bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid Metal‐Polymer Microlattice Metamaterials with High Fracture Toughness and Damage Recoverability
Authors: Zhang Wenqiang , Chen Juzheng , Li Xiang , Lu Yang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBiological materials exhibit excellent fracture toughness due to their ability to dissipate energy during crack propagating through the combination of various constituents with different stiffnesses. Replicating this mechanism in engineering materials is important in mechanical systems and emerging applications such as flexible electronics and soft robotics. Here a novel liquid metal (LM)‐filled polymer microlattice metamaterial, fabricated by projection micro‐stereolithography (PμSL) 3D printing and vacuum filling of gallium (Ga), exhibiting high fracture toughness of 0.8 MJ m−3, is reported. Moreover, the LM metamaterials demonstrate shape memory effect and even essentially recover its original shape upon severe fractures. These unique features arise from the tunable properties of gallium at a relatively low temperature range. The result offers new insights into design and manufacturing mechanical metamaterials with tunable properties and high recoverability for soft robots, flexible electronics, and biomedical applications.
Drug-Resistant Infection: Causes, Consequences, and Responses
Authors: Jamrozik Euzebiusz , Selgelid Michael J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the causes and consequences of, and possible policy responses to, the problem of drug resistance. Throughout, we highlight the ways that ethical and conceptual analyses can help to clarify relevant issues and improve policy, especially in public health, broadly conceived. Drug resistant pathogens arise, persist, spread, and produce harm due to a complex set of causes: biological processes (e.g., related to microbial evolution, the transmission of genetic determinants of resistance between microbes, and human host immunity) as well as human behaviors (e.g., antimicrobial use and hygiene practices) and other social factors (e.g., access to clean water, sanitation, healthcare, and antimicrobials). Furthermore, the ethically salient consequences of drug resistance include not only morbidity and mortality from untreatable infections (that are often inequitably distributed), but also broader effects on human freedom, privacy, and well-being. Public health ethicists are ideally placed to identify and weigh the values that might be promoted or compromised by potential policies and/or interventions that aim to address the problem of drug resistance. This chapter concludes by discussing potential policy responses, including those related to surveillance, research, animal and human antimicrobial use, the broader social determinants of health, infection control practices, and vaccination.
Technological Fixes and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: King Nicholas B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA ‘technological fix’ reduces the negative impact of a problem without addressing its underlying political, economic, or social causes. This chapter examines antimicrobials’ central role in both the modern faith in technological fixes in medicine, and critiques of over-reliance on technological interventions that produce unintended consequences. The enduring appeal of technological fixes is rooted in their promise to provide simple, efficient, measurable, and effective solutions to complex problems; but this practically is purchased at the price of eliding important distributive concerns.
Antimicrobial Resistance and the Private Sector in Southeast Asia
Authors: Liverani Marco , Oliveira Hashiguchi Lauren , Khan Mishal , Coker Richard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSoutheast Asia is considered a regional hotspot for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A commonality across countries in the region, particularly those with lower incomes such as Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao PDR and Vietnam, is the high utilisation of private healthcare providers, often unregulated, which may play a role in driving AMR. In this chapter we discuss challenges to the control of AMR in Southeast Asia, with a focus on the role of the private sector. After providing an overview of the problem and current policy responses, we consider ethical issues of equity and fairness that may arise from the implementation of established and proposed interventions.
Collaborative Research for Future Space Transportation Systems
Authors: Haidn Oskar J. , Adams Nikolaus A. , Radespiel Rolf , Sattelmayer Thomas , Schröder Wolfgang , Stemmer Christian , Weigand Bernhard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter book summarizes the major achievements of the five topical focus areas, Structural Cooling, Aft-Body Flows, Combustion Chamber, Thrust Nozzle, and Thrust-Chamber Assembly of the Collaborative Research Center (Sonderforschungsbereich) Transregio 40. Obviously, only sample highlights of each of the more than twenty individual projects can be given here and thus the interested reader is invited to read their reports which again are only a summary of the entire achievements and much more information can be found in the referenced publications. The structural cooling focus area included results from experimental as well as numerical research on transpiration cooling of thrust chamber structures as well as film cooling supersonic nozzles. The topics of the aft-body flow group reached from studies of classical flow separation to interaction of rocket plumes with nozzle structures for sub-, trans-, and supersonic conditions both experimentally and numerically. Combustion instabilities, boundary layer heat transfer, injection, mixing and combustion under real gas conditions and in particular the investigation of the impact of trans-critical conditions on propellant jet disintegration and the behavior under trans-critical conditions were the subjects dealt with in the combustion chamber focus area. The thrust nozzle group worked on thermal barrier coatings and life prediction methods, investigated cooling channel flows and paid special attention to the clarification and description of fluid-structure-interaction phenomena I nozzle flows. The main emphasis of the focal area thrust-chamber assembly was combustion and heat transfer investigated in various model combustors, on dual-bell nozzle phenomena and on the definition and design of three demonstrations for which the individual projects have contributed according to their research field.
Dual-Bell Nozzle Design
Authors: Génin Chloé , Schneider Dirk , Stark Ralf 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe dual-bell nozzle is an altitude adaptive nozzle concept that offers two operation modes. In the framework of the German Research Foundation Special Research Field SFB TRR40, the last twelve years have been dedicated to study the dual-bell nozzle characteristics, both experimentally and numerically. The obtained understanding on nozzle contour and inflection design, transition behavior and transition prediction enabled various follow-ups like a wind tunnel study on the dual-bell wake flow, a shock generator study on a film cooled wall inflection or, in higher scale, the hot firing test of a thrust chamber featuring a film cooled dual-bell nozzle. A parametrical system study revealed the influence of the nozzle geometry on the flow behavior and the resulting launcher performance increase.
MINDS: A Translator to Embed Mathematical Expressions Inside SPARQL Queries
Authors: Graux Damien , Sejdiu Gezim , Stadler Claus , Napolitano Giulio , Lehmann Jens 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The recent deployments of semantic web tools and the expansion of available linked datasets have given users the opportunity of building increasingly complex applications. These emerging use cases often require queries containing mathematical formulas such as euclidean distances or unit conversions. Currently, the latest SPARQL standard (version 1.1) only embeds basic math operators. Thus, to address this shortcoming, some popular SPARQL evaluators provide built-in tools to cover specific needs; however, such tools are not standard yet. To offer users a more generic solution, we propose and share MINDS, a translator of mathematical expressions into SPARQL-compliant bindings which can be understood by any evaluator. MINDS thereby facilitates the query design whenever mathematical computations are needed in a SPARQL query.
Generating minimal Pareto sets in multi-objective topology optimisation: an application to the wing box structural layout
Authors: Crescenti Fabio , Kipouros Timoleon , Munk David J. , Savill Mark A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMulti-objective topology optimisation problems are often tackled by compromising the cost functions according to the designer’s knowledge. Such an approach however has clear limitations and usually requires information which especially at the preliminary design stage could be unavailable. This paper proposes an alternative multi-objective approach for the generation of minimal Pareto sets in combination with density-based topology optimisation. Optimised solutions are generated integrating a recently revised method for a posteriori articulation of preferences with the Method of Moving Asymptotes. The methodology is first tested on an academic two-dimensional structure and eventually employed to optimise a full-scale aerospace structure with the support of the commercial software Altair OptiStructⓇ. For the academic benchmark, the optimised layouts with respect to static and dynamic objectives are visualised on the Pareto frontier and reported with the corresponding density distribution. Results show a progressive and consistent transition between the two extreme single-objective layouts and confirm that the minimum number of evaluations was required to fill the smart Pareto front. The multi-objective strategy is then coupled with Altair OptiStruct and used to optimise a full-scale wing box, with the clear purpose to fill a gap in multi-objective topology optimisation applied to the wing primary structure. The proposed methodology proved that it can generate efficiently non-dominated optimised configurations, at a computational cost that is mainly driven by the model complexity. This strategy is particularly indicated for the preliminary design phase, as it releases the designer from the burden to assign preferences. Furthermore, the ease of integration into a commercial design tool makes it available for industrial applications.
Subcuticular Sutures Versus Staples for Wound Closure in Open Liver Resection: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Matsuno Yoritaka , Yamazaki Shintaro , Mitsuka Yusuke , Abe Hayato , Moriguchi Masamichi , Higaki Tokio , Takayama Tadatoshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundSubcuticular sutures reduce wound complication rates only in clean surgeries. Repeat resection is frequently required in liver surgery, due to the high recurrence rate (30–50%) of liver cancers. The aim of this study is to assess that subcuticular sutures is superior to staples in liver surgery.MethodsThis single‐centre, single‐blinded, randomised controlled trial was conducted at a university hospital between January 2015 and October 2018. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either subcuticular sutures or staples for skin closure. Three risk factors (repeat resection, diabetes mellitus and liver function) were matched preoperatively for equal allocation. The primary endpoint was the wound complication rate, while secondary endpoints were surgical site infection (SSI), duration of postoperative hospitalisation and total medical cost. Subset analyses were performed only for the 3 factors allocated as secondary endpoints.ResultsOf the 581 enrolled patients, 281 patients with subcuticular sutures and 283 patients with staples were analysed. As the primary outcome, the wound complication rate with subcuticular sutures (12.5%) did not differ from that with staples [15.9%; odds ratio (OR), 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83–2.15; p = 0.241]. As secondary outcomes, no significant differences were identified between the two procedures in the overall cohort while overall wound complications [7 patients (8.5%) vs. 17 patients (20.0%); OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.08–7.29; p = 0.035] with repeat incision were significantly less frequent with subcuticular sutures.ConclusionSubcuticular sutures were not shown to reduce wound complications compared to staples in open liver resection, but appear beneficial for repeat incisions.
The Potential Role of Preoperative Trabecular Bone Score in Predicting Changes in Bone Mineral Density After Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Lui David Tak Wai , Fung Matrix Man Him , Lee Chi Ho , Fong Carol Ho Yi , Loong Connie Hong Nin , Lam Allan Hoi Kin , Tan Kathryn Choon Beng , Woo Yu Cho , Lang Brian Hung Hin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe skeletal indication for parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is based on bone mineral density (BMD) T‐score <  − 2.5. Whether trabecular bone score (TBS) additionally identifies patients who benefit from parathyroidectomy in terms of bone health is unknown. We aimed to study changes in BMD and TBS among Chinese who underwent curative parathyroidectomy for PHPT, in relation to their preoperative parameters, especially in those with worst site BMD T‐score ≥  − 2.5 (non‐osteoporotic range).MethodsWe included consecutive Chinese individuals who underwent curative parathyroidectomy during 2002–2015 for PHPT and completed preoperative and postoperative BMD and TBS measurements in Queen Mary Hospital. Correlations between preoperative parameters and changes in densitometric parameters were studied.Results45 Chinese individuals (13 men, 32 women) were included (mean age 62.0 ± 10.0 years and BMI 24.6 ± 4.7 kg/m2). After parathyroidectomy, BMD at lumbar spine (LS) improved by 6.7% (p < 0.001) while TBS did not change. Among women, peak preoperative parathyroid hormone and calcium levels independently predicted LS BMD gain. Among women with BMD in non‐osteoporotic range, LS BMD also improved after parathyroidectomy, where preoperative TBS was the only significant variable inversely correlating with percentage change in LS BMD (ρ − 0.775, p = 0.005). Particularly, those with preoperative TBS ≤ 1.25 gained 7.1% LS BMD post‐parathyroidectomy (p = 0.003).ConclusionsLS BMD, but not TBS, improved after parathyroidectomy. Among non‐osteoporotic PHPT women, preoperative TBS inversely correlated with postoperative BMD improvement. Hence, low preoperative TBS may be an additional indication for surgical benefit with parathyroidectomy in non‐osteoporotic PHPT women, as those with worse preoperative TBS tend to benefit more from surgery.
Factors Associated with Attrition and Performance Throughout Surgical Training: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Hope Carla , Reilly John‐Joe , Griffiths Gareth , Lund Jon , Humes David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAttrition within surgical training is a challenge. In the USA, attrition rates are as high as 20–26%. The factors predicting attrition are not well known. The aim of this systematic review is to identify factors that influence attrition or performance during surgical training.MethodThe review was performed in line with PRISMA guidelines and registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF). Medline, EMBASE, PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for articles. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Pooled estimates were calculated using random effects meta‐analyses in STATA version 15 (Stata Corp Ltd). A sensitivity analysis was performed including only multi‐institutional studies.ResultsThe searches identified 3486 articles, of which 31 were included, comprising 17,407 residents. Fifteen studies were based on multi‐institutional data and 16 on single‐institutional data. Twenty‐nine of the studies are based on US residents. The pooled estimate for overall attrition was 17% (95% CI 14–20%). Women had a significantly higher pooled attrition than men (24% vs 16%, p < 0.001). Some studies reported Hispanic residents had a higher attrition rate than non‐Hispanic residents. There was no increased risk of attrition with age, marital or parental status. Factors reported to affect performance were non‐white ethnicity and faculty assessment of clinical performance. Childrearing was not associated with performance.ConclusionFemale gender is associated with higher attrition in general surgical residency. Longitudinal studies of contemporary surgical cohorts are needed to investigate the complex multi‐factorial reasons for failing to complete surgical residency.
Macrophage frequency in the bone marrow correlates with morphologic subtype of myeloproliferative neoplasm
Authors: Molitor David C. A. , Boor Peter , Buness Andreas , Schneider Rebekka K. , Teichmann Lino L. , Körber Ruth-Miriam , Horvath Gabor L. , Koschmieder Steffen , Gütgemann Ines 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBone marrow (BM) fibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is associated with a poor prognosis. The development of myelofibrosis and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells to profibrotic myofibroblasts depends on macrophages. Here, we compared macrophage frequencies in BM biopsies of MPN patients and controls (patients with non-neoplastic processes), including primary myelofibrosis (PMF, n = 18), essential thrombocythemia (ET, n = 14), polycythemia vera (PV, n = 12), and Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, n = 9). In PMF, CD68-positive macrophages were greatly increased compared to CML (p = 0.017) and control BM (p < 0.001). Similar findings were observed by CD163 staining (PMF vs. CML: p = 0.017; PMF vs. control: p < 0.001). Moreover, CD68-positive macrophages were increased in PV compared with ET (p = 0.009) and reactive cases (p < 0.001). PMF had higher frequencies of macrophages than PV (CD68: p < 0.001; CD163: p < 0.001) and ET (CD68: p < 0.001; CD163: p < 0.001). CD163 and CD68 were often co-expressed in macrophages with stellate morphology in Philadelphia chromosome–negative MPN, resulting in a sponge-like reticular network that may be a key regulator of unbalanced hematopoiesis in the BM space and may explain differences in cellularity and clinical course.
Endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like molecules and their precursors in human small intestinal lumen and plasma: does diet affect them?
Authors: Tagliamonte Silvia , Gill Chris I. R. , Pourshahidi L. Kirsty , Slevin Mary M. , Price Ruth K. , Ferracane Rosalia , Lawther Roger , O’Connor Gloria , Vitaglione Paola 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To determine the small intestinal concentration of endocannabinoids (ECs), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and their precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) in humans. To identify relationships between those concentrations and habitual diet composition as well as individual inflammatory status.

Methods
An observational study was performed involving 35 participants with an ileostomy (18W/17M, aged 18–70 years, BMI 17–40 kg/m2). Overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma were collected and ECs, NAEs and NAPEs concentrations were determined by LC-HRMS. Dietary data were estimated from self-reported 4-day food diaries.

Results
Regarding ECs, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) was not detected in ileal fluids while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was identified in samples from two participants with a maximum concentration of 129.3 µg/mL. In contrast, mean plasma concentration of AEA was 2.1 ± 0.06 ng/mL and 2-AG was 4.9 ± 1.05 ng/mL. NAEs concentrations were in the range 0.72–17.6 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.014–0.039 µg/mL in plasma. NAPEs concentrations were in the range 0.3–71.5 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.19–1.24 µg/mL in plasma being more abundant in participants with obesity than normal weight and overweight. Significant correlations between the concentrations of AEA, OEA and LEA in biological fluids with habitual energy or fat intakes were identified. Plasma PEA positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein.

Conclusion
We quantified ECs, NAEs and NAPEs in the intestinal lumen. Fat and energy intake may influence plasma and intestinal concentrations of these compounds. The luminal concentrations reported would allow modulation of the homeostatic control of food intake via activation of GPR119 receptors located on the gastro-intestinal mucosa.

Clinical trial registry number and website
NCT04143139; www.clinicaltrials.gov.
DRPLA: understanding the natural history and developing biomarkers to accelerate therapeutic trials in a globally rare repeat expansion disorder
Authors: Chaudhry Aiysha , Anthanasiou-Fragkouli Alkyoni , Houlden Henry 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions in the atrophin-1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments available. The broad development of therapies for DRPLA, as well as other similar rare diseases, has hit a roadblock due to the rarity of the condition and the wide global distribution of patients and families, consequently inhibiting biomarker development and therapeutic research. Considering the shifting focus towards diverse populations, widespread genetic testing, rapid advancements in the development of clinical and wet biomarkers for Huntington’s disease (HD), and the ongoing clinical trials for antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies, the prospect of developing effective treatments in rare disorders has completely changed. The awareness of the HD ASO program has prompted global collaboration for rare disorders in natural history studies and the development of biomarkers, with the eventual goal of undergoing treatment trials. Here, we discuss DRPLA, which shares similarities with HD, and how in this and other repeat expansion disorders, neurogenetics groups like ours at UCL are gearing up for forthcoming natural history studies to accelerate future ASO treatment trials to hopefully emulate the progress seen in HD.
The neurological sequelae of pandemics and epidemics
Authors: Valerio Fernanda , Whitehouse Daniel P. , Menon David K. , Newcombe Virginia F. J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNeurological manifestations in pandemics frequently cause short and long-term consequences which are frequently overlooked. Despite advances in the treatment of infectious diseases, nervous system involvement remains a challenge, with limited treatments often available. The under-recognition of neurological manifestations may lead to an increase in the burden of acute disease as well as secondary complications with long-term consequences. Nervous system infection or dysfunction during pandemics is common and its enduring consequences, especially among vulnerable populations, are frequently forgotten. An improved understanding the possible mechanisms of neurological damage during epidemics, and increased recognition of the possible manifestations is fundamental to bring insights when dealing with future outbreaks. To reverse this gap in knowledge, we reviewed all the pandemics, large and important epidemics of human history in which neurological manifestations are evident, and described the possible physiological processes that leads to the adverse sequelae caused or triggered by those pathogens.