bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Epidemiology in Sardinia, Insular Italy
Authors: Sotgiu Stefano , Onida Ilaria , Magli Giorgio , Castiglia Paolo , Conti Marta , Nuvoli Angela , Carta Alessandra , Festa Silvia , Dessì Veronica , Doneddu Pietro E. , Nobile-Orazio Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare and disabling immunomediated radiculoneuropathy. Its worldwide epidemiology is heterogeneous and, in adults, CIDP prevalence varies from 0.6 to 9 cases per 100,000 population. Juvenile CIDP (jCIDP) is even rarer, with age-specific prevalence rates varying from 0.23 to 1.26 owing to different diagnostic criteria (American Academy of Neurology [AAN] and European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society [EFNS/PNS]), different age grouping or, genuine differences.
Objectives We assessed jCIDP incidence and prevalence in Sardinia, an area at very-high risk for autoimmune diseases, using comparable methods.
Design The study area was the northern Sardinia, insular Italy, with 491,571 inhabitants and a pediatric population (0–18 years) of 79,086 individuals.
Results On prevalence day (December 31, 2019) the total crude, age-specific prevalence rate were 6.32 per 100,000 according with AAN criteria, 7.58 per 100,000 population with European Neuromuscular Center (ENMC) criteria, and 8.85 per 100,000 population with both 2006 and 2010 EFNS/PNS criteria. Crude mean incidence rate were 0.42 per 100,000 per year with AAN criteria, 0.50 per 100,000 per year with ENMC criteria, and 0.59 per 100,000 per year using 2006 and 2010 EFNS/PNS criteria. Of the eight patients, six had typical CIDP, one had multifocal-acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy (MADSAM), and one chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy (CISP). Patient's disability was generally mild. Clinical course was progressive, monophasic, or relapsing.
Conclusion jCIDP prevalence and incidence rates in Sardinia were criteria-dependent, the lowest obtained when using AAN criteria, the highest using the EFNS/PNS. Nonetheless, even with the exclusion of the “possible” category, by using comparable methodology, prevalence rates in Sardinia are considerably higher than the range reported in all previous jCIDP studies.
The Effect of Nanofilled Resin-Base Coating on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Resin Composites
Authors: Moghaddasi Negar , Tavallali Maryam , Jafarpour Dana , Ferooz Reihaneh , Bagheri Rafat 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nanofilled resin-base coating on the physical and mechanical properties of four different types of resin composites.
Materials and Methods Disc-shaped specimens of four resin composites (Aura bulk fil [SDI], IPS Impress Direct [Ivoclar], Filtek Z250, and Filtek P60 [3M/ESPE]) were prepared and divided in two groups: either uncoated or coated with G-coat plus (n = 10). The specimens were obtained and stored in distilled water (DW) at 37°C. For water sorption and solubility, the specimens were stored for 60 days in DW and measured according to ISO 4049 instructions. The specimens were subjected to color change (ΔE), microhardness, and flexural strength (FS) measurements after 24 hours and 60 days of immersion in DW.
Statistical Analysis ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s, and independent t-tests were used to analyze data.
Results Mean solubility values of coated groups were significantly lower than that of uncoated ones (p < 0.001). No significant differences were detected between neither water sorption nor FS of coated and uncoated groups (p = 0.502 and p = 0.510, respectively). For all materials except IPS Empress, the mean values for ΔE were not statistically different between coated and uncoated groups, and mean microhardness values of the uncoated groups were significantly greater than the coated groups (p < 0.001).
Conclusion Coating resin composites improved water sorption and solubility but increased ΔE, decreased microhardness, and had no significant effect on FS in the long run.
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Berry Aneurysms: Quo Vadis
Authors: Tripathi Manjul , Batish Aman , Mohindra Sandeep 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background Intracranial aneurysms are vascular malformations with significant mortality and morbidity profile. Various treatment modalities have been developed to positively impact the outcome profile with gradual shift to the minimally invasive treatment modalities. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is an established primary treatment modality for various intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs); however, its efficacy for berry aneurysmal obliteration has been historically dismal.

Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors responsible for poor radio surgical outcome for intracranial aneurysms.

Methods The literature is reviewed for the differential efficacy of GKRS for aneurysm and AVM.

Results Though both are vascular malformations, aneurysm and AVM have inherent differences in angioarchitecture, intracranial location, surrounding neighborhood, radio-sensitivity, and latency for obliteration. The major difference arises because of surrounding neighborhood of connective tissue stroma which stabilizes the irradiated pathology.

Conclusion Though considered radioresistant, aneurysms show promising results with animal models of radiosurgery. The future lies in two hypothetical improvements: with a supporting neighborhood or sensitization of the vessel wall that may change the natural history of an aneurysm, especially an unruptured one.
Is Brain MRI Needed in Diagnostic Evaluation of Mild Intellectual Disability?
Authors: Jussila Miro Pekka , Olsén Päivi , Niinimäki Jaakko , Suo-Palosaari Maria 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Aim The purpose of our study was to suggest an imaging strategy and guidelines for the selection of the children with mild intellectual disability (ID) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to avoid unnecessary imaging.
Methods The brain MRIs and patient reports of 471 children were reviewed for the imaging findings and ID severity. The correlation between the clinical and brain MRI findings was analyzed in the 305 children with mild ID.
Results Thirty-eight (12.5%) of the children with mild ID had significant abnormal brain MRI findings. Thirty-five of these had other neurological symptoms or diseases in addition to ID, which were an indication for brain MRI. In the logistic regression analysis, seizures (in patients without an epilepsy diagnosis), epilepsy, movement disorders, dysmorphia, encephalitis, traumatic brain injury, and abnormal head size were statistically significant symptoms or comorbidities associated with abnormal MRI findings. Only three children (1.0%) with mild ID had a significant MRI finding without any other clinical symptoms or disease.
Conclusion Routine MRI in children with mild ID without specific neurological symptoms, dysmorphic features, or related diseases is not suggested for revealing an etiology of mild ID. Since children with ID usually need to be sedated for MRI, routine imaging in the diagnostic evaluation of mild ID should be carefully considered. Clinical examination, other symptoms, and related diseases should be carefully assessed to decide the need for MRI.
T2 Mapping Values in Postmeniscectomy Knee Articular Cartilage after Running: Early Signs of Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lindner Dror , Chechik Yigal , Beer Yiftah , Tal Sigal , Lysyy Oleg , Blumenfeld-Katzir Tamar , Ben-Eliezer Noam , Agar Gabriel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLoading on the joints during running may have a deleterious effect on post–partial meniscectomy knee cartilage, leading to osteoarthritis. Utilizing T2-mapping measurements before and after running may enable the observation of changes in the articular cartilage of the postmeniscectomy knees compared with healthy knees. After medial partial meniscectomy, 12 volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the both knees, before and immediately after 30 minutes of running. Quantitative assessment of articular cartilage was performed using a T2-mapping technique. In the medial compartment of the operated knees, significantly lower T2 values were found in anterior tibial plateau (pre- vs. postrun: 33.85 vs. 30.45 ms; p = 0.003) and central tibial plateau (33.33 vs. 30.63 ms; p = 0.007). Similar differences were found in lateral regions of central femur (post- vs. prerun: 35.86 vs. 40.35 ms; p = 0.015), posterior femur (34.89 vs. 37.73 ms; p = 0.001), and anterior tibia (24.66 vs. 28.70 ms, p = 0.0004). In lateral compartment, postrun values were significantly lower in operated compared with healthy knees, in central femur (34.89 vs. 37.59 ms; p = 0.043), posterior femoral (36.88 vs. 39.36 ms; p = 0.017), anterior tibia (24.66 vs. 30.20 ms; p = 0.009), and posterior tibia (28.84 vs. 33.17 ms; p = 0.006). No statistical difference was found while comparing postrun to prerun healthy knees. Lower T2 values were found in operated knees after 30 minutes of running. These changes were seen in medial and lateral compartments. We suspect that running may subject the articular cartilage to excessive loads in the post–partial meniscectomy knee, loads that in healthy knee do not cause any changes.
The Journey Bicruciate Knee Replacement: Design Modifications Yield Better Early Functional Results and Reduce Complications
Authors: Oikonomidis Lazaros , Santini Alasdair J. A. , Davidson John S. , Banks Joanne V. , Phillipson Andrew , Pope Jill 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Journey-I total knee replacement was designed to improve knee kinematics but had several complications including early dislocation. The Journey-II modification was introduced to reduce these while maintaining high function. To assess whether the modified Journey-II prosthesis has succeeded in its designers aims, we undertook an observational study of prospectively recorded data to analyze and compare the two knees. A total of 217 Journey-I and 129 Journey-II knees were identified from the department's prospectively collated registry and were assessed at 1 year by a comparative statistical analysis using numerous factors including pain, functional activity, physical assessment, Short Form-12 (SF-12), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), and Oxford scores. The statistical tests included Chi-square, Wilcoxon's rank and Mann–Whitney U-tests with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. There was a variation in primary patella resurfacing between the two groups with 14.3% in the Journey-I cohort and 66.7% in the Journey-II cohort. Both replacements demonstrated excellent postoperative function, but the Journey II performed significantly better than Journey I with fewer complications (37 vs. 10) and better improvement in almost all clinical scores including pain (p < 0.01), mobility outcomes (p = 0.018), Oxford (p = 0.004), and WOMAC (p = 0.039) scores but not with flexion improvement and SF-12 score. There was significant improvement in patellofemoral pain postoperatively in both the Journey I (p = 0.011) and Journey II (p = 0.042) arthroplasty; however the primarily resurfaced patella in a Journey-II implant had better postoperative scores. The main complication of dislocation in the Journey I was not seen in the modified Journey-II implant with stiffness requiring intervention reduced in Journey II. These results suggest that the Journey II has improved short-term clinical outcomes compared with Journey I with reduction of dislocation and other complications.
Matched-Pair Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Images for Location of the Common Peroneal Nerve in Valgus Knees: Comparison with the Varus Knees
Authors: Jung Kwang Am , Shon Oog-Jin , Banday Mohd Irfan , Patil Abhishek , Kim Gi Beom 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the distance and angular location of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) on axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the valgus knees and compare the measurements with those obtained from the control group. We compared the location of the CPN according to the type of alignment by performing a subgroup analysis. From January 2009 to December 2019, we identified 41 knees with preoperative MRI in patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for valgus deformity (valgus group). We performed one-to-two matched-pair analysis to a cohort of patients who underwent MRI but were not candidates for TKA (control group), according to sex and age. The valgus group was classified according to the grading system reported by Ranawat et al, and the control group was also subdivided according to the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle obtained from lower extremity scanography: neutral (–3 to +3 degrees from the neutral mechanical axis), valgus (> +3 degrees), and varus alignment (< –3 degrees). Distance between the CPN and posterolateral cortex of the tibia at the knee joint (distance J) and tibial cut level (distance C) were measured. Angle of the CPN from the central anteroposterior axis of the tibia (angle α) was measured. We compared the measurements between the groups. Distance J was significantly closer in the valgus group (p < 0.001), whereas angle α was significantly smaller in the valgus group (p < 0.001). However, no significant differences were found in the subgroup analysis. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between distance J and the HKA angle (p < 0.001). The location of the CPN in the valgus knees was closer to the posterolateral cortex of the tibia at the joint level and showed a smaller angle than that in the other aligned knees. We recommend that lateral soft tissue release for valgus knees should not be performed at the joint line. The results of this study suggest that this would be less safe than a release performed at the level of the proximal tibial bone resection.
Narrative story stem methodologies
Authors: Kelly Kimberly R. , Bailey Alison L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe review three decades of literature across multiple disciplines that demonstrate the efficacy ofnarrative story stem methodologies(NSSM) to elicit responses that are projective of mental processes and to reveal what would otherwise be too complex or sensitive to communicate. The review synthesizes evidence for the extensive and diverse utility of NSSM. To accomplish this, we provide theoretical framing and historical background, describe assessment methods, resulting data and analytic approaches, and chart the empirical work of the past decade that relates story stem narratives to a range of developmental outcomes, and meaning-making processes. This synthesis of cross-disciplinary research provides the first comprehensive review of a truly innovative narrative methodology and includes work across periods of development, representing research that has primarily focused on children with increasing emphasis on adolescents and adults.
Where are all the men? Low energy availability in male cyclists: A review
Authors: Schofield Katherine L. , Thorpe Holly , Sims Stacy T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMost of the low energy availability (LEA) research has been conducted in female populations. The occurrence of LEA in male athletes is not well known, even with an understanding of the components involved in and contributing to LEA. Cycling is a major risk factor for LEA due to inherent sports characteristics: low impact, high energy demands, and a common perception that leanness is a performance advantage. The purpose of this review is to discuss the cycling‐specific studies that have documented components of RED‐S. The review demonstrates male cyclists (1) experience energy deficits daily, weekly and throughout a season; (2) exhibit lower bone mineral density at the spine compared to the hip, and low bone mineral density correlating with LEA and; (3) demonstrate downregulation of the endocrine system with elevated cortisol, reduced testosterone and insulin‐like growth factor 1. The complexity of LEA is further explored by the socio‐psychological contribution that may impact eating behaviours, and therefore increase the risk of developing LEA. Future research directions include applying multifaceted research methods to gain a greater understanding of this syndrome and the effect of LEA on male cyclists.
Gravitomagnetism in the Lewis cylindrical metrics
Authors: Costa L Filipe O , Natário José , Santos N O 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Lewis solutions describe the exterior gravitational field produced by infinitely long rotating cylinders, and are useful models for global gravitational effects. When the metric parameters are real (Weyl class), the exterior metrics of rotating and static cylinders are locally indistinguishable, but known to globally differ. The significance of this difference, both in terms of physical effects (gravitomagnetism) and of the mathematical invariants that detect the rotation, remain open problems in the literature. In this work we show that, by a rigid coordinate rotation, the Weyl class metric can be put into a ‘canonical’ form where the Killing vector field ∂
t
is time-like everywhere, and which depends explicitly only on three parameters with a clear physical significance: the Komar mass and angular momentum per unit length, plus the angle deficit. This new form of the metric reveals that the two settings differ only at the level of the gravitomagnetic vector potential which, for a rotating cylinder, cannot be eliminated by any global coordinate transformation. It manifests itself in the Sagnac and gravitomagnetic clock effects. The situation is seen to mirror the electromagnetic field of a rotating charged cylinder, which likewise differs from the static case only in the vector potential, responsible for the Aharonov–Bohm effect, formally analogous to the Sagnac effect. The geometrical distinction between the two solutions is also discussed, and the notions of local and global staticity revisited. The matching in canonical form to the van Stockum interior cylinder is also addressed.
Determining the angular velocity of a clock’s second hand and the average angular velocity of a metronome using a smartphone
Authors: Kapucu Serkan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study aims to measure the angular velocity of a clock’s second hand and the average angular velocity of a metronome using a smartphone. To determine the angular velocities, the ticking of clock’s second hand and the metronome beats were recorded. The angle between the extreme left and right positions of the metronome’s hand was also measured. Some free smartphone applications for these measurements, e.g. ‘Grandfather Clock,’ ‘Metronome,’ ‘Protractor,’ and ‘Physics Toolbox Sensor Suite’ were used during the study. The results revealed that the smartphone can be a reliable tool in determining the angular velocities of rotating or oscillating objects that emit sound.
Photon-counting x-ray detectors for CT
Authors: Danielsson Mats , Persson Mats , Sjölin Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The introduction of photon-counting detectors is expected to be the next major breakthrough in clinical x-ray computed tomography (CT). During the last decade, there has been considerable research activity in the field of photon-counting CT, in terms of both hardware development and theoretical understanding of the factors affecting image quality. In this article, we review the recent progress in this field with the intent of highlighting the relationship between detector design considerations and the resulting image quality. We discuss detector design choices such as converter material, pixel size, and readout electronics design, and then elucidate their impact on detector performance in terms of dose efficiency, spatial resolution, and energy resolution. Furthermore, we give an overview of data processing, reconstruction methods and metrics of imaging performance; outline clinical applications; and discuss potential future developments.
Thyroid gland delineation in noncontrast-enhanced CTs using deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: He Xiuxiu , Guo Bang Jun , Lei Yang , Tian Sibo , Wang Tonghe , Curran Walter J , Zhang Long Jiang , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a deep learning method for thyroid delineation with high accuracy, efficiency, and robustness in noncontrast-enhanced head and neck CTs. The cross-sectional analysis consisted of six tests, including randomized cross-validation and hold-out experiments, tests of prediction accuracy between cancer and benign and cross-gender analysis were performed to evaluate the proposed deep-learning-based performance method. CT images of 1977 patients with suspected thyroid carcinoma were retrospectively investigated. The automatically segmented thyroid gland volume was compared against physician-approved clinical contours using metrics, the Pearson correlation and Bland–Altman analysis. Quantitative metrics included: the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), sensitivity, specificity, Jaccard index (JAC), Hausdorff distance (HD), mean surface distance (MSD), residual mean square distance (RMSD) and the center of mass distance (CMD). The robustness of the proposed method was further tested using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test to assess the equality of distribution of DSC values. The proposed method’s accuracy remained high through all the tests, with the median DSC, JAC, sensitivity and specificity higher than 0.913, 0.839, 0.856 and 0.979, respectively. The proposed method also resulted in median MSD, RMSD, HD and CMD, of less than 0.31 mm, 0.48 mm, 2.06 mm and 0.50 mm, respectively. The MSD and RMSD were 0.40 ± 0.29 mm and 0.70 ± 0.46 mm, respectively. Concurrent testing of the proposed method with 3D U-Net and V-Net showed that the proposed method had significantly improved performance. The proposed deep-learning method achieved accurate and robust performance through six cross-sectional analysis tests.
Noncontact optical imaging of brain hemodynamics in preterm infants: a preliminary study
Authors: Abu Jawdeh Elie G , Huang Chong , Mazdeyasna Siavash , Chen Lei , Chen Li , Bada Henrietta S , Yu Guoqiang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExtremely preterm infants’ hemodynamic instability places them at high risk of brain injury. Currently there is no reliable bedside method to continuously monitor cerebral hemodynamics in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This paper reports a feasibility study to adapt and test an innovative speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) device for noncontact, high-density, 3D imaging of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in preterm infants. The scDCT scans a focused point near-infrared illumination to multiple source positions for deep tissue penetration, and controls an electron multiplying charge-coupled-device camera with thousands of pixels to achieve a high-density sampling. The optimized scDCT for use in preterm infants was first evaluated against an established diffuse correlation spectroscopy in an infant-head-simulating phantom with known properties. The observed significant correlation between the two measurements verified the capability of scDCT for transcranial brain imaging. The insignificant influence of transparent incubator wall on scDCT measurements was then confirmed by comparing adult forearm blood flow responses to artery cuff occlusions measured inside and outside the incubator. Finally, the scDCT device was moved to the NICU to image CBF variations in two preterm infants. Infant #1 with no major organ deficits showed little CBF fluctuation over the first 3 weeks of life. Infant #2 showed a significant CBF increase after the 2 h pharmacotherapy for patent ductus arteriosus closure. While these CBF variations meet physiological expectations, the fact that no significant changes are noted with peripheral monitoring of blood oxygen saturation suggests necessity of direct cerebral monitoring. This feasibility study with timely technology development is an important and necessary step towards larger clinical studies with more subjects to further validate it for continuous monitoring and instant management of cerebral pathologies and interventions in the NICU.