bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘That is why we raise children’: African American fathers' race‐related concerns for their adolescents and parenting strategies
Authors: Cooper Shauna M. , Burnett Marketa , Johnson Maria S. , Brooks Jasmin , Shaheed Janae , McBride Margarett 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe current study highlights the voices and perspectives of African American fathers, with specific emphasis on their race‐related concerns for their adolescents as well as how these concerns guide their parenting strategies.MethodTwenty‐four African American fathers participated in 1.5–3 h long focus group interviews. All fathers (M = 42.24 years, SD = 6.93) resided in a mid‐sized city in the Southeastern United States. All participants were either biological fathers (n = 20) or non‐biological (n = 4) fathers. Fathers were residential (76%) and non‐residential (24%), with at least one adolescent child (M = 14.32 years, SD = 5.80; Range: 10–16 years). Fifty‐eight percent of fathers (n = 14) had both male and female children, 29% had only female children (n = 7) and 13% had only male children (n = 3). After codebook development and refinement, key themes were explored using a theoretical thematic analysis.ResultsIn response to race‐related and other social risks for African American adolescents, fathers articulated a number of parenting motivations and intentions: 1) fathers' own racial experiences; 2) negative media images of Black youth and families (e.g. media influences, negative stereotypes, and portrayals of Black fathers); 3) preserving families through community support; 4) developing awareness of discrimination and coping strategies; 5) cultivating positive personal and cultural identities; and 6) achievement as necessity. Also, gender emerged as a critical lens for African American fathers’ concerns and parenting strategies.ConclusionOverall, our investigation highlights African American fathers’ own meaning‐making around concerns for their adolescents as well as how they shape parenting processes.
A Novel Penile Splint as Early Traction Therapy After Grafting Techniques for Peyronie's Disease
Authors: Fernández-Pascual Esaú , Manfredi Celeste , Cocci Andrea , Quintana Franco Luis Miguel , Egui Rojo María Alejandra , Carballido Rodríguez Joaquín , Martínez-Salamanca Juan Ignacio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Some studies showed encouraging results on the efficacy and safety of penile traction therapy after Peyronie's disease (PD) surgery. The early traction therapy (ETT) could be an effective and safe approach to minimize penile shortening in patients undergoing PD surgery.

Aim
To evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of a novel penile splint as ETT in patients with PD undergoing grafting techniques.

Methods
Patients with PD underwent plaque incision and grafting technique; at the end of the procedure, a novel penile splint (ETT) was applied to all patient. The device consisted of 2 10CH intubating stylets, self-adapted to each patient, that kept the penis stretched with the aid of non-absorbable sutures. The total expense for the materials needed to build each penile splint was less than 15 euros. This active traction was maintained for 1–3 weeks; then, we removed the stitches leaving the device on-site for a passive traction. Within 3–4 weeks from surgery, the penile splint was replaced by a standard penile traction device.

Outcomes
The main outcomes evaluated at 6 months included stretched penile length (SPL), penile curvature, International Index of Erectile Function-erectile function (IIEF-EF) domain, patient satisfaction, and time to first satisfactory sexual intercourse.

Results
A total of 46 patients were enrolled. The median preoperative IIEF-EF, penile curvature, and SPL were 27 points, 70°, and 13 cm, respectively. The median follow-up was 15 months. The median postoperative IIEF-EF was 25 points (P &lt; .001). The median residual penile curvature was 10° (P &lt; .001). The median postoperative SPL was 13 cm (P = .269). 8 patients (17.4%) lost 1 cm of SPL; no shortening greater than 1 cm was recorded. The median time to first satisfactory sexual intercourse and patient satisfaction score was 6 weeks and 9 points, respectively.

Clinical Implications
Our results could pave the way for a new line of research, which in turn could lead to an improvement in the postoperative management of the patient undergoing surgery for PD.

Strength & Limitations
This is the first study evaluating the ETT after PD surgery. The main limitation of this study is the lack of a randomized control group. Other weaknesses are the small sample size and the short follow-up time.

Conclusion
Our novel penile splint is inexpensive, easy to assemble, and adaptable to the patient. ETT using this novel device, followed by standard traction therapy, seems to be feasible, effective, and safe.
Are We Overstating the Risk of Priapism with Oral Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors?
Authors: Rezaee Michael E. , Gross Martin S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Priapism is an adverse drug reaction (ADR) associated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Aim
The purpose of this study was to identify the true data about PDE5i-associated priapism to properly counsel patients.

Methods
We queried the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Reporting System Public Dashboard to identify cases of drug-induced priapism among medications commonly associated with priapism. Next, a systematic review and analysis of publications describing cases of drug-induced priapism were carried out.

Outcomes
The main outome of this study is incidence of PDE5i-induced priapism.

Results
We found 411 cases of drug-induced priapism secondary to Viagra, Cialis, or Levitra reported to the Food and Drug Administration since 1998. Compared with PDE5is, drug-induced priapism was 2.6 (n = 1,065) and 2.0 times (n = 817) more commonly reported for second-generation antipsychotics and the antidepressant/sleep aid trazodone, respectively. A total of 240 manuscripts describing cases of drug-induced priapism in patients with non-sickle cell disease were identified. PDE5i-induced priapism accounted for only 2.9% (n = 7) of drug-induced priapism cases. Second-generation antipsychotics (33.8%), a group of “other” medications (11.3%), and alpha-adrenergic antagonists (8.8%) accounted for the greatest percentage of published drug-induced priapism cases.

Clinical Implications
Extensive counseling about priapism as an ADR for PDE5i for the routine treatment of erectile dysfunction is likely unnecessary.

Strengths & Limitations
The study used national-level data to identify drug-induced priapism cases. Reported and published cases of drug-induced priapism may reflect more severe and atypical cases of this ADR, which may have underestimated our results.

Conclusion
PDE5i-induced priapism is a rare event. Drug-induced priapism should be attributed to a wider spectrum of medications that can cause this condition.
The radiobiology of HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Chumin , Parsons Jason L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with reported incidences of ~800 000 cases each year. One of the critical determinants in patient response to radiotherapy, particularly for oropharyngeal cancers, is human papillomavirus (HPV) status where HPV-positive patients display improved survival rates and outcomes particularly because of increased responsiveness to radiotherapy. The increased radiosensitivity of HPV-positive HNSCC has been largely linked with defects in the signalling and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Therefore, strategies to further radiosensitise HPV-positive HNSCC, but also radioresistant HPV-negative HNSCC, have focussed on targeting key DNA repair proteins including PARP, DNA-Pk, ATM and ATR. However, inhibitors against CHK1 and WEE1 involved in cell-cycle checkpoint activation have also been investigated as targets for radiosensitisation in HNSCC. These studies, largely conducted using established HNSCC cell lines in vitro, have demonstrated variability in the response dependent on the specific inhibitors and cell models utilised. However, promising results are evident targeting specifically PARP, DNA-Pk, ATR and CHK1 in synergising with radiation in HNSCC cell killing. Nevertheless, these preclinical studies require further expansion and investigation for translational opportunities for the effective treatment of HNSCC in combination with radiotherapy.
Enabling the engine of workplace thriving through servant leadership: The moderating role of core self-evaluations
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Liu Yuxin , Li Haihong , Zhang Jianwei , Ghani Usman , Gul Habib 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGrounding our research in social exchange theory and the conservation of resources perspective, we hypothesized a model that examines the effects of servant leadership (SL) on employees' workplace thriving via agentic work behaviors. To clarify the effects, employee core self-evaluations (CSEs) were investigated to determine boundary conditions on the relationship between SL and thriving. Data were collected at three points in time from 260 professionals across diverse functional backgrounds and industries. The analysis results confirmed an indirect effect from SL to workplace thriving via agentic work behaviors. Importantly, the moderation results demonstrated that the relationship between SL and workplace thriving is stronger when individuals have high CSEs. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Effect of newborn screening for critical CHD on healthcare utilisation
Authors: Sakai-Bizmark Rie , Kumamaru Hiraku , Webber Eliza J. , Estevez Dennys , Mena Laurie A. , Marr Emily H. , Chang Ruey-Kang R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the impact of state-mandated policies for pulse oximetry screening on healthcare utilisation, with a focus on use of echocardiograms.Data sources/study setting:Healthcare Cost and Utilisation Project, Statewide Inpatient Databases from 2008 to 2014 from six states.Methods:We defined pre- and post-mandate cohorts based on dates when pulse oximetry became mandated in each state. Linear segmented regression models for interrupted time series assessed associations between implementation of the screening and changes in rate of newborns with Critical CHD-negative echocardiogram results. We also evaluated the changes in rate of newborns who underwent echocardiogram but were not diagnosed with any health issues that could cause hypoxemia.Results:We identified 5967 critical CHD-negative echocardiograms (2847 and 3120 in the pre- and post-mandate periods, respectively). Our models detected a statistically significant increasing trend in rate of critical CHD-negative echocardiograms in the pre-mandate period (Incidence Rate Ratio: 1.08, p = 0.02), but did not detect any statistical differences in changes between pre- and post-mandate periods (Incidence Rate Ratio: 0.93, p = 0.14). Among non-Whites, an increasing trend of Critical CHD-negative echocardiogram during the pre-mandate period was detected (Incidence Rate Ratio 1.12, p < 0.01) and was attenuated during the post-mandate period (Incidence Rate Ratio 0.89, p = 0.02). Similar results were observed in the sensitivity analyses among both Whites and non-Whites.Conclusions:Results suggest that mandatory state screening policies are associated with reductions in false-positive screening rates for hypoxemic conditions, with reductions primarily attributed to trends among non-Whites.
Estimating energy expenditure of head-hauling water and grain grinding from heart rate monitor measurements in northern Mozambique
Authors: Russel Kory C , Buman Matthew P , Davis Jennifer , Haskell William L 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:Even though sub-Saharan African women spend millions of person-hours per day fetching water and pounding grain, to date, few studies have rigorously assessed the energy expenditure costs of such domestic activities. As a result, most analyses that consider head-hauling water or hand pounding of grain with a mortar and pestle (pilão use) employ energy expenditure values derived from limited research. The current paper compares estimated energy expenditure values from heart rate monitorsv. indirect calorimetry in order to understand some of the limitations with using such monitors to measure domestic activities.Design:This confirmation study estimates the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) value for head-hauling water and hand-pounding grain using both indirect calorimetry and heart rate monitors under laboratory conditions.Setting:The study was conducted in Nampula, Mozambique.Participants:Forty university students in Nampula city who recurrently engaged in water-fetching activities.Results:Including all participants, the mean MET value for head hauling 20 litres (20·5 kg, including container) of water (2·7 km/h, 0 % slope) was 4·3 (sd0·9) and 3·7 (sd1·2) for pilão use. Estimated energy expenditure predictions from a mixed model were found to correlate with observed energy expenditure (r20·68,r0·82). Re-estimating the model with pilão use data excluded improved the fit substantially (r20·83,r0·91).Conclusions:The current study finds that heart rate monitors are suitable instruments for providing accurate quantification of energy expenditure for some domestic activities, such as head-hauling water, but are not appropriate for quantifying expenditures of other activities, such as hand-pounding grain.
Simultaneous Localization and Quantitation of Progesterone Receptor Immunoreactivity in Human Breast Carcinomas.
Authors: Roth KA 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors on human breast carcinomas correlates with both response to hormonal therapy and survival. Quantitation of receptor activity is typically performed by radioreceptor assay on fresh frozen tumor tissue obtained at the time of surgical resection. Estrogen and progesterone receptor reactivity can also be detected immunohistochemically on frozen sections of breast cancer and in appropriately fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Several studies have shown that semi-quantitative visual determination and quantitative image analysis assessment of estrogen and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity on fixed tissue sections is highly correlated with biochemical measurements of receptor in frozen samples. We recently developed a procedure for the simultaneous localization and quantitation of antigens in fixed tissue samples that does not involve antigen extraction, radioactive materials, or image analysis. In this procedure, which we term a “Midwestern assay”, fixed tissue sections are used with antigen-specific enzyme-linked antibodies to generate soluble reaction products which are spectrophotometrically quantitatable, as in an ELISA, and deposited reaction products which are microscopically localizable, as in enzyme-based immunohistochemistry.
Morphological and Histochemical Changes in Macrophage Activity After Novel Anti-Neoplastic Platinum Agents
Authors: Muenchen H J , Aggarwal SK , Misra HK , Andrulis P J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Poly-[(trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinumj-carboxyamylose (“poly-plat”), 5-sulfosalicylato-trans-(1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum (SSP), and 4-hydroxy-∝-sulfonylphenylacetato (trans 1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum (II) (SAP) are second generation analogs of cisplatin (CDDP) with higher efficacy and potency than cisplatin. This is particularly true of “poly-plat” which contains 1/5 the platinum of CDDP. In order to understand the mechanism of action of these compounds, isolated murine peritoneal macrophages in culture medium were treated with “poly-plat”, SSP, or SAP (5 μg/ml) for 2 h. Drug containing medium was then replaced with fresh medium and the cells were allowed to incubate at 37° C (5% CO2) for 24 h. Supernatants were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 h post-treatment for immunocytochemical analysis. Confocal microscopy studies demonstrated an increase in the number of lysosomes in the treated macrophages, but only “poly-plat” and SSP treated macrophages were stimulated to form cytoplasmic extensions at 2 h and 24 h.
Insights About Brain Tumors Gained Through Immunohistochemistry and in Situ Hybridization of Nuclear and Phenotypic Markers
Authors: Bailey GW , Dimlich RVW , Alexander KB , McCarthy JJ , Pretlow TP , McKeever PE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has provided major insights about the classification of brain tumors by identifying cellular markers of phenotype, and about tumor growth potential with nuclear markers of proliferation. Newer in situ hybridization shows promise in tumor classification and prognostication.
Fig. 1 shows the sensitive and reliable avidin-biotin conjugate (ABC) method of localizing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). GFAP is the most specific marker of gliomas, tumors of brain cells, available today. The ABC method can be used to find any antigen for which a primary antibody is available. A molecular bridge then links this primary antibody bound to tissue with a label that can be seen, a substrate of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme like diaminobenzidine (DAB) that produces a brown, insoluble reaction product at the site of the antigen. IHC for GFAP has revealed that brain tumors previously thought to be sarcomas are actually malignant gliomas (Fig. 2).
Ultrastructure of Leiomyosarcoma Invasive Phenotype
Authors: Márquez A , Fino HJ , Correa M , Tonino P , Sosa L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Malignant tumors are known to have an heterogeneous cell population. Metastases are supposed to be formed by subpopulations with high metastatic capability. These metastatic cells constitute the so called invasive phenotype. In that order of ideas, metastases could be pathologically different from their parent tumors if the invasive phenotype had distinct morphological features. The similarities or differences between primary tumors and their metastases have not been adequately studied at the ultrastructural level. In this work we report an electron microscopic study of liver leiomyosarcoma metastases which shows alterations not described in primary tumors of that kind.
Biopsies of liver metastases from a colon leiomyosarcoma were surgically obtained. Samples were processed with routine techniques for transmission electron microscopy and observed in a Hitachi H-500 electron microscope.
Some alterations usually observed in primary leiomyosarcomas were seen. They were presence of myofilaments with focal densities, nuclear changes, swollen mitochondria, and abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (Fig. 1).
Performance of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) on Ethanol Fixed Microscopically Dissected Colonic Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF)
Authors: Lasko CM , Salo D , Good CK , Bird RP 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Identification of altered gene expression in colonie preneoplastic lesions may play a key role in early detection and prevention of colon cancer. Considering carcinogen treated rat colonie mucosa harbors a mixed population of both normal and aberrant crypts, it is of interest to independently examine the genetic profile of these two populations. The present study was designed to use a novel method whereby RT-PCR was performed on alcohol fixed ACF which were micro dissected from normal surrounding crypts.
Male F344 rats were injected with azoxymethane, a colon specific carcinogen, at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight once weekly for 3 weeks. After 28 weeks colons were excised, flushed with RNAse free ice cold phosphate-buffered saline, fixed flat on filter paper, fixed in 70% ethanol and immediately frozen at -80°C After a minimum 24 hours colons were placed on the lid of a sterile, clear petri dish filled with ice.
Angiogenesis in Neoplasia; Insights from in Situ Hybridization Studies
Authors: Brown LF , Dvorak HF 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The formation of vascular stroma (angiogenesis) is essential for tumor growth and may also influence invasion and metastasis. Quantitation of angiogenesis may serve as a prognostic marker in certain malignancies and novel therapies targeted at inhibiting angiogenesis may prove to play an important role in control of tumor growth.
In situ hybridization (ISH) studies have helped to define some of the molecular and cellular events responsible for the formation of vascular stroma in malignancy.
Vascular permeability factor (VPF), also known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is a multifunctional cytokine associated with tumor angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial cells express at least two tyrosine kinase receptors for VPF, flt-1 and KDR. VPF acts as an angiogenic factor in several ways. It is an endothelial cell growth factor, alters endothelial cell gene expression, induces endothelial cell migration, and it is also a potent inducer of microvascular hyperpermeability (50,000 times as strong as histamine).
Molecular Pathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria
Authors: Fujioka H , Aikawa M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the most malignant human malaria, is responsible for 2-3 million deaths annually. These infections often involve blockage of the cerebral microvasculature by P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (Fig. 1). This aspect is considered the major factor in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
Upon invasion of the erythrocyte, P. falciparum immediately begins to remodel the infected erythrocyte. The adherence points of infected erythrocytes, termed knobs (Fig. 2 and 3), contain antigenically diverse 200-350kDa surface proteins (PfEMPl; Fig. 4). The PfEMPl variant surface proteins are encoded by a large and extremely diverse family of genes (var), and switches in the expression of var genes account for rapid changes in the antigenic and adhesive properties of P. falciparum-inkcted erythrocytes (2.4% per generation). Switches in the PfEMPl expression may not only affect the phenotype of the parasite strain but may also change its sequestration to endothelial cells. Genetic reorganization in this protein can lead to binding any of the following endothelial cell receptors; ICAM-1, CD36, thrombospondin, chondroitin sulfate (Fig. 5),2 ELAM-1, or VCAM-1.
Microscopic Evaluation of Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Smith M A , Perry G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the past five years, a case for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been convincingly made. That link owes most of its existence to the microscopic detection of neuronal oxidative damage. Focusing on damage not only has the advantage that stable products are studied, rather than short-lived radicals, but also that damage can be morphologically defined. This latter aspect is critical since biochemical analysis of whole tissue is mostly of the accumulated damage from normal metabolism with aging of long-lived polymers in the extracellular matrix (Figure 1). The importance of damage is that it is the result most likely to be linked to pathology. Driven by the hypothesis that oxidative damage plays a role in the aggregation of insoluble protein in the lesions of Alzheimer disease, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, we developed reagents to detect protein modifications related to glycoxidation, lipid peroxidation, peroxynitrite, free carbonyls and carbonyl-modification (Figure 2).