bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioactive waste: A review
Authors: Deng Dongyang , Zhang Lifeng , Dong Ming , Samuel Raymond E. , Ofori‐Boadu Andrea , Lamssali Mehdi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe reviewed papers presented here provide a general overview of worldwide radioactive waste‐related studies conducted in 2019. The current review includes studies related to safety assessments, decommission and decontamination of nuclear facilities, fusion facilities, and transportation. Further, the review highlights radioactive wastewater decontamination, management solutions for the final disposal of low‐ and high‐level radioactive wastes (LLRW and HLRW), interim storage and final disposal options for spent fuel (SF), and tritiated wastes, with a focus on environmental impacts due to the mobility of radionuclides in the ecosystem, water and soil along with other research progress made in the management of radioactive waste.Practitioner points

The release of radionuclides and their subsequent fate and transport in the environment poses public health concern and has stimulated recent research on the waste management techniques.

Seeking a safe and environmental‐friendly solution is the current trend for existing and projected inventories of radioactive waste.

Significant progress in the field of geological disposal of radioactive waste has been made in the last two decades.
Impact of increased instream heterogeneity by deflectors on the removal of hydrogen sulfide of regulated urban waterways—A laboratory study
Authors: Gomes Pattiyage I. A. , Samararatne Saneth , Wai Onyx W. H. , Perera Manimeldura. D. D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that increase in physical heterogeneity by deflectors would improve the water quality of urban regulated (straight and prismatic) waterways. Deflectors changed the near‐uniform flow to a rapidly varied flow, as such the depth, velocity, and Froude number (Fr) variations were four, 10, and 14 times more than the without deflector scenario, respectively. Removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the main focus of the study, was significantly high when deflectors were placed in the laboratory urban waterway. Introduction of a sediment bed further improved H2S removal; however, in this case turbidity and color were significantly high too. These observations endorse the fact that attenuation induced by deflectors and assimilation promoted by the sediment bed aids the H2S removal. These facts were further strengthened by the significant strong negative correlations H2S made with DO and pH for all experiments. Further studies are recommended for different deflector orientations and modified sediment beds (e.g., mixture of sediment and gravel), identification of localized water quality hot spots to capture spatial variation of water quality, and impact of increased heterogeneity on flood safety.Practitioner points

Increase in physical heterogeneity (by deflectors) on water quality improvement was studied in a laboratory set up.

Deflectors changed the near‐uniform flow to rapidly varied flow with several mesoscale physical habitats.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal was greatest with deflectors and the sediment bed, but was characterized by high turbidity.

H2S removal showed strong negative correlations with dissolved oxygen and pH.
Circuit-based digital adiabatic quantum simulation and pseudoquantum simulation as new approaches to lattice gauge theory
Authors: Cui Xiaopeng , Shi Yu , Yang Ji-Chong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gauge theory is the framework of the Standard Model of particle physics and is also important in condensed matter physics. As its major non-perturbative approach, lattice gauge theory is traditionally implemented using Monte Carlo simulation, consequently it usually suffers such problems as the Fermion sign problem and the lack of real-time dynamics. Hopefully they can be avoided by using quantum simulation, which simulates quantum systems by using controllable true quantum processes. The field of quantum simulation is under rapid development. Here we present a circuit-based digital scheme of quantum simulation of quantum ℤ2 lattice gauge theory in 2 + 1 and 3 + 1 dimensions, using quantum adiabatic algorithms implemented in terms of universal quantum gates. Our algorithm generalizes the Trotter and symmetric decompositions to the case that the Hamiltonian varies at each step in the decomposition. Furthermore, we carry through a complete demonstration of this scheme in classical GPU simulator, and obtain key features of quantum ℤ2 lattice gauge theory, including quantum phase transitions, topological properties, gauge invariance and duality. Hereby dubbed pseudoquantum simulation, classical demonstration of quantum simulation in state-of-art fast computers not only facilitates the development of schemes and algorithms of real quantum simulation, but also represents a new approach of practical computation.
Estimation of radiation exposure of children undergoing superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma treatment: assessment of local diagnostic reference levels as a function of age, sex, and interventional success
Authors: Opitz Marcel , Bos Denise , Deuschl Cornelius , Radbruch Alexander , Zensen Sebastian , Sirin Selma , Forsting Michael , Bechrakis Nikolaos , Biewald Eva , Bornfeld Norbert , Ketteler Petra , Timmermann Beate , Stuschke Martin , Guberina Maja , Wetter Axel , Göricke Sophia , Guberina Nika 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to determine local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) procedures of pediatric patients with retinoblastoma (RB) to provide data for establishing diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in pediatric interventional radiology (IR).

Methods
In a retrospective study design, LDRLs and achievable dose (AD) were assessed for children undergoing superselective IAC for RB treatment. All procedures were performed at the flat-panel angiography systems (I) ArtisQ biplane (Siemens Healthineers) and (II) Allura Xper (Philips Healthcare). Patients were differentiated according to age (A1: 1–3 months; A2: 4–12 months; A3: 13–72 months; A4: 73 months–10 years; A5: > 10 years), sex, conducted or not-conducted chemotherapy.

Results
248 neurointerventional procedures of 130 pediatric patients (median age 14.5 months, range 5–127 months) with RB (68 unilateral, 62 bilateral) could be included between January 2010 and March 2020. The following diagnostic reference values, AD, and mean values could be determined: (A2) DRL 3.9 Gy cm2, AD 2.9 Gy cm2, mean 3.5 Gy cm2; (A3) DRL 7.0 Gy cm2, AD 4.3 Gy cm2, mean 6.0 Gy cm2; (A4) DRL 14.5 Gy cm2, AD 10.7 Gy cm2, mean 10.8 Gy cm2; (A5) AD 8.8 Gy cm2, mean 8.8 Gy cm2. Kruskal-Wallis-test confirmed a significant dose difference between the examined age groups (A2–A5) (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference considering sex (p = 0.076) and conducted or not-conducted chemotherapy (p = 0.627). A successful procedure was achieved in 207/248 cases.

Conclusion
We report on radiation exposure during superselective IAC of a pediatric cohort at the German Retinoblastoma Referral Centre. Although an IAC formally represents a therapeutic procedure, our results confirm that radiation exposure lies within the exposure of a diagnostic interventional procedure. DRLs for superselective IAC are substantially lower compared with DRLs of more complex endovascular interventions.
Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging ultrashort echo-time cones for assessing lung density in pediatric patients
Authors: Zeimpekis Konstantinos G. , Geiger Julia , Wiesinger Florian , Delso Gaspar , Kellenberger Christian J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
MRI of lung parenchyma is challenging because of the rapid decay of signal by susceptibility effects of aerated lung on routine fast spin-echo sequences.

Objective
To assess lung signal intensity in children on ultrashort echo-time sequences in comparison to a fast spin-echo technique.

Materials and methods
We conducted a retrospective study of lung MRI obtained in 30 patients (median age 5 years, range 2 months to 18 years) including 15 with normal lungs and 15 with cystic fibrosis. On a fast spin-echo sequence with radial readout and an ultrashort echo-time sequence, both lungs were segmented and signal intensities were extracted. We compared lung-to-background signal ratios and histogram analysis between the two patient cohorts using non-parametric tests and correlation analysis.

Results
On ultrashort echo-time the lung-to-background ratio was age-dependent, ranging from 3.15 to 1.33 with high negative correlation (Rs = −0.86). Signal in posterior dependent portions of the lung was 18% and 11% higher than that of the anterior lung for age groups 0–2 and 2–18 years, respectively. The fast spin-echo sequence showed no variation of signal ratios by age or location, with a median of 0.99 (0.98–1.02). Histograms of ultrashort echo-time slices between controls and children with aggravated cystic fibrosis with mucus plugging and wall thickening exhibited significant discrepancies that differentiated between normal and pathological lungs.

Conclusion
Signal intensity of lung on ultrashort echo-time is higher than that on fast spin-echo sequences, is age-dependent and shows a gravity-dependent anterior to posterior gradient. This signal variation appears similar to lung density described on CT.
Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived β-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants
Authors: de Graaff Priscilla , Berrevoets Cor , Rӧsch Christiane , Schols Henk A. , Verhoef Kees , Wichers Harry J. , Debets Reno , Govers Coen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAnti-cancer T-cell responses are often halted due to the immune-suppressive micro-environment, in part related to tumor-associated macrophages. In the current study, we assessed indigestible β-glucans (oatβG, curdlan, grifolan, schizophyllan, lentinan, yeast whole glucan particles (yWGP), zymosan and two additional yeast-derived β-glucans a and b) for their physicochemical properties as well as their effects on the plasticity of human monocyte-derived macrophages that were polarized with IL-4 to immune-suppressive macrophages. Beta-glucans were LPS/LTA free, and tested for solubility, molecular masses, protein and monosaccharide contents. Curdlan, yeast-b and zymosan re-polarized M(IL-4) macrophages towards an M1-like phenotype, in particular showing enhanced gene expression of CCR7, ICAM1 and CD80, and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Notably, differential gene expression, pathway analysis as well as protein expressions demonstrated that M(IL-4) macrophages treated with curdlan, yeast-b or zymosan demonstrated enhanced production of chemo-attractants, such as CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL8, which contribute to recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils. The secretion of chemo-attractants was confirmed when using patient-derived melanoma-infiltrating immune cells. Taken together, the bacterial-derived curdlan as well as the yeast-derived β-glucans yeast-b and zymosan have the unique ability to preferentially skew macrophages towards a chemo-attractant-producing phenotype that may aid in anti-cancer immune responses.
A Novel Breast‐Conserving Surgical Technique in the Management of Phyllodes Tumours of the Breast
Authors: Ip Eugenia C. , Ung Owen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite advances in oncoplastic breast‐conserving techniques, very large phyllodes tumours (PT) may still be recommended for mastectomy.MethodsWe report a novel 2‐staged breast‐conserving technique that enables smaller excisional volumes whilst maintaining safe oncological excision. Stage‐1 is a capsular dissection via a posterior glandular approach without sacrifice of native breast volume. Stage‐2 is a delayed localised resection of the seroma cavity providing a circumferential “margin”. Two cases are presented.ConclusionThis novel technique preserves the breast, optimises cosmesis and is a safe approach to the surgical management of large PT.
Tropical cyclone formation regions in CMIP5 models: a global performance assessment and projected changes
Authors: Tory K. J. , Ye H. , Brunet G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTropical Cyclone (TC) formation regions are analysed in twelve CMIP5 models using a recently developed diagnostic that provides a model-performance summary in a single image for the mid-summer TC season. A subjective assessment provides an indication of how well the models perform in each TC basin throughout the globe, and which basins can be used to determine possible changes in TC formation regions in a warmer climate. The analysis is necessarily succinct so that seven basins in twelve models can be examined. Consequently, basin performance was reduced to an assessment of two common problems specific to each basin. Basins that were not too adversely affected were included in the projection exercise. The North Indian basin was excluded because the mid-summer analysis period covers a lull in TC activity. Surprisingly, the North Atlantic basin also had to be excluded, because all twelve models failed the performance assessment. A slight poleward expansion in the western North Pacific and an expansion towards the Hawaiian Islands in the eastern North Pacific is plausible in the future, while a contraction in the TC formation regions in the eastern South Indian and western South Pacific basins would reduce the Australian region TC formation area. More than half the models were too active in the eastern South Pacific and South Atlantic basins. However, projections based on the remaining models suggest these basins will remain hostile for TC formation in the future. These southern hemisphere changes are consistent with existing projections of fewer southern hemisphere TCs in a future warming world
Reconstruction survival of segmental megaendoprostheses: a retrospective analysis of 28 patients treated for intercalary bone defects after musculoskeletal tumor resections
Authors: Streitbürger Arne , Hardes Jendrik , Nottrott Markus , Guder Wiebke K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Intercalary endoprosthetic reconstructions have been reserved for patients with a limited life expectancy due to reports of high rates of early mechanical and reconstruction failure.

Materials and methods
In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 28 patients who underwent intercalary endoprosthetic reconstruction of the femur (n = 17) or tibia (n = 11) regarding reconstruction survival and causes of complications and reconstruction failure.

Results
A total of 56 stems were implanted in this collective, 67.9% of which were implanted using cementation. Eight different stem designs were implanted. The mean patient age at the time of operation was 42.3 years. The mean bone defect needing reconstruction measured 18.5 cm. Resection margins were clear in 96.4% of patients. Of twenty-six complications, five were not implant-associated. We observed infection in 10.7% (n = 3) and traumatic periprosthetic fracture in 3.6% (n = 1) of cases. The most frequent complication was aseptic stem loosening (ASL) (53.8%; n = 14) occurring in eight patients (28.6%). The metaphyseal and meta-diaphyseal regions of femur and tibia were most susceptible to ASL with a rate of 39.1% and 31.3% respectively. No ASLs occurred in epiphyseal or diaphyseal location. Overall reconstruction survival was 43.9% and 64.3% including patients who died of disease with their implant intact. Overall limb survival was 72.7%.

Conclusions
Proper planning of segmental reconstructions including stem design with regard to unique anatomical and biomechanical properties is mandatory to address the high rates of ASL in metaphyseal and metadiaphyseal stem sites. With continued efforts of improving stem design in these implantation sites and decreasing rates of mechanical failure, indications for segmental megaendoprostheses may also extend to younger patients with the localized disease for their advantages of early weight bearing and a lack of donor-site morbidity.
Intraoperative damage to surgical gloves during various operations on the musculoskeletal system: a multicenter study
Authors: Enz Andreas , Kostuj Tanja , Warnke Philipp , Osmanski-Zenk Katrin , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Klinder Annett 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionVarious orthopedic surgical procedures cause mechanical stress for gloves. In some cases, sharp-edged objects impact on the glove surfaces. The systematic description of lesions is still missing.Methods2289 gloves from 409 surgeries [primary hip and knee arthroplasties (PA), revisions arthroplasties (RA) and arthroscopic shoulder, hip and knee surgery (AY)] from 3 clinics were examined for lesions using water tightening test according to the European norm EN 455-1.ResultsArthroscopies showed the lowest rate of operations with damaged gloves (6.9%). Depending on clinic, 32.7% and 59.2% of PA surgeries generated damaged gloves, while in RA, these numbers rose to 76.0% and 72.8%, respectively. In PA and RA, the most affected finger was the index finger, whereas in arthroscopies, more damage occurred on the middle finger and the thumb. The size of the lesions was rather small with the vast majority being 1 mm or 2 mm in size.ConclusionAll investigated interventions led to glove lesions. With increasing mechanical stress, the number of glove defects increased. EN 455 does not account for the intraoperative tear risk. Stricter requirements for gloves should be introduced. Glove change intervals should be defined and implemented, and new materials should be developed.
Accuracy of the preoperative diagnostic workup in patients with head and neck cancers undergoing neck dissection in terms of nodal metastases
Authors: Horváth Angéla , Prekopp Péter , Polony Gábor , Székely Eszter , Tamás László , Dános Kornél 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The presence of cervical lymph node metastases is one of the most influential prognostic factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The management of clinically N0 neck in patients with head and neck cancer remains controversial: elective neck dissection has relatively high morbidity, adversely affecting the quality of life, however, abandoning elective neck dissection is known to compromise overall survival in numerous primaries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the conventional imaging modalities (CT, MRI, US) and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the detection of lymph node metastases in the neck.

Methods
Sixty two patients were included in the study, who underwent primary tumor resection and neck dissection. Preoperative nodal status was compared with postoperative histopathology nodal status. In our retrospective study, we reviewed the patient documentation. Statistical analysis of the data—with descriptive statistics and correlation analysis—was performed with Chi-square test.

Results
The sensitivity of conventional imaging modalities and FNAC were 82.8% and 81.8%, respectively, while specificity were 73.9% and 100%, respectively. Positive predictive value calculated for imaging modalities and FNAC were 82.8%, 100%, respectively, while negative predictive values were 73.9% and 66.6%, respectively.

Conclusion
Neither the sensitivity of imaging modalities (CT, MRI, US) nor FNAC reached 100%, none of these methods can definitively exclude the presence of regional tumor metastasis. According to these data, no permissive alteration should be allowed from the current guidelines (e.g. NCCN) based on imaging/FNAC examinations regarding the need for elective neck dissection.
Patient outcomes in idiopathic scoliosis are associated with biological endophenotypes: 2020 SOSORT award winner
Authors: Beauséjour Marie , Vaillancourt François , Akoume Marie-Yvonne , Franco Anita , Parent Stefan , Labelle Hubert , Joncas Julie , Desbiens-Blais Frédérique , Mac-Thiong Jean-Marc , Roy-Beaudry Marjolaine , Aubin Carl-Éric , Moreau Alain 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Bracing is the treatment of choice for idiopathic scoliosis (IS), unfortunately factors underlying brace response remain unknown.
Clinicians are currently unable to identify patients who may benefit from bracing, and therefore, better molecular stratification is critically needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate IS patient outcomes at skeletal maturity in relation to biological endophenotypes, and determine specific endophenotypes associated to differential bracing outcomes. This is a retrospective cohort with secondary cross-sectional comparative studies.

Methods
Clinical and radiological data were collected from 563 IS patients, stratified into biological endophenotypes (FG1, FG2, FG3) based on a cell-based test. Measured outcomes were maximum Cobb angle at skeletal maturity, and if severe, spinal deformity (≥ 45°) or surgery was attained. Treatment success/failure was determined by standard progression thresholds (Cobb ≥ 45° or surgery; Cobb angle progression ≥ 6°). Multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate associations between endophenotypes and clinical outcome.

Results
Higher Cobb angles at maturity for FG1 and FG2 patients were observed (p = 0.056 and p = 0.05), with increased likelihood of ≥ 45° and/or surgery for FG1 (OR = 2.181 [1.002–4.749] and FG2 (OR = 2.141 [1.038–4.413]) compared to FG3. FG3 was 9.31 [2.58–33.61] and 5.63 [2.11–15.05] times more likely for bracing success at treatment termination and based on the < 6° progression criterion, respectively, compared to FG1.

Conclusion
Associations between biological endophenotypes and outcomes suggest differences in progression and/or bracing response among IS patients. Outcomes were most favorable in FG3 patients. The results pave the way for establishing personalized treatments, distinguishing who may benefit or not from treatment.
Alveolar iodine tampon packing after impacted third molar surgery improves oral health–related quality of life and postoperative sequela: a randomized study
Authors: Lindeboom Jerome A. , Tuk Jacco G. , Möllenkamp Patrick , van Wijk Arjen J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an iodine tampon on postoperative discomfort after surgical removal of a mandibular third molar.Material and methodsPatients were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received an alveolar iodine-containing tampon in the extraction socket (N = 44), and the other group used a disposable syringe (Monoject®) to rinse the wound (N = 43). Postoperative discomfort was assessed with the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire, Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS), and questions about self-care and discomfort.ResultsThis study included 87 patients (52 women and 35 men) with an average age of 26.47 years (SD, 6.36). The mean OHIP-14 sum scores were significantly lower in the iodine tampon group compared with the Monoject® syringe group. Mean PI-NRS scores significantly differed between the iodine tampon group (3.33; SE, 0.27) and Monoject® syringe group (4.46; SE, 0.27) (F (1, 85) = 8.16,p < 0.01), with no interaction effect between time and PI-NRS (F(6, 510) = 1.26,p = 0.28). Patients in the iodine tampon group reported less postoperative discomfort.ConclusionsInsertion of an iodine-containing tampon in the postoperative socket reduced the pain and impact on oral health-related quality of life during the first postoperative week and positively influenced postoperative sequelae.