bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air flight barotrauma and meningitis: causality seems real
Authors: Džupová O , Beneš J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundBarotrauma to the middle-ear cavity and paranasal sinuses is a relatively common flight-related health problem. Occasionally, it may result in severe mechanical or infectious intracranial complications; these have been rarely reported to date.ObjectiveFour cases of acute bacterial meningitis following air travel are presented, and its pathogenesis is briefly described.ConclusionNeurological symptoms occurring after air flight should prompt proper investigation. Otitis media and sinusitis are common primary focuses of bacterial meningitis. Severe complications of air flight barotrauma may be underreported.
High diversity of fish ectoparasitic monogeneans (Dactylogyrus) in the Iberian Peninsula: a case of adaptive radiation?
Authors: Benovics Michal , Desdevises Yves , Šanda Radek , Vukić Jasna , Scheifler Mathilde , Doadrio Ignacio , Sousa-Santos Carla , Šimková Andrea 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe epicontinental fauna of the Iberian Peninsula is strongly influenced by its geographical history. As the possibilities for dispersion of organisms into and from this region were (and still are) limited, the local fauna consists almost exclusively of endemic species. Almost all Iberian freshwater fishes of the families Leuciscidae and Cyprinidae are endemic and on-going research on these taxa continually uncovers new species. Nevertheless, information on their host-specific parasites remains scarce. In this study, we investigate the diversity and phylogenetic relationships in monogeneans of the genus Dactylogyrus (gill ectoparasites specific to cyprinoid fish) in the Iberian Peninsula. Twenty-two species were collected and identified from 19 host species belonging to Cyprinidae and Leuciscidae. A high degree of endemism was observed, with 21 Dactylogyrus species reported from Iberia only and a single species, D. borealis, also reported from other European regions. Phylogenetic analysis split the endemic Iberian Dactylogyrus into two well-supported clades, the first encompassing Dactylogyrus parasitizing endemic Luciobarbus spp. only, and the second including all Dactylogyrus species of endemic leuciscids and four species of endemic cyprinids. Species delimitation analysis suggests a remarkable diversity and existence of a multitude of cryptic Dactylogyrus species parasitizing endemic leuciscids (Squalius spp. and representatives of Chondrostoma s.l.). These results suggest a rapid adaptive radiation of Dactylogyrus in this geographically isolated region, closely associated with their cyprinoid hosts. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis supports that Dactylogyrus parasites colonized the Iberian Peninsula through multiple dispersion events.
Blurring and Bridging: The Role of Volunteers in Dementia Care within Homes and Communities
Authors: MCCALL VIKKI , MCCABE LOUISE , RUTHERFORD ALASDAIR , BU FEIFEI , WILSON MICHAEL , WOOLVIN MIKE 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPolicy makers across the political spectrum have extolled the virtues of volunteering in achieving social policy aims. Yet little is known about the role that volunteering plays in addressing one of the significant challenges of an ageing population: the provision of care and support to people with dementia. We combine organisational survey data, secondary social survey data, and in-depth interviews with people with dementia, family carers and volunteers in order to better understand the context, role and challenges in which volunteers support people with dementia. Social policies connecting volunteering and dementia care in homes and communities often remain separate and disconnected and our paper draws on the concept of policy ‘assemblages’ to suggest that dementia care is a dynamic mixture of formal and informal volunteering activities that bridge and blur traditional policy boundaries. Linking home and community environments is a key motivation, benefit and outcome for volunteers, carers and those living with dementia. The paper calls to widen the definition and investigation of volunteering in social policy to include and support informal volunteering activity.
Machine Learning Reveals the Seismic Signature of Eruptive Behavior at Piton de la Fournaise Volcano
Authors: Ren C. X. , Peltier A. , Ferrazzini V. , Rouet‐Leduc B. , Johnson P. A. , Brenguier F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVolcanic tremor is key to our understanding of active magmatic systems, but due to its complexity, there is still a debate concerning its origins and how it can be used to characterize eruptive dynamics. In this study we leverage machine learning techniques using 6 years of continuous seismic data from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion island) to describe specific patterns of seismic signals recorded during eruptions. These results unveil what we interpret as signals associated with various eruptive dynamics of the volcano, including the effusion of a large volume of lava during the August–October 2015 eruption as well as the closing of the eruptive vent during the September–November 2018 eruption. The machine learning workflow we describe can easily be applied to other active volcanoes, potentially leading to an enhanced understanding of the temporal and spatial evolution of volcanic eruptions.
Observed Tightening of Tropical Ascent in Recent Decades and Linkage to Regional Precipitation Changes
Authors: Su Hui , Wu Longtao , Zhai Chengxing , Jiang Jonathan H. , Neelin J. David , Yung Yuk L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractClimate models predict that the tropical ascending region should tighten under global warming, but observational quantification of the tightening rate is limited. Here we show that the observed spatial extent of the relatively moist, rainy and cloudy regions in the tropics associated with large‐scale ascent has been decreasing at a rate of −1%/decade (−5%/K) from 1979 to 2016, resulting from combined effects of interdecadal variability and anthropogenic forcings, with the former contributing more than the latter. The tightening of tropical ascent is associated with an increase in the occurrence frequency of extremely strong ascent, leading to an increase in the average precipitation rate in the top 1% of monthly rainfall in the tropics. At the margins of the convective zones such as the Southeast Amazonia region, the contraction of large‐scale ascent is related to a long‐term drying trend about −3.2%/decade in the past 38 years.
A Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Approach for Surface Energy Balance Closure
Authors: Li Peiyuan , Wang Zhi‐Hua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe surface energy imbalance, viz. that the turbulent dissipation does not fully account for available energy, has for long been an outstanding challenge in geophysical studies. In this study, we developed a novel approach based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics by representing the atmospheric boundary layer as a heat engine. In addition, an analytically tractable approach was used to estimate the ground heat flux based on Green's function approach, which in turn determines the available energy that drives the atmospheric heat engine. The proposed model was evaluated using heat fluxes measured by eight AmeriFlux eddy covariance towers with atmospheric temperature profiles recorded at adjacent radiosonde sites. The surface energy balance closure can be improved by ~11% over various landscapes, by including the estimated power production from the atmospheric heat engine.
The Carbonate Geochemistry of Enceladus' Ocean
Authors: Glein Christopher R. , Waite J. Hunter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe plume composition at Enceladus contains clues about conditions and processes in the interior. We present new geochemical interpretations of Cassini mass spectrometry data from the plume gas and salt‐rich ice grains. It is found that self‐consistency between the data sets can be achieved with a derived range of 10−4.6 to 10−3.2 for the activity of CO2 in Enceladus' ocean. This range is compatible with long‐term buffering by reduced or oxidized seafloor rocks containing quartz, talc, and carbonate minerals in the MgO–FeO–SiO2–CO2–H2O system. Reaction path modeling shows that these types of rocks can be produced from accreted CO2‐rich fluids reacting with hydrous chondritic rocks over an intermediate regime of carbonation. These results, together with previous findings of silica and H2 at Enceladus, support the hypothesis of a heterogeneous structure for the rocky core (carbonated upper layer, serpentinized interior), which provides a geochemical gradient for habitability.
Stochastic Parameterizations and the Climate Response to External Forcing: An Experiment With EC‐Earth
Authors: Meccia Virna L. , Fabiano Federico , Davini Paolo , Corti Susanna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe impacts of including stochastic physics schemes (SPS) in the atmospheric component of the EC‐Earth climate model is studied by analyzing coupled simulations from 1850 to 2160. Sea ice in the Arctic retreats more slowly when SPS are included. An abrupt loss of winter sea ice is simulated 10 years later if the SPS are activated. However, this abrupt collapse is associated with a global surface air temperature (GSAT) of 17.4 ± 0.35 °C in all the cases. While the transient climate sensitivity is smaller if SPS are included up to the end of the 21st century, the opposite occurs in a warmer climate and in the absence of Arctic sea ice all the year‐round. These results are explained by the skewed interaction between stochastic perturbations and the process of condensation. Under a warmer climate, tropical convection is enhanced with SPS leading to the formation of high‐level clouds, which further increases GSAT.
The Discharge Preceding the Intense Reillumination in Positive Leader Steps Under the Slow Varying Ambient Electric Field
Authors: Huang Shengxin , Chen Weijiang , Pei Zhehao , Fu Zhong , Wang Liufang , He Tianyu , Li Zhijun , Gu Jianwei , Bian Kai , Xiang Nianwen , Wang Yu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUnder the slow varying ambient electric field, positive leader propagation exhibits steps characterized by intense reilluminations and abrupt elongations. These steps are currently not well understood. In this work, we investigate these steps in laboratory atmospheric discharges, using a high‐speed video camera and a synchronized electrical parameter measurement system. The discharge, emitting weak light and preceding the intense reillumination, is discovered. This finding suggests that the leader channel actually restarts and extends forward before the intense reillumination, which deepens our understanding of the dynamic process of the positive leader step. The discharge before the intense reillumination contributes to the corona inception from the electrode, leading to the intense reillumination of the leader channel and the emergence of an intense corona streamer burst from the leader tip.
The 3‐D Spatial Distribution of Shear Strain Energy Changes Associated With the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence, Southwest Japan
Authors: Noda Akemi , Saito Tatsuhiko , Fukuyama Eiichi , Terakawa Toshiko , Tanaka Sachiko , Matsu'ura Mitsuhiro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractShear strain energy is an essential physical quantity governing earthquake generation. To calculate the shear strain energy changes due to an earthquake, we need both coseismic stress changes and background crustal stress. The orientation of the background stress can be estimated from earthquake focal mechanisms, but its absolute level is still uncertain. Assuming the level of the background deviatoric stress to be frictional strength in the crust, we evaluated the three‐dimensional distribution of shear strain energy changes associated with the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, southwest Japan. Its spatial patterns strongly depend on the background stress level. From the energy balance of shear faulting, we proposed that the volume integral of the shear strain energy changes could constrain the background deviatoric stress level. It should be >14 MPa at 10‐km depth at the very least. We showed that approximately 75% of aftershocks occurred where the shear strain energy increased.
A Multiple Algorithm Approach to the Analysis of GNSS Coordinate Time Series for Detecting Geohazards and Anomalies
Authors: Habboub Mohammed , Psimoulis Panos A. , Bingley Richard , Rothacher Markus 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, a multiple algorithm approach to the analysis of GNSS coordinate time series for detecting geohazards and anomalies is proposed. This multiple algorithm approach includes the novel use of spatial and temporal analyses. In the spatial analysis algorithm, the spatial autoregressive model was used, assuming that the GNSS coordinate time series from a network of stations are spatially dependent. Whereas in the temporal analysis algorithm, it is assumed that the GNSS coordinate time series of a single station is temporally dependent and an artificial neural network is used to extract this dependency as a nonparametric model. This multiple algorithm approach was examined using (i) the BIGF network of GNSS stations in the British Isles and (ii) the GNSS stations of the GEONET network in Japan for the Tohoku‐Oki 2011 Mw9.0 earthquake. It was demonstrated in these case studies that this multiple algorithm approach can be used to detect the effect of a geohazard such as an earthquake on the GNSS network coordinate time series and to detect regional anomalies in the GNSS coordinate time series of a network. The spatial analysis algorithm seemed to be more suitable to detect coordinate offsets in the low‐frequency component and/or variations in the long‐term trends of the GNSS coordinate time series, while it is less reliable in detecting sudden large magnitude coordinate offsets due to earthquakes, as the effects at one station propagate to nearby stations. In contrast, the temporal analysis algorithm detects coordinate offsets in the high‐frequency component which makes it effective in detecting sudden large coordinate offsets in the GNSS coordinate time series such as those due to earthquakes. Thus, it was shown the complementary of the temporal and spatial analysis algorithms and their successful application for the magnitude and frequency content of the anomalies in the two case studies.
Mechanisms for the Asymmetric Motion of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in Waves: A Consistent‐Mass Cable Model
Authors: Zhu Longhuan , Zou Qing‐Ping , Huguenard Kimberly , Fredriksson David W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSubmerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) provides primary products for the food web, as well as shelter and nursery for many juvenile species. SAV can also attenuate waves, stabilize the seabed, and improve water quality. These environmental services are influenced by the dynamic motion of SAV. In this paper, a consistent‐mass cable model was developed to investigate flow interaction with a flexible vegetation blade. Compared with previous vegetation models, the cable model showed improvements in simulating blade motions in waves with and without currents, especially for “second‐normal‐mode‐like” blade motion. Wave asymmetry would cause blade motion to be asymmetric. However, asymmetric blade motion may also occur in symmetric waves. Results indicate that the asymmetric blade motion in symmetric waves is induced by two major mechanisms: (i) the spatial asymmetry of the encountered wave orbital velocities (wave motion relative to blade) due to blade displacements and (ii) the asymmetric action on the blade by vertical wave orbital velocities. Consequently, the blade motion is asymmetric even underneath symmetric waves unless (i) blade length (
) is much smaller than the wavelength (
), (ii) blade length is much smaller than the water depth (
) in finite water depth waves, or (iii) water depth is much smaller than the wavelength (
). Peak asymmetric blade motion occurs as
increases to a critical value. The peak asymmetry increases with wave height and blade length but decreases with increasing blade flexural rigidity. Blade motion characteristics play an important role in wave‐vegetation interaction, wave‐driven currents, wave‐attenuation capacity, breakage of vegetation and ecosystem services.
Climatology and the Interannual Variability of the High‐Temperature Extremes in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Yi‐chao , Chu Jung‐Lien , Yu Yi‐Chiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study analyzed the temporal/spatial distribution of the high‐temperature extremes (HTEs) in Taiwan. Three major weather types for HTEs were identified: the southerly/southwesterly (S/SW) (47.6%), western North Pacific subtropical high (SH) (35.9%), and tropical cyclone (16.5%). The S/SW type features anomalous warm advection in lower atmosphere and anomalous subsidence in all the altitudes around Taiwan. Different from the S/SW type, the SH type warms the surface primarily with increasing downward shortwave radiation. In June, the S/SW type was the most common. In July, both the S/SW and SH types dominated. In August, the tropical cyclone and SH types were more common. The subseasonal variation of extreme hot days (EHDs) for these three weather types is examined. Taipei and Dawu were two HTE hot spots in Taiwan. EHDs in Taipei occurred mostly in July and August, with the SH being the major type. Most EHDs in Dawu occurred in June, with the S/SW being the predominant type. These differences likely resulted from not only the subseasonal monsoon variation but also geographical differences. The interannual variability of the summer EHDs in Taiwan was found to be related to the phase and intensity of the El Niño‐southern oscillation events. The number of EHDs increased in the El Niño decaying summers and decreased in the La Niña decaying summers. The correlation between the number of summer EHDs and the Niño 3.4 SST anomaly reaches its peak in the previous winter (November/December). The associated mechanisms were discussed in the article.
Blockade of IL-6 signaling prevents paclitaxel-induced neuropathy in C57Bl/6 mice
Authors: Huehnchen Petra , Muenzfeld Hannah , Boehmerle Wolfgang , Endres Matthias 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe microtubule-stabilizing agent paclitaxel frequently leads to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIN), which further increases the burden of disease and often necessitates treatment limitations. The pathophysiology of CIN appears to involve both “upstream” effects including altered intracellular calcium signaling and activation of calcium dependent proteases such as calpain as well as subsequent “downstream” neuro-inflammatory reactions with cytokine release and macrophage infiltration of dorsal root ganglia. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether these processes are linked by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). We observed that paclitaxel exposure induced IL-6 synthesis in cultured sensory neurons from postnatal Wistar rats, which could be prevented by co-treatment with a calpain inhibitor. This suggests a calcium dependent process. We demonstrate that adult C57BL/6 mice deficient in IL-6 are protected from developing functional and histological changes of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Furthermore, pretreatment with an IL-6-neutralizing antibody resulted in the prevention of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy in C57BL/6 mice. Electrophysiological data from our preclinical model was adequately reflected by measurements of patients undergoing paclitaxel therapy for ovarian cancer. In this cohort, measured Il-6 levels correlated with the severity of neuropathy. Our findings demonstrate that IL-6 plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy per se and that pharmacological or genetic interference with this signaling pathway prevents the development of this potentially debilitating adverse effect. These findings provide a rationale for a clinical trial with IL-6 neutralizing antibodies to prevent dose-limiting neurotoxic adverse effects of paclitaxel chemotherapy.
Cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis regulates testicular injury/recovery induced by cadmium via PI3K with mTOR-independent pathway
Authors: Wang Mei , Wang Xiao-fei , Li Ya-min , Chen Na , Fan Yan , Huang Wen-kai , Hu Shi-fu , Rao Meng , Zhang Yuan-zhen , Su Ping 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAutophagy and apoptosis are two major modes of cell death. A balanced interplay between both is vital for phagocytic clearance of apoptotic testicular cells. Here, generating a SD rats model-treated with cadmium (Cd) to mimic environmental exposure on human, we show that autophagy and apoptosis present synchronous change trends in Cd-induced testicular injury/self-recovery. Further, the cross-talk of autophagy and apoptosis is investigated in four testicular cell lines (GC-1/GC-2/TM3/TM4 cells) respectively. Results reveal that Cd-exposure for five consecutive weeks induces reproductive toxicity in male rats. After one cycle of spermatogenesis within 8 weeks without Cd, toxic effects are ameliorated significantly. In vitro, we find that PI3K inhibitor 3-MA regulates apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy with mTOR-independent pathway in Cd-treated testicular cells. Conclusively, cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis regulates testicular injury/recovery induced by Cd via PI3K with mTOR-independent pathway.
Genomic prediction for hastening and improving efficiency of forward selection in conifer polycross mating designs: an example from white spruce
Authors: Lenz Patrick R. N. , Nadeau Simon , Azaiez Aïda , Gérardi Sébastien , Deslauriers Marie , Perron Martin , Isabel Nathalie , Beaulieu Jean , Bousquet Jean 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGenomic selection (GS) has a large potential for improving the prediction accuracy of breeding values and significantly reducing the length of breeding cycles. In this context, the choice of mating designs becomes critical to improve the efficiency of breeding operations and to obtain the largest genetic gains per time unit. Polycross mating designs have been traditionally used in tree and plant breeding to perform backward selection of the female parents. The possibility to use genetic markers for paternity identification and for building genomic prediction models should allow for a broader use of polycross tests in forward selection schemes. We compared the accuracies of genomic predictions of offspring’s breeding values from a polycross and a full-sib (partial diallel) mating design with similar genetic background in white spruce (Picea glauca). Trees were phenotyped for growth and wood quality traits, and genotyped for 4092 SNPs representing as many gene loci distributed across the 12 spruce chromosomes. For the polycross progeny test, heritability estimates were smaller, but more precise using the genomic BLUP (GBLUP) model as compared with pedigree-based models accounting for the maternal pedigree or for the reconstructed full pedigree. Cross-validations showed that GBLUP predictions were 22–52% more accurate than predictions based on the maternal pedigree, and 5–7% more accurate than predictions using the reconstructed full pedigree. The accuracies of GBLUP predictions were high and in the same range for most traits between the polycross (0.61–0.70) and full-sib progeny tests (0.61–0.74). However, higher genetic gains per time unit were expected from the polycross mating design given the shorter time needed to conduct crosses. Considering the operational advantages of the polycross design in terms of easier handling of crosses and lower associated costs for test establishment, we believe that this mating scheme offers great opportunities for the development and operational application of forward GS.