bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New evaluation indices for rotational knee angles in standing anteroposterior knee radiographs
Authors: Mori Takahiro , Mochizuki Tomoharu , Koga Yoshio , Koga Hiroshi , Kobayashi Koichi , Katsumi Ryota , Sakamoto Makoto , Omori Go , Tanabe Yuji 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Identifying the time course of rotational knee alignment is crucial for elucidating the etiology in knee osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to propose new rotational indices for calculating the change in relative rotational angles between the femur and tibia in standing anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. METHODS: Forty healthy elderly volunteers (20 women and 20 men; mean age, 70 ± 6 years) were assessed. The evaluation parameters were as follows: (1) femoral rotational index: the distance between the sphere center of the medial posterior femoral condyle and the lateral edge of the patella, and (2) tibial rotational index: the distance between the medial eminence of the tibia and the lateral edge of the fibula head. The indices were standardized by the diameter of the sphere of the medial posterior femoral condyle. This study (1) identified the relationship between changes in rotational indices and the simulated rotational knee angles in the standing position, (2) proposed a regression equation for the change in relative rotational angles between the femur and tibia in standing AP radiographs, and (3) verified the accuracy of the regression equation. RESULTS: The rotational indices increased in direct proportion to simulated rotational knee angles (femoral index: r > 0.9,p < 0.0001; tibial index: r > 0.9, p < 0.0001). Based on the results, the regression equation with the accuracy of 0.45 ± 0.26° was determined. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed regression equations can potentially predict the change in relative rotational angles between the femur and tibia in a pair of standing AP radiographs taken at different dates in longitudinal studies.
Effect of repeated sprint training on isokinetic strength parameters in youth soccer players
Authors: Özgünen Kerem , Özdemir Çiğdem , Adaş Ümüt , Kilci Abdullah , Boyraz Cumhur , Eryilmaz Selcen Korkmaz , Günaşti Özgür , Askeri Nedim , Kurdak Sadi 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Sprint drills are part of the soccer training routine for their resemblance to match activities. There is a lack of information in the literature about the changes in isokinetic skeletal muscle strength in response to sprint training. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the effects of eight weeks, on-season repeated sprint training with a change of direction on isokinetic strength parameters in well-trained youth soccer players. METHODS: Nineteen well-trained youth soccer players volunteered to participate in the study. The training program included three sets of six, 40 m (20 [Formula: see text] 20 m) shuttle sprints twice a week for eight weeks. Isokinetic peak moment, work, and power of knee extensors and flexors were measured at angular velocities of 60, 180 and 240[Formula: see text]/s. Pre- and post-training valid isokinetic sector data were compared. RESULTS: Following the training period, dominant and non-dominant legs’ peak moment, work, and power values for both extensor and flexor muscle groups improved significantly at various angular velocities. CONCLUSIONS: Isokinetic strength enhancement may be explained with the induction of muscle hypertrophy following a prolonged period of sprint training.
Bilateral asymmetries in professional cyclists during a Grand Tour
Authors: Javaloyes Alejandro , Mateo-March Manuel , Carpes Felipe P. , Moya-Ramon Manuel , Lopez-Grueso Raúl , Zabala Mikel 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Pedalling asymmetries are a topic of interest to cycling coaches and athletes due to a potential link with performance and injury prevention. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the bilateral asymmetry of professional cyclists during two editions of a Grand Tour. METHODS: Here we set out to determine the power balance (power produced by each lower limb) between stronger and weaker leg (dominant vs. non-dominant) of 12 UCI professional cyclists competing at two Giro d’Italia editions. Power data were recorded during competition stages. Further analysis considered power data clustered into individual intensity zones (from Z1 to Z7). RESULTS: Higher intensity elicited better power balance (lower asymmetry) regardless of the stage profile. Intensity distribution analysed according to the role of the cyclist was lower for climbers in Z2 ([Formula: see text] 0.006) and Z7 ([Formula: see text] 0.002) and higher in Z5 ([Formula: see text] 0.023) compared to team helpers. Power balance ranged from 0 to 9 % across the different athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Increase in power output improves power balance, especially in team helpers, and the lower power balance at lower exercise intensities, which are most of the race time, may elicit significant cumulative loading on a given leg of the cyclists, which requires further attention regarding risks of overuse injury.
Potencial da terapia por fotobiomodulação no tratamento da atrofia do músculo esquelético
Authors: Gonçalves Silma Rodrigues , Tim Carla Roberta , Martignago Cintia Cristina Santi , Silva Marcelo Cavenaghi Pereira , Anaruma Carlos Alberto , Garcia Lívia Assis 
Published: January 2021

A atrofia do tecido muscular estriado esquelético é um processo complexo causado por um desequilíbrio entre a degradação e síntese de proteínas miofibrilares, levando à redução da força muscular e, consequentemente, influencia o comportamento emocional, a saúde mental e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Desta forma, a atenuação da atrofia e estímulo para formação de um novo tecido muscular é um desafio para reabilitação. Esforços consideráveis têm sido dedicados ao estabelecimento de novos tratamentos, entretanto, ainda faltam dados experimentais e clínicos confiáveis para sua aplicação clínica. Dentre as recursos terapêuticos disponíveis, a terapia por fotobiomodulação (PBMT, do inglês photobiomodulation therapy) apresenta um grande potencial, visto que é frequentemente utilizada como estratégia terapêutica promissoras para a reabilitação do tecido muscular estriado esquelético. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é proporcionar, através de uma revisão narrativa, uma compreensão das evidências atuais disponíveis sobre a importância da PBMT no tratamento de atrofia do músculo esquelético. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados bibliográficas do PubMed/MEDLINE, Biblioteca virtual da saúde (BVS), Web of Science e SciELO. As evidências encontradas neste estudo direcionam que a PBMT pode ser proposta como uma intervenção terapêutica eficaz no tratamento da atrofia muscular, devido ao potencial de estimular fatores regulatórios miogênicos que promovem a ativação e proliferação de células satélites e consequente aumento da formação de fibras musculares, assim como atenuar e apoptose de celular as vias de proteólise da fibra muscular.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING APPROACH IN THE TEACHING OF HANG STYLE LONG JUMP
Authors: Adhie Octavianus Cahyanto 
Published: January 2021

The learning improvement of physical education can be done through implementing learning approach which is suitable for 21st Century era. This research is a descriptive quantitative research which aims to describe the effectiveness of the hang style long jump learning using problem-based learning approach based on students’ learning outcomes and attitude in vocational high school context. The subject of the research were students of X ATR 1 and X TKRO 1 students of SMKN 1 Cangkringan. The data were obtained from the result of observation sheets, learning outcome tests, and questionnaire of students’ attitudes towards learning. The result showed that hang style long jump learning using problem-based learning approach was effective based on students’ learning outcomes and learning attitudes. The passing students reached 100% for X ATR 1 students and 80,65% for X TKRO 1 students. The students’ learning attitudes towards physical education subject in the category of minimum more than 80% high were 100% for X ATR 1 students and 90.32% for X TKRO 1 students.
Radiation Exposure to the Thyroid After the Chernobyl Accident
Authors: Drozdovitch Vladimir 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionThe Chernobyl accident resulted in a considerable release of radioactivity to the atmosphere, particularly of Iodine-131 (131I), with the greatest contamination occurring in Belarus, Ukraine, and western part of Russia.Material and MethodsIncrease in thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases incidence in population exposed to Chernobyl fallout in these counties was the major health effect of the accident. Therefore, a lot of attention was paid to the thyroid doses, mainly, the 131I intake during two months after the accident. This paper reviews thyroid doses, both the individual for the subjects of radiation epidemiological studies and population-average doses. Exposure to 131I intake and other exposure pathways to population of affected regions and the Chernobyl cleanup workers (liquidators) are considered.ResultsIndividual thyroid doses due to 131I intake varied up to 42 Gy and depended on the age of the person, the region where a person was exposed, and their cow’s milk consumption habits. Population-average thyroid doses among children of youngest age reached up to 0.75 Gy in the most contaminated area, the Gomel Oblast, in Belarus. Intake of 131I was the main pathway of exposure to the thyroid gland; its mean contribution to the thyroid dose in affected regions was more than 90%. The mean thyroid dose from inhalation of 131I for early Chernobyl cleanup workers was estimated to be 0.18 Gy. Individual thyroid doses due to different exposure pathways varied among 1,137 cleanup workers included in the epidemiological studies up to 9 Gy. Uncertainties associated with dose estimates, in terms of mean geometric standard deviation of individual stochastic doses, varied in range from 1.6 for doses based on individual-radiation measurements to 2.6 for “modelled” doses.ConclusionThe 131I was the most radiologically important radionuclide that resulted in radiation exposure to the thyroid gland and cause an increase in the of rate of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in population exposed after the Chernobyl accident.
NOTCH3 is a Prognostic Factor and Is Correlated With Immune Tolerance in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Cui Yuehong , Li Qian , Li Wei , Wang Yan , Lv Fang , Shi Xinying , Tang Zhaoqing , Shen Zhenbin , Hou Yingyong , Zhang Henghui , Mao Beibei , Liu Tianshu 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionAlthough traditional treatments confer survival benefits to patients with gastric cancer (GC), many patients experience relapse soon after postoperative adjuvant therapy. Immune-related mechanisms play an important role in GC, and immunotherapeutic strategies are considered to be a promising direction for the treatment of GC. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of immune-related genes in GC.MethodsFormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were collected from 48 resectable GC patients. The transcriptome data of the tumor immune microenvironment were assessed using an immuno-oncology 395-gene panel RNA sequencing platform. The prognostic value of the 395 genes was analyzed and validated in the KM plotter and GEPIA databases. The data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, downloaded from UCSC Xena repository) and Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER) were used to evaluate the correlations between prognostic factors and immune signatures.ResultsAmong the 395 genes, NOTCH3 was identified as a good prognostic factor for GC patients. Its prognostic value was also suggested in both our GC cohort from Zhongshan Hospital and the public databases (KM plotter and GEPIA database). Mechanistically, high NOTCH3 expression correlated with a lower infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells and a higher infiltration of immunosuppressive cells including Tregs and M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, high NOTCH3 expression was accompanied by the increased expression of a series of immune checkpoint inhibitors, resulting in a dampened immune response. Interestingly, NOTCH3 expression had a negative association with well-documented predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy, including tumor mutation burden (TMB), gene expression profiling (GEP) score and innate anti-PD-1 resistance (IPRES) signature.ConclusionThese findings uncovered a new mechanism by which NOTCH3 participates in the immune tolerance of GC, implying the potential of NOTCH3 as a therapeutic target or predictive marker for GC patients.
Intricacies of Radiographic Assessment in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Makovník Marek , Rejleková Katarína , Uhrin Ivan , Mego Michal , Chovanec Michal 
Published: January 2021

Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are malignancies with a unique biology, pathology, clinical appearance, and excellent outcomes. A correct radiographic assessment of GCTs is extremely important for the clinical management in several typical scenarios. Advancements in the field of diagnostic medicine bring an increasing number of sophisticated imaging methods to increase the performance of imaging studies. The conventional computed tomography (CT) remains the mainstay of diagnostic imaging in the management of GCTs. While certain improvements in the sensitivity and specificity are suggested with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with lymphotrophic nanoparticles in evaluating retroperitoneal lymph nodes during the staging procedure, further exploration in larger prospective studies is needed. A common diagnostic dilemma is assessing the post-chemotherapy residual disease in GCTs. Several studies have consistently shown advantages in the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in post-chemotherapy residual retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with seminoma, but not with non-seminoma. Recommendations suggest that seminoma patients with a residual disease in the retroperitoneum larger than 3 cm should be subjected for PET scanning with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose. Relatively high sensitivity, specificity and a negative predictive value (80–95%) may guide clinical decision to spare these patients of high morbidity of an unnecessary surgery. However, a positive predictive value of around 50% renders PET scanning difficult to interpret in the case of positive finding. These patients often require extremely difficult surgical procedures with the high risk of post-operative morbidity. Therefore, seminoma patients with PET positive residual masses larger than 3 cm still remain a serious challenge in the decision making of nuclear medicine specialist, oncologists, and urologic surgeons. In this article, we aim to summarize data on controversial dilemmas in staging procedures, active surveillance, and post-chemotherapy assessment of GCTs based on the available published literature.
CO2 Convective Dissolution in Oil-Saturated Unconsolidated Porous Media at Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Amarasinghe Widuramina , Fjelde Ingebret , Giske Nils , Guo Ying 
Published: January 2021

During CO2 storage, CO2 plume mixes with the water and oil present at the reservoir, initiated by diffusion followed by a density gradient that leads to a convective flow. Studies are available where CO2 convective mixing have been studied in water phase but limited in oil phase. This study was conducted to reach this gap, and experiments were conducted in a vertically packed 3-dimensional column with oil-saturated unconsolidated porous media at 100 bar and 50 °C (representative of reservoir pressure and temperature conditions). N-Decane and crude oil were used as oils, and glass beads as porous media. A bromothymol blue water solution-filled sapphire cell connected at the bottom of the column was used to monitor the CO2 breakthrough. With the increase of the Rayleigh number, the CO2 transport rate in n-decane was found to increase as a function of a second order polynomial. Ra number vs. dimensionless time τ had a power relationship in the form of Ra = c×τ−n. The overall pressure decay was faster in n-decane compared to crude oil for similar permeability (4 D), and the crude oil had a breakthrough time three times slower than in n-decane. The results were compared with similar experiments that have been carried out using water.
A Century of Separation
Authors: Podbielski Marcin 
Published: January 2021

Russian Philosophy has long been studied and admired in countries of what may broadly be termed the West. Translations into English, German, or French, of authors like Semyon Frank, Nikolai Berdayev, and Vladimir Solovyov, and of writers like Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Mikhail Bulgakov, are readily available these days. It is only natural that the works of these figures should have attracted the interest of Christian thinkers, who are able to see in them an excellent example of reflection being not only inspired by faith but also applied to areas rarely at the focal point of theology—such as, for instance, proposals for organizing societies on the basis of personal ties, as advocated by Frank. Moreover, thinkers who have grown up in a Christian environment may find in their texts an important example of how faith can serve as an inspirational source of ideas that carry a significant appeal for non-believers, too. In this issue of Forum Philosophicum, we offer our readers some papers in which ideas of this kind, such as the kenotic theory of freedom of Berdayev, are discussed by scholars, and various influences in Russian philosophy are traced back to their antecedent influences.
A Note from the Editor on the Forthcoming 20th Anniversary of the Journal
Authors: Podbielski Marcin 
Published: January 2021

Almost four years ago, a new editorial team took over working on Forum Philosophicum. We were given the task of editing a journal whose character and status were already well established, even though its history has been much briefer than that of many Polish and international philosophical periodicals. We hope we have managed to preserve this legacy, while trying to modernize the editorial process and bring the journal into compliance with an increasingly rigorous set of international standards.
Editorial Note
Authors: Podbielski Marcin 
Published: January 2021

This special volume of Forum Philosophicum makes available five papers selected from those presented at the conference “Maximus the Confessor as a European Philosopher,” held at the Freie Universität, Berlin, from the 26ᵗʰ to the 28ᵗʰ of September, 2014. We are happy to open up our journal to the contributions of a number of scholars who all share a specific methodological stance when it comes to reading Patristic texts. Rather than discussing the philosophy of Maximus the Confessor, they seek out the philosophical involvements and implications of Maximus’ theology. They respect the distinction between philosophical and theological modes of thinking, while recognizing how those modes of thinking influence and complete each other. Furthermore, this particular approach conforms with a perspective on the relationship between faith and reason already adopted by many Christian thinkers since Justin Martyr: one that acknowledges the fruitful dialogue between faith and reason, but reveres God the Logos as the Creator and ultimate source of all truth.
Longitudinal and transverse spatial beam profile measurement of relativistic electron bunch by electro-optic sampling
Authors: Ota Masato , Kan Koichi , Komada Soichiro , Arikawa Yasunobu , Shimizu Tomoki , Mag-usara Valynn Katrine , Sakawa Youichi , Matsui Tatsunosuke , Nakajima Makoto 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Electro-optic (EO) sampling is employed to measure the electric field profiles generated by a relativistic electron bunch along the propagation and in the radial directions. The longitudinal (temporal) profile is investigated by changing the time delay between the electron bunch and the pulsed probe laser, while the transverse (radial) profile is acquired by laterally shifting the path of the electron bunch. Experimental results show good agreement with three-dimensional particle-in-cell calculations. We demonstrated a promising method to simultaneously obtain the longitudinal and transverse beam sizes by utilizing the detected spatio-temporal electric field distribution around the electron bunch.
Electron spin contrast of high-density and perfectly aligned nitrogen-vacancy centers synthesized by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Mizuno Kosuke , Nakajima Makoto , Ishiwata Hitoshi , Hatano Mutsuko , Iwasaki Takayuki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds provide a high-sensitivity magnetometer. We investigated the spin properties of high-density and perfectly aligned NV centers grown using the chemical vapor deposition method by varying the nitrogen concentration. Basically, the optical initialization and spin-dependent fluorescence are determined by intersystem crossing (ISC) in the excited state. In this study, we found that nitrogen impurities lead to a non-radiative and spin-mixing decay working as a competitive pathway against the ISC, using time-resolved fluorescence analysis. Our results will elucidate NV–defect interaction, which significantly contributes to the quality of the quantum material.
Protection régionale des droits humains et Covid-19. L’apport de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme
Authors: Rota Marie 
Published: January 2021

Cette contribution se livre à une analyse de l’apport de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme face aux enjeux posés par la pandémie. Son remarquable activisme en la matière tranche avec la position de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme qui peut, à ce titre, être interrogée. Les juges de San José ont tout d’abord adopté une déclaration dès le 9 avril 2020 pour rappeler aux États leurs obligations internationales en matière de protection des droits humains, y compris en période de crise. Ils insistent à cet égard sur de nombreux aspects, tels que l’importance du respect des droits économiques, sociaux et environnementaux, et plus particulièrement du droit à la santé, l’importance du droit à la non-discrimination ou encore celle de la protection des personnes vulnérables. Ils renvoient alors à différents développements jurisprudentiels qui pourraient, ensuite, inspirer le juge européen. Car la pandémie a ceci de particulier qu’elle fait prendre conscience de l’existence d’une « communauté de destin pour l’humanité » nécessitant de dépasser la vision libérale des droits humains dont il fait la promotion. Aussi l’étude de la jurisprudence interaméricaine permet de mieux saisir les travers de celle de sa consœur européenne ainsi que ses limites. Elle permet aussi de proposer des pistes d’amélioration – sans pour autant importer sans adaptation ces développements propres au contexte interaméricain. Un encadrement plus poussé des limitations aux droits humains en temps de crise est alors suggéré ainsi qu’une reconsidération du principe d’égalité.