bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
There Are No Such Things As Theories
Authors: French Steven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
What is a scientific theory? Is it a set of propositions? Or a family of models? Or is it some kind of abstract artefact? These options are examined in the context of a comparison between theories and artworks. On the one hand, theories are said to be like certain kinds of paintings, in that they play a representational role; on the other, they are compared to musical works, insofar as they can be multiply presented. I shall argue that such comparisons should be treated with care and that all of the above options face problems. Instead, I suggest, we should adopt a form of eliminativism towards theories, in the sense that a theory should not be regarded as any thing. Nevertheless, we can still talk about them and attribute certain qualities to them, where that talk is understood to be made true by certain practices. This shift to practices as truth-makers for theory talk then has certain implications for how we regard theories in the realism debate and in the context of the nature and role of representation in science.
Theories as Abstract Entities
Authors: French Steven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this chapter a well-known dilemma is presented for musical works, involving their purported abstract nature and creativity. A similar dilemma is presented for scientific theories and various ways of resolving both dilemmas are canvassed. One is to take artworks and theories to be abstract and understand the creative act in terms of the author’s situation in some abstract space. Another is to insist that both are imaginary things and that appreciation of either involves intelligent reconstruction. Such views not only involve ontological proliferation but also fail to accommodate the heuristic processes involved.
Thomas Pennant’s Highlands
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Thomas Pennant’s two Scottish Tours stabilized the generic norms for writing about the Highlands in the period, for which reason they lie at the heart of the book. The Welsh traveller sought to appease Scottish public opinion by publishing a favourable account of a nation in the early throes of improvement, combining the personal authority of the informed traveller’s eye with the encyclopaedic protocols of enlightenment knowledge, gleaned from correspondence and pre-circulated questionnaires to Highland ministers, gentlemen, and naturalists. Pennant was the first traveller to offer an adequate visual documentation of Scotland: his 1772 Tour contains ninety-one engraved plates, many of them the work of his artist Moses Griffith. Notable here, especially in connection with the previous chapter, is Pennant’s ‘vision at Ardmaddie’ at the end of his 1772 Voyage to the Hebrides, when he is visited by an Ossianic spectre critical of Highland landlords for abandoning their duties of trusteeship in pursuit of personal profit.
‘Mr Pennant Has Led The Way, Dr Johnson Has Followed’
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In contrast to the positive Scottish reception of Pennant’s Tours, the 1775 publication of Dr Johnson’s Journey to the Western Islands caused a furore north of the border. This chapter develops two claims that have been largely underplayed in the copious scholarship on Johnson. The first is that the publishing success of Pennant’s tours were a major (albeit unacknowledged) inspiration for Johnson and Boswell, providing an important intertext for Johnson’s Journey. Secondly, it supports the view that Johnson was specifically motivated to discredit the authenticity of Ossian and the claims of Gaelic culture, as well as of his distaste for the Scottish enlightenment’s appropriation of Macpherson’s ‘translations’. Drawing on contemporary Gaelic scholarship, the chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of Johnson’s grasp of Gaelic culture, superstitions, and the Ossian controversy, as well as his ambivalent views on emigration, improvement, missionary activity, and the transformation of Highland society.
Scott on the Rocks
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The final chapter explores transformations in writing about the Highland tour from Waterloo to the novelist’s death. It examines how ‘Scott tourism’, a new geological interest in Scotland’s ‘rocks’, and the ‘moral electricity’ of a second transport revolution coincided with mounting social and economic pressures on the Gaels. The first part of the chapter focuses on manuscript tours by Robert Southey, John Bowman, and John Keats: meanwhile, the publication of Daniell’s Voyage (1814–25) developed Scott’s poetic version in a visual idiom, while disguising some of the traumatic effect of improvement. The second part turns to geologist John Macculloch’s massive Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland (1825), the real target of which was the romantic ‘Highlandism’ with which Scott’s name was associated. Manifesting a racialist disdain for the Gaels and a craven defence of clearance against the strictures of ‘romantic gentlemen’, Highlands and Western Isles is an appropriate terminus for this study of a century of tour writing.
Forging Germans
Authors: Mezger Caroline 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Forging Germans explores the nationalization and eventual National Socialist mobilization of ethnic German children and youth in interwar and World War II Yugoslavia, particularly in two of its multiethnic, post-Habsburg borderlands: the Western Banat and the Batschka. Drawing upon original oral history interviews, untapped archival materials from Germany, Hungary, and Serbia, and historical press sources, the book uncovers the multifarious ways in which political, ecclesiastical, cultural, and military agents from Germany colluded with local nationalist activists to inculcate Yugoslavia’s ethnic Germans with divergent notions of “Germanness.” As the book shows, even in the midst of Yugoslavia’s violent and shifting Axis occupation, children and youth not only remained the subjects, but became agents of nationalist activism, as they embraced, negotiated, redefined, proselytized, lived, and died for the “Germanness” ascribed to them. Forging Germans is conceptualized as a contribution to the study of National Socialism from a transnational and comparative perspective, to the mid-twentieth-century history of Southeastern Europe and its relation to Germany, to studies of borderland nationalism and experiences of World War II occupation, and to the history of childhood and youth.
Demonic Possession and Lived Religion in Later Medieval Europe
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book focuses on conceptualizations of lived religion by analysing significant case studies from canonization processes (c. 1240–1450). Geographically it covers Western Europe and one of its aims is to compare Northern and Southern material and customs. ‘Lived religion’ is both a thematic approach and a methodology: a focus on rituals, symbols, and gestures as well as sensitivity to nuances and careful contextualizing of the sources are constitutive elements of the argumentation. Demonic possession was a spiritual state that often had physical symptoms. The main argument developed throughout is, however, that demonic possession was a social phenomenon which should be understood with regard to the community and culture. Each set of sources formed its own specific context, in which demonic presence derived from different motivations, reasonings, and methods of categorization. Rituals, gestures, emotions, and sensory elements in constructing demonic presence reveal negotiations over authority and agency. In the argumentation, the hierarchy between the ‘learned’ and ‘popular’ within religion is contested, as is a strict polarity between individual and collective religious participation. Cases of demonic possession demonstrate how the personal affected the communal, and vice versa, and how they were eventually transformed into discourses and institutions of the Church; that is, definitions of the miraculous and the diabolical. Alterity and inversion of identity, gender, and various forms of corporeality and the interplay between the sacred and diabolical are themes running throughout the volume.
Introduction
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes the phenomenon of demonic possession and discusses its medieval interpretations as well as demonstrating its connections to fields of study such as heresy, demonology, and witchcraft. It sets out the main analytical concept of lived religion and shows how demons were integral within it, intersecting cultural, communal, and individual levels. Religion created a performative space and demonic presence was a fluid and multifaceted category within it. This chapter introduces the corpus of source material and methodological elements of canonization processes: the final records were an outcome of collaboration between lay witnesses and the inquisitorial committee, an amalgam of personal choices in the use of rhetoric, communal memories of actual past events, and the demands of canon law and the miracle genre. Therefore, depositions reveal inconsistencies in the universalizing discourse of the Church and manifest local nuances in the way people lived their religion.
Constructing the Sacred
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The sacred and the diabolical were binary forces but, for that reason, they were inherently intertwined and even necessary for each other’s existence. The interaction between the sacred and the diabolical was a crucial part of the lived religion of the participants and an essential element in miraculous deliveries from demonic possession. All the participating groups, namely demons, their victims, co-pilgrims, and the clergy, were needed in this process to affirm the cosmological hierarchy. Exorcism rituals do not stand out in the depositions, but clergy could claim an intermediary role in attaining divine grace. Especially, demons’ speech and tribulations and participants’ sensory elements certifying demons’ exit affirmed the powers of the sacred. In the communal negotiations, affirmation of the sanctity of the local intercessor and the sacredness of his or her shrine was the hoped-for outcome of demonic presence.
The Interwoven Fabric of the Sacred and the Political
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Demons not only caused personal afflictions but were also used within wider societal debates, for example by demonizing political opponents. The sacred, the demonic, and the political were intertwined. This chapter shows how demonic presence played a part in constructing collective identity and enhancing a community’s coherence by reflecting political alliances. In the Italian context, the place of origin of the named tormentors was crucial and possession cases revealed communities’ power struggles. In the North, demonic presence and punishment miracles were politically laden acts which affirmed the position of Saint Birgitta in heavenly and earthly hierarchies. In both contexts, demons served as a means of demonstrating personal and communal subordination to a heavenly intercessor and power-holders associated with the local patron saint. By linking the tormenting spirits with political adversaries, cases of demonic possession became a device for creating collective identity and forming the boundaries of a cultic community.
The Authoritarian Governor’s Dilemma
Authors: Thomson Henry 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Even authoritarian leaders cannot rule alone. This chapter explores the politics of indirect authoritarian governance through coercive institutions in socialist Poland and East Germany. It explains why the Polish Bezpieka’s staff and secret informant network shrank after 1956 despite significant mass opposition to the regime, while the East German Stasi grew to become a much larger agency. Authoritarian governors face a problematic tradeoff between the competence of the secret police and their ability to control it. When goal divergence with the police leads a regime to exert more control, agency competence suffers and the regime must turn to violent ex post repression, rather than ex ante deterrence and subversion of threats. In Poland, replacement of the Stalinist party leader in 1956 created significant goal divergence between the upper ranks of the secret police and the new elites the police had previously victimized. Elites shrank the coercive agency to exert control over it, despite significant mass opposition to the regime. In East Germany, in contrast, continuity of Stalinist leadership led to less goal divergence between elites and the secret police, enabling its continued growth.
Militias and the Iraqi State
Authors: Salehyan Idean 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
According to conventional wisdom, states have a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within their territories, and delegate its operation to closely held state agents such as the military and police. Yet when faced with insurgencies, states often enlist the support of paramilitary organizations or militias. The competence–control tradeoff is especially stark in these cases, as states depend on capable militias to fight insurgents, but also risk losing control over them. This chapter examines the tradeoff in light of the relationship between militia groups and the Iraqi government. To bring a semblance of security to Iraq, both the United States and the Iraqi government used paramilitary groups such as the Sons of Iraq and the Kurdish Peshmerga. Following the withdrawal of US troops, the government has become increasingly beholden to Shia militias, yet the case defies a simple, sectarian logic. This chapter examines the choice of governance strategy vis-à-vis militias in Iraq, and changes in that strategy over time, providing insights into the governor’s dilemma, counterinsurgency strategy, and state formation.
The Invader’s Dilemma
Authors: Tamm Henning 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Military invasions are typically considered illegitimate both by local populations and by the international community. How do invaders mitigate this legitimacy deficit? This chapter argues that invading states enlist local rebel groups not only for the expertise and operational capacity they provide but also to gain some degree of legitimacy vis-à-vis local and international audiences. Gaining legitimacy in this way, however, comes at a cost: to avoid the perception that rebel intermediaries are mere puppets, the invading state must refrain from exercising hard controls over them. The chapter illustrates this legitimacy–control tradeoff by contrasting the Rwandan and Ugandan invasions during the Second Congo War (1998–2003). Drawing on interviews with key protagonists, the chapter shows that the different levels of control exerted by Rwanda and Uganda help account for the vast difference in the popularity of their rebel intermediaries. While Rwanda continuously maintained hard controls, eroding its intermediary’s local legitimacy, Uganda initially limited itself to soft inducements, thereby enabling its intermediary to garner legitimacy. In developing these arguments, this chapter engages with the literatures on rebel governance, intervention in civil war, state-building, and military occupation.
Balancing Competence and Control
Authors: Biermann Felix , Rittberger Berthold 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In recent decades the EU has witnessed a remarkable rise in the number of specialized regulatory agencies and European regulatory networks (ERNs). It is often assumed that agencies and ERNs are mutually exclusive instruments of indirect governance. As this chapter argues, however, they are often used in combination to better address competence–control tradeoffs. The chapter illustrates this argument with two case studies of regulatory policymaking in the EU. First, in the case of aviation safety, the EU and its member states created a new agency, the European Aviation Safety Agency, to overcome a control deficit which had hampered its ability to rein in existing regulatory networks. Second, in the field of food safety, the EU as collective governor sought to overcome the competence deficit of its intermediary, the European Food Safety Agency, by enlisting a second intermediary: the “Focal Point Network” (an ERN).
Indirect Governance in Global Financial Regulation
Authors: Rixen Thomas , Viola Lora Anne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The global financial crisis led G20 states to conclude that stronger regulatory standards and improved compliance were needed to ensure global financial stability. To this end, the G20, as collective governor, granted an institutional intermediary, the Financial Stability Board (FSB), authority to develop and supervise financial market regulations. However, the G20 designed the FSB in ways that stymied its regulatory competence. Why did the G20 design the FSB in ways that were inadequate to meeting its own governance goal? Competence–control theory provides a compelling answer. The G20 faces a tradeoff between a competent intermediary and control over the intermediary; this tradeoff is exacerbated by the G20’s collective nature. While the G20 has a collective long-term interest in an intermediary with the expertise and capacity to promote stability-enhancing regulations, intense short-term distributive conflicts among member states yield strong incentives to control the intermediary. These internal distributive conflicts are more easily overcome during systemic economic crisis, when a competent intermediary is urgently needed. Once the crisis has passed, however, the governor reasserts control, again compromising the intermediary’s competence. The chapter illustrates this argument with an account of reforming the Financial Stability Forum into the FSB, and three case studies of policy reforms after the financial crisis.
Poetic Address: Shaking the Hearts of Men
Authors: Dawson Clara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 takes four major poems of the 1850s and analyses them through the theoretical framework laid out in Chapter 3. It examines Tennyson’s In Memoriam as the poem made to stand for the voice of the Victorian age and analyses how the employment of pronouns creates that identity. A reading of Maud argues that Tennyson then critiques print culture and challenges the dominant public mode of poetry insisted on by reviewers. Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows and Clough’s Amours de Voyages offer examples of poets using address to experiment with a public poetics. Staging their poems outside England, both seek to expand what it means to write poetry for the British public.
State Sponsored Literature
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Debates about the value of the ‘literary’ rarely register the expressive acts of state subsidy, sponsorship, and cultural policy that have shaped post-war Britain. In State Sponsored Literature, Asha Rogers argues that the modern state was a major material condition of literature, even as its efforts were relative, partial, and prone to disruption. Drawing from neglected and occasionally unexpected archives, she shows how the state became an integral and conflicted custodian of literary freedom in the postcolonial world as beliefs about literature’s ‘public’ were radically challenged by the unrivalled migration to Britain at the end of Empire. State Sponsored Literature retells the story of literature’s place in modern Britain through original analysis of the institutional forces behind canon-formation and contestation, from the literature programmes of the British Council and Arts Council to the UK’s fraught relations with UNESCO, from GCSE literature anthologies to the origins of The Satanic Verses in migrant Camden. The state did not shape literary production in a vacuum, Rogers argues, rather its policies, practices, and priorities were inexorably shaped in turn. Demonstrating how archival work can potentially transform our understanding of literature and its reading publics, this book challenges how we think about literature’s value by asking what state involvement has meant for writers, readers, institutions, and the ideal of autonomy itself.
UNESCO, the United Kingdom, and Cultural Diversity after the Millennium
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This final diachronic chapter steps back from the question of literature’s publicly funded status to consider how cultural diversity became an important site of negotiation in the United Kingdom’s dealings with UNESCO. It suggests that cultural diversity was not only a competency developed through post-war state funding but an expansive discourse appropriated by competing geopolitical alliances within UNESCO. The 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions staged the larger tensions between the national and supra-national debates of cultural diversity. For all its flaws, and the United Kingdom’s ongoing ambivalence about UNESCO, the Convention promised to institute a more equitable public culture in ways that the controversy over the 2017 Jhalak Prize for Black Asian and Minority Ethnic writers suggests were sorely needed.
Postscript
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This short concluding essay revisits the main ideas explored in this book, including the material and symbolic entanglements of state support and literature’s special capacity to represent the full range of voices and experiences now comprising modern Britain. Mindful of the intersecting political, social, and economic pressures shaping literary value and the vacillation between recognition and disavowal characteristic of the state’s engagements with literature, it turns to two recent reports of the state and fate of contemporary literary writing: Literature in the 21st Century (2017) and Writing the Future: Black and Asian Writers and Publishers in the UK Marketplace (2015).
Labour and the Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The book uses a Marxian inspired social ontological framework, and a genealogic method to explore the relationship between labour law, the market, and capitalist social relations. It advances a constitutive conception of the law–market and law–society ‘relationship’ that stresses law’s contradictory roles in the emergence and reproduction of capitalist social relations—and, relatedly, in the emergence, and reproduction, of the (capitalist) market, and explores this role in depth through a genealogical analysis of the social category of the wage. Tracing the evolution of the wage through legal discourse and the shifting repertoire of legal concepts (the ‘wage’, the ‘salary’, ‘remuneration’) through which it has been denoted over time, the book sheds new light on the problems of low pay and under-inclusive employment status, and on the role of the legal system in perpetuating, and potentially constituting, these problems. Spanning from the Norman conquest to the present day, and exploring issues as diverse as the decasualization of the docks; sweated labour; the truck system; tax credits, tips, and minimum wages, the book provides one of the most in-depth and comprehensive analyses of the wage to date, while, at the same time, offering a number of practical suggestions for labour law reform.