bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redesigning the cycloidal drive for innovative applications in machines for smart construction yards
Authors: Allotta Benedetto , Fiorineschi Lorenzo , Papini Susanna , Pugi Luca , Rotini Federico , Rindi Andrea 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
This study aims to carry out an investigation of design approaches that should be used for the design of unconventional, innovative transmission system for construction yards to privilege a smooth behaviour efficiency, and the use of innovative production techniques. Results are quite surprising, as with a proper method it is possible to demonstrate that a cycloidal drive with Wolfrom topology should be an interesting solution for the proposed application.

Design/methodology/approach
With a functional approach, also considering materials and specifications related to the investigated application, it is possible to demonstrate that possible optimal solutions should be quite different respect to the ones that can be suggested with a conventional approach. In particular for proposed applications constraints related to encumbrances, the choice of new material has led to the innovative unconventional choice of a Wolfrom cycloidal speed reducer.

Findings
Provided solution is innovative respect current state of the art for machine currently used in construction yards: in terms of adopted transmission layout; in terms of chosen materials, resulting in an innovative solution.

Research limitations/implications
Current research has strong implications on the adoption of polimeric materials for the construction of reliable transmission for harsh industrial environment as the proposed case study (concrete mixer for construction yard).

Originality/value
Proposed transmission system is absolutely original and innovative respect current state of art also considering proposed materials and consequently production methods. This is an example of transmission designed to be built with polymeric materials by optimizing chosen topology respect to chosen material.
Buckling capacity of cold-formed steel structure column member with perforation section in affordable house framing system
Authors: De'nan Fatimah , Hashim Nor Salwani , Mustafa Zafira Nur Ezzati 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to know the buckling capacity for cold-formed C-column with perforation. Cold-formed C-column have been used in interior wall construction. The concept of web perforation in the column has been introduced to the construction sector to overcome the issue of material cost.

Design/methodology/approach
Initially, the determination of the suitable spacing for the space column for the affordable house is investigated. Analysis house frame has been done in STAAD Pro. (Staad Pro, 2003) software using cold-formed C-column without perforation. Perforation with circular shape has been used in this study with the size of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 D (D = 180 mm). Perforation spacing is 150, 250 and 350 mm are adopted.

Findings
For the specimen with 0.4 D perforation and the edge distance is 539 mm have the highest buckling capacity (26.59 kN). Reduction of buckling capacity is 5.31% from cold-formed C-column without perforation and reduction of the volume is −2.16%. For the same case with 0.8 D perforation, the buckling capacity reduces with 22.52% and volume is −6.85%.

Originality/value
The conclusion of this analysis, C-column without perforation have higher buckling capacity compare to C-column with perforations.
Darcy–Forchheimer flow of a magneto-radiated couple stress fluid over an inclined exponentially stretching surface with Ohmic dissipation
Authors: Das S. , Ali Akram , Jana R.N. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
In this communication, a theoretical simulation is aimed to characterize the Darcy–Forchheimer flow of a magneto-couple stress fluid over an inclined exponentially stretching sheet. Stokes’ couple stress model is deployed to simulate non-Newtonian microstructural characteristics. Two different kinds of thermal boundary conditions, namely, the prescribed exponential order surface temperature (PEST) and prescribed exponential order heat flux, are considered in the heat transfer analysis. Joule heating (Ohmic dissipation), viscous dissipation and heat source/sink impacts are also included in the energy equation because these phenomena arise frequently in magnetic materials processing.

Design/methodology/approach
The governing partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by adopting suitable similar transformations. The resulting system of nonlinear ODEs is tackled numerically by using the Runge–Kutta fourth (RK4)-order numerical integration scheme based on the shooting technique. The impacts of sundry parameters on stream function, velocity and temperature profiles are viewed with the help of graphical illustrations. For engineering interests, the physical implication of the said parameters on skin friction coefficient, Nussult number and surface temperature are discussed numerically through tables.

Findings
As a key outcome, it is noted that the augmented Chandrasekhar number, porosity parameter and Forchhemeir parameter diminish the stream function as well as the velocity profile. The behavior of the Darcian drag force is similar to the magnetic field on fluid flow. Temperature profiles are generally upsurged with the greater magnetic field, couple stress parameter and porosity parameter, and are consistently higher for the PEST case.

Practical implications
The findings obtained from this analysis can be applied in magnetic material processing, metallurgy, casting, filtration of liquid metals, gas-cleaning filtration, cooling of metallic sheets, petroleum industries, geothermal operations, boundary layer resistors in aerodynamics, etc.

Originality/value
From the literature review, it has been found that the Darcy–Forchheimer flow of a magneto-couple stress fluid over an inclined exponentially stretching surface with heat flux conditions is still scarce. The numerical data of the present results are validated with the already existing studies under limited cases and inferred to have good concord.
Prediction of wear resistance model for magnesium metal composite by response surface methodology using central composite design
Authors: Sagar Prem , Handa Amit 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
In recent days, friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as a pioneering approach for the manufacture of composites with enhanced mechanical and tribological properties. The present study aims to examine the impact of process parameters such as tool rotation speed and number of FSP pass on the AZ61A/TiC magnesium metal composite for responses such as hardness and wear resistance.

Design/methodology/approach
To minimize number of experimental runs, design of experiment was configured according to the response surface methodology using central composite design. Analysis of variance has been conducted to develop mathematical and empirical model for studying relationship between tool rotation and number of pass for responses such as microhardness and wear resistance. Microhardness was checked on vickers microhardness testing machine, and tribological behavior were examined on pin-on-disc using tribotester. Wear morphology was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy.

Findings
The responses were predicted using validated mathematical model, and contour plots were generated to study the interaction and influence of process parameters. Wear observations suggest that for the base magnesium alloy adhesive wear mechanism was dominating and for the developed nanocomposites, abrasive wear mechanism is a prominent factor. It was also observed that both the selected parameters significantly influenced the responses.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no prior work has been conducted with this material and preparation of composites with TiC nanoparticles. Furthermore, no mathematical models have been developed to predict the response values.
Low planting densities for early maturation of Mauritia flexuosa for the sustainable management of plantations in Alto Huallaga, Peru
Authors: Vargas Ytavclerh , Puerta Ronald H. , Palomino Vera Frits , Esenarro Vargas Doris , Rodriguez Rodriguez Ciro , Pandey Bishwajeet 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to characterize the sexual maturation of M. flexuosa plantations in Tulumayo.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology in this paper was selection of three plots in open field and usage of different densities of planting, after the maturation of the first plants, we began the quarterly evaluation. There was total 28 evaluations in seven years of age.

Findings
As a result, it was determined that at 12 years, the plots with lower density presented a greater number of mature individuals, with a predominance of female palms that produced an average of four bunches of fruit per year, and males five inflorescences. In addition, 15% of adult female plants went dormant, whereas males accounted for 3.4%. Reproductive cycles began in September and culminated in October of the following year, which were synchronized with rainfall.

Originality/value
Planting density was a determining factor in the early maturity of M. flexuosa and sustainable plantation management.
A meta‐analysis of effects of physiological integration in clonal plants under homogeneous vs. heterogeneous environments
Authors: Wang Jianyong , Xu Tongtong , Wang Yue , Li Guangyin , Abdullah Iram , Zhong Zhiwei , Liu Jushan , Zhu Wanyue , Wang Ling , Wang Deli , Yu Fei‐Hai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Clonal plants play key roles in maintaining community productivity and stability in many ecosystems. Connected individuals (ramets) of clonal plants can translocate and share, for example, photosynthates, water and nutrients, and such physiological integration may affect performance of clonal plants both in heterogeneous and homogeneous environments. However, we still lack a general understanding of whether or how physiological integration in clonal plants differs across homogeneous versus heterogeneous environments.

We compiled data from 198 peer‐reviewed scientific studies conducted in 19 countries with 108 clonal plant species from 35 families, and carried out a meta‐analysis of effects of physiological integration on 16 traits related to plant growth, morphology, physiology or allocation. Our analyses evaluated these relationships in (A) heterogeneous environments where at least one resource essential for plant growth (e.g. light, soil water and mineral nutrients) or non‐resource factor (e.g. grazing, trampling and burial) is spatially non‐uniformly distributed and (B) homogeneous environments where all these factors are spatially uniformly distributed.

Physiological integration increased growth of whole clones in both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments due to its highly significant contribution to growth of recipient ramets. Integration did not affect growth of donor ramets in heterogeneous environments, but decreased it in homogeneous environments.

Integration affected physiological traits of donor ramets in neither homogeneous nor heterogeneous environments. It did not affect any physiological traits of recipient ramets in homogeneous environments, but increased most of them in heterogeneous environments. For donor ramets, integration increased height by 53% and internode length by 37% in heterogeneous environments, but had no effect in homogeneous environments. For recipient ramets, integration increased height by 73% in homogeneous environments and by 115% in heterogeneous environments, and increased internode length by 35% only under heterogeneous environments. In heterogeneous environments, integration increased biomass allocation to roots of donor ramets under high water/nutrient conditions and decreased it under high light.

Physiological integration plays a strong role in clonal plant physiology, morphology and growth, especially for recipient ramets in heterogeneous environments. Therefore, physiological integration may have contributed to the widespread of clonal plants in nature and their dominance in many ecosystems. It may also play important roles in invasion success of alien clonal plants and in maintaining functions and stability of ecosystems where clonal plants are abundant.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Social learning by mate‐choice copying increases dispersal and reduces local adaptation
Authors: Sapage Manuel , Varela Susana A. M. , Kokko Hanna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In heterogeneous environments, dispersal may be hampered not only by direct costs, but also because immigrants may be locally maladapted. While maladaptation affects both sexes, this cost may be modulated in females if they express mate preferences that are either adaptive or maladaptive in the new local population.

Dispersal costs under local adaptation may be mitigated if it is possible to switch to expressing traits of locally adapted residents. In a sexual selection context, immigrant females may learn to mate with locally favoured males. Mate‐choice copying is a type of social learning, where individuals, usually females, update their mating preferences after observing others mate. If it allows immigrant females to switch from maladapted to locally adapted preferences, their dispersal costs are mitigated as mate choice helps them create locally adapted offspring.

To study if copying can promote the evolution of dispersal, we created an individual‐based model to simulate the coevolution of four traits: copying, dispersal, a trait relevant for local adaptation, and female preference. We contrast two scenarios with copying—either unconditional or conditional such that only dispersers copy—with a control scenario that lacks any copying.

We show copying to lead to higher dispersal, especially if copying is conditionally expressed. This leads to an increase in gene flow between patches and, consequently, a decrease in local adaptation and trait‐preference correlations.

While our study is phrased with female preference as the learned trait, one may generally expect social learning to mitigate dispersal costs, with consequent feedback effects on the spatial dynamics of adaptation.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Phytoplankton trigger the production of cryptic metabolites in the marine actinobacterium Salinispora tropica
Authors: Chhun Audam , Sousoni Despoina , Aguiló‐Ferretjans Maria del Mar , Song Lijiang , Corre Christophe , Christie‐Oleza Joseph A. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryFilamentous members of the phylum Actinobacteria are a remarkable source of natural products with pharmaceutical potential. The discovery of novel molecules from these organisms is, however, hindered because most of the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding these secondary metabolites are cryptic or silent and are referred to as orphan BGCs. While co‐culture has proven to be a promising approach to unlock the biosynthetic potential of many microorganisms by activating the expression of these orphan BGCs, it still remains an underexplored technique. The marine actinobacterium Salinispora tropica, for instance, produces valuable compounds such as the anti‐cancer molecule salinosporamide but half of its putative BGCs are still orphan. Although previous studies have used marine heterotrophs to induce orphan BGCs in Salinispora, its co‐culture with marine phototrophs has yet to be investigated. Following the observation of an antimicrobial activity against a range of phytoplankton by S. tropica, we here report that the photosynthate released by photosynthetic primary producers influences its biosynthetic capacities with production of cryptic molecules and the activation of orphan BGCs. Our work, using an approach combining metabolomics and proteomics, pioneers the use of phototrophs as a promising strategy to accelerate the discovery of novel natural products from marine actinobacteria.
The ‘right’ level for the superannuation guarantee: identifying the key considerations
Authors: Khemka Gaurav , Tang Yifu , Warren Geoffrey J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe deploy a stochastic life‐cycle model to examine how the superannuation guarantee (SG) impacts on welfare for Australian superannuation fund members under a reference‐dependent utility function that evaluates consumption relative to target, allowing for existing superannuation, taxation and Age Pension eligibility rules. The analysis highlights how the optimal SG can vary substantially with pre‐retirement income, the post‐retirement consumption target and various other assumptions. We conclude that no single SG rate is appropriate for all members and suggest that the main reason for increasing the SG above 9.5 percent would be an aim of replacing the Age Pension where possible.
The effect of board of directors’ expertise and tax avoidance on corporate debt
Authors: Lanis Roman , Richardson Grant , Govendir Brett , Pazmandy Gregory 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study examines the effect of board of directors’ expertise and tax avoidance on corporate debt. We find that there is no association between financially expert outside directors on the board and corporate debt, which is contrary to some prior research findings. However, we do find a positive association between the proportion of financially expert inside directors on the board and debt. We also find that the debt substitution effect is significantly intensified by the presence of outside directors on the board with financial expertise, which suggests that the advice offered by these directors better informs managers to make decisions about the trade‐off between the benefits and costs of debt and non‐debt tax shields. We find no such effect for inside directors. Overall, this study extends the literature on corporate governance, tax avoidance and corporate debt.
Interactions of dye compounds that are structurally related to methylene blue with acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase
Authors: Cloete Stephanus J. , Petzer Anél , Petzer Jacobus P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe phenothiazine dye, methylene blue, is reported to be an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Inhibitors of these enzymes are established medications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, whilst methylene blue has been investigated for its potential to slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Based on these observations, 31 dye compounds that are structurally related to methylene blue were evaluated as inhibitors of human AChE and equine BuChE. This study attempted to derive structure–activity relationships for the inhibition of AChE and BuChE by dye compounds, whilst discovering good potency inhibitors amongst the dyes. The results showed that several dyes exhibit good potency AChE (11 compounds) and BuChE (15 compounds) inhibition with IC50 < 10 µM. Methylene green (IC50 = 0.467 µM) and new methylene blue N (IC50 = 0.799 µM) were found to be particularly potent AChE inhibitors, whilst acridine orange (IC50 = 0.220 µM), 1,9‐dimethyl‐methylene blue (IC50 = 0.277 µM), acridine yellow G (IC50 = 0.509 µM), Nile blue (IC50 = 0.678 µM) and pyronin B (IC50 = 0.946 µM) proved to be highly potent BuChE inhibitors. These dye compounds thus exhibit improved inhibition compared to methylene blue [IC50(AChE) = 2.74 μM; IC50(BuChE) = 2.27 μM].
Trajectories of early‐onset rhinitis in the Singapore GUSTO mother‐offspring cohort
Authors: Loo Evelyn Xiu Ling , Liew Tau Ming , Yap Gaik Chin , Wong Lydia Su Yin , Shek Lynette Pei‐Chi , Goh Anne , Van Bever Hugo P.S. , Teoh Oon Hoe , Yap Fabian , Tan Kok Hian , Thomas Biju , Ramamurthy Mahesh Babu , Goh Daniel Yam Thiam , Eriksson Johan G , Chong Yap‐Seng , Godfrey Keith M. , Lee Bee Wah , Tham Elizabeth Huiwen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe natural history of childhood rhinitis is not well described.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify different rhinitis trajectories in early childhood and their predictors and allergic associations.MethodsRhinitis symptoms were ascertained prospectively from birth until 6 years using standardized questionnaires in 772 participants. Rhinitis was defined as one or more episodes of sneezing, runny and/or blocked nose >2 weeks duration. Latent trajectories were identified using group‐based modelling, and their predictive risk factors and allergic associations were examined.ResultsThree rhinitis trajectory groups were identified: 7.6% (n = 59) were termed early transient rhinitis, 8.6% (n = 66) late transient rhinitis, and 6.6% (n = 51) persistent rhinitis. The remaining 77.2% (n = 596) were classified as non‐rhinitis/reference group. Early transient rhinitis subjects were more likely of Indian ethnicity, had siblings, reported childcare attendance, early wheezing and eczema in the first 3 years of life. Late transient rhinitis was associated with antenatal exposure to smoking, higher maternal education levels, and wheezing at age 36‐72 months. Persistent rhinitis was associated with male gender, paternal and maternal history of atopy, eczema, and house dust mite sensitization.Conclusions & Clinical RelevanceRisk factors for early transient rhinitis involve a combination of genetic and early environmental exposures, whereas late transient rhinitis may relate to maternal factors and early respiratory infections independent of atopy. In contrast, persistent rhinitis is strongly associated with atopic risk and likely represents the typical trajectory associated with allergic disorders. Allergic rhinitis symptoms may commence as early as the first year of life and may inform development of early interventive strategies.
Using outcome measures in child protection work
Authors: Hood Rick , Lansley Sue , Mitchell Toni , Gaskell‐Mew Elaine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhile many evidence‐based tools and measures exist to support child protection practice, in the United Kingdom, there is little evidence of their routine use in casework. This paper reports on a qualitative study exploring the use of such tools with children and families receiving statutory social care services. Fifteen social workers working in child safeguarding teams in two local authorities in Southeast England agreed to incorporate the use of outcome measures into their casework over a 6‐month period. Qualitative data were collected through monthly action learning workshops held separately in each local authority. The results showed how the impact of using the measures was shaped by a combination of institutional factors, practice context and the dynamics of casework. Outcome measures were found to have benefits as well as limitations with respect to partnership working, assessment and decision‐making and overall social work practice. Implications are discussed for the prospects of enhancing the use of evidence‐based tools in statutory social work with children and families.