bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competency‐based education in pharmacy: A review of its development, applications, and challenges
Authors: Katoue Maram Gamal , Schwinghammer Terry L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThere has been a resurgence of interest in the application of competency‐based education (CBE) in health care professionals' education in recent years, including the pharmacy profession. This model strives to prepare a competent pharmacy workforce to help meet societal needs for effective, safe, and economical health care services. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the applications of CBE in the education and training of pharmacists, the process for constructing a competency‐based pharmacy curriculum, and the potential advantages and challenges associated with its implementation.MethodA comprehensive literature review was conducted via PubMed and Scopus databases using a variety of keywords related to the topic (from 1975 to 2019). Other electronic resources (Google Scholar and the Education Resources Information Center) were searched to identify educational outcomes of pharmacy programmes emphasizing competency development and competency frameworks/standards for the pharmacy profession that were published up to 2019.ResultsCBE has been increasingly adopted in pharmacy education, mainly in developed countries. A number of competency frameworks have been advanced to support the design of CBE curricula, accreditation standards of pharmacy programmes, and professional pharmacy registration/licensure. Several examples of the application of competency‐based pharmacy education (CBPE) were identified at undergraduate, postgraduate, and professional development levels. Transforming a traditional pharmacy programme into CBPE offers several potential benefits but can also be associated with significant challenges. Successful implementation of CBPE programmes requires strong and supportive institutional leadership; proper curricular design, implementation, and management; and focus on faculty training and development.ConclusionThe adoption of CBPE can enhance the ability of pharmacy education to meet the rapidly evolving societal health care needs. This model has been applied in developed countries at different levels throughout the pharmacist's learning continuum. It has also been investigated in some developing regions.
“Scattered In Times”
Authors: Stewart‐Kroeker Sarah 
Published: February 2020

AbstractClimate change is a temporally fragmented phenomenon: the causes and effects at work are dispersed over a remarkably long time period. Climate change exceeds human ability to forecast and quantify its effects in time. This creates serious epistemic, moral, and psychological difficulties and poses challenges to generating adequate ethical responses. Augustine’s understanding of time as a measure of imagination emphasizes the way in which human beings actively shape their sense of time. He sees “looking forward” in time as a matter of spiritual vocation that collects the self out of dispersion and connects to a transgenerational collective. A notable example of how this “looking forward” may be practiced is singing the Psalms. The Augustinian “temporal imagination” links the imaginative, affective, moral, and vocational dimensions of measuring time. This offers some preliminary avenues for reimagining a sense of time responsive to climate change’s temporal fragmentation.
Sexuality vs. sensuality: The multimodal construction of affective stance in Chinese ASMR performances*
Authors: Starr Rebecca Lurie , Wang Tianxiao , Go Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOnline communities have recently developed a novel genre of performance aimed at triggering Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR), a tingling sensation prompted by soft voices and other stimuli. In China, these performances were banned in 2018 due to a rise in sexually charged videos purporting to be ASMR. Through acoustic and content analysis, this study argues that, rather than ASMR being a vehicle for sexual content, conventional and sexual Chinese ASMR performances constitute two separate genres. While all performers index intimate affective stances, conventional ASMR performers construct the persona of a calm, gentle professional, while sexual performers evoke the childish, amateur camgirl and sajiao (“whining”) persona. These performances illustrate Chinese content creators’ juxtaposition of local and non‐local semiotic resources as they participate in transnational online communities. The phenomenon of ASMR also highlights the sensual nature of the voice and underscores the necessity of incorporating sensuality into theorizations of sociolinguistic meaning.
Incidence and outcomes of neuroblastoma in Australian children: A population‐based study (1983–2015)
Authors: Youlden Danny R , Jones Brendan C , Cundy Thomas P , Karpelowsky Jonathan , Aitken Joanne F , McBride Craig A 
Published: February 2020

AimNeuroblastoma predominantly affects younger children and exhibits heterogeneous behaviour. This study describes incidence and outcomes for neuroblastoma using national population‐based data from the Australian Childhood Cancer Registry.MethodsDeidentified data for all children (0–14 years) diagnosed with neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma from 1983 to 2015 were extracted. Cause‐specific (CSS) and event‐free survival were estimated using the cohort method. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated using a multivariable flexible parametric survival model. Other outcomes investigated included recurrence and second primary malignancies (SPMs).ResultsThe study cohort comprised 1269 patients. Age‐standardised incidence rates remained steady across the study period at approximately 9.5 per million children per year. The proportion of patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis decreased from 63% in 1983–1995 to 42% by 2006–2015 (P < 0.001). CSS and event‐free survival both improved significantly over time and reached 75% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 71–79%) and 71% (95% CI = 66–75%) at 5 years post‐diagnosis, respectively, for children diagnosed between 2004 and 2013. Of patients achieving full remission, 28% relapsed with subsequent 5‐year CSS of only 20%. Although SPMs were rare, neuroblastoma survivors carried a fivefold increased risk compared to cancer rates in the general population (standardised incidence ratio = 5.18, 95% CI = 3.01–8.91), with 7 of the 13 patients (54%) who were diagnosed with an SPM dying within 5 years.ConclusionsCSS for childhood neuroblastoma has improved substantially over time in Australia, but still remains lower than for most other types of childhood cancer. SPMs are uncommon and carry a better prognosis than relapse of the primary tumour.
Supply function competition in a mixed electric power market
Authors: Escrihuela‐Villar Marc , Gutiérrez‐Hita Carlos , Vicente‐Pérez José 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we present a mixed oligopoly model where electric power generators compete in supply functions in a liberalized market. A former monopolist, the state‐owned generator, is assumed to be (partially) privatized. First, we obtain that there is a relationship between privatization and the number of electric power generators concerning the level of consumer surplus and total welfare. Indeed, a fully state‐owned generator is socially optimal, lowering private generators' profits and enhancing consumer surplus; that is, if the degree of privatization decreases, consumer surplus increases compensating the damage imposed on generators' profits. Second, as the number of generators increases, full privatization may provide similar levels of consumer surplus and social welfare than those observed in a mixed oligopoly. Moreover, it is also obtained that price‐cost margins increase as marginal cost increases. Overall, our results suggest that the state‐owned generator should be privatized when entry barriers are low enough, and competitiveness is enhanced. Otherwise, a state‐owned generator may protect consumers, enhancing consumer surplus.
Deciphering Patterns of Adaptation and Acclimation in the Transcriptome of Phaeocystis antarctica to Changing Iron Conditions1
Authors: Rizkallah Mariam R. , Frickenhaus Stephan , Trimborn Scarlett , Harms Lars , Moustafa Ahmed , Benes Vladimir , Gäbler‐Schwarz Steffi , Beszteri Sara 
Published: February 2020

The haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica is endemic to the Southern Ocean, where iron supply is sporadic and its availability limits primary production. In iron fertilization experiments, P. antarctica showed a prompt and steady increase in cell abundance compared to heavily silicified diatoms along with enhanced colony formation. Here we utilized a transcriptomic approach to investigate molecular responses to alleviation of iron limitation in P. antarctica. We analyzed the transcriptomic response before and after (14 h, 24 h and 72 h) iron addition to a low‐iron acclimated culture. After iron addition, we observed indicators of a quick reorganization of cellular energetics, from carbohydrate catabolism and mitochondrial energy production to anabolism. In addition to typical substitution responses from an iron‐economic toward an iron‐sufficient state for flavodoxin (ferredoxin) and plastocyanin (cytochrome c6), we found other genes utilizing the same strategy involved in nitrogen assimilation and fatty acid desaturation. Our results shed light on a number of adaptive mechanisms that P. antarctica uses under low iron, including the utilization of a Cu‐dependent ferric reductase system and indication of mixotrophic growth. The gene expression patterns underpin P. antarctica as a quick responder to iron addition.
Subhumanism: The re‐emergence of an affective‐symbolic ontology in the migration debate and beyond
Authors: Teo Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA critical analysis of social behavior proposes that the contempt for immigrants, refugees, or asylum seekers around the world is explicitly or implicitly powered by an ontology of the subhuman, a term that was used in early 20thcentury American race and eugenic theory, as well as in fascist Germany, to describe and justify the mistreatment of minorities or perceived enemies. “Migrants” are not afforded the same rights and respect as other people, because they are not conceived as real humans, and their subhuman status allows them to be understood as criminals, degenerates, and even parasites, which are infesting the orderly body of the nation. Subhuman theory works with affects rather than with theoretical analyses, with visualizations and imaginations instead of intellectual concepts, and with a normalized, manufactured common sense. It is argued that at the core of the subhuman lies the idea of chaos, unhealthy appearance, and disorderly behavior, from which humanity is removed. Discussed are processes of subhumanization, the relationship between subhumanism and racism as well as fascism, and the dialectics between the particular and the general, which proposes a shared world for all humans. It is suggested that psychological concepts are limited, and that political, legal, and resisting action is required to combat the re‐emergence of a normalized ontology.
Queer literary studies and the question of identity categories
Authors: Davidson Guy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the current imagining of sexuality, both within the academy and beyond it, the supposed fixity (and staidness) of identity categories such as lesbian, gay, and straight are often opposed to the putative lability (and transgressive thrill) of queerness.Queeris originally a distinctively American phenomenon (though the term was quickly taken up in other Anglophone societies); its emergence was provoked by and manifested in a host of coincident cultural and political developments in the United States of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Opposing the alleged assimilationism, gender‐conformism, and whiteness of the so‐called mainstream gay and lesbian movement,queeraligned itself with transgression, gender fluidity, and intersectionality. This paper tracks the deployment ofqueerin literary studies since 1990, concentrating on its vexed relation to the identity categories oflesbianandgay. If the founding gesture of queer theory is its rejection of identity, its equally foundational relation to same‐sexuality has meant it is constantly forced into contortions—sometimes productive, sometimes not—with the identity categories through which same‐sexuality has in the modern era largely been understood. I begin with an overview of the trajectory of queer as a critical term and the ways in which it has been deployed to imagine an anti‐identitarian and antinormative politics. I then turn to discussions of sexual identity in recent literary studies. I suggest that if we are not quite seeing a “categorical turn” in recent queer literary criticism, the analytical and political value of identities has been undergoing galvanizing reassessment.
Application of phytoplankton community structure for ranking the major riverine catchments influencing the pollution status of a lake basin
Authors: Aura Christopher Mulanda , Odoli Cyprian , Nyamweya Chrisphine S. , Njiru James M. , Musa Safina , Miruka Jared Babu , Owili Monica Ochieng , Omondi Reuben , Raburu Phillip , Manyala Julius , Mwamburi Job , Ogari Zachary , Mbaru Emmanuel K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe present study demonstrates the application of a multi‐metric Phytoplankton Index of Biotic Integrity (PIBI) approach for ranking of major river catchments in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria on the basis of their pollution status. The index utilizes water quality and zooplankton data, phytoplankton diversity, abundance and attributes, as well as literature information. The rivers were sampled from 2016 to 2018 during the wet season (March) and dry season (July). The separation power of the Mann–Whitney U test (p < .05) qualified eight discriminant metrics for phytoplankton samples into a scoring system of 1, 3 and 5, based on high, fair and slight deviation from the best site, respectively, in development of the final PIBI. The Kuja and Sondu‐Miriu rivers had the highest PIBI, signifying least pollution influence on the lake. In contrast, the Yala and Nzoia rivers exhibited the lowest PIBI, representing the catchments with a higher pollution influence on the lake. The fair to poor integrity classes for the major river catchments in the region signified a deteriorating lakescape. The present study presents the preliminary results of using phytoplankton metrics for development of the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) approach in the region as a decision‐making support tool for the effective management and sustainable use of water resources in the lake basin.
Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther‐smut fungi and their host plants Silene italica and the Silene nutans species complex
Authors: Hartmann Fanny E. , Snirc Alodie , Cornille Amandine , Godé Cécile , Touzet Pascal , Van Rossum Fabienne , Fournier Elisabeth , Le Prieur Stéphanie , Shykoff Jacqui , Giraud Tatiana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStudy of the congruence of population genetic structure between hosts and pathogens gives important insights into their shared phylogeographical and coevolutionary histories. We studied the population genetic structure of castrating anther‐smut fungi (genus Microbotryum) and of their host plants, the Silene nutans species complex, and the morphologically and genetically closely related Silene italica, which can be found in sympatry. Phylogeographical population genetic structure related to persistence in separate glacial refugia has been recently revealed in the S. nutans plant species complex across Western Europe, identifying several distinct lineages. We genotyped 171 associated plant–pathogen pairs of anther‐smut fungi and their host plant individuals using microsatellite markers and plant chloroplastic single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found clear differentiation between fungal populations parasitizing S. nutans and S. italica plants. The population genetic structure of fungal strains parasitizing the S. nutans plant species complex mirrored the host plant genetic structure, suggesting that the pathogen was isolated in glacial refugia together with its host and/or that it has specialized on the plant genetic lineages. Using random forest approximate Bayesian computation (ABC‐RF), we found that the divergence history of the fungal lineages on S. nutans was congruent with that previously inferred for the host plant and probably occurred with ancient but no recent gene flow. Genome sequences confirmed the genetic structure and the absence of recent gene flow between fungal genetic lineages. Our analyses of individual host–pathogen pairs contribute to a better understanding of co‐evolutionary histories between hosts and pathogens in natural ecosystems, in which such studies remain scarce.
Modeling and field experiments on autonomous vehicle lane changing with surrounding human‐driven vehicles
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zhao Xiangmo , Xu Zhigang , Li Xiaopeng , Qu Xiaobo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAutonomous vehicle (AV) technology is widely studied in both industrial and academic communities since it is regarded as a promising means for improving transportation safety and efficiency. Lane changing is a critical link for higher‐level AV operations. However, few studies on AV lane changing consider the dynamics of surrounding vehicles, particularly in a mixed traffic environment including human‐driven vehicles (HVs). Therefore, this article presents a dynamic lane‐changing model for AV incorporating human driver behavior in mixed traffic. The proposed model includes four key components: car following (and lane keeping), lane‐changing decision, dynamic trajectory generation, and model predictive control (MPC)‐based trajectory tracking. AV longitudinal control algorithm is also depicted in detail in this article. Field experiments are conducted on a large‐scale test track to test and validate the proposed model. An AV and three HVs are used in the lane‐changing experiments. Different human driver behaviors are considered in the experiment settings. Experimental results show that the proposed lane‐changing model can complete lane‐changing maneuvers efficiently when HVs are cooperative and can also robustly abort them when HVs are uncooperative. Compared with the measured human lane‐changing maneuvers, AV lane‐changing maneuvers from the proposed model are more comfortable and safer.
Preclinical evaluation of efficacy and pharmacokinetics of gentamicin containing extracellular‐matrix envelope
Authors: Sohail M. Rizwan , Esquer Garrigos Zerelda , Elayi Claude S. , Xiang Kun , Catanzaro John N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundUsing synthetic antibiotic‐eluting envelope (ABE) is an effective intervention for prevention of cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. The biologic extracellular‐matrix envelope (ECME), may offer potential advantages over the synthetic ABE. To further minimize the risk of infection, the ECME can be hydrated in gentamicin prior to CIED implantation. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and pharmacokinetics (PK) of gentamicin containing ECME in an animal model.MethodsFor all experiments, the ECME was hydrated in gentamicin (40 mg/Ml) (treatment) for 2 min. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy against six different bacterial species was assessed. In vivo experiments were conducted using a rabbit model of CIED pocket infection. Serum and ECM gentamicin concentrations were measured. Five different organisms were inoculated into the device pocket of control (ECME hydrated in 0.9% saline) and treatment groups. Macroscopic appearance and colony forming units from CIED, ECME, and tissue were determined.ResultsNo bacteria were recovered from any culture after 12 h of exposure to the gentamicin containing ECME. Serum gentamicin levels dropped below the limit of quantification at 15 h after implant. Gentamicin concentration in the ECME remained relatively stable for up to 7 days. Signs of clinical infection were observed in the control but not in the treatment group. In the presence of gentamicin, statistically significant reduction was demonstrated across all tested bacterial species.ConclusionsIn this preclinical animal infection model, gentamicin containing ECME was highly effective in reducing bacterial burden in the implant pocket, while systemic exposure after implantation remained low.
Reduced expiratory variability index (EVI) is associated with controller medication withdrawal and symptoms in wheezy children aged 1‐5 years
Authors: Seppä Ville‐Pekka , Paassilta Marita , Kivistö Juho , Hult Anton , Viik Jari , Gracia‐Tabuenca Javier , Karjalainen Jussi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundLung function testing is an essential part of diagnostic workup and monitoring of asthma, but young children are lacking easy, routine testing methods. However, recent discoveries show reduced tidal breathing variability measured using impedance pneumography (IP) at home during sleep as a sign of airway obstruction. In this study, we assessed (a) the discriminative capacity of expiratory variability index (EVI) between healthy controls and young children with recurrent wheeze on‐and‐off controller medication, (b) association between EVI and parentally perceived obstructive symptoms (need for bronchodilator) and (c) measurement success rate.MethodsWe included 68 patients (aged 1.0‐5.6) and 40 healthy controls (aged 1.0‐5.9 years). The patients were prescribed a three‐month inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment due to recurrent obstructive bronchitis. We measured EVI using IP at home at the end of the treatment (0W) and 2 (2W) and 4 (4W) weeks after ICS withdrawal.ResultsEVI was higher in controls than in patients, and significant within‐patient reduction occurred at 4W as compared to 2W or 0W. Area under curve of the ROC curve (controls vs all patients) at 4W was 0.78 (95% CI 0.70‐0.85). Children who were administered bronchodilator by parental decision had lower EVI than those without bronchodilator need at 4W, but not at 0W or 2W. Patients with parent‐reported airway infection, but no bronchodilator need, had normal EVI. Measurement success rate was 94%.ConclusionEVI was lower in patients than in controls and it reduced further after controller medication withdrawal, especially in the presence of parentally perceived wheeze symptoms. This technique shows a significant potential for routine lung function testing of wheezy young children.