bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Middle-Income Countries and the International Monetary System
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the problems that middle-income countries (MICs) face in the international monetary and financial system, some of which can contribute to the generation of a middle-income trap. It looks at their dependency status in the global reserve system, the need to self-protect against crises by accumulating large amounts of foreign exchange reserves, and how they would fare in eventual reforms of the system. It then analyzes the significant volatility of external financing that these countries face, which generates risks of macroeconomic and financial crises and constrains the adoption of counter-cyclical macroeconomic policies; capital account regulations are seen in this regard as a crucial crisis-prevention tool. Among the instruments put in place internationally to manage those risks, there have been partial advances in balance of payments financing, but significant underdevelopment of sovereign debt workout mechanisms. Finally, the chapter considers the inadequate representation of middle-income countries in the governance of the system.
Introduction
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Introduction explores the intertwined histories of romantic criticism and psychoanalysis and considers how Wordsworth might be productively read with and against the legacy of Freud’s writing. It traces the ongoing role of psychoanalytic concepts in romantic criticism, focusing on the particular prominence of trauma. Yet trauma, and its associated methodologies, are precisely what foreclose the notion of unremembered pleasure. By situating Wordsworth’s thinking within a diverse romantic interest in unconsciousness across the nineteenth century, rather than within a genealogy of psychoanalysis, it reads Wordsworth against Freud as a distinct writer of unnoticed experience. By sketching the aesthetic and ethical significance of such experience, it demonstrates the limitations of understanding Wordsworth strictly as a poet of memory. Finally, it considers some questions of terminology and presents an initial account of Wordsworthian retrospection to be developed in subsequent chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A key aspect of the colonial state was a geo-political dualism of space in which settlers occupied the rich agricultural plain and urban centres while Algerian peasants inhabited the communes mixtes, the forests and mountains of the interior. After the First World War the caids, the traditional élites that governed the peasants through indirect rule and patron-client relations, entered a crisis of legitimacy and were challenged by communist and nationalist movements. Marxists and historians have tended to perceive the peasants as lacking in political consciousness, incapable of organized resistance, but a new social history, by restoring agency to the lowest strata of the colonized, demonstrates that they assumed a key role in the long-term move towards insurrection. Contrary to the conventional interpretation of rural revolution as a movement initiated by a vanguard party of urban militants, the nationalists adapted to, and built upon, the traditional social and political structures of the peasant community, including the village assemblies. The colonial state largely failed in its attempts to cut the root cause of rebellion through economic modernization of the peasant economy. After 1956 the French launched Opération Pilote, a massive counterinsurgent experiment that deployed anthropology and psychological warfare, but signally failed to contain an insurrection that was embedded within the family, kin, and associational structures of rural society.
Separate Worlds?: European Domination of the Chelif Plain
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Between 1843 and the First World War European settlers occupied the richest, irrigated agricultural land of the Chelif plain from which the indigenous population was either driven back into the mountains or reduced to a proletarian, wage-labour status inhabiting the shanty towns. This chapter explores the remarkable dualism of colonial space, the contrast between the settler zone, and that of the surrounding mountains (Chapter 2). Europeans dominated the plain both economically and politically through the control of the municipal government of twenty townships, the communes de plein exercices (CPE) on which they held an automatic electoral majority. The colonial élite of wealthy landowners, rentiers, millers, bankers, lawyers, and industrialists protected the economic interests of the European community, while blocking state investment in development of the impoverished mountainous zones of the communes mixtes.
The Communist Party and Peasant Mobilization, c.1932–48
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Algerian Communist Party (PCA) played a particularly important role in the anti-colonial movement in the Chelif region, a prominence that explains why it was chosen as the primary base for the ‘Red Maquis’ guerrilla force in 1956. Chapter 7 looks at the way in which the PCA, dominated by the French Communist Party, initially opposed nationalism and followed the orthodox Marxist doctrine that the peasantry could not constitute a revolutionary class, a vanguard role that could only be assumed by an industrial or urban proletariat. In the Chelif region the veteran communist and trade union leader Mohamed Marouf reflected this position and focused propaganda work on the farm labourers of the plain while neglecting the mountain peasants that were seen as a form of seasonal, blackleg labour. However, from 1932 onwards a minority movement began to emerge in the PCA that was favourable to a peasant-based strategy, and in 1944 this led to the creation of the Syndicat des petits cultivateurs (SPC). The peasant-based movement that developed in the Aurès, Tlemçen, and Chelif mountains during the late 1940s and prepared the ground for a later guerrilla movement.
The Nationalists Go Underground
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter moves on from the communist-led movements in the Dahra, north of the Chelif valley, to examine how the nationalists of the PPA (Parti du people algérien) began to organize a clandestine, insurrectionary movement in the great massif of the Ouarsenis to the south. During 1947 and 1948 the Messalists created a clandestine paramilitary corps, the Organisation spéciale (OS), and steps were taken in August 1947 to plan a future maquis in the Chelif region. An important secret meeting of the Central Committee held in a farmhouse in Zeddine, near Duperré, backed detailed proposals for a peasant-based insurrection. Although the detection and mass arrest of the OS network in 1950 impeded the process, the ongoing radicalization of the Ouarsenis region is explored through the operations of the mines, like that at Bou Caid, where farm-based workers were organized by the CGT union, went on strike, and provided a nursery for future guerrilla leaders like Djilali Bounamaa. A case study of the town of Teniet el Haad, located in the high mountains, shows how PPA cells were spreading into the most isolated douars of the interior, preparing the ground for a future revolt.
From Earthquake to ‘Red Maquis’, September 1954 to June 1956
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines how the Communist Party, following the decision of June 1955 to organize the paramilitary Combattants de la libération (CDL), established a short-lived guerrilla, the so-called ‘Red Maquis’, in the Chelif region. The clandestine structure had begun to take root as a consequence of the massive earthquake of September 1954, centred on Orleansville, that exposed the long-term failure of the colonial state to develop the rural economy. The communists rapidly created the Fédération des sinistrés that established a network of peasant cells that soon became the base of the Red Maquis. While the communists were successful in creating a guerrilla base centred on Medjadja, the main group inserted by Laban and Maillot in the Beni Boudouane was rapidly located and destroyed by the army, assisted by the bachaga Boualam. The catastrophic failure of the Red Maquis highlighted the failure of the Algiers-based central committee to prepare the ground for a guerrilla movement. However, several key participants escaped the military encirclement and were soon absorbed into the FLN on the dissolution of the CDL in July 1956.
The regroupements Camps and the Collapse of Pilote 1
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Army commanders in the Chelif, as elsewhere, frustrated by the problems of a hearts and mind approach and the difficulty of winning the support of dispersed populations, fell back on the standard ‘big division’ methods of sweep and search operations, destruction of farmhouses, mass internment, and forced displacement into military camps. By 1960 some 291 camps had been established in the Chelif region, holding a population of a quarter of a million, over 70 per cent of the peasantry. The army also declared zones interdites in which civilians were subject to artillery fire and bombing. Bourdieu and Sayad famously recounted the radical destruction of a traditional peasant order, but peasant communities still exerted, through the djemâa, a degree of collective unity and resistance. For example, through ritual submission to the French (aman) some douars in coming over ‘to the French side’, created protective zones for ALN fighters. Internal to the camps joint families and fractions were able to retain their forms of organization, a basis for self-regulation and resistance.
Introduction
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich , Andrijauskaitė Agnė 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the notion, the main features, the sources and the scope of the pan-European principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). It elaborates on their relationship to EU administrative law in describing the characteristics of EU administrative law and contrasts it with the characteristics of ‘CoE administrative law’. Moreover, the Introduction discusses the commonalities of the research on the pan-European general principles of good administration with the research on European human rights law and the quest for a ‘European rule of law’. It furthermore examines the general concepts of ‘good governance’ and ‘good administration’, the differences between them and the relevance of these notions for the research on pan-European principles of good administration. It finishes with a presentation of the effectiveness of pan-European principles of good administration as a main research question and the approach thereto taken in this book.
The Impact of Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on the Administrative Law of France
Authors: Chevalier Emilie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to exploring the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on French administrative law. The chapter discloses that, despite the involvement of France in the functioning and work of the Council of Europe (CoE), reception of the said principles remains selective in the country. This may be attributed to the fact that French administrative law is a relatively old and deeply rooted system, and numerous laws were already adopted when the CoE started paying attention to certain issues. However, a certain but very indirect influence can be discerned with regard to the codification of individuals’ rights in administrative procedure and the discussion of local self-government. Sometimes the influence of the CoE is perceived as too disruptive for national administrative law. The chapter concludes that it remains mostly for the administrative judge to facilitate the reception of the pan-European principles of good administration.
The Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration in Sweden
Authors: Reichel Jane 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of the pan-European general principles on Swedish administrative law. The chapter claims that the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights have had a great impact on important sectors thereof, such as areas connected to the right of access to courts, procedural safeguarding of administrative sanctions, and state liability. At the same time other standards of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe seem to slip under the radar in the Swedish legal system and are not usually relied on by Swedish administrative courts or the Swedish ombudsman. An explanation for this lack of reliance may lie in the fact that Swedish law already has long-standing traditions with well-defined concepts and procedures in this field.
The Right to Good Administration under Turkish Law
Authors: Akinci Müslüm 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European general principles of good administration on Turkish administrative law, whose evolution is deeply marked by the great constitutional changes Turkey has experienced since 1950. Those are due to three military coups (1960, 1971, 1980) as well as the democratization process since the 1990s stipulated as a prerequisite for EU membership. The Chapter shows that since the 1990s the reception of the pan-European general principles of good administration has mostly occurred through national legislation, the Turkish Constitutional Court and the Council of State but in a quite selective manner. The chapter finishes by describing the constitutional changes and the legislative and governmental measures in the aftermath of the coup of 2016 and their effects on the Turkish civil service, the court system and society. The upcoming era, thus, remains a “wait and see” period regarding the development of the said principles for Turkey.
The Impact of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on Swiss Law
Authors: Braun Binder Nadja , Driza Maurer Ardita 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to exploring the impact on Swiss administrative law of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). The chapter claims that the standards stemming from the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights have been adopted in an exemplary way by Swiss authorities. The influence was especially strong in the 1980s and 1990s. The same cannot be said regarding other documents of the CoE, whose impact remains disparate because many aspects of the pan-European general principles of good administration were already part of the national written law. The chapter concludes that despite the exemplary integration of CoE instruments heated debates on the content of these instruments are not excluded from Switzerland.
Good Administration in the Administrative Law of the Republic of Latvia
Authors: Neimanis Jānis 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of the pan-European general principles of good administration on the Latvian legal system. The chapter concludes that there is a conceptual match between the administrative law of Latvia and the pan-European general principles of good administration. This, among other things, is reflected by the fact that recommendations of the Council of Europe (CoE) were used as models for complementing the Latvian code of administrative procedure. It furthermore claims that general acceptance of the principle of good administration in the Latvian legal order in particular considerably facilitates reception of the CoE’s work in the realm of administrative law. At the same time the chapter highlights that implementation of the principles of good administration in Latvia could be improved and used in a more precise manner.
The Asterisk; or, the Gnomic Page
Authors: Maguire Laurie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Like the blank and the etcetera, the asterisk is a typographical sign that draws attention to what it professes to conceal. But although the asterisk represents absence it also does the opposite: it is the thing it represents—a star. Part I of this chapter looks at this paradox in representation. It shows the asterisk as a stand-in for consciousness, for sexual terms, for strong emotion and for swearing, as well as for its look-alikes: stars and flowers. However, where early modern readers most often encountered the asterisk was in the margin and so Part II looks at early modern systems of navigating books, the material around the text (notes and indexes and stage directions), in all of which the asterisk has a role to play.
The Shorter Route
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
If most people are unable to follow the longer and the middle routes, can they at least follow the shorter one? In this chapter I consider three possibilities. The first, which I discount, is that Socrates is straightforwardly optimistic: he can win anyone round simply by the use of rational argument. At the other extreme, he might have been thoroughly pessimistic: because of their character and upbringing, most people will be intransigent to the arguments used in the Republic in defence of justice. I argue for a midway position: it is possible to persuade them, but one would face many obstacles and require the use of rhetorical strategies to supplement purely rational argument. Although my preference is for this midway position, I acknowledge the force of the pessimistic interpretation, and leave it as a possibility pending further examination of the work’s theories of education and psychology in chapters 4–6.
The Young
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
I now turn to the groups Aristotle excludes from the audience of the NE. The first consists of the young, whom I take to include anyone under the age of 30. What is puzzling is that Aristotle excludes them at the beginning of the work as being unable to benefit from argument (I 3), but then at the end talks about the conditions under which they can benefit from it (X 3). I resolve the tension by distinguishing two kinds of argument: the clinical analysis of eudaimonia found in the NE itself, and a rhetorical kind of discourse that would appeal to the more emotional nature of the young. I develop this reading by discussing Aristotle’s moral psychology and the way it was influenced by Plato’s views on the spirited part of the soul.
Fear and Liberty
Authors: Barton Mary S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
On June 2, 1919, bombs exploded in eight cities in the United States, including at the doorstep of the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in Washington, D.C. Mass arrests and deportations brought on by the Red Scare that followed convinced communist parties to go underground, while fears of the Communist International persisted. Two offices in the State Department oversaw the gathering and analysis of intelligence pertaining to Soviet Russia: the Office of the Under Secretary of State and the Division of Eastern European Affairs. The former drew on wartime connections with the British; the latter assessed intelligence gathered by diplomats at posts in Eastern Europe. In the mid-1920s, the State Department’s Office of the Under Secretary of State prepared a study of the global arms trade that comported with intelligence reports from British secret services: an illicit small arms trade flourished even among those countries subjected to international weapons inspectors.
Counterterrorism in British India
Authors: Barton Mary S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
On the night of April 18, 1930, some 100 armed revolutionaries calling themselves the “Indian Republican Army” mobilized in Chittagong, a seaport city in East Bengal near the Burmese border, just prior to launching multiple raids on British colonial sites. The Chittagong Armory Raid of 1930, modelled after the 1916 Irish Easter Rising, sparked a renewed period of terrorist activity in India, along with the increasing involvement of female revolutionaries as assassins. The British Government of India responded with a multipronged approach to counterterrorism that included the pursuit of another international treaty to control gun-running, stricter anti-terrorism legislation, and the ability to arrest and detain militants indefinitely. Whitehall disagreed with the anti-terrorism policies promoted by Delhi policymakers, especially the creation of a vast detention camp system to imprison alleged terrorists, as it embarrassed them internationally and legitimized Gandhi in the eyes of Indians and Britons.
Crisis and Rehearsal in Frederick Douglass
Authors: Zwarg Christina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 shows Douglass increasingly sensitive to the way that abolition turned democracy into a traumatic genre for those in power. Seeking the elusive “thing” to be abolished for emancipation to be achieved, Douglass reworks the affiliation of mesmerism with the Haitian revolution through a variety of eclectic influences, as we see in “The Heroic Slave” and in his application of the early brain theory of George Combe. Defusing the hasty association between abolition and race war required careful rehearsals (or in Mesmer’s terms, the generation of a “crisis state”) in order to expose the dangerous power of such fears. With his future taken from him by slavery, Douglass studies the violent behavior of his masters and later audience members interrupting his abolitionist lectures. In the process he exposes the social horizon of temporal disruptions later informing the Freudian notion of afterwardsness.
Interlude
Authors: Zwarg Christina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
“Interlude” aligns Mesmer’s “crisis state” with Freud’s 1909 discussion of the interrupted lecture. Intended to explain psychoanalysis to an America audience, Freud’s analogy also informs the psychological insights Douglass engages when describing the many interruptions he experienced. Two examples—an encounter in Five Points and at a political convention in Philadelphia—show his traumatic theory in action. The public account of such exchanges generates a form of immediacy that Douglass strives to recreate in his telescoping autobiographical narratives. With an assist from Kaja Silverman and Sara Ahmed, “Interlude” follows two analogies in the Douglass archive where he compares people to things (a speeding train, Paganini’s violin) in a vibrant new way. Thinking of his final work as an experiment in new media thickens their archival value and reveals the intersection of media and memory that Douglass enlists to transform the impossible demands of freedom into a “willful ecology” of support.
Introduction
Authors: Tanzi Vito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This more theoretical chapter focuses on the normative role of the government, in democratic countries with a market economy, and how that role has been tied to the prevalent view of the assumed relationship between individual citizens and their government. That view has been different in different countries. The chapter stresses the difference between choices made in and by the free market and those made through the political market. In the former, income distribution and individual liberty are important. In the political market, with one person one vote, the income of the voters should be less important. However, it often is important. Some societies place a lot of importance on individual liberty. Others give more weight to community goals. These attitudes influence government policies.