bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and sustained‐release property of vinyl silica hollow spheres as a delivery system for aroma compounds
Authors: Hu Jing , Tao Li , Deng Weijun , Liu Liqin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe application of the aroma compounds in cosmetics, food, medicine, textile, tobacco and so forth brings the charming senses of the smell and taste. However, their main ingredients tend to deterioration due to the fast release and oxidation during the storage and usage. The silica porous materials provide the effective protection for these volatile aroma compounds. In this paper, vinyl silica hollow spheres were successfully prepared via one‐step method with tunable size. Vinyl silica hollow spheres with two sizes of 390 and 650 nm were loaded with aroma compounds. Both of the silica hollow spheres showed the selective loading capacities for aroma compounds. Interestingly, silica hollow spheres with bigger size exhibited the higher encapsulation efficiency of 94.20% and the slower sustained release of 118.3 mg/g after 16 hours of phenylethanol. This is ascribed to bigger interior cavity volume per mass unit analysed by mathematic model. The kinetics of phenylethanol release was also studied. Our work is expected to trigger a new consideration of capsule design for sustained release with high loading efficiency.
Reference Electrode Positioning in PEM Fuel Cell at a Parabolic Anode Tip
Authors: Kulikovsky A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) distribution of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell cathode overpotential η in the vicinity of parabolic anode tip is described by nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation. The 2d shape of η is calculated numerically for the anode tip curvature varying by two orders of magnitude. It is shown that the reference electrode for measuring cathode overpotential can be located at a distance on the order of two characteristic lengths from the anode tip. For typical PEM fuel cell parameters, this distance is about 5.5 cm. A compact design for the reference electrode positioning is suggested.
Blinding and bias in a hypnotic clinical trial
Authors: McCall William V. , Benca Ruth M. , Rumble Meredith E. , Krystal Andrew D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesInformation is lacking regarding how commonly unblinding of treatment assignment occurs in hypnotic randomized clinic trials (RCTs). We now report the “best guesses” of clinical trial participants, versus study coordinators, versus study physicians in the study Reducing Suicidal Ideation Through Insomnia Treatment (REST‐IT).MethodsREST‐IT, a, 8‐week double‐blind RCT, compared zolpidem extended‐release (ER) versus placebo at bedtime in 103 adults with major depressive disorder with insomnia and suicidal ideation, and who received open label selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. At the conclusion of study participation, 89 of the participants in this study, the study coordinators, and the study physicians each independently recorded their “best guess” of the treatment assigned.ResultsPatients guessed correctly 58.4% of the time, coordinators 53.9% of the time, and physicians 49.4% of the time, and none were different from chance alone. Agreement between patient/coordinator, patient/doctor, and coordinator/doctor dyads were 75%–78% with no significant differences in agreement between the dyads.Conclusions“Best guesses” of all parties were not different from chance, suggesting that the blind was maintained and that assessment bias was minimized in this RCT of zolpidem ER versus placebo. Our results may not apply to other hypnotics or other RCT designs.
3‐photon microscopy of myelin in mouse digital skin excited at the 1700‐nm window
Authors: He Chen , Deng Xiangquan , Pan Yi , Tong Shen , Kang Jiayu , Li Jia , Qiu Ping , Wang Ke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMyelin is a key component of the peripheral nervous system, whose structure anomaly in the digital skin is implicated in neuropathy. Here we demonstrate an in vivo labeling and imaging technique, capable of visualizing myelin sheaths deep in the mouse digital skin. Through material characterization, we verify that 3‐photon fluorescence (3PF) can be generated from a commonly used dye‐ FluoroMyelin Red for labeling myelin, excited at the 1700‐nm window. Topical injection of FluoroMyelin Red in the mouse digit leads to bright labeling of myelin sheaths. Harnessing the deep‐penetration capability of 3‐photon microscopy excited at the 1700‐nm window, we demonstrate that 3PF imaging of FluoroMyelin Red‐labeled myelin sheaths in the mouse digit in vivo can be achieved to a depth 340 μm below the skin surface, revealing both branching bundle of and individual myelin sheaths.
Monocyte subsets to differentiate chronic myelomonocytic leukemia from reactive monocytosis
Authors: Hwang Sang Mee , Ahn Haejin , Jeon Seungah , Park Jun , Chang Yunye , Kim Hyungsuk 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundChronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is characterized by persistent monocytosis and dysplastic features of blood cells. No specific genetic abnormalities are present in CMML, and reactive monocytosis should be excluded. An increase in classical monocytes (MO1) has been suggested as a screening tool for CMML.MethodsWe evaluated monocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with CMML (n = 16), patients with reactive monocytosis (n = 19), and normal controls (n = 15) with flow cytometry using antibodies against CD14, CD16, CD56, CD24, CD45, and CD2. The cutoff of MO1 ≥94% was validated, and the optimal cutoff was analyzed with receiver operating curve analysis.ResultsThe sensitivity of monocyte subset testing for screening for CMML was 0.938 (0.717‐0.997), and the specificity was 0.882 (0.734 ‐ 0.953) using the cutoff of MO1 ≥94%. Serial samples from patients who responded to hypomethylating therapy showed an MO1 < 94%. However, few patients with reactive monocytosis, including patients with nonhematologic malignancies and acute myeloid leukemia, showed an increase in the MO1 ≥ 94%. Monocyte subset results were correlated with the response to hypomethylating therapy in follow‐up samples.ConclusionMonocyte subset analysis is useful in screening for and monitoring CMML. Harmonization of the protocols for monocyte subset analysis is required.
Early pathways to research at the NIH
Authors: Aitken Sarah F. , Walma David A. Cruz , Glover Omar D. , Kear Bernice D. , Lee Alisa E. , Michel Zachary D. , Vo Tammy D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article, written by current student trainees within various intramural programs at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), describes how the NIH experience weaves world‐class interdisciplinary research into the education of future oral healthcare professionals. This article highlights 4 programs and provides perspectives from current NIH student trainees on the significance of their programs to their career growth in an effort to increase program awareness for faculty and students, thus escalating participation of predental and dental students in programs at the NIH. Although the number of individuals pursuing careers in oral health research has been alarmingly few, dentistry is in a unique position to drastically expand its collaborative scientific workforce. Research must be integrated into the training of increased numbers of future dental professionals. This article describes how NIH programs address specific needs of the dental profession, including reducing disparities, advancing evidence‐based personalized medicine, and solving multidisciplinary health challenges.
Exploring empathy in genetic counseling students and new genetic counselors
Authors: Richards Jonica L. , Petty Elizabeth M. , Zelenski Amy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough empathy is widely recognized as an important trait for healthcare professionals, little research has examined empathy attributes in genetic counselors. Decreases in empathy levels have been recognized in other healthcare professionals over the span of their professional education program. This research sought to characterize empathy levels in first‐ and second‐year genetic counseling students and recent (2017) graduates, and to determine whether there are differences in empathy levels displayed by genetic counseling students at different points in their training. Additionally, this research examined whether experiences prior to graduate school, including specific aspects of advocacy experience, correlated with differences in self‐reported empathy levels among genetic counseling students and new genetic counselors. An online survey was administered to first‐ and second‐year genetic counseling students and practicing genetic counselors to determine whether there were differences in empathy levels between these groups, and to analyze for associations between pre‐graduate school advocacy work and levels of empathy as measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). We identified significant differences in self‐reported empathy levels in several of the subscales of the IRI between first‐year students and second‐year students, and between first‐year students and recent graduates. Furthermore, we identified significantly lower scores on the personal distress subscale of the IRI in participants who engaged in advocacy work for longer than 12 months when compared to participants who engaged in advocacy work for between 6 and 12 months. Other advocacy and educational characteristics were also examined for correlations with IRI scores, and no significant associations were identified between these additional factors and self‐reported empathy scores. Practice implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Clinical adoption of robotics in endoscopy: Challenges and solutions
Authors: Kaan Hung Leng , Ho Khek Yu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe endoscope was traditionally used as a diagnostic instrument. In past decades, it has increasingly been adapted for therapeutic intents. Subsequently, the master–slave robotic concept was introduced into the field of endoscopy to potentially reduce the difficulty and complication rates of endoscopic therapeutic procedures. As interest in robotic endoscopy intensified, progressively more robotic endoscopic platforms were developed, tested, and introduced. Nevertheless, the future of robotic endoscopy hinges on the ability to meet specific clinical needs of procedurists. Three aspects are vital in ensuring continued success and clinical adoption of the robotic endoscope—demonstration of clinical safety and cost‐efficacy of the device, widespread availability of directed training opportunities to enhance technical skills and clinical decision‐making capabilities of the procedurist, and continued identification of new clinical applications beyond the current uses of the device. This review provides a brief discussion of the historical development of robotic endoscopy, current robotic endoscopic platforms, use of robotic endoscopy in conventional therapeutic endoscopic procedures, and the future of robotic endoscopy.
Microstructural Integrity of Peripheral Nerves in Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease: An MRI Evaluation Study
Authors: Cheah Peng Loon , Krisnan Thiagu , Wong Jeannie Hsiu Ding , Rozalli Faizatul Izza , Fadzli Farhana , Rahmat Kartini , Shahrizaila Nortina , Tan Li Kuo , Nawawi Ouzreiah , Ramli Norlisah 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundCharcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease is diagnosed through clinical findings and genetic testing. While there are neurophysiological tools and clinical functional scales in CMT, objective disease biomarkers that can facilitate in monitoring disease progression are limited.PurposeTo investigate the utility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in determining the microstructural integrity of sciatic and peroneal nerves and its correlation with the MRI grading of muscle atrophy severity and clinical function in CMT as determined by the CMT neuropathy score (CMTNS).Study TypeProspective case–control.SubjectsNine CMT patients and nine age‐matched controls.Field Strength/Sequence3 T T1‐weighted in‐/out‐of phase spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR) and DTI sequences.AssessmentFractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), radial diffusivity (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) values for sciatic and peroneal nerves were obtained from DTI. Muscle atrophy was graded according to the Goutallier classification using in‐/out‐of phase SPGRs. DTI parameters and muscle atrophy grades were compared between CMT and controls, and the relationship between DTI parameters, muscle atrophy grades, and CMTNS were assessed.Statistical TestsThe Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to compare DTI parameters between CMT and controls. The relationship between DTI parameters, muscle atrophy grades, and CMTNS were analyzed using the Spearman correlation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of DTI parameters that can differentiate CMT from healthy controls were done.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in FA and increase in RD of both nerves (P < 0.05) in CMT, with significant correlations between FA (negative; P < 0.05) and RD (positive; P < 0.05) with muscle atrophy grade. In the sciatic nerve, there was significant correlation between FA and CMTNS (r = –0.795; P < 0.05). FA and RD could discriminate CMT from controls with high sensitivity (77.8–100%) and specificity (88.9–100%).Data ConclusionThere were significant differences of DTI parameters between CMT and controls, with significant correlations between DTI parameters, muscle atrophy grade, and CMTNS.Level of Evidence 2Technical Efficacy Stage 2J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:437–444.
Z‐shaped gate TFET with horizontal pocket for improvement of electrostatic behavior
Authors: Sahoo Sasmita , Dash Sidhartha , Routray Soumya Ranjan , Mishra Guru Prasad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a new Z‐shaped gate TFET structure is proposed with an n+ horizontal pocket insertion beneath the source. The Z‐TFET structure provides higher ON current by 2‐decades as compared to conventional TFET due to the vertical tunneling and presence of HfO2 gate oxide. Similarly, the ambipolar current reduces by 2‐decades without affecting subthreshold swing (SS) and OFF current significantly. The ON current is further improved by positioning a horizontal pocket layer in the source. The impact of horizontal pocket (HP) concentration and thickness on the analog performance is investigated further using a TCAD device simulator. The simulated results reveal the superiority of the proposed ZHP‐TFET device in terms of ON current (higher by seven times) and average SS (reduces by 13%) as compared to Z‐TFET keeping ambipolar current constant. The ambipolar current can be further reduced by optimizing the length of the back gate. Thus, the proposed device is capable of providing higher ION/IOFF (~1012), ION/IAMB (~109) ratio, and transconductance with improved average SS of 45 mV/decade.
Strategies in vineyard establishment to face global warming in viticulture: a mini review
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Gamboa Gastón , Zheng Wei , Martínez de Toda Fernando 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDifferent technological solutions are developing in the wine industry to mitigate the negative effects of the current global warming to mainly achieve wines with a lower alcohol content. These proposed solutions mostly act at the oenological level and are focused on intervening in the raw material to be transformed; that is, on reducing the concentration of sugar in the must using filtration techniques or also on wine dealcoholizing by physical processes. These techniques are intended to offer solutions and respond to new consumer expectations, but they may be considered too artificial to be widely accepted. In this way, viticultural strategies may offer a natural solution to obtain grapes with low sugar content, maximizing their quality by delaying ripening. This mini review surveys the viticultural strategies that can be applied in the establishment of a vineyard – that is, when it comes to planting of a new vineyard – such as vineyard altitude, latitude, orientation, and slope, as well as rootstock, variety, clone, training system, and row orientation and slope, with the aim to mitigate the negative effects of climate change on grape and wine quality and to delay grape maturation. Finally, we propose a ponderation of the strategies discussed to contextualize its importance to face global warming in viticulture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Recent progress in separation prediction of counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Guo Yuru , Tong Shengqiang , Zhang Keqing , Yan Jizhong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs a liquid‐liquid partition chromatography, counter‐current chromatography has advantages in large sample loading capacity without irreversible adsorption, which has been widely applied in separation and purification fields. The main factors, including partition coefficient, two‐phase solvent systems, apparatus, and operating parameters greatly affect the separation process of counter‐current chromatography. To promote the applications of counter‐current chromatography, it is essential to develop theoretical research to master the principles of counter‐current chromatographic separations so as to achieve predictions before laborious trials. In this article, recent progress about separation prediction methods are reviewed from a point of the steady and unsteady state of the mass transfer process of counter‐current chromatography and its mass transfer characteristics, and then it is divided into three aspects: prediction of partition coefficient, modeling the thermodynamic process of counter‐current chromatography, and modeling the dynamic process of counter‐current chromatography.
Assessing the role of women in tourism related sectors in the Caribbean
Authors: Pastore Francesco , Webster Allan , Hope Kevin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study contributes to the rapidly growing literature on women in tourism. It focuses on a group of 13 Caribbean countries. The study analyses the impact of women in apical positions within firms (top manager or owner) on firm performance—productivity, profitability and female employment. For this both a decomposition model and the inverse probability weighted regression adjustment estimator are used. The analysis finds that opportunities for women in these positions in the Caribbean are constrained to less productive and profitable firms, as elsewhere. However, those firms with females at the top employ more women, particularly in management roles.
Pupillary Response to Affective Voices: Physiological Responsivity and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Rubin Mikael , Telch Michael J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to dysfunctional emotional processing, thus motivating the search for physiological indices that can elucidate this process. Toward this aim, we compared pupillary response patterns in response to angry and fearful auditory stimuli among 99 adults, some with PTSD (n = 14), some trauma‐exposed without PTSD (TE; n = 53), and some with no history of trauma exposure (CON; n = 32). We hypothesized that individuals with PTSD would show more pupillary response to angry and fearful auditory stimuli compared to those in the TE and CON groups. Among participants who had experienced a traumatic event, we explored the association between PTSD symptoms and pupillary response; contrary to our prediction, individuals with PTSD displayed the least pupillary response to fearful auditory stimuli compared those in the TE, B = −0.022, p = .077, and CON, B = −0.042, p = .002, groups, but they did not differ on angry auditory stimuli, B = 0.019, p = .118 and B = 0.006, p = .634, respectively. It is important to note that within‐group analyses revealed that participants with PTSD differed significantly in their response to angry versus fearful stimuli, B = −0.032, p = .015. We also found a positive association between PTSD symptoms and pupillary response to angry stimuli. Our findings suggest that differential pupil response to anger and fear stimuli may be a promising way to understand emotional processing in PTSD.
Postoperative Analgesia Protocol: A Resident‐Led Effort to Standardize Opioid Prescribing Patterns
Authors: Meyer Charles , Winters Jessica , Brady Rebecca G. , Riddick Jeanelle B. , Folsom Craig , Jardine Dinchen 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesThe combined impact of variable surgeon prescribing preferences and low resident prescribing comfort level can lead to significant disparity in opioid prescribing patterns for the same surgery in the same academic surgical practice. We report the results of a resident led initiative to standardize postoperative prescription practices within the Department of Otolaryngology at a single tertiary‐care academic hospital in order to reduce overall opioid distribution.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsFollowing approval by the Institutional Review Board, performed a retrospective review of 12 months before (July 2016–June 2017) and after (July 2017–June 2018) implementation of the Postoperative Analgesia Protocol, which included all adults undergoing tonsillectomy, septoplasty, thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, tympanoplasty, middle ear exploration, stapedectomy, and ossicular chain reconstruction.ResultsSeven hundred and thirty eight procedures met inclusion criteria. Following implementation, total morphine milligram equivalents decreased by 26% (P < .0001). The number of patients requiring opioid refills decreased by 49%, and morphine milligram equivalents received as refills decreased by 16% (P < .001). Thyroid and parathyroid surgery had the greatest reduction in morphine milligram equivalents prescribed (84%, P < .001), followed by septoplasty (30%, P = .001) and tonsillectomy (18%, P < .001). The number of patients receiving refills of opioid medications decreased for all procedures (tonsillectomy 54%; septoplasty 67%; thyroid/parathyroid surgery 80%, middle ear surgery 100%).ConclusionsWhile every patient and surgery must be treated individually, this study demonstrates that a resident led standardization of pain control regimes can result in significant reductions in total quantity of opioids prescribed.Level of EvidenceIV Laryngoscope, 131:982–988, 2021
Adoption of environmentally friendly agricultural technologies among smallholder farmers: The case of rocket barn technology in flue‐cured tobacco curing in Uganda
Authors: Omara Henry , Odongo Walter , Kule Enos K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTobacco production, and curing is the single most important contributor to soil degradation and deforestation in Uganda. To minimise the environmental effects associated with tobacco production, the environmentally friendly, as well as energy‐efficient, rocket barn technology was developed. In spite of its energy saving and environmental benefits, the adoption of rocket barn technology remains low and understudied. This paper assessed farmers' perception and factors affecting the adoption of rocket barn technology in Uganda. Data were collected through a cross‐sectional survey using structured questionnaires from 242 flue‐cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco farmers in Uganda. The analysis was done using SPSS and STATA software. Results showed that the adoption of rocket barn technology was low, at 12%, with farmers perceiving the technology to be risky and costly. Experience, training, distance to wood fuel source, access to extension information, and benefits and risk perceptions were the major determinants of adoption of rocket barn technology. Promotion and adoption of rocket barn technology will therefore require concerted efforts in extension and training of farmers on the environmental benefits of the technology. Such promotional efforts should target the relatively inexperienced young FCV tobacco farmers.