bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Backward Probability Model for Identifying Multiple Contaminant Source Zones Under Transient Variably Saturated Flow Conditions
Authors: Hwang Hyoun‐Tae , Jeen Sung‐Wook , Kaown Dugin , Lee Seong‐Sun , Sudicky Edward A. , Steinmoeller Derek T. , Lee Kang‐Kun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGroundwater contamination is one of the major concerns to public health and water resource management. Identification of contamination sources is essential for designing cost‐effective groundwater remediation systems and minimizing risks of further contamination. Various numerical approaches have been applied to reconstruct spatiotemporal distributions of contaminant sources. Due to difficulties in obtaining source information, the backward probability model is computationally efficient; however, its applications have largely been limited to relatively simple problems such as two‐dimensional or simplified three‐dimensional steady‐state saturated flow conditions with a single contaminant source. More importantly, the traditional backward probability model requires some a priori knowledge on the suspected source locations or source release times to quantify source area location probabilities. Here we improve the capability of the backward probability model for solving real‐world problems by implementing it into a three‐dimensional transient variably saturated flow model. To evaluate the applicability of the model, we apply it combined with the shift‐average method to a field‐scale problem for identifying multiple contaminant sources occurring in the vadose zone that release contaminants to the saturated zone through infiltration. Compared with the suspected potential sources reported through a site characterization study, the enhanced backward probability model reasonably captures most of the reported potential sources under various hydrologic/hydrogeological/dispersion conditions, which demonstrates that the approach developed here can overcome limitations of the backward probability theory previously reported in the literature.
Spatial Heterogeneity Enables Higher Root Water Uptake in Dry Soil but Protracts Water Stress After Transpiration Decline: A Numerical Study
Authors: von Jeetze Patrick José , Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Carminati Andrea 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA common assumption in models of water flow from soil to root is that the soil can be described in terms of its representative or effective behavior. Microscale heterogeneity and structure are thereby replaced by effective descriptions, and their role in flow processes at the root‐soil interface is neglected. Here the aim was to explore whether a detailed characterization of the microscale heterogeneity at the scale of a single root impacts the relation between flow rate and pressure gradient. Numerical simulations of water flow toward a root surface were carried out in a two‐dimensional domain with a randomized configuration of spatially variable unsaturated hydraulic conductivities and varying boundary conditions, that is, increasing and decreasing root water uptake rates. By employing Matheron's method, the soil hydraulic properties were varied, while the effective hydraulic conductivity (corresponding to the geometric mean) remained unchanged. Results show that domains with a uniform conductivity could not capture important features of water flow and pressure distribution in spatially variable domains. Specifically, increasing heterogeneity at the root‐soil interface allowed to sustain higher root water uptake rates but caused a slower recovery in xylem suction after transpiration ceased. The significance of this is that, under critical conditions, when pressure gradients and flow rates are high, microscale heterogeneity may become an important determinant and should not be neglected in adequate descriptions of water flow from soil to root in dry soil.
TiO2 exposure alters transition metal ion quota in Rhodococcus ruber GIN-1
Authors: Gallo Annastassia D , Zierden Mark R , Profitt Lauren A , Jones Kayleigh E , Bonafide Christopher P , Valentine Ann M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
After exposure to micron-sized TiO2 particles, anatase and/or rutile, Rhodococcus ruber GIN-1 accumulates an increased concentration (2.2 ± 0.2 mg kg−1) of mobilized Ti into its biomass with concomitant decreases in cellular biometals Fe, Zn, and possibly Mn, while levels of Cu and Al are unaffected.
Distraction Lengthening of First Metacarpal in Traumatic Thumb Amputations
Authors: Saleem Abid , Sharma Ramesh Kumar , Kumar Parmod 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Introduction Based on the level of the thumb loss, phalangization, toe-to-thumb transfer, pollicization, and distraction callotasis of the first metacarpal are the various options available for reconstruction. The aims of the study were to observe the length gained in the distraction process, duration of treatment required, functional recovery in the form of pinch strength, sensations, and patient satisfaction.
Patients and Methods It was a prospective study of 10 patients of thumb amputation, conducted from January 2014 to July 2015. The patients’ age, mode of injury, level of amputation, and advantages and disadvantages of distraction callotasis were evaluated.
Results The most common etiology of thumb loss was domestic accidents while working with a chaff cutter. The total duration of treatment was 124 (93–165) days and the mean gain in length was 25 (20–28) mm. The pinch strength increased from a mean of 0.91 to 2.06 kg, i.e., a 44.17% improvement from preoperative pinch strength. All of our patients retained their sensations of the reconstructed thumb post distraction.
Conclusions Among many options for thumb reconstruction, distraction callotasis is a simple and safer option in the selective group of patients who are not keen on toe-to-thumb transfer which provide a significant improvement. The longer duration of treatment is the disadvantage associated with the need for proper counselling beforehand.
Imaging Features and Clinical Decision Analysis of 110 Cases of Intrapulmonary Lymph Nodes
Authors: Liu Zixu , Du Minjun , Li Xingkai , Ju Shaolong , Gao Yushun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective Through the summary and analysis of large samples, the characteristic imaging manifestations of intrapulmonary lymph nodes (IPLNs) were quantified, and two corresponding rating tables were developed. These rating tables could be used to distinguish the IPLNs from primary lung cancer, so as to improve the diagnostic accuracy and help clinicians make correct judgments and decisions.
Methods A total of 82 patients with 110 IPLNs and 35 patients with primary lung cancer lesions were collected from June 2017 to December 2018. All lesions were solid nodules of less than 12 mm in diameter, which were confirmed by pathology. Observation indicators included location, size, shape, density, border and internal vacuoles of nodules, linear high-density shadow around the nodules, distance from the pleura, pleural indentation, and so on.
Results There were statistically significant differences in the location, size, shape, internal vacuole of the nodules, and distance from the pleura (p < 0.05). The diagnostic scoring table of the nature of solid nodules and the malignant risk table were drawn. The nodule corresponding to Level A was most likely the primary lung cancer, and surgical resection was recommended. The nodule corresponding to Level C was most likely IPLNs, and it was better to receive no treatment currently. The positive predictive value was 81% (23/28), the negative predictive value was 97% (89/92), the sensitivity was 63% (23/35), and the specificity was 81% (89/110).
Conclusion For the pulmonary solid nodules of less than 12 mm in diameter and unknown nature, the evaluation in accordance with the Score Table and the Risk Level Table of this study can be more accurate and faster than the original judgment, which will help clinicians in diagnosis and treatment decisions.
The Central Role of Fibrinolytic Response in Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: A Hematologist's Perspective
Authors: Kwaan Hau C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSevere trauma is the leading cause of death globally. Though improved resuscitation, particularly early initiation, has reduced the 24-hour mortality rate, the overall morbidity and 30-day mortality remain high mostly due to massive hemorrhage and head injury in the early stages and sepsis and multiorgan failure later on. With recent clinical trials of antifibrinolytic treatment with tranexamic acid, and with the observations that fibrinolytic activity varies widely among the injured patients, the role of the fibrinolytic system in trauma has become a major focus of investigations in trauma-induced coagulopathy. Most of the body's response to trauma involves the endothelium, tissue factor release, and platelet activation. In addition, there are inflammatory and immune responses. All these events directly or indirectly affect the fibrinolytic system. A full understanding of these mechanisms has translational implications on the management of these patients. In this article, the multifaceted responses of fibrinolysis following injury are reviewed.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: An Alliterative Wordplay or Potentially Valuable Therapeutic Interventions?
Authors: Langer Florian , Favaloro Emmanuel J. , Lippi Giuseppe 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a relatively rare but life-threatening condition, the outcome of which depends largely on timely and accurate therapeutic management. Inhibiting the activation of blood coagulation is an effective option for limiting the burden of diffuse intravascular thrombosis for attenuating consumption of clotting factors and platelets and ultimately preventing massive bleeding. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are a relatively new generation of drugs that specifically inhibit activated factors II (thrombin) and X, thus providing effective anticoagulation while concomitantly limiting the hemorrhagic risk compared with other conventional anticoagulant agents. The peculiar mechanism of action would hence at least theoretically support their usage in patients with DIC, especially in those with a more pronounced thrombotic phenotype. A comprehensive literature search on the use of DOACs in patients with intravascular coagulopathies currently yielded only 15 documents, all case reports, totaling 21 patients (dabigatran, n = 5; rivaroxaban, n = 13; apixaban, n = 3; edoxaban, n = 0). Taken together, the current literature data suggest that these drugs may have low prophylaxis efficacy and thereby their indication for preventing DIC in high-risk patients may be limited. Nevertheless, DOACs seem at least therapeutically equivalent to heparin in some forms of DIC, especially in those with prevalent thrombotic phenotype, while having more favorable oral administration. The inherent risk of hemorrhages from heparin injection is also shared by DOACs; therefore, their use in DIC patients with a prevalent bleeding phenotype will probably remain unwarranted. Major caution should also be used in patients with impaired drug metabolism, especially those progressing toward liver or renal failure or receiving aggressive antimicrobial treatment. Where potentially indicated, further clinical trials should be planned to test the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs in patients with different types or forms of DIC.
A Case of Very Early Stent Restenosis Following DES Implantation
Authors: Ch Shravan Kumar , M. Naveen Kumar , Kanumuri Sudhakar 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntracoronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) is more common with bare metal stents. With the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DESs), the incidence of ISR has markedly decreased. Here, we report a case of unusual very early stent restenosis in a patient who presented with unstable angina 15 days after percutaneous coronary intervention with sirolimus-eluting DES. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was done to know the pathophysiology of the very early stent stenosis and the possibilities of the rare findings of this OCT are discussed.
Quantifying the flux as the driving force for nonequilibrium dynamics and thermodynamics in non-Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics
Authors: Liu Qiong , Wang Jin 
Published: December 2019

Significance
The driving forces for a nonequilibrium dynamical system have been theoretically identified as the underlying landscape and the curl flux. However, the experimental quantification of curl flux remains challenging. We carried out a single-molecule enzymatic reaction dynamics study of horseradish peroxidase and found reaction rates showing significant deviations from the conventional Michaelis–Menten behavior. We quantified the nonequilibrium curl flux as the origin of such deviation. We also quantified the thermodynamic driving force through chemical potentials and dissipation cost with entropy production. We found flux, chemical potential, and entropy production all originated from the heat absorbed into the enzyme reaction system. This study provided a framework for quantifying the nonequilibrium driving forces both at the dynamic and the thermodynamic levels.
CCR2 inhibition reduces tumor myeloid cells and unmasks a checkpoint inhibitor effect to slow progression of resistant murine gliomas
Authors: Flores-Toro Joseph A. , Luo Defang , Gopinath Adithya , Sarkisian Matthew R. , Campbell James J. , Charo Israel F. , Singh Rajinder , Schall Thomas J. , Datta Meenal , Jain Rakesh K. , Mitchell Duane A. , Harrison Jeffrey K. 
Published: December 2019

SignificanceStandard of care for glioblastoma (GBM) results in median survival of <15 mo with 5-y survival <10%, highlighting the need for novel treatments. Immune checkpoint blockade has been successful in various cancer subtypes. However, success has not extended to GBM, largely due to the characteristically immune-suppressive glioma microenvironment. Here, we report targeting of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), via inhibition of CCR2, unmasks efficacy of checkpoint blockade in GBM. Using checkpoint inhibitor-resistant murine glioma models, we show combination treatment reduces MDSCs and increases functional T cells within the tumors, and significantly extends overall survival. Our results support targeting of CCR2-expressing myeloid cells to enhance immunotherapies for GBM, and warrant translation of this approach to early human clinical trials.
Mouse genetics reveals Barttin as a genetic modifier of Joubert syndrome
Authors: Ramsbottom Simon A. , Thelwall Peter E. , Wood Katrina M. , Clowry Gavin J. , Devlin Laura A. , Silbermann Flora , Spiewak Helena L. , Shril Shirlee , Molinari Elisa , Hildebrandt Friedhelm , Gunay-Aygun Meral , Saunier Sophie , Cordell Heather J. , Sayer John A. , Miles Colin G. 
Published: December 2019

Significance
Our current understanding of genetic disease is often inadequate, largely due to genetic background effects that modify disease presentation. This is particularly challenging for rare diseases that lack sufficient numbers of patients for genome-wide association studies. We show in a series of experiments using a murine model of Joubert syndrome, a multisystem ciliopathy, that a single locus is a modifier of cystic kidney disease. We go on to show that the human homolog plays a similar role in disease using a cohort of patients. These findings make a significant contribution to the underplayed (and often ignored) role of genetic background in murine models and how this can be exploited to understand further rare inherited disease.
Uncovering the functional residues of
Arabidopsis
isoprenoid biosynthesis enzyme HDS
Authors: Wang Jin-Zheng , Lei Yongxing , Xiao Yanmei , He Xiang , Liang Jiubo , Jiang Jishan , Dong Shangzhi , Ke Haiyan , Leon Patricia , Zerbe Philipp , Xiao Youli , Dehesh Katayoon 
Published: December 2019

Significance
The MEP pathway is an essential and evolutionarily conserved metabolic route present in most pathogenic bacteria, plants, and malaria; and hence a target for discovery of agricultural and medical applications, and an engineering template for production of isoprenoids. The essential nature of this pathway and inherent intricacies associated with enzyme activity assays have hampered in vivo structure and functional analyses. Here, we report the suppressor screen leading to identification of 3 functionally conserved amino-acid residues positioned at the active site cavity and cofactor binding domain of the key MEP-pathway enzyme, HDS. The proposed roles of these residues in determining HDS enzyme activity and the MEP-pathway flux offer a platform for rational design of antiinfective drugs and synthetic engineering of isoprenoids.
Arbitration and tax treaty disputes
Authors: Markham Michelle Andrea 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action Plan and its implementation around the world over the last few years has brought about widespread and fundamental changes to the international tax framework. A corollary of these changes has been an increase in international tax treaty disputes, as newly-designed rules are challenged by both taxpayers and tax administrations. This article seeks to examine how such controversies have been addressed in the past, and to evaluate whether in this new environment arbitration may provide the key to successful tax treaty dispute resolution, despite concerns regarding national sovereignty. It considers the changes effected to the traditional tax treaty dispute resolution mechanism under the Mutual Agreement Procedure by the Action 14 Final Report on Making Dispute Resolution Mechanisms More Effective. Furthermore, it evaluates the use of arbitration under the Multilateral Instrument, as well as the application of certain reservations and options available in this regard. It explores some of the benefits of instituting an arbitration procedure that will ensure resolution for all international stakeholders. Finally, it considers the potential for Advance Pricing Agreements to proactively resolve tax treaty disputes, and the need for taxpayers to take a strategic and informed view of controversy management in the international tax sphere.
Mild Stage 1 post-operative acute kidney injury: association with chronic kidney disease and long-term survival
Authors: Long Thorir Einarsson , Helgason Dadi , Helgadottir Solveig , Sigurdsson Gisli Heimir , Palsson Runolfur , Sigurdsson Martin Ingi , Indridason Olafur Skuli 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Mild cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) are identified by a small rise in serum creatinine (SCr) according to the KDIGO AKI definition. The aim of this study was to examine the long-term outcomes of individuals with mild AKI.
Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients who underwent abdominal, cardiothoracic, vascular or orthopaedic surgery at Landspitali–The National University Hospital of Iceland in 1998–2015. Incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), progression of pre-existing CKD and long-term survival were compared between patients with mild Stage 1 AKI (defined as a rise in SCr of ≥26.5 μmol/L within 48 h post-operatively without reaching 1.5× baseline SCr within 7 days), and a propensity score-matched control group without AKI stratified by the presence of CKD.

Results
Pre- and post-operative SCr values were available for 47 333 (42%) surgeries. Of those, 1161 (2.4%) had mild Stage 1 AKI and 2355 (5%) more severe forms of AKI. Mild Stage 1 AKI was associated with both incident CKD and progression of pre-existing CKD (P &lt; 0.001). After exclusion of post-operative deaths within 30 days, mild Stage 1 AKI was not associated with worse 1-year survival in patients with preserved kidney function (94% versus 94%, P = 0.660), and same was true for patients with pre-operative CKD (83% versus 82%, P = 0.870) compared with their matched individuals.
Conclusions. Mild Stage 1 AKI is associated with development and progression of CKD, but not with inferior 1-year survival. These findings support the inclusion of a small absolute increase in SCr in the definition of AKI.
Stable isotopes suggest the location of marine feeding grounds of South European Atlantic salmon in Greenland
Authors: Almodóvar Ana , Nicola Graciela G , Ayllón Daniel , Trueman Clive N , Davidson Ian , Kennedy Richard , Elvira Benigno 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHistorical data on the oceanic distribution and migration routes of southernmost Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations from Europe are almost non-existent, as no rigorous tagging initiatives have been conducted. Here, we used stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) of historic scale collections to identify the potential marine feeding areas of the largest salmon population in the Iberian Peninsula. Data were compared with published datasets from Northern Ireland, Wales, south England, and northeast UK coast, which correspond to series between 15- and 33-year long within the time period from 1958 to 2009. Temporal covariation in sea surface temperature, primary productivity, and δ13C values suggests that feeding areas of Iberian salmon are located around Greenland, both in the Labrador and the Irminger seas. Furthermore, δ13C values of Atlantic salmon from Canadian rivers reported in the literature are similar to those found in individuals from Spanish rivers. Our results suggest that Iberian salmon follow a westerly migration route towards Greenland instead of following the easterly branch of the North Atlantic current into the Norwegian Sea. Characterization of feeding patterns and migration routes might help to understand the causes of ongoing population decline and establish targeted conservation programmes for threatened Iberian salmon.
A narrative review of the impact of the transition to ICD-10 and ICD-10-CM/PCS
Authors: Kusnoor Sheila V , Blasingame Mallory N , Williams Annette M , DesAutels Spencer J , Su Jing , Giuse Nunzia Bettinsoli 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The United States transitioned to the tenth version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system (ICD-10) for mortality coding in 1999 and to the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification and Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-CM/PCS) on October 1, 2015. The purpose of this study was to conduct a narrative literature review to better understand the impact of the implementation of ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS.

Materials and Methods
We searched English-language articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and Business Source Complete and reviewed websites of relevant professional associations, government agencies, research groups, and ICD-10 news aggregators to identify literature on the impact of the ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS transition. We used Google to search for additional gray literature and used handsearching of the references of the most on-target articles to help ensure comprehensiveness.

Results
Impact areas reported in the literature include: productivity and staffing, costs, reimbursement, coding accuracy, mapping between ICD versions, morbidity and mortality surveillance, and patient care. With the exception of morbidity and mortality surveillance, quantitative studies describing the actual impact of the ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS implementation were limited and much of the literature was based on the ICD-10-CM/PCS transition rather than the earlier conversion to ICD-10 for mortality coding.

Discussion
This study revealed several gaps in the literature that limit the ability to draw reliable conclusions about the overall impact, positive or negative, of moving to ICD-10/ICD-10-CM/PCS in the United States.

Conclusion
These knowledge gaps present an opportunity for future research and knowledge sharing and will be important to consider when planning for ICD-11.