bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Ultrasound-Assisted Weak-Acid Hydrolysis of Crystalline Starch Nanoparticles for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Junin Radzuan , Agi Augustine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ascorbic acid was used to synthesize crystalline starch nanoparticles (CSNP) for the first time. The CSNP was isolated and the influence of the process variables on the physical properties, recovery yield and crystallinity were studied. Rheology of crystalline starch nanofluid (CSNF) was compared with cassava starch (CS) solution and xanthan. Interfacial tension (IFT) of CSNF was studied at various concentration and temperatures. Influence of concentration, temperature, salinity and their interaction with ultrasound were investigated. Sessile drop contact angle method was used to determine the wettability proficiency of CSNF on an initially oil-wet sandstone core. To justify the finding highlighted above, CSNF and CS solution were applied for EOR purposes at reservoir condition. The approaches were efficient in generating sphere-shaped and elongated nanoparticles (50 nm mean diameter) and higher yield of 39%. Increase in concentration, surface area and temperature of CS and CSNF increased viscosity in comparison to decline in viscosity as the temperature increases for xanthan. Increased concentration, salinity and temperature rise of CSNF decreased IFT and altered the wettability of the sandstone core. CSNF increased the oil recovery by 23% and was effective at high temperature high pressure reservoir conditions. The energy consumption and cost estimation has demonstrated that the methods and polymeric nanofluid are cost-effective than traditional methods and products.
Hydrodynamical Study of Combined Effects of an Orifice Plate and a Bluff Body for Flow Measurements
Authors: Noui-Mehidi Mohamed Nabil , Ahmedi Abdelhadi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of the diameter of an orifice plate when a bluff body is placed upstream of it is numerically studied. A circular cylinder used as a bluff body usually generates a wake of vortices known as Von Karman vortices. It was found in this study that it depends on the opening of an orifice plate behind the bluff body there is a transition from the classical Von Karman system of vortices to a pulsation type of flow. The numerical calculation performed by a Lattice Boltzmann approach reveal the nature of the vortices each time that the diameter of the orifice is changed as well as the frequencies related to the shedding of the vortices behind the obstacles.
Inhibiting Wax Deposition using Palm Oil Additives
Authors: Ragunathan Thevaruban , Husin Hazlina , Wood Colin D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAmong the various flow assurance problems that the petroleum industry faces, the deposition of paraffin waxes on to the wall of the pipeline is the most challenging. The challenge arises when the crude oil temperature decreases below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) which leads to the wax crystal in the crude oil to crystallize. An efficient method in remedying paraffin wax deposition is the utilization of chemical inhibitors. However, currently used chemical inhibitors are costly and environmentally harmful if a spillage occurs. Therefore, the use of biodegradable or environmently friendly inhibitors as potential chemical inhibitors are being studied by various researchers. This study investigated oleic acid, poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and triethanolamine (TEA) as inhibitors that perform based on the van der Waals intermolecular interaction between the main wax component molecule eicosane C20H42 using the molecular dynamics simulation (MD) procedure via Material Studio 8.0 software package. In order to analyse the desired structural property which is the Radial Distribution Function (RDF), COMPASS force field was used. The RDF and g(r) function portrayed the functional atoms which aid in inhibiting the agglomeration and crystallization of the wax crystal formation. The presence of a carbonyl oxygen in oleic acid plays a vital role to inhibit the wax formation through the van der Waals interaction between active hydrogen atoms in eicosane molecule. Therefore, the chances of wax inhibition in eicosane is higher by introducing oleic acid as an inhibitor as compared to EVA and TEA. The results were then validated experimentally utilizing a cold finger technique under static condition.
Viscosity Model of Waxy Crude Oil Based on the Physico-Chemical Properties
Authors: Bhaskoro Petrus Tri , Japper@Jaafar Azuraien , Sariman Mior Zaiga , Norpiah Rohaizad , Shafian Siti Rohaida 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Temperature-dependent viscosity is one of critical properties in designing facilities for waxy crude oil production. Several viscosity models have been developed and available in literature. Nevertheless, those models are still insufficient to cover all waxy crude oil produced from various regions. Therefore, this work aims to develop a general viscosity model for Malaysian waxy crude oils. Extensive rheological study was conducted and showed that viscosity behavior below WAT can be best described using Herschel-Buckley model. Multiple correlation and regression analysis were also performed to identify critical physico-chemical properties dictating the viscosity behavior. Based on the finding, a general viscosity model was developed by modifying Herschel-Buckley model and incorporate the critical physico-chemical properties. The general model was compared with widely used viscosity model and other models available in literatures to assess its performance on describing the viscosity behavior. The comparison showed that the general model has lowest average absolute percentage error and hence, it is more superior than the other models. Nevertheless, the model still has limitation in describing viscosity at the transition regime which is between WAT and 5°C below WAT.
Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Stainless Steel Composites for Offshore Applications
Authors: Lau Hon Chung , Radhamani Adiyodi Veettil , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Experiments have demonstrated the successful fabrication of composites of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) with both 304 and 316 stainless steel (SS) using ball milling and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The retention of CNT structures after the SPS process was confirmed by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. At a concentration between 0.5-2.0 wt.%, CNT increased the Vickers hardness and compressive yield strength of 304 SS and 316 SS significantly. These results show that composites of CNT and SS are harder and stronger materials than pristine steels. Potential oilfield and offshore applications can be many depending on whether the CNT-SS composites are fabricated as pellets, coatings or wires.
Impact of Caprock Type on Geochemical Reactivity and Mineral Trapping Efficiency of CO2
Authors: Al-Khdheeawi Emad A. , Mahdi Doaa Saleh , Ali Muhammad , Fauziah Cut Aja , Barifcani Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCO2 capture and storage (CCS) is an important method to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by injecting CO2 into deep geological formations such as depleted hydrocarbon, unminable coal beds, and deep saline aquifers. However, due to the density variations between the supercritical CO2 and formation water, CO2 migrates upwards to the atmosphere. The risk of this CO2 migration can be prevented by different trapping mechanisms (e.g. structural trapping, capillary trapping, dissolution trapping, and mineral trapping). The trapping efficiency of these trapping mechanisms is highly influenced by various factors including CO2 injection scenarios, injection well configuration, reservoir wettability, reservoir heterogeneity, reservoir temperature, and formation water salinity. One of these factors, which has received little attention, is the caprock type. Although caprock wettability has been investigated previously as a factor affecting residual and structural trapping capacities, the effect of caprock type on mineral trapping efficiency has not been addressed yet. Thus, in this paper, we studied the impact of caprock type on geochemical reactivity and mineral trapping capacity by simulating a permeable sand reservoir overlying by three different semi-permeable caprock layers with different mineralogy (i.e. sandstone, siltstone, and shale). The Chemical Composition of these different caprock samples was measured using quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument. XRD results indicated that siltstone and sandstone samples consisted mainly of quartz (~50wt %), while shale sample consisted mainly of illite (33)% and quartz (31%), in addition to few other smaller fractions of Illite, Chlorite, Albite, K-feldspar, Hematite, Ankerite, and Calcite. Our simulation results show that caprock type has a significant effect on geochemical reactivity and the associated mineral trapping mechanism. The results clearly indicate that the geochemical reactivity of siltstone caprock is relatively high, compared to shale and sandstone caprock cases. Furthermore, the results show that siltstone caprock scenario has the highest mineral trapping capacity, followed by shale and sandstone caprock scenarios, respectively. Moreover, the results indicate that sandstone caprock has the most increase in reservoir porosity and permeability.Thus, we conclude that the caprock mineral composition plays important roles in the geochemical reactivity and the associated mineral trapping of CO2.
Adaption of Front End Loading in Crisis Management
Authors: Muhammad Yasin Muhammad Yazuwan , Wisono Widiyanto , Murukesavan Prabagar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In an offshore setting, oil and gas assets are exposed to various environmental and operational conditions which directly influence their structural integrity hence possibly leading to catastrophic failures if not monitored. This happened at one of the Mobile Offshore Production Unit (MOPU) located Offshore Malaysia, where multiple cracks were found at two (2) of its jacked legs during a routine underwater inspection which forced the operators to cease operations and abandon the MOPU due to HSSE risks.
Systematic Approach in Testing Field Data Analysis Techniques with an Example of Multiwell Retrospective Testing
Authors: Yamalov Ilnur , Ovcharov Vladimir , Akimov Andrey , Gadelshin Emil , Aslanyan Artur , Krichevsky Vladimir , Gulyaev Danila , Farakhova Rushana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The massive industry digitalization creates huge data banks which require dedicated data processing techniques.
A good example of such a massive data bank is the long-term pressure records of Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG) which became very popular in the last 20 years and currently cover thousands of wells in Company RN.
Many data processing techniques have been applied to interpret the PDG data, both single-well (IPR, RTA[1]) and multi-well (CRM [2] - [5] and various statistical correlation models).
The ability of any methodology to predict the pressure response to rate variations and/or rate response to pressure variations can be easily tested via numerical modelling of synthetic fields or via comparison with the actual field production history.
This paper presents a Multi-well Retrospective Testing (MRT, see Appendix A and [6] - [9]) methodology of PDG data analysis which is based on the Multi-well Deconvolution (MDCV, see Appendix B and [10] - [20]) and the results of its blind testing against synthetic and real fields.
The key idea of the MDCV is to find a reference transient pressure response (called UTR) to the unit-rate production in the same well (specifically called DTR) or offset wells (specifically called CTR) and then use convolution to predict pressure response to arbitrary rate history with an account of cross-well interference.
The MRT analysis is using the reconstructed UTRs (DTRs and CTRs) to predict the pressure/rates and reconstruct the past formation pressure history, productivity index history, cross-well interference history and reservoir properties like potential and dynamic drainage volumes and transmissibility.
The results of the MRT blind testing have concluded that MRT could be recommended as an efficient tool to estimate the current and predict the future formation pressure without production deferment caused by temporary shut-down for pressure build up. It showed the ability to accurately reconstruct the past formation pressure history and productivity index. It also reconstructs the well-by-well cross-well interference and reservoir properties around and between the wells.
The blind-test also revealed limitations of the method and the way to diagnose the trust of the MRT predictions.
Engineers are now considering using MRT in Company RN as a part of the selection/justification package for the new wells drilling, conversions, workovers, production optimization and selection of surveillance candidates.
Agglomeration of Fines and Sand in the Separator
Authors: M. Fauzi Noor ‘Aliaa , Ganat Tarek Arbi , Elraies Khaled Abdalla , Ridha Syahrir , Zainal Suzalina , Saphanuchart Wasan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fines and sand capturing inside the separator is one of the methods to prevent solids carry over. Currently, there are ongoing studies to identify the suitable method to agglomerate the produced solids. Generally, heavier solids would be denser and easily settled at the bottom of the vessel, hence no solids carry over issues. Produced solids can be consisting of natural solids and/or artificial solids. Several types of polymers have been evaluated based on its agglomeration performance, rheology and compatibility as an approach to establish suitable particle size to minimize sand free rate.
The procedures involved include bottle test experiments coupled with particle size distribution (PSD) analysis via Laser Particle Size Analyzer (LPSA). The materials used in the experiments are glass beads with sizes of 50µm and 100µm, synthetic water (0.1M NaCl), a cationic polymer and an anionic polymer. Both polymers have high molecular weight which is known to provide good agglomeration capacity. For each experiment, a 5g of glass bead was placed together with 90mL of synthetic water in a 100mL measuring cylinder. The system was then tested using three polymer system; i) a single cationic polymer system, ii) a single anionic polymer system and iii) a combination of both cationic and anionic polymer system. Light agitation was applied on each, PSD was evaluated and results compared to those of the untreated samples.
The improvement of particle size distribution was observed for all three systems. The results will be discussed further in the paper. The novelty of this research is the application of the sand agglomeration mechanism towards surface sand capturing via separator.
Structural Health Monitoring of Unbonded Flexible Pipe Using Optical Fiber Sensor
Authors: Kuang Wenyu , Ong Paul, Pang , Quek Ser Tong , Kuang Kevin, Sze 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pipelines are critical for transportation of oil and gas. A Steel Strip Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe (SSRTP) is applied in the offshore environment because of its superior mechanical performance. Due to the complex subsea conditions, SSRTP is subject to severe loading and may be damaged during its design life. The failure modes of SSRTP, related to four principle loading cases, are investigated in the FE models. The preliminary results will reveal the mechanical behavior of the critical layer of SSRTP prior to damage. An optical fiber sensor is then introduced within the SSRTP as a novel system to monitor the strain of the critical layer.
A Laboratory Study to Optimize Ion Composition for the Hybrid Low Salinity Water/Polymer Flooding
Authors: Karimov Damir , Hashmet Muhammad Rehan , Pourafshary Peyman 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, different studies are conducted to design new methods to improve oil recovery efficiency. The study focuses on experimental work to evaluate synergy between low salinity water and polymer flooding in carbonate formations. The main objective of this paper is to develop a hybrid method to enhance oil recovery by a possible combination of low salinity water and polymer flooding.
The Caspian Sea water was used as a base brine, and the water composition of the Caspian Sea was altered by diluting and adjusting the concentration of active ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, to observe the impact of modified seawater on wettability through contact angle measurements. The compatibility of the modified seawater and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) based polymer solutions is investigated by performing different rheological experiments. Different governing parameters such as water salinity, the concentration of active ions, and HPAM solutions concentration are experimentally studied to achieve the optimized rheological behavior.
The different diluted water compositions of Caspian Sea water were prepared to identify the best solution in terms of wettability alteration. Later, the diluted solutions were modified by adding active ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42-. The wettability alteration to the more water-wet condition was observed when the concentrations of Ca2+ and SO42- have been increased 4 times, respectively. However, no significant change in wettability was observed by only increasing the concentration of Mg2+ due to low-temperature condition. The effect of modified seawater on polymer performance compatibility was studied by conducting a series of rheological experiments for various salinity levels in smart water composition, temperature range from 25-80 °C, and polymer concentration at 1000 and 3000 ppm. All the polymer solutions showed typical non-Newtonian rheological characteristics with shear thinning behavior. Further, the results based on contact angle measurement and rheological experiments were combined to identify proper optimal conditions for the potential synergy of modified seawater and polymer. Our results showed a clear dependence of the polymer viscosity on the divalent ions concentration and temperature. The target viscosity of 4 cp at a shear rate of 10 s-1, which approximately corresponds to the shear rate in porous media, was obtained with 500 ppm polymer concentration in 20 times diluted Caspian Sea Water having 4 times of Ca2+ and SO42-.
Through the series of experiments, we determined the optimum concentration of active ions in water that results in wettability alteration without compromising the effectiveness of polymer in the hybrid low salinity water-polymer flooding technique. The combination of low salinity water and polymer flooding is found to improve the performance of both methods.
Gas Development and Monetisation via Floating Facilities FLNG, FCNG, FGTL and FSRU
Authors: Yussoff Ir. Ikhwan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The PETRONAS Floating LNG concept was envisaged to monetize stranded gas resources. At the same time, PETRONAS has also exploring the development of Floating Compressed Natural Gas (FCNG) and Floating Gas to Liquids (FGTL) as part of the "Technology Challenge Initiatives". In completing the elements in the overall LNG value chain, an FSRU will also become one of the fast track method to import LNG especially to the non-LNG importer country.
The two floaters namely PFLNG1 & PFLNG2 was built by PETRONAS to monetize the gas for offshore Sarawak and Sabah respectively which in turn increased the country's LNG production capacity. As part of the aim to commit to green house or flaring mitigation, PETRONAS is also gearing up towards the evaluations of miniscale Floating CNG vs Floating GTL. On the supply side, the development of Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU) is believed to be an added value to PETRONAS as one of the biggest LNG exporter in the world.
The fast track nature of the project presents a challenge to the Gas and Upstream Business in meeting the target date. The advantages of having a floating facilities as a solution to monetize the stranded gas field and mitigating the flaring/venting activities will be covered considering the risk identified throughout the development phases. The important of front end engineering has led to a fit for purpose design and excellent construction methodology.
The famous debate with regards to offshore vs onshore gas development will be revisited aligned with the technology maturity and market availability. Speaker will review the new facilities as a viable option in the future for any gas developments requiring a quick solution. Extensive technology selection exercises were conducted in finalizing the turret mooring, gas treating, liquefaction, regasification, cargo containment and offloading systems.
Designers and licensors have done rigorous design optimisation and marinization studies on impact of floater motion where it was evaluated against an extensive list of criterias. Specific offshore and marine technology selection for the facilities will be discussed in the effort of realizing the aim to bring conventional gas facilities to offshore environment. Speaker will share the challenges in selecting the right equipments in order to suit the condition including sea state, weather and regulatory requirements.
Multistage Cementless Acid Fracturing in Sidetracking Slim Hole using Innovative Packers with Anti–Corrosive Thermo–Plastic Vulcanizates
Authors: Tong Zheng , Liu Shun , Zhang Weiping , Ye Qinyou , Liao Chenglong , Qian Jie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Most 5 1/2in-casing mature wells need to be re-fractured for improving the ultimate recovery. Over the last decade, operators focused on the sidetracking well completion for maximizing wellbore contact. Acid fracturing tend to be performed to treat the reservoirs and make fractures system more complicated as much as possible. The irregularity of slim hole has negative influence on the deploying of completion or fracturing assembly. Isolation tools are usually subjected to heavy corrosion caused by acid or proppant fluid.
The 3 1/2in Open-hole packer-sleeve (OHPS) completion assembly including improved external casing packer (ECP) were proposed for sidetracking well completion. The water-swellable packers (WSPs) with anti-corrosive thermo-plastic vulcanizates (TPVs) was used as the alternative to current mechanical-set ECPs. The TPV matrix was prepared by physically blending high-strengthen carboxylated nitrile (XNBR) with polyamide (PA6). To improve the swelling performance, newly-developed Porous Super Absorbent Resin (PSAR) was mixed and distributed into XNBR/PA6 system. The new swellable TPV exhibits the advantages of high strength, anti-corrosive property and high reliability over traditional packing materials. The TPV material characterization and annular sealing test of 3 1/2in prototype was conducted in the lab.
One 5 1/2in mature oil well was selected for field validation. One 3 1/2in OHPS string with four stages was successfully tripped into large-deviated slim borehole. During the stimulating operation, WSPs acted as effective barriers and any communications between stages did not occurred. It is concluded that the new OHPS using improved WSPs meet requirements of slim-hole sidetracking well completion and stimulation.