bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
50 Pelleting and Starch Characteristics of Diets Containing Enogen® Feed Corn
Authors: Truelock Courtney N , Tokach Mike D , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This experiment determined the effects of die thickness and conditioning temperature on pelleting and starch characteristics in diets containing conventional or Enogen® feed corn (Syngenta Seeds, LLC). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial of corn type (conventional [CON] and Enogen® feed corn [EFC]), die thickness (5.6 and 8.0 length:diameter [L:D]), and conditioning temperature (74, 79, and 85°C). Diets were steam conditioned and pelleted (CPM Model 1012-2) with a 4 × 22.2 mm or 4 × 31.8 mm pellet die. Conditioner retention time was set at 30 s and production rate was set at 15 kg/min. All treatments were replicated on 3 separate days. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (v. 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Increasing die L:D improved PDI (P=0.01) and increased (P=0.02) energy consumption. Increasing conditioning temperature from 74 to 85°C increased (linear, P&lt; 0.03) PDI (84.2, 84.9, and 88.2%, respectively) and tended to decrease energy consumption (quadratic, P=0.07). There was a corn × conditioning temperature interaction (P=0.01) for gelatinized starch in conditioned mash. Enogen® feed corn diets steam conditioned at 85°C had the greatest quantity of gelatinized starch. Cooked starch of conditioned mash was greater (P&lt; 0.01) for EFC diets compared to CON diets and increased (linear, P&lt; 0.01) with increasing conditioning temperature. Starch gelatinization was greater (P&lt; 0.01) in pelleted EFC diets (13.4%) compared to CON diets (11.7%) and was increased (linear, P=0.05) by increasing conditioning temperature from 74 to 85°C (12.0, 12.1, and 13.4%, respectively). Pelleted diets containing EFC had increased (P&lt; 0.01) cooked starch compared to CON diets. In conclusion, increasing die L:D and increasing conditioning temperature improved PDI. Starch gelatinization was increased when diets were pelleted at the highest conditioning temperature of 85°C, and EFC diets resulted in greater gelatinized starch.
48 Effects of dietary isoleucine and valine supplementation to excess or low leucine diets on nitrogen balance and metabolism of branched-chained amino acids in growing pigs
Authors: Kwon Woong B , Soto Jose A , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ile and Val supplementation may overcome detrimental effects of excess dietary Leu on N balance and metabolism of branched-chained AA (BCAA) in growing pigs. A total of 144 barrows (28.5 ± 2.5 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 18 diets. The basal diet contained 0.98% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and had SID Leu, Val, and Ile ratios to SID Lys of 100, 60, and 43%, respectively. Two levels of synthetic L-Leu (0 or 2.0%), 3 levels of synthetic L-Ile (0, 0.1, or 0.2%), and 3 levels of synthetic L-Val (0, 0.1, or 0.2%) were added to the basal diet for a total of 18 diets in a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. Blood, skeletal muscle, and liver samples were collected at the conclusion of the experiment. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial using the PROC MIXED of SAS with concentrations of Leu, Val, and Ile, and all interactions as main effects and replicate as random effect. No interactions among main effects were observed, but excess Leu in diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) N retention and biological value of diets and increased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma urea N (PUN). However, PUN was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Val increased. Concentrations of BCAA in liver were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed excess-Leu diets than in pigs fed low-Leu diets, but concentrations of BCAA in muscle were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed low-Leu diets. In conclusion, excess dietary Leu reduced N retention and biological value of diets and increased PUN in growing pigs, but Val supplementation may help overcome negative effects of excess Leu.
37 Sibs: an R toolkit for computation of relatedness measures using large pedigrees
Authors: Victor Oribamise B , Hulsman Hanna Lauren L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Without appropriate relationships present in a given population, identifying dominance effects in the expression of desirable traits is challenging. Including non-additive effects is desirable to increase accuracy of breeding values. There is no current user-friendly tool package to investigate genetic relatedness in large pedigrees. The objective was to develop and implement efficient algorithms in R to calculate and visualize measures of relatedness (e.g., sibling and family structure, numerator relationship matrices) for large pedigrees. Comparisons to current R packages (Table 1) are also made. Functions to assign animals to families, summary of sibling counts, calculation of numerator relationship matrix (NRM), and NRM summary by groups were created, providing a comprehensive toolkit (Sibs package) not found in other packages. Pedigrees of various sizes (n = 20, 4,035, 120,000 and 132,833) were used to test functionality and compare to current packages. All runs were conducted on a Windows-based computer with an 8 GB RAM, 2.5 GHz Intel Core i7 processor. Other packages had no significant difference in runtime when constructing the NRM for small pedigrees (n = 20) compared to Sibs (0 to 0.05 s difference). However, packages such as ggroups, AGHmatrix, and pedigree were 10 to 15 min slower than Sibs for a 4,035-individual pedigree. Packages nadiv and pedigreemm competed with Sibs (0.30 to 60 s slower than Sibs), but no package besides Sibs was able to complete the 132,833-individual pedigree due to memory allocation issues in R. The nadiv package was closest with a pedigree of 120,000 individuals, but took 37 min to complete (13 min slower than Sibs). This package also provides easier input of pedigrees and is more encompassing of such relatedness measures than other packages (Table 1). Furthermore, it can provide an option to utilize other packages such as GCA for connectedness calculations when using large pedigrees.
41 Characterizing the amount and variability of intramuscular fat deposition throughout the loin using barrows and gilts from two genotypes
Authors: Redifer Jack , Beever Jon , Stahl Chad , Boler Dustin , Dilger Anna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pork quality is evaluated by commercial processors along the ventral surface of whole boneless loins. However, in retail settings boneless chops are evaluated individually for quality. The objective was to determine the variability in marbling attributable to chop location, sex, and sire line. The population of pigs evaluated were sired by commercial duroc boars selected for meat quality (MQ; n=96) or lean growth (LG; n=96) and equally split between sexes. Upon slaughter and fabrication, bone-in chops were removed from four locations along the loin (A=6th rib, B=10th rib, C=last rib, D=4th lumbar). Pairs of chops from each location were used for visual color, visual marbling, and subjective firmness, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and determination of moisture and extractable lipid (IMF). Variability across location, sex, and sire line was measured using a Levene’s test and the VARCOMP procedure of SAS was used to evaluate the proportion of variability each contributed to total variance. Barrows produced chops with greater IMF (3.64%) and variability (P&lt; 0.001) than gilts (3.20%; P&lt; 0.001). Chops from MQ pigs exhibited greater IMF (4.02%) and variability (P&lt; 0.001) than LG (2.82%; P&lt; 0.001). Chops from location A (3.80%) and D (3.77%) had greater IMF than B (3.34%; P&lt; 0.001) with all three locations greater than C (2.77%; P&lt; 0.001). Variance (s2) also differed (A=1.44% B=1.59% C=1.05% D=2.18%; P&lt; 0.05) across chop locations. Of the variability in IMF, 33.0% was attributed to sire line, 10.16% to chop location and 4.01% to sex, with 52.83% unaccounted for. Location A chops were the most tender (2.57kg; P&lt; 0.001) and C chops the least tender (2.93kg; P&lt; 0.01). No differences in variability (s2; P=0.40) of tenderness were observed across chop location (A=0.31kg B=0.24kg C=0.24kg D=0.23kg). In conclusion, chop location, sex, and sire line all contribute to the amount and variability of pork loin marbling. Supported by National Pork Board Grant #18-118.
42 Quantifying mammary growth and proliferative effects of estradiol in Holstein heifer calves
Authors: Hardy Nicole R , Enger Kellie , Enger Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Growth of the bovine mammary gland is influenced by estradiol during a heifer’s life. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of estradiol administration on two different mammary parenchymal tissue regions and quantify the response in cellular proliferation between different estradiol treatments and regions. Treatments were administered daily during the 12 days prior to euthanasia at 82 days of age. Holstein heifer calves (n = 12) were divided amongst 3 treatments, control (n = 4, CON), short term (n = 4, SHORT), and long term (n = 4, LONG). CON calves were administered corn oil injections while SHORT calves received 9 injections of corn oil followed by 3 injections of estradiol; LONG calves received 12 injections of estradiol. BrdU was administered 2 hours prior to harvest to label proliferating mammary epithelial cells. Mammary parenchyma was dissected from the right rear gland and separated into two regions, center and edge parenchyma, for further examination. Tissues were examined using brightfield microscopy and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. LONG calves had a greater percentage (P &lt; 0.05) of epithelial tissue area (34.0% ± 1.51) than CON (21.4% ± 1.5) and SHORT (23.0% ± 1.51) calves, and a lower stromal tissue area percentage (63.6% vs 73.9% and 74.0% ± 2.10, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). There was a treatment by region interaction in the cellular proliferation. LONG calves had a greater percentage of proliferating epithelial cells than CON calves in the center (P &lt; 0.05) and edge (P &lt; 0.05) parenchymal regions, and a greater percentage of proliferating cells in the center parenchyma than SHORT calves (P &lt; 0.05). These results indicate that duration of estradiol administration elicits different effects on mammary growth and that mammary epithelial cell proliferation is specific to mammary gland region.
114 Domestic and International Pork Demand and their Implication on Pork Production Practices
Authors: Dennis Elliott J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Domestic and international demand for pork products drives pork production. Consumers purchase pork products based on their personal tastes and preferences. These tastes and preferences have substantially changed over the last 20 years. Consumers desire to know more information about pork production practices and are willing to pay premiums at grocery stores for adoption of these practices. Producers response to changing consumer demands has important implications for the growth and profitability of the pork industry. I address the current economic understanding of domestic and international consumer demand for pork products and how this demand has and will continue to shape pork production practices.
220 Effects of supplemental leucine in milk replacer on lamb growth performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Reiners Jessica N , Anderson Steven , Hoffman Travis , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Twenty-four fall born Dorset-cross twin or triplet ram lambs were used to determine effects of supplemental leucine in milk replacer fed to neonatal lambs on pre- and post-weaning growth, organ weight, and carcass performance. Lambs were weighed after birth and allowed to nurse on dams for 12 h to allow for colostrum intake. At 12 h post-birth, lambs were assigned to one of two treatments: milk replacer (CON) and milk replacer with leucine added at 3% as-fed (LEU). Milk replacer treatments were offered for ad libitum intake for 42 d through a Lac-Tek milk machine. After 42 d, lambs were weaned and adapted to a finishing diet. Lambs were maintained on a finishing diet until one of two slaughter dates. Lamb weight through the pre- and post-weaning phases, organ weights, and carcass traits were determined. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Leucine supplementation increased lamb ADG (P = 0.007) in the pre-weaning period. Leucine supplementation did not affect final body weight or ADG for the finishing period. Weight of the rumen tended to increase in LEU lambs (P = 0.09). Carcass weight and backfat were not affected by leucine supplementation. Body wall fat thickness was greater (P = 0.05) in lambs supplemented with leucine. Ribeye area, yield grade, leg scores, and percent of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts were not affected by leucine supplementation. Neonatal growth in the pre-weaning period was enhanced, but long-term growth and muscle development were not affected by leucine supplementation.
75 Effects of dietary energy and lysine concentration on feed intake and productive performance of lean growing pigs
Authors: Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Gasa Josep , Coma Jaume , Solà-Oriol David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to determine the response of growing pigs to different standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) and net energy (NE) levels. A total of 1,248 crossbred boars and gilts (Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)), with an initial body weight of 19.9±4.0 kg, were individually blocked in 3 categories. Pigs were distributed in 96 pens (13 pigs/pen). The experiment consisted on a 2 x 2 factorial design with 2 SID Lys (1.20 vs. 1.00 %) and 2 NE levels (2,550 vs. 2,350 kcal/kg), fed for 26 days. Data was analyzed with a two-way ANOVA. No significant interaction was observed between SID Lys and NE. Increasing SID Lys improved ADG (0.721 vs 0.679 kg/d, p&lt; 0.001) and FCR (1.56 vs. 1.65 kg/kg, p&lt; 0.001). Increasing NE had no impact on ADG (0.706 vs. 0.695 kg/d, p=0.100) but improved FCR (1.58 vs. 1.63 kg/kg, p&lt; 0.001) as a result of reduction in ADFI (1.10 vs. 1.15 kg/d, p&lt; 0.001). Therefore, energy intake increased when increasing the energy content of the diet (2799 vs. 2697 kcal NE/d, p&lt; 0.001) and SID Lys intake was reduced (12.2 vs. 12.8 g/d, p&lt; 0.001). In addition, FCR expressed as energy per kg gain was reduced when increasing SID Lys (3.81 vs. 4.04 Mcal NE/kg gain, p&lt; 0.001) whereas increased when increasing NE density (4.02 vs. 3.82 Mcal NE/kg gain, p&lt; 0.001). Differential analysis for small, medium and large pigs showed an interaction between SID Lys and NE in ADG of small pigs during the first 14 days (p=0.028). Pigs fed high lysine and low energy diet had a greater ADG than the ones in the high SID Lys and NE treatment (0.636 vs 0.595 kg/d, p=0.028). In conclusion, growing pigs showed 1) greater ADG when increasing SID Lys above 1.00% 2) no impact of energy level on growth.
72 Young Scholar Presentation: Use of medium chain fatty acids as mitigation or prevention strategies against pathogens in swine feed
Authors: Lerner Annie B , Cochrane Roger A , Gebhardt Jordan T , Dritz Steve S , Jones Cassandra K , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gauger Phillip C , Zhang Jianqiang , Magstadt Drew , Bai Jianfa , Porter Elizabeth , Anderson Joe , Bass Benjamin , Karnezos Theodore , de Rodas Brenda , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate: 1) medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) application to swine feed pre- or post-viral contamination with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), 2) MCFA levels and combinations measured by qRT-PCR, and 3) selected MCFA in bioassay. In Exp. 1, treatments were a 2x2 + 1 factorial with the main effects of chemical treatment (0.3% commercial formaldehyde (CF), Sal CURB [Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA] or 1% MCFA blend (Blend) of 1:1:1 C6:C8:C10 [PMI, Arden Hills, MN]) and timing of application pre- or post-inoculation with PEDV; plus a positive control (PC; feed inoculated with PEDV and no chemical treatment). All combinations of treatment and timing decreased detectable PEDV compared to PC (P&lt; 0.05). Pre-inoculation had decreased PEDV detection compared to post-inoculation (P=0.009). Commercial formaldehyde decreased PEDV detection compared to MCFA (P&lt; 0.001). In Exp. 2 and 3, pre-inoculation treatments consisted of: 1) PC, 2) 0.3% CF, and varying levels (0.125-0.66%) and combinations of MCFA (C5:0, C6:0, C8:0, or C10:0). In Exp. 2, treating feed with 0.33% C8:0 decreased (P&lt; 0.05) PEDV detection compared to all levels of MCFA and PC. In Exp. 3, treating feed with CF, 0.5-1% Blend, all levels of C6:0+C8:0, 0.25% C6:0+C10:0, 0.33% C6:0+C10:0, 0.25% C8:0+C10:0, or 0.33% C8:0 + 0.33% C10:0 resulted in decreased PEDV detection compared to PC (P&lt; 0.05). In Exp. 4, feed was treated pre-inoculation with either 1) no treatment (PC), 2) 0.3% CF, 3) 0.5% Blend, or 4) 0.3% C8:0 and analyzed via qRT-PCR and bioassay. Adding 0.5% Blend or 0.3% C8:0 resulted in decreased PEDV detection compared to PC. All chemical treatments resulted in no evidence of infectivity in the bioassay while the positive control did produce evidence of infectivity. In conclusion, lower levels of MCFA than previously evaluated may provide in-feed protection against PEDV.
159 Effects of mycotoxin challenge on growth and health of weanling pigs with different weaning weights
Authors: Holanda Debora Muratori , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effects of mycotoxin challenge on growth and health of pigs with different initial BW (IBW). One hundred and eight weanling pigs were assigned following a RCBD in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement on d 0. Factors were: IBW, light (6.9 kg) or heavy (9.8 kg); and dietary mycotoxin challenge, low or high (additional: 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxins, 1.8 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, and 1.9 mg/kg fumonisins). Before allotment, 12 pigs from light and heavy IBW were euthanized to collect duodenum and jejunum. There were 16 replicates per factor and 3 pigs per pen. Fecal score (d 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20) and growth performance (weekly) were recorded. Six pens from lightest, intermediary, and heaviest among treatments were selected and 1 pig (20 kg) per pen was euthanized to collect blood, ileal digesta, duodenum and jejunum. Data were analyzed using SAS mixed procedure. On d 0, heavy IBW increased IL-8 (P &lt; 0.05) in duodenum and jejunum and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α in jejunum. Heavy IBW increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Mycotoxins reduced (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Heavy IBW tended to decrease fecal score on d 0 (P = 0.080), d 10 (P = 0.069), and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) on d 15 and 20. Heavy IBW decreased blood ALP (P &lt; 0.05) and increased (P &lt; 0.05) creatinine. Mycotoxins tended to decrease albumin (P = 0.051) and albumin/globulin (P = 0.050). Mycotoxins decreased AID of nitrogen (P &lt; 0.05). Heavy IBW decreased (P &lt; 0.05) malondialdehydes in duodenum and jejunum and IL-8 in jejunum. Mycotoxins tended to increase (P = 0.060) TNF-α in jejunum. In conclusion, pigs with heavy IBW showed lower health impairment, and mycotoxins impaired nutrient digestibility, hepatic function, and growth performance.
169 Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and net energy contents in full fat and defatted black soldier fly larvae meals (Hermatia illucens) fed to growing pigs
Authors: Crosbie Michelina M , Zhu Cuilan , Shoveller Anna Kate , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA (Exp. 1) and available energy (Exp. 2) in two black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) sources [full fat (FF) and defatted (DF)] for growing pigs. Two corn starch-based diets were formulated with FF and DF BSFLM as the sole sources of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used and the corn starch:sucrose:oil ratio was kept constant among diets to calculate digestible energy. In Exp. 1, 8 ileal-cannulated barrows (25.1±0.41 kg initial BW) were used in a replicated 2 x 2 Latin square design (n = 8). In each period, pigs were adjusted to diets for 5d followed by 2d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA were calculated using basal endogenous losses for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. In Exp. 2, 8 barrows (23.4±0.54 kg initial BW) were used in a partially replicated Latin square design (n=8). In each period, pigs were adjusted to diets for 7d, followed by 5d of total urine and fecal grab sample collection, and 24hr in indirect calorimetry chambers to determine heat production. The SID of Arg, Val, Ala, and Pro tended to be less, and the SID of Met tended to be greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P=0.034, 0.090, 0.053, 0.065, 0.074, respectively). Digestible, metabolizable, and net energy (4101 vs 3257±224 kcal/kg) were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P&lt; 0.05). The ATTD of phosphorus, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were greater for the FF versus the DF BSFLM (P&lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the SID AA in FF and DF BSFLM were high and similar to those of soybean meal. The FF BSFLM is a better source of available energy for growing pigs compared to DF BSFLM.
163 AviPlus®S improves wean to finish performance in pigs
Authors: Tugnoli Benedetta , Piva Andrea , Grilli Ester 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of AviPlus®S, a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and nature identical compounds, fed to piglets from weaning through finishing. Ninety pigs (21 days of age, 6.47 ± 0.27 kg) were assigned to 3 diets (5 pigs/pen, n = 6) for a 22-weeks experimental period in 3 phases: weaning (weeks 1 to 6), growing (weeks 6 to 12), and finishing (weeks 12 to 22). The dietary treatments were: CTR, basal diet; AP1, basal + AviPlus®S at 1 kg/MT (weaning phase) and at 0.25 kg/MT (growing and finishing phase); AP2, basal + AviPlus®S at 2 kg/MT (weaning phase) and at 0.5 kg/MT (growing and finishing phase). Growth performance was recorded for each phase. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and differences considered significant at P&lt; 0.05. In the weaning period, AviPlus®S linearly increased ADG and BW (P= 0.006 and P=0.003, respectively) with AP1 and AP2 pigs being heavier than control pigs by 0.44 and 1.1 kg, respectively, at week 6. Growing phase was not affected by treatments. In the finishing period AP2 had significantly higher ADG and G:F compared to control, while AP1 showed intermediate values (P=0.019 and P=0.005, respectively). Overall during the entire trial, AP2 pigs had the highest ADG and G:F, with the final BW being 5.6 kg higher than control at the end of the cycle (114.9 vs 109.3 kg).In conclusion, the supplementation with AviPlus®S allowed to improve growth performance of pigs throughout a production cycle from weaning to slaughter.