bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 mediates blue light-induced starch degradation in tomato
Authors: Dong Han , Hu Chaoyi , Liu Chaochao , Wang Jiachun , Zhou Yanhong , Yu Jingquan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Starch is the major storage carbohydrate in plants, and its metabolism in chloroplasts depends mainly on light. However, the mechanism through which photoreceptors regulate starch metabolism in chloroplasts is unclear. In this study, we found that the cryptochrome 1a (CRY1a)-mediated blue light signal is critical for regulating starch accumulation by inducing starch degradation through the transcription factor HY5 in chloroplasts in tomato. cry1a mutants and HY5-RNAi plants accumulated more starch and presented lower transcript levels of starch degradation-related genes in their leaves than wild-type plants. Blue light significantly induced the transcription of starch degradation-related genes in wild-type and CRY1a- or HY5-overexpressing plants but had little effect in cry1a and HY5-RNAi plants. Dual-luciferase assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation–qPCR revealed that HY5 could activate the starch degradation-related genes PWD, BAM1, BAM3, BAM8, MEX1, and DPE1 by directly binding to their promoters. Silencing of HY5 and these starch degradation-related genes in CRY1a-overexpressing plants led to increased accumulation of starch and decreased accumulation of soluble sugars. The findings presented here not only deepen our understanding of how light controls starch degradation and sugar accumulation but also allow us to explore potential targets for improving crop quality.
Home sweet home: how mutualistic microbes modify root development to promote symbiosis
Authors: Ghahremani Mina , MacLean Allyson M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Post-embryonic organogenesis has uniquely equipped plants to become developmentally responsive to their environment, affording opportunities to remodel organism growth and architecture to an extent not possible in other higher order eukaryotes. It is this developmental plasticity that makes the field of plant–microbe interactions an exceptionally fascinating venue in which to study symbiosis. This review article describes the various ways in which mutualistic microbes alter the growth, development, and architecture of the roots of their plant hosts. We first summarize general knowledge of root development, and then examine how association of plants with beneficial microbes affects these processes. Working our way inwards from the epidermis to the pericycle, this review dissects the cell biology and molecular mechanisms underlying plant–microbe interactions in a tissue-specific manner. We examine the ways in which microbes gain entry into the root, and modify this specialized organ for symbiont accommodation, with a particular emphasis on the colonization of root cortical cells. We present significant advances in our understanding of root–microbe interactions, and conclude our discussion by identifying questions pertinent to root endosymbiosis that at present remain unresolved.
ALD1 accumulation in Arabidopsis epidermal plastids confers local and non-autonomous disease resistance
Authors: Jiang Shang-Chuan , Engle Nancy L , Banday Zeeshan Zahoor , Cecchini Nicolás M , Jung Ho Won , Tschaplinski Timothy J , Greenberg Jean T 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Arabidopsis plastid-localized ALD1 protein acts in the lysine catabolic pathway that produces infection-induced pipecolic acid (Pip), Pip derivatives, and basal non-Pip metabolite(s). ALD1 is indispensable for disease resistance associated with Pseudomonas syringae infections of naïve plants as well as those previously immunized by a local infection, a phenomenon called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Pseudomonas syringae is known to associate with mesophyll as well as epidermal cells. To probe the importance of epidermal cells in conferring bacterial disease resistance, we studied plants in which ALD1 was only detectable in the epidermal cells of specific leaves. Local disease resistance and many features of SAR were restored when ALD1 preferentially accumulated in the epidermal plastids at immunization sites. Interestingly, SAR restoration occurred without appreciable accumulation of Pip or known Pip derivatives in secondary distal leaves. Our findings establish that ALD1 has a non-autonomous effect on pathogen growth and defense activation. We propose that ALD1 is sufficient in the epidermis of the immunized leaves to activate SAR, but basal ALD1 and possibly a non-Pip metabolite(s) are also needed at all infection sites to fully suppress bacterial growth. Thus, epidermal plastids that contain ALD1 play a key role in local and whole-plant immune signaling.
The POLLS—REVIEW
Authors: Newport Frank , Saad Lydia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Presidential job approval is arguably the most important time series in US polling history and likely the most well-understood public opinion measure in popular American culture. This article examines the history of the measure going back to its origination during the Roosevelt administration, the value of presidential job approval in assessing the timeline of US history, the life cycle of presidential approval within administrations, and the relationship between presidential approval and incumbent reelection. The evidence indicates increasingly rigid partisan politicization in presidential-approval ratings, suggesting less variation in approval in the future, fewer so-called rally events, and the possibility that job approval may become more of a measure of party loyalty than actual presidential performance assessment.
Relation of BMI and waist circumference with the risk of new-onset hyperuricemia in hypertensive patients
Authors: Li Q , Li R , Zhang S , Zhang Y , Liu M , Song Y , Liu C , Liu L , Wang X , Wang B , Xu X , Qin X 
Published: December 2020

Summary

Background
We aimed to evaluate the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with the risk of new-onset hyperuricemia, and examine possible effect modifies in general hypertensive patients.

Methods
A total of 10 611 hypertensive patients with normal uric acid (UA) concentrations (&lt;357 μmol/l) at baseline were included from the UA sub-study of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial. The primary outcome was new-onset hyperuricemia, defined as a UA concentration ≥417 μmol/l in men or ≥357 μmol/l in women at the exit visit.

Results
During a median follow-up duration of 4.4 years, 1663 (15.7%) participants developed new-onset hyperuricemia. When analyzed separately, increased BMI (≥25 kg/m2, quartile 3–4; OR, 1.46; 95% CI: 1.29–1.65), or increased WC (≥85 cm for females, quartile 3–4; OR, 1.24; 95% CI: 1.08–1.42; and ≥84 cm for males, quartile 3–4; OR, 1.30; 95% CI: 1.01–1.67) were each significantly associated with higher risk of new-onset hyperuricemia. When WC was forced into the model with BMI simultaneously, its significant association with new-onset hyperuricemia disappeared in females (&lt;85 vs. ≥85 cm; OR, 0.96, 95% CI: 0.81–1.13) or males (≥84 vs. &lt;84 cm; OR, 1.13; 95% CI: 0.84–1.52); however, BMI was still significantly related with new-onset hyperuricemia (≥25 vs. &lt;25 kg/m2; OR, 1.48; 95% CI: 1.27–1.73). Moreover, the positive BMI & new-onset hyperuricemia association was more pronounced in participants with higher time-averaged on-treatment systolic blood pressure (median: &lt;138.3 vs. ≥138.3 mmHg; P-interaction = 0.041).

Conclusions
Higher BMI, but not WC, is significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of new-onset hyperuricemia among hypertensive patients.
Institutional Investors and Hedge Fund Activism
Authors: Kedia Simi , Starks Laura T. , Wang Xianjue 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Hedge fund activists have ambiguous relationships with the institutional shareholders in their target firms. While some support their activities, others counter their actions. Due to their relatively small holdings in target firms, activists typically need the cooperation of other institutional shareholders that are willing to influence the activists’ campaign success. We find the presence of “activism-friendly” institutions as owners is associated with an increased probability of being a target, higher long-term stock returns, and higher operating performance. Overall, we provide evidence suggesting the composition of a firm’s ownership has significant effects on hedge fund activists’ decisions and outcomes. (JEL: G13, G23, G34)
Received March 12, 2020; editorial decision July 13, 2020 by Editor Andrew Ellul. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Assessing the Impact of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) Visiting Scholar Program
Authors: Heffernan Michael J. , Song Bryant , Bovid Karen M. , Leonardi Claudia , Fornari Eric D. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
The primary objective of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)-Children’s Orthopaedics in Underserved Regions (COUR) Visiting Scholar Program is to engage emerging leaders from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) in POSNA educational offerings. This study aims to outline the educational and leadership activities pursued by the alumni of the POSNA-COUR Visiting Scholars Program. We hypothesized that there may be a discrepancy between visiting scholar interest level and actual participation in key follow-up educational and leadership activities.

Methods:
A 32-question online survey developed by the POSNA-COUR committee was electronically delivered to the POSNA-COUR visiting scholarship recipients from 2007 to 2019. The survey inquired about scholars’ educational background, clinical practice, and academic interests. Respondents also reported educational, research, and leadership activities that occurred following program participation.

Results:
Fifty-seven percent (44/77) of the previous scholars participated in the survey. Sixty-eight percent reported that >75% of their practice was comprised of pediatric patients. The COUR scholarship afforded 15 scholars the opportunity to attend their first educational conference in North America. The majority (86%) of respondents consulted POSNA members on care-related issues, 52% organized a POSNA member’s visit to their country, and 13% have become members of POSNA. Scholars shared their knowledge with colleagues through lectures (73%), demonstration of surgical skills (63%), mentorship (59%), hosting local courses (43%), and research (14%). There was a significant discrepancy between interest and actual participation in research (98% vs. 16%, P<0.0001), hosting a regional course (98% vs. 43%, P<0.0001), and becoming a member of POSNA (96% vs. 13%, P<0.0001).

Conclusions:
The POSNA-COUR Visiting Scholar Program is effective at providing beneficial educational opportunities to orthopaedic surgeons from LMICs. There is, however, a significant discrepancy between reported scholar interest and actual engagement in leadership endeavors including: research, organization of regional courses, and POSNA membership. The impact of the POSNA-COUR visiting scholar program can be enhanced through collaboration with scholarship alumni in these key areas.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—case series.
Supracondylar Humerus Fractures in Older Children: Success of Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning
Authors: Bekmez Senol , Camp Mark W. , Ling Rebecca , El-Amiri Nisrine , Howard Andrew W. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
The incidence of supracondylar humerus (SCH) fracture declines and fracture types change as children grow. Optimal treatment method is unclear in older children. The aim of the study was to determine if fracture type and configuration of distal humerus fractures changes as patients approach skeletal maturity, and to assess the success of closed reduction and percutaneous pin (CRPP) in extra-articular SCH fractures in this transitional age group.

Methods:
Inclusion criteria for this retrospective review were (1) distal humerus fractures with extension types 2 and 3, flexion type, T-type; (2) surgically managed, and (3) modified Sauvegrain score ≥1. Reviewed parameters included fracture type and configuration, grade of skeletal maturity, fixation technique, and loss of reduction. Primary analysis was to determine the distribution of fracture type and configuration with age or grade of skeletal maturity. Secondary analysis was used to determine the factors affecting treatment success of CRPP in extra-articular fractures.

Results:
A total of 142 patients were included (58 males and 84 females). Fracture types revealed significant changes with increased age (P=0.031) and skeletal maturity grade (P<0.005). Skeletal maturity was a better predictor of changing fracture type than chronological age. T-type fractures were only seen in patients with modified Sauvegrain score ≥6 and flexion-type fractures were only seen in patients with modified Sauvegrain score ≤4. Loss of reduction rate after CRPP was 5%. The success of CRPP was not affected by age, sex, modified Sauvegrain score, fracture type, direction of displacement, coronal fracture pattern, number of pins or medial pin use. Fracture obliquity in the sagittal plane (P=0.05), suboptimal pin spread (P<0.01), and lack of bicolumnar fixation (P<0.01) were found as statistically significant factors associated with failed CRPP.

Conclusion:
The distribution of fracture type changed with increased age and skeletal maturity. CRPP of extra-articular fractures in older children is a reliable option regardless of the stage of skeletal maturity. Determinants of a good outcome include optimal pinning technique with adequate pin spread at the fracture site and bicolumnar fixation.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—retrospective case series.
Surgeon Preference for Keratoplasty Techniques and Barriers to Performing Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Authors: Thanitcul Chanon , Mathews Priya , Woreta Fasika A. , Akpek Esen K. , Varadaraj Varshini , Srikumaran Divya 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:To identify barriers and facilitators to adopting deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for nonendothelial corneal pathology.Methods:An anonymous survey consisting of 22 multiple choice and free text questions was designed to gather information on demographic factors of surgeons and DALK surgical practices. The survey was emailed to members of the kera-net, a global online corneal surgeon/surgery platform.Results:A total of 100 surgeons completed the survey, most of whom practice in the United States (73%). Most surgeons (89%) reported performing DALK. Surgeons who did not learn DALK during fellowship (34%) tended to be in practice for higher numbers of years (P< 0.001). Surgeons in private practice are more likely to perform DALK versus those in other settings (92.7% vs. 80.8%,P= 0.087). Surgeons performing more corneal surgeries (at least 100 per year) are more likely to perform DALK than those who perform fewer than 100 per year (52% vs. 14%,P= 0.01). Surgeons who perform Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty are more likely to perform DALK than those who do not (81.7% vs. 18.3%,P= 0.014). There was also a positive correlation between PK and DALK surgical volumes (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.57,P< 0.001). The main reasons for surgeon preference for DALK over PK were a desire to preserve the endothelium, intraoperative safety, and decreased complications. Longer surgical time and low patient volume were cited as barriers to adoption of DALK.Conclusions:Alterations in DALK technique that reduce surgical time and providing more learning opportunities for DALK might improve adoption.
Nursing Contributions to Ending the Global Adolescent and Young Adult HIV Pandemic
Authors: Guilamo-Ramos Vincent , Flores Dalmacio Dennis , Randolph Schenita D. , Andjembe Etogho Elvine Belinda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The welfare of adolescents and young adults (AYA) is pivotal for a sustainable future. However, despite worldwide efforts, alarming disparities in HIV morbidity and mortality persist: AYA are disproportionately affected. Specific world regions and key populations particularly warrant increased efforts to improve prevention and treatment via the global 95-95-95 strategy. Although the idiosyncrasies of AYA represent a challenge to a global response, for the past four decades, nurses have initiated and contributed to advances in HIV policy, practice, and research with AYA. Their unique position within the health care system renders success of these initiatives contingent on the collective capacity to leverage the well-established potential of nursing care. In this article, we (a) characterize the global epidemiology of HIV among AYA; (b) discuss important youth-focused HIV nursing achievements and identify nurses' unique competencies compatible with adolescent and young adult needs; and (c) examine the implications for future youth-tailored HIV nursing science and practice.
Increased Efficacy of Whole Lung Lavage Treatment in Alveolar Proteinosis Using a New Modified Lavage Technique
Authors: Grutters L. Agnes , Smith Elseline C. , Casteleijn Cees W. , van Dongen Eric P. , Ruven Henk J. , van der Vis Joanne J. , Veltkamp Marcel 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is an ultra-rare pulmonary disease. Whole lung lavage (WLL) is considered the gold standard therapy. We report a protocol for a new modified lavage technique (nMLT) in which controlled repetitive manual hyperinflation (MH) and intermittent chest percussion are used to enhance WLL efficacy.

Methods:
We included all subjects with autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis treated with nMLT between 2013 and 2018. nMLT consisted of repetitive MH with intermittent chest percussion every third wash. We reported: instilled volume, protein concentration, and optical density using spectrophotometry. Pulmonary function (FVC %predicted and DLCO %predicted) at start of nMLT was recorded. Data are displayed as mean (±SD), median [interquartile range], or number (%). Comparisons within individuals were made using Students t test.

Results:
We included 11 subjects (64% male) in whom a total of 67 nMLTs were performed. One nMLT consisted of 15 [12-18] washes. Protein removal was 9.80 [7.52-12.66] g per nMLT. After the first, second, and third cycle of 3 washes, 56% [49% to 61%], 81% [77% to 84%], and 91% [88% to 94%] of the final protein yield was removed, respectively. Optical density was measured 116 times and increased from 1.13 (±0.52) to 1.31 (±0.52) after MH (P<0.001).

Conclusion:
Efficacy of WLL seems to be enhanced by applying MH every 3 washes. Our technique of WLL with nMLT could be used to increase the amount of protein recruited while instilling the lung with the smallest volume of fluid as possible.
Computed Tomography-based Lung Residual Volume and Mortality of Patients With Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19)
Authors: Timaran-Montenegro David Ernesto , Torres-Ramírez Christian Alexander , Morales-Jaramillo Leonardo Mauricio , Mateo-Camacho Yohana Sarahi , Tapia-Rangel Edgar Alonso , Fuentes-Badillo Karla Daniela , Hernández-Rojas Ana Milena , Morales-Domínguez Valeria , Saenz-Castillo Pedro Fernando , Parra-Guerrero Lina Marcela , Jacome-Portilla Katherine Isamara , Obrando-Bravo Daniel Ernesto , Contla-Trejo Giovanni Saul , Falla-Trujillo Manuel Gerardo , Punzo-Alcaraz Gerardo Rafael , Feria-Arroyo Gustavo Adolfo , Chávez-Sastre Alberto Joshua , Govea-Palma Jovani , Carrillo-Álvarez Santiago , Orozco-Vázquez Julita del Socorro 
Published: December 2020

Rationale and Objectives:
To assess the effect of computed tomography (CT)-based residual lung volume (RLV) on mortality of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Materials and Methods:
A single-center, retrospective study of a prospectively maintained database was performed. In total, 138 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled. Baseline chest CT scan was performed in all patients. CT-based automated and semi-automated lung segmentation was performed using the Alma Medical workstation to calculate normal lung volume, lung opacities volume, total lung volume, and RLV. The primary end point of the study was mortality. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of mortality.

Results:
Overall, 84 men (61%) and 54 women (39%) with a mean age of 47.3 years (±14.3 y) were included in the study. Overall mortality rate was 21% (29 patients) at a median time of 7 days (interquartile range, 4 to 11 d). Univariate analysis demonstrated that age, hypertension, and diabetes were associated with death (P<0.01). Similarly, patients who died had lower normal lung volume and RLV than patients who survived (P<0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that low RLV was the only independent predictor of death (odds ratio, 1.042; 95% confidence interval, 10.2-10.65). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that a RLV ≤64% significantly increased the risk of death (odds ratio, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-11.7).

Conclusion:
Overall mortality of patients with COVID-19 may reach 21%. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that reduced RLV was the principal independent predictor of death. Furthermore, RLV ≤64% is associated with a 4-fold increase on the risk of death.
Airflow and air velocity measurements while playing wind instruments, with respect to risk assessment of a SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Spahn Claudia , Hipp Anna , Schubert Bernd , Axt Marcus Rudolf , Stratmann Markus , Schmölder Christian , Richter Bernhard 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDue to airborne transmission of infection with the coronavirus, the question arose as to how high the risk of spreading infectious particles can be while playing a wind instrument.To contribute to this question and to help clarify the possible risks, we analyzed 14 wind instruments, first qualitative by making airflows visible while playing and second quantitative by measuring air velocities at three distances (1m, 1.5m and 2m) in direction of the instrument’s bell.Measurements took place with wind instrumentalists of the Bamberg Symphony in their concert hall.Our findings highlight that while playing all wind instruments no airflow escaping from the instruments – from the bell with brass instruments, from the mouthpiece, keyholes and bell with woodwinds – was measured beyond a distance of 1.5m from the instruments’ bell, regardless of volume, pitch or what was played. With that, air velocity while playing corresponded to the usual value of hall-like rooms, of 0.1 m/s. For air-jet woodwinds, alto flute and piccolo, significant air movements were seen close to their mouthpieces, which escaped directly into the room without passing through the instrument and therefore generating directed air movements.