bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanism and the Human
Authors: Winters Joseph 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter engages humanism and its fundamental assumptions by working through critical theory, black feminism, and black studies. It contends that there is a tension at the heart of humanism—while the ideal human appears to be the most widespread and available category, it has been constructed over and against certain qualities, beings, and threats. To elaborate on this tension, this chapter revisits the work of authors like Karl Marx and Michel Foucault. Marx acknowledges that the human is a site of conflict and antagonism even as his thought betrays a lingering commitment to progress and humanism. Foucault goes further than Marx by underscoring the fabricated quality of man and the ways in which racism functions to draw lines between those who must live and those who must die. In response to Marx and Foucault’s tendency to privilege Europe, this chapter engages black feminism and Afro-pessimism—Sylvia Wynter, Hortense Spillers, and Frank Wilderson—who show how the figure of the human within humanism is defined in opposition to blackness.
Humanism and the Visual Arts
Authors: Elwell J. Sage 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Renaissance marked the emergence of scientific naturalism. Implicit in this naturalism was the replacement of supernatural explanations of the cosmos with the belief that the world could be known and represented through first-hand rational investigation. This in turn inspired the tools and techniques necessary for rendering the visible world with accuracy. One of those techniques was single-point perspective. Single-point perspective placed the individual at the center of a knowable and accurately representable cosmos. For over half a millennia single-point, or linear, perspective and the primacy of the individual perceiver dominated Western art. This is the clearest convergence of humanism and the visual arts. However, beginning in the nineteenth century that primacy began to be challenged as art moved away from the demand for perspectival accuracy and the myth of the autonomous, sovereign subject was dispelled.
Humanism and Race
Authors: Cameron Christopher 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Academic studies of humanism often ignore questions of race and both the existence and significance of non-white humanists. At the same time, scholarship on race and religion fails to consider humanist traditions. Through an analysis of work by literary critics, intellectual historians/philosophers, scholars of religious studies, and theologians this chapter calls for a greater attention to the intersection of race and humanism and posits three key points: scholars working in these fields must make greater use of archival sources and periodicals; explore the ideas and activism of white, black, Native American, and Latinx humanists; and carefully consider the influence of humanism throughout the African Diaspora on black humanism in the United States.
Aesthetic Responses to Architecture
Authors: Coburn Alexander , Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Discussions of architectural beauty have largely taken place outside of empirical science. Over the past decade, however, neuroaesthetics has generated new insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of beauty and art. Now, scientists are also beginning to probe the intersection of neuroscience and architecture. The emerging field of neuroarchitecture aims to investigate the neural and psychological implications of architectural design and to inspire the construction of built environments that support psychological experiences and wellbeing. This chapter explores how neuroarchitecture might develop into an experimental science, drawing lessons from recent developments in neuroaesthetics along the way. An initial neural framework is outlined, the aesthetic triad, in order to contextualize past neuroscientific research on the built environment and to motivate future hypothesis-testing studies. Finally, the potential benefits and limitations of this area of research are discussed.
Actin Filament Disruption Alters Phragmoplast Microtubule Dynamics during the Initial Phase of Plant Cytokinesis
Authors: Maeda Keisho , Sasabe Michiko , Hanamata Shigeru , Machida Yasunori , Hasezawa Seiichiro , Higaki Takumi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPlant growth and development relies on the accurate positioning of the cell plate between dividing cells during cytokinesis. The cell plate is synthetized by a specialized structure called the phragmoplast, which contains bipolar microtubules that polymerize to form a framework with the plus ends at or near the division site. This allows the transport of Golgi-derived vesicles toward the plus ends to form and expand the cell plate. Actin filaments play important roles in cell plate expansion and guidance in plant cytokinesis at the late phase, but whether they are involved at the early phase is unknown. To investigate this further, we disrupted the actin filaments in cell cycle-synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells with latrunculin B (LatB), an actin polymerization inhibitor. We observed the cells under a transmission electron microscope or a spinning-disk confocal laser scanning microscope. We found that disruption of actin filaments by LatB caused the membrane vesicles at the equatorial plane of the cell plate to be dispersed rather than form clusters as they did in the untreated cells. The midzone constriction of phragmoplast microtubules also was perturbed in LatB-treated cells. The live cell imaging and kymograph analysis showed that disruption of actin filaments also changed the accumulation timing of NACK1 kinesin, which plays a crucial role in cell plate expansion. This suggests that there are two functionally different types of microtubules in the phragmoplast. Together, our results show that actin filaments regulate phragmoplast microtubules at the initial phase of plant cytokinesis.
Greybody factor for a rotating black hole with quintessential energy
Authors: Sharif M , Ama-Tul-Mughani Qanitah 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper is devoted to deriving an analytic expression of the greybody factor for a rotating black hole surrounded by quintessence. Primarily, we transform the radial part of the Klein–Gordon equation into the standard Schrödinger equation through the tortoise coordinate to analyze the profile of the effective potential. Asymptotic solutions are obtained in two distinct regions, namely, the black hole and cosmological horizons determined by the quintessential field. We then extrapolate these solutions and match them smoothly in an intermediate region to extend the viability over the whole radial regime. To elaborate the significance of the analytical solution, we evaluate the emission rates and absorption cross-section for the massless scalar fields. It is found that the accelerated expansion of the universe corresponding to smaller values of the state parameter minimizes the effective potential and consequently increases the emission process of the scalar field particles.
Equal rights in autoimmunity: is Sjögren’s syndrome ever ‘secondary’?
Authors: Kollert Florian , Fisher Benjamin A 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSjögren’s syndrome (SjS) accompanied by other systemic autoimmune rheumatic connective tissue diseases has historically been termed ‘secondary’ in contrast to ‘primary’ SjS as a standalone entity. However, it is a matter of a long-standing debate whether the prefixes ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’, including a temporal component, are obsolete in the terminology of SjS. We review the history and the pathophysiological, chronological, genetic, histological and clinical data underlying the concept of ‘secondary’ SjS. There are important unintended consequences of the nomenclature; notably ‘secondary’ SjS has been much less researched and is often excluded from clinical trials. We argue for further research, a change in terminology and more stringent classification. Further we highlight possible opportunities for trials in SjS and other systemic autoimmune diseases that might contribute to an advance in care for all patients with SjS.
Adrenal insufficiency in prednisolone-treated patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis—prevalence and clinical approach
Authors: Borresen Stina W , Thorgrimsen Toke B , Jensen Bente , Hilsted Linda , Bartels Else M , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Locht Henning 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Glucocorticoid treatment is fundamental in polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA), but carries a risk of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency can cause reluctance to stop glucocorticoid treatment after disease remission as symptoms can resemble PMR/GCA flare. We aimed to determine the prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in prednisolone-treated patients with PMR/GCA.

Methods
We included 47 patients with PMR (n = 37), GCA (n = 1) or both (n = 9), treated with prednisolone for ≥5.4 months, current dose 2.5–10 mg/day. Adrenal function was evaluated using a corticotropin (Synacthen®) stimulation test following 48 h prednisolone pause. Two years’ clinical follow-up data are provided.

Results
Seven patients (15%) had adrenal insufficiency, 4 (11%) of the 37 patients with PMR alone, and 3 (30%) of the 10 patients with GCA. Corticotropin-stimulated P-cortisol was significantly associated with current prednisolone dose, mean daily dose the last 3 and 6 months before testing, and basal P-cortisol, but not with total dose or treatment duration. Adrenal insufficiency occurred with all current prednisolone doses (2.5–10 mg/day). Five (71%) of the glucocorticoid-insufficient patients could discontinue prednisolone treatment; two of them recovered glucocorticoid function, whereas three still needed hydrocortisone replacement 2 years later. Two patients experienced in total four acute hospital admissions with symptoms of adrenal crises.

Conclusion
Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency occurred in 15% of patients with PMR/GCA. Mean prednisolone dose the last 3 months and basal P-cortisol were the best and simplest predictors of adrenal function. Most of the glucocorticoid-insufficient patients could discontinue prednisolone with appropriate treatment for adrenal insufficiency.
Guilt by Association: Ezokola’s Unfinished Business in Canadian Refugee Law
Authors: Bond Jennifer , Benson Nathan , Porter Jared 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Guilt by association is an insufficient ground on which to deny international refugee protection. This was the finding in Ezokola v. Canada, a landmark case holding that Article 1F(a) of the Refugee Convention requires a “voluntary, knowing and significant contribution” to a crime or criminal purpose before a refugee claimant can be excluded from protection on the basis of alleged involvement in international crimes. However, the same kinds of underlying acts that were before the Supreme Court of Canada in Ezokola – and are routinely considered under the Article 1F(a) exclusion framework – are also assessed under a second, distinct part of Canada's refugee system called the inadmissibility framework. This article explores the relationship between exclusion and inadmissibility, and demonstrates critical differences in the scope of each framework. We ultimately conclude that Canada's inadmissibility provisions bar asylum seekers from refugee protection on grounds broader than those permitted under Article 1F(a). This renders Canada's refugee claims system fundamentally inconsistent with the Refugee Convention and means that the business started in Ezokola urgently needs to be finished.
Occupational aspects of irritable larynx syndrome
Authors: Denton Eve , Hoy Ryan 
Published: January 2020

Purpose of review
The aim of this article is to provide an update on occupational aspects of irritable larynx syndrome (ILS).

Recent findings
It is being increasingly recognized that ILS is common amongst certain occupations. This is particularly true of occupations that require frequent voice use such as teachers; where there is exposure to workplace irritants such as World Trade Center responders; or mechanical factors that cause laryngeal dysfunction such as elite athletes. Work associated ILS impacts on quality of life but responds to speech and language therapy focusing on education, vocal hygiene, and laryngeal exercises that reduce cough and treat acute laryngeal obstruction episodes.

Summary
ILS may be caused or exacerbated by many occupational exposures, causes significant symptoms, and impacts on quality of life. It is potentially treatable and may well be preventable. More research in this important area is required.
Characteristics of Academic-Affiliated Health Systems
Authors: Niedzwiecki Matthew J. , Machta Rachel M. , Reschovsky James D. , Furukawa Michael F. , Rich Eugene C. 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
Changing market forces increasingly are leading academic medical centers (AMCs) to form or join health systems. But it is unclear how this shift is affecting the tripartite academic mission of education, research, and high-quality patient care. To explore this topic, the authors identified and characterized the types of health systems that owned or managed AMCs in the United States in 2016.

Method
The authors identified AMCs as any general acute care hospitals that had a resident-to-bed ratio of at least 0.25 and that were affiliated with at least one MD- or DO-granting medical school. Using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2016 Compendium of U.S. Health Systems, the authors also identified academic-affiliated health systems (AHSs) as those health systems that owned or managed at least one AMC. They compared AMCs and other general acute care hospitals, AHSs and non-AHSs, and AHSs by type of medical school relationship, using health system size, hospital characteristics, undergraduate and graduate medical education characteristics, services provided, and ownership.

Results
Health systems owned or managed nearly all AMCs (361, 95.8%). Of the 626 health systems, 230 (36.7%) met the definition of an AHS. Compared with other health systems, AHSs included more hospitals, provided more services, and had a lower ratio of primary care doctors to specialists. Most AHSs (136, 59.1%) had a single, shared medical school relationship, whereas 38 (16.5%) had an exclusive medical school relationship and 56 (24.3%) had multiple medical school relationships.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that several distinct types of relationships between AHSs and medical schools exist. The traditional vision of a medical school having an exclusive relationship with a single AHS is no longer prominent.
Role of Ilizarov external fixator in the treatment of long-standing knee flexion deformity in adults: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Meselhy Mohammed Anter , Elhammady Adel Samy 
Published: January 2020

Background:
One of the major disabilities of the lower limb is fixed knee flexion deformity. Post-polio residual paralysis is the main etiology, but there are others. This study evaluated the outcome of treatment of long-standing fixed knee flexion deformity with the Ilizarov external fixator without soft-tissue intervention or osteotomy in a certain age group.

Methods:
Thirty patients (33 knees) with knee flexion deformity were enrolled in this study. There were 11 women and 19 men. Three patients had bilateral lower limb affection. The etiology was post-polio residual paralysis in 11 patients (14 knees), four patients had brain insult, eight patients had post infectious etiology, and seven patients had failure of open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures. An Ilizarov fixator was applied in all patients for deformity correction with no soft-tissue release or osteotomies.

Results:
The mean age of the patients was 28.7 yr (18-55 yr), the mean preoperative flexion knee angle was 77.87 degrees (50-130 degrees). The mean preoperative arc of motion was 17.1 degrees (0-50 degrees), the mean time since the deformity was well established was 9.4 yr (4-30 yr), the mean time needed for correction of the deformity was 49.2 days (27-120 days) at the end of the procedure. All patients achieved full correction of the deformity.

Conclusions:
The Ilizarov external fixator is an effective tool in the treatment of severe long-standing fixed knee flexion deformity in adults with minimal complications and good outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
The current use of Twitter in orthopaedic surgery departments: A cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Zitsch Bradford P. , Worley John R. , Cornell Georgeanne E. , Skelley Nathan W. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The extent to which individual clinical departments use Twitter™ is largely unknown. Further, impact of use has not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze Twitter™ utilization by orthopaedic surgery departments and to gauge the implications Twitter™ use has on the status of the department.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of Twitter utilization for all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited orthopaedic surgery training programs. Tweets between May 1 and December 1, 2018 were categorized and Tweet impact was assessed using public interaction. Program rankings, as measured by Doximity and US News and World Report (USNWR), were correlated with various Twitter variables. Correlations were calculated with Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Results:
Of the 153 ACGME-accredited orthopaedic surgery departments, 24 (15.7%) had Twitter accounts. The departments averaged 1079.35±713.47 followers and a mean of 16.16±13.83 tweets per month. Most tweets were internally generated “unique” tweets. Unique tweets had a mean of 4.50±0.04 likes and 1.10±0.12 retweets per tweet. Twitter account profile data and tweet content demonstrated equal numbers of tweets categorized as “educational” and “other”. Both Doximity and USNWR had more favorable ranks with increasing variables of all Twitter categories, and there was a statistically significant correlation between greater number of post “likes” and a higher USNWR score.

Conclusions:
Twitter is underutilized by orthopaedic surgery departments and has a small correlation with the reputation of the department.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
The association between chronic pain and central sensitization following total knee replacement: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Şen Baran , Engin Onur , Ellidokuz Hülya , Eken Mesude , Tatari Hasan , Akalin Elif 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Pain still persists in 20% of patients who have had total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. It is important to investigate the reason for the persistent pain after surgery and related factors. This study aimed to elucidate any connection between central sensitization and ongoing pain after knee replacement surgery and other associated factors.

Methods:
The population was composed of 182 patients who had undergone TKR, and in follow-up visits from 1 mo to 2 yr after the operation, they were evaluated using the Pressure Pain Threshold (PPTs), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the painDETECT test.

Results:
The mean follow-up period was 6.84±4.10 (1-24) months. According to the postoperative LANSS score, neuropathic mechanisms were responsible for pain in 48.4% (88/182) of the patients. CSI showed central sensitization in 41.2% (75/182) of the patients (CSI score ≥40). Patients whose pain was not associated with neuropathic mechanisms (LANSS score <12 or painDETECT score<19) saw more benefit from surgery (P<0.001). Additionally, pain relief after TKR was more prevalent in patients whose CSI score was <40 points (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
This study showed that neuropathic mechanisms and central sensitization are important sources of persistent pain in patients who have had total knee replacement. Evaluation of central sensitization and neuropathic mechanisms may play an important role in management of pain.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Monoblock polyethylene radial head prosthesis for the treatment of unreconstructable acute radial head fractures with a minimum 1-year follow-up: A retrospective case series
Authors: Ucpunar Hanifi , Camurcu Yalkin , Altay Ridvan , Duman Serda , Cobden Adem , Sofu Hakan 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Radial head arthroplasty is an alternative treatment for complex radial head fractures that are not appropriate for fixation. No study to date has reported the outcomes of monoblock ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) radial head prosthesis (RHP) for the treatment of radial head fracture. We aimed to evaluate the functional and radiographic outcomes of patients with unreconstructable acute radial head fractures treated with a monoblock UHMW-PE RHP.

Methods:
Patients who underwent UHMW-PE RHP placement for the treatment of radial head fracture were included in this retrospective case series. Patients who did not complete follow-up were excluded. Primary outcome measurements were the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. The latest follow-up physical examination and radiographs were evaluated for loosening, subluxation, and dislocation. Postoperative complications and need for further surgery were noted.

Results:
Eleven patients (four female and seven male patients) with a mean follow-up of 18.5 mo were evaluated. The mean MEPS was 79.5 (range, 65–100) at 3 mo postoperatively and 85.9 (range, 75–100) at the latest follow-up. The mean DASH score was 10.8 (range, 3–20) at 3 mo postoperatively and 8.7 (0–20) at the latest follow-up. No complications were encountered during follow-up.

Conclusions:
Radial head arthroplasty with a monoblock UHMW-PE RHP is safe and effective at short-term follow-up for treating acute unreconstructable radial head fractures with satisfactory functional and radiographic outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Risk score for major complications after total hip arthroplasty: the beneficial effect of neuraxial anesthesia. A retrospective observational study
Authors: Elsharydah Ahmad , Li Fredrick C. , Minhajuddin Abu , Gabriel Rodney A. , Joshi Girish P. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an effective treatment for symptomatic osteoarthritis after failed nonsurgical therapies. Minimizing perioperative complications is critical for faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. The primary aim of this study was to identify predictors of perioperative major complications (MC) and mortality after THA, and to use these predictors to develop a risk scoring system.

Methods:
The 2006-2016 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was queried for adult patients who underwent primary elective THA performed under general or neuraxial anesthesia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and bootstrap analyses were used to select the strongest predictors for MC. A simple risk score was created based on the beta estimates for the selected predictors.

Results:
Included were 104,404 cases. The final model had five predictors for MC: age ≥65 yr, congestive heart failure, hypertension, creatinine ≥2 mg/dL, and diabetes mellitus. The model had a fair discrimination ability with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.67 on the training sample and 0.65 on the test sample. The model had good calibration for the data in both the training and test samples. Neuraxial anesthesia decreased the risk of MC (OR 0.54 [95% CL, 0.44–0.66], P<0.0001). Risk scores for MC ranged from 0 to 13. A risk score of 4 or greater was associated with a significant increase in MC.

Conclusions:
Neuraxial anesthesia is associated with decreased risk of MC after THA. The risk model developed may assist with preoperative decision-making regarding the choice of anesthesia, selection of outpatient cases, and postoperative care.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.