bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galaxy properties as revealed by MaNGA – III. Kinematic profiles and stellar population gradients in S0s
Authors: Domínguez Sánchez H , Bernardi M , Nikakhtar F , Margalef-Bentabol B , Sheth R K 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
This is the third paper of a series where we study the stellar population gradients (SP; ages, metallicities, α-element abundance ratios, and stellar initial mass functions) of early-type galaxies (ETGs) at $z$ ≤ 0.08 from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO Data Release 15 (MaNGA-DR15) survey. In this work, we focus on the S0 population and quantify how the SP varies across the population as well as with galactocentric distance. We do this by measuring Lick indices and comparing them to SP synthesis models. This requires spectra with high signal-to-noise ratio which we achieve by stacking in bins of luminosity (Lr) and central velocity dispersion (σ0). We find that: (1) there is a bimodality in the S0 population: S0s more massive than $3\times 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ show stronger velocity dispersion and age gradients (age and σr decrease outwards) but little or no metallicity gradient, while the less massive ones present relatively flat age and velocity dispersion profiles, but a significant metallicity gradient (i.e. [M/H] decreases outwards). Above $2\times 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, the number of S0s drops sharply. These two mass scales are also where global scaling relations of ETGs change slope. (2) S0s have steeper velocity dispersion profiles than fast-rotating elliptical galaxies (E-FRs) of the same luminosity and velocity dispersion. The kinematic profiles and SP gradients of E-FRs are both more similar to those of slow-rotating ellipticals (E-SRs) than to S0s, suggesting that E-FRs are not simply S0s viewed face-on. (3) At fixed σ0, more luminous S0s and E-FRs are younger, more metal rich and less α-enhanced. Evidently for these galaxies, the usual statement that ‘massive galaxies are older’ is not true if σ0 is held fixed.
Diffuse LINER-type emission from extended disc regions of barred galaxies
Authors: Percival S M , James P A 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a spectroscopic analysis of the central disc regions of barred spiral galaxies, concentrating on the region that is swept by the bar but not including the bar itself (the ‘star formation desert’ or SFD region). New spectroscopy is presented for 34 galaxies, and the full sample analysed comprises 48 SBa–SBcd galaxies. These data confirm the full suppression of SF within the SFD regions of all but the latest type (SBcd) galaxies. However, diffuse [N ii] and H α line emission is detected in all galaxies. The ubiquity and homogeneous properties of this emission from SBa to SBc galaxies favour post-asymptotic giant branch (p-AGB) stars as the source of this line excitation, rather than extreme blue horizontal branch stars. The emission-line ratios strongly exclude any contribution from recent SF, but are fully consistent with recent population synthesis modelling of p-AGB emission by other authors, and favour excitation dominated by ambient gas of approximately solar abundance, rather than ejecta from the AGB stars themselves. The line equivalent widths are also larger than those observed in many fully passive (e.g. elliptical) galaxies, which may also be a consequence of a greater ambient gas density in the SFD regions.
Collateral Toxicity Limits the Evolution of Bacterial Release Factor 2 toward Total Omnipotence
Authors: Abdalaal Hind , Pundir Shreya , Ge Xueliang , Sanyal Suparna , Näsvall Joakim 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
When new genes evolve through modification of existing genes, there are often tradeoffs between the new and original functions, making gene duplication and amplification necessary to buffer deleterious effects on the original function. We have used experimental evolution of a bacterial strain lacking peptide release factor 1 (RF1) in order to study how peptide release factor 2 (RF2) evolves to compensate the loss of RF1. As expected, amplification of the RF2-encoding gene prfB to high copy number was a rapid initial response, followed by the appearance of mutations in RF2 and other components of the translation machinery. Characterization of the evolved RF2 variants by their effects on bacterial growth rate, reporter gene expression, and in vitro translation termination reveals a complex picture of reduced discrimination between the cognate and near-cognate stop codons and highlights a functional tradeoff that we term “collateral toxicity.” We suggest that this type of tradeoff may be a more serious obstacle in new gene evolution than the more commonly discussed evolutionary tradeoffs between “old” and “new” functions of a gene, as it cannot be overcome by gene copy number changes. Further, we suggest a model for how RF2 autoregulation responds to alterations in the demand not only for RF2 activity but also for RF1 activity.
Integrating NMR and simulations reveals motions in the UUCG tetraloop
Authors: Bottaro Sandro , Nichols Parker J , Vögeli Beat , Parrinello Michele , Lindorff-Larsen Kresten 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe provide an atomic-level description of the structure and dynamics of the UUCG RNA stem–loop by combining molecular dynamics simulations with experimental data. The integration of simulations with exact nuclear Overhauser enhancements data allowed us to characterize two distinct states of this molecule. The most stable conformation corresponds to the consensus three-dimensional structure. The second state is characterized by the absence of the peculiar non-Watson–Crick interactions in the loop region. By using machine learning techniques we identify a set of experimental measurements that are most sensitive to the presence of non-native states. We find that although our MD ensemble, as well as the consensus UUCG tetraloop structures, are in good agreement with experiments, there are remaining discrepancies. Together, our results show that (i) the MD simulation overstabilize a non-native loop conformation, (ii) eNOE data support its presence with a population of ≈10% and (iii) the structural interpretation of experimental data for dynamic RNAs is highly complex, even for a simple model system such as the UUCG tetraloop.
Identification of gene fusion events in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that encode chimeric proteins
Authors: Gallant James , Mouton Jomien , Ummels Roy , ten Hagen-Jongman Corinne , Kriel Nastassja , Pain Arnab , Warren Robin M , Bitter Wilbert , Heunis Tiaan , Sampson Samantha L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for causing tuberculosis. The harsh environment in which M. tuberculosis survives requires this pathogen to continuously adapt in order to maintain an evolutionary advantage. However, the apparent absence of horizontal gene transfer in M. tuberculosis imposes restrictions in the ways by which evolution can occur. Large-scale changes in the genome can be introduced through genome reduction, recombination events and structural variation. Here, we identify a functional chimeric protein in the ppe38–71 locus, the absence of which is known to have an impact on protein secretion and virulence. To examine whether this approach was used more often by this pathogen, we further develop software that detects potential gene fusion events from multigene deletions using whole genome sequencing data. With this software we could identify a number of other putative gene fusion events within the genomes of M. tuberculosis isolates. We were able to demonstrate the expression of one of these gene fusions at the protein level using mass spectrometry. Therefore, gene fusions may provide an additional means of evolution for M. tuberculosis in its natural environment whereby novel chimeric proteins and functions can arise.
O4.5. LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES FOR FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: OUTCOMES OVER FIVE YEARS FROM THE RECOVERY AFTER A 1ST EPISODE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA-EARLY TREATMENT PROGRAM (RAISE-ETP)
Authors: Robinson Delbert , Schooler Nina , Kane John 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Early intervention services (EIS) for first episode psychosis (FEP) are now implemented worldwide and these integrated and team-based treatment programs improve FEP outcomes while patients are participating. EIS service and treatment models provide care for limited periods followed by return to standard services. Cross sectional follow-up studies conducted after EIS participation ends have not been able to find advantages compared with standard care. The RAISE-ETP study was the first US-based, multi-center randomized clinical trial to compare an EIS, labeled NAVIGATE, to usual clinical care. Those who received NAVIGATE experienced significant improvement in symptoms and functioning compared to those who received usual care during the initial two-year treatment period. We now report clinical outcomes covering five years, a time frame that includes care after EIS participation ended.

Methods
RAISE-ETP was a cluster randomized clinical trial conducted at 34 US sites; 17 sites provided NAVIGATE to 223 participants and 17 sites provided usual clinical care to 181 participants. NAVIGATE was available until the last randomized subject had the opportunity for two years of services. Participants were assessed every six months for up to 60 months by masked, centralized assessors utilizing live two-way video and with the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QLS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

Results
Participants had a mean age of 23 years and the majority were male; (78% in NAVIGATE and 66% in usual care). The mean opportunity for NAVIGATE treatment was 33.8 (SD=5.1) months; the longest 44.4 months. Compared with usual care, NAVIGATE over 5 years was associated with a 13.14 unit QLS (p&lt;0.001) and 7.73 unit PANSS (p&lt;0.002) better improvement and 2.5 fewer inpatient days (p=0.02). NAVIGATE opportunity length did not affect QLS outcome; duration of untreated psychosis did not moderate differential QLS outcome.

Discussion
RAISE-ETP provides compelling evidence of a substantial long-term benefit for FEP treatment with the NAVIGATE EIS compared with standard care.
O5.2. CBD MODULATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL GLUTAMATE IN PSYCHOSIS
Authors: O’Neill Aisling , Annibale Luciano , Blest-Hopley Grace , Wilson Robin , Bhattacharyya Sagnik 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Emerging evidence supports the antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating component of cannabis, in people with psychosis. However, how CBD might exert its antipsychotic effect remains unclear. While current antipsychotic medications typically target the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system, preclinical findings suggest that CBD may directly or indirectly affect multiple distinct modes of neural signalling, including both glutamate and dopamine. However, no study has as yet investigated the effect of CBD on brain glutamate levels in patients with psychosis as a potential mechanism underlying its antipsychotic effects.

Methods
We investigated the effects of a single oral dose of CBD (600mg), compared to a matched placebo, in patients within 5 years of onset of psychosis, using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures, within-subject cross-over design, with at least a one-week interval between scans to allow washout of CBD. After drug administration, 13 patients (mean age 27.73, 66.7% male) were scanned using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure left hippocampal glutamate levels. Symptom severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative syndrome scale (PANSS) 60mins before drug administration (T1, pre scan), and 270mins after drug administration (T2, post scan). Effects of CBD on left hippocampal glutamate levels, symptoms, and correlations between hippocampal glutamate and symptoms were investigated.

Results
Compared to placebo, there was a significant increase in left hippocampal glutamate in the psychosis patients under CBD treatment (z= -1.80; p=0.035). Under placebo treatment, change in positive psychotic symptoms (as indexed using the T1 minus T2 PANSS positive symptoms subscale scores) was directly correlated with left hippocampal glutamate levels (rho= 0.69, p=0.004), such that symptoms increased as hippocampal glutamate levels decreased. This significant relationship was not observed under the CBD treatment (rho= 0.102, p=0.72).

Discussion
This suggests that positive psychotic symptoms may be driven by abnormal hippocampal glutamate concentration, which is sensitive to modulation by CBD. These findings are in keeping with the purported antipsychotic effects of CBD in psychosis, and provide novel insight into the neurochemical interactions underlying these effects.
T34. THE IMPACT OF ANTIDEPRESSANT USE ON THE TRANSITION TO PSYCHOSIS RATE IN THE NEURAPRO TRIAL
Authors: Schlögelhofer Monika , McGorry Patrick D , Nelson Barnaby , Berger Maximus , Markulev Connie , Pan Yuen Hok , Schäfer Miriam R , Mossaheb Nilufar , Smesny Stefan , Hickie Ian B , Berger Gregor , Chen Eric Y H , De Haan Lieuwe , Nieman Dorien , Nordentoft Merete , Riecher-Rössler Anita , Verma Swapna , Thompson Andrew , Yung Alison , Amminger G Paul 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Over the last two decades, several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have indicated that preventive psychosocial, pharmacologic (Van der Gaag et al. 2013), and nutritional interventions (Amminger et al. 2010) are likely to be beneficial in people at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis, in terms of delaying or preventing a transition to psychosis. Antidepressant medication is commonly prescribed in young people at UHR for psychosis; however, the evidence regarding its efficacy for psychosis prevention is limited (Fusar-Poli et al. 2007; Cornblatt et al. 2007; Fusar-Poli et al. 2015). The main aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of concomitant AD medication on the transition to psychosis rate in young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis who participated in the NEURAPRO trial (McGorry et al. 2017).

Methods
In this secondary analysis, data from 304 participants of a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial (NEURAPRO) of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) were included. During the trial, concomitant antidepressant medication was permitted for treatment of moderate to severe major depressive disorder (a score of ≥ 21 on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS) in all participants.

Results
Of 304 participants, 189 (62.2%) were treated with ADs. 98 (64.1%) of those were in the omega-3 group and 91 (60.3%) in the placebo group. The transition rate to psychosis was higher in individuals who received AD treatment (13.2%; 25 of 189) as in individuals without ADs (6.1%; 7 of 115). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve estimated a group difference of X2 = 3.237, P = .072 (log rank test).

Discussion
Antidepressants are widely used in early psychosis. This analysis does not support the view that antidepressants may have reduced the transition to psychosis rate in this cohort. The findings are limited by the fact that antidepressants were prescribed based on clinical discretion. A randomised controlled trial is needed to determine whether antidepressants have a role in prevention of transition to psychosis.
T36. NEURAL CHANGES FOLLOWING A BODY-ORIENTED RESILIENCE THERAPY WITH ELEMENTS OF KICKBOXING FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH A PSYCHOTIC DISORDER: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: van der Stouwe Elisabeth , Pijnenborg Marieke (Gerdina) , Opmeer Esther , de Vries Bertine , Bernard Marsman Jan , Aleman Andre , van Busschbach Jooske 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Individuals with a psychotic disorder are at an increased risk of becoming the victim of a crime. A body-oriented resilience therapy with elements of kickboxing (‘BEATVIC’) aimed at preventing victimization by addressing putatively underlying factors was developed. One of these factors is social cognition, particularly facial affect processing. The current study investigated neural effects of BEATVIC using two face processing tasks.

Methods
Participants were randomized to either BEATVIC or a ‘Befriending’ control group consisting of social group meetings. Twenty-seven patients (BEATVIC n=14; Befriending n=13) completed an Emotional Faces task and the Wall of Faces task during fMRI, pre and post intervention. General linear model (GLM) analyses and Independent component analyses (ICA) were performed to define networks and investigate group*time effects.

Results
Voxelwise GLM analyses yielded no differences between groups over time. On a network level (ICA) we found overall increased activation of the salience network to angry and fearful faces in BEATVIC compared to Befriending. A trend towards significance (p=0.05) for increased activation of the (medial) visual network to (a group of predominantly) angry faces, and decreased deactivation (p=0.08) in the sensorimotor network in response to fearful faces in BEATVIC was observed.

Discussion
Increased activation of the salience network may suggest an increased alertness for potentially dangerous faces. Trend findings of the visual network and the sensorimotor network which are formally statistically insignificant may be regarded as tentative and strongly warrant further investigation to allow for more definite conclusions. Increased activation of the visual network might suggest more elaborate processing of visual information. Decreased deactivation in the sensorimotor network might indicate a reduced tendency for “freezing” and enhanced action readiness in response to indirect threat.
T40. GLYCERYL TRINITRATE IN FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS UNMEDICATED WITH ANTIPSYCHOTICS: A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Merritt Kate , Catalan Ana , Cowley Samuel , Demjaha Arsime , Taylor Matthew , McGuire Philip , Cooper Ruth , Morrison Paul 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
There is a pressing need for new classes of treatment for psychosis. A key therapeutic target for novel compounds is the NMDA receptor, which may be modulated by nitric oxide donors such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Recent early phase studies of SNP in patients with psychosis have had mixed results, and the drug has to be administered intravenously. GTN is a well-established cardiovascular medicine that is also a nitric oxide donor, and can be given orally. We explored the safety and effectiveness of GTN in unmedicated patients with a first episode of psychosis.

Methods
A single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from December 2016 to April 2019 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02906553). Patients with a first episode of psychosis were recruited from the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK. Nineteen patients were randomised to receive 3 x sprays of GTN or placebo for 3 consecutive days, and re-assessed on Day 7. Thirteen participants were included in the final analyses. At each assessment point, symptom levels were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and cognitive performance was evaluated using the Jumping to Conclusions (JTC) and the Hopkins Verbal Learning (HVLT) tasks.

Results
Compared to placebo, GTN was well tolerated, but it was not associated with significant effects on either psychotic symptoms or cognition. Bayesian statistics indicated with moderate confidence that GTN does not have a therapeutic effect.

Discussion
This study indicates that nitric oxide donors are not therapeutically beneficial in psychosis. It also highlights the difficulties in recruiting unmedicated patients with psychosis. Future clinical trials would benefit from frameworks built into clinical services, to signpost patients not responding to medication and those discontinuing medication to clinical trials of alternatives.
T85. LIVING WITH PSYCHOSIS IN LATER LIFE
Authors: Galletly Cherrie , Suetani Shuichi , McKellar Duncan , Castle David J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Whilst there is considerable focus on early intervention for young people with psychotic disorders, there is little research looking at older people. Although some of these individuals have a recent onset, most will have been living with psychosis for many years. The older population has increased risks of cardiometabolic complications and this is likely to be complicated by psychosis.

Methods
The Australian Survey of People Living with Psychosis included 1478 participants aged 18–49 years, and 346 participants aged 50–64 years. The two groups were compared across a range of demographic, diagnostic, physical health, substance abuse and lifestyle factors.

Results
The older group contained significantly more women (48.3% vs 38.6%, p&lt;0.0001). There was a smaller proportion of people with ICD-10 schizophrenia (36.1% vs 45.4% p&lt;0.012), and higher proportions with schizoaffective disorder and affective psychoses. Significantly fewer of the older participants were prescribed clozapine (11.0% vs 16.8%, p &lt; 0.0001). The mean age of onset was later in the older group (30.05 vs 22.23 years, p &lt; 0.0001).
There was a striking difference in rates of drug and alcohol abuse. The older group had lower rates of hazardous, harmful or dependent drinking (15.3% vs 35.9%, p &lt; 0.0001), lifetime cannabis use (35.6% vs 74.1%, p &lt; 0.0001), past year cannabis use (11.1% vs 38.1%, p &lt; 0.0001), lifetime amphetamine use (12.8% vs 47.0%, p &lt; 0.0001), and past year amphetamine use (2.9% vs 14.9%, p &lt; 0.0001). The older group were also less likely to currently smoke tobacco (56.9% vs 68.9%, p &lt; 0.0001).
Older people were more likely to live alone (45.1% vs 28.6%, p &lt; 0.000). They were less likely to experience food poverty; in the last year 19.5% of older people and 30.7% of younger people had run out of food and did not have money to buy more.
Cognitive function was poorer with slower processing speed in the older group, with the NART error score indicating premorbid intelligence was lower in the older group.
Older people were more likely to be overweight or obese (80.6% vs 74.3%, p &lt; 0.0001), as well as being more likely to have metabolic syndrome (56.1% vs 48.5%, p = 0.034). There was a greater proportion with very low exercise in the older group (41.6% vs 31.7% p = 0.003).

Discussion
Older people with psychosis are more likely to be female and more likely to be diagnosed with an affective psychosis. The poorer cognitive function and higher rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome are consistent with changes seen in aging in the normal population. The older group have much lower rates of both lifetime and current drug and alcohol abuse, and smoking. Whilst there is considerable attention to cardiovascular health as a determinant of premature mortality, our results suggest that lifetime alcohol, cannabis and amphetamine use may also be associated with failure to survive into older age.