bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization ofEchinococcus granulosusin livestock of Al-Madinah (Saudi Arabia)
Authors: AL-Mutairi N.M. , Taha H.A. , Nigm A.H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEchinococcus granulosusis the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis, which has serious impacts on human and/or animal health, resulting in significant economic losses.Echinococcus granulosuscomprises a number of intra-specific variants or strains at the genetic level. In Saudi Arabia, few studies were performed on genetic variations inEchinococcusspecies. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genetic characterization of hydatid cysts harboured by sheep and camels in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. Samples of hydatid cysts were collected from local sheep (n= 25) and camels (n= 8). The morphological criteria of protoscoleces were investigated. To investigate the molecular characterization, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) were carried out. DNA was extracted from individual fertile cysts and subjected to RAPD-PCR analysis (using five arbitrary primers) and PCR amplification of cytochromecoxidase I (cox1) and 12S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (12S rRNA) genes. The PCR products were subjected to SSCP analysis for genetic discrimination inE. granulosusisolates. In addition, partially sequencing of the mitochondrial DNAcox1genes was achieved for assessing the phylogenetic positions of collected isolates using some global published sequence data ofcox1genes. The rostellar hooks of camel and local sheep isolates show remarkable variability in their dimensions. Five distinct SSCP patterns were identified in the 12S rRNA gene, showing intraspecific variations inE. granulosusof camels and local sheep. Sequencing of (cox1) genes of both local sheep and camels exhibit high similarity with those of the same gene (E. granulosus sensu stricto) published in NCBI BLAST.
Open Policy Making in the UK – to Whom Might Policy Formulation be ‘Opening Up’?
Authors: EXLEY SONIA 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article explores recent UK government aspirations towards ‘open policy making’ (OPM). Against a backdrop of scholarly literatures on power inequalities in policy making, I consider to whom processes of policy formulation under a banner of OPM are expected to be ‘opening up’. The article draws on an analysis of government documents from 2012–2018 plus some supplementary data from expert interviews. It notes aspirations towards ‘opening up’ policy formulation to new experts and a particular preoccupation with encouraging private sector involvement. Ideas which may boost ordinary citizens’ input are also part of what ‘makes up’ UK Government OPM, though citizen involvement appears restricted, sitting uneasily alongside commitments to austerity influencing how ‘openness’ is understood.
SECOND LANGUAGE USERS EXHIBIT SHALLOW MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING
Authors: Song Yoonsang , Do Youngah , Thompson Arthur L. , Waegemaekers Eileen R. , Lee Jongbong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present study tests the Shallow Structure Hypothesis (SSH), which claims that compared to L1 processing, L2 language processing generally underuses grammatical information, prioritizing nongrammatical information. Specifically, this cross-modal priming study tests SSH at the level of morphology, investigating whether late advanced L2 learners construct hierarchically structured representations for trimorphemic derived words during real-time processing as native speakers do. Our results support SSH. In lexical decision on English trimorphemic words (e.g., unkindness or [[un-[kind]]-ness]), L1 recognition of the targets was facilitated by their bimorphemic morphological-structural constituent primes (e.g., unkind), but not by their bimorphemic nonconstituent primes (e.g., kindness), which were only semantically and formally related to the target. In contrast, L2 recognition was equally facilitated by both constituent and nonconstituent primes. These results suggest that unlike L1 processing, L2 processing of multimorphemic words is not mainly guided by detailed morphological structure, overrelying on nonstructural information.
Further realization of a flexible metamaterial-based antenna on indium nickel oxide polymerized palm fiber substrates for RF energy harvesting
Authors: Elwi Taha A. , Al-Saegh Ali M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses the design and fabrication of a low-profile Hilbert-shaped metamaterial (MTM) array-based antenna, forming a rectangular patch with partial ground plane backing; the rest is slotted with traces for RF energy harvesting. The antenna is mounted on a 28 mm × 32 mm indium nickel oxide polymerized palm fiber (INP) substrate and compared to the identical one based on FR4 substrate. The two prototypes are printed with silver nanoparticles. Numerical and experimental tests are applied to the antenna performance in terms of S11 and radiation patterns. The obtained antenna gain bandwidth product of the INP prototype is found to be significantly better than the FR4 prototype. The proposed INP antenna gain at 5.8 and 8 GHz frequencies is found to be about 4.56 and 7.38 dBi, respectively, while the FR4 antenna gain is found to be 4.56 and 6.85 dBi at 5.8 and 8 GHz, respectively. Finally, the resultant DC voltage and the efficiency of conversion from harvested RF energy are measured experimentally at 5.8 and 8 GHz for both proposed prototypes.
High gain broadside mode operation of a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna using simple slot excitation
Authors: Kumar Ojha Anuj , Praveen Kumar A. V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this work, the authors report the operation of a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) in the high gain HEM13δ mode, for the first time. This mode, excited with a standard microstrip slot, radiates in the broadside direction with gain in the range of 8−10 dBi. It is shown that through feed optimization, the HEM13δ mode can be excited dominantly by suppressing the fundamental HEM11δ mode of the CDRA. Detailed simulation studies show that the HEM13δ mode is supported by cylindrical dielectric resonators with an aspect ratio (radius to height ratio or a/d) >1, and it resonates at a frequency approximately 2.2 times that of the fundamental HEM11δ mode. The above features of the HEM13δ mode CDRA can be used as approximate design rules. For a CDRA with dielectric constant ɛr = 24, diameter 2a = 19.43 mm, and height d = 7.3 mm (a/d = 1.3), the HEM13δ mode is excited at 6.125 GHz with a peak gain of 10.14 dBi in simulation. Corresponding values from prototype measurement are 5.981 GHz and 9.62 dBi, respectively for the resonant frequency and the gain, verifying the simulation.
Low Friction Coefficient of Phyllosilicate Fault Gouges and the Effect of Humidity: Insights From a New Microphysical Model
Authors: den Hartog S. A. M. , Faulkner D. R. , Spiers C. J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFault slip is often localized in phyllosilicate‐rich fault gouges in a manner consistent with the relatively low friction coefficients measured for dry and especially wet phyllosilicates in laboratory experiments. However, the microphysics controlling these low friction coefficients remains unclear. Here, we propose a microphysical model, inspired by microstructural observations, for the prediction of the absolute value of the friction coefficient of pure dry and wet phyllosilicates. Experimentally produced phyllosilicate gouges suggest that shearing is controlled by sliding along (001) grain/platelet interfaces operating in series with removal of overlapping grain edge barriers by basal cleavage. We derive a model incorporating a subcritical crack propagation equation for the latter, constrained by subcritical crack growth data for muscovite. Model predictions for muscovite show similar trends regarding the effects of humidity and slip velocity on friction coefficient as do experiments at room temperature. The absolute value predicted for the friction coefficient is difficult to compare with experimental values, as it critically depends on atomic scale (001) sliding resistance, which is poorly constrained by available experimental data. Further discrepancies with experimental data can be explained by effects of varying grain size, grain aspect ratio, and porosity on the friction coefficient. While numerous qualitative explanations have been proposed previously for the low friction coefficient exhibited by phyllosilicates, especially in the presence of water, our study provides a new step toward a quantitative, physically based model.
The Case for an Open Water Balance: Re‐envisioning Network Design and Data Analysis for a Complex, Uncertain World
Authors: Kampf Stephanie K. , Burges Stephen J. , Hammond John C. , Bhaskar Aditi , Covino Tim P. , Eurich Abby , Harrison Hannah , Lefsky Michael , Martin Caroline , McGrath Daniel , Puntenney‐Desmond Kira , Willi Kathryn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe discipline of hydrology has long focused on quantifying the water balance, which is frequently used to estimate unknown water fluxes or stores. While technologies for measuring water balance components continue to improve, all components of the balance have substantial uncertainty at the watershed scale. Watershed‐scale evapotranspiration, storage, and groundwater import or export are particularly difficult to measure. Given these uncertainties, analyses based on assumed water balance closure are highly sensitive to uncertainty propagation and errors of omission, where unknown components are assumed negligible. This commentary examines how greater insight may be gained in some cases by keeping the water balance open rather than applying methods that impose water balance closure. An open water balance can facilitate identifying where unknowns such as groundwater import/export are affecting watershed‐scale streamflow. Strategic improvements in monitoring networks can help reduce uncertainties in observable variables and improve our ability to quantify unknown parts of the water balance. Improvements may include greater spatial overlap between measurements of water balance components through coordination between entities responsible for monitoring precipitation, snow, evapotranspiration, groundwater, and streamflow. Measuring quasi‐replicate watersheds can help characterize the range of variability in the water balance, and nested measurements within watersheds can reveal areas of net groundwater import or export. Well‐planned monitoring networks can facilitate progress on critical hydrologic questions about how much water becomes evapotranspiration, how groundwater interacts with surface watersheds at varying spatial and temporal scales, how much humans have altered the water cycle, and how streamflow will respond to future climate change.
Reply to Comment by Heilbron and Valeriano on “Tectono Metamorphic Evolution of the Central Ribeira Belt, Brazil: A Case of Late Neoproterozoic Intracontinental Orogeny and Flow of Partially Molten Deep Crust During the Assembly of West Gondwana”
Authors: Meira Vinícius T. , Garcia‐Casco Antonio , Hyppolito Thaís , Juliani Caetano , Schorscher Johann Hans D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe exercise of paleogeographic/tectonic reconstruction of past orogenic belts is a complex task that includes the interpretation and integration of multi‐technique approaches such as basin tectonics, structural geology, petrology, geochemistry, geochronology, and geodynamics. Proterozoic geologic records are fragmented and incomplete, which make efforts to reconstruct paleogeography and orogenic processes even more challenging. Therefore, for our understanding of the tectonic evolution of past orogenic systems to advance, it is essential that any existing model, including the ones proposed by Heilbron and Valeriano (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019tc005897), are repeatedly exposed to debate and testing. In this reply we address the points raised by Heilbron and Valeriano in order to clarify the scientific foundations of our tectonic interpretation for one of the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano/Pan‐African orogens in South America (the Central Ribeira Belt), presented in Meira, Garcia‐Casco, Hyppolito, et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC004959). We also evaluate the proposed paleogeographic reconstructions for this part of West Gondwana and conclude that an intracontinental model better explains the currently available data and observations, including the space problem pointed out in recent publications, and that existing geochemical and geochronologic data by themselves are not conclusive with respect to an unequivocal tectonic environment.
Novel diamond shuttle to deliver flexible neural probe with reduced tissue compression
Authors: Na Kyounghwan , Sperry Zachariah J. , Lu Jiaao , Vöröslakos Mihaly , Parizi Saman S. , Bruns Tim M. , Yoon Euisik , Seymour John P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe ability to deliver flexible biosensors through the toughest membranes of the central and peripheral nervous system is an important challenge in neuroscience and neural engineering. Bioelectronic devices implanted through dura mater and thick epineurium would ideally create minimal compression and acute damage as they reach the neurons of interest. We demonstrate that a three-dimensional diamond shuttle can be easily made with a vertical support to deliver ultra-compliant polymer microelectrodes (4.5-µm thick) through dura mater and thick epineurium. The diamond shuttle has 54% less cross-sectional area than an equivalently stiff silicon shuttle, which we simulated will result in a 37% reduction in blood vessel damage. We also discovered that higher frequency oscillation of the shuttle (200 Hz) significantly reduced tissue compression regardless of the insertion speed, while slow speeds also independently reduced tissue compression. Insertion and recording performance are demonstrated in rat and feline models, but the large design space of these tools are suitable for research in a variety of animal models and nervous system targets.
Cheaters shape the evolution of phenotypic heterogeneity in Bacillus subtilis biofilms
Authors: Martin Marivic , Dragoš Anna , Otto Simon B , Schäfer Daniel , Brix Susanne , Maróti Gergely , Kovács Ákos T 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Biofilms are closely packed cells held and shielded by extracellular matrix composed of structural proteins and exopolysaccharides (EPS). As matrix components are costly to produce and shared within the population, EPS-deficient cells can act as cheaters by gaining benefits from the cooperative nature of EPS producers. Remarkably, genetically programmed EPS producers can also exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity at single-cell level. Previous studies have shown that spatial structure of biofilms limits the spread of cheaters, but the long-term influence of cheating on biofilm evolution is not well understood. Here, we examine the influence of EPS nonproducers on evolution of matrix production within the populations of EPS producers in a model biofilm-forming bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. We discovered that general adaptation to biofilm lifestyle leads to an increase in phenotypical heterogeneity of eps expression. However, prolonged exposure to EPS-deficient cheaters may result in different adaptive strategy, where eps expression increases uniformly within the population. We propose a molecular mechanism behind such adaptive strategy and demonstrate how it can benefit the EPS producers in the presence of cheaters. This study provides additional insights on how biofilms adapt and respond to stress caused by exploitation in long-term scenario.
Parallel reductive genome evolution in Desulfovibrio ectosymbionts independently acquired by Trichonympha protists in the termite gut
Authors: Takeuchi Mariko , Kuwahara Hirokazu , Murakami Takumi , Takahashi Kazuki , Kajitani Rei , Toyoda Atsushi , Itoh Takehiko , Ohkuma Moriya , Hongoh Yuichi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Several Trichonympha protist species in the termite gut have independently acquired Desulfovibrio ectosymbionts in apparently different stages of symbiosis. Here, we obtained the near-complete genome sequence of Desulfovibrio phylotype ZnDsv-02, which attaches to the surface of Trichonympha collaris cells, and compared it with a previously obtained genome sequence of ‘Candidatus Desulfovibrio trichonymphae’ phylotype Rs-N31, which is almost completely embedded in the cytoplasm of Trichonympha agilis. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis indicated that although Rs-N31 is almost clonal, the ZnDsv-02 population on a single host cell is heterogeneous. Despite these differences, the genome of ZnDsv-02 has been reduced to 1.6 Mb, which is comparable to that of Rs-N31 (1.4 Mb), but unlike other known ectosymbionts of protists with a genome similar in size to their free-living relatives. Except for the presence of a lactate utilization pathway, cell-adhesion components and anti-phage defense systems in ZnDsv-02, the overall gene-loss pattern between the two genomes is very similar, including the loss of genes responsive to environmental changes. Our study suggests that genome reduction can occur in ectosymbionts, even when they can be transmitted horizontally and obtain genes via lateral transfer, and that the symbiont genome size depends heavily on their role in the symbiotic system.
A randomized placebo-controlled PET study of ketamine´s effect on serotonin1B receptor binding in patients with SSRI-resistant depression
Authors: Tiger Mikael , Veldman Emma R. , Ekman Carl-Johan , Halldin Christer , Svenningsson Per , Lundberg Johan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine has a rapid antidepressant effect. Despite large research efforts, ketamine’s mechanism of action in major depressive disorder (MDD) has still not been determined. In rodents, the antidepressant properties of ketamine were found to be dependent on both the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) and the serotonin (5-HT)1B receptor. Low 5-HT1B receptor binding in limbic brain regions is a replicated finding in MDD. In non-human primates, AMPA-dependent increase in 5-HT1B receptor binding in the ventral striatum (VST) has been demonstrated after ketamine infusion. Thirty selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant MDD patients were recruited via advertisement and randomized to double-blind monotherapy with 0.5 mg/kg ketamine or placebo infusion. The patients were examined with the 5-HT1B receptor selective radioligand [11C]AZ10419369 and positron emission tomography (PET) before and 24–72 h after treatment. 5-HT1B receptor binding did not significantly alter in patients treated with ketamine compared with placebo. An increase in 5-HT1B receptor binding with 16.7 % (p = 0.036) was found in the hippocampus after one ketamine treatment. 5-HT1B receptor binding in VST at baseline correlated with MDD symptom ratings (r = −0.426, p = 0.019) and with reduction of depressive symptoms with ketamine (r = −0.644, p = 0.002). In conclusion, reduction of depressive symptoms in MDD patients after ketamine treatment is correlated inversely with baseline 5-HT1B receptor binding in VST. Further studies examining the role of 5-HT1B receptors in the antidepressant mechanism of action of ketamine should be conducted, homing in on the 5-HT1B receptor as an MDD treatment response marker.
Effects of early life exposure to traffic-related air pollution on brain development in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Patten Kelley T. , González Eduardo A. , Valenzuela Anthony , Berg Elizabeth , Wallis Christopher , Garbow Joel R. , Silverman Jill L. , Bein Keith J. , Wexler Anthony S. , Lein Pamela J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEpidemiological studies link traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) to increased risk for various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs); however, there are limited preclinical data demonstrating a causal relationship between TRAP and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Moreover, much of the preclinical literature reports effects of concentrated ambient particles or diesel exhaust that do not recapitulate the complexity of real-world TRAP exposures. To assess the developmental neurotoxicity of more realistic TRAP exposures, we exposed male and female rats during gestation and early postnatal development to TRAP drawn directly from a traffic tunnel in Northern California and delivered to animals in real-time. We compared NDD-relevant neuropathological outcomes at postnatal days 51–55 in TRAP-exposed animals versus control subjects exposed to filtered air. As indicated by immunohistochemical analyses, TRAP significantly increased microglial infiltration in the CA1 hippocampus, but decreased astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus. TRAP exposure had no persistent effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the male or female brain, but did significantly elevate the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in females. In male rats, TRAP significantly increased hippocampal neurogenesis, while in females, TRAP increased granule cell layer width. TRAP had no effect on apoptosis in either sex. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed that TRAP-exposed females, but not males, also exhibited decreased lateral ventricular volume, which was correlated with increased granule cell layer width in the hippocampus in females. Collectively, these data indicate that exposure to real-world levels of TRAP during gestation and early postnatal development modulate neurodevelopment, corroborating epidemiological evidence of an association between TRAP exposure and increased risk of NDDs.
Olig2 SUMOylation protects against genotoxic damage response by antagonizing p53 gene targeting
Authors: Liu Huiqing , Weng Weiji , Guo Rongjun , Zhou Jie , Xue Jun , Zhong Shan , Cheng Jinke , Zhu Michael X. , Pan Si-Jian , Li Yong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPosttranslational modifications of nuclear proteins, including transcription factors, nuclear receptors, and their coregulators, have attracted much attention in cancer research. Although phosphorylation of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2) may contribute to the notorious resistance of gliomas to radiation and genotoxic drugs, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. We show here that in addition to phosphorylation, Olig2 is also conjugated by small ubiquitin-like modifier-1 (SUMO1) at three lysine residues K27, K76, and K112. SUMOylation is required for Olig2 to suppress p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by genotoxic damage, and to enhance resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) in glioma. Both SUMOylation and triple serine motif (TSM) phosphorylation of Olig2 are required for the antiapoptotic function. Olig2 SUMOylation enhances its genetic targeting ability, which in turn occludes p53 recruitment to Cdkn1a promoter for DNA-damage responses. Our work uncovers a SUMOylation-dependent regulatory mechanism of Olig2 in regulating cancer survival.