bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-218 Sex Differences on the ImPACT Validity Indices at Baseline
Authors: L Greenberg , P Arnett , V Merritt 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
In the context of sports-related concussion (SRC) evaluations, some athletes have been known to “sandbag” baseline testing in order to improve chances of return-to-play post-concussion. To circumvent this problem, the ImPACT, a widely used computerized program in SRC evaluations, contains five embedded validity indices (VIs). Building on nascent research demonstrating the ImPACT VIs’ validity in detecting sandbagging, this exploratory study seeks to identify the distinguishing characteristics of those who sandbag. With this in mind, the present study aimed to examine sex differences in performance on the ImPACT VIs at baseline.

Method
Participants included 1,254 college students (70% male; 77.3% Caucasian) divided into two groups: males (n = 881) and females (n = 373). All participants completed the ImPACT individually. Primary outcomes of interest included the five ImPACT VIs: Impulse Control Composite, X’s and O’s Total Incorrect, Word Memory Learning Percent Correct, Design Memory Learning Percent Correct, and Three Letters Total Letters Correct.

Results
Independent samples t-tests revealed significant sex differences on Word Memory Learning Percent Correct and Design Memory Learning Percent Correct (p = .007 to .009; d = 0.16), with males performing worse. The three remaining VI’s were not significantly different between groups (p = .080 to .331, d = −0.08 to 0.06).

Conclusion
Significant sex differences were found on two of the five ImPACT VIs; however, effect sizes were small. Our results suggest that while sex may play a role in sandbagging, other factors are also likely at play. Identifying a subgroup of males and females with poor performance on these validity indices and exploring their characteristics will help to further clarify these findings.
A-221 The Impact of Visuospatial Memory Impairment on Rey 15-Item Test and Test of Memory Malingering Performance: Implications for Performance Validity Assessment
Authors: D Carter , G Ovsiew , T Rhoads , Z Resch , J Soble 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
This study examined Rey 15-Item Test (RFIT), RFIT/Recognition Trial, and Test of Memory Malingering-Trial 1 (TOMM-T1) performance as a function of increasing visual memory impairment to assess the effect of bona fide memory deficits on these performance validity tests (PVTs).

Method
Cross-sectional data from 146 patients who were administered the RFIT, TOMM-T1, and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised Delayed Recall (BVMT-R DR) trial were examined. In total, 120/146 (82%) were classified as valid and 26/146 (18%) as invalid per 4 independent criterion PVTs. The valid sample was 55% female/45% male, 39% Caucasian, 33% African American, 19% Hispanic, 7% Asian, and 3% other, with mean age of 46.2 (SD = 16.7) and education of 14.0 years (SD = 2.6). BVMT-R DR memory impairment bands were defined as ≥40 T (unimpaired; N = 70), 30-39 T (mild impairment; N = 26), and ≤ 29 T (severe impairment; N = 24).

Results
Multivariate analysis of variance with memory impairment bands as the fixed factor was significant, (p &lt; .001, np2 = .21). Follow-up ANOVAs for RFIT (p &lt; .001, np2 = .29) and RFIT/Recognition (p &lt; .001, np2 = .34) were significant with large effect sizes, whereas TOMM-T1 (p &lt; .05, np2 = .07) exhibited significant, albeit smaller, differences across memory bands. Post-hoc comparisons showed the unimpaired group outperformed the mild and severe impairment groups on the RFIT and RFIT/Recognition, whereas nonsignificant TOMM-T1 differences emerged between the three memory groups. Finally, significantly more patients with memory impairment failed the RFIT (X2 = 18.01, p &lt; .001), and RFIT/Recognition (X2 = 23.70, p &lt; .001), but not TOMM-T1 (X2 = 3.70, p = .16).

Conclusions
Results showed the RFIT and RFIT/Recognition were more highly affected by memory impairment and yielded significantly greater false positives with increasing memory impairment compared to TOMM-T1.
A-224 Clinical Utility of Grooved Pegboard as an Additional Embedded Measure of Performance Validity
Authors: J Link , L Lu , P Armistead-Jehle , R Seegmiller 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Previously, the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPB) has shown potential as an embedded measure of performance validity (PVT) using a T-score cutoff for either hand (≤ 29) or both hands (≤ 31). This study sought to validate these cutoffs with established PVTs (Medical Symptom Validity Test [MSVT], Non-Verbal Medical Symptom Validity Test [NV-MSVT], and Reliable Digit Span [RDS]).

Method
Subjects (N = 190) were primarily Caucasian (85%) and male (81%). Average age and education were 41 (SD = 11.62) and 16 years (SD = 2.35), respectively. Participants were stratified as GPB “pass or fail” based on previously proposed cutoff criteria. MSVT, NV-MSVT, and RDS were also dichotomized as pass or fail based on manual or conventional recommendations.

Results
Chi-Square analyses revealed significant associations between GPB “fails” for both hands and MSVT, NV-MSVT, and RDS (χ2 (1, n = 190) ranging from 5.80 to 15.98, Phi ranging from .18 to .29, p ranging from &lt; .05 to &lt; .0001). Similar findings were observed for dominant hand “fails”; however, non-dominant hand was only related to the MSVT. Sensitivity and specificity values from the GPB measures ranged from .47 to .58 and from .89 to .92, respectively. Positive and negative predictive power ranged from .38 to .45 and .93 to .94, respectively.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate the relative utility of the GPB as an embedded PVT. In particular, dominant and both hand cutoffs are likely to be more clinically useful in determining sub-optimal performance. However, as sensitivity is relatively low, this measure should not be employed as the sole PVT administered.
A-230 Symptom Validity and MMPI-2-RF Somatic/Cognitive Scales
Authors: S Rolin , A Kolaski , J Davis 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
In addition to the standard validity scales, the MMPI-2-RF Somatic/Cognitive Scales (SCS) are associated with symptom validity in veteran and epilepsy samples. The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) is a self-report questionnaire with an embedded symptom validity index (Validity-10) developed by examining endorsement on atypical neurological items. The current study examined relationships among symptom validity and SCS in a physical medicine and rehabilitation sample.

Method
Participants underwent outpatient evaluation with the MMPI-2-RF and NSI among other measures. Cases with invalid MMPI-2-RF (TRIN or VRIN&gt;79; Cannot Say&gt;14) were excluded (n = 5). The sample (N = 120) was 43% female and 96% white with average age and education of 41 (SD = 13) and 14 (SD = 2) years, respectively. A linear regression model was examined with Valdity-10 as outcome and SCS as predictors. Participants were grouped by Validity-10 cutoff (&gt;18). SCS were examined with receiver operating characteristic analysis and compared to the MMPI-2-RF Symptom Validity Scale (FBS).

Results
A regression model predicting Validity-10 was significant (p &lt; .001; R-squared = .51). Gastrointestinal complaints and neurologic complaints (NUC) scales made independent contributions with standardized beta-weights of .18 and .43, respectively. Twenty-seven percent of participants scored above cutoff on the Validity-10. NUC showed area under the curve (AUC) of .78 predicting Validity-10 status, which was not significantly different from the FBS AUC of .81. A NUC cutoff of 91 or higher showed 34% sensitivity and 93% specificity.

Conclusion
MMPI-2-RF SCS are associated with symptom validity as determined by the NSI Validity-10. In this rehabilitation sample, NUC was comparable to FBS in classifying participants grouped by symptom validity.
A-231 Using Rates of Low Scores to Assess Agreement between CogState and a Traditional Battery of Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: B Ivins , J Arrieux , W Cole , K Schwab 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
CogState is a brief computerized test battery used to assess cognitive function. We compare intra-individual agreement between CogState and a battery of traditional neuropsychological tests using rates of low scores.

Methods
Complete and valid data from 246 healthy soldiers and 177 soldiers ≤ 7 days from sustaining mild TBI (mTBI) were used in this analysis. All soldiers were consecutively administered CogState and a traditional test battery consisting of: TOPF, WAIS-IV, CVLT-II, RCFT, DKEFS, and CPT-II. We performed base rate analyses of both batteries to determine the proportions of soldiers who had various numbers of scores that were 1.0+, 1.5+, and 2.0+ standard deviations below the normative mean. We used those rates to place Soldiers into a “low score hierarchy” ranging from the least poor (i.e. ~ &gt; 10th %ile) to the worst overall performance (i.e. ~ ≤ 10th %ile). We then compared agreement between the batteries at each of those levels.

Results
More soldiers with mTBI had low scores than healthy soldiers on both batteries. Of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on one battery, 95.1% from CogState and 70.6% from traditional had some level of poor performance on the other battery. However, of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on either battery, only 31.7% from CogState and 38.2% from traditional also performed at the worst level on the other battery.

Conclusion
These batteries similarly identify poor performance to a degree, though with some potentially meaningful differences still present.
A-241 Five Point Test: Reliability, Validity, and Test Performance in Cognitively Intact Adults
Authors: Z Chaudhary , A Hubley 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Reliability and validity evidence related to the Five Point Test (FPT) scores is severely limited. The primary purpose of this study was to examine psychometric evidence related to two commonly used FPT scores (number of unique designs (UD), percentage of repetitions (PR)) using one-week test–retest reliability, correlations with demographic and neuropsychological variables, and convergent validity in line with a regression-based explanation-focused view of validity.

Methods
The sample consisted of 86 cognitively intact, non-depressed adult men and women ages 21–82 years (M = 52.7, SD = 17.7) with 7–21 years of education (M = 14.2, SD = 3.13) recruited from the general community and tested individually.

Results
UD ranged from 8–60 (M = 35.4) and PR ranged from 0–45% (M = 6.9%). Test–retest coefficients were .83 for UD but only .43 for PR. Age was significantly correlated with UD (r = −.59) and PR (r = .23). Education was significantly correlated with UD (r = .26) but not PR (r = −.10). There were no gender differences. UD showed significant bivariate correlations with WAIS-III Block Design, Trail-Making Test (TMT) A, TMT-B, Bicycle Drawing Test, and FAS Verbal Fluency but, together in a regression, only age and TMT-B remained significant. PR scores did not correlate significantly with any neuropsychological variables.

Conclusion
UD showed strong test–retest reliability. UD performance tends to be poorer with older age and less education. The meaning and interpretation of UD performance using a regression-based explanation-focused view of validity will be discussed. PR reliability is poor even over a short interval and attenuates subsequent statistical findings. Use of PR is not recommended in research or practice.
A-245 So What's the Damage? The Effect of the WISC-V Digitization Debacle
Authors: W Macallister , M Vasserman , T Fay-Mcclymont , S Mish , C Medlin , S Deighton , C David , B Brooks 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The WISC-V can now be administered in paper format or digitally. Though most subtests are comparable, Processing Speed Index (PSI) subtests, Coding and Symbol Search required complete redesign for digital presentation. We initially collected data to assess comparability of paper versus digital PSI tasks for future use. However, in March of 2020, Pearson issued an alert stating that, due to a programming error, Coding scores may be inflated secondary to timing inaccuracy; they advised against further use of digital Coding. We refocused our analyses to assess the degree to which inaccurate digital Coding impacted overall test results.

Method
Children with neurological disorders (N=104) received both versions of the PSI subtests (order randomized). Correlational analyses assessed relations between versions, t-tests assessed for administration order effects, and Kappa coefficients assessed agreement across platforms.

Results
Correlations between paper and digital subtests (r=.570 to .853) and composites (r=.848 to .987) were robust. As expected, Coding was higher digitally (difference=1.91, p &lt; .01, d=.52), but Symbol Search, PSI, and FSIQ were comparable (p&gt;.05). Given evident practice effects, subsequent analyses considered “first administered” versions and score range agreement was best when PSI tasks were administered digitally first (Kappa=.452, p &lt; .001) versus paper first (Kappa=.153, p=.023). Agreement was strong for FSIQ regardless of order (Kappa≥.760, p &lt; .001). Importantly, in highest stakes evaluations (i.e., presence versus absence of intellectual disability), agreement was extraordinarily strong (Kappa≥.93, p &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Digital Coding scores are inflated in comparison to traditional paper version, but the impact of this programming error was minimal at the level of PSI and FSIQ.
A-246 Comparing Boston Naming Test Short Forms in a Rehabilitation Sample
Authors: D Zimmerman , J Attridge , S Rolin , J Davis 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Boston Naming Test (BNT) has several short forms do not include the noose item. These short forms have been mainly examined in dementia populations. This study compared BNT short forms with standard administration (BNT-S) in physical medicine and rehabilitation patients.

Method
Participants (N = 480) completed the BNT in an outpatient evaluation. The sample was 34% female and 91% white with average age and education of 46 (SD = 15) and 14 (SD = 3) years, respectively. Diagnoses included traumatic brain injury (62%), mixed neurologic conditions (21%), and stroke (17%). Five 15-item short forms were calculated: Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD-15); Lansing; and Mack 1, 2, and 4 (Mack-15.1, −15.2). Three 30-item short forms were calculated: Mack A, Saxon A, and BNT odd items. Short forms and BNT-S were compared with Spearman correlations. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated for all forms. Impaired BNT scores were determined using norm-referenced scores (T &lt; 36). Area under the curve (AUC) values were compared across short forms with impaired BNT as criterion.

Results
BNT-S showed strong correlations with 30-item (rho = .92–.93) and 15-item short forms (rho = .80–.87) except for CERAD-15 (rho = .69). Internal consistency was acceptable for 15-item (alpha = .72–.80) and 30-item short forms (alpha = .85–.86). BNT was impaired in 17% of participants. AUC values were not significantly different in 15-item (AUC = .83–.89) and 30-item (AUC = .91–.92) groups. CERAD-15 (.83), Mack-15.1 (.87), and Mack-15.2 (.87) AUC values were significantly lower than 30-item short form AUC values.

Conclusion
BNT 30-item and 15-item short forms showed outstanding and excellent classification accuracy, respectively. BNT short forms warrant further study in rehabilitation settings.
A-248 Using Rates of Low Scores to Assess Agreement between CNSVS and a Traditional Battery of Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: B Ivins , J Arrieux , W Cole , K Schwab 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
CNSVS is a brief computerized test battery used to assess cognitive function. We compare intra-individual agreement between CNSVS and a battery of traditional neuropsychological tests using rates of low scores.

Methods
Complete and valid data from 246 healthy soldiers and 177 soldiers ≤ 7 days from sustaining mild TBI (mTBI) were used in this analysis. All soldiers were consecutively administered CNSVS and a traditional test battery consisting of: TOPF, WAIS-IV, CVLT-II, RCFT, DKEFS, and CPT-II. We performed base rate analyses of both batteries to determine the proportions of soldiers who had various numbers of scores that were 1.0+, 1.5+, and 2.0+ standard deviations below the normative mean. We used those rates to place Soldiers into a “low score hierarchy” ranging from the least poor (i.e. ~ &gt; 10th %ile) to the worst overall performance (i.e. ~ ≤ 10th %ile). We then compared agreement between the batteries at each of those levels.

Results
More soldiers with mTBI had low scores than healthy soldiers on both batteries. Of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on one battery, 95.9% from CNSVS and 80.0% from traditional had some level of poor performance on the other battery. However, of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on either battery, only 38.8% from CNSVS and 63.3% from traditional also performed at the worst level on the other battery.

Conclusion
These batteries similarly identify poor performance to a degree, though with some potentially meaningful differences still present.
A-257 Use of inpatient tele-neuropsychological evaluation to assist neurological management of a complex Spanish-speaking patient in the time of COVID-19
Authors: D Gonzalez , C Hung , J McGinley , R Facchini , D Bronshteyn , D Masur , E Weiss 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted traditional neuropsychological practices as in-person evaluations have been postponed. Controversy and ongoing discussion remains about the validity and appropriateness of teleneuropsychology, but provider and patient risk associated with in-person testing needs to be considered when cognitive evaluation is warranted. We describe the remote evaluation of a man hospitalized with altered mental status and positive COVID-19 infection and the effectiveness of teleneuropsychology in clarifying cognition/assisting clinical management in a non-English-speaking individual with limited formal education.

Method
35 year old Spanish-speaking male with no formal education referred for inpatient neuropsychological consultation to rule in/rule out possible encephalopathy and confirm premorbid cognitive functioning. Cognitive evaluation completed using iPad and Zoom technology at bedside.

Results
Tele-neuropsychology was conducted in the patient’s primary language without the necessity for PPE, which enabled improved engagement. Although testing had to be modified; the environment could not be controlled; and all cognitive domains could not be evaluated—remote evaluation confirmed fluctuations and variability, both within and between tasks, with notable fluxes in attention, comprehension and speech. Results aided in the management and care of the patient.

Conclusion
Tele-neuropsychological evaluation in the inpatient setting, while not a replacement for traditional in-person assessment, can play an important role in the management and care of culturally and educationally diverse patients.
The impact of transcription inhibition during in vitro maturation on the proteome of bovine oocytes†
Authors: Gegenfurtner Katrin , Flenkenthaler Florian , Fröhlich Thomas , Wolf Eckhard , Arnold Georg J 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProper oocyte maturation is a prerequisite for successful reproduction and requires the resumption of meiosis to the metaphase II stage (MII). In bovine oocytes, nuclear maturation has been shown to occur in in vitro maturing cumulus-enclosed oocytes (COCs) in the absence of transcription, but their developmental capacity is reduced compared to transcriptionally competent COCs. To assess the impact of transcription during in vitro maturation of bovine COCs on the quantitative oocyte proteome, a holistic nano-LC–MS/MS analysis of germinal vesicle oocytes and MII oocytes matured with or without addition of the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (ActD) was carried out. Analyzing eight biological replicates for each of the three groups, a total of 2018 proteins was identified. These could be clearly classified into proteins depending or not depending on transcription during oocyte maturation. Proteins whose abundance increased after maturation irrespective of transcription inhibition - and hence independent of transcription - were related to the cell cycle, reflecting the progression of meiosis, and to cellular component organization, which is crucial for cytoplasmic maturation. In contrast, transcription-dependent proteins were associated with cell–cell adhesion and translation. Since a high rate of protein synthesis in oocytes has been shown to correlate with their developmental competence, oocyte maturation in transcriptionally impaired COCs is apparently disturbed. Our experiments reveal that impaired transcription during in vitro maturation of COCs has a substantial effect on specific components of the oocyte proteome, and that transcription is required for specific classes of oocyte proteins predominantly involved in translation.
The endometrial proteomic profile around the time of embryo implantation†
Authors: Guo Xi , Li Tin Chiu , Chen Xiaoyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Embryo implantation is an intricate process which requires competent embryo and receptive endometrium. The failure of endometrium to achieve receptivity is a recognized cause of infertility. However, due to multiplicity of events involved, the molecular mechanisms governing endometrial receptivity are still not fully understood. Traditional one-by-one approaches, including western blotting and histochemistry, are insufficient to examine the extensive changes of endometrial proteome. Although genomics and transcriptomics studies have identified several significant genes, the underlying mechanism remains to be uncovered owing to post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications. Proteomic technologies are high throughput in protein identification, and they are now intensively used to identify diagnostic and prognostic markers in the field of reproductive medicine. There is a series of studies analyzing endometrial proteomic profile, which has provided a mechanistic insight into implantation failure. These published studies mainly focused on the difference between pre-receptive and receptive stages of endometrium, as well as on the alternation of endometrial proteomics in women with reproductive failure. Here, we review recent data from proteomic analyses regarding endometrium around the time of embryo implantation and propose possible future research directions.