bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Electron Diffraction from Small Volumes
Authors: Twesten RD , Zuo JM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts are extremely important to the chemical industry. The goal of much current research is to develop predictive models for real world catalysts in order to optimize and exploit new processes. The first step in any predictive modeling is to understand the systems that are currently in use. A key question regarding these materials is the distribution of atoms within the catalyst particle, i.e., are the materials equally distributed within the particle or is there clustering or shelling of the constituents. This is a more general question than just catalytic systems and has applicability to many small cluster problems where normally immiscible systems can be forced to mix or order when confined to small volumes.
EXAFS analysis has provided useful information for these systems; due to the small scattering cross-section and large beam sizes of x-rays, the systems have only been studied as ensemble averages.
Characterization and Catalytic Properties of CuOx/CeO2 Nanocomposite Particles
Authors: Skårman B , Nakayama T , Niihara K , Wallenberg LR 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cerium dioxide (ceria) is known for its excellent oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and redox properties. Addition of the transition metal oxide CuOx, improves the low-temperature oxidation activity of ceria by a synergistic mechanism. It has been shown that copper oxide on the high energy CeO2{001}surface, is exceedingly more efficient than on the statistically dominating lowenergy {111} surface for obtaining a high catalytic conversion rate of CO to CO2.:To investigate morphology and composition effects, in a situation which is closer to an industrial catalyst, we have produced nanocomposite particles in the CuOx/CeO2 system with different composition, size, and nanostructured morphology (Fig. la-d) utilizing the inert gas condensation (IGC) technique.
The samples were characterized in a JEM 4000EX HRTEM, and a JSM-840A SEM, interfaced with a Link AN 10000 EDS system. The specific surface area was measured using the adsorption of N2 (BET method).
Microcharacterization of New Platinum Catalysts for Hydrosilylation Reactions
Authors: Chen Wei , Allard Lawrence F , Dinh Paul C , Tzou Ming-Shin , McIIwrath Kevin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Organofunctional silanes are the key intermediates for production of silicon polymeric chemicals. Traditionally, platinum catalysts on carbon support materials have been used for these hydrosilylation reactions. The efficiency of the current commercial Pt/C catalyst is not very satisfactory, so a catalyst of platinum on aluminum oxide support was developed to accelerate the reactions. The Pt/Al2O3catalyst greatly increases both reaction and conversion rates. However, the acidic nature of the supporting material is sometimes undesirable. Recently, a new class of platinum-copper bimetallic catalysts has been developed at Dow Corning, using co-deposition techniques with platinum chloride and copper chloride precursors. The bimetallic catalysts have also demonstrated significantly improved on hydrosilylation reaction efficiency and rates. The activity, selectivity, and stability of the catalysts are related to their structural properties, including catalyst particle size, size distribution, and particle composition. The knowledge of catalyst structures are, therefore, very important for understanding the performance of the catalysts and for optimizing production processes.
Video Microscopy: An Innovative Tool to Visualize the Kinetics of Gas-Phase Olefine Polymerization with Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Tesche B , Knoke S , Korber F , Fink G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Conventional methods to determine polymerization kinetics rely on a measurement of the monomer consumption or on calorimetric measurements. All these methods are integral methods and they are not appropriate to determine the kinetic of individual catalyst particles. Reichert and coworkers have invented video microscopy as a tool that allows the direct determination of polymer growth in gas-phase butadiene polymerization with heterogeneous catalysts.
Results
We present the direct measurement of polymer growth in gas-phase propene polymerization under industrial process conditions by means of video microscopy.The key-element of our equipment is a window autoclave that allows working with pressures up to 150 bar in the temperature range of 0 °C to 120°C. to insure inert atmosphere the reaction chamber is heated under high vacuum conditions before it is loaded with catalyst in a glove box. The reaction temperature is controlled by means of a temperature fluid slope inside the autoclave wall. to start the polymerization monomer gas is introduced to the reactor. We use a black eloxed aluminum disk as support for the catalyst grains.
High Resolution TEM Studies On Palladium, Rhodium Nanoparticles
Authors: José-Yacamán M , Marín-Almazo M , Ascencio JA 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The field of catalysis is one of the most important areas of the nano-sciences for many years. in deed the goal of having a catalyst, with the maximum active area exposed to a chemical reaction, has produced enormous amount of research in nanoparticles. Particularly, the metal nanoparticles study is a very important field in catalysis. Electron Microscopy is one of the techniques that have played a mayor role on studding nanoparticles. Since bright field images, dark field techniques, to the high-resolution atomic images of nanoparticles and more recently the High Angle Annular dark field images or Z-contrast. However this technique provides only indirect evidence of the atomic arrangements on the particles. High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) still appears as a very powerful technique to study nanoparticles and their internal structure. Among the most interesting metals to study is the palladium, which acts for instance as excellent catalyst for hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons and has many other applications such as environmental catalysts.
Important Issues on Crystal Size Measurement of Catalysts
Authors: Chan Ignatius 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A large number of papers have been published on using HREM to characterize the crystal structure and defects of catalysts. While such work is important to advance the scientific understanding of catalysis, the bulk of daily analytical work of an industrial catalyst microscopist focuses on analyzing the morphological features of the catalysts. That is, to find out the shape, the size, and the distribution of various phases. in the case of heterogeneous catalysts, the same information is needed for the catalytic metal particles. Ultimately, the goals are to correlate the performance of the catalyst with the size and morphology of the phases or particles. These types of information are often critical element in a patent.
Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid to properly and quantitatively describe crystal shapi crystal size, and size distribution. It is common to find in the literature, statements such as “the crystal size of this sample was 0.5 microns” or “the sample contains elongated crystals of 0.5 microns”.
Knowledge Discovery in Automotive Catalysts Using Microstructural Characterizations
Authors: Chen Ann E , Lowe-Ma Charlotte K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Automotive catalysts are regularly examined using several methodologies such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) since no single analytical technique is capable of fully characterizing and measuring changes in morphology and chemistry that occur in emission system materials with use. Each analytical technique provides a specific piece of information, such as elemental weight percentages, phase identification, or spatial distribution of elements. However, in aggregate too much information from too many different specimens is often present, making assimilation and processing difficult. A computerized method using data mining techniques could greatly improve the quality of the interpretation and allow discovery of trends that are not readily apparent. However, finding an appropriate method of combining the disparate types of information is a challenge
The first step was to collect and archive the data in a relational database. This task comprised a large percentage of the development process since the data are initially created in several locations and must be collected, cleaned, and stored.
Applications of the SESAM in Materials Science
Authors: Sigle Wilfried , Zern Achim , Hahn Kersten , Krämer Stefan , Eigenthaler Ulrike , Rühle Manfred 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
SESAM stands for "Sub- eV -sub- Ångstrøm -Microscope". The aim of the project is to develop a TEM/STEM which combines the advantages of both types of instruments. The SESAM project is based on three development stages, specifications of which are shown in Table 1. in the final stage an information limit below 1Å and an energy resolution of 0.2 eV is strived for.
Compared to previous energy-filtering microscopes SESAM I is equipped with a 2nd order corrected energy filter [1]. Due to the high transmissivity [2] large scattering angles up to 150mrad at ΔE=20 eV are accepted by this filter which can be used in electron diffraction experiments. A diffraction pattern of amorphous SiBCN ceramic is shown in Fig.l together with a profile. Since the diffracted intensity can be integrated over 2π, high statistical accuracy is achieved even at a moderate exposure time (10s). in energy-filtered imaging large specimen areas are imaged isochromatically.
The New EF-TEM with OMEGA and FEG
Authors: Oikawa T , Kawasaki M , Kaneyama T , Ohkura Y , Naruse M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, energy filtering technique in the transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM) is becoming widely used in both materials and biological science.
In this paper, newly developed EF-TEMs for both 200 kV (JEM-2010FEF) and 300 kV (JEM- 3100FEF) are introduced. Figure 1 shows appearances of the instruments. Those instruments have a field emission gun and an OMEGA type spectrometer.
The features of JEM-2010FEF and JEM-3100FEF EF-TEMs are as follows [1,2]:
1. 3 pre-filter lenses and 3 post-filter lenses are used.
Additional intermediate lens is employed for covering filtered images in low magnification range from x200 - x 1,500,000 magnification for JEM-2010FEF, x200 - x2,000,000 for JEM- 3100FEF. in diffraction mode, from 200 mm - 2,000 mm in camera length for JEM- 2010F, 200 mm- 1,500 mm are covered for JEM-3100FEF.
2. Large energy dispersion.
The energy dispersion is 1.2 μm/eV at 200 kV and 0.85 μm/eV at 300 kV.
First Results of a Monochromized 200KV TEM
Authors: Tiemeijer PC , van Lin JHA , de Jong AF 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
FEI is currently finishing the construction of a monochromized 200kV (S)TEM which aims at 0.1 eV resolution in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). This requires improvement of the 200kV supply, improvement of the EELS spectrometer, and the incorporation of an electron beam monochromator. This microscope will be delivered to the National Centre for High Resolution Electron Microscope at the University of Delft.
The present 200kV supply contributes 0.2 eV to the energy resolution because of its instabilities, drift and high frequency ripple. in order to reduce this, mechanical as well as electrical damping elements are being added, and sources of cross-talk between the high frequency generator and the high tension are eliminated. in this paper, we present preliminary results obtained with a standard 200kV supply; we expect to present results of the improved 200kV supply at the conference.
The resolution of a present-day standard 200kV spectrometer is now typically 0.4 eV. in order to improve on this, GATAN has developed a HR-EELS spectrometer for the monochromized TEM.
Development of Line Analysis and Real-Time Elemental Mapping System in Stem Equipped with a Two-Window Energy Filter
Authors: Kaji K , Aoyama T , Taya S , Isakozawa S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ability to obtain elemental maps processed by using inelastically scattered electrons in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is extremely useful in the analysis of materials, and semiconductor devices such as ULSI’s and GMR heads. Electron energy loss spectra (EELS) also give useful information not only to identify unknown materials but also to study chemical bonding states of the objective atoms. Hitachi developed an elemental mapping system, consisting of a STEM (Hitachi, HD- 2000) equipped with a two-window energy filter (Hitachi, ELV-2000), and performed realtime conventional jump-ratio images with nanometer resolution by in-situ calculation of energy-filtered signals [1]. Additional function of acquiring EELS along any lines on specimen has been developed in this system to investigate the energy loss near edge structure (ELNES).
Figure 1 shows a schematic figure of the two-window energy filter, consisting of two quadrupole lenses for focusing and zooming spectra, respectively, a magnetic prism spectrometer, a deflection coil and two kinds of electron beam detectors.
Novel Approaches in Spectrum-Image Analysis
Authors: Thomas PJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is now becoming increasingly more commonplace to acquire three-dimensional EELS data sets, whether by parallel acquisition of a linear series of spectra to form an EELS spectrum-image, or by discretely sampling energy-loss space through a series of energy-filtered images to build an EFTEM image-spectrum. These data sets can contain large amounts of both spectral and spatial information, and, as a result, the distinction between the two acquisition modes is becoming increasingly blurred. Accordingly, approaches are required that facilitate both the techniques developed for EFTEM and EELS analyses, in order to obtain optimal information from the acquired data.
An example of such an approach is illustrated by means of characterisation of a Mn and Fe rich intermetallic particle in a cast aluminium alloy (Figs. a-f). A continuous EFTEM image-series was acquired from 0-800 eV loss, using a CM300 FEGTEM equipped with a 2k Gatan Imaging Filter.
Four-Dimensional Dielectric Property Imaging of Low-K Materials for Copper Metallization Using Electron Spectroscopic Imaging Series
Authors: Lo SC , Chen F-R , Kai JJ , Chang L , Ding Peijun , Chin Barry , Chen Fusen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
EFTEM has become a very useful tool in characterizing material properties, because it allows studying local chemical and electronic properties of a specimen with nanometer level spatial resolution. There are two spectroscopic imaging methods have been established to obtain both the spatial and the spectra information, I (x, y, ΔE), which can be quantitatively evaluated. One technique, as known as spectrum-image method, is based on scanning the electron beam across the sample to acquire the EELS spectrum with two-dimensional information. Conversely, the other method retrieves the spectra in a specific position from a series of energy loss images, as known as imaging-spectrum method. The spectrum-image method can be achieved with better energy resolution, however, a long acquisition time. Compared to spectrum-image method, which acquires a series of spectrum with scanning probe, the advantage of imaging-spectrum method is the capability of simultaneously recording abundant information in a series of maps.
The Spatial Distribution of Water in Soap
Authors: Aitouchen A , Shi S , Libera M , Misra M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Soap bars can be viewed as pseudo-binary two-phase composites consisting of solid particulate suspended in water-enriched medium. Understanding the size and the distribution of the two phases in a bar is of interest to cosmetic industry. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) combined with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) has been used to perform water mapping in certain biological systems. Here we report preliminary analysis of soap-water matrix in a soap bar by employing EELS and spectrum imaging techniques.
Thin slices of soap bars containing 13% water (as measured using Karl Fischer titrator) were frozen using a Leica high-pressure freezer (EM PACT). 200 nm thick cryo-sections were cut at -160°C. The frozen sections were cryo-transferred at -170°C to a Philips CM20 FEG electron microscope equipped with the Gatan CCD spectrometer ENFINA interfaced to an Emispec Vision system for digital control and data acquisition.
Inner Shell Edge Jump Ratios in Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry
Authors: Rez P , Menon NK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There has been considerable interest in recent years in simulating the complete electron energy loss (EELS) spectrum to help the analyst make suitable judgments on experimental parameters such as collection angles and acquisition times. The spectrum is characterised by edges that arise from the excitation of inner shell electrons to the first available empty state. The edge threshold is approximately given by the inner shell binding energy. Each edge sits on the background of the tails of all the edges from inner shell excitations of lower energy (see Figl). The background from plasmons decays very quickly with energy and even the broadest plasmon makes a negligible contribution to the intensity for losses above about 150eV. The visibility of an edge (and also the detectability of the corresponding element) can be related to the intensity of the edge compared to the background although it is more common to use the jump ratio, which is the ratio of the intensity in the region after the edge E+B to the intensity of the background in the edge region, B.
Current Limits in Predicting Eels Fine Structure
Authors: Muller D A , Neaton J , Haman D R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) probes electronic excitations of a solid on the atomic scale. The widespread availability of first-principles calculations has lead to an explosion of theoretical calculations of EELS spectra. Agreement between theory and experiment is generally reported to be good at the typical energy resolutions in commercial microscopes of 0.7-1.3 eV. However a brief survey of the X-ray absorption literature suggests that the anticipated introduction of monochromators, along with improvements in energy stability, and spectrometer resolution will unmask many more effects that cannot be predicted as precisely as they can be measured.
The shape and binding energy of a core excitation is determined by both the ground state electronic structure (initial state effects) and the reponse to the excited electron-hole (final state effects) (Fig. 1). Errors in the initial state, such as the systematic errors in band gaps (and hence band offsets) are inherent in the local density approximation eigenvalues used to simulate EELS spectra.
Core Hole Effects on Eels Near-Edge Fine Structure in Semiconductors and Insulators
Authors: Duscher Gerd , Buczko Ryszard , Pennycook Stephen J , Pantelides Sokrates T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is now a standard tool to investigate the local chemistry and bonding of defects in solids. to first order, the energy thresholds of the ionization edges in EELS spectra are determined by the identity of the element [1], while small shifts are induced by different bonding coordination and charge states [2]. The shapes of ionization edges in EELS spectra reflect the local bonding environments. We present first-principles calculations that incorporate electron-hole interactions and are in excellent agreement with experimental data obtained with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and EELS. The superior energy resolution in XAS spectra and the new calculations make a compelling case that core-hole effects dominate core-excitation edges in all of the materials investigated: Si, SiO2, MgO, SrTiO3 and SiC. These materials differ widely in their dielectric constants leading to the conclusion that core-hole effects dominate all core-electron excitation spectra in semiconductors and insulators.
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) of GaN Alloys and Quantum Wells
Authors: Keast V J , Sharma N , Kappers M , Humphreys C J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the last 6-7 years there has been considerable experimental and theoretical interest in GaN and its alloys for use in light emitting applications. GaN is a direct gap semiconductor with a bandgap at ∼ 3.4 eV. When alloyed with in and/or Al the bandgap can be tuned to any wavelength ranging from UV to red. to further the development of GaN based devices, reliable methods are required to measure and predict the optical and electronic properties. EELS is one of the few techniques that can study these properties with high spatial resolution (&lt; 1 nm) if a small electron probe is used, such as that in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). High spatial resolution is necessary as, to improve efficiency, devices are normally based on quantum well structures.
Microwave Tissue Procesing: History and SEM Techniques
Authors: Demaree R S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Microwave-assisted processing of biological samples began with Mayers. Subsequently, many investigators reported using microwave ovens for various aspects of biological sample processing for light microscopy (LM) and/or transmission electron microscopy (TEM.) The use of ice-encased fixation and water-immersion resin polymerization marked the beginning of rapid, reproducible microwave-assisted processing techniques.
Mcrowave protocols are now often used for LM and TEM processing. Examples include paraffin embedding for LM, in situ hybridization, decalcification, immunological staining plus clinical studies and research projects for TEM.
Recently my lab has begun to microwave process biological samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM.). We fix, dehydrate and dry with hexamethyldisilazane in less than 1 ½ hours. The only part of the process not utilizing microwave assist is the final 15 minute drying step in a conventional oven.
Examination of Structural Differences in Gill Vasculature Among Some Batiod Elasmobranchs Using Corrosion Casting and SEM
Authors: Sherman RL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Classic studies of gill vasculature indicate the gross anatomy of elasmobranch gills is similar in most species, and in general, resembles those of teleosts. However, studies of fine gill structure examining arterio-arterial pathways in several species of batoid elasmobranchs (Order: Rajiiformes, Suborder: Myliobatoidei) have reported some structural differences. These differences include the presence, in urolophids (Urolophus jamaicensis, U. mucosus, U. paucimaculatus), of 1) a tip channel, possibly an extension of the afferent filament artery that runs along the top of the filament corpus cavernosum, and 2) a vascular arcade, a vessel which connects the afferent filament arteries of a hemibranch near the tip of each filament (FIG. I). Until recently these structures were believed to be unique to the urolophids as they were not previously found in either rajids (Raja erinacea, R. clavata) or the shark Scyliorhinus canicula. Animals of mixed species and sexes were collected, perfused, and acrylic casts made of the circulatory system.