bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adapting treatment length to opioid‐dependent individuals’ needs and preferences: a 2‐year follow‐up to a 1‐year study of extended‐release naltrexone
Authors: Solli Kristin Klemmetsby , Opheim Arild , Latif Zill‐e‐Huma , Krajci Peter , Benth Jūratė Šaltytė , Kunoe Nikolaj , Tanum Lars 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsExtended‐release naltrexone (XR‐NTX) is an under‐used treatment option for opioid dependence, today only available in a few countries in the world. Although effective, safe and feasible in short‐term treatment, long‐term data are scarce and there is no recommendation for required treatment length. The aims of the study were to determine the perceived need of long‐term XR‐NTX treatment and to examine long‐term treatment outcomes.DesignIn this prospective cohort study, following a parent 1‐year study of XR‐NTX, participants received treatment with XR‐NTX at their own discretion for a maximum of 104 weeks.Setting and participantsFive urban, outpatient addiction clinics in Norway, comprising opioid‐dependent adults aged 18–60 years (n = 50) already participating in the parent study.InterventionXR‐NTX administered as intramuscular injections (380 mg) every 4 weeks.MeasurementsTime in the study, use of opioids and other illicit substances, opioid craving and treatment satisfaction reported every 4 weeks.FindingsAmong 58 participants who completed the 1‐year parent study, 50 chose to continue the treatment with XR‐NTX. Median prolonged treatment time was 44.0 weeks [95% confidence interval (CI) = 25.5–62.5], ranging from 8 to 104 weeks. Most participants (35, 70%) reported no relapse to opioid use during treatment while a subgroup (15, 30%) reported relapses to opioids during the study. Scores for mean treatment satisfaction and recommending treatment to others were very high (>9) and mean opioid craving score was very low (<1) on a scale ranging from 0 to 10.ConclusionsExtended‐release naltrexone (XR‐NTX) was well tolerated in long‐term treatment of opioid‐dependent individuals in Norway already in XR‐NTX treatment. On average, the participants chose to continue treatment for almost 1 year beyond the initial 9–12 months of treatment. Participants reported high treatment satisfaction and 70% showed no relapse to opioids during the treatment period.
Concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task for measuring the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol: an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Martínez‐Loredo Victor , González‐Roz Alba , Secades‐Villa Roberto , Fernández‐Hermida José R. , MacKillop James 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsAn early meta‐analysis testing the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Purchase Task (APT), a measure of alcohol's relative reinforcing value, reported mixed associations, but predated a large number of studies. This systematic review and meta‐analysis sought to: (1) estimate the relationships between trait‐based alcohol demand indices from the APT and multiple alcohol indicators, (2) test several moderators and (3) analyze small study effects.MethodsA meta‐analysis of 50 cross‐sectional studies in four databases (n = 18 466, females = 43.32%). Sex, year of publication, number of APT prices and index transformations (logarithmic, square root or none) were considered as moderators. Small study effects were examined by using the Begg–Mazumdar, Egger's and Duval & Tweedie's trim‐and‐fill tests. Alcohol indicators were quantity of alcohol use, number of heavy drinking episodes, alcohol‐related problems and hazardous drinking. APT indices were intensity (i.e. consumption at zero cost), elasticity (i.e. sensitivity to increases in costs), Omax (i.e. maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e. price associated to Omax) and breakpoint (i.e. price at which consumption ceases).ResultsAll alcohol demand indices were significantly associated with all alcohol‐related outcomes (r = 0.132–0.494), except Pmax, which was significantly associated with alcohol‐related problems only (r = 0.064). The greatest associations were evinced between intensity in relation to alcohol use, hazardous drinking and heavy drinking and between Omax and alcohol use. All the tested moderators emerged as significant moderators. Evidence of small‐study effects was limited.ConclusionsThe Alcohol Purchase Task appears to have concurrent validity in alcohol research. Intensity and Omax are the most relevant indices to account for alcohol involvement.
Assigning moral roles within the Second World War in Europe: National similarities, differences, and implications for group‐level moral representations
Authors: Giner‐Sorolla Roger , Hilton Denis , Erb Hans‐Peter , Durante Federica , Flaßbeck Christine , Fülöp Eva , Mari Silvia , Petrović Nebojša , Sekerdej Maciej , Studzinska Anna , Skitka Linda J. , Washburn Anthony N. , Zadora Anna 
Published: December 2020

The moral roles assigned to nations that took part in the Second World War cast a shadow over contemporary international politics. To understand contemporary moral beliefs about the war, we took 11 mostly student samples from 9 nations that took part in the European theatre of war (totalN = 1,427). We asked respondents, in free and scaled listings, to identify the war’s heroes, villains, victims, and recipients of help. Nations and individuals seen as heroes, victims, and villains could be readily identified by most samples and showed both continuity and difference across nations. Most nations preferentially assigned themselves hero and victim roles, and the two were correlated positively, showing ingroup favouritism linked to victimhood. These findings show the importance of morality to contemporary views of the war and suggest further directions for studying today’s political climate in Europe and elsewhere.
A panacea gone awry: A review of water privatization policy in the Philippines
Authors: Encarnacion Tadem Teresa S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn 1997, the Philippine government privatized the operations of its publicly owned water service provider for Metro Manila. This was part of the global trend toward privatization of public services that started in the 1980s following a global economic crisis. The aims were to reduce government's role in economic development and in the provision of public services. Two decades later, however, the goals of Philippine water privatization continue to fall short of what it promised to do to the detriment of the consumers, particularly the urban poor. This article argues that the neoliberal development framework of privatization, deregulation, and economic liberalization and the market economy have generally favored corporate interests. The result has produced perennial problems such as the rising price of water and excessive profit taking and the limited and poor water services and sanitation coverage among others.
NO‐sensitive guanylyl cyclase in the lung
Authors: Friebe Andreas , Englert Nils 
Published: December 2020

In the late 1960s, several labatories identified guanylyl cyclase (GC) as the cGMP‐producing enzyme. Subsequently, two different types of GC were described that differed in their cellular localization. Primarily found in the cytosol, nitric oxide (NO)‐sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO‐GC) acts as receptor for the signalling molecule NO, in contrast the membrane‐bound isoenzyme is activated by natriuretic peptides. The lung compared with other tissues exhibits the highest expression of NO‐GC. The enzyme has been purified from lung for biochemical analysis. Although expressed in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and in pericytes, the function of NO‐GC in lung, especially in pericytes, is still not fully elucidated. However, pharmacological compounds that target NO‐GC are available and have been implemented for the therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. In addition, NO‐GC has been suggested as drug target for the therapy of asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on cGMP Signalling in Cell Growth and Survival. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.11/issuetoc
Experimental nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment stimulates multiple trophic levels of algal and detrital‐based food webs: a global meta‐analysis from streams and rivers
Authors: Ardón Marcelo , Zeglin Lydia H. , Utz Ryan M. , Cooper Scott D. , Dodds Walter K. , Bixby Rebecca J. , Burdett Ayesha S. , Follstad Shah Jennifer , Griffiths Natalie A. , Harms Tamara K. , Johnson Sherri L. , Jones Jeremy B. , Kominoski John S. , McDowell William H. , Rosemond Amy D. , Trentman Matt T. , Van Horn David , Ward Amelia 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTAnthropogenic increases in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations can strongly influence the structure and function of ecosystems. Even though lotic ecosystems receive cumulative inputs of nutrients applied to and deposited on land, no comprehensive assessment has quantified nutrient‐enrichment effects within streams and rivers. We conducted a meta‐analysis of published studies that experimentally increased concentrations of N and/or P in streams and rivers to examine how enrichment alters ecosystem structure (state: primary producer and consumer biomass and abundance) and function (rate: primary production, leaf breakdown rates, metabolism) at multiple trophic levels (primary producer, microbial heterotroph, primary and secondary consumers, and integrated ecosystem). Our synthesis included 184 studies, 885 experiments, and 3497 biotic responses to nutrient enrichment. We documented widespread increases in organismal biomass and abundance (mean response = +48%) and rates of ecosystem processes (+54%) to enrichment across multiple trophic levels, with no large differences in responses among trophic levels or between autotrophic or heterotrophic food‐web pathways. Responses to nutrient enrichment varied with the nutrient added (N, P, or both) depending on rate versus state variable and experiment type, and were greater in flume and whole‐stream experiments than in experiments using nutrient‐diffusing substrata. Generally, nutrient‐enrichment effects also increased with water temperature and light, and decreased under elevated ambient concentrations of inorganic N and/or P. Overall, increased concentrations of N and/or P altered multiple food‐web pathways and trophic levels in lotic ecosystems. Our results indicate that preservation or restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem functions of streams and rivers requires management of nutrient inputs and consideration of multiple trophic pathways.
Motor function recovery: deciphering a regenerative niche at the neuromuscular synapse
Authors: Zelada Diego , Bermedo‐García Francisca , Collao Nicolás , Henríquez Juan P. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThe coordinated movement of many organisms relies on efficient nerve–muscle communication at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a peripheral synapse composed of a presynaptic motor axon terminal, a postsynaptic muscle specialization, and non‐myelinating terminal Schwann cells. NMJ dysfunctions are caused by traumatic spinal cord or peripheral nerve injuries as well as by severe motor pathologies. Compared to the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system displays remarkable regenerating abilities; however, this capacity is limited by the denervation time frame and depends on the establishment of permissive regenerative niches. At the injury site, detailed information is available regarding the cells, molecules, and mechanisms involved in nerve regeneration and repair. However, a regenerative niche at the final functional step of peripheral motor innervation, i.e. at the mature neuromuscular synapse, has not been deciphered. In this review, we integrate classic and recent evidence describing the cells and molecules that could orchestrate a dynamic ecosystem to accomplish successful NMJ regeneration. We propose that such a regenerative niche must ensure at least two fundamental steps for successful NMJ regeneration: the proper arrival of incoming regenerating axons to denervated postsynaptic muscle domains, and the resilience of those postsynaptic domains, in morphological and functional terms. We here describe and combine the main cellular and molecular responses involved in each of these steps as potential targets to help successful NMJ regeneration.
Neurodevelopment outcomes in infants born to women with Zika virus infection during pregnancy in Mexico
Authors: Familiar Itziar , Boivin Michael , Magen Jed , Azcorra Jose Antonio , Phippen Colton , Barrett Elizabeth Ann , Miller Sydney , Ruisenor‐Escudero Horacio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes in normocephalic infants born to women with Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy in Mexico. We sought to evaluate ZIKV exposed infants in Yucatan, Mexico, with performance‐based and eye‐gaze measures of neurodevelopment, removing observer bias.MethodsWe enrolled 60 infants about 6‐month old born to women with PCR + test for ZIKV during pregnancy. Infants were normocephalic and asymptomatic. Sixty infants born to women without a history of ZIKV infection were included as comparison. Children were assessed with the Mullen scales of early learning (MSEL), a test with scales in motor, language, and overall cognitive skills development, and the Fagan test of infant intelligence (FTII) using automated eye‐tracking instrumentation to evaluate infant visual preference of human faces, where longer gaze lengths to unfamiliar (i.e., new) faces are expected.ResultsAll MSEL subscale scores, except expressive language, were significantly lower among ZIKV exposed children compared to controls, including the overall standard composite (80 ± 10 vs. 87 ± 7.4, respectively; p < 0.001). FTII eye‐tracking measures of fixation and gaze length were in the expected direction, with longer times recorded among infants in the control group (i.e., higher attention), but none reached statistical significance. In adjusted linear regressions, the FTII high novelty score (expected preference for a novel face) predicted fine motor (β = 3.61, p = 0.04) and receptive language (β = 2.55, p = 0.03) scores.ConclusionsNonmicrocephalic children born to women with ZIKV during pregnancy in Mexico merit early neurodevelopmental evaluation to allow for appropriate interventions and clinical follow‐up. It is possible that long‐term monitoring of cognitive deficits may need to be established for a proportion of affected cases.
Perineal healing following salvage surgery for anal cancer
Authors: Baloch Naseer , Nordenvall Caroline , Johansson Hemming , Nygren Jonas , Nilsson Per J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimApproximately 25% of anal cancer patients undergo abdominoperineal excision or more extensive surgery. Following surgery, a high perineal complication rate has been reported. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is an evidence‐based multimodal interventional programme introduced to mitigate the risk of complications. This study aims to describe perineal healing in relation to ERAS compliance, type of resection and method of perineal reconstruction in patients with anal cancer after salvage surgery.MethodThis is a retrospective cohort study including all patients undergoing abdominal surgery for squamous cell anal cancer in Stockholm between January 2005 and December 2015. Data collection was from registers supplemented by chart review. All patients were followed until death or 1 year after surgery. The associations between ERAS compliance, patient and treatment characteristics and perineal wound healing were evaluated using logistic regression.ResultsIn total, 101 patients (67 women) were included, of whom 72 were ERAS compliant. Of patients alive, healing after surgery occurred in 61/98 and 84/89 at 3 months and 1 year, respectively. Perineal healing at 3 months was statistically significantly associated with younger age and type of perineal reconstruction (in favour of vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap). No associations were observed at 1 year but almost all wounds were healed.ConclusionAge and type of perineal reconstruction appear to be significantly associated with improved healing at 3 months whereas compliance to an ERAS protocol and type of resection do not. Nearly all patients had a fully healed perineal wound 1 year after surgery for anal cancer.
Crossing low/moderate‐level donor‐specific antibodies during heart transplantation
Authors: Setia Gayatri , Nishihara Keith , Singer‐Englar Tahli , Zhang Xiaohai , Patel Jignesh , Kobashigawa Jon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDonor‐specific antibodies (DSAs) in patients prior to heart transplantation are associated with increased risk of rejection and can lead to longer waitlist times, but it is not known whether patients with low/moderate‐level DSA at transplant have acceptable post‐transplant outcomes. We performed a single‐center, retrospective review to examine outcomes associated with crossing pre‐existing low/moderate‐level DSA. We assessed 864 patients awaiting heart transplantation between 2010 and 2018, identified 67 patients with low/moderate‐level DSA and compared them to patients who were sensitized without DSA at the time of heart transplantation, as well as a control group of non‐sensitized patients. Outcomes included 3‐year survival, freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), freedom from non‐fatal major adverse cardiac events (NF‐MACE), and 1‐year freedom from rejection. In the first‐year post‐transplant, there was decreased freedom from antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) in the patients with pre‐existing DSA compared with patients sensitized without DSA and non‐sensitized patients. However, the DSA group experienced similar 3‐year post‐transplant survival, freedom from CAV, and freedom from NF‐MACE compared with the other study groups. Our findings suggest that crossing low/moderate‐level DSA does not lead to worse outcomes in heart transplantation and may offer a viable way to increase a sensitized patient's chance to obtain a suitable donor.
Update on dermatologic laser therapy II – advances in photodynamic therapy using laser‐assisted drug delivery
Authors: Paasch Uwe , Grunewald Sonja 
Published: December 2020

SummaryTechnical advances in recent years have led to the development of new dermatologic laser systems, light sources, and treatment concepts. With the introduction of ablative fractional lasers (using common wavelengths) in the field of dermatology, it is now possible to more effectively and efficiently treat a variety of skin disorders. One important example of these advances is laser‐assisted drug delivery (LADD). A type of LADD, laser‐assisted photodynamic therapy has been successfully employed in the treatment of non‐melanoma skin cancer including field cancerization. This treatment concept has been continually modified and today includes the use of daylight as well as artificial daylight systems. This update is based as cited, shortened and updated according to “Paasch,U. 2019. Laser‐assistierte photodynamische Therapie. p. 226–239. In G.Kautz (ed.) Energie für die Haut. Springer Nature, Springer Nature”.
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolites in tryptophan‐kynurenine and nitric oxide pathways: biomarkers for acute neuroinflammation
Authors: Yan Jingya , Kuzhiumparambil Unnikrishnan , Bandodkar Ashvin , Bandodkar Sushil , Dale Russell C , Fu Shanlin 
Published: December 2020

AimTo explore the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolite features in acute neuroinflammatory diseases and identify potential biomarkers to diagnose and monitor neuroinflammation.MethodA cohort of 14 patients (five females, nine males; mean [median] age 7y 9mo [9y], range 6mo–13y) with acute encephalitis (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis n=6, unknown suspected viral encephalitis n=3, enteroviral encephalitis n=2, seronegative autoimmune encephalitis n=2, herpes simplex encephalitis n=1) and age‐matched non‐inflammatory neurological disease controls (n=14) were investigated using an untargeted metabolomics approach. CSF metabolites were analyzed with liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, followed by subsequent multivariate and univariate statistical methods.ResultsA total of 35 metabolites could be discriminated statistically between the groups using supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and analysis of variance. The tryptophan‐kynurenine pathway contributed nine key metabolites. There was a statistical increase of kynurenine, quinolinic acid, and anthranilic acid in patients with encephalitis, whereas tryptophan, 3‐hydroxyanthrnailic acid, and kynurenic acid were decreased. The nitric oxide pathway contributed four metabolites, with elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine and argininosuccinic acid, and decreased arginine and citrulline in patients with encephalitis. An increase in the CSF kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (p<0.001), anthranilic acid/3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid ratio (p<0.001), asymmetric dimethylarginine/arginine ratio (p<0.001), and neopterin (p<0.001) strongly predicted neuroinflammation.InterpretationThe combination of alterations in the tryptophan‐kynurenine pathway, nitric oxide pathway, and neopterin represent a useful potential panel for neuroinflammation and holds potential for clinical translation practice.What this paper adds

The kynurenine/tryptophan and anthranilic acid/3‐hydroxyanthranilic acid ratios hold great potential as biomarkers of neuroinflammation.

Elevation of the asymmetric dimethylarginine/arginine ratio in acute brain inflammation shows dysregulation of the nitric oxide pathway.
ADO09, a co‐formulation of the amylin analogue pramlintide and the insulin analogue A21G, lowers postprandial blood glucose versus insulin lispro in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Andersen Grit , Meiffren Grégory , Famulla Susanne , Heise Tim , Ranson Aymeric , Seroussi Cyril , Eloy Rosy , Gaudier Martin , Charvet Richard , Chan You‐Ping , Soula Olivier , DeVries J. Hans 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo compare the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ADO09 with insulin lispro (Lispro) and separate subcutaneous injections of human insulin and pramlintide (Ins&Pram) in 24 subjects with type 1 diabetes.MethodsAt three dosing visits, participants received single doses of ADO09, Ins&Pram or Lispro immediately before eating a standardized mixed meal together with 1 g of acetaminophen, which was used as a surrogate marker to evaluate the kinetics of gastric emptying. Premeal blood glucose was adjusted to 126 mg/dL ± 10% by means of insulin and glucose infusions. The insulin dose was 7.5 U and the pramlintide dose was 45 μg. Blood glucose, glucagon and acetaminophen concentrations were assessed as pharmacodynamic endpoints; insulin and pramlintide concentrations were analysed as pharmacokinetic endpoints, and safety and tolerability were assessed.ResultsCompared with Lispro, ADO09 reduced postprandial blood glucose (ppBG) excursions by more than 95% in the first hour postmeal (mean ± SD ∆AUC BG 0‐1 h: 1.4 ± 9.9 mg*h/dL vs. 43.5 ± 15.3 mg*h/dL; p < .0001). Maximum ppBG was significantly improved with ADO09 (∆BGmax 87.0 ± 35.5 mg/dL) versus both Lispro (109.2 ± 31.1 mg/dL; p = .0133) and Ins&Pram (109.4 ± 44.3 mg/dL; p = .0357). Gastric emptying with ADO09 was similar to Ins&Pram and significantly slower than with Lispro. All treatments were well tolerated and both adverse events and hypoglycaemic events were rare during the meal test procedure.ConclusionADO09 was well tolerated and markedly reduced ppBG compared with Lispro. ADO09 formulation was generally similar to the separate administration of insulin and pramlintide, except for a better BG level in the 4‐8 h interval postmeal. These positive results warrant further investigations with ADO09.