bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a comprehensive account of the relevant Patristic and Medieval background to debates surrounding the communicatio idiomatum. It focuses on the nature and grounding of the hypostatic union, and provides a taxonomy of different Christological semantics, in order to identify the precise views adopted by the protagonists in the debates. It suggests that a fundamental fault line in Reformation debates lies between those theologians who accept that the divine person is the ontological bearer of his human accidents, and those who do not. It also provides an extensive introduction to the varieties of theorizing found in relation to the communicatio idiomatum itself.
Coda
Authors: Jahner Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The conclusion to the book expands the terrain of “jurisdictional poetics” to include both contemporary and medieval poetry. It begins with the work of Carter Revard, Osage poet and medievalist, whose discovery of the scribe of Harley 2253 has fundamentally shaped contemporary scholarship on legal and literary copying in later medieval England. His poem “Starring America” provides an entry point into the tensions between epic and local histories that resonate as well in a set of cross-Channel satires that date to the time of the Second Barons’ War. The coda examines the earliest surviving Middle English sirventes, “Richard of Almaigne,” alongside two French satires on the English revolt, the Pais aus Englois and La chartre de la pais aus Englois. In both cases, language difference serves as a synecdoche for territorial dominion, parsing the boundaries between political desire and legal authority.
Fear Itself
Authors: Marsh John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter begins with perhaps the most famous quotation to emerge from the Great Depression: Franklin Roosevelt’s assertion that the only thing Americans had to fear was fear itself, which sounds good in theory but may not have reflected reality. To test that reading, the chapter examines various sources of fear in the Great Depression: a serial murderer in Cleveland; the polio epidemic that broke out in New York City in the summer of 1931; and the nearly constant fear of unemployment that characterized life during the Great Depression and made its way into the fiction of the period, including Helen Hunt’s Hardy Perennial. The chapter argues that what these sources have in common is a concern for the purity and autonomy of being, the nature or essence of a person, and the dread that such being might be violated and despoiled by impersonal but malevolent forces.
Awe
Authors: Marsh John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
By awe, philosophers and psychologists mean the sensation that overcomes someone in the presence of something simultaneously vast, powerful, and, when compared to humans, strangely humbling. The chapter begins with a review of amazing discoveries such as island universes, the expanding universe, and the Big Bang that altered the understanding of the universe and made the solar system “seem but a speck of dust in infinite space.” It then turns to other sources of awe, or the Depression sublime: the Empire State Building; Jesse Owens’s record-setting long jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympics; the moral heroism of the Joads in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath; and James Agee and Walker Evans’s deification of tenant farmers in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Whereas most accounts of the sublime involve the vastness of nature overwhelming human beings, during the Depression human beings themselves became a source of the sublime.
Architectural Restoration and Heritage in Imperial Rome
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This book addresses the treatment and perception of historic buildings in imperial Rome, examining the ways in which public monuments were restored in order to develop an understanding of the Roman concept of built heritage. The study considers examples from the first century bc to second century ad, focusing primarily on the six decades between the Great Fire of ad 64 and the ad 120s, a period of dramatic urban transformation and architectural innovation in Rome. Through analysing how the design, materiality, and appearance of buildings, including the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and hut of Romulus, developed with successive restorations, the case is made for the existence of a consistent approach to the treatment of historic buildings in this period. With the purpose of uncovering attitudes to built heritage in Roman society more widely, the book also explores how changes to particular monuments and the urban fabric as a whole was received by the people who experienced it first-hand. By examining descriptions of destruction and restoration in literature of the first and second centuries ad, including the works of Seneca the Younger, Pliny the Elder, Martial, Tacitus, and Plutarch, a picture is formed of the conflicting ways in which Rome’s inhabitants responded to the redevelopment of their city. The results provide an alternative way of explaining key interventions in Rome’s built environment and challenge ideas that heritage is a purely modern phenomenon.
The Restorations of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the three reconstructions of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Examining the archaeological, textual, and visual evidence for the appearance of the Catulan, Vespasianic, and Domitianic versions of the temple, it charts how the Capitolium became physically larger and materially grander with each phase. In this way, it is possible to see how the temple retained its nominal identity and accumulated historical associations, while the architecture of the original building was not preserved. Particular attention is also given to the consistent retention of the original footprint of the building in the successive restorations. Contrary to previous interpretations that emphasize political and ideological reasons for this decision, by examining the involvement of haruspices the case is made that the continuity was singularly an act of religious veneration.
The Casa Romuli Anomaly
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Casa Romuli, the thatched hut associated with the city’s founder Romulus and held up as an exemplum of Rome’s origins. Contrary to other examples discussed in the book, this structure consistently retained its original form and the same type of materials when rebuilt. However, in this instance, too, the case is made that the architectural continuity was not motivated by an overt attempt to preserve the historic appearance of the building, but was instead a consequence of other influences. By drawing a comparison with the maintenance of the Pons Sublicius, a new interpretation of the hut is proposed and the relevance of religious agency in matters of built heritage is again brought to the fore.
Introduction
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The cityscape of republican and imperial Rome was invested with historic significance by its inhabitants. Yet this historic built environment was not static, but subject to destruction and redevelopment. Consequently, Rome’s historic buildings could not simply exist independent of any intervention, but needed to be physically engaged with by the city’s inhabitants. It is the manner in which this was done and how this was perceived that is the subject of this book, with the aim of developing an understanding of the Roman concept of built heritage. The Introduction aims to illustrate some of the importance of, and difficulties with, examining architectural restoration and attitudes to heritage in ancient Roman society through a comparison with the Golden Pavilion Temple in Japan. The Introduction also provides a chapter outline, explaining how the arguments in the rest of the book will unfold.
Rewriting the History of the Law of Nations
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the interwar years, international lawyer James Brown Scott wrote a series of works on the history of his discipline. He made the case that the foundation of modern international law rested not, as most assumed, with the seventeenth-century Dutch thinker Hugo Grotius, but with sixteenth-century Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria. Far from being an antiquarian assertion, the Spanish origin narrative placed the inception of international law in the context of the discovery of America, rather than in the European wars of religion. The recognition of equal rights to the American natives by Vitoria was the pedigree on which Scott built a progressive international law, responsive to the rise of the United States as the leading global power and developments in international organization such as the creation of the League of Nations. The book describes the Spanish origin project in context, relying on Scott’s biography, changes in the self-understanding of the international legal profession, as well as on larger social and political trends in US and global history. Keeping in mind Vitoria’s persisting role as a key figure in the canon of international legal history, the book sheds light on the contingency of shared assumptions about the discipline and their unspoken implications. The legacy of the international law Scott developed for the American century is still with the profession today, in the shape of the normalization and de-politicization of rights language and of key concepts like equality and rule of law.
Prologue. The Education of James Brown Scott, 1866–1896
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The book begins with a short prologue, outlining James Brown Scott’s early life and education. It first describes the religious and cultural upbringing provided by his family. Later, after brilliantly concluding high-school studies in Philadelphia, Scott attended Harvard College, fulfilling a wish of his late father. There he first encountered international law and the case method, thanks to his instructor Freeman Snow. Following doctoral studies in Germany, Scott returned to the United States in 1896, when he was thirty years old, Scott recited his first preserved public speech on international law in Los Angeles. The prologue ends with an analysis of the speech, which already contained many themes that Scott would rehearse for the rest of his career.
International Law as Faith. The Cuban Intervention and the Narrative of 1898
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The second chapter illustrates the function of faith in James Brown Scott’s theory of international law through an account of his understanding of the role of the United States in American continental relations. Section 1 introduces James Brown Scott’s 1917 speech on the Platt Amendment. Taking the speech as a point of departure, it traces the connection between the rise of international law and US–Cuba relations at the turn of the century. Section 2 describes the rise of humanitarianism in the United States in the late nineteenth century and its religious inspiration. This development would provide the ideological foundations for the narrative of the selfless empire that supported the 1898 US intervention in Cuba. Section 3 begins with a textual analysis of Scott’s speech and connects it with the narrative of 1898. It continues by illustrating the ambivalent relationship of the narrative with concrete US policies toward Cuba and Latin America in the early twentieth century.
International Law as Science. Scott’s Historical Case for Adjudication and the Fight against Collective Security
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The third chapter revolves around the series of books on US constitutional history Scott published at the closing of the Great War. Therein, he fleshed out his case for the creation of an international court as the best tool toward the achievement of a long-lasting global peace. The first section describes Scott’s Armistice books and their background, explaining the foundations and development of the rationalist legal theory of adjudication that inspired them. The second section goes deeper into the content of the most significant of the books, The United States: A Study in International Organization, in order to contextualize it and relate it to the political debates in which it intervened. The third and closing section is centered on Scott’s role in the debate over the League of Nations Covenant and collective security in the United States.
The Spanish Origin of International Law
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The fourth chapter details the conditions that led to the inception of the campaign for the Salamancan origin and describes its early phase. The first section of the chapter describes the origin of the series Classics of International Law, edited by Scott, which occasioned his collaboration with Nys for the publication of Vitoria’s lectures. Section 2 tracks the most immediate conditions of possibility leading to Scott’s earliest formulation of the Spanish origin, including a renewed interested in the history of international law. Section 3 describes how Scott turned his theory of the Salamancan origin into a campaign, first by enlisting allies, such as Camilo Barcia Trelles, among Spanish international lawyers and later by spreading his ideas within his network in Latin America. The chapter ends with an account of the publication and content of Scott’s first book on the topic, The Spanish Origin of International Law, which appeared in 1928.
The Catholic Conception of International Law
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The fifth chapter tracks Scott’s fascination with Catholicism and his attempts to persuade the Vatican to endorse the brand of international law he championed as conducive to global peace. The first section provides an account of why the Presbyterian Scott believed that the Holy See could play a crucial role in sustaining the moral foundations of global politics. It then moves on to detail Scott’s early approaches to the Curia, marred by the outbreak of the First World War. Section 2 describes how, in the postwar years, Scott was influenced by a Neo-Scholastic movement internal to US Catholicism, tracing modern democracy back to Thomist theology. Scott used these lessons to develop further his argument and enlarge the coalition, promoting Vitoria as the founder of international law. Section 3 tells of Scott’s last and best-prepared approach to the Holy See in favor of international law in the mid-1930s.
Concluding Remarks. The Legacy of James Brown Scott and the Responsibilities of International Legal History
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the concluding remarks, I put forward some reflections on Scott’s legacy and the significance of his work to articulate a responsible approach to the history of international law today. The Spanish origin narrative resulted from Scott’s contingent choices, proving his agency in the reshaping of international legal history. A responsible self-understanding of the profession should acknowledge the relevance of individual and collective stances. As international lawyers we are situated political actors. Awareness of this condition should be reflected in the histories we write. Narratives of timeless principles or inevitable progress downplay the concrete role of human action in shaping of the reality we live in. The engaged and responsible historical study of international legal doctrines should instead put close analysis of practice, sociological aspects of the profession, and the social and political stakes lawyers face at its center.
La Démocratie Radicale dans les Discours Légaux Contemporains au Rojava au Cœur de la ‘Crise’ Syrienne
Authors: Kıvılcım Zeynep 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Narratives of the crisis in Syria seem unable to envisage a process for the construction of a space for radical democracy in Rojava (Syrian Kurdistan). The Constitution of Rojava, as well as the Women’s Law adopted in 2014, establish the legal framework for gender equality within every administrative structure. ‘Democratic confederalism’ for Rojava provides us with a novel conception of the internal legitimacy of the state which differs considerably from that adopted by public international law, the latter being rooted in liberal social contract theory. It is also difficult to adapt the international law theory of sovereignty to the radical democracy without a state in the case of Rojava. This chapter sets out a novel conception of the internal legitimacy of the state in the cantons of Rojava from a gender perspective. The aim is to provide a gendered analysis of the realization of the principle of self-determination and to interrogate the new modes of sovereignty offered by radical democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Nicholson Rowan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe introduction poses the question that will be discussed throughout the book: which state-like entities have personality in international law? It begins with an analysis of the term ‘international law’, which on a literal reading is suggestive of law between ‘nations’ rather than merely between ‘states’; something similar is suggested by the names of such organizations as the United Nations. This leads into an explanation of the choice to analyse a wider category of ‘state-like entities’ rather than states alone, a description of the structure and method of the book, and some justifications for investigating the personality of states and other state-like entities in international law.
Conclusion
Authors: Nicholson Rowan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe conclusion ties together the threads of the book and identifies respects in which its focus on state-like entities, rather than on states alone, has proven rewarding. A summary of the theory of statehood presented in the book is provided here in point form. Its key concepts are the effectiveness and recognition norms; the premature-recognition, collective-non-recognition, and unlawful-effectuation exceptions; the right to external self-determination; the definitions of ‘state’ and ‘state-in-context’; and the idea that international law derives validity from a basic self-reproducing circle of norms that includes norms about statehood. It is suggested that the term ‘nation’ evokes the variety of state-like entities to which international law applies.
A primer on respiratory physiology
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
According to the principle ‘before you can do what you want to do, you always have to do something else’, this chapter first delves into the basics of respiratory physiology. It begins with summarizing the physical gas laws and their physiological applications to the core process of respiration: diffusion. The chapter finally arrives at introducing the different gas exchange models that can be observed in the various lineages of animals and the basics of ventilatory mechanics. Equipped with this knowledge, it is hoped that the reader will better understand the functional and evolutionary discussions of the respiratory faculties in the following chapters.
Respiratory faculties of aquatic invertebrates
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of respiratory organs for major water-breathing invertebrate groups. It begins with sponges and cnidarians—groups that have no recognizable respiratory faculty—and continues through the bilaterian lineage, pointing out how bits and pieces of a respiratory faculty accumulate. The most complex respiratory faculties are found in molluscs and arthropods, which consequently make up the bulk of this chapter. Aside from the ancestral aquatic respiration, this chapter furthermore explains how also within some terrestrial (air-breathing) groups such as arachnids and insects, mechanisms that allow lone—even permanent—stays under water have secondarily arisen.
Respiratory faculties of aquatic craniotes
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of water-breathing respiratory faculties for craniotes. A branchial basket and a ventral heart or hearts that perfuse the branchial region with deoxygenated internal fluid is part of the bauplan of all chordates, including craniotes. Cilia ventilate the branchial region of extant non-craniote chordates, which are also predominantly sessile or planktonic filter feeders. In craniotes, the gills are the main gas exchange organs. They are ventilated by muscular activity and perfused with blood that contains haemoglobin in erythrocytes and flows in the opposite direction to the ventilated water (counter-current model). In spite of major differences in the structure of gills and the ventilatory apparatus among jawless craniotes, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish, the basic push–pull, constant, unidirectional flow respiratory mechanism remains unchanged (of course, with a few notable exceptions). In addition, both the blood and the structure of the gills may reflect adaptations of the respiratory faculty to habitual living conditions.
The Challenge
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter presents the main ideas of traditional just war theory; the separation between the principles governing the resort to war (ad bellum) and those governing its conduct (in bello); the wide permission granted to combatants of both sides to target enemy combatants (‘moral equality of soldiers’); and the almost absolute prohibition on the intentional targeting of enemy civilians. It then introduces Individualism, which is the view that underlies the critique levelled by philosophers known as ‘revisionists’ against the traditional view, on both the ad bellum and the in bello levels. According to this critique, the attempt to anchor the morality of war in the principles of individual self-defence fails. The problem with the revisionist view is that it is unable to offer an alternative to traditional just war theory and to provide a satisfactory justification for the rules that govern the ethics (and law) of war, on both the ad bellum and the in bello levels.
Foundations of a Non-Individualist Morality
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to outline an alternative to Individualism and to show that moral rights can be taken seriously while acknowledging the role of organized societies in determining the actual distribution of moral rights and duties. In some cases, the rules accepted by such societies give content to what was indeterminate at the pre-contractual level. In others, they redistribute moral rights and duties among members of society. In both these ways, rights behave in a less rigid manner than that entailed by Individualism. To understand how social rules can determine rights, it is particularly helpful to look at the way social roles provide their holders with a permission to diverge from what would be required from them pre-contractually. In decent societies, holders of public roles typically have a right to fulfil their professional duty without deliberating on the merits of the case; namely, without being guided by first-order reasons that pertain to the cases with which they deal. This applies to combatants as well. In most cases, they have a right to disregard the first-order reasons pertaining to the justness of the war they are sent to fight. The responsibility for launching an unjust war lies on the shoulders of the politicians and not on those of combatants, just as the responsibility for sending an innocent person to jail rests with the court and not with the prison guards.