bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Searching for High Potential Organic Cathode Materials for High Energy Green and Sustainable Batteries
Authors: Jouhara Alia , Dolhem Franck , Guyomard Dominique , Dupré Nicolas , Poizot Philippe 
Published: February 2020

Thanks to the use of abundant chemical elements, organic chemistry provides great opportunities for discovering innovative electrode materials, which could be prepared (i) from renewable resources (biomass) and (ii) via eco-efficient processes, making the concept of greener and sustainable batteries possible [1].
We are putting a lot of efforts on greener and sustainable organic non-aqueous and aqueous batteries at the IMN. In this communication, we report on novel crystallized organic positive electrode materials for the non-aqueous application of organic batteries. However the synthesis of high-voltage lithiated materials is rather challenging, so very few examples of all-organic Li-ion cells currently exist.
Compounds of the Mn+
2/n-p-DHT (with Mn+ = Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+) family were studied to better understand the effect of substitution chemistry on the redox properties of the Li-diphenolate cycle of p-DHT. This innovative chemical approach makes it possible to tune the redox potential of lithiated organic electrode materials, by playing on the nature and the ionic potential of a spectator cation in the host structure. Indeed, by adjusting the attractor/donor electron effects in the organic redox-active backbone, it is possible to modify the redox potential of the molecule by inductive effect.
We show that substituting magnesium (2,5-dilithium-oxy)-terephthalate for lithium (2,5-dilithium-oxy)-terephthalate enables an outstanding voltage gain of 800 mV, leading to a high operating voltage of 3.4V vs. Li+/Li [2]. This Mg(Li2)-p-DHT compound is the first lithiated organic positive electrode material with an operating potential as high as that of LiFePO4. Based on this finding, full organic Li-ion cells with an output voltage of 2.5V and long cycle life have been achieved, thus making a big step forward the design of high energy green and sustainable organic batteries.

References

[1] P. Poizot, F. Dolhem, Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 2003 (2011).
[2] A. Jouhara, N. Dupré, A.C. Gaillot, D. Guyomard, F. Dolhem, P. Poizot, Nature Commun., 9, 4401 (2018).
Dual Salt Electrolyte of Lifsi and LiPF6 for Fast-Charging Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Liu Tianyi , Wu Xianyang , Lin Feng , Wood David L. , Belharouak Ilias , Du Zhijia 
Published: February 2020

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been go from prosperity in the early 20th century to decline. One of the reasons is the charging rate --- it takes over 30 minutes for a Tesla to get 80% charged, but only a few minutes to get a gas-powered vehicle refilled. Therefore, developing extreme fast-charging battery is desirable for EV to occupy the market share in the new round of competition.
Li-Ion batteries (LIBs) have recently been used as power supply for electric vehicles (EVs), and electrolyte plays an important role in the batteries. Here, we report a dual salt electrolyte consisting of LiPF6 and LiFSI for fast charging lithium ion battery. Compared to other commercially available electrolytes, this dual salt electrolyte shows superior performance under fast charging condition (4C) for NMC622//graphite full pouch cell. A systematic research based on this dual salt electrolyte is being built. Electrochemical chemical performance, viscosity, interaction between electrode and electrolyte, and the synergistic effect, etc. of the dual salt has been studied.
Synthesis of Single Crystalline Ni-Rich NMC811 Cathode Materials and Improved Performance Enabled By Ultrathin Surface Coating Layer
Authors: Liu Haidong , Younesi Reza , Edström Kristina 
Published: February 2020

Ni-rich LiNi
x
Mn
y
Co1-x-y
O2 (NMC, x ≥ 0.5) cathode materials have attracted intensive attention in developing high energy-density lithium ion batteries, owing to their high capacity and relatively low cost. Among them, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) is one of the most promising candidates to realize higher energy density, particularly operating at high cut-off voltage (e.g. 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+). However, the limited cycle life is becoming the plague for its practical application due to the structural instability, microcracks formation, and electrolyte decomposition at the electrode/electrolyte interface.[1,2]

As well known, single crystal NMC materials have more stable surface activity because of the low surface area and better mechanical stability than conventional polycrystalline materials. Moreover, single crystalline NMC materials can provide not only high gravimetric energy density, but also high volumetric energy density due to the increased tap density compared to the conventional polycrystalline NMC materials.[2-4]

In this study, a single crystalline NMC811 sample with a large particle size of around 5 μm and polyhedral shape was synthesized by sol-gel method. Furthermore, a homogeneous ultrathin surface coating layer (~2 nm) was built on the surface of the single crystalline NMC811 particles to act as protective layer to prevent the direct contact between electrolyte and active particles. As a result, the coating layer effectively enhances an overall electrochemical performance of single crystalline NMC811 materials and especially leads to a higher reversible capacity as well as a remarkable improvement of the capacity retention (90% after 200 cycles between 3 and 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+). The influences of the coating layer on the structure and interfacial stability and electrochemical properties will be presented in details later.

References:
[1] H. Y. Li, J. Li, X. W. Ma.J. R. Dahn.
J. Electrochem. Soc.

2018,
165, A1038-A1045.
[2] J. Kim, H. Lee, H. Cha, M. Yoon, M. Park, J. Cho.
Adv. Energy Mater
. 2018, 8, 1702028.
[3] H. D. Liu, R. Kloepsch, J. Wang, M. Winter.J. Li.
J. Power Sources

2015,
300, 430-437.
[4] H. D. Liu, J. Wang, X. F. Zhang, D. Zhou, X. Qi, B. Qiu, J. H. Fang, R. Kloepsch, G. Schumacher, Z. P. Liu et al.
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

2016,
8 (7), 4661-4675.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Performance and Rate Capability Studies of Li-Ion Battery Separators for Fast Charging Applications
Authors: Parikh Dhrupad , Li Jianlin , Hsieh Chien-TE 
Published: February 2020

Fast charging of batteries is the key to increase the adoption of electric vehicles. All the components of a battery: anode, cathode, electrolyte and separator, contribute to the limiting factors of fast charging. Separators are an important part of Li-ion batteries that allows lithium ions to shuttle between the electrodes and isolates the electronic flow. While majority of the efforts are focused on novel electrode architecture and electrolyte formulation for high rate capabilities, studies on separators are mostly pertaining to their mechanical and physical properties, and little attention has been paid to their effect on rate performance. To achieve the DOE goal of fast charging time of less than 10 minutes and maintaining a cell energy density >180 Wh/kg, it requires improvement in every cell component including separator.
In this study, we report a comprehensive analysis of the physical properties, electrochemical performance, and high rate capabilities of the widely used battery separator Celgard 2325 and Celgard 2500. It is shown in figure 1-a that Celgard 2500 performs better than Celgard 2325 at higher c-rates (1-5C) during both constant charge and constant discharge protocol. This can be attributed to the fast ion diffusion through the Celgard 2500 due to its more porous structure and better electrolyte uptake capability. Figure 1-b shows that Celgard 2500 has lower contact angle compared to 2325 in water and electrolyte, indicating it has higher surface tension, which leads to better electrolyte wettability. It is demonstrated that increasing porosity in separator can improve rate performance and facilitate fast charging.

Figure 1
Enhanced Cycling Stability of Microstructure-Modified Li[Ni0.90Co0.05Mn0.05]O2 Cathode Via Microscale Compositional Partitioning for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles
Authors: Ryu Hoon-Hee , Nam Gyeong Won , Sun Yang-Kook 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered to be the most promising power sources for electric vehicles (EVs) because of their high energy densities and long cycle lives. However, major impediments for general public acceptance of EVs are their cost, durability, and driving range.1 Therefore, significant improvements in the energy density, cycle life, and safety of the current state-of-the-art LIBs are necessary. Compared to the anode, cathode design is more challenging because the cathode performance is typically limited by low capacity, poor cycle life, safety problems, high cost, and the degradation of the active material resulting from parasitic reactions with the electrolyte, especially hydrogen fluoride (HF). These limitations have provided the impetus for the development of new cathodes that could reduce the weight, volume, and cost of next-generation LIBs while increasing the driving range of EVs by increasing the capacity.
In this study, we have revisited the core–shell structure that we proposed previously to develop a multi-compositional NCM cathode material (CSG90) in which LiNiO2 is placed at the particle core and encapsulated by the well-tested Ni-rich NCM cathode material Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2.2,3,4 After lithiation, the final composition of the core is Li[Ni0.94Co0.038Mn0.022] O2, providing a high capacity, while this core is surrounded by a 1.5 μm thick concentration gradient shell with an outermost surface composition of Li[Ni0.841Co0.077Mn0.082]O2. In order to benchmark the effectiveness of the micrometer-scale compositional partitioning of the CSG90 cathode against a conventional single-composition cathode, the structural stability and electrochemical properties of the CSG90 cathode were intensively studied and compared with those of a conventional cathode with a similar average chemical composition.

References

S.-T. Myung, F. Maglia, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon, P. Lamp, S.-J. Kim, Y.-K. Sun, ACS Energy Lett.
2017, 2, 196.

Y.-K. Sun, S.-T. Myung, B.-C. Park, J. Prakash, I. Belharouak, K. Amine, Nat. Mater.
2009, 8, 320.

D.-W. Jun, C. S. Yoon, U.-H. Kim, Y.-K. Sun, Chem. Mater.
2017, 29, 5048.

U.-H. Kim, H.-H. Ryu, J.-H. Kim, R. Mücke, P. Kaghazchi, C. S. Yoon, Y.-K. Sun, Adv, Energy Mater.
2019, 1803902.
Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Coated Silicon Nanoparticles As an Anode Material for High Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Nazir Aqsa , Park Chan-Jin 
Published: February 2020

The development of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with higher capacity and longer cycle life is still in progress. LIBs are the ideal choice as power sources for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs). However, recent LIBs are not satisfactory for the consumer’s demands due to the inherent capacity restriction of conventional electrode materials such as a graphite. Si, which can be alloyed with Li at lower potential, is a potential alternative to the conventional graphite, due to its high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh g-1), natural abundance, and environmental friendliness. However, for Si, the poor Li diffusivity, intrinsic low electrical conductivity, and large volume variation (>300%) during lithiation reduce the practical application of Si as an anode material. Thus far, to overcome these issues, researchers have used strategies such as using Si nanostructures (nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, and nanoparticles) and employing conductive carbon coatings. Nevertheless, to prevent the capacity fading and exhibit longer cycle life comparable to that of graphite, a breakthrough is needed.
In the present work, the Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) was coated with the two-dimensional conductive Cu-ion containing metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) for the LIBs with high capacity and longer cycle life LIBs. The Cu-MOF grew directly on the highly porous SiNPs. The highly porous Cu-MOF alleviated the stress resulting from volume expansion and acted as a connected channel for the transport of Li-ion and electron. As a result, the SiNPs coated with Cu-MOF (Si@Cu-MOF) could exhibit high capacity, rate capability, and cyclability. In particular, the Si@5Cu-MOF electrode delivered an initial discharge and charge capacities of 3201 and 2511 mAh g-1, respectively, which corresponded to a Coulombic efficiency of 78.5%, at a rate of 0.1C. The reversible capacity retention after 100 cycles was 2529 mAh g-1, which was even higher than that of the first reversible capacity due to the activation effect. In addition, the Si@5Cu-MOF electrode exhibited an excellent rate capability: 2621, 2486, 2096, and 468 mAh g-1 at the rates of 0.2C, 0.5C, 2C, and 20C, respectively. These encouraging properties will assure use of the Si@Cu-MOF as a potential anode material for LIBs.
Relationship between Oxygen Reduction / Evolution Reaction Activity and Oxygen Non-Stoichiometry of LaNiO3−δ
Authors: Tanaka Hiroyuki , Asakura Hiroyuki , Hosokawa Saburo , Teramura Kentaro , Tanaka Tsunehiro 
Published: February 2020

The complicated mechanisms and sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and evolution reaction (OER) are important issues to be overcome for the popularizations of next-generation technologies such as fuel cell and water splitting. The noble-metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd (for ORR), Ir, Ru (for OER) are considered as promising materials to facilitate the oxygen-related catalysis, while their cost and scarcity can also prevent the devices from wide use. Therefore, non-noble metal catalysts have received much attention as candidates of an air-electrode material to realize the popularizations of next-generation energy devices. Among various materials investigated so far, perovskite-type mixed oxides are known as bifunctional catalysts which shows both of ORR and OER activities. In previous reports, several factors have been proposed as the descriptor of their activities (e.g. the occupancy of the eg electronic states1,2.)
In this work, we focused on the oxygen vacancy and non-stoichiometry of the metal-oxides. We chose LaNiO3-δ as the model of perovskite-type mixed oxide, which is known as one of the most active bifunctional electrocatalysts among perovskite-type oxides, and investigated the influence of the amount of oxygen vacancies on ORR and OER activities. We prepared nonstoichiometric LaNiO3-δ (δ=0.06, 0.11, 0.25, 0.48) by hydrogen reduction process, and compared their activities using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV).
The results showed their ORR activity decreased as the amount of oxygen vacancy sites increased, which agree with the previous report by Suntivich et al1. that demonstrated the perovskite oxides with B site cation possessing one eg electron showed the best ORR activity. We conducted further experiments using similar La-Ni mixed oxides such as Ruddlesden-Popper type La2NiO4 to clarify the role of oxygen vacancies, and the results indicated the oxygen vacancy sites could also contribute to ORR processes.
On the other hand, we found no relationship between non-stoichiometry and the OER activities of LaNiO3-δ, suggesting other factors affecting the activity. From the results of CV and TEM analysis, we found that Ni hydroxide species existed on the surface of the catalysts. Ni hydroxide is a well-known electrochemical catalyst for OER, and these results indicated the amount of hydroxide species had a significant effect on OER activity of perovskite-type metal oxides.
1) J. Suntivich et al., Nat. Chem., 2011, 3, 546−550.
2) J, Suntivich. et al., Science, 2011, 334,1383-1385.
3) O. Diaz-Morales. et al., ACS. Catal., 2015, 5, 5380-5387

Figure 1
Charge-Discharge Characteristics on Low Viscosity Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Sakguchi Yuki , Yamada Hirohisa , Higashi Toshikazu , Nomizu Daiki , Tsunashima Katsuhiko , Sakai Chikako , Katakura Katsumi 
Published: February 2020

We evaluated low viscosity Ionic Liquids (ILs) based on quaternary phosphonium cations as electrolytes for Lithium Ion secondary Battery (LIB) in this work. The secondary batteries are required more safety and higher energy density per volume and/or mass for electric vehicles (EVs) to equipped to convenient driving technology, i.e. IOT, electric sensing technology and devices. LIB is one of the promising batteries for EVs, and is mainly used for cellular phones and portable devices for its large capacity and light weight. Carbonate solvents are commercially used as an electrolyte in LIBs, but they are highly inflammable for a short circuit and/or thermal runaway. Hence we focused on ILs as an electrolyte for LIB because of their properties (e.g. incombustibility, hard volatility, wide potential window and high ion conductivity, etc.). Since the discovery of water stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate 1), ILs have attracted attention. The ILs which are based on mainly imidazolium cations, pyridinium cations and quaternary ammonium cations, etc., have been studied in various fields including electrolytes for LIB 2, 3). On the other hand, ILs based on quaternary phosphonium cations have more unique properties, especially, i.e. lower viscosity than quaternary ammonium cations system 4), while a few electrochemical properties as electrolyte for LIB are reported 5, 6). Moreover, they have higher thermal stability and wider potential window than ammonium cation systems, so their properties are advantageous for safety.
High discharge capacities of near the theoretical capacity of LiCoO2 and coulomb efficiencies of ca. 100% were obtained during Charge-discharge cycle tests on P111X-FSA system which consist of trimethylphoshine (TMP) based phosphonium cations (P111X
+
; X = 1O1(methoxymethyl group), Al(allyl group) etc.) and bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anion (FSA-). Moreover, the discharge rate capability of P111(1O1)-FSA was quite higher than another functionalized ILs, while the ion conductivity was not so higher. This is indicated that some physical parameters, e.g. transport numbers of Li+ in ILs or electrode-electrolyte interfacial phenomenon would affect to the rate characteristics.
[References]
1) S. Wilkes, and M.J. Zaworotko, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 0, 965-967 (1992).
2) N. Papageourgiou, Y. Athanassov, M. Armand, P. Bonhote, H. Pettersson, A. Azam, and M. Gratzel, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143(10), 3099-3108 (1996).
3) H. Sakaibe, H. Matsumoto, and K. Tatsumi, J. Power Sources, 146, 693-697 (2005).
4) K. Tsunashima, F. Yonekawa, and M. Sugiya, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 12(3), A54-57 (2009).
5) K. Tsunashima, Y. Sakai, and M Matsumiya, Electrochem. Commun., 39, 30-33 (2014).
6) X. Lin, R. Kavian, Y. Lu, Q. Hu, Y. Shao-Horn, and M. W. Grinstaff, Chem. Sci., 6, 6601-6606 (2015).
The Effect of Heat-Treatments on Corrosion Resistance of Martensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Kanda Reiya , Muto Izumi , Sugawara Yu 
Published: February 2020

Martensitic stainless steels are widely used in industries because of their high strength and corrosion resistance. However, pitting corrosion sometimes occurs in chloride environments. It is known that pitting corrosion is usually initiated at MnS inclusions. The pit initiation at the MnS inclusions in Type 304 stainless steels was found to be inhibited by interstitial carbon. However, the effect of interstitial carbon on pit initiation of martensitic stainless steels is still unknown. In this research, in order to change the amount of interstitial carbon, the specimens were heart-treated by different tempering conditions, and potentiodynamic polarization curves were measured.
A commercial Type 420J2 (13Cr-0.3C) martensitic stainless steel (low S) and re-sulfurized Type 420J2 martensitic stainless steel (high S) were used. After solution treatment at 1273 K (5 h, air-cooling), the specimens were tempered at various temperature (from 473 to 1023 K, 2h, air-cooling). After these heat-treatments, the surfaces of the specimens were successively polished with a diamond paste down to 1 µm. With the exception of the electrode area, the surfaces of the specimens were covered with a resin.
Figure 1 shows the macroscopic anodic polarization curves of low-sulfur and re-sulfurized Type 420J2 stainless steels in boric-borate buffer solution with 10 mM NaCl (pH 8.0). The electrode area was 1.0 cm2. In the case of low sulfur steels, pitting potentials decreased with increasing tempering-temperature (473-773 K), but the pitting potential of the specimen tempered at 1023 K was higher than that of non-tempered specimen. It is supposed that tempering at 1023 K improves pitting corrosion resistance. For high sulfur steels, pitting potential decreased with tempering-temperature. Because the amount of interstitial carbon decreased with tempering-temperature, these results suggests that interstitial carbon inhibits pit initiation.

Figure 1
Processes for the Electrowinning of Metals and Oxygen from Lunar Regolith
Authors: Dietz Andreas , Moustafa Essam 
Published: February 2020

One of the great goals of manned space flight is the colonization of the moon. It can serve as a rocket launch pad for deep space missions, or for the development of new processes under reduced gravity. Tourism can also be a worthwhile goal.
For the scientific and economic development of the moon, large quantities of different materials are necessary, which cannot be transported from the earth for cost reasons. This concerns materials for the construction of accommodation for astronauts and other infrastructures. Regolith, the easily available upper powdery layer of the Moon, can be used to build houses, roads, etc. For this purpose, processes such as additive manufacturing are under investigation.
In addition, pure metals like iron or aluminium for the construction of tools and machines as well as oxygen as breathing air and fuel are needed. These can also be obtained from regolith. Regolith consists of the oxides of silicon, iron, titanium, aluminium, magnesium and other materials. By means of a combined process, the components of regolith are chemically dissolved and electrochemically extracted as metal (cathodic process) and oxygen (anodic process). The aim is to develop an almost closed process for the electrowinning of metal and oxygen, which only requires the regolith without any additional consumables.
The process is based on the use of so-called Ionic Liquids (IL), which are transported once from the earth. IL serve as solvents for the chemical dissolution of the oxides. In addition, they are also the electrolyte for the electrochemical production of metal and oxygen. Ionic liquids are salts that are present in liquid form at room temperature or slightly higher temperatures and are very stable electrochemically. In addition, they have a very low vapour pressure. Since Ionic Liquids do not participate directly in the electrochemical reaction, they are not consumed. This is a great advantage compared to the known aqueous electrochemical processes, in which hydrogen is often produced as a by-product at the cathode. This consumes the water as electrolyte. In addition, the electrochemical production of aluminum, an important raw material in the regolith, from aqueous electrolytes is not possible.
The oxygen obtained, can be used as breathing air. In addition, in combination with water it can also be further processed electrochemically to hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. H2O2 can be used as fuel for mobility on the moon, but also as fuel for other rockets, e.g. for deep space missions.
The lecture presents the principle and discusses first results.

Figure 1