bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway tapering: an objective image biomarker for bronchiectasis
Authors:   on behalf of the Normal Chest CT study group, Kuo Wieying , Perez-Rovira Adria , Tiddens Harm , de Bruijne Marleen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurposeTo estimate airway tapering in control subjects and to assess the usability of tapering as a bronchiectasis biomarker in paediatric populations.MethodsAirway tapering values were semi-automatically quantified in 156 children with control CTs collected in the Normal Chest CT Study Group. Airway tapering as a biomarker for bronchiectasis was assessed on spirometer-guided inspiratory CTs from 12 patients with bronchiectasis and 12 age- and sex-matched controls. Semi-automatic image analysis software was used to quantify intra-branch tapering (reduction in airway diameter along the branch), inter-branch tapering (reduction in airway diameter before and after bifurcation) and airway-artery ratios on chest CTs. Biomarkers were further stratified in small, medium and large airways based on three equal groups of the accompanying vessel size.ResultsControl subjects showed intra-branch tapering of 1% and inter-branch tapering of 24–39%. Subjects with bronchiectasis showed significantly reduced intra-branch of 0.8% and inter-branch tapering of 19–32% and increased airway–artery ratios compared with controls (p< 0.01). Tapering measurements were significantly different between diseased and controls across all airway sizes. Difference in airway–artery ratio was only significant in small airways.ConclusionPaediatric normal values for airway tapering were established in control subjects. Tapering showed to be a promising biomarker for bronchiectasis as subjects with bronchiectasis show significantly less airway tapering across all airway sizes compared with controls. Detecting less tapering in larger airways could potentially lead to earlier diagnosis of bronchiectasis. Additionally, compared with the conventional airway–artery ratio, this novel biomarker has the advantage that it does not require pairing with pulmonary arteries.Key Points•Tapering is a promising objective image biomarker for bronchiectasis that can be extracted semi-automatically and has good correlation with validated visual scoring methods.•Less airway tapering was observed in patients with bronchiectasis and can be observed sensitively throughout the bronchial tree, even in the more central airways.•Tapering values seemed to be less influenced by variety in scanning protocols and lung volume making it a more robust biomarker for bronchiectasis detection.
Erfahrungen von Aggression und Gewalt gegen Augenärztinnen und Augenärzte
Authors: Jacobsen Christina , Volkmann I. , Wedegärtner F. , Harris J. , Bertram B. , Gass P. , Bambas B. , Framme C. 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Medien berichten über die erhöhte Gewaltbereitschaft von Patienten sowie Angehörigen gegenüber medizinischem Personal. Bislang wurden wenige Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema durchgeführt, entsprechend schwach ist die Datenlage. Gerade Augenärzte haben an der Spaltlampe engen Kontakt zum Patienten und sind oft mit Patienten allein.

Methodik
Auf Grundlage der Aggressions-Wahrnehmungsskala (POPAS Fragebogen, Oud 2000) sowie der Umfrage zu Aggressionen und Gewalt unter Allgemeinmedizinern (Vorderwülbecke et al. 2015) wurde ein Fragebogen entwickelt. Im Herbst 2018 erhielten alle Mitglieder der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft (DOG) und des Berufsverbandes der Augenärzte (BVA) per Mail eine Einladung, um den Fragebogen online auszufüllen.

Ergebnisse
Von 9411 angeschriebenen Augenärzten nahmen insgesamt 1508 (Alter: 49 ± 12 Jahre) an der Befragung teil (16 %). 806 (53,7 %) Befragte waren weiblich. 1139 (75,5 %) Teilnehmer arbeiteten in Praxen. Insgesamt 1264 (83,3 %) der Augenärzte hatten Aggressionen/Gewalt in ihrer Tätigkeit erfahren. 986 (65 %) Befragte hatten verbale Übergriffe ohne Drohung erlebt. Von bedrohlich körperlichen Gewalterfahrungen berichteten 363 (24,1 %) Ärzte. 30 (2 %) Teilnehmer erhielten aufgrund schwerer körperlicher Gewalt eine ärztliche Behandlung. Sexuelle Einschüchterung/Belästigung bejahten 322 (21,4 %) der Befragten, von diesen waren 243 (75,5 %) weiblich. 533 (47,9 %) Ärzte empfanden, dass aggressive/gewalttätige Verhaltensweisen in den letzten 5 Jahren zugenommen haben.

Schlussfolgerung
Die hohe Teilnehmeranzahl weist auf die hohe Relevanz des Themas hin. Die Umfrage hat erstaunliche Ergebnisse geliefert, die weitere Diskussionen und Handlungen zur Folge haben sollten, um die Sicherheit der Mitarbeiter zu verbessern.
Bilaterale Irisimplantatexplantation bei Pigmentdispersionssyndrom (PDS) und Hornhautdekompensation nach kosmetischer Irisimplantation (BrightOcular)
Authors: Varna-Tigka Kleopatra , Löffler Franziska , Kohnen Thomas 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungWir berichten über eine 27-jährige Patientin mit Pigmentdispersionssyndrom und Hornhautdekompensation in beiden Augen nach Implantation eines Irisimplantates (BrightOcular, Anaheim, CA, USA) zur Änderung der Augenfarbe. Drei Jahre nach Implantation der künstlichen Iris an einer Augenklinik in Indien erfolgte die konsekutive Entfernung der Implantate bei erhöhtem Risiko der Entwicklung eines Pigmentdispersionsglaukoms und Gefahr der Hornhautdekompensation. Postoperativ zeigten sich traumatische, mittelweite und irreguläre Pupillen.
Psychological distress and nutritional status in head and neck cancer patients: a pilot study
Authors: Gosak Maja , Gradišar Kaja , Rotovnik Kozjek Nada , Strojan Primož 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To determine whether the psychological state of patients with head and neck cancer (HCN) is associated with their nutritional status.

Methods
In 40 patients with locally advanced HNC treated with definitive or adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy, psychological and nutritional status were assessed before treatment, at its completion and 3 months’ post-therapy. Psychosocial distress was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire (HADS-A, HADS-D), whereas the nutritional status was evaluated using standard methods (Nutritional Risk Screening Tool 2002, anthropometric data, dynamometry and laboratory tests) and with a bioelectrical impedance analysis parameter phase angle (PA).

Results
Before treatment, more patients were screened positive for anxiety than at treatment completion (p = 0.037) or 3 months’ post-therapy (p = 0.083). Depression prevalence was non-significantly higher at the end and after therapy. Compared to the baseline, more cachectic patients and a reduction of PA values were found at successive assessments. Anxiety was more often recorded among malnourished/cachectic patients (assessment 1, p = 0.017; assessment 2, p = 0.020) who were also found more frequently depressed (assessment 2, p = 0.045; assessment 3, p = 0.023). Significantly higher PA values were measured in patients without distress determined at 3 months’ post-therapy by the HADS-A (p = 0.027).

Conclusion
The association between the psychological and nutritional status found in this pilot study and the options for intervention warrants further clarification in a larger prospective trial.
A macroscopic gradient-enhanced damage model for deformation behavior of concrete under cyclic loadings
Authors: Monnamitheen Abdul Gafoor Ajmal Hasan , Dinkler Dieter 
Published: February 2020

AbstractConcrete materials show a very complex macroscopic deformation behavior under tension and compression, accompanied by crack opening and crack closing phenomena under cyclic loading. The continuum damage mechanics offers a promising framework for the description of the damage deformation behavior. This paper proposes a continuum damage model, which is formulated based on energy equivalence using a unified equivalent strain. The evolution of isotropic damage is governed by two independent history variables to describe the crack opening and closing behavior, i.e., unilateral behavior, of concrete. The evolution of damage and inelastic strains are described by a single damage function and a modified failure surface, respectively. Moreover, the implicit gradient method is applied to the equivalent strains to achieve proper localization of deformation. The stiffness recovery and crack opening/closing mechanisms are simulated considering the thermodynamically consistent framework. Validation of numerical results with experimental data and the previous models demonstrates the efficiency of the model to simulate concrete behavior under monotonic and cyclic/reverse loadings.
Sex difference in the incidence of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Singh Sunny S. , Roeters-van Lennep Jeanine E. , Lemmers Roosmarijn F. H. , van Herpt Thijs T. W. , Lieverse Aloysius G. , Sijbrands Eric J. G. , van Hoek Mandy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimsType 2 diabetes mellitus is a major cause of death and disability due to its long-term macro- and microvascular diseases. Although women with type 2 diabetes have more macrovascular diseases, it is unclear whether there are sex differences in the occurrence of microvascular disease. The aim of our study was to investigate sex differences in the incidence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.MethodsAnalyses were performed in the DiaGene study, a prospective cohort study for complications of type 2 diabetes, collected in the city of Eindhoven, the Netherlands (n = 1886, mean follow-up time = 6.93 years). Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for risk factors for complications (age, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, HbA1c and duration of type 2 diabetes) were used to analyze the incidence of microvascular complications in men and women.ResultsThe incidence of microalbuminuria was significantly higher in men (HR microalbuminuria 1.64 [CI 1.21–2.24],p = 0.002). Additionally, men are more likely to develop two or three microvascular complications compared to women (OR 2.42 [CI 1.69–3.45],p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study shows that men with type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop microvascular complications, especially microalbuminuria. Furthermore, men seem to have a higher chance of developing multiple microvascular complications. Our results highlight that men and women may not benefit to a similar extent from current treatment approaches to prevent diabetes-related microvascular diseases.
Climate change in the Eastern Amazon: crop-pollinator and occurrence-restricted bees are potentially more affected
Authors: Giannini Tereza Cristina , Costa Wilian França , Borges Rafael Cabral , Miranda Leonardo , da Costa Claudia Priscila Wanzeler , Saraiva Antonio Mauro , Imperatriz Fonseca Vera Lucia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere is pressing need to anticipate the impacts of climate change on species and their functional contributions to ecosystem processes. Our objective is to evaluate the potential bee response to climate change considering (1) response traits—body size, nest site, and sociality; (2) contributions to ecosystem services (effect trait)—crop pollination; and (3) bees’ size of current occurrence area. We analyzed 216 species occurring at the Carajás National Forest (Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil), using two different algorithms and geographically explicit data. We modeled the current occurrence area of bees and projected their range shift under future climate change scenarios through species distribution modeling. We then tested the relationship of potential loss of occurrence area with bee traits and current occurrence area. Our projections show that 95% of bee species will face a decline in their total occurrence area, and only 15 to 4% will find climatically suitable habitats in Carajás. The results indicate an overall reduction in suitable areas for all traits analyzed. Bees presenting medium and restricted geographic distributions, as well as vital crop pollinators, will experience significantly higher losses in occurrence area. The potentially remaining species will be the wide-range habitat generalists, and the decline in crop-pollinator species will probably pose negative impact on pollination service. The north of Pará presented the greatest future climatic suitability and can be considered for conservation purposes. These findings emphasize the detrimental effects on biodiversity and agricultural production by climate change and provide data to support conservation planning.
Sexual Chemosignals: Evidence that Men Process Olfactory Signals of Women’s Sexual Arousal
Authors: Wisman Arnaud , Shrira Ilan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearch suggests that humans can communicate emotional states (e.g., fear, sadness) via chemosignals. However, thus far little is known about whether sexual arousal can also be conveyed through chemosignals and how these signals might influence the receiver. In three experiments, and a subsequent mini meta-analysis, support was found for the hypothesis that men can process the scent of sexually aroused women and that exposure to these sexual chemosignals affect the subsequent perceptions and sexual motivation of men. Specifically, Experiment 1 revealed that men evaluate the axillary sweat of sexually aroused women as more attractive, compared to the scent of the same women when not sexually aroused. In addition, Experiment 2 showed that exposure to sexual chemosignals increased the men’s sexual arousal. Experiment 3 found support for the thesis that exposure to sexual chemosignals would increase sexual motivation. As predicted, men devoted greater attention to and showed greater interest in mating with women who displayed sexual cues (e.g., scantily dressed, in seductive poses). By contrast, exposure to the sexual chemosignals did not alter males’ attention and mating interest toward women who displayed no sexual cues. It is discussed how sexual chemosignals may function as an additional channel in the communication of sexual interest and how contextual factors can influence the dynamics of human sexual communication.
The Role of Academic Achievement in the Relationship between School Ethos and Adolescent Distress and Aggression: A Study of Ninth Grade Students in the Segregated School Landscape of Stockholm
Authors: Granvik Saminathen Maria , Plenty Stephanie , Modin Bitte 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEquitable access to high-quality schools is important for student achievement. However, the increasing attention placed on adolescent mental health promotion suggests that school contextual factors and school achievement may also play an important role for students’ psychological well-being. This study examined the relationships between school ethos, academic achievement, psychological distress and aggressive behaviour among Swedish students, further considering the role of school sociodemographic composition. Analyses were based on two separate data collections in Stockholm, one among teachers (n = 2089) and the other among students aged 15–16 (n = 9776; 49.7% girls). Using multilevel structural equation modelling, the relations between teachers’ reports of school ethos and students’ reports of achievement, psychological distress and aggressive behaviour were tested. Analyses showed a positive relationship between a school’s ethos and average academic achievement. At the school level, higher academic achievement was in turn associated with less psychological distress among students, providing an indirect pathway between school ethos and psychological distress. At the individual level, students with higher academic achievement reported less psychological distress and aggressive behaviour. These findings indicate that schools’ value-based policies and practices can play a role for students’ academic performance, and through this, for their psychological well-being.
Physicians’ acceptance of pharmacists’ interventions in daily hospital practice
Authors: Zaal Rianne J. , den Haak Edwin W. , Andrinopoulou Elrozy R. , van Gelder Teun , Vulto Arnold G. , van den Bemt Patricia M. L. A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground The physicians’ acceptance rate of pharmacists’ interventions to improve pharmacotherapy can vary depending on the setting. The acceptance rate of interventions proposed by pharmacists located in the hospital pharmacy over the telephone and factors associated with acceptance are largely unknown. Objective To determine the physicians’ acceptance rate of pharmacists’ interventions proposed over the telephone in daily hospital practice and to identify factors associated with acceptance. Setting A retrospective case–control study was performed concerning adult patients admitted to a university hospital in the Netherlands. Method Pharmacists’ interventions, based on alerts for drug–drug interactions and drug dosing in patients with renal impairment, recorded between January 2012 and June 2013 that were communicated over the telephone were included. Factors associated with physicians’ acceptance were identified with the use of a mixed-effects logistic model. Main outcome measure The primary outcome was the proportion of accepted interventions. Results A total of 841 interventions were included. Physicians accepted 599 interventions, resulting in an acceptance rate of 71.2%. The mixed-effects logistic model showed that acceptance was significantly associated with the number of prescribed drugs (16 to ≤ 20 drugs ORadj 1.88; 95% CI 1.05–3.35, > 20 drugs ORadj 2.90; 95% CI 1.41–5.96, compared to ≤ 10 drugs) and the severity of the drug-related problem (problem without potential harm ORadj 6.36; 95% CI 1.89–21.38; problem with potential harm OR 6.78; 95% CI 2.09–21.99, compared to clinically irrelevant problems), and inversely associated with continuation of pre-admission treatment (ORadj 0.55; 95% CI 0.35–0.87). Conclusion Over the study period, the majority of pharmacists’ interventions proposed over the telephone were accepted by physicians. The probability for acceptance increased for patients with an increasing number of medication orders, for clinically relevant problems and for problems related to treatment initiated during admission.
Prevalence and risk factors of drug-related problems identified in pharmacy-based medication reviews
Authors: Sell Raphael , Schaefer Marion 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground Medication safety is a major health concern, especially for older patients, in whom drug-related problems occur frequently as a consequence of polypharmacy and frailty, increasing the risk of adverse drug events. Objective To investigate the prevalence and types of drug-related problems in community pharmacies and to identify associated risk factors in order to adjust the focus of care. Setting 300 German community pharmacies in Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). Method In April 2015, community pharmacists conducted brown bag medication reviews for primary care patients, in which they identified and solved drug-related problems with patients or their physicians. Data from these reviews were analyzed, including frequency and nature of problems and their respective resolutions. Potentially inappropriate medications according to the PRISCUS list were identified by post hoc analysis. Risk factors for drug-related problems were determined using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Main outcome measure Prevalence and risk factors of drug-related problems. Results 1090 medication reviews were conducted. On average, patients were 72.0 ± 9.1 years old and had 10.6 ± 3.7 medications, 62.0% (n = 676) presented a medication plan. Knowledge gaps about medications were detected in almost a third of patients (n = 345). Drug-related problems were identified in 84.2% (n = 918) of patients (in 3836 medications). Frequent problems concerned drug–drug-interactions (53.7%, n = 585) as well as drug use and adherence (46.7%, n = 509). Most problems (72.2%, n = 2769) were resolved between pharmacist and patient. Knowledge gaps and the number of drugs were independently associated with a higher risk of drug-related problems. For older patients, potentially inappropriate medications were a risk factor in bivariate, but not in multivariate analysis. Conclusion Pharmacists identified and resolved considerable rates of drug-related problems, suggesting that they are capable and well-positioned to conduct medication reviews. Knowledge gaps, the number of drugs, patient age and, in older patients, potentially inappropriate medications may indicate an increased risk for drug-related problems.
Aurora in the Polar Cap: A Review
Authors: Hosokawa Keisuke , Kullen Anita , Milan Steve , Reidy Jade , Zou Ying , Frey Harald U. , Maggiolo Romain , Fear Robert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews our current understanding of auroral features that appear poleward of the main auroral oval within the polar cap, especially those that are known as Sun-aligned arcs, transpolar arcs, or theta auroras. They tend to appear predominantly during periods of quiet geomagnetic activity or northwards directed interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We also introduce polar rain aurora which has been considered as a phenomenon on open field lines. We describe the morphology of such auroras, their development and dynamics in response to solar wind-magnetosphere coupling processes, and the models that have been developed to explain them.
Incomplete-data Fisher scoring method with steplength adjustment
Authors: Takai Keiji 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn incomplete-data Fisher scoring method is proposed for parameter estimation in models where data are missing and in latent-variable models that can be formulated as a missing data problem. The convergence properties of the proposed method and an accelerated variant of this method are provided. The main features of this method are its ability to accelerate the rate of convergence by adjusting the steplength, to provide a second derivative of the observed-data log-likelihood function using only the functions used in the proposed method, and the ability to avoid having to explicitly solve the first derivative of the object function. Four examples are presented to demonstrate how the proposed method converges compared with the EM algorithm and its variants. The computing time is also compared.
Changing trends of river flows in the Upper Vistula Basin (East-Central Europe)
Authors: Górnik Marek 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe mean annual, winter half-year and summer half-year flows at 86 water level gauges in the Upper Vistula Basin in the years 1951–2015 were examined. The Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis was used for grouping sub-catchments in reference to the standardized aforementioned flows. Trends analysis was performed for each cluster of catchments in all combinations of periods not shorter than 20 years. Spatial distribution of clusters of catchments has been analysed according to geographical locations. There are observed different trends in distinguished groups of catchments, wherein the substantial differences concern long-term trends. Changes in trend direction in the years 1951–2015 were revealed, which indicate flow fluctuations. Presumably, physiographical heterogeneity of the Upper Vistula Basin is reflected in no unequivocal trends occurring in clusters of catchments. Some similarities were stated in short-term trends occurring in particular groups of catchments.