bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Snow Aggregate Ellipsoid Shape and Orientation Variability Affects Fall Speed and Self-Aggregation Rates
Authors: Dunnavan Edwin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Snow aggregate shapes and orientations have long been known to exhibit substantial variability. Despite this observed variability, most weather and climate prediction models use fixed power-law functions that deterministically map particle size to mass and fall speed. As such, integrated quantities like precipitation and self-aggregation rates currently ignore nonlinear effects resulting from variation in shape and orientation for aggregates of the same size. This study therefore develops an analytic framework that couples an empirically based bivariate distribution of ellipsoid shapes to classical hydrodynamic theory so as to capture an appropriate dispersion of masses, projected areas, and fall speeds for an assumed size distribution. For a fixed aggregate size, shape variations produce approximately ±0.13 m s−1 standard deviation of fall speed which increases the mass flux fall speed dispersion by more than 100% over traditional microphysics models. This increased fall speed dispersion results predominantly from shape-induced mass dispersion whereas orientation and drag dispersion play a lesser role. Shape variations can increase mass- and reflectivity-weighted fall speeds by up to 60% of traditional models whereas self-aggregation rates can increase by a factor of 100 for very small slope parameters. This implies that aggregate shape variations effectively forestall the theorized onset of fall speed distribution narrowing and subsequent quenching of the aggregation process. As a result, it is likely that secondary ice formation is necessary to prevent an ever decreasing slope parameter. The mathematical theory presented in this study is used to develop simple correction factors for snow forecast and climate models.
Heat Balance in the Nordic Seas in a Global 1/12° Coupled Model
Authors: Treguier Anne Marie , Mathiot Pierre , Graham Tim , Copsey Dan , Lique Camille , Sterlin Jean 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Nordic seas are a gateway to the Arctic Ocean, where Atlantic water undergoes a strong cooling during its transit. Here we investigate the heat balance of these regions in the high-resolution Met Office Global Coupled Model GC3 with a 1/12° grid. The GC3 model reproduces the contrasted ice conditions and ocean heat loss between the eastern and western regions of the Nordic seas. In the west (Greenland and Iceland seas), the heat loss experienced by the ocean is stronger than the atmospheric heat gain, because of the cooling by ice melt. The latter is a major contribution to the heat loss over the path of the East Greenland Current and west of Svalbard. In the model, surface fluxes balance the convergence of heat in each of the eastern and western regions. The net east–west heat exchange, integrated from Fram Strait to Iceland, is relatively small: the westward heat transport of the Return Atlantic Current over Knipovich Ridge balances the eastward heat transport by the East Icelandic Current. Time fluctuations, including eddies, are a significant contribution to the net heat transports. The eddy flux represents about 20% of the total heat transport in Denmark Strait and across Knipovich Ridge. The coupled ocean–atmosphere–ice model may overestimate the heat imported from the Atlantic and exported to the Arctic by 10% or 15%. This confirms the tendency toward higher northward heat transports as model resolution is refined, which will impact scenarios of future climate.
Anthropogenic and Natural Contributions to the Lengthening of the Southern Hemisphere Summer Season
Authors: Weller Evan , Park Bo-Joung , Min Seung-Ki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study provides the first quantitative assessment of observed long-term changes in summer-season timing and length in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and its subregions over the past 60 years, enabling a global completeness by complementing such characteristics previously reported for the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Using an objective algorithm that is based on temperature indices, relative measures of summer onset, withdrawal, and duration are determined at each land location over the period 1953–2012. Significant widespread summer-season lengthening, due to earlier onset and delayed withdrawal, has occurred across the SH, a longer period for extreme heat-wave events and wildfires to potentially occur. The asymmetric magnitude (onset vs withdrawal) in summer-season lengthening is slightly less over the SH than over the NH. Contributions of anthropogenic and natural factors to the observed trends in summer-season characteristics were investigated using phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) multimodel simulations integrated with observed external forcings [anthropogenic plus natural (ALL)], greenhouse gas forcing only (GHG), and natural forcing only [solar and volcanic activities (NAT)]. Overall, consistent with the NH, increased greenhouse gases were the main cause of observed changes in the SH, with negligible contribution from other external forcings. ALL and GHG simulations also reproduced a slight tendency for earlier summer onset to contribute more to summer lengthening. Proportions of observed regional trends in summer-season indices attributable to trends in long-term internal variability in the SH, namely, the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) and southern annular mode (SAM), suggests such variability can only explain up to ~12%, supporting the dominant role of greenhouse gas forcing.
Experimental Study on Spatial Variation of Mass Transport Induced by Surface Waves Generated in a Finite-Depth Laboratory Flume
Authors: Paprota Maciej 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aim of laboratory experiments conducted in a wave flume is to confirm that wave-induced mass transport varies along the way of propagation of regular mechanically generated waves in water of finite depth. This effect is attributed to the interactions between primary waves generated in the flume and associated free waves. Measurements of wave kinematics in several locations along the flume are performed to evaluate mass transport. Wave gauges and the particle image velocimetry technique are employed, respectively, to provide information on the evolution of the oscillating water surface and the wave velocity field under regular waves. Laboratory data are compared with numerical predictions of the derived nonlinear wavemaker model based on a pseudospectral approach. The experimental data exhibit good agreement with the numerical results with respect to particle trajectories and mass transport for nonlinear transitional and shallow water waves. Numerical and experimental investigations confirm that free-surface oscillatory motion and particle kinematics are affected by second-order free waves, which modify the characteristics of laboratory waves, especially in a strongly nonlinear shallow water regime. Moreover, the present study gives valuable insight into the effects of the interaction between two independent waves on wave-induced mass transport, which highlights the need of including nonlinear energy transfers between higher harmonics for the reliable estimation of wave processes in ocean circulation models.
Female Bodies and Globalization: The Work of Indigenous Women Weavers in Zinacantán
Authors: Bayona Escat Eugenia 
Published: October 2020

Women producers and sellers of textile crafts in Zinacantán, Chiapas, Mexico, use one of the few resources they have to enter business: craft production as informal, invisible, and underpaid work. Taking the body as the axis of analysis, three distinct areas of transformation of indigenous women producers by tourism may be identified: the private and domestic body of craftswomen, the social and public body as an icon of ethnic difference, and the commodified body as an extension of the touristic object. The analysis shows that tourism and participation in the international market strengthen gender, class, and ethnic differences and contribute to the perpetuation of existing inequalities. Las productoras y vendedoras de artesanía textil en Zinacantán, Chiapas, México, utilizan uno de los pocos recursos que tienen participar en el mercado: la producción artesanal como trabajo informal, invisible y mal remunerado. Tomando el cuerpo como eje de análisis, identificamos tres áreas distintas de transformación ejercidas por el turismo sobre las productoras indígenas: el cuerpo privado y doméstico de las artesanas, el organismo social y público como icono de la diferencia étnica, y el organismo mercantilizado como una extensión del objeto turístico. El análisis muestra que el turismo y la participación en el mercado internacional fortalecen las diferencias de género, clase y etnia y contribuyen a la perpetuación de las desigualdades existentes.
Combination of Ant Colony Optimization and K-nearest Neighbours: The Influence of Working Capital Management on Corporate Performance
Authors: Coleman Martha , Wu Mengyun 
Published: October 2020

Purpose: This study looked at the influence of working capital management on firm performance using both accounting measure (ROE) and market measure (Tobin’s q) of firms listed in Nigeria and Ghana. Design/methodology/approach: The study used ant colony optimization (ACO) and k-nearest neighbours (KNN) in establishing the long-term effect of working capital management on corporate performance. Data were extracted from annual financial reports of non-financial companies listed on the Nigeria and Ghana stock exchanges for the recession period 2012–2016, with a total observation of 510. Findings: ACO was applied to determine the working capital management variables that influence corporate performance, and KNN predicted its longitudinal influence, which, in our view, has not been deeply researched. It was discovered that non-financial firms in the period of economic crises manage the account receivables and payables, as well as cash conversion cycles, maintaining optimum working capital for efficient operational activities. It is therefore assumed that these firms are exposed to external and other sources of finance, which enables them to increase investment in working capital, preventing the risk of low production hindering firms from settling debt, as well as customers, leading to the collapse of many firms in this region and accounting for an increase in the unemployment rate. Research limitations/implications: This study will inform corporate management and policymakers on the effect of economic crises on the performance of firms in the management of working capital to achieve desirable accounting and market performance. The ability of a firm to manage working capital during boom and recession periods enhances maximization of shareholders’ wealth. Originality/value: This study will alert policymakers to the urgency in setting up appropriate policies to address pertinent issues regarding longitudinal influence of economic crises on firm continuity and value. JEL Code: M4
Risk factors for and predictive nomogram of postoperative hypoxaemia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures
Authors: Duan Xu-zhou , Zhang Xin , Tong Da-ke , Ji Fang , Xu Kai-hang , He Rong-zhi 
Published: October 2020

Objective To investigate the related risk factors and predictive nomogram of postoperative hypoxaemia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. Methods This study included patients aged ≥65 years who underwent surgical treatment of acute femoral neck fractures. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed to determine the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative hypoxaemia. A predictive nomogram was constructed based on the multivariable model. Using the bootstrap method, discrimination was determined by the C-index and calibration plot. Results The logistic regression analysis showed that the anaesthesia type, surgical procedure, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, preoperative hypoxaemia occurrence, and age were independent predictors of development of postoperative hypoxaemia. The predictive formula for hypoxaemia was established as follows: hypoxaemia=−0.8668×spinal anaesthesia (whether)+0.1162×nerve anaesthesia (whether)+1.9555×plate/screw fixation (whether)+1.4950×hip replacement (whether)+0.4883×ASA classification+1.7153×preoperative oxygenation index+0.1608×age. With the bootstrap method, the prediction curve fit well with the ideal curve, suggesting that the prediction curve constructed in this study has good predictive ability. Conclusions Anaesthesia type, surgical procedure, ASA classification, preoperative hypoxaemia occurrence, and age were risk factors for postoperative hypoxaemia in elderly patients with femoral neck fractures. The predictive nomogram was designed for preoperative assessment of the risk of postoperative hypoxaemia by calculating the risk score.
Multidisciplinary shock team is associated with improved outcomes in patients undergoing ECPR
Authors: Hryniewicz Katarzyna , Hart Michael , Raile David , Wang Yale , Mooney Michael , Mudy Karol , Eckman Peter M , Samara Michael A , Traverse Jay , Sun Benjamin , Williams David M , Wilson Kelly J , Pavlovec Matthew , Kunz Miranda , Lyon Danielle , Chavez Ivan 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has been increasingly used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) in select patients. Few centers have published their experience or outcomes with ECPR. The aim of our study was to evaluate outcomes of adult patients in cardiac arrest placed on VA ECMO in the catheterization laboratory. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients in refractory cardiac arrest who underwent ECPR at the Minneapolis Heart Institute (MHI) at Abbott Northwestern Hospital from January 2012 to December 2017. Relevant data were obtained from electronic medical records, including arrest to ECMO flow time, total ECMO support time, and outcomes. Results: Twenty-six adult patients underwent ECPR at the study site during the defined time period. Seven patients (27%) sustained cardiac arrest out of hospital, 19 patients arrested in-hospital with eight of those occurring in the catheterization laboratory. Seventeen (65%) patients had initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia (VF/VT). All patients underwent mechanical CPR with LUCAS device. Overall 30 day and 6 month survival was 69%. Median time from arrest to ECMO flow was 46 mins (21,68) vs 61 mins (36,71) in survivors and non-survivors, respectively. Sixteen of 18 survivors discharged with a CPC score of 1 or 2. Conclusions: We demonstrate that adult patients in cardiac arrest initiated on VA ECMO in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and cared for by a multidisciplinary shock team in the critical care unit have superior long-term survival and functionally favorable neurologic recovery when compared to current literature.
Low Birth Weight and Psychoeducational Outcomes: Investigation of an African American Birth Cohort
Authors: Dombrowski Stefan C. , Gischlar Karen L. , Green Lauren , Noonan Kelly , Martin Roy P. 
Published: October 2020

African Americans experience more than double the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW)/premature birth compared to their Caucasian counterparts, reflecting a public health crisis and a significant social justice concern. However, there is a paucity of LBW outcome studies in African American samples. There are even fewer that investigate developmental outcomes within the moderately LBW range (i.e., 1500–2500 g), the most prevalent category of LBW births. This study investigates the relationship between LBW and various psychoeducational outcomes in a prospectively designed African American birth cohort. Multivariate logit analyses of the Johns Hopkins University Pathways to Adulthood study compared LBW children with normal birth weight children on a number of outcome measures at seven and 8 years of age. Results revealed that children born within the lowest birth weight category produced the most adverse findings, from both a statistical and clinical standpoint, on measures of cognitive ability, academic achievement, speech, language, auditory processing, and visual–motor integration.
Demographic, Social, and Personal Factors Associated With Lactation Cessation by 6 Weeks in Mothers of Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Parker Leslie A. , Krueger Charlene , Sullivan Sandra , Mueller Martina 
Published: October 2020

Background Although mother’s own milk decreases prematurity-associated morbidities, mothers of infants born preterm and very low birth weight experience a significantly shorter lactation duration. Little is known regarding factors associated with lactation cessation during the hospitalization of a very low birth weight infant. Research aim To determine demographic, social, and personal factors associated with lactation cessation by 6-weeks postpartum in mothers delivering very low birth weight infants. Methods We used a retrospective, longitudinal, two-group comparison design using data from a randomized control study. Mothers of very low birth weight infants ( N = 142) were enrolled from a labor and delivery unit associated with a Level 4 neonatal intensive care unit. Demographic, social, and health information was obtained from the medical records. Participants were surveyed regarding lactation goals, experience, and reason(s) for cessation. Results Participants who did not continue lactating for more than 6 weeks were more likely to be unemployed ( p = .019), Medicaid eligible ( p = .009), less educated ( p < .031), smoke ( p = .002), provide less skin-to-skin care ( p = .007), and to delay the decision to provide their milk to their infant ( p = .007). After Bonferroni adjustment, only minutes of skin-to-skin care remained statistically significant. Insufficient maternal milk production was the most common reason for lactation cessation. Conclusion While the etiology of lactation cessation is often non-modifiable, strategies aimed at maintaining mother’s own milk production, smoking cessation, increasing skin-to-skin care, and promoting an earlier decision to lactate, may prolong lactation duration in this vulnerable population. This RCT was registered (2012-00071) with ClinicalTrials.com on 6/28/2013.
Leveraging Limited Resources Through Cross-Jurisdictional Sharing: Influences on Breastfeeding Rates
Authors: Gyllstrom M. Elizabeth , McCoy Marcia Burton , Pezzini Gianfranco , Atherly Adam 
Published: October 2020

Background Cross-jurisdictional sharing is gaining traction as an option for increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of public health services in local health departments. Research aim Assess whether breastfeeding initiation among participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children changed with the addition of a trained breastfeeding specialist funded by cross-jurisdictional integration. Methods A longitudinal retrospective comparative difference in difference design using state-based program data, pre- and post-integration was undertaken. Three local county health departments ( n = 5) that fully integrated into one Community Health Board during January 2015, and four neighboring Community Health Boards ( n = 4) that did not integrate, were included. Results Controlling for confounders and interactions, the relative rate of change over time in breastfeeding initiation rates was greater in the integrated jurisdiction than neighboring Community Health Boards, but not statistically significant. When the integrated Community Health Board’s original three local health departments were considered separately, the relative rate of change over time in breastfeeding rates was greater for one local health department in comparison to three neighbor Community Health Boards ( p = .037, .048, and .034, respectively). Conclusions The addition of a specialized breastfeeding nutritionist led to improved breastfeeding initiation rates. The increase was significant only in the largest original local health department, which also had the lowest breastfeeding initiation rate pre-merger. The greatest positive change was seen in this local health department where the specialist staff was physically located. Public health staff specialization can lead to increases in economic efficiency and in improved delivery of public health services.
Depression Is Associated With Preserved Cortical Thickness Relative to Apathy in Frontotemporal Dementia
Authors: Basavaraju Rakshathi , Feng Xinyang , France Jeanelle , Huey Edward D. , Provenzano Frank A. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: To understand the differential neuroanatomical substrates underlying apathy and depression in Frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Methods: T1-MRIs and clinical data of patients with behavioral and aphasic variants of FTD were obtained from an open database. Cortical thickness was derived, its association with apathy severity and difference between the depressed and not depressed were examined with appropriate covariates. Results: Apathy severity was significantly associated with cortical thinning of the lateral parts of the right sided frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. The right sided orbitofrontal, parsorbitalis and rostral anterior cingulate cortex were thicker in depressed compared to patients not depressed. Conclusions: Greater thickness of right sided ventromedial and inferior frontal cortex in depression compared to patients without depression suggests a possible requisite of gray matter in this particular area for the manifestation of depression in FTD. This study demonstrates a method for deriving neuroanatomical patterns across non-harmonized neuroimaging data in a neurodegenerative disease.
Socio-economic disadvantage and resource distribution for mental health care: a model proposal and example application for Victoria, Australia
Authors: Meadows Graham , Shawyer Frances , Dawadi Shrinkhala , Inder Brett , Enticott Joanne 
Published: October 2020

Objective: A spreadsheet-based model for supporting equitable mental health resource distribution in Australia was developed, based on the Australian Health Survey (AHS) psychological distress findings associated with area socio-economic disadvantage (SED). An illustrative application is presented. Method: Stratum-specific psychological-distress rates for area SED quintiles are applied to local government areas, catchment areas and local health networks (LHNs). A case study applies the model to Victoria, including examining recommendations in the Royal Commission into Victoria’s Mental Health Services (RCVMHS) 2019 interim report for increases to bed stock in two LHNs. Results: Need-adjusted demand estimates considered as a ratio of raw population proportions for catchments range between 0.6 to 1.4 in Victoria. Applying the formula to the Royal Commission recommendations suggests the proposed distribution of beds is a reasonable correction for these two LHNs and indicates next expansion priorities for more equitable distribution to other LHNs. Conclusions: The spreadsheet, adaptable for other states and territories, could complement National Mental Health Services Planning Framework outputs and assist in evaluation, for instance, determining potential supply shortages in the tele-mental-health response to COVID-19. We outline research directions including consideration of the moral bases of value judgements and identification of other variables including their use in parameterisation and calibration.