bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vagrant Servants as Disease Vectors: Regulation of Migrant Maidservants in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna
Authors: Natarajan Ambika 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article centers on the persistent notion that female domestics are vulnerable to prostitution. Focusing on Vienna in the last decades of the nineteenth century, the article highlights the underlying fallacies of this notion. The 1810 Vienna Servant Code created a system of policing that made it easier for officials to collect data on maidservants. Compounded by problems in classification, maidservants seemed to form a major contingent in police prostitution data. The data enabled physicians to justify extending their authority over the private lives of a swelling population of occupationally diverse working-class migrant women in fin-de-siècle Vienna.
The portrayal of elderly men and women in Hungarian television news programmes
Authors: Kovács Gábor , Aczél Petra , Bokor Tamás 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMass media research on the portrayal of older people has primarily focused on television series and advertisements. News programmes on television have received little attention. We argue that viewers perceive characters on the news as more direct and more accurate representations of social reality than fictional characters, and therefore portrayals on the news are more likely to be integrated in viewers’ stereotypes about elderly people or used as standards of comparison. In order to explore potential differences in the representation of senior men and women, we conducted a quantitative content analysis on a sample of 754 elderly people who appeared on the evening news programmes of four major Hungarian television channels with high viewership. Each character was coded in terms of 115 qualitative variables. Our results indicate that older men are portrayed significantly more often than women as affluent, elegant, knowledgeable, powerful and actively working. By contrast, women are more commonly shown as kind, family-oriented, in ordinary roles (e.g. as the ‘woman in the street’) and engaged in less-productive activities such as shopping. Based on previous research on the role of mass media in the socialisation process as well as social comparison theory, we discuss how these imbalances in the representation of older men and women may affect viewers of different age groups, genders and social status.
Guns and Butter in China: How Chinese Citizens Respond to Military Spending
Authors: Han Xiao , Sadler Michael , Quek Kai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMilitaries are sustained by public money that is diverted away from other domestic ends. How the public react to the “guns-versus-butter” trade-off is thus an important question in understanding the microfoundations of Chinese military power. However, there are few studies on public attitudes towards military spending in China, whose rising power has been a grave concern to many policymakers around the world. We fielded a national online survey to investigate the nature of public support for military spending in China. We find that Chinese citizens support military spending in the abstract, but their support diminishes when considered alongside other domestic spending priorities. We also find that public support for military spending coexists surprisingly with anti-war sentiments and a significant strain of isolationism. In addition, while the conventional wisdom suggests that nationalism moves a state towards bellicosity and war, we find that Chinese citizens with a stronger sense of national pride report stronger anti-war sentiments than other citizens.
Evaluation of the Predictive Accuracy of the interRAI Falls Clinical Assessment Protocol, Scott Fall Risk Screen, and a Supplementary Falls Risk Assessment Tool Used in Residential Long-Term Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Norman Kathleen J. , Hirdes John P. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTFalls in residential long-term care (LTC) facilities continue to be a leading cause of injury for residents and cost for the health care system. Interdisciplinary clinical teams are responsible for assessing risk levels for their residents and developing appropriate care plans and interventions in response. This study compares the predictive accuracy of three separate fall risk assessment tools: the interRAI Falls Clinical Assessment Protocol (CAP), derived from the LTC Facility (LTCF) or Minimum Data Set (MDS) 2.0 assessments; the Scott Fall Risk Screen; and a modified Fall Risk Tool that was implemented as part of a provincial Fall Reduction Strategy in Nova Scotia. To conduct this retrospective cohort study, secondary data were collected from 1,553 LTC residents with interRAI assessments completed between March 1, 2015 and September 29, 2016, across Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. For each resident, data were collected regarding the three fall risk assessments, along with fall incident data for use in sensitivity, specificity, and logistic regression analyses. This study found that although all three tools had limitations with sensitivity or specificity thresholds, the interRAI Falls CAP delivered the highest accuracy with a c-statistic of 0.673, compared with the Scott Fall Risk Screen at 0.529 and the modified Fall Risk Tool at 0.609. When diseases that have been established to be a risk factor for falls were added to the model, the overall accuracy of the interRAI Falls CAP combined with those covariates increased to 0.749. These results suggest that the best practice guidelines for fall risk assessment be revisited, and that the interRAI Falls CAP could potentially be updated to include certain diseases and controls for optimal predictive ability.
Demonstration, extension, and refinement of the re-proposed notion of design abduction
Authors: Koskela Lauri , Kroll Ehud 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe original ideas on design abduction, inspired by treatments in philosophy of science, had a narrow conception on how novelty emerges in design, when looked at in terms of logic. The authors have previously presented a re-proposed notion of abduction in design, taking the differences between science and design into account. Now, in this article, the invention of the airplane by the Wright brothers is analyzed as a retrospective case study. Key parts of the re-proposed notion of design abduction are demonstrated, and two new types of design abduction are identified, namely strategic abduction and dynamic abduction. Perhaps even more importantly, a new hypothesis on the cognitive basis of design abduction is reached. While the importance of model-based abduction (and reasoning) is confirmed, the case also pinpoints the central role of verbalization and discussion in supporting design reasoning in general and especially abduction. All in all, it seems that an improved understanding of design abduction and its cognitive basis would be instrumental in promoting more effective and efficient designing.
Repair of isolated atrial septal defect in infants less than 12 months improves symptoms of chronic lung disease or shunt-related pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Charisopoulou Dafni , Bini Roberta Margarita , Riley Gillian , Janagarajan Kalai , Moledina Shahin , Marek Jan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Infants with isolated atrial septal defects are usually minimally symptomatic, and repair is typically performed after infancy. Early repair may be considered if there is high pulmonary blood flow and reduced respiratory reserve or early signs of pulmonary hypertension. Our aim was to review the characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of patients who underwent infant repair at our institute.Methods:The study included 56 infants (28 female, 19 trisomy 21) with isolated atrial septal defect (age: 8 months (1.5–12), weight: 6 kg (2.8–7.5), echo Qp/Qs: 1.9 ± 0.1) who underwent surgical closure (20 fenestrated). Three groups were identified: 1) chronic lung disease and pulmonary hypertension (group A: n = 28%); 2) acutely unwell infants with pulmonary hypertension but no chronic lung disease (group B: n = 20, 36%); and 3) infants with refractory congestive heart failure without either pulmonary hypertension or chronic lung disease (group C: n = 9, 16%).Results:Post-operatively, pulmonary hypertension infants (47/56) showed improvement in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion z-score (p < 0.001) and right ventricular systolic/diastolic duration ratio (p < 0.05). All ventilator (14.3%) or oxygen-dependent (31.6%) infants could be weaned within 2 weeks after repair. One year later, weight z-score increased in all patients and by +1 in group A, +1.3 in group B and +2 in group C. Over a median follow-up of 1.4 years, three patients died, four patients continued to have pulmonary hypertension evidence and two remained on targeted pulmonary hypertension therapy.Conclusion:Atrial septal defect repair within the first year may improve the clinical status and growth in infants with early signs of pulmonary hypertension or those requiring respiratory support and facilitate respiratory management.
Legalised Pedigrees: Sayyids and Shiʽi Islam in Pakistan
Authors: FUCHS SIMON WOLFGANG 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article draws on a wide range of Shiʽi periodicals and monographs from the 1950s until the present day to investigate debates on the status of Sayyids in Pakistan. I argue that the discussion by reformist and traditionalist Shiʽi scholars(ʽulama)and popular preachers has remained remarkably stable over this time period. Both ‘camps’ have avoided talking about any theological or miracle-working role of the Prophet's kin. This phenomenon is remarkable, given the fact that Sayyids share their pedigree with the Shiʽi Imams, who are credited with superhuman qualities. Instead, Shiʽi reformists and traditionalists have discussed Sayyids predominantly as a specific legal category. They are merely entitled to a distinct treatment as far as their claims to charity, patterns of marriage, and deference in daily life is concerned. I hold that this reductionist and largely legalising reading of Sayyids has to do with the intense competition over religious authority in post-Partition Pakistan. For both traditionalist and reformist Shiʽi authors,ʽulama,and preachers, there was no room to acknowledge Sayyids as potential further competitors in their efforts to convince the Shiʽi public about the proper ‘orthodoxy’ of their specific views.
Bidirectional cross-linguistic influence in object realization in Cantonese–English bilingual children
Authors: Zhou Jiangling , Mai Ziyin , Yip Virginia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study reports a production experiment investigating the realization of objects with different verb types in controlled discourse contexts in 68 three- to seven-year-old sequential Cantonese–English bilingual children. The results show the bilingual children behaved similarly to the Cantonese monolingual peers in object omission, but exhibited protracted development and produced target-deviant forms following a Cantonese pattern in omitting objects specified in prior discourse in English. The bilingual children also showed non-target-like uses of the Cantonese post-verbal object pronounkeoi5,which were unattested in monolingual children. Our findings show evidence for bidirectional cross-linguistic influence: the direction of influence goes from the weaker to the stronger language and from the stronger to the weaker language. Vulnerability of object realization in bilingual acquisition can be better understood in terms of the interaction between cross-linguistic influence, input (e.g., quantity and structural frequencies) and other linguistic elements involved in the interface relation (e.g., verb type).
A new anthropometric index to predict percent body fat in young adults
Authors: Yang Hyuk In , Cho Wonhee , Ahn Ki Yong , Shin Seung-chul , Kim Ju-hwa , Yoo Seoungjae , Park Yong-in , Lee Eun-Young , Lee Dong Hoon , Spence John C , Jeon Justin Y 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:To propose a new anthropometric index that can be employed to better predict percent body fat (PBF) among young adults and to compare with current anthropometric indices.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:All measurements were taken in a controlled laboratory setting in Seoul (South Korea), between 1 December 2015 and 30 June 2016.Participants:Eighty-seven young adults (18–35 years) who underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used for analysis. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to develop a body fat index (BFI) using simple demographic and anthropometric information. Correlations of DXA measured PBF (DXA_PBF) with previously developed anthropometric indices and the BFI were analysed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to compare the ability of anthropometric indices to identify obese individuals.Results:BFI showed a strong correlation with DXA_PBF (r = 0·84), which was higher than the correlations of DXA_PBF with the traditional (waist circumference, r = 0·49; waist to height ratio, r = 0·68; BMI, r = 0·36) and alternate anthropometric indices (a body shape index, r = 0·47; body roundness index, r = 0·68; body adiposity index, r = 0·70). Moreover, the BFI showed higher accuracy at identifying obese individuals (area under the curve (AUC) = 0·91), compared with the other anthropometric indices (AUC = 0·71–0·86).Conclusions:The BFI can accurately predict DXA_PBF in young adults, using simple demographic and anthropometric information that are commonly available in research and clinical settings. However, larger representative studies are required to build on our findings.
Exploring morpho-physiological profiles of a collection of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) germplasm using multivariate statistics
Authors: Mellidou Ifigeneia , Krommydas Konstantinos , Nianiou-Obeidat Irini , Ouzounidou Georgia , Kalivas Apostolos , Ganopoulos Ioannis 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA selection of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes with diverse origin and breeding history including 33 landraces, eight modern varieties and two commercial hybrids has been characterized using a set of 25 qualitative descriptors and six quantitative traits. A wide range of variation was evident for the majority of traits, highlighting their utility for characterizing tomato germplasm collections. A plethora of qualitative traits including type of leaf blade, depression and ribbing at peduncle end, fruit shape at blossom end, number of locules and flowering time, as well as measured traits with economic importance such as fruit fresh weight, firmness and total yield per plant, were found to be highly variable within the collection, with a diversity index greater than 0.8. Strong correlations were detected among several traits related to fruit yield and quality. Two-dimensional principal component analysis as well as the unsupervised hierarchical clustering grouped genotypes according to their phenotypic resemblance and morphological characteristics to a great extent. Landraces from different origins were scattered across the whole variation spectrum of PC1 and PC2. A set of six qualitative traits could efficiently discriminate cultivars in PCA (explaining 75% of total variation), suggesting that it can serve as a valuable breeding tool for the germplasm characterization. The evaluation of the phenotypic diversity in the collection as well as the identification of traits that contribute most to heterogeneity have important implications for establishing core collections with high diversity, as well as designing breeding schemes across the Mediterranean basin.
Investigation of the Micromechanical Damage Process in a Granitic Rock Using an Inelastic Bonded Block Model (BBM)
Authors: Sinha S. , Shirole D. , Walton G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study numerically investigates the damage process in a granite using an inelastic multiminerallic block model in two‐dimensional Universal Distinct Element Code. In addition to the commonly considered calibration targets like uniaxial and triaxial strengths, tensile strength, and Young's modulus, attention was paid to reproduce additional attributes such as postpeak response, residual strengths, and confinement‐dependent dilatancy to minimize the nonuniqueness potential of the models. The fracture pattern transitioned from axial cracking to shear banding as the specimen confinement was increased from 0 to 60 MPa. Most notably, the model could exhibit the cohesion‐weakening‐frictional‐strengthening behavior that is typically associated with brittle rocks. The progressive damage mechanism in the unconfined bonded block model (BBM) was subsequently studied using the 2‐D digital image correlation (2‐D‐DIC) approach. To date, the application of the 2‐D‐DIC approach has been restricted only to real material testing; this study, therefore, is an attempt to extend its applicability to numerical models. It was found that 2‐D‐DIC is capable of imaging the simulated microcracking process very well and the results were similar to those observed from real testing on a different granitic rock. Lastly, the numerical‐based DIC results were analyzed to clarify that even if the point of axial stress‐axial strain nonlinearity does not coincide with the point of volumetric strain reversal in unconfined BBMs, the axial stress‐axial strain nonlinearity approach should always be used for determining the crack damage threshold in BBMs.
Mesoscale Eddy Effects on the Subduction of North Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water
Authors: Wang Ran , Cheng Xuhua , Xu Lixiao , Chen Jiajia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe effects of mesoscale eddies on the subduction of the North Pacific eastern subtropical mode water (ESTMW) are studied by comparing observations with results from the Ocean Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES). Both observations and the OFES show that mesoscale eddies exist in the ESTMW subduction region. Compared to the observations, the OFES reproduces the characteristics of the ESTMW and subduction quite well. Subduction of the ESTMW mainly occurs within a low‐density advection region, which leads to the formation of low potential vorticity water. The eddy subduction rate accounts for nearly 56% of the total subduction rate, creating high peaks in the ESTMW subduction volume histogram. Case study results show that the propagation of eddies is responsible for the shallowing of the mixed‐layer depth, which allows low potential vorticity water to subduct under the mixed‐layer bottom and prevents it from being entrained back into the mixed layer. The eddy subduction process investigated here has important implications for the further study of ESTMW subduction and transport, which is helpful for better understanding the interior transportation between the tropics and subtropics.
Targeting inhibitory cerebellar circuitry to alleviate behavioral deficits in a mouse model for studying idiopathic autism
Authors: Chao Owen Y. , Marron Fernandez de Velasco Ezequiel , Pathak Salil Saurav , Maitra Swati , Zhang Hao , Duvick Lisa , Wickman Kevin , Orr Harry T. , Hirai Hirokazu , Yang Yi-Mei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses wide-ranging neuropsychiatric symptoms with unclear etiology. Although the cerebellum is a key region implicated in ASD, it remains elusive how the cerebellar circuitry is altered and whether the cerebellum can serve as a therapeutic target to rectify the phenotype of idiopathic ASD with polygenic abnormalities. Using a syndromic ASD model, e.g., Black and Tan BRachyury T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, we revealed that increased excitability of presynaptic interneurons (INs) and decreased intrinsic excitability of postsynaptic Purkinje neurons (PNs) resulted in low PN firing rates in the cerebellum. Knowing that downregulation of Kv1.2 potassium channel in the IN nerve terminals likely augmented their excitability and GABA release, we applied a positive Kv1.2 modulator to mitigate the presynaptic over-inhibition and social impairment of BTBR mice. Selective restoration of the PN activity by a new chemogenetic approach alleviated core ASD-like behaviors of the BTBR strain. These findings highlight complex mechanisms converging onto the cerebellar dysfunction in the phenotypic model and provide effective strategies for potential therapies of ASD.
It does not always take two to tango: “Syntrophy” via hydrogen cycling in one bacterial cell
Authors: Wiechmann Anja , Ciurus Sarah , Oswald Florian , Seiler Vinca N , Müller Volker 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Interspecies hydrogen transfer in anoxic ecosystems is essential for the complete microbial breakdown of organic matter to methane. Acetogenic bacteria are key players in anaerobic food webs and have been considered as prime candidates for hydrogen cycling. We have tested this hypothesis by mutational analysis of the hydrogenase in the model acetogen Acetobacterium woodii. Hydrogenase-deletion mutants no longer grew on H2 + CO2 or organic substrates such as fructose, lactate, or ethanol. Heterotrophic growth could be restored by addition of molecular hydrogen to the culture, indicating that hydrogen is an intermediate in heterotrophic growth. Indeed, hydrogen production from fructose was detected in a stirred-tank reactor. The mutant grew well on organic substrates plus caffeate, an alternative electron acceptor that does not require molecular hydrogen but NADH as reductant. These data are consistent with the notion that molecular hydrogen is produced from organic substrates and then used as reductant for CO2 reduction. Surprisingly, hydrogen cycling in A. woodii is different from the known modes of interspecies or intraspecies hydrogen cycling. Our data are consistent with a novel type of hydrogen cycling that connects an oxidative and reductive metabolic module in one bacterial cell, “intracellular syntrophy.”
Circulating microRNA 134 sheds light on the diagnosis of major depressive disorder
Authors: Zhang Han-ping , Liu Xiao-lei , Chen Jian-jun , Cheng Ke , Bai Shun-Jie , Zheng Peng , Zhou Chan-juan , Wang Wei , Wang Hai-yang , Zhong Lian-mei , Xie Peng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating psychiatric mood disorder that lacks objective laboratory-based tests to support its diagnosis. A class of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been found to be centrally involved in regulating many molecular processes fundamental to central nervous system function. Among these miRNAs, miRNA-134 (miR-134) has been reported to be related to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. In this study, the hypothesis that plasma miR-134 can be used to diagnose MDD was tested. Perturbation of peripheral and central miR-134 in a depressive-like rat model was also examined. By reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, miR-134 was comparatively measured in a small set of plasma samples from MDD and healthy control (HC) subjects. To determine its diagnostic efficacy, plasma miR-134 levels were assessed in 100 MDD, 50 bipolar disorder (BD), 50 schizophrenic (SCZ), and 100 HC subjects. A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model was also developed to evaluate miR-134 expression in plasma, hippocampus (HIP), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and olfactory bulb. We found that plasma miR-134 was significantly downregulated in MDD subjects. Diagnostically, plasma miR-134 levels could effectively distinguish MDD from HC with 79% sensitivity and 84% specificity, while distinguishing MDD from HC, BD, and SCZ subjects with 79% sensitivity and 76.5% specificity. Congruent with these clinical findings, CUMS significantly reduced miR-134 levels in the rat plasma, HIP, and PFC. Although limited by the relatively small sample size, these results demonstrated that plasma miR-134 displays potential ability as a biomarker for MDD.