bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating and comparing cropland nitrogen need with dairy farm nutrient recovery: a case study in Whatcom County, WA
Authors: Stacey Nathan , Hills Karen , Yorgey Georgine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn agricultural regions, like Whatcom County, Washington, crop and dairy production co-exist, but increased agricultural specialization and intensification have divorced what was, historically, an integrated approach to production. This agricultural segregation contributes to farm, regional and watershed-scale nutrient imbalances, and several different management approaches have been devised to improve, correct and close these nutrient cycling disparities. In high-density production regions, utilizing locally produced bio-based fertilizers may provide one avenue toward closing regional nutrient loops. Technologies such as dairy-operated nutrient recovery systems may help improve the flow of nutrients between dairy and cropping systems by extracting nutrients from raw manure and producing materials that are more easily used on farms than raw manure. To evaluate the potential impact of a nutrient recovery system and its related product, we estimated nitrogen balances between cropland use and manure production within Whatcom County, Washington and examined a theoretical scenario in which a specific nutrient recovery product was utilized across the region. We considered one economic barrier, transportation cost, and calculated a hypothetical comparison for transporting nitrogen in two forms, a downstream nutrient recovery product and raw manure. The scenarios presented here demonstrate a potential gap between regional nutrient supply and demand, illustrate the tradeoffs with a technological approach, and make clear that both technological tools and practical management strategies are needed to address the challenges of redistributing nutrients in high-density production areas.
Science and Law in Environmental Law and Policy: The Case of the European Commission
Authors: Čavoški Aleksandra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article draws on empirical research conducted with European Commission officials in three Directorates-General and its other services on their perception of how the legislative and policy-making process facilitates the interaction of science and environmental law. This article deploys Sheila Jasanoff's theoretical framework of co-production as an important lens to examine how the European Commission creates this interaction of science and law in environmental policy making and identifies how the Commission incorporates different voices and stakeholders in this policy area. The Commission can be seen as a vehicle of co-production of science and law in EU environmental policy by building strong expert identities, putting in place institutional processes and instruments, and creating discourse between scientists and lawyers leading to outputs of co-production. It is argued that in actively facilitating co-production, the Commission underpins the legislative and policy-making process with its institutional values.
Arase Observation of the Source Region of Auroral Arcs and Diffuse Auroras in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Shiokawa K. , Nosé M. , Imajo S. , Tanaka Y.‐M. , Miyoshi Y. , Hosokawa K. , Connors M. , Engebretson M. , Kazama Y. , Wang S.‐Y. , Tam S. W. Y. , Chang Tzu‐Fang , Wang Bo‐Jhou , Asamura K. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Hori T. , Keika K. , Kasaba Y. , Shoji M. , Kasahara Y. , Matsuoka A. , Shinohara I. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAuroral arcs and diffuse auroras are common phenomena at high latitudes, though characteristics of their source plasma and fields have not been well understood. We report the first observation of fields and particles including their pitch‐angle distributions in the source region of auroral arcs and diffuse auroras, using data from the Arase satellite at L ~ 6.0–6.5. The auroral arcs appeared and expanded both poleward and equatorward at local midnight from ~0308 UT on 11 September 2018 at Nain (magnetic latitude: 66°), Canada, during the expansion phase of a substorm, while diffuse auroras covered the whole sky after 0348 UT. The top part of auroral arcs was characterized by purple/blue emissions. Bidirectional field‐aligned electrons with structured energy‐time spectra were observed in the source region of auroral arcs, while source electrons became isotropic and less structured in the diffuse auroral region afterwards. We suggest that structured bidirectional electrons at energies below a few keV were caused by upward field‐aligned potential differences (upward electric field along geomagnetic field) reaching high altitudes (~30,000 km) above Arase. The bidirectional electrons above a few keV were probably caused by Fermi acceleration associated with the observed field dipolarization. Strong electric‐field fluctuations and earthward Poynting flux were observed at the arc crossing and are probably also caused by the field dipolarization. The ions showed time‐pitch‐angle dispersion caused by mirror reflection. These results indicate a clear contrast between auroral arcs and diffuse auroras in terms of source plasma and fields and generation mechanisms of auroral arcs in the inner magnetosphere.
A nationwide cross-sectional survey on hepatitis B and C screening among workers in Japan
Authors: Tatemichi Masayuki , Furuya Hiroyuki , Nagahama Satsue , Takaya Norihide , Shida Yukari , Fukai Kota , Owada Satoshi , Endo Hitoshi , Kinoue Takaaki , Korenaga Masaaki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn Japan, there is no publicly funded screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (using HBs antigen and HCV antibody, respectively) among workers, and workplace health programmes play a crucial role in reducing viral hepatitis-related deaths. The national number of hepatitis screening tests conducted in the workplace is unknown. To provide baseline data for policy formulation, we conducted a nationwide survey to estimate these parameters using data from approximately 10.5 million workers (6.8 million men and 3.8 million women) who underwent mandatory health examinations in their workplaces between April 2016 and March 2017. Among these workers, 494,303 (5.23%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.22%–5.24%) and 313, 193 (3.82%, 95% CI 3.81%–3.84%) were screened for HBV and HCV, respectively. Among those who were screened, 0.28% (95% CI 0.27–0.30%) and 0.35% (95% CI 0.33–0.37%) tested positive for HBs antigen and HCV antibody, respectively. According to the age-specific prevalence from the survey an estimated 0.30 and 0.14 million workers in Japan require treatment for HBV and HCV, respectively. To reduce viral hepatitis-related deaths by efficiently identifying workers who need treatment and promoting access to treatment, one-time hepatitis screening of all workers should be considered.
Quantum double-double-slit experiment with momentum entangled photons
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Singh Mandip 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDouble-double-slit thought experiment provides profound insight on interference of quantum entangled particles. This paper presents a detailed experimental realisation of quantum double-double-slit thought experiment with momentum entangled photons and theoretical analysis of the experiment. Experiment is configured in such a way that photons are path entangled and each photon can reveal the which-slit path information of the other photon. As a consequence, single photon interference is suppressed. However, two-photon interference pattern appears if locations of detection of photons are correlated without revealing the which-slit path information. It is also shown experimentally and theoretically that two-photon quantum interference disappears when the which-slit path of a photon in the double-double-slit is detected.
Gastrin releasing peptide receptor targeted nano-graphene oxide for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Ran , Gao Ruifang , Wang Yimei , Liu Zhuanzhuan , Xu Hang , Duan Ailin , Zhang Fang , Ma Lixin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor that occurs in the oral mucosa. Pathological biopsy is still the current gold standard for OSCC diagnosis; however, some drawbacks need to be overcome. Therefore, it is urgently needed to find a non-invasive targeted technology for OSCC early diagnosis. Fluorescent optical imaging using near infrared (NIR) dyes tagged to tumor specific target will benefit such developments. Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is an attractive target for OSCC imaging and therapy. In this study, we synthesized nano-graphene oxide (NGO) nanoparticles with GRPR-specific peptides AF750-6Ahx-Sta-BBN via hydrogen bond and π–π bonds (NGO-BBN-AF750), and investigated their receptor binding, cell uptake and internalization in HSC-3 cells. NGO-BBN-AF750 and AF750-6Ahx-Sta-BBN showed a similar binding affinity to GRPR on HSC-3 cells. In contrast to AF750-6Ahx-Sta-BBN antagonist peptide, NGO-BBN-AF750 showed cellular internalization property. Overall, this study proposes a NGO nanoclusters-based nanoprobe for GRPR targeted near-infrared fluorescence imaging for OSCC. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have shown highly significant potential in the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic agents.
Polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4 and TOLLIP and tuberculosis in two independent studies
Authors: Wu Shouquan , Liu Xiangmin , Chen Ling , Wang Yu , Zhang Miaomiao , Wang Minggui , He Jian-Qing 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms for tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility have been researched by some studies, but few have studied multiple innate immunity genes associated with TB. Evidence suggests that the toll-like receptor 2, 4 (TLR2, TLR4) and toll interacting protein (TOLLIP) may be associated with TB susceptibility. In this self-validated study, we explored the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2, TLR4 and TOLLIP in the Chinese Han and Tibetan populations. A SNPscan™ method was used to genotype SNPs in the three genes. Multiple logistic regression adjusted by sex and age was used to detect the association between SNPs and TB. In TLR2, rs1898830 was associated with decreased risk against TB in the Chinese Han population, which was validated in the Tibetan population. In TLR4, rs11536889 was a protective factor for TB in the Tibetan population, but not in the Han population. Additionally, in the Tibetan population, we also found that the frequency of genotypes of TOLLIP rs11536889 differs significantly between TB patients and controls. We found rs1898830 in TLR2 was associated with TB susceptibility in both Chinese Han and Tibetan populations while rs11536889 in TLR4 and rs3750920 in TOLLIP were protective factors against TB in the Tibetan population.
Contrast-enhanced harmonic versus standard endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in solid pancreatic lesions: a single-center prospective randomized trial
Authors: Seicean Andrada , Samarghitan Andrada , Bolboacă Sorana D. , Pojoga Cristina , Rusu Ioana , Rusu Daniel , Sparchez Zeno , Gheorghiu Marcel , Al Hajjar Nadim , Seicean Radu 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound (CH-EUS) can visualize necrotic areas and vessels inside lesions. CH-EUS findings combined with EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) improves diagnosis in pancreatic solid masses. CH-EUS can also guide EUS-FNA (CH-EUS-FNA), potentially improving the diagnostic rate of EUS-FNA, but such superiority has not been proved in prospective studies. We aimed to assess whether CH-EUS-FNA is superior to standard EUS-FNA for specific diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses and what factors affect the diagnostic rate.
Methods This randomized controlled study in one tertiary medical academic center included patients with suspected pancreatic solid masses on transabdominal ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan. Two passes with a 22-G standard FNA needle were done using EUS-FNA and CH-EUS-FNA in random order, and the visible core obtained was sent for histological analysis. Final diagnosis was based on EUS-FNA or surgical specimen results and on 12-month follow-up by imaging.
Results 148 patients were evaluated. EUS-FNA and CH-EUS-FNA showed diagnostic sensitivities of 85.5 % and 87.6 %, respectively (not significantly different) and the combined sensitivity of the two passes was 93.8 %. The false-negative rate was not significantly different when hypoenhanced or hyperenhanced lesions were compared with the EUS-FNA results. No differences were seen for the results related to location, size, tumor stage, chronic pancreatitis features, or presence of biliary plastic stent.
Conclusions The diagnostic rates for samples obtained using 22-G needles with standard EUS-FNA and CH-EUS-FNA were not statistically significantly different.
Argon plasma coagulation for Barrett’s esophagus with low-grade dysplasia: a randomized trial with long-term follow-up on the impact of power setting and proton pump inhibitor dose
Authors: Wronska Ewa , Polkowski Marcin , Orlowska Janina , Mroz Andrzej , Wieszczy Paulina , Regula Jaroslaw 
Published: July 2020

Background This study evaluated the impact of power setting and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) dose on efficacy and safety of argon plasma coagulation (APC) of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) with low-grade dysplasia (LGD).
Methods 71 patients were randomized to APC with power set at 90 W or 60 W followed by 120 mg or 40 mg omeprazole. The primary outcome was the rate of complete (endoscopic and histologic) ablation of BE at 6 weeks. Secondary outcomes included safety and long-term efficacy.
Results Complete ablation rate in the 90 W/120 mg, 90 W/40 mg, and 60 W/120 mg groups was 78 % (18/23; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 61–95), 60 % (15/25; 95 %CI 41–79), 74 % (17/23; 95 %CI 56–92), respectively, at 6 weeks and 70 % (16/23; 95 %CI 51–88), 52 % (13/25; 95 %CI 32–72), and 65 % (15/23; 95 %CI 46–85) at 2 years post-treatment (differences not significant). Additional APC was required in 28 patients (23 residual and 5 recurrent BE). At median follow-up of 108 months, 66/71 patients (93 %; 95 %CI 87–99) maintained complete ablation. No high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma developed. Overall, adverse events (97 % mild) did not differ significantly between groups. Chest pain/discomfort was more frequent in patients receiving 90 W vs. 60 W power (P < 0.001). One patient had esophageal perforation and two developed stenosis.
Conclusions APC power setting and PPI dose did not impact efficacy and safety of BE ablation. Complete ablation of BE with LGD was durable in > 90 % of patients, without any evidence of neoplasia progression in the long term.
Effect of Salicylic Acid 3% + Benzoic Acid 6% (Whitfield’s Ointment), Clotrimazole 1% Cream, and Systemic Terbinafine on Mild-to-Moderate Tinea Corporis: A Randomized Comparative Study
Authors: Rahangdale Vishwas , Deshmukh Sneha , Madke Bhushan , Singh Adarsh Lata ,   Vaishnavi
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroduction The various epidemiological studies conducted on dermatophytic infection in different parts of India have concluded that there is a rising prevalence of dermatophytosis, with change in clinical presentation of infection. Although most of the therapeutic interventions show sufficient effect, there is a need for objective high-quality randomized comparative study to evaluate the effects of intervention, which can provide reliable evidence for clinical practice. Therefore, keeping this need in mind, we undertook this research work. To date, to the best of our knowledge, the inclusion of body surface area (BSA) as a tool for the evaluation of clinical improvement in dermatophytosis infection has not been considered.Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effect of topical antifungal as a monotherapy in naive and in combination with systemic antifungal drug in relapse cases of mild-to-moderate tinea corporis, to study and compare the efficacy of Clotrimazole 1% and Whitfield’s ointment as a monotherapy in mild-to-moderate cases of tinea corporis, and to study and compare the efficacy of combination of systemic terbinafine with Whitfield’s ointment and with clotrimazole 1% in mild-to-moderate relapsed cases of tinea corporis.Materials and Methods A total of 102 patients with mild-to-moderate tinea corporis who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. The naive patients for monotherapy and relapsed cases for a combination of systemic and topical antifungal drugs were randomly distributed.Results Predominance of males than females and the duration of disease for more than 6 weeks were observed. There was a significant reduction of infection in all the groups after 4 weeks, but early response was observed with clotrimazole as a monotherapy and in combination of clotrimazole with systemic drug.Conclusion Topical drugs as a monotherapy in naive and in combination of topical and systemic antifungal drug in relapsed cases were effective, but to achieve zero BSA, treatment for more than 4 weeks is required.
Metaphor and one-off pictures
Authors: Kennedy John M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
All representational media support tropes.
This chapter considers pictures and asks how pictorial
metaphors can be devised by people with relatively
little experience in the medium. The examples considered are
raised-line drawings devised by blind children and adults. In some,
the shapes of objects are anomalous but apt. In others the use of a
line contrasts with its use in outline drawings – for example,
atmospheric lines surround a target object. The
blind and sighted concur on the meaning of pictorial metaphors. The
theory of metaphor in drawings presented here treats perception,
outline, realistic shape and departures from realism. Pictures have
primary meanings, and metaphoric pictures require secondary
meanings.
Producing figurative meanings
Authors: Koring Loes 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper explores the hypothesis that
definiteness marking can be used as a tool for the speaker to
trigger idiomaticity. In an experiment, we asked participants to
produce the content of newly created figurative expressions. The
results showed that the manipulation of a single parameter,
definiteness marking, gave rise to a difference in the type of
content participants produced for the novel figurative expressions.
In particular, figurative expressions that contained a pragmatically
unlicensed definite article gave rise to greater idiomaticity than
expressions that contained a (licensed) indefinite article.
Violating the felicity conditions on the use of a definite article
is therefore one way for the speaker to produce figuration.
Metaphor generation through context sensitive distributional
semantics
Authors: McGregor Stephen , Purver Matthew , Wiggins Geraint 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we outline a preliminary
methodology for generating metaphor based on contextual projections
of representations built up through a statistical analysis of a
large-scale linguistic corpus. These projections involve defining
subspaces of co-occurrence statistics in which we show that
metaphors can be modelled as mappings between congruent regions of
semantic representations. We offer this methodology as an empirical
implementation pointing towards a resolution of theoretical stances,
at times incompatible, construing metaphor as on the one hand an
artefact of underlying cognitive processes and on the other hand a
product of the environmentally situated generation of ephemeral
conceptual schemes.
Hybridization and the origin of new yeast lineages
Authors: Gabaldón Toni 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTHybrids originate from the mating of two diverged organisms, resulting in novel lineages that have chimeric genomes. Hybrids may exhibit unique phenotypic traits that are not necessarily intermediate between those present in the progenitors. These unique traits may enable them to thrive in new environments. Many hybrid lineages have been discovered among yeasts in the Saccharomycotina, of which many have industrial or clinical relevance, but this might reflect a bias toward investigating species with relevance to humans. Hybridization has also been proposed to be at the root of the whole-genome duplication in the lineage leading to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thus, hybridization seems to have played a prominent role in the evolution of Saccharomycotina yeasts, although it is still unclear how common this evolutionary process has been during the evolution of this and other fungal clades. Similarly, the evolutionary aftermath of hybridization, including implications at the genomic, transcriptional, physiological or ecological levels, remains poorly understood. In this review, I survey recent findings from genomic analysis of yeast hybrids of industrial or clinical relevance, and discuss the evolutionary implications of genomic hybridization for the origin of new lineages, including when such hybridization results in a whole-genome duplication.
Self-undermining policy feedback and the creation of National Health Insurance in Ghana
Authors: Wireko Ishmael , Béland Daniel , Kpessa-Whyte Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractContributing to the ongoing debate about policy feedback in comparative public policy research, this article examines the evolution of healthcare financing policy in Ghana. More specifically, this article investigates the shift in healthcare financing from full cost recovery, known as ‘cash-and-carry’, to a nation-wide public health insurance policy called the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). It argues that unintended, self-undermining feedback effects from the existing health policy constrained the menu of options available to reformers, while simultaneously opening a window of opportunity for transformative policy change. The study advances the current public policy scholarship by showing how the interaction between policy feedbacks and other factors—particularly ideas and electoral pressures—can bring about path-departing policy change. Given the dearth of scholarship on self-undermining policy feedback effects in the Global South, this contribution’s originality lies in its application of the novel theory to the sub-Saharan African context.
Burns in the Military Setting—Analyzing 12,799 Routine and Combat Cases
Authors: Yaacobi (Shilo) Dafna , Lvovsky Alex , Ad-El Nitay , Levi Diana , Yaacobi Eyal , Olshinka Asaf , Glick Yuval , Furer Ariel , Ad-El Dean D 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBurns are a major trauma source in civilian and military settings, with a huge impact on patient’s well-being, health system, and operation status of the force in the military setting. The purpose of our study was to summarize characteristics of all burn cases seen by the Israel Defense Forces primary care physicians during the years 2008 to 2016. This can help understand what causes most burns, in what units, at which stages and settings and consequently will allow commanders to make decisions regarding safety rules, protective equipment and uniforms, medical education for soldiers, etc. Data were collected from the military database system. All burn-related visits were analyzed using a designated big data computerized algorithm that used keywords and phrases to retrieve data from the database. 12,799 burn injuries were found presented in 65,536 burn-related visits which were analyzed according to the demographics, burn mechanism, and military unit. It was observed that most of the burns (70.7%) occurred during routine noncombat setting and there was a gradual decrease in burn injuries during the investigated period, from 17.6% of the cases in 2008 to 2.3% in 2016. Most of the burns occurred in the Air Force (19.4%), and the leading etiology was chemical (35%). The average TBSA was 7.5%. Since most of the burns occurred in a routine setting and were occupational-related, investment in education and improving fire protection has proven itself, leading to the decrease in burn prevalence, we recommend that more emphasis should be given on proper handling of chemicals.