bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education in Africa: What Are We Learning?
Authors: Evans David K , Mendez Acosta Amina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCountries across Africa continue to face major challenges in education. In this review, we examine 145 recent empirical studies (from 2014 onward) on how to increase access to and improve the quality of education across the continent, specifically examining how these studies update previous research findings. We find that 64% of the studies evaluate government-implemented programs, 36% include detailed cost analysis and 35% evaluate multiple treatment arms. We identify several areas where new studies provide rigorous evidence on topics that do not figure prominently in earlier evidence syntheses. New evidence shows promising impacts of structured pedagogy interventions (which typically provide a variety of inputs, such as lesson plans and training for teachers together with new materials for students) and of mother tongue instruction interventions, as well as from a range of teacher programs, including both remunerative (pay-for-performance of various designs) and non-remunerative (coaching and certain types of training) programs. School feeding delivers gains in both access and learning. New studies also show long-term positive impacts of eliminating school fees for primary school and positive impacts of eliminating fees in secondary school. Education technology interventions have decidedly mixed impacts, as do school grant programs and programs providing individual learning inputs (e.g., uniforms or textbooks).
Vertical limits of host infestation by gnathiid isopods (Isopoda: Gnathiidae) parasitic on Caribbean coral reef fishes
Authors: Nicholson Matthew D , Hendrick Gina C , Packard Amber J , Strobel Davis L , Vondriska Clayton , Sikkel Paul C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Parasites play significant roles in the function of ecosystems and can make up a large proportion of overall biomass. Yet, fundamental aspects of their ecology are often understudied relative to other organisms. Gnathiid isopods are the primary ectoparasites of fishes in coral reef ecosystems. While some studies have investigated their host-detection capabilities, the means by which they seek hosts are largely unknown. Gnathiids are benthic and live on the bottom, and all collection efforts involving live hosts have thus far involved traps set at or near the reef substrate. We investigated the distance gnathiids will travel vertically in the water column to attach to a fish host. The majority of gnathiids collected were at or less than 1 m above the reef substrate, and gnathiids were collected in serially diminishing numbers at 2 and 3 m above it. No gnathiids were collected from any fish hosts set more than 3.5 m above the reef substrate. Results suggest that gnathiids will actively seek host fishes in situ and will travel further from their benthic habitat than previously known. By swimming into the water column, gnathiids can exploit larger, highly-mobile fishes, which can serve as a major source of dispersal.
Methamphetamine-Induced Open Field Behavior and LD50 inPeriplaneta americanaCockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae)
Authors: Findley David L , Berquist Michael D , Hambuchen Michael D 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInvertebrate animal studies of methamphetamine (METH) could allow for high throughput, inexpensive, and high-animal number pharmacology and toxicology studies. We hypothesized that in Periplaneta americana cockroaches, METH would increase locomotion compared to saline and produce lethality. Lethal dose, 50% (LD50) was determined with 0–1,780 µg/g (mg/kg) METH (n = 15–16/group) using logit analysis. Locomotor activity after METH (0–560 mg/kg, intra-abdominal, n = 8 per group) administration and spontaneous locomotor activity in surviving cockroaches in an open field 24 h after LD50 study doses was measured with Noldus Ethovision. The LD50 of METH was 823.1 mg/kg (more than 10-fold greater than the value in rats). There were significant decreases in spontaneous locomotor activity in surviving cockroaches after administration of 650 and 750 mg/kg METH (P &lt; 0.05). While 100 mg/kg METH did not significantly increase METH locomotor activity relative to saline, 300 mg/kg METH significantly increased locomotor activity compared to saline (P &lt; 0.05), and 560 mg/kg METH resulted in most of the cockroaches slowly moving around the open field in the supine position for most of the trial. In conclusion, METH produces pharmacological and toxicological effects in P. americana. The high availability, low cost, and relative ease of use of these animals makes them a potential, very accessible option for studying METH use disorder.
Progress Toward an Attract-and-Kill Device for Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Using Volatile Signatures of Citrus Infected With Huanglongbing as the Attractant
Authors: Martini Xavier , Hoyte Angelique , Mafra-Neto Agenor , Aksenov Alexander A , Davis Cristina E , Stelinski Lukasz L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama), preferentially orient toward citrus hosts infected with the phytopathogenic bacterium, Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) the agent of citrus greening (Huanglongbing, HLB), compared to uninfected counterparts. We investigated whether this preference for the odors of infected plants could be useful for the development of an attract-and-kill (AK) device for D. citri. Twenty-nine blends of volatile organic compounds derived from the odor of citrus infected with CLas were tested in laboratory olfactometer tests, and two blends were also assessed under field conditions. A seven component blend of tricosane: geranial: methyl salicylate: geranyl acetone: linalool: phenylacetaldehyde: (E)-β-ocimene in a 0.40: 0.06: 0.08: 0.29: 0.08: 0.06: 0.03 ratio released from a proprietary slow-release matrix attracted twice more D. citri to yellow sticky traps compared with blank control traps. The attractive blend was subsequently co-formulated with spinosad insecticide into a slow-release matrix to create a prototype AK formulation against D. citri. This formulation effectively reduced the population density of D. citri up to 84% as measured with tap counts when deployed at a density of eight 2.5 g dollops per tree as compared with untreated controls in small plot field trials conducted in citrus orchards. Psyllid populations were not statistically affected at a deployment rate of four dollops per tree. Our results indicate that an AK formulation incorporating spinosad and a volatile blend signature of citrus greening into a slow-release matrix may be useful to suppress D. citri populations.
Current status of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Kawazoe Akihito , Shitara Kohei , Boku Narikazu , Yoshikawa Takaki , Terashima Masanori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies have improved the overall survival of various types of cancers including advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Until now, two ant-PD-1 inhibitors were approved for AGC in Japan: nivolumab as third- or later-line treatment for AGC and pembrolizumab for previously treated patients with microsatellite instability-high tumours. However, a limited number of patients achieved clinical benefit, highlighting the importance of the better selection of patients or additional treatment to overcome resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. This review focused on pivotal clinical trials, biomarkers and novel combination therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitors forAGC.
Comprehensive Assessment of Diet Quality and Risk of Precursors of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Zheng Xiaobin , Hur Jinhee , Nguyen Long H , Liu Jie , Song Mingyang , Wu Kana , Smith-Warner Stephanie A , Ogino Shuji , Willett Walter C , Chan Andrew T , Giovannucci Edward , Cao Yin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The role of poor diet quality in the rising incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed younger than age 50 years has not been explored. Based on molecular features of early-onset CRC, early-onset adenomas are emerging surrogate endpoints.

Methods
In a prospective cohort study (Nurses’ Health Study II), we evaluated 2 empirical dietary patterns (Western and prudent) and 3 recommendation-based indexes (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH], Alternative Mediterranean Diet [AMED], and Alternative Healthy Eating Index [AHEI]-2010) with risk of early-onset adenoma overall and by malignant potential (high-risk: ≥1 cm, tubulovillous or villous histology, high-grade dysplasia, or ≥3 adenomas), among 29 474 women with 1 or more lower endoscopy before age 50 years (1991–2011). Multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
We documented 1157 early-onset adenomas with 375 at high risk. Western diet was positively associated, whereas prudent diet, DASH, AMED, and AHEI-2010 were inversely associated with risk of early-onset adenoma. The associations were largely confined to high-risk adenomas (the highest vs lowest quintile: Western, OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.37; prudent, OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.98; DASH, OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.93; AMED, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.79; AHEI-2010, OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51 to 1.01; all Ptrend ≤ .03), driven by those identified in the distal colon and rectum (all Ptrend ≤ .04, except AMED: Ptrend = .14).

Conclusion
Poor diet quality was associated with an increased risk of early-onset distal and rectal adenomas of high malignant potential. These findings provide preliminary but strong support to the role of diet in early-onset CRC.
Arbitration and Law
Authors: Park William W. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between arbitration and law. Three sets of questions present themselves with respect to the role of law in arbitration. The first relates to arbitration’s legal framework. The second relates to the specific procedures by which arbitration proceedings unfold, for example, in presenting evidence or organizing oral hearings. The third implicates the arbitrator’s evaluation of the merits of the disputes itself. Although separate, the three dimensions of law support each other in promoting the efficiency, fairness, and legitimacy of cross-border dispute resolution. Performance of the arbitrator’s function thus falls within a framework of cases, statutes, and treaties seeking balance between two goals: (i) to prevent disregard of an arbitration commitment; while at the same time (ii) to monitor the arbitral process for conformity to recognized notions of procedural fairness.
The Ethos of Arbitration
Authors: Schultz Thomas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the ethos of arbitration. It first distinguishes between two well-known schools of thought regarding how legal decision-makers make decisions, how judges and arbitrators decide cases. It also looks at legal formalism and legal realism, at justification and decision-making, and at rules and ethos. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the ethos of arbitration plays a role in the decisions that arbitration produces. However, this ethos is not necessarily one that is suited for all the different types of parties and disputes that arbitration has come to cover. It also may not be one that current political societies will necessarily condone now that they are becoming aware of it. Moreover, it probably is even damaging for the arbitration industry in the longer run.
Marginals and Elites in International Arbitration
Authors: Grisel Florian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights a field that has raised significant interest in recent years: the sociology of individuals who are routinely appointed as international arbitrators to settle the important business disputes that commonly arise in transnational settings. These individuals serve as the private judges of global business law, and their governance functions have grown together with the growth of international arbitration, which is now the preferred method for resolving these disputes. The private nature of these appointments and the creation of a closed group of elite arbitrators have raised important concerns within civil society. The chapter then shows how the elites of international commercial arbitration (ICA) have successfully gained a strong and growing foothold in the burgeoning field of investor–state arbitration (ISA), despite the structural differences between ICA and ISA. Indeed, the elites of ISA and ICA significantly overlap, and have developed similar social strategies to secure legitimacy within the unified field of international arbitration.
Mediators in Arbitration
Authors: Nolan-Haley Jacqueline 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the role of mediation in international arbitration. Mediation is often promoted as being less costly and time-consuming than arbitration. Compared to litigation, mediation can reduce the economic and emotional costs of resolving disputes, and empirical studies show high compliance and user satisfaction rates with mediation. Indeed, mediation’s benefits flow from the culture of mediation, which changes the paradigm in dispute resolution from adversarial, positional bargaining to a more problem-solving approach focused on underlying needs and interests. Moreover, mediators as neutral third parties can add value to the parties’ negotiations. Thinking about mediators in the world of international arbitration calls for an appreciation of the fundamental differences between the roles of arbitrators and mediators. The critical difference between the two roles lies in the nature of decision-making. Arbitrators decide the outcome of parties’ disputes. Mediators help the parties to decide the outcome themselves.
Civil Society and International Investment Arbitration
Authors: Bernasconi Nathalie , Brauch Martin Dietrich , Mann Howard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of civil society in international investment arbitration. Much of the civil society focus on international arbitration has been on the investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) process included in many international investment agreements. However, the historical role of commercial arbitration as the progenitor of investment treaty arbitration and the procedural and structural links between ISDS and commercial arbitration are important for the discussions on civil society engagement. Civil society recognized early on the problems of using a commercial arbitration model for investment arbitration, which involves public law matters, and concluded that this created a misappropriation of a tool that up to that time had only been used for private commercial purposes or very well-defined state-to-state purposes. The crossing of these purposes and actors to create public law arbitration between investors and states is what created this sense of misappropriation and led to a spotlight being shone on the regime by civil society. The chapter then looks back at the beginnings of civil society engagement with international arbitration through the experience with investment treaties, including the advancement of transparency and the ability to submit amicus curiae briefs.
The Multiple forms of Transparency in International Investment Arbitration
Authors: Shirlow Esmé , Caron David D. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores transparency in international investment arbitration. In the field of international investment arbitration, there has been a particularly concerted campaign for the publication of awards and other arbitral documents, for the opening of arbitral hearings to the public, and for the participation of a more diverse group of stakeholders in arbitral proceedings. In isolation, each of these strands of the campaign for greater transparency in international investment arbitration might be characterized as a reform effort focused on a series of technical changes to aspects of the international arbitral process. However, they could alternatively be viewed from a broader angle, insofar as collectively they articulate and are driven by more fundamental concerns about international investment arbitration. Seen from this broader perspective, the campaign for greater transparency in international investment arbitration is underpinned by differing perspectives on the structure of transparency, on its role in the international arbitral process, and on the subjects and stakeholders which it might benefit. Reforms to transparency in international investment arbitration are thus ‘both technically narrow and strategically broad’.
Arbitration and Offshore Resources in Disputed Maritime Areas
Authors: Morgandi Tibisay 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the role of arbitration for offshore resources in disputed maritime areas. It is an observable fact that disputes over maritime boundaries are mostly caused by competing desires of states to exploit offshore natural resources, in particular oil and gas deposits. Indeed, it is well known that the law on maritime boundaries was developed precisely in order to allocate rights over offshore natural resources. However, it has also long been observed that the law on maritime boundary delimitation, as developed by international tribunals, ostensibly pays only scant regard to this underlying basis of the disputes at issue. Rather, the law purports to base itself on other principles. In particular, the unilateral activities of the parties are consistently rejected as being ‘relevant circumstances’ relevant to a boundary delimitation. However, if one looks at what tribunals do, instead of what they say they do, it seems that in fact the unilateral activities of the parties concerning the exploitation of offshore hydrocarbons play a rather larger role. Whenever tribunals have some discretion, they invariably choose a delimitation line that gives oil and gas deposits to those parties that have taken the initiative to drill them unilaterally, provided that this drilling has taken place at least within a plausible boundary of the state that issued the concession. Moreover, tribunals are extremely reluctant to draw boundaries over drilled deposits, thus avoiding making them shared as a result of the delimitation exercise.
International Arbitration
Authors: Ruiz Fabri Hélène , Stoppioni Edoardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the methodological elements of feminist approaches to international law to rethink international arbitration. The central focus of a feminist prism appears to be whether international arbitration is subjugated by patriarchal domination structures, bias and injustice, thus mirroring and even reinforcing the idiosyncrasies of international law, especially international economic law. Probably, one could answer yes to all these questions, and this is essentially why the legitimacy of international arbitration is so much at stake. However, the absence of such a dispute settlement system would not necessarily lead to a better situation for international economic regulation: if international law did not regulate resources at all, the international order would be that much more unjust. A feminist deconstruction shows the need for clear, transparent, and well-balanced rules and dispute settlement resolution systems, and not their absence. This direction is the one progressively taken by projects of reform.
Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Vastardis Anil Yilmaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter challenges investment treaty arbitration at its core by questioning the validity of insistence on special routes for access to justice reserved to remediate the grievances of a class of privileged investors, which can be referred to as ‘justice bubbles’. Despite the potential of the ongoing reform initiatives to genuinely improve the existing investment treaty arbitration model, salvaging and strengthening these justice bubbles that serve the needs of the privileged few sustains and even makes permanent the prioritization of institutions of justice for foreign investors over the improvement of local institutions that could provide justice for members across society, including foreign investors. However, no institutional process used or proposed for settling international investment law disputes is perfect, and each process is ‘imperfect in different ways given the dynamics of participation within them’. Thus, the challenge in this chapter is directed towards the singling out of high-value investment disputes as deserving special treatment above and beyond any institutional options available to any other private party aggrieved by governmental abuse. The chapter then argues that the establishment of a permanent investment court is a short-sighted solution to deficiencies in local access to justice, which is likely to undermine domestic legal developments.
The Sociological Dimension of International Arbitration
Authors: Hirsch Moshe 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the sociological dimension of international arbitration. Sociological analysis of international arbitration begins from the premise that individuals’ behaviour and normative choices are significantly affected by sociocultural factors and processes. Indeed, the behaviour of actors participating in international arbitration is not isolated from its social context. The chapter then analyses the interactions between the social features of the investment arbitration community and two significant issues in investment arbitration: the application of human rights law by investment arbitrators and the constraining nature of norms regarding side arbitrator impartiality. While the first issue focuses on the particular features of the investment arbitration community and its interactions with another social group—the human rights community—the second issue regarding arbitrators’ impartiality is explored by employing several theoretical perspectives relating to the structure–agency debate in sociological literature.
International Commercial Arbitration
Authors: Dezalay Yves , Garth Bryant G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of international commercial arbitration, which is often presented as a response to the demand for law and dispute resolution created naturally by an increase in transnational commerce and investment. Indeed, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris was relatively marginal from its establishment in 1923 until the increase in global trade and commerce that came in the 1970s and 1980s. The demand naturally created the supply. Based on the recognition that this market was not inevitable, it has been argued that the rise of international commercial arbitration depended on institutional entrepreneurs around the ICC. The chapter then looks at how the relatively marginal group around the ICC that Sgard studies gained credibility and acceptance from both multinational enterprises and developing countries.