bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of Perioesophageal Plexus Gulae and Anterior and Posterior Vagal Trunks in South Indian Population : A morphological study
Authors: Govindarajan Amudha 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and Aim of the study: Vagus the wanderer is the tenth cranial nerve with long extra cranial course. Below the bifurcation of trachea, the right and left vagi form plexus around the oesophagus before they enter the abdomen as anterior and posterior vagal trunks. There are variations in the contribution by the right and left vagi for the formation of oesophageal plexus and according to Chamberlin and Winship there are three different patterns in the formation of peri oesophageal plexus. The present study was aimed to study the formation of perioesophageal plexus, incidence of different patterns of peri oesophageal plexus in south Iudian population and the number of vagal trunks formed from the oesophageal plexus in the lower end of the oesophagus. Materials and Methods : The formation of perioesophageal plexus Gulae was studied in forty four autopsy specimens of oesophagus and stomach and six foetal specimens at Institute of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai. Results : The formation of perioesophageal plexus and the number of fibres from the right and left vagus nerves which contribute to the plexus formation were studied. There were significant differences in the formation of plexus Gulae. There were variations in the pattern of perioesophageal plexus and the number of vagal trunks arising from the plexus. The results of the present study in South Indian population were compared with the results in the Western population. Conclusions : Awareness regarding the presence of plexus Gulae and number of vagal trunks related to lower end of oesophagus has considerable importance in the surgical repair of hiatus hernia and while treating atrial fibrillation.
Anatomy in the new era : perception of a cross section of anatomists
Authors: Das Hirak , Das Geeta , Kusre Giriraj , Pant Mahendra Kumar , Malhotra Varun , Sarma Santanu Kumar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and aims: Anatomy is one of the founding pillars of Medical Science. However, it has a poor preference as a career choice among the medical graduates. This can be attributed to the traditional concept in the minds of the people that it is a subject concerned mainly with cadaver dissection and teaching. This study is therefore aimed at understanding the general perception of anatomists about their subject and analyzing their suggestions for bringing about a positive change in attitude towards the subject. Materials and methods : A cross sectional study was conducted through a questionnaire that was completed by Anatomy faculty and postgraduate students from different parts of India. The study tried to understand the perspective of anatomists towards their subject and give some suggestions to bring about a change. Results : It was seen that Anatomy was the favorite basic science subject among most anatomists. Yet, most of them did not readily take it up as a career option. Participants also came up with various suggestions like the need to introduce superspeciality courses, more clinical application, systematization of research, promotion of fundings and the need to make Anatomy a part of Government's health education programmes. Conclusion : Anatomists across the country are wishing to have a more active role in the fast changing world. For this, anatomists need to come out of the traditional ways.
Importance of microstructure of lumbar pedicle in screw placement
Authors: Chawla Kunal , Sharma Mahesh , Abhaya Avinash , Kumar Ratesh , Singh Jyotsna 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and objective : Any structural deviation of the pedicle may result in interference of the weight transmission mechanism and compression of neural structures. The aim of this study was to qualitatively investigate osteonal structures within the cortical bone and thickness of medial and lateral walls of lumbar pedicle. Materials and methods : Specimens consisted of L3 vertebrae from 20 adult cadavers (14 males and 6 females) belonging to North West Indian population. The pedicles of each specimen were cut off at the pedicle-vertebral body junction and processed for paraffin sections after decalcification. 8-10 µ thick transverse sections were cut with rotary microtome at middle of the pedicle. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results : The mean cortical thickness on superior, inferior, medial and lateral was 1.3, 1.6, 0.8 and 0.6 mm respectively in males and 1.1, 1.3, 0.9 and 0.6 mm respectively in females. Cortical thickness was more on medial side compared to lateral side of the pedicle. The cortex of the inferior side of the pedicle was the thickest of all margins. The core of pedicle was filled up with irregularly placed bony trabaculae and marrow spaces. Conclusions : The section of pedicle resembled a shell with an outer cortex surrounding inner cancellous bone. The thickness of the cortical bone of pedicle was not homogeneous, being thicker on medial side compared to lateral side and cortical bone of the inferior side was thickest of all margins.
Spinabifida of atlas
Authors: K. Padmalatha , S. Prakash B , N. Balachandra , Y. Mamatha 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuring the routine osteology demonstration for the first year MBBS students, the authors came across the presence of incomplete posterior arch in one of the atlas. Congenital clefts and other developmental anomalies of the atlas are rarely encountered. They are incidental findings discovered while investigating the cervical spine following trauma. Differentiation of developmental variants of the atlas from the Burst fracture of Jefferson is essential to prevent unnecessary medical intervention. Posterior rnidline cleft of atlas/rachischisis/spinabifida occulta are well recognized and attributed to the defect/absent development of cartilaginous preformation of the arch and not to the disturbance of the ossification.
A gross morphological study of the pancreas in human cadavers
Authors: Sulochana S , Sivakami T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and aims : Normal variants and congenital anomalies of the pancreas and pancreatic duct are often detected as incidental findings. The current interest in the gross anatomy and the blood supply of the pancreas is based on recent developments in pancreatic surgery, particularly in limited resection of pancreas. The purpose of this study is to review the gross morphology of the pancreas, in South Indians, regarding the dimension and shape of the pancreas, the termination of main pancreatic duct and vascular pattern of head of the pancreas. Materials and methods : One hundred specimens of pancreas, procured from cadavers and autopsy cases from Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, were carefully studied, and the data obtained were compared with similar reports available in the literature. Results: The mean length of the pancreas was found to be 16.38±2.38cm and the mean width of the head, neck, body and tail of pancreas were 5±0.78cm, 3±0.46cm, 3.7±0.56cm and 2.7±0.34cm respectively. Three different shapes of pancreas were found: oblique, inverted 'V' and sigmoid. Double anterior pancreatico duodenal arterial arcade was observed in 2% of specimens. Conclusion : Knowledge of normal anatomy of the pancreas and vascular pattern is essential for understanding the segmental resection of pancreas and in pancreas-sparing duodenectomy.
Gestational age estimation using transcerebellar diameter with grading of fetal cerebellar growth
Authors: Gupta Anirban Das , Banerjee Arindom , Rammurthy N , Revati P , Jose Josna , Karak P. , Kumar Anil 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background : The transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) serves as a reliable predictor of gestational age (GA) of the fetus and is a standard against which aberrations in other fetal parameters can be compared, especially when the GA cannot be determined by the date of the last menstrual period or an early pregnancy scan. Aim : The aim of this study was to derive a regression equation and evaluate the relationship between transverse cerebellar diameter and gestational age, which will be helpful in assessing the fetal gestational age and also to evaluate the grades of cerebellum and to see its growth. Materials & methods : The prospective study was carried out in 292 pregnant women between 14-40 weeks of pregnancy attending the Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Amalapuram for routine ultrasound examination. Transverse cerebellar diameter was measured and cerebellum was graded using ultrasonography. Results : Fetal cerebella were found to be in 29%, 10% and 61 % cases as grade I, II and III respectively. The grade changed from I to III progressively with advancing gestation. The median GA and TCD were 20 wks and 22 mm for grade I, 32 wks and 30 mm for grade II and 36 wks and 38 mm for grade III. Conclusion : Regression analysis indicated a strong relationship between TCD and gestational age indicating TCD is a good marker for estimation of gestational age.
Supra-scapular foramen in Indian dry scapulae
Authors: Jadhav S D , Patil R J , Roy P P , Ambali M P , Doshi M A , Desai Rajeev R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and aims : Supra-scapular notch is roofed by superior transverse scapular ligament and converted into a foramen which provides passage for suprascapular nerve. When it is completely ossified that time it manifest as supra-scapular foramen in dry scapulae. Variations of superior transverse scapular ligament include calcification, partial or complete ossification and multiple bands. Presence of this foramen in dry scapulae is considered to be rare. Aim of the study was to verify the prevalence of supra-scapular foramen in Indian dry scapulae. Materials and methods : A total of three fifty dry scapulae were analyzed (Right- 176, Left-174) to see the presence of supra-scapular foramen. Results : In the present study, suprascapular foramen was present in 25 right and in 12 left sided scapulae i.e., 10.57% incidence which is alarming. Conclusion : Present study demonstrates that suprascapular foramen which is the result of complete ossification of superior transverse scapular ligament, is common in Indian population. The anatomical knowledge of this foramen is of extreme importance for clinicians; it can be a risk factor during surgical explorations involving a suprascapular nerve decompression.
Bilateral syndactyly of both extremities in a new born - a case report
Authors: Rao N Ratnakar , Bhavani N 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSyndactyly is a condition where in two or more digits are fused together. A newborn female baby showed not only webbing of the fingers but also toes. X-ray of both hands and feet showed no bony fusion. Syndactyly is a rare anomaly that has surgical and psychological implications. Normally mesenchyme between prospective digits in hand and foot plates is removed by cell death (apoptosis) when this process fails the result is fusion between two or more digits. It occurs as one in every 2000 to 2500 births and twice as common in males. Though it is very rare it can be corrected surgically and child can live a normal life. The knowledge of digit formation and causes for abnormalities in the digits and toes are important for radiologists, obstetricians and surgeons for accurate diagnostic interpretation.
Unilateral variations in the branching pattern of right external carotid artery- a case report
Authors: Savithri P 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA case report of anomalous origin and branching pattern of right external carotid artery found during the dissection of human cadavers is reported here. Knowledge of anatomical variations of external carotid artery is especially important in head & neck surgeries. This knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation. In the case reported here, the right external carotid artery gave direct origin of one of dorsal lingual artery, two stylomastoid arteries, muscular artery and lymph nodal artery along with its normal eight branches. Generally the dorsal lingual arteries are two arising from lingual artery. Contrary to that, in this case the dorsal lingual arteries were found arising one from front of external carotid artery and other from lingual artery, and both these arteries communicated at 4mm beyond their origin. The two stylomastoid arteries arising directly from the front of external carotid artery 4mm above the facial artery were found arising with a gap of 2mm distance from one another. Muscular artery arose directly from the posterior aspect of external carotid artery opposite the anomalous dorsal lingual artery and descended downwards and forwards in its course giving small twigs to surrounding muscles . Lymph nodal artery arising just beside the muscular artery opposite to facial artery passed downwards and laterally and divided into two small twigs to supply a pair of lymph nodes. These lymph nodes are deep cervical nodes measuring about 5x5 mm in size hard in consistency on histopathological examination, found to be nonmalignant.
A study of inguinal hernia - on anatomical basis
Authors: Aravindhan K. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and objectives: Inguinal hernia is very common in males and the predetermination of type of inguinal hernia before surgery may be useful for the treatment plan. Various authors have attempted to classify the types of inguinal hernia based on several criteria. Various modes of classification for inguinal hernia have been described, but none of them seem to be complete, comprehensive and satisfactory because of some lacunae. The types, which are mentioned by some investigators have been turned down or disproved due to some pitfalls and they have been modified and refined. The existence of the spectrum of inguinal hernia with wide scope of divergence appears to be more heterogenous in expression. Hence, an attempt has been made to study the inguinal hernia - on anatomical basis. Materials & methods : One hundred South Indian male patients with definite inguinal hernia formed material for the study. Measurements were taken with strict aseptic precaution pre and post operatively by using a divider and a metal scale. Results: Out of 100 cases 89 were of indirect type and the remaining are direct type. They are further classified based on several other criteria which are followed by many authors. Conclusion : Even though several criteria are followed to subdivide the hernia into many subtypes, some lacunae were found and recommendations are given to rectify it.
Macrodactyly - a case report
Authors: Bilodi Arun Kumar S 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA case of macrodctyly of thumb and index fingers in a female aged fourteen years is reported here. This subject was found to have abnormally large thumb and index fingers of her right hand. This case was also associated with suspected spina bifida occulta. Other fingers and toes were normal. This girl was a second child born to a consanguineous couple. The subject did not have any other anomaly. The macrodactyly of index as well as thumb in this case caused difficulty in carrying out day to day activities like writing, lifting heavy objects and also for using the hand to have food. Such cases may have some morphological and associated genetic importance.
Study of branching pattern of arch of aorta and its variations
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Haq Imtiazul , K. Kathiresan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and aims: Study of branching pattern of arch of aorta and its variation is very significant. This study helps in avoiding the surgical, accidental injuries of blood vessels during cardiovascular surgeries and radiological procedures. Present study is aimed at finding out the branching pattern of arch of aorta, variations of its incidence, clinical significance and to correlate its embryological basis. Materials and methods: Present study was conducted on 30 formalin fixed cadavers, which were allotted to the undergraduate students of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. A comparative analysis was done with previous studies. Results: Usual three-branched aortic arch was found in 23 cadavers (76.66% ); variations were found in seven cadavers (23.33% ); 10% presented left vertebral artery arising directly from the arch of aorta; 6.66% presented common trunk of left vertebral artery and left subclavian artery; 3.33% presented thyroidea ima artery arising from the arch; 3.33% presented common trunk of brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery. Conclusion: Variations observed in present study were in par with the variations observed by previous studies. Although anomalous origins of the aortic arch branches very rarely produces clinical symptoms but their knowledge is necessary for operating surgeons and interventional radiologist to avoid complications in the thorax, head and neck region.
Variation of hemiazygos vein with absence of accessory hemiazygos vein - a dissection study
Authors: Kalyankar Archana G. , Shingare Pravin H. , Kulkarni Pratima R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHemiazygos vein and Accessory hemiazygos vein lie on the left side in the posterior mediastinum of thorax and are the counterpart of azygos vein on right side. During routine cadaveric dissection of thoracic region in an adult male, we found an abnormal venous channel which was single and was lying on the left side of the vertebral column. It received tributaries from superior intercostal vein and posterior intercostal veins. We found this abnormal venous channel draining directly into left brachiocephalic vein in contrast to its usual drainage into azygos vein. Hence this can be considered as abnormal venous channel and variant of hemiazygos vein and accessory hemiazygos vein. The azygos and hemiazygos venous system is commonly encountered during surgical intervention performed on posterior thoracic wall. This case report provides a new data of potential clinical significance.
Variations in the origin of inferior thyroid artery and relation of the artery with recurrent laryngeal nerve
Authors: Chandrakala S. P. , Y. Mamatha , Thejaswini K. O. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and aim : Thyroid surgery being a major surgery & quite often performed, a thorough knowledge of variations in arterial supply is very essential for surgeons to prevent alarming number of table deaths in patients with thyroid disease due to excessive and uncontrollable bleeding . It also helps the physicians for proper physical examination and treatment of the patient and to the anatomists for learning the variant patterns. Materials & methods: Fifty five adult human cadavers(45 males,10 females)aged between 25 to 50 years and 25 foetuses (18 female,7 male) aged between 24 to 34 weeks were studied by gross dissection. Results: The inferior thyroid artery was found to be absent in 5% of cases. The level of branching of inferior thyroid artery was also studied where in 23.1 % of cases the artery divides before piercing the surgical capsule of thyroid gland and in 76.97%, it divided after piercing the surgical capsule.The relationship of the artery to the recurrent laryngeal nerve was also studied where in 52.6% of cases, either the artery or its branches were anterior to the nerve, in 26.3% of cases the artery or its branches were posterior to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and in 21.1 % of cases the nerve was intermingled with the branches of artery. Conclusion: From the present study it is concluded that the knowledge of variation of the arterial supply can be used during thyroidectomy where in ligation of all the thyroid vessels is highly essential to ensure proper homeostasis.
Retrocaval ureter - a case report
Authors: Chinnappan Margaret , Elangovan M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRetrocaval ureter is a rare congenital anomaly which has a incidence of occurence of one in 1500 live births. It is known to occur 2.8 times more commonly in males than females. While carrying out a study on congenital anomalies in urinary system in a collection of still born fetuses, a case of retrocaval ureter was noticed in a still born male foetus. In Retrocaval ureter, ureter is S shaped on the right side and a part of inferior vena cava is anterior to the proximal part of the ureter. Here the development of ureter is normal. Whereas the development of inferior vena cava is abnormal.
Sex and side determination of human hip bone by metric parameters of its posterior border
Authors: Margam Sarita R , Doshi Megha A , Jadhav Surekha D , Patil Raosaheb J , Ambali Manoj P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Identification of sex from skeletal remains is of medico-legal and anthropological importance for forensic experts, anthropologists and anatomists. Hip bone is considered as an ideal bone for sex determination as it provides the highest accuracy levels for sex determination. Aims: To determine the sex and side of the human hip bones by using different metric parameters of posterior border of hip bone. Material and methods: In present study, 200 (100 males and 100 females) dried adult human hip bones of known sex were collected. Two parameters were studied and statistically analysed by paired and unpaired 't' test. Results: In males, distance from the posterior superior iliac spine to the superior border of ischial tuberosity was the discriminant criteria to sex the hip bones while in females, it was distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine (PITS) to ischial tuberosity (IT). Statistically significant difference between the mean related to side were seen in both the variables. Conclusion: These two parameters can be used for sexual dimorphism as well as side determination of human hip bones or its fragments.
Role of speech associated gestures of the teacher in Medical education a comparative study
Authors: Anu S , Babitha R , Muthukumaravel N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and aim: Gestures are generally hand or body movements that express the feelings and intentions. It's a universal feature of communication and is tightly timed with speech. Gesture and Speech combine to reveal meaning that is not fully captured in one modality alone, as they share a common neural relationship. Many earlier studies have revealed the importance of gestures in improving learning in school children. Studies on the role of gestures in improving the learning skill in medicine are scarce. This study was carried out to find out whether gesturing improved the learning outcome of medical students. Materials and methods: Ninety four students from first MBBS batch were recruited and randomized in to four groups A,B,C and D. Group A and B (Topic I (n=46)) consists of 23 students each, whereas group C and D (Topic II (n=48)) consists of 24 students each. Group A and C who were taught with gestures formed the study group; Group B and D taught without gestures acted as control. Two lectures on two different topics were taken for both the study and the control groups without any audiovisual aids for 20 minutes during tutorial time in the department of Physiology and the results were analyzed statistically using Wilcoxan Ranksum test. Result : Results of the study on two lecture topics showed that the scores of the students taught with gestures was higher with a p value of 0.005 and 0.0248 than those taught without gestures both immediately as well as a week after the lecture. Conclusion : Gestures do have a definite role in improving learning in medical students. Along with other teaching aids, gestures should also become an integral part of teaching.