bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of a novel virus‐induced virulence effector assay for the identification of virulence effectors of plant pathogens using a PVX‐based expression vector
Authors: Shi Jinxia , Zhu Yuanhong , Li Ming , Ma Yuqing , Liu Huarong , Zhang Peng , Fang Di , Guo Yushuang , Xu Ping , Qiao Yongli 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlant pathogens deliver virulence effectors into plant cells to modulate plant immunity and facilitate infection. Although species‐specific virulence effector screening approaches have been developed for several pathogens, these assays do not apply to pathogens that cannot be cultured and/or transformed outside of their hosts. Here, we established a rapid and parallel screening assay, called the virus‐induced virulence effector (VIVE) assay, to identify putative effectors in various plant pathogens, including unculturable pathogens, using a virus‐based expression vector. The VIVE assay uses the potato virus X (PVX) vector to transiently express candidate effector genes of various bacterial and fungal pathogens into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Using the VIVE assay, we successfully identified Avh148 as a potential virulence effector of Phytophthora sojae. Plants infected with PVX carrying Avh148 showed strong viral symptoms and high‐level Avh148 and viral RNA accumulation. Analysis of P. sojae Avh148 deletion mutants and soybean hairy roots overexpressing Avh148 revealed that Avh148 is required for full pathogen virulence. In addition, the VIVE assay was optimized in N. benthamiana plants at different developmental stages across a range of Agrobacterium cell densities. Overall, we identified six novel virulence effectors from seven pathogens, thus demonstrating the broad effectiveness of the VIVE assay in plant pathology research.
AtPME17 is a functional Arabidopsis thaliana pectin methylesterase regulated by its PRO region that triggers PME activity in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Del Corpo Daniele , Fullone Maria R. , Miele Rossella , Lafond Mickaël , Pontiggia Daniela , Grisel Sacha , Kieffer‐Jaquinod Sylvie , Giardina Thierry , Bellincampi Daniela , Lionetti Vincenzo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPectin is synthesized in a highly methylesterified form in the Golgi cisternae and partially de‐methylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Arabidopsis thaliana produces a local and strong induction of PME activity during the infection of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. AtPME17 is a putative A. thaliana PME highly induced in response to B. cinerea. Here, a fine tuning of AtPME17 expression by different defence hormones was identified. Our genetic evidence demonstrates that AtPME17 strongly contributes to the pathogen‐induced PME activity and resistance against B. cinerea by triggering jasmonic acid–ethylene‐dependent PDF1.2 expression. AtPME17 belongs to group 2 isoforms of PMEs characterized by a PME domain preceded by an N‐terminal PRO region. However, the biochemical evidence for AtPME17 as a functional PME is still lacking and the role played by its PRO region is not known. Using the Pichia pastoris expression system, we demonstrate that AtPME17 is a functional PME with activity favoured by an increase in pH. AtPME17 performs a blockwise pattern of pectin de‐methylesterification that favours the formation of egg‐box structures between homogalacturonans. Recombinant AtPME17 expression in Escherichia coli reveals that the PRO region acts as an intramolecular inhibitor of AtPME17 activity.
Liturgy, Inculturation and the reception ofSacrosanctum concilium37–40: An on-going project for those who preside?
Authors: O'Loughlin Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe are only now, after more than half a century, uncovering the real significance of what the Second Vatican Council means for the Church. The time lapse in reception has many factors not least that distinctive shifts in emphasis take far longer be appreciated in a real way that practical changes which, for good or ill, can be accomplished byfiat. So that the reception, fast or slow, of the Council is not a uniform process. One area where very little change has been seen is in relation to ‘adapting the Liturgy to the Temperament and Traditions of Peoples’. There was a call at the Council for a deliberate dialogical relationship between the liturgy and culture, and it is this relationship, rather than any particular modelling of it, that is the focus of this paper.
Limiting similarity shapes the functional and phylogenetic structure of root neighborhoods in a subtropical forest
Authors: Luo Wenqi , Lan Runxuan , Chen Dongxia , Zhang Bingwei , Xi Nianxun , Li Yuanzhi , Fang Suqing , Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar J. , Eissenstat David M. , Chu Chengjin , Wang Youshi 
Published: October 2020

Summary

Environmental filtering and limiting similarity mechanisms can simultaneously structure community assemblages. However, how they shape the functional and phylogenetic structure of root neighborhoods remains unclear, hindering the understanding of belowground community assembly processes and diversity maintenance.

In a 50‐ha plot in a subtropical forest, China, we randomly sampled > 2700 root clusters from 625 soil samples. Focusing on 10 root functional traits measured on 76 woody species, we examined the functional and phylogenetic structure of root neighborhoods and linked their distributions with environmental cues.

Functional overdispersion was pervasive among individual root traits (50% of the traits) and accentuated when different traits were combined. Functional clustering (20% of the traits) seemed to be associated with a soil nutrient gradient with thick roots dominating fertile areas whereas thin roots dominated infertile soils. Nevertheless, such traits also were sorted along other environmental cues, showing multidimensional adaptive trait syndromes. Species relatedness also was an important factor defining root neighborhoods, resulting in significant phylogenetic overdispersion.

These results suggest that limiting similarity may drive niche differentiation of coexisting species to reduce competition, and that alternative root strategies could be crucial in promoting root neighborhood resource use and species coexistence.
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3 inhibits glycolysis in RAW 264.7 macrophages through Hexokinase 2
Authors: Zhang Jiacheng , Hou Chunmei , Dou Shuaijie , Li Ge , Wang Zhiding , Liu Yiqiong , Zhang Yanling , Wang Renxi , Shen Beifen , Han Gencheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractT cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain‐3 (Tim‐3), an immune checkpoint molecule, plays critical roles in maintaining innate immune homeostasis; however, the mechanisms underlying these roles remain to be determined. Here, we determined that Tim‐3 controls glycolysis in macrophages and thus contributes to phenotype shifting. Tim‐3 signal blockade significantly increases lactate production by macrophages, but does not influence cell proliferation or apoptosis. Tim‐3 attenuates glucose uptake by inhibiting hexokinase 2 (HK2) expression in macrophages. Tim‐3‐mediated inhibition of macrophage glycolysis and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β are reversed by HK2 silencing. Finally, we demonstrated that Tim‐3 inhibits HK2 expression via the STAT1 pathway. We have thus discovered a new way by which Tim‐3 modulates macrophage function.
A global model of migration and poverty
Authors: Bradford Scott 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMost rich nations maintain very tight restrictions on immigration despite widespread globalisation since World War II. This paper breaks new ground by assessing these barriers’ poverty implications, using a two‐region, one‐sector, dynastic growth model with a continuum of skills. Like other global studies of migration, I find that rich nation immigration impediments impose huge losses on the global economy. I also find that such barriers increase global poverty by 40% or more. This corroborates a conclusion drawn by others: opening rich nations to freer immigration could reduce poverty more than any other single policy shift.
Orbifold hyperbolicity
Authors: Campana Frédéric , Darondeau Lionel , Rousseau Erwan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe define and study jet bundles in the geometric orbifold category. We show that the usual arguments from the compact and the logarithmic settings do not all extend to this more general framework. This is illustrated by simple examples of orbifold pairs of general type that do not admit any global jet differential, even if some of these examples satisfy the Green–Griffiths–Lang conjecture. This contrasts with an important result of Demailly (Holomorphic Morse inequalities and the Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture, Pure Appl. Math. Q.7(2011), 1165–1207) proving that compact varieties of general type always admit jet differentials. We illustrate the usefulness of the study of orbifold jets by establishing the hyperbolicity of some orbifold surfaces, that cannot be derived from the current techniques in Nevanlinna theory. We also conjecture that Demailly's theorem should hold for orbifold pairs with smooth boundary divisors under a certain natural multiplicity condition, and provide some evidence towards it.
The Solar Explosion
Authors: Basu Amiyo K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There were two breakthroughs that led to a veritable revolution in photovoltaic prices. The commonly told story is that China started manufacturing lower-quality panels and dumped them on the world market at prices near (or even below) the cost of production. The truth is more complicated. Chinese manufacturing at scale played a part, but so did German industrial policy and a focus on improving the complete power system, not just the PV cells.
Get to Know Fluid Power Systems
Authors: Hitchcox Alan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Fluid power technology uses a pump to deliver pressurized fluid to a cylinder, motor, or rotary actuator. Output speed and direction is controlled by varying flow rate from the pump or through valves within the fluid power circuit. Likewise, output force and torque are regulated by controlling pressure within the circuit. Engineers should understand what the possibility of using fluid power can bring.
Magnetic Resonance Image Based Computational Modeling for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Response at Low Knee Flexion Angle
Authors: Bhuiyan Ariful I. , Shamim Nabila , Ekwaro-Osire Stephen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) human knee joint model developed from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) has been validated with the sets of experimental results in a normalized scale. The performance of the 3D FE knee joint model has been tested, simulating a physical experiment. The experiment provided the direct measurement of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) strains due to the forces of quadriceps muscle force (QMF) followed by ground reaction force (GRF) at low knee flexion. Accurate and precise anatomy has been obtained from segmented MRI images. The ACL strain subject to the loading was calculated and analyzed compared with the measured data from the experimental tests. The study shows that the pre-activated ACL strain, which is measured before the application of GRF, increased nonlinearly with increasing QMF before landing. However, the total ACL strain, which is measured after both QMF and GRF applied, reaches out to the limited constant value (6%) instead of crossing the ACL failure value. These results suggest that the forces generated from QMF and GRF at low flexion may not bring ACL to a failure level as presented in the experimental tests. The results of the FE model fall into the standard deviations of the 22 cadaveric knees testing results, which represents the successful mechanical modeling of ACL and the surrounding structures of the human knee joint. The model may further be used to investigate the risks of the ACL injury.
Multiscale Modeling of Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Degradation in Si/C Core–Shell Anode for the Lithium-Ion Battery of High Energy Density
Authors: Gao Xiang , Xu Jun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The capacity fade in lithium-ion battery (LIB) of high energy density using Si/C core–shell particle anode is one of the major barriers blocking its wide application. However, the underlying mechanism of electro-chemo-mechanical degradation remains unclear. In this study, we propose and validate a multiscale model (electrode level and particle level), considering electrochemical–mechanical coupling and cohesive zone method at the particle level. The effects of charging rate, core/shell ratio, and mechanical properties of the shell on the separation and capacity fade are discussed. We discover that larger charging rate, smaller core/shell ratio, and stiffer shell can mitigate the core–shell separation gap, leading to higher capacity retention. Results shed light on the degradation mechanism of Si/C core–shell anode and provide design guidance for Si/C anode materials in minimizing the capacity fade and safe battery charging/discharging strategy.
Predictions of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Dynamics From Subject-Specific Musculoskeletal Models and Dynamic Biplane Radiography
Authors: Charles James P. , Fu Freddie H. , Anderst William J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In vivo knee ligament forces are important to consider for informing rehabilitation or clinical interventions. However, they are difficult to directly measure during functional activities. Musculoskeletal models and simulations have become the primary methods by which to estimate in vivo ligament loading. Previous estimates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces range widely, suggesting that individualized anatomy may have an impact on these predictions. Using ten subject-specific (SS) lower limb musculoskeletal models, which include individualized musculoskeletal geometry, muscle architecture, and six degree-of-freedom knee joint kinematics from dynamic biplane radiography (DBR), this study provides SS estimates of ACL force (anteromedial-aACL; and posterolateral-pACL bundles) during the full gait cycle of treadmill walking. These forces are compared to estimates from scaled-generic (SG) musculoskeletal models to assess the effect of musculoskeletal knee joint anatomy on predicted forces and the benefit of SS modeling in this context. On average, the SS models demonstrated a double force peak during stance (0.39–0.43 xBW per bundle), while only a single force peak during stance was observed in the SG aACL. No significant differences were observed between continuous SG and SS ACL forces; however, root mean-squared differences between SS and SG predictions ranged from 0.08 xBW to 0.27 xBW, suggesting SG models do not reliably reflect forces predicted by SS models. Force predictions were also found to be highly sensitive to ligament resting length, with ±10% variations resulting in force differences of up to 84%. Overall, this study demonstrates the sensitivity of ACL force predictions to SS anatomy, specifically musculoskeletal joint geometry and ligament resting lengths, as well as the feasibility for generating SS musculoskeletal models for a group of subjects to predict in vivo tissue loading during functional activities.
Magnetohydrodynamic Moving Liquid Plug Within a Microchannel: Analytical Solutions
Authors: Turkyilmazoglu Mustafa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The wide applications of plug flows in microscale in science and engineering help them attract a great deal recent interest. An analytical study is undertaken here to study the impacts of a transversely applied external uniform magnetic field affecting the motion of liquid in the plug in terms of hydrodynamic mixing properties. The well-known symmetric vortex structure occurring in a long plug with moderate aspect ratio is observed to be preserved, while the recirculation phenomenon is highly affected by the action of the magnetic field. The decelerating feature of Lorentz force on the liquid motion is illuminated by reducing the strength of the recirculating vortex moving towards the upper and lower walls. The effects of magnetic field on the flow resistance of the liquid plug as well as on the plug circulation rate and on the axial flux are also clarified. The liquid plug considered here is shown to be fully consistent with the continuous liquid flow in a channel whose exact solution is further extracted.
Accommodating Casting and Fixturing Errors by Adjusting the Machining Coordinate Frame
Authors: Ko Hua-Wei , Chen Yujie , Lee Nien , Bhapkar Rohit , Kapoor Shiv , Ferreira Placid 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In order to save valuable machining time expended on machining bad casting, a point-cloud based analysis is proposed to perform a pre-process check on raw casting material conditions. This analysis virtually compares the point-cloud data of the raw casting with the nominal computer aided design (CAD) model of the final casting and analyzes if the dimensional tolerances on the finished casting can be satisfied by adjusting the coordinate frame in which the casting is machined. The proposed analysis includes the segmentation of the raw point-cloud data followed by extracting the functional features. The material conditions of all planar surfaces are expressed using linear algebraic inequalities. A linear programming-based methodology is developed that helps in aligning the raw casting to the nominal CAD frame so that the conformity is guaranteed. The proposed methodology with the help of slack variables can deal with the casting with unsatisfiable material conditions. An example problem dealing with machining of raw casting clamped on a four-axis machine tool is presented to check the validity of proposed method. The virtual gage analysis accurately suggests a solution to compensate part variation caused by fixturing and locating error.
A Performance Analysis of Phantom-Cell Adaptive Mesh Refinement on CPUs and GPUs
Authors: Dunning Daniel J. , Robey Robert W. , Kuehn Jeffery A. , Cook Jeanine 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an implementation of phantom-cell adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) on a graphics processing unit (GPU) using CLAMR, a cell-based mini-app that runs on a variety of next-generation platforms. Phantom-cell AMR is a hybrid method of cell-based AMR and patch-based AMR that provides a separation of physics and mesh codes. By designing a structure that allows each level of the mesh to be independent, there are minimal development requirements that are needed to convert regular grid applications to AMR. The decoupling of physics and mesh codes through these phantom cells improves composability and creates an easy pathway toward implementing AMR codes on Exascale systems, specifically targeting GPUs. Physics and mesh codes can be accelerated individually, allowing for fewer dependencies and more opportunities for optimization. A complete implementation of phantom-cell AMR on a GPU with opencl is presented for the purpose of showing the simplicity of porting the algorithms to accelerator-based architectures and the performance and optimization improvements that are made as a result.
Thermogasodynamic Analysis of the Segmented Annular Seal
Authors: Dahite Samia , Arghir Mihai 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The present work deals with the thermogasodynamic analysis of the segmented annular seal provided with Rayleigh pockets. The paper is a continuation of the work presented Arghir, M., and Mariot, A. (2017, “Theoretical Analysis of the Static Characteristics of the Carbon Segmented Seal,” ASME J. Tribol., 139(6), p. 062202.) where an isothermal model of the segmented annular seal was first presented. Each segment had three degrees-of-freedom, and its static position was obtained by solving the nonlinear equations of equilibrium. Thermal effects are now introduced by considering a simplified form of the energy equation in the thin gas film coupled with the three dimensional heat transfer in a segment of the seal and in the rotor. An efficient numerical algorithm is developed. A parametric study was performed for a segmented annular seal with pockets taken from the literature and operating with air. First, a test case proved the necessity of considering three degrees-of-freedom for the segment and not only its radial displacement. The parametric study was then performed for two different pocket depths, two pressure differences, and different rotation speeds. The results showed a non-uniform heating with larger temperatures at the leading edge of the segment where the minimal film thickness occurs. Heating is proportional to the pocket depth that lowers the lift force of the segment and to the pressure difference that closes the seal.
Low Self-Efficacy and High Kinesiophobia Are Associated With Worse Function in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Jochimsen Kate N. , Mattacola Carl G. , Noehren Brian , Picha Kelsey J. , Duncan Stephen T. , Jacobs Cale A. 
Published: October 2020

Context: Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a painfully debilitating hip condition disproportionately affecting active individuals. Mental health disorders are an important determinant of treatment outcomes for individuals with FAIS. Self-efficacy, kinesiophobia, and pain catastrophizing are psychosocial factors that have been linked to inferior outcomes for a variety of orthopedic conditions. However, these psychosocial factors and their relationships with mental health disorders, pain, and function have not been examined in individuals with FAIS. Objective: (1) To examine relationships between self-efficacy, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, pain, and function in patients with FAIS and (2) to determine if these variables differ between patients with and without a self-reported depression and/or anxiety. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: University health center. Participants: Fifty-one individuals with FAIS (42 females/9 males; age 35.7 [11.6] y; body mass index 27.1 [4.9] kg/m2). Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, visual analog scale for hip pain at rest and during activity, and the 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool. Self-reported depression and/or anxiety were recorded. The relationships between psychosocial factors, pain, and function were examined using Spearman rank-order correlations. Independent t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to evaluate the effect of self-reported depression and/or anxiety on psychosocial factors, pain and function. Results: The 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool was correlated with pain during activity (ρ = −.57, P ≤ .001), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (ρ = −.52, P ≤ .001), and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (ρ = .71, P ≤ .001). The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was also correlated with pain at rest (ρ = −.43, P = .002) and pain during activity (ρ = −.46, P = .001). Individuals with self-reported depression and/or anxiety (18/51; 35.3%) had worse self-efficacy and pain catastrophizing (P ≤ .01). Conclusion: Self-reported depression and/or anxiety, low self-efficacy, and high kinesiophobia were associated with more hip pain and worse function for patients with FAIS. These findings warrant further examination including psychosocial treatment strategies to improve the likelihood of a successful clinical outcome for this at-risk population.