bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in disease characteristics of primary biliary cholangitis: An observational retrospective study from 1982 to 2016
Authors: Takamura Masaaki , Matsuda Yasunobu , Kimura Naruhiro , Takatsuna Masafumi , Setsu Toru , Tsuchiya Atsunori , Osaki Akihiko , Waguri Nobuo , Yanagi Masahiko , Takahashi Toru , Sugitani Soichi , Kobayashi Yuka , Yoshikawa Akira , Ishikawa Toru , Yoshida Toshiaki , Watanabe Toshiaki , Bannai Hitoshi , Kubota Tomoyuki , Funakoshi Kazuhiro , Wakabayashi Hiroto , Kurita So , Ogata Norio , Watanabe Masashi , Mita Yuhsaku , Mori Shigeki , Sugiyama Motoya , Miyajima Toru , Takahashi Sumio , Sato Shuichi , Ishizuka Kisei , Ohta Hironobu , Aoyagi Yutaka , Terai Shuji ,   the Niigata PBC Study Group
Published: October 2020

AimDisease characteristics of primary biliary cholangitis have changed recently. However, detailed studies on the subject have been limited. Therefore, we aimed to clarify disease characteristics of patients with recent primary biliary cholangitis using the cohort from Niigata University and 21 affiliated hospitals.MethodsOverall, 508 patients were enrolled in this study from 1982 to 2016, divided into three cohorts according to their year of diagnosis: ≤1999, 2000–2009 and ≥2010. We compared differences in clinical characteristics, response to ursodeoxycholic acid and prognosis.ResultsThe male‐to‐female ratio increased incrementally from 1:16.4 (≤1999) to 1:3.8 (≥2010) (P < 0.001). In women, the median age at diagnosis increased incrementally from 54.0 years (≤1999) to 60.5 years (≥2010) (P < 0.001) and serum albumin decreased gradually (P = 0.001), which might have affected the increase in the Fibrosis‐4 Index and albumin–bilirubin score. The ursodeoxycholic acid response rate according to the Barcelona criteria increased incrementally from 26.7% (≤1999) to 78.4% (≥2010) (P < 0.010), and those according to other criteria (Paris‐I, Rotterdam and Toronto) were approximately ≥80% in all cohorts. Ten‐year survival rate in the ≤1999 and 2000–2009 cohorts were 98.6% and 95.6%, respectively. These earlier cohorts were also characterized by a higher rate of asymptomatic state and mild histology (83.5% [≤1999] and 84.7% [2000–2009], and 93.6% [≤1999] and 91.1% [2000–2009]).ConclusionsPatients with primary biliary cholangitis were characterized by older age at diagnosis and an increase in male to female ratio as well as higher response rates of ursodeoxycholic acid and longer survival, resulting from the early recognition of primary biliary cholangitis.
English language learning barriers of Afghan refugee women in Australia
Authors: Sharifian Farzad , Sadeghpour Marzieh , Barton Siew‐Mee , Barry James , Barton Greg , Yilmaz Ihsan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study explores the critical barriers to English language learning for Afghan refugee women in Australia. Using data from 23 individual interviews and five focus group discussions, these show that although the participants received formal support from the Australian Government, the majority still struggled to learn English effectively. A thematic analysis of the interview responses revealed that the major barriers to English acquisition were pedagogical and sociocultural, and included issues of self‐esteem and motivation. The findings of this study have the potential to inform language support programs for refugee women, particularly when considering the sociocultural, emotional and educational needs of female refugees learning English, and the need for provisions such as childcare to facilitate their participation in language learning classes.
Duration of antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV and incidence of hypertension in Ghana
Authors: Sarfo Fred Stephen , Singh Arti , Tagge Raelle , Mensah Gideon , Ovbiagele Bruce 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the differential rates of incident hypertension among People Living with HIV (PLWH) based of duration of exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) may provide insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension in this population. Utilizing the dataset of a prospective study conducted at a Ghanaian tertiary medical center, we evaluated factors associated with incident hypertension among PLWH previously naïve to cART before study enrollment (cART newly prescribed group, n = 221) versus PLWH established on cART for at least a year (cART established group, n = 212). New‐onset hypertension was diagnosed as clinic BP > 140/90 mmHg on two separate clinic visits over 12‐month follow‐up. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess factors associated with incident hypertension. Mean age of new versus cART established was 41.1 ± 8.2 versus 45.1 ± 8.6 years (p < .001), with more women in the cART established group (68.3 vs. 82%, p = .0009). There were 105 (24.3%) episodes of incident hypertension over 328 person‐years follow‐up (PYFU), incidence rate of 320.1 (95% CI: 263.1‐385.9)/1000 PYFU, with higher rates in new versus cART established (476.6/1000 PYFU vs. 222.8/1000 PYFU, p = 0.0002). Overall, age by increasing decile (aHR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59‐0.98), log HIV‐1 viral load (aHR 1.16; 1.04‐1.35), and use of tenofovir (aHR 1.66; 1.04‐2.64) were associated with incident hypertension. While CD4 counts, age, BMI, pre‐diabetes, and urban/peri‐urban residency were independently associated with hypertension in the cART established group; no independent predictors were identified among the cART newly prescribed group. Further studies to explore the potential mechanisms underlying incidence of hypertension in PLWH are warranted.
P21 activated kinase‐1 (PAK1) in macrophages is required for promotion of Th17 cell response during helminth infection
Authors: Chang Hao , He Kai‐Yue , Li Chen , Ni Yang‐Yue , Li Mai‐Ning , Chen Lin , Hou Min , Zhou Zikai , Xu Zhi‐Peng , Ji Min‐Jun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCD4+T cells differentiate into distinct functional effector and inhibitory subsets are facilitated by distinct cytokine cues present at the time of antigen recognition. Maintaining a balance between T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for the control of the immunopathogenesis of liver diseases. Here, by using the mouse model of helminth Schistosoma japonicum (S japonicum) infection, we show that the hepatic mRNA levels of P21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, adhesion and cell motility, are significantly increased and associated with the development of liver pathology during S japonicum infection. In addition, PAK1‐deficient mice are prone to suppression of Th17 cell responses but increased Treg cells. Furthermore, PAK1 enhances macrophage activation through promoting IRF1 nuclear translocation in an NF‐κB‐dependent pathway, resulting in promoting Th17 cell differentiation through inducing IL‐6 production. These findings highlight the importance of PAK1 in macrophages fate determination and suggest that PAK1/IRF1 axis‐dependent immunomodulation can ameliorate certain T cell–based immune pathologies.
Immediate implant placement with or without connective tissue graft: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Seyssens Lorenz , De Lat Liesa , Cosyn Jan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the effect of connective tissue graft (CTG) in terms of vertical mid‐facial soft tissue change when applied at the buccal aspect following single immediate implant placement (IIP).Materials and methodsTwo independent reviewers conducted an electronic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane databases as well as a manual search to identify eligible clinical studies up to January 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized controlled studies (NRSs) comparing IIP with CTG and without CTG over a mean follow‐up of at least 12 months were included for a qualitative analysis. Meta‐analyses were performed on data provided by RCTs.ResultsOut of 1814 records, 5 RCTs and 3 NRSs reported on 409 (IIP + CTG: 246, IIP: 163) immediately installed implants with a mean follow‐up ranging from 12 to 108 months. Only 1 RCT showed low risk of bias. Meta‐analysis revealed a significant difference in terms of vertical mid‐facial soft tissue change between IIP + CTG and IIP pointing to 0.41 mm (95% CI [0.21; 0.61], p < .001) in favour of soft tissue grafting. This outcome was clinically relevant since the risk for ≥1 mm asymmetry in mid‐facial vertical soft tissue level was 12 times (RR 12.10, 95% CI [2.57; 56.91], p = .002) lower following IIP + CTG. Soft tissue grafting also resulted in a trend towards less bleeding on probing (MD 17%, 95% CI [−35%; 1%], p = .06). Meta‐analyses did not reveal significant differences in terms of pink aesthetic score, marginal bone level change and probing depth. Results were inconclusive for horizontal mid‐facial soft tissue change and papilla height change. Based on GRADE guidelines, a moderate recommendation for the use of a CTG following IIP can be made.ConclusionCTG contributes to mid‐facial soft tissue stability following IIP. Therefore, CTG should be considered when elevated risk for mid‐facial recession is expected in the aesthetic zone (thin gingival biotype, <0.5 mm buccal bone thickness).
Low light intensities increase avoidance behaviour of diurnal fish species: implications for use of road culverts by fish
Authors: Keep John K. , Watson Jabin R. , Cramp Rebecca L. , Jones Matthew J. , Gordos Matthew A. , Ward Patrick J. , Franklin Craig E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInadequately designed culverts can be physical barriers to fish passage if they increase the velocity of water flow in the environment, alter natural turbulence patterns or fail to provide adequate water depth. They may also act as behavioural barriers to fish passage if they affect the willingness of fish species to enter or pass through the structure due to altered ambient light conditions. To understand how reduced light intensity might affect fish behaviour in culverts, the authors performed a behavioural choice experiment quantifying the amount of time individual fish spent in dark and illuminated areas of a controlled experimental channel. They found that behavioural responses were largely reflective of the species’ diel activity patterns; the diurnal species Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum and Retropinna semoni preferred illuminated regions, whereas the nocturnal/crepuscular Macquaria novemaculeata preferred the darkened region of the channel. Bidyanus bidyanus were strongly rheotactic, and their behaviour was influenced more by water flow direction than ambient light level. The authors then determined that a threshold light intensity of only c. 100–200 lx (cf. midday sunlight c. 100,000 lx) was required to overcome the behavioural barrier in c. 70% of the diurnally active C. stercusmuscarum and R. semoni tested. When these values were placed into an environmental context, 15 road‐crossing (3.4–7.0 m long) box (c. 1 m × 1 m, height × width) and pipe (c. 1 m diameter) culverts sampled in Brisbane, Australia, recorded light intensities in the centre of the structure that were below the threshold for C. stercusmuscarum and R. semoni movement and could potentially be a barrier to their passage through the structure. Attention is required to better understand the impacts of low light intensity in culverts on fish passage and to prioritize restoration.
Understanding the early ontogenetic stages of Mugil liza (Mugilidae): Morphological traits and digestive/metabolic profile of pre‐juveniles after recruitment
Authors: Albanesi Camila , González‐Castro Mariano , López‐Mañanes Alejandra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe family Mugilidae consists mainly of diadromous species, whose reproduction occurs in offshore waters. Pre‐juveniles shift their diet in the surf zone (zooplanktophagous to iliophagous). Later, during their recruitment into estuaries, huge changes take place in their digestive system. However, digestive and metabolic characteristics and some morphological traits at recruitment are unknown for Mugilidae. We performed comparative studies on early and late pre‐juveniles of Mugil liza recruited in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (37°32′–37°45′S, 57°19′–57°26′W, Argentina). We determined digestive enzyme activities (intestine), energy reserves (liver/muscle), total/standard length, total weight, intestinal coefficient, hepatosomatic index and retroperitoneal fat. Pre‐juveniles exhibited amylase, maltase, sucrase, lipase, trypsin and aminopeptidase‐N (APN) activities, which were maintained over a wide range of pH and temperature, and exhibited Michaelis–Menten kinetics. In late pre‐juveniles, amylase (422 ± 131 μmol maltose min−1 mgprot−1), sucrase (86 ± 14 mg glucose min−1 mgprot−1), trypsin (84 ± 9 μmoles min−1 mgprot−1) and APN (0.58 ± 0.08 μmoles min−1 mgprot−1) activities were higher (42%, 28%, 35% and 28%, respectively) than in the early stage. Also, the intestinal coefficient was higher in late (3.04) compared to early (2.06) pre‐juveniles. Moreover, the liver appeared to be a main site of glycogen and triglyceride storage in late pre‐juveniles, muscle being the site of storage in early pre‐juveniles, exhibiting higher glycogen, free glucose and protein concentrations (92%, 82%, 32%, respectively). The results suggest that pre‐juveniles of M. liza exhibit an adequate digestive battery to perform complete hydrolysis of various dietary substrates, availability of energy reserves and morphological characteristics to support their feeding habit and growth after recruitment. Our results represent an important contribution to knowledge of the ecology and digestive physiology of pre‐juveniles of Mugilidae in the wild.
Drivers of GHG emissions from dietary transition patterns in China: Supply versus demand options
Authors: He Pan , Cai Beiming , Baiocchi Giovanni , Liu Zhu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDiets have been changing drastically in China in the recent decades and this change has contributed considerably to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In determining effective mitigation strategies for future emissions, it is necessary to know how emissions related to diet vary over time in overall magnitude and due to compositional changes driven by socioeconomic dynamics. This study evaluates the change in dietary GHG emissions in China during the 1997–2011 period by linking environmentally extended input–output tables with individual daily food intake data. It further decomposes the contribution to GHG emission changes of various socioeconomic driving factors. The results show that GHG emissions related to national diet have been decreasing from 1,180 Mt CO2e to 640 Mt CO2e (a 54% decline), largely due to technical innovation that has reduced the emissions per calorie of food (135% of the total reduction). The change in dietary patterns has had mixed effects, with a decline in calorie intake reducing emissions by 21% while increases in animal‐sourced food consumption have raised emissions by 25%. Our findings stress the importance of technical progress in the historical change in dietary GHG emissions and suggest a focus on behavior changes for future research and policymaking, which has the potential to promote dietary changes toward less animal product consumption. Our findings highlight the importance of both technological and demand‐side behavioral options in reducing the impact of diets on GHG emissions.
Controls on the scales of equilibrium during granulite facies metamorphism
Authors: Mitchell Ruairidh J. , Johnson Tim E. , Evans Katy , Gupta Saibal , Clark Chris 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhase equilibrium modelling is commonly employed to constrain the pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution of granulite facies rocks, from which their geodynamic setting may be inferred. However, defining a suitable equilibrium volume in such rocks is non‐trivial due to heterogeneities in protolith composition and open system behaviour, including melt loss or gain and deformation. Consequently, equilibrium volumes and the mineral assemblages they contain may vary both temporally and spatially within a single rock. Additionally, despite the extreme temperatures they attained, granulites commonly contain microtextures indicating gradients in chemical potential after the metamorphic peak. This study assesses the processes that control compositional heterogeneity between equilibrium volumes in a suprasolidus granulite and the consequences for the development of a range of microstructures. An approach combining phase equilibrium forward modelling and chemical potential diagrams is used to simulate the suprasolidus evolution of two adjacent equilibrium volumes in an Mg‐rich metapelite. Assuming equilibrium within the two compositional domains, evolving granulite facies assemblages vary along a high T/P (125°C/kbar) clockwise P–T path representative of high T/P metamorphic terranes. Many retrograde microtextures in metapelitic rocks can be reproduced by considering chemical potential (µ) gradients in µMgO, µFeO and µCaO between phases, assuming (a) the presence of melt on grain boundaries, (b) that Al2O3 is perfectly immobile and (c) that K2O and Na2O are perfectly mobile. Additionally, documented microtextures in granulites imply local SiO2‐undersaturation, despite the presence of matrix quartz in the rock. Preserving such chemical potential gradients requires that solid phases are chemically and physically isolated from melt. Efficient prograde melt drainage may lead to a loss in melt interconnectivity at high temperature (>900°C), meaning that equilibration of centimetre‐scale compositional domains is controlled by solid‐state diffusion. The presence of isolated pockets of viscous melt allows the formation of discontinuous intergranular reaction microtextures.
The small GTPase Arf6 is dysregulated in a mouse model for fragile X syndrome
Authors: Briševac Dušica , Scholz Ralf , Du Dan , Elagabani Mohammad Nael , Köhr Georg , Kornau Hans‐Christian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, results from silencing of the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1). The analyses of FXS patients’ brain autopsies revealed an increased density of immature dendritic spines in cortical areas. We hypothesize that the small GTPase Arf6, an actin regulator critical for the development of glutamatergic synapses and dendritic spines, is implicated in FXS. Here, we determined the fraction of active, GTP‐bound Arf6 in cortical neuron cultures and synaptoneurosomes from Fmr1 knockout mice, measured actin polymerization in neurons expressing Arf6 mutants with variant GTP‐ or GDP‐binding properties, and recorded hippocampal long‐term depression induced by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR‐LTD) in acute brain slices. We detected a persistently elevated Arf6 activity, a loss of Arf6 sensitivity to synaptic stimulation and an increased Arf6‐dependent dendritic actin polymerization in mature Fmr1 knockout neurons. Similar imbalances in Arf6‐GTP levels and actin filament assembly were caused in wild‐type neurons by RNAi‐mediated depletion of the postsynaptic Arf6 guanylate exchange factors IQSEC1 (BRAG2) or IQSEC2 (BRAG1). Targeted deletion of Iqsec1 in hippocampal neurons of 3‐week‐old mice interfered with mGluR‐LTD in wild‐type, but not in Fmr1 knockout mice. Collectively, these data suggest an aberrant Arf6 regulation in Fmr1 knockout neurons with consequences for the actin cytoskeleton, spine morphology, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, FXS and syndromes caused by genetic variants in IQSEC1 and IQSEC2 share intellectual disabilities and developmental delay as main symptoms. Therefore, dysregulation of Arf6 may contribute to the cognitive impairment in FXS.
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Response of vessel features to witches’‐broom disease in Zizyphus Jujuba branches
Authors: Zhao Xiping , Guo Pingping , Peng Haixin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is well‐known that the witches’‐broom disease (WBD) has affected the physiology and biochemistry of Zizyphus Jujuba branches; however, the detailed impacts on the vessel, an important water‐conducting unit of the branches, are not well understood. Investigations were performed to determine whether the vessels in primary branches and secondary branches of Z. Jujuba with WBD were mutated. The sapwood of the branches was examined to quantify variations of the vessel features (including the size, shape, proportion and grouping pattern of vessels) closely related to water transport. In comparison to healthy branches, diseased branches showed significantly shorter, smaller vessels and decreased lumen diameters; but, they displayed increased frequency and wall to lumen ratio of vessels. There were significant interactive effects of branch level and WBD on vessel features. Under the stress of WBD, secondary branches showed significantly smaller tangential diameters, larger frequency and larger wall to lumen ratio of vessels than primary branches. It is proposed that the response of vessel features to WBD in Z. Jujuba branches may be due to a developmental process, which allows the diseased tree to maintain an optimal hydraulic architecture as possible. However, a decreased proportion of vessels may be one cause of the death of the tree.
Environmental factors influencing eastern North Pacific gray whale calf production 1994–2016
Authors: Perryman Wayne L. , Joyce Trevor , Weller David W. , Durban John W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper describes the relationship between eastern North Pacific gray whale calf production and environmental conditions in the Pacific Arctic where they feed. The results show how interannual variation in sea ice cover in the Bering and Chukchi Seas along with broader indices of North Pacific climate, such as Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Index (NPI), are linked to variation in gray whale reproductive output. Estimates of gray whale calf production were derived from 23 consecutive years (1994–2016) of shore‐based visual surveys conducted off California during the northward migration. PDO and NPI in combination with ice cover in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during the early phase of gestation appear to be important in explaining the observed variability in calf production. Of the 2,285 time series linear models evaluated, the model of best‐fit included PDO(July), Ice(June), NPI(February), and explained 60% of the observed variability in calf production. After elimination of two data outliers in calf production estimates (2013 and 2014) a model including Ice(May), PDO(May), and NPI(July) explained 90% of the variability. We conclude that access to prey early in the gestation period is critical to reproductive success in this population and may be important for other capital breeding mammals.
Aerosol transmission for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the dental practice. A review by SIdP Covid‐19 task‐force
Authors: Clementini Marco , Raspini Mario , Barbato Luigi , Bernardelli Francesco , Braga Giovanni , Di Gioia Claudio , Littarru Cristiano , Oreglia Francesco , Brambilla Eugenio , Iavicoli Ivo , Pinchi Vilma , Landi Luca , Marco Sforza Nicola , Cavalcanti Raffaele , Crea Alessandro , Cairo Francesco 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCurrent evidence suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus that causes COVID‐19, is predominantly spread from person to person. Aim of this narrative review is to explore transmission modality of SARS‐CoV‐2 to provide appropriate advice to stakeholders, in order to support the implementation of effective public health measures and protect healthcare workers that primary face the disease. “In vivo” and “in vitro” studies from laboratories and hospitals confirmed the presence of surface contamination and provided insight of SARS‐CoV‐2 detection in the air, particularly in indoor settings with poor ventilation where aerosol‐generating procedures were performed. Measures for aerosol reduction, in conjunction with other effective infection control strategies, are needed to prevent the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 in dental setting.