bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The scattering of Dirac spinors in rotating spheroids
Authors: Fu Gao Zhi , Xing Chen Ci , Na Wang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere are many stars that are rotating spheroids in the Universe, and studying them is of very important significance. Since the times of Newton, many astronomers and physicists have researched gravitational properties of stars by considering the moment equations derived from Eulerian hydrodynamic equations. In this paper we study the scattering of spinors of the Dirac equation, and in particular investigate the scattering issue in the limit case of rotating Maclaurin spheroids. Firstly we give the metric of a rotating ellipsoid star, then write the Dirac equation under this metric, and finally derive the scattering solution to the Dirac equation and establish a relation between differential scattering cross-section, $$\sigma $$σ, and stellar matter density, $$\mu $$μ. It is found that the sensitivity of $$\sigma $$σ to the change in $$\mu $$μ is proportional to the density $$\mu $$μ. Because of the weak gravitational field and the constant mass density, our results are reasonable. The results can be applied to white dwarfs, main sequence stars, red giants, supergiant stars and so on, as long as their gravitational fields are so weak that they can be treated in the Newtonan approximations, and the fluid is assumed to be incompressible. Notice that we take the star’s matter density to be its average density and the star is not taken to be compact. Obviously our results cannot be used to study neutron stars and black holes. In particular, our results are suitable for white dwarfs, which have average densities of about $$10^{5}$$105–$$10^{6}$$106 g cm$$^{-3}$$-3, corresponding to a range of mass of about $$0.21{-}0.61 M_{\bigodot }$$0.21-0.61M⨀ and a range of radius of about $$6000{-}10,000$$6000-10,000 km.
Equatorial circular orbits in Kerr–Newman–de Sitter spacetimes
Authors: Slaný Petr , Stuchlík Zdeněk 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCircular motion of test particles in the equatorial plane of the Kerr–Newman–de Sitter (KNdS) spacetime is analyzed for both black-hole and naked-singularity backgrounds. We present relations for specific energy, specific angular momentum and Keplerian angular velocity of a particle on equatorial circular orbit, and discuss criteria for the existence of such orbits giving limits on spacetime parameters. The orientation of motion along circular orbits is discussed from the point of view of locally non-rotating frames. Finally, we discuss the stability of circular motion against radial perturbations and determine limits on the existence of stable circular orbits, as well as the structure of stability regions in KNdS spacetimes.
Noninvasive MRI Native T1 Mapping Detects Response to MYCN-targeted Therapies in the Th-MYCN Model of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Zormpas-Petridis Konstantinos , Poon Evon , Clarke Matthew , Jerome Neil P. , Boult Jessica K.R. , Blackledge Matthew D. , Carceller Fernando , Koers Alexander , Barone Giuseppe , Pearson Andrew D.J. , Moreno Lucas , Anderson John , Sebire Neil , McHugh Kieran , Koh Dow-Mu , Chesler Louis , Yuan Yinyin , Robinson Simon P. , Jamin Yann 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Noninvasive early indicators of treatment response are crucial to the successful delivery of precision medicine in children with cancer. Neuroblastoma is a common solid tumor of young children that arises from anomalies in neural crest development. Therapeutic approaches aiming to destabilize MYCN protein, such as small-molecule inhibitors of Aurora A and mTOR, are currently being evaluated in early phase clinical trials in children with high-risk MYCN-driven disease, with limited ability to evaluate conventional pharmacodynamic biomarkers of response. T1 mapping is an MRI scan that measures the proton spin-lattice relaxation time T1. Using a multiparametric MRI-pathologic cross-correlative approach and computational pathology methodologies including a machine learning–based algorithm for the automatic detection and classification of neuroblasts, we show here that T1 mapping is sensitive to the rich histopathologic heterogeneity of neuroblastoma in the Th-MYCN transgenic model. Regions with high native T1 corresponded to regions dense in proliferative undifferentiated neuroblasts, whereas regions characterized by low T1 were rich in apoptotic or differentiating neuroblasts. Reductions in tumor-native T1 represented a sensitive biomarker of response to treatment-induced apoptosis with two MYCN-targeted small-molecule inhibitors, Aurora A kinase inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) and mTOR inhibitor vistusertib (AZD2014). Overall, we demonstrate the potential of T1 mapping, a scan readily available on most clinical MRI scanners, to assess response to therapy and guide clinical trials for children with neuroblastoma. The study reinforces the potential role of MRI-based functional imaging in delivering precision medicine to children with neuroblastoma.

Significance:
This study shows that MRI-based functional imaging can detect apoptotic responses to MYCN-targeted small-molecule inhibitors in a genetically engineered murine model of MYCN-driven neuroblastoma.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Challenges and Opportunities for a New Decade
Authors: Serrano César , George Suzanne 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) provides a paradigm to evaluate new molecularly targeted therapies and to identify structural and functional mechanisms for drug response and resistance. Drug development in GIST has successfully exploited the high reliance on KIT/PDGFRA oncogenic signaling as a therapeutic vulnerability. The recent arrival of avapritinib and ripretinib to the GIST arena has aimed to further improve on precision kinase inhibition and address tumor heterogeneity in imatinib-resistant GIST. The two main clinical challenges for the forthcoming years entail tumor eradication in patients with early-stage GIST, and maximization of tumor response in late-stage disease. To succeed, we will need to better understand the mechanisms behind adaptation to KIT inhibition and apoptosis evasion, tumor evolution after successive lines of treatment, and to explore clinically novel creative therapeutic strategies, with the overarching goal to tackle the intrinsic oncogenic complexity while minimizing adverse events.
Increasing Fatty Acid Oxidation Prevents High-Fat Diet–Induced Cardiomyopathy Through Regulating Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy
Authors: Shao Dan , Kolwicz Stephen C. , Wang Pei , Roe Nathan D. , Villet Outi , Nishi Kiyoto , Hsu Yun-Wei A. , Flint Galina V. , Caudal Arianne , Wang Wang , Regnier Michael , Tian Rong 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) has long been considered a culprit in the development of obesity/diabetes mellitus–induced cardiomyopathy. However, enhancing cardiac FAO by removing the inhibitory mechanism of long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria via deletion of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 2 (ACC2) does not cause cardiomyopathy in nonobese mice, suggesting that high FAO is distinct from cardiac lipotoxicity. We hypothesize that cardiac pathology–associated obesity is attributable to the imbalance of fatty acid supply and oxidation. Thus, we here seek to determine whether further increasing FAO by inducing ACC2 deletion prevents obesity-induced cardiomyopathy, and if so, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Methods:
We induced high FAO in adult mouse hearts by cardiac-specific deletion of ACC2 using a tamoxifen-inducible model (ACC2 iKO). Control and ACC2 iKO mice were subjected to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 24 weeks to induce obesity. Cardiac function, mitochondria function, and mitophagy activity were examined.

Results:
Despite both control and ACC2 iKO mice exhibiting a similar obese phenotype, increasing FAO oxidation by deletion of ACC2 prevented HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction, pathological remodeling, and mitochondria dysfunction, as well. Similarly, increasing FAO by knockdown of ACC2 prevented palmitate-induced mitochondria dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death in vitro. Furthermore, HFD suppressed mitophagy activity and caused damaged mitochondria to accumulate in the heart, which was attenuated, in part, in the ACC2 iKO heart. Mechanistically, ACC2 iKO prevented HFD-induced downregulation of parkin. During stimulation for mitophagy, mitochondria-localized parkin was severely reduced in control HFD-fed mouse heart, which was restored, in part, in ACC2 iKO HFD-fed mice.

Conclusions:
These data show that increasing cardiac FAO alone does not cause cardiac dysfunction, but protects against cardiomyopathy in chronically obese mice. The beneficial effect of enhancing cardiac FAO in HFD-induced obesity is mediated, in part, by the maintenance of mitochondria function through regulating parkin-mediated mitophagy. Our findings also suggest that targeting the parkin-dependent mitophagy pathway could be an effective strategy against the development of obesity-induced cardiomyopathy.
Noncoding RNAs in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Knowledge, Tools and Technologies for Investigation, and Future Directions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Das Saumya , Shah Ravi , Dimmeler Stefanie , Freedman Jane E. , Holley Christopher , Lee Jin-Moo , Moore Kathryn , Musunuru Kiran , Wang Da-Zhi , Xiao Junjie , Yin Ke-Jie ,   on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Genomic and Precision Medicine; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Clinical Cardiology
Published: June 2020

Background:
The discovery that much of the non–protein-coding genome is transcribed and plays a diverse functional role in fundamental cellular processes has led to an explosion in the development of tools and technologies to investigate the role of these noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular health. Furthermore, identifying noncoding RNAs for targeted therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease is an emerging area of research. The purpose of this statement is to review existing literature, offer guidance on tools and technologies currently available to study noncoding RNAs, and identify areas of unmet need.

Methods:
The writing group used systematic literature reviews (including MEDLINE, Web of Science through 2018), expert opinion/statements, analyses of databases and computational tools/algorithms, and review of current clinical trials to provide a broad consensus on the current state of the art in noncoding RNA in cardiovascular disease.

Results:
Significant progress has been made since the initial studies focusing on the role of miRNAs (microRNAs) in cardiovascular development and disease. Notably, recent progress on understanding the role of novel types of noncoding small RNAs such as snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs), tRNA (transfer RNA) fragments, and Y-RNAs in cellular processes has revealed a noncanonical function for many of these molecules. Similarly, the identification of long noncoding RNAs that appear to play an important role in cardiovascular disease processes, coupled with the development of tools to characterize their interacting partners, has led to significant mechanistic insight. Finally, recent work has characterized the unique role of extracellular RNAs in mediating intercellular communication and their potential role as biomarkers.

Conclusions:
The rapid expansion of tools and pipelines for isolating, measuring, and annotating these entities suggests that caution in interpreting results is warranted until these methodologies are rigorously validated. Most investigators have focused on investigating the functional role of single RNA entities, but studies suggest complex interaction between different RNA molecules. The use of network approaches and advanced computational tools to understand the interaction of different noncoding RNA species to mediate a particular phenotype may be required to fully comprehend the function of noncoding RNAs in mediating disease phenotypes.
Physical Modeling, Algorithms, and Sound Synthesis: The NESS Project
Authors: Bilbao Stefan , Desvages Charlotte , Ducceschi Michele , Hamilton Brian , Harrison-Harsley Reginald , Torin Alberto , Webb Craig 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Synthesis using physical modeling has a long history. As computational costs for physical modeling synthesis are often much greater than for conventional synthesis methods, most techniques currently rely on simplifying assumptions. These include digital waveguides, as well as modal synthesis methods. Although such methods are efficient, it can be difficult to approach some of the more detailed behavior of musical instruments in this way, including strongly nonlinear interactions. Mainstream time-stepping simulation methods, despite being computationally costly, allow for such detailed modeling. In this article, the results of a five-year research project, Next Generation Sound Synthesis, are presented, with regard to algorithm design for a variety of sound-producing systems, including brass and bowed-string instruments, guitars, and large-scale environments for physical modeling synthesis. In addition, 3-D wave-based modeling of large acoustic spaces is discussed, as well as the embedding of percussion instruments within such spaces for full spatialization. This article concludes with a discussion of some of the basics of such time-stepping methods, as well as their application in audio synthesis.
Large-Scale Physical Modeling Synthesis, Parallel Computing, and Musical Experimentation: The NESS Project in Practice
Authors: Bilbao Stefan , Perry James , Graham Paul , Gray Alan , Kavoussanakis Kostas , Delap Gordon , Mudd Tom , Sassoon Gadi , Wishart Trevor , Young Samson 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Sound synthesis using physical modeling, emulating systems of a complexity approaching and even exceeding that of real-world acoustic musical instruments, is becoming possible, thanks to recent theoretical developments in musical acoustics and algorithm design. Severe practical difficulties remain, both at the level of the raw computational resources required, and at the level of user control. An approach to the first difficulty is through the use of large-scale parallelization, and results for a variety of physical modeling systems are presented here. Any progress with regard to the second difficulty requires, necessarily, the experience and advice of professional musicians. A basic interface to a parallelized large-scale physical modeling synthesis system is presented here, accompanied by first-hand descriptions of the working methods of five composers, each of whom generated complete multichannel pieces using the system.
Digitizing the Txalaparta: Computer-Based Study of a Traditional Practice
Authors: Hurtado Enrique , Magnusson Thor , Rekalde Josu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article describes a software implementation dealing with the ancient Basque musical tradition of the txalaparta. The research is different from earlier studies of the txalaparta in that, by digitizing the instrument and its performance rules, we have had to formalize and make explicit conventions that hitherto have been tacit knowledge of improvisational practice. Analysis through software development is an unusual case of musicological analysis as it demands clarity and precision, and often requires multidisciplinary approaches to understand the studied subject. We have developed software in order to analyze and understand a practice that has received little musicological analysis. By expounding musical patterns and performers' behaviors that have hitherto been difficult to analyze, we reveal the social and cultural aspects of performance practice.
The txalaparta is a two-performer instrument and the software produces txalaparta rhythms and plays along with a human player, while learning and adapting to the player's style. The system helps novices to explore the rules of the txalaparta and more-experienced performers to approach the instrument from a new perspective. In this research we have applied a user-centered approach, where feedback from players using the digital txalaparta was collected. This feedback allowed us to approach the reflective vision of txalaparta players and their thoughts on the results of our research.
Managing Craniomaxillofacial Injury Without Inpatient Consult: Outcomes and Patient Cost Savings
Authors: Melmer Patrick , Taylor Ryan , Muertos Keely , Sciarretta Jason D. 
Published: June 2020

Background We hypothesized that trauma surgeons can safely selectively manage traumatic craniomaxillofacial injuries (CMF) without specialist consult, thereby decreasing the overall cost burden to patients. Methods A 4-year retrospective analysis of all CMF fractures diagnosed on facial CT scans. CMF consultation was compared with no-CMF consultation. Demographics, injury severity, and specialty consultation charges were recorded. Penetrating injuries, skull fractures, or patients completing inpatient craniofacial surgery were excluded. Results 303 patients were studied (124 CMF consultation vs 179 no-CMF consultation), mean age was 47.8 years, with 70% males. Mean Glasgow Coma Scale and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 14 ± 3.4 and 10 ± 9, respectively. Patients with CMF consults had higher ISS ( P < .001) and needed surgery on admission ( P < .001), while no-CMF consults had shorter length of stay ( P < .002). No in-hospital mortality or 30-day readmission rates were related to no-CMF consult. Total patient charges saved with no-CMF consultation was $26 539.96. Discussion Trauma surgeons can selectively manage acute CMF injuries without inpatient specialist consultation. Additional guidelines can be established to avoid tertiary transfers for specialty consultation and decrease patient charges.
American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma “Stop the Bleed Program”: Quantifying the Impact of Training Upon Public School Educators Readiness
Authors: Ciraulo Luciano A. , Ciraulo Nicolas A. , Ciraulo Rocco S. , Robaczewski Grant D. , Andreasen Katherine P. , Falank Carolyne R. , Ontengco Julianne B. , Ciraulo David L. 
Published: June 2020

Background School violence continues to afflict our educational institutions. In response, an institutional initiative was launched to train educators and school support staff in life-saving skills aimed at hemorrhage control. Methods The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma “Stop the Bleed” (STB) Program was promoted as a quality improvement initiative to schools within the geographic catchment area of this Level I Trauma Center. Participants were given the opportunity to take precourse, and postcourse confidence inventories using a Likert Scale. Statistical analysis of the 324 precourse to postcourse evaluations measuring change in confidence was used to evaluate improvement in readiness of school systems to respond in mass casualty incidents. Results Students enrolled in the STB Program were offered the opportunity to assess their confidence precourse and postcourse in reference to 7 questions. Precourse and postcourse Likert Scale inventories were compared and analyzed to assess the strength of the improvement in confidence using Student’s t-test, where P < .05 is statistically significant. Students demonstrated improvement ( P < .006) that was statistically significant across all 7-question relating to enhance confidence postcourse compared with the precourse. Discussion This STB quality initiative has demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the confidence of teachers and school personnel to render lifesaving care in the event of a mass casualty or isolated incident of life-threatening hemorrhage. These results support the validity of the training in making a difference in this subpopulation of responders.
Health Care Transition in Type 1 Diabetes: Perspectives of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists Caring for Young Adults
Authors: Goethals Eveline R. , La Banca Rebecca O. , Forbes Peter W. , Telo Gabriela H. , Laffel Lori M. , Garvey Katharine C. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose The purpose of the study was to describe experiences reported by diabetes care and education specialists caring for young adults with type 1 diabetes and to assess perceived deficiencies in clinical resources and barriers to care delivery. Methods A 60-item electronic survey was fielded through email to members of the Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists (ADCES). Respondents completed a survey consisting of: (1) clinical practice characteristics and respondents’ demographics; (2) health care transition components (eg, referrals) and their perceived importance; (3) framework of current clinical diabetes care delivery and perceived need for additional support; and (4) perceived barriers regarding clinical care delivery. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Results Respondents (N = 531, 96% female, median years in practice = 13; interquartile range = 7-20) represented 49 states plus the District of Columbia. Although 88% of respondents reported reviewing pediatric records as important/very important, only 22% often/always reviewed them. Although 58% of respondents noted easy access to mental health care providers for young adults, 50% stated a need for additional resources. Furthermore, diabetes care and education specialists without easy access to mental health professionals were significantly more likely to report barriers to diabetes management for young adults with depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, and developmental disabilities. Conclusion Study findings highlight modifiable factors that may improve diabetes care coordination for transitioning young adults. Uniform approaches and increased access to trained mental health professionals may help support diabetes care and education specialists in their care of young adults with type 1 diabetes.
Barriers and Facilitators of National Diabetes Prevention Program Engagement Among Women of Childbearing Age: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Harrison Caroline R. , Phimphasone-Brady Phoutdavone , DiOrio Becky , Raghuanath Silvia G. , Bright Riley , Ritchie Natalie D. , Sauder Katherine A. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose The purpose of this study was to understand barriers and facilitators to engagement in a diabetes prevention program for young women at an urban safety-net health care system. Methods Individual semistructured interviews (N = 29) explored motivations, challenges, and successes regarding participation and suggestions for improvement among women aged 18 to 39 years who enrolled in the National Diabetes Prevention Program in the past 2 years. Participants were classified as nonattendees (n = 10), early-withdrawers (n = 9), or completers (n = 10). Interview transcriptions were analyzed using a grounded hermeneutic editing approach. Results Qualitative analysis revealed 4 main themes (enrollment, attendance, experience, and suggestions) with multiple subthemes. Most women were motivated to enroll for health and family concerns. Early-withdrawers and nonattendees reported confusion about the program’s aim and relevancy, logistical barriers, and lack of connection with fellow participants/coaches. Highly engaged women noted persistent motivation, perceived weight loss, and supportive program relationships. Conclusions Multiple barriers/facilitators for young women appear addressable in future adaptations. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings in other settings and explore implementation and effectiveness of adaptations, with a goal of reducing risks prior to conception.