bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with self-medication in users of drugstores and pharmacies in Peru: an analysis of the National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services, ENSUSALUD 2015
Authors: Urrunaga-Pastor Diego , Benites-Zapata Vicente A. , Mezones-Holguín Edward 
Published: January 2020

Background: Irresponsible self-medication is a problem for health systems in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the frequency of self-medication and associated factors in users of drugstores and pharmacies in Peru. Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis of the 2015 National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services (ENSUSALUD), a two-stage probabilistic sample of all regions of Peru. Non self-medication (NSM), responsible self-medication (RSM) and irresponsible self-medication (ISM) were defined as the outcome categories. Demographic, social, cultural and health system variables were included as covariates. We calculated relative prevalence ratios (RPR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models for complex samples with NSM as the referent category. Results: 2582 participants were included. The average age was 41.4 years and the frequencies of NSM, RSM and ISM were 25.2%, 23.8% and 51.0%; respectively. The factors associated with RSM were male gender (RPR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.06-1.72), being between 40 and 59 years old (RPR: 0.53; 95%IC: 0.39-0.72), being 60 or older (RPR: 0.39; 95%IC: 0.25-0.59), not having health insurance (RPR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.31-2.71) and living in the Highlands region (RPR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.23-4.21). The factors associated with ISM were male gender (RPR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.16-1.72), being between 40 and 59 years old (RPR: 0.68; 95%IC: 0.53-0.88), being 60 or older (RPR: 0.65; 95%IC: 0.48-0.88) and not having health insurance (RPR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.46-2.83). Conclusion: Around half of the population practiced ISM, which was associated with demographic and health system factors. These outcomes are the preliminary evidence that could contribute to the development of health policies in Peru.
Video-augmented vs standard consent in an early ICU cycling feasibility trial: a randomized embedded recruitment trial
Authors: Kho Michelle E. , Duffett Mark , Clarke France J. , Shears Melissa , Molloy Alexander J. , Cook Deborah J. 
Published: January 2020

Background: In a trial of early in-bed cycling in critically ill patients, a video demonstrating use of the cycle in addition to verbal description may improve satisfaction with the informed consent process for all persons involved. Methods: A convenience sample of in-person consent encounters for enrolment in TryCYCLE (NCT01885442), a 33-patient pilot study of in-bed cycling with mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit, were recruited. In this study within a trial, using concealed allocation, we randomized consent encounters to a Video or Standard consent approach. Those in the Video group viewed a 2-minute video of a model using in-bed cycling plus the routine verbal description of the study. The Standard group received the routine verbal description only. Patients and/or substitute decision makers (SDMs) were blinded to the study purpose. After each encounter, patients and/or SDMs and the research coordinator submitted written satisfaction and comfort ratings using 7-point scales (higher scores better). We documented consent outcomes and analyzed between group differences with independent group t-tests. Results: We randomized 14 encounters (6 Video, 8 Standard). Ten completed questionnaires (5 in each group) demonstrated no difference in patient and/or SDM satisfaction or comfort between Video or Standard (mean [standard deviation] Satisfaction: 6.8[0.45] vs. 7.0[0] vs. p=0.37; Comfort: 7.0[0] vs. 7.0[0], p>0.99). The research coordinator evaluated all randomized encounters, with no differences between Video or Standard (Satisfaction: 7.0[0] vs. 6.9[0.35], p=0.41; Comfort: 6.7[0.52] vs. 6.9[0.35], p=0.39). All 14 consent encounters enrolled in TryCYCLE. Conclusions: Patient and/or SDM satisfaction and comfort with consent was very high for both the Video and Standard approaches. Further research, including use of videos to portray different study interventions, is needed, including analysis of patient and/or SDM satisfaction, comfort, comprehension, and consent rates. Registration for host trial: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01885442, registered on June 25, 2013
Characterization of fecal sludge as biomass feedstock for thermal treatment in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Barani Viswa , Hegarty-Craver Meghan , Rosario Praveen , Madhavan Prakash , Perumal Prasanna , Sasidaran Sarani , Basil Milan , Raj Antony , Berg Adrian B. , Stowell Andrea , Heaton Camille , Grego Sonia 
Published: January 2020

Background: Transformative sanitation technologies aim to treat fecal sludge (FS) by thermal processes and recover resources from it. There is a paucity of data describing the relevant properties of FS as viable feedstock for thermal treatment in major geographical target areas, such as India. Methods: This study characterized FS collected from septic tanks in two cities located in the Indian southern state of Tamil Nadu. FS samples were obtained at the point of discharge from trucks in Tiruppur (n=85 samples) and Coimbatore (n=50 samples). Additionally, biosolids obtained from sewage treatment plants (STP) in the cities of Coimbatore and Madurai were characterized. Total solids (TS) were measured, and proximate and ultimate analysis were conducted according to methods used by the fuel industry. Additionally, the ash content was analyzed for heavy metal using standard methods. Results: The average higher heating value (HHV) across all FS samples in Tiruppur (13.4 MJ/kg) was significantly higher than in Coimbatore (5.4 MJ/kg), which was partially attributed to the high ash content of 69% in the latter samples. The HHV of the biosolids samples ranged from 10 to 12.2 MJ/Kg. The average total solids (TS) content for FS was 3.3% and 2.0% for Tiruppur and Coimbatore respectively, while the median TS content for the two cities was 2.3% and 1.2%. The heavy metal content of the ash was found to be below the thresholds for land disposal. Conclusions: This is one of the first studies that has systematically characterized the calorific and mineral content of septage and biosolids in several cities in India. We expect these data to serve as input data in the design of thermal processes for fecal sludge treatment.
An examination of the effects of a patient-designed-and-informed participant information sheet in comparison with a standard, researcher-designed information sheet on recruitment, retention and understanding: Protocol for a study-within-a-trial
Authors: Dwyer Christopher P. , Joyce Robert A. , Bane Eimear M. , Moses Anusha , Alvarez-Iglesias Alberto , Hynes Sinéad M. 
Published: January 2020

Background: This protocol describes a double-blind, randomised non-inferiority study-within-a-trial (SWAT), comparing the effects of a patient-designed-and-informed participant information sheet with a standard, researcher-designed participant information sheet on recruitment, retention, decision certainty, participant information sheet understanding and likeability. The SWAT is part of a larger trial that aims to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a cognitive occupation-based programme for people with MS (COB-MS) on cognitive and daily functioning for people with multiple sclerosis. Methods: During the study, 120 people with multiple sclerosis will be randomly allocated to one of the two groups, where they will either receive a standard participant information sheet or a patient-designed participant information sheet. Recruitment and retention will be analysed, as well as decision certainty, likability and understanding. Discussion: Results will provide recommendations for recruitment, consent and retention for future trials, as well as shed some light on the factors influencing the understanding and likeability of a trial’s participant information sheet. Recommendations will also be made regarding patient and public involvement in developing and/or aiding the development of participant information sheets. Registration: SWAT: Northern Ireland Hub for Trials Methodology Research SWAT Repository Store (SWAT105). COB-MS trial: ISRCTN11462710.
Gut mucosal colonisation with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lewis Joseph M. , Lester Rebecca , Garner Paul , Feasey Nicholas A. 
Published: January 2020

Background: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) threaten human health; and, in areas of sub-Saharan Africa (sSA) where carbapenems are not available, may render ESBL-E infections untreatable. Gut mucosal colonisation probably occurs before infection, making prevention of colonisation an attractive target for intervention, but the epidemiology of ESBL-E in sSA is poorly described. Objectives: Describe ESBL-E colonisation prevalence in sSA and risk factors associated with colonisation. Methods: Studies included were prospective cross-sectional or cohort studies reporting gut mucosal ESBL-E colonisation in any population in sSA. We searched PubMed and Scopus on 18 December 2018. We summarise the range of prevalence across sites and tabulated risk factors for colonisation. The protocol was registered (Prospero ID CRD42019123559). Results: From 2975 abstracts we identified 32 studies including a total of 8619 participants from a range of countries and settings. Six studies were longitudinal; no longitudinal studies followed patients beyond hospital discharge. Prevalence varied between 5 and 84% with a median of 31%, with a relationship to setting: pooled ESBL-E colonisation in community studies was 18% (95% CI 12 to 28, 12 studies); in studies recruiting people at admission to hospital colonisation was 32% (95% CI 24 to 41% 8 studies); and for inpatients, colonisation was 55% (95% CI 49 to 60%, 7 studies). Antimicrobial use was associated with increased risk of ESBL-E colonisation, and protected water sources or water treatment by boiling may reduce risk. Conclusions: ESBL-E colonisation is common in sSA, but how people become carriers and why is not well understood. To inform the design of interventions to interrupt transmission in this setting requires longitudinal, community studies.
Position Ranking and Auctions for Online Marketplaces
Authors: Chu Leon Yang , Nazerzadeh Hamid , Zhang Heng 
Published: January 2020

Online e-commerce platforms, such as Amazon and Taobao, connect thousands of sellers and consumers every day. In this work, we study how such platforms should rank products displayed to consumers and utilize the top and most salient slots. We present a model that considers consumers’ search costs and the externalities sellers impose on each other. This model allows us to study a multiobjective optimization, whose objective includes consumer and seller surplus as well as the sales revenue, and derive the optimal ranking decision. In addition, we propose a surplus-ordered ranking mechanism for selling some of the top slots. This mechanism is motivated in part by Amazon’s sponsored search program. We show that the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism would not be applicable to our setting and propose a new mechanism. This mechanism is near optimal, performing significantly better than those that do not incentivize sellers to reveal their private information regarding each consumer purchase, such as their profit. Moreover, we generalize our model to settings in which platforms can provide partial information about the products and facilitate the consumer search and show the robustness of our findings. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, operations management.
teaching critical thinking and metacognitive skills through philosophical enquiry. A practitioner's report on experiments in the classroom.
Authors: Worley Emma , Worley Peter 
Published: January 2020

Although expert consensus states that critical thinking (CT) is essential to enquiry, it doesn’t necessarily follow that by practicing enquiry children are developing CT skills. Philosophy with children programmes around the world aim to develop CT dispositions and skills through a community of enquiry, and this study compared the impact of the explicit teaching of CT skills during an enquiry, to The Philosophy Foundation's philosophical enquiry (PhiE) method alone (which had no explicit teaching of CT skills). Philosophy with children is also said to improve metacognitive (MC) skills but there is little research into this claim. Following observable problems with ensuring genuine metacognition was happening in PhiE sessions - on a reasonably strong understanding of what metacognition is – a method has been developed and trialed in this study to bring together, in mutual support, the development of critical thinking and metacognitive skills. Based on the work of Peter Worley and Ellen Fridland (KCL)The Philosophy Foundation ran an experimental study with King's College London in Autumn 2017 and Autumn 2018 to compare the impact of teaching CT skills and MC skills against classes which just have philosophical enquiry. The approach developed and used for the study employs the explicit teaching of some CT and MC skills within the context of a philosophical enquiry (as opposed to stand-alone teaching of these skills) and yields some positive findings both qualitative and quantitative. Both studies took place over one term (12 weeks) and a control and intervention group were used in each study. This report focuses on the second year of the study, with 220 ten and eleven-year-old children involved in eight classes across three state schools in South East London. Although there were limitations to the study the results indicate that the explicit teaching of these skills during a philosophical enquiry can help children use CT and MC skills more successfully than philosophical enquiry alone.
Perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis among Malaysian nurses
Authors: Ying Chong Xue , Yusuf Azlina , Keng Soon Lean 
Published: January 2020

Background:Intravenous therapy is an integral part of professional nursing practice. Nurses have a responsibility to recognise risk factors for phlebitis.Aims:To investigate nurses' perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis in a tertiary teaching hospital in north-east Peninsular Malaysia.Methods:A cross-sectional study of 199 randomly selected nurses were surveyed for their perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis using a self-administered questionnaire.Findings:More than half of the nurses (56.8%) had a good perception levels of risk factors for phlebitis. There was a significant association between the clinical area and nurses' perceptions of risk factors for phlebitis (p=0.04). Nurses working in medical, orthopaedic, and surgical areas had slightly better perceptions than nurses working in multidisciplinary and oncology areas.Conclusion:These findings suggest that nurses need to continually improve their knowledge about risk factors for phlebitis to ensure safer nursing practice.
Home economics: home and care in neoliberal policy
Authors: Franklin Jane 
Published: January 2020

In the continuing transfer of responsibility for social care from state institutions to communities and home spaces the economic value of home, women’s labour and personal resources, is anticipated and taken for granted. Working with feminist theory and policy analysis this chapter explores the complex ways that home is inscribed in policy language to make intimate and personal resources economically available for the informal delivery of social care. The author argues that home is a key mechanism for shaping a new economy of care in contemporary politics and policy making.
Contraceptive Beliefs, Decision Making and Care Experiences Among Transmasculine Young Adults: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Agénor Madina , Cottrill Alischer A. , Kay Eriko , Janiak Elizabeth , Gordon Allegra R. , Potter Jennifer 
Published: January 2020

CONTEXTTransmasculine people—that is, individuals who were assigned female at birth and have a male or masculine gender identity—can experience unintended pregnancy. Yet research on contraception among transmasculine individuals is extremely limited.METHODSParticipants were recruited online; from community‐based organizations, health centers and student groups; and by chain referral. From purposive sampling, 21 transmasculine individuals aged 18–29 who resided in the greater Boston area and had had, in the last five years, a sexual partner who was assigned male at birth were selected for in‐depth interviews. All interviews were conducted in person between February and May 2018 in Boston, and transcripts were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach involving inductive and deductive coding to identify themes and subthemes.RESULTSMost participants believed that contraceptive use was necessary to effectively prevent pregnancy among transmasculine individuals. Their beliefs and decisions regarding contraception occurred in the context of a lack of information about contraception among transmasculine people, especially those using testosterone. Many individuals chose a contraceptive method on the basis of whether it mitigated their gender dysphoria or stopped menstruation, and said they preferred condoms and implants because these methods provided fewer reminders of their natal anatomy and were not perceived as interfering with testosterone use. Gender bias, discrimination and stigma in patient‐provider interactions and health care settings negatively influenced participants’ contraceptive care experiences.CONCLUSIONSHealth care providers and facilities should provide transmasculine people with tailored contraceptive information and care that address their specific gender‐affirmation needs and contraceptive preferences in safe, inclusive and supportive clinical settings.
Properties of external-cavity high-power semiconductor lasers based on a single InGaAs quantum well at high pulsed current pump
Authors: Podoskin A. A. , Golovin V. S. , Gavrina P. S. , Veselov D. A. , Zolotarev V. V. , Shamakhov V. V. , Nikolaev D. N. , Shashkin I. S. , Slipchenko S. O. , Pikhtin N. A. , Kopèv P. S. 
Published: January 2020

Properties of light characteristics of external-cavity high-power semiconductor lasers with an active region based on a single InGaAs quantum well operating at ultrahigh pulsed currents are studied. A maximum peak power of 45 W at 110 A (from the aperture of 100 µm), a linewidth of 0.15 nm, and a wavelength in the range of 1040–1070 nm are demonstrated for an external-cavity laser. The tuning range narrows with an increase in the pump current from 27 nm at a current of 20 A to 23 nm at a current of 100 A. The maximum side-mode suppression ratio is up to 45 dB in the central region of the tuning range, while at the edges of this range it was no worse than 20 dB. It is determined that the tuning range of the laser spectrum is limited by the onset of an additional Fabry–Perot cavity line in the spectrum.
Prisoners with disabilities in the Polish penitentiary system
Authors: NYMŚ-GÓRNA AGNIESZKA 
Published: January 2020

Agnieszka Nymś-Górna, Prisoners with disabilities in the Polish penitentiary system. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 24, Poznań 2019.Pp. 177-187. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.24.10
The article deals with the subject of both intellectually and physically disabled prisoners. It describes people with disabilities, the functioning of the therapeutic system for prisoners and the situation of detaining people with disabilities in penitentiary isolation. The text aims to sensitise this issue and to identify this problem in the organisation of the penitentiary system.
Supradegeneracy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: Sheehan Daniel P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCanonical statistical mechanics hinges on two quantities, i. e., state degeneracy and the Boltzmann factor, the latter of which usually dominates thermodynamic behaviors. A recently identified phenomenon (supradegeneracy) reverses this order of dominance and predicts effects for equilibrium that are normally associated with non-equilibrium, including population inversion and steady-state particle and energy currents. This study examines two thermodynamic paradoxes that arise from supradegeneracy and proposes laboratory experiments by which they might be resolved.
Engaging Students in Learning: Teaching the Reference Transaction
Authors: Al-Qallaf Charlene Lyn 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to explore the impact of applying a series of passive and active learning activities including a practice-based assignment when teaching the reference transaction to 43 students enrolled in a graduate program at Kuwait University. Students were asked to visit an academic library of their choice and approach the reference desk with a distinct information need. Based on the 2013 RUSA behavioral guidelines, students rated their perceptions of the behavioral attributes of reference librarians during the reference transaction encounter. In addition, two open-ended questions asked students for their opinions and feedback regarding their interaction with reference librarians. Finally, a three-hour class session was allocated for students’ reflection and discussion of their learning experience. All students participated in the study. Students found librarians approachable and exhibited interest in their inquiries. However, they showed less proficiency in their searching skills, managing and facilitating the use of results as well as applying follow-up activities. Students’ views and beliefs regarding their learning experience showed that the experiential nature of the assignment provided insight into the nuances of reference librarians, interviewing techniques, and the extent of subject knowledge and skills essential for a successful reference transaction. The results show that teaching students the reference transaction using a practice-based assignment coupled with having students assess the reference librarians’ performance provides a practical perspective that enhances student learning. Further, the benefits in using multiple methods and strategies in teaching the reference transaction that emerged from the study is deemed valuable for library and information science education in the design and development of course content.
Multizone barrel temperature control of the eccentric rotor extrusion process
Authors: Wen Sheng-Ping , Hong Pei-Feng , Huang Pei-Hui 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The eccentric rotor extruder is a new kind of extrusion equipment with novel structure and outstanding engineering performance. As the structure of the eccentric rotor extruder is different from that of the traditional screw extruder, the control of the barrel temperature becomes important, including avoiding the influence of heating coupling and achieving high control accuracy. A neuron proportional-integral-derivative (neuron-PID) control algorithm of barrel temperature for the eccentric rotor extruder is introduced. The neural self-learning algorithm is able to tune PID parameters online, and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is adopted to optimize the initial weight coefficients of the neuron. The experimental results show that the PSO-neuron-PID controller has the advantages of low overshoot and high control accuracy, and the influence of heat coupling can be counteracted effectively.