bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crucial Contributions
Authors: Scelza Brooke A. , Hinde Katie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMaternal grandmothers play a key role in allomaternal care, directly caring for and provisioning their grandchildren as well as helping their daughters with household chores and productive labor. Previous studies have investigated these contributions across a broad time period, from infancy through toddlerhood. Here, we extend and refine the grandmothering literature to investigate the perinatal period as a critical window for grandmaternal contributions. We propose that mother-daughter co-residence during this period affords targeted grandmaternal effort during a period of heightened vulnerability and appreciable impact. We conducted two focus groups and 37 semi-structured interviews with Himba women. Interviews focused on experiences from their first and, if applicable, their most recent birth and included information on social support, domains of teaching and learning, and infant feeding practices. Our qualitative findings reveal three domains in which grandmothers contribute: learning to mother, breastfeeding support, and postnatal health and well-being. We show that informational, emotional, and instrumental support provided to new mothers and their neonates during the perinatal period can aid in the establishment of the mother-infant bond, buffer maternal energy balance, and improve nutritional outcomes for infants. These findings demonstrate that the role of grandmother can be crucial, even when alloparenting is common and breastfeeding is frequent and highly visible. Situated within the broader anthropological and clinical literature, these findings substantiate the claim that humans have evolved in an adaptive sociocultural perinatal complex in which grandmothers provide significant contributions to the health and well-being of their reproductive-age daughters and grandchildren.
Positive Affect Moderates the Relationship Between Salivary Testosterone and a Health Behavior Composite in University Females
Authors: Martin Luci A. , Ter-Petrosyan Mariam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Testosterone is released in both men and women and plays an important role in social functioning and motivation. Greater testosterone in women has been associated with negative physical health outcomes, while lower testosterone has been associated with psychological disorders. The following cross-sectional study examined the contribution of salivary testosterone, positive and negative affect, and demographic variables in predicting a composite health behavior score (cigarette use, hours of sleep, fruit/vegetable intake, following an exercise routine).

Method
The sample (mean age 21.17, SD = 6.13) consisted of 87 female university students asked to complete a demographic and lifestyle behavior questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and provide a saliva sample. Participants self-identified as Latina (37.9%), European American (32.2%), Asian American (5.7%), African American (4.6%), or Mixed/other (19.5%). Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine whether positive and negative affect served as a moderator between salivary testosterone and a health behavior composite.

Results
Results indicated that positive affect moderated the relationship between salivary testosterone and the composite health behavior score (t = − 2.42, p = .018, Adj. R2 = .21, F (5, 81) = 5.07, p < .001) such that the healthiest behaviors were observed in participants with high positive affect and low salivary testosterone. Findings remained after adjusting for oral contraceptive use, income level, relationship status, and ethnicity.

Conclusions
These results provide a preliminary foundation for future research examining the interplay of neuroendocrine function, psychological factors (i.e., positive affect), and behavior. Further empirical studies can focus on expanding this research in larger, representative samples.
Role of Al and Ti doping in modulating electrical properties of BIVOX system
Authors: Tripathy Diptimayee , Saikia Amarjyoti , Tado Gyati Tachang , Pandey Arvind 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe doubly-doped bismuth vanadate with Al and Ti having formula unit, Bi2V1−xAlx/2Titx/2O5.5-δ (0.10 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.25) was synthesized. The specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), UV-Vis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for their structural, thermal, optical, and electrical studies. Influence of both dopant cations (Al and Ti) was observed in the gradual stabilization of the tetragonal phase of Bi2VO5.5-δ with dopant amount. A non-uniform grain growth phenomenon was observed up to x = 0.175, with dopant addition. UV-Vis study revealed the comparatively higher order of oxide ion vacancies for the composition x = 0.175. Impedance spectroscopy measurements indicate a significant decrease of both the grain (Rg) and grain boundary resistances (Rgb) with the rise in temperature and the overall resistance is found to be dominated by the grain interior contribution. Enhancement of ionic conductivity was found in all the compositions in the intermediate temperature range as compared to the parent compound, and the single Al-doped system and the highest value were obtained for x = 0.175.
Effects of loading contact on electric-power generation of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic plate
Authors: Okayasu Mitsuhiro , Ogawa Tsukasa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTo better understand the generation of electric power for piezoelectric PbZrTiO3 (PZT) ceramic plate (ϕ25 mm), an attempt was made to investigate experimentally and numerically electric- power generation characteristics during cyclic bending under various loading fixtures (ϕ0–ϕ20 mm), i.e., different contact areas. Increasing the load-contact area on the PZT ceramic leads to a nonlinear decrease in the generated voltage. Decreasing contact area basically enhances the generated voltage, although the voltage saturates during loading when the contact area is less than ϕ5 mm. A similar voltage is generated for ϕ0 and ϕ5 mm, which is attributed to strain status (ratio of compressive and tensile strain) and material failure due to different stress distribution in the PZT ceramic. On the basis of the obtained electric generation voltage, suitable loading conditions are clarified by loading with the ϕ5 mm fixture, which generates a higher voltage and a longer lifetime of the PZT ceramic. From this approach, it is appeared that the area contact with the area ratio of 0.04 (ϕ5 mm/ϕ20 mm) is suitable to obtain the high efficiency of the electric voltage.
Evaluation of contact fatigue risk of a carburized gear considering gradients of mechanical properties
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Huaiju , Zhu Caichao , Tang Jinyuan , Jiang Chenxu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCarburized gears are widely used in geared machines such as wind turbines. Contact fatigue problems occur in engineering practice, reducing reliabilities of machines. Contact fatigue failures are related to many factors, such as gradients of mechanical properties of the hardening layer. In this work, an elastic-plastic contact model of a carburized gear is developed based on the finite element method to evaluate contact fatigue failure risk, considering variations in hardness and strength. The Dang Van multiaxial equivalent stress is calculated via Python coding within the Abaqus framework. The gradient of yield strength along the depth from case to core is considered. The concept of local material fatigue failure risk is defined to evaluate the probability of pitting failure. The effects of design factors, such as the case hardening depth (CHD), surface hardness, and contact pressure on fatigue failure risk, are studied. As the CHD increases or the surface hardness decreases, the risk of deep spalling failure reduces. The increase in surface hardness leads to a decreased risk of pitting failure, while the variation in CHD hardly affects the pitting failure risk.
Metabolites from marine invertebrates and their symbiotic microorganisms: molecular diversity discovery, mining, and application
Authors: Liu Lu , Zheng Yao-Yao , Shao Chang-Lun , Wang Chang-Yun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Metabolites from marine organisms have proven to be a rich source for the discovery of multiple potent bioactive molecules with diverse structures. In recent years, we initiated a program to investigate the diversity of the secondary metabolites from marine invertebrates and their symbiotic microorganisms collected from the South China Sea. In this review, representative cases are summarized focusing on molecular diversity, mining, and application of natural products from these marine organisms. To provide a comprehensive introduction to the field of marine natural products, we highlight typical molecules including their structures, chemical synthesis, bioactivities and mechanisms, structure–activity relationships as well as biogenesis. The mining of marine-derived microorganisms to produce novel secondary metabolites is also discussed through the OSMAC strategy and via partial chemical epigenetic modification. A broad prospectus has revealed a plethora of bioactive natural products with novel structures from marine organisms, especially from soft corals, gorgonians, sponges, and their symbiotic fungi and bacteria.
Warfarin Reinitiation After Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Case Series of Heart Valve Patients
Authors: Wan Andrea , Butcher Ken , Hodgson Mathew , Schultz Karen , Bungard Tammy J. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT:Patients with mechanical heart valves are at high thrombotic risk and require warfarin. Among those developing intracranial hemorrhage, limited data are available to guide clinicians with antithrombotic reinitiation. This 13-patient case series of warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhages found the time to reinitiate antithrombotic therapy (17 days, interquartile range 21.5 days), and changes to international normalized ratio targets were variable and neither correlated with the type, location, or etiology of bleed, nor the valve and associated thromboembolic risk. The initial presentation significantly impacted prognosis, and diligent assessment and follow-up may support positive long-term outcomes.
THE DUTY TO COOPERATE IN THE CUSTOMARY LAW OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Authors: Craik Neil 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article argues that the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) account of the customary law of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is incomplete. While acknowledging the role of the harm prevention principle in formulating the customary obligation to conduct EIAs, the ICJ has ignored the duty to cooperate, notwithstanding the latter duty's equally strong standing in international environmental law. Ignoring the duty to cooperate pushes the court towards a formal and sequential understanding of EIA, which undervalues the centrality of notice and consultation in EIA. In effect, viewed through the harm prevention lens alone, EIA is largely understood in instrumental and technical terms; whereas, if the duty to cooperate is brought back in, EIA's deliberative and ‘other-regarding’ nature is more clearly seen. This, in turn, recognises the normative and political role of EIA in structuring State interactions respecting environmental disputes.
Stability of different plasma sheaths near a dielectric wall with secondary electron emission
Authors: Qing Shaowei , Wei Jianguo , Chen Wen , Tang Shengli , Wang Xiaogang 
Published: December 2019

The linear theory stability of different collisionless plasma sheath structures, including the classic sheath, inverse sheath and space-charge limited (SCL) sheath, is investigated as a typical eigenvalue problem. The three background plasma sheaths formed between a Maxwellian plasma source and a dielectric wall with a fully self-consistent secondary electron emission condition are solved by recent developed 1D3V (one-dimensional space and three-dimensional velocities), steady-state, collisionless kinetic sheath model, within a wide range of Maxwellian plasma electron temperature

$T_{e}$

. Then, the eigenvalue equations of sheath plasma fluctuations through the three sheaths are numerically solved, and the corresponding damping and growth rates

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$

are found: (i) under the classic sheath structure (i.e.

$T_{e}<T_{ec}$

(the first threshold)), there are three damping solutions (i.e.

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{1}$

,

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{2}$

and

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{3}$

,

$0>\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{1}>\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{2}>\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{3}$

) for most cases, but there is only one growth-rate solution

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$

when

$T_{e}\rightarrow T_{ec}$

due to the inhomogeneity of sheath being very weak; (ii) under the inverse sheath structure, which arises when

$T_{e}>T_{ec}$

, there are no background ions in the sheath so that the fluctuations are stable; (iii) under the SCL sheath conditions (i.e.

$T_{e}\geqslant T_{e\text{SCL}}$

, the second threshold), the obvious ion streaming through the sheath region again emerges and the three damping solutions are again found.
Assessing a new coarctation repair simulator based on real patient’s anatomy
Authors: Kleszcz Jacek , Sobieraj Michał , Nałęcz Tomasz , Myers Patrick O. , Wojtalik Michał , Mrówczyński Wojciech 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectives:To perform the preliminary tests of coarctation of aorta repair trainer, evaluate the surgical properties of the simulation and to assess and enhance residents’ skills.Methods:Single patient’s angio-CT anatomy data were converted into magnified 3D-printed model of aortic coarctation with hypoplastic aortic arch, serving for creation of a mould used during wax copies casting. Wax cores were painted with six layers of elastic silicone and melted, yielding phantoms that were consecutively fixed in a mounting with and without a thoracic wall. Simulation included: proximal and distal aortic arch clamping, incision of its lesser curvature, extended end-to-end anastomosis with 7-0 suture. A head-mounted camera video recording enabled anastomosis time and mean one suture bite time evaluation. Leakage assessment was done by a water test.Results:Two residents performed nine simulations each. Last four runs were performed with thoracic wall attached. All phantoms performed well, enabling tissue-like handling and cutting, excellent suture retention, and satisfactory elasticity. Median anastomosis times were 22′33″ and 24′47″ for phantoms without and with thoracic wall (p = not significant (NS)). Median times needed to pass suture through one side of anastomosis and regrasp needle were, respectively, 9″ and 13″ (p < 0.001). Median total number of leakages per phantom equalled 2 for both difficulty levels. There were no significant inter-resident differences in all assessed parameters.Conclusions:This medium-fidelity aortic coarctation repair trainer showed its feasibility in replication of major critical steps of the real operation. Objective surgical efficiency parameters could be obtained from each simulation and compared between trainees and at different adjustable difficulty levels.
The Origin and Development of the Role of the Native Assistant in the Translation of the Southern Min and Union Bible Versions
Authors: VOGEL STUART 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the nineteenth century, the translators of the Bible in to Chinese were heavily dependent on their “native assistants” or “Chinese co-translators”. The importance of the contributions of these co-translators has long been underestimated. In Fujian, the missionaries adopted a co-translator model which allowed the assistant to take an equal and full role in the task of translation. The intention was that the local Christian community should take over full responsibility for all aspects of Christian ministry and mission. The translation process included the adoption of an easy-to-learn system of Romanisation of the Southern Min vernacular so that the resulting translation was accurate and easily read and understood. This essay looks at these developments in Fujian and on Taiwan, notably the co-operation between Reverend Iû Sūn-ióng, (楊士養牧師) and Reverend Thomas Barclay. In contrast, during the translation of the 1919 version of the Mandarin Bible, the “native assistants” played a lesser role in the production of the final work. Nevertheless, while few Chinese co-translators emerged as a creative force during the translation process, they may have contributed to the written style of the translation, if not the theological interpretation of the Bible in Chinese.
Water Vapor Near‐UV Absorption: Laboratory Spectrum, Field Evidence, and Atmospheric Impacts
Authors: Pei Linsen , Min Qilong , Du Yuyi , Wang Zhechen , Yin Bangsheng , Yang Kai , Disterhoft Patrick , Pongetti Thomas , Zhu Lei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAbsorption of solar radiation by water vapor in the near‐UV region is a poorly understood but important issue in atmospheric science. To better understand water vapor near‐UV absorption, we constructed a cavity ring‐down spectrometer with bandwidth of 5 cm−1 (~0.05 nm) and obtained water vapor absorption cross sections at 1‐nm increments in the 290‐ to 350‐nm region. Water vapor displays structured absorption over this range with maximum and minimum cross sections of 8.4 × 10−25 and 1.6 × 10−25 cm2/molecule. Major water vapor absorption bands were observed at 293–295, 307–313, 319, 321–322, and 325 nm, with cross‐section values higher than 4.0 × 10−25 cm2/molecule. To obtain further insight into major water vapor absorption bands, we measured water vapor absorption cross sections at 0.05‐nm intervals in the 292‐ to 296‐nm, 306‐ to 314‐nm, and 317‐ to 326‐nm region. Field UV residual spectra not only exhibited increased attenuation at higher atmospheric water vapor loadings but also showed structures suggested by the laboratory water vapor absorption spectrum. Spaceborne UV radiance spectra have spectral structures resembling the differential cross‐section spectrum constructed from the laboratory wavelength‐dependent water vapor absorption cross sections presented here. Incorporating water vapor absorption cross‐section data into a radiative transfer model yielded an estimated energy budget of 0.26 W/m2 for the standard U.S. atmosphere and 0.76 W/m2 for the tropics. This shows that water vapor near‐UV absorption is an important contributor for climate simulation and ozone retrievals.
Enhanced Vegetation Growth in the Urban Environment Across 32 Cities in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Ruan Yongjian , Zhang Xinchang , Xin Qinchuan , Ao Zurui , Sun Ying 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHow the urban environment influences vegetation phenology is important to understand the living environment and the climate‐vegetation interaction. This study investigates changes in vegetation phenology in the urban environment using remote sensing data for 32 major cities in the Northern Hemisphere. Vegetation phenological information for both urban and rural areas of each individual city was derived from the remote sensing data. We found that the urban environment generally enhanced vegetation growth but at varied degrees for different regions in the Northern Hemisphere. Vegetation phenology metrics, including the start of season (SOS), the end of season (EOS), and the growing season length (GSL), have large differences between urban and rural environment. Vegetation SOS in urban areas occurred earlier than in rural areas for 22 in 32 cities, and the relationships between advanced urban SOS and the distance away from urban centers are significant for 9 cities. Vegetation EOS in urban areas occurred later than in rural areas for 19 in 32 cities, and the relationships between delayed urban EOS and the distance away from urban centers are significant for 10 cities. The response of SOS to the urban environment is found dependent upon the latitude of urban centers and urban spring daytime and nighttime temperatures. Analysis on ground observational records of vegetation phenology in the region of North America supports the findings derived from remote sensing data. These findings could help to understand the impacts of the urban environment on vegetation growth.
Deciphering Oxygen Isotope Records From Chinese Speleothems With an Isotope‐Enabled Climate Model
Authors: Hu Jun , Emile‐Geay Julien , Tabor Clay , Nusbaumer Jesse , Partin Judson 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpeleothem δ18O is widely used to reconstruct past hydroclimate variability, particularly over Asia. However, the interpretation of this proxy is still in debate. While this proxy is originally interpreted as regional rainfall amount of the Asian monsoon, other studies have interpreted it as upstream monsoon rainfall or atmospheric circulation changes. To better understand the signal preserved in speleothems over various time scales, this study employs a state‐of‐the‐art isotope‐enabled climate model to quantify contributions to the oxygen isotope composition of precipitation (
) over China. Results suggest that orbital‐scale speleothem δ18O variations at Chinese sites mainly record the meridional migration of the Asian monsoon circulation, accompanied by an early northward movement of the East Asian rain belt. At interannual scales, Chinese speleothem δ18O is also tied to the intensity of monsoonal circulation, via a change in moisture source locations: Enhanced moisture delivery from remote source regions leads to more negative
, particularly in late summer and early autumn. Our results have implications for the hydroclimatic interpretation of speleothem δ18O from Chinese caves and suggest that this interpretation is time scale dependent.
Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards
Authors: Astafyeva Elvira 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNatural hazards (NH), such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events, generate acoustic and gravity waves that propagate upward and cause perturbations in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The first NH‐related ionospheric disturbances were detected after the great 1964 Alaskan earthquake by ionosondes and Doppler sounders. Since then, many other observations confirmed the responsiveness of the ionosphere to NH. Within the last two decades, outstanding progress has been made in this area owing to the development of networks of ground‐based dual‐frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. The use of GNSS‐sounding has substantially enlarged our knowledge about the solid earth/ocean/atmosphere/ionosphere coupling and NH‐related ionospheric disturbances and their main features. Moreover, recent results have demonstrated that it is possible to localize NH from their ionospheric signatures and also, if/when applicable, to obtain the information about the NH source (i.e., the source location and extension and the source onset time). Although all these results were obtained in retrospective studies, they have opened an exciting possibility for future ionosphere‐based detection and monitoring of NH in near‐real time. This article reviews the recent developments in the area of ionospheric detection of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, and it discusses the future perspectives for this novel discipline.