bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of pulse oximetry and Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) training on antibiotic prescribing practices in rural Malawi: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Sylvies Fiona , Nyirenda Lucy , Blair Alden , Baltzell Kimberly 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThe misdiagnosis of non-malarial fever in sub-Saharan Africa has contributed to the significant burden of pediatric pneumonia and the inappropriate use of antibiotics in this region. This study aims to assess the impact of 1) portable pulse oximeters and 2) Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) continued education training on the diagnosis and treatment of non-malarial fever amongst pediatric patients being treated by the Global AIDS Interfaith Alliance (GAIA) in rural Malawi.MethodsThis study involved a logbook review to compare treatment patterns between five GAIA mobile clinics in Mulanje, Malawi during April-June 2019. An intervention study design was employed with four study groups: 1) 2016 control, 2) 2019 control, 3) IMCI-only, and 4) IMCI and pulse oximeter. A total of 3,504 patient logbook records were included based on these inclusion criteria: age under five years, febrile, malaria-negative, and treated during the dry season. A qualitative questionnaire was distributed to the participating GAIA providers. Fisher’s Exact Testing and odds ratios were calculated to compare the prescriptive practices between each study group and reported with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsThe pre- and post-exam scores for the providers who participated in the IMCI training showed an increase in content knowledge and understanding (p<0.001). The antibiotic prescription rates in each study group were 75% (2016 control), 85% (2019 control), 84% (IMCI only), and 42% (IMCI + pulse oximeter) (p<0.001). An increase in pneumonia diagnoses was detected for patients who received pulse oximeter evaluation with an oxygen saturation <95% (p<0.001). No significant changes in antibiotic prescribing practices were detected in the IMCI-only group (p>0.001). However, provider responses to the qualitative questionnaires indicated alternative benefits of the training including improved illness classification and increased provider confidence.ConclusionClinics that implemented both the IMCI course and pulse oximeters exhibited a significant decrease in antibiotic prescription rates, thus highlighting the potential of this tool in combatting antibiotic overconsumption in low-resource settings. Enhanced detection of hypoxia in pediatric patients was regarded by clinicians as helpful for identifying pneumonia cases. GAIA staff appreciated the IMCI continued education training, however it did not appear to significantly impact antibiotic prescription rates and/or pneumonia diagnosis.
Evaluation of underidentification of potential organ donors in German hospitals
Authors: Esser Grit , Kolbrink Benedikt , Borzikowsky Christoph , Kunzendorf Ulrich , Feldkamp Thorsten , Schulte Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Background
Since 2010, the number of organ donations in Germany has decreased by one third, mostly due to undetected organ donors. It is unclear, how the undetected potential donor pool is distributed among the different German hospital categories (A = university hospital, B = hospitals with neurosurgery, C = hospitals without neurosurgery) and region types.

Methods
We performed a nationwide secondary data analysis of all German inpatient cases of the year 2016 (n = 20,063,689). All fatalities were regarded as potential organ donors, in which primary or secondary brain damage was encoded and organ donation was not excluded by a contraindication or a lack of ventilation therapy.

Results
In 2016, 28,087 potential organ donors were identified. Thereof 21% were found in category A, 28% in category B and 42% in category C hospitals. The contact rate (= organ donation related contacts/ potential organ donors) and realization rate (= realized organ donations/ potential organ donors) of category A, B and C hospitals was 10.6% and 4.6%, 10.9% and 4.8% and 6.0% and 1.7%, respectively. 58.2% of the donor potential of category C hospitals was found in the largest quartile of category C hospitals. 51% (n = 14,436) of the potential organ donors were treated in hospitals in agglomeration areas, 28% (n = 7,909) in urban areas and 21% (n = 5,742) in rural areas. The contact- and realization rate did not significantly differ between these areas.

Conclusions
The largest proportion of potential organ donors and the lowest realization rate are found in category C hospitals. Reporting and donation practice do not differ between urban and rural regions.
THE PHENOMENON OF LIES IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Bashkatov Sergei Aleksandrovich , Svetlana Svetlana Maratovna 
Published: November 2020

Background. The paper presents the results of analysis of the lie category research carried out in the XX–XXI centuries by domestic and foreign scientists. Many authors note that lying as a psychological phenomenon has been studied inconsistently and rather fragmentarily. The diversity of existing definitions of lies emphasizes the complexity of this phenomenon and indicates its insufficient theoretical elaboration, as well as the need to form a holistic, scientifically based understanding of the psychological nature of lies. Aim. The paper presents a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign research on the phenomenon of lies carried out in the XXI century. Results. It has been established that in the XX century researchers ceased to study the moral side of lies giving preference to its formal and dynamic features. In the XXI century, foreign experts describe the mechanism of cognitive distortion and control, as well as verbal and non-verbal signs of deception. The psychological portrait of a liar, the phenomenon of false memories, the role of responsibility, volitional qualities and behavioral attributes in the recognition of lies are being actively studied using a polygraph. Domestic science clarifies the phenomenology of lies, its psychological and psychophysiological mechanisms and pays particular attention to the subjective truth of the liar’s memories. Conclusion. An essential feature of domestic studies on the psychology of lies in the 21st century is the focus on elucidating its psychological mechanisms based on the phenomena of subjective construction of memories, false memories and false denial.
BIOELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN IN PUPILS WITH DIFFERENT ACADEMIC SUCCESS. REPORT 2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ACADEMIC SUCCESS AND PATTERNS OF BIOELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE CORTEX
Authors: Gileva Olga Borisovna 
Published: November 2020

Background. The paper presents the study of the factors of academic success and failure in students, which is a relevant and socially significant problem. Academic failure often results in behavior deviations, drug abuse and other types of dangerous behavior. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to establish the reasons of academic failure, as well as the ways to improve academic performance. Aim. The paper aims to establish the features of responses of academically successful and unsuccessful 12-year-old children to cognitive load based on EEG data. Materials and methods. Twelve-year-old schoolchildren (n = 51) from Ekaterinburg participated in the study. Participants were divided into two groups depending on their academic performance. EEG recording was performed using the CONAN-m equipment (Informatics and Computers, Russia). Monopolar EEG recordings were obtained from 10 symmetrical leads in different conditions: during resting wakefulness (for eyes open and closed) and when solving experimental tasks of three types (simple arithmetic task, verbal and logical task, spatial thinking task). The differences between the samples of academically successful and unsuccessful children were assessed using the Wilcoxon nonparametric test. Results. Differences were revealed in a number of EEG indicators both at rest and when solving experimental tasks between academically successful and unsuccessful schoolchildren. The responses of academically successful children to cognitive load were characterized by predominant ctivation of the anterior cortical areas with a focus of activity in the left frontal area. Academically unsuccessful children were characterized by a more generalized type of EEG response with a focus of activity in the caudal areas of the cortex, especially when solving a figure rotation task. It was also found that successful children made mistakes when solving a figure rotation task and unsuccessful ones-when solving verbal and logical tasks. Conclusion. Children with low academic success were found to have characteristic features of the functioning of the cerebral cortex, which hampered the perception of educational material presented in the form of a logically structured message. However, these children were able to brilliantly operate with visual-spatial information. This must be taken into account when working with such children to improve their academic performance.
NEUROSCIENCE: INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION OR EXPANSION?
Authors: Shibkova Dariya Zakharovna , Baiguzhin Pavel Azifovich 
Published: November 2020

Aim. The paper aims to study the differentiation and integration of scientific disciplines in the natural sciences and humanities research areas of neuroscience based on a review of Russian scientific works and to propose a structural and functional model of neuroscience as an interdisciplinary system of knowledge about brain features that ensure human activity in various professional spheres. Methods. A theoretical analysis of scientific publications on the topic over the last ten years has been used along with such methods as comparison, generalization, and modelling. Results. The paper presents various points of view on the subject field of separate disciplines within neuroscience, as well as on the relations between them. The interdisciplinarity of neuroscience is considered by a number of authors (philosophers) as a form of disciplinary colonization, epistemic expansion or intervention. Another group of authors considers neuroscience as a systemic level of science that unites multidisciplinary research activities related to the study of the brain. The third position is represented by authors who consider neuroscience as an extension of the problem field of neurobiology or as its synonym. A number of authors pay special attention to the popularity of neuroscience among politicians, military structures, pharmacological companies and other professionals with their disciplinary totality: neurophilosophy, neuropsychology, neuroinformatics, neurogenetics, neurobiology, neurosociology, neuropedagogy, etc. The paper demonstrates that there is no unified point of view on psychophysiology as a part of neuroscience, which also has interdisciplinary connections with many sciences that study individual psychological characteristics and behavior. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the discussion, the authors emphasize the need to logically build the structural and functional relationships of individual disciplines within a unified neuroscience and determine its subject field on the basis of a systemic evolutionary approach.
Pretreatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) at Bench-Scale High Temperature-Pressure Steam Reactor for Enhancement of Enzymatic Saccharification
Authors: Sari Fahriya Puspita , Falah Faizatul , Anita Sita Heris , Ramadhan Kharisma Panji , Laksana Raden Permana Budi , Fatriasari Widya , Hermiati Euis 
Published: November 2020

Upscaling of biomass pretreatment from laboratory scale to a bench-scale reactor is one of the important steps in the application of the pretreatment for pilot or commercial scale. This study reports the optimization of pretreatment conditions, namely reaction temperature and time, by one factor at a time (OFAT) method for the enhancement of enzymatic saccharification of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). OPEFB was pretreated using high temperature-pressure steam reactor with different reaction temperatures (160, 170, 180, 190, 200 °C) and times (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min). The effectiveness of the pretreatment was determined based on chemical compositions of raw OPEFB and OPEFB pulp and sugar production from enzymatic saccharification of the OPEFB pulp. Solubilized components from OPEFB, such as glucose, xylose, formic acid, acetic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), and furfural in the hydrolysate that generated during steam pretreatment were also determined. Pretreatment at 180°C for 20 min provides the highest sugar yields (97.30% of glucose yield per initial cellulose and 88.86% of xylose yield per initial hemicellulose). At the optimum condition, 34.9% of lignin and 30.75% of hemicellulose are successfully removed from the OPEFB and resulted in 3.43 delignification selectivity. The relationship between severity factor and by-products generated and the sugars obtained after enzymatic saccharification are discussed. The pulp of OPEFB at the optimum condition was also characterized for its morphological characteristic by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and crystallinity by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These pulp characteristics are then compared with those of the raw OPEFB. The steam pretreatment causes some fiber disruptions with more defined and opened structures and increases the crystallinity index (CrI) by 2.9% compared to the raw OPEFB.
Managing Behavioural Outcomes of Repatriates through a Proactive Model
Authors: Jayasekara Padmini 
Published: November 2020

This study attempts to present a proactive model in explaining a mechanism which ensures behavioral outcomes of repatriates. A series of activities, which were already well researched in an isolated manner in different contexts were incorporated to develop this model. The literature based data compilation was done to develop this model. The key of pre-departure stage of expatriation, on-assignment stage of expatriation, post- assignment period of expatriation, expatriate adjustment, repatriate adjustment, behavioural outcomes of repatriates, social support for expatriates, social support for repatriates, organizational support for expatriate families, organizational support for repatriate families, and cross-over effect of expatriate adjustment were included to the Google Scholar search engine to find the articles.This model outlines logic on the necessity of being proactive on returnees’ post-assignment behavioural outcomes, by taking into account three time stages of pre-departure, on-assignment, and post assignment stages.
Effect of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty through Satisfaction, Perceived Value, and Customer Engagements (Study on Indonesian Ride-Hailing Online)
Authors: Rachbini Widarto , Anggraeni Diana , Febrina Diah 
Published: November 2020

This study attempted to analyze the effect of service quality on customer’s satisfaction, perceived value, and customer involvement as well as its implications for customer loyalty in Indonesia. The primary data used is the result of questionnaires through an online survey platform with the help of Google Form in July to August 2020. The sampling method was purposive sampling using specific criteria set by the researchers with 300 samples that met the criteria. Data analysis technique used the structural equation models (SEM) with the help of LISREL software. The results showed that there was a significant influence on the quality of Indonesian ride-hailing online services on perceived value, and a significant effect on perceived value on satisfaction as well as a significant effect on customer satisfaction on customer involvement. The only construct which directly influences customer loyalty is customer involvement. This research certainly provides practical advice for the online ride-hailing industry in Indonesia where there are three main suggestions aimed at improving the service quality, satisfaction, customer involvement, and value. Further research is suggested to analyze online ride-hailing in neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, or other Southeast Asian countries.
Keywords: service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, customer involvement, customer loyalty and online ride-hailing
The Handling of Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia from the Perspective of Nonmilitary Defense Strategy
Authors: Cato Kartoli 
Published: November 2020

Pandemic coronavirus disease -2019 (COVID-19) resulted in various aspects of the life of Indonesian people, including aspects of defense and security. The defense state classifies threats into military threats, nonmilitary, and combined or hybrid threats. The epidemic of COVID-19 is a non - military threat with a public safety dimension against the national defense. The bureaucracy that has not been properly integrated, sectoral egos, and negative news about the pandemic have become obstacles in the handling of the COV ID-19 pandemic by the Government of Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the simple handling of the pandemic COVID-19 by the Indonesian Government from the perspective of nonmilitary defense principles. This becomes important to unravel and minimize the obstacles faced so that subsequent handling will be more effective and efficient. This paper uses descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach and a literature study. With the theory principles of defense strategy of nonmilitary, the author is looking at steps undertaken by Indonesia Government in handling the pandemic COVID-19. The principle of unity of command, coordination principle, the principle of anticipation, and the principle of transparency still need to be improved in a concrete way so that the handling of the pandemic COVID-19 is effective and efficient, could be reached. Building synergies and integrity policymakers consistently and continuously, inevitability to improve the defense state ability in the face of threats, military, nonmilitary and hybrid threats
Corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and performance with the moderating role of board equity ownership: Evidence from Indonesia’s oil palm companies
Authors: Asna Asna 
Published: November 2020

The Oil Palm Companies is one of the highest contributions towards Indonesia economic development. However, the company performance in the oil palm companies is far from expectation which is related to how they responsible on their shareholders as well as stakeholders. Thus, the study purpose is to examine the relations between corporate governance mechanisms, corporate social responsibility and board equity ownership on performance in Indonesia’s Oil Palm Companies. The findings highlight a positive relationship between board equity ownership, corporate social responsibility and company performance. Furthermore, the moderating role of board equity ownership has a significant positive on the relationship between independence director and company performance as well as corporate social responsibility. The relationship between female director and company performance shows the same result with the interaction of board equity ownership. Currently studies have found that corporate governance mechanisms, corporate social responsibility have significant effect on company performance. Nevertheless, this evidence showed that direct relationship between corporate governance, social responsibility and company performance have mix results. Admittedly, the indirect relationship revealed that board equity ownership contributes significant effect on the relations between corporate governance, social responsibility and company performance particularly in Indonesia’s oil palm companies. Based on the author knowledge, a few studies have been done in oil palm companies which it provides a prominent issue in corporate governance mechanism particularly on board equity ownership which majority is held by family member ownership.
Keywords Corporate governance, social responsibility, board equity ownership, company performance
Stimulus-Specific Visual Working Memory Representations in Human Cerebellar Lobule VIIb/VIIIa
Authors: Brissenden James A. , Tobyne Sean M. , Halko Mark A. , Somers David C. 
Published: November 2020

fMRI research has revealed that cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa exhibits load-dependent activity that increases with the number of items held in visual working memory (VWM). However, it remains unclear whether these cerebellar responses reflect processes specific to VWM or more general visual attentional mechanisms. To investigate this question, we examined whether cerebellar activity during the delay period of a VWM task is selective for stimuli held in working memory. A sample of male and female human subjects performed a VWM continuous report task in which they were retroactively cued to remember the direction of motion of moving dot stimuli. Cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa delay-period activation accurately decoded the direction of the remembered stimulus, as did frontal and parietal regions of the dorsal attention network. Arguing against a motor explanation, no other cerebellar area exhibited stimulus specificity, including the oculomotor vermis, a key area associated with eye movement control. Finer-scale analysis revealed that the medial portion of lobule VIIb and to a lesser degree the lateral most portion of lobules VIIb and VIIIa, which exhibit robust resting state connectivity with frontal and parietal regions of the dorsal attention network, encoded the identity of the remembered stimulus, while intermediate portions of lobule VIIb/VIIIa did not. These findings of stimulus-specific coding of VWM within lobule VIIb/VIIIa indicate for the first time that the distributed network responsible for the encoding and maintenance of mnemonic representations extends to the cerebellum.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere is considerable debate concerning where in the brain the contents of visual working memory (VWM) are stored. To date, this literature has primarily focused on the role of regions located within cerebral cortex. There is growing evidence for cerebellar involvement in higher-order cognitive functions including working memory. While the cerebellum has been previously shown to be recruited by VWM paradigms, it is unclear whether any portion of cerebellum actively encodes and maintains mnemonic representations. The present study demonstrates that cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa activity patterns are selective for remembered stimuli and that this selectivity persists in the absence of perceptual input. These findings provide novel evidence for the participation of cerebellar structures in the persistent storage of visual information.
Cifoescoliosis severa secundaria a neurofibromatosis. Presentación de un caso
Authors: Nuñez Alvarado Luis Enrique , Morales Vásquez Edgar , Macchiavello Falcon Raúl 
Published: November 2020

La escoliosis distrófica de la neurofibromatosis se caracteriza por ser una cifoescoliosis de ángulo agudo que compromete un segmento corto de la columna vertebral y genera una gran deformidad que, sumada a los cambios distróficos de la columna, convierte a los gestos quirúrgicos para su corrección en verdaderos retos. Se presenta a un varón de 15 años con cifoescoliosis toracolumbar distrófica severa con ápice en T9, ángulo de Cobb 107° de escoliosis y 110,7° de cifosis segmentaria. Se realiza una cirugía por vía posterior en tres tiempos, mediante una resección de la columna vertebral y reemplazo con malla de titanio; se logra una corrección de la cifosis y la escoliosis del 56% y 59,8%, respectivamente. El paciente no tuvo complicaciones mayores, ni secuelas, y la evolución fue favorable. La resección de la columna vertebral es una técnica quirúrgica potente y desafiante para el manejo de la deformidad cifoescoliótica compleja necesaria para lograr el equilibrio espinal, aunque no está exenta de complicaciones, sobre todo neurológicas y pulmonares, a veces, inevitables. La calidad de vida de nuestro paciente tuvo una mejoría importante.
Palabras clave: Neurofibromatosis; escoliosis; resección; columna vertebral.Nivel de Evidencia: IV