bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Unwanted Births: Moderation by Sexual Orientation
Authors: Everett Bethany G. , Mollborn Stefanie , Jenkins Virginia , Limburg Aubrey , Diamond Lisa M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore sexual orientation disparities in unwanted births by race/ethnicity.BackgroundPrevious research has documented that sexual minority women (SMW) are more likely to report unintended pregnancy than heterosexual women and that Black and Latina women are more likely to report unintended pregnancy than White women. No research has examined how pregnancy intention varies at the intersection of these two identities.MethodData come from the pregnancy roster data in Waves 4 and Wave 5 subsample in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used live births as the unit of analysis (n = 8,527) and multilevel logistic regression models to account for clustering of births within women. Women were asked if they “wanted” to be pregnant at the time of pregnancy. The authors conducted models stratified by race/ethnicity as well as models stratified by sexual identity.ResultsAmong White women, SMW were more likely to describe their births as unwanted than were their heterosexual counterparts. Conversely, among Black and Latina women, SMW were less likely to describe their births as unwanted than were their heterosexual counterparts. Results stratified by sexual identity underscore these contrasting patterns: Among heterosexual women, White women were less likely to describe their births as unwanted when compared with Black and Latina women; among SMW, White women were more likely to describe their births as unwanted than were Black and Latina women.ConclusionTraditional race/ethnicity trends in pregnancy intention (i.e., greater unwanted pregnancy among Black/Latina than White women) are reversed among SMW.
Setting the Sagittal Condylar Inclination on a Virtual Articulator Using Intraoral Scan of Protrusive Interocclusal Position and Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Hong Seoung‐Jin , Choi Youngha , Park Minseo , Paek Janghyun , Pae Ahran , Kim Hyeong‐Seob , Kwon Kung‐Rock , Noh Kwantae 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe articulator is a prerequisite device for the analysis of occlusion and prosthodontic treatment, and it is required to simulate patient jaw movements. This article describes the technique to obtain sagittal condylar inclination (SCI) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) data and intraoral scan of the protrusive interocclusal position. The SCI can be used on a virtual articulator in a computer‐aided design software, and it can assist in the fabrication of prosthesis which is harmonious with the mandibular movement of individual patient.
Renal Replacement Knowledge and Preferences for African Americans With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: King Akilah , Lopez Fanny Y. , Lissanu Lydia , Robinson Eric , Almazan Erik , Metoyer Gabrielle , Tanumihardjo Jacob , Quinn Michael , Peek Monica , Saunders Milda 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYBackgroundRenal replacement therapies (RRT) other than in‐centre haemodialyses are underutilised by African Americans with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) even though they are associated with reduced costs, morbidity and mortality as well as improved quality of life for patients.ObjectivesTo understand African American patients’ knowledge of RRT options and how patient, provider and system‐factors contribute to knowledge and preferences. Participants’ interviews were conducted at the University of Chicago Medical Center with African American patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The final analysis included 28 interviews; 22 patients had CKD not yet on dialysis or having received a transplant, while 6 had reached ESRD and were receiving treatment for kidney failure. Approach Transcripts were uploaded into NVivo8 for coding. Thematic analysis was used for data interpretation.ResultsFour themes were identified: (1) limited knowledge of home modalities and deceased donor options, (2) CKD patients gave little thought to choosing RRT options, (3) CKD patients relied on doctors for treatment decisions, and (4) while patients reported knowledge of living kidney donation transplants (LKDT), it did not translate to receiving an LKDT.ConclusionAfrican Americans face significant knowledge and access barriers when deciding on their RRT treatment. Even patients with advanced CKD were still in the early stages of RRT selection. Understanding the knowledge gaps and barriers patients face will inform our subsequent intervention to educate and motivate patients to increase CKD self‐care and improve communication between patients, their families and their providers about different RRT treatments.
Correlation of haematological parameters and C‐reactive protein between cord blood and first post‐natal blood sample in preterm neonates: A prospective observational study
Authors: Sanghavi Avi , Desai Saumil , Nanavati Ruchi , Prabhat Daksha 
Published: January 2020

AimThere is some recent evidence on the utility of the cord blood as a reliable source for admission complete blood count in preterm neonates. However, there is a need to validate other laboratory parameters from the cord blood such as C‐reactive protein (CRP) to rule out neonatal sepsis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the correlation between haematological parameters and CRP obtained from the cord blood to the first post‐natal blood sample, for it to be considered as a reliable alternative.MethodsA total of 89 paired cord blood and first post‐natal blood samples were prospectively analysed to assess the haematological parameters (complete blood count) and CRP. Pearson's coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between the cord blood and the first post‐natal blood sample.ResultsWhen Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for various haematological parameters, it showed good correlation coefficient of 0.84 for total leukocyte count, 0.84 for absolute neutrophil count count, 0.87 for immature to total neutrophil ratio and 0.95 for CRP. The correlation coefficient was 0.64 for haemoglobin and 0.36 for platelet count.ConclusionThere is a strong correlation between the majority of haematological parameters and CRP obtained from the cord blood with the first post‐natal blood sample in preterm neonates, except the platelet count. Hence, umbilical cord blood is a feasible and reliable alternative source for assessment of haematological parameters and CRP for the first post‐natal blood sample, thereby avoiding a painful prick in these fragile preterm neonates.
Wage endogeneity, tax evasion, and optimal nonlinear income taxation
Authors: Gahvari Firouz , Micheletto Luca 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the interaction between tax evasion and wage endogeneity within a Mirrleesian optimal tax framework. It characterizes the optimal marginal income tax rates on the skilled and the unskilled workers and the optimal amount of resources to be spent on deterring tax evasion. It shows that tax evasion weakens the incentives for the government to manipulate the marginal tax rates for the purpose of exploiting general equilibrium effects on wages. Moreover, the extent of this depends on the curvature of the evasion cost function. It also argues that marginal income tax rates are likely to be higher when the government attempts to deter evasion.
Relationship between shape of peripheral initial lymphatics and efficiency of mechanical stimulation–induced lymph formation
Authors: Ikomi Fumitaka , Hiruma Sumiyo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to combine the physiological significance of irregularly shaped initial lymphatics and mechanisms of mechanical stimulation–induced lymph formation.MethodsTo confirm stretch‐induced expansion of initial lymphatics, a finite element model that simulated morphological changes on a computer and fluorescent image and immunohistochemical analyses in mouse skin were adopted. Next, to quantitatively analyze the stretch‐induced expansion, a simulation study was performed using a viscoelastic model of the tissue including initial lymphatics.ResultsOn the finite element model, when the tissue was stretched, irregularly shaped lymphatics were confirmed to increase luminal volume compared with round‐shaped lymphatics. Stretch‐induced expansion of the real initial lymphatics was demonstrated by fluorescent images and histological studies. Thereafter, with the application of a viscoelastic model of the tissue, the relationship between the lymph formation rate (Q) and massage frequency (f) could be obtained using the following equation: , where A and τ are constants. Excellent agreement was found between the previous data and the results of the present equation.ConclusionsWe conclude that irregularly shaped initial lymphatics may lead to efficient lymph formation induced by mechanical stimulation of the tissue.
Lane‐changing and freeway capacity: A Bayesian inference stochastic model
Authors: Sala Marcel , Soriguera Francesc 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article presents a new stochastic computational model for determining freeway capacity reduction as a result of lane‐changing activity. The probability density function for the maximum flow that can be sustained on a freeway for a given lane‐changing level is obtained. The results can be used to support freeway management strategies aiming to mitigate the negative consequences of lane‐changing in freeway capacity. A pilot test using empirical data obtained from the B‐23 freeway accessing the city of Barcelona proves the validity of the modeling approach.
Investigation of a healthcare‐associatedCandida tropicaliscandidiasis cluster in a haematology unit and a systematic review of nosocomial outbreaks
Authors: Barac Aleksandra , Cevik Muge , Colovic Natasa , Lekovic Danijela , Stevanovic Goran , Micic Jelena , Rubino Salvatore 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBackgroundNon‐albicansCandida spp.are an emerging cause of hospital‐acquired bloodstream infections, associated with high mortality due to the challenges in diagnosis and delayed treatment.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate a cluster of healthcare‐associated invasive candidiasis caused byC tropicalisand review the literature of healthcare‐associated outbreaks or clusters caused byC tropicalis.MethodsAn investigation was performed to determine clinical presentation, treatment outcomes and the factors contributing toC tropicaliscandidemia occurrence. We searched the Medline database via PubMed and Ovid using the keywords of “Candida tropicalis” combined with “outbreak” or “clustering” or “clusters,” and we limited the search to studies conducted from January 1989 to January 2019.ResultsWe report two related cases ofC tropicaliscandidemia among patients with AML following a period of neutropenia, who had erythematous skin rash as a first manifesting sign of candidiasis.C tropicaliswas isolated from blood and skin cultures of both patients, which were identical by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis typing. Our systematic review of outbreaks caused byC tropicalissuggests that (a) most reported outbreaks have occurred in neonatal and adult ICUs; (b) patients who receive total parenteral therapy, antibiotics and those who have indwelling catheters and recent surgery are at high risk of infection; and (c) environmental and healthcare personnel surveillance suggest that cross‐contamination is a major risk factor.ConclusionControl of nosocomial outbreaks caused byC tropicalisshould include better infection control measures, education of healthcare professionals especially working in adult and neonatal intensive care and haematology units.
Betulinic acid restores imatinib sensitivity in BCR‐ABL1 kinase−independent, imatinib‐resistant chronic myeloid leukemia by increasing HDAC3 ubiquitination and degradation
Authors: Lu Tingting , Wei Danna , Yu Kunlin , Ma Dan , Xiong Jie , Fang Qin , Wang Jishi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough imatinib (IM) has been demonstrated to be an efficient treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), some patients still experience IM resistance and disease relapse. Through in vitro studies, we observed that HDAC3 levels were elevated in BCR‐ABL1 kinase−independent, IM‐resistant primary cells from CML patients and in IM‐resistant K562 (K562R) cells and that downregulation of HDAC3 could enhance IM efficacy in K562R cells. Furthermore, betulinic acid (BA), a lupane‐type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin isolated from birch trees, restored IM sensitivity in the BCR‐ABL1 kinase−independent, IM‐resistant primary cells and in K562R cells, as well as in primary CD34+ bone marrow cells from CML patients. We found that BA restored IM sensitivity through inhibition of HDAC3 accumulation in cells, and that this was mediated by BA‐dependent ubiquitination and degradation of HDAC3. BA at low dosage significantly increased IM antitumor effects on murine xenografts bearing K562R cells and inhibited HDAC3 expression in tumor tissue. Our findings demonstrated that HDAC3 is an essential factor in BCR‐ABL1 kinase−independent IM resistance, and that BA in combination with IM may be a novel treatment strategy for overcoming IM resistance in CML.
Moving infections: individual movement decisions drive disease persistence in spatially structured landscapes
Authors: Scherer Cédric , Radchuk Viktoriia , Franz Mathias , Thulke Hans‐Hermann , Lange Martin , Grimm Volker , Kramer‐Schadt Stephanie 
Published: January 2020

Understanding host–pathogen dynamics requires realistic consideration of transmission events that, in the case of directly transmitted pathogens, result from contacts between susceptible and infected individuals. The corresponding contact rates are usually heterogeneous due to variation in individual movement patterns and the underlying landscape structure. However, in epidemiological models, the roles that explicit host movements and landscape structure play in shaping contact rates are often overlooked.We adapted an established agent‐based model of classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boarSus scrofato investigate how explicit representation of landscape heterogeneity and host movement between social groups affects invasion and persistence probabilities. We simulated individual movement both phenomenologically as a correlated random walk (CRW) and mechanistically by representing interactions of the moving individuals with the landscape and host population structure.The effect of landscape structure on the probability of invasion success and disease persistence depended remarkably on the way host movement is simulated and the case fatality ratio associated with the pathogen strain. The persistence probabilities were generally low with CRW which ignores feedbacks to external factors. Although the basic reproduction number R0, a measure of the contagiousness of an infectious disease, was kept constant, these probabilities were up to eight times higher under mechanistic movement rules, especially in heterogeneous landscapes. The increased persistence emerged due to important feedbacks of the directed movement on the spatial variation of host density, contact rates and transmission events to distant areas.Our findings underscore the importance of accounting for spatial context and group size structures in eco‐epidemiological models. Our study highlights that the simulation of explicit, mechanistic movement behaviour can reverse predictions of disease persistence in comparison to phenomenological rules such as random walk approaches. This can have severe consequences when predicting the probability of disease persistence and assessing control measures to prevent outbreaks.
THE ORIGINS OF BRITISH OPPIDA: UNDERSTANDING TRANSFORMATION IN IRON AGE PRACTICE AND SOCIETY
Authors: Garland Nicky 
Published: January 2020

SummaryIn Britain, large poly‐focal complexes known as oppida have played an important part in understanding the Late Iron Age. These sites are often described as emerging from empty or underused parts of the Iron Age landscape, originating through the convergence of different social groups and external influences from mainland Europe. However, new evidence suggests that ‘pre‐oppidum’ landscapes were far from empty and that earlier occupation, particularly agricultural activities, had a dramatic impact on how oppida and the societies that lived within them formed during the Later Iron Age. A new understanding of the origins of oppida highlights the need to rethink how we examine this settlement type over time and how we currently comprehend Late Iron Age society in Britain.
Hierarchical classification of pole‐like objects in mobile laser scanning point clouds
Authors: Liu Rufei , Wang Peng , Yan Zhaojin , Lu Xiushan , Wang Minye , Yu Jiayong , Tian Maoyi , Ma Xinjiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFor the classification of pole‐like objects (trees, lamp posts, traffic lights and traffic signs) in mobile laser scanning (MLS) point clouds, a hierarchical classification method is proposed. The method consists of three major steps. (1) The objects’ cylindrical column sections are detected based on the characteristics of arc‐like points using RANSAC after denoising. (2) These detected objects are roughly classified into trees and man‐made poles based on the azimuthal coverage of point clouds above the cylindrical column. (3) Eigenvalue analysis and the principal direction of the upper pole projections are used to differentiate lamp posts, traffic lights and traffic signs. Experimental analysis shows that the method can effectively identify different types of pole‐like objects.
Meeting Expectations at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games: Country Potential and Competitiveness
Authors: Otamendi F. Javier , Doncel Luis M. , Martín‐Gutiérrez Cecilia 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveDevelop a framework to measure the extent to which countries meet their performance expectations at major sporting events using economists, experts, and fan knowledge.MethodLong‐term expectations based on socioeconomic potential are calculated using sport‐agnostic econometric modeling. Short‐term expectations based on performance and competitiveness are calculated using betting odds, which incorporate both expert knowledge and “wisdom of the crowd.” Robust statistics based on the chi‐squared distribution are used to measure the extent to which countries’ expectations are met. Our method is tested using real data from the Rio 2016 Summer Olympic Games.ResultsTwelve countries over‐ or underperformed in terms of meeting either long‐ or short‐term expectations.ConclusionsUzbekistan was the only country that exceeded both long‐ and short‐term expectations.
Rapid systemic signaling during abiotic and biotic stresses: is the ROS wave master of all trades?
Authors: Fichman Yosef , Mittler Ron 
Published: January 2020

SummaryRapidly communicating the perception of an abiotic stress event, wounding or pathogen infection, from its initial site of occurrence to the entire plant, i.e. rapid systemic signaling, is essential for successful plant acclimation and defense. Recent studies highlighted an important role for several rapid whole‐plant systemic signals in mediating plant acclimation and defense during different abiotic and biotic stresses. These include calcium, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydraulic and electric waves. Although the role of some of these signals in inducing and coordinating whole‐plant systemic responses was demonstrated, many questions related to their mode of action, routes of propagation and integration remain unanswered. In addition, it is unclear how these signals convey specificity to the systemic response, and how are they integrated under conditions of stress combination. Here we highlight many of these questions, as well as provide a proposed model for systemic signal integration, focusing on the ROS wave.
Visualized Experiments on Residual Oil Classification and Its Influencing Factors in Waterflooding Using Micro-Computed Tomography
Authors: Song Rui , Peng Jiajun , Sun Shuyu , Wang Yao , Cui Mengmeng , Liu Jianjun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Pore-scale mechanism of the waterflooding process contributes to enhanced oil recovery, which has been widely emphasized in the petroleum industry. In this paper, pore-scale waterflooding experiments are carried out on mixed-wetted natural sandstone and 3D printed sandstone using micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). The high-resolution images of oil/water distribution in different stages of waterflooding cycles are acquired. The classification of residual oil after waterflooding is conducted using the shape factor and Euler number, which represents the shape and spatial connectivity, respectively. The in situ contact angles are measured on the segmented images and the pore-scale wettability of these two samples is analyzed. Then, the effects of pore structure, micro-fracture and wettability on the distribution of the patterns of residual oil are analyzed. The results indicate that the types of isolated, cluster, network, and film (only for natural sample) are the main forms of residual oil patterns after the waterflooding process. The negative correlation between the shape factor and the Euler number of the typical oil blocks are presented. The effect of wettability and pore geometry on the morphology of the oil/water interface is quantitatively studied. The capillary pressure is the key factor for the formation of the residual oil blocks, the morphology of which is controlled by both wettability and pore geometry.
Two-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on the Performance of Twin Vertical Axis Wind Turbine With Deflector
Authors: Jiang Yichen , Zhao Peidong , Zou Li , Zong Zhi , Wang Kun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The offshore wind industry is undergoing a rapid development due to its advantage over the onshore wind farm. The vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is deemed to be potential in offshore wind energy utilization. A design of the offshore vertical axis wind turbine with a deflector is proposed and studied in this paper. Two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is employed to investigate the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine. An effective method of obtaining the blade’s angle of attack (AoA) is introduced in CFD simulation to help analyze the blade aerodynamic torque variation. The numerical simulations are validated against the measured torque and wake velocity, and the results show a good agreement with the experiment. It is found that the blade instantaneous torque is correlated with the local AoA. Among the three deflector configurations, the front deflector leads to favorable local flow for the blade, which is responsible for the improved performance.