bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral mechanisms of hypnotic hypoesthesia. An ERP investigation on the expectancy stage of perception
Authors: Perri Rinaldo Livio , Facco Enrico , Quinzi Federico , Bianco Valentina , Berchicci Marika , Rossani Francesco , Di Russo Francesco 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe present study aims at identifying reliable markers of neural preparatory processes during hypnosis. To this goal, we recorded the electroencephalographic activity of 23 volunteers regardless of their hypnotizability score. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were elicited while participants received non‐painful electrical stimuli on the left median nerve in the conditions of relaxation and hypnosis with suggestions of reduced sensation. SEPs analysis was focused on the pre‐stimulus activity and revealed two main components: the prefrontal negativity (pN) and the somatosensory negativity (sN) over the frontal and parietal areas of the scalp, respectively. Results showed reduced amplitudes for both components under hypnosis, mostly for the pN, suggesting a change of top‐down control of parietal and prefrontal areas. Furthermore, the sLORETA source imaging showed a deactivation of the lateral and anterior portions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the hypnotic state. The present study highlights the downregulation of the PFC as a core aspect of the adopted hypnotic task and confirms the ability of hypnosis to modulate the activity of frontal executive functions. Further, since the majority of participants fell into the medium range of hypnotizability, the present findings could reflect the hypnosis effects in most of the population.
Interindividual differences in brain dynamics of early visual processes: Impact on score accuracy in the mental rotation task
Authors: Ruggeri Paolo , Nguyen Nam , Pegna Alan J. , Brandner Catherine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInterindividual variations in the ability to perform visuospatial mental transformations have been investigated extensively, in particular through mental rotation tasks. However, the impact of early visual processes on performance has been largely ignored. To clarify this issue, we explored the time‐course of early visual processing (from 0 to 450 ms poststimulus) using event‐related potentials topographic analyses. The main findings demonstrated a significant link between early attentional processes and accuracy scores occurring more than five seconds later, as well as a strong association between spatial covariance and microstate topographies exhibiting substantial gender differences. More specifically, the results indicated that, in a classical mental rotation task, the male brain expends more time processing visual‐spatial information resulting in a longer bilateral positive potential at posterior‐occipital sites. In comparison, the female brain initiates earlier processing of non‐spatial information resulting in a faster transition from a bilateral positive potential of posterior‐occipital sites to a negative potential at central‐frontal sites. These findings illustrate how a more complete utilization of the spatiotemporal information contained in EEG recordings can provide important insights about the impact of early visual processes on interindividual differences, particularly across gender, and thus shed new light on alternate cognitive strategies.
Neuromuscular determinants of explosive torque: Differences among strength‐trained and untrained young and older men
Authors: Orssatto Lucas B. R. , Wiest Matheus J. , Moura Bruno M. , Collins David F. , Diefenthaeler Fernando 
Published: August 2020

This study compared the differences in neural and muscular mechanisms related to explosive torque in chronically strength‐trained young and older men (>5 years). Fifty‐four participants were allocated into four groups according to age and strength training level: older untrained (n = 14; 65.6 ± 2.9 years), older trained (n = 12; 63.6 ± 3.8 years), young untrained (n = 14; 26.2 ± 3.7 years), and young trained (n = 14; 26.7 ± 3.4 years). Knee extension isometric voluntary explosive torque (absolute and normalized as a percentage of maximal voluntary torque) was assessed at the beginning of the contraction (ie, 50, 100, and 150 ms—T50, T100, and T150, respectively), and surface electromyogram (sEMG) amplitude (normalized as a percentage of sEMG recorded during maximal voluntary isometric contraction) at 0‐50, 50‐100, and 100‐150 time windows. Supramaximal electrically evoked T50 was assessed with octet trains delivered to the femoral nerve (8 pulses at 300 Hz). Voluntary T50, T100, and T150 were higher for trained than untrained in absolute (P < 0.001) and normalized (P < 0.030) terms, accompanied by higher sEMG at 0‐50, 50‐100, and 100‐150 ms (P < 0.001), and voluntary T50/octet T50 ratio for trained. Greater octet T50 was observed for the young trained (P < 0.001) but not for the older trained (P = 0.273) compared to their untrained counterparts. Age effect was observed for voluntary T50, T100, and T150 (P < 0.050), but normalization removed these differences (P > 0.417). Chronically strength‐trained young and older men presented a greater explosive torque than their untrained pairs. In young trained, the greater explosive performance was attributed to enhanced muscular and neural mechanisms, while in older trained to neural mechanisms only.
Preclinical evaluation for removal of bulging lower eyelid fat using ultrasound‐assisted lipolysis on a Yorkshire pig
Authors: Yoo Kwang Ho , Kwon Tae Rin , Kim Jong Hwan , Kim Beom Joon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treating lower eyelid fat bulging with ultrasound‐assisted lipolysis (UAL) by performing a preclinical evaluation of the procedure on a Yorkshire pig.MethodsTwo white Yorkshire pigs had lower eyelid fat bulging treated with UAL using a probe with a diameter of 1.0 mm or less. Fourteen days after treatment, we evaluated the changes in fat thickness from ultrasound, changes in skin contour (volume and height) from the Antera 3D™, and the disruption of fat cells and changes in collagen synthesis from histological evaluation.ResultsFourteen days after treatment, the fat layer was significantly reduced with no damage to the skin surface. The mean change in the subcutaneous fat layer thickness was decreased 1.51‐0.75 mm in ultrasound analysis. The skin contour of the treated area also decreased with time from 202.5 to 163.5 mm in mean volume and 0.8111 to 0.646 mm in mean height. Masson's trichrome staining showed that the UAL treatment induced the regeneration and remodeling of collagen.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that UAL successfully reduced the bulging lower eyelid fat of a Yorkshire pig and also increased collagen contraction to tighten skin. UAL may be a beneficial and well‐tolerated treatment option for lower eyelid fat bulging.
Advances in analysis of total uncertainties in a semi‐invasive residual stress measurement method
Authors: Hossain Sayeed , Zheng Gang , Goudar Devkumar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ability to characterise residual stress distribution accurately and over different length scales, particularly deep into an engineering part, plays a significant role in assessing structural integrity. Two most commonly used techniques to measure residual stress fields deep into engineering components include neutron diffraction (ND) and deep‐hole drilling (DHD). As the measurements depend on several physical quantities, they are susceptible to error. The error or uncertainties may turn substantial and compromise the suitability of the results. Although noninvasive, the neutron diffraction technique is neither readily available nor portable and is limited to approximately 60‐mm‐thick specimen; errors associated with results become unacceptable at greater flight paths. Moreover, a mock‐up representing the engineering component is normally used in the ND technique. In contrast, the DHD technique is portable and measures residual stresses with high spatial resolution. An error propagation technique was applied to develop an error analysis procedure taking into consideration various stages of the DHD method and successfully applied to different DHD measurements. An essential feature comprising the effect of plasticity due to the creation of reference hole in the DHD procedure has not yet been taken into account in the error analysis procedure. This paper briefly describes how the uncertainties due to the creation of the initial reference hole can be determined. The effect of plasticity in the drilling procedure is quantified in this study. This error is combined with other sources of error and formulated to determine the total error. An incremental DHD technique was used to measure the complex triaxial residual stress field in an as‐welded circular disc, and the measured data were used to illustrate the total error using the error analysis method developed in the study.
Self‐limited HBV infection of the recipient does not reactivate after liver transplantation: Observations from a 30‐year liver transplant program
Authors: Ossami Saidy R.R. , Demir Muenevver , Nibbe Pauline , Dobrindt Eva‐Maria , Oellinger Robert , Schoening Wenzel , Pratschke Johann , Eurich Dennis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundA self‐limited hepatitis B infection can reactivate in patients under immunosuppression or chemotherapy (reappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or HBV‐DNA). Exact circumstances of HBV reactivation in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) for end‐stage liver diseases (ESLD) unrelated to HBV are unknown, and recommendations on HBV prophylaxis remain unclear.Patients and methodsAmong 1273 liver transplants, 168 patients with a self‐limited HBV hepatitis B infection prior to LT were identified from our prospective liver transplant database. Patients with underlying chronic HBV infection and recipients of an anti‐HBc‐positive liver were not included in the analysis. Demographic, laboratory, serological, and virological data were analyzed retrospectively. Appearance of HBsAg or HBV‐DNA was defined as reactivation.ResultsThe median follow‐up after LT was 12.0 years (0.6‐30.7 years). The rate of HBV reactivation was 0% independent of antiviral prophylaxis (n = 7; 4.2%), the etiology of ESLD, hepatitis C treatment, or the anti‐HBs concentration. The overall patient survival with a history of a self‐limited HBV infection before LT did not significantly differ from the rest of the cohort.ConclusionAntiviral treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogues post‐liver transplantation in order to prevent HBV reactivation in patients with a resolved self‐limited hepatitis B infection prior to LT seems to be omittable since the main viral reservoir is removed by the hepatectomy. These findings may clarify the current uncertainty in the recommendations regarding the risk of HBV reactivation in patients with self‐limited hepatitis B prior to LT.
Epidural stimulation for cardiovascular function increases lower limb lean mass in individuals with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury
Authors: Legg Ditterline Bonnie , Harkema Susan J. , Willhite Andrea , Stills Sean , Ugiliweneza Beatrice , Rejc Enrico 
Published: August 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Spinal cord injury results in paralysis and deleterious neuromuscular and autonomic adaptations. Lumbosacral epidural stimulation can modulate motor and/or autonomic functions. Does long‐term epidural stimulation for normalizing cardiovascular function affect leg muscle properties?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Leg lean mass increased after long‐term epidural stimulation for cardiovascular function, which was applied in the sitting position and did not activate the leg muscles. Leg muscle strength and fatigue resistance, assessed in a subgroup of individuals, also increased. These adaptations might support interventions for motor recovery and warrant further mechanistic investigation.

AbstractChronic motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paralysis and deleterious neuromuscular and autonomic adaptations. Paralysed muscles demonstrate atrophy, loss of force and increased fatigability. Also, SCI‐induced autonomic impairment results in persistently low resting blood pressure and heart rate, among other features. We previously reported that spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) optimized for cardiovascular (CV) function (CV‐scES), which is applied in sitting position and does not activate the leg muscles, can maintain systolic blood pressure within a normotensive range during quiet sitting and during orthostatic stress. In the present study, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry collected from six individuals with chronic clinically motor complete SCI demonstrated that 88 ± 11 sessions of CV‐scES (7 days week−1; 2 h day−1 in four individuals and 5 h day−1 in two individuals) over a period of ∼6 months significantly increased lower limb lean mass (by 0.67 ± 0.39 kg or 9.4 ± 8.1%; P < 0.001). Additionally, muscle strength and fatigability data elicited by neuromuscular electrical stimulation in three of these individuals demonstrated a general increase (57 ± 117%) in maximal torque output (between 2 and 44 N m in 14 of the 17 muscle groups tested overall) and torque–time integral during intermittent, fatiguing contractions (63 ± 71%; between 7 and 230% in 16 of the 17 muscle groups tested overall). In contrast, whole‐body mass and composition did not change significantly. In conclusion, long‐term use of CV‐scES can have a significant impact on lower limb muscle properties after chronic motor complete SCI.
Building of AMPA‐type glutamate receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum and its implication for excitatory neurotransmission
Authors: Schwenk Jochen , Fakler Bernd 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAMPA‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), the key elements of fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, are receptor ion channels whose core is assembled from pore‐forming and three distinct types of auxiliary subunits. While it is well established that this assembly occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), it has remained largely enigmatic how this receptor‐building happens. Here we review recent findings on the biogenesis of AMPARs in native neurons as a multistep production line that is defined and operated by distinct ER‐resident helper proteins, and we discuss how impairment of these operators by mutations or targeted gene‐inactivation leads to severe phenotypes in both humans and rodents. We suggest that the recent data on AMPAR biogenesis provide new insights into a process that is key to the formation and operation of excitatory synapses and their activity‐dependent dynamics, as well as for the operation of the mammalian brain under normal and pathological conditions.
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A sialidosis type I cohort and a quantitative approach to multimodal ophthalmic imaging of the macular cherry-red spot
Authors: Daich Varela Malena , Zein Wadih M , Toro Camilo , Groden Catherine , Johnston Jean , Huryn Laryssa A , d’Azzo Alessandra , Tifft Cynthia J , FitzGibbon Edmond J 
Published: August 2020

AimTo describe the ophthalmologic findings on the largest cohort of patients with sialidosis type I due to deficiency of the lysosomal sialidase, neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) and to introduce a quantitative neuroretinal image analysis approach to the associated ‘macular cherry-red spot’.MethodsSeven patients with sialidosis type I (mutations in NEU1) and one with galactosialidosis (mutations in CTSA) were included. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmological examinations. The reflectivity of macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) was measured using greyscale analysis (Fiji) and compared with age-matched healthy volunteers. Four patients were evaluated over a time of 1.5+0.5 years.ResultsThe mean age of the patients at their first visit was 27.5+9.8 years. All patients had a macular cherry-red spot, clear corneas and visually non-significant lenticular opacities. The mean visual acuity was LogMar 0.4 (20/50)+0.4 (20/20 to 20/125). Six patients had good visual function. Optic atrophy was present in two individuals with reduced acuity. A significant increase in macular reflectivity was present in all patients compared to age-matched controls (p<0.0001).ConclusionMost of our patients (75%) have preserved visual acuity, even in adulthood. The presence of optic atrophy is associated with poor visual acuity. Increased macular reflectivity by OCT greyscale measurements is noted in all patients, although the underlying biological basis is unknown. These findings complement the current methods for examining and monitoring disease progression, especially in patients for whom visualisation of the cherry-red spot is not entirely clear.Trial registration numberNCT00029965.
Can β2-agonists have an ergogenic effect on strength, sprint or power performance? Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs
Authors: Riiser Amund , Stensrud Trine , Stang Julie , Andersen Lars Bo 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the effect of β2-agonists on anaerobic performance in healthy non-asthmatic subjects.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Eligibility criteriaWe searched four databases (PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) for randomised controlled trials, published until December 2019, examining the effect of β2-agonists on maximal physical performance lasting 1 min or shorter. Data are presented as standardised difference in mean (SDM) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Results34 studies were included in the present meta-analysis. The studies include 44 different randomised and placebo-controlled comparisons with β2-agonists comprising 323 participants in crossover trials, and 149 participants in parallel trials. In the overall analyses, β2-agonists improved anaerobic performance by 5% (SDM 0.29, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.42), but the effect was related to dose and administration route. In a stratified analysis, the SDM was 0.14 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.28) for approved β2-agonists and 0.46 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.68) for prohibited β2-agonists, respectively. Furthermore, SDM was 0.16 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.30) for inhaled administration and 0.51 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.77) for oral administration, respectively, and 0.20 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.33) for acute treatment and 0.50 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.80) for treatment for multiple weeks. Analyses stratified for the type of performance showed that strength (0.35, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.55) and sprint (0.17, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.29) performance were improved by β2-agonists.Conclusion/implicationOur study shows that non-asthmatic subjects can improve sprint and strength performance by using β2-agonists. It is uncertain, however, whether World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-approved doses of β2-agonists improve performance. Our results support that the use of β2-agonists should be controlled and restricted to athletes with documented asthma.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42018109223.
Workplace social capital and refraining from seeking medical care in Japanese employees: a 1-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Inoue Akiomi , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Eguchi Hisashi , Kachi Yuko , Shimazu Akihito , Miyaki Koichi , Takahashi Masaya , Kurioka Sumiko , Enta Kazuhiko , Kosugi Yuki , Totsuzaki Takafumi , Kawakami Norito 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesWe examined the association of workplace social capital (WSC), including structural and cognitive dimensions, with refraining from seeking medical care (RSMC) among Japanese employees.DesignOne-year prospective cohort study.Setting and participantsWe surveyed 8770 employees (6881 men and 1889 women) aged 18–70 years from 12 firms in Japan using a self-administered questionnaire comprising the WSC scale and the items on potential confounders (ie, age, educational attainment and equivalent annual household income) at baseline (from April 2011 to March 2013).Outcome measuresAt a 1-year follow-up, we measured RSMC using a single-item question ‘In the past year, have you ever refrained from visiting a hospital, clinic, acupuncturist or dentist despite your sickness (including a slight cold or cavity) or injury?’ResultsThe results of Cox regression with robust variance showed that, after adjusting for potential confounders, the low WSC group (ie, the lowest tertile group) had a significantly higher relative risk (RR) of RSMC compared with the high WSC group (ie, the highest tertile group) among both men and women (overall WSC: RR 1.09 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.17) and 1.20 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.37); structural dimension: RR 1.13 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.22) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.45); and cognitive dimension: RR 1.11 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.20) and 1.21 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.38), respectively). Trend analysis using a continuous score of the WSC scale also showed a significant association of low WSC with a higher risk of RSMC among both men and women.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the lack of social capital in the workplace is associated with RSMC among Japanese employees.
Protocol for economic evaluation alongside the SHINE (Supporting Healthy Image, Nutrition and Exercise) cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Brown Victoria , Williams Joanne , McGivern Lisa , Sawyer Susan , Orellana Liliana , Luo Wei , Hesketh Kylie D , Wilfley Denise E , Moodie Marj 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionLimited evidence exists on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent obesity and promote healthy body image in adolescents. The SHINE (Supporting Healthy Image, Nutrition and Exercise) study is a cluster randomised control trial (cRCT) aiming to deliver universal education about healthy nutrition and physical activity to adolescents, as well as targeted advice to young people with body image concerns who are at risk of developing disordered eating behaviours. This paper describes the methods for the economic evaluation of the SHINE cRCT, to determine whether the intervention is cost-effective as an obesity prevention measure.Methods and analysisA public payer perspective will be adopted, with intervention costs collected prospectively. Within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA) will quantify the incremental costs and health gains of the intervention as compared with usual practice (ie, teacher-delivered curriculum). CEA will present results as cost per body mass index unit saved. CUA will present results as cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. A modelled CUA will extend the target population, time horizon and decision context to provide valuable information to policymakers on the potential for incremental cost offsets attributable to disease prevention arising from intervention. Intervention costs and effects will be extrapolated to the population of Australian adolescents in Grade 7 of secondary school (approximate age 13 years) and modelled over the cohort’s lifetime. Modelled CUA results will be presented as health-adjusted life years saved and healthcare cost-savings of diseases averted. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios will be calculated as the difference in costs between the intervention and comparator divided by the difference in benefit. Semi-structured interviews with key intervention stakeholders will explore the potential impact of scalability on cost-effectiveness. These data will be thematically analysed to inform sensitivity analysis of the base case economic evaluation, such that cost-effectiveness evidence is reflective of the potential for scalability.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (#2017–269) and the Victorian Department of Education and Training (#2018_003630). Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed academic papers and participating schools will receive annual reports over the 3 years of data collection.Trial registration numberACTRN 12618000330246; Pre-results.