bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Friends in Low‐Entropy Places: Orthographic Neighbor Effects on Visual Word Identification Differ Across Letter Positions
Authors: Luthra Sahil , You Heejo , Rueckl Jay G. , Magnuson James S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVisual word recognition is facilitated by the presence of orthographic neighbors that mismatch the target word by a single letter substitution. However, researchers typically do not consider where neighbors mismatch the target. In light of evidence that some letter positions are more informative than others, we investigate whether the influence of orthographic neighbors differs across letter positions. To do so, we quantify the number of enemies at each letter position (how many neighbors mismatch the target word at that position). Analyses of reaction time data from a visual word naming task indicate that the influence of enemies differs across letter positions, with the negative impacts of enemies being most pronounced at letter positions where readers have low prior uncertainty about which letters they will encounter (i.e., positions with low entropy). To understand the computational mechanisms that give rise to such positional entropy effects, we introduce a new computational model, VOISeR (Visual Orthographic Input Serial Reader), which receives orthographic inputs in parallel and produces an over‐time sequence of phonemes as output. VOISeR produces a similar pattern of results as in the human data, suggesting that positional entropy effects may emerge even when letters are not sampled serially. Finally, we demonstrate that these effects also emerge in human subjects' data from a lexical decision task, illustrating the generalizability of positional entropy effects across visual word recognition paradigms. Taken together, such work suggests that research into orthographic neighbor effects in visual word recognition should also consider differences between letter positions.
Resilient and rapid recovery of native trout after removal of a non‐native trout
Authors: Budy Phaedra E. , Walsworth Timothy , Thiede Gary P. , Thompson Paul D. , McKell Matthew D. , Holden Paul B. , Chase Paul D. , Saunders W. Carl 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhile the importance of reducing impacts of non‐native species is increasingly recognized in conservation, the feasibility of such actions is highly dependent upon several key uncertainties including stage of invasion, size of the ecosystem being restored, and magnitude of the restoration activity. Here, we present results of a multi‐year, non‐native brown trout (Salmo trutta) removal and native Bonneville cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) response to this removal in a small tributary in the Intermountain West, United States. We monitored trout for 10 years prior to the onset of eradication efforts, which included 2 years of mechanical removal followed by 2 years of chemical treatment. Cutthroat trout were then seeded with low numbers of both eggs and juvenile trout. We monitored demographics and estimated population growth rates and carrying capacities for cutthroat trout from long‐term depletion estimate data, assuming logistic population growth. Following brown trout eradication and initial seeding efforts, cutthroat trout in this tributary have responded rapidly and have approached their estimated carrying capacity within 6 years. Population projections suggest a 95% probability that cutthroat trout will be at or above 90% of their carrying capacity within 10 years of the eradication of brown trout. Additionally, at least four age‐classes are present including adults large enough to satisfy angling demand. These results demonstrate native trout species have substantial capacity to rapidly recover following removal of invasive species in otherwise minimally altered habitats. While tributaries such as like this study location are likely limited in extent individually, collectively they may serve such as source populations for larger connected systems. In such cases, these source populations may provide additional conservation potential through biotic resistance.
Extended‐release naltrexone/bupropion and liver health: Pooled, post hoc analysis from four randomized controlled trials
Authors: Bajaj Harpreet S. , Burrows Melonie , Blavignac Jessica , Paron Emilia , Camacho Fernando , Gould Errol , Barakat Maxime 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSustained weight loss improves liver histology in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. This post hoc analysis of four phase III, 56‐week, randomized controlled trials investigated if extended‐release naltrexone and bupropion (NB) affects alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) index in adults with overweight or obesity. Two thousand and seventy‐three subjects (NB = 1310; placebo = 763; 79.0% female; 81.6% Caucasian) had baseline mean weight 101 kg, body mass index 36.2 kg/m2, ALT 26.9 IU/L and FIB‐4 0.79. At 56 weeks, NB‐treated subjects experienced more weight loss than placebo (8.7 vs. 3.2 kg, respectively, P < .0001). Weight loss, independent of treatment, was associated with improved ALT and FIB‐4 (P < .0001). There was a significant independent effect of NB on change from baseline for FIB‐4 (P < .0001), but not for ALT (P = .54). Categorical ALT response (from above to within normal ranges: 10‐40 IU/L for men; 7‐35 IU/L for women) and achievement of 25% and 50% reduction in ALT were greater for NB versus placebo, and independently affected by weight loss (P < .0001), but not treatment. NB‐associated weight loss may improve liver health by normalizing ALT values for those with high baseline levels.
Assessing right ventricular systolic function using ultrasonic speckle‐tracking imaging in repaired Tetralogy of Fallot with different pulmonary artery branch angles
Authors: Zhang Shuai , He Xinjian , Liu Lei , Fan Yanhui , Chen Jiaoyang , Yang Lu , Cui Yun , Fan Di 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study assessed whether ultrasonic speckle‐tracking imaging (STI) could help evaluate right ventricular systolic function in repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with different pulmonary artery branch angles.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 64 patients who underwent surgery for TOF and 60 normal children. The angle between the left pulmonary artery and main pulmonary artery was measured using echocardiography and computed tomography angiography (CTA). Furthermore, STI was used to record the global longitudinal strain of the four‐chamber view (GLS4), the global longitudinal strain of the two‐chamber view (GLS2), and the global longitudinal strain of the right ventricle (RVGLS).ResultsThe GLS4, GLS2, and RVGLS values in the TOF groups with different pulmonary artery branch angles were significantly lower than those in the control group. Furthermore, the GLS2 and RVGLS values were significantly lower for angles of 90‐100° and <90° (vs >100°). Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that pulmonary regurgitation and the angle between the left and main pulmonary arteries were two important factors affecting RVGLS. The Bland‐Altman consistency test revealed good agreement regarding the pulmonary artery branch angles measured using echocardiography and CTA.ConclusionIn patients with TOF, the RVGLS was lower for acute left pulmonary artery angulation than for round and blunt left pulmonary artery angulation. The angle of the pulmonary artery branches was an important factor affecting RVGLS. Echocardiography can be used to measure the angle of the pulmonary artery branches, which provides valuable information for surgical correction of pulmonary artery morphology.
Development of the Z‐score for the measurement of myocardial thickness by two‐dimensional echocardiography in normal fetuses
Authors: Rocha Luciane Alves , Zielinsky Paulo , Nicoloso Luiz Henrique Soares , Araujo Junior Edward 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the current literature, there is a tendency to describe normal values of echocardiographic measurements by means of the Z‐score. In fetal cardiology, these Z‐score equations are still being established. Measurement of myocardial thickness is an important assessment, especially in fetuses of diabetic mothers, because of the risk of developing myocardial hypertrophy secondary to elevated maternal blood glucose levels.ObjectiveTo determine the percentiles and to develop the Z‐score equations of right and left ventricular lateral walls and interventricular septum measurements using two‐dimensional echocardiography in normal fetuses between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation.MethodsThis is a prospective cross‐sectional study that was performed in single fetuses with normal heart from nondiabetic pregnant women. Measurements of the lateral walls of the right and left ventricles and the interventricular septum were made.ResultsEight hundred and seventy three pregnant women were included. We determined the percentiles of the measurements for each gestational age. The Z‐score equation was developed for each of the measurements: right ventricular lateral wall measurement [RVLW = x−(−1 + 0.109 * GA)/0.4], left ventricle lateral wall measurement [LVLW = x−(−1.366 + 0.12 * GA)/0.43], and interventricular septum, both at the four‐chamber view [IVS4ch = (x−(−1.113 + 0.107 * GA)/0.4] and at the left ventricular outflow tract plane [IVSLVOT = (x−(−0.581 + 0.084 * GA)/0.35].ConclusionThe present study allowed the demonstration of the percentiles and the Z‐score equations for each of the measurements studied.
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A proof‐of‐concept neuroprotection study for prodromal synucleinopathies
Authors: Arnaldi Dario , Famà Francesco , Girtler Nicola , Brugnolo Andrea , Pardini Matteo , Mattioli Pietro , Meli Riccardo , Massa Federico , Orso Beatrice , Sormani Maria Pia , Donegani Maria Isabella , Bauckneht Matteo , Morbelli Silvia , Nobili Flavio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeTo explore the feasibility of a neuroprotection trial in prodromal synucleinopathy, using idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) as the target population and 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT as a biomarker of disease progression.MethodsConsecutive iRBD patients were randomly assigned to a treatment arm receiving selegiline and symptomatic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder treatment, or to a control arm receiving symptomatic treatment only. Selegiline was chosen because of a demonstrated neuroprotection effect in animal models. Patients underwent 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT at baseline and after 30 months on average. The clinical outcome was the emergence of parkinsonism and/or dementia. A repeated‐measures general linear model (GLM) was applied using group (control and treatment) as ”between” factor, and both time (baseline and follow‐up) and regions (123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT putamen and caudate uptake) as the ”within” factors, adjusting for age.ResultsThirty iRBD patients completed the study (68.2 ± 6.9 years; 29 males; 21% dropout rate), 13 in the treatment arm, and 17 in the control arm. At follow‐up (29.8 ± 9.0 months), three patients in the control arm developed dementia and one parkinsonism, whereas two patients in the treatment arm developed parkinsonism. Both putamen and caudate uptake decreased over time in the control arm. In the treatment arm, only the putamen uptake decreased over time, whereas caudate uptake remained stable. GLM analysis demonstrated an effect of treatment on the 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT uptake change, with a significant interaction between the effect of group, time, and regions (p = 0.004).ConclusionsA 30‐months neuroprotection study for prodromal synucleinopathy is feasible, using iRBD as the target population and 123I‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT as a biomarker of disease progression.
Ecotrons: Powerful and versatile ecosystem analysers for ecology, agronomy and environmental science
Authors: Roy Jacques , Rineau François , De Boeck Hans J. , Nijs Ivan , Pütz Thomas , Abiven Samuel , Arnone John A. , Barton Craig V. M. , Beenaerts Natalie , Brüggemann Nicolas , Dainese Matteo , Domisch Timo , Eisenhauer Nico , Garré Sarah , Gebler Alban , Ghirardo Andrea , Jasoni Richard L. , Kowalchuk George , Landais Damien , Larsen Stuart H. , Leemans Vincent , Le Galliard Jean‐François , Longdoz Bernard , Massol Florent , Mikkelsen Teis N. , Niedrist Georg , Piel Clément , Ravel Olivier , Sauze Joana , Schmidt Anja , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter , Teixeira Leonardo H. , Tjoelker Mark G. , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Winkler Barbro , Milcu Alexandru 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEcosystems integrity and services are threatened by anthropogenic global changes. Mitigating and adapting to these changes require knowledge of ecosystem functioning in the expected novel environments, informed in large part through experimentation and modelling. This paper describes 13 advanced controlled environment facilities for experimental ecosystem studies, herein termed ecotrons, open to the international community. Ecotrons enable simulation of a wide range of natural environmental conditions in replicated and independent experimental units while measuring various ecosystem processes. This capacity to realistically control ecosystem environments is used to emulate a variety of climatic scenarios and soil conditions, in natural sunlight or through broad‐spectrum lighting. The use of large ecosystem samples, intact or reconstructed, minimizes border effects and increases biological and physical complexity. Measurements of concentrations of greenhouse trace gases as well as their net exchange between the ecosystem and the atmosphere are performed in most ecotrons, often quasi continuously. The flow of matter is often tracked with the use of stable isotope tracers of carbon and other elements. Equipment is available for measurements of soil water status as well as root and canopy growth. The experiments ran so far emphasize the diversity of the hosted research. Half of them concern global changes, often with a manipulation of more than one driver. About a quarter deal with the impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and one quarter with ecosystem or plant physiology. We discuss how the methodology for environmental simulation and process measurements, especially in soil, can be improved and stress the need to establish stronger links with modelling in future projects. These developments will enable further improvements in mechanistic understanding and predictive capacity of ecotron research which will play, in complementarity with field experimentation and monitoring, a crucial role in exploring the ecosystem consequences of environmental changes.
Responses of soil surface greenhouse gas emissions to nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer rates toBrassica carinatagrown as a bio‐jet fuel
Authors: Bhattarai Dwarika , Abagandura Gandura O. , Nleya Thandiwe , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCarinata (Brassica carinataA. Braun), a non‐food oilseed crop and an alternative bio‐jet fuel feedstock, has received attention for its potential as a low‐input option for production in the semi‐arid region of the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Research addressing the impacts of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on soils and greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, N2O, and CH4) emissions from carinata production are limited. Thus, objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different rates of N and S fertilizers applied to carinata on soil properties and GHG emissions. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to assess the response of carinata to four N (56, 84, 112, and 140 kg N ha−1) and three S (0, 22, and 45 kg S ha−1) rates. Soil samples were collected at crop harvest to measure soil properties; however, soil surface GHG fluxes were measured during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons using static chamber method. Data showed that application of N fertilizer increased soil EC, soil organic carbon (SOC), stable C, and labile N. However, sulfur fertilizer decreased SOC, labile N, and soil inorganic N contents. Results from GHG fluxes showed that higher rates of N fertilizer application increased the soil CO2and N2O emissions, whereas the S fertilizer did not impact these fluxes. This study concludes that S and N fertilizers application to carinata crop affected soil properties, and higher rates of N fertilizer increased the GHG emissions. Therefore, N fertilizer application rate needs to be optimized to mitigate GHG emission for carinata production.
A micro‐level data analysis of household energy demand in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: An application of linear approximate almost ideal demand system
Authors: Sajjad  , Ur Rahman Zia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study examines energy choice, consumption pattern and household energy expenditure in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) using the Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System (LA‐AIDS). The study used micro‐level data to estimate the price and expenditure elasticities by employing (SUR) methodology. Empirical findings showed that energy choice, consumption patterns, and demand are different for urban‐rural households in the province. Each household living in KPK spent 1838.81 Rupees (9.92%) on energy purchases out of its total average monthly expenditure of Rs. 18,542.79. Compared to urban households, households living in rural areas spend more on energy consumption in a proportionate manner. The expenditure elasticities estimated for all energy sources are positive and statistically significant. Furthermore, the result showed that expenditure elasticities estimated for urban and rural households are less than one, suggesting that all the sources of energy are necessities. Natural gas and electricity are the main energy sources for urban households, while firewood and electricity are key energy sources for rural households in the province. The study suggested that rural households need to switch from conventional energy sources to modern and renewable energy sources, which would reduce the cost of energy use.
Physical modifications of wheat gluten protein: An extensive review
Authors: Abedi Elahe , Pourmohammadi Kiana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGluten protein, as plant resource, is susceptible to physical, genetic, chemical, and enzymatic treatments. In this study, we reviewed physical modifications such as heating‐ freezing, irradiation, high pressure, ultrasonication, shear, and extrusion of gluten. The mode of action of each modification process was investigated. Conformational changes (secondary and tertiary structure) of gluten protein upon physical modification process were described. Functional, morphological, textural, and rheological properties of gluten and their subunits through physical modification were studied. Among physical modifications, the gluten structure was affected by extrusion (heating‐shearing) process. The combination of additives (oxidative and reducing compounds) and alkaline pH upon the extrusion process result in concomitantly dissociation or/and aggregation of gluten via various interactions mainly covalent (disulphide, isopeptides bonds, and dityrosine), noncovalent (hydrogen, ionic, and hydrophobic bonds) interactions and other bonds, such as, dehydroalanine (DHA), lanthioalanine (LAN), and lysinoalanine (LAL).Practical applicationsAttaining an environment friendly and resource protecting provide global value chain and keep on economic development, which has properly been the major target of the most countries. The physical modifications of protein structure are more widely employed since it is safer and without impurities, which have strong effects on different component functionalities. Today, there is a highly increased demand for applying modification‐using technologies; such as ultrasound, extrusion cooking, high hydrostatic pressure, irradiation, which do not rely on chemical treatment for altering ingredient functional and reological properties. We underscored the importance of filling the gaps of knowledge concerning various kinds of physical modification research to alter the disulphide and other interactions, which modified gluten will be suitable in different food and nonfood applications. The additional point is that a better understanding of the correlation between structure and functionality of gluten proteins when they undergo physical modification in combination with additives, such as dough improvers, gums, and surfactant.
Two novel protocols for cleaning residual simethicone and fluid in patient‐ready duodenoscopes
Authors: Peng Chen‐Ling , Liu Tao‐Chieh , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Chang Wei‐Kuo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and AimApproximately 42–95% of working channels have been reported to show the presence of residual fluid despite endoscope reprocessing. The aim of this study was to design two novel protocols for cleaning residual simethicone and demonstrate its efficiency by evaluating the residual fluid and cleanliness in the working channels of patient‐ready duodenoscopes.MethodsThe designed protocol for cleaning residual simethicone was implemented in manual cleaning and/or high‐level disinfection (HLD). The residual fluid inside the working channels was estimated by visual inspection. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) values were evaluated to determine cleanliness after manual cleaning.ResultsManual cleaning with novel simethicone cleaning protocol demonstrated a significant decrease in fluid droplets (14.6 ± 29.9 vs 0 ± 0, P < 0.001) and ATP values (157 ± 196 relative light units [RLUs] vs 52 ± 41 RLUs, P = 0.031). HLD with simethicone cleaning protocol, using either enzymatic detergent with effective for cleaning simethicone or cleaning time set in the automatic endoscope reprocessor program for 8 min, demonstrated significant decrease in the number of fluid droplets. Follow‐up after the implementation of the simethicone cleaning protocol showed a significant decrease in fluid droplets (37.4 ± 41.0 vs 2.1 ± 5.5, P = 0.003) and ATP values (271 ± 268 RLUs vs 82 ± 136 RLUs, P = 0.021).ConclusionsSimethicone cleaning protocol is advantageous for significantly decreasing fluid droplets and ATP values within endoscope working channels. After manual cleaning with the simethicone cleaning protocol, in particular, no retained fluid droplet was observed in patient‐ready duodenoscopes.
Romantic relationship experiences and emotion regulation strategies of regular mindfulness meditation practitioners: A qualitative study
Authors: Erkan Itır , Kafesçioğlu Nilüfer , Cavdar Alev , Zeytinoğlu‐Saydam Senem 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUsing attachment theory as the framework, this qualitative study focused on the romantic relationship experiences of regular mindfulness meditators and their meditation‐naïve or nonregularly meditating partners (NMPs). The sample consisted of eight heterosexual and two same‐sex couples. Thematic analysis (TA) yielded seven themes on three levels. Three intrapersonal themes were (a) meta‐awareness of one's emotional strategies; (b) shift in emotion regulation strategies; and (c) shift in relationship with oneself. The relationship‐level themes of meditators emerged as (d) experiential shift in stressful situations; (e) transformation of the emotional bond; and (f) transformation of the romantic relationship; the nonmeditating partners confirmed the relational and individual shifts due to their partner's practice. Integrating attachment theory with meditation practice can thus be a valuable approach for couple and family therapy. A regular meditation practice of even just one of the partners may be beneficial for the couple relationship.