bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3D‐1D coupled blood flow and oxygen transport model to generate microvascular networks
Authors: Köppl Tobias , Vidotto Ettore , Wohlmuth Barbara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this work, we introduce an algorithmic approach to generate microvascular networks starting from larger vessels that can be reconstructed without noticeable segmentation errors. Contrary to larger vessels, the reconstruction of fine‐scale components of microvascular networks shows significant segmentation errors, and an accurate mapping is time and cost intense. Thus there is a need for fast and reliable reconstruction algorithms yielding surrogate networks having similar stochastic properties as the original ones. The microvascular networks are constructed in a marching way by adding vessels to the outlets of the vascular tree from the previous step. To optimise the structure of the vascular trees, we use Murray's law to determine the radii of the vessels and bifurcation angles. In each step, we compute the local gradient of the partial pressure of oxygen and adapt the orientation of the new vessels to this gradient. At the same time, we use the partial pressure of oxygen to check whether the considered tissue block is supplied sufficiently with oxygen. Computing the partial pressure of oxygen, we use a 3D‐1D coupled model for blood flow and oxygen transport. To decrease the complexity of a fully coupled 3D model, we reduce the blood vessel network to a 1D graph structure and use a bi‐directional coupling with the tissue which is described by a 3D homogeneous porous medium. The resulting surrogate networks are analysed with respect to morphological and physiological aspects.
Morphology Regulation of Monosodium Urate Monohydrate Crystals via Fabricated Uniform Hydrogel Slices
Authors: Xia Zeqiu , Wang Lin , He Gaohong , Jiang Xiaobin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCrystal morphology control is a common concern for the crystal engineering and relevant applications. For example, urate crystallization is important for the study of the hyperuricemia induced gout. Herein, biomimetic hydrogel material with uniform surface and vertical structure is fabricated, which possesses hybrid pH‐temperature responsibility for high‐efficiency interfacial nucleation and concentration regulation functions. The developed hydrogel layers are prepared to slice type as a functional microplatform and then added into the uric acid dihydrate (UAD) crystal solution to induce monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystallization. With different dosage of the hydrogel slices (HGS) in the solution, diverse crystal morphologies can be obtained in an efficient manner, such as “flower,” “sphere,” “sticky spheres,” which entirely distinguishes from the one prepared via no‐HGS. This work explores a new path for revealing the relevant crystallization mechanism and developing crystal morphology control technology with hydrogel interfacial materials.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride‐Based Materials as Catalysts for the Upgrading of Lignocellulosic Biomass‐Derived Molecules
Authors: de Almeida Ribeiro Ruan Stevan , Monteiro Ferreira Luanne Ester , Rossa Vinicius , Lima Carolina G. S. , Paixão Márcio W. , Varma Rajender S. , de Melo Lima Thiago 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe use of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐based catalysts in the upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass significantly contributes to the greener production of biofuels, polymer precursors, and building blocks. In recent years, several catalysts based on g‐C3N4 have been developed and applied in both photocatalyzed and non‐photocatalyzed (thermal) reactions. This Review provides an overview on the upgrading of lignocellulosic biomass deploying several compositions of g‐C3N4‐based catalysts.
Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to CO by a Competent FeI Intermediate Bearing a Schiff Base Ligand
Authors: Bonetto Ruggero , Altieri Roberto , Tagliapietra Mirko , Barbon Antonio , Bonchio Marcella , Robert Marc , Sartorel Andrea 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIron complexes with a N2O2‐type N,N′‐bis(salicylaldehyde)‐1,2‐phenylenediamine salophen ligand catalyze the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in acetonitrile with phenol as the proton donor, giving rise to 90–99 % selectivity, faradaic efficiency up to 58 %, and turnover frequency up to 103 s−1 at an overpotential of 0.65 V. This novel class of molecular catalyst for CO2 reduction operate through a mononuclear FeI intermediate, with phenol being involved in the process with first‐order kinetics. The molecular nature of the catalyst and the low cost, easy synthesis and functionalization of the salophen ligand paves the way for catalyst engineering and optimization. Competitive electrodeposition of the coordination complex at the electrode surface results in the formation of iron‐based nanoparticles, which are active towards heterogeneous electrocatalytic processes mainly leading to proton reduction to hydrogen (faradaic efficiency up to 80 %) but also to the direct reduction of CO2 to methane with a faradaic efficiency of 1–2 %.
TWIRLS, a knowledge‐mining technology, suggests a possible mechanism for the pathological changes in the human host after coronavirus infection via ACE2
Authors: Ji Xiaoyang , Tan Wenting , Zhang Chunming , Zhai Yubo , Hsueh Yiching , Zhang Zhonghai , Zhang Chunli , Lu Yanqiu , Duan Bo , Tan Guangming , Na Renhua , Deng Guohong , Niu Gang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFaced with the current large‐scale public health emergency, collecting, sorting, and analyzing biomedical information related to the “SARS‐CoV‐2” should be done as quickly as possible to gain a global perspective, which is a basic requirement for strengthening epidemic control capacity. However, for human researchers studying viruses and hosts, the vast amount of information available cannot be processed effectively and in a timely manner, particularly if our scientific understanding is also limited, which further lowers the information processing efficiency. We present TWIRLS (Topic‐wise inference engine of massive biomedical literatures), a method that can deal with various scientific problems, such as liver cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and so forth, which can automatically acquire, organize, and classify information. Additionally, this information can be combined with independent functional data sources to build an inference system via a machine‐based approach, which can provide relevant knowledge to help human researchers quickly establish subject cognition and to make more effective decisions. Using TWIRLS, we automatically analyzed more than three million words in more than 14,000 literature articles in only 4 hr. We found that an important regulatory factor angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may be involved in host pathological changes on binding to the coronavirus after infection. On triggering functional changes in ACE2/AT2R, the cytokine homeostasis regulation axis becomes imbalanced via the Renin‐Angiotensin System and IP‐10, leading to a cytokine storm. Through a preliminary analysis of blood indices of COVID‐19 patients with a history of hypertension, we found that non‐ARB (Angiotensin II receptor blockers) users had more symptoms of severe illness than ARB users. This suggests ARBs could potentially be used to treat acute lung injury caused by coronavirus infection.
Preparation and evaluation of amphipathic lipopeptide‐loaded PLGA microspheres as sustained‐release system for AIDS prevention
Authors: Jin Huijuan , Chong Huihui , Zhu Yuanmei , Zhang Mengqiu , Li Xun , Bazybek Nardana , Wei Yi , Gong Fangling , He Yuxian , Ma Guanghui 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAt present, AIDS drugs are typical inhibitors that cannot achieve permanent effects. Therefore, the research of blocking HIV infection is essential. Especially for people in the high‐risk environment, long‐term prevention is important, because HIV can easily infect cells once the drug is interrupted. However, there is still no long‐acting AIDS prevention drug approved. Hence, the purpose of this study is to prepare a fusion inhibitor loaded poly(d, l‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres as a sustained‐release system for long‐term AIDS prevention. As the HIV membrane fusion inhibitor (LP‐98) used in this research is amphiphilic lipopeptide, W1/O/W2 double‐emulsion method was chosen, and premix membrane emulsification technique was used for controlling the uniformity of particle size. Several process parameters that can impact drug loading efficiency were summarized: the concentration of LP‐98 and PLGA, and the preparation condition of primary emulsion. Finally, the microspheres with high loading efficiency (>8%) and encapsulation efficiency (>90%) were successfully prepared under optimum conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that LP‐98‐loaded microspheres were capable to continuously release for 24 days in rats. This research can promote the application of sustained‐release microspheres in AIDS prevention, and the embedding technique used in this study can also provide references for the loading of other amphipathic drugs.
Effect of offshore waves and vegetation on the sediment budget in the Virginia Coast Reserve (VA)
Authors: Nardin William , Lera Sara , Nienhuis Jaap 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe potential for rapid coastline modification in the face of sea‐level rise or other stressors is alarming, since coasts are often densely populated and support valuable infrastructure. In addition to coastal submergence, nutrient‐related water pollution is a growing concern for coastal wetlands. Previous studies found that the Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) of coastal wetlands acts as a first‐order control of their sustainability, but SSC dynamics are poorly understood. Our study focuses on the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, a shallow multiple tidal inlet system in the USA. We apply numerical modelling (Delft3D‐SWAN) and subsequent analyses to determine SSC dynamics within the VCR. In particular, we consider two important controls on SSC in the system: vegetation (seagrass and salt marsh) and offshore waves. Our results show that vegetation colonies and increased wave energy lengthen water residence time. The reduction in the tidal prism decreases SSC export from the bay via tidal inlets, leading to increased sediment retention in the bay. We found that alongshore currents can enhance lagoon SSC by importing fine sediments from an adjacent inlet along the coastline. Our numerical experiments on vegetation seasonality can improve the understanding of wave climate impact on coastal bay sediment budget. Offshore waves increase sediment export from coastal bays, particularly during winter seasons with low vegetation density. Therefore, our study can help managers and stakeholders to understand how to implement restoration strategies for the VCR. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on vertical temperature profile of EPS external thermal insulation composite systems masonery façade fire according to JIS A 1310 method
Authors: Zhou Biao , Yoshioka Hideki , Noguchi Takafumi , Wang Kai 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThermoplastic Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS) has caused serious results due to the ravages of frequent fire disasters. The fire propagation over EPS ETICS surface was observed to be very fast. High temperature threatens the safety of exterior building wall. However, vertical temperature distribution of EPS ETICS façade fire (without cavity) is not available until now. Presently, a quantitative correlation was investigated through a series of theory derivation and experiment tests, which involves vertical temperature distribution of EPS ETICS façade surface, window fire intensity, thermal parameters and fire propagation potentials of EPS ETICS specimen. The theory consists of three parts, window‐spilled fire model, thermal parameters and fire propagation index (FPI) method. In JIS A 1310 standard tests, widow fire intensity changes from 600 to 1100 kW, thermal response parameter differs from 163.9 to 276.8 kW · s2/m2 and FPI varied from 17.1 to 28.9 (m/s1/2)/(kW/m)2/3. Finally, an adequate approximation for vertical temperature in the form of a dimensionless temperature is proposed based on test results. It provides a potential correlation to obtain vertical temperature distribution prior to the intermediate‐scale test.
Inclusion of microbial inoculants with straw mulch enhances grain yields from rice fields in central China
Authors: Wang Lei , Qin Tao , Liu Tianqi , Guo Lijin , Li Chengfang , Zhai Zhongbing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSlow decomposition of crop straws under field conditions affects sowing and emergence of rice. Microbial inoculants can be used to promote crop straw decomposition for solving these problems and thus have been adopted for rice cultivation in China. However, its effect on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and grain yields remains unclear. Here, a two‐year field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different straw returning methods (no straw, preceding crop straw mulch on the soil or incorporation into the soil, and straw mulch with microbial inoculants or straw incorporation with microbial inoculants) on GHG emissions and grain yields from rice fields in central China. Straw returning treatments significantly enhanced higher CH4 emissions by 21.1%–39.6% relative to no straw treatment, but did not affect N2O emissions. Compared with straw mulch treatments, straw incorporation treatments significantly increased higher dissolved organic C (DOC) content by 20.0%–30.4% and mcrA abundance by 28.01%–37.3%; significant relationships of CH4 emissions with DOC content and mcrA abundance were observed. These resulted in 13.2%–16.0% higher CH4 emissions under straw incorporation treatments. Straw incorporation did not affect N2O emissions relative to straw mulch due to similar mineral N contents. The application of inoculants showed no effects on CH4 and N2O emissions, whereas it significantly enhanced the grain yields by 6.0%–9.1% and thus decreased GHG intensity (GHGI) by 4.3%–11.87%. Straw mulch with decomposing inoculants treatment resulted in the lowest global warming potential (GWP) and GHGI and the highest grain yield among all straw returning treatments. Taken together, our results indicate that mulch of straws with microbial inoculants on the soil is an effective measure to achieve a balance between the mitigation of GWP and the increase in grain yields from rice fields in central China.
Implicit linearization scheme for nonstandard two‐phase flow in porous media
Authors: Kassa Abay Molla , Kumar Kundan , Gasda Sarah E. , Radu Florin A. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryIn this article, we consider a nonlocal (in time) two‐phase flow model. The nonlocality is introduced through the wettability alteration induced dynamic capillary pressure function. We present a monotone fixed‐point iterative linearization scheme for the resulting nonstandard model. The scheme treats the dynamic capillary pressure functions semiimplicitly and introduces an L‐scheme type stabilization term in the pressure as well as the transport equations. We prove the convergence of the proposed scheme theoretically under physically acceptable assumptions, and verify the theoretical analysis with numerical simulations. The scheme is implemented and tested for a variety of reservoir heterogeneities in addition to the dynamic change of the capillary pressure function. The proposed scheme satisfies the predefined stopping criterion within a few number of iterations. We also compared the performance of the proposed scheme against the iterative implicit pressure explicit saturation scheme.
Sunshine duration data in San Fernando (South of Spain) during 1880s: The impact of Krakatoa volcanic eruption
Authors: Obregón María Angeles , Gallego María Cruz , Antón Manuel , Vaquero José Manuel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article presents the evolution of daily sunshine duration (SD) records at the San Fernando Observatory, a coastal place located in southern Iberian Peninsula, during the period 1881–1890. This period is of great interest because in August 1883, the Krakatoa volcano erupted injecting into the stratosphere large amount of gases and solid aerosol particles. The analysis of these daily SD records shows a considerable reduction in the maximum values of each month from the year 1883, obtaining the minimum values in 1884. In addition, the annual SD values in San Fernando fell around 400–500 hr/year during several years after the eruption. This strong reduction in SD records may be mainly associated with the scattering effects of the injected particles to the atmosphere which remains there for a long time. It must be noted that the signal of the Krakatoa eruption over the SD and, therefore, over the incoming solar radiation is extremely complicated to register due to the limited number of sites with records extending back into the 19th century worldwide. To our knowledge, the results shown in this work are the first evidence of the 1883 Krakatoa eruption effects over SD records.
Dietary fat exacerbates postprandial hypothalamic inflammation involving glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive cells and microglia in male mice
Authors: Cansell Céline , Stobbe Katharina , Sanchez Clara , Le Thuc Ophélia , Mosser Coralie‐Anne , Ben‐Fradj Selma , Leredde Joris , Lebeaupin Cynthia , Debayle Delphine , Fleuriot Lucile , Brau Frédéric , Devaux Nadège , Benani Alexandre , Audinat Etienne , Blondeau Nicolas , Nahon Jean‐Louis , Rovère Carole 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn humans, obesity is associated with brain inflammation, glial reactivity, and immune cells infiltration. Studies in rodents have shown that glial reactivity occurs within 24 hr of high‐fat diet (HFD) consumption, long before obesity development, and takes place mainly in the hypothalamus (HT), a crucial brain structure for controlling body weight. Here, we sought to characterize the postprandial HT inflammatory response to 1, 3, and 6 hr of exposure to either a standard diet (SD) or HFD. HFD exposure increased gene expression of astrocyte and microglial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] and Iba1, respectively) compared to SD‐treated mice and induced morphological modifications of microglial cells in HT. This remodeling was associated with higher expression of inflammatory genes and differential regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in energy balance regulation. DREADD and PLX5622 technologies, used to modulate GFAP‐positive or microglial cells activity, respectively, showed that both glial cell types are involved in hypothalamic postprandial inflammation, with their own specific kinetics and reactiveness to ingested foods. Thus, recurrent exacerbated postprandial inflammation in the brain might promote obesity and needs to be characterized to address this worldwide crisis.
Different brain profiles in children with prenatal alcohol exposure with or without early adverse exposures
Authors: Andre Quinn R. , McMorris Carly A. , Kar Preeti , Ritter Chantel , Gibbard W. Ben , Tortorelli Christina , Lebel Catherine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can alter brain development and impact mental health outcomes, and often occurs in conjunction with postnatal adversity (e.g., maltreatment). However, it is unclear how postnatal adverse exposures may moderate mental health and brain outcomes in children with PAE. T1‐weighted and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging were obtained from 66 participants aged 7–16 years. Twenty‐one participants had PAE and adverse postnatal exposures (PAE+), 12 had PAE without adverse postnatal exposures (PAE−), and 33 were age‐ and gender‐matched controls unexposed to either prenatal alcohol or postnatal adversity. Internalizing and externalizing mental health symptoms were assessed using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children II, Parent‐Rating Scale. ANCOVAs were used to compare mental health symptoms, limbic and prefrontal cortical volumes, and diffusion parameters of cortico‐limbic white matter tracts between groups, and to assess brain‐mental health relationships. Both PAE groups had worse externalizing behavior (higher scores) than controls. The PAE− group had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the bilateral cingulum and left uncinate fasciculus, and smaller volumes in the left anterior cingulate cortex than controls and the PAE+ group. The PAE− group also had higher mean diffusivity (MD) in the left uncinate than the PAE+ group, and smaller right anterior cingulate and superior frontal gyrus volumes than controls. These findings show different brain structure and mental health symptom profiles in children with PAE with and without postnatal adversity, highlighting the need to consider adverse postnatal exposures in individuals with PAE.
Strategic white matter injury associated with long‐term information processing speed deficits in mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Bai Lijun , Bai Guanghui , Wang Shan , Yang Xuefei , Gan Shuoqiu , Jia Xiaoyan , Yin Bo , Yan Zhihan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDeficits in information processing speed (IPS) are among the earliest and most prominent cognitive manifestations in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We investigated the impact of white matter fiber location on IPS outcome in an individual basis assessment. A total of 112 acute mild TBI with all CT negative underwent brain DTI and blood sampling for inflammation cytokines within 7 days postinjury and 72 age‐ and sex matched healthy controls with same assessments were enrolled. IPS outcome was assessed by the trail making test at 6–12 month postinjury in mild TBI. Fractional anisotropy (FA) features were extracted using a novel lesion‐load analytical strategy to capture spatially heterogeneous white matter injuries and minimize implicit assumptions of uniform injury across diverse clinical presentations. Acute mild TBI exhibited a general pattern of increased and decreased FA in specific white matter tracts. The power of acute FA measures to identify patients developing IPS deficits with 92% accuracy and further improved to 96% accuracy by adding inflammation cytokines. The classifiers predicted individual's IPS and working memory ratings (r = .74 and .80, respectively, p < .001). The thalamo‐cortical circuits and commissural tracts projecting or connecting frontal regions became important predictors. This prognostic model was also verified by an independent replicate sample. Our findings highlighted damage to frontal interhemispheric and thalamic projection fiber tracts harboring frontal‐subcortical neuronal circuits as a predictor for processing speed performance in mild TBI.