bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Implementation of Electric Power Generation Projects in Iraq
Authors: Nadhum Ameer A. , Erzaij Kadhim R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Iraq has witnessed development in many fields and the electricity production sector is one of the most important of these fields. This is attributed to the State’s philosophy in supporting this sector through the development of economic development projects to serve and raise the level of the Iraqi individual. Electricity production in Iraq is affected by many variables such as load growth, economic and financial conditions, planning, etc. All these led to a disparity in the production of electric power to cover the demand for energy. The paper deals with the electricity generation sector overview in Iraq, Analysis of the effects of variables on the implementation of power generation projects in Iraq, and Creating a mathematical model. The results enable decision-makers to prioritize the implementation of power generation projects in Iraq.
Modeling the Response of Wrap-faced Reinforced Lime Treated Soil Retaining Walls under Static Condition
Authors: Gidday Bisrat Gissila , Mittal Satyendra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper presents model studies conducted on geotextile wrap faced reinforced soil walls under static conditions in a rectangular model box. Untreated and lime treated clay was used as backfill soils. Numerical modeling has been done by PLAXIS software. The surcharge pressure, angle of the slopes, and different number of reinforcement layers were varied in model tests. The influence of these various parameters at different elevations of the retaining wall, settlement at the crest, and horizontal face displacement are presented in this paper. The tests were conducted at 45° and 60° slopes. It was seen that vertical crest settlement and horizontal displacement of reinforced soil wall decrease with an increase in reinforcing layers.
Mathematical determination of the optimal control and maintenance scheme for industrial processes
Authors: Ashour M A H , Al-Turfi M N , Almaliki S J B 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Modern industrial projects face many challenges in order to sustain their productivity in a capital effective manner. Operational costs and production lines maintenance policy is on the top factors that play critical roles in that challenge. Linear programming is utilized in this paper to examine the possible minimization of the operational cost and determine an effective optimal maintenance policy for middle-sized furniture manufacturing plant in Baghdad city, taking under consideration all alternatives, non-sensitivity, and solidness. A mixture of Markov decision processes and linear programming analysis is implemented for the actual site and operational data to help decision-makers in planning for their project’s mid and long term maintenance policy and performing Solidness and, as result, the tentative cost reduction scheme.
Neural network analysis for the solidification scheme of the recycled metal casting
Authors: Askar A J , Al-Turfi M N , Ibrahim A J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The use of recycled materials as one of the great results for the industrial raw materials shortage may face serious problems during the mold casting process. This paper researches the difference in solidification step between the edges and the center of the aluminum recycled cast. The implementation of such research passes through two verification steps; the removal of the chemical dyes and then to melt the recycled aluminum cans in a ceramic container in order to produce the metallic 60 x 13cm mold. Six thermocouples are inserted on the casting edges and the center and liked directly to a computer system in order to simultaneously record the temperature readings from the start of the cooling/solidification process. The Artificial Neural Network ANN approach is applied to the recorded data via the utilization of the software MATLAB in order to analyze the cooling curves and determine the mathematical representation of the solidification layers through the casting. The interior layers microstructure is examined via SPECTROPORT mobile metal analyzer so as to detect the solidification trend through the examined ingots. The edges of the casting are shown to solidify more quickly than the central region and also it is demonstrated via the microstructural samples that the boundaries are more clear in the center than these at the edges.
Aspects on the use of GNSS technology in maritime and fluvial navigation
Authors: Bădescu G , Călina A , Călina J , Săvescu P , Miluț M , Băbucă N I 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
It presents the use of global navigation technology, NAVSTAR-GPS and GLONASS systems in maritime navigation and some aspects that are encountered in maritime navigation, using these systems. The use of GNSS technology in maritime navigation is beneficial and at the same time it can be used in the civil domain, the system which is eminently civil, being the Galileo European positioning system. Commercial vessels sailing on the seas and on the planetary oceans can be monitored and managed in real time, if the GNSS-type global positioning systems are used. The global positioning systems of the GNSS type include all the positioning systems, but especially those of the NAVSTAR-GPS, GLONASS, GALILELO, BEIDOU type. The advantages of using in the navigation of global positioning systems is unmatched and it makes sailing much more useful and safer on the seas and oceans of the earth. River navigation is a component of trade and water transport, which can be managed using modern means of navigation by satellite type GNSS, Romania participating with neighboring countries in different European programs. There is a brief introduction of the notion of global positioning system to the general mode and a specific appreciation of each global positioning system in part and to the general mode of GNSS global positioning systems. Important aspects are presented in the use of GNSS technology, in the maritime and related fields, the advantages of this technology in relation to the classical technologies and the judicious cooperation in the extreme cases between the two technologies. The sources of positioning errors in the use of global GNSS positioning systems and the methods by which they can be eliminated or reduced are presented. It presents the calculation of the navigation coordinates in different projection systems and the stages of transformation of the coordinates in the WGS-84 system, specific to the Navstar-GPS positioning system in different coordinate and projection systems. Maritime navigation is guided by specific methods, but lately, global positioning systems are a beneficial presence in the steering and navigation component of the world’s seas and oceans. Finally, conclusions and proposals regarding the judicious and beneficial use of the GNSS positioning system in navigation are presented.
Classic or fully automated technology lines?
Authors: Barbu I , Fogorasi M S , Nicolaescu C , Bucevschi A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper we compared a classic technological lines and a fully automated line for the manufacturing of 100% cotton yarns. For this comparison we analyzed the complexity of classical and fully automated technological lines, the differences between the yarn structures, aspects related to the quality of textile yarns but also an analysis of production costs and benefits. The spinning mill is the first sector in the textile field, the sector in which the textile yarns are made. The quality of textile products, fabrics, knits, garments or technical articles are strictly dependent of the quality of textile yarns. The yarns are made of short fibres of cotton, wool, linen, hemp or other raw materials, with a great unevenness of the physical-mechanical characteristics, and the technological engineer must make a series of adjustments, settings of the machines so that the yarns made have a lower unevenness. This is the reason why the technological engineer must set the technological process so that the yarns are of adequate quality, have low production costs and deliver orders to the beneficiaries within the terms established by the commercial contracts concluded with them. In order to decrease the production costs, there were permanent concerns for the introduction of new automation elements, so that in the field of cotton spinning reached an extremely high level, right at the fully automated cotton spinning mill. Practical, on the technological line there are only two operators, one that supplies the technological line and one that transfers pallets with bobbins from the palletizing robot to the transport means. Practically the technological lines are composed of the same machines, but the automation elements on each machine and the aggregation systems between machines allow the almost complete elimination of the operators for service of machines. Given the complexity of the technological lines and the difference between the human resources for the two technological lines, in the first step we made a comparative calculation of the costs for the salaries of the operators and the taxes that an employer must pay. Then we made a comparative calculation of energy consumption. The comparative analysis was done for a cotton spinning mill with a production of 4000 t/year, classical yarn, 100% cotton yarn, with average fineness Nm40, made on ring spinning machines. Finally, we made a comparative study of the investment effort and the amortization of the investments made, amortizations which is reflected in the total costs and then in the delivery price of the yarns to the beneficiaries.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation on the Free-surface Flow and Total Resistance of the DTMB Surface Combatant
Authors: Bekhit A , Obreja D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Starting with the initial design stage, the ship resistance constitutes one of the most important hydrodynamic aspects. In order to generate and optimize the body lines plan, the ship resistance performance must be considered. In this case, both numerical and experimental methods must be applied to obtain the minimum ship resistance controlled by the speed domain. In the last years, numerical studies based on the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) were implemented in the initial ship design stage in order to analyse the free-surface flow and to predict the ship resistance. The numerical optimization process of the hull forms must be validated by means of the experimental model tests in the specific towing tanks. The constant evolution of the numerical and experimental methodologies can be noted. As a consequence, the accuracy level of the ship resistance prediction is increased; though, difficult numerical problems can occur in case of the unconventional hull forms. Taking into account this aspect, a complex numerical and experimental investigation of the ship resistance problem and free-surface topology was performed in the case of the DTMB surface combatant. A parallel numerical simulation was carried out by using the viscous flow solver ISIS–CFD of the software FINETM/Marine provided by NUMECA. The solver is based on the finite volume method to build the spatial discretization of the transport equation to resolve the Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equation. Closure to turbulence is achieved by making use of the k-ω SST model, while the free-surface is captured through an air-water interface based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. For the validation purpose, the tank conditions are reintroduced in the numerical model to account for any banking effect, especially for the high speed cases. Experimental model tests were performed in accordance with the ITTC standard procedures, while the extrapolation process to the full-scale was obtained by using an in-house code, based on the ITTC 57 method. The experimental results are compared through with some internationally recognized towing tank experiments that have been performed for a similar ship model, showing a good agreement. Also, the numerical results are validated against the experimental data and showed to be within a satisfactory congruence.
Interface for Data Protection and Integrity in IoT Equipment for Industry
Authors: Belu N. , Ionescu L.M. , Mazare A.G. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Presently, industrial processes are increasingly based on the equipment that communicates with each other. IoT is present in all branches of the manufacturing process, from the flows of the equipment that work together to achieve the finished product, to the equipment for checking the quality of the process, to the existing logistics infrastructure inside the factory, to the coordination and administration side. One of the problems raised by using IoT is that related to data security and integrity. We are talking about data protection for unauthorized access: maintaining confidentiality at the level of the different departments in the production flow, protecting the data provided by equipment and preventing the injection of unauthorized data flows and we are talking about ensuring data integrity: the data from the equipment must be resistant to any disturbances that occur in the industrial environment on the communication channels (wireless or wired), be assured the correctness of the transmission of the commands from the operator to the equipment. The paper proposes a specialized IoT interface that ensures the protection and integrity of the data transmitted between endpoints. The protection is provided by a light encryption algorithm based on two keys stored at the source and the recipient and on a very simple but efficient coding / decoding scheme. Data integrity is ensured by an 8-bit code word algorithm that allows for the detection of 2 wrong bits and the correction of a wrong bit for a 4-bit packet. All these features are provided by a computer system integrated in the IoT equipment. The efficiency of the solution is illustrated by a case study where in the manufacturing process of pistons it was desired to introduce specific elements Industry 4.0: communication between equipment in order to detect problems in the flow of manufacture (a Poka Yoke system). On the one hand, the system is presented without the protection solution in which there are several communication errors due to the disturbances induced on the communication channels on the other side to the system, the interface proposed in this article is added (at minimum cost) and the performances will be presented in the communication introduced by it.
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blades Manufacture with Composite Materials
Authors: Bucur I O , Malael I , Breban S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to contribute to the wind turbine manufacturing industry through investigating the technological manufacturing process of a 2.5kW horizontal axis wind turbine’s (HAWT) blades. Composite materials, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber are engaged in the manufacturing process, due to their mechanical properties. The material selection process is discussed, motivating the choices based on several criteria, such as weight and tensile strength. The adopted technologies for the manufacturing process include layup method at ambient temperature and vacuum. Regarding the used moulds, these were previously manufactured using the infrastructure that NRDI COMOTI has at its disposal. Layups of fiberglass and carbon fiber are disposed in the aluminium alloy moulds. In the end, a layup of peel ply is placed upon the outer surface of the composite and the vacuum bag is applied and sealed. The outcome of this research consists of two parts. Firstly, the presented methodology, techniques and materials selection criteria represent a reliable source of information for future scientific papers on the matter. Secondly, the manufactured blades, after post-processing techniques, can be tested in relevant conditions in the aerodynamic tunnel and further studies can be conducted with the obtained results.
An efficient strategy for 3D numerical simulation of friction stir welding process of pure copper plates
Authors: Constantin M A , Iordache M D , Nitu E L , Diakhaté M , Demmouche Y , Dhondt M , Bădulescu C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Copper and its alloys have a wide spectrum of engineering applications such as heat exchangers, hot water tanks or nuclear pressure vessels. Most of these structures are obtained by welding. Unfortunately, the use of conventional arc welding process is affected by several factors such as the thermal conductivity of the alloy being welded, the shielding gas, the joint design, the welding position, and the surface condition and its cleanliness. Friction stir welding process could be an interesting alternative as it can be performed without melting the material, it involves a non-consumable tool, and provides good mechanical properties. To understand in depth both the physical and the thermal mechanisms involved in this process, numerical modelling is essential. The aim of this paper is to propose an efficient simulation strategy based on the coupled Eulerian Lagrangian finite element method. The mass scaling procedure, which is used to decrease the computation time will be presented, as well as its effect on the temperature field distribution and on the down force. This model will then be used for a parametric study in order to improve the friction welding process’s parameters.
Determination of the theoretical deviations at the tooth bottom processing with Vortex threading device
Authors: Cretu G 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the calculation method of the theoretical deviations resulting in the processing of worms screws profiles bottoms using the Vortex threading method. Because the deviation of this size depends on several factors, a program has been developed in order to analyze its size according to the screw constructive parameters but also to the threading device’s constructive characteristics. Also, the working regime used was taken into account. Base on these, the conclusions were drawn regarding these theoretical deviations size and of their influence on the manufacturing process.
Design and Development of a Software for the Estimation of the Vickers Hardness Measurement Uncertainty
Authors: Dijmarescu MC , Dijmărescu MR 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Measurement uncertainty is a common concept. This concept gives us a certain degree of confidence in the results obtained from a specific measurement. However, its estimation is a very complex process, requiring knowledge of mathematics, but also a thorough knowledge of the method by which a certain type of measurement is performed. The uncertainty of the measurement result reflects the lack of knowledge of the measurand value. The result of a measurement after correction for recognized systematic effects is still only an estimated value of the measurand because of the uncertainty arising from random effects and from imperfect correction of the result for systematic effects. Scientists have created and developed tools to optimize their work in order to reduce the time wasted by making the mathematical calculations necessary to estimate uncertainty of measurement, regardless of the type of measurement. This paper aims to present the design and development of a software used to determine the Vickers hardness measurement uncertainty based on the mathematical model presented in the ISO 6507 standard. For the development of the software, a special program based on the C ++ programming language, program that allows graphical modelling of the interface, will be used.
Approximation method of the speed-torque mechanical characteristics using the spline interpolation of various electrical motors
Authors: Dordescu M , Nicolescu F , Oanta E 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The design of the electric drives of the on-board installation requires motors of an adequate power. The dimensioning of the electric drive takes into account the mechanical loads and it provides the value of the torque which loads the electrical motor shaft. The selection of the appropriate electrical motors is based on the speed-torque mechanical characteristics, n = u(M), where n is the angular speed in rpm and M is the load torque in N · m · Drawing the n = u(M) characteristic, one can notice that the function is not injective, therefore we employ its ‘rotated’ version, i.e. the M = f(n) function. In this way we are able to mathematically define the … f function, and further on to deduce its approximation using the spline functions. As a case study we use an asynchronous motor for which the calculus is based on the Freidzon method that uses relative values. The spline approximation uses an original data processor which outputs various types of information in a wide range of text, image and computer code formats. Using the experimentally acquired data as input information in the spline based processor we have a more accurate approximation of the speed-torque mechanical characteristics. The previously mentioned methods are useful for the rapidly evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of the motors, that is an important criterion in the marine engineering decision making process.
Optimizing the energy efficiency of vessels using recovery boilers
Authors: Faităr C , Nedelcu A , Buzbuchi N , Stan L , Dumitrache C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In general, the energy requirement on board the ship is divided into three categories: propulsion power, auxiliary electric power and auxiliary thermal power. The WHRS system uses the energy dissipated from the exhaust gases, but also it can be used the energy from the main engine cooling water system (high temperature freshwater cooling circuit) and the air system by applying a WHR heat exchanger element to the main engine. The application of CFD in the analysis of heat exchangers is somewhat limited, being able to be used in the initial dimensioning thus reducing the number of prototypes and offering a clear image of the phenomena of heat transport from the equipment. In the economizer the water supply will turn into steam, so the problem to be solved is the two-phase flow with two different properties and the phase transformation of water from liquid to steam. These two phases are mixed in the economizer tubes at the macroscopic level. The two phases can coexist in dispersed form, droplets or steam bubbles. In the fluid field can coexist phases with different densities or different speeds.
A detailed micro-modelling approach for the diagonal compression test of strengthened stone masonry walls
Authors: Ghiga DA , Țăranu N , Ungureanu D , Isopescu DN , Oprișan G , Hudișteanu I 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The aim to retrofit and preserve the monumental stone masonry buildings due to their historical and cultural relevance is accompanied by the necessity of understanding the behaviour of the unstrengthen structure, as well as its behaviour after the strengthening systems are applied. There is scarce information related to the mechanical properties of stone masonry buildings and even less regarding the assessment of these characteristics in numerical models. Therefore, simulating the force displacement variation and the stress-strain distribution of stone masonry loaded in diagonal compression is a challenging issue. This work contributes to this topic by developing two detailed micro non-linear 3D models. The first model was designed for an unreinforced masonry (URM) wall and the second one was developed for a strengthened URM wall. For this purpose, a commonly used seismic strengthening system, referred to as reinforced plastering mortar (RPM) or textile reinforced mortar (TRM) was applied on the wall. All the components of the TRM strengthening system and the interfaces between the system and the stone masonry wall were considered in the numerical model. The structural responses of the models were analysed and compared and the TRM system effectiveness in increasing the in-plane load resistance and ductility of stone masonry walls was highlighted.