bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the world's edge: Reconstructing diet and geographic origins in medieval Iceland using isotope and trace element analyses
Authors: Walser Joe W. , Kristjánsdóttir Steinunn , Gröcke Darren R. , Gowland Rebecca L. , Jakob Tina , Nowell Geoff M. , Ottley Chris J. , Montgomery Janet 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesA multi‐isotope study was conducted on individuals buried at Skriðuklaustur monastery (AD 1493–1554) to investigate their geographic origins and dietary composition. Comparative material from individuals excavated from Skeljastaðir, an inland farm site was also analyzed.Materials and methodsBone collagen was extracted from 50 humans (Skriðuklaustur and Skeljastaðir) and 25 animals (Skriðuklaustur) and analyzed for δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S. Dental enamel samples from 31 individuals (Skriðuklaustur) were also analyzed for 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δ13C, and trace elements (Pb, Sr, Zn, Ba).ResultsThe mean value determined from individuals from Skriðuklaustur (n = 36) was δ13C = −18.7 ± 0.8‰, δ15N = 12.8 ± 1.1‰, and δ34S = 9.0 ± 1.6‰, whereas at Skeljastaðir (n = 14), it was δ13C = −20.5 ± 0.8‰, δ15N = 7.8 ± 0.9‰, and δ34S = 9.4 ± 1.6‰. At Skriðuklaustur, human dental enamel samples (n = 31) provided a 87Sr/86Sr range of 0.7060–0.7088, δ18Ophosphate from 13.9 to 16.1‰ and δ13Ccarbonate from −16.6 to −12.9‰. Inferred drinking water (δ18Odw) values range from −12.3 to −8.9‰. Sr concentrations range from 25.8 to 156.7 ppm, Ba from 0.11 to 0.81 ppm, Zn from 43.8 to 145.8 ppm, and Pb from 0.13 to 9.40 ppm.DiscussionA combination of results indicates that the people from Skriðuklaustur were born in Iceland, but some lived inland during childhood while others lived closer to the coast. Since Skriðuklaustur was a hospital, these individuals may have sought medical treatment at the monastery. The δ13C and δ15N values determined from bone collagen indicate that the people residing at Skriðuklaustur consumed a diet high in marine protein, while those residing at Skeljastaðir exhibit values more consistent with terrestrial resources.
Persistent wheezing caused by carvedilol overdose in a non‐asthmatic man
Authors: Nakanishi Misuzu , Kuriyama Akira , Onodera Mutsuo 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundCardiovascular dysfunction is the main manifestation of β‐blocker intoxication; however, respiratory manifestations have rarely been reported.Case PresentationA 41‐year‐old man, who had ingested 300 mg carvedilol in a suicide attempt, was transferred to our emergency department. The patient had wheezing on arrival; however, he had no known history of bronchial asthma. In the absence of signs of heart failure, we gave the patient inhaled procaterol, a short‐acting β2 agonist. The wheezing disappeared approximately 60 h after carvedilol ingestion and did not recur thereafter.ConclusionWe report a case of wheezing caused by carvedilol intoxication. Although rare, clinicians should recognize that wheezing or bronchospasm can develop following β‐blocker intoxication, for which a short‐acting β2 agonist could be indicated.
Recent Advances in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Catalysis
Authors: Liu Jianguo , Wang Nan , Ma Longlong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) as an emerging type of crystalline porous materials, have obtained considerable attention recently. They have exhibited diverse structure and attractive performance in various catalytic reactions. It is highly expected to have a systematic and comprehensive review summing up COFs‐derived catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, which is favorable to the judicious design of an efficient catalyst for targeted reaction. Herein, we focus on summarizing recent and significant developments in COFs materials, with an emphasis on both the synthetic strategies and targeted functionalization, and categorize it in accordance with the different types of catalytic reactions. Their potential catalysis applications are reviewed thoroughly. Moreover, a personal view about the future development of COFs catalysts with respect to the large‐scale production is also discussed.
Systematic oversizing of service lines and water meters
Authors: Douglas Christopher , Buchberger Steven , Mayer Peter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSizing service lines and water meters for buildings is a common exercise with important implications for utilities and consumers. Selecting the diameter of a service line requires designers to balance economics and performance. Small‐diameter pipes may minimize cost but impair service with high head loss; larger pipes may ensure adequate pressure but increase the cost of the premise plumbing system. The water meter must also be sized to perform reliably and accurately while measuring both high and low flows. In this investigation, flow data from 43 buildings fitted with water‐conserving fixtures were collected at 10‐s logging intervals for 2 weeks. It was found that 37 of the 43 sites would likely have benefited from a smaller water meter. Of the 37 sites, 29 could likely have also been fitted with a smaller service line and not violated a 10‐ft/s water‐velocity limit that some building codes impose.
Understanding the correlation between artificial insemination and offspring health outcomes
Authors: Navarro‐Rubio Sonsoles , Güell Francisco 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlthough numerous articles have shown intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization to be correlated with increased risk of disease, a few works have been published on the risks associated with artificial insemination. Meanwhile, questions about the possible causes underlying these correlations have remained in the background. The main objective of this work is not to review the risks associated with artificial insemination, but rather to describe how developmental processes may be affected by these techniques. Thus, we offer a theoretical framework for understanding the possible causes that underlie the correlation between low‐complexity or milder techniques and offspring health outcomes.
Vitamin D increases remyelination by promoting oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation
Authors: Gomez‐Pinedo Ulises , Cuevas Jesús Adriel , Benito‐Martín María Soledad , Moreno‐Jiménez Lidia , Esteban‐Garcia Noelia , Torre‐Fuentes Laura , Matías‐Guiu Jordi A. , Pytel Vanesa , Montero Paloma , Matías‐Guiu Jorge 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionSeveral experimental studies have suggested the potential remyelinating effects of vitamin D (VitD) supplements regardless of the presence of VitD deficiency. This study aims to analyze neurogenesis in a model of toxic demyelination in order to evaluate the effects of VitD on demyelination and remyelination.Material and methodsWe used 24 male Wistar rats that had received surgical lesions to the corpus callosum and were injected with lysolecithin. Rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 included eight rats with lesions to the corpus callosum but not lysolecithin injections (sham group), group 2 included eight rats with lesions to the corpus callosum that were injected with lysolecithin (lysolecithin group), and group 3 included eight rats with lesions that were injected with lysolecithin and received VitD (VitD group). We analyzed neurogenesis both in the subventricular zone and at the lesion site.ResultsAdministration of VitD promotes the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone and the migration of these cells to the lesion site in the corpus callosum; these cells subsequently differentiate into oligodendrocyte lineage cells and produce myelin basic protein. This phenomenon was not caused by microglial activation, which was less marked in rats receiving VitD. Megalin expression did not increase at the lesion site, which suggests that VitD is internalized by other mechanisms.ConclusionOur results support the hypothesis that regardless of the presence of VitD deficiency, treatment with VitD may contribute to remyelination by promoting the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells.
Daniel Smith Lamb (1843–1929): A window into the early histories of the Army Medical Museum and Howard University Medical School
Authors: Wright James R. , Spatola Brian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractU.S. Army doctor Daniel Smith Lamb was a significant figure in the history of American pathology during its formative years. For 55 years (1865–1920), Lamb performed hundreds of autopsies in and around Washington, D.C. and personally collected over 1,500 gross pathology specimens for the Army Medical Museum. His work began at the close of the Civil War and continued on through World War I, contributing substantially to gross pathological and histological studies that documented wartime pathology, thus further contributing to the training of Army doctors. Specimens he collected also include material from autopsies he conducted on President James Garfield, his assassin Charles Guiteau, and other historical figures. Under the auspices of the Army Medical Museum, he conducted autopsies across the city of Washington for the museum's collection, many of which survive to this day at the National Museum of Health and Medicine. He served under 12 U.S. Army Surgeons General and 11 Museum Curators and was noted to be a steadying influence during a time of constant leadership changes at that institution. Lamb was known throughout Washington, D.C. as an advocate of medical education for African‐Americans and women. While working at the Museum, he simultaneously served for 46 years as professor of anatomy at Howard University (1877–1923). He wrote seminal histories of the institutions with which he was associated and in so doing also contributed significantly to the study of the history of medicine.
Mapping the genicular arteries to provide a caution zone during knee surgery
Authors: Barner Kyle L. , Mayer Catherine M. , Orth Charles , Tran Quoc V. , Olinger Anthony B. , Wright Barth W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionReports from the current literature show a lack of detail with depictions of the genicular arteries (GA). The intricate anatomy and infrequency of operating in the posterior knee may lead to surgeons being unfamiliar with the anatomy. The goal of this cadaveric study was to quantitatively map the arteries and create a caution zone that can be utilized when preparing and performing surgical procedures involving the knee.Materials and methodsThe left knees of 46 cadavers were used. The distance of the GAs were from the joint line (JL) (+, superior to JL; −, inferior to JL) was measured in two locations: popliteal artery (PA) branch point and medial/lateral knee. The angle the artery traveled between these two points in the posterior knee was measured. A caution map was created.ResultsThe superolateral GA branched from PA at +47.3 mm and traveled superiorly at 57.7° to +52.2 mm at the lateral knee. The superomedial GA branched from PA at +55.2 mm and traveled superiorly at 66.8° to +57.3 mm at the medial knee. The inferolateral GA branched from PA at −0.6 mm. It traveled superiorly at 74.1° or inferiorly at 62.1° to −1.0 mm at the lateral knee. The inferomedial GA branched from the PA at +9.9 mm. It traveled inferiorly at 21.2° to −33 mm at the medial knee.ConclusionThe GAs have a predictable pattern of location in the knee. There is a mismatch between medical textbooks and reality regarding arterial depictions. Knowledge regarding where the arteries are located may help reduce vascular complications in patients in the future.
Clinical implications of nervus intermedius variants in patients with geniculate neuralgia: Let anatomy be the guide
Authors: Clifton William E. , Grewal Sanjeet , Lundy Larry , Cheshire William P. , Tubbs R. Shane , Wharen Robert E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGeniculate neuralgia (GN) is an uncommon, but severe, condition that is characterized by excruciating paroxysmal pain in the seventh cranial nerve's cutaneous distribution of general somatic afferent fibers carried through the nervus intermedius (NI). GN becomes a surgical disease in refractory cases of pain after exhaustive medical management. Surgical intervention in the form of microvascular decompression and nerve sectioning has been investigated with good patient outcomes. Despite this, there are limited guidelines on either technique's appropriateness in specific operative scenarios. In our 30‐year experience in GNs surgical management, we have found that a detailed knowledge of the NIs anatomy, variants, and intraoperative surgical anatomic findings are the key to choosing the most appropriate intervention, and may provide the answer to why some patients fail to experience pain relief after surgery. These anatomic variants also may explain why many patients commonly do not experience side effects related to the visceral efferent and special afferent fibers after nerve sectioning.
A risk prediction model for heart failure hospitalization in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Williams Brent A. , Geba Daniela , Cordova Jeanine M. , Shetty Sharash S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundAntidiabetic therapies have shown disparate effects on hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in clinical trials. This study developed a prediction model for HHF in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using real world data to identify patients at high risk for HHF.HypothesisType 2 diabetics at high risk for HHF can be identified using information generated during usual clinical care.MethodsThis electronic medical record‐ (EMR‐) based retrospective cohort study included patients with T2DM free of HF receiving healthcare through a single, large integrated healthcare system. The primary endpoint was HHF, defined as a hospital admission with HF as the primary diagnosis. Cox regression identified the strongest predictors of HHF from 80 candidate predictors derived from EMRs. High risk patients were defined according to the 90th percentile of estimated risk.ResultsAmong 54,452 T2DM patients followed on average 6.6 years, estimated HHF rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.3%, 1.1%, and 2.0%. The final 9‐variable model included: age, coronary artery disease, blood urea nitrogen, atrial fibrillation, hemoglobin A1c, blood albumin, systolic blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, and smoking history (c = 0.782). High risk patients identified by the model had a >5% probability of HHF within 5 years.ConclusionsThe proposed model for HHF among T2DM demonstrated strong predictive capacity and may help guide therapeutic decisions.
Dual targeting of cholinesterase and amyloid beta with pyridinium/isoquinolium derivatives
Authors: Chakravarty Harapriya , Ju Yaojun , Chen Wen‐Hua , Tam Kin Y. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith the surge in the cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) over the years, several targets have been explored to curb the disease. Cholinesterases, namely acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), remain to be the available targets that are amendable to currently approved treatments. In this study, a series of novel compounds based on tramiprosate, a highly specific amyloid beta (Aβ) inhibitor, was designed to inhibit AChE, BuChE, and Aβ aggregation. In particular, the addition of a pyridinium/isoquinolinium ring to the tramiprosate moiety (to give compounds 3a–j) led to an increase in the binding affinity for the catalytic active site of cholinesterase, which was hampered by the presence of sulfonic acid. Exclusion of the sulfonic acid moiety led to a novel but effective class of cholinesterase inhibitors (9a–w). in vitro Aβ aggregation inhibition assay indicated that compounds 3a–j, 9e–f, 9i–l, 9q, 9r, 9u–w, and 12 could inhibit over 10% Aβ aggregation at 1 mM concentration. Cholinesterase inhibition assay suggested that compounds 9g, 9h, 9o, and 9q–t exhibit over 70% inhibition on both AChE and BuChE at a concentration of 100 μM. Amongst the designed molecules, compound 9r (ca 18% at 1 mM) showed comparable inhibitory effect on the inhibition of Aβ aggregation with tramiprosate (ca 20% at 1 mM), along with impressive cholinesterase inhibitory potential (AChE IC50 = 13 μM and BuChE IC50 = 12 μM), acceptable toxicity and ability to pass through blood brain barrier, which could be used to ameliorate the phenotypes of AD in preclinical models.
Loading protocols for experimental seismic qualification of members in conventional and emerging steel frames
Authors: Fang Cheng , Ping Yiwei , Chen Yiyi 
Published: December 2019

SummaryQuasi‐static testing is one of the most commonly used experimental methods for examining the seismic performance of structural members. However, consistent loading protocols for experimental seismic qualification of members in emerging steel frames such as self‐centering braced frames (SCBFs) as well as in some conventional ones including buckling‐restrained braced frames (BRBFs) are still lacking. This paper aims to propose standardized loading protocols based on time‐history dynamic analysis on a series of prototype building frames, including steel SCBFs, BRBFs, and moment‐resisting frames (MRFs), where both far‐field and near‐fault earthquakes are considered. The methodology for the development of the loading protocols involves ground motion selection and scaling, design and analysis of prototype buildings, analysis results processing, and rainflow cycle counting, together with extra justification steps. The proposed loading protocols are consistently derived based on the MCE‐level seismic hazard and 84th percentile values of key seismic demand parameters. These parameters are number of damaging cycles Nt, maximum inter‐story drift θmax, inter‐story drift range Δθi, sum of inter‐story drift range ΣΔθi, and residual inter‐story drift θr. The analysis confirms the variations in these seismic demands imposed on the different structural systems under different types of ground motions, highlighting the necessity of developing separate loading protocols for the different cases. The assumptions, decisions, and judgments made during the development of the loading protocols are elaborated, and the conditions and restrictions are outlined. The rationality of the proposed loading protocols is further justified through demonstrating the cumulative distribution function and energy dissipation demand of the systems.
Shape‐preserving finite elements in cylindrical and spherical geometries: The double Jacobian approach
Authors: Morgan Jason P. , Taramón Jorge M. , Hasenclever Jörg 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe present a new technique, the “double Jacobian,” to solve problems in cylindrical or spherical geometries, for example, the Stokes flow problem for convection in Earth's mantle. Our approach combines the advantages of working simultaneously in Cartesian and polar or spherical coordinates. The governing matrix equations are kept in Cartesian coordinates, thereby preserving their Cartesian symmetry. However, the element geometry is described as a linear simplex in polar or spherical coordinates, thereby preserving appropriate cylindrical or spherical surfaces and internal interfaces. Isoparametric representations can still be used to define complex surface shapes. Using linear polar or spherical elements allows search routines for triangular or tetrahedral simplexes to rapidly find arbitrary points in terms of their polar or spherical coordinates. The double Jacobian approach becomes especially powerful when element sizes vary strongly within the mesh, while the exact cylindrical or spherical surfaces or internal interfaces have to be preserved, as happens in several geophysical applications.
The role of chromatin remodeling complexes in Schwann cell development
Authors: Fröb Franziska , Wegner Michael 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSchwann cells develop from neural crest cells in an ordered series of events and give rise to myelinating and nonmyelinating subtypes. In their mature state, myelinating Schwann cells produce myelin sheaths that provide trophic support to axons and allow saltatory conduction in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. Each step of Schwann cell development requires defined changes in chromatin structure that are catalyzed by chromatin remodeling complexes. Over the last years, all major types of chromatin remodeling complexes have been detected in Schwann cells and several have been functionally analyzed. SWI/SNF‐type, CHD‐type, and INO80/SWR‐type chromatin remodelers in particular have been shown to interact with multiple cell‐type specific transcription factors and histone modifiers and to be important regulators of Schwann cell development. As a result of different recruitment strategies, each chromatin remodeler targets defined genomic areas and impacts unique mechanisms at specific stages of Schwann cell development. Chromatin remodeling complexes undoubtedly constitute essential components of the Schwann cell regulatory network.
Achieving financial risk protection through a national Social Health Insurance Programme in Nigeria: Perspectives of enrollees and healthcare providers
Authors: Ebunoha Gladys N. , Ughasoro Maduka D. , Nwakoby Ifeoma C. , Onwujekwe Obinna E. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryIntroductionOut‐of‐pocket (OOP) payment adversely affects universal financial risk protection (UFRP) and the achievement of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Since the introduction of a Formal Sector Social Health Insurance Programme (FSSHIP) in Nigeria, the extent to which it has provided UFRP is still largely unknown. This study therefore assessed this from the perspectives of both enrollees and healthcare providers.MethodsThe study was undertaken in Enugu state, Nigeria. The subjects were randomly selected primary enrollees and health care providers. An interviewer‐administered questionnaire was used for data collection on service utilization under the FSSHIP, as well as out‐of‐pocket payment of healthcare expenditure.ResultsOut of 333 formal sector workers interviewed, 283 (85%) were registered in the FSSHIP and 61.1% of them utilized FSSHIP. Among these, 89.8% of them used OOP to pay for about 95.2% of the healthcare expenditure. From the perspectives of the providers, 97.6%, patients still paid using OOP.ConclusionThe FSSHIP is not providing UFRP as expected. This weakens the effectiveness of the FSSHIP to ensure UFRP and ultimately UHC. The NHIS should modify the FSSHIP to provide UFRP and eliminate both the high level of OOP and the proportion of expenditure it covers.
Efficacy of SM‐1 in a transient insomnia model
Authors: Dahl Thomas , Chen Lan Bo , Zammit Gary , Ahmad Maha , Roth Thomas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this study were primarily to assess the efficacy and safety of SM‐1 in a circadian challenge model of transient insomnia and secondarily, to assess the contribution of diphenhydramine to the combination.MethodsRandomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled three‐way cross‐over study with a 5‐hr phase advance. Subjects were 39 healthy adults reporting a history of transient insomnia. All treatments (SM‐1, SM‐1 without diphenhydramine, or placebo) were administered to all subjects in a randomly assigned sequence, with at least 1 week between treatments. The primary endpoint was total sleep time (TST) determined by polysomnography. Secondary endpoints included wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), latency to persistent sleep, number of awakenings (NAW), subjective TST (sTST) and sleep latency (sSL), TST, and NAW by quarters of the night and sleep quality. Safety endpoints included adverse events, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale digit symbol substitution test, and subject‐reported alertness level.ResultsSM‐1 provided an increase of 126.7 min in TST over placebo (p < .001). WASO, sTST, sleep quality, and sSL also showed significant improvement. Diphenhydramine demonstrated a significant (p = .014) contribution of 43.7 min to TST. SM‐1 was well‐tolerated with type and frequency of adverse events comparable with placebo, and no residual sleepiness upon awakening after 8 hr.ConclusionsSM‐1 provided a robust and statistically significant increase in TST compared with placebo in a circadian model of transient insomnia, without evidence of next‐day impairment. Diphenhydramine contributed to the effect.