bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference Magnets: How Do They Work?
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractReference magnetism is a promising and easily motivated thesis in meta-semantics. It has a metaphysical component: that some properties are elite, or metaphysically privileged. And it has a linguistic component: that elite properties are easier to refer to than non-elite properties. This chapter clarifies the notions of “use” and “eliteness” that characterize the elements of reference-determination, according to reference magnetism. Reference is determined, on this view, not only by our linguistic dispositions, but also by metaphysical facts, which concern the significant parts of reality. The chapter closes with a development and defense of the thesis in light of recent criticisms. This sets the stage for explaining some central features of practical language which were outlined in Chapters 1 and 2.
Introduction
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Against majority opinion within his profession, Donald Bloxham argues that it is legitimate, often unavoidable, and frequently important for historians to make value judgements about the past. History and Morality draws on a wide range of historical examples, and its author’s insights as a practising historian. Examining concepts like impartiality, neutrality, contextualization, and the use and abuse of the idea of the past as a foreign country, Bloxham’s book investigates how the discipline has got to the point where what is preached can be so inconsistent with what is practised. It illuminates how far tacit moral judgements infuse works of history, and how strange those histories would look if the judgements were removed. Bloxham argues that rather than trying to eradicate all judgemental elements from their work, historians need to think more consistently about how, and with what justification, they make the judgements that they do. The importance of all this lies not just in the responsibilities that historians bear towards the past—responsibilities to take historical actors on those actors’ own terms and to portray the impact of those actors’ deeds—but also in the role of history as a source of identity, pride, and shame in the present. The account of moral thought in History and Morality has ramifications far beyond the activities of vocational historians.
Writing History: Problems of Neutrality
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Part 2 Writing History: Problems of Neutrality This Part of the book challenges widespread assumptions that, where it matters, it is possible or desirable for historians to avoid value judgements and the sorts of evocative descriptions that imply or could reasonably be expected to prompt such judgements. The first section distinguishes between History and particular traditions within the social sciences in order to show why the ‘rules’ about moral evaluation can be different in these differing endeavours. The second section establishes the widespread existence of evocations and evaluations in the very labelling and description of many historical phenomena, suggesting not just how peculiar works of History would look in their absence of evocations and appraisals, but that their absence would often distort what is being reported. These arguments are key to the distinction made in the third section about rejecting value neutrality as a governing ideal while insisting on truthfulness as a historian’s primary duty. The fourth section highlights the nature of most historical accounts as composites of a range of perspectives as it considers questions of context, agency, outcome, and experience. The composition gives rise to the overall impression, evaluative or evocative, provided by the work. The fifth section brings together a number of the chapter’s themes as it examines an important case of the historian’s judgement—judgement about the legitimacy of power in past worlds where legitimacy could be as contested as often today.
Introduction
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter details the Jeffersonian bias in early United States literary history and makes a case for attending to Alexander Hamilton’s economic writing from the early 1790s. It argues that Hamilton’s writing provides a very different way to explain the complex mechanics of commerce and finance, albeit a method that has largely disappeared from literary history. The chapter also explains why we should approach economic writing through formal literary analysis.
Moral Realism and Philosophical Angst
Authors: Blanchard Joshua 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter defends pro-realism, the view that it is better if moral realism is true rather than any of its rivals. After offering an account of philosophical angst, I make three general arguments. The first targets nihilism: in securing the possibility of moral justification and vindication in objecting to certain harms, moral realism secures something that is non-morally valuable and even essential to the meaning and intelligibility of our lives. The second argument targets antirealism: moral realism secures a desirable independence for moral justification that is qualitatively different from the anti-realistic construal of independence that is only explicable in terms of degrees of distance from our subjective responses and attitudes. Finally, the chapter argues that while the pan-expressivist semantic program of quasi-realism has significant effects on what can be appropriately said in meta-ethical discourse, it provides no comfort to the pro-realist who is already angsty about anti-realism.
Getting a Moral Thing into a Thought
Authors: Werner Preston 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Non-naturalism is the view that normative properties are response-independent, irreducible to natural properties, and causally inefficacious. An underexplored question for non-naturalism concerns the metasemantics of normative terms. Ideally, the non-naturalist could remain ecumenical, but it appears they cannot. Call this challenge the metasemantic challenge. This chapter suggests that non-naturalists endorse an epistemic account of reference determination of the sort recently defended by Imogen Dickie, with some modifications. An important implication of this account is that, if correct, a fully fleshed out moral epistemology will simultaneously rebut metasemantic objections to non-naturalism. Thus, both the metasemantic and the more widely discussed epistemological challenges in effect amount to one. Before setting out the positive view, the chapter considers why all of the traditional metasemantic theories cause trouble for the non-naturalist. This includes discussions of teleosemantics, conceptual role semantics, as well as Schroeter and Schroeter’s “connectedness” model.
Class, Patronage, and Poetry in Hanoverian England
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book explores the complex and contested relationships that existed between class, patronage, and poetry in Hanoverian England by examining the life and work of Stephen Duck, the ‘famous Threshing Poet’. In 1730, Duck became the most famous agricultural labourer in the nation when his writing won him the patronage of Queen Caroline. The man, and the writing he produced, intrigued contemporaries. How was it possible, they asked, for an agricultural labourer to become a poet? What would a thresher write? Did he really deserve royal patronage, and what would he do with such an honour? How should he be supported? And was he an isolated prodigy, or were there others like him, equally deserving of support? Duck’s remarkable story reveals the tolerances, and intolerances, of the Hanoverian social order. This book sheds new light on the poet’s early life, revealing how the farm labourer developed an interest in poetry; how he wrote his most famous poem, ‘The Thresher’s Labour’; how his public identity as the ‘famous Threshing Poet’ took shape; and how he came to be positioned as a figurehead of labouring-class writing. It explores how the patronage Duck received shaped his writing; how he came to reconceive his relationship with land, labour, and leisure; and how he made use of his newly acquired classical learning to develop new friendships and career opportunities. And it reveals how, after Duck’s death, rumours about his suicide came to overshadow the achievements of his life. Both in life, and in death, this book argues, Duck provided both opportunity and provocation for thinking through the complex interplay of class, patronage, and poetry in Hanoverian England.
Physics of Elasticity and Crystal Defects
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mechanical properties of crystalline materials are almost always dominated by the defects within them. The ability to shape metals into pipes, girders and furniture stems from the generation, motion and interaction of these defects. Defects are also the agents of chemical changes within crystals, enabling mass transport by atomic diffusion and changes of phase. Defects distort the crystal and these distortions enable defects to interact over large distances. The theory of elasticity is used to describe these interactions. Assuming no familiarity with the theory, this book introduces the reader to linear elasticity and its application to point defects, dislocations and cracks. A unique feature of the book is the attention given to the atomic structure of defects and its influence on their properties and their elastic fields. Where it is available brief biographical information is provided about prominent contributors to the field. This textbook is written for postgraduate students in physics, engineering and materials science. It is very likely that even those students with some knowledge of elasticity and defects will find much that is new to them in this book.There are exercises to help the student check their understanding as they work through each chapter. The student is guided through more advanced problems at the end of each chapter. Worked solutions to all exercises and problems are available to course instructors from the OUP website. The last chapter describes four technologically important areas requiring fundamental research, with suggestions for possible PhD projects.
Performing Numbers
Authors: Prey Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of performance metrics as a source of self-knowledge and self-presentation. It does so through the figure of the contemporary musician. As performers on-stage and online, musicians are constantly assessed and evaluated by industry actors, peers, music fans, and themselves. The impact of powerful modes of quantification on personal experiences, understandings, and practices of artistic creation provides insight into the wider role that metrics play in shaping how we see ourselves and others; and how we present ourselves to others. Through in-depth interviews with emerging musicians, this chapter thus uses the artist as a lens through which to understand everyday life within the “performance complex.”
Cosmopolitan Cynicisms
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to one of the most flexible and complex political effects of cynicism: its taking of distance on the politics of the nation state. It starts by re-reading the old story of cosmopolitanism’s point of origin in the claim of Diogenes of Sinope to be ‘not a citizen’ of Athens, or any other city state, but kosmopolites, a citizen of the world. It examines the difference between the classical historical literature, in the main, wary of giving Diogenes credit for advocating universal humanitarianism, and the more-and-less critical uses made of classical history by twentieth- and twenty-first-century political theorists. On that basis, the chapter traces the lines of a specifically ‘cynic cosmopolitanism’ as it finds expression within two literary writers looking to challenge the role, and the rights, of Englishness in an international frame: George Eliot (as she turns away from ‘moral realism’, at the end of her writing career, towards more experimental engagement with the form of the character sketch), and Ford Madox Ford, as he develops and revises his literary ‘Impressionism’ during and immediately after the First World War. For both, cosmopolitanism was less a moral matter than one of psychology, requiring an internal balance to be found, in one’s own mind, between idealism and a bracingly cynical realism.
Religious and Secular Conceptions of the Human Good
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Having sketched the idea of goods that are relative to our theological or metaphysical context, this chapter considers some varieties of such goods, taking as its focus two instances of infused moral virtue: abstinence and neighbour love. We note a distinction between these two: in the case of abstinence, the introduction of a theological frame has the effect of lifting an action that would otherwise be morally permissible but under-motivated into the realm of the obligatory, whereas in the case of neighbour love, the introduction of such a frame constitutes as obligatory an action that would otherwise be supererogatory. We consider how we can understand this difference by distinguishing between the kinds of good that can be produced by the infused moral virtues, and noting that one of these kinds of good, what we call an extended good of reason, is present only in the case of neighbour love. We then explore the relevance of extended goods of reason for a consideration of the practical rationality of religious commitment, noting how this kind of good allows the religious way of life to appear as worthwhile from a secular vantage point.
The Nature of Faith
Authors: Wynn Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines what kind of assent a person needs to give to a theological narrative if it is to support their pursuit of hybrid goods whose realization is tied to the truth of the narrative. It expounds Aquinas’s account of faith as in the relevant senses cognitive, action-guiding, voluntary, confident and certain, and notes how the idea of hybrid goods allows us to understand the spiritual life in comparable terms. The chapter proposes that faith is best conceived not as first of all a commitment to a world view, from which we are then to read off a set of practical implications, nor as first of all a commitment to a way of life, which then calls for the introduction of a supporting world view, but instead as a commitment to a way of life and world view taken in combination. In this way, the notion of hybrid goods allows us to develop an account of the practical reasonableness of particular forms of the spiritual life, where it is axiological questions at least as much as evidential or epistemic questions that determine the shape of that life.
The Hazards of Social Rank
Authors: Wilson T. K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In any longer-term consideration of the evolution of political violence, it is tempting to start at the very top: with the killing of leaders. This chapter follows the general convention of treating assassination as the slaying of truly elite figures: the rulers. Next the discussion broadens out from killing to hostage-taking: another violent practice that in the more distant past tended to be directed exclusively at political elites but which has since diffused to catch holiday-makers and tourists. Finally, and very briefly, this chapter notes the general historical trend towards a ‘democratization’ of target-widening from the (upper) classes to the wider masses; preparing the way for a subsequent discussion of the specific ways and means by which the threat of political violence has come to be diffused more equitably throughout society.
Violence, Sabotage, and the Mobile Society
Authors: Wilson T. K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dynamite’s illicit political career is a reminder that new technology can be adopted in radically unforeseen ways. Likewise, the revolutions in transport that characterized the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have transformed the patterns and practice of political violence. New means of transport—and the mobility they bring—have been used to facilitate radically new types of violence; and those means of transport have themselves become targets. Indeed, the extent to which modern political violence has become fixated on complex transport networks is one of its most distinguishing features. This chapter focuses on the rise of the motorized society and aviation: the new means of transport that distinguished the twentieth century. Finally, it turns to deliberate tactics of forced immobilism—attempts to use sabotage to attack the mobile society and its processes of production. While sabotage is broader than just attacks on transport, for reasons of analytical convenience I deal with it as an integrated subject area here.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilson T. K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Any survey of the evolution of political violence over the past 250 years needs to pay attention to the deep roots of stability in Western societies. Western states have successfully controlled violence through the exercise of infrastructural power over wide areas of public and private life. More than any other single factor, it has forced the prospect of insurrectionist violence from modern politics. Basic state stability endures, despite new challenges throw up by the network society. Political violence no longer seems to offer an existential threat. But there are also less comforting lessons. Before the late eighteenth-century revolutions, violent threats to political elites were limited and sporadic. They focused on the very top of society—where real power was located. But by the early twenty-first century, a general aura of threat was more democratic. While much of this violence remains fairly minor, there seems to be more of it. And it is harder to ignore.
Gandhi’s ‘Bitter Fortnight’
Authors: Coovadia Imraan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the drawn-out process of Gandhi’s radicalization, which began almost immediately on his arrival in South Africa on 24 May 1873. In the next fortnight, Gandhi would meet unexpected resistance to his presence in a courtroom, on a train, and on top of a stagecoach, a series of adversarial encounters. The chapter considers Gandhi’s drive to engagement and confrontation, which predated his emergence as a community leader and organizer of passive resistance. In trying to understand how a junior representative of a modest company trading along the rim of the Indian Ocean became the focus of a global movement, as well as establishing himself as an original critic of economics and politics, the chapter examines material covering the duration of Gandhi’s sojourn in Southern Africa.
Conclusion
Authors: Coovadia Imraan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The conclusion explores the ways in which, in the transition between the old regime and a democratic government, J.M. Coetzee turned the radical tradition in South Africa and the history of colonialism and decolonization into subjects of his storytelling, and in so doing criticized and reformulated revolutionary thought. The conclusion explores Coetzee’s relationship with Tolstoy, as well as with Gandhi, comparing Tolstoy’s writing on animal butchery with Coetzee’s essays and novels including Age of Iron and Foe. The conclusion also considers the tension between human rights and animal rights in a colonial and postcolonial context, examining the role of dogs in Gandhi’s and Coetzee’s work.
The Epistemic Innocence Project
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Human agents do not simply survive but navigate their world quite successfully despite being inclined to adopt and hang onto irrational beliefs. In this introductory chapter, the author justifies the new framework of epistemic innocence as an attempt to make sense of the idea that our undesirable and at times cringeworthy irrationality may be instrumental to succeed as imperfect agents. The challenge is to create the conceptual resources for evaluating the epistemic status of beliefs that violate standards of truth, accuracy, and epistemic rationality but play an important role in supporting epistemic functionality. The notions of epistemic irrationality, epistemic functionality, and epistemic innocence are introduced and the methodological assumptions guiding the discussion in the subsequent chapters are explained.
Distorted Memory Beliefs
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the author argues that beliefs about the past that are based on distorted autobiographical memories have the potential for epistemic innocence. The focus is on beliefs about the past that people report in the context of dementia and other conditions in which autobiographical memory is severely compromised. Such beliefs may embellish people’s past achievements or present circumstances, or simply be inconsistent with life events that people can no longer remember. Having memory beliefs to report increases the opportunity for socialisation and information exchange with peers, making content available for sharing and enabling feedback on it. More important still, the maintenance and reporting of memory beliefs about the autobiographical past, when these are not entirely fabricated and contain a grain of truth, enable the retention of key self-related information that would otherwise be threatened by progressive memory loss.
The Impossibility of Language Acquisition (And How They Do It)
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Liberman Mark Y. , McLemore Cynthia A. , Partee Barbara H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This autobiographical article, which began as an interview, reports some reflections by Lila R. Gleitman on the development of her thinking and her research—in concert with a host of esteemed collaborators over the years—on issues of language and mind, focusing on how language is acquired. Gleitman entered the field of linguistics as a student of Zellig Harris and learned first-hand of Noam Chomsky’s early work. She chose the psychological perspective, later helping to found the field of cognitive science. With her husband and long-term collaborator, Henry Gleitman, for more than 50 years, she fostered a continuing research community aimed at answering fundamental questions in the theory of language and its acquisition.
The Emergence of the Child as Grammarian
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Gleitman Henry , Shipley Elizabeth F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Demonstrations of some young children’s awareness of syntactic and semantic properties of language are presented. Rudiments of such “meta-linguistic” functioning are shown in two-year olds, who give judgments of grammaticalness in a role-modelling situation. The growth of these abilities is documented for a group of five- to eight-year-old children, who are asked explicitly to give judgments of deviant sentences. Adult-like behavior, in these talented subjects, is found to emerge in the period from five to eight years. Possible relations of meta-linguistic functioning to other “meta-cognitive” processes are suggested. Résumé Cet article présente des exemples de la connaissance qu’ont les enfants des propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques du langage. Les rudiments d’un fonctionnement “méta-lingui-stique,” peuvent être mis en évidence chez les enfants de deux ans qui donnent des jugements de grammaticalité dans une situation de jeux. Les auteurs ont examiné le développement de ces capacités avec un groupe d’enfants de 5 à 8 ans, à qui l’on a demandé explicitement de donner des jugements sur des phrases déviantes. Les résultats montreraient qu’un comportement semblable à celui des adultes apparait entre 5 et 8 ans. Il est suggeré qu’il y a des relations possible entre le fonctionnement “meta-linguistique” et d’autres processus “meta-cognitifs.”