bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and Experimental Investigation on the Function of Siphons for Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauges
Authors: Cai Zhao , Liu Jiufu , Liao Aimin , Li Xuegang , Liao Minhan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSiphons can effectively reduce the influence of rainfall intensity on the mechanical bias of tipping-bucket rain gauges (TBRs). To identify the function of siphons for TBRs, this study investigated three types of siphons: a Texas Electronics (TE) siphon, a RIMCO (RIM) siphon, and a Sutron siphon, with both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and laboratory experiments. To provide better structural designs, further simulations were conducted to adjust two parameters of the siphons: d, the distance from the cap to the outer part, and w, the distance from the main part to the cap part. The simulation results reveal that the most significant advantage of a siphon over a rain gauge collector is to provide stable outflow for the tipping bucket. The stable outflow rates were around 1.5 g s−1 (TE) and 1.55 g s−1 (RIM), while the Sutron siphon increased from 1.75 to 2.45 g s−1. The ratio of stable outflow time to a complete siphon event was 69% (TE), 81% (Sutron), and 83% (RIM). In experiments with rainfall intensity higher than 1 mm min−1, the RIM and TE siphons showed oscillations in the outflow during consecutive siphon events, whereas the Sutron siphon was relatively stable. Further simulations showed that the recommended d and w for the TE siphon are 2.5 and 1.1 mm, respectively, while the recommendations for the RIM siphon are d = 2.5 mm and w = 0.9 mm. The manufacturer’s specifications for d and w are best for the Sutron siphon. These results help to understand the functionality of siphons for TBRs, and benefit the structural design of common siphons.
Comparison of a novel extracapsular suture technique with a standard fabellotibial suture technique for cranial cruciate ligament repair using a custom-made limb-press model in cats
Authors: Lechner Bettina , Handschuh Stephan , Bockstahler Barbara , Tichy Alexander , Peham Christian , Schnabl-Feichter Eva 
Published: June 2020

Objectives The aim of our study was to compare the standard fabellotibial suture with Mini TightRope fixation for the treatment of a cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture using a feline custom-made limb press. Methods Cadaveric hindlimbs of 10 cats were inserted in the limb press at predefined joint angles and loads of 10% and 30% body weight (BW) were applied. Mediolateral radiographs were taken and three-dimensional coordinates were recorded using a microscribe digitiser, with intact and transected CCLs and after either fabellotibial suture or Mini TightRope fixation were performed. Different distances and angles from radiographs or microscribe coordinates were analysed. Results Radiographic distances from the femoral condyle to the cranial edge of the tibia (X1–X2) were higher in CCL-deficient stifles than in intact stifles at 10% and 30% BW loads. All fabellotibial sutures and Mini TightRope fixations neutralised excessive cranial tibial thrust. A significant difference in the distance between the patella and tibial tuberosity (D2) was observed between CCL-deficient limbs and Mini TightRope-fixed limbs at 10% BW load ( P <0.04). A significant difference in the distance between the tibial tuberosity and lateral collateral ligament of the femur (D3) was observed between the intact and transected CCLs on the left legs at 10% BW load ( P <0.003) and on both legs at 30% BW load ( P <0.002). Furthermore, we observed significant differences between CCL-deficient left legs and Mini TightRope-treated legs at 10% BW load ( P <0.003). With regard to fabellotibial suture-treated legs, we observed significant differences between transected limbs and fixed limbs at 30% BW load ( P <0.004). W1 (craniocaudal angle) and W2 (mediolateral angle) showed significant differences between intact and transected CCLs and between transected and fixed limbs at 30% BW load ( P <0.004). Conclusions and relevance Fixation of CCL-deficient stifles with lateral fabellotibial suture, as well as Mini TightRope tightened with a 20 N load, produces good biomechanical stability, as detected via radiographic assessment.
Standardization and quality improvement of secondary prevention through cardiovascular rehabilitation programmes in Europe: The avenue towards EAPC accreditation programme: A position statement of the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)
Authors: Abreu Ana , Frederix Ines , Dendale Paul , Janssen Arne , Doherty Patrick , Piepoli Massimo F , Völler Heinz , Davos Constantinos H ,   the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of EAPC Reviewers:, Ambrosetti Marco 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Despite the proven efficacy and cost-effectiveness of contemporary cardiovascular rehabilitation programmes, the referral to/uptake of and adherence to cardiovascular rehabilitation remains inadequate. In addition, heterogeneity persists amongst different cardiovascular rehabilitation centres in Europe, despite the available scientific documents describing the evidence-based rehabilitation format/content. This position statement was elaborated by the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation (SP/CR) section of EAPC. It defines the minimal and optimal cardiovascular rehabilitation standards. In addition, it describes the relevant quality indicators of cardiovascular rehabilitation programmes to date. Compliance of European cardiovascular rehabilitation centres with these standards will improve cardiovascular rehabilitation process standardization in Europe and hence increase the quality of cadiovascular rehabilitation programmes.
Barriers and facilitators for screening and treatment of hyperlipidemia among patients with inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Navarro-Millán Iris , Young Sarah R. , Shurbaji Sally , McDavid Chastity , Cornelius-Schecter Anna , Johnson Bernadette , Cherrington Andrea L. , Fraenkel Liana , Goodman Susan M. , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Venkatachalam Shilpa , Safford Monika M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA), defined as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The frequency of screening and treatment of hyperlipidemia, a modifiable CVD risk factor, is low in these patients. The reasons for low screening and treatment rates in this population are poorly understood. Our objective was to elicit the barriers and facilitators for screening and treatment of hyperlipidemia from the perspective of patients with IA.

Methods
We conducted a qualitative study using focus groups of patients with IA, guided by Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. We recruited patients with IA aged 40 years and older from a single academic center. Data were analyzed thematically.

Results
We conducted three focus groups with 17 participants whose mean age was 56 (range 45–81) years; 15 were women. Four themes emerged as barriers: 1) need for more information about arthritis, prognosis, and IA medications prior to discussing additional topics like CVD risk; 2) lack of knowledge about how IA increases CVD risk; 3) lifestyle changes to reduce overall CVD risk rather than medications; and 4) the need to improve doctor-patient communication about IA, medications, and CVD risk. One theme emerged as a facilitator: 5) potential for peer coaches (patients with IA who are trained about concepts of CVD risk and IA) to help overcome barriers to screening and treatment of hyperlipidemia to lower CVD risk.

Conclusion
Patients with IA identified educational needs about IA, increased CVD risk in IA and the need for improved doctor-patient communication about screening for hyperlipidemia and its treatment. Patients were receptive to working with peer coaches to facilitate achievement of these goals.
COVID-19: the perfect vector for a mental health epidemic
Authors: Hisham Idura N. , Townsend Giles , Gillard Steve , Debnath Brishti , Sin Jacqueline 
Published: June 2020

SummaryIn times of crisis, people have historically had to band together to overcome. What happens when they cannot? This article examines the reality of people forced to isolate from one another during one of the most turbulent events of their lives: the COVID-19 pandemic. Connecting the dots of topics including fear, social stigmas, global public response and previous disease outbreaks, this article discusses the negative mental health effects that individuals and communities will likely suffer as the result of social distancing, isolation and physical infection.
Thoracic Cancers International COVID-19 Collaboration (TERAVOLT): Impact of type of cancer therapy and COVID therapy on survival.
Authors: Horn Leora , Whisenant Jennifer G. , Torri Valter , Huang Li-Ching , Trama Annalisa , Paz-Ares Luis G. , Felip Enriqueta , Pancaldi Vera , De Toma Alessandro , Tiseo Marcello , Garrido Pilar , Genova Carlo , Cadranel Jacques , Michielin Olivier , Dingemans Anne-Marie C. , Van Meerbeeck Jan P. , Barlesi Fabrice , Wakelee Heather A. , Peters Solange , Garassino Marina Chiara 
Published: June 2020

LBA111 Background: Early reports on cancer patients infected with COVID-19 have suggested a high mortality rate compared to the general population. Patients with thoracic malignancies are considered high risk given their age, preexisting comorbidities, smoking, and pre-existing lung damage in addition to therapies administered to treat their illness. Method: We launched a global consortium to collect data on patients with thoracic malignancies diagnosed with COVID-19 infection to understand the impact on this patient population. Goals of this consortium are to provide data for guidance to oncology professionals on treating patients with thoracic malignancies while understanding the risk factors for morbidity and mortality from this novel virus. Results: As of April 23, 2020, a total of 295 patients across 59 centers and 9 countries have been entered; median age 68, 31% female, 79% current/former smokers, HTN and COPD most common comorbidities; 73% NSCLC, 14% SCLC, 4% meso and thymic, 49% patients with stage IV disease, majority on chemo or chemo-IO and 24% receiving RT. The use of IO or chemo-IO does not appear to impact risk of hospitalization, while treatment with TKI appears to be associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization. 73% patients required hospitalization, most common therapy given to treat COVID was antibiotics 67%, antivirals 33%, and steroids 30%. Conclusion: With an ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 our data suggest that patients with thoracic malignancies are at high risk for hospitalization. Updated results to be presented will include impact on specific chemo-IO regimens and number of lines of therapy, which may impact hospitalization and risk of death as well as which therapies administered may impact survival in patients treated for COVID-19.
A randomized phase III trial of systemic therapy plus early local therapy versus systemic therapy alone in women with de novo stage IV breast cancer: A trial of the ECOG-ACRIN Research Group (E2108).
Authors: Khan Seema Ahsan , Zhao Fengmin , Solin Lawrence J. , Goldstein Lori J. , Cella David , Basik Mark , Golshan Mehra , Julian Thomas B. , Pockaj Barbara A. , Lee Christine A , Razaq Wajeeha , Sparano Joseph A. , Babiera Gildy V , Dy Irene Ang , Jain Sarika , Silverman Paula , Fisher Carla , Tevaarwerk Amye Juliet , Wagner Lynne I. , Sledge George W. 
Published: June 2020

LBA2 Background: About 6% of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients present with Stage IV disease and an intact primary tumor (IPT). Locoregional treatment (LRT) for the IPT is hypothesized to improve survival based on retrospective analyses, but randomized trials have provided conflicting data. We now report the results of E2108, a Phase 3 trial that examined the worth of LRT for the IPT following initial systemic therapy. Methods: Stage IV patients with IPT were registered, treated with optimal systemic therapy (OST) based on patient and tumor characteristics; those who did not progress during 4-8 months of OST were randomized to LRT for the IPT, or no LRT. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), with locoregional disease control as a secondary endpoint. Stratified log rank test and Cox proportional hazard model were used to compare OS between treatment groups. Cumulative incidence of locoregional recurrence/progression was estimated and Gray test was used for treatment group comparisons. The trial was designed to detect an improvement in 3 year OS rate from 30% with OST alone to 49.3% for OST+LRT (power 95%, 1-sided alpha 0.05) with full information expected after 152 deaths; the data monitoring committee recommended data release after 80% of full information. Results: 390 patients were enrolled between 2/8/11 and 7/23/15, and received OST. Of these, 256 eligible patients were randomized to either continued OST alone (N = 131) or OST+LRT (N = 125).There were 121 deaths and 43 locoregional progression events after a median follow up 59 months (range: 0-91). There was no significant difference in OS (3-year OS rate 68.4% in OST+LRT vs. 67.9% OST alone arm, stratified log-rank p = 0.63, HR = 1.09, 90% CI: 0.80, 1.49) or in progression-free survival (p = 0.40). The locoregional recurrence/progression was significantly higher in the OST alone arm (3-year rate 25.6% vs 10.2%, Gray test p = 0.003). Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measured by FACT-B Trial Outcome Index was significantly worse in the OST+LRT arm than OST alone arm at 18 months post randomization (60% completion, Wilcoxon rank sum test p = 0.01), but no difference was observed at time points 6 months (74% completion) or 30 months (56% completion). Conclusions: Early local therapy does not improve survival in patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer and an IPT. Although there was a 2.5-fold higher risk of local disease progression without LRT, LRT of the IPT did not lead to improved HRQOL. Clinical trial information: NCT01242800 .
Osimertinib as adjuvant therapy in patients (pts) with stage IB–IIIA EGFR mutation positive (EGFRm) NSCLC after complete tumor resection: ADAURA.
Authors: Herbst Roy S. , Tsuboi Masahiro , John Thomas , Grohé Christian , Majem Margarita , Goldman Jonathan Wade , Kim Sang-We , Marmol Dominika , Rukazenkov Yuri , Wu Yi-Long 
Published: June 2020

LBA5 Background: Osimertinib is a 3rd-generation, CNS-active, EGFR-TKI with superior efficacy to comparator EGFR-TKI (gefitinib/erlotinib) in treatment-naïve EGFRm advanced NSCLC. Approx. 30% of pts with NSCLC present with early stage (I–IIIA) disease; surgery is the primary treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard of care in pts with resected stage II–III NSCLC and select stage IB pts; however, recurrence rates are high and other therapies are needed. ADAURA (NCT02511106) is a Ph III, double-blind, randomized study assessing the efficacy and safety of osimertinib vs placebo (PBO) in pts with stage IB–IIIA EGFRm NSCLC after complete tumor resection and adjuvant chemotherapy, when indicated. Following Independent Data Monitoring Committee recommendation, the trial was unblinded early due to efficacy; we report an unplanned interim analysis. Methods: Eligible pts: ≥18 years (Japan/Taiwan: ≥20), WHO PS 0/1, primary non-squamous stage IB/II/IIIA NSCLC, confirmed EGFRm (ex19del/L858R), complete resection of primary NSCLC with full recovery from surgery; postoperative chemotherapy was allowed. Pts were randomized 1:1 to osimertinib 80 mg once daily orally or PBO to receive treatment for up to 3 years and stratified by stage (IB/II/IIIA), mutation type (ex19del/L858R), and race (Asian/non-Asian). Primary endpoint: disease-free survival (DFS) by investigator in stage II–IIIA pts. Secondary endpoints: overall survival (OS) and safety. Data cutoff (DCO): 17 Jan 2020. Results: Globally, 682 pts were randomized to treatment: osimertinib n=339, PBO n=343. Baseline characteristics were balanced across arms (osimertinib/PBO): stage IB 31/31%, stage II/IIIA 69/69%, female 68/72%, ex19del 55/56%, L858R 45/44%. In stage II–IIIA pts, DFS hazard ratio (HR) was 0.17 (95% CI 0.12, 0.23); p<0.0001 (156/470 events); 2-year DFS rate was 90% with osimertinib vs 44% with PBO. In the overall population, DFS HR was 0.21 (0.16, 0.28); p<0.0001 (196/682 events); 2-year DFS rate was 89% with osimertinib vs 53% with PBO. OS was immature (4% maturity) with 29/682 deaths (osimertinib n=9, PBO n=20) at DCO. The safety profile was consistent with the known safety profile of osimertinib. Conclusions: Adjuvant osimertinib is the 1st targeted agent in a global trial to show a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in DFS in pts with stage IB/II/IIIA EGFRm NSCLC after complete tumor resection and adjuvant chemotherapy, when indicated. Adjuvant osimertinib provides an effective new treatment strategy for these pts. Clinical trial information: NCT02511106 .
Rheumatologic Disorders and the Nervous System
Authors: Pavlakis Pantelis P. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE
This article describes the neurologic manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases.

RECENT FINDINGS
Systemic autoimmune diseases can be associated with a wide spectrum of neurologic comorbidities involving the central and peripheral nervous systems. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be associated with a number of manifestations predominantly affecting the central nervous system (CNS), whereas peripheral neuropathy is less common. Sjögren syndrome can be associated with peripheral neuropathy in 10% of cases and CNS disease in 2% to 5% of cases. The risk of stroke is increased in SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, temporal arteritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Systemic vasculitides present most commonly with mononeuritis multiplex but can also affect the CNS. Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom among patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, most commonly seen in patients with SLE or Sjögren syndrome.

SUMMARY
Neurologic manifestations of systemic autoimmune disease are important to recognize, as they may often be the presenting manifestation leading to diagnosis of the systemic disease or may be associated with increased morbidity, other complications, or mortality. Timely diagnosis and institution of appropriate treatment, often requiring multidisciplinary care, is essential to minimize morbidity and decrease the risk of permanent neurologic deficits.
Critical Medical Illness and the Nervous System
Authors: Maas Matthew B. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Nervous system tissues have high metabolic demands and other unique vulnerabilities that place them at high risk of injury in the context of critical medical illness. This article describes the neurologic complications that are commonly encountered in patients who are critically ill from medical diseases and presents strategies for their diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

RECENT FINDINGS
Chronic neurologic disability is common after critical medical illness and is a major factor in the quality of life for survivors of critical illness. Studies that carefully assessed groups of patients with general critical illness have identified a substantial rate of covert seizures, brain infarcts, muscle wasting, peripheral nerve injuries, and other neurologic sequelae that are strong predictors of poor neurologic outcomes. As the population ages and intensive care survivorship increases, critical illness–related neurologic impairments represent a large and growing proportion of the overall burden of neurologic disease.

SUMMARY
Improving critical illness outcomes requires identifying and managing the underlying cause of comorbid neurologic symptoms.
Coding in the World of COVID-19: Non–Face-to-Face Evaluation and Management Care
Authors: Cohen Bruce H. , Busis Neil A. , Ciccarelli Luana 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Almost all medical care in the United States is delivered with the provider and patient in immediate proximity; this model is referred to as face-to-face care. Medical services can be apportioned as procedural care (eg, surgery, radiology, or laboratory testing and others) or cognitive care, also known as Evaluation and Management (E/M) services, in which the provider formulates an assessment and plan after obtaining information from the patient’s history, examination, and diagnostic tests.
Providing a medical opinion and plan using the telephone as the technology that links the provider and the patient is an example of a non–face-to-face E/M service. Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes and the details for how to provide telephone services have been available for decades but have not been reimbursed and therefore were rarely used. In recent years, as new technologies have evolved, there has been slow and steady acceptance that non–face-to-face E/M care can be an adjunct to or replacement for some face-to-face E/M services. These technologies and the descriptors for associated CPT and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes were introduced over the past few years and have become known by the generic term telehealth. They have been slowly incorporated into medical practice. Most of these services were introduced in the consumer retail market, in which the cost was borne directly by the patient, or as private contract services, in which the cost was borne by the consulting hospital, such as with telestroke services. In both the consumer retail model and private contract model, the care delivered usually did not involve CPT or HCPCS coding. The adoption of telehealth has been slow, in part because of the initial costs and several regulatory constraints, as well as the reluctance of patients, providers, and the insurance industry to change the concept that medical care could only be delivered when the patient and their provider were in physical proximity.
After the COVID-19 pandemic reached the United States, the US Department of Health & Human Services issued a public health emergency and declared a Section 1135 Waiver that lifted many of the administrative constraints. With the need for near-absolute social distancing, this perfect storm has resulted in the immediate adoption of telemedicine, at least for the duration of the pandemic, for cognitive care to be delivered using communication technologies that are already in place. This article discusses the most common forms of non–face-to-face E/M care and the proper coding elements necessary to provide these services.
Worlds without Police
Authors: Chazkel Amy , Kim Monica , Paik A. Naomi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introduction highlights the historically oriented scholarship and politically engaged writing that examines places and times without police, which appear in this issue. Modern approaches to governance generally take the presence of police as necessary to maintaining social peace, even though police have proven to fail at fostering public safety and in fact tend to escalate harm and violence. Following the lead of activists working to dismantle police, prisons, and other institutions of state violence, the introduction takes seriously the question of how to imagine, and to build, a world without police. It looks specifically to historical analysis as an especially useful vantage from which to respond to this provocation and outlines how the issue’s contributors detail times and places when people worked without or against formal institutions of modern police.