bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External Environment, Enabling Factors and Predisposing Characteristics of Fully Immunised Children in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Kanchan , Suwal Bhim Raj , Adhikary Pratik 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Immunisation is a cost-effective public health intervention worldwide responsible for the reduction of infant and child morbidity and mortality. Full immunisation is a state of obtaining all vaccination according to the Immunisation schedule of Nepal.
Methods: The secondary data of Nepal was downloaded from the DHS Program. A total of 1709 children aged 16-23 months were analysed for descriptive statistics. All the analyses were weighted by its sampling weight. The full immunisation status indicates those who completed 1 dose of BCG, 3 doses of Polio, 3 doses of DPT and 1 dose of Measles. The independent variables are further subdivided into enabling, predisposing and external environmental factors.
Results: Over half of children (52.6%) were from Terai, nearly a quarter (23.0%) from province 2. More males (53.5%) and the majority of (86.1%) children with birth order one to three were immunised. Mother aged < 20 years (62%), working father (96.1%), working mother (59.7%), educated father (87.3%) and educated mother (70.7%) had children with complete immunisation. Non-smoker mother (94.6%) had fully immunised children. Nearly three quarters (73.5%) from a middle and rich family, those with PNC within 3 days (35.9%), delivered at a health facility (64.2%), and had PNC check from the skilled provider (12.1%) had completely immunised their children.
Conclusions: Significant differences based on external environment, enabling factors and predisposing factors for full immunisation status was observed. Specific interventions based on these factors are recommended.
Clinical characteristics of suspected COVID-19 admitted to the isolation ward of Patan Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Ashis , Bajracharya Sumana 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Understanding clinical characteristics of patient is important to plan human resource and logistics. Moreover, this gives understanding of pattern of disease. This study aim to find the clinical characteristics observed in patients with suspected COVID-19 admitted at Patan Hospital.
Method: This is cross sectional descriptive study conducted at Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal, on April 2020. Suspected COVID-19 patient admitted from January 25 to April 20, 2020 is taken for the study. Record files were retrieved from record section and patient’s age, gender, place of residence, travel history, duration of symptom onset, symptoms on admission like fever, cough, rhinorrnoea, sore throat, myalgia and shortness of breath was recorded. Signs on admission like temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were also recorded. Data were descriptive analyzed. Ethical approval was obtained.
Result: Total 40 suspected COVID-19 patients got admitted from 25 January to 20 April 2020. Of these admissions 25 (62.5%) were male, median age was 30 years, median days of return from abroad was 9 days, average duration of stay at hospital was 3.8 days. There were two COVID-19 positive patients who were asymptomatic.
Conclusion: Travel history and history of travel to the community inside the country where COVID-19 has been detected is important to suspect COVID-19.
Use of mask in COVID-19 era: absence of evidence is not evidence of absence
Authors: Piryani Rano Mal , Piryani Suneel , Shah Jay Narayan 
Published: May 2020

World Health Organization (WHO) in its interim guidance of 6 April 2020 advises policy makers on the use of masks for healthy people in community settings. The rationale for mask use by healthy person is prevention from COVID-19, when there is risk of exposure, like working in close contact with public, people with comorbidities, where physical distancing cannot be maintained such as travelling in buses, staying in slum areas. Furthermore, WHO says the purpose and reason for mask use should be clear– whether it is to be used for source control (used by infected persons) or prevention of COVID-19 (used by healthy persons).1
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) United States of America (USA) updated its advisory on 4 Apr 2020, and recommended everyone (except some) should wear at least a cloth face covering when they have to go out in public. It will protect other people in case you are infected.2,3 This advisory of no strict demand on use of face masks could be possibly due to unavailability of disposable masks.
Awareness regarding menopausal symptoms and effect on daily life of postmenopausal women
Authors: Prajapati Mangal Maya 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Menopause is permanent cessation of menstruation at the end of reproductive life due to loss of ovarian follicular activity and hormone deficiency which causes various symptoms and negative effects on life. This study aimed to find out the awareness level of menopausal symptoms and effect on daily life of postmenopausal women.
Method: A cross sectional study was conducted during April 2018 to February 2019 to find out the awareness level of menopausal symptoms and effect on daily life among postmenopausal women attending female outpatient department of Patan Hospital, Nepal. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. Data were collected using structured interview schedule. The SPSS version 16 software was used for data analysis. The association between variables was measured by chi-square test
Result: Among 160 postmenopausal women, the overall awareness of menopausal symptoms was inadequate in 130 (81.2%), effect on daily activities in 95 (59.3%), on work efficiency in 94(58.8%) and on social activities in 69 (43.2%). Educational, marital and occupational status were significantly associated with awareness level of menopausal symptoms and the symptoms had significant effect on daily life.
Conclusion: The study revealed that more than two third of postmenopausal women had inadequate awareness of menopausal symptoms and more than half had effect on daily life. Educational, marital and occupational status were significantly associated with awareness level.
Perspektif Pemikiran Hukum Barat dalam Penemuan Hukum Adat oleh Hakim: Studi Kasus Putusan Sengketa Tanah Adat di Pengadilan Negeri Muara Teweh, Padang, Makale, dan Painan
Authors: Pradhani Sartika Intaning 
Published: May 2020

Abstract: Adat law as empirical knowledge found by judges through western legal thought grows to be normative knowledge. This research tried to prove the hypothesis that judges used positivist legal reasoning in finding adat law applicable in specific cases. This study, written in the form of a legal descriptive research with socio-legal approach, aims to identify and analyze the legal reasoning used by judges to find applicable adat law. This research proves that the judges applied western legal thought to find appropriate adat law by referring to jurisprudence, doctrines, and concepts on adat law to measure legal actions validity. Positivist legal reasoning practice helped judges to find adat law applicable in concrete cases, but it alienated adat law from its empirical reality since judges only considered particularities of each case which support normative claim found in the existing adat law concepts, doctrines, and jurisprudence. Intisari: Hukum adat sebagai pengetahuan empiris berkembang menjadi pengetahuan normatif yang ditemukan melalui perspektif hukum Barat oleh hakim. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk membuktikan hipotesis bahwa hakim menggunakan nalar hukum adat positivistik dalam menemukan hukum adat yang berlaku dalam suatu sengketa. Sifat dari penelitian hukum ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan sosio-legal untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis nalar/reasoning yang digunakan hakim untuk menemukan hukum adat yang berlaku. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa hakim menggunakan perspektif pemikiran hukum Barat dalam melakukan penemuan hukum adat dengan mendasarkan pada yurisprudensi, doktrin, dan konsep tentang hukum adat untuk mengukur validitas suatu perbuatan hukum. Di satu sisi, praktek nalar positivistik dalam penemuan hukum adat oleh hakim memudahkan hakim untuk menerapkan hukum adat dalam kasus konkrit. Namun di sisi lain hal tersebut menjauhkan perkembangan hukum adat dari realitas empirisnya karena hakim hanya mempertimbangkan partikularitas masing-masing kasus yang sesuai dengan ketentuan/norma hukum adat dalam konsep, doktrin, dan yurisprudensi yang telah ada.
The Level of Community Participation in Land Registration Activities in Indonesia
Authors: Kusmiarto Kusmiarto , Sutanta Heri , Aditya Trias 
Published: May 2020

Abstract: Community participation in the implementation of government projects, including land registration activities, has now increasingly incorporated and mainstreamed. The public is encouraged and invited to actively participate in the various stages of land registration process. However, the extent of community participation in land registration activities in Indonesia has not been thoroughly investigated. This paper aims to examine the level of community participation in supporting the Complete Systematic Land Registration, known as PTSL in Indonesia. Classical and new theories on community participation were used as the framework. They include A Ladder of Citizen Participation, the Wheel of Participations, and Consultations Complexity Chart. All stages in the PTSL were identified and classified based on their levels or quadrants on the three theoretical models. The findings show that 13 out of 32 steps in the PTSL have public participation involvement, 7 steps potentially involve community participation and 12 of them have no community elements. Stages in PTSL that have community participation are located at a higher level of the ladder and the wheels, as well as the most complex part in the chart.Intisari: Partisipasi masyarakat dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan proyek-proyek pemerintah, termasuk pada kegiatan pendaftaran tanah, kini semakin diarusutamakan. Masyarakat didorong untuk terlibat dalam berbagai tahapan proses pendaftaran tanah secara aktif. Namun, sejauh mana partisipasi masyarakat dalam kegiatan pendaftaran tanah di Indonesia belum diteliti secara menyeluruh. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menilai tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam kegiatan Pendaftaran Tanah, yang dikenal sebagai PTSL di Indonesia. Teori klasik dan baru tentang partisipasi masyarakat digunakan sebagai kerangka kerja kajian ini. Teori-teori tersebut adalah Tangga Partisipasi, Roda Partisipasi, dan Bagan Kompleksitas Konsultasi. Semua tahapan dalam PTSL diidentifikasi dan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan level atau tingkatan, dan kuadran pada tiga model teoritis tersebut. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa 13 (tiga belas) dari 32 (tigapuluh dua) tahapan kegiatan dalam PTSL ada keterlibatan partisipasi masyarakat, 7 (tujuh) langkah berpotensi melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat dan 12 (dua belas) di antaranya tidak ada keterlibatan unsur masyarakat. Tahapan dalam PTSL dengan partisipasi masyarakat semakin menuju pada tangga partisipasi yang lebih tinggi, dan kuadran roda partisipasi yang lebih jauh, serta pada bagian paling kompleks dalam Bagan Kompleksitas Konsultasi.
Ex-PTPN-II Cultivation Rights Issues and The Current Development
Authors: Sibarani Kennedy Nasib P. , Mahasari Jamaluddin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract: Plantation Limited Company (PTPN)-II has been underway since 2002 and has been 18 years unfinished until now. The problems faced in its settlement are not only issues of land administration but are related to various aspects. This research uses empirical methods with the description approach. The type of data used is primary and secondary data. Data collection is done by interview and a literature study with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study are to explain and give an overview of the very long process of land settlement in the ex-PTPN-II cultivation rights in North Sumatra Province. In conclusion, it is necessary to revise Decree of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 42/HGU/BPN/2002 concerning the granting of an extension of the term of the land use rights located in the Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, Decree of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 43/HGU/BPN/2002 concerning the granting of an extension of the term of the land use rights located in the Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province, and Decree of the Head of the National Land Agency Number 44/HGU/BPN/2002 concerning the rejection of the application for the extension of the period of the land use rights located in the city of Binjai, North Sumatra Province, respectively dated November 29, 2002. It needs to be formulated legal consensus to accelerate the completion of ex-PTPN-II cultivation rights, and the President makes a Presidential Decree, which can be the legal basis for its resolution.Intisari: Penyelesaian masalah Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) Ex. PTPN-II telah berlangsung sejak tahun 2002 dan telah 18 tahun belum selesai hingga sekarang. Masalah yang dihadapi bukan hanya masalah administrasi pertanahan tetapi terkait dengan berbagai aspek. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode empiris dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan studi literatur dengan materi hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan dan memberikan gambaran umum dari proses penyelesaian lahan yang sangat lama terhadap HGU ex PTPN-II di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Kesimpulannya adalah perlu untuk merevisi Keputusan Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 42 / HGU / BPN / 2002, Keputusan Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 43 / HGU / BPN / 2002, dan Keputusan Kepala Tanah Nasional Badan Nomor 44 / HGU / BPN / 2002. Perlu dirumuskan secara legal konsensus untuk mempercepat penyelesaian HGU ex-PTPN-II, dan diperlukan Keputusan Presiden, yang dapat menjadi dasar hukum untuk penyelesaiannya
Accurate estimation of DLC thin film hardness using genetic programming
Authors: Ghadai Ranjan Kumar , Kalita Kanak 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the current research, diamond-like carbon thin films are deposited on silicon substrates by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The effect of argon-C2H2 flow rate, hydrogen flow rate and deposition temperature on the thin film hardness is investigated. Morphology of the DLC films is investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, while the nano-hardness is investigated using nanoindentation. Raman spectroscopy is used for the characterization of the structural properties of the film. A metamodel of the DLC deposition process with argon- C2H2 flow rate, H2 flow rate and deposition temperature as the regressor variables and coating hardness as the response is built by using a novel symbolic regression approach. A state-of-the-art machine learning approach - genetic programming (GP) - is used for the symbolic regression. By carefully evaluating the performance of the current GP metamodel against a classical RSM (response surface methodology) metamodel, it is seen that the GP significantly outperforms RSM.
Expanded hemodialysis: new opportunities and hopes
Authors: Surzhko L. 
Published: May 2020

In the field of hemodialysis technologies, as in other fields of medicine, evolutionary changes are constantly taking place. The innovations are driven by unachieved clinical outcomes and desire to improve the quality of care of patients with CKD 5D. Recent advances in dialysis techniques resulted in the possibility to expand the permeability of dialysis membranes for a wider spectrum of uremic toxins that lead to the enhancement of long-term outcomes improving quality of life and reducing the mortality rate of dialysis patients. The inadequacy of existent dialysis techniques, at least in part, is due to the chronic accumulation of organic retention solutes of middle and large molecules, which are poorly or even not removed during dialysis.
A gradual improvement in the elimination of uremic toxins is observed as a result of the development of new alternative approaches of hemodialysis therapy, such as high-flux hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, expanded hemodialysis (HDx). However, some techniques have had limited success due to a host number of organizational, technological, financial and human factors. Expanded hemodialysis offers a novel blood purification technology in removal of the large spectrum of uremic toxins, in particular large medium molecules, due to the new structure of the dialysis membrane. There are a number of studies that prove the potential benefits of a new method of dialysis therapy over the previous ones, suggesting a reduction in cardiovascular mortality, vascular calcification and inflammation. In addition, there is evidence of a positive effect of HDx on the quality of life in dialysis patients. In particular, to minimize the manifestations of skin itching, restless legs syndrome, asthenic syndrome.
Radiologic Study of the Nasal Septal Swell Body and its Relationship to Septal Deviation
Authors: Mendoza Veronica Marie , Gelera January , Sison Christen-Zen , Dizon Francis Aaron , Manalo Juan Miguel 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the radiographic features of the nasal septal swell body (NSB) with the laterality of nasal septal deviation and investigate whether there is a correlation between the severity of the septal deviation and difference in NSB size.
Methods:
Design: Retrospective Observational Study
Setting: Tertiary Private University Hospital
Participants: 30 paranasal sinus computerized tomography scans from January to October 2017
Results: A septal deviation was present in 60% of the subjects. In 78% of cases with septal deviation, the NSB was noted to be significantly larger on the side opposite the nasal septal deviation (p < .05).
Conclusion: The correlation between the severity of the septal deviation and difference in NSB size had a value of (r = 0.37) therefore, no positive correlation was established. Subjects with almost symmetric NSB measurements tend to have no septal deviation. On the other hand, the NSB is more prominent contralateral to a septal deviation.
Keywords: nasal septal swell body; septal deviation; inferior turbinate hypertrophy
Post-Operative Bleeding in Tonsillectomy versus Tonsillectomy with Fossa Closure in a Tertiary Military Hospital: A Cohort Study
Authors: Reyes Niel Khangel 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the incidence of post-operative bleeding among patients who underwent tonsillectomy alone versus tonsillectomy with fossa closure at the Victoriano Luna Medical Center from January 2015 to December 2017.
Methods:
Design: Retrospective Cohort Study
Setting: Tertiary Military Hospital
Patients: Medical records of 83 patients that underwent tonsillectomy under the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery between January 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed for data regarding sex, age, tonsillectomy with or without fossa closure and post-operative bleeding. Cases of tonsillectomy alone versus tonsillectomy with fossa closure were compared (particularly with respect to post-operative bleeding), tabulated and statistically analyzed using risk ratio and t-test.
Results: There were 57 cases of tonsillectomy alone versus 26 cases of tonsillectomy with fossa closure. The incidence of bleeding in all cases of tonsillectomy whether tonsillectomy alone or with fossa closure was 4.8%. The incidence of bleeding was higher in cases of tonsillectomy with fossa closure at 11.5% (versus 1.8% in tonsillectomy alone). Post-operative bleeding was 0.1 times more likely to occur in patients who underwent tonsillectomy alone than those who underwent tonsillectomy with fossa closure but there was no statistically significant difference in the risk of post-operative bleeding between the two.
Conclusion: Although the incidence of bleeding was higher in cases of tonsillectomy with fossa closure, our results suggest that there is no statistically significant difference in risk for postoperative bleeding between tonsillectomy alone or tonsillectomy with fossa closure.
Keywords: tonsillectomy; postoperative bleeding; tonsil pillars; suturing
Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma of the Mandible: A Case Report
Authors: Doroy Gerard Aga Rafael , Gelbolingo Nilson 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a rare case of primary intraosseous carcinoma arising from the mandible and to discuss the ensuing course and the management of the patient.
Methods:
Design: Case Report
Setting: General Tertiary Government Training Hospital
Patient: One
Result: A 56-year-old man consulted for a right mandibular mass of 4 months that started as a small bony swelling which gradually increased to its present size of 8 x 6 cm. Incisional biopsy revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma and the patient underwent segmental mandibulectomy and bilateral selective neck dissection (levels 1 to 3). Final histopathologic findings revealed squamous cell carcinoma.
Conclusion: Primary intraosseous carcinoma of the mandible was diagnosed since there was no overlying mucosal ulceration, other types of odontogenic carcinoma were ruled out, and no other distant primary tumor was noted from the time of examination until six months post-treatment.
Keywords: primary intraosseous carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; odontogenic tumor; epithelial rest of Malassez; dental lamina
Effectiveness of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation Case Rate System for Thyroidectomy in a Tertiary Government Hospital
Authors: Ramos Josephine Ann , Untalan Frederick Mars 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) case rate system in reducing out-of-pocket expenses among non-no balance billing (NBB) patients undergoing thyroidectomy under the Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery of the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center from February to September 2018.
Methods:
Design: Prospective Cross- Sectional
Setting: Tertiary Government Hospital
Participants: Sixty-four (64) randomly selected patients with PhilHealth who underwent thyroidectomy who agreed to participate and reveal their statements of accounts
Results: Among the study population, 20% belonged to the no balance billing (NBB) category, with zero out-of-pocket expenses during their confinement. Eighty percent (80%) belonged to the non-NBB category and also incurred zero hospital charges. In addition, there was no significant difference in the individual categories of the hospital expenses between the two groups except for the surgical procedures (p= .018, 95% CI). The accumulated total expenses also did not significantly differ between the two groups (p= .063, 95% CI). The minimum amount billed was PhP 1,984.95, while the maximum amount charged was PhP 38,898.65, with a median of PhP 18,703.28 and interquartile range of PhP 4,251.78 (XU: PhP 20,848.74, XL : PhP 16,596.96). There were no reported out-of-pocket expenses from non-NBB patients. The actual cost of thyroidectomy did not differ significantly from the case rate provided by PhilHealth among all the RVS categories.
Conclusion: The PhilHealth case rate system is effective in reducing out-of-pocket expenses among non-NBB patients who underwent thyroidectomy in our institution during the study period.
Keywords: out-of-pocket expenses; thyroidectomy; health care financing; health expenditures: universal health coverage