bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocompromised Seroprevalence and Course of Illness of SARS-CoV-2 in One Pediatric Quaternary Care Center
Authors: Freeman Megan Culler , Rapsinski Glenn J , Zilla Megan L , Wheeler Sarah E 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly understood in pediatric patients due to frequent asymptomatic and mild presentations. Additionally, the disease prevalence in pediatric immunocompromised patients remains unknown.MethodsThis cross-sectional study tested convenience samples from pediatric patients who had clinically indicated lab work collected and an immunocompromising condition, including oncologic diagnoses, solid organ transplant (SOT), bone marrow transplant, primary immunodeficiency, and rheumatologic conditions or inflammatory bowel disease on systemic immunosuppression, for the presence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).ResultsWe tested sera from 485 children and observed SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 1.0% (Confidence Interval [CI] 95%: 0.3%–2.4%). Two patients were positive by nasopharyngeal (NP) swab Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but only 1 seroconverted. Patients with oncologic diagnoses or SOT were most likely to be tested for COVID-19 when presenting with respiratory illness as compared with other groups.ConclusionsSeroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised children was similar to that of an immunocompetent pediatric population (0.6%, CI 95%: 0.3%–1.1%), suggesting an adequate antibody response. However, none of the patients who tested positive for antibodies or via NP RT-PCR had more than a mild illness course and 2 patients did not have any reported illness, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may not cause a worse clinical outcome in immunosuppressed children, in contrast to immunocompromised adults.
Inter-State Arbitration
Authors: Veeder V. V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores inter-state arbitration, which is largely influenced by two different traditions, drawn from diplomacy and commerce under public and private international law respectively. The recent history of state–state and also, in part, of investor–state arbitration is the history of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). As intended by the two Hague Conferences more than a century ago, arbitrations under treaties are still marked by the necessity for the parties’ consent, including a state’s limitation as to the categories of dispute referable to arbitration; a neutral appointing or administering authority; a settled procedure subject to party autonomy; the parties’ involvement in the appointment of the tribunal; and the absence of any appeal from an award for an error of law or fact. For inter-state arbitration and (notwithstanding the ICSID and New York Conventions) investor–state arbitration also, the recognition of the award by the losing party is usually made voluntarily. It is the parties’ arbitration, the award is the product of their consent and, accordingly, the award has a moral binding force for the parties often absent from non-consensual mechanisms.
International Arbitration
Authors: Muir-Watt Horatia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses international arbitration as a crucial part of the legal framework that has progressively enabled the contemporary neo-liberal orientation of global governance. As such, it presents the perspective of critical private international law. If the latter discipline constitutes a significant viewpoint in this respect, it is precisely because it provided the foundational legal tools and discourse by means of which international arbitration attained such astounding success as a cornerstone of cross-border trade and investment regimes. The specific contention here is that in sanctifying freedom of contract to an unprecedented degree, including unrestricted party choice of law and forum, it has deactivated the regulatory constraints to which private actors are subject in a domestic setting and, involuntarily thereby, sealed the ‘loss of control’ by nation-states of various crucial aspects of the global economy. The chapter then explores the grievances generally addressed to arbitration as emblematic of the privatization of global governance, understood alternatively as a confiscation of power in the hands of a happy few individuals or as the subordination of public concerns to private interests.
Cultural Heritage and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: O’Keefe Roger 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The beginnings of international cultural heritage law can be traced to rules on the treatment of cultural sites and objects in war—that is, to international humanitarian law, the branch of public international law dedicated to the regulation of the conduct of what we now refer to as armed conflict. Today there exists a detailed body of conventional and customary international humanitarian law designed to protect tangible cultural heritage, both immovable and movable, from destruction and damage and from all forms of misappropriation in the course of international and non-international armed conflict. The chapter provides an account and analysis of these rules.
Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Lenzerini Federico 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the practice of deliberate destruction of cultural heritage, which has represented a plague accompanying humanity throughout all phases of its history and has involved many different human communities either as perpetrators or victims. In most instances of deliberate destruction of cultural heritage, the target of perpetrators is not the heritage in itself but, rather, the communities and persons for whom the heritage is of special significance. This reveals a clear discriminatory and persecutory intent against the targeted cultural groups, or even against the international community as a whole. As such, intentional destruction of cultural heritage, in addition of being qualified as a war crime, is actually to be considered as a crime against humanity. Furthermore, it also produces notable implications in terms of human rights protection. Protection of cultural heritage against destruction is today a moral and legal imperative representing one of the priorities of the international community. In this respect, two rules of customary international law exist prohibiting intentional destruction of cultural heritage in time of war and in peacetime.
International Criminal Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Frulli Micaela 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how international criminal law has become a crucial tool to foster the protection of cultural heritage. On the normative level, the main developments consisted in the introduction of rules criminalizing acts against cultural property in binding treaties dealing with the protection of cultural property in times of armed conflict. Then, international criminal tribunals (ICTs) paved the way for implementing individual criminal responsibility. Three different and partially divergent approaches have characterized the criminalization of acts against cultural property. The first two—civilian use and cultural value—emerged in different moments and had a strong impact on the drafting of rules criminalizing acts against cultural property in times of armed conflict. The third one, the human dimension approach, developed from the jurisprudence of ICTs and characterizes both the qualification of acts against cultural property as crimes against humanity and their role in proving the mental element of genocide.
Cultural Heritage and Disasters
Authors: Bartolini Giulio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the main legal, institutional, and operative challenges to the protection of cultural and natural heritage along the temporal phases of a disaster. Recent disasters have demonstrated how cultural and natural heritage can suffer significantly from calamitous events. Despite the frequency and magnitude of disasters, the international legal framework has paid little attention to legal challenges posed by the protection of cultural and natural heritage in disaster settings, a situation compounded by the absence of in-depth scholarly analysis. The chapter then examines how international cultural heritage law (ICHL) has so far addressed this topic, also in light of the increasing cross-fertilization with inputs provided by an emerging branch, namely international disaster law (IDL). It also highlights the so-called ‘cycles of a disaster’, commonly arranged along the phases of mitigation and preparedness, relief and recovery.
Grasping the Nettle of Illicit Export, Import, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Objects
Authors: Shyllon Folarin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the illegal import, export, and transfer of ownership of movable cultural objects. Illicit trafficking in cultural property has been going on for decades. The exponential increase in the 1960s raised concern, and this coincided with the wave of independence being granted to several African countries and Asian countries. Codes of ethics and international treaties are two important elements of the current, major international effort to prevent the damage caused by the illegal trade in cultural objects that continue to blossom. Another key element is increased globalization of cultural heritage law. Finally, the creation of national cultural heritage police units by all countries is very important.
World Cultural Heritage
Authors: Francioni Francesco 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The concept of ‘world heritage’ was legally codified by the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC). This convention occupies a special position in the ever-expanding body of international cultural heritage law. This is for three fundamental reasons. First, with its 193 States Parties, it is a truly universal treaty in force for the protection of cultural heritage. Second, it represents a major innovation by its unprecedented approach that brings together cultural properties and natural sites of exceptional importance, both subject to the same system of international cooperation for their identification, delineation, and protection. Third, this convention has contributed to the reconceptualization of ‘cultural property’, paving the way for its dynamic evolution into the more comprehensive concept of ‘cultural heritage’, understood as the inherited patrimony of culture—inclusive of the intangible heritage and living culture of relevant human communities.
Cultural Heritage and Human Rights
Authors: Donders Yvonne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the link between cultural heritage and human rights, considering treaties on cultural heritage and treaties on human rights. Cultural heritage is increasingly seen in international law not merely as an important product or value in itself but also in relation to the construction and preservation of cultural identities and, thereby, of the dignity of peoples, communities, and individuals. This has enhanced the human rights dimension of cultural heritage, in particular for minorities and Indigenous peoples. Several human rights—including the rights to take part in cultural life, to enjoy culture, and to freedom of expression and assembly—confirm that protection and promotion of cultural heritage is part of human rights. Strengthening and maintaining the link between cultural heritage and human rights reaffirms cultural heritage as a value for human dignity and reflects a shift from a sovereignty and State-centric approach to a people’s and peoples’ approach.
Cultural Heritage in International Investment Law
Authors: Vadi Valentina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates whether the existing legal framework adequately protect cultural heritage vis-à-vis the economic interests of foreign investors. It aims to address this question by examining recent arbitrations and proposing three principal legal tools to foster a better balance between economic and cultural interests in international investment law and arbitration. This recent jurisprudence highlights that arbitral tribunals are increasingly providing consideration to cultural concerns. Yet, the interplay between the protection of cultural heritage and the promotion of foreign direct investment in international investment law and arbitration continues to pose two main problems: one ontological, concerning the essence of international investment law and international law more generally; and one epistemological, concerning the mandate of arbitral tribunals. The chapter then considers three principal avenues that can facilitate a better balance between the public and private interests in international investment law: a ‘treaty-driven approach’; a ‘judicially driven approach’; and counterclaims.
Cultural Heritage and State Succession
Authors: Jakubowski Andrzej 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the relationship between the evolving international law regime for the protection of cultural heritage and the theory and practice of State succession. State succession in respect of cultural heritage has usually been associated with the allocation and division of movable cultural treasures following territorial transfers. Hence, much of the doctrinal effort has focused on the principles and criteria governing the passing of State cultural property and attempted to respond to the topical question of to whom cultural property belongs. The chapter then looks at the codified sources of the law on State succession. It also examines the consequences of State succession relating to distinct pre-existing legal situations: State archives and property; international cultural heritage obligations arising from treaties and customary international law; and international responsibility for cultural heritage wrongs committed prior to the date of succession.
Remedies
Authors: Novic Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the remedies for violations of international cultural heritage law. Notwithstanding the availability of justice mechanisms, the question of repairing attacks against culture poses a set of philosophical and practical questions—namely, the definition of victimhood and adequate measures of reparation. Here, international law provides a relatively harmonized account of reparation, based on a restorative approach. As such, reparation should be adequate and proportionate to the harm suffered and may therefore consist of one or more of the five following measures: compensation, restitution, satisfaction, rehabilitation, and guarantees of non-repetition. The chapter then looks at the categories of recurrent harms against culture that have received international attention, whether from a legal or political perspective—namely, looted or stolen art; historical processes of group cultural destruction; and intentional attacks against cultural heritage.
International Cultural Heritage Law
Authors: Scovazzi Tullio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
On a global basis, the protection of cultural heritage falls within the mandate of UNESCO. UNESCO has the purpose of contributing to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, human rights, and fundamental freedoms. Cooperation between the UN and UNESCO has been strengthened to face the threats posed by the practice of targeting or looting cultural properties in situations of crisis aimed at exacerbating tensions and financing illegal activities. This sheds further light on the link between culture and international peace and security. The main organs of UNESCO are the General Conference, the Executive Board, and the Secretariat. The present UNESCO normative framework for culture includes several declarations and recommendations and six so-called ‘heritage conventions’, devoted to different kinds of cultural heritage.
An Interventionist’s Guide to Exotic Choice
Authors: Stern Reuben 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I use interventionist causal models to identify some novel Newcomb problems, and subsequently use these problems to refine existing interventionist treatments of causal decision theory. The new Newcomb problems that make trouble for existing interventionist treatments involve so-called ‘exotic choice’—that is, decision-making contexts where the agent has evidence about the outcome of her choice. I argue that when choice is exotic, the interventionist can adequately capture causal decision-theoretic reasoning by introducing a new interventionist approach to updating on exotic evidence. But I also argue that this new updating procedure is principled only if the interventionist trades in the typical interventionist conception of choice for an alternative Ramseyan conception. I end by arguing that the guide to exotic choice developed here may, despite its name, be useful in some everyday contexts.
Increasing the census of ultracool dwarfs in wide binary and multiple systems using Dark Energy Survey DR1 and Gaia DR2 data
Authors: dal Ponte M , Santiago B , Carnero Rosell A , Burningham B , Yanny B , Marshall J L , Bechtol K , Martini P , Li T S , De Paris L , Abbott T M C , Aguena M , Allam S , Avila S , Bertin E , Bhargava S , Brooks D , Buckley-Geer E , Kind M Carrasco , Carretero J , da Costa L N , De Vicente J , Diehl H T , Doel P , Eifler T F , Everett S , Flaugher B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gerdes D W , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Kuehn K , Kuropatkin N , Maia M A G , March M , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Plazas A A , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , Varga T N , Walker A R ,   DES Collaboration
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the discovery of 255 binary and 6 multiple system candidates with wide (&gt; 5 arcsec) separation composed by ultracool dwarfs (UCDs) companions to stars, plus nine double ultracool dwarf systems. These systems were selected based on common distance criteria. About 90 per cent of the total sample has proper motions available and 73 per cent of the systems also satisfy a common proper motion criterion. The sample of ultracool candidates was taken from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the candidate stellar primaries are from Gaia DR2 and DES data. We compute chance alignment probabilities in order to assess the physical nature of each pair. We find that 174 candidate pairs with Gaia DR2 primaries and 81 pairs with a DES star as a primary have chance alignment probabilities $\lt 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Only nine candidate systems composed of two UCDs were identified. The sample of candidate multiple systems is made up of five triple systems and one quadruple system. The majority of the UCDs found in binaries and multiples are of early L type and the typical wide binary fraction over the L spectral types is $2\!-\!4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Our sample of candidate wide binaries with UCDs as secondaries constitutes a substantial increase over the known number of such systems, which are very useful to constrain the formation and evolution of UCDs.
Structure and kinematics of shocked gas in Sgr B2: further evidence of a cloud–cloud collision from SiO emission maps
Authors: Armijos-Abendaño J , Banda-Barragán W E , Martín-Pintado J , Dénes H , Federrath C , Requena-Torres M A 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTWe present SiO J = 2–1 maps of the Sgr B2 molecular cloud, which show shocked gas with a turbulent substructure comprising at least three cavities at velocities of $[10,40]\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$ and an arc at velocities of $[-20,10]\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$. The spatial anticorrelation of shocked gas at low and high velocities, and the presence of bridging features in position-velocity diagrams suggest that these structures formed in a cloud–cloud collision. Some of the known compact H ii regions spatially overlap with sites of strong SiO emission at velocities of $[40,85]\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, and are between or along the edges of SiO gas features at $[100,120]\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, suggesting that the stars responsible for ionizing the compact H ii regions formed in compressed gas due to this collision. We find gas densities and kinetic temperatures of the order of $n_{\rm H_2}\sim 10^5\, \rm cm^{-3}$ and $\sim 30\, \rm K$, respectively, towards three positions of Sgr B2. The average values of the SiO relative abundances, integrated line intensities, and line widths are ∼10−9, $\sim 11\, \rm K\, km\, s^{-1}$, and $\sim 31\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, respectively. These values agree with those obtained with chemical models that mimic grain sputtering by C-type shocks. A comparison of our observations with hydrodynamical simulations shows that a cloud–cloud collision that took place $\lesssim 0.5\, \rm Myr$ ago can explain the density distribution with a mean column density of $\bar{N}_{\rm H_2}\gtrsim 5\times 10^{22}\, \rm cm^{-2}$, and the morphology and kinematics of shocked gas in different velocity channels. Colliding clouds are efficient at producing internal shocks with velocities $\sim 5\!-\!50\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$. High-velocity shocks are produced during the early stages of the collision and can readily ignite star formation, while moderate- and low-velocity shocks are important over longer time-scales and can explain the widespread SiO emission in Sgr B2.
Concerning P450 Evolution: Structural Analyses Support Bacterial Origin of Sterol 14α-Demethylases
Authors: Lamb David C , Hargrove Tatiana Y , Zhao Bin , Wawrzak Zdzislaw , Goldstone Jared V , Nes William David , Kelly Steven L , Waterman Michael R , Stegeman John J , Lepesheva Galina I 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Sterol biosynthesis, primarily associated with eukaryotic kingdoms of life, occurs as an abbreviated pathway in the bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus. Sterol 14α-demethylation is an essential step in this pathway and is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51). In M. capsulatus, the enzyme consists of the P450 domain naturally fused to a ferredoxin domain at the C-terminus (CYP51fx). The structure of M. capsulatus CYP51fx was solved to 2.7 Å resolution and is the first structure of a bacterial sterol biosynthetic enzyme. The structure contained one P450 molecule per asymmetric unit with no electron density seen for ferredoxin. We connect this with the requirement of P450 substrate binding in order to activate productive ferredoxin binding. Further, the structure of the P450 domain with bound detergent (which replaced the substrate upon crystallization) was solved to 2.4 Å resolution. Comparison of these two structures to the CYP51s from human, fungi, and protozoa reveals strict conservation of the overall protein architecture. However, the structure of an “orphan” P450 from nonsterol-producing Mycobacterium tuberculosis that also has CYP51 activity reveals marked differences, suggesting that loss of function in vivo might have led to alterations in the structural constraints. Our results are consistent with the idea that eukaryotic and bacterial CYP51s evolved from a common cenancestor and that early eukaryotes may have recruited CYP51 from a bacterial source. The idea is supported by bioinformatic analysis, revealing the presence of CYP51 genes in &gt;1,000 bacteria from nine different phyla, &gt;50 of them being natural CYP51fx fusion proteins.