bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROSES PENYEBARAN KONDUKSI PANAS 1-DIMENSI PADA PIPA BESI
Authors: El Maghfiroh Rofila , Zaman Muhammad Badaruz 
Published: June 2020

Dalam aplikasi bidang teknik, sangat sering digunakan bahan logam terutama besi sebagai bahan pembuatan pipa. Salah satu manfaat pipa besi yaitu dalam proses transfer gas. Dalam proses tersebut, gas serta pipa transfer sangat rentan terhadap panas.
Skema beda hingga yang diterapkan pada metode numerik Crank-Nicoson memiliki tingkat ketelitian yang sangat baik. Skema tersebut digunakan untuk analisis proses penyebaran konduksi panas pada pipa besi yang berisi gas oksigen.
Proses penyebaran panas pada pipa besi terjadi dengan mempertahankan syarat batas yang telah ditentukan.
The concept of the Ukrainian national state-making in the scientific work of Professor Sergiy Shelukhin
Authors: Muzyka Iryna 
Published: June 2020

The scientific achievements and social and political activity of Sergiy Shelukhin and its influence on the formation of the concept of independent state of Ukraine in the political and legal thought and state-making practice of the governments and political figures of the UNR, the Directory and public political organizations of Ukrainian political emigration are considered.
The figure of Sergiy Shelukhin in the history of Ukraine has been symbolic for over a century, as his scientific and socio-political activities have largely contributed to the restoration of the sovereign right of the Ukrainian people to an independent state. His conception of Ukrainian statehood, the origin of the name "Ukraine" is today an integral part of the ideological basis for determining priority directions in contemporary Ukrainian politics, in the context of building an independent independent Ukraine, in terms of forming state ideology and national dignity.
In the period of national liberation competitions the main topic of scientific research of the scientist was the origin of the Ukrainian state. It was his intelligence that formed the basis for memoranda, statements, and international treaties of the time.

Shelukhin proved that for the Ukrainian people the right of state sovereignty was restored not only as a result of the renunciation of the tsar and release from the oath of nationality, but also on the contractual grounds of the act of 1654 connection between Ukraine and Russia, since this connection was only the face of the tsar-protector. Thus, on February 28, 1917, the Ukrainian people, on the basis of their historical rights and legal consequences, renounced the tsar and exempted him from the oath by legal means, regained his sovereignty over himself and his Ukrainian statehood.

Scientist in historical monographs "Where does Russia come from:" Names: Rus, Galicia, Ukraine and Little Russia "(1928)," The Theory of Celtic Origin of Kievan Rus from France "(1929)," Ukraine - the Name of Our Land from the Ancient Times "(1936) for the first time explores the problem of the origin of the terms "Rus", "Ukraine", "Russia", "Mala Rus". These studies have played and play an extremely important role in refuting political speculation and falsification regarding the origin of Ukrainians and the emergence of Ukrainian statehood. During his life, S. Shelukhin's works have gained recognition among lawyers, historians, and political figures both in Ukraine and abroad.
Formation of the legal system theory in Legal science (Part 2)
Authors: Udovyka Larysa 
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the theory of the legal system in legal science. The third stage in the development of the theory of law is characterized system, which begins at the beginning of the second decade of the XXI century. and continues to this day. t this stage, the interpenetration of ideas, provisions, conclusions about the development of the legal system within the legal sciences and areas that study the legal systems: the theory of state and law, comparative law, international law, philosophy of law is increasingly being traced. This stage is characterized by the search for answers to the question of approximation of the domestic legal system to European law; the mechanism of interaction between the national legal system and the EU legal system; features of systematization and unification of legislation at the stage of legal integration; directions of transformation and modernization of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of European integration and globalization, etc. The interpenetration of ideas and provisions largely reflects the objective process of strengthening and deepening the interaction of national and international legal systems, the inability to answer the vast majority of questions that arise in this regard, limited only to national or international law
In recent years, the legal system of Ukraine, along with the traditional ones, has faced fundamentally new problems caused by external factors, including such as the establishment and consolidation of European foreign policy priorities, the search for effective legal means to counter threats to independence, national sovereignty, territorial integrity, territorial integrity, territorial integrity, energy threats, protection of citizens' rights violated as a result of annexation of Crimea, occupation in eastern Ukraine. Solving these and other problems is possible only through a comprehensive, systematic understanding, based on the achievements of the general theory of law, comparative law, international law, philosophy of law with the use of new approaches and methods, that is, within the framework of the general (universal) theory of law. The peculiarities of the development of legal science at this stage at the present day raise the question of the need to form a universal (general) theory of law as a conceptual basis of the theories of national and international law.
Legislative regulation of museums activity in the Second Rzechpospolita Polska
Authors: Zakharchyn Nataliia 
Published: June 2020

The article considers the creation of the legislative basis regarding the museums’ activity in interwar (1918-1939) Poland. Temporary organization of common government authorities in 1918 suggested subordination of museums of interwar Poland to the Ministry of religion andpopular education. It also describes changes in subordination of the museums and some features of law-making process. In April 1918, the Department of Art of the Ministry processed and offered the first project of temporary law on museums. According to the legislative proposal, state politics in the museum industry had to be implementedusing the special museum abstract within Department of Art. In the draft, there were a few types of museum identified: the main ones (national) and regional, educational and special.
It was necessary to legislate on determining andidentifying main directions of the activity, to organizationally form the framework of their functioning, for the sake of museum professional work activization, controlling their activity, help with creation of new collections and support of some old ones. It is stated that his fact was understood by the representatives of the organizations that were either connected to museum industry or played a catalytic role in museum reforms in the interwar period, for instance, The Union of Museums of Poland.It was the Union that the draft law “Onthe trusteeship for the public museums” was prepared by. Apart from the draft law, the project of the implementing regulation to the bill regarding establishment and activity of the Museum State Council was adopted. In the article, the process of establishing the draft law is considered.
The article reflects the representation of modified law “On the trusteeship for the public museums” in the Parliament of Second Rzechpospolita Polska. In the parliament, the draft bill was considered as a framework, which determines the concept of a public museum. According to the bill, Minister of religion and education implemented the trusteeship and control of the activity of the public museums and approved theirstatutes. The articlealso reviews the aims and tasks of the adopted law and further implementing regulations, particularly, on the establishment of Museum State Council.
Ideological and Political Legal Bases for the Russian Expansion in Kazakhstan (1714 – mid-XIX century)
Authors: Ivanov Oleksandr 
Published: June 2020

The article deals with the methods used by the Russian Empire for the expansion towards the Kazakh Khanate and its future incorporation. Special attention is drawn to the ideological bases of the Russian statehood caused peculiarities of those methods’ contents and normative background for their implementation.
The Kazakh Khanate was founded in 1465. There were united diversified tribes having complicated administrative systems and quite different economic specializations. Several decades later khanate was divided into three various subjects called juzes. There were created Minor, Middle and Senior juzes. Each of them occasionally had economic and political relationships with the Moscow Tsardom. That state leaders found out the great strategic interest the Kazakh steeps posed for them. Peter the Great, the first Russian emperor proclaimed in 1721, looked for the new trade way to India. The Kazakh territories fit well enough for that goal. That’s why there were arranged two military expeditions to examine possible means to create that way and to settle well-equipped fortresses along the rivers Amu Darya and Sirdarya. During the reign of Anna (1730–1740) the Minor (1731) and the Middle (1740) juzes were incorporated into the Russian Empire due to their requests. The Senior juze was incorporated in 1818 under the reign of Alexander I without any requests. Each juze was given a charter guaranteeing its status within the empire and proscribing obligations as a pay for the emperor’s adherence to them.
The Russian Empire authorities used all the possible means to break traditional Kazakh governing bodies, customs, land use system and culture. There were special Emperor’s rescripts implementing militarized system of government for juzes and establishing all-Russian courts’ jurisdiction there. Local legal customs were being gradually excluded from use. Such way measures collided with charters given to juzes after their incorporation. They were aimed to make Kazakhs and their territories unalienable integrated parts of the Russian Empire. Its state policy was based on the ideological principles dating back to the Mongol-Tatar statehood and to the concept of “Moscow – the Third Rome”.
Social obligations: theoretical and legal aspects
Authors: Popovych Tereziia 
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the nature of social obligation, its genesis and variants. It has been established that historically social obligations have arisen with the emergence of the beginnings of morality in human society and the awareness of human responsibility towards one another within their community. In the future, with the development of humanity and the diversity of social interactions, the institute of obligation was modified to take on new features. Thus, if in the early periods of existence of human society, it was impossible to speak about their belonging to the legal field, given the absence of any, at least minimal, fixation of this category at the normative level, then the development of law and legislation led to the emergence of legally binding obligations. It has been researched that social obligation means a socially recognized need for a certain behavior of a person, a kind of proper or useful, which is objectively conditioned by the needs of existence and development of other persons, social groups, nations, humanity.
The article also analyzes that, depending on the particular nature of the emergence of specific social obligations, the characteristics of the subject that establishes them, and defines the guarantees of its implementation, distinguish varieties of social obligation. Allocated moral obligations, religious obligations, corporate, professional, legal and other obligations. Moreover, the author considers it inappropriate to completely differentiate between these phenomena, since all of them, as embodiments of certain socially necessary behavior, are interconnected and can be considered as a logical continuation of each other.
In addition, it is emphasized that the substantive characteristic of a legal obligation as a special type of social obligation is a "legal necessity". The latter, on the one hand, indicates that the obligation exists and develops within the limits of the lawful and statutory conduct required by law. On the other hand, it expresses the content of the obligation and its inherent behavior. The "need" to disclose the obligation plays the same role that the "opportunity" plays in the concept of the rights and freedoms of the individual.
Functioning and development of civil society under constitutional basis
Authors: Akulenko Danylo 
Published: June 2020

This article was studied the сonstitutional norms for civil society, which, in the author's view, should be the doctrinal basis for its functioning.
The question arises because of the critical need of society in legal and political movements for a European model of relations between the state and the citizen, the urgency is determined not only by the author’s personal convictions, but also by the unstable situation inside the Ukrainian politics, according to which only anti-democratic pseudosocial post-Soviet movements have unity and one point of view. In such conditions, the uncertainty of the Basic Law does not leave an opportunity to develop new, more effective legal norms that could increase the effectiveness of civil society.
The scientific basis for this article were the works of V. Batanov, A. Krusyan, N. Onishchenko, T. Podorozhna, S. Petkov, O. Skripniuk, S. Sunegin, Y. Shemshuchenko.
The aim of the work is to study the possible instruments of constitutional influence to achieve the ultimate goal of each democratic and legal state - building an effective civil society with a self-regulatory function.
The analysis of the real situation inside the country shows that the level of efficiency of civil society is currently critically low. Indicators of this are the following negative socio-legal phenomena:
- legal and political nihilism;
- the dependence of the media on the so-called "tycoons";
- a small number of non-state entities of legal relations (organizations, foundations, unions, associations, federations, consumer societies, etc.) especially in sparsely populated rural areas;
- low level of labor protection and social guarantees;
- ineffective financing of political movements, parties and youth party cells;
- low level of civil self-identification in certain regions of the country;
- ineffective distribution of financial resources to state monopolies, which are unprofitable to preserve employment.
This article provides possible ways of overcoming problems which can positively affect the further development of interaction between society and the state with an integrated approach to their implementation and strike a balance between state influence and civil pressure, the purpose of which is to ensure a decent level of protection of the rights, freedoms and interests of citizens.
Problems of implementation of the constitutional complaint in Ukraine and ways to resolve them
Authors: Shcherbanyuk Oksana 
Published: June 2020

The article explores the problems of implementation of the constitutional complaint in Ukraine and proposes ways of its solving. The article analyses the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine clarifies the admissibility criteria of the constitutional complaint in Ukraine, the procedural filters and proposed solutions of problems to improve the protection of rights and lawful interests of persons. The analysis of the content of the constitutional complaint indicates that the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is most often addressed the citizens of Ukraine with a petition regarding the implementation of the right of everyone to judicial review (in particular, cassation in cases of minor difficulties in administrative proceedings). Also appealed to the citizens with constitutional complaints in relation to social issues to protect their rights stipulated in the legislative acts that have undergone changes, in particular, with respect to the social (pension) insurance of certain categories of citizens (police, military, civil servants, prosecutors).
While the Board and the Senate of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine often refused to open constitutional proceedings on the grounds of inadmissibility of the constitutional complaint (paragraph 4 of article 62 of the law of Ukraine on the constitutional Court of Ukraine), which is indicated at 136 decisions of Collegium of judges and 8 resolutions of the Senates.
It is concluded that the mechanism of the submission and consideration of the constitutional complaint, the algorithm of selection (filtering) of the constitutional complaints needs significant improvement with consideration for the European experience. In our opinion, the legal effect of the constitutional-legal institution will be made only in connection with the introduction of a complete, not normative constitutional complaint, which will significantly increase the responsibility of subjects of law-making, law enforcement, protection of human rights and ensure the authority of the Constitution of Ukraine.
International standards for the right to freedom of association: classification criteria
Authors: Gayeva Nadezhda 
Published: June 2020

In the legal literature has long been a classification of legal phenomena. International standards on the right to freedom of association are not an exception, which is due to both cognitive reasons and practical importance. However, to date, sufficient generally accepted, generally accepted criteria for their classification have not yet been found in the theory of constitutional law.
The classification of international standards for the right to freedom of association is the basis for classifying international human rights standards as a method of cognition. The latter makes it possible to evaluate the holistic view of the classification of international standards on the right to freedom of association, its internal quality, comparing its essential and formal characteristics.
At present, there are no uniform criteria for classifying international standards on the right to freedom of association, and therefore it is not possible to establish a single classification. At the same time, in view of the application of international standards on the right to freedom of association in the law and law practice in Ukraine, the most important criteria for their classification are the content and legal significance of the legal norm - the standard. Accordingly, international standards on the right to freedom of association are divided into: 1) factual and nominal; 2) mandatory and advisory. However, it is obvious that without consideration of other criteria it will not be possible to delineate qualitatively the essence of the investigated question.
Integrating the criteria proposed by domestic researchers for the classification of international human rights standards, which are also acceptable for the classification of international standards on the right to freedom of association, we refer to others: 1) subject of their establishment - UN, Council of Europe, European Union, etc. ; 2) by scope - standards of general action and special action; 3) depending on the ways of their implementation - those that are self-implemented and those that are not self-implemented and require special measures for their implementation; 4) in the form of implementation - international treaties, documents of international organizations; 5) by territory - world (national, requirements of international acts of universal character) and regional (in particular, continental).
The above list of varieties of international standards for the right to freedom of association is certainly not exhaustive, as other criteria for their classification are possible.
The constitutional principle of establishing taxes and levies exclusively by the laws of Ukraine
Authors: Khudyk Andriy 
Published: June 2020

The article covers one of the aspects of the problem of constitutionalizing public finances in Ukraine, namely the legal construction and content of the fundamental, enshrined in the Constitution, principle of the legal regulation of the tax system of Ukraine - the principle of establishing taxes and levies exclusively by the laws of Ukraine. The article argues that state taxes and levies, in accordance with Article 67 of the Constitution of Ukraine, can be considered to be established by law if they are established by the proper subject, the legislative body, in the proper form of the law on amendments and additions to the Tax Code of Ukraine and in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law and enacted in accordance with the legislation in force. It is emphasized that the necessity of establishing taxes by the laws is dictated not so much by the task of ensuring the reality of their collecting and contributing to the budget as by the purpose of guaranteeing the protection of the owner from unauthorized interference by public authorities (the state and local self-government institutions). Only through the adoption of the appropriate law one can oblige the taxpayer to transfer part of his revenue (property) to the state revenue, without violating the constitutional guarantees of the inviolability of the right of private property.
Taxing is a necessary condition for the existence of the state. The imposition of taxes by the law is of great practical importance due to public relations in the field of public finances. It is concluded that the constitutional purpose of the taxation system is to protect rights of property from public entities pursuits, which are limitless in principle, and to keep the balance of public needs and interests. From the standpoint of constitutional values, tax law is intended to limit the fiscal sovereignty of the state and to protect taxpayers from arbitrarily, groundlessly imposed taxes. The taxation system established by the law must have sufficient constitutional justification to determine clearly what specific part of the taxpayer's property a public entity can lay claim to and why. The establishment of taxes cannot be arbitrary, that is, taxes should not interfere with the exercise by individuals of their constitutional rights. Macro- and microeconomic implications both for the state and municipal budgets and for a particular taxpayer should be taken into account when establishing the tax and determining its essential elements.