bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin‐cleaning among hospitalized people who inject drugs: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Phillips Kristina T. , Herman Debra S. , Keosaian Julia , Stewart Catherine , Anderson Bradley J. , Weinstein Zoe , Liebschutz Jane 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsTo test the hypothesis that among hospitalized people who inject drugs (PWID), a brief intervention in skin‐cleaning would result in greater reductions in follow‐up emergency department (ED) or hospitalization rates compared with a usual care condition.DesignRandomized, two‐group (intervention, n = 128; usual care, n = 124), single‐site clinical trial with12‐month follow‐up.SettingHospital inpatient services in Boston, Massachusetts, United States.ParticipantsPeople who injected drugs on at least 3 days each week prior to hospital admission (n = 252). Participants averaged 37.9 (± 10.7) years of age; 58.5% were male, 59.3% were white and 61.1% had a diagnosis related to skin infection at enrollment.Intervention and comparatorIntervention was a skin hygiene education and skills‐training behavioral intervention [short‐term efficacy data on a behavioral intervention (SKIN)] consisting of two education‐ and skills‐based skin‐cleaning sessions, one during hospitalization and another 4 weeks later. The comparator was treatment as usual: an informational brochure about substance use treatment options and needle exchange programs in the area and follow‐up clinical appointments as arranged by the inpatient medical staff.MeasurementsElectronic medical records were reviewed and discharge diagnoses for each ED visit and hospital admission were categorized into injection‐related bacterial events (e.g. cellulitis) and non‐injection‐related events. Negative binomial regression was used to test the intervention effects for the primary outcome and total ED visits, as well as the secondary outcomes, total number of hospitalizations, injection drug use‐related (IDU‐related) ED visits and IDU‐related hospitalizations. We also tested whether the outcomes were moderated by whether the initial hospitalization was IDU‐related.FindingsOf people assigned to SKIN, 66 completed two sessions, 55 completed one session and seven completed zero sessions. Adjusting for baseline covariates, the mean rate of total ED visits in the next 12 months was non‐significantly higher [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96, 1.33, P = 0.152] compared with usual treatment. The intervention did not significantly reduce total hospitalizations or IDU‐related hospitalizations. Adjusting for baseline covariates, the mean rate of injection drug use‐related ED visits in the next 12 months was lower (IRR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35, 0.91, P = 0.019) compared with treatment as usual.ConclusionsA skin‐cleaning intervention for people who inject drugs delivered during a hospitalization did not significantly reduce either overall emergency department use or hospitalization. There was some evidence that it may have reduced injection drug use‐related emergency department visits.
Do Politicians Discriminate Against Internal Migrants? Evidence from Nationwide Field Experiments in India
Authors: Gaikwad Nikhar , Nellis Gareth 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRural‐to‐urban migration is reshaping the economic and social landscape of the Global South. Yet migrants often struggle to integrate into cities. We conduct countrywide audit experiments in India to test whether urban politicians discriminate against internal migrants in providing constituency services. Signaling that a citizen is a city newcomer, as opposed to a long‐term resident, causes incumbent politicians to be significantly less likely to respond to requests for help. Standard “nativist” concerns do not appear to explain this representation gap. We theorize that migrants are structurally disposed to participate in destination‐area elections at lower rates than long‐term residents. Knowing this, reelection‐minded politicians decline to cater to migrant interests. Follow‐up experiments support the hypothesis. We expect our findings to generalize to fast‐urbanizing democracies, with implications for international immigration too. Policywise, mitigating migrants’ de facto disenfranchisement should improve their welfare.
Risk and Trouble: Adam Smith on Profit and the Protagonists of Capitalism
Authors: Hirsch Roni 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo better account for deepening global inequalities, political theory could greatly enhance empirical and normative work by answering a fundamental question: What is profit? When engaging political‐economic questions, however, theorists often begin thinking from the concept of private property. This, I argue, has obscured the central role of profit as an organizing category for capitalist societies since the eighteenth century. Grounded in the dynamic and uncertain processes of production and accumulation, profit displaces the proprietary citizen and subject of natural rights and gives rise to new social protagonists, who lay claim to increasingly asymmetric rewards. In particular, the article calls attention to a dangerous contemporary sensibility, which sees profit as inherently unlimited. As a viable, robust alternative, it presents Adam Smith's idea of profit as a regular, uniform rate that acts as a productive constraint on business activity, shapes character, and safeguards against risk by widely distributing its costs.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor levels and psychopathology scores in drug‐naïve first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Aydın Mehmet Sinan , Bolu Abdullah , Kılınçkaya Muhammed Fevzi , Öznur Taner , Çelik Cemil , Uzun Özcan , Özmenler Kamil Nahit 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the regulation of many neuronal processes, including neurogenesis. Therefore, it is thought to be closely associated with many psychopathologies with a neurodevelopmental basis, for example, schizophrenia.MethodsThe patients admitted to the Psychiatry Department of the Faculty of Medicine with a diagnosis of non‐affective drug‐naïve first‐episode psychosis (FEP) were included in the study. The relationship between laboratory and clinical findings and psychometric data (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) was examined.ResultsThe study population consisted of 34 FEP and 34 healthy control (HC) volunteers. Mean BNDF levels of FEP and HC groups were 14.95 ± 6.13 and 17.89 ± 4.84 pg/ml, respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (t = 2.197; p = .032). There was a negative correlation between mean BDNF levels and PANSS general psychopathology subscale scores (r = .358; p = .038), and total PANSS scores (r = .356; p = .039).DiscussionThere is a consensus on low serum BDNF levels both in FEP and in schizophrenia. However, it is still not clear which clinical findings are associated with lower serum BDNF levels. The relationship between BDNF levels and psychopathologies in schizophrenia has to be investigated.
Combining primary cohort data with external aggregate information without assuming comparability
Authors: Chen Ziqi , Ning Jing , Shen Yu , Qin Jing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn comparative effectiveness research (CER) for rare types of cancer, it is appealing to combine primary cohort data containing detailed tumor profiles together with aggregate information derived from cancer registry databases. Such integration of data may improve statistical efficiency in CER. A major challenge in combining information from different resources, however, is that the aggregate information from the cancer registry databases could be incomparable with the primary cohort data, which are often collected from a single cancer center or a clinical trial. We develop an adaptive estimation procedure, which uses the combined information to determine the degree of information borrowing from the aggregate data of the external resource. We establish the asymptotic properties of the estimators and evaluate the finite sample performance via simulation studies. The proposed method yields a substantial gain in statistical efficiency over the conventional method using the primary cohort only, and avoids undesirable biases when the given external information is incomparable to the primary cohort. We apply the proposed method to evaluate the long‐term effect of trimodality treatment to inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) by tumor subtypes, while combining the IBC patient cohort at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and the external aggregate information from the National Cancer Data Base.
Reductions in plasmin inhibitor and fibrinogen predict the improved fibrin clot lysis 6 months after obesity surgery
Authors: Pedersen Nadja Bødker , Stolberg Charlotte R. , Mundbjerg Lene H. , Juhl Claus B. , Gram Bibi , Funch‐Jensen Peter , de Maat Moniek P.M. , Münster Anna‐Marie B. , Bladbjerg Else‐Marie 
Published: August 2020

SummaryProthrombotic and metabolic variables are decreased after obesity surgery, and fibrin clot lysis is increased. It is unknown how fibrinolytic variables are affected, and whether fibrinolytic and metabolic changes predict the enhanced clot lysis. Study aims were to determine fibrinolytic biomarkers before and 6 months after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and to identify predictors of the RYGB‐induced increase in clot lysis. Women (n = 42) and men (n = 18) with obesity underwent RYGB, and factor XIII (FXIII), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), plasminogen and plasmin inhibitor (PI) were measured before and 6 months after surgery. Regression analyses identified determinants of the RYGB‐induced increase in clot lysis among changes in fibrinogen and in fibrinolytic and metabolic variables. Results showed that after RYGB, FXIII, TAFI, plasminogen and PI were reduced (P < .0005). Reductions in PI (β = −0.59) and fibrinogen (β = −0.35), together with age (β = −0.22) and male sex (β = 0.22), predicted the enhanced clot lysis with the model explaining 56% (P < .0005). Predictors of the reduction in PI were reductions in cholesterol (β = 0.37) and glucose (β = 0.29), together with male sex (β = −0.28), whereas reductions in fibrinogen were predicted by lowering of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) (β = 0.32). In conclusion, fibrinolytic variables were reduced 6 months after RYGB. Targeting PI and fibrinogen, by reducing metabolic variables such as glucose, cholesterol and IL‐6, has a profibrinolytic effect in obesity.
Prevalence and social determinants of overweight and obesity in adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review
Authors: Habbab Reem M. , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryObesity in adolescents has a serious impact later in life in the form of disturbances in health and wellbeing. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity (Ow/Ob) in Saudi adolescents and to construct an ecological model of social determinants (SDs) of Ow/Ob and evaluate current evidence of their effect on Saudi adolescents. A systematic review of literature reported up until 31 December 2018 on Ow/Ob and factors that can influence them in Saudi adolescents was conducted. Fifty‐one studies with n = 97 666 adolescents (55.6% males) were reviewed. The prevalence of Ow/Ob started off high and continued to increase over time. Most of the 49 reviewed SDs reports, from 19 studies, showed positive association between SDs constructed ecological model and Ow/Ob in Saudi adolescents. The prevalence of Ow/Ob among adolescents is a major public health problem in Saudi Arabia, is growing at an alarming rate and SDs play a significant role in this problem, and should be considered in all strategies targeting it. The constructed ecological model for SDs of Ow/Ob in adolescents can serve as a useful exploratory tool that helps investigating the multi‐faceted aetiology of adolescent Ow/Ob and facilitates the development of effective intervention and prevention programmes.
Recurrent neural network reveals overwhelming sentiment against 2017 review of US monuments from humans and bots
Authors: McDonough MacKenzie Caitlin , Chang Tony , Nocco Mallika A. , Barak Rebecca S. , Bletz Molly C. , Kuebbing Sara E. , Dombeck Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the United States, the conservation of federal lands reflects a social history of public advocacy, public policy, and public comments. US federal agencies solicit public comments to scope for ideas, solve problems, and use the best available science for policy‐making, legislation, and management. Online comment submission has led to staggering numbers of comments that are challenging to summarize. Here, we analyze comments received by the Department of the Interior in response to the proposed executive review of 27 national monuments designated and expanded between 1996 and 2016. We used a deep recurrent neural network (AWD‐LSTM) to classify sentiment of 754,707 comments with higher precision and recall (F1‐score = 0.98) than support vector machine and Naïve Bayes approaches. Over 97% of unique comments opposed the executive review, suggesting overwhelming support for maintaining national monument designations. Using cosine similarity, we also found that duplicates or potential automated software bots comprised over two‐thirds of comments. We offer recommendations for comment submission, collection, and analysis in the current techno‐political climate.
Can monophagous specialists mediate host plant choices in generalist planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)?
Authors: Dittrich Alex D.K. , Helden Alvin J. 
Published: August 2020

A preference experiment was set up with two planthopper species (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) to test the influence of competition on host plant choice.
The delphacid Javesella pellucida was chosen as a generalist and the rarer Ribautodelphax imitans as a monophagous specialist, which feeds on the grass, tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus.
In the absence of the specialist, the generalist showed a marked preference for tall fescue. In some experiments, however, the introduction of the specialist resulted in a shift of preference to an alternative plant if the specialist was established prior to the introduction of the generalist.
This experiment supports the hypothesis that specialist herbivores can potentially alter the host plant choices of generalists, which may lead to differing host plant use patterns in insect communities.
Seasonal variation in hydration status among community‐dwelling elderly in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Sho , Fujishiro Midori , Watanabe Kentaro , Imatake Kazuhiro , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Abe Masanori , Ishihara Hisamitsu , Tani Shigemasa 
Published: August 2020

AimWhile the heat during the summer season may dehydrate the elderly, little is known about the seasonal variation in dehydration. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation in hydration status among the community‐dwelling elderly in Japan.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data collected after an overnight fast of adults aged ≥65 years who had no advanced kidney disease and underwent an annual health checkup at Nihon University Hospital between January and December 2019. Participants were classified according to their checkup date, whether summer (n = 265) or not summer (n = 638). The not summer group was subdivided into spring (n = 235), autumn (n = 213) and winter (n = 190).ResultsAmong the four seasons, the spring group showed the highest levels of plasma osmolality (306.1 ± 3.9 mOsm/L), urine specific gravity (1.0172 ± 0.0058) and prevalence rates of urine specific gravity ≥1.020 (34.0%). However, seasonal differences were clinically mild, and >90% of participants showed plasma osmolality ≥300 mOsm/L, indicating dehydration, in all four seasons. The summer group showed lower urine specific gravity levels (1.0150 ± 0.0062 vs. 1.0165 ± 0.0064, P < 0.001) and prevalence rates of urine specific gravity ≥1.020 (22.6% vs. 30.4%, P = 0.023) than did the not summer group. The summer season was associated with low urine specific gravity levels even after adjusting for the multiple linear regression model.ConclusionJapanese elderly after overnight fast are more dehydrated during the spring rather than the summer. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 904–910.
Up‐regulated acylglycerol kinase (AGK) expression associates with gastric cancer progression through the formation of a novel YAP1‐AGK–positive loop
Authors: Huang Shanshan , Cao Yuan , Guo Hui , Yao Yangyang , Li Li , Chen Jun , Li Junhe , Xiang Xiaojun , Deng Jun , Xiong Jianping 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAcylglycerol kinase (AGK) uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and acylglycerol to generate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and acyl‐sn‐glycerol 3‐phosphate in cells. Recent evidence has demonstrated that dysregulated AGK expression is associated with the development of various human cancers. This study investigated the effects of AGK on gastric cancer cell proliferation and carcinogenesis and explored the underlying molecular events. AGK expression was up‐regulated in gastric cancer and was associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. AGK overexpression increased gastric cancer proliferation, invasion capacity and the expression of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers in vitro. Conversely, the knockdown of AGK expression reduced gastric cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in nude mouse tumour cell xenografts. Importantly, AGK expression was associated with the YAP1 expression in gastric cancer cells and tissues. YAP1 expression also transcriptionally induced AGK expression through the binding of TEAD to the AGK gene promoter. However, AGK expression inhibited the activation of the Hippo pathway proteins and induced YAP1 nuclear localization to enhance the transcription activity of YAP1/TEADs. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that AGK is not only a novel target of the Hippo‐YAP1 pathway, but that it also positively regulates YAP1 expression, thus forming a YAP1‐AGK–positive feedback loop.
Circular RNA VMA21 ameliorates sepsis‐associated acute kidney injury by regulating miR‐9‐3p/SMG1/inflammation axis and oxidative stress
Authors: Shi Yan , Sun Chuan‐Fu , Ge Wen‐Han , Du Ye‐Ping , Hu Nan‐Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that circular RNAs have the abilities to regulate gene expression during the progression of sepsis‐associated acute kidney injury. Circular RNA VMA21 (circVMA21), a recent identified circular RNA, could reduce apoptosis to alleviate intervertebral disc degeneration in rats and protect WI‐38 cells from lipopolysaccharide‐induced injury. However, the role of circVMA21 in sepsis‐associated acute kidney injury (sepsis‐associated AKI) is unknown. In this study, we first demonstrated that circVMA21 alleviated sepsis‐associated AKI by reducing apoptosis and inflammation in rats and HK‐2 cells. Additionally, to explore the molecule mechanism underlying the amelioration, after the bioinformatics analysis, we confirmed that miR‐9‐3p directly bound to circVMA21 by luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation assay, and the effector protein of miR‐9‐3p was SMG1. Furthermore, the oxidative stress caused by sepsis‐associated AKI was down‐regulated by circVMA21. In conclusion, circVMA21 plays an important role in the regulating sepsis‐associated AKI via adjusting miR‐9‐39/SMG1/inflammation axis and oxidative stress.
Insight into the divergent role of TRAIL in non‐neoplastic neurological diseases
Authors: Gao Shiqi , Fang Yuanjian , Tu Sheng , Chen Huaijun , Shao Anwen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTumour necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily which mainly induces apoptosis of tumour cells and transformed cell lines with no systemic toxicity, whereas they share high sequence homology with TNF and CD95L. These unique effects of TRAIL have made it an important molecule in oncology research. However, the research on TRAIL‐related antineoplastic agents has lagged behind and has been limited by the extensive drug resistance in cancer cells. Given the several findings showing that TRAIL is involved in immune regulation and other pleiotropic biological effects in non‐malignant cells, TRAIL and its receptors have attracted widespread attention from researchers. In the central nervous system (CNS), TRAIL is highly correlated with malignant tumours such as glioma and other non‐neoplastic disorders such as acute brain injury, CNS infection and neurodegenerative disease. Many clinical and animal studies have revealed the dual roles of TRAIL in which it causes damage by inducing cell apoptosis, and confers protection by enhancing both pro‐ and non‐apoptosis effects in different neurological disorders and at different sites or stages. Its pro‐apoptotic effect produces a pro‐survival effect that cannot be underestimated. This review extensively covers in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical studies investigating TRAIL. It also provides a summary of the current knowledge on the TRAIL signalling pathway and its involvement in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutics of CNS disorders as a basis for future research.
Promoting better functioning among children exposed to high levels of family adversity: the protective role of childcare attendance
Authors: Larose Marie‐Pier , Côté Sylvana M. , Ouellet‐Morin Isabelle , Maughan Barbara , Barker Edward D. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundChildren exposed to early adversity are vulnerable to cognitive impairments and externalizing behaviors. Attending childcare may, however, partly buffer this detrimental effect by providing social and cognitive stimulation in a secure environment. The aims of this study were (a) to determine whether the association between exposure to adversity and later externalizing behaviors is mediated by children’s cognitive abilities, and (b) to examine if childcare attendance moderates this mediation—thereby highlighting a protective function of children’s childcare attendance.MethodsData come from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Children and Parents (N = 6,149). Exposure to adversity was assessed by maternal reports three times from the second trimester of the mother’s pregnancy to the child’s fourth year of age. Childcare attendance was assessed on four occasions between eight months and three years of age. Factors explaining differences in childcare attendance were controlled using propensity score weights. Children’s cognitive abilities were assessed by the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children at eight years of age, and externalizing behaviors were reported by mothers using the Development and Well‐Being Assessment interview at 10, 13, and 15 years of age.ResultsNotably, lower cognitive abilities partly accounted for the higher levels of externalizing behaviors in adolescents exposed to adversity (B indirect effect = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.007–0.03, p < .01). Importantly, childcare attendance moderated this indirect effect. For children exposed to adversity, being in maternal care was associated with lower cognitive abilities which were related to higher levels of externalizing behaviors. On the contrary, for children exposed to adversity, attending childcare was associated with higher cognitive abilities which were linked to lower levels of externalizing behaviors.ConclusionsEasily accessible community childcare may be a relatively low‐cost public health strategy to prevent the emergence of externalizing behavioral problems in adolescence through its positive effects on cognitive abilities.