bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbicides as anthropogenic drivers of eco‐evo feedbacks in plant communities at the agro‐ecological interface
Authors: Iriart Veronica , Baucom Regina S. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHerbicides act as human‐mediated novel selective agents and community disruptors, yet their full effects on eco‐evolutionary dynamics in natural communities have only begun to be appreciated. Here, we synthesize how herbicide exposures can result in dramatic phenotypic and compositional shifts within communities at the agro‐ecological interface and how these in turn affect species interactions and drive plant (and plant‐associates') evolution in ways that can feedback to continue to affect the ecology and ecosystem functions of these assemblages. We advocate a holistic approach to understanding these dynamics that includes plastic changes and plant community transformations and also extends beyond this single trophic level targeted by herbicides to the effects on nontarget plant‐associated organisms and their potential to evolve, thereby embracing the complexity of these real‐world systems. We make explicit recommendations for future research to achieve this goal and specifically address impacts of ecology on evolution, evolution on ecology and their feedbacks so that we can gain a more predictive view of the fates of herbicide‐impacted communities.
A new mode of NPR1 action via an NB‐ARC–NPR1 fusion protein negatively regulates the defence response in wheat to stem rust pathogen
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Zhang Hongtao , Nyamesorto Bernard , Luo Yi , Mu Xiaoqian , Wang Fangyan , Kang Zhensheng , Lagudah Evans , Huang Li 
Published: June 2020

Summary

NPR1 has been found to be a key transcriptional regulator in some plant defence responses. There are nine NPR1 homologues (TaNPR1) in wheat, but little research has been done to understand the function of those NPR1‐like genes in the wheat defence response against stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) pathogens.

We used bioinformatics and reverse genetics approaches to study the expression and function of each TaNPR1.

We found six members of TaNPR1 located on homoeologous group 3 chromosomes (designated as TaG3NPR1) and three on homoeologous group 7 chromosomes (designated as TaG7NPR1). The group 3 NPR1 proteins regulate transcription of SA‐responsive PR genes. Downregulation of all the TaNPR1 homologues via virus‐induced gene co‐silencing resulted in enhanced resistance to stem rust. More specifically downregulating TaG7NPR1 homeologues or Ta7ANPR1 expression resulted in stem rust resistance phenotype. By contrast, knocking down TaG3NPR1 alone did not show visible phenotypic changes in response to the rust pathogen. Knocking out Ta7ANPR1 enhanced resistance to stem rust. The Ta7ANPR1 locus is alternatively spliced under pathogen inoculated conditions.

We discovered a new mode of NPR1 action in wheat at the Ta7ANPR1 locus through an NB‐ARC–NPR1 fusion protein negatively regulating the defence to stem rust infection.
The enigma of life: confronting marvels at the edges of science
Authors: Paulson Steve , Gleiser Marcelo , Lombrozo Tania , Francis Gavin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEinstein famously claimed that “the most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible.” This statement suggests that no amount of scientific explanation will suffice to make sense of the bizarre situation of the human mind within the universe. So what are the actual roles of awe and wonder within the framework of contemporary science? How, for instance, do awe and wonder inform scientists’ understanding of the phenomena they are researching? What aspects of contemporary science are more likely to elicit wonder, and why? Is science rechanneling our innate thirst for knowledge and understanding toward more concrete and palpable realities, or is it aggravating the tension between truth and meaning by revealing the scope of our ignorance when it comes to probing the ultimate nature of reality? Physicist Marcelo Gleiser, experimental psychologist Tania Lombrozo, and physician Gavin Francis analyze the impact of awe and wonder on their own work and on the mindsets of their colleagues carrying out leading‐edge scientific research.
Allometric co‐variation of xylem and stomata across diverse woody seedlings
Authors: Zhong Mengying , Cerabolini Bruno E. L. , Castro‐Díez Pilar , Puyravaud Jean‐Philippe , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLeaf stomatal density is known to co‐vary with leaf vein density. However, the functional underpinning of this relation, and how it scales to whole‐plant water transport anatomy, is still unresolved. We hypothesized that the balance of water exchange between the vapour phase (in stomata) and liquid phase (in vessels) depends on the consistent scaling between the summed stomatal areas and xylem cross‐sectional areas, both at the whole‐plant and single‐leaf level. This predicted size co‐variation should be driven by the co‐variation of numbers of stomata and terminal vessels. We examined the relationships of stomatal traits and xylem anatomical traits from the entire plant to individual leaves across seedlings of 53 European woody angiosperm species. There was strong and convergent scaling between total stomatal area and stem xylem area per plant and between leaf total stomatal area and midvein xylem area per leaf across all the species, irrespective of variation in leaf habit, growth‐form or relative growth rate. Moreover, strong scaling was found between stomatal number and terminal vessel number, whereas not in their respective average areas. Our findings have broad implications for integrating xylem architecture and stomatal distribution and deepen our understanding of the design rules of plants' water transport network.
Reactivation of Kasabach‐Merritt phenomenon in a young adult with a congenital kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Ivars Marta , Triana Paloma , López‐Gutiérrez Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present the rare case of a young adult who developed late recurrence of Kasabach‐Merritt phenomenon in a congenital kaposiform hemangioendothelioma that had been quiescent since infancy. We postulate that the extensive and infiltrative nature of our patient's tumor, combined with a recent history of direct microtrauma from acupuncture, contributed to the development of this late complication.
Participation of children in school health in Japan
Authors: Tomokawa Sachi , Miyake Kimihiro , Takeuchi Rie , Kokudo Shohei , Asakura Takashi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of promoting child participation in school health has been emphasized internationally. This study examined ways in which Japan's school health system involves children, and factors enabling child participation in this system. It also suggests strategies to promote child participation in school health in developing countries.MethodsWe conducted a document review to clarify the importance of, and recent trends in, child participation in school health. We summarized the system of child participation in school health in Japan and examined factors enabling child participation.ResultsWe identified the following four factors that enable child participation in school health in Japan: (i) having an explicit legal basis for participatory activities at the national level; (ii) having clear notification, in relevant administrative documents at the prefectural and municipal levels, of the necessity for children's voluntary participation; (iii) establishing a system for teachers to provide support for participatory activities at the school level, and (iv) having a shared understanding among stakeholders about the pedagogical importance of participatory activities in school health.ConclusionsTo promote child participation in school health activities in developing countries, it is necessary to describe clearly the importance, benefits, impacts, and purposes of child participation in relevant legal and administrative documents at relevant administrative levels. Schools should also ensure that stakeholders have a common understanding of the educational benefits of child participation considering the cultural context of each country. It is helpful to conduct appropriate training for teachers to enable them to facilitate child participation.
Protective effect of vitamin C and lycopene on the in vitro fertilization capacity of sex‐sorted bull sperm by inhibiting the oxidative stress
Authors: Zhang Pei‐Pei , Wang Jing‐Jing , Li Chong‐Yang , Hao Hai‐sheng , Wang Hao‐Yu , Du Wei‐Hua , Pang Yun‐Wei , Zhao Shan‐Jiang , Zou Hui‐Ying , Hao Tong , Yang Sha , Ruan Wei‐Min , Huang Jin‐Ming , Jiao Peng‐cheng , Zhu Hua‐Bin , Zhao Xue‐Ming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe fertilization capacity of sex‐sorted sperms is seriously decreased, which inhibits its wide application. However, little information is still available about the effect of vitamin C (VC) and lycopene (Lyc) on the fertilization capacity of sex‐sorted bull sperm. In this study, the washing medium and fertilization medium of sex‐sorted sperm from three bull individuals were supplemented with different concentrations of VC (0, 1 × 10–3, 1 × 10–4, 1 × 10–5, 1 × 10–6 M) or Lyc (0, 1 × 10–4, 1 × 10–5, 1 × 10–6, 1 × 10–7). After washing twice and incubation for 1.5 hr, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation, membrane potential (Δψm) and IVF (in vitro fertilization) ability of sex‐sorted sperm were investigated. For the sex‐sorted sperm of bulls A, B and C, 1 × 10–3 M VC or 1 × 10–4 M Lyc treatment significantly decreased their MDA levels and PS translocation and increased their Δψm levels and cleavage rates after IVF. When blastocysts were concerned, 1 × 10–4 M Lyc significantly improved the blastocyst rates and their IFN‐tau expression of bulls A and C. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 × 10–3 M VC or 1 × 10–4 M Lyc in washing and fertilization medium contributed greatly to improving the fertilization capacity of sex‐sorted bull sperm during IVF procedure.
A Risk Analysis Framework for Cyber Security and Critical Infrastructure Protection of the U.S. Electric Power Grid
Authors: Baggott Sean S. , Santos Joost R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to introduce a risk analysis framework to enhance the cyber security of and to protect the critical infrastructure of the electric power grid of the United States. Building on the fundamental questions of risk assessment and management, this framework aims to advance the current risk analysis discussions pertaining to the electric power grid. Most of the previous risk‐related studies on the electric power grid focus mainly on the recovery of the network from hurricanes and other natural disasters. In contrast, a disproportionately small number of studies explicitly investigate the vulnerability of the electric power grid to cyber‐attack scenarios, and how they could be prevented or mitigated. Such a limited approach leaves the United States vulnerable to foreign and domestic threats (both state‐sponsored and “lone wolf”) to infiltrate a network that lacks a comprehensive security environment or coordinated government response. By conducting a review of the literature and presenting a risk‐based framework, this article underscores the need for a coordinated U.S. cyber security effort toward formulating strategies and responses conducive to protecting the nation against attacks on the electric power grid.
Evaluation of preventive laser photobiomodulation in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiochemotherapy: Laser in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Dantas Juliana Borges de Lima , Martins Gabriela Botelho , Lima Hayana Ramos , Carrera Manoela , Reis Sílvia Regina de Almeida , Medrado Alena Ribeiro Alves Peixoto 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of laser photobiomodulation in the prevention of oral mucositis (OM), salivary hypofunction and referred pain in patients with head and neck cancer.Methods and resultsThis randomized clinical study divided patients into two groups: the laser group (LG, n = 30) and the control group (CG, n = 24). The LG (InGaAlP, 660 nm, 86.7 mW, 2 J/cm2) participated in the preventive protocol, while the CG underwent a simulated procedure without light emission. The degree of OM, salivary flow, and referred pain were evaluated at five different periods of radiotherapy. Both groups showed a significant increase in the degree of OM (P < .01). Regarding OM, salivary flow, and oral pain, there were no significant differences between the groups.ConclusionsThe laser photobiomodulation protocol used in this study was not effective in preventing radiochemotherapy‐induced OM, salivary hypofunction, and referred pain in patients with head and neck cancer. Notably, although the development of OM did not differ significantly according to the use of laser therapy, the severity of oral mucositis was reduced in patients who underwent laser therapy compared to that in patients who did not.
Matched retrospective study of infective endocarditis among solid organ transplant recipients compared to non‐transplant: Seven‐year experience in a US Referral Center
Authors: Chuang Sally , Shrestha Nabin K. , Brizendine Kyle D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundInfective endocarditis (IE) is a rare complication following solid organ transplant (SOT); data on the clinical features and outcomes of IE in SOT recipients in the modern era are limited.MethodsWe conducted a single‐center retrospective cohort study of IE diagnosed from 1/2008‐12/2014 in SOT recipients, who were matched by age and microorganism to cases of IE in non‐SOT, to describe the clinical features and outcomes.ResultsThere were 14 cases of IE identified in SOT recipients matched to 56 non‐SOT controls. Median time from transplant to IE was 1017 days (IQR 379‐1830). Compared to non‐SOT patients, SOT patients were more likely to be undergoing current hemodialysis (16% vs 36%) and to possess indwelling central venous catheters within the 30 days prior to diagnosis of IE (27% vs 50%). No SOT patients had documented drug use as a risk factor for IE whereas 6 (11%) non‐SOT did. Enterococcus was the most common etiologic agent and was isolated in 50% of cases; only one fungal infection was identified, a mixed infection with Candida. Thirty‐day mortality was 14% in SOT patients, significantly higher versus no deaths in non‐SOT (P = .037).ConclusionsThe present study illustrates a change in epidemiology of IE in SOT patients characterized by IE that generally occurs more than one‐year post‐transplant, is due to bacterial infection rather than fungus, and appears to be health care associated. Multicenter studies are merited to explore transplant‐specific risk factors for IE in the special population of SOT patients.
Outcome of a dog undergoing definitive‐intent intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for an intranasal ganglioneuroma
Authors: Kitagawa Keita , Reich Sessaly N. , Desai Noopur , Policelli Rachel , Zimmerman Annie , Sledge Dodd , Vilar Saavedra Paulo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn 11‐year‐old intact male Shiloh Shepherd was presented for evaluation of epistaxis, decreased nasal airflow, and destructive caudal nasal lesion identified using CT. Histopathologic evaluation of the nasal mass was consistent with a ganglioneuroma. The dog was treated with 10 × 4.2 Gy using IMRT technique. Post radiation therapy (RT), improvement in clinical signs were noted. Tumor progressed in size based on CT evaluation at 49 days, 3, and 6 months post‐treatment. A grade 2 oral mucositis was the only RT side effect noted. Radiation therapy as described above was completed without evidence of high‐grade radiation toxicities and has potential to improve clinical signs but failed to induce tumor response.
Experimental Investigation of the Transient Patterns and Pressure Evolution of Tip Leakage Vortex and Induced-Vortices Cavitation in an Axial Flow Pump
Authors: Xi Shen , Desheng Zhang , Bin Xu , Yongxin Jin , Weidong Shi , van Esch B.P.M. (Bart) 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Cavitating flow is extremely complex in axial and mixed flow pumps, resulting in several adverse effects on pump performance. In this paper, the tip leakage vortex (TLV) cavitation patterns in an axial flow pump model were studied based on high-speed photography and transient pressure measurements. The TLV cavitation morphology and transient development of the induced suction-side-perpendicular cavitating vortices (SSPCVs) were investigated at multi-operating conditions. The time-domain of the transient pressure was employed to clarify the relationship between the tip cavitation and the pressure field. The results showed that cavitation inception occurred earlier with an unstable TLV cavitation shape at part-load conditions. Cavitation was more intense with a decrease of the cavitation number, presenting a larger area of triangular cavitation with the shedding of SSPCV. The inception of SSPCV was attributed to the tail of the shedding cavitation cloud originally attached to the suction surface (SS) of the blade, moving in the direction of the adjacent blade perpendicular to the SS, resulting in a flow blockage. With a further decrease in pressure, the SSPCVs grew in size and strength, accompanied by a rapid degradation in performance of the pump. The cavitation images and the corresponding circumferential pressure distributions showed that the lowest pressure point coincided with the SS corner. After this position, the pressure fluctuated as the cavitation intensity changed. The transient characteristics of SSPCV are a basis for revealing the instability mechanism of its evolution in the axial flow pump.
Sarcopenia, physical frailty, undernutrition and obesity cooccurrence among Portuguese community-dwelling older adults: results from Nutrition UP 65 cross-sectional study
Authors: Sousa-Santos Ana Rita , Afonso Cláudia , Borges Nuno , Santos Alejandro , Padrão Patrícia , Moreira Pedro , F Amaral Teresa 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo investigate the coexistence of sarcopenia, frailty, undernutrition and obesity and to identify the factors associated with the cooccurrence of these conditions in an older population.DesignCross-sectional.SettingPortugal.Participants1454 older adults with 65 years or older, from Nutrition UP 65 study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSarcopenia was identified using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 guidelines and physical frailty using Fried phenotype. Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form was used to ascertain undernutrition, and obesity was evaluated by body mass index.Results57.3% presented at least one condition, 38.0% were identified with one and 19.3% were identified with two or more conditions. When all preconditions were considered, 95.7% of the older adults presented at least one of these preconditions or conditions. Multinomial logistic regression multivariate analysis revealed that being male (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.88), being married or in a common-law marriage (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.84) and having a higher educational level (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.73) were inversely associated with having two or more conditions, while age >75 years (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.14 to 2.24), a poor self-perception of health status (OR 5.61; 95% CI 3.50 to 9.01), ≥5 medications (OR 3.11; 95% CI 1.77 to 5.46) and cognitive impairment (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.48) were directly associated.ConclusionsAlmost three out of five older adults presented at least one of the conditions related to nutritional status, and about one in five had two or more of these occurrences. However, the low coexistence observed between all of these reinforces the need to assess them all individually during the geriatric assessment.
Individual breastfeeding support with contingent incentives for low-income mothers in the USA: the ‘BOOST (Breastfeeding Onset & Onward with Support Tools)’ randomised controlled trial protocol
Authors: Washio Yukiko , Collins Bradley N , Hunt-Johnson Alison , Zhang Zugui , Herrine Gail , Hoffman Matthew , Kilby Linda , Chapman Donna , Furman Lydia M 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionNational breastfeeding rates have improved in recent years, however, disparities exist by socioeconomic and psychosocial factors. Suboptimal breastfeeding overburdens the society by increasing healthcare costs. Existing breastfeeding supports including education and peer support have not been sufficient in sustaining breastfeeding rates especially among low-income women. The preliminary outcomes of contingent incentives for breastfeeding in addition to existing support show promising effects in sustaining breastfeeding among mothers in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Programme for women, infants and children (WIC).Methods and analysisThis trial uses a parallel randomised controlled trial. This trial is conducted at two sites in separate states in the USA. Mothers who were enrolled in WIC and initiated breastfeeding are eligible. Participants (n=168) are randomised into one of the two study groups: (1) standard care control (SC) group consisting of WIC breastfeeding services plus home-based individual support or (2) SC plus breastfeeding incentives (SC +BFI) contingent on demonstrating successful breastfeeding. All participants receive standard breastfeeding services from WIC, home-based individual support and assessments. Participants in SC receive financial compensation based on the number of completed monthly home visits, paid in a lump sum at the end of the 6-month intervention period. Participants in SC +BFI receive an escalating magnitude of financial incentives contingent on observed breastfeeding, paid monthly during the intervention period, as well as bonus incentives for selecting full breastfeeding food packages at WIC. The primary hypothesis is that monthly incentives contingent on breastfeeding in SC +BFI will significantly increase rates of any breastfeeding compared with SC. The primary outcome is the rate of any breastfeeding over 12 months. Randomisation is completed in an automated electronic system. Staff conducting home visits for support and assessments are blinded to study groups.Ethics and disseminationThe Advarra Institutional Review Board has approved the study protocol (Pro00033168). Findings will be disseminated to our participants, scientific communities, public health officials and any other interested community members.Trial registration numberNCT03964454