bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Being hunted high and low: do differences in nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites of howler monkeys (Alouatta nigerrima and Alouatta discolor) reflect safety from attack by different types of predator?
Authors: Jucá Thays , Boyle Sarah , Cavalcanti Gitana , Cavalcante Thiago , Tomanek Pavel , Clemente Salatiel , de Oliveira Tadeu , Barnett Adrian A 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPredation risk is important in influencing animal behaviour. We investigated how the choice of nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites by two species of primates was influenced by the most likely forms of attack (diurnal raptors and nocturnal felids). We recorded vertical and horizontal patterns of occupancy for 47 sleeping and 31 resting sites, as well as the presence of lianas or vines on trees. We compared the heights of trees used as resting or sleeping sites by the monkeys with those of 200 forest trees that the monkeys did not use. Trees used as nocturnal sleeping sites were taller than those used as diurnal resting sites, and taller than trees that the monkeys did not use. However, while trees used as diurnal resting sites were not significantly taller than non-used trees, diurnal resting sites were located on branches closer to the ground, closer to the main trunk of the tree and in trees with more lianas/vines than nocturnal sleeping sites. The differences in site location can be explained by the type of predator most likely to attack at a particular time: raptors in the day and felids at night.
Gynoecium structure and development in core Caryophyllales: a matter of proportions
Authors: Ronse de Craene Louis P 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis review based on a morphological and developmental perspective reveals a striking diversity in shapes and evolutionary trends in the gynoecium of core Caryophyllales that have affected the number of carpels, the formation of septa and the number of ovules. Two major developmental shifts are responsible for the diversity in gynoecial forms and are linked to the proportional development of carpellary tissue (ovary wall) and the floral apex. (1) Meristic change is caused by an expansion or reduction of the diameter of the floral apex. An expansion leads to polygyny linked with the development of more numerous small carpels; a reduction of space leads to lower carpel numbers, eventually resulting in a single carpel. (2) Different ovary shapes can be recognized at a mid-developmental stage predicting the further development of ovaries. With an equal growth of the ovary wall and floral apex, young ovaries take the shape of a salt-shaker; with more extensive development of the floral apex and delay of the ovary wall, a club-shaped ovary is formed; with faster growth of the ovary wall linked with intercalary expansion and a delayed growth of the floral apex, a (half-) inferior cup-shaped ovary develops. The different growth forms are the results of heterochronic shifts and affect the development of septa and ovule numbers. A common trend in the order implies a weakening and break-up of septa during development, leading to residual apical and basal septa and the shift to free-central and basal placentation. The club-shaped ovary is linked with an almost complete loss of septa and a reduction of the ovule number to one. The salt-shaker shape leads to ovaries with a massive placental column and several ovules. The cup-shaped ovary leads to a shift of ovules away from the floral apex. Developmental flexibility is responsible for a disconnection of carpel wall growth from ovular tissue. Subtle shifts in proportional growth lead to a high diversification of ovaries in core Caryophyllales and the establishment of predictable developmental trends. These trends clearly represent apomorphic tendencies, affecting different families of core Caryophyllales in different degrees. The ancestral gynoecium was probably pentamerous and isomerous with the other floral whorls, with ovules clearly separated from the carpellary wall and inserted on axile placentas corresponding to the central axis of the flower.
A high magnesium concentration in citrate dialysate prevents oxidative stress and damage in human monocytesin vitro
Authors: Vida Carmen , Carracedo Julia , de Sequera Patricia , Bodega Guillermo , Pérez Rafael , Alique Matilde , Ramírez Rafael 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe use of dialysis fluids (DFs) during haemodialysis has been associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced serum magnesium (Mg) levels, contributing to chronic inflammation. Since the role of Mg in modulating immune function and reducing oxidative stress has been demonstrated, the aim of this study was to characterize in vitro whether increasing the Mg concentration in DFs could protect immune cells from oxidative stress and damage.MethodsThe effect of citrate [citrate dialysis fluid (CDF), 1 mM] or acetate [acetate dialysis fluid (ADF), 3 mM] dialysates with low (0.5 mM; routinely used) or high (1 mM, 1.25 mM and 2 mM) Mg concentrations was assessed in THP-1 human monocytes. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized/reduced (GSSG/GSH) glutathione were quantified under basal and inflammatory conditions (stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, LPS).ResultsThe increase of Mg in CDF resulted in a significant reduction of ROS production under basal and inflammatory conditions (extremely marked in 2 mM Mg; P &lt; 0.001). These effects were not observed in ADF. Interestingly, in a dose-dependent manner, high Mg doses in CDF reduced oxidative stress in monocytes under both basal and inflammatory conditions. In fact, 2 mM Mg significantly decreased the levels of GSH, GSSG and MDA and the GSSG/GSH ratio in relation to 0.5 mM Mg.ConclusionsCDF produces lower oxidative stress than ADF. The increase of Mg content in DFs, especially in CDF, could have a positive and protective effect in reducing oxidative stress and damage in immune cells, especially under inflammatory conditions.
Understanding Society at 10 Years
Authors: Platt Lucinda , Knies Gundi , Luthra Renee , Nandi Alita , Benzeval Michaela 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) has now been collecting a range of data from its nationally representative sample of participants for 10 years. This significant ‘birthday’ offers a moment to reflect on its contribution to sociological research, and on its current and future potential for fundamental and cutting-edge sociological analysis. While the study shares many features with other longer-standing household panel studies, including its direct predecessor the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), it incorporated from the outset distinctive features that make it particularly valuable for analysis in specific fields, including biosocial research, ethnicity and migration studies, and analyses of the interplay between environmental, social and institutional contexts and individual characteristics. Understanding Society has incorporated methodological development and innovation since its inception, which has facilitated more extensive forms of data collection.
The First Draft Genome Assembly of Snow Sheep (Ovis nivicola)
Authors: Upadhyay Maulik , Hauser Andreas , Kunz Elisabeth , Krebs Stefan , Blum Helmut , Dotsev Arsen , Okhlopkov Innokentiy , Bagirov Vugar , Brem Gottfried , Zinovieva Natalia , Medugorac Ivica 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The snow sheep, Ovis nivicola, which is endemic to the mountain ranges of northeastern Siberia, are well adapted to the harsh cold climatic conditions of their habitat. In this study, using long reads of Nanopore sequencing technology, whole-genome sequencing, assembly, and gene annotation of a snow sheep were carried out. Additionally, RNA-seq reads from several tissues were also generated to supplement the gene prediction in snow sheep genome. The assembled genome was ∼2.62 Gb in length and was represented by 7,157 scaffolds with N50 of about 2 Mb. The repetitive sequences comprised of 41% of the total genome. BUSCO analysis revealed that the snow sheep assembly contained full-length or partial fragments of 97% of mammalian universal single-copy orthologs (n = 4,104), illustrating the completeness of the assembly. In addition, a total of 20,045 protein-coding sequences were identified using comprehensive gene prediction pipeline. Of which 19,240 (∼96%) sequences were annotated using protein databases. Moreover, homology-based searches and de novo identification detected 1,484 tRNAs; 243 rRNAs; 1,931 snRNAs; and 782 miRNAs in the snow sheep genome. To conclude, we generated the first de novo genome of the snow sheep using long reads; these data are expected to contribute significantly to our understanding related to evolution and adaptation within the Ovis genus.
Spinoffs or startups? The effects of spatial agglomeration
Authors: Furlan Andrea , Cainelli Giulio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite the fact that spinoffs and geographical clustering are highly intertwined phenomena, to date no study analyzes how spatial agglomerations forces might affect the emergence of spinoffs relative to other startups. Using a sample of 3456 Italian manufacturing new ventures founded in the period 2005–2007, we investigate the effects of different forms of agglomeration forces on the likelihood of a new venture emerging as a spinoff rather than a startup. Our results show that industry-specific localization economies (captured by industrial district dummy and the number of incumbents at local level) tend to increase the chances of a new venture to emerge as a spinoff. Moreover, local-related variety has a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of a new venture to emerge as a spinoff, especially for those spinoffs from successful parents.
Determination of 30 Synthetic Cathinones in Postmortem Blood Using LC–MS-MS
Authors: Lau Timothy , Concheiro Marta , Cooper Gail 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, commonly referred to as “bath salts,” are powerful amphetamine-like psychostimulants, and new derivatives are constantly appearing in the illicit market to evade judicial consequences. To keep up with these new stimulant drugs, a low-sample-size liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was validated to quantify 30 synthetic cathinones in postmortem blood including N-ethylpentylone and eutylone. Mixed mode cation exchange solid-phase extraction using 0.25 mL postmortem blood was performed followed by detection using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating electrospray ionization in positive mode. The reversed-phase chromatographic separation was achieved in 16 min, resolving all isobaric compounds. The linear range of the calibration curve was 1–500 ng/mL (R 2 &gt; 0.99) for all compounds. Limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection were determined to be at 1 ng/mL. Both imprecision and bias were evaluated and had met all allowed criteria (CV and bias &lt;20%). No matrix effect was observed with values ranging from −5.1 to 13.3% (CV 11.4–17.5%, n = 10). Extraction efficiency (84.9–91.5%) and process efficiency (86.1–102.6%) were satisfactory, except for 4-chloroethcathinone which was 63 and 64.9%, respectively. No carryover after the upper LOQ was detected. Neither endogenous nor exogenous interferences were observed. Both dilution integrity and stability (24 h) yielded acceptable results. This method was applied to 18 postmortem cases received between 2015 and 2019. Eight different synthetic cathinones were detected in selected postmortem cases within the past 5 years, showing a wide range of concentrations from 1.4 to &gt;500 ng/mL. While ethylone and methylone were detected in 2015, cases between 2016 and 2017 were predominantly butylone, dibutylone, pentylone and N-ethylpentylone which had also exhibited a significant increase in 2018. To our knowledge, this method is the most comprehensive methodology for the determination of up-to-date synthetic cathinones currently available in whole blood.
A huge extrarenal cell carcinoma developing from a heterotopic renal anlage with distant metastases: case report and literature review
Authors: AlShalabi Omar , Alsaid Bayan , AlShalabi Abdulghani 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of renal tumor arising from the proximal renal tubules. Extrarenal RCC is a rare case in which a tumor is found outside the kidney with no primary kidney tumor. Some theories suggest that these tumors arise from mesoderm remnant. Here, we present a unique case, the fourth in literature, of peri-renal, Extrarenal RCC case and the first case with a huge mass with distant metastases and aggressive progression.
Effects of Oxalobacter formigenes in subjects with primary hyperoxaluria Type 1 and end-stage renal disease: a Phase II study
Authors: Hoppe Bernd , Pellikka Patricia A , Dehmel Bastian , Banos Ana , Lindner Elisabeth , Herberg Ulrike 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
In primary hyperoxaluria Type 1 (PH1), endogenous oxalate overproduction significantly elevates urinary oxalate excretion, resulting in recurrent urolithiasis and/or progressive nephrocalcinosis and often early end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In ESRD, dialysis cannot sufficiently remove oxalate; plasma oxalate (Pox) increases markedly, inducing systemic oxalate deposition (oxalosis) and often death. Interventions to reduce Pox in PH1 subjects with ESRD could have significant clinical impact. This ongoing Phase II, open-label trial aimed to evaluate whether long-term Oxabact™ (Oxalobacter formigenes, OC5, OxThera Intellectual Property AB, Sweden) lowers Pox in PH1 ESRD subjects, ameliorating clinical outcome.

Methods
PH1 ESRD subjects on stable dialysis regimens were examined. Subjects were administered one OC5 capsule twice daily for up to 36 months or until transplantation. Total Pox values, cardiac function and safety were evaluated. Free Pox was evaluated in a comparative non-treated PH1 dialysis group using retrospective chart reviews and analyses.

Results
Twelve subjects enrolled in an initial 6-week treatment phase. Following a washout of up to 4 weeks, eight subjects entered a continuation study; outcomes after 24 months of treatment are presented. After 24 months, all subjects had reduced or non-elevated Pox compared with baseline. Cardiac function improved, then stabilized. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusions
Compared with an untreated natural control cohort, 24 months OC5 administration was beneficial to PH1 ESRD subjects by substantially decreasing Pox concentrations, and improving or stabilizing cardiac function and clinical status, without increasing dialysis frequency. OC5 was safe and well-tolerated.
Earnings Dynamics, Changing Job Skills, and STEM Careers*
Authors: Deming David J , Noray Kadeem 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article studies the impact of changing job skills on career earnings dynamics for college graduates. We measure changes in the skill content of occupations between 2007 and 2019 using detailed job descriptions from a near universe of online job postings. We then develop a simple model where the returns to work experience are a race between on-the-job learning and skill obsolescence. Obsolescence lowers the return to experience, flattening the age-earnings profile in faster-changing careers. We show that the earnings premium for college graduates majoring in technology-intensive subjects such as computer science, engineering, and business declines rapidly, and that these graduates sort out of faster-changing occupations as they gain experience.
Seeking a balanced approach to implementing sepsis guidelines
Authors: Hunton Ryan 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Sepsis, a life-threatening condition caused by an imbalanced response to infection, is a common diagnostic and therapeutic consideration for clinicians in acute care setting. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines have increased awareness of sepsis and reduced mortality over the past 20 years. The Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services created the SEP-1 core measure to ease and encourage implementation of the sepsis guidelines through financial incentives to hospitals. Still, the lack of clarity in sepsis diagnosis remains a concern. Many hospitals mandate sepsis care, forcing clinicians to provide treatment even if they consider it clinically unnecessary or harmful to the patient. This article describes a balanced approach to sepsis guideline implementation using clinical decision tools and educates clinicians on sepsis diagnosis and management.
Reliability, Discriminative, and Prognostic Validity of the Multidimensional Symptom Index in Musculoskeletal Trauma
Authors: Walton David M. , Marsh Jacquelyn 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
The Multidimensional Symptom Index (MSI) is a 10-item parallel score frequency×interference patient-reported outcome for use in clinical pain research. This manuscript describes results related to measurement stability, discriminative accuracy when screening for major depressive disorder (MDD), and prognostic validity when predicting recovery trajectories after acute musculoskeletal (MSK) trauma.

Methods:
Data were drawn from a longitudinal cohort study of adults with acute MSK trauma, supplemented by a secondary sample of adults with chronic pain.

Results:
In a sample of n=23 stable participants over a 1-month period, reliability metrics indicated good stability for all 5 subscales (ICC3,1: 0.70 to 0.91). In a mixed acute/chronic sample (n=148), the Number of Symptoms and Nonsomatic Symptoms subscales showed clinically useful discriminative accuracy for MDD screening (area under the curve=0.86 and 0.88, respectively). In n=129 with acute MSK trauma, the Mean Interference and Nonsomatic Symptoms subscales showed significant prognostic validity for classifying participants into “recovery expected” or “recovery not expected” groups with 72.5% and 92.2% accuracy, respectively.

Discussion:
The MSI holds promise as a tool for evaluating change, screening for MDD, and identifying those at high or low risk of poor recovery. The results favor sensitivity over specificity. The labile nature of the acute pain symptoms and a truncated distribution of Nonsomatic Symptoms scores in that group both require some caution in interpretation. The MSI appears to be a potentially useful tool for rapid pain phenotyping, evaluation, and quick screening purposes in clinical practice.
Dynamically Masked Audiograms With Machine Learning Audiometry
Authors: Heisey Katherine L. , Walker Alexandra M. , Xie Kevin , Abrams Jenna M. , Barbour Dennis L. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
When one ear of an individual can hear significantly better than the other ear, evaluating the worse ear with loud probe tones may require delivering masking noise to the better ear to prevent the probe tones from inadvertently being heard by the better ear. Current masking protocols are confusing, laborious, and time consuming. Adding a standardized masking protocol to an active machine learning audiogram procedure could potentially alleviate all of these drawbacks by dynamically adapting the masking as needed for each individual. The goal of this study is to determine the accuracy and efficiency of automated machine learning masking for obtaining true hearing thresholds.

Design:
Dynamically masked automated audiograms were collected for 29 participants between the ages of 21 and 83 (mean 43, SD 20) with a wide range of hearing abilities. Normal-hearing listeners were given unmasked and masked machine learning audiogram tests. Listeners with hearing loss were given a standard audiogram test by an audiologist, with masking stimuli added as clinically determined, followed by a masked machine learning audiogram test. The hearing thresholds estimated for each pair of techniques were compared at standard audiogram frequencies (i.e., 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 kHz).

Results:
Masked and unmasked machine learning audiogram threshold estimates matched each other well in normal-hearing listeners, with a mean absolute difference between threshold estimates of 3.4 dB. Masked machine learning audiogram thresholds also matched well the thresholds determined by a conventional masking procedure, with a mean absolute difference between threshold estimates for listeners with low asymmetry and high asymmetry between the ears, respectively, of 4.9 and 2.6 dB. Notably, out of 6200 masked machine learning audiogram tone deliveries for this study, no instances of tones detected by the nontest ear were documented. The machine learning methods were also generally faster than the manual methods, and for some listeners, substantially so.

Conclusions:
Dynamically masked audiograms achieve accurate true threshold estimates and reduce test time compared with current clinical masking procedures. Dynamic masking is a compelling alternative to the methods currently used to evaluate individuals with highly asymmetric hearing, yet can also be used effectively and efficiently for anyone.
Epidemiology of Hemostatic Transfusions in Children Supported by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Karam Oliver , Goel Ruchika , Dalton Heidi , Nellis Marianne E. 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
To evaluate the epidemiology of hemostatic transfusions (plasma, platelet, and cryoprecipitate) in children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Design:
Secondary analysis of a large observational cohort study.

Setting:
Eight pediatric institutions within the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’s Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network.

Patients:
Critically ill children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used in the care of 514 consecutive children. Platelets were transfused on 68% of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation days, plasma on 34% of the days on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and cryoprecipitate on 14%. Only 24% of the days on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were free of any hemostatic transfusions. Daily platelet transfusion dose was independently associated with chest tube output (p < 0.001), other bleeding requiring RBC transfusion (p = 0.03), and daily set platelet goal (p = 0.009), but not with total platelet count (p = 0.75). Daily plasma transfusion dose was independently associated with chest tube output (p < 0.001), other bleeding requiring RBC transfusion (p = 0.01), activated clotting time (p = 0.001), and antithrombin levels (p = 0.02), but not with international normalized ratio (p = 0.99) or activated partial thromboplastin time (p = 0.29). Daily cryoprecipitate transfusion dose was independently associated with younger age (p = 0.009), but not with chest tube bleeding (p = 0.18), other bleeding requiring RBC transfusion (p = 0.75), fibrinogen level (p = 0.67), or daily fibrinogen goal (p = 0.81).

Conclusions:
Platelets were transfused on two third of the days on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, plasma on one third, and cryoprecipitate on one sixth of the days. Although most hemostatic transfusions were independently associated with bleeding, they were not independently associated with the majority of hemostatic testing. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the appropriateness of these transfusion strategies.