bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cracked tooth syndrome diagnosis part 1: integrating the old with the new
Authors: Bailey Oliver , Whitworth John 
Published: June 2020

This article is the first of a two-part series on cracked tooth syndrome (CTS). It seeks to aid the clinician in understanding the pathogenesis and clinical features of the condition and review established and new diagnostic tests that will allow greater confidence and predictability in diagnosing teeth with CTS. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article gives the clinician greater confidence and predictability in diagnosing teeth with CTS.
The Impact of COVID-19 on dental education and training
Authors: Doughty Faye , Moshkun Catherine 
Published: June 2020

COVID-19 has had a huge impact on dentistry. Dental care professionals work in close proximity with patients, they are therefore at high risk of contracting coronavirus. As of 25th March, all routine dentistry was postponed. The pandemic has led to clinic closures, university closures and postponement of exams and interviews. This has resulted in a deficit in clinical exposure for undergraduates and trainees. Changes in examination format have been implemented to prevent delays in course completions. The GDC have reassured that measures are being put in place to reduce the effect of COVID-19 on training. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article aims to explore the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on dental education and dental training programmes in the UK.
How close is the axillary nerve to the inferior glenoid? A magnetic resonance study of normal and arthritic shoulders
Authors: Makki D , Selmi H , Syed S , Basu S , Walton M 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Axillary nerve injury is a major complication of shoulder surgery during glenoid exposure. The aim of this study was to measure the mean distance between the inferior glenoid and the axillary nerve in healthy shoulders and then to compare this distance between osteoarthritic and rotator cuff deficient glenohumeral joints. Methods The magnetic resonance images of 50 patients with normal glenohumeral joints were reviewed. The infra-glenoid tubercle was determined as a fixed point and the distance to the axillary nerve was measured. Two separate assessors measured on the same sagittal sections. With a study power of 80%, the sample needed in each comparison group was 28 patients. Measurements were then performed on scans in patients with osteoarthritis and cuff tear arthropathy. The mean distance was compared between groups. Results The mean distance between the infra-glenoid tubercle and axillary nerve was 12mm (standard deviation, SD, 5.6mm) in normal shoulders, 10.6mm (SD 5.4mm) in shoulders with osteoarthritis and 9.7mm (SD 3.7mm) in those with cuff tear arthropathy. For this sample size of 50 patients with a confidence interval of 95%, the mean range is 12mm (95% CI 10.4–13.6). A comparison between normal shoulder and osteoarthritis showed a p-value of 0.3, and between normal and cuff tear arthropathy a p-value of 0.06. This was not statistically significant. Conclusions The axillary nerve lies on average 12mm from the infra-glenoid tubercle. The presence of inferior osteophytes in glenohumeral osteoarthritis and the proximal migration of humeral head in cuff tear arthropathy does not seem to alter the course of the nerve significantly in relation to the inferior glenoid tubercle.
An open and closed case: timing of closure following laparostomy
Authors: Granger S , Fallon J , Hopkins J , Pullyblank A 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Laparostomy is important in the management of patients with intra-abdominal gastrointestinal catastrophe or trauma. It carries significant risk and is resource intensive, both in terms of nursing and surgically. The main goal is to achieve prompt myofascial closure (MFC) in order to minimise morbidity and mortality. Early MFC was initially defined as within 2–3 weeks but there is growing evidence that this should be measured in days. Methods Retrospective analysis was undertaken of laparostomy cases between 2016 and 2018 at an acute trust and trauma centre serving a population of 500,000. Indication, duration of open abdomen (OA), number of relook procedures and consultant presence were examined to see whether they affected MFC rates, morbidity and mortality. Results Overall, 76 laparostomies were performed during the 3-year study period. The most common indication was peritonitis (68.4%). As duration of OA and number of relook procedures increased, the chances of MFC fell significantly. After day 1, MFC rates fell by 20% with each subsequent 24 hours. Leaving the abdomen open primarily at index procedure compared with performing laparostomy following a postoperative complication was associated with significantly higher MFC rates (92.6% vs 68.2%, (p=0.006). The mortality rate was 15.8%. Conclusions If the OA is not closed within five days or by the third relook procedure, then achieving MFC is unlikely. Alternative methods should be employed to close the abdomen rather than continuing to take the patient back to theatre for relook laparotomies while increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality. A proactive strategy to forming primary laparostomy at the index procedure has high closure rates.
Paclitaxel coated-balloon (PCB) versus standard plain old balloon (POB) fistuloplasty for failing dialysis access
Authors: Karmota AG 
Published: June 2020

Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel-coated balloon compared with conventional plain balloon for the treatment of failing native dialysis access. Materials and methods This prospective study included 60 patients presenting to the Kasr Alainy Hospitals and Aseer Central Hospital in the period from September 2015 to December 2017 with failing native vascular access. Dilatation with a plain balloon was done in 30 patients (group I) and with a paclitaxel-coated balloon in 30 patients (group II) with either stenosis or occlusion. The majority were outflow lesions, with 20 (66.7 %) patients in group I and 21 (70%) patients in group II. Mean balloon diameter was 7.1mm (± 1.5mm) compared with 6.5mm (± 1.2mm) and length 66mm (± 19.1mm) compared with 54.6mm (± 15.7mm), respectively. Safety endpoint was reported as 30 day’s freedom from procedure-related major complications and mortality. Procedural technical success was defined as a residual diameter 30% or less for treated lesions. Target lesion primary patency, circuit primary patency and secondary patency were reported at 3, 6 and 12 months. Results There were no 30-day procedure-related major complications or mortality in either group. Procedural technical success of 100% was achieved in both groups. Target lesion primary patency, circuit primary patency and secondary patency in group II were better than in group I, especially at 12 months (90% vs 66.7%, 83.3% vs 60% and 96.7% vs 93.3%, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference in target lesion primary patency (p = 0.029) in patients who were treated with paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasties. Conclusion The paclitaxel-coated balloon proved to be safe and effective, and improved the patency of failing vascular access. Results are comparable with previous studies.
Safety and efficacy of duodenal stent insertion for gastric outlet obstruction: characterisation of a regional district general hospital service
Authors: Bryce A , Wohlgemut JM , Coyle T , Hannay J 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Placement of a duodenal or pyloric stent is a recognised palliative procedure for symptomatic relief of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. This procedure can be associated with significant complications, reinterventions and poor long-term relief of obstructive symptoms. However, there may be a faster return to diet and shorter hospital stay in comparison to other palliative procedures (eg gastrojejunostomy). The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of duodenal stenting in our regional district general hospital in comparison to that of larger tertiary centres. Materials and methods All patients with gastric outlet obstruction who had duodenal stent placement attempted in our region between 1 August 2013 and 31 July 2018 were identified by retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained coding databases and medical notes. Patient demographics, safety outcomes and efficacy outcomes were then extracted. Results were interpreted with respect to data from best available published evidence from larger tertiary centres. Results Of 43 duodenal stent insertion attempts, 84% had a successful return to diet, 18% underwent reintervention, 18% suffered adverse events, mean length of stay post-intervention was 8.6 days and mean survival post-intervention was 132 days. Conclusions Patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction in whom duodenal stent placement was attempted had similar outcomes to published data from larger tertiary centres. Duodenal stent placement remains an acceptable treatment option for these patients in our region.
Can Epstein–Barr virus play a role in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas?
Authors: Dere Y , Ekmekçi S , Akarken İ , Küçük Ü 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas are very rare tumours with different biological behaviours. The Epstein–Barr virus, which is the first known oncogenic virus, is being investigated for various malignant tumours. It is known that this virus is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, as well as multiple haematological malignancies, head and neck and gastric cancers. We aimed to determine the presence of the Epstein–Barr virus in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas using chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH). Materials and methods A total of 44 upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas from two different centres were included. Demographic data and survival rates were obtained from hospital records. One demonstrative paraffin block from each case was stained using Epstein–Barr encoded RNA (EBER) with an automated CISH procedure. The positivity of EBER was statistically analysed for prognostic factors. Results Among all patients, 38 were male and 6 were female. The mean age of the patients was 65.93 years. At the time of the study, 15 patients had died and 29 were alive. EBER-CISH positivity was found in 13 patients. Four showed strong EBER-CISH expression and nine showed weak expression. EBER-CISH positivity was not statistically related to any of the prognostic factors or to overall survival. Discussion Although EBER-CISH positivity showed no significant relation with prognostic factors, it was observed in one-third of all cases. Therefore, we think that the Epstein–Barr virus may have a role in the pathogenesis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas. This finding needs to be supported by larger studies.
Primary colonic squamous cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Linardoutsos D , Frountzas M , Feakins RM , Patel NH , Simanskaite V , Patel H 
Published: June 2020

Colonic squamous cell carcinoma is extremely rare, with no clear pathogenesis. It usually presents as an emergency. We present the surgical management of a descending colon squamous cell carcinoma, together with a review of the available cases of colonic squamous cell carcinoma in the literature. A 69-year-old woman presented with a palpable mass and abdominal pain. She underwent ultrasound and colonoscopy, which revealed a large obstructing mass at the descending colon, the biopsies of which were not diagnostic. Unfortunately, she was readmitted with bowel obstruction and underwent extended right hemicolectomy with en-bloc excision of attached small bowel and omentum because of local mass expansion. Histopathological analysis demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node metastases. Palliative chemotherapy followed, owing to liver and peritoneal deposits. Sixty-six cases of colonic squamous cell carcinoma have been reported in the literature. The most common location is the right colon. Most cases present at a late stage. Several theories for the pathogenesis of colonic squamous cell carcinoma have been reported; the most popular is the squamous transformation of a pluripotent stem cell.
Nanoscale phase modulator and optical switch based on graphene-coated fiber
Authors: Xu Zhengtian , Yang Shu , Wang Jun 
Published: June 2020

The new, to the best of our knowledge, phase modulator and optical switch based on graphene-coated fiber are proposed and studied. The fields of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) modes are highly concentrated on the graphene so that very high effective indices (

>

400

) can be achieved. By virtue of this feature, the dimensions of these devices can be as small as several nanometers in length. The minimum transmission losses for the phase modulator and optical switch are 0.54 dB and 0.18 dB, respectively. The maximum voltage adjustment range needed is only 0.3 V. The optical switch possesses a complete switch-off state and is adaptable to variation in phase difference and light intensity. The performance of these devices can be effectively tuned by the parameters, such as the graphene-coated lengths and the applied voltages. These devices may have important applications in fiber-based systems and other nanoscale optic and optoelectronic systems.
Theoretical analysis of ultra-fast multi-wavelength switch containing Kerr nonlinear material and its application as simultaneous AND and NOR logic gates
Authors: Moshiri Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi , Khodadadi Maryam , Nozhat Najmeh 
Published: June 2020

In this paper, an all-optical plasmonic multi-wavelength switch based on Kerr nonlinear material is proposed. It consists of circular waveguides wrapped around three side-coupled nano-ring resonators. Fundamentally, introducing the circular waveguide increases the coupling coefficient and switching modulation depth. The transmission response of the proposed multi-switching structure is studied theoretically based on coupled mode and transfer matrix theories. The validity of the derived transmission formula is confirmed by the numerical result obtained by the finite element method. Also, based on the self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation (XPM) nonlinear effects, the resonance wavelengths are effortlessly tuned by changing the intensity of the incident lightwave without changing the dimensions of the structure. As a result, by utilizing the XPM effect, the required input signal intensity is significantly decreased to

6.5

M
W

/

c
m

2

. The obtained modulation depths are 18.08, 31.83, and 28.40 dB at wavelengths of 850, 1310, and 1550 nm, respectively. Finally, to show the application of the proposed switch, the simultaneous AND and NOR logic gates are designed with intensity contrast ratios of 78.81 and 85.49 dB, respectively. The proposed plasmonic switch has many advantages such as being multi-wavelength and having low required switching intensity, ultra-fast switching time of 23 fs, and optical bistability. These features are promising for future integrated plasmonic devices for applications such as communications, signal processing, and sensing.
Impact of excitation energy on the excitonic luminescence of cesium lead bromide perovskite nanosheets
Authors: Lao Xiangzhou , Bao Yitian , Xu Shijie 
Published: June 2020

An excitation-energy-dependent luminescence phenomenon is reported in cesium lead bromide (

C
s
P
b
B
r

3

) perovskite nanosheets. At 10 K, the relative integrated luminescence intensity between the trapped exciton (TX) emission and the free exciton (FX) emission shows an interesting tendency with increasing the optical excitation energy from 2.431 eV (510 nm) to 3.758 eV (330 nm). To interpret such phenomenon, we develop a quantitative model on the basis of the biological population growth theory. A good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained. It is thus revealed that the lower capture coefficient of the TX level to the excited excitons via multiphonon emission relative to the FX level shall be the major cause of the observed phenomenon. These findings may help to deepen the current understanding of the complex luminescence mechanisms of these emerging light-emitting materials.
Low-loss fs-laser-written surface waveguide lasers at >2  µm in monoclinic Tm3+:MgWO4
Authors: Kifle Esrom , Loiko Pavel , Vázquez de Aldana Javier Rodríguez , Romero Carolina , Llamas Víctor , Serres Josep Maria , Aguiló Magdalena , Díaz Francesc , Zhang Lizhen , Lin Zhoubin , Lin Haifeng , Zhang Ge , Zakharov Viktor , Veniaminov Andrey , Petrov Valentin , Griebner Uwe , Mateos Xavier , Wang Li , Chen Weidong 
Published: June 2020

Surface channel waveguides (WGs) based on a half-ring (40–60-µm-diameter) depressed-index cladding (type III) geometry are fabricated in monoclinic

Tm

3
+

:

MgWO

4

by femtosecond (fs) laser writing at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The WGs are characterized by confocal laser microscopy and

μ

-Raman spectroscopy. A

Tm

3
+

:

MgWO

4

WG laser generates 320 mW at

∼

2.02

µ

m

with a slope efficiency of 64.4%. The WG emits a transverse single-mode and linear polarization (

E

|

|

N
m

). A remarkable low loss of

<
0.1

dB

/

cm

is measured for the WG. Vibronic laser emission at

∼

2.08

µ

m

is also achieved.
Fabricating low loss waveguides over a large depth in glass by temperature gradient assisted femtosecond laser writing
Authors: Tan Dezhi , Sun Xiaoyu , Wang Qian , Zhou Peng , Liao Yongping , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: June 2020

We propose a strategy of temperature gradient assisted femtosecond laser writing for elaboration of low loss waveguides (WGs) over a large depth in glass. The matter flow driven by the temperature distribution is responsible for forming a highly densified WG core with tunable size. Importantly, the unique position of the guiding core outside the focus allows for abating the influence of laser energy redistribution and inscribing low loss deep WGs. A low insertion loss (

L
i

) of 0.6 dB at 1550 nm is achieved for WGs at the depth from 300 µm to 900 µm. Establishing strong dependence of

L
i

on the WG size offers a unique route to improve WG performance. These findings highlight that the present method would provide new opportunities for creating low loss WG lattices at large depth.
Telemonitoramento como estratégia de cuidado longitudinal a grupos prioritários em tempos da COVID-19: uma experiência na atenção primária à saúde do município de Vitória-ES
Authors: Rodrigues Alana Pereira , Felipe Carla Rosa , Lima Denise Bussú , Costa Luana Roberta Oliveira , Fernandes Patrícia Felisberto , Silva Rhaviny De Paula Pêgo , Fernandes Rivana Marília , Lazarini Welington Serra 
Published: June 2020

Com a pandemia da COVID -19, a atenção primária em saúde sofreu alterações tanto físicas quanto logísticas em todo o mundo para adaptar-se a essa situação emergencial. Enquanto os esforços dos gestores do sistema de saúde se orientaram prioritariamente para a organização dos serviços para a recepção dos casos suspeitos da COVID-19, o presente artigo relata uma estratégia de telemonitoramento dos pacientes que necessitam de acesso aos cuidados programados. Organizados em grupos prioritários pela equipe, o trabalho é realizado pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, com suporte do Núcleo de Apoio de Saúde da Família. Adotada com o objetivo de garantir acesso ao cuidado, recursos e informações de saúde para a população de quase 12 mil habitantes atendidas por uma Unidade de Saúde do município de Vitória/ES, a iniciativa tem mostrado resultados satisfatórios.
Verification of expression of LINC00648 in the serum of lung cancer patients by TCGA database
Authors: Zhao Ling , Gao Mingxu , Zhao Xiujuan 
Published: June 2020

TCGA data were used to verify the expression of LINC00648 in lung cancer patients to provide a reference for clinical practice. Lung cancer transcriptome data were downloaded by the TCGA database and LINC00648 data were extracted for analysis. Fifty-two patients with lung cancer diagnosed in our hospital from May 2014 to March 2016 were collected as the patient group and 30 normal people as the control group. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of LINC00648 in serum, follow up of patients was carried out, and bioinformatics was used to analyze the potential mechanism of LINC00648. LINC00648 was highly expressed in lung cancer. Lymphatic metastasis and probability of low differentiation were significantly increased, and the overall survival rate of highly expressed patients with lung cancer was reduced and the prognosis was poor. LINC00648 had 17 potential miR-targeted and 78 miR-targeted mRNAs. LINC00648 was found to have participated in SMAD binding, transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding, PDZ domain binding, cytokine binding, activin binding, RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding, transforming growth factor-beta receptor binding, etc. LINC00648 participated in the signal pathways of the Hippo signaling pathway, Transcriptional misregulation in cancer, MAPK signaling pathway, Proteoglycans in cancer. There were 55 co-expression pairs in PPI protein co-expression analysis, of which KIF11 was the most common. High expression of LINC00648 in lung cancer patients indicates poor prognosis of patients and is expected to become a potential diagnostic marker for lung cancer.
New features of the first eigenvalue on negatively curved spaces
Authors: Kristály Alexandru 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the study of fine properties of the first eigenvalue on negatively curved spaces. First, depending on the parity of the space dimension,
we provide asymptotically sharp harmonic-type expansions of the first eigenvalue for large geodesic balls in the model n-dimensional hyperbolic space, complementing the results of Borisov and Freitas (2017), Hurtado, Markvorsen and Palmer (2016)
and Savo (2008);
in odd dimensions, such eigenvalues appear as roots of an inductively constructed transcendental equation.
We then give a synthetic proof of Cheng’s sharp eigenvalue comparison theorem in metric measure spaces satisfying a Bishop–Gromov-type volume monotonicity hypothesis. As a byproduct, we provide an example of simply connected, non-compact Finsler manifold with constant negative flag curvature whose first eigenvalue is zero; this result is in a sharp contrast with its celebrated Riemannian counterpart due to McKean (1970).
Our proofs are based on specific properties of the Gaussian hypergeometric function combined with intrinsic aspects of the negatively curved smooth/non-smooth spaces.
Economic and Sociological Accounts of Social Norms
Authors: Kliemt Hartmut 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Classifying accounts of institutionalized social norms that rely on individual rule-following as ‘sociological’ and accounts based on individual opportunity-seeking behavior as ‘economic’, the paper rejects purely economic accounts on theoretical grounds. Explaining the realworkings of institutionalized social norms and social order exclusively in terms of self-regarding opportunityseeking individual behavior is impossible. An integrated sociological approach to the so-called Hobbesian problem of social order that incorporates opportunityseeking along with rule-following behavior is necessary. Such an approach emerges on the horizon if economic methods are put to good sociological use on the basis of recent experimental economic findings on rule-following behavior.
Incentivized Measurement of Social Norms Using Coordination Games
Authors: Erkut Hande 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Social norms are important determinants of behavior. Hence, we need reliable methods to identify them in order to increase the predictive and explanatory power of models that aim to predict human behavior. In this paper, I will focus on a norm measurement method proposed by Krupka and Weber. In particular, I will discuss whether social norms elicited using this method are malleable, and whether these norms are good predictors of behavior.