bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schreibapparate
Authors: Ayaß Ruth 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag diskutiert die Rolle von Tastaturen für Schreiben und Schrift und behandelt die Tasten und die Tastatur als übersehene Kulturtechnik. Während der Digitalisierung des Schreibens große Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wurde, blieb das zentrale Mittel dieser Veränderung unbemerkt: die Tastatur. Sie ist das zentrale Bindeglied zwischen Gutenbergs Erfindung der beweglichen Type und den modernen mobilen Schreibgeräten wie Smartphones und Tablets. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie Schreibapparate und Tastaturen entstanden sind, wie sie sich in das Berufsleben und den Alltag ausgebreitet haben und wie sie zur Mechanisierung und Rationalisierung des Schreibens geführt haben. Durch den Auszug der Tastaturen aus den Büros und ihrer heutigen Allgegenwart auf mobilen Schreibgeräten sind Tastaturen ein fester Bestandteil alltäglichen Lebens geworden.
Relevanz schulischer Medienkonzepte als Orientierung für die Schule im Zuge der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung
Authors: Heldt Melanie , Lorenz Ramona , Eickelmann Birgit 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungFür Schulen sind Orientierungen in der digitalen Welt angesichts neuer Herausforderungen durch die Digitalisierung von steigender Relevanz. Ein zentrales Instrument stellen dabei schulische Medienkonzepte dar, die gemeinsam vereinbarte Orientierungen für die schulische Arbeit und Schulentwicklungsprozesse enthalten. Zudem stellt die Medienkonzeptentwicklung einen Bestandteil theoretischer Modelle zur Erfassung und Beschreibung von Qualitätsdimensionen schulischer Medienbildung dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag (1) die Relevanz von Medienkonzepten aus der Sicht von Schulleitungen und Schulträgern. Außerdem wird beleuchtet, (2) welche Personengruppen an den Schulen für Aufgaben im Kontext des Medienkonzeptes zuständig sind und (3) ob signifikante Unterschiede der schulischen Rahmenbedingungen, des Schulleitungshandelns und des Support je nach Vorhandensein eines Medienkonzeptes vorzufinden sind. Die Fragestellungen werden explorativ auf Grundlage der triangulativ angelegtenUntersuchung des technischen und pädagogischen Supports an Schulenbearbeitet, in deren RahmenN = 601 Lehrkräfte der Sekundarstufe I befragt wurden. Zudem wurden Interviews mitN = 8 Schulleitungen sowieN = 14 Schulträgern, die jeweils möglichst weit im Digitalisierungsprozess vorangeschritten sind, geführt und inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Relevanz von Medienkonzepten für eine gelingende Schulentwicklung mit digitalen Medien als hoch eingeschätzt wird. Des Weiteren wird ersichtlich, dass die in den Einzelschulen für Belange der Medienkonzeptentwicklung zuständigen Akteursgruppen vielfältig zusammengesetzt sind. Ferner können bedeutsame Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die untersuchten Indikatoren je nach Vorhandensein eines Medienkonzeptes aufgezeigt werden. Die Arbeit mit Medienkonzepten kann somit das Herzstück der Schulentwicklung im Kontext der Digitalisierung darstellen.
Porous chitosan by crosslinking with tricarboxylic acid and tuneable release
Authors: Yang Yonghong , Chen Guanhong , Murray Patricia , Zhang Haifei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChitosan hydrogels crosslinked with 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylic acid (BTC) are readily prepared at room temperature by adding aqueous chitosan solution dropwise into BTC-ethanol solution. Highly interconnected porous chitosan materials are subsequently prepared by freeze-drying the chitosan hydrogels. These chitosan materials show porous structures with smaller pores than conventionally prepared chitosan hydrogels via crosslinking with NaOH, genipin or sodium triphosphate. This method of forming chitosan hydrogels with BTC provides the advantage of facile encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, as demonstrated with the model dyes (Oil Red O and Rhodamine B). The release of the hydrophilic dye from the chitosan hydrogels is demonstrated and can be tuned by BTC/chitosan concentrations and the hydrogel drying methods. However, the release of encapsulated hydrophobic dye is negligible.
Hesperidin: synthesis and characterization of bioflavonoid complex
Authors: Binkowska Iwona 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFlavonoids are widely recognized for their beneficial effects in the cosmetic industry, possessing many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The study presented an efficient and simple solution to improve the preparations of antioxidant complexes based on hesperidin. Obtained products are characterized by thermogravimetric, spectrophotometric method, electron scanning microscopy, color analysis and zeta potential. Lightness value (L*) of hesperidin-silica complexes was found to be inversely correlated with the antioxidant activity values.
Numerical continuation for a fast-reaction system and its cross-diffusion limit
Authors: Kuehn Christian , Soresina Cinzia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the bifurcation structure of the cross-diffusion Shigesada–Kawasaki–Teramoto model (SKT) in the triangular form and in the weak competition regime, and of a corresponding fast-reaction system in 1D and 2D domains via numerical continuation methods. We show that the software can be exploited to treat cross-diffusion systems, reproducing the already computed bifurcation diagrams on 1D domains. We show the convergence of the bifurcation structure obtained selecting the growth rate as bifurcation parameter. Then, we compute the bifurcation diagram on a 2D rectangular domain providing the shape of the solutions along the branches and linking the results with the linearized analysis. In 1D and 2D, we pay particular attention to the fast-reaction limit by always computing sequences of bifurcation diagrams as the time-scale separation parameter tends to zero. We show that the bifurcation diagram undergoes major deformations once the fast-reaction systems limits onto the cross-diffusion singular limit. Furthermore, we find evidence for time-periodic solutions by detecting Hopf bifurcations, we characterize several regions of multi-stability, and improve our understanding of the shape of patterns in 2D for the SKT model.
Is social media use associated with children's well‐being? Results from the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Authors: Twigg Liz , Duncan Craig , Weich Scott 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionThere are concerns about young people's increasing use of social media and the effects this has on overall life satisfaction. Establishing the significance of social media use requires researchers to take simultaneous account of other factors that might be influential and it is essential to adopt a longitudinal perspective to investigate temporal patterns.MethodMeasures of happiness for children aged 10–15 from 7 waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study were examined (n = 7596). Multilevel models were used to assess the relative association between these measures, children's social media use and individual, household and community characteristics.ResultsHigh use of social media was found to be significantly associated with change in happiness scores but was not associated with worsening life satisfaction trajectories. The most consistent factor was gender, with girls experiencing the largest decline in happiness between two time points (0.18 points) and being more likely to have a worsening trajectory over time (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.36–2.32). Parental mental health, household support and household income were also important.ConclusionModerate use of social media does not play an important role in shaping children's life satisfaction. Higher levels of use is associated with lower levels of happiness, especially for girls but more research is needed to understand how this technology is being used. As well as focusing on high levels of social media use, policy makers should also concentrate on particular demographic groupings and factors affecting the social fabric of the households in which children grow up.
Measuring battery discharge characteristics for accurate UAV endurance estimation
Authors: Mariga L. , Silva Tiburcio I. , Martins C.A. , Almeida Prado A.N. , Nascimento C. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThe increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles in areas such as rescue, mapping, and transportation have made it necessary to study more accurate techniques for calculating flight time estimates. Such calculations require knowing the battery discharge profile. Simplified flight time calculation methods provide data with uncertainties as they are based solely on manufacturer datasheet information. This study presents a setup to measure the battery discharge curve using a LabVIEW interface with a low-cost acquisition system. The acquired data passes through a nonlinear optimisation algorithm to find the battery coefficients, which enables the more precise estimation of its range and endurance. The great advantage of this model is that it makes it possible to predict how the battery will discharge at different rates using just one experimental curve. The methodology was applied to three different batteries and the model was validated with different discharge rates in a controlled environment, which resulted in endurance lower than 3.0% for most conditions and voltage estimation error lower than 3.0% in operational voltage. The work also presented a methodology for estimating cruise time based on the current used during each flight stage.
The Priority of the Epistemic
Authors: Scheall Scott , Crutchfield Parker 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEpistemic burdens – the nature and extent of our ignorance (that and how) with respect to various courses of action – serve to determine our incentive structures. Courses of action that seem to bear impossibly heavy epistemic burdens are typically not counted as options in an actor's menu, while courses of action that seem to bear comparatively heavy epistemic burdens are systematically discounted in an actor's menu relative to options that appear less epistemically burdensome. That ignorance serves to determine what counts as an option means that epistemic considerations are logically prior to moral, prudential, and economic considerations: in order to have moral, prudential, or economic obligations, one must have options, and epistemic burdens serve to determine our options. One cannot have obligations without doing some epistemic work. We defend this claim on introspective grounds. We also consider how epistemic burdens distort surrogate decision-making. The unique epistemology of surrogate cases makes the priority of the epistemic readily apparent. We then argue that anyone who accepts a principle similar to ought implies can is committed to the logical priority of the epistemic. We also consider and reject several possible counterarguments.
How Intellectual Communities Progress
Authors: Ross Lewis D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecent work takes both philosophical and scientific progress to consist in acquiring factive epistemic states such as knowledge. However, much of this work leaves unclear what entity is thesubjectof these epistemic states. Furthermore, by focusing only on states like knowledge, we overlook progress inintermediatecases between ignorance and knowledge – for example, many now celebrated theories were initially so controversial that they were not known. This paper develops an improved framework for thinking about intellectual progress. Firstly, I argue that we should think of progress relative to the epistemic position of an intellectual community rather than individual inquirers. Secondly, I show how focusing on the extended process of inquiry (rather than the mere presence or absence of states like knowledge) provides a better evaluation of different types of progress. This includes progress through formulating worthwhile questions, acquiring new evidence, and increasing credence on the right answers to these questions. I close by considering the ramifications for philosophical progress, suggesting that my account supports rejecting the most negative views while allowing us to articulate different varieties of optimism and pessimism.
Polycentric Limited Epistocracy: Political Expertise and the Wiki-Model
Authors: Manor Aylon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDemocracy has recently been criticized by several philosophers on grounds of poor epistemic performance. The proposed alternative – epistocracy – faces criticism for failing to uphold and express the core democratic values of civic equality and individual autonomy. In response, proposals have been offered that try to achieve epistocratic performance while retaining democratic inclusion. This paper raises two problems for such proposals, relating to the selection of experts and the incentive-compatibility of the system. Given these failures, I sketch what I call the Wiki-Model. I argue that the Wiki-Model (i) has desirable epistemic properties; (ii) realizes our democratic ideals; while also (iii) avoiding the two problems that other hybrid models face.
Temperature-dependent development, survival and reproduction ofApanteles hemara(Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) onSpoladea recurvalis(F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Agbodzavu M. K. , Osiemo-Lagat Z. , Gikungu M. , Ekesi S. , Fiaboe K. K. M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe temperature-dependent development ofApanteles hemara(Nixon), a larval endoparasitoid of the devastating amaranth pestSpoladea recurvalis(F.) was studied in the laboratory at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C), a photoperiod of 12L:12D and a relative humidity of 60–70%. Developmental time decreased significantly with increasing temperature within the range of 15–30 °C. The parasitoid's pupal mortality, successful parasitism rate, adult emergence rate and longevity, sex ratio and fecundity were affected by temperature. The population ofA. hemarafailed to develop at 10 and 35 °C. The development threshold (Tmin) and the thermal constant (K) were calculated by the linear model while the lethal temperature (Tmax) was determined by the Lactin-1 model. The estimated values ofTmin,TmaxandKby the two models were 10.3 °C, 35.0 °C and 185.18 DD respectively for the total immature development. The estimated value of the optimum temperature using the Taylor model was 30.8 °C. This is the first study to report on the effect of temperature on the developmental parameters ofA. hemaragiving an insight into its biology. The implications of these findings for the use ofA. hemarain biological control are discussed.
Bank Geographic Diversification and Corporate Innovation: Evidence from the Lending Channel
Authors: Deng Saiying , Mao Connie X. , Xia Cong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBy integrating staggered interstate banking deregulation into a gravity model following Goetz, Laeven, and Levine (2013), (2016), we construct a time-varying, bank-specific instrument for geographic diversification and investigate its causal effect on corporate innovation via the lending channel. We find that bank geographic diversification spurs corporate innovation and enhances the economic value of innovation. We identify relaxing debt covenants and alleviating borrowers’ financial constraints as the two underlying mechanisms explaining the documented effects. Moreover, by offering lenient covenants, geographically diversified banks provide greater financial and operational flexibility to borrowing firms, enabling them to engage in future mergers and acquisitions.
Narratives of Crisis in the Periphery of São Paulo: Place and Political Articulation during Brazil's Rightward Turn
Authors: Richmond Matthew Aaron 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBetween 2014 and 2018, a period marked by major political and economic upheaval, Brazilian politics shifted sharply to the Right. Presenting qualitative research conducted over 2016–17, this article examines this process from the perspectives of residents of a peripheral São Paulo neighbourhood. Analysis is presented of three broad groups of respondents, each of which mobilised a distinct narrative framework for interpreting the crisis. Based on this, I argue that the rightward turn in urban peripheries embodies not a significant ideological shift, but rather long-term transformations of place and the largely contingent ways these articulate with electoral politics.
Do Religious Justifications Distort Policy Debates? Some Empirics on the Case for Public Reason
Authors: Kettell Steven , Djupe Paul A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractScholars engaged in debates about the use of public reason often view religious arguments as being out of bounds. Yet the real-world impact of religious discourse remains under-explored. This study contributes to research in this area with an empirical test looking at the impact of religious arguments on a particular policy debate. A survey experiment explored the effects of religious and secular cues with varied policy directions on the issue of assisted dying. The findings showed that secular arguments were considerably more likely to elicit a positive response, and that, while religious arguments were not a conversation stopper, they produced significant distortions in political perceptions among participants, though not necessarily along the identity lines critical to the public reason debate.
Inverting Topography for Landscape Evolution Model Process Representation: 1. Conceptualization and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Barnhart Katherine R. , Tucker Gregory E. , Doty Sandra G. , Shobe Charles M. , Glade Rachel C. , Rossi Matthew W. , Hill Mary C. 
Published: February 2020

Despite considerable community effort, there is no general set of equations to model long‐term landscape evolution. In order to determine a suitable set of landscape evolution process laws for a site where postglacial erosion has incised valleys up to 50 m deep, we generate a set of alternative models and perform a multimodel analysis. The most basic model we consider includes stream power channel incision, uniform lithology, hillslope transport by linear diffusion, and surface‐water discharge proportional to drainage area. We systematically add one, two, or three elements of complexity to this model from one of four categories: hillslope processes, channel processes, surface hydrology, and representation of geologic materials. We apply methods of formal model analysis to the 37 alternative models. The global Method of Morris sensitivity analysis method is used to identify model input parameters that most and least strongly influence model outputs. Only a few parameters are identified as important, and this finding is consistent across two alternative model outputs: one based on a collection of topographic metrics and one that uses an objective function based on a topographic difference. Parameters that control channel erosion are consistently important, while hillslope diffusivity is important for only select model outputs. Uncertainty in initial and boundary conditions is associated with low sensitivity. Sensitivity analysis provides insight to model dynamics and is a critical step in using model analysis for mechanistic hypothesis testing in landscape evolution theory.
Implications of Organic Mass to Carbon Ratios Increasing Over Time in the Rural United States
Authors: Malm W. C. , Schichtel B. A. , Hand J. L. , Prenni A. J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe thermal evolution procedure used by most monitoring programs in the United States to determine carbonaceous aerosol concentrations is referred to as the thermal‐optical reflectance method, where an aerosol sample that has been collected on a quartz filter is heated and evolved carbon is characterized as either organic (OC) or light absorbing carbon (LAC). Evolved carbon assigned to OC is multiplied by a factor, Roc, to achieve an estimate of organic mass. Over the last 10–15 years, Roc, estimated through multiple linear regression analysis of data collected in the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program, has increased at about a rate of about 0.02 per year, reaching values above 2.0 in many regions of the United States. Analysis of evolved carbon concentration temporal trends suggests that thermal‐optical reflectance analysis, on the average, inaccurately bifurcates particulate carbon into the OC and LAC fractions with some LAC being inadvertently and wrongly assigned to the OC fraction. It is shown that misapportioned LAC assigned to OC is decreasing faster than true OC, resulting in a compensating increase in the Roc assigned to reported OC over time. A first‐order model is proposed to correct for the misapportioned carbon.
Tailoring WRF and Noah‐MP to Improve Process Representation of Sierra Nevada Runoff: Diagnostic Evaluation and Applications
Authors: Holtzman Nataniel M. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Cohen Jonathan S. , Wrzesien Melissa L. , Herman Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWatersheds at the western margin of the Sierra Nevada mountains in California are regulated by large dams providing crucial water supply, flood control, and electricity generation. Runoff in these basins is snowmelt dominated and therefore vulnerable to alteration due to climate change. Regional climate models coupled to land surface models can be used to study the hydrologic impacts of climate change, but there is little evidence that they accurately simulate watershed‐scale runoff in complex terrain. This study evaluates capabilities of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model, coupled to the Noah‐multiparameterization (MP) land surface model, to simulate runoff into nine Sierra Nevada reservoirs over the period 2007–2017. Default parameterizations lead to substantial inaccuracy in results, including median bias of 61%. Errors can be traced to process representations; specifically, we modify the representation of snowflake formation in the Thompson microphysics scheme and subsurface runoff generation in the Noah‐MP land surface model, including a correction representing effects of groundwater storage. The resulting parameterization improves Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency to above 0.7 across all basins and reduces median bias to 21%. To assess capabilities of the modified WRF/Noah‐MP system in supporting analysis of human‐altered hydrology, we use its streamflow projections to force a reservoir operations model, results of which maintain high accuracy in predicting reservoir storage and releases (mean Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.41). This diagnostic analysis indicates that coupled climate and land surface models can be used to study climate change effects on reservoir systems in mountain regions via dynamical downscaling, when adequate physical parameterizations are used.
Targeted overexpression of the long noncoding RNA ODSM can regulate osteoblast function in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Wang Ke , Zhang Lijun , Tan Yingjun , Hu Zebing , Dang Lei , Zhou Hua , Li Gaozhi , Wang Han , Zhang Shu , Shi Fei , Cao Xinsheng , Zhang Ge 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAmeliorating bone loss caused by mechanical unloading is a substantial clinical challenge, and the role of noncoding RNAs in this process has attracted increasing attention. In this study, we found that the long noncoding RNA osteoblast differentiation-related lncRNA under simulated microgravity (lncRNA ODSM) could inhibit osteoblast apoptosis and promote osteoblast mineralization in vitro. The increased expression level of the lncRNA ODSM partially reduced apoptosis and promoted differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells under microgravity unloading conditions, and the effect was partially dependent on miR-139-3p. LncRNA ODSM supplementation in hindlimb-unloaded mice caused a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in bone tissue and an increase in osteoblast activity. Furthermore, targeted overexpression of the lncRNA ODSM in osteoblasts partially reversed bone loss induced by mechanical unloading at the microstructural and biomechanical levels. These findings are the first to suggest the potential value of the lncRNA ODSM in osteoporosis therapy and the treatment of pathological osteopenia.