bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suspended Sentences in Spain: An Alternative to Prison or a “Bargaining Chip” in Plea Negotiations?
Authors: Varona Daniel , Kemp Steven 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Criminal proceedings in many European states are increasingly being resolved via plea bargaining agreements; yet, there is relatively scant European research on the implications for the defendant or the role this practice plays within the criminal justice system. Using a sample of 1417 criminal cases, this paper examines how suspended prison sentences may be utilized in Spain to encourage or coerce defendants into a guilty plea. In addition to more traditional regression analysis, covariates are controlled through an entropy balancing process. The findings show defendants who agree a plea deal are indeed less likely to enter prison, which has profound implications for criminal justice in Spain and beyond. On the one hand, it appears plea bargaining is being used to improve the efficiency of the system and, thus, maintain its very existence. On the other hand, issues regarding false confessions and sentencing disparities are specifically highlighted.
Catholic Responses to the Vulnerability of the French Parish Church: Continuities, Disruptions and Hopes
Authors: Robert Marie-Hélène 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Parishes in France, especially in rural areas, seem to have difficulties in existing, renewing themselves, and being missionaries in the 21st Century. To address this challenge, some of these parishes are developing original initiatives emerging from the laity that are generating new movements. We will describe some examples of these initiatives and analyze the ecclesiological issues in three directions. The laity can exercise their charisms in movements, parishes, professional, or family settings. The ordained ministries are gifts of God, uncompetitive, and articulated to each other by the Holy Spirit in the aim of communion. The parish is a central and singular locus but it is neither isolated nor exclusive, but rather in relation to other ecclesial places or mission territories.
Grotius on Reprisal
Authors: Lesaffer Randall 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In neither of his two major forays into the laws of war and peace – De iure praedae or De iure belli ac pacis – did Hugo Grotius discuss the legal institutions of reprisal – whether special or general – or privateering in their own right. His profoundly novel reading of the just war doctrine in the context of his theory of natural rights, however, gave powerful legitimisation to the practices of special reprisals, as well as of privateering in times of war and of peace.
Moments in Revolutionary Time
Authors: Salomon Noah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Written in the context of Sudan and Lebanon’s 2018–19 revolutions, this article examines the discourse of two religious movements that are intricately entangled with the state as they negotiate popular demands to rethink that state, weighing competing claims to revolutionary salience along the way. It argues that revolution, even when it is working to reimagine states construed on confessional lines, has a particularly religious character. This is both because it demands that we rethink religion, given its unavoidable imbrication in the workings of the modern state, and because phenomenologically it too advocates ethical and ontological transformation that has the power to transcend and outlive political reform.
Prayer as a Research Practice?: What Corporate Practices of Prayer Disclose about Theological Action Research
Authors: Butler James 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Within theological action research the language of discernment has become increasingly important and resonances with spiritual practices such as Lectio Divina have been recognised. This led to practices of corporate prayer being introduced in to the research process. This paper reflects on this experience and identifies key resonances between prayer and theological action research. Through engagement with theological accounts of prayer these resonances are explored turning the question of the place of prayer within theological research on its head. It is not simply that prayer practices add an important dimension to theological action research, but that they actually disclose the ways it is already a practice of prayer. After engaging with potential challenges to such a position through notions of true prayer, control and rigour the paper ends by suggesting that this proposal is not as radical as it first appears, and may instead be an orthodox account of theology.
A New Description of Small-Scale and Large-Scale Roughness in the Fast Ocean Surface Emissivity Model
Authors: Lee Sang-Moo , Sohn Byung-Ju 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe widely used Fast Microwave Ocean Surface Emissivity Model (FASTEM) does not include the interaction between small-scale and large-scale roughness, which seems to induce errors in the ocean surface emissivity estimation. In this study, we attempt to develop a new model that might be included in the FASTEM-like model. In the developed model, the large-scale roughness is expressed as a function of the local incidence angle (LIA) within the context of Fresnel reflection theory, incorporating the interactions between the small-scale and large-scale roughness into the fast ocean surface emissivity model, as done in the two-scale approach. With the new expression of the large-scale roughness, we also provide a more physically based form of the equation for the fast ocean surface emissivity calculation that includes the small-scale scattering over a geometrically rough surface. In addition, an algorithm for estimating two-scale roughness from the measured or modeled polarized emissivities in conjunction with the proposed fast ocean surface emissivity equation is provided. The results demonstrate that the interactions between two-scale roughness should be considered in order to estimate accurate two-scale roughness influences on the ocean surface emissivity.
Standard versus Endocuff versus cap‐assisted colonoscopy for adenoma detection: A randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Floer Martin , Tschaikowski Laura , Schepke Michael , Kempinski Radoslaw , Neubauer Katarzyna , Poniewierka Elzbieta , Kunsch Steffen , Ameis Detlev , Heinzow Hauke Sebastian , Auer Agneta , Schmidt Hartmut H. , Ellenrieder Volker , Meister Tobias 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsAdenoma detection rate (ADR) in colon cancer screening is most important for cancer prophylaxis. This work is the first three‐armed randomised controlled clinical trial aimed at comparing a head‐to‐head setting standard colonoscopy (SC) with Endocuff‐assisted colonoscopy (EC) and cap‐assisted colonoscopy (CAC) for improvement of ADR.MethodsPatients from Poland and Germany with independent indication for colonoscopy were randomised into three arms of this trial: EC, CAC and SC. Exclusion criteria were age <18 years, active Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, known stenosis and post‐colonic resection status.ResultsA total of 585 patients (195 SC, 189 EC and 186 CAC) were enrolled in this study. Indications were not different between the groups (colorectal cancer screening 51%, diagnostic colonoscopy in 31% and post‐polypectomy follow‐up in 18%; p = 0.94). Withdrawal time was a mean of 7 min in all groups (p = 0.658), and bowel preparation did not differ between the groups. The time to reach the caecum was significantly reduced when using the cap (a mean of 6 min for CAC vs. 7 min for SC; p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the primary outcome of the ADR between the groups (EC 32%, CAC 30%, SC 30%; p = 0.815). EC proved to be superior (EC vs. SC) in the sigmoid colon and transverse colon for polyp detection.ConclusionThe use of EC increased the total number of polyps seen during colonoscopy. In contrast to recent studies, no significant improvement of the ADR was detected.
Recovering differential pencils with spectral boundary conditions and spectral jump conditions
Authors: Khalili Yasser , Baleanu Dumitru 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, we discuss the inverse problem for second order differential pencils with boundary and jump conditions dependent on the spectral parameter. We establish the following uniqueness theorems: $(i)$
(
i
)
the potentials $q_{k}(x)$

q
k

(
x
)
and boundary conditions of such a problem can be uniquely established by some information on eigenfunctions at some internal point $b\in (\frac{\pi }{2},\pi )$
b
∈
(

π
2

,
π
)
and parts of two spectra; $(ii)$
(
i
i
)
if one boundary condition and the potentials $q_{k}(x)$

q
k

(
x
)
are prescribed on the interval $[\pi /2(1-\alpha ),\pi ]$
[
π
/
2
(
1
−
α
)
,
π
]
for some $\alpha \in (0, 1)$
α
∈
(
0
,
1
)
, then parts of spectra $S\subseteq \sigma (L)$
S
⊆
σ
(
L
)
are enough to determine the potentials $q_{k}(x)$

q
k

(
x
)
on the whole interval $[0, \pi ]$
[
0
,
π
]
and another boundary condition.
Η διαφοροποιημένη παιδαγωγική στην προσχολική εκπαίδευση: Προκλήσεις και προοπτικές
Authors: Παπανδρέου Μαρία 
Published: December 2020

Παρόλο που η πολυμορφία είναι ο κανόνας μέσα στις προσχολικές τάξεις και το ενδιαφέρον για την εφαρμογή διαφοροποιημένων παιδαγωγικών προσεγγίσεων συνεχώς ανανεώνεται, οι προσεγγίσεις αυτές ακόμα δεν έχουν βρει τη θέση τους στο πλαίσιο της προσχολικής εκπαίδευσης.Μετά από μια σύντομη επισκόπηση της θεωρητικής θεμελίωσης και του πλαισίου εφαρμογής της διαφοροποιημένης παιδαγωγικής (ΔΠ) και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την ιδιαιτερότητα της εκπαίδευσης των μικρών παιδιών, η μελέτη αυτή εστιάζει στην επανεξέταση βασικών συνιστωσών της ΔΠ. Για να υποστηρίξει τη σημασία αυτής της εστίασης που αφορά τις έννοιες της διαφορετικότητας, της αξιολόγησης και των ενδιαφερόντων των παιδιών, βασίζεται σε κοινωνικοπολιτισμικές προσεγγίσεις (δηλ. αποθέματα γνώσης) και ιδέες (δηλ. ΖΕΑ), που διασταυρώνονται με βασικές αρχές της ΔΠ.Το άρθρο καταλήγει στο συμπέρασμα ότι η βάση τεκμηρίωσης για διαφοροποίηση στην προσχολική εκπαίδευση, χρειάζεται, αφού αμφισβητήσει το αυστηρό πλαίσιο εφαρμογής της ΔΠ, να ενσωματώσει μια ευρύτερη άποψη για την διαφορετικότητα των παιδιών, να αναγνωρίσει τον πλούτο των πολιτισμικά αναπτυγμένων γνώσεων και δεξιοτήτων που τα παιδιά φέρνουν στο σχολείο και να διαμορφώσει ένα δυναμικό, συνεκτικό και ολοκληρωμένο πλαίσιο για την αξιολόγηση, ενσωματώνοντας εργαλεία που επιτρέπουν στους μικρούς μαθητές να αφηγούνται τις προσωπικές τους ιστορίες μάθησης και να ανακαλύπτουν τα ενδιαφέροντά τους.
Heart failure medication after a first hospital admission and risk of heart failure readmission, focus on beta-blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system medication: A retrospective cohort study in linked databases
Authors: Kruik-Kollöffel Willemien J. , van der Palen Job , Doggen Carine J. M. , van Maaren Marissa C. , Kruik H. Joost , Heintjes Edith M. , Movig Kris L. L. , Linssen Gerard C. M. 
Published: December 2020

Background
This study assessed the association between heart failure (HF) medication (angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB), beta-blockers (BB), mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists (MRA) and diuretics) and HF readmissions in a real-world unselected group of patients after a first hospital admission for HF. Furthermore we analysed readmission rates for ACEI versus ARB and for carvedilol versus β1-selective BB and we investigated the effect of HF medication in relation to time since discharge.

Methods and findings
Medication at discharge was determined with dispensing data from the Dutch PHARMO Database Network including 22,476 patients with HF between 2001 and 2015. After adjustment for age, gender, number of medications and year of admission no associations were found for users versus non-users of ACEI/ARB (hazard ratio, HR = 1.01; 95%CI 0.96–1.06), BB (HR = 1.00; 95%CI 0.95–1.05) and readmissions. The risk of readmission for patients prescribed MRA (HR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.05–1.16) or diuretics (HR = 1.17; 95%CI 1.09–1.25) was higher than for non-users. The HR for ARB relative to ACEI was 1.04 (95%CI 0.97–1.12) and for carvedilol relative to β1-selective BB 1.33 (95%CI 1.20–1.46). Post-hoc analyses showed a protective effect shortly after discharge for most medications. For example one month post discharge the HR for ACEI/ARB was 0.77 (95%CI 0.69–0.86). Although we did try to adjust for confounding by indication, probably residual confounding is still present.

Conclusions
Patients who were prescribed carvedilol have a higher or at least a similar risk of HF readmission compared to β1-selective BB. This study showed that all groups of HF medication -some more pronounced than others- were more effective immediately following discharge.
Higher Postinduction Infliximab Concentrations Are Associated With Improved Clinical Outcomes in Fistulizing Crohn's Disease: An ACCENT-II Post Hoc Analysis
Authors: Papamichael Konstantinos , Vande Casteele Niels , Jeyarajah Jenny , Jairath Vipul , Osterman Mark T. , Cheifetz Adam S. 
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION:
There are only limited data regarding the role of therapeutic drug monitoring in fistulizing Crohn's disease (CD). We investigated the association between both induction and maintenance serum infliximab concentrations and favorable therapeutic outcomes in patients with fistulizing CD.

METHODS:
This was a post hoc analysis of the ACCENT-II trial evaluating patients with fistulizing CD receiving induction (n = 282) and maintenance infliximab therapy (n = 139). Investigated therapeutic outcomes at both week 14 and week 54 included fistula response, complete fistula response, C-reactive protein (CRP) normalization (≤5 mg/L) in patients with an elevated baseline CRP, and a more stringent outcome of composite remission, defined as combined complete fistula response and CRP normalization. Associations between serum infliximab concentrations and outcomes were assessed by multivariable logistic regression models.

RESULTS:
Higher week 14 infliximab concentrations were independently associated with week 14 fistula response (odds ratio [OR]: 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.32; P = 0.019), and composite remission (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.55–3.49; P < 0.001). Higher week 14 infliximab concentrations were also independently associated with week 54 composite remission (OR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.10–3.82; P = 0.023). Based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, week 14 infliximab concentrations thresholds with combined maximal sensitivity and specificity of ≥20.2 μg/mL at week 2, ≥15 μg/mL at week 6, and ≥7.2 μg/mL at week 14 were associated with week 14 composite remission.

DISCUSSION:
Higher post-induction infliximab concentrations are associated with early and long-term favorable therapeutic outcomes in patients with fistulizing CD.
Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf Geschlechterungleichheiten
Authors: Ohlert Clemens , Boos Pauline 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von der Debatte um die Genderaspekte der Digitalisierung der Arbeit untersuchen wir den Zusammenhang zwischen der Nutzung digitaler Technologien und der Entwicklung von Geschlechterungleichheiten empirisch. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen in Branchen mit hohem Digitalisierungsgrad unterrepräsentiert sind und dass sich diese Dimension der Geschlechtersegregation in den letzten Jahren verstärkte. Die Unterrepräsentation von Frauen in Branchen mit hohem Digitalisierungsgrad geht mit Nachteilen bei den Verdiensten einher. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zudem, dass der Gender Pay Gap in Branchen mit hohem Digitalisierungsgrad tendenziell größer ist und über die Zeit weniger zurückging als in Branchen, in denen weniger digitale Technologien genutzt werden.
Pressure modes for hyperbolic paraboloid roofs
Authors: Rizzo Fabio , Demartino Cristoforo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a study on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of pressure coefficients hyperbolic parabolic roofs. The main goal of this study is to obtain pressure coefficient maps taking into account spatial non-uniform distribution and time-depending fluctuations of the pressure field. To this aim, pressure fields are described through pressure modes estimated by using the SVD technique. Wind tunnel experimental results on eight different geometries of buildings with hyperbolic paraboloid roofs are used to derive these pressure modes. The truncated SVD approach was applied to select a sufficient number of pressure modes necessary to reconstruct the measured signal given an acceptable difference. The truncated pressure modes are fitted through a polynomial surface to obtain a parametric form expressed as a function of the hyperbolic paraboloid roof geometry. The superpositions of pressure (envelopes) for all eight geometry were provided and used to modify mean pressure coefficients, to define design load combinations. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical pressure coefficient modes are used to estimate the wind action and to calculate the vertical displacements of a cable net by FEM analyses. Results clearly indicate that these load combinations allow for capturing large downward and upward displacements not properly predicted using mean experimental pressure coefficients.
Control Intervention Strategies for Within-Host, Between-Host and their Efficacy in the Treatment, Spread of COVID-19 : A Multi Scale Modeling Approach
Authors: Prakash D. Bhanu , Vamsi D. K. K. , Rajesh D. Bangaru , Sanjeevi Carani B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more than 65.5 million infections and 15,14,695 deaths in 212 countries over the last few months. Different drug intervention acting at multiple stages of pathogenesis of COVID-19 can substantially reduce the infection induced, thereby decreasing the mortality. Also population level control strategies can reduce the spread of the COVID-19 substantially. Motivated by these observations, in this work we propose and study a multi scale model linking both within-host and between-host dynamics of COVID-19. Initially the natural history dealing with the disease dynamics is studied. Later comparative effectiveness is performed to understand the efficacy of both the within-host and population level interventions. Findings of this study suggest that a combined strategy involving treatment with drugs such as Arbidol, remdesivir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir that inhibits viral replication and immunotherapies like monoclonal antibodies, along with environmental hygiene and generalized social distancing proved to be the best and optimal in reducing the basic reproduction number and environmental spread of the virus at the population level.
The fundamental group, rational connectedness and the positivity of Kähler manifolds
Authors: Ni Lei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Firstly, we confirm a conjecture asserting that any compact Kähler manifold N with

Ric
⊥

>
0

{\operatorname{Ric}^{\perp}>0}

must be simply-connected by applying a new viscosity consideration to Whitney’s comass of

(
p
,
0
)

{(p,0)}

-forms. Secondly we prove the projectivity and the rational connectedness of a Kähler manifold of complex dimension n under the condition

Ric
k

>
0

{\operatorname{Ric}_{k}>0}

(for some

k
∈

{
1
,
…
,
n
}

{k\in\{1,\dots,n\}}

, with

Ric
n

{\operatorname{Ric}_{n}}

being the Ricci curvature), generalizing a well-known result of Campana, and independently of Kollár, Miyaoka and Mori, for the Fano manifolds. The proof utilizes both the above comass consideration and a second variation consideration of [L. Ni and F. Zheng,
Positivity and Kodaira embedding theorem,
preprint 2020, https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.09696].
Thirdly, motivated by

Ric
⊥

{\operatorname{Ric}^{\perp}}

and the classical work of Calabi and Vesentini [E. Calabi and E. Vesentini,
On compact, locally symmetric Kähler manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 71 1960, 472–507], we propose two new curvature notions. The cohomology vanishing

H
q

⁢

(
N
,

T
′

⁢
N

)

=

{
0
}

{H^{q}(N,T^{\prime}N)=\{0\}}

for any

1
≤
q
≤
n

{1\leq q\leq n}

and a deformation rigidity result are obtained under these new curvature conditions. In particular, they are verified for all classical Kähler C-spaces with

b
2

=
1

{b_{2}=1}

. The new conditions provide viable candidates for a curvature characterization of homogeneous Kähler manifolds related to a generalized Hartshone conjecture.
Galois action on Fuchsian surface groups and their solenoids
Authors: Džambić Amir , González-Diez Gabino 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Let C be a complex algebraic curve uniformized by a Fuchsian group Γ.
In the first part of this paper
we identify the automorphism group of the solenoid associated with Γ with the
Belyaev completion of its commensurator

Comm
⁢

(
Γ
)

{\mathrm{Comm}(\Gamma)}

and we use this identification to show that the isomorphism class of this completion is an invariant of the natural Galois action of

Gal
⁢

(

ℂ
/
ℚ

)

{\mathrm{Gal}(\mathbb{C}/\mathbb{Q})}

on algebraic curves. In turn, this fact yields a proof of the Galois invariance of the arithmeticity of Γ independent of Kazhhdan’s.
In the second part we focus on the case in which Γ is arithmetic.
The list of further Galois invariants we find includes: (i) the periods of

Comm
⁢

(
Γ
)

{\mathrm{Comm}(\Gamma)}

, (ii) the solvability of the equations

X
2

+

sin
2

⁡

2
⁢
π

2
⁢
k

+
1

{X^{2}+\sin^{2}\frac{2\pi}{2k+1}}

in the invariant quaternion algebra of Γ and (iii) the property of Γ being a congruence
subgroup.
m-potent commutators of skew derivations on Lie ideals
Authors: Raza Mohd Arif , Ali Shakir , Alhazmi Husain 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavior of prime rings involving skew derivations with m-potent commutators on Lie ideals. In addition, we provide an example that shows that we cannot expect the same conclusion in case of semiprime rings. Also, we prove some other related results and present some open problems.
Ius puniendi and Constitution: A Comparative (Canadian-German) Perspective
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper inquires, from a comparative (Canadian-German) and human rights perspective, whether the State’s right (or even obligation) to punish can be derived from the Constitution. It argues that Constitutions usually assume this right but do not explicitly provide, let alone explain it (infra 1). However, protective (affirmative) duties may be derived from the rights part of a constitution (2) and these protective duties may serve as a basis for criminalization (3). While this is the position of the case law (especially the German one) and finds support in human rights law (4), it is argued that the reasoning is not fully convincing (5.1) and therefore further reflections are needed (5). First, it is necessary to make explicit the basic assumptions on the role of constitutions and judges on which the acceptance of a (constitutional) ius puniendi is predicated (5.1). Then, in a second step, the combination of a victim-based and effective remedy reasoning which best supports an obligation or at least ius puniendi is, relying on the German discussion, to be elaborated further (5.2).