bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An interstellar origin for high-inclination Centaurs
Authors: Namouni F , Morais M H M 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the possible origins of real high-inclination Centaurs and trans-neptunian objects using a high-resolution statistical search for stable orbits that simulates their evolution back in time to the epoch when planet formation ended 4.5 billion years in the past. The simulation is a precise orbit determination method that does not involve ad hoc initial conditions or assumptions such as those found in planetesimal disc relaxation models upon which their conclusions depend. It can therefore be used to independently test origin theories based on relaxation models by examining the past orbits of specific real objects. Here, we examined 17 multiple-opposition high-inclination Centaurs and the two polar trans-neptunian objects 2008 KV42 and (471325) 2011 KT19. The statistical distributions show that their orbits were nearly polar 4.5 Gyr in the past, and were located in the scattered disc and inner Oort cloud regions. Early polar inclinations cannot be accounted for by current Solar system formation theory as the early planetesimal system must have been nearly flat in order to explain the low-inclination asteroid and Kuiper belts. Furthermore, the early scattered disc and inner Oort cloud regions are believed to have been devoid of Solar system material as the planetesimal disc could not have extended far beyond Neptune’s current orbit in order to halt the planet’s outward migration. The nearly polar orbits of high-inclination Centaurs 4.5 Gyr in the past therefore indicate their probable early capture from the interstellar medium.
Modelling double neutron stars: radio and gravitational waves
Authors: Chattopadhyay Debatri , Stevenson Simon , Hurley Jarrod R , Rossi Luca J , Flynn Chris 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We have implemented prescriptions for modelling pulsars in the rapid binary population synthesis code Compact Object Mergers: Population Astrophysics and Statistics. We perform a detailed analysis of the double neutron star (DNS) population, accounting for radio survey selection effects. The surface magnetic field decay time-scale (∼1000 Myr) and mass-scale (∼0.02 M⊙) are the dominant uncertainties in our model. Mass accretion during common envelope evolution plays a non-trivial role in recycling pulsars. We find a best-fitting model that is in broad agreement with the observed Galactic DNS population. Though the pulsar parameters (period and period derivative) are strongly biased by radio selection effects, the observed orbital parameters (orbital period and eccentricity) closely represent the intrinsic distributions. The number of radio observable DNSs in the Milky Way at present is about 2500 in our model, corresponding to approximately 10 per cent of the predicted total number of DNSs in the Galaxy. Using our model calibrated to the Galactic DNS population, we make predictions for DNS mergers observed in gravitational waves. The DNS chirp mass distribution varies from 1.1 to 2.1 M⊙ and the median is found to be 1.14 M⊙. The expected effective spin χeff for isolated DNSs is ≲0.03 from our model. We predict that 34 per cent of the current Galactic isolated DNSs will merge within a Hubble time, and have a median total mass of 2.7 M⊙. Finally, we discuss implications for fast radio bursts and post-merger remnant gravitational waves.
Structural basis of G-quadruplex DNA recognition by the yeast telomeric protein Rap1
Authors: Traczyk Anna , Liew Chong Wai , Gill David James , Rhodes Daniela 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
G-quadruplexes are four-stranded nucleic acid structures involved in multiple cellular pathways including DNA replication and telomere maintenance. Such structures are formed by G-rich DNA sequences typified by telomeric DNA repeats. Whilst there is evidence for proteins that bind and regulate G-quadruplex formation, the molecular basis for this remains poorly understood. The budding yeast telomeric protein Rap1, originally identified as a transcriptional regulator functioning by recognizing double-stranded DNA binding sites, was one of the first proteins to be discovered to also bind and promote G-quadruplex formation in vitro. Here, we present the 2.4 Å resolution crystal structure of the Rap1 DNA-binding domain in complex with a G-quadruplex. Our structure not only provides a detailed insight into the structural basis for G-quadruplex recognition by a protein, but also gives a mechanistic understanding of how the same DNA-binding domain adapts to specifically recognize different DNA structures. The key observation is the DNA-recognition helix functions in a bimodal manner: In double-stranded DNA recognition one helix face makes electrostatic interactions with the major groove of DNA, whereas in G-quadruplex recognition a different helix face is used to make primarily hydrophobic interactions with the planar face of a G-tetrad.
Prescription patterns of dialysate potassium and potassium binders and survival on haemodialysis—the French Renal Epidemiology and Information Network registry
Authors: Mercadal Lucile , Lambert Oriane , Couchoud Cécile , Metzger Marie , Edet Stéphane , Merle Sylvie , Jacquelinet Christian , Stengel Bénédicte 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Management of potassium disorders in patients on haemodialysis (HD) is complex. We studied prescription patterns of dialysate potassium and potassium binders, and their associations with patient survival.

Methods
This national registry-based study included 25 629 incident adult patients alive after 3 months of HD from 2010 through 2013 and followed-up through 31 December 2014. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate multiadjusted mortality hazard ratios (HRs) associated with time-dependent exposure to facility-level dialysate potassium concentrations and patient-level potassium binder exposure.

Results
Almost all dialysis units used, and generally most often, dialysate potassium concentrations of 2 mmol/L. During this period, use of concentrations &lt;2 mmol/L tended to decrease and those ≥3 mmol/L to increase. In 2014, 9% of units used a single dialysate formula, 41% used two and 50% three or more. The most frequent combinations were 2 and 3 mmol/L (40%), and &lt;2, 2 and 3 mmol/L (37%). Compared with patients on HD in units using only one dialysate formula, those in units using two or three had adjusted mortality HRs of 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82–1.01] and 0.84 (0.75–0.93), respectively. Potassium binders were prescribed for 37% of all patients at baseline. Adjusted mortality HRs associated with doses &lt;4, 4–8 and ≥8 g/day versus none were 1.22 (95% CI 1.04–1.51), 0.6 (0.54–0.66) and 0.25 (0.24–0.33), respectively.

Conclusions
Diversity in facility-level use of dialysate potassium concentrations and potassium binder use at an appropriate dose appear to be associated with better survival in HD patients.
Quantitative Analysis of the Far-Lateral, Supra-Articular Transcondylar Transtubercular Approach Using Cadaveric Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Kodera Toshiaki , Akazawa Ayumi , Yamada Shinsuke , Arai Hiroshi , Yamauchi Takahiro , Higashino Yoshifumi , Arishima Hidetaka , Iino Satoshi , Noriki Sakon , Kikuta Ken-ichiro 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Removing the jugular tubercle (JT) is regarded as an important step in the far-lateral approach; however, few cadaveric studies have objectively evaluated it.

OBJECTIVE
To quantitatively analyze the effect of JT removal in the far-lateral approach, using cadaveric computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

METHODS
The far-lateral, supra-articular transcondylar transtubercular approach was employed on 23 sides of 13 formalin-fixed cadaveric heads. CT bone images were obtained before and after JT removal, and MR images were obtained before dissection and were merged with the CT bone images. The angles of attack used to approach the ventral region of the medulla, the distances between the medulla and the bony structure, and the volume of the paramedullary space were measured at the level of the JT on axial CT-MR fusion images. The values obtained after JT removal were compared with those obtained before JT removal.

RESULTS
All evaluated values were significantly increased after JT removal, including the angle of attack at the level of the JT (29.8 ± 7.4° vs 58.2 ± 15.5°, P < .001), the distance between the olive and the JT (6.4 ± 2.0 mm vs 9.5 ± 5.0 mm, P = .01), and the volume of the space around the medulla (0.28 ± 0.04 cm3 vs 0.47 ± 0.09 cm3, P < .001).

CONCLUSION
The paramedullary surgical working space widened by JT removal was quantitatively demonstrated in the cadaveric CT and MR imaging study. The measurement methods in this study can be applied to clinical cases and other skull base cadaveric studies.
Conclusion
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The conclusion provides an overview of the four responses to the Christian nation narrative and the key patterns outlined throughout the book. It rearticulates the main arguments that Christian nationalism is vital to understanding our current social and political context, that it is not synonymous with or a byproduct of other ideologies, and that it operates differently from religion writ large. Christian nationalism shapes Americans’ sense of identity and moral certitude, providing a vision of how the world should look and how believers should enact that vision. The chapter closes by pointing out the implications Christian nationalism has for civil society in the United States, as well as for Christianity. In the end, all Americans are subject to the influence of Christian nationalism whether they reject it or fully embrace it.
Postmodern Socialization
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fundamentally, the socialization in Daʾwa Salafiyya is less about an attempt to cut oneself off from the world than about a religious and puritan way of acting as though one were living in the “time of the tribes.” United by spiritual and moral affinities that let them consider themselves separate, Salafists embody the superiority of the affinity paradigm in a society with which they negotiate a contractual relationship. There is no recognition of the religious engagement that legitimizes the modern era and its social, political, or cultural avatars, such as the nation, secularism, citizenship, democracy, individualism, and liberalism, or, especially, the polytheism of values. It is no surprise that the practicant feels ill at ease with them. He finds in his fundamentalist configuration all he needs for leading his life, being focused on his coreligionists and not on the state or the nation.
Racial Displacement in Action?
Authors: Doering Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With the help of Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy, Chicago’s community policing program, safety activists in Rogers Park and Uptown employed a set of powerful strategies for fighting crime—“problem building” and “problem business” interventions, increasing and directing police services by strategically calling 911, attending court hearings as “court advocates,” and reclaiming public space through “positive loitering,” a type of public neighborhood watch. All of these practices were ostensibly race-neutral, but critics could and sometimes did challenge them as tools of racial marginalization. In addition to describing grassroots public safety work, the chapter analyzes how antigentrification activists contested these practices. Furthermore, it shows how safety activists tried to inoculate their efforts against racial contestation by recruiting minority residents, deploying racially benign narratives, and carefully managing situations of conflict.
Resisting Gentrification and Criminalization
Authors: Doering Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the intensive efforts of Uptown’s social justice activists to resist gentrification and criminalization after an alderman whom they perceived to be progentrification took office there in 2011. Galvanized by the displacement of young, black basketball players from a local park, black and left-leaning residents formed a new organization that aimed not only to resist gentrification and racial marginalization but also to reduce violence in order to unite the local youth around the cause of social justice. Effectively deploying racial challenges, the organization succeeded in reversing the displacement of the basketball players but eventually faltered due to the activists’ exhaustion and lack of resources. Furthermore, the related community conflicts made it more difficult for CeaseFire, a violence prevention organization, to operate and remain in Uptown, because it was drawn into the battle over gentrification.
“White Vigilantes?”
Authors: Doering Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Positive loitering is a type of neighborhood watch practice that safety activists in Rogers Park and Uptown commonly used in order to try and suppress street crime and gang activity. In conducting positive loitering, the mostly white safety activists entered a context in which their racial category was marked, because the practice encouraged charges of racism and vigilantism. This chapter describes how two positive loitering groups positioned themselves in this contested territory. It shows how the groups embraced or avoided racially contested tactics, engaged or alienated black and Latino residents, and discussed racial challenges. Ironically, a positive loitering group in Uptown created an environment of interracial collaboration in their polarized neighborhood, while the group in Rogers Park incited racial conflict despite that neighborhood’s calmer political field.
The Intrinsic Value of Scientific Knowledge and Understanding
Authors: Schwartz James S.J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed and epistemologically informed defense of the intrinsic value of scientific knowledge and understanding. It responds to Lars Bergström’s criticisms of the value of scientific knowledge. It then devises a naturalistic approach to intrinsic value that is used to argue that true belief (and, in turn, knowledge) is intrinsically valuable because true beliefs are valued for their own sake, and such acts of valuation help to explain the overall scientific worldview. It next considers and rejects Duncan Pritchard’s attempt to show that understanding is more epistemically valuable than true belief, arguing that Pritchard’s view of understanding as a cognitive achievement fails to include anything of epistemic value other than the epistemic value of the true beliefs which are compresent with understanding. Finally, it uses virtue-theoretic approaches to epistemic value to generate prima facie obligations to acquire scientific knowledge and understanding.
Google vs. The Copyright Tradition
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an examination of Google’s US copyright case law, covering disputes over Google’s use, without permission, of copyrighted content in Google Search, Google Images, Google Books, YouTube, and its phone operating system Android. When resolving Google’s copyright disputes, US courts have considered the public benefits of Google’s services and have exhibited a willingness to limit private property rights in favor of the public interest in accessing information and content. These decisions have legitimized Google’s activities, and they have gifted Google private gains that fuel its information empire.
Contentious Minds in Action
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Do activists rely on synchronized minds to perform joint action? What notions of democratic cultures do they hold? And what role does the mind play in participation and the sustainment of commitment? Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the central argument of the book, namely, that the mind matters to the performance of joint action, and explains why it is crucial that we dedicate more attention to this topic. The chapter further sketches the main theoretical proposal and presents the three central cognitive dimensions: activists’ relation to common good, politics, and political citizenship. The chapter’s second half explicates the comparative research design which relates the moral voicing to the Christian aid and the radical workers’ rights community. Finally, we combine survey and interview data with an innovative mixed-methods design to study the minds of activists and answer the central research questions.
Common Good and Intentionality
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 develops the topic of mind synchronization further and delves into understandings of common good. Based on activists’ narratives, we first scrutinize their understandings of common good by offering a fined-grained analysis of the way they conceptualize this pillar of activism. The statistics of Chapter 3 provide a representative picture of the activist’s mind but one that is rather cursory as they reflect raw measurements. In this chapter, we investigate the intricate ways in which common good is understood inductively. In a second step, we examine how activists’ broad understanding of common good enables them to develop mental constructs that orient their action specifically. We highlight the cognitive paths that set activists’ intentionality and orient their action on a number of aspects: toward certain groups of people, on particular social problems, and within a specific field of action.
Disrupted Landscapes
Authors: Farmer Sarah 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines a photographic essay created by the renowned photojournalist and filmmaker Raymond Depardon about the farm on which he grew up. In 1963, the government expropriated part of the Depardon family’s farm in order to build a superhighway. Twenty years later Depardon photographed what remained as part of a landmark public photographic enterprise commissioned in 1983 by the DATAR, the government agency that oversaw the large-scale postwar regional development projects. This chapter explores Depardon’s photography within the larger project of the Mission photographique de la DATAR. It illuminates the role of photographs in shaping perceptions of the postwar upending of rural life and landscapes.
A Nautch Girl to Teach Us Delsarte
Authors: Foxen Anya P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 grapples with the dynamics of Orientalism, specifically as enacted by white women with regard to India and its two central personas: the yogi and the dancing girl. It first addresses how the ambiguous gendering of yogis as Oriental men allowed white women to inhabit this persona as a specific way of legitimating their spiritual authority. As a complement to this masculine model, St. Denis’s popularity represents the rise of the “nautch girl” as the symbol of a specifically feminine Orientalism. The appropriated image of the nautch girl reflects broader trends not only within the dance world but within popular culture, as Oriental imagery increasingly becomes co-opted by white women at the turn of the century to express their lingering fantasies and their newfound freedoms. Women’s physical culture quickly begins to mirror this trend as “Oriental dance” exercises are increasingly diffused through the preexisting practice of light calisthenics.
Introduction
Authors: Waldow Anik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how the three parts of the book relate to one another and jointly reinforce the claim that the early modern concept of experience is best understood as representing an embodied form of experience that raises questions about the possibility of self-determined agency. It elaborates on the background of the early modern debate and discusses some objections to the claim that experience is a concept that refers to our embodied existence in the world, while outlining how the suggested approach breaks with some of the common interpretative paradigms. This discussion is followed by a detailed overview of the individual chapters of the book.
Adaptive Enemies
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on key concepts from evolutionary theory, anthropology, and social science to explore how adaptive enemies evolve and adapt under conditions of conflict. It identifies four key mechanisms of evolution in irregular warfare—social learning, natural selection, artificial selection (including both unconscious artificial selection and predator effects), and institutional adaptation—and gives examples of each. It also examines forms of conscious military innovation by states, and draws a distinction between peacetime (concept led) and wartime (reactive) modes of innovation. The chapter argues that domination of the operational environment by Western armed forces since the end of the Cold War has created evolutionary pressure to which all adversaries—state and non-state—have responded, and that this response is shaping new approaches to war.
Ritual
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The majority of Ṛgvedic hymns were composed as the verbal portion of the elaborate ritual performances. This chapter treats the shared features of all Vedic rituals, particularly the three fires that define the ritual space, and the details of various rituals, particularly the most prominent one, the Soma Sacrifice, which provided the occasion for most by far of the Ṛgvedic hymns, including the entire IXth Maṇḍala, which consists of hymns to “Self-purifying Soma.” The chapter also considers what evidence we have for the details of Ṛgvedic ritual and discusses the likely changes between Ṛgvedic ritual and the later śrauta system of the middle Vedic texts, as well as the Indo-Iranian ritual system from which Ṛgvedic ritual developed.
R̥gvedic Poetry and Poetics
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter treats in detail the impetus for Ṛgvedic hymn composition—not only as the verbal portion of ritual, but as an exercise in harnessing the power of the word to model and penetrate the structure and functioning of the cosmos. It also discusses the poet, including the various terms used to identify him, and his high status in the social organization, where he stood in a reciprocal relationship with a patron, generally a king. It then describes particular techniques employed by the poet, the structural principles underlying certain hymns, and types of hymns. It then turns to language, meter, and other formal characteristics of Ṛgvedic poetry.