bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface termination and Schottky-barrier formation of In4Se3(001)
Authors: Dhingra Archit , Galiy Pavlo V , Wang Lu , Vorobeva Nataliia S , Lipatov Alexey , Torres Angel , Nenchuk Taras M , Gilbert Simeon J , Sinitskii Alexander , Yost Andrew J , Mei Wai-Ning , Fukutani Keisuke , Chen Jia-Shiang , Dowben Peter A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The surface termination of In4Se3(001) and the interface of this layered trichalcogenide, with Au, was examined using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Low energy electron diffraction indicates that the surface is highly crystalline, but suggests an absence of C2v mirror plane symmetry. The surface termination of the In4Se3(001) is found, by angle-resolved x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, to be In, which is consistent with the observed Schottky barrier formation found with this n-type semiconductor. Transistor measurements confirm earlier results from photoemission, suggesting that In4Se3(001) is an n-type semiconductor, so that Schottky barrier formation with a large work function metal, such as Au, is expected. The measured low carrier mobilities could be the result of the contacts and would be consistent with Schottky barrier formation.
Scaling of L-mode heat flux for ITER and COMPASS-U divertors, based on five tokamaks
Authors: Horacek J. , Adamek J. , Komm M. , Seidl J. , Vondracek P. , Jardin A. , Guillemaut Ch. , Elmore S. , Thornton A. , Jirakova K. , Jaulmes F. , Deng G. , Gao X. , Wang L. , Ding R. , Brunner D. , LaBombard B. , Olsen J. , Rasmussen J.J. , Nielsen A.H. , Naulin V. , Ezzat M. , Camacho K.M. , Hron M. , Matthews G.F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This contribution aims to improve existing scalings of the L-mode power decay length

λ

q

o
m
p

, especially for plasma configurations with strike points at the ITER-relevant location—closed vertical divertor targets. We propose 13 new

λ

q

o
m
p

scalings based on data from the tokamaks JET, EAST, MAST, Alcator C-mod and COMPASS, and validate them against the output of the 2D turbulence code HESEL. The analysis covers 500 divertor heat flux profiles (obtained by probes or IR cameras), measured in L-mode discharges with varying 12 global plasma parameters (all well predictable). We find that the two previously published scalings (Eich 2013 J. Nucl. Mat.
438 S72) and (Scarabosio 2013 J. Nucl. Mat.
438 S426), which were based on outer target data from AUG and JET, describe the JET, C-mod and COMPASS profiles well. This holds not only at the outer horizontal and vertical targets, but surprisingly also at the inner vertical targets. In contrast, EAST, HESEL and especially MAST data are poorly described by these two scalings. We therefore derive 13 new scalings, which account for 85–92 % of the measured

λ

q

o
m
p

variability across all five tokamaks. Although each of the scalings is based on a different parameter combination, their predictions for the ITER and COMPASS-Upgrade tokamaks are very similar. Just before the L-H transition in the ITER baseline scenario, the presented scalings predict values

λ

q

o
m
p

=
3.0
±
0.5

mm. For the COMPASS-Upgrade tokamak, all the scalings predict

λ

q

o
m
p

=
2.1
±
0.5

mm with a single exception of the scaling based on the stored plasma energy which predicts only 1.2 mm for both tokamaks. We encourage the reader to use as many of these scalings as possible, depending on available data. In attached plasma and using significant assumptions, our results imply steady-state surface-perpendicular heat flux around 10 MW/m2 for ITER, and 20 MW/m2 for COMPASS-Upgrade.
Synthesis of Tert-butylhydroquinone Derivative as a Soluble Biodiesel Antioxidant
Authors: Putri Felita Dwinanda , Sutanto Hery , Darmawan Akhmad , Nasikin M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Biodiesel has been widely used as a substitution for petroleum diesel for years. It offers some various advantages such as higher cetane number, higher efficiency, and low sulfur content. Despite the advantages, biodiesel has one major drawback which is prone to oxidation. The oxidation degrades its quality and causes disturbances to the machine during operations. Therefore, antioxidant was added into biodiesel. However, Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), as the most effective antioxidant for biodiesel, has low oil solubility. Hence, in this research, TBHQ was modified with methyl linoleate via coupling reaction using benzoyl peroxide. TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS results confirmed that the reaction had successfully produced a new product and its isomer, methyl (10E,12Z)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)octadeca- 10,12-dienoate and methyl (9Z,nE)-13-(4-(tert-butyl)-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)octadeca-9,n- dienoate. The yield was found to be 10.4%. The product mixture was subjected to a solubility test and an antioxidant activity evaluation. The result showed that the reaction product had higher oil solubility than TBHQ indicated by a steady increase in product absorbance up to 7000 ppm. TBHQ had reached its solubility limit at 5500 ppm. DPPH dot-blot assay, acid value, and rancimat test results revealed that the product mixture had antioxidant activity.
Improvement of Biogas Production by Sequential Pretreatment of Rice Straw and Coconut Shell for Power Generation Applications
Authors: Magomnang A , Capareda S 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDifferent pretreatment methods (milling, ultrasonication, liquid hot water, and alkali hydrolysis) were evaluated on rice straw and coconut shell biomass as a substrate for biogas production for vehicle fuel, provide heat and generate electricity. This was achieved by the sequential combination of ultrasonication, hot water, and alkali hydrolysis treatment at (4% and 5% w/v) concentration was evaluated. Additionally, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used in identifying structural differences and identification of compounds in the treated biomass. The results show that the combination of ultrasonication-alkali hydrolysis, hot liquid water using 3% of NaOH improved methane yield of 150% for rice straw and 290% for coconut shell compared with the original treatment. Moreover, the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) methodology identified modifications in the biomass structure after different types of pretreatment and conditions. The results of this research are the initial steps for the development of new processes using the Ultrasonication-NaOH LHW pretreatment, for the production of biogas from agricultural biomass waste.
An Evaluation of the Effect of Takakura and Effective Microorganisms (EM) as Bio Activators on the Final Compost Quality
Authors: Aslanzadeh Solmaz , Kho Katherine , Sitepu Irnayuli 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Composting is an organic waste management option, where suitable microorganisms are used to accelerate the rate and the decomposition process and improve the final compost quality. In this study, a commercial bio-activator EM4 (EM) and a traditional bio-activator prepared according to the Takakura method (Tak) were investigated. The bio-activators were mixed with a fermenting bed (fb) material consisting of rice husk and rice bran mixed in a ratio of 1:1. The inoculated fb was then used in concentrations of 0%, 20%, and 40% in a composting process of food waste. The composting process was monitored daily for 48 days, and the quality of the final compost based on its physical and chemical characteristics was measured and compared. The result revealed that all samples containing 40% fb material with both Tak and EM bio- activator contained lower moisture content in the final compost compared to samples with 20% fb material. The C/N ratio of the samples with 20% fb material for all samples decreased to 20:1, while 40% fb material increased above 20:1, compared to its initial level. Furthermore, the nitrogen level for all samples with 20% fb material increased while samples with 40% fb material decreased from the initial level. The phosphorus and potassium content also increased for all samples with both 20% and 40% fb material from the initial level. Additionally, no significant difference could be found for the final compost quality between the two bio-activators.
Synthesis of Pyrogallol Derivative as a Soluble Antioxidant for Biodiesel Additive
Authors: Christianty Handayani Regina , Darmawan Akhmad , Nasikin Mohammad , Sutanto Hery 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Biodiesel as a promising alternative fuel has a major technical drawback which is its instability during storage. One of the solutions to this problem is the addition of antioxidants to improve storage stability. However, the commonly used antioxidant, pyrogallol, has poor solubility in biodiesel due to its polarity difference with biodiesel. Hence this research is focused on modification of pyrogallol with methyl linoleate through a free radical mechanism using benzoyl peroxide as the radical initiator to increase pyrogallol solubility. The presence of the proposed product (10E,12Z)-9-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl) octadeca-10,12-dienoate and its isomer methyl (9Z,11E)-13-(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl) octadeca-9,11-dienoate was confirmed using TLC, HPLC and LC-MS/MS which yielded 0.2%. UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was used for the solubility test and the result showed that the solubility limit of the product 2500ppm which was higher than pyrogallol. For the antioxidant activity, the Rancimat test was performed to see the product’s performance in accelerated oxidation as well as acid value determination during four weeks of storage. The Rancimat test result shows the product has higher induction period compared to pyrogallol and fulfilled the oxidation test standard. However, the product showed lower acid value stability compared to pyrogallol and biodiesel.
Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Utilization as Geopolymer: Correlation on Compressive Strength and Degree of Polymerization Observed using FTIR
Authors: Adelizar A S , Olvianas M , Adythia D M , Syafiyurrahman M F , Pratama I G A A N , Astuti W , Petrus H T B M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Concerning on the dependancy of coal on electric generation wordwidely, study on fly ash, thesolid waste of fired coal electricity generation, has been comprehensively conducting, i.e. geopolymer, cenosphere, soil remediation, and adsorbent. However, only few studies dealing with the utilization of bottom ash. Having of about 53% of coal in the 2050 energy mix, Indonesia will be dealing with more than 200 million tonnes of fly ash and bottom ash (FABA). In this study, FABA was mixed in certain proportion of 50:50, 75:25, dan 100:0. The formation of geopolymer was conducted with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate in certain concentration. Once the mixture had been homogenized, it was casted and cured in varied temperature of 30, 60, dan 90 oC with curing time of 1, 3, 5, 14, 21, dan 28 days. In each curing time, sample was then analyzed using compresive strength apparatus and FTIR in order to observed the geopolimerization of the FABA mixture. It was found that compressive strength representing the macro characteristic of the geopolymer is in line with the CORR analysis of the FTIR results showing that the formation of aluminosilicate is responsible for the mechanical strength of the geopolymer. The higher the bottom ash ratio in the mixture with decrease the strength of the geopolymer in the order of one per second. Higher temperature results higher compresive strength to the value of 42 Mpa (FABA ratio is 75:25 at temperature of 90 oC) above the Indonesian standard for concrete. From this study, kinetics of FABA geopolymerization can be generated in accordance todiffusion model with R2 of 0.9135. Thus the utilization of FABA for geopolymer is going to be a potential solution to overcome the increasing amount of FABA resulted from fired coal electrical generation in Indonesia.
A Systematic Study on the Utilization of Inorganic Salts as Catalyst for the Conversion of Xylose to Furfural
Authors: Soetedjo Jenny N M , Rasrendra Carolus B , Heeres Hero J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The utilization of biomass-waste such as sugar-bagasse,water-hyacynth and palm-oil-fiber as alternative sources for transportation fuels and platform-chemicals is a very active research field. Furfural(FF) is one-of-the-13top platform-chemicals that may be converted to derivatives such as furfuryl-alcohol,furoic-acid and furan with wide applications in the gasoline,diesel and jet-fuel blending-pool. Many studies have been conducted in the mechanism and the kinetics of FF-formation from xylose since the 1940s to maximize FF-yield and to reduce FF-decomposition to undesired-products. Previous studies showed that inorganic-salt gives positive effects on the FF-yield but systematic studies are lacking. Based on it, 60salts were screened in the hydrolysis of 0.1M xylose-aqueous-solution (T=180°C,90minutes,batch). The maximum FF-yield was 53mol% using 5mM-Fe2(SO4)3. The highest FF-selectivity was at 84mol% using 5mM-NaCl, though at low xylose-conversion(35 mol%-FF-yield). Some transition metal-chloride i.e.FeCl2,CuCl2,SnCl2 showed interesting FF-yields(48-50%) and selectivity(58-65%) indicating interesting roles of ion Fe3+ and Cl−. Subsequent studies of two salts i.e.Fe2(SO4)3 and FeCl3(5mM) in combination with HCl and H2SO4(0.1M) were investigated(0.1M-xylose,T=150°C,0-270 min). The result shows that salts increase no FF-yields for H2SO4 but increase the reaction-rate. In contrast, Fe2(SO4)3 increase no yield nor reaction-rate for HCl-catalyzed-system. In conclusion, the inorganic-salts catalyse xylose-conversion to furfural but best results were obtained using HCl without additional salts.
Changes in Job Security and Mental Health: An Analysis of 14 Annual Waves of an Australian Working-Population Panel Survey
Authors: LaMontagne Anthony Daniel , Too Lay San , Punnett Laura , Milner Allison Joy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We examined whether job security improvements were associated with improvements in mental health in a large, nationally representative panel study in Australia. We used both within-person fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) regression to analyze data from 14 annual waves covering the calendar period of 2002–2015 (19,169 persons; 106,942 observations). Mental Health Inventory–5 scores were modeled in relation to self-reported job security (categorical, quintiles), adjusting for age, year, education, and job change in the past year. Both FE and RE models showed stepwise improvements in Mental Health Inventory–5 scores with improving job security, with stronger exposure-outcome relationships in the RE models and for men compared with women. The RE coefficients for improvements in job security in men were 2.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.67, 2.46) for 1 quintile, steadily increasing for 2- (3.94 (95% CI: 3.54, 4.34)), 3- (5.82 (95% CI: 5.40, 6.24)), and 4-quintile (7.18 (95% CI: 6.71, 7.64)) improvements. The FE model for men produced slightly smaller coefficients, reaching a maximum of 5.55 (95% CI: 5.06, 6.05). This analysis, with improved causal inference over previous observational research, showed that improving job security is strongly associated with decreasing depression and anxiety symptoms. Policy and practice intervention to improve job security could benefit population mental health.
The Piedra Chamana fossil woods and leaves: a record of the vegetation and palaeoenvironment of the Neotropics during the late middle Eocene
Authors: Woodcock Deborah W , Meyer Herbert W 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsThe Piedra Chamana fossil forest in northern Peru is an assemblage of angiosperm woods and leaves preserved in volcaniclastic rocks dated to 39 Mya (late Middle Eocene). We analysed the anatomical and morphological features of the fossils to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment during this time of global warmth, taking advantage of the co-occurrence of woods and leaves to compare different proxies and analytical approaches.MethodsWood characters analysed include vessel-related functional traits, traits linked to Baileyan trends, and quantitative features such as vessel diameter and density. Diameter-distribution and diameter and position plots are used to represent vessel diameter and arrangement. Leaf margin and area analysis provides additional climate estimates.Key ResultsThe fossil woods show many similarities with modern tropical-forest woods and tropical fossil-wood assemblages; closest correspondence within the Neotropics is to semi-deciduous lowland tropical forest with moderate precipitation (~1000–1200 mm). Features unusual for the modern South American tropics are mainly vessel-related characters (semi-ring porosity, grouped vessels, helical vessel thickenings, short vessel elements) linked to water stress or seasonal water availability. Leaf analysis indicates mean annual temperature of 31 °C (n = 19, 100 % entire-margined) and mean annual precipitation of 1290 mm (n = 22, predominantly microphylls and notophylls).ConclusionsThe palaeovegetation was clearly lowland tropical forest with a dry aspect, but anomalous aspects of the wood anatomy are consistent with the high temperatures indicated by the leaves and are probably explained by differences in seasonality and water stress compared to the present-day Neotropics. A close modern analogue may be in very seasonal regions of Asia. Pronounced monsoonal (summer-rain) conditions may relate to a location (palaeolatitude of 13°S) outside the near-equatorial tropics.
Biochemical and mesophyll diffusional limits to photosynthesis are determined by prey and root nutrient uptake in the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes × ventrata
Authors: Capó-Bauçà Sebastià , Font-Carrascosa Marcel , Ribas-Carbó Miquel , Pavlovič Andrej , Galmés Jeroni 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsCarnivorous plants can enhance photosynthetic efficiency in response to prey nutrient uptake, but the underlying mechanisms of increased photosynthesis are largely unknown. Here we investigated photosynthesis in the pitcher plant Nepenthes × ventrata in response to different prey-derived and root mineral nutrition to reveal photosynthetic constrains.MethodsNutrient-stressed plants were irrigated with full inorganic solution or fed with four different insects: wasps, ants, beetles or flies. Full dissection of photosynthetic traits was achieved by means of gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and immunodetection of photosynthesis-related proteins. Leaf biochemical and anatomical parameters together with mineral composition, nitrogen and carbon isotopic discrimination of leaves and insects were also analysed.Key ResultsMesophyll diffusion was the major photosynthetic limitation for nutrient-stressed Nepenthes × ventrata, while biochemistry was the major photosynthetic limitation after nutrient application. The better nutrient status of insect-fed and root-fertilized treatments increased chlorophyll, pigment–protein complexes and Rubisco content. As a result, both photochemical and carboxylation potential were enhanced, increasing carbon assimilation. Different nutrient application affected growth, and root-fertilized treatment led to the investment of more biomass in leaves instead of pitchers.ConclusionsThe study resolved a 35-year-old hypothesis that carnivorous plants increase photosynthetic assimilation via the investment of prey-derived nitrogen in the photosynthetic apparatus. The equilibrium between biochemical and mesophyll limitations of photosynthesis is strongly affected by the nutrient treatment.
GraphBin: refined binning of metagenomic contigs using assembly graphs
Authors: Mallawaarachchi Vijini , Wickramarachchi Anuradha , Lin Yu 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Motivation
The field of metagenomics has provided valuable insights into the structure, diversity and ecology within microbial communities. One key step in metagenomics analysis is to assemble reads into longer contigs which are then binned into groups of contigs that belong to different species present in the metagenomic sample. Binning of contigs plays an important role in metagenomics and most available binning algorithms bin contigs using genomic features such as oligonucleotide/k-mer composition and contig coverage. As metagenomic contigs are derived from the assembly process, they are output from the underlying assembly graph which contains valuable connectivity information between contigs that can be used for binning.

Results
We propose GraphBin, a new binning method that makes use of the assembly graph and applies a label propagation algorithm to refine the binning result of existing tools. We show that GraphBin can make use of the assembly graphs constructed from both the de Bruijn graph and the overlap-layout-consensus approach. Moreover, we demonstrate improved experimental results from GraphBin in terms of identifying mis-binned contigs and binning of contigs discarded by existing binning tools. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the information from the assembly graph has been used in a tool for the binning of metagenomic contigs.

Availability and implementation
The source code of GraphBin is available at https://github.com/Vini2/GraphBin.

Contact
vijini.mallawaarachchi@anu.edu.au or yu.lin@anu.edu.au

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Role of the Thalamus in Basal Forebrain Regulation of Neural Activity in the Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Azimi H , Klaassen A-L , Thomas K , Harvey M A , Rainer G 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMany studies have implicated the basal forebrain (BF) as a potent regulator of sensory encoding even at the earliest stages of or cortical processing. The source of this regulation involves the well-documented corticopetal cholinergic projections from BF to primary cortical areas. However, the BF also projects to subcortical structures, including the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which has abundant reciprocal connections with sensory thalamus. Here we present naturalistic auditory stimuli to the anesthetized rat while making simultaneous single-unit recordings from the ventral medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and primary auditory cortex (A1) during electrical stimulation of the BF. Like primary visual cortex, we find that BF stimulation increases the trial-to-trial reliability of A1 neurons, and we relate these results to change in the response properties of MGN neurons. We discuss several lines of evidence that implicate the BF to thalamus pathway in the manifestation of BF-induced changes to cortical sensory processing and support our conclusions with supplementary TRN recordings, as well as studies in awake animals showing a strong relationship between endogenous BF activity and A1 reliability. Our findings suggest that the BF subcortical projections that modulate MGN play an important role in auditory processing.