bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic Technique, Appearance, and Diagnostic Accuracy for Common Elbow Sports Injuries
Authors: Dixit Anant , Dandu Navya , Hadley Christopher J. , Nazarian Levon N. , Cohen Steven B. , Ciccotti Michael 
Published: November 2020

Update
This article was updated on March 15, 2021, because of a previous error. On pages 4 and 5, Figures 4 and 5 now have white arrows pointing to the correct areas of the figures.
An erratum has been published: JBJS Reviews. 2021 March;9(3):e19.00219ER.

» Ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic imaging tool because of its availability, tolerability, low cost, and utility in real-time dynamic evaluation. Its use in diagnosing elbow injuries has expanded recently and continues to do so. In particular, stress ultrasonography represents a unique imaging technique that directly visualizes the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and allows the assessment of ligament laxity, offering an advantage over magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance arthrography in this patient population.» Furthermore, ultrasonography has shown particular usefulness in instances where invasive techniques might be less desirable. This is particularly important in athletes since more invasive procedures potentially result in lost time from their sport. Ultrasonography is an important imaging tool that complements a thorough history and physical examination in the evaluation of elbow injuries in athletes.» The use of ultrasonography in orthopaedic sports medicine has been investigated previously; however, to our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive review regarding the utility of ultrasonography for common elbow injuries in athletes.» The current study provides a comprehensive, detailed review of the utility and indications for the use of ultrasonography for common elbow injuries in athletes.
The Simplified Science of Corticosteroids for Clinicians
Authors: Kaplan Daniel J. , Haskel Jonathan D. , Kirby David J. , Bloom David A. , Youm Thomas 
Published: November 2020

» Clinicians should be aware of the differences in corticosteroid formulations as these differences dictate which agent is best in various clinical situations.» Corticosteroids work primarily by modulating transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms within cellular nuclei to decrease the production of inflammatory mediators. Because this process requires change at the cellular level, clinical effects typically take days.» The main consideration when selecting a corticosteroid is solubility. Less-soluble agents have a longer onset of action and a longer duration. However, they can have negative side effects on soft-tissue structures. They are ideal for intra-articular use.» More-soluble agents have a faster onset of action but are rapidly cleared. They are ideal for extra-articular soft-tissue structures.» Fluorinated compounds have decreased solubility, which further increases duration of action, but they have been shown to be associated with tendon rupture and atrophy.
Concussion Management for the Orthopaedic Surgeon
Authors: Jildeh Toufic R. , Shkokani Lina , Meta Fabien , Tramer Joseph S. , Okoroha Kelechi R. 
Published: November 2020

» Orthopaedic surgeons functioning as team physicians are in a unique position to recognize subtle changes in an athlete’s behavior and may be the first responders to concussions at sporting events.» The rate of sports-related concussions has increased over the past few decades, necessitating that orthopaedic team physicians gain a greater understanding of the diagnosis and management of this condition.» During the sideline evaluation, life-threatening injuries must be ruled out before concussion evaluation may take place.» In most cases, patients experience a resolution of symptoms within a week; however, a smaller subset of patients experience persistent symptoms.» Physicians covering sporting events must remain current regarding recommendations for treating sports-related concussions and must document their management plan to minimize potential harm to an athlete.
Similarities and contrasts between the subaerial and subaqueous deposits of subaerially triggered debris flows: An analogue experimental study
Authors: de Haas Tjalling , Santa Nikoleta , de Lange Sjoukje I. , Pudasaini Shiva P. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Debris flows and lahars are dense masses of water and sediment which are common phenomena in mountainous and volcanic regions, respectively. Where these flows debouch into water bodies they can trigger impulse waves (tsunamis) and form subaqueous deposits. Such deposits are important indicators for areas at risk from debris flows, lahars, and tsunamis and form archives of past environmental conditions. Correctly interpreting this archive, however, depends on our understanding of the sedimentology and architecture of the deposits. While subaerial debris-flow deposits have been extensively studied, there is a comparative lack of understanding of the deposits of subaerial debris flows that debouch into a water body. We experimentally investigate the similarities and contrasts between subaerial and subaqueous debris-flow deposits for flows of various magnitudes and compositions initiated in a subaerial environment. We show that flows depositing on a subaqueous plane generally have a deposit area similar to flows forming in a subaerial setting. Deposits forming on a subaqueous plane, however, are typically shorter and wider with similar thickness, as a result of interactions between the flow and the reservoir water body. Both in subaerial and subaqueous environments the deposits form coarse-grained lateral levees and frontal snout margins. However, where the levees are able to laterally confine the subaerial flows leading to deposits with constant to tapering width, the subaqueous deposits widen with distance offshore because of flow fluidization. Moreover, the frontal snout is often very dispersed, a sharp frontal margin is absent, and many isolated particles are deposited in front of the main deposit margin as a result of interactions between the debris flow and the reservoir water body. These results largely agree with observations of subaqueous pyroclastic-flow deposits. The similarity in area of subaerial and subaqueous deposits suggests that we can apply empirical relations based on subaerial flows to estimate the inundation area and flow volume of subaerial–subaqueous flows.
A Cohesive-Zone Model for Simulating Hydraulic-Fracture Evolution within a Fully Coupled Flow/Geomechanics-Simulation System
Authors: Alpak Faruk O. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryA modular multiphysics reservoir-simulation system is developed that has the capability of simulating multiphase/multicomponent/thermal flow, poro-elasto/plastic geomechanics, and hydraulic-fracture evolution. The focus of the work is on the full-physics hydraulic-fracture-evolution-simulation capability of the multiphysics simulation system. Fracture-growth computations use a cohesive-zone model as part of the computation of fracture-propagation criterion. The cohesive-zone concept is developed using energy-release rates and cohesive stresses. They capture the strain-softening behavior of deforming porous material consistent with real-life observations of poro-plastic deformation. Thus, they can be reliably used within both poro-elastic and poro-plastic geomechanics applications, unlike the conventional stress-intensity-factor-based fracture-propagation criterion.The partial-differential equations (PDEs) that govern the Darcy-scale multiphase/multicomponent/thermal flow, poro-elasto/plastic geomechanics, hydraulic-fracture evolution, and laminar channel flow in the fracture are tightly coupled to each other to give rise to a numerical protocol solvable by the fully implicit method. The ensuing nonlinear system of equations is solved by use of a novel adaptively damped Newton-Raphson method.Example fully coupled single-phase isothermal-flow, geomechanics, and hydraulic-fracture-growth simulations are analyzed to demonstrate the predictive power of the simulation system. Numerical-model predictions of fracture length/radius and width are validated against analytical solutions for plane-strain and ellipsoid-shaped fractures, respectively. Results indicate that the simulation system is capable of modeling hydraulic-fracture evolution accurately by use of the cohesive-zone model as the propagation criterion. We also simulate and explore the sensitivities around a real-life hydraulic-fracture-growth problem by fully accounting for the thermal-, multiphase-, and compositional-flow effects.
Pumpdown Diagnostics for Plug-and-Perf Treatments
Authors: Cramer David D. , Snyder Jon , Zhang Junjing 
Published: November 2020

SummaryIn this paper, we introduce pumpdown diagnostics, an economical process in which cement sheath integrity, perforation cluster spacing, and fracturing (frac) plug integrity can be assessed for every fracturing stage, potentially leading to improvements in stimulation, completion, cementing, and drilling practices. It is based on analyzing wellbore pressure responses occurring at key segments of the wireline pumpdown and perforating operation and correlating the results among multiple fracturing stages and wells in a field or play. A special requirement is that the ball check is inserted in the frac plug and pumped to seat prior to performing perforating operations. A complementary benefit of this process is that selectively establishing injectivity in the most distant perforation cluster can be used to establish inhibited hydrochloric (HCl) acid coverage across all perforation intervals for uniform reduction in near-wellbore tortuosity.Reviews of pumpdown diagnostics field cases from several unconventional plays provide the following insights. Pumpdown diagnostics are time efficient and economical, requiring approximately 15 minutes per fracturing stage. Evaluating communication to the previous fracturing stage can serve as a key performance indicator for treatment control or cement sheath integrity. Pumpdown diagnostic results can be more reliable than cement bond log evaluation, and stage isolation characteristics can be strongly affected by cluster spacing.
Magnetic Resonance Multi-Phase Flowmeter & Fluid Analyzer
Authors: Deng Feng , Chen Guanhong , Wang Mengying , Xu Dongping , Chen Shiwen , Zhang Xishun , Xiong Chunming , Zhang Jianjun , Lei Qun , Shi Junfeng , Zhao Ruidong , Wang Cai , Sun Yizhen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Quantitative information regarding multiphase flow of oil, gas & water in wells or pipelines are very important in continuous well performance monitoring, production optimization, flow assurance, well testing, production allocation, etc. So far, the multiphase flow measurement methods are usually of low efficiency, low accuracy, high cost and delay delivery, and hard to reflect the real transient fluid production performance at wellheads or pipelines. Therefore, it is urgent to seek accurate and reliable multiphase flow detection devices and methods that can meet the monitoring demands of unconventional oil and gas resources.
Breaking through the technical bottleneck, a novel method and device for online multiphase flow detection based on magnetic resonance (MR) is proposed. The flowing MR data acquisition, processing and interpretation methods are proposed to fill the blank of traditional methods. The full bore, straight tube design does not restrict the flow line and eliminates wear of internal parts and pressure drops, the Halbach magnet structure is designed to provide a uniform magnetic field inside the bore while cancelling the magnetic field outside the housing of the device, the separate antenna structure is designed to eliminate flow effects on MR measurement, and the integration of measurement and control technology realizes unmanned operation.
With the good indoor experiment and field application results, it has achieved accurate, reliable, green, in-situ and online detection of multiphase flow.
As a flowmeter, the device reduces the amount of measuring equipment needed and manages wells more efficiently. And as a ‘fluid analysis laboratory’, it can provide first-hand information on oil and gas properties. It also marks another new application direction of MR technology in the petroleum industry after well logging.
Future Roles for Natural Gas in Decarbonising the Australian Electricity Supply within the NEM: Total System Costs are Key
Authors: Byrom Stephanie , Bongers Geoffrey , Boston Andy , Garnett Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Electricity systems around the world are changing, with the Paris Agreement of 2015 a catalyst for much of this current change.1 The Australian Government ratified this agreement, by commiting to 26-28% emissions reductions below 2005 levels by 2030.2 Additionally, State governments are adopting more ambitious targets to increase variable renewable energy and focusing on net emissions reductions, while the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) warns of power instabilities and load shedding3. Given the difficulties in reducing emissions in other sectors, reductions in emissions from electricity generation has become the focus of these targets. Natural gas is often referred to as a ‘transition fuel’ towards a low emissions future, but this requires that it is in abundance and cost competitive. While the majority of the electricity generated in the National Energy Market (NEM) is coal-based, a vast majority of these plants are due to retire gradually between now and 2050, and this generation loss will need to be replaced in the context of low emissions aspirations. How this is done has significant implications for how much the system will cost, with natural gas playing a pivotal role. In order to decarbonise the grid to meet targets, while building firm, dispatchable generation capacity to support the system, a new metric is required to measure success.
The changing generation mix, along with the need to maintain a competent grid, is resulting in previously acceptable cost comparison metrics being used outside of their limited range of applicability. Electricity generation facilities do not only provide energy, they also provide an array of additional services which are fundamental to maintaining a permanent and reliable electricity supply across the system. These services, corresponding costs and operational implications need to be included in the evaluation of technologies in order to ensure the grids emerge transformed, resilient and genuinely sustainable. Total System Cost is the most appropriate economic metric for analysis and decision making in a future, low emissions grid.
This paper explores the outputs of the MEGS model (Model of Energy and Grid Services), showing the outcomes if a single technology group is favoured. High renewables, gas and carbon capture and storage scenarios are discussed. The optimal route to power grid decarbonisation needs to be be viewed as a team sport, not a race. It's an "and" not an "or" solution. There's a range of technologies that have very different, yet important, roles to play in providing the pathway to a low emissions, competent and reliable supply at the lowest total system cost.
Evaluation of Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation and Evolutionary Algorithm for History Matching Process Optimization
Authors: Ghamdi Amell , Ganis Santiago , Hammad Khaled 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
History matching is a challenging reverse problem due to the inherited uncertainty from Earth modeling. History matching process mandates building one or more sets of representative reservoir models with minimum misfit between the reservoir models and observed field data. There are several commercial assisted history matching tools and workflows to facilitate and orchestrate this process. This paper provides performance assessment and process evaluation between two of the commonly used optimization algorithms: the Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) and the Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation (ES-MDA) in an automated and closed loop workflows.
The workflow starts with a parametrization step to identify and quantify the static and dynamic uncertainties in the reservoir model. The objective function is then constructed to guide and measure the convergence of the optimization process. The workflow is then executed to start the model calibration and history matching process. The algorithms, EA and ES-MDA, take different routes during the optimization process. EA works by selecting the best cases (i.e. most fitting genes that resulted in a minimum misfit) in each cycle, and generates a number of simulation cases (new generation) based on the predefined gene selection criteria. The iterative ES-MDA algorithm maintains the same number of simulation cases in each iteration (as many as in the initial Ensemble) throughout the assimilation process.
The EA and ES-MDA optimization algorithms have their advantages and disadvantages to the history matching process. For instance, both workflows preserve the geological consistency with the dynamic reservoir models. The automation that both workflows provide incorporates G&G (Geological and Geophysical) workflows to capture, and carryover the static uncertainty to ensure consistency throughout the history matching process. In addition, in both cases, multiple simulation models are generated to cover reservoir static and dynamic uncertainties, which are crucial to the predictive capabilities of the history matched models. Both algorithms, as known, are stochastics in nature (i.e. cannot guarantee one deterministic solution) and, therefore. the results are highly dependent on the initial ensemble. EA is highly effective in searching the solution space, it requires a large number of simulation runs to converge a solution. On the other hand, ES-MDA does not exceed the number of initial ensembles in each iteration regardless of the number of iterations.
This paper presents an automated workflow that leads to multiple reliable history matched simulation models. All of the generated models are geologically consistent and capture all model uncertainties that are needed to be preserved and carried forward in prediction. Moreover, this helps in updating the models seamlessly whenever new data is available by simply re-running the workflow with the model updates.
Downhole Surveillance During the Well Lifetime Using Distributed Temperature Sensing
Authors: Ricard Ludovic Paul , Tertyshnikov Konstantin , Pevzner Roman , Myers Matthew , Avijegon Arsham , Michael Karsten 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Distributed temperature (DTS) and distributed acoustic (DAS) fibre optic sensing are now commonly used as key reservoir surveillance tools. This work shows the benefit of continuous downhole monitoring during the lifetime of a well. Fibre optic cables were permanently installed in a doublet injector/monitor well system as part of a CO2 controlled released experiment at the In-Situ Laboratory in Western Australia. During the completion and injection operations various planned and unplanned events (mud circulation, cementing, drilling, wireline logging, gas and water flows) occurred. The events were monitored from surface to reservoir with DTS and DAS fibre optic cables. The DTS was recorded continuously data starting during well completion throughout the lifetime of the wells while DAS was recorded at specific points in time, mostly associated with borehole time-lapse seismic acquisitions.
For the well completion stage, the interpretation of the DTS dataset acquired during mud circulation provided information about thief zones above the reservoir. During cementing and cement hydration, DTS highlighted areas of large breakouts and confirmed cement in-fill in those intervals. During the drilling of an unexpected cement infill, it provided a unique insight into downhole progression of the drill bit.
During the CO2 injection stage, DTS enabled monitoring the phase behaviour at the injector using distributed temperature data combined with a permanent pressure downhole gauge. At the monitoring well, the injected gas breakthrough was clearly detected at reservoir level within 1.5 day after the start of injection. Moreover, the accumulation of the CO2 over time was captured accurately at reservoir level for a further 3 days. During an unexpected leak in the casing, gas from the reservoir started entering the monitoring well leading to cyclic release of water and gas at the surface. The DAS dataset enabled to pin-point the exact moment the casing leak occurred while the DTS dataset captured the cyclic nature of water and gas leakage. The sensitivity of the tools and interpretation methods are such that the downhole location of the event can be determined within 1 m and the timing within a few seconds. More importantly, the continuous and distributed recording allowed monitoring the events developing in time over the full length of the well.
This work highlights the unique benefit of permanent distributed monitoring using distributed fibre optic sensing during the lifetime of a well. The continuous and distributed recording allowed monitoring events developing in time over the full length of the well and provides direct observations for the different events while providing near-real-time information about downhole processes.
An Integrated Geomechanics and Corrosion Assessment Approach to Analyze Tubular Degradation in Brownfield X
Authors: Sajjad Farasdaq Muchibbus , Wirawan Alvin , Chandra Steven , Ompusunggu Janico Zaferson , Prawesti Annisa , Suganda Wingky , Muksin M. Gemareksha , Amrizal Amrizal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Tubular engineering design is essential for production operation, especially in the mature oil and gas fields. The complex interaction among oil, natural gas, and water, complemented with wax, scale, inorganic compound, and deformation brings complexity in analyzing tubular integrity. This challenging problem will be more severe if the wells are located in offshore environment, therefore finding the cause of tubing deterioration is a challenging.
Field X, which has been in production for 30 years, cannot avoid the possibility of tubular thinning and deformation. The degradation is slowly developed until severe alterations are observed on the tubing body. The current state of the wells is complicated since the deformation inhibits the fluid flow and increases the risk of wellbore collapse and complications during sidetracking, infill drilling, workover, and other production enhancement measures. The risks can be harmful in the long run if not mitigated properly.
The current condition encourages us to conduct more comprehensive study on tubular degradation. It is to model the multiple degradation mechanisms, such as corrosion, scaling, and subsidence, under the flowing formation fluid. The model is then coupled with reservoir simulation in order to provide a better outlook on tubular degradation. We used multiple case studies with actual field data to identify the dominant mechanism on tubular degradation. The case study cover various reservoir and fluid characteristics and also operations problems to develop general equation and matrix for risk analysis and field development considerations.
We present the degree of tubular degradation and its effect to overall field performance and economics. Current field practices do not encourage a thorough tubular assessment during early life of the wells, which create complex problem at later stage. The study indicates that a proper planning and preventive action should be performed gradually before tubular degradation becomes severe. The paper presents a field experience-based model and guideline matrix that is useful in developing new areas from the perspective of well and facilities integrity, so that the degradation-related issues could be recognized earlier.