bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External trap‐and‐release membrane inlet for photoionization mass spectrometry: Towards fast direct analysis of aromatic pollutants in aquatic systems
Authors: Gehm Christian , Streibel Thorsten , Ehlert Sven , Schulz‐Bull Detlef , Zimmermann Ralf 
Published: June 2020

RationaleFast and sensitive detection of aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in water is of high importance because of their significant impact on human health and the environment. For this, resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) coupled to trap‐and‐release membrane‐introduction mass spectrometry (T&R‐MIMS) offers the possibility of sensitive on‐line water analysis with a time resolution of minutes.MethodsREMPI is a versatile tool for sensitive gas‐phase analysis, in which AHs are selectively ionized in complex gas mixtures by the subsequent absorption of at least two photons. In T&R‐MIMS, selective extraction and enrichment of analytes from water can be achieved using semipermeable membranes. By the subsequent stimulated desorption of enriched compounds, mass spectrometric detection is enabled.ResultsWe present an external T&R inlet for hollow‐fiber membranes coupled to REMPI time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, which enables direct and sensitive detection of semi‐volatile AHs in water. In laboratory experiments, spiked water samples were analyzed. For the investigated compounds, limits of detection (LODs) in the range 1–47 ng/L were determined. The LODs are approximately one order of magnitude lower than in a previously reported continuous membrane‐introduction approach using a planar membrane. Further improvement of LOD may be realized by extending the trapping time and by increasing the release temperature. Furthermore, the system was applied to investigate different fuels suspended in water and real water samples. The obtained data are in good agreement with findings of a former study.ConclusionsIn the framework of the present study, we demonstrate the high potential of the combination of REMPI and T&R‐MIMS in the form of a newly developed external hollow‐fiber membrane inlet. With the developed system, semi‐volatile AHs can be directly detected down to ng/L levels on a minute time scale. The approach thus may pave the way to future ship application in marine sciences, natural resources exploration or pollutant and hazard detection.
Guerickes Versuch mit den Großen Magdeburger Halbkugeln und den Pferden
Authors: Knapp Wolfram 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Magdeburger Halbkugeln wurden vom deutschen Naturwissenschaftler und Bürgermeister von Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke, zum Nachweis des Vakuums und der Kraft des Luftdrucks erfunden. Das Experiment mit den Großen Magdeburger Halbkugeln und den Pferden ist eines der bekanntesten und spektakulärsten Vakuumexperimente der Welt. Im Jahr 1657 war die erste Vorführung in Magdeburg, also 3 Jahre nach dem Reichstag 1654 in Regensburg. Im Beitrag wird erneut der historische Beweis dafür geliefert, basierend auf dem Briefwechsel zwischen Guericke und Schott, der diesen in seinem Buch „Technica Curiosa“ 1664 veröffentlicht hat. Das bedeutet aber auch, dass die erste Vorführung des berühmten Vakuumexperiments mit den 16 Pferden in Regensburg erst im Jahr 2004 stattgefunden hat, präsentiert von der Otto‐von‐Guericke‐Gesellschaft Magdeburg. Der Beitrag beinhaltet einige theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Erfahrungen zum Vakuumexperiment aus über 160 Vorführungen.
Interactional Imogen: language, practice and the body
Authors: Collins Harry 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHere I try to improve on the available answers to certain long-debated questions and set out some consequences for the answers. Are there limits to the extent to which we can understand the conceptual worlds of other human communities and of non-human creatures? How does this question relate to our ability to engage in other cultures’ practices and languages? What is meant by ‘the body’ and what is meant by ‘the brain’ and how do different meanings bear on the questions? The central answer developed here is that it is possible, given the right circumstances, for a competent human from any human group to understand the culture of any other human group without engaging in their practices though there are barriers when it comes to communication across species. This answer has important social and political consequences and consequences for the debate about artificial intelligence.
Comparisons with wheat reveal root anatomical and histochemical constraints of rice under water-deficit stress
Authors: Ouyang Wenjing , Yin Xinyou , Yang Jianchang , Struik Paul C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Aims
To face the challenge of decreasing freshwater availability for agriculture, it is important to explore avenues for developing rice genotypes that can be grown like dryland cereals. Roots play a key role in plant adaptation to dry environments.

Methods
We examined anatomical and histochemical root traits that affect water acquisition in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). These traits and root growth were measured at two developmental stages for three rice and two wheat cultivars that were grown in pots under three water regimes.

Results
Wheat roots had larger xylem sizes than rice roots, which potentially led to a higher axial conductance, especially under water-deficit conditions. Suberization, lignification and thickening of the endodermis in rice roots increased with increasing water deficit, resulting in stronger radial barriers for water flow in rice than in wheat, especially near the root apex. In addition, water deficit strongly impeded root growth and lateral root proliferation in rice, but only slightly in wheat, and cultivars within a species differed little in these responses. The stress sensitivity of rice attributes was slightly more prominent at vegetative than at flowering stages.

Conclusions
Rice root characteristics, which are essential for growth under inundated conditions, are not conducive to growth under water deficit. Although rice roots show considerable plasticity under different watering regimes, improving root xylem size and reducing the radial barriers would be required if rice is to grow like dryland cereals.
Ethikkompetenz als Querschnittsaufgabe
Authors: Prinzing Marlis , Schlütz Daniela , Kaufmann Katja , Kreissl Julian , Rakebrand Thomas 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungDie digitale Mediengesellschaft ist ein zentrales Themenfeld der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft (KMW). Die Auseinandersetzung mit entsprechenden Forschungsansätzen birgt bestehende, aber auch neue forschungsethische Herausforderungen. Sich ihrer gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung bewusste Forschung stellt daher gezielt Fragen nach Verantwortlichkeit und Verhältnismäßigkeit. Forschungsethik ist ein Querschnittsthema und muss systematisch trainiert werden, also als Teil der Forschungskompetenz zum obligatorischen Thema für Aus- und Weiterbildung werden. Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit Forschungsethik aus methodischer, rechtlicher und ausbildungsbezogener Sicht. Er will zur Beschäftigung mit vergleichbaren Fragestellungen und zu einem Erfahrungsaustausch in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft beitragen. Als Problemaufriss werden exemplarisch Spannungsfelder beschrieben, die sich im Rahmen von Forschungsprozessen ergeben können, etwa im Umgang mit Daten oder mit Bildmaterial. Zwei Fallstudien vertiefen forschungsethische Aspekte beim Umgang mit vulnerablen Personen in qualitativen Interviews sowie im Hinblick auf die informierte Einwilligung und ihre Wirkung auf die Teilnahmebereitschaft an Online-Befragungen. Konkrete Vorschläge zur systematischen Integration des Themas in die Ausbildung sollen verdeutlichen, wie Ethikkompetenz didaktisch vermittelt werden kann. Forschungsethik sollte darüber hinaus als deliberativer Prozess in der KMW verankert werden. Am Ende steht die Anregung, eine Anlaufstelle für forschungsethische Fragen zu schaffen, die als Selbstregulierungseinrichtung für den Wissenschaftsbetrieb dienen kann. Sie könnte z. B. eine Diskussionsplattform für einen forschungsethischen Diskurs in der KMW bieten, vorliegende Handreichungen, Informationsmaterial und Lehrkonzepte sammeln und bereitstellen sowie Fallbeispiele für ethisch-methodische Herausforderungen, die sich im Rahmen der Entwicklung neuer (digitaler) Methoden ergeben können. Ziele wäre es, dafür zu sensibilisieren, wo in einem Forschungsvorhaben ethische „Fallstricke“ zu beachten sind, sowie Anregungen für konkretes Handeln zu geben.
Innovative Benthic Lander for Macroalgae Monitoring in Shallow-Water Environments
Authors: Santana João Pedro , Mathias Nuno , Hoveling Richelle , Alves Hugo , Morais Tiago 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe colonization of underwater environments by exotic seaweeds is causing major ecological problems around the world. This project, referred to AMALIA, aims to transform this current ocean threat into an opportunity by adding value to the macroalgae present off the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. To do so and to observe the presence of seaweeds in situ, an ocean modular submersible platform was developed. This platform was designed to be capable of detecting and surveying surges of invasive seaweeds while withstanding sea conditions. Conceptual designs followed by a screening process were performed, taking into consideration criteria such as operational range and modularity. An open-frame lander was considered and further developed using buckling criteria. In parallel, a state-of-the-art monitoring system was created using spectral imaging, allowing for the future creation of a macroalgae identification system. In addition, sensorial systems for characterizing growth conditions were introduced. Laboratory trials were executed to assess the capability of the system, and sea trials are currently being performed. Numerical simulations and laboratory trials indicate that the structure is fully capable of being deployed for shallow-water environments with a state-of-the-art invasive seaweed monitoring system while maintaining a high degree of modularity.
Lomitapide–a Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Inhibitor for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Stefanutti Claudia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare, genetic condition characterized by high levels of Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); overt, early-onset atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD); and premature cardiovascular events and mortality. Lomitapide is a first-in-class microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor for the treatment of HoFH. This review provides an update on data emerging from real-world studies of lomitapide following on from its pivotal phase 3 clinical trial in HoFH.

Recent Findings
Recent registry data have confirmed that HoFH is characterized by delayed diagnosis, with many patients not receiving effective therapy until they are approaching the age when major adverse cardiovascular events may occur. Data from case series of varying sizes, and from a 163-patient registry of HoFH patients receiving lomitapide, have demonstrated that lomitapide doses are lower and adverse events less severe than in the phase 3 study. Lomitapide enables many patients to reach European Atherosclerosis Society LDL-C targets. Some patients are able to reduce frequency of lipoprotein apheresis or, in some cases, stop the procedure altogether—unless there is significant elevation of lipoprotein (a). Modelling analyses based on historical and clinical trial data indicate that lomitapide has the potential to improve cardiovascular outcomes and survival in HoFH.

Summary
Real-world clinical experience with lomitapide has shown the drug to be effective with manageable, less marked adverse events than in formal clinical studies. Event modelling data suggest a survival benefit with lomitapide in HoFH.
Distillery Stillage: Characteristics, Treatment, and Valorization
Authors: Mikucka Wioleta , Zielińska Magdalena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDistilleries are among the most polluting industries because ethanol fermentation results in the discharge of large quantities of high-strength liquid effluents with high concentrations of organic matter and nitrogen compounds, low pH, high temperature, dark brown color, and high salinity. The most common method of managing this wastewater (distillery stillage) is to use it for soil conditioning, but this requires thickening the wastewater and may cause soil pollution due to its high nitrogen content. Therefore, treatment of distillery stillage is preferable. This review discusses individual biological and physico-chemical treatment methods and combined technologies. In addition, special attention is paid to valorization of distillery stillage, which is a valuable source of polysaccharides and volatile fatty acids (VFAs), as well as natural antioxidants, including polyphenols and other bioactive compounds of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. New directions in improvement of valorization technologies are highlighted, including the search for new eutectic solvents for extracting these compounds. Such technologies are essential for sustainable development, which requires the use of management and valorization strategies for recovery of valuable compounds with minimal disposal of waste streams.
A cutting edge 6U CubeSat ADCS design for Earth observation with sub-meter spatial resolution at 230–380 km altitude
Authors: Kuiper Hans , Dolkens Dennis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA 6U CubeSat for Earth observation in 230–350 km orbits with sub-meter resolution is presented. The proposed Stable and Highly Accurate Pointing Earth-Imager (SHAPE) system’s attitude determination and control system (ADCS) is composed of a single momentum bias wheel with magnetic bearings at rotational speeds of 6000–7000 rpm and refined magnetorquers. Reaction wheels as instability source are absent. The ADCS stabilizes the spacecraft attitude by counteracting the torques from external disturbances in the thermosphere down to < 1° pointing accuracy and < 0.1° instability. The momentum wheel was sized to an angular momentum of 1 Nms based on the worst-case atmospheric density of the next solar cycle. The 0.5 Am2magnetorquer dipole moment provides with low power consumption, mass and cost, high reliability and sufficient torque. The ADCS initialisation study revealed three stable start-up modes, while the all-spun state is achieved using a set of thrusters. De-tumbling analysis show that the magnetorquers reduce the tumbling rates with magnitudes of up to 35°/s to mean motion values in less than an orbit using a static gain B-dot controller. A 3U camera design capable of sub-meter spatial resolution at 230 km altitude is presented which complies with the SHAPE spacecraft system design. The instrument has a single deployable primary mirror enabled by a deployment hinge design with hysteresis < 0.5 μ. This payload combined with air-breathing electric propulsion technology at 230 km nominal altitude boosts the SHAPE system Earth observation potential down to sub-meter spatial resolution and enables tuning of the mission lifetime by orbit keeping.
Smartphone-Based Therapeutic Exercises for Men Affected by Premature Ejaculation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Optale Gabriele , Burigat Stefano , Chittaro Luca , Riva Giuseppe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Smartphone-delivered healthcare interventions allow patients to access services on demand when needed, improving motivation and compliance. However, the use of mobile health apps has been scarcely explored in sexual medicine.

Aim
To evaluate the effects of integrating psychological treatment for premature ejaculation (PE) with a mobile coaching app that offers therapeutic exercises on the patient’s smartphone.

Methods
This study comprised 35 heterosexual men with primary psychogenic PE (mean age 34 years, standard deviation = 9.15). All patients entered a cycle of 15 sessions of psychodynamic psychotherapy integrating behavioral therapy, each lasting about 45 minutes. The patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups, each of which performed daily homework exercises (physiotherapy exercises for reinforcing the pelvic floor muscles and cognitive exercises for distancing from sexual failure.) The first group (15 patients) received verbal and printed instructions only (treatment as usual—TAU), whereas the second group (17 patients) experienced the exercises with guidance from the mobile app (app). In both groups, the exercises started after the seventh session. Patients were advised to perform the exercises 3 times a day for 3 months.

Main Outcome Measures
The primary outcome measures were the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool and the Premature Ejaculation Profile.

Results
Analysis of the data revealed significant pre-post improvements in Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool and Premature Ejaculation Profile scores for the app group compared with those of the TAU group (P &lt; .01). The frequency of patients with no-PE condition for the app group after treatment was significantly higher than the frequency of patients with no-PE condition for the TAU group (P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
Results suggest that a mobile coaching app performs better than TAU in improving both the behavioral skills of ejaculatory delay and sexual self-confidence within a psychological treatment for PE. Future studies should collect follow-up data and explore the potential of mobile coaching apps in combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy interventions.
Deep kernel learning approach to engine emissions modeling
Authors: Yu Changmin , Seslija Marko , Brownbridge George , Mosbach Sebastian , Kraft Markus , Parsi Mohammad , Davis Mark , Page Vivian , Bhave Amit 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We apply deep kernel learning (DKL), which can be viewed as a combination of a Gaussian process (GP) and a deep neural network (DNN), to compression ignition engine emissions and compare its performance to a selection of other surrogate models on the same dataset. Surrogate models are a class of computationally cheaper alternatives to physics-based models. High-dimensional model representation (HDMR) is also briefly discussed and acts as a benchmark model for comparison. We apply the considered methods to a dataset, which was obtained from a compression ignition engine and includes as outputs soot and NO
x
emissions as functions of 14 engine operating condition variables. We combine a quasi-random global search with a conventional grid-optimization method in order to identify suitable values for several DKL hyperparameters, which include network architecture, kernel, and learning parameters. The performance of DKL, HDMR, plain GPs, and plain DNNs is compared in terms of the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the predictions as well as computational expense of training and evaluation. It is shown that DKL performs best in terms of RMSE in the predictions whilst maintaining the computational cost at a reasonable level, and DKL predictions are in good agreement with the experimental emissions data.
How school counsellors cope with suicide attempts among adolescents — A qualitative study in Israel
Authors: Levkovich Inbar , Vigdor Ina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine how school counsellors cope with suicide attempts among students in their schools. A qualitative phenomenological methodology was used. Participants included 24 Israeli high school counsellors aged 32–62. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed thematically. The findings indicate that counsellors find students’ suicide attempts difficult, disconcerting, painful and confusing to manage, and note the complex nature of their dealings with the adolescents, their families and the school administrators. Despite feeling insecure about their ability to provide help, the counsellors felt they were at the forefront of the treatment effort in the school environment. To cope with the responsibility and challenges, the counsellors relied mainly on informal sources of support. Implications for practice are discussed.
Cardiffians’ perceptions of English in the UK
Authors: Evans Betsy E. , Dunbar Matthew , Chartier Nicole 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis Perceptual Dialectology (PD) study asked residents of Cardiff, Wales, about their perceptions of English in the United Kingdom (UK). In addition, because face to face exposure to dialect variation has rarely been included as a variable in PD studies, participants were asked about their travel experience to ascertain whether this might influence their responses to a PD map task. Participants’ responses to the map task were analyzed using ArcGIS to create composite maps. Results show that these Cardiffians perceive “dialect or regional” speech boundaries to be located around major cities in England and Wales but also southwest Wales. Composite maps and polygon counts suggest that the more traveled respondents have a more nuanced perception of dialect regions than those who claim to travel less, suggesting that travel experience may influence PD participants’ responses to map tasks.
THE KETONEN ORDER
Authors: GOLDBERG GABRIEL 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study a partial order on countably complete ultrafilters introduced by Ketonen [2] as a generalization of the Mitchell order. The following are our main results: the order is wellfounded; its linearity is equivalent to the Ultrapower Axiom, a principle introduced in the author’s dissertation [1]; finally, assuming the Ultrapower Axiom, the Ketonen order coincides with Lipschitz reducibility in the sense of generalized descriptive set theory.
The role of affective orientations in promoting perceived polarization
Authors: Armaly Miles T. , Enders Adam M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent work on political divisions in the mass public has identified several manifestations of polarization linked to different types of attitudes, orientations, and behaviors. Of these, affective polarization and perceived polarization have attracted increasing attention, though we still know fairly little of the links between these variants of polarization. In this paper, we examine the association between affective and perceived polarization, with an aim toward disentangling any potential causal relationship between the two processes. Using two sets of nationally representative panel data from 1992 to 1996 and 2008 to 2009, we find evidence that affective polarization causes perceived polarization, and that perceived polarization is not related to future affective polarization. Stratifying the models by level of political information, we find that the strength and statistical significance of the relationships between past and future values of affective and perceived polarization are conditional on political sophistication: more sophisticated individuals exhibit stronger relationships.
FROM BEAR GARDENS TO THE COUNTY COURT: CREATING THE LITIGANT IN PERSON
Authors: Leader Kate 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNegative attitudes towards litigants in person (LiPs) are long-standing. But despite their persistence, no study has ever considered: how did we get here? This is what this article sets out to do, analysing when the term LiP first appears, and the context in which this occurs. I argue this moment is a by-product of broader changes taking place for the legal profession in the nineteenth century. Drawing on Larson's “professional project” I argue the new county courts become a battleground for attorneys to distinguish themselves, and it is the introduction of certain kinds of distinction that undermines the self-represented party. This article ultimately argues that the LiP role is not simply self-representation, but is rather self-representation that can only occur in the latter stages of the professional project. This means, perversely, that the creation of the term LiP does not indicate the facilitation of lay participation in legal forums; it marks instead the moment when they are displaced. As I conclude, this displacement has profound consequences for LiPs to this day.