bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early sulfur‐rich magmatism on the ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa 7325 differentiated parent body
Authors: Yang Jing , Lin Yangting , Changela Hitesh , Xie Liewen , Chen Bin , Yang Jinhui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 7325 parent body underwent a severe impact after primary crystallization, which completely melted plagioclase and partially melted pyroxene, followed by Mg diffusion into the adjacent plagioclase‐melt. The 26Al‐26Mg system was therefore modified, forming a pseudoisochron with an initial δ26Mg* of 0.094 ± 0.005‰ and an age of 4563.12 ± 0.33 Ma between the primary crystallization and subsequent impact event(s). The positive initial δ26Mg* can be interpreted by a model age of ~1.77 Ma after CAIs when a chondritic composition differentiated into a magma/rock with the Al/Mg ratio equivalent to that of NWA 7325 (~1.52). The LREE enrichments and a positive Eu anomaly suggest that the NWA 7325 parent magma formed by the melting of a plagioclase‐rich crustal lithology, which crystallized from a magma ocean. Differentiation of the magma ocean was prior to 1.77 Ma after CAIs. NWA 7325 is also unique by containing many rounded voids (5–6 vol%) interstitial to or enclosed in silicates, suggested to have formed by the leaching/vaporization of pre‐existing Fe‐Ca‐Mg‐Mn sulfides. This is supported by the similar morphology between voids and Cr‐bearing troilites, the discovery of relict oldhamite, and the highly reducing conditions of NWA 7325. The loss of pre‐existing sulfides could explain the unusual subchondritic Mn/Mg ratio of the bulk sample. Furthermore, the enrichment of moderately volatile elements (K/Th ratio ~2600–10,000) in the NWA 7325 parent body may result from the bonding with S2‐ in silicate melts under highly reducing conditions. NWA 7325 therefore provides evidence of sulfur‐rich magmatism in the early solar system.
Convergent and distinctive functions of transcription factors VdYap1, VdAtf1, and VdSkn7 in the regulation of nitrosative stress resistance, microsclerotia formation, and virulence in Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Tang Chen , Jin Xianjiang , Klosterman Steven J. , Wang Yonglin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) play a fundamental role in plant–fungal interactions. How pathogenic fungi manipulate plant‐derived ROS/RNS is of importance to the outcomes of these interactions. In this study, we explored the individual and combined contributions of three transcription factors, VdAtf1, VdYap1, and VdSkn7, in the response to ROS/RNS, microsclerotia formation, and virulence in the plant wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. We showed that VdYap1 is essential for ROS response. Additionally, mutants lacking any combination of the three genes shared significant hypersensitivity to nitro‐oxidative stress like sodium nitroprusside dehydrate and double deletions lacking VdYap1 and VdAtf1 resulted in further increased sensitivity to ROS. Double deletion of VdAtf1 and VdSkn7 reduced melanin production and virulence while simultaneous lack of VdSkn7 and VdYap1 disrupted nitrogen metabolism and ROS resistance. Finally, comparison of transcriptional profiles of the respective single or double mutants in response to nitro‐oxidative stress revealed that the three transcription factors are involved in denitrification of nitrated alkanes and lipids to protect against nitro‐oxidative stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate convergent and distinctive functions of VdYap1, VdAtf1, and VdSkn7 in V. dahliae, and provide new data on their roles in response to ROS/RNS in fungi.
Nursing workload in intensive care units and the influence of patient and nurse characteristics
Authors: Moghadam Kolsoom Nasirizad , Chehrzad Minoo Mitra , Masouleh Shademan Reza , Mardani Abbas , Maleki Maryam , Akhlaghi Elham , Harding Celia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding factors that can potentially influence patient care and nursing workload in intensive care units is important. Previous studies have shown contradictory outcomes about the relationships between nursing workload and patient and nurse characteristics.Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to investigate nursing workload in intensive care units and examine the association between this in relation to patient and nurse characteristics.DesignA cross‐sectional design was conducted.MethodsAll nurses who were working in the intensive care units of five hospitals and met the study criteria were enrolled in the study. Two demographic questionnaires collected nurse and patient demographic information. The Nursing Activities Score was applied to determine nursing workload in three shifts (morning, evening, night) for each nurse. Data were analysed using the independent sample t‐test, one‐way analysis of variance, and multivariable linear regression analysis.ResultsThe Nursing Activities Score was calculated for 509 patients who were under the care of 105 intensive care unit nurses. The mean (SD) Nursing Activities Score was 72.84% (22.07%). Morning shifts, male patients, medical treatments, and referred patients from the emergency ward and other intensive care units imposed a higher workload for nurses. Specifically, female nurses, increased number of patients receiving care, and increased patient length of intensive care unit stay were directly associated with increased Nursing Activities Scores. Work in surgical and burn intensive care units were inversely associated with the Nursing Activities Score.ConclusionThis study suggests that the workload of nurses in intensive care units can be affected by both nurse and patient characteristics.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings can be used to ensure appropriate staffing of intensive care units by nurses. However, nurse and patient characteristics should not be considered the only factors that influence nursing workload in intensive care units.
The effects of environmental stressors in intensive care unit on anxiety and depression
Authors: Gezginci Elif , Goktas Sonay , Orhan Busra Nur 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundPhysical and emotional conditions of patients treated in an intensive care unit (ICU) may be adversely affected by environmental stressors.Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between patients' anxiety and depression levels and environmental stressors in the ICU.DesignThis was a descriptive cross‐sectional study.MethodsThe study was conducted between June 2018 and April 2019 with 150 patients treated in the ICUs of a training and research hospital. Patient information form and ICU environmental stressors and hospital anxiety and depression scales were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t‐test, one‐way analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the data.ResultsThe mean hospital anxiety score of the patients in ICUs was 11.1 ± 2.7, and 77.3% of patients were at risk for anxiety (10‐point cut‐off). The mean hospital depression score was 10.6 ± 3.3, and 94% of patients were at risk for depression (7‐point cut‐off). The mean score of environmental stressors was 123.9 ± 13.1. A moderate positive correlation between hospital anxiety and hospital depression (r = .63, P < .001) and a weak negative correlation between environmental stressors and hospital anxiety (r = −.24, P = .003) were found. However, no significant correlation between environmental stressors and hospital depression was found (r = −.13, P = .12).ConclusionAccording to this study, the environmental stressors in the ICU were high, and the patients were at risk of anxiety and depression. The depression levels of the patients increased along with their anxiety levels. As environmental stressors increased, hospital anxiety levels of the patients decreased. However, there was no significant relationship between environmental stressors and patients' hospital depression levels.Relevance to clinical practiceEnvironmental stressors in ICUs are high, and the patients in the ICUs are at risk of anxiety and depression.
The relationship between obesity and nursing care problems in intensive care patients in Austria
Authors: Großschädl Franziska , Bauer Silvia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the characteristics and nursing care problems of intensive care patients in Austria stratified by obesity.BackgroundObese people in intensive care units (ICUs) present nurses with special challenges. Therefore, nurses need to receive education and training regarding how to treat obese patients to provide them with the best care. Most studies on obesity in ICU patients have not specifically addressed the problems and challenges from the nurses' perspective. This may be because nursing science programmes in Europe rarely introduce the topic of obesity.DesignThis was a secondary data analysis of a longitudinal study.MethodologyThe “Nursing Quality Measurement 2.0” is the Austrian version of the “International Prevalence Measurement of Care problems”. It is an annual cross‐sectional study, which has been carried out since 2009. Data from all ICU patients for 2009 to 2018 were extracted and combined into one file (n = 460). The main outcome measures were obesity and various nursing care problems, including care dependency.ResultsOf the ICU patients. 25% were obese. Obese ICU patients suffered significantly more often from diabetes mellitus and endocrine, nutritional, or metabolic diseases than non‐obese patients. About 30% of the ICU patients were totally care dependent, and 85.6% of the ICU patients were at risk of developing pressure ulcers, whereas the risk was higher for non‐obese than obese patients. ICU patients with a risk of pressure ulcer (measured with the Braden Scale) had a reduced risk of being obese (OR = 0.544).ConclusionOverall, the prevalence of nursing care problems found in this study was high. No significant differences in the prevalence of nursing care problems between obese and non‐obese patients were found. However, because of the increase in the number of obese patients in all nursing settings, a stronger focus on obesity research in the area of nursing science is recommended.
The ethics of refusing to care for patients during the coronavirus pandemic: A Chinese perspective
Authors: Zhu Junhong , Stone Teresa , Petrini Marcia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs a result of the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic, health professionals are faced with situations they have not previously encountered and are being forced to make difficult ethical decisions. As the first group to experience challenges of caring for patients with coronavirus, Chinese nurses endure heartbreak and face stressful moral dilemmas. In this opinion piece, we examine three related critical questions: Whether society has the right to require health professionals to risk their lives caring for patients; whether health professionals have the right to refuse to care for patients during the coronavirus pandemic; and what obligations there are to protect health professionals? Value of care, community expectations, legal obligations, professional and codes of practice may compel health professionals to put themselves at risks in emergency situations. The bioethical principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence and non‐maleficence, as well as public health ethics, guide nurses to justify their decisions as to whether they are entitled to refuse to treat COVID‐19 patients during the pandemic. We hope that the open discussion would support the international society in addressing similar ethical challenges in their respective situations during this public health crisis.
Characterization of hydrogen sulfide toxicity to human corneal stromal fibroblasts
Authors: Balne Praveen K. , Sinha Nishant R. , Hofmann Alexandria C. , Martin Lynn M. , Mohan Rajiv R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) is a chemical weapon and a common environmental pollutant. H2S intoxication is lethal to humans and animals. H2S contact to the eye can cause vision loss. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with H2S toxicity to the cornea remain unclear, and no specific therapy exists to mitigate ocular damage from H2S. Here, we report H2S‐induced cytotoxicity and the parameters contributing to the molecular mechanisms associated with corneal toxicity using primary human corneal stromal fibroblasts (hCSFs) in vitro. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) was used as a source of H2S, and the cytotoxicity of H2S was determined by treating hCSF cells with varying concentrations of NaSH (0–10 mM) for 0–72 hours. Changes in cell proliferation, oxidative stress factors, and the expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes were studied using standard commercial kits and qRT‐PCR. NaSH exposure to hCSFs showed dose‐ and time‐dependent cytotoxicity. The IC50 of NaSH was determined to be 5.35 mM. NaSH 5.35 mM exposure led to significantly decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, increased ROS production, and increased expression of inflammatory and fibrotic genes in hCSF cells. H2S/NaSH exposure alters normal mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and fibrotic gene responses in corneal stromal fibroblasts in vitro.
Same same, but different? Cycling and e‐scootering in a rapidly changing urban transport landscape
Authors: Curl Angela , Fitt Helen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe introduction of e‐scooters into the urban transport landscape has led to speculation regarding their potential to support transitions to healthy, sustainable and equitable urban mobility. This paper explores similarities between e‐scooter use and cycling in terms of user demographics and competencies required. We draw on data from a 2019 survey of users and non‐users of e‐scooters. Cycling experience is not strongly related to e‐scooter use or self‐reported competence. E‐scooters seem to appeal to a broader demographic than cycling. E‐scooter users are more likely to be young, able or male, raising questions surrounding equity of this emerging mode.
Overexpression of a plasma membrane protein generated broad‐spectrum immunity in soybean
Authors: Ngaki Micheline N. , Sahoo Dipak K. , Wang Bing , Bhattacharyya Madan K. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryPlants fight‐off pathogens and pests by manifesting an array of defence responses using their innate immunity mechanisms. Here we report the identification of a novel soybean gene encoding a plasma membrane protein, transcription of which is suppressed following infection with the fungal pathogen, Fusarium virguliforme. Overexpression of the protein led to enhanced resistance against not only against F. virguliforme, but also against spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Koch), soybean aphids (Aphis glycines, Matsumura) and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). We, therefore, name this protein as Glycine max disease resistance 1 (GmDR1; Glyma.10g094800). The homologues of GmDR1 have been detected only in legumes, cocoa, jute and cotton. The deduced GmDR1 protein contains 73 amino acids. GmDR1 is predicted to contain an ecto‐ and two transmembrane domains. Transient expression of the green fluorescent protein fused GmDR1 protein in soybean leaves showed that it is a plasma membrane protein. We investigated if chitin, a pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP), common to all pathogen and pests considered in this study, can significantly enhance defence pathways among the GmDR1‐overexpressed transgenic soybean lines. Chitin induces marker genes of the salicylic‐ and jasmonic acid‐mediated defence pathways, but suppresses the defence pathway regulated by ethylene. Chitin induced SA‐ and JA‐regulated defence pathways may be one of the mechanisms involved in generating broad‐spectrum resistance among the GmDR1‐overexpressed transgenic soybean lines against two serious pathogens and two pests including spider mites, against which no known resistance genes have been identified in soybean and among the most other crop species.
The alternative breeding approaches for improving yield gains and stress response in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Saxena Kulbhushan , Bohra Abhishek , Choudhary Arbind K. , Sultana Rafat , Sharma Mamta , Pazhamala Lekha T. , Saxena Rachit K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPigeonpea is an important food legume crop of semi‐arid tropical regions. Plateauing of pigeonpea yield has been worrying breeders for the past 6–7 decades. Serious breeding efforts made during this period resulted in various high‐yielding and disease resistant cultivars. However, the gains in pigeonpea productivity have been modest. The authors, while reviewing this situation, conclude that long generation turnover, complexity of biological traits, low selection response and overreliance upon pedigree breeding present the key bottlenecks for this situation. In this paper, some alternative breeding approaches and technologies are suggested for the genetic enhancement of yield stability and stress response of pigeonpea.
Defence priming in tomato by the green leaf volatile (Z)‐3‐hexenol reduces whitefly transmission of a plant virus
Authors: Su Qi , Yang Fengbo , Zhang Qinghe , Tong Hong , Hu Yuan , Zhang Xinyi , Xie Wen , Wang Shaoli , Wu Qingjun , Zhang Youjun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGreen leaf volatiles (GLVs) can induce defence priming, that is, can enable plants to respond faster or more strongly to future stress. The effects of priming by GLVs on defence against insect herbivores and pathogens have been investigated, but little is known about the potential of GLVs to prime crops against virus transmission by vector insects. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to the GLV Z‐3‐hexenol (Z‐3‐HOL) can prime tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) for an enhanced defence against subsequent Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) transmission by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Bioassays showed that Z‐3‐HOL priming reduced subsequent plant susceptibility to TYLCV transmission by whiteflies. Z‐3‐HOL treatment increased transcripts of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic genes and increased whitefly‐induced transcripts of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic genes in plants. Using chemical inducers, transgenics and mutants, we demonstrated that induction of JA reduced whitefly settling and successful whitefly inoculation, while induction of SA reduced TYLCV transmission by whiteflies. Defence gene transcripts and flavonoid levels were enhanced when whiteflies fed on Z‐3‐HOL‐treated plants. Moreover, Z‐3‐HOL treatment reduced the negative impact of whitefly infestation on tomato growth. These findings suggest that Z‐3‐HOL priming may be a valuable tool for improving management of insect‐transmitted plant viruses.
Lung ultrasound compared to chest X‐ray for the diagnosis of CAP in children
Authors: Bloise Silvia , La Regina Domenico Paolo , Pepino Daniela , Iovine Elio , Laudisa Marco , Di Mattia Greta , Nicolai Ambra , Nenna Raffaella , Petrarca Laura , Mancino Enrica , Frassanito Antonella , Midulla Fabio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundCommunity‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) represents one of the most common infectious diseases among children. Diagnosis of CAP is mainly clinical. Chest X‐ray (CXR) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis in severe or controversial conditions. Recently, some authors have focused on the application of ultrasound in lung diseases but the role of lung ultrasound (LUS) in the diagnosis of CAP is still debated. We aimed to study the concordance between LUS and CXR in evaluating specific signs of CAP. As a secondary aim, we sought to determine the sensitivity and specificity of LUS in CAP diagnosis compared with CXR. Finally, we evaluated the role of LUS during the follow up.MethodsWe enrolled 68 children (<16 years old) hospitalized from October 2018 to September 2019 with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of CAP (cases: N = 41), or with no respiratory diseases (controls: N = 27), in whom a CXR was performed for clinical indications. All the children underwent LUS during hospitalization. The average time needed to perform LUS was 5–10 min for each child, and 19/41 cases were re‐evaluated by LUS and CXR 30 days after discharge.ResultsLung ultrasound confirmed CAP diagnosis in 40/41 patients. Concordance between the two techniques was K = 0.88 for the right lung and K = 0.70 for the left lung. Lung ultrasound showed a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 96% compared with CXR. At the follow up, sensitivity increased to 100% while specificity was 94%.ConclusionsOur study showed a potential benefit of LUS compared with CXR in the diagnosis and the follow up of CAP.
A novel lineage in the Fusarium incarnatum‐equiseti species complex is one of the causal agents of fusarium rot on melon fruits in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Lima Eveline N. , Oster Andréia H. , Bordallo Patricia N. , Araújo Antonio A. C. , Silva Diene E. M. , Lima Cristiano S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFusarium rot on melon fruits is a postharvest disease and its importance in Brazil is increasing since its first report in 1999. Initially this disease was attributed to the fungus Fusarium semitectum based on pathogen morphology. However, there is controversy regarding the aetiology of this disease because, in the current species concept based on phylogenetic analysis, F. semitectum is regarded as a synonym to different Fusarium species. With the objective of elucidating the disease aetiology in Northeast Brazil, Fusarium isolates were obtained from melon fruits showing rot symptoms in the main producing areas of the country. From the phylogenetic analyses of TEF1 and RPB2 gene sequences, the isolates were identified as belonging to two phylogenetic species of the Fusarium incarnatum‐equiseti species complex (FIESC), one in the Incarnatum clade (Fusarium sulawense) and the other in the Equiseti clade, which corresponds to a new lineage. The newly identified lineage is close to Fusarium lacertarum. Isolates from the two species showed morphological characteristics typical of the Incarnatum and Equiseti clades, agreeing with the molecular identification, and were pathogenic when inoculated on melon fruits. This is the first report of F. sulawense on melon fruits. The data generated in this study are potentially useful for a better management of the fusarium rot on melon.