bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling Geometry and Flow Through Bacterial Bridges on Patterned Lubricant‐Infused Surfaces (pLIS)
Authors: Lei Wenxi , Krolla Peter , Schwartz Thomas , Levkin Pavel A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSpatial control of bacteria and biofilms on surfaces is necessary to understand the biofilm formation and the social interactions between bacterial communities, which could provide useful hints to study the biofilm‐involved diseases. Here patterned lubricant‐infused surfaces (pLIS) are utilized to fabricate connective structures named “bacterial bridges” between bacterial colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a simple dewetting method. It is demonstrated that the bacteria attached to hydrophilic areas and bacteria precipitated on lubricant infused borders both contribute to the formation of bacterial bridges. The geometry and distribution of bridges can be controlled using predesigned superhydrophobic–hydrophilic patterns. It is demonstrated that bacterial bridges connecting bacteria colonies act as bio‐microfluidic channels and can transport liquids, nutrients, and antibacterial substances between neighboring bacteria clusters. Thus, bacterial bridges can be used to study formation, spreading, and development of bacterial colonies, and communication within and between isolated biofilms.
Climate and society in European history
Authors: Ljungqvist Fredrik Charpentier , Seim Andrea , Huhtamaa Heli 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article evaluates 165 studies from various disciplines, published between 2000 and 2019, which in different ways link past climate variability and change to human history in medieval and early modern Europe (here,c. 700–1815 CE). Within this review, we focus on the identification and interpretation of causal links between changes in climate and in human societies. A revised climate–society impact order model of historical climate–society interactions is presented and applied to structure the findings of the past 20 years' scholarship. Despite considerable progress in research about past climate–society relations, partly expedited by new palaeoclimate data, we identify limitations to knowledge, including geographical biases, a disproportional attention to extremely cold periods, and a focus on crises. Furthermore, recent scholarship shows that the limitations with particular disciplinary approaches can be successfully overcome through interdisciplinary collaborations. We conclude the article by proposing recommendations for future directions of research in the climatic change–human history nexus.This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Homodinuclear RhI and IrI Complexes Derived from Imidazolium‐Benzimidazolates
Authors: Kureja Kunal , Zinke Julian , Bruhn Clemens , Siemeling Ulrich 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe reactions of [M(μ‐Cl)(COD)]2 (M=Rh, Ir) with the conjugated mesomeric betaines 2‐(3‐methyl‐1‐imidazolium)‐benzimidazolate (1aH), 2‐(3‐isopropyl‐1‐imidazolium)‐benzimidazolate (1bH) and 2‐(3‐tert‐butyl‐1‐imidazolium)‐benzimidazolate (1cH) in equilibrium with their carbenic tautomers 1’aH, 1’bH and 1’cH were investigated. In the case of 1aH and 1bH, the homodinuclear complexes [MCl(COD){M(μ‐1’a)(COD)}] and [MCl(COD){M(μ‐1’b)(COD)}] were obtained, whose anionic NHC ligand 1’a− or 1’b− bridges the metal centres in a κ1N : κ1N mode, while binding the M(COD) moiety in a C,N‐chelating mode. For M=Ir, [IrCl(COD){Ir(μ‐1’’b)(COD)}] containing the “abnormal” NHC isomer 1’’b− was observed as a side product. In the case of 1’cH, [{RhCl(COD)}2(μ‐1cH)] containing a κ1N : κ1N benzimidazolato ligand was obtained for M=Rh, while for M=Ir the reaction furnished [IrCl(COD){Ir(μ‐1’’c)(COD)}], which contains the anionic “abnormal” NHC ligand 1’’c−. This difference in behaviour is rationalised by the propensity of iridium(I) for oxidative addition, which in the present case involves a C−H bond of the dangling formamidium unit of [{IrCl(COD)}2(μ‐1cH)] to afford [IrICl(COD){IrIIIHCl(μ‐1’’c)(COD)}], followed by reductive elimination of HCl. The crystal structures of the new complexes were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, except for [IrCl(COD){Ir(μ‐1’a)(COD)}], where by serendipity the closely related mononuclear complex [Ir(1’a)(COD)] was structurally characterised instead.
What Are and to What Avail Do We Study European International Law Traditions?
Authors: Hilpold Peter 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn recent years, in parallel with the rising interest for the history of international law and the evolving of a separate discipline of “Comparative International Law”, interest for national international law traditions—and in particular for European international law traditions—has continuously grown. This process raises a series of questions, in particular whether the assumption of the existence of such traditions is compatible at all with the very nature of international law, about the meaning of “Europeanness” and about the end of such a comparative endeavour. The present book collects a series of analyses in this field undertaken by renowned international lawyers. Of course, such a project cannot claim to give definite, encompassing answers, but it can aim at providing a better understanding of why international law is as it is, evidence what may be at the roots of so many misunderstandings in the international law dialogue between nations and academics and also, on a more positive note, show to what extent a common language has evolved and what the different national contributions were to these achievements.For the time being, studies of such a kind cannot be but electrical. Nonetheless, the hope is that they might contribute to a broader understanding of international law, offer a better comprehension in the discussion between international lawyers and perhaps build the basis for further studies in this area. This introductory chapter describes the research project as a whole, offers some methodological considerations and provides a short glimpse into the chapters of this book.
Unsettling Metaphysics in Science Education
Authors: Higgins Marc 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to introduce the relation between Western modern science and Indigenous ways-of-knowing-in-being as it manifests within spaces of science education: as simultaneously co-constitutive and othering. In turn, unsettling science education is presented as a double(d) approach to address the ways in which settler colonial logics linger and lurk within sedimented and stratified knowledge-practices. As a more nascent approach to the question of Indigenous science within science education, this is expanded upon by drawing from decolonizing and post-colonial approaches. Further, drawing across the two, deconstruction is highlighted as a (meta-)methodological approach to bear witness to the ways in which settler coloniality often manifests as absent presences and to (re)open the space of response within science education towards Indigenous ways-of-knowing-in-being.
Mirrors, Prisms, and Diffraction Gratings: Placing the Optics of the Critical Gaze in Science Education Under Erasure (After the Critique of Critique)
Authors: Higgins Marc 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to explore what Foucault refers to as “the” critical attitude and its relationship to science education. Drawing from the insight thatthecritical attitude is butacritical attitude, the possibility of critique as plural and multiplicative is explored herein; positing that (an) unsettling criticality is not only one which critiques settler colonial logics and practices but also the taken-for-granted ways-of-critiquing which can undergird these very efforts. In turn, the possibility of critique as plural is significant asthemode of critique within the multicultural science education debate (re)produces Indigenous science as yet-to-come. Building on the insight that scientific knowledge-practice is always already situated, the ways in which criticality in science education is always mediated by conceptual apparatuses, whether real or imagined, is considered. In particular, three optical apparatus—the mirror, the prism, and the diffraction grating—are employed to analyse and inform how the critical gaze might be differentially configured within science education to (re)open the space of responsiveness.
Response-ability Revisited: Towards Re(con)figuring Scientific Literacy
Authors: Higgins Marc 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to revisit and expand upon the concept of response-ability, shifting from the deconstructive homework of previous chapters to working towardsareconstructive response which renders science education more hospitable towards Indigenous science to-come. Braiding in the work of Torres Strait Islander scholar Martin Nakata’s theorizing of the cultural interface, which accounts for the ways in which hybridity between ways-of-knowing-in-being are unequal, problematic, and yet rife with possibility, this response takes the form of re(con)figuring scientific literacy. In four movements, this response: a) identifies scientific literacy as a central yet uncertain concept whose critical inhabitation is ripe for other meanings and enactments; b) explores Karen Barad’s subversion of scientific literacy as agential literacy as a productive location to rework the connectivity towards IWLN and TEK; c), utilizes agential literacy as proximal (yet differing) relation to bring in Gregory Cajete’s conception of Indigenous science as ecologies of relationships; and d) explores the generative points of resonance between agential literacy and ecologies of relationships. The chapter concludes with a cautionary note on points of convergence and points of divergence, wherein the proximal relation between agential literacy and ecologies of relationships is productively troubled.
Safety Assurance of a High Voltage Controller for an Industrial Robotic System
Authors: Murray Yvonne , Anisi David A. , Sirevåg Martin , Ribeiro Pedro , Hagag Rabah Saleh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to the risk of discharge sparks and ignition, there are strict rules concerning the safety of high voltage electrostatic systems used in industrial painting robots. In order to assure that the system fulfils its safety requirements, formal verification is an important tool to supplement traditional testing and quality assurance procedures. The work in this paper presents formal verification of the most important safety functions of a high voltage controller. The controller has been modelled as a finite state machine, which was formally verified using two different model checking software tools; Simulink Design Verifier and RoboTool. Five safety critical properties were specified and formally verified using the two tools. Simulink was chosen as a low-threshold entry point since MathWorks products are well known to most practitioners. RoboTool serves as a software tool targeted towards model checking, thus providing more advanced options for the more experienced user. The comparative study and results show that all properties were successfully verified. The verification times in both tools were in the order of a few minutes, which was within the acceptable time limit for this particular application.
XcalableMP 2.0 and Future Directions
Authors: Sato Mitsuhisa , Murai Hitoshi , Nakao Masahiro , Tsugane Keisuke , Odajima Tesuya , Lee Jinpil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents the XcalableMP on the Fugaku supercomputer, the Japanese flagship supercomputer developed by FLAGSHIP2020 project in RIKEN R-CCS. The porting and the performance evaluation were done as a part of this project, and the XcalableMP is available for the Fugaku users for improving the productivity and performance of parallel programing. The performance of XcalableMP on the Fugaku is enhanced by the manycore processor and a new Tofu-D interconnect. We are now working on the next version, XcalableMP 2.0, for cutting-edge high-performance systems with manycore processors by multithreading and multi-tasking with integrations of PGAS model and synchronization models. We conclude this book with retrospectives and challenges for future PGAS models.
Coarrays in the Context of XcalableMP
Authors: Iwashita Hidetoshi , Nakao Masahiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCoarray features have been implemented on the Omni XcalableMP compiler with a source-to-source translator and layered runtime libraries. Three memory allocation methods for coarrays were implemented for the GASNet and MPI-3 communication libraries and the native interface of Fujitsu. For the coarray PUT/GET communication, algorithms using DMA (zero-copy) and buffering were introduced. Important techniques for achieving high performance were the non-blocking PUT communication implemented in the runtime library and the optimization for the GET communication in the translator. Using the ping-pong benchmark and the modified version, the fundamental performance was evaluated and analyzed. The MPI version of the Himeno benchmark was ported to the coarray version and modified for fully using the non-blocking PUT. As a result of the evaluation, the non-blocking coarray version clearly outperformed the original and non-blocking MPI versions.
Three-Dimensional Fluid Code with XcalableMP
Authors: Sakagami Hitoshi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn order to adapt parallel computers to general convenient tools for computational scientists, a high-level and easy-to-use portable parallel programming paradigm is mandatory. XcalableMP, which is proposed by the XcalableMP Specification Working Group, is a directive-based language extension for Fortran and C to easily describe parallelization in programs for distributed memory parallel computers. The Omni XcalableMP compiler, which is provided as a reference XcalableMP compiler, is currently implemented as a source-to-source translator. It converts XcalableMP programs to standard MPI programs, which can be easily compiled by the native Fortran compiler and executed on most of parallel computers. A three-dimensional Eulerian fluid code written in Fortran is parallelized by XcalableMP using two different programming models with the ordinary domain decomposition method, and its performances are measured on the K computer. Programs converted by the Omni XcalableMP compiler prevent native Fortran compiler optimizations and show lower performance than that of hand-coded MPI programs. Finally almost the same performances are obtained by using specific compiler options of the native Fortran compiler in the case of a global-view programming model, but performance degradation is not improved by specifying any native compiler options when the code is parallelized by a local-view programming model.
Recent developments of novel matrices and on-tissue chemical derivatization reagents for MALDI-MSI
Authors: Zhou Qiuqin , Fülöp Annabelle , Hopf Carsten 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMatrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a fast-growing technique for visualization of the spatial distribution of the small molecular and macromolecular biomolecules in tissue sections. Challenges in MALDI-MSI, such as poor sensitivity for some classes of molecules or limited specificity, for instance resulting from the presence of isobaric molecules or limited resolving power of the instrument, have encouraged the MSI scientific community to improve MALDI-MSI sample preparation workflows with innovations in chemistry. Recent developments of novel small organic MALDI matrices play a part in the improvement of image quality and the expansion of the application areas of MALDI-MSI. This includes rationally designed/synthesized as well as commercially available small organic molecules whose superior matrix properties in comparison with common matrices have only recently been discovered. Furthermore, on-tissue chemical derivatization (OTCD) processes get more focused attention, because of their advantages for localization of poorly ionizable metabolites and their‚ in several cases‚ more specific imaging of metabolites in tissue sections. This review will provide an overview about the latest developments of novel small organic matrices and on-tissue chemical derivatization reagents for MALDI-MSI.
Short-term adverse remodeling progression in asymptomatic aortic stenosis
Authors: Singh Anvesha , Chan Daniel C. S. , Kanagala Prathap , Hogrefe Kai , Kelly Damian J. , Khoo Jeffery P. , Sprigings David , Greenwood John P. , Abdelaty Ahmed M. S. E. K. , Jerosch-Herold Michael , Ng Leong L. , McCann Gerry P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Aortic stenosis (AS) is characterised by a long and variable asymptomatic course. Our objective was to use cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess progression of adverse remodeling in asymptomatic AS.

Methods
Participants from the PRIMID-AS study, a prospective, multi-centre observational study of asymptomatic patients with moderate to severe AS, who remained asymptomatic at 12 months, were invited to undergo a repeat cardiac MRI.

Results
Forty-three participants with moderate-severe AS (mean age 64.4 ± 14.8 years, 83.4% male, aortic valve area index 0.54 ± 0.15 cm2/m2) were included. There was small but significant increase in indexed left ventricular (LV) (90.7 ± 22.0 to 94.5 ± 23.1 ml/m2, p = 0.007) and left atrial volumes (52.9 ± 11.3 to 58.6 ± 13.6 ml/m2, p < 0.001), with a decrease in systolic (LV ejection fraction 57.9 ± 4.6 to 55.6 ± 4.1%, p = 0.001) and diastolic (longitudinal diastolic strain rate 1.06 ± 0.2 to 0.99 ± 0.2 1/s, p = 0.026) function, but no overall change in LV mass or mass/volume. Late gadolinium enhancement increased (2.02 to 4.26 g, p < 0.001) but markers of diffuse interstitial fibrosis did not change significantly (extracellular volume index 12.9 [11.4, 17.0] ml/m2 to 13.3 [11.1, 15.1] ml/m2, p = 0.689). There was also a significant increase in the levels of NT-proBNP (43.6 [13.45, 137.08] pg/ml to 53.4 [19.14, 202.20] pg/ml, p = 0.001).

Conclusions
There is progression in cardiac remodeling with increasing scar burden even in asymptomatic AS. Given the lack of reversibility of LGE post-AVR and its association with long-term mortality post-AVR, this suggests the potential need for earlier intervention, before the accumulation of LGE, to improve the long-term outcomes in AS.

Key Points
• Current guidelines recommend waiting until symptom onset before valve replacement in severe AS.
• MRI showed clear progression in cardiac remodeling over 12 months in asymptomatic patients with AS, with near doubling in LGE.
• This highlights the need for potentially earlier intervention or better risk stratification in AS.
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry
Authors: Elyamany Osama , Leicht Gregor , Herrmann Christoph S. , Mulert Christoph 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a unique form of non-invasive brain stimulation. Sinusoidal alternating electric currents are delivered to the scalp to affect mostly cortical neurons. tACS is supposed to modulate brain function and, in turn, cognitive processes by entraining brain oscillations and inducing long-term synaptic plasticity. Therefore, tACS has been investigated in cognitive neuroscience, but only recently, it has been also introduced in psychiatric clinical trials. This review describes current concepts and first findings of applying tACS as a potential therapeutic tool in the field of psychiatry. The current understanding of its mechanisms of action is explained, bridging cellular neuronal activity and the brain network mechanism. Revisiting the relevance of altered brain oscillations found in six major psychiatric disorders, putative targets for the management of mental disorders using tACS are discussed. A systematic literature search on PubMed was conducted to report findings of the clinical studies applying tACS in patients with psychiatric conditions. In conclusion, the initial results may support the feasibility of tACS in clinical psychiatric populations without serious adverse events. Moreover, these results showed the ability of tACS to reset disturbed brain oscillations, and thus to improve behavioural outcomes. In addition to its potential therapeutic role, the reactivity of the brain circuits to tACS could serve as a possible tool to determine the diagnosis, classification or prognosis of psychiatric disorders. Future double-blind randomised controlled trials are necessary to answer currently unresolved questions. They may aim to detect response predictors and control for various confounding factors.
Acute exercise impacts AhR and PD-1 levels of CD8+ T-cells—Exploratory results from a randomized cross-over trial comparing endurance versus resistance exercise
Authors: Schenk Alexander , Joisten Niklas , Walzik David , Koliamitra Christina , Schoser Daria , Bloch Wilhelm , Zimmer Philipp 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has become a promising target in cancer immunotherapy. PD-1 expression of CD8+ T-cells may be increased via the exploitation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling with kynurenine (KYN) as a ligand. Since exercise affects KYN metabolism, we exploratory investigated the influence of acute exercise bouts on AhR and PD-1 levels of CD8+ T-cells.

Method
In this study, 24 healthy males (age: 24.6 ± 3.9 years; weight 83.9 ± 10.5 kg; height: 182.4 ± 6.2 cm) completed a single bout of endurance (EE) and resistance exercise (RE) in a randomly assigned order on separate days. Blood samples were drawn before (t0), after (t1), and 1 h after (t2) both conditions. T-cell populations, the level of cytoplasmic AhR, and surface PD-1 were assessed by flow cytometry.

Results
T-cell populations changed over time, indicated by an increase in the absolute numbers of CD3+ lymphocytes after EE (p < .001) and RE (p = .036) and in PD-1+ CD8+ T-cells after EE (p = .021). Proportions of T-cell populations changed only after EE (t0–t2: p = .029; t1-t2: p = .006). The level of cytoplasmic AhR decreased immediately after exercise in both exercise conditions (EE: p = .009; RE: p = .036). The level of surface PD-1 decreased 1 h after EE (p = .005).

Conclusion
We analyzed the level of surface PD-1 and cytoplasmic AhR following acute physical exercise for the first time. Especially EE was observed to impact both AhR and PD-1 levels, undermining its role as the AhR-PD-1 axis modulator. These results provide new insights into the impact of exercise on AhR-signaling, which could potentially be relevant for various chronic diseases.