bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of a Naturally Aspirated Natural Gas/Diesel RCCI Engine for Investigating the Effects of Injection Timing on the Combustion and Emissions
Authors: Fakhari Amir Hossein , Shafaghat Rouzbeh , Jahanian Omid 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The start of injection (SOI) timing has a significant effect on increasing the homogeneity of the air–fuel mixture in an reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. In this paper, the impact of the SOI timing from 14 deg to 74 deg before top dead center (bTDC) and different inlet valve closing (IVC) temperatures on natural gas/diesel RCCI performance and emissions have been studied. Also, the simulations carried out by avl fire which is coupled with chemical kinetics. The results showed that in the SOIs of 14 deg, 24 deg, and 34 deg bTDC, the fuel is sprayed into the piston bowl; however, in the SOI of 44 deg bTDC, the fuel collides the bowl rim edge, because of the downward movement of the piston. With the advancement of diesel SOI timing from 14 deg to 74 deg bTDC, two different combustion trends can be observed. However, this advancement leads to a lower CO emission, but it raises the CO2 emission level. Although the pressure is a primary parameter for NOx emission, the difference between the trends of NOx and pressure plots indicates that different factors affect the NOx production and also increase the IVC temperature, and raises the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, NOx and CO2 emissions, while it reduces the CO emission.
Gastrostomy uptake in motor neurone disease: a mixed-methods study of patients’ decision making
Authors: Labra Julie , Hogden Anne , Power Emma , James Natalie , Flood Victoria M 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesGastrostomy decision making is a complicated, multifaceted process for people with motor neuron disease (MND). This study explored demographic and disease-related factors that may impact on gastrostomy uptake; and reasons why people with MND accepted or declined gastrostomy, with a focus on how perceptions of swallowing and nutrition may influence decision making.DesignProspective, cross sectional, mixed methods.SettingAn Australian multidisciplinary, specialty MND Service.Participants33 patients were recommended gastrostomy by the treating medical specialist. 16 of 33 were invited to participate in the prospective decision making study; of whom 10 provided informed consent.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDemographic and disease-related factors contributing to uptake are described. A stepped approach was applied to gain a comprehensive understanding of why people with MND accept or decline gastrostomy. Instruments included standardised assessments, nutrition survey and semistructured interview. Data were collected at three separate appointments, spanning a 3-week period.ResultsGastrostomy uptake was 73% following medical specialist recommendation. Participants took days, weeks or months to consider their preferences, with lengthy hospital waiting times for the procedure. Gender, site of onset and rate of disease progression were observed to contribute to uptake. Age and symptom duration did not. Integration of quantitative and qualitative data suggests that patient perceptions of swallowing and nutrition contribute to gastrostomy acceptance; however, the decision making process is heterogeneous and these factors may not be the sole or primary reasons for acceptance. Other reported factors included: reducing carer burden, improving quality of life, increasing independence, continuing participation in social outings and gaining control.ConclusionsFuture research may give greater insight into how healthcare organisations can better facilitate gastrostomy decision making, to meet the needs of people living with MND. Larger, prospective, multisite studies may build on these findings to better inform clinical guidelines and minimise the impacts of delayed gastrostomy insertion.
Anisotropic strange star with Tolman–Kuchowicz metric under f(R, T) gravity
Authors: Biswas Suparna , Shee Dibyendu , Guha B. K. , Ray Saibal 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the current article, we study anisotropic spherically symmetric strange star under the background of f(R, T) gravity using the metric potentials of Tolman–Kuchowicz type (Tolman in Phys Rev 55:364, 1939; Kuchowicz in Acta Phys Pol 33:541, 1968) as $$\lambda (r)=\ln (1+ar^2+br^4)$$λ(r)=ln(1+ar2+br4) and $$\nu (r)=Br^2+2\ln C$$ν(r)=Br2+2lnC which are free from singularity, satisfy stability criteria and also well-behaved. We calculate the value of constants a, b, B and C using matching conditions and the observed values of the masses and radii of known samples. To describe the strange quark matter (SQM) distribution, here we have used the phenomenological MIT bag model equation of state (EOS) where the density profile ($$\rho $$ρ) is related to the radial pressure ($$p_r$$pr) as $$p_r(r)=\frac{1}{3}(\rho -4B_g)$$pr(r)=13(ρ-4Bg). Here quark pressure is responsible for generation of bag constant $$B_g$$Bg. Motivation behind this study lies in finding out a non-singular physically acceptable solution having various properties of strange stars. The model shows consistency with various energy conditions, TOV equation, Herrera’s cracking condition and also with Harrison–Zel$$'$$′dovich–Novikov’s static stability criteria. Numerical values of EOS parameter and the adiabatic index also enhance the acceptability of our model.
A neural network for online spike classification that improves decoding accuracy
Authors: Issar Deepa , Williamson Ryan C. , Khanna Sanjeev B. , Smith Matthew A. 
Published: February 2020

Separating neural signals from noise can improve brain-computer interface performance and stability. However, most algorithms for separating neural action potentials from noise are not suitable for use in real time and have shown mixed effects on decoding performance. With the goal of removing noise that impedes online decoding, we sought to automate the intuition of human spike-sorters to operate in real time with an easily tunable parameter governing the stringency with which spike waveforms are classified. We trained an artificial neural network with one hidden layer on neural waveforms that were hand-labeled as either spikes or noise. The network output was a likelihood metric for each waveform it classified, and we tuned the network’s stringency by varying the minimum likelihood value for a waveform to be considered a spike. Using the network’s labels to exclude noise waveforms, we decoded remembered target location during a memory-guided saccade task from electrode arrays implanted in prefrontal cortex of rhesus macaque monkeys. The network classified waveforms in real time, and its classifications were qualitatively similar to those of a human spike-sorter. Compared with decoding with threshold crossings, in most sessions we improved decoding performance by removing waveforms with low spike likelihood values. Furthermore, decoding with our network’s classifications became more beneficial as time since array implantation increased. Our classifier serves as a feasible preprocessing step, with little risk of harm, that could be applied to both off-line neural data analyses and online decoding. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although there are many spike-sorting methods that isolate well-defined single units, these methods typically involve human intervention and have inconsistent effects on decoding. We used human classified neural waveforms as training data to create an artificial neural network that could be tuned to separate spikes from noise that impaired decoding. We found that this network operated in real time and was suitable for both off-line data processing and online decoding.
Papel higiénico, pollos, farmacias: ¿Colusión horizontal o vertical?
Authors: Butelmann Andrea 
Published: February 2020

Cuando hay que repartirse rentas, los actores que no están en la mesa de negociación no reciben nada. En el caso de las colusiones los que están sentados son los proveedores y los minoristas, los consumidores no están invitados a la mesa. La solución, sin embargo, la aporta la competencia para ganarse al invitado clave para que la fiesta prosiga, pero ¿y si no hay competencia? ¿Qué pasa si no es necesario seducir al consumidor con menores precios? Continuar leyendo...
Mundial de Sudáfrica
Authors: Navarro Lucas , Willington Manuel 
Published: February 2020

La organización de un Mundial de fútbol es un evento que concita la alegría transversal de la sociedad que recibe el encargo. Sin embargo, cuando meses después llega la cuenta, no todos están tan felices. Por eso es que los aumentos del salario mínimo en países donde existe alta informalidad no ayudan a mejorar la distribución del ingreso. En muchas ocasiones, grandes eventos deportivos como la Copa del Mundo y los Juegos Olímpicos son presentados como grandes oportunidades para dar impulso a la economía del país anfitrión. Continuar leyendo...
Baseline Plasma Tumor Mutation Burden Predicts Response to Pembrolizumab-based Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Aggarwal Charu , Thompson Jeffrey C. , Chien Austin L. , Quinn Katie J. , Hwang Wei-Ting , Black Taylor A. , Yee Stephanie S. , Christensen Theresa E. , LaRiviere Michael J. , Silva Benjamin A. , Banks Kimberly C. , Nagy Rebecca J. , Helman Elena , Berman Abigail T. , Ciunci Christine A. , Singh Aditi P. , Wasser Jeffrey S. , Bauml Joshua M. , Langer Corey J. , Cohen Roger B. , Carpenter Erica L. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
The role of plasma-based tumor mutation burden (pTMB) in predicting response to pembrolizumab-based first-line standard-of-care therapy for metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) has not been explored.

Experimental Design:
A 500-gene next-generation sequencing panel was used to assess pTMB. Sixty-six patients with newly diagnosed mNSCLC starting first-line pembrolizumab-based therapy, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, were enrolled (Clinicaltrial.gov identifier: NCT03047616). Response was assessed using RECIST 1.1. Associations were made for patient characteristics, 6-month durable clinical benefit (DCB), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results:
Of 66 patients, 52 (78.8%) were pTMB-evaluable. Median pTMB was 16.8 mutations per megabase (mut/Mb; range, 1.9–52.5) and was significantly higher for patients achieving DCB compared with no durable benefit (21.3 mut/Mb vs. 12.4 mut/Mb, P = 0.003). For patients with pTMB ≥ 16 mut/Mb, median PFS was 14.1 versus 4.7 months for patients with pTMB &lt; 16 mut/Mb [HR, 0.30 (0.16–0.60); P &lt; 0.001]. Median OS for patients with pTMB ≥ 16 was not reached versus 8.8 months for patients with pTMB &lt; 16 mut/Mb [HR, 0.48 (0.22–1.03); P = 0.061]. Mutations in ERBB2 exon 20, STK11, KEAP1, or PTEN were more common in patients with no DCB. A combination of pTMB ≥ 16 and absence of negative predictor mutations was associated with PFS [HR, 0.24 (0.11–0.49); P &lt; 0.001] and OS [HR, 0.31 (0.13–0.74); P = 0.009].

Conclusions:
pTMB ≥ 16 mut/Mb is associated with improved PFS after first-line standard-of-care pembrolizumab-based therapy in mNSCLC. STK11/KEAP1/PTEN and ERBB2 mutations may help identify pTMB-high patients unlikely to respond. These results should be validated in larger prospective studies.
The Impact of One-week Dietary Supplementation with Kava on Biomarkers of Tobacco Use and Nitrosamine-based Carcinogenesis Risk among Active Smokers
Authors: Wang Yi , Narayanapillai Sreekanth C. , Tessier Katelyn M. , Strayer Lori G. , Upadhyaya Pramod , Hu Qi , Kingston Rick , Salloum Ramzi G. , Lu Junxuan , Hecht Stephen S. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Fujioka Naomi , Xing Chengguo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, driven by the addictive nature of nicotine and the indisputable carcinogenicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) as well as other compounds. The integration of lung cancer chemoprevention with smoking cessation is one potential approach to reduce this risk and mitigate lung cancer mortality. Experimental data from our group suggest that kava, commonly consumed in the South Pacific Islands as a beverage to promote relaxation, may reduce lung cancer risk by enhancing NNK detoxification and reducing NNK-derived DNA damage. Building upon these observations, we conducted a pilot clinical trial to evaluate the effects of a 7-day course of kava on NNK metabolism in active smokers. The primary objective was to compare urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL plus its glucuronides, major metabolites of NNK) before and after kava administration as an indicator of NNK detoxification. Secondary objectives included determining kava's safety, its effects on DNA damage, tobacco use, and cortisol (a biomarker of stress). Kava increased urinary excretion of total NNAL and reduced urinary 3-methyladenine in participants, suggestive of its ability to reduce the carcinogenicity of NNK. Kava also reduced urinary total nicotine equivalents, indicative of its potential to facilitate tobacco cessation. Plasma cortisol and urinary total cortisol equivalents were reduced upon kava use, which may contribute to reductions in tobacco use. These results demonstrate the potential of kava intake to reduce lung cancer risk among smokers.
Sighting of Petaurista petaurista (Pallas, 1766) (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) on limestone hills in Merapoh, Malaysia
Authors: Miard Priscillia , Arifuddin Mohd Nur , Mukri Izereen , Sapno Siti Syuhada , Yazid Hafiz , Ruppert Nadine , Kumaran Jayaraj Vijaya 
Published: February 2020

Flying squirrels are poorly studied nocturnal mammals as their elusive and nocturnal behaviour makes it hard to observe them in the wild. Here, we describe sightings of Petaurista petaurista on a limestone hill and its foot at Merapoh, Pahang, Malaysia. This is the first report as the species is usually known to inhabit forest habitat. We observed the first squirrel resting on a steep limestone wall at night. During subsequent nights, three individuals were observed feeding on Ficus hispida and Terminalia catappa fruits on the foot of the hill in nearby trees. These sightings suggest that P. petaurista may use limestone hill habitat.
Structuring in a Vacuum: Negotiating in the Current World Disorder
Authors: Zartman I. William 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The current context of increasing entropy in international politics poses challenges for negotiation and negotiation analysis. The current System of World Disorder contains defining characteristics that do not fit well with established negotiation concepts and practice. Following a few decades of progress in conflict management after the bipolar system, major regions of the world have seen dedicated attempts to bring conflicts under control in the current decade failing for lack of ripeness, trade-offs, reframing, mediation and support. New concepts and practices of negotiation are required to deal with the current vacua in international politics and their consequences.
Quasigeostrophic Controls on Precipitating Ascent in Monsoon Depressions
Authors: Murthy Varun S. , Boos William R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
South Asian monsoon depressions are convectively coupled cyclonic vortices that form and intensify in a region of easterly vertical shear of the horizontal wind. Observations of maximum precipitation downshear of the cyclonic center have led to prior theories of quasigeostrophic (QG) control of moist convection in these storms. This study examines the interaction between adiabatic QG lifting and moist convection in monsoon depressions using an atmospheric reanalysis and idealized model. Inversion of the QG omega equation in the reanalysis shows that in the downshear, heavily precipitating region, adiabatic QG ascent, due to advection of vorticity and temperature, is comparable to diabatic ascent in the lower troposphere, while diabatic ascent dominates in the middle and upper troposphere. The causal influence of adiabatic QG lifting on precipitating ascent in monsoon depressions is then examined in the column QG modeling framework, where moist convection evolves in the presence of vorticity and temperature advection. The heavy observed precipitation rates are only simulated when moist convective heating amplifies QG ascent, with this interaction accounting for roughly 40% of the increase in precipitation relative to the basic state. Another 40% of this increase is produced by enhanced surface wind speed in the surface enthalpy flux parameterization, which represents the effect of cyclonic winds in the monsoon depression. Horizontal advection of the mean-state poleward moisture gradient accounts for the remaining 20% of the precipitation increase. In the upshear region, adiabatic QG subsidence and horizontal moisture advection both suppress precipitation, and are opposed by wind-enhanced surface enthalpy fluxes.
Frequency Shift of Near-Inertial Waves in the South China Sea
Authors: Le Boyer Arnaud , Alford Matthew H. , Pinkel Robert , Hennon Tyler D. , Yang Yiing J. , Ko Dong , Nash Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDespite sufficient wind forcing, internal waves in the South China Sea do not exhibit the strong near-inertial wave (NIW) peak that is typical in most of the world oceans. Using data from 10 contemporaneous moorings deployed in summer 2011, we show that strong isopycnal vertical tidal displacements transfer most of the near-inertial (NI) kinetic energy (KE) to frequencies higher than the inertial frequency in an Eulerian reference frame. Transforming to an isopycnal-following reference frame increases the KE at NI frequencies, suggesting the presence of NIWs. However, the projection onto a semi-Lagrangian coordinate system still underestimates the expected NI peak. To fully resolve NIWs requires the use of time-dependent vertical wavenumber–frequency spectra because the intrinsic frequency of the NIWs varies substantially, owing to Doppler shifting by lateral mesoscale flows. Here, we show NIW intrinsic frequency variations of ±0.2 cpd within few days, of similar magnitude as the observed variations of relative vorticity associated with the meandering Kuroshio.
Data Fusion Analysis of Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 Simulated Ozone Data
Authors: Tirelli Cecilia , Ceccherini Simone , Zoppetti Nicola , Del Bianco Samuele , Gai Marco , Barbara Flavio , Cortesi Ugo , Kujanpää Jukka , Huan Yu , Dragani Rossana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe complete data fusion method, generalized to the case of fusing profiles of atmospheric variables retrieved on different vertical grids and referred to different true values, is applied to ozone profiles retrieved from simulated measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and thermal infrared spectral ranges for the Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 missions of the Copernicus program. In this study, the production and characterization of combined low Earth orbit (Sentinel-5) and geostationary Earth orbit (Sentinel-4) fused ozone data is performed. Fused and standard products have been compared and a performance assessment of the generalized complete data fusion is presented. The analysis of the output products of the complete data fusion algorithm and of the standard processing using quality quantifiers demonstrates that the generalized complete data fusion algorithm provides products of better quality when compared with standard products.
The Case of the Missing Nose: Congenital Arhinia Case Presentation and Management Recommendations
Authors: Fuller Andrew K. , McCrary Hilary C. , Graham M. Elise , Skirko Jonathan R. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives: To discuss the presentation and management of infants with arhinia or congenital absence of the nose. Methods: This case report describes an infant with arhinia that was diagnosed prenatally. In addition to a discussion of the case, a review of the literature was completed to define appropriate postnatal work-up and management. Results: The patient is a term male infant, diagnosed with arhinia on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed at 21-weeks gestational age. Upon birth, the patient was subsequently intubated, followed by tracheostomy due to complete nasal obstruction. Through a genetics evaluation, the patient was found to be heterozygous for the SMCHD1 gene, with hypomethylation at the D4Z4 locus. Plans for reconstruction will be based on future imaging and the development of any nasal patency, however, the patient’s family plans to utilize a prosthetic nose until the patient is older. Conclusion: Arhinia is a rare condition causing respiratory distress in the neonatal period. While stabilization of the airway is the first priority, further management is not clearly defined given the rarity of the malformation. This case discusses stabilization of the airway with a review of treatment and reconstructive options.
‘Privations’ as a Development Concern: A Study of Two Communities in the National Capital Region of India
Authors: Vijay Devesh 
Published: February 2020

Development scholars are tracking a wide range of well-being indices across countries including life expectancy, school enrolment and a wide range of ‘freedoms’ now. Yet, a critical set of ‘privations’ or collective hardships, that undermine general well-being and call for concerted public response, still remain excluded from the mainstream development discourse. This article highlights six sets of major ‘privations’ relevant to development studies based on an extended fieldwork in a village and a slum on Delhi’s periphery. It consists of four sections. The first section elucidates the conceptualisation of ‘privations’, its principal categories and their distinction from related terms such as deprivations, poverty and suffering. The next section explains the multi-method approach used in this study to track ‘privations’ in the studied communities (called Dhantala and Aradhaknagar) through surveys, interviews and group discussions conducted since 1988. The third segment of the article focuses on two specific ‘privations’, namely safety and health risks experienced by studied subjects over the recent decades. The article concludes with reflections on reasons for the neglect of the cited ‘privations’ in dominant development discourses. It offers suggestions for their better coverage in development indices and their mitigation by more concerted government response and civic action, in future.