bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality during and following hospital admission among school-aged children: a cohort study
Authors: Ngari Moses M , Obiero Christina , Mwangome Martha K , Nyaguara Amek , Mturi Neema , Murunga Sheila , Otiende Mark , Iversen Per Ole , Fegan Gregory W , Walson Judd L , Berkley James A 
Published: January 2021

Background: Far less is known about the reasons for hospitalization or mortality during and after hospitalization among school-aged children than among under-fives in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to describe common types of illness causing hospitalisation; inpatient mortality and post-discharge mortality among school-age children at Kilifi County Hospital (KCH), Kenya. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of children 5−12 years old admitted at KCH, 2007 to 2016, and resident within the Kilifi Health Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS). Children discharged alive were followed up for one year by quarterly census. Outcomes were inpatient and one-year post-discharge mortality. Results: We included 3,907 admissions among 3,196 children with a median age of 7 years 8 months (IQR 74−116 months). Severe anaemia (792, 20%), malaria (749, 19%), sickle cell disease (408, 10%), trauma (408, 10%), and severe pneumonia (340, 8.7%) were the commonest reasons for admission. Comorbidities included 623 (16%) with severe wasting, 386 (10%) with severe stunting, 90 (2.3%) with oedematous malnutrition and 194 (5.0%) with HIV infection. 132 (3.4%) children died during hospitalisation. Inpatient death was associated with signs of disease severity, age, bacteraemia, HIV infection and severe stunting. After discharge, 89/2,997 (3.0%) children died within one year during 2,853 child-years observed (31.2 deaths [95%CI, 25.3−38.4] per 1,000 child-years). 63/89 (71%) of post-discharge deaths occurred within three months and 45% of deaths occurred outside hospital. Post-discharge mortality was positively associated with weak pulse, tachypnoea, severe anaemia, HIV infection and severe wasting and negatively associated with malaria. Conclusions: Reasons for admissions are markedly different from those reported in under-fives. There was significant post-discharge mortality, suggesting hospitalisation is a marker of risk in this population. Our findings inform guideline development to include risk stratification, targeted post-discharge care and facilitate access to healthcare to improve survival in the early months post-discharge in school-aged children.
Picturing Melancholia in Estonian Decadent Art
Authors: Kass Lola Annabel 
Published: January 2021

The article focuses on Estonian decadent art of the early twentieth century that manifests the topicality of melancholia: visual art that depicts sadness, low spirits, malaise and suicidal behaviour. The article seeks to answer why portrayal of the feeling of malaise and low spirits were so widespread from the beginning of the 20th century, and how Estonian artists imagined and visualised melancholia.
I argue, that during the period under examination, increasing attention was paid in Estonia to mental health issues, including melancholia, which was brought about by discussions about breed and the surfacing ideas of eugenics and the study of heredity. At the same time, degeneration theories began to gain ground, according to which contemporary civilisation was bound to degrade, and an increase in mental problems was seen as a sign of that degradation in addition to various social and cultural processes. In addition, Estonian artists were influenced (directly or indirectly) by foreign artworks, literature and poetry that deal with the tragical and horrific side of humanity, such as mental health issues. I argue that artists depicted melancholia in a symbolic manner mainly through body language and body parts, but that the condition was also conveyed through the use of natural imagery and colour.
FMCW laser ranging method based on a frequency multiplier
Authors: Jiang Shuo , Liu Bo , Wang Huachuang 
Published: January 2021

A reference interferometer is often introduced into the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) ranging system to deal with nonlinear laser modulation. In this system, the beat signal of the reference interferometer is regarded as the system clock to resample the measurement signal. According to Nyquist sampling theorem, the optical path difference (OPD) of the reference interferometer should be more than twice the target distance. We propose a resampling method that uses a frequency multiplier to help shorten the OPD of the reference interferometer. A quadruple frequency circuit board with two multipliers is added into the system to generate a new clock for this system. Results show that a target at a distance of 6.4 m can be measured when the OPD of the reference interferometer is provided by a 3 m delay fiber, and the ranging standard deviation of 9.4 µm is achieved.
Development of a passive optical heterodyne radiometer for near and mid-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sappey Andrew D. , Masterson Bernard P. 
Published: January 2021

We have developed a novel laser heterodyne radiometer using a fiber-coupled distributed feedback laser as the local oscillator to perform spectroscopic measurements of small molecules in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region. Here, we demonstrate measurement of HCN and

C
O

2

in the lab and

C
H

4

and

C
O

2

in the atmospheric column. In addition, we demonstrate detection of a neutral iron, Fe(I), Fraunhofer line in the spectrum of the sun, at a vacuum wavelength of 1559.252 nm, that can be used to calibrate the wavelength scale of the instrument and enable verification of proper system operation for field applications.
Experimental demonstration of a microwave photonic link using an optically phased antenna array for a millimeter wave band
Authors: Bohata J. , Komanec M. , Spáčil J. , Hazdra P. , Lonský T. , Hradecký Z. , Zvánovec S. 
Published: January 2021

We present a hybrid radiofrequency and microwave photonic link at 25 GHz using the chromatic dispersion of an optical fiber to steer the beam of a three-element planar dipole-based phased antenna array (PAA). Our team has designed and developed an in-house built PAA, experimentally verified its parameters, and successfully demonstrated optically controlled beam steering as measured in an anechoic chamber. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the optically based beam steering in the proposed microwave photonics system has been carried out, with data transmission achieving an error vector magnitude as low as 5.6% for the frequency of 25 GHz and 20 MHz bandwidth.
Nonlinear self-trapping and guiding of light at different wavelengths with sheep blood
Authors: Perez Nicolas , Chambers Jake , Chen Zhigang , Bezryadina Anna 
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate the formation of waveguides, a few centimeters long, in colloidal suspensions of sheep red blood cells for a wide range of wavelengths due to nonlinear self-trapping and self-guiding of a laser beam. The near infrared (NIR) light experiences a weaker nonlinear self-action and thus requires much higher power to obtain self-trapping as compared to visible light. To examine the waveguiding of light at different wavelengths, we utilize a pump–probe-type setting for beam coupling: a pump beam at a 532 nm wavelength is used to create a waveguide first, and then a probe beam with various wavelengths is sent through the waveguide channel. Effective guidance for both visible and NIR wavelengths is observed through such otherwise highly scattering bio-soft-matter.
Tunable 3D Dirac-semimetals supported mid-IR hybrid plasmonic waveguides
Authors: He Xiaoyong , Liu Feng , Lin Fangting , Shi Wangzhou 
Published: January 2021

Based on 3D Dirac-semimetal (DSM) modified hybrid waveguides, tunable propagation properties have been investigated, including the effects of Fermi levels, structural parameters, and operation frequency. The results show that if the operation frequency is smaller (larger) than the transition frequency (

ℏ
ω
≈

2

|

μ
c

|

), the proposed hybrid waveguides indicate strong (weak) confinement because the DSM layer manifests a high plasmonic (dielectric low) loss property. The dielectric fiber shape affects the propagation property obviously, as the elliptical parameter decreases, the confinement and figure of merit increase, and the loss reduces. With the increase in Fermi level, the propagation constant increases, and the frequency (amplitude) modulation depth is 32.31% (12.93%) if the Fermi level changes in the range of 0.01–0.15 eV. The results are very helpful in understanding the tunable mechanisms of hybrid waveguides and designing novel plasmonic devices in the future, e.g., modulators, filters, lasers, and resonators.
Dynamic vortex mode-switchable erbium-doped Brillouin laser pumped by high-order mode
Authors: Xu Jiangtao , Zhang Longkun , Liu Xing , Zhang Liang , Lu Jiafeng , Wang Longtao , Zeng Xianglong 
Published: January 2021

We experimentally demonstrated that the transversal vortex modes of an
all-fiber erbium-doped Brillouin laser can be dynamically switched by
using the high-order mode (HOM) of Brillouin pump (BP), which is used
to achieve the oscillation of HOM inside the ring cavity. Core-mode
conversion in a few-mode fiber (FMF) between the fundamental mode and
HOM is obtained by cascading an acoustically induced fiber grating
(AIFG) and a mode selection coupler (MSC) operating at the same
wavelength region. Through frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation of
the AIFG signal, the output transversal modes can be switched
dynamically between

L
P

01

and vortex modes, and the measured
purities of output HOM are more than 82%. Moreover, the output
Brillouin wavelength can also be tuned via altering the input
wavelength of BP and the resonant response of AIFG. We have achieved
HOM Brillouin-shifted laser output within the wavelength band from
1545–1560 nm. The output linewidth of the proposed Brillouin laser is
less than 4 kHz.
Umweltorientiertes Prozessmanagement: Integration von Standards des Umweltmanagements und der Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung in eine betriebliche Prozessarchitektur
Authors: Peverali François , Ullrich André 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag stellt den Ansatz INTPECOM (INTegrating Process Eco Modeling) zur Integration von Standards für das Umweltmanagement und die Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung in das betriebliche Prozessmanagement vor. Im Rahmen des modellorientierten und konzeptuellen Ansatzes für das umweltorientierte Prozessmanagement wird ein Set an Referenzmodellen in einer Standardnotation des Geschäftsprozessmanagements bereitgestellt, das in gängige Informationssysteme importiert werden kann und damit direkt für die Praxis nutzbar ist. Ein Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf dem von der Europäischen Union in Gesetzesform kodifizierten UmweltmanagementinstrumentEco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). Mit dem gewählten Integrationsansatz können Best Practices aus dem Umweltmanagement und der Umweltberichterstattung in das Prozessmanagement von Organisationen eingeführt werden, insbesondere in deren Prozessarchitektur. Dabei werden ebenso Potenziale und Herausforderungen zur Digitalisierung und Automatisierung des Umweltmanagements aufgezeigt. Ein Mehrwert für die Praxis wird zudem durch eine Einordnung von geeigneten Anwendungskontexten für die Integration von Umweltmanagementaspekten in eine Prozessarchitektur generiert. So sind sowohl kleine als auch große Organisationen mittels Einsatz von Modellierungswerkzeugen und Prozessmodell-Repositorien in der Lage, eine Zusammenarbeit zwischen mehreren Organisationseinheiten zu ermöglichen und die Umsetzung von Standards des Umweltmanagements und der Nachhaltigkeitsberichterstattung zu realisieren.
Congenital abnormalities associated with Zika virus infection–Dengue as potential co-factor? A systematic review
Authors: Petzold Stephanie , Agbaria Nisreen , Deckert Andreas , Dambach Peter , Winkler Volker , Drexler Jan Felix , Horstick Olaf , Jaenisch Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in Brazil during 2013–2014 causing an epidemic of previously unknown congenital abnormalities. The frequency of severe congenital abnormalities after maternal ZIKV infection revealed an unexplained geographic variability, especially between the Northeast and the rest of Brazil. Several reasons for this variability have been discussed. Prior immunity against Dengue virus (DENV) affecting ZIKV seems to be the most likely explanation. Here we summarise the current evidence regarding this prominent co-factor to potentially explain the geographic variability.
This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. The search was conducted up to May 15th, 2020, focussing on immunological interactions from Zika virus with previous Dengue virus infections as potential teratogenic effect for the foetus.
Eight out of 339 screened studies reported on the association between ZIKV, prior DENV infection and microcephaly, mostly focusing on antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) as potential pathomechanism. Prior DENV infection was associated with enhancement for ZIKV infection and increased neurovirulence in one included in vitro study only. Interestingly, the seven in vivo studies exhibited a heterogeneous picture with three studies showing a protective effect of prior DENV infections and others no effect at all. According to several studies, socio-economic factors are associated with increased risk for microcephaly.
Very few studies addressed the question of unexplained variability of infection-related microcephaly. Many studies focussed on ADE as mechanism without measuring microcephaly as endpoint. Interestingly, three of the included studies reported a protective effect of prior DENV infection against microcephaly. This systematic review strengthens the hypothesis that immune priming after recent DENV infection is the crucial factor for determining protection or enhancement activity. It is of high importance that the currently ongoing prospective studies include a harmonised assessment of the potential candidate co-factors.
Incidence trends of pediatric onset inflammatory bowel disease in the years 2000–2009 in Saxony, Germany–first results of the Saxon Pediatric IBD Registry
Authors: Kern Ivana , Schoffer Olaf , Kiess Wieland , Henker Jobst , Laaß Martin W. , Winkler Ulf , Quietzsch Jürgen , Wenzel Olaf , Zurek Marlen , Büttner Katrin , Fischer Peter , de Laffolie Jan , Manuwald Ulf , Stange Thoralf , Zenker Ronny , Weidner Jens , Zimmer Klaus-Peter , Kunath Hildebrand , Kugler Joachim , Richter Thomas , Rothe Ulrike 
Published: January 2021

Aims
In developed countries, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasing. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the incidence rates and trends over time in the population of children and adolescents in one of the federal states of Germany, in Saxony.

Methods
Over the 10-year period 2000–2009 all 31 children’s hospitals and pediatric gastroenterologists, respectively in Saxony reported all IBD patients up to 15 years of age to the Saxon Pediatric IBD Registry. The completeness of the registry was estimated as 96.7% by independent surveys in the years 2005–2009. Incidence rates were presented as age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) regarding New European Standard Population 1990 per 100,000 person-years (PY) with 95% confidence intervals [CI]. Joinpoint and linear regression was used for trend analyses.

Results
344 patients with confirmed IBD between 2000–2009 were included in the epidemiological evaluation: 212 (61.6%) patients with CD, 122 (35.6%) with UC and 10 (2.9%) with unclassified IBD (IBD-U). The ASR per 100,000 PY over the whole observation period was 7.2 [6.4–7.9] for IBD, 4.4 [3.8–5.0] for CD, 2.6 [2.1–3.0] for UC and 0.2 [0.1–0.3] for IBD-U. For IBD, the ASR per 100,000 PY increased from 4.6 [2.8–6.3] in 2000 to 10.5 [7.5–13.6] in 2009. The incidence trend analysis of ASRs using the joinpoint regression confirmed a significant increase of IBD as well as UC. The mean age at first diagnosis decreased significantly during the observation period from 11.5 (11.0–13.4) in 2000 to 9.6 (5.1–13.5) years in 2009. The median of the diagnostic latency among IBD patients was 3 months.

Conclusion
The incidence of IBD in children and adolescents in Saxony was slightly higher than the average of other countries in the same time period and followed the trend towards a general increase of IBD. The age at diagnosis was subject to a very unfavorable downward trend.
Socioeconomic disparities in suicide: Causation or confounding?
Authors: Lorant Vincent , Kapadia Dharmi , Perelman Julian ,   the DEMETRIQ study group
Published: January 2021

Background
Despite an overall reduction in suicide, educational disparities in suicide have not decreased over the last decade. The mechanisms behind educational disparities in suicide, however, remain unclear: low educational status may increase the risk of suicide (“causation”) or low educational status and suicide may share confounders. This paper assesses whether educational disparities in suicide (EDS) are more likely to be due to causation.

Method
The DEMETRIQ study collected and harmonized register-based data on mortality follow-up from forty population censuses from twelve European populations. More than 102,000 suicides were registered over 392 million person-years. Three analyses were carried out. First, we applied an instrumental variable approach that exploits changes in the legislation on compulsory educational age to instrument educational status. Second, we analyzed EDS by age under the hypothesis that increasing EDS over the life cycle supports causation. Finally, we compared EDS in men and women under the assumption that greater EDS in women would support causation.

Findings
The instrumental variable analysis showed no evidence for causation between higher education and suicide, for men or women. The life-cycle analysis showed that the decrease of educational inequalities in suicide between the baseline 1991 period and the 2001 follow-up period was more pronounced and statistically significant in the first three younger age groups. The gender analysis indicated that EDS were systematic and greater in men than in women: the rate ratio of suicide for men with low level of education (RR = 2.51; 95%CI:2.44–2.58) was higher than the rate ratio in women (RR = 1.32; 95CI%:1.26–1.38).

Interpretation
Overall, there was little support for the causation hypothesis, suggesting that the association between education and suicide is confounded. Educational inequalities in suicide should be addressed in early life by early targeting of groups who struggle to complete their education and display higher risk of mental disorder or of mental health vulnerabilities.
Psychological disturbances and their association with sleep disturbances in patients admitted for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Matsuda Risa , Kohno Takashi , Kohsaka Shun , Shiraishi Yasuyuki , Katsumata Yoshinori , Hayashida Kentaro , Yuasa Shinsuke , Takatsuki Seiji , Fukuda Keiichi 
Published: January 2021

Background
Depression and anxiety are common mental health problems that are strongly associated with sleep disturbances, according to community-based researches. However, this association has not been investigated among patients admitted for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We examined the prevalence of depression and anxiety in inpatients with various CVDs and their association with sleep disturbances.

Materials and methods
This cross-sectional study included 1294 patients hospitalized for CVDs in a Japanese university hospital were evaluated for their mental status using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) using pulse oximetry, and for sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

Results
Patient characteristics were as below: mean age, 63.9±14.7 years; 25.7% female. Overall, 18.9% had depression (HADS-depression≥8) and 17.1% had anxiety (HADS-anxiety≥8). The presence of depression was associated with female sex, older age, higher plasma brain natriuretic peptide level, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the prevalence of heart failure. Overall, 46.5% patients were categorized as having a poor sleep quality (PSQI>5), and 28.5% patients had SDB (3% oxygen desaturation index>15). Although depression and anxiety were not associated with SDB, they were independently associated with poor sleep quality (OR = 3.09, 95% CI 2.19–4.36; OR = 3.93, 95% CI 2.71–5.69, respectively).

Conclusions
Depression and anxiety were not uncommon in patients with CVDs. Poor sleep quality could be an important risk factor linked to psychological disturbances.
Modeling dysbiosis of human NASH in mice: Loss of gut microbiome diversity and overgrowth of Erysipelotrichales
Authors: Carter James K. , Bhattacharya Dipankar , Borgerding Joshua N. , Fiel M. Isabel , Faith Jeremiah J. , Friedman Scott L. 
Published: January 2021

Background & aim
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is responsible for a growing fraction of cirrhosis and liver cancer cases worldwide. Changes in the gut microbiome have been implicated in NASH pathogenesis, but the lack of suitable murine models has been a barrier to progress. We have therefore characterized the microbiome in a well-validated murine NASH model to establish its value in modeling human disease.

Methods
The composition of intestinal microbiota was monitored in mice on a 12- or 24-week NASH protocol consisting of high fat, high sugar Western Diet (WD) plus once weekly i.p injection of low-dose CCl4. Additional mice were subjected to WD-only or CCl4-only conditions to assess the independent effect of these variables on the microbiome.

Results
There was substantial remodeling of the intestinal microbiome in NASH mice, characterized by declines in both species diversity and bacterial abundance. Based on changes to beta diversity, microbiota from NASH mice clustered separately from controls in principal coordinate analyses. A comparison between WD-only and CCl4-only controls with the NASH model identified WD as the primary driver of early changes to the microbiome, resulting in loss of diversity within the 1st week. A NASH signature emerged progressively at weeks 6 and 12, including, most notably, a reproducible bloom of the Firmicute order Erysipelotrichales.

Conclusions
We have established a valuable model to study the role of gut microbes in NASH, enabling us to identify a new NASH gut microbiome signature.