bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular autofluorescence is magnetic field sensitive
Authors: Ikeya Noboru , Woodward Jonathan R. 
Published: January 2021

Significance
The radical pair mechanism is the favored hypothesis for explaining biological effects of weak magnetic fields, such as animal magnetoreception and possible adverse health effects. To date, however, there is no direct experimental evidence for magnetic effects on radical pair reactions in cells, the fundamental building blocks of living systems. In this paper, using a custom-built microscope, we demonstrate that flavin-based autofluorescence in native, untreated HeLa cells is magnetic field sensitive, due to the formation and electron spin–selective recombination of spin-correlated radical pairs. This work thus provides a direct link between magnetic field effects on chemical reactions measured in solution and chemical reactions taking place in living cells.
Diversification of mammalian deltaviruses by host shifting
Authors: Bergner Laura M. , Orton Richard J. , Broos Alice , Tello Carlos , Becker Daniel J. , Carrera Jorge E. , Patel Arvind H. , Biek Roman , Streicker Daniel G. 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Satellites are virus-like agents which require both a host and a virus to complete their life cycle. The only human-infecting satellite is hepatitis delta virus (HDV), which exacerbates liver disease in patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). How HDV originated is a long-standing evolutionary puzzle. Using terabase-scale data mining, coevolutionary analyses, and field studies in bats, we show that deltaviruses can jump between highly divergent host species. Our results further suggest that the contemporary association between HDV and HBV likely arose following zoonotic transmission from a yet-undiscovered animal reservoir in the Americas. Plastic host and virus associations open prospects that deltaviruses might alter the virulence of multiple viruses in multiple host species.
The 2018 reawakening and eruption dynamics of Steamboat Geyser, the world’s tallest active geyser
Authors: Reed Mara H. , Munoz-Saez Carolina , Hajimirza Sahand , Wu Sin-Mei , Barth Anna , Girona Társilo , Rasht-Behesht Majid , White Erin B. , Karplus Marianne S. , Hurwitz Shaul , Manga Michael 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Natural geysers episodically erupt liquid water and steam and, thus, provide a window into multiphase hydrothermal systems. The size of and interval between eruptions can shift over time due to changes in the hydrothermal system and due to deeper magmatic processes. An improved understanding of geyser dynamics can provide insights into other multiphase episodic processes on Earth and other planets that result from localized input of energy and mass (e.g., volcanism).
Powder thermal conductivity measurements in laser powder-bed fusion: an uncertainty study with sensitivity analysis
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Lane Brandon , Chou Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Laser flash testing and finite element (FE) heat transfer simulations have been together applied to measure the thermal conductivity of metallic powder contained in a solid specimen made by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing. However, input parameters to the FE model potentially influence the accuracy of thermal conductivity evaluations. This study intends to investigate the effect of major uncertainties in the measurement of metallic powder thermal conductivity in L-PBF, including specimen dimensions, solid material properties, as well as the irradiation area and pyrometer detected area in laser flash testing, and to determine the sensitivity of various factors. A dummy-treated Taguchi method with different levels of the studied factors was utilized using the FE simulations and an inverse method. The results show that the dimension of the specimen’s internal powder-enclosed cavity and the solid material properties have dominant effects on the evaluation of powder thermal conductivity. In addition, predictions from the regression equations are verified and give a reasonable agreement with the simulated powder thermal conductivity values.
Charge neutralisation of microparticles by pulsing a low-pressure shielded spatial plasma afterglow
Authors: van Minderhout B , van Huijstee J C A , Peijnenburg A T A , Blom P , Kroesen G M W , Beckers J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, it is shown that microparticles can be effectively neutralised in the (spatial) plasma afterglow of an inductively coupled plasma. A key element in the reported experiments is the utilisation of a grounded mesh grid separating the plasma bulk and the ‘shielded’ plasma afterglow. Once particles—being injected in and charged by the inductively coupled plasma—had passed this mesh grid, the plasma was switched off while the particles continued to be transported under the influence of both flow and gravity. In the shielded spatial plasma afterglow region, the particle charge was deducted from their acceleration in an externally applied electric field. Our experiments demonstrate that all particles were neutralised independently of the applied electric field magnitude. The achieved neutralisation is of primary importance for the further development of plasma-assisted contamination control strategies as well as for a wide range of other applications, such as colourimetric sensing, differential mobility analysers, and medical applications.
Multi-scale simulation of early kidney branching morphogenesis
Authors: Cai Wenran , Wang Yunqi , Zhang Jicong , Zhang Hong , Luo Tianzhi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
An important feature of the branch morphogenesis during kidney development is the termination of the tips on the outer surface of a kidney. This feature requires the avoidance of the intersection between the tips and existing ducts inside the kidney. Here, we started from a continuous model and implemented the coarse grained rules into a fast and discrete simulations. The ligand–receptor-based Turing mechanism suggests a repulsion that decreases exponentially with distance between interacting branches, preventing the intersection between neighboring branches. We considered this repulsive effect in numerical simulations and successfully reproduce the key features of the experimentally observed branch morphology for an E15.5 kidney. We examine the similarity of several geometrical parameters between the simulation results and experimental observations. The good agreement between the simulations and experiments suggests that the concentration decay caused by the absorption of glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor might be the key factor to affect the geometry in early kidney development.
An assessment of data sources, data quality and changes in national forest monitoring capacities in the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005–2020
Authors: Nesha Karimon , Herold Martin , De Sy Veronique , Duchelle Amy E , Martius Christopher , Branthomme Anne , Garzuglia Monica , Jonsson Orjan , Pekkarinen Anssi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Globally, countries report forest information to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Global Forest Resources Assessments (FRA) at regular intervals. While the status and trends of national forest monitoring capacities have been previously assessed for the tropics, this has not been systematically done worldwide. In this paper, we assess the use and quality of forest monitoring data sources for national reporting to the FRA in 236 countries and territories. More specifically, we (a) analyze the use of remote sensing (RS) for forest area monitoring and the use of national forest inventory (NFI) for monitoring forest area, growing stock, biomass, carbon stock, and other attributes in FRA 2005–2020, (b) assess data quality in FRA 2020 using FAO tier-based indicators, and (c) zoom in to investigate changes in tropical forest monitoring capacities in FRA 2010–2020. Globally, the number of countries monitoring forest area using RS at good to very good capacities increased from 55 in FRA 2005 to 99 in FRA 2020. Likewise, the number of countries with good to very good NFI capacities increased from 48 in FRA 2005 to 102 in FRA 2020. This corresponds to ∼85% of the global forest area monitored with one or more nationally-produced up-to-date RS products or NFI in FRA 2020. For large proportions of global forests, the highest quality data was used in FRA 2020 for reporting on forest area (93%), growing stock (85%), biomass (76%), and carbon pools (61%). Overall, capacity improvements are more widespread in the tropics, which can be linked to continued international investments for forest monitoring especially in the context of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in tropical countries (REDD+). More than 50% of the tropical countries with targeted international support improved both RS and NFI capacities in the period 2010–2020 on top of those that already had persistent good to very good capabilities. There is also a link between improvements in national capacities and improved governance measured against worldwide governance indicators (WGI). Our findings—the first global study—suggest an ever-improving data basis for national reporting on forest resources in the context of climate and development commitments, e.g. the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals.
Discrete Darboux system with self-consistent sources and its symmetric reduction
Authors: Doliwa Adam , Lin Runliang , Wang Zhe 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The discrete non-commutative Darboux system of equations with self-consistent sources is constructed, utilizing both the vectorial fundamental (binary Darboux) transformation and the method of additional independent variables. Then the symmetric reduction of discrete Darboux equations with sources is presented. In order to provide a simpler version of the resulting equations we introduce the τ/σ form of the (commutative) discrete Darboux system. Our equations give, in continuous limit, the version with self-consistent sources of the classical symmetric Darboux system.
Some novel considerations about the collective coordinates approximation for the scattering of ϕ
4 kinks
Authors: Pereira Carlos F S , Luchini Gabriel , Tassis Tadeu , Constantinidis Clisthenis P 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The collective coordinates approximation for the kink/anti-kink scattering in the 1 + 1 dimensional ϕ
4 model is considered and we discuss how the results found in the current literature on the topic can be improved by giving the analytical expression for the Lagrangian in the space of parameters. A comprehensive discussion of the role of the collective coordinates approximation in this particular situation is given for completeness.
A global assessment of wildfire potential under climate change utilizing Keetch-Byram drought index and land cover classifications
Authors: Gannon Colin S , Steinberg Nik C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In recent years, climate change has caused wildfires across the globe to generally become larger and more severe, creating new challenges for public health, housing and infrastructure, and natural resource management. As the characteristics of wildfires change, it is critical to understand where emerging risks for human and natural systems are most profound. We assess how future wildfire potential, defined here as the meteorological conditions and the availability of burnable vegetation types conducive to wildfire occurrence, are projected to change in the future. To achieve this, we combine modelled temperature and precipitation to calculate the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) as a proxy for soil moisture deficit and overlay a weighting factor representing burnable vegetation derived from land cover classifications. Through our analysis of daily data at both mid- and end-of-century, we find that climate-related changes, such as increasing temperatures and drying patterns, will elevate wildfire potential globally, both in terms of severity of maximum daily KBDI and frequency of high KBDI days. We find that regions which have recently endured major fire events, including the western United States, Australia, and the Amazon, could experience increases in maximum KBDI of up to 100 in places, with more than 60 additional days of high KBDI by mid-century, compared to the historical baseline. Additionally, at the end-of-the-century, regions across much of Africa, Central America, and Southern Asia are projected to emerge as wildfire hotspots. While the occurrence of wildfires may still be rare today in many regions, we find that climatological trends are projected to increase wildfire potential for much of the globe, creating new risks for some, and raising the challenge for already wildfire-prone communities to effectively manage forests and protect people and critical resources.
Nanostructured copper sulphide films deposited from a precursor bath prepared using RO water
Authors: Kari Fasiha , Kothari Anjana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Synthesis of functional nanostructured materials using solution-based low-cost deposition routes is an emerging research area. In this paper, we report deposition of one such material, Copper Sulphide nanostructures (CuS NS), using low-cost chemical bath deposition technique. The films have been deposited on bare glass substrate from a precursor (PS) bath prepared using reverse osmosis (RO) processed water (Drinking water). The deposition of the films has been carried out at three different temperatures, 60°, 65° and 70 °C. X-ray diffraction study confirmed the CuS NS film possess pure hexagonal covellite phase. Scanning Electron Microscopy of the films revealed the flower-like shape CuS NS are made up of hexagonal plates of side lengths ∼38 nm and thickness ∼4.76 nm. The average size of the agglomerated grains was calculated 65 nm to 665 nm (60 °C), 94 nm to 670 nm (65 °C) and 94 nm to 670 nm (70 °C) using ImageJ software. The optical study showed the films possess indirect and direct optical energy bandgap (Eg) in the range ∼1.3–1.6 eV and ∼2.4–2.7 eV, respectively.
Diseasome and comorbidities complexities of SARS-CoV-2 infection with common malignant diseases
Authors: Satu Md Shahriare , Khan Md Imran , Rahman Md Rezanur , Howlader Koushik Chandra , Roy Shatabdi , Roy Shuvo Saha , Quinn Julian M W , Moni Mohammad Ali 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
With the increasing number of immunoinflammatory complexities, cancer patients have a higher risk of serious disease outcomes and mortality with SARS-CoV-2 infection which is still not clear. In this study, we aimed to identify infectome, diseasome and comorbidities between COVID-19 and cancer via comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to identify the synergistic severity of the cancer patient for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We utilized transcriptomic datasets of SARS-CoV-2 and different cancers from Gene Expression Omnibus and Array Express Database to develop a bioinformatics pipeline and software tools to analyze a large set of transcriptomic data and identify the pathobiological relationships between the disease conditions. Our bioinformatics approach revealed commonly dysregulated genes (MARCO, VCAN, ACTB, LGALS1, HMOX1, TIMP1, OAS2, GAPDH, MSH3, FN1, NPC2, JUND, CHI3L1, GPNMB, SYTL2, CASP1, S100A8, MYO10, IGFBP3, APCDD1, COL6A3, FABP5, PRDX3, CLEC1B, DDIT4, CXCL10 and CXCL8), common gene ontology (GO), molecular pathways between SARS-CoV-2 infections and cancers. This work also shows the synergistic complexities of SARS-CoV-2 infections for cancer patients through the gene set enrichment and semantic similarity. These results highlighted the immune systems, cell activation and cytokine production GO pathways that were observed in SARS-CoV-2 infections as well as breast, lungs, colon, kidney and thyroid cancers. This work also revealed ribosome biogenesis, wnt signaling pathway, ribosome, chemokine and cytokine pathways that are commonly deregulated in cancers and COVID-19. Thus, our bioinformatics approach and tools revealed interconnections in terms of significant genes, GO, pathways between SARS-CoV-2 infections and malignant tumors.
A transformer architecture based on BERT and 2D convolutional neural network to identify DNA enhancers from sequence information
Authors: Le Nguyen Quoc Khanh , Ho Quang-Thai , Nguyen Trinh-Trung-Duong , Ou Yu-Yen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recently, language representation models have drawn a lot of attention in the natural language processing field due to their remarkable results. Among them, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) has proven to be a simple, yet powerful language model that achieved novel state-of-the-art performance. BERT adopted the concept of contextualized word embedding to capture the semantics and context of the words in which they appeared. In this study, we present a novel technique by incorporating BERT-based multilingual model in bioinformatics to represent the information of DNA sequences. We treated DNA sequences as natural sentences and then used BERT models to transform them into fixed-length numerical matrices. As a case study, we applied our method to DNA enhancer prediction, which is a well-known and challenging problem in this field. We then observed that our BERT-based features improved more than 5–10% in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and Matthews correlation coefficient compared to the current state-of-the-art features in bioinformatics. Moreover, advanced experiments show that deep learning (as represented by 2D convolutional neural networks; CNN) holds potential in learning BERT features better than other traditional machine learning techniques. In conclusion, we suggest that BERT and 2D CNNs could open a new avenue in biological modeling using sequence information.
Exercise intolerance — from spiroergometry to transdiaphragmatic myocardial punch biopsy: a case report of isolated cardiac sarcoidosis
Authors: Schindler Michael Johannes , Saguner Ardan M , Benussi Stefano , Bode Peter Karl , Manka Robert , Steffel Jan , Tanner Felix C , Zuber Michel , Ruschitzka Frank 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Several aetiologies account for exercise intolerance, with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) constituting a rare cause thereof. The pathogenesis of CS is still unresolved and its diagnosis still difficult to establish, in the absence of any extracardiac manifestations in particular.

Case summary
A 49-year-old amateur athlete presented with exercise intolerance during running over a 3-week period. Coronary artery and structural lung disease were excluded by coronary angiography and computer tomography. The symptoms could be reproduced during spiroergometry during which an exercise-induced high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block was documented. During electrocardiographic monitoring, a 2:1 AV block was observed. Different imaging modalities showed inferobasal septal inflammation and fibrosis. Transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography-guided endomyocardial biopsies were inconclusive and only subsequent epicardial biopsy performed by transdiaphragmatic minimally invasive surgery lead to the histological diagnosis of non-caseating granuloma, confirming CS. The patient was treated with high-dose steroids 1 week after implantation of a primary prevention dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). While tapering steroids, recurrence of myocardial inflammation occurred. However, no tachytherapies and &lt;0.1% right ventricular pacing were needed after 2 years of follow-up.

Discussion
Differential diagnoses were either an infiltrative disease, a tumour, or an infectious disease. Due to the different treatment options, we had to establish definite diagnosis by myocardial biopsy. Retrospectively, the implantation of the ICD can be discussed. However, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed fibrosis which is usually irreversible and substrate for potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmia. Confirming the diagnosis of isolated CS is challenging. Long-term management should be guided individually based on clinical and imaging findings.
Acute coronary syndrome caused by extrinsic coronary compression from an aortic root abscess in a patient with mechanical aortic valve endocarditis: a case report and literature review
Authors: Joy George , Lewis Michael , Furniss Stephen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Extrinsic coronary compression is an extremely rare complication of aortic root abscess formation and can manifest as an acute coronary syndrome in infective endocarditis. Optimal management strategies are unknown and therefore illustrative case reports may be informative.

Case summary
We describe a 63-year-old man with a background history of a mechanical aortic valve who developed sepsis due to Escherichia coli bacteraemia from a presumed urinary source. He suddenly deteriorated with cardiogenic shock and anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on Day 16 and received emergency percutaneous coronary intervention for severe stenoses of left anterior descending and diagonal arteries. A transoesophageal echocardiogram 2 days later demonstrated a large aortic root abscess. He was transferred for emergency surgery which revealed a large aortic abscess surrounding the left main stem confirming extrinsic coronary compression. He received a redo tissue aortic valve replacement and repair of his abscess cavity.

Discussion
We describe a case where percutaneous coronary intervention and emergency surgery was used to treat extrinsic compression from an aortic root abscess; a complication that is associated with a high mortality. This is also a rare case of E. coli causing prosthetic valve endocarditis. We also explore the findings of 11 previous cases of extrinsic coronary compression from aortic root abscess.
Acute coronary syndrome due to native coronary occlusion proximal to a patent bypass graft: a case report
Authors: Kitazono Kazunari , Tanoue Kanyo , Ueno Masahiro , Ohishi Mitsuru 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome has significantly contributed to improvements in overall outcomes. However, clinical challenges exist when performing urgent PCI for patients with a history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Case summary
An 83-year-old man with a history of CABG presented with an inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Emergent coronary angiography showed an occlusion of the right coronary artery that had been previously grafted with the right gastroepiploic artery. Primary PCI for the native coronary artery was performed on the assumption that the bypass graft had been occluded. We were unable to attain angiographic antegrade flow after balloon angioplasty, and intravascular ultrasound revealed a ruptured plaque with a thrombus proximally and a patent bypass graft with complete recanalization distally. These findings suggested that the plaque rupture with resultant thrombus formation proximal to the anastomosis eventually overlay the patent bypass graft. Subsequent stent implantation covering only the culprit site with a residual stenosis proximal to the anastomosis was performed, resulting in good patency of both the native coronary artery and bypass graft for more than 3 years.

Discussion
This is the first documented case of a patient with STEMI due to proximal native coronary artery occlusion with a thrombus overlying a patent bypass graft. Intravascular ultrasound was helpful to recognize the distal patency and guide optimal stent implantation. This case illustrates the complexity of treating a patient with a history of CABG and the importance of a multifaceted approach in such an urgent situation.