bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of tattoos to identify unknown bodies
Authors: Birngruber C. G. , Martinez Peña E. G. , Corrales Blanco L. , Holz F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe identification of unknown bodies is the fulfilment of a moral obligation towards the deceased, serves to maintain legal security within a society, and gives families the certainty they need to mourn. Taking into account respective local conditions, the aim should always be to achieve a secure and quick identification. To achieve this goal, a functioning cooperation between investigating authorities and forensic sciences is essential.The main objective of this study was to clarify the potential role of tattoos in the identification process of unknown deceased persons in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Post-mortem data of 2045 bodies from the Instituto Jaliscience de Ciencias Forenses in Guadalajara were evaluated.Of the deceased 46% were tattooed (male: 47%, female: 39%), with 29% of all bodies (male: 29%, female: 26%) showing tattoos at body locations usually visible in everyday life (i.e. head and neck, forearms and hands). The male bodies were most frequently tattooed on the shoulders and upper arms, followed by the forearms and hands and the torso. Female bodies mostly showed tattoos on the forearms and hands, followed by the torso and legs.Taking local tattooing habits into account, the authors developed a classification for tattoo motives. With decreasing frequency, the following keywords could be assigned to the motives: letters and/or numbers, human, symbol (other), plant, symbol (religious), animal, object, tribal/ornament/geometry, fantasy/demon/comic, other.Results of the study indicate the great importance of tattoos as a possible mean of identification in Jalisco, Mexico – either as a stand-alone identification method, as a complementary tool or for planning and prioritizing subsequent investigations.
Aerial Root Structure and Its Significance for Function in Dracaena draco
Authors: Jura-Morawiec Joanna , Monroy Pedro , Marrero Aguedo , Tulik Mirela 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe dragon tree,Dracaena draco,is a vulnerable species. In response to stress it forms aerial roots (AR). Although the exact function of these AR is unknown, it has been the subject of speculation on the basis of morphological observations. This study aims to investigate the structural organization of theD. dracoAR compared to the background of the structure of its soil roots. The material was obtained from the collection of dragon trees growing at Jardín Botánico Canario "Viera y Clavijo" on Gran Canaria as well as from the plants obtained from the commercial nursery. Based on hand-cut sections and permanent preparations, we analysed (a) AR structure along its length encompassing the active and dormant state of the AR tip, as well as (b) the general structural organization of the soil roots (stem-borne, lateral and fine roots). We observed that AR are similar to the lateral soil roots in terms of the distribution of the primary and secondary tissues. AR are protected by rhizodermis and/or hypodermis which undergoes metacutization during the transition from the active to dormant state of the AR tip. Chloroplasts are present in cortical parenchyma cells along the entire length of the AR. The obtained anatomical findings are discussed in the context of the putative AR functions.
A new type of singular perturbation approximation for stochastic bilinear systems
Authors: Redmann Martin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractModel order reduction (MOR) techniques are often used to reduce the order of spatially discretized (stochastic) partial differential equations and hence reduce computational complexity. A particular class of MOR techniques is balancing related methods which rely on simultaneously diagonalizing the system Gramians. This has been extensively studied for deterministic linear systems. The balancing procedure has already been extended to bilinear equations, an important subclass of nonlinear systems. The choice of Gramians in Al-Baiyat and Bettayeb (In: Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE conference on decision and control, 1993) is the most frequently used approach. A balancing related MOR scheme for bilinear systems called singular perturbation approximation (SPA) has been described that relies on this choice of Gramians. However, no error bound for this method could be proved. In this paper, we extend SPA to stochastic systems with bilinear drift and linear diffusion term. However, we propose a slightly modified reduced order model in comparison to previous work and choose a different reachability Gramian. Based on this new approach, an $$L^2$$

L
2

-error bound is proved for SPA which is the main result of this paper. This bound is new even for deterministic bilinear systems.
Diverse community energy futures in Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Hurlbert Margot , Osazuwa-Peters Mac , Rayner Jeremy , Reiner David , Baranovskiy Petr 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This research explores peoples’ place attachment and context surrounding power production and energy futures. Facilitated, deliberative focus groups were conducted as comparative case studies in three fossil fuel-dependent cities in Saskatchewan Canada: Estevan (situated next to the provincial centers of coal, oil and gas production), Saskatoon (situated more northerly and furthest from coal, oil and gas production) and the capital city of Regina. (situated between the other two communities). This study supports the conclusions: (1) participants believed the focus groups improved their knowledge surrounding power production; (2) although there is strong support for wind and solar power production, there is a gap in implementation; and (3) place-based location impacts perceptions of power production sources. Participants were surveyed before and after focus group meetings to explore the perceptions and preferences of power productions sources. All three communities favored renewables in the order of solar and wind. Estevan, supported carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) to a greater degree and perceived much lower risk surrounding CCS than the other two communities. This may be explained by information gaps in this community. Participants were far less likely to believe a climate crisis is occurring, and while recognizing health concerns surrounding coal, they spent considerably more time discussing the loss of coal and its impact on their economy. Saskatoon, the community furthest from coal oil and gas production, spent considerable time discussing renewables, and when asked about coal, oil and gas identified the need to transition and retrain dependent workers. Although the uranium sector is present in Saskatchewan and in closer proximity to Saskatoon, there was little knowledge or support for new small modular nuclear reactors.

Graphic abstract
Estimation of Self-Neutralisation Rates in a Lignite Pit Lake
Authors: Opitz Joscha , Alte Matthias , Bauer Martin , Schäfer Wolfgang , Söll Thomas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNatural anaerobic biogeochemical processes used for passive treatment of AMD were observed in the extensive shallow water zone of a polymictic pit lake in the former German lignite district of Upper Palatinate. Although continuously fed by acidic metalliferous groundwater, lake-pH increased from 3.5 to circumneutral over a little more than 10 years. The natural attenuation processes were studied and quantified using a regional surface- and groundwater flow model linked with hydrochemical monitoring datasets to establish a simple mass balance. The acidity inflow was estimated at ≈ 5900 kmol over the period 2014–2018, which corresponds to an average inflow of ≈ 1190 kmol/a. This estimate is in very good accordance with an acidity inflow rate for the period 2000–2014 estimated from acidity deposition in the sediment based on sediment core analyses plus the calculated cumulative acidity outflow based on extrapolation of pre-neutralisation acidity levels in the pit lake, together yielding a total acidity of ≈ 15,000 kmol, which corresponds to an inflow rate of ≈ 960 kmol/a. The results strongly indicate that the pit lake self-neutralised due to beneficial environmental and ecological conditions, amplified and potentially initialised by the circumneutral discharge from a chemical mine water treatment plant, and that well-known biogeochemical mechanisms such as natural microbial sulfate reduction were the driving force. The results give rise to perspectives concerning the potential development of pit lakes if ecological considerations are considered.
Left ventricular global longitudinal strain in bicupsid aortic valve patients: head-to-head comparison between computed tomography, 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance and speckle-tracking echocardiography
Authors: van den Hoven Allard T. , Yilmazer Sultan , Chelu Raluca G. , van Grootel Roderick W. J. , Minderhoud Savine C. S. , Bons Lidia R. , van Berendoncks An M. , Duijnhouwer Anthonie L. , Siebelink Hans-Marc J. , van den Bosch Annemien E. , Budde Ricardo P. J. , Roos-Hesselink Jolien W. , Hirsch Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLeft ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) analysis is a sensitive measurement of myocardial deformation most often done using speckle-tracking transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We propose a novel approach to measure LVGLS using feature-tracking software on the magnitude dataset of 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and compare it to dynamic computed tomography (CT) and speckle tracking TTE derived measurements. In this prospective cohort study 59 consecutive adult patients with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) were included. The study protocol consisted of TTE, CT, and CMR on the same day. Image analysis was done using dedicated feature-tracking (4D flow CMR and CT) and speckle-tracking (TTE) software, on apical 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber long-axis multiplanar reconstructions (4D flow CMR and CT) or standard apical 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber acquisitions (TTE). CMR and CT GLS analysis was feasible in all patients. Good correlations were observed for GLS measured by CMR (− 21 ± 3%) and CT (− 20 ± 3%) versus TTE (− 20 ± 3%, Pearson’s r: 0.67 and 0.65, p < 0.001). CMR also correlated well with CT (Pearson’s r 0.62, p < 0.001). The inter-observer analysis showed moderate to good reproducibility of GLS measurement by CMR, CT and TTE (Pearsons’s r: 0.51, 0.77, 0.70 respectively; p < 0.05). Additionally, ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic and end-systolic volume measurements (EDV and ESV) correlated well between all modalities (Pearson’s r > 0.61, p < 0.001). Feature-tracking GLS analysis is feasible using the magnitude images acquired with 4D flow CMR. GLS measurement by CMR correlates well with CT and speckle-tracking 2D TTE. GLS analysis on 4D flow CMR allows for an integrative approach, integrating flow and functional data in a single sequence. Not applicable, observational study.
Short-Term Environmental Enrichment is a Stronger Modulator of Brain Glial Cells and Cervical Lymph Node T Cell Subtypes than Exercise or Combined Exercise and Enrichment
Authors: Singhal Gaurav , Morgan Julie , Corrigan Frances , Toben Catherine , Jawahar Magdalene C. , Jaehne Emily J. , Manavis Jim , Hannan Anthony J. , Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPhysical exercise (PE) and environmental enrichment (EE) can modulate immunity. However, the differential effects of short-term PE, EE, and PE + EE on neuroimmune mechanisms during normal aging has not been elucidated. Hence, a cohort of 3-, 8-, and 13-month-old immunologically unchallenged C57BL/6 wild-type mice were randomly assigned to either Control, PE, EE, or PE + EE groups and provided with either no treatment, a running wheel, a variety of plastic and wooden objects alone or in combination with a running wheel for seven weeks, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and 8-color flow cytometry were used to determine the numbers of dentate gyrus glial cells, and the proportions of CD4+and CD8+T cell numbers and their subsets from cervical lymph nodes, respectively. An increase in the number of IBA1+microglia in the dentate gyrus at 5 and 10 months was observed after EE, while PE and PE + EE increased it only at 10 months. No change in astroglia number in comparison to controls were observed in any of the treatment groups. Also, all treatments induced significant differences in the proportion of specific T cell subsets, i.e., CD4+and CD8+T naïve (TN), central memory (TCM), and effector memory (TEM) cells. Our results suggest that in the short-term, EE is a stronger modulator of microglial and peripheral T cell subset numbers than PE and PE + EE, and the combination of short-term PE and EE has no additive effects.
Mosul Dam: Is it the Most Dangerous Dam in the World?
Authors: Al-Ansari Nadhir , Adamo Nasrat , Knutsson Sven , Laue Jan , Sissakian Varoujan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMosul Dam is an earth fill dam, with a storage capacity of 11.11 km3 constructed on highly karstified gypsum beds alternating with marl and limestone. After impounding in 1986, seepage locations were recognized. The dam situation now indicates that it is in a state of extreme relative risk. If it fails, then 6 million people will be affected and 7202 km2 area will be flooded. Grouting operations will elongate the life of the dam but will not solve the problem. Building a protection dam downstream will be the best measures to secure the safety of the downstream area and its’ population.
Space of minimal discs and its compactification
Authors: Creutz Paul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe investigate the class of geodesic metric discs satisfying a uniform quadratic isoperimetric inequality and uniform bounds on the length of the boundary circle. We show that the closure of this class as a subset of Gromov-Hausdorff space is intimately related to the class of geodesic metric disc retracts satisfying comparable bounds. This kind of discs naturally come up in the context of the solution of Plateau’s problem in metric spaces by Lytchak and Wenger as generalizations of minimal surfaces.
A framework for exploration of relationship between the psychosocial and physical learning environment
Authors: Baars S. , Schellings G. L. M. , Krishnamurthy S. , Joore J. P. , den Brok P. J. , van Wesemael P. J. V. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn order to construct a shared body of knowledge, research involving the relationship between the psychosocial learning environment (PSLE) and the physical learning environment (PLE) needs a commonly-accepted conceptual framework. By means of a thematic literature review, we collected the main aspects of the PSLE and PLE, their definitions and their relations as identified by earlier research. These findings led to a conceptual framework that structures the dimension of the PSLE into the sub-dimensions of personal development, relationships, and system maintenance and change, and the dimension of the PLE into the sub-dimensions of naturalness, individualisation, and stimulation. For each of these sub-dimensions, the framework distinguishes an intended, implemented and attained representation. A conceptual PSLE-PLE Relationship (PPR) model enables relations to be visualised. The review confirms that PSLE and PLE are interrelated in interactions between different sub-dimensions and their representations. However, evidence regarding these relationships is still weak because of the limited number of studies and their methodological limitations.
The governance of laws of nature: guidance and production
Authors: Wilsch Tobias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRealists about laws of nature and their Humean opponents disagree on whether laws ‘govern’. An independent commitment to the ‘governing conception’ of laws pushes many towards the realist camp. Despite its significance, however, no satisfactory account of governance has been offered. The goal of this article is to develop such an account. I base my account on two claims. First, we should distinguish two notions of governance, ‘guidance’ and ‘production’, and secondly, explanatory phenomena other than laws are also candidates for governance. My goal is to develop a unified account which captures both guidance and production as well as the governance of phenomena, such as essence and logical consequence. The account of governance I develop belongs to the family of modal accounts, which was popularized by David Armstrong, but it also employs essentialist resources. If successful, this modal-essentialist account not only reveals the costs that proponents of governance incur, but it also puts that important notion on a solid theoretical foundation.
Verifying temporal specifications of Java programs
Authors: Spegni Francesco , Spalazzi Luca , Liva Giovanni , Pinzger Martin , Bollin Andreas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany Java programs encode temporal behaviors in their source code, typically mixing three features provided by the Java language: (1) pausing the execution for a limited amount of time, (2) waiting for an event that has to occur before a deadline expires, and (3) comparing timestamps. In this work, we show how to exploit modern SMT solvers together with static analysis in order to produce a network of timed automata approximating the temporal behavior of a set of Java threads. We also prove that the presented abstraction preserves the truth of MTL and ATCTL formulae, two well-known logics for expressing timed specifications. As far as we know, this is the first feasible approach enabling the user to automatically model check timed specifications of Java software directly from the source code.
Assertion, action, and context
Authors: McKenna Robin , Hannon Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA common objection to both contextualism and relativism about knowledge ascriptions is that they threaten knowledge norms of assertion and action. Consequently, if there is good reason to accept knowledge norms of assertion or action, there is good reason to reject both contextualism and relativism. In this paper we argue that neither contextualism nor relativism threaten knowledge norms of assertion or action.
Phosphorus and TSS Removal by Stormwater Bioretention: Effects of Temperature, Salt, and a Submerged Zone and Their Interactions
Authors: Søberg Laila C. , Al-Rubaei Ahmed M. , Viklander Maria , Blecken Godecke-Tobias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo prevent deterioration of receiving water bodies, phosphorus and total suspended solid (TSS) removal from stormwater is commonly targeted, e.g., by bioretention. However, their removal may vary due to ambient conditions and design features. In this study, the effect of a submerged zone with embedded carbon source (SZC), temperature, and (road) salt on phosphorus removal was investigated using a two-level full factorial design. A sand-based filter material was used. Overall, phosphorus and TSS removal percentages were high. Higher temperature (4.6 vs. 17.1 °C) caused higher outflow concentrations, thus lowering removal rates. The presence of salt deteriorated total phosphorus removal, whereas dissolved phosphorus removal was not affected. The impact of the SZC was statistically significant but not regarded to be of practical significance for P removal. In contrast, TSS removal was enhanced by a SZC. The results demonstrated that a relatively simple filter material could provide excellent P removal, avoiding the need for additives suggested in other studies.
Residual Stress Distributions in Cold-Sprayed Copper 3D-Printed Parts
Authors: Sinclair-Adamson Rebecca , Luzin Vladimir , Duguid Andrew , Kannoorpatti Krishnan , Murray Rebecca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCold-spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) builds strong, dense metal parts from powder feedstock without melting and offers potential advantages over alternatives such as casting, liquid phase sintering, laser or e-beam melting or welding. Considerable effort is required to relieve residual stresses that arise from melt/freeze cycling in these methods. While CSAM does not involve melting, it imposes high strain rates on the feedstock and stress anisotropies due to complex build paths. This project explores residual stress in two CSAM objects. The CSAM components were produced from 99% pure copper powder (D50 = 17 µm): (1) a cylinder (∅ = 15 mm, height = 100 mm, weight = 145 g) and (2) a funnel (upper outer ∅ = 60 mm, lower outer ∅ = 40 mm, wall thickness = 8 mm, weight = 547 g). The non-heat-treated components were strain-scanned using a residual stress neutron diffractometer. Maximum residual stresses in any direction were: tensile: 103 ± 16 MPa (cylinder) and 100 ± 23 MPa (funnel); compression: 58 ± 16 MPa (cylinder) and 123 ± 23 MPa (funnel). Compared to the literature, the tensile residual stresses measured in the CSAM components were lower than those measured in cast materials, laser or welding AM methods, and numerical modelling of cold-spray coatings, while within the wide range reported for measurements in cold-spray coatings. These comparatively low residual stresses suggest CSAM is a promising manufacturing method where high residual stresses are undesirable.
High quality genome sequences of thirteen Hypoxylaceae (Ascomycota) strengthen the phylogenetic family backbone and enable the discovery of new taxa
Authors: Wibberg Daniel , Stadler Marc , Lambert Christopher , Bunk Boyke , Spröer Cathrin , Rückert Christian , Kalinowski Jörn , Cox Russell J. , Kuhnert Eric 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) is a diverse family of mainly saprotrophic fungi, which commonly occur in angiosperm-dominated forests around the world. Despite their importance in forest and plant ecology as well as a prolific source of secondary metabolites and enzymes, genome sequences of related taxa are scarce and usually derived from environmental isolates. To address this lack of knowledge thirteen taxonomically well-defined representatives of the family and one member of the closely related Xylariaceae were genome sequenced using combinations of Illumina and Oxford nanopore technologies or PacBio sequencing. The workflow leads to high quality draft genome sequences with an average N50 of 3.0 Mbp. A backbone phylogenomic tree was calculated based on the amino acid sequences of 4912 core genes reflecting the current accepted taxonomic concept of the Hypoxylaceae. A Percentage of Conserved Proteins (POCP) analysis revealed that 70% of the proteins are conserved within the family, a value with potential application for the definition of family boundaries within the order Xylariales. Also, Hypomontagnella spongiphila is proposed as a new marine derived lineage of Hypom. monticulosa based on in-depth genomic comparison and morphological differences of the cultures. The results showed that both species share 95% of their genes corresponding to more than 700 strain-specific proteins. This difference is not reflected by standard taxonomic assessments (morphology of sexual and asexual morph, chemotaxonomy, phylogeny), preventing species delimitation based on traditional concepts. Genetic changes are likely to be the result of environmental adaptations and selective pressure, the driving force of speciation. These data provide an important starting point for the establishment of a stable phylogeny of the Xylariales; they enable studies on evolution, ecological behavior and biosynthesis of natural products; and they significantly advance the taxonomy of fungi.