bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Communication Turn in Philosophy of Science
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhereas knowledge has often been attributed to individuals or, from a sociological perspective, to communities, a communications perspective on the sciences enables us to proceed to the measurement of the discursive knowledge contents. Knowledge claims are organized into texts which are entrained in evolving structures. The aggregated citation relations among journals, for example, can be used to visualize disciplinary structures. The structures are reproduced as “ecosystems” which differ among them in terms of using specific codes in the communications (e.g., jargons). Unlike biological DNA, these codes are not hard-wired; they can be changed in the communication. The sciences develop historically along trajectories embedded in regimes of expectations. Regimes exert selection pressure on the historical manifestations. The evolutionary dynamics at the regime level induce crises, bifurcations, etc., as historical events.
Scientific Communication and Codification
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the sociology of scientific knowledge and the sociology of translation, heterogeneous networks have been studied in terms of practices and so-calledactor-networks. However, scientific practices are intellectually structured by codes. Cognitive structures interact and co-construct the organization of scholars and discourses into research programs, specialties, and disciplines. The intellectual organization of the sciences adds to and feeds back on the configurations of authors and texts. The social, textual, and cognitive sub-dynamicsselectupon each otherasymmetrically. Selections can further be selected for stabilization along trajectories and then also be globalized—symbolically generalized—into regimes of expectations.
Towards a Calculus of Redundancy
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I extend Shannon’s linear model of communication into a model in which communication is differentiated both vertically and horizontally (Simon, 1973). Following Weaver (1949), three layers are distinguished operating in relation to one another: (i) at level A, the events are sequenced historically along the arrow of time, generating Shannon-type information (that is, uncertainty); (ii) the incursion of meanings at level B is referential to (iii) horizons of meaning spanned by codes in the communication at level C. In other words, relations at level A are first distinguished fromcorrelationsamong patterns of relations and non-relations at level B. The correlations span a vector space on top of the network of relations.Relations are positionedin this vector space and can then be provided with meaning. Different positions provide other perspectives and horizons of meaning. Perspectives can overlap, for example, in Triple-Helix relations. Overlapping perspectives can generate redundancies—that is, new options—as a result of synergies.
Evolutionary and Institutional Triple Helix Models
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe institutional TH model focuses on relations of universities, industries, and governments in networks. Institutional arrangements develop over time along trajectories. The Triple-Helix metaphor of university-industry-government relations can also be elaborated into a neo-evolutionary model combining the vertical differentiation among the levels (in terms of relations, correlations, perspectives, and horizons of meaning) with the options for horizontal differentiation among the codes (e.g., markets, technologies, politics, etc., oper-ating in parallel). The neo-evolutionary model focuses on the interactions among selection mechanisms (markets, technologies, endowments) at the regime level. The historical and evolutionary dynamics feedback on each other. The relative weights of the historical versus evolutionary dynamics can be measured as a trade-off. Among three or more selection environments, synergy can be generated as redundancy on top of the aggregates of bilateral and unilateral contributions to the information flows. The number of new options available to an innovation system for realization may be as decisive for its survival more than the historical record of past performance.
Regions, Innovations, and the North–South Divide in Italy
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUsing firm-level data collected by Statistics Italy for 2008, 2011, and 2015, the Triple-Helix synergy among geographical and size distributions of firms and technology classes is analyzed both regionally and nationally. The Italian system is both knowledge-based and knowledge-intensive, and therefore an interesting case. The contributions to national synergy of the twenty regions in Italy have increased between 2008 and 2015, but synergy generation at levels above the regions has remained relatively stable at approximately 45%. As against the statistical classification into twenty regions, or into Northern, Central, and Southern Italy, the greatest synergy is retrieved by defining the country in terms of Northern and Southern Italy as two sub-systems, with Tuscany included as part of Northern Italy. Different innovation strategies could be developed for these two parts of the country. However, the current focus on twenty regions for innovation policies may to some extent be an artefact of the statistics and EU policies. In terms of sectors, both medium- and high-tech manufacturing (MHTM) and knowledge-intensive services (KIS) are integrated proportionally in the various regions.
The Measurement of Synergy
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhen policy-makers call for “interdisciplinarity,” they often mean “synergy.” Problem-solving requires crossing boundaries, such as those between disciplines. However, synergy can also be generated ininter-sectorial or geographical collaborations. Synergy is indicated when the whole offers more possibilities than the sum of its parts; “interdisciplinarity” can be an instrument for creating “synergy.” Synergy can be measured as an increase of redundancy; that is, the number of options which are available, but not-yet used. Instead of asking for the synergy among pre-defined categories, such as regions, sectors, size-classes, or nations, etc., I propose to let the most synergetic combinations among (potentially heterogenous) variables emerge from the data matrix. A synergy map can be drawn showing (cluster of) available but not-yet-realized options. A computer routine is made available at https://www.leydesdorff.net/software/synergy.triads which compares all possible triads in a data matrix in terms of their contributions to the synergy in a configuration.
Anticipation and the Dynamics of Expectations
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe operationalization of socio-cognitive structures in terms of observables such as texts (e.g., in discourse analysis and scientometrics) or the behavior of agents (e.g., in the sociology of scientific knowledge) may inadvertedly lead to reification. The dynamics of knowledge are not directly observable, but knowledge contents can be reconstructed. The reconstructions have the status of hypotheses; hypotheses can be tested against observations. Whereas agent-based modelling (ABM) focuses on observable behavior, simulations based on algorithms developed in the theory and computation of anticipatory systems (CASYS) enable us to visualize the incursive and recursive dynamics of knowledge at the individual level as different from the potentially hyper-incursive dynamics at the intersubjective level. The sciences can be considered as “strongly anticipatory” at this supra-individual level: expectations are discursively reconstructed in terms of next generations of expectations. This reflexive restructuring is embedded in historical dynamics on which it feeds back as a selection environment. The agents and texts entertain discursive models and thus be considered “weakly anticipatory” participants in the communication.
Subdynamics in Knowledge-Based Systems
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUsing a set of six equations, I propose to model “interactions,” the “organization of meaning,” and “self-organization” as three coordination mechanisms among expectations; three further equations can be derived to operationalize “double contingency,” “identity,” and “reflection.” One can expect that the subdynamics update one another in co-evolutions as feedbacks and feed-forwards. Interfaces among two (sub)dynamics can be expected to operate with time differences (At). Interactions among horizontal and vertical time differences can generate hyper-incursivity in interhuman communications. Hyper-incursion enables us to reconstruct expectations. The social system is probably the only system which can be expected to carry “strong” anticipation while being reproduced as expectations. A system of expectations is not alive, is not constrained by a life-cycle, and does not need to “exist” otherwise than as expectations. The dynamics against the arrow of time are “cultural”: they rest on codes as the pillars of discursive knowledge driven upward into horizons of meaning.
Predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with the treatment of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with microwave ablation using pretreatment MR imaging texture features
Authors: Liu Jun , Pei Yigang , Zhang Yu , Wu Yifan , Liu Fuquan , Gu Shanzhi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the prognostic value of baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) texture analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and microwave ablation (MWA).

Methods
MRI was performed on 102 patients with HCC before receiving TACE combined with MWA in this retrospective study. The best 10 texture features were screened as a feature group for each MRI sequence by MaZda software using mutual information coefficient (MI), nonlinear discriminant analysis (NDA) and other methods. The optimal feature group with the lowest misdiagnosis rate was achieved on one MRI sequence between two groups dichotomized by 3-year survival, which was used to optimize the significant texture features with the optimal cutoff values. The Cox proportional hazards model was generated for the significant texture features and clinical variables to determine the independent predictors of overall survival (OS). The predictive performance of the model was further evaluated by the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests were performed for disease-free survival (DFS) and Local recurrence-free survival (LRFS).

Results
The optimal feature group with the lowest misdiagnosis rate of 8.82% was obtained on T2WI using MI combined with NDA feature analysis. For Cox proportional hazards regression models, the independent prognostic factors associated with OS were albumin (P = 0.047), BCLC stage (P = 0.001), Correlat(1,− 1)T2 (P = 0.01) and SumEntrp(3,0)T2 (P = 0.015), and the prediction efficiency of multivariate model is AUC = 0.876, 95%CI = 0.803–0.949. Kaplan–Meier analyses further demonstrated that BCLC (P < 0.001), Correlat(1,− 1)T2 (P = 0.023) and SumEntrp(3,0)T2 (P < 0.001) were associated with DFS, and BCLC (P = 0.007) related to LRFS.

Conclusions
MR imaging texture features may be used to predict the prognosis of HCC treated with TACE combined with MWA.
Ideal Surgical Margin to Prevent Early Recurrence After Hepatic Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nitta Hidetoshi , Allard Marc‐Antoine , Sebagh Mylène , Golse Nicolas , Ciacio Oriana , Pittau Gabriella , Vibert Eric , Sa Cunha Antonio , Cherqui Daniel , Castaing Denis , Bismuth Henri , Baba Hideo , Adam René 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgrounds and AimsPostoperative early recurrence after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a challenge to surgeons, and the effect of a surgical margin is still controversial. This study aimed to identify an ideal margin to prevent early recurrence.MethodsA total of 226 consecutive patients who underwent primary curative hepatic resection for solitary and primary HCC were enrolled. The definition of early recurrence was determined using the minimum P value approach. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors of early recurrence. The receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify the optimal cut‐off of the surgical margin and early recurrence.ResultsRecurrence within 8 months induced the poorest overall survival (P = 2×10−15). ROC analysis showed that the optimal cut‐off value of the surgical margin was 7 mm. The risk factors of early recurrence (≤ 8‐month recurrence) were preoperative alpha‐fetoprotein levels ≥ 100 ng/ml (Odds ratio [OR] 4.92 [2.28–10.77], P < 0.0001) and a surgical margin < 7 mm (OR 3.09 [1.26–8.85], P = 0.01) by multivariable analysis. The probability of early recurrence ranged from 5.0% in the absence of any factors to 43.5% in the presence of both factors. Among patients with alpha‐fetoprotein levels ≥ 100 ng/ml, non‐capsule formation, or microvascular invasion, there was a significant difference in 5‐year overall survival between surgical margins of < 7 mm and ≥ 7 mm.ConclusionsA > 7‐mm margin is important to prevent early recurrence. Patients with HCC and alpha‐fetoprotein levels > 100 ng/ml, non‐capsule formation, or microvascular invasion may have a survival benefit from a ≥ 7‐mm margin.
An anatomy of Arctic sea ice forecast biases in the seasonal prediction system with EC-Earth
Authors: Cruz-García Rubén , Ortega Pablo , Guemas Virginie , Acosta Navarro Juan C. , Massonnet François , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe quality of initial conditions (ICs) in climate predictions controls the level of skill. Both the use of the latest high-quality observations and of the most efficient assimilation method are of paramount importance. Technical challenges make it frequent to assimilate observational information independently in the various model components. Inconsistencies between the ICs obtained for the different model components can cause initialization shocks. In this study, we identify and quantify the contribution of the ICs inconsistency relative to the model inherent bias (in which the Arctic is generally too warm) to the development of sea ice concentration forecast biases in a seasonal prediction system with the EC-Earth general circulation model. We estimate that the ICs inconsistency dominates the development of forecast biases for as long as the first 24 (19) days of the forecasts initialized in May (November), while the development of model inherent bias dominates afterwards. The effect of ICs inconsistency is stronger in the Greenland Sea, in particular in November, and mostly associated to a mismatch between the sea ice and ocean ICs. In both May and November, the ICs inconsistency between the ocean and sea ice leads to sea ice melting, but it happens in November (May) in a context of sea ice expansion (shrinking). The ICs inconsistency tend to postpone (accelerate) the November (May) sea ice freezing (melting). Our findings suggest that the ICs inconsistency might have a larger impact than previously suspected. Detecting and filtering out this signal requires the use of high frequency data.
The initial assessment of expert panel performance in core hospitals for cancer genomic medicine in Japan
Authors: Sunami Kuniko , Naito Yoichi , Aimono Eriko , Amano Toraji , Ennishi Daisuke , Kage Hidenori , Kanai Masashi , Komine Keigo , Koyama Takafumi , Maeda Takahiro , Morita Sachi , Sakai Daisuke , Kohsaka Shinji , Tsuchihara Katsuya , Yoshino Takayuki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundSince June 2019, cancer genomic profiling (CGP) tests have been reimbursed by the National Health Insurance system in Japan, with restrictions for government-designated hospitals with a molecular tumor board composed of multidisciplinary specialists, known as an expert panel (EP). The standardization of EPs is a critical challenge for implementing precision oncology in the clinical setting.MethodsData on consecutive cases who underwent the CGP tests at 11 core hospitals between June 2019 and January 2020 were collected. We evaluated the proportions of cases that received genomically matched treatments, including investigational new drugs (INDs) based on CGP results, and/or for which genetic counseling was recommended. Two simulated cases were annotated by each EP. The annotated reports were then centrally assessed.ResultsEach EP mainly discussed the applicability to genomically matched treatments and the necessity of performing genetic counseling. A pre-review of the report by key members in each EP reportedly made the EP conference more interactive and efficient, and thereby saved time. A total of 747 cases underwent CGP tests, 28 cases (3.7%) received genomically matched treatment, and 17 cases (2.3%) were referred for genetic counseling. Annotated reports for the simulated cases varied across the EPs, particularly the number of recommended IND trials, which seemed to be associated with the actual number of participants in IND trials.ConclusionsThis investigation provides reference data for the application of precision oncology in a clinical setting. Further investigations on the standardization of clinical annotations are warranted.
The Empirical Under-Determination Argument Against Scientific Realism for Dual Theories
Authors: De Haro Sebastian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the options available to the anti-realist to defend a Quinean empirical under-determination thesis using examples of dualities. I first explicate a version of the empirical under-determination thesis that can be brought to bear on theories of contemporary physics. Then I identify a class of examples of dualities that lead to empirical under-determination . But I argue that the resulting under-determination is benign, and is not a threat to a cautious scientific realism. Thus dualities are not new ammunition for the anti-realist. The paper also shows how the number of possible interpretative options about dualities that have been considered in the literature can be reduced, and suggests a general approach to scientific realism that one may take dualities to favour.
Effectiveness of VR Head Mounted Displays in Professional Training: A Systematic Review
Authors: Renganayagalu Sathiya kumar , Mallam Steven C. , Nazir Salman 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOver the past decade, virtual reality (VR) has re-emerged as a popular technology trend. This is mainly due to the recent investments from technology companies that are improving VR systems while increasing consumer access and interest. Amongst many applications of VR, one area that is particularly promising is for pedagogy. The immersive, experiential learning offered by VR provides new training and learning opportunities driven by the latest versions of affordable, highly immersive and easy to use head mounted display (HMD) systems. VR has been tested as a tool for training across diverse settings with varying levels of success in the past. However, there is a lack of recent review studies that investigates the effectiveness, advantages, limitations, and feasibility of using VR HMDs in training. This review aims to investigate the extent to which VR applications are useful in training, specifically for professional skill and safety training contexts. In this paper, we present the results from a systematic review of the effectiveness of VR-based simulation training from the past 30 years. As a secondary aim, the methodological trends of application and practical challenges of implementing VR in training curriculum were also assessed. The results suggest that there is generally high acceptance amongst trainees for VR-based training regardless of the technology limitations, usability challenges and cybersickness. There is evidence that VR is useful for training cognitive skills, such as spatial memory, learning and remembering procedures and psychomotor skills. VR is also found to be a good alternative where on the job training is either impossible or unsafe to implement. However, many training effectiveness studies reviewed lack experimental robustness due to limited study participants and questionable assessment methods. These results map out the current known strengths and weaknesses of VR HMDs and provide insight into required future research areas as the new era of VR HMD’s evolve.
Identification and validation of suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR gene expression analysis in pregnant human myometrium
Authors: Arrowsmith Sarah 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAccurate quantification of quantitative PCR (qPCR) data requires a set of stable reference genes (RGs) for normalisation. Despite its importance to mechanistic studies, no evaluation of RG stability has been conducted for pregnant human myometrium. A systematic search of the literature was performed to identify the most used RGs in human myometrial gene expression studies. The stability of these genes, and others, was then evaluated using geNorm and NormFinder algorithms, in samples of myometrium from singleton or twin pregnancies (n = 7 per group) delivering at term or preterm. The most frequently cited RGs wereGAPDH, ACTB, B2M and 18s.There was strong agreement between algorithms on the most and least stable genes: Both indicatedCYC1, YWHAZandATP5Bwere the most stably expressed. Despite being some of the most used RGs,B2M,18sandACTBexpression was least stable and was too variable for use as accurate normalisation factors. Pairwise variation analysis determined that the optimal number of RGs for accurate normalisation is two. Validation of the choice of RGs by comparing relative expression of oxytocin receptors (OXTR)using the least stable18sandB2M, with the most stable,CYC1andYWHAZ, erroneously demonstrated significantly increasedOXTRexpression in myometrium in singleton pregnancies compared to twins. This study demonstrates the importance of appropriate RG selection for accurate quantification of relative expression in pregnant human myometrium qPCR studies. For normalisation, the geometric mean ofCYC1andYWHAZ or ATP5Bis suggested. The use ofACTB, 18sandB2M, is not recommended.