bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective, Observational Study to Determine the Patient and Tumor Characteristics of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients Treated at Five Main Public Cancer Centers in Malaysia
Authors: Bustamam Ros Suzanna Ahmad , Leong Yu Kong , Chong Flora Li Tze , Fui Florence Wong Yoke , Cheong Yew-Teik , Kenny Goh 
Published: April 2020

Introduction Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpressing breast cancer is a high-risk subtype with poor prognosis. The incidence of HER2 expressing tumors is high in Malaysia; however, there is limited information on the characteristics of these tumors. Therefore, we sought to collect the patient and tumor characteristics of HER2+ breast cancer cases at five centers in Malaysia.
Patients and Methods A retrospective review was conducted of the data from charts of patients diagnosed with HER2+ breast cancer between January 2014 and December 2015 at Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Institute Kanser Negara, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Hospital Besar Sarawak, and Hospital Likas in Malaysia.
Results Of the 1,519 screened patient’ charts, 396 were included for the analysis. The average age of HER2+ breast cancer cases at diagnosis was 51.07 years. A high percentage of cases presented at an advanced stage (38.89 and 12.12% with stage 3 and 4, respectively). About 58.84% of patients were categorized as “high-risk,” with one or more lymph node involvement. Close to half (47.98%) of cases presented with T2 stage tumors, and infiltrating ductal carcinomas were reported in 85.35% of tumors. The most common immunohistochemical subtype was estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)+/HER2+ (47.47%), followed by ER–/PR–/HER2+ (37.12%).
Conclusion HER2 overexpressing tumors represent an aggressive subtype in Malaysia with large tumor size, high tumor grade, and lymph node involvement. Early diagnosis and management of these tumors may help improve the survival rates. Future studies should help elucidate the treatment patterns and outcomes in HER2+ breast cancer patients in Malaysia.
HLA Polymorphisms and Food Allergy Predisposition
Authors: Kostara Maria , Chondrou Vasiliki , Sgourou Argyro , Douros Konstantinos , Tsabouri Sophia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFood allergy (FA) is a growing health problem that affects ∼8% of the children worldwide. Although the prevalence of FA is increasing, the underlying genetic mechanisms responsible for the onset of this immune disorder are not yet clarified. Genetic factors seem to play a leading role in the development of FA, though interaction with environmental factors cannot be excluded. The broader network of genetic loci mediating the risk of this complex disorder remains to be identified. The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) has been associated with various immune disorders, including FA. This review aims to unravel the potential associations between HLA gene functions and the manifestation and outcome of FA disorders. Exploring new aspects of FA development with the perspective to improve our understanding of the multifaceted etiology and the complex biological mechanisms involved in FA is essential.
Crime and its fear in social media
Authors: Prieto Curiel Rafael , Cresci Stefano , Muntean Cristina Ioana , Bishop Steven Richard 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSocial media posts incorporate real-time information that has, elsewhere, been exploited to predict social trends. This paper considers whether such information can be useful in relation to crime and fear of crime. A large number of tweets were collected from the 18 largest Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, over a period of 70 days. These tweets are then classified as being crime-related or not and additional information is extracted, including the type of crime and where possible, any geo-location at a city level. From the analysis of collected data, it is established that around 15 out of every 1000 tweets have text related to a crime, or fear of crime. The frequency of tweets related to crime is then compared against the number of murders, the murder rate, or the level of fear of crime as recorded in surveys. Results show that, like mass media, such as newspapers, social media suffer from a strong bias towards violent or sexual crimes. Furthermore, social media messages are not highly correlated with crime. Thus, social media is shown not to be highly useful for detecting trends in crime itself, but what they do demonstrate is rather a reflection of the level of the fear of crime.
The interaction between tone and prosodic focus in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Wang Ting , Liu Jun , Lee Yong-hun , Lee Yong-cheol 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study characterized focused tones in Mandarin Chinese through a production experiment using phone number strings. The results revealed that, although phonation cues had little effect on any focused tone, prosodic cues exhibited various patterns of distribution. Duration played an important role for each focused tone, but intensity had a relatively less salient role. Among pitch-related parameters, the raising of pitch register was an important cue when a level tone (tone 1) was focused. By contrast, due to the interaction between tone and intonation, absolute slope and pitch range had less effect on tone 1 focus. These cues, however, were prominent when contour tones (tones 2 and 4) were in focus. Unlike other focused tones that raised pitch, tone 3 focus exhibited the opposite pattern, lowering its pitch target. In the aggregation of all focused tones, it was found that only primarily pitch-related parameters were selected as the main variables discriminating one from another. The results of this study, therefore, suggest that the prosodic marking of focus is not uniform, even within a single language, but clearly differs by tone type. Accordingly, prosodic marking of focus should be considered multimodal in a tonal language.
Constructing realistic effective spin Hamiltonians with machine learning approaches
Authors: Li Xue-Yang , Lou Feng , Gong Xin-Gao , Xiang Hongjun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The effective Hamiltonian method has recently received considerable attention due to its power to deal with finite-temperature problems and large-scale systems. In this work, we put forward a machine learning (ML) approach to generate realistic effective Hamiltonians. In order to find out the important interactions among many possible terms, we propose some new techniques. In particular, we suggest a new criterion to select models with less parameters using a penalty factor instead of the commonly-adopted additional penalty term, and we improve the efficiency of variable selection algorithms by estimating the importance of each possible parameter by its relative uncertainty and the error induced in the parameter reduction. We also employ a testing set and optionally a validation set to help prevent over-fitting problems. To verify the reliability and usefulness of our approach, we take two-dimensional MnO and three-dimensional TbMnO3 as examples. In the case of TbMnO3, our approach not only reproduces the known results that the Heisenberg, biquadratic, and ring exchange interactions are the major spin interactions, but also finds out that the next most important spin interactions are three-body fourth-order interactions. In both cases, we obtain effective spin Hamiltonians with high fitting accuracy. These tests suggest that our ML approach is powerful for identifying the effective spin Hamiltonians. Our ML approach is general so that it can be adopted to construct other effective Hamiltonians.
The research of the effectiveness of the ice cover destruction by the resonance method from the pair motion of the load
Authors: Zemlyak V L , Rogozhnikova E G , Vasilyev A S , Radionov S V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the work, the efficiency of study of the ice cover by the resonant method from the pair movement of the load is experimentally investigated. Studies were conducted in the experimental ice tank. At the initial stage of the study, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of the mass of the load on the parameters of flexural-gravity waves generated in model ice. Further, the effect of the distance between the load models during their pair wake movement was studied. Study have shown that, depending on the distance between the models, either an increase or a decrease in the effectiveness of ice cover destruction was observed by flexural-gravity waves, which is associated with the interference phenomenon — an increase and decrease in the resulting amplitude of two coherent wave systems generated from the motion of the models. In general, it can be concluded that, to increase the efficiency of the resonant method of breaking the ice, flexural-gravity waves can be used as repeated passes of a single load across the ice cover, as well as pair movement.
The relative thickness of the barriers and its fundamental importance in armored ballistics
Authors: Popov Yu V , Markov V A , Pusev V I , Selivanov V V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The issues of armor ballistics related to attempts to classify the types of deformation and destruction of barriers during perforation and penetration are considered. It is shown that the published classification options were not accompanied by the relative thickness of the barriers, determined by the ratio of the thickness of the barrier to the diameter of the impactor. In this regard, in some cases, the assessment of the thickness of the barriers is either humanitarian-emotional in nature, or is an erroneous quantitative assessment. Corresponding examples are given, and the classifications are supplemented by the relative thickness of the barriers. The features of evaluating the processes of perforation and penetration for caliber and sub-caliber projectiles, as well as for cumulative jets, are considered.
Non-isothermal synthesis of materials based on the MAX phases in the Ti-Si-C and Nb-Al-C systems
Authors: Afanasyev N I , Lepakova O K , Kitler V D 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The experimental results of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of materials in Ti – Si – C and Nb – Al – C systems are presented. Mixtures of powders of Ti, Si, Nb, Al, and C were used as charge. The combustion thermograms of the Ti-Si-C system are investigated. It is shown that changes in the technological conditions of synthesis can substantially change the phase composition and microstructure of the final products. The optimal synthesis conditions were established, which made it possible to obtain a product with a maximum content of the target phases Ti3SiC2, Nb2AlC, Nb4AlC3. Under all conditions studied, the SHS method fails to obtain 100% of the MAX phase of stoichiometric composition. To obtain 100% stoichiometric MAX phases, additional heat treatment of the ground SHS products is necessary. The products obtained by high-temperature synthesis were characterized by X-ray, optical and scanning electron microstructural analysis methods.
Permeability of membranes stacked tightly closed carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chelnokova A S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Nanotubes, like fullerenes, can be stacked in potential wells of adjacent tubes, forming a new material with triangular tunnels. This method of cluster formation from nanotubes is called self-laying mode. In this work two methods for calculating permeability of such material by the molecules and atoms of a gas mixture are proposed. In the framework of the first approach, the calculations made it possible to determine the effective radii of the tubes with respect to helium and methane. This method relies on the determination of the sizes of the areas of free passage of molecules, the second on a set of complete statistics on single launches that realize the passage of molecules. The studied ideal carbon structure showed high selectivity with respect to the separation of the methane-helium mixture and was practically impermeable to methane.
Calibration methodology of program package for optic measuring of strain and crack resistance determination of compact tension specimens
Authors: Kozulin A A , Titkov V V , Kushnaryov A G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the work, the problem of eccentric tension of a compact specimen with a crack was solved by numerical methods. It was proposed to use the results of numerical modeling for setting up and testing the original software package for measuring the deformation of materials by optical methods. The values of the fracture parameters obtained by software coincide with the experimental and numerical results. The proposed testing methodology made it possible to avoid problems with determining the error in the quality of calculation of the optical flow during verification. The dependences of the change of the values of stress intensity factor and J-integral on the applied tensile loading are determined for compact tension specimen with a crack from aluminum alloy D16.
Forced rotation of fullerenes in an electromagnetic fields
Authors: Bubenchikov A M , Bubenchikov M A , Mamontov D V , Lun-Fu A V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A mathematical model of molecular dynamics is presented, which allows one to study the behavior of molecular crystals both in electromagnetic fields and in the absence of fields. This model is universal and affordable, and also does not require high computing power. The fullerene-based materials continue to exhibit unique properties, and the applicability of such materials is steadily increasing. A study of fullerite in the solid phase with charged fullerenes was carried out, characteristic states of the substance were obtained, and their potential properties were analyzed. The potential use of the material is also described taking into account the properties obtained.
Study of the effect of the size of the initial nickel powder on the structure formation of the mixture during mechanical activation of titanium and nickel
Authors: Shkoda O A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The structure and morphology of the mechanoactivated powder mixture has significant impact on the process of further synthesis. In this paper, the influence of the sizes of the initial powders on the formation of the structure of the mechanoactivated powder mixture during mechanical activation and the formation of layered agglomerates in the powder mixture of titanium and nickel is studied. The evolution of the formation of the size and density of layered agglomerates with the participation of both small and large nickel powder after different times of mechanical activation is studied. The study showed that the mechanical activation process leads to the formation of layered agglomerates and an increase in activity, which is associated with an increase in the contact surface of dissimilar particles, the number of defects. It is established that the use of initial nickel of different dispersion contributes to the formation of different structure of mechanoactivated powder mixture.
High temperature synthesis of copper coatings made from a thin film layered composition “CuO -B - Glass”
Authors: Shulpekov A M , Lapshin O V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The study is aimed at developing methods for producing thin-layer cermet coatings. Such coatings are promising for use in flat heating elements, thermal protective coatings. A method for producing electrically conductive coatings based on copper and borosilicate glass using the technology of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is proposed. The wave synthesis and thermal explosion in the CuO – B – glass thin-layer system were studied using experimental methods and developed mathematical models. The effect of the reaction layer thickness and inert additive on the kinetics of the process and characteristics of final products was studied. Numerical calculations were performed to study the dynamics of the process. The thermophysical and kinetic parameters that determine the synthesis in the CuO – B – glass system are found using the inverse method.
Quantifying process-level uncertainty contributions to TCRE and carbon budgets for meeting Paris Agreement climate targets
Authors: Jones Chris D , Friedlingstein Pierre 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
To achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement requires deep and rapid reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but uncertainty surrounds the magnitude and depth of reductions. Earth system models provide a means to quantify the link from emissions to global climate change. Using the concept of TCRE—the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions—we can estimate the remaining carbon budget to achieve 1.5 or 2 °C. But the uncertainty is large, and this hinders the usefulness of the concept. Uncertainty in carbon budgets associated with a given global temperature rise is determined by the physical Earth system, and therefore Earth system modelling has a clear and high priority remit to address and reduce this uncertainty. Here we explore multi-model carbon cycle simulations across three generations of Earth system models to quantitatively assess the sources of uncertainty which propagate through to TCRE. Our analysis brings new insights which will allow us to determine how we can better direct our research priorities in order to reduce this uncertainty. We emphasise that uses of carbon budget estimates must bear in mind the uncertainty stemming from the biogeophysical Earth system, and we recommend specific areas where the carbon cycle research community needs to re-focus activity in order to try to reduce this uncertainty. We conclude that we should revise focus from the climate feedback on the carbon cycle to place more emphasis on CO2 as the main driver of carbon sinks and their long-term behaviour. Our proposed framework will enable multiple constraints on components of the carbon cycle to propagate to constraints on remaining carbon budgets.
Studying the effect of Polyamide 6 Nanofibers on Physical and Chemical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester Reinforced by Glass fibers Composites
Authors: Al dabbagh B M , Kadhim H J , Salih R M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this study, the hybrid reinforcement materials of (glass fibers and polyamide 6 nanofibers) with 15% weight fraction added to unsaturated polyester (UPS). The physical properties (density, bending strength, impact strength) and chemical resistance of UPS reinforced with of hybrid reinforcement (GF+PA6 nanofibers)with differen ratios: (0.99:0.01, 0.98:0.02, 0.97:0.03, &0.96:0.04) wt.% by 15% weight fraction were studied. Results proved that, the impact strength increased from 0.5 to 1.5 K.J/m2, while the bending strength increases from (2 to 14.5) MPa with adding of (0.96:0.04) wt.% of reinforcement materials by 15% weight fraction.The weight loss of (UPS/GF) decreased from (1 to 0.1) with (0.04) wt. % of PA6 Nanofibers for 30 days and it stable at this value for 40 days, this is refers to increases of chemical resistance of samples in H2SO4 acid. The density of (UPS/GF) decreased from (1.29 g/cm3) to (1.01) g/cm3 for density of (UPS/19.96GF+0.04 PA6 Nanofibers).
Fabrication Flexible Solar Cells by Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Abood M. A. , Mustafa Alattar F. I. , Badri M. S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Organic semiconductors require low energy fabrication process coupled with the ease of processing, as well as compatibility with flexible substrates, hence, can be fabricated at low cost as light-weight solar cells. The thin films of Ni-PhthalocyanineTetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt and poly (3, 4- ethylenedioxythiophene) poly (styrenesulfonate) on indium tin oxide (ITO glass and plastic) substrates were prepared by drop casting at thickness (100 nm). The optical properties were studied by using UV-Vis absorption spectra. The current–voltage characteristics of solar were measured the efficiency values about 4.17%.
Film analysis and quality control from x-rays examinations in some hospitals in Baghdad
Authors: Alhamd M W , Alwan F J , Alobaidi W O , kamoon S S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There were significant correlation between breathing effects in chest x-ray examination and rejected film. While the techniques and skills employed contribute to about 50% nearly equally of the rejected films. The study samples included (300) patients divided males and females. The mean age of subjects was (35±10years), their mean height was (170±5 cm) and the mean weight was (70±5Kgm).
Spectral fluctuations in 24Mg nucleus using the framework of the nuclear shell model
Authors: Abdul Hussian Thoraia A , Hamoudi Adel K 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Random matrix theory is used to study the chaotic properties in nuclear energy spectrum of the 24Mg nucleus. The excitation energies (which are the main object of this study) are obtained via performing shell model calculations using the OXBASH computer code together with an effective interaction of Wildenthal (W) in the isospin formalism. The 24Mg nucleus is assumed to have an inert 16O core with 8 nucleons (4protons and 4neutrons) move in the 1d5/2, 2s1/2 and 1d3/2 orbitals. The spectral fluctuations are studied by two statistical measures: the nearest neighbor level spacing distribution P(s) and the Dyson-Mehta statistics (∆3 statistics). For calculations with the full diagonalization of the Hamiltonian, the spectral fluctuations are found to be in agreement with the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble of random matrices.
Estimation the cancer risk due to ingestion the food spices commonly used in Iraqi kitchen
Authors: Al-Mashhadani A H , Yas R M , Majeed W z , Saeed A A , Naje N B , Abdul Hadi W 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSpices are natural substances taken from special plants and have a different taste when added to food and some of them have great benefits for health and body. These plants vary from country to country depending on the type of soil and how they are grown and this affects their quality. In this study, the specific activity of40K,238U and232Th series and137Cs in some selected natural food spices commonly used in Iraq kitchen were determined using gamma spectrometry and the ingested doses via food consumption were also assessed. The average specific activity of40K,238U,232Th and137Cs in the samples are 72.00 Bqkg−1, 106.576Bqkg−1, 148.74 and 191.88 Bq.kg−1respectively. The highest activity concentration of40K,238U,232Th and137Cs was recorded in cumin (401.7) for40K, laurel paper (260.67) for238U, briana spices (733.7) for232Th and Chamomile (833.4) for137Cs. The maximum value of total annual effective dose received from40K,238U,232Th and137Cs due to consumption of natural spices by the inhabitants was 169.83 μSvy−1. This value is low compared to the average radiation dose of 290 μSvy−1received per caput worldwide due to ingestion the food spices. The excess lifetime cancer risk due to ingestion of radionuclide in food spices was estimated and the values obtained were compared with standards. Based on these results it can be concluded that the foods spices studied in this work do not present any serious radiological effect. Spices are natural substances taken from special plants and have a different taste when added