bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbulence-level dependence of cosmic ray parallel diffusion
Authors: Reichherzer P , Becker Tjus J , Zweibel E G , Merten L , Pueschel M J 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Understanding the transport of energetic cosmic rays belongs to the most challenging topics in astrophysics. Diffusion due to scattering by electromagnetic fluctuations is a key process in cosmic ray transport. The transition from a ballistic to a diffusive-propagation regime is presented in direct numerical calculations of diffusion coefficients for homogeneous magnetic field lines subject to turbulent perturbations. Simulation results are compared with theoretical derivations of the parallel diffusion coefficient’s dependences on the energy and the fluctuation amplitudes in the limit of weak turbulence. The present study shows that the widely used extrapolation of the energy scaling for the parallel diffusion coefficient to high turbulence levels predicted by quasi-linear theory does not provide a universally accurate description in the resonant-scattering regime. It is highlighted here that the numerically calculated diffusion coefficients can be polluted for low energies due to missing resonant interaction possibilities of the particles with the turbulence. Five reduced-rigidity regimes are established, which are separated by analytical boundaries derived in this work. Consequently, a proper description of cosmic ray propagation can only be achieved by using a turbulence-level-dependent diffusion coefficient and can contribute to solving the Galactic cosmic ray gradient problem.
Quantifying the redshift space distortion of the bispectrum II: induced non-Gaussianity at second-order perturbation
Authors: Mazumdar Arindam , Bharadwaj Somnath , Sarkar Debanjan 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe anisotrpy of the redshift space bispectrum $B^s(\boldsymbol {k_1},\boldsymbol {k_2},\boldsymbol {k_3})$, which contains a wealth of cosmological information, is completely quantified using multipole moments $\bar{B}^m_{\ell }(k_1,\mu ,t)$, where k1, the length of the largest side, and (μ, t), respectively, quantify the size and the shape of the triangle $(\boldsymbol {k_1},\boldsymbol {k_2},\boldsymbol {k_3})$. We present analytical expressions for all the multipoles that are predicted to be non-zero (ℓ ≤ 8, m ≤ 6) at second-order perturbation theory. The multipoles also depend on β1, b1, and γ2, which quantify the linear redshift distortion parameter, linear bias and quadratic bias, respectively. Considering triangles of all possible shapes, we analyse the shape dependence of all of the multipoles holding $k_1=0.2 \, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}, \beta _1=1, b_1=1$, and γ2 = 0 fixed. The monopole $\bar{B}^0_0$, which is positive everywhere, is minimum for equilateral triangles. $\bar{B}_0^0$ increases towards linear triangles, and is maximum for linear triangles close to the squeezed limit. Both $\bar{B}^0_{2}$ and $\bar{B}^0_4$ are similar to $\bar{B}^0_0$, however, the quadrupole $\bar{B}^0_2$ exceeds $\bar{B}^0_0$ over a significant range of shapes. The other multipoles, many of which become negative, have magnitudes smaller than $\bar{B}^0_0$. In most cases, the maxima or minima, or both, occur very close to the squeezed limit. $\mid \bar{B}^m_{\ell } \mid$ is found to decrease rapidly if ℓ or m are increased. The shape dependence shown here is characteristic of non-linear gravitational clustering. Non-linear bias, if present, will lead to a different shape dependence.
The structure of weakly magnetized γ-ray burst jets
Authors: Gottlieb Ore , Bromberg Omer , Singh Chandra B , Nakar Ehud 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The interaction of gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets with the dense media into which they are launched promote the growth of local hydrodynamic instabilities along the jet boundary. In a companion paper, we study the evolution of hydrodynamic (unmagnetized) jets, finding that mixing of jet–cocoon material gives rise to an interface layer, termed jet–cocoon interface (JCI), which contains a significant fraction of the system energy. We find that the angular structure of the jet + JCI, when they reach the homologous phase, can be approximated by a flat core (the jet) + a power-law function (the JCI) with indices that depend on the degree of mixing. In this paper, we examine the effect of subdominant toroidal magnetic fields on the jet evolution and morphology. We find that weak fields can stabilize the jet against local instabilities. The suppression of the mixing diminishes the JCI and thus reshapes the jet’s post-breakout structure. Nevertheless, the overall shape of the outflow can still be approximated by a flat core + a power-law function, although the JCI power-law decay is steeper. The effect of weak fields is more prominent in long GRB jets, where the mixing in hydrodynamic jets is stronger. In short GRB jets, there is small mixing in both weakly magnetized and unmagnetized jets. This result influences the expected jet emission which is governed by the jet’s morphology. Therefore, prompt and afterglow observations in long GRBs may be used as probes for the magnetic nature at the base of the jets.
Participation of RecJ in the base excision repair pathway of Deinococcus radiodurans
Authors: Cheng Kaiying , Xu Ying , Chen Xuanyi , Lu Huizhi , He Yuan , Wang Liangyan , Hua Yuejin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
RecJ reportedly participates in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, but structural and functional data are scarce. Herein, the Deinococcus radiodurans RecJ (drRecJ) deletion strain exhibited extreme sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and methyl-methanesulphonate, as well as a high spontaneous mutation rate and an accumulation of unrepaired abasic sites in vivo, indicating the involvement of drRecJ in the BER pathway. The binding affinity and nuclease activity preference of drRecJ toward DNA substrates containing a 5′-P-dSpacer group, a 5′-deoxyribose-phosphate (dRP) mimic, were established. A 1.9 Å structure of drRecJ in complex with 5′-P-dSpacer-modified single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) revealed a 5′-monophosphate binding pocket and occupancy of 5′-dRP in the drRecJ nuclease core. The mechanism for RecJ 5′-dRP catalysis was explored using structural and biochemical data, and the results implied that drRecJ is not a canonical 5′-dRP lyase. Furthermore, in vitro reconstitution assays indicated that drRecJ tends to participate in the long-patch BER pathway rather than the short-patch BER pathway.
Burden of Hospitalization Associated with Seasonal Influenza in Toronto, Canada, 2011–2016
Authors: Kain Taylor , Coleman Brenda L , Hassan Kazi , Green Karen , Katz Kevin , Powis Jeff , Richardson David , Plevneshi Agron , Kwong Jeffrey C , Chung Hannah , Gubbay Jonathan B , Mcgeer Allison ,   The Toronto Invasive Bacterial Diseases Network
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
As indications for testing for influenza broaden, influenza is increasingly being diagnosed in association with hospitalization in adults. We report data on the burden of illness associated with laboratory confirmed influenza requiring hospitalization (LCI-H) in Toronto, Canada from 2010–2011 to 2015–2016.

Methods
TIBDN has performed population-based surveillance for LCI-H in adults (≥15years) in Toronto and Peel Region, Canada since 2005. All positive tests for influenza are reported, patients are approached for consent and data collected by chart review and patient/physician interview. Death within 30 days of hospitalization was considered associated with influenza. Population data were obtained from Statistics Canada, with data by underlying condition obtained from literature review and provincial health administrative data.

Results
Over 6 seasons, 5,591 LCI-H episodes were identified: 1,094 (20%) H1N1, 2,847 (51%) H3N2, 415 (7%) A(not typed), 1A(H3N2 and H1N1) and 1,235 (22%) B. The median age of patients was 71.4 years, with 69.3% of patients over 65 years of age; 3,015 (53.4%) were female, 2,618 (46.8%) had been vaccinated against influenza, and 683 (12.2%) were admitted from nursing homes. Incidence by age, influenza subtype and season is shown in Figures 1 and 2. The average annual incidence in healthy adults was 5 per 100,000, compared with 0.8 per 1,000 in adults with COPD or diabetes, 1.7 per 1,000 in adults with cardiac disease, and &gt;2 per 1,000 in those with underlying kidney disease or immunosuppression. Overall, 12.8% of patients had a significant non-respiratory complication (eg. myocarditis, stroke, C. difficile infection). 720 (12.9%) required ICU admission, and 414 (7.4%) required mechanical ventilation. The median hospital length of stay was 9.58 days (IQR 3-11). None of 226 cases aged &lt;30 years died; the case fatality rate increased from 1.8% in those aged 30–39 to 14.5% in those aged 90+ (Figure 3).

Conclusion
Despite vaccination programs, influenza is a very common cause of hospitalization and death in our adult population. While surveillance for LCI-H underestimates the overall burden of influenza, it may nonetheless help to appropriately prioritize preventive programs.

Disclosures
J. Powis, Merck: Grant Investigator, Research grant. GSK: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Roche: Grant Investigator, Research grant. Synthetic Biologicals: Investigator, Research grant. A. Mcgeer, Hoffman La Roche: Investigator, Research grant. GSK: Investigator, Research grant. sanofi pasteur: Investigator, Research grant.
“Look toward Money”
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 shifts to an exploration of post-Mao civil justice. Enormous changes have taken place due to economic reforms, and reestablishing the sanctity of private property has led to a dramatic increase in civil disputes. The chapter also examines new versions of the Marriage Law (1980 and 2001) and samples civil disputes that reflect both positive and negative changes in social-economic landscapes and in social norms and moral values resulting from the reform and opening policies since the late 1970s. Since a civil code is still in the making as of this writing, civil adjudications have been guided by a number of civil statutes issued in the recent decades. The civil lawsuits sampled here include those regarding divorce and property division, family support, torts, online defamation, and housing demolishing disputes. Last but not the least, the problem of civil enforcement is addressed.
A Theory of Stratified Expansion of Social Welfare
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents a supply-side theory that explains the political logic and distributive characteristics of social welfare provision in the Chinese authoritarian setting. The theory takes into account the logic of authoritarian regime survival, multilevel governance and local political economies, and specifies the main political actors and their interests and strategies in Chinese social welfare provision. It argues that authoritarian leaders, whose basic interest lies in regime survival and stability, use stratifying and expansive social welfare policies to privilege elites and placate the masses. To explain the stratified social welfare expansion in the Chinese authoritarian yet decentralized setting, it is necessary to disaggregate the authoritarian state and to examine divergences in policy preferences among different levels of the authoritarian state and the factors that shape the dynamics of interaction between them, ultimately with an eye toward the impact of these divergences and interactions on policy implementation and outcomes.
Who Gets What, When, and How from Chinese Social Health Insurance Expansion?
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the stratification of Chinese social health insurance in the first decade of the 2000s. Based on analyses of administration data and national social survey data, it examines the variations in social welfare benefits across social strata, addressing who got what, when, and how as a result of China’s social health insurance expansion between the years of 2003 and 2011. It shows that social health insurance expansion did significantly broaden Chinese citizens’ access to basic health care. However, the expansion not only reinforced existing social divisions but also generated new ones within both urban and rural groups. Chinese social health insurance is highly stratified along three cleavage lines among recipients: (1) urban versus rural; (2) labor market insiders versus outsiders; and (3) public versus private sectors. These multiple social cleavages are interwoven to fragment society and privilege elite groups over others without fracturing society along a single and deep class line.
Sibling Rivals
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Texas-California sibling rivalry. All states can be considered “siblings,” but the connections between Texas and California are especially strong. The ties include common origins as territories of Spain and Mexico, Sun Belt geography, rich natural resources, vibrant economies, large-scale immigration, and comparable demographics. Moreover, in the past, Texas and California agreed on a range of political questions. In the 1990s, however, the two states began to divide. In the years since, they have hardened their partisan identities and come to advocate more sharply opposing visions of government. More than other states, California and Texas have driven our contemporary national polarization. The chapter presents the book’s central questions: Why, despite their similarities, have Texas and California divided? How have these states translated their competing visions into policy? And what does the future hold for these models—both for these two states and for the nation as a whole?
Economy
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Economics helps explain why California and Texas have become powerful states—and also why they have polarized. Texas and California have built economies that align with their competing political and policy models. Texas has relied on an economic model based on bountiful energy resources, free-market policies, and low costs—cheap land, inexpensive labor, and low taxes. This model has allowed Texas to attract businesses and sustain growth. By comparison, California exploited its natural advantages to build a robust economy. In time, the state developed a comparatively high cost structure, which caused it to lose much of its manufacturing base. The state was saved, however, by the emergence of “knowledge industries,” including a powerful technology cluster centered in the Silicon Valley. These industries have been willing to pay a premium to operate in California and have generally supported the state’s progressive policies.
China’s Emerging Global Middle Class
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Sicular Terry , Yang Xiuna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines China’s middle class by using CHIP data for 2002, 2007, and 2013. “Middle class” is defined as having income high enough not to be regarded as poor but not so high as to be regarded as rich if living in a high-income country. Based on this definition, China’s middle class was extremely small in 2002; grew but was still less than 10 percent of the population in 2007; and by 2013 had expanded to one-fifth of China’s population, roughly 250 million people. Further analysis shows that China’s middle class is largely urban, lives in the East, and has other distinctive characteristics. Simulations reveal that past growth of China’s middle class was due to across-the-board, shared income growth rather than a redistribution of income. As of 2020 China’s middle class should double in size, constituting a majority of urban residents but still a small minority of rural residents.
New Patterns in China’s Rural Poverty
Authors: Li Shi , Zhan Peng , Shen Yangyang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to understand the structure of rural poverty in China. On the basis of CHIP data for 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013, the authors analyze poverty trends and the structure of poverty, comparing the recent period to earlier periods. Factors that raise household income, factors that reduce the need for household expenditures, and other factors related to China’s poverty alleviation goals are considered. The analysis finds that although the absolute poverty rate continued to decline, the poverty gap and relative poverty increased after 2007. An analysis of the reasons for poverty reveals some positive effects of the rural social welfare policies; however, health problems among the elderly, among children below the age of 15, and among disabled adults continued to be a key source of poverty.
Rational Responses to Risks
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A philosophical account of risk, such as this book provides, states what risk is, which attitudes to it are rational, and which acts affecting risks are rational. Attention to the nature of risk reveals two types of risk, first, a chance of a bad event, and, second, an act’s risk in the sense of the volatility of its possible outcomes. The distinction is normatively significant because different general principles of rationality govern attitudes to these two types of risk. Rationality strictly regulates attitudes to the chance of a bad event and is more permissive about attitudes to an act’s risk. Principles of rationality governing attitudes to risk also justify evaluating an act according to its expected utility given that the act’s risk, if any, belongs to every possible outcome of the act. For a rational ideal agent, the expected utilities of the acts available in a decision problem explain the agent’s preferences among the acts. Maximizing expected utility is just following preferences among the acts. This view takes an act’s expected utility, not just as a feature of a representation of preferences among acts, but also as a factor in the explanation of preferences among acts. It takes account of an agent’s attitudes to an act’s risk without weakening the standard of expected-utility maximization. The view extends to evaluations of combination of acts, either simultaneous or in a sequence. Applications cover hedging, return-risk evaluation, professional advice, and government regulation.
Types of Risk
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A chance of a bad event is one type of risk. The volatility of an act’s possible outcomes is another type of risk. Distinguishing these two types of risk is normatively significant because different general principles of rationality govern attitudes to them. A measure of the risk of a bad event may use the probability-utility product for the event. A measure of the volatility of an act’s possible outcomes may, in some cases, use the variance of the probability distribution of the utilities of the act’s possible outcomes. Given that an act’s risk belongs to every possible outcome, it arises from an equilibrium between the risk’s effect on an outcome’s utility and the utilities of outcomes’ effect on the risk.
Regulation of Risks
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Governments regulate risks on behalf of the people they serve. Given that regulatory agencies aim for regulatory measures that the public would endorse if rational and informed, the mean-risk method of evaluating acts provides valuable guidance. It offers a way of constructing for a citizen informed probability and utility assignments for a regulation’s possible outcomes, and using these assignments to obtain for the citizen an informed utility assignment for the regulation. The theory of cooperative games combines the utility assignments of multiple agents to support a collective act, and under simplifying assumptions, supports an act that maximizes collective utility, defined as a sum of the act’s utilities for the agents, in the tradition of utilitarianism. This approach to regulation accommodates acts targeting information-sensitive, evidential risks as well as acts targeting physical risks. Verification of a reduction in an evidential risk can meet the standards of objectivity that the law adopts.
Ashin Jinarakkhita
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 situates Ashin Jinarakkhita’s life, ideas, and networks in the broader history of South China Sea Buddhism. The chapter argues that Ashin Jinarakkhita’s attempt to make Buddhism less Chinese was a calculated strategy to ensure the survival of Buddhism as a minority religion in the world’s largest Muslim nation. Unlike his contemporaries in Malaysia and Singapore who sought to spread ideas of Buddhist modernism among the Chinese community, Ashin Jinarakkhita’s vision of Buddhist modernism was to shatter the image of Buddhism as a religion and culture of the Chinese population in Indonesia. As this chapter reveals, Ashin Jinarakkhita founded the Buddhayāna movement that promoted nonsectarian doctrines and practices to be in line with the national discourse of “Unity in Diversity.” What emerged was a form of Indonesian Buddhism (agama Buddha Indonesia) for the modern Indonesian state.
Civil Resistance and Democratization
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter concludes the study of civil resistance transitions (CRTs), summarizing the evidence from the quantitative and qualitative studies. It speaks to the limitations of the study, including its inability to speak to the effects of failed civil resistance campaigns on democratization, dependence on specific conceptualizations of civil resistance and democracy, and the important moderating effects of context. It also presents new research avenues opened by these findings: theorizing and testing additional challenges of CRTs, expanding the focus on mobilization and maximalism to other types of transition, and examining the sources of mobilization and maximalism. The chapter also presents lessons for how to promote democracy in civil resistance transitions, informed by the findings of the research, such as encouraging long-term positive visions of democratic change and training opposition and civil society leaders to be prepared for the specific challenges of transition.
Life
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The second chapter begins to examine the basic level of valuing that Nietzsche attributes to all living things—and to us, in our bodies. It analyzes his key concept of “life” and his famous insistence that the basic and pervasive character of living things is their “will to power.” It examines his frequent citing of “life” as a criterion for value and his use of it to justify the value of power. The key question concerns the structure of this argument and the metaethical position it involves. In what sense (if any) does he think that this argument shows that power is “truly” valuable, such that we “should” value it? The chapter searches for the strongest sense consistent with his basic idea that values are simply valueds. It also offers an account of just what Nietzsche means by “power” and defends it against a notable rival reading.
Words
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The sixth chapter continues the analysis of our human valuing by treating a second key innovation: the formulation of values in words. Language belongs to the uniquely social character of human life. It is the community that “means” things when we speak and not individual selves, as we suppose. By this way that language “makes common,” it falsifies: our concepts equate unequals and are also false to our individual drives and affects. Language thereby changes how we have values: as worded, we hold them in common as “norms.” We accept them as “what one values” in our community. So they serve a “herding” function, which strengthens the group at the expense of members’ individuality. Nietzsche’s problem is how, given that his own words have “common” meanings, he can use them to express his individual thoughts. We will see the grounds but also the limits to his critique of our sociality.