bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Implications of using EGSnrc instead of EGS4 for extracting electron stopping powers from measured energy spectra
Authors: Tessier Frédéric , Ross Carl K. 
Published: October 2020

PurposeNRC Report PIRS‐0626 (https://doi.org/10.4224/40000364) describes how measured electron energy deposition spectra can be used to determine the electronic stopping power. The stopping power is obtained by comparing measured spectra with spectra calculated using Monte Carlo techniques. The stopping powers reported in PIRS‐0626 were obtained using the EGS4 Monte Carlo code. Since then, the EGSnrc code has been released which has more accurate electron transport algorithms. We calculate the effect on the measured stopping powers of using EGSnrc instead of EGS4.MethodThe EGS4 spectra calculated in PIRS‐0626 were based on primary electron histories. We first show that those spectra, calculated in 1997, are consistent with current EGS4 spectra calculated using histories. EGSnrc spectra are also calculated using histories and these high‐precision spectra are compared to extract any energy difference. The energy differences between the spectra are used to estimate the effect on the measured electronic stopping powers.ResultsThe energy differences depend on the absorber material, the absorber thickness and the beam energy. The improved electron elastic scattering cross section of EGSnrc accounts for only part of the difference between the two codes. The effect on the extracted stopping power is largest for the lowest electron energies and can be as large as 0.9%. The calculated spectra show differences for lower energies, with the EGSnrc spectra having a larger proportion of low‐energy electrons.ConclusionThe differences introduced by using EGSnrc instead of EGS4 can affect the estimated stopping power by almost 1% in the worst case but generally the effect is much smaller. We report corrections that can be applied to all the stopping power data in PIRS‐0626. An experiment to measure the average energy to create an ion pair in air, , using aluminum detectors will provide an interesting test of the aluminum stopping power data as reported in PIRS‐0626 and revised by this work.
Mechanism of Bi−Ni Phase Formation in a Microwave‐Assisted Polyol Process
Authors: Smuda Matthias , Damm Christine , Ruck Michael , Doert Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInvited for this month's cover is the group of Michael Ruck and Thomas Doert at the Technische Universität Dresden (Germany). The cover picture shows the transformation of a Bi‐Ni core‐shell particle into a homogenous intermetallic BiNi particle. To understand the mechanism for the BiNi formation in the polyol process, various methods such as X‐ray and electron diffraction, HR‐TEM, mass spectrometry and FT‐IR spectroscopy were employed. In a microwave‐assisted one‐pot synthesis at first Bi‐particles emerge by reduction of a Bi‐salt. The reduction of the Ni‐salt most likely occurs on the surface of these particles, followed by a complete encasement of the Bi‐core (blue) with a shell of Ni‐particles (green). As the reaction continues, the Ni‐atoms diffuse into the Bi‐core until the homogeneous BiNi particle is attained. Read the full text of their Full Paper at 10.1002/open.202000236.
Evaluation of autonomic modulation of lung function and heart rate in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Teixeira de Carvalho Etiene F. , Aletti Federico , Costa Ivan P. , Gomes Evelim L. F. D. , da Silva Natalia P. , Damasceno Neiva , Muramatu Lucia H. , dos Santos Alves Vera L. , Ferrario Manuela , Cahalin Lawrence P. , Sampaio Luciana M. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in modulating bronchial smooth muscle contractility, which is altered in cystic fibrosis (CF). A convenient approach to probe ANS regulation is the quantitative analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). The purpose of this study was to evaluate ANS regulation in children with CF and to investigate the influence of colonization by Pseudonomas aeruginosa via assessment of HRV in colonized CF (CCF) children and noncolonized CF (NCCF) children. Sixteen children with CF (7 CCF and 9 NCCF) and seven healthy age‐matched control children were enrolled in the study. Heart rate was recorded for 10 min at rest in the supine and standing positions and HRV analysis was carried out using autoregressive spectral analysis. The CCF group was characterized by lower forced expiratory volume than NCCF, indicating an impairment of respiratory function. The HRV parameters further confirmed the possible sympathetic overactivity in CCF. Children with CF exhibited hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. In particular, the CCF group presented a greater impairment of ANS modulation. Both CCF and NCCF children showed lower supine vagal activation in the HRV indices related to sympathetic activation and reduction of indices indicating vagal activity with the postural change from supine to standing when compared to the NCCF group.
Synthesis and Investigation of 2,4,6‐Trinitropyridin‐3‐ol and its Salts
Authors: Zhang Xingcheng , Zou Fangfang , Yang Pei , Gao Chang , Zhang Chunxiao , Zou Mingxin , Cao Xinhua , Hu Wenxian , Zhou Qiuju 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA series of novel energetic salts of 2,4,6‐trinitropyridin‐3‐ol have been prepared and confirmed structurally. These compounds can be prepared by means of a facile synthetic procedure and show outstanding properties (detonation velocity, detonation pressure, sensitivity toward mechanical stimuli, and temperature of decomposition). They were isolated and characterized by means of elemental analysis, multinuclear (1H, 13C) NMR spectroscopy. The structures in the crystalline state were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction at 296 K. From the calculated standard molar enthalpy of formation (CBS‐4 M) and the densities, the Chapman‐Jouguet detonation properties were predicted by using the EXPLO5 V6.02 thermochemical computer code. Their sensitivities towards impact and friction were also determined.
Impact ofCYP2C19,CYP3A4,ABCB1, andFMO3genotypes on plasma voriconazole in Thai patients with invasive fungal infections
Authors: Chuwongwattana Sumonrat , Jantararoungtong Thawinee , Prommas Santirat , Medhasi Sadeep , Puangpetch Apichaya , Sukasem Chonlaphat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVoriconazole is the first‐line antifungal choice in the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in drug‐metabolizing and transporter genes may affect voriconazole pharmacokinetics. This study aimed to determine the frequency of theCYP2C19rs4244285, rs4986893, rs72552267, and rs12248560,CYP3A4rs4646437,ABCB1rs1045642, andFMO3rs2266782 alleles and determine the association between these genetic variants and voriconazole concentrations in Thai patients with invasive fungal infections. The study comprised 177 Thai patients with IFIs in whom seven SNPs inCYP2C19,CYP3A4,ABCB1,andFMO3were genotyped usingTaqMan real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) 5´ nuclease assays, and voriconazole plasma concentrations were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Of the 177 patients included, 31 were <12 years and 146 were ≥12 years. TheCYP2C19allele frequencies were 0.29 for*2, 0.060 for*3, 0.003 for*6, and 0.008 for*17. The allele frequency ofCYP3A4(rs4646437) was 0.26,ABCB1(rs1045642) was 0.36, andFMO3(rs2266782) was 0.16. The median voriconazole dose/weight was significantly lower in patients aged ≥12 years when compared to the patients aged <12 years (P < .001). Patients aged <12 years withCYP2C19*1/*2exhibited significantly higher median voriconazole plasma concentrations than those with theCYP2C19*1/*1(P = .038). However, there were no significant differences in median voriconazole plasma concentrations among theCYP2C19genotypes in the patients aged ≥12 years. There was a lack of association observed among theCYP3A4, ABCB1, andFMO3 genotypes on the plasma voriconazole concentrations in both groups of patients. Our findings indicate that voriconazole plasma concentrations are affected by theCYP2C19*2allele in patients aged <12 years but not in patients aged ≥12 years.
Robotic limited local resection of duodenal juxta‐ampullary neoplasms
Authors: Cho Hye Jung , Jang Jae Young , Jeong Sung Yub , Kang In Cheon , Lee Sung Hwan , Choi Sung Hoon 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe unique and complex anatomical location of duodenal juxta‐ampullary neoplasms complicates selection of the appropriate surgical strategy. For benign or borderline tumours, surgical local resection can be an appropriate treatment option, and robotic surgical systems can help perform minimally invasive local resection of these lesions.MethodsBetween December 2014 and December 2019, 10 patients who underwent robotic local resections for duodenal juxta‐ampullary tumours were reviewed.ResultsAll patients successfully underwent robotic local resection of the duodenum, preserving the ampulla of Vater without conversion. The mean tumour size was 2.2 cm. Final pathology consisted of gastrointestinal stromal tumour, neuroendocrine tumour, low grade and high grade dysplasia, ectopic pancreas, and well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma (T1a). There were no postoperative complications or recurrences.ConclusionWith accurate preoperative diagnosis and careful selection of patients, local resection of the duodenum for juxta‐ampullary benign or borderline tumours using robotic surgical system is an attractive treatment option.
Salicylic Acid Appended Naphthalene Diimide Organic Linkers: A Systematic Investigation towards Electronic Aspects
Authors: Kalita Anamika , Upadhyaya Samiran , Sen Sarma Neelotpal 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA series of organic linkers (NDI‐1, NDI‐2, NDI‐3) constructed from electron‐deficient naphthalene diimide (NDI) ligand equipped with two terminal salicylic acid having carboxylic and hydroxyl functionality located at different positions provided NDI linkers as a structural platform with tunable properties is presented here. Evaluating the structure and functional relationship offered by prepared NDI organic linkers is a topic of interest related to the design of functionally active building blocks. In this study, synthesis and characterization of all the designed organic linkers were investigated and their photo‐physical properties along with computational studies were performed to establish a correlation between structural design, self‐assembly and intrinsic properties like electrical conductivity and so on. The hydrogen‐bonding assisted conducting properties of the linkers were presented which revealed the possible application of linkers as electro‐active building blocks.
Linear Optical Absorption, Emission Properties and Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of Aqua‐chloro‐bis(1,10‐phenanthroline)manganese(II) 4‐formylbenzoate Trihydrate
Authors: Yüksek Mustafa , Elif ÖztürkkanÖzbek Füreya , Sertçelik Mustafa , Karatay Ahmet , Necefoğlu Hacali , Hökelek Tuncer 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this study, the synthesis, Hirshfield surface analysis, linear absorption, fluorescence properties and carrier dynamics of [Mn(1,10‐phenanthroline)2(H2O)Cl].(4‐formylbenzoate)(H2O)3 complex were reported. To determine of the structure the complex, elemental analysis, FT‐IR Spectra, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis were done. The linear optical absorption and emission measurements of the complex in DMSO solvent at 0.5 g/L concentration were recorded by UV‐Vis and fluorescence spectrophotometers, respectively. The carrier dynamics of the complex was obtained by using time‐resolved transmission pump‐probe spectroscopy. In the light of the obtained optical results, it can be said that the complex is linear optically ultraviolet absorber, nonlinear optically excited state absorber and wide range emitter with fast response time. The intermolecular interactions which are occurred in the complex were investigated by Hirshfeld surface analysis. Three dimensional dnorm and two dimensional fingerprints plots of the complex were obtained from Hirshfeld surface analysis. In this way, the amounts of the chemical bounds, taking place in the structure were determined and used to support of the discussion of the linear optical absorption and emission results which were experimentally obtained.
Preparation, Optimization and Release Behaviour Evaluation of Carbamide Peroxide Microcapsules Integrated with Eudragit RS
Authors: Xu Qian , Li Pengfei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSlow‐release microcapsules were prepared by solvent evaporation method under different conditions with carbamide peroxide (CP) and Eudragit RS (EuRS) as core material and shell material respectively. Encapsulation efficiency (EE), release control, particle size and particle surface were characterized by UV spectrophotometer, light microscope, laser diffraction analysis (LDA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that CP microcapsules possessed a relatively regular spherical morphology. The particle size of microcapsules was generally distributed between 150∼500 μm. CP was in EuRS microcapsules in crystal phase. And magnesium stearate (MS) was used as stabilizer agent in emulsion, and it would also prolong the release time. The optimum condition of preparation was under 20°C, stirring rate was slightly higher than 400 rpm, and to obtain better release control, the optimal ratio of CP/EuRS was 1/3, MS proportion was 9.3 g/100 mL, and MS particle size was smaller than 32 μm. The maximum %EE was 94.59 %, the longest release duration was about 180 min, and the longest available storage of CP microcapsules was about 20 days under refrigeration. The release behavior of CP microcapsules can be explained by First‐order‐kinetic model.
1,2,3‐Triazol‐1,4‐diyl‐Fluoroionophores for Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ based on Fluorescence Intensity Enhancements in Water
Authors: Schwarze Thomas , Sprenger Tobias , Riemer Janine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHerein, we represent cation‐responsive fluorescent probes for the divalent cations Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, which show cation‐induced fluorescence enhancements (FE) in water. The Zn2+‐responsive probes Zn1, Zn2, Zn3 and Zn4 are based on o‐aminoanisole‐N,N‐diacetic acid (AADA) derivatives and show in the presence of Zn2+ FE factors of 11.4, 13.9, 6.1 and 8.2, respectively. Most of all, Zn1 and Zn2 show higher Zn2+ induced FE than the regioisomeric triazole linked fluorescent probes Zn3 and Zn4, respectively. In this set, ZN2 is the most suitable probe to detect extracellular Zn2+ levels. For the Mg2+‐responsive fluorescent probes Mg1, Mg2 and Mg3 based on o‐aminophenol‐N,N,O‐triacetic acid (APTRA) derivatives, we also found that the regioisomeric linkage influences the fluorescence responds towards Mg2+ (Mg1+100 mM Mg2+ (FEF=13.2) and Mg3+100 mM Mg2+ (FEF=2.1)). Mg2 shows the highest Mg2+‐induced FE by a factor of 25.7 and an appropriate Kd value of 3 mM to measure intracellular Mg2+ levels. Further, the Ca2+‐responsive fluorescent probes Ca1 and Ca2 equipped with a 1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N’,N’‐tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) derivative show high Ca2+‐induced FEs (Ca1 (FEF=22.1) and Ca2 (FEF=23.0)). Herein, only Ca1 (Kd=313 nM) is a suitable Ca2+ fluorescent indicator to determine intracellular Ca2+ levels.
Developing conceptual metaphor–based tasks in the teaching and learning of idiomatic expressions
Authors: Upadhaya Baburam , Sudharshana N. P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGiven the positive effect of teaching idiomatic expressions using the conceptual metaphor (CM) view, and the many benefits of using language tasks in English as a second or foreign language context, this article aims to help teachers design and develop tasks on the basis of CM and task‐based language teaching (TBLT). In this study, a series of tasks was designed around idiomatic expressions derived from the CM ANGER IS A HEATED FLUID IN A CONTAINER using the three‐phase TBLT framework: pretask, main task, and posttask. The pretask phase is meant to introduce the target anger expressions to learners, the main task phase to give learners the opportunity to use these expressions, and the posttask phase to raise learners’ consciousness about these expressions. The objective of these tasks is to promote interaction among learners and as such facilitate negotiation of meaning and form, leading to the learning of the anger expressions in a natural manner. The tasks were designed in such a way that teachers can easily create and implement them in actual classroom settings, especially in those Asian countries where teacher‐centric teaching style is still prevalent.
Current applications of mathematical models of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Mah Sue Ann , Avci Recep , Cheng Leo K , Du Peng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) form interconnected networks throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. ICC act as the pacemaker cells that initiate the rhythmic bioelectrical slow waves and intermediary between the GI musculature and nerves, both of which are critical to GI motility. Disruptions to the number of ICC and the integrity of ICC networks have been identified as a key pathophysiological mechanism in a number of clinically challenging GI disorders. The current analyses of ICC generally rely on either functional recordings taken directly from excised tissue or morphological analysis based on images of labeled ICC, where the structural‐functional relationship is investigated in an associative manner rather than mechanistically. On the other hand, computational physiology has played a significant role in facilitating our understanding of a number of physiological systems in both health and disease, and investigations in the GI field are beginning to incorporate several mathematical models of the ICC. The main aim of this review is to present the major modeling advances in GI electrophysiology, in order to introduce a multi‐scale framework for mathematically quantifying the functional consequences of ICC degradation at both cellular and tissue scales. The outcomes will inform future investigators utilizing modeling techniques in their studies.This article is categorized under:
Metabolic Diseases > Computational Models
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in France
Authors: Isidro Lola , Math Antoine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAfter a long judicial fight between the 1970s and the late 1990s leading to the abolition of the condition of nationality that excluded foreigners from non-contributory benefits, and in a context of publicly debated restrictive immigration policies, other restrictive conditions were either reinforced or introduced in order to curb access to social protection for foreigners in France. A new condition of regularity for the access of foreigners to most social protection schemes was introduced and/or extended, especially since 1993. In a growing xenophobic context, restrictions were presented as a means to deter immigration and save the Welfare State placed under strong budgetary constraints. The classical condition of residence was also reactivated in a way to place more restrictions. New requirements, such as a condition of anteriority of presence and a condition of anteriority (seniority) of regular residence, were developed to exclude more non-EU migrants, despite their regular situation.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Greece
Authors: Marini Fotini 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe 2008 financial crisis has brought Greece in a constrictive situation, given that the country lacked a comprehensive social safety net, the national social protection model was strongly fragmented and public spending focused on civil servants salaries and state pensions. Almost a decade afterwards, the reform of the social security system continues with suffocating fiscal constraints exercising a decisive influence on policy options. In this challenging context, Greece constitutes a unique case for discussing the complexities of the link between migration and social protection during austerity times. The debate on the access of migrants to social security benefits is both interesting and sensitive, in view of the fact that the equal treatment of European Union (EU) and non-EU migrants is subject to controversial discussions about benefit tourism and its potential risks for the sustainability of an already fragile social security regime.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Austria
Authors: Riedel Monika , Chmielowski Andreas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Austrian social security system covers a broad range of social risks, most of them via a compulsory social insurance system that usually ties eligibility to current or former legal employment. Nationality is of minor importance once legal employment has been achieved and, for tax-financed benefits like child benefits and minimum-income guarantee, legal residence in Austria can be proven. With almost one of five employees in Austria being foreign-born, Austria ranks high in terms of foreign participation on the labour market. While reforms under the previous Government were aimed at restricting migrants’ access to (full) benefits, it is open if the coalition formed in January 2020 will pursue a more moderate path in this regard.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in the Netherlands
Authors: Pennings Frans 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs a general rule, persons (both EU citizens and third-country nationals) working in the Netherlands are treated in the same way for social security as resident Dutch nationals (however, for certain categories such as posted workers, different rules apply). Migrants who are not working, but live in the Netherlands have restricted access to social assistance benefits, although after five years of residence they are treated the same as Dutch nationals. Export of benefits within the EU is regulated by the EU coordination rules on social security. Export of benefits outside the EU is governed by bilateral agreements.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Portugal
Authors: da Costa Cabral Nazaré 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter starts by discussing the Portuguese Social Security system and how it has evolved since the establishment of the democratic regime in 1974. This is in fact a heterodox system – included in the so-called Mediterranean model of social protection – with elements both from the Bismarckian and Beveridgean models. Next, the chapter examines the main features of migration movements in Portugal (emigration and immigration) and analyses social security regimes applying to foreign citizens (both from EU or third countries) in order to identify potential differences when compared with the regimes applicable to national citizens.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Bulgaria
Authors: Vankova Zvezda , Draganov Dragomir Kolev 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter aims to discuss the link between migration and welfare in Bulgaria. Firstly, it presents the main characteristics of the Bulgarian welfare system and discusses access to social benefits for resident and non-resident nationals, and resident non-nationals. Secondly, it examines Bulgaria’s migration history and key migration policy developments. Finally, the chapter provides a detailed analysis of access to social benefits of these different groups across five policy areas – unemployment, health care, family benefits, pensions, and guaranteed minimum resources – and the links to Bulgaria’s migration policy.