bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep‐Learning‐Based Neural Tissue Segmentation of MRI in Multiple Sclerosis: Effect of Training Set Size
Authors: Narayana Ponnada A. , Coronado Ivan , Sujit Sheeba J. , Wolinsky Jerry S. , Lublin Fred D. , Gabr Refaat E. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundThe dependence of deep‐learning (DL)‐based segmentation accuracy of brain MRI on the training size is not known.PurposeTo determine the required training size for a desired accuracy in brain MRI segmentation in multiple sclerosis (MS) using DL.Study TypeRetrospective analysis of MRI data acquired as part of a multicenter clinical trial.Study PopulationIn all, 1008 patients with clinically definite MS.Field Strength/SequenceMRIs were acquired at 1.5T and 3T scanners manufactured by GE, Philips, and Siemens with dual turbo spin echo, FLAIR, and T1‐weighted turbo spin echo sequences.AssessmentSegmentation results using an automated analysis pipeline and validated by two neuroimaging experts served as the ground truth. A DL model, based on a fully convolutional neural network, was trained separately using 16 different training sizes. The segmentation accuracy as a function of the training size was determined. These data were fitted to the learning curve for estimating the required training size for desired accuracy.Statistical TestsThe performance of the network was evaluated by calculating the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and lesion true‐positive and false‐positive rates.ResultsThe DSC for lesions showed much stronger dependency on the sample size than gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When the training size was increased from 10 to 800 the DSC values varied from 0.00 to 0.86 ± 0.016 for T2 lesions, 0.87 ± 009 to 0.94 ± 0.004 for GM, 0.86 ± 0.08 to 0.94 ± 0.005 for WM, and 0.91 ± 0.009 to 0.96 ± 0.003 for CSF.Data ConclusionExcellent segmentation was achieved with a training size as small as 10 image volumes for GM, WM, and CSF. In contrast, a training size of at least 50 image volumes was necessary for adequate lesion segmentation.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy Stage: 1J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1487–1496.
High order HDG method and domain decomposition solvers for frequency‐domain electromagnetics
Authors: Agullo Emmanuel , Giraud Luc , Gobé Alexis , Kuhn Matthieu , Lanteri Stéphane , Moya Ludovic 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis work is concerned with the numerical treatment of the system of three‐dimensional frequency‐domain (or time‐harmonic) Maxwell equations using a high order hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) approximation method combined with domain decomposition (DD) on the basis of hybrid iterative‐direct parallel solution strategies. The proposed HDG method preserves the advantages of classical DG methods previously introduced for the time‐domain Maxwell equations, in particular, in terms of accuracy and flexibility with regards to the discretization of complex geometrical features, while keeping the computational efficiency at the level of the reference edge element‐based finite element formulation widely adopted for the considered PDE system. We study in details the computational performances of the resulting DD solvers in particular in terms of scalability metrics by considering both a model test problem and more realistic large‐scale simulations performed on high performance computing systems consisting of networked multicore nodes.
The extent of complex fractionated atrial electrograms in the left atrium reflects age‐related electrical remodeling in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Park Yae Min , Lee Dae In , Park Hwan Cheol , Shim Jaemin , Choi Jong‐Il , Park Sang Weon , Kim Young‐Hoon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundsAlterations in the atrial structure and function associated with aging result in electric remodeling of the left atrium (LA) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). We performed this study to evaluate the influence of age on electric remodeling as assessed by the extent of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) in the LA.MethodsA total of 122 patients (mean age, 55.9 ± 10.4 years; range, 31‐79; 106 males) who underwent catheter ablation for drug‐refractory persistent AF were included in the study. The extent of CFAE was measured by CFAE area and its index (CFAE area/LA surface area × 100) using three‐dimensional automated software of NavX system.ResultsThe mean value of CFAE extent was significantly different among age groups; the CFAE area decreased significantly with increasing age (30 seconds [43.2 ± 14.5 mm2] vs 40 seconds [28.6 ± 6.0 mm2] vs 50 seconds [22.8 ± 3.4 mm2] vs 60 seconds [15.3 ± 2.6 mm2] vs 70 seconds [10.3 ± 3.2 mm2]; P = .010). A similar significant decrease was observed in the CFAE area index (30 seconds [22.9 ± 7.4] vs 40 seconds [14.9 ± 3.4] vs 50 seconds [10.4 ± 1.6] vs 60 seconds [6.9 ± 1.2] vs 70 seconds [4.6 ± 1.4]; P = .002). Age had a significantly negative correlation with the CFAE area (r = −0.322, P < .001) and CFAE area index (r = −0.357, P < .001).ConclusionsIncreasing age is associated with electric remodeling in the LA characterized by a decrease in the extent of CFAE area and its index.
The influence of ENSO on the upper warm temperature anomaly formation associated with the March–May heavy rainfall events in Tanzania
Authors: Mafuru Kantamla B. , Guirong Tan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis work aims at detecting to what extent the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulation influences the upper warm temperature anomaly (UWTA) formation in Tanzania during March to May (MAM) season of 1980–2010. The UWTA has known to influence heavy rainfall events through enhanced vertical uplift and deepening surface low pressure. The study is thus critical towards improved early warning system through a better understanding of the mechanisms in the climate system responsible for the above average rainfall. The empirical orthogonal function analysis in this study, revealed the dominant interannual variability mode of the UWTA to be concentrated over the study region. The interannual variability of ENSO and the UWTA shows a moderate relationship during MAM (r = .5328) while a robust association (r = .7905) exists during the previous September to November (SON). Thus, the anomalous sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) of the central tropical Pacific (e.g., over Nino 3.4) leads 6 months before the UWTA of the study region and anomalous SSTA over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) peak up. Comparatively, the warm phase of ENSO during SON and December to February (DJF) is in phase relationship with the strengthened ascending branch of the Walker circulation over the warm TIO. Further analysis demonstrates that in SON the rising limb of the Walker circulation is the dominant source of uplift and convection enhancement over the warm TIO and later transports warm and moist air (i.e., diabatic heating) aloft for the UWTA formation during SON and DJF. Meanwhile, the Hadley circulation (HC) induced by the SSTA associated with ENSO exhibits the symmetric mode during SON and asymmetric mode in MAM. The asymmetric mode of the HC plays its role in transporting the warm and moist air from the warm TIO towards the study area for the UWTA formation during MAM.
Circularly polarized Raman scattering in silicon
Authors: Talochkin A. B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe two‐dimensional layered materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides reveal the unique structure of the electron‐hole spectrum that generates discrete degrees of freedom related to the electron spin and the valley pseudospin. Optical phonons with the angular momentum may induce the transitions between the quantum levels in this system. Therefore, the investigation of these phonons is of particular importance now. One of the most popular methods for the determination of the angular momentum of optical phonons is circularly polarized Raman spectroscopy, common features of which were not entirely discovered so far due to a restricted set of studied materials. Here, we use this method to examine optical phonons in Si as an example of a high‐symmetry model crystal. The decomposition of scattered light into the circularly polarized components with the subsequent angle‐resolved analysis is employed. This allows us to find that Raman scattering by longitudinal optical phonons occurs with conservation of the photon helicity in accordance to the angular momentum conservation law, since the longitudinal optical phonon angular momentum is zero. In contrast, transverse optical phonon reverses photon helicity, meaning that its angular momentum is 2ħ. It is shown that Raman scattering of circularly polarized light is described well taking into account the angular momentum conservation law in addition to the main conclusions of the classical theory developed for the case of linearly polarized light.
No lake left behind: How well do U.S. protected areas meet lake conservation targets?
Authors: McCullough Ian M. , Skaff Nicholas K. , Soranno Patricia A. , Cheruvelil Kendra Spence 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Convention on Biological Diversity (https://www.cbd.int/) recommends globally protecting ≥ 17% of ecologically representative freshwaters by 2020 to sustain critical ecosystem services and rapidly declining freshwater biodiversity. We examined whether current conservation efforts meet this target for lakes (≥ 1 ha) across the continental U.S. and Environmental Protection Agency ecoregions using the U.S. Protected Areas Database. How one defines lake protection matters: 17.8% of lakes fell within multiuse or strictly protected areas, but only 7.5% of lakes had ≥ 80% of their catchments in strictly protected areas. Protected lakes occurred disproportionately in the lake‐poor western U.S. and most lake‐rich regions fell short of the 17% target. Lakes connected to streams and other lakes were disproportionately protected relative to headwater and isolated lakes, which are important for ecosystem services and biodiversity. Meeting conservation targets requires protecting thousands of additional U.S. lakes and catchments across more diverse ecological settings and explicitly considering connectivity.
A novel FLCN mutation in family members diagnosed with primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Genc Yavuz Burcu , Guzel Tanoglu Esra , Salman Yılmaz Seda , Colak Sahin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundPrimary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is a disease characterized by the accumulation of air in the pleural space between the lung and thoracic wall. It is more common in young, tall, thin, and asthenic men. A family history was reported for approximately 11.5% of individuals admitted with PSP. The literature has reported cases diagnosed with familial PSP, who have no manifestations of Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome but mutations in different exons of the Folliculin (FLCN) gene. The aim of this study is to present a Turkish family in which 13 members from three generations of the same family developed recurrent isolated spontaneous pneumothorax with a novel mutation in the FLCN.MethodsA male proband was diagnosed with spontaneous pneumothorax in the emergency department of the University of Health Sciences Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Center, Istanbul, Turkey. His 12 relatives from three generations diagnosed with PSP, as revealed by his family history, were invited to the hospital to give blood samples for mutation analysis. The Sanger sequence data of FLCN were analyzed on the ENSEMBL website using SeqScape 3 and Codon Aligner software.ResultsA novel heterozygous mutation c. 1273C>T (p.Gln425Ter) was detected in exon 11 of the FLCN, which caused PSP in the proband and his 12 relatives tested using Sanger sequencing.ConclusionWe found that a heterozygous mutation in exon 11 of FLCN c. 1273C>T (p.Gln425Ter), which was identified for the first time in our study, might cause isolated familial spontaneous pneumothorax.
Enhanced performance of compact 2 × 2 antenna array with electromagnetic band‐gap
Authors: Abdulhameed Muhannad K. , Isa Mohd saari B. M. , Zakaria Zahriladha , Ibrahim Imran M. , Mohsen Mowafak K. , Attiah Mothana L. , Dinar Ahmed M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe side lobe effects cause the wastage of energy in antenna arrays. In this work, two types of electromagnetic band‐gaps (EBGs) are used to diminish the side lobes in 2 × 2 Patch Antenna Array at 6 GHz through mushroom‐like EBG and triple side slotted (TSS) EBG (TSSEBG). The proposed EBGs are placed on the top surface of the antenna array to eliminate undesired surface currents. The connecting vias in TSSEBG compared with the mushroom‐like EBG structure is decreased from 392 to 92. Accordingly, an easy way in fabrication is guaranteed. The TSSEBG provided triple band gaps of frequencies compared with the structure of mushroom‐like EBG that only had one. The TSSEBG is placed in a flexible structure, which is suitable for antenna applications. The compact EBG and TSSEBG antenna arrays respectively demonstrate 13.77 and 14.68 dB gain, 14.2 and 15.3 dBi directivity, −24 and − 28.5 dB side lobe, and 90.5% and 87% efficiency at the operating frequency of 6 GHz.
Target detection radiation characteristic modeling and calculation method in air‐ground rotary scanning optical imaging system
Authors: Lei Bingshan , Zhu Wenbin , Hao Weina , Yan Keding 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFor the moving state of armored vehicle, the random rendezvous of rotary scanning optical imaging system and armored vehicle will be in an uncertain state, which makes the target information detected by the system floated and the reliable target signal hardly obtain. In this article, the target detection radiation characteristic distribution of the system and the calculation method of the geometric parameters of optical scanning in the random rendezvous state are obtained. An optical scanning detection calculation method for air‐ground armored targets is presented under space‐time correlation condition. According to the characteristic of rotary scanning optical imaging system caused by the thermal radiation of armored vehicles, a model of infrared radiation characteristic distribution of armored vehicles is established form the relationship between the system and armored targets. Combining with the established air‐ground rotation optical imaging‐scanning model, the contribution of Infrared Radiation to the optical imaging sensor during the movement of armored vehicles in different states and the calculation function of the output signal of the sensor are given respectively. Through calculation and experiment, it is found that the armored targets can be effectively detected within detection zone that the detection height is less than 35 m, the area of the radiation characteristic area is more than 1 m2 and the detection angle is 20 °  : 40°. The moving direction and contour size of the target can be distinguished by the rendezvous angle difference and the response time of the signal response time of the central.
Clarin‐1 expression in adult mouse and human retina highlights a role of Müller glia in Usher syndrome
Authors: Xu Lei , Bolch Susan N , Santiago Clayton P , Dyka Frank M , Akil Omar , Lobanova Ekaterina S , Wang Yuchen , Martemyanov Kirill A , Hauswirth William W , Smith W Clay , Handa James T , Blackshaw Seth , Ash John D , Dinculescu Astra 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsher syndrome type 3 (USH3) is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutations in the gene clarin‐1 (CLRN1), leading to combined progressive hearing loss and retinal degeneration. The cellular distribution of CLRN1 in the retina remains uncertain, either because its expression levels are low or because its epitopes are masked. Indeed, in the adult mouse retina, Clrn1 mRNA is developmentally downregulated, detectable only by RT‐PCR. In this study we used the highly sensitive RNAscope in situ hybridization assay and single‐cell RNA‐sequencing techniques to investigate the distribution of Clrn1 and CLRN1 in mouse and human retina, respectively. We found that Clrn1 transcripts in mouse tissue are localized to the inner retina during postnatal development and in adult stages. The pattern of Clrn1 mRNA cellular expression is similar in both mouse and human adult retina, with CLRN1 transcripts being localized in Müller glia, and not photoreceptors. We generated a novel knock‐in mouse with a hemagglutinin (HA) epitope‐tagged CLRN1 and showed that CLRN1 is expressed continuously at the protein level in the retina. Following enzymatic deglycosylation and immunoblotting analysis, we detected a single CLRN1‐specific protein band in homogenates of mouse and human retina, consistent in size with the main CLRN1 isoform. Taken together, our results implicate Müller glia in USH3 pathology, placing this cell type to the center of future mechanistic and therapeutic studies to prevent vision loss in this disease. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Metabolic response to exercise in childhood brain tumor survivors: A pilot controlled study
Authors: Papalia Honoré , Rochette Emmanuelle , Pereira Bruno , Merlin Etienne , Kanold Justyna , Duché Pascale ,   the HERCCULE GROUP
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground/objectivesSurvival rates in children diagnosed with malignant brain tumors exceed 70%. A higher risk of dyslipidemia, central obesity, and insulin resistance has been reported among these children. We investigated substrate utilization during submaximal exercise.Design/methodsTen brain tumor survivors and 10 healthy children were matched by sex, age, and Tanner stage. Participants completed a submaximal incremental exercise test to determine their fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates.ResultsThe relative oxygen volume (VO2) peak was significantly higher in the control group than in the survivors of childhood brain tumors (43.3 ± 11.9 and 32.4 ± 10.2 mL/kg /min, P = .04). At the same relative exercise intensity, there was no difference in the carbohydrate or lipid oxidation rate between the two groups, or in the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rate, or in the heart rate or percentage of VO2 peak to reach MFO. Healthy children achieved MFO at significantly higher muscular power than did brain tumor survivors (47.9 ± 20.8 and 21.8 ± 9.6 W, P = .003).ConclusionBecause child brain tumor survivors are less physically fit than healthy children, and substrate utilization during submaximal exercise is not different, physical activity should be promoted for child brain tumor survivors.
Thermal and dielectric properties of nanocomposites prepared from reactive graphene oxide and silicon‐containing cycloaliphatic diepoxide
Authors: Liu Yida , Wang Zhonggang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractReactive graphene oxide (GO) with multiple carboxyls or hydroxyls was well dispersed in a liquid silicon‐containing cycloaliphatic diepoxide. Upon heating the mixture gradually to 180°C, GO was in situ copolymerized with diepoxide to produce novel graphene/epoxy nanocomposites with the GO contents varied from 0 to 5 wt%. Fourier transform infrared spectra demonstrate that the reactive groups of GO have participated in the polymerization reaction. The composites thus obtained have similar amorphous wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns to the pure epoxy resin, whereas the peak at 9.54° corresponding to GO aggregations is absent, indicating a homogeneous dispersion of GO within epoxy matrix, which is consistent with the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations. The influence of the GO incorporation on dielectric properties, viscoelastic behaviors, glass transition temperatures, and thermal stability of GO/epoxy nanocomposites is systematically investigated by means of impedance analyzer, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results show that the dielectric permittivities (k) of the samples significantly increase from 5.0 to 55 with the GO contents, and the k values are stable in the frequency range up to 1 MHz. The high dielectric permittivity and excellent dielectric stability are extremely important for the fabrication of high‐performance electronic devices.
Word bibliographic coupling: Another way to map science field and identify core references
Authors: Hsiao Tsung‐Ming , Chen Kuang‐hua 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how to measure subject relationship based on bibliographic coupling strength. Since the 1960s, researchers use citation analysis methods to discover the relationship between different works and authors. However, how to apply citation‐based methods in measuring the relationships between various subjects remains unknown. We propose a novel method to measure relationships between subjects based on bibliographic coupling strengths. Our dataset is composed of 7,692 articles published in 10 core information science journals from 2008 to 2017. The result shows that our method provides another viewpoint of exploring the development of science. Furthermore, our method can identify the core works in different subjects and help to judge how similar different subjects are.
Data for development: The case for Africa
Authors: Assefa Shimelis , Alemneh Daniel Gelaw , Rorissa Abebe 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThis study presents the results of a systematic review of data use practices by African countries to support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) #2 – agriculture. Data use practices and existing data infrastructure are reviewed through the lens of the four big data value‐chain ‐ data generation, data acquisition, data storage, and data analysis. The findings show that – 1) national statistical offices are the primary institutions responsible for data collection and analysis at country level; 2) survey is the primary means for data generation and acquisition; c) the capability to transform data into actionable insight and knowledge is severely limited; 4) data is heavily used for reporting purposes.
An integrated framework of patient data ownership
Authors: Bowen‐Ziecheck Aaron D. , Bartlett Joan C. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTPatient data ownership is called for but not explicitly conceptualized in the literature. This proposal reports a framework of patient data ownership based which integrates literature from the fields of healthcare information systems, patient‐centered care, and personal health information management. The 6 concepts identified are integrated, on‐demand, access, control, security, and input. The framework is presented to combine and synthesize concepts which are found in disparate fields but are highly related.
Usability testing of LUI: A new human‐computer interface for large displays
Authors: Dumas Catherine , Erdelez Sanda , Pomerantz Jeffrey , Parthiban Vik 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTA usability study was conducted on a new human‐computer web interface for large displays created by researchers from the Media Lab at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Data was collected by observing 12 subjects who were asked interact with a large screen monitor using a set of gestures. The subjects were also asked to complete a survey after they participated. The purpose of the study was to discover new methods of how people interact with a large display using gestures. By understanding how people use this interface, novel applications that reflect user preferences can be designed. Our findings discovered usability and technology issues that were given to the creators of the web‐interface that was evaluated in this study. We also created usability testing protocol that will be used in future studies of this gesture‐based application.