bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoping Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures With the Eyes of Virtual Reality: Operative Protocol and Proposal of a Modernized Classification
Authors: Tel Alessandro , Sembronio Salvatore , Costa Fabio , Robiony Massimo 
Published: August 2020

Introduction:
Fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) represent an extremely heterogeneous group of injuries to the midfacial skeleton. Traditionally, the diagnosis of such fractures was based on 2-dimensional radiograms and, more recently, on volumetric computed tomography (CT) scans, while the treatment was exclusively based on the surgeon's experience. Many classification attempts have been made in the past, but no paper has taken into account the importance of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in proving a modernized classification. The authors propose a classification based on the use of VSP which can guide the surgeon to identify the optimal reduction method and reproduce it in the operating room through the use of navigation.

Methods:
Patients with ZMC fractures were collected to create a study model. The VSP was used to generate 3-dimensional models of fractures. Fractured segments were duplicated and digitally put in the optimal reduction position. Repositioned fragments were overlapped to their original preoperative counterparts and exported to the surgical navigator to be navigated. Planned virtual reduction was overlaid to postoperative CT scan to assess the accuracy of reduction, explored using color maps and the calculation of root mean square error.

Results:
For all patients, the application of VSP was successfully accomplished. High accuracy was confirmed between the planned virtual reduction and the postoperative CT scan. A 5-item classification based on VSP is proposed. All patients were included in the presented subclasses.

Conclusions:
The adoption of virtual planning in ZMC fractures allows for an improved study of the displacement of the fracture and might indicate to the surgeons the required maneuvers to achieve optimal reduction. The presented proposal of classification might be an aid to simplify the choice of the most appropriate reduction method and might provide a deeper insight into the morphologic characteristics of fractures.
On the need to evaluate costs and benefits of synzoochory for plant populations
Authors: Zwolak Rafał , Bogdziewicz Michał , Crone Elizabeth E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Many species interactions occur along a continuum from mutualistic to antagonistic. Among these interactions, the effects of seed‐dispersing granivores (synzoochory) are especially interesting because the benefits and costs are so striking.

Here, we respond to a commentary by C. M. Moore and J. W. Dittel (‘On mutualism, models, and masting: the effects of seed‐dispersing animals on the plants they disperse’). We focus on the points that were most thought‐provoking to us, specifically the notions that (a) synzoochory is widespread, and therefore ought to be beneficial for plants, (b) dispersal should reduce negative density dependence and (c) plant life spans are at least an order of magnitude longer than typical study lengths.

We argue that (a) widespread occurrence of an interaction cannot serve as an argument that this interaction is mutualistic, (b) dispersal effects on density dependence are variable and need to be tested for every particular species pair and (c) Short‐term studies can be used to gain mechanistic understanding of interactions even without risky long‐term extrapolations.

Synthesis. Evaluating the costs and benefits of synzoochory for plant populations under different ecological contexts will help to understand the ecological principles of the interaction but also allows to move the interaction towards each end of the antagonism–mutualism continuum in nature management and conservation.
Discrimination of ascitic fluid infection in malignant ascites by polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio and count: Investigating the validity of count ≥250/mm3 as the one‐size‐fits‐all criterion
Authors: Moon Hae , Kim Hak Jin , Woo Sang Myung , Park In Hae , Sim Sung Hoon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimNeutrocytic ascites, traditionally defined as a polymorphonuclear neutrophil count ≥250/mm3, is infrequently reported during paracenteses to relieve malignant ascites (MA). This study aims to explore new potential diagnostic criteria to discriminate ascitic fluid infection associated with MA and to examine the clinical and laboratory characteristics of neutrocytic ascites.MethodsThe investigators retrospectively collected data on paracenteses to relieve MA at the Emergency Department of National Cancer Center, Korea, from January 2014 to February 2017. We analyzed the patients whose ascites fulfilled the traditional criteria for classification as neutrocytic ascites; polymorphonuclear neutrophils ≥250/mm3 with no history of either hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cirrhosis.ResultsIn total, 1467 patients underwent paracentesis to relieve MA. Excluding 98 follow‐up paracenteses cases, 112 cases (8.2%) showed neutrocytic ascites. Of these 112 patients, 27 (24.1%) had positive culture results. Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.90 (95% CI 0.82‐0.95) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.78‐0.92) for polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio and count, respectively. The difference between the two AUCs was not statistically significant (P = .29). Moreover, the best cutoff points were 70% and 1500/mm3 for polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio and count, respectively. In addition, extensive liver metastasis was a significant independent risk factor of MA associated with ascitic fluid infection.ConclusionsBoth polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio and count had good discriminative abilities for culture results in MA. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio was somewhat better despite lacking statistical significance compared to polymorphonuclear neutrophil count, with 70% as best cutoff.
Statistical Learning of Orthographic Regularities in Chinese Children With and Without Dyslexia
Authors: Tong Shelley (Xiuli) , Zhang Puyuan , He Xinjie 
Published: August 2020

This study examined distributional statistical learning of positional, phonetic, and semantic regularities of an artificial orthography in Chinese children aged 8–10 years: 29 with dyslexia, 29 age‐matched controls, and 30 reading‐level matched controls. Despite having positional regularity learning performance comparable to the controls, the children with dyslexia were poorer at learning left‐right structured characters than top‐bottom structured characters in high‐ and low‐consistency conditions. Moreover, they showed difficulties in mapping a given sound or meaning to a specific character compared with the typically developing controls. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia have deficits in some, though not all, aspects of statistical learning of character orthography, which may reflect their difficulties in coping with distractors and inconsistency of orthographic input.
Brain white matter lesions are associated with reduced hypothalamic volume and cranial radiotherapy in childhood‐onset craniopharyngioma
Authors: Fjalldal Sigridur , Rylander Lars , van Westen Danielle , Holmer Helene , Follin Cecilia , Gabery Sanaz , Petersen Åsa , Erfurth Eva Marie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractContextWhite matter lesions (WML) are caused by obstruction of small cerebral vessels associated with stroke risk. Craniopharyngioma (CP) patients suffer from increased cerebrovascular mortality.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of reduced HT volume and cranial radiotherapy (CRT) on WML in childhood‐onset CP patients.DesignA cross‐sectional study of 41 patients (24 women) surgically treated childhood‐onset CP in comparison to controls.SettingThe South Medical Region of Sweden (2.5 million inhabitants).MethodsWith magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we analysed qualitative measurement of WML based on the visual rating scale of Fazekas and quantitative automated segmentation of WML lesion. Also, measurement HT volume and of cardiovascular risk factors were analysed.ResultsPatients had a significant increase in WML volume (mL) (P = .001) compared to controls. Treatment with cranial radiotherapy (CRT) vs no CRT was associated with increased WML volume (P = .02) as well as higher Fazekas score (P = .001). WML volume increased with years after CRT (r = 0.39; P = .02), even after adjustment for fat mass and age. A reduced HT volume was associated with increased WML volume (r = −0.61, P < .001) and explained 26% of the variation (r2 = 0.26). Altogether, 47% of the WML volume was explained by age at investigation, HT volume and CRT. Patients with more WML also had higher cardiovascular risk.ConclusionsCRT may be associated directly with increased WML volume or indirectly with reduced HT volume associated with higher cardiovascular risk. Risk factors should be carefully monitored in these patients.
Brain morphometric abnormalities in boys with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by sulcal pits‐based analyses
Authors: Li Xin‐Wei , Jiang Yu‐Hao , Wang Wei , Liu Xiao‐Xue , Li Zhang‐Yong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder associated with widespread brain morphological abnormalities. Here, we utilized a sulcal pits‐based method to provide new insight into the atypical cortical folding morphology in ADHD.MethodsSulcal pits, the locally deepest points in each fold, were first extracted from magnetic resonance imaging data of 183 boys with ADHD (10.62 ± 1.96 years) and 167 age‐ and gender‐matched typically developing controls (10.70 ± 1.73 years). Then, the geometrical properties of sulcal pits were statistically compared between ADHD and controls.ResultsOur results demonstrated that the number of sulcal pits was reduced and confined to the superficial secondary sulci in the ADHD group relative to controls (P < .05). We also found that ADHD boys were associated with significantly increased pit depth in the left superior frontal junction, circular insular sulcus, right inferior frontal junction, and bilateral cingulate sulcus, as well as significantly decreased pit depth in the bilateral orbital sulcus (P < .05, corrected).ConclusionThe experimental findings reveal atypical sulcal anatomy in boys with ADHD and support the feasibility of sulcal pits as anatomic landmarks for disease diagnosis.
Systematic exploration and uncertainty dominate young children's choices
Authors: Blanco Nathaniel J. , Sloutsky Vladimir M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOrganisms need to constantly balance the competing demands of gathering information and using previously acquired information to obtain rewarding outcomes (i.e., the “exploration–exploitation” dilemma). Exploration is critical to obtain information to discover how the world works, which should be particularly important for young children. While studies have shown that young children explore in response to surprising events, little is known about how they balance exploration and exploitation across multiple decisions or about how this process changes with development. In this study, we compare decision‐making patterns of children and adults and evaluate the relative influences of reward seeking, random exploration, and systematic switching (which approximates uncertainty‐directed exploration). In a second experiment, we directly test the effect of uncertainty on children's choices. Influential models of decision‐making generally describe systematic exploration as a computationally refined capacity that relies on top‐down cognitive control. We demonstrate that (a) systematic patterns dominate young children's behavior (facilitating exploration), despite protracted development of cognitive control; and (b) that uncertainty plays a major, but complicated, role in determining children's choices. We conclude that while young children's immature top‐down control should hinder adult‐like systematic exploration, other mechanisms may pick up the slack, facilitating broad information gathering in a systematic fashion to build a foundation of knowledge for use later in life.
A framework for scaffolding academic reflective writing in dentistry
Authors: Bowman Marion 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionBeing able to demonstrate reflection on clinical practice is a key competency required of undergraduate dental students and registrants alike. Academic reflective writing (ARW) is an increasingly widely used genre of writing which evidences reflective practice. ARW is complex, as students need to achieve balance from a challenging mix of personal, academic and evaluative writing. The aim of this study is to analyse four student ARW tasks from a UK Dental School in order to make recommendations regarding the systematic development of student ARW through the dental curriculum.MethodsIn this study, a detailed linguistic analysis of high‐scoring examples of two first year and two fourth year ARW tasks was undertaken, complemented by comments from interviews with markers of the tasks.ResultsThe linguistic analysis of high‐scoring student ARW revealed five consistent reflective aspects common to all tasks, viz description, feelings, analysis, evaluation and conclusion and action planning. Entry‐level and final‐year ARW showed a different balance between reflective aspects. Markers’ expectations in the lower years were found to equate to high‐quality technical reflection, whereas markers in the higher years expected students to have shifted their perspectives to achieve critical reflection.ConclusionWhilst this study is limited in its generalisability due to its small‐scale exploratory nature, it is hoped that the five reflective aspects, and the categories of reflection put forward here will be useful in stimulating discussion about how to scaffold the development of student ARW (and associated reflective thinking) longitudinally through the dental curriculum.
A rundown of merger target run‐ups
Authors: Dutordoir Marie , Vagenas‐Nanos Evangelos , Verwijmeren Patrick , Wu Betty 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe provide evidence of a drastic drop in stock run‐ups of U.S. target firms preceding merger and acquisition (M&A) announcements over the past decades. The median target run‐up declines from approximately 10% in the 1980s to 2% after 2010. The trend in target run‐ups cannot be fully explained by deal or firm characteristics associated with deal anticipation. However, it disappears after controlling for changes in the strength of U.S. insider trading regulation over the research period. Further analyses corroborate our conclusion that more stringent insider trading regulation is the most likely explanation for the reduction in target run‐ups.
The price and volume response to earnings announcements in the corporate bond market
Authors: Woodley Melissa , DaDalt Peter , Wingender John R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe examine abnormal returns and trading activity in bond markets around earnings announcements. Previous work provides mixed evidence on the relative impact of positive and negative surprises and the degree of response in investment‐grade and speculative‐grade bonds. We find that these announcements convey value‐relevant information for both positive and negative earnings surprises in both investment and speculative‐grade bonds. We also document significant heterogeneity in the response across industries, with muted responses in both abnormal returns and trading activity for bonds of firms in the financial and utilities industries.
Do Financial Literacy Training and Clarifying Pay Calculations Reduce Abuse at Work?
Authors: Toosi Negin R. , Voegeli Elyse N. , Antolin Ana , Babbitt Laura G. , Brown Drusilla K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the link between effort and pay is important for workers. Yet, in many parts of the world, women lack critical financial literacy skills and have employers who do not clearly communicate compensation schemes. Using randomized controlled trials, we first examined the effects of a training program to improve financial literacy among female workers in apparel factories in India and Bangladesh (baseline N = 1,085). Training increased workers’ financial planning through the use of a budget and utilization of banking systems, both of which contributed to increased savings. We next examined the effects of a management intervention in factories in Myanmar (baseline N = 429) and found improvements among the predominantly female workers in perceived pay clarity. Pay clarity, in turn, was associated with lower verbal abuse in study factories. Results indicate that both financial literacy and pay clarity are important in shaping female workers’ experiences and vulnerability to financial exploitation.
Sensitivity and specificity of general movements assessment for detecting cerebral palsy in an Australian context: 2‐year outcomes
Authors: Goyen Traci‐Anne , Morgan Catherine , Crowle Cathryn , Hardman Caroline , Day Rosemary , Novak Iona , Badawi Nadia 
Published: August 2020

AimWe previously reported sensitivity and specificity levels of the general movements assessment (GMA) to detect cerebral palsy (CP) at 1 year within a clinical setting and with the assistance of the New South Wales (NSW) Rater Network. The aim of this study was to determine whether similarly high levels of validity could be maintained in the same group at 2 years.MethodsA prospective longitudinal cross‐sectional study was conducted. GMA was blind‐rated from conventional video by two independent certified raters, blinded to medical history. A third rater resolved disagreements. High‐risk population screening for CP using the GMA during the fidgety period (12–20 weeks) was carried out in four neonatal intensive care units and one CP service over a 30‐month period. Participants were 259 high‐risk infants for the initial study. Multidisciplinary follow‐up at 2–3 years included Bayley Scales of Infant Development and confirmed diagnosis of CP. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated with true positives defined as a confirmed diagnosis of CP.ResultsAt 2–3 years, 184 (71%) completed the follow‐up assessment. GMA was normal for 134 (73%, low risk for CP), absent fidgety for 48 (26%, high risk for CP) and abnormal fidgety for 2 (1%, high risk for abnormal neurological disorder). Sensitivity for detecting CP was 97.6% (40/41) and specificity 95.7% (133/139). Sensitivity for detecting any abnormal outcome with absent/abnormal fidgety general movements (GMs) was 57.9% (44/76) and specificity 94.4% (101/107).ConclusionExcellent levels of sensitivity and specificity of the GMA for detecting CP in the clinical setting were maintained at 2 years and were similar to our previously reported findings.
Melatonin protects mouse testes from palmitic acid‐induced lipotoxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and DNA damage in a SIRT1‐dependent manner
Authors: Xu Dejun , Liu Lingbin , Zhao Yongju , Yang Li , Cheng Jianyong , Hua Rongmao , Zhang Zelin , Li Qingwang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPalmitic acid (PA), the main component of dietary saturated fat, has been known to increase in patients with obesity, and PA‐induced lipotoxicity may contribute to obesity‐related male infertility. Melatonin has beneficial effects on reproductive processes; however, the effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of melatonin's involvement in PA‐induced cytotoxicity in the testes are poorly understood. Our findings showed that lipotoxicity was observed in mouse testes after long‐term PA treatment and that melatonin therapy restored spermatogenesis and fertility in these males. Moreover, melatonin therapy suppressed PA‐induced apoptosis by modulating apoptosis‐associated proteins such as Bcl2, Bax, C‐Caspase3, C‐Caspase12, and CHOP in type B spermatogonial stem cells. Changes in the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (p‐IRE1, p‐PERK, ATF4) and intracellular Ca2+ levels showed that melatonin relieved PA‐induced ER stress. Mechanistically, melatonin stimulated the expression and nuclear translocation of SIRT1 through its receptors and prevented PA‐induced ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction via SIRT1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, melatonin promoted SIRT1‐mediated p53 deacetylation, thereby relieving G2/M arrest in response to PA‐stimulated DNA damage. Collectively, these findings indicate that melatonin protects the testes from PA‐induced lipotoxicity through the activation of SIRT1, which alleviates oxidative stress, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage.
Lactobacillus casei TH14 and additives could modulate the quality, gas kinetics and the in vitro digestibility of ensilaged rice straw
Authors: Cherdthong Anusorn , Suntara Chanon , Khota Waroon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study's objectives were to (a) consider the combined effects of Lactobacillus casei TH14 and additives on fermentation quality, nutritive value and microbial composition when ensiling rice straw and (b) evaluate the ensiled rice straw using the in vitro gas production technique. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (CRD) was used in a randomized complete design with three replications. The rice straw was treated with L. casei TH14 (T) at 0 and 105 colony‐forming unit (cfu)/kg fresh matter (FM), cellulase (C) at 0 and 10,000 unit/kg FM and molasses (M) at 0 and 50 g/kg FM. After 30 days, the dry matter content of the ensiled rice straw was a range between 261.77 and 287.01 g/kg while untreated rice straw was 934.00 g/kg. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were decreased when treated with C (p < .01). The pH, ammonia‐nitrogen, lactic acid, acetic acid and butyric acid values were affected by the interaction among the additives. In particular, pH was significantly (p < .01) lower in rice straw treated with T × C × M. Lactic acid bacterium (LAB) counts were highest when ensilage rice straw with T × C × M (p < .05), while untreated rice straw indicated highest amount for aerobic bacteria (p < .01) and yeast populations (p < .01). Interaction among additives had no effect (p > .05) on gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c value), but combination between C × M with ensiled rice straw reduced the c value (p < .05). The in vitro dry matter digestibility at 48 hr after incubation increased when rice straw was treated with T × C (p < .01), T × M (p < .05) and C × M (p < .05). Total volatile fatty acids at 4 hr and the mean value were increased (p < .05) when ensiled rice straw with T × C or T × M. Propionic acid was improved by adding C or M (p < .05). T × M did not influence (p > .05) any ruminal microorganism counts except for bacterial counts at 4 hr (p < .01). Thus, ensiled rice straw with T × C × M could promote the quality of ensiled rice straw and improve gas kinetics, fibre digestion and ruminal characteristics.
Idiopathic Facial Aseptic Granuloma in an older child: A case report in a pre‐adolescent boy
Authors: Burns Emily , Qin Rosie , Metry Denise 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIdiopathic facial aseptic granuloma (IFAG) is an uncommon, benign lesion that presents in the pediatric population. The diagnosis is classically associated with preschool‐aged children. Herein, we present a case of IFAG in a pre‐adolescent boy, emphasizing the importance of diagnostic consideration in older children.