bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pastorization and Its Discontents
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Pastorization provided a rationale for monopolizing alcohol and opium industries in French Indochina. Albert Calmette’s “Amyloprocess,” a method of industrial fermentation, became the justification for handing rice wine production to a French company, on the grounds that it produced more hygienic and pure wine than local Vietnamese distillers. Unexpected consequences of the technological process, however, led to widespread revolt. Officials attempted a similar technopolitical strategy with opium manufacturing, but they did not succeed. By comparing alcohol and opium monopolies, this chapter highlights the technical and geopolitical factors that determined the success or failure of these policies. In particular, the Shanghai and Hague drug conferences shaped the range of policy options in the opium industry.
Monks and Warriors, Bureaucrats and Businessmen
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the ways in which colonial Pastorians challenged the masculine ethos of the Institute, charting a course away from monastic, disinterested, and humanitarian science toward a more heroic and capitalist attitude. With uncertain government support, Pastorians in Indochina and Tunisia had to find new sources of revenue and socialize in a more militaristic environment. These researchers, such as Alexandre Yersin and Charles Nicolle, styled themselves as heroic explorers and conquerors. The impact of World War I strengthened their position and set them on a course to conflict with Émile Roux. In this conflict, both sides reinterpreted the legacy of the historical Louis Pasteur, claiming that the mythical scientist had endorsed their particular view of science. By the end of the 1930s, the heroic ideal had won rhetorically if not entirely in terms of business models.
The Racial Politics of Microbes in Colonial Dakar
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how the 1928 yellow fever epidemic caused a major political upset in colonial Dakar, reoriented West African public health policies, and empowered the Pasteur Institute in the region. With the plague outbreaks of 1914, public health responses became politically controversial, as they became used by African leaders such as Blaise Diagne. The disease ecology of yellow fever, however, which affected primarily Europeans rather than natives of West Africa, empowered Diagne to call out racist French policies and threatened the stability of French rule. The Pasteur Institute’s proposal to develop a vaccine was widely seen as an opportunity to calm the political situation.
Africa in the Global Race for a Yellow Fever Vaccine
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Pastorian yellow fever vaccine project interacted with British and American ventures, moving from Dakar to Paris, New York, and Tunis and back to Dakar. The French vaccine developed in this project caused dangerous meningoencephalitis in some children and was used to vaccinate more than fourteen million people in the 1940s. This chapter argues that both global networks of laboratory infrastructure and infrastructural absence in West Africa enabled the Pastorians to develop a viable prototype and ignore its adverse consequences. The technopolitics of vaccine testing and the global politics of laboratory networks interacted here to produce experimental success and practical disaster. The chapter concludes with an investigation of the mass campaigns of the late 1930s and early 1940s, deadly incidents of the 1950s, and the vaccine’s discontinuation in the 1960s and 1970s. It highlights the occasional competition and occasional rivalry with the Rockefeller Foundation and the British Empire.
Conclusion
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes how the Pastorians developed a new form of colonial governance that was predicated on low-cost technical interventions that were easily standardizable. It highlights both the integrative and divisive functions of the Pastorians’ ideas of universal application. In some cases, the Pastorians’ model helped transport public health solutions across great distances, in other cases it created competitive advantages against other research laboratories. The conclusion then suggests some implications for the history of global health and developments in the post-1945 era.
The Elite and Popular Roots of Contemporary Republican Extremism
Authors: Skocpol Theda 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The unremitting rightward movement of the Republican Party is currently driving asymmetric partisan polarization in the United States. After Democrats won major victories in 2006, 2008, and 2012, Republicans responded by pushing unpopular efforts to cut taxes on the rich, eviscerate labor protections, and slash spending on education, Social Security, and health care. Drawing from recent research, this chapter explains how two separate currents of right-wing extremism—billionaire ultra-free-market fundamentalism and popularly rooted ethno-nationalist resentment—have worked in tandem to remake the GOP. Although these elite and popular forces are often in tension, they have fused in a mutually leveraging way during the Donald Trump presidency.
Dissecting the Conservative Triumph in Wisconsin
Authors: Hertel-Fernandez Alexander 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
After Republicans gained full control of Wisconsin government in 2011, they quickly enacted far-reaching retrenchments of the public sector, tax cuts and regulatory rollbacks, and—above all—bills curbing union rights. Republicans had barely mentioned the anti-labor measures on the campaign trail, and these steps were not popular. This chapter explains why such transformative policy changes happened anyway, through the efforts of interlocking conservative organizational networks previously installed in Wisconsin. The chapter sheds light on the roots and impact of similar right-wing organizational and activist networks at the heart of ongoing transformations across all fifty US states.
Why Republicans Went Hard Right in North Carolina
Authors: Tervo Caroline 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
North Carolina Republicans used to be pro-business social moderates but moved hard right as they rose to supermajority power after 2010. As this chapter explains, this change was enabled by newly formed links between grassroots networks in the Tea Party and Christian right and free-market-oriented think tanks and elite advocacy organizations. Intertwined organizational networks operating outside of traditional party organizations boosted GOP electoral prospects and pulled the party’s agendas further right on issues such as voting rights, Medicaid expansion, environmental protection, and tax reform. Conservative organizational gains have exacerbated geographical partisan divides in North Carolina, as they have in other states and nationally.
The Overlooked Organizational Basis of Trump’s 2016 Victory
Authors: Zoorob Michael , Skocpol Theda 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Conventional wisdom claims that the Trump 2016 campaign was “disorganized,” but this judgment overlooks bargains with leaders of preexisting federated networks connected to millions of voters in pivotal states. Newly found data about the Fraternal Order of Police, the white police union, show that lodge and membership locations help predict Trump margins beyond other pro-GOP variables. Trump deliberately appealed to white police anger at the Black Lives Matter movement and (in a departure from his typical mass rallies) spoke in front of law-enforcement audiences. Similarly, Trump and his top lieutenants courted Christian right pastors and National Rifle Association leaders willing to disseminate campaign messages and mobilize followers in exchange for Trump’s promise to nominate right-wing Supreme Court justices. Many voters outside of big cities were receptive because they are embedded in evangelical and gun-friendly social networks and believe their lifeways are threatened by outside, liberal forces.
How Trump Flipped Michigan
Authors: Marsh Sally 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Twelve Michigan counties that voted for Barack Obama in both 2008 and 2012 flipped to assure Donald Trump’s surprising 2016 victory in this supposed “blue wall” state. To understand how this happened, this chapter tracks the tactics and organizational capabilities of the statewide Trump and Clinton campaigns and looks closely at rural Manistee County, where a pronounced swing from Obama to Trump coincided with increased voter turnout. As the research reveals, the Trump campaign inspired new grassroots enthusiasm and tapped into preexisting conservative networks, including those built by Americans for Prosperity-Michigan and the Tea Party. While local Democrats exhibited tepid support for Clinton, strong anti-establishment and identity-based sentiments fueled support for Trump.
Trump’s Trump: Lou Barletta and the Limits of Anti-Immigrant Politics in Pennsylvania
Authors: Thom Elizabeth , Skocpol Theda 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the underpinnings and limits of ethno-nationalism in the politically pivotal state of Pennsylvania by tracking the career of Lou Barletta, US congressman and former mayor of Hazleton in the declining rustbelt area of Luzerne County. Often known as Donald Trump’s political godfather, Barletta rose to political fame by attacking Hispanic immigrants as criminals and sponsoring severe restrictions on their rights. He went on to win a seat in the US House and become one of the first members of Congress to endorse Trump’s 2016 candidacy. The president then recruited Barletta to run for the Senate in 2018 and strongly backed his campaign based on highlighting threats from immigrants. But Barletta lost, illuminating the limits of anti-immigrant appeals in statewide and national politics.
Saving America Once Again, from the Tea Party to the Anti-Trump Resistance
Authors: Gose Leah E. , Skocpol Theda , Williamson Vanessa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Both the grassroots spread of more than a thousand local Tea Parties starting in 2009 and the current spread of as many as two thousand anti-Trump resistance groups are instances of an electorally sparked citizen movement. Ordinary citizens horrified at the election of a president and Congress at the opposite end of the partisan spectrum mobilized to “save America” as they believe it should be. Both times, participants sought to foster civic engagement and redirect public agendas and party politics. Drawing from current research on local resistors in multiple states, this chapter makes comparisons to earlier Tea Partiers—considering participants’ characteristics and views as well as the structure and activities of local groups and their impact on political parties.
The Texas-Sized Impact of Beto O’Rourke’s 2018 Senate Campaign
Authors: Oehmler Eliza , Zoorob Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
After years of decline, Democrats in Texas have recently worked to make their party competitive again. This chapter examines the organizational precursors and products of the Robert “Beto” O’Rourke 2018 campaign for US Senate—in particular, the effects of two campaign efforts: Beto’s visits to all 254 Texas counties, and his campaign’s mass voter mobilization infrastructure with a large paid staff, more than seven hundred field offices, and thousands of volunteers. Although O’Rourke did not unseat Ted Cruz, his campaign contributed to big down-ballot Democratic successes, built a statewide network of volunteers, and convinced the national Democratic Party to invest in Texas politics.
How Grassroots Resistance Networks Boosted Pennsylvania Democrats in 2018
Authors: Frank Maximilian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
After the 2016 election, Americans formed thousands of anti-Trump grassroots resistance groups across the country. This chapter draws from in-depth interviews and other evidence to explore the electoral activities and impact of such groups in six pivotal Pennsylvania swing counties around Philadelphia and Lehigh Valley. Formed in suburban and rural areas without historically strong Democratic Parties, these resistance groups revitalized local Democratic Party organizations and elected like-minded candidates to political office. Their members registered new Democratic voters and recruited, trained, and deployed volunteers to canvass door-to-door during crucial campaign moments. These groups, predominantly led by women, also supported many women candidates at both the federal and state level. Despite their broad support of Democratic candidates, resistance groups retained varying degrees of independence from party organizations and navigated occasional friction with incumbent party leadership. Resistance efforts helped Pennsylvania Democrats in 2018 and improved their future prospects, though questions remain about the extent to which they will remain independent of the Democratic Party in 2020 and beyond.
Losing Our Minds
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Citizens across the world report a declining trust in democratic government and in one another. This chapter argues that the rise in alienation is due largely to the co-optation of democratic institutions. Alienation occurs when citizens feel disempowered, disconnected, and uninformed, and it leads them to opt out of civic life. Elections provide one example where citizens often lack the information needed to reach decisions that align with their underlying values and interests. As the chapter explains, deliberative institutions, however, offer an alternative path by giving citizens the opportunity to participate in decision making and the information necessary to do so in meaningful ways. The implementation of such processes requires civic innovators who push for institutional change, and this chapter introduces one such democratic reformer who created the Citizens’ Initiative Review.
Bureaucracy and Boycott
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses how deliberative processes like the Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR) must contend with the same strategic tactics that diminish the integrity of the wider governing system. This chapter tells the story of how CIR organizers lobbied for its permanent implementation and fended off opponents who were wary that it would undermine their power to sway the electorate. Organizers ultimately prevailed, and the CIR became an official governing institution and a commission was set up to oversee it. In 2012, advocates for one of the measures boycotted the process, forcing organizers to scramble to find replacements who could testify on behalf of the measure. The chapter shows how, in both instances, CIR organizers and proponents returned to the initial premise of deliberation, bringing reason back into politics, to ensure that both the institution and the process were successful.
Can Voters Deliberate?
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Deliberative processes generally result in increased issue-specific knowledge for participants and can lead to opinion change as a result. The question asked in chapter 9 is: Does this translate into increased knowledge and opinion change for the wider public who these processes aim to assist? The chapter summarizes research suggesting that voters often lack the information they need to cast their votes on ballot measures. As detailed in this chapter, studies of Citizens’ Initiative Reviews (CIRs) show the reviews can help voters overcome these information deficiencies. Voters who read the CIR statements were more likely to form opinions that aligned with the balance of information and arguments provided by review participants. Further, voters tend to find the statements both reliable and useful and learn new information about the ballot measure, even if that information does not align with their cultural predispositions.
The Thematic Lens
Authors: DeGloma Thomas , Papadantonakis Max 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines a comparative framework for ethnographic analysis that combines contributions from formal sociology, symbolic interaction, and the strong program in cultural sociology. Building on the methodological perspective that Eviatar Zerubavel has termed “social pattern analysis,” the authors show how underlying formal properties, including patterns of social interaction, foundational narrative structures, and formulaic modes of performance, tie otherwise quite disparate cases together. Moreover, actors in different contexts merge these social forms with widespread cultural codes, resulting in patterned structures of meaning. Otherwise different cases thus emerge as variant manifestations of a common social theme. Using such social themes as analytic lenses offers great promise for theory construction and serves as a guide for expanding empirical inquiry to a greater range of contexts and cases. Drawing on research pertaining to various topics, the chapter shows how using a thematic lens provides a compelling foundation for comparative multicase analysis while honing the interpretive and descriptive strengths traditionally associated with ethnography on the underlying properties and processes that tie such cases together.
Sequential Comparisons and the Comparative Imagination
Authors: Tavory Iddo , Timmermans Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines three basic modes of comparison ethnographers wield: shadow comparisons to other cases that inform observations, internal comparisons among observations and other units of analysis within the case, and varieties of external comparison among different field sites. The authors then make two complementary arguments. First, the chapter widens ethnographers’ comparative imagination by arguing that ethnographers need to pay more careful attention to the interplay among different kinds of comparisons. And, second, the case is made that a preferred strategy for external comparison is sequential comparison, in which the ethnographer first abductively finds important puzzles in one field, and only then chooses a second field according to emerging theoretical themes.
Introduction
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Introduction introduces the concept of being socially, as opposed to (merely) legally undocumented. It briefly explores the relationship of being socially undocumented to Latina/o/x identity and anti-Latina/o/x racism. It establishes the relational egalitarian conception of justice that is employed throughout this book. The Introduction also lays out the framework for the remaining chapters. Chapter 1 articulates a new framework for immigration justice using a more expansive conception of what it means to “be undocumented.” Chapter 2 explores the meaning of having a socially undocumented identity. Chapter 3 argues that “being socially undocumented” is embodied along racial and class lines, an argument continued in Chapters 4 and 5. Chapters 6 and 7 examine what states must do to undermine anti-socially undocumented oppression. The Conclusion draws upon the arguments explored in all the previous chapters.
Against Hermeneutic Fictionalism
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers whether hermeneutic fictionalism is preferable to error theory. If we become convinced that the beliefs and assertions apparently involved in a discourse contradict a well-established philosophical doctrine, then we may conclude that the beliefs and assertions are untrue and adopt an error theory of the discourse. Or we may claim that the discourse does not genuinely involve those beliefs and assertions and adopt hermeneutic fictionalism. In this chapter, the author argues that considerations of error avoidance do not support hermeneutic fictionalism over error theory, but rather the reverse, and he defends what has become known as the “phenomenological objection” to hermeneutic fictionalism from Stuart Brock’s attempt to overturn it. The author’s conclusion is that until extra evidence is provided, we should prefer an error theory of a discourse to a hermeneutic fictionalist one.
Of Rabbits and Men
Authors: Frigg Roman , Salis Fiora 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
According to the fiction view of models, scientific models are akin to places and characters in literary fiction. The chapter introduces this view and develops a specific version of the view based on the pretense account of fiction. It then turns to the question of how models represent their targets and formulates an account of representation based on the notions of denotation, exemplification, keying up, and imputation. The notion of denotation, it is argued, is usually borrowed from language and so an account of scientific representation can pursue a reductive strategy as regards denotation. Finally, it is pointed out that the fiction view of models in no way implies that models promulgate falsities and that the fiction therefore does not undermine the authority of science.
A Move to Global Design
Authors: Sun Huatong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter establishes the importance of a global approach to social media technology design. It demonstrates interconnectedness as its core feature, as its methodology, and as its cultural logic. In explaining why a global approach is needed for user experience design, it reviews the historical tradition of three main design paradigms (i.e., applied arts, engineering, and human-centered paradigms) and connects this global move with similar paradigm shifts in other fields like global media studies, social informatics, and technical communication. It then describes what this approach entails and unpacks the concept of interconnectedness. It concludes with a case from fieldwork to illustrate how interconnectedness and interdependence work in global social media design.
Designing for Empowerment With a Critical Practice Approach
Authors: Sun Huatong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter articulates a practice-oriented critical design approach for empowerment. It situates global design issues concerning structure and agency in a discourse of redistributing power and privileges. It first paints a big picture of the social justice–oriented design scholarship in the disciplines of human–computer interaction (HCI), technical and professional communication, and informatics with its key issues. Then it reviews the development of critical design movement and the turn and re-turn to practice in HCI and design communities. Built on that discussion, it integrates the two into a critical practice approach for empowerment—a relational view of design that centers on everyday practice and aims to transform its inequalities of power.
War of Social Messaging Platforms
Authors: Sun Huatong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies four social messaging platforms, including WhatsApp (United States), WeChat (China), LINE (Japan), and KakaoTalk (South Korea), and applies a relational view of design to explore how the material and the discursive are fused to articulate culturally sustaining value propositions and global mobilities. Based on a multiyear, multisited transnational study and bilingual literature research, it traces the genre development of four local uptakes of a global technology assemblage from the angle of affordances. In exploring the culturally constructed and technology-mediated process of global mobilities, the chapter discusses how discursive affordances of the local uptakes presented culturally sustaining value propositions to spearhead businesses in global competitions, and how the artifact-based and distributed affordances together enhanced individual users to form identities of global mobilities within their communication ecologies for engagement and empowerment. It asks us to consider how we as designers should address the tension between cultural diversity and cultural sensitivity as part of today’s global cultural diversity reality for social media design.