bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are ED-based violence intervention programmes effective in reducing revictimisation and perpetration in victims of violence? A systematic review
Authors: Brice James Matthew , Boyle Adrian A 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesCommunity violence bears significant human and economic costs. Furthermore, victims requiring ED treatment are at a greater risk of violent reinjury, arrest due to perpetration and violent death. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ED-based violence intervention programmes (EVIPs), which aim to reduce future violence involvement in these individuals.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review searching MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science, in addition to hand-searching. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they enrolled victims of community violence requiring ED treatment, evaluated interventions taking place in the ED and used violent revictimisation, arrests or intermediate outcome measures as endpoints. We included trials that had a Jadad score of 2 or above.Results297 records were identified, and 13 articles were included in our final qualitative analysis, representing 10 RCTs and 9 different EVIPs. The risk of selection bias was low; the risk of performance, detection and attrition bias was moderate. 9 out of 13 papers reported statistically significant improvements in one or more outcome measures related to violence, including violent reinjury and arrests due to violence perpetration.ConclusionThe results of this literature review show that EVIPs may be capable of reducing violent reinjury and arrests due to violence perpetration. Larger RCTs, taking place in different regions, in different age groups and using different techniques, are justified to determine which conditions may be required for success and whether EVIPs are generalisable.
Helicity form factors for $$D_{(s)} \rightarrow A \ell \nu $$ process in the light-cone QCD sum rules approach
Authors: Momeni S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe helicity form factors of the $$D_{(s)}\rightarrow A \ell ^+ \nu $$D(s)→Aℓ+ν with $$A=a_{1}^{-}, a_{1}^{0}, b_{1}^{-}, b_{1}^{0}, K_{1}(1270)$$A=a1-,a10,b1-,b10,K1(1270) and $$K_{1}(1400)$$K1(1400) are calculated in the light-cone sum rules approach, up to twist-3 distribution amplitudes of the axial vector meson A. In the helicity form factors parametrization the unitarity constraints are applied to the fitting parameters. In addition, the effects of the low-lying resonances are included in series expansions of aforementioned form factors. The properties of the $$D_{(s)}\rightarrow A \ell ^+ \nu $$D(s)→Aℓ+ν semileptonic decays are studied by extending the form factors to the whole physical region of $$q^2$$q2. For a better analysis, a comparison is also made between our results and the predictions obtained using transition form factors via LCSR, 3PSR and CLFQM methods.
Potential analysis of holographic Schwinger effect in the magnetized background
Authors: Zhu Zhou-Run , Hou De-fu , Chen Xun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study the holographic Schwinger effect with magnetic field at RHIC and LHC energies by using the AdS/CFT correspondence. We consider both weak and strong magnetic field cases with $$B\ll T^2$$B≪T2 and $$B\gg T^2$$B≫T2 solutions respectively. Firstly, we calculate separating length of the particle pairs at finite magnetic field. It is found that for both weak and strong magnetic field solutions the maximum value of separating length decreases with the increase of magnetic field , which can be inferred that the virtual electron-positron pairs become real particles more easily. We also find that the magnetic field reduces the potential barrier and the critical field for the weak magnetic field solution, thus favors the Schwinger effect. With strong magnetic field solution, the magnetic field enhances the Schwinger effect when the pairs are in perpendicular to the magnetic field although the magnetic field increases the critical electric field.
Autocrine IL6-Mediated Activation of the STAT3–DNMT Axis Silences the TNFα–RIP1 Necroptosis Pathway to Sustain Survival and Accumulation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Smith Alyssa D. , Lu Chunwan , Payne Daniela , Paschall Amy V. , Klement John D. , Redd Priscilla S. , Ibrahim Mohammed L. , Yang Dafeng , Han Qimei , Liu Zhuoqi , Shi Huidong , Hartney Thomas J. , Nayak-Kapoor Asha , Liu Kebin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) is a hallmark of cancer, the underlying mechanism of this accumulation within the tumor microenvironment remains incompletely understood. We report here that TNFα–RIP1–mediated necroptosis regulates accumulation of MDSCs. In tumor-bearing mice, pharmacologic inhibition of DNMT with the DNA methyltransferease inhibitor decitabine (DAC) decreased MDSC accumulation and increased activation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. DAC-induced decreases in MDSC accumulation correlated with increased expression of the myeloid cell lineage-specific transcription factor IRF8 in MDSCs. However, DAC also suppressed MDSC-like cell accumulation in IRF8-deficient mice, indicating that DNA methylation may regulate MDSC survival through an IRF8-independent mechanism. Instead, DAC decreased MDSC accumulation by increasing cell death via disrupting DNA methylation of RIP1-dependent targets of necroptosis. Genome-wide DNA bisulfite sequencing revealed that the Tnf promoter was hypermethylated in tumor-induced MDSCs in vivo. DAC treatment dramatically increased TNFα levels in MDSC in vitro, and neutralizing TNFα significantly increased MDSC accumulation and tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. Recombinant TNFα induced MDSC cell death in a dose- and RIP1-dependent manner. IL6 was abundantly expressed in MDSCs in tumor-bearing mice and patients with human colorectal cancer. In vitro, IL6 treatment of MDSC-like cells activated STAT3, increased expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3b, and enhanced survival. Overall, our findings reveal that MDSCs establish a STAT3–DNMT epigenetic axis, regulated by autocrine IL6, to silence TNFα expression. This results in decreased TNFα-induced and RIP1-dependent necroptosis to sustain survival and accumulation.Significance:These findings demonstrate that targeting IL6 expression or function represent potentially effective approaches to suppress MDSC survival and accumulation in the tumor microenvironment.
Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Induces a Tumor-Suppressive Program in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Bolf Eric L. , Gillis Noelle E. , Davidson Cole D. , Rodriguez Princess D. , Cozzens Lauren , Tomczak Jennifer A. , Frietze Seth , Carr Frances E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ), a key regulator of cellular growth and differentiation, is frequently dysregulated in cancers. Diminished expression of TRβ is noted in thyroid, breast, and other solid tumors and is correlated with more aggressive disease. Restoration of TRβ levels decreased tumor growth supporting the concept that TRβ could function as a tumor suppressor. Yet, the TRβ tumor suppression transcriptome is not well delineated and the impact of TRβ is unknown in aggressive anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Here, we establish that restoration of TRβ expression in the human ATC cell line SW1736 (SW-TRβ) reduces the aggressive phenotype, decreases cancer stem cell populations and induces cell death in a T3-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis of SW-TRβ cells via RNA sequencing revealed distinctive expression patterns induced by ligand-bound TRβ and revealed novel molecular signaling pathways. Of note, liganded TRβ repressed multiple nodes in the PI3K/AKT pathway, induced expression of thyroid differentiation markers, and promoted proapoptotic pathways. Our results further revealed the JAK1–STAT1 pathway as a novel, T3-mediated, antitumorigenic pathway that can be activated in additional ATC lines. These findings elucidate a TRβ-driven tumor suppression transcriptomic signature, highlight unexplored therapeutic options for ATC, and support TRβ activation as a promising therapeutic option in cancers.

Implications:
TRβ-T3 induced a less aggressive phenotype and tumor suppression program in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells revealing new potential therapeutic targets.
Assessing the Predictive Validity of Simple Dementia Risk Models in Harmonized Stroke Cohorts
Authors: Tang Eugene Y.H. , Price Christopher I. , Robinson Louise , Exley Catherine , Desmond David W. , Köhler Sebastian , Staals Julie , Yin Ka Lam Bonnie , Wong Adrian , Mok Vincent , Bordet Regis , Bordet Anne-Marie , Dondaine Thibaut , Lo Jessica W. , Sachdev Perminder S. , Stephan Blossom C.M. ,   for the STROKOG Collaboration
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:
Stroke is associated with an increased risk of dementia. To assist in the early identification of individuals at high risk of future dementia, numerous prediction models have been developed for use in the general population. However, it is not known whether such models also provide accurate predictions among stroke patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether existing dementia risk prediction models that were developed for use in the general population can also be applied to individuals with a history of stroke to predict poststroke dementia with equivalent predictive validity.

Methods:
Data were harmonized from 4 stroke studies (follow-up range, ≈12–18 months poststroke) from Hong Kong, the United States, the Netherlands, and France. Regression analysis was used to test 3 risk prediction models: the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia score, the Australian National University Alzheimer Disease Risk Index, and the Brief Dementia Screening Indicator. Model performance or discrimination accuracy was assessed using the C statistic or area under the curve. Calibration was tested using the Grønnesby and Borgan and the goodness-of-fit tests.

Results:
The predictive accuracy of the models varied but was generally low compared with the original development cohorts, with the Australian National University Alzheimer Disease Risk Index (C-statistic, 0.66) and the Brief Dementia Screening Indicator (C-statistic, 0.61) both performing better than the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia score (area under the curve, 0.53).

Conclusions:
Dementia risk prediction models developed for the general population do not perform well in individuals with stroke. Their poor performance could have been due to the need for additional or different predictors related to stroke and vascular risk factors or methodological differences across studies (eg, length of follow-up, age distribution). Future work is needed to develop simple and cost-effective risk prediction models specific to poststroke dementia.
Urban-Rural Inequities in Acute Stroke Care and In-Hospital Mortality
Authors: Hammond Gmerice , Luke Alina A. , Elson Lauren , Towfighi Amytis , Joynt Maddox Karen E. 
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:
The rural-urban life-expectancy gap is widening, but underlying causes are incompletely understood. Prior studies suggest stroke care may be worse for individuals in more rural areas, and technological advancements in stroke care may disproportionately impact individuals in more rural areas. We sought to examine differences and 5-year trends in the care and outcomes of patients hospitalized for stroke across rural-urban strata.

Methods:
Retrospective cohort study using National Inpatient Sample data from 2012 to 2017. Rurality was classified by county of residence according to the 6-strata National Center for Health Statistics classification scheme.

Results:

There were 792 054 hospitalizations for acute stroke in our sample. Rural patients were more often white (78% versus 49%), older than 75 (44% versus 40%), and in the lowest quartile of income (59% versus 32%) compared with urban patients. Among patients with acute ischemic stroke, intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular therapy use were lower for rural compared with urban patients (intravenous thrombolysis: 4.2% versus 9.2%, adjusted odds ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.51–0.59],
P
<0.001; endovascular therapy: 1.63% versus 2.41%, adjusted odds ratio, 0.64 [0.57–0.73],
P
<0.001). Urban-rural gaps in both therapies persisted from 2012 to 2017. Overall, stroke mortality was higher in rural than urban areas (6.87% versus 5.82%,
P
<0.001). Adjusted in-patient mortality rates increased across categories of increasing rurality (suburban, 0.97 [0.94–1.0],
P
=0.086; large towns, 1.05 [1.01–1.09],
P
=0.009; small towns, 1.10 [1.06–1.15],
P
<0.001; micropolitan rural, 1.16 [1.11–1.21],
P
<0.001; and remote rural 1.21 [1.15–1.27],
P
<0.001 compared with urban patients. Mortality for rural patients compared with urban patients did not improve from 2012 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.12 [1.00–1.26],
P
<0.001) to 2017 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27 [1.13–1.42],
P
<0.001).

Conclusions:
Rural patients with stroke were less likely to receive intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular therapy and had higher in-hospital mortality than their urban counterparts. These gaps did not improve over time. Enhancing access to evidence-based stroke care may be a target for reducing rural-urban disparities.
Corticospinal Fibers With Different Origins Impact Motor Outcome and Brain After Subcortical Stroke
Authors: Liu Jingchun , Wang Caihong , Qin Wen , Ding Hao , Guo Jun , Han Tong , Cheng Jingliang , Yu Chunshui 
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:
Motor deficit is the most common disability after stroke, and early prediction of motor outcome is critical for early interventions. Here, we constructed a fine map of the corticospinal tract (CST) for early prediction of motor outcome and for understanding the secondary brain changes after subcortical stroke.

Methods:
Diffusion spectrum imaging data from 50 healthy adults were used to reconstruct fine maps of CST with different origins, including primary motor area (M1), primary sensory area (S1), premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area (SMA). Their diffusion properties correlated with motor functions in healthy adults. The impacts of the impairments of different CST on motor outcomes and on structural and functional changes of brain were investigated in 136 patients with subcortical stroke by combining CST damage-symptom association study and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping.

Results:
In healthy adults, the isotropy of M1 fiber correlated with walking endurance and that of SMA fiber with motor dexterity. In chronic stroke patients, the integrity of M1 and SMA fibers showed the most significant correlation with motor deficits. The percentage of early damage of M1 and SMA fibers correlated with that of chronic motor deficits. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping revealed that acute stroke lesions in the bilateral M1 and right SMA fibers were associated with chronic motor deficits. The early damage of M1 fiber negatively correlated with the integrity of M1-M1 fiber, and the early damage of SMA fiber negatively correlated with gray matter volume of the contralateral cerebellum in the chronic stage.

Conclusions:
The CST that originated from the M1 and SMA are closely associated with motor outcomes and brain structural changes, and the fine maps of CST from these 2 cortical areas are useful in assessing and predicting long-term motor outcome in patients with subcortical stroke.
Learning Lexical Subspaces in a Distributional Vector Space
Authors: Arora Kushal , Chakraborty Aishik , Cheung Jackie C. K. 
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we propose LexSub, a novel approach towards unifying lexical and distributional semantics. We inject knowledge about lexical-semantic relations into distributional word embeddings by defining subspaces of the distributional vector space in which a lexical relation should hold. Our framework can handle symmetric attract and repel relations (e.g., synonymy and antonymy, respectively), as well as asymmetric relations (e.g., hypernymy and meronomy). In a suite of intrinsic benchmarks, we show that our model outperforms previous approaches on relatedness tasks and on hypernymy classification and detection, while being competitive on word similarity tasks. It also outperforms previous systems on extrinsic classification tasks that benefit from exploiting lexical relational cues. We perform a series of analyses to understand the behaviors of our model. 1 Code available at https://github.com/aishikchakraborty/LexSub .
Meta-analysis on the Effect of Pasireotide for Prevention of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula
Authors: Dalton Elissa C. , Johns Michael S. , Rhodes Lori , Merritt William T. , Petrelli Nicholas J. , Tiesi Gregory G. 
Published: June 2020

Background A randomized controlled trial (RCT) of routine administration of pasireotide demonstrated decreased incidence of clinically significant postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). Recent studies have not replicated these results. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate its efficacy in this setting. Methods Prospective trials utilizing pasireotide prophylactically after pancreatectomy were reviewed. The primary outcome was clinically significant POPF. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), readmission rates, and mortality. Study heterogeneity was assessed. Results Five studies totaling 1571 patients were identified. There was no difference in age, sex, or cancer rates. Pasireotide patients had smaller pancreatic ducts ( P ≤.001) and softer glands ( P = .04). For all pancreatectomies, there was no difference in POPF rates (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.60-1.16, P = .29). Patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.30-1.63, P = .41) had similar rates of POPF versus pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) patients that experienced a lower incidence of POPF (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.42-0.86, P = .006). Mortality rates and LOS were similar. Readmission rates were decreased with pasireotide (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.44-0.85). Conclusions Routine administration of pasireotide did not decrease POPF rates for all pancreatectomies, but was associated with lower rates for PD and decreased readmission rates. Further prospective, randomized studies are warranted.
Racial Disparities at Mixed-Race and Minority Hospitals: Treatment of African American Males With High-Grade Splenic Injuries
Authors: Tignanelli Christopher J. , Watarai Bradly , Fan Yunhua , Petersen Ashley , Hemmila Mark , Napolitano Lena , Jarosek Stephanie , Charles Anthony 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Racial and socioeconomic disparities in health access and outcomes for many conditions are well known. However, for time-sensitive high-acuity diseases such as traumatic injuries, disparities in access and outcomes should be significantly diminished. Our primary objective was to characterize racial disparities across majority, mixed-race, and minority hospitals for African American (AA) versus white males with high-grade splenic injuries. Methods Data from the National Trauma Data Bank was utilized from 2007 to 2015. A total of 24 855 AA or white males with high-grade splenic injuries were included. Multilevel mixed effects regression analysis was used to evaluate disparities in outcomes and resource allocation. Results Mortality was significantly higher for AA males at mixed-race (odds ratio [OR] 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.1; P < .001) and minority (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.5-3.0; P < .001) hospitals, but not at majority hospitals. At minority hospitals, AA males were significantly less likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.49-0.97; P = .04) and experienced a significantly longer time to surgery (IRR 1.5; P = .02). Minority hospitals were significantly more likely to have failures from angiographic embolization requiring operative intervention (OR 2.2; P = .009). At both types of nonmajority hospitals, AA males with penetrating injuries were more likely to be managed with angiography (mixed-race hospitals: OR 1.7; P = .046 vs minority hospitals: OR 1.6; P = .08). Discussion While multiple studies have shown that minority hospitals have increased mortality compared to majority hospitals, this study found this disparity only existed for AAs.
A Dinucleotide Deletion in the CD24 Gene Is a Potential Risk Factor for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Segev Lior , Naboishchikov Ilana , Kazanov Diana , Bernstein Ezra , Shaked Meital , Arber Nadir , Shapira Shiran 
Published: June 2020

Background CD24 is a sialoglycoprotein anchored to the cell surface via glycosylphosphatidylinositol and is involved in intracellular signaling processes. It plays an important role in the early stages of the multistep process of colorectal carcinogenesis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CD24 gene are reported to exert a diverse effect on cancer risk. We aimed to elucidate whether CD24 TG/del genetic variants are associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods The study included 179 subjects, 36 with CRC (prior to surgery) and 143 healthy control subjects. Deoxyribonucleic acid was purified from peripheral blood leukocytes, and by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, the CD24 gene was genotyped for the specific genetic variant, TG deletion. Additionally, CD24 protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting analysis. Results The incidence of the TG/del was higher among the CRC patients compared with healthy controls, 14% and 10%, respectively ( P = .54). CD24 protein levels were significantly higher among CRC patients. There were no significant differences in CD24 expression between CRC patients at different stages of the disease or between patients who carry the mutation and those who did not. Conclusions CD24 genetic variant might be of clinical value for risk assessment as part of cancer prevention programs. Further study on larger populations is needed to validate the importance of this dinucleotide deletion in CRC development. Overexpression of CD24 protein occurs early along the multistep process of CRC carcinogenesis, and a simple blood sample based on CD24 expression on peripheral blood leukocytes can contribute to early diagnosis.
The Effect of Ibuprofen Dosing Interval on Post-Tonsillectomy Outcomes in Children: A Quality Improvement Study
Authors: Mast Grayson , Henderson Krysta , Carr Michele M. 
Published: June 2020

Objective: In this Quality Improvement (QI project) it was hypothesized that an increase in dosing intervals for postoperative analgesia when alternating Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen would reduce post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH) rates for those undergoing tonsillectomies with or without adenoidectomy, while maintaining the standard of postoperative analgesia and reducing visits to the Emergency Room (ER) for reasons other than PTH. Data was collected from 353 children. Utilizing run chart analysis, it was determined that patients experiencing the 4-hour dosing interval had lower rates of PTH, fewer ER visits, and no increase in postoperative phone calls from caregivers. Patients and Methods: Patients were treated with standing Acetaminophen 15 mg/kg q6h and Ibuprofen 10 mg/kg q6h for postoperative analgesia from July of 2017 until January of 2018. Starting January of 2018 through November of 2018, the dosage interval was lengthened 1 hour. Data relating to PTH, ER visits for reasons other than bleeding, and phone calls from caregivers was collected. Results: Run charts were used to assess outcomes regarding PTH, postoperative visits to the ER for reasons other than PTH, and phone calls from caregivers. Our results suggest that a standing protocol of alternating Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen given every 4 hours improves the post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage rate without increasing ER visits or calls about pain. Conclusions: This data shows promise in reducing PTH and ER visits with a longer dose interval when alternating Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen for postoperative analgesia in tonsillectomy patients. A randomized clinical trial should be carried out to further validate these claims.