bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanics and kinematics of fluid uptake and intraoral transport in the leopard gecko
Authors: Bels V. L. , Jamniczky H. A. , Montuelle S. , Pallandre J.‐P. , Kardong K. V. , Russell A. P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDrinking permits amniote vertebrates to compensate for water loss. Lizards (non‐ophidian squamates) use their tongue to imbibe water, but for most lizards the tongue is also employed in other activities. To determine how these various demands can be accommodated alongside the tongue’s role in drinking, it is necessary to firstly determine the tongue’s function in water uptake and intraoral transport in a lizard that does not use this organ for chemoreception or food prehension. We selected the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) for this purpose. We build upon previous morphological observations of the anatomy of its tongue and oral cavity and explore its drinking behaviour through high‐speed cinematography and cineradiography. This allows us to follow the movement of radio‐opaquely labelled water in association with tongue, jaw and throat movements. The tongue is modified to collect water and to release it into the anterior region of the buccal cavity. Repeated tongue cycles are associated with the shifting of the imbibed water into paired ventrolateral chambers and ultimately to its passage to a single, midline posterior chamber prior to swallowing. Tongue movements, capillarity and pressure changes due to hyolingual movements cause water to be moved posteriorly along specific pathways prior to swallowing, bypassing the airways and dorsal surface of the mid‐ and hind tongue. In this licking‐based lingually driven approach to drinking, only small volumes of water can be gathered at a time, with a drinking bout consisting of 20–30 tongue cycles before emersion and swallowing occur. This mechanism differs from drinking in turtles and snakes, which do not employ licking and may take in larger quantities of water. We advance the hypothesis that all lizards have conserved this pattern of tongue‐based water uptake and precisely directed intraoral fluid transport, with specializations for tongue‐based food capture and/or lingually based chemoreception being superimposed thereupon.
Multi‐ or Single‐Word Units? The Role of Collocation Use in Comprehensible and Contextually Appropriate Second Language Speech
Authors: Saito Kazuya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe current study examined the degree to which collocation use (i.e., meaningful co‐occurrences of multiple words) is related to first language (L1) raters’ intuitive judgments of second language (L2) speech. Speech samples from a picture description task performed by 85 Japanese learners of English with varied L2 proficiency profiles were transcribed for 10 L1 raters to access for global comprehensibility (the extent to which speech can be easily understood) and lexical appropriateness (the extent to which words are used adequately and naturally in context). The samples were then submitted to a range of lexical measures tapping into the collocation (frequency, association), depth (abstractness), and breadth aspects (frequency, range) of L2 vocabulary use. Results of the statistical analyses showed that the raters’ comprehensibility and lexical appropriateness scores were strongly determined by the L2 speakers’ use of low‐frequency combinations containing infrequent, abstract, and complex words (i.e., mutual information).
Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D status in 6‐month‐old infants in Guangzhou, China: A paired longitudinal follow up study
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Joy Yue , Wei Ru , Hu Shunping , Lin Tao , Lash Gendie E. , Tan Meizhen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo assess the vitamin D status in healthy 6‐month‐old infants, as well as vitamin D supplementation and feeding patterns in Guangzhou, China, serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations of 202 infants were measured at birth (cord blood) and at 6 months of age in Guangzhou, China. Questionnaires acquiring demographic characteristics, maternal and infantile vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and first 6 months after birth, and feeding patterns during the first 6 months were completed by participating mothers. Physical examinations and blood sampling were carried out among infants at 6 months of age. The majority of infants (93.6%) were supplemented with vitamin D during the first 6 months of life on a voluntary basis. The M ± SD of cord serum 25OHD concentration was 46.2 ± 16.4 nmol/L, whereas the M ± SD of 25OHD concentration at 6 months was 82.9 ± 24.9 nmol/L. Serum 25OHD concentrations <30 nmol/L were seen in 34 (16.8%) infants at birth but only one (0.5%) at 6 months. Only 11 (5.4%) infants had concentrations >75 nmol/L at birth, whereas the majority of infants (n = 131, 64.9%) had concentrations >75 nmol/L at 6 months. The main predictors of 25OHD levels at 6 months included season, vitamin D supplementation, parental education level, and feeding patterns. To conclude, serum 25OHD concentrations were low at birth in a southern Chinese population, and infantile supplementation is an effective way to improve 25OHD status. Exclusively breastfed infants might need greater vitamin D supplementation, and individualized vitamin D supplementation plans might be needed.
Dissemination and conservation of cadmium and arsenic resistance determinants in Listeria and other Gram‐positive bacteria
Authors: Parsons Cameron , Lee Sangmi , Kathariou Sophia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMetal homeostasis in bacteria is a complex and delicate balance. While some metals such as iron and copper are essential for cellular functions, others such as cadmium and arsenic are inherently cytotoxic. While bacteria regularly encounter essential metals, exposure to high levels of toxic metals such as cadmium and arsenic is only experienced in a handful of special habitats. Nonetheless, Listeria and other Gram‐positive bacteria have evolved an impressively diverse array of genetic tools for acquiring enhanced tolerance to such metals. Here, we summarize this fascinating collection of resistance determinants in Listeria, with special focus on resistance to cadmium and arsenic, as well as to biocides and antibiotics. We also provide a comparative description of such resistance determinants and adaptations in other Gram‐positive bacteria. The complex coselection of heavy metal resistance and other types of resistance seems to be universal across the Gram‐positive bacteria, while the type of coselected traits reflects the lifestyle of the specific microbe. The roles of heavy metal resistance genes in environmental adaptation and virulence appear to vary by genus, highlighting the need for further functional studies to explain the mystery behind the array of heavy metal resistance determinants dispersed and maintained among Gram‐positive bacteria.
Pharmacological evaluation of a novel corticotropin‐releasing factor 1 receptor antagonist T‐3047928 in stress‐induced animal models in a comparison with alosetron
Authors: Itomi Yasuo , Tanaka Takahiro , Matsushita Kozo , Kawamura Toru , Kojima Takuto , Aso Kazuyoshi , Matsumoto‐Okano Shiho , Tsukimi Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe major symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are changes in bowel habits and abdominal pain. Psychological stress is the major pathophysiological components of IBS. Corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) is a well‐known integrator in response to psychological stress. In this study, a novel CRF1 receptor antagonist T‐3047928 was evaluated in stress‐induced IBS models of rats to explore its potency for IBS.MethodsPlasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels after intravenous oCRH challenge were measured as a pharmacodynamic marker. Efficacies of oral T‐3047928 were compared with oral alosetron, a 5‐HT3 antagonist, on conditioning fear stress (CFS)‐induced defecation, restraint stress (RS)‐induced acute visceral pain, specific alteration of rhythm in temperature (SART) stress‐induced chronic visceral pain, and normal defecation.ResultsT‐3047928 (1‐10 mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated a dose‐dependent inhibition on oCRH‐induced ACTH secretion. In disease models, T‐3047928 suppressed fecal pellet output induced by CFS and improved both acute and chronic visceral hypersensitivity induced by RS and SART stress, respectively. Alosetron was also efficacious in stress‐induced defecation and visceral pain models at 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Alosetron, however, also suppressed normal defecation at lower those. On the other hand, T‐3047928 did not change normal defecation even at higher dose than those in disease models.ConclusionT‐3047928 is an orally active CRF1 antagonist that demonstrated potent inhibitory effects in stress‐associated IBS models with no effect on normal defecation. Therefore, it is suggested that T‐3047928 may have a potency as a novel option for IBS‐D therapy with minimal constipation risk.
The effects of clinical education program based on Watson's theory of human caring on coping and anxiety levels of nursing students: A randomized control trial
Authors: Durgun Ozan Yeter , Duman Mesude , Çiçek Özlem , Baksi Altun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the clinical education program based on Watson's human caring theory on coping and anxiety levels of nursing students.Design and MethodsThe research sample consisted of the intervention (n = 53) and the control (n = 53) group.FindingsA statistically significant difference was determined in anxiety mean scores (P < .001) and the self‐confident approach, the social‐support seeking approach, the unconfident approach, and the submissive approach subscales of coping with stress in students of the intervention group compared to the control group (P < .05).Practice ImplicationsIt is recommended that the clinical education program based on Watson's caring theory is used during the clinical education of nursing students.
Perceived stress and social support influence anxiety symptoms of Chinese family caregivers of community‐dwelling older adults: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Shi Jing , Huang Aoran , Jia Yajing , Yang Xiaoshi 
Published: January 2020

AimChinese family members always take care of older adults because of obligations stemming from the culture of filial piety and the paucity of a long‐term care system. These caregivers usually perceive high levels of stress that could compromise their psychological health and consequently result in anxiety impairments. This study aimed to assess the anxiety symptoms of Chinese family caregivers of older adults, explore factors associated with these symptoms, and provide theoretical evidence on improving their mental health.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted face‐to‐face with caregivers of community‐dwelling older adults. The survey asked about the demographic characteristics of the caregivers and older adults, objective caregiving loads, and social support and included the Zung Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale.ResultsAnxiety symptoms were present in 43.1% of caregivers. The R2 changes indicated that the incremental variance explained by each block of variables was 9.8%, 5.0%, 0.7%, 17.6%, and 2.1% for demographic characteristics of caregivers, demographic characteristics of older adults, objective caregiving loads, perceived stress, and social support, respectively. Perceived stress was the strongest predictor of anxiety symptoms, and social support was positively associated with anxiety symptoms. Factors associated with caregivers' anxiety symptoms were having a chronic disease and living with older adults, as well as older adults’ weight, hours of sleep, and education level.ConclusionChinese family caregivers of older adults experienced higher levels of anxiety symptoms. Perceived stress could aggravate these symptoms, but social support might assist in alleviating anxiety symptoms from the stress of caregiving.
Maternal transcription profiles at different stages for the development of early embryo in buffalo
Authors: Chen Fumei , Fu Qiang , Pu Liping , Hou Zhen , Xu Zhuangzhuang , Zhang Pengfei , Deng Tingxian , Pang Chunying , Liang Xianwei , Lu Yangqing , Zhang Ming 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMaternal mRNAs deposited in the egg during oogenesis are critical during the development of early embryo, before the activation of the embryonic genome. However, there is little known about the dynamic expression of maternally expressed genes in mammals. In this study, we made buffalo parthenogenesis as our research model to analyse maternal transcription profiles of pre‐implantation embryo in buffalo using RNA sequencing. In total, 3,567 unique genes were detected to be differentially expressed among all constant stages during early embryo development (FPKM > 0). Interestingly, a total of 10,442 new genes were discovered in this study, and gene ontology analysis of the new differentially expressed genes indicated that the new genes have a wide cellular localization and are involved in many molecular functions and biological processes. Moreover, we identified eight clusters that were only highly expressed in a particular developmental stage and enriched a number of GO terms and KEGG pathways that were related to specific stage. Furthermore, we identified 1,530 hub genes (or key members) from the maternally expressed gene networks, and these hub genes were involved in 11 stage‐specific modules. After visualization using Cytoscape 3.2.1 software, we obtained complex interaction network of hub genes, indicating the highly efficient cooperation between genes during the development in buffalo embryos. Further research of these genes will greatly deepen our understanding of embryo development in buffalo. Collectively, this research lays the foundation for future studies on the maternal genome function, buffalo nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells.
Estimating Evacuation Shelter Deficits in the Houston–Galveston Metropolitan Area
Authors: Karaye Ibraheem M. , Thompson Courtney , Perez‐Patron Maria , Taylor Nicholas , Horney Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEvacuation is frequently used by emergency managers and other officials as part of an overall approach to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with hurricane landfall. In this study, the evacuation shelter capacity of the Houston–Galveston Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was spatially assessed and shelter deficits in the region were estimated. These data provide essential information needed to eliminate shelter deficits and ensure a successful evacuation from a future storm. Spatial statistical methods—Global Moran's I, Anselin Local Moran's I (Local Indicators of Spatial Association [LISA]), and Hot Spot Analysis (Getis‐Ord Gi*) were used to assess for regional spatial autocorrelation and clustering of evacuation shelters in the Houston–Galveston MSA. Shelter deficits were estimated in four ways—the aggregate deficit for the Houston–Galveston MSA, by evacuation Zip‐Zone, by county, and by distance or radii of evacuation Zip‐Zone. Evacuation shelters were disproportionately distributed in the region, with lower capacity shelters clustered closer to evacuation Zip‐Zones (50 miles from the Coastal Zip‐Zone), and higher capacity shelters clustered farther away from the zones (120 miles from the Coastal Zip‐Zone). The aggregate shelter deficit for the Houston–Galveston MSA was 353,713 persons. To reduce morbidity and mortality associated with future hurricanes in the Houston–Galveston MSA, authorities should consider the development and implementation of policies that would improve the evacuation shelter capacity of the region. Eliminating shelter deficits, which has been done successfully in the state of Florida, is an essential element of protecting the public from hurricane impacts.
Shaping the Scope of Conflict in Scotland’s Fracking Debate: Conflict Management and the Narrative Policy Framework
Authors: Stephan Hannes R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study applies a narrative lens to policy actors’ discursive strategies in the Scottish debate over fracking. Based on a sample of 226 newspaper articles (2011–2017) and drawing on key elements of the narrative policy framework (NPF), the research examines how policy coalitions have characterized their supporters, their opponents, and the main regulator (Scottish government). It also explores how actors have sought to expand or contain the scope of conflict to favor their policy objectives. Empirically, only the government strives for conflict containment, whereas both pro‐ and anti‐fracking groups prioritize conflict expansion through characterization contests and the diffusion and concentration of the costs/risks and benefits of fracking. In theoretical terms, the study proposes that Sarah Pralle’s conflict management model, which emphasizes symmetrical strategies of conflict expansion by both coalitions, is a potential tool to revise extant NPF expectations about the different narrative strategies of winning and losing coalitions. Moreover, the fact that policy actors mostly employ negatively rather than positively framed characters in their narratives may be a valid expectation for similar policy conflicts, particularly under conditions of regulatory uncertainty.
Factor-Augmented Bayesian Cointegration Models: A Case-Study on The Soybean Crush Spread
Authors: Marowka Maciej , Peters Gareth W. , Kantas Nikolas , Bagnarosa Guillaume 
Published: January 2020

SummaryWe investigate how vector auto-regressive models can be used to study the soybean crush spread. By crush spread we mean a time series marking the difference between a weighted combination of the value of soymeal and soyoil to the value of the original soybeans. Commodity industry practitioners often use fixed prescribed values for these weights, which do not take into account any time-varying effects or any financial-market-based dynamic features that can be discerned from futures price data. We address this issue by proposing an appropriate time series model with cointegration. Our model consists of an extension of a particular vector auto-regressive model that is used widely in econometrics. Our extensions are inspired by the problem at hand and allow for a time-varying covariance structure and a time-varying intercept to account for seasonality. To perform Bayesian inference we design an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, which is based on the approach of Koop and his co-workerss. Our investigations on prices obtained from futures contracts data confirmed that the added features in our model are useful in reliable statistical determination of the crush spread. Although the interest here is on the soybean crush spread, our approach is applicable also to other tradable spreads such as oil and energy-based crack and spark spreads.
Estimating Seal Pup Production in The Greenland Sea by Using Bayesian Hierarchical Modelling
Authors: Jullum Martin , Thorarinsdottir Thordis , Bachl Fabian E. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe Greenland Sea is an important breeding ground for harp and hooded seals. Estimates of annual seal pup production are critical factors in the estimation of abundance that is needed for management of the species. These estimates are usually based on counts from aerial photographic surveys. However, only a minor part of the whelping region can be photographed, because of its large extent. To estimate total seal pup production, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical modelling approach motivated by viewing the seal pup appearances as a realization of a log-Gaussian Cox process by using covariate information from satellite imagery as a proxy for ice thickness. For inference, we utilize the stochastic partial differential equation module of the integrated nested Laplace approximation framework. In a case-study using survey data from 2012, we compare our results with existing methodology in a comprehensive cross-validation study. The results of the study indicate that our method improves local estimation performance, and that the increased uncertainty of prediction of our method is required to obtain calibrated count predictions. This suggests that the sampling density of the survey design may not be sufficient to obtain reliable estimates of seal pup production.
What are the benefits and risks of sharing patients’ diagnostic radiological images with them? A cross-sectional study of the perceptions of patients and clinicians in the UK
Authors: Cox William Allenby Southam , Cavenagh Penelope , Bello Fernando 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesThe objective for this work was to assess clinical experts’ and patients’ opinions on the benefits and risks of sharing patients’ diagnostic radiological images with them.SettingThis study was conducted outside of the primary and secondary care settings. Clinical experts were recruited at a UK national imaging and oncology conference, and patients were recruited via social media.Participants121 clinical experts and 282 patients completed the study. A further 73 patient and 10 clinical expert responses were discounted due to item non-response. Individuals were required to be a minimum of 18 years of age at the time of participation.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThis study was exploratory in nature. As such, the outcomes to be measured for demonstration of the successful completion of this study were generated organically through the process of the investigation itself. These were: (1) the delineation of the benefits available from, and the risks posed by, widening access to diagnostic radiological images; (2) establishment of the level and nature of demand for access to diagnostic radiological images; and (3) the identification of stakeholder requirements for accessing available benefit from diagnostic radiological images.Results403 usable questionnaires were returned consisting of responses from clinical experts (n=121) and patients (n=282). Both groups acknowledge the potential benefits of this practice. Examples included facilitating communication, promoting patient engagement and supporting patients in accepting health information shared with them. However, both groups also recognised risks associated with image sharing, such as the potential for patients to be upset or confused by their images.ConclusionsThere is a demand from patients for access to their diagnostic radiological images alongside acknowledgement from clinical experts that there may be benefits available from this. However, due to the acknowledged risks, there is also a need to carefully manage this interaction.Trial registration number187752.
Results dissemination of registered clinical trials across Polish academic institutions: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Strzebonska Karolina , Wasylewski Mateusz T , Zaborowska Lucja , Riedel Nico , Wieschowski Susanne , Strech Daniel , Waligora Marcin 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesTo establish the rates of publication and reporting of results for interventional clinical trials across Polish academic medical centres (AMCs) completed between 2009 and 2013. We aim also to compare the publication and reporting success between adult and paediatric trials.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAMCs in Poland.ParticipantsAMCs with interventional trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.Main outcome measureResults reporting on ClinicalTrials.gov and publishing via journal publication.ResultsWe identified 305 interventional clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, completed between 2009 and 2013 and affiliated with at least one AMC. Overall, 243 of the 305 trials (79.7%) had been published as articles or posted their summary results on ClinicalTrials.gov. Results were posted within a year of study completion and/or published within 2 years of study completion for 131 trials (43.0%). Dissemination by both posting and publishing results in a timely manner was achieved by four trials (1.3%).ConclusionsOur cross-sectional analysis revealed that Polish AMCs fail to meet the expectation for timely disseminating the findings of all interventional clinical trials. Delayed dissemination and non-dissemination of trial results negatively affects decisions in healthcare.