bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Drought in the Dry Lands of Asia Under the 1.5 and 2.0 °C Warming Scenarios
Authors: Miao Lijuan , Li Suyuan , Zhang Feng , Chen Tiexi , Shan Yunpeng , Zhang Yushan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDrought has become a major threat to local sustainable development in dryland Asia, one of the largest grassland ecosystems in the world. However, empirical‐ and science‐based evidence regarding the extent of drought changes and the future trends of these changes in dryland Asia is variable and incomplete. Here, we first investigate the historical variations in drought conditions in dryland Asia, as measured by the drought intensity and arid area, using three widely used drought indices (the Palmer Drought Severity Index, the Standardized Precipitation Index, and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index). Then, we use Bayesian model averaging to reproduce the future drought conditions under two representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP4.5) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Earth system models. The Palmer Drought Severity Index, Standardized Precipitation Index, and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index illustrate that dryland Asia has experienced an overall drying trend and an expansion of arid areas over the past 100 years (1901–2016). Both temperature and precipitation are projected to increase under both the 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming scenarios compared with the values from the reference period (1986–2005). The projected drought conditions in the 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming scenarios will worsen, especially across Kazakhstan and Northwest China. We found that the drought conditions under the 2.0 °C warming conditions will not be as severe as those under the 1.5 °C warming conditions due to the mitigating effect of the projected precipitation increase under RCP4.5. These results call for short‐term and long‐term mitigation and adaptation measurements for drought events in dryland Asia.
Fossil Fuel Combustion Is Driving Indoor CO2 Toward Levels Harmful to Human Cognition
Authors: Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Miller Shelly L. , Schapiro Anna C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHuman activities are elevating atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to levels unprecedented in human history. The majority of anticipated impacts of anthropogenic CO2 emissions are mediated by climate warming. Recent experimental studies in the fields of indoor air quality and cognitive psychology and neuroscience, however, have revealed significant direct effects of indoor CO2 levels on cognitive function. Here, we shed light on this connection and estimate the impact of continued fossil fuel emissions on human cognition. We conclude that indoor CO2 levels may indeed reach levels harmful to cognition by the end of this century, and the best way to prevent this hidden consequence of climate change is to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Finally, we offer recommendations for a broad, interdisciplinary approach to improving such understanding and prediction.
Climatology of the Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Captured by FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC
Authors: Chou Min‐Yang , Wu Qian , Pedatella N. M. , Cherniak Iurii , Schreiner William S. , Braun John 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (F3/C) satellites are used to study the climatology of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) during the low to moderate solar flux years (2008–2013). We use the F3/C total electron content to identify the presence of EPBs and investigate the background conditions for the initiation of EPBs. The results reveal that the EPB activities have strong solar dependence. The longitudinal and seasonal trends of EPBs are highly correlated to the angle between the dusk solar terminator and magnetic field lines near the magnetic equator. Asymmetries of EPBs between solstices and equinoxes exist and could be due partly to the asymmetry of equatorial ionization anomaly structures, which result in longitudinal differences as well. EPBs extend to higher altitudes and latitudes during the ascending phase of Solar Cycle 24 (2011–2013) due mainly to the increase of background electron density. However, an altitudinal asymmetry of EPBs occurs in moderate solar flux years, which is likely due to the suppression or lower growth and occurrence rates of EPBs. In addition to vertical drift, tidal forcing also contributes to the longitudinal and seasonal distributions of EPBs. Upwellings and precursor waves preceding the EPBs are observed climatologically, which likely play a vital role in initiating the EPBs. This study also reveals a vertical connection between the equatorial ionospheric irregularities and atmospheric forcing on a climatological basis.
Seismic Azimuthal Anisotropy for the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau Extracted by Wave Gradiometry Analysis
Authors: Cao Feihuang , Liang Chuntao , Zhou Lu , Zhu Jieshou 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWave Gradiometry (WG) is a dense array data processing method used to extract seismic velocity and other properties of the earth. In this study, we propose using WG for a plane wave field to measure azimuthal anisotropy by fitting the phase velocities from different back azimuths. We applied this new method to the Temporary Western Sichuan Array and obtained the isotropic and azimuthal anisotropy for period bands centered atT = 20, 40, and 60 s in the southeast Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that the fast orientations of anisotropy are well consistent with the strikes of the fault system and orogenic belt. The weak anisotropic magnitude in the northern part of the south Chuandian subblock and a consistence of fast orientation in boundary fault zone (BFZ) at different periods may be attributed to anisotropic relics associated with the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. Comparing our results with those of previous studies, we found that our anisotropic results are consistent with anisotropic structures measured by the Pms phase in the plateau area, while a systematical angular difference exists in the BFZ, Sichuan Basin, and south Chuandian subblock where high Rayleigh wave phase velocity was observed. The Lijiang‐Xiaojin fault and Longmenshan fault appear to form a deep‐rooted strong boundary at the lithospheric scale, as they serve as a boundary for anisotropic structures, isotropic velocity, and the other three WG parameters.
Temporal Characteristics and Potential Sources of Black Carbon in Megacity Shanghai, China
Authors: Wei C. , Wang M. H. , Fu Q. Y. , Dai C. , Huang R. , Bao Q. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) is a major light absorption material that acts as a climate change driver with high radiative forcing and as an air pollutant that reduces visibility and air quality. Thus, reducing the emission and ambient concentration of BC could help address climate change and improve air quality simultaneously. In this study, the mass concentration of atmospheric BC was continuously measured by an aethalometer in Shanghai in 2017. The annual BC concentration was 2.19 ± 1.28 μg/m3, with the highest loading in winter and the lowest loading in autumn. The BC concentrations varied with year and location when compared with previous studies in different locations in Shanghai. The hourly BC concentration had a bimodal distribution, with two peaks during the morning and evening traffic rush hours. Liquid fuels, biomass, and coal combustion contributed 65.7%, 21.5%, and 12.8%, respectively, of the total BC based on the advanced aethalometer model. The three sources varied in different seasons with a high contribution of liquid source in summer and more coal and biomass emissions in winter. High BC concentrations accumulated in the stable weather conditions in the four seasons and appeared when there were high wind speeds from the northwestern direction in winter. The Yangtze River Delta region was the most likely potential source region of high BC loading in the four seasons, and long‐range transport from North China in winter was another likely source region based on the results of cluster analysis and potential source contribution function analysis of backward trajectories.
Lower Cretaceous Provenance and Sedimentary Deposition in the Eastern Carpathians: Inferences for the Evolution of the Subducted Oceanic Domain and its European Passive Continental Margin
Authors: Roban R. D. , Ducea M. N. , Mațenco L. , Panaiotu G. C. , Profeta L. , Krézsek C. , Melinte‐Dobrinescu M. C. , Anastasiu N. , Dimofte D. , Apotrosoaei V. , Francovschi I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractReconstructing orogenic systems made up dominantly by sediments accreted in trenches is challenging because of the incomplete lithological record of the subducted oceanic domain and its attached passive continental margin thrusted by collisional processes. In this respect, the remarkable ~600 km long continuity of sediments exposed in the Eastern Carpathian thin‐skinned thrust and fold belt and the availability of quantitative reconstructions for adjacent continental units provide excellent conditions for a paleogeographical study by provenance and sedimentological techniques constraining sediment routing and depositional systems. These sediments were deposited in the Ceahlău‐Severin branch of the Alpine Tethys Ocean and over its European passive continental margin. We report sedimentological, paleomagnetic, petrographic, and detrital zircon U‐Pb data of Lower Cretaceous sediments from several thin‐skinned tectonic units presumably deposited in the Moldavides domain of the Eastern Carpathians. Sedimentological observations in the innermost studied unit demonstrate that deposition took place in a deepwater basin floor sheets to sandy turbidite system. Detrital zircon age data demonstrate sourcing from internal Carpathian basement units. The sediment routing changes in more external units, where black shales basin floor sheets to sandy mud turbidites were sourced from an external, European continental area. Although some degree of mixing between sources located on both margins of the ocean occurred, constraining a relatively narrow width of the deep oceanic basin, these results demonstrate that the internal‐most studied unit was deposited near an Early Cretaceous accretionary wedge, located on the opposite internal side relative to the passive continental margin domain of other Moldavides units.
Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Moroccan Meseta: From Late Devonian Forearc Sedimentation to Early Carboniferous Collision of an Avalonian Promontory
Authors: Accotto Cristina , Martínez Poyatos David , Azor Antonio , Jabaloy‐Sánchez Antonio , Talavera Cristina , Evans Noreen J. , Azdimousa Ali 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe deformed Paleozoic succession of the Eastern Moroccan Meseta crops out in relatively small and isolated inliers surrounded by Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks. Two of the largest inliers (Mekkam and Debdou) are characterized by a monotonous succession of slates and greywackes affected by polyphasic folding that occurred at low‐ to very low grade metamorphic conditions. New U‐Pb ages on detrital zircon grains from the Debdou‐Mekkam metasediments constrain the maximal depositional age as Late Devonian, interpreted to be close to the true sedimentation age. Furthermore, the εHf values of the Devonian detrital zircons, together with the presence of a series of scattered zircon grains with ages between c. 0.9 and c. 1.9 Ga, suggest provenance from a subduction‐related magmatic arc located on the Avalonian margin. The Debdou‐Mekkam massif is characterized by an Early Carboniferous first deformational event (D1), which gave way to a pervasive cleavage (S1) associated with plurikilometric‐scale, tight to isoclinal, overturned to recumbent folds. Later events (Dc) occurred at Late Carboniferous time and generated variably developed crenulation cleavages (Sc) associated with variously oriented metric‐ to kilometric‐scale folds, which complicate the pattern of both D1 intersection lineations (L1) and axial traces. The restoration of this pronounced curved pattern yields originally SW‐NE‐oriented D1 fold axes with regional SE‐vergence. This important Early Carboniferous shortening and SE‐directed tectonic transport can be explained by closure of the Rheic Ocean and the first phases of the collision between the northern passive margin of Gondwana and an Avalonian promontory.
Thank You to Our 2019 Reviewers
Authors: Trumbore Susan , Barros Ana P. , Becker Thorsten W. , Davidson Eric A. , Ehlmann Bethany L. , Gruber Nicolas , Hofmann Eileen E. , Hudson Mary K. , Illangasekare Tissa H. , Kang Sarah M. , Malanotte‐Rizzoli Paola , Nimmo Francis , Parsons Tom , Salters Vincent J.M. , Stevens Bjorn , Wuebbles Donald J. , Zeitler Peter , Zhu Tong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMembers of the editorial board of AGU Advances express their appreciation to those who served as peer reviewers for the journal in its inaugural year.
Seismotectonics and Fault Geometries of the 2019 Ridgecrest Sequence: Insight From Aftershock Moment Tensor Catalog Using 3‐D Green's Functions
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhan Zhongwen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake occurred on 6 July, preceded by the Mw 6.4 foreshock on 4 July 2019. These two earthquakes occurred close in space and time with partially overlapping surface ruptures and aftershock patterns, raising the question of the relationship between the two events. Geological surveys and satellite observations provide important constraints on the surface traces of faulting. However, the subsurface fault geometries, which are important for understanding the regional stress field, earthquake initiation, propagation, and termination, are not well resolved. In this study, moment tensor solutions for 256 earthquakes in the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence were determined by waveform inversion using 3‐D velocity model. The obtained moment tensor solutions show rotations of the stresses after mainshock, indicating the ratio of mainshock stress drop to the background stress to be 0.5–0.9. The obtained moment tensor catalog also facilitates a better understanding of the subsurface fault geometries, including (1) splay faults and antithetic faults in the northwest aftershock zone; (2) shallow flower structures near the Mw 7.1 epicenter; and (3) subparallel faults in the southeast aftershock zone. The aftershocks' studies suggest the very complex surface ruptures near the 2019 Ridgecrest Mw 7.1 epicenter are near‐surface features that linked to a simple large throughgoing fault at >5 km depth. We also found that the southeastern‐most aftershocks, which are located less than a kilometer from the Garlock fault trace, have significant different strike directions from that of the Garlock fault, indicating the central Garlock fault remains seismically quiet.
Sequence variant analysis reveals poor correlations in microbial taxonomic abundance between humans and mice after gnotobiotic transfer
Authors: Fouladi Farnaz , Glenny Elaine M , Bulik-Sullivan Emily C , Tsilimigras Matthew C B , Sioda Michael , Thomas Stephanie A , Wang Yunfei , Djukic Zorka , Tang Quyen , Tarantino Lisa M , Bulik Cynthia M , Fodor Anthony A , Carroll Ian M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Transplanting human gut microbiotas into germ-free (GF) mice is a popular approach to disentangle cause-and-effect relationships between enteric microbes and disease. Algorithm development has enabled sequence variant (SV) identification from 16S rRNA gene sequence data. SV analyses can identify which donor taxa colonize recipient GF mice, and how SV abundance in humans is replicated in these mice. Fecal microbiotas from 8 human subjects were used to generate 77 slurries, which were transplanted into 153 GF mice. Strong correlations between fecal and slurry microbial communities were observed; however, only 42.15 ± 9.95% of SVs successfully transferred from the donor to the corresponding recipient mouse. Firmicutes had a particularly low transfer rate and SV abundance was poorly correlated between donor and recipient pairs. Our study confirms human fecal microbiotas colonize formerly GF mice, but the engrafted community only partially resembles the input human communities. Our findings emphasize the importance of reporting a standardized transfer rate and merit the exploration of other animal models or in silico tools to understand the relationships between human gut microbiotas and disease.
NOXA-dependent contextual synthetic lethality of BCL-XL inhibition and “osmotic reprogramming” in colorectal cancer
Authors: Knoll Gertrud , Riffelsberger Petra , Raats Danielle , Kranenburg Onno , Ehrenschwender Martin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA sophisticated network of BCL-2 family proteins regulates the mitochondria-associated (intrinsic) apoptosis pathway. Antiapoptotic members such as BCL-XL or MCL-1 safeguard the outer mitochondrial membrane and prevent accidental cell death in a functionally redundant and/or compensatory manner. However, BCL-XL/MCL-1-mediated “dual apoptosis protection” also impairs response of cancer cells to chemotherapy. Here, we show that hyperosmotic stress in the tumor environment abrogates dual BCL-XL/MCL-1 protection. Hypertonicity triggers upregulation of NOXA and loss of MCL-1 and thereby enforces exclusive BCL-XL addiction. Concomitant targeting of BCL-XL is sufficient to unlock the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Functionally, “osmotic reprogramming” of the tumor environment grants contextual synthetic lethality to BCL-XL inhibitors in dually BCL-XL/MCL-1-protected cells. Generation of contextual synthetic lethality through modulation of the tumor environment could perspectively boost efficacy of anticancer drugs.
Transient receptor potential ion channel TRPM2 promotes AML proliferation and survival through modulation of mitochondrial function, ROS, and autophagy
Authors: Chen Shu-jen , Bao Lei , Keefer Kerry , Shanmughapriya Santhanam , Chen Longgui , Lee John , Wang JuFang , Zhang Xue-Qian , Hirschler-Laszkiewicz Iwona , Merali Salim , Merali Carmen , Imamura Yuka , Dovat Sinisa , Madesh Muniswamy , Cheung Joseph Y. , Wang Hong-Gang , Miller Barbara A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTransient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) ion channel has an essential function in maintaining cell survival following oxidant injury. Here, we show that TRPM2 is highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The role of TRPM2 in AML was studied following depletion with CRISPR/Cas9 technology in U937 cells. In in vitro experiments and in xenografts, depletion of TRPM2 in AML inhibited leukemia proliferation, and doxorubicin sensitivity was increased. Mitochondrial function including oxygen consumption rate and ATP production was reduced, impairing cellular bioenergetics. Mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial calcium uptake were significantly decreased in depleted cells. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly increased, and Nrf2 was decreased, reducing the antioxidant response. In TRPM2-depleted cells, ULK1, Atg7, and Atg5 protein levels were decreased, leading to autophagy inhibition. Consistently, ATF4 and CREB, two master transcription factors for autophagosome biogenesis, were reduced in TRPM2-depleted cells. In addition, Atg13 and FIP200, which are known to stabilize ULK1 protein, were decreased. Reconstitution with TRPM2 fully restored proliferation, viability, and autophagy; ATF4 and CREB fully restored proliferation and viability but only partially restored autophagy. TRPM2 expression reduced the elevated ROS found in depleted cells. These data show that TRPM2 has an important role in AML proliferation and survival through regulation of key transcription factors and target genes involved in mitochondrial function, bioenergetics, the antioxidant response, and autophagy. Targeting TRPM2 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to inhibit myeloid leukemia growth and enhance susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents through multiple pathways.
Carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by directly targeting HSP90 to treat inflammasome-mediated diseases
Authors: Shi Wei , Xu Guang , Zhan Xiaoyan , Gao Yuan , Wang Zhilei , Fu Shubin , Qin Nan , Hou Xiaorong , Ai Yongqiang , Wang Chunyu , He Tingting , Liu Hongbin , Chen Yuanyuan , Liu Yan , Wang Jiabo , Niu Ming , Guo Yuming , Xiao Xiaohe , Bai Zhaofang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAberrant activation of inflammasomes, a group of protein complexes, is pathogenic in a variety of metabolic and inflammation-related diseases. Here, we report that carnosol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by directly targeting heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), which is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activity, thereby treating inflammasome-mediated diseases. Our data demonstrate that carnosol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Mechanistically, carnosol inhibits inflammasome activation by binding to HSP90 and then inhibiting its ATPase activity. In vivo, our results show that carnosol has remarkable therapeutic effects in mouse models of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated diseases, including endotoxemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our data also suggest that intraperitoneal administration of carnosol (120 mg/kg) once daily for two weeks is well tolerated in mice. Thus, our study reveals the inhibitory effect of carnosol on inflammasome activation and demonstrates that carnosol is a safe and effective candidate for the treatment of inflammasome-mediated diseases.
Switched-capacitor-convertors based on fractal design for output power management of triboelectric nanogenerator
Authors: Liu Wenlin , Wang Zhao , Wang Gao , Zeng Qixuan , He Wencong , Liu Liyu , Wang Xue , Xi Yi , Guo Hengyu , Hu Chenguo , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOwing to the advantages of integration and being magnet-free and light-weight, the switched-capacitor-convertor plays an increasing role compared to traditional transformer in some specific power supply systems. However, the high output impedance and switching loss largely reduces its power efficiency, due to imperfect topology and transistors. Herein, we propose a fractal-design based switched-capacitor-convertors with characteristics including high conversion efficiency, minimum output impedance, and electrostatic voltage applicability. As a double-function output power management system for triboelectric nanogenerators, it delivers over 67 times charge boosting and 954 W m−2 power density in pulse mode, and achieves over 94% total energy transfer efficiency in constant mode. The establishment of the fractal-design switched-capacitor-convertors provides significant guidance for the development of power management toward multi-functional output for numerous applications. The successful demonstration in triboelectric nanogenerators also declares its great potential in electric vehicles, DC micro-grids etc.
Redrawing the Iceland−Scotland Overflow Water pathways in the North Atlantic
Authors: Zou Sijia , Bower Amy , Furey Heather , Susan Lozier M. , Xu Xiaobiao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) is a primary deep water mass exported from the Norwegian Sea into the North Atlantic as part of the global Meridional Overturning Circulation. ISOW has historically been depicted as flowing counter-clockwise in a deep boundary current around the subpolar North Atlantic, but this single-boundary-following pathway is being challenged by new Lagrangian observations and model simulations. We show here that ISOW leaves the boundary and spreads into the interior towards the central Labrador and Irminger basins after flowing through the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. We also describe a newly observed southward pathway of ISOW along the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The partitioning of these pathways is shown to be influenced by deep-reaching eddies and meanders of the North Atlantic Current. Our results, in tandem with previous studies, call for a revision in the historical depiction of ISOW pathways throughout the North Atlantic.