bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the validity of two psychiatric screening questionnaires: the Arabic General Health Questionnaire (AGHQ) and Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) in UAE, using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis
Authors: Ghubash R. , Daradkeh T. , El-Rufaie O.F. , Abou-Saleh M.T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study compared the ability of the Arabic General Health questionnaire (AGHQ) and Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to screen ICD-10 psychiatric disorders in an Arab community in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Standardised psychiatric assessments of subjects using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were carried out. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine validity indices for the AGHQ and SRQ-20. For the AGHQ, sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) were 86, 85 and 93% respectively, while for the SRQ-20, validity indices were 83, 83 and 90% respectively. Overall performance of the AGHQ was significantly better than the SRQ-20, especially in males and those under the age of 30 years. We conclude that both questionnaires are valid screening instruments in an Arab community in the UAE.
Should severely disturbed psychiatric patients be distributed or concentrated in specialized wards? An empirical study on the effects of hospital organization on ward atmosphere, aggressive behavior, and sexual molestation
Authors: Gebhardt R.P. , Steinert T. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis study examines whether ward atmosphere, aggressive behavior, and sexual molestation will change after severely disturbed patients have been distributed over several wards determined by their place of residence, instead of concentrating them in locked single-sex wards. Four wards for predominantly psychotic patients were investigated with the German version of the Ward Atmosphere Scale (WAS), and some further questions about the observation of aggressive behavior and sexual molestation once before and twice after internal sectorisation, partial ward opening, and mixing the sexes were asked. Questionnaires (345: 162 staff members, 183 patients) were evaluated. After the structural changes, a significant improvement of ward atmosphere and a reduction of aggressive behavior was found on average in all wards, whereas the impact on sexual molestation remained unclear. Internal sectorisation and sex integration policy, resulting in distributing rather than concentrating severely disturbed patients, have beneficial effects on the social climate of acute wards.
Maturity and exercise price of executive stock options
Authors: Choe Chongwoo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUsing a simple three‐period model in which a manager can gather information before making an investment decision, this paper studies optimal contracts with various stock options. In particular, we show how the exercise price of executive stock options is related to a base salary, the size of the option grant, leverage, and the riskiness of a desired investment policy. The optimal exercise price increases in the size of grant and the base salary and decreases in leverage and the riskiness of a desired investment policy. Other things equal, the optimal exercise price of European options with a longer maturity should increase more for an increase in the base salary and the size of grant and decrease more for an increase in leverage than the one with a shorter maturity. The optimal exercise price of American options is determined by the optimal exercise prices of European options with different maturities. Given the fixed exercise price, the size of the option grant does not decrease in the face value of debt.
Incidence of newly diagnosed heart failure in UK general practice
Authors: Johansson Saga , Wallander Mari‐Ann , Ruigómez Ana , Rodríguez Luis Alberto García 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAim:To estimate the incidence rate of heart failure in the general population and to assess risk factors associated with the occurrence of newly diagnosed heart failure.Methods:From the source population that was derived from the UK General Practice Research Database, we identified patients aged 40–84 years newly diagnosed with heart failure in 1996, and estimated incidence rates. We sent questionnaires to a random sample of heart failure patients (N ‐ 1200) and performed a nested case–control analysis to assess risk factors for heart failure.Results:The overall incidence rate for heart failure was 4.4 per 1000 person‐years in men and 3.9 per 1000 person‐years in women. The incidence increased steeply with age in both sexes. The relative risk of heart failure was 2.1 (95% C.I.: 1.7–2.6) among men compared with women less than 65 years old and 1.3 (95% C.I.: 1.2–1.4) above the age of 65. Slightly more than half of the cases were categorized in NYHA III–IV at the time of the first diagnosis. Within one month of initial diagnosis 62% of the men and 50% of the women were referred to specialists and/or hospitalized for heart failure. Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity were independently associated with heart failure as well as history of distant dyspnoea. Coronary heart disease was the most common cause of heart failure with a greater relative prevalence in men than women.Conclusion:Incident heart failure cases mainly comprised elderly men and women frequently burdened with several diseases in general practice. Women had a lower incidence of heart failure than men. However, traditional risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes and dyspnoea appeared to confer the same relative increase in heart failure risk among women and men.
The CARE‐HF study (CArdiac REsynchronisation in Heart Failure study): rationale, design and end‐points
Authors: Cleland J.G.F. , Daubert J.C. , Erdmann E. , Freemantle N. , Gras D. , Kappenberger L. , Klein W. , Tavazzi L. ,   The CARE‐HF study Steering Committee and Investigators
Published: July 2002

AbstractBackground:Cardiac resynchronisation is a promising new intervention for patients with heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction and ventricular dyssynchrony.Objective:The CARE‐HF trial is designed to evaluate the long‐term effects of cardiac (atrio‐bi‐ventricular) resynchronisation on the mortality and morbidity of patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction already receiving diuretics and optimal medical therapy with ACE inhibitors and beta‐blockers (where indicated and tolerated).Methods and Results:Approximately 800 patients will be randomised to device therapy or control and followed for a minimum of 18 months. A pragmatic study design has been chosen that does not attempt to conceal allocation from investigators or patients because it is impossible to guarantee maintenance of blinding for the duration of the study. The end‐points committee will adjudicate events in a blinded fashion. Since cardiac resynchronisation may alter other aspects of the management of the patient, as would occur in clinical practice, the study should be considered a comparison of strategies rather than simply of a device. The primary end‐point is all‐cause mortality or unplanned cardiovascular hospitalisation. The study should complete recruitment during 2002 and report in 2004.
CLINICIAN‐SPECIFIC EPISIOTOMY RATES: IMPACT ON PERINEAL OUTCOMES
Authors: Low Lisa Kane , Seng Julia S. , Murtland Terri L. , Oakley Deborah 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTRecent, large, randomized, controlled trials of the effects of episiotomy on perineal damage have confirmed that episiotomy is associated with an increased risk of damage to the perineum. Yet episiotomy remains the most common surgical procedure women undergo. This article examines if clinician experience, rather than scientific evidence, forms the basis for continuing this practice. Perineal outcome data are analyzed for 865 low‐risk women who were attended at birth by the staff nurse‐midwives or faculty obstetricians at a university‐based, tertiary‐care hospital. Data were collected under routine, non‐experimental conditions such that the circumstances of the labor and the clinician's preferences were allowed to determine management decisions regarding the use of episiotomy or other techniques of perineal management. Multivariate findings indicate that in the absence of episiotomy, rates of perineal integrity were highest among clinicians who usually had the lowest rate of episiotomy use. When an episiotomy was done, rates of third‐ and fourth‐degree extensions were highest among clinicians who used episiotomy most frequently. This finding challenges the idea that clinicians who were very experienced with the use of episiotomy would avoid complications such as extensions. Future research should explore the use of nonsurgical techniques such as those employed by midwives to promote perineal integrity. Then interdisciplinary research and evidence‐based education regarding these techniques can occur to improve perineal outcomes for all women.
The Experience of Sexuality During Breastfeeding among Primiparous Women
Authors: Avery Melissa D. , Duckett Laura , Frantzich Carrie Roth 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to describe various aspects of sexuality for primiparous breastfeeding women. The conceptual framework used for the study was Bernhard's theory of women's integrated sexuality which describes female sexuality as a multidimensional, biopsychosocial phenomenon. The investigators used a descriptive design, analyzing data from the 576 primiparous breastfeeding women who, as part of a larger study, completed the Breastfeeding and Sexuality Tool at the time of complete weaning. The women were from a large, private hospital in urban Minnesota. Subjects completed initial questionnaires during the postpartum hospitalization. Follow‐up data were collected by phone at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Those who had not weaned by 12 months were followed every 3 months until complete weaning was reported. Overall, women perceived that breastfeeding had a slightly negative impact on the physiologic aspects of sexuality, but did not greatly affect the woman's sexual relationship with her partner. In addition, breastfeeding mothers perceived their partners' attitudes towards breastfeeding and sexuality as slightly positive, and did not worry that sexual activity would harm their milk supply or their ability to nurse. Overall, breastfeeding had a slightly negative impact on sexuality. However, a wide range of responses were reported by the women. Health care providers should be familiar with the whole range of possible responses to sexuality while breastfeeding in order to appropriately counsel women about what is normal and what to expect during this time.
RASPBERRY LEAF IN PREGNANCY: ITS SAFETY AND EFFICACY IN LABOR
Authors: Simpson Michele , Parsons Myra , Greenwood Jennifer , Wade Kenneth 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTObjective: Many women consume the raspberry leaf herb during their pregnancies in the belief that it shortens labor and makes labor “easier.”Methodology: Because of the paucity of research regarding this herb, particularly in relation to pregnancy and birth, the authors undertook a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. The sample consisted of 192 low‐risk, nulliparous women who birthed their babies between May 1999 and February 2000 at a large tertiary‐level hospital in Sydney, Australia. The aim of the study was to identify the effect and safety of raspberry leaf tablets (2 × 1.2 g per day), consumed from 32 weeks' gestation until labor, on labor and birth outcomes.Results: Raspberry leaf, consumed in tablet form, was found to cause no adverse effects for mother or baby, but contrary to popular belief, did not shorten the first stage of labor. The only clinically significant findings were a shortening of the second stage of labor (mean difference = 9.59 minutes) and a lower rate of forceps deliveries between the treatment group and the control group (19.3% vs. 30.4%). No significant relationship was found between tablet consumption and birth outcomes.Conclusion: The lack of significant differences between the groups on measures expected to demonstrate the effect of raspberry leaf ingestion during pregnancy on labor prompted consideration of the issue of effectiveness of dosage level. Suggestions for further research are offered.
Crown Ether‐Assisted Growth and Scaling Up of FACsPbI3 Films for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Chen Ruihao , Wu Yazhuo , Wang Yongke , Xu Ruchao , He Ruiqin , Fan Yangtao , Huang Xiaofeng , Yin Jun , Wu Binghui , Li Jing , Zheng Nanfeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFACs‐based (FA+, formamidinium and Cs+, cesium) perovskite solar cells have gained great attention due to their remarkable light and thermal stabilities toward practical application of perovskite modules. However, the moisture instability and difficulty in scalable fabrication are still the main obstacles blocking their photovoltaic applications in current status. Here, the employment of novel interaction between crown ether with metal cations is introduced to tailor the uniform growth and inhibit moisture invasion during the crystallization of α‐phase FACsPbI3, yielding the successful synthesis of high‐quality perovskite films in a large scale. Consequently, perovskite solar cells (PSC) modules in the total area of 4 × 4 and 10 × 10 cm2 are readily fabricated with respective champion efficiencies of 16.69% and 13.84% and excellent stability over 1000 h. This facile scaling‐up strategy assisted by crown ether has shown great promise for pursuing efficient and highly stable large‐area PSC modules.
Deacylative Carbon‐Carbon Bond Cleavage of Ketone Equivalents: Applications to Radical Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation Reactions
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Nguyen Bich‐Ngoc , Honda Tsubasa , Sakamoto Ryu , Huang Xiao , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article describes the synthetic application of ketone‐derived oxaziridines as alkyl radical precursors in copper‐catalyzed Carbon‐Carbon bond formation reactions. Experimental and computational studies indicate a free radical mechanism, where alkyl radicals are efficiently generated via cleavage of a Carbon‐Carbon bond of oxaziridines. Acyclic and unstrained cyclic oxaziridines are applicable to the present radical process, allowing for the generation of various alkyl radicals with good functional group compatibility.
Individual differences in exploring versus exploiting and links to delay discounting
Authors: Meyers Ethan A. , Koehler Derek J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSometimes, we must choose between obtaining an immediate reward or foregoing it in favor of searching for a better reward elsewhere. Such decisions have been characterized as involving exploration‐exploitation trade‐offs. Here, we studied the reliability and basis of individual differences in tasks involving choices between exploration and exploitation. In Studies 1, 2, and 4, we found little evidence for a stable individual difference in tendency to explore (vs. exploit). Additionally, we tested delay discounting as a potential predictor of individual differences in exploration. In Studies 3 and 4, we found that delay discounting was inconsistently predictive of exploration behavior. Our results support the claim that people adapt their exploration behavior to the environment in which they find themselves. This adaptation overrides any general preference to explore environments more or less than other people. Our results also suggest that predictors of exploration may be exclusively restricted to the particular environment in which they were observed. Implications for past and future research of exploration‐exploitation decision making are discussed.
Action of Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐4 Inhibitors on SARS‐CoV‐2 Main Protease
Authors: Nar Herbert , Schnapp Gisela , Hucke Oliver , Hardman Timothy C. , Klein Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn a recent publication, Eleftheriou et al. proposed that inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) are functional inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS‐CoV‐2. Their predictions prompted the authors to suggest linagliptin, a DPP‐4 inhibitor and approved anti‐diabetes drug, as a repurposed drug candidate against the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic. We used an enzymatic assay measuring the inhibition of Mpro catalytic activity in the presence of four different commercially available gliptins (linagliptin, sitagliptin, alogliptin and saxagliptin) and several structural analogues of linagliptin to study the binding of DPP‐4 inhibitors to Mpro and their functional activity. We show here that DPP‐4 inhibitors like linagliptin, other gliptins and structural analogues are inactive against Mpro.
Green Process for 5‐(Chloromethyl)furfural Production from Biomass in Three‐Constituent Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Chen Binglin , Li Zheng , Feng Yunchao , Hao Weiwei , Sun Yong , Tang Xing , Zeng Xianhai , Lin Lu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract5‐(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), a versatile bio‐platform molecule, was first synthesized in a three‐constituent deep eutectic solvent (3c‐DES) including choline chloride, AlCl3 ⋅ 6H2O, and oxalic acid. In particular, 3c‐DES was conducive for the production of CMF from glucose and provided a CMF yield of 70 % at 120 °C within 30 min. In addition, CMF yields reached up to 86, 80, 30, 29, and 35 % from fructose, sucrose, cellulose, bamboo, and bamboo pulp, respectively. This study opens new avenues for the preparation of CMF.
A New Ester‐Substituted Quinoxaline‐Based Narrow Bandgap Polymer Donor for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Yue , Luo Yingtong , Huang Xuelong , Liu Shengjian , Cao Zhixiong , Guo Lingzhi , Li Qingduan , Cai Yue‐Peng , Wang Yang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe electron‐deficient ester group substitution in the sidechain of the commonly used electron‐withdrawing quinoxaline (Qx) unit is seldom studied, while ester‐substituted Qx units possess easy syntheses and facile modulation of the polymer solubility, and the enhanced electron‐withdrawing property of ester substituted Qx unit can theoretically broaden the optical absorption of the resulting polymers and improve the open circuit voltage in the corresponding organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, a novel ester‐substituted Qx‐based narrow bandgap polymer (NBG) donor material PBDTT‐EFQx, which exhibits an absorption edge of 790 nm (bandgap < 1.6 eV), is designed and synthesized. Results show that the OSCs composed of PBDTT‐EFQx and PC71BM present the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.8%, compared to PCEs of 5.0% for PBDTT‐EFQx:ITIC based devices and 4.1% for PBDTT‐EFQx:N2200 based devices, respectively. Characterizations and analyses indicate that the PC71BM‐based OSCs have well‐matched energy levels, better complementary light absorption, the highest and most balanced carrier mobilities, as well as the lowest degree of recombination losses, and therefore, leading to the highest PCE among the three types of OSCs. This work reveals that the ester‐substituted quinoxaline unit is one of the potential building blocks for NBG polymer donors.
Cancer and Parkinson's Disease: Common Targets, Emerging Hopes
Authors: Filippou Panagiota S. , Outeiro Tiago F. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTCancer and neurodegeneration are two major leading causes of morbidity and death worldwide. At first sight, the two fields do not seem to share much in common and, if anything, might be placed on opposite ends of a spectrum. Although neurodegeneration results in excessive neuronal cell death, cancer emerges from increased proliferation and resistance to cell death. Therefore, one might expect significant differences in the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. However, the more we deepen our understanding of these two types of diseases, the more we appreciate the unexpected overlap between them. Although most epidemiological studies support an inverse association between the risk for development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, increasing evidence points to a positive correlation between specific types of cancer, like melanoma, and neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's disease (PD). We believe that deciphering the molecular processes and pathways underlying one of these diseases may significantly increase our understanding about the other. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in cancer, may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of neurodegeneration, and vice versa. In this Viewpoint, we summarize recent findings connecting both diseases and speculate that insights from one disease may inform on mechanisms, and help identify novel biomarkers and targets for intervention, possibly leading to improved management of both diseases. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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The rural–urban interface: Rural and small town growth at the metropolitan fringe
Authors: Lichter Daniel T. , Brown David L. , Parisi Domenico 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUrbanisation and the expansion of US metropolitan regions have blurred the spatial and social boundaries that are typically thought to separate urban from rural America. Our objective is to highlight both the conceptual limitations of the so‐called rural–urban divide, while also recognising the spatial interdependence of America's ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ people and places. Our analyses nest rural and urban population and places within metropolitan and non‐metropolitan counties, while acknowledging that rural places often grow into urban places (i.e., urbanisation) and that many non‐metropolitan counties are reclassified over time as metropolitan areas (i.e., metropolitanisation). Analyses show that most rural people—as officially defined—now live in metropolitan counties, often at the fringe. Reclassification to metropolitan areas was a major reason why. Small towns and thinly settled areas at the metropolitan fringe have grown rapidly since 1980 and have become increasingly integrated within metropolitan areas nationally. The heuristic value of our analytical approach at the national level is further demonstrated at the local‐area level, in Chicago and Atlanta, metro areas with very different demographic and economic histories. Our study highlights the dynamic and multidimensional nature of spatial boundaries (i.e., urban–rural and metro–nonmetro) that both separate and connect rural and urban areas in the United States. Metro–nonmetro and rural–urban boundaries are neither fixed nor impermeable.
Business process management approach for improving agile software process and agile maturity
Authors: Ozdenizci Kose Busra 
Published: December 2020

AbstractContinuous improvement of agile software processes is inevitable in order to reach sustainable and high‐quality project outcomes. In this sense, organizations need guidance on how to apply agile software process improvement effectively; comprehensive approaches with in‐depth analysis and guidelines are required to keep software processes in balance and to continuously improve them, as in a typical business process, over time. This research aims to explore the implementation of Business Process Management approach for improving an agile software process and accordingly agile maturity level. Many organizations utilize from Business Process Management approach in order to improve workflows and to discover organization‐specific weaknesses. For this purpose, the study presents a practical, flexible model based on Business Process Management approach for agile software process improvement, which also incorporates maturity assessment for measuring the agile maturity level. Furthermore, an exploratory case study with a triangulation methodology of mixed methods was carried out for implementation of the model. The research puts forward that Business Process Management approach can be used for in‐depth analysis of agile software process, discovery of problems, and redesign of the process. The research roadmap introduces worthwhile insights on agile software process improvement for researchers and practitioners.