bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Reduction and Oxidation–Reduction Processes for Water Treatment
Authors: Batchelor Bill 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOxidation–reduction reactions are important processes for water treatment because they chemically change contaminants, rather than only transfer them from the water phase. However, the rates of many oxidation–reduction reactions limit their use as treatment processes. This limitation can be overcome by using highly reactive free radicals as the chemical reductant, and treatment processes that do this can be called advanced reduction processes (ARPs). Treatment processes that rely on both oxidizing and reducing radicals can be called advanced oxidation–reduction processes, and both are similar to advanced oxidation processes that apply oxidizing radicals to water treatment. This article reviews a number of applications of ARPs and summarizes the characteristics of some AORPs. ARPs have been applied to a wide range of contaminants including halogenated organics and oxidized inorganic compounds. The effects of important process variables such as incident photon flux, reagent concentration, target compound concentration, and solution pH are reviewed for ARPs, and a simple kinetic model is presented that describes much of their behavior that has been observed. The basic aspects of two important AORPs (electron beam irradiation and photocatalysis) are discussed, and a kinetic model describing the dose coefficient for electron beam treatment is presented.
Sensor Networks for Dynamic Control of Combined Sewer Systems
Authors: Montestruque Luis 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCombined sewer overflows (CSO) are discharges of raw untreated sewage into rivers, lakes, and oceans near cities where sanitary sewage and stormwater are transported in the same pipe network. There are more than 700 cities in the USA releasing more than 800 billion gallons of raw sewage per year. Recent advances in sensor networks, data analytics, and control systems now enable utilities to dynamically manage their sewer systems to maximize conveyance, storage, and treatment and subsequently reduce overflows. This article describes the design and implementation of a sensor network used to mitigate combined sewer overflows in South Bend, Indiana, USA. The sensor network consists of 150 sensors covering a sewer‐shed area of 40 square miles. The system, called CSOnet, dynamically controls eight throttle valves and three stormwater basins to maximize treatment, storage, and conveyance of the water collection system. The control system uses a highly distributed agent‐based control that has been able to significantly reduce CSO volumes.
Polymer–Nanocomposite Membranes for Water Separations
Authors: de Lannoy Charles‐François 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The use of nanoparticles to make nanocomposite membranes for water treatment spans a range of development with the majority of materials existing at lab scale, some having been piloted, and a select few at commercial scale. As such, the use of nanomaterials in this field is still in the early stages. There is a large parameter space to explore, which includes the many types of polymers used in membranes, the wide range of membrane types used in water separations, the great variety of nanomaterials and their properties, and the multitudinous ways in which nanomaterials can be added to polymers. Determining which polymer nanoparticle combination will deliver substantially improvement over the bare polymer is challenging, but attempting to predict how nanomaterials will impact the desired membrane and flux characteristics when incorporated into a polymer and formed into a membrane is even more difficult due to the complex thermodynamics and kinetics that occur between polymers and nanoparticles during membrane synthesis. Further, optimizing the interactions of nanoparticles with polymer systems is not trivial, but is critical to translating the nanomaterial properties to the polymer matrices in order to produce enhanced membranes. These challenges are opportunities to produce nanocomposite membranes with enhanced practical applications.
Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membranes for Water Treatment
Authors: Sengur‐Tasdemir Reyhan , Turken Turker , Urper‐Bayram Gulsum Melike , Ates‐Genceli Esra , Tarabara Volodymyr V. , Koyuncu Ismail 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGlobal drinking water crisis is a major driver behind the continued progress in the field of water treatment and water quality control. Separation by synthetic membranes is now well established as one of staple water treatment technologies capable of delivering high quality water. Nanofiltration (NF), in particular, occupies an important niche in the family of membrane separations as a key drinking water treatment method. Owing to its lower energy consumption, NF replaces reverse osmosis in applications such as water softening and removal of natural organic matter. This article describes hollow fiber nanofiltration (HF NF) membranes as applied to drinking water treatment. A brief introduction to the hollow fiber technology is followed by an overview of HF NF fabrication methods and examples of HF NF applications in water treatment. We conclude by discussing future prospects of this increasingly important type of membranes.
Mine Waste Effects on Water and Soil in Native American Land in WesternUSA
Authors: Cerrato José M. , DeVore Cherie L. , Velasco Carmen A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe legacy of mining activities on Native American land has resulted in an extensive number of sites with elevated metal concentrations in water and soil; many of these sites have received limited or no remedial action. The reclamation and cleanup of these sites represents a major burden for communities, and authorities at the tribal, state, and federal levels. The limited knowledge of the characteristics of these sites limits the ability to adequately assess the risk to metal exposures among communities living near these sites and develop feasible remediation alternatives. This article attempts to critically synthesize the state of the problem and provide an overview of the existing knowledge related to the occurrence, transport, and remediation of metals in these abandoned mine waste sites. The physical and biogeochemical aspects reviewed in this article have relevant implications for Native American communities, decision‐makers, stakeholders, and environmental scientists.
Hydrological Modeling of Climate Change Impacts
Authors: Hakala Kirsti , Addor Nans , Teutschbein Claudia , Vis Marc , Dakhlaoui Hamouda , Seibert Jan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHydrological climate change impact modeling is a commonly used approach to quantify potential future changes in streamflow. In this article, we present an introduction to the main steps involved in the production of such streamflow projections. We review commonly used modeling approaches to quantify climate change impacts on water resources, describe the main sources of uncertainty in hydrological projections and how to characterize them, and discuss best practices. The supplementary material includes a guide to perform typical data processing tasks involved in the production of hydrological projections. We also provide material to support teaching activities related to hydrological climate change impact modeling. The goal of this article is to support studies on climate change impacts on hydrological systems by providing guidance on working with the climate‐hydrology modeling chain.
Water Discharge Permitting in the United States and the European Union
Authors: Russell David L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The US and the EU have very different permitting systems for aquatic discharges. While they operate on different philosophies, there are a number of similarities in their approach to regulation. Both approaches establish water quality goals, but the EU and the US apply different approaches to regulation. In particular, the EU and US employ substantially different enforcement strategies. This article explains the differences in philosophies and policies for regulation of water discharges.
Ship‐Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP): Characteristics and Field Applications to Measure Coastal Hydrodynamics
Authors: Ribotti Alberto , Borghini Mireno , Satta Andrea , Magni Paolo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is an oceanographic instrument used to measure water currents in different aquatic environments. In this article, we provide the main characteristics of the ADCP and describe, for the first time in the Gulf of Oristano (W‐Sardinia, Italy), a field application to characterize the 3D circulation of shallow waters. Current data were acquiredin situalong several transects from the water's surface to the sea bottom during calm weather and good sea conditions and compared to numerical studies. This article reveals a predominantly clockwise circulation with water entering the Gulf from one Cape and exiting from the other, and a small anticlockwise eddy in the inner northeast sector of the gulf. Outside the gulf, the current was directed toward the southeast at the surface, directly forced by the wind, and toward the northeast below the surface. The collection of such hydrodynamic data allows us to verify operational numerical forecasting ocean systems implemented at larger spatial scales. Furthermore, the ease of use of the ADCP and the high quality of the data acquired demonstrate the feasibility of this system on any vessel of opportunity, since environmental monitoring assessment and Blue Economy implementation require high‐resolution data especially in coastal areas.
Hot Hand Fallacy: A Contagious Misinterpretation in Water Resources Sectors
Authors: Zolghadr‐Asli Babak , Bozorg‐Haddad Omid , Chu Xuefeng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water development is one of the key factors required to achieve sustainable development, poverty reduction, and even equity. This laborious, yet time‐consuming task may require in‐depth investment by public sectors. There is a fallacious school of thought better known to scholars as the hot hand fallacy, however, that could consequently jeopardize water resources sectors. The core concept of this fallacy is the misjudgment of the fluctuation of a random sequence, by assuming that a system would more likely perform desirably due to its previous streak of successful performances. This article intends to shed light on this phenomenon and its potential threat to water‐related sectors, and finally, demonstrate a few ostensible remediation actions, which could potentially minimize the risk of such misinterpretation of random‐based events.
Hydropower in Climate Change
Authors: Zolghadr‐Asli Babak , Bozorg‐Haddad Omid , Chu Xuefeng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
While many would turn to renewable resources to mitigate the adverse impacts of over‐exploitation of fossil fuels, the fact of the matter is that if the design, operation, and management of such renewable resources are not executed with great care and consideration, they may do more harm than good. In this article, hydropower, as one of the most important known renewable resources, was investigated under the potential influence of climate change. Through a thought‐provoking discussion, it is demonstrated that while a proper and logical use of this resource could mitigate the adverse impact of climate change; a false design and/or management technique would even cause additional economic and ecological harm.
Climate Change and Extreme Events
Authors: Ramis Climent , Cardell Maria F. , Amengual Arnau , Romero Romualdo , Homar Victor , Alonso Sergio , Jansa Agusti 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObservations reveal increases in the average temperature of the Earth since the early twentieth century. The global distribution of this warming is discussed in this article. The variation observed in the spatial distribution of precipitation is also shown, indicating a decrease in specific equatorial zones as well as in the Mediterranean. Variations in the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation extremes are described. Results of atmospheric and oceanic global circulation models, considering multiple green‐house gas concentration scenarios of the IPCC AR5 are shown. Results report a general increase in temperature, especially in the Arctic. Regarding precipitation, an increase is detected in the tropics and in the mid‐latitude land areas, and a substantial decrease in the Mediterranean. Regional climate model results for Europe derived from the EURO‐CORDEX project are discussed in detail. They show how average and extreme precipitations and temperatures at the end of the twenty‐first century suffer important increases, with notable differences between the northern and the southern countries.
Deep Soil Water Movement
Authors: Rasmussen Todd C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water movement between the root zone and the water table is predominantly downward due to gravity. This vertical movement can be redirected laterally by low‐permeability layers (e.g. clays, indurated media) that divert water horizontally. Also, vapor‐driven transport of water can be important in dry soils. Shallow soil water is affected by plant uptake of water and also by evaporation from the soil surface. These processes are characteristic of unsaturated media, i.e. zones where the soil materials are not saturated with water. In these cases, surface tension causes water to adhere to soil surfaces, and soil water pressures are generally negative. Each soil material has a distinctive relationship between the negative fluid pressure (or tension) and water content. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is lower than the hydraulic conductivity under saturated conditions because not all available pore space contributes to fluid flow. Deep soil water movement is also affected by macropores (large pores) that provide preferential flowpaths when saturated and promote evaporation when drained.
Hydraulic Head
Authors: Rasmussen Todd C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

The hydraulic head (or total head) is an indicator of fluid energy expressed in units of length, such as meters or feet. Hydraulic head combines all forces (e.g. gravity, pressure, inertia, surface tension, solute concentration, fluid density) that cause water movement in many hydrologic systems, including surface water, soil water, and groundwater. The
hydraulic gradient
(i.e. the slope or spatial change in hydraulic head) is used to find the magnitude and direction of fluid flow, where water flows from high‐to‐low head. The temporal change in the hydraulic head is used to estimate changes in water storage. While the water surface elevation in streams and wells can be used to approximate the hydraulic head, water levels must be corrected for water velocity, dissolved‐ and suspended‐solid concentrations, barometric pressure, and other factors.
Specific Gravity
Authors: Rasmussen Todd C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

The
specific gravity
is the observed density of a material divided by a reference value, usually water at its maximum density, i.e. 1 kg L
–1
. The specific gravity varies with fluid composition and temperature, as well as the amount of dissolved and suspended matter within them. Well construction relies on the large specific gravity of drilling muds to prevent the collapse of borehole walls in unconsolidated media. The
specific weight
is a related measure that is the product of the fluid density and the gravitational constant. These measures are used to find the
freshwater head
in the water column when using pressure measurements.
Wetland Value and Protection Strategies
Authors: Kramer Elizabeth 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Wetlands are essential in providing water‐related ecosystem services, such as clean water for drinking, water for agriculture, flood control, and cooling water for energy. In conjunction with erosion control and sediment transport, they contribute to land formation and resiliency to storms. Yet, global wetlands continue to be degraded or lost due to agricultural production, urban development, and pollution. In many cases, policies and decision do not account for the economic value that wetlands provide through their interconnectedness with other terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Regulation of wetland protection is often limited to developing countries and, in some cases, lacks the enforcement needed to restore and protect wetland systems. Valuing of wetlands first requires an understanding of the benefits and the risk to loss of wetlands. Understanding the benefits first requires measuring the status and trends of wetland ecosystems as well as identifying and measuring the goods and services provided by wetland ecosystems. This information is used to link values and benefits with policies and decision‐making.
This article provides an overview of the status and trends of global wetland, describes the connection to wetland ecosystem goods and services, and valuation techniques for these goods and services, and discusses tools for protecting wetlands and their associated benefits.
Thermodynamics of Freshwater Chemistry
Authors: Maurice Patricia A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article introduces some of the fundamentals of thermodynamics as applied to water chemistry, specifically focusing on freshwater systems. Chemical thermodynamics is an important approach for describing systems at equilibrium, and it has been used extensively in many areas of environmental science and engineering. Even though many complex natural systems are not at equilibrium, this approach allows one to predict reactions that should occur spontaneously, such as which minerals are potentially dissolving and which precipitating within a given environmental setting.
Background Concentration of Pollutants
Authors: Gonçalves Mário A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDetermining background concentration of pollutants in surface and groundwaters is a particularly difficult task, but a most important one because of the definition of water quality standards. A major difficulty resides in the dynamic, transient, nature of water systems and in pollutant dispersion and persistence, making it difficult to define the range of background and baseline concentrations based in a limited number of samples. The factors that determine the water chemistry are briefly discussed with some relevant examples, because it is essential to understand global water chemistry. A distinction between background concentration of inorganic and organic pollutants is made, which is because the former can have both natural and anthropogenic derived sources, whereas the latter are exclusively because of anthropogenic activities. Current practice determines background (as well as baseline) concentrations using a representative set of water samples and applying statistical techniques jointly with historical data, down‐gradient profiles, extrapolation, and geochemical modelling.
The Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Viadero Roger 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAcid mine drainage (AMD) is created when iron–sulfur compounds come into contact with atmospheric oxygen and water. Through a series of chemical and biochemical reactions, a solution with low pH, high mineral acidity, and elevated dissolved metal (e.g. iron, aluminum, magnesium) concentrations is produced. Consequently, an understanding of coordination chemistry as well as the nonideal behavior of ions in high ionic strength solutions becomes necessary to predict conditions that favor the formation of AMD. Beyond the consideration of chemical reactions and rates, the real‐world description of AMD is further complicated by the heterogeneity of the overburden that is disturbed during mineral extraction, the high variability in the extent and rate at which overburden is in contact with oxygen and water, and many other site‐specific factors that are too numerous to address in any one paper. Each of these topics is covered in sufficient detail to provide readers with a basic understanding of their mechanisms of action and their relevance to AMD production. Additional sources are also provided for those who need to delve deeper into any of these topics.
Colloids and Nanoparticles in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Santschi Peter H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractColloids in the ocean are mainly composed of natural organic matter (NOM), with trace amounts of metals, nutrients, radionuclides, pollutants, and variable amounts of anthropogenically produced engineered nanoparticles and nanoplastics. Thus, state‐of‐the‐art instrumental techniques are required to unravel the chemical composition of colloids.Such studies revealed that colloidal macromolecular organic matter (COM) contain aquagenic substances (composed of microbially produced exopolymeric substances, EPS, gels, transparent exopolymer particles, TEP, and TEP precursors) and pedogenic substances (humic and fulvic matter). COM can act as glue or as soap; can be bioavailable and biodegradable or refractory; and contain different moieties that act as metal chelators, antioxidants, or absorber of hydrophobic pollutants. EPS in aquatic systems, mostly composed of polysaccharides and proteins, can form not only biofilms but also marine snow (MS) or marine oil snow (MOS), and are important in initiating and maintaining aggregation and sedimentation processes. These processes can also be traced by natural radionuclides that have colloidal fractions.These aggregation processes lead to “colloidal pumping” (aggregation to form larger particles) of trace substances bound to EPS and other macromolecular NOM compounds that counteract the prevailing pathway of degradation of macromolecular NOM to low‐molecular‐weight molecules.
Water and Gender Relations
Authors: Schneiderman Jill S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water is a critical need for health and well‐being. However, not all people enjoy equal access to clean and reliable sources of water for domestic and other purposes. This reality rings true particularly for women in developing countries. The causes of such inequity come from structural inequalities across different cultures and societies. Women, particularly in developing countries, disproportionately bear the burden of water provision for families. This creates negative consequences for the health and well‐being of women and their children such as limited access to educational opportunities, increased stress, and physical illness. Solutions to these problems exist in the form of potential opportunities for women to engage collectively in water projects and participate in decision‐making in the arena of water development projects. The involvement of women in such activities also holds the promise of increasing efficacy and success of water projects as well as breaking down gender hierarchies.