bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny and life cycle of the zoonotic pathogen Vibrio vulnificus
Authors: Hernández‐Cabanyero Carla , Amaro Carmen 
Published: June 2020

SummaryVibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen able to cause diseases in humans and fish that occasionally result in sepsis and death. Most reviews about this pathogen (including those related to its ecology) are clearly biased towards its role as a human pathogen, emphasizing its relationship with oysters as its main reservoir, the role of the known virulence factors as well as the clinic and the epidemiology of the human disease. This review tries to give to the reader a wider vision of the biology of this pathogen covering aspects related to its phylogeny and evolution and filling the gaps in our understanding of the general strategies that V. vulnificus uses to survive outside and inside its two main hosts, the human and the eel, and how its response to specific environmental parameters determines its survival, its death, or the triggering of an infectious process.
Accuracy of imaging modalities for adnexal torsion: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wattar B , Rimmer M , Rogozinska E , Macmillian M , Khan KS , Al Wattar BH 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundAdnexal torsion (AT), a serious gynaecological emergency, often presents with non‐specific symptoms leading to delayed diagnosis.ObjectiveTo compare the test accuracy of ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose AT.Search strategyWe searched EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL until December 2019.Selection criteriaStudies reporting on the accuracy of any imaging modality (Index Test) in female patients (paediatric and adult) suspected of AT compared with surgical diagnosis and/or standard clinical/radiological follow‐up period until resolution of symptoms (Reference Standard).Data collection and analysisWe assessed study quality using QUADAS‐2. We conducted test accuracy meta‐analysis using a univariate model or a hierarchical model.Main resultsWe screened 3836 citations, included 18 studies (1654 women, 665 cases), and included 15 in the meta‐analyses. Ultrasound pooled sensitivity (n = 12, 1187 women) was 0.79 (95% CI 0.63–0.92) and specificity was 0.76 (95% CI 0.54–0.93), with negative and positive likelihood ratios of 0.29 (95% CI 0.13–0.66) and 4.35 (95% CI 2.03–9.32), respectively. Using Doppler with ultrasound (n = 7, 845 women) yielded similar sensitivity (0.80, 95% CI 0.67–0.93) and specificity (0.88, 95% CI 0.72–1.00). For MRI (n = 3, 99 women), the pooled sensitivity was 0.81 (95% CI 0.63–0.91) and specificity was 0.91 (95% CI 0.80–0.96). A meta‐analysis for CT was not possible with two case‐control studies and one cohort study (n = 3, 232 women). Its sensitivity range was 0.74–0.95 and specificity was 0.80–0.90.ConclusionsUltrasound has good performance as a first‐line diagnostic test for suspected AT. Magnetic resonance imaging could offer improved specificity to investigate complex ovarian morphology, but more evidence is needed.Tweetable abstractTo investigate adnexal torsion, ultrasound is a good first‐line diagnostic test with a pooled sensitivity of 0.79 and specificity of 0.76.
The 2018 Guidelines for Initial IFT Approval of undergraduate food science and food technology programs
Authors: Santau Alexandra O. , MacDonald Ruth S. , Roberts Robert R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIFT Approval of undergraduate food science and technology programs has continued to evolve since its inception in the 1960s. This report provides rationale and outlines key changes in the latest revisions of the IFT Approval Guidelines that were approved by the IFT Board of Directors in 2018. The 2018 Guidelines retained the previously established outcomes‐based assessment model, but includes changes to Program Goals, redefined Standards, and measurable Essential Learning Outcomes. In addition, this report describes a new online submission platform. The report also provides insights into the training and review systems employed by the Higher Education Review Board.
Chemical Imaging of Human Fingermark by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Authors: Erdoğan Ayşegül , Esen Meral , Simpson Robin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a widely used technique to characterize the surface chemistry of materials. It plays a crucial role in accessing qualitative and quantitative information and in detecting the presence of chemical functional groups on the surface of any material. The forensic methods available to detect and identify elements and organic/inorganic compounds are often destructive, so evidence cannot be re‐analyzed. However, XPS allows rapid analysis of samples without damaging them. Recently, an increasing number of forensic researchers have begun to study certain chemical information on fingermarks. In this study, the authors aimed to present the applicability and power of XPS imaging in fingermark analysis which can also provide specific information about the fingermark chemical composition. Herein, monochromated X‐ray (Al Kα) spot size was fixed at 50 μm. XPS mapping resulted in the acquisition of spectra at each pixel, in an array of 41 × 30 pixels with a step size of 50 μm. Then, a simple discussion has been made about how the scanned surface spectrum and basic snapshot spectra are used to identify different components at a fingertip of a scanned surface area (~3 mm2). Hence, a fingermark pattern contaminated with caffeine, TiO2, and Pb/PbO deposited on the silicon wafer can be chemically mapped and visualized by XPS using principal component analysis (PCA). Thus, the present study showed the possible applicability of XPS for the identification of illicit drugs of abuse, gunshot residue, and skin care products on latent fingermark by mimicking a crime scene evidence.
Increased nitrogen fertilization inhibits the biocontrol activity promoted by the intercropping partner plant
Authors: Wang Leyun , Cui Hongying , Chang Xinyue , Zhu Mengmeng , Zhao Zihua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe examination of the compatibility between agricultural practices and biocontrol activities is crucial for establishing an efficient, eco‐friendly, and sustainable pest management program. In this study, we examined the population dynamics of two specialist aphids, the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) on potted wheat and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) on potted alfalfa, as well as the biocontrol activity of a generalist predator, the harlequin ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis). We investigated their responses to the presence of the intercropping partner plant species (alfalfa and wheat, respectively) through plant volatiles or visual cues at three nitrogen fertilizer levels in a greenhouse. In the absence of the predator, the English grain aphid population growth rate increased significantly with increasing nitrogen levels, whereas the pea aphid population increased significantly more slowly in response to high nitrogen levels. The English grain aphid and pea aphid population dynamics were unaffected by the presence of the intercropping partner. However, the presence of the intercropping partner enhanced the control of both aphid populations by the harlequin ladybird beetle. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels decreased the predation rates, which were otherwise increased by the intercropping partner. The beneficial effects of the intercropping partner were eventually non‐existent at the highest nitrogen level tested. These results imply that the interaction between the presence of intercropping partner and the nitrogen fertilizer application affects the biocontrol activity of the natural enemies of insect pests. Thus, the compatibility between agricultural intensification and biocontrol strategies in integrated pest management programs need to be investigated.
Heat tolerance may determine activity time in coprophagic beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Gotcha Nonofo , Machekano Honest , Cuthbert Ross N. , Nyamukondiwa Casper 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough reports have documented loss of species diversity and ecological services caused by stressful temperature changes that result from climate change, some species cope through behavioral compensation. As temperatures and magnitudes of temperature extremes increase, animals should compensate to maintain fitness (such as through temporary behavioral shifts in activity times). Appropriate timing of activity helps avoid competition across species. Although coprophagic dung beetles exhibit species‐specific temporal activity times, it is unknown whether temperature drives evolution of these species‐specific temporal activity times. Using nine dung beetle species (three each of diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal species), we explored differences in heat stress tolerance measured as critical thermal maxima (CTmax; the highest temperature allowing activity) and heat knockdown time (HKDT; survival time under acute heat stress) across these species, and examined the results using a phylogenetically informed approach. Our results showed that day‐active species had significantly higher CTmax (diurnal > crepuscular = nocturnal species), whereas crepuscular species had higher HKDT (crepuscular > nocturnal > diurnal species). There was no correlation between heat tolerance and body size across species with distinct temporal activity, and no significant phylogenetic constraint for activity. Species with higher CTmax did not necessarily have higher HKDT, which indicates that species may respond differently to diverse heat tolerance metrics. Acute heat tolerance for diurnal beetles indicates that this trait may constrain activity time and, under high acute temperatures with climate change, species may shift activity times in more benign environments. These results contribute to elucidate the evolution of foraging behavior and management of coprophagic beetle ecosystem services under changing environments.
Effect of extrusion conditions on the anthocyanin content, functionality, and pasting properties of obtained nixtamalized blue corn flour (Zea mays L.) and process optimization
Authors: Menchaca‐Armenta Mariela , Ramírez‐Wong Benjamín , Torres‐Chávez Patricia I. , Quintero‐Ramos Armando , Ledesma‐Osuna Ana I. , Frutos María J. , Gutiérrez‐Dorado Roberto , Campas‐Baypoli Olga N. , Morales‐Rosas Ignacio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extrusion factors on the properties of extruded nixtamalized corn flours (ENCFs), determine the optimal conditions, and produce a tortilla with texture and nutraceutical characteristics acceptable for consumers. The processing factors used were feed moisture (FM, 15 to 30%), extruder temperature (T, 70 to 110 °C), and screw speed (SS, 50 to 145 rpm). The properties evaluated in the flours were total anthocyanins (TA), subjective water absorption capacity, and peak viscosity (PV). Response surface methodology and analysis of variance were used in the evaluation. The linear and quadratic terms of FM had a greater effect on all evaluated parameters. The optimization was performed using the numerical method of global desirability. The response variables that were optimized in the ENCF were TAs (maximize) and PV (maximize). The optimal region was the following: FM (18.17%), T (92.03 °C), and SS (76.61 rpm). The experimental value for the TA in the optimized ENCF was 226.07 mg/kg, and the PV was 1063.9 cP. The results of this study could help develop nixtamalized corn flours with desirable characteristics to make tortillas using the extrusion process.Practical ApplicationThe results obtained would be useful for the tortilla industry, developing nixtamalized corn flours with desirable characteristics to make healthy tortillas using the extrusion process, with minimum losses in biologically active compounds such as anthocyanins (health promoters) without affect negatively the eating quality of the product (good texture).
Academic Emergency Medicine Physicians' Anxiety Levels, Stressors, and Potential Stress Mitigation Measures During the Acceleration Phase of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Rodriguez Robert M. , Medak Anthony J. , Baumann Brigitte M. , Lim Stephen , Chinnock Brian , Frazier Remi , Cooper Richelle J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe objective was to assess anxiety and burnout levels, home life changes, and measures to relieve stress of U.S. academic emergency medicine (EM) physicians during the COVID‐19 pandemic acceleration phase.MethodsWe sent a cross‐sectional e‐mail survey to all EM physicians at seven academic emergency departments. The survey incorporated items from validated stress scales and assessed perceptions and key elements in the following domains: numbers of suspected COVID‐19 patients, availability of diagnostic testing, levels of home and workplace anxiety, severity of work burnout, identification of stressors, changes in home behaviors, and measures to decrease provider anxiety.ResultsA total of 426 (56.7%) EM physicians responded. On a scale of 1 to 7 (1 = not at all, 4 = somewhat, and 7 = extremely), the median (interquartile range) reported effect of the pandemic on both work and home stress levels was 5 (4–6). Reported levels of emotional exhaustion/burnout increased from a prepandemic median (IQR) of 3 (2–4) to since the pandemic started a median of 4 (3–6), with a difference in medians of 1.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.7 to 1.9). Most physicians (90.8%) reported changing their behavior toward family and friends, especially by decreasing signs of affection (76.8%). The most commonly cited measures cited to alleviate stress/anxiety were increasing personal protective equipment (PPE) availability, offering rapid COVID‐19 testing at physician discretion, providing clearer communication about COVID‐19 protocol changes, and assuring that physicians can take leave for care of family and self.ConclusionsDuring the acceleration phase, the COVID‐19 pandemic has induced substantial workplace and home anxiety in academic EM physicians, and their exposure during work has had a major impact on their home lives. Measures cited to decrease stress include enhanced availability of PPE, rapid turnaround testing at provider discretion, and clear communication about COVID‐19 protocol changes.
Effectiveness of the WeChat‐based smoking cessation intervention (‘WeChat WeQuit’ program) in China: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Liao Yanhui , Wang Yunfei , Liu Yueheng , McNeill Ann , Tang Jinsong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsSince its first release in 2011, WeChat (Chinese pinyin: Wei Xin) has been widely used to promote health. As the most popular all‐in‐one social media application providing free instant messaging, voice, text, pictures, videos and location information exchange via smartphone, WeChat holds promise for delivering smoking cessation services to a large number of people at low unit cost in China, a country with more than 300 million smokers. This protocol is for a study that aims to assess the efficacy of a WeChat‐based smoking cessation intervention (‘WeChat WeQuit’) for treatment‐seeking smokers in China.DesignIn this two‐arm randomized controlled trial (RCT), the control group will receive only a digital version of a booklet of ‘Happy Quit’. The intervention group will also receive the 2 weeks pre‐ and 12 weeks post‐quit ‘WeChat WeQuit’ intervention. Both groups will be followed‐up to 26 weeks (6 months) after quit day.SettingThis on‐line trial has no restrictions on setting or location.ParticipantsChinese‐speaking current smokers (have smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their life‐time and currently smoke cigarettes) aged 18+ years willing to make a quit attempt within 1 month (n = 2000) will be recruited by on‐ and off‐line advertising. Potential participants will register their interest by sending WeChat messages or text messages, or making a voice call.MeasurementsThe primary outcome measure is self‐reported 26‐week continuous smoking abstinence with biological verification [test by clinic visit: expired carbon monoxide concentration <10 parts per million (p.p.m.) or by mailing cotinine urine dipsticks: urine cotinine <200 ng/ml]. Secondary outcome measures include: 7‐day point prevalence abstinence at weeks 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 26 after‐quit day; self‐reported 12‐week continuous smoking abstinence and 26‐week continuous smoking abstinence; reductions in number of cigarettes smoked per day; and rates of participation in and completion of the smoking‐cessation program.ConclusionsIf the ‘WeChat WeQuit’ program is found to be effective, it will be an accessible, affordable and widely implementable intervention to help cigarette smokers to quit. The potential public health impact of its expansion into underserved regions or communities is considerable.
Coronal Bacterial Penetration after 7 days in class II endodontic access cavities restored with two temporary restorations: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Shanmugam Sandhya , PradeepKumar Angambakkam Rajasekaran , Abbott Paul Vincent , Periasamy Ravishankar , Velayutham Gopikrishna , Krishnamoorthy Sridevi , Mahalakshmi Krishnan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this in vivo randomised clinical trial was to assess coronal bacterial penetration after placement of Cavit G and IRM temporary restorations in Class II endodontic access cavities. After completion of endodontic treatment, placement of an orifice seal and disinfection of the operating field, sterile cotton pellets were placed in the pulp chamber and the cavities were restored with Cavit G or IRM. After 7 days, coronal and proximal restoration thickness was measured by digital radiographs. Cotton pellet was evaluated by culture methods and polymerase chain reaction assay and bacterial species identified. Bacterial growth was observed in 5 of the 27 (18%) Cavit G samples and in 11 of the 27 (40%) IRM samples which was not significant. Coronal restoration thickness of 4–5 mm and proximal restoration thickness of more than 2.15 mm for Cavit G and 2.35 mm for IRM are recommended to prevent bacterial penetration over 7 days. Adequate restoration thickness is critical to prevent bacterial penetration.
‘That might be a bit sexy for somebody your age’: Older adult sexual health conversations in primary care
Authors: Malta Sue , Temple‐Smith Meredith , Bickerstaffe Adrian , Bourchier Louise , Hocking Jane 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundMany older adults are sexually active, and STIs are rising amongst this cohort. In primary care, sexual health discussions are limited as health‐care practitioners commonly assume older patients aged 60+ are not sexually active or are unwilling to discuss sex. Studies have either examined patient or clinician views, but not both.ObjectiveThis study investigates sexual health discussions in general practice. It is unique in that it sought perspectives of different groups: older patients, health‐care professionals and key informants.ResultsQualitative interviews revealed that older patients expect clinicians to bring up sexual concerns, whereas clinicians prefer older patients to do so. A simple electronic solution to circumvent this impasse was suggested and discussed.ConclusionsOlder adults would like to discuss sexual concerns with their health‐care providers. Given the rising rates of STIs in later life, sexual health discussions with older patients must become part of routine care.
Pharmacoepidemiology of medications omitted in New Zealand Residential Aged Care Homes
Authors: Garratt Stephanie M. , Kerse Ngaire M. , Peri Kathryn , Jonas Monique F. , Scahil Shane L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the dispensing, administration and omission of medications in residential aged care (RAC) homes in New Zealand (NZ).MethodsSecondary data from a medication management database were analysed, to identify the most frequently omitted regular medications and commonly reported reasons for omissions in a sample of 11 015 residents across 374 RAC homes.ResultsOverall, 3.59 medication doses were omitted per 100 (±7.4) prescribed doses per resident (SD 7.43). Common regular medications omitted ranged from analgesics to psychotropic medications. Recording of justifications for medication omissions was inconsistent—only 48% of omissions had a recorded reason.ConclusionsA wide range of medications are regularly prescribed and administered to RAC home residents in NZ. Omitted doses are frequently recorded without a justification. Inconsistent recording of omissions can increase potential for error, particularly in relation to psychotropic medications. More consistent recording may help staff to maintain a high standard of quality care.
Faster waning of the rubella‐specific immune response in young pregnant women immunized with MMR at 15 months
Authors: Kung Wan‐Ju , Shih Ching‐Tang , Shih Yung‐Luen , Liu Ling‐Yao , Wang Chiou‐Huey , Cheng Ya‐Wen , Liu Hsueh‐Chiao , Lin Ching‐Chiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractProblemVaccination is the best protection against rubella and congenital rubella infection. Although a high rate of immunization coverage is achieved in Taiwan, it is unknown if the vaccine‐induced immunity persists from the age of vaccination to childbearing age.Methods of studyA total of 5,988 prenatal rubella IgG test results of young pregnant women aged 19‐23 years old from six hospitals during January 2001 to December 2008 and January 2013 to December 2017 were analyzed. We compared the rubella seropositivity rates and titers in these women who were vaccinated with MMR vaccine in four different vaccination age cohorts.ResultsThe overall rubella seropositivity rate was 87.4% (95% CI: 86.6%‐88.3%), and the mean rubella IgG level was 39 IU/mL among young pregnant women aged 19‐23 years. Women in the elementary cohort had the highest rubella positivity of 90.8% (95% CI: 89.6%‐91.9%), and levels gradually decrease to 84.6% (95% CI: 82.4%‐86.7%) in 15‐month plus cohort. The average rubella IgG was only 25 IU/mL for the 15‐month plus cohort. Women in cohorts immunized at younger age exhibited significantly lower chances of being seropositive relative to women in older cohort after adjusting other factors (all P < .01).ConclusionThe rubella seropositivity rate and rubella IgG levels were low among young women aged 19‐23 years, especially in cohorts immunized at younger age. As rubella immunity wanes over time, a third dose of MMR may be a protective strategy for women who conceive later in life.