bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S20. LIFETIME PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OFFSPRING OF PARENTS DIAGNOSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA OR BIPOLAR DISORDER
Authors: De la Serna Elena , Ilzarbe Daniel , Sugranyes Gisela , Baeza Inmaculada , Moreno Dolores , Rodríguez Elisa , Espliego Ana , Ayora Miriam , Romero Soledad , Castro-Fornieles Josefina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Having one parent diagnosed with a severe mental disorder is considered one of the main risk factors for developing that disorder in adulthood and it also increases the risk of a wide range of mental disorders in the offspring from early childhood and adolescence. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of several psychopathological diagnoses, the presence of prodromal symptoms and global functioning in schizophrenia offspring (SZoff) or bipolar offspring (BDoff) compared to community control offspring (CCoff) at baseline and 2-year follow-up.

Methods
41 SZoff, 97 BDoff and 107 CCoff between 7 and 17 years were included. Clinical assessment consisted of a clinical evaluation using the following instruments: structured interview KSADS-PL or SCID-I, semi-structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS) and the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). To test between-group differences in DSM-IV diagnoses multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression models (categorical variables) or linear (continuous variables) regression models were conducted with group (SZoff, BDoff and CCoff), time (baseline or 2-year follow-up), interaction time x group, age, gender and socio-economic status as fixed variables.

Results
Significant differences between groups were found in any lifetime axis I disorder (F=8.720; p&lt;0.001), mood disorders (F=4.774; p=0.009), anxiety disorders (F=4.368; p=0.013), ADHD (F=21.593; p&lt;0.001), disruptive behavioral disorders (F=10.788; p&lt;0.001) and comorbidity (F=5.588; P=0.004). Significant differences between groups were also found in the positive (F=6.088; p=0.003), negative (F=4.423; p=0.015), disorganized (F=3.866; p=0.024) and total (F=6.394; p= 0.002) sub-scales of the SOPS and CGAS (F=11.613;p&lt;0.001). Interestingly, mood disorders were more prevalent in BDoff and disruptive disorders were more prevalent in SZoff. Prodromal symptoms were higher in SZoff compared to CCoff, while the BPoff group showed an intermediate pattern. Finally, global functioning was lower in the SZoff group compared to BDoff and CCoff.

Discussion
Screening patients’ children is clinically relevant since, as a group, they have an elevated risk of developing a psychiatric disorder and of experiencing their first symptoms during childhood and adolescence.
S39. THE IMPACT OF THE GROUP FACTOR ON OUTCOME IN GROUP THERAPY: FINAL RESULTS OF RCT INCLUDING 127 SCHIZOPHRENIA OUTPATIENTS
Authors: Mueller Daniel , Steichen Conny , Schaller Kristin , Roder Volker 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Today, some evidence-based group therapy approaches focusing different treatment goals are available for the treatment of schizophrenia patients, e.g. psychoeducation, social skills training, CBTp or cognitive remediation. However, only few if any data are available regarding the impact of the group factor as an unspecific mechanism of change regarding outcome in schizophrenia patients. Does the participation in goal-oriented groups per se affect therapy outcome?

Methods
To bridge this gap, a cognitive remediation group approach (Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy, INT) developed in our lab has been compared with control patients not participating in therapy groups (Treatment as Usual, TAU). A total of 127 schizophrenia outpatients has been randomly assigned to INT (N=65) or TAU (n=62). INT was conducted twice a week over 15 weeks therapy duration. A comprehensive test battery was assessed before and after therapy as well as at 1-year follow up in both comparison groups. The group factor was assessed by the newly developed questionnaire “Experience and Behavior in Therapy groups EBIT”, a brief questionnaire including 13 items.

Results
The therapy group showed significantly better effects in EBIT outcome compared to controls regarding the global score (mean of all EBIT items) (GLM: F=4.23, p=.02) as well as regarding empirical 2-factor solution using factor analysis: factor 1 (affect and communication skills) (GLM: F=3.70; p=.03) and factor 2 (eye contact during communication) (F=3.35, p=.04). Additionally, EBIT scores are significantly associated with improvement in cognition and negative symptoms after treatment but not with positive symptoms.

Discussion
First of all, the group factor can be identified and measured using a brief questionnaire. Additionally, the group factor has a supplement positive effect on cognition and negative symptoms.
S43. ASSESSING THE VARIABILITY OF RESPONSE TO NON-INVASIVE BRAIN STIMULATION IN PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Winkelbeiner Stephanie , Muscat Whitney , Joanlanne Andrea , Marousis Nikolaos , Neumeier Maria , Dierks Thomas , Seifritz Erich , Malhotra Anil K , Homan Philipp 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Non-invasive brain stimulation has been introduced as add-on treatment for psychotic symptoms, not least because transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have a low risk profile. Yet, the initial excitement is wearing off and there is a lack of consistent evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCT) for the efficacy of brain stimulation. It is often claimed that this is because patients respond very differently to brain stimulation, with some benefiting much more than others. However, is there really strong evidence from RCTs that patients do respond differently? This question can be assessed by comparing the overall variability under active stimulation with the variability under sham stimulation across studies.

Methods
We included all double-blinded, sham-controlled RCTs and crossover studies of adults with a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder that used TMS or tDCS for the treatment of psychotic symptoms. We extracted a measure of variability (standard deviation, standard error, or confidence interval) of the primary outcome for active and sham stimulation, computed variance-weighted variability ratios for each study, and entered them into a random-effects model. In the case of individual differences in response to TMS or tDCS, we expected that the overall variability under active stimulation would be increased compared to sham stimulation (as evidenced by an overall variability ratio significantly larger than 1).

Results
A total of 39 RCTs and crossover trials with 1 352 patients were included. We found that the variability under active stimulation was not significantly larger than under sham stimulation (variability ratio = 1.07; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.16; P = 0.098).

Discussion
These results do not provide strong evidence for the presence of individual differences in response to non-invasive brain stimulation in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The search for subgroups and prognostic biomarkers may require more complex study designs including N-of-1 trials.
S48. INSIGHT VS COGNITION AND SYMPTOMATIC REMISSION AMONG PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA- THE INFLUENCE OF TRAIT VS STATE PHENOMENON?
Authors: Helldin Lars , Pontén Anna , Hawar Moradi , Olsson Anna-Karin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
A high ability to understand symptoms and conceptualize illness, schizophrenia, may play a central role for long-term outcome. This based on the assumption that better insight will promote increased adherence. In this work insight is defined as patients′ ability to experience symptoms and furthermore understand what causes them. Cognitive performance and symptomatic remission are analyzed to explore in what way they are contributing to the level of insight.

Methods
The study population is 294 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Two items with focus on insight, each 1 to 4 points, are used to decide level of insight. The first item “Experience of symptom” and the second item “Understanding the reason for symptoms”, where 1 point representing high and 4 point low level of insight and with a total of 8 points. Patients are then divided into three groups, Good (2 points), Moderate (3 – 5 points) and Poor (6 –8 points). Cognitive domains identified to be impaired in schizophrenia are analyzed related to the three groups of insight. Symptomatic remission is compared to the total score of insight with a Mann-Whitney test and then the different categories of insight in a cross-tabulation and Chi-square test.

Results
Differences were found in insight between patients in symptomatic remission and those who are not. This in contrast to when patients were divided into the three insights groups and compared on cognitive performance. Only working memory and neurocognitive flexibility showed significant differences to insight. However, crystalized intelligence, as an expression of over-all cognitive ability, did not.

Discussion
In conclusion, only symptomatic remission seems to be related to insight indicating more of a state than a trait phenomenon. Surprisingly could not different levels of insight be connected to differences in cognitive ability. As this is a cross-sectional study, further research are needed where insight and symptomatic remission are analyzed in longitudinal conditions. Such a study has to focus on if successful treatment promote insight or the other way around.
S53. DELINEATING SOCIAL COGNITION IN AUTISM AND PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Ziermans Tim , van Rijn Sophie , Geurts Hilde , De Haan Lieuwe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Impaired social cognition represents a common feature in both the autism and psychosis spectrum, but direct comparisons are sparse and assessments typically restricted to a few tasks with limited ecological validity. The first aim of the present study was to compare the social cognitive profile of young individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or a first episode psychosis (FEP) with a group of typical comparisons (TC) on a comprehensive social cognition test battery. The second aim was to explore the relative contribution of autistic and psychotic traits to social cognitive performance across groups.

Methods
In total 90 young individuals (M = 21.9 y, SD = 3.1 y, range = 16–30 y, 67% male) were recruited. Groups (31 FEP, 21 ASD, 38 TC) were matched for age and sex. Social cognition assessment included measures for static and dynamic emotion recognition & social inference / Theory of Mind, social attention (eye-tacking), empathy and alexithymia. Autistic and psychotic traits were assessed with self-report questionnaires (AQ-28 & SPQ-br).

Results
Data collection is completed at the time of abstract submission and analyses are expected to be finalized in February 2020.

Discussion
Pending the outcome of our analyses, we expect our results will provide a more complete and detailed picture of shared and unique aspects in the social cognitive profile of autism and psychosis. In general we hypothesize that both ASD and FEP, on a group-level, will significantly underperform compared to TC, but that the respective trait dimensions will each explain a unique amount of variance in social cognitive performance.
S57. CHARACTERIZING COGNITIVE HETEROGENEITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH A SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER: A CLUSTER ANALYTIC APPROACH
Authors: Brand Bodyl 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Cognitive impairment is a core symptom of patients with schizophrenia, yet substantial heterogeneity in the degree of impairment exists within and between diagnoses of the schizophrenia spectrum, leading to sub-optimal understanding of the general and individual pathology of schizophrenia. By means of a cluster-analytic approach, individuals are grouped based on profiles of traits regardless of specific diagnoses. As this approach has already proven itself in decreasing cognitive heterogeneity within specific psychotic disorders, we investigated the structure of cognitive heterogeneity within a broader spectrum of psychotic disorders by including a large sample of schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals.

Methods
An agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis was performed using cognitive data (patients n = 324, healthy controls n = 40). All patients were diagnosed with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective (SZA) or schizophreniform (SZP) disorder or another psychotic disorder/psychosis not otherwise specified (PNOS). To measure cognitive function, the composite Z-score was calculated, based on six cognitive domains as defined by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS).

Results
Four clusters emerged from the clustering analysis, gradually and significantly distinguishable in cognitive impairment. The first cluster (n=50) contained relatively intact individuals, the second cluster (n=122) consisted of individuals with minimal to mild cognitive impairment, the third cluster (n=114) contained individuals with moderate cognitive impairment and individuals with most severe cognitive impairment were placed in the fourth cluster (n=78). All six cognitive domains show similar differences between clusters. While symptom severity and educational attainment show the same classification patterns as the neurocognitive profiles do, cluster assignment was not affected by illness duration and antipsychotic intake.

Discussion
Results confirm that data-driven formed groups based on the clustering of neurocognitive profiles contain less cognitive heterogeneity compared to predefined diagnostic groups. Our results demonstrate that clustering patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder based on their neurocognitive profile decreases cognitive heterogeneity within the formed groups, creating more meaningful groupings and findings accentuate a cognitive continuum irrespective of a specific diagnosis, providing insight into the underlying pathology of clinical manifestation of schizophrenia.
S72. MCCB COGNITIVE PROFILE IN CHINESE FIRST EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS AND SUBJECTS AT CLINICAL HIGH RISK FOR PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Lei Zhao , Qijing Bo , Zhen Mao , Chuanyue Wang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Cognitive dysfunction is acknowledged as one of the most pivotal symptoms in schizophrenia. Although many studies have assessed cognitive functioning in first-episode schizophrenia (FES), the pattern and severity of impairment across cognitive domains remain unclear. Moreover, few studies have directly compared the pattern of cognitive performance between FES and subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). The objective of the study was to examine the cognitive profile of Chinese patients with FES and to compare that to the profile of patients with subjects at CHR and healthy controls (HC).

Methods
We applied the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery to evaluate the cognitive function of 56 first-episode patients with schizophrenia aged between 19–32 years old), 42 cases of clinical high risk for psychosis (aged between 18–28 years old) and 62 healthy controls (aged between 21–29 years old).All data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.

Results
FES showed impaired performance across all MCCB domains relative to HC（P＜0.05）. With the exception of relative preservation of reasoning and problem solving (P=0.21) and social cognition （P=0.16）in CHR, the MCCB domain scores were similar in CHR and FES.

Discussion
The findings suggest that the pattern, magnitude, and distribution of severity of impairment in CHR were similar to that observed in FES. However, early in the illness, there may be relative sparing of reasoning and problem solving and social cognition.
S73. RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE ABILITY AND PERSONALITY TRAITS WITH HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS IN NONCLINICAL SUBJECTS: THEORY OF MIND AS A MEDIATOR
Authors: Jun Koo Se , Jin Kim Ye , Seo Eunchong , Yoon Park Hye , Eun Min Jee , Bang Minji , Lee Eun , Kyoon An Suk 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Hostile attribution bias has been reported to be common from nonclinical population to serious mental illness such as schizophrenia and is known to be closely related to social cognition. The aims of this study was to investigate whether theory of mind (ToM) skills mediate the relationship between cognitive ability and personality traits and attribution bias by using the Korean version of Reading the Minds in the eyes test (K-RMET).

Methods
One hundred ninety-six (101 females) nonclinical youths were recruited. To assess general cognitive ability and ToM skills, participants were asked to complete the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and the K-RMET. For personality traits, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (psychoticism) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (perspective taking) were administered. To evaluate the hostile attribution bias, the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire was also administered. Path analysis and the bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method were performed to estimate the parameters of mediating effects.

Results
Based on Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) the best model characterized 1) two direct pathways from psychoticism and the K-RMET to hostility attribution bias and 2) four indirect pathways, wherein SPM, perspective taking and psychoticism influence hostile attribution bias through the K-RMET. The K-RMET fully mediated the association between SPM (p=.028), perspective taking (p=.027), psychoticism (p=.041) and hostile attribution bias.

Discussion
The main findings suggested that ToM skill such as the RMET plays an important role in explaining the relationship between cognitive ability and personality traits and hostile attribution bias. The development of remediation strategy of theory of mind skills may be needed to balance the enhanced hostility bias which is underlying the paranoia.
S74. AEROBIC EXERCISE AND COGNITIVE REMEDIATION IN MULTIEPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA AND SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER: PRELIMINARY RESULTS: FROM A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Pujol Nuria , Sanchez-Tomico Georgina , Toll Alba , Polo-Velasco Javier , Cortizo Romina , Belmonte Elena , Salvador Teresa , Abellanas Adelina , Chamorro Jacobo , Perez Lucía , Perez-Solà Victor , Mane Anna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Cognitive remediation (CR) is an evidence-based behavioral intervention for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Although the effectiveness of CR is well stablished, its effects are modest, especially in terms of functional outcome. There is an emerging literature suggesting that adding aerobic exercise to CR may exert synergistic effects. Despite these promising reports, the extent to which aerobic exercise in combination with CRT can improve cognitive and daily functioning in multiepisode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder remains unclear.

Methods
This is a single-blinded, randomized clinical trial (NCT02864576) with two different groups: 1) patients with multiepisode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder receiving 3-month Aerobic exercise plus CR treatment (three weekly sessions, 40min of Aerobic exercise and 90min of CR), and 2) patients with multiepisode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder receiving Healthy lifestyle promotion plus CR treatment (three weekly sessions, 40min of Healthy lifestyle promotion and 90min of CR). Primary outcome measures were the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), which were assessed (among others) at baseline and immediately after treatment. For the present work, the sample included in the analysis were 34 patients for whom cognitive data were available. Treatment effects on neurocognition and functional outcome were analyzed by applying the multivariate general linear model (GLM) repeated measures.

Results
After treatment, both groups exhibited a significant improvement in MCCB visual learning memory (F=14.298, p= 0.001), working memory (F=6.626, p= 0.015) and speed of processing (F=16.344, p= 0.001) domains. However, no significant benefits were evidenced for problem solving (F=2.143, p= 0.153), verbal learning memory (F= 0.321, p= 0.575) and attention/vigilance (F=0.740, p= 0.397) domains. Functional outcome, as measured by the GAF, was more improved in the Aerobic exercise plus CR group than in the Healthy lifestyle promotion plus CR group (F=4.248, p= 0.047).

Discussion
Our preliminary findings indicate that combining aerobic exercise with cognitive remediation may promote a large impact on functional outcome in patients with multiepisode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
S76. PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE RESPONSE INHIBITION IN INDIVIDUAL WITH SCHIZOTYPY: AN ERP STUDY
Authors: Wang Ya , Jia Lu-xia , Qin Xiao-jing , Ye Jun-yan , Chan Raymond 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Schizotypy, a subclinical group at risk for schizophrenia, have been found to show impairments in response inhibition. Recent studies differentiated proactive inhibition (a preparatory process before the stimuli appears) and reactive inhibition (the inhibition of a pre-potent or already initiated response). However, it remains unclear whether both proactive and reactive inhibition are impaired in schizotypy and what are the neural mechanisms. The present event-related potential study used an adapted stop-signal task to examine the two inhibition processes and the underlying neural mechanisms in schizotypy compared to healthy controls (HC).

Methods
A total of 21 individuals with schizotypy and 25 matched HC participated in this study. To explore different degrees of proactive inhibition, we set three conditions: a “certain” go condition which no stop signal occurred, a “17% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 17% of trials, and a “33% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 33% of trials. All participants completed all the conditions, and EEG was recorded when participants completed the task.

Results
Behavioral results showed that in both schizotypy and HC, the reaction times (RT) of go trials were significantly prolonged as the no go percentage increased, and HC showed significantly longer go RT compared with schizotypy in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions, suggesting greater proactive inhibition in HC. Stop signal reaction times (SSRTs) in “33% no go” condition was shorter than “17% no go” condition in both groups. Schizotypy showed significantly longer SSRTs in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions than HC, indicating schizotypy relied more on reactive inhibition. ERP results showed that schizotypy showed larger overall N1 for go trials than HC irrespective of condition, which may indicate a compensation process in schizotypy. Schizotypy showed smaller N2 on both successful and unsuccessful stop trials in “17% no go” conditions than HC, while no group difference was found in “33% no go” conditions for stop trials, which may indicate impaired error processing.

Discussion
These results suggested that schizotypy tended to be impaired in both proactive control and reactive control processes.