bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of a Commercial LI ION Batteries
Authors: Gualous Hamid , EL Mejdoubi Asmae 
Published: February 2020

The main challenge with lithium-ion batteries in vehicular applications is aging. It is known that the battery aging is sensitive to various factors such as current, temperature and depth of discharge. These elements have a considerable impact on the loss of the battery’s capacity, as well as on the increase of the internal resistance. So, these two parameters can be considered as the aging indicators. However, these indicators are not measurable and they must be estimated. In the first part of this study, we present an analysis of the aging of lithium-ion batteries in order to predict their failures. The comprehension of aging can retroact on the operating conditions in order to improve reliability. Thus, the work carried out involves the experimental analysis of a LiFePO4 battery’s calendar aging under different discharge currents and temperatures.
In order to estimate the aging indicators and evaluate the aging evolution, the second part of this study proposes a hybrid State-of-Charge (SOC) and State-of-Health (SOH) estimation technique for lithium-ion batteries according to surface temperature variation. The hybrid approach uses an adaptive observer to estimate the SOH while an extended Kalman filter is used to predict the SOC. Unlike other estimation methods, the closed-loop estimation strategy takes into account the surface temperature variation and its stability is guaranteed by Lyapunov direct method. In order to validate the proposed method, experiments have been carried-out under different operating temperature conditions and various discharge currents. Results highlight the effectiveness of the approach in estimating SOC and SOH for different aging conditions.
Electrochemical Assessment of Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Sodium Batteries
Authors: Percival Stephen , Small Leo J. , Allcorn Eric , Spoerke Erik D. 
Published: February 2020

Large scale electrical energy storage is a key piece of the next generation electrical grid infrastructure. Sodium batteries offer great promise as safe, low cost and high energy density storage technologies that can be utilized to meet the growing demand for these types of grid scale storage systems. We are exploring a fully molten sodium battery system that operates at low to intermediate temperatures and provides inherent safety for a large scale battery application. Here we characterize the electrochemical properties of new molten salt catholyte chemistries that enable high performance cycling behavior at lower the operating temperature. We present electrochemical analysis of candidate NaI-AlCl3 molten salt catholytes at various temperatures and compositions. We find concentration dependencies on the iodide oxidation potentials as well as the observed current densities. Insight from these studies reveal catholyte compositions that can support high current densities and good cycle life that would be critical to reliable battery performance. Understanding the phase behavior of these salt compositions is key to optimizing the catholyte performance and a preliminary phase diagram is used help explain the promising electrochemical observations. For example, solids present in the catholyte at very high or very low NaI concentrations hinder mass and charge transport to electrode surfaces. Successful understanding and manipulation of this phase space will enable increases in catholyte performance, both in terms of lower operating temperatures and also increased current densities for improved molten sodium batteries for grid scale energy storage.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
A “Non Zebra-Type” Sodium Metal Rechargeable Batteries with Low Materials Cost and High Performances
Authors: Chang Hee Jung , Lu Xiaochuan , Bonnett Jeff F , Sprenkle Vincent , Li Guosheng 
Published: February 2020

Designing secure and reliable large scale energy storage systems is extremely important to make efficient use of renewable energy as well as to reduce reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels. Among energy storage technologies, sodium (Na)-beta alumina batteries (NBBs) have gained significant attention due to long cycle life, high energy density, and superior safety. However, there have been challenges that obstacle their practical use, such as high operating temperatures and expensive cathode materials.
Two NBB chemistries, such as sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery and sodium metal halide (Na-MH) battery, have been extensively studied in the past. In this study, we introduce a novel concept of Na-metal battery using low-cost and earth-abundant metals in a planar cell configuration. The novel battery system is operated at a temperature below 170°C to maintain the electrode materials in a liquid state, which is much lower than the reported temperatures applied for the conventional NBB technologies. Various galvanostatic tests were conducted to investigate the optimized conditions.
Due to the lower operating temperature, the use of inexpensive cathode materials and high energy efficiency, our “Non ZEBRA-type” Na-metal system can offer further cost reduction, high safety, and reliability for future energy storage systems.
Strategies for Improved Depth-of-Discharge of Zinc-Air Flow Batteries
Authors: Mahlendorf Falko , Fuchs David , Müller Christoph , Heinzel Angelika , Heinemeyer Thea , Schwarz Christoph , Schneider Andreas , Behrens Peter 
Published: February 2020

As one of the proposed post lithium-ion technologies, zinc-air batteries have received revived interest in the recent years, which is driven by the increased demand of high-performance, efficient, safe and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions. These energy storage systems need to address variable power, capacity and profitability requests. Zinc-air batteries with specific energy density higher than lithium-ion and low-cost, highly available, eco-friendly active materials are suitable to fulfill these requirements. The use of a flow battery type with zinc-particles suspended in alkaline solution (zinc-slurry) in addition with high performance oxygen-reduction electrodes enables the development of high-power zinc-air batteries. This setup also enables the independent scaling of capacity and power.
The cooperative project, ZnMobil, founded by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy in Germany combines the experience of industrial and academic partners (Covestro Deutschland AG; Grillo-Werke AG; VARTA Microbattery GmbH; Accurec Recycling GmbH; Technical University Freiberg, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover; University of Duisburg-Essen; the fuel cell research center ZBT GmbH) to develop a high-performance and low-cost zinc-air flow battery.
Here we present strategies to improve the depth-of-discharge of zinc-air flow batteries. The battery system consists of a 100 cm² copper plate as current collector for the zinc-suspension electrode and an oxygen reduction electrode with gas-diffusion layer (supplied by Covestro). The zinc-slurry contains zinc particles (supplied by Grillo) suspended in alkaline solution (30 wt-% KOH) and stabilized with polyacrylic acid.
The battery performance and depth-of-discharge were measured for several additives added to the zinc-slurry. Furthermore, the influence of the discharge current density on the depth-of-discharge was evaluated for these setups. Depending on the current density and additive selection, it is possible to achieve depth-of-discharge up to 90 %.
Electrochemical and EPR Measurements of Vanadium Redox Couples for All Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Tiano Sophia , Arruda Thomas M , Lawton Jamie S. 
Published: February 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising solutions to large scale energy storage, in particular to leverage power generated by intermittent renewable resources such as wind and solar. Vanadium RFBS (VFRBs) work by storing energy in the form of vanadium ions in solution via the following reactions:
VO2+ + H2O → VO2
+ + 2H+ + e- (1)
V3+ + e- → V2+ (2)
In the case of the VRFB, crossover of vanadium species from one side of the battery to the other causes significant issues including self-discharge, electrolyte imbalance and transport problems. Understanding the fundamental transport properties is essential to mitigating these issues and bringing the technology closer to market.
This study involves fundamental measurements of VOSO4 solutions in sulfuric acid electrolyte. The effect of sulfuric acid concentration has been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetery, chronoamperometry, Levich type treatment of linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) as well as other physiochemical characterization techniques including viscosity. Results will include interpretation of the EPR spectra and electrochemical techniques and related values obtained for the hydrodynamic radius of the vanadium species under investigation. Cyclic voltammograms have been analyzed for k0 by both fitting analysis and the treatment of Kingler et al.1 and are in good agreement. In addition, values of diffusion coefficient have been determined by several electrochemical techniques and EPR and are in good agreement.

R. J. Klingler and J. K. Kochi, J. Phys. Chem., 85, 1731–1741 (1981) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j150612a028.
Redox Reaction of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)Iron Complexes on Carbon Fiber Dispersed in a Solvate Ionic Liquid
Authors: Katayama Yasushi , Sugiyama Masaru , Yoshii Kazuki , Tachikawa Naoki , Serizawa Nobuyuki 
Published: February 2020

Redox flow batteries have attracted much attention as the large-scaled energy storage device for such renewable energy sources as solar cells and windmills. Typical redox flow batteries use aqueous electrolytes because of low cost, low toxicity and high safety. However, the electromotive force of the redox flow batteries using aqueous electrolytes is limited by the electrochemical potential window of the aqueous electrolytes. The enlargement of the electromotive force is expected by using non-aqueous aprotic electrolytes. Although aprotic organic electrolytes are typical of non-aqueous electrolytes, flammability of organic solvents is unfavorable for the large-scaled batteries from the point of view of safety. The equimolar mixture of lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) and tetraglyme (G4) has been known to form the solvate ionic liquid consisting of a stable complex cation, [Li(G4)]+ and an anion, TFSA– [1]. The solvate ionic liquid has several favorable properties, such as high thermal stability, high Li ion concentration and low vapor pressure. In the present study, the redox reaction of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)iron(III/II) complexes, [Fe(bpy)3]3+/2+, has been investigated in the solvate ionic liquid containing carbon fiber as an electronic conductor aiming at its application to non-aqueous redox flow batteries.
The redox reaction of [Fe(bpy)3]3+/2+ was observed at 0.36 V vs. Ag|Ag(I), which was corresponding to about 4 V vs. Li|Li(I), in [Li(G4)]TFSA containing 10 mM [Fe(bpy)3](TFSA)2. The diffusion coefficients of [Fe(bpy)3]2+ and [Fe(bpy)3]3+ were estimated to be 4.4 × 10–8 and 3.1 × 10–8 cm2 s–1, respectively, at 25 °C. The slow diffusion of the electroactive species was ascribed to the high viscosity of [Li(G4)]TFSA (122 mPa s [2]) and disadvantageous to battery application because the faradaic current is limited by diffusivity of the species. In order to diminish the diffusion limitation of the faradaic current, carbon fiber was added to the solvate ionic liquid as an electronic conductor. The carbon fiber was dispersed homogeneously in the solvate ionic liquid. The electronic conduction through the carbon fiber was confirmed by electric conductivity measurement. The redox reaction of [Fe(bpy)3]3+/2+ was found to be possible on the carbon fiber dispersed in the solvate ionic liquid. The reversible charge-discharge of a cell composed of Li anode and the solvate ionic liquid containing [Fe(bpy)3]3+/2+ and the carbon fiber using a solid-state Li ion conductor was confirmed to be possible with the average cell voltage of 3.8 V and the coulombic efficiency of 99%.
References
[1] K. Yoshida, M. Tsuchiya, N. Tachikawa, K. Dokko, and M. Watanabe, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 18384 (2011).
[2] H. Hirayama, N. Tachikawa, K. Yoshii, M. Watanabe, and Y. Katayama, Electrochemistry, 83, 824 (2015).
2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Derivatives As Anolyte Materials for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Huang Jinhua , Duan Wentao , Kowalski Jeffrey A , Hu Bin , Shkrob Ilya A , Assary Rajeev , Brushett Fikile R. , Wei Xiaoliang , Zhang Lu 
Published: February 2020

2,1,3-Benzothiadiazoles(BzNSNs) are a key class of analyte materials for non-aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs).1, 2 Understanding relationships between structural modifications and electrochemical properties is essential for designing energy-dense redox-active organic materials (ROMs) based on the BzNSN scaffold. This talk will describe a series of BzNSN derivatives with various electron-donating or -withdrawing groups as the anolyte materials for non-aqueous RFBs. Systematic investigations have been conducted to elucidate the substituents effects on the solubility, redox potentials, and stability of the corresponding radical anions. Also, the effects of inorganic and organic supporting electrolytes on the stability of the radical anions were extensively studied. Parasitic reactions that involve the sulfur loss and the oligomer formations are shown to restrict the long-term stability of these radical anions, yet the BzNSN molecules are among the leading performing energy-dense ROMs found to-day.
References

X. Wei, W. Duan, J. Huang, L. Zhang, B. Li, D. Reed, W. Xu, V. Sprenkle and W. Wang, ACS Energy Letters, 1, 705 (2016).

W. Duan, J. Huang, J. A. Kowalski, I. A. Shkrob, M. Vijayakumar, E. Walter, B. Pan, Z. Yang, J. D. Milshtein, B. Li, C. Liao, Z. Zhang, W. Wang, J. Liu, J. S. Moore, F. R. Brushett, L. Zhang and X. Wei, ACS Energy Letters, 2, 1156 (2017).

Figure 1
Synthesis of Active Bimetallic Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Tavakoli Mehrabadi Bahareh Alsadat , White Rembert D. , Regalbuto John R. , Weidner John W. , Monnier John R. 
Published: February 2020

The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) uses methanol as fuel and has significant advantages over hydrogen-fed proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells for mobile applications, particularly in terms of fuel storage and supply. Platinum (Pt) catalysts are effectively able to catalyze the oxidation of methanol to carbon dioxide in this system. However, one of the main challenges of making DMFCs commercially feasible is that the surface of Pt sites become rapidly poisoned by strongly adsorbed carbon monoxide (CO) that is produced during the oxidation process, limiting the overall rate of methanol oxidation. Studies have shown that bimetallic catalysts composed of platinum (Pt) and a second metal (i.e., Ru or Ni) are more active for the oxidation of methanol compared to catalysts composed of only Pt. Results suggest the Ru or Ni component provides sites that chemisorb H2O in the moist environment which reacts with strongly adsorbed CO on an adjacent Pt site to form easily desorbed CO2 [1]. In this study, we focus on the preparation of nanometer sized Pt-Ru and Pt-Ni particles supported on carbon by using the methods of strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA) and electroless deposition (ED).
The method of SEA has been used to prepare ultra-small Pt nanoparticles with high dispersions and a narrow size distribution. Catalysts prepared by SEA were then used as seed nuclei for addition of a secondary metal (Ru or Ni) using Electroless Deposition (ED). These compositions form bimetallic surfaces where Pt and Ru (or Ni) are in intimate contact to facilitate the interaction of adsorbed CO with adsorbed H2O to form CO2 during evaluation for methanol oxidation. These bimetallic catalysts show higher activity towards methanol oxidation than the analogous, commercial catalysts. Finally, the catalysts have been characterized by XRD, STEM, and temperature programmed methods to confirm the compositions of the bimetallic particles.

References

Ehteshami, S.M.M. and S.H. Chan, A review of electrocatalysts with enhanced CO tolerance and stability for polymer electrolyte membarane fuel cells. Electrochimica Acta, 2013. 93: p. 334-345.
Carbon Deposition Diagnostics for Reliability and State-of-Health Assessment of SOFC
Authors: Ploner Alexandra , Hagen Anke , Hauch Anne 
Published: February 2020

The possibility of Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to not only operate on hydrogen but hydrocarbon based fuels is certainly beneficial compared to other fuel cell technologies. Yet, the use of carbon-containing fuels can lead to electrochemical deactivation of the cell if carbon deposition occurs 1.Various studies were dedicated to understand the influence of different operation conditions to prevent this detrimental failure to occur. However, even though the thermodynamic limit offers a good guideline for SOFC operation, studies on specific operation conditions are still controversial 2

, 3. Therefore, recent research activities are focusing on the development of online-monitoring tools to prevent destructive failure and maintain fault free conditions 4.
Our recent study investigates the evolvement of carbon deposition in an anode-supported single cell under operation with a steam/methane fuel. Cell voltage monitoring, temperature monitoring and additionally employing in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in combination with the distribution of relaxation time (DRT) method allowed state-of-health assessment of the cell. The electrochemical examination is furthermore complemented by post-mortem investigations. ‘Failure’ was simulated by operating the cell on methane without steam. Via time-dependent EIS and DRT measurements, it was possible to correlate the onset of carbon deposition for the individual layers within the SOFC anode with different frequency ranges which will be presented at the meeting.
Furthermore, a recovery possibility via the set back to nominal operating conditions (to simulate a close-to-real approach) is evaluated with the same methodology. The cell voltage measurement during the performed experiment is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Cell voltage for the cell operated under steam reforming conditions and methane.
Our findings have the potential to utilize EIS characteristics for recognizing carbon deposition in anode-supported cells in due course to counteract fatal failure of the SOFC and are a promising method to ensure safe operation of SOFC under steam-reforming conditions for industrial purposes.

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Sinha, V. & Mondal, S., Int. J. Dynam. Control
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Figure 1
Performance of Treatment of Oil-Sands Produced Water By Electrocoagulation
Authors: Shu Tianpei , Fuladpanjeh-Hojaghan Behzad , Yasri Nael , Nightingale Michael , Trifkovic Milana , Roberts Edward P.L. 
Published: February 2020

In Alberta, Canada, the oil-sands industry plays an important role in the local economy, however the industry is the largest water consumer and has a significant impact on the environment. Only 20% of the available bitumen can be extracted by surface mining, while the rest can be produced by in-situ methods. For in-situ methods, steam is typically injected into the reservoir to reduce the bitumen viscosity, allowing the bitumen to be pumped to the surface along with water. In order to avoid hardness and silica in the produced water from fouling the steam generators, water treatment processes are needed. The treatment of this produced water is challenging as it contains dissolved silica, a high level of hardness and complex organics. Our research has shown that electrocoagulation (EC) is a viable technology to remove a large variety of contaminants. This technology applies the concept of electrochemistry by using sacrificial metal electrodes in an electrochemical cell to produce metal hydroxide coagulants that can efficiently remove contaminants by either adsorption or charge neutralization [1].
In this study, a continuous flow-through cell was designed to remove the contaminants from produced water and synthetic produced water following the same inorganic compositions as the produced water. Mild steel and aluminum were evaluated as electrode materials for the EC treatment process. The results show that EC was very effective for removal of dissolved silica in both real and synthetic produced water. More than 90% of the silica was removed using a charge loading of less than 1000 coulomb of charge per liter of water treated, which corresponds to less than ten minutes of treatment under the experimental conditions used. The effect of design and operating parameters including: water flowrate, current density, dissolved oxygen concentration, and electrode spacing will be reported.
References:
[1] D. Moussa, M. El-Nass, M. Nasser, and M. Al-Marri. "A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges." Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 186, pp. 24-41, 2017.