bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ionic conductivity of Sm‐doped ceria
Authors: Koettgen Julius , Martin Manfred 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe oxygen ion conductivity of polycrystalline samples of Sm‐doped ceria and of Gd‐doped ceria is studied as a function of doping fraction and temperature using impedance spectroscopy allowing the separation of bulk and grain boundary conductivity. The introduction of a fine spacing for the Sm dopant fraction allows the clear identification of the dopant fraction leading to the largest bulk conductivity. At 267°C, the largest bulk conductivity is shown for Ce0.93Sm0.07O1.965. With increasing temperature, indications of an increase in the dopant fraction, which leads to the maximum in conductivity, are found. For the grain boundary conductivity, the maximum appears at larger dopant fractions compared to the bulk conductivity. The largest total conductivity for both dopants is again found for Sm‐doped ceria. In literature, different syntheses and sample preparation methods led to larger total conductivities for Gd‐doped ceria. In this work, we demonstrate that the variation of sintering conditions leads to scattering in the conductivity over one order of magnitude. Finally, we demonstrate that, in nominally pure cerium oxide, impurities dominate the ionic conductivity.
Flash microwave pressing of zirconia
Authors: Manière Charles , Lee Geuntak , Torresani Elisa , Gerling John F. , Yakovlev Vadim V. , Martin Darold , Olevsky Eugene A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMicrowave Pressing is a promising way to reduce microwave sintering temperatures and stabilize microwave powder materials processing. A multiphysics simulation was conducted of the regulated pressure‐assisted microwave cavity. This simulation took into consideration resonance phenomena and the nonlinear temperature‐dependent material parameters of zirconia. The intrinsic behaviors of microwave systems and zirconia make the regulation of the microwave pressing difficult. However, the same phenomena can be used to activate flash sintering. Flash microwave sintering uses high electric fields of the resonant microwave profile, the Negative Temperature Behavior (NTC) of zirconia resistivity, and the mechanical pressure applied to the powder via a die compaction configuration. The resulting flash microwave pressing still needs improvement in terms of the processed material structure homogeneity, but it has the capacity to become the fastest sintering treatment as it allows room temperature activation where the total process time only takes a few seconds. In addition, this 10‐20 seconds processing technique has shown good potential for improving the transparency of alumina presintered specimens.
Preparation of near net size porous alumina‐calcium aluminate ceramics by gelcasting‐pore‐forming agent processs
Authors: Hao Bian‐Lei , Lang Ying , Bian Da‐Qian , Wang Chang‐An 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the processing of porous ceramics, shrinkage from green body to sintered compact during drying and sintering is one of the key concerns which affect microstructure and properties of porous ceramics. Through releasing gases from the burning of the pore forming agents, and volume expansion from the formation of low density resultants during sintering, the sintering shrinkage can be effectively compensated and near net size preparation can be achieved. Herein, near net size porous alumina‐calcium aluminate ceramics with controllable shrinkage have been prepared using a combination of gelcasting and pore‐forming agent process by adjusting the amount of CaCO3 and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres added. Al2O3 and CaCO3 were used as raw materials, PMMA microspheres were used as pore‐forming agent, isobutylene/maleic anhydride copolymer (Isobam104) was used as gelling agent and dispersing agent. The effects of the addition amounts of CaCO3 and PMMA in the slurry on the phase composition, shrinkage, porosity, and strength of porous alumina‐calcium aluminate ceramics were investigated. The results show that as the CaCO3 addition amount increases from 0 to 20 wt%, the shrinkage of the samples gradually decreases from 7.3% to −1.4%, and the consequent porosity increases from 58% to 66%, while the compressive strength increases from 5.9 to 15.5 MPa. When PMMA content increases from 10 to 50 wt%, the shrinkage of the samples decreases first and then increases, the porosity increases from 51% to 74%, and the compressive strength decreases from 12.5 to 5.3 MPa. The mechanisms for controlling shrinkages during preparation of porous alumina‐calcium aluminate ceramics can be attributed to the following aspects: on one hand, gas release from burning of PMMA and decomposition of CaCO3 during sintering; on the other hand, volume expansion due to the formation of lower density calcium aluminates which come from the reactions between CaO and Al2O3. The near net size preparation technique is of great significance for the manufacture of porous ceramics since the subsequent machining cost can be effectively reduced.
Safety and efficacy of fixed‐dose combination calcipotriol (50 μg/g) and betamethasone dipropionate (0.5 mg/g) cutaneous foam in adolescent patients (aged 12 to <17 years) with plaque psoriasis: results of a phase II, open‐label trial
Authors: Seyger M. , Abramovits W. , Liljedahl M. , Hoejen M.N. , Teng J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundFixed‐dose combination of calcipotriol (50 μg/g; Cal) and betamethasone dipropionate (0.5 mg/g; BD) foam is approved for plaque psoriasis treatment in adults, with a paucity of data supporting use in adolescents.ObjectivesTo evaluate safety of 4 weeks’ treatment with Cal/BD foam in adolescent patients with psoriasis, and additional safety outcomes in patients with more severe disease (HPA‐axis cohort). Primary objectives included treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and systemic calcium levels in the overall population, and HPA‐axis function, change in calcium excretion and the calcium:creatinine ratio in the HPA‐axis cohort. Secondary objectives included exploratory efficacy endpoints [treatment success: change in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)]. Systemic exposure to Cal/BD was also assessed.MethodsA phase II, open‐label, study (NCT02387853) in patients (12 to <17 years) with at least mild psoriasis, to evaluate Cal/BD foam applied once daily for ≤4 weeks.ResultsIn patients assigned to treatment (n = 106), 32 TEAEs occurred in 22 patients (20.8%). All but two TEAEs were mild; none led to study withdrawal or death. Changes (0–4 weeks) in albumin‐corrected serum calcium (overall population) and urinary calcium excretion (HPA‐axis cohort) were small, transient and not considered clinically relevant. In the HPA‐axis cohort, no change in urinary calcium:creatinine ratio was observed and responses to adrenocorticotropic–hormone (ACTH) challenge did not suggest disruption of the HPA‐axis. Prespecified treatment success on the body and scalp was achieved by 71.8% and 75.7% of the overall population, respectively. Mean PASI decreased by 82.0% vs. baseline at Week 4. Systemic exposure to Cal/BD was minimal.ConclusionsCal/BD foam was well tolerated in adolescent patients with body/scalp psoriasis. There was no evidence for dysregulation of the HPA‐axis nor calcium homoeostasis in patients with more severe disease. Exploratory efficacy data in the overall population were encouraging.
A novel technique for treating atrophic facial scars in Asians using ultra‐pulse CO2 laser
Authors: Jin Wenyan , Li Zhouna , Jin Zhehu , Jin Chenglong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsFractional lasers have become increasingly popular for treating atrophic scars, but their effectiveness is limited for deeper scars. We developed a novel technique (manual fractional thermal contraction technology, MFTCT) using an ultra‐pulse CO2 laser and evaluated its efficacy and safety for treating atrophic facial scars.MethodsA total of 44 patients with atrophic facial scars were treated with MFTCT every 8 weeks for 1‐4 times. Overall scar improvement was assessed by photographs taken at baseline and 3 months after the last treatment according to the 4‐point global assessment scale (GAS) and ECCA grading scale. Improvements in color, distortion, and texture were assessed by the modified Manchester Scar Scale and scored individually from 1 to 4. Pain degrees and adverse reactions during and after treatment were recorded.ResultsA total of 44 patients completed the treatment and follow‐ups; of them, 89% reported at least 50% overall improvement after the last treatment. The mean ECCA scores fell from 67.50 ± 23.98 to 45.68 ± 18.57 (a 32% improvement), and the change was significant (P = .000). The average score for overall improvement was 3.48. The average scores for color, distortion, and texture were 3.07 ± 0.62, 3.27 ± 0.50, and 3.52 ± 0.51, respectively. Mean pain degree score was 4.27 ± 1.04, and mean erythema duration was 28.43 ± 6.58 days. Some patients developed pigmentation for a few months that resolved with topical treatment.ConclusionManual fractional thermal contraction technology has definite clinical efficacy in the treatment of atrophic facial scars with fewer adverse reactions and is worth using in the clinical setting.
Combined effect of poor appetite and low masticatory function on sarcopenia in community‐dwelling Japanese adults aged ≥ 75 years: A 3‐year cohort study
Authors: Senoo Soichiro , Iwasaki Masanori , Kimura Yumi , Kakuta Satoko , Masaki Chihiro , Wada Taizo , Sakamoto Ryota , Ishimoto Yasuko , Fujisawa Michiko , Okumiya Kiyohito , Ansai Toshihiro , Matsubayashi Kozo , Hosokawa Ryuji 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the longitudinal association of the combination of poor appetite (PA) and low masticatory function (LMF) with sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults.MethodsIn total, 173 community‐dwelling Japanese adults aged ≥ 75 years participated in the 3‐year cohort study. Appetite assessment using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and masticatory function assessment using spectrophotometric measurement of differences in gum colour before and after masticating colour‐changeable chewing gum (ΔE*ab) were performed at baseline. SNAQ score of ≤ 14 was defined as PA. The lowest tertile of ΔE*ab was defined as LMF. Follow‐up examinations were administered annually over a 3‐year period to determine sarcopenia incidence, which was defined by the criteria proposed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of sarcopenia incidence according to the presence of PA and LMF were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsAt baseline, 81 participants (46.8%) had neither PA nor LMF, 34 (19.7%) had PA alone, 35 (20.2%) had LMF alone, and 23 (13.3%) had both PA and LMF. On follow‐up, 31 participants (17.9%) developed sarcopenia. After adjusting for covariates, the adjusted HR for sarcopenia in participants with both PA and LMF was 4.4 (95% confidence interval = 1.6‐12.2) compared with those without PA or LMF. PA or LMF alone was not significantly associated with sarcopenia development.ConclusionsCoexisting PA and LMF increase the risk of sarcopenia development among community‐dwelling Japanese adults aged ≥ 75 years.
Feeding characteristics of infants in a lower‐middle‐income country
Authors: Fuls Nichole , Krüger Esedra , van der Linde Jeannie 
Published: February 2020

AimTo describe feeding characteristics (such as breast feeding and complementary feeding) and determine the nature of feeding difficulties of infants in a primary health‐care clinic (PHC) in South Africa.MethodsA total of 200 infants aged 6–12 months (mean = 8.54, standard deviation = 2.18) received a feeding screening by a speech–language therapist at a PHC in a semi‐urban area using the Montreal Children's Hospital‐Feeding Scale (MCH‐FS). Children who failed screening underwent further clinical feeding evaluation using the Schedule of Oral Motor Assessment.ResultsThe sample consisted of 200 participants, and most participants (n = 174; 87%) received breastfeeding, irrespective of their mothers' human immunodeficiency virus status. The longer the breastfeeding period, the less likely parents were to show concern about infants' feeding (P = 0.035). Complementary feeding was introduced between 6 and 8 months (n = 122; 82%). The MCH‐FS identified 13 participants with feeding difficulties (6.5%), of which 11 were diagnosed with oral motor dysfunction (OMD) using the Schedule of Oral Motor Assessment. The 6.5% (n = 13) that failed had mild (n = 8; 61.5%), moderate (n = 2; 15.4%) and severe (n = 3; 23.1%) feeding difficulties, as reported by care givers using the MCH‐FS. The MCH‐FS showed that distraction during meals/following infants (n = 42; 21%); food refusal (n = 31; 15.5%); care giver unease about feeding (n = 29; 14.5%); and problems with vomiting, gagging or spitting (n = 28; 14%) were characteristics of feeding in this sample. Participants in the age groups 6 (n = 3; 27.3%) and 10 months (n = 3; 27.3%) were prone to OMD.ConclusionsThis study is the first of its kind to describe the feeding characteristics of a group of infants during the transitional feeding stage in late infancy in South Africa. Important findings were the existence of OMD in 11 infants and feeding difficulties during transitional feeding in 13 infants. The study's findings may be used as a starting point for larger‐scale studies in a similar setting, investigating the development of future care giver education and health‐care professional training programmes regarding transitional feeding. Research endeavours by speech–language therapists need to prioritise late infancy and transitional feeding in order to prevent possible difficulties arising from sub‐optimal care giver feeding practices. The study may be valuable to all health‐care providers in PHC.
The status of patenting plants in the Global South
Authors: Correa Carlos M. , Correa Juan I. , De Jonge Bram 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOver the last few decades, the number of patents on plants and plant parts has greatly increased in various parts of the world. Most research, however, has focused exclusively on developed countries—the United States and European Union states in particular—while little is known about the extent to which plants are being patented in other parts of the world. This article aims to fill this information gap by providing an overview of the status of patenting plants in the developing countries and emerging economies of the Global South. The research is based on the analysis of legal provisions, patentability guidelines, court decisions (where they exist) and a sample of patents granted in the countries selected for this study. The findings indicate that despite the flexibilities of the World Trade Organization Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement regarding the nonpatentability of plants, 60% of the 126 countries in the Global South for which data were available to allow for the patenting of plants or parts thereof, and many such patents have been identified. This situation warrants further reflection and, potentially, review of existing patent laws as developing countries search for ways of responding optimally to the needs of feeding a growing population while adapting to the challenges of climate change.
Beyond the Marrakesh VIP Treaty: Typology of copyright access‐enabling provisions for persons with disabilities
Authors: Ncube Caroline B. , Reid Blake E. , Oriakhogba Desmond O. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper builds upon the evidence drawn from a scoping study on access to copyright works by persons with disabilities. It identifies and discusses specific access‐enabling technologies for persons with aural, cognitive, physical, and visual disabilities and how they are affected by the exercise of exclusive rights. It shows how, and the extent to which states' ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled (Marrakesh Treaty) has enabled the making of accessible format of copyright works for persons with disabilities. To this end, the paper examines patterns and trends of accessible format‐enabling provisions in the copyright laws of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) member states.
Shared renewable resources and gains from trade under technology standards
Authors: Takarada Yasuhiro , Dong Weijia , Ogawa Takeshi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing a two‐country, two‐good model of international trade, we examine gains from trade and strategic interaction in resource management among countries that share renewable resources such as fishery stocks. Two goods are a resource good, which is the harvest of the shared stock, and some other good that may be thought of as manufactures. The productivity of the resource good depends on harvesting technology and the stock level. This paper focuses on technology standards (e.g., restrictions on fishing gears, vessels, areas, and time) over other methods for resource management because they are most commonly implemented in fisheries. Technology standards are modeled as a restriction on the harvesting technology; that is, under strict technology standards, firms exploit resources as if they are using inferior harvesting technology. We show that an opening up of trade may reduce the shared stock and cause steady‐state utility to decrease in a resource‐good importing country and increase in a resource‐good exporting country. Strikingly, when the shared stock is in jeopardy (a high demand for the harvest), steady‐state harvest is maximized after an opening up of trade by what we call multilateral resource management in this paper and both countries gain from trade.
Ex vivo mechanical properties of a 2.5‐mm bone anchor for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in toy breed dogs
Authors: Roca Rodrigo Y. , Peura Aliisa , Kowaleski Michael P. , Watson Mallory T. , Lendhey Matin , Rocheleau P. J. , Hulse Donald A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the mechanical pull‐out properties of a 2.5‐mm bone anchor implanted in ex vivo femurs of toy breed dogs and to determine whether there is a difference between knotted and knotless configurations.Study designExperimental study.Sample populationEight paired harvested femurs.MethodsFemurs were assigned to knotted or knotless configuration. Equal numbers of right and left femurs were tested. The caudolateral femoral condyle at the distal pole of the lateral fabella (F2 site) was drilled. The assigned configuration with braided suture combined with the bone anchor was implanted into the F2 site. Each configuration was positioned into a mechanical testing machine to measure yield load, load at 3‐mm displacement, ultimate load, stiffness, and mode of failure at the beginning of the canine standing phase angle (150°).ResultsMean ultimate load was 100.14 and 88.69 N (P= .798), mean yield load was 59.72 and 55.85 N (P= .708), load at 3‐mm displacement was 46.72 and 43.33 N (P= .656), and stiffness was calculated to be 43.06 and 47.09 N/mm (P= .548) for knotted and knotless configurations, respectively. Mode of failure occurred primarily by anchor pull‐out.ConclusionThe bone anchor withstood deformation at the estimated forces applied on the native cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) of toy breed dogs in both configurations.Clinical significanceThis bone anchor may constitute a useful alternative for stabilization of the CCL deficient stifle in toy breed dogs. However, before it can be recommended for widespread use in dogs, closely monitored clinical trials must be conducted to assess outcome and complications associated with this implant.
Hierarchical Nonlinear Moving Horizon Estimation of Vehicle Lateral Speed and Road Friction Coefficient
Authors: Jin Chi , Maitland Anson , McPhee John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we address nonlinear moving horizon estimation (NMHE) of vehicle lateral speed, as well as the road friction coefficient, using measured signals from sensors common to modern series-production automobiles. Due to nonlinear vehicle dynamics, a standard nonlinear moving horizon formulation leads to non-convex optimization problems, and numerical optimization algorithms can be trapped in undesirable local minima, leading to incorrect solutions. To address the challenge of non-convex cost functions, we propose an estimator with a two-level hierarchy. At the high level, a grid search combined with numerical optimization aims to find reference estimates that are sufficiently close to the global optimum. The reference estimates are refined at the low level leading to high-precision solutions. Our algorithm ensures that the estimates converge to the true values for the nominal model without the need for accurate initialization. Our design is tested in simulation with both the nominal model as well as a high-fidelity model of Autonomoose, the self-driving car of the University of Waterloo.
A Fluid–Structure Interaction Study on a Bionic Fish Fin With Non-Uniform Stiffness Distribution
Authors: Luo Yang , Xiao Qing , Shi Guangyu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the propulsive performance of a caudal peduncle-fin swimmer mimicking a bio-inspired robotic fish model is numerically studied using a fully coupled FSI solver. The model consists of a rigid peduncle and a flexible fin which pitches in a uniform flow. The flexible fin is modeled as a thin plate assigned with non-uniformly distributed stiffness. A finite volume method based in-house Navier–Stokes solver is used to solve the fluid equations, while the fin deformation is resolved using a finite element code. The effect of the fin flexibility on the propulsive performance is investigated. The numerical results indicate that compliance has a significant influence on performance. Under the parameters studied in this paper, the medium flexible fin exhibits remarkable efficiency improvement, as well as thrust augment, while the least flexible fin shows no obvious difference from the rigid one. However, for the most flexible fin, although the thrust production decreases sharply, the efficiency reaches the maximum value. It should be noted that by non-uniformly distributing the rigidity across the caudal fin, our model is able to replicate some fin deformation patterns observed in both the live fish and the experimental robotic fish.
Design of Novel Gas Foil Thrust Bearings and Test Validation in a High-Speed Test Rig
Authors: LaTray Nguyen , Kim Daejong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Small gas foil bearings (FBs) with shaft diameter below 25 mm can find many applications in air compressors for fuel cells, electrical turbo chargers, small unmanned air vehicles, turbo alternators, etc. These small machines are characterized by very light load to the radial FBs, and thus rotordynamics stability is more challenging than load capacity. However, a main challenge of gas foil thrust bearings (GFTBs) is how to increase the load capacity, and the challenge remains the same regardless of the size. In previous publications on experimental studies on GFTBs, the measured load capacity is well below the prediction due to challenges in testing as well as manufacturing of GFTBs. Difficulty in achieving the design load capacity often leads to increasing the bearing size in actual applications with penalty of higher power loss. This paper presents design feature of a novel GFTB with outer diameter of 38 mm and static performance up to 155 krpm under external load of 75 N using a high-speed test rig. The 38 mm GFTB presented in this paper is a three-layered structure for easy design and manufacturing, and the unique design feature allows easy scale down and scale up to different sizes. Reynolds equations for compressible gas and the two-dimensional thin plate model were adopted for fluid–structure interaction simulation to predict load capacity and power loss of the GFTB. The predicted power loss and load capacity agree well with the measurements.