bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How global performance assessments shape attitudes toward government decision‐making: Survey experimental evidence
Authors: Davies Emmerich , Gift Thomas , Lastra‐Anadón Carlos X. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlobal Performance Assessments (GPAs), which rank countries on a range of policy areas, can encourage domestic demands for policy reform. Yet can they also affect at what level of government—local or national—citizens want reform to take place? We theorize that, by emphasizing how countries fare relative to others, GPAs prompt citizens to view domestic policy underperformance as a “national problem requiring national solutions.” This increases calls for vesting policymaking authority in the hands of central governments. We argue that this effect should be most salient when underperformance is presented as a threat to a country's security because it induces citizens to “rally ‘round the flag.” To test our theory, we field an original survey experiment in the United States using fictitious news articles manipulating both the source of performance monitoring information and how it is presented. In line with our prediction, respondents are most likely to demand policy centralization when underperformance is framed using GPAs and citizens are primed to think of low scores as a threat to their country's security. These results indicate that GPAs could eventually increase calls for expanding the purview of national‐level politicians over policymaking.
Management of comorbidities in haemophilia
Authors: Kempton Christine L. , Makris Michael , Holme Pål Andre 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWith the introduction of clotting factor concentrates in the early 1970s, significant improvements in quality of life and life expectancy of persons with haemophilia (PWH) were realized. Unfortunately, as a result of transmission of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by contaminated concentrates in the 1980s, many of these gains were lost. Now with four decades of PWH unexposed to contaminated factor products and current treatments capable of suppressing and eliminating HIV and HCV, respectively, the survival rate is once again increasing. In addition to the usual comorbidities associated with advanced age in the general population, several specific issues occur in patients with bleeding disorders. This manuscript explores the incidence and management of the comorbidities of the ageing PWH with a focus on cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.
Preventing iatrogenic facial pressure ulcers during spinal surgery: Prospective trial using a novel method and review of literature
Authors: Haleem Shahnawaz , Mihai Ruxandra , Rothenfluh Dominique Andre , Reynolds Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo assess the outcome of a novel method of preventing facial pressure ulcers in spinal surgery and a review of literature. A prospective trial using a novel method of facial protection using paraffin tulle gras dressing to cover bony prominences during spinal surgical procedures was performed. Patients were reviewed at 24 hours and 6 weeks. A telephone survey was also conducted post discharge. Over an 8‐month period, 12 patients (7F:5M, age 9‐72 years) underwent spine surgery for tumour stabilisation (n = 7), deformity correction (n = 4), and degenerative presentation (n = 1) with mean operative time of 472 minutes (range 150‐785 minutes) in prone position. All patients were managed by the same team using an agreed protocol. No pressure ulcers were noted in our study. One patient sustained minimal erythema, which resolved after 24 hours. All patients were satisfied with the care received. Facial pressure ulcers though much reduced are still common in spinal surgery. The common factors are the long duration of surgery, shear, friction, moisture, and intrinsic factors. Our strategy of an appropriate facial support and constant vigilance helped eliminate the incidence of iatrogenic facial ulcers in spinal surgery.
Last months of life of people with intellectual disabilities: A UK population‐based study of death and dying in intellectual disability community services
Authors: Todd Stuart , Bernal Jane , Shearn Julia , Worth Rhian , Jones Edwin , Lowe Kathy , Madden Phil , Barr Owen , Forrester Jones Rachel , Jarvis Paul , Kroll Thilo , McCarron Mary , Read Sue , Hunt Katherine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundPopulation‐based data are presented on the nature of dying in intellectual disability services.MethodsA retrospective survey was conducted over 18 months with a sample of UK‐based intellectual disability service providers that supported over 12,000. Core data were obtained for 222 deaths within this population. For 158 (71%) deaths, respondents returned a supplemented and modified version of VOICES‐SF.ResultsThe observed death was 12.2 deaths per 1,000 people supported per year, but just over a third deaths had been deaths anticipated by care staff. Mortality patterns, place of usual care and availability of external support exerted considerable influence over outcomes at the end of life.ConclusionDeath is not a common event in intellectual disability services. A major disadvantage experienced by people with intellectual disabilities was that their deaths were relatively unanticipated. People with intellectual disabilities living in supported living settings, even when their dying was anticipated, experienced poorer outcomes.
Consequences of Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV‐1) infections in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss)
Authors: Purcell Maureen K. , Powers Rachel L. , Taksdal Torunn , McKenney Doug , Conway Carla M. , Elliott Diane G. , Polinski Mark , Garver Kyle , Winton James 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPiscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV‐1) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The virus has also been found in Pacific salmonids in western North America, raising concerns about the risk to native salmon and trout. Here, we report the results of laboratory challenges using juvenile Chinook salmon, coho salmon and rainbow trout injected with tissue homogenates from Atlantic salmon testing positive for PRV‐1 or with control material. Fish were sampled at intervals to assess viral RNA transcript levels, haematocrit, erythrocytic inclusions and histopathology. While PRV‐1 replicated in all species, there was negligible mortality in any group. We observed a few erythrocytic inclusion bodies in fish from the PRV‐1‐infected groups. At a few time points, haematocrits were significantly lower in the PRV‐1‐infected groups relative to controls, but in no case was anaemia noted. The most common histopathological finding was mild, focal myocarditis in both the non‐infected controls and PRV‐1‐infected fish. All cardiac lesions were judged mild, and none were consistent with those of HSMI. Together, these results suggest all three species are susceptible to PRV‐1 infection, but in no case did infection cause notable disease in these experiments.
Market Structure and Transaction Costs of Index CDSs
Authors: COLLIN‐DUFRESNE PIERRE , JUNGE BENJAMIN , TROLLE ANDERS B. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTDespite regulatory efforts to promote all‐to‐all trading, the post–Dodd‐Frank index credit default swap market remains two‐tiered. Transaction costs are higher for dealer‐to‐client than interdealer trades, but the difference is explained by the higher, largely permanent, price impact of client trades. Most interdealer trades are liquidity motivated and executed via low‐cost, low‐immediacy trading protocols. Dealer‐to‐client trades are nonanonymous; they almost always improve upon contemporaneous executable interdealer quotes, and dealers appear to price discriminate based on the perceived price impact of trades. Our results suggest that the market structure is a consequence of the characteristics of client trades: relatively infrequent, large, and differentially informed.
Bad Credit, No Problem? Credit and Labor Market Consequences of Bad Credit Reports
Authors: DOBBIE WILL , GOLDSMITH‐PINKHAM PAUL , MAHONEY NEALE , SONG JAE 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTWe study the financial and labor market impacts of bad credit reports. Using difference‐in‐differences variation from the staggered removal of bankruptcy flags, we show that bankruptcy flag removal leads to economically large increases in credit limits and borrowing. Using administrative tax records linked to personal bankruptcy records, we estimate economically small effects of flag removal on employment and earnings outcomes. We rationalize these contrasting results by showing that, conditional on basic observables, “hidden” bankruptcy flags are strongly correlated with adverse credit market outcomes but have no predictive power for measures of job performance.
The prevalence and findings of fibre‐optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in hospitalised patients with dysphagia
Authors: Benjapornlert Paitoon , Kagaya Hitoshi , Shibata Seiko , Matsuo Koichiro , Inamoto Yoko , Kittipanya‐ngam Pajeemas , Saitoh Eiichi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSwallowing disorder or dysphagia is quite common in hospitalised patients. Using fibre‐optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is one of the clinical standards for evaluating swallowing disorder to prevent serious consequences such as aspiration pneumonia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the associated risk of dysphagia in hospitalised patients by using FEES finding. We retrospectively analysed the FEES records from the patients who were screened and suspected of swallowing problems by a certified nurse of dysphagia nursing (CNDN). The FEES findings were compared between dysphagia and without dysphagia to evaluate the associated risk of dysphagia. Six‐hundred and nine FEES records were analysed. We found dysphagia 76% in patients who suspected swallowing problems by CNDN. FEES was assessed after the subjects had been admitted for 22 days on average. There was no difference in age between dysphagia and without dysphagia participants. However, the advanced age (age > 85 years old) increased the odd of dysphagia 1.18, P = .03. The primary disease of the subjects was mainly cerebrovascular disease (24%) and pneumonia (22%). Abnormal FEES findings including soft palate elevation, velopharyngeal contraction, whiteout, volitional cough, glottis closure during breath holding, cough reflex and presence of secretion in pharynx were found in hospitalised patients with dysphagia. The prevalence of dysphagia was high in hospitalised patients. Hence, screening the swallowing problem by nurse and FEES evaluation is essential to detect and prevent the complication in the patient who has dysphagia.
Semi‐automatic intraosseous device (EZ‐IO) in a paediatric emergency department
Authors: Mori Takaaki , Takei Hirokazu , Sasaoka Yuta , Nomura Osamu , Ihara Takateru 
Published: June 2020

AimIntraosseous access is an alternative to conventional intravenous access. A number of studies have demonstrated the utility and safety of EZ‐IO, a recently introduced semi‐automatic intraosseous device. However, few studies have investigated the use of EZ‐IO in the paediatric emergency setting. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics EZ‐IO use including complications among paediatric patients in a paediatric emergency department.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective descriptive study enrolling children younger than 16 years who visited our emergency department between January 2013 and August 2018. Data on age, gender, diagnosis, insertion success rate and complications were collected and analysed.ResultsSeventy‐two patients were enrolled; of these 38 (52.8%) were male. The median age was 9 months (interquartile range: 3–34.5 months). Of the total, 22 (30.6%) received more than one IO insertion. Ninety‐seven consecutive IO insertions were identified. The rate of successful insertions was achieved at 92.7% (90 insertions). There were 21 complications (21.6%), including 17 extravasations (17.5%) of fluid and four dermal abrasions (4.1%). We found no cases of complications that may have compromised patient safety.ConclusionsThe success rate of the EZ‐IO insertion was high in paediatric patients. However, we found a higher incidence of dermal abrasions, which might be a complication specific to children.
The association between metabolically healthy obesity and risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Lin Chien‐Ju , Chang Yu‐Chen , Cheng Ting‐Yao , Lo Kai , Liu Shu‐Jung , Yeh Tzu Lin 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThe risk of cancer among adults with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) has not yet been established. We systematically searched from inception to 15 March 2020. We included prospective cohort studies that compared participants with MHO and participants with metabolically healthy non‐obesity (MHNO) for incidence of any type of cancer. Benign tumors, cancer mortality or cancer prognosis were not in the scope of our analysis. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment. Ultimately, eight studies with a total of 12 542 390 participants were included. The pooled meta‐analysis using random effect model showed participants with MHO demonstrated a significantly increased risk of developing cancer (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 1.23; and I2 = 39%) than those with MHNO. The subgroup analysis revealed a higher pooled estimate (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01–1.35; and I2 = 56%) in comparison with metabolically healthy normal weight. No evidence of effect modification by age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, sample size or length of follow‐up was found. In conclusion, the present study reports a positive association between MHO and cancer incidence. All individuals with obesity, even in the absence of metabolic dysfunction, should be encouraged to lose weight.
Pediatric lung transplantation: Results of volume reduction in smaller children
Authors: Martens Thomas , Kanakis Meletios , Spencer Helen , Muthialu Nagarajan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPediatric LTX is challenged by the scarcity of suitable donor organs. To alleviate the problem of size matching, volume reduction of the donor is a possible option. Previous reports address mostly older teenagers, and data about younger patients are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether trimming had influence on the morbidity and mortality in slightly younger recipients, operated in a single center. Between 2015 and 2018, 20 patients were transplanted at the GOSH London. The mean age was 11.5 (±4.6) years. Nine patients underwent volume reduction prior to transplantation (T group). The other patients received classical bilateral LTX (NT group). Ischemia times were longer in the T group, but this difference was not statistically significant. We observed no 30‐day mortality. Hospital survival in the T group was 78% vs 90% in the NT group. After almost 3 years, mortality in the T group was 22% vs 28% in the NT group. None of these differences was statistically significant. The mean duration of MV, intensive care stay, and hospital stay were 11.5, 19.9, and 44.8 days, respectively. Results were equal in terms of morbidity, defined as respiratory and neurological complications or the need for ECMO. Results show that volume reduction prior to LTX is a feasible option, even in smaller children. While awaiting long‐term results, accepting larger donor organs could be a strategy to further reduce waiting list time and subsequently lower the mortality on the waiting list.
Efficacy of yokukansan compared with clonazepam for rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: a preliminary retrospective study
Authors: Ozone Motohiro , Shimazaki Hayato , Ichikawa Hikaru , Shigeta Masahiro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimRapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is characterized by abnormal behaviours accordant with nightmares during rapid eye movement sleep and is considered a prodromal marker of dementia with Lewy body. Most common in the elderly population, RBD is generally treated with clonazepam (CZP), a long‐term acting benzodiazepine antiepileptic. As such, alternative drugs for RBD are urgently needed to minimize the adverse effects peculiar to benzodiazepines. The efficacy of yokukansan (YKS), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, on RBD was initially reported by Shinno et al. in 2008. However, no study has compared YKS with CZP. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the possibility of using YKS as an alternative to CZP.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study conducted at Jikei University Affiliated Hospital. The subjects were selected from 36 outpatients who had been diagnosed with RBD based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition. Of the 23 who met the inclusion criteria but not the exclusion criteria, 11 were treated with YKS monotherapy, and 12 were treated with CZP monotherapy. The primary outcome was the total score on the Japanese version of the Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder Questionnaire (RBDQ‐JP), and the secondary outcomes were the scores from the eight‐item Short‐Form Health Survey and factors 1 and 2 of the RBDQ‐JP.ResultsThe mean total RBDQ‐JP score significantly improved from 52.5 to 21.7 (P = 0.002) after treatment with YKS (mean dosage: 3.0 g/day), which was similar to the change after CZP treatment (from 43.8 to 21.3). On RBDQ‐JP factor 1 (dream content), the mean score on five of six items significantly improved after treatment with YKS. There was no significant change in Short‐Form Health Survey scores after treatment with either drug. Potassium concentrations were within the normal range in patients treated with YKS.ConclusionsThe present results suggest that a small amount of YKS may be an alternative to CZP for RBD, without remarkable adverse events. Further study is needed to prospectively clarify the efficacy and safety of YKS in more detail.
A Guide to Benchmarking COVID‐19 Performance Data
Authors: George Bert , Verschuere Bram , Wayenberg Ellen , Zaki Bishoy Louis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIf the COVID‐19 pandemic has taught us anything, it is that policy makers, experts, and public managers need to be capable of interpreting comparative data on their government's performance in a meaningful way. Simultaneously, they are confronted with different data sources (and measurements) on COVID‐19 without necessarily having the tools to assess these sources strategically. Because of the speed with which decisions are required and the different data sources, it can be challenging for any policy maker, expert, or public manager to make sense of how COVID‐19 has an impact, especially from a comparative perspective. Starting from the question “How can we benchmark COVID‐19 performance data across countries?,” this article presents important indicators, measurements, and their strengths and weaknesses, and concludes with practical recommendations. These include a focus on measurement equivalence, systems thinking, spatial and temporal thinking, multilevel governance, and multimethod designs.
Trust but sometimes verify: Regulatory enforcement in attestation‐based immigration programs
Authors: Rissing Ben A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study examines a little‐known but prolific form of regulation: organizations' self‐reported compliance attestations. The paper presents systematic analyses of multiple assessment procedures in the U.S. Department of Labor's (DoL) labor certification program, a frequent requirement for immigrant employment‐based permanent residency. In applications, employers attest to (i) recruiting a qualified immigrant and (ii) the lack of available U.S. workers. DoL assessment procedures to evaluate compliance include: reviewing attestations alone, auditing for supporting documentation (due to agent discretion, random selection, or automated triggers), or inspecting employer activities (due to agent discretion or automated triggers). Administrative records reveal differential approval by assessment procedure, and interviews reveal selective enforcement of DoL regulatory mandates. Reviews of attestations alone (95.9 percent approved) generally targeted employers' hiring of a qualified immigrant. Assessment procedures involving auditing and inspection granted fewer approvals and frequently also examined U.S. worker availability. Findings emphasize case sorting as a key process shaping enforcement.
Inflation, Unemployment, and Economic Growth in a Schumpeterian Economy*
Authors: Chu Angus C. , Cozzi Guido , Fan Haichao , Furukawa Yuichi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the relationship between inflation and unemployment in a monetary Schumpeterian growth model. Under the cash‐in‐advance (CIA) constraint on research and development (R&D), higher inflation reduces innovation and increases unemployment. Under the CIA constraint on consumption, higher inflation also reduces innovation but decreases unemployment instead. Therefore, the two CIA constraints imply drastically different relationships between inflation and unemployment. This theoretical result is consistent with our empirical finding, and it provides a plausible explanation for the mixed empirical results in the literature. Calibrating our model to aggregate data in the United States and the Eurozone, we also explore the relationship between inflation and unemployment quantitatively.
Evidence for misleading decision support in characterizing differences in tolerance to reduced central blood volume using measurements of tissue oxygenation
Authors: Schlotman Taylor E. , Akers Kevin S. , Cardin Sylvain , Morris Michael J. , Le Tuan , Convertino Victor A. 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUNDThe physiological response to hemorrhage includes vasoconstriction in an effort to shunt blood to the heart and brain. Hemorrhaging patients can be classified as “good” compensators who demonstrate high tolerance (HT) or “poor” compensators who manifest low tolerance (LT) to central hypovolemia. Compensatory vasoconstriction is manifested by lower tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), which has propelled this measure as a possible early marker of shock. The compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) has also shown promise as an early indicator of decompensation.METHODSFifty‐one healthy volunteers (37% LT) were subjected to progressive lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a model of controlled hemorrhage designed to induce an onset of decompensation. During LBNP, CRM was determined by arterial waveform feature analysis. StO2, muscle pH, and muscle H+ concentration were calculated from spectrum using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on the forearm.RESULTSThese values were statistically indistinguishable between HT and LT participants at baseline (p ≥ 0.25). HT participants exhibited lower (p = 0.01) StO2 at decompensation compared to LT participants.CONCLUSIONSLower StO2 measured in patients during low flow states associated with significant hemorrhage does not necessarily translate to a more compromised physiological state, but may reflect a greater resistance to the onset of shock. Only the CRM was able to distinguish between HT and LT participants early in the course of hemorrhage, supported by a significantly greater ROC AUC (0.90) compared with STO2 (0.68). These results support the notion that measures of StO2 could be misleading for triage and resuscitation decision support.