bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do the Reasons Emerging Adults Become Informal Caregivers Relate to Future Willingness to Care? A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Canell Anastasia , Bashian Hannah , Caskie Grace 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Approximately 12-18% of family caregivers to older adults in the U.S. are emerging adults (aged 18-25), yet minimal research focuses on this subgroup of caregivers (Levine, 2005). Although several theories have developed to explain the growing number of emerging adults assuming informal caregiving roles (e.g., alleviating burden on middle-aged caregivers, family obligation; Dellmann-Jenkins & Brittain, 2003), the reasons why emerging adults become caregivers have not been studied. In the current study, a sample of 248 emerging adult caregivers were asked to describe the circumstances that led to providing unpaid care to an older adult. Using discovery-oriented coding methodology, 11 themes emerged within participants’ responses: care-recipient illness (35.5%), familial relationship (35.5%), care-recipient became dependent (23.8%), proximity (13.7%), only option (10.1%), reciprocal care (8.9%), availability (8.5%), age-related decline (6.9%), monetary restrictions (6.9%), care-recipient desire (6.0%), and community service (4%). Follow-up analyses found that participants who identified familial relationships (e.g., “They are my parents so I felt obligated...”) were less likely to endorse willingness to provide nursing care in the future compared to those who did not identify familial relationships (p=.032). Participants who identified care-recipient dependency as a circumstance leading to caregiving (e.g., “My grandmother fell and was in rehab...”) were more likely to endorse willingness to provide instrumental (p=.034) and emotional (p=.047) care in the future than those who did not identify care-recipient dependency. These results demonstrate the unique reasons that may lead emerging adults to begin caregiving and how these reasons relate to future willingness to care for an older adult.
Does Instruction Improve Older Adults’ Knowledge of Memory Aging?
Authors: Turner Rachael , Reese Celinda , Brigman Susan , Cherry Katie E 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Memory loss happens in later life. For cognitively healthy older adults, deficits in memory in everyday life may be frustrating, but are less severe compared to the memory dysfunction observed in persons with progressive dementia syndromes, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Normal memory aging has been defined as benign memory deficits due to genuine maturational processes in otherwise healthy older adults. Pathological memory aging has been defined as memory dysfunction due to non-normative factors such as disease or trauma to the brain (Cherry & Smith, 1998). In the present research, we examined the effects of instruction on knowledge of memory aging issues among community-dwelling older adults. Participants ranged in age from 59 to 94 years. All were enrolled in a six-week lecture series on cognition in later life. They completed the Knowledge of Memory Aging Questionnaire (KMAQ: Cherry, Brigman, Hawley, & Reese, 2003) before and after the series. Results indicated that their knowledge of pathological memory aging was greater than their knowledge of normal memory aging, as expected. Importantly, both normal and pathological types of knowledge were impacted by instruction, as post-test scores were higher than pre-test scores for both scales. In addition, a select set of items reflecting ageist views were also impacted by instruction; scores on this subset were significantly improved (less reflective of ageist stereotypes) at the end of the lecture series. Implications for the design of educational programs on adult cognition for community-dwelling older adults are considered.
Heart and Mind: Essential Components in Sound Decision-Making
Authors: Clark Michaela , Patrick Julie Hicks , Reardon Michaela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Consumer tasks permit an ecologically-valid context in which to examine the contributions of affective and cognitive resources to decision-making processes and outcomes. Although previous work shows that cognitive factors are important when individuals make decisions (Patrick et al., 2013; Queen et al.), the role of affective components is less clear. We examine these issues in two studies. Study 1 used data from 1000+ adults to inform a cluster analysis examining affective aspects (importance, meaningfulness) of making different types of decisions. A 4-cluster solution resulted. In Study 2, we used affective cluster membership and cognitive performance as predictors of experimental decision-making outcomes among a subset of participants (N = 60). Results of the regression (F(2, 40) = 6.51, p &lt; .01, R2 = .25.) revealed that both the affective clusters (b = .37, p = .01) and cognitive ability (b = -.30, p = .04) uniquely contributed to the variance explained in decision quality. Age did not uniquely contribute. Results are discussed in the context of developing measures that enable us to move the field forward.
Movement Therapy and Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A 10-Year Study
Authors: Bhattacharyya Kallol Kumar , Meng Hongdao , Hueluer Gizem , Hyer Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cognitive function is an important component of healthy aging and physical activities have been shown to support late life cognitive function. However, it is unclear whether non-traditional physical activities provide additional benefits for cognitive function above and beyond traditional leisure physical activities. This study examines the associations between movement therapy and cognitive function in the US population. We used data from the waves 1, 2 and 3 (1995-2014) of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. MIDUS included a national probability sample of community-living adults aged 25-75 years old in 1995 (wave 1) and added the wave 2 cognitive functioning tests of executive function and episodic memory. We applied multivariate linear regression models to estimate the effect of movement therapy (wave 2) on the cognitive episodic memory and executive function (wave 3) while controlling the covariates (wave 2 sociodemographic factors, health, and cognitive function). A total of 2097 individuals aged 42-92 years (mean 64.4, sd 10.9, 55.6% women) were included in the analysis. Movement therapy was independently associated with better episodic memory (beta=0.117, p=0.02), but not with executive function (beta=0.039, p=0.14), after including control variables. The results suggest that movement therapy may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention to attenuate age-related cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults. Future research should test whether these findings can be replicated in similar populations and if confirmed, interventions should incorporate a wider range of physical activities in community-living older adults with the goal of maintaining and improving physical and cognitive health.
Retirement Planning: Reimagined and Revamped for Successful Aging
Authors: Nagaich Rajiv , Redfield Carol , Harvill Ben , Schill Scott 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
What grade should current retirement planning programs receive in which thousands of Americans participated in for their third segment of life? If success is measured by basic goal achievements that most desire (i.e. financial security, not be a burden, and avoiding institutional living), then we have failed significantly. Ninety percent of the population want to age in their own home, yet, only 30% get to. Sixty-six percent report that their employers did “nothing” to help with retirement transition; another 16% state “not sure” to what employers actually did. Seventy percent will travel through Long Term Care services in their lifetime, yet only 8% have LTC insurance. Only one-fourth of Baby Boomers are confident that they will have enough money to last through retirement. Retirement contribution starts with the first paycheck followed by 3-4 decades of employment with possible access to retirement preparedness counsel. Why, then, has planning fall short of being adequate? Are individuals too trusting of the programs from their employers or financial advisors that they don’t question completeness? Are professionals practicing in siloed spaces that they fail to realize their services may impact client’s other areas of life, especially, last years of life? Why is there a lack in a multi-disciplinary team approach which can ensure better predictability of outcomes? We propose a multi-pronged, integrated program: LifePlanning Model, which includes a coordinated, multi-disciplinary approach with a pull-it-together focus for the emerging retiree. The wholistic-based framework guides people through issues in the health, housing, financial, legal and family domains.
Mediating Role of Trait Mindfulness on the Relationships Between Age and Both Depressive and Anxiety Symptomology
Authors: Howard Scotti , Allard Eric 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Previous research has shown that despite experiencing more negative life events, older adults maintain relatively high levels of well-being compared to their younger counterparts. This effect appears to be at least partially mediated by trait mindfulness in older adults (Raes et al., 2013). The current study expanded into an investigation as to how trait mindfulness might intervene on the relationship between age and other well-being indicators: anxiety and depressive symptomology. Participants included 30 older adults (aged 60-83) and 41 young adults (aged 18-35). Trait mindfulness was examined using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), while depressive symptoms and trait anxiety were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively. Two separate mediated multiple regression models were conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro in SPSS. Trait mindfulness exhibited a significant indirect effect on the relationship between age and depressive symptoms (β = -2.27, p &lt; .005), which was also seen for the relationship between age and trait anxiety (β = -4.17, p &lt; .001). Older age predicted higher trait mindfulness, which in turn predicted diminished self-reported anxiety and depressive symptomology. Controlling for mindfulness in these models reduced the direct effect of age on depression and anxiety to non-significance. These findings imply that the relationship between age and trait mindfulness can be extended to alternative markers of well-being.
The Effect of Anxiety on Regional Brain Volumes in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set
Authors: Burke Shanna , Li Tan , Grudzien Adrienne , Barnes Christopher , Hanson Kevin , DeKosky Steven 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Anxiety has been associated with greater risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and existing research has identified structural differences in regional brain tissue in anxious compared to healthy samples, but results have been variable and somewhat inconsistent. We sought to determine the effect of anxiety on regional brain volumes by cognitive and apolipoprotein e (APOE) e4 status using data from a large, national dataset. A secondary analysis of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform (NACC) Data Set was conducted using complete MRI data from 1,371 participants (mean age: 70.5; SD: 11.7). Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the adjusted effect of anxiety (via the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire) on regional brain volumes through measurement of 30 structural MRI biomarkers. Anxiety was associated with lower total brain and total cortical gray matter volumes and increased lateral ventricular volume (p&lt;.05). Lower mean volumes were also observed in all hippocampal, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and right occipital lobe volumes among participants who reported anxiety. Conversely, greater ventricular volumes were also correlated with anxiety. Findings suggest that anxiety is associated with significant atrophy in multiple brain regions and ventricular enlargement, even after controlling for intracranial volume and demographic covariates. Anxiety-related changes to brain morphology may contribute to greater AD risk.
An Examination of the Meikirch Model’s Multidimensional Definition of Health and Aging
Authors: Dorman Hillary , Allen Rebecca , Parmelee Patricia , McGuire Lisa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present study used the CDC’s 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the Meikirch model’s theoretical definition of health and aging. This biopsychosocial and ecological framework considers the dynamic interplay between an individual’s biology, health behavior and health potential, social surroundings, physical environment, and demands of living on both mental and physical health outcomes. A total sample of 96,568 adults were included with a mean age of 66.05 years (SD = 9.91). Individuals were classified in the following age groups: 43% middle-aged (45-64 years), 33% young-old (65-74 years), and 25% old-old adults (75+ years). The sample was largely female (61%), Non-Hispanic White (86%), and urban (67%). A CFA and WLSMV estimation was used to assess each latent construct. The overall SEM model was found to be a good fit (RMSEA=0.05, CFI=0.94, TLI=0.90), explained a significant portion of the variance in the health outcome (65%), and appeared to mimic prior literature on health variable relationships. An important finding within this study suggests the significant relationship between education, personally acquired potential, and health outcome variables. Underscoring health education and health literacy interventions may positively promote a person’s health behavior, resource access, and health outcomes across the lifespan. The Meikirch model can be used as a framework in public health interventions to better understand health adaptation, as well as behavioral risks and systematic hurdles. Overall, the study emphasizes how understanding health is not exclusively an individual hurdle to tackle, but a communal goal.
Food Insecurity Among Older Adults: A Transprofessional, Community-Based Collaboration
Authors: Girouard Shirley , Solloway Michele 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To address inequities related to food insecurity among older adults, a better understanding of the phenomenon was needed. An innovative screening tool to distinguish among high, medium and low risk and that considers cultural preferences related to food acquisition and related behaviors was developed and piloted. Screenings and healthy eating education were offered at health fairs and other community events. Information about food insecurity and healthy eating as well as resources, such as food maps, guidelines, and food preparation materials were disseminated. Preliminary findings suggest that over half of those screened have high levels of food insecurity. Approximately 37% have five or more comorbidities that combined with food insecurity, represent a significant threat to health and well-being. Elected officials and community leaders soon learned about this initiative and sought education and screening for their constituencies. The research and project evaluation will be used in collaboration with these leaders to identify polices at the local, state and federal level to promote health equity and reduce food insecurity disparities. Efforts are under development to integrate the new screening and referral mechanisms in community-based primary care practices.
Associations Between the Five Factor Model of Personality and Dementia-Related Anxiety
Authors: Yun Stacy , Stone Lisa , Furr Evan , Maxfield Molly 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Five Factor Model (FFM) of normative personality is predictive of long-term outcomes, including well-being and anxiety. For example, people with anxiety disorders often report high Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness (Kotov et al., 2010). Dementia-related anxiety (DRA) is concern about developing dementia that can occur in individuals of any age and cognitive status (Kessler et al., 2012). This study assessed associations between the FFM and DRA and the extent to which other factors, such as demographics and variables related to DRA (i.e., external locus of control and lacking knowledge of dementia), contributed to relationships. Participants (N = 664; aged 18 to 81; M = 30.24) completed measures of the FFM, DRA, locus of control, and dementia knowledge. Hierarchical regression (block 1: basic demographics, block 2: DRA-related variables, and block 3: FFM) was computed. The set of predictors explained 17.9% of the variance in DRA, F(14, 623) = 9.69, p &lt; 001. Being older, partnered, low on Conscientiousness and Openness, and having greater external locus of control and less dementia knowledge predicted higher DRA (p-values &lt; .05). Surprisingly, Neuroticism was not predictive of DRA after controlling for demographic and DRA-related factors, indicating that the trait-like tendency towards emotional instability does not explain DRA. Longitudinal research can explore the course of relationships among Conscientiousness, Openness, and DRA over time to further examine significant effects of age, as expressions of personality change across the lifespan. Research targeting potentially modifiable factors (i.e., dementia knowledge) could help identify methods of reducing DRA.
Childhood Socioeconomic Status, Adult Personality, and Cognition: Early Indicators of Cognitive Impairment in Old Age
Authors: Sesker Amanda , Strickhouser Jason , Súilleabháin Páraic Ó , Terracciano Antonio , Sutin Angelina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the association between childhood socioeconomic status (cSES) risk of cognitive impairment but not dementia (CIND), cognitive impairment (dementia or CIND), and dementia and whether adult personality mediated this association. A sample of 10,289 participants (aged 50 and older) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were followed across 2-year periods between 2006 - 2018. Estimates of mediation effects in Cox Proportional Hazards regressions were conducted using Mplus software to approximate the total effects of cSES on the cognitive outcomes and the natural indirect effects and natural direct effects derived when personality causally mediated this outcome. cSES was associated with increased risk of all three cognitive outcomes. Conscientiousness partially mediated the relationship between cSES and dementia, CIND, and cognitive impairment risk while neuroticism partially mediated dementia and impairment, but not CIND. Personality improved the overall model fit between cSES and both CIND and impairment, and conscientiousness was specifically associated with significantly lowered cognitive impairment risk over time. Conscientiousness and neuroticism substantially mediated the relationship between cSES and risk of impairment in old age. This research adds to lifespan models and suggests that distinct personality traits attenuate early childhood factors that contribute to lifespan development and cognitive aging. Conscientiousness in particular may act as a protective buffer mediating risk factors associated with cognitive impairment in old age.
Convergence Between DSM-5 Section II and III Models of Personality Disorders Among Older Adults
Authors: Stone Lisa , Segal Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction: The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is a measure of the alternative model of personality disorders (PDs), proposed in Section III of the DSM-5, but the PID-5 has limited evidence of validity for use among older adults. This study examined the validity of the alternate model through associations with the 10 traditional PDs in DSM-5. It was hypothesized that the PID-5 would relate to the traditional PDs in patterns predicted by the alternate model. Method: Older adults (N = 202) completed the PID-5 and the Coolidge Axis II Inventory (CATI), a measurement of the 10 PDs. Results: Correlations were computed between the PID-5’s 25 facets and the CATI’s 10 PD scales. All facets were found to significantly (p &lt; .001) and positively correlate with all 10 PD scales, with large effect sizes (&gt; .30). Next, regressions were conducted, with the PID-5 facets predicting each PD scale. Overall, across the 10 regression analyses, the PID-5 facets accounted for significant variance in the CATI PD scales, ranging from 64% (Avoidant) to 71% (Obsessive-Compulsive). Discussion: Although some DSM-5 hypothesized facets were significant predictors, many unexpected significant relationships were also detected. Of the 10 PD models, seven models included more unpredicted significant traits than predicted ones; two models included more significant predicted traits than unpredicted ones; one model included an equal number of predicted and unpredicted significant traits. We found substantially more overlap between the PID-5 and CATI than anticipated in unpredicted directions, suggesting that the PID-5 has good specificity but lacks sensitivity.
Personality and Well-Being in Old Age
Authors: Paul Constanca 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Personality is a controversial issues in Geropsychology. It is generally accepted that personality is relatively stable through life and plays a relevant role in life style and wellbeing. We assessed Personality with NEO (Neuroticism, Extroversion and Openness) in a community sample of 1322 individuals 55+ years, mean age 70.4 (sd=8.6) years, 71% women. The means were: Neuroticism 34.06(sd. 5.1); Extroversion 41.25(sd. 4.05), Openness 37.37(sd. 3.82), around 10 points higher than the normative Portuguese data. Considering the highest values of the 3th tertil in each domain, women have higher Neuroticism differing from men (p=0.001), and values raise with age along 3 age groups (p=0.001); Neuroticism has significant positive correlations (p&lt;0.01) with loneliness, sleep problems, psychological distress, difficulties in ADL and IADL and self-perception of health, and negative correlations with social network, happiness and cognitive capacity. Extroversion do not differ between gender and varies by age group (p=0,04) in U inverted form. Extroversion is positively correlated with happiness and negatively with loneliness, self-perception of health, psychological distress, difficulties in ADL and IADL. Openness does not differ by gender but differ between age groups (p=0.18) in U shape and correlates negatively with cognitive capacity, and social network. Personality traits appear very relevant for successful aging as facilitators or risk factors of physical and mental health, and should be addressed to foster adaptation in old age.