bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen-14 Quadrupole Coupling Constants in Propanedinitrile, CH2(CN)2, by Microwave Spectroscopy
Authors: Cox A. P. , Kawashima Y. , Fliege E. , Dreizler H. 
Published: September 2020

Nitrogen-14 quadrupole hyperfine structure has been resolved in the microwave spectrum of propanedinitrile, CH2(CN)2. Measurements between 5 and 30 GHz by Fourier transform and Stark modulation spectroscopy have been analysed. The general matrix elements for nuclear quadrupole interaction in molecules containing two equivalent coupling nuclei have been derived as simple formulae.
The quadrupole coupling constants determined for the inertial axis system of CH2(CN)2 are χaa = - 2.368(28) MHz, χbb = 0.318(20) MHz, and χcc = 2.050(20) MHz. These values are used to establish that the electric field gradient tensor at nitrogen is cylindrically symmetric about the C≡N bond with a value of χCN = - 4.09(4) MHz, close to values found for other organic cyanides.
Study of Azo Dye-n TPEB Mixtures in the Nematic and Smectic B Phases by Means of Polarized Light Absorption
Authors: Bauman Danuta , Chrzumnicka Ewa , Dąbrowskia Roman 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The influence of the dichroic azo dye on the phase transition temperatures of the mesogenic homolo-gous series of 1-[4-n-alkyl-biphenyl]-2-[4-isothio-cyanatophenyl] ethane (nTPEB) for n = 2 -10 has been examined. For the dye-nTPEB mixtures the polarized absorption spectra as a function of tem-perature have been recorded. From these spectra the order parameter of the dye dissolved in the liquid crystalline hosts in the whole region of the nematic phase has been determined. The order parameter has revealed the odd-even alternation, similarly as the clearing temperature. In the smectic B phase the mosaic texture has been observed and conclusions concerning structural form of this phase have been drawn.
Log-Compound-Poisson Distribution Model of Intermittency in Turbulence
Authors: Quing-Zeng Feng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The log-compound-Poisson distribution for the breakdown coefficients of turbulent energy dissipation is proposed, and the scaling exponents for the velocity difference moments in fully developed turbulence are obtained, which agree well with experimental values up to measurable orders. The under-lying physics of this model is directly related to the burst phenomenon in turbulence, and a detailed discussion is given in the last section.
A Single Mechanism for Global and Selective Response Inhibition under the Influence of Motor Preparation
Authors: Raud Liisa , Huster René J. , Ivry Richard B. , Labruna Ludovica , Messel Mari S. , Greenhouse Ian 
Published: September 2020

In our everyday behavior, we frequently cancel one movement while continuing others. Two competing models have been suggested for the cancellation of such specific actions: (1) the abrupt engagement of a unitary global inhibitory mechanism followed by reinitiation of the continuing actions; or (2) a balance between distinct global and selective inhibitory mechanisms. To evaluate these models, we examined behavioral and physiological markers of proactive control, motor preparation, and response inhibition using a combination of behavioral task performance measures, electromyography, electroencephalography, and motor evoked potentials elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Healthy human participants of either sex performed two versions of a stop signal task with cues incorporating proactive control: a unimanual task involving the initiation and inhibition of a single response, and a bimanual task involving the selective stopping of one of two prepared responses. Stopping latencies, motor evoked potentials, and frontal β power (13–20 Hz) did not differ between the unimanual and bimanual tasks. However, evidence for selective proactive control before stopping was manifest in the bimanual condition as changes in corticomotor excitability, μ (9–14 Hz), and β (15–25 Hz) oscillations over sensorimotor cortex. Together, our results favor the recruitment of a single inhibitory stopping mechanism with the net behavioral output depending on the levels of action-specific motor preparation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTResponse inhibition is a core function of cognitive flexibility and movement control. Previous research has suggested separate mechanisms for selective and global inhibition, yet the evidence is inconclusive. Another line of research has examined the influence of preparation for action stopping, or what is called proactive control, on stopping performance, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroencephalography, electromyography, and behavioral measures to compare selective and global inhibition models and to investigate markers of proactive control. The results favor a single inhibitory mechanism over separate selective and global mechanisms but indicate a vital role for preceding motor activity in determining whether and which actions will be stopped.
The Rab5–Rab11 Endosomal Pathway is Required for BDNF-Induced CREB Transcriptional Regulation in Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: González-Gutiérrez Andrés , Lazo Oscar M. , Bronfman Francisca C. 
Published: September 2020

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key regulator of the morphology and connectivity of central neurons. We have previously shown that BDNF/TrkB signaling regulates the activity and mobility of the GTPases Rab5 and Rab11, which in turn determine the postendocytic sorting of signaling TrkB receptors. Moreover, decreased Rab5 or Rab11 activity inhibits BDNF-induced dendritic branching. Whether Rab5 or Rab11 activity is important for local events only or for regulating nuclear signaling and gene expression is unknown. Here, we investigated, in rat hippocampal neuronal cultures derived from embryos of unknown sex, whether BDNF-induced signaling cascades are altered when early and recycling endosomes are disrupted by the expression of dominant-negative mutants of Rab5 and Rab11. The activity of both Rab5 and Rab11 was required for sustained activity of Erk1/2 and nuclear CREB phosphorylation, and increased transcription of a BDNF-dependent program of gene expression containing CRE binding sites, which includes activity-regulated genes such asArc,Dusp1,c-fos,Egr1, andEgr2, and growth and survival genes such asAtf3andGem. Based on our results, we propose that early and recycling endosomes provide a platform for the integration of neurotrophic signaling from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in neurons, and that this mechanism is likely to regulate neuronal plasticity and survival.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBDNF is a neurotrophic factor that regulates plastic changes in the brain, including dendritic growth. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not completely understood. Our results uncover the cellular requirements that central neurons possess to integrate the plasma membrane into nuclear signaling in neurons. Our results indicate that the endosomal pathway is required for the signaling cascade initiated by BDNF and its receptors at the plasma membrane to modulate BDNF-dependent gene expression and neuronal dendritic growth mediated by the CREB transcription factor. CREB is a key transcription factor regulating circuit development and learning and memory.
Trends in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Commercially Insured Children in the United States
Authors: Chen Szu-Ta , Huybrechts Krista F. , Bateman Brian T. , Hernández-Díaz Sonia 
Published: September 2020

OBJECTIVES:
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was recommended in 2006 for girls and in 2011 for boys. The Healthy People 2020 goal for 2-dose HPV vaccination coverage is 80% by age 15 for girls and boys. We used nationwide population-based data to describe trends in HPV vaccination in children.

METHODS:
We conducted a cohort study nested within the MarketScan health care database between January 2003 and December 2017. Children were followed from the year they turned 9 until HPV vaccination, insurance disenrollment, or the end of the year when they turned 17, whichever came first. We estimated the cumulative incidence of at least 1- and 2-dose HPV vaccination, stratified by birth year, sex, and state. In secondary analyses, we evaluated the association between state-level vaccination policies and HPV vaccination coverage.

RESULTS:
This study included 7 837 480 children and 19.8 million person-years. The proportion of 15-year-old girls and boys with at least a 1-dose HPV vaccination increased from 38% and 5% in 2011 to 57% and 51% in 2017, respectively; the proportion with at least a 2-dose vaccination went from 30% and 2% in 2011 to 46% and 39% in 2017, respectively. By 2017, 2-dose HPV vaccination coverage varied from 80% in Washington, District of Columbia, among girls to 15% in Mississippi among boys and was positively correlated with legislation for HPV vaccine education and pediatrician availability.

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite the increasing trends in uptake, HPV vaccine coverage among commercially insured children in the United States remains behind target levels, with substantial disparities by state.
A Comparative Study of Efficacy of Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine As An Adjuvant to Ropivacaine in Ultrasound Guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block Vis-À-Vis Onset of Surgical Anaesthesia and Duration of Effect in Upper Limb Surgeries
Authors: Sandeep Dubey  , Rukhsana Najeeb  , Arshid Ahmad Sofi  
Published: September 2020

Background: Supraclavicular block is a safe, reliable and cost effective technique of providing anesthesia for the upper limb surgeries.
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to Ropivacaine in ultrasound guided supraclavicular block in upper limb surgeries with respect to: Onset of sensory and motor block, Duration of sensory and motor block, Quality of block and Duration of post-operative analgesia.
Materials and methods: The purpose of present study was to compare the effect of addition of clonidine 1mcg/kg vs dexmedetomidine 1mcg/kg to 20ml of 0.5% ropivacaine in ultrasound guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. A total of 90 patients of ASA I and II, aged 18-60 years, of either gender, undergoing upper limb surgery were allocated to three groups. Each group consisted of 30 patients. They received drugs as under: Group-A (dexmedetomidine group) received 20ml of 0.5% ropivacaine plus 1μg/kg of dexmedetomidine. Group-B (clonidine group) received 20ml of 0.5% ropivacaine plus 1mcg/kg clonidine. Group-C (placebo group) received 20 ml of 0.5% ropivacaine plus 2 ml normal saline.
Results: Onset of sensory block was faster in Group-A as compared to Group-B and Group-C. The difference was statistically significant (p-value<0.05). Onset of motor block was faster in Group-A as compared to Group-B and Group C. The difference was statistically significant (p-value<0.05). Patients of Group-A had significantly longer duration of sensory and motor block when compared with Group-B and Group-C (p-value<0.05). Duration of post-operative analgesia was significantly longer in Group-A as compared to Group-B and Group-C (p-value<0.05). Quality of block was significantly better in Group-A as compared to Group-B and Group-C (p-value<0.05).
Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of sensory and motor block, duration of postoperative analgesia and improves the quality of block much more as compared to clonidine when used as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in supraclavicular brachial plexus block.
Access to healthcare services for the Roma and undocumented migrants in the EU in light of the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Varga Bernadett Mária 
Published: September 2020

Background. The rising number of the EU Roma citizens from the CEE countries, non-EU Roma citizens from the Western-Balkans, and of undocumented migrants in the European Union makes it interesting to see that most of them face barriers when accessing health services [with a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC)] or have no health coverage at all [no legal entitlement]. European migrant health policies are seemingly well structured and responsive to the needs of migrants, however, results of recent studies raise the question whether the legislations are responsive enough to the needs of the Roma and undocumented migrants when accessing health services. Given the circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic these groups are now at an increased risk and they might not be able to understand how the virus transmits and how they can protect themselves from it. Methods. Literature review focusing on the access to health services and migrant health policies in the EU and the UK was carried out. The target groups of this research were Roma citizens and third-country national undocumented migrants residing in the European Union. Results. In theory the legal entitlement for accessing healthcare for migrants in general is satisfactory, while in practice these groups face difficulties, such as prejudice, discrimination and other barriers (language, logistical) when approaching health services. Migrants lack trust in the health system and the healthcare professionals, and are not aware of their fundamental rights to healthcare either. Conclusions. Legal entitlements for EU migrant citizens do not differ within EU countries but they significantly vary for undocumented migrants Europe-wide and there seems to be a mismatch between the legal entitlements for undocumented migrants in theory and their implementation in practice. Given the circumstances of the pandemic these groups are at an increased risk and therefore their health inclusion through health literacy programs should take place, as well as health workers should be trained on diversity in order to establish diversity adapted EU health systems. Seeking adaptive practices to establish cultural diversity within the healthcare settings, and introducing the universal health coverage scheme Europe-wide in order for undocumented migrants and EU citizens without employment to benefit from proper healthcare services is encouraged and necessary.
O lugar das estratégias de resistência para a Luta Antimanicomial
Authors: Leal Fabiola Xavier 
Published: September 2020

Texto Debate do Ensaio “Estamos compreendendo a gravidade do projeto neoliberal radical que emergiu após a crise de 2008, para traçar nossas estratégias de resistência e luta? de Eduardo Mourão Vasconcelos.
Perlindungan Kesehatan Masyarakat sebagai Justifikasi dari Tobacco Plain Packaging Act
Authors: Shalmont Jerry , Sugianto Richard Sebastian 
Published: September 2020

<p> <strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Globalization and the rise of international trade of goods and services influence human health - can be both positive and negative. In order to strike a balance between trade and health, policy coherence at the country level is the key to achieve it. </em><em>The first step towards policy coherence is the development of a good understanding of the issues, based on the analysis of the situation from both a health and trade perspective. This paper discusses on how to strike a balance between trade and health by referring to the latest plain packaging case which brought to WTO dispute settlement forum. After a long process, finally the Panel ruled in favor of the respondent, in this case Australia for their plain packaging policy. The Panel found that there is no alternative measure that can achieve the same objective – for public health which allows Australia to continue the implementation of their plain packaging policy. </em></p><p> </p><p><span> </span><strong>Abstrak </strong></p><p>Globalisasi dan perkembangan perdagangan internasional pada barang maupun jasa mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia, dalam hal ini pengaruh dapat bersifat positif maupun negatif. Untuk dapat menyeimbangkan kepentingan perdagangan dan perlindungan kesehatan, koherensi kebijakan di tingkat negara memegang peranan yang penting. Langkah pertama dalam koherensi kebijakan ini dapat dimulai dengan adanya pemahaman yang baik terhadap isu terkait dengan didasarkan pada analisa situasi dari sisi perdagangan maupun kesehatan. Tulisan ini membahas tentang bagaimana menyeimbangkan kepentingan perdagangan dan kesehatan dengan mengacu pada studi kasus <em>plain packaging </em>yang dibawa pada sistem penyelesaian sengketa WTO. Setelah melewati proses yang panjang, akhirnya Panel WTO berpihak pada responden/pihak tergugat dalam kasus ini yaitu Australia. Panel menyatakan bahwa tidak ada kebijakan alternatif yang dapat diterapkan untuk dapat memenuhi tujuan yang sama, yakni perlindungan kesehatan masyarakat yang mana memperbolehkan Australia untuk tetap melanjutkan penerapan kebijakan <em>plain packaging </em>yang sudah dimulai sejak tahun 2012.</p><p><em><br /></em></p>
FUNGSI DAN WEWENANG DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH PROVINSI BERDASARKAN AZAS OTONOMI DAERAH SELUAS-LUASNYA
Authors: Jahidin H. Jumahari 
Published: September 2020

<p>Menurut Pasal 315 Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014, DPRD Provinsi adalah lembaga perwakilan rakyat daerah yang berkedudukan sebagai unsur penyelenggara pemerintahan daerah Provinsi. DPRD Provinsi mempunyai 3 (tiga) macam fungsi, yakni (1) legislasi, (2) anggaran dan (3) pengawasan seperti diatur Pasal 316 Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014. Dalam rangka fungsi legislasi, DPRD Provinsi mempunyai salah satu wewenang dan tugas, yaitu membentuk peraturan daerah provinsi bersama dengan Gubernur, sebagaimana diatur Pasal 317 Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2014. DPRD Provinsi adalah organ pemerintahan daerah bersama-sama dengan Gubernur membentuk Peraturan Daerah, diatur pada Pasal 57 UU Nomor 23 Tahun 2014. Tentang Pemerintahan daerah. Perda Provinsi adalah landasan segenap tindakan Gubernur Kepala Daerah Provinsi dalam penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan. Berdasarkan “asas otonomi daerah yang seluas-luasnya” yang bertujuan untuk mendorong peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat daerah. Akan tetapi, dalam konteks pembentukan Perda Provinsi, DPRD Provinsi belum dapat melaksanakan fungsi, wewenang dan tugas dalam pembentukan Perda Provinsi yang mendukung penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan secara maksimal. Pembentukan Perda Provinsi supaya dapat mendukung penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan, tidak boleh ditafsirkan secara bebas tanpa batas, sehingga bertentangan dengan (1) konsepsi bentuk Negara kesatuan, (2) sifat-hakikat asas desentralisasi, (3) tidak menyimpang dari fungsi, wewenang dan tugas DPRD Provinsi untuk menunjang Gubernur dan (4) materi-muatan Perda Provinsi tidak boleh bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi. Pembentukan Perda DPRD Provinsi bersama Gubernur Provinsi dengan tujuan supaya penyelenggaraan urusan Pemerintahan dapat mendorong peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat daerah.</p>
URGENSI PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KONSUMEN TOKO ONLINE DI MEDIA SOSIAL
Authors: Natalia Reggiannie Christy 
Published: September 2020

<p><em>E-commerce</em> Indonesia telah berkembang dengan sangat pesat dan hadir dalam berbagai model bisnis. Salah satu jenis <em>e-commerce</em> yang masih sulit terjamah oleh hukum adalah klasifikasi bisnis toko <em>online </em>di media sosial. Apalagi, sampai sekarang Indonesia belum memilik suatu perundang-undangan yang secara khusus mengatur tentang <em>e-commerce</em>. Ketika terjadi pelanggaran dalam transaksi <em>online,</em> maka para konsumen harus mencari perlindungan dari peraturan yang berbeda-beda. Selain itu, walaupun perundang-undangan tersebut dapat menjadi dasar bagi kerugian yang timbul dalam <em>e-commerce</em>, namun dengan kerumitan dalam penyelesaian sengketa yang ada cenderung membuat kehadiran mereka kurang efektif bagi para konsumen. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perlindungan hukum apa saja yang sudah tersedia dan peraturan apa yang harus ditingkatkan untuk menjawab urgensi perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen toko <em>online</em> di media sosial.<em></em></p><p> </p>
Polyporus polysaccharide regulates proliferation, apoptosis and migration of bladder cancer cells by polarizing macrophages to M1 subtype in tumor microenvironment
Authors: Jia Wenyu , Luo Siwan , Lai Gena , Li Shiqi , Huo Shuai , Li Meifang , Li Xiong , Liu Chunping , Zeng Xing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Polyporus polysaccharide (PPS), an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicinal Polyporus umbellatus, has multiple biological functions, such as anti-cancer, immune-regulating and hepatoprotective activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of PPS activated macrophages in the treatment of bladder cancer.Methods 100 ng/mL Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was used to induce THP-1 human leukemic cells as a macrophage model. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD14 and CD68 to verify the establishment of macrophage model. After that, Macrophages derived from THP-1 were treated with different concentrations of PPS (1,10 and 100 ug/mL). Flow cytometry and RT-PCR were used to detected the expression of CD16, CD23, CD86, CD40 and interleukin (IL)-Iβ, iNOS mRNA. ELISA was used to test the change of IL-1β and TNF-α in macrophage after the treatment with PPS. The conditioned medium from PPS-polarized macrophages was used to detect the effect of activated macrophages on bladder cancer. MTT assay, 5-ethynyl-2¢-deoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry, Transwell assay, and Western blot analysis were used to detect the effects of polarized macrophages on the viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of bladder cancer cells. Western blot was also used to analysis the change of JAK2/NF-κB pathway protein.Results PPS promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-Iβ, TNF-α and iNOS, and surface molecules CD86, CD16, CD23, and CD40 in macrophages and then polarized macrophages to M1 type. The results demonstrated that activated macrophages inhibited the proliferation of bladder cancer cells, regulated their apoptosis, and inhibited migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT). JAK2/NF-κB pathways were downregulated in the anti-bladder cancer process of activated macrophages. Conclusion The findings indicated that PPS inhibited the proliferation and progression of bladder cancer by the polarization of macrophages to M1 type, and JAK2/NF-κB pathway was downregulated in the process of anti-bladder cancer.