bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstetric History and Risk of Short Cervix in Women with a Prior Preterm Birth
Authors: Frey Heather A. , McLaughlin Eric M. , Hade Erinn M. , Finneran Matthew M. , Rood Kara M. , Shellhaas Cynthia , Landon Mark B. 
Published: October 2020

Objective We aimed to assess the relationship between obstetric history and incidence of short cervical length (CL) at <24 weeks gestational age (GA) in women with a prior spontaneous preterm birth (PTB).
Study Design Women with a singleton gestation and a history of spontaneous PTB on progesterone who received prenatal care at a single center from 2011 to 2016 were included. Those who did not undergo screening or had a history-indicated cerclage were excluded. The associations between short CL (<25 mm) before 24 weeks and obstetrical factors including: number of prior PTBs, history of term birth, and GA of earliest spontaneous PTB were estimated through modified Poisson regression, adjusting for confounding factors. Multiple pregnancies for the same woman were accounted for through robust sandwich standard error estimation.
Results Among 773 pregnancies, 29% (n = 224) had a CL <25 mm before 24 weeks. The number of prior PTBs was not associated with short CL, but a prior full-term delivery conferred a lower risk of short CL (absolute risk reduction or aRR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63–1.00). Earliest GA of prior spontaneous PTB was associated with short CL. The strongest association was observed in women with a prior PTB at 160/7 to 236/7weeks (aRR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.46–2.70), compared with those with deliveries at 340/7 to 366/7 weeks. Yet, even women whose earliest PTB was 340/7 to 366/7 weeks remained at risk for a short CL, as 21% had a CL <25 mm. The number of prior PTBs did not modify the effect of GA of the earliest prior PTB (interaction test: p = 0.70).
Conclusion GA of earliest spontaneous PTB, but not the number of prior PTBs, is associated with short CL. Nevertheless, women with a history of later PTBs remain at sufficiently high risk of having a short CL at <24 weeks gestation that we cannot recommend modifications to existing CL screening guidelines in this group of women.
Key Points
Maternal Marijuana Exposure, Feto-Placental Weight Ratio, and Placental Histology
Authors: Metz Torri D. , Allshouse Amanda A. , Pinar Halit , Varner Michael , Smid Marcela C. , Hogue Carol , Dudley Donald J. , Bukowski Radek , Saade George R. , Goldenberg Robert L. , Reddy Uma , Silver Robert M. 
Published: October 2020

Objective Marijuana use is associated with placenta-mediated adverse pregnancy outcomes including fetal growth restriction, but the mechanism remains uncertain. The objective was to evaluate the association between maternal marijuana use and the feto-placental weight ratio (FPR). Secondarily, we aimed to compare placental histology of women who used marijuana to those who did not.
Study Design This was a secondary analysis of singleton pregnancies enrolled in a multicenter and case–control stillbirth study. Prior marijuana use was detected by electronic medical record abstraction or cord homogenate positive for 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid. Prior tobacco use was detected by self-report or presence of maternal serum cotinine. Stillbirths and live births were considered separately. The primary outcome was FPR. Association of marijuana use with FPR was estimated with multivariable linear modeling adjusted for fetal sex, preterm birth, and tobacco use. Comparisons between groups for placental histology were made using Chi-square and stratified by live birth and stillbirth, term and preterm deliveries, and fetal sex.
Results Of 1,027 participants, 224 were stillbirths and 803 were live births. Overall, 41 (4%) women used marijuana during the pregnancy. The FPR ratio was lower among exposed offspring but reached statistical significance only for term stillbirths (mean 6.84 with marijuana use vs. mean 7.8 without use, p < 0.001). In multivariable modeling, marijuana use was not significantly associated with FPR (p = 0.09). There were no differences in histologic placental features among those with and without marijuana use overall or in stratified analyses.
Conclusion Exposure to marijuana may not be associated with FPR. Similarly, there were no placental histologic features associated with marijuana exposure. Further study of the influence of maternal marijuana use on placental development and function is warranted to better understand the association between prenatal marijuana use and poor fetal growth.
Key Points
C(sp2) – H functionalization of aldimines and related compounds: advances and prospects
Authors: Akulov Alexey A. , Varaksin Mikhail V. , Charushin Valery N. , Chupakhin Oleg N. 
Published: October 2020

This is the first systematic review of the most relevant approaches to direct C(sp2)–H bond functionalization of azomethine derivatives. The scope of the applicability of various transformations is analyzed. The review assesses prospects of the application of this functionalization strategy in the multistep synthesis of valuable compounds for use in medicinal chemistry, materials science and related areas.
The bibliography includes 124 references.
The human CRY1 tail controls circadian timing by regulating its association with CLOCK:BMAL1
Authors: Parico Gian Carlo G. , Perez Ivette , Fribourgh Jennifer L. , Hernandez Britney N. , Lee Hsiau-Wei , Partch Carrie L. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are structurally defined by an evolutionarily conserved PHR domain and divergent intrinsically disordered tails of variable length. Photosensory cryptochromes from plants and insects use reversible interactions between their PHR domain and disordered tails to control signal transduction. Although several studies have suggested that the tails of vertebrate cryptochromes influence circadian rhythms, nothing was known about the molecular mechanism. We used the DSPD CRY1Δ11 splice site variant to discover that the CRY1 tail interacts directly with its PHR domain and that the segment encoded by exon 11 regulates its affinity for CLOCK:BMAL1. Developing mechanistic insight into CRY1 regulation reveals common signaling mechanisms in cryptochromes and suggests strategies for treating prevalent circadian rhythm and sleep disorders.
Longitudinally adaptive assessment and instruction increase numerical skills of preschool children
Authors: Raudenbush Stephen W. , Hernandez Marc , Goldin-Meadow Susan , Carrazza Cristina , Foley Alana , Leslie Debbie , Sorkin Janet E. , Levine Susan C. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Socioeconomic disparities in math proficiency are observable when children enter kindergarten, and these disparities persist through the school years. Research suggests that overall proficiency at kindergarten entry depends upon specific skills that all normally developing children age 3 to 5 y can learn. We therefore designed a procedure that enables teachers to assess the skills of each child and tailor instruction to child-specific levels of skill. The procedure is iterative: Assess, teach, reassess, and teach, with three assessments per school year. We found that children in classrooms randomly assigned to this procedure gained substantially more in their numerical proficiency than did children in control classrooms. The program did not delay growth in print literacy and increased verbal proficiency.
Wake-sleep cycles are severely disrupted by diseases affecting cytoplasmic homeostasis
Authors: Beesley Stephen , Kim Dae Wook , D’Alessandro Matthew , Jin Yuanhu , Lee Kwangjun , Joo Hyunjeong , Young Yang , Tomko Robert J. , Faulkner John , Gamsby Joshua , Kim Jae Kyoung , Lee Choogon 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Circadian rhythms including wake-sleep cycles are driven by molecular time cues generated by a self-sustaining transcriptional negative feedback loop. Among all clock proteins, PERIOD (PER) is considered the pacemaker protein because its rhythm of accumulation and nuclear entry generates the timing and duration of feedback inhibition. Here we provide a new understanding of how robust PER rhythms are generated: the collective action of interacting PER molecules, not a random mass action of individual molecules, allows compensation of spatial and temporal differences (or “noise”) of individual molecules. We also show that the collective PER rhythm requires healthy cytoplasmic trafficking, and that circadian sleep disorders can arise in such conditions as obesity, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders in which the cytoplasm becomes congested.
Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses
Authors: Christiansen Thomas , Cotte Marine , de Nolf Wout , Mouro Elouan , Reyes-Herrera Juan , de Meyer Steven , Vanmeert Frederik , Salvadó Nati , Gonzalez Victor , Lindelof Poul Erik , Mortensen Kell , Ryholt Kim , Janssens Koen , Larsen Sine 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceInk, invented in ancient Egypt circa 5,000 y ago, is the established and time-honored medium wherewith humankind commits words to writing. A comprehensive synchrotron-based microanalysis of a considerable corpus of ancient Egyptian papyri from the Roman period, inscribed with red and black inks, reveal a hitherto undetected complex composition of inks. Highlighted by the presence of iron, the red color can be attributed to the use of ocher. Unexpectedly, lead is regularly present in both the red and black inks and is associated to phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions. The analysis shows that lead was probably used as a drier rather than as a pigment, similar to its usage in 15th century Europe during the development of oil paintings.
KLHL22 maintains PD-1 homeostasis and prevents excessive T cell suppression
Authors: Zhou Xiao Albert , Zhou Jiadong , Zhao Long , Yu Guihui , Zhan Jun , Shi Chanyi , Yuan Ruoshi , Wang Yan , Chen Changfeng , Zhang Wenjia , Xu Donghao , Ye Yingjiang , Wang Weibin , Shen Zhanlong , Wang Wei , Wang Jiadong 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Aberrant PD-1 expression is known to inhibit T cell effector activity and plays a pivotal role in tumor immune escape. Since maintaining an appropriate level of PD-1 expression is of great significance, it should be highly regulated at multiple levels. Despite extensive studies to date on this topic, it remains unclear how PD-1 expression is precisely regulated at the posttranslation level both during T cell activation and among the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that KLHL22 maintains PD-1 protein homeostasis by degrading incompletely glycosylated PD-1, thereby preventing excessive T cell suppression. KLHL22-mediated degradation of PD-1 protein will be ineffective in response to either the tumor microenvironment or treatment with 5-FU, resulting in excessive PD-1 accumulation and reduced T cell activity.
Improving rural health care reduces illegal logging and conserves carbon in a tropical forest
Authors: Jones Isabel J. , MacDonald Andrew J. , Hopkins Skylar R. , Lund Andrea J. , Liu Zac Yung-Chun , Fawzi Nurul Ihsan , Purba Mahardika Putra , Fankhauser Katie , Chamberlin Andrew J. , Nirmala Monica , Blundell Arthur G. , Emerson Ashley , Jennings Jonathan , Gaffikin Lynne , Barry Michele , Lopez-Carr David , Webb Kinari , De Leo Giulio A. , Sokolow Susanne H. 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceHere, we show how a conservation–health care exchange in rural Borneo preserved globally important forest carbon and simultaneously improved human health and well-being, in a region of historically intense environmental destruction, widespread poverty, and unmet health needs. To evaluate this long-term conservation and health intervention, we analyzed earth observation data, clinic health records, and socioeconomic surveys to quantify conservation, health, and sustainable development outcomes simultaneously. Results demonstrate an actionable framework for aligning cross-sectoral goals and objectively quantifying intervention outcomes across both conservation and human health targets.
A genomic and historical synthesis of plague in 18th century Eurasia
Authors: Guellil Meriam , Kersten Oliver , Namouchi Amine , Luciani Stefania , Marota Isolina , Arcini Caroline A. , Iregren Elisabeth , Lindemann Robert A. , Warfvinge Gunnar , Bakanidze Lela , Bitadze Lia , Rubini Mauro , Zaio Paola , Zaio Monica , Neri Damiano , Stenseth N. C. , Bramanti Barbara 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceThe spread and evolution of plague have been under debate in the past few years. However, very little is known of the dynamics of the plague pathogen,Yersinia pestis, during the last phase of the Second Plague Pandemic in Europe (18th and 19th century). We present nine ancientY. pestisgenomes from the Second Plague Pandemic. CHE1 is the first Second Plague Pandemic genome from the Caucasus region, an area that houses plague wildlife reservoirs to this day, making it a key strain to help elucidate the origin of Medieval and Early Modern plague. Our study documents the importance of a noneurocentric approach to historical plague dynamics and proposes an origin of plague introductions outside of Europe.
Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated immunoassays, fluorometric sensors, and impedance measurement capabilities
Authors: Kim Sungbong , Lee Boram , Reeder Jonathan T. , Seo Seon Hee , Lee Sung-Uk , Hourlier-Fargette Aurélie , Shin Joonchul , Sekine Yurina , Jeong Hyoyoung , Oh Yong Suk , Aranyosi Alexander J. , Lee Stephen P. , Model Jeffrey B. , Lee Geumbee , Seo Min-Ho , Kwak Sung Soo , Jo Seongbin , Park Gyungmin , Han Sunghyun , Park Inkyu , Jung Hyo-Il , Ghaffari Roozbeh , Koo Jahyun , Braun Paul V. , Rogers John A. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Skin-interfaced, wireless devices for clinical-grade monitoring of physiological parameters are of growing interest for uses that range from healthcare to sports performance. This paper introduces a multifunctional skin-mounted microfluidic platform for capture and biomarker analysis of microliter volumes of sweat, a biofluid that can be collected noninvasively, with potential relevance in biophysical sensing. The focus is on colorimetric and digital assessments of a collection of parameters related to stress, including concentrations of vitamin C, cortisol, and glucose, along with quantitative measurements of sweat rate and galvanic skin response. The results represent important additions to a portfolio of emerging capabilities in skin-interfaced technologies for physiological monitoring, with particular relevance to conditions that follow from unhealthy levels of physical and mental stress.
Electoral College bias and the 2020 presidential election
Authors: Erikson Robert S. , Sigman Karl , Yao Linan 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Donald Trump's 2016 victory in the Electoral College without leading in the popular vote has led to speculation of a repeat in 2020. If the Democrats were to win the popular vote but by less than a landslide, could they be thwarted from stopping Trump once again? We examine how Electoral College outcomes are conditioned by how states had voted in previous elections. Our simulations suggest that in 2020, the Electoral College bias is likely to again favor the Republicans. However, the expectation is less distortion of the popular will than in 2016. There is even the possibility that if Trump was to win the 2020 popular vote by a slim margin, it could be he who loses the Electoral College.
A mosaic analysis system with Cre or Tomato expression in the mouse
Authors: Wang Qun , Lin Yen-Yu , Zhang Baojun , Wu Jianxuan , Roy Sumedha , Ratiu Jeremy J. , Xu Yanping , Dai Meifang , Hale Laura P. , Xiong Yue , Li Qi-Jing , Zhuang Yuan 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceSomatic mutations are the driving force of many age-related diseases such as cancer and hematopoietic failure. A challenge in the field is to evaluate health impact of somatic mutations prior to the appearance of disease symptoms. We describe a genetic tool named MASCOT (mosaic analysis system with Cre or Tomato) for mosaic analysis of somatic mutations that drive clonal hematopoiesis and lymphomagenesis. MASCOT can be applied to mosaic analysis of broad tissue types, and thus provides a valuable tool to aid functional dissection of somatic mutations in studies of development and disease.
Sputtered Au–Ta films with tunable electrical resistivity
Authors: Bayu Aji L B , Engwall A M , Bae J H , Baker A A , Beckham J L , Shin S J , Lepro Chavez X , McCall S K , Moody J D , Kucheyev S O 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Gold–tantalum alloy films are attractive for hohlraums used in indirect drive magnetized inertial confinement fusion. A high electrical resistivity of over ∼100 µΩ cm at cryogenic temperatures is an essential requirement for allowing an externally imposed pulsed magnetic field to soak through a hohlraum and magnetize the fusion fuel. Here, we systematically study properties of Au–Ta alloy films in the entire compositional range from pure Au to pure Ta with thicknesses up to 30 µm. These films are made by direct current magnetron co-sputtering on planar substrates. Films are characterized by a combination of high-energy ion scattering, x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and electrical transport measurements. Results show that an alloy with ∼80 at.% of Ta forms a metallic glass exhibiting a maximum electrical resistivity of ∼300 µΩ cm with a weak temperature dependence in the range of 5–400 K. The deposition of a film with ∼80 at.% of Ta onto a sphero-cylindrical substrate for hohlraum fabrication is also demonstrated.
Spatio-temporal characterization of a pulsed DC atmospheric pressure plasma jet interacting with substrates
Authors: Johnson Michael J , Boris David R , Petrova Tzvetelina B , Walton Scott G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Atmospheric pressure plasmas generate a variety of chemically active species in open air, thus providing the unique ability to treat a variety of materials that do not require or are not compatible with vacuum systems. Producing the plasma-surface interaction that leads to a desired change in the substrate is complicated by the codependency between the plasma and the substrate: while the plasma will modify the surface, the surface will also influence the plasma properties. In this work, a pulsed-DC plasma jet produced in helium and impinging upon glass and metal substrates is studied over a range of applied voltage pulse widths extending from 1 to 10 µs. Current–voltage measurements, high speed images, and time-resolved optical emission from three important He and nitrogen excited species are used to examine the evolution of the plasma and its interaction with the surface. At ignition, a streamer is ejected into the open air from the jet exit and eventually collides with the substrate. For a glass substrate, the streamer will hit the surface and form a short-lived plasma across it. This surface plasma is almost completely unaffected by changes in the voltage pulse width. In contrast, when the streamer hits a metal substrate, a surface discharge will form that will last the entirety of the voltage pulse. If the pulse is long enough, a ‘reflected discharge’ will slowly develop that extends from the substrate back towards the outlet of the plasma jet. The emission intensity of the surface discharge closely matches that of the initial streamer, but not the reflected discharge, which suggests different electron kinetics between the two features. The addition of capacitors or resistors between the metal substrate and ground show how differences in substrate electrical properties can account for some of these behaviors. Emission line ratios are used to examine the evolution of electron temperature and the relative importance of Penning processes during the different plasma phases.
The effect of isovalent doping on the electronic band structure of group IV semiconductors
Authors: Polak Maciej P , Scharoch Paweł , Kudrawiec Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The band gap engineering of group IV semiconductors has not been well explored theoretically and experimentally, except for SiGe. Recently, GeSn has attracted much attention due to the possibility of obtaining a direct band gap in this alloy, thereby making it suitable for light emitters. Other group IV alloys may also potentially exhibit material properties useful for device applications, expanding the space for band gap engineering in group IV. In this work the electronic band structure of all group IV semiconductor alloys is investigated. Twelve possible A:B alloys, where A is a semiconducting host (A = C, Si, and Ge) and B is an isovalent dopant (B = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb), were studied in the dilute regime (0.8%) of the isovalent dopant in the entire Brillouin zone (BZ), and the chemical trends in the evolution of their electronic band structure were carefully analyzed. Density functional theory with state-of-the-art methods such as meta-GGA functionals and a spectral weight approach to band unfolding from large supercells was used to obtain dopant-related changes in the band structure, in particular the direct band gap at the Γ point and indirect band gaps at the L(X) points of the BZ. Analysis of contributions from geometry distortion and electronic interaction was also performed. Moreover, the obtained results are discussed in the context of obtaining a direct fundamental gap in Ge:B (B = C, Sn, and Pb) alloys, and intermediate band formation in C:B (B = Sn and Pb) and Ge:C. An increase in localization effects is also observed: a strong hole localization for alloys diluted with a dopant of a larger covalent radius and a strong electron localization for alloys with a dopant of smaller radius. Finally, it is shown that alloying Si and Ge with other elements from group IV is a promising way to enhance the functionality of group IV semiconductors.
An analytical model on the gate control capability in p-GaN Gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors considering buffer acceptor traps
Authors: Wang Fangzhou , Chen Wanjun , Sun Ruize , Wang Zeheng , Zhou Qi , Zhang Bo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An analytical model considering the buffer acceptor traps is presented in this paper to study the gate control capability in p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Through applying Gauss’ law from the buffer layer to the two-dimensional-electron-gas (2DEG) channel in the GaN channel layer, the contributions of buffer acceptor trap concentration (N
A) and energy level (E
T) are obtained for calculating the gate voltage (V
G) dependent 2DEG density (n
S) and threshold voltage (V
TH) performance. It is suggested that the deep E
T acceptor traps in the buffer layer are of great importance to the gate control capability. Plenty of the deep E
T acceptor traps could be ionized at the top region of the buffer layer. These ionized acceptor traps are negatively charged and electrostatically influence the 2DEG density, which is the role of deep E
T on gate control. Then, the n
S-V
G and V
TH characteristics of the devices could be significantly modulated by the N
A. Furthermore, the influence of the shallow E
T acceptor traps is not strong and could be ignored in the prediction of the n
S-V
G and V
TH distributions. This is due to the fact that few shallow E
T acceptor traps are ionized in the buffer layer. The analytical results are well supported by the calibrated TCAD simulation, revealing the impact mechanism of buffer acceptor traps on the device gate control capability and serving as more accurate guidance for designing the n
S-V
G and V
TH in p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.