bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALMA view of the Galactic super star cluster RCW 38 at 270 au resolution
Authors: Torii Kazufumi , Tokuda Kazuki , Tachihara Kengo , Onishi Toshikazu , Fukui Yasuo 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We report millimeter/submillimeter continuum and molecular line observations of the Galactic super star cluster RCW 38, obtained from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array with a minimum angular resolution of ${0{^{\prime \prime }_{.}}17}\times {0{^{\prime \prime }_{.}}15}$ (≃ 289 au × 255 au). The C18O image reveals many massive condensations embedded within filamentary structures extending along the northwest–southeast direction in the center of cluster. The condensations have sizes of 0.01–0.02 pc, H2 column densities of 1023–1024 cm−2, and H2 masses of 10–130 M⊙. In addition, the 233 GHz continuum image reveals two dense, small millimeter-sources with radii of 460 and 200 au (Source A and Source B). Source A is embedded within the most massive C18O condensation, whereas no counterpart is seen for Source B. The masses of Source A and Source B are estimated as 13 and 3 M⊙ at the optically thin limit, respectively. The C18O emission shows a velocity gradient of 2 km s−1 at the central 2000 au of Source A, which could be interpreted as a Keplerian rotation with a central mass of a few M⊙ or infall motion of gas. Further, the ALMA 12CO data reveal that Source A and Source B are associated with molecular outflows exhibiting maximum velocities of ∼30–70 km s−1. The outflows have short dynamical timescales of &lt;1000 yr and high-mass outflow rates of ∼10−4–10−3 M⊙ yr−1. These observational signatures suggest an early evolutionary phase of the massive star formation in Source A and Source B.
Sinking carbon, nitrogen, and pigment flux within and beneath the euphotic zone in the oligotrophic, open-ocean Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Stukel Michael R , Kelly Thomas B , Landry Michael R , Selph Karen E , Swalethorp Rasmus 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring two cruises in the oligotrophic oceanic Gulf of Mexico, we deployed sediment traps at three depths: center of the euphotic zone (EZ) (60 m), base of the EZ (117–151 m), and in the twilight zone (231 m). Organic carbon export declined with depth from 6.4 to 4.6 to 2.4 mmol C m−2 d−1, suggesting that net particle production was concentrated in the upper EZ. Net primary production varied from 24 to 29 mmol C m−2 d−1, slightly more than half in the upper EZ. Export ratios varied from 11 to 25%. Trap measurements of chlorophyll and phaeopigments allowed us to quantify fluxes of fresh phytoplankton and herbivorous fecal pellets, respectively, which were both minor contributors to total flux, although their contributions varied with depth. Phytoplankton flux was more important from the upper to lower EZ; fecal pellets were more important at the EZ base and below. C:N elemental ratios and 13C and 15N isotope analyses indicated particle transformations within and beneath the EZ. 234Th-238U disequilibrium measurements varied, likely reflecting the mixing of water from multiple regions over the ~month-long time-scale of 234Th. Our results highlight the complexity of the biological carbon pump in oligotrophic regions.
Lead in Synergism With IFNγ Acts on Bone Marrow-Resident Macrophages to Increase the Quiescence of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Zhao Yifan , Li Qian , Zhu Tingting , He Jinyi , Xue Peng , Zheng Weiwei , Yao Ye , Qu Weidong , Zhou Zhijun , Lu Rongzhu , Zhou Zhou , He Rui , He Miao , Zhang Yubin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal that broadly exists in our living environment. Although Pb has been shown to influence the development of immune cells, to date, the impact of Pb on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (BM) remains unknown. As people are ubiquitously exposed to Pb and HSC are essential for human health, understanding the impact of Pb on HSC is significant for public health. In this study, we found that wild-type B6 mice treated with 1250 ppm Pb, but not 125 ppm Pb via drinking water for 8 weeks had increased quiescence of HSC in the BM. Functional analyses demonstrated that wild-type mice treated with 1250 ppm Pb had increased potential for HSC to repopulate the immune system and engraft to the niche in the BM under a competitive chimeric microenvironment of lethally irradiated recipients. Moreover, we found that Pb-increased quiescence of HSC critically relied on a synergetic action of Pb and interferon γ (IFNγ) on BM-resident macrophages (BM-MΦ), but not a direct action of Pb on HSC. Specifically, in steady state, BM-MΦ promoted HSC proliferation; and upon Pb treatment, IFNγ was induced in the BM, and thereafter Pb in synergism with IFNγ acted on BM-MΦ to cause BM-MΦ to become suppressive for HSC proliferation, thus leading to increased quiescence of HSC. Our study suggests that Pb increased the quiescence of HSC via a synergetic action of Pb and IFNγ on BM-MΦ, which was previously unrecognized toxicity of Pb.
Predicting the Physical and Mental Health Status of Individuals With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain From a Biopsychosocial Perspective
Authors: Martínez-Borba Verónica , Ripoll-Server Paula , Yakobov Esther , Suso-Ribera Carlos 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
Chronic pain is theoretically conceptualized from a biopsychosocial perspective. However, research into chronic pain still tends to focus on isolated, biological, psychological, or social variables. Simultaneous examination of these variables in the prediction of outcomes is important because communalities between predictors exist. Examination of unique contributions might help guide research and interventions in a more effective way.

Methods:
The participants were 114 individuals with chronic pain (mean age=58.81, SD=11.85; 58.8% women and 41.2% men) who responded to demographics (age and sex), pain characteristics (duration and sensory qualities), psychological (catastrophizing and perceived injustice), and social (marital adjustment) measures. Multivariate analyses were conducted to investigate their unique contributions to pain-related health variables pain severity, pain interference, disability, anxiety, and depressive symptoms.

Results:
Bivariate analyses evidenced significant associations between pain sensory qualities, catastrophizing, perceived injustice, and all health variables. In multivariate analyses, pain sensory qualities were associated with pain severity (β=0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.05, 0.14; t=4.28, P<0.001), while perceived injustice was associated with pain interference (β=0.08; 95% CI=0.03, 0.12; t=3.59, P<0.001), disability (β=0.25; 95% CI=0.08, 0.42; t=2.92, P=0.004), anxiety (β=0.18; 95% CI=0.08, 0.27; t=3.65, P<0.001), and depressive symptoms (β=0.14; 95% CI=0.05, 0.23; t=2.92, P=0.004). Age, sex, pain duration, and marital adjustment were not associated with health variables either in bivariate or in multivariate analyses (all P>0.010).

Discussion:
As expected, communalities between biopsychosocial variables exist, which resulted in a reduced number of unique contributions in multivariate analyses. Perceived injustice emerged as a unique contributor to variables, which points to this psychological construct as a potentially important therapeutic target in multidisciplinary treatment of pain.
High Rate of Pain Sensitization in Musculoskeletal Shoulder Diseases
Authors: Previtali Davide , Bordoni Vittorio , Filardo Giuseppe , Marchettini Paolo , Guerra Enrico , Candrian Christian 
Published: January 2021

Background:Pain sensitization, defined as an increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to normal input, is detected in several musculoskeletal diseases, but there are no systematic reviews or meta-analyses about pain sensitization in shoulder pain.Objectives:The aim of the study was to document pain sensitization rate and its impact in patients with shoulder pain.Materials and Methods:PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched on January 8, 2020. Level I-IV studies, evaluating pain sensitization in musculoskeletal shoulder disorders through validated methods (questionnaires/algometry) were included. The primary outcome was pain sensitization rate. Secondary outcomes were the pain sensitivity level measured as pressure pain threshold, temporal summation, conditioned pain modulation, and suprathreshold heat pain response. Associated demographic and psychosocial factors were evaluated.Results:The rate of abnormal pressure pain threshold in patients with shoulder pain varied from 29% to 77%. Questionnaires detected pain sensitization in 11% to 24% of patients. This meta-analysis showed no difference in pressure pain threshold and central pain modulation but documented a significant difference in terms of suprathreshold heat pain response, indicating a hypersensitivity state in patients with shoulder pain versus asymptomatic controls. The only factor that was constantly found to correlate with higher sensitivity was a lower postoperative outcome.Discussion:Pain sensitization has a high rate among patients with musculoskeletal shoulder pain, regardless of the specific etiology, and this may lead to worse clinical outcome after treatment of the primary disease. The best way to assess pain sensitization still needs to be identified as the assessment methods results in used high variability in the documented pain sensitization rate.
Local transversal aortic strain is impaired in ascending aorta dilatation
Authors: Cesareo Marco , Sabia Luca , Leone Dario , Avenatti Eleonora , Astarita Anna , Mingrone Giulia , Airale Lorenzo , Veglio Franco , Vallelonga Fabrizio , Milan Alberto 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Ascending aorta dilatation is found in 13% of hypertensive patients. Little is known about elastic properties of ascending aorta in such patients. Echo-based transverse aortic strain analysis can describe mechanical properties of ascending aorta but has never been applied to patients with ascending aorta dilatation.

Aim:
To assess mechanical properties of ascending aorta by transverse aortic strain analysis (as β2-stiffness index) in hypertensive patients with ascending aorta dilatation and association between mechanical properties of ascending aorta and cardiovascular damage.

Methods:
A total of 100 hypertensive outpatients underwent transthoracic echocardiography and assessment of pulse wave velocity (PWV). Strain analysis of ascending aorta was performed with echocardiographic speckle-tracking software. Patients were divided in three groups based on ascending aorta diameter: less than 40, 40–45, and at least 45 mm.

Results:
Beta-SI increased exponentially with ascending aorta dimensions (P < 0.001). Patients with ascending aorta dilatation had Beta-SI significantly higher than those with normal ascending aorta diameter. A greater proportion of patient with impaired (i.e., elevated) Beta-SI was present in groups with larger ascending aorta (18.2 vs. 48.4 vs. 80%, respectively, P < 0.05). On multivariate logistic regression only impaired Beta-SI predicted ascending aorta dilatation (P < 0.001). Beta-SI was related to cardiovascular damage in terms of left ventricular (LV) mass (LV mass indexed to BSA, P = 0.030) and PWV (P = 0.028). Patients with high Beta-SI had greater LV mass indexed to BSA (117 ± 47 vs. 94 ± 24 g/m2; P = 0.010) and PWV (10.20 ± 2.99 vs. 8.63 ± 1.88 m/s; P = 0.013).

Conclusion:
Ascending aorta dilatation is associated with increased local aortic stiffness in hypertensive patients. Strain analysis adds functional information to the mere morphological evaluation of aortic diameter and could be a useful tool to better define cardiovascular risk in this population.
Management of Hepatitis‐B Virus Infection in Immunocompromised Children
Authors: Calvo Pier Luigi , Pinon Michele , Dell'Olio Dominic , Carpino Andrea , Biasin Eleonora , Pizzol Antonio , Catalano Silvia , Peruzzi Licia , Rigazio Caterina , Cisarò Fabio , Opramolla Anna , Asaftei Sebastian Dorin , Quarello Paola , Fagioli Franca 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aims of the study was to expand the pediatric experience on hepatitis‐B virus (HBV) reactivation, a known complication in patients with hematologic malignancies or on immunosuppression.Methods:Retrospective appraisal of HBV therapy/prophylaxis in immunocompromised children, studied from April 2006 to March 2020.Results:Eighteen HBV‐positive patients, 5 girls, median age 11.1 (4.1‐‐17.9) years were included. Seventeen of 18 were immunosuppressed at HBV‐infection diagnosis. Seventeen were at high risk of reactivation, 1 at moderate risk. Five of 18 had acute hepatitis B as first infection or reactivation, 6 had HBeAg‐positive infection, 1 an HBeAg‐negative infection and 6 HBsAg‐negative infection. Median follow‐up was 2.7 (0.7‐‐12.5) years. No HBV‐related mortality was observed. Prophylaxis had to be repeated in 1. Lamivudine was used in 6/12 viremic patients and HBV‐DNA negativization obtained in 2/6 (33%). Tenofovir‐DF was used in 2/12 and entecavir in 4/12: 100% attained HBV‐DNA negativization. Therapy had to be switched from tenofovir‐DF to entecavir in 1 patient because of renal impairment. Virological breakthroughs were observed in 1 lamivudine‐treated patient, leading to a hepatitis flare; 1 patient on entecavir had a hepatitis flare at immunoreconstitution. Mortality was 33% in the HBsAg‐positive group. Seven prophylactic treatments were administered to 6 patients with HBsAg‐negative infection: tenofovir‐DF in 2 HBV‐DNA‐positive, lamivudine in 5 HBV‐DNA‐negative, without reverse HBsAg seroconversion, morbidity or mortality.Conclusions:There is a residual risk of acute hepatitis B in immunocompromised children, mortality rate was substantial, potentially related to the delays in commencing chemotherapy caused by liver dysfunction. Tenofovir‐DF or entecavir are the drugs of choice for HBV treatment in immunocompromised children.
The PrEP Cascade in a National Cohort of Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Moskowitz David A. , Moran Kevin O. , Matson Margaret , Alvarado-Avila Andrés , Mustanski Brian 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been an available biomedical intervention for at-risk adolescents for over 2 years; however, progression from awareness to uptake and adherence has been slow. In response, we map adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) onto the PrEP Motivation Cascade to identify stages for intervention.

Methods:
We analyzed PrEP-related attitudinal and behavioral data from a US national cohort of 1398 AMSM.

Results:
A majority of the sample (53.9%) were identified as appropriate PrEP candidates. Of those identified as appropriate candidates, 51.8% were precontemplative (stage 1; unwilling to take or believing they were inappropriate candidates for PrEP), and 48.2% reached contemplation (stage 2; willing and self-identified as appropriate candidates). Only 16.3% of candidates reached preparation (stage 3; seeing PrEP as accessible and planning to initiate PrEP), and 3.1% reached PrEP action (stage 4; prescribed PrEP). Although few of the AMSM identified as appropriate candidates were on PrEP, most users (87%) reported high adherence to 4+ doses per week (stage 5; PrEP maintenance). Factors associated with reaching later stages were being older, being out to parents, and engaging in previous HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing.

Conclusions:
AMSM PrEP use falls short of recommended levels. PrEP campaigns are needed to raise awareness by targeting key AMSM subgroups that underestimate the appropriateness of use. Equally important, parents and health providers of AMSM should serve educational roles to help facilitate potential PrEP uptake, by motivating adolescents and giving them the skills needed to request, fill, and adhere to a prescription.
Change in Circulating Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin (ucOCN) Is Associated With Fat Accumulation in HIV-Seropositive Women
Authors: Olali Arnold Z. , Sharma Anjali , Shi Qiuhu , Hoover Donald R. , Weber Kathleen M. , French Audrey L. , McKay Heather S. , Tien Phyllis C. , Al-Harthi Lena , Yin Michael T. , Ross Ryan D. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Bone mineral density loss and fat accumulation are common in people living with HIV. The bone-derived hormone, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) regulates fat metabolism. We investigated the relationship between ucOCN change and body fat change among perimenopausal/postmenopausal HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive women on long-term antiretrovirals.

Methods:
Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study MSK substudy underwent trunk and total fat assessment by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at study enrollment (index visit) and again 2 years later. Circulating ucOCN and cOCN were also measured at the index and 2-year visits. The correlation between the 2-year change in ucOCN and cOCN and change in trunk and total fat was assessed as a function of HIV serostatus using linear regression modeling. Multivariate linear regression assessed the association between ucOCN and cOCN change and total and trunk fat change after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Linear regression models restricted to HIV-seropositive women were performed to examine the contributions of HIV-specific factors (index CD4 count, viral load, and combined antiretroviral therapy use) on the associations.

Results:
Increased ucOCN over the 2-year follow-up was associated with less trunk and total fat accumulation in models adjusting for HIV serostatus and participants sociodemographics, whereas there was no association with cOCN and the fat parameters. None of the HIV-specific factors evaluated influenced the association between ucOCN and fat parameters.

Conclusion:
The current study suggests that increases in ucOCN are associated with decreased fat accumulation in HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive postmenopausal women on long-term antiretroviral therapy.
Value of radiomics features from adrenal gland and periadrenal fat CT images predicting COVID-19 progression
Authors: Zhang Mudan , Yin Xuntao , Li Wuchao , Zha Yan , Zeng Xianchun , Zhang Xiaoyong , Cui Jingjing , Tian Jie , Wang Rongpin , Liu Chen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundValue of radiomics features from the adrenal gland and periadrenal fat CT images for predicting disease progression in patients with COVID-19 has not been studied.MethodsA total of 1,245 patients (685 moderate and 560 severe patients) were enrolled in a retrospective study. We proposed 3D V-Net to segment adrenal glands in onset CT images automatically, and periadrenal fat was obtained using inflation operation around the adrenal gland. Next, we built a clinical model (CM), three radiomics models (adrenal gland model [AM], periadrenal fat model [PM], and fusion of adrenal gland and periadrenal fat model [FM]), and radiomics nomogram (RN) after radiomics features extracted to predict disease progression in patients with COVID-19.ResultsThe auto-segmentation framework yielded a dice value of 0.79 in the training set. CM, AM, PM, FM, and RN obtained AUCs of 0.712, 0.692, 0.763, 0.791, and 0.806, respectively in the training set. FM and RN had better predictive efficacy than CM (P < 0.0001) in the training set. RN showed that there was no significant difference in the validation set (mean absolute error [MAE] = 0.04) and test set (MAE = 0.075) between predictive and actual results. Decision curve analysis showed that if the threshold probability was more than 0.3 in the validation set or between 0.4 and 0.8 in the test set, it could gain more net benefits using RN than FM and CM.ConclusionRadiomics features extracted from the adrenal gland and periadrenal fat CT images may predict progression in patients with COVID-19.FundingThis study was funded by Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province (QKHZC [2020]4Y002, QKHPTRC [2019]5803), the Guiyang Science and Technology Project (ZKXM [2020]4), Guizhou Science and Technology Department Key Lab. Project (QKF [2017]25), Beijing Medical and Health Foundation (YWJKJJHKYJJ-B20261CS) and the special fund for basic Research Operating Expenses of public welfare research institutes at the central level from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019PT320003).
Implementing genomic screening in diverse populations
Authors: Abul-Husn Noura S. , Soper Emily R. , Braganza Giovanna T. , Rodriguez Jessica E. , Zeid Natasha , Cullina Sinead , Bobo Dean , Moscati Arden , Merkelson Amanda , Loos Ruth J.F. , Cho Judy H. , Belbin Gillian M. , Suckiel Sabrina A. , Kenny Eimear E. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundPopulation-based genomic screening has the predicted ability to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with medically actionable conditions. However, much research is needed to develop standards for genomic screening, and to understand the perspectives of people offered this new testing modality. This is particularly true for non-European ancestry populations who are vastly underrepresented in genomic medicine research. Therefore, we implemented a pilot genomic screening program in the BioMeBiobank in New York City, where the majority of participants are of non-European ancestry.MethodsWe initiated genomic screening for well-established genes associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), Lynch syndrome (LS), and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). We evaluated and included an additional gene (TTR) associated with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR), which has a common founder variant in African ancestry populations. We evaluated the characteristics of 74 participants who received results associated with these conditions. We also assessed the preferences of 7,461 newly enrolled BioMeparticipants to receive genomic results.ResultsIn the pilot genomic screening program, 74 consented participants received results related to HBOC (N=26), LS (N=6), FH (N=8), and hATTR (N=34). Thirty-three of 34 (97.1%) participants who received a result related to hATTR were self-reported African/African American (AA) or Hispanic/Latinx (HL), compared to 14 of 40 (35.0%) participants who received a result related to HBOC, LS, or FH. Among 7,461 participants enrolled after the BioMeprotocol modification to allow the return of genomic results, 93.4% indicated that they would want to receive results. Younger participants, women, and HL participants were more likely to opt to receive results.ConclusionsThe addition ofTTRto a pilot genomic screening program meant that we returned results to a higher proportion of AA and HL participants, in comparison with genes traditionally included in genomic screening programs in the U.S. We found that the majority of participants in a multi-ethnic biobank are interested in receiving genomic results for medically actionable conditions. These findings increase knowledge about the perspectives of diverse research participants on receiving genomic results, and inform the broader implementation of genomic medicine in underrepresented patient populations.