bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridin-1-ium-2,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-bis(olate) 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2:1) water undeca-solvate
Authors: Belay Alebel Nibret , Venter Johan Andries , Alexander Orbett Teboho 
Published: September 2020

The structure of the title compound, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridin-1-ium-2,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-bis(olate) 4-dimethylaminopyridine water undeca-solvate, C57H87Cl5N12O21, obtained from interaction between chloranilic acid (caH2), and dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP) has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The title compound, (DMAPH)5(ca)2.5·(DMAP)·11H2O, crystallized in the triclinic crystal system with space group, P (no. 2), a = 13.3824(15) Å, b = 13.4515(17) Å, c = 19.048(2) Å, α = 86.014(4)°, β = 88.821(4)°, γ = 86.367(4)°, V = 3413.3(7) Å3, Z = 2, T = 100(2) K, μ(MoKα) = 0.294 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.414 g/cm3, 59413 reflections measured (3.76° ≤ 2Θ ≤ 56°), 16405 unique (Rint = 0.0517, Rsigma = 0.0589) which were used in all calculations. The final R1 was 0.0460 (I ≥ 2σ(I)) and wR2 was 0.1271 (all data). Using supramolecular chemistry principles, proton donors (chloranilic acid) and acceptor (DMAP) were combined to generate a multicomponent hydrogen-bonded system. Due to the presence of protonated bases (DMAPH+), the dominant interactions are the N+-H···O hydrogen bonds, whereas the negative charges of an acceptor from the chloranilate dianion (ca2-) are delocalized. Additionally, three sets of water clusters in the title compound were identified, namely a cyclic pentamer, a linear, and an acute-shaped trimer water cluster. It was further observed that strong hydrogen bond interactions occurred between the solvated aqua molecule(s) acting as a proton donor and the neutral DMAP acting as a proton acceptor. The crystal packing is further stabilized by O-H···Cl and C-H···Cl weak halogen interactions. The lattice metric strength is further held by observed π-π stacking interactions (centroid-centroid) with inter centroid distances between sets of the DMAPH rings of 3.624(3), 3.642(4), 3.739(3), 3.863(3) and 3.898(3) Å, respectively.
High resolution climate change projections for the Pyrenees region
Authors: Amblar-Francés María P. , Ramos-Calzado Petra , Sanchis-Lladó Jorge , Hernanz-Lázaro Alfonso , Peral-García María C. , Navascués Beatriz , Dominguez-Alonso Marta , Pastor-Saavedra María A. , Rodríguez-Camino Ernesto 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Pyrenees, located in the transition zone of Atlantic and Mediterranean climates, constitute a paradigmatic example of mountains undergoing rapid changes in environmental conditions, with potential impact on the availability of water resources, mainly for downstream populations. High-resolution probabilistic climate change projections for precipitation
and temperature are a crucial element for stakeholders to make well-informed decisions on adaptation to new climate conditions. In this line, we have generated high–resolution climate projections for 21st century by applying two statistical downscaling methods (regression for max and min temperatures, and analogue for precipitation) over the Pyrenees region in the frame of the CLIMPY project over a new high-resolution (5 km × 5 km) observational grid using 24 climate models from CMIP5. The application of statistical downscaling to such a high resolution observational grid instead of station data partially circumvent the problems associated to the non-uniform distribution of observational in situ data. This new high resolution projections database based on statistical algorithms complements the widely used EUROCORDEX data based on dynamical downscaling and allows to identify features that are dependent on the particular downscaling method. In our analysis, we not only focus on maximum and minimum temperatures and
precipitation changes but also on changes in some relevant extreme indexes,
being 1986–2005 the reference period. Although climate models predict a
general increase in temperature extremes for the end of the 21st century,
the exact spatial distribution of changes in temperature and much more in
precipitation remains uncertain as they are strongly model dependent. Besides, for precipitation, the uncertainty associated to models can mask
– depending on the zones- the signal of change. However, the large number
of downscaled models and the high resolution of the used grid allow us to
provide differential information at least at massif level. The impact of the RCP becomes significant for the second half of the 21st century, with
changes – differentiated by massifs – of extreme temperatures and analysed associated extreme indexes for RCP8.5 at the end of the century.
A “Prentice-Knight in Days of Yore”: The Culture and Drama of Apprenticeship in Dickens'sBarnaby Rudge
Authors: Feldman Alex 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReadings of Dickens's historical novel, Barnaby Rudge (1840–41), have typically regarded its late-eighteenth-century plot, which includes an account of the Gordon Riots, as allegorizing the civil unrest of the 1830s and early 1840s. Critics have thus tended to address the ambitious and unruly apprentice, Sim Tappertit, and his conspiracy of disaffected adolescents, in the contexts of Chartism, Trade Unionism, the revived Protestant Association of Dickens's own period, or the socio-economic conditions of Victorian London. But the name of Tappertit's secret society, “the 'Prentice Knights,” its ideology and symbolism, also gesture towards an alternative, historical framework: the seasonal festivities and chivalric fantasies associated with apprentice culture, from Mediaeval and Early Modern England to Dickens's own time. Linking Sim Tappertit both to George Barnwell, apprentice-protagonist of George Lillo's The London Merchant (1731), and back to the citizen drama of the Elizabethan and Jacobean stages, in plays such as Dekker's The Shoemaker's Holiday (1599) and Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1607), this article illuminates the actions and characterization of Sim Tappertit and his 'Prentice Knights with reference to the social and literary history of apprentice misrule.
“Looking Two Ways”: A Pivotal Paragraph in Bleak House and Esther's Missing Self-Reflection
Authors: Hennelly Mark M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article initially argues that Dickens's pivotal paragraph uniquely requires and inspires 24 pages of text to explore its 158 words in the novel. Esther's “looking two ways” paragraph describes, often through ironic forms of comparison and contrast, her twilight perspectives and projections as she looks through an inn window (or windows) during her and Bucket's search for her mother, Lady Dedlock. The paragraph remarkably looks before and after in the text as it contextually explores the “middle way” dynamics of four major clarifying approaches to Esther's self-development: the via negativa, Holy Grail myths, liminal motifs, and the Freudian uncanny. These four approaches sometimes support one another and sometimes conflict with, if not challenge, one another. Throughout, the article not only discusses and documents Esther's problematic self-development and Dickens's profound artistry in detailing that development, but it also examines the extent of reader involvement in evaluating both Esther and Dickens.
Proper Orientations of Chordal Graphs
Authors: Araujo Julio , Cezar Alexandre , Lima Carlos Vinícius Gomes Costa , Dos Santos Vinicius Fernandes , Silva Ana Shirley Ferreira 
Published: September 2020

An orientation D of a graph G = (V, E) is a digraph obtained from G by replacing each edge by exactly one of the two possible arcs with the same end vertices. For each v ∈ V(G), the indegree of v in D, denoted by dD−(v), is the number of arcs with head v in D. An orientation D of G is proper if dD−(u) ≠ dD−(v), for all uv ∈ E(G). An orientation with maximum indegree at most k is called a k-orientation. The proper orientation number of G, denoted by χ→(G), is the minimum integer k such that G admits a proper k-orientation. We prove that determining whether χ→(G) ≤ k is NP-complete for chordal graphs of bounded diameter. We also present a tight upper bound for χ→(G) on split graphs and a linear-time algorithm for quasi-threshold graphs.
Neurobehavioral, Cognitive, and Paroxysmal Disorders in the Long-Term Period of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Zavadenko Nikolay , Nesterovskiy Yuriy , Kholin Alexey , Vorobyeva Irina 
Published: September 2020

The consequences of the traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents represent a major medical and social problem, as TBI interferes in the normal processes of neuroontogenesis. Brain damage in TBI in children and adolescents occurs during the ongoing processes of its growth and maturation, and therefore the clinical course and outcomes may differ significantly from those in adults. Poor outcomes of TBI sustained in early childhood may be explained considerably by the timing of injury in a period of rapid brain and behavioral development. Thus, TBI has a negative impact on the cognitive function development, behavior, school education, and social skills acquisition. Cognitive and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents in the long-term period of TBI become more prominent in co-occurrence with paroxysmal disorders, including posttraumatic headaches, posttraumatic epilepsy, and subclinical epileptiform activity on the EEG. In general, a favorable outcome is possible in children more often than adults even after severe TBI, due to the high neuroplasticity of the developing brain. Therapeutic and rehabilitation measures in the long-term period of TBI in children and adolescents should be intensively carried out both in the first 12 months after TBI, when the most significant results from their use are expected, and in the long-term period, considering the ongoing processes of morpho-functional maturation and neuroplasticity mechanisms.
Video v učitelském vzdělávání: přístupy a výzvy
Authors: Janík Tomáš , Černá Monika , Najvar Petr , Samková Libuše , Rokos Lukáš , Petr Jan 
Published: September 2020

Přehledová studie zpracovává aktuální domácí a zahraniční přístupy k využívání videa v učitelském vzdělávání. Poukazuje na kontinuitu vývoje, kdy se videozáznamy původně pořizované pro výzkumné účely v přibývající míře používají v přípravném a dalším vzdělávání učitelů. Přehledová studie je rozvržena do čtyř částí. V první části je pojednán kontext učitelského vzdělávání, v němž se videa používají, a je zde představeno devět vybraných přístupů, které jsou v odborné literatuře zdokumentovány. Ve druhé části jsou zodpovídány čtyři otázky, které si přehledová studie klade: (1) Jak je daný přístup začleněn do rámcové koncepce učitelského vzdělávání / podpory profesního rozvoje? (2) Jaké cíle/účely stojí v základu daného přístupu? (3) Jaké komponenty jsou součástí celku a jakou plní funkci? (4) Jaké konkrétní aktivity (uživatelů, popř. tutorů či tvůrců) jsou s videem v rámci přístupu realizovány a co se jimi má rozvíjet? Ve třetí části přehledové studie jsou diskutovány výzvy, které se v dané oblasti objevují, jakkoliv ještě mnohdy nejsou reflektovány v související odborné literatuře. Jedná se o možnosti využití virtuální reality a 360o videí a o možnostech simulované a inscenované výuky jako alternativě videozáznamů – to vše v etických souvislostech využívání videa v učitelském vzdělávání. Čtvrtá část přehledové studie je výhledem, který se pokouší odpovědět na otázku, zda lze formulovat určitá měkká doporučení (guidelines), která by mohla vést vývoj v této oblasti.Přehledová studie zpracovává aktuální domácí a zahraniční přístupy k využívání videa v učitelském vzdělávání. Poukazuje na kontinuitu vývoje, kdy se videozáznamy původně pořizované pro výzkumné účely v přibývající míře používají v přípravném a dalším vzdělávání učitelů. Přehledová studie je rozvržena do čtyřčástí. V prvníčásti je pojednánkontext učitelského vzdělávání, v němžse videa používají, a je zde představeno devět vybranýchpřístupů, kteréjsou v odbornéliteratuře zdokumentovány. Ve druhéčásti jsou zodpovídányčtyři otázky, kterési přehledovástudie klade: (1) Jak je danýpřístup začleněn do rámcovékoncepce učitelského vzdělávání / podpory profesního rozvoje? (2) Jaké cíle/účely stojí v základu daného přístupu? (3) Jaké komponenty jsou součástí celku a jakou plní funkci? (4) Jaké konkrétní aktivity (uživatelů, popř. tutorů či tvůrců) jsou s videem v rámci přístupu realizovány a co se jimi má rozvíjet? Vetřetíčásti přehledovéstudie jsou diskutovány výzvy, kterése v danéoblasti objevují, jakkoliv ještěmnohdy nejsou reflektovány v souvisejícíodbornéliteratuře. Jednáse o možnosti využitívirtuálníreality a 360o videí a o možnostech simulované a inscenované výuky jako alternativě videozáznamů – to vše v etických souvislostech využívání videa v učitelském vzdělávání. Čtvrtá část přehledové studie je výhledem, který se pokouší odpovědět na otázku, zda lze formulovat určitá měkká doporučení (guidelines), která by mohla vést vývoj v této oblasti.
Přípravné vzdělávání a profesní rozvoj učitelů v Číně
Authors: Walterová Eliška , Šťastný Vít 
Published: September 2020

V současných diskuzích patří podpora učitelů jako klíčových aktérů kvalitního vzdělávání pro všechny ke globálním cílům udržitelného rozvoje. Cílem studie je představit systém vzdělávání a profesního rozvoje učitelů v kontextu vzdělávacích reforem v Číně, kde podpora učitelů je politickou prioritou vlády. Metodologicky je studie založena převážně na desk-research, má deskriptivně analytický charakter (srovnávání je implicitní). V centru pozornosti je kontinuita přípravy a profesního rozvoje učitelů na národní (centrální) úrovni s exkurzemi do úrovně provinční a lokální. Soustřeďujeme se na strukturu a kurikulum přípravného vzdělávání, přechod do praxe, profesní standardy a kariérní řád, na činnosti čínských učitelů ve škole a cyklické hodnocení jejich profesního rozvoje. V závěrečné diskusi jsou reflektovány charakteristické přístupy k učitelské profesi ve specifických podmínkách kulturně a typologicky odlišného vzdělávacího systému.
[“Through the virtue of waters”: Mineral ores and springs in Vannoccio Biringuccio’s Pirotechnia (1540)]
Authors: Luzzini Francesco 
Published: September 2020

[Paper in Italian]
“Per la vertù propria dell’acque”. Vene minerali e sorgenti nella Pirotechnia di Vannoccio Biringuccio (1540)
Accostarsi alla storia della scienza - tutta - significa fare i conti con un groviglio di contingenze e sfumature culturali, sociali, economiche, geografiche, politiche, religiose, che del progresso scientifico sono al tempo stesso fattore scatenante e prodotto.
Effectiveness of Three Scalpel Debridement Techniques on Painful Callus in Older People
Authors: Garcia Caleb Araguas , Soler Francisco Corbi 
Published: September 2020

Background
Plantar hyperkeratotic lesions are prevalent foot problems in the older population, affecting 30% to 65% of people older than 65 years. Their onset is a common cause of foot pain due to the release of inflammatory mediators. Because of its simplicity, scalpel debridement is the most common treatment. We assessed how the degree of plantar hyperkeratosis debridement affects self-perception of pain in older people.

Methods
Three hundred older participants (mean ± SD age, 76.3 ± 7.4 years) were randomly allocated to receive full debridement (FD) of plantar hyperkeratoses, partial debridement (PD) of plantar hyperkeratoses, or debridement simulation (control group). Plantar hyperkeratotic pain was measured on a visual analog scale before treatment, just after treatment, 24 hours after treatment, and 7 days after treatment.

Results
Both FD and PD of plantar hyperkeratoses of the forefoot generate similar levels of self-perception of pain just after treatment (P = .32), 24 hours after treatment (P = .15), and 7 days after treatment (P = .22). Significant differences were found between the groups treated using a scalpel (FD and PD) and the control group just after treatment (P = .04 for FD; P = .05 for PD), 24 hours after treatment (P = .03 for FD; P = .04 for PD), and 7 days after treatment (P = .04 for FD and PD).

Conclusions
The results of this trial suggest that there are no significant differences in pain reduction between PD and FD of forefoot plantar hyperkeratoses in older people.
Dynamic and Stabilometric Analysis After Syndesmosis Injuries
Authors: Taskesen Anil , Okkaoglu Mustafa Caner , Demirkale Ismail , Haberal Bahtiyar , Yaradilmis Ugur , Altay Murat 
Published: September 2020

Background
Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis contributes to dynamic stability of the ankle joint and thereby affects gait cycle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the grade of syndesmosis injury on plantar pressure distribution and dynamic parameters of the foot.

Methods
Grade of syndesmosis injury was determined by preoperative plain radiographic evaluation, intraoperative hook test, or external rotation stress test under fluoroscopic examination, and two groups were created: group 1, patients with grade III syndesmosis injury (n = 17); and group 2, patients with grade II syndesmosis injury (n = 10). At the last visit, radiologic and clinical assessment using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score was performed. Dynamic and stabilometric analysis was carried out at least 1 year after surgery.

Results
The mean age of the patients was 48.9 years (range, 17–80 years), and the mean follow-up was 16 months (range, 12–24 months). No statistically significant difference was noted between two groups regarding Foot and Ankle Outcome Score. The comparison of stabilometric and dynamic analysis revealed no significant difference between grade II and grade III injuries (P > .05). However, comparison of the data of patients with grade III syndesmosis injury between injured and healthy feet showed a significant difference for dynamic maximum and mean pressures (P = .035 and P = .49, respectively).

Conclusions
Syndesmosis injury does not affect stance phase but affects the gait cycle by generating increased pressures on the uninjured foot and decreased pressures on the injured foot. With the help of pedobarography, processing suitable orthopedic insoles for the injured foot and interceptive measures for overloading of the normal foot may prevent later consequences of ankle trauma.
Social influence on the effectiveness of virtual fencing in sheep
Authors: Marini Danila , Kearton Tellisa , Ouzman Jackie , Llewellyn Rick , Belson Sue , Lee Caroline 
Published: September 2020

Early virtual fencing trials have effectively contained small groups of sheep within set areas of a paddock when all animals were wearing manual electronic collars. With sheep farming commonly involving large flocks, a potential cost-effective application of virtual fencing would involve applying equipment to only a proportion of the flock. In this study, we tested the ability of virtual fencing to control a small flock of sheep with differing proportions of the group exposed to the virtual fence (VF). Thirty-six Merino sheep were identified as leaders, middle or followers by moving them through a laneway. The sheep were then allocated to groups balanced for order of movement. The groups (n = 9 per group) included applying the VF to the following proportions of animals within each group: (1) 100% (n = 9 VF) (2) 66% (n = 6 VF;n = 3 no VF) (3) 33% (n = 3 VF;n = 6 no VF) (4) 0% (no VF; free to roam the paddock). The groups were given access to their own paddock (80 × 20 m) for two consecutive days, six hours per day, with the VF groups prevented from entering an exclusion zone that covered 50% of the north side of the paddock. During these hours, VF interactions, behavioural time budgets, and body temperature were recorded as measures of stress, and location was tracked with GPS. Group 100% VF and Control were tested on the first two days and groups 33% VF and 66% VF were tested on the following two days. During VF implementation the 100% VF and 66% VF group were successfully prevented from entering the exclusion zone. Having only 33% of the flock exposed to the virtual fence was not successful, with the sheep pushing forward through the VF to join flock mates in the exclusion zone. For learning to respond to the audio cue, sheep in the 33% group received more electrical stimuli with a 0.51 proportion for the ratio of electrical stimuli to audio cue, compared to 0.22 and 0.28 for the 100% and 66% groups, respectively. There were small differences in behavioural patterns of standing and lying on both days of testing, with the 100% VF and 66% VF groups spending more time lying. Although stress-induced hyperthermia did not occur in any of the VF groups, body temperature differed in the 33% VF group. There were no differences in temperature measures between the control and 100% VF animals. This study demonstrates that for a short period, controlling two-thirds of the flock was equally as effective as virtually fencing all animals, while controlling one-third of a flock with a virtual fence was not effective. For the short term, it appears that implementing the VF to a proportion of the flock can be an effective method of containment. Due to the limitations of this study, these results warrant further testing with larger flocks and for longer periods.
Collect, connect, upscale: Towards coordinated monitoring of migratory shorebirds in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Fuller Richard A. , Jackson Micha V. , Amano Tatsuya , Choi Chi-Yeung , Clemens Robert S. , Hansen Birgita D. , Lin Da-Li , Steven Rochelle , Woodworth Bradley K. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Monitoring migratory species can be extremely challenging. For example, millions of migratory shorebirds migrate from breeding grounds in northern China, Mongolia and Russia to East Asia and Australasia each year, traversing more than 20 countries while on migration. Studies within individual nations have identified rapid declines in many species, yet progress toward a fully unified scheme for continuous tracking of population change at the scale of the entire East Asian-Australasian Flyway has been slow. To reflect on lessons learned and consider how further progress might be made, we review some of the factors that have limited the full emergence of shorebird monitoring in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, including fragmentation among multiple databases, low data readiness, inadequate metadata and gaps in survey coverage. We conclude that while technical solutions for many of these issues do exist, the biggest challenge is to navigate the significant organisational, socio-cultural and resourcing contexts of those people doing the monitoring. Technical solutions alone will not create a cohesive network of people whose local efforts are pooled to create robust flyway-scale monitoring.
Notes on the diet and foraging habits of the Giant Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus
Authors: Madani G. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Australian anurans generally display little prey specialisation. Most data available of frog diet is limited to stomach content and faecal analysis with few direct observations of prey capture. Limited information is available on the diet of adult Giant Barred Frogs Mixophyes iteratus. In this paper I report on several observations of M. iteratus feeding on a variety of prey from various taxa. These observations suggest that M. iteratus are opportunistic, ambush predators with a broad diet. Their morphology and hunting behaviour align with existing models of amphibian foraging patterns.