bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bishops and the dissenters
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the various ways in which bishops and church councils coped with religious diversity, attempting to enforce conformity of beliefs and rituals within Christianity. In their struggle to achieve religious unity, bishops enhanced the notion of religious unity, whether it was meant to exclude the option of other religions or the option of other Christian inclinations. In the relationship between imperial and ecclesiastical powers, there was both collaboration and rivalry. Emperors and bishops had shared interests as well as conflicting ones. The bishops made ample use of the means that the imperial power had at its disposal in disciplining and chastising religious dissidents through coercion, whether they were pagans outside the church or heretics within it. This does not mean that the emperors always fell neatly under the influence of bishops. The different aims frequently led to collisions of interests between the imperial government and the ecclesiastical establishment.
The local limits of imperial and ecclesiastical power
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter looks at the limits that the aristocracy in general and the landowning elites at the local level set to imperial and ecclesiastical power. In late Roman society, aristocrats had remarkable power, economic resources, and prestige, especially on the local level. The wishes of the central administration and the local realities were often in tension with each other. In some cases, imperial decrees could be ignored in the local setting if they were not well received. Local authorities could even decide not to enforce a law. In the local realities of dissident groups, the patronage relationships were decisive: a powerful landowner could influence his tenants to either embrace Christianity or retain old practices. There was often a conflict of interests between local landowners and bishops in their struggle for hegemony at the regional level. Bishops expected Christian landowners to put an end to pagan practices on their estates, and they complained about the laxity if they did not.
Individuals, groups, and plural possibilities in Late Antiquity
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter questions the categories ‘pagans’ and ‘heretics’ that were built and maintained as a given in imperial and ecclesiastical discourses. It discusses the construction of an identity as an abstract and universal process, but profoundly embedded in specific historical, cultural, social, and material environments. Groups, but also individuals, have a propensity to mould their identities. Thus, despite an individual being classified as a Christian by late antique bishops, being Christian was not the only available alternative. An individual could activate and deactivate identities in a given situation from a situational selection of identities. The category ‘pagans’ developed by Christian writers should not be taken for granted. Instead, scholars ought to analyse the processes by means of which the late antique writers used categories such as ‘pagans’ and ‘heretics’, as well as ‘Christians’, to make sense of their world. The boundaries between groups such as late antique pagans and Christians were continuously shifting, negotiated, and redefined.
Otherness outside: Making pagans
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe concept of ‘pagans’ was used by ancient Christian writers to refer to religious others. ‘Pagans’ is a relational concept and it only exists in relation to the concept of ‘Christians’. Its development illustrates the evolving Christian self-consciousness. In the Christian construction of paganism, a wide variety of Greek, Roman, and other cults, beliefs, and practices were grouped together. References to pagans and pagan beliefs and practices cannot be taken at face value. The ‘pagans’ in Christian sources had different functions, and often several overlapping functions. Rhetorical, literary, or theological pagans served in Christian self-perception as the mirrors for being Christian, and flesh-and-blood individuals are quite removed from these phantoms. The pagan label, or defamation by association with paganism, was one of the most frequently employed weapons against ecclesiastical or political opponents. Ecclesiastical writers could also refer to real individuals in factual everyday situations by following the literary conventions.
Deviance or otherness inside: Construing heretics
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn internecine Christian struggles, differences and disagreements existing within Christianity were taken as deviance and heresy. Heresy and orthodoxy are relational concepts, which means that they are defined in relation to one another. Orthodoxy and heresy are best seen as a process in which councils and bishops set the boundaries of the norm and the deviant. On the one hand, church leaders reduced the variety of rival Christian groups to a single collective term of ‘heretics’. On the other hand, councils and legislators were almost obsessed in their care in naming, listing, and classifying specific heretical inclinations. This chapter introduces three heresies as examples of the construction of deviance. ‘Arianism’ represents the mechanisms by which doctrinal disagreements were deduced into a fundamental heresy. ‘Donatism’ stands for local disagreements that ecclesiastical leaders at first categorized as a schism but later defined as a heresy. ‘Pelagianism’ exemplifies the competition for resources between Christian groups.
The transformation of practices
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAfter questioning and deconstructing the ancient and modern use of the categories ‘pagans’ and ‘heretics’, this chapter puts forward a local religion model as a means of interpreting the local practices condemned and censured by ecclesiastical leaders. The purpose is to show how late antique people were not passive recipients of change but instead actively took part in creative interaction. Many traditional rituals and local communal practices went through a series of metamorphoses in the fourth and fifth centuries. This chapter explores the transformation of rituals, with the focus on the much-disputed topic of sacrifices, including their alleged continuities and disappearances. Late antique church leaders labelled the local forms of religiosity as magic, pagan survivals, or heretical distortions. These interpretations have also influenced modern scholars, who often continue to classify the alternate expressions of religiosity into these three categories.
Conclusion: The darkening age or the victory of John Doe?
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn exploration of both the rhetoric of manifest ideologies and complex daily realities is necessary for an understanding of the religious changes of the late Roman Empire, particularly the shifting position of dissenting religious groups. The dramatic accounts of violence need to be balanced with dreary everyday life. Changes in economic structures and the social factors in local communities were more influential in terms of religious transformation than the uproars depicted in hagiographies and church histories. The religious changes and diversity in Late Antiquity can be outlined in many ways, not only as ‘Christianization’, which presupposes a dichotomy between pagan and Christian practices. The Mediterranean area had for centuries been diffused with different cults, practices, religious ideas, and beliefs, which were continuously cross-pollinating each other. The spread of various Christian groups is a part of these religious changes in Antiquity.
The Regensburg Colloquy
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter places Article 5 in its wider context. First it considers the colloquies prior to Regensburg. Then it describes the Regensburg Colloquy prior to Article 5, focusing especially on the participants in the debates (Bucer, Melanchthon, Pistorius, Gropper, Eck, Pflug), as well as those who were also present at the Diet (Contarini, Pighius, Calvin). The heart of the chapter is an examination of the process leading to the writing of Article 5, so far as can be ascertained from the brief accounts that we have, together with a description of the various earlier drafts, the texts of which are to be found in the Appendix. Finally, there is a brief account of the further progress and dissolution of the colloquy.
Violent State Actors in Feminist Research and Critical Studies
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The literature concurs that war is the friend of binarisms, leaving little place for complex identities. This concurrence is the starting point of this scholarly investigation. The chapter addresses the important lack in Critical Studies on Security of narrative research on violent state actors. To understand violence, however, scholars must listen to and explore the narratives of those who are committing violence in the context of armed conflicts. Chapter 2, then, presents the authors’ perspectives about engaging with violent state actors in a non-binary manner and lays down the theoretical foundation of the book. The chapter prompts scholars to be critical of widely accepted knowledge and binary conceptions in military studies. The chapter thus seeks ways to produce emancipatory knowledge and to be critical without being exclusionary, thereby expanding the framework of Feminist IR and knowledge about women in combat.
Narratives of Security and Insecurity
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 concludes the book with a discussion about the gendered meaning of protection in the military and an exploration of changing gender roles in the military in the context of the evolvement of the new war. It further discusses the false dichotomy between “feminine care” and “masculine protection” in the context of women in the military. In addition, the chapter provides a summary and a comprehensive analysis of veteran women soldiers’ narratives of security and insecurity. It also presents theoretical insights and final reflective remarks on the implications of our findings. The stationing of women in a variety of combat and combat-support roles in conflict zones and in conflicted border areas challenge traditional concepts of security, war, and gender roles. The narratives of women soldiers serving in such roles can thus provide critical insights into the nature of women’s involvement in the act of making war and the possible militarization of women.
Crafting Masculine Selves
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Crafting Masculine Selves represents a journey into the culture and psychological dynamics of a select group of Afghan Pashtun men. The book is based on eighteen months of fieldwork in a volatile area of Afghanistan, adjoining the border with Pakistan, carried out between 2009 and 2013. In addition to participant observation, the author employed a person-centered ethnographic methodology, wherein he conducted long-term, one-on-one interview sessions with four male individuals, and analyzed four additional life trajectories. The book unveils and chronicles how the creation and use of multiple subjectivities, and the unconscious, dissociative interplay that the individual maintains between them, is one of the “stratagems” with which individuals manage to make sense of what happens to them in real life, and to pragmatically inhabit personal circumstances that are often marred by conflict and violence, both at the interpersonal and at the political level. The main cultural thread the book investigates is that of masculinity, a crucial idiom in a very androcentric Pashtun society. Virtually all the interlocutors the book presents have to navigate deep private conflicts and contradictions related to how society expects them to be appropriate, proper men, against the backdrop of a sociopolitical Afghan context heavily impacted by almost forty years of uninterrupted war. Feeling constrained by the strict norms about a severe and honor-bound masculinity in a quickly changing Afghanistan, but equally striving to be culturally validated by their own peers, these men struggle to create and publicly legitimize their own, idiosyncratic way of being appropriate men. While they suffer at times the stern rebuke of their social environment, all the same they represent the seeds for a change of those very cultural norms.
Rohullah
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter introduces the first of the main four informants that will be discussed in detail in the book. Rohullah was born and raised in Kabul and had to relocate, while still a child, to a small provincial town due to the civil war raging in the country. There, his performance of masculinity was considered inadequate by his peers, and he had to learn the hard way how to reshape himself as a worthy and culturally appropriate masculine man, in order to avoid being violently bullied. His story is about the creation, and pragmatic utilization, of multiple subjectivities (or “selves”), complementary and not necessary antagonistic to each other. The chapter will provide evidence of how these multiple subjectivities stand in dissociated spaces in relation to each other, and still unconsciously in communication with each other. Rohullah makes successful use of this unconscious dialogue to shift from a condition of subordinated and discriminated masculinity to one of hegemonic masculinity, necessary to survive socially and physically in a punishing environment.
Verticality
Authors: Kozak Mariusz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the enactment of time over the course of an entire piece. The author presents an analysis of Toshio Hosokawa’s Vertical Time Study I (1993) as a vehicle for examining how the body participates in creating structure in Western contemporary music. The author draws on Merleau-Ponty’s notion of “vertical Being” and Nietzsche’s “eternal return” to argue that the piece’s form might be construed in terms of the listener’s affective engagement with the music. This engagement, in turn, has the potential to reorient the direction of time by bringing into experience its depth. The author concludes by considering how the temporal reorientation signals the possibility of using affect as an analytical tool in contemporary music.
Still Not Safe
Authors: Wears Robert , Sutcliffe Kathleen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Patient safety suddenly burst into public consciousness in the late 1990s and became a “celebrated” cause in the 2000s. It has since gradually faltered, and little improvement has been noted over almost 20 years. Both the rise and fall of patient safety demand explanation. Medical harm had been known long before the 1990s, so why did it suddenly become popular? And why were safety efforts ineffective? The authors propose that this rise was due to a discursive shift that reframed “medical harm” into “medical error” in the setting of anxiety about industrialization and great change in healthcare. The “error” framing, with its inherent notion of agency, was useful in advancing the agenda of a technocratic, managerial group of health professionals and diminishing the authority of the old guard based on clinical expertise. The fall was due to this “medicalization” of safety. Health professionals and managers with little knowledge of safety science came to dominate the patient safety field, crowding out expertise from the safety sciences (e.g., psychology, engineering) and thus keeping reform under the control of the healthcare establishment. Operating with a sort of delusional clarity, this scientific-bureaucratic cabal generated a great deal of activity but made little progress because they failed to engage with expertise in the safety sciences. Twenty years after sudden popularity, there is general agreement that little of value has been achieved. The future of patient safety is in doubt, and radical reform in approaches to safety will be required for progress to be made.
Beginnings
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The To Err is Human report rests upon a series of historical episodes—the early development of safety thinking in healthcare, the evolution of safety thinking in the safety sciences, and accumulating stories of personal suffering and tragedy experiences by patients. Concerns about the safety of healthcare date at least as far back as the Code of Hammurabi. Early efforts at improving safety appeared sporadically in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but these were isolated and not sustained. Malpractice concerns were also entangled with safety, and the first malpractice crisis in the United States came about due to advances, rather than deficiencies, in care. Public and governmental interest in safety more generally developed out of railway accidents in the nineteenth century. Notions of accidents evolved over time, moving from accident proneness to the domino model, to more complex models such as Reason’s Swiss cheese model. Libby Zion's death results in New York state legislation regulating medical trainees’ supervision and duty hours, marking a change from a self-regulating profession to a more typical service industry. Recognition that health professionals involved in adverse events are also, in a sense, victims begins to grow.
Rationalizing Healthcare
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Healthcare changed dramatically during the 20th century; industrialization lead to contention for control over medical work and there was a shift from autonomous, professional control to managerial, hierarchical control, which included a strong belief in technical rationality. The rise of scientific-bureaucratic medicine combined ideas from Taylorism (i.e., the “one best way.” separation of planning from activity, and the rise of a managerial class) and a rationalizing turn in medicine (e.g., evidence-based medicine) to produce a hybrid group of clinician-managers, who can retain control of healthcare in health professionals’ hands. The quality improvement effort preceded the safety movement in health care by about a decade.
Irruption onto the World Stage
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report To Err Is Human created a media firestorm. Prior to this, interest in patient safety might be described as a cult—a small group of passionate believers—but the IOM report and its aftermath moved patient safety to a prominent place on the broad public agenda, creating pressure for quick action. The federal government announced a safety program at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; President Clinton committed to a “50% reduction in medical errors in five years”; similar events occurred in the United Kingdom. Programmatic efforts in patient safety began to crowd out safety scientists. The litany of fear-provoking incidents of patient harm continued.
Why “Sex Work” Cannot Be Understood as Just Another Form of “Work”
Authors: Jessica Flanigan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Watson critically engages with the often-repeated argument that “sex work is work like any other form of work.” Advocates of this argument rely upon it as a basis for either decriminalization or legalization. Watson dismantles this claim by showing that where sex is the “service,” occupational health and safety standards applicable to every other form of work cannot be met. Further, the various ways in which persons in prostitution may be thought of as “workers” is explored and arguments are given that relevant legal standards in the context of discrimination laws and employment laws cannot be met in the context of “sex work.” Thus, the burden of argument falls on advocates of decriminalization to legalization to argue for a series of exemptions from generally applicable laws. However, such exemptions are unwarranted, do not achieve their aims, and would require institutionalizing inequality for persons in prostitution.
The History of the Pill
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 places current debates about contraception policy in a broader historical context. By examining Margaret Sanger’s and Katherine McCormick’s advocacy, John Rock’s and Gregory Pincus’s development of hormonal birth control, and the Supreme Court’s assertion of a constitutional right to privacy, this chapter highlights the ways in which legal regulation of reproduction is rooted in more fundamental struggles over whose expertise is valued and whose voice is heard. More generally, the analysis presented in this chapter illustrates that religion, economics, race, and women’s autonomy have informed public discourse surrounding reproductive issues since the earliest days of America’s long national conversation about birth control. In short, this chapter lays the foundation that animates the rest of the book: Who speaks? What do they say? Does it matter?
Contraception Coverage Policy in the States
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyzes the dynamics of contraceptive policymaking at the state level. Long before the federal government required health insurance providers to cover the costs of birth control under the Affordable Care Act, twenty-eight states adopted their own policies mandating coverage of prescription contraceptives. This chapter considers the political, religious, and ideological factors that shaped the passage and content of this diverse group of state-level policies, with a particular focus on the impact of women officeholders. The analyses reveal that the gender and partisan composition of state legislatures exerted a strong influence on whether state governments enacted contraceptive mandates between 1998 and 2009. The chapter also shows, however, that women’s power to shape state-level contraceptive mandates was not consistent across institutions or across different aspects of the policymaking process. Having a woman governor, for example, had no effect on the passage or content of laws requiring insurance coverage of contraception.
Contraception Coverage Policy in Congress
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel , Wallsten Kevin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 traces the trajectory of competing policy frames in congressional debates over the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Although the ACA was not the first attempt to ensure contraceptive coverage, it was easily the most visible, sweeping, and significant. Utilizing content analysis and in-depth interviews with policymakers, this chapter shows that the debate over contraceptive regulation in the ACA shifted course over time—from being predominantly about health care at the start to being predominantly about religious freedom after the law’s passage. Additionally, the analyses presented in this chapter suggest that a policymaker’s gender was far more important than their partisanship in shaping how they chose to frame issues related to contraception under the ACA. Taken together, these findings reveal the dramatic extent to which rhetoric about the ACA’s contraception requirements was dynamic (rather than static) and shaped by gender.