bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evolutionary game theory–based security model in vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Zahedi Fatemeh , Farzaneh Nazbanoo 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe word population is growing on a daily basis; consequently, the growth of commute and transport, developing efficient and intelligent transportation systems (ITS), has become one of the most popular requirements and the most significant attempts in modern urban areas containing large population. A key component of intelligent transportation systems is a vehicular ad hoc network. Devising internet‐based practical programs such as awareness of climatic conditions, geographical location, practical programs like on‐line payment services in the vehicular ad hoc network has led to safer driving, prevention of deadly accidents, transportation improvement, more welfare and convenience for passengers, and even offering more commercial opportunities. The special features of vehicular ad hoc network, such as intense activity, constantly‐changing topology, the vehicles' high speed, etc, will lead to challenges in gaining security. Therefore, providing vehicular ad hoc networks with security is of extreme importance in terms of users' anonymity, identification, and data privacy. In this paper, a security model is presented using a method based on evolutionary games. This method, in every vehicle, is applied as a node in the network while interacting with other vehicles; it aims at distinguishing some common attacks and defending against attackers. In this method, defending (honest) vehicles and attacking vehicles take part in an asymmetrical game; each vehicle aims at gaining the most utility and achieving its goals. The proposed method is simulated using various scenarios. The simulation results reveal that the proposed method is efficient and it reaches equilibrium and convergence at the end of the game in each scenario.
What controls fire spatial patterns? Predictability of fire characteristics in the Canadian boreal plains ecozone
Authors: San‐Miguel Ignacio , Coops Nicholas C. , Chavardès Raphaël D. , Andison David W. , Pickell Paul D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMost regulatory and certification agencies in Canada now require forest management plans to include some level of historical fire pattern approximation. As a result, sustainable forest management and enhancements to existing fire management policies and practices require a thorough understanding of the spatial fire patterns created and maintained by fire as well as the environmental conditions when they occur. To date, however, no boreal fire pattern study has examined relationships between the spatial arrangement of fire patterns, including vegetation remnants, and its main environmental top‐down and bottom‐up controls, based on a large number of fire events across large areas of the Canadian boreal forest. In this study, we leverage a recent, comprehensive, Landsat‐derived fire pattern dataset that includes information on fire vegetation remnants for the Canadian boreal plains ecozone, covering 507 fires and 2.5 Mha, to characterize the predictability of six fire pattern metrics. We then compare these metrics to multiple top‐down (monthly climate) and bottom‐up (topography, fuels, natural barriers, and disturbance history) controls on fire behavior. To do so, we first reduced the fire pattern metrics to three principal components and used a random forest modeling approach to better understand the main environmental explanatory controls. Across this large number of fires, we identified three dimensions of fire patterns: compactness, or the complexity of the perimeter; patchiness, or the spatial heterogeneity in the burned patches; and residualness, or the amount of fire vegetation remnants within the burned patches. We found that patchiness was mostly conditioned by the land cover through variables characterizing the type and connectedness of the fuels; however, summer and spring drought were locally important. Compactness responded to a combination of the disturbance history, land cover, and summer drought. The presence of water resulted in less compact fires. Residualness was a function of the disturbance history, topography, and land cover. Fires in lower elevations presented the most variable patterns, in response to changes in the amount and types of fuel. This research offers an enhanced understanding of the hierarchical interactions between resulting fire patterns and environmental conditions that are critical to supporting management decisions.
The underappreciated role of rodent generalists in fungal spore dispersal networks
Authors: Stephens Ryan B. , Rowe Rebecca J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAnimals are often the primary dispersers of seeds and fungal spores. Specialist species that consume fruits or fungal fruiting bodies (sporocarps) as their main food source are thought to play a more important role in dispersal networks compared to generalist species. However, dispersal networks are often based on occurrence data, overlooking the influence of animal abundance and dispersal effectiveness on network interactions. Using rodent‐mycorrhizal fungi networks, we determined how diet specialization and abundance influence the role of rodent species in dispersing fungal spores in temperate forests of northern New Hampshire, USA. We tracked the interactions of five rodent species and 34 fungal taxa over a 3‐yr period across hardwood, mixed, and softwood forest stands. We accounted for fluctuations in rodent abundance and differences in the number of spores dispersed in rodent scat.Myodes gapperi, a fungal specialist, dispersed a more diverse spore community than rodent generalists and was consistently the most important disperser in forest types with high fungal availability. Nevertheless, during years when generalist species such asTamias striatusandPeromyscus maniculatusreached high abundance, their relative importance (species strength) in networks approached or even surpassed that ofM. gapperi, particularly in forest types whereM. gapperiwas less common and fungal availability was low. Increased numbers of generalists enhanced network interaction diversity and the number of fungal taxa dispersed, the timing of which was coincident with seedling establishment following masting, a stage when inoculation by mycorrhizal fungi is critical for growth and survival. Our findings suggest that although specialists play key roles in dispersing mycorrhizal fungal spores, generalists play a heretofore underappreciated role.
Trauma exposure and stress‐related disorders in African‐American women with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dixon H. Drew , Michopoulos Vasiliki , Gluck Rachel L. , Mendoza Hadrian , Munoz Adam P. , Wilson Joseph G. , Powers Abigail , Schwartz Ann C. , Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Gillespie Charles F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the study was to assess demographic features, rates of trauma exposure, prevalence of post‐traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in a group of urban, low‐income, African‐American women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.Research Design and MethodsWe conducted a survey of (n = 290) low‐income, African‐American women seeking care in the diabetes clinic of an urban hospital and collected data on the demographic characteristics, childhood and nonchildhood abuse trauma exposure, and the severity of post‐traumatic stress and depressive symptoms using the Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptom Scale (PSS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In a subset of women with type 2 diabetes (n = 96), we assessed haemoglobin A1c to examine the relationship between psychopathology and glycaemic control.ResultsOf the overall sample, 61.7% reported exposure to trauma in their lifetime, and 30.4% and 29.3% had current PTSD and MDD, respectively. Exposure to both childhood and nonchildhood abuse trauma was associated with an increased PTSD and depressive symptom severity (P's < .05). PTSD diagnosis, but not depression, was associated with increased haemoglobin A1c (P = .002).ConclusionsThese data document high levels of trauma exposure, PTSD and depressive symptoms in diabetic African‐American women treated in a specialty clinic of an urban hospital setting. Furthermore, these data indicate that the presence of PTSD is negatively associated with glycaemic control.
On how asymmetric stimulated rock volume in shales may impact casing integrity
Authors: Yu Hao , Dahi Taleghani Arash , Lian Zhanghua , Lin Tiejun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMicroseismic data and production logs in our study area have confirmed asymmetric developments of the stimulation rock volume in shales with respect to the wellbore, while severe casing deformation problems have been reported frequently in this area. Here, we propose a systematic methodology to investigate the possibility of casing failure due to strong shear stresses induced by asymmetric stimulated zones. A mechanical earth modeling (MEM) is initially performed to determine the in situ stress field in the target layer before fracturing by incorporating the existing geological features, logging data, and rock anisotropy. Then, we provide a computationally cheap and efficient estimation for stimulated rock volume of each stage by considering the possible overlaps in adjacent stages based on the clustered microseismic clouds. Using this approach, a reservoir‐scale 3D coupled model tied to a more detailed near‐wellbore part incorporating the casing string and the cement sheath is established to simulate the development of stimulation zones, stress redistribution, and their impacts on casing deformation as each stage fracturing treatment chronologically goes on. Our numerical results indicate that continuous redistribution and re‐orientation of stress field near the borehole are tracked during pumping the treatment which reveals formation of some pockets of tensile stresses along and around the wellbore. Asymmetric stimulations are observed to generate strong shear stress on the suspended casing. These shear forces result in deflection and S‐shape deformations accompanied with cross‐sectional ovality. Some regions receive repeating treatments, which results in intensifying formation stress heterogeneity and worsen casing deformation severity. The calculation results are compared with measurement of multi‐finger imaging tool (MIT) to validate the accuracy. Our analysis has indicated that simply increasing the flexural strength by increasing thickness of casing cannot radically mitigate casing deformation problems. This paper presents a novel workflow for a coupled modeling of casing deformation during hydraulic fracturing operations, while current modeling efforts assume symmetric bi‐wing fracture geometries.
Comparing the behaviour of spherical beads and natural grains in bedload mixtures
Authors: Dudill Ashley , Venditti Jeremy G. , Church Michael , Frey Philippe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIt is common to use idealised materials to study the dynamics of granular transport in fluid flows, but the impact of this choice upon sediment behaviour has not been extensively explored. To tackle this research gap, two experiments were undertaken to explore the influence of a finer grain input to a channelized coarser granular flow driven by a shallow fluid flow. The first set of runs was undertaken using spherical glass beads, and the second set with natural fluvial sediment. The transport system approximates a narrow slice through the bedload at the bottom of a river. In the runs with natural grains, the infiltration of fine sediment into the bed was similar to the spherical glass beads, but with reduced infiltration capacity. We ascribe this behaviour to irregular and variable pore shapes and sizes in the natural material. The behaviour of the bedload in the natural material runs matched that of the bead runs only when the feed contained a high content of fines. When the feed contained a low content of fines the transport of natural grains was more complex, including the emergence of migrating collections of grains. However, the overall changes in bed and water slope due to the finer grain input were comparable in both sets of experiments. We conclude that artificial, idealised materials qualitatively represent sedimentary phenomena, but that quantitative differences in the outcomes must be expected. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual network embedding on massive substrate networks
Authors: Zhao Chenggui , Parhami Behrooz 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo alleviate the computational burden of previous virtual network embedding (VNE) approaches when the resource network scales up significantly, we propose an efficient node ranking strategy that considers both global and local topological characteristics of the substrate network in mapping virtual nodes to physical nodes. This method ranks the substrate network nodes in two stages. First, all nodes are ranked globally with respect to the stationary distribution of the entire network. Then, a connected subset of the ranked substrate nodes, forming the H‐admissible embedding subgraph, is extracted. Finally, the subgraph nodes are ranked according to a local node ranking vector derived from a random‐walking scheme. The local rank vector is resolved using discrete Green's function satisfying the Dirichelet boundary condition. The more accurate association of node demands and resources that our proposed method provides leads to both better acceptance ratio and lower computational overhead. These claims have been justified via theoretical and algorithmic presentation of our scheme and offer experimental results obtained through simulation, to confirm its execution efficiency and solution quality compared with a couple of previous VNE proposals.
Evolutionary genomics can improve prediction of species’ responses to climate change
Authors: Waldvogel Ann-Marie , Feldmeyer Barbara , Rolshausen Gregor , Exposito-Alonso Moises , Rellstab Christian , Kofler Robert , Mock Thomas , Schmid Karl , Schmitt Imke , Bataillon Thomas , Savolainen Outi , Bergland Alan , Flatt Thomas , Guillaume Frederic , Pfenninger Markus 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGlobal climate change (GCC) increasingly threatens biodiversity through the loss of species, and the transformation of entire ecosystems. Many species are challenged by the pace of GCC because they might not be able to respond fast enough to changing biotic and abiotic conditions. Species can respond either by shifting their range, or by persisting in their local habitat. If populations persist, they can tolerate climatic changes through phenotypic plasticity, or genetically adapt to changing conditions depending on their genetic variability and census population size to allow for de novo mutations. Otherwise, populations will experience demographic collapses and species may go extinct. Current approaches to predicting species responses to GCC begin to combine ecological and evolutionary information for species distribution modelling. Including an evolutionary dimension will substantially improve species distribution projections which have not accounted for key processes such as dispersal, adaptive genetic change, demography, or species interactions. However, eco-evolutionary models require new data and methods for the estimation of a species' adaptive potential, which have so far only been available for a small number of model species. To represent global biodiversity, we need to devise large-scale data collection strategies to define the ecology and evolutionary potential of a broad range of species, especially of keystone species of ecosystems. We also need standardized and replicable modelling approaches that integrate these new data to account for eco-evolutionary processes when predicting the impact of GCC on species' survival. Here, we discuss different genomic approaches that can be used to investigate and predict species responses to GCC. This can serve as guidance for researchers looking for the appropriate experimental setup for their particular system. We furthermore highlight future directions for moving forward in the field and allocating available resources more effectively, to implement mitigation measures before species go extinct and ecosystems lose important functions.
Unraveling ingredients in complex mixtures by chromatographic spectrum recognition: Application to perfume deformulation
Authors: Truan Clément , Peres Christophe , Engel Erwan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn the past 40 years, progress in GC‐MS and GC‐FID has lent the modern perfume industry powerful tools for determining raw ingredients in fragrances, which is still often manual and based on molecular markers thus subjective and unreliable due to variability and chromatographic challenges. This article presents an alternative approach by introducing the concept of chromatographic spectrum. This approach was evaluated on a commercial database containing molecular composition of 4106 perfumery ingredients and on real and simulated mixtures. Five hundred and seven out of 565 database ingredients classes were differentiated by their chromatographic spectrum against 164 with distinctive markers. The 5 ingredients of a real Eau de Cologne mixture were identified, and their proportions estimated with less than 12% relative error for 4 of them. The usefulness of chromatographic spectra in a deformulation support algorithm is discussed based on the deformulation of 210 simulated mixtures of 5, 10, and 15 ingredients.
Effects of heat–moisture, autoclaving, and microwave treatments on physicochemical properties of proso millet starch
Authors: Zheng Ming‐zhu , Xiao Yu , Yang Shuang , Liu Hui‐min , Liu Mei‐hong , Yaqoob Sanabil , Xu Xiu‐ying , Liu Jing‐sheng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractProso millet starch was modified by heat–moisture treatment (HMT), autoclaving treatment (AT), and microwave treatment (MT). The effects of these treatments on the starch physicochemical, structural, and molecular properties were investigated. The amylose and resistant starch contents were increased by AT and MT, but only slightly by HMT. HMT and AT significantly increased the water‐holding capacity, to 172.66% and 191.63%, respectively. X‐ray diffractometry showed that the relative crystallinity of the HMT sample decreased by 20.88%, and the crystalline peaks disappeared from the AT and MT sample patterns. The thermal treatments decreased the proso millet starch molecular weight to 1.769 × 106, 7.886 × 105, and 3.411 × 104 g/mol, respectively. The thermal enthalpy decreased significantly in HMT. Modification significantly changed the pasting profiles of the native proso millet starch, and the peak viscosity, setback, and breakdown values decreased. These results clarify the mechanism of starch changes caused by thermal treatment.
Effects of four cooking methods on sensory and taste quality of Portunus trituberculatus
Authors: Shi Shanshan , Wang Xichang , Wu Xugan , Shi Wenzheng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe effect of heating medium (with water and steam) and initial temperature of heating medium (cold and boiling) on the taste quality and sensory properties of Portunus trituberculatus was investigated. Nonvolatile taste active components in the meat and gonad of crabs cooked under four different methods were detected and compared. Sensory evaluation and electronic tongue assessment were also conducted. Sensory evaluation and electronic tongue indicated that taste quality was different under four cooking methods. The results showed that steaming cooking preserved more water‐soluble substances as compared with boiling cooking, especially cooking began with boiling water. It is noteworthy that the umami intensity in gonad cooked from boiling water was stronger, either steaming or boiling. Therefore, this study can provide a theoretical basis and suggest the dynamic chemical changes of different organs during heating process need to be further studied.
Characterization of renal cell carcinoma‐associated constitutional chromosome abnormalities by genome sequencing
Authors: Smith Philip S. , Whitworth James , West Hannah , Cook Jacqueline , Gardiner Carol , Lim Derek H. K. , Morrison Patrick J. , Hislop R. Gordon , Murray Emily ,   NIHR Rare Disease BioResource, Tischkowitz Marc , Warren Anne Y. , Woodward Emma R. , Maher Eamonn R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractConstitutional translocations, typically involving chromosome 3, have been recognized as a rare cause of inherited predisposition to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) for four decades. However, knowledge of the molecular basis of this association is limited. We have characterized the breakpoints by genome sequencing (GS) of constitutional chromosome abnormalities in five individuals who presented with RCC. In one individual with constitutional t(10;17)(q11.21;p11.2), the translocation breakpoint disrupted two genes: the known renal tumor suppressor gene (TSG) FLCN (and clinical features of Birt‐Hogg‐Dubé syndrome were detected) and RASGEF1A. In four cases, the rearrangement breakpoints did not disrupt known inherited RCC genes. In the second case without chromosome 3 involvement, the translocation breakpoint in an individual with a constitutional t(2;17)(q21.1;q11.2) mapped 12 Kb upstream of NLK. Interestingly, NLK has been reported to interact indirectly with FBXW7 and a previously reported RCC‐associated translocation breakpoint disrupted FBXW7. In two cases of constitutional chromosome 3 translocations, no candidate TSGs were identified in the vicinity of the breakpoints. However, in an individual with a constitutional chromosome 3 inversion, the 3p breakpoint disrupted the FHIT TSG (which has been reported previously to be disrupted in two apparently unrelated families with an RCC‐associated t(3;8)(p14.2;q24.1). These findings (a) expand the range of constitutional chromosome rearrangements that may be associated with predisposition to RCC, (b) confirm that chromosome rearrangements not involving chromosome 3 can predispose to RCC, (c) suggest that a variety of molecular mechanisms are involved the pathogenesis of translocation‐associated RCC, and (d) demonstrate the utility of GS for investigating such cases.
Longitudinal trajectory of Amyloid‐related hippocampal subfield atrophy in nondemented elderly
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Mak Elijah , Reilhac Anthonin , Shim Hee Y. , Ng Kwun K. , Ong Marcus Q. W. , Ji Fang , Chong Eddie J. Y. , Xu Xin , Wong Zi X. , Stephenson Mary C. , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Tan Boon Y. , O'Brien John T. , Zhou Juan H. , Chen Christopher L.H. ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2020

AbstractHippocampal atrophy and abnormal β‐Amyloid (Aβ) deposition are established markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nonetheless, longitudinal trajectory of Aβ‐associated hippocampal subfield atrophy prior to dementia remains unclear. We hypothesized that elevated Aβ correlated with longitudinal subfield atrophy selectively in no cognitive impairment (NCI), spreading to other subfields in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We analyzed data from two independent longitudinal cohorts of nondemented elderly, including global PET‐Aβ in AD‐vulnerable cortical regions and longitudinal subfield volumes quantified with a novel auto‐segmentation method (FreeSurfer v.6.0). Moreover, we investigated associations of Aβ‐related progressive subfield atrophy with memory decline. Across both datasets, we found a converging pattern that higher Aβ correlated with faster CA1 volume decline in NCI. This pattern spread to other hippocampal subfields in MCI group, correlating with memory decline. Our results for the first time suggest a longitudinal focal‐to‐widespread trajectory of Aβ‐associated hippocampal subfield atrophy over disease progression in nondemented elderly.