bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Pollution Caused by Leather Industry: A Review
Authors: Hutton Magdeline , Shafahi Maryam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The volume of industrial wastewater is expected to double by 2025 resulting in an increase of contaminated freshwater resources. Comparing profits with the high contribution to environment strain per capita can serve to analyze the potential international market and pollutant reduction methods. This paper quantifies the process, water consumption, and pollution of the leather industry to assess its size and influence. The leather industry presents a unique case; one where its product is inherently strong, has multiple applications, and serves as a way of recycling for the meat industry. The wastewater of the leather industry includes Chromium and Nitrogen which are some of the most important concerns regarding the environmental pollution to water sources. The consumption for tanneries varies based on processing methods. Legislative pressure is applied to increase the management of wastewater and solid waste. Research regarding the leather industry is not as well developed as its dated tanning process, however it should be examined as an industry that provides ample opportunities for environmental, economic, and technological advancements.
Sustainable Biodiesel Production From Blends of Waste Cooking Oil and Microalgae Oil
Authors: Sugai Daniela Y. , Vargas José V. C. , Balmant Wellington , Dario Priscila P. , Martinez Leonardo C. , Taher Dhyogo M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Waste cooking oil and microalgae oil could become alternative raw materials for biodiesel production in the global quest for energetic sustainability. However, the technical and economic viability of the biodiesel production process from these alternative sources has not been fully investigated yet, within the knowledge of the authors. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to carry out an exergetic and economical analysis of the biodiesel production process from blends of waste cooking oil and microalgae oil. Initially, the mass, energy and exergy balances of the process of the biodiesel production was conducted. Then, an optimization procedure was executed with the selected objective functions. The results showed that it is possible to optimize the process as a function of the ratio of destroyed exergy system by the amount of ester produced, generating a profit of $ 29.50 per second, for an ratio of oil/ethanol of 3.7/1. In conclusion, the proposed model can also be used in the future for performing the exergoeconomic optimization of biodiesel production processes from blends of waste cooking oil and microalgae oil, aiming at achieving process sustainability.
Clean Energy From Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Authors: Galante Renan M. , Vargas Jose V. C. , Balmant Wellington , Ordonez Juan C. , Mariano Andre B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The global energy demand has increased at a very large rate, and in parallel, the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has also increased, both posing enormous technological challenges to world sustainable growth. Therefore, in order to contribute with concrete alternatives to face such quest for sustainability, this work presents an analysis of an integrated power plant fired by municipal solid waste that uses a biological filter for the combustion emissions fixation. The facility located in the Sustainable Energy Research & Development Center (NPDEAS) at Federal University of Parana is taken as a case study to analyze the process of technical and economic viability. For that, an exergoeconomic optimization model of the waste-to-energy power plant that generates electricity and produces microalgae biomass is utilized. An incineration furnace, which has a 50 kg/h capacity, heats the flue gas above 900°C and provides energy for a 15 kW water-vapor Rankine cycle. A set of heat exchangers preheats the intake air for combustion and provides warm utility water to other processes in the plant, which assures that the CO2 rich flue gas can be airlifted to the microalgae cultivation photobioreactors (PBR) at a low temperature, using a 9 m high mass transfer emissions fixation column. Five 12 m3 tubular photobioreactors are capable of supplying up to 30,000 kg/year of microalgae biomass with southern Brazil solar conditions of 1732 kWh/m2 per year. The results show that considering the incineration services, the integrated power plant could have a payback period as short as 1.35 years. In conclusion, the system provides a viable way to obtain clean energy by thermally treating MSW, together with microalgae biomass production that could be transformed in a large variety of valuable bioproducts (e.g., nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, and food supplements).
Hydrodynamic Response of the Deep Turbine Installation-Floating Concept
Authors: Serret Jordi , Stratford Tim , Thies Philipp R. , Venugopal Vengatesan , Tezdogan Tahsin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) installations are progressing from the R&D stage to commercial installation projects. The prospective sites are situated in increasingly deeper water and further away from the shore. This paper presents the Deep Turbine Installation-Floating (DTI-F) concept, an innovative hybrid spar buoy-based FOWT capable of being able to raise and lower the tower and nacelle, which simplifies construction, installation, maintenance and decommissioning. The study is focused on the hydrodynamics of the moored floating system, and it is based on experimental and numerical modelling work. A 1:45 Froude scaled model of the DTI-F wind concept was tested using three different mooring configurations: i) three mooring lines, ii) four mooring lines, and iii) three mooring lines with a delta connection. Free decay and stiffness decay tests were carried out together with regular and irregular wave tests. The numerical study comprises diffraction (ANSYS AQWA) and time-domain modelling (OrcaFlex).
The experimental hydrostatic and hydrodynamic results are compared with the numerical simulations based on the as-built scale model. Considering the natural frequencies results obtained for the three mooring configurations, the three lines configuration without delta connection was selected as the most suitable design. The obtained results for the three mooring lines configuration show good agreement between the experiment and numerical simulations. The presented analysis of the design concept indicates a high degree of technical feasibility.
Induced Draft Fan Early Anomaly Identification Based on SIS Data Using Normal Behavior Model in Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Hu Di , Guo Sheng , Chen Gang , Zhang Cheng , Lv Dongzhen , Li Bing , Chen Qianming 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this work, a new idea was proposed that establishes normal behavior model (NBM) with multiple inputs and multiple outputs for each specific equipment based on Principle components analysis — Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model (PCA-NARX) a kind of ANN. The operating parameters interested in condition monitoring are selected from SIS as an aggregation for a certain equipment, and the corresponding NBM is constructed based on the co-relation among parameters and the autocorrelation in each parameter. Each operating parameter can determine a reasonable range in real time by NBM, so it can detect abnormal operation parameters more quickly than the traditional fixed threshold method. Combining the historical operational data of the No. 1 induced draft fan of No. 3 generating unit in Shajiao C Power Plant in China, and the aggregation for induced draft fan covers 12 operating parameters interested in condition monitoring. This work used MATLAB to verify and analyze the proposed method. It is found that the NBM for induced draft fan early anomaly identification established in this work can achieve rapid response to the fault and give an alarm in the early stage of the fault. Moreover, the method can be easily applied to other mechanical equipment in thermal power plant and has good engineering application value.
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Lim Celine S. L. , Weaver Ryan , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Solar water heaters (SWHs) are a well-established renewable energy technology that have been widely adopted around the world. The downfall of this technology is rooted in the inconsistency of solar intensity from day to night. In the recent studies, the application of energy storage materials such as phase change materials (PCMs) has attracted many attentions; however, PCM by itself may not be effective due to the poor heat transfer rate, low thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity. This paper aims to explore the thermal performance of energy storage-transfer materials to be applied in conjunction with PCMs. The selected types of PCMs are paraffin waxes with melting point temperatures of 28–72°C. In the first analysis, silicone oil is selected as the heat transfer medium with high thermal stability. The melting point and specific heat capacity were measured by a modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC). The obtained results show that silicone oil will lead to melting point depression of maximum 3°C in the PCMs. In the second analysis, the heat transfer enhancement by addition of nanoparticles has been investigated. The selected nanoparticles for this analysis are Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) and Cupric Oxide (CuO). The obtained results from this study show thermal performance improvement of the PCMs which can be applied to different thermal energy storage systems, such as in the case of solar thermal collectors for the application in SWH technology.
Failure Analysis of SA-213 T91 HRSG Superheater Tube Weld
Authors: Jackson Peter S. , Fabricius Andreas , Wholey Alexandria 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The root cause of a series of similar failures in SA-213 T91 Superheater tubes of an Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) is investigated using a combination of engineering analysis and review of process data. The HRSG at the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant power plant in question had suffered from frequent tube-to-header fatigue failures over the past 10 years. Metallurgical analyses had never identified any sign of creep damage in, or near, any of the failure locations. Recently, the Gas Turbine (GT) exhaust gas flow pattern upstream of the SH tubes changed slightly. Subsequently there were a large number of HPSH tube to header failures (&gt; 10) on one side of the gas duct. Metallurgical analysis showed that the tube-to-header welds failed by creep-fatigue damage; analyses of tubes from the left-hand side of the boiler did not show any signs of similar damage being present. Further investigation confirmed that the root cause was identified as higher temperatures resulting from small changes in the GT outlet flow pattern.
A Novel Combustion Air Preheating System in a Large-Scale Coal-Fired Power Unit
Authors: Chen Heng , Qi Zhen , Dai Lihao , Chen Qiao , Xu Gang , Pan Peiyuan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A novel hybrid system for combustion air heating, including flue gas cooling, air heating and heat regeneration has been proposed. In the reformative scheme, the air gains energy from four tubular heat exchangers and the flue gas releases heat in four tubular heat exchangers as well, instead of the rotary regenerative air preheater (APH) that is used in the conventional scheme. Consequently, the temperature differences between the fluids during heat transmission can be diminished, and the mixing of the hot-cold primary air and the severe leakages are avoided, which remarkably reduces the exergy destruction and enhances the thermal performance of the power unit. The new design was evaluated based on a 670 MW coal-fired supercritical power unit. The results show that the additional net power output of the power unit can reach 8.57 MW with a net efficiency promotion of 0.57 percentage points due to the novel configuration. And the energy saving mechanism of the proposed concept was revealed on grounds of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
Design and Integration of a Renewable Energy Based Polygeneration System With Desalination for an Industrial Plant
Authors: Luciano De La Cruz Lucero Cynthia , Celis Cesar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Polygeneration improves energy efficiency and reduces both energy consumption and pollutant emissions compared to conventional generation technologies. A polygeneration system is a variation of a cogeneration system, in which more than two outputs, i.e., heat, power, cooling, water, energy or fuels, are accounted for. In particular, polygeneration systems integrating solar energy and water desalination represent promising technologies for energy production and water supply. They are therefore interesting options for coastal regions with a high solar potential, such as those located in southern Peru and northern Chile. Notice that most of the Peruvian and Chilean mining industry operations intensive in electricity and water consumption are located in these particular regions. Accordingly, this work focus on the design and integration of a polygeneration system producing industrial heating, cooling, electrical power and water for an industrial plant. In particular, the design procedure followed in this work involves integer linear programming modeling (MILP). The technical and economic feasibility of integrating renewable energy technologies, thermal energy storage, power and thermal exchange, absorption chillers, cogeneration heat engines and desalination technologies is particularly assessed. The polygeneration system integration carried out seeks to minimize the system total annual cost subject to CO2 emissions restrictions. Particular economic aspects accounted for include investment, maintenance and operating costs.
Investigating the Effects of Flue Gas Injection and Hot Water Distribution and Their Interaction on Natural Draft Wet Cooling Tower Performance
Authors: Eldredge Tom V. , Stapleton John M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper utilizes numerical modeling to address the effects of two parameters on natural draft cooling tower performance, namely the radial hot water distribution and flue gas injection. Predictions show that cold water temperature leaving the tower can be slightly decreased by increasing the weighting of the radial hot water distribution towards the tower periphery. The injection of scrubbed flue gas into the tower chimney can have either a positive or a negative effect on tower cooling performance, depending on the temperature of the flue gas relative to the temperature of moist air in the chimney. The temperature of the scrubbed flue gas is the primary variable affecting cooling tower performance, associated with flue gas injection. This paper investigates using the radial distribution of hot water to optimize the tower cooling performance when injecting scrubbed flue gas into the chimney, both for conditions when the flue gas is warmer and cooler than the temperature of moist air in the chimney. Predictions with no flue gas injection show that optimizing hot water distribution produced 0.4 °C reduction in cooled water temperature. With relatively cold (32.2 °C) and relatively hot (65.6 °C) flue gas injection, optimizing hot water distribution produced slightly more than 0.2 °C reduction in cooled water temperature.
The Impact of the Converter on the Reliability of a Wind Turbine Generator
Authors: Singh Gopal , Lentijo Santiago , Sundaram Kalpathy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Temperature rise is one of the limiting factors in generator design. Bearings and windings failure are the two most prominent cause of generator failure in the wind turbine application. The generator is mostly converter-fed in the wind turbine application, and operation with converter brings specific challenges. Insulation of generator system should be designed in such a way to withstand these challenges. Two immediate problems with converter-fed wind generators are winding temperature rise due to harmonic losses and voltage peaks. Voltage peaks generated by converter can create a winding hotspot and eventually destroy the insulation system of generator winding, which leads to reducing the lifetime of the insulation system. Turbine availability study from a commercial point of view is presented. For selecting the winding insulation system, it is essential to know the environment generator is going to operate. Specific voltage peaks from different converter systems can damage windings insulation. Damage insulation brings the downtime of the turbine, which affects the LCOE and AEP of the wind turbine. The electrical voltage between motor terminals and ground can be generated due to the different converter output circuit, longer feeder cables (when converter being placed on the basement and not in the nacelle) on the and unfavorable grounding conditions. Paper discusses voltage peaks due to operation with converter and make a recommendation for the winding insulation system, for a particular case. A better selection procedure for a generator winding insulation system is recommended.
Sedentary Behavior and Chronic Disease: Mechanisms and Future Directions
Authors: Dempsey Paddy C. , Matthews Chuck E. , Dashti S. Ghazaleh , Doherty Aiden R. , Bergouignan Audrey , van Roekel Eline H. , Dunstan David W. , Wareham Nicholas J. , Yates Thomas E. , Wijndaele Katrien , Lynch Brigid M. 
Published: December 2019

Background: Recent updates to physical activity guidelines highlight the importance of reducing sedentary time. However, at present, only general recommendations are possible (ie, “Sit less, move more”). There remains a need to investigate the strength, temporality, specificity, and dose–response nature of sedentary behavior associations with chronic disease, along with potential underlying mechanisms. Methods: Stemming from a recent research workshop organized by the Sedentary Behavior Council themed “Sedentary behaviour mechanisms—biological and behavioural pathways linking sitting to adverse health outcomes,” this paper (1) discusses existing challenges and scientific discussions within this advancing area of science, (2) highlights and discusses emerging areas of interest, and (3) points to potential future directions. Results: A brief knowledge update is provided, reflecting upon current and evolving thinking/discussions, and the rapid accumulation of new evidence linking sedentary behavior to chronic disease. Research “action points” are made at the end of each section—spanning from measurement systems and analytic methods, genetic epidemiology, causal mediation, and experimental studies to biological and behavioral determinants and mechanisms. Conclusion: A better understanding of whether and how sedentary behavior is causally related to chronic disease will allow for more meaningful conclusions in the future and assist in refining clinical and public health policies/recommendations.
Job morale of physicians in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review of qualitative studies
Authors: Sabitova Alina , Sajun Sana Zehra , Nicholson Sandra , Mosler Franziska , Priebe Stefan 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo systematically review the available literature on physicians’ and dentists’ experiences influencing job motivation, job satisfaction, burnout, well-being and symptoms of depression as indicators of job morale in low-income and middle-income countries.DesignThe review was reported following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for studies evaluating outcomes of interest using qualitative methods. The framework method was used to analyse and integrate review findings.Data sourcesA primary search of electronic databases was performed by using a combination of search terms related to the following areas of interest: ‘morale’, ‘physicians and dentists’ and ‘low-income and middle-income countries’. A secondary search of the grey literature was conducted in addition to checking the reference list of included studies and review papers.ResultsTen papers representing 10 different studies and involving 581 participants across seven low-income and middle-income countries met the inclusion criteria for the review. However, none of the studies focused on dentists’ experiences was included. An analytical framework including four main categories was developed: work environment (physical and social), rewards (financial, non-financial and social respect), work content (workload, nature of work, job security/stability and safety), managerial context (staffing levels, protocols and guidelines consistency and political interference). The job morale of physicians working in low-income and middle-income countries was mainly influenced by negative experiences. Increasing salaries, offering opportunities for career and professional development, improving the physical and social working environment, implementing clear professional guidelines and protocols and tackling healthcare staff shortage may influence physicians’ job morale positively.ConclusionsThere were a limited number of studies and a great degree of heterogeneity of evidence. Further research is recommended to assist in scrutinising context-specific issues and ways of addressing them to maximise their utility.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017082579.
Associations between metal constituents of ambient particulate matter and mortality in England: an ecological study
Authors: Lavigne Aurore , Freni Sterrantino Anna , Liverani Silvia , Blangiardo Marta , de Hoogh Kees , Molitor John , Hansell Anna 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate long-term associations between metal components of particulate matter (PM) and mortality and lung cancer incidence.DesignSmall area (ecological) study.SettingPopulation living in all wards (~9000 individuals per ward) in the London and Oxford area of England, comprising 13.6 million individuals.Exposure and outcome measuresWe used land use regression models originally used in the Transport related Air Pollution and Health Impacts—Integrated Methodologies for Assessing Particulate Matter study to estimate exposure to copper, iron and zinc in ambient air PM. We examined associations of metal exposure with Office for National Statistics mortality data from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory causes and with lung cancer incidence during 2008–2011.ResultsThere were 108 478 CVD deaths, 48 483 respiratory deaths and 24 849 incident cases of lung cancer in the study period and area. Using Poisson regression models adjusted for area-level deprivation, tobacco sales and ethnicity, we found associations between cardiovascular mortality and PM2.5copper with interdecile range (IDR 2.6–5.7 ng/m3) and IDR relative risk (RR) 1.005 (95%CI 1.001 to 1.009) and between respiratory mortality and PM10zinc (IDR 1135–153 ng/m3) and IDR RR 1.136 (95%CI 1.010 to 1.277). We did not find relevant associations for lung cancer incidence. Metal elements were highly correlated.ConclusionOur analysis showed small but not fully consistent adverse associations between mortality and particulate metal exposures likely derived from non-tailpipe road traffic emissions (brake and tyre wear), which have previously been associated with increases in inflammatory markers in the blood.