bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfluidic-assisted 3D-printed eye (MAP-eye): a biomimetic ommatidium array with direct full-colour 3D to 2D panoramic imaging and position tracking
Authors: Dai Bo , Zhang Liang , Zhao Chenglong , Bachman Hunter , Becker Ryan , Mai John , Jiao Ziao , Li Wei , Zheng Lulu , Wan Xinjun , Huang Tony , Zhuang Songlin , Zhang Dawei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
After half a billion years of evolution, arthropods have developed sophisticated compound eyes with extraordinary visual capabilities that have inspired the development of artificial compound eyes. However, the limited 2D nature of most traditional fabrication techniques makes it challenging to directly replicate these natural systems. This work demonstrates a microfluidic-assisted 3D-printing technique that can be used to replicate a 3D compound eye. The microfluidic-assisted 3D-printed eye (MAP-eye) consists of 522 microlenses on a 5 mm-diameter hemisphere to mimic the 522 ommatidia of a natural compound eye. Each microlens is connected to the bottom planar surface of the MAP-eye via intracorporal refractive-index matched waveguides to mimic the rhabdoms of a natural eye. Full-colour 170º wide-angle panoramic views and position tracking of a point source have been realized by placing the MAP-eye directly on top of a commercial planar imaging sensor; the ability to use the MAP-eye with any commercially available imaging sensors presents numerous advantages including improved scalability, high sensitivity, and high-speed imaging. As a biomimetic analogue to naturally occurring compound eyes, the MAP-eye’s full-colour 3D to 2D mapping capability has the potential to enable a wide variety of applications from improving endoscopic imaging to enhancing machine vision for facilitating human–robot interactions and improving 3D displays.
Effect of Artemisia Absinthium and Malva Sylvestris on Antioxidant Parameters and Abomasal Histopathology in Lambs Experimentally Infected with Haemonchus Contortus
Authors: Mravcakova Dominika , Sobczak-Filipiak Małgorzata , Váradyová Zora , Kucková Katarína , Cobanova Klaudia , Maršík Peter , Tauchen Jan , Vadlejch Jaroslav , Mickiewicz Marcin , Kaba Jaroslaw , Varady Marian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Haemonchus contortus is a blood-feeding gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) that parasitizes in the abomasum of ruminants. Infections caused by this nematode possess a serious threat to livestock production worldwide. The influence of medicinal plants using for control of haemonchosis on the local immune response of abomasal mucosae in GIN-infected sheep, however, has not been reported. This study evaluated the effect of Artemisia absinthium and Malva sylvestris as dietary supplements containing bioactive compounds on antioxidant response and histopathological changes in the abomasa of the lambs. Twenty-four lambs were divided into four groups: unsupplemented lambs (UNS), lambs supplemented with A. absinthium (ART), lambs supplemented with M. sylvestris (MAL), and lambs supplemented with both plants (ARTMAL). All lambs were infected orally with approximately 5000 L3 larvae of H. contortus. The experiment was conducted for 75 d, all animals were then slaughtered, and the abomasal tissues were examined for antioxidant parameters and histopathology.Results: Methanolic extracts of wormwood and mallow were separated into four fractions by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, which identified saccharides, phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, polyphenols, esters, fatty acids, lipids, and other substances. The concentration of malondialdehyde in the abomasal mucosa was lower in ARTMAL (P < 0.05), and the total antioxidant capacity was higher in MAL (P < 0.05), than in UNS. Serum antioxidant parameters were not affected by the treatments (P > 0.05). Histopathological changes were mainly detected in the mucosal membrane of the abomasum, with the presence of infiltrates of inflammatory cells in MAL, ART, and ARTMAL. Increase mucus production was observed in the ARTMAL. The number of mast cells was significantly higher in UNS and ART than MAL (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). Plasma cell numbers were higher in ARTMAL than MAL (P < 0.05). Abomasal tissue regenerated more frequently in ARTMAL than the other experimental groups.Conclusions: These results represent the first report of the impact of A. absinthium and M. sylvestris on antioxidant parameters and local immune responses of abomasal mucosa of lambs infected with a GIN parasite. Wormwood and mallow applied as dietary supplements may increase the resistance of lambs to GIN infections.
Regional-Scale Data Assimilation with The Spatially Explicit Individual-Based Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (SEIB-DGVM) Over Siberia
Authors: Arakida Hazuki , Kotsuki Shunji , Otsuka Shigenori , Sawada Yohei , Miyoshi Takemasa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study examined the regional performance of a data assimilation (DA) system that couples the particle filter and the Spatially Explicit Individual-based Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (SEIB-DGVM). This DA system optimizes model parameters of dormancy and photosynthetic rate, which are sensitive to phenology in the SEIB-DGVM, by assimilating satellite-observed leaf area index (LAI). The experiments without DA overestimated LAIs over Siberia relative to the satellite-observed LAI, whereas the DA system successfully reduced the error. DA provided improved analyses for the LAI and other model variables consistently, with better match with satellite observed LAI and with previous studies for spatial distributions of the estimated tree LAI, gross primary production (GPP), and above ground biomass. Most remarkably, the spatial distribution of tree LAI was estimated separately from undergrowth LAI because the SEIB-DGVM simulated the vertical structure of forest explicitly, and because satellite-observed LAI provided information on the onset and the end of the leaf season of tree and undergrowth, respectively. The DA system also provided the spatial distribution of the model parameters for tree separately from those of undergrowth. DA experiments started dormancy of trees more than a month earlier than the default phenology model and resulted in a decrease of the GPP.
An Explorative Study To Document Challenges Of Virtual Teaching And Learning Due To COVID 19 Among Graduate Students At The SPH, CHS, Addis Ababa University At 2020.
Authors: Yonas Mikiyas , Molla Mitike 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Due to COVID 19 pandemic, school over the world has been closed. Globally 1.2 billion students are out of the classroom. Virtual learning is usually associated with online courses or online environments, but it has much broader dimensions. The objective of this study was to explore the challenges of virtual teaching and learning among graduate students at the SPH, CHS, Addis Ababa University. Methods: the phenomenological qualitative study was conducted at Addis Ababa University, on graduate students. Participant was selected by Purposive sampling and data collection was in-depth interview and analyzed by using open-code 4.03.Results In this study two participants participated: one student and one teacher. As the student explain the virtual learning and education was new mode to delivery education in Ethiopia and he told that he did not have any experience before. Despite, teacher states that he has an experience on the online learning and teaching. The participants states that virtual learning have an advantage. However, there are many challenges they list, from these: inadequate internet, costly ineffective, inflexible are the majors. Conclusion: based on the finding from the participants, student hasn’t experience of virtual learning. The factor influence to follow virtual learning is that student was beginner for online learning, and teacher was also beginner in giving virtual teaching, connection problem in our country and teacher behavior are the main problem explored by this study. Even though student and teacher feel it is difficult, they suggest the virtual learning have to be trained in Ethiopia for the future.
Motor Cortical Plasticity Induced by Volitional Muscle Activity-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Median Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Kariyawasam Pramudika Nirmani , Suzuki Shinya , Yoshida Susumu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundBilateral motor training (BMT) is a useful method to modify the excitability of the corticospinal system. The effects of artificial symmetrical movement on corticospinal excitability through functional electrical stimulation (FES) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have not been reported. Therefore, we compared motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) following TMS over the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) of voluntary movements after conventional BMT and repetitive artificial symmetrical movements generated through FES and TMS.MethodsSurface electromyograms of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles were recorded bilaterally in 12 healthy participants. Three sessions with different protocols were conducted: (1) bilateral finger training (BFT) involving bilateral thumb abduction, (2) right APB-triggered TMS of the ipsilateral M1 (APB-triggered i-TMS), and (3) right APB-triggered contralateral median nerve stimulation (APB-triggered c-MNS). Each protocol consisted of 360 trials for 30 min. Resting motor threshold (RMT), MEPs induced by single-pulse TMS, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) induced by paired-pulse TMS were assessed as outcome measures at baseline and at 0, 20, 40, and 60 min after intervention.ResultsRMT showed no significant effect of intervention, time, or interaction. MEP amplitude showed a significant effect with time. MEP amplitude significantly increased at 0, 20, and 40 min post-intervention in BFT; at 0, 20, 40, and 60 min post-intervention in APB-triggered i-TMS; and at 20 and 40 min post-intervention in APB-triggered c-MNS in comparison to the baseline values. SICI was significantly decreased at 0 min post-intervention in the BFT and APB-triggered i-TMS protocols. ICF was significantly increased at 0 min post-intervention in the BFT and at 20 min post-intervention in the APB-triggered c-MNS protocol.ConclusionThe main finding of the present study was the long-lasting increase in MEP amplitude in all three mirror-symmetrical movement protocols. The observed changes are long-lasting and comparatively strong. However, the underlying neural mechanisms seem to be slightly different across the three protocols. Thus, whether voluntarily or artificially caused, repetitive symmetrical mirror movements enhance corticospinal excitability.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Associated Factors Among People Living with HIV Infection at a Comprehensive Hospital in Ethiopia
Authors: Gebremariam Girma Tekle , Bitew Kalikdan Yihenew , Weldeyes Yemisrach Tessema , Fentie Atalay Mulu , Gebretekle Gebremedhin Beedemariam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced mortality and morbidity of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA); however, the nature of infection and treatment associated with adverse drug reactions often adversely affect patient's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The purpose of this study was to assess the HRQoL and its associated factors among PLWHA in Ethiopia.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients taking HAART at Zewditu Memorial General Hospital in Addis Ababa. A face-to-face interview was performed using the HIV/AIDS targeted quality of Life (HAT-QoL) instrument. Patients who met eligibility criteria were approached consecutively while they came to the pharmacy for a medication refill. Descriptive statistics were used to present patient characteristics and HRQoL profiles. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were carried out to identify predictors for HRQoL. All statistical tests considered significant at p-value < 0.05.Results: A total of 300 participants were interviewed. The mean age of patients was 41.47 ± 9.45 years and the majority (63.13% ) were females. More than two-thirds (69.7%) of patients were adherents to their medication. The highest HAT-QoL mean score was observed in the overall function domain (84.96±19.87) followed by life satisfaction (83.02±14.61) and physician trust (80.53±20.79). Moderate mean scores were reported in the domains of health worries (71.90±27.00), medication worries (69.44±21.53) and disclosure worries (63.65±30.94) had moderate mean scores, while HIV mastery (56.94±32.52), financial worries (48.81±44.64), and sexual function (12.57±45.56) recorded lower mean scores. Being female, higher educational status, older age, low household income, taking prophylactic therapy, low CD4+ count, and non-adherence were significantly associated with HAT-QoL domains.Conclusions: Overall, HIV/AIDS patients in Addis Ababa had an average level of HRQoL. This study demonstrated that several sociodemographic and clinical variables contribute to reduced HRQoL. Hence, healthcare providers should be paid attention to associated factors that contributed to reduced HRQoL.
Age-and-Sex Specific Profile of Temporal Fasting Plasma Glucose Variability in a Routine Health Screening Population
Authors: Lartey Agyei Helena , Li Xiaona , Li Zhongqi , Zhang Qun , Wang Jianming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundFasting plasma glucose (FPG) variability is an important predictor of mortality, mainly in patients with a poor glycemic control. This study aims to explore the temporal age-and-sex specific profile of temporal FPG variability in a routine health screening Chinese population and to guide the prevention and control of diabetes for targeted public health intervention.MethodsWe used the general linear model to compare differences of temporal FPG values between gender and across age groups of 101886 Nanjing residents who took part in the routine physical health examination at the Health Management Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in 2018. Variability of FPG caused by time, age and gender independently or in combination was analyzed.ResultsThe participants included 57455(56.4%) males and 44431(43.6%) females, with the mean age of 42.8±15.0 years. The average FPG level was 5.5±1.1 mmol/L. The monthly variation contributed 22% of the overall FPG variability. A significant main effect for age group was observed (F=7.39, P <0.05), with a good fitting effect (Eta-squared =0.15). Variability of FPG showed gender differences by comparing the percentage differences of coefficient of variation which was higher in males than females. There were significant interaction effects of month*age*gender and day*age*gender.ConclusionsTemporal variability of FPG is obvious in the general Chinese population, which is affected by both age and gender. To avoid complications associated with FPG variability such as hypoglycemia, interventions should be directed at females and males at specific ages for optimal control of FPG variability and reducing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular outcomes
Trend&nbsp;Dynamics of Thyroid Cancer Incidence among China and the U.S. Adult Population from 1992-2017: A Join-point and Age-Period-Cohort
Authors: Cui Yiran Yi , Mubarik Sumaira , Li Jia Rui , Nawsherwan  , Yu Chuanhua Chuan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose: Based on the previously published reports, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) has been increasing in the past 25 years, and the reason for the increase is not yet clear. The present study aims to reveal the long-term trends and age–period–cohort effects for the incidence of TC in China and the U.S. from 1992 to 2017.Patients and methods: We examined the trends of TC incidence in the two countries, for the different genders (men/women) in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2017). We further used an age-period-cohort model to analyze age-period-cohort effects on TC incidence, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) of rates was estimated by Join-point regression analysis.Results: TC increased with the age and period. Aging was one of the most influential factors of TC in China. The age eﬀect increased markedly in the U.S. compared with China. The period eﬀect showed an increase in China while that tended to grow steadily during 1992-2017 in the U.S. The cohort eﬀect peaked in 1963-1967 birth cohorts for men and women in China and declined consistently in the birth cohort in the U.S.Conclusion: From 1992 to 2017, due to ionizing radiation and over-diagnosis, age-standardized TC incidence rates in both genders rose in China and the U.S. The standardized incidence rate of women is higher than that of men. It is necessary to provide women with reasonable prevention and protection measures for TC. We need to apply for health services and screening to reduce ionizing radiation.
General and Predictable Synthesis of Ultrahigh-Surface-Area Porous Carbons with Superior Yield via Preferential Removal of sp2-Hybridized Atoms
Authors: Yu Peifeng , Zhang Weicai , Liu Yingliang , Xu Fei , Liang Yeru 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A grand challenge in the state-of-the-art porous carbons is the lack of reliable synthesis strategy for achieving ultrahigh surface areas while maintaining a high carbonization yield. Ultrahigh surface area generally depends on trial and error activation with poor understanding of structural information in the starting carbonaceous matter to predict the ultrahigh porosity. Meanwhile, excessive development of porosity (> 3500 m2 g− 1) will undoubtedly give rise to low carbonization yield (< 10%), thus far restricting cost-effective applications. Here, we report a general and predictable protocol via constructing nitrogen-doped sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the carbonaceous matter, which guides the pore-creating agents (e.g., KOH) to preferentially etch over sp2- rather than sp3-hybridized atoms, thus greatly increasing the activation reaction efficiency to simultaneously accomplish ultrahigh porosity without sacrificing carbonization yield, a critical paradox in producing carbons. A highest surface area (4482 m2 g− 1) with 10 wt.% carbonization yield and 3500 m2 g− 1 with an unparalleled yield of 35% are achieved so far, which enables great potential in adsorptive-related applications as exemplified by their record-high gas adsorption and supercapacitve performances. Our findings reveal important insights on directed synthesis of ultrahigh-surface-area carbons and provide an impetus for their on-demand applications.
ABCDEF Bundle and Supportive ICU Care Practices for patients with COVID-19 infection: An international point prevalence study ~The ISIIC Study~
Authors: Liu Keibun , Nakamura Kensuke , Katsukawa Hajime , Elhadi Muhammed , Nydahl Peter , Ely Eugene Wesley , Kudchadkar Sapna R , Takahashi Kunihiko , Inoue Shigeaki , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Kesecioglu Jozef , Nishida Osamu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundAlthough the number of patients with COVID-19 infection is increasing and concerns for their long-term disabilities are increasing, there is a lack of data about the delivery of the ABCDEF-bundle and supportive care in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The aim of this study is to investigate the implementation of the ABCDEF-bundle and supportive care provided to patients with COVID-19 infections in ICUs. MethodsThis was a world-wide two-day point prevalence study, on June 3 and July 1, 2020. A total of 212 ICUs in 38 countries (166 ICUs on Day 1 and 212 on Day 2) participated. Clinicians in each participating ICU completed web-based online surveys. The implementation rate for elements of the ABCDEF-bundle, other supportive ICU care measures and implementation associated structures were investigated.RESULTSData for 262 patients was collected during the two-day study. Of patients included, 124 (47.3%) underwent mechanical ventilation (MV) and 12 (4.6%) patients were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The proportion of patients with implementation of each element was: Element A (regular pain assessment) 45%; B (both spontaneous awakening and breathing trials) 28%; C (regular sedation assessment) 52%; D (regular delirium assessment) 38%; E (early mobility and exercise) 47%; and F (family engagement and empowerment) 16%. The implementation of element E for patients on MV was 16% and ECMO was 17%. Supportive care, such as providing protein throughout the ICU stay (under 1.2g/kg for more than 50% of the patients) and introduction of an ICU diary (25%) was inadequate. A higher implementation rate of elements A and D were recognized in ICUs with specific protocols for ICU care and lower numbers of ICU beds exclusively for patients with COVID-19 infection. Element E was implemented at a higher rate in ICUs with more ICU beds for patients with COVID-19 infection.CONCLUSIONSThis worldwide two-day point prevalence study found low implementation of the ABCDEF-bundle. Specific protocols and the number of ICU beds reserved for patients with COVID-19 infections might be key factors to deliver appropriate supportive care.Trial registration: UMIN, UMIN000040405. Registered 14 May 2020, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000046103
Safety of Early Norepinephrine Infusion Through Peripheral Vascular Access During Transport of Critically ill Children
Authors: CHARBEL Ramy , OLLIER Vincent , JULLIAND Sebastien , JOURDAIN Gilles , LODE Noëlla , TISSIERES Pierre , MORIN Luc 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundReversal of hypotension is a priority in the management of a collapsed child. The pediatric Surviving Sepsis Campaign advocates for the rapid use of epinephrine or norepinephrine for sepsis related myocardial or vascular dysfunction following 40-60ml/kg of fluid resuscitation. Vasoactive drugs should be started within the first hour after sepsis recognition in a patient with shock. In such a short delay, central venous access can be difficult to obtain, and infusion may be initially started through a peripheral catheter. Hereby, we reported the safety of norepinephrine infusion through a peripheral catheter in retrieved shocked patients.MethodsMulticentric retrospective analysis of medical pediatric retrieval teams experience of vasopressors infusion through a peripheral vascular access. Medical pediatric retrieval teams (SMUR) and Pediatric Intensive care units (PICU) of the Paris urban region. Children 0 to 18 years necessitating norepinephrine infusion during retrieval. Modalities of infusion (drip concentration, duration, site of infusion), incidence of complication and outcome at PICU discharge were reviewed.ResultsThirty-seven children in shock received a norepinephrine infusion for a median time of 4 hours. No local adverse event was noted. One patient had transient blanching of the skin which improved after appropriate care. The overall mortality was 10.8% with one death (2.7%) during transport and 3 (8.1%) in PICU. ConclusionsDuring transport of critically ill patients requiring vasopressor infusion by a specialized pediatric retrieval team, the use of norepinephrine on a non-central catheter was safe among all patients.