bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between pore structure and gas permeability in poplar (Populus deltoides CL.’55/65’) tension wood
Authors: Tan Yujing , Hu Jinbo , Chang Shanshan , Wei Yuan , Liu Gonggang , Wang Qianqian , Liu Yuan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Key message

The important anatomical changes in tension wood, e.g., the high fiber ratio and rich mesopores, did not significantly increase the air and nitrogen flow; thus the gas permeability in the longitudinal direction of poplar (Populus deltoidesCL.’55/65′) tension wood is actually affected by the cell tissue macroporous porosity.

Context
Gas permeability is one of the most important physical properties of wood and is closely related to its internal microstructure, particularly porosity. Tension wood is widespread in woody plants and displays significant structural differences compared with opposite wood.

Aims
The study was designed to clarify the relationship between pore structure and gas permeability in poplar tension wood.

Methods
The gas permeability was measured using a self-made device. The meso- and macroporosity characteristics were measured by nitrogen adsorption–desorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The flow was simulated using ANSYS Fluent software to illustrate the role of pore structure on permeability.

Results
The morphological features of vessels have an effect on wood permeability. Compared with tension wood, opposite wood, which has higher vessel ratio, larger cell lumen diameter, and more rich pits, shows stronger gas permeability. Increasing the airflow path will actually reduce the gas permeability. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.

Conclusion
In hardwoods, the gas permeability in the longitudinal direction is mainly dictated by the vessels. The high fiber ratio and rich mesopore in tension wood do not significantly increase gas flow, suggesting the permeability of wood was actually determined by the cell tissue with macroporous porosity. Vessel tissue ratio, length and diameter, and intervessel pit size were found responsible for influencing the permeability in the longitudinal direction.
PSMA PET/CT in primary prostate cancer diagnostics: an overview of the literature
Authors: van der Sar Esmée C. A. , van Kalmthout Ludwike M. , Lam M. G. E. H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImaging with radiotracers targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) receptor is identified as a promising novel technique in prostate cancer (PCa) detection. In this paper we aim to summarize the current knowledge derived from the literature as well as the authors’ experiences on PSMA PET/CT in initial staging of PCa. PSMA PET/CT lesion- and template-based sensitivity and specificity respectively ranged from 35.1–96.1% and 96–100%. Patient-based sensitivity and specificity respectively ranged from 33.3–100% and 95–100%. Accuracy was 92% (95% CI 88–95) versus 65% (95% CI 60–69) compared to conventional imaging (CT and skeletal scintigraphy). PSMA PET/CT is superior for detection of metastases in primary PCa compared to conventional imaging. Also, PSMA PET/CT has a high specificity and moderate sensitivity for lymph node detection in primary PCa. For adequate initial staging, extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) will still be required, however, PSMA PET/CT can induce important management changes.
Spatial distribution and characteristics of Andean ice masses in Argentina: results from the first National Glacier Inventory
Authors: Zalazar Laura , Ferri Lidia , Castro Mariano , Gargantini Hernán , Gimenez Melisa , Pitte Pierre , Ruiz Lucas , Masiokas Mariano , Costa Gustavo , Villalba Ricardo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlaciers and the periglacial environment in Argentina have been protected by the Law since 2010. This legislation required the development of the first National Glacier Inventory (NGI), which was officially presented in May 2018 and based on satellite images spanning between 2004 and 2016. Here, we present the methods and results of the NGI, summarize the glaciers’ morphological and spatial characteristics, and compare our results to previous regional and global inventories. The NGI reveals an impressive variety of ice masses including rock glaciers, permanent snowfields, mountain and valley glaciers with varying amounts of debris-cover and large outlet glaciers. The Argentinean Andes contain 16 078 ice masses covering an area of 5769 km2between 200 and 6900 m a.s.l. Comparison of the combined national inventories of Argentina and Chile (~30 000 glaciers and 28 400 km2) with the Randolph Glacier Inventory 6.0 for the Southern Andes (~16 000 glaciers and 29 400 km2), shows that there are large differences in extent and number of glaciers in some sub-regions. The NGI represents an improvement for a better understanding of Argentina's freshwater reservoirs and provides detailed information for the preservation and study of ice masses along 4000 km of the Southern Andes.
Prevention of psychosis: moving on from the at-risk mental state to universal primary prevention
Authors: Murray Robin M. , David Anthony S. , Ajnakina Olesya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe value of services for those with the ‘At Risk Mental State for Psychosis’ (ARMS) continues to be disputed. ARMS services have provided a valuable stimulus to academic research into the transition into psychosis. Furthermore, there is currently a welcome trend to transform such clinics into youth mental health services catering for the broader clientele of young people suffering from anxiety and depression, who already constitute the bulk of those seen at ARMS clinics. However, such services are never likely to make major inroads into preventing psychosis because they only reach a small proportion of those at risk. Evidence from medicine shows that avoiding exposure to factors which increase the risk of disease (e.g. poor nutrition, transmission of infection, tobacco smoking), produces greater public benefit than focussing efforts on individuals with, or about to develop, disease. We consider that the most productive approach for psychosis prevention is avoiding exposure to risk-increasing factors. The best-established risk factors for psychosis are obstetric events, childhood abuse, migration, city living, adverse life events and cannabis use. Some as city living, are likely proxies for an unknown causal factor(s) while preventing others such as childhood abuse is currently beyond our powers. The risk factor for psychosis which is most readily open to this approach is the use of cannabis. Therefore, as an initial step towards a strategy for universal primary prevention, we advocate public health campaigns to educate young people about the harms of regular use of high potency cannabis.
Sri Lankan Tamil experiences of the home-land and host-land: The interaction between language and diasporic identity
Authors: Sankaran Lavanya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article takes an empirical approach to investigate how diasporic identification with the home-land and host-land interacts with language in a mutually influencing dynamic interplay, giving rise to new language ideologies and identities. Since scholars are increasingly of the opinion that the processes of dislocation and resettlement create multi-layered connections with the home-land and host-land (David 2012:377), it is crucial we recognise that the relationship between fixed geographical territories and communities, and the cultural-linguistic practices associated with them, need to be denaturalised (Rosa & Trivedi 2017:331). In doing so, it is possible to retheorise diasporic identity as a sociocultural process. Attention to language can help shift diasporic phenomena away from being defined as ‘bounded, territorialised, static and homogeneous’ (Canagarajah & Silberstein 2012:82). Examining Sri Lankan Tamil diasporic experiences of the home-land and host-land and their relationship with language will promote such an agenda. (Diaspora, space, home-land, host-land)*
“No Bodies to Kick or Souls to Damn”: The Political Origins of Corporate Criminal Liability
Authors: Grasso Anthony 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch on corporate criminal law has grown since the Great Recession, but corporate criminal liability, the principle charging corporations for crimes, remains understudied. Literature points to a 1909 Supreme Court decision as its basis, but historical analysis of the doctrine's deeper political roots reveal that its development was contingent on the convergence of several unique factors driving turn of the century American politics. First, corporate criminal liability would not have emerged had it not been for shifts in jurisprudential theory reconceptualizing the corporate form as an independent entity. Second, middle managers of railroads emerged as powerful political players during this period who capitalized on this discursive shift to advocate for corporate criminal liability as an alternative to individual liability rules directed against them. Third, the Supreme Court upheld corporate criminal lability in 1909 because it was constructed by the era's Republican majority to protect the party's economic preferences, and corporate criminal liability was viewed as consistent with their conservative agenda. These factors were each necessary, but alone insufficient, in paving the way for the Court to validate the principle in 1909. How they fit together sequentially illuminates how the doctrine's construction was contingent on specific political and historical circumstances.
The Global Health Security index and Joint External Evaluation score for health preparedness are not correlated with countries' COVID-19 detection response time and mortality outcome
Authors: Haider Najmul , Yavlinsky Alexei , Chang Yu-Mei , Hasan Mohammad Nayeem , Benfield Camilla , Osman Abdinasir Yusuf , Uddin Md. Jamal , Dar Osman , Ntoumi Francine , Zumla Alimuddin , Kock Richard 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Global Health Security Index (GHSI) and Joint External Evaluation (JEE) are two well-known health security and related capability indices. We hypothesised that countries with higher GHSI or JEE scores would have detected their first COVID-19 case earlier, and would experience lower mortality outcome compared to countries with lower scores. We evaluated the effectiveness of GHSI and JEE in predicting countries' COVID-19 detection response times and mortality outcome (deaths/million). We used two different outcomes for the evaluation: (i) detection response time, the duration of time to the first confirmed case detection (from 31st December 2019 to 20th February 2020 when every country's first case was linked to travel from China) and (ii) mortality outcome (deaths/million) until 11th March and 1st July 2020, respectively. We interpreted the detection response time alongside previously published relative risk of the importation of COVID-19 cases from China. We performed multiple linear regression and negative binomial regression analysis to evaluate how these indices predicted the actual outcome. The two indices, GHSI and JEE were strongly correlated (r = 0.82), indicating a good agreement between them. However, both GHSI (r = 0.31) and JEE (r = 0.37) had a poor correlation with countries' COVID-19–related mortality outcome. Higher risk of importation of COVID-19 from China for a given country was negatively correlated with the time taken to detect the first case in that country (adjusted R2 = 0.63–0.66), while the GHSI and JEE had minimal predictive value. In the negative binomial regression model, countries' mortality outcome was strongly predicted by the percentage of the population aged 65 and above (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.21) while overall GHSI score (IRR: 1.01 (95% CI: 0.98–1.01)) and JEE (IRR: 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96–1.02)) were not significant predictors. GHSI and JEE had lower predictive value for detection response time and mortality outcome due to COVID-19. We suggest introduction of a population healthiness parameter, to address demographic and comorbidity vulnerabilities, and reappraisal of the ranking system and methods used to obtain the index based on experience gained from this pandemic.
The Impact of Incidental Findings Detected During Brain Imaging on Research Participants of the Rotterdam Study: An Interview Study
Authors: BOMHOF CHARLOTTE H.C. , VAN BODEGOM LISA , VERNOOIJ MEIKE W. , PINXTEN WIM , DE BEAUFORT INEZ D. , BUNNIK ELINE M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis interview study investigates the short- and long-term implications of incidental findings detected through brain imaging on research participants’ lives and their surroundings. For this study, nine participants of the Rotterdam Scan Study with an incidental finding were approached and interviewed. When examining research participants’ narratives on the impact of the disclosure of incidental findings, the authors identified five sets of tensions with regard to motivations for and expectations of research participation, preferences regarding disclosure, short- and long-term impacts and impacts on self and others. The paper shows: (1) that the impact of incidental findings may be greater than participants at first let on; (2) incidental findings can have significant effects on participants’ social environment; and (3) participants may not feel prepared for disclosure even if incidental findings have been discussed during the informed consent process. The authors call for investigators to be aware of research participants’ experiences and these short- and long-term impacts when designing suitable courses of action for the detection and management of incidental findings in research settings.
Responsibility-Enhancing Assistive Technologies and People with Autism
Authors: O’BROLCHAIN FIACHRA , GORDIJN BERT 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper aims to explore the role assistive technologies (ATs) might play in helping people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and a concomitant responsibility deficit become more morally responsible. Toward this goal, the authors discuss the philosophical concept of responsibility, with a reliance on Nicole Vincent’s taxonomy of responsibility concepts. They then outline the ways in which ASD complicates ascriptions of responsibility, particularly responsibility understood as a capacity. Further, they explore the ways in which ATs might improve a person’s capacity so that responsibility can be properly ascribed to them. After demonstrating that although assistive technologies are likely to be able to enhance a person’s capacity in such a way so that responsibility can be ascribed to them, the authors assert that these technologies will have a number of additional effects on the other aspects of the concept of responsibility.
No-meat eaters are less likely to be overweight or obese, but take dietary supplements more often: results from the Swiss National Nutrition survey menuCH
Authors: Steinbach Lydia , Rohrmann Sabine , Kaelin Ivo , Krieger Jean-Philippe , Pestoni Giulia , Herter-Aeberli Isabel , Faeh David , Sych Janice 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To describe and analyse the sociodemographic, anthropometric, behavioural and dietary characteristics of different types of Swiss (no-)meat eaters.Design:No-, low-, medium- and high-meat eaters were compared with respect to energy and total protein intake and sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural characteristics.Setting:National Nutrition Survey menuCH, the first representative survey in Switzerland.Participants:2057 participants, aged 18–75 years old, who completed two 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDR) and a questionnaire on dietary habits, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Body weight and height were measured by trained interviewers. No-meat eaters were participants who reported meat avoidance in the questionnaire and did not report any meat consumption in the 24-HDR. Remaining study participants were assigned to the group of low-, medium- or high-meat eaters based on energy contributions of total meat intake to total energy intake (meat:energy ratio). Fifteen percentage of the participants were assigned to the low- and high-meat eating groups, and the remaining to the medium-meat eating group.Results:Overall, 4·4 % of the study participants did not consume meat. Compared with medium-meat eaters, no-meat eaters were more likely to be single and users of dietary supplements. Women and high-educated individuals were less likely to be high-meat eaters, whereas overweight and obese individuals were more likely to be high-meat eaters. Total energy intake was similar between the four different meat consumption groups, but no-meat eaters had lowest total protein intake.Conclusions:This study identified important differences in sociodemographic, anthropometric, behavioural and dietary factors between menuCH participants with different meat-eating habits.
Development of a systematic mapping review protocol for the most recent evidence on ruminant infectious disease frequency and disease-associated mortality: Ethiopia as a case study
Authors: Tsouloufi Theodora K. , Donnison Louise M. , Smyth Karen L. , Peters Andrew R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlmost 19% of the GDP of Ethiopia results from livestock production. Ruminants, in particular, form the majority of the national herd and are a critical source of income for smallholder farmers. Infectious diseases have been identified as a major cause of reduced livestock productivity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); therefore, a sound and comprehensive understanding of the relevant evidence would be beneficial in order to enable decision making on disease control policies. However, livestock disease data from sub-Saharan Africa is variable and disparate, which poses a challenge for evidence synthesis. This paper describes a protocol for a systematic mapping review of the recent available evidence on ruminant disease prevalence and associated mortality in Ethiopia. Literature sources will be identified using database search strategies. The titles, abstracts and, subsequently, full texts will be screened for inclusion based on predefined eligibility criteria. Specific data will be extracted and a preliminary qualitative assessment of the evidence will be performed using predefined indicators. The planned systematic map will be the first to provide a large-scale overview of the available ruminant disease evidence in Ethiopia; the final output will be an interactive dashboard tool to inform critical stakeholders in policy and research.
Molecular analysis of five rice blast resistant genes in landraces from Myanmar and Laos
Authors: Ma Jiqiong , Sun Yiding , Yang Yi , Tang Cuifeng , A Xinxiang , Xu Minghui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn order to understand rice blast resistance gene patterns in rice landraces from Myanmar and Laos, we analysed thePita,Pib,Pikh,Pi9andPi5genes in 80 landraces through the use of functional molecular markers and functional fragment sequencing. These landraces were separated into four haplotypes (H1–H4) based upon three mutations identified in thePitasequence. All four haplotypes were detected among landraces from Myanmar, whereas only the H1 and H2 haplotypes were detected among landraces from Laos. We additionally grouped landraces carrying 0–4 resistance genes into 18 genotypes based upon their resistance-susceptibility patterns and found that 16 of these genotypes were detected among Myanmar landraces at relative frequencies ranging from 2.50–12.50%, while 10 were detected among landraces from Laos at relative frequencies of 2.50–42.50%. The ‘Pib( + )pikh(−)pi9(−)pi5(−)pita(−)’ genotype was found to be dominant, accounting for 12.5 and 42.5% of landraces from Myanmar and Laos, respectively. ThePib,Pikh,Pi5andPitagenes were detected in 52.50, 32.50, 37.50 and 30.00% of landraces from Myanmar respectively, whereas they were detected in 52.50, 12.50, 30.00 and 17.50% of landraces from Laos, respectively. ThePi9gene was rarely detected among analysed landraces and was particularly rare in those from Laos. These findings suggest that rice landraces from Myanmar are more genetically diverse than those from Laos, with clear differences in blast resistance gene patterns between landraces from these two countries.
Cytokines mapping for tissue-specific expression, eQTLs and GWAS traits
Authors: Salnikova Lyubov E. , Khadzhieva Maryam B. , Kolobkov Dmitry S. , Gracheva Alesya S. , Kuzovlev Artem N. , Abilev Serikbay K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDysregulation in cytokine production has been linked to the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated traits, in which genetic variability contributes to the etiopathogenesis. GWA studies have identified many genetic variants in or near cytokine genes, nonetheless, the translation of these findings into knowledge of functional determinants of complex traits remains a fundamental challenge. In this study we aimed at collection, analysis and interpretation of data on cytokines focused on their tissue-specific expression, eQTLs and GWAS traits. Using GO annotations, we generated a list of 314 cytokines and analyzed them with the GTEx resource. Cytokines were highly tissue-specific, 82.3% of cytokines had Tau expression metrics ≥ 0.8. In total, 3077 associations for 1760 unique SNPs in or near 244 cytokines were mapped in the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog. According to the Experimental Factor Ontology resource, the largest numbers of disease associations were related to ‘Inflammatory disease’, ‘Immune system disease’ and ‘Asthma’. The GTEx-based analysis revealed that among GWAS SNPs, 1142 SNPs had eQTL effects and influenced expression levels of 999 eGenes, among them 178 cytokines. Several types of enrichment analysis showed that it was cytokines expression variability that fundamentally contributed to the molecular origins of considered immune-mediated conditions.
Activated ROCK/Akt/eNOS and ET-1/ERK pathways in 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiotoxicity: modulation by simvastatin
Authors: Muhammad Radwa Nasser , Sallam Nada , El-Abhar Hanan Salah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is used in the treatment of different solid tumors; however, its use is associated with rare, but serious cardiotoxicity. Nevertheless, the involvement of ROCK/NF-κB, Akt/eNOS and ET-1/ERK1/2 trajectories in the cardiotoxic effect and in the potential cardioprotective upshot of simvastatin has been elusive. Male Wistar rats were allocated into 5-FU (50 mg/kg/week; i.p, 6 weeks), simvastatin (15 mg/kg/day; p.o, 8 weeks) treated groups and simvastatin + 5-FU, besides the normal control group. 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity boosted the serum level of N-terminal pro-brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), aortic contents of endothelin (ET)-1 and thromboxane (TX) A2, as well as cardiac contents of NADPH oxidases (Nox), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, malondialdehyde (MDA), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK)1/2 and the protein expressions of rho-kinase (ROCK) and caspase-3. On the other hand, it suppressed cardiac reduced glutathione (GSH) and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS). Contrariwise, co-administration with simvastatin overcame these disturbed events and modulated the ROCK/NF-κB, Akt/eNOS and ET-1/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. This study highlights other mechanisms than coronary artery spasm in the 5-FU cardiotoxicity and reveals that NT-proBNP is a potential early marker in this case. Moreover, the cross-talk between ROCK/ NF-κB, ROS/COX-2/TXA2, Akt/eNOS and ET-1/ERK1/2 pathways contributes via different means to upsetting the vasoconstriction/vasodilatation equilibrium as well as endothelial cell function and finally leads to cardiomyocyte stress and death—the modulation of these trajectories offers simvastatin its potential cardio-protection against 5-FU.