bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faktor-faktor risiko yang berperan terhadap terjadinya infeksi luka operasi pada pasien post appendectomy di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar
Authors: Mooy Danny Zefanya , Suwedagatha I Gede , Golden Nyoman 
Published: November 2020

Background: Surgical wound infection (SWI) is one of the three most common hospital-acquired infections, with an average of 14-16% and which is the most common infection in postoperative patients. This study aims to look for factors associated with post-operative wound infection in the appendectomy procedure at Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar.Methods: This study used a retrospective cohort design, which was carried out at the Medical Record Installation Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia during the January 2017 to September 2018. Data analysis used chi-square tests, relative risk calculations, and logistic regression.Results: This study used 108 respondents, and there were 17 people who experienced SWI, the final analysis using logistic regression showed a diagnosis of perforated appendicitis (RR: 9.57; 95% CI: 2.09-43.64; p = 0.004) and operator guidance resident (RR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.49-22.3; p = 0.011) is a risk factor for the occurrence of the SWI.Conclusion: The diagnosis of perforated appendicitis is the most important factor in the occurrence of surgical wound infection after appendectomy.Â Latar Belakang: Infeksi luka operasi (ILO) merupakan salah satu dari tiga infeksi tersering yang didapat di rumah sakit, dengan rata-rata mencapai 14-16% dan yang merupakan infeksi yang paling sering terjadi pada pasien pasca operasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan infeksi luka operasi pasca prosedur appendectomy di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kohort retrospektif, yang dilakukan di Instalasi Rekam Medis RSUP Sanglah Denpasar, Bali-Indonesia selama periode Januari 2017 hingga September 2018. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square, perhitungan risiko relatif, dan regresi logistik.Hasil: Penelitian ini menggunakan 108 responden, dan terdapat 17 orang yang mengalami ILO, analisis akhir menggunakan regresi logistik menunjukkan diagnosis appendisitis perforasi (RR: 9,57; IK 95%: 2,09-43,64; p=0,004) dan operator residen bimbingan (RR: 1,75; IK 95%: 1,49-22,3; p=0,011) merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya ILO.Simpulan: Diagnosis appendisitis perforasi merupakan faktor yang paling berperan terhadap terjadinya infeksi luka operasi pasca appendectomy.
Penanganan terkini diare pada anak: tinjauan pustaka
Authors: Rendang Indriyani Desa Putu , Putra I Gusti Ngurah Sanjaya 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Diarrhea still ranks third as the leading cause of death for children under five years. It is estimated that as many as 800,000 deaths under five years were caused by diarrhea in 2010; 11% of the total deaths were under five yearsâ€”about 80% of these deaths occurring in Africa and Southeast Asia.Methods: This manuscript's writing used the literature review method in which a detailed search was carried out on the document in national and international databases.Results and Discussion: The leading cause of diarrhea in children is a virus. The most commonly known virus is Rotavirus (40â€“60%). Viruses that enter through food and drink to enterocytes will cause infection and damage to the small intestine villi. According to WHO, there are five lines of diarrhea management, namely: adequate rehydration, zinc, nutrition, appropriate antibiotics, and education.Conclusion: With good diarrhea management, diarrhea has a good prognosis. Death in sufferers of diarrhea is caused by severe dehydration and secondary malnutrition.Â Â PendahuluanÂ : Diare masih menempati urutan ketiga sebagai penyebab kematian terbanyak untuk anak-anak dibawah lima tahun. Diperkirakan sebanyak 800.000 kematian dibawah lima tahun disebabkan oleh diare pada tahun 2010, yang merupakan 11% dari total kematian dibawah lima tahun. Dengan sekitar 80% kematian ini terjadi di Afrika dan Asia tenggara.Metode: Penulisan naskah ini menggunakan metode tinjauan pustaka dimana dilakukan penelusuran terdahap naskah pada database nasional dan internasional.Hasil dan Diskusi: Penyebab utama diare pada anak oleh virus, virus terbanyak yang diketahui adalah jenis Rotavirus (40â€“60%). Virus dapat masuk kedalam tubuh melaui makanan dan minuman yang dikonsumsi. Setelah sampai sampai ke enterosit, virus akan menimbulkan infeksii dan kerusakan pada villii usus, terutama usus halus. Menurut badan kesehatan dunia (WHO) dipublikaskan lima lintas penatalaksanaan diare, diantaranyai: pemberian carian yang adekuat, pemberian suplement zinc, lanjutkan nutrisi sesuai, pemberian antibiotik bila diperlukan, dan edukasi orang tua.Kesimpulan: Dengan penatalaksanaan diare yang baik, diare memiliki prognosis yang baik. Dominan, angka kematian anak yang mengalami diare disebabkan oleh karena dehidrasi berat serta malnutrisi sekunder yang tidak tertangani dengan baik.
Cultural Care of Pregnancy and Home Birth: An Application of the Sunrise Model
Authors: Andina-Díaz Elena , Siles-González José 
Published: November 2020

Background and PurposeThe role of older women close to the pregnant woman may be relevant when conveying information. The use of theories/models can guide the development of nursing practice. Purpose: To explore beliefs and practices related to pregnancy and childbirth from the perspective of older women who gave birth at home, applying Leininger's Sunrise Model.MethodsQualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews with 24 older women who gave birth at home (rural area, Spain). Manual content analysis of the data was used, and Sunrise Model guided to explore the role of culture and the factors affecting maternity care.ResultsTwo main categories emerged: beliefs/practices related to physiological aspects (subcategories: minimal intervention, hygiene, pain control, rest, feeding) and to psychosocial aspects (subcategories: spiritual well-being, company).Implications for PracticeThe experiences of older women who gave birth at home helped us to understand some beliefs that survive in some pregnant women, similar in different cultures, and divided into physiological and psychosocial aspects. Older women have a relevant role as transmitters of information, and can provide some keys to plan health interventions, as companions or counselors. Applying the Sunrise Model, we verified the weight that culture has in maternal health care, and the multiple factors that interfere with the way of caring. The application of models helps us to improve nursing practice: not only should we focus on knowing the physical aspects, but also the social and cultural circumstances surrounding the pregnant woman.
Understanding Adolescent Expressions of Sadness: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Terrizzi Daniela A. , Khan Huma A. , Paulson Allison , Abuwalla Zach , Solis Nitza , Bolotin Megan , Burke Brendan , Toner Emma , de Forest Sarah A. , Lee Miae , Goodwin Brady , Fogel Joshua , Gladstone Tracy R. G. , Van Voorhees Benjamin W. 
Published: November 2020

PurposePrimary care providers are positioned to identify adolescents at risk for depression and prevent major depressive disorder. To identify subthreshold depression, we examined the language adolescents use to describe their symptoms.MethodsAdolescents ages 13–18 with elevated levels on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and/or a history of depression who were part of a large randomized clinical trial to prevent depressive disorder were included. We used content analysis to analyze transcripts of semi-structured interviews.ResultsSaturation was reached at 37 interviews. Adolescents self-identified as African American (N = 15), Hispanic (N = 10), and White (N = 21). Three domains were revealed; external sources of stress, adolescent expressions of sadness, and seeking help and care. Within these domains, 12 distinct themes emerged contextualizing these domains. No variations in the expression of the themes identified for subthreshold depression were found between the three ethno-cultural groups.Implications for PracticeOur study identifies, in adolescents' own words, how adolescents with subthreshold depression express feelings and cope with symptoms, and may guide primary care providers to recognize subthreshold depression early. These findings are a step toward filling the gap in the empirical literature needed to improve identification of adolescents at risk for depression in nonspecialist settings.
REVIEW: SINTESIS TURUNAN ANDROGRAFOLID PADA GUGUS HIDROKSIL C-3 DAN C-19
Authors: Indrayani Sri , Megantara Sandra , Saputri Febrina Amelia 
Published: November 2020

Andrografolid merupakan senyawa diterpenoid utama dari tanaman Andrographis paniculata dan telah dikenal memiliki berbagai aktivitas farmakologi. Andrografolid memiliki struktur menarik yang terdiri dari α-alkiliden γ-butirolakton, dua ikatan olefin pada C-8 and C-12 dan tiga gugus hidroksil. Dari ketiga gugus hidroksil tersebut, salah satunya adalah gugus hidroksil alilik pada C-14 dan yang lainnya adalah gugus hidroksil sekunder dan primer pada C-3 dan C-19. Gugus hidroksil C-3 dan C-19 merupakan gugus yang potensial untuk dimodifikasi. Review ini menjelaskan tentang pentingnya gugus hidroksil andrografolid pada C-3 dan C-19 dan pengaruhnya terhadap aktivitas biologis yang ditimbulkannya. Modifikasi andrografolid pada gugus tersebut dengan menambahkan gugus hidroksibenzaldehid dapat meningkatkan efek farmakologis sebagai anti-HIV. Esterifikasi yang terjadi pada C-3 dan C-19 dapat meningkatkan aktivitas sebagai antitumor. Penambahan ester aromatik baik di C-3 dan C-19 dapat mengurangi aktivitas senyawa sebagai antitumor. Modifikasi pada gugus tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan mekanisme reaksi substitusi nukleofilik dengan penambahakn katalis dan pemanasan. Pemanasan dengan metode iradiasi microwave memberikan hasil sintesis dengan nilai rendemen yang paling tinggi. Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from the herb of Andrographis paniculata and known for its multiple pharmacological activities. Andrographolide has an interesting architecture consisting of an α-alkylidene γ-butyrolactone moiety, two olefin bond (C-8 and C-12), and three hydroxyls groups. Of the three hydroxyl groups, one is allylic at C-14, and the others are secondary and primary at C-3 and C-19, respectively. Hydroxyl groups C-3 and C-19 are the potential groups to be modified. The review describes the importance of the hydroxyl groups of andrographolide located at C-3 and C-19 and its effect toward its biological activity. Modification by adding hydroxyl-benzaldehyde moiety to the hydroxyl groups could increase the activity of the compound as anti-HIV. Esteriﬁcation at C-3 and C-19 could also enhance the activity of the compund as antitumor. The addition of aromatic esters both at C-3 and C-19 could lose the compound’s activity as antitumor. Modification of the hydroxyl groups of andrographolide located at C-3 and C-19 could be carried out by the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions with the addition of catalysts and heating. Heating by using microwave irradiation method gives the highest synthesis yield.Keywords: Andrographolide, Andrographis paniculata, hydroxyl groups
What do we know about the impact of sexual violence on health and health behaviour of women in Estonia?&nbsp;&nbsp;
Authors: Lippus Hedda , Laanpere Made , Part Kai , Ringmets Inge , Karro Helle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Sexual violence against women is a major public health issue and a breach of human rights. Although various consequences of sexual violence on health have been described in a large number of scientific publications, very little is known about this topic in Estonia. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of sexual violence and associations between exposure to sexual violence and risky health and sexual behaviours among women in Estonia.Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Estonia in 2014. Self-reported data regarding selected indicators of risky health and sexual behaviours were collected from 1670 women, aged 18–44 years, via a self-administered questionnaire. To measure the prevalence of sexual violence, questions from the NorVold Abuse Questionnaire were included. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyse the data.Results: Of the respondents, 22.7% (n=379) reported being exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, and over half of these women had had these experiences before the age of 18. Statistically significant associations were found between sexual violence and smoking (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.03–1.70), alcohol consumption (AOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.18–1.95), illicit drug use (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.70–2.89), sexual intercourse for money or other material reward (AOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.62–7.61), concurrent sexual relationships (AOR 2.64; 95% CI 1.80–3.86), and being diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (AOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.09–2.01).Conclusions: In Estonia, sexual violence against women is widespread and is associated with several risky health and sexual behaviours. Efforts should be made, both among the general public and professionals, to raise awareness regarding the prevalence and negative impact of sexual violence. Women who have been exposed to sexual violence are in need of professional medical, legal and psychological help free from prejudice to help them recover from such traumatic events.
Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach
Authors: Awine Timothy , Silal Sheetal P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background This paper investigates the impact of malaria preventive interventions in Ghana and the prospects of achieving programme goals using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones of the country. Methods Using data from the District Health Information Management System of the Ghana Health Service from 2008 to 2017, and historical intervention coverage levels, ordinary non-linear differential equations models were developed. These models incorporated transitions amongst various disease compartments for the three main ecological zones in Ghana. The Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach, with a distance based rejection criteria, was adopted for calibration. A leave-one-out approach was used to validate model parameters and the most sensitive parameters were evaluated using a multivariate regression analysis. The impact of insecticide-treated bed nets and their usage, and indoor residual spraying, as well as their protective efficacy on the incidence of malaria, was simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone to investigate the prospects of achieving goals of the Ghana malaria control strategy for 2014-2020. Results Increasing the coverage levels of both long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying activities, without a corresponding increase in their recommended utilization, does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria. Improving proper usage of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all ecological zones of Ghana. Conclusions Projected goals set in the national strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020, as well as World Health Organization targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030, are only likely to be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved, coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high community acceptability and efficacy.
From Plasmodium vivax outbreak to elimination: lessons learnt from a retrospective analysis of data from Guantang
Authors: Yang Guo-Jing , Liu Ying , Shang Le-Yuan , Zhang Hong-Wei , Zhou Xiao-Nong , Penny Melissa A. , Smith Thomas A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Malaria was once a serious public health problem in China, with Plasmodium vivax the major species responsible for more than 90% of local transmission. Following significant integrated malaria control and elimination programmes, malaria burden declined, and since 2017 China has not recorded any indigenous case. To understand the historical malaria transmission patterns and epidemic characteristics in China and insights useful to guide P. vivax malaria control and elimination elsewhere, a retrospective study was carried out. Methods Historical data from a pilot study conducted in Guantang, Luyi in central China from 1971-1995, were digitized. The data included monthly numbers of reported cases, febrile cases, parasite carriage rates, the neonatal infection rate, and entomological data regarding Anopheles sinensis. Results Following 25 years of continuous integrated malaria control activities, malaria incidence in Guantang decreased from 4,333 cases per 10,000 in 1970 before integrated implementation to 0.23 cases per 10,000 in 1991, and no cases in 1992-1995. Some fluctuations in incidence were observed between 1977 and 1981. During the period parasite rates, antibody levels and the neonatal infection rate also decreased. The pattern of seasonality confirmed that P. vivax in Henan Province was primarily of the long incubation type (temperate) during non-transmission period. The findings retrospectively provide a scientific basis for the implementation of mass campaigns of liver stage hypnozoite clearance. Entomological studies indicated that An. sinensis was the only vector, and it preferred bovine to human hosts, predominantly biting and resting outdoors. Mosquito densities declined between 1971 and 1984.Conclusion The integrated malaria control approach in Guantang effectively controlled malaria and achieved elimination. Analysis of the effectiveness of the programme can provide guidance to other regions or countries with similar ecological settings aiming to move from malaria control to elimination. There is a potential challenge in the maintenance of non-transmission status owing to imported cases and the long dormancy of liver stage hypnozoites.
Extreme fluid dynamic simulations reveal environmentally-driven morphological features of Euplectella aspergillum
Authors: Falcucci Giacomo , Amati Giorgio , Fanelli Pierluigi , Krastev Vesselin , Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to its remarkable structural properties as
well as its tantalising beauty, silica depth sponge Euplectella aspergillum has attracted the interest of scientists all over the world since
its discovery [1, 2].
Its skeletal system, in fact, is composed of amorphous hydrated silica and it is arranged in a
highly regular and hierarchical cylindrical lattice, endowing the whole structure with an
amazing flexibility and resilience to damage, [3-7].
In contrast with the major interest in the mechanical properties of the skeletal structure of these hexatinellida, the
study of the hydrodynamic fields which surround and penetrate the glassy sponge has remained largely unexplored to date, leaving
an open question as to the impact of fluid dynamic patterns on Euplectella's environmental physiology.
A particularly outstanding question in this respect is whether, besides boosting its tribological characteristics, the structural
motifs of Euplectella may also respond to an optimisation design
in terms of minimising the hydrodynamic stress experienced by the structure.
This is precisely the question addressed in the present work.
To this purpose, we resort to extreme fluid dynamic simulations based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method [8], featuring of the order of one hundred billion grid points and
spanning four spatial decades, from the micro-scale details of the skeleton, all the way
up to the full structure of Euplectella.
Such in-silico experiments reproduce the actual living conditions of Euplectella [9-11], and prove that the sponge structural elements, not only reduce the overall hydrodynamic stress experienced
by the skeletal structure, but also support coherent internal recirculation patterns,
arguably feeding the sponge and its host organisms.
The present results open the path towards a new class of numerical investigations at the intersection between fluid mechanics, computational biology and environmental physiology.
Hematopoietic mosaic chromosomal alterations and risk for infection among 767,891 individuals without blood cancer
Authors: Natarajan Pradeep , Zekavat Seyedeh , Lin Shu-Hong , Bick Alexander , Liu Aoxing , Paruchuri Kaavya , Uddin Md Mesbah , Ye Yixuan , Yu Zhaolong , Liu Xiaoxi , Kamatani Yoichiro , Pirruccello James , Pampana Akhil , Loh Po-Ru , Kohli Puja , McCarroll Steven , Neale Benjamin , Engels Eric , Brown Derek , Smoller Jordan , Green Robert , Karlson Elizabeth , Lebo Matthew , Ellinor Patrick , Weiss Scott , Daly Mark , Terao Chikashi , Zhao Hongyu , Ebert Benjamin , Machiela Mitchell , Genovese Giulio 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Age is the dominant risk factor for infectious diseases, but the mechanisms linking the two are incompletely understood1,2. Age-related mosaic chromosomal alterations (mCAs) detected from blood-derived DNA genotyping, are structural somatic variants associated with aberrant leukocyte cell counts, hematological malignancy, and mortality3-11. Whether mCAs represent independent risk factors for infection is unknown. Here we use genome-wide genotyping of blood DNA to show that mCAs predispose to diverse infectious diseases. We analyzed mCAs from 767,891 individuals without hematological cancer at DNA acquisition across four countries. Expanded mCA (cell fraction >10%) prevalence approached 4% by 60 years of age and was associated with diverse incident infections, including sepsis, pneumonia, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization. A genome-wide association study of expanded mCAs identified 63 significant loci. Germline genetic alleles associated with expanded mCAs were enriched at transcriptional regulatory sites for immune cells. Our results link mCAs with impaired immunity and predisposition to infections. Furthermore, these findings may also have important implications for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in prioritizing individual preventive strategies and evaluating immunization responses.
Predictive attenuation of touch and tactile gating
are distinct perceptual phenomena
Authors: Kilteni Konstantina , Ehrsson H. Henrik 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent decades, research on somatosensory perception has led to two important observations. First, self-generated touches that are predicted by voluntary movements become attenuated compared to externally generated touches of the same intensity (attenuation). Second, externally generated touches feel weaker and are more difficult to detect during movement compared to rest (gating). Researchers today often consider gating and attenuation to be the same suppression process; however, this assumption is unwarranted because, despite more than forty years of research, no study has combined them in a single paradigm. We quantified how people perceive self-generated and externally generated touches during movement and rest. We demonstrate that whereas voluntary movement gates the precision of both self-generated and externally generated touch, the amplitude of self-generated touch is selectively attenuated compared to externally generated touch. We further show that attenuation and gating neither interact nor correlate, and we conclude that they represent distinct perceptual phenomena.