bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An algorithm to identify pregnancies in BIFAP Primary Care database in Spain: Results from a cohort of 155 419 pregnancies
Authors: Sanchez Ortiz Sara , Llorente García Ana , Astasio Paloma , Huerta Consuelo , Cea Soriano Lucía 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeThere has been a notable progress on the development of methods for identification of pregnancies using primary care databases. We aimed to evaluate the prescription of medications during pregnancy applying a novel algorithm.MethodsWe identified pregnancies in women aged 15 to 49 years registered in the Database for Pharmacoepidemiological Research in Primary Care (BIFAP) between 2002 and 2015. The algorithm applied sequential cycles that searched in hierarchical order for indicators of conception, delivery or pregnancy loss, and other codes suggestive of pregnancy. Length of pregnancy was assessed by searching for last menstrual period (LMP) date, gestational age, and outcomes of pregnancy. Prescription of specific drugs during the pre‐pregnancy period and first trimester and time trends during pregnancy were evaluated.ResultsWe identified a total of 155 419 pregnancies during the study period (77.5% completed pregnancies, 21.5% pregnancies losses, 0.8% ectopic pregnancies, and 0.2% stillbirths). Excluding vitamins and supplements, 43.8% of women received at least one prescription during the pre‐pregnancy period and 68.4% during the first trimester. During the first trimester, the most commonly drugs prescribed were analgesics (16.3%) followed by antibiotics (11.8%). From 2002/2003 to 2014/2015, there was an increase of prescriptions for thyroid hormones (1.0% vs 4.7%), H2 blockers (1.0% vs 2.2%), and PPIs (1.4% vs 2.2%). While antidepressants (2.0% vs 1.5%) and benzodiazepines (3.1% vs 2.4%) decreased in the last period.ConclusionHaving in mind the challenges of identifying pregnancies in health care databases, this study demonstrates the usefulness of BIFAP database for studies on drug utilization during pregnancy.
Disruption of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 confers resistance to spinosyns in Plutella xylostella
Authors: Wang Xingliang , Ma Yiming , Wang Falong , Yang Yihua , Wu Shuwen , Wu Yidong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system provides some advantages over other reverse genetic techniques to investigate the causal relationship between insecticide resistance phenotype and candidate gene. Several studies published to date point to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α6 subunit strongly associated with spinosyns resistance in insects, including Plutella xylostella. However, reverse genetic verification of the P. xylostella nAChRα6 has not yet been achieved via an in vivo approach.RESULTSHere, we successfully constructed a homozygous strain (Pxα6‐KO) with a 2‐nt deletion mutation of nAChRα6 by CRISPR/Cas9 coupled with non‐homologous end joining approach in P. xylostella. The manipulated mutation results in a frame shift in the open reading frame of transcripts, which produces a predicted protein truncated in the TM3–TM4 loop region. When compared to the background strain IPP‐S, the knockout strain Pxα6‐KO exhibited 229‐ and 1462‐fold resistance to spinosad and spinetoram, respectively, but no or limited (resistance ratios <3‐fold) effects on the toxicities of imidacloprid, abamectin, β‐cypermethrin, indoxacarb, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole. Furthermore, the mode of inheritance of the acquired spinetoram resistance was autosomal recessive and significantly linked with the 2‐nt deletion mutation of nAChRα6 in the Pxα6‐KO strain.CONCLUSIONIn vivo functional investigation demonstrates the causality of the Pxα6 truncating mutation with high levels of resistance to spinosyns in P. xylostella. Our results suggest the Pxα6‐KO strain underlies an autosomal, recessive mode of inheritance for spinetoram resistance, and reinforces the association of this gene to the mode of action of spinosyns. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A current affair: entanglement of humpback whales in coastal shark‐control nets
Authors: Bolin Jessica A. , Schoeman David S. , Pizà‐Roca Carme , Scales Kylie L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractShark‐control nets pose an entanglement risk to East Australian humpback whales during their annual northward and southward migrations between the Southern Ocean and the Coral Sea. Rates of whale entanglement exhibit seasonal and interannual variation, suggesting that an understanding of the influence of variability in the broad‐scale physical environment along the migratory route would be useful in assessing risk of entanglement. This study provides a quantitative spatio‐temporal analysis of the probability of whale entanglement in shark‐control nets relative to the position and characteristics of the East Australian Current (EAC), the dominant oceanographic feature of the region. We use satellite‐derived sea‐surface temperature, and outputs from a data‐assimilating ocean model, to develop multivariate, data‐driven algorithms for detecting the edge of the EAC using Principal Components Analysis. We use outputs from these algorithms to model the likelihood of humpback entanglements in South‐east Queensland. We find that the likelihood of entanglement increases when the EAC edge is locally less structured and closer to shore in the vicinity of the corresponding net, or when the EAC is well resolved over the entire study domain. Our results suggest that migrating humpbacks use the gradient in physical characteristics that marks the EAC inner edge as a navigational aid. Thus, when the EAC inner edge encroaches on the coast, the whales’ migration range is compressed into nearshore waters, increasing the risk of entanglement. Our findings can help predict periods of elevated entanglement risk, which could underpin a more data‐driven approach to the management of shark‐control programs, and other activities that involve static fishing gear.
Space‐efficient estimation of empirical tail dependence coefficients for bivariate data streams
Authors: Gregory Alastair , Jana Kaushik 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article proposes a space‐efficient approximation to empirical tail dependence coefficients of an indefinite bivariate stream of data. The approximation, which has stream‐length invariant error bounds, utilizes recent work on the development of a summary for bivariate empirical copula functions. The work in this paper accurately approximates a bivariate empirical copula in the tails of each marginal distribution, therefore modeling the tail dependence between the two variables observed in the data stream. Copulas evaluated at these marginal tails can be used to estimate the tail dependence coefficients. Modifications to the space‐efficient bivariate copula approximation, presented in this paper, allow the error of approximations to the tail dependence coefficients to remain stream‐length invariant. Theoretical and numerical evidence of this, including a case‐study using the Los Alamos National Laboratory netflow data‐set, is provided within this article.
Design Multifunctional Catalytic Interface: Toward Regulation of Polysulfide and Li2S Redox Conversion in Li–S Batteries
Authors: Fan Shuang , Huang Shaozhuan , Pam Mei Er , Chen Song , Wu Qingyun , Hu Junping , Wang Ye , Ang Lay Kee , Yan Congcong , Shi Yumeng , Yang Hui Ying 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe polysulfide shuttle effect and sluggish reaction kinetics hamper the practical applications of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Incorporating a functional interlayer to trapping and binding polysulfides has been found effective to block polysulfide migration. Furthermore, surface chemistry at soluble polysulfides/electrolyte interface is a crucial step for Li–S battery in which stable cycling depends on adsorption and reutilization of blocked polysulfides in the electrolyte. A multifunctional catalytic interface composed of niobium nitride/N‐doped graphene (NbN/NG) along the soluble polysulfides/electrolyte is designed and constructed to regulate corresponding interface chemical reaction, which can afford long‐range electron transfer surfaces, numerous strong chemisorption, and catalytic sites in a working lithium–sulfur battery. Both experimental and theoretical calculation results suggest that a new catalytic interface enabled by metal‐like NbN with superb electrocatalysis anchored on NG is highly effective in regulating the blocked polysulfide redox reaction and tailoring the Li2S nucleation–growth–decomposition process. Therefore, the Li–S batteries with multifunctional NbN/NG barrier exhibit excellent rate performance (621.2 mAh g−1 at 3 C) and high stable cycling life (81.5% capacity retention after 400 cycles). This work provides new insights to promote Li–S batteries via multifunctional catalytic interface engineering.
A Paleocene (Danian) marine osteoglossid (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the Nuussuaq Basin of Greenland, with a brief review of Palaeogene marine bonytongue fishes
Authors: Capobianco Alessio , Foreman Ethan , Friedman Matt 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe early Palaeogene represents a key interval in the evolution of modern marine fish faunas. Together with the first appearances of many familiar fish lineages characteristic of contemporary marine environments, early Palaeogene marine deposits worldwide feature the occurrence of osteoglossid bonytongues. Their presence in marine rocks is surprising, given that these fishes are strictly associated with freshwater environments in modern settings and in other parts of the fossil record. Despite its possible relevance to faunal recovery after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) extinction, this marine osteoglossid radiation is relatively understudied. Here we describe an osteoglossid specimen from marine Danian deposits of western Greenland (Eqalulik Formation, northern Nuussuaq Peninsula). It consists of disarticulated cranial, pectoral and vertebral material belonging to a relatively large‐bodied predator, similar to the widespread †Brychaetusbut with some distinctive features. This specimen expands the geographical range of extinct osteoglossids to the Arctic and represents one of the earliest records of this group in marine deposits. We review other fossil occurrences of marine osteoglossids, highlighting temporal and biogeographical patterns that characterize their rise, diversification and sudden disappearance in the middle Eocene. It is likely that the transition from freshwater to marine environments occurred around the K–Pg boundary, possibly related to ecological replacement of predatory fish lineages that went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. Further study of the Eqalulik Formation fauna could yield additional insight into the consequences of the end‐Cretaceous extinction with regard to marine fish evolution and the assembly of modern marine faunas.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Bildgebung der Lunge
Authors: Prayer F. , Röhrich S. , Pan J. , Hofmanninger J. , Langs G. , Prosch H. 
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung
Klinisches/methodisches Problem
Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) hat das Potenzial, durch automatisierte Detektion, Quantifizierung, Klassifikation und Verlaufsprädiktion die Diagnostik und Behandlung von Patienten mit Lungenerkrankungen zu verbessern.

Radiologische Standardverfahren
Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen stellen aufgrund unspezifischer Symptomatik, geringer Anzahl visuell erfassbarer computertomographischer Erkrankungsmuster sowie der potenziell schwerwiegenden Prognose einen Forschungsschwerpunkt für KI dar.

Methodische Innovationen
Durch überwachtes und unüberwachtes maschinelles Lernen können Erkrankungsmuster in der CT anhand von Merkmalen identifiziert und Zusammenhänge mit bestimmten Erkrankungen und deren Verlauf analysiert werden.

Leistungsfähigkeit
Maschinelles Lernen verbessert einerseits die automatisierte Detektion pulmonaler Rundherde. Andererseits bietet es die Möglichkeit, diese Rundherde zu charakterisieren, was besonders im Hinblick auf Lungenkrebs-Screening-Programme Ressourceneffizienz verspricht.

Bewertung
Neben der Notwendigkeit leistungsstarker Algorithmen stellen die Daten, anhand welcher die KI Erkrankungsmuster lernt, eine Herausforderung dar. Notwendig sind aufwändige Expertenannotation sowie eine ausreichende Größe der Trainingsdatensätze, um physiologische und pathologische Diversität abzubilden. Aufgrund der noch fehlenden Standardisierung in diesem jungen Forschungsfeld stellen sich Fragen der Vergleich- und Reproduzierbarkeit.

Empfehlung für die Praxis
Dieser Übersichtartikel beschäftigt sich mit dem State of the Art und den Herausforderungen von KI in der Bildgebund der Lunge unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen und der Detektion und Beurteilung von Lungenrundherden.
Modeling clinical assessor intervariability using deep hypersphere encoder–decoder networks
Authors: van der Putten Joost , van der Sommen Fons , de Groof Jeroen , Struyvenberg Maarten , Zinger Svitlana , Curvers Wouter , Schoon Erik , Bergman Jacques , de With Peter H. N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn medical imaging, a proper gold-standard ground truth as, e.g., annotated segmentations by assessors or experts is lacking or only scarcely available and suffers from large intervariability in those segmentations. Most state-of-the-art segmentation models do not take inter-observer variability into account and are fully deterministic in nature. In this work, we propose hypersphere encoder–decoder networks in combination with dynamic leaky ReLUs, as a new method to explicitly incorporate inter-observer variability into a segmentation model. With this model, we can then generate multiple proposals based on the inter-observer agreement. As a result, the output segmentations of the proposed model can be tuned to typical margins inherent to the ambiguity in the data. For experimental validation, we provide a proof of concept on a toy data set as well as show improved segmentation results on two medical data sets. The proposed method has several advantages over current state-of-the-art segmentation models such as interpretability in the uncertainty of segmentation borders. Experiments with a medical localization problem show that it offers improved biopsy localizations, which are on average 12% closer to the optimal biopsy location.
Deployment of an aerial platform system for rapid restoration of communications links after a disaster: a machine learning approach
Authors: Almalki Faris A. , Angelides Marios C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHaving reliable telecommunication systems in the immediate aftermath of a catastrophic event makes a huge difference in the combined effort by local authorities, local fire and police departments, and rescue teams to save lives. This paper proposes a physical model that links base stations that are still operational with aerial platforms and then uses a machine learning framework to evolve ground-to-air propagation model for such an ad hoc network. Such a physical model is quick and easy to deploy and the underlying air-to-ground (ATG) propagation models are both resilient and scalable and may use a wide range of link budget, grade of service (GoS), and quality of service (QoS) parameters to optimise their performance and in turn the effectiveness of the physical model. The prediction results of a simulated deployment of such a physical model and the evolved propagation model in an ad hoc network offers much promise in restoring communication links during emergency relief operations.
After you, please: browser extensions order attacks and countermeasures
Authors: Picazo-Sanchez Pablo , Tapiador Juan , Schneider Gerardo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBrowser extensions are small applications executed in the browser context that provide additional capabilities and enrich the user experience while surfing the web. The acceptance of extensions in current browsers is unquestionable. For instance, Chrome’s official extension repository has more than 63,000 extensions, with some of them having more than 10M users. When installed, extensions are pushed into an internal queue within the browser. The order in which each extension executes depends on a number of factors, including their relative installation times. In this paper, we demonstrate how this order can be exploited by an unprivileged malicious extension (i.e., one with no more permissions than those already assigned when accessing web content) to get access to any private information that other extensions have previously introduced. We propose a solution that does not require modifying the core browser engine, since it is implemented as another browser extension. We prove that our approach effectively protects the user against usual attackers (i.e., any other installed extension) as well as against strong attackers having access to the effects of all installed extensions (i.e., knowing who did what). We also prove soundness and robustness of our approach under reasonable assumptions.
Enabling decisions that make a difference: guidance for improving access to and analysis of invasive species information
Authors: Wallace Rebekah D. , Bargeron Charles T. , Reaser Jamie K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe issue of how to detect and rapidly respond to invasive species before it is economically infeasible to control them is one of urgency and importance at international, national, and subnational scales. Barriers to sharing invasive species data—whether in the form of policy, culture, technology, or operational logistics—need to be addressed and overcome at all levels. We propose guiding principles for following standards, formats, and protocols to improve information sharing among US invasive species information systems and conclude that existing invasive species information standards are adequate for the facilitation of data sharing among all sectors. Rather than creating a single information-sharing system, there is a need to promote interfaces among existing information systems that will enable them to become inter-operable, to foster simultaneous access, and to deliver any and all relevant information to a particular user or application in a seamless fashion. The actions we propose include implementing a national campaign to mobilize invasive species occurrence data into publicly available information systems; maintaining a current list of invasive species data integrators/clearinghouses; establishing an agreement for sharing data among the primary US invasive species information systems; enhancing the Integrated Taxonomic Information System to fully cover taxonomic groups not yet complete; further developing and hosting data standards for critical aspects of invasive species biology; supporting and maintaining the North American Invasive Species Management Association’s mapping standards; identifying standard metrics for capturing the environmental and socio-economic impact of invasive species, including impacts and management options; continuing to support US engagement in international invasive species data sharing platforms; and continuing US membership in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
The incident command system: a framework for rapid response to biological invasion
Authors: Burgiel Stanley W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe incident command system (ICS) is a framework for organizing and directing on-site, tactical responses to a particular event or series of events. ICS provides a command structure for coordination, information flow, analysis, decision-making, communications, and implementation in an authoritative and standardized manner. The ICS framework has been used for emergency response in a variety of situations where the environment, human health, or other resources are at risk, including wildfires, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, oil and chemical spills, infectious disease outbreaks, and invasive species. This paper outlines the key components of ICS, as well as major elements for building ICS capacity. It concludes with a list of considerations for applying ICS in the invasive species context.
Using FluoZin-3 and fura-2 to monitor acute accumulation of free intracellular Cd2+ in a pancreatic beta cell line
Authors: Malaiyandi Latha M. , Sharthiya Harsh , Barakat Ameir N. , Edwards Joshua R. , Dineley Kirk E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe understanding of cellular Cd2+accumulation and toxicity is hampered by a lack of fluorescent indicators selective for intracellular free Cd2+([Cd2+]i). In this study, we used depolarized MIN6 mouse pancreatic beta cells as a model for evaluating [Cd2+]idetection with commercially available fluorescent probes, most of which have been traditionally used to visualize [Ca2+]iand [Zn2+]i. We trialed a panel of 12 probes including fura-2, FluoZin-3, Leadmium Green, Rhod-5N, indo-1, Fluo-5N, and others. We found that the [Zn2+]iprobe FluoZin-3 and the traditional [Ca2+]iprobe fura-2 responded most consistently and robustly to [Cd2+]iaccumulation mediated by voltage-gated calcium channels. While selective detection of [Cd2+]iby fura-2 required the omission of Ca2+from extracellular buffers, FluoZin-3 responded to [Cd2+]isimilarly in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. Furthermore, we showed that FluoZin-3 and fura-2 can be used together for simultaneous monitoring of [Ca2+]iand [Cd2+]iin the same cells. None of the other fluorophores tested were effective [Cd2+]idetectors in this model.
Population and landscape genetic analysis of the Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus
Authors: Kunde Miriam N. , Martins Renata F. , Premier Joe , Fickel Joerns , Förster Daniel W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConservation genetics can provide data needed by conservation practitioners for their decisions regarding the management of vulnerable or endangered species, such as the sun bearHelarctos malayanus. Throughout its range, the sun bear is threatened by loss and fragmentation of its habitat and the illegal trade of both live bears and bear parts. Sharply declining population numbers and population sizes, and a lack of natural dispersal between populations all threaten the genetic diversity of the remaining populations of this species. In this first population genetics study of sun bears using microsatellite markers, we analyzed 68 sun bear samples from Cambodia to investigate population structure and genetic diversity. We found evidence for two genetically distinct populations in the West and East of Cambodia. Ongoing or recent gene flow between these populations does not appear sufficient to alleviate loss of diversity in these populations, one of which (West Cambodia) is characterized by significant inbreeding. We were able to assign 85% of sun bears of unknown origin to one of the two populations with high confidence (assignment probability ≥ 85%), providing valuable information for future bear reintroduction programs. Further, our results suggest that developed land (mostly agricultural mosaics) acts as a barrier to gene flow for sun bears in Cambodia. We highlight that regional sun bear conservation action plans should consider promoting population connectivity and enforcing wildlife protection of this threatened species.