bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral inflammation exacerbates α‐synuclein toxicity and neuropathology in Parkinson's models
Authors: La Vitola P. , Balducci C. , Baroni M. , Artioli L. , Santamaria G. , Castiglioni M. , Cerovic M. , Colombo L. , Caldinelli L. , Pollegioni L. , Forloni G. 
Published: July 2020

AimsParkinson’s disease and related disorders are devastating neurodegenerative pathologies. Since α‐synuclein was identified as a main component of Lewy bodies and neurites, efforts have been made to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of α‐synuclein's detrimental effects. α‐synuclein oligomers are the most harmful species and may recruit and activate glial cells. Inflammation is emerging as a bridge between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors co‐fostering Parkinson’s disease. However, direct evidence linking inflammation to the harmful activities of α‐synuclein oligomers or to the Parkinson’s disease behavioural phenotype is lacking.MethodsTo clarify whether neuroinflammation influences Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, we developed: (i) a ‘double‐hit’ approach in C57BL/6 naive mice where peripherally administered lipopolysaccharides were followed by intracerebroventricular injection of an inactive oligomer dose; (ii) a transgenic ‘double‐hit’ model where lipopolysaccharides were given to A53T α‐synuclein transgenic Parkinson’s disease mice.ResultsLipopolysaccharides induced a long‐lasting neuroinflammatory response which facilitated the detrimental cognitive activities of oligomers. LPS‐activated microglia and astrocytes responded differently to the oligomers with microglia activating further and acquiring a pro‐inflammatory M1 phenotype, while astrocytes atrophied. In the transgenic ‘double‐hit’ A53T mouse model, lipopolysaccharides aggravated cognitive deficits and increased microgliosis. Again, astrocytes responded differently to the double challenge. These findings indicate that peripherally induced neuroinflammation potentiates the α‐synuclein oligomer’s actions and aggravates cognitive deficits in A53T mice.ConclusionsThe fine management of both peripheral and central inflammation may offer a promising therapeutic approach to prevent or slow down some behavioural aspects in α‐synucleinopathies.
Losing touch
Authors: Nist Marliese Dion , Harrison Tondi M. , Tate Judith , Robinson Audrey , Balas Michele , Pickler Rita H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe need for human touch is universal among critical care patients and is an important component of the nurse–patient relationship. However, multiple barriers to human touch exist in the critical care environment. With little research to guide practice, we argue for the importance of human touch in the provision of holistic nursing care.
Towards the flower economics spectrum
Authors: Roddy Adam B. , Martínez‐Perez Cecilia , Teixido Alberto L. , Cornelissen Tatiana G. , Olson Mark E. , Oliveira Rafael S. , Silveira Fernando A. O. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryUnderstanding how floral traits affect reproduction is key for understanding genetic diversity, speciation, and trait evolution in the face of global changes and pollinator decline. However, there has not yet been a unified framework to characterize the major trade‐offs and axes of floral trait variation. Here, we propose the development of a floral economics spectrum (FES) that incorporates the multiple pathways by which floral traits can be shaped by multiple agents of selection acting on multiple flower functions. For example, while pollinator‐mediated selection has been considered the primary factor affecting flower evolution, selection by nonpollinator agents can reinforce or oppose pollinator selection, and, therefore, affect floral trait variation. In addition to pollinators, the FES should consider nonpollinator biotic agents and floral physiological costs, broadening the drivers of floral traits beyond pollinators. We discuss how coordinated evolution and trade‐offs among floral traits and between floral and vegetative traits may influence the distribution of floral traits across biomes and lineages, thereby influencing organismal evolution and community assembly.
Socio‐economic inequalities in the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programmes on body mass index: An individual participant data meta‐analysis
Authors: Robroek Suzan J.W. , Oude Hengel Karen M. , van der Beek Allard J. , Boot Cécile R.L. , van Lenthe Frank J. , Burdorf Alex , Coenen Pieter 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThis individual participant data meta‐analysis assessed the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programmes on body mass index (BMI) across socio‐economic groups and whether study and intervention characteristics explained inequalities in effectiveness. Studies were eligible if they assessed the effect of a workplace health promotion programme on BMI in the Netherlands, included workers of at least two different socio‐economic positions (SEPs) and had a study design with premeasurement and postmeasurement and control condition. Data of 13 studies presenting 16 interventions (5183 participants) were harmonized. In a two‐stage meta‐analysis, the interaction between intervention and SEP on BMI was tested with linear mixed models for each study. Subsequently, the interaction terms were pooled. The influence of study and intervention characteristics on the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programmes was evaluated using meta‐regression analyses. Compared with control conditions, workplace health promotion programmes overall showed a statistically non‐significant 0.12 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.01, 0.25) decrease in BMI, which did not differ across SEP. Interventions evaluated within randomized controlled trials, agentic interventions, those that focused on high‐risk groups, included a counselling component, consisted of more than five sessions, or were offered at the individual level did statistically significantly reduce BMI. No evidence was found for intervention‐generated SEP inequalities.
LAND MANAGEMENT AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF TERRACES FOR DRY FARMING: THE CASE OF THE SOREQ CATCHMENT, ISRAEL
Authors: Elgart‐Sharon Yelena , Porat Naomi , Gadot Yuval 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThe construction of terrace walls for dry farming in the highlands of the Levant was traditionally associated with demographic growth that caused pressure on available land for cultivation. In this paper we suggest an alternative model and claim that terraces were adopted as a subsistence strategy at periods when land ownership was centralized in the hands of either powerful landowners or managed through complex family‐based cooperation like the Musha system of the Late Antiquity period. This claim is based both on the study of land use and settlement patterns within the Upper Nahal Soreq, north‐west of Jerusalem, where close to 350 excavated or surveyed sites of all kinds were catalogued and mapped, and on the results of an OSL dating project that directly dated the construction of terrace walls for dry farming in the highlands of Jerusalem in general and at the Upper Nahal Soreq catchment in particular.
Severe modifications in source‐sink ratio influence the susceptibility of bananas to crown rot and its phenolics content
Authors: Ewané Cecile A. , Nott Katherine , Lassois Ludivine , Lepoivre Philippe , de Lapeyre de Bellaire Luc 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBanana susceptibility to crown rot is influenced by many biotic and abiotic preharvest factors, which include source‐sink (So‐Si) ratio modifications through trimming of leaves and fruit. Banana plant's resistance to biotic stress has been previously correlated to its phenolic content; it is hypothesized that the crown's phenolic content may influence the fruit's susceptibility. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of severe So‐Si ratio modifications, via the removal of leaves and fruit, and the involvement of phenolics in the fruit's susceptibility to crown rot. Fruit susceptibility was evaluated 13 days postinoculation (13 dpi) with Colletotrichum musae. Banana crowns obtained on the day of harvest before inoculation (dhbi) and 13 dpi were analysed for changes in phenolics using GC‐MS, HPLC, and LC‐MS devices. Severe So‐Si ratio modifications had a significant effect (p <.001) on susceptibility, fruits of low So‐Si ratio being most susceptible. It also significantly influenced (p < .001) some tree and fruit characteristics. The less susceptible (S−) crowns had higher amounts of phenolics compared to the more susceptible (S+) ones. Catecholamines were identified as the major phenolics in banana crown, notably dopamine compared to norepinephrine and normetanephrine. Hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic acid and its derivatives) were significantly accumulated (p <.001) the dhbi in S− crowns compared to S+ crowns, but decreased 13 dpi. Phenolics have a possible role in the biochemical defence of banana crown and could be used by producers as a chemical criterion for estimation of the level of banana's susceptibility to crown rot.
Integrability, existence of global solutions, and wave breaking criteria for a generalization of the Camassa–Holm equation
Authors: da Silva Priscila Leal , Freire Igor Leite 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent generalizations of the Camassa–Holm equation are studied from the point of view of existence of global solutions, criteria for wave breaking phenomena and integrability. We provide conditions, based on lower bounds for the first spatial derivative of local solutions, for global well‐posedness in Sobolev spaces for the family under consideration. Moreover, we prove that wave breaking phenomena occurs under certain mild hypothesis. Based on the machinery developed by Dubrovin [Commun. Math. Phys. 267, 117–139 (2006)] regarding bi‐Hamiltonian deformations, we introduce the notion of quasi‐integrability and prove that there exists a unique bi‐Hamiltonian structure for the equation only when it is reduced to the Dullin–Gotwald–Holm equation. Our results suggest that a recent shallow water model incorporating Coriollis effects is integrable only in specific situations. Finally, to finish the scheme of geometric integrability of the family of equations initiated in a previous work, we prove that the Dullin–Gotwald–Holm equation describes pseudo‐spherical surfaces.
The intergenerational transmission of income mobility between mothers and their young adult daughters: The mediating role of their daughters' educational attainment
Authors: Lee Jaewon , Allen Jennifer 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study examines whether the daughters' educational attainment mediates the intergenerational transmission of economic mobility between mothers and their young adult daughters. To create mother–daughter dyads, two data sets were combined: The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY). A total of 2,456 dyads were included for analysis. We used a mediation model to explore the relationship between mothers' income and their young adult daughters' income. Mothers' income was associated with their young adult daughters' educational attainment and income. The mediation model indicated partial mediation of the relationship between mothers' income and their young adult daughters' income via their young adult daughters' educational attainment. Addressing issues of income inequality among mothers may serve as a buffer against the low upward mobility across generations for their young adult daughters raised by low‐income mothers. It is imperative to provide programs and financial assistance for mothers to bolster their income and thereby their daughters' educational attainment and income in young adulthood and therefore improve economic mobility from mothers to daughters.
Mechano‐vibrational spectroscopy of skin: Are changes in collagen and vascular tissue components early signs of basal cell carcinoma formation?
Authors: Silver Frederick H. , Deshmukh Tanmay , Benedetto Dominick , Kelkar Nikita 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe modulus and resonant frequency of cancer cells and extracellular matrix are increased in both basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, and in addition, the collagen stiffness is increased. The organization of the extracellular matrix surrounding cancer cells is clearly different than the extracellular matrix that is seen in normal skin.Materials and MethodsWe have used vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT) to measure the resonant frequency and stiffness of collagen, vascular, and reorganized fibrous extracellular matrix components. Measurements of vessels and fibrotic collagen content made on basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are compared to similar measurements made on normal skin from different anatomical locations.ResultsLesions with basal cell carcinomas exhibit characteristic resonant frequencies and moduli of reorganized extracellular matrix characteristic of fibrotic tissue. Cancerous lesions are characterized by dermal collagen (100 Hz), vascular (150 Hz), and fibrotic peaks (200‐230 Hz). The fibrotic peak is not found in areas of normal skin.ConclusionsBased on this pilot study, it is hypothesized inflammation may promote precancerous lesion formation in the surrounding extracellular matrix. Measurement of the increases in vaculature and fibrotic content may be useful in early detection of BCCs.
Finite Element Modeling of Hybrid Friction Diffusion Welding of Tube–Tubesheet Joints
Authors: Al-Badour Fadi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA three-dimensional thermo-mechanical finite element model (FEM) was developed and solved to study the feasibility of hybrid friction diffusion bonding (HFDB) technique for welding tube–tubesheet joints using Abaqus/explicit enviroment. Considering the process thermo-mechanical nature, temperature-dependent material properties and Johnson–Cook model were adopted. Two tube configurations were considered in the numerical study; zero projection (flush) and 3 mm projection (extended). For validation purposes, HFDB of tube–tubesheet was experimentally performed on a 19 mm (¾ in.) ASTM 179 cold-drawn carbon steel tube into ASTM A516-70 tubesheet, considering a flush tube configuration. The tool–workpiece temperature was measured using infrared camera, and produced joints were sectioned and examined under optical microscope. A good agreement was found between numericaly estimated temperatures and material deformation with experimentaly measured ones. According to the estimated results, spring back of tube was found to negatively affect the joint integrity. Also, contact stresses during processing phase were found less in the projected tube (extended) as compared to the flush one.
About the Influence of the Corrosion Defect Geometry on Repaired Pipes Stress Distribution
Authors: Lambrescu Ionut , Dinita Alin , Minescu Mihail 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a new approach in dealing with volumetric surface defects (VSD) in pipelines. Using three-dimensional (3D) scanning and reverse engineering techniques, along with finite element analysis, we studied and evaluated comparatively the stress distributions in the defect area for different shapes and positions of the machined VSD, in order to find the best solution for the repairing process using composite materials. Our main conclusion is that instead of machining the VSD such as to generate a rectangular shaped machined defect, with edges parallel/perpendicular to the pipe axis, it is better to mold the VSD. Another possible solution would be to machine the real VSD such as to generate an inclined rectangle that circumscribes the defect. This paper also studies the influence of the machined defect filet radius to the bottom of the VSD.
Exploring a Women-Only Training Program for Coach Developers
Authors: Kraft Erin , Culver Diane M. , Din Cari 
Published: July 2020

The following practice paper introduces an innovative women-only training program for coach developers in a Canadian provincial sport organization. The dearth of women in coaching and sport leadership positions informs the program as a whole and the participant perspectives on what is working, in practice, for them specifically in a way that could support future sport leaders interested in increasing gender equity in their sport organizations and leadership skills in their female leaders. The aims of the coach developer program are two-fold: to promote women in leadership and to create a social learning space for women to connect and support each other in their leadership development. The purpose of this practice paper is to discuss the supports that have enabled the facilitation of this program and to explore the value of a women-only training program. Two women (out of a total of 10) participating in the program and two leads facilitating the program were interviewed for their perspectives. The lessons learned touch on the types of value that were created (immediate, potential, and applied) and the specific supports (micro, meso, and macro) that enabled the facilitation of the program. Finally, the authors discuss additional considerations (e.g., consistent buy-in from the organization is needed) with practical insights in the hopes of inspiring other sport organizations to implement similar initiatives for promoting women in leadership and coaching in sport.
High probability of false-positive gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis during early pregnancy
Authors: Nakanishi Sayuri , Aoki Shigeru , Kasai Junko , Shindo Ryosuke , Obata Soichiro , Hasegawa Yoshimi , Mochimaru Aya , Miyagi Etsuko 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionThis study aimed to assess the validity of applying the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at any time during pregnancy.Research design and methodsThis multicenter cohort study was conducted at five Japanese facilities from January 2018 to April 2019. The study cohort included women at a high risk of GDM who met one or more of the following IADPSG criteria during early pregnancy: fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥92 mg/dL and 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) value of ≥180 mg/dL at 1 hour, or ≥153 mg/dL at 2 hour (hereafter early-onset GDM). Women diagnosed with early-onset GDM were followed up without therapeutic intervention and underwent the 75 g OGTT again during 24–28 weeks of gestation. Those exhibiting the GDM patterns on the second 75 g OGTT were diagnosed with true GDM and treated, whereas those exhibiting the normal patterns were diagnosed with false positive early GDM and received no therapeutic intervention.ResultsOf the 146 women diagnosed with early-onset GDM, 69 (47%) had normal 75 g OGTT values at 24–28 weeks of gestation, indicating a false-positive result. FPG levels were significantly higher in the first 75 g-OGTT test than in the second 75 g-OGTT test (93 mg/dL and 87.5 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.001). FPG levels were high in 86 (59%) women with early-onset GDM during early pregnancy but in only 39 (27%) women during mid-pregnancy. Compared with false positive early GDM, true GDM was more frequently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.ConclusionsAlthough women with early-onset GDM were followed up without treatment, the results of repeated 75 g OGTT during mid-pregnancy were normal in about 50%. Our data did not support the adoption of IADPSG thresholds for the diagnosis of GDM prior to 20 weeks of gestation.
The cost-effectiveness of conducting three versus two reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests for diagnosing and discharging people with COVID-19: evidence from the epidemic in Wuhan, China
Authors: Jiang Yawen , Cai Dan , Chen Daqin , Jiang Shan 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesThe objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of conducting three versus two reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) tests for diagnosing and discharging people with COVID-19 with regard to public health and clinical impacts by incorporating asymptomatic and presymptomatic infection and to compare the medical costs associated with the two strategies.MethodsA model that consisted of six compartments was built. The compartments were the susceptible (S), the asymptomatic infective (A), the presymptomatic infective (L), the symptomatic infective (I), the recovered (R), and the deceased (D). The A, L and I classes were infective states. To construct the model, several parameters were set as fixed using existing evidence and the rest of the parameters were estimated by fitting the model to a smoothed curve of the cumulative confirmed cases in Wuhan from 24 January 2020 to 6 March 2020. Input data about the cost-effectiveness analysis were retrieved from the literature.ResultsConducting RT-PCR tests three times for diagnosing and discharging people with COVID-19 reduced the estimated total number of symptomatic cases to 45‌ 013 from 51 144 in the two-test strategy over 43 days. The former strategy also led to 850.1 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of health gain and a net healthcare expenditure saving of CN¥49.1 million. About 100.7 QALYs of the health gain were attributable to quality-adjusted life day difference between the strategies during the analytic period and 749.4 QALYs were attributable to years of life saved.ConclusionsMore accurate strategies and methods of testing for the control of COVID-19 may reduce both the number of infections and the total medical costs. Increasing the number of tests should be considered in regions with relatively severe epidemics when existing tests have moderate sensitivity.
Homecare for sick family members while waiting for medical help during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone: a mixed methods study
Authors: Schmidt-Hellerau Kirsten , Winters Maike , Lyons Padraig , Leigh Bailah , Jalloh Mohammad B , Sengeh Paul , Sawaneh Alhaji Babah , Zeebari Zangin , Salazar Mariano , Jalloh Mohamed F , Nordenstedt Helena 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionCaring for an Ebola patient is a known risk factor for disease transmission. In Sierra Leone during the outbreak in 2014/2015, isolation of patients in specialised facilities was not always immediately available and caring for a relative at home was sometimes the only alternative. This study sought to assess population-level protective caregiving intentions, to understand how families cared for their sick and to explore perceived barriers and facilitators influencing caregiving behaviours.MethodsData from a nationwide household survey conducted in December 2014 were used to assess intended protective behaviours if caring for a family member with suspected Ebola. Their association with socio-demographic variables, Ebola-specific knowledge and risk perception was analysed using multilevel logistic regression. To put the results into context, semi-structured interviews with caregivers were conducted in Freetown.ResultsEbola-specific knowledge was positively associated with the intention to avoid touching a sick person and their bodily fluids (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.29; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.54) and the intention to take multiple protective measures (AOR 1.38; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.63). Compared with residing in the mostly urban Western Area, respondents from the initial epicentre of the outbreak (Eastern Province) had increased odds to avoid touching a sick person or their body fluids (AOR 4.74; 95% CI 2.55 to 8.81) and to take more than one protective measure (AOR 2.94; 95% CI 1.37 to 6.34). However, interviews revealed that caregivers, who were mostly aware of the risk of transmission and general protective measures, felt constrained by different contextual factors. Withholding care was not seen as an option and there was a perceived lack of practical advice.ConclusionsEbola outbreak responses need to take the sociocultural reality of caregiving and the availability of resources into account, offering adapted and acceptable practical advice. The necessity to care for a loved one when no alternatives exist should not be underestimated.