bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misalignment Error in Cancellous Bone Apparent Elastic Modulus Depends on Bone Volume Fraction and Degree of Anisotropy
Authors: Bennison Matthew B. L. , Pilkey A. Keith , Lievers W. Brent 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Cancellous bone is an anisotropic structure with architectural and mechanical properties that vary due to both skeletal site and disease state. This anisotropy means that, in order to accurately and consistently measure the mechanical properties of cancellous bone, experiments should be performed along the primary mechanical axis (PMA), that is, the orientation in which the mechanical properties are at their maximum value. Unfortunately, some degree of misalignment will always be present, and the magnitude of the resulting error is expected to be architecture dependent. The goal of this work is to quantify the dependence of the misalignment error, expressed in terms of change in apparent elastic modulus (ΔE), on both the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and the degree of anisotropy (DA). Finite element method (FEM) models of bovine cancellous bone from five different skeletal sites were created at 5 deg and 20 deg from the PMA determined for each region. An additional set of models was created using image dilation/erosion steps in order to control for BV/TV and better isolate the effect of DA. Misalignment error was found to increase with increasing DA and decreasing BV/TV. At 5 deg misaligned from the PMA, error is relatively low (&lt;5%) in all cases but increases to 8–24% error at 20 deg. These results suggest that great care is needed to avoid introducing misalignment error into experimental studies, particularly when studying regions with high anisotropy and/or low bone volume fraction, such as vertebral or osteoporotic bone.
Experiences in Physical Education for Children at Risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Zimmer Chantelle , Dunn Janice Causgrove , Holt Nicholas L. 
Published: June 2020

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) may experience stress in physical activity contexts due to emphasis on their poor motor skills. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of children at risk for DCD in physical education in order to develop a deeper understanding about what they experience as stress and how they cope with it. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, six children in Grades 4–6 participated in two semistructured interviews. A motivational (and developmental) stress and coping theory informed interpretation of the three themes that described the children’s experiences: (a) they hurt me—psychological and physical harm sustained from peers, (b) it’s hard for me—difficulties encountered in activities, and (c) I have to—pressure to meet the teacher’s demands. Although the children at risk for DCD were confronted with various stressors in physical education, they coped more adaptively when social support was provided.
Provenance of early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Altyn Tagh orogen: Insights into the paleoposition of the Tarim craton in northern Gondwana associated with final closure of the Proto–Tethys Ocean
Authors: Liu Qian , Zhao Guochun , Li Jianhua , Yao Jinlong , Han Yigui , Wang Peng , Tsunogae Toshiaki 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The evolution of the northern margin of Gondwana, especially to the north of India and Australia, remains enigmatic. Much controversy concerns when and where the Tarim craton was amalgamated with northern Gondwana due to final closure of the North and South Altyn Oceans (two branches of the Proto–Tethys Ocean between southeastern Tarim and northern Gondwana). This study addressed these issues through systematic field-based zircon U-Pb dating and Hf-isotope analyses of early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Altyn Tagh orogen. New dating results reveal depositional ages from ca. 494 to 426 Ma. Provenance tracing indicates the ca. 494–477 Ma samples were dominantly sourced from local Altyn Tagh areas to the south of the North Altyn Ocean, whereas the ca. 465–449 Ma samples are characterized by a significant increase in ca. 2.7–2.4 Ga, 2.0–1.7 Ga, and 840–780 Ma detrital zircons, indicating an augmented supply of detritus from the Tarim craton to the north of the North Altyn Ocean. This change indicates a major provenance shift from a single to multiple source regions between ca. 477 and 465 Ma, marking the timing of the final closure of the North Altyn Ocean. Zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotopic data from the ca. 444–426 Ma samples resemble those from the ca. 465–449 Ma samples, suggesting local sediment recycling related to a postcollisional regime. Considering the South Altyn Ocean and other branches of the Proto–Tethys Ocean, we infer that the entire Proto–Tethys Ocean might have been progressively closed at ca. 500–420 Ma, leading to the amalgamation of most East Asian blocks with northern Gondwana. Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotope comparisons indicate that Tarim shared a North Indian affinity with many East Asian terranes (such as North Qilian, North Qinling, South China, Indochina, South Qiangtang, etc.), rather than with Arabia-Iran or other terranes (e.g., Lhasa and Sibumasu) that were adjacent to western Australia along the northern margin of Gondwana.
Paleoenvironments, taphonomy, and stable isotopic content of the terrestrial, fossil-vertebrate–bearing sequence of the El Disecado Member, El Gallo Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Baja California, México
Authors: Fastovsky David E. , Montellano-Ballesteros Marisol , Fricke Henry C. , Ramezani Jahandar , Tsukui Kaori , Wilson Gregory P. , Hall Paul , Hernandez-Rivera Rene , Alvarez Geraldo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Late Campanian (Late Cretaceous), upper part of the El Disecado Member, El Gallo Formation, Baja California, México, preserves a rich fossil assemblage of microvertebrates and macrovertebrates, silicified logs, macroscopic plant remains, and pollen that was likely deposited as the distal part of a subaerial fan. The unit was episodic and high energy, with its salient features deriving from active river channels and sheet, debris-flow deposits. Landscape stability is indicated by the presence of compound paleosol horizons, containing Fe2O3 mottling in B horizons, cutans, and calcium carbonate concretions. All of these features indicate wet/dry cyclicity in subsurface horizons, likely attributable to such cyclicity in the climate. Drainage was largely to the north and to a lesser extent, the west; however, some current flow to the south and east is preserved which, in conjunction with the proximal location of marginal marine deposits, suggest the influence of tides in this setting.
The fossil vertebrates preserved in this part of the El Disecado Member are almost exclusively allochthonous, preserved as disarticulated isolated clasts in hydraulic equivalence in the braided fluvial system. A relatively diverse microvertebrate assemblage is preserved, the largest components of which are first, dinosaurs, and second, turtles. Non-tetrapod fossils are relatively uncommon, perhaps reflecting an absence of permanent standing water in this depositional setting.
Here we report a high-precision U-Pb date of 74.706 + 0.028 Ma (2σ internal uncertainty), obtained from zircons in an airfall tuff. The tuff is located low within the sequence studied; therefore, most of the sedimentology and fossils reported here are slightly younger. This date, which improves upon previously published 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, ultimately allows for comparison of these El Gallo faunas and environments with coeval ones globally.
Primary stable isotopic nodules associated with roots in the paleosols of the terrestrial portion of the El Disecado Member are compared with ratios from similar sources from coeval northern and eastern localities in North America. Distinctive latitudinal gradients are observed in both δ13C and δ18O, reflecting the unique southern and western, coastal geographic position of this locality. These differences are best explained by differences in the floras that populated the northern and eastern localities, relative to the southern and western floras reported here.
The western Hayfork terrane: Remnants of the Middle Jurassic arc in the Klamath Mountain province, California and Oregon
Authors: Barnes Calvin G. , Barnes Melanie A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArc magmatism was widespread in the Cordillera of North America during Middle Jurassic time. The predominant representative of this arc magmatism in the Klamath Mountain province is the western Hayfork terrane (WHT). This terrane is primarily metasedimentary, consisting mainly of crystal-lithic arenite, argillitic sediments and lahar deposits, rare lavas, and sparse quartz-rich arenite. Because lavas are rare, petrologic study using bulk-rock compositions is restricted to analysis of cobbles in lahar deposits. Moreover, the WHT underwent greenschist-facies regional metamorphism with consequent modification of bulk-rock compositions. However, many of the sandstones preserve igneous clinopyroxene and calcic amphibole, which were phenocrysts in the original volcanic rocks. Major- and trace-element compositions of the magmatic pyroxene and amphibole permit reconstruction of the range of rock types eroded from the arc, specifically scant basalt, volumetrically dominant basaltic andesite and andesite, and smaller but significant amounts of dacite and rhyodacite. Eruptive temperatures reached ∼1180 °C and may have been as low as ∼800 °C on the basis of pyroxene and amphibole thermometry, with most eruptive temperatures &gt;1000 °C.On the basis of augite compositions, WHT magmatism is divided into two suites. One features high-Mg augite with high abundances of Cr and Sr, high Sr/Y and Nd/Yb values, and low Y and heavy rare-earth elements (REE). These compositions are typical of high-Mg andesite and dacite suites in which garnet is a residual mineral, most probably in a metasomatized upper mantle setting. The other suite contains augite with lower Sr, Sr/Y, and Nd/Yb; these features are typical of normal calc-alkaline magmas. Augite from a coeval pluton emplaced inboard of the western Hayfork outcrop belt is similar to augite from the low-Sr group of WHT samples. In contrast, augite from the Ironside Mountain pluton, previously considered the plutonic equivalent of WHT sediments, is Fe-rich, with low Cr and Sr and relatively high Zr and REE. Previous suggestions that the Ironside Mountain pluton is correlative with the WHT are not supported by these data.The magmatic diversity of the WHT is typical of the modern Aleutian and Cascade arcs, among others, and could reflect subduction of relatively young oceanic lithosphere or fragmentation of the subduction slab. Although we favor the former setting, present data cannot rule out the latter. The presence of scant quartz-rich sedimentary rocks within the predominantly volcanogenic WHT is consistent with deposition as a sedimentary apron associated with a west-facing magmatic arc with late-stage input from cratonal sources. The results of this study indicate that detailed petrographic study of arc-derived sedimentary rocks, including major- and trace-element analysis of preserved magmatic phases, yields information about magmatic affinities, processes, and temperatures.
Prospective evaluation of an artificial intelligence-enabled algorithm for
automated diabetic retinopathy screening of 30 000 patients
Authors: Heydon Peter , Egan Catherine , Bolter Louis , Chambers Ryan , Anderson John , Aldington Steve , Stratton Irene M , Scanlon Peter Henry , Webster Laura , Mann Samantha , du Chemin Alain , Owen Christopher G , Tufail Adnan , Rudnicka Alicja Regina 
Published: June 2020

Background/aims
Human grading of digital images from diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening
programmes represents a significant challenge, due to the increasing prevalence
of diabetes. We evaluate the performance of an automated artificial
intelligence (AI) algorithm to triage retinal images from the English Diabetic
Eye Screening Programme (DESP) into test-positive/technical failure versus
test-negative, using human grading following a standard national protocol as
the reference standard.

Methods
Retinal images from 30 405 consecutive screening episodes from three
English DESPs were manually graded following a standard national protocol and
by an automated process with machine learning enabled software, EyeArt v2.1.
Screening performance (sensitivity, specificity) and diagnostic accuracy (95%
CIs) were determined using human grades as the reference standard.

Results
Sensitivity (95% CIs) of EyeArt was 95.7% (94.8% to 96.5%) for referable
retinopathy (human graded ungradable, referable maculopathy, moderate-to-severe
non-proliferative or proliferative). This comprises sensitivities of 98.3%
(97.3% to 98.9%) for mild-to-moderate non-proliferative retinopathy with
referable maculopathy, 100% (98.7%,100%) for moderate-to-severe
non-proliferative retinopathy and 100% (97.9%,100%) for proliferative disease.
EyeArt agreed with the human grade of no retinopathy (specificity) in 68% (67%
to 69%), with a specificity of 54.0% (53.4% to 54.5%) when combined with
non-referable retinopathy.

Conclusion
The algorithm demonstrated safe levels of sensitivity for high-risk
retinopathy in a real-world screening service, with specificity that could
halve the workload for human graders. AI machine learning and deep learning
algorithms such as this can provide clinically equivalent, rapid detection of
retinopathy, particularly in settings where a trained workforce is unavailable
or where large-scale and rapid results are needed.
Visual impairment and social isolation, depression and life satisfaction among older adults in Ghana: analysis of the WHO’s Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2
Authors: Tetteh John , Fordjour Gladys , Ekem-Ferguson George , Yawson Anita Ohenewa , Boima Vincent , Entsuah-Mensah Kow , Biritwum Richard , Essuman Akye , Mensah George , Yawson Alfred Edwin 
Published: June 2020

AimTo estimate the prevalence of visual impairment (VI) and associated factors and further quantify its association with social isolation, depression and life satisfaction among older adults in Ghana.MethodsWHO Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health Ghana dataset for older adults 50 years and above was used for this study. Social isolation, depression and life satisfaction were our primary outcomes with VI being our secondary outcome. We employed negative binomial, Poisson and generalised negative binomial regression models individually modified with Coarsened Exact Matching method of analysis. All analysis was performed by adopting robust SE estimation using Stata V.15.ResultsThe prevalence of VI was 17.1% (95% CI14.3 to 20.2) and the factors associated include age groups, educational level, religion, region, where the participant was born, and difficulty in work/households activity (p<0.05). The inferential analysis shows that the significant log-likelihood score of social isolation and life satisfaction for older adults with VI was 0.25 more (95% CI 0.03 to 0.47) and 0.04 less (95% CI −0.08 to −0.01), respectively, compared with those without VI. The prevalence of depression among older adults with VI was significantly 90% higher compared with non-VI (adjusted prevalence ratio (95% CI) = 1.90 (1.17 to 3.09), p<0.001).ConclusionThe prevalence of VI is associated with increasing age, educational level and self-rated health. VI was identified to be associated with social isolation, depression and diminishing life satisfaction. In order to achieve sustainable development goal #3, a national focus on geriatric care as part of the implementation of the National Ageing Policy will garner improvement in the quality of life of older adults with visual VI in Ghana. Eye health practitioners at all levels of the health systems should consider the psychosocial consequences of VI for the optimum care of the older adult client.
User-testing guidelines to improve the safety of intravenous medicines administration: a randomised in situ simulation study
Authors: Jones Matthew D , McGrogan Anita , Raynor D K , Watson Margaret C , Franklin Bryony Dean 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundUser-testing and subsequent modification of clinical guidelines increases health professionals’ information retrieval and comprehension. No study has investigated whether this results in safer care.ObjectiveTo compare the frequency of medication errors when administering an intravenous medicine using the current National Health Service Injectable Medicines Guide (IMG) versus an IMG version revised with user-testing.MethodSingle-blind, randomised parallel group in situ simulation. Participants were on-duty nurses/midwives who regularly prepared intravenous medicines. Using a training manikin in their clinical area, participants administered a voriconazole infusion, a high-risk medicine requiring several steps to prepare. They were randomised to use current IMG guidelines or IMG guidelines revised with user-testing. Direct observation was used to time the simulation and identify errors. Participant confidence was measured using a validated instrument. The primary outcome was the percentage of simulations with at least one moderate-severe IMG-related error, with error severity classified by an expert panel.ResultsIn total, 133 participants were randomised to current guidelines and 140 to user-tested guidelines. Fewer moderate-severe IMG-related errors occurred with the user-tested guidelines (n=68, 49%) compared with current guidelines (n=79, 59%), but this difference was not statistically significant (risk ratio: 0.82; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.02). Significantly more simulations were completed without any IMG-related errors with the user-tested guidelines (n=67, 48%) compared with current guidelines (n=26, 20%) (risk ratio: 2.46; 95% CI 1.68 to 3.60). Median simulation completion time was 1.6 min (95% CI 0.2 to 3.0) less with the user-tested guidelines. Participants who used user-tested guidelines reported greater confidence.ConclusionUser-testing injectable medicines guidelines reduces the number of errors and the time taken to prepare and administer intravenous medicines, while increasing staff confidence.Trial registration numberresearchregistry5275.
Global burden of oesophageal and gastric cancer by histology and subsite in 2018
Authors: Arnold Melina , Ferlay Jacques , van Berge Henegouwen Mark I , Soerjomataram Isabelle 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo provide updated estimates of the global burden of oesophageal and gastric cancer by subsite and type.MethodsUsing data from population-based cancer registries, proportions of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) out of all oesophageal as well as cardia gastric cancer (CGC) and non-CGC (NCGC) out of all gastric cancer cases were computed by country, sex and age group. Proportions were subsequently applied to the estimated numbers of oesophageal and gastric cancer cases from GLOBOCAN 2018. Age-standardised incidence rates (ASR) were calculated.ResultsIn 2018, there were an estimated 572 000 new cases of oesophageal cancer worldwide, 85 000 OACs (ASR 0.9 per 100 000, both sexes combined) and 482 000 OSCCs (ASR 5.3). Out of 1.03 million gastric cancers, there were an estimated 181 000 cases of CGC (ASR 2.0) and 853 000 cases of NCGC (ASR 9.2). While the highest incidence rates of OSCC, CGC and NCGC were observed in Eastern Asia (ASRs 11.1, 4.4 and 17.9, respectively), rates of OAC were highest in Northern Europe (ASR 3.5). While globally OSCC and NCGC remain the most common types of oesophageal and gastric cancer, respectively, rates of OAC exceed those of OSCC in an increasing number of high-income countries.ConclusionsThese updated estimates of the global burden of oesophageal and gastric cancer by subtype and site suggest an ongoing transition in epidemiological patterns. This work will serve as a cornerstone for policy-making and will aid in developing appropriate cancer control strategies.
Preclinical evaluation of Millipede 088 intracranial aspiration catheter in cadaver and in vitro thrombectomy models
Authors: Fitzgerald Seán , Ryan David , Thornton John , Nogueira Raul G 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundLarger bore aspiration catheters are expected to significantly improve the speed and completeness of acute stroke revascularization.ObjectiveTo evaluate the navigability and clot retrieval performance of a novel 8Fr aspiration catheter, Millipede 088 (Perfuze Ltd), using fresh-frozen cadavers and an in vitro thrombectomy model, respectively.MethodsCadaveric study:Transfemoral catheterization of the intracranial arteries was performed in six cadavers, allowing evaluation of navigation to 12 middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and six basilar arteries. Commercially available 6Fr aspiration catheters (SOFIA Plus, Microvention) were used as controls.In vitro study:Three human blood clot phenotypes were created; red blood cell-rich, mixed, and fibrin/platelets-rich. Two clot sizes, resulting in occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and MCA-M1 were investigated. Endpoints were first-pass effect (FPE), first-pass complete ingestion, and second-pass recanalization.ResultsCadaveric study:Both the Millipede 088 and SOFIA Plus devices reached the distal MCA-M1 and the basilar artery in 10/12 and 2/2 of the navigation attempts, respectively. In the two instances of unsuccessful navigation, neither device was able to cross the ophthalmic artery.In vitro study:In 10 mm long M1 occlusions, Millipede 088 achieved 100% FPE versus 40% for 6Fr devices (p>0.001). In 20 mm long ICA occlusions, Millipede 088 achieved 100% removal success within two passes in each clot phenotype compared with an average of 27% for 6Fr devices (p>0.001).ConclusionsNavigation of the Millipede 088 catheter to the MCA-M1 and basilar artery is feasible in a cadaver model. Millipede 088 demonstrates superiority over 6Fr aspiration catheters for three representative clot phenotypes at the most common sites of occlusion in an in vitro vasculature model.
Nature, content and shifts over time of the most impactful unruptured intracranial aneurysms articles: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Lu Victor M , Chen Stephanie H , Young Christopher C , Starke Robert M 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThe management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) has evolved significantly over the last few decades. Our objective was to evaluate the 100 most cited UIA articles by bibliometric analysis to identify nature, content and shifts over time.MethodsElsevier’s Scopus database was interrogated for the 100 most cited articles that focused on UIA. Older versus newer articles were compared, with categorical data analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square, and continuous data analyzed using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test.ResultsThe 100 most cited articles were published between 1975 and 2015, with the majority of these reporting patient clinical outcomes (n=69). There were 47/69 (68%) articles that described surgical intervention, with 38/47 (81%) and 18/47 (38%) including endovascular and open approaches, respectively . Publications peaked in 2004 (n=8), and the most common country of correspondence was the United States (n=59). Compared to older articles, newer articles had statistically higher citation rates (P<0.01), higher number of authors (P<0.01) with more multiple institution collaborations (P=0.01), greater disclosures of funding (P<0.01), more focus on endovascular treatments (P=0.04), in more journals with a clinical, non-surgical focus (P<0.01) published under open access policies (P<0.01).ConclusionsIn the 100 most cited articles about UIAs to date, there is a distinct shift towards more co-authored efforts utilizing multi-institutional efforts focused on endovascular approaches supported by funding. The emergence of endovascular techniques has refreshed the need for more contemporary rupture risk prediction models and natural history data to validate current attitudes towards clinical management after these minimally invasive procedures for UIAs.