bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First World War Seen from the Periphery: The Case of Spain and Portugal (1914–1916)
Authors: PAULA PIRES ANA 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article seeks to analyse the political and diplomatic effects of the outbreak of the First World War in the Iberian peninsula, considering the relationship of two small powers, Portugal and Spain, in the context of the political and diplomatic instability caused by the Sarajevo assassination in the summer of 1914, and the debates between neutrality and belligerency that occurred in both countries. Neutral and non‐belligerent societies had to legitimate themselves within total war; they had also to reflect on the role played by their respective nations and build an Iberian narrative to sustain it. The article proposes that Spanish neutrality and Portuguese non‐belligerency, until 1916, should be analysed in relation to the roles and challenges faced by small and medium powers during the First World War.
Remaking the ‘Born’ Murderer: The Case of Moscow Serial Killer Vasili Komarov and Lombrosian Legacies in Early Soviet Criminological Discourse
Authors: VINCENT MARK 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe 1917 revolutions and ensuing Russian Civil War (1918–22) resulted in a number of profound changes throughout the embryonic Soviet state. Greater ideological freedom and increased government support during the reconstructive period of the New Economic Policy (1921–8) led to the development of several professional organisations within the social sciences. One of the most prominent of these was a Moscow group which looked to develop theories regarding how the urban environment contributed negatively towards the continuation of crime following 1917. Criminologists from the group were particularly influenced by the nineteenth‐century writings of Enrico Ferri, a one‐time protégé of controversial Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso. Focusing on the social environment rather than the atavistic traits advocated by his mentor, Ferri's work was developed in a 1924 publication from the Moscow group which looked to understand violent crime in the new Soviet capital. Alongside collecting information from current inmates, this also included the well‐known case of a serial killer who had murdered over thirty people in his Moscow apartment during the early 1920s. Along with discussing the development of the Moscow organisation and the background of the criminologists involved, this article will seek to demonstrate how the Komarov case was adapted and adjusted to fit into the main thesis of their approach to crime.
Oxygen metabolism shapes microbial settlement on photosynthetic kelp blades compared to artificial kelp substrates
Authors: Weigel Brooke L. , Pfister Catherine A. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryWe examined factors shaping community assembly of the bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) microbiome by comparing microbial biofilm formation on photosynthetic kelp blade tissues and artificial kelp substrates (‘agar substrates’) deployed into a kelp forest. New kelp blade tissues were colonized by markedly distinct microbial taxa relative to agar substrates during the same time interval, even when agar substrates were infused withN. luetkeanablades, suggesting that microbial settlement onto kelp surfaces is more than just attraction to a polysaccharide‐rich surface. Further, common seawater taxa such asColwellia sp. andPsychromonas sp. became abundant on agar substrates but avoided new kelp blade tissues, indicating that host‐specific factors may deter certain surface‐associated marine microbial taxa. Over two‐thirds of the bacterial taxa in the kelp microbiome were associated with strictly aerobic metabolisms; thus, photosynthetic production of O2may favour aerobic microbial metabolisms. While living kelp blades primarily recruited aerobic microbes, including the obligate aerobeGranulosicoccus sp., microbes that colonized agar substrates were predominantly facultative anaerobes. We also found that infusion of kelp tissues into agar substrates altered microbial community composition and lowered taxonomic diversity relative to control agar substrates, suggesting that non‐living components of the kelp blade also impact microbial community assembly.
When waterholes get busy, rare interactions thrive: Photographic evidence of a jaguar (Panthera onca) killing an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
Authors: Perera‐Romero Lucy , Garcia‐Anleu Rony , McNab Roan Balas , Thornton Daniel H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDuring a camera trap survey conducted in Guatemala in the 2019 dry season, we documented a jaguar killing an ocelot at a waterhole with high mammal activity. During severe droughts, the probability of aggressive interactions between carnivores might increase when fixed, valuable resources such as water cannot be easily partitioned.
Hypertrophic post‐acne scarring is associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs243865) in the matrix metalloproteinase‐2 gene
Authors: Gupta Navya , Bishnoi Anuradha , Mathew Don , Arora Amanjot , Handa Sanjeev , Kaur Jyotdeep , De Dipankar , Pal Arnab 
Published: December 2020

SummaryBackground and ObjectiveAberrant tissue expression of matrix metalloproteinases has been observed in acne. Our objective was to study the relevance of MMP‐2 (‐1306 C/T, rs243865) and TIMP‐2 (‐418 G/C, rs8179090) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in acne and post‐acne scarring.Patients and methods512 patients (169 having acne without scarring, 319 having atrophic acne scarring, 24 having hypertrophic acne scarring) and 161 age‐matched controls were recruited from the Dermatology Outpatient Department after obtaining informed written consent. Venous blood (5 ml) was collected for genotyping by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. The severity of acne and acne‐scarring were graded.ResultsMales had a significantly increased risk of developing severe acne (P = 0.012), extra‐facial acne (P = 0.047) and extra‐facial acne scarring (P = 0.0001). The presence of inflammatory acne positively correlated with severity of scarring (P = 0.001). Subjects with a homozygous CC genotype of MMP‐2 (‐1306 C/T) had 1.0, 7.8 and 8.2 times the odds of developing hypertrophic scarring when compared to controls (P = 0.05, 95 % CI: 0.7–1.6), subjects having acne without scarring (P = 0.047, 95 % CI: 1.0–59.9) and subjects having atrophic scarring, respectively (P = 0.041, 95 % CI: 1.1–59.9).ConclusionsA significant association was observed between hypertrophic post‐acne scarring and the CC genotype of MMP‐2 (‐1306 C/T).
Assoziation hypertropher Post‐Akne‐Narben mit Einzelnukleotid‐Polymorphismus (rs243865) im Matrix‐Metalloproteinase‐2‐Gen
Authors: Gupta Navya , Bishnoi Anuradha , Mathew Don , Arora Amanjot , Handa Sanjeev , Kaur Jyotdeep , De Dipankar , Pal Arnab 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZielBei Akne wurde eine abweichende Gewebeexpression von Matrix‐Metalloproteinasen beobachtet. Ziel unserer Studie war es, die Bedeutung von Polymorphismen einzelner Nukleotide (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) in MMP‐2 (‐1306 C/T, rs243865) und TIMP‐2 (‐418 G/C, rs8179090) bei Akne und Post‐Akne‐Narben zu untersuchen.Patienten und Methoden512 Patienten (169 mit Akne ohne Narbenbildung, 319 mit atrophen Aknenarben, 24 mit hypertrophen Aknenarben) und 161 gleichaltrige Kontrollen wurden nach Erhalt der schriftlichen Einwilligungserklärung aus der Ambulanz der Hautklinik in die Studie aufgenommen. Zur Genotypisierung mittels Polymerasekettenreaktion‐Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismus (PCR‐RFLP) wurde venöses Blut (5 ml) entnommen. Der Schweregrad von Akne und Akne‐bedingter Narbenbildung wurde bestimmt.ErgebnisseMänner hatten ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko schwere Akne (p = 0,012), Akne außerhalb des Gesichts (p = 0,047) und Aknenarben außerhalb des Gesichts (p = 0,0001) zu entwickeln. Entzündliche Akne korrelierte positiv mit dem Schweregrad der Narbenbildung (p = 0,001). Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Bildung hypertropher Narben war bei Personen mit homozygotem CC‐Genotyp von MMP‐2 (‐1306 C/T) gegenüber Kontrollen nicht verändert (Faktor 1,0; p = 0,05; 95 %‐KI: 0,7–1,6), jedoch gegenüber Personen mit Akne ohne Narbenbildung um den Faktor 7,8 (p = 0,047; 95 %‐KI: 1,0–59,9) und gegenüber Personen mit atrophen Narben um den Faktor 8,2 (p = 0,041; 95 %‐KI: 1,1–59,9) erhöht.SchlussfolgerungenEs wurde eine signifikante Assoziation zwischen der Bildung hypertropher Post‐Akne‐Narben und dem CC‐Genotyp von MMP‐2 (‐1306 C/T) beobachtet.
Ductile fracture of hydrostatic‐stress‐insensitive metals using a coupled damage‐plasticity model
Authors: Wang Hui‐Min , Shen Tao , Yu Feng , Zheng Rong‐Yue 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a new coupled damage‐plasticity model is proposed to predict plastic response and ductile fracture for two hydrostatic‐stress‐insensitive metals. A convenient hybrid experiment–simulation approach is designed to calibrate model parameters. Geometry transferability of model parameters is validated to various notched tensile specimens. With the characteristics of the present constitutive model, the critical damage parameter is demonstrated to be an appropriate fracture criterion, where fracture strains of various notched tensile specimens are in good agreement with experimental data. The study also reveals that there exist complementing mechanisms for the stress‐triaxiality‐dependent damage evolution and strain hardening of effective (undamaged) stress, respectively, that result in the non‐uniform distribution of overall (damaged) equivalent stress–strain curves on the minimum cross section of tensile specimens. Then, it is the combined effect of non‐uniformly distributed overall equivalent stress–strain curves that results in the phenomenon of hydrostatic‐stress insensitivity in metals.
Improved production of bacterial cellulose through investigation of effects of inhibitory compounds from lignocellulosic hydrolysates
Authors: Kim Haeun , Son Jemin , Lee Jonghwa , Yoo Hah Young , Lee Taek , Jang Min , Oh Jong‐Min , Park Chulhwan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough the unique nanostructure of bacterial cellulose (BC) imparts superior mechanochemical properties and thus allows for diverse applications, the high production cost of BC necessitates the development of more cost‐effective solutions, for example, those using lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate and relying on its pretreatment and saccharification to generate fermentable sugars. However, the various species (e.g., aliphatic acids, furans, and phenolics) produced during pretreatment may interfere with bacterial cell growth and BC production. Herein, we investigated the effects of aliphatic (acetic and formic) acids, furans (5‐hydroxymethylfurfural [5‐HMF] and furfural), and phenolics (syringaldehyde and p‐coumaric acid) on the production of BC. This production was enhanced at low aliphatic acid concentrations (1 g/L acetic acid and 0.5 g/L formic acid) but was suppressed by at least 90% in cases of 0.75 g/L formic acid, 0.4 g/L furfural, 4 g/L 5‐HMF, 2.5 g/L syringaldehyde, and 2.5 g/L p‐coumaric acid. BC production efficiencies of 97.86%, 76.66%, and 73.50% were observed for Miscanthus, barley straw, and pine tree hydrolysates, respectively, under optimal conditions. Therefore, these results provided the possibility to utilize the most abundant and sustainable lignocellulose on the planet for BC production.
Self‐reported diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among older persons in Malaysia
Authors: Ab Majid Nur Liana , Rodzlan Hasani Wan Shakira , Mat Rifin Halizah , Robert Lourdes Tania Gayle , Jane Ling Miaw Yn , Saminanthan Thamil Arasu , Ismail Hasimah , Ahmad Ahzairin , Mohd Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli 
Published: December 2020

AimThe objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of self‐reported diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among older persons in Malaysia and their associated factors.MethodsThe study used data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey in 2018. It was a cross‐sectional study with two‐staged stratified cluster sampling design. In total, 3977 adults aged ≥60 years were selected for this study. Respondents were interviewed face to face using a structured questionnaire. Self‐reported diabetes, hypertension or hypercholesterolemia was defined as having ever been told they have these diseases by a medical doctor or paramedic. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The multiple logistic regression model was used to examine the factors associated with the prevalence of self‐reporting.ResultsThe prevalence of self‐reported diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among older persons in Malaysia were 27.7%, 51.1% and 41.8% respectively. Presence of other comorbidities and being obese showed higher odds for all three diseases. Indians, unemployed, inactive had higher odds for diabetes. Other Bumiputras, unemployed, non‐smoker, obese and inactive had higher odds for hypertension. Non‐smoker had higher odds for hypercholesterolemia.ConclusionsHealth promotion, vigilance, attention and services targeting on the associated factors should be strengthened for older persons in Malaysia to ensure healthy aging. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 79–84.
Prevalence and factors associated with physical inactivity among older adults in Malaysia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chan Ying Ying , Lim Kuang Kuay , Omar Mohd Azahadi , Mohd Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli , Sooryanarayana Rajini , Ahmad Noor Ani , Abd Razak Mohamad Aznuddin , Baharudin@Shaharuddin Azli , Mahmud Nur Azna , Mahmud Mohd Amierul Fikri , Abdul Mutalip Mohd Hatta , Mohd Hairi Noran Naqiah 
Published: December 2020

AimPhysical inactivity in older adults is linked to increased risk of chronic diseases, disability and various poor health outcomes. As the aging population rises, the prevalence of diseases associated with aging also increases. Regular physical activity in older adults is important to improve overall health and promote healthy aging. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with physical inactivity among older adults in Malaysia.MethodsThis study was based on 3969 Malaysian older adults aged ≥60 years who completed the physical activity module in the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2018, a population‐based cross‐sectional survey. Physical activity was measured using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire through a face‐to‐face interview. Participants were classified as physically active or inactive. Associations between physical inactivity, sociodemographic characteristics and a range of selected independent variables were examined using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsOverall, three out of 10 (29.8%) Malaysian older adults were physically inactive. Results of multivariable analysis showed that older age group (≥80 years), of Bumiputera Sarawak ethnicity, unemployed/retirees/homemakers, functional limitation, diabetes mellitus and dementia were significantly associated with a higher risk of physical inactivity. Women, with secondary education level and good social support were less likely to be physically inactive.ConclusionsThe present study reported the status of physical inactivity among older adults in Malaysia. There is the need to design effective public health programs and interventions to promote active living and healthy aging among Malaysian older adults, particularly in those at‐risk older population subgroups. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 49–56.
Elder abuse: Nationwide findings among community‐dwelling Malaysian older persons
Authors: Sooryanarayana Rajini , Ganapathy Shubash Shander , Wong Norazizah Ibrahim , Rosman Azriman , Choo Wan Yuen , Hairi Noran Naqiah 
Published: December 2020

AimElder abuse is a significant public health problem. This study aims to estimate its prevalence and associated factors, using representative national Malaysian data.MethodsA nationwide population‐based survey involving 3977 community‐dwelling older persons aged ≥60 years was conducted via face‐to‐face interview, of whom 3466 older persons were eligible for screening using a locally validated tool. Elder abuse was defined as any one occurrence of neglect, financial, psychological, physical or sexual abuse perpetrated by someone in a position of trust that was experienced in the past 12 months.ResultsAbout 9.0% of older persons in Malaysia have experienced elder abuse in the past 12 months, with neglect being the commonest type experienced (7.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.54, 10.07). There is no significant difference by age group and geographical location. Males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.7; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.60), poorer social support (aOR 5.0; 95% CI: 2.25, 11.22), dependency in activities of daily living (aOR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.23, 3.44) and a previous history of abuse (aOR 10.1; 95% CI: 4.50, 22.86) show higher odds of experiencing elder abuse. Almost 5% of abused older persons reported experiencing multiple types of abuse. Reporting is low at 19.3% with none reporting to healthcare personnel.ConclusionsThe prevalence of elder abuse in this study is lower than global estimates, but similar to local studies. Preventive measures and programs are crucial to overcoming elder abuse and need to be carried out at multiple levels – the individual, community, healthcare and other stakeholders. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 85–91.
Effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions on the sintering and spectroscopic properties of cr‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet ceramics
Authors: Gołębiewski Przemysław , Węglarz Helena , Nakielska Magdalena , Wajler Anna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, we investigated the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions and annealing temperature on the spectroscopic parameters of chromium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet ceramics (Cr:YAG). Samples were obtained with either a separate or a simultaneous addition of calcium and magnesium oxides. To achieve this, aqueous suspensions were prepared using Y2O3, Al2O3, Cr2O3, MgO, and CaO high‐purity powders as raw materials. The obtained suspensions were freeze‐granulated, pressed into pellets, debinded, and subjected to reactive sintering in vacuum at 1715°C for 6 h. Each material was annealed in air with temperatures between 1300 and 1700°C. Samples were also compared to Cr:YAG ceramics with the addition of silica as a sintering aid. All the materials obtained were then exposed to 445 nm excitation, and emission spectra in the visible and infrared wavelengths were recorded. The results showed that the emission spectra of Cr:YAG ceramics varied according to the annealing conditions: as‐sintered samples exhibited strong emissions of around 680 nm and, after air annealing, of around 1400 nm. This phenomenon is attributed to the Cr3+→Cr4+ transition. Samples doped solely with MgO exhibited the highest emission intensity in the infrared region. Thus, Mg2+ ions provided the best conversion efficiency of chromium ions.
Timing of food consumption in Hispanic adolescents with obesity
Authors: Vidmar Alaina P. , Jones Roshonda B. , Wee Choo Phei , Berger Paige K. , Plows Jasmine F. , Claudia Rios R. D. , Raymond Jennifer K. , Goran Michael I. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryBackgroundLittle is known about the normal eating time periods in adolescents with obesity and how these patterns change throughout development. As the obesity epidemic continues to rise in adolescence, it becomes imperative to understand developmentally appropriate eating behaviours and to create weight management strategies that build on those innate patterns and preferences. The purpose of this study was to determine the most common habitual eating windows observed in adolescents with obesity.MethodsParticipants were 101 Hispanic adolescents (mean age 14.8 ± 2.1 years; 48 male/53 female) with obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile) who were recruited as part of a larger clinical trial. Dietary intake and meal timing was determined using multiple pass 24‐hours recalls. Histograms were utilized to determine the natural distribution of percent consumption of total kilocalories, carbohydrates and added sugar per hour.ResultsThe majority of total kilocalories (65.4%), carbohydrates (65.3%) and added sugar (59.1%) occurred between 11:00 and 19:00. Adolescents were 2.5 to 2.9 times more likely to consume kilocalories, carbohydrates, and added sugar during the 8‐hour window between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm than other time windows examined (all P < .001). The consumption of these calories did not differ between weekdays and weekend (P > .05) or by sex.ConclusionsIn this cohort, more than 60% of calories, carbohydrates and added sugar were consumed between 11:00 am and 19:00 pm, which is concordant with an afternoon/evening chronotype that is common in adolescents. Our findings support this 8‐hour period as a practical window for weight loss interventions that target pre‐specified eating periods in this population.
Relative importance of Al(V) and reinforcement to the flexural strength of geopolymer composites
Authors: Samuel Devon M. , Sutrisno Andre , Kriven Waltraud M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe prepared 1 cm × 1 cm × 10 cm geopolymer bars from sodium silicate and six commercial metakaolins, both unreinforced and reinforced with 20 wt% of 55‐μm wollastonite (CaO·SiO2) needles, to evaluate the relative contributions of five‐coordinated aluminum in the metakaolin and the presence of a reinforcing phase to the flexural strength of geopolymers. Two metakaolins, with about 20 at% and lower of five‐coordinated aluminum content, did not react sufficiently with our processing method and could not be tested. The flexural strengths of the other four geopolymers were similar at about 11–14 MPa unreinforced and 22–29 MPa reinforced. The effect of reinforcement on flexure strength is more significant than the choice of metakaolin provided that the metakaolin is reactive. The geopolymerization reaction depends on the amount of five‐coordinated aluminum present in the metakaolin and is the primary difference between the samples that reacted and those that did not react.
The Politics of Normative Power Europe: Norm Entrepreneurs and Contestation in the Making of EU External Human Rights Policy
Authors: Jenichen Anne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe literature on Normative Power Europe (NPE) largely omits the question of why the EU chooses to focus on particular norms in the first place. This paper goes beyond the assumption that the EU simply externalizes its internal norms, because such a perspective does not sufficiently explain why the EU prioritizes certain norms over others, particularly in the case of contested norms. Using LGBTI rights and Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB) in the EU's external human rights policy as two cases, I demonstrate how norm entrepreneurs – both external and internal – have been essential for bringing these norms to the EU's attention. Only after initial internal resistances had been overcome, were these norms able to reach the EU's external agenda. The two cases illustrate the internal political struggles that precede norm selection, supporting recent calls for a more politics‐oriented perspective on Normative Power Europe.