bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
So Close and Yet So Far: The Distant Heritage of the Historical Urban Landscapes of Residential Districts of Tartu, Estonia
Authors: Kallast Kadri 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe urban landscapes of residential areas outside of historic city centres have been increasingly recognized as cultural heritage and as potentially powerful source of meaning for local identities. In Estonia, many municipalities have established milieu protection areas, among them the town of Tartu which has currently ten areas, mainly comprising residential areas developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The authorised heritage discourse proceeds from the historical values in these areas, yet in its dialogue with the public, be it via the comprehensive plan or in discussions about single projects, it focuses on setting restrictive conditions to construction and renovation, instead of properly communicating the historical values. The neighborhood societies’ input to the comprehensive plan indicates a lack of sufficient links between the historical urban landscapes and the inhabitants’ lives, often leading to the local heritage to be distant for them which in turn tends to lead to maltreatment of the historical substance. Promoting community identity formation with a narrative approach would favor these links to develop, favoring the inhabitants of these historical urban landscapes to continue the life and stories of the heritage.
The drivers of prejudice with a special focus on religion—insights into anti-Muslim sentiment in Austrian society
Authors: Aschauer Wolfgang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTerrorist attacks, refugee movements from crisis regions as well as barriers to integration among immigrants have also been increasing fears of Islam in Austria, whereby Muslims are often regarded all too generally as outsiders to Austrian society. In this article the results of a representative study (Social Survey Austria 2018) are presented, which includes the first time a sophisticated scale on attitudes towards Muslims. In addition, a sequential multiple regression analysis will be used for a more detailed analysis of classical factors influencing critical attitudes towards Islam, whereby a new research gap will be addressed focusing on religious attitudes and practices of Austrians. The analysis of the extent of anti-Muslim sentiment in Austria reveals a dominant critical view. However, the influences of religious orientations are manifold: While conventional religious practice (such as church attendance and praying) as well as superstition reinforces animosities, inclusive religious attitudes and individual practices of spirituality lead to more tolerant attitudes. The results, which indicate a tendency towards greater tolerance among religious people, show that we are in Austria mainly confronted with cultural rather than interreligious conflicts, which are primarily centered around identity and recognition.
Scenes, symbols and social roles: raising the curtain on OSCE performances
Authors: Gormley Gerard J , Johnston Jennifer L , Cullen Kathy M , Corrigan Mairead 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) are a complex form of assessment, where candidates can interact with ‘patients’ in a constructed socio-clinical encounter. Conceptualizing OSCEs as a complex socially and culturally situated activity offers important research affordances. There are concerns that OSCEs may encourage more strategic ‘tick-box’ candidate behaviours and have a potential negative impact on learner identity formation. This study explored, at a micro-level, the social roles and behaviours occurring within the OSCE triad of simulated patients, candidates and examiners. We used a theoretical framework drawn from Goffman’s dramaturgy metaphor.
Methods OSCE candidates, examiners and simulated patients were invited, consented and recruited using maximal variation sampling. Participants were allocated to a summative OSCE circuit that had unobtrusive video cameras. Video footage of 18 stations was transcribed. Analysis was interpretative and iterative until a rich and thick description was achieved.
Results Focusing on elements of Goffman’s dramaturgy metaphor, we foregrounded our analysis by considering the performers, costumes, props and the theatre of the OSCE. A combination of symbols, both physical and semiotic, was used to construct and maintain layered roles and identities within this tightly defined socio-clinical setting. Informed by this foregrounding, we then considered the social interactions and behaviours within the OSCE: ‘Creating the right impression?’, ‘A performance of contradictions?’ and ‘Simulated patients: patients or props?’
Discussion In the pursuit of standardization, OSCEs have potential to mediate less desirable test-taking behaviours that are not entirely patient-centric, and beyond this may have an impact on professional identity.
Medical Transport for 769 COVID-19 Patients on a Cruise Ship by Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team
Authors: Anan Hideaki , Kondo Hisayoshi , Takeuchi Ichiro , Nakamori Tomoki , Ikeda Yu , Akasaka Osamu , Koido Yuichi 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTThe Diamond Princess cruise ship, carrying 3711 passengers and crew members, docked at Yokohama Port in Japan on February 3, 2020. A quarantine was immediately instituted because 1 passenger who had disembarked in Hong Kong was confirmed to have tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After the quarantine began, all passengers and crew were tested using the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction assay on the ship, 696 of whom tested positive. In total, 769 patients, including 696 with COVID-19, required transport to a hospital. The Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) successfully picked up and safely transported the COVID-19 patients using a novel classification system to prioritize patients. The Japan DMAT transported 203 patients to hospitals in Kanagawa and another 566 patients to hospitals in 15 different prefectures.
Pediatric ambulatory catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs): Incidence, risk factors, and patient outcomes
Authors: Rinke Michael L. , Oyeku Suzette O. , Heo Moonseong , Saiman Lisa , Zachariah Philip , Rosenberg Rebecca E. , DeLaMora Patricia , Rabin Barbara , Mirhaji Parsa , Klein Elizabeth , Ford William J. H. , Obaro-Best Oghale , Drasher Michael , Peshansky Alexandre , Balem Kelly Ann , Bundy David G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) occur frequently in pediatric inpatients, and they are associated with increased morbidity and cost. Few studies have investigated ambulatory CAUTIs, despite at-risk children utilizing home urinary catheterization. This retrospective cohort and case-control study determined incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of pediatric patients with ambulatory CAUTI.Design:Broad electronic queries identified potential patients with ambulatory urinary catheters, and direct chart review confirmed catheters and adjudicated whether ambulatory CAUTI occurred. CAUTI definitions included clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Our matched case-control analysis assessed risk factors.Setting:Five urban, academic medical centers, part of the New York City Clinical Data Research Network.Patients:Potential patients were age <22 years who were seen between October 2010 and September 2015.Results:In total, 3,598 eligible patients were identified; 359 of these used ambulatory catheterization (representing186,616 ambulatory catheter days). Of these, 63 patients (18%) experienced 95 ambulatory CAUTIs. The overall ambulatory CAUTI incidence was 0.51 infections per 1,000 catheter days (1.35 for indwelling catheters and 0.47 for CIC; incidence rate ratio, 2.88). Patients with nonprivate medical insurance (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–6.3) were significantly more likely to have ambulatory CAUTIs in bivariate models but not multivariable models. Also, 45% of ambulatory CAUTI resulted in hospitalization (median duration, 3 days); 5% resulted in intensive care admission; 47% underwent imaging; and 88% were treated with antibiotics.Conclusions:Pediatric ambulatory CAUTIs occur in 18% of patients with catheters; they are associated with morbidity and healthcare utilization. Ambulatory indwelling catheter CAUTI incidence exceeded national inpatient incidence. Future quality improvement research to reduce these harmful infections is warranted.
Temporal trends in ambulatory antibiotic prescription rates in South Carolina: Impact of age, gender, and resident location
Authors: Winders Hana R. , Royer Julie , Younas Mariam , Justo Julie Ann , Bookstaver P. Brandon , Weissman Sharon B. , Bell Linda , Waites Katie S. , Plante John , Al-Hasan Majdi N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine the temporal trends in ambulatory antibiotic prescription fill rates and to determine the influences of age, gender, and location.Design:Population-based cohort study.Setting:Ambulatory setting in South Carolina.Patients:Patients ≤64 years of age from January 2012 to December 2017.Methods:Aggregated pharmacy claims data for oral antibiotic prescriptions were utilized to estimate community antibiotic prescription rates. Poisson regression or Student t tests were used to examine overall temporal trend in antibiotic prescription rates, seasonal variation, and the trends across age group, gender, and rural versus urban location.Results:Overall antibiotic prescription rates decrease from 1,127 to 897 per 1,000 person years (P < .001). The decrease was more noticeable in persons aged <18 years (26%) and 18–39 years (20%) than in those aged 40–64 years (5%; P < .001 for all). Prescription rates were higher among females than males in all age groups, although this finding was the most pronounced in group aged 18–39 years (1,232 vs 585 per 1,000 person years; P < .0001). Annualized antibiotic prescription rates were higher during the winter months (December–March) than the rest of the year (1,145 vs 885 per 1,000 person years; P < .0001), and rates were higher in rural areas than in urban areas (1,032 vs 941 per 1,000 person years; P < .0001).Conclusions:The decline in ambulatory antibiotic prescription rates is encouraging. Ongoing ambulatory antibiotic stewardship efforts across South Carolina should focus on older adults, rural areas, and during the winter season when antibiotic prescriptions peak.
The role of non-categorical relations in establishing focus alternative sets
Authors: JÖRDENS KIM A. , GOTZNER NICOLE , SPALEK KATHARINA 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTCategorisation is arguably the most important organising principle in semantic memory. However, elements that are not in a categorical relation can be dynamically grouped together when the context provides a common theme for these elements. In the field of sentence (and discourse) comprehension, alternatives to a focused element can be thought of as a set of elements determined by a theme given in the utterance context. According to Alternative Semantics (Rooth, 1985, 1992), the main function of linguistic focus is to introduce a set of alternatives to the focused element within an utterance. Here, we will investigate the contribution of the utterance context to the composition of focus alternative sets. Specifically, we test whether a focus alternative set can contain elements that belong to different taxonomic categories (i.e., that are not closely semantically related). Using a behavioural probe recognition experiment, we show that participants activate elements from another taxonomic category than the focused element as part of sentence comprehension. This finding suggests that the composition of a focus alternative set is not simply based on semantic relations between the members of the set and the focused element, but that contextual relations also play a crucial role.
PsychTable.org
Authors: Glass Daniel J , Balachandran Niruban 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPsychTable.org is a new online, mass-collaborative tool for the social sciences that aggregates evidence for and classifies the evolved psychological adaptations (EPAs) that have been proposed to comprise the human mind. This article provides an overview of the need for this reference tool and how it can benefit researchers who incorporate the behavioral sciences into their work. The article walks the reader through a hypothetical use case for PsychTable.org and describes the features of the website. PsychTable.org is intended to help key stakeholders better understand the linkages between EPAs and political behavior, public policy, and ethics.
Influence of 2′-fucosyllactose and galacto-oligosaccharides on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Salli K. , Söderling E. , Hirvonen J. , Gürsoy U. K. , Ouwehand A. C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHuman milk oligosaccharides, such as 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a prebiotic carbohydrate mixture, are being increasingly added to infant formulas, necessitating the understanding of their impact on the oral microbiota. Here, for the first time, the effects of 2′-FL and GOS on the planktonic growth and adhesion characteristics of the caries-associated oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans were assessed, and the results were compared against the effects of xylitol, lactose and glucose. There were differences in S. mutans growth between 2′-FL and GOS. None of the three S. mutans strains grew with 2′-FL, while they all grew with GOS as well as lactose and glucose. Xylitol inhibited S. mutans growth. The adhesion of S. mutans CI 2366 to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was reduced by 2′-FL and GOS. Exopolysaccharide-mediated adhesion of S. mutans DSM 20523 to a glass surface was decreased with 2′-FL, GOS and lactose, and the adhesion of strain CI 2366 strain was reduced only by GOS. Unlike GOS, 2′-FL did not support the growth of any S. mutans strain. Neither 2′-FL nor GOS enhanced the adhesive properties of the S. mutans strains, but they inhibited some of the tested strains. Thus, the cariogenic tendency may vary between infant formulas containing different types of oligosaccharides.
What you see is what you get: visual scanning failures of naturalistic social scenes in schizophrenia
Authors: Patel Gaurav H. , Arkin Sophie C. , Ruiz-Betancourt Daniel R. , DeBaun Heloise M. , Strauss Nicole E. , Bartel Laura P. , Grinband Jack , Martinez Antigona , Berman Rebecca A. , Leopold David A. , Javitt Daniel C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundImpairments in social cognition contribute significantly to disability in schizophrenia patients (SzP). Perception of facial expressions is critical for social cognition. Intact perception requires an individual to visually scan a complex dynamic social scene for transiently moving facial expressions that may be relevant for understanding the scene. The relationship of visual scanning for these facial expressions and social cognition remains unknown.MethodsIn 39 SzP and 27 healthy controls (HC), we used eye-tracking to examine the relationship between performance on The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT), which tests social cognition using naturalistic video clips of social situations, and visual scanning, measuring each individual's relative to the mean of HC. We then examined the relationship of visual scanning to the specific visual features (motion, contrast, luminance, faces) within the video clips.ResultsTASIT performance was significantly impaired in SzP for trials involving sarcasm (p < 10−5). Visual scanning was significantly more variable in SzP than HC (p < 10−6), and predicted TASIT performance in HC (p = 0.02) but not SzP (p = 0.91), differing significantly between groups (p = 0.04). During the visual scanning, SzP were less likely to be viewing faces (p = 0.0001) and less likely to saccade to facial motion in peripheral vision (p = 0.008).ConclusionsSzP show highly significant deficits in the use of visual scanning of naturalistic social scenes to inform social cognition. Alterations in visual scanning patterns may originate from impaired processing of facial motion within peripheral vision. Overall, these results highlight the utility of naturalistic stimuli in the study of social cognition deficits in schizophrenia.
Pacemaker and conduction disturbances in patients with atrial septal defect
Authors: Albæk Diana H. R. , Udholm Sebastian , Ovesen Anne-Sif L. , Karunanithi Zarmiga , Nyboe Camilla , Hjortdal Vibeke E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of pacemaker and conduction disturbances in patients with atrial septal defects.Design:All patients with an atrial septal defect born before 1994 were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry, and 297 patients were analysed for atrioventricular block, bradycardia, right bundle branch block, left anterior fascicular block, left posterior fascicular block, pacemaker, and mortality. Our results were compared with pre-existing data from a healthy background population. Further, outcomes were compared between patients with open atrial septal defects and atrial septal defects closed by surgery or transcatheter.Results:Most frequent findings were incomplete right bundle branch block (40.1%), left anterior fascicular block (3.7%), atrioventricular block (3.7%), and pacemaker (3.7%). Average age at pacemaker implantation was 32 years. Patients with defects closed surgically or by transcatheter had an increased prevalence of atrioventricular block (p < 0.01), incomplete right bundle branch block (p < 0.01), and left anterior fascicular block (p = 0.02) when compared to patients with unclosed atrial septal defects. At age above 25 years, there was a considerably higher prevalence of atrioventricular block (9.4% versus 0.1%) and complete right bundle branch block (1.9% versus 0.4%) when compared to the background cohorts.Conclusions:Patients with atrial septal defects have a considerably higher prevalence of conduction abnormalities when compared to the background population. Patients with surgically or transcatheter closed atrial septal defects demonstrated a higher demand for pacemaker and a higher prevalence of atrioventricular block, incomplete right bundle branch block, and left anterior fascicular block when compared to patients with unclosed atrial septal defects.
An exploration of the portrayal of the UK soft drinks industry levy in UK national newspapers
Authors: Bridge Gemma , Flint Stuart W , Tench Ralph 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:News media play a role in politics through the portrayal of policies, influencing public and policymaker perceptions of appropriate solutions. This study explored the portrayal of sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes in UK national newspapers. Findings aid understanding of the role newspapers play in shaping understanding and acceptance of policies such as the UK Soft Drink Industry Levy (SDIL).Design:Articles discussing sugar or SSB taxes published in six UK national newspapers between 1 April 2016 and 1 May 2019 were retrieved from the LexisNexis database. Articles were thematically analysed to reveal policy portrayal.Setting/Participants:Analysis of UK newspaper articles.Results:Two hundred and eighty-six articles were assessed. Sugar and SSB taxes were discussed across the sample period but publication peaked at SDIL announcement and introduction. Themes were split according to support for or opposition to taxation. Supportive messaging consistently highlighted the negative impacts of sugar on health and the need for complex actions to reduce sugar consumption. Opposing messages emphasised individual responsibility for health and the unfairness of taxation both for organisations and the public.Conclusions:Sugar and SSB taxes received considerable media attention between 2016 and 2019. All newspapers covered arguments in support of and opposition to taxation. Health impacts of excess sugar and the role of the soft drink industry in reducing sugar consumption were prevalent themes, suggesting a joined-up health advocacy approach. Industry arguments were more varied, suggesting a less collaborative argument. Further research should investigate how other media channels portray taxes such as the SDIL.
Screening and comprehensive evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) germplasm resources for nitrogen efficiency in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Jia Chunping , Wang Fengbin , Yuan Jie , Zhang Yanhong , Zhao Zhiqiang , Abulizi Buhaliqiemu , Wen Xiaorong , Kang Mintai , Tang Fusen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractComprehensive screening of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) germplasm resources with different nitrogen (N) efficiency levels is effective for improving N use efficiency (NUE) while reducing pollution and providing high quality, yield, and efficiency agriculture. We investigated 14 indices of 38 varieties under three N application levels to assess differences among genotypes. Rice varieties were classified for screening and identifying N efficient. Descriptive statistical analysis results indicated significant differences in relative yield, and also in NUE indices (agronomic utilization rate and partial productivity of N fertilizer). The genotype main effects and genotype–environment interaction effects (GGE) biplot analysis was used to evaluate suitable varieties, compare the stable and high yield capabilities of different varieties, find the ideal variety, and describe the correlation, discrimination and representativeness of the indices under different N application levels. Descriptive statistical, discrimitiveness and representativeness and factor analysis were used to select indices, in which the panicle number per plant and soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value were the key indices for evaluation and identification. Heatmap and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the average value of evaluation indices, and scatter plot based on the comprehensive value of N efficiency (P) according to formula showed that all varieties could be divided into five types under different N treatments. Our findings work toward developing N efficient rice varieties to improve NUE, reduce N fertilizer application and thus N waste, consequently mitigating the effects of rice production on the environment to ensure food security and sustainable agricultural development.
John Rawlinson and Anglican Liberal Catholicism in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Wilcox Graham 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe article examines some key writings in the works of Bishop John Rawlinson with relation to the development of Anglican Liberal Catholicism in the early twentieth century. The article aims to show how he contributed to the development of Anglican Liberal Catholic thought and practice in the period, especially with regard to views on authority and ecumenical relations.