bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How polyurethane can be used in today's manufacturing industry
Authors: Brito Adrian 
Published: July 2020

Many manufacturers assemble products with polyurethane, but this ubiquitous material is also used in the process of making things. Because polyurethane has such unusual chemistry, it is often used during the production of products that contain polyurethane. Polyurethane is made during a chemical process where a polyol interacts iso- or diisocyanate with additives and catalysts. Different reactions create polyurethanes that take different forms like foams, sealants, adhesives, or other flexible solids. Because of the different forms, polyurethanes can be used in surprising ways, and through several stages of manufacturing.
‘Mutatio Sub Pressura’: An Exploration of the Youth Policy Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Germany
Authors: SICHLING FLORIAN 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article explores the response of the child welfare system in Germany to the recent refugee crisis. Drawing on administrative data and qualitative interviews with administrators, front-line workers and refugee youth in Nuremberg, the article provides a contextualized account of how the crisis led to the collapse of established bureaucratic procedures, new forms of interagency collaboration and a flexible distribution of responsibilities and tasks. Combining a street-level bureaucracy (SLB) perspective with insights from the literature on crisis and policy change, the analysis shows how the responses of front-line workers effectively altered the content of services, introduced new actors and expanded the professional capacity of the local child welfare system. On a broader level, the findings indicate that front-line practice is not merely guided by policy mandates, but also responds to situational and institutional circumstances. For the child welfare system in Nuremberg, the findings raise important questions about the extent to which aspects of the crisis response will remain a part of the service delivery process moving forward, and whether the recent experience will better prepare them for future crises.
Using a developmental perspective to examine the moderating effects of marriage on heavy episodic drinking in a young adult sample enriched for risk
Authors: Cho Seung Bin , Smith Rebecca L. , Bucholz Kathleen , Chan Grace , Edenberg Howard J. , Hesselbrock Victor , Kramer John , McCutcheon Vivia V. , Nurnberger John , Schuckit Marc , Zang Yong , Dick Danielle M. , Salvatore Jessica E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany studies demonstrate that marriage protects against risky alcohol use and moderates genetic influences on alcohol outcomes; however, previous work has not considered these effects from a developmental perspective or in high-risk individuals. These represent important gaps, as it cannot be assumed that marriage has uniform effects across development or in high-risk samples. We took a longitudinal developmental approach to examine whether marital status was associated with heavy episodic drinking (HED), and whether marital status moderated polygenic influences on HED. Our sample included 937 individuals (53.25% female) from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism who reported their HED and marital status biennially between the ages of 21 and 25. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were derived from a genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption. Marital status was not associated with HED; however, we observed pathogenic gene-by-environment effects that changed across young adulthood. Among those who married young (age 21), individuals with higher PRS reported more HED; however, these effects decayed over time. The same pattern was found in supplementary analyses using parental history of alcohol use disorder as the index of genetic liability. Our findings indicate that early marriage may exacerbate risk for those with higher polygenic load.
Negative affect reactivity to stress and internalizing symptoms over the transition to college for Latinx adolescents: Buffering role of family support
Authors: Anderson Samantha F. , Sladek Michael R. , Doane Leah D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAffect reactivity to stress may play a role in the development of internalizing symptoms during the college transition, a critical developmental juncture for Latinx adolescents, the largest ethnic minority group on college campuses. This study examined whether affect reactivity during high school is associated with internalizing symptoms in college and explored two potential protective factors, perceived family and peer support. Participants were 209 Latinx adolescents (Mage = 18.10; 64.4% female) who completed standard surveys and four diary assessments per day over 7 days (N > 4,500 momentary observations). First, to measure affect reactivity, we assessed whether perceived stress was associated with negative affect at the momentary level during high school (senior year). Second, we tested whether affect reactivity predicted internalizing symptoms during the first year of college. Third, we tested whether perceived family or peer support buffered the negative consequences of affect reactivity. Results indicated statistically significant within- and between-person associations between stress and negative affect. Moreover, affect reactivity significantly predicted depressive, but not anxiety, symptoms. Buffering was found for family, but not peer, support. Findings extend previous research by detecting associations between momentary affect reactivity and internalizing symptoms during a sociocultural shift in Latinx adolescents’ lives and have implications for culturally appropriate programs to prevent depressive symptoms.
A qualitative analysis of infant and young child feeding practices in rural Rwanda
Authors: Dusingizimana Theogene , Weber Janet L , Ramilan Thiagarajah , Iversen Per O , Brough Louise 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore and gain an in-depth understanding of the factors influencing child feeding practices among rural caregivers in Rwanda.Design:In-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis.Setting:Rutsiro District, Western Province, Rwanda.Participants:Participants included twenty-four mothers (median age 32 years) with children 6–23 months old.Results:We identified five key themes: (i) breast-feeding practices and role in food supply; (ii) family v. children’s food preparations; (iii) food classification systems and their influence on child feeding decisions; (iv) child feeding during diarrhoeal episodes and (v) influence of poverty on child feeding practices and child care.Conclusions:Mothers’ infant and young child feeding decisions are informed by information both from health workers and from traditional/own knowledge. Navigating through this information sometimes creates conflicts which results in less than optimal child feeding. A nutrition educational approach that is cognisant of maternal perceptions should be employed to improve child feeding practices. Efforts to improve child feeding practices must be complemented by programmes that enhance household economic opportunities and access to foods.
STEM Cells and Liver Carcinogenesis: Contributions of Light, Confocal and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Novikoff P M , Yam A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Three cell types not previously described were revealed by the application of several microscopic procedures in combination with cytochemistry and irnmunocytochemistry in the livers of rats treated according to the Solt et al carcinogenesis protocol. This protocol consists of the administration of an initiating carcinogen (diethynitrosamine), a mitoinhibitory carcinogen, (acethylaminofluorene) and a growth stimulus (partial hepatectomy) (1). Two of the cell types were found in intrahepatic bile ductules and one within the connective tissue stroma surrounding the ductules. These findings have implications for understanding the cell lineage pathways that operate in an experimental rodent hepatocarcinogenesis system in which hepatocyte regeneration is inhibited and in which preneoplastic nodules and hepatomas develop. Our previous studies have determined some of the enzymatic, antigenic and structural properties of these cell types and their interrelations to each other, to parenchymal hepatocytes and to preneoplastic nodules (2).
Proliferation of bile ductule cells occurs early (24-48 hrs) after the partial hepatectomy step of the protocol with extensive branching of the ductules into the hepatic parenchyma.
The Use of Semi-Thick Sections to Evaluate the Association Between a Species of Theileria and the Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Droleskey R E , Craig T M , Roussel A J , Holman P J , Stanker L H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Relatively benign or mildly pathogenic strains of bovine Theileria, an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, have been reported in many parts of the world including T. mutans in Africa, T. buffeli in Australia, T. orientalis in Britain, and a Theileria sp. from the Southwestern United States (US). Although the Theileria found in the US has not been specifically speciated, it has been referred to as T. mutans-like and as T. orientalis (USA). Although cattle in the US infected with these Theileria spp. usually have a circulating parasitemia of less than 1% and are asymptomatic, recently an animal suffering from severe anemia was admitted to the Large Animal Clinic at Texas A&M University with a circulating parasitemia of over 50%.
Parasites in Giemsa stained blood films were pleomorphic in shape, with some parasites apparently connected to the erythrocyte membrane (Fig. 1) by structures which appeared similar to the bar structure found within eland (Taurotragus oryx) erythrocytes parasitized by T. taurotragi. Examination by TEM revealed that in addition to the main body of the parasite, parasitized erythrocytes contained parasites which possessed cytoplasmic extensions and an interaction between the parasite and the erythrocyte membrane which involved invaginations of the erythrocyte membrane which appeared to be surrounded by parasite cytoplasm (Fig. 2).
Use of GFP Fusions to a Microtubule Motor Protein to Analyze Spindle Dynamics in Live Oocytes and Embryos of Drosophila
Authors: Endow S A , Komma D J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ncd is a kinesin-related microtubule motor protein of Drosophila that plays essential roles in spindle assembly and function during meiosis in oocytes and mitosis in early embryos. Antibody staining experiments have localized the Ned motor protein to spindle fibers and spindle poles throughout the meiotic and early mitotic divisions, demonstrating that Ncd is a spindle motor.
We have made ncd-gfp gene fusions with wild-type and S65T gfp and expressed the chimaeric genes in Drosophila to target GFP to the spindle. Transgenic Drosophila carrying the ncd-gfp gene fusions in an ncd null mutant background are wild type with respect to chromosome segregation, indicating that the Ncd-GFP fusion proteins can replace the function of wild-type Ncd. The Ncd-GFP fusion proteins in transgenic Drosophila are expressed under the regulation of the native ncd promoter.
Analysis of live Drosophila oocytes and early embryos shows green fluorescent spindles, demonstrating association of Ncd-GFP with meiotic and mitotic spindles. In mitotic spindles, Ncd-GFP localizes to centrosomes (Fig. 1a) and spindle fibers (Fig. 1b).
A Nonradiometric Detection System For the Rapid and Easy Detection of Oxytocin Oligonucleotide Probes in In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Tyler MC , Mayer PC 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We describe the easy and rapid detection of oxytocin oligonucleotide probes in in situ hybridization using a biotinyl tyramide amplification system (TSA).
There are several some instances where related proteins have sequence homology so great that only oligonucleotide probes will allow one to distinguish between their mRNAs. Vasopressin and oxytocin are such a pair. Traditional in situ hybridizationusing 35S labeled probes allows the specific detection of oxytocin mRNA.See FIG. 1.
Nonradiometnc detection of oligonucleotide probes can be very difficult since the amount of labeling possible is limited by the small size of the probe. Traditional nonradiometric detection of a 30-mer biotin-labeled oxytocin probe with streptavidin-HRP followed by DAB detection proved essentially negligible. See FIG. 2.
A novel tyramide amplification system (TSA) was used to increase the detection of the oxytocin probe signal. Most of the protocol was unchanged from the standard nonradioactive methodology. The biotin-labeled probe was hybridized overnight as usual. Stringency washes were also done as usual the next morning.
Immunogold-Silver Staining (IGSS) of (NCP and CP) BVDV Infected Subcellular Fraction Bands
Authors: Hearne CE , Johnson DL , Van Campen H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Pre-embedding immunogold-silver (IGSS) techniques are useful to localize antigens in cell monolayers and agarose embedded cell suspensions for transmission electron microscopy. Procedural centrifugations, however, present a challenge when attempting to localize antigens in subcellular fractions. Using a Beckman Airfuge Ultracentrifuge to concentrate the subcellar fraction bands and resuspending the organelles in agarose simplifies IGSS processing and resin embedding procedures.
Control bovine turbinate (BT), and BT cells infected with cytopathic (cp NADL) and non-cytopathic (ncp NY-1) strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were fractioned according to Bienz et al (1992). Bands containing membrane vesicles (Fig 2) were collected and each fraction band was pelleted at 169,000g for 20 min using an A-95 fixed angle rotor in a Beckman Airfuge Ultracentrifuge. Each fraction pellet was resuspended in 50μl of 30% agarose, solidified, and trimmed to &lt; lmm. IGSS procedures were carried out according to Nanoprobes, Inc., Stoney Brook, NY, and Hearne & Van Campen (1996).
New Single Molecule Approaches to Genomic Analysis: Optical Mapping
Authors: D.C Schwartz , T Anantharaman , W Cai , V Clarke , S Delobette , E Dimalanta , J Edington , J Giacalone , C Hiort , X Hu , E Huff , J Jing , Z Lai , E Lee , B Mishra , J.R Murti , B. Porter , R Qi , R Rabbah , A Ramanathan , J Reed , A Samad , A Shenker , Y Skiadas , K Tankhoveya , W Wang , J Lin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Current molecular biological approaches were developed primarily for characterization of single genes, not entire genomes, and, as such, are not ideally suited to analysis of complex traits and population-based molecular genetics. Despite rapid progress in the human genome project effort, there is little doubt that radically new conceptual approaches are needed before routine whole genome-based analyses can be undertaken by both basic research and clinical laboratories.
Physical mapping of genomes, using restriction endonucleases, has played a major role in the identification and characterizing various loci, for example, by aiding clone contig formation and by characterizing genetic lesions. Restriction maps provide precise genomic distances, unlike ordered sequence-based landmarks such as Sequence Tagged Sites (STSs), that are essential for optimizing the efficiency of sequencing efforts, and for determining the spatial relationships of specific loci. When compared to tedious hybridization-based fingerprinting approaches, ordered restriction maps offer relatively unambiguous clone characterization that is useful in contig formation, establishment of minimal tiling paths for sequencing, and preliminary characterization of sequence lesions.
Super-Thin Serial Sectioning for High-Resolution 3-D Reconstruction of Cellular Structures
Authors: Mastronarde D N , Ladinsky M S , Mcintosh J R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We are developing techniques for obtaining the thinnest possible serial sections of biological specimens. Our goal is to produce not just an occasional very thin section but large numbers of 5-15 nm serial sections suitable for 3-D reconstruction. We have worked out conditions that allow us routinely to cut serial sections ˜15 nm thick, and have achieved ribbons of sections with an average thickness of only 11 nm.
We have worked with the Leica Ultracut S and Ultracut UCT microtomes, which have proven to be exceptionally stable instruments, capable of very regular advance between cutting strokes. The resulting low variability in section thickness is essential for serial sections thinner than 15 nm. However, these machines have an inherent forward drift that increases the thickness of sections cut soon after a block has been mounted and prepared for cutting. This drift is initially 50-100 nm/min, but decreases to only 10-20 nm/min if the microtome is allowed to cycle for 0.5—1.5 hours.
Two Microtubule Organizing Centers are Anchored in the Cortex Prior to Mammalian Oocyte Maturation
Authors: Calarco Patricia G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Oocyte meiotic maturation involves complex processes of nuclear breakdown, spindle formation, and organelle movement necessary for successful fertilization and early development. Yet these take place in the mouse without the aid of centrioles; instead the spindle is organized by a number of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC).Multiple MTOC are seen by fluorescence microscopy to migrate from the cortex to the nucleus (germinal vesicle; GV) during the first 30 min of maturation. However, EM has not revealed the expected ultrastructure of MTOC known from previous studies. New information from the present study sheds light on MTOC number, location and ultrastructure prior to and during very early maturation.
Maturation occurs in vitro when oocytes are released from ovarian follicles into culture, but is blocked by dibutyrl cAMP or IBMX (3-isobutyl-l-methyl xanthine; Sigma). MTOC were studied after 0-2 h in culture medium; IBMX medium (0.2 mM); an inhibitor of MT (nocodazole, lμM); or MF (cytochalasin, 5 μg/ml) by fluorescent confocal microscopy (CM; Biorad 600) or standard EM.
Presentation of Idented Acini in Rat Lactating Breast: A Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Umemura S , Hasegawa H , Tsutsumi Y , Itoh Y , Itoh J , Tokunaga M , Watanabe K , Osamura R Y 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We have previously reported that epithelial cells appear to be clustered in the perilobular stroma of the human lactating breast', that phenomenone has not beendocumented well in the literature. The present study is aimed at to clarify the nature and characteristics of the clustered-epithelial cells in relation to basement membrane, epithelial cell death and myoepithelial cells.
We studied the mammary gland of Wister female rats in various stages of resting, pregnant and lactating phase histochemically and electron microscopically. Basement membrane was detected by immunohistochemically (indirect peroxidase method) on 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed frozen section using anti type rv collagen (goat, Southern Biotechnology Assoc. Inc. Birmingham, AL, USA) and electron microscopcally. Apoptotic cell death was shown by in situend labeling method on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded section. The myoepithelial cells were observed by alkaline phophatase Azo dye method on frozen section, and by immunohistochemical staining for actin (smooth muscle) (clone; 1A4, Sigma Chemical Co. St Louis, MO, USA).
Texture Analysis and Classification of Coronary Plaque in Intravascular Ultrasound
Authors: Dixon K J , Vince D G , Cothren R M , Cornhill J F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a degenerative arterial disease that leads to the gradual blockage of vessels due to plaque formation or acute ischaemic events such as plaque rupture. A thorough understanding of plaque morphology is necessary in the determination of factors underlying coronary artery disease. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) represents a diagnostic technique that provides tomographic visualization of coronary arteries. Ultrasound reflects sound at the interfaces between media of different acoustic refractive indices theoretically implying that various components within an ultrasound image should be distinguishable. The aim of this study is to classify plaque lesions using advanced digital image processing into the following categories: adventitia, media, fibrous, necrotic core, and calcified. Examination of plaque composition can yield valuable information necessary in determining the appropriate preventative and mechanical interventions.
Diseased samples were obtained from excised human coronary arteries at autopsy. Intravascular ultrasound images were acquired using an HP SONOS clinical IVUS imaging system and 3.5 French 30 MHz catheters.
Comparison of Precision XTEM Specimen Preparation Techniques for Semiconductor Failure Analysis
Authors: Amy Hunt C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The demand for TEM analysis in semiconductor failure analysis is rising sharply due to the shrinking size of devices. A well-prepared sample is a necessity for getting meaningful results. In the past decades, a significant amount of effort has been invested in improving sample preparation techniques for TEM specimens, especially precision cross-sectioning techniques. The most common methods of preparation are mechanical dimpling & ion milling, focused ion beam milling (FIBXTEM), and wedge mechanical polishing. Each precision XTEM technique has important advantages and limitations that must be considered for each sample.
The concept for both dimpling & ion milling and wedge specimen preparation techniques is similar. Both techniques utilize mechanical polishing to remove the majority of the unwanted material, followed by ion milling to assist in final polishing or cleaning. Dimpling & ion milling produces the highest quality samples and is a relatively easy technique to master.
Fast Cross-Sectioning Technique for Thin Films by Ultramicrotomy
Authors: Schubert-Bischoff Peter , Krist Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The usual method to prepare specimen for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with an ultramicrotome (UM) is to embed a small piece of the sample in a resin which needs between hours and days to harden. Then the resin is trimmed and finally the thin sections are cut. We developed a method to produce cross sections with an UM without embedding the sample. This leads to first TEM pictures in less then 30 minutes after the end of the thin film production.
We produce neutron mirrors which consist of metallic monolayers (figl) or multilayers (fig.2). The materials we use are mostly cobalt-iron alloys and silicon. The quality of the mirrors critically depends on the structural and hence also on the magnetic properties which are strongly influenced by the settings of the sputter parameters (plasma current, pressure of the working gas, substrate temperature, sputtering high voltage). To find out the best parameters for each purpose a quick analysing method is needed for a fast feedback