bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Speech Intelligibility Between 30 and 47 Months in Typically Developing Children: A Cross-Sectional Study of Growth
Authors: Hustad Katherine C. , Mahr Tristan , Natzke Phoebe E. M. , Rathouz Paul J. 
Published: May 2020

PurposeWe sought to establish normative growth curves for intelligibility development for the speech of typically developing children as revealed by objectively based orthographic transcription of elicited single-word and multiword utterances by naïve listeners. We also examined sex differences, and we compared differences between single-word and multiword intelligibility growth.MethodOne hundred sixty-four typically developing children (92 girls, 72 boys) contributed speech samples for this study. Children were between the ages of 30 and 47 months, and analyses examined 1-month age increments between these ages. Two different naïve listeners heard each child and made orthographic transcriptions of child-produced words and sentences (n= 328 listeners). Average intelligibility scores for single-word productions and multiword productions were modeled using linear regression, which estimated normal-model quantile age trajectories for single- and multiword utterances.ResultsWe present growth curves showing steady linear change over time in 1-month increments from 30 to 47 months for 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. Results showed that boys did not differ from girls and that, prior to 35 months of age, single words were more intelligible than multiword productions. Starting at 41 months of age, the reverse was true. Multiword intelligibility grew at a faster rate than single-word intelligibility.ConclusionsChildren make steady progress in intelligibility development through 47 months, and only a small number of children approach 100% intelligibility by this age. Intelligibility continues to develop past the fourth year of life. There is considerable variability among children with regard to intelligibility development.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12330956
Single‐switch high‐efficiency hybrid boost–Ćuk DC/DC converter with high‐voltage gain and low‐voltage stress
Authors: Andrade António Manuel Santos Spencer , Faistel Tiago Miguel Klein , Guisso Ronaldo Antonio 
Published: May 2020

This study proposes a new hybrid non‐isolated DC–DC converter suitable for photovoltaic applications, which can be extended to other applications such as electric vehicles, fuel cells etc. The proposed converter combines the main characteristics of boost and Ćuk converters with a coupled inductor, voltage multiplier, and super‐lift cell. Additionally, the proposed topologies present reduced voltage stress across the semiconductors when compared to similar converters and high efficiency. Experimental results obtained using a laboratory prototype (35 V/400 V and 200 W) validate the efficacy and viability of the proposed topology.
Le spin des électrons se transporte-t-il comme leur charge ?
Authors: Cadiz Fabian , Rowe Alistair C.H. , Paget Daniel 
Published: May 2020

Pour répondre aux besoins croissants de la microélectronique, il a été proposé de transmettre l’information par le spin de l’électron, cette variable quantique dont l’analogue classique est la rotation sur lui-même.
Il serait naturel de penser que la charge de l’électron et son spin se transportent de manière identique, si l’on excepte la tendance de toute orientation de spin à disparaitre par relaxation. Et pourtant, plusieurs études fondamentales montrent que le spin peut se transporter de façon indépendante de l’électron qui le porte, et donc « vivre sa vie » comme une particule autonome.
Cet article est consacré à ces résultats fortement contre-intuitifs.
Social as much as environmental: the drivers of tree biomass in smallholder forest landscape restoration programmes
Authors: Wells Geoff J , Fisher Janet , Jindal Rohit , Ryan Casey M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A major challenge for forest landscape restoration initiatives is the lack of quantitative evidence on how social factors drive environmental outcomes. Here we conduct an interdisciplinary quantitative analysis of the environmental and social drivers of tree biomass accumulation across 639 smallholder farms restoring native tree species in Mexico, Uganda and Mozambique. We use environmental and social data to assess the relative effects of key hypothesised drivers on aboveground biomass accumulation at the farm-level over ten years. We supplement this with a qualitative analysis of perspectives from local farmers and agroforestry technicians on the potential causal mechanisms of the observed social effects. We find that the material wellbeing of farmers (e.g. assets) and access to agroforestry knowledge explain as much variation in biomass as water availability. Local perspectives suggest that this is caused by the higher adaptive capacity of some farmers and their associated ability to respond to social-ecological shocks and stresses. Additionally, the variation in biomass between farms increased over time. Local perspectives suggested that this was caused by emergent exogenous and stochastic influences which cannot be reliably predicted in technical analyses and guidance. To deal with this persistent uncertainty, local perspectives emphasised the need for flexible and adaptive processes at the farm- and village-levels. The consistency of these findings across three countries suggests these findings are relevant to similar forest restoration interventions. Our findings provide novel quantitative evidence of a social-ecological pathway where the adaptive capacity of local land users can improve ecological processes. Our findings emphasize the need for forest restoration programmes to prioritise investment in the capabilities of local land users, and to ensure that rules support, rather than hinder, adaptive management.
Down and upconversion photoluminescence of ZrO2:Er3+ phosphor irradiated with 120 MeV gold ions
Authors: Lokesha H S , Nagabhushana K R , Chithambo M L , Singh Fouran 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Down conversion and upconversion photoluminescence of pristine and gold ion irradiated ZrO2:Er3+ phosphor synthesized by solution combustion are reported. The crystallinity of the sample as analysed by x-ray diffraction shows a monoclinic phase having a crystallite size of about 57 nm calculated using Williamson—Hall formula. Field emission scanning electron microscopy shows that the shape and size of phosphor grains are non uniform. The down conversion photoluminescence of ZrO2:Er3+ has sharp emission bands in the red, green and blue regions of the spectrum. These emissions are corresponding to f–f transitions of Er3+ ions under excitation of 379 nm. In particular, the emission has maxima at 467, 492, 526, 548 and 660 nm correspond to 4F3/2 → 4I15/2, 4F7/2 → 4I15/2, 2H11/2 → 4I15/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transitions respectively. Interestingly, the PL emission intensity (excitation at 379 nm) is enhanced 1.6 times higher than pristine sample after 120 MeV Au ion irradiation for a fluence of 1 × 1010 ions cm−2. The blue to green emission ratio increases with the increase in ion fluence. Therefore, emission of the color shift towards bluish-white color with ion fluence. The lifetime of 4S3/2 level is found to be 16.9 and 71.5 μs for pristine and Au ion irradiated (1 × 1012 ions cm−2) ZrO2:Er3+ respectively. In near infrared (NIR) region, the PL emission band is observed at 1531 nm corresponding to 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ under excitation of 980 nm. The sample emits intense green emission and relatively weak red emission in up conversion PL under excitation of 980 nm. The ratio of intensities of red and green emission changes after Au ion irradiation is attributed to the corresponding change in the lattice symmetry in the host. Resulting in strong up conversion emission from two photon absorption process.
Oxidation behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel in high temperature air with long-term exposure
Authors: Huang Xi , Xiao Kai , Fang Xiaodong , Xiong Zicheng , Wei Lihua , Zhu Pengcheng , Li Xiaoyan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The oxidation behavior of 316L stainless steel exposed at 400, 600 and 800 °C air for 100, 500 and 1000 h was investigated using different characterization techniques. Weight gain obeys a parabolic law, but the degree of deviation of n index is increasingly larger with the increase of temperature. A double oxide film, including Cr2O3 and Fe2O3 oxide particles in outer and FeCr2O4 oxides in inner, is observed at 400 °C. As regards to samples at 600 °C, a critical exposure period around 100 h exists in the oxidation process, at which a compact oxide film decorated with oxide particles transforms to a loose oxide layer with a pore-structure. In addition, an oxide film containing Fe-rich outer oxide layer and Cr-rich inner oxide layer is observed at 600 °C for 500 and 1000 h. Spallation of oxide scale is observed for all samples at 800 °C regardless of exposure periods, resulting in different oxidation morphologies, and the degree of spallation behavior is getting worse. A double oxide film with the same chemical composition as 600 °C is observed, and the thickness increases over exposure periods.
Influence of cold rolling deformation on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo alloy
Authors: Guo Kai , Wang Tiansheng , Meng Kang , Yao Chuan , Wang Qingfeng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The effects of cold deformation on tensile properties and corrosion behavior of the Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo alloy are investigated in the present work. The microstructure of the sample was characterized by means of x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscope and electron backscattered diffraction. The corrosion behavior of the alloy in HCl solution was characterized by potentiodynamic polarization test. The results show that the α laths became kinked after cold rolling and the interlamellar spacing decreased to about 0.45 μm at the rolling reduction of 50%. The kinking process closely linked with the development of shear bands within the colonies. EBSD investigations indicated that the α lath exhibited a (0001) texture in the 50% cold-rolled alloy. With the increase of cold deformation strain, the Yield strength of the alloy increases from 811 MPa to 943 MPa. The corrosion resistance of processed samples was higher than as-received sample. Experimental results showed that deformation substructure and texture had an influence on the corrosion rate of this alloy.
TiN-based organic-inorganic composite films with dual functions of solar control and low-emission for energy-saving coatings
Authors: Ma Yachao , Yang Daoyuan , Jiang Qiao , Zhu Kai , Yuan Huiyu , Cui Junyan , Yuan Lin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
With the fast development of modern intelligent buildings, the demand for a comfortable environment and ‘low carbon’ technologies, for example, energy-saving buildings, becomes more intense. Thermal insulation coatings as one of the most promising routes to alleviate the energy consumption of buildings attract extensive attention in recent years. In this work, titanium nitride-based organic-inorganic composite films (TiN O/I films) were introduced as the thermal insulation coatings to window glass via blade coating method. Additionally, two different synthesis methods were adopted to prepare the inorganic TiN nanoparticle and its effect on the optical property of the coatings was studied detailedly via the ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV–vis-IR) spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer characterizations. In addition, the thermal insulation properties of the films were characterized by a system that simulates the natural environment. Various characterizations show that the synthesized TiN O/I films can not only pass through the visible light but also has high reflectance at the mid-infrared range, that is with the functions of solar control and low emission, well satisfying the requirements of the energy-saving coatings for window glass. These results demonstrated the good feasibility of TiN O/I films in thermal insulation coatings, and also provide a direction for the development of more novel thermal insulation materials with large-scale.
Microstructure and properties of B4Cp/Al composite prepared by microwave sintering with low temperature
Authors: Wang Hongming , Tang Feng , Li Guirong , Zhang De , Liu Ming , Kai Xizhou 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this study, B4Cp/Al composites were prepared by microwave sintering using 20 vol% B4C and Al powder as raw materials. The effects of sintering temperature and time on the microstructure and properties of B4Cp/Al composites were studied. The results show that in the presence of microwave field, the pores amount at the B4C/Al interface and the densification has been changed. When the sintering temperature is 580 °C and the sintering time is 45 min, the B4C particles are dispersed. At this time, the B4C/Al interface is clean and tight together with few transient phase Al3BC(s) that commonly generated in abnormally hyperthermal areas. When the temperature is enhanced or time prolonged, the liquid aluminum will appear in the composite, the fluidity of the aluminum matrix will increase greatly. A more serious aluminizing phenomenon will occur, resulting in the uneven distribution of B4C particles in the matrix. As for the properties, the optimized composite material exhibits the best compactness and Vickers hardness as 93.2% and 112.5HV1. The nanoindentation test reveals that the hardness and elastic modulus of interface are 8.494 GPa and 142.537 GPa.
Recent theory of traveling-wave tubes: a tutorial-review
Authors: Wong Patrick , Zhang Peng , Luginsland John 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The traveling-wave tube (TWT), also known as the traveling-wave amplifier (TWA) or traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA), is a widely used amplifier in satellite communications and radar. An electromagnetic signal is inputted on one end of the device and is amplified over a distance until it is extracted downstream at the output. The physics behind this spatial amplification of an electromagnetic wave is predicated on the interaction of a linear DC electron beam with the surrounding circuit structure. Pierce, known as the ‘father of communications satellites,’ was the first to formulate the theory for this beam-circuit interaction, the basis of which has since been used to model other vacuum electronic devices such as free-electron lasers, gyrotrons, and Smith-Purcell radiators, just to name a few. In this paper, the traditional Pierce theory will first be briefly reviewed; the classic Pierce theory will then be extended in several directions: harmonic generation and the effect of high beam current on both the beam mode and circuit mode as well as ‘discrete effects’, giving a brief tutorial of recent theories of TWTs.
High gene flow maintains wide-range species cohesion in a Neotropical epiphyte (Tillandsia aeranthos, Bromeliaceae)
Authors: Aoki-Gonçalves Felipe , Dantas De Queiroz Marcos Vinicius , De Beauclair Guimarães Thais , Solís Neffa Viviana , Palma-Silva Clarisse 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStudies of patterns of genetic diversity, genetic structure and ecological data across geographical ranges of species allow us to test hypotheses about the evolutionary responses of organisms to fluctuations in habitat connectivity and availability. Here we present a study aiming to assess genetic diversity, population structure and breeding system across the geographical distribution of a subtropical epiphyte, Tillandsia aeranthos (Bromeliaceae), endemic to the Plata River basin (Pampa biome). Seven nuclear microsatellite markers were genotyped in 203 individuals from 13 localities across Brazil and Argentina and 14 plastid regions were sequenced for a subset of the individuals. Additionally, we performed controlled pollination experiments to discuss correlations between breeding system, genetic diversity and structure in the species. Nuclear diversity levels were high (HE = 0.806, HO = 0.745, allelic richness = 5.860) with no haplotype differentiation detected (c. 9 kpb sequenced). Bayesian assignment analysis, supported by principal coordinate analysis and analysis of molecular variance, show low genetic structure across the studied area (FST = 0.031, P &lt; 0.001). Controlled pollination experiments indicated complete self-incompatibility in all localities analysed. Our results show effective gene flow maintaining low genetic structure between localities for T. aeranthos across an extensive area in the Pampa.
Less arterial stiffness in kidney transplant recipients than chronic kidney disease patients matched for renal function
Authors: Cheddani Lynda , Haymann Jean Philippe , Liabeuf Sophie , Tabibzadeh Nahid , Boffa Jean-Jacques , Letavernier Emmanuel , Essig Marie , Drüeke Tilman B , Delahousse Michel , Massy Ziad A ,   the NephroTest Study Group, Vrtovsnik Francois , Daugas Eric , Flamant Martin , Vidal-Petiot Emmanuelle , Jacquot Christian , Karras Alexandre , Thervet Eric , d’Auzac Christian , Houillier P , Courbebaisse M , Eladari D , Maruani G , Ronco Pierre , Fessi H , Rondeau Eric , Tabibzadeh Nahid , Livrozet Marine , Saint-Jacques Camille , Haymann Jean Philippe , Metzger M , Stengel B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Chronic kidney disease is associated with a high cardiovascular risk. Compared with glomerular filtration rate–matched CKD patients (CKDps), we previously reported a 2.7-fold greater risk of global mortality among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). We then examined aortic stiffness [evaluated by carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV)] and cardiovascular risk in KTRs compared with CKDps with comparable measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR).

Methods
We analysed CF-PWV in two cohorts: TransplanTest (KTRs) and NephroTest (CKDps). Propensity scores were calculated including six variables: mGFR, age, sex, mean blood pressure (MBP), body mass index (BMI) and heart rate. After propensity score matching, we included 137 KTRs and 226 CKDps. Descriptive data were completed by logistic regression for CF-PWV values higher than the median (&gt;10.6 m/s).

Results
At 12 months post-transplant, KTRs had significantly lower CF-PWV than CKDps (10.1 versus 11.0 m/s, P = 0.008) despite no difference at 3 months post-transplant (10.5 versus 11.0 m/s, P = 0.242). A lower occurrence of high arterial stiffness was noted among KTRs compared with CKDps (38.0% versus 57.1%, P &lt; 0.001). It was especially associated with lower mGFR, older age, higher BMI, higher MBP, diabetes and higher serum parathyroid hormone levels. After adjustment, the odds ratio for the risk of high arterial stiffness in KTRs was 0.40 (95% confidence interval 0.23–0.68, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Aortic stiffness was significantly less marked in KTRs 1 year post-transplant than in CKDps matched for GFR and other variables. This observation is compatible with the view that the pathogenesis of post-transplant cardiovascular disease differs, at least in part, from that of CKD per se.
Transiently elevated estimated pulmonary pressures in a patient with complete heart block undergoing permanent pacing: a case report
Authors: Harvey Robert , Chong Adrian , Hill John , Korczyk Dariusz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Complete heart block (CHB) is a frequent cause for acute admission in older patients with significant cardiac conduction disease. Common presenting symptoms are syncope and dyspnoea. Some patients may exhibit clinical and radiological signs of left ventricular (LV) decompensation, despite preserved LV ejection fraction on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and absent pre-existing LV dysfunction.

Case summary
In this clinical report, we present a case of CHB associated with transient but severe elevation in pulmonary artery systolic pressure, measured as the equivalent right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP = 99 mmHg) by TTE in the absence of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, that subsequently ‘normalized’ after implantation of a permanent pacemaker. After searching our echocardiogram database, we did find other cases with similar findings.

Discussion
There is limited literature describing transient acute elevation in estimated pulmonary pressures in the setting of new CHB that is subsequently reversed by permanent pacing. The true prevalence and mechanism of transient estimated pulmonary pressure as a result of CHB remains unknown. Based on our limited assessment, we postulate that the acute elevation in estimated pulmonary pressures is predominantly related to a compensatory augmentation of RV stroke volume and is caused by the underlying bradycardia and need to maintain forward cardiac output. This phenomenon may require further investigation and validation in future studies.
Utility of enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Kounis syndrome: a case report
Authors: Matta Anthony , Elenizi Khaled , Bouisset Frederic , Roncalli Jerome 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundKounis syndrome is the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome precipitated by an allergic reaction in the presence or absence of underlying coronary artery disease. The syndrome is explained by the effect of released inflammatory mediators on the coronary arteries and platelets.Case summaryWe report an uncommon case of Kounis syndrome Type II in a 65-year-old man 24 h after being bitten by a hymenoptera. Clinical context, electrocardiogram, coronary angiography, and enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging modality are presented.DiscussionAwareness and understanding of this syndrome is essential for starting early and appropriate therapy, thereby preventing life-threatening events. Accordingly, we highlight the importance of enhanced cardiac MRI to complete the assessment of this entity.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation facilitated by right common carotid cut-down and innominate artery angioplasty with simultaneous right coronary artery vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with mid aortic syndrome: a case report
Authors: Ghobrial Mina S A , Khan Kamal , Baguneid Mohamed , Levy Richard D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is most commonly performed via the femoral approach. Small caliber ilio-femoral arteries, severe calcification and tortuosity are often prohibitive reasons for TAVI via the femoral approach. Mid-aortic syndrome is a rare condition describing congenital or acquired coarctation of the abdominal aorta.

Case summary
To the best of our knowledge, this case report describes the world’s first TAVI in a patient with mid-aortic syndrome with challenging vascular access that would preclude conventional TAVI access routes. A 76-year-old woman with intermittent claudication, underwent work-up for axillo-bifemoral bypass, underwent a TAVI for incidental severe asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis via right common carotid TAVI facilitated by innominate artery angioplasty achieved vascular access for TAVI. Percutaneous coronary intervention to a right coronary artery vein graft was simultaneously performed via a left brachial artery cut down.

Discussion
We demonstrate that complex angioplasty to coronary artery bypass grafts and the innominate artery alongside TAVI via a variety of arterial access sites is both safe and feasible.