bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bismuth‐Metal and Carbon Quantum Dot Co‐Doped NiAl‐LDH Heterojunctions for Promoting the Photothermal Catalytic Reduction of CO2
Authors: Yu Ling‐qi , Guo Rui‐tang , Xia Cheng , Guo Sheng‐hui , Yan Ji‐song , Liu Yi‐fu 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe quest for sustainable photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions (CRR) emphasizes the development of high‐efficiency, economically viable, and durable photocatalysts. A novel approach involving the synthesis of Bi‐CDs/LDH heterojunctions, incorporating plasma metals and carbon quantum dots via hydrothermal and co‐precipitation methods, yields remarkable results. The optimized BCL‐4 photocatalyst demonstrates exceptional performance, with C2H4 and C2H6 yields of 1.35 and 2.17 µmol g−1 h−1, respectively, representing substantial enhancements of 11.25 and 14.47 times compared to the LDH monomer. Moreover, the catalyst exhibits a notable selectivity of 36.6% for C2 products. Plasmonic Bi with high conductivity and carbon quantum dots synergistically enhances visible light absorption and generated additional hot electrons. The electron‐trapping ability of carbon quantum dots is pivotal in creating elevated electron and CO2 concentrations at the catalyst interface, fostering conditions conducive to promoting C─C coupling reactions for the generation of C2 products.
Structural and Property Changes in Corn Starch Straws via NCU‐017 Strain Fermentation
Authors: Pan Haojie , Liu Kaili , Chen Gang , Yang Yuankai , Bao Yangbin 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis study utilizes corn starch fermented by the NCU‐017 strain to prepare straws and investigates the effects of NCU‐017 strain fermentation on the structure and functional properties of the starch straws. The results show that the fermented starch straws exhibit a decrease in number‐average molecular weight (Mn) and amylose content compared to the non‐fermented control straws (CS), while the proportion of starch chains with DP 6–12 increases. Fermentation reduces starch straws' hydrogen bond strength and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that fermentation does not alter the crystal type of starch straws, but increases the relative crystallinity from 13.19% to 15.38%. The fermented starch straws are more water‐resistant than CS, and they do not bend after being soaked in water at 4 and 25°C for 1 h. This is due to the formation of a dense structure which can be observed from the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fermentation significantly reduces the starch straws' maximum bending force (Fb) but increases their bending modulus of elasticity (Eb). This study demonstrates the potential application of bacterial fermentation in improving the functional properties of starch straws.
Influence of nonlinearities in longitudinal bars on overstrength P–M capacity of RC columns and piers
Authors: Jaiswal Devesh K. , Murty C. V. R. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe actual capacity of a reinforced concrete (RC) structure is determined by the overstrength capacity of individual members. RC members can undergo six stages (namely cracking, yielding, spalling, buckling, crushing and rupturing) depending on the cross‐section geometry, reinforcement detailing, and type of loading. For members under compression and flexural actions, buckling of longitudinal bars becomes the ultimate stage in the load‐deformation curve of RC member. Hence, to assess the capacity of RC members, it is essential to have load‐deformation relation of individual bars considering nonlinear effects. This paper presents a simplified analytical procedure of nonlinear analysis to obtain the nonlinear load‐deformation curve of reinforcing bars. The proposed method uses combined geometric and material nonlinearity. The method is compared with the experimental test results from the literature and has shown a good match. Furthermore, the effect of initial imperfection and slenderness of the reinforcing bars on the overall performances have been studied and discussed. This inelastic relation of reinforcements has been used to obtain the P–M interaction diagram of the RC member, demonstrating the effect of nonlinearity in the longitudinal bars. Fiber modeling approach has been used to draw the P–M curve, considering confinement of concrete, bilinear stress–strain of steel under tension and nonlinear under compression. Implications of amount of longitudinal reinforcement, grade of steel, initial imperfection and section size on the P–M curve have been studied. Results show that the nonlinearity of the longitudinal bar can reduce the capacity of the member by 15%. The strength reduction is higher for higher percentage of reinforcements and slender bars. This indicates that the P–M interaction curve exists at three levels, and is discussed in detail in the paper. It is recommended that the effect of bar nonlinearity should be considered in the capacity assessment of RC members.
Sample Thickness Effect on Quantitative Analysis by Hand‐Held X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers
Authors: Bolortuya Damdinsuren , Nishimoto Masafumi , Shameer Mohamed , Kawai Jun , Alawadhi Hussain , Ishizuka Shinichi 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTCommercially available hand‐held X‐ray fluorescence (HH‐XRF) spectrometers have their own quantitative analysis software. When the elements Se and Cd in soil samples are measured and quantified, the calculated concentrations sometimes fail by a factor of 1/2 for Cd, although the values obtained for Se are accurate. This is because of the escape depth length of fluorescent X‐rays. Easy ways to overcome this problem are presented; two point calibration, or at least one point and one blank is enough. Problems associated with mercury evaporation from the sample is also discussed. Filter paper analysis is used as an example for the present work, and a five‐filter pile of ash‐less paper is concluded to have better sensitivity than a single paper filter analysis.
The Provision of Browse and Its Impacts on the Health and Welfare of Animals at the Zoo: A Review
Authors: Ramont Margaret , Principe Nicole , Prostko Rachel , Watts Jennifer , Chinnadurai Sathya K. , Miller Lance J. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBrowsers are animals that consume significant proportions of leaves, twigs, and bark from woody plants. These species have evolved morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to subsist on a specialized diet. In zoos and other managed care facilities, the provision of browse in appropriate amounts helps promote positive animal welfare. Feeding on browse fulfills behavioral needs and reduces stereotypies, promotes satiety, and provides opportunities for dietary choice and control. However, there are several obstacles that can prevent institutions from providing browse, including physical and chemical hazards, palatability issues, and the difficulty in quantifying the nutritional value of browse. In addition, providing large enough quantities of browse can be challenging, and fresh browse may be especially difficult to provide for zoos in temperate climates. We describe the methods currently utilized to preserve browse and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. We recommend areas of future research for browse provision in zoos.
The Experience of Coercion and Violence: Service User, Professional and Informal Caregiver Perspectives
Authors: Hahn Sabine , Hasler Melina , Rühle Andersson Sabine , Bonner Yvonne D. B. , Richter Dirk 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is to describe the views of service users, staff, and informal caregivers on violence, aggression, and coercion. Service users, staff, and informal caregivers usually have different views on why aggression and violence occur in mental health care settings. Staff and informal caregivers see the root of violence in the service user’s mental disorder and behaviour. Service users often describe staff behaviour as provocative and disrespectful, and therefore as the main trigger for violence. Also, their views on coercion vary significantly, reflecting a complex landscape of perspectives and challenges. Most service users oppose coercive practices, viewing them as violations of their rights and triggering past and future traumas. Conversely, staff and informal caregivers often see coercion as necessary to address aggressive behaviour or self-harm and maintain a safe environment. However, staff generally regard coercion as a last resort. Informal caregivers tend to be critical of coercive measures, feeling to be excluded and insecure as a result. All parties recognise the distressing impact of coercion on service users and its potential to disrupt therapeutic relationships. If clinical practice aims to minimise violence and coercion, service users must be actively involved on an equal basis in the development of alternatives and the promotion of shared and supported decision-making in mental health care.
Transparency and Transformation: Rethinking Tax Governance in the Mining Sectors of Tanzania and Kenya
Authors: Maina Anne Wanyagathi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe extractive sector is vital for many resource-rich countries and has enormous potential to propel economic prosperity. Many countries have introduced mining reforms to manage their resource wealth but struggle to achieve desired results due to weak governance. Thus, regional and international organizations have developed governance frameworks to strengthen mining governance. Tax transparency, a fundamental component of these frameworks, is widely acknowledged as a mechanism for enhancing information accessibility to mitigate corruption and foster desirable values, such as democracy and accountability, to avoid negative resource governance outcomes. The impact of mining reforms driven by international governance frameworks for strengthening governance remains unproven. Existing literature on the impact of global governance frameworks on mining governance and development outcomes remains limited, creating a notable gap in understanding. This chapter addresses this gap by examining the implementation of tax transparency within international and domestic mining frameworks. It offers a comparative analysis of the implementation of tax transparency in Tanzania and Kenya, shedding light on their experiences. This chapter discusses the practical implications and challenges encountered in the implementation of transparency policies, drawing valuable lessons and recommendations regarding the role of tax transparency in transformation of mining governance.
Stability criteria for positive semigroups on ordered Banach spaces
Authors: Glück Jochen , Mironchenko Andrii 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe consider generators of positive $$C_0$$

C
0

-semigroups and, more generally, resolvent positive operators A on ordered Banach spaces and seek for conditions ensuring the negativity of their spectral bound $$s(A)$$

s
(
A
)

. Our main result characterizes $$s(A) < 0$$

s
(
A
)
<
0

in terms of so-called small-gain conditions that describe the behaviour of Ax for positive vectors x. This is new even in case that the underlying space is an $$L^p$$

L
p

-space or a space of continuous functions. We also demonstrate that it becomes considerably easier to characterize the property $$s(A) < 0$$

s
(
A
)
<
0

if the cone of the underlying Banach space has non-empty interior or if the essential spectral bound of A is negative. To treat the latter case, we discuss a counterpart of a Krein–Rutman theorem for resolvent positive operators. When A is the generator of a positive $$C_0$$

C
0

-semigroup, our results can be interpreted as stability results for the semigroup, and as such, they complement similar results recently proved for the discrete-time case. In the same vein, we prove a Collatz–Wielandt type formula and a logarithmic formula for the spectral bound of generators of positive semigroups.
Potentially traumatic events and the association with hazardous alcohol use in 19,128 middle aged and elderly adults: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
Authors: Husberg-Bru Vendela , Hopstock Laila A. , Thimm Jens C. , Lid Torgeir Gilje , Rognmo Kamilla , Wang Catharina Elisabeth Arfwedson , Gustavson Kristin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The aim was to examine the association between a wide range of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) experienced in childhood, adulthood or both, and hazardous alcohol use, including the relationship between the total sum of PTEs and hazardous alcohol use in middle aged and elderly adults. Previous studies have predominantly focused on childhood PTEs or isolated PTEs and more severe alcohol problems, little focus has been given to middle aged and elderly adults with hazardous alcohol use and PTE experiences.

Methods
We used logistic regression analysis to study the relation between a broad range of PTEs and hazardous alcohol defined by the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) in 19,128 women and men aged 40 years and above participating in the seventh survey of the Norwegian population-based Tromsø Study in 2015–2016. Alcohol abstainers were excluded from the analyses.

Results
Experience of violence, sexual abuse, bullying, painful or frightening medical and dental treatments, and serious illness or accident by a loved one were associated with higher odds for hazardous alcohol use. Further, there were higher odds of hazardous alcohol use per additional experienced PTE (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.20–1.25, p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion
PTEs were prevalent among participants who had a hazardous alcohol use. Also, most of the PTEs occurring in childhood, adulthood or both were independently related to hazardous alcohol use. Moreover, the findings indicate an association in the relationship between the number of PTEs and hazardous alcohol use.
Quantum Reference Frames, Measurement Schemes and the Type of Local Algebras in Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Fewster Christopher J. , Janssen Daan W. , Loveridge Leon Deryck , Rejzner Kasia , Waldron James 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We develop an operational framework, combining relativistic quantum measurement theory with quantum reference frames (QRFs), in which local measurements of a quantum field on a background with symmetries are performed relative to a QRF. This yields a joint algebra of quantum-field and reference-frame observables that is invariant under the natural action of the group of spacetime isometries. For the appropriate class of quantum reference frames, this algebra is parameterised in terms of crossed products. Provided that the quantum field has good thermal properties (expressed by the existence of a KMS state at some nonzero temperature), one can use modular theory to show that the invariant algebra admits a semifinite trace. If furthermore the quantum reference frame has good thermal behaviour (expressed in terms of the properties of a KMS weight) at the same temperature, this trace is finite. We give precise conditions for the invariant algebra of physical observables to be a type

$$\text {II}_1$$

II
1

factor. Our results build upon recent work of Chandrasekaran et al. (J High Energy Phys 2023(2): 1–56, 2023. arXiv:2206.10780), providing both a significant mathematical generalisation of these findings and a refined operational understanding of their model.
Optimizing prone CT use for suspected interstitial lung abnormalities
Authors: Song Jiyoung , Chae Kum Ju , Lee Jong Eun , Yanagawa Masahiro , Chung Jonathan H. , Lynch David A. , Jang Myoung-Jin , Goo Jin Mo , Yoon Soon Ho 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objectives
We investigated whether supine chest CT alone suffices for diagnosing ILAs, thereby reducing the need for prone chest CT.

Materials and methods
Patients who underwent prone chest CT for suspected ILAs from January 2021 to July 2023, with matching supine CT within 1 year, were retrospectively evaluated. Five multinational thoracic radiologists independently rated ILA suspicion and fibrosis scores (1 to 5-point) and ILA extent (1–100%) using supine CT first, then combined supine-prone CT after a 1-month washout. We categorized ILA suspicion and fibrosis scores into four diagnostic groups; normal, non-fibrotic, indeterminate-type, and fibrotic ILAs. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of ILA suspicion scores, inter-reader agreement on diagnostic categories, and intra-reader/inter-reader reliability for ILA extent were evaluated.

Results
This study included 69 patients (mean age 67.2 ± 7.2 years; 36 women), with 23 age- and sex-matched patients in each group: normal, non-fibrotic ILAs, and fibrotic ILAs. The pooled AUC for ILA suspicion and inter-reader agreement on diagnostic categories improved for non-fibrotic ILAs with prone CT (AUC 0.76 to 0.92, p < 0.001; Fleiss kappa 0.25 to 0.51, p = 0.004), but not for fibrotic ILAs (AUC 0.94 to 0.99, p = 0.06; Fleiss kappa 0.63 to 0.72, p = 0.08). ILA extent was 1–2% smaller with prone CT for both ILA types (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
For fibrotic ILAs, supine CT alone exhibited substantial diagnostic accuracy and inter-reader agreement, while the diagnosis of non-fibrotic ILAs benefited from adding prone CT. Supine CT alone slightly overestimated extent regardless of ILA type.

Key Points
QuestionProne CT is recommended when interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) are suspected on supine CT, but its benefits remain underexplored.
FindingsSupine CT alone sufficed for diagnosing fibrotic ILAs, while prone CT improved non-fibrotic ILA diagnosis and reduced extent overestimation for both types.
Clinical relevanceOmitting prone CT reduces extra time, space, and radiation exposure without compromising the diagnosis of fibrotic ILAs, which have higher rates of progression and mortality risks, enhancing patient comfort and simplifying patient management.
Can surface landmarks help us identify the gibson interval during surgical hip dislocation: a study of 617 hips
Authors: Franken Veerle , Blümel Stefan , Schwab Joseph M. , Tannast Moritz 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Introduction
The Gibson approach, used in hip-preserving surgery, is intermuscular and develops the space anteriorly to the gluteus maximus. Reliable anatomical landmarks for the development of this interval do not exist, but the interval is marked by perforating vessels (PV) of the inferior gluteal artery. The aim of this study was to provide reference values for the relationship between palpable anatomical landmarks on the femur/pelvis and the anterior border of the gluteus maximus using CT scans of the proximal femur.

Materials and methods
Single center retrospective study of 617 hips who underwent a CT-scan of the pelvis/femur. We defined 5 anatomical markers on the pelvis and proximal femur and measured the distance of the anterior border of the gluteus maximus in relation to the marker, which was either anterior or posterior. The amount PV’s and it’s location relative to the innominate tubercle were measured in the coronal plane. For each landmark we compared these subgroups: male vs female, age < 40 vs ≥ 40, categorical age (< 20; 20–40; 40–60; > 60), and categorical femoral torsion (< 10°; 10°–25°; 25°–35°; > 35°).

Results
Mean location of the parameters A-E was at − 8.1 cm, 1.1 cm, 1.8 cm, 1.3 cm and 0.4 cm. Parameters B, C, and D were more posterior in the age ≥ 40 group. Parameters A–E were significantly more posterior in the age > 60 group. Parameters A and E were significantly more anterior in females than in males. 50% of the PV are found between 5 and 9 cm proximal to the innominate tubercle. No statistically significant differences were noted in the location of any of the perforating vessels in the different subgroups.

Conclusion
The Gibson interval is located more anteriorly in female patients and patients under 40 years of age. It is located more posteriorly in patients over 60 years of age. In addition, the interval moves anteriorly with increasing femoral torsion, most notably in patients with very high femoral torsion (> 35°).
The intrapelvic approach to the acetabulum
Authors: Gänsslen Axel , Staresinic Mario , Krappinger Dietmar , Lindahl Jan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe today well accepted intrapelvic approach for acetabular and pelvic ring injury fixation was first described by Hirvensalo and Lindahl in 1993 followed by a more detailed description by Cole and Bolhofner in 1994. Compared to the well-known ilioinguinal approach, described by Letournel, this approach allows an intrapelvic view to the medial acetabulum, while using the ilioinguinal approach a more superior, extrapelvic view, is dissected to the area of the acetabulum. Several names have been used to describe the new intrapelvic approach with increasing usage, mainly ilio-anterior approach, extended Pfannenstiel approach, Stoppa-approach, Rives-Stoppa approach, modified Stoppa approach and recently anterior intrapelvic approach. Especially names including “Stoppa”, based on the French surgeon Rene Stoppa, an inguinal hernia surgeon, have been discussed. In contrast to the presently used intrapelvic approach, the original the Rives-Stoppa approach refers to a sublay-retromuscular technique, which places a mesh posterior to the rectus muscle and anterior to the posterior rectus sheath without dissecting along the upper pubic ramus. Thus, intrapelvic approach is not a Rives-Stoppa approach. The Cheatle-Henry approach, another inguinal hernia approach, refers best to the presently used intrapelvic approach. Discussing the anatomy and the different dissections, this approach allows anteromedial access to the anterior column and a direct view from inside the true pelvis to the quadrilateral plate and medial side of the posterior column. Thus, we favor to use the term “Intrapelvic Approach”.
Medial meniscus posterior root tears with advanced osteoarthritis or subchondral insufficiency fracture are good indications for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty at a minimum 2-year follow-up
Authors: Kawada Koki , Yokoyama Yusuke , Okazaki Yuki , Tamura Masanori , Ozaki Toshifumi , Furumatsu Takayuki 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Introduction
The outcomes of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) in the presence and absence of medial meniscus posterior root tears (MMPRTs) have not been compared. This study compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing UKA with and without MMPRTs.

Materials and methods
This study analyzed 68 patients. The presence or absence of MMPRTs was evaluated using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Patient characteristics, clinical scores before surgery and at the final evaluation, and imaging findings were compared between patients with and without MMPRTs. Multiple regression analysis was conducted on postoperative visual analog scale (VAS)-pain scores.

Results
MMPRTs were present in 64.7% (44/68) of patients. Patients with MMPRTs were significantly younger (67.8 ± 8.2 vs. 75.0 ± 7.1 years, p < 0.001) and had a shorter duration from the development of symptoms to the time of surgery than those without (6.8 ± 8.4 vs. 36.1 ± 38.9 months, p < 0.001). Component placement or lower-limb alignment did not significantly differ between the groups. Preoperative clinical scores were not significantly different between the groups; however, patients with MMPRTs showed significantly better postoperative VAS-pain scores than those without (10.0 ± 9.0 vs. 28.2 ± 26.0 points, p = 0.026). Multiple regression analysis of postoperative VAS-pain scores revealed the significant effect of duration from the development of symptoms to the time of surgery (p = 0.038).

Conclusions
Patients undergoing UKA with MMPRTs were younger with less radiographic osteoarthritic changes compared to those without MMPRTs, and their postoperative VAS-pain scores were significantly superior. The duration from the development of symptoms to the time of surgery significantly influenced postoperative pain in patients undergoing UKA.