bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La construction d’une jonque à Hong Kong en 1947 : l’ultime enquête ethnographique d’Étienne Sigaut en Chine
Authors: Rieth Eric 
Published: April 2020

Étienne Sigaut (1887‑1983), courtier maritime à Shanghai, réalisa durant les années 1943‑1947 des enquêtes ethnographiques dans le port de Shanghai. Sa très importante documentation écrite, graphique et photographique, inédite pour l’essentiel, est aujourd’hui conservée au Musée national de la Marine de Paris. C’est l’un des « cahiers manuscrits » de Sigaut qui est le sujet de cet article. L’enquête qu’il a conduite en avril et mai 1947 dans un chantier naval de Hong Kong constitue une source d’intérêt majeur pour la connaissance de la construction des jonques du sud de la Chine et de la région de Hong Kong en particulier. Dans cet article, toutes les phases de la construction sont systématiquement analysées selon une perspective ethno-archéologique distinguant les données révélatrices de la conception et du principe architectural d’une part et celles significatrices de la réalisation et des procédés constructifs d’autre part. Au-delà de son intérêt pour la connaissance de l’histoire de l’architecture navale vernaculaire chinoise, cette enquête ethnographique soulève toute une série de questions d’ordre plus général qui renvoient d’une façon très directe aux problématiques actuelles de l’archéologie navale. Ainsi en est-il, par exemple, du problème du rôle des cloisons transversales comme gabarit ou, plus largement, de la question des influences susceptibles d’entraîner des modifications dans les méthodes, voire dans le principe même de construction. Comment identifier matériellement ces facteurs ? De quelle manière les interpréter ? Un autre aspect mis en lumière, et souvent très difficile à saisir et à traduire dans le cadre d’une recherche archéologique, est celui de la complexité et de la diversité des processus techniques au sein d’une même tradition architecturale. Enfin, c’est aussi un plaidoyer en faveur de l’ethno-archéologie qui apparaît en filigrane de l’article.
Le réchauffement climatique actuel influence-t-il l’activité des ouragans extrêmes de l’Atlantique Nord (1945-2018) ?
Authors: Hoarau Karl , Pirard Florence , Chalonge Ludovic 
Published: April 2020

Cette recherche sur l’Atlantique Nord tente d’établir un lien entre l’activité des ouragans extrêmes (catégories 4 et 5) et le réchauffement climatique sur la période 1945-2018. L’intensité des ouragans de 1945 à 1977, estimée grâce aux reconnaissances aériennes, provient de la base de données Hurdat du National Hurricane Center de Miami. Celle des ouragans de 1978 à 2018 a été estimée avec la technique de Dvorak à partir de l’imagerie satellitaire (début des archives en 1978). Trois indicateurs ont été étudiés : le nombre d’ouragans extrêmes, leur proportion dans l’ensemble des ouragans (catégories 1 à 5) et l’intensité absolue des ouragans par décennie. Sur la période 1945-2018, il n’y a pas de tendance à la hausse du nombre des ouragans extrêmes. La proportion de ces derniers dans l’ensemble des ouragans augmente fortement avec les phases positives de l’Oscillation Multi-décennale Atlantique (AMO), et elle diminue sensiblement avec les phases négatives de l’AMO. La proportion double lors des épisodes La Niña par rapport aux phases El Niño de l’Oscillation Australe du Pacifique. Il n’y a pas eu de hausse de l’intensité absolue des ouragans par décennie. Il est encore difficile de détecter un possible signal du réchauffement climatique sur les ouragans du fait des variations naturelles à différentes échelles temporelles.
What Technology is Needed for Future Offshore Development?
Authors: Melchert Elena Subia 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Prior to 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) upstream oil and gas research program focused primarily on onshore applications. In 2000, the DOE published the Offshore Technology Roadmap for the Ultra-Deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Then, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 required the DOE to expand its research portfolio to include ultra-deepwater research. DOE has continued this offshore research focus to the present, and this paper presents an overview of past accomplishments and results, the DOE's current research portfolio, and outlines the potentially key elements of a technology roadmap for the entire OCS.
Discussion focuses on key research findings from the DOE ultra-deepwater research portfolio of 2007-2013. Then the paper describes the current offshore research portfolio 2014 – 2019. Finally, the paper describes the outcomes and insights from key discussions with industry, academia, research and non-government and government stakeholders that could become a frame for a technology research roadmap for the entire Outer Continental Shelf.
DOE research investments in public-private partnerships with industry, academia, research labs, and others have made an important contribution to the current state-of-the-art in offshore technology---contributions that most people may not realize are tied to previous research investments by DOE. Tracing these contributions, tracking them back to the Offshore Technology Roadmap for the Ultra-Deepwater Gulf of Mexico published in November 2000, and framing a technology research roadmap for the OCS will demonstrate the value of public-private partnerships.
The information in this paper will both inform and inspire new frontiers of research for the OCS. As the USA moves forward with onshore development of unconventional resources, there are features of the DOE onshore research portfolio that may have merit in the OCS. For example, the DOE Field Laboratory program is focused on basin-specific research strategies where new technology can be applied to operating oilfields and evaluated via the scientific method. Then the data captured can potentially become part of further research by the DOE National Laboratories including geophysical, geomechanical, geochemical, and data analytics such as machine learning. This DOE program has been very successful onshore, and perhaps there is a place for a comparable multi-disciplinary, multi-partner approach in the OCS.
First Class Certification on HMPE Fiber Ropes for Permanent Floating Wind Turbine Mooring System
Authors: Bosman Rigo , Zhang Qinghe , Leao Alberto , Godreau Cyril 
Published: April 2020

High Modulus Polyethylene (HMPE) fiber ropes have been widely employed in a large variety of marine and onshore load bearing applications, but not yet in permanent offshore mooring systems due to their well-known high creep behavior. The Lankhorst Gama98® HMPE mooring ropes based on low creep Dyneema® DM20 fiber were recently introduced and certified by ABS for the offshore WindFloat Atlantic project's mooring system at a depth of around 100m, which is the first time such HMPE fiber ropes have been used for permanent mooring. Compared with the conventional application of fiber ropes, usually employed as middle segments of mooring lines, the application of HMPE ropes as top segments directly connected with the platform in shallow water creates more challenges from the impact of temperature, UV and marine growth.
For the permanent mooring of WindFloat Atlantic, the HMPE mooring rope was incorporated in the catenary mooring system by Principle Power to transfer the restoring force generated by the bottom chain weight in an efficient and direct manner to the floating platform. This lightweight mooring line enables lower pre-tensions while maintaining the same station keeping performance and excellent fatigue life. This ultimately drives down the pulling capacity requirements for installation of the mooring system and hook-up of the platform. Lessons learned from this application could result in a more efficient approach to HMPE mooring line installation. With such groundbreaking application, the HMPE rope is being demonstrated as a permanent mooring component and its performance assessed in this wind energy project, which may benefit the offshore wind industry. It may also be useful to oil and gas in a permanent use application context.
This paper presents (i) the ABS process details in assessing the proposed HMPE ropes with DM20 low creep fiber for meeting class requirements and WindFloat Atlantic project specific needs, and (ii) address the offshore industry concerns with HMPE ropes such as creep, creep rupture, UV effect, and marine growth.
Integrity Assessment of Mooring Systems Using Position Measurements
Authors: Righetti Riccardo , Troost Nicolaas CH , Aalberts Pieter J. , Hageman Remco 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Floating Production Systems (FPS) remain on station many years without dry docking. The mooring lines, which ensure station keeping, are designed to last the entire service life of the FPS. However, many mooring line failures or premature replacements have occurred in the past [1]. Most existing mooring line failure alarm systems utilize subsea load cells or inclinometers, which are expensive to maintain or replace and are not sufficiently reliable [2]. Hence, this paper presents a new methodology to assess the mooring integrity by means of position measurements only, which is less expensive and potentially more reliable. This methodology for mooring line integrity assessment was developed as part of the LifeLine Joint Industry Project and focuses on application for a variety of FPSOs with different characteristics. The methodology contains two different approaches for the position data processing. One approach is an event-based method. It attempts to identify failure events by the semi-instantaneous shift in the mean static offset of the floater. The second approach is a status-based method. It assesses the integrity of the mooring lines by keeping track of the unit position in a longer time frame.
In this paper the methodology will be described in general and the validation results will be presented. Validation is done by using simulated blind tests as well as in-service measurements of several FPSOs. The validation results of blind tests and in-service measurements are presented for 3 floaters. It was concluded that all mooring line failures were identified by the LifeLine methodology within the target time of two to twelve days, and in all cases the correct bundle with the broken mooring line was identified. This research is a big first step towards realizing a more reliable, more sustainable and less expensive mooring line failure warning system than the existing state-of-the-art systems. Further validation efforts will be continued in the LifeLine JIP, and a first prototype of the LifeLine system will soon be implemented on an FPSO in the field.
Making the Case for Ultra-Light Combined Cycle ULCC Power Plants in Offshore Oil and Gas Applications
Authors: Hossain Hamed 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of ultra-light combined cycle (ULCC) power plants in offshore oil and gas applications. The paper will discuss the advantages ULCC plants can provide when compared to gas turbines (GTs) operating in simple/open cycle configurations, which have traditionally dominated the offshore market.
The majority of floating, storage, production, and offloading (FPSO) vessels and fixed offshore platforms in operation today utilize gas turbines in simple cycle configuration. Thermal efficiency of these plants typically ranges from 30 - 45%. Combined cycle plants offer much higher efficiencies, however, their use in offshore oil and gas applications has been limited mainly due to weight and space constraints. In recent years, Siemens has made numerous design enhancements which have reduced weight and footprint of combined cycle designs by up to 50%. ULCC is now a concept based on proven technologies that can deliver substantial reductions in CO2 emissions, helping offshore operators meet increasingly strict environmental regulations.
When compared to two open cycle GTs, ULCC canreduceCO2 emissions by 80,000-110,000 t/annum. In some offshore regions, this equates more than $5 million in annual savings from carbon taxes and licenses. This excludes savings that can be captured from reduced fuel consumption, especially when the GT is run in feedstock. The entire ULCC package can be provided as a pre-installed module (i.e., plug and play) and is applicable to both new builds and brownfields. The concept has been designed for ease of installation and been optimized to solve typical offshore challenges, with a focus on constructability, maintainability, motions, footprint and weight.
Use of Digital Methods to Improve Standardization of Procurement Specifications
Authors: Keen Phil , Machin Philip 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Joint Industry Program 33 (JIP33) has been established through the International Oil & Gas Producers Association (IOGP) with the backing of the World Economic Forum (WEF) to drive industry level standardization for the procurement of equipment and packages. Phases 1 and 2 which ran from 2016 through to 2018 have together delivered 14 specifications which are now being adopted and implemented by Operating Companies. These phases demonstrated the feasibility of cross-company collaboration to deliver common technical requirements in specifications. The technical specifications and associated information and quality requirements and standardised purchaser datasheets were all produced in document form only. Work processes to develop these deliverables also followed a traditional document-based approach, involving collaboration with up to 10 Operating Companies on a global basis.
To generate the full range of JIP33 specifications needed for oil and gas procurement activity JIP33 will now seek to enhance the capacity, efficiency and auditability of specification development through digitalisation of the specification development and maintenance process through the use of Requirements Management tools, supporting both digital and document-based outputs.
JIP33 is currently developing 35-40 supplementary specifications as supplements to established international standards using a digitalised process. This involves collaboration between 12 participating Operating Companies on a global basis. The Oil and Gas industry is spending significant sums on digitization and digitalization of workflows, services and interfaces. This paper presents the approach to implementing a digitalised method to specification development, how this benefits industry level collaboration and the efficiency gains compared to traditional document-based approaches. It also considers the challenges and cultural changes needed in the industry to fully capture the benefits from digitalised requirements management and future opportunities to extend and imbed this into project procurement work processes.
Subsea All Electric – A Game Changing Technology Going Forward
Authors: MacKenzie Rory , Halvorsen Glenn-Roar , Vedeld Henrik 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Equinor & Total are developing an All-Electric Subsea (AES) to replace existing electrohydraulic systems for a standardized water depth independent VXT system. This system will fit the "Subsea Factory" development by Equinor where electric actuation of chokes, manifold and process valves already are implemented.
Several development programs are underway with SPS contractors and technology frontrunners in the industry of subsea electrification. This in order to meet the need for new flexible and cost-efficient subsea production system (SPS) with increased safety level and enhanced condition monitoring facilities.

Method/Procedure/Process
The strategy for the AES initiate is develop SPS vendors in order to establish cost effective solutions and standardisation of products and interfaces.
Develop a joint operator specification targeted for international use.
The AES development program incorporates a system approach covering topside, SPS, downhole applications etc. The intention is to ensure that the advantages with an all-electric approach is utilised for all aspects, i.e. with respect to cost, project execution, operational flexibility, standardization.

Results / Conclusions
This paper will present the current status of the AES development covering:
Development of Requirements for Safer Operations of FLNG Units
Authors: Guttulsrød Tor-Ivar 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Floating Liquefaction Natural Gas units, or FLNGs, have matured as a technology in recent years with Petronas, Golar, Shell and Exmar units coming on-line. Additional units from Petronas and ENI are under construction.
The challenge with integrating elements of onshore LNG production plants, LNG shipping and offshore floating production and offloading (FPSOs), into one floater with limited space and load bearing capacity, was significant, necessitating the development of design guidelines.
The traditional approach to mitigating the impact of fire and explosion risk in an onshore LNG plant is to use physical separation between the various elements of the plant. In addition to potentially reducing fire ignition and escalation potential, this can facilitate personnel egress and allow for additional leak containment to be incorporated.
With production, liquefaction and storage integrated in one unit, there is very limited opportunities for using space segregation as a safety measure within the unit. Also, when the cryogenic fluids offload to an LNGC in a side by side configuration with the FLNG there is also no opportunity to segregate the loading carrier from either LNG storage, production or liquefaction.
With this background, regulatory regimes and class societies have leaned heavily on the guides and rules for FPSOs and integrated significant elements from LNG shipping, particularly when it comes to LNG cargo containment and offloading.
Every potential FLNG location with corresponding metocean and meteorological data as well as fluid flows and compositions will be different, so it is very difficult to create prescriptive rules for separation distances etc. As a result, it is typical to quantify and mitigate risk through analysis and studies and use the ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practical) principle when reviewing risk mitigation efforts.
This paper will show how the different standards and rule sets are brought together as a comprehensive regulatory approach. Standards and class rules are utilized to bring together an approach that results in a design and construction that satisfies the needs of flag, class, coastal state and owner. To this date floating LNG facilities have been able to safely carry out commissioning and start up and produce and deliver cargos without major incidents. The track record to date also highlights how the technology can be used in harsher climates and seas and hence can unlock more gas reserves.
Concrete Breakwater for the Greater Tortue Ahmeyim Project for BP in Mauritania and Senegal
Authors: Replumaz Alexis , Julien Yann , Bellengier Damien 
Published: April 2020

During summer 2017, EIFFAGE GENIE CIVIL MARINE was invited by BP to bid for the construction of a concrete caisson breakwater protecting an offshore LNG liquefaction floating terminal which will be located 10 km west from Saint Louis, at 33 m water depth on the Mauritanian / Senegalese maritime border.

The basic design as originally proposed by BP was composed of 18 rectangular concrete caissons laying on an underwater rumble-mound foundation. Dimensions of the concrete boxes were approximatively 63,5 meters long, 32 meters wide and 30 meters high, on a design consisting of multi rectangular cells (128 units/caisson)
EIFFAGE GENIE CIVIL MARINE answered to the ITB by proposing under an EPC basis an alternate caisson shape optimizing drastically the concrete quantities.

Alternate caisson dimensions were 54,5 m long, 28 m width, 35m height including a 4 m high crest wall at the top against extreme waves overtopping. The geometry of the caisson has been changed to a 10 lobes caisson. The weight of each caisson is around 16 000 tons.
As a result of the subsequent FEED studies performed from April 2018 to February 2019, including 3D model testing in basin, Eiffage was able to reduce the amount of concrete required by 40 % compared to the first design, leading to both financial as well as environmental benefits.

Execution plan involving Mauritania and Senegal
This infrastructure offers key local content components for this gas field development in each country, something Eiffage had key experience with thanks to an historical presence in the the region : Eiffage started its activities in Senegal more than 100 years ago.
The original execution plan as proposed by Eiffage for the EPC phase signed in February 2019 was to build the 21 concrete caissons in Dakar-Senegal. A dedicated yard of 12 hectares has been reclaimed besides the actual port of Dakar providing a safe direct access to the sea and the required water depth for the caissons towing.
As a result, at peak more than 600 jobs will be created in Senegal, with the reclaimed land for the fabrication yard left as a legacy for the port area.
The underwater rubble mound requires 2 million tons of quarry material. EIFFAGE’s proposal was to produce, transport and load from Mauritania those materials. A specific logistics scheme between the quarry and vessels loading point has been developed including a bypass road around Nouakchott. The transport of the quarry materials requires the mobilization of many trucks. A special safety mitigation plan including dedicated training is being implemented in order to reduce identified risks linked to road transportation.
Digitalization of Mooring Inspection Records – Appomattox Case Study
Authors: Aragh Sina H , Liagre Pierre F , Wibner Chris G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Quality inspection costs may vary depending on criticality and complexity of the components being manufactured. As a crude estimate, asset owners, operators, or EPC contractors may spend up to 5% of the cost of their components on inspection oversight. Manufacturing data are usually captured in a document referred to as Manufacturing Record Book (MRB) which is at best an enormous collection of scanned records. A digital framework was developed for Appomattox mooring components in form of a database with logical links among relevant records. This database is fully searchable to the finest level and guarantees traceability from the final product to its sub-components and all the way back to raw material manufacturing. This database is custom-made and is comprised of several bases which follow through natural manufacturing process for the specific product. Logical links are made for each accessory at different stages using its unique designated identification (ID). As such database is generated on the go as the component is processed, it gives manufacturer and end customer a strong Quality Control tool as well as an integrity management platform. Appomattox mooring inspection records were used as a case study to showcase robustness and flexibility of the developed database. Reference is made to [1] for general lessons learned from Appomattox mooring delivery.