bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MICROVASCULAR AND MACROVASCULAR DISEASES IN DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY
Authors: Chauhan Dr.Nitin , Sinsinwar Dr. Fateh Singh 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) can be described as a metabolic disorder which is characterized by hyperglycemia which develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion or its action, or both. Diabetes is strongly associated with microvascular and macrovascular diseases and its complications, which includes nephropathy, retinopathy, microvascular neuropathy and ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and macrovascular cerebrovascular disease which results in organ and tissue damage in about one third to one half of people with diabetes. The early manifestation of DN is microalbuminuria, which eventually progresses to overt albuminuria that is increased albumin levels in the urine, which indicates more severe renal dysfunction, and ultimately leading to renal failure.
Material and Methods: Patients were screened and clinically diagnosed accor­ding to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Demographic characteristics of the patients were taken, height and weight were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated in metrics units. Blood investigations were carried out like blood glucose, HbA1C, cholesterol, Triglycerides (TG), serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and24-hour uri­nary protein were investigated for each patient. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calcu­lated. Rate of change of GFR was calculated. Duration of follow-up, age at onset of diabetes, duration of complications, and time for doubling of serum creatinine were recorded and calculated.
Results: A total of 50 patients were included in the study who were diagnosed as DN by the physician. Mean age of the patients with DN was observed as 64.24 ± 13.68. There were 31 (62%) male and 19 (38%) and female. Mean duration of nephro­pathy was 7.2 ± 2.9 years. Family history of DN was shown in 5 (10%). Diabetic complications were recorded and tabulated. Retinopathy was observed in 23 (46%) of the cases, Coronary artery disease in 28 (56%), Angina in 22 (44%), stroke in 6(12%), Diabetic foot in 4 (8%), Hypertension in 43 (86%), blindness in 3 (6%) and end stage renal disease was observed in 12 (24%) of the cases. There were 2 (4%) deaths. The mean time to onset of diabetic com­plications from the diagnosis of diabetes in present study was 9.6 ± 2.9 (Mean± SD) years for coronary artery disease, 15.3 ± 7.3 years, for retinopathy, 11.3 ± 3.4 years for neuropathy, and 6.3 ± 2.9 years for diabetic foot. Patients those who were diagnosed >20 years, end stage renal disease was observed in them. The mean proteinuria was 2.34 ± 1.88 gm/L. Protein excretion < 0.5 was found in 15 (30%) patients, mean HbA1C was 9.7 ± 1.5(Mean± SD).
Conclusion: Age, male gender, duration of diabetes, baseline HbA1C, blood pressure, and renal function are risk factors for diabetic complications and nephropathy.
Keywords: microvascular, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy
PROPOFOL-FENTANYL FOR TRACHEAL INTUBATION IN CHILDREN WITHOUT NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCK
Authors: Gupta Dr. Anil Kumar , Agrawal Dr. Pawan Kumar 
Published: March 2020

INTRODUCTION: In paediatric anaesthesia tracheal intubation without prior administration of muscle relaxants is well-established practice. Depolarizing muscle relaxant such as suxamethonium is also used in induction but it may be associated with side effects such as postoperative myalgia, prolonged paralysis, and increase in intraocular pressure and hyperkalaemia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:A total of 60 children were included in the study, of both sex, aged between 2 and 12 years. Patients were randomised in to two groups: Group 1: Inj. Fentanyland Inj. Propofoland group 2 : Inj. Propofol and Inj. suxamethonium.The quality of intubation was graded by the consultant using the scoring system devised by Helbo-Hansen Raulo and Trap-Anderson.
RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were included in the study and were randomised in to two groups of 30 each.In group 1 mean age was 8.24±2.65 and in group 2 it was 7.96±2.77. Weight in group 1 was 21.58±6.22 and in group 2 was 22.87±5.59. There were 18 male and 12 female in group 1, while in group 2 there were 19 male and 11 female. No statistically significance e=was observedin both the group.Acceptable intubating conditions were observed in 29 (97%) out of 30 patients in group 1, whereas all (100%) patients in group S had excellent intubating conditions.
CONCLUSION: Tracheal intubation can be accomplished using a combination of Fentanyl Propofol combination and suxamethonium (muscle relaxant) can be avoided. When neuromuscular blocking drugs are contraindicated this method can be used.
STUDY OF CONGENITAL FETAL ANOMALIES WITH THE HELP OF SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
Authors: Kumar Dr. Ajit , Nayak Dr. Pradeep Kumar 
Published: March 2020

Information regarding specific anatomic anomalies affords the physician the opportunity to offer the patient sophisticated prenatal procedures, such as fetal surgery or selective fetal reduction in multiple gestations. Likewise, prenatal knowledge about genetic, physiologic, and/or anatomic abnormalities enables the physician to tailor or manage the timing and mode of delivery for optimal maternal and fetal outcomes. Prenatal diagnosis also allows the neonatal and paediatric specialists to be adequately prepared for a potentially ill neonate at delivery. Recent progress in the fields of maternal fetal medicine, radiology, and genetics has resulted in great advances in prenatal diagnosis. Ultrasonography is the initial modality for evaluation of pregnant patient because of its widespread availability and reasonable cost, with other modalities used only if Ultrasonography results are non diagnostic. Hence based on above data the present study was planned Study of Congenital Fetal anomalies with the Help of Sonographic Evaluation.
The present study was planned in Department of Radio- Diagnosis, Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Katihar, Bihar, India. All pregnant females of second trimester who are referred from obstetrics and gynaecology department and thus sent to department of Radio diagnosis for antenatal Sonographic examination. A complete antenatal ultrasound examination of pregnant women included in the study will be done using gray scale & colour duplex examination.
Obstetric ultrasonography has become an important part of routine antenatal care. Routine anomaly screening improves perinatal outcome directly through termination of pregnancy for certain anomalies. Congenital fetal anomalies are one of the most threatening complications which are prevalent in the society associated with severe morbidity and mortality in the new born fetus or neonates. Ultrasound is the best possible non-invasive technique available to detect any congenital anomalies in pregnant women which will help to identify the severity of the disease, its outcome leading to pregnancy termination or gives an opportunity for fetal therapy or better neonatal care.
Keywords: Congenital Fetal anomalies, Sonography, etc.
ROLE OF ORAL ANTIBIOTICS IN ELECTIVE COLORECTAL SURGERY
Authors: Churi Dr. Amit Ramesh 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major burden for patients who are posted for elective colorectal surgery, also there is significant increase to the cost of health care.it is a major cause of morbidity after surgery and is associated with increased hospital stay, readmissions, costs, and sometimes mortality. Surgical site infections are very high in colorectal surgery and are estimated to vary from 15% to 30% of patients undergoing colorectal surgery. For colorectal surgeries, orally administered antibiotics can be used in addition to the intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis.
Material and Methods: A total of 46 patients were included in the study who were posted for elective colorectal surgery. Patients who start with the 3-day intervention period but for whom surgery is cancelled or postponed for more than 7 days, will not be evaluable for analysis. After enrolment, patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment arms in a 1:1 ratio. Patients were blinded into two groups, group 1 (medication group) and group 2 (placebo group). Patients are instructed to take the medication four times daily, during the last 3 days prior to surgery.
Results: There were 16 (69.6%) male and 7 (30.4%) in medication group while in placebo group male were15 (65.2%) and female were 8 (34.8%). Mean age in medication group was 46.2 ±15.24 and in placebo group was 48.2 ± 14.55. BMI (Body mass index) in medication group was 29.44 ± 3.74 and in placebo group was 28.76 ± 2.96. Operative time in group medication was 6.4±2.12 and in placebo group was 6.23 ± 1.96. This was not significant. Surgical site infection (SSI) in medication group was 3(13%) and in placebo group was 8(39%). Mean Hospital stay (days) in medication group was 13.11± 2.45 and in placebo group was 16.2±3.87, this was statistically significant. No. of antibiotics required postoperatively in medication group was .2± 1.4 and in placebo group was 6.4±2.4.
Conclusion: Administration of oral antibiotics 3 days prior to colorectal surgery can significantly reduce the surgical site infection and mean hospital stay thereby reducing the morbidity.
Keywords: antibiotics, colorectal surgery, SSI, MBP and BMI
HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE
Authors: Sinsinwar Dr. Fateh Singh , Chauhan Dr. Nitin 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Health care associated infections (HCAIs) or hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are infections that occur during hospitalization but they are neither present nor incubating before hospital admission. Health care–associated urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important cause of morbidity and increased health care costs in hospitals. Rapid advances in medical field, injudicious use of antibiotics and better adaptation of organisms to the hospital environment contribute to increase in HAIs. There are additional patient safety concerns associated with urinary catheter insertion, like patient discomfort, activity restriction, discharge delays, and the potential development of a reservoir of multidrug-resistant organisms that can be spread to other patient.
Material and Methods: Patients admitted in wards of medicine department were included in the present study. Patients who were admitted for at least for past 48 hours, or readmitted in less than 14 days after their discharge from hospital. Sociodemographic data from all the included patients was collected from medical records. Clinical history was obtained from all the patients. Signs of HAI were observed and recorded. Bacteremia was defined as presence of bacteria in the blood confirmed by at least one positive blood culture.
Results: A total of 238 patients were included in the study who were admitted in the medicine wards. Out of 238 patients included in the study, 31 (13.02%) presented one or several signs suggestive of HAI and they received microbiological tests. 20 (8.40%) cases were confirmed or potential HAI. Of the 238 patients 109 (54.20%) were male and 129 (45.79%) were female. 31 patients were diagnosed as HAI patients of which 14 (45.16%) were male and 17 (54.83%) were female. Mean age of HAI patients was 54.21 ± 17.41while total mean of age was 46.52 ± 16.74. Mean age of male with HAI 52.41 ± 19.53 and female was 53.46 ± 16.77. Of the total 7 culture positive patients with HAI Escherichia coli was isolated in 3 cases, Klebsiella pneumonia in 2 caesa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in 1 cases each. Conclusion: Prevalence of HAI in Urinary tract infection was 13.02% in this study. Preventive measures, periodic active surveillance over a longer period is required to reduce the rate of healthcare associated UTI.
Keywords: UTI, HAI, Health care associated infections, Catheter-associated UTI
PREVALENCE OF DENTAL FLUOROSIS AMONG 6–14-YEAR-OLD SCHOOL CHILDREN OF BALIDIH INDUSTRIAL AREA OF BOKARO DISTRICT, JHARKHAND STATE, INDIA − A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Narayan Dr Jay Prakash , Jha Dr Ritu , Kumari Dr Nisha 
Published: March 2020

Dental fluorosis is a cosmetic condition that affects the teeth. It’s caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. The present study seeks to investigate the prevalence of dental fluorosis among children in Balidih, Jharkhand, india. The study was a retrospective collection of data to evaluate the prevalence of dental fluorosis among 2495 children attending the Free Dental Camp under Indian Dental Association, Bokaro from 2015 to 2018, aged between six to fourteen years. Test of association was done using Pearson’s Chi Square test and Cramer’s V. The results showed that the prevalence of fluorosis was 14.54% in the observed population. There was no correlation of dental fluorosis found with particular sex. The present study gives an insight into the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school going children of Balidih, Jharkhand, India.
EVALUATION OF OCCURRENCE OF HYPERDONTIA IN NON-SYNDROMIC POPULATION FROM BIHAR REGION
Authors: Kumari Dr. Minti , Kumari Dr. Madhuri , Rai Dr Anurag , Kumar Dr. Navin 
Published: March 2020

It is evident that hyperdontia is more common in the permanent dentition than in the primary. There is a considerable difference between males and females in the prevalence of these teeth in permanent dentition; hyperdontia is twice as common in males as in females. However, this approximation varies in terms of location, other associating syndromes that may be present, and the ethnicity of the individual. In terms of ethnicity, it can be seen that hyperdontia is in fact less common in Caucasian than in Asian populations. There is evidence to show that an individual is more likely to have hyperdontia if other members of their family also have the condition. Hence the present study was planned for evaluation of occurrence of hyperdontia in non-syndromic population from Bihar Region.
The present study was planned in Public Health Dentistry, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar. Total 195 patients referred to Department of Dentistry were evaluated in the present study. Panoramic radiographs and clinical records of patients above the age of 18 years and without any syndromic features were selected for the study. All the radiographs were examined for the presence of supernumerary teeth, their location, morphology, and number. Morphologically, teeth were classified as conical, tuberculate, supplemental, and odontoma.
Early diagnosis of dental anomalies can prevent some esthetic, orthodontic, and periodontal problems, and knowledge of the prevalence and distribution of the anomalies may help clinicians to the detection of these anomalies at early stages. Our study evaluated the prevalence of selected dental anomalies; future studies should investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies of all types.
Keywords: Hyperdontia, non-syndromic, panoramic radiograph, supernumerary teeth, etc.
EVALUATION OF SPECTROPHOTOMETER ANALYSIS OF BULK-FILL COMPOSITES IN VARIOUS DAILY USED BEVERAGES
Authors: Maitin Dr. Shipra Nangalia , Maitin Dr. Nitin , Priyank Dr. Harsh , Raj Dr. Swati 
Published: March 2020

The visible color alterations in esthetic materials can also be ascribed to the proprietary differences in chemistry that may affect the polymerization, water sorption, and consequently the color stability of the material. In addition, the obvious effect of colorants in beverages and foods leads to extrinsic discoloration of composites. Thus, for suitable performance, longevity and good clinical success of esthetic restorations, the material of choice should present adequate inherent characteristics. The discoloration of tooth-colored, resin-based materials may be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Visual or instrumental techniques can be used to evaluate discoloration. The use of instrumental methods like spectrophotometers and colorimeters to quantify tooth color could potentially eliminate the subjective aspects of color assessment. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for evaluation of spectrophotometer analysis of bulk-fill composites on various daily used beverages.
The present study was planned in Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, Bihar. The color of composite resins can be determined by varying methods, including visual assessment and instrumental measurement by a spectrophotometer.
According to the Spectrophotometer results of this study, material tested became changes in color after immersion in the beverages. The data generated from the present study concludes that all the beverages used in this study changes in color in the material tested. Coca-Cola causes more color changes than other beverages in the material tested. The total changes of color after 1, and 7 days of composite immersion in coca cola were higher than the clinically acceptable threshold, and they are comparable to the color changes observed with coffee, tea, orange juice and beer, which are known as strong staining agents.
Keywords: Spectrophotometer Analysis, Bulk-Fill Composites, Beverages, esthetic materials, color change, etc.
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF SURGICAL APPROACHES IN THE FRACTURES OF THE FRONTAL SINUS
Authors: Rai Dr. Shweta , Kumari Dr. Minti , Rai Dr. Anurag , Kumar Dr. Kunal , Kumar Dr. Tanoj 
Published: March 2020

Frontal sinus fractures occur from trauma to the part of the frontal bone that overlies the sinus, often from motor vehicle accidents and falls. The hallmarks of a frontal sinus fracture are a frontal depression in the anterior table of the bone. Additionally, clear fluid leaking from the nose may indicate that fractures to the posterior table have torn into the dura mater, creating a cerebrospinal fluid leak.
Total 20 cases of the patients undergoing the surgery for frontal sinus injuries were evaluated in the present study was planned in Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital. The patients were divided in two groups. Group A includes the 10 cases in which care was taken in first 10 days. Group B includes the 10 cases in which care was taken after 10 days.
The data generated from the present study concludes that fractures of the frontal sinuses are more and more frequent and serious. They involve the vital, functional and aesthetic prognosis of patients, and must therefore require a safe method of management with ways of starting allowing both good security and better exposure.
Keywords: Craniofacial Trauma, Frontal Sinus Surgery, Cranialization, Exclusion of Sinus, etc.
EVALUATION OF THE STATURE HEIGHT IN THE MAHARASHTRA POPULATION BY USING ARM SPAN USING REGRESSION EQUATION
Authors: Gawande Dr. N. B. , Tank Dr. Ashok 
Published: March 2020

Measurement of body size such as height and weight are required for assessment of growth and nutritional status of person, determination of basic energy requirements, standardization of measures for physical capacity, for adjusting drug dosage and for identifying an unknown cadaver. However, in some situations it is not possible to measure the stature of a person because of deformities of the limbs, in person who have undergone amputations or in unknown cadavers where lower limb (s) and / or trunk is mutated / absent. In such cases, stature has to be estimated using other body parameters. These estimations are also of prime importance in predicting the age-related loss in stature, identifying individuals with disproportionate growth abnormalities, skeletal dysplasia, medico-legal cases or height loss during surgical procedures on the spine. These measurements also have found application in normalizing pulmonary function in scoliosis. Hence based on these findings the present study was planned for evaluation of the stature height in the Maharashtra population by using arm span using regression equation.
The present study was planned in Department of Forensic Medicine, Dr. Panjabrao Alias Bhausaheb Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Shivaji Nagar, Amravati. The total 50 cases of the age group from 20 - 45 years were enrolled in the present study. This age group was chosen because the growth of an individual ceases by this age and there is no age related loss in body height at this age.
Arm span measurement can serve as one of the most reliable body parameter to determine stature of an individual. It is useful in determining related loss in stature and in identifying individuals with disproportionate growth abnormalities. The data generated from the present study concludes that arm-span and hand length can be used in estimation of the height of both males and females. The regression equations so derived can be used in cadavers or an amputee with fairly accurate results. This can be helpful in medico- legal cases as well as in study of anthropology.
Keywords: Stature Height, Arm Span, Maharashtra Population, etc.
UTILIZATION OF MARKET ORGANIC WASTE INTO ANIMAL FEED PELLETS
Authors: Wahyuni Endang Uji , Widyastuti Arni , . Tugiyo , Rajiani Ismi 
Published: March 2020

Background: Rubbish is still often treated as something that is of no use. Rubbish can provide benefits to humans. Several types of vegetable waste from the market can be used as animal feed. This study aims to get a solution to overcome the buildup of organic waste in market by creating into a pellet and find out if the animal likes the organic waste pellets.
Methods: This type of research is experimental, which is a research method that uses a quantitative approach, doing three controlling activities, manipulating activities, and observation. In this study, researchers took the three types of organic waste most widely produced in the market, namely mustard, bean sprouts and spinach, were treated as pellets and were examined for their nutrient content and moisture content and were tested on experimental animals.
Result: From the observations it can be seen that the pellets favored by the test animals are pellets from bean sprouts with the most pellets being eaten every day. Moreover, the most disliked by the test animals are pellets from mustard greens, this is possible because the bean sprouts pellets smell of caramel and hollow texture, while mustard pellets smell like salted fish.
Conclusion: Organic waste should be collected and made into pellets so that it can be of economic value. In making mustard pellets, it should not be in a pure state but made into a mixture so that it is preferred by animals.
Keyword: Organic waste, pellet, animal food