bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective analysis of inpatient polysomnogram characteristics and discharge outcomes in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring home oxygen therapy
Authors: Flores‐Fenlon Nicole , Wright Noah , Lew Cheryl , Stavroudis Theodora A. , Wee Choo Phei , Davidson Ward Sally L. , Bansal Manvi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRationaleLittle is known about the polysomnogram (PSG) characteristics in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), especially severe BPD, who do not need home ventilatory support but are at increased risk for chronic hypoxia and are vulnerable to its effects.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess PSG characteristics and change in discharge outcomes in premature infants with BPD who required oxygen therapy at discharge.MethodsThis is a retrospective chart review of premature infants with BPD who were admitted to a quaternary newborn and infant intensive care unit from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015 and who underwent polysomnography before discharge.Measurements and Main ResultsData from 127 patients were analyzed. The median gestational age of our patients was 26 weeks and 1 day (interquartile range [IQR]: 24.71, 28.86). The majority of the patients had moderate‐to‐severe BPD. The median obstructive apnea−hypopnea index was 5.3 events/h (IQR: 2.2, 10.1). The median oxygen desaturation index was 15.7 events/h (IQR: 4.7, 35). Nadir oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximeter was 81% (IQR: 76−86) and the arousal/awakening index was 21.9 (IQR: 13.3−30.9). No statistically significant difference was noted between severe and nonsevere BPD groups for PSG characteristics. However, average end‐tidal CO2 was significantly higher in the severe BPD group (p = .0438). Infants in the severe BPD group were intubated longer than infants with nonsevere BPD (p = .0082). The corrected gestational age (CGA) at the time of discharge (CGA‐PSG) and PSG (CGA‐DC) was higher in severe BPD patients but not statistically different. The majority of premature infants who underwent a PSG were discharged home with oxygen, and 69% required a titration of their level of support based on results from the PSG.ConclusionOur results highlight the presence of abnormal PSG characteristics in BPD patients, as early as 43 weeks CGA. These findings have not been previously described in this patient population prior to initial discharge from the hospital. A severe BPD phenotype tends to be associated with higher respiratory morbidity compared with a nonsevere BPD phenotype for the comparable CGA. PSG, when available, may be helpful for individualizing and streamlining treatment in preparation for discharge home and mitigating the effects of intermittent hypoxic episodes.
A statement on the current status and future needs of the pediatric pulmonology workforce: Pipeline Workgroup
Authors: Nelson Benjamin A. , Boyer Debra , Lahiri Thomas , Oermann Christopher M. , Rama Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere is growing concern that current trends in pediatric pulmonology will lead to a workforce shortage resulting in patients having difficulty accessing subspecialty care. As part of the Pediatric Pulmonology Division Directors Association and Pediatric Pulmonary Training Directors Association Workforce Summit, we examined factors affecting the recruitment of learners into pediatric pulmonary fellowship training (PPFT) programs. The goal of our workgroup was to describe these issues and develop a plan to increase the pipeline of learners who ultimately pursue PPFT. Specifically, we summarize factors that impact decisions to undertake PPFT, describe existing initiatives to enhance recruitment, and propose future strategies to increase early career learner interest.
New Approach to Improve Ionic Conductivity at Low Temperature by the Decomposition of KHCO3 in the Nanocomposite Electrolyte @
Authors: Midouni Adnene , Chaouachi Anis , Ben Haj Othmen Walid , Hosni Faouzi , Yahya Mondher , Hichem Hamzaoui Ahmed 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe current work principally treats the significant aspects of solid electrolytes based on cerium oxide in the absence and presence of potassium bicarbonate. The classic oxide electrolyte
(LCDC) and the bicarbonate nanocomposite electrolyte
@KHC
(LCDC@KHC) are synthesized separately via self‐combustion and co‐precipitation techniques. Structural, thermal, electro‐morphological and electrochemical properties of pure LCDC and nanocomposite material LCDC@KHC are carefully examined. In particular, the influence of the heavily coupling amongst LCDC oxide and KHCO3 bicarbonate on the microstructures and ionic conductivities of KHCO3‐coated nanocrystalline LCDC is studied by TG/DTA, Raman, FEGSEM and AC impedance spectroscopy. Thermal analyses show that the LCDC@KHC nacomposite is stable at a temperature below 122 °C. Beyond this temperature, the LCDC@KHC
nanocomposite is transformed into a LCDC@
nanocomposite. XRD data confirms that the LCDC phase and the various nanocomposite materials LCDC@KHC, sintering at different temperatures, adopt the fluorite structure. Lattice parameters and bond lengths are determined by Rietveld refinement. The ionic conductivity of bicarbonate nanocomposite electrolyte LCDC@KHC is 100 to 1000 times higher than that of the novel classic electrolyte LCDC. The remarkable enhancement of conductivity as a function of temperature rise is correlated to the presence of potassium in two forms: bicarbonate and carbonate in the LCDC@
nanocomposite electrolyte.
One‐pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4H‐chromenes Derivatives in Aqueous Solution of Choline Hydroxide
Authors: Li Lingjun , Bai Lili , Li Jingjing , Feng Wanlu , Fan Dongshuang , Li Qixing , Zhu Anlian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract2‐Amino‐4H‐chromenes have showed broad bioactivities and attracted great attention in synthetic chemistry. Here, the aqueous solution of choline hydroxide was found to be an efficient catalytic system for the one‐pot synthesis of 2‐amino‐4H‐chromenes under room temperature. Various aldehydes, malononitrile and phenols could be converted to the corresponding 2‐amino‐4H‐chromenes smoothly with good to excellent isolated yields. This catalytic system had high chemo‐selectivity with biocompatible catalyst in green solvents, water. Its operation and work‐up procedures were very simple, and importantly, the target compounds could be obtained from simple centrifugation and washing procedures, no column purification was needed. In addition, the catalytic system involving choline hydroxide and water could be easily reused for at least five cycles with high activity. The above advantages made this catalytic system promising in the industrial production of 2‐amino‐4H‐chromenes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Phenylalanine Nanotubes as Green pH‐Responsive Drug Nanocarriers
Authors: Rohani Shirvan Anahita , Hemmatinejad Nahid , Bahrami Seyed Hajir , Bashari Azadeh 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe present study is aiming to investigate the potential of phenylalanine amino acid nanotubes (PhNTs) synthesized by a self‐assembly process as an efficient and pH‐responsive green drug nanocarrier for the treatment of oral disease. Phenylalanine was used for the preparation of solutions with three different concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 mg/ml). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images showed that low and high concentrations of phenylalanine solution creates nanospheres and nanowires, respectively rather than tubular‐shaped nanostructures. In contrast, phenylalanine nanotubes were synthesized by medium concentration (0.5 mg/ml). The tubular shape and nanoscale diameter of the synthesized PhNTs were characterized by FESEM, Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). These characterization tests confirmed the synthesis of PhNTs with a tubular shape and nanoscale diameter. In the second stage, metronidazole was loaded into the phenylalanine‐based nanostructures as an effective drug for oral disorders. The results indicated that nanospheres and nanowires show drug loading efficiency of 49 % and 58 %, respectively, after 48 h of incubation time. Whereas, the drug loading efficiency for nanotubes was 91 %. The results from the FTIR analysis and UV‐vis spectroscopy verified the presence of metronidazole into the hollow structure of PhNT. While a burst drug release was observed for nanospheres and nanowires, PhNTs showed a well‐controlled release of metronidazole up to 95 % at oral pH, which is best fitted to the Weibull model. Subsequently, the cell viability of phenylalanine‐based nanostructures was assessed by MTT test on L929 fibroblast cell line.
Conversion of β‐Nitrostyrenes to Naphthofurans via a Cascade Reaction with α‐ and β‐Naphthols
Authors: Abtahi Bahareh , Tavakol Hossein 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA safe and straightforward method has been developed for the synthesis of various naphthofurans derivatives from readily available α,β‐unsaturated nitroalkenes and naphthols in ChCl/ZnCl2 DES media via a cascade reaction. The employed methodology is solvent‐free, and ChCl/ZnCl2 DES is applied with the reaction media and catalyst dual roles. Via this reaction, 13 different naphthofuran derivatives, starting from both α‐ ad β‐naphthols have been prepared at 60 °C in 4 h with 86–94 % yields.
Supramolecular Assemblies Constructed from Cucurbit[8]uril and N‐Alkyl Carboxymethylbenzotriazole through Host‐Guest Interactions
Authors: Zhang Pan‐Qing , Wang Chuan‐Chuan , Liu Pei‐Pei , Xiao Xin , Ma Da , Li Zhan‐Ting , Yang Bo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDifferent supramolecular self‐assembly between 1‐dodecyl‐3‐carboxymethylbenzotriazole (Lc12), 1‐octyl‐3‐carboxymethylbenzotriazole (Lc8) and 1‐butyl‐3‐carboxymethylbenzotriazole (Lc4) in the solid state and in aqueous solution has been investigated. For Lc12@CB[8] system, 1 : 1 host‐guest complexes were formed in aqueous solution and 2 : 2 host‐guest complexes were formed in the solid state, and the dodecyl chains adopted contorted conformations when bound to CB[8] molecules. For Lc8@CB[8] system, 1 : 1 host‐guest complexes were formed both in aqueous solution and in solid state, and the alkyl chain and benzotriazole moiety of guest Lc8 were both squeezed into the cavity of the CB[8]. The Lc4@CB[8] system was similar to Lc8@CB[8], 1 : 1 host‐guest complexes were formed in aqueous solution, the alkyl chain and benzotriazole moiety of guest Lc4 were encapsulated into the cavity of the CB[8]. Isothermal titrations in water afforded high apparent association constants for complexes Lc12@CB[8], Lc8@CB[8]and Lc4@CB[8].
An Innovative Method for Large‐Scale Synthesis of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets by Liquid Phase Exfoliation
Authors: Mittal Neha , Kedawat Garima , Kanika  , Gupta Sarika , Kumar Gupta Bipin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h‐BNNSs), the geometry similar to that of two‐dimensional (2D) graphene has engrossed substantial attention due to its promising superior thermal, electrical, and dielectric properties for both fundamental studies as well as potential applications. Due to the strong covalent bond interactions in bulk hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), the high yield synthesis of large‐size h‐BNNSs is still a challenging task. In this report, a facile and innovative mixed solvent was carried out in the liquid phase exfoliation method via ultra‐sonication to obtain h‐BNNSs in large quality. The mixed solventconsisting of a mixture of Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and De‐ionized (DI) water (in 3 : 7 ratio) is used for the highly efficient and cost‐effective synthesis of h‐BNNSs. In an optimized condition, the production yield of h‐BNNSs is approximately 90 % with a concentration of 0.6mg/mL. Here, the Lewis acid‐base interaction mechanism is responsible for the exfoliation of h‐BN due to the electron deficient boron atoms. The exfoliated ultra‐thin h‐BNNSs show better results, which is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Hence, our study provides a simple, large scale and economical exfoliation approach for the preparation of h‐BNNSs in next generation potential applications.
Synthesis ofα‐Hydroxyphosphonates Containing Functionalized 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Lima Yanka R. , Da Costa Gabriel P. , Xavier Maurício C. D. F. , De Moraes Maiara C. , Barcellos Thiago , Alves Diego , Silva Márcio S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHerein, we described a simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis ofα‐hydroxyphosphonates containing 1,2,3‐triazole moiety in their structures under mild conditions. This approach was performed by Abramov reaction in a solvent‐free system, using Na2CO3as catalyst at 70 °C, which provided the desired products from moderate to excellent yields. The substrate scope was effective for different organic functions, such as ester, ketone, and amide. The synthetic route is modulated by the presence of a bulky group at the hydrophosphoryl reagent, avoiding steric hindrance, since the Abramov reaction can be approached before the Click‐Chemistry protocol. The synthesis can also be carried out in aone‐potmethod, minimizing costs, and without side reactions. Additionally, the chiral discrimination of the synthesized products was easily accessed by1H and31P nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, using a chiral solvating agent.
New Insight into the Mechanism of Multivalent Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor: From the Effect of Potential Window Viewpoint
Authors: Liu Yupeng , Zhang Yaxiong , Sun Zhenheng , Cheng Situo , Cui Peng , Wu Yin , Zhang Junli , Fu Jiecai , Xie Erqing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMultivalent ion hybrid supercapacitors have been developed as the novel electrochemical energy storage systems due to their combined merits of high energy density and high power density. Nevertheless, there are still some challenges due to the limited understanding of the electrochemical behaviors of multivalent ions in the electrode materials, which greatly hinders the large scale applications of its based hybrid supercapacitors. Herein, the long‐term electrochemical behaviors of MnO2‐based electrode in the divalent Mg2+ ions electrolyte are systematically studied and linked with the morphological and electronic evolution of MnO2 by cycling at different potential windows (spanning to 1.2 V). It reveals that the different potential windows result in the different electrochemical behaviors, which can be divided into two ranges (below and above −0.2 V). And, the electrode cycled at a potential window of 0–1.2 V delivers the highest capacitance of 967 F g−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1, in which the MnO2 is transformed into a uniformly distributed and nonagglomerated nanoflake morphology promoting the intercalation and deintercalation of Mg2+ ions. This study will enrich the understanding of the charge storage mechanism of multivalent ions and provide significant guidance on the performance improvement of the hybrid supercapacitors.
Inorganic Photonic Microspheres with Localized Concentric Ordering for Deep Pattern Encoding and Triple Sensory Microsensor
Authors: Niu Wenbin , Wang Xiao , Zheng Yu , Wu Shuwang , Hua Mutian , Wang Yunpeng , Zhang Xiaohe , Tok Alfred Iing Yoong , He Ximin , Zhang Shufen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhotonic microspheres offer building units with unique topological structures and specific optical functions for diverse applications. Here, a new class of inorganic photonic microspheres with superior robustness, optical and electrical properties is reported by introducing a unique localized concentric ordering architecture and chemical interaction, which further serve as building blocks for deep pattern encoding and multiple sensory optoelectronic devices. Benefiting from localized concentric ordering architecture, the resultant photonic microspheres demonstrate orientation‐ and angle‐independent structural colors. Notably, the formation of well‐combined lamellae inorganic layers by chemical interaction grants the microspheres superior mechanical robustness, excellent solvent resistance, thermal stability, and multiple optoelectronic properties simultaneously, rarely seen in previous reports. Owing to these merits, such microspheres are used to construct diverse encoded photonic patterns for anti‐counterfeiting applications. Interestingly, cross‐communication among neighboring microspheres creates complex photonic sub‐patterns, which provide “fingerprint information” with deep encryption security. Moreover, a single photonic microsphere‐based optoelectronic microsensor is demonstrated for the first time, which achieves appealing application for real‐time health monitoring and safety warning toward triple environmental stimuli. This work not only provides a new kind of robust, multifunctional photonic material, but also opens a new avenue for their uses as complexed pattern encoding and multi‐parametric sensing platforms.
Enhanced Spatial Light Confinement of All Inorganic Perovskite Photodetectors Based on Hybrid Plasmonic Nanostructures
Authors: Li Ming‐Yu , Shen Kai , Xu Hao , Ren Aobo , Lee Jihoon , Kunwar Sundar , Liu Sisi , Wu Jiang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract3D incident light confinement by radical electromagnetic fields offers a facile and novel way to break through the performance limit of inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs). Herein, metallic nanoparticles decorated anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) hybrid plasmonic nanostructures with geometric control are first proposed for cyclic light utilization of perovskite photodetectors, enabled by spatially extended light confinement. The drastic multiple interference induced by plasmonic coupling within AAO matrixes are generated as a function of pore sizes, which can effectively collect the transmitted photons back to the surface. In addition, the self‐assembled metallic nanoparticles simultaneously concentrate the incident and reflected light beams into the CsPbBr3 QD layers. The light confinement inherently stems from the metallic nanoparticles due to the variation of the near surface electromagnetic fields. As a result, perovskite photodetectors based on Al nanoparticles/AAO hybrid plasmonic nanostructures with a pore size of 220 nm exhibit enhanced photoresponse behavior with remarkably increased photocurrent by ≈43× and maintain low dark current under 490 nm light illumination at 1 V.
Characterization and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides from Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Leaves
Authors: Wang Libo , Gao Jingyu , Li Lianyu , Huang Jing , Yang Yu , Xu Yaqin , Wang Yabin , Liu Yong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA dandelion leaf polysaccharide (DLP) with a sugar content of 46.53 ± 2.22% is isolated using ultrasonic‐assisted enzymatic extraction. The DLP contains two polysaccharide fractions with respective molecular weights (Mw) of 1900 and 22 800 g mol−1. Gas chromatography analysis reveals a composition of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. DLP displays excellent water holding and oil holding capacities, along with a moderate emulsifying activity and stability. Following simulated digestion in vitro, DLP can exist stably in the digestive system (saliva, gastric, and small intestine) without degradation. Furthermore, DLP possesses prebiotic properties and could be utilized as a carbon source.
Pore water isotope fingerprints to understand the spatiotemporal groundwater recharge variability in ungauged watersheds
Authors: Mattei Alexandra , Barbecot Florent , Goblet Patrick , Guillon Sophie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReliable groundwater recharge quantification at the regional scale (e.g., watershed or subwatershed) is fundamental to sustainable water resource management. Although modeling at the watershed scale is gaining wide support, the long‐term monitoring needed for model calibration is often not readily available, as many watersheds worldwide remain ungauged. In response to this situation, we propose a new approach to estimate groundwater recharge at the watershed scale. This approach is fast and accurate and takes into account the existing variability without requiring long‐term monitoring. Only a single field campaign to acquire soil water content and pore water isotopic composition depth profiles is needed. The principle is to extend a physically based, one‐dimensional unsaturated zone flow model from the local (i.e., profile) to the watershed scale, using an index method for distributed recharge based on a GIS. The methodology was validated in a gauged watershed, where previous studies have estimated recharge using a spatialized water balance model calibrated using long‐term discharge monitoring data. Scaling was investigated by comparing recharge values obtained using the local‐scale approach at 10 study sites within the watershed with coinciding values obtained at the watershed scale. Recharge values were similar in terms of both dynamics and quantity. Using the pore water isotopic fingerprint of ungauged watersheds is therefore confirmed to be a suitable approach for understanding spatiotemporal recharge variability.
Towards a Political Theory of Democratic Backsliding? Generalising the East Central European Experience
Authors: Karolewski Ireneusz Paweł 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues in favour of a general theory of democratic backsliding which should cover three dimensions: (1) the societal one (changing citizenry), (2) the institutional one (changing institutions of democratic government) and (3) the processual one (the nature of the democratic backsliding itself). Following these aspects, the chapter explores general developments of democratic backsliding, which also apply to East Central Europe. Regarding the societal dimension, it points to changes in the nature of citizenship towards spectatorship and plebiscitary understanding of democracy. Considering the institutional dimension, it focuses on two types of state capture: the party state capture and the corporate state capture. With regard to the processual dimension, the chapter argues that democratic backsliding does not imply fully fledged authoritarianism but rather represents a retrogression to semi-democracy—a potentially stable regime type, in which the dismantling of the rule of law goes hand in hand with cyclical elections preserving democratic standards.
Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe: Major Findings and Avenues for Future Research
Authors: Lorenz Astrid , Anders Lisa H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarises central findings of the volume and discusses avenues for future research. It first presents the insights of the individual chapters and demonstrates for each part of the book how the chapters speak to each other. It then highlights selected key findings, discusses theoretical implications more generally and identifies questions and subject areas for future research.
Illiberal and Anti-EU Politics in the Name of the People? Euroscepticism in East Central Europe 2004–2019 in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Vogel Lars 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes patterns, trends and determinants of public Euroscepticism in East Central Europe (ECE). It investigates whether public opinion on European integration in this region is connected to the contestation of both the immigration policies and the constitutional principles of the EU by the respective national governments. By applying longitudinal and comparative analyses based on European Election Studies from 2004 to 2019, it shows public support for European integration in ECE as more closely linked to instrumental performance assessments than in the EU average and as structured by country-specific rather than region-specific patterns. Cultural issues, like immigration and conceptions of democracy, which dominate ECE governmental politics, are only related to public Euroscepticism in some of those countries. Based on these results, the chapter suggests that the connection between the illiberal and anti-EU politics of ECE national governments and public Euroscepticism is loose and conditional upon the national context.