bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of malnutrition among refugee children traveling on “Balkan Route”
Authors: Spiroski Igor , Nikovska Danche Gudeva 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Undernutrition indicates a lack of the necessary energy, macro or micronutrients in person's dietary intake. Overnutrition usually refers to existence of overweight and obesity. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity among refugee children population, traveling on so-called “Balkan route” from Syria and Iraq towards Western Europe, temporally situated in two transit centers in Macedonia, one at the south of the country (camp Gevgelija) and one at north (camp Tabanovce).Methods:Total of 99 children aged 0 to 19 years were measured for their height and weight. Of those children 35 were at the age of 0 to 5 years and 64 at the age of 5 to 19 years. WHO's child growth standards and references were used to assess the nutritional status of measured children. Undernutrition was defined through stunting and wasting, as below -2 standard deviations (SD) of the Height-for-age and Weight-for-height indexes. Overweight and obesity were defined as above + 1 and + 2 SD of the z-score for BMI-for-age index respectively for children age 5 to 19 and above + 2 and + 3 SD for Weight-for-height index for children up to 5 years of age.Results:Out of all children are 0–5, 26,5% were stunted (95% CI 10.2–42.8), 31,3% of them boys and 22.2% girls. In this population of children 5.9% were moderately wasted (95% CI 0–15.3), almost all of them boys. Among children age 5–19, 20.6% were below -2 SD of the index Height-for age (95% CI 9.8–31.4), 19.4% of them boys and 22.2% girls. There were no obese children under 5 in both transit centers in Macedonia, and 11.8% were overweight (95% CI 0–24.1). Out of all children age 5–19, 23.4% were considered overweight or obese (95% CI 12.3–34.6), 19.4% of them boys and 28.6% girls, and 3.1% obese (95% CI 0–8.2).ConclusionsWhen compared to the prevalence of both undernutrition and overweight (including obesity) in children in Macedonia, refugee children have higher prevalence of stunting and wasting. Overnutrition coexisted with undernutrition in refugee children population, particularly among children age 5 to 19. Specific conditions and relatively small number of participants in the study should be taken into account when drawing general conclusions.
The folic acid and folates content in fortified fruit juices
Authors: Czarnowska-Kujawska Marta , Gujska Elzbieta , Michalak Joanna , Leończuk Dominika 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionFolates are water-soluble vitamins of the great nutritional importance. Their deficiencyin the diet is common worldwide. Most people do not obtain sufficient folate amount in their diet by eating fresh vegetables, fruit, beans or whole grains. More and more products available on the market are fortified with the synthetic folic acid. Since the consequences of an excessive intake of this vitamin for the organism are not fully explained, there is a need to know its real contents in fortified products. Fruit juices fortified with folic acid can also be a good source of naturally occurring derivatives, folates. Folates, however, as a very unstable nutrient, may be degraded during the production process and storing to the form which has no biological function. Thus, it is crucial to have an appropriate information on the stability of folic acid and folates in fortified products and their retention during storage.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to quantify the total folic acid and folates content in fruit juices affected by the time of storage at room temperature. This will help to better understand the potential health value of fortified fruit juices.Material and MethodsFive fortified fruit juices with the declared on the packaging folic acid content in the amount of 30 μg / 100 ml, were purchased at local supermarkets. Folic acid and folates were extracted in the 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.0), followed by deconjugation with conjugase (rat plasma) and separated by HPLC after clean-up using SAX SPE cartridges.ResultsFolic acid content (90–140 μg/100 ml) significantly exceeded the value declared by the manufacturer. The 5CH3FH4 form in juices was found at the trace amounts. In two tested juices this content was 3.46 and 3.41 μg/100 ml. After seven months of storage folic acid content significantly decreased even 2–3 times (38–67 μg/100 ml) but these values were still higher than the value declared by the manufacturers. The 5CH3FH4 form content after storing was determined at a trace amounts.The conducted research allowed to confirm that producers deliberately use “technological surpluses” for juices in order to minimize possible losses that may occur during the production process as well as during storage. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the tested fruit juices can be a valuable source of folic acid. However, it should be considered whether their excessive amount will not have negative effects, instead of contributing to the prevention of many diseases.
Weight status, eating and sedentary behaviours in Maltese pre-school children living in a high-risk poverty area
Authors: Zarb Johann , de Caro John Xerri , Copperstone Claire 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionEarly eating behavioural traits could contribute to development of weight problems later in life. Evidence suggests children living in higher-poverty areas are at higher risk of overweight and obesity. The main objective was to investigate possible associations between weight status, eating and sedentary behaviours in pre-school children living in an area of high-poverty risk.Materials and MethodsThe children (3–4 years) and their parents living in a school district which is classified as being at a high risk of poverty were invited to participate for the study. Following consent, they were interviewed by telephone using The Child Eating Behaviours Questionnaire (CEBQ) in 2018. The CEBQ utilises a five-point Likert scale with scores computed for different eating behaviours. Anthropometric measures on the children were carried out in the schools.ResultsResponse rate was 63.3% (n = 71), with 54.8% of parents possessing a secondary school education There was no significant association between parental education level and weight status using World Health Organisation (WHO), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and Center for Disease Control (CDC) criteria (p = 0.227, 0.373, 0,213 respectively). No significant relationship was found between children's weight status and gender (WHO; p = 0.800 & CDC; p = 0.655; IOTF; p = 0.804). 71.8 % of the children exceeded the 1-hour screen time daily recommended guidelines (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015) during weekdays while 47.9% exceeded the recommendations during weekends. Main sedentary behaviours were the use of smartphones/tablets (mean 72 min/day; 64 min/day; weekend, weekdays respectively) with a significant association found across this behaviour and all weight standard criteria (p = 0.013, 0.016 and 0.015 for WHO, CDC and IOTF respectively).Food enjoyment varied significantly according to weight status (WHO: p = 0.001; CDC; 0.010; IOTF: p = 0.028). Lowest food fussiness scores were observed in normal weight children using WHO and CDC weight standard criteria and in the underweight category when using IOTF criteria and was significant across all weight criteria (p = WHO; 0.013/ CDC; 0.047/ IOTF; 0.024). Children with mean high food avoidance scores scored in a higher weight category (WHO: p = 0.003; IOTF: p = 0.013).DiscussionIn this small study, some eating behaviours were found to be linked to weight status suggesting further work required. Public health initiatives to reduce sedentary behaviours should also be targeted at younger age children. Larger studies comparing children in different socio economic regions and targeting the family and obesogenic environment are recommended for targeted early intervention.
The influence of a dietary advice on recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial.
Authors: van der Gaag Ellen , Brandsema Ruben , van der Palen Job , Hummel Thalia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionSince there is no treatment for children suffering from upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) without immunological disorders, we searched for a possible tool to improve the health of these children.We evaluated whether a dietary advice including standard supportive care, can decrease the number and duration of URTI compared to standard supportive care in children aged 1–4 years with recurrent URTI.Material and MethodsDesign: A multicenter randomized controlled trial, with an intervention group receiving the dietary advice plus standard supportive care and a control group receiving standard supportive care alone.Setting: 3 Outpatient clinics in The Netherlands (urban and rural).Patients: 118 Children aged 1–4 years with recurrent URTIs.Intervention: A dietary advice consisting of five times per week green vegetables, 3 times per week beef, 300 mL whole milk per day, whole dairy butter on bread every day. Portion sizes are age appropriate. The intervention lasted for 6 months.ResultsChildren in the intervention group had 4.8 (1.6–9.5) days per month with symptoms of an URTI in the last three months of the study, compared to 7.7 (4.0–12.3) in the control group (p = 0.03). The total number of URTIs during the study period of 6 months was 5,7 (± 0,55) versus 6.8 (± 0,49) respectively (p = 0.068). Total use of antibiotics was markedly reduced in the intervention group (p = 0.034), as well as the visits to the general practitioner (p = 0.031), therefore possibly reducing healthcare costs.No adverse effects were observed in the lipid profiles, nor in growth parameters (weight, height, BMI).Discussion and conclusionsThis study shows a reduced number of days with symptoms of an URTI following a dietary advice consisting of green vegetables, beef and whole diary products. It did not significantly lower the number of infections. No adverse effects were observed.RegistrationThis trial is registered in the Dutch Trial Register, NTR4898, www.trialregister.nl.
Weight loss, adherence, and dietary intakes of free-living adults consuming calorie-restricted diets varying in macronutrient composition: the POUNDS LOST Study
Authors: Champagne Catherine , Miketinas Derek , Sacks Frank , Bray George 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVarious diets have been examined as potential weight-loss treatment for individuals with overweight and obesity. POUNDS LOST was a 2-year randomized clinical trial examining effects of four calorie-restricted diets of varying macronutrient composition on weight loss in free-living adults with obesity. The main results demonstrated that reducing calories, regardless of macronutrient content, can reduce body weight. Participants were randomized to receive one of four diets: 1) 20% fat, 15% protein; 2)20% fat, 25% protein; 3) 40% fat, 15% protein; and 4) 40% fat, 25% protein. Eight hundred eleven (811) subjects participated in the trial and weight loss, as expected, varied considerably. Three hundred forty-five participants (54.8% female; 86.5% Caucasian, 12.4% African American, and 1.1% other) provided baseline and 6-month follow-up dietary data. Dietary adherence was defined as consuming within + 5% of the target macronutrient composition for fat and protein. Stepwise regression and cross-validation techniques were used to model weight loss as a function of the following predictors: age, dietary adherence, energy density change, and fiber intake. Additionally, we explored whether all four diet types were healthy using the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (USDA). At 6 months, participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg. Mean weight loss among adherers however was -8.4 + 5.0 kg and also did not vary across diet-type. Change in energy density was positively associated with weight change while age, dietary adherence, and fiber intake were inversely associated with weight change. Fiber intake was the strongest predictor of weight change; on average, a 10 g increase in fiber intake was associated with 2.2 kg decrease in body weight after 6 months of the dietary intervention. Only 46 (13.3%) of the 345 participants who provided follow-up data (61% male, 93% Caucasian) met the criteria for adherence to both energy (± 10% of target) and macronutrient targets. A decrease in energy density was positively associated with weight change for each diet-type; however, this effect was most profound in the high-fat, average-protein diet. Healthy Eating Index 2015 scores for the diets consumed by the subjects were: LF/AP, 74.8 ± 9.7; LF/HP, 73.8 ± 12.4; HF/AP, 73.4 ± 13.0; and HF/HP, 74.2 ± 9.8, which exceeds the scores of most Americans. These results suggest that dietary factors may positively influence weight loss in addition to energy intake and macronutrient composition. Furthermore, modified macronutrient, calorie-reduced diets can indeed be healthy compared to current dietary habits of US adults.
Food futures: Storylines of dietary megatrends along the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)
Authors: Alessandrini Roberta , Bodirsky Benjamin Leon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnder- and over-nutrition are among the most important global health determinants, and the agro-food system is the main interface between human society and the natural world and thereby responsible for land cover change, water withdrawals, greenhouse gases, biodiversity loss and nutrient pollution.We formulated five qualitative storylines of future dietary developments using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), a tool widely used in the climate change research community. Our storylines diverge in respect to the main actors in the food system, the policy framework, the food supply chain organisation, consumer context, dietary composition, health systems and health outcomes in respect to under- and over-nutrition. We titled each storyline with combinations of iconic foods that would be representative of each future.SSP1 = Minestrone and Enjera (sustainable diets). The civil society is the main actor in shaping the food system and diets are mainly unprocessed and plant-based. The health burden from under- and overnutrition is drastically reduced in societies all over the world.SSP2 = Pizza Hawaii with a side salad and banana (middle of the plate). This is a continuation of the current trends. The food industry is the main actor of the food system providing highly marketed processed food. Undernutrition slowly declines in the least developed countries, but obesity and NCDs increase drastically in both LMIC and HIC.SSP3 = Kohlroulade and instant noodles (rocky road). Populistic and monopolistic governments are the main actors in shaping the food system. Diets are made of traditional and unhealthy dishes. Obesity and micronutrient deficiencies coexist and the nutrition-related burden of disease is high.SSP4 = Kaviar and beans (inequality). A small and wealthy elite is the key actor shaping the political and the global food system. Diets are luxurious, highly customised and marketed for wealthy, and consisting of cheap and simple ingredients for the vast majority. While the elite enjoys healthy and long lives, malnutrition and stunting remain widespread in LMICs; obesity and diet-related NCDs decline everywhere.SSP5 = Artificial meat burger with a skinny milkshake (fossil fuel). A few large tech companies are the main actors shaping the food system. Algorithms based on big-data provide customised diets consisting of superfoods and new foods. Under-nutrition disappears, BMI converges to normal levels, while diet-related NCDs remain prevalent.The existing storylines in the literature do not focus on the agro-food system and on health and nutrition outcomes. Our work contributes to the ongoing conversation on food futures.
A healthy plant-based diet from adolescence towards young adulthood: psychosocial determinants and nutrient intake/status correlates
Authors: Michels Nathalie 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionNew dietary recommendations focus on a plant-based diet. As dietary habits are formed during adolescence, knowledge on determinants of this food choice in this age-group can help prevention campaigns. Since an unbalanced choice in plant-based food might lead to nutrient deficiencies, it is also crucial to detect its association with nutrient intake and nutrient status.MethodsIn 2330 adolescents from the European HELENA study in 2006, a healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI) was calculated based on two 24 h recalls. In Belgium, 69 of them were remeasured in 2016 as young adults. The psychosocial determinants nutritional knowledge, advantages, awareness, social support, social norm, self-efficacy, barriers, availability and intention were tested by multiple linear regression. Nutrient status was determined by 16 markers in fasting blood. Linear regressions with hPDI as predictor and nutrient intake/status as outcome were adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic status, BMI, waist circumference, energy-intake, physical activity and smoking.ResultsThere was a strong correlation in hPDI after 10 years (Spearman = 0.56, p < 0.001). Determinants for adolescents’ plant-based diet were in descending order being a girl(β = 0.245;p < 0.001), a higher BMI(β = 0.140;p < 0.001), knowing the advantages(β = 0.104;p < 0.001), having availability over healthy food(β = 0.100;p < 0.001), high self-efficacy(β = 0.087;p < 0.001), health awareness(β = 0.072,p = 0.004), younger age(β = -0.048;p = 0.015) and better nutritional knowledge(β = 0.046;p = 0.020). In adolescents, hPDI was associated with lower energy intake, especially less overall fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acids, proteins and mono/di-saccharides but more fibre. In micronutrients, higher intake of calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, vitamin A, C, E, K but less vitamin B12 and D were detected. Concerning nutrient status, hPDI was related to higher low-density cholesterol, vitamin D, vitamin C and beta-carotene levels. In adults, hPDI was associated with lower energy intake, especially less overall fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids but more carbohydrates and fibre, magnesium and vitamin C; while not with nutrient status. Longitudinally, we confirmed the link with intake of more fiber, potassium and less cholesterol. Additionally, a longitudinal positive association with poly-unsaturated fat intake was seen.ConclusionTracking of hPDI over 10 years proved the importance of targeting these determinants in adolescents. The hPDI was indeed generally linked to a healthier dietary intake, especially more fiber, a healthier fat choice and higher vitamin intake except for lower vitamin B12 and D. Nevertheless, the latter two were not reflected in more deficiencies and nutrient status differences were limited.
Cognitive restraint and history of weight-loss diet are associated with organic food consumption in a large population-based sample of adults
Authors: Péneau Sandrine , Virecoulon-Giudici Kelly , Baudry Julia , Méjean Caroline , Lairon Denis , Bénard Marc , Touvier Mathilde , Hercberg Serge , Hercberg Serge , Bellisle France , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOrganic food consumption has risen in many countries during the past decades, but individual behaviors leading to these choices remain unclear.. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between cognitive restraint, weight loss diet history and organic food intake, in French adults. This cross-sectional analysis included 21,516 participants from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (26.4% male, mean age 55.3 years; SD = 13.8). Cognitive restraint was evaluated by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and practice of weight-loss diet in the past years was assessed by an ad hoc questionnaire. Organic food intake of 17 food groups was assessed by the Organic-Food Frequency Questionnaire. Adjusted means of proportions of organic food intakes out of total food intakes were compared across quartiles of the cognitive restraint score and weight loss diet history. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Women with higher levels of cognitive restraint had in average a lower contribution of organic foods in their diet (26.5% in Q4 vs. 30.9% in Q1; p < 0.0001). In addition, women with a history of weight loss diet had in average a lower contribution of organic foods in their diet (27.1% in current/past vs. 28.5% in never dieters; p = 0.0012). Associations were observed in men for specific food groups. Overall, individuals, and in particular women, with higher cognitive restraint scores or with a history of weight loss diet consumed less organic food. Results suggest that it can be too complex to follow both weight control and organic food choice strategies at the same time.
Alcohol consumption in early adolescence is differently associated with sociodemographic and psychosocial factors according to gender (HBSC 2014, Wallonia, Belgium)
Authors: Pedroni Camille , Dujeu Maud , Lebacq Thérésa , Moreau Nathalie , Desnouck Véronique , Holmberg Emma , Godin Isabelle , Castetbon Katia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionDuring adolescence, while the body is still in development, alcohol consumption can cause irreversible damages. Well-being and family, social and school environment may influence alcohol consumption among adolescents. According to their gender, they may be more or less receptive to some of these influences. Our aim was to identify potential gender differences in the correlates of alcohol consumption in early adolescence.MethodsAnalyses were based on 4,714 10–14-year-old adolescents attending schools in Wallonia, and included in the 2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) cross-sectional survey. Information were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Alcohol consumption was defined as having drunk at least one day during the last 30 days before the survey. Gender-stratified associations were estimated using multivariable logistic regressions.ResultsTwenty percent of 10–14-year-old adolescents (boys: 21.6%; girls: 18.0%) reported having consumed alcohol during the past month. After adjustment, associations with age, frequency of contacts via social networks and frequency of outings with friends after class hours, were similar in both genders. Adolescents aged 13–14 years (vs. 10–12 years), those who communicated at least every week via social networks (vs. less than once a week) and those who met their friends at least once after class hours (vs. less than once a week) were more likely to consume alcohol.Boys’ and girls’ 2nd-generation migrants and boys’ 1st-generation migrants (vs. natives) were less likely to have consumed alcohol in the past month. Furthermore, boys and girls with “low” Family Affluence Scale (FAS) and boys from “medium” FAS (vs. “high”) were less likely to have consumed alcohol.In boys only, school satisfaction was significantly associated with alcohol consumption during the past month (vs. those who liked school a lot: those who liked school a bit (OR = 1.88 [1.13–0.84]) or did not like school very much (OR = 2.20 [1.32–3.66]) or did not like school at all (OR = 2.91 [1.69–5.02]).In girls, family status (vs. two-parent families: stepfamilies (OR = 1.43 [1.05–1.95])) and life satisfaction (vs. “high”: “low” (OR = 1.63 [1.19–2.26])) were significantly associated with alcohol consumption.ConclusionAlthough both genders share common risk factors (age, peer relationships, migration status and socioeconomic status), some differences have been highlighted. In boys only, school satisfaction was inversely associated with alcohol consumption. High life satisfaction and living in two-parent families seemed to play a protective role in girls only. These results should help better identify adolescents to be targeted in campaigns preventing early alcohol consumption.