bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defences to Copyright Infringement
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Defences to copyright infringement have gained increased significance over the past twenty years. The fourth industrial revolution emerged with the development of innovative copy-reliant services and business models, transforming the way in which copyright works can be used, from digital learning methods to mass digitization initiatives, media monitoring services, image transformation tools, and content mining technologies. The lawfulness of such innovative services and business methods, which arguably have the potential to enhance public welfare, is dubious and challenges copyright law. EU copyright contains specifically enumerated, narrowly drafted, and strictly interpreted defensive rules, often taking the form of the so-called exceptions and limitations to copyright. Because the fourth industrial revolution promises innovation and business growth—stated objectives of EU copyright—it invites an examination of defensive rules as a whole. The book adopts a holistic approach in its exploration of the limits of permissibility under EU copyright, including legislatively mentioned exceptions and limitations, doctrinal principles, and rules external to copyright, with a view to unveiling possible gaps and overlaps, offering a novel classification of defensive rules, and evaluating the adaptability of the law towards technological change. Discussing recent legislative developments, such as the provisions of the Digital Single Market Directive, Court of Justice of the European Union case law, and insights from national laws and cases, the book tells the story of copyright from the perspective of copyright defences, offering positivist and normative insights into law and doctrine and arguing towards a principle-based understanding of the scope of defences that could inform future law and policy making.
Reflections on Making Clocks Harrison’s Way
Authors: FBHI Martin Burgess FSA 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Martin Burgess reflects on his experiences in making Clocks A and B and outlines some vital guidelines to anyone considering making a regulator clock that follows Harrison’s principals. For example, the pendulums on Clocks A and B are both made from Invar, an alloy developed in the early twentieth century that has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. In keeping with standard practice, the pendulums are compensated for temperature change by inclusion of a small brass block that supports the pendulum bob. Any downward expansion of the rod is counteracted by an upward expansion of the brass—the dimensions of the brass block is easily calculable. Burgess later understood that the modern form of pendulum, though easier to construct, lacked the frictional properties of the gridiron, which come to play in compensating for changes in barometric pressure.
Crunching the Numbers
Authors: van Baak Tom 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth analysis and examination of measurement data for Clock B, trialled from 2012 to 2016 at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. It evaluates the merits and shortcomings of barometric and temperature compensation, based on data gathered after adjustments made to the clock in 2014. The clock clearly met John Harrison’s claim of accuracy to within one second in 100 days in the 2015 peer-reviewed trial; however, Harrison did not outline the conditions of measuring accuracy. This paper explores potential methods for quantifying clock accuracy and lays bare details of the electronic measurement system. The raw data yielded some apparent anomalous values, which are unpicked and explained.
Decoding the Physical Theory of Harrison’s Timekeepers
Authors: Hobden M. K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Harrison worked in an extraordinary time and was privileged to rub shoulders with many of London’s prominent figures in the history of science. Importantly his first sponsor and mentor, George Graham FRS, was undoubtedly a great source of inspiration and a connection to the resources of the Royal Society. This paper presents Harrison’s own writing, drawing resonance and parallels with contemporary popularisers of Newtonian science, such as Nicholas Saunderson and Venteri Mandey. It also examines connections to later scientific work and oscillator theory and that Harrison’s often-cryptic expression demonstrated an advanced understanding of the physics of pendulums swinging in free air.
Methods of Researching Online Communities
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter presents the idea of Thick Big Data, a methodological approach combining big data sets with thick, ethnographic analysis. It presents different quantitative methods, including Google Correlate, social network analysis (SNA), online polls, culturomics, and data scraping, as well as easy tools to start working with online data. It describes the key differences in performing qualitative studies online, by focusing on the example of digital ethnography. It helps using case studies for digital communities as well. It gives specific guidance on conducting interviews online, and describes how to perform narrative analysis of digital culture. It concludes with describing methods of studying online cultural production, and discusses the notions of remix culture, memes, and trolling.
Kenya
Authors: Upadhyaya Radha 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In Kenya the impetus for Basel implementation has come from the regulator, the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), which is highly independent, has strong links to international policy networks, and is very receptive to international policy ideas. Since 2003, the incumbent politicians have also been keen to adopt the latest international standards in order to attract investment into Kenya’s financial sector. Meanwhile, as the banking sector is relatively well capitalized, there has been little opposition from banks, with some international and large local banks being mildly in favour of Basel II and III adoption. In the Kenyan case the regulator has been the driving force for Basel adoption, supported by internationally oriented politicians and banks.
Early “Italian” Scholars of Ius Gentium
Authors: Storti Claudia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries several issues led jurists to rethink the international legal order established in the Roman Empire and the Early Middle Ages. The first was the need to update the list of the law of nations legitimate subjects after the birth of the commune that had not been accounted for in Roman-law sources. The second was to recreate a superior and universally shared set of ‘public’ law rules for international relations to counteract the tendency of communal and monarchical governments to consider the law inter gentes as a form of internal law. In order to address this issue Bartolus of Sassoferrato adapted the Roman category of ius gentium to the features of the medieval geopolitical context. Other topics focused on defining the enemy, freedom of peoples, and treaties among unequal subjects, while the theory of ius gentium of Alberico Gentili was fully rooted in the medieval and early modern legal tradition.
Time in Action
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter I explore the micro-structures of action and the perceptual aspects that accompany action, in order to show how at a very basic level they self-organize into processes that support the intentional lives of agents. The intrinsic temporality of action is shaped in part by the fact that action is dynamically embodied and situated. Initial and boundary conditions are determined not simply by anatomical and neural parameters but also by the circumstances that individuate actions, including agent-related aspects (like intention, motivation, skill, knowledge—but also things like fatigue, physical condition, processes associated with age, emotional experience, starting posture, etc.) and world-related aspects (like facts about objects and physical arrangements, and people in the action environment). This intrinsic temporality is reflected at the macro level (on the narrative scale) where actions are always situated in a world of meaning, and intentions are always future-oriented towards the possibilities of transcending present circumstances.
Ending Global Poverty
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ending poverty is a noble goal, relevant today as much as it was two decades ago when four women rose to prominent positions in their government and decided to make it their central objective. As the world strives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, we may find inspiration in the work of Eveline Herfkens from the Netherlands, Hilde F. Johnson from Norway, Clare Short from the United Kingdom, and Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul from Germany who became ministers in charge of their governments’ international development policies in 1997–8. They believed that the best way to end global poverty was to join forces in changing the policies of the international institutions where decisions affecting the poor all over the world are made and to reform donor countries development programmes. They came to be known as the Utstein Four, after the Norwegian Utstein Abbey where they formalized their collaboration in 1999. They called their collaboration ‘a conspiracy of implementation’ to contrast their action-oriented approach with the lofty pronouncements leaders agree to in big global conferences only to forget them when they return home. This volume discusses Utstein’s many contributions ranging from helping relieve the poorest countries of their debt, using debt relief to actually lift individuals out of poverty, achieving primary education for all, especially girls, and putting developing country partners in charge of setting priorities and implementing programmes of assistance. It is a story of women’s empowerment which lasted for only about half a dozen years as the original Utstein Four moved on to other positions. But their influence continues to be felt because their approach to improve aid effectiveness was codified in international agreements and practices of global institutions. The last part of the book discusses the legacy of the Utstein group and the lessons that their experience offers to the continuing challenges of eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.
Organizing Collaboration
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The story of Eveline Herfkens, Hilde F. Johnson, Clare Short and Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul, all of whom, with different titles became ministers in charge of development cooperation in the Netherlands, Norway, the UK, and Germany in 1997–8, and what they did together to bridge the gap between rhetoric and reality in the war against global poverty, starts with a short discussion of their background. This is followed by a discussion of the political situation and the different government arrangements that determined development policy in their countries at the time. The last part of the chapter reviews the beginnings of their collaboration which focused on ensuring that the debt relief provided to highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs) in programmes supported by the World Bank and the IMF resulted in actually lifting people out of poverty.
Aid Effectiveness
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter starts with a description of some of the specific steps the Utstein group took to streamline their aid procedures in order to reduce the burdens imposed on partner countries and increase effectiveness in the implementation of their bilateral assistance programmes. This is followed by a similar discussion of U4 efforts to help improve the effectiveness of EU aid in which three of the four ministers were involved. The chapter then turns to a discussion of the U4 aid to Tanzania which four of them visited in 2000 as a showcase of what they had been advocating. They spread their message about a new approach to development cooperation in which the partner country is in the driver’s seat by organizing so called ‘Big Tables’ with African leaders (including Ministers of Finance) that permitted a frank exchange of views on ways to make aid more effective in achieving poverty reduction. The final part of the chapter reviews U4’s support to fragile states, focusing on their joint efforts in several countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, and Sudan.
The Long Transition
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Herfkens and Short left their cabinet positions in 2002–3, the former because of a government change, the latter over disagreement with the government’s policy in the Iraq War. But Johnson stayed in office until 2005 and Wieczorek-Zeul until 2009, pushing for implementation of the U4 agenda in different contexts and with different partners. They continued to collaborate with each other, the UK, and the Nordics, on specific issues. Thus, while a systemic and fully fledged U4 cooperation never re-emerged at the political and ministerial level, there was a transition over time. The U4 did not disappear from the international scene as much as they faded away as a ministerial group. This chapter reviews this transition roughly over the period 2003–8, discussing key aspects of international cooperation for development: the Rome–Paris–Accra accords on Aid Effectiveness, the UN 2005 Millennium Development Goals Review, the Doha Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations; changes in HIPC, the Doha Review Conference on Financing for Development, and other aspects of international cooperation over this period.
The Future
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Much has changed since the Utstein Four burst onto the international scene twenty years ago: a resurgent nationalism and xenophobia are undermining efforts to address global problems. Yet, the world today in many respects is a better place than it was twenty years ago: the share of the global population living in absolute poverty is the lowest in human history; people are better educated and nourished, and live longer and healthier lives. Many challenges remain: while global inequality has declined, within country inequality has increased; women still fare worse than men in practically all aspects of the human condition; and climate change is inexorably marching on, threatening the very existence of humankind. Still, it has been said that a peaceful earth inhabited by about ten billion people without anyone suffering poverty is not a wild fantasy. It is feasible. That is what the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are about. Among the many things the U4 were credited with was their contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. The last chapter tries to draw lessons from the U4 experience of twenty years ago that can be useful in addressing the future challenges humanity faces in achieving the SDGs.
The Literature of Connection
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book is about some of the ways in which the world got ready to be connected, long before the advent of the technologies and the concentrations of capital necessary to implement a global ‘network society’. It investigates the prehistory not of the communications ‘revolution’ brought about by advances in electronic digital computing from 1950 onwards, but of the principle of connectivity which was to provide that revolution with its justification and rallying cry. Connectivity’s core principle is that what matters most in any act of telecommunication, and sometimes all that matters, is the fact of its having happened. During the nineteenth century, the principle gained steadily increasing traction by means not only of formal systems such as the telegraph, but of an array of improvised methods and signalling devices. These methods and devices fulfilled not just an ever more urgent need, but a fundamental recurring desire, for near-instantaneous real-time communication at a distance. Connectivity became an end in itself: a complex, vivid, unpredictable romance woven through the enduring human desire and need for remote intimacy. Its magical enhancements are the stuff of tragedy, comedy, satire, elegy, lyric, melodrama, and plain description; of literature, in short. The book develops the concepts of signal, medium, and interface to offer, in its first part, an alternative view of writing in Britain from the Victorian era to modernism; and, in its second, case studies of European and African-American fiction, and of interwar British cinema, designed to open the topic up for further enquiry.
Starry Sky
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to ‘showcase’ two stellar (in more than one sense) modernist texts which met with relish the challenge presented by the pace of technological and literary change, and which remain to this day essentially uncategorizable: Wyndham Lewis’s ‘Enemy of the Stars’ (1914) and Mina Loy’s ‘Songs to Joannes’ (1915). These texts put a cosmological understanding of the universe as medium in dialectical tension with the generation of exclusive closed circuits and loops (an exclusiveness that might be thought to amount to madness). Lewis and Loy aimed not simply to represent, but to reproduce, the idea of communication as an adjustment of signal-to-noise ratio. The chapter concludes with a discussion of cryptographic modernism, and of the poems of Harriet Monroe.
Giving the Sign
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter extends the emphasis on signal and interface developed in Chapters 1 and 2 to the work of a writer usually positioned between colonial, anti-colonial, and decolonized perspectives. Mansfield’s interest in methods of telecommunication crystallized in stories about modern urban (mostly London) middle-class existence. But it did not diminish when she began in the final years of her life to draw increasingly on memories of her childhood and youth in New Zealand. Detailed analysis of the narrative structure of some of her best-known stories shows how signalling practices act as the catalyst for expressions of gendered and sexual identity. The late Auckland-set ‘The Stranger’ is compared to James Joyce’s ‘The Dead’. The chapter begins with an account of turn-of-the-century views of Englishness; and concludes with a discussion of Waterway (1938), by the Australian novelist Eleanor Dark.
Kafka’s Strindberg
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter, the first of three case studies designed to carry the story of representations of connectivity forward from the moment in the history of literature in English at which Chapter 5 left off, develops its own version of island theory in order to revalue the two novels Strindberg wrote about islands in the Stockholm archipelago, The People of Hemsö (1887) and By the Open Sea (1890). Islands insulate and isolate. They insulate the connectivity which sustains both empire and international trade from social and political circumstance; and, in doing so, isolate their inhabitants. The popularity of local colour writing offers a context for stories of isolation by Strindberg, Lawrence, and Sarah Orne Jewett, as well as for Kafka’s rewriting of aspects of By the Open Sea, a novel he knew well, in The Castle. The chapter concludes by analysing the distribution of the term Verbindung (connection) in The Castle.
‘Beautiful in Calling to Life’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Through encountering the beautiful Jesus, Nicodemus grew slowly in his faith. Eventually, grace won him over completely, and he joined Joseph of Arimathea in giving the crucified Jesus a burial worthy of a king. Far from being a slow learner, the Samaritan woman at once let herself be changed by Jesus and, in the space of a few hours, became a missionary for him. In what seemed like a perfectly chance meeting, his grace and beauty worked on her very quickly. The encounter with the royal official in chapter 4 of John’s Gospel reports someone whose faith in the word of Jesus led not only to the healing at a distance of his beloved son but also to the creation of a community of believers.
Test Case 3
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A sense of the difference between right and wrong and a corresponding recognition of a concept of morality can be widely, maybe even universally, attested, as has been suggested for the Golden Rule (treat others as you would have them treat you). But how far does the great variety of explicit codified legal systems that can be attested across the world and over time undermine any possibility of treating law or even ‘custom’ as a robust cross-cultural category? This chapter investigates the similarities and differences in those systems in ancient societies (Greece, China) and in modern ones (e.g. Papua New Guinea) to throw light on the one hand on the importance of law for social order but on the other on the difficulties facing any programme to secure lasting justice.
Manner/Result Complementarity and causation in verbal roots
Authors: Beavers John , Koontz-Garboden Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the question of Manner/Result Complementarity. It proposes that there are systematic verb classes that entail both meanings at once, including verbs of manner of killing, cooking, and ballistic motion, demonstrated by applying various diagnostics for manner and result in a verb’s meaning and showing that certain verb classes pass both sets of tests. Data from sublexical modification further show that the manner and result meanings are both coming from the sole root, arguing against an alternative by which manner plus result verbs have two roots, each introducing one meaning. The roots of these verbs can either be syntactically like canonical manner roots or canonical stative roots, and a formal analysis for how roots of each type can introduce both meanings at once is developed. These roots also all entail causation as well, arguing once again against Bifurcation.
The Ethical Demand
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. , Rabjerg Bjørn , Stern Robert 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book concerns the nature and basis for the fundamental ethical relation between human beings. Beginning from the fundamental example of trust, it is argued that this relation arises from our interdependence and mutual vulnerability, which then gives us power over the lives of other people. It claimed that in this situation, there arises a demand to care for the other person. This demand is characterized as silent, radical, one-sided, and unfulfillable, as it cannot be satisfied by just doing what the other asks; requires us to act unselfishly; is non-reciprocal; and should not be experienced as a demand. As a result, the demand is distinguished from ordinary social norms, which lack these characteristics, though it is argued that there is a relation between these two levels, as legitimate social norms should ‘refract’ the ethical demand. It is also argued that in order to make sense of a demand of this sort, we must see ‘life as a gift’, rather than treating ourselves as the sovereign grounds for our own existence. In understanding the ethical demand in this way, it is suggested, we can make sense of Jesus’s proclamation to love our neighbour in purely human terms, though at the same time we may have to go beyond a scientific picture which operates with a clear distinction between fact and values, and treats determinism as a basis for rejecting moral responsibility.