bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Linguistic Issue In By NafīS AL-Dīn Abū L-Faraj Ibn Al-Kaṯār (Thirteenth Century)
Authors: Ali Watad 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The treatise by Nafīs al-Dīn Abū l-Faraj Ibn al-Kaṯār, also known as Shams al-Ḥukamā, active circa the end of the thirteenth century CE, is written in Middle Arabic in the Arabic script. Verses of the Torah and quotes from Samaritan religious poems are written in Samaritan Hebrew letters. The treatise is extant in a number of Samaritan manuscripts kept in various libraries in Israel and abroad. While the title of this work is , its contents encompass numerous topics in a variety of fields: linguistics, exegesis, religious law and more. Among the linguistic issues it addresses, for example are topics in phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. The present article discusses two interrelated linguistic issues in phonology and morphology, the first dealing with the conjugation of irregular verbs: the phonological discussion focuses on the concept of ‘iwaḍ (compensation) and in morphology we discuss I/y verbs and, by the way, also I/n verbs. In addition, I examine this work's affinities with the grammatical theories expounded by the Samaritan grammarian Ibn Mārūṭ and the rabbinic grammarian Yehuda Ḥayyūj.
‘Epidemics in a Mist’: Medical Climatology and Cholera in Victorian Visual Culture
Authors: Sciampacone Amanda 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The article explores how Victorian visual culture was a vital force in the construction and dissemination of medical theories on the connection between climate and health. During the nineteenth century, the seemingly inexplicable and deadly nature of many epidemic diseases compelled British medics to investigate all possible reasons for their spread. Focusing on cholera, the article will examine how, in an effort to understand what was seen at the time as a mysterious disease, Victorian medics increasingly concentrated on the climate of India and unusual weather in Britain as propagators of the malady. Supplementing the dominant miasma theory, medics explained how the seemingly airborne sources of cholera resulted from a state of England’s air that resembled the tropical environment of the subcontinent. In an effort to highlight the correlation between cholera and the atmosphere, they produced medical climatology reports containing diagrams that juxtaposed the data on the disease’s mortality rates with measurements of meteorological phenomena. These images, rather than serving simply as illustrations, became a crucial part of medical arguments. As the article will demonstrate, in attempting to visualize the medical climatology of cholera, the diagrams mapped the disease to certain atmospheric conditions, suggesting that cholera could be quantified and controlled. Yet, in doing so, the images also implied that cholera had a real material presence in the air of Britain, powerfully evoking visual tropes of the disease as a substance that had the potential to contaminate the very landscape of the nation.
Collision of merger and accretion shocks: formation of Mpc-scale contact discontinuity in the Perseus cluster
Authors: Zhang Congyao , Churazov Eugene , Dolag Klaus , Forman William R , Zhuravleva Irina 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Two Mpc-size contact discontinuities have recently been identified in the XMM–Newton and Suzaku X-ray observations in the outskirts of the Perseus cluster (Walker et al.). These structures have been tentatively interpreted as ‘sloshing cold fronts’, which are customarily associated with differential motions of the cluster gas, perturbed by a merger. In this study, we consider an alternative scenario, namely, that the most prominent discontinuity, near the cluster virial radius, is the result of the collision between the accretion shock and a ‘runaway’ merger shock. We also discuss the possible origin of the second discontinuity at ${\sim}1.2{\rm \, Mpc}$.
Clinical and Serological Findings of Madariaga and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viral Infections: A Follow-up Study 5 Years After an Outbreak in Panama
Authors: Carrera Jean-Paul , Pittí Yaneth , Molares-Martínez Juan C , Casal Eric , Pereyra-Elias Reneé , Saenz Lisseth , Guerrero Isela , Galué Josefrancisco , Rodriguez-Alvarez Fatima , Jackman Carmela , Pascale Juan Miguel , Armien Blas , Weaver Scott C , Donnelly Christl A , Vittor Amy Y 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundHuman cases of Madariaga virus (MADV) infection were first detected during an outbreak in 2010 in eastern Panama, where Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) also circulates. Little is known about the long-term consequences of either alphavirus infection.MethodsA follow-up study of the 2010 outbreak was undertaken in 2015. An additional survey was carried out 2 weeks after a separate 2017 alphavirus outbreak in a neighboring population in eastern Panama. Serological studies and statistical analyses were undertaken in both populations.ResultsAmong the originally alphavirus-seronegative participants (n = 35 of 65), seroconversion was observed at a rate of 14.3% (95% CI, 4.8%–30.3%) for MADV and 8.6% (95% CI, 1.8%–23.1%) for VEEV over 5 years. Among the originally MADV-seropositive participants (n = 14 of 65), VEEV seroconversion occurred in 35.7% (95% CI, 12.8%–64.9%). In the VEEV-seropositive participants (n = 16 of 65), MADV seroconversion occurred in 6.3% (95% CI, 0.2%–30.2%). MADV seroreversion was observed in 14.3% (95% CI, 1.8%–42.8%) of those who were originally seropositive in 2010. VEEV seroconversion in the baseline MADV-seropositive participants was significantly higher than in alphavirus-negative participants. In the population sampled in 2017, MADV and VEEV seroprevalence was 13.2% and 16.8%, respectively. Memory loss, insomnia, irritability, and seizures were reported significantly more frequently in alphavirus-seropositive participants than in seronegative participants.ConclusionsHigh rates of seroconversion to MADV and VEEV over 5 years suggest frequent circulation of both viruses in Panama. Enhanced susceptibility to VEEV infection may be conferred by MADV infection. We provide evidence of persistent neurologic symptoms up to 5 years following MADV and VEEV exposure.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Management in Persons With HIV: Does Clinician Specialty Matter?
Authors: Okeke Nwora Lance , Schafer Katherine R , Meissner Eric G , Ostermann Jan , Shah Ansal D , Ostasiewski Brian , Phelps Evan , Kieler Curtis A , Oladele Eniola , Garg Keva , Naggie Susanna , Bloomfield Gerald S , Bosworth Hayden B 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The impact of clinician specialty on cardiovascular disease risk factor outcomes among persons with HIV (PWH) is unclear.

Methods
PWH receiving care at 3 Southeastern US academic HIV clinics between January 2014 and December 2016 were retrospectively stratified into 5 groups based on the specialty of the clinician managing their hypertension or hyperlipidemia. Patients were followed until first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event, death, or end of study. Outcomes of interest were meeting 8th Joint National Commission (JNC-8) blood pressure (BP) goals and National Lipid Association (NLA) non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) goals for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, respectively. Point estimates for associated risk factors were generated using modified Poisson regression with robust error variance.

Results
Of 1667 PWH in the analysis, 965 had hypertension, 205 had hyperlipidemia, and 497 had both diagnoses. At study start, the median patient age was 52 years, 66% were Black, and 65% identified as male. Among persons with hypertension, 24% were managed by an infectious diseases (ID) clinician alone, and 5% were co-managed by an ID clinician and a primary care clinician (PCC). Persons managed by an ID clinician were less likely to meet JNC-8 hypertension targets at the end of observation than the rest of the cohort (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75–0.95), but when mean study blood pressure was considered, there was no difference between persons managed by ID and the rest of the cohort (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.88–1.05). There was no significant association between the ID clinician managing hyperlipidemia and meeting NLA non-HDL goals (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.68–1.15).

Conclusions
Clinician specialty may play a role in suboptimal hypertension outcomes in persons with HIV.
Improving Appropriate Diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile Infection Through an Enteric Pathogen Order Set With Computerized Clinical Decision Support: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Authors: Liu Catherine , Lan Kristine , Krantz Elizabeth M , Kim H Nina , Zier Jacqlynn , Bryson-Cahn Chloe , Chan Jeannie D , Jain Rupali , Lynch John B , Pergam Steven A , Pottinger Paul S , Sweet Ania , Whimbey Estella , Bryan Andrew 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Inappropriate testing for Clostridioides difficile leads to overdiagnosis of C difficile infection (CDI). We determined the effect of a computerized clinical decision support (CCDS) order set on C difficile polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test utilization and clinical outcomes.

Methods
This study is an interrupted time series analysis comparing C difficile PCR test utilization, hospital-onset CDI (HO-CDI) rates, and clinical outcomes before and after implementation of a CCDS order set at 2 academic medical centers: University of Washington Medical Center (UWMC) and Harborview Medical Center (HMC).

Results
Compared with the 20-month preintervention period, during the 12-month postimplementation of the CCDS order set, there was an immediate and sustained reduction in C difficile PCR test utilization rates at both hospitals (HMC, −28.2% [95% confidence interval {CI}, −43.0% to −9.4%], P = .005; UWMC, −27.4%, [95% CI, −37.5% to −15.6%], P &lt; .001). There was a significant reduction in rates of C difficile tests ordered in the setting of laxatives (HMC, −60.8% [95% CI, −74.3% to −40.1%], P &lt; .001; UWMC, −37.3%, [95% CI, −58.2% to −5.9%], P = .02). The intervention was associated with an increase in the C difficile test positivity rate at HMC (P = .01). There were no significant differences in HO-CDI rates or in the proportion of patients with HO-CDI who developed severe CDI or CDI-associated complications including intensive care unit transfer, extended length of stay, 30-day mortality, and toxic megacolon.

Conclusions
Computerized clinical decision support tools can improve C difficile diagnostic test stewardship without causing harm. Additional studies are needed to identify key elements of CCDS tools to further optimize C difficile testing and assess their effect on adverse clinical outcomes.
Threats
Authors: Barash David P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book studies situations in which individuals threaten each other or feel threatened by society, and often respond in ways that threaten social stability in turn. Animals also engage in all sorts of threats, an understanding of which opens one's eyes to the world of animal behavior otherwise hidden, while also revealing the strange and important question of honest versus dishonest communication. The dynamic of threat-and-response gives insight into such human dilemmas as the fear of death and how this has been manipulated by many organized religions; how fear of strangers and supposed enemies has given rise to an American gun culture that in turn threatens those seeking to avoid such threats; how nativist fears of “the other” has promoted right-wing nationalist populism, which has been making things worse not only for democracy itself, but also for those who feel threatened in the first place; and how capital punishment—intended to contain the threat of murderous criminals—has made this problem worse. Most important and worrisome is how countries convey the ultimate threat against each other: deterrence. Brandishing the threat of mutual annihilation in the expectation that this will keep a country safe is, paradoxically, the ultimate example of a posture that endangers threatener and threatened alike.
A Nonthreatening Start
Authors: Barash David P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of threats. Threats are ubiquitous; they are so encompassing that they often go unnoticed. Although people are especially aware of explicit threats, other threats are often hidden, leaving most of the interpersonal ones implicit and therefore psychologically fraught. Warnings, in contrast, can be impersonal and not necessarily conveyed by an individual. But sometimes, threats and warnings are indistinguishable. This book begins by going through the biology of threats as conveyed and received by animals, followed by a variety of socially mediated threats intended to prevent crime, along with such consequential threats as hellfire and brimstone, personal death, and gun violence and the rise of right-wing national populism, and culminates in a critical look at nuclear deterrence—the premier manifestation of threat at the international level. Of particular note is how responses to threats often become counterproductive: hardly at all in the case of animals, occasionally in the personal and social realm, and then overwhelmingly when it comes to nuclear deterrence.
Individuals and Society
Authors: Barash David P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines threats and responses to threats as they play themselves out in human interactions. One of the significant topics here is crime and punishment—notably, how criminal statutes seek to prevent crime by threatening criminals with punishment sufficient to provide an effective deterrent. There is a long and fascinating history of such efforts, with very little success. This leads to a look at the death penalty in particular and whether it has been effective in preventing capital crimes. The chapter also assesses how people turn to religion when under threat, as well as how religions have often threatened their adherents with after-death retribution for sin, which has long influenced much human anxiety and, in some cases, compliance. Moreover, the chapter reflects on the menace of death plus threats involved in the American gun culture, and race-based and economic anxieties driving the rise of right-wing national populism.
Baptizing Business
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Historically confined to the disadvantaged ranks of the stratification system, evangelical Christians have increasingly joined the corporate elite, eliciting concern from some and sanguinity from others. Quantitative studies of the effects of religion on executive behavior have thus far shown mixed and inconclusive effects, and those few qualitative analyses that have focused on evangelical business leaders have generally emphasized conflict between religion and business but failed adequately to explore areas of consonance. While evangelical executives do, in fact, experience conflict associated with their professional contexts, this tension arises not because business and religion are inherently opposed, as some have argued, but because evangelical business leaders are made to feel like second-class citizens by members of their own faith communities. Indeed, in cases of apparent conflict between faith and business, evangelical executives insist that it is faith, not business, that must be reconceived. Equipped with an array of strategies for demonstrating that business is a sacred institution and a worthy occupation, evangelical business leaders hope to restore faith in business as they apply their faith in business. In these evangelical executives and their accounts, the “spirit of capitalism,” defined by Max Weber as a positive attitude toward both work and wealth, finds ongoing embrace and new expression, with implications for understanding the so-called faith at work movement, evangelicalism, and the role of religion among elites.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While some are wary of trends that encourage the interpenetration of faith and business, others welcome such integration, seeing in Christianity and other religious traditions dispositions that could challenge unhealthy characteristics and consequences of modern capitalism. Some have in fact come to believe that religious faith represents a wellspring of resources and concern that might help reshape corporate America by re-humanizing business and fortifying its ethical moorings. Given the world-changing energy evangelicals possess, evangelical business leaders in particular are candidates to initiate such reform as they attempt to do business in ways that are compatible with their religious convictions. For better or worse, evangelical executives could also advance a religious agenda if they join together in common cause, as some have suggested characterizes the faith at work movement. While evangelical business leaders certainly state that their faith influences their work, the nature and effect of such influence is often unexpected.
A Place for Saints
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In order to establish that business is a sacred domain and a worthy profession, evangelical executives emphasize that business is a moral order in which virtue is rewarded and vice punished. Like other advocates of the connection between virtue and success, informants point to relationships such as that between a favorable reputation and customer acquisition and retention, and between principled leadership and employee morale—the likes of which are presumed to translate to healthier financial outcomes. To these utilitarian arguments evangelical business leaders add theological arguments, namely that God both established the framework in which virtuous behavior is beneficial and actively intervenes to ensure that biblical behavior is rewarded. While the connection between virtue and profit is often grounded in natural relationships, layering on evangelical perspectives on God’s providential control over all things transforms the connection into a non-falsifiable spiritual principle that holds even in the absence of corroborating evidence.
Islands of Influence
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While some are wary of concerted attempts by well-connected evangelicals to advance a religious agenda in corporate contexts, evangelical executives demonstrate little desire to turn companies into explicitly “Christian” organizations or to transform the core values and objectives toward which businesses are oriented, or indeed much evidence that there is any shared agenda around which they might coalesce. While the Social Gospel movement of the early twentieth century—a precursor to contemporary emphases on faith at work—was concerned with structural and institutional change, this preoccupation does not characterize evangelical executives today. Even those who share core religious convictions and overriding dispositions toward business express their convictions in diverse ways. But this diversity is not simply idiosyncratic. Rather, it is conditioned by executives’ professional histories and the norms and priorities that characterize their particular occupational contexts. There is, therefore, no one evangelical approach to faith and work.
Introduction
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction posits the thesis of the book, that the notion of “Heaven has eyes” meaning “justice should and will be done” is part of an enduring Chinese belief that manifests in how law and justice have functioned in Chinese history. It explains that in the Chinese mind justice (meaning what is just and the judicial system and practices) is conceived to be an alignment of Heavenly reason (ultimate morality), state law, and human relations and feelings; “Heavenly reason” or ultimate morality was redefined in different time periods. The introduction outlines four broad time periods of Chinese legal history: the imperial era, the Republican era, the Mao era, and the post-Mao era.
The Emperor, the Family, and the Land
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 samples certain articles in the imperial penal codes and relevant court cases to explain how law and justice upheld the imperial system, the patriarchal family system, and the system of private landownership. These cases cover both criminal and civil matters. The former includes penalties for officials’ misconduct, prohibition of revenge killing and private castration, punishment of illicit sex, tolerance of homosexuality, suppression of rebellions and other violent crimes such as homocide, robbery, rape, and so on. The civil cases show the importance of familial relationship, real property, and succession and inheritance in imperial China, and the interactions among law, custom, and social norms (or commonsense right and wrong and fairness on the part of adjudicating officials) in civil adjudications.
Bandits, Collaborators, and Wives and Concubines
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides concrete cases in criminal and civil justice to flesh out the effects and defects of the reforms during the Republic (1912–1949). For criminal justice, it looks into how robbers and bandits were punished under a special law reminiscent of the imperial-era precedents and how Chinese collaborators working for the Japanese occupiers during the war (1937–1945) were prosecuted and punished after the war (1946–1949). For civil justice, the chapter focuses on marriage and divorce and the issue of concubines, showing the movement toward gender and marital equality and the agency of women in pushing for such changes and in using the law and courts to pursue their own interests.
The Legal System and the Rule of Law
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 covers criminal justice in the first two decades after Mao’s death (1977–1996), when Deng Xiaoping was the top leader. With a brief summary of political developments, it outlines the post-Mao legal-judicial reforms as part of the reform and opening policies launched by Deng, including the enactment of the first Criminal Code and the Criminal Procedural Law of the PRC. While the Criminal Code retained Maoist language and influence, such as placing certain offenses in a category of “counterrevolutionary crimes,” the Criminal Procedural Law offered the beginning steps leading to procedural justice. The reforms included construction of a court system, professionalization of judges, and restoration of the legal profession. The chapter also looks at legal responses to reemerging crimes such as prostitution, human trafficking, narcotics trafficking, and pornography.
Heaven Has Eyes
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The conclusion points out the multidimensional interactions of many factors in the functions of Chinese law and justice in the past and present and delineates four overlapping historical contexts for an understanding of such functions. These are the indigenous traditions in the long history of China; Western influences from the nineteenth century and especially on the transformations in the twentieth century; interactions between lawmakers and state agents, and between state actions and societal responses; and the reality of justice being done in relative and imperfect ways under the best circumstances, due to human fallibility.