bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bleaching efficacy of at home 16% carbamide peroxide. A long‐term clinical follow‐up study
Authors: Llena Carmen , Villanueva Alvaro , Mejias Elena , Forner Leopoldo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the whitening efficacy of a 16% carbamide peroxidase (CP) gel after 42 months of clinical follow‐up.Materials and methodsA retrospective clinical study was carried out involving 95 participants. CP 16% was applied for 90 minutes a day for 4 weeks using individualized trays. Tooth color was assessed using spectrophotometry at baseline, 1 week after the end of treatment, and every 6 months until completing 42 months of follow‐up. Color parameters were compared using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The analysis by teeth groups was performed using two‐way ANOVA.ResultsThe mean baseline L* was 81.7 ± 5.2 versus 83.6 ± 8.8 after 42 months (P<.01). L* showed a decrease of 2.3 after 30 months. The values corresponding to a* before treatment were 0.4 ± 1.1 versus −1.0 ± 1.0 after 42 months (P<.01). The initial values corresponding to b* were 23.4 ± 3.3 versus 15.8 ± 1.3 after 42 months (P<.01). Values of ΔE00 and ΔE, at the end of the treatment were 4.6 ± 1.2 and 7.8 ± 1.8, respectively. Teeth groups remained stable after 42 months of follow‐up.ConclusionsThe home application of 16% CP gel for 90 minutes a day for 4 weeks using individualized trays resulted in whitening that remained stable over the 42 months of follow‐up.Clinical significanceTreatment with 16% CP is an effective and safe tooth whitening procedure, and the color obtained remains stable over the long term.
A Decade of Research on Intergenerational Ties: Technological, Economic, Political, and Demographic Changes
Authors: Fingerman Karen L. , Huo Meng , Birditt Kira S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDue to extended transitions to adulthood and declining marital rates, bonds between adults and parents have grown increasingly salient in individuals' lives. This review organizes research around these topics to address ties between parents and grown children in the context of broader societal changes over the past decade. Literature searches included tables of contents of premier journals (e.g., Journal of Marriage and Family), Psychological Info, and Google Scholar. The literature review revealed patterns of social and intergenerational changes. Technological advances (e.g., introduction of the smart phone) co‐occurred with more frequent contact and interdependence between generations. The Great Recession and financial strains altered the nature of many parent/child ties, including increased rates of intergenerational coresidence. Individual life problems such as divorce, addiction, and physical health problems were reflected in complex changes in positive and negative relationship qualities, ambivalence, and intergenerational support. Government policies reflect societal values and in turn, affected the distribution of parents' and grown children's resources. Political disruptions instigated migration, separating generations across large geographic regions. Political disruptions instigated migration, separating generations across large geographic regions. Demographic changes (e.g., constellation of family members, delayed marriage, same sex marriage) were also manifest in ties between adults and parents. Findings were consistent with the Intergenerational Systems in Context Model, which posits that societal transformations co‐occur with changes in intergenerational relationships via reciprocal influences.
Degrees of Change: An Assessment of the Deinstitutionalization of Marriage Thesis
Authors: Cherlin Andrew J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article reexamines the thesis that marriage is becoming deinstitutionalized. It first reviews relevant theoretical literature on social institutions, including the “new institutionalism” and the work of Bourdieu on cultural capital. It addresses the great social class differences that have emerged in American family life over the past few decades and their implications for the deinstitutionalization thesis. It then evaluates the thesis, with these conclusions: What has happened in recent years to the place of marriage in the broader field of intimate partnerships is consistent with the deinstitutionalization thesis, although primarily among the non‐college‐educated. In contrast, marriage still plays a central role in the field of intimate partnerships among the college‐educated. Moreover, the behavior of partners within marriage has not change enough to conclude the deinstitutionalization has occurred. The article also examines related claims about marriage and individualism, the concept of capstone marriage, and same‐sex marriage.
Kinship Reconsidered: Research on a Neglected Topic
Authors: Furstenberg Frank F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article reviews the recent history of kinship research, noting the relative neglect of the topic in recent decades. The lack of scholarly and empirical work on kinship has been hampered by both the absence of survey and qualitative research on contemporary kinship practices. The author focuses on what is known and not known about how individual put into practice kinship in the standard, nuclear form of the family. There is surprising in attention to the ceremonial family and, little is know about how families draw boundaries and construct kinship on ritual occasions in the literature. The author concludes by suggesting research strategies for examining both how kinship is constructed and practiced in the United States and in other advanced economies.
High School Students' Perceptions of Traditional and Online Health and Physical Education Courses
Authors: Williams Leslie , Martinasek Mary , Carone Katie , Sanders Steve 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDHigh school students have few physical education (PE) and health requirements for graduation. Twenty‐first century students have choices to take their PE and health courses in the traditional face‐to‐face (F2F) setting or online through accredited virtual schools. The purpose of this inquiry was to examine differences in high school students' perceptions and experiences in traditional versus online PE and health‐related courses.METHODSThis cross‐sectional study utilized mixed methods through survey distribution. Participants included 506 students from traditional F2F high school health and PE classes and 355 students finishing an online course from an accredited online academy.RESULTSThe online education setting was found to be statistically significantly more favorable for students in terms of the feedback and responsiveness of the teacher, understanding and interest of the content and perceived positive health changes during the course. However, the qualitative findings on student perceptions were relatively consistent between both the online and F2F classes.CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate that students' positive perceptions in an online high school class may equal or surpass those in a traditional F2F format. Increasingly, youth are exhibiting enhanced capacity for online‐based coursework. Physical education classes have traditionally been F2F, but warrant further consideration as an online platform.
Homeownership, Political Participation, and Social Capital in Post‐Communist Countries and Western Europe
Authors: Huber Peter , Montag Josef 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYWe study whether the positive effects of homeownership on political participation and social capital, found in developed market economies, extend to post‐communist countries. We use the privatization of publicly‐owned housing in post‐communist countries as an exogenous source of variation of homeownership status to identify its impact on political participation and social capital formation. We find that homeownership is strongly related to higher participation in local‐level and national elections. In post‐communist countries, homeownership is also related to higher social trust. However, the positive association between homeownership and volunteering found in developed market economies does not extend to post‐communist countries. Together, our results corroborate that homeownership is associated with positive social benefits. However, these effects are highly heterogeneous and context‐dependent.
Categories
Authors: Cumpa Javier 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCategories play a major role in contemporary metaphysics. They have not only been invoked in a number of philosophical theories but are themselves objects of epistemological and metaphysical scrutiny. In this article, we will discuss the following questions: How do we know when something belongs to a certain category? Is there a fundamental category of the world? Can we give a satisfactory account of the number of categories and the completeness of systems of categories? Are categories the genuine subjects of ontology?
The key long non‐coding RNA screening and validation between germinal vesicle and metaphase II of porcine oocyte in vitro maturation
Authors: Jiao Yafei , Gao Bangjun , Wang Guodong , Li Hui , Ahmed Jam Z. , Zhang Dandan , Ye Sheng , Liu Shulin , Li Mengmei , Shi Deshun , Huang Ben 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOocyte maturation plays a vitally important role in the reproduction of pigs. However, the roles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the developmental process of porcine oocyte maturation are still largely unclear. In this study, a transcriptome analysis of germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII) of oocytes from Chinese Duroc pigs was performed. A total of 1,753,030 and 2,486 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, 22,811 and 9,868 DE lncRNAs were identified between GV and MII stages, respectively. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis showed that the common DE mRNAs and DE lncRNAs during the process of maturation were mainly involved in biological process and cellular components. Our study provides new insights of the expression changes of mRNAs and lncRNAs during GV and MII stages, which might contribute to the maturation of oocytes. These results greatly improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the maturation of oocytes in pigs.
In vivo detection of changes in cutaneous carotenoids after chemotherapy using shifted excitation resonance Raman difference and fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Jung Sora , Darvin Maxim E. , Schleusener Johannes , Thiede Gisela , Lademann Juergen , Braune Marcel , Maiwald Martin , Sumpf Bernd , Tränkle Günther , Kutzer Dunja , Elban Felia , Fuss Harald 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundVarious cutaneous toxicities under chemotherapy indicate a local effect of chemotherapy by secretion after systemic application. Here, changes in the fluorescence and Raman spectral properties of the stratum corneum subsequent to intravenous chemotherapy were assessed.MethodsTwenty healthy subjects and 20 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were included. Measurement time points in cancer patients were before the first cycle of chemotherapy (Tbase) and immediately after intravenous application of the chemotherapy (T1). Healthy subjects were measured once without any further intervention. Measurements were conducted using an individually manufactured system consisting of a handheld probe and a wavelength‐tunable diode laser‐based 488 nm SHG light source. Hereby, changes in both skin fluorescence and shifted excitation resonance Raman difference spectroscopy (SERRDS) carotenoid signals were assessed.ResultsHealthy subjects showed significantly (P < .001) higher mean concentrations of carotenoids compared to cancer subjects at Tbase. An increase in fluorescence intensity was detected in almost all patients after chemotherapy, especially after doxorubicin infusion. Furthermore, a decrease in the carotenoid concentration in the skin after chemotherapy was found.ConclusionThe SERRDS based noninvasive detection can be used as an indirect quantitative assessment of fluorescent chemotherapeutics. The lower carotenoid SERRDS intensities at Tbase might be due to cancerous diseases and co‐medication.
Turbine Vane Endwall Film Cooling Effectiveness of Different Purge Slot Configurations in a Linear Cascade
Authors: Müller Gunther , Landfester Christian , Böhle Martin , Krewinkel Robert 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study is concerned with the film cooling effectiveness of the flow issuing from the gap between the nozzle guide vane (NGV) and the transition duct on the NGV endwall, i.e., the purge slot. Different slot widths, positions, and injection angles were examined in order to represent changes due to thermal expansion as well as design modifications. Apart from these geometric variations, different blowing ratios (BRs) and density ratios (DRs) were realized to investigate the effects of the interaction between secondary flow and film cooling effectiveness. The experimental tests were performed in a linear scale-1 cascade equipped with four highly loaded turbine vanes at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machinery of the University of Kaiserslautern. The mainstream flow parameters were, with a Reynolds number of 300,000 and a Mach number (outlet) of 0.6, set to meet real engine conditions. By using various flow conditioners, periodic flow was obtained in the region of interest (ROI). The adiabatic film cooling effectiveness was determined using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. In this context, nitrogen and carbon dioxide were used as tracer gases realizing two different density ratios DR = 1.0 and 1.6. The investigation was conducted for a broad range of blowing ratios with 0.25 ≤ BR ≤ 1.50. In combination with 10 geometry variations and the aforementioned blowing and density ratio variations, 100 single operating points were investigated. For a better understanding of the coolant distribution, the secondary flows on the endwall were visualized by oil dye. The measurement results will be discussed based on the areal distribution of film cooling effectiveness, its lateral spanwise, as well as its area average. The results will provide a better insight into various parametric effects of gap variations on turbine vane endwall film cooling performance—notably under realistic engine conditions.
Comparison of quadratus lumborum block and caudal block for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Öksüz Gözen , Arslan Mahmut , Urfalıoğlu Aykut , Güler Ahmet Gökhan , Tekşen Şeyma , Bilal Bora , Öksüz Hafize 
Published: January 2020

Background and objectivesCaudal epidural anesthesia is a widely used popular technique for postoperative analgesia but it has potential side effects and duration of analgesia is short. Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) was found to be an effective method for postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal surgeries. In this double-blind prospective randomized trial, we aimed to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacies of QLB and the caudal block in pediatric patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries under general anesthesia.Materials and methodsAfter approval was obtained from the ethics committee, in this prospective randomized double-blind trial, 53 patients under general anesthesia undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries randomly received caudal block or QLB. Demographic data, postoperative analgesic requirement, Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scores at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours, parent satisfaction scores and complications were recorded.ResultsThe study included 52 patients, after excluding one patient because of a failed caudal block. There were no significant differences between the groups based on demographic data (p>0.05). The number of patients who required analgesics in the first 24 hours was significantly lower in QLB group (p=0.001). Postoperative 4, 6, 12 hours FLACC scores were significantly lower in the QLB group (p<0.001, p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Parent satisfaction scores were higher in the QLB group (p=0.014).ConclusionAccording to the results of this study, QLB can provide much more effective analgesia than caudal block without adjuvants in multimodal analgesia management of children undergoing inguinal hernia repair and orchiopexy surgeries.Trial registration numberNCT03294291.
Effects of high-fat diet and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor deletion on colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Garcia-Villatoro Erika L. , DeLuca Jennifer A. A. , Callaway Evelyn S. , Allred Kimberly F. , Davidson Laurie A. , Hensel Martha E. , Menon Rani , Ivanov Ivan , Safe Stephen H. , Jayaraman Arul , Chapkin Robert S. , Allred Clinton D. 
Published: January 2020

Consumption of a high-fat diet has been associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the effects of the interaction between dietary fat content and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) on colorectal carcinogenesis remain unclear. Mainly known for its role in xenobiotic metabolism, AhR has been identified as an important regulator for maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Although previous research using whole body AhR knockout mice has revealed an increased incidence of colon and cecal tumors, the unique role of AhR activity in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and modifying effects of fat content in the diet at different stages of sporadic CRC development are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we have examined the effects of a high-fat diet on IEC-specific AhR knockout mice in a model of sporadic CRC. Although loss of AhR activity in IECs significantly induced the development of premalignant lesions, in a separate experiment, no significant changes in colon mass incidence were observed. Moreover, consumption of a high-fat diet promoted cell proliferation in crypts at the premalignant colon cancer lesion stage and colon mass multiplicity as well as β-catenin expression and nuclear localization in actively proliferating cells in colon masses. Our data demonstrate the modifying effects of high-fat diet and AhR deletion in IECs on tumor initiation and progression. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Through the use of an intestinal-specific aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) knockout mouse model, this study demonstrates that the expression of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells is required to reduce the formation of premalignant colon cancer lesions. Furthermore, consumption of a high-fat diet and the loss of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells influences the development of colorectal cancer at various stages.
Safety and Outcomes of Intravenous tPA in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients With Prior Stroke Within 3 Months
Authors: Shah Shreyansh , Liang Li , Kosinski Andrzej , Hernandez Adrian F. , Schwamm Lee H. , Smith Eric E. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Feng Wuwei , Peterson Eric D. , Xian Ying 
Published: January 2020

Background
Guidelines recommend against the use of intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator; IV tPA) in acute ischemic stroke patients with prior ischemic stroke within 3 months. However, there are limited data on the safety of IV tPA in this population.

Methods and Results
A retrospective observational study of patients ≥66 years of age linked to Medicare claims and treated with IV tPA at Get With The Guidelines–Stroke hospitals (February 2009 to December 2015). We identified 293 patients treated with IV tPA who had a prior ischemic stroke within 3 months and 30 655 with no history of stroke. Patients with prior stroke had a higher stroke severity (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 11 [6–19] versus 11 [6–18]; absolute standardized difference, 11.2%) and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities. Patients with prior stroke had a higher unadjusted risk for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (7.7% versus 4.8%) and in-hospital mortality (12.6% versus 8.9%), but these differences were not statistically significant after adjustment. When stratified by prespecified time epochs, the elevated risk for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was seen only within the first 14 days (16.3% versus 4.8%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.7 [95% CI, 1.62–8.43]) but not in other epochs (2.1% versus 4.8%; aOR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.05–2.79] for 15–30 days and 7.4% versus 4.8%; aOR, 1.36 [95% CI, 0.77–2.40] for 31–90 days). In addition, patients with prior stroke were significantly more likely to have a combined outcome of in-hospital mortality or discharge to hospice (25.9% versus 17.0%; aOR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.21–2.38]), less likely to be discharged to home (28.3% versus 32.3%; aOR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.54–0.98]), or to have good functional outcomes at discharge (modified Rankin Scale, 0–1; 11.3% versus 20.0%; aOR, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.24–0.89]).

Conclusions
Stroke providers need to continue to be vigilant about the safety of IV tPA in patients with prior stroke, particularly those with an event in the previous 14 days.
Effects of Dopaminergic Drugs on Cognitive Control Processes Vary by Genotype
Authors: Furman Daniella J. , White Robert L. , Naskolnakorn Jenna , Ye Jean , Kayser Andrew , D'Esposito Mark 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Dopamine (DA) has been implicated in modulating multiple cognitive control processes, including the robust maintenance of task sets and memoranda in the face of distractors (cognitive stability) and, conversely, the ability to switch task sets or update the contents of working memory when it is advantageous to do so (cognitive flexibility). In humans, the limited specificity of available pharmacological probes has posed a challenge for understanding the mechanisms by which DA, acting on multiple receptor families across the PFC and striatum, differentially influences these cognitive processes. Using a within-subject, placebo-controlled design, we contrasted the impact of two mechanistically distinct DA drugs, tolcapone (an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase [COMT], a catecholamine inactivator) and bromocriptine (a DA agonist with preferential affinity for the D2 receptor), on the maintenance and switching of task rules. Given previous work demonstrating that drug effects on behavior are dependent on baseline DA tone, participants were stratified according to genetic polymorphisms associated with cortical (COMT Val158Met) and striatal (Taq1A) DA system function. Our results were partially consistent with an inverted-U-shaped relationship between tolcapone and robust rule maintenance (interaction with COMT genotype) and between bromocriptine and cued rule switching (interaction with Taq1A genotype). However, when task instructions were ambiguous, a third relationship emerged to explain drug effects on spontaneous task switching (interaction of COMT genotype and bromocriptine). Together, this pattern of results suggests that the effects of DA drugs vary not only as a function of the DA system component upon which they act but also on subtle differences in task demands and context.