bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parliamentary sovereignty and the locus of constituent power in the United Kingdom
Authors: Greene Alan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article argues that parliamentary sovereignty’s assimilation of constituent power—the ultimate power in a legal order to create and posit a constitution—has stultified the development of British constitutional law. The result is a deeply ideological, as distinct from oft-heralded pragmatic, constitutional structure that is incapable of confronting the systemic challenges the United Kingdom currently faces. By conceptualizing a more antagonistic relation between the Crown in Parliament and “the people” by questioning the democratic credentials of the former, this article contends that the UK constitutional order can be reinvigorated. This reappraisal, however, also requires the interrogation of the notion of “the people” in the UK constitutional order itself. Thus, despite what appear to be substantial constitutional reforms in recent decades, parliamentary sovereignty’s inviolability is stultifying deeper constitutional reform. The result is a constitutional law in “crisis” in search of a paradigmatic revolution. A descriptive—as distinct from normative—account of constituent power is then introduced paving the way for a distinction to be drawn between the possessor of constituent power in a constitutional order and “the people.” Constituent power in the context of the UK is then discussed, arguing that parliamentary sovereignty incorporates much of what the idea of constituent power does. However, this does not mean that constituent power is vested in “the people”; rather, the locus of constituent power in the United Kingdom should be more forcefully critiqued from a democratic perspective. By acknowledging this distinction, the sacrosanctity of parliamentary sovereignty can be broached and more effective constitutional reform can follow by embracing this tension between Parliament and “the people.”
The territorial effect of the right to be forgotten after Google v CNIL
Authors: Wolters P.T.J. (Pieter) 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In Google v CNIL, the Court of Justice has ruled that the right to be forgotten does not compel a search engine to delist a website in its non-European versions. At first sight, Google v CNIL therefore seriously undermines the effectiveness of the right to be forgotten. However, further analysis reveals that this conclusion is premature. First, the effectiveness depends on the requirements on the measures to prevent or at least seriously discourage users in the European Union from accessing the delisted website through a search with the name of the data subject as a search criterion. Next, the effectiveness of the right to be forgotten depends on the requirements of national standards of protection of fundamental rights. The GDPR does not prohibit member states from ordering search engines to also delist a website in non-European versions.
User and family satisfaction with nursing homes: a systematic review
Authors: Vassimon-Barroso Verena , Pantoni Camila Bianca Falasco , Zazzetta Marisa Silvana , Ferreira Daniela Lemes , Vasilceac Fernando Augusto , Ansai Juliana Hotta 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Implementation of person-directed care planning is a challenge for nursing home services. User satisfaction is indispensable to implement it.

Objective
The aim of this study was to address user and family satisfaction with nursing homes and the scales used and to identify the determinants of satisfaction with this service.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted, and the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases were searched between December 2019 and April 2020. Studies involving assessment of user or family satisfaction with nursing homes and users ≥65 years old or their families were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer’s manual.

Results
Eight articles were included based on the eligibility criteria, from a total of 2378 records found in the electronic search. All studies presented a cross-sectional design, and the total sample of this review was 57 214 older people. Most of the studies included showed positive overall satisfaction with nursing homes. There was no consensus about the best scale to assess satisfaction because of the huge variety of tools among studies. The most common determinants of satisfaction among studies were quality of life (mental and physical components), anxiety and social and health factors.

Conclusion
The findings of our review may contribute to a better view of satisfaction with nursing homes experienced by users and families and to an improvement of care in these institutions.
242 Effect of trucking distance on sale price of beef calf and feeder cattle lots sold through video auctions from 2010 through 2018
Authors: McCabe Esther D , King Mike E , Fike Karol E , Smith Maggie J , Rogers Glenn M , Odde Kenneth G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to determine effect of trucking distance on sale price of beef calf and feeder cattle lots sold through Superior Livestock Video Auctions from 2010 through 2018. Data analyzed were collected from 211 livestock video auctions. There were 42,043 beef calf lots and 19,680 feeder cattle lots used in these analyses. Six states (Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas) of delivery comprised 70% of calf lots and 83% of feeder cattle lots and were used in these analyses. All lot characteristics that could be accurately quantified or categorized were used to develop multiple regression models that evaluated effects of independent factors using backwards selection. A value of P &lt; 0.05 was used to maintain a factor in the final models. Based upon reported state of origin and state of delivery, lots were categorized into one of the following trucking distance categories: 1) Within-State, 2) Short-Haul, 3) Medium-Haul, and 4) Long-Haul. Average weight and number of calves in lots analyzed was 259.2 ± 38.4 kg BW and 100.6 ± 74.3 head, respectively. Average weight and number of feeder cattle in lots analyzed was 358.4 ± 34.3 kg BW and 110.6 ± 104.1 head, respectively. Beef calf lots hauled Within-State sold for more ($169.24/45.36 kg; P &lt; 0.0001) than other trucking distance categories (Table 1). Long-Haul calf lots sold for the lowest (P &lt; 0.0001) price ($166.70/45.36 kg). Within-State and Short-Haul feeder cattle lots sold for the greatest (P &lt; 0.0001) price ($149.96 and $149.81/45.36 kg, respectively; Table 2). Long-Haul feeder cattle lots sold for the lowest (P &lt; 0.0001) price, $148.43/45.36 kg. These results indicate there is a price advantage for lots expected to be hauled shorter distances, likely because of cost and risk associated with transportation.
65 Health, management, and future directions for indoor cattle feeding facilities
Authors: Shreck Adam L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The use of soil-surfaced pens with limited over-head or enclosed structures have declined in popularity in the Midwest over the last few decades. Various facility types that utilize complete or partial concrete flooring and side walls have increased in popularity. These changes are driven by 1) readily observable impacts that precipitation and pen conditions have on cattle performance and cost of gain and 2) continual pressure to be compliant with environmental regulations. Cost of indoor cattle feeding facilities can easily approach 2-4x the cost of soil-surfaced pens but for many, such pens are not an option. Management of production and animal health varies within these facilities and likely interacts with cattle types and their associated mortality risk. Direct animal health and performance comparisons among facility types are incredibly difficult to perform due to the multiple confounders (diet, risk, cattle type) that usually exist. Morbidity that frequently occurs in enclosed systems typically revolves around management of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD), foot and leg issues, and stiffness in cattle. Rolled compacted concrete (RCC) has been a new development that may provide a cost-effective option to curb mud in traditionally soil-surfaced facilities. RCC may also substantially reduce the cost of enclosed facilities that rely on traditional concrete.
94 Genetic basis of blood traits in beef cattle and their relationship to production traits at weaning
Authors: Chinchilla-Vargas Josue , Kramer Luke , Lester Toby D , Lester Toby D , Backes Elizabeth A , Anschutz Karen , Decker Jared E , Stalder Kenneth J , Rothschild Max F , Koltes James E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Disease represents one of the main factors that determine profitability in animal production. Previous research has observed significant correlations between blood cell counts and the animal’s health status. We hypothesize that blood cell traits may be an effective indicator of performance in beef cattle. Complete blood counts were recorded from approximately 500 crossbred animals at weaning (Angus background crossed with Hereford, Charolais, Sim-Angus, Brangus) born between 2015 and 2016 and raised on toxic or novel tall fescue on three different farms. The animals were genotyped at an approximate density of 50,000 SNPs and the genotypes were imputed to an approximate density of 200,000 SNPs. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for 15 blood and 4 production traits across and within environments. Finally, with the objective of identifying the genetic basis underlying the different blood traits, a genome wide association study (GWAS) was performed for all traits. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.11 to 0.60, and generally weak phenotypic correlations and strong genetic correlations were found, however these parameters varied across environments, pointing to GxE interactions. GWAS identified 90 1 Mb windows that explained 0.5% or more of the estimated genetic variance for at least 1 trait with 21 windows overlapping two or more traits. Further research efforts include identifying underlying candidate genes for traits and comparing toxic and novel fescue effects on blood traits. It appears that blood traits have weak phenotypic correlations but strong genetic correlations among themselves, as evidenced by important overlapping regions of genetic control for similar blood traits. However, blood traits have limited potential as indicator traits for productivity.
52 Alterations of fecal microbiome characteristics by dietary soy isoflavone ingestion in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Smith Brooke N , Fleming Stephen A , Wang Mei , Dilger Ryan N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to quantify long-term effects of ISF consumption on fecal microbiome characteristics under disease challenge. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the wean-to-finish study: non-infected pigs receiving an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n=24), and infected pigs receiving either the control diet (PC, n=36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n=36) (Table 1). Following a 7-day adaptation, pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). Fecal samples were collected from 48 individual pigs at pre-infection (-2 days post-inoculation, DPI), peak-infection (10 DPI), and post-infection (144 DPI) time-points and extracted DNA was used for 16S bacterial rRNA sequencing. Differences in bacterial communities among diet groups were evaluated using UniFrac distance matrices (weighted and unweighted) in QIIME. All other data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA performed on transformed data using R. Across all time-points, only minimal differences were observed due to ISF alone. At 10 DPI, PRRSV infection reduced Prevotella 9 genera abundance from approximately 20% to less than 10%, but the specific function of this variety in pigs is unclear. The most notable finding was decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria at 144 DPI between non-infected and infected treatments (P &lt; 0.05), which is consistent with various dysbioses observed in other disease models. Our findings indicate that differences present were mainly due to PRRSV infection and not strongly influenced by ISF ingestion, which implies previously observed performance benefits conferred by dietary ISF are not likely due to changes in microbiome composition.
46 Novel creep area heat source impact on pre-wean mortality occurrence
Authors: Smith Benjamin , Ramirez Brett , Greiner Laura L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pre-wean mortality (PWM) is a multifaceted problem facing the US swine industry. The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of mortality and age of piglets between a novel heat source (HS; semi-enclosed heated microclimate; SEHM) and a conventional heat lamp setup. This study was conducted in two rooms at a 1,000 head commercial sow farm. Treatments were blocked by sow parity group (SPG; young, prime, and geriatric) over six farrowing cycles. Litters were cross fostered within HS treatment at 1 day of age. PWM, was the experimental unit, data were collected from the farm’s farrowing records and production accounting system. Age of the mortalities was categorized into four phases of lactation (PL) over the 20 d lactation (d0 to d3, d4 to d7, d8 to d11, and d12 to d20). Overall, there were 220 recorded instances of mortality. Data were analyzed in a CRBD using a PROC MIXED model in SAS (v9.4, SAS Inst., Cary, NC) and reported as LSMEANS with standard errors. The model included farrowing cycle as a random effect and the following fixed effects: HS, SPG, PL, HS*SPG, and HS*PL. Overall average PWM was 8.60%±0.80 for SEHM and 10.0%±0.70 for the heat lamps. There was no effect (P &gt;0.05) of HS or HS*PL on PWM occurrence. There were significant effects of SPG (P=0.026), PL (P=0.05), and HS*SPG (P=0.036) on PWM occurrence. These data suggest that the HS type did not have an impact on the mortality rate or the timing of the mortality, indicating the mortalities that occurred had no relationship to HS. A limitation of this data set is the low sample size, thereby limiting the detection ability for this interaction. Further research into the impact of the HS is needed to expand the data set and to explore other popular HS effects on PWM.
127 Porcine in vitro digestibility of whole stillage predigested with multi-enzyme during different time periods
Authors: Jerez Bogota Kevin S , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of the period of predigesting whole stillage (WS; slurry material that is dried into DDGS) with multi-enzyme and composition of the multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) of the WS. Four samples of whole stillage from 4 different sources were freeze-dried and divided into 13 subsamples to give 52 sub-samples. Thirteen treatments were applied to the 48 sub-samples within source. The treatments were undigested WS (control); or pre-digested with 1 of 3 multi-enzymes (MTE1, MTE2, and MTE3) at 55 °C for 6, 12, 18 or 24 h in 3 × 4 factorial arrangement. The MTE1 contained xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, and amylase; MTE2 contained xylanase, α-galactosidase, and cellulase; and MTE3 contained xylanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and mannanase. The 52 subsamples were subjected to porcine in vitro digestion. The IVDDM of untreated WS was 73.3%. The IVDDM increased (P&lt; 0.05) with an increase in the predigestion period. However, a rise in the predigestion period from 0 to 12 h resulted in greater (P&lt; 0.05) response in mean IVDDM than an increment in the predigestion period from 12 to 24 h (11 vs. 0.83 percentage points). Predigestion period and multi-enzyme type interacted on IVDDM such that the improvement in IVDDM between 0 and 12 hours of predigestion differed (P&lt; 0.05) among the 3 multi-enzyme types (13.3, 11.1, and 8.5 percentage points for MTE3, MTE2, and MTE1, respectively). The LS means by multi-enzyme treatment were modeled and resulted in unparallel curves (P&lt; 0.05). The estimated maximum response of IVDDM for MTE1, MTE2 and MTE 3 were 82.4%, 84.7% and 87.1% at 15.8, 13 and 13.1 hours, respectively. In conclusion, the optimal time of predigestion of WS with multi-enzymes (with regard to improvement in its IVDDM) was approximately 14 h.
170 Energy values and digestibility of amino acids in dried yeast and soybean meal fed to pigs
Authors: Park Chan Sol , Aderibigbe Ayodeji S , Hayen Gary , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.7 ± 1.01 were assigned to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A basal diet was prepared to contain corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 or 10 g/kg DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet to estimate the DE and ME in test ingredients by regression analysis. On a dry matter basis, estimated DE and ME in DY were 4,022 and 3,352 kcal/kg, respectively, and those in SBM were 3,876 and 3,601kcal/kg, respectively. There was no difference in estimated DE or ME between DY and SBM. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (initial BW = 20.0 ± 1.31 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two diets were prepared to contain DY or SBM as the sole source of nitrogen, and a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to determine the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The SID of AA, except for Gly and Pro, in SBM were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in DY. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.7% for Thr to 86.1% for Arg, whereas those in SBM ranged from 84.8% for Thr to 92.3% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values in DY was comparable with SBM, but the SID of most AA in DY were less than in SBM.
166 Enhanced torula yeast has increased nutritional value compared to fish meal when fed to weanling pigs
Authors: Lancheros Paola , Lagos Vanessa , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, concentration of ME, and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in an enhanced torula yeast (ETY; Arbiom, Raleigh, NC) are not different from values obtained in Menhaden fish meal (FM) was tested. In Exp. 1, 6 ileal cannulated barrows (11.7 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 3 diets (ETY, FM, and N-free) and 3 7-d periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Data were analyzed using the Proc Mixed with diet as main effect and pig as random effect. The SID of AA was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in ETY than in FM (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 24 barrows (14.4 ± 1.1 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to a corn diet or diets based on corn and ETY or corn and FM. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1. No difference in ME between ETY (3,636 kcal/kg DM) and FM (3,611 kcal/kg DM) was observed. In Exp. 3, 32 barrows (11.9 ± 1.1 kg) were allotted to 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 ingredients (ETY and FM) and 0 or 500 units/kg of phytase. Housing and fecal sample collection was as in Exp. 2. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1 with diet and phytase as main effects. Phytase did not influence STTD of P, but the STTD of P in the ETY (91%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in FM (68%). In conclusion, the SID of AA and the STTD of P in ETY is greater than in FM, but the ME in ETY is not different from FM.
209 Effects of high standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratios with ractopamine HCL on growth and carcass performance of pigs from 110 to 135 kg
Authors: Williams Hayden E , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Soto Jose A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recent research has reported that increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio above 20% in finishing pigs fed Ractopamine HCL (RAC) resulted in improved growth and carcass performance, however this response has been inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with RAC on growth and carcass performance. A total of 1,791 finishing pigs (PIC 1050×337; initially 110 kg BW) were used in a 27-d study. Pens of 25 or 26 pigs were allotted by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a RCBD with 14 replications per treatment. The dietary treatments consisted of 5 SID Trp:Lys ratios (20, 22, 24, 26, and 28%). Corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated to 0.90% SID Lys and contained 10 ppm ractopamine. At d 27, pigs were transported to a packing plant for processing and carcass data collection. Growth data were analyzed (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS) as a RCBD with pen as the experimental unit and initial BW as a covariate. Carcass data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and block × treatment as the random effect. Hot carcass weight served as a covariate for analysis of backfat, loin depth, and lean percentage. For overall growth performance, increasing SID Trp:Lys increased (linear, P&lt; 0.0001) SID Trp g/kg of gain and SID Trp intake (Table 1); however, there were no evidence of treatment differences (P &gt;0.10) for ADG or G:F. For carcass characteristics, increasing SID Trp:Lys decreased (linear; P=0.002) carcass yield and tended to decrease (P=0.078) lean percentage. There was no evidence of treatment differences (P &gt;0.10) for HCW, loin depth, carcass ADG, or carcass feed efficiency. In summary, increasing SID Trp:Lys ratios above 20% in pigs fed RAC did not improve growth or carcass performance.