bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dopaminergic alterations induced by 4‐F‐PCP and 4‐Keto‐PCP may enhance their drug‐induced rewarding and reinforcing effects: Implications for abuse
Authors: Ortiz Darlene Mae , Custodio Raly James Perez , Abiero Arvie , Botanas Chrislean Jun , Sayson Leandro Val , Kim Mikyung , Lee Hyun Jun , Kim Hee Jin , Jeong Youngdo , Yoon Sulmin , Lee Yong Sup , Cheong Jae Hoon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNovel psychoactive substances remain the popular recreational drugs of use over the years. They continue to bypass government restrictions due to their synthesis and modifications. Recent additions to the lists are the 4‐F‐PCP and 4‐Keto‐PCP, analogs of the drug phencyclidine (PCP) known to induce adverse effects and abuse potential. However, studies on the abuse potential of 4‐F‐PCP and 4‐Keto‐PCP remain scarce. The rewarding and reinforcing effects of the drugs were assessed using conditioned place preference (CPP), self‐administration, and locomotor sensitization tests. Dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists (SCH23390 and haloperidol) were administered during CPP to evaluate the involvement of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. DA‐related protein expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) was measured. Additionally, phosphorylated cyclic‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein (AMP) response element‐binding (p‐CREB) protein, deltaFosB (∆FosB), and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the NAcc were measured to assess the addiction neural plasticity effect of the drugs. Both 4‐F‐PCP and 4‐Keto‐PCP‐induced CPP and self‐administration; however, only 4‐F‐PCP elicited locomotor sensitization. Treatment with DA receptor antagonists (SH23390 and haloperidol) inhibited the 4‐F‐ and 4‐Keto‐induced CPP. Both substances altered the levels of DA receptor D1 (DRD1), thyroxine hydroxylase (TH), DA receptor D2 (DRD2), p‐CREB, ∆FosB, and BDNF. The results suggest that 4‐F‐PCP and 4‐Keto‐PCP may induce abuse potential in rodents via alterations in dopaminergic system accompanied by addiction neural plasticity.
Can the use of diagnostic and prognostic categorisation tailor the need for assisted reproductive technology in infertile couples?
Authors: Song Zheng , Li Wentao , O’leary Sean , Roberts Bronwen , Alvino Helen , Tremellen Kelton , Gadalla Moustafa A. , Wang Rui , Mol Ben W. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThe complications associated with in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for both the offspring and mother, and its high cost make it essential to tailor the technology to those infertile couples who truly benefit from it.AimsTo determine whether a simple prognostic algorithm could discriminate between couples who require immediate fertility treatments and couples in whom less invasive strategies should be offered first.Materials and MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, couples were classified into six groups based on the medical necessity of IVF and their prognosis for natural conception: (i) tubal/severe semen factor mandating immediate IVF due to the very low chance of natural conception; (ii) pure anovulation infertility; (iii) female age ≥39 years; and (iv) unexplained/mild male infertility (no indication for immediate treatment) with (4A) good, (4B) moderate or (4C) poor prognosis of natural conception, as per an existing, validated prognostic model. For each group, we constructed Kaplan‐Meier curves to measure natural conception and the effect of fertility treatment.ResultsThe 12 months cumulative live birth rate for couples with unexplained or mild male infertility and poor prognosis increased from 1% without treatment to 35% after treatment (P < 0.001). In contrast, couples with good prognosis experienced a statistically insignificant increase in their cumulative live birth rate from 40% to 56% (P = 0.07). This demonstrates that a prognostic model could predict a couple’s chances of natural conception and the benefit they derive from treatment.ConclusionsThis prognostic mode allows fertility treatment to be individually tailored to reduce unnecessary IVF without compromising fertility chances.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of factors associated with post‐operative pancreatic fistula following pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Kamarajah Sivesh K. , Bundred James R. , Lin Aaron , Halle‐Smith James , Pande Rupaly , Sutcliffe Robert , Harrison Ewen M. , Roberts Keith J. ,   PARANOIA Study Group
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundMany studies have explored factors relating to post‐operative pancreatic fistula (POPF); however, the original definition (All‐POPF) was revised to include only ‘clinically relevant’ (CR) POPF. This study identified variables associated with the two International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery definitions to identify which variables are more strongly associated with CR‐POPF.MethodsA systematic review identified all studies reporting risk factors for POPF (using both International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula definitions) following pancreatoduodenectomy. The primary outcome was factors associated with CR‐POPF. Meta‐analyses (random effects models) of pre‐, intra‐ and post‐operative factors associated with POPF in more than two studies were included.ResultsAmong 52 774 patients All‐POPF (n = 69 studies) and CR‐POPF (n = 53 studies) affected 27% (95% confidence interval (CI95%) 23–30) and 19% (CI95% 17–22), respectively. Of the 176 factors, 24 and 17 were associated with All‐ and CR‐POPF, respectively. Absence of pre‐operative pancreatitis, presence of renal disease, no pre‐operative neoadjuvant therapy, use of post‐operative somatostatin analogues, absence of associated venous or arterial resection were associated with CR‐POPF but not All‐POPF.ConclusionIn conclusion this study demonstrates wide variation in reported rates of POPF and that several risk factors associated with CR‐POPF are not used within risk prediction models. Data from this study can be used to shape future studies, research and audit across ethnic and geographic boundaries in POPF following pancreatoduodenectomy.
Therapeutic Effects of Meditation, Yoga, and Mindfulness‐Based Interventions for Chronic Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Acabchuk Rebecca L. , Brisson Julie M. , Park Crystal L. , Babbott‐Bryan Noah , Parmelee Olivia A. , Johnson Blair T. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundChronic symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) vary greatly and are difficult to treat; we investigate the impact of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness‐based interventions on this treatment group.MethodSearch included four databases, allowing studies of any design containing pre/post outcomes for meditation, yoga, or mindfulness‐based interventions in people suffering from brain injury acquired by mechanical force. Analyses used robust variance estimation to assess overall effects and random‐effects models for selected outcomes; we evaluated both between‐ and within‐group changes.ResultsTwenty studies (N = 539) were included. Results revealed significant improvement of overall symptoms compared to controls (d = 0.41; 95% CI [0.04, 0.77]; τ2 = 0.06), with significant within‐group improvements in mental health (d = 0.39), physical health (d = 0.39), cognitive performance (d = 0.24), quality of life (d = 0.39), and self‐related processing (d = 0.38). Symptoms showing greatest improvement were fatigue (d = 0.96) and depression (d = 0.40). Findings were homogeneous across studies. Study quality concerns include lack of randomisation, blinding, and recording of adverse events.ConclusionsThis first‐ever meta‐analysis on meditation, yoga, and mindfulness‐based interventions for chronic symptoms of mTBI offers hope but highlights the need for rigorous new trials to advance clinical applications and to explore mechanistic pathways.
Factors associated with mental health outcomes among patients with COVID‐19 treated in the Fangcang shelter hospital in China
Authors: Gu Yingqi , Zhu Yi , Xu Fangzhong , Xi Juzhe , Xu Guangxing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionFaced with surging infections and considering that 80% of cases were mild and moderate, the city government transformed stadiums and exhibition centers into the Fangcang shelter hospitals in Wuhan. The aims of this study were to evaluate mental health outcomes among patients with COVID‐19 treated in the Fangcang shelter hospitals and analyze potential risk factors associated with these symptoms, including PTSS, symptoms of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and perceived stress.MethodThis cross‐sectional study used an online survey to assess mental health problems of 461 confirmed COVID‐19 patients in a Jianghan Fangcang shelter from February 15 to 22, 2020. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore potential risk factors.ResultsOverall, 25.2%, 50.1%, 54.4%, 10.2%, and 39.7% of all patients reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and perceived stress, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that female sex was associated with all investigated outcomes except insomnia. Patients with lower education level were more likely to endorse anxiety, depression, and higher perceived stress, while patients' family members with other diseases were more likely to endorse severe insomnia. Patients with illness onset to admission less than 7 days were associated with higher perceived stress.DiscussionIn this survey study, patients reported high rates of symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and perceived stress. Combining with the special environment of the shelter hospitals and patient's psychological needs, the health care workers should give more effective interventions to relieve the patients' stress and improve their mental symptoms.
A Strategy to Treat COVID‐19 Disease With Targeted Delivery of Inhalable Liposomal Hydroxychloroquine: A Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Study
Authors: Tai Tien‐Tzu , Wu Tzung‐Ju , Wu Huey‐Dong , Tsai Yi‐Chen , Wang Hui‐Ting , Wang An‐Min , Shih Sheue‐Fang , Chen Yee‐Chun 
Published: November 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a newly identified pathogen causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an antimalarial and anti‐inflammatory drug, has been shown to inhibit SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in vitro and tested in clinical studies. However, achievement of lung concentrations predicted to have in vivo antiviral efficacy might not be possible with the currently proposed oral dosing regimens. Further, high cumulative doses of HCQ raise concerns of systemic toxicity, including cardiotoxicity. Here, we describe a preclinical study to investigate the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of a novel formulation of liposomal HCQ administered by intratracheal (IT) instillation in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Compared with unformulated HCQ administered intravenously, liposomal HCQ showed higher (~ 30‐fold) lung exposure, longer (~ 2.5‐fold) half‐life in lungs, but lower blood exposure with ~ 20% of peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and 74% of area under the curve from 0 to 72 hours (AUC0–72) and lower heart exposure with 23% of Cmax and 58% of AUC0–24 (normalized for dose). Similar results were observed relative to IT administration of unformulated HCQ. These PKs result in an animal model that demonstrated the proof of concept that inhalable liposomal HCQ may provide clinical benefit and serve as a potential treatment for COVID‐19.
Embrapa and the construction of scientific heritage in Brazilian agriculture: Sowing memory
Authors: Cabral Lídia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMotivationThe Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa, is well known for incorporating the Cerrado into Brazil’s modern agriculture through its discoveries of how to improve infertile soils and to develop soybean seeds adapted to the tropics. Known as the Tropical Revolution, Brazil’s own Green Revolution, this past episode continues to define Embrapa’s identity and Brazil’s agricultural science and technology, reinforcing a view of agricultural development while neglecting alternatives.PurposeThis article seeks to understand how Embrapa has carved its name in Brazil’s agricultural history, creating a powerful national brand with global recognition. It explores what constitutes Embrapa’s “organizational heritage,” how this has been built within the organization and to what effect.Approach and methodsTo commemorate Embrapa’s 40th anniversary in 2014, an official history (“Memória Embrapa”) was written, focusing on the success of the organization and the reasons for this. This source has been reviewed, then combined with evidence from interviews with 29 Embrapa researchers about the strengths and shortcomings of organizational heritage.FindingsEmbrapa’s story of success focuses on selected technological breakthroughs, highly trained and motivated scientists, and a sense of mission towards Brazilian society. This omits, however, some successes, challenges and alternative approaches to research that do not fit well with the simplified history. Three such omissions stand out: (1) the official history barely mentions the concerns about the environmental and social impacts of the spread of large‐scale farming—which much of Embrapa’s research had served; (2) Embrapa created a national seed bank, to which indigenous groups demanded access since they had conserved much of the genetic material in the bank (policy was changed to allow indigenous groups access and to promote a dialogue between the scientists and the farmers); and (3), in similar vein, some scientists in Embrapa endeavour to engage with local expertise, with ethnoscience, to enrich and broaden the research.Policy implicationsRooting Embrapa’s brand in history makes the narrative persistent and hard to challenge. This risks creating a simplified, monolithic narrative about Embrapa and Brazilian agriculture that feeds technocratic fixations with high science and transfer of technology as the dominant pathway to agricultural development and food security. This may have been considered necessary in the 1970s, but increasingly the agricultural research agenda must include environmental sustainability and conservation of agricultural biodiversity, climate change, social fairness and a respectful engagement with different ways of researching, including learning from the longstanding practices of farmers.
Occurrence and impact of the parasitic mite Linobia coccinellae on its host beetle Chrysomela populi: implications for its potential as a biological control agent
Authors: Pohlink Klara , Georgi Richard , Müller Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDue to social demands with regard to sustainability and ecological considerations, an aim of current research in short‐rotation coppices (SRC) is to find effective candidates for biological control of pest species. The great red poplar leaf beetle, Chrysomela populi L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is one of the most harmful pests in the SRC. The endoparasitic mite Linobia coccinellae (Scopoli) (Acari: Astigmata, Hemisarcoptidae) lives under the elytra of C. populi and feeds on the beetles' hemolymph. The population dynamics of the mites and their impact on the fecundity and longevity of female beetles were examined in two experiments. To study the occurrence of the mites, beetles were collected from two poplar SRC sites in Germany on three dates. Infestation rates of collected male and female C. populi individuals increased over the course of the year and reached 78–97% in the last survey. Females were parasitized more often than males at any time. For the second part of the study, beetles were reared under laboratory conditions to study the development of the mites and their impact on the hosts. For this purpose, half of the females were actively seeded with five adult females of L. coccinellae and the other half was used as a control. There was no significant impact on longevity or reproductive traits of the beetles. Despite the high rates of infestation, it appears that the mites do not have a serious effect on female beetles. Thus L. coccinellae, by itself, is not an effective biological control agent against C. populi. However, it remains to be investigated whether the mites increase the beetles' susceptibility to other biotic and abiotic factors, and so may contribute to an integrated pest management regime with multiple antagonists.
Analysis of central place foraging behaviour of wolves using hidden Markov models
Authors: Ylitalo Anna‐Kaisa , Heikkinen Juha , Kojola Ilpo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe foraging movement behaviour of grey wolves (Canis lupus) is unique in summer, when the focus of breeding wolves is on taking care of new‐born offspring. In this study, we analysed the movement tracks of nine radio‐collared wolves during their pup‐rearing season. The wolves lived in the boreal zone in Finland. Our interest was in analysing the foraging trips of wolves from the den site, which serves as the central place of the pack in summer. Based on the information on spatial relocations and time of the day, the movement tracks of the collared wolves were split into segments using hidden Markov models (HMM). Those segments were considered to be produced by different movement behaviour modes that were not observed. We first split the movement tracks of the wolves into separate foraging trips using a two‐state HMM and further extracted the different movement modes with a four‐state HMM. The modes were interpreted as rest, moderate activity, homing to the den site and fast movement for other purposes, such as leaving the den. Our analysis showed that, for most of the individuals, the movement during homing was fastest and most persistent. This research highlights the foraging behaviour of wolves during the pup‐rearing season, which has gained less attention than the nomadic behaviour outside of this season. Our study showed how cyclic foraging trips can be divided into behavioural phases using HMMs, and how these behaviours appear in different times of the day. These results have potential uses, for instance, when studying the habitat requirements and usage or assessing the risk of human–wildlife conflicts.
Study design synopsis: Bias can cast a dark shadow over studies
Authors: Fosgate Geoffrey T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe study of free‐living populations is important to generate knowledge related to the epidemiology of disease and other health outcomes. These studies are unable to provide the same level of control as is possible in laboratory studies and thus are susceptible to certain errors. The primary categories of study errors are random and systematic. Random errors cause imprecision and can be quantified using statistical methods including the calculation of confidence intervals. Systematic errors cause bias, which is typically difficult to quantify within the context of an individual study. The three main categories of systematic errors are selection, information, and confounding bias. Selection bias occurs when enrolled animals are not representative of the target population of interest in respect to characteristics important to the primary study objective. Information bias occurs when data collected from enrolled animals deviates from the true value. Information bias is most damaging when errors vary among comparison groups. Both selection and information bias are prevented through the application of good study design procedures. Researchers should select study animals after careful consideration of the primary study objective and desired target population. Investigators can reduce information bias through standardised data collection procedures and the use of blinding. Confounding bias occurs when the measured association between a predictor and an outcome ignores the influential effect of an additional variable. Confounding is common and analysts must implement the appropriate statistical adjustments to reduce the associated bias. All studies will have some errors and biased data with high precision are the most damaging to the validity of study conclusions. Authors can facilitate the critical evaluation of their research by providing text related to the limitations and potential sources of bias within the discussion section of their manuscripts.
Modeling the impacts of climate change on thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) on the Northeast US shelf using trawl and longline surveys
Authors: Grieve Brian D. , Hare Jonathan A. , McElroy W. David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractClimate change has been shown to impact marine fish populations and communities. With small population sizes, long reproduction times, and a rapidly warming habitat, thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata) could be particularly vulnerable. To examine this possibility, we used a two‐stage generalized additive model to project future thorny skate abundances under two different climate scenarios. This is the first study in the northeastern United States to compare projections based on different survey methods (bottom trawl and longline), and results were heavily impacted by survey methodology. Models trained with the NOAA Bottom Trawl Survey projected a decrease in abundance of ~60%–80% in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank under the RCP 8.5 climate scenario. With aggressive mitigation (RCP 4.5), these decreases could be reduced to ~35%–45%. Models trained with a recent NOAA longline survey indicated that thorny skate abundance would be reduced 22% and 37% under business as usual and mitigation, respectively. There are substantial methodological differences between the two data sets, including capture technique and efficiency, total habitat coverage, and spatio‐temporal coverage. This underscores the importance of continued, methodologically diverse surveys on the Northeast US continental shelf. Our results indicate that climate change will continue to negatively impact thorny skate populations by reducing the amount of thermally suitable habitat in the southern extent of their range. This information should be considered in future management decisions.
Mechanical properties and repair bond strength of polymer‐based CAD/CAM restorative materials
Authors: Sismanoglu Soner , Tugce Gurcan Aliye , Yildirim‐Bilmez Zuhal , Gumustas Burak 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInformation on the mechanical properties and repairability of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks is scarce. Five CAD/CAM blocks with similar indications were evaluated, including four resin nanoceramics, one polymer‐infiltrated ceramic network (PICN), and one feldspathic ceramic. CAD/CAM blocks were sectioned into 4 mm × 1.2 mm × 13 mm bars for flexural strength (FS), and 4 mm thick blocks were prepared for elastic modulus (EM), nanohardness (NH), and microshear bond strength (µSBS) testing. FS of the CAD/CAM blocks was determined using a three‐point bending test, whereas EM and NH values were measured using a nanoindenter. The reparability of the tested block materials was determined by the µSBS test. One‐way ANOVA was conducted for FS, EM, NH, and µSBS followed by Tukey's pairwise comparison (α < 0.05). FS ranged from 115 to 207 MPa, EM from 8.21 to 44 GPa, NH from 0.76 to 7.24, and µSBS from 24.9 to 30.6 MPa. The findings of the present study revealed that resin nanoceramic blocks exhibited higher FS values than PICN and feldspathic ceramic, and they have acceptable mechanical properties for the fabrication of single‐unit restorations according to the ISO 6872:2008. Furthermore, all CAD/CAM blocks tested can be successfully repaired regarding their recommended repair protocol.