bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Methodologies for the Determination of Aldehydes by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Pereira Elisabete Alves , Tavares Marina Franco Maggi , Cardoso Arnaldo Alves 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper describes 2 alternative methodologies for the determination of selected aldehydes (form-aldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, and benzaldehyde) by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The first approach is based on the formation of aldehyde-bisulfite adducts and employs free solution CE with reversed electroosmotic flow and indirect detection, using 10 mmol/L 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (pH 4.5) containing 0.2 mmol/L cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the electrolyte. This novel methodology showed a fairly good sensitivity to concentration, with detection limits with respect to a single aldehyde on the order of 10-40 μg/L, a reasonable analysis time (separation was achieved in &lt;8 min), and no need for sample manipulation. A second approach was proposed in which 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of the aldehydes were detected in a micellar electrolyte medium (20 mmol/L borate buffer containing 50 mmol/L sodium dodecyl sulfate and 15 mmol/L β-cyclodextrin). This latter methodology included a laborious sample preconcentration step and showed much poorer sensitivity (0.5-2 mg/L detection limit, with respect to a single aldehyde), despite the use of sodium chloride to promote sample stacking. Both methodologies proved adequate to evaluate aldehyde levels in vehicular emissions. Samples from the tailpipe exhaust of a passenger car vehicle without a catalytic converter and operated with an ethanol-based fuel were collected and analyzed; the results showed high levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde (0.41-6.1 ppm, v/v). The concentrations estimated by the 2 methodologies, which were not in good agreement, suggest the possibility of striking differences in sample collection efficiency, which was not the concern of this work.
Identification of novel variants and candidate genes associated with porcine bone mineral density using genome-wide association study
Authors: Nan Jiuhong-H , Yin Lilin-L , Tang Zhenshuang-S , Xiang Tao , Ma Guanjun-J , Li Xinyun-Y , Liu Xiaolei-L , Zhao Shuhong-H , Liu Xiangdong-D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Pig leg weakness not only causes huge economic losses for producers but also affects animal welfare. However, genes with large effects on pig leg weakness have not been identified and suitable methods to study porcine leg weakness are urgently needed. Bone mineral density (BMD) is an important indicator for determining leg soundness in pigs. Increasing pig BMD is likely to improve pig leg soundness. In this study, porcine BMD was measured using an ultrasound bone densitometer in a population with 212 Danish Landrace pigs and 537 Danish Yorkshires. After genotyping all the individuals using GeneSeek Porcine 50K SNP chip, genetic parameter estimation was performed to evaluate the heritability of BMD. Genome-wide association study and haplotype analysis were also performed to identify the variants and candidate genes associated with porcine BMD. The results showed that the heritability of BMD was 0.21 in Landrace and 0.31 in Yorkshire. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 6 identified were associated with porcine BMD at suggestive significance level. Two candidate quantitative trait loci (74.47 to 75.33 Mb; 80.20 to 83.83 Mb) and three potential candidate genes (ZBTB40, CNR2, and Lin28a) of porcine BMD were detected in this study.
Presentation and management of IVC and iliac vein encroachment by lumbar pedicle screws: a case-report
Authors: George Keith , Burke Shane , Park Sandra , Suarez Luis , Riesenburger Ron 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Pedicle screws are commonly used in spinal surgeries and are relatively safe, with venous complications occurring rarely. We report a patient with imaging following a L4–5 fusion that showed indentation of the inferior vena cava and right common iliac vein by the right L4 and L5 pedicle screws. She underwent revision surgery in which the hardware was removed and no bleeding was observed. Intraoperative venogram confirmed vascular integrity and absence of indentation on the venous structures following screw removal. The patient recovered without complications. Venous contact by pedicle screws should be treated on a case-by-case basis in a multidisciplinary approach with vascular surgery. We discuss a treatment algorithm for the operative management of this problem.
Unveiling the monster heart: unbeamed properties of blazar 4C 71.07
Authors: Raiteri C M , Acosta Pulido J A , Villata M , Carnerero M I , Romano P , Vercellone S 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
4C 71.07 is a high-redshift blazar whose optical radiation is dominated by quasar-like nuclear emission. We here present the results of a spectroscopic monitoring of the source to study its unbeamed properties. We obtained 24 optical spectra at the Nordic Optical Telescope and William Herschel Telescope and 3 near-infrared spectra at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. They show no evidence of narrow emission lines. The estimate of the systemic redshift from the Hβ and Hα broad emission lines leads to zsys = 2.2130 ± 0.0004. Notwithstanding the nearly face-on orientation of the accretion disc, the high-ionization emission lines present large broadening as well as noticeable blueshifts, which increase with the ionizing energy of the corresponding species. This is a clear indication of strong ionized outflows. Line broadening and blueshift appear correlated. We applied scaling relationships to estimate the mass of the supermassive black hole from the Balmer and C iv lines, taking into account the prescriptions to correct for outflow. They give $M_{\rm BH} \sim 2 \times 10^9 \, M_\odot$. We derived an Eddington luminosity $L_{\rm Edd} \sim 2.5 \times 10^{47} \rm \, erg \, s^{-1}$ ∼ Ldisc, and a broad-line region (BLR) luminosity of $L_{\rm BLR} \sim 1.5 \times 10^{46} \rm \, erg \, s^{-1}$. The line fluxes do not show significant variability in time. In particular, there is no line reaction to the jet flaring activity detected in 2015 October and November. This implies that the jet gives no contribution to the photoionization of the BLR in the considered period.
Internal motions in OB associations with Gaia DR2
Authors: Melnik A M , Dambis A K 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the motions inside 28 OB associations with the use of Gaia DR2 proper motions. The average velocity dispersion calculated for 28 OB associations including more than 20 stars with Gaia DR2 proper motion is σv = 4.5 km s−1. The median virial and stellar masses of OB associations are Mvir = 8.9 × 105 and Mst = 8.1 × 103 M⊙, respectively. The median star-formation efficiency in parent giant molecular clouds appears to be ϵ = 1.2 per cent. Gaia DR2 proper motions confirm the expansion in the Per OB1, Car OB1, and Sgr OB1 associations found earlier with Gaia DR1 data. We also detect the expansion in Gem OB1, Ori OB1, and Sco OB1 associations, which became possible for the first time now when analysed with Gaia DR2 proper motions. The analysis of the distribution of OB stars in the Per OB1 association shows the presence of a shell-like structure with the radius of 40 pc. Probably, the expansion of the Per OB1 association started with the velocity greater than the present-day expansion velocity equal to 5.0 ± 1.7 km s−1.
Predicting the Landscape of Recombination Using Deep Learning
Authors: Adrion Jeffrey R , Galloway Jared G , Kern Andrew D 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAccurately inferring the genome-wide landscape of recombination rates in natural populations is a central aim in genomics, as patterns of linkage influence everything from genetic mapping to understanding evolutionary history. Here, we describe recombination landscape estimation using recurrent neural networks (ReLERNN), a deep learning method for estimating a genome-wide recombination map that is accurate even with small numbers of pooled or individually sequenced genomes. Rather than use summaries of linkage disequilibrium as its input, ReLERNN takes columns from a genotype alignment, which are then modeled as a sequence across the genome using a recurrent neural network. We demonstrate that ReLERNN improves accuracy and reduces bias relative to existing methods and maintains high accuracy in the face of demographic model misspecification, missing genotype calls, and genome inaccessibility. We apply ReLERNN to natural populations of African Drosophila melanogaster and show that genome-wide recombination landscapes, although largely correlated among populations, exhibit important population-specific differences. Lastly, we connect the inferred patterns of recombination with the frequencies of major inversions segregating in natural Drosophila populations.
ALCAM contributes to brain metastasis formation in non-small-cell lung cancer through interaction with the vascular endothelium
Authors: Münsterberg Justine , Loreth Desirée , Brylka Laura , Werner Stefan , Karbanova Jana , Gandrass Monja , Schneegans Svenja , Besler Katharina , Hamester Fabienne , Robador José Ramon , Bauer Alexander Thomas , Schneider Stefan Werner , Wrage Michaela , Lamszus Katrin , Matschke Jakob , Vashist Yogesh , Uzunoglu Güntac , Steurer Stefan , Horst Andrea Kristina , Oliveira-Ferrer Leticia , Glatzel Markus , Schinke Thorsten , Corbeil Denis , Pantel Klaus , Maire Cecile , Wikman Harriet 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Brain metastasis (BM) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a very poor prognosis. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of cell adhesion molecules in tumor metastasis. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) in BM formation in NSCLC.

Methods
Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 143 NSCLC primary tumors and BM. A correlation between clinicopathological parameters and survival was developed. Biological properties of ALCAM were assessed in vitro by gene ablation using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the NCI-H460 NSCLC cell line and in vivo by intracranial and intracardial cell injection of NCI-H460 cells in NMRI-Foxn1nu/nu mice.

Results
ALCAM expression was significantly upregulated in NSCLC brain metastasis (P = 0.023) with a de novo expression of ALCAM in 31.2% of BM. Moderate/strong ALCAM expression in both primary NSCLC and brain metastasis was associated with shortened survival. Functional analysis of an ALCAM knock-out (KO) cell line showed a significantly decreased cell adhesion capacity to human brain endothelial cells by 38% (P = 0.045). In vivo studies showed significantly lower tumor cell dissemination in mice injected with ALCAM-KO cells in both mouse models, and both the number and size of BM were significantly diminished in ALCAM depleted tumors.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that elevated levels of ALCAM expression promote BM formation in NSCLC through increased tumor cell dissemination and interaction with the brain endothelial cells. Therefore, ALCAM could be targeted to reduce the occurrence of BM.

Key Points
1. ALCAM expression associates with poor prognosis and brain metastasis in NSCLC.
2. ALCAM mediates interaction of NSCLC tumor cells with brain vascular endothelium.
3. ALCAM might represent a novel preventive target to reduce the occurrence of BM in NSCLC.
The Animal Body As Medium: Taxidermy And European Expansion, 1775–1865
Authors: Ross Alan S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This article examines how the preserved animal body, with its roots in anatomy and the eighteenth-century culture of curiosity, came to evolve into a medium of European expansion by the mid-nineteenth century. It does so by concentrating on surviving specimens of preserved primates stemming from eighteenth and nineteenth-century collections which also produced documentation concerning the practices of their exhibition. Most historians now agree that the permeation of European society by the ideology of imperialism was crucial in ensuring the long-term success of expansion overseas at a time when questions of suffrage and representation were becoming increasingly volatile. Exhibitions and museums were of special importance in promoting the imperial agenda because of their appeal to broad sections of the illiterate and semi-literate public. Yet historians of empire have not dwelt on the fact that taxidermy objects were, in fact, European-made craft objects and as such reveal more about the time and place they were made in than about the animal’s country of origin. Taxidermy, unlike other media, not only told a certain narrative about other global regions, their wildlife and peoples. It also appeared to prove this narrative through the presence of the real animal body. As a result, the new medium was pivotal in reinforcing concepts of European superiority in the years between the establishment of the Raj in India and the Scramble for Africa in the 1880s.
The Logic of Conditional Belief
Authors: Eva Benjamin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe logic of indicative conditionals remains the topic of deep and intractable philosophical disagreement. I show that two influential epistemic norms—the Lockean theory of belief and the Ramsey test for conditional belief—are jointly sufficient to ground a powerful new argument for a particular conception of the logic of indicative conditionals. Specifically, the argument demonstrates, contrary to the received historical narrative, that there is a real sense in which Stalnaker’s semantics for the indicative did succeed in capturing the logic of the Ramseyan indicative conditional.
EVALUATION OF THE RADIATION DOSE TO THE HANDS OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS DURING FLUOROSCOPY USING STORED IMAGES
Authors: Giordano Carlo , Monica Ivo , Quattrini Fabrizio , Villaggi Elena , Gobbi Rossana , Barbattini Lorenzo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Data were collected from 642 orthopaedic interventions during which the images produced by X-rays were recorded. By examining these images, it is possible to determine the time that the orthopaedic surgeons’ hands were exposed to the direct radiation beam. The procedures with greater exposure to the direct beam were those involving the hand (median 15 s) and the wrist (median 13 s). Two surgeons wore a ring to measure the absorbed dose at the fingers: one on the dominant hand and the other on the non-dominant hand. The two surgeons performed 34 and 48 operations, respectively, in 14 months. The total doses measured with the rings were 2.30 and 1.04 mSv, respectively. The images of the interventions were examined, determining how much each individual hand was exposed. The interventional reference point (IRPeff (left or right)) was calculated by comparing the doses at the IRP with the exposure times of the right or the left hand. Summing the IRPeff of the two surgeons in 14 months, it is obtained the maximum values of 2.87 mGy for the left hand of one and 6.74 mGy for the right hand of the other, which are of the order of 1/100 of the annual dose limit for the extremities.
Basal Cell Carcinomas in Trauma-Related Scar Tissue: A Rare Case Series
Authors: Ünverdi Ömer Faruk , Yücel Sercan 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer type in humans. Various factors play a role in BCC occurrence, but sunlight exposure is the most common etiologic factor. This case series presents three patients who had scarring after severe traumas (a deep abrasion, burn, and puncture injury); a long time after the respective traumatic events, a BCC occurred in the scar tissue. The lesions were excised, and BCCs were diagnosed based on histopathology. Although several etiologic factors may play a role in trauma-related BCC, the main mechanism remains unclear. A correct diagnosis with biopsy and an assessment of the lymphatic system are crucial to prevent aggressive procedures, and BCC should be kept in mind when lesions are found in scar tissue.
Multi-level En Bloc Resection as a Preferred Salvage Therapy for Recurrent Thoracolumbar Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Wang Tao , Jia Qi , Fan Renjie , Qian Ming , Yang Cheng , Wei Haifeng , Liu Tielong , Yang Xinghai , Wu Zhipeng , Zhao Jian , Xiao Jianru 
Published: February 2020

Study Design.
A retrospective analysis was performed.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of multilevel en bloc resection versus piecemeal resection for recurrent thoracolumbar chondrosarcoma (CHS).

Summary of Background Data.
Multilevel en bloc resection for recurrent thoracolumbar CHS is rarely performed.

Methods.
Included in this retrospective study were 27 patients with recurrent thoracolumbar CHS who received either multilevel en bloc resection or piecemeal resection as a salvage revision procedure in our center between 2010 and 2018. Relevant data between the two methods were compared. Relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed by log-rank analysis.

Results.
Our series comprised 16 males and 11 females with a mean age of 40.7 years. Multilevel en bloc resection was performed in 17 patients, and piecemeal resection in 10 patients. Of the 17 patients receiving multilevel en bloc resection, five patients experienced recurrence, of whom three died, whereas in the 10 patients receiving piecemeal resection, seven experienced recurrence and all of them died, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.04 for recurrence, P = 0.007 for death). Complications occurred more frequently in the patients receiving multilevel en bloc resection (P = 0.04), but RFS and OS were prolonged significantly in this group of patients as compared with piecemeal resection group (56.8 ± 9.7 vs. 17.2 ± 4.2, P = 0.016; 67.3 ± 8.4 vs. 21.4 ± 3.5, P = 0.002).

Conclusion.
Multilevel en bloc resection as a salvage therapy for recurrent thoracolumbar CHS is technically challenging with high risk of complications, but it can significantly prolong RFS and OS of such patients as compared with piecemeal resection.

Level of Evidence: 4
Beyond Band-Aids for Bullet Holes: Firearm Violence As a Public Health Priority
Authors: Kaufman Elinore J. , Richmond Therese S. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
To review the public health approach to preventing and treating firearm violence.

Data Sources:
Peer-reviewed, published scholarship and federal data systems.

Study Selection:
English-language, indexed research articles on the epidemiology, risk, prevention, and consequences of firearm violence.

Data Extraction:
This narrative review includes findings related to the epidemiology and impact of firearm violence, focusing on short- and long-term outcomes. Evidence supporting interventions at the individual, agent, and environmental level to reduce firearm-related harm was examined.

Data Synthesis:
Firearm violence is a major public health challenge in the Unites States. The consequences of firearm violence reach beyond the nearly 40,000 firearm-related deaths and 90,000 firearm-related injuries each year. Firearm violence, including self-harm, assault, and unintentional injury, affects the health of individuals, families, communities, and health systems. Data sources remain inadequate, however, to fully capture these impacts. Treating firearm violence as a disease and taking a public health approach to prevention and treatment is key to reducing the harms of firearm violence. Using a public health framework not only recognizes the physical and mental consequences of firearm violence but also focuses our attention on underlying causes and on innovative, multi-level interventions to reduce the harms of firearm violence.

Conclusions:
The public health approach positions clinicians to change the conversation from political diatribe of pro-gun and anti-gun to systematically reducing injury and death. To achieve comparable success, we must design, test, and implement effective interventions at the environmental, policy, technological, and individual levels to prevent firearm violence. We must collect robust data on firearm violence and its consequences. And we must reckon with the conditions of inequality and disadvantage that feed violence through all means.
Guidelines for the Management of Adult Acute and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in the ICU: Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Hematologic, Pulmonary, and Renal Considerations
Authors: Nanchal Rahul , Subramanian Ram , Karvellas Constantine J. , Hollenberg Steven M. , Peppard William J. , Singbartl Kai , Truwit Jonathon , Al-Khafaji Ali H. , Killian Alley J. , Alquraini Mustafa , Alshammari Khalil , Alshamsi Fayez , Belley-Cote Emilie , Cartin-Ceba Rodrigo , Dionne Joanna C. , Galusca Dragos M. , Huang David T. , Hyzy Robert C. , Junek Mats , Kandiah Prem , Kumar Gagan , Morgan Rebecca L. , Morris Peter E. , Olson Jody C. , Sieracki Rita , Steadman Randolph , Taylor Beth , Alhazzani Waleed 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
To develop evidence-based recommendations for clinicians caring for adults with acute or acute on chronic liver failure in the ICU.

Design:
The guideline panel comprised 29 members with expertise in aspects of care of the critically ill patient with liver failure and/or methodology. The Society of Critical Care Medicine standard operating procedures manual and conflict-of-interest policy were followed throughout. Teleconferences and electronic-based discussion among the panel, as well as within subgroups, served as an integral part of the guideline development.

Setting:
The panel was divided into nine subgroups: cardiovascular, hematology, pulmonary, renal, endocrine and nutrition, gastrointestinal, infection, perioperative, and neurology.

Interventions:
We developed and selected population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes questions according to importance to patients and practicing clinicians. For each population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes question, we conducted a systematic review aiming to identify the best available evidence, statistically summarized the evidence whenever applicable, and assessed the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. We used the evidence to decision framework to facilitate recommendations formulation as strong or conditional. We followed strict criteria to formulate best practice statements.

Measurements and Main Results:
In this article, we report 29 recommendations (from 30 population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes questions) on the management acute or acute on chronic liver failure in the ICU, related to five groups (cardiovascular, hematology, pulmonary, renal, and endocrine). Overall, six were strong recommendations, 19 were conditional recommendations, four were best-practice statements, and in two instances, the panel did not issue a recommendation due to insufficient evidence.

Conclusions:
Multidisciplinary international experts were able to formulate evidence-based recommendations for the management acute or acute on chronic liver failure in the ICU, acknowledging that most recommendations were based on low-quality indirect evidence.