bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Earth Orbit Object Observations Using the Buckland Park VHF Radar
Authors: Holdsworth David A. , Spargo Andrew J. , Reid Iain M. , Adami Christian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere is increasing interest in space situational awareness worldwide, motivating investigation of the use of nontraditional sensors for space surveillance. This paper presents preliminary results investigating the use of a VHF wind profiling radar for observing objects in low Earth orbit. This radar class is low cost relative to other radars typically applied to this task. The results reveal that 2,410 objects were detected over 15 days, with 1,392 unique objects detected. The daily detection count rates ranged from 150 to 200, and the maximum detection height observed was 2,491 km. The radar's utility for object catalog maintenance is demonstrated by its ability to determine propagation state vector errors, and through observations of the Chinese space station Tiangong‐1 in the last months of its return to Earth. The results suggest the measurements may be able to provide useful ionospheric parameters such as total electron content (TEC) measurements, provided high precision ephemeris data are available for the detected objects.
Recommendations by a UK expert panel on an aflibercept treat-and-extend pathway for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Ross Adam H. , Downey Louise , Devonport Helen , Gale Richard P. , Kotagiri Ajay , Mahmood Sajjad , Mehta Hemal , Narendran Niro , Patel Praveen J. , Parmar Nina , Jain Nitin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This report aims to provide clear recommendations and practical guidance from a panel of UK retinal experts on an aflibercept treat-and-extend (T&E) pathway that can be implemented in clinical practice. These recommendations may help service providers across the NHS intending to implement a T&E approach, with the aim of effectively addressing the capacity and resource issues putting strain on UK neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) services while promoting patients’ best interests throughout.

Methods
Two structured roundtable meetings of retinal specialists were held in London, UK on 7 December 2018 and 1 March 2019. These meetings were organised and funded by Bayer.

Results
The panel provided recommendations for an aflibercept T&E pathway and developed specific criteria based on visual acuity, retinal morphology and optical coherence tomography imaging to guide reduction, maintenance and extension of injection intervals. They also discussed the extension of treatment intervals by 2- or 4-week adjustments to a maximum treatment interval of 16 weeks, the management of retinal fluid and the stopping of treatment.

Conclusions
The long-term benefits of implementing a T&E pathway may include superior visual outcomes compared with a pro re nata (PRN; as needed) protocol, and a lower treatment burden compared with a fixed protocol, which is likely to improve service capacity. Furthermore, the predictable nature of a T&E approach compared with a PRN service may aid capacity planning for the future nAMD treatment demand.
Identification of antigens presented by MHC for vaccines against tuberculosis
Authors: Bettencourt Paulo , Müller Julius , Nicastri Annalisa , Cantillon Daire , Madhavan Meera , Charles Philip D. , Fotso Carine B. , Wittenberg Rachel , Bull Naomi , Pinpathomrat Nawamin , Waddell Simon J. , Stylianou Elena , Hill Adrian V. S. , Ternette Nicola , McShane Helen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb) is responsible for more deaths globally than any other pathogen. The only available vaccine, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy throughout the world. A more effective vaccine is urgently needed. The immune response against tuberculosis relies, at least in part, on CD4+T cells. Protective vaccines require the induction of antigen-specific CD4+T cells via mycobacterial peptides presented by MHC class-II in infected macrophages. In order to identify mycobacterial antigens bound to MHC, we have immunoprecipitated MHC class-I and class-II complexes from THP-1 macrophages infected with BCG, purified MHC class-I and MHC class-II peptides and analysed them by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We have successfully identified 94 mycobacterial peptides presented by MHC-II and 43 presented by MHC-I, from 76 and 41 antigens, respectively. These antigens were found to be highly expressed in infected macrophages. Gene ontology analysis suggests most of these antigens are associated with membranes and involved in lipid biosynthesis and transport. The sequences of selected peptides were confirmed by spectral match validation and immunogenicity evaluated by IFN-gamma ELISpot against peripheral blood mononuclear cell from volunteers vaccinated with BCG,M.tblatently infected subjects or patients with tuberculosis disease. Three antigens were expressed in viral vectors, and evaluated as vaccine candidates alone or in combination in a murine aerosolM.tbchallenge model. When delivered in combination, the three candidate vaccines conferred significant protection in the lungs and spleen compared with BCG alone, demonstrating proof-of-concept for this unbiased approach to identifying new candidate antigens.
Glutathione facilitates enterovirus assembly by binding at a druggable pocket
Authors: Duyvesteyn Helen M. E. , Ren Jingshan , Walter Thomas S. , Fry Elizabeth E. , Stuart David I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEnteroviruses cause a range of human and animal diseases, some life-threatening, but there remain no licenced anti-enterovirus drugs. However, a benzene-sulfonamide derivative and related compounds have been shown recently to block infection of a range of enteroviruses by binding the capsid at a positively-charged surface depression conserved across many enteroviruses. It has also been established that glutathione is essential for the assembly of many enteroviruses, interacting with the capsid proteins to facilitate the formation of the pentameric assembly intermediate, although the mechanism is unknown. Here we show, by high resolution structure analyses of enterovirus F3, that reduced glutathione binds to the same interprotomer pocket as the benzene-sulfonamide derivative. Bound glutathione makes strong interactions with adjacent protomers, thereby explaining the underlying biological role of this druggable binding pocket and delineating the pharmacophore for potential antivirals.
A dual fluorescent Plasmodium cynomolgi reporter line reveals in vitro malaria hypnozoite reactivation
Authors: Voorberg-van der Wel Annemarie M. , Zeeman Anne-Marie , Nieuwenhuis Ivonne G. , van der Werff Nicole M. , Klooster Els J. , Klop Onny , Vermaat Lars C. , Kumar Gupta Devendra , Dembele Laurent , Diagana Thierry T. , Kocken Clemens H. M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPlasmodium vivax malaria is characterized by repeated episodes of blood stage infection (relapses) resulting from activation of dormant stages in the liver, so-called hypnozoites. Transition of hypnozoites into developing schizonts has never been observed. A barrier for studying this has been the lack of a system in which to monitor growth of liver stages. Here, exploiting the unique strengths of the simian hypnozoite model P. cynomolgi, we have developed green-fluorescent (GFP) hypnozoites that turn on red-fluorescent (mCherry) upon activation. The transgenic parasites show full liver stage development, including merozoite release and red blood cell infection. We demonstrate that individual hypnozoites actually can activate and resume development after prolonged culture, providing the last missing evidence of the hypnozoite theory of relapse. The few events identified indicate that hypnozoite activation in vitro is infrequent. This system will further our understanding of the mechanisms of hypnozoite activation and may facilitate drug discovery approaches.
Introducing coherent time control to cavity magnon-polariton modes
Authors: Wolz Tim , Stehli Alexander , Schneider Andre , Boventer Isabella , Macêdo Rair , Ustinov Alexey V. , Kläui Mathias , Weides Martin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBy connecting light to magnetism, cavity magnon-polaritons (CMPs) can link quantum computation to spintronics. Consequently, CMP-based information processing devices have emerged over the last years, but have almost exclusively been investigated with single-tone spectroscopy. However, universal computing applications will require a dynamic and on-demand control of the CMP within nanoseconds. Here, we perform fast manipulations of the different CMP modes with independent but coherent pulses to the cavity and magnon system. We change the state of the CMP from the energy exchanging beat mode to its normal modes and further demonstrate two fundamental examples of coherent manipulation. We first evidence dynamic control over the appearance of magnon-Rabi oscillations, i.e., energy exchange, and second, energy extraction by applying an anti-phase drive to the magnon. Our results show a promising approach to control building blocks valuable for a quantum internet and pave the way for future magnon-based quantum computing research.
Depletion of CD11c+ cell attenuates progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Okuno Keisuke , Cicalese Stephanie , Eguchi Satoru 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChronic inflammation of the arterial wall has been implicated in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, the detailed molecular mechanism(s) by which inflammatory cells contributes to AAA pathogenesis remains largely unclear. In their article in Clinical Science, Krishna et al. have reported that depletion of CD11c+ dendritic cells inhibited experimental AAA formation in mice. The authors also demonstrated a decrease in CD4 and CD8 positive T cells in the circulation, lower plasma neutrophil elastase activity, and aortic matrix remodeling. These novel findings will help clarify the underlying mechanisms of AAA progression and may provide a new target for future therapeutic research in AAA formation.
Improved bidirectional DC/DC converter configuration with ZVS for energy storage system: analysis and implementation
Authors: Subrahmanya Kumar Bhajana Veera Venkata , Drabek Pavel , Thumma Rajesh , Makireddi Ramana 
Published: January 2020

This study proposes a novel design of soft‐switching based bidirectional converter for the applications in energy storage systems. By implementing an additional auxiliary circuit to the conventional non‐isolated converter, the proposed converter inherits better efficiency with minimised turn‐on losses. Moreover, auxiliary switching devices are also soft‐switched. This converter can be operated at high power outputs through ZVS turn‐on operation. The operation principle, design analysis and experimental results are reported to validate its main features in the study. Furthermore, the performance of this converter is analysed on a 1 kW laboratory prototype for both boost and buck modes.
LLAMA: TheMBH–σ⋆relation of the most luminous local AGNs
Authors: Caglar Turgay , Burtscher Leonard , Brandl Bernhard , Brinchmann Jarle , Davies Richard I. , Hicks Erin K. S. , Koss Michael , Lin Ming-Yi , Maciejewski Witold , Müller-Sánchez Francisco , Riffel Rogemar A. , Riffel Rogério , Rosario David J. , Schartmann Marc , Schnorr-Müller Allan , Taro Shimizu T. , Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa , Veilleux Sylvain , de Xivry Gilles Orban , Bennert Vardha N. 
Published: January 2020

Context.TheMBH–σ⋆relation is considered a result of coevolution between the host galaxies and their supermassive black holes. For elliptical bulge hosting inactive galaxies, this relation is well established, but there is still discussion concerning whether active galaxies follow the same relation.Aims.In this paper, we estimate black hole masses for a sample of 19 local luminous active galactic nuclei (AGNs; LLAMA) to test their location on theMBH–σ⋆relation. In addition, we test how robustly we can determine the stellar velocity dispersion in the presence of an AGN continuum and AGN emission lines, and as a function of signal-to-noise ratio.Methods.Supermassive black hole masses (MBH) were derived from the broad-line-based relations for Hα, Hβ, and Paβemission line profiles for Type 1 AGNs. We compared the bulge stellar velocity dispersion (σ⋆) as determined from the Ca II triplet (CaT) with the dispersion measured from the near-infrared CO (2-0) absorption features for each AGN and find them to be consistent with each other. We applied an extinction correction to the observed broad-line fluxes and we corrected the stellar velocity dispersion by an average rotation contribution as determined from spatially resolved stellar kinematic maps.Results.The Hα-based black hole masses of our sample of AGNs were estimated in the range 6.34 ≤ logMBH ≤ 7.75M⊙and theσ⋆CaTestimates range between 73 ≤ σ⋆CaT ≤ 227 km s−1. From the so-constructedMBH − σ⋆relation for our Type 1 AGNs, we estimate the black hole masses for the Type 2 AGNs and the inactive galaxies in our sample.Conclusions.We find that our sample of local luminous AGNs is consistent with theMBH–σ⋆relation of lower luminosity AGNs and inactive galaxies, after correcting for dust extinction and the rotational contribution to the stellar velocity dispersion.
Analysis of laser-induced modification of collagen structure using nonlinear optical microscopy
Authors: Zakharkina O.L. , Sergeeva E.A. , Kirillin M.Yu. , Ignatieva N.Yu. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Nonlinear optical microscopy is used to monitor changes in the collagen structure of patellar ligament after IR laser heating up to a temperature of 60 °C. Pre-denaturation modification of the tissue matrix exhibits specific properties and consists in splitting of initially parallel fibre bundles into array of divergent fibres. Image processing employing Fast Fourier transform analysis is used for characterising images of the fibre structure and determining the collagen orientation index. An increase in manifestation of laser-induced disordering with an increase in IR laser radiation power from 0.3 to 2 W is accompanied by a decrease in the collagen orientation index. The specific disorganisation of the collagen tissue structure during laser heating is supposed to be due to fast speed and local action of the laser heating, which leads to mechanical distortions of the structural elements of tissue matrix.
Transcutaneous innervation zone imaging from high-density surface electromyography recordings
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Chuan , Dias Nicholas , Chen Yen-Ting , Li Sheng , Zhou Ping , Zhang Yingchun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective. It is of great value to accurately localize innervation zones (IZs) to better diagnose and treat neuromuscular diseases, but it is challenging to do so noninvasively from surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings because of the blurring/distorting effect of the low conductive fat tissues. This study aimed to develop an innovative transcutaneous IZ imaging (TIZI) technique to precisely and efficiently localize the IZ distribution directly over the muscle surface in vivo from high-density sEMG recordings (HD-sEMG). Approach. The TIZI technique was implemented by incorporating HD-sEMG recording, signal decomposition, finite element analysis and inverse calculation. The performance of TIZI was evaluated on the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle with simulated sEMG signal and experimental signal recorded from both healthy (n  =  3) and stroke participants (n  =  4). The accuracy of imaging was validated by both of the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and localization error (LE) between the TIZI results and the ‘true’ IZ distribution. Main results. In the simulation study, results have shown PCCs of 99.85%  ±  0.11%, 99.79%  ±  0.08%, 99.63%  ±  0.22% and 99.31%  ±  0.54% at the depth of 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm and SNR of 25 dB. PCCs of 98.74%  ±  1.78% and 97.82%  ±  1.20% were respectively obtained for experimental signals acquired from the healthy and spastic FDS muscles. The TIZI provided smaller LEs of 1.4  ±  0.92 mm and 2.02  ±  1.3 mm, compared to LEs of 7.42  ±  2.29 mm and 7.8  ±  1.77 mm from skin observations in healthy and spastic FDS, respectively. Significance. Results have demonstrated the high performance of the proposed TIZI technique by transcutaneous imaging of the IZ distribution of the skeletal muscles. The performance improvement can be attributed to the elimination of the blurring/distorting effect caused by the low conductive fat and high conductive skin tissues. TIZI may provide an advanced neurological tool for the clinical treatment of neuromuscular diseases, such as guiding botulinum neurotoxin injections in spasticity management.
Grasp force estimation from the transient EMG using high-density surface recordings
Authors: Martinez Itzel Jared Rodriguez , Mannini Andrea , Clemente Francesco , Sabatini Angelo Maria , Cipriani Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective. Understanding the neurophysiological signals underlying voluntary motor control and decoding them for prosthesis control are among the major challenges in applied neuroscience and bioengineering. Usually, information from the electrical activity of residual forearm muscles (i.e. the electromyogram, EMG) is used to control different functions of a prosthesis. Noteworthy, forearm EMG patterns at the onset of a contraction (transient phase) have shown to contain predictive information about upcoming grasps. However, decoding this information for the estimation of grasp force (GF) was so far overlooked. Approach. High density-EMG signals (192 channels) were recorded from twelve participants performing a pick-and-lift task. The final GF was estimated offline using linear regressors, with four subsets of channels and ten features obtained using three channels-features selection methods. Two different evaluation metrics (absolute error and R
2), complemented with statistical analysis, were used to select the optimal configuration of the parameters. Different windows of data starting at the GF onset were compared to determine the time at which the GF can be ascertained from the EMG signals. Main results. The prediction accuracy improved by increasing the window length from the moment of the onset and kept improving until the steady state at which a plateau of performances was reached. With our methodology, estimations of the GF through 16 EMG channels reached an absolute error of 2.52% the maximum voluntary force using only transient information and 1.99% with the first 500 ms of data following the onset. Significance. The final GF estimation from transient EMG was comparable to the one obtained using steady state data, confirming our hypothesis that the transient phase contains information about the final GF. This result paves the way to fast online myoelectric controllers capable of decoding grasp strength from the very early portion of the EMG signal.
Monitoring pinyon-juniper cover and aboveground biomass across the Great Basin
Authors: Filippelli Steven K , Falkowski Michael J , Hudak Andrew T , Fekety Patrick A , Vogeler Jody C , Khalyani Azad Henareh , Rau Benjamin M , Strand Eva K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Since the mid-1800s pinyon-juniper (PJ) woodlands have been encroaching into sagebrush-steppe shrublands and grasslands such that they now comprise 40% of the total forest and woodland area of the Intermountain West of the United States. More recently, PJ ecosystems in select areas have experienced dramatic reductions in area and biomass due to extreme drought, wildfire, and management. Due to the vast area of PJ ecosystems, tracking these changes in woodland tree cover is essential for understanding their consequences for carbon accounting efforts, as well as ecosystem structure and functioning. Here we present a carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system for characterizing total aboveground biomass stocks and flux of PJ ecosystems across the Great Basin. This is achieved through a two-stage remote sensing approach by first using spatial wavelet analysis to rapidly sample tree cover from very high-resolution imagery (1 m), and then training a Random Forest model which maps tree cover across the region from 2000 to 2016 using temporally-segmented Landsat spectral indices obtained from the LandTrendr algorithm in Google Earth Engine. Estimates of cover were validated against field data from the SageSTEP project (R
2 = 0.67, RMSE = 10% cover). Biomass estimated from cover-based allometry was higher than estimates from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA) at the plot-level (bias = 5 Mg ha−1 and RMSE = 15.5 Mg ha−1) due in part to differences in tree-level biomass allometrics. County-level aggregation of biomass closely matched estimates from the FIA (R
2 = 0.97) after correcting for bias at the plot level. Even after many previous decades of encroachment, we find forest area (i.e. areas with ≥10% cover) increasing at a steady rate of 0.46% per year, but 80% of the 9.86 Tg increase in biomass is attributable to infilling of existing forest. This suggests that the known consequences of encroachment such as reduced water availability, impacts to biodiversity, and risk of severe wildfire may have been increasing across the region in recent years despite the actions of sagebrush steppe restoration initiatives.
Subhourly rainfall in a convection-permitting model
Authors: Meredith Edmund P , Ulbrich Uwe , Rust Henning W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Convection-permitting models (CPMs)—the newest generation of high-resolution climate models—have been shown to greatly improve the representation of subdaily and hourly precipitation, in particular for extreme rainfall. Intense precipitation events, however, often occur on subhourly timescales. The distribution of subhourly precipitation, extreme or otherwise, during a rain event can furthermore have important knock-on effects on hydrological processes. Little is known about how well CPMs represent precipitation at the subhourly timescale, compared to the hourly. Here we perform multi-decadal CPM simulations centred over Catalonia and, comparing with a high temporal-resolution gauge network, find that the CPM simulates subhourly precipitation at least as well as hourly precipitation is simulated. While the CPM inherits a dry bias found in its parent model, across a range of diagnostics and aggregation times (5, 15, 30 and 60 min) we find no consistent evidence that the CPM precipitation bias worsens with shortening temporal aggregation. We furthermore show that the CPM excels in its representation of subhourly extremes, extending previous findings at the hourly timescale. Our findings support the use of CPMs for modelling subhourly rainfall and add confidence to CPM-based climate projections of future changes in subhourly precipitation, particularly for extremes.