bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ToF-SIMS imaging reveals that p-hydroxybenzoate groups specifically decorate the lignin of fibres in the xylem of poplar and willow
Authors: Goacher Robyn E. , Mottiar Yaseen , Mansfield Shawn D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Esterified phenolics occur as γ-linked lignin acylations in many plant taxa but little is known about the distribution or function of such groups. In the family Salicaceae, p-hydroxybenzoate groups are present in the lignin of poplars (Populus spp.) and willows (Salix spp.). In this study, the distribution of cell wall-bound p-hydroxybenzoate was examined in different tissue and cell types of poplar and willow trees. This analysis showed that p-hydroxybenzoate groups were most prevalent in juvenile stems, and were elevated in tension wood and following nitrogen fertilisation. Closer examination of stem cross-sections using time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) directly showed that p-hydroxybenzoate groups occur predominantly in the cell walls of fibres and are largely absent from vessel elements. These results point to a role for ester-linked groups in modifying the syringyl-rich lignin of fibres, perhaps to strengthen the cell walls of these structural elements or to increase lignification rates.
Language use and attitudes toward Kaqchikel and Spanish in San Marcos La Laguna, Guatemala
Authors: Hertel Tammy Jandrey , Barnes Hilary 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study focuses on the factors contributing to language maintenance and shift in the bilingual community of San Marcos La Laguna, Guatemala, where both Spanish and Kaqchikel are spoken. For many decades, San Marcos was relatively isolated from other nearby communities and many speakers were monolingual in Kaqchikel. However, recent changes in the community, particularly a rise in tourism and access to education, have contributed to an increased need for Spanish. The present study draws from qualitative data collected from sociolinguistic interviews and participant observation to determine both the usage of Kaqchikel and Spanish in the community and the attitudes that bilingual speakers have toward both languages. Results demonstrate that Kaqchikel continues to be a marker of identity and cultural pride, but the economic opportunities Spanish provides result in more people using Spanish at work and home.
Electron-driven photon sources for correlative electron-photon spectroscopy with electron microscopes
Authors: Christopher Joshua , Taleb Masoud , Maity Achyut , Hentschel Mario , Giessen Harald , Talebi Nahid 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Electron beams in electron microscopes are efficient probes of optical near-fields, thanks to spectroscopy tools like electron energy-loss spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Nowadays, we can acquire multitudes of information about nanophotonic systems by applying space-resolved diffraction and time-resolved spectroscopy techniques. In addition, moving electrons interacting with metallic materials and optical gratings appear as coherent sources of radiation. A swift electron traversing metallic nanostructures induces polarization density waves in the form of electronic collective excitations, i.e., the so-called plasmon polariton. Propagating plasmon polariton waves normally do not contribute to the radiation; nevertheless, they diffract from natural and engineered defects and cause radiation. Additionally, electrons can emit coherent light waves due to transition radiation, diffraction radiation, and Smith-Purcell radiation. Some of the mechanisms of radiation from electron beams have so far been employed for designing tunable radiation sources, particularly in those energy ranges not easily accessible by the state-of-the-art laser technology, such as the THz regime. Here, we review various approaches for the design of coherent electron-driven photon sources. In particular, we introduce the theory and nanofabrication techniques and discuss the possibilities for designing and realizing electron-driven photon sources for on-demand radiation beam shaping in an ultrabroadband spectral range to be able to realize ultrafast few-photon sources. We also discuss our recent attempts for generating structured light from precisely fabricated nanostructures. Our outlook for the realization of a correlative electron-photon microscope/spectroscope, which utilizes the above-mentioned radiation sources, is also described.
Crystal structure of (E)-dichloro(1-chloro-3-methoxyprop-1-en-2-yl)(4-methoxyphenyl)-λ4-tellane, C11H13Cl3O2Te
Authors: Caracelli Ignez , Zukerman-Schpector Julio , Cunha Rodrigo L.O.R. , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
C11H13Cl3O2Te, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.0098(8) Å, b = 16.471(1) Å, c = 8.4975(7) Å, β = 99.421(7)°, V = 1520.17(19) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0306, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0852, T = 293(2) K.
The Comic Stance
Authors: Olin Lauren 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite sustained philosophical attention, no theory of humor claims general acceptance. Drawing on the resources provided by intentional systems theory, this article first outlines an approach to investigating humor based on the idea of a comic stance, then sketches the Dismissal Theory of Humor (DTH) that has resulted from pursuing that approach. According to the DTH, humor manifests in cases where the future-directed significance of anticipatory failures is dismissed. Mirth, on this view, is the reward people get for declining to update predictive representational schemata in ways that maximize their future-oriented value. The theory aims to provide a plausible account of the role of humor in human mental and social life, but it also aims to be empirically vulnerable, and to generate testable predictions about how the comic stance may actually be undergirded by cognitive architectures.
Was Dave Chappelle Morally Obliged to Leave Comedy? On the Limits of Consequentialism
Authors: Deen Phillip 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDave Chappelle took an extended leave from comedy for moral reasons. I argue that, while he had every right to leave comedy because of his moral concerns, he was not obliged to do so. To make this case, I present Chappelle’s argument that the potential negative consequences of his racial humor obliged him to leave. Next, I argue against Chappelle’s argument about avoidable harms as the harms are not his responsibility, he was not being negligent, and the benefits of his humor outweigh the harms. I also argue in support of the intuition that another’s failure of comprehension or moral character, even if that failure will predictably result in harms to others, should not convert moral acts into immoral ones.
Verb valency in interlanguage: An extension to valency theory and new perspective on L2 learning
Authors: Zhao Qianying , Jiang Jingyang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractValency theory has been applied to investigate various languages, such as German, Chinese and English. However, most studies in this field were based on the linguistic materials produced by native speakers. The current research aimed to examine the valency structures in the interlanguage. Based on the English writing produced by L2 Chinese learners, we adopted the quantitative approach, trying to find out whether the distributional features of verb valency in the interlanguage also had regular probability distributions as those in the native languages, and whether there was a relationship between these valency distributional characteristics and L2 learners’ language competence. It was found that (1) verb valency in the interlanguage followed distributional regularities which had been identified in the native languages; (2) the valency features showed differences in the diversity of valency patterns, the use of valences and the complexity of forms of complements between the interlanguage and the target language; (3) the distribution functions and parameters related to verb valency could manifest the development of students’ language competence. The current research has extended valency theory to the study of interlanguage and the valency perspective has profound methodological and pedagogical implications for L2 learning. Its item-specific property and the integration of grammatical and lexical factors are conducive to analyzing the way various words combine with each other.
Effects of Westbound Trans-meridian Travel on Countermovement Jump Performance in International-Level Rowers
Authors: Everett Kirsten L.A. , Chapman Dale W. , Mitchell John A. , Ball Nick 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Everett, KLA, Chapman, DW, Mitchell, JA, and Ball, N. Effects of westbound trans-meridian travel on countermovement jump performance in international-level rowers. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1961–1965, 2022—International long-haul air travel is a necessity for many athletes as part of their training or competition schedules. However, long-haul travel is also associated with impaired neuromuscular function. An athlete's lower body neuromuscular status is frequently assessed and monitored using countermovement jump (CMJ). This study assessed the impact of westbound trans-meridian travel on changes in CMJ performance in highly trained aerobic athletes. Highly trained male rowers (n = 21, 23.7 ± 1.4 years, 1.91 ± 0.07 m, 86.9 ± 9.9 kg) undertook a westbound flight incurring 22 hours of flight time with 30 hours of total travel time across 9 time zones. Athletes completed a single set of 6 loaded CMJ repetitions before and after travel with performance measured using a digital optical encoder attached to a 20 kg barbell. Each CMJ repetition was assessed for mean concentric velocity, jump height (JH), eccentric displacement, JH:dip ratio, mean power, and mean eccentric velocity, with comparisons made between mean set changes before and after travel. Changes were compared using a one tail paired t-test and characterized using Cohen's d (95% confidence interval) effect sizes. Significance was accepted at p ≤ 0.05. Small-to-moderate changes were observed in all variables following westbound travel. These changes may be because of retention of high training loads before travel resulting in the athletes being in a fatigued state, whereas travel time worked as a forced recovery period. Reductions in CMJ performance are likely following westbound travel, however, may be affected by training fatigue before travel that may confound CMJ performance as a monitoring metric.
Stretching Practices of International Powerlifting Federation Unequipped Powerlifters
Authors: Spence Alyssa-Joy , Helms Eric R. , McGuigan Michael R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Spence, A-J, Helms, ER, and McGuigan, MR. Stretching practices of International Powerlifting Federation unequipped powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3456–3461, 2022—Stretching practices in powerlifters. The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the stretching practices of competitive powerlifters. Powerlifters (n = 319) from 51 countries completed a self-reported online survey on stretching practices. Subjects had (mean ± SD, median, and interquartile range) 7.7 ± 6.1, 6, and 6 years of general resisting training, 4.4 ± 4.5, 3, and 3 years of strength specific training, and been competing in powerlifting for 3.0 ± 3.7, 2, and 2 years with the average Wilks score being 366.4 ± 52.2, 365, and 60. Analysis by sex and competitive standard was conducted. More than 50% (52.4%) of subjects (n = 167) reported stretching; of those, 84.4% performed static stretches, and 90.4% performed dynamic stretches. Stretching was performed before resistance training by 77.8%, after resistance training by 43.7%, and 53.9% stretched independent of resistance training. Powerlifters who performed static stretches before training did an average of 6.72 ± 10.31, 5, and 8 repetitions per stretch and held those stretches for an average of 30.8 ± 31.4, 20, and 15 seconds; 90.1% also performed dynamic stretches. Powerlifters who performed static stretches after or independent of training did an average of 4.1 ± 4.2, 2, and 9 repetitions per stretch and held those stretches for an average of 42.9 ± 30.8, 30, and 33 seconds. The majority of powerlifters (66.9%) programmed stretching themselves, whereas only 10.2% had stretching programmed by their coach. These data will inform athletes and coaches about the prevalence and characteristics of current stretching practices in powerlifters.
The GALNTL6 Gene rs558129 Polymorphism Is Associated With Power Performance
Authors: Díaz Ramírez Julen , Álvarez-Herms Jesús , Castañeda-Babarro Arkaitz , Larruskain Jon , Ramírez de la Piscina Xabier , Borisov Oleg V. , Semenova Ekaterina A. , Kostryukova Elena S. , Kulemin Nikolay A. , Andryushchenko Oleg N. , Larin Andrey K. , Andryushchenko Liliya B. , Generozov Edward V. , Ahmetov Ildus I. , Odriozola Adrian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Díaz, J, Álvarez Herms, J, Castañeda, A, Larruskain, J, Ramírez de la Piscina, X, Borisov, OV, Semenova, EA, Kostryukova, ES, Kulemin, NA, Andryushchenko, ON, Larin, AK, Andryushchenko, LB, Generozov, EV, Ahmetov, II, and Odriozola, A. The GALNTL6 gene rs558129 polymorphism is associated with power performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3031–3036, 2020—The largest genome-wide association study to date in sports genomics showed that endurance athletes were 1.23 times more likely to possess the C allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs558129 of N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like 6 gene (GALNTL6), compared with controls. Nevertheless, no further study has investigated GALNTL6 gene in relation to physical performance. Considering that previous research has shown that the same polymorphism can be associated with both endurance and power phenotypes (ACTN3, ACE, and PPARA), we investigated the association between GALNTL6 rs558129 polymorphism and power performance. According to this objective we conducted 2 global studies regarding 2 different communities of athletes in Spain and Russia. The first study involved 85 Caucasian physically active men from the north of Spain to perform a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). In the second study we compared allelic frequencies between 173 Russian power athletes (49 strength and 124 speed-strength athletes), 169 endurance athletes, and 201 controls. We found that physically active men with the T allele of GALNTL6 rs558129 had 5.03–6.97% higher power values compared with those with the CC genotype (p < 0.05). Consistent with these findings, we have shown that the T allele was over-represented in power athletes (37.0%) compared with endurance athletes (29.3%; OR = 1.4, p = 0.032) and controls (28.6%; OR = 1.5, p = 0.015). Furthermore, the highest frequency of the T allele was observed in strength athletes (43.9%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, p = 0.0067 compared with endurance athletes; OR = 2.0, p = 0.0036 compared with controls). In conclusion, our data suggest that the GALNTL6 rs558129 T allele can be favorable for anaerobic performance and strength athletes. In addition, we propose a new possible functional role of GALNTL6 rs558129, gut microbiome regarding short-chain fatty acid regulation and their anti-inflammatory and resynthesis functions. Nevertheless, further studies are required to understand the mechanisms involved.
Effect of Milk on Muscle Glycogen Recovery and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Loureiro Laís M. R. , de Melo Teixeira Rafael , Pereira Igor G. S. , Reis Caio E. G. , da Costa Teresa H. M. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Milk is a rich nutrient content beverage that may improve postexercise recovery. We systematically reviewed the evidence regarding the effects of milk consumption on athletes' muscle glycogen recovery and subsequent exercise performance, complementing with a practical recommendation on how athletes can use milk as a recovery aid. A literature search was conducted in databases up to April 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Nine studies were included assessing the effect of milk, chocolate milk, or milk with additional carbohydrate on glycogen resynthesis and exercise performance outcomes. Milk-based beverages provide similar results when compared to carbohydrate replacement drink, and no evidence of superiority was found. Carbohydrate-added milk beverages, especially chocolate milk, are a sports drink option for postexercise muscle glycogen recovery and subsequent exercise performance, when they have an adequate carbohydrate amount. Milk-based beverages may support optimal postexercise short-term recovery.
A Review Paper on Wettability Properties of Titanium and Its Oxide-Based Coatings
Authors: Vyas Vandan V. , Chauhan Kamlesh V. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Nano-coating has become the focus of study in recent years because of its wide range of applications in several fields to obtain superior materials. By depositing a thin film with thickness ranging from nanometer to micrometer, an advanced material is developed. These advanced materials have properties like ultraviolet (UV) protection, self-cleaning properties, photocatalyst properties, and thermal resistance as well as thermal conductivity, higher reflectivity and transparency, wear resistance, and much more. All these properties depend upon the target materials used for the process and the formation of films. By obtaining a proper deposition process of selective target material, an enhanced component in the field of energy optimization, biological implants, mechanical instruments and tools, and thermal resistive surfaces that will have superior properties can be developed. These properties of an advanced material depend upon the chemical characteristic of the target material, the thickness of the film deposited, grain size and grain orientation, and surface morphology as a few of the important factors. In this review paper, the studies carried out by different scientists on titanium oxide as a target material to study the wettability properties, optical properties, and effect of annealing on wettability, effect of the phase of titanium oxide on wettability, and effect of UV irradiation on wettability have been reviewed. Different deposition processes, such as a physical deposition process as well as a chemical deposition process, have been considered.
Biological Role of Arrestin-1 Oligomerization
Authors: Samaranayake Srimal , Vishnivetskiy Sergey A. , Shores Camilla R. , Thibeault Kimberly C. , Kook Seunghyi , Chen Jeannie , Burns Marie E. , Gurevich Eugenia V. , Gurevich Vsevolod V. 
Published: September 2020

Members of the arrestin superfamily have great propensity of self-association, but the physiological significance of this phenomenon is unclear. To determine the biological role of visual arrestin-1 oligomerization in rod photoreceptors, we expressed mutant arrestin-1 with severely impaired self-association in mouse rods and analyzed mice of both sexes. We show that the oligomerization-deficient mutant is capable of quenching rhodopsin signaling normally, as judged by electroretinography and single-cell recording. Like wild type, mutant arrestin-1 is largely excluded from the outer segments in the dark, proving that the normal intracellular localization is not due the size exclusion of arrestin-1 oligomers. In contrast to wild type, supraphysiological expression of the mutant causes shortening of the outer segments and photoreceptor death. Thus, oligomerization reduces the cytotoxicity of arrestin-1 monomer, ensuring long-term photoreceptor survival.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual arrestin-1 forms dimers and tetramers. The biological role of its oligomerization is unclear. To test the role of arrestin-1 self-association, we expressed oligomerization-deficient mutant in arrestin-1 knock-out mice. The mutant quenches light-induced rhodopsin signaling like wild type, demonstrating thatin vivomonomeric arrestin-1 is necessary and sufficient for this function. In rods, arrestin-1 moves from the inner segments and cell bodies in the dark to the outer segments in the light. Nonoligomerizing mutant undergoes the same translocation, demonstrating that the size of the oligomers is not the reason for arrestin-1 exclusion from the outer segments in the dark. High expression of oligomerization-deficient arrestin-1 resulted in rod death. Thus, oligomerization reduces the cytotoxicity of high levels of arrestin-1 monomer.
A cross-sectional study for determining the perception and preferences of immunity boosters for protection against COVID-19
Authors: Nanavaty Dhairya P. , Sanghvi Ankushi A. , Mehta Manav S. , Gupta Sarbari , Dumra Gurusharan 
Published: September 2020

Background: The World Health Organisation declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. The consumption of vitamins, especially C, D, and zinc, hydroxychloroquine, and Arsenicum album 30 (homeopathy), has increased tremendously. However, the clinical trial showing the benefits of these agents is still underway though there have been a lot of discussion about these in print, electronic, and social media.Method: A questionnaire-based observational study was conducted. The participants were inquired about the use of any type of immunity booster by them and the source of information regarding the same. The data was analysed using Excel and Python.Results: Our study included 1147 participants. A dramatic increase of 21.97% in the consumption of immunity-boosting agents after the COVID-19 outbreak was observed, maximally in Ayurveda. The major source of information for immunity-boosters was provided by friends/family/relatives (50.4%). 52.7% of the respondents selected Ayurveda as their preferred choice of immunity booster (prophylaxis). If the respondents were to develop any of the COVID-19 symptoms, the majority (45.1%) decided to contact their family doctor, and 53.7% chose Allopathy as their preferred system for treatment. 91.5% of the respondents agreed to take a vaccine if it develops.Conclusion: There has been a boom in the immunity booster drug market because people are selecting immunity boosters despite no scientific background. It is imperative to educate people regarding the same and also conduct research studies to find benefits, if any.
Research on Advertising Strategies Based on Consumption Psychology of Young Females
Authors: Yao Jiaping 
Published: September 2020

<p>With a great number of post-90s generations enter the society, the consumer groups gradually become younger. By analyzing the influencing factors of young females’ consumption psychology, and aiming at the four consumption psychology which are psychology of seeking differences, comparison psychology, the psychology of pursuing material benefits and conformity psychology, some suitable advertising strategies are put forward in this article to help stimulating the consumption desire of young females.</p>
Chinese and Foreign Supply-side Economics and the Current Chinese Economic Reform
Authors: Qin Yamin , Ma Guangqi 
Published: September 2020

<p>China’s economy has entered a new normalcy, and its economic growth has been slowing down. It urgently needs some effective measures to deal with it. With the central government’s constant mention of “supply-side structural reforms”, the supply-side economics, a economics of economics that flashed past in American history, gets more and more attention again. At the same time, “New Supply-side Economics” and its propositions stepped onto the stage of China’s economic reform. So where does the supply-side economics come from? Is the new supply economics different and connected with it? What impact will it have on China’s economic reforms? This article will make a simple and systematic review of these questions.</p>