bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Martha Graham Became a Cultural Ambassador
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Writing about cultural diplomacy the year before Martha Graham left on her maiden tour, the United States Information Agency concluded, “Events should be planned and ‘planted’ to implement propaganda themes.” Unpacking the telling of modern dance history and Martha Graham’s position as both the global dance “Picasso” and the American “First Lady of Modern Dance” reveals how Graham’s tours became useful to the US government. During the interwar period, a formal definition of “modern dance” in the United States began with references to the pre–World War I and interwar Germans, with dancers seeking to create a distinctive medium informed by modernist tenets through a concept of the “free dance.” American Isadora Duncan, a “Mother of Modern Dance,” had performed for Lenin in the newly founded communist state, and then penned, “I See America Dancing.” Graham’s studies with Denishawn included “oriental” references in its new choreography, as well as Americana. With the rhetoric of Frederick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis, Duncan, Shawn, Graham, and others explored a new dance for the United States in writing and practice: Graham used a technique of distillation and abstraction in Lamentation, and then utilized the approach with American pioneers and frontier nationalism. Thus in the United States, post–World War II scholars asserted that modernism could have emerged only from the “land of the free,” and not from totalitarian states such as Germany or Japan, and certainly not the Soviet Union. Freedom and universalism found through an exploration of the human psyche—tenets built into the form by Germans, Japanese, and Soviet followers—became particularly important in the Cold War “psychwar” campaigns once claimed as “distinctly American.”
“Dedicated to Freedom”
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In West Berlin, 1957, Graham performed her solo Judith during the opening ceremonies of Congress Hall, an American-designed modernist building that, with its transparent glass walls, luminous curved roof, and reflecting pool, was a “symbol of the Free World,” according to the German press, situated just one hundred yards from the line dividing West Berlin from East, liberal democracy from communism. Modernism in dance met the architecture of diplomacy. “We should have the freedom of modern dancing as well as that of speech,” Graham declared when she arrived in Berlin; she embodied the modern impulse and the ideal of freedom and democracy that came with it. Led by Eleanor Lansing Dulles, the sister of both John Foster, Eisenhower’s secretary of state, and Allen, director of the CIA, the Americans planning the inauguration of Congress Hall understood that with Martha Graham, they had a cultural ambassador who was “dedicated to freedom.” However, bringing heavy-handed references to the nation’s Nazi past, Graham received poor reviews in Germany. A few days later, Graham watched as Mary Wigman received raves. Yet the Congress Hall committee reported back that Graham’s performance could be considered a success because up to half of the elite audience was from East Germany. Graham received a polite but curt note from Dulles and began drinking heavily after returning home to choreograph Clytemnestra, the first three-act modern ballet.
“Forever Modern”
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Just weeks before Graham was to leave on her tour under Nixon, he resigned. “My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over,” the new president, Gerald R. Ford, declared. For Graham, having Ford in the White House and Henry Kissinger at the State Department promised to be a dream come true. The new first lady, Betty Bloomer Ford, had been Graham’s student and performed with the company in her youth; Kissinger supported Graham’s upcoming tour. Graham became a political bond in a moment of triage. “A principal objective of the Graham visit is political,” declared a State Department official. “Or politico-cultural,” he then corrected himself. Graham would begin in South Korea and then travel to Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, and South Vietnam. She would also return to Japan, but since she was popular there, box office receipts would pay her way. The itinerary reflected Nixon and Kissinger’s desire to soothe any mayhem regarding their desire to open China to the West, a policy continued by Ford. With the publicity of Soviet ballet defections, Graham promised the first lady that she would deploy Nureyev for a new work of Americana for a gala in New York upon her return. Americana was back on board with Graham “center stage” as a matriarch of what came to be described as “historic” or even “old-fashioned” modernism.
Dancing along the Wall
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
“You Are Leaving the American Sector,” signs read as Martha Graham and her company crossed from West Germany to celebrate Berlin’s 750th anniversary. The East German government sought reunification; for the communists, “reunification,” “peace,” and thus the promise of “human bonds” became political weapons. Although the “Stalin Note” in 1952 promised West Germans “the rights of man” and some freedoms, Stalin demanded military neutrality. The US and West German governments finally decided it was communist propaganda. “Peace” remained a contested term with the “peaceful Soviets,” positioned against a “warmongering America.” Graham’s East Berlin repertory featured Frontier, the same work of Americana that had she had presented at the White House in 1937 and then more recently under Gerald Ford. Unlike Graham’s pioneer woman, East Berliners stood in front of a wall, a barbed-wire fence; Graham’s dancer stood in front of a fence and envisioned an expansionist future—not a stopping point. “The girl is seeing a great landscape, untrammeled,” Graham said to an East German of her pioneer woman, performed by an African American dancer to emphasize racial inclusion as an American tenet: “It’s the appetite for space, which is one of the characteristics of America. It’s one of the things that has made us pioneers.” Five months later, Ronald Reagan stood in the West demanding, “Tear down this wall.” Reagan and Graham worked in tandem to bring East Germany into the Western fold.
Coda
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the early spring of 1989, First Lady Barbara Bush received Martha Graham at the White House for a social call and a discussion of Graham’s upcoming tour, again “behind the Iron Curtain.” They exchanged gifts but also broke with protocol as they played with the Bush dogs; a relaxed familiarity infused the women’s smiles as the new pups jumped on Graham’s lap. The company would return to Poland and Yugoslavia, move to Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and then finish in Russia, appearing in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Graham prepared for the tour with a gala featuring Mikhail Baryshnikov, the newest Soviet defector, in a “premiere” of American Document, with Baryshnikov dancing and reciting words from American documents such as the Declaration of Independence. Graham would come out of retirement as a dancer, and a film of her dancing with the defector would be shown on tour. Graham recruited Barbara Bush to become gala chair, and wrote notes describing the tour plans. Although the Wall would not fall until November, the month Graham was to perform in the bloc nations, peaceful revolts began to take place in Poland and Hungary. Reserved in his approach, President Bush may not have appreciated Graham’s heavy-handed Americana. Remaining ever-contemporary, Graham’s tour scout returned from Moscow to the United States, sharing a plane with Donald Trump’s own real estate scout. The Bush tour never took place. Graham passed away on April Fool’s Day, in 1991, the same year the Cold War officially ended.
Divested
Authors: Lin Ken-Hou , Neely Megan Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Finance is an inescapable part of American life. From how one pursues an education, buys a home, runs a business, or saves for retirement, finance orders the lives of ordinary Americans. And as finance continues to expand, inequality soars. This book demonstrates why widening inequality cannot be understood without examining the rise of finance. The growth of the financial sector has dramatically transformed the American economy by redistributing resources from workers and families into the hands of owners, executives, and financial professionals. The average American is now divested from a world driven by the maximization of financial profit. The book provides systematic evidence to document how the ascendance of finance on Wall Street, Main Street, and among households is a fundamental cause of economic inequality. It argues that finance has reshaped the economy in three important ways. First, the financial sector extracts resources from the economy at large without providing commensurate economic benefit to those outside the financial services industry. Second, firms in other economic sectors have become increasingly involved in lending and speculative investing, which weakens the demand for labor and the bargaining power of workers. And third, the shift of risks and uncertainties once shouldered by unions, corporations, and governments onto families escalates the consumption of financial products, which in turns exacerbates wealth inequality.
Estrogen Receptors at the Membrane
Authors: Tonn Eisinger Katherine R. , Mermelstein Paul G. , Meitzen John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Recent research has established that modified versions of classical estrogen receptors (ERs) act at the membrane to influence neuronal function. Specifically, palmitoylated ERα and ERβ stimulate signal transduction pathways from the membrane through transactivation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Caveolin (Cav) proteins assemble mGluR and ER into functional signaling microdomains, with the pairing of specific mGluR and ER varying by brain region and Cav isoform. Palmitoylation regulates the trafficking, localization, and interaction of these proteins by allowing association with membrane lipid rafts. This chapter outlines the discovery that the same ERs responsible for nuclear signaling act at the plasma membrane to exert a wide array of effects. Membrane-associated ER signaling affects molecular, structural, and physiological states, leading to system-level changes in circuit dynamics and, ultimately, behavior.
Rapid Modulation of Spinogenesis by Estradiol in the Neocortex
Authors: Srivastava Deepak P. , Sellers Katherine J. , Evans Peter D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores our recent advances in our understanding of how estrogens can modulate spinogenesis within the cortex and its relevance for estrogenic-regulation of cognition. It describes how estrogens, including 17β-estradiol and estrogen receptor modulators, rapidly modify dendritic spine density concurrently with influencing cognitive behaviors that require cortical processing. Furthermore, it reviews the evidence that these effects are not limited to female animals but may represent a relevant mechanism in the male brain. This chapter will also explore the emerging role for a novel estrogen receptor, G-protein estrogen receptor (GPER), in mediating the rapid effects of estrogens on dendritic spines. Finally, the chapter also reviews the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie rapid estrogenic signaling, linking this signaling to the modulation of spinogenesis, which may ultimately provide a cellular model by which estrogens can produce long-lasting changes in neural circuitry.
Estrogenic Regulation of Synaptic Actin Proteins and Plasticity
Authors: Kramár Enikö A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Estrogens are rapid and potent facilitators of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain; however, the steps that link estrogens to factors that regulate synaptic strength remain unclear. The present chapter will first review the acute effects of 17β-estradiol on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP). It will then describe a synaptic model used to study the substrates of LTP and provide evidence for the ability of estradiol to rapidly engage a selective actin signaling cascade associated with the consolidation of LTP. Finally, it will be shown that chronic reductions in estradiol levels disrupt LTP and actin dynamics but can be reversed by acute infusions of the hormone. It is concluded here that estradiol can promote learning-related plasticity by modifying the synaptic cytoskeleton.
Estrogenic Regulation of Glia and Neuroinflammation
Authors: Crespo-Castrillo Andrea , Arevalo Maria Angeles , Garcia-Segura Luis M. , Yanguas-Casás Natalia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter on estrogenic regulation of glia and neuroinflammation reviews the role of glial cells in the modulation of synaptic function under physiological conditions and in the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response under pathological conditions. The anti-inflammatory actions of estradiol on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia and the implication of these actions for the neuroprotective and tissue repair effects of the hormone are also discussed. Finally, the therapeutic potential of synthetic and natural estrogenic compounds for the control of neuroinflammation is examined. Because reducing neuroinflammation prevents the progressive loss of neural structure and function that leads to functional and mental impairments, regulation of glial cell activation via estradiol is a promising therapeutic approach.
Estrogenic Regulation of Spatial Memory in Songbirds
Authors: Bailey David J. , Saldanha Colin J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Birds are excellent animal models in studies of cognition, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and sex differences in behavior. Experiments with diverse avian species have revealed a potent modulation of neuroanatomy and complex brain function by steroids, both during development and adulthood. This chapter describes some of the foundational and more recent developments in the estrogenic modulation of spatial memory function, as well as related studies regarding effects of the steroid on auditory discrimination and memory for song in passerines. More specifically, the chapter describes the evolution of our understanding of how locally synthesized and rapidly acting estradiol modulates higher cognitive functions in this varied and important vertebrate class, as well as the mechanisms whereby this synaptic aromatization may underlie the learning and retention of these behaviors.
Estrogenic Regulation of Recognition Memory and Spinogenesis
Authors: Luine Victoria N. , Frankfurt Maya 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the relationship between estrogens, memory, and dendritic spine plasticity. Estrogens, given systemically or directly into the hippocampus, enhance memory consolidation in object recognition and object placement tasks within minutes of application. Dendritic spine density in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex increases under the same conditions, suggesting that changes in dendritic spine density are an important component of estrogen’s ability to impact memory processes. Possible receptors and signaling pathways mediating the molecular mechanisms in response to estrogen are discussed. Although the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated, research to date suggests that modulation of dendritic spines by estradiol is a key component in promotion of memory consolidation.
Puberty
Authors: Juraska Janice M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the remodeling of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence, which occurs in both humans and rats. Other neural regions involved in cognitive behavior are also affected, but the majority of evidence at this time comes from the prefrontal cortex where synapses, dendrites, and neurons are pruned while myelination of the underlying white matter increases. There are studies that indicate at least some of these changes are triggered by the hormones of puberty. The most definitive of these are in rats where the ovarian hormones have been implicated. The neural remodeling during adolescence also influences cognitive behavior, again with some evidence for puberty initiating the change. Future studies examining cognitive behavior during adolescence should account for pubertal status and for the sex difference in the age of pubertal onset, since this may be at least as important chronological age.
Estrogenic Regulation of Hippocampal Neurogenesis Throughout the Lifespan
Authors: Yagi Shunya , Eid Rand S. , Qiu Wansu , Duarte-Guterman Paula , Galea Liisa A. M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Neurogenesis in the hippocampus exists across a number of species, including humans. Steroid hormones, such as estrogens, modulate neurogenesis dependent on age, reproductive experience and sex. Findings are discussed in the chapter with reference to how neurogenesis in the hippocampus is related to learning and memory. Natural fluctuations in ovarian hormones or removal of ovaries modulate neurogenesis in the short term but not in the long term. Maternal experience has long-lasting effects on neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Acute estrogens increase proliferation in adult female rodents, but influence survival of new neurons dependent on a number of factors including sex, cognitive training, type of estrogen, and whether or not cells were produced under estrogens. This chapter outlines findings indicating that estrogens can be strong modulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which may have implications for disorders involving hippocampal dysfunction that target women.
Effects of Estradiol on Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons and Their Impact on Cognitive Performance and Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Authors: Gibbs Robert B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain play an important role in modulating wakefulness, alertness, and selective attention and contribute significantly to learning and memory processes. These neurons also are affected by estrogens. Loss of circulating estrogens negatively impacts the functionality of cholinergic projections to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, resulting in impaired cognitive performance. These effects can be reversed by appropriate estrogen treatment or treatment with selective estrogen receptor agonists. Evidence also suggests that the cholinergic neurons play an essential role in enabling effects of estrogens on synaptic plasticity, which benefit cognitive performance. This chapter summarizes evidence for estrogen effects on basal forebrain cholinergic projections and the relevance of these findings to the maintenance of cognitive performance and to the prevention of age- and disease-related cognitive decline in women.
Estrogenic Regulation of Synaptic Health and Cognition in Aging Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Crimins Johanna L. , Hara Yuko , Morrison John H. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A compelling case can be made for estrogen’s role in maintaining synaptic health in the context of cognitive aging. This chapter first reviews clinical literature pertinent to estrogenic actions on cognition in menopausal women. Next, the authors provide a comprehensive summary of recent investigations in aging rhesus monkeys, which have emerged as a particularly powerful model for the study of synaptic and cognitive effects of both natural and surgical menopause. In particular, we focus on hippocampal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurons and circuits that degenerate in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. The responsiveness of these brain regions to estrogen and implications for their related memory systems are discussed. Finally, the chapter highlights work that needs to be done to more fully understand the molecular basis for the complex interplay between menopause, aging, and vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease in higher cognitive function and synaptic health.
Oral Contraceptive Effects on Cognition
Authors: Patel Soniya Assudani , McQuade Courtney , Astur Robert S. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Oral contraception (OC) has been a common method of birth control for decades, yet the effects of this hormone manipulation on cognition are largely unknown. Although some studies have addressed this subject, efforts to make definitive conclusions are hampered by methodological issues including variations in OC type and hormone constituents, inconsistencies in cognitive tasks used, and insufficient power to detect effects. This chapter will review existing data on the effects of OCs on verbal memory, spatial memory, and emotional memory. It ends by considering ways in which to improve the methodological approaches used in studies of OCs to enable a better understanding of the ways in which these exogenous hormone treatments may influence cognitive function.
Estrogen Neuroprotection and Anti-Inflammation Actions in the Hippocampus
Authors: Thakkar Roshni D. , Wang Ruimin , Sareddy Gangadhara R. , Vadlamudi Ratna K. , Brann Darrell W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) is neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative conditions, including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This chapter focuses on the evidence supporting a neuroprotective role of E2 in the hippocampus in cerebral ischemia and AD and reviews various mechanisms thought to underlie E2-induced neuroprotection. Specifically, the chapter discusses the mechanistic role of (a) the various estrogen receptor subtypes, (b) genomic versus nongenomic signaling, (c) regulation of the prosurvival Wnt/β−catenin pathway, and (d) anti-inflammatory effects of E2 in the hippocampus. Finally, we also discuss the role of a novel estrogen receptor co-activator protein, proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) in mediating E2 genomic and non-genomic signaling, as well as the neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of E2 in the hippocampus.
Estradiol and Sex Differences in Generalized Fear
Authors: Adkins Jordan M. , Jasnow Aaron M. , Lynch Joseph F. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the United States, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders has reached nearly epidemic proportions. Years of research has focused on the link between 17β-estradiol and the sex differences observed in anxiety disorders. Evidence suggests that estradiol plays a critical role in the way female rodents and women respond in various tasks assessing anxiety-like behaviors, fear learning, and fear extinction. One hallmark feature of many anxiety disorders is the tendency to express fear to nonthreatening contexts or cues. This generalized fear supports spreading of fear responses and can serve to maintain anxiety states. This chapter reviews the literature linking estradiol to anxiety behavior in female rodents and anxiety in women, including research on estradiol in fear learning and fear extinction. The chapter also presents data suggesting that female rats generalize fear at a faster rate than males, and this is due to estradiol. Through a series of experiments, the authors determine that estradiol promotes contextual fear generalization in female rats through activation of cytosolic estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) within the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus (dCA1). Additionally, estradiol promotes fear generalization likely through augmented glutamatergic signaling within the dCA1 and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, in males, estradiol (and testosterone) function to reduce fear generalization and do so by activation of both ERβ and ERα within the dCA1. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the critical role of estradiol in context fear generalization will yield the knowledge and information necessary for developing novel, sex-specific, treatments for anxiety disorders.