bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with neuroangiostrongyliasis (rat lungworm disease)
Authors: Wun Matthew K. , Malik Richard , Yu Jane , Chow Kathleen E. , Lau Michelle , Podadera Juan M. , Webster Natalie , Lee Rogan , Šlapeta Jan , Davies Sarah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the brain and spinal cord in humans with neuroangiostrongyliasis (NA) due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection has been well reported. Equivalent studies in animals are lacking. This case series describes clinical and MRI findings in 11 dogs with presumptively or definitively diagnosed NA. MRI of the brain and/or spinal cord was performed using high-field (1.5 T) or low-field (0.25 T) scanners using various combinations of transverse, sagittal, dorsal and three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted (T1W), transverse, sagittal and dorsal T2-weighted (T2W), T2W fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2*-weighted (T2*W) gradient echo (GRE), dorsal T2W short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and post-gadolinium transverse, sagittal, dorsal and 3D T1W and transverse T2W FLAIR sequences. In 4/6 cases where the brain was imaged, changes consistent with diffuse meningoencephalitis were observed. Evidence of meningeal involvement was evident even when not clinically apparent. The spinal cord was imaged in 9 dogs, with evidence of meningitis and myelitis detected in regions consistent with the observed neuroanatomical localization. Pathognomonic changes of neural larva migrans, as described in some human patients with NA, were not detected. NA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with MRI evidence of focal or diffuse meningitis, myelitis and/or encephalitis, especially in areas where A. cantonensis is endemic. If not precluded by imaging findings suggestive of brain herniation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection for cytology, fluid analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing should be considered mandatory in such cases after the MRI studies.
The incorporation of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in the Arctic Council: Lip service?
Authors: Sidorova Evgeniia (Jen) 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The utilization of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in wildlife management has been a prominent topic for several decades. Since its establishment, Arctic Council (AC) has emphasized the importance of TEK and its utilization in its work. Yet, the process of knowledge coproduction in the AC has never been assessed. To what extent has TEK been meaningfully incorporated into the AC? The research uses qualitative content analysis to analyze the AC working groups’ meeting minutes, reports, scientific reports and assessments as well as reports released by Permanent Participants in order to investigate how the TEK has been incorporated into the AC. The study investigates that the process of knowledge coproduction in the AC turned into lip service, and suggests the set of recommendations that could potentially guide the TEK projects in the process of knowledge co-production. These recommendations, including the use of participatory methodology, the use of Indigenous methods, a recognition that TEK is local, application to policy, and better cross-cultural communication, could result in the more meaningful integration of TEK into scientific projects as well as wildlife management policies.
Transdisciplinary science for improved conservation outcomes
Authors: Margules Chris , Boedhihartono Agni K , Langston James D , Riggs Rebecca A , Sari Dwi Amalia , Sarkar Sahotra , Sayer Jeffrey A , Supriatna Jatna , Winarni Nurul L 
Published: September 2020

SummaryMajor advances in biology and ecology have sharpened our understanding of what the goals of biodiversity conservation might be, but less progress has been made on how to achieve conservation in the complex, multi-sectoral world of human affairs. The failure to deliver conservation outcomes is especially severe in the rapidly changing landscapes of tropical low-income countries. We describe five techniques we have used to complement and strengthen long-term attempts to achieve conservation outcomes in the landscapes and seascapes of such regions; these are complex social-ecological systems shaped by interactions between biological, ecological and physical features mediated by the actions of people. Conservation outcomes occur as a result of human decisions and the governance arrangements that guide change. However, much conservation science in these countries is not rooted in a deep understanding of how these social-ecological systems work and what really determines the behaviour of the people whose decisions shape the future of landscapes. We describe five scientific practices that we have found to be effective in building relationships with actors in landscapes and influencing their behaviour in ways that reconcile conservation and development. We have used open-ended inductive enquiry, theories of change, simulation models, network analysis and multi-criteria analysis. These techniques are all widely known and well tested, but seldom figure in externally funded conservation projects. We have used these techniques to complement and strengthen existing interventions of international conservation agencies. These five techniques have proven effective in achieving deeper understanding of context, engagement with all stakeholders, negotiation of shared goals and continuous learning and adaptation.
Effects of mobile-supported task-based language teaching on EFL students’ linguistic achievement and conversational interaction
Authors: Fang Wei-Chieh , Yeh Hui-Chin , Luo Bo-Ru , Chen Nian-Shing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo address the challenges of limited language proficiency and provide necessary feedback in the implementation of task-based language teaching (TBLT), a mobile-supported TBLT application was developed to provide linguistic and task scaffolding. Sixty-six English as a foreign language (EFL) university learners participated in a three-week experiment as part of a general English course. They were assigned to either an experimental group (mobile-supported TBLT), which received TBLT with scaffolds built into the application, or a control group (traditional TBLT), which received traditional paper-based TBLT without the scaffolds. At the end of the experiment, an English achievement test of vocabulary, grammar, and conversation comprehension was administered to determine if the technological scaffolds enhanced the learning outcomes for the course. Students’ self-perceived use of oral communication strategies was also measured to explore how these scaffolds affected the conversational interaction essential for task performance. Results showed that the mobile-supported TBLT group outperformed the traditional TBLT group on the vocabulary and conversation comprehension tests but not so much on the grammar test. Also, the mobile-supported TBLT group reported greater awareness of fluency- and accuracy-oriented strategies for speaking than the traditional TBLT group. Implications for designing mobile learning to enhance TBLT in an EFL setting are drawn.
WHAT’S GOING ON?
Authors: Stephens Pamela , Pastor Manuel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOnce nearly eighty percent Black, South LA is now two-thirds Latino. The demographic change was due to many factors, including a Black exodus driven by economic precarity, fear of crime, and experiences of over-policing and a Latino influx initially spurred by an immigration surge that could not be accommodated in traditional entry neighborhoods. While earlier research often focused on the conflicts between groups, time has passed and our new work points to contemporary quotidian accommodations between residents. We also document an emerging style of Black-Brown community organizing that seeks to both acknowledge the nuance of differenceandcreate a shared sense of place identity. This article lifts up the Black experience in that transition of space and politics and notes how a sense of loss can result from such a dramatic change in a place that was once an iconic and literal home for much of Black Los Angeles. We suggest that that sense of loss is exacerbated by a legacy of racist asset-stripping and a deep worry about Black erasure due to current displacement pressures from gentrification. We close by discussing how organizers and political leaders need to take these dynamics into account when both building coalitions and ensuring Black futures in what is now a Black-Brown political and social space.
Uncertainties in Drought From Index and Data Selection
Authors: Hoffmann David , Gallant Ailie J. E. , Arblaster Julie M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study compares various drought indices, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and the uncertainties in each to the input data from which they are derived. The abilities of the PDSI, SPEI, and SPI to capture drought periods are assessed through a comparison with soil moisture estimates from two generations of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS). This comparison shows that the skill with which a drought index represents variations in soil moisture does not necessarily improve when evapotranspiration is included (i.e., PDSI/SPEI rather than SPI), though this depends on location and the time scale of the drought. The differences in the abilities of the drought indices to represent soil moisture are also compared to the magnitude of the uncertainty in each index arising from the choice of input data. In many cases, the uncertainties in the variations of the PDSI, SPEI, and SPI to the choice of input data are larger in magnitude than the differences between the indices themselves, particularly when considering the dry tails of the distribution. The results show that no one drought index outperforms the others during drought conditions.
Lightning Interferometry Uncertainty, Beam Steering Interferometry, and Evidence of Lightning Being Ignited by a Cosmic Ray Shower
Authors: Shao Xuan‐Min , Ho Cheng , Bowers Gregory , Blaine William , Dingus Brenda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present an uncertainty analysis on correlation‐based time delay estimate, the basis for broadband lightning interferometry. A normal interferometry would yield much higher uncertainties than the theoretically predicted lower bound due to finite correlation window lengths. However, if the signals are aligned in time, the uncertainties approach the lower bound and can be used to indicate the interferometric uncertainties. Based on this, we introduce a beam steering interferometry technique. It first estimates a direction centroid for the lightning sources with a normal interferometry and computes the time delays among the signals. It then shifts the raw data with the time delays to align the signals roughly in time and reprocess the aligned signals. It finally pushes the reprocessed results to their correct positions, based on the time delays estimated in the first step. We apply this technique on a fast positive breakdown (FPB) process that started a normal intracloud lightning. The FPB process is shown to have a much more complex structure and development than a normal interferometry would provide. More importantly, from both interferometric and polarization analyses, the FPB appears to be ignited by a cosmic ray shower (CRS). We estimate the radio frequency strength and frequency content related to a presumed CRS in a thunderstorm electric field and find that they are in agreement with the observations. We examine the electric field effect of the CRS front and find that it could raise the field above the threshold for positive breakdown and is capable of igniting the FPB (and the lightning).
The Impact of a Six‐Year Climate Anomaly on the “Spanish Flu” Pandemic and WWI
Authors: More Alexander F. , Loveluck Christopher P. , Clifford Heather , Handley Michael J. , Korotkikh Elena V. , Kurbatov Andrei V. , McCormick Michael , Mayewski Paul A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe H1N1 “Spanish influenza” pandemic of 1918–1919 caused the highest known number of deaths recorded for a single pandemic in human history. Several theories have been offered to explain the virulence and spread of the disease, but the environmental context remains underexamined. In this study, we present a new environmental record from a European, Alpine ice core, showing a significant climate anomaly that affected the continent from 1914 to 1919. Incessant torrential rain and declining temperatures increased casualties in the battlefields of World War I (WWI), setting the stage for the spread of the pandemic at the end of the conflict. Multiple independent records of temperature, precipitation, and mortality corroborate these findings.
Changes in Crater Geometry Revealed by Inversion of Harmonic Infrasound Observations: 24 December 2018 Eruption of Mount Etna, Italy
Authors: Watson Leighton M. , Johnson Jeffrey B. , Sciotto Mariangela , Cannata Andrea 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn December 2018, Mount Etna (Italy) experienced a period of increased eruptive activity that culminated in a fissure eruption on the southeast flank. After the onset of the flank eruption, the peak frequency of the summit infrasound signals decreased while resonance increased. We invert infrasound observations for crater geometry and show that crater depth and radius increased during the eruption, which suggests that the flank eruption drained magma from the summit and that eruptive activity led to erosion of the crater wall. By inverting the entire infrasound amplitude spectra rather than just the peak frequency, we are able to place additional constraints on the crater geometry and invert for, rather than assume, the crater shape. This work illustrates how harmonic infrasound observations can be used to obtain high‐temporal‐resolution information about crater geometry and can place constraints on complex processes occurring in the inaccessible crater region during eruptive activity.
Evolution of Aerosol Under Moist and Fog Conditions in a Rural Forest Environment: Insights From High‐Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Jie , Lance Sara , Marto Joseph , Sun Yele , Ninneman Matthew , Crandall Brian A. , Wang Junfeng , Zhang Qi , Schwab James J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe effect of foggy/moist conditions on the characteristics of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was studied. Analysis of the high‐resolution time‐of‐flight aerosol mass spectrometer measurements identified two fresh biogenic SOA factors (BSOA: BSOA‐1 and BSOA‐2), hypothesized to be formed through the nighttime reaction of biogenic volatile organic compounds with nitrate radical. During foggy periods, the more oxidized oxygenated OA (MO‐OOA) was scavenged most efficiently (86% removal), followed by the less oxidized OOA (LO‐OOA) (55%), SO4 (53%), and BSOA (25%). Aerosol mass increased during fog events, and the post‐fog aerosol mass was higher (11%) than during the prefog period, with a reduction for MO‐OOA and an enhancement for LO‐OOA and BSOA. The high positive correlation observed between aerosol liquid water (ALW) and BSOA suggests the importance of aqueous‐phase processing on the BSOA formation, and an increase in log10(ALW) of 1 corresponded to an average increase of about 0.9 μg m−3 in BSOA.
Thermocline Warming Induced Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole in 2019
Authors: Du Yan , Zhang Yuhong , Zhang Lian‐Yi , Tozuka Tomoki , Ng Benjamin , Cai Wenju 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe 2019 positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) was the strongest event since the 1960s which developed independently without coinciding El Niño. The dynamics is not fully understood. Here we show that in March–May, westward propagating oceanic Rossby waves, a remnant consequence of the weak 2018 Pacific warm condition, led to anomalous sea surface temperature warming in the southwest tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), inducing deep convection and anomalous easterly winds along the equator, which triggered the initial cooling in the east. In June–August, the easterly wind anomalies continued to evolve through ocean‐atmosphere coupling involving Bjerknes feedback and equatorial nonlinear ocean advection, until its maturity in September–November. This study clarifies the contribution of oceanic Rossby waves in the south TIO in different dynamic settings and reveals a new triggering mechanism for extreme IOD events that will help to understand IOD diversity.
Influence of Fluid‐Assisted Healing on Fault Permeability Structure
Authors: Yehya Alissar , Rice James R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMicrocracks in fault damage zones can heal under thermally controlled processes. If a flow communication exists between a fluid source and the fault damage zone, warm fluids can migrate into it, change its thermal conditions, and assist healing. The crack life span depends on the local temperature and is, thus, modified by the infiltration of warm fluids. The features of the initial fault architecture govern how the fluids will propagate within the fault damage zones. This affects the rate of healing and the rate of permeability reduction. The region infiltrated by fluids will then show a significant decrease in its permeability, as seen in many field examples like the Alpine Fault. Conventionally, the damage zones immediately near the fault core have a high permeability that decays as we go further away. However, the region adjacent to the fault core, in the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, has the lowest permeability in the current interseismic period. As shown by our simulations, this can be due to healing and sealing, favored by the localized high geothermal gradients (confirmed by the drilling data) and the upward fluid migration through the fault relay structure, which accelerated mass diffusion and minerals precipitation.
Residual Sediment Transport in Tidally Energetic Estuarine Channels With Lateral Bathymetric Variation
Authors: Zhou Jian , Stacey Mark T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe residual sediment transport in tidally energetic estuarine channels is investigated by means of idealized cross‐sectional modeling. The lateral bathymetric variation follows a Gaussian profile, assuming longitudinal uniformity. The total along‐channel residual sediment flux is decomposed into contributions from an advective flux and a tidal pumping flux. Two important mechanisms are found to modify the tidal covariance between sediment concentration and current velocity, thereby contributing to the tidal pumping of sediment. First, longitudinal and lateral straining of salinity leads to tidal asymmetries in stratification and thus sediment resuspension. Second, lateral circulations directly redistribute suspended sediments within the cross section, which are then differentially transported by the along‐channel tidal currents. A general relationship between the phasing of the lateral circulations and the resulting lateral‐advection‐driven tidal pumping is proposed. Reduced‐physics experiments with lateral sediment advection turned off provide the first evidence that lateral‐advection‐driven tidal pumping plays a leading role in sediment transport for tidally energetic estuaries with nonnegligible lateral depth gradients. Additionally, a temporal decomposition breaks down the cross‐sectionally averaged tidal pumping flux into individual contributions from different tidal phases (early tide, peak tide, and late tide), providing a new perspective on tidal asymmetry in sediment resuspension and settling. The direction and strength of tidal pumping (both stratification‐driven and lateral‐advection‐driven) are shown to depend on lateral bathymetry, sediment grain size, and longitudinal buoyancy gradient forcing.
Intracrater Sediment Trapping and Transport in Arabia Terra, Mars
Authors: Dorn Taylor , Day Mackenzie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCraters are the most prevalent basins and potential depocenters of sediment on Mars. Within these craters and extending from them, terminal dune fields and wind streaks are abundant, indicating active sediment transport and providing a way to study how wind and sediment interact with crater topography. Here we explore the role of craters as both sources and sinks in the modern Martian sedimentary cycle. Our results show that craters with low albedo wind streaks (indicative of sediment transport out of a crater and downwind dust removal) have lower crater wall slopes (9.4° ± 5.5°) compared to craters without wind streaks (17° ± 5.8°). We interpret that crater wall slopes play a dominant role in whether sediment is transported out of a crater basin and infer, from measurements of craters on Mars, that a crater transitions from being a net sediment sink to a net sediment source when crater wall slopes decrease to ~15°. This threshold value is consistent with limits of bedform climb observed on Earth and elsewhere on Mars.
Where Have All the Nutrients Gone? Long‐Term Decoupling of Inputs and Outputs in the Willamette River Watershed, Oregon, United States
Authors: Metson Genevieve S. , Lin Jiajia , Harrison John A. , Compton Jana E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBetter documentation and understanding of long‐term temporal dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in watersheds is necessary to support effective water quality management, in part because studies have identified time lags between terrestrial nutrient balances and water quality. We present annual time series data from 1969 to 2012 for terrestrial N and P sources and monthly data from 1972 to 2013 for river N and P for the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, United States. Inputs to the watershed increased by factors of 3 for N and 1.2 for P. Synthetic fertilizer inputs increased in total and relative importance over time, while sewage inputs decreased. For N, increased fertilizer application was not matched by a proportionate increase in crop harvest; N use efficiency decreased from 69% to 38%. P use efficiency increased from 52% to 67%. As nutrient inputs to terrestrial systems increased, river concentrations and loads of total N, total P, and dissolved inorganic P decreased, and annual nutrient loads were strongly related to discharge. The N:P ratio of both sewage and fertilizer doubled over time but there was no similar trend in riverine export; river N:P concentrations declined dramatically during storms. River nutrient export over time was related to hydrology and waste discharge, with relatively little influence of watershed balances, suggesting that accumulation within soils or groundwater over time is mediating watershed export. Simply managing yearly nutrient balances is unlikely to improve water quality; rather, many factors must be considered, including soil and groundwater storage capacity, and gaseous loss pathways.