bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cold Agglutinin Disease and Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with Pulmonary Embolism as a Presentation of COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Patil Neha R. , Herc Erica S. , Girgis Marian 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated D-dimer and ferritin levels are frequently reported in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we report a case of cold agglutinin disease (CAD), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), and pulmonary embolism as a presentation of COVID-19 infection.

Case report:
A 51-year-old African-American woman presented to the emergency room with fever and shortness of breath. She was tachycardic, febrile, and had an oxygen saturation of 88% on room air. Laboratory studies showed hemoglobin (Hb) 5.1 g/dL, D-dimer 4.55 mg/mL, and C-reactive protein 12.3 mg/dL. Computed tomography scan of the chest showed acute pulmonary embolism involving the bilateral lower lobe segmental branches. Her influenza test was negative, but her SARS-CoV-2 test returned positive. Due to severe anemia, she was not started on any anticoagulation. Haptoglobin was low. Direct antiglobulin test returned positive for anticomplement and negative for anti-immunoglobulin G. Cold agglutinin titer was 80. Mycoplasma, Epstein–Barr virus, parvovirus, human immunodeficiency viruses, and acute hepatitis screen were negative. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography showed a normal liver and spleen without lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood smear showed red blood cell agglutination. On Day 2, she became hypoxic requiring 6 L oxygen. Since her Hb remained stable, she was started on low-intensity unfractionated heparin. Inflammatory markers subsequently improved and she was weaned off oxygen. Her Hb remained stable at 9 g/dL and she was discharged home. After 2 weeks, her Hb increased to 11 g/dL.

Conclusion:
As exemplified in this case report, COVID-19 infection can lead to thromboembolism, CAD, and AIHA and it should be recognized as a potential etiology to such rare diseases.
A Focused Update on Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Blanchet Pierre J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract:Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a delayed and potentially irreversible motor complication following chronic exposure to centrally acting dopamine receptor antagonists, mainly of the class of antipsychotics drugs. New generations of antipsychotic drugs reduced its mean prevalence to 20%, but it continues to mar the drug experience and social integration in a significant fraction of patients. The underlying molecular cascade remains elusive, explaining in part why TD management is so often difficult. Protocol variations between experimental laboratories and inter-species differences in the biological response to antipsychotic drugs have added layers of complexity. The traditional dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity hypothesis was revisited in an experimental nonhuman primate model. Findings in the striatum revealed a strong upregulation of D3, not D2, receptors specific to dyskinetic animals, and indirect evidence suggestive of a link between overactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling and TD. New effective vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 inhibitors alleviating TD have been approved in the USA. They were integrated to an emerging stepwise treatment algorithm for troublesome TD, which also includes consideration for changes in the current antipsychotic drug regimen and recognition of potentially aggravating factors such as anticholinergic co-medications. These advances may benefit TD.
Congenital Herniation of the Gyrus Rectus Resulting in Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Gilani Kia , Maralani Pejman Jabehdar , Sundaram Arun NE 
Published: July 2020

We report a 34-year-old male with a previously uninvestigated lifelong blindness of the right eye from compressive optic neuropathy secondary to congenital herniation of the gyrus rectus (HGR). His past medical history was otherwise unremarkable, with no history of prior head or ocular trauma. On examination, he had no light perception in the right eye, right relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), and primary optic atrophy. His left eye had normal visual acuity, color vision, and a healthy optic disc. There was a sensory exotropia in the right eye; however, extraocular movements were intact and the remainder of his neurological exam was normal. MRI revealed compression of the prechiasmatic right optic nerve from HGR and atrophy of the right optic nerve and optic chiasm (Figures 1 and 2), without any parenchymal mass lesions. There were no signal abnormalities in the optic nerves or the chiasm.
All-Cause Mortality After the Great East Japan Earthquake in Fukushima Prefecture: Trends From 2009 to 2016 and Variation by Displacement
Authors: Tsuboi Satoshi , Mine Tomosa , Kanke Satoshi , Ohira Tetsuya 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9 earthquake (the Great East Japan Earthquake) occurred off the east coast of Japan. After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accidents, as of 2016, people were not allowed to live in the 6 districts (Tomioka, Okuma, Futaba, Namie, Katsurao, Iidate) in Fukushima Prefecture. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of displacement on all-cause mortality in Fukushima Prefecture.Methods:Data regarding population and deaths from 2009 to 2016 in Fukushima Prefecture were obtained from the governmental statistics. The age-adjusted all-cause mortality were compared among the 4 areas in Fukushima Prefecture; the Eastern, Middle, Western, and Displacement areas.Results:The age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates in the Eastern and Displacement areas were higher than in the other 2 areas from 2009 to 2011. During the period from 2012 to 2016, all-cause mortality in the Displacement area decreased to the lowest, while the morality in the Eastern area remained the highest.Conclusions:Against all expectations, after the earthquake, all-cause mortality in the Displacement area was continuously lower than in the rest of the Fukushima Prefecture. Following disasters, long-term monitoring should be organized to meet local health-care needs.
Insurance, Big Data and Changing Conceptions of Fairness
Authors: Barry Laurence 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper aims to show how insurance mechanisms that historically propelled a conception of fairness based on solidarity and a collective approach shifted along the 20th century towards an idealistic adjustment to individual risk. Insurance originally assumed that, while individual hazards remained unknown, risk could be measured and managed on the aggregate. An examination of the proceedings of the American Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS) during the 20th century demonstrates the slow crystallization of another conception of fairness, that aims at a scientific adjustment of insurance premiums to actual “individual risks.” I argue that this conception of fairness deconstructs the one based on solidarity. Big data technologies have further radicalized this shift. By aiming at predictive individual risk scores rather than average costs estimated on the aggregate, the algorithms contribute to replacing fairness as solidarity by the correctness of a computation.
The fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis, in grey wolves and dogs in Slovakia: epidemiology and genetic analysis
Authors: Jarošová J. , Antolová D. , Šnábel V. , Guimarães N. , Štofík J. , Urban P. , Cavallero S. , Miterpáková M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, is an important emerging parasite in the northern hemisphere. In epidemiological studies, the highest attention is being paid to foxes as the main reservoir hosts responsible for geographic expansion from multiple focal populations and the invasion of urban habitats, but little information is available on the parasite distribution in other carnivores. Hence, the study was designed to obtain updated information about the occurrence and genetic diversity of E. multilocularis in grey wolves and dogs in Slovakia. Faecal samples of wolves were collected from three locations under a certain level of environmental protection in the central and eastern parts of the country, and the presence of the parasite DNA was detected in 35.7% of 112 samples, with the highest rate (51.2%) recorded in the Poloniny National Park in north-eastern Slovakia. Among 110 faecal dog samples, E. multilocularis was detected in three faeces from segregated Roma settlements in the eastern part of the country, which accounted for an overall positivity of 2.7%. Sequence analysis of two mitochondrial genes, 12S rRNA and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, revealed four haplotypes in 13 isolates from wolves and dogs originating from four sites in eastern and central Slovakia, with all samples bearing a European-type pattern of E. multilocularis. The more than one-third positivity rate of E. multilocularis in wolf faecal samples dispersed over a large part of the country has corroborated the extensive circulation of the parasite in wildlife and confirmed the need to improve intervention control strategies.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of three family clusters of COVID-19 transmitted by latent patients in China
Authors: Li Jing , Ding Jiguang , Chen Li , Hong Liang , Yu Xiaoqi , Ye Enling , Sun Gangqiang , Zhang Binbin , Zhang Xinxin , Sun Qingfeng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
From 21 January 2020 to 9 February 2020, three family clusters involving 31 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 were identified in Wenzhou, China. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the family cluster patients were analysed and compared with those of 43 contemporaneous sporadic cases. The three index cases transmitted the infection to 28 family members 2–10 days before illness onset. Overall, 28 of the 41 sporadic cases and three of 31 patients in the family clusters came back from Wuhan (65.12 vs. 9.68%, P< 0.001). In terms of epidemiological characters and clinical symptoms, no significant differences were observed between the family cluster and sporadic cases. However, the lymphocyte counts of sporadic cases were significantly lower than those of family cluster cases ((1.32 ± 0.55) × 109/l vs. (1.63 ± 0.70) × 109/l, P = 0.037), and the proportion of hypoalbuminaemia was higher in sporadic cases (18/43, 41.86%) than in the family clusters (6/31, 19.35%) (P < 0.05). Within the family cluster, the second- and third-generation cases had milder clinical manifestations, without severe conditions, compared with the index and first-generation cases, indicating that the virulence gradually decreased following passage through generations within the family clusters. Close surveillance, timely recognition and isolation of the suspected or latent patient is crucial in preventing family cluster infection.
A teenager with CHD and coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Olfe Jakob , Grafmann Maria , Kozlik-Feldmann Rainer 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA 16-year-old girl with history of treated congenital mitral valve disease and signs of respiratory infection was admitted to our paediatric cardiology department. She was tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Despite her severe pre-existing cardiac conditions with pulmonary hypertension, atrial arrhythmias and mitral valve stenosis, the infection did not lead to any cardiac or pulmonary deterioration. In adults, cardiac co-morbidities are known risk factors for a severe course of coronavirus disease 2019 infections. This case illustrates that in children even severe cardiac disease is not necessarily associated with a severe course of coronavirus disease 2019.
Centrifuge Polarizing Microscope
Authors: Inoué S , Knudson R A , Suzuki K , Okada N , Takahashi H , Iida M , Yamanaka K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We report here the successful development of a new instrument, the Centrifuge Polarizing Microscope (CPM). The CPM was developed to explore, by high-extinction polarized light microscopy, the dynamic alignment, linkage, and interaction of macromolecules, fine structure, and organelles in living cells and developing embryos being centrifugally stratified. It should also find applications in material sciences, e.g., for examining centrifugal stratification, compaction, and alignment of liquid crystals and emulsions; the CPM uniquely allows continuous observation and measurement of the weak birefringence exhibited by molecules and fine structures that are oriented, or become oriented, under centrifugal acceleration.
Centrifuge microscopes of various designs have been built since the 1930s but were not equipped for polarization optics. In the 8-cm-radius rotor of our prototype CPM, spinning between the objective and condenser lenses with numerical apertures of up to 0.55, the specimen chamber is illuminated stroboscopically by a 5- to 7-ns intense flash of 532-nm-wavelength light from a Nd- YAG laser, synchronized to fire exactly as the specimen intersects the axis of the objective lens (Fig. 1).
Virtual EDS - A Cross-Platform Interactive Multimedia Tool for Self-Paced Instruction in Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Microanalysis.
Authors: Griffin Brendan J , Nockolds Clive E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The collection and analysis of x-rays emitted by samples in electron microscopes is in many ways a dynamic process. Conventional methods of off-line teaching are restricted in their ability to convey this dynamic and interactive nature. The recent developments in multimedia software and the increase in power of desktop systems can be taken advantage of in teaching in this area. Specifically the original AMAS (Australian Microbeam Analysis Society) EDS course notes have been integrated with a range of interactive tutorials and multi-choice assessment using the Macromedia Director 6.0 multimedia authoring software. The ‘Virtual EDS’ software is compatible with the Macintosh, Windows'95, Windows NT and Windows 3.11 platforms, on CD-ROM.
The project is on-going but currently the software contains the full AMAS EDS notes updated as thirteen reference topics and the following four interactive tutorials:
A Model Outreach Program for Teaching Scanning Electron Microscopy Technology: Successes and Failures
Authors: Smith NR , Quinta RA 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A partnership has developed between the Microscope and Graphic Imaging Center (MAGIC) at California State University, Hayward and Ohlone Community College. The purpose of the collaboration is to develop a program to allow community college students to gain experience in preparing and viewing samples using scanning electron microscopy technology. The learning module involves students from the Ohlone College Biology Majors Program and student mentors from CSUH. An additional component is the introduction of under-represented students into a Biology Fellowship Program in which they also participate in the SEM learning module. Participants for these programs are selected on the basis of their interest and how this experience will benefit them as expressed in a one-page written essay. Ten students are selected to participate in the programs.
The objectives of the learning module are to: 1) learn specimen preparation techniques and develop skills in SEM technology; 2) gain hands-on experience and develop some laboratory skills necessary for effective use of a SEM in studying biological specimens; 3) share the experience gained with peers at their home institution.
Understanding Digital Color Imaging and Processing
Authors: Newell Bruce D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Color and Color Perception
Accurate color reproduction is an essential component in the effective use of digital imaging techniques in light microscopy. The color reproduction process begins with an understanding that color is the result of three key elements; light, the illuminated object, and the observation method. When light strikes an object, wavelengths may be reflected, absorbed or transmitted. Additionally, the observed colors are strongly influenced by the intensity of the illumination and its spectral content. Colors we think of as “white” can vary significantly in their spectral distribution, e.g., skylight is actually a bluish white while tungsten bulbs produce a yellowish white.
Light waves that reach the eye stimulate a complex process that is not yet fully understood. Within the retina, three different types of cones respond to color hues and brightness while rods sense only brightness.
Spot Measurement Tool for Diffraction Pattern Analysis
Authors: Bright David S , Myers Alline F , Turner Shirley , Steel Eric B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Accurate characterization of electron diffraction patterns can be tedious, which encourages development of computer assisted tools and methods. We developed a spot measurement tool to characterize rapidly arrays of diffraction spots that are characteristic of a single crystal, and to measure precisely the d-spacing values for individual spots. The spot tool determines these vectors for averaged measurements from many spots in a digital image of the diffraction pattern. Previously we developed automated methods for spot pattern analysis. Why make an operator-assisted tool? This tool is faster than either our automated or entirely manual methods, and it allows assessment of the quality of the data at the beginning of the analysis.
It is easy to see regular patterns of spots in a zone axis diffraction pattern (Fig. 1.1). An operator guides the initial calculations by adjusting an array of circles to approximately cover the spots in the pattern to be analyzed.
The Position-Sensitive Atom Probe - A New Dimension In Atom Probe Analysis
Authors: Cerezo A , Warren PJ , Smith GDW 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A possible description of the ideal microscope would be an instrument which was able to reconstruct, with atomic resolution and in 3 dimensions, both the position and the chemical identity of atoms in a material. The 3-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) is the technique which comes closest to this goal.
The position-sensitive atom probe (PoSAP) was the first 3DAP. In the PoSAP, the high magnification of the field-ion microscope is combined with the time-of-flight mass spectroscopy of the atom probe, and position-sensitive detection based on a wedge-and-strip anode, Fig.1. This combination allows the chemical identity and the original surface position to be determined for single atoms removed from a field-ion specimen by pulsed field evaporation. Continued field evaporation and analysis builds up a 3D image of the distribution of all the atomic species originally present in the material, Fig. 2.
An APFIM and TEM Study of Ni4Mo Precipitation In a Commercial Ni-28% Mo-1.4 % Fe-0.4% Cr Wt. % Alloy
Authors: Thomson R C , Brown N , Bates J S , Russell K F , Miller M K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ni-Mo alloys containing at least 26 wt.% Mo have a negligible corrosion rate in boiling 10% hydrochloric acid and are therefore used in corrosive environments. A series of commercial Ni-Mo alloys has been developed with subtle variations in chemical composition. These alloys usually contain ∼28 wt.% Mo with additions of up to 5 % Fe and Cr. A significant amount of research has been performed to understand the microstructure and properties of these alloys, although most of the effort has concentrated on the Ni-Mo binary system. In some alloys with low Fe and Cr contents, a severe embrittlement problem has been observed due to the formation of the Ni4Mo (D1a-ordered) phase within the microstructure. The calculated section of the ternary Ni-Mo-Fe phase diagram in Fig. 1 illustrates that the addition of Fe stabilises Ni3Mo with respect to the brittle Ni4Mo phase.
High Resolution Analysis of Elemental Partitioning in Nickel-Base Superalloy Welds Using Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy
Authors: Babu S S , David S A , Vitek J M , Miller M K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Weldability of single-crystal and directionally solidified Ni-base alloys is important for repairwelding of failed components. During welding, phase decomposition and subsequent microstructure development may occur under non-equilibrium conditions. The final microstructure and phase composition of γ and γ' phases in these welds control the weld properties. Previous work used atom-probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM) for characterizing commercial single-crystal alloys. This work summarizes the microstructural development in PWA-1480 [Ni - 11.5 at. % Cr - 11.0% A1 - 5.1% Co - 1.3% W - 1.9% Ti - 4.0% Ta] electron beam (EB) welds and CMSX-4 [Ni - 7.5 at. % Cr - 12.7% A1 - 9.9% Co - 0.38% Mo -2.1% W - 1.3% Ti - 2.2% Ta - 0.95% Re - 0.034% Hf| pulsed laser (PL) welds.
In both PL and EB welds, a dendritic mode of weld solidification was observed.
Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy of Titanium Aluminides
Authors: Larson D J , Miller M K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Titanium aluminides have a number of potential high temperature applications due to their good elevated-temperature mechanical properties, low density, and good creep and oxidation resistance. However, fabrication of commercial components of these materials has been impeded by their poor mechanical properties at ambient temperatures. Significant efforts with various degrees of success have been made to improve the mechanical properties of these TiAl alloys by doping them with a variety of different elements including B, C, Cr, Er, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Nb, P, Si, Ta, V and W. One of the optimum analytical tools for investigating the effects of these additions on the microstructure is the atom probe field ion microscope. However, relatively few studies of titanium aluminides, compared to some other intermetallic compounds, have performed by atom probe field ion microscopy. This lack of attention can be attributed to the brittle nature of the material, in-situ transformations that occur during the field ion microscopy and preferential evaporation problems that were encountered in some of the early studies.
Clustering and Segregation of Ag and Mg Atoms in the Nucleation and Growth Stage of Ω And T1 Precipitates In Al-Cu(-Li) Alloys
Authors: Murayama M , Reich L , Hono K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Trace additions of Ag and Mg in Al-Cu and Al-Li-Cu alloys change the precipitation processes drastically. In Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy, plate-like Ω phase precipitates on the {111} matrix planes. Similarly, additions of Ag and Mg to Al-Li-Cu alloy cause uniform dispersion of the T1 precipitate on the {111} matrix planes. Ω and T1 phases are structurally and morphologically similar, and a similar mechanism is expected to work in both alloy systems to enhance uniform dispersion of the plate-like precipitates on the {111} planes. A previous atom probe work [1] reported that Ag and Mg are segregated at the αΩ. interfaces in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy. In an Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy, Ag and Mg atoms were found to be incorporated with the T, phase [2]; however, because of the thinness of the T1, plate, the exact location of these atoms with respect to the T1, phase could not be determined sucessfully by a conventional atom probe.