bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross Referencing 2D-LC Determination of Intact Gliptins in Urine
Authors: Mohamad Amal M , Andac Cenk A , Andac Sena Caglar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, so-called gliptins, constitute a fairly novel class of oral hypoglycemic agents. The development and validation of an automated online SPE-LC-UV method to determine intact sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin and metformin simultaneously in human urine samples were performed. For the two-dimensional chromatographic separation, a Gemini C18 (250.0 × 4.6 mm i.d., 110 A0, 5.0 μ) analytical column and a gradient elution with 10.0 mM o-phosphoric acid and methanol and for the online SPE analysis of urine samples, a LiChrospher® ADS SPE-column (20.0 mm × 2.0 mm i.d., 25.0 μm) were used through the study. The fractionation, transfer, elution and separation of the spiked urine samples were achieved in just 9.57 min runtime with 12.0 mL of solvent consumption which was green and economical compared to other sample preparation methods. The calibration curves were determined to be linear in a wide range of 0.10–100.00 μg/mL with satisfactory regression coefficients. Method developed for two-dimensional determination of gliptins would be useful as a reference in therapeutic drug monitoring and screening for forensic medical cases which involve the abuse, unintentional or misuse of multiple gliptins in terms of its practical use, easy detection and reliable results.
Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia: Changing Incidence Rates From 1994 to 2018 in the United States
Authors: Thompson Ryan R , Kong Christina L , Porco Travis C , Kim Eric , Ebert Caleb D , Acharya Nisha R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) has been increasing in recent decades. Although 2 vaccines for HZ are available, there have been few studies on the incidence rates of HZ and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) since their introduction. This study examined the incidence rates of HZ and PHN from 1994 to 2018 in the United States to determine if they have continued to increase since introduction of the HZ vaccines.

Methods
A de-identified longitudinal administrative claims database, the OptumLabs Data Warehouse, was used to assess incidence rates among individuals continuously enrolled in the database for ≥365 days with no prior history of HZ or PHN. Unstandardized and standardized incidence rates were calculated by year, 10-year age groups, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Results
There were 610 766 individuals with HZ (median age, 56.3; interquartile range, 43.0–68.7 years; 59.8% women; 70.6% white). From 1994 to 2018, the incidence of HZ increased from 286.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 259.1–312.8) to 579.6 (95% CI, 554.2–605.0) cases per 100 000 person-years, an annual increase of 3.1% (95% CI, 2.5–3.6%). Since 2007, annual HZ incidence rates have decreased in individuals ≤20 and &gt;60 years old. The overall incidence rate of PHN was 57.5 (95% CI, 56.0–59.0) cases per 100 000 person-years. The proportion of individuals with HZ who developed PHN was higher from 2007 to 2018 than from 1994 to 2006.

Conclusions
HZ incidence rates have continued to increase in age groups for which HZ vaccines are not currently recommended, warranting a review of current vaccine recommendations.
Epidemiological, Virological and Serological Features of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Cases in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Wuhan: A Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Huang Jiao , Xie Nianhua , Hu Xuejiao , Yan Han , Ding Jie , Liu Pulin , Ma Hongfei , Ruan Lianguo , Li Gang , He Na , Wei Sheng , Wang Xia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
We aimed to describe the epidemiological, virological, and serological features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH).

Methods
This population-based cohort study identified all COVID-19 cases among all PLWH in Wuhan, China, by 16 April 2020. The epidemiological, virological, and serological features were analyzed based on the demographic data, temporal profile of nucleic acid test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the disease, and SARS-CoV-2–specific immunoglobin (Ig) M and G after recovery.

Results
From 1 January to 16 April 2020, 35 of 6001 PLWH experienced COVID-19, with a cumulative incidence of COVID-19 of 0.58% (95% confidence interval [CI], .42–.81%). Among the COVID-19 cases, 15 (42.86) had severe illness, with 2 deaths. The incidence, case-severity, and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in PLWH were comparable to those in the entire population in Wuhan. There were 197 PLWH who had discontinued combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), 4 of whom experienced COVID-19. Risk factors for COVID-19 were age ≥50 years old and cART discontinuation. The median duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding among confirmed COVID-19 cases in PLWH was 30 days (interquartile range, 20–46). Cases with high HIV viral loads (≥20 copies/mL) had lower IgM and IgG levels than those with low HIV viral loads (&lt;20 copies/ml; median signal value divided by the cutoff value [S/CO] for IgM, 0.03 vs 0.11, respectively [P &lt; .001]; median S/CO for IgG, 10.16 vs 17.04, respectively [P = .069]).

Conclusions
Efforts are needed to maintain the persistent supply of antiretroviral treatment to elderly PLWH aged 50 years or above during the COVID-19 epidemic. The coinfection of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 might change the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 patients in PLWH.
Epidemiology, Outcomes, and Associated Factors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction–Confirmed Cases in the San Pedro Sula Metropolitan Area, Honduras
Authors: Zuniga-Moya Julio C , Norwood Dalton Argean , Romero Reyes Luis Enrique , Barrueto Saavedra Emilio , Diaz Roxana , Fajardo Wendy Carolina , Pineda Allan , Torres Diana , Barahona Rodolfo , Leiva Said Omar , Hernandez Pastora X , Silva Hector , Leiva Carlos Raul , Estrada Lourdes , Barahona-Campos Alma , Gordon Aubree 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Few reports exist in Latin America, a current epicenter of transmission. Here, we aim to describe the epidemiology and outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Honduras.

Methods
Baseline clinical and epidemiological information of SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction–confirmed cases detected between 17 March–4 May in the San Pedro Sula Metropolitan area was collected; for hospitalized cases, clinical data were abstracted. Logistic regression models were fit to determine the factors associated with hospitalization.

Results
We identified 877 COVID-19 cases, of which 25% (n = 220) were hospitalized. The 19–44-year age group (57.8%) and males (61.3%) were predominant in overall COVID-19 cases. Of the cases, 34% (n = 299) had at least 1 preexisting medical condition. Individuals aged 45–69 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.85–5.76) or ≥70 years (aOR = 9.12; 95% CI, 5.24–15.86), of male sex (aOR = 1.72; 95% CI, 1.21–2.44), and those with a preexisting condition (aOR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.43–3.14) had higher odds of hospitalization. Of inpatients, 50% were hospitalized more than 7 days. The median length of hospitalization was 13 days (interquartile range [IQR], 8–29) among individuals aged 19–44 years, and 17 days (IQR, 11–24.6) among those aged 45–69. Of the fatal cases, 42% occurred among adults under 60 years old.

Conclusions
Our findings show that a high proportion of COVID-19 cases in Honduras occurred among younger adults, who also constituted a significant proportion of severe and fatal cases. Preexisting conditions were associated with severe outcomes independently from age and were highly prevalent in Honduran COVID-19 cases.
Immunosuppressive Agents and Infectious Risk in Transplantation: Managing the “Net State of Immunosuppression”
Authors: Roberts Matthew B , Fishman Jay A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSuccessful solid organ transplantation reflects meticulous attention to the details of immunosuppression, balancing risks for graft rejection against risks for infection. The “net state of immune suppression” is a conceptual framework of all factors contributing to infectious risk. Assays that measure immune function in the immunosuppressed transplant recipient relative to infectious risk and allograft function are lacking. The best measures of integrated immune function may be quantitative viral loads to assess the individual’s ability to control latent viral infections. Few studies address adjustment of immunosuppression during active infections; thus, confronted with infection in solid organ recipients, the management of immunosuppression is based largely on clinical experience. This review examines known measures of immune function and the immunologic effects of common immunosuppressive drugs and available studies reporting modification of drug regimens for specific infections. These data provide a conceptual framework for the management of immunosuppression during infection in organ recipients.
Mixed evidence for effects of stewardship on Least Tern reproductive success in coastal Mississippi
Authors: Darrah Abigail J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Disturbance from human activity can cause reduced productivity of coastal birds that nest on sandy beaches. A common method to protect coastal birds from human disturbance is the use of signs and fencing to close off a section of beach used for breeding. This management action requires public compliance and might require enforcement, such as in the use of volunteer stewards stationed at protected colonies that provide education and enforcement. I assessed the effectiveness of active stewardship as a conservation measure to protect nesting Least Terns (Sternula antillarum) in coastal Mississippi by determining if colony-level productivity (fledglings produced per nest) was correlated with stewardship effort (hours that stewards protected each colony), the rate of disturbance from human and natural sources, and additional factors. Observers surveyed 24 Least Tern colonies in Harrison County, Mississippi, twice weekly during the 2017–2019 breeding seasons to record the number of nests present, the fate of marked nests, predator tracks within the colony, and the number of fledglings produced per colony. Concurrently, during their work shifts, stewards recorded all sources and durations of disturbance events that caused the terns to flush or respond with defense. Least Tern daily nest survival increased with colony size and stewardship effort, and was lower during intervals that included weekends and evidence of owl presence. Total productivity was negatively associated with avian predator disturbance rate and the total time adults spent flushed, but was not associated with stewardship effort. The results of this study demonstrate that active stewardship can have a positive effect on Least Tern productivity by increasing nest success, whereas current stewardship practices were not sufficient to increase chick survival, even in a system with a paucity of ground predators.
The Other Side of Mediatization: Expanding the Concept to Defensive Strategies
Authors: Nölleke Daniel , Scheu Andreas M , Birkner Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost research on mediatization focuses on media-related actions and structural adaptations that aim to increase media attention. However, social actors may also opt for defensive strategies and try to avoid media publicity. In this article, we conceptualize defensive and offensive mediatization strategies as complementary methods that social actors use to deal with media publicity and public attention as well as to proactively shape mediatization processes. We employ an exploratory approach to identify and systematize defensive mediatization strategies. Consequently, we contribute to a more complete understanding of mediatization and provide starting points for further empirical analyses of media-related strategies used by social actors. A secondary analysis of the data from previous research projects suggests establishing three categories of defensive mediatization strategies—persistence, shielding, and immunization—with regard to the levels of individual actors, organizations, and social systems’ routines and norms.
Evaluation of root resorption following orthodontic intrusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bellini-Pereira Silvio Augusto , Almeida Jéssica , Aliaga-Del Castillo Aron , dos Santos Cibelle Cristina Oliveira , Henriques José Fernando Castanha , Janson Guilherme 
Published: August 2020

Summary

Background/Objective
To quantify the expected amount of orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR) after orthodontic intrusion and assess the treatment-related factors.

Search methods and eligibility criteria
Six electronic databases and partial grey literature were searched without limitations regarding language or publication year until April 2020. Randomized clinical trials and non-randomized prospective and retrospective studies evaluating root resorption after orthodontic intrusion were included.

Data collection and analysis
Risk of bias (RoB) assessment was performed with the Cochrane Collaboration’s RoB Tool 2.0 and ROBINS-I tool for the randomized and non-randomized studies, respectively. The data were combined into two random-effects meta-analyses estimating OIRR following orthodontic intrusion. One evaluated OIRR in the anterior region, while the other assessed OIRR in the posterior region. Sub-group analyses regarding the type of mechanics applied, duration of intrusion, amount of force, and sensitivity analysis of the study design and imaging examinations were also performed. The certainty of the evidence was assessed through the Grade of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Results
The qualitative analysis included 14 studies; however, the meta-analysis was performed with 7 records. The random-effects model assumes that 0.72 mm [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16 to 1.28] and 0.41 mm (95% CI: −0.24 to 1.07) of OIRR should be expected in the incisors and the molars, respectively. Sub-group analyses showed that the assessed treatment-related factors presented minimum impact in OIRR after orthodontic intrusion. The GRADE resulted in moderate and low certainty regarding the meta-analysis.

Limitations
The major limitation of the present meta-analysis is that OIRR can be affected by several factors, some of which are assessed in this review.

Conclusions
Orthodontic intrusion, evaluated as an isolated mechanic, caused less than 1 mm of OIRR, which is within the acceptable limits for clinical implication. Treatment-related factors did not show a significant influence on OIRR.

Registration
This review was registered in PROSPERO, protocol number CRD42018098495.
Comparative data on left atrial appendage occlusion efficacy and clinical outcomes by age group in the Amplatzer™ Amulet™ Occluder Observational Study
Authors: Freixa Xavier , Schmidt Boris , Mazzone Patrizio , Berti Sergio , Fischer Sven , Lund Juha , Montorfano Matteo , Della Bella Paolo , Lam Simon Cheung Chi , Cruz-Gonzalez Ignacio , Gage Ryan , Omran Heyder , Tarantini Giuseppe , Aminian Adel , Nielsen-Kudsk Jens Erik 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) may be considered for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and a relative/formal contraindication to anticoagulation. This study aimed to summarize the impact of aging on LAAO outcomes at short and long-term follow-up.

Methods and results
We compared subjects aged &lt;70, ≥70 and &lt;80, and ≥80 years old in the prospective, multicentre Amplatzer™ Amulet™ Occluder Observational Study (Abbott, Plymouth, MN, USA). Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported from implant through a 2-year post-LAAO visit and adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Overall, 1088 subjects were prospectively enrolled. There were 265 subjects (24.4%) &lt;70 years old, 491 subjects (45.1%) ≥70 and &lt;80 years old, and 332 subjects (30.5%) ≥80 years old, with the majority (≥80%) being contraindicated to anticoagulation. As expected, CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED Scores increased with age. Implant success was high (≥98.5%) across all groups, and the proportion of subjects with a procedure- or device-related SAE was similar between groups. At follow-up, the observed ischaemic stroke rate was not significantly different between groups, and corresponding risk reductions were 62, 56, and 85% when compared with predicted rates for subjects &lt;70, ≥70 and &lt;80, and ≥80 years old, respectively. Major bleeding and mortality rates increased with age, while the incidence of device-related thrombus tended to increase with age.

Conclusions
Despite the increased risk for ischaemic stroke with increasing age in AF patients, LAAO reduced the risk for ischaemic stroke compared with the predicted rate across all age groups without differences in procedural SAEs.
Space–time clustering and temporal trends of hospitalizations due to pulmonary tuberculosis: potential strategy for assessing health care policies
Authors: Santos João Almeida , Santos Danielle T , Arcencio Ricardo A , Nunes Carla 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) causes pressure on healthcare resources, especially in terms of hospital admissions, despite being considered an ambulatory care-sensitive condition for which timely and effective care in ambulatory setting could prevent the need for hospitalization. Our objectives were to describe the spatial and temporal variation in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) hospitalizations, identify critical geographic areas at municipality level and characterize clusters of PTB hospitalizations to help the development of tailored disease management strategies that could improve TB control.

Methods
Ecologic study using sociodemographic, geographical and clinical information of PTB hospitalization cases from continental Portuguese public hospitals, between 2002 and 2016. Descriptive statistics, spatiotemporal cluster analysis and temporal trends were conducted.

Results
The space–time analysis identified five clusters of higher rates of PTB hospitalizations (2002–16), including the two major cities in the country (Lisboa and Porto). Globally, we observed a −7.2% mean annual percentage change in rate with only one of the identified clusters (out of six) with a positive trend (+4.34%). In the more recent period (2011–16) was obtained a mean annual percentage change in rate of −8.12% with only one cluster identified with an increase trend (+9.53%).

Conclusions
Our results show that space–time clustering and temporal trends analysis can be an invaluable resource to monitor the dynamic of the disease and contribute to the design of more effective, focused interventions. Interventions such as enhancing the detection of active and latent infection, improving monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcomes or adjusting the network of healthcare providers should be tailored to the specific needs of the critical areas identified.
Seasonal and spatial distribution and assembly processes of bacterioplankton communities in a subtropical urban river
Authors: Shu Wang , Wang Peng , Zhang Hua , Ding Mingjun , Wu Bobo 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The ecological functions of core and non-core bacteria are gradually being identified, yet little is known about their responses to environmental changes and assembly processes, especially in urban river ecosystems. Here, we investigated bacterioplankton communities over 1 year in an urban section of the Ganjiang River, China. The results revealed that the alpha- and beta-diversity of bacterioplankton communities had no significant spatial differences along the urbanization gradient, but they presented distinct seasonal variations. The bacterioplankton communities were comprised of a few core taxa (11.8%) and a large number of non-core taxa (88.2%), of which the non-core taxa were the most active component responsible for community dynamics. Most non-core taxa (76.84%) belonged to non-typical freshwater bacteria, implying that they are more likely to derive from allochthonous inputs than the core taxa. Variance partitioning analyses showed that air temperature, flow rate and water chemistry together explained 58.2 and 38.9% of the variations of the core taxa and non-core taxa, respectively. In addition, the relative importance of temperature and water chemistry on the bacterioplankton communities prevailed over that of flow rate alone. This means that deterministic processes and stochastic processes simultaneously control the bacterioplankton community assembly, with deterministic processes contributing more than stochastic processes.
Genome-guided insights of tropical Bacillus strains efficient in maize growth promotion
Authors: Vieira Velloso Camila Cristina , de Oliveira Christiane Abreu , Gomes Eliane Aparecida , Lana Ubiraci Gomes de Paula , de Carvalho Chainheny Gomes , Guimarães Lauro José Moreira , Pastina Maria Marta , de Sousa Sylvia Morais 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are an efficient and sustainable alternative to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses in maize. This work aimed to sequence the genome of two Bacillus strains (B116 and B119) and to evaluate their plant growth-promoting (PGP) potential in vitro and their capacity to trigger specific responses in different maize genotypes. Analysis of the genomic sequences revealed the presence of genes related to PGP activities. Both strains were able to produce biofilm and exopolysaccharides, and solubilize phosphate. The strain B119 produced higher amounts of IAA-like molecules and phytase, whereas B116 was capable to produce more acid phosphatase. Maize seedlings inoculated with either strains were submitted to polyethylene glycol-induced osmotic stress and showed an increase of thicker roots, which resulted in a higher root dry weight. The inoculation also increased the total dry weight and modified the root morphology of 16 out of 21 maize genotypes, indicating that the bacteria triggered specific responses depending on plant genotype background. Maize root remodeling was related to growth promotion mechanisms found in genomic prediction and confirmed by in vitro analysis. Overall, the genomic and phenotypic characterization brought new insights to the mechanisms of PGP in tropical Bacillus.