bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Parallel Newton Multigrid Framework for Monolithic Fluid-Structure Interactions
Authors: Failer L. , Richter T. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe present a monolithic parallel Newton-multigrid solver for nonlinear nonstationary three dimensional fluid-structure interactions in arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation. We start with a finite element discretization of the coupled problem, based on a remapping of the Navier–Stokes equations onto a fixed reference framework. The strongly coupled fluid-structure interaction problem is discretized with finite elements in space and finite differences in time. The resulting nonlinear and linear systems of equations are large and show a very high condition number. We present a novel Newton approach that is based on two essential ideas: First, a condensation of the solid deformation by exploiting the discretized velocity-deformation relation $$d_t \mathbf {u}= \mathbf {v}$$dtu=v, second, the Jacobian of the fluid-structure interaction system is simplified by neglecting all derivatives with respect to the ALE deformation, an approximation that has shown to have little impact. The resulting system of equations decouples into a joint momentum equation and into two separate equations for the deformation fields in solid and fluid. Besides a reduction of the problem sizes, the approximation has a positive effect on the conditioning of the systems such that multigrid solvers with simple smoothers like a parallel Vanka-iteration can be applied. We demonstrate the efficiency of the resulting solver infrastructure on a well-studied 2d test-case and we also introduce a challenging 3d problem.
Von Neumann–Gale dynamics and capital growth in financial markets with frictions
Authors: Babaei Esmaeil , Evstigneev Igor V. , Schenk-Hoppé Klaus Reiner , Zhitlukhin Mikhail 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of this work is to extend the classical theory of growth-optimal investments (Shannon, Kelly, Breiman, Algoet, Cover and others) to models of asset markets with frictions—transaction costs and portfolio constraints. As the modelling framework, we use discrete-time dynamical systems generated by convex homogeneous multivalued operators in spaces of random vectors—von Neumann–Gale dynamical systems. The main results are concerned with the construction and characterization of investment strategies possessing properties of asymptotic growth-optimality almost surely.
Analysis of adversary activities using cloud-based web services to enhance cyber threat intelligence
Authors: Al-Mohannadi Hamad , Awan Irfan , Al Hamar Jassim 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe understanding of cyber threats to a network is challenging yet rewarding as it allows an organisation to prevent a potential attack. Numerous efforts have been made to predict cyber threat before they occur. To build a threat intelligence framework, an organisation must understand attack data collected from the network events and analyse them to identify the cyber attack artefacts such as IP address, domain name, tools and techniques, username and password, and geographic location of the attacker, which could be used to understand the nature of attack to a system or network. However, it is very difficult or dangerous to collect and analyse live data from a production system. Honeypot technology is well known for mimicking the real system while collecting actual data that can be in near real time in order to monitor the activities on the network. This paper proposes a threat intelligence approach analysing attack data collected using cloud-based web service in order to support the active threat intelligence.
Prognostic implications of resting distal coronary-to-aortic pressure ratio compared with fractional flow reserve: a 10-year follow-up study after deferral of revascularisation
Authors: Wijntjens G. W. M. , van de Hoef T. P. , Meuwissen M. , Echavarría-Pinto M. , Murai T. , Stegehuis V. E. , Koch K. T. , Chamuleau S. A. , Voskuil M. , de Winter R. J. , Tijssen J. G. P. , Piek J. J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The distal coronary-to-aortic pressure ratio (Pd/Pa) is a non-hyperaemic physiological index to assess the functional severity of coronary stenoses. Studies comparing Pd/Pa with fractional flow reserve (FFR) show superior diagnostic efficiency for myocardial ischaemia. Nevertheless, a direct comparison regarding long-term clinical outcomes is still not available. The present observational study compared the prognostic value of Pd/Pa and FFR for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during a 10-year follow-up period after deferral of revascularisation.

Methods
Between April 1997 and September 2006, we evaluated 154 coronary stenoses (154 patients) in which revascularisation was deferred with intracoronary pressure and flow measurements during the resting and hyperaemic state. Long-term follow-up (median: 11.8 years) was performed to document the occurrence of MACE, defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularisation.

Results
The study population comprised angiographically intermediate coronary stenoses, with a mean diameter stenosis of 53 ± 8%, and intermediate physiological severity with a median FFR of 0.82 (Q1, Q3: 0.76, 0.88). The association of Pd/Pa with long-term MACE was similar to that of FFR [FFR-standardised hazard ratio (sHR): 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61–0.98; Pd/Pa-sHR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67–0.96]. In the presence of disagreement between Pd/Pa and FFR, normal Pd/Pa was generally associated with high coronary flow reserve (CFR) and a favourable clinical outcome, whereas abnormal Pd/Pa was generally associated with CFR around the ischaemic cut-point and an impaired clinical outcome, regardless of the accompanying FFR value.

Conclusion
The present study suggests that Pd/Pa provides at least equivalent prognostic value compared with FFR. When Pd/Pa disagreed with FFR, the baseline index conferred superior prognostic value in this study population.
Measuring the Quality of Explanations: The System Causability Scale (SCS)
Authors: Holzinger Andreas , Carrington André , Müller Heimo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent success in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) allow problem solving automatically without any human intervention. Autonomous approaches can be very convenient. However, in certain domains, e.g., in the medical domain, it is necessary to enable a domain expert to understand, why an algorithm came up with a certain result. Consequently, the field of Explainable AI (xAI) rapidly gained interest worldwide in various domains, particularly in medicine. Explainable AI studies transparency and traceability of opaque AI/ML and there are already a huge variety of methods. For example with layer-wise relevance propagation relevant parts of inputs to, and representations in, a neural network which caused a result, can be highlighted. This is a first important step to ensure that end users, e.g., medical professionals, assume responsibility for decision making with AI/ML and of interest to professionals and regulators. Interactive ML adds the component of human expertise to AI/ML processes by enabling them to re-enact and retrace AI/ML results, e.g. let them check it for plausibility. This requires new human–AI interfaces for explainable AI. In order to build effective and efficient interactive human–AI interfaces we have to deal with the question of how to evaluate the quality of explanations given by an explainable AI system. In this paper we introduce our System Causability Scale to measure the quality of explanations. It is based on our notion of Causability (Holzinger et al. in Wiley Interdiscip Rev Data Min Knowl Discov 9(4), 2019) combined with concepts adapted from a widely-accepted usability scale.
Surface-Engineered Li4Ti5O12 Nanostructures for High-Power Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Gangaja Binitha , Nair Shantikumar , Santhanagopalan Dhamodaran 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMaterials with high-power charge–discharge capabilities are of interest to overcome the power limitations of conventional Li-ion batteries. In this study, a unique solvothermal synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles is proposed by using an off-stoichiometric precursor ratio. A Li-deficient off-stoichiometry leads to the coexistence of phase-separated crystalline nanoparticles of Li4Ti5O12 and TiO2 exhibiting reasonable high-rate performances. However, after the solvothermal process, an extended aging of the hydrolyzed solution leads to the formation of a Li4Ti5O12 nanoplate-like structure with a self-assembled disordered surface layer without crystalline TiO2. The Li4Ti5O12 nanoplates with the disordered surface layer deliver ultrahigh-rate performances for both charging and discharging in the range of 50–300C and reversible capacities of 156 and 113 mAh g−1 at these two rates, respectively. Furthermore, the electrode exhibits an ultrahigh-charging-rate capability up to 1200C (60 mAh g−1; discharge limited to 100C). Unlike previously reported high-rate half cells, we demonstrate a high-power Li-ion battery by coupling Li4Ti5O12 with a high-rate LiMn2O4 cathode. The full cell exhibits ultrafast charging/discharging for 140 and 12 s while retaining 97 and 66% of the anode theoretical capacity, respectively. Room- (25 °C), low- (− 10 °C), and high- (55 °C) temperature cycling data show the wide temperature operation range of the cell at a high rate of 100C.
Securing workers beyond the perimeter
Authors: Gordon Scott 
Published: January 2020

Although the delayed WeWork IPO has had a troubled journey, the growth of the start-up highlights the wider shift in the commercial real estate market as more organisations embrace new working practices. Globally, teleworking is expanding, with a recent survey suggesting that at least 70% of knowledge workers work at least one day a week out of the office. 1 However, for some organisations in areas such as financial services and the public sector, one of the objections against teleworking is security. The fear that remote workers are more vulnerable to cyber attack means that these sectors are remaining locked into the old office model. Teleworking is expanding, but some organisations – especially in financial services and the public sector – remain concerned about security. Part of the issue concerns organisations that have failed to evolve IT security to match the growth of teleworking. Security tools are also lacking. Securing the remote workforce requires IT or security teams to conduct regular audit refreshes and IT security policy training sessions. This must be within the context of maintaining best-practice IT security processes, says Scott Gordon of Pulse Secure.
Systematic Review of Displacement and Health Impact From Natural Disasters in Southeast Asia
Authors: Jang Subin , Ekyalongo Yuko , Kim Hyun 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTDisaster-induced displacement is associated with an increased risk of physical and mental health disorders. We aim to understand (1) the magnitude and pattern of natural disasters, affected-population, and deaths by analyzing the surveillance data by the Emergency Events Database and (2) health outcomes by a systematic review of previous studies (1975–2017), which reported physical or mental health outcomes and epidemiological measure of association among population displaced by natural disasters in Southeast Asia. A total of 674 disasters, mainly floods, storms, and earthquakes, occurred between 2004 and 2017. From the systematic review, among 6 studies met inclusion criteria, which focused on mental health (n = 5) and physical health (n = 1). All studies describing mental health resulted from the 2004 tsunami in Ache, Indonesia. We found over 7 times more publications for the disasters in Far East Asia. Selected studies revealed significantly worse mental health outcomes and poor physical health among displaced population compared with nondisplaced population. Despite the alarmingly large population displaced by natural disasters in Southeast Asia, very few studies investigate physical and mental health outcomes of such crisis. Following the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, researcher and policy-makers have to present more resources toward preventing and mitigating health outcomes.
Intra-uterine growth restriction induced by maternal low-protein diet causes long-term alterations of thymic structure and function in adult male rat offspring
Authors: Armengaud Jean-Baptiste , Dennebouy Zelie , Labes Danny , Fumey Catherine , Wilson Anne , Candotti Fabio , Yzydorczyk Catherine , Simeoni Umberto 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEarly malnutrition, the first environmental cause of intra-uterine growth restriction, impairs development of the thymus. Alterations of the thymic structure and function are reported at young ages in murine and ovine models. However, descriptions of thymic consequences of fetal malnutrition at adulthood are scarce. The present study investigates thymic structure, protein expression and cell selection process observed at postnatal day 180 (PND180) in male offspring of rats exposed to maternal low-protein diet (mLPD) compared with control diet during gestation. The thymic index was lower in adult offspring exposed to mLPD (P < 0·05). The thymic cortico-medullar ratio was lower in adult offspring exposed to mLPD (P < 0·05). At PND180, the protein expression of the lymphotoxin β receptor (P < 0·05), the autoimmune regulator (P < 0·05) and Forkhead Box P3 (FoxP3; P < 0·05) was all significantly lower in the mLPD group. The CD4+:CD8+ single-positive thymocyte subpopulation ratio and CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulation ratio were increased in the mLPD group (P < 0·05). Among CD3+ lymphocytes, the proportions of CD4+CD8+ double-positive lymphocytes, CD31+ recent thymic emigrants and CD4+FoxP3+ lymphocytes were not significantly different between mLPD and control groups. These findings suggest mLPD during gestation induced long-lasting alterations in the development of thymic structure and thymic cell maturation and selection process in adult male rat offspring.
Salt need needs investigation
Authors: Leshem Micah 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExpensive and extensive studies on the epidemiology of excessive Na intake and its pathology have been conducted over four decades. The resultant consensus that dietary Na is toxic, as well as the contention that it is less so, ignores the root cause of the attractiveness of salted food. The extant hypotheses are that most Na is infiltrated into our bodies via heavily salted industrialised food without our knowledge and that mere exposure early in life determines lifelong intake. However, these hypotheses are poorly evidenced and are meagre explanations for the comparable salt intake of people worldwide despite their markedly different diets. The love of salt begins at birth for some, vacillates in infancy, climaxes during adolescent growth, settles into separate patterns for men and women in adulthood and, with age, fades for some and persists for others. Salt adds flavour to food. It sustains and protects humans in exertion, may modulate their mood and contributes to their ailments. It may have as yet unknown benefits that may promote its delectability, and it generates controversy. An understanding of the predilection for salt should allow a more evidence-based and effective reduction of the health risks associated with Na surfeit and deficiency. The purpose of this brief review is to show the need for research into the determinants of salt intake by summarising the little we know.
Molecular characterization and tissue localization of glutathione S-transferase from adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum
Authors: Hang J.X. , He L. , Abuzeid A.M.I. , Huang Y. , Liu Y.Q. , Yan X.X. , Zhao Q. , Li X. , Liu J.M. , Li G.Q. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a detoxifying enzyme family that is essential for parasite blood-feeding and survival, and represent potential targets for hookworm vaccine development. Multiple GST-encoding complementary DNAs (cDNAs) have been cloned from Ancylostoma caninum and Necator americanus, but there are no reports about the cloning of this enzyme from Ancylostoma ceylanicum, the animal-derived zoonotic hookworm. To study the molecular nature and tissue localization of GST of A. ceylanicum (Ace-GST), we designed primers based on the GST gene sequence of A. ceylanicum in GenBank, amplified the Ace-GST cDNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and analysed its homology and genetic evolution relationship. The amplified product was cloned into the pET-32a vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for expression. To prepare anti-GST polyclonal antibodies, the recombinant protein was purified and used to immunize Kunming mice. The level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in the serum of immunized mice was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the Ace-GST localization in adult worm was determined using the immunofluorescence method. The results showed that the full-length cDNA encoding Ace-GST was 468 bp, which had the highest homology with Ac-GST-1 (60.1%) and clustered into one branch (v-class) with Ac-GST-1 and Na-GST-1 in a phylogenetic tree. Mice immunized with recombinant Ace-GST showed specific IgG antibody response. Immunolocalization revealed that natural Ace-GST is mainly located in the epidermis, muscle and intestine of the adult. These results may lay a foundation for further studies on the biological function of Ace-GST.
Childhood trauma and cognitive functioning in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis
Authors: Velikonja T. , Velthorst E. , Zinberg J. , Cannon T. D. , Cornblatt B. A. , Perkins D. O. , Cadenhead K. S. , Tsuang M. T. , Addington J. , Woods S. W. , McGlashan T. , Mathalon D. H. , Stone W. , Keshavan M. , Seidman L. , Bearden C. E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEvidence suggests that early trauma may have a negative effect on cognitive functioning in individuals with psychosis, yet the relationship between childhood trauma and cognition among those at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis remains unexplored. Our sample consisted of 626 CHR children and 279 healthy controls who were recruited as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 2. Childhood trauma up to the age of 16 (psychological, physical, and sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and bullying) was assessed by using the Childhood Trauma and Abuse Scale. Multiple domains of cognition were measured at baseline and at the time of psychosis conversion, using standardized assessments. In the CHR group, there was a trend for better performance in individuals who reported a history of multiple types of childhood trauma compared with those with no/one type of trauma (Cohen d = 0.16). A history of multiple trauma types was not associated with greater cognitive change in CHR converters over time. Our findings tentatively suggest there may be different mechanisms that lead to CHR states. Individuals who are at clinical high risk who have experienced multiple types of childhood trauma may have more typically developing premorbid cognitive functioning than those who reported minimal trauma do. Further research is needed to unravel the complexity of factors underlying the development of at-risk states.
Systematics and description of the lungfish genusSagenodusfrom the Carboniferous of the UK
Authors: BEEBY Esther L. , SMITHSON Timothy R. , CLACK Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTThe Carboniferous lungfish genusSagenodusis reviewed from all available British specimens and described in detail for the first time. We identify two species exclusive to the UK:Sagenodusinaequalis, the type species, deriving from the late Carboniferous (=Pennsylvanian); andSagenodus quinquecostatusderived from the early Carboniferous (=Mississippian). The genus is probably the most widespread of the known Carboniferous lungfish genera, but the British species have not been formally described since their discovery in the mid–late 19th Century. This work will provide data to help resolve existing questions about the position ofSagenodusin the phylogeny of Palaeozoic lungfishes, and provide a template for the recognition of isolated elements in museum collections and the finds from recent and future field work. The early Carboniferous species,S. quinquecostatus, shows a so far unique functional mechanism in which the lower tooth plates appear to rotate relative to the upper plates during jaw closure, implying a kinetic function at the symphysis or jaw joint.
Wave‐Equation Migration Velocity Analysis Using Radon‐Domain Common‐Image Gathers
Authors: He Bin , Liu Yike 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe accuracy of the background velocity analysis is critical to image the subsurface structure in seismology. Wave‐equation migration velocity analysis using source‐domain common‐image gathers requires picking the relative moveouts based on semblance analysis. However, the picking process is complex and time‐consuming. To avoid picking and maintain efficiency in generating CIGs, an automatic wave‐equation migration velocity analysis method is proposed utilizing the focusing properties of the Radon‐domain common‐image gathers. Seismic events in the Radon‐domain common‐image gathers appear focused if an accurate migration velocity model is used; otherwise, the resultant events will be unfocused. The objective function is defined in the Radon domain to measure focus of the common‐image gathers automatically. The proposed migration velocity analysis method links the defocusing information to the migration velocity update under the assumption that model perturbations only result in slope shifts in the common‐image gathers. This method provides a reasonably accurate background velocity model for imaging and full‐waveform inversion without requiring an accurate initial velocity model. Tests on synthetic and field data demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. This method is tolerable to both inaccurate initial velocity models and the lack of low‐frequency data.
Addendum to “Hydrometric Data Rescue in the Paraná River Basin” by Andrés Antico, Ricardo O. Aguiar, and Mario L. Amsler
Authors: Antico Andrés , Mendizabal Sophie , Ferreira Lorena J. , Aguiar Ricardo O. , Amsler Mario L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAntico et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020897) made available the longest hydrometric record (1875–2017) of the Paraná River of South America, one of the 10 largest rivers in the world. The oldest part of this record (1875–1883) has low accuracy because it was obtained from a hand‐drawn plot of the time series of daily water levels at Rosario City, Argentina. Here we overcame this data limitation by digitizing more accurate typewritten daily water levels observed at Rosario in 1875–1883. The digitized levels were referenced to the modern datum, subjected to quality checks, and corrected for errors caused by a gradual gauge sinking. A rating curve was used to convert water levels into discharges. Interestingly, our data capture the extreme Paraná flood associated with the very strong 1877–1878 El Niño.