bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of natural resins in repairing damaged timber beams – An experimental investigation
Authors: Osofero A I , Corradi M , Benedetti G , Ede A N 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDifferent techniques including the application of steel elements, composite materials and polymeric resins have been used in the past to repair damaged timber beams. However, there is a growing need to replace these materials with those with minimal environmental impact. In addition, stringent requirements of conservation authorities on the compatibility between repair and parent materials have also necessitated search for innovative repair materials for timber beams. Therefore, an increasing shift of focus towards the use of materials derived from natural sources in repairing and reinforcing timber structures is currently experienced. This paper presents the results of an exploratory study on the use of natural resins (rosin and bone glue) in repairing oak timber beams. 15 oak timber beams with cross section dimensions of 67 x 67 mm and 1100 mm in length were tested in four-point bending to failure. Undamaged, damaged (unrepaired) and damaged but repaired timber beams (with rosin and bone glue) were tested. The effectiveness of the repair material and technique was analysed based on the bending capacity and mid span deflection at failure. The initial results show negligible effectiveness of rosin in repairing timber beams. In fact, about 16% reduction (average) in load carrying capacity with a corresponding 5% decrease (average) in maximum displacement was recorded. Relatively higher level of effectiveness was recorded with the use of bone glue (about 10 % average increase in load carrying capacity). However, over 30% corresponding average increase in the maximum displacement was also recorded. Further work investigating different repair techniques and other natural resins is presently underway.
The effect of partial replacement of Nigerian Portland limestone cement with rice husk ash agricultural waste in concrete
Authors: Igba U T , Ehikhuenmen S O , Akinyele J O , Osaghale M O , Oyebisi S O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Rice Husk is an agricultural waste which when burnt under controlled temperature, produces an ash Rice Husk Ash (RHA) owing to its rich content in silica, which is used as a super-pozzolanic material for the partial replacement of Cement in concrete. Presently, large amounts of RHA are generated in both Rural and Small-Scale Industries which has a high impact on the environment. In this work, Portland limestone cement (PLC) was partially replaced at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% with RHA. A control of 0% PLC replacement was adopted. Compressive strength was investigated A mix ratio of 1: 1.12 : 3.07 with water-cement ratio of 0.5 was adopted for a curing period of 7, 14, 28, 60 & 90 days. The result showed that the compressive strength decreased as the percentage of RHA increased. At 90 days, compressive strength of 34.12, 29.70, 28.30, 26.67, 24.48, 23.96 and 23.42N/mm2 was recorded for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% replacement level respectively. It was recommended that further work should be investigated to check for the suitability of partial replacement of other grades of Nigerian cement with RHA in concrete.
The influence of cement fineness on the structural characteristics of normal concrete
Authors: Ehikhuenmen S O , Igba U T , Balogun O O , Oyebisi S O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This research presents the influence of cement fineness on the structural characteristics of normal concrete. The cement was divided into different fineness zones (150 µm – 7 5µm, 75 µm – 45 µm and 45 µm – 0 µm). Thirty (30 Nos.) cement mortar cubes, 54 Nos. of 150 x 150 x 150 mm concrete cubes and 36 Nos. of 150 x 300 mm cylinder specimens were cast, cured by immersion and tested at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 45 days. A concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 (Cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate) with water/cement ratio of 0.5 was used. The results reveal that an increase in the fineness of cement particle led to an increase in workability. The setting times (initial and final setting time) reduces progressively as the cement fineness is increased from 175mins (initial setting time) for sizes 150 µm – 75 µm to an initial setting time of 140mins for sizes 45µm - 0µm. The final setting time also reduces from 300 mins to 240 mins as the cement fineness is increased. The tensile and compressive strengths recorded an increase due to the increase in cement within the concrete matrix. It was concluded that the finer the cement particle the greater the concrete strength.
On the dynamic properties of metamaterials in civil engineering structures
Authors: Oyelade A O , Sadiq O M , Ogundalu O A , Ojoko N K 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Metamaterials have a foundation in electromagnetics, and the unique properties of these metamaterials have found wide applications in acoustics and electrodynamics disciplines. By exploring local resonant effect of the included aggregates in the concrete mix with ellipsoidal coating rubber, a new elastic metamaterial called metaconcrete is formed. The metaconcrete with anisotropic effective dynamic mass density is determined as functions of frequency numerically. This metaconcrete has unique properties that can prevent earthquakes, shock and other disturbances at a targeted frequency.
The use of recycled concrete aggregate for concrete production incorporating calcined clay as pozzolanic admixture
Authors: Olofinnade O M , Oyawoye I T , Ogara J I , Ede A N , Ndambuki J M , Akinwumi I I , Ajao A M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Concrete is the most widely used construction material thereby required a lot of raw resources to keep up with its demand. This leads to depletion of raw resources as well as a continuous build-up of demolished concrete wastes (DCW). In most developing nations like Nigeria, the usual way of disposing these DCW is landfilling. However, recycling has become a viable options for conserving the raw resources and reducing greenhouse gases. This study examines the alternative way of reusing concrete wastes for production of fresh structural concrete. The DCW was obtained from the demolition of an existing concrete building and were treated by soaking in water to help reduce the amount of adhered mortar. A mix ratio of 1:1:2 was adopted with a water-cement ratio of 0.25 to attain a relatively high strength concrete and superplasticizer was added to ensure workable mixes. The recycled aggregates (RCA) were used as partial and complete substitute for natural coarse aggregates in percentages of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, while calcined clay was added as pozzolanic admixture into the mixes at 15% and 20% partial replacement for cement. Tests carried out include the physical characterization of the constituent materials and the compressive strength of the hardened concretes were determined after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing in water using cubes of 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm. Results showed that the recycled concrete aggregates has high water absorption due to its porous interface. Moreso, results clearly indicate a continual decreasing trend in the compressive strength as the percentages of the RCA increases, however, a significant increase in compressive strength was observed when calcined clay was added as substitute for cement thereby improving the strength development of concrete.
Investigation of the effect of alkali silica reaction (ASR) on properties of concrete pavement admixed with cow bone ash (CBA) by electrical resistivity test
Authors: Adanikin A , Falade F , Olutaiwo A O , Faleye E T , Ajayi A J 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe use of concrete in road pavements construction in view of its durability and cost effectiveness over time have gained momentum. Cement concrete pavements however suffer deterioration due to Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR). This study therefore investigates the use of Cow Bone Ash (CBA) in mitigating the effect of ASR using electrical resistivity test (schlumberger array probe method). The results are then compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and relevant literatures. The result of the study showed that the average resistivity at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% CBA replacement are 298.87 Ωm, 306.23 Ωm, 215.02 Ωm, 489.31 Ωm, 382.34 Ωm and 272.53 Ωm respectively. This indicates that the peak resistivity is obtained at 15% CBA replacement which is the optimal replacement level for ASR inhibition in the concrete. The result also shows that the concrete samples are corrosion free with the least resistivity value on the 7thday at 30% CBA addition (163.03 Ωm) and the maximum value at 20% CBA addition on the 56thDay (1069.54 Ωm). The study concluded that ASR and reinforcement corrosion can be effectively controlled between 15% and 20% cement replacement by CBA in concrete/rigid pavements.
Utilization of marble dust powder in concrete
Authors: Ofuyatan O M , Olowofoyeku A M , Obatoki J , Oluwafemi J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The economic costs of construction have become largely unbearable today. In a bid to mitigate these costs, civil engineering faculties and stakeholders across the world have endeavoured to produce recyclable and resource saving concrete for construction purposes. Most of the environmental problems are caused by the deposit of waste to the environments in which marble shaping is part. Both stone slurry and solid wastes are generated from the marble stone slurry and with the huge discharge of marble waste locally, emphasizes has been placed on the reuse of the waste material. This research investigates the utilization of marble dust powder in concrete, where marble dust at varying percentage (0%, 15%, 25% & 35%) with replacement by sharp sand was added in M15 grade and water cement ratio 0.50 was kept constant in the concrete mixes. The quality, performance and reliability of the concrete where tested by the compressive and split tensile strength of 7, 21, 28 and 56 curing days. The results of the laboratory work showed that marble dust powder replacement with cement increased in strength up to 25% for both resistance to compressive load and tensile strength of concrete.
Rheology of slag-based geopolymer concrete using corncob ash as a pozzolanic material
Authors: Oyebisi S , Ede A , Olutoge F , Igba T , Ramonu J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study examined the rheology of slag-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) incorporated with corncob ash (CCA). In an attempt to sustain an effective way of recycling our waste products and remedying land, water and air pollution, the study harnessed both ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and corncob ash (CCA) as sustainable binders. In addition, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and sodium silicate gel (Na2SiO3) were used as alkaline liquid. Method of volume by batching was adopted where GGBFS was replaced by CCA in 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%. The paste normal consistency was used to prepare the specimens for both initial and final setting times of the fresh concrete. However, slump and compacting factor values on the freshly made concrete were determined on both grade 30 MPa and grade 40 MPa concretes using the activation of 12, 14 and 16 molar concentrations of NaOH pellets. The experimental results show that the initial and final setting times increased with increasing CCA content; while the slump, compacting factor tests also increased with increasing CCA content. On the other hand, the workability of GPC reduced with increasing grade of concrete and molarity of NaOH solution. The study finding is beneficial in that fresh concrete remains workable for longer periods, thus resulting in lesser joints. It is also advantageous especially in hot weather conditions.
Effect of metallic fillers on the hardness of polystyrene composites: An experimental investigation
Authors: Abdulkareem S A , Amosa M K , Adeniyi A G , Magaji M M , Ajibola R A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this study, the effects of composite thickness (2.5-7.5 mm), filler content (15-45%w/w) and particle sizes (20-100 µm) on the hardness of Polystyrene metal composites were examined. The metals comparatively considered were aluminium particles and iron fillings. It was observed that smaller metal particle sizes in the composite matrix and greater filler proportions will lead to improvement in hardness. Composite thickness did not have a significant effect on the hardness of the metal composites. PS-Al composite is harder than PS-Fe composite with the optimal hardness being 43.7 and 11 respectively. The factor levels that will optimise hardness for PS-Al composite are thickness of 7.5 mm, filler of 39% and particle size of 20 µm. For PS-Fe composites they are thickness of 5.9 mm, filler of 45% and particle size of 34µm. The metallic composites (PS-Al and PS-Fe) exhibited contrasting mechanical strength when viewed under SEM with a homogenous micro-structure of high interfacial interaction between the metal particles (Aluminium) and the PS resin matrix while the PS-Fe metallic composite under micro-structural analysis displayed relatively moderate to low tensile strength and hardness with weak interfacial interaction between the Iron particles and the PS resin.
Development of natural fibre reinforced polystyrene (NFRP) composites: Impact resistance study
Authors: Abdulkareem S A , Amosa M K , Adeniyi A G , Adeoye S A , Ajayi A K 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The prevalent global issue on environmental pollution and the growing desire for polymer based composite materials has given rise to increasing research in the production of composite containing natural organic fillers. This study describes the optimization of impact strength of plastic composites developed from polystyrene and natural fibre wastes(sawdust and rice husk) using 3-level-factoral-design via hand lay-up method studying the effect of filler concentration (15 – 45 %), filler size (20 – 100 µm) and alkaline treatment concentration (2 – 6 %) on the impact strength of polystyrene fibre reinforced composite. Models were developed using response surface methodology to predict impact strength of the composite as a function of the process variables investigated. The optimization of the process parameters show that the optimum condition for obtaining high impact strength are 15% filler concentration, 100 µm filler size and 4% alkaline (NaOH) concentration in saw dust filled composite while a filler concentration of 15%, filler size of 31µm and an alkaline concentration of 2% for the rice husk filled composite. The recycled polystyrene in combination with wood dust and rice husk has produced a polymer composite with moderate impact strength applicable in various applications.
Effect of temperature on the compressive strength and sustainability of expanded clay lightweight basalt fiber reinforced concrete
Authors: Chiadighikaobi P C , Alaraza H A A , Emiri D A , Eyo J E 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Concrete exposure to high temperature is a threat to the concrete which leads to loss of strength and degradation of the concrete. Based on this, it was necessary that the behavior on compression of lightweight expanded clay basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) be investigated when exposed to high temperature. The parameters and dosages of basalt fiber in lightweight expanded clay concrete have effects on the strength of the concrete. The sustainability of a structure in any environment is of high importance therefore, the types of material used as an aggregate and reinforcement must be durable, trustworthy and with the necessary properties suitable for the structure. The main aim of this paper is focused on the ability of lightweight expanded clay basalt fiber reinforced concrete when exposed to high temperature and tested for compressive strength, not to lose its total strength whereby, creating opportunity for the reuse of the concrete. The method of this research is based on laboratory test and practical review analysis. From the compressive strength, a view on the sustainability of this type of concrete is discussed. In this paper, the two sets of specimens were placed on three temperature ranges in a specific time interval. After, they were tested for compression. From the result, it was seen that expanded clay lightweight basalt fiber reinforced concrete didn’t lose much strength under compressive test after it was exposed to high temperature thereby making the concrete sustainable to high temperature.
Innovation in Construction Materials-A Review
Authors: Bamigboye G O , Davies I , Nwanko C , Michaels T , Adeyemi G , Ozuor O 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study was carried out to review different types of available innovative construction materials. It was found that advancement in nanotechnology, use of mineral admixture, glass and plastic, biological materials, wood and other construction materials have contributed significantly to the growth of discovery and production of innovative construction materials. The implementation of some innovative construction materials, meets the requirements for sustainability, durability, reliability, safety, cost reduction, increasing quality, better mechanical and physical characteristics, flexibility in extreme conditions and locations, simple assembly and environmentally friendly. Construction materials used to carry out project consumed about 40% of the entire cost of the project in the construction industry. The success stories were recorded in the area of turning industrial and agricultural wastes to wealth. This reviewed paper will enrich the database for innovative materials entering the construction industry.
NFRP strengthening of reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Nwankwo C O , Ede A N , Olofinnade O M , Osofero A I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The construction industry is currently the second largest consumer of synthetic FRP products. Increasing environmental awareness and the push for sustainable development fuels the drive to develop high strength natural fibres and bioplastics that can replace the conventional synthetic FRP components. Lignocellulosic plant fibres have considerable high strength and they are currently being used for non-structural applications in various industries. With proper fibre selection, the right fibre orientation, optimal fibre aspect ratio and good interfacial adhesion property between fibre and matrix, natural fibre reinforced polymer (NFRP) composite can be developed for structural applications. This review discusses NFRP composite in terms of its constituents, the fibre-matrix interaction, its manufacture and its use for strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams.
Reliability Evaluation of Compacted Tropical Red Soil Admixed with Waste Wood Ash for Use as Road Construction Material
Authors: Oluremi J R , Yohanna P , Osinubi K J , Eberemu A O , Ijimdiya T S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A first-order reliability program (FORM) was applied to evaluate the potential of Tropical Red Soil (lateritic soil) admixed with waste wood ash (WWA) and compacted with British Standard Light (BSL) energy for use as road construction material. Regression models were developed from laboratory data using Mini-tab R15 software which served as limit state equations for the reliability analysis. Using the developed models for compaction characteristics, and a well-known distributions for the related soil parameters, safety indices were calculated considering compaction characteristics (maximum dry density, MDD and optimum moisture content, OMC) as dependent variables and the soil parameters (content of WWA, content of clay, content of silt, content of sand and specific gravity as independent variables). The results revealed that safety index is influenced by alteration in the soil parameters. Results shows that content of clay, content of silt, content of sand and specific gravity are significantly affected by the change in coefficient of variation (COV) and for that reason must be firmly controlled in lateritic soil-waste wood ash (WWA) mixtures compacted with BSL energy for use in road pavement as sub-base material. It was evident from the safety index that WWA content has little effect as its value almost continued unchanged at all COV values used. Stochastically, the BSL energy used did not yield satisfactory safety index value of 1.0 as recommended by the Nordic Committee on Building Regulation. Hence, higher energy level with better additives having higher potency such as cement, lime or bitumen is suggested to model compaction characteristics of lateritic soil-waste wood ash (WWA) mixtures for road pavement purpose as sub-base material for 10-100% variation in COV.
Performance evaluation of hot mix asphaltic concrete incorporating cow bone ash (CBA) as partial replacement for filler
Authors: Modupe A E , Olayanju T M A , Atoyebi O D , Aladegboye S J , Awolusi T F , Busari A A , Aderemi P O , Modupe O C 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Given the current realities of incessant pavement distresses frequently experienced on Nigerian highways due to axle loads from heavy-duty vehicles, coupled with the menace of grave environmental pollution from abattoir solid wastes such as Cow-bones, the mechanistic properties of Cow Bone Ash (CBA) as partial replacement for filler in the production of asphaltic concrete via the Marshall Mix Design Method and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were investigated in this research. The conventional filler was partially replaced with CBA at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% respectively, in the total mix. Sequel to the production of the bituminous concrete at the various proportions, the samples were submerged in water, in a water bath for 30 minutes at a temperature of 105° before conducting Marshall Stability and flow tests. Results revealed that the stability and flow of asphaltic concrete containing the CBA were greater than that of the concrete containing the conventional filler. Furthermore, the physical and volumetric properties of the mix also improved as CBA was observed to be finer than the conventional quarry dust, hence reduced the voids present in the mix and stiffened the bitumen film on the aggregate particles. The results obtained further showed that the conventional filler (quarry dust) can be replaced partially with CBA up to 50%. The ANN Model employed was trained and tested by quick propagation (QP) algorithm amongst others such as the Incremental Back Propagation (IBP), Batch Back Propagation (BBP), Levenberg Marquardt (quasi Newton) and genetic algorithm (GA). QP gave the least Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) at the shortest time. The statistical values obtained showed that the ANN model was able to efficiently study and predict the experimental data.
Ecological risk estimation of heavy metal pollution in roadside dust of Ado-Odo Ota, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Emenike C P , Okwuonu E J , Tenebe I T , Omole D O , Nwani M , Afolayan O D , Oniemayin B I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Increased industrial, commercial and transport activities have constantly introduced air pollutants such as heavy metals in the atmosphere. Roadside dust samples were collected from 10 locations along Ota-Benin road, analysed for Cr, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu, As and Zn, and the ecological risk was evaluated for the heavy metals’ concentration in the roadside dust particles using the Hakanson method. The results revealed that Cd (3.103 mg/kg) and Cu (mg/kg) surpassed the threshold effect level. Pollutant source identification analysis revealed possible origin from motor oil, plastics, metalliferous extraction, dyes, and paints industries. The contamination factor for Ni was found to be at a moderate level in location SM8, SM9 and SM10 and a similar category was observed for Pb in location SM7, SM8, SM9 and SM10. Zn concentration in location SM5, SM6, SM7, SM8, SM9 and SM10 fell within the moderate contamination factor zone as well. Furthermore, the mean

E
r
i

of the individual metals in the sample region followed the order of Cd > Ni > Pb > As > Cu > Zn > Cr indicating a high risk associated with cadmium within the sample region.