bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Antimicrobial Efficiency of Neem Leaf Extract and 17% Edta with 3% Sodium Hypochlorite against E. faecalis, C. albicans – An in vitro Study
Authors: Santhosh T. , Priscilla Antony S. Delphine , Muralidharan N. P. 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis are the most predominant microorganisms found in the canals of failed root canal treated teeth. Thorough debridement of an infected root canal and complete elimination of microorganisms are objectives of effective endodontic therapy. For thousands of years, humans have used herbs as the primary means to sort out health issues and illnesses. Not all herbs have shown to provide scientific evidence as medicine to illness. Neem is a Botanical herb that is truly remarkable with its scientific value, a tropical evergreen native to India. Although different agents have been suggested as root canal irrigants, sodium hypochlorite and EDTA are the most popularly used.
Aim: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available irrigants, 17% EDTA and a herbal product, neem leaf extract compared with 3% sodium hypochlorite as a control against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans.
Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Freshly prepared neem leaf extracts, 17% EDTA, 3% Sodium hypochloriteStandard strain of E. Faecalis and C. Albicans were used in this study. These isolates were subcultured on to Brain heart infusion agar (BHI agar) and HI-chrome candidal differential media respectively. The agar well diffusion test was performed in brain heart infusion media and broth. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the zone of inhibition was recorded and analyzed statistically.
Results: Zones of inhibition were present with Neem leaf extract suggestive of antimicrobial properties. Zones of inhibition were greater with Neem extract than 17% EDTA. Hence, further research should be directed towards the use of this herbal extract as an irrigant clinically with endodontic therapy.
Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, it was found that neem leaf extract had a significant antimicrobial effect against E. Faecalis and C. Albicans compared to EDTA and Sodium Hypochlorite. Since the study is a qualitative analysis, further testing needs to be done to final quantitative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of neem leaf extract.
Knowledge and Awareness about Transdermal Drug Patches among Dental Students
Authors: Trishala A. , Ganapathy Dhanraj , Kumar M. P. Santhosh 
Published: August 2020

Transdermal delivery is a non-invasive route of drug administration through the skin surface that can deliver the drug at a predetermined rate across the dermis to achieve a local or systemic effect. It is potentially used as an alternative to oral routes of drugs and hypodermic injections. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of transdermal drug patches among dental students. A structured self-assessed online questionnaire having 15 questions on transdermal drug patches was prepared and distributed to the dental students who have clinical exposure including 3rd BDS, final BDS, interns, and postgraduates of all specialties. It was circulated using online software, survey planet, and the response was collected through it. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Considering the responses, it can be interpreted that the knowledge regarding transdermal drug patches is above average among dental students. Also, postgraduate students were more knowledgeable than undergraduate students. Interns showed more awareness than a third-year or final year undergraduate students. Educational workshops, conferences, and CDE’s are essential for both undergraduates and postgraduates to improve their knowledge regarding various transdermal drug patches and their adverse reactions.
Assessment of Incidence of Presence of Bacteria in Sutures of Maxillofacial Trauma Patients
Authors: Srinivasulu Yandeti , Wahab Abdul , Murugan P. Senthil 
Published: August 2020

Background: Sutures under selective host or environmental factors can potentiate postoperative surgical site infection. The present study characterized microbial recovery and biofilm formation from explanted absorbable and non-absorbable sutures from infected and non-infected sites of maxillofacial trauma patients.
Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of microbiology of explanted suture segments from infected and non-infected maxillofacial trauma patients.
Methods and Materials: Non absorbable and absorbable suture segments were collected at Randomly from 80 patients with two groups one group with infected sutures second group with non-infected sutures. Explanted sutures were recovered from maxillofacial trauma surgeries. Suture segments were obtained upon patient return to the clinic after seven days for review. All suture segments were collected aseptically. Designation of non-infected versus infected was determined by clinical presentation and criteria defined by the National Healthcare Safety Network of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All the suture specimens were sent to University Microbiology department for bacterial culture and the results were studied.
Results: A significant difference in mean microbial recovery between non infected and infected sutures were noted. Age distribution showed, males 86.25% and females 13.75% [Fig. 1]. Fig. 5 shows the Association of infected and non-infected suture groups with presence or absence of bacteria infected suture shows presence bacteria 13.75%, and non-infected suture showed presence of bacteria 6.25%, absence of bacteria 80.0%. Table 1- Presence or absence of infection cross tabulation showed, presence of bacteria in infected suture 11, presence of bacteria in non-infected suture 5 and absence of bacteria 64.
Conclusion: Within the limitation of study, we found that bacterial presence on the suture has a statistically significant role in causing postoperative infection. Any suture may be considered as a port of entry for infection, which in turn may compromise healing of the surgical wound. It is advised to minimize the duration of the presence of sutures, and their removal should be carried out as early as possible, according to the specific healing conditions.
Knowledge, Awareness and Practice towards New Generation Cephalosporin among Dental Students
Authors: Hilal Sheriff K. Ahmed , Ganapathy Dhanraj , Subashree R. 
Published: August 2020

Dentists all over the world prescribe antibiotics therapeutically and prophylactically to manage oral and dental infections more commonly orofacial infections. The prescribing of antibiotics by dental practitioners has become an important aspect of dental practice as most human orofacial infections originate from odontogenic infections. The cephalosporins are a large family of broad-spectrum β-lactam antimicrobial drugs. Cephalosporins are now used as first-line agents in the treatment of many infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, and gonorrhea. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge awareness and Practice towards New Generation Cephalosporin among dental students. A questionnaire consisting of 10 questions were prepared and distributed to 100 dental students, the questionnaire was prepared online and the link was distributed to the dental students. The results were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. From this survey, it is seen that most of the students were not well aware of the new generation cephalosporins. 63% of the dental students were aware that cephalosporins are broad-spectrum antibiotics. 74% of the students were aware of cephalosporin drugs, 88% of the respondents do not use cephalosporins in their practice, among the entire population only 32% were aware regarding the new generation cephalosporin and only 33% of the students were aware regarding its action against MRSA. 17% of the dental students were aware that 5 generations of cephalosporins are available Most of the dental students who attempted this questionnaire did not have complete knowledge regarding the new generations of cephalosporins rather they were aware of the 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. Furthermore, knowledge regarding the pharmacological aspects of new generation cephalosporins is necessary so that they can apply it to their practice.
Oncogenes and their Role in Oral Oncogenesis - A Survey
Authors: Kalyani P. , Ganapathy Dhanraj , Duraiswamy Revathi , Kumar M. P. Santhosh 
Published: August 2020

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma [OSCC] is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity. The etiological agents for OSCC are tobacco, betel quid, smoking, and alcohol. Oral cancer also has a genetic basis that is mediated by oncogenes.
Aim: The aim of the survey was to evaluate the knowledge about the role of oncogenes in oral oncogenesis among undergraduate dental students.
Materials and Methods: The study was a questionnaire-based survey and the respondents were to fourth year or interns of an undergraduate dental school. The sample size of the study was 100 and simple random sampling was used for choosing the sample population. The collected data was validated, tabulated, and analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and results were obtained.
Results and Conclusion: 25% of the respondents were fourth-year students and 75% were interns. About 98% of respondents were aware of the genetic basis of oral cancer. However, their knowledge about the role of oncogenes in oral cancer was very limited. A statistically significant association [P<0.05] was seen between the year of study and knowledge about oncogenes. Hence, measures have to be taken to impart knowledge about oncogenes for better diagnosis and targeted therapy.
Comparing the Efficacy of Triclosan Coated Sutures versus Chlorhexidine Coated Sutures in Preventing Surgical Site Infection after Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar
Authors: Krishnan Sneha , Periasamy Senthilnathan , Murugaiyan Arun 
Published: August 2020

The aim of this present clinical trial study is evaluate the efficacy of triclosan coated sutures versus chlorhexidine coated sutures in preventing surgical site infection after removal of an impacted mandibular third molar. This prospective, single blind study included 30 patients divided into two groups with 15 patients each who had been referred to the Oral Surgery Clinic at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai for surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar under local anaesthesia. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 were treated with (3-0) antimicrobial triclosan impregnated polyglactin sutures for closure and in group 2 with (3–0) antimicrobial chlorhexidine diacetate-impregnated polyglactin sutures. Evaluation in regard to infection rate, abnormal erythema, pain and trismus between two groups was done on the 7th day postoperatively. In this study we observed that no significant difference in rates of infection between the groups. Abnormal erythema and trismus showed better results in group 2(chlorhexidine group) on 7th day postoperatively whereas incidence of pain was higher in patients treated with chlorhexidine coated sutures on the 7th day postoperatively as compared to patients treated with triclosan coated sutures. However, P value was >0.05 which was considered statistically insignificant. Within the limitations of the present study, chlorhexidine diacetate-impregnated polyglactin sutures showed reduced infection rates,erythema and trismus as compared to triclosan impregnated polyglactin sutures in healthy patients undergoing surgical removal of third molar under local anesthesia.
Evaluation of Calcium and Alkaline Phosphatase in the Salivary Samples of Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Baskar Keerthana , Dharman Sreedevi 
Published: August 2020

The quality of life for women after menopause is one of the key health issues today. Rapid bone loss occurs in post-menopausal women due to hormonal factors that lead to an increased risk of fractures. The aim of the study is to evaluate the calcium and Alkaline phosphate levels (ALP) in the salivary samples of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The study was conducted with a sample size of 30, with 15 samples from premenopausal women belonging to the age group of 40-46 years and 15 samples from postmenopausal women aged more than 50 years. Calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels were estimated using the commercial kits available which were Spinreact and Accucare alkaline phosphatase respectively. The statistical analysis was done using independent t-test. Saliva was stimulated and biochemical analysis of these salivary samples was done to evaluate the calcium and alkaline phosphatase. Mean salivary calcium in premenopausal women was found to be 7.37±1.141 mg/dl and in postmenopausal women it was found to be 5.19±1.141mg/dl,P=0.000(p<0.05). Mean salivary ALP levels in premenopausal women was found to be 10.81±3.295 mg/dl and in postmenopausal women was found to be 33.58±3.295 mg/dl, P=0.001(p <0.05), hence statistically significant. Within the limitations of the study, it was found that calcium were found to be significantly more in premenopausal women when compared to postmenopausal women, while alkaline phosphatase levels were increased in postmenopausal women when compared to premenopausal women. Hence, salivary calcium and ALP levels can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of bone diseases as it is a non-invasive technique.
Survey on Awareness of Rubella Vaccine among College Girls
Authors: Vaishnavi Allour , Muralidharan N. P. 
Published: August 2020

Background: The Rubella virus is classified under the Arbovirus. It commonly affects children of age less than 10 years. In an adult, it mostly remains as a latent infection. Its persistence in an adult is more significant in a woman's life especially after adolescence, in the childbearing age. It is a factor commonly associated with infertility in a woman and congenital malformation. Latent infections in women will also lead to abortion. It is recommended by WHO that all women at childbearing age should be given a booster dose before the age of 18. In a country like India, rubella infection in women leads to social and mental issues. Thus the awareness among the girls at the age of 18 is imperative.
Methods: This survey was conducted among the 100 undergraduate students and postgraduate students at saveetha dental college from December, 2019 to January,2020. They were given a questionnaire to know about the rubella viral infection and the issues related to infertility. The results were collected and then analyzed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and the chi-square test was used and the p-value was calculated.
Results: The survey reveals that many girls are aware of the rubella vaccine but not its benefits in preventing rubella virus infection and its complications. Among them 50% girls have knowledge about the significance of rubella infection in young adults, 22% among them are aware of female infertility is also related to poor rubella immunity, 42% are aware of congenital malformation are common in rubella, 30% girls answered that rubella vaccine at our teenage will prevent infertility issues.
Conclusion: It is also found that the information they have on the consequence of the persistence of rubella in them is abstract. The real impact on their life is not understood by many. This is evident with their willingness to get immunized at the risky part of their life. This can be mitigated by conducting regular awareness camps in schools, colleges, and their workplace.
Structural Approaches to Control Interlayer Interactions in 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Martínez‐Abadía Marta , Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ability to design and synthesize monomers can affect fundamental aspects in 2D covalent organic frameworks, such as dimensionality, topology, and pore size. Besides this, the structure of the monomers can also affect interlayer interactions, which provide an additional means to influence crystallinity, layer arrangement, interlayer distances, and exfoliability. Herein, some of the effects that the structure of monomers can have on the interlayer interactions in 2D covalent organic frameworks and related materials are illustrated.
Closest Packing Polymorphism Interfaced Metastable Transition Metal for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tan Xinyue , Geng Shize , Ji Yujin , Shao Qi , Zhu Ting , Wang Pengtang , Li Youyong , Huang Xiaoqing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMetastable materials are promising because of their catalytic properties, high‐energy structure, and unique electronic environment. However, the unstable nature inherited from the metastability hinders further performance improvement and practical applications of these materials. Herein, this limitation is successfully addressed by constructing an in situ polymorphism interface (inf) between the metastable hexagonal‐close‐packed (hcp) phase and its stable counterpart (face‐centered cubic, fcc) in cobalt–nickel (CoNi) alloy. Calculations reveal that the interfacial synergism derived from the hcp and fcc phases lowers the formation energy and enhances stability. Consequently, the optimized CoNi‐inf exhibits an exceptionally low potential of 72 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 57 mV dec−1 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1.0 m KOH. Furthermore, it is superior to most state‐of‐the‐art non‐noble‐metal‐based HER catalysts. No noticeable activity decay or structural changes are observed even over 14 h of catalysis. The computational simulation further rationalizes that the interface of CoNi‐inf with a suitable d‐band center provides uniform sites for hydrogen adsorption, leading to a distinguished HER catalytic activity. This work, therefore, presents a new route for designing metastable catalysts for potential energy conversion.
Zwitterionic 3D‐Printed Non‐Immunogenic Stealth Microrobots
Authors: Cabanach Pol , Pena‐Francesch Abdon , Sheehan Devin , Bozuyuk Ugur , Yasa Oncay , Borros Salvador , Sitti Metin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicrorobots offer transformative solutions for non‐invasive medical interventions due to their small size and untethered operation inside the human body. However, they must face the immune system as a natural protection mechanism against foreign threats. Here, non‐immunogenic stealth zwitterionic microrobots that avoid recognition from immune cells are introduced. Fully zwitterionic photoresists are developed for two‐photon polymerization 3D microprinting of hydrogel microrobots with ample functionalization: tunable mechanical properties, anti‐biofouling and non‐immunogenic properties, functionalization for magnetic actuation, encapsulation of biomolecules, and surface functionalization for drug delivery. Stealth microrobots avoid detection by macrophage cells of the innate immune system after exhaustive inspection (>90 hours), which has not been achieved in any microrobotic platform to date. These versatile zwitterionic materials eliminate a major roadblock in the development of biocompatible microrobots, and will serve as a toolbox of non‐immunogenic materials for medical microrobot and other device technologies for bioengineering and biomedical applications.
4D‐Printed Transformable Tube Array for High‐Throughput 3D Cell Culture and Histology
Authors: Yang Chen , Luo Jeffrey , Polunas Marianne , Bosnjak Nikola , Chueng Sy‐Tsong Dean , Chadwick Michelle , Sabaawy Hatem E. , Chester Shawn A. , Lee Ki‐Bum , Lee Howon 
Published: August 2020

Abstract3D cell cultures are rapidly emerging as a promising tool to model various human physiologies and pathologies by closely recapitulating key characteristics and functions of in vivo microenvironment. While high‐throughput 3D culture is readily available using multi‐well plates, assessing the internal microstructure of 3D cell cultures still remains extremely slow because of the manual, laborious, and time‐consuming histological procedures. Here, a 4D‐printed transformable tube array (TTA) using a shape‐memory polymer that enables massively parallel histological analysis of 3D cultures is presented. The interconnected TTA can be programmed to be expanded by 3.6 times of its printed dimension to match the size of a multi‐well plate, with the ability to restore its original dimension for transferring all cultures to a histology cassette in order. Being compatible with microtome sectioning, the TTA allows for parallel histology processing for the entire samples cultured in a multi‐well plate. The test result with human neural progenitor cell spheroids suggests a remarkable reduction in histology processing time by an order of magnitude. High‐throughput analysis of 3D cultures enabled by this TTA has great potential to further accelerate innovations in various 3D culture applications such as high‐throughput/content screening, drug discovery, disease modeling, and personalized medicine.
Molybdenum Boride as an Efficient Catalyst for Polysulfide Redox to Enable High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: He Jiarui , Bhargav Amruth , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, despite having high theoretical specific energy, possess many practical challenges, including lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttling. To address the issues, here, hydrophilic molybdenum boride (MoB) nanoparticles are presented as an efficient catalytic additive for sulfur cathodes. The high conductivity and rich catalytically active sites of MoB nanoparticles allow for a fast kinetics of LiPS redox in high‐sulfur‐loading electrodes (6.1 mg cm−2). Besides, the hydrophilic properties and good wettability toward electrolyte of MoB can facilitate electrolyte penetration and LiPS redox, guaranteeing a high utilization of sulfur under a lean‐electrolyte condition. Therefore, the cells with MoB achieve impressive electrochemical performance, including a high capacity (1253 mA h g−1) and ultralong lifespan (1000 cycles) with a low capacity fade rate of 0.03% per cycle. Also, pouch cells fabricated with the MoB additive deliver an ultrahigh discharge capacity of 947 mA h g−1, corresponding to a low electrolyte‐to‐capacity ratio of about 4.8 µL (mA h)−1, and remain stable over 55 cycles under practically necessary conditions with a low electrolyte‐to‐sulfur ratio of 4.5 µL mg−1.
High Electrochemical Activity Induced by Doping Oxygen in Graphene Sheets Embedded Carbon Film
Authors: Cao Yuanyuan , Huang Liangliang , Diao Dongfeng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this work, the high electrochemical activity induced by doping different contents of oxygen on the surface of graphene sheets embedded carbon (GSEC) film is studied, which is prepared by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma sputtering system under electron irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy observation and Raman analysis confirm that doping oxygen induced more graphene edges and oxygen‐containing functional groups on the surface. The electrochemical activities of the films are measured in the redox system and the results show that a proper doping content of oxygen is beneficial to reduce the oxidation‐reduction peak separation. The surface O‐doped GSEC film with 5% content realizes the simultaneous detection of uric acid (UA), xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HXA) with high sensitivity. The mechanism could be that the isolated electron at graphene edge and the polar fraction of oxygen‐containing functional groups provide more active sites to accelerate the electron transfer. These results indicate that surface O‐doped GSEC films are promising electrode materials to construct sensitive electrochemical biosensors.