bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life below water: Fish spawning aggregations as bright spots for a sustainable ocean
Authors: Pittman Simon J. , Heyman William D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTransient fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) are critical life‐cycle events for many commercially important species, in which fish congregate in huge numbers to spawn at predictable times and places. This behavior makes them exceptionally vulnerable to fishing. The “illusion of plenty” and poor access to monitoring tools and techniques has resulted in some FSAs being overfished or unwittingly eliminated. We present a co‐conservation network, formally linking site‐focused partners who cooperatively monitor and actively manage multispecies FSAs. FSA sites and networks offer great potential as conservation bright spots to replenish fished populations, rehabilitate marine ecosystems, and ensure the flow of ecosystem services to the millions of people that rely upon them for their wellbeing. We call for urgent global recognition of FSAs as effective spatial nexus for addressing multiple interconnected global policy targets for a sustainable ocean.
Acute purpura fulminans—a rare cause of skin necrosis: A single‐institution clinicopathological experience
Authors: Brozyna Jeremy R. , Sardiña Luis A. , Sharma Anurag , Theil Karl S. , Bergfeld Wilma F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundPurpura fulminans, an uncommon syndrome of intravascular thrombosis with hemorrhagic infarction of the skin, is often accompanied by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multi‐organ failure, and may ultimately lead to death.MethodsHerein, we document 13 skin biopsies from 11 adult patients with the clinical diagnosis of sepsis and confirmed histopathologic diagnosis of intravascular thrombosis and/or DIC, compatible with acute infectious purpura fulminans (AIPF). Detailed history and clinical examination were performed, and the lesions were correlated with histopathologic findings. Any underlying medical disease was taken into consideration.ResultsThere were 5 males and 6 females with lower extremity or peri‐incisional purpuric skin lesions. The most important comorbidities identified were a history of surgical procedure or neoplasm, although 4 patients had no relevant underlying history. Most skin biopsies revealed focal epidermal ischemia or necrosis and 3 showed full‐thickness epidermal necrosis. In the underlying dermis, there were fibrin thrombi in superficial and deep blood vessels with acute inflammation. Changes of an inflammatory destructive vasculitis were identified in 5 cases. No bacteria or fungi were identified on histopathology.ConclusionsAIPF is a rapidly‐progressing medical emergency which may be identified by histopathology in culture‐negative cases. Biopsies may show neutrophilic infiltrate without infective organisms.
Characterization of organophosphate‐induced brain injuries in a convulsive mouse model of diisopropylfluorophosphate exposure
Authors: Enderlin Julie , Igert Alexandre , Auvin Stéphane , Nachon Florian , Dal Bo Grégory , Dupuis Nina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOrganophosphate (OP) compounds constitute a class of highly toxic molecules, characterized by irreversible cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition. Being either pesticides or chemical warfare agents, they present a major health issue in some countries, as well as a terrorist or military threat. Prompted by the need for suitable animal models to test novel medical countermeasures, we developed a new convulsive mouse model of OP poisoning using diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Using electrocorticography (ECoG), we analyzed seizure and status epilepticus (SE) occurrences, as well as relative power of ECoG frequency band modifications after DFP injection in male Swiss mice. Next, we investigated DFP effect on ChE inhibition. Histological changes on neuronal activity and neuronal damage were examined by c‐Fos immunolabeling and Fluoro‐Jade C staining. We showed that mice exposed to DFP presented electrocorticographic seizures that rapidly progressed to SE within 20 minutes. Lasting >8 hours, DFP‐induced SE was associated with major power spectrum modifications in seizing DFP animals compared to control animals. Seizures and SE development were concomitant with profound ChE inhibition and induced massive neuronal degeneration. Presenting all hallmarks of convulsive OP poisoning, we showed that our mouse model is valuable for studying pathophysiological mechanisms and preclinical testing of newly available therapeutic molecules.
A multidimensional framework for measuring biotic novelty: How novel is a community?
Authors: Schittko Conrad , Bernard‐Verdier Maud , Heger Tina , Buchholz Sascha , Kowarik Ingo , von der Lippe Moritz , Seitz Birgit , Joshi Jasmin , Jeschke Jonathan M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAnthropogenic changes in climate, land use, and disturbance regimes, as well as introductions of non‐native species can lead to the transformation of many ecosystems. The resulting novel ecosystems are usually characterized by species assemblages that have not occurred previously in a given area. Quantifying the ecological novelty of communities (i.e., biotic novelty) would enhance the understanding of environmental change. However, quantification remains challenging since current novelty metrics, such as the number and/or proportion of non‐native species in a community, fall short of considering both functional and evolutionary aspects of biotic novelty. Here, we propose the Biotic Novelty Index (BNI), an intuitive and flexible multidimensional measure that combines (a) functional differences between native and non‐native introduced species with (b) temporal dynamics of species introductions. We show that the BNI is an additive partition of Rao's quadratic entropy, capturing the novel interaction component of the community's functional diversity. Simulations show that the index varies predictably with the relative amount of functional novelty added by recently arrived species, and they illustrate the need to provide an additional standardized version of the index. We present a detailed R code and two applications of the BNI by (a) measuring changes of biotic novelty of dry grassland plant communities along an urbanization gradient in a metropolitan region and (b) determining the biotic novelty of plant species assemblages at a national scale. The results illustrate the applicability of the index across scales and its flexibility in the use of data of different quality. Both case studies revealed strong connections between biotic novelty and increasing urbanization, a measure of abiotic novelty. We conclude that the BNI framework may help building a basis for better understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of global change.
Effect of dentine cutting efficiency on the lateral force created by torque‐controlled rotary instruments
Authors: Deari S. , Zehnder M. , Al‐Jadaa A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimTo study the impact of dentine cutting efficiency of rotary instruments on the lateral force they create when instrumenting simulated root canals in bovine dentine.MethodologyLateral cutting efficiency of austenitic files (ProTaper Universal) was compared to that of counterparts of a reported identical geometrical design with a martensite phase component (ProTaper Gold) in bovine dentine disks (n = 6). Instrument shapes were studied using digital microscopy. The intracanal lateral force exerted by the two systems in simulated premolars (n = 9) made from bovine incisor roots containing a standardized narrow root canal of 16 mm length was monitored using a testing apparatus equipped with a torque‐controlled endodontic motor/handpiece. Data were compared using parametric statistics, alpha error = 0.05.ResultsThe geometrical design of the two systems under investigation was found to be identical. The martensitic nickel‐titanium rotary files had a significantly (t‐test, P < 0.05) higher lateral cutting efficiency than austenitic counterparts. This difference, however, did not impact the lateral force that was created when instrumenting simulated premolar root canals. Furthermore, lateral force peaks were generated with the progressively tapered instruments under investigation towards the full working length. Even though a glide path was prepared, the first instrument in the full‐length sequence (S1) created the highest lateral force (anova/Tukey’s HSD, P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe current experimental set‐up allows the study of the lateral force generated during root canal instrumentation. This force was not influenced by the dentine cutting efficiency of the instruments under investigation, but rather by their geometrical design.
Scleromyxedema treatment: a systematic review and update
Authors: Haber Roger , Bachour Julien , El Gemayel Maria 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImportanceScleromyxedema is a chronic disease with high morbidity and mortality and no definitive therapeutic guidelines.ObjectiveTo review all available data on the efficacy and the safety of the available treatments of scleromyxedema and suggest a possible therapeutic approach.Evidence ReviewWe performed a systematic literature review in Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane collaboration databases, searching for all articles since 1990 on the treatments of scleromyxedema, with no limits on participant age, gender, or nationality.FindingsNinety‐seven studies were included in this systematic review, of which one prospective, two retrospective, 70 case reports/case series, and 24 letters/correspondence/clinical image. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was the most used first‐line therapy based on its efficacy and its generally well‐tolerated nature; most patients require continued treatment to remain in remission. Thalidomide and systemic glucocorticoids were mostly considered as second‐line therapies and were given alone or in association with IVIG. Patients with severe or refractory disease were treated with autologous bone marrow transplantation, melphalan, or bortezomib with dexamethasone.Conclusions and RelevanceConsideration of patient comorbidities, disease distribution, clinician experience, and treatment accessibility is mandatory in every therapeutic approach of scleromyxedema.
Early ICD lead failure in defibrillator systems with multiple leads via cephalic access
Authors: Barbhaiya Chirag R. , Niazi Osama , Bostrom Jack , Patil Sachi , Jankelson Lior , Bernstein Scott , Park David , Holmes Douglas , Aizer Anthony , Chinitz Larry A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionImplantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are proven to prevent sudden death in patients at elevated risk for sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Complications related to ICD failure can stem from lead dysfunction, manufacturing defects, patient characteristics, or implantation technique. We conducted a review of all ICD leads implanted at our center from 2011 to 2017 to determine risk factors for premature lead failure.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of patients of all ICD leads implanted from December 2011 to June 2017 at our institution. A total of 660 patients (Biotronik Linox S/SD, n = 281; Sprint Quatro, n = 207; Durata, n = 121; Endotak, n = 51) underwent ICD implantations. Patient and lead characteristics, procedural outcomes and complications were recorded. Lead failure was defined per Heart Rhythm Society lead‐management consensus as a lack of procedural or clinical success, thus requiring an extraction of the lead. Patient and lead outcomes were recorded and variables associated with lead failure were assessed by the Kaplan‐Meier method.ResultsOverall failure rate was similar for all leads: Linox S/SD—0.29%/year; Sprint Quattro—0.21%/year, Durata—0.39%/year and Endotak Reliance—0.0% (P = .769). No difference was found in overall survival when comparing all ICD manufacturers during the study period. Subgroup analysis revealed the risk of premature lead failure was particularly pronounced in multi‐lead ICD systems implanted via cephalic access (P < .001). The estimated failure rate of Linox leads implanted via cephalic access in multi‐lead systems was 19%/year. The estimated failure rate of non‐Linox leads implanted via cephalic access in multi‐lead systems was 11%/year. Neither age, nor gender were risk factors for lead failure in the Linox, or non‐Linox cohorts.ConclusionAll analyzed ICD leads were found to have a similar overall risk of premature failure. ICD lead implantation via cephalic access in multilead ICD systems may be a previously unidentified risk factor for premature ICD lead failure, although these findings require further validation.
Ginger essential oil nanoemulsions: Preparation and physicochemical characterization and antibacterial activities evaluation
Authors: Firoozi Mitra , Rezapour‐Jahani Saeid , Shahvegharasl Zahra , Anarjan Navideh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was the preparation of ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oil nanoemulsions through the bottom up solvent displacement technique. The effects of main processing parameters, namely, the homogenization and evaporation rotating speeds at solvent removing step were also evaluated on mean particle size, polydispersity (PDI), zeta potential, turbidity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities against S. aurous and E. coli of gained nanoemulsions, using response surface method (RSM). The ginger essential oil nanoemulsions were successfully synthesized, in the particle sizes ranged from 68 to 1,035 nm. The second polynomial models were then suggested in order to predict the studied response characteristics by selected process independent parameters. The multiple graphical optimization suggested that using mixing the organic and aqueous phases in the ranges of 800–1,000 rpm and rotating evaporator at the speeds from 75 to 85 rpm would lead to production of the most desirable nanoemulsions. The observed insignificant differences between the experimental data and calculated ones by models confirmed the suitability and accuracy of suggested models. Thus, it was concluded that the prepared nano‐sized ginger essential oil can be effectively used in several food systems as preservative or flavor modifier agent.Practical ApplicationsThe ginger essential oil nanoemulsions were fabricated through a cost effective and simple nano‐precipitation technique and the gained nano‐sized, water dispersible, chemically stabilized product with desired flavor and good either antioxidant or antibacterial activities, can be successfully used in various food and beverage formulations as preserver, nutrition enhancer and flavor.
Measurements of Density and Sound Speed in Mixtures Relevant to Supercritical CO2 Cycles
Authors: Park Suhyeon , Urso Justin , Manikantachari K.R.V. (Raghu) , Hosangadi Ashvin , Zambon Andrea , Vasu Subith S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The objective of this research is to validate properties of mixtures relevant to supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycles. Direct-fired sCO2 cycles are a promising technology for the future power generation systems. The working fluid of sCO2 cycles will be near and above critical point of CO2. One of the challenges is that the simulation of mixtures should consider real gas behavior. Expected operating conditions of Allam cycles reach up to 300 bar and 1000 °C. Characterizing the mixtures at the extreme conditions is an important issue in current researches and industrial applications. Thermophysical properties of mixtures may be beyond the valid range of the widely used database such as NIST REFPROP. Experimental data of mixture properties in the literature are limited which is necessary to develop high-fidelity design tools for sCO2 power cycles. We measured the density and sound speed of several multi-component mixtures. A temperature-controlled high-pressure test cell was used for the density measurements. Sound speed was measured by resonant frequency detection using an external speaker and a piezoelectric pressure sensor. Mixtures studied in this work include carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, and water vapor. Properties of pure CO2 were measured to show the validity of our technique. Compositions were selected to be close to frozen mixtures at the inlet, mid-progress, and exhaust conditions of a model sCO2 combustor in the previous numerical simulation work. Corresponding reaction progress variables (RPV) were RPV = 0, 0.5, and 1. Temperature and pressure conditions of experiments are 310–450 K and 0–150 bar. In our study, density and sound speed from the NIST REFPROP database agree with experimental measurements within the range of our measurement uncertainties.
Imperial Art and Power in the Liternum Episode of Silius Italicus’ Punica
Authors: Kozák Dániel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The paper is concerned with Silius’ double ecphrasis of a Roman monument of the First Punic War at Liternum, and Hannibal’s planned counter-monument (Sil. 6.653-716). It is suggested that these are compared as parts of commemorative networks rather than as standalone memorials: ambiguities in Hannibal’s speech can be interpreted as hints that he might be planning a series of monuments, while the Roman monument is described as ‘secondary’ in relation to memorials in Rome. Significantly, the Roman monument stands outside the capital, thus the Roman conquest of Italy provides additional context for its interpretation. Although the local point of view is suppressed in the episode, other passages provide analogies for what local interpretations of the Roman monument might look like in the world of the Punica.
Tree rubbing by Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in conifer plantations in Okutama Mountain in Japan
Authors: Ogawa Yoh , Tochigi Kahoko , Naganuma Tomoko , Dewi Bainah Sari , Koike Shinsuke 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Tree rubbing by bears is a well-known behavior, but the behavior has not been investigated systematically in Asian black bears. We installed automatic cameras at trees in planted conifer forests to visually document rubbing behavior and to compare the findings with the results of earlier studies. All trees with bear hair attached had bark damaged from antler sharpening by deer and had secreted resin. Between 2011 and 2015, tree rubbing was observed at five of the 16 trees at which automatic cameras had been installed, with a total of 22 visits by multiple bears. Rubbing was observed from May to October. In the 22 visits, several bears with several attributes (adult male, another male, and mother with cub) visited the same trees to rub them. In our survey, the number of observational confirmations was limited, therefore in order to investigate the factors of Asian black bear’s tree-rubbing behavior and determine whether it is the same as in other bears or not, it is desirable to collect further examples of rubbing behavior as well as genetic information of the rubbing individual.
Complete genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of Bacillus sp. S3, a novel hyper Sb(III)-oxidizing bacterium
Authors: Li Jiaokun , Gu Tianyuan , Li Liangzhi , Wu Xueling , Shen Li , Yu Runlan , Liu Yuandong , Qiu Guanzhou , Zeng Weimin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Antimonite [Sb(III)]-oxidizing bacterium has great potential in the environmental bioremediation of Sb-polluted sites. Bacillus sp. S3 that was previously isolated from antimony-contaminated soil displayed high Sb(III) resistance and Sb(III) oxidation efficiency. However, the genomic information and evolutionary feature of Bacillus sp. S3 are very scarce.

Results
Here, we identified a 5,436,472 bp chromosome with 40.30% GC content and a 241,339 bp plasmid with 36.74% GC content in the complete genome of Bacillus sp. S3. Genomic annotation showed that Bacillus sp. S3 contained a key aioB gene potentially encoding As (III)/Sb(III) oxidase, which was not shared with other Bacillus strains. Furthermore, a wide variety of genes associated with Sb(III) and other heavy metal (loid) s were also ascertained in Bacillus sp. S3, reflecting its adaptive advantage for growth in the harsh eco-environment. Based on the analysis of phylogenetic relationship and the average nucleotide identities (ANI), Bacillus sp. S3 was proved to a novel species within the Bacillus genus. The majority of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) mainly distributed on chromosomes within the Bacillus genus. Pan-genome analysis showed that the 45 genomes contained 554 core genes and many unique genes were dissected in analyzed genomes. Whole genomic alignment showed that Bacillus genus underwent frequently large-scale evolutionary events. In addition, the origin and evolution analysis of Sb(III)-resistance genes revealed the evolutionary relationships and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events among the Bacillus genus. The assessment of functionality of heavy metal (loid) s resistance genes emphasized its indispensable role in the harsh eco-environment of Bacillus genus. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated that Sb(III)-related genes were all induced under the Sb(III) stress, while arsC gene was down-regulated.

Conclusions
The results in this study shed light on the molecular mechanisms of Bacillus sp. S3 coping with Sb(III), extended our understanding on the evolutionary relationships between Bacillus sp. S3 and other closely related species, and further enriched the Sb(III) resistance genetic data sources.
Genomic heterogeneity of Dichelobacter nodosus within and between UK sheep flocks and between age groups within a flock
Authors: Davies P. L. , Blanchard A. M. , Staley C. E. , Bollard N. J. , Coffey T. J. , Tötemeyer S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Footrot and interdigital dermatitis are endemic infectious diseases in all sheep farming regions, impairing welfare and production. The development of efficacious vaccines against the primary causative pathogen has been hampered by the extensive antigenic diversity of Dichelobacter nodosus. Understanding the heterogeneity of the pathogen within and between flocks is essential if the feasibility of bespoke vaccine production is to be assessed for use in the U.K.

Results
In this study 56 ewe and lamb isolates from 9 flocks were compared by D. nodosus serogroup and Multi Locus Sequence Type which provides significantly enhanced discriminatory power for molecular epidemiology. Serogroup heterogeneity between flocks ranged from two to five unique serogroups per flock. Three flocks contained isolates of two serogroups, two flocks contained isolates of three serogroups and one flock included isolates of five serogroups. Analysis of 25 isolates from one flock with high prevalence of lameness, identified that serogroup and sequence type was significantly correlated with age. Significantly higher proportion of lambs were infected with serogroup B (principally ST85) as opposed to serogroup H (principally ST86), which predominated amongst adult sheep.

Conclusions
Genomic heterogeneity of the pathogen was significantly lower within flock compared to heterogenicity observed between flocks. Furthermore, this study indicates that within a flock, the host-pathogen dynamics and susceptibility to particular D. nodosus strains may be age dependent.