bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drying characteristics of Edamame (Glycine max. L. Merill) during freeze drying
Authors: Kamila I , Karyadi J N W , Saputro A D 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Edamame (Glycine max. L. Merill) has been consumed due to its savory taste and high nutrient content. Edamame can be dried and consumed as a crunchy snack through the drying process which is able to retain nutrition loss during it, that is freeze drying. There were still least information about freeze drying of edamame. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the edamame’s moisture content and physical quality decreasing kinetics during freeze drying. Fresh edamame with initial water content of 60-70% was steam-blanched to 9 minutes before drying. 1,5 kg capacity freeze dryer was used with freezing temperature was set at -18°C and pressure at -76 cmHg. Its parameters was measured at 0 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 30 h, and 36 h. The drying rate of edamame freeze drying was 6.9355 g/g db per hour. Edamame shrunk 12.64% during 12 hours drying and shrunk more until 22.0046% to the final time. As it dried, edamame became harden due to crispiness at second phase of drying, or more than 24 hours of drying. There were not a significant change of colour.
Optimization study on the design of utility tractor powered by electric battery
Authors: Sitompul J , Zhang H , Noguchi R , Ahamed T 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Powertrain by electric battery has been a growing trend in various industries including automotive, manufacture, and agriculture. Electric battery has been applied on several agricultural robots for multiple purposes such as liquid distribution, autonomous harvest, and sensors. In agricultural utility tractor, powertrain by electric battery has potential to replace powertrain by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) which commonly use fossil fuel as source of energy. However, application of electric battery power system has not been feasible due to overweight which lead soil compaction, lower speed, and high energy consumption. This study aims to optimize the design of utility tractors which will reduce the weight to standard operational weight dependent on tractor size. Alternative components are considered including Li4.4Si battery, Li-S battery and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) for component selection, system design, and simulation on MATLAB/Simulink – Simscape. Alternative components have contributed to reduce weight of the tractor significantly, from 93% to 12%56% range of overweight. Improvement in weight contributed to less significant soil pressure, improve maximum speed and state of charge (SOC). Further, electric battery power system is expected to be applied on utility tractors, replacing the use of ICE and fossil fuel within conventional tractor.
Study on application of near infrared (nir) spectroscopy for sugar cane juice analysis to replace conventional analysis methods
Authors: Kuswurjanto R , Triantarti  
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy appears as a promises method for faster analysis method in replacement of conventional analysis method. In this work, NIR was used as a replacement for conventional analysis method in sugarcane juice analysis. The cane juice samples for this study were taken from the hydraulic press juice in the core sampler system at Glenmore Sugar Factory. NIR spectroscopy equipment used was FOSS DS 2500. The partial least square regression (PLS) was used to develop calibration model. The NIR results were evaluated from correlation coefficient (r2), low standard error of calibration (SEC) and high ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD). The experimental results show that for %brix analysis: r2 = 0.988, SEP = 0.333, RPD = 5.441and for %pol analysis: r2 = 0.986, SEP = 0.283, and RPD = 6.125. The results have shown a good potential of NIR Spectroscopy for cane juice quality analysis as replacement of conventional analysis methods.
Optimizing Biosurfactant Sorbitol Ester Synthesis Enzymetically From Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Using Coarse Papaya Resin
Authors: Utami RR , An Amalia A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
FASE is sorbitol ester from fatty acid with esterification degree point ranges from one to six. FASE with esterification degree point above three is polyester, which can be used as fat replacer. It has low calories. While FASE with esterification degree point below three can be used as surfactant. Food and beverages industries use surfactant as stabilizer in food and beverages composition. The making of FASE as biosurfactant brings advantages, i.e. it is save to be consumed, relatively cheap because the material needed in the making is easy to obtain, and it does not generate negative side effects. This research consists of three phases, there are preparation phase of papaya resin and making of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The next phase is optimum conditions (temperature, time, and enzyme concentration) defined using Response Surface Methodology and FASE synthesis. The last phase is FASE characterization. In this research, FASE is synthesizes, through sorbitol esterification with palmitat-stearat FAME by using papaya’s resin as the catalyst. The result of the research shows that the optimum condition of FASE synthesis at 41.2°C, in 52.35 minutes, with concentration of lipase enzyme from papaya’s resin 10.30 %, and at this condition, sorbitol conversion into FASE reaches 31.43 %.
Phytoremediation Potential of Pistia stratiotes to Reduce High Concentration of Copper (Cu) in Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Novita VZ , Moersidik SS , Priadi CR 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains high concentration of various heavy metals and low pH levels, ranging between 2-4. The water samples used for this research are an artificial AMD, with varying concentration levels of copper (5 and 7 mg/l). The pH level is designed to be 4, where the designed pH level illustrates the actual characteristics of an AMD. The data for this research—pH and copper levels—are taken for 14 days. This research shows that exposure of the artificial AMD causes physiological effects to Pistia stratiotes, indicated by chlorosis of the plant starting from day 3 of the research. Furthermore, the result of this research illustrates that Pistia stratiotes is able to alter the artificial AMD’s pH level from 4 to 7,3 in 14 days. This plant is also capable of reducing the copper content as much as 92,45% and 88,00% with initial concentrations of 5,3 mg/l and 7,5 mg/l respectively in 14 days, with peak removal at day 3. It can be concluded that Pistia stratiotes is able to neutralize pH level and decrease copper contents in artificial AMD.
Monitoring Early Stage of Rice Crops Growth using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index generated from UAV
Authors: Rosle R , Che’Ya NN , Roslin NA , Halip RM , Ismail MR 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Remote sensing is a tool to gather the information about an object or any phenomenon without direct contact or damaging the objects. This technology had numerous application and one of it is in agriculture. Unlike tradition agriculture practiced that difficult to execute and required a large number of man power, implementing this technology will increase the production yield of the crops and improved the agriculture sector in managing and controlling. Remote sensing were able to forecast the crop production, identified the crop type, assess the crop damage and monitoring its progress. Therefore, this research was conducted in order to monitor the early stage of growth of rice crop planted by the farmers in the paddy field using remote sensing. To do so, popular empirical vegetation index known as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) generated from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was selected to monitor the changes of rice crop starting from the day it been planted until eleventh day of planted. Early stage of monitoring the crop growth using NDVI is a best approach to practice. Any damages that occur during this stage will affect the yield production and economy. Result from image analysis shown that NDVI were able to observe the rice crop growth and able to locate the damage part in the paddy plot. Fast action can be made by the farmers to counter attack the damage and treat the problematic points.
Effect of vacuum freeze-drying condition and maltodextrin on the physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis sims) extract
Authors: Ansar  , Nazaruddin  , Azis AD 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Passion fruit including the Passifloraceae family. It has more than 500 species. Currently, the most popular species is Passiflora edulis Sims. To study the influence of vacuum freeze drying air pressure and maltodextrin concentration on physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit extract. This study used a vacuum drying system to produce passion fruit extract. This research was carried out by varying drying air pressures such as 0.59, 0.69, and 0.79 bars and maltodextrin concentration such as 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The physical characteristics of passion fruit extract observed were particle size, flow ability, and moisture content, while sensory tests included color intensity. The results showed that drying 1 liter of passion fruit juice takes 48 hours. The mechanism of the freezing process of the sample begins with a decrease in the temperature of the material to be frozen, and then the change in the water becomes frozen. This process occurred continuously until most of the sample moisture content had been turned into ice crystals and stopped when the solids of the material became supersaturated. The variation of vacuum freeze drying air pressure does not significantly influence physical and sensory characteristics of passion fruit extract. The variation of maltodextrin concentration does significantly influence particle size, moisture content, and color intensity, but it does not significantly influence the flow ability of the passion fruit extract.
Study on the pressing process of kemiri sunan’s oil (Reutealis trisperma) using screw-press machine at different feed material levels
Authors: Nurjanah S , Adshmiraj JA , Kramadibrata MAM , Muhaemin M , Mardawati E , Herwanto T , Handarto  , Rosalinda S , Prijatna D , Saukat M , Darajat W 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) has great potential as a source of raw material for biodiesel production due to its high oil content. The oil is a non-edible oil that can be extracted using screw-press machine. In this study, a descriptive research with regression and correlation analysis was used to investigate the effect of feed material level on pressing performance and kemiri sunan’s oil quality. A variation of the feed material level (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kg) was fed into screw-press machine. The results showed that cylinder temperature and pressing time increased as the feed material level increased. The highest production (2.87 kg / hour) and yield (37.33%) capacity were obtained at 4 kg of the feed material level. Hence, increasing the feed material level did not affect the quality of the oil produced. Density, acid number, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), saponification number, kinematic viscosity and refractive index of oil produced ranged between 919.48-924.76 kg/m2, 30.82-47.79 mg KOH/g oil, 15.25-23.65%, 154.64 -186.84 mg KOH/g oil, 45.59-56.34 mm2/s and 0.00328-00.332 respectively.
Performances of Multifunctional Farming Bulldozer in Indonesia
Authors: Setiawan BI , Herodian S , Sulaiman AA , Sakai C , Siswandoyo M , Budijaya N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Farming bulldozer (FB) is a heavy-duty machine made by Komatsu designed explicitly for multipurpose operations in broad land types, from extremely dry to wet/swamplands. FB is a bulldozer but uses a wider crawler so that it’s Ground Pressure (GP) is about half compared to 4W tractor. The tested FB was D21PL-8 type having GP 0.19 kgf/cm2, Flywheel HP 32.4 kW 44 PS@2450 rpm, Operating Weight 4815 kg. Attached with associated implements, FB can do land clearing and leveling, land plowing and harrowing, soil puddling, subsoil draining, direct seeding, and harvesting. Tested fields are in the provinces of West Java (wet/dryland, South Sumatra (wetland), South Kalimantan (wetland), South Sulawesi (dry/wetland), West Papua (dry/wetland) and East Nusa Tenggara (dryland). In general, FB can do precise leveling in a range of ±15mm in 0.15-ha tested paddy field. Worktime for plowing continued with puddling is 4.97 hours/ha and harrowing continued with puddling is 5.15 hours/ha while for hand tractor in both cases is more than 13 hours/ha. It means FB can reduce work time up to 60%. In term of yield, there is no significant difference with hand tractor, which ranges from 6 t/ha to 7 t/ha. In conclusions, FB can do many tasks of land cultivations, cover a wider area of any land types, reduce labor numbers and cost, and increase planting intensity. Further testing to find the optimal size of land, operation and maintenance costs and impacts on the economy, society, and environment are still underway.
Effect of load on the performance of a family scale biogas-fuelled electricity generator
Authors: Haryanto A , Nindhia Tj G T , Rahmawati W , Hasanudin U , Saputra T W , Santosa A B , Tamrin  , Triyono S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Biogas is a renewable fuel that can be used for many applications, such as fuel for kitchen stove, heating and drying system, electricity generation engine, and fuel to run farm tractor. The biogas used in this research was produced from tapioca wastewater treatment equipped with covered lagoon digester. Gasoline generator set having rated capacity 2500-W was modified in such a way that is able to run with 100% biogas. The experiment was performed by running generator set at different loads with incremental of 100-W. Three replications were conducted to get the average values. Performance parameters to be evaluated include biogas consumption, speed of engine (RPM), output power, and thermal efficiency. Results showed that generator set is able to work with raw biogas with methane content of 53%. The generator set reached a maximum load of 1300 W (52% of rated capacity). Biogas consumption increased with load from 1.40 kg·h−1 (no load) to 2.56 kg·h−1 at a load of 1300-W. Biogas specific consumption decreased with load from 16.4 g·W−1·h−1 at load 100 W to 2.2 g·W−1·h−1 at load 1300 W. Output power also increased with load from 0.04 to 0.49 ampere, respectively at a load od 100-W and 1300-W. Engine speed, on the other hand, decreased with load from 3686 RPM (no load) to 2413 RPM (load 1300-W). With biogas methane content of 53%, the maximum thermal efficiency of the generator set was calculated to be 11%.
In vitro testing for effectiveness of Paenybacillus polymixa and MO Plus against Pyricularia oryzae (Blast Disease) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Bacterial Leaf Blight)
Authors: Baharuddin  , Jahuddin R , Yani A , Tuwo M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Efforts to increase rice productivity in Indonesia are still constrained by attacks of plant pest organisms which cause low crop productivity. Diseases that often attack rice plantations include blast and leaf blight disease. Blast is caused by a fungus Magnaporthe grisea Cav. While leaf blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo). There are isolates of bacterial that have ability to provide resistance to disease attacks on plants, one of which is Paenybacillus polymixa. Based on this study, the aim of this study was to determine the ability of P. polymixa isolates in controlling the attack of Xanthomonas and fungi Magnaporthe grisea in vitro. The research stage is a test of bacterial inhibition of Xoo and M. grisea. The inhibition zone index in the antagonist test for Xoo pathogens in MO Plus was higher than P. polymixa. MO Plus inhibition zone index 1.87 while P. polymixa is only 1.20 at 7 days after incubation. P. polymixa bacteria have the highest index in inhibiting P. oryzae, which is 57.02. While the MO Plus inhibition index is 21.12.
Characteristics of Nano Concentrate Protein Dispersion of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) by Addition of Tween 80
Authors: Mahendradatta M , Imran YL , Zainal  , Tawali AB , Asfar M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to obtain the characteristic of nanoparticles concentrate protein of snakehead fish (Channa striata) by addition of tween 80. The research consisted of two phases. First phase was the manufacture of nano concentrate protein dispersion from snakehead fish and second phase was the drying process of the concentrate using freeze dryer and characterization of physic-chemical properties of nano concentrate protein snakehead fish. The results of particle size measurement after using the sonication method and homogenization with the addition of tween 80 ranged from 331.6 to 353.0 nm. Based on the results of the particle size analyzer (PSA) the best value in the treatment of adding of 2% tween 80 with a polydispersity index value of 0.470, particle size distribution based on volume obtained by 2 size categories namely 101.8 nm and 449.4 nm and the average of smallest particle size ranged from 223.6 to 363.2 nm based on the results of the analysis of electron microscope scanning (SEM). The morphology of concentrate protein of snakehead fish based on the results of SEM analysis before the addition of tween 80 has abstract molecule, compact molecular structure (the molecules stick together) and the size was still in micrometer scale. While the addition of tween 80 showed that the particle structure of granules was not compact so the possibility of being broken down was still very high and in nanometer scale particle size. The physical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before adding tween 80 included bulk density (0.52 g/ml), emulsion capacity (14.72%), water absorption (2.49 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.16 ml/g). After adding tween 80 the physical characteristics included density bulk (0.46 g/ml), emulsion capacity (48.15%), water absorption (0.42 ml/g) and oil absorption (2.00 ml/g). The chemical characteristics of nano concentrate protein of snakehead fish before the addition of tween 80 included, water (6.98%), ash (6.03%), fat (2.27%) and protein (85.10%). After adding tween 80 the chemical characteristics were water content (5.13%), ash (4.08%), fat (6.48%) and protein (88.28%).
Portable Water Bath to Support Nanofibrils Processing
Authors: Warji  , Purwanti N , Sutrisno  , Yuliani S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Nanofibrils are nano-sized fibrils made from protein isolates. To make the nanofibrils that protein isolate solution was heated in a water bath at 80 oC while stirring for more 16 h. This nanofibril formation process requires a water bath that can heat and stir protein isolates. So far there have been a lot of stirrers and water baths, but those that can heat and stir together simultaneously are very limited. Therefore it is necessary to design a water bath that can be paired with a stirrer so that it can heat and stir continuously. The portable water bath designed includes the chamber, heater, thermostat and control panel. This water bath works in a temperature range of 50°C -100°C. Water bath can be paired with heater.
The effect of air temperature on rice drying rate using vertical drying machine
Authors: Syahrul  , Bahri S , Mirmanto M , Nurchayati  , Sukmawaty  , Putra GMD 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Mechanical dryer usually using heat from combustion and air is blown through heater to the product dried. This study was conducted used a vertical dryer. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of air temperature to drying rate and drying efficiency. The variation of the temperature used were 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C with a tolerance of ± 1 °C with a constant mass of 20kg. The result of this study showed that the higher the dryer air temperature used, the faster the drying rate and drying time. It was found that the fastest drying rate for 60°C was 0.00033804 kg/s with drying time 70 minutes. While for temperature of 50°C found the longest drying rate of to reach a moisture content of 13.8% of 0.00022571 kg/s with constant air velocity of 5 m/s. The highest dried efficiency occurs at a temperature 60°C.
Ohmic heating characteristics and degradation kinetics of anthocyanin in mulberry juice
Authors: Hardinasinta G , Salengke S , Juaedi M , Mursalim M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Ohmic heating is considered as a novel technology for pasteurization. Ohmic heating rate is highly influenced by the electrical conductivity of the products. The heating rate and the stability of anthocyanin during ohmic heating need to be investigated in order to analyze the viability of ohmic heating for pasteurization of mulberry juice. Mulberry juice was heated using three different temperatures (80, 85 and 90°C) during 90 minutes. Electrical conductivity of mulberry juice increased from 0.014 Sm−1 at the initial of heating (32°C) to 0.033 Sm−1 at 90°C and the average heating rate was 0.568°C/s. The heating rate and electrical conductivity increased linearly with the increased in temperature. Degradation kinetic of anthocyanin followed the first order kinetic models with R2 > 0.9. The k-value of anthocyanin degradation increases along with the increasing of temperature ranging from 8 – 15 × 10–3/min. Anthocyanin shows relatively high temperature dependence with 135.83 kJ/mol energy activation value. Based on the heating rates obtained from this study, ohmic heating could be used as an alternative pasteurization method for mulberry juice.
Extraction and Characterization of Gelatin From Rabbitfish Skin (Siganus canaliculatus) with Enzymatic Method Using Bromelin Enzyme
Authors: Haryati D , Nadhifa L , Humairah  , Abdullah N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Gelatin basically is a pure protein food ingredient, obtained from thermal denaturation of collagen from animals. Gelatin is used as a stabilizer, gelling agent, binder, thickener, emulsifier, adhesive, whipping agent, and edible coating food wrap. Protein levels in fish skin determines the amount of collagen contained in the skin tissue, so the Rabbitsfish skin has a great potential as a source of collagen to be hydrolysed into gelatin. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of gelatin produced from Rabbitfish skin by enzymatic extraction as well as to determine the best treatment of combination of enzyme concentrations and extraction time. Gelatin production was carried out by hydrolysis using bromelain enzyme with concentration 1%, 1.5% and 2% with the extraction time of 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. The result obtained was gelatin with rendement ranging from 3,13% up to 5,83%, the water content ranged from 0,17% up to 3,56%, ash content 0,35% up to 3,65%, and protein levels ranged from 91% up to 94,72%. The chemical characteristics of gelatin from Rabbitfish skin have a yield of up to 6%, water content less than 6%, ash content less than 4% and protein content reaching 94%. The best treatment was obtained at 1% enzyme concentration and 4 hours extraction time, yielded gelatin with a protein content of 94,72%.