Non-Myeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Older Patients with AML and MDS: Results from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR)
Authors: McClune Brian , Weisdorf Daniel J. , DiPersio John F. , Keating Armand , Pedersen Tanya L. , da Silva Gisela Tunes , Sierra J. , Tallman Martin S. , Giralt Sergio A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: AML and MDS disproportionately affect older-aged individuals. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the best established curative therapy but is generally not offered due to concerns about toxicity and poor outcome. Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens have been developed to allow allografting in older patients; however, there is a paucity of data to support transplantation in patients over 65 years of age.
Purpose: To better study age as a predictor of outcome, we retrospectively analyzed data reported to the CIBMTR from 1995–2005 among patients receiving RIC HCT for MDS (551 patients) and AML (565 patients) in first complete remission (CR).
Patient and Methods: Outcomes analyzed for both disease groups included transplant-related mortality (TRM), engraftment, incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), leukemia-free (LFS) and overall survival (OS). Patients were stratified according to age cohorts for comparison: 40–54, 54–59, 60–64 and ≥65 years.
Results: Clinical characteristics were well matched across age cohorts but notably, most AML patients presented with de novo disease (P=0.001) and received their allograft from a matched related donor (MRD) (P=0.001) with 51% of patients ≥65 years having a MRD. MDS patients more often had unrelated donors (URD), especially in the older cohorts (73% for ≥ 65 years); but donor type was not significantly different between groups. Most patients received peripheral blood (PB) allografts (76–97%), fludarabine-containing regimens for conditioning and cyclosporine-containing regimens for GVHD prophylaxis. Univariate analysis demonstrated no statistically significant differences in TRM across age cohorts and no overall difference in occurrence of acute (31–35% at 100 days) or chronic GVHD (36–53% at 2 years). Relapse rates were similar across all age groups (29–39% at 3 years) (Table). Multivariate analysis revealed no statistically significant impact of age on TRM, relapse, LFS, or OS (all p &gt; 0.4). Disease and status at transplant were significant risk factors for OS/LFS at 1 year while affecting TRM/relapse at 2 years. Performance status and HLA disparity were also significant at 2 years for nearly all outcomes.
Conclusion: 1. The outcomes for older adults undergoing allogeneic HCT are not significantly different than for younger adults, even after adjusting for multiple risk factors; 2. Age by itself should not be the limiting factor for proceeding to allogeneic HCT in older patients with AML or MDS; 3. Continued participation in clinical trials should be encouraged to explore strategies that could improve treatment outcome.
Univariate probabilities of patients age ≥40 years receiving allogeneic HCT for AML/MDS in first complete remission reported to the CIBMTR, 1995–2005.
N 40–54 N 55–60 N 60–64 N &gt;65 AML TRM 220 150 132 63 100 days 11 (7–16)% 6 (3–10)% 13 (8–20)% 10 (4–18)% 1 year 20 (15–26)% 18 (12–24)% 24 (17–33)% 30 (19–42)% Relapse 1 year 27 (21–33)% 34 (26–42)% 31 (23–40)% 22 (12–33)% 3 years 32 (26–39)% 35 (27–43)% 39 (30–49)% 33 (21–46)% LFS 1 year 53 (46–60)% 49 (41–58)% 44 (35–53)% 48 (36–61)% 3 years 43 (36–51)% 41 (32–50)% 27 (19–37)% 34 (22–47)% OS 100 days 84 (78–88)% 92 (87–96)% 83 (76–89)% 89 (80–95)% 1 year 59 (52–65)% 60 (52–68)% 51 (42–60)% 51 (39–64)% 3 years 45 (40–54)% 47 (42–59)% 30 (25–43)% 36(24–49)% Follow-up (months) 37 (2–110) 25 (1–87) 36 (3–96) 29 (3–59) MDS TRM 219 150 127 55 100 days 17 (13–23)% 17 (11–23)% 14 (9–21)% 19 (9–30)% 1 year 31 (24–37)% 33 (25–41)% 32 (24–41)% 34 (22–47)% Relapse 1 year 26 (20–32)% 27 (20–35)% 26 (18–34)% 25 (14–37)% 3 years 29 (23–35)% 29 (22–37)% 31 (23–40)% higher 33 (20–47)% LFS 1 year 43 (36–50)% 40 (32–49)% 43 (34–51)% 42 (29–56)% 3 years 36 (29–43)% 27 (–2035)% 29 (21–39)% 23 (12–38)% OS 100 days 77 (71–82)% 77 (70–83)% 81 (74–87)% 76 (64–87)% 1 year 50 (43–56)% 46 (38–54)% 53 (44–62)% 48 (35–61)% 3 years 39 (32–46)% 29 (22–37)% 30 (21–40)% 29 (17–43)% Follow-up (months) 36 (2–86) 40 (3–86) 35 (3–68) 36 (3–85)