bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Fingerprinting of Gardenia jasminoides Fruit Using Direct Sample Introduction and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Detection
Authors: Yan Shikai , Xin Wenfeng , Luo Guoan , Wang Yiming , Cheng Yiyu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid, rugged, and inexpensive approach is described to develop chemical fingerprints of volatile and semivolatile fractions in herbal medicine. The method is based on the combination of direct sample introduction and gas chromatography (GC) analysis with mass spectrometry detection. In comparison with routine methods, the proposed approach provides the most informative fingerprint and does not demand time-consuming extraction, pretreatment, and cleanup procedures. The approach was applied to establish the GC fingerprint of gardenia fruit (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis), in which 39 components were identified. With the help of principal components analysis, the obtained fingerprint could reveal the variation in and within different herb samples as affected by season and developmental state (wild or cultivated). The results indicated that the proposed approach could serve as a rapid, simple, and effective technique for the quality control of herbal medicines.
Determination of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, and Methscopolamine Nitrate in Tablets or Capsules by Liquid Chromatography with Two UV Absorbance Detectors in Series
Authors: Cieri Ugo R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure is presented for the simultaneous determination of phenylephrine HCl (PE), chlorpheniramine maleate (CM), and methscopolamine nitrate in commercial tablets or capsules by liquid chromatography (LC) with 2 UV absorbance detectors in series. Reference and sample solutions are prepared in methanol. LC separations are performed on a 7.5 cm Novapak silica column. The mobile phase is prepared by mixing 930 mL methanol with 70 mL of a 0.5% aqueous solution of 1-pentanesulfonic acid, sodium salt. The injection volume is 20 L; the flow rate is approximately 1 mL/min. Retention times are approximately 1.5 min for PE, 3 min for CM, and 6 min for methscopolamine nitrate. One detector determines the first 2 compounds at 265 nm, but the third compound does not produce a detectable peak. The other detector set at 210 nm generates peaks for all 3 compounds, but only methscopolamine is within the recorder range; the other 2 compounds are exceedingly off scale. If it is not feasible or desirable to arrange 2 UV absorbance detectors in series, separate determinations can be made, one for the first 2 compounds and the other for the third component of the mixture. Two commercial samples of tablets and 2 commercial samples of capsules were analyzed by the proposed method. Recovery studies were also conducted with amounts of the 3 compounds ranging from 80 to 120% of the quantities present in the sample solutions.
Sterol Oxidation in Meat- and Fish-Based Homogenized Baby Foods Containing Vegetable Oils
Authors: Zunin Paola , Salvadeo Paola , Boggia Raffaella , Evangelisti Filippo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sterol oxidation was evaluated in commercial meat- and fish-based homogenized baby foods containing vegetable oil. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the analytical determination of 7-ketocholesterol and 7-ketositosterol, which were chosen as markers of sterol oxidation in lipids of animal origin and vegetable origin, respectively. Cholestanetriol was also quantified, because its negative effects on atherogenesis and other biological processes are well known. In meat-based samplesg/serving. The 7-ketocholesterol and 7-ketositosterol were 2289 and 1140 g/serving, respectively, whereas the 7-ketocholesterol/cholesterol percent ratio was and 11-40 g/serving, respectively, whereas the cholestanetriol levels were 738 g/serving. The 7-ketocholesterol/cholesterol percent ratio was characteristic of each kind of meat and related to the levels of unsaturated fatty acids of animal lipids. In fish-based samples, the cholestanetriol and 7-ketocholesterol levels per serving were significantly lower than in meat samples, but in fish fillets they were about 2025, instead of 40, of the ingredients. The values of the 7-ketocholesterol/ cholesterol percent ratio in fish-based products were close to the values computed for chicken or turkey-based products. The detected values of cholestanetriol showed that the addition of vegetable oil enhances the development of the indirect bimolecular pathway of cholesterol oxidation, which was even more favorable in fish-based products.
Genetics-Based Methods for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Foods
Authors: Mozola Mark A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Genetic methods are now at the forefront of foodborne pathogen testing. The sensitivity, specificity, and inclusivity advantages offered by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probe technology have driven an intense effort in methods development over the past 20 years. DNA probe-based methods for Salmonella spp. and other pathogens have progressed from time-consuming procedures involving the use of radioisotopes to simple, high throughput, automated assays. The analytical sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification technology has facilitated a reduction in analysis time by allowing enriched samples to be tested for previously undetectable quantities of analyte. This article will trace the evolution of the development of genetic methods for detection of Salmonella in foods, review the basic assay formats and their advantages and limitations, and discuss method performance characteristics and considerations for selection of methods.
Modeling and Risk Assessment for Salmonella in Meat and Poultry
Authors: Lammerding Anna M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Microbial risk assessment is rapidly becoming a well-recognized concept in the management of food- and waterborne microbial hazards. The process of conducting a risk assessment is a structured, systematic approach to integrate and evaluate information from diverse sources concerning the origin and fate of pathogens along the food chain and to determine the magnitude of public health risks. Quantitative modeling of the sources, prevalence, numbers, and behavior of food chain pathogens, such as Salmonella, and of the host/pathogen interaction and consequences are providing scientific information and insights useful for decision makers in managing the safety of the food supply.
Peer Validation of a Method to Confirm Chloramphenicol in Honey by Liquid Chromatography-TandemMass Spectrometry
Authors: Quon Dugane , Carson Mary C , Nochetto Cristina , Heller David N , Butterworth Fred 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is extracted from an aqueous dilution of honey using ethyl acetate. The extracts are evaporated and redissolved in water. CAP is then extracted from the aqueous solutions using reversed-phase solid-phase extraction cartridges. CAP is eluted from the reversed-phase cartridges with acetonitrilewater and re-extracted into ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate is evaporated, and the residue is reconstituted in an aqueous solution. Extracts are chromatographed using a reversed-phase column and analyzed by electrospray negative mode tandem mass spectrometry. Four product ions of precursors m/z 321 or 323 are monitored. The method meets confirmation criteria recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and 4-point identification criteria established by the European Union. With slight modifications to accommodate different equipment, the method was validated in 2 laboratories.
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Densitometric Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Gallic Acid, and Ellagic Acid in Phyllanthus amarus
Authors: Dhalwal Kamlesh , Biradar Yogesh S , Rajani Mandapati 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Whole plant of Phyllanthus amarus Linn. is a reputed drug of the Indian systems of medicine that is used as hepatoprotective agent. A simple high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) densitometric method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid in the whole plant of P. amarus. They were found at levels of 0.37, 1.16, 0.36, and 0.17% (w/w), respectively. The method was validated for precision, repeatability, and accuracy. Instrumental precision was found to be 0.54, 0.93, 0.08, and 0.78% (coefficient of variation, CV); repeatability of the method was 1.01, 0.79, 0.98, and 1.06% (CV) for phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, respectively. Accuracy of the method was determined by a recovery study conducted at 3 different levels, and the average recovery was found to be 99.09% for phyllanthin, 99.27% for hypophyllanthin, 98.69% for gallic acid, and 100.49% for ellagic acid. The proposed HPTLC method was found to be simple, precise, specific, sensitive, and accurate and can be used for routine quality control of raw material of P. amarus and formulations containing P. amarus. It also has the applicability in quantitating any of these marker compounds in other drugs.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Acyclovir and Ribavirin in Their Dosage Forms
Authors: El-Din Mohie Khaled Sharaf , El-Brashy Amina Mohammed , Sheribah Zeinab Awad , El-Gamal Rania Mohammed 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two simple, accurate, and reliable spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of 2 antiviral drugs, acyclovir (ACV) and ribavirin (RBV), in their pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on oxidation of the 2 drugs with either cerium (IV) ammonium sulfate (Method A) or potassium persulfate (Method B). The products of oxidation in both methods are coupled with 3-methylbenzothiazolin 2-one hydrazone, producing a deep blue color with a maximum absorption wavelength at 630 nm. In Method A, the absorbanceconcentration plots were linear over the ranges of 550 and 1060 μg/mL with detection limits of 0.18 μg/mL (8 × 107 M) and 0.63 μg/mL (2.58 × 106 M) for ACV and RBV, respectively. In Method B, the ranges were 545 and 2050 μg/mL with detection limits of 0.11 μg/mL (4.88 × 107 M) and 1.40 μg/mL (5.73 × 106 M) for the 2 drugs, respectively. The molar absorptivities were 4.1 × 103 and 3.65 × 103 L/mol/cm in Method A and 5.03 × 103 and 3.97 × 103 L/mol/cm in Method B for the 2 drugs, respectively. The proposed methods were applied successfully for the determination of the 2 drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations. The percentage recoveries standard deviation were 99.57 ± 0.86 and 100.82 ± 0.46 for ACV; 99.41 ± 1.08 and 100.35 ± 1.03 for RBV. The results obtained were compared statistically with those given by official methods and showed no significant differences regarding accuracy and precision.
Determination of Nitrite, Nitrate, and Glucose-6-Phosphate in Muscle Tissues and Cured Meat by IC/MS
Authors: Saccani Giovanna , Tanzi Enrica , Cavalli Silvano , Rohrer Jeff 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The endogenous nitrate concentration in fresh meat and the residual nitrate and nitrite contents after curing are related to food quality and safety. Most ion chromatography (IC) methods suffer from interferences, especially in fresh meat samples, in which the endogenous nitrate content is low, and in cured meat products, in which other nitrogenous compounds can interfere with the separation of inorganic anions. One of the major classes of interfering compounds in fresh meat are sugar phosphates, which originate from glycolysis during the conversion of muscle glycogen to lactic acid. Nitrate can be separated from interfering compounds with a high-capacity anion-exchange column that was manufactured for use with hydroxide eluents (i.e., hydroxide-selective). This column has a different selectivity than traditional IC columns that use carbonate eluents and facilitates the determination of nitrate in both fresh and cured meats. Nitrate was detected by both suppressed conductivity measurement and mass spectrometry (MS). The identifications of nitrate and glucose-6-phosphate were confirmed by MS detection. The described IC/MS method is robust, sensitive to nitrate concentrations as low as 0.10 mg/kg, and can determine sugar phosphates that are useful for monitoring meat freshness. We successfully used this method to determine nitrate in nearly 100 muscle tissues and cured meat samples.
Improvements to a Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Immunoassay for the Steroid Hormone Progesterone
Authors: Gillis Els H , Traynor Imelda , Gosling James P , Kane Marian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The effects of modifications to an existing protocol for a surface plasmon resonance biosensor-based inhibition immunoassay for progesterone in cow's milk with a sensitivity of 3.5 ng/mL were examined to establish if the detection limit could be further reduced to broaden the potential applications of the assay. The mean relative standard deviation of duplicate measurements was 0.62% and the high precision resulted in very low values for the lower detection limits. Hence, the standard concentrations giving 95% maximum binding [effective dose (ED 95)] were compared instead. The ED 95 was not affected within a running temperature range of 20-37C, or at a flow rate and a contact time above 20 μL/min and 90 s, respectively. Increasing both the absolute sample volume and the antibody dilution improved sensitivity. However, there was a simultaneous reduction in the working range when the assay was applied to milk due to nonspecific binding. Less antibody was associated with large decreases in the maximum binding, but because the high precision extended over a broad analytical range, an ED 95 of 0.4-0.6 ng/mL in milk and 35-60 pg/mL in HBS-EP buffer were achieved. Thus, simple procedural modifications with the same sensor chip can alter performance characteristics of the assay as required for different applications.
Surface Plasmon Resonance for Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms in the Food Supply
Authors: Gambari Roberto , Feriotto Giordana 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A review is presented demonstrating that biospecific interaction analysis, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and biosensor technologies is a simple, rapid, and automatable approach to detect genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Using SPR, we were able to monitor in real-time the hybridization between oligonucleotide or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated probes and target single-stranded PCR products obtained by using as substrates DNA isolated from normal or transgenic soybean and maize. This procedure allows a one-step, nonradioactive detection of GMOs. PCR-generated probes are far more efficient in detecting GMOs than are oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes. This is expected to be a very important parameter, because information on low percentage of GMOs is of great value. Determination of the ability of SPR-based analysis to quantify GMOs should be considered a major research field for future studies, especially for the analyses of food supplies.
Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Soy Isoflavones in Humans
Authors: Cassidy Aedin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To fully evaluate the potential risks and benefits of isoflavones to human health, an understanding of the physiological behavior of these compounds following ingestion is required. Numerous researchers have investigated the kinetics and extent of polyphenol absorption by measuring plasma concentrations and/or urinary excretion among adults after the ingestion of a single dose of polyphenol, provided as either a pure compound, plant extract, or whole food/beverage. Available data suggest isoflavones are more bioavailable than other flavonoid subclasses. This review will focus on our current understanding of factors affecting isoflavone absorption and metabolism in humans.
Stability of Pesticides on Solid-Phase Extraction Disks After Incubation at Various Temperatures and for Various Time Intervals: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Cobb Jean M , Mattice John D , Senseman Scott A , Dumas Jose A , Mersie Wondi , Riley Melissa B , Potter Thomas L , Mueller Thomas C , Watson Elizabeth B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An interlaboratory study was conducted at 8 locations to assess the stability of pesticides on solid-phase extraction (SPE) disks after incubation at various temperatures and for various time intervals. Deionized water fortified with selected pesticides was extracted by using 2 types of SPE filtration disks (Empore C18 and Speedisk® C18XF), and after extraction, the disks were incubated at 3 temperatures (25, 40, and 55C) and for 2 time intervals (4 and 14 days). Deionized water was fortified with atrazine, carbofuran, and chlorpyrifos by all participating laboratories. In addition, some of the laboratories included 2 of the following pesticides: metolachlor, metribuzin, simazine, chlorothalonil, and malathion. Concurrently, fortified water samples were extracted with the incubated samples by using each disk type at 4 and 14 days. Pesticides had equivalent or greater stability on ≤1 of the C18 disk types, compared with storage in water. The lowest recoveries of carbofuran (6%) and chlorpyrifos (7%) were obtained at 55C after storage for 14 days in incubated water. At 55C after 14 days, the lowest recovery for atrazine was 65% obtained by using Empore disks. Pesticide-specific losses occurred on the C18 disks in this study, underlining the importance of temperature and time interval when water is extracted at remote field locations and the SPE disks containing the extracted pesticides are transported or shipped to a laboratory for elution and analysis.
Determination of Monensin, Narasin, and Salinomycin in Mineral Premixes, Supplements, and Animal Feeds by Liquid Chromatography and Post-Column Derivatization: Collaborative Study
Authors: Campbell Harold , Nayeri Gita ,   Collaborators:, Costa J M , deJong J , Felgueiras I , Genouel C , Ivanova S , Krabel B , Lin H , Metra P L , Petrova J , Provost L , Riter K L , Sabbatini J , van der Kamp H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the analysis of monensin, narasin, and salinomycin in mineral premixes, supplements, and complete animal feeds at medicating and trace levels was collaboratively studied. The method uses methanolwater (90 + 10) extraction with mechanical shaking for 1 h, filtration, and dilution if necessary. Determination of the 3 ionophores is by reversed-phase LC using post-column derivatization with vanillin and detection at 520 nm. Suspect positive trace-level products and medicated feeds containing unexpected ionophores are confirmed by hexane extraction or post-column derivatization with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB). Twenty-five test samples of medicated feeds, supplements, and mineral and drug premixes, and 9 test samples for trace-level analysis were sent to 11 collaborators in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Portugal, France, The Netherlands, United States, and Canada. Acceptable results were received from 10 laboratories. For the medicated complete feeds, supplements, and mineral premixes, RSDr values (within-laboratory repeatability) ranged from 2.5 to 5.2%, RSDR values (among-laboratory reproducibility) ranged from 2.7 to 6.8%, and HorRat values ranged from 0.31 to 1.30. For the drug premixes, the result variability was excessive and HorRat values ranged from 2.27 to 14.1. For the trace-level test samples, all laboratories correctly identified the analytes and did not report any false positives. RSDr values ranged from 1.3 to 9.5%, RSDR values ranged from 5.2 to 13.1%, and HorRat values ranged from 0.4 to 0.97.
First-Derivative Spectrophotometry in the Analysis of Rosiglitazone in Coated Tablets
Authors: Gomes Patricia , Steppe Martin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
First-derivative spectrophotometry, applying the peak-zero method, was developed for the determination of rosiglitazone (RSG) in coated tablets. The solutions of standard and sample were prepared in ethanol. Quantitative determination of the drug was performed at 331.4 nm (N = 4; ▵λ= 3.2 nm) and was evaluated for the parameters specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The specificity test showed that there was no interference from excipients commonly found in the commercial pharmaceutical formulation at 331.4 nm. The standard curve showed a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. Precision was demonstrated by a relative standard deviation value of 0.50%. The recovery test resulted in an average of 100.06%, which confirmed the accuracy of the method. The results for first-derivative spectrophotometry (D1), liquid chromatography, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and there were no significant differences among these methods. Therefore, D1 can be easily and directly applied to analyze RSG in coated tablets.
Development and In-house Validation of a Microbiological Assay for Determination of Cefepime in Injectable Preparations
Authors: Souza Marinês J , Kulmann Rosecler R , Silva LucÊlia M , Nogueira Daniele R , Zimmermann Estevan S , Schmidt Cleber A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cefepime is a new parenteral cephalosporin that has been described as a fourth-generation, broad-spectrum antibiotic. This paper reports the development and in-house validation of an agar diffusion bioassay using a cylinder-plate method for the determination of cefepime in powder for injection. The validation performed yielded good results in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of cefepime upon the strain of Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 used as the test microorganism. The results of assays were treated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and were found to be linear (r = 0.99993) in the selected range of 8.032.0 g/mL; precise [repeatability: relative standard deviation (RSD) = 1.39%, intermediate precision: between-day RSD = 1.77%, and between-analyst RSD = 1.97%] and accurate. Comparison of bioassay and liquid chromatography by ANOVA showed no significant difference between methodologies. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which is a simple and useful alternative methodology for cefepime determination in routine quality control.
Microbiological Assay for the Determination of Telithromycin in Tablets
Authors: Vaucher Lauren C , Breier Ana R , Schapoval Elfrides E S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study describes the development and validation of a microbiological assay, applying the cylinder-plate method, for the determination of the antibiotic telithromycin. The microbiological method consisted of a cylinder-plate agar diffusion assay using Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as the test microorganism. The response graphs for standard and sample solutions were linear (r = 0.9987), and no parallelism deviations were detected in the tested concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/mL). The interday precision was 2.67%. Recovery values were between 96.75 and 100.91%. A preliminary stability study of telithromycin showed that the microbiological assay is specific for the determination of telithromycin in the presence of its degradation products. The proposed method allows the quantitation of telithromycin in pharmaceutical dosage form and can be used for drug analysis in routine quality control.
Headspace Gas ChromatographyFlame Ionization Detector Method for Organic Solvent Residue Analysis in Dietary Supplements
Authors: Jeong Mijeong Lee , Zahn Michael , Trinh Thao , Jia Qi , Ma Wenwen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An analytical method has been developed for the identification and quantification of 20 organic solvent residues in dietary supplements. The method utilizes a headspace sampler interfaced with gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. With split injection (5:1) and a DB-624 column, most of the organic solvents are separated in 9 min. The method has been validated and was found to be relatively simple and fast, and it can be applied to most common organic solvent residues. With the mass detector, the method was able to identify organic solvents beyond the 20 standards tested.