bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Your Attention Please!
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There are various ways through which we try to capture another person’s attention. One of these ways is to address them. After trying to highlight what it is to address another person, the chapter argues that doing so generates a reason (for you, as addressee) to attend to the act. When the act of address is a speech act, matters are further complicated by the expectations parties bring, and are entitled to bring, to an (anticipated) speech exchange. If this is correct, then the act of address itself generates the most basic form of conversational pressure: in cooperative exchanges speakers who address an audience have a claim on the audience’s attention. To fail to attend to a speaker who addresses you and whose claim on your attention is part of a (would-be) cooperative exchange, the chapter argues, is to disrespect her as a rational subject.
Conversational Pressures, Interpersonal and Epistemic
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter identifies a form of conversational pressure that is downstream from one’s recognition of being addressed: the pressure that is brought to bear on one when one is addressed by a speaker who advances a claim. It argues that this pressure doesn’t ultimately depend on one’s being addressed at all; rather, it is a normative pressure that obtains whenever one observes an assertion being made. The normative pressure in question is of two main types: interpersonal and epistemic. The chapter goes on to identify five constraints that any adequate account of this pressure will need to address.
How to Treat a Testifier
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a positive account of the speaker’s expectation of proper treatment (when she testifies that p). It does so in terms of the job that the speaker purports to be performing qua testifier, and the expectations she is entitled to have in virtue of the purport of that act. After noting that assertion is the speech act tailor made to enable a speaker to perform the type of job associated with acts of testifying, the chapter argues that it is the expectations one is entitled to have in making an assertion that generate the relevant conversational pressures. This makes clear how the pragmatic and interpersonal dimensions of this type of act interact with the epistemological dimension of testimonial transactions.
Introduction
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction examines the concept of spirit, which, thanks to psychologists like Gordon Allport and theologians like Winifred Kirkland, had become synonymous with the term “personality.” Thus, to the extent that prostheses were regarded as spiritual extensions of their wearers, they could reveal the fuller dimensions of amputees’ personalities—their emotional and spiritual strivings, not just their practical or vocational aspirations. These prosthetic designs were in keeping with vitalist Henri Bergson’s hope that the war would instill in the Allied forces not a “mechanization of spirit,” but rather a “spiritualization of matter.” Then drawing on prosthetic theories outlined by Vivian Sobchack, the introduction articulates the book’s thrust: designed and depicted to transcend their materiality in the hopes of offering disabled veterans a new start in the postwar world, prostheses often possessed the insidious potential to physically and psychically mechanize their wearers. Finally, the introduction offers a chapter-by-chapter summary.
From the Civil War to the Great War
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter first shows how the spiritualized version of prosthetics originated in the Civil War, which rendered approximately 60,000 veterans limbless. Prominent physicians such as Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. and S. Weir Mitchell postulated that artificial limbs gave both physical and emotional solace to shattered soldiers, especially among those who suffered phantom limb syndrome. The devices’ “spiritual” potential proved limited, if not illusory; in fact, they were often so fragile, cumbersome, and painful that amputees simply preferred to go without them. Upon entering World War I, the United States created a rehabilitation and vocational program that aided injured veterans to reenter the workforce. Reflecting the way in which “personality” had come to replace a more traditional notion of spirit, orthopedists such as Joel Goldthwait and David Silver, both employed at Walter Reed Hospital, designed artificial limbs for both physical and psychological compatibility.
Medieval Departures
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using John Dos Passos’s first novel, One Man’s Initiation: 1917, the chapter explains how facial prosthetics were complicit in the unravelling of the Christian concept of the soul. Drawing on the author’s time in France as a volunteer ambulance driver, the novel shows a clear preoccupation with faces—faces of soldiers with prosthetic noses and jaws to cover the ones blown off in battle as well as those donning hideous masks as protection from chemical warfare. Such preoccupation calls into larger question what really is at the core of human identity. As protagonist Martin Howe adjusts to the realities of war on the Western Front, his recognition of different faces aids him in understanding that America, by joining the conflict in 1917, has itself undergone an initiation, wherein the Platonic and Christian idealism that once guided the western world since the Middle Ages has given way to a soulless materialism.
Reality and Morality
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis book develops and defends a framework for moral realism. It defends the idea that moral properties are metaphysically elite, or privileged parts of reality. It argues that realists can hold that this makes them highly eligible as the referents for our moral terms, an application of a thesis sometimes called reference magnetism. And it elaborates on these theses by introducing some natural claims about how we can know about morality, by having beliefs that are free from a kind of risk of error. This package of theses in metaphysics, meta-semantics, and epistemology is motivated with a view to an explanation of possible moral disagreements. Many writers have emphasized the scope of moral disagreement, and have given compelling examples of possible users of moral language who appear to be genuinely disagreeing, rather than talking past one another, with their use of moral language. What has gone unnoticed is that there are limits to these possible disagreements, and not all possible users of moral language are naturally interpreted as capable of genuine disagreement. The realist view developed in this book can explain both the extent of, and the limits to, moral disagreement, and thereby has explanatory power that counts significantly in its favor.
Contemplating Historical Actors in Context
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Part 1 Contemplating Historical Actors in Context This Part of the book takes seriously the historian’s imperative to do justice to different ways and circumstances of life in the past. One of the greatest obligations historians bear is not to caricature or traduce the historical objects of their investigations, and this obligation is honoured by care in depicting what one infers about the beliefs, motives, intentions, and situations of historical actors. The same obligation ought to be honoured for any actor under scrutiny, whether from a millennium ago or last year, whether Gulag guard or inmate. The discussion paves the way for greater clarity and consistency in contextual understanding by bringing into focus what the practice of contextualization implies and examining the logics of different sorts of contextualization. It is a guide to what it means to deliver on the commitment to take historical actors on their own terms, and it highlights the unavoidable evaluative implications of the process. It has implications for revising how certain historians have evaluated and how others might yet evaluate, but it is the general fact of evaluation rather than the direction of any particular evaluation that is central.
Justifying Judgement on Things Past
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Part 3 Justifying Judgement on Things Past Part 3 moves from describing features of works of history to underwriting a range of judgements that are currently outlawed not just by advocates of neutralism and moral contextualism, but, finally, by the doctrine of moral relativism. This Part of the book legitimates some of the apparently presentist value judgements that many historians already make and establishes criteria according to which other judgements can be formed or criticized. It is the longest section of the work because it has to dig so deep through layers of occidental thought to trace the growth and flaws of an influential though never uncontested cluster of moral theories. The point of the opening three historical sections is to use historical investigation to undermine some of the prevailing standards of the disciple of History, showing that far from being self-evident for a properly scholarly undertaking, those standards emerge from particular, contestable standpoints in theology, strands of philosophy, and even theories of nationalism and raison d’état. Three concluding sections summarize the major issues at stake and address them from a more purely philosophical perspective.
History, Identity, and the Present
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
part 4 History, Identity, and the Present Part 4 considers the role of historical consciousness in shaping present-day identity. It is critical of prejudicial ‘Identity History’ while enjoining historians to embrace their roles in historical arguments pertaining to identity. The first section clarifies what falls outside the definition of ‘Identity History’, noting that much excellent scholarship pertains to identity and even serves identity goals without being prejudicial. The second section highlights where historians working on identity matters are likely to fall into conceptual difficulty. Is the relationship between past ‘them’ and present ‘us’ a matter of identity or difference or a bit of both? Identity History is inconsistent here, with different attitudes taken depending on whether that past behaviour was good or bad by present lights. There are consequences for the historian’s engagement with past rights and wrongs, harms and benefits, because claims on these matters constitute stakes in the identity game whose winner gets to decide what is desirable in the here and now. The third section develops such themes and distinguishes between more and less appropriate idioms for characterizing the relationship between contemporary polities and groups on one hand and the deeds of relevant ‘forebears’ on the other hand. It is a mistake to talk of contemporary guilt, or for that matter virtue, in light of what one’s predecessors did, but the language of shame or pride may be appropriate. The fourth section addresses the material legacies of past action, considering matters of compensation and redistribution. The concluding section returns to broader principles.
Hamilton and the Complex Stories of Public Credit
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues for the importance of narrative form to Alexander Hamilton’s writing on behalf of public credit and the establishment of the Bank of the United States. Hamilton attempts to explain the emerging economy of the United States as a complex set of embedded dependencies, and his own narrative style is designed to reproduce mimetically the extensive relations and contingencies that make up financial and commercial markets. Hamilton establishes this approach from his reading of a new literary form, the eighteenth-century economic encyclopedia, especially that of Malachy Postlethwayt. The chapter also explains how Hamilton’s writing is subject to a stylistic critique by his political antagonists, which renders narrative complexity as financial malfeasance. It concludes with an extensive discussion of the two different theories of literary meaning that animate constitutional debates about the establishment of the Bank of the United States.
Stories without Plots
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains how the eighteenth-century genre of the periodical essay describes the modern economy as a complex system. Specifically distinguishing itself from the novel, the periodical (or Addisonian) essay narrates economic causality as multiplex and contingent: economic relations cannot be plotted around individual protagonists. The chapter offers a history of the importance of the periodical essay in American literature, and specifically focuses on the examples of the genre by Philip Freneau, Judith Sargent Murray, and Charles Brockden Brown. Although these writers represent very different ideological positions, they each use the generic affordances of the periodical essay to depict the intricate dependencies that constitute global capitalism. The periodical essay thus presents a belletristic form that functions similarly to Hamilton’s policy writing: speculative fictions that narrate the possible consequences that descend from individual moments of production, exchange, and consumption.
The Slave as System
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the relationship between eighteenth-century political economic theory and chattel slavery in the Americas. It begins by explaining how British, French, and American economic theorists asserted the inefficiency of slave labor even as the institution was sustained within the global market. This orthodox belief in the incompatibility between the free market and the legalization of slavery was crucial both to abolitionism and economic liberalism, inoculating capitalism from the moral degradations of slaveholding and slave trading. A very different economic argument emerges in the narratives of Black Atlantic authors who construct their life stories as “it-narratives,” precisely designed to reveal the mutualism between the global capital economy and the slave trade. The chapter provides close readings of the narratives of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, Venture Smith, and Boyrereau Brinch, emphasizing their work as economic treatises and not autobiography.
Conclusion
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to the twenty-first century to study the implications of narrative form to the representation of contemporary fiscal catastrophe. It argues that the legacy of the narrative dispute between the Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians can be seen in contemporary explanations of the Great Recession, including the 2011 report generated by the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis and two Hollywood films, The Wolf of Wall Street and The Big Short. All three texts are shaped by both the imperative to represent the complexity of global finance and the impulse to offer a simple explanation.
Introduction
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene by introducing authenticity in performance as a way in which a performance is faithful to something. Work authenticity in performance is then characterized as faithfulness to the work. Score compliance authenticity and interpretive authenticity are then introduced as two different kinds of work authenticity. Already, merely by describing the kinds of performances that seem to matter most to us, it starts to look like it is interpretive authenticity that is work performance’s most fundamental norm. The chapter ends by laying out the structure of the book, explaining the key theses and arguments of each chapter.
Historicizing Score Compliance Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter returns to an issue shelved in Chapter 2: whether we should historicize score compliance authenticity, thereby construing it as historical authenticity. An alternative, tradition-based account of score compliance is introduced, according to which we interpret the demands of such compliance in terms of the conventions and practices in place at the time of performance, not the time at which the work was composed. This is an inclusive position, in which both mainstream performance practice and historical such practice figure as stylistic options. It is argued that the tradition-based account of score compliance is preferable for two reasons: first, it grants the performer greater artistic freedom, thereby giving her a better chance of performing with the musicality, imagination, and conviction necessary to evince a profound understanding of the works performed; second, it better sits with Wittgenstein’s considerations on following a rule.
Against Personal Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For a musician to perform a work with personal authenticity is for her performance to be faithful to her musical personality: her musical tastes, values, and ideals. Contra Peter Kivy, this chapter argues that such authenticity is not a performance value within Western classical music: a performance is not better for being more personally authentic, other things being equal. In examining our critical practice and, especially, the work of great performers such as Alfred Brendel, Dinu Lipatti, and Mitsuko Uchida, it becomes clear that performers are most in tune with the norms governing work performance when they give themselves over to the work itself. In doing this, a performer deploys her musical personality, not as something to which her performance is supposed to be faithful, but as a conduit to performing the work with understanding. A performer’s musical personality, functioning properly in performance, determines a route to the work’s meaning.
Afterword
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this brief Afterword the author addresses the question of whether the picture of work performance recommended here is consistent with the ontological proposal for musical works elaborated and defended in his Works of Music (2007). It might be supposed that there is an irresolvable tension between that book’s account of musical works—as sempiternally existent, temporally and modally inflexible entities, individuated purely in terms of how they sound—and the claims made here about the norms governing our practice of work performance. Carefully distinguishing evaluative questions from ontological ones, the sources of this suspicion are brought out into the open and dispatched.
Reason and Respect
Authors: Walden Kenneth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops and defends an account of reason: to reason is to scrutinize one’s attitudes by consulting the perspectives of other persons. The principal attraction of this account is its ability to vindicate the unique of authority of reason. The chapter argues that this conception entails that reasoning is a robustly social endeavor—that it is, in the first instance, something we do with other people. It is further argued that such social endeavors presuppose mutual respect on the part of those participating in them. The account therefore yields a form of Kantian constructivism: we have an unconditional duty of respect for persons because such a duty is implicit in the very nature of reasoning.
The Phenomenal Appreciation of Reasons
Authors: Coetsee M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Huckleberry Finn believes that by helping Miss Watson’s slave Jim escape to freedom, he is doing something wrong. But Huck does it anyway—and many want to give him moral credit for this choice. If Huck is to be worthy of such moral esteem, however, it seems there must be some implicit way of appreciating and responding to considerations as moral reasons that does not involve explicitly believing that those considerations are moral reasons. This chapter argues that an agent like Huck can implicitly appreciate a consideration as a moral reason to φ by presenting it under the light of a particular phenomenologically-mediated mode of presentation: one that presents that consideration via the light of a felt directive force “pointing” towards φ-ing—lending weight to it, or soliciting it—in a particular authoritative way. Thus, I suggest, Huck may be understood on analogy with a young jazz piano virtuoso. As she may appreciate that the G-seventh chord having been played just so constitutes an aesthetic reason for her to ease into the C-major-seventh chord just so by virtue of experiencing the former as pointing or directing her to the latter, so also, I propose, Huck may appreciate the considerations speaking in favor of helping Jim as moral reasons to help Jim by virtue of experiencing them as pointing or directing him to help Jim. The chapter also examines and rejects four alternative proposals for how to account for implicit reasons-appreciation: first, a de re account of appreciation and then three additional accounts of appreciation derived from major theories of mental representation (inferentialist, causal tracking, and functionalist theories).
Who’s on First?
Authors: Wodak Daniel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
“X-Firsters” hold that there is some normative feature that is fundamental to all others (and, often, that there’s some normative feature that is the “mark of the normative”: all other normative properties have it, and are normative in virtue of having it). This view is taken as a starting point in the debate about which X is “on first.” Little has been said about whether or why we should be X-Firsters, or what we should think about normativity if we aren’t X-Firsters. Hence the chapter’s two main goals. First, to provide a simple argument that one shouldn’t be an X-Firster about the normative domain, which starts with the observation that analogous views have dubious merits in analogous domains. Second, to offer an alternative view—taking normativity to be a determinable explained in terms of its determinates—that offers an interesting way to think about the structure and unity of normativity.
Resisting Reductive Realism
Authors: Laskowski N. G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ethicists struggle to take reductive views seriously. Influential proponents of reductive views themselves admit as much. Ethicists also have trouble conceiving of some supervenience failures. Understanding why ethicists resist reductive views and why ethicists have trouble conceiving of some supervenience failures shores up new evidence for various theses about the distinctiveness of our use of normative concepts. This chapter builds on previous work to make a cumulative case for the view that what it is to use a normative concept is to use an unanalyzable natural-cognitive concept that is related to noncognitive elements of our psychology.
The Metaphysics of Moral Explanations
Authors: Fogal Daniel , Risberg Olle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter defends the view that general moral principles play an ineliminable role in moral explanations. More specifically, it argues that this view best makes sense of some intuitive data points, including the supervenience of the moral upon the natural. The chapter considers two alternative accounts of the nature and structure of moral principles: (i) “the nomic view,” on which moral principles are laws of metaphysics of the same broad kind as the laws that (plausibly) figure in metaphysical explanations more generally; and (ii) “moral platonism,” on which moral principles are facts about kind-applying (as opposed to particular-applying) moral properties. Along the way, the chapter criticizes the competing view that moral principles are not explanatory in the way just suggested. The chapter also considers a number of related issues, such as the distinction between metaphysical grounding and metaphysical analysis. It concludes by discussing the sense in which moral principles obtain of necessity.