bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Carbon in Austenite Studied on a Water-Quenched Compacted Graphite Iron Using Electron Probe Microanalysis
Authors: Domeij Björn , Diószegi Attila 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSpheroidal graphite is the defining microstructural feature of ductile iron and also plays an important role in compacted graphite iron. It is widely accepted that graphite spheroids are engulfed by austenite at an early stage of solidification after which their growth is impeded by the slow diffusion of carbon through a layer of austenite. In this work, a compacted graphite iron-containing spheroidal graphite was studied after interruption of its solidification by water quenching. Selected areas of a cross section of the castings were investigated using quantitative electron probe microanalysis, with emphasis on the distribution of carbon in austenite. The measured carbon concentration near graphite was generally below the theoretical carbon concentration in austenite at equilibrium with graphite at 1140 °C. Numerical simulations of diffusion of carbon in austenite around spheroidal graphite suggest that a zone of austenite around graphite was likely depleted of carbon during quenching, possibly explaining the low measured concentrations. The measured carbon concentration near graphite varied by as much as 0.3 wt%, with the lowest concentrations consistently found in the central region of compacted graphite–austenite eutectic cells. Regardless of whether these differences were present prior to quenching or are consequences thereof, they seem to reflect either departures from, or displacements of, the carbon concentration in austenite at equilibrium with graphite. This indicates that there is something about growth of graphite embedded in austenite which is not well understood. Concentrations of Si, Mn and Cu are near equal in the compared regions and do not explain the observed differences in carbon content near graphite.
Das Refeeding-Syndrom
Authors: Zauner Christian , Schneeweiss Mathias , Schmid Monika , Wewalka Marlene 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Refeeding-Syndrom stellt bei malnutrierten Personen eine potenziell lebensbedrohliche Komplikation einer wiederbegonnenen Nährstoffzufuhr dar. Es ist durch Störungen der Elektrolyt- und Flüssigkeitshomöostase sowie durch Vitaminmangelzustände charakterisiert und kann sowohl durch eine orale, enterale und auch parenterale Energiezufuhr verursacht werden. Das Refeeding-Syndrom tritt zumeist sehr rasch auf, sodass in der Frühphase einer Ernährungstherapie ein rigoroses metabolisches Monitoring vorzunehmen ist. Dadurch ist es möglich, diese Komplikation rechtzeitig zu erkennen und zu behandeln, noch bevor Organdysfunktionen auftreten. Bei Personen mit einem hohen Risiko für eine Malnutrition sollte die Nährstoffzufuhr zunächst mit einer geringen Menge begonnen und diese im Verlauf nur langsam gesteigert werden. Elektrolyte, Flüssigkeit und Vitamine sind adäquat zu substituieren. Es ist essenziell, bei Beginn einer Nährstoffzufuhr an die Möglichkeit eines Refeeding-Syndroms zu denken.
Continuous-flow synthesis and application of polymer-supported BODIPY Photosensitisers for the generation of singlet oxygen; process optimised by in-line NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Thomson Christopher G. , Jones Callum M. S. , Rosair Georgina , Ellis David , Marques-Hueso Jose , Lee Ai-Lan , Vilela Filipe 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCommercial polystyrene Merrifield-type resins have been post-synthetically functionalised with BODIPY photosensitisers via a novel aryl ester linking strategy in continuous-flow. A unique synthetic advantage of post-synthetically modifying heterogeneous materials in flow was identified. The homogeneous analogues of the polymer-supported BODIPYs were synthesised and used as reference to assess photophysical properties altered by the polymer-support and linker. The homogeneous and polymer-supported BODIPYs were applied in visible-light photosensitisation of singlet oxygen for the conversion of α-terpinene to ascaridole. Materials produced in flow were superior to batch in terms of functional loading and photosensitisation efficiency. Flow photochemical reactions generally outperformed batch by a factor of 4 with respect to rate of reaction. The polymer-supported BODIPY resins could be irradiated for 96 h without loss of photosensitising ability. Additional material synthetic modification and conditions optimisation using an in-line NMR spectrometer resulted in a 24-fold rate enhancement from the initial material and conditions.
The electrochemical fabrication of hydrogels: a short review
Authors: Cross Emily R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractElectrochemical hydrogel fabrication is the process of preparing hydrogels directly on to an electrode surface. There are a variety of methods to fabricate hydrogels, which are specific to the type of gelator and the desired properties of the hydrogel. A range of analytical methods that can track this gelation and characterise the final properties are discussed in this short review.
Deep Dyspareunia, Superficial Dyspareunia, and Infertility Concerns Among Women With Endometriosis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wahl Kate J. , Orr Natasha L. , Lisonek Michelle , Noga Heather , Bedaiwy Mohamed A. , Williams Christina , Allaire Catherine , Albert Arianne Y. , Smith Kelly B. , Cox Susan , Yong Paul J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Deep dyspareunia is a cardinal symptom of endometriosis, and as many as 40% of people with this condition experience comorbid superficial dyspareunia.

Aim
To evaluate the relationship between sexual pain and infertility concerns among women with endometriosis.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study conducted at a university-based tertiary center for endometriosis. 300 reproductive-aged participants in the prospective Endometriosis Pelvic Pain Interdisciplinary Cohort (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02911090) with histologically confirmed endometriosis were included (2013–2017).

Main Outcome Measure
The total score on the infertility concerns module of the Endometriosis Health Profile-30 categorized into 5 groups (0, 1–4, 5–8, 9–12, 13–16).

Results
The odds of infertility concerns did not increase with severity of deep dyspareunia (odds ratio = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.95–1.09, P = .58). However, the odds of infertility concerns increased with severity of superficial dyspareunia (odds ratio = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02–1.16, P = .011); this relationship persisted after adjusting for endometriosis-specific factors, infertility risk factors, reproductive history, and demographic characteristics (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06–1.24, P &lt; .001). Other factors in the model independently associated with increased infertility concerns were previous difficulty conceiving (AOR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.04–4.19, P = .038), currently trying to conceive (AOR = 5.23, 95% CI 2.77–9.98, P &lt; .001), nulliparity (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.63–6.41, P &lt; .001), and younger age (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–0.98, P = .005).

Conclusion
Severity of superficial dyspareunia, but not deep dyspareunia, was associated with increased odds of infertility concerns among women with endometriosis. Strengths of the study included the use of a validated measure of infertility concerns and disaggregation of sexual pain into deep and superficial dyspareunia. Limitations included the setting of a tertiary center for pelvic pain, which affects generalizability to fertility clinic and primary care settings. Women experiencing introital dyspareunia, who can have difficulties with achieving penetrative intercourse, may be concerned about their future fertility and should be counselled appropriately.
Methodological Challenges in Studying Testosterone Therapies for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women
Authors: Rowen Tami S. , Davis Susan R. , Parish Sharon , Simon James , Vignozzi Linda 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Testosterone has been studied for its benefits on sexual health for decades. The research regarding testosterone in women has produced evidence that this is a potential treatment for women suffering from female sexual dysfunction. There are several limitations of the testosterone trials that can affect their interpretation and challenges posed by some regulatory agencies that have prevented approval of any testosterone treatment for women in several countries.

Aim
To summarize the challenges of testosterone trials in terms of study populations, patient-reported outcomes, validated instruments in research, confounders, and regulatory barriers.

Methods
A thorough review of published data on testosterone for the treatment of women's sexual health problems was undertaken. A detailed evaluation of the limitations of these trials was conducted and incorporated with the published evidence on the regulatory processes involved in moving testosterone from clinical research to drug approval.

Main Outcome Measure
Main outcome measures are assessment of clinical trial populations, survey tools, confounders, and regulatory barriers.

Results
There is some heterogeneity of study populations included in testosterone trials in women. Similarly, there have been differences in instruments used to assess patient-reported outcomes and often minimal control for potential confounders. The regulatory agency had posed a challenge to approve any testosterone treatment for women based on unproven concerns and a lack of regulatory guidance for drug developers.

Clinical Implications
There is strong evidence that shows testosterone is effective for treating sexual health concerns in the women included in clinical trials.

Strength & Limitations
Strengths include thorough review of published literature and trial design for sexual health concerns. Limitations include being restricted to English Language publications and not having access to unpublished clinical trial data.

Conclusions
Testosterone trials in women have been limited by homogeneity in the study populations and outcomes measured. Drug development has been hampered by inconsistent regulatory barriers.
Influences of lateral jet location and its number on the drag reduction of a blunted body in supersonic flows
Authors: Dong M. , Liao J. , Du Z. , Huang W. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThe analysis of the aerodynamic environment of the re-entry vehicle attaches great importance to the design of the novel drag reduction strategies, and the combinational spike and jet concept has shown promising application for the drag reduction in supersonic flows. In this paper, the drag force reduction mechanism induced by the combinational spike and lateral jet concept with the freestream Mach number being 5.9332 has been investigated numerically by means of the two-dimensional axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model, and the effects of the lateral jet location and its number on the drag reduction of the blunt body have been evaluated. The obtained results show that the drag force of the blunt body can be reduced more profoundly when employing the dual lateral jets, and its maximum percentage is 38.81%, with the locations of the first and second lateral jets arranged suitably. The interaction between the leading shock wave and the first lateral jet has a great impact on the drag force reduction. The drag force reduction is more evident when the interaction is stronger. Due to the inclusion of the lateral jet, the pressure intensity at the reattachment point of the blunt body decreases sharply, as well as the temperature near the walls of the spike and the blunt body, and this implies that the multi-lateral jet is beneficial for the drag reduction.
Including older rural adults in research: Practical guidance for addressing the NIH Inclusion Across the Lifespan policy
Authors: Croff Raina , Gowen L. Kris , Lindauer Allison , Shofner Sabrina , Brown Kim , Eckstrom Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroduction:The NIH Inclusion Across the Lifespan policy has implications for increasing older adult (OA) participation in research. This study aimed to understand influential factors and facilitators to rural OA research participation.Methods:Thirty-seven rural adults aged ≥66 years participated in focus groups in community centers in four Oregon “non-metro” counties. Transcribed discussions were coded using open-axial coding by an interdisciplinary analytical team.Results:Ages were 66–96 (mean 82.2) years. Majority were women (64%) and white (86%). Primary, interrelated discussion themes were Motivation and Facilitators, Perceptions of Research, and Barriers to Research Participation. Participants were motivated to engage in research because they believed research had implications for improved longevity and quality of life and potentially benefited future generations. Motivational factors influencing participation included self-benefit and improving others’ lives, opportunities to socialize and learn about current research, research transparency (funding, time commitment, and requirements), and financial compensation. Perceptions influencing trustworthiness in research included funding source (industry/non-industry) and familiarity with the research institution. Barriers to research participation included transportation and concern about privacy and confidentiality. Suggestions for making research participation easier included researchers coming to rural communities and meeting participants in places where OAs gather and providing transportation and hotel accommodations.Conclusion:Lessons learned offer practical guidance for research teams as they address the new NIH Inclusion Across the Lifespan policy. Including OAs in research in ways that motivate and facilitate participation will be critical for a robust representation across the lifespan and in tailoring treatments to the specific needs of this population.
Estimating controlled direct effects through marginal structural models
Authors: Torres Michelle 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhen working with panel data, many researchers wish to estimate the direct effects of time-varying factors on future outcomes. However, when a baseline treatment affects both the confounders of further stages of the treatment and the outcome, the estimation of controlled direct effects (CDEs) using traditional regression methods faces a bias trade-off between confounding bias and post-treatment control. Drawing on research from the field of epidemiology, in this article I present a marginal structural modeling (MSM) approach that allows scholars to generate unbiased estimates of CDEs. Further, I detail the characteristics and implementation of MSMs, compare the performance of this approach under different conditions, and discuss and assess practical challenges when conducting them. After presenting the method, I apply MSMs to estimate the effect of wealth in childhood on political participation, highlighting the improvement in terms of bias relative to traditional regression models. The analysis shows that MSMs improve our understanding of causal mechanisms especially when dealing with multi-categorical time-varying treatments and non-continuous outcomes.
Demersal amphipod migrations: spatial patterns in marine shallow waters
Authors: Navarro-Barranco Carlos , Irazabal Alejandro , Moreira Juan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe nocturnal displacement to the water column of species hiding in the substrate during the day (so-called demersal migration) is a widespread phenomenon in coastal habitats. However, despite the relevance of these migrations to coastal ecosystem functioning, most of their ecological aspects are poorly understood. We aim to characterize spatial distribution patterns of demersal amphipods by comparing samples collected by light traps deployed both at rocky and nearby sandy areas. Dispersal abilities of such species were explored by considering two spatial scales of separation between rocky and sandy substrates: (1) <100 m and (2) >1 km. A total of >45,000 amphipod specimens were collected in the water column during the whole study, belonging to 50 species. The numerically dominant species were Guernea coalita, Bathyporeia cf. elegans, Perioculodes longimanus and Nototropis swammerdamei. The present study highlights the relevance of substrate type and study location on coastal demersal amphipod migrations. Amphipod assemblages were significantly different in the water column above rocky and sandy bottoms, even at a small spatial scale. Species emerging from rocky bottoms tend to remain in the proximity of this habitat; they showed lower abundances in sandy areas located nearby and almost none of them reached distant sandy areas. In contrast, migrant species commonly found on sediment during the day were collected at higher abundances in light traps deployed above rocky bottoms. Although several factors (e.g. food availability, predation pressure) are proposed to explain these patterns, the purpose of this horizontal migration remains unknown.
Infrastructural Contingencies and Contingent Sovereignties on the Indo–Afghan Frontier
Authors: MEDHI ABHILASH 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Khyber Pass Railway is a defunct 42-kilometre-long railway line that connects the western reaches of Peshawar to the Afghan border. Completed in 1925 mainly to carry British troops, the railway line failed to attract decent passenger or commodity traffic. Instead, it made an impact on a more primal register. Negotiations carried out between the British Government of India and populations from around the Khyber to allow its construction reproduced and rearranged lines of authority among the latter. They also embedded colonial administrators in tribal hierarchies. Efforts to acquire land and labour opened up spaces of collaboration between the colonial administration and members of frontier tribes, effectively contributing towards a reconfiguration of sovereign power in the area. This article weaves questions of customary law and colonial legal cultures into a retelling of the history of the Khyber Pass Railway. Examining transactions across three domains of sovereign power—the economic right to use land, extension of juridical regimes, and territorial control—it argues that the operation of sovereignty in the late-colonial Indo–Afghan frontier did not adhere to conventional ideas about its concentration and monopoly. The colonial government as well as members of frontier tribes deployed the inconclusive nature of their transactions strategically and, often, sovereign power lay with the stakeholder who could determine which domains fell within the bounds of the sovereignty question and which domains fell without.
Corridors of tolerance through human-dominated landscapes facilitate dispersal and connectivity between populations of African lionsPanthera leo
Authors: Dolrenry Stephanie , Hazzah Leela , Frank Laurence 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGlobally, little is known about the dispersal abilities of carnivores, their survival in non-protected areas, and the connectivity between protected and non-protected populations. More than a decade of sighting data for 496 known African lionsPanthera leo, with 189 individuals engaging in dispersing activities plus an exchange of cross-site information, has provided unique insight into connectivity and survival in unprotected and protected areas in Kenya. In particular, three individuals, across two generations residing solely in unprotected landscapes, demonstrated connectivity between three protected areas that, to our knowledge, have not previously been recognized as harbouring connected populations. These observations suggest that unprotected areas and the human communities that reside in them may successfully create corridors of tolerance that facilitate connectivity and the long-term persistence of lion populations, both within and outside protected areas.
Use of polyclonal IgY antibodies to detect serum immune complexes in patients with active hookworm infection
Authors: Souza Dayane Costa de , de Faria Lucas Silva , Sousa José Eduardo Neto de , Lopes Camila de Almeida , Ribeiro Vanessa da Silva , da Silva Vivian Jordania , Ribeiro Raphaella Paula , Rabelo Élida Mara Leite , Rodrigues Ávila Veridiana Melo , Ferreira Júnior Álvaro , Costa-Cruz Julia Maria 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDefinitive diagnosis of hookworm infection is usually based on the microscopic detection of eggs in a stool sample; however, several cases display a low or irregular egg output. Serodiagnosis can be a useful tool to identify these cases, but conventional tests do not differentiate past from active infections. The aim of this study was to obtain and apply egg yolk polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgY) antibodies to detect immune complexes (ICs) in serum samples from patients infected with hookworm. Hens were immunized withAncylostoma ceylanicumsaline extract, their eggs were collected and then IgY antibodies were extracted and purified. Antibody purity was tested by 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specificity was assessed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. IgY production was evaluated by kinetics enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sandwich ELISA tested the ability of IgY to detect ICs in serum samples, from which diagnostic parameters were calculated. Antibody responses increased steadily from day 7 to 42. In the immunoblotting assay, IgY recognized two protein complexes. The immunofluorescence assay showed no staining in control samples. The sandwich ELISA presented a very high diagnostic value, with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 86.7%. Our pioneer strategy highlights the potential use of egg yolk IgY as a diagnostic test to detect active hookworm infection.
Preparing captive-bred birds for reintroduction: the case of the Vietnam Pheasant Lophura edwardsi
Authors: COLLAR N. J. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryThe Vietnam Pheasant Lophura edwardsi (including L. hatinhensis) is only known from a small area of central Vietnam, where it occurred in wet forest below 300 m. It is probably extinct in the wild, but some 1,500 birds, derived from 28 individuals caught in 1924–1930, survive in captivity. Guidelines for reintroducing galliforms date from 2009. Subsequent literature was reviewed for new research findings to help maximise the chances of success in reintroducing birds. Studies confirmed that non-parent-reared captive-bred galliforms survive poorly, primarily owing to inadequate anti-predator responses. These reflect both genetic and ontogenetic unsuitability to wild conditions, with progressive maladaptation of stock being related to the number of generations spent in captivity (at least 35 in the case of Vietnam Pheasant). To compensate as far as possible for this deficiency, a reintroduction programme should use: environmental enrichment (including the provision of perches in aviaries), dietary enrichment (especially involving practice with live food), parent-rearing over several generations (although how many are needed for a species almost a century in captivity is unknown), soft releases (allowing full familiarisation with the future environment over at least 50 days), rigorous anti-predator training (against both air and ground attacks), anti-predation release stratagems (relocating and deterring predators, releasing birds at several stations, offering post-release support), determining appropriate numbers (per batch, with at least 300 in total per site) and time-frame for release (around five years) and the selection of fully suitable releasees in (as far as possible) naturally formed social groups, including parent-guided offspring aged around four months. Six sites need survey for extant populations or use for reintroduction, and the choice of reintroduction site will depend primarily on habitat extent and condition. The costs of these measures will be high and the overall project schedule will need to extend beyond the overall five years currently planned.