bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexible Scheduling Policy for Pregnant and New Parent Residents: A Descriptive Pilot Study
Authors: Chernoby Kimberly A. , Pettit Katie E. , Jansen Jaclyn H. , Welch Julie L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesMany physicians complete residency training during optimal childbearing years. The literature shows that working nights or on call can lead to pregnancy complications including miscarriage, preterm labor, and preeclampsia. In addition, infant–parent bonding in the postpartum period is crucial for breastfeeding, health, and well‐being. No national standards exist for flexible scheduling options for pregnant or new parent residents. Our project objectives are 1) to describe a policy for scheduling pregnant and new parent residents in an emergency medicine (EM) residency and 2) to report pilot outcomes to assess feasibility of implementation, resident satisfaction, and pregnancy outcomes.MethodsAn EM residency task force developed a proposal of scheduling options for pregnant and new parent residents based on best practice recommendations and resident input. The policy included prenatal scheduling options for pregnant residents and postpartum scheduling options for all new resident parents. Resident support for the policy was evaluated via an anonymous survey. It was piloted for 2 months in an EM residency program.ResultsPolicy development resulted in 1) an opt‐out prenatal pregnancy work hour option policy with no nights or call during the first and third trimesters, 2) a 6‐week new parent flexible scheduling policy, and 3) clarified sick call options. A majority of residents approved the new policy. During the 2‐month pilot period, four residents (of 73 total) utilized the policy. The chief residents reported no added burden in scheduling. Of the residents who utilized the policy, all reported high satisfaction. There were no reported pregnancy or postpartum complications.ConclusionsWe successfully adopted a new scheduling policy for pregnant residents and new parents in one of the largest EM residency training programs in the country. This policy can serve as a national model for other graduate medical education programs.
Computational evaluation of effective transport properties of differential microcellular structures
Authors: Otaru Abdulrazak J. , Abdulkadir Mukhtar , Corfield Martin R. , Kenfack Anatole , Tanko Nuradeen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study presents a combined implementation of three‐dimensional (3D) advanced imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation techniques to interpret the effective transport properties of single and stacked samples of differential microcellular structures. 3D morphological analysis software (ScanIP) was used to create representative elemental volumes via high‐resolution tomography data for samples of tetrakaidekahedron‐shaped Inconel and bottleneck‐type aluminum foams. Pore‐structure‐related information for single and stacked differential samples were obtained with the aid of image analysis software, while their effective transport properties were attained by computationally resolving the pressure drop developed across these materials for superficial fluid velocities in the range from 0 to 6 m s−1. Model validation was demonstrated by tolerable agreement between resulting CFD predicted results and experimentally measured values of flow properties. With these techniques, contributory effects were identified for pore‐structure‐related properties, pore density, and flow entrance on the flow dynamics of microcellular structures. This approach could prove useful in the design of highly efficient porous metallic components for applications specific to fluid transport.
Land for equity? A benefit distribution model for mining‐induced displacement and resettlement
Authors: Wang Han , Owen John R. , Shi Guoqing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLand access is central to natural resource development projects. Business strategy for securing continuing tenure to support operational activities is therefore a key factor in determining the overall success of resource projects. A major shortcoming in resettlement planning has been the failure to address basic inequities stemming from the transfer of land assets. Compensation for land in conventional models neglects to account for the potential or intended use of the developer, meaning that affected people (APs) assets are grossly undervalued in the environment in which they acquired. Not only do resource projects under‐compensate APs for their losses, but programming for livelihood restoration and the enjoyment of project benefits more generally has proven to be almost universally poor. Performance outcomes reflect short‐term project milestones but lack a strategic dimension regarding how the company will maintain land access and the continuing support of its nearest stakeholders. Innovations are needed on at least two fronts: (i) the recognition of AP land values in mining project developments and (ii) enterprise financing to avoid the issue of companies driving incurred compensation costs downward. This article outlines the conceptual basis of a land pooling model as the means for securing financial equity for people displaced by mining projects. The authors conclude that the land pooling model of resettlement (LPMR) can improve the short‐ to medium‐term economic conditions of APs and advances suggestions to further promote a balance of interests in mining‐induced displacement and resettlement cases.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing in breast cancer: Understanding tumor heterogeneity and paving roads to individualized therapy
Authors: Ding Shuning , Chen Xiaosong , Shen Kunwei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSingle‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) is a novel technology that allows transcriptomic analyses of individual cells. During the past decade, scRNA‐seq sensitivity, accuracy, and efficiency have improved due to innovations including more sensitive, automated, and cost‐effective single‐cell isolation methods with higher throughput as well as ongoing technological development of scRNA‐seq protocols. Among the variety of current approaches with distinct features, researchers can choose the most suitable method to carry out their research. By profiling single cells in a complex population mix, scRNA‐seq presents great advantages over traditional sequencing methods in dissecting heterogeneity in cell populations hidden in bulk analysis and exploring rare cell types associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. scRNA‐seq studies in recent years in the field of breast cancer research have clustered breast cancer cell populations with different molecular subtypes to identify distinct populations that may correlate with poor prognosis and drug resistance. The technology has also been used to explain tumor microenvironment heterogeneity by identifying distinct immune cell subsets that may be associated with immunosurveillance and are potential immunotherapy targets. Moreover, scRNA‐seq has diverse applications in breast cancer research besides exploring heterogeneity, including the analysis of cell‐cell communications, regulatory single‐cell states, immune cell distributions, and more. scRNA‐seq is also a promising tool that can facilitate individualized therapy due to its ability to define cell subsets with potential treatment targets. Although scRNA‐seq studies of therapeutic selection in breast cancer are currently limited, the application of this technology in this field is prospective. Joint efforts and original ideas are needed to better implement scRNA‐seq technologies in breast cancer research to pave the way for individualized treatment management. This review provides a brief introduction on the currently available scRNA‐seq approaches along with their corresponding strengths and weaknesses and may act as a reference for the selection of suitable methods for research. We also discuss the current applications of scRNA‐seq in breast cancer research for tumor heterogeneity analysis, individualized therapy, and the other research directions mentioned above by reviewing corresponding published studies. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current scRNA‐seq technologies and technical problems that remain to be overcome.
Suspension pattern and rising height of sedimentary particles with low concentration in a mechanically stirred vessel
Authors: Tokura Yuichiro , Miyagawa Keita , Uddin Md. Azhar , Kato Yoshiei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, the effects of impeller rotation speed, off‐bottom clearance, blade angle, types of solid and liquid, etc., on the suspension pattern of sedimentary particles and particle rise height in liquid were investigated with a hemispherical vessel without baffles under low particle concentration. The transition conditions of suspension pattern between regimes I and II, and regimes II and III, were observed visually, and their non‐dimensional equations were expressed with an acceptable correlation by varying the above operation factors a great deal. Here, regime I is stagnation of particles on a vessel bottom, II is partial suspension, and III is complete suspension in liquid. The non‐dimensional equation of the maximum particle rise height was also successfully obtained. The combination of the non‐dimensional equations of transition and maximum particle rise height permitted us to determine the adequate solid/liquid mixing operation conditions without collision of particles with device parts.
Mechanically mixed ZnO‐Al2O3 catalysts in the synthesis of propylene carbonate via alcoholysis of urea
Authors: Jia Yuchen , Lv Lei , Nie Yingying , Jiao Linyu , Shen Weihua , Zhu Zhiqing , Fang Yunjin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlcoholysis of urea with 1,2‐propylene glycol (PG) is a potential industrial process for the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC) with many advantages. However, the preparation of industrial catalysts such as Zn‐Al oxide by the co‐precipitation method will inevitably produce a large amount of salty water and building desalting equipment will increase the investment cost. The present work attempts to use a mechanically mixed catalyst consisting of commercial ZnO and Al2O3 to solve these problems. This type of catalyst was capable of catalyzing the reaction more than 5 times. The PC yield was gradually increased with each use. The best PC yield of 96.7% is comparable to the co‐precipitated Zn‐Al oxide catalysts and was achieved during the third use. In the reaction, ZnO and Al2O3 were dissolved into the reactants to form complexes, which homogenously catalyzed the reaction. It was found that the dissolved Zn and Al complex significantly influenced the PC yield and re‐precipitated in the late stage of the reaction. Furthermore, the partial dissolution of Al assisted the dissolution and precipitation of Zn, which improved the PC yield. After several dissolution‐precipitation cycles, ZnO‐Al2O3 was homogeneously mixed at the atomic scale. Interestingly, there was an adequate linear relationship between the amount of dissolved Zn and Al in each reaction, the linear correlation coefficient improved after each reaction, and the slope of the line (the ratio of dissolved Zn/Al) was 7.26 in the third use.
A continuous‐flow surface flotation cell for the separation of scanty mineral samples based on wettability contrast
Authors: Faucher Michaël , Gravel Olivier , Larachi Faïçal 
Published: July 2020

AbstractReliable measurements of hydrophobicity of minerals and ores are important to the study of the separation performance of a froth flotation process. However, surface heterogeneity, which is inexorably linked to actual industrial ores, has always been a challenging factor to characterize with currently existing measurement techniques. In this study, a new apparatus of surface flotation that provides surface floatability and wettability evaluation requiring parsimonious needs in sample consumption is presented. It consists of a continuous‐flow macroscopically flat‐interface flotation cell for the selective separation at a moving liquid‐gas interface between hydrophobic mineral and hydrophilic gangue from scanty mineral samples. To prove the concept, comparative experiments were conducted with a mineral matrix composed of graphite and quartz using the new surface flotation apparatus, a micro‐flotation cell, and a Denver cell. The results obtained from the surface flotation cell indicate that its separation efficiency and its reproducibility are better than the two standard laboratory separation techniques. Use of this new technique provides more and better information related to the wettability of mineral/ore surfaces while requiring as low as 3 g of mineral samples.
Catalytic Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Macrocyclic Marine Natural Product (–)‐Haliclonin A†
Authors: Luo Shi‐Peng , Huang Xiong‐Zhi , Guo Lian‐Dong , Huang Pei‐Qiang 
Published: July 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusionWe describe the full details of our total synthesis of haliclonin A, a macrocyclic natural product suggested to originate from a common biosynthetic intermediate as sarain A. Central to our synthetic route is the strategic employment of nitromethane for several purposes: (1) as an umpolung surrogate of an aminomethyl group; (2) as an ideal nucleophile for the highly enantioselective catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition to forge the challenging all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center that was used to induce the formations of all other chiral centers of the molecule; and (3) as a C1N1 building block to form the 3‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane framework. The realization of this strategy relied on the development of a novel organocatalytic asymmetric conjugate addition of nitromethane to 3‐alkenyl cyclohex‐2‐enone, and the first Pd‐promoted intramolecular coupling of a thiocarbamate moiety onto an electron‐deficient alkene (enone) to form the 3‐azabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane core. The synthesis also features a SmI2‐mediated intermolecular reductive coupling of an enone with an aldehyde, ring‐closing alkene and alkyne metathesis reactions to build the two aza‐macrocycles, and an unprecedented direct transformation of enol into enone.
PROTOCOL: Exercise interventions to improve back shape/posture, balance, falls and fear of falling in older adults with hyperkyphosis: A systematic review
Authors: Duangkaew Roongtip , Bettany‐Saltikov Josette , van Schaik Paul , Kandasamy Gokulakannan , Hogg Julie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThe aim of this systematic review is to evaluate and synthesize published and unpublished literature on the effectiveness of a diverse range of exercise programs on back shape/posture, balance, falling and fear of falling in older people with hyperkyphosis.ObjectivesThe objective of this systematic review is to determine the effects of difference exercise programs on back shape/posture, balance, falling and fear of falling in older adults with hyperkyphosis.
Market Exclusivity Length for Drugs with New Generic or Biosimilar Competition, 2012–2018
Authors: Rome Benjamin N. , Lee ChangWon C. , Kesselheim Aaron S. 
Published: July 2020

Brand‐name drugs have periods of market exclusivity before generic competition begins. Due to high brand‐name drug prices charged during this period, market exclusivity is an important determinant of US prescription drug spending. We used claims data to estimate the market exclusivity period for 264 small molecule and 4 biologic drugs that faced new generic or biosimilar competition from 2012–2018. Exclusivity periods were longer for biologics compared with new small molecule drugs (median 21.5 vs. 14.4 years, P = 0.02), longer for drugs with annual revenue < $75 million compared with those with revenue ≥ $500 million (16.6 vs. 14.2 years, P = 0.01), and shorter in cases for which the first generic was granted 180 days of exclusivity, which is an incentive designed to expedite generic competition (14.1 vs. 15.9 years, P < 0.01). Modified versions of existing products had shorter exclusivities than new drugs (9.9 vs. 14.5 years, P < 0.01), with variation by route of administration, therapeutic area, and use of expedited approval pathways. Exclusivity periods for new drugs ranging from 13–17 years are similar to older estimates, but longer exclusivity among the small number of biologics in the cohort raises concern that overall median exclusivity may lengthen in the future because biologics represent a larger fraction of new drug approvals over the last decade than they did the previous decade. Unnecessarily long exclusivity periods delay patient access to lower‐priced medications, and policymakers should consider options to encourage timely competition, particularly among biologic drugs.
Decrease of Non‐Classical and Intermediate Monocyte Subsets in Severe Acute SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection
Authors: Gatti Arianna , Radrizzani Danilo , Viganò Paolo , Mazzone Antonino , Brando Bruno 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn patients with severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, the development of cytokine storm induces extensive lung damage, and monocytes play a role in this pathological process. Non‐classical (NC) and intermediate (INT) monocytes are known to be involved during viral and bacterial infections. In this study, 30 patients with different manifestations of acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were investigated with a flow cytometric study of NC, INT, and classical (CL) monocytes. Significantly reduced NC and INT monocytes and a downregulated HLA‐DR were found in acute patients with severe SARS‐CoV‐2 symptoms. Conversely in patients with moderate symptoms NC and INT monocytes and CD11b expression were increased. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Tracking evoked responses to auditory and visual stimuli in fetuses exposed to maternal high‐risk conditions
Authors: Eswaran Hari , Lau Chrystal , Murphy Pam , Siegel Eric R. , Preissl Hubert , Lowery Curtis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMagnetoencephalography (MEG) has been successfully applied to record fetal auditory (auditory evoked response [AER]) and visual evoked responses (VER). In this study, we report the AER and VER development trajectory by tracking the evoked response detectability and latency from recordings starting at 27 weeks of gestation in pregnancies classified as high risk. Fetal MEG and ultrasound recordings were performed on 158 pregnant women, and the total number of fetal auditory and visual tests conducted was 321 and 237, respectively. The overall evoked response analysis showed 237 AER (73.8%) and 164 VER detections (69.2%). The mean AER latency was 290.7 (SD 125.5) ms and the mean VER latency was 293.7 (SD 114.5) ms. The rate of decrease (95% confidence limits) in average AER and VER first‐peak latency between 100–350 ms was 1.97 (−1.86, +5.81) ms/week and 1.35 (−3.83, +6.53) ms/week, respectively. This trend in high‐risk fetuses conforms to the general trajectory of decrease in latency with gestational age progression, even though this decrease was non‐significant, as reported in the case of normal growing fetuses. Although there was a significant difference in detection rates between male and female fetuses, this was not reflected in either latency values or the sensory modality applied. Furthermore, the main factors that had the most significant effect on response detectability included the presence of intervening layers of adipose tissue between the fetal head and stimulus source and an increase in the maternal body mass index.
Species diversity and phylogeography of Cornus kousa (Asian dogwood) captured by genomic and genic microsatellites
Authors: Nowicki Marcin , Houston Logan C. , Boggess Sarah L. , Aiello Anthony S. , Payá‐Milans Miriam , Staton Margaret E. , Hayashida Mitsuhiro , Yamanaka Masahiro , Eda Shigetoshi , Trigiano Robert N. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCornus kousa (Asian dogwood), an East Asia native tree, is the most economically important species of the dogwood genus, owing to its desirable horticultural traits and ability to hybridize with North America‐native dogwoods. To assess the species genetic diversity and to better inform the ongoing and future breeding efforts, we assembled an herbarium and arboretum collection of 131 noncultivated C. kousa specimens. Genotyping and capillary electrophoresis analyses of our C. kousa collection with the newly developed genic and published nuclear genomic microsatellites permitted assessment of genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the species. Regardless of the microsatellite type used, the study yielded generally similar insights into the C. kousa diversity with subtle differences deriving from and underlining the marker used. The accrued evidence pointed to the species distinct genetic pools related to the plant country of origin. This can be helpful in the development of the commercial cultivars for this important ornamental crop with increased pyramided utility traits. Analyses of the C. kousa evolutionary history using the accrued genotyping datasets pointed to an unsampled ancestor population, possibly now extinct, as per the phylogeography of the region. To our knowledge, there are few studies utilizing the same gDNA collection to compare performance of genomic and genic microsatellites. This is the first detailed report on C. kousa species diversity and evolutionary history inference.
Explicit two‐step Runge‐Kutta methods for computational fluid dynamics solvers
Authors: Figueroa Alejandro , Jackiewicz Zdzisław , Löhner Rainald 
Published: July 2020

SummaryComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a successful tool for industry applications and basic science during the last decades. However, accurate solutions involving vortex propagation, and separated and turbulent flows, are still associated with high computing costs. In particular, large eddy simulations (LES) of complex geometries, such as a complete automobile, require several days on thousands of cores in order to obtain solutions with statistically relevant information. With an increase in the number of available cores, the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) per core can be reduced accordingly. When the number of DOF per core is below a certain threshold the total simulation time is not bounded by floating point operations (FLOPS), but by the time spend on communication between cores. To overcome this impediment we have identified and tested a class of two‐step Runge‐Kutta (TSRK) methods of high order with low number of stages, for time discretization of differential systems resulting from space discretization of weakly compressible Navier‐Stokes equations. These methods have not been used before in CFD simulations. The advantage of using these methods is reduction in communication times between cores. The numerical experiments indicate that the gains in computational performance of this new class of TSRK methods, as compared with classical Runge‐Kutta (RK) methods or low storage Runge‐Kutta (LSRK) schemes, are of the order of 25%, with no loss in accuracy.