bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential FMCW‐LiDAR for breaking the limit of laser coherence
Authors: Tsuchida H. 
Published: March 2020

One of the serious limitations in frequency‐modulated continuous wave light detection and ranging (FMCW‐LiDAR) is the maximum ranging distance as imposed by the coherence of light sources. The author proposes and demonstrates a new technique for overcoming the limitation using differential detection scheme between the frequency‐fixed carrier and frequency‐modulated subcarrier, which are generated from a single laser source. In the proof‐of‐principle experiment, two reflection points with a 3 m separation are clearly resolved at distances 192.2 m and 1.504 km using a distributed feedback (DFB) laser with the coherence length of 70 m.
Fresnel diffraction of multiple disks on axis
Authors: Aime C. 
Published: March 2020

Aims. We seek to study the Fresnel diffraction of external occulters that differ from a single mask in a plane. Such occulters have been used in previous space missions and are planned for the future ESA Proba 3 ASPIICS coronagraph.
Methods. We studied the shading efficiency of double on-axis disks and generalized results to a 3D occulter. We used standard Fourier optics in an analytical approach. We show that the Fresnel diffraction of two and three disks on axis can be expressed using a Babinet-like approach. Results are obtained in the form of convolution integrals that can be written as Bessel-Hankel integrals; these are difficult to compute numerically for large Fresnel numbers found in solar coronagraphy.
Results. We show that the shading efficiency of two disks is well characterized by the intensity of the residual Arago spot, a quantity that is easier to compute and therefore allows an interesting parametric study. Very simple conditions are derived for optimal sizes and positions of two disks to produce the darkest structure around the Arago spot. These conditions are inspired from empirical experiments performed in the sixties. A differential equation is established to give the optimal envelope for a multiple-disk occulter. The solution takes the form of a simple law, the approximation of which is a conical occulter, a shape already used in the SOHO Mission.
Conclusions. In addition to quantifying expected results, the present study highlights unfortunate configurations of disks and spurious diffractions that may increase the stray light. Particular attention is paid to the possible issues of the future occulter spacecraft of ASPIICS.
Time evolution of dust deposits in the Hapi region of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Cambianica P. , Fulle M. , Cremonese G. , Simioni E. , Naletto G. , Massironi M. , Penasa L. , Lucchetti A. , Pajola M. , Bertini I. , Bodewits D. , Ceccarelli C. , Ferri F. , Fornasier S. , Frattin E. , Güttler C. , Gutiérrez P. J. , Keller H. U. , Kührt E. , Küppers M. , La Forgia F. , Lazzarin M. , Marzari F. , Mottola S. , Sierks H. , Toth I. , Tubiana C. , Vincent J.-B. 
Published: March 2020

Aims. We provide a measurement of the seasonal evolution of the dust deposit erosion and accretion in the Hapi region of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with a vertical accuracy of 0.2–0.9 m.
Methods. We used OSIRIS Narrow Angle Camera images with a spatial scale of lower than 1.30 m px−1 and developed a tool to monitor the time evolution of 22 boulder heights with respect to the surrounding dust deposit. The tool is based on the measurement of the shadow length projected by the boulder on the surrounding pebble deposit. Assuming the position of the boulders does not change during the observational period, boulder height variations provide an indication of how the thickness of the surrounding dust layer varies over time through erosion and accretion phenomena.
Results. We measured an erosion of the dust deposit of 1.7 ± 0.2 m during the inbound orbit until 12 December, 2014. This value nearly balances the fallout from the southern hemisphere during perihelion cometary activity. During the perihelion phase, the dust deposit then increased by 1.4 ± 0.8 m. This is interpreted as a direct measurement of the fallout thickness. By comparing the erosion rate and dust volume loss rate at the Hapi region measured in the coma, the fallout represents ~96% in volume of the ejecta. The amount of the eroded pristine material from the southern hemisphere, together with its subsequent transport and fallout on the nucleus, led us to discuss the pristine water ice abundance in comet 67P. We determine that the refractory-to-ice mass ratio ranges from 6 to 110 in the perihelion-eroded pristine nucleus, providing a pristine ice mass fraction of (8 ± 7)% in mass.
Hepatitis-associated Aplastic Anaemia in Children
Authors: Böske Anne-Kathrin , Sander Annette , Sykora Karl-Walter , Baumann Ulrich , Pfister Eva-Doreen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Children with idiopathic acute liver failure (IALF) are at a high risk of developing life-threatening bone marrow failure (BMF). The aim of the study was to describe the development, therapy and prognosis of this hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia (HAAA) in comparison to isolated acquired aplastic anaemia.
Results We retrospectively found 18 patients (9 female) of HAAA between 1984 and 2017 with an age of 1.4–16.4 years. Fifteen of them fulfilled the SAA criteria, 3 had a bone marrow hypoplasia. Eleven of these children received liver transplantation (LTx) (these were 11 of 42 (26%) children receiving LTx for IALF), 6 patients recovered without LTx. The first signs of BMF, thrombocytopaenia and leucocytopaenia, occurred before LTx in all cases. During the follow-up period 8 patients reached haematological remission, 6 received haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Seven children died in a median of 304 days after the first symptoms mostly because of bleedings and infections. To date, extensive investigations failed to detect a genetically, viral or immunological aetiology. No AA was diagnosed in the 41 patients receiving liver transplants during the same period for ALF of known aetiology. As a comparison group, we collected the data of patients with isolated SAA. 73% achieved a remission after Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) without HSCT, and none of them died during the follow-up period.
Conclusion Blood counts should be examined early and regularly (0–22 days after onset) in patients with IALF. Aggressive treatment with LTx, IST and HSCT appears to improve the prognosis.
How Reliable Is a Statewide Prescription Monitoring Program for Identifying Post-Cesarean Opioid Use?
Authors: Premkumar Ashish , Speedy Sedona E. , Miller Emily S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to estimate the percentage of women taking opioids post-cesarean who could be detected in a state prescription monitoring program (PMP) and characteristics of those not able to be detected.
Study Design This observational cohort study included all women with an Illinois address who delivered via cesarean section and used opioids within 24 hours prior to discharge at a tertiary care hospital between August 21, 2017 and March 1, 2018. The Illinois PMP was queried for presence of an opioid prescription filled within the first 3 months postpartum. Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with an undetectable PMP record were evaluated in bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses.
Results A total of 517 women underwent a cesarean delivery during the study period, of whom 344 (66.5%) met inclusion criteria. Of these women, 169 (49%) did not have a detectable PMP record of filling any outpatient postpartum prescription opioid. On bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis, year of delivery (2018 vs. 2017) was significantly associated with a higher incidence of detectable postpartum prescription opioid record in the PMP with increasing relative risk of detectable records in the second year of analyses (n = 110/244 [45%] in 2017 vs. n = 59/100 [59%] in 2018, adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–1.64, p = 0.013). No other sociodemographic or clinical characteristics was significantly associated.
Conclusion Nearly half of women who underwent a cesarean section and who were administered opioids 24 hours prior to discharge did not have a detectable postpartum opioid prescription in the PMP. While identification of prescription filling improved with time, many of women were not detectable in the PMP system. These data call into question the accuracy of PMPs in identifying prescription opioid filling patterns in the postpartum setting.
Segregating socioeconomic classes leads to an unequal redistribution of wealth
Authors: Pansini Riccardo , Campennì Marco , Shi Lei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSocial living groups are organised in social hierarchies often exhibiting inequalities in beings. Investigating class segregation and the use of punishment applied downward in the rank acts as a key aspect to ascertain how dominant and subordinate partners cooperate to achieve mutual profit. In human subjects coming from countries with an uneven wealth distribution, this mutual profit may be reduced, especially for the lower socioeconomic classes. We implemented an Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma Game experiment in one such country with starkly high inequality, China. We split relatively richer and poorer subjects into separate classes and gave only one the authority to punish the other. When rich subjects could unidirectionally punish poor subjects (as in a segregated society), rich subjects decreased their cooperation effort while punishing poor subjects. When rich and poor subjects, instead, could punish each other in random combinations (as in an integrated society) they decreased defections so they could punish more. In the segregated society model, the punishing classes earned twice as much as the non-punishers. Conversely, in the integrated society model, weak differences in earnings were found, leading to a decrease in inequality. These results were confirmed by an agent-based simulation mirroring the human experiments and repeated during a very large number of rounds. From our research, we conclude that, especially in developing economies, if the states enacted that the dominant and subordinate individuals relinquished their almost segregated state, this would lead to a redistribution of wealth and power.
Targeting the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Sharma Samanta , Zhang Tian , Michowski Wojciech , Rebecca Vito W. , Xiao Min , Ferretti Roberta , Suski Jan M. , Bronson Roderick T. , Paulo Joao A. , Frederick Dennie , Fassl Anne , Boland Genevieve M. , Geng Yan , Lees Jacqueline A. , Medema Rene H. , Herlyn Meenhard , Gygi Steven P. , Sicinski Piotr 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Melanomas are notorious due to their propensity to form lethal metastases. Currently, no treatments are available to stop the metastatic spread. We observed that in malignant melanomas, a protein called the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is essential for melanoma metastasis. Using mouse and human melanoma cells, we demonstrated that in this tumor type CDK5 promotes the metastatic spread by directly phosphorylating a mesenchymal-type intermediate filament, vimentin. We found that a genetic shutdown of CDK5 in a mouse model of melanoma abrogated metastasis, while chemical inhibition of CDK5 kinase in mice carrying patient-derived tumors impeded the metastatic spread of tumor cells. Our results indicate that inhibition of CDK5 might represent a therapeutic strategy to block the metastatic dissemination of melanoma cells.
Intersubjectification in constructional change
Authors: Hilpert Martin , Bourgeois Samuel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper addresses constructional change in a dialogical construction that is illustrated by utterances such assarcastic much?, which typically serve the purpose of an interactional challenge. Drawing on web-based corpus data, we argue that this construction is currently undergoing a process of change that expands its range of possible uses. Specifically, we observe the emergence of uses with a different intersubjective function, in which the writer does not aim for confrontation but is rather seeking the solidarity and alignment of the addressee. We offer an account of this development in terms of constructional change, and we use this case study to explore how intersubjectification and the dialogic nature of language can be accommodated more thoroughly in a constructional theory of language change.
Belief at first sight
Authors: Kosminsky Doris , Walny Jagoda , Vermeulen Jo , Knudsen Søren , Willett Wesley , Carpendale Sheelagh 
Published: March 2020

AbstractData visualizations are often represented in public discourse as objective proof of facts. However, a visualization is only a single translation of reality, just like any other media, representation devices, or modes of representation. If we wish to encourage thoughtful, informed, and literate consumption of data visualizations, it is crucial that we consider why they are often presented and interpreted as objective. We reflect theoretically on data visualization as a system of representation historically anchored in science, rationalism, and notions of objectivity. It establishes itself within a lineage of conventions for visual representations which extends from the Renaissance to the present and includes perspective drawing, photography, cinema and television, as well as computer graphics. By examining our tendency to see credibility in data visualizations and grounding that predisposition in a historical context, we hope to encourage more critical and nuanced production and interpretation of data visualizations in the public discourse.
Civil society events: Ambiguities and the exertion of cultural power
Authors: Citroni Sebastiano 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Cultural ‘events’ such as festivals and performances are increasingly used by civil society actors for a variety of goals, including the pursuit of social inclusion. Current debates around such events focus on their contradictions and associated failures, not least the illusory nature of their participatory character or their inadequacy in tackling structural dimensions such as inequality or poverty. This paper shifts the emphasis from what civil society events do not do, to what they do, illustrating how this production occurs not in spite of but through the promises that sustain events’ development. The analysis focuses on a case study of a local civic project promoted by ten non-profit groups in Milan from 2006 to 2010. As well as accounting for the growing number of civil society events, this paper highlights how events act as effective weapons of cultural power as they invite participation in pursuit of general goals, such as the promotion of social inclusion, while at the same time allowing events’ organisers to subtly control the specific meanings of the goals they are pursuing.
Particle dynamics and transport enhancement in a confined channel with position-dependent diffusivity
Authors: Li Yongge , Mei Ruoxing , Xu Yong , Kurths Jürgen , Duan Jinqiao , Metzler Ralf 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This work focuses on the dynamics of particles in a confined geometry with position-dependent diffusivity, where the confinement is modelled by a periodic channel consisting of unit cells connected by narrow passage ways. We consider three functional forms for the diffusivity, corresponding to the scenarios of a constant (D
0), as well as a low (D
m) and a high (D
d) mobility diffusion in cell centre of the longitudinally symmetric cells. Due to the interaction among the diffusivity, channel shape and external force, the system exhibits complex and interesting phenomena. By calculating the probability density function, mean velocity and mean first exit time with the Itô calculus form, we find that in the absence of external forces the diffusivity D
d will redistribute particles near the channel wall, while the diffusivity D
m will trap them near the cell centre. The superposition of external forces will break their static distributions. Besides, our results demonstrate that for the diffusivity D
d, a high dependence on the x coordinate (parallel with the central channel line) will improve the mean velocity of the particles. In contrast, for the diffusivity D
m, a weak dependence on the x coordinate will dramatically accelerate the moving speed. In addition, it shows that a large external force can weaken the influences of different diffusivities; inversely, for a small external force, the types of diffusivity affect significantly the particle dynamics. In practice, one can apply these results to achieve a prominent enhancement of the particle transport in two- or three-dimensional channels by modulating the local tracer diffusivity via an engineered gel of varying porosity or by adding a cold tube to cool down the diffusivity along the central line, which may be a relevant effect in engineering applications. Effects of different stochastic calculi in the evaluation of the underlying multiplicative stochastic equation for different physical scenarios are discussed.
The true corrugation of a h-BN nanomesh layer
Authors: de Lima L H , Greber T , Muntwiler M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanomesh, a two-dimensional insulating monolayer, grown on the (111) surface of rhodium exhibits an intriguing hexagonal corrugation pattern with a lattice constant of 3.2 nm. Despite numerous experimental and theoretical studies no quantitative agreement has been found on some details of the adsorption geometry such as the corrugation amplitude. The issue highlights the differences in chemical and electronic environment in the strongly bound pore regions and the weakly bound wire regions of the corrugated structure. For reliable results it is important to probe the structure with a method that is intrinsically sensitive to the position of the atomic cores rather than the electron density of states.
In this work, we determine the corrugation of h-BN nanomesh from angle- and energy-resolved photoelectron diffraction measurements with chemical state resolution. By combining the results from angle and energy scans and comparing them to multiple-scattering simulations true adsorbate-substrate distance can be measured with high precision, avoiding pitfalls of apparent topography observed in scanning probe techniques. Our experimental results give accurate values for the peak-to-peak corrugation amplitude (0.80 Å), the bonding distance to the substrate (2.20 Å) and the buckling of the boron and nitrogen atoms in the strongly bound pore regions (0.07 Å).
These results are important for the development of theoretical methods that involve a quantitative description of van der Waals systems as required for the understanding of the physics of two-dimensional sp2 layers.
Law at a Critical Juncture: The US Army’s Command Responsibility Trials at Manila, 1945-1947
Authors: Fellows Jamie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The US Army’s war crimes trials of the hundreds of Japanese military personnel tried at Manila from 1945 to 1947 represent an opportunity to gain valuable insights into Allied ‘justice’ at a time when many aspects of war crimes jurisprudence were at a formative stage. Specifically, the Manila trials offer a unique portal into the jurisprudence of the doctrine of command responsibility. The ‘command responsibility trials’ at Manila, as they became known, are important for understanding the jurisprudential path to finding superiors criminally responsible for the criminal acts of their subordinates. This paper examines five trials from the US Army’s Manila trials in relation to the doctrine of command responsibility and in so doing, shows how the Manila trials significantly contributed to the development of the very important doctrine known as command responsibility.
Factors Affecting Asbestosis Mortality Among Asbestos-Cement Workers in Italy
Authors: Girardi Paolo , Merler Enzo , Ferrante Daniela , Silvestri Stefano , Chellini Elisabetta , Angelini Alessia , Luberto Ferdinando , Fedeli Ugo , Oddone Enrico , Vicentini Massimo , Barone-Adesi Francesco , Cena Tiziana , Mirabelli Dario , Mangone Lucia , Roncaglia Francesca , Sala Orietta , Menegozzo Simona , Pirastu Roberta , Azzolina Danila , Tunesi Sara , Miligi Lucia , Perticaroli Patrizia , Pettinari Aldo , Cuccaro Francesco , Nannavecchia Anna Maria , Bisceglia Lucia , Marinaccio Alessandro , Pavone Venere Leda Mara , Magnani Corrado 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study was performed with the aim of investigating the temporal patterns and determinants associated with mortality from asbestosis among 21 cohorts of Asbestos-Cement (AC) workers who were heavily exposed to asbestos fibres.

Methods
Mortality for asbestosis was analysed for a cohort of 13 076 Italian AC workers (18.1% women). Individual cumulative asbestos exposure index was calculated by factory and period of work weighting by the different composition of asbestos used (crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile). Two different approaches to analysis, based on Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) and Age-Period-Cohort (APC) models were applied.

Results
Among the considered AC facilities, asbestos exposure was extremely high until the end of the 1970s and, due to the long latency, a peak of asbestosis mortality was observed after the 1990s. Mortality for asbestosis reached extremely high SMR values [SMR: males 508, 95% confidence interval (CI): 446–563; females 1027, 95% CI: 771–1336]. SMR increased steeply with the increasing values of cumulative asbestos exposure and with Time Since the First Exposure. APC analysis reported a clear age effect with a mortality peak at 75–80 years; the mortality for asbestosis increased in the last three quintiles of the cumulative exposure; calendar period did not have a significant temporal component while the cohort effect disappeared if we included in the model the cumulative exposure to asbestos.

Conclusions
Among heaviest exposed workers, mortality risk for asbestosis began to increase before 50 years of age. Mortality for asbestosis was mainly determined by cumulative exposure to asbestos.
Estimation in linear errors-in-variables models with unknown error distribution
Authors: Nghiem Linh H , Byrd Michael C , Potgieter Cornelis J 
Published: March 2020

SummaryParameter estimation in linear errors-in-variables models typically requires that the measurement error distribution be known or estimable from replicate data. A generalized method of moments approach can be used to estimate model parameters in the absence of knowledge of the error distributions, but it requires the existence of a large number of model moments. In this paper, parameter estimation based on the phase function, a normalized version of the characteristic function, is considered. This approach requires the model covariates to have asymmetric distributions, while the error distributions are symmetric. Parameters are estimated by minimizing a distance function between the empirical phase functions of the noisy covariates and the outcome variable. No knowledge of the measurement error distribution is needed to calculate this estimator. Both asymptotic and finite-sample properties of the estimator are studied. The connection between the phase function approach and method of moments is also discussed. The estimation of standard errors is considered and a modified bootstrap algorithm for fast computation is proposed. The newly proposed estimator is competitive with the generalized method of moments, despite making fewer model assumptions about the moment structure of the measurement error. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a real dataset containing measurements of air pollution levels.