oto‐HNS residents in the United States from 2008 to 2017 were analyzed from the Electronic Residency Application Service, National Resident Matching Program, and Journal of the American Medical Association.ResultsBetween 2008 and 2018, the number of Oto‐HNS residency programs and residency positions offered increased from 105 to 112 and from 273 to 315, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between applicant sex in 2008 to 2012 compared to 2013 to 2018 (P > .05), but significantly more females made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P < .001). However, the percentage increase in female residents from 2008 to 2017 was only 6.1% (29.8% to 35.9%). No statistically significant difference was present between applicant race in 2008 to 2012 compared to 2013 to 2018 (P > .05), but significantly more minority residents made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P < .0001). However, the percentage increase in minority residents from 2008 to 2017 was only 4.9% (35.1% to 40%).ConclusionWomen and minority racial and ethnic groups continue to be underrepresented among Oto‐HNS applicants. However, the presence of these groups among current residents has increased. Understanding and tracking these national trends yearly is critical for training a diverse future otolaryngology workforce.Level of EvidenceVI Laryngoscope, 131:277–281, 2021