bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ethics of Halal meat consumption: preferences of consumers in England according to the method of slaughter
Authors: Fuseini Awal , Knowles Toby G 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThe continued growth of the global Halal meat market has resulted in many mainstream businesses in the developed world trading in Halal products. A good understanding of Halal consumer behaviour with regard to their preference of meat according to the method of slaughter (pre‐stunned or not) and the frequency of consumption is vital for the formulation of future animal welfare legislation, consumer protection policies and research strategies of educational institutions.MethodsIn this study, 250 Halal meat consumers in England were surveyed to obtain a better understanding of their meat consumption frequency, preference of meat according to species of animals and the method of slaughter.ResultsThe results show that the majority (50.8 per cent) of consumers ate meat at least once a week, 45.6 per cent at least once a day, 3.2 per cent at least once a month and 0.4 per cent ate meat occasionally. Poultry meat was marginally the most preferred meat among respondents overall, followed by lamb and beef, with the majority of respondents (approximately 70 per cent) indicating preference for meat from animals slaughtered without stunning over those stunned before slaughter. There were gender differences within some responses.ConclusionThe results give an insight into Halal consumer behaviour, and may be useful to retailers, researchers, consumer advocates, animal welfare charities and government.
Manure contamination with Clostridium botulinum after avian botulism outbreaks: management and potential risk of dissemination
Authors: Souillard Rozenn , LE Marechal Caroline , Balaine Loic , Rouxel Sandra , Poezevara Typhaine , Ballan Valentine , Chemaly Marianne , LE Bouquin Sophie 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundPersistence of Clostridium botulinum in the environment is well known. Getting rid of it after animal botulism outbreaks is so tricky, especially as far as manure concerns. This study aimed at 1. describing manure management on 10 poultry farms affected by botulism and 2. assessing the persistence of C botulinum in poultry manure after the outbreak.MethodsEach farm was visited twice at two different manure storage times (two weeks after manure removal and two months later). Fifteen samples of manure were collected on each visit and C botulinum was detected using real‐time PCR.ResultsManagement of manure varied among poultry farms (classical storage, addition of quicklime, bacterial flora or incineration). C botulinum was detected in the manure of all 10 farms, 56.5per cent of samples being positive. C botulinum was detected significantly more frequently at the second visit (65.8per cent vs 49.7per cent, P<0.01) and on the surface of the pile (63.1per cent vs 50per cent, P=0.025).ConclusionThis study shows the persistence of C botulinum in poultry manure over time after a botulism outbreak and highlights manure management as a key health issue in preventing spore dissemination in the environment and recurrence of the disease.
Prospects of searches for long-lived charged particles with MoEDAL
Authors: Acharya B. S. , De Roeck A. , Ellis J. , Ghosh D. K. , Masełek R. , Panizzo G. , Pinfold J. L. , Sakurai K. , Shaa A. , Wall A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study the prospects of searches for exotic long-lived particles with the MoEDAL detector at the LHC, assuming the integrated luminosity of 30 fb$$^{-1}$$-1 that is expected at the end of Run 3. MoEDAL incorporates nuclear track detectors deployed a few metres away from the interaction point, which are sensitive to any highly-ionizing particles. Hence MoEDAL is able to detect singly- or doubly-charged particles with low velocities $$\beta < 0.15$$β<0.15 or $$< 0.3$$<0.3, respectively, and lifetimes larger than $${{\mathcal {O}}}(1) \,\mathrm{m}/c$$O(1)m/c. We examine the MoEDAL sensitivity to various singly-charged supersymmetric particles with long lifetimes and to several types of doubly-charged long-lived particles with different spins and SU(2) charges. We compare the prospective MoEDAL mass reaches to current limits from ATLAS and CMS, which involve auxiliary analysis assumptions. MoEDAL searches for doubly-charged fermions are particularly competitive.
Explorations of the infinite regions of spacetime
Authors: Beyer Florian , Frauendiener Jörg , Hennig Jörg 
Published: June 2020

An important concept in Physics is the notion of an isolated system. It is used in many different areas to describe the properties of a physical system which has been isolated from its environment. The interaction with the “outside” is then usually reduced to a scattering process, in which incoming radiation interacts with the system, which in turn emits outgoing radiation. In Einstein’s theory of gravitation, isolated systems are modeled as asymptotically flat spacetimes. They provide the appropriate paradigm for the study of gravitational waves and their interaction with a material system or even only with themselves. In view of the emerging era of gravitational wave astronomy, in which gravitational wave signals from many different astrophysical sources are detected and interpreted, it is necessary to have a foundation for the theoretical and numerical treatments of these signals. Furthermore, from a purely mathematical point of view, it is important to have a full understanding of the implications of imposing the condition of asymptotic flatness onto solutions of the Einstein equations. While it is known that there exists a large class of asymptotically flat solutions of Einstein’s equations, it is not known what the necessary and sufficient conditions at infinity are that have to be imposed on initial data so that they evolve into regular asymptotically flat spacetimes. The crux lies in the region near spacelike infinity [Formula: see text] where incoming and outgoing radiation “meet”. In this paper, we review the current knowledge and some of the analytical and numerical work that has gone into the attempt to understand the structure of asymptotically flat spacetimes near spacelike and null-infinity.
Swampland criteria and cosmological behavior of Tsallis holographic dark energy in Bianchi -III Universe
Authors: Sharma Umesh Kumar , Srivastava Shikha , Beesham A. 
Published: June 2020

In this paper, a new form of dark energy, known as Tsallis holographic dark energy (THDE), with IR cutoff as Hubble horizon proposed by Tavayef et al. Tsallis holographic dark energy, Phys. Lett. B 781 (2018) 195 has been explored in Bianchi-III model with the matter. By taking the time subordinate deceleration parameter, the solution of Einstein’s field equation is found. The Universe evolution from earlier decelerated to the current accelerated phase is exhibited by the deceleration parameter acquired in the THDE model. It can be seen that the derived THDE model is related to an accelerating Universe with quintessence ([Formula: see text]). The squared sound speed [Formula: see text] also suggests that the THDE model is classically stable at present. In addition, the quintessence phase of the THDE model is analyzed with swampland conjecture to reformulate the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
Clinical Significance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Hormone Receptor–positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients who Received Letrozole with or Without Bevacizumab
Authors: Magbanua Mark Jesus M. , Savenkov Oleksandr , Asmus Erik J. , Ballman Karla V. , Scott Janet H. , Park John W. , Dickler Maura , Partridge Ann , Carey Lisa A. , Winer Eric P. , Rugo Hope S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
We evaluated the prognostic and predictive value of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) hormone receptor–positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients randomized to letrozole alone or letrozole plus bevacizumab in the first-line setting (CALGB 40503).

Experimental Design:
Blood samples were collected at pretreatment and three additional time points during therapy. The presence of ≥5 CTCs per 7.5 mL of blood was considered CTC positive. Association of CTCs with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was assessed using Cox regression models.

Results:
Of 343 patients treated, 294 had CTC data and were included in this analysis. Median follow-up was 39 months. In multivariable analysis, CTC-positive patients at baseline (31%) had significantly reduced PFS [HR, 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12–1.97] and OS (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.49–2.93) compared with CTC negative. Failure to clear CTCs during treatment was associated with significantly increased risk of progression (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.58–3.07) and death (HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.36–4.88). CTC-positive patients who received only letrozole had the worse PFS (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.54–3.47) and OS (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.59–4.40). Median PFS in CTC-positive patients was significantly longer (18.0 vs. 7.0 months) in letrozole plus bevacizumab versus letrozole arm (P = 0.0009). Restricted mean survival time analysis further revealed that addition of bevacizumab was associated with PFS benefit in both CTC-positive and CTC-negative patients, but OS benefit was only observed in CTC-positive patients.

Conclusions:
CTCs were highly prognostic for the addition of bevacizumab to first-line letrozole in patients with HR+ MBC in CALGB 40503. Further research to determine the potential predictive value of CTCs in this setting is warranted.
Elevated V–ATPase Activity Following PTEN Loss Is Required for Enhanced Oncogenic Signaling in Breast Cancer
Authors: Mohammad Amro H. , Kim Sung-Hoon , Bertos Nicholas , El-Assaad Wissal , Nandi Ipshita , Smith Harvey , Yang Jieyi , Chen Owen J. , Gamache Isabelle , Rao Trisha , Gagnon Bruno , Gruosso Tina , Tremblay Michel L. , Sonenberg Nahum , Guiot Marie-Christine , Muller William , Park Morag , Teodoro Jose G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

PTEN loss-of-function contributes to hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway and to drug resistance in breast cancer. Unchecked PI3K pathway signaling increases activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which promotes tumorigenicity. Several studies have suggested that vacuolar (H+)–ATPase (V–ATPase) complex activity is regulated by PI3K signaling. In this study, we showed that loss of PTEN elevated V–ATPase activity. Enhanced V–ATPase activity was mediated by increased expression of the ATPase H+ transporting accessory protein 2 (ATP6AP2), also known as the prorenin receptor (PRR). PRR is cleaved into a secreted extracellular fragment (sPRR) and an intracellular fragment (M8.9) that remains associated with the V–ATPase complex. Reduced PTEN expression increased V–ATPase complex activity in a PRR-dependent manner. Breast cancer cell lines with reduced PTEN expression demonstrated increased PRR expression. Similarly, PRR expression became elevated upon PTEN deletion in a mouse model of breast cancer. Interestingly, concentration of sPRR was elevated in the plasma of patients with breast cancer and correlated with tumor burden in HER2-enriched cancers. Moreover, PRR was essential for proper HER2 receptor expression, localization, and signaling. PRR knockdown attenuated HER2 signaling and resulted in reduced Akt and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, and in lower mTORC1 activity. Overall, our study demonstrates a mechanism by which PTEN loss in breast cancer can potentiate multiple signaling pathways through upregulation of the V–ATPase complex.

Implications:
Our study contributed to the understanding of the role of the V–ATPase complex in breast cancer cell tumorigenesis and provided a potential biomarker in breast cancer.
High Throughput Screen Identifies the DNMT1 (DNA Methyltransferase-1) Inhibitor, 5-Azacytidine, as a Potent Inducer of PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog)
Authors: Strand Keith A. , Lu Sizhao , Mutryn Marie F. , Li Linfeng , Zhou Qiong , Enyart Blake T. , Jolly Austin J. , Dubner Allison M. , Moulton Karen S. , Nemenoff Raphael A. , Koch Keith A. , LaBarbera Daniel V. , Weiser-Evans Mary C.M. 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
Our recent work demonstrates that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is an important regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype. SMC-specific PTEN deletion promotes spontaneous vascular remodeling and PTEN loss correlates with increased atherosclerotic lesion severity in human coronary arteries. In mice, PTEN overexpression reduces plaque area and preserves SMC contractile protein expression in atherosclerosis and blunts Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced pathological vascular remodeling, suggesting that pharmacological PTEN upregulation could be a novel therapeutic approach to treat vascular disease.

Approach and Results:
To identify novel PTEN activators, we conducted a high-throughput screen using a fluorescence based PTEN promoter-reporter assay. After screening ≈3400 compounds, 11 hit compounds were chosen based on level of activity and mechanism of action. Following in vitro confirmation, we focused on 5-azacytidine, a DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase-1) inhibitor, for further analysis. In addition to PTEN upregulation, 5-azacytidine treatment increased expression of genes associated with a differentiated SMC phenotype. 5-Azacytidine treatment also maintained contractile gene expression and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression after PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) stimulation, suggesting 5-azacytidine blocks PDGF-induced SMC de-differentiation. However, these protective effects were lost in PTEN-deficient SMCs. These findings were confirmed in vivo using carotid ligation in SMC-specific PTEN knockout mice treated with 5-azacytidine. In wild type controls, 5-azacytidine reduced neointimal formation and inflammation while maintaining contractile protein expression. In contrast, 5-azacytidine was ineffective in PTEN knockout mice, indicating that the protective effects of 5-azacytidine are mediated through SMC PTEN upregulation.

Conclusions:
Our data indicates 5-azacytidine upregulates PTEN expression in SMCs, promoting maintenance of SMC differentiation and reducing pathological vascular remodeling in a PTEN-dependent manner.
Comparison of Outcome Adjudication by Investigators and by a Central End Point Committee in Heart Failure Trials
Authors: Tyl Benoît , Lopez Sendon José , Borer Jeffrey S. , Lopez De Sa Esteban , Lerebours Guy , Varin Claire , De Montigny Aurélie , Pannaux Matthieu , Komajda Michel 
Published: June 2020

Background:
The usefulness of adjudication by central end point committees (CECs) is poorly assessed in heart failure (HF) trials. We aimed to assess its impact on the outcome of the SHIFT trial (Systolic HF Treatment With the If Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial).

Methods:
SHIFT was a randomized placebo-controlled trial investigating the effect of ivabradine in 6505 HF patients with reduced ejection fraction. Prespecified end points, reported by investigators (all cardiologists) using specific case report form pages, included all-cause and specific causes of deaths and hospitalizations. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular deaths or hospitalizations for worsening HF. We compared the adjudication of prespecified end points made by investigators and by the CEC.

Results:
Investigators identified 7529 prespecified end points, 6793 of which were confirmed by the CEC: 98.1% of cardiovascular deaths, 88.6% of all hospitalizations, and 84.4% of hospitalizations for worsening HF. These differences had no meaningful impact on the study results; hazard ratio for the primary composite end point: investigators, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76–0.91) versus CEC, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.75–0.90), with similar results for each component of the primary end point (hazard ratio of 0.92 versus 0.91 for cardiovascular death and 0.78 versus 0.74 for hospitalization for worsening HF).

Conclusions:
Central adjudication by a CEC in the SHIFT study confirmed most of cardiovascular deaths and worsening HF hospitalizations assessed by cardiologists and did not result in a significant change of the final result as compared to investigator judgment. In this context, the benefits of CEC in blinded HF trials should be reconsidered.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02441218. URL:
http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN70429960
; Unique identifier: ISRCTN70429960.
Elevated Angiotensin 1–7/Angiotensin II Ratio Predicts Favorable Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Wang Kaiming , Basu Ratnadeep , Poglitsch Marko , Bakal Jeffrey A. , Oudit Gavin Y. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and Ang 1–7 (angiotensin 1–7) are endogenous negative regulators of the renin-angiotensin system exerting cardioprotective effects in models of heart failure. Recombinant human ACE2 markedly increased plasma Ang 1–7 and lowered Ang II levels in phase II clinical trials. We hypothesize that the dynamic state of this renin-angiotensin system protective arm could influence long-term outcomes in patients with heart failure.

Methods:
One hundred ten patients with heart failure were prospectively enrolled from our outpatient clinic and the emergency department. Comprehensive circulating and equilibrium levels of plasma angiotensin peptide profiles were assessed using novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectroscopy techniques. Plasma aldosterone, B-type natriuretic peptide, active renin concentration, and clinical profiles were captured at baseline. During a median follow-up of 5.1 years (interquartile range, 4.7–5.7 years), composite clinical outcomes were assessed using all-cause in-patient hospitalizations and mortality.

Results:

Circulating and equilibrium angiotensin peptide levels strongly correlated in our patient cohort. Adjusting for covariates, elevated equilibrium (hazard ratio, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.18–0.81]
P
=0.012), and circulating (hazard ratio, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.18–0.80]
P
=0.011) Ang 1–7/Ang II ratios were associated with improved survival. Lower hospitalization duration was also associated with elevated equilibrium (
P
<0.001) and circulating (
P
=0.023) Ang 1–7/Ang II ratios. Importantly, individual Ang 1–7 and Ang II peptide levels failed to predict all-cause mortality or hospitalization duration in our patient cohort.

Conclusions:

We extensively profiled plasma angiotensin peptides in patients with heart failure and identified elevated Ang 1–7/Ang II ratio, as an independent and incremental predictor of beneficial outcomes, higher survival rate, and decreased hospitalization duration. These findings provide important clinical evidence supporting strategies aiming to promote the beneficial Ang 1–7/Mas axis concurrent with renin-angiotensin system blockade therapies inhibiting the detrimental Ang II/AT
1
receptor axis.
Special Issue: UNCITRAL and Investment Arbitration Reform: Matching Concerns and Solutions
Authors: Langford Malcolm , Potestà Michele , Kaufmann-Kohler Gabrielle , Behn Daniel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The ongoing ‘legitimacy crisis’ in investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) has triggered a comprehensive attempt at multilateral reform. In 2017, Working Group III at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) was entrusted with a broad, open-ended and problem-driven mandate. The reform process aims to tackle particular concerns with ISDS: excessive costs and lengthy proceedings, inconsistent and incorrect decisions, and a lack of arbitral diversity and independence. The exclusion of substantive treaty reform has met critique but states are considering a wide range of procedural options from incremental reform to a multilateral court, appellate mechanism, and ISDS alternatives. In this article, we introduce the reform process and the seven articles that follow in this Special Issue of the Journal on World and Investment and Trade. In these contributions, ISDS Academic Forum members analyse the basis for each concern and the potential contribution of leading reform models.
Empirical Perspectives on Investment Arbitration: What Do We Know? Does It Matter?
Authors: Behn Daniel , Langford Malcolm , Létourneau-Tremblay Laura 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Due to the problem-centric nature of its mandate, empirical research has been relatively central in the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) investment arbitration reform process. In this article, the authors seek to provide a state-of-the-art summary and assessment of empirical studies on the six identified concerns of states: legal cost, duration of proceedings, consistency, correctness, diversity and independence. The article asks: (1) What do we know? and (2) Does it matter? The survey of evidence reveals an emerging base of quantitative, qualitative and computational evidence for justifying some but not all concerns and understanding their causes. However, there are challenges in accessing all relevant data, modelling outcomes and evaluating whether there was normatively a problem. The article concludes by indicating that some concerns are clearly justified, others not, and others fall within an unknown category.
Makosa Ya Kisarufi Katika Makala Andishi Za Habari: Uchunguzi Kifani Wa BBC Swahili Na DW Kiswahili
Authors: Mushumbwa Alcheraus R 
Published: June 2020

Ikisiri
Tafiti juu ya matumizi ya lugha katika vyombo vya habari zimethibitisha kuwapo kwa makosa kadhaa ya lugha katika utoaji wa habari. Makala haya, yanamakinikia makosa ya kisarufi katika matini andishi za habari za BBC Swahili na DW Kiswahili. Sampuli ya makala kumi kutoka kila tovuti ya chombo husika zilichanganuliwa kulingana na nadharia ya Corder (1967). Makosa ya udondoshaji, uchopekaji, upatanisho wa kisarufi, umoja na wingi, mpangilio wa vipashio na mantiki yalithibitika. Sababu za kufanyika kwa makosa hayo ni pamoja na: kutomudu sarufi ya Kiswahili, kukosa umakini katika uandishi na uhariri, athari za lugha mama, lugha za kigeni, lugha ya mazungumzo, na uteuzi mbaya wa msamiati. Vilevile, ilibainika kuwa makosa hayo yana athari hasi kwa wazungumzaji wa lugha pamoja na lugha yenyewe. Hata hiyo, tafiti zaidi zinapaswa kufanywa juu ya mazingira yachocheayo uvumilivu wa makosa ya lugha katika utangazaji wa habari kwa Kiswahili.
<p><strong>A new status and combination in a Madagascan <em>Kalanchoe</em>, <em>K. brevicalyx</em> (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae)</strong></p>
Authors: SMITH GIDEON F. , FIGUEIREDO ESTRELA 
Published: June 2020

The proposed name at new rank ‘Kalanchoe brevicalyx’ (Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie 1915: 88) L.Allorge (in Boiteau & Allorge-Boiteau 1995: 133) (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) was not validly published as a full and direct reference to the place of valid publication of the basionym, K. pinnata var. brevicalyx Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie (1915: 88), with page or plate reference and date, was not clearly indicated (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 41.5). We here validly publish the new combination and status.
Multimodal approach of venous recanalization in patients with a critical limb ischemia due to phlegmasia cerulea dolens: A case series of 17 patients in a single center
Authors: Mühlberger Dominic , Mumme Achim , Stücker Markus , Reich-Schupke Stefanie , Hummel Thomas 
Published: June 2020

Objectives Advanced phlegmasia cerulea dolens can be a hazardous complication of a deep vein thrombosis and rapid recanalization of the deep venous system is the most important factor. Method We describe the outcome of 17 patients with critical limb ischemia due to an advanced phlegmasia cerulea dolens. Venous thrombectomy was performed by a standardized operating procedure. Results Venous recanalization was successful in all patients. An additional fasciotomy was not necessary. There were five patients with an underlying malignancy and eight patients with a simultaneous pulmonary embolism. We had one amputation of a forefoot and one death within 30 days representing a 30-day mortality and an amputation rate of 6%. Conclusions Early recanalization and recovery of the venous outflow is mandatory for success. A multimodal therapeutic approach of high urgency surgical thrombectomy in combination with endovenous strategies could be a successful treatment option for advanced phlegmasia cerulea dolens.