bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulsed Facilitation of Corticospinal Excitability by the Sensorimotor μ-Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Bergmann Til Ole , Lieb Anne , Zrenner Christoph , Ziemann Ulf 
Published: November 2019

Alpha oscillations (8–14 Hz) are assumed to gate information flow in the brain by means of pulsed inhibition; that is, the phasic suppression of cortical excitability and information processing once per alpha cycle, resulting in stronger net suppression for larger alpha amplitudes due to the assumed amplitude asymmetry of the oscillation. While there is evidence for this hypothesis regarding occipital alpha oscillations, it is less clear for the central sensorimotor μ-alpha rhythm. Probing corticospinal excitability via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex and the measurement of motor evoked potentials (MEPs), we have previously demonstrated that corticospinal excitability is modulated by both amplitude and phase of the sensorimotor μ-alpha rhythm. However, the direction of this modulation, its proposed asymmetry, and its underlying mechanisms remained unclear. We therefore used real-time EEG-triggered single- and paired-pulse TMS in healthy humans of both sexes to assess corticospinal excitability and GABA-A-receptor mediated short-latency intracortical inhibition (SICI) at rest during spontaneous high amplitude μ-alpha waves at different phase angles (peaks, troughs, rising and falling flanks) and compared them to periods of low amplitude (desynchronized) μ-alpha. MEP amplitude was facilitated during troughs and rising flanks, but no phasic suppression was observed at any time, nor any modulation of SICI. These results are best compatible with sensorimotor μ-alpha reflecting asymmetric pulsed facilitation but not pulsed inhibition of motor cortical excitability. The asymmetric excitability with respect to rising and falling flanks of the μ-alpha cycle further reveals that voltage differences alone cannot explain the impact of phase.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe pulsed inhibition hypothesis, which assumes that alpha oscillations actively inhibit neuronal processing in a phasic manner, is highly influential and has substantially shaped our understanding of these oscillations. However, some of its basic assumptions, in particular its asymmetry and inhibitory nature, have rarely been tested directly. Here, we explicitly investigated the asymmetry of modulation and its direction for the human sensorimotor μ-alpha rhythm. We found clear evidence of pulsed facilitation, but not inhibition, in the human motor cortex, challenging the generalizability of the pulsed inhibition hypothesis and advising caution when interpreting sensorimotor μ-alpha changes in the sensorimotor system. This study also demonstrates how specific assumptions about the neurophysiological underpinnings of cortical oscillations can be experimentally tested noninvasively in humans.
Activation of PPARγ Attenuates the Expression of Physical and Affective Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms through Mechanisms Involving Amygdala and Hippocampus Neurotransmission
Authors: Domi Esi , Caputi Francesca Felicia , Romualdi Patrizia , Domi Ana , Scuppa Giulia , Candeletti Sanzio , Atkins Alison , Heilig Markus , Demopulos Gregory , Gaitanaris George , Ciccocioppo Roberto , Ubaldi Massimo 
Published: November 2019

An isoform of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARγ, is the receptor for the thiazolidinedione class of anti-diabetic medications including pioglitazone. Neuroanatomical data indicate PPARγ localization in brain areas involved in drug addiction. Preclinical and clinical data have shown that pioglitazone reduces alcohol and opioid self-administration, relapse to drug seeking, and plays a role in emotional responses. Here, we investigated the behavioral effect of PPARγ manipulation on nicotine withdrawal in male Wistar rats and in male mice with neuron-specific PPARγ deletion (PPARγ(−/−)) and their littermate wild-type (PPARγ(+/+)) controls. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and RNAscopein situhybridization assays were used for assessing the levels of expression and cell-type localization of PPARγ during nicotine withdrawal. Brain site-specific microinjections of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone were performed to explore the role of this system on nicotine withdrawal at a neurocircuitry level. Results showed that activation of PPARγ by pioglitazone abolished the expression of somatic and affective nicotine withdrawal signs in rats and in (PPARγ(+/+)) mice. This effect was blocked by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. During early withdrawal and protracted abstinence, the expression of PPARγ increased in GABAergic and glutamatergic cells of the amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. Hippocampal microinjections of pioglitazone reduced the expression of the physical signs of withdrawal, whereas excessive anxiety associated with protracted abstinence was prevented by pioglitazone microinjection into the amygdala. Our results demonstrate the implication of the neuronal PPARγ in nicotine withdrawal and indicates that activation of PPARγ may offer an interesting strategy for smoking cessation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSmoking cessation leads the occurrence of physical and affective withdrawal symptoms representing a major burden to quit tobacco use. Here, we show that activation of PPARγ prevents the expression of both somatic and affective signs of nicotine withdrawal. At molecular levels results show that PPARγ expression increases in GABAergic cells in the hippocampus and in GABA- and glutamate-positive cells in the basolateral amygdala. Hippocampal microinjections of pioglitazone reduce the insurgence of the physical withdrawal signs, whereas anxiety linked to protracted abstinence is attenuated by pioglitazone injected into the amygdala. Our results demonstrate the implication of neuronal PPARγ in nicotine withdrawal and suggest that PPARγ agonism may represent a promising treatment to aid smoking cessation.
Functional Connectome of the Fetal Brain
Authors: Turk Elise , van den Heuvel Marion I. , Benders Manon J. , de Heus Roel , Franx Arie , Manning Janessa H. , Hect Jasmine L. , Hernandez-Andrade Edgar , Hassan Sonia S. , Romero Roberto , Kahn René S. , Thomason Moriah E. , van den Heuvel Martijn P. 
Published: November 2019

Large-scale functional connectome formation and reorganization is apparent in the second trimester of pregnancy, making it a crucial and vulnerable time window in connectome development. Here we identified which architectural principles of functional connectome organization are initiated before birth, and contrast those with topological characteristics observed in the mature adult brain. A sample of 105 pregnant women participated in human fetal resting-state fMRI studies (fetal gestational age between 20 and 40 weeks). Connectome analysis was used to analyze weighted network characteristics of fetal macroscale brain wiring. We identified efficient network attributes, common functional modules, and high overlap between the fetal and adult brain network. Our results indicate that key features of the functional connectome are present in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Understanding the organizational principles of fetal connectome organization may bring opportunities to develop markers for early detection of alterations of brain function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe fetal to neonatal period is well known as a critical stage in brain development. Rapid neurodevelopmental processes establish key functional neural circuits of the human brain. Prenatal risk factors may interfere with early trajectories of connectome formation and thereby shape future health outcomes. Recent advances in MRI have made it possible to examine fetal brain functional connectivity. In this study, we evaluate the network topography of normative functional network development during connectome genesisin utero. Understanding the developmental trajectory of brain connectivity provides a basis for understanding how the prenatal period shapes future brain function and disease dysfunction.
Developmental Plasticity and Cellular Reprogramming in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Rothman Joel , Jarriault Sophie 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
While Caenorhabditis elegans was originally regarded as a model for investigating determinate developmental programs, landmark studies have subsequently shown that the largely invariant pattern of development in the animal does not reflect irreversibility in rigidly fixed cell fates. Rather, cells at all stages of development, in both the soma and germline, have been shown to be capable of changing their fates through mutation or forced expression of fate-determining factors, as well as during the normal course of development. In this chapter, we review the basis for natural and induced cellular plasticity in C. elegans. We describe the events that progressively restrict cellular differentiation during embryogenesis, starting with the multipotency-to-commitment transition (MCT) and subsequently through postembryonic development of the animal, and consider the range of molecular processes, including transcriptional and translational control systems, that contribute to cellular plasticity. These findings in the worm are discussed in the context of both classical and recent studies of cellular plasticity in vertebrate systems.
Ironie, umor și cultură în How to Be a Brit de George Mikes: perspective teoretice ale relevanței
Authors: Ruiz-Moneva María Angeles 
Published: November 2019

Lucrarea de față își propune să analizeze rolul pe care umorul și ironia îl joacă în interpretarea cărții lui George Mikes How to be a Brit. Se va arăta că aceste resurse sînt importante pentru ca cititorul să înțeleagă și să se bucure de sensul pe care autorul intenționează să îl comunice. Mikes a căutat să arate inconsecvențele și incongruențele societății și culturii britanice, prin prisma „străinului”, a celui care nu aparține locului. Ironia și umorul devin resurse stilistice care ghidează cititorul în interpretarea textului. Cadrul aplicat este cel al teoriei relevanței, o abordare pragmatică ce evidențiază procesele de inferență implicate în înțelegerea mesajului. Totuși, viziunea pe care o atare teorie ar oferi-o asupra culturii a fost adesea neglijată sau greșit înțeleasă.
Prin urmare, această lucrare va căuta să urmărească dacă teoria relevanței în ansamblu și, în mod concret, propunerile sale referitoare la umor, ironie și cultură pot ajuta cititorul să facă față semnificației operei analizate. Se va arăta că un echilibru adecvat între derivarea inferențială a sensului transmis de emițător, pe care o execută cititorul și libertatea lui de a ajunge la propriile concluzii (care sînt în orice situație restricționate de text) ajută la o mai bună înțelegere și interpretare a textului.
Evoluționismul Parabolelor
Authors: Gafton Francisc , Chirilă Adina 
Published: November 2019

Recitind Parabolele din Noul Testament, autorii prezentului studiu găsesc elemente pe baza cărora se poate clădi interpretarea acestor istorii în lumina evoluționismului—un concept de o profunzime considerabilă. Dacă sînt percepute ca un întreg și dacă lăsăm la o parte orice reflecție mistică asupra lor, parabolele afirmă existența unui sistem care generează și guvernează toate principiile și entitățile, care, în consecință, îi împărtășesc natura, adică ordinea, echilibrul și vitalitatea.
Entitățile dețin forța vitală generată de un dat genetic entelehic, fundamental pozitiv, însă care se poate menține, dezvolta și evolua ca atare numai ca urmare a devenirii epigenetice, în acea direcție.
În mod firesc pentru el însă, omul religios subordonează spiritului și împlinirii voinței lui Dumnezeu datul genetic, dobînditul epigenetic, precum și instrumentele de natură comportamentală și ideologică.
THE 1477 SILVER FIND AT THE ST. GEORG MINE IN SCHNEEBERG AND SIGNIFICANT ORE SPECIMENS IN THE MUSEUM OF MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY IN DRESDEN
Authors: THALHEIM KLAUS 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Two silver ore specimens in the mineralogical collection of the Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Museum of Mineralogy and Geology, are samples from one of the most spectacular silver finds in Saxon Erzgebirge. The history of the find and of the two silver ore specimens is discussed. The origin of such a rich deposit of silver ore is examined in relationship to the geology of mineral deposits.
LATE REVISIONS TO WILLIAM SMITH'S 1815 MAP IN THE VICINITY OF CANONBIE AND BEWCASTLE IN THE BORDERLANDS
Authors: MCINTYRE ROY W. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Map Y is one of a small number of copies of William Smith's 1815 map A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with Part of Scotland that are now known to have been made after he was awarded the Wollaston Medal in 1831. These copies therefore postdated the publication of his reduced scale version of the great map in 1820, and of his four county maps of northern England in 1824. Map Y made changes to the strata on the English side of the Border from how they had been portrayed on all earlier copies of the 1815 map. Changes of outcrops were made between the colliery village of Canon-bie, just inside Scotland, and the hamlet of Bewcastle, ten miles across the Border in Cumberland. The addition of geological contact lines to Map Y for these added outcrops are evidence of transferring information from the county map to Map Y. Changes made to Map Y in Northumberland provide clues for copying from the northern county maps, but firm evidence of that having happened is harder to find in that neighbouring county.
THE HISTORY OF GEOLOGY WALLS IN CENTRAL EUROPE AND THEIR USE AS PEDAGOGIC TOOLS FOR EXPLAINING GEOSCIENCES
Authors: MOHR BARBARA 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
During the second half of the nineteenth century, geology was added as a topic taught at schools of higher education in central Europe. As a consequence, teachers had an interest in finding practical methods to make theoretical knowledge more interesting to their pupils. Pedagogic tools included fieldtrips which could be logistically challenging, and the so called ‘geology walls’ and other stone structures, such as ‘geology pyramids’. These solidly built structures erected from various types of rocks, were put together to simulate the complexities of the underground geology from the lowlands to the mountains of certain geographic areas and may be considered to represent precursors of modern geoparks. Many of these ‘geology walls’ built in several central European cities are preserved and may still be used today to explain and discuss geoscientific phenomena. The fruitful interactions between teachers and pupils, and scientists and amateurs, are topics of this paper. Questions of restitution and international relationships are touched on as well.
ALD-Grown Metal Oxide Films for the Detection of Molecular Contaminants on Spacecraft
Authors: Rutherford Gugu , Seasly Elaine , O'Connell Joseph , Thornblom Mark , Xiao Bo , Bahoura Messaoud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Mitigating molecular contamination during the assembly, integration, and testing of space systems requires quantitative and qualitative methods to detect the presence of molecular films on sensitive surfaces. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a self-limiting deposit of a variety of films layer by layer in the vapor phase on multiple types of substrates. The controlled layer-by-layer deposition enables the user to change orientation, morphology, and grain size in films, which directly impacts optical and electronic responses. In this study, the authors demonstrate the ability to use ALD-grown metal oxide thin films coupled with a Raman spectrometer to provide early detection of molecular films on witness surfaces during the assembly, integration, and testing of space flight hardware.
The Dialogic Mode in Jane Austen’s ”Northanger Abbey”: The Manorial Gothic Meets a Subversive Novel of Manners
Authors: Terentowicz-Fotyga Urszula 
Published: November 2019

<p>The paper proposes to read the dialogue of two generic traditions: the novel of manners and gothic fiction in Jane Austen’s <em>Northanger Abbey</em>. The generic dialogue in <em>Northanger Abbey</em>constitutes a particularly interesting case, as it appears at the very inception of the manorial tradition in fiction and thus bears a strong modelling function. The paper argues that <em>Northanger Abbey</em>represents a subversive version of the novel of manners, which contextualizes and substantiates the transgressive character of the gothic.</p>
Cultivating Community Partnerships as an ELL Teacher
Authors: Galicia Jana , Voss Kate 
Published: November 2019

Let’s face it. Being a teacher can be daunting for a variety of reasons. We are pulled in a million different directions every minute of the day. (Even during our preps and lunch breaks!) We are not just teachers. We adopt so many different roles in order to meet the needs of our students.
In my quest to learn about effective family engagement practices I felt overwhelmed to add yet another role to my repertoire. I quickly realized that, in order to engage families in a meaningful and collaborative way, I needed help. In my quest, I was fortunate to experience multiple community partnerships that made engaging families feel more like creating lasting friendships and building bridges that crossed language and cultural barriers.
EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE INTENSITY ON JOB SATISFACTION
Authors: Utami Prasiska Ramadyaning , Sitohang Maria Kristine 
Published: November 2019

Background: Organizations need to pay attention to the job satisfaction of their members to achieve their goals. In 2011, the Airlangga Healthcare Center surveyed job satisfaction with the target of 80%. However, the target has not been achieved. Job satisfaction can be affected by several factors, and one of them is the culture within the organization.Aim: This study aims to analyze the effect of organizational culture intensity towards job satisfaction of the Airlangga Healthcare Center’s employees.Method: This study was conducted in November 2011 – June 2012 with a cross-sectional research design. The sample of the study used the population total technique. The independent variable of the research was the organizational culture intensity. While the dependent variable was job satisfaction. The data were analyzed descriptively by employing cross-tabulation analysis between organizational culture intensity and job satisfaction.Results: The most influential aspect of the organizational culture was cooperation that reached 73.9%. Job satisfaction aspects with a very satisfying level were job and co-worker aspects that reached 78.3%. The most influential aspect of organizational cultures that affect job satisfaction is trust that amounted to 83.3%. However, the organizational cultures affect job satisfaction with a percentage of 92.3% overall.Conclusion: The research concludes that the organizational culture intensity is a factor that affects job satisfaction of the employees at the Airlangga Healthcare Center. The recommendation for the organization is to improve the togetherness aspect of organizational cultures.Keywords: organizational culture intensity, job satisfaction, organization.
MICROMORFOLOGIA DE COLÚVIO-ALÚVIOS EM PALEOVOÇOROCAS COLMATADAS NAS SUPERFÍCIES DE CIMEIRA DE PINHÃO/GUARAPUAVA E PALMAS/CAÇADOR – SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Biffi Vitor Hugo Rosa , Paisani Julio Cesar 
Published: November 2019

O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as propriedades micromorfológicas dos depósitos de colúvio-alúvio que colmataram paleovoçorocas estabelecidas nas superfícies de cimeira de Pinhão/Guarapuava e Palmas/Caçador, inseridas no Planalto Vulcânico da Bacia do Paraná, visando aprofundar a compreensão dos processos genéticos envolvidos no estabelecimento de depósitos de colúvio-alúvios, bem como reconhecer características dos materiais da área fonte, processos deposicionais e transformações pós-deposicionais. Selecionou-se dois registros estratigráfico contendo paleovoçorocas colmatadas previamente descritos macroscopicamente, uma na superfície Pinhão/Guarapuava e outro na superfície de Palmas/Caçador. Foram coletadas um total de cinco amostras indeformadas dos sedimentos de colmatação das paleovoçorocas para análise micromorfológica, a qual contou com nomenclatura descritiva de Stoops (2003). Como resultados, verificou-se que a distribuição relativa dos constituintes é integrada, sendo enáulica para fácies arenosa e porfírica para a fácies lamosa. A primeira é constituída por agregados pedogênicos intrusivos (pedorrelíquias), cuja morfologia dos agregados reflete as condições de transporte ao longo da encosta por escoamentos laminar e/ou canalizado. Já a segunda, apresenta microestrutura maciça, indicando fluxo de lama. A fração grossa é constituída por quartzo, ilmenita, magnetita, nódulos lito- e pedomórficos, os quais indicam que a área fonte passou por elevado estágio de intemperismo. Revestimentos, hiporevestimento e quasirevestimento tanto de depleção quanto de impregnação, além de feições de preenchimento solto constituído de fração fina, bem como a fábrica com birrefringência manchada a pontilhada indicam migração do Fe e Mn da micromassa, resultam da circulação de água nos processos sindeposicioais e pós-deposicionais. A baixa quantidade de poros-canais sinaliza a inexpressiva atividade biológica nos sedimentos de ambos os registros estratigráficos, indicando que as transformações pós-deposicionais estão em estágio inicial, não sendo suficiente para reorganizar os materiais pela pedogênese. A partir da análise micromorfológica dos materiais, foi possível verificar mudanças na viscosidade do escoamento superficial ao ser canalizado, gerando fácies arenosas e lamosas, sugerindo que na colmatação das paleovoçorocas houveram fluxos com diferentes concentrações de sedimentos no processo deposicional.
A Rationale for Using Sonoelastography in Thyroid Nodular Pathology
Authors: Timofeeva L. A. , Shubin L. B. 
Published: November 2019

Objective. To provide a rationale for using sonoelastography (SEG) in the differential diagnosis of thyroid cancer (TC).Material and methods. Thirty patients with thyroid nodules of various morphological structures were examined. The authors studied the data of SEG and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with monoclonal antibodies against types III and IV collagen (they evaluated the degree of the expressed collagen fibers). Analysis of variance, ROC analysis, and logistic regression were used (by comparing with the expression of collagens) to assess the predictive ability of ultrasound.Results. The study showed that irregular and uneven contours, microcalcifications, and “the height greater than the width” were most significant among the ultrasound signs in the diagnosis of TC. Cool colors prevailed when performing SEG in the pattern of thyroid cancer. Purple-blue hues were predominantly recorded (p<0.05 with regard to benign nodules), green ones were less frequently. ROC analysis of compression elastography showed that the area under the curve was 0.785 (95% CI 0.740-0.826), sensitivity 78.1%, specificity 79.0%. Comparison of the data of IHC and SEG revealed a direct correlation of tissue elasticity with the degree of a stromal component and with the presence of collagen-containing structures.Conclusion. SEG may suppose the probable nature of thyroid nodules on the basis of their morphological features. The low degree of the stromal component and the low content of types III and IV collagen make follicular colloid goiter and adenoma soft, which is recorded at SEG. TC is characterized by a high collagen level attributable to the characteristics of the metabolism of cancer cells, which makes them solid in the mode of SEG.