bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementacja metody the St. Gallen Model for Destination Management (SGDM) w polskich Karpatach: Studium przypadku sześciu bieszczadzkich gmin
Authors: Klimek Katarzyna 
Published: February 2020

Bieszczady są jednym z pasm górskich leżących w polskich Karpatach. Ich walory przyrodnicze i kulturowe przyciągają corocznie do tej destynacji tysiące polskich i zagranicznych turystów. Pomimo wielu objętych ochroną miejsc o szczególnych walorach przyrodniczych (np. Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy, Rezerwat Biosfery UNESCO i obszary Natura 2000) Bieszczady borykają się obecnie z różnymi problemami środowiskowymi i społecznymi, które często wynikają z dynamicznego, ale chaotycznego rozwoju turystyki na ich obszarze. Brak wspólnej wizji długofalowego rozwoju turystyki (na poziomie gminnym i regionalnym) stanowi jedno z głównych wyzwań, przed którym stoją obecnie podmioty publiczne i prywatne wielu gmin bieszczadzkich. W artykule zaprezentowano rezultaty wdrożenia innowacyjnej metody zarządzania destynacjami – The St.Gallen Model for Destination Management (SGDM) – w wybranych bieszczadzkich gminach. Zastosowana metoda umożliwiła lokalnym „aktorom” turystycznym (publicznym i prywatnym) przystąpienie do procesu holistycznego zarządzania miejscami recepcji turystycznej poprzez identyfikację kluczowych segmentów rynku. W pracy przedstawiono pierwszą próbę zastosowania metody SGDM w Polsce.
Measurement of the Flowrate Out of a Well for Conventional Drilling Operations
Authors: Cayeux Eric 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The flowrate out of a well is an important source of information for detecting gains or losses. Yet, many conventional drilling operations have only access to qualitative measurements from a flow-paddle. Quantitative flowrate out measurements can be obtained from a vibrating tube Coriolis flowmeter, but it usually requires regular cleaning to maintain an acceptable precision. This paper described a new design for a flowrate out sensor that necessitates little maintenance and yet provides quantitative measurements.
This new device is primarily a mass flowmeter that also utilizes Coriolis forces as the measurement principle. Unlike the vibrating tube mass flowmeter, the apparatus does not need to be filled with drilling fluid. Because of its measurement principle, cuttings cannot clog the apparatus and mud cannot form a layer at the surface of the instrument and therefore its precision stays unbiased for a long time. A small fraction of the return flow passes through a densitometer to obtain the mass density of the drilling fluid and therefore the volumetric flowrate can also be provided.
As a side effect of the instrument measurement principle, it is possible to obtain information about the number of cuttings particles that pass through the apparatus as well as their particle mass distribution. Dissolved gases are also separated while the drilling fluid traverses the device and it is therefore possible to relocate a chromatograph inside the apparatus in order to obtain a gas composition very close to the well outlet. Parts of the device have been built at a laboratory scale and the measurement principles have been verified for a range of small flowrates. The paper presents the results from the laboratory testing.
The quantitative measurement of the flowrate out of a well with an apparatus that can be retrofitted on existing rigs and that necessitates little maintenance, open for the possibility to achieve automatic gain/loss detection with few false alarms, therefore improving substantially safety of conventional drilling operations.
Emulsions for Use as Non-plugging Perforating Fluids
Authors: Priest G.G. , Morgan B.E. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 177–182.

Abstract
The production of oil and gas from wells is often seriously hindered by the compaction of solids in the perforations during the perforating process. To realize the full productive capacity of a well, it is necessary either to remove the plugging material from the perforations or to perforate in a manner which does not cause plugging of the perforations. The latter method can be accomplished by having a non-plugging fluid in the casing at the time the well is perforated. This paper describes the results of laboratory tests, perforating tests, and experimental field tests which demonstrate that certain emulsions serve effectively as non-plugging perforating fluids.
The principal components of these emulsions are two liquids: an aqueous phase consisting of a solution of either sodium chloride or calcium chloride, and an oil phase consisting of diesel oil, tetrachloroethylene, or a combination of both. Small amounts of other agents which serve to stabilize the emulsions, to reduce the fluid loss, and to inhibit corrosion are also present.
The density of the emulsions is controllable within the range of 7.5 to 12.5 lb/ gal; no insoluble solids are present, the filtration rate is low, and the thermal stability is satisfactory at temperatures as high as 2000°F. The corrosion of steel by these emulsions is negligible.
Tests conducted under conditions which simulate the temperature and the pressure in an actual well demonstrate that these emulsions fulfill the requirements of a non-plugging perforating fluid. In addition, limited field experience furnishes evidence that these emulsions remain in position after they are spotted, that they are retained in the casing after the perforations are made, and that they are easily removed from the perforations when the well is opened for production.
When the pressure in the borehole is greater than the formation pressure at the time a well is perforated, plugging of the perforations can be avoided by spotting an emulsion adjacent the interval to be perforated. This procedure should eliminate low well productivity caused by plugging the perforations.
A Theory for the Effect of Heating Oil Producing Wells
Authors: Schild A. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 1–10.

Abstract
The effect of heating a producing well on the rate of oil recovery has been analyzed in the simple case of a well producing oil by a radial drive and in the steady state.
Differences of production rates with and without borehole heating have been calculated and plotted; these measure some of the benefits of the thermal recovery process. A striking feature is that the production increase tends rapidly to a constant value for large production rates. Some concrete examples, including a rough comparison with field data, are discussed.
Heating requirements have been calculated and plotted on the assumption that the heaters used are 100 per cent efficient.
Heating has been thought of as applying only to low volume wells producing heavy oils. However, the calculations suggest that the thermal process considered might be profitable even for some wells producing large quantities of light oil, especially in unconsolidated formations where fracturing is not possible.
In the case of wells producing other fluids with the oil or of wells producing partly or wholly by gravity drainage, the theory developed does not apply in detail. It can be expected, however, that any general qualitative behavior will remain valid.
Under normal temperature conditions, high viscosity emulsions sometimes form around the wellbore, lowering the permeability in the vicinity of the well and impeding the production of oil. Borehole heating often prevents such emulsification. This important effect is not easily amenable to mathematical analysis and has not been included in the theory presented here. It should therefore be kept in mind that the benefits due to borehole heating may in fact exceed the values given by the following calculations.

Introduction
The recovery of viscous, low gravity oils can often be stimulated by applying heat to the production zone. The higher temperature lowers the viscosity of the oil, increasing its mobility, and therefore its rate of production.
The Mobility of Connate Water During a Water Flood
Authors: Brown W.O. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 190–195.

Abstract
A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine quantitatively the extent to which connate water was contacted and displaced by invading flood water. In these experiments the connate water in unconsolidated sand packed columns was completely displaced by injecting water. The nature of this displacement was similar to that previously described for single-phase miscible fluid displacement studies, and thus the presence of a non-wetting immiscible phase did not appreciably change the nature of the displacement. The effects of water injection rate, column length, and oil viscosity on connate water displacement were investigated.
It is concluded that the connate water in a reservoir is the water which actually displaces oil from the pores of the rock during a water flood. During a water flood the connate water forms a zone which separates the invading flood water from the continuous oil phase. The size and shape of connate water bank is chiefly dependent on the oil viscosity and the column length.

Introduction
Water flooding is one of the most widely used techniques for the secondary recovery of oil. Presently, however, it is still not possible to recover all the oil in a reservoir by water flooding. The research described in this paper was conducted as part of a study to determine the conditions under which 100 per cent oil recovery could be attained by water flooding. The particular objective of this work was to determine if any chemical agent, regardless of its nature, placed in the flood water could be effective in influencing the mechanism of displacement of the oil by water.
It has been known for many years that water does not displace all the oil in a reservoir because a portion of the oil is "trapped" and held immobile by capillary forces. This oil is trapped within the pores of a water-wet rock when it becomes broken into discontinuous globules. Initially, when oil is present at high saturations within the pores of a water-wet rock, the connate water forms rings around the points of contact of the sand grains and may even completely fill small cavities between grains, whereas the oil occupies the larger void spaces between the grains.
A Method of Formation Testing on Logging Cable
Authors: Lebourg M. , Fields R.Q. , Doh C.A. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 260–267.

Abstract
A formation tester run on logging cable is now available to the oil industry. It offers a method of safely and rapidly testing possible producing formations in uncased holes. These tests can be made up the hole after running the electric log. Reservoir pressure data is continuously recorded at the surface as the fluid sample is extracted. The tester may be assembled with a reservoir of 1−, 2.75−, or 55-gal capacity.
A retaining pad on the body of the tool is expanded against the wall of the hole at the exact depth desired; this depth is determined by electrical log control. Two bullets are then fired through the center of the retaining pad which create a connection between the formation and a flow line to the sample chamber. When the chamber is filled, a valve is closed and the fluid sample sealed at maximum pressure. The tool is retracted to minimum diameter and brought out of the hole. Electrical circuits permit a complete recording at the surface of the mechanical operations of the tool as well as the formation pressure build-up and the hydrostatic mud pressure.
The tool was introduced commercially during the latter part of 1955 in the Gulf Coasts of Louisiana and Texas. Over 1,000 operations have been made to date (Sept. 1, 1956); 50 per cent of which resulted in successful tests. Failures have been due mostly to ineffective sealing in unconsolidated sands.
One major company had 41 successful tests out of 80 attempts with 23 ineffective pad seals. Results for this company were very gratifying as to pinpointing gas-oil ratios, indicating productive permeabilities and aiding in determination of fluid content where electrical log and side-wall coring information were inconclusive.
Eight typical pressure curves are discussed (including misruns).
Six types of fluid recoveries are interpreted.
Eight actual field examples of electric logs, showing the problems solved by the formation tester, are illustrated.
Neutron Capture Gamma-Ray Spectra of Earth Formations
Authors: Baker P.E. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 210, 1957, pages 97–101.

Introduction
The commercial neutron-gamma log measures the intensity of gamma-rays produced by the interaction of neutrons with nuclei in the formation and in the bore hole. This measurement gives information concerning the distribution of neutrons around the neutron source, and in particular gives information on porosity or fluid content.
Another type of information is contained in the frequency or energy spectrum of the neutron capture gamma-rays. The capture gamma-rays of each element, in fact of each isotope, have only those energies characteristic of that isotope. The neutron capture gamma-ray spectrum, if obtainable, would permit the identification of the elements producing the spectrum. Such information would have considerable value in oilfield exploration work if it could be applied practically in well logging.
Experiments have been carried out at the La Habra Laboratory of California Research Corp. to determine the feasibility of a method of well logging in which neutron capture gamma-ray spectra are measured down hole. In these experiments, spectra were obtained for artificial formations under simulated borehole conditions, using actual borehole geometry. This paper will describe the experimental apparatus and methods and will present the spectrum curves for several formations.
Identification of Earth Materials by Induced Gamma-Ray Spectral Analysis
Authors: Muench N.L. , Osoba J.S. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 89–92.

Abstract
Research conducted previously has demonstrated that spectral analysis of gamma radiation from the naturally radioactive elements present in earth materials permits determination of the relative concentrations of these elements. This research suggested that spectral analysis of gamma radiation resulting from neutron bombardment of elements not normally radioactive might serve to identify these non-radioactive elements, and might permit their quantitative determination.
To investigate this possibility, laboratory experiments were conducted in which various earth materials were subjected to bombardment by neutrons from a polonium-beryllium source, and in which the spectra of the resultant gamma radiation were analyzed. The geometry of the laboratory system was designed to simulate wellbore conditions.
The laboratory work demonstrated that some elements not only can be identified with relative ease, but also can be determined quantitatively. This finding indicates that the use of an intense source of more energetic neutrons may lead to the identification and measurement of additional elements of interest by means of induced nuclear reactions.

Introduction
In recent years the applications of nuclear physics to the producing branch of the petroleum industry have become increasingly numerous. One significant development, an outgrowth of nuclear science which is of potential importance in well logging, has been the analysis of gamma-ray spectra of naturally radioactive elements in earth strata. The work of Brannon and Osoba has demonstrated that presently available equipment and techniques may be used to determine the relative concentration of thorium, potassium, and uranium in underground strata by means of gamma-ray spectral analysis.
Success of the research on spectral analysis of naturally radioactive elements suggested that spectral analysis of induced radioactivity might serve to identify, and perhaps measure quantitatively, those elements which normally are not radioactive, but which become radioactive on neutron bombardment. It was to investigate this possibility that the research described in the following sections was undertaken.
Increased soil moisture aggravated the competitive effects of the invasive tree Rhus typhina on the native tree Cotinus coggygria
Authors: Guo Xiao , Xu Zhen-Wei , Li Ming-Yan , Ren Xiao-Huang , Liu Jian , Guo Weihua 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background:Invasive exotic species have caused significant problems, and the effects of extreme precipitation and drought, which might occur more frequently under the global climate change scenarios, on interspecific relationship between invasive and native species remain unclear.Results:We conducted a greenhouse experiment with three soil water levels (30%–40%, 50%–60%, and 70%–80% of field capacity) and two cultivation treatments (monoculture pots, one seedling of either species and mixture pots, one seedling of each species) to investigate soil water content effects on the relationship between invasiveRhus typhinaand nativeCotinus coggygria.Rhus typhinahad lower height but bigger crown area thanC. coggygriain the monoculture treatment.Rhus typhinahad higher height, bigger crown area and total biomass thanC. coggygriain the mixture treatment. Drought decreased the growth parameters, total chlorophyll concentration, and leaf biomass, but did not change gas exchange and other biomass parameters inR. typhina. The growth parameters, leaf area index, biomass parameters, total chlorophyll concentration, and net photosynthetic rate ofC. coggygriadecreased under drought conditions. The log response ratio (lnRR), calculated as ln (total biomass of a target plant grown in monoculture / total biomass of a target plant grown in mixed culture), ofR. typhinawas lower than that ofC. coggygria. The lnRR ofR. typhinaandC. coggygriadecreased and increased with increase in soil water content, respectively.Conclusions:Rhus typhinahas greater capacity to relatively stable growth to the drought condition thanC. coggygriaand has strong competition advantages in the mixture withC. coggygria, especially in the drought condition. Our study will help understand the causes of invasiveness and wide distribution ofR. typhinaunder various moisture conditions and predict its expansion under climate change scenarios.
Bacillus velezensis LG37: Transcriptome profiling and functional verification of GlnK and MnrA in ammonia (NH4+) assimilation
Authors: Liu Guangxin , Vijayaraman Sarath Babu , Dong Yanjun , Li Xinfeng , Andongmaa Binda Tembeng , Zhao Lijuan , Tu Jiagang , He Jin , lin li 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
In recent years, interest in Bacillus velezensis has increased significantly due to its role in many industrial water bioremediation processes, including the use of probiotics. In this study, we isolated and assessed the transcriptome of Bacillus velezensis LG37 (aquaculture pond) under different nitrogen sources. Since Bacillus species exhibit heterogeneity, it is worth investigating the molecular information of LG37 through ammonia nitrogen assimilation, where nitrogen in the form of ammonia is considered toxic to aquatic organisms.
Results
Here, a total of 812 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the transcriptomic sequencing of LG37 grown in minimal medium supplemented with ammonia (treatment) or glutamine (control) were obtained, from which 56 had Fold Change ≥ 2. BLAST-NCBI and UniProt databases revealed 27 out of the 56 DEGs were potentially involved in NH4+ assimilation. Among them, 8 DEGs together with the two-component regulatory system glnK/glnL were randomly selected for validation by quantitative real-time RT-PCR,and the results showed that expression of all the 8 DEGs are consistent with the RNA-seq data. Moreover, the transcriptome and relative expression analysis were consistent with the transporter (amtB) gene of LG37 and it is not involved in ammonia transport, even in the highest ammonia concentrations. Besides, CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and overexpression LG37 mutants of glnK further evidenced the exclusion of amtB regulation, suggesting the involvement of alternative transporter. Additionally, in the transcriptomic data, a novel ammonium transporter mnrA was expressed significantly in increased ammonia concentrations. Subsequently, OEmnrA and ΔmnrA LG37 strains showed unique expression pattern of specific genes compared to that of wild-LG37 strain.
Conclusion
Based on the transcriptome data, regulation of nitrogen related genes was determined in the newly isolated LG37 strain to analyse the key regulating factors during ammonia assimilation. Using genomics tools, the novel MnrA transporter of LG37 became apparent in ammonia transport instead of AmtB, which transports ammonium nitrogen in other Bacillus strains. Collectively, this study defines heterogeneity of B. velezensis LG37 through comprehensive transcriptome analysis and subsequently, by genome editing techniques, sheds light on the enigmatic mechanisms controlling the functional genes under different nitrogen sources also reveals the need for further research.
Return to Play After Hip Arthroscopy Among Tennis Players: Outcomes with Minimum Five-Year Follow-up
Authors: Maldonado David R. , Yelton Mitchell J. , Rosinsky Philip J. , Shapira Jacob , Meghpara Mitchell , Domb Benjamin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Playing tennis is associated with various movements that can lead to labral injuries and may require arthroscopic surgery. While hip arthroscopies have demonstrated good outcomes in athletes, there is limited literature reporting Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) and return to play in competitive or recreational tennis players after hip arthroscopic surgery. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to (1) report minimum five-year PROs and return to sport in tennis players who underwent hip arthroscopic surgery and (2) compare outcomes between recreational and competitive tennis players.Methods: Data for patients who underwent hip arthroscopy surgery in the setting of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and labral tears between March 2009 and January 2014 and who played tennis at any level within one-year of surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with preoperative and minimum five-year postoperative scores for the following PROs were included: modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS), Hip Outcome Score-Sport Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Patients with preoperative Tönnis osteoarthritis Grade >1, Workers’ Compensation claims, age > 60 years old, or previous ipsilateral hip surgeries or conditions were excluded. Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State (PASS) and Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) for mHHS and HOS-SSS were calculated. Results: Of 28 patients, 31 hips met all inclusion and exclusion criteria of which 28 (90.3%) had minimum 5-year follow-up (mean: 72.8 ± 13.9 months). There were 3 professional, 3 collegiate, 2 high school, 2 organized amateur, and 18 recreational level tennis players. All PROs significantly improved at latest follow-up: mHHS from 67.0 to 86.7 (P < 0.001), NAHS from 65.9 to 87.2 (P < 0.001), HOS-SSS from 50.0 to 77.9 (P = 0.009), and VAS from 5.4 to 1.8 (P < 0.001). There was a 75.0% return to sport rate. Additionally, 66.7% of patients achieved MCID and 83.3% achieved PASS for mHHS, and 63.6% achieved MCID and 58.3% achieved PASS for HOS-SSS.Conclusion: Regardless of the level of participation, tennis players who underwent hip arthroscopic surgery reported statistically significant PRO improvements. A favorable rate of return to sport was also achieved by players with a continued interest in playing. The severity of cartilage damage was shown to not influence rate of returned to sport nor PROs in this population. The data here may be useful in counseling tennis players of various levels who are considering arthroscopic treatment of a hip injury.