bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-1 A systematic review and meta-analysis of GWAS and gene expression results of Holstein cattle under negative energy balance and ketosis
Authors: Soares Riani Ananda Nunes , Vargas Giovana , Muniz Malane M , Soares Maria Amelia Menck , Canovas Angela , Schenkel Flavio , Squires Jim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Development of ketosis in high-producing dairy cows contributes to animal health issues and highlights the need for better understanding the genetic basis of metabolic diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of differential gene expression in liver of cows under negative energy balance (NEB), subclinical, and clinical ketosis through a systematic review and meta-analysis of published gene expression and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) results. After screening of the 118 articles found in the systematic review, 20 articles were included in the analysis. For this, 430 significant SNPs identified by GWAS were investigated to see if they were located within genes reported in gene expression studies. A permutation approach was used to identify the biological pathways associated with the metabolic conditions studied. A gene network was created using the differentially expressed genes harboring significant SNPs and a QTL enrichment analysis was performed to identify potential positional candidate loci. This study revealed 14 genes that are differentially expressed in the liver of cows in different metabolic conditions, which harbor 24 significant polymorphisms in reported GWAS. Three significant metabolic pathways were associated with NEB, subclinical and clinical ketosis. In addition, two important genes, PPARA and ACACA, were identified as differentially expressed in the three metabolic conditions. Gene network analysis revealed co-expression interactions among 34 genes associated with functions involving fatty acid transport and metabolism. The genes FN1 and PTK2 were enriched for QTL previously associated with the trait “ketosis” on chromosome 2 and with the trait “milk iron content” on chromosome 14, respectively. These findings improve the understanding of negative energy balance and ketosis in dairy cows, which could enhance selection for cows less susceptible to ketosis and help with the development of potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prevention of ketosis.
PSI-16 Investigation of Jute to Stimulate Sow Nesting Behavior in Farrowing Crates
Authors: Markland Mary L , Gaskill Brianna N , Johnson Jay S , Lay Donald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Domesticated sows are highly motivated to perform nesting behavior prior to farrowing. However, due to the potential for clogging slurry systems, large amounts of nesting material are not practical to use in most production systems. Therefore, the study objective was to assess an alternative nesting material provided prior to farrowing on sow welfare and reproductive outcomes. We hypothesized that the provision of jute nesting material would decrease sow stress and improve reproductive outcomes. Twenty-one sows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: farrowing crate with jute nesting material (n = 11; 40.64 x 21.59 cm) or farrowing crate without nesting material (n=10). Three overlapping jute pieces were attached to the front of the crate to prevent substrate from falling through the slatted floors and disrupting the slurry system. Sows had access to the jute from the time they were moved into the crates (112.4 ± 0.5 d of gestation) until the end of farrowing. Saliva samples were collected, as a non-invasive way to measure cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA) to assess stress, on d -1, 0, 1, and 2 relative to farrowing, and a final sample was collected at weaning. Video was continuously coded for observations of jute-oriented interactions. Data were analyzed as GLM using JMP. In the 12 h prior to farrowing, sows spent an average of 30.02 ± 33.12 min interacting with the jute. Although the sows appear to interact with the material, farrowing duration, number of stillborns, IgA, and cortisol did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). In summary, the treatment was likely not robust enough to satiate the sows’ nest-building needs. Therefore, alternative nesting materials that provide a better outlet for sow behavior, while avoiding negative effects on the slurry system, or ways to present that material should be evaluated to improve sow welfare.
PSI-25 The effect of growth rate on the uterine environment in beef heifers
Authors: Chaney Elizabeth M , Harrison Taylor D , Brandt Kiernan J , Schneider Liesel G , Payton Rebecca R , McLean Kyle J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Replacement heifers provide the foundation of breeding herds by incorporating new and improving genetics. Growth rate (GR) manipulation during heifer development may alter the uterine environment via immune response impacting reproductive function. Angus-crossbred heifers (n = 48) were blocked into 4 weight classes and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) control (CON) fed to gain 0.68 kg/day for 120 d, 2) fast to slow (F/S) fed to achieve 1.25 kg/day for 57 d, then 0.11 kg/day for 63 d, and 3) slow to fast (S/F) fed to achieve 0.11 kg/day for 57 d, then 1.25 kg/day for 63 d. Heifers were supplemented (75% dry distillers grain and 25% corn) four times weekly to achieve desired GR and offered ad libitum forage and water. Blood, BW and BCS were taken every two wks beginning at the start of treatment (d 0) and supplements were adjusted following BW measurement. Uterine and vaginal flushes were taken at d 0, 57, and 120 to determine cytokine and hormone presence. Mixed model ANOVA utilized fixed effects of treatment, day, and their interaction to analyze influence of GR on BW, BCS, average daily gain (ADG), and feed:gain (F:G). All BW were similar until the GR switch; CON and S/F decreased for 3 samples and then returned to similarity (P=0.06). ADG was lower in CON and S/F immediately following GR switch; however, all treatments were similar before and after this event (P=0.0054). All maintained similar F:G until F/S decreased after GR switch (P=0.01). Total F:G was similar for all treatments (CON=18.3, F/S=26.5, S/F=22.7; P=0.25) In conclusion, altering GR during development will allow producers to hit growth thresholds but may impact the uterine environment. We plan to further elucidate the immune profile via cytokine and hormone concentrations from uterine and vaginal flushes.
PSIV-12 Evaluation of reproductive performance and herd longevity when heifers grazing native range are vaccinated with a lifetime regimen of a killed viral or modified live viral vaccine
Authors: Melchior Emily A , Rosasco Shelby L , Lodge-Ivey Shanna L , Cox Shad H , Dunlap Richard L , Wenzel John C , Hallford Dennis L , Summers Adam F , Scholljegerdes Eric J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fifty-eight Angus × Hereford cross heifers born in the spring of 2015 were randomly assigned to treatments of receiving a modified-live viral (MLV) or killed viral (KV) vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) at 60-d of age to determine the effects of vaccination on fertility and herd longevity. Heifers received vaccine treatments again at weaning (205d) at re-vaccination, and a yearly booster for the duration of their time in the herd. Blood samples were collected every two weeks prior to breeding to assess puberty attainment and were subsequently subjected to ovarian ultrasonography to measure antral follicle counts (AFC) and reproductive tract score (RTS). Heifers were synchronized utilizing the 7-d CIDR-PG protocol with AI following estrus detection. Heifer AFC, uterine horn diameter, RTS, and proportion of females attaining puberty before the breeding season were similar among treatments (P ≥ 0.38). Artificial insemination pregnancy rates, final pregnancy rates, and percentage of heifers that calved in the first 21 days were similar between vaccination treatment groups (P ≥ 0.19). Body condition score through the third parity at calving and weaning were not different between vaccination types (P ≥ 0.59). Females receiving a MLV vaccination remain in the herd in a similar proportion to those receiving a KV vaccination (P = 0.86). These results indicate that different vaccination strategies can be successfully used in beef cattle grazing native range without impacting fertility, or herd longevity.
PSIV-9 Effects of polyamines and trenbolone acetate on proliferation rates of murine myoblasts
Authors: Smith Laura A , Ineck Nikole E , Udy Brynne A , Erickson Chris L , Thornton Kara J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Androgens, such as testosterone, increase growth of skeletal muscle, although the exact mechanism through which these molecules function to increase growth of skeletal muscle remains unknown. Recent research indicates that one of the mechanisms through which androgens improve skeletal muscle growth is by modulation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. Polyamines are naturally occurring amino acid derivatives that are found in many whole foods and are potent stimulators of cell proliferation. However, the effect that polyamines have on growth of skeletal muscle has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect that trenbolone acetate (a testosterone analog, TBA), polyamines (putrescine, spermine, and spermidine), and polyamine precursors (methionine and ornithine) have on proliferation of Sol8 and C2C12 murine myoblasts. Cultures were treated with 1% fetal bovine serum and 10 nM TBA, 10 mM methionine, 8 mM ornithine, 3 mM putrescine, 1.5 mM spermidine, or 0.1 mM spermine and proliferation rates were compared to a control (1% fetal bovine serum). Sol8 cells that were treated with 10 nM TBA, 10 mM methionine, 8 mM ornithine, 3 mM putrescine, 1.5 mM spermidine, or 0.1 mM spermine had increased (P &lt; 0.05) proliferation rates compared to the control. C2C12 cells that were treated with 10 nM TBA or 10 mM methionine had increased (P &lt; 0.05) proliferation rates compared to the control. This research demonstrates that TBA, some polyamines, and some polyamine precursors increase proliferation of myoblasts and thus, are capable of enhancing the rate of skeletal muscle growth. However, further research is needed to understand the relationship between androgens and the polyamine biosynthetic pathway relative to skeletal muscle growth.
PSIV-10 Effects of stair-step vs. constant supplementation amount on growth, reproduction, and intravaginal temperature in Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth A , Oliveira Rhaiza A , Binelli Mario , Martins Thiago , Vendramini João , Moriel Philipe 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study investigated growth and reproductive performance of Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers provided a concentrate supplement at either a constant or stair-step supplementation. Sixty-four Brangus heifers were stratified by initial BW and age (255 ± 20 kg; 270 ± 22 d) and assigned to 1 of 16 bahiagrass pastures (4 heifers/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (8 pastures/treatment) and consisted of concentrate DM supplementation at: (1) 1.50% of BW from d 0 to 100 (CON) and (2) 1.05% of BW from d 0 to 49 and 1.95% of BW from d 50 to 100 (STP). Supplementation started on d 0 and continued until start of estrous synchronization on d 100. Intravaginal temperatures (16 heifers/treatment) were collected every 30 minutes from d 25 to 31 (September) and d 85 to 91 (November). All heifers were provided supplement at 1.50% of BW from d 101 to 211. Heifers were bred by AI from d 113 to 115 and Brangus bulls were placed with heifers from d 121 to 211. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment, time, and interaction as fixed effects. From d 0 to 49, ADG did not differ (P = 0.87); however, STP heifers had greater (P = 0.01; 0.73 vs. 0.56 kg/d) ADG from d 50 to 100 compared to CON heifers. Percentage of pubertal heifers, percentage of heifers in estrus, or reproductive tract scores did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.40). Intravaginal temperatures were greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for CON vs. STP heifers from d 25 to 31 but did not differ (P = 0.74) from d 85 to 91. Using a stair-step vs. constant supplementation amount (1.05 to 1.95% vs. 1.50% of BW) before the breeding season reduced intravaginal temperatures and increased overall ADG in Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers.
PSIV-28 Program Chair Poster Pick: The Effects of Poor Maternal Nutrition During Gestation on Ewe and Offspring Plasma Concentrations of Leptin and Ghrelin
Authors: Soranno Lauren M , Jones Amanda , Pillai Sambhu , Hoffman Maria L , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E , Reed Sarah A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition (restricted- and over-feeding) during gestation may alter leptin and ghrelin, key hormones in energy homeostasis and appetite control. They may also have a regulatory role in maternal metabolic adaptations critical during gestation to ensure optimal offspring growth and development. We hypothesized that restricted- and over-feeding during gestation would alter plasma concentrations of leptin and ghrelin in ewes and their offspring. Pregnant Western White-faced ewes were individually fed 60% (RES; n = 13), 100% (CON; n = 11), or 140% (OVER; n = 13) of NRC requirements for TDN starting on d 30±0.02 of gestation. Blood samples were collected in the morning from fasted pregnant ewes weekly from d 20 of gestation until parturition and from offspring (n = 31) within 24 hours after birth. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with main effects of treatment, day of gestation and their interaction. Leptin (P &lt; 0.002) and ghrelin (P &lt; 0.015) concentrations were altered in pregnant ewes between treatments within a day of gestation. At d 100 (P = 0.008) and d 128 (P = 0.04), RES ewes (5.392.58 ng/mL; 6.392.50 ng/mL) had decreased leptin concentrations compared with OVER ewes (14.972.48 ng/mL; 13.612.47 ng/mL), with CON ewes intermediate. RES ewes (0.260.04 ng/mL) had increased ghrelin concentrations compared with CON ewes at d 142 (0.150.04 ng/mL; P = 0.042), with OVER ewes intermediate. Leptin (P &lt; 0.002) and ghrelin (P &lt; 0.015) concentrations were altered between days of gestation within a dietary treatment. Leptin concentration increased across gestation in OVER ewes. In RES ewes, leptin concentration decreased and ghrelin concentration increased over gestation. Leptin (P = 0.5) and ghrelin (P = 0.5) concentrations in lambs were not different at birth. Alterations in leptin and ghrelin in ewes during gestation may disrupt critical metabolic adaptations that may contribute to suboptimal offspring growth and development.
PSVII-22 Using GPS and genomic technologies to provide a more accurate estimate of bull power in western intermountain beef systems
Authors: Garcia Matthew D , Chapman Kim , Heaton Kevin , Thacker Eric , Rickords Lee , Dallin Josh , Rood Kerry , Hadfield Jacob , Larsen Ryan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to utilize GPS technology and genomic parentage testing to provide a more accurate measurement of bull power in Intermountain West beef production systems. Breeding seasons in the Intermountain West are typically conducted on expansive pastures, leading to current bull:cow ratios (1:20 or 1:25) possibly being inaccurate. Traditionally, producers maintain enough bulls to satisfy established bull cow ratios, but there was not further investigation into which calves were sired from specific bulls or how many cows each bull was actually servicing. Thus, the current study fitted five bulls with GPS collars and collected hair samples for future DNA extraction prior to the 2018 breeding season. Bull movement was tracked over a 90-day breeding season on a large grazing allotment in southern Utah and northern Arizona. The GPS collars allowed for tracking total distance traveled per day, and distance traveled away from water. Upon completion of the breeding season, collars were removed and data downloaded. A total of 104 potential offspring of the collared bulls were branded, and had ear notches collected for DNA extraction and parentage analyses. Results of parentage testing revealed that actually six bulls sired calves during the 2018 breeding season. The cooperating ranch’s bulls sired 30, 16, 14, 10 and 2 calves respectively. However, a neighboring operation’s bull sired 32 calves in the cooperator’s herd during that same season. While results from the current study are very preliminary, they do validate the importance of verifying bull power and sire identification in order to critically evaluate sire performance and increase the accuracy of selection in breeding replacements. The information presented herein may prove useful as a future selection tool to identify bulls that are high performers during the breeding season in the Intermountain West.
PSVII-8 Equations for prediction of empty body weight of water buffaloes finished in feedlot
Authors: Jorge Andre M , Francisco Caroline L , Castilhos André M , Martins Narciso Matheus Henrique P , Jacaúna Amanna G , Marques da Silva Daiane C , Aranha Aline S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to develop equations to predict the empty body weight (EBW) using the shrunk body weight (SBW) of water buffaloes of three genetic groups (GG:Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah; n = 65 for each GG), considering possible variations among GG. One-hundred-ninety-five non-castrated males (390±32 days of age; 327±51.96 kg of initial body weight - BW) from two years of similar experiments were used. Animals of each GG were allocated in collective pens for 28 days of adaptation period. Diet and water were offered ad libitum. Animal SBW were recorded at the beginning and every 28 days until the averages SBW reached the values determined (420, 480, and 540kg of SBW). After slaughter and to obtain the EBW, the non-carcass components of each animal [blood, paws, head, leather, tail, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), liver, kidneys, internal fat, and other internal organs] were weighed. The full GIT of each animal was weighed to obtain the total weight, and then emptied, washed, drained, and weighed to obtain the weight of the GIT content. Initially, data were analyzed using UNIVARIATE procedure in SAS. SBW recorded prior to slaughter were categorized according to SBW proposed considering the coefficient of variation below 10% for each GG to increase the precision of the data used, which decreased the initial n to 104 animals. Equations were developed and tested for GG effect using GLM and REG procedures in SAS. Tendency of GG effect was detected (P = 0.06). Thus, different prediction equations were determined for each GG, and a general prediction equation was developed for the three GG (Table 1). In conclusion, the results suggest it is possible to use distinct equations to predict the EBW according to GG as well as a general equation can be also used, resulting in high predictions of EBW of water buffaloes finished in feedlot.
PSVI-32 The effects of varying amylose levels in different diets on digestibility and glycemic response in canines
Authors: Quilliam Chloe , Ren Yikai , Morris Tressa , Ai Yongfeng , Weber Lynn P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the digestibility of pulse-based diets to grain-based diets based on varying levels of amylose and study how changes in digestibility impacts glycemic response in dogs. To establish glycemic response, six diets were formulated at an inclusion level of 20% available starch with varying amylose content. A grain-based diet was formulated using rice, while pulse-based diets consisted of smooth pea, wrinkled pea (4140–4 and Amigold varieties), faba bean, or lentil. Beagles (n = 8, 4 females, 4 males) were fed the 6 different test diets for 7 days in a randomized, cross-over, blinded design. At the end of each feeding period, fecal samples were collected and beagles were fasted overnight and subjected to a glycemic test (1g/kg of diet or glucose fed). Data collected were statistically analyzed using SigmaPlot 12.0 and significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Amylose levels of diets varied from 4.64% to 14.82% on a dry basis. The rice-based diet had the lowest amylose content, while the wrinkled pea (Amigold variety) diet had the highest amylose content. Following the collection of glycemic response and fecal data, repeated-measures, 1-way ANOVA’s were conducted. There were significant differences observed between diets based on peak glucose levels (mmol/L, P = 0.01). The rice diet had the highest peak in glucose, while the lentil-based diet had the lowest glucose peak. Significant differences were also seen between diets based on their digestibility (P &lt; 0.001). Rice, lentil, faba bean and smooth pea-based diets had the highest levels of digestibility, while wrinkled pea varieties had decreased digestibility. Furthermore, varying amylose found in diets can be viewed as an impacting factor on glycemic response and digestibility. Incorporating pulses with higher amounts of amylose could be utilized in dog diets to promote a low glycemic response through decreased rates of digestibility.
PSVI-24 Immunological Effects of a Purified 1,3/1,6 β-glucan Supplementation in Retorted Canine Diets
Authors: Traughber Zac , He Fei , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Yeast cell wall products are common functional ingredients capable of “priming” the immune system, specifically in reference to vaccine efficacy. Twenty-four adult, female Beagles were used in a completely randomized design. Three retorted diets were used: control diet (CON), CON plus β-glucan top-dressed daily upon time of feeding (C+B), and CON plus retorted β-glucan included in diet formulation (BG). Following a 7 d adaptation to CON, dogs were fed their respective treatment diets for 42 d and were challenged with an oral Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine on d 14 with blood collections on d 0, 21, 28, and 42. The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of a yeast β-1,3/1,6 glucan (150 ppm) on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of macronutrients, fecal microbiota, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; T-cells, B-cells, and monocytes) of adult dogs and, 2) to test the effects of retorting on the efficacy of these β-glucans. All diets were well-accepted by all dogs. ATTD of both dry matter and crude protein were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for BG than CON and with greater (P &lt; 0.05) energy digestibility for BG than both B+G and CON. Additionally, fecal short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, indole and phenol concentrations did not differ among treatments. No significant treatment by time interactions among treatment groups were observed for any analyzed PBMC. These data suggest that a 150 ppm inclusion of this yeast-derived β-glucan had no detrimental effects on ATTD, fecal characteristics and metabolites, nor any analyzed PBMC; however, due to the absence of differences in immune parameters among treatments, the effect of retorting on the efficacy of this product cannot confidently be assessed with these findings. Higher doses of yeast-derived β-glucan might be needed to elicit an immunological modulation in healthy adult dogs.