bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Myocardial Infarction Among People Living With HIV in the United States
Authors: Williams-Nguyen Jessica , Hawes Stephen E , Nance Robin M , Lindström Sara , Heckbert Susan R , Kim H Nina , Mathews W Chris , Cachay Edward R , Budoff Matt , Hurt Christopher B , Hunt Peter W , Geng Elvin , Moore Richard D , Mugavero Michael J , Peter Inga , Kitahata Mari M , Saag Michael S , Crane Heidi M , Delaney Joseph A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV, including myocardial infarction (MI), are a topic of active research. MI is classified into types, predominantly atheroembolic type 1 MI (T1MI) and supply-demand mismatch type 2 MI (T2MI). We examined the association between HCV and MI among patients in the Centers for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinical Systems, a US multicenter clinical cohort of PLWH. MIs were centrally adjudicated and categorized by type using the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. We estimated the association between chronic HCV (RNA+) and time to MI while adjusting for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, clinical characteristics, and history of injecting drug use. Among 23,407 PLWH aged ≥18 years, there were 336 T1MIs and 330 T2MIs during a median of 4.7 years of follow-up between 1998 and 2016. HCV was associated with a 46% greater risk of T2MI (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.97) but not T1MI (aHR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.29). In an exploratory cause-specific analysis of T2MI, HCV was associated with a 2-fold greater risk of T2MI attributed to sepsis (aHR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.24). Extrahepatic manifestations of HCV in this high-risk population are an important area for continued research.
The National Cooperative Trial on Multifactorial Prevention of First Heart Attacks and Coronary Mortality in Free-Living, High-Risk, Middle-Aged American Men, Also Known as JUMBO: A Short Story
Authors: Blackburn Henry 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The concept of a multiple risk-factor intervention trial (MRFIT) originated in mid-20th century efforts to determine whether modifying the “risk factors” established by cardiovascular disease epidemiology would prevent heart attacks. The term “MRFIT” probably first appeared in the 1968 report to the National Heart Institute from investigators of the National Diet-Heart Feasibility Study. Based on their pilot experience, they recommended a trial of diet alone. Aware, however, that authorities might agree with the rationale but not the implementation of such a massive and risky undertaking, they also proposed an alternative: whether coronary heart disease was preventable at all by simultaneous intervention on several risk factors; that is, a multiple risk-factor intervention trial. After some years agonizing by serial expert committees, the National Heart Institute opted against an explanatory diet trial and for a pragmatic multiple risk-factor intervention, one designed by Institute staff and operated under contract. Meanwhile, an impatient community of investigators met together in the Makarska Conference, outlined a broad cardiovascular disease prevention policy, and submitted their idealized version of a multiple risk-factor trial, called JUMBO. But the National Heart Institute, because of the plan for its own trial, had no funds left for an investigator-initiated proposal. Hence, this background and story of the MRFIT that wasn’t.
Invited Commentary: Can You Do Trials of Behavioral Modification, Such as Diet or Exercise Intervention, With Hard Endpoints?
Authors: Kuller Lewis H 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBlackburn (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(6):491–498) describes the evolution from the Makarska Conference in 1968 to the planning of the JUMBO trial and the decision by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to do the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. He attributes the failure of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial to show a significant reduction in coronary heart disease or total mortality to the design of the trial, the multiple centers involved, and continued bureaucracy. The paper is important in raising 3 issues of continued relevance: 1) What is the relationship of the NIH staff in both development and monitoring of large cooperative studies, especially clinical trials, outside of the walls of the NIH? 2) Can clinical trials that utilize individual randomization to intervention and comparison be successful in evaluating a common-source epidemic, such as diet and coronary heart disease, especially in populations with readily available foods and competing advertising, etc.? 3) How much information obtained from, e.g., observational studies, animal models, and genetic studies, is necessary given limits of human population clinical trials of behavioral intervention to develop recommendations for strong public health programs to reduce morbidity and mortality, and what is the measure of successful intervention?
Arbitration in space disputes
Authors: Frohloff Jan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some 40 years ago, the advent of commercial space activities was expected to usher in an era of disputes between the various actors in outer space. However, these space disputes and potential arbitrations between private or public entities never seemed to materialize. Even until recently it was suggested that disputes in outer space are an emerging issue which needs to be addressed in the future. The author takes the opposite position, arguing that arbitration in space disputes is an active field in commercial and investment arbitration, and discussing the most notable cases and their particularities.
Objectifying the Risk of Vascular Complications in Gluteal Augmentation With Fat Grafting: A Latex Casted Cadaveric Study
Authors: Ordenana Carlos , Dallapozza Edoardo , Said Sayf , Zins James E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Fat transfer is the most popular means of gluteal augmentation. However, this procedure may be complicated by pulmonary fat embolisms (PFEs). Of 135 PFEs out of 198,857 cases reported by the Aesthetic Surgery Education and Research Foundation task force, 32 were fatal, contributing to the mortality risk of this procedure being as high as 1:2351.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to generate an anatomic map of the 3-dimensional location and variability in size of the gluteal region vessels.

Methods
Twenty cadaveric gluteal regions were dissected. The aorta, venae cavae, popliteal, and saphenous veins were cannulated and injected with colored latex. Dissection was performed subcutaneously, in the gluteus maximus (GM), and submuscularly to evaluate the number and vascular distribution of all the vessels. Vessels were mapped on an XYZ axis.

Results
The subcutaneous plane, containing 25 vessels on average, had the smallest vessel diameters (artery, 0.9 [0.3] mm; vein, 1.05 [0.22] mm). The GM vein diameter was 1.3 [0.3] mm. Branches of the inferior gluteal vessels had arterial and venous calibers of 2.2 [0.04] mm and 3.5 [0.99] mm, respectively. Superior gluteal artery and vein branches were 1.8 [0.2] mm and 3.85 [1.9] mm in diameter, respectively. Superior and inferior gluteal vein diameters were 7.61 [2.24] mm and 13.65 [6.55] mm, respectively.

Conclusions
The deeper and more medial planes of the gluteal region house larger, more prominent vessels. This research objectifies and is consistent with recommendations made by various recent task force reports to limit fat transfer to the subcutaneous plane.
Notes on the International Court of Justice (Part 8)—Interim Accord (FYROM v. Greece) and the Settlement of the Macedonian Name Dispute: Knowing and Seizing upon Many Things or One Big Thing in Treaty Interpretation and International Dispute Settlement in General
Authors: Yee Sienho 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During the lead-up to the Final Agreement settling the Macedonian name dispute, apparently no or scant mention was made of the Interim Accord (FYROM v. Greece) case that FYROM brought in 2008 and won overwhelmingly in 2011 against Greece at the International Court of Justice (“ICJ” or the “Court”). This paper highlights the structure and main points of the ICJ judgment in the Interim Accord case and analyzes the part of the judgment on the main substantive issue. The paper argues that, even on its own terms, the Court’s judgment did not conduct the interpretation exercise to the full and further that the experience with the Court’s judgment in this case does flash a warning light to any decision-maker that it must not lose sight of “the one big thing”, which may vary from case to case, in a dispute settlement endeavor if it wants to have its decision implemented. This experience also teaches any State party in a dispute that it may have to know and unyieldingly seize upon the one big thing in the dispute settlement effort in order to achieve its goal.
Guideline for Antibacterial Prophylaxis Administration in Pediatric Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas , Fisher Brian T , Phillips Bob , Alexander Sarah , Ammann Roland A , Beauchemin Melissa , Carlesse Fabianne , Castagnola Elio , Davis Bonnie L , Dupuis L Lee , Egan Grace , Groll Andreas H , Haeusler Gabrielle M , Santolaya Maria , Steinbach William J , van de Wetering Marianne , Wolf Joshua , Cabral Sandra , Robinson Paula D , Sung Lillian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundBacteremia and other invasive bacterial infections are common among children with cancer receiving intensive chemotherapy and in pediatric recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Systemic antibacterial prophylaxis is one approach that can be used to reduce the risk of these infections. Our purpose was to develop a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric patients with cancer and those undergoing HSCT.MethodsAn international and multidisciplinary panel was convened with representation from pediatric hematology/oncology and HSCT, pediatric infectious diseases (including antibiotic stewardship), nursing, pharmacy, a patient advocate, and a CPG methodologist. The panel used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to generate recommendations based on the results of a systematic review of the literature.ResultsThe systematic review identified 114 eligible randomized trials of antibiotic prophylaxis. The panel made a weak recommendation for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis for children receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Weak recommendations against the routine use of systemic antibacterial prophylaxis were made for children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL, autologous HSCT and allogeneic HSCT. A strong recommendation against its routine use was made for children whose therapy is not expected to result in prolonged severe neutropenia. If used, prophylaxis with levofloxacin was recommended during severe neutropenia.ConclusionsWe present a CPG for systemic antibacterial prophylaxis administration in pediatric cancer and HSCT patients. Future research should evaluate the long-term effectiveness and adverse effects of prophylaxis.
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Incidence and Testing Among Patients in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatient Study (HOPS), 2007−2017
Authors: Li Jun , Armon Carl , Palella Frank J , Novak Richard M , Ward Douglas , Purinton Stacey , Durham Marcus , Buchacz Kate , Li Jun , Buchacz Kate , Durham Marcus D , Akridge Cheryl , Purinton Stacey , Rayeed Nabil , Agbobil-Nuwoaty Selom , Chagaris Kalliope , Carlson Kimberly , Armon Carl , Battalora Linda , Mahnken Jonathan , Palella Frank J , Jahangir Saira , Flaherty Conor Daniel , Bustamante Patricia , Hammer John , Greenberg Kenneth S , Widick Barbara , Franklin Rosa , Ward Douglas J , Thomas Troy , Stewart Cheryl , Fuhrer Jack , Ording-Bauer Linda , Kelly Rita , Esteves Jane , Tedaldi Ellen M , Christian Ramona A , Ruley Faye , Beadle Dania , Davenport Princess , Novak Richard M , Wendrow Andrea , Mayer Stockton , Scott Mia , Thomas Billie , Van Slyke Loraine , Mayer Cynthia , Beitler Terry , Maroney Karen , Franklin Denise 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Although chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (GC) infections are increasing in the United States, there are limited data on their incidence, testing rates, and associated risk factors among persons living with HIV (PLWH), including by anatomic site among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods
We analyzed 2007–2017 medical records data from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Outpatient Study (HOPS) participants in care at 9 HIV clinics. We calculated CT (and GC) incidence and testing rates and assessed associations with sociodemographic and clinical factors using log-linear regression.

Results
Among 4727 PLWH, 397 had 881 CT infections and 331 had 861 GC infections, with an incidence of 2.95 and 2.88 per 100 person-years, respectively. From 2007 to 2017, incidence and testing rates increased by approximately 3.0- and 1.9-fold for CT and GC, respectively. Multivariable factors associated with incident CT (GC) included younger age, MSM, and prior diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Among 1159 MSM, 583 (50.3%) had 844 CT and 843 GC tests during 2016–2017, and 26.6% of tests were 3-site (urethra, rectum, and pharynx), yielding the highest rates of CT (GC) detection. Multivariable factors associated with CT (GC) testing included younger age, non-Hispanic/Latino black race, and having prior STDs.

Conclusions
Recent CT and GC incidence and testing increased among PLWH; however, only half of MSM were tested for CT or GC during 2016–2017 and less than a third of tests were 3-site. To promote sexual health and STD prevention among PLWH who are MSM, research regarding the added value of CT and GC testing across 3 anatomic sites is needed.
US Immigration Is Associated With Rapid and Persistent Acquisition of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut
Authors: Le Bastard Quentin , Vangay Pajau , Batard Eric , Knights Dan , Montassier Emmanuel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Little is known about the effect of human migration on gut microbiome antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) carriage. Using deep shotgun stool metagenomics analysis, we found a rapid increase in gut microbiome ARG richness and abundance in women from 2 independent ethnic groups relocating from Thailand to the United States.
Kernel estimation for panel data with heterogeneous dynamics
Authors: Okui Ryo , Yanagi Takahide 
Published: October 2019

Summary
This paper proposes nonparametric kernel-smoothing estimation for panel data to examine the degree of heterogeneity across cross-sectional units. We first estimate the sample mean, autocovariances, and autocorrelations for each unit and then apply kernel smoothing to compute their density functions. The dependence of the kernel estimator on bandwidth makes asymptotic bias of very high order affect the required condition on the relative magnitudes of the cross-sectional sample size (N) and the time-series length (T). In particular, it makes the condition on N and T stronger and more complicated than those typically observed in the long-panel literature without kernel smoothing. We also consider a split-panel jackknife method to correct bias and construction of confidence intervals. An empirical application illustrates our procedure.
A case report of eosinophilic granulomatosis and polyangiitis myocarditis presenting as ST elevation myocardial infarction and showing positive response to immunotherapy
Authors: Gill Jaspal Singh , Fontana Marianna , Knight Daniel , Kalra Sundeep Singh 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a medical emergency and is most commonly due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture and occlusion of coronary vessels. This case demonstrates that eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) myocarditis can mimic acute STEMI.

Case summary
A 44-year-old woman presented with acute chest pain, shortness of breath, and collapse with ST elevation on electrocardiography. Coronary angiogram showed unobstructed coronaries and chest film revealed left-sided consolidation. Together with a thorough history, serum eosinophilia, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and computated tomography imaging, the patient was diagnosed with acute EGPA myocarditis. She responded tremendously to steroid and cyclophosphamide immunosuppression and subsequent CMR imaging demonstrated complete resolution of myocarditis.

Discussion
CMR played a crucial role in the diagnosis and follow-up of this rare presentation. In patients who present as a STEMI but show unobstructed coronary vessels, EGPA may be a possible diagnosis.
A case report of platypnea–orthodeoxia syndrome: an interplay of pressure and blood flow
Authors: de Sousa Bispo João , Ramires Irina , Pestana Joana , Café Hugo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Platypnea–orthodeoxia syndrome is a rare condition characterized by onset or worsening of dyspnoea with orthostatism (platypnea) and arterial desaturation (orthodeoxy) that is relieved by returning to a recumbent position. An acute event causing a change in the pressure relationships inside the cardiac chambers can lead to the diagnosis of a previously undiagnosed cardiac anomaly, as the following case illustrates.

Case summary
A previously asymptomatic 80-year-old female patient was admitted in our hospital with a sudden onset ischaemic stroke. Initial evaluation, including 12-lead electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram, was unremarkable. During hospital stay, she develops pulmonary embolism, after which she complains of positional dyspnoea that develops upon sitting up, accompanied with refractory hypoxaemia that reverts on recumbent position. Transoesophageal echocardiogram revealed an interatrial septum with an exuberant hyperdynamic movement, and an abundant passage of contrast from the right atrium to the left, even without performing the Valsalva manoeuvre, compatible with an important patent foramen ovale. A percutaneous closure was performed, and patient has been symptom-free since then.

Discussion
This is a case illustrates how an anomaly that has been present for 80 years can suddenly manifest itself with an array of different symptoms that can make the diagnosis challenging. A high degree of clinical suspicion is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and definitive treatment.
Safety of Combination Biologic and Antirejection Therapy Post–Liver Transplantation in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Al Draiweesh Saleh , Ma Christopher , Alkhattabi Maan , McDonald Cassandra , Nguyen Tran M , Beaton Melanie , Chande Nilesh , Colquhoun Patrick , Feagan Brian G , Gregor James C , Khanna Reena , Marotta Paul , Ponich Terry , Quan Douglas , Qumosani Karim , Sandhu Amindeep , Sey Michael , Skaro Anton , Teriaky Anouar , Wilson Aze , Yan Brian , Brahmania Mayur , Jairath Vipul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) post–liver transplant (LT) may have bowel inflammation requiring biologic therapy. We aimed to evaluate the safety of combination biologic and antirejection therapy in IBD patients after LT from a tertiary center case series and an updated literature review.

Methods
Inflammatory bowel disease patients undergoing LT between 1985 and 2018 and requiring combination biologic and antirejection therapy post-LT were identified from the London Health Sciences Transplant Registry (Ontario, Canada). Safety outcomes were extracted by medical chart review. For an updated literature review, EMBASE, Medline, and CENTRAL were searched to identify studies evaluating the safety of combination biologic and antirejection therapy in IBD patients.

Results
In the case series, 19 patients were identified. Most underwent LT for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC; 14/19, 74%) treated with anti-integrins (8/19, 42%) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) antagonists (6/19, 32%). Infections occurred in 11/19 (58%) patients, most commonly Clostridium difficile (4/19, 21%). Two patients required colectomy, and 1 patient required re-transplantation. In the literature review, 13 case series and 8 case reports reporting outcomes for 122 IBD patients treated with biologic and antirejection therapy post-LT were included. PSC was the indication for LT in 97/122 (80%) patients, and 91/122 (75%) patients were treated with TNF antagonists. Infections occurred in 32/122 (26%) patients, primarily Clostridium difficile (7/122, 6%).

Conclusions
Inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving combination biologic and antirejection therapy post-LT appeared to be at increased risk of Clostridium difficile. Compared with the general liver transplant population in the published literature, there was no increased risk of serious infection.
Circulating CD30+CD4+ T Cells Increase Before Human Immunodeficiency Virus Rebound After Analytical Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption
Authors: Prator Cecilia A , Thanh Cassandra , Kumar Shreya , Pan Tony , Peluso Michael J , Bosch Ronald , Jones Norman , Milush Jeffrey M , Bakkour Sonia , Stone Mars , Busch Michael P , Deeks Steven G , Hunt Peter W , Henrich Timothy J 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundIdentification of nonviral markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that increase before viral rebound during analytical treatment interruption (ATI) may affect HIV persistence research. We previously showed that HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) is enriched in CD30+CD4+ T cells in many individuals. Here, we studied CD30+CD4+ T-cell dynamics before ATI, during ATI (before detectable plasma RNA), and after HIV rebound.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 participants collected longitudinally from 5 Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies incorporating ATI were included in this study. Flow cytometric characterization of expression of CD30 and markers of T-cell activation and exhaustion were performed along with HIV-1 RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid quantification and measurement of soluble plasma CD30 and CD30 ligand.ResultsThe percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing CD30 significantly increased from pre-ATI to postinterruption time points before detectible viremia (1.65 mean relative increase, P = .005). Seventy-seven percent of participants experienced an increase in CD30+ cells before viral rebound. In contrast, there were no significant differences between pre-ATI and postinterruption pre-rebound time points in percentages of lymphocytes expressing CD69, CD38/HLA-DR, or PD-1 until after HIV recrudescence.ConclusionsCD30 may be a surrogate marker of early replication or viral transcriptional activity before detection by routine peripheral blood sampling.