bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agency Theory and Principal–Agent Alignment Masks: An Examination of Penalties in the National Football League
Authors: Foreman Jeremy J. , Bendickson Joshua S. , Cowden Birton J. 
Published: August 2020

Rule changes are not uncommon in most professional sports, and scholars often study the effects of such changes. Given the substantial increase in rule changes and the substantially different nature of new rules (e.g., safety driven) in the National Football League since 2005, the authors examined how coaches adapt to the changing National Football League in terms of coaching strategies and securing subsequent head coach positions in the labor market. Using agency theory, the authors identified agency misalignment when coaches employ strategies whereby incurring more penalties results in on-field success, but decreases their likelihood of obtaining future employment as a head coach. In addition, the authors found evidence that, regardless of the penalties accrued, former coaches who previously held more head coaching jobs, are Black, or are younger have higher chances of securing subsequent head coaching positions. However, these attributes do not increase team performance, indicating that coach-hiring decisions are incongruent with determinants of coach performance.
Adolescent mental wellness: a systematic review protocol of instruments measuring general mental health and well-being
Authors: Orth Zaida , van Wyk Brian 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionThe promotion of mental health well-being among global adolescent populations is of great public health and social significance. This is particularly true for adolescents living with chronic illnesses as studies have shown that these populations are at higher risk for developing mental health problems. There is vast recognition of the need for age and culturally appropriate interventions to promote mental well-being and prevent mental health problems. In stark contrast, there is a dearth of relevant measures of mental well-being for adolescents. Our proposed systematic review aims to identify measures of mental well-being and to assess content, psychometric properties and relevance to adolescent populations.Methods and analysisThe systematic review methodology will be guided by the seven steps proposed by Eggar, Davey and Smith. Documents will be sourced from electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, Educational Resource Information Center, Medical Literature Analysis Retrieval System Online, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature plus, PsyArticles, SocIndex and Sabinet). All documents will be exported to Mendeley and two reviewers will independently screen the titles, abstracts and full texts for inclusion. Any discrepancies will be resolved by a third party. We will include studies published in all languages from 2000 to 2020, that use an instrument(s) that measure mental well-being among adolescent populations. Studies reporting on clinically significant mental illnesses or disorders will be excluded. A descriptive meta-synthesis approach will be used to identify and describe the mental health instruments used among adolescent populations, and to report on the psychometric properties.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required. The results of this review will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication as well as conference presentations.
Does non-invasive ventilation change metabolic markers in children with obstructive sleep apnoea? A systematic review and meta-analysis study protocol
Authors: Gerdung Christopher , Rodriguez-Lopez Sara , Palkowski Stefan , Keto-Lambert Diana , Sebastianski Meghan , Castro Codesal Maria Luisa 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is not only common within paediatrics but is associated with critical childhood metabolic morbidity such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and glucose tolerance impairment. Increasing evidence suggests an association between childhood OSA and metabolic syndrome such as markers of cardiovascular disease, systemic hypertension, glucose intoleranceand increased lipid profile. Recent studies have targeted changes in metabolic markers in children using non-invasive ventilation (NIV) but no systematic reviews are available to summarise this emerging evidence. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide systematic synthesis of the evidence on the effect of NIV use on metabolic markers in children with OSA.Methods and analysisA systematic search of electronic databases and grey literature will include paediatric interventional studies (random controlled trials, cohort studies) with and without a comparison group. Two reviewers will independently undertake the two step process of title/abstract and full-text screening. Data will be extracted and assessed, with aggregate data being reported. When the data allow, meta-analysis will be performed.Ethics and disseminationThere are no ethical concerns with this systematic review, as data have previously been published. This review will inform clinicians taking care of children with OSA and obesity/metabolic syndrome about the potential effects of NIV therapies on metabolic markers and has the potential to change the approach to childhood OSA and obesity. Results of this systematic review will be submitted for dissemination in abstract and manuscript form.
How good is end of life care for patients dying with cystic fibrosis?
Authors: Miller Mary , Lee Rachel , Yates Sharon , Billett Hannah C , Bourke Stephen , Flight William G , Quibell Rachel 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundCystic Fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting illness. Audit of the care of patients dying of CF has not been published to date.MethodsNewcastle and Oxford teams adapted the National Audit of Care at the End of Life and agreed additional questions that were particularly pertinent for patients dying as a consequence of their CF. Data were extracted and analysed for 15 patients.ResultsOn recognition that the patient was dying, the CF teams were less good at reviewing the need for physiological observations (50% vs national 70%) but better at reviewing the need for capillary blood glucose monitoring, oxygen support and intravenous antibiotics compared with the national average for all patients.On recognition that the patient was dying, the CF teams were better at assessing pain (87% vs national 80%) and breathlessness (93% vs national 73%), but less good at assessing nausea and vomiting (47% vs national 74%).There was documented evidence that 100% of families and 64% of patients were aware that the patient was at risk of dying.ConclusionComparing care of this sample of patients dying with CF against the national data is a useful first step in understanding that many aspects of care are of high quality. This audit identifies the need to offer earlier conversations to patients as their voices may be missing from the conversation. Undertaking a national audit would provide a more reliable and a fuller picture.
Metagenomics analysis of gut microbiota in response to diet intervention and gestational diabetes in overweight and obese women: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mokkala Kati , Paulin Niklas , Houttu Noora , Koivuniemi Ella , Pellonperä Outi , Khan Sofia , Pietilä Sami , Tertti Kristiina , Elo Laura L , Laitinen Kirsi 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveGut microbiota and diet are known to contribute to human metabolism. We investigated whether the metagenomic gut microbiota composition and function changes over pregnancy are related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and can be modified by dietary supplements, fish oil and/or probiotics.DesignThe gut microbiota of 270 overweight/obese women participating in a mother–infant clinical study were analysed with metagenomics approach in early (mean gestational weeks 13.9) and late (gestational weeks 35.2) pregnancy. GDM was diagnosed with a 2 hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test.ResultsUnlike women with GDM, women without GDM manifested changes in relative abundance of bacterial species over the pregnancy, particularly those receiving the fish oil + probiotics combination. The specific bacterial species or function did not predict the onset of GDM nor did it differ according to GDM status, except for the higher abundance of Ruminococcus obeum in late pregnancy in the combination group in women with GDM compared with women without GDM. In the combination group, weak decreases over the pregnancy were observed in basic bacterial housekeeping functions.ConclusionsThe specific gut microbiota species do not contribute to GDM in overweight/obese women. Nevertheless, the GDM status may disturb maternal gut microbiota flexibility and thus limit the capacity of women with GDM to respond to diet, as evidenced by alterations in gut microbiota observed only in women without GDM. These findings may be important when considering the metabolic complications during pregnancy, but further studies with larger populations are called for to verify the findings.
Socio-economic disparity in the global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss: an analysis for 2017 and the trend since 1990
Authors: Zhou Hongjie , Zhou Yu , Zhang Huina , Yu Aiqing , Zhu Bo , Zhang Lei 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate socio-economic disparity in the global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) using disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).MethodsThe numbers of DALYs due to ONIHL, age-standardised DALY rates and national human development index (HDI) data from 1990 to 2017 were collected. The relationship between the age-standardised DALY rates and the 2017 HDI was analysed. A concentration index (CI) and a relative index of inequality (RII) were calculated to evaluate the trend in socio-economic disparity in the burden of ONIHL for the period 1990–2017.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2017, the global DALYs due to ONIHL increased from 3.3 to 6.0 million, with the highest growth occurring in low-income countries (110.7%). Age-standardised DALY rates due to ONIHL were negatively associated with the HDI (β = −0.733, p<0.001), and these rates were significantly higher in countries with a lower HDI. From 1990 to 2017, the trend in between-country inequality was flat with little fluctuation, the CIs stayed near −0.17, and the RIIs remained near 0.35.ConclusionsOver the past few decades, low-income countries have experienced the most rapid growth in DALYs worldwide. A widening socio-economic disparity has persisted in the global burden of ONIHL, with a higher burden in lower socio-economic countries. These data suggest that more prevention programmes and healthcare services should be provided for developing countries.
Blast behavior of columns built with high-strength concrete and Grade 690 MPa high-strength reinforcement
Authors: Hammoud Amer , Yan Junbo , Li Yang , Aoude Hassan 
Published: August 2020

As part of this study a series of columns built with high-strength concrete and Grade 690 MPa high-strength reinforcement are tested under blast loads using a shock-tube. The performance of the columns is compared to a control set of specimens built with Grade 400 MPa reinforcement. In addition to the effects of concrete and steel type, the effects of longitudinal steel ratio and seismic detailing are also investigated. The results show that concrete strength has limited effects on blast behavior. Conversely, use of high-strength bars significantly enhances column blast performance by reducing displacements and increasing blast resistance, with an ability to reduce the required amount of steel reinforcement. The results further demonstrate that increasing the longitudinal steel ratio and seismic detailing improve the blast behavior of columns built with conventional and high-strength bars. As part of the analytical study the blast response of the columns is predicted using nonlinear single degree of freedom analysis and finite element modelling.
Testing swampland conjectures with machine learning
Authors: Bizet Nana Cabo , Damian Cesar , Loaiza-Brito Oscar , Mayorga Peña Damián Kaloni , Montañez-Barrera J. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe consider Type IIB compactifications on an isotropic torus $$T^6$$T6 threaded by geometric and non geometric fluxes. For this particular setup we apply supervised machine learning techniques, namely an artificial neural network coupled to a genetic algorithm, in order to obtain more than sixty thousand flux configurations yielding to a scalar potential with at least one critical point. We observe that both stable AdS vacua with large moduli masses and small vacuum energy as well as unstable dS vacua with small tachyonic mass and large energy are absent, in accordance to the refined de Sitter conjecture. Moreover, by considering a hierarchy among fluxes, we observe that perturbative solutions with small values for the vacuum energy and moduli masses are favored, as well as scenarios in which the lightest modulus mass is much smaller than the corresponding AdS vacuum scale. Finally we apply some results on random matrix theory to conclude that the most probable mass spectrum derived from this string setup is that satisfying the Refined de Sitter and AdS scale conjectures.
Viscosity in cosmic fluids
Authors: Natwariya Pravin Kumar , Bhatt Jitesh R. , Pandey Arun Kumar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effective theory of large-scale structure formation based on $$\Lambda $$ΛCDM paradigm predicts finite dissipative effects in the resulting fluid equations. In this work, we study how viscous effect that could arise if one includes self-interaction among the dark-matter particles combines with the effective theory. It is shown that these two possible sources of dissipation can operate together in a cosmic fluid and the interplay between them can play an important role in determining dynamics of the cosmic fluid. In particular, we demonstrate that the viscosity coefficient due to self-interaction is added inversely with the viscosity calculated using effective theory of $$\Lambda $$ΛCDM model. Thus the larger viscosity has less significant contribution in the effective viscosity. Using the known bounds on $$\sigma /m$$σ/m for self-interacting darkmatter, where $$\sigma $$σ and m are the cross-section and mass of the dark-matter particles respectively, we discuss role of the effective viscosity in various cosmological scenarios.
THE ROLE OF ENERGY SECURITY IN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ASIA: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS AND POLICY OPTIONS
Authors: ALEKHINA VICTORIIA 
Published: August 2020

Rapid economic growth in Asia recently has been driving global energy demand and prices. However, little progress has been made concerning the region’s energy security. To assess Asia’s progress in energy security and its impact on real income per capita growth, the 4-As energy security framework — energy availability, applicability, affordability and acceptability dimensions — is integrated into the cross-country generalized method of moments (GMM) model and empirically estimated using data from 20 Asian countries (1995–2015). Results indicate that energy security measured by expanding renewable energy use, increase in electricity access and electric power consumption per capita growth are positively associated with real income per capita growth, while a larger share of imported energy and higher energy intensity hinder growth. Meanwhile, climate security is included in the energy security framework; the results suggest that an increase in CO2 emissions has a negative impact on economic growth. Possible policy implications for improving energy security in Asia are discussed in the conclusion.
DNA Content in Ischemic Stroke Thrombi Can Help Identify Cardioembolic Strokes Among Strokes of Undetermined Cause
Authors: Di Meglio Lucas , Desilles Jean-Philippe , Solonomenjanahary Mialitiana , Labreuche Julien , Ollivier Véronique , Dupont Sebastien , Deschildre Catherine , Maacha Malek Ben , Consoli Arturo , Lapergue Bertrand , Piotin Michel , Blanc Raphael , Ho-Tin-Noe Benoit , Mazighi Mikael , Désilles Jean-Philippe , Redjem Hocine , Smajda Stanislas , Ciccio Gabriele , Escalard Simon , Delvoye Francois , Maier Benjamin , Hebert Solene , Hamdani Mylene , Sabben Candice , Obadia Michael , Rodesch Georges , Di Maria Federico , Coskun Okuzan , Lopez Delphine , Bourcier Romain , Detraz Lili , Desal Hubert , Roy Monica , Clavier Delphine , Marnat Gaultier , Gariel Florent , Lucas Ludovic , Sibon Igor , Eugene Francois , Vannier Stéphane , Ferre Jean-Christophe , Le Bras Anthony , Raoult Hélène , Paya Christophe , Gauvrit Jean-Yves , Richard Sébastien , Gory Benjamin , Barbier Charlotte , Vivien Denis , Touzé Emmanuel , Gauberti Maxime , Blaizot Gaetane 
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose:
Identification of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) cause is crucial for guidance of secondary prevention. Previous studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding possible correlations between AIS cause and thrombus composition, as assessed by semiquantitative histological analysis. Here, we performed a correlation analysis between AIS cause and AIS thrombus cellular composition and content, as assessed using quantitative biochemical assays.

Methods:
Homogenates of 250 patients with AIS thrombi were prepared by mechanical grinding. Platelet, red blood cell, and leukocyte content of AIS thrombi were estimated by quantification of GP (glycoprotein) VI, heme, and DNA in thrombus homogenates. AIS cause was defined as cardioembolic, noncardioembolic, or embolic stroke of undetermined source, according to the TOAST classification (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment).

Results:

Cardioembolic thrombi were richer in DNA (35.8 versus 13.8 ng/mg,
P
<0.001) and poorer in GPVI (0.104 versus 0.117 ng/mg,
P
=0.045) than noncardioembolic ones. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of DNA content to discriminate cardioembolic thrombi from noncardioembolic was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63–0.81). With a threshold of 44.7 ng DNA/mg thrombus, 47% of thrombi from undetermined cause would be classified as cardioembolic with a specificity of 90%.

Conclusions:
Thrombus DNA content may provide an accurate biomarker for identification of cardioembolic thrombi in patients with AIS with embolic stroke of undetermined source.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT03268668.
Cardiac Troponin I and Incident Stroke in European Cohorts
Authors: Camen Stephan , Palosaari Tarja , Reinikainen Jaakko , Sprünker Ngoc Anh , Niiranen Teemu , Gianfagna Francesco , Vishram-Nielsen Julie K.K. , Costanzo Simona , Söderberg Stefan , Palmieri Luigi , Ferrario Marco , Peters Annette , Vartiainen Erkki , Donati Maria Benedetta , Donfrancesco Chiara , Borchini Rossana , Börschel Christin Susanna , Giampaoli Simona , Di Castelnuovo Augusto , Magnussen Christina , Kee Frank , Koenig Wolfgang , Blankenberg Stefan , de Gaetano Giovanni , Tunstall-Pedoe Hugh , Rospleszcz Susanne , Jørgensen Torben , Zeller Tanja , Kuulasmaa Kari , Linneberg Allan , Salomaa Veikko , Iacoviello Licia , Schnabel Renate B. ,   on behalf of the BiomarCaRE Consortium
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose:
Stroke is a common cause of death and a leading cause of disability and morbidity. Stroke risk assessment remains a challenge, but circulating biomarkers may improve risk prediction. Controversial evidence is available on the predictive ability of troponin concentrations and the risk of stroke in the community. Furthermore, reports on the predictive value of troponin concentrations for different stroke subtypes are scarce.

Methods:
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hsTnI) concentrations were assessed in 82 881 individuals (median age, 50.7 years; 49.7% men) free of stroke or myocardial infarction at baseline from 9 prospective European community cohorts. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to determine relative risks, followed by measures of discrimination and reclassification using 10-fold cross-validation to control for overoptimism. Follow-up was based upon linkage with national hospitalization registries and causes of death registries.

Results:

Over a median follow-up of 12.7 years, 3033 individuals were diagnosed with incident nonfatal or fatal stroke (n=1654 ischemic strokes, n=612 hemorrhagic strokes, and n=767 indeterminate strokes). In multivariable regression models, hsTnI concentrations were associated with overall stroke (hazard ratio per 1-SD increase, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.10–1.21]), ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.09–1.21]), and hemorrhagic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.01–1.20]). Adding hsTnI concentrations to classical cardiovascular risk factors (C indices, 0.809, 0.840, and 0.736 for overall, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively) increased the C index significantly but modestly. In individuals with an intermediate 10-year risk (5%–20%), the net reclassification improvement for overall stroke was 0.038 (
P
=0.021).

Conclusions:
Elevated hsTnI concentrations are associated with an increased risk of incident stroke in the community, irrespective of stroke subtype. Adding hsTnI concentrations to classical risk factors only modestly improved estimation of 10-year risk of stroke in the overall cohort but might be of some value in individuals at an intermediate risk.
Implementation of an Evidence-Based Protocol Significantly Reduces Opioid Prescribing After Ventral Hernia Repair
Authors: Peterman Diana E. , Knoedler Bryan P. , Ewing Joseph A. , Carbonell Alfredo M. , Cobb William S. , Warren Jeremy A. 
Published: August 2020

Background Increased recognition of the dangers of opioid analgesia has led to significant focus on strategies for reducing use through multimodal analgesia, enhanced recovery protocols, and standardized guidelines for prescribing. Our institution implemented a standard protocol for prescribing analgesics at discharge after ventral hernia repair (VHR). We hypothesize that this strategy significantly reduces opioid use. Methods A standardized protocol for discharge prescribing was implemented in March 2018. Patients were prescribed ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and opioids based on milligram morphine equivalent (MME) use the 24 hours prior to discharge. We retrospectively reviewed prescriptions of opioids for two 6-month periods—July-December 2017 (PRE) and July-December 2018 (POST)—for comparison using EPIC report and the South Carolina Prescription Monitoring Program. Analysis performed included Mann-Kendall linear trend test and Student’s t-test for continuous variables. Results VHR was performed in 105 patients in the PRE and 75 patients in the POST group. Total MME prescribed decreased significantly from mean 322.7 + 261.3/median 225 (IQR 150-400) MME to 141.6 + 150.4/median 100 (50-184) MME ( P < .001). This represents a 57% reduction in mean opioid MME prescriptions. Acetaminophen prescribing increased from 10% to 65%, and ibuprofen from 7.6% to 61.3%. Refills were prescribed in 21 patients (20%) during the PRE period, which decreased to 10.7% during the POST group ( P = .141). Implementation of an evidence-based protocol significantly reduces opioid prescribing after VHR. Discussion A multimodal approach to postoperative pain management decreases the need for opioids. The additional implementation of an evidence-based prescribing protocol results in significant reduction of opioid use following VHR.