bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updated perspectives on vascular cell specification and pluripotent stem cell-derived vascular organoids for studying vasculopathies
Authors: Liu Chenxin , Niu Kaiyuan , Xiao Qingzhong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVasculopathy is a pathological process occurring in the blood vessel wall, which could affect the haemostasis and physiological functions of all the vital tissues/organs and is one of the main underlying causes for a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular diseases. Current pharmacological interventions aiming to either delay or stop progression of vasculopathies are suboptimal, thus searching novel, targeted, risk-reducing therapeutic agents, or vascular grafts with full regenerative potential for patients with vascular abnormalities are urgently needed. Since first reported, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), particularly human-induced PSCs, have open new avenue in all research disciplines including cardiovascular regenerative medicine and disease remodelling. Assisting with recent technological breakthroughs in tissue engineering, in vitro construction of tissue organoid made a tremendous stride in the past decade. In this review, we provide an update of the main signal pathways involved in vascular cell differentiation from human PSCs and an extensive overview of PSC-derived tissue organoids, highlighting the most recent discoveries in the field of blood vessel organoids as well as vascularization of other complex tissue organoids, with the aim of discussing the key cellular and molecular players in generating vascular organoids.
Expert Consensus on Optimal Acquisition and Development of the International Bowel Ultrasound Segmental Activity Score [IBUS-SAS]: A Reliability and Inter-rater Variability Study on Intestinal Ultrasonography in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Novak Kerri L , Nylund Kim , Maaser Christian , Petersen Frauke , Kucharzik Torsten , Lu Cathy , Allocca Mariangela , Maconi Giovanni , de Voogd Floris , Christensen Britt , Vaughan Rose , Palmela Carolina , Carter Dan , Wilkens Rune 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsIntestinal ultrasound [IUS] is an accurate, patient-centreed monitoring tool that objectively evaluates Crohn’s disease [CD] activity. However no current, widely accepted, reproducible activity index exists to facilitate consistent IUS identification of inflammatory activity. The aim of this study is to identify key parameters of CD inflammation on IUS, evaluate their reliability, and develop an IUS index reflecting segmental activity.MethodsThere were three phases: [1] expert consensus Delphi method to derive measures of IUS activity; [2] an initial, multi-expert case acquisition and expert interpretation of 20 blinded cases, to measure inter-rater reliability for individual measures; [3] refinement of case acquisition and interpretation by 12 international experts, with 30 blinded case reads with reliability assessment and development of a segmental activity score.ResultsDelphi consensus: 11 experts representing seven countries identified four key parameters including: [1] bowel wall thickness [BWT]; [2] bowel wall stratification; [3] hyperaemia of the wall [colour Doppler imaging]; and [4] inflammatory mesenteric fat. Blind read: each variable exhibited moderate to substantial reliability. Optimal, standardised image and cineloop acquisition were established. Second blind read and score development: intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] for BWT was almost perfect at 0.96 [0.94–0.98]. All four parameters correlated with the global disease activity assessment and were included in the final International Bowel Ultrasound Segmental Activity Score with almost perfect ICC (0.97 [0.95–0.99, p &lt;0.001]).ConclusionsUsing expert consensus and standardised approaches, identification of key activity measurements on IUS has been achieved and a segmental activity score has been proposed, demonstrating excellent reliability.
Estimating Population Abundance of Burying Beetles Using Photo-Identification and Mark-Recapture Methods
Authors: Quinby Brandon M , Creighton J Curtis , Flaherty Elizabeth A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Successful conservation and management of protected wildlife populations require reliable population abundance data. Traditional capture-mark-recapture methods can be costly, time-consuming, and invasive. Photographic mark-recapture (PMR) is a cost-effective, minimally invasive way to study population dynamics in species with distinct markings or color patterns. We tested the feasibility and the application of PMR using the software Hotspotter to identify Nicrophorus spp. from digital images of naturally occurring spot patterns on their elytra. We conducted a laboratory study evaluating the identification success of Hotspotter on Nicrophorus americanus (Olivier, 1790) and Nicrophorus orbicollis (Say, 1825) before implementation of a mark-recapture study in situ. We compared the performance of Hotspotter using both ‘high-quality’ and ‘low-quality’ photographs. For high-quality photographs, Hotspotter had a false rejection rate of 2.7–3.0% for laboratory-reared individuals and 3.9% for wild-caught individuals. For low-quality photographs, the false rejection rate was much higher, 48.8–53.3% for laboratory-reared individuals and 28.3% for wild-caught individuals. We subsequently analyzed encounter histories of wild-caught individuals with closed population models in Program MARK to estimate population abundance. In our study, we demonstrated the utility of using PMR in estimating population abundance for Nicrophorus spp. based on elytral spot patterns.
Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy and subsequent monotherapy type in patients undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Benenati Stefano , Crimi Gabriele , Canale Claudia , Pescetelli Fabio , De Marzo Vincenzo , Vergallo Rocco , Galli Mattia , Della Bona Roberta , Canepa Marco , Ameri Pietro , Crea Filippo , Porto Italo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Aims
To compare the safety and efficacy of very short (≤3 months), short (6 months), standard (12 months), and extended (&gt;12 months) dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), and of subsequent monotherapies, after coronary drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation.

Methods and results
Twenty-two randomized control trials (n = 110 059 patients/year) were selected and included in a Bayesian network meta-analysis. The primary efficacy endpoint (PEP) was a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis (ST), with each of the components of the PEP being a secondary efficacy endpoint. The primary safety endpoint was major bleeding rate. Compared to standard, we found a lower rate of MI [odds ratio (OR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44–0.77] in extended, a lower rate of major bleeding (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.87) in very short, and a lower rate of any bleeding (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38–0.90) in short DAPT. All DAPT durations were comparable regarding the secondary efficacy endpoints. Very short DAPT followed by P2Y12 inhibition was the treatment of choice to reduce both major bleeding and MI. In the ACS subgroup, extended DAPT (as compared to standard) reduced PEP and ST rates (but not MIs).

Conclusion
The efficacy of short and very short is comparable with that of standard DAPT after DES implantation, whereas extended DAPT reduces MI rate. Very short DAPT is associated with lower haemorrhagic events and, followed by a P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy, should be preferred in order to pursue a trade-off between major bleeding and ischaemic events.
Is wearing orthodontic appliances associated with eating difficulties and sugar intake among British adolescents? A cross-sectional study
Authors: Albaqami Ghaliah , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Bernabé Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

SummaryAimTo determine whether wearing orthodontic appliances was associated with eating difficulty and lower sugars intake among British adolescents.MethodsThis study analysed data from 4116 12- and 15-year-olds who participated in the 2013 Children’s Dental Health Survey in the UK. Information on eating difficulties in the past 3 months and usual intake of six sugary items was collected through self-administered questionnaires. The presence and type of orthodontic appliances (fixed or removable) were assessed during clinical examinations. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between wearing orthodontic appliances and eating difficulty whereas linear regression was used to evaluate the association between wearing orthodontic appliances and sugars intake. Regression models were adjusted for socio-demographic, behavioural, and clinical characteristics of adolescents.Results12.9 per cent of the 4116 adolescents wore orthodontic appliances (10.1 per cent fixed and 2.8 per cent removable), 21.0 per cent reported eating difficulties and the mean daily intake of sugars was 5.3 times/day (SD: 3.7, range: 0–20). Adolescents with fixed appliances had 4.02 (95% CI: 3.03, 5.33) greater odds of reporting eating difficulty than those with no appliances, but no differences were found between adolescents wearing removable and no appliances. No association was found between wearing orthodontic appliances and daily sugars intake either [coefficients of 0.20 (95% CI: –0.27, 0.66) and –0.30 (95% CI: –0.96 to 0.36) for adolescents wearing fixed and removable appliances, respectively].ConclusionWearing fixed orthodontic appliances were associated with greater odds of reporting eating difficulty, but not with lower sugars intake among British adolescents.
CoVA: An Acuity Score for Outpatient Screening that Predicts Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prognosis
Authors: Sun Haoqi , Jain Aayushee , Leone Michael J , Alabsi Haitham S , Brenner Laura N , Ye Elissa , Ge Wendong , Shao Yu-Ping , Boutros Christine L , Wang Ruopeng , Tesh Ryan A , Magdamo Colin , Collens Sarah I , Ganglberger Wolfgang , Bassett Ingrid V , Meigs James B , Kalpathy-Cramer Jayashree , Li Matthew D , Chu Jacqueline T , Dougan Michael L , Stratton Lawrence W , Rosand Jonathan , Fischl Bruce , Das Sudeshna , Mukerji Shibani S , Robbins Gregory K , Westover M Brandon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
We sought to develop an automatable score to predict hospitalization, critical illness, or death for patients at risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presenting for urgent care.

Methods
We developed the COVID-19 Acuity Score (CoVA) based on a single-center study of adult outpatients seen in respiratory illness clinics or the emergency department. Data were extracted from the Partners Enterprise Data Warehouse, and split into development (n = 9381, 7 March–2 May) and prospective (n = 2205, 3–14 May) cohorts. Outcomes were hospitalization, critical illness (intensive care unit or ventilation), or death within 7 days. Calibration was assessed using the expected-to-observed event ratio (E/O). Discrimination was assessed by area under the receiver operating curve (AUC).

Results
In the prospective cohort, 26.1%, 6.3%, and 0.5% of patients experienced hospitalization, critical illness, or death, respectively. CoVA showed excellent performance in prospective validation for hospitalization (expected-to-observed ratio [E/O]: 1.01; AUC: 0.76), for critical illness (E/O: 1.03; AUC: 0.79), and for death (E/O: 1.63; AUC: 0.93). Among 30 predictors, the top 5 were age, diastolic blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, COVID-19 testing status, and respiratory rate.

Conclusions
CoVA is a prospectively validated automatable score for the outpatient setting to predict adverse events related to COVID-19 infection.
Precision analysis of forced-oscillationdevice: numerical modelling and experimental investigations
Authors: Li Hui , Lin Jing , Gao Jinghuai , He Yanbin , Han Dehua , Zhao Luanxiao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInvestigating the stress state of a sample-standard column in forced-oscillation apparatus is critical to clearly quantify measurement credibility, offering insights into revealing intrinsic frequency-dependent elastic characteristics of a rock sample. To investigate the effects of the jointing condition, the location of strain gauges and device resonance on the stress state of a sample-standard column, we experiment with a typical forced-oscillation setup numerically and experimentally at frequencies of 2–800 Hz. Overall, the numerical model captures the primary features of the forced-oscillation device, which makes the simulated data fit well with the measured results. Meanwhile, based on the configuration of the sample-standard column with variable static friction in jointing contacts, the simulated results also indicate that mechanical contacts of the sample-standard-vibrator assembly lead to stress concentration, resulting in coordinate-dependent strains on both the sample and standard. Additionally, strain magnitude is also frequency-dependent, causing a relatively large measurement error on the elasticity of the sample at higher frequencies. Ultimately, numerical results not only optimize measurement workflow but also create a solid foundation for the interpretation of measured data.
Comparisons of Respiratory Pupal Gill Development in Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) Shed Light on the Origin of Dipteran Prothoracic Dorsal Appendages
Authors: Yang Yao Ming , Sun Qian , Xiu Jiang-Fan , Yang Ming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDuring the transformation of immature aquatic dipteran insects to terrestrial adults, the prothoracic pupal respiratory organ enables pupae to cope with flood-drought alternating environments. Despite its obvious importance, the biology of the organ, including its development, is poorly understood. In this study, the developing gills of several Simulium Latreille (Diptera: Simuliidae) spp. were observed using serial histological sections and compared with data on those of other dipteran families published previously. The formation of some enigmatic features that made the Simulium gill unique is detailed. Through comparisons between taxa, we describe a common developmental pattern in which the prothoracic dorsal disc cells not only morph into the protruding respiratory organ, which is partially or entirely covered with a cuticle layer of plastron, but also invaginate to form a multipart internal chamber that in part gives rise to the anterior spiracle of adult flies. The gill disc resembles wing and leg discs and undergoes cell proliferation, axial outgrowth, and cuticle sheath formation. The overall appendage-like characteristics of the dipteran pupal respiratory organ suggest an ancestral form that gave rise to its current forms, which added more dimensions to the ways that arthropods evolved through appendage adaptation. Our observations provide important background from which further studies into the evolution of the respiratory organ across Diptera can be carried out.
Transversus abdominis plane block as a sole anesthetic technique for open appendectomy in patient with Treacher Collins syndrome: a case report
Authors: Siddiqui Khalid Maudood , Ali Muhammad Asghar , Salim Bushra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPatients with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) present serious challenges to anesthetist in securing of airway; upper airway obstruction and difficult tracheal intubation are considered complex entity in these patients. This case report describes the significance of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block as a sole anesthetic choice in appendectomy where airway management can be avoided. A 17-year-old boy, known case of TCS, presented with acute appendicitis underwent emergency laparotomy. Surgery was successfully performed by TAP block with dexmedetomidine infusion. Open appendectomy can be performed successfully in certain circumstances under TAP block with adjunctive use of dexmedetomidine infusion where airway handling is avoided. Further studies are warranted to distinct its use as sole anesthetic choice in lower abdominal surgeries.
Towards the replacement of wheat ‘Green Revolution’ genes
Authors: Pearce Stephen 
Published: October 2020

This article comments on:Tang T, Botwright Acuña T, Spielmeyer W and Richards RA. 2021. Effect of gibberellin-sensitive Rht18 and gibberellin-insensitive Rht-D1b dwarfing genes on vegetative and reproductive growth in bread wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany 72,445–458.
On the emergent system mass function: the contest between accretion and fragmentation
Authors: Clark Paul C , Whitworth Anthony P 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We propose a new model for the evolution of a star cluster’s system mass function (SMF). The model involves both turbulent fragmentation and competitive accretion. Turbulent fragmentation creates low-mass seed proto-systems (i.e. single and multiple protostars). Some of these low-mass seed proto-systems then grow by competitive accretion to produce the high-mass power-law tail of the SMF. Turbulent fragmentation is relatively inefficient, in the sense that the creation of low-mass seed proto-systems only consumes a fraction, ${\sim }23{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (at most ${\sim }50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), of the mass available for star formation. The remaining mass is consumed by competitive accretion. Provided the accretion rate on to a proto-system is approximately proportional to its mass (dm/dt ∝ m), the SMF develops a power-law tail at high masses with the Salpeter slope (∼−2.3). If the rate of supply of mass accelerates, the rate of proto-system formation also accelerates, as appears to be observed in many clusters. However, even if the rate of supply of mass decreases, or ceases and then resumes, the SMF evolves homologously, retaining the same overall shape, and the high-mass power-law tail simply extends to ever higher masses until the supply of gas runs out completely. The Chabrier SMF can be reproduced very accurately if the seed proto-systems have an approximately lognormal mass distribution with median mass ${\sim } 0.11 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ and logarithmic standard deviation $\sigma _{\log _{10}({M/M}_\odot)}\sim 0.47$).
Innovation and product market concentration: Schumpeter, arrow, and the inverted U-shape curve
Authors: Delbono Flavio , Lambertini Luca 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We investigate the relationship between market concentration and industry innovative effort within a familiar two-stage model of R&D race in which firms compete à la Cournot in the product market. With the help of numerical simulations, we show that such a setting is rich enough to generate Arrovian, Schumpeterian, and inverted U curves. We interpret these different patterns on the basis of the relative strength of the technological incentive and the strategic incentive. We then bridge our theoretical results and some recent empirical research.
A Pathway for Community-Acquired Pneumonia With Rapid Conversion to Oral Therapy Improves Health Care Value
Authors: Ciarkowski Claire E , Timbrook Tristan T , Kukhareva Polina V , Edholm Karli M , Hatton Nathan D , Hopkins Christy L , Thomas Frank , Sanford Matthew N , Igumnova Elena , Benefield Russell J , Kawamoto Kensaku , Spivak Emily S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Evidence supports streamlined approaches for inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) including early transition to oral antibiotics and shorter therapy. Uptake of these approaches is variable, and the best approaches to local implementation of infection-specific guidelines are unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a clinical decision support (CDS) tool linked with a clinical pathway on CAP care.

Methods
This is a retrospective, observational pre–post intervention study of inpatients with pneumonia admitted to a single academic medical center. Interventions were introduced in 3 sequential 6-month phases; Phase 1: education alone; Phase 2: education and a CDS-driven CAP pathway coupled with active antimicrobial stewardship and provider feedback; and Phase 3: education and a CDS-driven CAP pathway without active stewardship. The 12 months preceding the intervention were used as a baseline. Primary outcomes were length of intravenous antibiotic therapy and total length of antibiotic therapy. Clinical, process, and cost outcomes were also measured.

Results
The study included 1021 visits. Phase 2 was associated with significantly lower length of intravenous and total antibiotic therapy, higher procalcitonin lab utilization, and a 20% cost reduction compared with baseline. Phase 3 was associated with significantly lower length of intravenous antibiotic therapy and higher procalcitonin lab utilization compared with baseline.

Conclusions
A CDS-driven CAP pathway supplemented by active antimicrobial stewardship review led to the most robust improvements in antibiotic use and decreased costs with similar clinical outcomes.
The STAPH Score: A Predictor ofStaphylococcus aureusas the Causative Microorganism of Native Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Authors: Matsuo Takahiro , Hayashi Kuniyoshi , Uehara Yuki , Mori Nobuyoshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundStaphylococcus aureus (SA) is the most common causative microorganism in native vertebral osteomyelitis (NVO). Few studies have compared the clinical features of NVO due to SA (SA-NVO) and NVO due to other organisms (NSA-NVO). This study was conducted to validate a predictive score for SA-NVO to facilitate NVO treatment without broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.MethodsThis retrospective study compared the clinical features of patients with SA-NVO and NSA-NVO who were diagnosed from 2004 to 2019. Univariate associations were assessed using χ 2, Fisher’s exact, or Mann-Whitney U test. Multivariable analysis was conducted using logistic regression. The optimal age cutoff point was determined by classification and regression tree analysis.ResultsAmong 155 NVO patients, 98 (63.2%) had a microbiologically confirmed diagnosis: 40 (25.8%) with SA-NVO and 58 (37.4%) with NSA-NVO. Six predictors, either independently associated with SA-NVO or clinically relevant, were used to develop the STAPH prediction score: atopic dermatitis (Skin) (3 points); recent Trauma (2 points); Age &lt; 67 years (1 point); Abscess (1 point); central venous Port catheter (2 points); and History of puncture (2 points). In a receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve was 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.76–0.91). The best cutoff point was 3. A score ≥3 had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 58%, 84%, 84%, and 73%, respectively.ConclusionsThe STAPH score has relatively high specificity for use by clinicians to predict SA as the causative microorganism in patients with NVO until results of a confirmatory culture are available.