bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children's detailed non‐water beverage consumption habits and longitudinal early childhood caries experiences
Authors: Jordan Kelsey H. , McGwin Gerald , Childers Noel K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesSugar‐sweetened beverages and dental caries are prevalent among children. Measurement choices could explain their inconsistent relationships. This study evaluated associations between detailed baseline non‐water beverage consumption (NWBC) behaviors and longitudinal early childhood caries (ECC) experiences in young, high‐caries risk children.MethodsResearchers followed poor, rural, African Americans, recruited at 8–18 months old from Uniontown, Alabama, through convenience sampling, annually for 5 years (N= 66). Baseline questionnaires obtained demographics, oral hygiene, and daily dietary histories, including beverage types, frequencies, and NWBC behaviors of intake speed (intermittent/rapid), container (bottles/non‐bottles), and bedtime beverages (yes/no). Dentists conducted examinations annually to determinedecayed,missing,filled (carious)surfaces (dmfs) scores, producing increments (dmfsfinal– dmfsinitial). Age‐adjusted logistic regressions estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for ECC (carious: incidence >0 versus caries‐free: incidence = 0) with NWBC behavior then NWBC frequency, individually and conditional on NWBC behaviors, exposures.ResultsNWBC behaviors were not associated with ECC; juice was significant (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.2). Adjusting for intake speed, juice persisted as a risk factor (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.3), remaining suggestive after controlling for container or bedtime beverages (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 0.9, 4.3; OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 0.9, 4.0, respectively). Container could be an effect modifier (ORbottle: 3.5, 95% CI: 0.8, 16.2 vs. ORnon‐bottle: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.6, 3.7). Milk was not associated with ECC.ConclusionsIndependently, NWBC behaviors are insufficient in evaluating NWBC/ECC relationships; beverage type, frequency, and consumption behaviors, collectively, can better evaluate associations.
By reducing oxidative stress, naringenin mitigates hyperglycaemia-induced upregulation of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein
Authors: Kometsi Lereko , Govender Khmera , Mofo Mato Edith P , Hurchund Rajendraparsad , Owira Peter M O 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of naringenin could confer hepatoprotective effects.

Methods
Chang cells in culture media were maintained at 37°C and treated with increased concentrations of glucose (5.5–50 mm) and/or naringenin (25–100 µm), respectively, for 24 h. The cells were harvested and carbonyl proteins, antioxidant enzymes and proteins measured in cell lysates. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 7) and orally treated daily for 56 days with 3.0 ml/kg per body weight (BW) distilled water (group 1), 60 mg/kg BW of naringenin (groups 2 and 4), respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given single 60 mg/kg per BW intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin or insulin (2.0 IU/kg BW bid), (group 5 only).

Key findings
Cell viability was significantly decreased in response to increased hyperglycaemia but naringenin dose-dependently, significantly reversed this compared to controls, respectively. However, antioxidant enzyme activities were reduced due to increased and reduced oxidative stress, respectively. Naringenin further significantly reduced hepatic oxidative stress and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression and liver : body weight ratios in diabetic compared to controls rats.

Conclusions
Naringenin confers hepatoprotective antioxidant effects by initially preventing upregulation of Nrf2 protein expression and its downstream antioxidant enzymes.
The therian sternum at the lateral somitic frontier: Evolution of a composite structure
Authors: Buchholtz E. A. , Yozgyur Z. M. , Feldman A. , Weaver A. A. , Gaudin T. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe mammalian sternum plays key roles in structural support, locomotion and ventilation, but its evolutionary history has rarely been addressed. Unlike most other synapsids, the therian presternum lacks a discreet interclavicle, and the mesosternum is composed of a series of sternebrae. Here, CT scans of fossil and living therians are used to confirm that the therian presternum incorporates multiple elements, including the interclavicle and the anteriormost sternal bands of ancestral synapsids. A previously unrecognized transitional element that articulates with rib 1 is variably present and is hypothesized to permit the direct integration of the first rib and the sternum, despite their origins in different developmental domains. Sternebrae are found at sites where primaxial ribs interact directly with the abaxial sternum and locally inhibit skeletal maturation. Both presternal fusion and mesosternal subdivision are the products of small developmental changes that allowed the adaptation of ancestral structures to the lifestyles of therians.
Trends and determinants of anaemia in women of Nepal: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Rai Anjana , Khan Md Nuruzzaman , Thapa Subash 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn Nepal, the prevalence of anaemia decreased by 1% from 2006 to 2011 but increased by 6% from 2011 to 2016. In this study, we examined the changes in prevalence by possible factors from 2006 to 2016 along with the factors associated with anaemia among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) using the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data from years 2006, 2011 and 2016. We used rate of change analysis to explore average annual rate of change (AARC) in anaemia prevalence and concentration curves and indices to assess unequal distribution of anaemia prevalence among socio‐economic quintiles. Multilevel regression was performed to examine the association of multilevel factors with anaemia. Our results showed higher AARC increase in anaemia prevalence from 2006 to 2016, among women aged 30–39 years, with secondary or higher education, who had two or fewer children, not working women, from higher wealth quintiles and who were overweight or obese. Shifting of concentration curve from ‘above the line of equality’ in 2006 and 2011 to ‘under the line of equality’ in 2016 was observed. Women aged 20–29 years, with more than four children, who underwent female sterilization, had experienced violence and from Provinces 1, 2 and 5 were at higher risk of anaemia. Overweight and obese women using hormonal contraception and from lowest wealth quintiles were at lower risk. The change in trends and the associated multilevel factors identified should be considered in designing multilevel interventions that particularly target women at risk for sustainable anaemia reduction.
No evidence for accumulation of deleterious mutations and fitness degradation in clonal fish hybrids: Abandoning sex without regrets
Authors: Kočí Jan , Röslein Jan , Pačes Jan , Kotusz Jan , Halačka Karel , Koščo Ján , Fedorčák Jakub , Iakovenko Nataliia , Janko Karel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite its inherent costs, sexual reproduction is ubiquitous in nature, and the mechanisms to protect it from a competitive displacement by asexuality remain unclear. Popular mutation‐based explanations, like the Muller's ratchet and the Kondrashov's hatchet, assume that purifying selection may not halt the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the nonrecombining genomes, ultimately leading to their degeneration. However, empirical evidence is scarce and it remains particularly unclear whether mutational degradation proceeds fast enough to ensure the decay of clonal organisms and to prevent them from outcompeting their sexual counterparts. To test this hypothesis, we jointly analysed the exome sequences and the fitness‐related phenotypic traits of the sexually reproducing fish species and their clonal hybrids, whose evolutionary ages ranged from F1 generations to 300 ky. As expected, mutations tended to accumulate in the clonal genomes in a time‐dependent manner. However, contrary to the predictions, we found no trend towards increased nonsynonymity of mutations acquired by clones, nor higher radicality of their amino acid substitutions. Moreover, there was no evidence for fitness degeneration in the old clones compared with that in the younger ones. In summary, although an efficacy of purifying selection may still be reduced in the asexual genomes, our data indicate that its efficiency is not drastically decreased. Even the oldest investigated clone was found to be too young to suffer fitness consequences from a mutation accumulation. This suggests that mechanisms other than mutation accumulation may be needed to explain the competitive advantage of sex in the short term.
Boundaries of the nation(s) in a multinational state: Comparing Quebecers and other Canadians' perspectives on national identity
Authors: Bilodeau Antoine , Turgeon Luc 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDrawing on the Canadian case, this study examines whether, in a multinational state, majority and minority nations emphasize different criteria when tracing the borders of their respective national community. It does so by comparing native‐born French speakers in Quebec and native‐born English speakers in the rest of Canada from three different perspectives. We examine (a) the way ascriptive and attainable groupings of characteristics are constructed in Quebec and in the rest of Canada, (b) the importance given to attainable and ascriptive characteristics, and (c) the implications of ascriptive and attainable characteristics for attitudes toward immigration and generalized trust. The findings suggest that majority‐group members in Quebec and in the rest of Canada broadly draw the boundaries of their nation in similar ways and with similar implications.
Adult feeding and host type modulate the life history traits of the capital breeder Zabrotes subfasciatus
Authors: Corrêa Cindi P. , Capizzani Bianca C. , Beijo Luiz A. , de Ávila Paulo M. , Ribeiro do Valle Teixeira Isabel , Barchuk Angel R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIncome breeding animals support reproduction by the intake of energy and molecular building blocks during adulthood. Capital breeders, in contrast, fuel reproduction by the intake of materials during the larval stage. There exists, however, some controversy as to whether adult feeding in capital breeders actually increases fitness. We tested whether individuals feed as adults in the weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman, whether they equally accept carbohydrate‐ or nitrogen‐rich food (sugar or yeast), whether food ingestion varies with the available host type and whether feeding as adults alters life history traits. The hosts tested were three varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris, Carioca, Jalo, and Preto; Vigna unguiculata Frade; and Vicia faba. We also tested whether sugar ingestion affects life history traits differently in the presence of different host types. We found that Z. subfasciatus feed as adults and equally accept sugar and yeast, and food ingestion depends on host type. Sugar and yeast significantly promote oviposition of larger eggs on Carioca seeds and enhance adult emergence, and sugar ingestion increases longevity. Moreover, the insects avoid feeding when on V. faba seeds, on which they did not oviposit. Mean fitness values showed the following hierarchy: Carioca = Jalo > Frade > Preto > V. faba. These results show that the capital breeder Z. subfasciatus feed as adults, which increases life history traits and suggests the existence of a hierarchy of performance on different hosts, with the P. vulgaris varieties Carioca and Jalo offering the best conditions.
Spectroscopic Study of the E/Z Photoisomerization of a New Cyrhetrenyl Acylhydrazone: A Potential Photoswitch and Photosensitizer†
Authors: Toro Patricia M. , Jara Danilo H. , Klahn A. Hugo , Villaman David , Fuentealba Mauricio , Vega Andrés , Pizarro Nancy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe new cyrhetrenyl acylhydrazone [(CO)3Re(η5‐C5H4)‐C(O)‐NH‐N = C(CH3)‐(2‐C4H2S‐5‐NO2)] (E‐CyAH) has been designed, synthesized and fully characterized to study the effect of having a cyrhetrenyl fragment (sensitizer) covalently bonded to an acylhydrazone moiety (switch), on its photophysical and photochemical properties. The crystal structure reveals that E‐CyAH adopts an E‐configuration around the iminic moiety [‐N = C(CH3)]. The absorption spectrum of E‐CyAH displays two bands at 270 and 380 nm, which are mainly ascribed to π → π* intraligand (IL) and dπ → π* metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions, being consistent with DFT/TD‐DFT calculations. Upon 365 nm irradiation, E‐CyAH photoisomerizes to Z‐CyAH, as evidenced by UV‐Vis and 1H‐NMR spectral changes, with a quantum yield value ΦE‐CyAH →Z‐CyAH of 0.30. Z‐CyAH undergoes a first‐order thermal back‐isomerization process, with a relatively short half‐life τ1/2 of 277 min. Consequently, E‐CyAH was quantitatively recovered after 24 h, making it a fully reversible T‐type molecular photoswitch. This remarkable behavior allows us to measure the individual photophysical properties for both isomers. In addition, E‐CyAH and Z‐CyAH efficiently photosensitize the generation of singlet oxygen (O2 (1Δg)) with good yield (ΦΔ = 0.342).
Is YouTube a useful tool for oral care in patients with Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Ruiz‐Roca Juan Antonio , Martínez‐Izquierdo Alejandro , Mengual‐Pujante Daniel , López Eduardo Pons‐Fuster , López‐Jornet Pia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo analyze the quality of YouTube videos offering information about oral care in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).BackgroundRegular oral and dental care is essential for good general health and well‐being. In this regard, the motor and/or cognitive problems of people with PD can complicate correct daily hygiene.Materials and methodsA systematic review was made of YouTube videos for the terms “Parkinson's disease,” “dental education,” “oral care,” “dental care,” “oral disease,” “oral status,” and “oral health.” The videos were assessed for content, duration, number of viewings, days since upload, and likes and dislikes. The interaction index and viewing rate were also evaluated. Video quality was rated using a 5‐point Likert scale based on the global quality score (GQS).ResultsThe search identified 620 videos, of which 42 were included in the analysis. The sources of the uploads were universities (n = 15), television channels (n = 8), and other sources (n = 19). Significant differences were recorded according to the source of information in terms of the duration of the videos (P = .021), the number of views (P = .025), viewing rate (P = .028), days since upload (P = .018), likes (P = .048), and dislikes (P = 0.008).ConclusionsGQS is higher for University videos; YouTube videos are an accessible, effective, informative, and educative tool for improving oral quality of life of patients with PD.Relevance to clinical practiceYouTube is increasingly used by patients with chronic disorders, for many reasons, including the desire for a second opinion, the search for support, and a wish to increase personal knowledge of the disease. Likewise, there is a growing interest in the search for information about oral care and coping skills.
A moisturizer formulated with glycerol and propylene glycol accelerates the recovery of skin barrier function after experimental disruption in dogs
Authors: Panzuti Pauline , Vidémont Emilie , Fantini Oscar , Fardouet Lucile , Noël Guillaume , Cappelle Julien , Pin Didier 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundMoisturizers are foundational therapies for human atopic dermatitis. In veterinary medicine, the use of moisturizers has been recommended by an expert committee to alleviate skin dryness that would occur, for example, in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, little is known regarding the effects of moisturizers on the skin barrier.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of a moisturizer on skin barrier recovery in a canine model of chronic mechanical barrier disruption.AnimalsSix healthy beagle dogs maintained in a laboratory setting.Methods and materialsA model of chronic skin barrier disruption was simulated by tape stripping on both sides of the thorax. The moisturizer then was applied twice daily for one week to one side of the thorax, while the other hemithorax was left untreated. The effects were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at various times during skin barrier recovery, and by histological assessment of the disrupted skin one week after moisturizer application.ResultsOverall, TEWL was reduced, epidermal thickness was lower, stratum corneum thickness was greater and the intensity of the dermal inflammatory infiltrate was reduced for treated sites.Conclusions and clinical importanceThese results suggest a potential benefit of the moisturizer for improving skin barrier function, which is frequently altered in chronic inflammatory dermatoses such as cAD.
Biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes after injection of methylene blue and lymphoscintigraphic guidance in 30 dogs with mast cell tumors
Authors: Ferrari Roberta , Chiti Lavinia E. , Manfredi Martina , Ravasio Giuliano , De Zani Donatella , Zani Davide D. , Giudice Chiara , Gambini Matteo , Stefanello Damiano 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo report the outcomes associated with sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) detection and extirpation guided by radionuclide and methylene blue injections in dogs with cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors (MCT).Study designClinical prospective cohort study.AnimalsThirty client‐owned dogs with MCT amenable to wide‐margin excision, without evidence of distant metastasis and abnormal regional lymph nodes (RLN).MethodsTechnetium‐99 m and methylene blue were injected peritumorally. Dogs underwent preoperative γ‐camera scintigraphy and an intraoperative γ‐probe‐guided SLN extirpation. Outcomes included technical and surgical complications, number of SLN, SLN location respecting the expected RLN, and histopathology results.ResultsSentinel lymph node mapping was applied to 34 MCT in 30 dogs without any complication. Sentinel lymph nodes were not identified in three of 34 tumors, all with previous scar tissue. Sentinel lymph nodes did not correspond to expected RLN in 19 of 30 (63%) tumors. Histological examination confirmed an early or overt metastasis in 32 of 57 (56%) SLN extirpated.ConclusionSentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy with radionuclide and injection of methylene blue was associated with low morbidity and allowed detection of SLN in dogs with MCT at first presentation without scar tissue.Clinical significanceIncorporation of SLN mapping and extirpation allows for a personalized staging approach in dogs with MCT. The presence of scar tissue in dogs with recurrent tumors seems to be a limitation for SLN mapping with this technique.
Design Optimization of Pressure Vessel in Compliance With Elastic Stress Analysis Criteria for Plastic Collapse Using an Integrated Approach
Authors: Zhou Mingjue , Patel Artik , Wang BoPing , Jin Weiya , Li Yuebing 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The design and verification of pressure vessels is governed by the design codes specified by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). Convention design satisfying the ASME BPVC code requirements would lead to a conservative design. This situation will to be solvable by modern structural optimization methods. The size optimization of pressure vessel complying with design-by-analysis requirements within the ASME Sec. VIII Division 2 specification is discussed in this paper. This is accomplished by an integrated approach in which the stress analysis is carried out by ANSYS. These results are used by an optimization code in matlab to perform design optimization. The integrated approach is fully automated and applied to the optimal design of a real pressure vessel. The results show that the material used by the pressure vessel can be minimized while satisfying the maximum stress specified in the BPVC.
Simulation and Analysis of Microspines Interlocking Behavior on Rocky Surfaces: An In-Depth Study of the Isolated Spine
Authors: Iacoponi Saverio , Calisti Marcello , Laschi Cecilia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMicrospine grippers address a large variety of possible applications, especially in field robotics and manipulation in extreme environments. Predicting and modeling the gripper behavior remains a major challenge to this day. One of the most complex aspects of these predictions is how to model the spine to rock interaction of the spine tip with the local asperity. This paper proposes a single spine model, in order to fill the gap of knowledge in this specific field. A new model for the anchoring resistance of a single spine is proposed and discussed. The model is then applied to a simulation campaign. With the aid of simulations and analytic functions, we correlated performance characteristics of a spine with a set of quantitative, macroscopic variables related to the spine, the substrate and its usage. Eventually, this paper presents some experimental comparison tests and discusses traversal phenomena observed during the tests.
Supernumerary Robotic Limbs to Assist Human Walking With Load Carriage
Authors: Hao Ming , Zhang Jiwen , Chen Ken , Asada Harry , Fu Chenglong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Walking with load carriage is a common requirement for individuals in many situations. Legged exoskeletons can transfer the load weight to the ground with rigid-leg structures, thus reducing the load weight borne by the human user. However, the inertia of paralleled structures and the mechanical joint tend to disturb natural motions of human limbs, leading to high-energy consumption. Different from exoskeletons, Supernumerary Robotic Limbs (SuperLimbs) are kinematically independent of the human limbs, thus avoiding the physical interference with the human limbs. In this paper, a SuperLimb system is proposed to assist the human walking with load carriage. The system has two rigid robotic limbs, and each robotic limb has four degrees-of-freedom (DOFs). The SuperLimbs can transfer the load weight to the ground through the rigid structures, thus reducing the weight borne by the human user. A hybrid control strategy is presented to assist the human as well as avoid disturbing user’s natural motions. Motions of the SuperLimb system are generated autonomously to follow the gait of the human user. The gait synchronization is controlled by a finite state machine, which uses inertial sensors to detect the human gait. Human walking experiments are conducted to verify this concept. Experiments indicate that the SuperLimbs can follow the human gait as well as distribute the load weight. Results show that our SuperLimb system can reduce 85.7% of load weight borne by the human when both robotic limbs support and 55.8% load weight on average. This study may inspire the design of other wearable robots and may provide efficient solutions for human loaded walking.
Design of an Underactuated Finger Based on a Novel Nine-Bar Mechanism
Authors: Cheng Ming , Fan Shaowei , Yang Dapeng , Jiang Li 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Elastic elements are commonly adopted to realize underactuation in the design of human-friendly prosthetic hands. The stiffness of these elastic elements, which is a key factor affecting the grasp performance of the underactuated finger, has not well addressed when considering both the stability and adaptability. In this study, an adaptive anthropomorphic finger that adopted a novel nine-bar mechanism is proposed. This nine-bar mechanism is integrated through a coupled four-bar mechanism and an adaptive seven-bar mechanism. The developed finger based on the nine-bar mechanism is able to improve the grasp stability in the global workspace under an extremely small spring stiffness. A quantitative analysis of the grasp stability was carried out. Comparative experiments on the grasps using the finger with/without adaptability were also performed. The results validated that our finger has a good stability when grasping the objects of different sizes.