bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Lives Matter protests and COVID-19 cases: relationship in two databases
Authors: Neyman Gregory , Dalsey William 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The coincidence of Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests with the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA has raised concerns about the safety of mass gatherings for political causes. This study examines two databases to probe any correlation between protests and increases of COVID-19 case rates afterward.

Methods
A BLM protest aggregator and a county-level COVID-19 database were crosswalked, matching the city that the protest occurred in with the county and its case rates at 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the index protest, and was compared with a control county in the same state with the nearest match of population size and case rate at Week 0.

Results
In the 22 days after the killing of George Floyd, there were 326 counties participating in 868 protests, attended by an estimated 757 077 protestors. The median case rate at Week 3 was 0.0049 in protest counties versus 0.0041 in control counties, which was found to be statistically significant. Regression analysis found that each individual protestor contributed to the case rate by 7.65 × 10−9, which was not statistically significant.

Conclusion
Although the increase was statistically significant, it was very small in magnitude and likely due to limitations of significantly different population sizes in comparators.
Prognostic factors for finger interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Shah Karishma , Cai He , Lane Jennifer C E , Collins Gary S , Arden Nigel K , Furniss Dominic , Filbay Stephanie R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Radiographic hand OA affects one in five adults. Symptomatic hand OA can result in functional impairment, pain and reduced quality of life. A prevalent form of hand OA is IP joint OA, however prognostic factors for IP joint OA remain poorly understood. This systematic review aimed to identify prognostic factors for IP joint OA, and to summarize the diagnostic criteria for IP joint OA in prognostic studies.

Methods
EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception until 19 February 2020 (PROSPERO CRD42019116782). Eligible studies described diagnostic criteria defining IP joint OA, and assessed potential prognostic factors for IP joint OA. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool and a best evidence synthesis was used.

Results
Eighteen studies were included (risk of bias: eight high, three moderate, seven low). All defined OA radiographically, and three studies incorporated clinical symptoms into their definition of OA. Forty-nine potential prognostic factors were assessed. Eight were prognostic: older age in women, female gender (both moderate evidence); family history of Heberden’s nodes, Kashin–Beck disease, older age in men, dental occupation in men, finger fracture, parity (all limited evidence). Higher BMI in women (limited evidence) was prognostic for symptomatic radiographic OA. No prognostic factors for symptomatic OA were identified.

Conclusion
IP joint OA is most commonly defined radiographically, yet criteria were heterogeneous. Eight prognostic factors for radiographic IP joint OA and one for symptomatic radiographic IP joint OA were identified, all with limited or moderate evidence. Further studies on causality and on prognostic pathways are needed.
Race, Nation, and the Color-Line in the Twenty-First Century: A Du Boisian Analysis
Authors: Thomas James M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article argues that Du Bois’s tripartite framework consisting of the Veil, souls, and double-consciousness helps us analyze and understand the resurgence of racialized nationalism today. I juxtapose Du Bois’s early writings on German nationalism and antisemitism with his later writings on American nationalism and anti-black racism to demonstrate how antisemitism in Germany and anti-black racism in America function as constitutive elements for their respective nationalist discourses at the turn of the twentieth century. I argue that Du Bois’s analysis of the “double problem” of German nationalism served as an important precursor of his theory of the “double problem” of American nationalism. Du Bois’s concepts, when taken together, provide a still-relevant framework through which to understand contemporary expressions of racism and xenophobia that typify emergent nationalist movements in the twenty-first century.
Development and evaluation of two different lameness models in meat goats, a pilot study
Authors: Reppert Emily J , Kleinhenz Michael D , Viscardi Abbie , Montgomery Shawnee R , Crane Alison R , Coetzee Johann F 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Lameness is a serious health concern for livestock species. Understanding individual animal response to pain and characterization of lameness are critical when developing appropriate treatments. The objectives of this pilot study was to evaluate two different lameness models and measures for determining response to induced lameness in meat goats. Lameness was induced by intraarticular injection into the left hind lateral claw distal interphalangeal joint with either amphotericin B (Amp-B) or kaolin-carrageenan (K-C). Response to lameness was characterized by behavior scoring, visual lameness scoring (VLS), infrared thermography (IRT) of the affected digit, pressure mat gait analysis (PMT), and plasma cortisol (CORT) analysis. Lame goats had higher VLS compared to controls (P = 0.003). Maximum temperatures measured in hooves from lame vs control goats were significantly higher (P = 0.003). Pressure mat analysis demonstrated, when compared to controls, lame goats had decreased force (P = 0.013), impulse (P = 0.007), contact pressure (P = 0.007), and contact area of the left hind limb (P = 0.009). Mean CORT levels 4 and 6 h after lameness induction were higher in lame goats (P = 0.005, P = 0.01). The two lameness methods reliably induced lameness of varying severity in healthy meat goats.
What are the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions?
Authors: Harris Jeanne M. , Balint-Kurti Peter , Bede Jacqueline C. , Day Brad , Gold Scott , Goss Erica M. , Grenville-Briggs Laura J. , Jones Kathryn M. , Wang Aiming , Wang Yuanchao , Mitra Raka M. , Sohn Kee Hoon , Alvarez Maria Elena 
Published: October 2020

This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.The past few decades have seen major discoveries in the field of molecular plant-microbe interactions. As the result of technological and intellectual advances, we are now able to answer questions at a level of mechanistic detail that we could not have imagined possible 20 years ago. The MPMI Editorial Board felt it was time to take stock and reassess. What big questions remain unanswered? We knew that to identify the fundamental, overarching questions that drive our research, we needed to do this as a community. To reach a diverse audience of people with different backgrounds and perspectives, working in different areas of plant-microbe interactions, we queried the more than 1,400 participants at the 2019 International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions meeting in Glasgow. This group effort resulted in a list of ten, broad-reaching, fundamental questions that influence and inform our research. Here, we introduce these Top 10 unanswered questions, giving context and a brief description of the issues. Each of these questions will be the subject of a detailed review in the coming months. We hope that this process of reflecting on what is known and unknown and identifying the themes that underlie our research will provide a framework to use going forward, giving newcomers a sense of the mystery of the big questions and inspiring new avenues and novel insights.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
How Effective Is Aerobic Exercise Training in Improving Aerobic Capacity After Heart Transplant? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Groen Keriann , Robison Patrycia , Xiong Annie , Irwin Kent E. , Stein Amy Buros , Evans Christian C. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose:
Studies suggest that additional exercise (Ex) training beyond “usual care” increases peak VO2 in people post-heart transplant (HTx); however, no recent studies have quantified improvements or compared moderate-intensity aerobic Ex (MOD) to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The purpose of this study was to quantify improvements in VO2 for patients post-HTx undergoing additional Ex training and compare effectiveness of MOD to HIIT.

Methods:
Inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses published between 2008 to 2018, subjects post-HTx, participated in an aerobic Ex program beyond usual care, and reported peak VO2.

Results:
A total of 242 records were obtained and 7 randomized clinical trials were reviewed. The average PEDro score was 4.86 (range 2–7). The within-group weighted mean difference (WMD) in peak VO2 comparing baseline to post-training for the Ex group = 3.3 (0.5) ml/kg/min and for the control group = −0.2 (0.2) ml/kg/min. The between-group WMD in peak VO2 = 3.5 (7.9) ml/kg/min, Hedge's g = 0.606 (95% confidence intervals = 0.337–0.874), P < .001, favoring Ex. Comparison between Ex protocols indicated that there was no difference between HIIT and MOD (Q = 1.83, P = .176).

Conclusions:
Physical therapists should challenge patients post-HTx with aerobic Ex that goes beyond usual post-HTx care and should consider incorporating HIIT into the treatment plan or home program to maximize the benefits of rehabilitation when possible.
Efficacy of prehospital administration of fibrinogen concentrate in trauma patients bleeding or presumed to bleed (FIinTIC)
Authors: Ziegler Bernhard , Bachler Mirjam , Haberfellner Hubert , Niederwanger Christian , Innerhofer Petra , Hell Tobias , Kaufmann Marc , Maegele Marc , Martinowitz Uriel , Nebl Carolin , Oswald Elgar , Schöchl Herbert , Schenk Bettina , Thaler Markus , Treichl Benjamin , Voelckel Wolfgang , Zykova Ivana , Wimmer Christine , Fries Dietmar 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND
Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) substantially contributes to mortality in bleeding trauma patients.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to administer fibrinogen concentrate in the prehospital setting to improve blood clot stability in trauma patients bleeding or presumed to bleed.

DESIGN
A prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, international clinical trial.

SETTING
This emergency care trial was conducted in 12 Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) and Emergency Doctors’ vehicles (NEF or NAW) and four trauma centres in Austria, Germany and Czech Republic between 2011 and 2015.

PATIENTS
A total of 53 evaluable trauma patients aged at least 18 years with major bleeding and in need of volume therapy were included, of whom 28 received fibrinogen concentrate and 25 received placebo.

INTERVENTIONS
Patients were allocated to receive either fibrinogen concentrate or placebo prehospital at the scene or during transportation to the study centre.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcome was the assessment of clot stability as reflected by maximum clot firmness in the FIBTEM assay (FIBTEM MCF) before and after administration of the study drug.

RESULTS
Median FIBTEM MCF decreased in the placebo group between baseline (before administration of study treatment) and admission to the Emergency Department, from a median of 12.5 [IQR 10.5 to 14] mm to 11 [9.5 to 13] mm (P = 0.0226), but increased in the FC Group from 13 [11 to 15] mm to 15 [13.5 to 17] mm (P = 0.0062). The median between-group difference in the change in FIBTEM MCF was 5 [3 to 7] mm (P < 0.0001). Median fibrinogen plasma concentrations in the fibrinogen concentrate Group were kept above the recommended critical threshold of 2.0 g l−1 throughout the observation period.

CONCLUSION
Early fibrinogen concentrate administration is feasible in the complex and time-sensitive environment of prehospital trauma care. It protects against early fibrinogen depletion, and promotes rapid blood clot initiation and clot stability.

TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBERS
EudraCT: 2010-022923-31 and ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01475344.
Preoperative conversion from a laparoscopic to an exploratory laparotomy cholecystectomy
Authors: Shah Rajiv N. , Tiesenga Frederick , Jorge Juaquito 
Published: October 2020

Introduction:
Acute cholecystitis (AC) with cholelithiasis is commonly presented as right upper quadrant pain with radiation to the scapula. A lethal complication before any surgical intervention in a patient with AC is sepsis.

Presentation of Case:
We present a rare case of a patient who had AC complicated with sepsis. Patient was surgically prepared for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy but later changed to an exploratory laparotomy cholecystectomy due to complaints of preoperative diffuse abdominal pain and concerns of intra-abdominal sepsis. A central line for antibiotics, metronidazole, and vancomycin, was placed during surgery to treat his sepsis. Patient had an uneventful postop recovery.

Discussion:
Surgical solutions should be discussed during preoperative work-up with any changes in potential signs of sepsis and abdominal pain. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a less invasive procedure but carries a risk with potential intraoperative complications in treating gangrenous cholecystitis with biliary sludge; therefore exploratory laparotomy should be discussed as a potential intervention.

Conclusion:
Conversion to an exploratory laparotomy seems inevitable when concerns of complications arise before surgery to reduce morbidity and mortality. Severe peritonitis with a gangrenous gallbladder posed an increased risk for a laparoscopic procedure and therefore a conversion to an exploratory laparotomy was initiated.
Are you in pain if you say you are not? Accounts of pain in Somali–Canadian women with female genital cutting
Authors: Perović Mateja , Jacobson Danielle , Glazer Emily , Pukall Caroline , Einstein Gillian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As a rite of passage to womanhood, 2 million girls undergo female genital circumcision (FGC)—the tradition of cutting, and often removing parts of the vulva—every year. The current study is the first to focus on the connection between peripheral nerve damage and chronic neuropathic pain in women with FGC. We used mixed methods—quantitative, qualitative, and physiological—to study chronic pain in Somali–Canadian women (N = 14). These women have the most extensive form of FGC, which includes removal of the glans clitoris, labia minora, medial portion of the labia majora, and stitching together the remaining parts of the labia majora. Our results indicate a multifaceted pain experience in women with FGC. Although they report good overall health and very low pain levels on the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, pressure-pain quantitative sensory testing of the vulvar region applied through vulvalgesiometers shows pain thresholds consistent with those reported by women with chronic vulvar pain. Furthermore, qualitative interviews reveal a considerable amount of often debilitating pain in daily life. These results challenge the use of assessment tools offering elicited verbal pain language and highlight the importance of culturally sensitive ways of conceptualizing, measuring, and managing pain.
The effect of early procedural pain in preterm infants on the maturation of electroencephalogram and heart rate variability
Authors: Lavanga Mario , Bollen Bieke , Caicedo Alexander , Dereymaeker Anneleen , Jansen Katrien , Ortibus Els , Van Huffel Sabine , Naulaers Gunnar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Preterm infants show a higher incidence of cognitive, social, and behavioral problems, even in the absence of major medical complications during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Several authors suggest that early-life experience of stress and procedural pain could impact cerebral development and maturation resulting in an altered development of cognition, behavior, or motor patterns in later life. However, it remains very difficult to assess this impact of procedural pain on physiological development. This study describes the maturation of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and heart rate variability in a prospective cohort of 92 preterm infants (<34 weeks gestational age) during their NICU stay. We took into account the number of noxious, ie, skin-breaking, procedures they were subjected in the first 5 days of life, which corresponded to a median age of 31 weeks and 4 days. Using physiological signal modelling, this study shows that a high exposure to early procedural pain, measured as skin-breaking procedures, increased the level of discontinuity in both EEG and heart rate variability in preterm infants. These findings have also been confirmed in a subset of the most vulnerable preterm infants with a gestational age lower than 29 weeks. We conclude that a high level of early pain exposure in the NICU increases the level of functional dysmaturity, which can ultimately impact preterm infants' future developmental outcome.
A Multibiomarker Latent Class Analysis in Moderate to Advanced Heart Failure
Authors: Thompson Jessica Harman , Faulkner Kenneth M. , Lee Christopher S. 
Published: October 2020

Background
Biomarker science in heart failure (HF) is advancing quickly in our ability to diagnosis and treat patients with this complex syndrome. Researchers are urged to not use single-marker strategies, but instead evaluate biomarkers in patterns to better understand their relationship to one another, as well as disease progression. Latent class mixture modeling allows researchers to determine novel associations between biomarkers.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to identify and compare latent classes of cardiovascular biomarkers among patients with moderate to advanced HF.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of 96 participants with moderate to advanced HF. Latent class mixture modeling was used to identify unique classes of biomarkers and their associations to sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Results
The average age of the sample was 54 years, with most of the sample being men (77%) and having an average ejection fraction of 23%. Two unique classes of biomarkers were identified. Latent class 1 had higher levels of all biomarkers, whereas latent class 2 had lower levels. The higher biomarker class had, on average, more neurohormonal activation and fluid retention; however, the higher levels of biomarker class were not more likely to be diagnosed with advanced HF or have more comorbidities.

Conclusion
By identifying classes of biomarkers, providers may be better able to identify patients who are at risk of progressing into advanced HF quicker or those who are more likely to have more severe complications, such as fluid overload or renal disease.
Pilot Study: Thinking Outside the Square in Cultivating “Soft Skills”—Going beyond the Standard Optometric Curriculum
Authors: Cham Kwang Meng , Gaunt Heather , Delany Clare 
Published: October 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
No research in optometric education that uses Moore's concept of creativity and object-based learning to cultivate “soft skills” exists. The design and outcomes of this study will contribute to the body of optometric education, and future research will assess the applicability of these findings to other allied health disciplines.

PURPOSE
Optometrists, like all health care professionals, need to be proficient in soft skills such as effective communication and interpersonal skills. Rather than assuming these soft skills can be developed “on the job,” we implemented a teaching intervention for students to develop their communication, interpersonal, and teamwork skills.

METHODS
Students from optometry, arts management, and animation attended an autobiographical museum in interdisciplinary groups and examined an artifact relating to aspects of professionalism mentioned previously. We evaluated whether and how students experienced this activity as enhancing their creativity and other soft skills via survey results and thematic analysis of their reflective essays.

RESULTS
Our findings showed that this group work has augmented their professional development, with approximately 90% of the students reporting that it had helped in critical self-reflection and future improvement of communication and interpersonal skills. Eighty percent of the students stated that this group work was beneficial and enjoyable and recommended object-based and interdisciplinary learning to be embedded in future group work. Themes generated from the essays were the following: (a) perceptions of object-based learning in a museum and (b) insights into group work experiences.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first pilot study that investigates group work across optometry and nonclinical disciplines in a post-graduate curriculum using museum objects. Our findings, based on students' perceptions, imply that students emerged from the program with the intent to transfer their learning to their future practice. We propose that this purposefully designed-based and creative group work may support the development of professional attributes essential for optometric students.
Optometry Compensation Study: Narrowing Down the Unexplained Gender Wage Gap in Optometry
Authors: Simpson Rachel S. , Scott Breanna J. , Hamm Kate J. , Tyra Jacquelyn M. , Jackson Heather M. , Fermil Marie L. P. , Kinder Leslie K. , Bassi Carl J. 
Published: October 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Men earn at least 6.5% more than women in their first full-time jobs as optometrists. For current salaries, the gender wage gap is more than 13%. This study details the gender wage gap that remains after controlling for practice ownership, residency training, and employer-defined full-time work.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to measure the gender wage gap by region and practice type for full-time optometrists who did not complete a residency and do not own their practice.

METHODS
Participants completed an online survey, providing data for their first and current optometry positions and demographic information. Respondents who reported full-time employment in the United States, not completing a residency, and not owning their practice were selected for further analysis by census region and practice type. In each category, the gender wage gap was calculated.

RESULTS
In all regions and practice types, men were paid higher starting salaries than women. For current salaries, men were paid higher in almost all regions and practice types. The wage gap increased from starting salary to current salary, although not in all regions and practice types.

CONCLUSIONS
When practice ownership, residency completion, and full-time work are controlled for, there remains a difference in the pay received by men and women in optometry. The salary data presented in this study may help optometrists narrow the wage gap.