bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal neuroimaging biomarkers differ across Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes
Authors: Sintini Irene , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Senjem Matthew L , Schwarz Christopher G , Machulda Mary M , Martin Peter R , Jones David T , Boeve Bradley F , Knopman David S , Kantarci Kejal , Petersen Ronald C , Jack Clifford R , Lowe Val J , Josephs Keith A , Whitwell Jennifer L 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease can present clinically with either the typical amnestic phenotype or with atypical phenotypes, such as logopenic progressive aphasia and posterior cortical atrophy. We have recently described longitudinal patterns of flortaucipir PET uptake and grey matter atrophy in the atypical phenotypes, demonstrating a longitudinal regional disconnect between flortaucipir accumulation and brain atrophy. However, it is unclear how these longitudinal patterns differ from typical Alzheimer’s disease, to what degree flortaucipir and atrophy mirror clinical phenotype in Alzheimer’s disease, and whether optimal longitudinal neuroimaging biomarkers would also differ across phenotypes. We aimed to address these unknowns using a cohort of 57 participants diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (18 with typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease, 17 with posterior cortical atrophy and 22 with logopenic progressive aphasia) that had undergone baseline and 1-year follow-up MRI and flortaucipir PET. Typical Alzheimer’s disease participants were selected to be over 65 years old at baseline scan, while no age criterion was used for atypical Alzheimer’s disease participants. Region and voxel-level rates of tau accumulation and atrophy were assessed relative to 49 cognitively unimpaired individuals and among phenotypes. Principal component analysis was implemented to describe variability in baseline tau uptake and rates of accumulation and baseline grey matter volumes and rates of atrophy across phenotypes. The capability of the principal components to discriminate between phenotypes was assessed with logistic regression. The topography of longitudinal tau accumulation and atrophy differed across phenotypes, with key regions of tau accumulation in the frontal and temporal lobes for all phenotypes and key regions of atrophy in the occipitotemporal regions for posterior cortical atrophy, left temporal lobe for logopenic progressive aphasia and medial and lateral temporal lobe for typical Alzheimer’s disease. Principal component analysis identified patterns of variation in baseline and longitudinal measures of tau uptake and volume that were significantly different across phenotypes. Baseline tau uptake mapped better onto clinical phenotype than longitudinal tau and MRI measures. Our study suggests that optimal longitudinal neuroimaging biomarkers for future clinical treatment trials in Alzheimer’s disease are different for MRI and tau-PET and may differ across phenotypes, particularly for MRI. Baseline tau tracer retention showed the highest fidelity to clinical phenotype, supporting the important causal role of tau as a driver of clinical dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease.
Surveillance for Invasive Salmonella Disease in Bamako, Mali, From 2002 to 2018
Authors: Still William L , Tapia Milagritos D , Tennant Sharon M , Sylla Mamadou , Touré Aliou , Badji Henry , Keita Adama Mamby , Sow Samba O , Levine Myron M , Kotloff Karen L 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Salmonella enterica bloodstream infections are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, including in Mali. We report 17 years of surveillance for nontyphoidal and typhoidal S. enterica infections among inpatients and outpatients at l’Hôpital Gabriel Touré, the main source of pediatric tertiary care in Bamako, Mali.

Methods
Between June 2002 and December 2018, a blood culture was collected from 54 748 children aged ≤15 years with fever and/or suspected invasive bacterial infection who provided consent (38 152 inpatients, 16 596 outpatients). Bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological techniques and serovars of S. enterica were determined by PCR and/or agglutination with antisera.

Results
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) was identified in 671 enrolled inpatients (1.8% of all enrolled inpatients, 13.8% of enrolled inpatients with a positive culture). S. Enteritidis, the most common NTS serovar, accounted for 38.5% of all NTS isolates (n = 258), followed by S. Typhimurium (31.7%, n = 213). The median (SD) age of children with a culture positive for NTS was 1.8 (3) years. Overall case fatality was 20.9%. An additional 138 inpatients (0.4%) had a positive culture for typhoidal Salmonella. NTS was identified in 11 outpatients (0.07%), while typhoidal Salmonella was found in 49 outpatients (0.3%). The annual incidence of invasive NTS disease decreased over the study period, but case fatality remained high.

Conclusions
Although incidence decreased, NTS remained a major cause of invasive bacterial infection and mortality among hospitalized children in Bamako, while typhoidal Salmonella was uncommon. Because 87% of NTS belonged to only 4 serovars, a multivalent vaccine may be an effective strategy to reduce the burden and mortality of invasive NTS.
Structural Racism in Schools: A View through the Lens of the National School Social Work Practice Model
Authors: Crutchfield Jandel , Phillippo Kate L , Frey Andy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Structural racism—implicitly discriminatory practices and policies that have negative consequences for individuals and groups of color—is a powerful force in contemporary American society, including in our public education system. This article explores the potential for school social workers (SSWers) to address structural racism through the use of the national school social work (SSW) practice model as a tool to guide systemic, ecologically oriented intervention within schools and educational policy spaces. In this article, the authors review data on racial disparities in educational attainment, placement, opportunity, and discipline practices that have led to increased attention to structural racism in schools. They then discuss and describe the national SSW practice model and its suitability for the structural interventions in response to structural racism in schools. Finally, they provide recommendations for how SSWers can respond effectively to this pressing social problem. These recommendations include a list of resources for addressing structural racism.
Optimization of FAME composition for improved engine performance and emissions reduction
Authors: Awogbemi Omojola , Inambao Freddie , Onuh Emmanuel I 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Continuous application of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines has necessitated the need to unearth an optimal mix to enhance engine performance and mitigated emissions. This particular work employed a numerical approach to solve linear equations generated for biodiesel properties using fatty acid (FA) composition for the determination of an optimal fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) candidate. Transesterification of waste vegetable oil employed to experimentally produce the FAME candidate generated through numerical intervention. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis of the resulting FAME revealed that the type of used vegetable oil, the food the oil was used to fry and catalyst particle size influenced the FA composition of the FAME. Numerical evaluation of the objective function and the constraints yielded a FAME candidate with palmitic and oleic acids at 36.4% and 59.8%, respectively. The outcome of this research indicates that two FA compositions are enough to describe optimized FAME candidate for better engine performance and reduced emissions of an unmodified CI engine.
Considerations for Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy in Sepsis and Septic Shock in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Strich Jeffrey R , Heil Emily L , Masur Henry 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPatients with sepsis present across a spectrum of infection sites and severity of illnesses requiring complex decision making at the bedside as to when prompt antibiotics are indicated and which regimen is warranted. Many hemodynamically stable patients with sepsis and low acuity of illness may benefit from further work up before initiating therapy, whereas patients with septic shock warrant emergent broad-spectrum antibiotics. The precise empiric regimen is determined by assessing patient and epidemiological risk factors, likely source of infection based on presenting signs and symptoms, and severity of illness. Hospitals should implement quality improvement measures to aid in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of septic patients and to ensure antibiotics are given to patients in an expedited fashion after antibiotic order.
Cultural Competence and Humility in Infectious Diseases Clinical Practice and Research
Authors: Hussen Sophia A , Kuppalli Krutika , Castillo-Mancilla José , Bedimo Roger , Fadul Nada , Ofotokun Ighovwerha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Infectious diseases as a specialty is tilted toward social justice, and practitioners are frequently on the front lines of the battle against health inequity in practices that are diverse and sometimes cross international borders. Whether caring for patients living with the human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, or Ebola, infectious diseases practitioners often interact with those at the margins of societies (eg, racial/ethnic/sexual/gender minorities), who disproportionately bear the brunt of these conditions. Therefore, cultural barriers between providers and patients are often salient in the infectious diseases context. In this article, we discuss cultural competence broadly, to include not only the knowledge and the skills needed at both the organizational and the individual levels to provide culturally appropriate care, but also to include “cultural humility”—a lifelong process of learning, self-reflection, and self-critique. To enhance the quality and the impact of our practices, we must prioritize cultural competence and humility and be mindful of the role of culture in the patient-provider-system interactions, in our larger healthcare systems, and in our research agendas and workforce development.
On the island of Zanzibar people in the community are frequently colonized with the same MDR Enterobacterales found in poultry and retailed chicken meat
Authors: Büdel Thomas , Kuenzli Esther , Campos-Madueno Edgar I , Mohammed Ali Haji , Hassan Nadir Khatib , Zinsstag Jakob , Hatz Christoph , Endimiani Andrea 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Intestinal colonization with extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) and colistin-resistant (CST-R) Enterobacterales (Ent) can be driven by contact with colonized animals and/or contamination of the food chain. We studied the ESC-R-Ent and COL-R-Ent colonizing poultry as well as contaminating chicken meat in Zanzibar (Tanzania). Results were compared with recently published data obtained from rectal swabs of people in the community.

Methods
During June and July 2018, we collected poultry faecal material (n = 62) and retail chicken meat (n = 37) samples. ESC-R and CST-R strains were isolated implementing selective approaches and characterized with different molecular methods, including WGS coupled with core-genome analyses.

Results
The prevalence of ESC-R-Ent and CST-R-Ent, respectively, were: 88.7% and 48.4% in poultry; and 43.2% and 18.9% in chicken meat. Overall, the following strains and main resistance mechanisms were found in the two settings: 69 ESC-R Escherichia coli (CTX-M-15 subgroup, 75%), 34 ESC-R Klebsiella pneumoniae (CTX-M-9 group, 54.5%), 24 non-ESC-R but CST-R E. coli (mcr-1, 95.8%) and 17 non-ESC-R but CST-R K. pneumoniae (D150G substitution in PhoQ). Several clones (differing by only 0–13 single nucleotide variants) were concomitantly and frequently found in human and non-human settings: mcr-1-carrying E. coli ST46; CTX-M-15-producing E. coli ST361; CTX-M-14-producing K. pneumoniae ST17; and CTX-M-15-producing K. pneumoniae ST1741.

Conclusions
This is one of the few studies that have assessed the occurrence of identical MDR Enterobacterales in human and non-human settings. The frequent human gut colonization observed in the community might be favoured by the spread of ESC-R-Ent and CST-R-Ent in poultry and chicken meat. Further studies with a One Health approach should be carried out to better investigate this phenomenon.
Plant and animal chromatin three-dimensional organization: similar structures but different functions
Authors: Dong Pengfei , Tu Xiaoyu , Liang Zizheng , Kang Byung-Ho , Zhong Silin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chromatin is the main carrier of genetic information and is non-randomly distributed within the nucleus. Next-generation sequence-based chromatin conformation capture technologies have enabled us to directly examine its three-dimensional organization at an unprecedented scale and resolution. In the best-studied mammalian models, chromatin folding can be broken down into three hierarchical levels, compartment, domains, and loops, which play important roles in transcriptional regulation. Although similar structures have now been identified in plants, they might not possess exactly the same functions as the mammalian ones. Here, we review recent Hi-C studies in plants, compare plant chromatin structures with their mammalian counterparts, and discuss the differences between plants with different genome sizes.
The impact of filamentary accretion of subhaloes on the shape and orientation of haloes
Authors: Morinaga Yu , Ishiyama Tomoaki 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Dark matter haloes are formed through hierarchical mergers of smaller haloes in large-scale cosmic environments, and thus anisotropic subhalo accretion through cosmic filaments has some impacts on halo structures. Recent studies using cosmological simulations have shown that the orientations of haloes correlate with the direction of cosmic filaments, and these correlations significantly depend on the halo mass. Using high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations, we quantified the strength of filamentary subhalo accretion for galaxy- and group-sized host haloes (Mhost = 5 × 1011–13 M⊙) by regarding the entry points of subhaloes as filaments and present statistical studies on how the shape and orientation of host haloes at redshift zero correlate with the strength of filamentary subhalo accretion. We confirm previous studies that found the host halo mass dependence of the alignment between orientations of haloes and filaments. We also show that, for the first time, the shape and orientation of haloes weakly correlate with the strength of filamentary subhalo accretion even if the host halo masses are the same. Minor-to-major axial ratios of haloes tend to decrease as their filamentary accretion gets stronger. Haloes with highly anisotropic accretion become more spherical or oblate, while haloes with isotropic accretion become more prolate or triaxial. For haloes with strong filamentary accretion, their major axes are preferentially aligned with the filaments, while their angular momentum vectors tend to be slightly more misaligned.
Infrared interferometry to spatially and spectrally resolve jets in X-ray binaries
Authors: Markoff Sera , Russell David M , Dexter Jason , Pfuhl Oliver , Eisenhauer Frank , Abuter Roberto , Miller-Jones James C A , Russell Thomas D 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Infrared interferometry is a new frontier for precision ground-based observing, with new instrumentation achieving milliarcsecond (mas) spatial resolutions for faint sources, along with astrometry on the order of 10 microarcseconds (μas). This technique has already led to breakthroughs in the observations of the supermassive black hole at the Galactic centre and its orbiting stars, active galactic nucleus, and exo-planets, and can be employed for studying X-ray binaries (XRBs), microquasars in particular. Beyond constraining the orbital parameters of the system using the centroid wobble and spatially resolving jet discrete ejections on mas scales, we also propose a novel method to discern between the various components contributing to the infrared bands: accretion disc, jets, and companion star. We demonstrate that the GRAVITY instrument on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer should be able to detect a centroid shift in a number of sources, opening a new avenue of exploration for the myriad of transients expected to be discovered in the coming decade of radio all-sky surveys. We also present the first proof-of-concept GRAVITY observation of a low-mass XRB transient, MAXI J1820+070, to search for extended jets on mas scales. We place the tightest constraints yet via direct imaging on the size of the infrared emitting region of the compact jet in a hard state XRB.
specphot: a comparison of spectroscopic and photometric exoplanet follow-up methods
Authors: Cooke Benjamin F , Pollacco Don 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We set out a simulation to explore the follow-up of exoplanet candidates. We look at comparing photometric (transit method) and spectroscopic (Doppler shift method) techniques using three instruments: Next-Generation Transit Survey, High-Accuracy Radial-velocity Planetary Search, and CORALIE. We take into account the precision of follow-up and required observing time in attempt to rank each method for a given set of planetary system parameters. The methods are assessed on two criteria: signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the detection and follow-up time before characterization. We find that different follow-up techniques are preferred for different regions of parameter space. For S/N, we find that the ratio of spectroscopic to photometric S/N for a given system goes like $R_{\rm p}/P^{{1}/{3}}$. For follow-up time, we find that photometry is favoured for the shortest period systems (&lt;10 d) as well as systems with small planet radii. Spectroscopy is then preferred for systems with larger radius, and thus more massive planets (given our assumed mass–radius relationship). Finally, we attempt to account for the availability of telescopes and weight the two methods accordingly.
Probingintermediate-mass black holes in M87 through multiwavelength gravitational wave observations
Authors: Emami Razieh , Loeb Abraham 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We analyse triple systems composed of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) near the centre of M87 and a pair of black holes (BHs) with masses in the range of $10{-}10^3\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$. We consider the post Newtonian precession as well as the Kozai–Lidov interactions at the quadruple and octupole levels in modelling the evolution of binary black hole (BBH) under the influence of the SMBH. Kozai–Lidov oscillations enhance the gravitational wave (GW) signal in some portions of the parameter space. We identify frequency peaks and examine the detectability of GWs with LISA as well as future observatories such as μAres and DECIGO. We show examples in which GW signal can be observed with a few or all of these detectors. Multiwavelength GW spectroscopy holds the potential to discover stellar to intermediate mass BHs near the centre of M87. We estimate the rate, Γ, of collisions between the BBHs and fly-by stars at the centre of M87. Our calculation suggest $\Gamma \lt 10\, \rm {Gyr}^{-1}$ for a wide range of the mass and semimajor axes of the inner binary.
Ram pressure stripping candidates in the coma cluster: evidence for enhanced star formation
Authors: Roberts Ian D , Parker Laura C 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The Coma cluster is the nearest massive ($M \gtrsim 10^{15}\, \mathrm{M_\odot }$) galaxy cluster, making it an excellent laboratory to probe the influence of the cluster environment on galaxy star formation. Here, we present a sample of 41 galaxies with disturbed morphologies consistent with ram pressure stripping. These galaxies are identified visually using high-quality, multiband imaging from the Canada–France–Hawaii telescope covering ${\sim}9\, \mathrm{deg^2}$ of the Coma cluster. These ‘stripping candidates’ are clear outliers in common quantitative morphological measures, such as concentration-asymmetry and Gini-M20, confirming their disturbed nature. Based on the orientations of observed asymmetries, as well as the galaxy positions in projected phase space, these candidates are consistent with galaxies being stripped shortly after infall on to the Coma cluster. Finally, the stripping candidates show enhanced star formation rates, both relative to ‘normal’ star-forming Coma galaxies and isolated galaxies in the field. Ram pressure is likely driving an enhancement in star formation during the stripping phase, prior to quenching. On the whole, ram pressure stripping appears to be ubiquitous across all regions of the Coma cluster.
Dun1, a Chk2-related kinase, is the central regulator of securin-separase dynamics during DNA damage signaling
Authors: Yam Candice Qiu Xia , Chia David Boy , Shi Idina , Lim Hong Hwa , Surana Uttam 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe DNA damage checkpoint halts cell cycle progression in G2 in response to genotoxic insults. Central to the execution of cell cycle arrest is the checkpoint-induced stabilization of securin-separase complex (yeast Pds1-Esp1). The checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 (yeast Chk1 and Rad53) are thought to critically contribute to the stability of securin-separase complex by phosphorylation of securin, rendering it resistant to proteolytic destruction by the anaphase promoting complex (APC). Dun1, a Rad53 paralog related to Chk2, is also essential for checkpoint-imposed arrest. Dun1 is required for the DNA damage-induced transcription of DNA repair genes; however, its role in the execution of cell cycle arrest remains unknown. Here, we show that Dun1′s role in checkpoint arrest is independent of its involvement in the transcription of repair genes. Instead, Dun1 is necessary to prevent Pds1 destruction during DNA damage in that the Dun1-deficient cells degrade Pds1, escape G2 arrest and undergo mitosis despite the presence of checkpoint-active Chk1 and Rad53. Interestingly, proteolytic degradation of Pds1 in the absence of Dun1 is mediated not by APC but by the HECT domain-containing E3 ligase Rsp5. Our results suggest a regulatory scheme in which Dun1 prevents chromosome segregation during DNA damage by inhibiting Rsp5-mediated proteolytic degradation of securin Pds1.