bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preservation methods for the isotopic composition of dissolved carbon species in non‐ideal conditions
Authors: Wilson Jonathan , Munizzi Jordon , Erhardt Andrea M. 
Published: July 2020

RationaleThe stable carbon isotope compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) and dissolved organic carbon (δ13CDOC) are readily affected by post‐sampling microbial activity if not adequately preserved. Existing preservation methods require rapid chilling, analysis, and/or toxic chemicals, all challenging to use safely in the field and during remote field seasons. Therefore, a preservation method that is safe but also effective over a range of storage times is needed when sampling waters at very remote sites.MethodsTwo samples, with different dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, were filtered with a 0.2‐μm filter and preserved with six different methods, mercuric chloride, copper sulfate, phosphoric acid, benzalkonium chloride, zinc chloride, hydrochloric acid, and a filter‐only control. These samples were held at 4°C, 22°C, or 35°C. Regular measurement of the DIC and DOC δ13C values were made over the following 60 days for δ13CDIC and 66 days for δ13CDOC.ResultsOver the course of the experiment, mercuric chloride, copper sulfate, zinc chloride, and benzalkonium chloride resulted in δ13CDIC fractionation at both 4°C and 22°C. Only filtering to 0.2 μm at the time of collection, with or without acidification with phosphoric acid, resulted in minimal isotopic fractionation at both 4°C and 22°C and over the entirety of the experiment. For δ13CDOC values, only filtering to 0.2 μm minimized fractionation for both bulk and vial storage over 66 days at 22°C.ConclusionsFiltering to 0.2 μm at the time of collection is more effective than the use of toxic chemicals for measuring δ13CDIC and δ13CDOC values. Phosphoric acid is as effective as only filtering for δ13CDIC and may be ideal depending on sampling considerations. These results demonstrate not only that water samples can be preserved for δ13CDIC and δ13CDOC analysis for long periods, but that preservation is best accomplished with non‐toxic or low‐toxicity methods.
An analysis of river fragmentation by dams and river dewatering in Costa Rica
Authors: Farah‐Pérez Aldo , Umaña‐Villalobos Gerardo , Picado‐Barboza Jorge , Anderson Elizabeth P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHydropower development is accelerating in the tropics, especially construction of small dams. Small dams are often classified as those lower than 15 m in height or with reservoir capacity less than 3 × 106 m3. Small dams frequently operate with water diversions from the main river channel, thereby affecting river connectivity through the creation of a dewatered reach. However, the extent and impact of dewatered reaches have been overlooked in most analyses of river fragmentation and dams to date. In Costa Rica, small dam development increased during the 1990s, ahead of current trends in other tropical regions. This study examined the effects of dams and their dewatered reaches on river connectivity at a national scale in Costa Rica. We adapted the Dendritic Connectivity Index and applied it to the four basins where over 80% of hydropower development has occurred. Our results showed that in two basins, the Sarapiqui and San Carlos, dewatered reaches contributed most to river fragmentation. In the Tarcoles and Reventazon basins, dams and dewatered reaches had similar effects on river fragmetnation. These different patterns can be explained by the spatial arrangement of dams in the individual river networks. We also found that dewatered reaches extended the elevation range of rivers affected by hydropower activity; this expansion was most significant in cases with interbasin water transfers. We discuss the implications of our findings on connectivity losses from dams for fishes whose range overlaps with hydropower activity. Our study may provide insights for other tropical countries with ongoing and future small dam development.
Supersymmetric Rényi entropy and charged hyperbolic black holes
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Morteza , Toldo Chiara , Yaakov Itamar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The supersymmetric Rényi entropy across a spherical entangling surface in a d-dimensional SCFT with flavor defects is equivalent to a supersymmetric partition function on ℍd−1× 𝕊1, which can be computed exactly using localization. We consider the holographically dual BPS solutions in (d + 1)-dimensional matter coupled supergravity (d = 3, 5), which are charged hyperbolically sliced AdS black holes. We compute the renormalized on-shell action and the holographic supersymmetric Rényi entropy and show a perfect match with the field theory side. Our setup allows a direct map between the chemical potentials for the global symmetries of the field theories and those of the gravity solutions. We also discuss a simple case where angular momentum is added.
Leptogenesis in the μτ basis
Authors: Nishi Celso C. , Fong Chee Sheng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We formulate three-flavor type-I leptogenesis in the μτ basis which is convenient because in the three-flavor regime, both μ and τ charged lepton Yukawa interactions are in thermal equilibrium and the thermal bath is symmetric under the exchange μ ↔ τ . We apply this formalism to models with μτ -reflection CPμτ symmetry. We confirm the previous result that leptogenesis fails in the three-flavor regime with exact CPμτ symmetry. Allowing CPμτ symmetry to be broken to various degrees, we show that leptogenesis can be successful in the three-flavor regime only in certain tuned parameter space, which could further imply additional symmetry is at play. As a bonus, we derive analytical expressions which could be utilized whenever the branching ratios for the decays to μ and τ flavors are equal or approximately so.
Photoproduction of three jets in the CGC: gluon TMDs and dilute limit
Authors: Altinoluk Tolga , Boussarie Renaud , Marquet Cyrille , Taels Pieter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We study the process γA →$$ q\overline{q}g $$
q

q
¯

g
+ X in the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) effective theory. After obtaining the cross section, we consider two kinematic limits which are encompassed in our result. In the so-called correlation limit, the vector sum of the transverse momenta of the three outgoing particles is small with respect to the individual transverse momenta; the cross section then simplifies considerably and can be written in a factorized form, sensitive to both the unpolarized and linearly-polarized Weizsäcker-Williams transverse momentum dependent gluon distribution function (gluon TMD). The second limit of the CGC cross section that we consider is the dilute limit, which we obtain after performing a weak-field expansion; we recover a typical linear-regime expression, involving a single unintegrated gluon distribution function. Using numerical simulations of the small-x QCD evolution of the TMDs, we investigate the rapidity dependence of the cross section in the correlation limit.
LHC constraints on scalar diquarks
Authors: Pascual-Dias Bruna , Saha Pratishruti , London David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A number of years ago, low-energy constraints on scalar diquarks, particles that couple to two quarks, were examined. It was found that the two most weakly-constrained diquarks are Du and Dd, colour antitriplets that couple to $$ {u}_R^i{u}_R^j $$

u
R
i

u
R
j

and $$ {d}_R^i{d}_R^j $$

d
R
i

d
R
j

, respectively. These diquarks have not been observed at the LHC. In this paper, we add the LHC measurements to the low-energy analysis, and find that the constraints are significantly improved. As an example, denoting xu as the Du coupling to the first and second generations, for $$ {M}_{D^u} $$

M

D
u

= 600 GeV, the low-energy constraint is |xu| ≤ 14.4, while the addition of the LHC dijet measurement leads to |xu| ≤ 0.13–0.15. Further improvements are obtained by adding the measurement of single top production with a pT cut. These new constraints must be taken into account in making predictions for other low-energy indirect effects of diquarks.
Drag force to all orders in gradients
Authors: Reiten Jared , Sadofyev Andrey V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study the energy loss of a heavy quark slowly moving through an evolving strongly coupled plasma. We use the linearized fluid/gravity correspondence to describe small perturbations of the medium flow with general spacetime dependence. This all order linearized hydrodynamics results in a drag force exerted on a heavy quark even when it is at rest with the fluid element. We show how the general contribution to the drag force can be derived order by order in the medium velocity gradients and provide explicit results valid up to the third order. We then obtain an approximate semi-analytic result for the drag force to all orders in the gradient expansion but linearized in the medium velocity. Thus, the effects of a class of hydrodynamic gradients on the drag force are re-summed, giving further insight into the dissipative properties of strongly coupled plasmas. The all order result allows us to study the drag force in the non-hydrodynamic regime of linear medium perturbations that vary rapidly in space and time.
Medium-induced cascade in expanding media
Authors: Adhya Souvik Priyam , Salgado Carlos A. , Spousta Martin , Tywoniuk Konrad 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Detailed insight into the interplay between parton energy loss and the way deconfined medium created in heavy-ion collisions expands is of great importance for improving the understanding of the jet quenching phenomenon. In this paper we study the impact of the expansion of deconfined medium on the single-gluon emission spectrum, its resummation and the jet suppression factor (QAA) within the BDMPS-Z formalism. We calculate these quantities for three types of expansion scenarios, namely static, exponentially decaying and Bjorken expanding media. The distribution of medium-induced gluons is calculated using an evolution equation with splitting kernels derived from the gluon emission spectra. A universal behavior of splitting kernels is derived in the regime of soft gluon emissions when evaluated at a common effective evolution time τeff. Novel scaling features of the resulting gluon distribution and jet QAA are discussed. For realistic spectra valid beyond the soft-gluon emission limit, where the results are obtained by a numerical solution of the evolution equation, these features are partially replaced by a scaling expected from considering an averaged jet quenching parameter along the trajectory of propagation. Further we show that differences arising from different types of the medium expansion can be to a large extent scaled out by appropriate choice of the quenching parameter. Sizable differences among the values of the quenching parameter for different types of medium expansion point to the importance of the medium expansion for precise modeling of the jet quenching phenomenon.
Non-targeted and targeted analysis of oxylipins in combination with charge-switch derivatization by ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Hellhake Stefan , Meckelmann Sven W. , Empl Michael T. , Rentmeister Kristina , Wißdorf Walter , Steinberg Pablo , Schmitz Oliver J. , Benter Thorsten , Schebb Nils Helge 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEicosanoids and other oxylipins play an important role in mediating inflammation as well as other biological processes. For the investigation of their biological role(s), comprehensive analytical methods are necessary, which are able to provide reliable identification and quantification of these compounds in biological matrices. Using charge-switch derivatization with AMPP (N-(4-aminomethylphenyl)pyridinium chloride) in combination with liquid chromatography ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IM-QTOF-MS), we developed a non-target approach to analyze oxylipins in plasma, serum, and cells. The developed workflow makes use of an ion mobility resolved fragmentation to pinpoint derivatized molecules based on the cleavage of AMPP, which yields two specific fragment ions. This allows a reliable identification of known and unknown eicosanoids and other oxylipins. We characterized the workflow using 52 different oxylipins and investigated their fragmentation patterns and ion mobilities. Limits of detection ranged between 0.2 and 10.0 nM (1.0–50 pg on column), which is comparable with other state-of-the-art methods using LC triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS. Moreover, we applied this strategy to analyze oxylipins in different biologically relevant matrices, as cultured cells, human plasma, and serum.
Spinal cord involvement in Kearns-Sayre syndrome: a neuroimaging study
Authors: Luca Pasquini , Alessia Guarnera , Camilla Rossi-Espagnet Maria , Antonio Napolitano , Diego Martinelli , Federica Deodato , Daria Diodato , Rosalba Carrozzo , Carlo Dionisi-Vici , Daniela Longo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Spinal cord involvement in Kearns-Sayre (KSS) syndrome could be more frequent than commonly thought. Our aims were to evaluate the involvement of the spinal cord in patients with KSS by means of MRI and to investigate possible correlations of spinal and brain disease with patient disability.

Methods
Eleven patients with KSS disease and spinal cord MRI were retrospectively recruited. The severity of spinal disease was defined as follows: grade 0 (none), grade 1 (focal), and grade 2 (extensive). We calculated a radiologic score of brain involvement based on typical features. We performed a chi-square test to correlate spinal cord and brain MRI involvement to patient disability. For significant variables, a contingency coefficient, phi factor, and Cramer’s V were also computed.

Results
Spinal cord lesions were detected in 6/11 patients, showing four patterns: involvement of gray matter, gray matter and posterior columns, posterior columns, and anterior columns. The severity of spinal disease was grade 1 in two and grade 2 in four patients. All patients showed brain involvement (9-point average for patients with spinal involvement and 10 for the others). A significant correlation was found between disability score and spinal cord involvement (χ2 = 7.64; p = 0.022) or brain score (χ2 = 26.85; p = 0.043). Significance for brain score-disability correlation increased with the spinal cord as a cofactor (χ2 = 24.51; p = 0.017, phi factor = 1.201, Cramer’s V = 0.849, contingency effect = 0.767; p = 0.017).

Conclusion
Spinal cord lesions are common in KSS. Patients with spinal disease show higher disability than patients without spinal cord lesions, supporting the inclusion of dedicated acquisitions to routine MRI of the brain in patients with KSS.
Kigali Surgical Sepsis (KiSS) Score: A New Tool to Predict Outcomes in Surgical Patients with Sepsis in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Settings
Authors: Niyongombwa Irénée , Sibomana Isaie , Karenzi Irénée D. , Kiswezi Ahmed , Rickard Jennifer 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSepsis is common in surgical patients, and its presence influences the outcomes in those to undergo surgery. Factors such as advanced age, presence of comorbidities and many other conditions increase mortality in surgical patients with sepsis. The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score simplified into qSOFA helps to define sepsis and to identify patients who are likely to die from it. Sepsis in surgery is under investigated in low‐ and middle‐income countries and so are the factors for mortality in that specific surgical population. Our aim was to develop a prognostic tool accurate in predicting outcomes in surgical patients with sepsis who present at University Teaching Hospitals of Kigali (CHUK) and Butare (CHUB) and in other centers with limited resourcesMethodsThis was a prospective cohort study conducted over a period of 1 year from February 2018 to January 2019. The surgical patients with sepsis recruited in the first 6 months at CHUK served as the derivation cohort and those recruited in the next 6 months from both CHUK and CHUB served as the validation cohort. The Kigali surgical sepsis (KiSS) score was derived, and to determine its accuracy in predicting mortality, we measured sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver operator characteristic (AUROC) curve. We then compared this with qSOFA score.ResultsA total of 288 patients were recruited with 144 in each cohort. The mean age was 36.5, and median age was 32.6. The mean length of hospital stay (LoHS) was 22.9 days. The overall intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate was 51.4%, and the surgical sepsis‐related hospital mortality rate was 21.7%. Factors associated with surgical sepsis‐related hospital mortality were age above 55 years (p = 0.034), presence of comorbidities (p = 0.069), hypotension (p = 0.014), tachycardia (p = 0.061), tachypnea (p = 0.028), decreased level of consciousness (p = 0.021), presence of GIT perforation (p = 0.026) and number of impaired organ function (p = 0.035). A predictive score (KiSS score) consisting of six parameters was derived from these factors and compared to qSOFA score. The sensitivity of KiSS score in predicting mortality was 73% (vs 52% for qSOFA), and the specificity was 97% (vs 87% for qSOFA). The predictive validity for hospital mortality was assessed by AUROC curve, and it was 0.939 (95% CI, p < 0.001) for KiSS and 0.684 (95% CI, p < 0.001) for qSOFA.ConclusionThe KiSS score was effective in predicting surgical sepsis‐related hospital mortality in low‐resource setting. The KiSS score showed an added advantage of stratifying septic surgical patients to be operated on into those with good, variable and poor prognosis.
Towards reference values of pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation: impact of coronary artery and tube voltage in coronary computed tomography angiography
Authors: Ma Runlei , Ties Daan , van Assen Marly , Pelgrim Gert Jan , Sidorenkov Grigory , van Ooijen Peter M. A. , van der Harst Pim , van Dijk Randy , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To determine normal pericoronary adipose tissue mean attenuation (PCATMA) values for left the anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary artery (RCA) in patients without plaques on coronary CT angiography (cCTA), taking into account tube voltage influence.

Methods
This retrospective study included 192 patients (76 (39.6%) men; median age 49 years (range, 19–79)) who underwent cCTA with third-generation dual-source CT for the suspicion of CAD between 2015 and 2017. We selected patients without plaque on cCTA. PCATMA was measured semi-automatically on cCTA images in the proximal segment of the three main coronary arteries with 10 mm length. Paired t-testing was used to compare PCATMA between combinations of two coronary arteries within each patient, and one-way ANOVA testing was used to compare PCATMA in different kV groups.

Results
The overall mean ± standard deviation (SD) PCATMA was − 90.3 ± 11.1 HU. PCATMA in men was higher than that in women: − 88.5 ± 10.5 HU versus − 91.5 ± 11.3 HU (p = 0.001). PCATMA of LAD, LCX, and RCA was − 92.4 ± 11.6 HU, − 88.4 ± 9.9 HU, and − 90.2 ± 11.4 HU, respectively. Pairwise comparison of the arteries showed significant difference in PCATMA: LAD and LCX (p < 0.001), LAD and RCA (p = 0.009), LCX and RCA (p = 0.033). PCATMA of the 70 kV, 80 kV, 90 kV, 100 kV, and 120 kV groups was − 95.6 ± 9.6 HU, − 90.2 ± 11.5 HU, − 87.3 ± 9.9 HU, − 82.7 ± 6.2 HU, and − 79.3 ± 6.8 HU, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
In patients without plaque on cCTA, PCATMA varied by tube voltage, with minor differences in PCATMA between coronary arteries (LAD, LCX, RCA). PCATMA values need to be interpreted taking into account tube voltage setting.

Key Points
• In patients without plaque on cCTA, PCATMAdiffers slightly by coronary artery (LAD, LCX, RCA).
• Tube voltage of cCTA affects PCATMAmeasurement, with mean PCATMAincreasing linearly with increasing kV.
• For longitudinal cCTA analysis of PCATMA, the use of equal kV setting is strongly recommended.
Deep learning for the rapid automatic quantification and characterization of rotator cuff muscle degeneration from shoulder CT datasets
Authors: Taghizadeh Elham , Truffer Oskar , Becce Fabio , Eminian Sylvain , Gidoin Stacey , Terrier Alexandre , Farron Alain , Büchler Philippe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed at developing a convolutional neural network (CNN) able to automatically quantify and characterize the level of degeneration of rotator cuff (RC) muscles from shoulder CT images including muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration.

Methods
One hundred three shoulder CT scans from 95 patients with primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis undergoing anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty were retrospectively retrieved. Three independent radiologists manually segmented the premorbid boundaries of all four RC muscles on standardized sagittal-oblique CT sections. This premorbid muscle segmentation was further automatically predicted using a CNN. Automatically predicted premorbid segmentations were then used to quantify the ratio of muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, secondary bone formation, and overall muscle degeneration. These muscle parameters were compared with measures obtained manually by human raters.

Results
Average Dice similarity coefficients for muscle segmentations obtained automatically with the CNN (88% ± 9%) and manually by human raters (89% ± 6%) were comparable. No significant differences were observed for the subscapularis, supraspinatus, and teres minor muscles (p > 0.120), whereas Dice coefficients of the automatic segmentation were significantly higher for the infraspinatus (p < 0.012). The automatic approach was able to provide good–very good estimates of muscle atrophy (R2 = 0.87), fatty infiltration (R2 = 0.91), and overall muscle degeneration (R2 = 0.91). However, CNN-derived segmentations showed a higher variability in quantifying secondary bone formation (R2 = 0.61) than human raters (R2 = 0.87).

Conclusions
Deep learning provides a rapid and reliable automatic quantification of RC muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and overall muscle degeneration directly from preoperative shoulder CT scans of osteoarthritic patients, with an accuracy comparable with that of human raters.

Key Points
• Deep learning can not only segment RC muscles currently available in CT images but also learn their pre-existing locations and shapes from invariant anatomical structures visible on CT sections.
• Our automatic method is able to provide a rapid and reliable quantification of RC muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration from conventional shoulder CT scans.
• The accuracy of our automatic quantitative technique is comparable with that of human raters.