bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton versus photon radiotherapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity-matched analysis
Authors: Cheng Jen-Yu , Liu Chieh-Min , Wang Yu-Ming , Hsu Hsuan-Chih , Huang Eng-Yen , Huang Tzu-Ting , Lee Ching-Hsin , Hung Sheng-Ping , Huang Bing-Shen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Proton radiotherapy has a dosimetric advantage over photon radiotherapy. Many retrospective studies have shown promising results with proton radiotherapy in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, clinical evidence demonstrating the benefit of protons over photons is still limited. We therefore compared the clinical outcomes of the two modalities using medical research databases from our medical foundation.

Methods
We conducted a propensity score-matched cohort study based on our multi-institution medical organization research database. From January 2007 to January 2018, a total of 413 patients (photon: 349; proton: 64) who were diagnosed with HCC and primarily treated with radiotherapy with curative intent were enrolled. Overall survival (OS) and radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) were assessed. Stratified analysis was also performed to evaluate the heterogeneous effects of the two arms.

Results
A total of 110 patients (photon: 55; proton: 55) were analyzed in the propensity-matched series. The matched groups were balanced for baseline tumor risk factors. Cox regression analysis revealed a significant survival benefit in the proton group (p = 0.032, HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33–0.96). The median overall survival in the proton group was not reached and that in the photon group was 17.4 months. The biological equivalent dose of radiotherapy was significantly higher in the proton group than in the photon group (median, 96.56 Gray [relative biological effectiveness] vs. 62.5 Gray, p < 0.001). The risk of RILD was significantly lower in the proton group (11.8% vs. 36%, p = 0.004).

Conclusions
Proton radiotherapy could deliver a higher radiation dose than photon radiotherapy without increasing the risk of RILD and result in a better overall survival rate for those diagnosed with HCC and treated with radiotherapy with curative intent.
PKU dietary handbook to accompany PKU guidelines
Authors: MacDonald A. , van Wegberg A. M. J. , Ahring K. , Beblo S. , Bélanger-Quintana A. , Burlina A. , Campistol J. , Coşkun T. , Feillet F. , Giżewska M. , Huijbregts S. C. , Leuzzi V. , Maillot F. , Muntau A. C. , Rocha J. C. , Romani C. , Trefz F. , van Spronsen F. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism caused by deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine.

Main body
In 2017 the first European PKU Guidelines were published. These guidelines contained evidence based and/or expert opinion recommendations regarding diagnosis, treatment and care for patients with PKU of all ages. This manuscript is a supplement containing the practical application of the dietary treatment.

Conclusion
This handbook can support dietitians, nutritionists and physicians in starting, adjusting and maintaining dietary treatment.
E-Freeze - a randomised controlled trial evaluating the clinical and cost effectiveness of a policy of freezing embryos followed by thawed frozen embryo transfer compared with a policy of fresh embryo transfer, in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation: a statistical analysis plan
Authors: Bell Jennifer L. , Hardy Pollyanna , Greenland Melanie , Juszczak Edmund , Cole Christina , Maheshwari Abha , Bhattacharya Siladitya , Linsell Louise 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
The E-Freeze trial is a multi-centre randomised controlled trial of fresh versus frozen embryo transfer for women undergoing in vitro fertilisation. This paper describes the statistical analysis plan for the E-Freeze trial.

Methods and design
E-Freeze is a two-arm parallel-group, multi-centre, individually randomised controlled trial to determine if a policy of freezing embryos, followed by thawed frozen embryo transfer, results in a higher healthy baby rate when compared with the current policy of transferring fresh embryos. Couples undergoing their first, second or third cycle of in vitro fertilisation at fertility centres in the UK were randomised to either fresh or frozen embryo transfer. The primary outcome is a healthy baby, defined as a live singleton baby born at term with an appropriate weight for gestation. This paper describes the statistical analysis plan for the trial, including the analysis principles, definitions of outcomes, methods for primary analysis, pre-specified subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis. This plan was finalised prior to completion of recruitment to the trial.

Trial registration
ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN61225414. Registered on 29 December 2015.
Retrospective investigation of Echinococcus canadensis emergence in translocated elk (Cervus canadensis) in Tennessee, USA, and examination of canid definitive hosts
Authors: Dell BreeAnna , Newman Shelley J. , Purple Kathryn , Miller Brad , Ramsay Edward , Donnell Robert , Gerhold Richard W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Few reports of Echinococcus spp. have been described in the USA; however, the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. in wild hosts is increasing consequent to human activities. In the early 2000’s, 253 elk (Cervus canadensis) originating from Alberta, Canada were released into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area in an effort to re-establish their historical range.

Methods
We investigated the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in re-established elk populations in the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park via a retrospective analysis of banked elk tissues and helminth examinations on intestinal contents from coyotes (Canis latrans) from the North Cumberland Wildlife Management Area.

Results
Four elk were PCR and sequence positive for E. canadensis. Each sequence had 98% or greater coverage and identity to multiple E. canadensis genotypes on GenBank. Adult Echinococcus spp. were not detected in any of the coyotes examined in this study.

Conclusions
Continued surveillance of this disease in susceptible species in these areas is warranted, and these data further underscore the risk of zoonotic pathogen introduction secondary to wildlife translocation.
SHOX2 gene methylation in Egyptians having lung cancer
Authors: Rizk Mohamed Mostafa Mohamed Ahmed , Helal Suzan Mohamed Farouk , Gad Ahmed Youssef Shaaban , Younan Doreen Nazeih Assaad , Moemen Salma Abd El Maguid Mohamed Ramadan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Lung cancer tumorigenesis is mainly due to accumulation of genetic and epigenetic events in the respiratory epithelium. Epigenetic alteration is more frequent than somatic mutation in lung cancer. CpG island methylation of homeobox-associated genes is commonly seen in most early stage tumors. This study aimed at examining the potential usefulness of DNA methylation biomarker SHOX2, in broncho-alveolar lavage, in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Broncho-alveolar lavage was obtained from 80 patients; 60 cases with lung masses (proved malignant by histopathology) and 20 age and gender matched patients with benign lung lesions (benign controls). SHOX2 methylation status was evaluated using methylation analysis by restriction endonuclease digestion and real-time PCR.

Results
SHOX2 methylation level ranged 3.90–77.16% in cases, and 3.52–7.86% in controls, (p ≤ 0.001). SHOX2 methylation levels in comparison to tissue biopsy pathology (the gold standard test) had 76.92% sensitivity, 70% specificity, 87% positive predictive value, and 53.8% negative predictive value in diagnosing lung cancer. Different methylation levels were noted in different lung pathologies, (p = 0.003), with the highest methylation levels in squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma then lastly carcinoma in situ.

Conclusions
SHOX2 methylation levels could differentiate different varieties of lung cancer from benign lung lesions.
Tourism and heritage in the enhancement of Tianjin
Authors: Chauffert-Yvart Bruno , Ged Françoise , Lu Yue , Mengin Christine , Rousseau Émilie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article examines what is being promoted about Tianjin’s rich heritage through its tourism and heritage practices. An industrial city traditionally known for its crafts and gastronomy, Tianjin has gradually begun to promote its Chinese heritage and, since the 2000s, its city centre, which is noteworthy for its former foreign concessions and 19th- and 20th-century architectural heritage. After long neglect, the city centre has become a major component in the promotion of the city. Based on the analysis of tourism materials and studies conducted since the mid-2000s, this article first discusses the development of tourism in Tianjin and the chronology and interweaving of the services involved in heritage development. Then, it focuses on the reception of the city’s tourism offerings and on urban development operations in two sectors, Wudadao (or ‘Five avenues’), located in the former British Concession, and the ‘I-Style Town’ in the former Italian Concession.
Transthoracic Versus Transhiatal Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: A Nationwide Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Analysis
Authors: Mertens Alexander C. , Kalff Marianne C. , Eshuis Wietse J. , Van Gulik Thomas M. , Van Berge Henegouwen Mark I. , Gisbertz Suzanne S. ,   the Dutch Upper GI Cancer Audit group
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Chemoradiation followed by resection has been the standard therapy for resectable (cT1-4aN0-3M0) esophageal carcinoma in the Netherlands since 2010. The optimal surgical approach remains a matter of debate. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the transhiatal and the transthoracic approach concerning morbidity, mortality and oncological quality.

Methods
Data was acquired from the Dutch Upper GI Cancer Audit. Patients who underwent esophagectomy with curative intent and gastric tube reconstruction for mid/distal esophageal or esophagogastric junction carcinoma (cT1-4aN0-3M0) from 2011 to 2016 were included. Patients who underwent a transthoracic and transhiatal esophagectomy were compared after propensity score matching.

Results
After propensity score matching, 1532 of 4143 patients were included for analysis. The transthoracic approach yielded more lymph nodes (transthoracic median 19, transhiatal median 14; p < 0.001). There was no difference in the number of positive lymph nodes, however, the median (y)pN-stage was higher in the transthoracic group (p = 0.044). The transthoracic group experienced more chyle leakage (9.7% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.001), more pulmonary complications (35.5% vs. 26.1%, p < 0.001), and more cardiac complications (15.4% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.003). The transthoracic group required a longer hospital stay (median 14 vs. 11 days, p < 0.001), ICU stay (median 3 vs. 1 day, p < 0.001), and had a higher 30-day/in-hospital mortality rate (4.0% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.009).

Conclusions
In a propensity score-matched cohort, the transthoracic esophagectomy provided a more extensive lymph node dissection, which resulted in a higher lymph node yield, at the cost of increased morbidity and short-term mortality.
In vitro effects of macrophages on orthopaedic implant alloys and local release of metallic alloy components
Authors: Heise G. , Black C. M. , Smith R. , Morrow B. R. , Mihalko W. M. 
Published: June 2020

Aims This study aimed to determine if macrophages can attach and directly affect the oxide layers of 316L stainless steel, titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) by releasing components of these alloys. Methods Murine peritoneal macrophages were cultured and placed on stainless steel, CoCrMo, and Ti6Al4V discs into a 96-well plate. Cells were activated with interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Macrophages on stainless steel discs produced significantly more nitric oxide (NO) compared to their control counterparts after eight to ten days and remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. Results On stainless steel, both nonactivated and activated cell groups were shown to have a significant increase in metal ion release for Cr, Fe, and Ni (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.020 respectively) compared with medium only and showed macrophage-sized corrosive pits on the stainless steel surface. On titanium alloy discs there was a significant increase in aluminum (p < 0.001) among all groups compared with medium only. Conclusion These results indicated that macrophages were able to attach to and affect the oxide surface of stainless steel and titanium alloy discs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(7 Supple B):116–121.
Low-power-consumption polymer Mach–Zehnder interferometer thermo-optic switch at 532  nm based on a triangular waveguide
Authors: Lin Baizhu , Wang Xibin , Lv Jiawen , Cao Yue , Yang Yue , Zhang Yongbo , Zhang Ao , Yi Yunji , Wang Fei , Zhang Daming 
Published: June 2020

We designed and fabricated a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) thermo-optic switch with an inverted triangular waveguide. The inverted triangular waveguide achieves a fundamental mode in a large waveguide dimension, which can reduce the coupling loss and increase the extinction ratio. The triangular waveguide-based switch was simulated and presented higher heating efficiency and lower power consumption than that of the traditional rectangular waveguide-based switch. Compared with the traditional rectangular waveguide-based device, the power consumption of the proposed device is reduced by 60%. Spacing photobleaching was introduced to fabricate the inverted triangular waveguide and adjust the refractive index to minimize the mode number. The insertion loss of the typical fabricated device with a 2 cm length is about 7.8 dB. The device shows an extinction ratio of

∼

8.1

d
B

at 532 nm with a very low power consumption of 2.2 mW, and the switching rise time and fall time are 110 and 130 µs, respectively. The proposed single-mode waveguide and low-power-consumption optical switch have great potential applications in visible optical communication fields such as wavelength division multiplexing and mode-division multiplexing.
Karakter Keberagamaan di Java Pasca Geertz
Authors: Aji Gutomo Bayu 
Published: June 2020

Karakter keberagaman Geertz yang sering digunakan sebagai gambaran situasi keagamaan di Indonesia telah berubah secara drastis setelah peristiwa politik tahun 1965. Konteks perang dingin yang menggunakan Wahabi-salafisme sebagai instrumen pengendalian komunisme telah menciptakan tekanan dan ancaman yang memungkinkan terbentuknya otoritarianisme keagamaan. Dalam struktur dominasi dan sub-ordinasi, pemerliharaan otoritarianisme itu dilakukan melalui pemeliharaan agama resmi yang diakui pemerintah dan penggunaan diskursus toleransi sebagai instrumen hegemoni terhadap kepercayaan-kepercayaan sub-ordinat. Gus Dur merupakan aktor yang memainkan peranan penting dalam pembongkaran otoritarianisme itu. Tetapi sepeninggalnya, kecenderungan otoritarianisme semakin mengeras ketika bersinggungan dengan oligarkhi yang menguasai sumber daya ekonomi-politik. Kelompok pedesaan terutama petani kecil dan buruh tani adalah yang paling dipinggirkan dengan instrumen penjinakan ganda yaitu revolusi hijau dan otoritarianisme keagamaan. Kata kunci: keberagaman, otoritarianisme keagamaan, toleransi, dialog agama, rekonsiliasi, marjinal. Abstract Geertz’s religious characterization underwent drastic change since the ‘65 event. Western influences and the use of Wahabi-salafism as instruments of religious politics have changed the open model of religious life. After that event, the model of religious life turns into closed; formed on the basis of a political security agenda and limited to five official religions.. This article views the model as the basis for the formation of an authoritarian religious character, among others, which gives space to modernists to control the political infrastructure of religious and state religious resources, strengthen limited official religious arrangements, allow pressures and threats to work on religious conversion, purification of traditions and labeling untruth. In addition, the model is used to produce a discourse of tolerance which has the following tendencies: the discourse of tolerance originating from Western political philosophy is contradictory to the religious norms that are growing in Indonesian society, and the discourse operates in a limited manner among official religions as the dominant discourse that is dominant creating formal-exclusivism that strengthens the authoritarian religious character. Key words: diversity, authoritarianism, tolerance, religious dialogue, reconciliation, marginality
Externalidades de las emisiones del transporte público en Tepic, México: cambio climático y sustentabilidad
Authors: Serafín González Sylvia Lorena 
Published: June 2020

Contexto: Los procesos antrópicos relacionados con la movilidad urbana han colocado en el tema del transporte público en la agenda de la mayoría de países. Efectivamente, comparado con el vehículo privado, este representa la forma más económica y sustentable de ejercer la movilidad cotidiana. Sin embargo, quienes utilizan el proceso de combustión interna, a través de derivados del petróleo, emiten gases de efecto invernadero, y por tanto, esta forma de movilidad motorizada se ha vuelto el mayor contribuyente al cambio climático global. Bajo esta premisa, el objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar las externalidades de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en el sector transporte público de autobuses en la ciudad de Tepic, México.
Método: La investigación utiliza datos proporcionados por la Secretaría del Medio Ambiente de Nayarit, a partir de los cuales se estimaron las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del transporte público utilizando la metodología de 1996 avalada por el Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático de las Naciones Unidas. En este sentido, de acuerdo con esta metodología, que permite estimar el consumo de combustibles se obtuvo el recorrido anual por tipo de vehículo, así como su rendimiento vehicular.
Resultados: Las emisiones de gases de efecto invernado en la ciudad de Tepic, México, se aproximaron a las 192.000 toneladas emitidas por tan solo por transporte público de autobuses. Aunque el otorgamiento de concesiones se ha venido dando de manera desordenada y arbitraria por parte de los diferentes gobiernos, fue posible prospectar un escenario de emisión al 2020.
Conclusiones: El transporte público de autobuses en la ciudad de Tepic enfrenta un acelerado crecimiento, provocado por la expansión urbano-habitacional desordenada. Este sistema se ha convertido en uno de los principales emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, que lo colocan como tema central para la implementación de políticas públicas de transporte, adoptando iniciativas y mecanismos tendientes a reducir los niveles de emisiones, reducir externalidades y contribuir con la sustentabilidad y mitigación del cambio climático global.
Histologic Abnormalities of the Ascending Aorta: Effects on Aortic Remodeling after Intracardiac Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal Kumar , Sankhyan Lakshmi Kumari , Avneesh Sheil , Ray Ruma , Kalaivani Mani , Hasija Suruchi , Chauhan Abhinavsingh 
Published: June 2020

We evaluated aortic tissue specimens from patients undergoing tetralogy of Fallot repair, to determine whether histologic abnormalities affect postsurgical aortic remodeling and other patient-related variables.
Using light microscopy, we studied full-thickness aortic wall tissue operatively excised from 118 consecutive patients undergoing intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot. We performed multiple linear regression analysis to identify independent predictors of change in aortic root dimensions, which we measured with echocardiography after repair and every 3 months thereafter.
Thirty histologically normal specimens were used as controls. Elastic fiber fragmentation was found in 74.6% of the abnormal specimens, mucoid extracellular matrix accumulation in 49.2%, smooth muscle cell nuclei loss in 39%, smooth muscle cell disorganization in 28.8%, and medial fibrosis in 52.5%. At a mean follow-up time of 83.55 ± 42.08 months, mean aortic sinotubular diameter decreased from 28.79 ± 9.15 to 27.16 ± 8.52 mm/m2 (r =–0.43; P <0.001). Aortic sinotubular diameter decreased by 0.6 mm/m2 among females (β =0.6, SE=0.31; P =0.05) and by 0.88 mm/m2 in patients who had elastic fiber fragmentation or loss (β =0.88, SE=0.38; P =0.02). In bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis, duration of follow-up emerged as an independent predictor of aortic remodeling.
The aortic histopathologic changes in our patients had an independent negative impact on the degree of aortic remodeling after surgery. We observed the most improved aortic sinotubular diameter in patients who had either histologically normal aortas or aortas with elastic fragmentation.
Proposed method for highly selective resonant optical manipulation using counter-propagating light waves
Authors: Wada Takudo , Fujiwara Hideki , Sasaki Keiji , Ishihara Hajime 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Optical manipulation using electronic resonance can realize the selective manipulation of nano objects exhibiting quantum mechanical properties by confining electronic systems based on the characteristics of individual objects. This study theoretically proposes a method to actualize selective manipulation based on the resonant optical response. In this method, counter-propagating light waves are used to extract the pure contribution of the resonant optical response in the exerted force by regulating the balance between the two light waves. Furthermore, the selection of nanoparticles with particular resonance levels at room temperature and quantum dots with a particular size in the cryogenic condition is numerically demonstrated. An especially interesting aspect of this method is that it enables the examination of the absorption spectrum of a single nanoparticle by mapping the absorption efficiency to its mechanical motion. The results reveal an unconventional link between optical force technology and nanomaterials science.
Ultrasensitive and fast photoresponse in graphene/silicon-on-insulator hybrid structure by manipulating the photogating effect
Authors: Jiang Hao , Nie Changbin , Fu Jintao , Tang Linlong , Shen Jun , Sun Feiying , Sun Jiuxun , zhu Meng , Feng Shuanglong , Liu Yang , Shi Haofei , Wei Xingzhan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The hybrid structures of graphene with semiconductor materials based on photogating effect have attracted extensive interest in recent years due to the ultrahigh responsivity. However, the responsivity (or gain) was increased at the expense of response time. In this paper, we devise a mechanism which can obtain an enhanced responsivity and fast response time simultaneously by manipulating the photogating effect (MPE). This concept is demonstrated by using a graphene/silicon-on-insulator (GSOI) hybrid structure. An ultrahigh responsivity of more than 107 A/W and a fast response time of 90 µs were obtained. The specific detectivity D* was measured to be 1.46 ⨯ 1013 Jones at a wavelength of 532 nm. The Silvaco TCAD modeling was carried out to explain the manipulation effect, which was further verified by the GSOI devices with different doping levels of graphene in the experiment. The proposed mechanism provides excellent guidance for modulating carrier distribution and transport, representing a new route to improve the performance of graphene/semiconductor hybrid photodetectors.