bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual and combined impact of nuclear polyhedrosis virus and spinosad to control the tropical armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in cotton in Pakistan
Authors: Ayyub Muhammad Bilal , Nawaz Ahmad , Arif Muhammad Jalal , Amrao Luqman 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The tropical armyworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Noctuidae; Lepidoptera), is among the most harmful pests causing economic loss in the quality and production of a variety of crops, particularly cotton. Entomopathogens play an important role in insect pest management. The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) isolate of S. litura (V-SpltNPV) was isolated from infected larvae in a cotton crop, and viral occlusion bodies were confirmed, using an inverted microscope. The pathogenicity of V-SpltNPV against 2nd, 3rd, and 4th larval instars of S. litura was evaluated at various concentrations (1 × 104 to 1 × 108 OBs/ml). Mortality rate was high (37.65–96.82%) in early instar larvae against tested concentrations. LC50 and LT50 values increased with increasing larval age. There was 689,865 times increase in LC50 value (1.35 × 102 OBs/ml) for 2nd instar larvae to LC50 value (6.90 × 105 OBs/ml) for 4th instar larvae. LT50 values enhanced from 4.99 days for 2nd instar larvae to 7.49 days for 4th instar larvae, due to a decrease in efficacy of NPVs with the increasing age of larvae. In a greenhouse experiment, a combined application of spinosad with V-SpltNPV (1 × 108 OBs/ml) caused (100%) mortality of 2nd instar larvae. A single application of V-SpltNPV (1 × 108 OBs/ml) resulted to mean mortality (52.63%) of tested larvae. The native isolate V-SpltNPV seems to have a potential to be used in integrated manner with other IPM tactics to significantly reduce the use of toxic chemical pesticides.
Genomic analysis on broiler-associated Clostridium perfringens strains and exploratory caecal microbiome investigation reveals key factors linked to poultry necrotic enteritis
Authors: Kiu Raymond , Brown Joseph , Bedwell Harley , Leclaire Charlotte , Caim Shabhonam , Pickard Derek , Dougan Gordon , Dixon Ronald A. , Hall Lindsay J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Clostridium perfringens is a key pathogen in poultry-associated necrotic enteritis (NE). To date there are limited Whole Genome Sequencing based studies describing broiler-associated C. perfringens in healthy and diseased birds. Moreover, changes in the caecal microbiome during NE is currently not well characterised. Thus, the aim of this present study was to investigate C. perfringens virulence factors linked to health and diseased chickens, including identifying putative caecal microbiota signatures associated with NE.

Results
We analysed 88 broiler chicken C. perfringens genomes (representing 66 publicly available genomes and 22 newly sequenced genomes) using different phylogenomics approaches and identified a potential hypervirulent and globally-distributed clone spanning 20-year time-frame (1993–2013). These isolates harbored a greater number of virulence genes (including toxin and collagen adhesin genes) when compared to other isolates. Further genomic analysis indicated exclusive and overabundant presence of important NE-linked toxin genes including netB and tpeL in NE-associated broiler isolates. Secondary virulence genes including pfoA, cpb2, and collagen adhesin genes cna, cnaA and cnaD were also enriched in the NE-linked C. perfringens genomes. Moreover, an environmental isolate obtained from farm animal feeds was found to encode netB, suggesting potential reservoirs of NetB-positive C. perfringens strains (toxinotype G). We also analysed caecal samples from a small sub-set of 11 diseased and healthy broilers for exploratory microbiome investigation using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, which indicated a significant and positive correlation in genus Clostridium within the wider microbiota of those broilers diagnosed with NE, alongside reductions in beneficial microbiota members.

Conclusions
These data indicate a positive association of virulence genes including netB, pfoA, cpb2, tpeL and cna variants linked to NE-linked isolates. Potential global dissemination of specific hypervirulent lineage, coupled with distinctive microbiome profiles, highlights the need for further investigations, which will require a large worldwide sample collection from healthy and NE-associated birds.
The association between health conditions and cannabis use in patients with opioid use disorder receiving methadone maintenance treatment
Authors: Shams Ieta , Sanger Nitika , Bhatt Meha , Rosic Tea , Luo Candice , Shahid Hamnah , Mouravska Natalia , Tam Sabrina Lue , Hillmer Alannah , Chawar Caroul , D'Elia Alessia , Hudson Jacqueline , Marsh David , Thabane Lehana , Samaan Zainab 
Published: October 2019

Background
Cannabis is the most commonly used substance among patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for opioid use disorder. Current treatment programmes neither screen nor manage cannabis use. The recent legalisation of cannabis in Canada incites consideration into how this may affect the current opioid crisis.

Aims
Investigate the health status of cannabis users in MMT.

Method
Patients were recruited from addiction clinics in Ontario, Canada. Regression analyses were used to assess the association between adverse health conditions and cannabis use. Further analyses were used to assess sex differences and heaviness of cannabis use.

Results
We included 672 patients (49.9% cannabis users). Cannabis users were more likely to consume alcohol (odds ratio 1.46, 95% CI 1.04–2.06, P = 0.029) and have anxiety disorders (odds ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.02–3.02, P = 0.043), but were less likely to use heroin (odds ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.24–0.86, P = 0.016). There was no association between cannabis use and pain (odds ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.94–1.03, P = 0.463). A significant association was seen between alcohol and cannabis use in women (odds ratio 1.79, 95% CI 1.06–3.02, P = 0.028), and anxiety disorders and cannabis use in men (odds ratio 2.59, 95% CI 1.21–5.53, P = 0.014). Heaviness of cannabis use was not associated with health outcomes.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that cannabis use is common and associated with psychiatric comorbidities and substance use among patients in MMT, advocating for screening of cannabis use in this population.

Declaration of interest
None.
Subsequent Cancer Prevention and Control Activities Among Low- and Middle-Income Country Participants in the US National Cancer Institute’s Summer Curriculum in Cancer Prevention
Authors: Vogel Amanda L. , Morgan Camille , Duncan Kalina , Williams Makeda J. 
Published: October 2019

PURPOSEA dramatic shift in the burden of cancer from high-income countries to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is predicted to occur over the next few decades. An effective response requires a range of approaches to capacity building in cancer prevention and control in LMICs, including training of cancer prevention and control professionals. Toward this end, the US National Cancer Institute includes LMIC-based participants in its Summer Curriculum in Cancer Prevention, which is an annual, short-term in-person training program.METHODSIn 2015 and 2016, the US National Cancer Institute fielded a survey to all Summer Curriculum alumni who were based in LMICs when they participated in the program, between 1998 and 2015. Its aims were to learn about subsequent engagement in cancer prevention and control in LMICs and attribution of activities/accomplishments to participation in the Summer Curriculum in Cancer Prevention.RESULTSRespondents (N = 138) worked in academia/research (n = 61), health care (n = 41), and health policy/Ministries of Health (n = 36) in all six world regions. Most respondents (90.6%) worked in the same LMIC as when they participated in the Summer Curriculum in Cancer Prevention. When asked about activities/accomplishments completed as a result of participation, 92.8% reported at least one cancer prevention and control practice activity/accomplishment, 81.2% reported at least one cancer research activity/accomplishment, and 44.2% reported authoring one or more peer-reviewed publications. Reported ways that the Summer Curriculum in Cancer Prevention contributed to these activities/accomplishments were emphasizing a public health approach; focusing on research priorities, methods, and scientific writing; and highlighting the importance of research and publications. Finally, 79.7% of respondents reported using Summer Curriculum in Cancer Prevention materials to train others.CONCLUSIONThese findings have implications for the design of future training initiatives for LMIC-based cancer prevention and control professionals.
Archival Practice in Premodern Korea: Record-Keeping as Archive and Historiography
Authors: Vermeersch Sem 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Historians of premodern Korea struggle with the apparent absence of any genuine archives. Although documents that are traditionally seen to belong in an archive have been transmitted, they are nearly all unique samples. In other words, they do not form part of an organic collection; they are random examples that somehow have been preserved. The term archive has become the staple of European history writing since the nineteenth century, when Leopold von Ranke turned to archives as the prime hunting ground for historical research. Yet he only discovered and used systematically what was there—vast collections of documents hoarded by institutions. By contrast, in Korea, history writing had always been monopolized by the state, and while a vast amount of written documents must have been produced to keep the bureaucracy running, barely any of them have survived. Rather than being kept, they were simply reflected in the vast collections of what I call “processed” records or “meta-archives,” of which the most well-known is the sillok (veritable records). Thus we are dealing with a different “recording culture,” one that obviated the need for “archives” in the sense of (more or less) organized collections of primary documents.
Compiling Diplomacy: Record-Keeping and Archival Practices in Chosŏn Korea
Authors: Wang Sixiang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Chosŏn court kept meticulous records of its interactions with their Ming, and later, their Qing neighbors. These materials, especially those that predate the nineteenth century, survive not in the form of original materials but rather as entries in court-sponsored compilations. For instance, the monumental Tongmun hwigo, published in 1788, categorizes diplomatic activity according to areas of policy concern. Its organizational scheme, handy for a Chosŏn official searching for relevant precedents, has also provided ready material for historical case studies. What has been less appreciated, however, are how such records came into being in the first place. By interrogating the status of these compilations as “archives,” this article follows how diplomatic documents were produced, used, and compiled as both products and instruments of diplomatic practice. In reading these materials as instruments of knowledge, rather than mere sources of historical documentation, this essay also makes the case for going beyond diplomatic history as interstate relations and towards a cultural and epistemic history of Korean diplomatic practice.
Heparan sulfate negatively regulates intestinal stem cell proliferation in Drosophila adult midgut
Authors: Ma Hubing , Zhao Huiqing , Liu Fuli , Zhao Hang , Kong Ruiyan , Shi Lin , Wei Min , Li Zhouhua 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Tissue homeostasis is maintained by differentiated progeny of residential stem cells. Both extrinsic signals and intrinsic factors play critical roles in the proliferation and differentiation of adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs). However, how extrinsic signals are transduced into ISCs still remains unclear. Here, we find that heparan sulfate (HS), a class of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, negatively regulates progenitor proliferation and differentiation to maintain midgut homeostasis under physiological conditions. Interestingly, HS depletion in progenitors results in inactivation of Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling. Dpp signal inactivation in progenitors resembles HS-deficient intestines. Ectopic Dpp signaling completely rescued the defects caused by HS depletion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that HS is required for Dpp signaling to maintain midgut homeostasis. Our results provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of how extrinsic signals are transduced into stem cells to regulate their proliferation and differentiation.
Cell signaling stabilizes morphogenesis against noise
Authors: Hagolani Pascal F. , Zimm Roland , Marin-Riera Miquel , Salazar-Ciudad Isaac 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTEmbryonic development involves gene networks, extracellular signaling, cell behaviors (cell division, adhesion, etc.) and mechanical interactions. How should these be coordinated to lead to complex and robust morphologies? To explore this question, we randomly wired genes and cell behaviors into a huge number of networks in EmbryoMaker. EmbryoMaker is a computational model of animal development that simulates how the 3D positions of cells, i.e. morphology, change over time due to such networks. We found that any gene network can lead to complex morphologies if this activates cell behaviors over large regions of the embryo. Importantly, however, for such complex morphologies to be robust to noise, gene networks should include cell signaling that compartmentalizes the embryo into small regions where cell behaviors are regulated differently. If, instead, cell behaviors are equally regulated over large regions, complex but non-robust morphologies arise. We explain how compartmentalization enhances robustness and why it is a general feature of animal development. Our results are consistent with theories proposing that robustness evolved by the co-option of gene networks and extracellular cell signaling in early animal evolution.
Preliminary assessment of adaptive evolution of mitochondrial protein coding genes in darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)
Authors: Kral Leos G. , Watson Sara 
Published: October 2019

Background:Mitochondrial DNA of vertebrates contains genes for 13 proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Some of these genes have been shown to undergo adaptive evolution in a variety of species. This study examines all mitochondrial protein coding genes in 11 darter species to determine if any of these genes show evidence of positive selection.Methods:The mitogenome from four darter was sequenced and annotated. Mitogenome sequences for another seven species were obtained from GenBank. Alignments of each of the protein coding genes were subject to codon-based identification of positive selection by Selecton, MEME and FEL.Results:Evidence of positive selection was obtained for six of the genes by at least one of the methods.CYTBwas identified as having evolved under positive selection by all three methods at the same codon location.Conclusions:Given the evidence for positive selection of mitochondrial protein coding genes in darters, a more extensive analysis of mitochondrial gene evolution in all the extant darter species is warranted.
How Do Accelerators Impact the Performance of High-Technology Ventures?
Authors: Yu Sandy 
Published: October 2019

Accelerators aim to help nascent companies reach successful outcomes by providing capital, enabling industry connections, and increasing exposure to investors. Critically, however, accelerators also provide informative signals to founders about the probability of success. Founders use this information to decide whether to continue or shut down. To better understand these issues, I provide a model of accelerator participation and performance and then test empirical predictions from the model using a novel data set of approximately 900 accelerator companies across 13 accelerators and 900 matched nonaccelerator companies. I find that, through accelerator feedback effects, accelerator companies close down earlier and more often, raise less money conditional on closing, and appear to be more efficient investments compared with non-accelerator companies. Additional analysis using a separate sample of rejected accelerator applicants further supports these findings. These results suggest that accelerators help resolve uncertainty around company quality sooner, allowing founders to make funding and exit decisions accordingly. This paper was accepted by Ashish Arora, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Webcare in healthcare: providers' responses to patients' online reviews
Authors: Zwier Sandra 
Published: October 2019

Background/Aims Providers face a paradox between professional conduct and reputation management when they respond to patients' online reviews. This article aims to establish when and how health professionals respond to patients' online reviews, and how these reviews differ compared to other, non-medical, industries, such as driving schools and jewellery stores. Methods Predictors of providers' responses to 180 patient reviews on NHS Choices were identified and compared against the predictors of responses to 180 customer reviews by non-medical providers. Results Responses to patients' online reviews could be significantly predicted by the number of patient reviews received on NHS Choices and the providers' response routines, but not by characteristics of the patients' reviews. The non-medical providers, on the other hand, were responsive to characteristics of the online reviews and particularly the rating stars allocated to the provider. Conclusions Responses to reviews seem to be a distinctive way of ‘responding without reacting’.
Development of an Automated Enzymatic Method to Quantify Pyruvate Kinase in Red Blood Cells
Authors: Lu Jun , Grenache David G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is the most common cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia owing to defective glycolysis. This study developed and validated an automated method to measure PK activity in red blood cells (RBCs).

Methods
PK catalyzes the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate with ADP to form pyruvate and ATP. The pyruvate is reduced in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase and NADH to produce lactate and NAD+. The rate of absorbance decrease at 340 nm is proportional to PK activity. PK and hemoglobin (Hb) measurements were performed on a Roche cobas c501 analyzer. After establishing a k-factor, accuracy, linearity, imprecision, sensitivity, and stability were validated and the reference interval was verified.

Results
The k-factor was −9477. Accuracy was evaluated by method comparison (n = 56). Linear regression yielded y = 1.0x − 0.57, and R2 of 0.93. Linearity was determined by combining a high sample with hemolyzing solution in 6 different ratios. Linear regression analysis yielded y = 1.02x − 2.68, and R2 of 1.0. The assay was linear to 87 U/dL. Precision was evaluated by testing hemolysates in 3 replicates/day for 10 days. Within-run imprecision was 1.9% and 2.5% and total imprecision was 4.0% and 5.6% at 14.0 and 8.1 U/g Hb, respectively. The limit of blank was 0.0, and the limit of detection was 1.0 U/dL. Stability was determined in 4 sample types at 3 different temperatures; the changes were all &lt;10% when compared with t0. The current PK reference interval of 4.6 to 11.2 U/g Hb was verified.

Conclusions
This automated assay for quantifying PK in RBCs has acceptable performance characteristics and is fit for intended use.
Misconceptions in accounting education
Authors: Ay Mustafa , Altın Ümmü 
Published: October 2019

The processes of change and development experienced in every field nowadays with globalization and rapid improving technology have also presented themselves in the field of education. Changes in education have undoubtedly influenced accounting and accounting education. In order to complete and improve the deficiencies of accounting education, the misconceptions in accounting courses in accounting education should be determined and resolved. In this way, the quality of accounting education will be increased. The purpose of this practice is to investigate the existence of misconceptions in some concepts in accounting courses. A two-tier diagnostic test was developed to detect misconceptions. In this test, the first stepcoversthe demographic features. The second step consists of two stages for the detection of misconceptions; the first is made up of multiple choice and the second is open-ended 20 questions. The total of 112 4th year students of thedepartment of business administration Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences particapted in the present research. In the research, demographic features were analyzed in SPSS 24 package program and two-tier diagnostic test was used for misconception detection questions and the results were grouped. According to the findings of the research, students have misconceptions in some concepts.
​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.

Özet
Günümüzde küreselleşme ve hızlı gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte her alanda yaşanan gelişim ve değişim süreci eğitim alanında da kendisini göstermiştir. Eğitim alanında yaşanan değişim ve gelişimler şüphesiz muhasebe eğitimini de etkilemiştir. Muhasebe eğitiminin eksiklerinin tamamlanması ve geliştirilmesi için muhasebe eğitiminde yer alan muhasebe derslerinde oluşan kavram yanılgılarının tespit edilmesi ve giderilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu sayede muhasebe eğitimi kalitesi arttırılmış olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı muhasebe derslerinde geçen bazı kavramlarda kavram yanılgısının varlığını araştırmaktır. Kavram yanılgılarını tespit etmek için iki aşamalı teşhis testi geliştirilmiştir. Bu testte ilk bölümü demografik özellikler oluşturmuştur. İkinci aşamada ise kavram yanılgılarının tespitine yönelik iki aşamalı, ilki çoktan seçmeli, ikincisi ise açık uçlu 20 adet sorudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmaya Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi İşletme bölümü 4. sınıfta eğitim gören 112 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada demografik özellikler SPSS 24 paket programında analiz edilmiş, kavram yanılgı tespit soruları için ise iki aşamalı teşhis testi kullanılmış ve sonuçlar gruplandırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin bazı kavramlarda, kavram yanılgıları olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
The Autonomous Taxation of Corporate Expenses in Portugal
Authors: Dinis Ana , Martins António , Lopes Cidália 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Portuguese corporate income tax has a special feature rarely seen in other countries. Autonomous taxes are levied on an extensive set of corporate expenses, irrespective of corporate profitability. Fiscal revenue from the autonomous taxation of expenses comprises about 12 % of corporate income tax receipts, which illustrates its relevance for the tax authorities and the corporate world. As autonomous tax rules are usually interpreted and applied to certain corporate expenses by chartered accountants (CAs) when computing income tax liabilities and filling in tax returns, the purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study of the perceptions of Portuguese CAs regarding key dimensions of autonomous taxation of expenses (ATE), as these influence corporate tax management. Using a sample of 665 CAs surveyed, and applying factor analysis, the paper concludes that tax complexity, tax compliance and tax planning are the main dimensions of ATE perceived by respondents. Besides the corporate income tax impact on fiscal management, new layers of complexity, planning opportunities and compliance costs are perceived to be added by ATE. Additionally, by applying cluster analysis, the paper finds that sociodemographic characteristics of CAs (e. g. age, gender, professional environment, level of expertise) generate clusters of CAs with different perceptions of the role and consequences of ATE in the management of corporate tax affairs.