bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of the halogen‐free, smoke suppression, organic–inorganic hybrid flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene materials
Authors: Gu Limin , Yu Qian , Zhang Linya 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExpandable polystyrene (EPS) is a plastic widely used in the field of construction, but it is flammable. This work provided a novel strategy for flame‐retardant modification of EPS. A kind of polyester polyol (JZP) with the high content of phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized. Then, intrinsic flame‐retardant polyurethane (PFWPU) with the high content of phosphorus and nitrogen was synthesized by JZP acted as soft segment chain extender. Finally, a high‐efficiency flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene thermal insulation material (AF‐EPS) was prepared by the organic–inorganic hybrid flame‐retardant synergistic action of PFWPU and ammonium polyphosphate. The effects of different contents of inorganic flame retardants on flame retardancy of materials were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry , scanning electron microscopy, and so on. The test results showed that the carbon residue rate of the modified material increased from 0 to 28.5%, the LOI increased from 17 to 35.8%, and the vertical combustion test reached the highest grade V‐0. In addition, the total smoke production of AF‐EPS samples decreased from 2.33 m2to 0.57 m2, the time to ignition was increased to 41 s, and the peak heat release rate and the total heat release were decreased by 90.2 and 62.7%, respectively.
Plagiieren als wissenschaftliche Innovation? Kritik und Akzeptanz eines vor drei Jahrhunderten skandalisierten Plagiats im Zeitalter der Exzerpierkunst
Authors: Fulda Daniel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe paper reconstructs the tension between the then emerging approach of emphasising authorial innovation and the traditional learned practice of adapting and reusing existing texts, which was cultivated in the early modern ars excerpendi. In 1717, a case of plagiarism occurred in the midst of a new historiographical genre (Reichshistorie) and attracted much attention. Complementing existing scholarship on early modern theories of plagiarism, the examination focuses on how learned communicative practice treated plagiarism. Contrary to the norm established in the discourse on plagiarism, the plagiariser and his work were not excluded from the respublica literaria. Instead, the case became part of academic memory, and was itself frequently reported in a plagiaristic manner. In closing, a comparative glance at the juridically‐based treatment of a current case of plagiarism (a politician's dissertation of 2009) is taken. The paper argues that the contradiction between the theoretical norm and the actual eighteenth‐century management of plagiarism resulted from the familiarity of unmarked „copying“ in pre‐modern scholarly practice. The paper shows that early modern learned culture, although characterised by Steven Shapin as a „moral economy,“ neither felt compelled to impose its crucial ethical norm in a case of open non‐conformance, nor did it consistently observe this norm for routine processes.
Excerpts in a Time of Untruth, or Voltaire's Practice of Excerpting and the Rehabilitation of Justice
Authors: de Senarclens Vanessa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the history of scholarly practice, Voltaire stands out among eighteenth‐century authors for his critical attitude towards erudite reading habits. His contempt for the “compilateurs” is a radical expression of the Enlightenment desire to write free of the traditions and burdens of the past. His famous interventions in Ancien Régime court cases are also emblematic of the action‐oriented philosophy of the period. This article investigates the role played in the case of the Chevalier de La Barre by documents that Voltaire called “excerpts.” The case was the last Voltaire was involved in and concerned a young man, charged with blasphemy, who was eventually beheaded and burnt in 1766, Voltaire'sDictionnaire philosophique portatif(1764) nailed to his torso. With reference to two texts in particular—Relation de la mort du chevalier de La Barre(1766) andLe Cri du sang innocent(1775)—I focus on Voltaire's practice of excerpting from the court transcripts and on their specific role in his fight for the rehabilitation of the victims.
Hierarchical Cu(OH)2@Co(OH)2 Nanotrees for Water Oxidation Electrolysis
Authors: Tang Shasha , Li Xiaogang , Courté Marc , Peng Jingjing , Fichou Denis 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn order to achieve highly‐efficient water electrolysis, an effective strategy is to design three‐dimensional hierarchical nanostructures by decorating the surface of the main catalysts with co‐catalytic metal compounds. Herein, leave‐like ultrathin Co(OH)2 nanoflakes are grown on branch‐like Cu(OH)2 nanowires via the combination of an anodization process together with an electrodeposition process. The resulting hierarchical Cu(OH)2@Co(OH)2 nanotrees can be used as efficient OER electrocatalysts with an overpotential as low as 283 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2. After 20 hours of multi‐current density stability test, the electrode shows negligible degradation while retaining an overpotential of 290 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2, thus showing a high electrocatalytic capability and stability. This work provides a new strategy to improve transition metal electrocatalysts in view of low‐cost water oxidation in alkaline media.
Cavern Boundary Determination with Pseudoplastic Fluid Based on the Apparent Viscosity Method
Authors: Luan Deyu , Chen Yiming , Wang Hong , Wang Zhaorui , Wang Songsong , Li Longbin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe cavern characteristics of xanthan gum solutions stirred by impellers of a perturbed six‐bent‐bladed turbine (6PBT) were investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with laminar flow model. The apparent viscosity method was proposed to determine the boundary of the cavern. The cavern sizes predicted by apparent viscosity were in good agreement with the calculated results, and this method was not influenced by speed and impeller configuration. However, the predicted results of the cavern by the traditional speed method usually displayed a great deviation, especially at high speed. Therefore, it is feasible to determine the cavern boundary with the apparent viscosity, i.e., 0.25 times the yield viscosity of a pseudoplastic fluid, as the unified standard.
Probing the Speed Limits of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with In situ Colorimetric Imaging
Authors: Dorfi Anna E. , Zhou Shijie , West Alan C. , Wright John , Esposito Daniel V. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDue to the complex nature of probe/substrate interactions in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), SECM has been primarily limited to well‐defined probe geometries and slow scan speeds that reduce imaging throughput. Herein, we show that in situ colorimetric visualization of concentration gradients using pH indicator dyes during SECM measurements can be a powerful tool for understanding the coupled influences of probe geometry and scan speed on the dynamics of localized plumes of electroactive species that mediate probe/substrate interactions. Colorimetric images of plumes generated at a band electrode reveal that probe geometry strongly influences linescan signal distortion and hysteresis at scan speeds surpassing the conventional SECM “speed limit”. Combining mechanistic information from in situ colorimetric imaging with transport models, this article reports design principles that have the potential to enable quantitative SECM with novel probe geometries and at imaging rates that are at least an order of magnitude faster than currently employed.
Small‐Scale Nanoparticles Pyrolyzed from Layered Hydrotalcite between Graphene Interlayers as Intermediates for Self‐Assembly into Metal Oxide Nanosheets and Hollow Nanospheres
Authors: Tan Hongxin , Zhang Xin , Li Zhan , Qiu Hongdeng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough significant advances have been made in the synthesis of various two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, problems of inefficient and difficult to scale applications remain. Here, a novel strategy is reported for obtaining 2D nanosheets from the 2D interlayer space of a graphene oxide (GO) membrane through combustion, which provides a simple and rapid method for the fabrication of 2D nanosheets as well as hollow nanospheres. Layered hydrotalcite from metal nitrates is formed between GO interlayers, which can be pyrolyzed into small‐sized oxide nanoparticles (3–5 nm) and then aggregated as intermediates into large‐sized nanosheets by combustion with Co, Ni, and Cr nitrates. However, the oxide intermediates self‐assemble into hollow oxide nanospheres for nitrates of more active Cd, Ce, and Eu. Moreover, the intermediates of inactive Ag, Pb, and Bi nitrates are reduced by GO into metal nanoparticles, which can fuse into Ag nanofiber network films, or Pb and Bi composite spheres because of their low melting point. This work is helpful to understand the nature of 2D space and develops a class of micro‐scale reactors between graphene layers.
Assessment of the Higher‐Order Structure of Formulated Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics by 2D Methyl Correlated NMR and Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Arbogast Luke W. , Delaglio Frank , Brinson Robert G. , Marino John P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCharacterization of the higher‐order structure (HOS) of protein therapeutics, and in particular of monoclonal antibodies, by 2D 1H‐13C methyl correlated NMR has been demonstrated as precise and robust. Such characterization can be greatly enhanced when collections of spectra are analyzed using multivariate approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA), allowing for the detection and identification of small structural differences in drug substance that may otherwise fall below the limit of detection of conventional spectral analysis. A major limitation to this approach is the presence of aliphatic signals from formulation or excipient components, which result in spectral interference with the protein signal of interest; however, the recently described Selective Excipient Reduction and Removal (SIERRA) filter greatly reduces this issue. Here we will outline how basic 2D 1H‐13C methyl−correlated NMR may be combined with the SIERRA approach to collect ‘clean’ NMR spectra of formulated monoclonal antibody therapeutics (i.e., drug substance spectra free of interfering component signals), and how series of such spectra may be used for HOS characterization by direct PCA of the series spectral matrix. © 2020 U.S. Government.Basic Protocol 1: NMR data acquisitionBasic Protocol 2: Full spectral matrix data processing and analysisSupport Protocol: Data visualization and cluster analysis
Dynamic changes in circulating T follicular helper cell composition predict neutralising antibody responses after yellow fever vaccination
Authors: Huber Johanna E , Ahlfeld Julia , Scheck Magdalena K , Zaucha Magdalena , Witter Klaus , Lehmann Lisa , Karimzadeh Hadi , Pritsch Michael , Hoelscher Michael , von Sonnenburg Frank , Dick Andrea , Barba‐Spaeth Giovanna , Krug Anne B , Rothenfußer Simon , Baumjohann Dirk 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesT follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the principal T helper cell subset that provides help to B cells for potent antibody responses against various pathogens. In this study, we took advantage of the live‐attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine strain, YF‐17D, as a model system for studying human antiviral immune responses in vivo following exposure to an acute primary virus challenge under safe and highly controlled conditions, to comprehensively analyse the dynamics of circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells.MethodsWe tracked and analysed the response of cTfh and other T and B cell subsets in peripheral blood of healthy volunteers by flow cytometry over the course of 4 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination.ResultsUsing surface staining of cell activation markers to track YFV‐specific T cells, we found increasing cTfh cell frequencies starting at day 3 and peaking around 2 weeks after YF‐17D vaccination. This kinetic was confirmed in a subgroup of donors using MHC multimer staining for four known MHC class II epitopes of YF‐17D. The subset composition of cTfh cells changed dynamically during the course of the immune response and was dominated by the cTfh1‐polarised subpopulation. Importantly, frequencies of cTfh1 cells correlated with the strength of the neutralising antibody response, whereas frequencies of cTfh17 cells were inversely correlated.ConclusionIn summary, we describe detailed cTfh kinetics during YF‐17D vaccination. Our results suggest that cTfh expansion and polarisation can serve as a prognostic marker for vaccine success. These insights may be leveraged in the future to improve current vaccine design and strategies.
Tragfähigkeitserhöhung bei Mauerwerk durch textilglasgitterverstärkte Mörtelfugen
Authors: Trinko Andreas , Schranz Christian , Pech Anton 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEiner der wichtigsten Werkstoffkennwerte von Mauerwerk im Hochbau ist aus konstruktiver Sicht die vertikale charakteristische Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeit. Beim Werkstoff Mauerwerk setzt sich diese aus der Steindruckfestigkeit und der Mörteldruckfestigkeit zusammen. Wesentlich für das Druckversagen von Mauerwerkswänden ist dabei vor allem das Zusammenwirken der Komponenten Mauerstein und Mauermörtel. Bei Betrachtung des Verformungsverhaltens der beiden Komponenten zeigt sich, dass unterschiedliche Querdehnungen in der Kontaktfläche zwischen Mauerstein und Mauermörtel den entscheidenden Ausschlag geben. Speziell durch eine querdehnungsbehindernde Bewehrung in den Mörtelfugen, die den auftretenden Querdehnungen entgegenwirkt, kann der Tragwiderstand von Mauerwerkswänden erhöht werden.In einem Versuchsprogramm an Mauerwerkspfeilern mit unterschiedlicher Anzahl an textilglasgitterverstärkten Mörtelfugen wurde der Einfluss dieser Bewehrung auf die Tragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass sich die Tragfähigkeit der Pfeiler mit zunehmendem Bewehrungsgrad der Lagerfugen steigert. Vor allem aus dem Verhältnis des vertikalen Abstandes zwischen den Bewehrungslagen und der Wanddicke lässt sich herleiten, dass sich ein höherer Bewehrungsgrad positiv auf die Tragfähigkeit des Mauerwerks auswirkt. Auf dieser Grundlage wird eine Empfehlung für mögliche Festigkeitssteigerungen formuliert, bei der alle Versuchsergebnisse noch auf der sicheren Seite liegen.
Bemessung von Fensterbrüstungen aus Mauerwerk unter Ansatz der Biegezugfestigkeit
Authors: Mazur René , Purkert Benjamin , Graubner Carl‐Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBrüstungsmauerwerk wird in der Bemessung häufig vernachlässigt. Muss ein Nachweis jedoch explizit geführt werden, so ist dies häufig nur unter Ansatz der Biegezugfestigkeit wirtschaftlich möglich. Für diesen Anwendungsfall werden zwei Bemessungsverfahren vorgestellt, mit denen Brüstungsmauerwerk als freistehende Wand unter Ansatz der Biegezugfestigkeit nachgewiesen werden kann. Neben einem allgemeinen Verfahren auf Basis einer linear‐elastischen Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Beziehung des Mauerwerks, welches sowohl bei voll‐ als auch bei teilaufliegender Decke anwendbar ist, wird ein zweiter Ansatz vorgestellt, der eine vorhandene Deckenrandschale berücksichtigt und somit speziell für Brüstungsmauerwerk mit verringerter Auflagertiefe gilt. Beide Verfahren lassen sich mit geringfügigen Anpassungen auch zur Bemessung freistehender Wände anwenden. Abschließend wird exemplarisch die zulässige Höhe einer Brüstung aus Ziegelmauerwerk für verschiedene Anwendungsfälle bestimmt und in Abhängigkeit der einwirkenden Windlast tabelliert angegeben.
Tragfähigkeitstafeln für unbewehrtes Mauerwerk nach DIN EN 1996‐3/NA:2019‐12
Authors: Förster Valentin , Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Purkert Benjamin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIm Tagesgeschäft der Tragwerksplanung sind praxisnahe Bemessungshilfen eine wichtige Unterstützung. Die Bemessung primär vertikal beanspruchter Mauerwerkswände im üblichen Hochbau kann mittels sogenannter Tragfähigkeitstafeln erfolgen. Dabei wird ausschließlich in Abhängigkeit der geometrischen Gegebenheiten ein Tafelwert abgelesen, welcher – multipliziert mit der Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeit – die Normalkrafttragfähigkeit der Wand ergibt. Durch die Gegenüberstellung von einwirkender und aufnehmbarer Normalkraft können der Standsicherheitsnachweis im Kaltfall und die Bemessung für den Brandfall in einfacher und dennoch wirtschaftlicher Form erbracht werden. Die auf den überarbeiteten vereinfachten Berechnungsmethoden nach DIN EN 1996‐3/NA:2019‐12 [1], [2] und DIN EN 1996‐1‐2/NA:2013‐06 [3], [4] basierenden Tragfähigkeitstafeln werden im Rahmen des vorliegenden Beitrags vorgestellt. Dabei wird der gegenüber der vorherigen Ausgabe von Teil 3 des Eurocode 6 erweiterte Anwendungsbereich ebenso berücksichtigt wie auch die normativen Änderungen zur Bauweise mit teilaufliegender Decke.
Development of the amniote ventrolateral body wall
Authors: Scaal Martin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn vertebrates, the trunk consists of the musculoskeletal structures of the back and the ventrolateral body wall, which together enclose the internal organs of the circulatory, digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. This review gives an overview on the development of the thoracic and abdominal wall during amniote embryogenesis. Specifically, I briefly summarize relevant historical concepts and the present knowledge on the early embryonic development of ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles with respect to anatomical bauplan, origin and specification of precursor cells, initial steps of pattern formation, and cellular and molecular regulation of morphogenesis.
A neural mechanism of nuclear receptor expression and regionalization
Authors: Cabej Nelson R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSpatially restricted expression of genes by global circulating inducers (hormones, secreted proteins, growth factors, neuromodulators, etc.) was a prerequisite for the evolution of animals. Far from a random occurrence, it is a systematically occurring, certain event, implying that specific information is invested for it to happen. In this minireview, we show for the first time that the expression and regionalization takes place at the level of receptors via a neural mechanism and make an attempt to reconstruct the causal chain from neural signaling to expression of nuclear receptors.
Intraspecific diversity at two trophic levels influences plant–herbivore interactions
Authors: Noto Akana E. , Hughes A. Randall 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDiversity within species can have community‐level effects similar in magnitude to those of species diversity. Intraspecific diversity in producers and consumers has separately been shown to affect trophic interactions, yet we have little understanding of how variation at these two levels could simultaneously affect trophic interactions. Salt marshes dominated bySpartina alternifloraare an ideal system in which to ask this question as this plant exhibits substantial genetically based trait variation. Further, herbivores can have sizable impacts onSpartina, but the impact of herbivore trait variation is not well understood. We conducted an experiment in a Massachusetts salt marsh to determine how herbivorous crab (Sesarma reticulatum) size diversity andSpartinagenotypic diversity affect the plant community. Herbivore effects on plant traits varied by herbivore size, with large crabs generally having stronger impacts on plants. At times, the effect of small crabs on plant traits depended on plant genotypic diversity. The effects of crab size diversity (i.e., small and large crabs combined) were most often predicted by the independent effects of each size class, though there were synergistic effects on stem density, flowering stems, and mean stem height. Finally, we tested whether herbivore size or size diversity could have reciprocal effects on plant genotypic diversity. Small‐ and mixed‐crab treatments promoted plant genotypic richness, whereas large crabs did not. Our results demonstrate that intraspecific diversity at multiple trophic levels can have simultaneous and sometimes interactive effects on species interactions, highlighting the importance of variation within species for understanding species interactions and community processes.
Liver function and prognosis, and influence of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Suzuki Kota , Claggett Brian , Minamisawa Masatoshi , Packer Milton , Zile Michael R. , Rouleau Jean , Swedberg Karl , Lefkowitz Martin , Shi Victor , McMurray John J.V. , Zucker Stephen D. , Solomon Scott D. 
Published: May 2020

AimsThe prevalence of liver function abnormalities is common in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We assessed the impact of liver function on prognosis and the effect of sacubitril/valsartan on measures of liver function in patients with HFrEF.Methods and resultsThe PARADIGM‐HF trial was a randomized, double‐blind, active treatment‐controlled trial. We included 8232 HFrEF patients with available measures of liver function, including transaminases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin; the primary endpoint was a composite of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular (CV) death. At screening, 11.6% of study patients had total bilirubin above the upper limit of normal (20.5 μmol/L) and 9.2% had ALP above the upper limit of normal (123 IU/L). Although ALP and albumin were associated with an increased risk of outcomes, among conventional test of liver function, total bilirubin was the strongest predictor for the primary endpoint [hazard ratio (HR) 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.15; P < 0.001], HF hospitalization (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.07–1.22; P < 0.001); CV death (HR 1.07; 95% CI 1.00–1.14; P = 0.040), and all‐cause death (HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.02–1.14; P = 0.009). All conventional measures of liver function were significantly improved in the sacubitril/valsartan group compared with the enalapril group after randomization (between‐group reduction: total bilirubin 2.4%, 95% CI 0.7–4.2%, P = 0.007; aspartate aminotransferase 7.9%, 95% CI 6.7–9.0%, P < 0.001; alanine aminotransferase 7.7%; 95% CI 6.2–9.3%, P < 0.001; ALP 5.4%, 95% CI 4.4–6.4%, P < 0.001).ConclusionTotal bilirubin was a significant and independent predictor of CV death or HF hospitalization and all‐cause mortality in patients with HFrEF enrolled in PARADIGM‐HF. Sacubitril/valsartan improved measures of liver function compared with enalapril.