bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional carbon nitride C6N nanosheet with egg-comb-like structure and electronic properties of a semimetal
Authors: Bafekry A , Shahrokhi M , Shafique A , Jappor H R , Shojaei F , Feghhi S A H , Ghergherehchi M , Gogova D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, the structural, electronic and optical properties of theoretically predicted C6N monolayer structure are investigated by means of Density Functional Theory-based First-Principles Calculations. Phonon band dispersion calculations and molecular dynamics simulations reveal the dynamical and thermal stability of the C6N single-layer structure. We found out that the C6N monolayer has large negative in-plane Poisson’s ratios along both X and Y direction and the both values are almost four times that of the famous-pentagraphene. The electronic structure shows that C6N monolayer is a semi-metal and has a Dirac-point in the BZ. The optical analysis using the random phase approximation method constructed over HSE06 illustrates that the first peak of absorption coefficient of the C6N monolayer along all polarizations is located in the IR range of spectrum, while the second absorption peak occurs in the visible range, which suggests its potential applications in optical and electronic devices. Interestingly, optically anisotropic character of this system is highly desirable for the design of polarization-sensitive photodetectors. Thermoelectric properties such as Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, electronic thermal conductivity and power factor are investigated as a function of carrier doping at temperatures 300, 400, and 500 K. In general, we predict that the C6N monolayer could be a new platform for study of novel physical properties in two-dimensional semi-metal materials, which may provide new opportunities to realize high-speed low-dissipation devices.
Reproducibility and Validity of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire in Men Assessed by Multiple Methods
Authors: Al-Shaar Laila , Yuan Changzheng , Rosner Bernard , Dean Stefanie B , Ivey Kerry L , Clowry Catherine M , Sampson Laura A , Barnett Junaidah B , Rood Jennifer , Harnack Lisa J , Block Jason , Manson JoAnn E , Stampfer Meir J , Willett Walter C , Rimm Eric B 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAmong 626 participants of the Men’s Lifestyle Validation Study (2011–2013), we evaluated the validity and reproducibility of a self-administered 152-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) using two 7-day dietary records (7DDRs), 4 Automated Self-Administered 24-hour dietary recalls (ASA24s), four 24-hour urine samples, 1 doubly labeled water measurement (repeated in 104 participants), and 2 fasting blood samples, collected over 15 months. Compared with 7DDRs, SFFQs underestimated energy intake, macronutrients, and sodium intake but overestimated some micronutrients. The mean of the Spearman correlation coefficients was 0.66 (range, 0.38–0.88) between 46 energy-adjusted nutrients estimated from 7DDRs and the final SFFQ, deattenuated for within-person variation in the 7DDRs. These deattenuated correlations were similar using ASA24s as the comparison. Relative to biomarkers, SFFQs underestimated energy, sodium, and protein intakes, as well as the sodium:potassium ratio. The energy-adjusted correlations between the final SFFQ and the biomarkers were slightly lower than the correlations between the SFFQ and 7DDRs. Using the method of triads to calculate validity coefficients, the median validity coefficient between SFFQ and true intake was 0.65 and 0.69 using 7DDRs and ASA24s, respectively, as the third method. These data indicate that this SFFQ provided reasonably valid estimates for a wide range of nutrients when evaluated by multiple comparison methods.
Initiator Types and the Causal Question of the Prevalent New-User Design: A Simulation Study
Authors: Webster-Clark Michael , Ross Rachael K , Lund Jennifer L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
New-user designs restricting to treatment initiators have become the preferred design for studying drug comparative safety and effectiveness using nonexperimental data. This design reduces confounding by indication and healthy-adherer bias at the cost of smaller study sizes and reduced external validity, particularly when assessing a newly approved treatment compared with standard treatment. The prevalent new-user design includes adopters of a new treatment who switched from or previously used standard treatment (i.e., the comparator), expanding study sample size and potentially broadening the study population for inference. Previous work has suggested the use of time-conditional propensity-score matching to mitigate prevalent user bias. In this study, we describe 3 “types” of initiators of a treatment: new users, direct switchers, and delayed switchers. Using these initiator types, we articulate the causal questions answered by the prevalent new-user design and compare them with those answered by the new-user design. We then show, using simulation, how conditioning on time since initiating the comparator (rather than full treatment history) can still result in a biased estimate of the treatment effect. When implemented properly, the prevalent new-user design estimates new and important causal effects distinct from the new-user design.
The Clinical Course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a US Hospital System: A Multistate Analysis
Authors: Mody Aaloke , Lyons Patrick G , Vazquez Guillamet Cristina , Michelson Andrew , Yu Sean , Namwase Angella Sandra , Sinha Pratik , Powderly William G , Woeltje Keith , Geng Elvin H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There are limited data on longitudinal outcomes for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalizations that account for transitions between clinical states over time. Using electronic health record data from a hospital network in the St. Louis, Missouri, region, we performed multistate analyses to examine longitudinal transitions and outcomes among hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 with respect to 15 mutually exclusive clinical states. Between March 15 and July 25, 2020, a total of 1,577 patients in the network were hospitalized with COVID-19 (49.9% male; median age, 63 years (interquartile range, 50–75); 58.8% Black). Overall, 34.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 26.4, 41.8) had an intensive care unit admission and 12.3% (95% CI: 8.5, 16.1) received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The risk of decompensation peaked immediately after admission; discharges peaked around days 3–5, and deaths plateaued between days 7 and 16. At 28 days, 12.6% (95% CI: 9.6, 15.6) of patients had died (4.2% (95% CI: 3.2, 5.2) had received IMV) and 80.8% (95% CI: 75.4, 86.1) had been discharged. Among those receiving IMV, 35.1% (95% CI: 28.2, 42.0) remained intubated after 14 days; after 28 days, 37.6% (95% CI: 30.4, 44.7) had died and only 37.7% (95% CI: 30.6, 44.7) had been discharged. Multistate methods offer granular characterizations of the clinical course of COVID-19 and provide essential information for guiding both clinical decision-making and public health planning.
Plural Governmentalities: Governing Welfare Fraud in Sweden
Authors: Stenström Anders 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe criminalization of welfare and policing has often been analysed as being indicative of the global rise of a neoliberal political agenda. The current paper examines how governmental power is organized to govern investigators responsible for policing welfare in Sweden. Using empirical illustrations from the Swedish case, it shows how multiple governmental logics are enacted in the context of a broader political will to crack down on welfare fraud. Specifically, it demonstrates how so-called control investigators are tasked to realize a neoconservative agenda. To this end, these investigators are themselves governed using an amalgam of neoliberal and bureaucratic rationalities and technologies. The paper argues that examinations of the articulation of multiple governmental rationalities offer one route for thinking intelligibly about power and criminalization and by extension about the limits of neoliberal rule.
Hidden victims: the gendered data gap of violent crime
Authors: Cooper Kerris , Obolenskaya Polina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The official measure of violent crime, reported by the Office for National Statistics using the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW), excludes sexual offences and neglects the self-completion survey data which more reliably captures sexual and domestic violence. In failing to include these gendered forms of violence, the official picture of who is most at risk of violence is skewed, suggesting men are at greater risk than women. This research re-estimates who is most at risk of violence, incorporating sexual and domestic violence and analysing trends in violence between 2005 and 2018 by gender. The findings challenge official statistics, revealing that women were at greater risk of violence than men in 2018.
NFIA and NFIB function as tumour suppressors in high-grade glioma in mice
Authors: Chen Kok-Siong , Lynton Zorana , Lim Jonathan W C , Robertson Thomas , Gronostajski Richard M , Bunt Jens , Richards Linda J 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNuclear factor one (NFI) transcription factors are implicated in both brain development and cancer in mice and humans and play an essential role in glial differentiation. NFI expression is reduced in human astrocytoma samples, particularly those of higher grade, whereas over-expression of NFI protein can induce the differentiation of glioblastoma cells within human tumour xenografts and in glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. These data indicate that NFI proteins may act as tumour suppressors in glioma. To test this hypothesis, we generated complex mouse genetic crosses involving six alleles to target gene deletion of known tumour suppressor genes that induce endogenous high-grade glioma in mice, and overlaid this with loss of function Nfi mutant alleles, Nfia and Nfib, a reporter transgene and an inducible Cre allele. Deletion of Nfi resulted in reduced survival time of the mice, increased tumour load and a more aggressive tumour phenotype than observed in glioma mice with normal expression of NFI. Together, these data indicate that NFI genes represent a credible target for both diagnostic analyses and therapeutic strategies to combat high-grade glioma.
Reinfection With SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Vaccines
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey I , Burbelo Peter D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic and the duration of protective immunity to the virus is unknown. Cases of persons reinfected with the virus are being reported with increasing frequency. At present it is unclear how common reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is and how long serum antibodies and virus-specific T cells persist after infection. For many other respiratory virus infections, including influenza and the seasonal coronaviruses that cause colds, serum antibodies persist for only months to a few years and reinfections are very common. Here we review what is known about the duration of immunity and reinfection with coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as the duration of immunity to other viruses and virus vaccines. These findings have implications for the need of continued protective measures and for vaccines for persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Bioaerosol Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a Referral Center with Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients March–May 2020
Authors: Lane Morgan A , Brownsword Erik A , Babiker Ahmed , Ingersoll Jessica M , Waggoner Jesse , Ayers Marie , Klopman Matthew , Uyeki Timothy M , Lindsley William G , Kraft Colleen S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous research has shown that rooms of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) present the potential for healthcare-associated transmission through aerosols containing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, data on the presence of these aerosols outside of patient rooms are limited. We investigated whether virus-containing aerosols were present in nursing stations and patient room hallways in a referral center with critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Methods
Eight National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health BC 251 2-stage cyclone samplers were set up throughout 6 units, including nursing stations and visitor corridors in intensive care units and general medical units, for 6 h each sampling period. Samplers were placed on tripods which held 2 samplers positioned 102 cm and 152 cm above the floor. Units were sampled for 3 days. Extracted samples underwent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for selected gene regions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleocapsid and the housekeeping gene human RNase P as an internal control.

Results
The units sampled varied in the number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients present on the days of sampling. Some of the units included patient rooms under negative pressure, while most were maintained at a neutral pressure. Of 528 aerosol samples collected, none were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by the estimated limit of detection of 8 viral copies/m3 of air.

Conclusions
Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 outside of patient rooms was undetectable. While healthcare personnel should avoid unmasked close contact with each other, these findings may provide reassurance for the use of alternatives to tight-fitting respirators in areas outside of patient rooms during the current pandemic.
Death of a child and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Wei Dang , Olofsson Tristan , Chen Hua , Janszky Imre , Fang Fang , Ljung Rickard , Yu Yongfu , Li Jiong , László Krisztina D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aims
The role of psychological stress in the aetiology of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. The death of a child is one of the most severe sources of stress. We aimed to investigate whether the death of a child is associated with an increased risk of AF.

Methods and results
We studied parents with children born during 1973–2014 included the Swedish Medical Birth Register (n = 3 924 237). Information on death of a child, AF and socioeconomic, lifestyle and health-related covariates was obtained through linkage to nationwide population and health registers. We examined the link between death of a child and AF risk using Poisson regression. Parents who lost a child had a 15% higher risk of AF than unexposed parents [incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.15 (1.10–1.20)]. An increased risk of AF was observed not only if the child died due to cardiovascular causes [IRR (95% CI): 1.35 (1.17–1.56)], but also in case of deaths due to other natural [IRR (95% CI): 1.15 (1.09–1.21)] or unnatural [IRR (95% CI): 1.10 (1.02–1.19)] causes. The risk of AF was highest in the 1st week after the loss [IRR (95% CI): 2.87 (1.44–5.75)] and remained 10–40% elevated on the long term.

Conclusions
Death of a child was associated with a modestly increased risk of AF. Our finding that an increased risk was observed also after loss of a child due to unnatural deaths suggests that stress-related mechanisms may also be implicated in the development of AF.
Identification of Sarcopenia in Amazonian Elderly
Authors: Faber Myrian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This research has applied the SARCF to identify the presence of sarcopenia in 236 women aged 66.27 ± 5.76 year from Amazonas, who have attended activities aimed at the elderly. The SARCF analyzes five objective variables for assessing sarcopenia, related to the functional pattern (strength, walking, sitting and getting up from a chair, climbing stairs and falls). Functional patterns are scored to independence = 0, some dependence = 1 and a lot of difficulty or functional disability = 2. Regarding falls during the year; none = 0, ≥ 1 ≤ 3 = 1 and ≥ 4 = 2. Values ≥0≤4, suggest absence of sarcopenia, ≥4≤10 sarcopenia. Results has revealed 100 (42.37%) elderly women without difficulties to carry objects weighing 5 kilos, 130 (55.31%) have presented some difficulty and 6 (2.55%) couldn’t do it so. As for walking, 108 (45.76%) haven’t needed help, 128 (54.23%) have needed some help. Regarding to sit and get up from a chair, 17 (7.20%) haven’t needed help, 218 (92.37%) have needed help and 1 (0.42%) couldn’t do it. Climb stairs 17 (7.20%) haven’t needed help, 173 (73.30%) have needed help and 46 (19.49%) couldn’t do it so. Concerning about falls, 150 (63.55%) elderly women haven’t fallen, 57 (24.15%) have fallen between one and three times and 29 (12.29%) have fallen more times. The final SARCF score has revealed a sarcopenia prevalence in 54% of the surveied population; CI = 0.30, CORREL = 0.90 (54.05%) sarcopenic; 6 (2.55%) pre-sarcopenia, 24 (18.9%) sarcopenia, 24 (18.9%) severe sarcopenia.
What Role Do Different Types of Social Support Play in Life Satisfaction Among Korean Older Adults in Retirement?
Authors: Woo Jihee , Choi Hyojin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Individuals are taking more responsibility for their retirement. However, economic stress generated by inadequate planning may pose a grave threat to well-being in retirement. Drawing on stress theory, this study examined how different types of social support mediate the relationship between economic stress and life satisfaction. We used the data from the 2013 and 2014 Korean Retirement and Income Study. Our sample was restricted to older Korean adults in retirement 55 to 96 years of age who were head of household (N=1,672). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the measurement model for six latent constructs: 1) economic stress; 2) emotional support; 3) informational support; 4) instrumental support; 5) appraisal support; 6) life satisfaction. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test this hypothesized model. The results revealed that both measurement model (CFI=0.985, TLI=0.983, RMSEA=0.036, SRMR=0.035) and structural model (CFI=0.978, TLI=0.984, RMSEA=0.030, SRMR=0.039) fit the data well. Standardized results from the SEM model adjusting for sociodemographic variables showed that economic stress directly predicted life satisfaction (β=-0.39, p&lt;0.001) and two of four social support types directly predicted life satisfaction (instrumental support β=0.29, p&lt;0.001; appraisal support β=0.25, p=0.004). Analyses demonstrated that economic stress may lead to lower levels of life satisfaction directly and indirectly through its effect on instrumental (β=-0.07, p&lt;0.001) and appraisal support (β=-0.04, p=0.013). These findings will help inform policymakers and institutions of the need to alleviate economic stress and increase particular types of support with potentially more serious impact on the well-being of older adults in retirement.
Associations Between Hearing Loss, Loneliness, and Social Isolation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Suen Jonathan , Shukla Aishwarya , Goman Adele , Price Carrie , Lin Frank , Reed Nicholas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Hearing loss is highly prevalent among older adults, as is occurrences of loneliness and social isolation. Both loneliness and social isolation are also associated with insidious outcomes such as earlier mortality from all-causes and higher prevalence of chronic comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to synthesize published investigations that report on the associations between hearing loss with loneliness and social isolation. A systematic search through PubMed, Embase, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library identified an initial total of 2495 references. Two independent reviewers screened articles for inclusion, with a third reviewer adjudicating. Studies published in English of older adults with hearing loss that also assessed loneliness and/or social isolation using a validated measure were included. Investigators used a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to appraise study quality. A final total of 14 articles were included in the review. The majority (12/14) were cross-sectional in design. Assessment methods were varied across hearing status, loneliness, and social isolation. Despite this heterogeneity, most multivariable adjusted investigations revealed that hearing loss was significantly associated with higher risks for both phenomena. Several studies also revealed this association to vary across gender, with women showing a stronger association than men. Our findings indicate that hearing loss is associated with both loneliness and social isolation, which have important implications for the cognitive and psychosocial health of older adults. Future investigations should examine possible underlying mechanisms of these relationships, as well as the efficacy of interventions through aural rehabilitation programs in addressing loneliness and social isolation.
The Effects of Grandchild Care on Mental Health Among Chinese Elderly: The Mediating Effects of Social Networks
Authors: Tang Dan , Qiu Jie , Zhang Kun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Using the data of 2014 baseline survey of the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), which provides a sample of older Chinese who had grandchild younger than 18 years old, this study examines the associations among grandchild care, social networks, and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. The older adults are divided into three groups basing on the frequency of their behaviors of taking care of grandchildren. The three groups are ‘no care, providing care occasionally, providing care frequently’. The mediating and moderating effects of social networks between grandchild care and depressive symptoms are tested. Results show that older adults who provide grandchild care report superior social networks and better mental health than those who don’t provide grandchild (reference group). After controlling the related variables, the older adults who provide grandchild occasionally benefit more than those who take care of grandchild frequently. Grandchild care is related to larger social networks, and the social networks are fully mediating the association between grandchild care and depressive symptoms.
The Impact of Taking Care of Grandchildren on Health Outcomes in Japanese Community-Dwelling Elderly
Authors: Fujiwara Yoshinori , Nonaka Kumiko , Kuraoka Masataka , Murayama Sachiko , Nemoto Yuta , Murayama Hiroshi , Murayama Yoh , Kobayashi Erika 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Taking care of grandchildren may provide health benefits to older adults due to keeping their social roles and feeling more generative; however, we have scarce knowledge of the relationships in Asian countries. This study addressed this question in older Japanese. The data was obtained from a two-year follow-up mail survey conducted in 2016 on 3,116 randomly selected older Japanese, aged 65-84 years, living in a metropolitan area. The main outcome was deterioration of health assessed by the Self-Rated Health (SRH), WHO-5, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), defined as decline in 1 or more points obtained after 2 years of follow-up. The frequency of taking care of grandchildren was assessed as every day, 4-6 days per week, 1-3 days per week, 1-3 days per month, several days per year, and none. A multiple linear regression examined the impact of taking care of grandchildren as a predictor of protection of decline in SRH, WHO-5 and IADLs. The models were adjusted for confounding factors. Of 1,561 who responded to the follow-up survey, 959 people had grandchildren at baseline. The subjects had a mean age of 73.2±5.3 years, and mean scores of SRH:2.1±0.6; WHO-5;16.1±5.3, IADLs; 4.9±0.6 (higher scores represent higher evaluation). The higher frequency of taking care of grandchildren were longitudinally associated with less decline in SRH, WHO-5, and IADLs (standardized partial regression coefficient, β=-0.090, p=0.013; β =-0.023, p=0.547; β =-0.107, p=0.008, respectively). In conclusion, taking care of grandchildren might be a protective factor of comprehensive and functional health deterioration.