bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Contribution of Mobility on Malaria Persistence
Authors: Gomes Marcelo Ferreira da Costa , Codeço Cláudia Torres , Bastos Leonardo Soares , Lana Raquel Martins 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Human mobility is an important determinant of malaria distribution and can explain different patterns of (re)introduction, circulation and persistence of malaria. In order to understand the association between human mobility patterns and the probability of getting malaria, this study revisited a household survey conducted in 2015 in Alto Juruá region, Acre state, Brazil. This region registers one the greatest malaria burden in Brazil. The goal of this work is to estimate the contribution of human commutation to the persistence of malaria. Methods: Data from the origin-destination survey was used to describe the intensity and motivation for commutation between rural settlements and urban areas in two municipalities, Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves. The relative time-person spent in each locality per household was estimated. A logistic regression model was fitted to estimate the effect of commuting on the probability of getting malaria for a householder from a zone of residence commuting to another zone. Results: Our main results suggests that this population is not very mobile. $96\%$ of households reported spending more than $90\%$ of their yearly person-hour at localities within the same zone. Study and work are the most prevalent motivation to displace, $40.5\%$ and $29.5\%$ respectively. Spending person-hours in urban Rodrigues Alves conferred relative protection to the residents of urban Mâncio Lima. On the other hand, spending time in rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, but not significant in rural Mâncio Lima. For urban Rodrigues Alves residents, spending time in urban and rural Mâncio Lima and rural Rodrigues Alves increased the probability of malaria, more so if going to the latter. Conclusion: The results suggests that the place one lives is a stronger determinant of the probability of getting malaria in Alto Juruá region and this can be a natural consequence of the low mobility and the local environment. The heterogeneity of malaria transmission in Brazil highlights the importance of microregion-targeted intervention since their risk signature within each municipality is quite different, despite being direct geographical neighbors. In addition, it is essential that intersectoral public policies be the basis for health mitigation actions.
Effect of socio-demographic factors on the association between multimorbidity and acute care service use: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Fisher Kathryn Ann , Griffith Lauren , Gruneir Andrea , Perez Richard , Favotto Lindsay , Nguyen Francis , Ploeg Jenny , Markle-Reid Maureen , Upshur Ross 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: This study explores how a broad-range of socio-demographic factors shape the relationship between multimorbidity and one-year acute care service use (i.e., hospital, emergency department visits) among older adults in Ontario, Canada.
Methods: We linked multiple cycles (2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012) of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) to health administrative data to create a cohort of adults aged 65 and older in Ontario. Twelve chronic conditions identified from the administrative data were used to estimate multimorbidity (number of chronic conditions). We identified acute care service use over one year from the administrative data. We examined the relationship between multimorbidity and service use stratified by a comprehensive range of socio-demographic variables available from the CCHS. Logistic and Poisson multivariable regressions were used to explore the association between multimorbidity and service use and the role of socio-demographic factors in shaping this relationship.
Results: Of the 28,361 members of the study sample, 60% were between the ages of 65 and 74 years, 57% were female, 72% were non-immigrant, and over 75% lived in an urban area. Emergency department visits and hospitalizations consistently increased with the level of multimorbidity. Stratified analyses revealed further patterns, with many being similar for both services – e.g., the odds ratios for both services were higher at all levels of multimorbidity for men, older age groups, and those with lower annual household income. Rurality and immigrant status appeared to impact emergency department use (higher in rural residents and non-immigrants) but not hospitalizations. Multimorbidity and most socio-demographic variables remained significant predictors of acute care service use in the multivariable regressions.
Conclusions: Strong evidence links multimorbidity with increased acute care service use. This study showed that socio-demographic factors did not modify the relationship between multimorbidity and acute care service use, they were independently associated with acute care service use. Acute care service use was associated with perceived physical and mental health status as well as psychosocial factors, suggesting that optimizing service use requires attention to self-reported health status and social determinants, with programs that are multifaceted and integrated across the health and social service sectors.
Titanium in calcium amphibole: Behavior and thermometry
Authors: Liao Yue , Wei Chunjing , Rehman Hafiz Ur 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Thermometry of high-grade metamorphic rocks is difficult due to fast cationic diffusion during slow cooling, but the titanium content of calcium amphibole (Ti-Amp) can retrieve amphibole-forming temperature as high as ~1000 °C. Based on pseudosection modeling and past research survey, we find that Ti-Amp is controlled by temperature under the conditions of oxygen fugacity &lt;2 log units above the Ni-NiO oxygen buffer (ΔNNO+2), in subalkaline systems, and with the presence of Ti-phases (rutile, ilmenite, or titanite). We apply available experimental data to calibrate a new Ti-Amp thermometer for such conditions:
T ( C ° ) = 2400 1.52 − log ⁡ Ti Amp − 273
where T is temperature and log TiAmp is the Ti content of amphibole in atom per formula unit (apfu) expressed in the logarithm to base 10. The standard error of the calibration experiments is ±35 °C. This thermometer can be applied only if the aforementioned conditions are fulfilled. Besides, caution should be taken when applying the thermometer to rocks under subsolidus water-unsaturated conditions, which can be observed as non-equilibrium textures or low bulk-rock water content (&lt;1–1.5 wt%). The results of this thermometer may be underestimated if applied to rocks that are equilibrated above 850 °C and contain rutile and a significant amount of water (&gt;3.5–4 wt%).
The new thermometer can be successfully applied to amphibole-bearing natural igneous and meta-morphic rocks. In addition, we propose the Si vs. Ti in amphibole diagram that roughly demarcates the boundaries among the high amphibolite, high-temperature granulite, and ultrahigh-temperature granulite facies. Although pseudosection modeling provides details of the P-T evolution of studied rocks, the Ti-Amp thermometer is quick and easy to apply. However, further research is needed to improve our knowledge of the behavior and stability of amphibole and to improve the accuracy of both pseudosection modeling and conventional thermometry.
Crime of Makar and Its Enforcement in Post-Reform Indonesia
Authors: Sulaeman Eman 
Published: July 2020

<p class="IABSSS">In the era of reforms characterized by freedom of thought and opinion, the position of makar crime formulation in the criminal law book (KUHP) is very dilemmatic. Its Formulation is needed to maintain state sovereignty. However, its presence has not well defined yet. So, it threatens the independence of Makar crime and its elements. This research will analyze the formulation of Makar crime in the Criminal law book (KUHP), its enforcement in Indonesia post-reforms, and its draft formulation in the Criminal law book (KUHP). Library research method through juridical-normative was used in this research. The result shows that the formulation of Makar crime which was set forth in Article 104, 106, 107, and 108 of the Criminal law book (KUHP) still has not define Makar and its parameters to the elements. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the criminal law effectively in accordance with the principles of law and democratic state in the Draft Law (RUU) of the Criminal law book (KUHP) in order to overcome makar crime.</p>
Inconsistency of Prison Criminal Sanctions for Children and Criminal Objectives in RKUHP
Authors: Triwati Ani 
Published: July 2020

<p class="IABSSS">Children are vulnerable groups when dealing with the criminal justice system based on various analyzes. Therefore a special mechanism is needed to protect the interests of children facing the law. It is affirmed in the UN Regulations for the Protection of Children Who Lost their Freedom that the child court system must uphold rights and safety and promote the physical and mental well-being of children. Prison sentences must be used as a last resort. Children who are in conflict with the law, will get a label or stigmatization from the community from the moment the case processes at the police level until the court ruling is even possible forever. This article will discuss the implications of inconsistencies in prison sanctions for children and the purpose of criminal prosecution in RKHUP, that children who proceed in criminal justice, the label will be inherent indefinitely, so it is likely that children tend to commit criminal acts again. Prison sentences will bring children to learn more about their environment.</p>
Molecular Characterization of

Trichoderma

spp. Isolates by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Region Sequencing Technique and its Use as a Biocontrol Agent
Authors: Haque Ziyaul , Iqbal Mohammed S. , Ahmad Ausaf , Khan Mohd S. , Prakash Jyoti 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
In the present investigation, Trichoderma spp., isolated from rhizospheric soil, has been identified by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region sequencing technique and its antagonistic activity was evaluated against A. niger.

Methods:
The sequencing analysis was done with its ITS1 region of the rRNA gene. Using the ITS1 amplified products for all isolated fungi, a bi-directional DNA sequencing was done with high quality bases (>98% - 100%). Antagonistic activity was done using dual culture technique.

Results:
All of the ITS1 nucleotide sequences obtained in this study matched 97% - 100% with the published sequence of Trichoderma spp. The results confirmed the strains as T. asperellum and T. viride with gene bank accession no. (ZTa); MK937669 and (ZTv); MK503705, respectively. When phylogenetic analysis was done for the isolates, the optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.69585023 and 0.10077756 for T. asperellum and T. viride, respectively, was observed. There were a total of 678 and 767 for T. asperellum and T. viride positions in the final dataset, respectively. Antagonistic activity was done for the isolated strains of Trichoderma spp. against A. niger, and it was found that T. asperellum showed maximum antagonistic activity (79.33±7.09%).

Conclusion:
The findings prolong the genome availability for relative investigations pointing out phenotypic variances to compare with Trichoderma genetic diversity. The present investigation delivered the Bases of future studies for better knowledge in understanding the complicated connections of Trichoderma spp. to be used as an effective biocontrol agent.
Current and Future Global Lithium Production Till 2025
Authors: Calisaya-Azpilcueta Daniel , Herrera-Leon Sebastián , Cisternas Luis A. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
The production of lithium is growing continuously, and ensuring its stable supply is crucial for the growth of global economy. Therefore, to avoid a potential supply risk, it is necessary to determine the requirements for the implementation of current and planned lithium mining projects in order to meet the forecasted demand of lithium.

Objective:
In this paper, the capability of global lithium production to meet the uncertain, high or low level, demand by 2025, is analyzed.

Methods:
The global lithium supply is simulated considering three alternatives: no new projects in the portfolio, committed projects, and uncommitted projects. Two scenarios for estimating the growth rate of lithium production in the future are analyzed: a regular growth rate and a growth rate assuming the use in full capacity of lithium production by major suppliers.

Results:
The results show that the total capacity of production covers the low-level demand. However, it is not enough to cover the high-level demand for lithium. Therefore, new projects are necessary. On the other hand, results considering all the possible projects show that the demand is exceeded, which suggests that intermediate scenarios could cover the demand by 100%.

Conclusion:
It is expected that a low-carbon economy may be projected soon, and assuming the high-level demand of lithium, then a combination of committed projects and uncommitted projects should be considered.
Facial Palsy: A Retrospective Study of 416 Cases Based on Electrodiagnostic Consultation
Authors: Ferreira Vanessa F.M. , Graça Carla R. , Kouyoumdjian João A. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Facial nerve palsy (FP) is a frequent neurological condition caused mostly by Bell´s Palsy (BP).

Objectives:
The main objective of this study is to describe electrophysiological parameters in a retrospective 28-year review of 416 cases of FP based on electrodiagnostic consultation.

Methods:
In total, 520 exams from 416 patients over a 28-year period were reviewed. Sex, age, etiology, comorbidities, and variables from electroneurography and needle electromyography were analyzed. Cases were grouped as BP (70.7%), injury (16.4%), iatrogenic (10.3%) and Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) (2.6%).

Results:
The mean age was 41 years (3-82), 53.4% female. Diabetes was the most frequent comorbidity. Estimated Axon Loss (EAL), >90%, was found in 50% of the cases, mainly in the iatrogenic group. The amplitude drop of the Compound Muscle Action Potentials (CMAPs) was proportional in the Orbicularis Oculi, Orbicularis Oris and Nasalis muscles. The absence of CMAPs was more frequent in the iatrogenic group and less frequent in the BP one. Bell´s palsy associated with diabetes was more severe. The R1 latency (blink reflex) was significantly longer in the BP group (P>0.001). Synkinesis due to the misdirection of regenerating axons was much more frequent in the BP and RHS groups.

Conclusion:
Bell´s palsy was the most common cause. The EAL was equal in all facial branches. Facial nerve inexcitability was more frequent in the iatrogenic/injury groups. The R1 latency was found to be prolonged in the BP group and the only good prognosis indicator in a few cases. Misdirection reinnervation was more frequent in BP and RHS groups. There was no sex or side predominance.
COVID-19 is a New Challenge for Dental Practitioners: Advice on Patients’ Management from Prevention of Cross Infections to Telemedicine
Authors: Giudice Amerigo , Bennardo Francesco , Antonelli Alessandro , Barone Selene , Fortunato Leonzio 
Published: July 2020

Background:
The COVID-19, originated in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically. Infection control measures are especially needed for healthcare professionals who meet potentially infected patients.

Objective:
The authors aimed to provide general knowledge about COVID-19 disease and indications for the management of emergency dental procedures based on recent literature and experience gained.

Methods:
A literature search was performed to identify scientific information on COVID-19 and prevention of cross infection appropriate for the practice of dentistry.

Results:
The authors provided relevant information about SARS-CoV-2 virus, COVID-19 disease, and prevention of cross infections in the dental office. Furthermore, the authors described their experience and highlighted the potential of telemedicine.

Conclusion:
This article, based on relevant researches, guidelines and Authors’ experience in a COVID-19 Hospital, introduces essential knowledge about COVID-19 and transmission routes and provides recommended management protocols for dental practitioners.
Assessment of the Seismic Performance for a Low-Code RC Shear Walls Structure in Bucharest (Romania)
Authors: Pavel Florin , Vacareanu Radu 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Low-code RC shear walls structures house a significant proportion (over 20%) of the inhabitants of Bucharest.

Objective:
In this research, the seismic performance of a low-code reinforced concrete shear walls structure located in various sites in Bucharest (Romania) is assessed.

Methods:
The seismic performance is assessed using both static and dynamic nonlinear time-history analyses, as well as detailed sectional analysis of the RC shear walls.

Results:
The results show that the structure has significant capacity differences in the two principal directions. Moreover, it has been observed that the maximum top displacements obtained from nonlinear time history analyses are larger in the transversal direction.

Conclusion:
Considering the behaviour of such structures during the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, the fact that these structures are already 40 – 50 years old and given the results of some of the analyses shown in this study, it can be concluded that immediate seismic rehabilitation measures are needed in order to correct, at least partially the structural issues of this section type.
The Effects of Aloe Vera Gel Addition on the Effectiveness of Sunscreen Lotion
Authors: Hendrawati Tri Yuni , Ambarwati Hana , Nugrahani Ratri Ariatmi , Susanty Susanty , Hasyim Ummul Habibah 
Published: July 2020

especially in cosmetics. The aloe plant that is cultivated in Indonesia to supply this industry is Aloe chinensis Baker. This research is to determine the effects of Aloe vera gel extract on the effectiveness of sunscreen lotion. The steps taken included Aloe vera gel extraction, flavonoid absorption test, sun protection factor (SPF) value measurement, pH test, viscosity test, homogeneity test, and organoleptic evaluation. The extract was added to the base sunscreen formulation at five different concentrations. UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 290 – 320 nm was performed on the preparations to determine their SPF values. The highest SPF value of 10.21 was found in the preparation containing 20% Aloe vera gel extract. This value falls within the national industrial standard for sunscreen SPF value range of 2 – 60. The research showed that a higher concentration of Aloe vera gel extract increased the pH, with the most elevated pH at 7.0 for the preparation containing 20% Aloe gel vera extract. This value also falls within the national pH standard for sunscreen of 4.5 – 8.0. The higher concentration of Aloe vera gel extract also increased the dispersive amount of the sunscreen preparation, with the highest value of 5 cm resulting from 20% Aloe vera gel extract addition. This research showed that the increased addition of Aloe vera gel extract resulted in higher SPF value. A B S T R A KLidah buaya adalah salah satu tanaman obat yang banyak digunakan dalam industri farmasi, terutama di bidang kosmetik. Tanaman lidah buaya yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia untuk memasok kebutuhan industri adalah Aloe jenis Chinensis Baker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak gel lidah buaya terhadap efektivitas lotion tabir surya. Langkah-langkah yang diambil adalah ekstraksi gel lidah buaya, uji serapan flavonoid, pengukuran nilai sun protection factor (SPF), uji pH, uji viskositas, uji homogenitas, dan evaluasi organoleptik. Ekstrak ditambahkan ke formulasi tabir surya dasar pada lima konsentrasi yang berbeda. Spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 290-320 nm dilakukan pada persiapan untuk menentukan nilai SPF tabir surya aloe vera. Nilai SPF tertinggi sebesar 10,21 ditemukan dalam sediaan yang mengandung 20% ekstrak gel lidah buaya. Nilai ini termasuk dalam Standar Industri Nasional (SNI) untuk kisaran nilai SPF tabir surya 2-60. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dari ekstrak gel lidah buaya meningkatkan pH, dengan pH tertinggi pada 7,0 untuk preparasi yang mengandung 20% ekstrak lidah buaya. Nilai ini juga berada kisaran standar pH nasional untuk tabir surya 4,5-8,0. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak gel Aloe vera juga meningkatkan nilai dispersif sediaan tabir surya, dengan nilai tertinggi 5 cm yang dihasilkan dari penambahan 20% ekstrak lidah buaya. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak gel lidah buaya menghasilkan nilai SPF yang lebih tinggi.
Pengaruh pH Ekstraksi pada Pewarnaan Batik Sutera Menggunakan Pewarna Alami Kulit Kayu Mahoni (Switenia Mahagoni)
Authors: Lestari Dwi Wiji , Atika Vivian , Isnaini Isnaini , Haerudin Agus , Arta Tin Kusuma 
Published: July 2020

The natural dye extracted from Swietenia mahagoni was applied to silk batik. Mahagoni bark is known to contain dyestuff components such as flavonoids and tannins. The dye compound was extracted using water at pH values of 6 (original pH extract), pH 2 (acid), and pH 12 (base) at 100 °C for 1 hour. Variation of extraction pH values was carried out to determine the influence of temperature on the results of the extract. Batik dyeing was carried out at room temperature using dye products. The pre-mordanting and post-mordanting used were alum (Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H2O). The results showed that the dye product extracted in alkaline pH shows a high amount of tannins and flavonoids and the ability to color the silk batik better. The color direction is reddish-brown. The pH values of extraction do not affect the results of the colorfastness to washing test, which is on 4-5 (good) scale. A B S T R A KPewarna alami yang diekstrak dari mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni) diaplikasikan pada kain batik sutra. Kulit kayu mahoni diketahui mengandung komponen zat warna berupa flavonoid dan tanin. Komponen zat warna diekstraksi menggunakan air pada pH 6, pH 2 (asam) dan pH 12 (basa) pada suhu 100 °C selama 1 jam. Variasi pH ekstraksi dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap hasil ekstrak. Pewarnaan dilakukan pada suhu ruang menggunakan pewarna hasil ekstraksi. Mordan awal dan mordan akhir yang digunakan adalah tawas (Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H2O). Ekstraksi pada pH basa terbukti meningkatkan jumlah zat tanin dan flavonoid yang terekstrak dan mampu mewarnai kain batik sutra dengan lebih baik. Arah warna yang dihasilkan adalah cokelat kemerahan. Derajat keasaman (pH) ekstraksi tidak berpengaruh pada hasil uji ketahanan luntur warna terhadap pencucian, yaitu skala 4-5 (baik).