bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intermittent reloading does not prevent reduction in iron availability and hepcidin upregulation caused by hindlimb unloading
Authors: Nay Kévin , Martin David , Orfila Luz , Saligaut Dany , Martin Brice , Horeau Mathieu , Cavey Thibaut , Kenawi Moussa , Island Marie‐Laure , Ropert Martine , Loréal Olivier , Koechlin‐Ramonatxo Christelle , Derbré Frédéric 
Published: April 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Could skeletal muscle be involved in microgravity‐induced iron misdistribution by modulating expression of hepcidin, the master regulator of iron metabolism?
What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate, in rats, that hepcidin upregulation is not a transient adaptation associated with early exposure to microgravity and that intermittent reloading does not limit microgravity‐induced iron misdistribution despite having a beneficial effect on soleus muscle wasting.
AbstractIn humans, exposure to microgravity during spaceflight causes muscle atrophy, changes in iron storage and a reduction in iron availability. We previously observed that during 7 days of simulated microgravity in rats, hepcidin plays a key role in iron misdistribution, and we suggested that a crosstalk between skeletal muscle and liver could regulate hepcidin synthesis in this context. In the present study in rats, we investigated the medium‐term effects of simulated microgravity on iron metabolism. We also tested whether intermittent reloading (IR) to target skeletal muscle atrophy limits iron misdistribution efficiently. For this purpose, Wistar rats underwent 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) combined or not combined with daily IR. At the end of this period, the serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation were significantly reduced, whereas hepatic hepcidin mRNA was upregulated. However, the main signalling pathways involved in hepcidin synthesis in the liver (BMP–small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD), interleukin‐6–STAT3 and ERK1/2) were unaffected. Unlike what was observed after 7 days of HU, the iron concentration in the spleen, liver and skeletal muscle was comparable between control animals and those that underwent HU or HU plus IR for 14 days. Despite its beneficial effect on soleus muscle atrophy and slow‐to‐fast myosin heavy chain distribution, IR did not significantly prevent a reduction in iron availability and hepcidin upregulation. Altogether, these results highlight that iron availability is durably reduced during longer exposure to simulated microgravity and that the related hepcidin upregulation is not a transient adaptation to these conditions. The results also suggest that skeletal muscle does not necessarily play a key role in the iron misdistribution that occurs during simulated microgravity.
Indices of acceleration atelectasis and the effect of hypergravity duration on its development
Authors: Pollock Ross D. , Gates Sonny D. , Storey Jessica A. , Radcliffe Jeremy J. , Stevenson Alec T. 
Published: April 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of the study?
The aim was to determine the effects of duration of acceleration in the cranial–caudal direction (+Gz) on acceleration atelectasis and identify measurement techniques that can be used to assess it.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Non‐invasive measurement of acceleration atelectasis using electrical impedance tomography and estimates of pulmonary shunt provide more detailed assessment of acceleration atelectasis than traditional forced vital capacity measures. Using these techniques, it was found that as little as 30 s of exposure to +Gz acceleration can cause acceleration atelectasis. The results of the present study will allow a more accurate and detailed assessment of acceleration atelectasis in the future.

AbstractRecently, there have been reports of acceleration atelectasis during fast jet flight despite the use of systems designed to minimize this. Before further investigation of this, indices suitable for use in applied settings and identification of acceleration durations that elicit it are required.Fifteen non‐aircrew subjects underwented five centrifuge exposures lasting 15, 30, 60 and 2 × 90 s with a plateau of +5 Gz (acceleration in the cranial‐caudal direction) while breathing 94% O2 during all but one control exposure (21% O2). Lung volumes and gas exchange limitation were assessed after each exposure. Regional lung impedance and compliance were measured after Gz exposure using electrical impedance tomography and the forced oscillatory technique, respectively.The presence of acceleration atelectasis was confirmed by reductions of 10–17% in vital and inspiratory capacity after 60 and 90 s Gz exposures (P < 0.05) and resulted in reduced regional lung impedance and a gas exchange limitation of 8.1 and 12.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was also a small but significant decrease in regional lung impedance after 30 s exposures. Functional residual capacity and lung compliance were unchanged in atelectatic lungs (P > 0.05).In the majority of individuals, >60 s of Gz exposure while breathing 94% O2 causes acceleration atelectasis. Electrical impedance tomography and the measurement of gas exchange limitation provide useful indicators of acceleration atelectasis. Acceleration atelectasis exerts its effects primarily through basal lung closure and reflex inspiratory limitation, both of which can be reversed by performing three maximal inspiratory breathing manoeuvres.
The Effects of Prosthesis Inversion/Eversion Stiffness on Balance-Related Variability During Level Walking: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kim Myunghee , Lyness Hannah , Chen Tianjian , Collins Steven H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Prosthesis features that enhance balance are desirable to people with transtibial amputation. Ankle inversion/eversion compliance is intended to improve balance on uneven ground, but its effects remain unclear on level ground. We posited that increasing ankle inversion/eversion stiffness during level-ground walking would reduce balance-related effort by assisting in recovery from small disturbances in frontal-plane motions. We performed a pilot test with an ankle-foot prosthesis emulator programmed to apply inversion/eversion torques in proportion to the deviation from a nominal inversion/eversion position trajectory. We applied a range of stiffnesses to clearly understand the effect of the stiffness on balance-related effort, hypothesizing that positive stiffness would reduce effort while negative stiffness would increase effort. Nominal joint angle trajectories were calculated online as a moving average over several steps. In experiments with K3 ambulators with unilateral transtibial amputation (N = 5), stiffness affected step-width variability, average step width, margin of stability, intact-foot center of pressure variability, and user satisfaction (p ≤ 0.05, Friedman's test), but not intact-limb evertor average, intact-limb evertor variability, and metabolic rate (p ≥ 0.38, Friedman's test). Compared to zero stiffness, high positive stiffness reduced step-width variability by 13%, step width by 3%, margin of stability by 3%, and intact-foot center of pressure variability by 14%, whereas high negative stiffness had opposite effects and decreased satisfaction by 63%. The results of this pilot study suggest that positive ankle inversion stiffness can reduce active control requirements during level walking.
Specialized Strain Energy Functions for Modeling the Contribution of the Collagen Network (Waniso) to the Deformation of Soft Tissues
Authors: Anssari-Benam Afshin , Pani Martino , Bucchi Andrea 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A popular framework in continuum mechanics modeling of soft tissues is the use of an additive split of the total strain energy function (W) into the contribution of the isotropic matrix (Wiso) and the anisotropic collagen fiber networks (Waniso): W = Wiso + Waniso. This paper presents specialized strain energy functions for the Waniso part of this additive split, in the form of Waniso(I4) or Waniso(I4, I6) for one or two fiber families, respectively, accounting for the deformation and contribution of the collagen fibers’ network. The models have their origins in the statistical mechanics treatment of chains network based on a non-Gaussian, a Gaussian, and a modified Gaussian approach. The models are applied to extant experimental stress-stretch data, across multi-scales from a single collagen molecule to the network ensemble, demonstrating an excellent agreement. Due to the direct physical structural basis of the model parameters and therefore their objectivity and uniqueness, these models are proposed as advantageous options next to the existing phenomenological continuum-based strain energy functions in the literature. In addition, and while not exploited in this paper, since the model parameters are inherent structural properties of the collagen molecular chains, they may be established a priori via imaging or molecular techniques. Therefore, the proposed models allow the important possibility of precluding the need for destructive mechanical tests and calibration a posteriori, instead of paving the way for predicting the mechanical behavior of the collagen network from pre-established structural parameters. These features render the proposed models as attractive choices for application in continuum-based modeling of collagenous soft tissues.
Thermal Characterization of a Turbulent Free Jet With Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Authors: Seitz Sara , Wright Lesley M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Two-color, toluene-based, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is utilized to characterize the thermal structure of a turbulent, free jet. The PLIF technique has been used to measure concentration gradients for combustion applications, but its use to quantify thermal gradients is limited. To validate the method, compressed air is seeded with toluene particles. The seeded airflow is heated to temperatures varying from 300 to 375 K, and the heated jet exits a 1.27-cm diameter orifice into quiescent, room temperature air. The jet Reynolds number is varied from 5000 to 15,000. As the jet exits the orifice, the toluene particles fluorescence across a 266 nm laser light sheet which ultimately provides a two-dimensional temperature distribution of the free jet. The rigorous calibration procedure for the PLIF technique is described along with the seeding nuances needed to quantify the thermal structure of the jets. The PLIF technique has been demonstrated for this fundamental flow field, and it has proven to be applicable to more complex heat transfer and cooling applications. Furthermore, the time-averaged temperature distributions obtained in this investigation can be used in the validation of turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers.
Trends in Muscle-Strengthening Exercise Among Nationally Representative Samples of United States Adults Between 2011 and 2017
Authors: Bennie Jason A. , Kolbe-Alexander Tracy , Seghers Jan , Biddle Stuart J.H. , De Cocker Katrien 
Published: April 2020

Background: Muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) is a component of the World Health Organization’s “2010 Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health.” However, its participation trends are seldom examined in physical activity surveillance. This study describes the prevalence, trends, and correlates of MSE among a large sample of US adults. Methods: The data were analyzed from the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys. Self-reported MSE participation was assessed using the same validated survey item. Population-weighted proportions were calculated for (1) “insufficient” (0–1 time/wk) or (2) “sufficient MSE” (≥2 times/wk). Prevalence ratios of those reporting sufficient MSE across sociodemographic characteristics were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression. Results: The data were available for 1,735,626 participants (≥18 y). Over the 7-year monitoring period, the prevalence of sufficient MSE showed a small (1.2%) but statistically significant increase (2011 = 29.1%; 2013 = 29.4%; 2015 = 30.2%; and 2017 = 30.3%, P < .001 for linear trend). Older adults, women, and those with lower education/income were consistently less likely to report sufficient MSE, compared with their counterparts. Conclusions: From 2011 to 2017, between 69.7% and 70.9% of US adults did not meet the MSE guidelines. Consistently low participation levels highlight the need to provide support for uptake of or adherence to MSE at the population level.
Aerococcus urinae Isolated from Women with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: In Vitro Aggregation and Genome Analysis
Authors: Hilt Evann E. , Putonti Catherine , Thomas-White Krystal , Lewis Amanda L. , Visick Karen L. , Gilbert Nicole M. , Wolfe Alan J. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Aerococcus urinae is increasingly recognized as a potentially significant urinary tract bacterium. A. urinae has been isolated from urine collected from both males and females with a wide range of clinical conditions, including urinary tract infection (UTI), urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), and overactive bladder (OAB). A. urinae is of particular clinical concern because it is highly resistant to many antibiotics and, when undiagnosed, can cause invasive and life-threatening bacteremia, sepsis, or soft tissue infections. Previous genomic characterization studies have examined A. urinae strains isolated from patients experiencing UTI episodes. Here, we analyzed the genomes of A. urinae strains isolated as part of the urinary microbiome from patients with UUI or OAB. Furthermore, we report that certain A. urinae strains exhibit aggregative in vitro phenotypes, including flocking, which can be modified by various growth medium conditions. Finally, we performed in-depth genomic comparisons to identify pathways that distinguish flocking and nonflocking strains.
IMPORTANCE Aerococcus urinae is a urinary bacterium of emerging clinical interest. Here, we explored the ability of 24 strains of A. urinae isolated from women with lower urinary tract symptoms to display aggregation phenotypes in vitro. We sequenced and analyzed the genomes of these A. urinae strains. We performed functional genomic analyses to determine whether the in vitro hyperflocking aggregation phenotype displayed by certain A. urinae strains was related to the presence or absence of certain pathways. Our findings demonstrate that A. urinae strains have different propensities to display aggregative properties in vitro and suggest a potential association between phylogeny and flocking.
New Ti-in-quartz diffusivities reconcile natural Ti zoning with time scales and temperatures of upper crustal magma reservoirs
Authors: Jollands Michael C. , Bloch Elias , Müntener Othmar 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Titanium-in-quartz thermometry and diffusion chronometry are routinely applied to felsic magmatic systems. These techniques can be used to determine for how long, and at what temperatures, shallow crustal magmatic systems remain partially molten, both of which are fundamental for assessing volcanic hazards. We have conducted new Ti-in-quartz diffusion experiments at 1 bar, in air, between 900 and 1490 °C, and analyzed the products by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling. The results show that Ti diffusivity is two to three orders of magnitude lower than previously determined {log10D = –8.3 ± 0.4 m2 s–1 – [311 ± 12 kJ mol–1/(2.303RT)]}, where R is the universal gas constant (kJK–1 mol–1) and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Application of these new diffusivities brings time scales determined by Ti-in-quartz diffusion chronometry, using quartz primarily from ignimbrites, into agreement with those determined from zircon U-Pb ages from the Bishop Tuff system (California, USA). This indicates that quartz crystallized early and recorded all, or much of, the thermal history of this magmatic system. These new data also show that sharp Ti zoning profiles can be maintained in quartz within slowly cooled rocks without necessitating that the quartz crystallization temperature is significantly lower than the experimentally determined H2O-saturated granite solidus, or that such samples underwent ultrafast cooling, as has recently been proposed for the granitoids from the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (California, USA). Finally, our data also indicate that, at least regarding the Bishop Tuff, temperatures must have remained at near-solidus conditions for the entire pre-eruptive evolution of the system, thus relaxing interpretations of “cold storage” for this magmatic system.
Extrapolating the precision of the hypergeometric resummation to strong couplings with application to the 𝒫𝒯-symmetric iϕ3 field theory
Authors: Shalaby Abouzeid M. 
Published: April 2020

In Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 143001 (2015), H. Mera et al. developed a new simple but precise hypergeometric resummation technique. In this work, we suggest to obtain half of the parameters of the hypergeometric function from the strong-coupling expansion of the physical quantity. Since these parameters are taking now their exact values they can improve the precision of the technique for the whole range of the coupling values. The second order approximant [Formula: see text] of the algorithm is applied to resum the perturbation series of the ground state energy of the [Formula: see text]-symmetric [Formula: see text] field theory. It gives accurate results compared to exact calculations from the literature specially for very large coupling values. The [Formula: see text]-symmetry breaking of the Yang–Lee model has been investigated where third, fourth and fifth orders were able to get very accurate results when compared to other resummation methods involving [Formula: see text] orders. The critical exponent [Formula: see text] of the [Formula: see text]-symmetric model in three dimensions has been precisely obtained using only first order of perturbation series as input. The algorithm can be extended easily to accommodate any order of perturbation series in using the generalized hypergeometric function [Formula: see text] as it shares the same analytic properties with [Formula: see text].
Wormhole modeling in R2 gravity with linear trace term
Authors: Godani Nisha , Samanta Gauranga C. 
Published: April 2020

Morris and Thorne1 proposed traversable wormholes, hypothetical connecting tools, using the concept of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. In this paper, the modification of general relativity (in particular [Formula: see text] theory of gravity defined by Harko et al.2) is considered, to study the traversable wormhole solutions. The function [Formula: see text] is considered as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are controlling parameters. The shape and redshift functions appearing in the metric of wormhole structure have significant contribution in the development of wormhole solutions. We have considered both variable and constant redshift functions with a logarithmic shape function. The energy conditions are examined, geometric configuration is analyzed and the radius of the throat is determined in order to have wormhole solutions in absence of exotic matter.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND GOVERNANCE IN THE ARAB REGION — A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE TO PRIORITIZE POLICY CHALLENGES
Authors: MAHMALAT MOUNIR , SUMPF DENISE 
Published: April 2020

The “Arab Spring” drew attention worldwide to the dire socio-economic conditions in many Arab countries. Efforts to explain, address and resolve these challenges led to a surge in both academic research as well as a plethora of policy recommendations from very different perspectives. By focusing on a crucial area for employment and growth in the Arab region — economic governance and entrepreneurship — the present paper consolidates the vast research and policy recommendations available based on a ‘best evidence’ approach and identifies three priority policy challenges to facilitate entrepreneurship: competition policy, access to finance and entrepreneurial education. We argue that improvement of economic governance tailored to improve these policy areas is a crucial lever for promoting entrepreneurship and creating employment in Arab countries. Highlighting interdependences between these areas, we derive a set of recommendations for each of the identified policy challenges.
Repotrectinib Exhibits Potent Antitumor Activity in Treatment-Naïve and Solvent-Front–Mutant ROS1-Rearranged Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Yun Mi Ran , Kim Dong Hwi , Kim Seok-Young , Joo Hyeong-Seok , Lee You Won , Choi Hun Mi , Park Chae Won , Heo Seong Gu , Kang Han Na , Lee Sung Sook , Schoenfeld Adam J. , Drilon Alexander , Kang Seok-Gu , Shim Hyo Sup , Hong Min Hee , Cui J. Jean , Kim Hye Ryun , Cho Byoung Chul 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurpose:Although first-line crizotinib treatment leads to clinical benefit in ROS1+ lung cancer, high prevalence of crizotinib-resistant ROS1-G2032R (ROS1G2032R) mutation and progression in the central nervous system (CNS) represents a therapeutic challenge. Here, we investigated the antitumor activity of repotrectinib, a novel next-generation ROS1/TRK/ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in ROS1+ patient-derived preclinical models.Experimental Design:Antitumor activity of repotrectinib was evaluated in ROS1+ patient-derived preclinical models including treatment-naïve and ROS1G2032R models and was further demonstrated in patients enrolled in an on-going phase I/II clinical trial (NCT03093116). Intracranial antitumor activity of repotrectinib was evaluated in a brain-metastasis mouse model.Results:Repotrectinib potently inhibited in vitro and in vivo tumor growth and ROS1 downstream signal in treatment-naïve YU1078 compared with clinically available crizotinib, ceritinib, and entrectinib. Despite comparable tumor regression between repotrectinib and lorlatinib in YU1078-derived xenograft model, repotrectinib markedly delayed the onset of tumor recurrence following drug withdrawal. Moreover, repotrectinib induced profound antitumor activity in the CNS with efficient blood–brain barrier penetrating properties. Notably, repotrectinib showed selective and potent in vitro and in vivo activity against ROS1G2032R. These findings were supported by systemic and intracranial activity of repotrectinib observed in patients enrolled in the on-going clinical trial.Conclusions:Repotrectinib is a novel next-generation ROS1-TKI with improved potency and selectivity against treatment-naïve and ROS1G2032R with efficient CNS penetration. Our findings suggest that repotrectinib can be effective both as first-line and after progression to prior ROS1-TKI.