bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of silica based sols on the optical properties and colour fastness of synthetic indigo dyed denim fabrics
Authors: Sezgin Bozok Sabiha , Ogulata Ramazan Tugrul 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe colour of denim fabric, which has a large share in the textile market, is an important parameter together with comfort properties during usage. While some users prefer the colour of denim fabrics to have different colours as they use them, others want to be provided with colour stability of the fabrics during use. In this study, the effect of a sol‐gel technique on indigo dyed denim fabrics was investigated. The aim was to reduce the colour change that occurs in denim fabrics as a result of external factors by using silica‐based coatings. The sols were prepared by using TEOS (tetraethylortosilicate) and different volumes of GPTS ((3‐glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane) as precursors in acidic and alkaline conditions. Synthetic indigo dyed cotton denim fabrics were treated with the sols by applying the pad‐dry‐cure method. It was determined that the colour strength of the treated samples increased and the fabrics treated with the sols prepared in alkaline condition became darker compared to the sols in acidic condition. It is seen that the use of crosslinkers while preparing the sol could improve the rubbing and washing fastness of commercial denim samples.
COVID-19 related health inequality exists even in a city where disease incidence is relatively low: a telephone survey in Hong Kong
Authors: Chung Roger Yat-Nork , Chung Gary Ka-Ki , Marmot Michael , Allen Jessica , Chan Dicken , Goldblatt Peter , Wong Hung , Lai Eric , Woo Jean , Yeoh Eng-Kiong , Wong Samuel Y S 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundWe examined whether COVID-19 could exert inequalities in socioeconomic conditions and health in Hong Kong, where there has been a relatively low COVID-19 incidence.Methods752 adult respondents from a previous random sample participated in a telephone survey from 20 April to 11 May 2020. We examined demographic and socioeconomic factors, worry of COVID-19, general health, economic activity, and personal protective equipment (PPE) and related hygiene practice by deprivation status. The associations between deprivation and negative COVID-19 related issues were analysed using binary logistic regressions, while the associations of these issues with health were analysed using linear regressions. Path analysis was conducted to determine the direct effect of deprivation, and the indirect effects via COVID-19 related issues, on health. Interactions between deprivation and the mediators were also tested.ResultsDeprived individuals were more likely to have job loss/instability, less reserves, less utilisation and more concerns of PPE. After adjustments for potential confounders, being deprived was associated with having greater risk of low reserve of face masks, being worried about the disease and job loss/instability. Being deprived had worse physical (β=−0.154, p<0.001) and mental health (β=−0.211, p<0.001) and had an indirect effect on mental health via worry and job loss/instability (total indirect effect: β=−0.027, p=0.017; proportion being mediated=11.46%). In addition, significant interaction between deprivation and change of economic activity status was observed on mental health-related quality of life.ConclusionEven if the COVID-19 incidence was relatively low, part of the observed health inequality can be explained by people’s concerns over livelihood and economic activity, which were affected by the containment measures. We should look beyond the incidence to address COVID-19 related health inequalities.
Solving Linear Programs in the Current Matrix Multiplication Time
Authors: Cohen Michael B. , Lee Yin Tat , Song Zhao 
Published: January 2021

This article shows how to solve linear programs of the form min

Ax
=
b
,
x
≥ 0

c
⊤
x
with
n
variables in time

O
*
((
n
ω
+
n
2.5−α/2
+
n
2+1/6
) log (
n
/δ)), where ω is the exponent of matrix multiplication, α is the dual exponent of matrix multiplication, and δ is the relative accuracy. For the current value of ω δ 2.37 and α δ 0.31, our algorithm takes
O
*
(
n
ω
log (
n
/δ)) time. When ω = 2, our algorithm takes
O
*
(
n
2+1/6
log (
n
/δ)) time.

Our algorithm utilizes several new concepts that we believe may be of independent interest:
• We define a stochastic central path method.

• We show how to maintain a projection matrix √
W
A
⊤
(
AWA
⊤
)
−1
A
√
W
in sub-quadratic time under \ell
2
multiplicative changes in the diagonal matrix
W
.
Changes in Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle and Hypertrophic Growth During Fetal to Adult in Mammals
Authors: Bishop Sanford P. , Zhou Yang , Nakada Yuji , Zhang Jianyi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The failure of adult cardiomyocytes to reproduce themselves to repair an injury results in the development of severe cardiac disability leading to death in many cases. The quest for an understanding of the inability of cardiac myocytes to repair an injury has been ongoing for decades with the identification of various factors which have a temporary effect on cell‐cycle activity. Fetal cardiac myocytes are continuously replicating until the time that the developing fetus reaches a stage of maturity sufficient for postnatal life around the time of birth. Recent reports of the ability for early neonatal mice and pigs to completely repair after the severe injury has stimulated further study of the regulators of the cardiomyocyte cell cycle to promote replication for the remuscularization of injured heart. In all mammals just before or after birth, single‐nucleated hyperplastically growing cardiomyocytes, 1X2N, undergo ≥1 additional DNA replications not followed by cytokinesis, resulting in cells with ≥2 nuclei or as in primates, multiple DNA replications (polyploidy) of 1 nucleus, 2X2(+)N or 1X4(+)N. All further growth of the heart is attributable to hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Animal studies ranging from zebrafish with 100% 1X2N cells in the adult to some strains of mice with up to 98% 2X2N cells in the adult and other species with variable ratios of 1X2N and 2X2N cells are reviewed relative to the time of conversion. Various structural, physiologic, metabolic, genetic, hormonal, oxygenation, and other factors that play a key role in the inability of post‐neonatal and adult myocytes to undergo additional cytokinesis are also reviewed.
Henry James in–and out of–the Classroom
Authors: Yeazell Ruth Bernard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Henry James did not write for the classroom. His personal experience of the institution was erratic at best, and most of his work was published at a time when the novel had yet to be formally recognized as a subject of academic study. But he believed strongly that “art lives upon discussion,” and the undergraduate classroom can be an invigorating space in which to keep that discussion going. Drawing both on my own experience of teaching James's novels over the years and on an informal survey of Yale undergraduates who have studied the novelist with me in recent decades, this essay addresses some of the ways in which his work continues to resonate both in and out of the classroom.
“A Woman Is a Sometime Thing”: (Re)Covering Black Womanhood in Porgy and Bess
Authors: Brooks Daphne A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This essay reexamines the legendary opera-musical Porgy and Bess by first tending to its origins in the dual phenomenon of early 1920s racialized sonic experimentation and the Southern literary conceits of DuBose Heyward, author of the 1925 novel Porgy on which the theater production was based. It traces the ways in which Heyward and George Gershwin's undertheorized fascination with “the vice of Black womanhood” effectively shaped the form and the content of a work often referred to as “America's most famous opera,” and it ultimately considers the ways that Black women artists navigated, complicated, and transformed the charged aesthetics of a Porgy and Bess. Their performance labor ultimately subverts an archetype whose novel roots threatened to circumscribe their representational and artistic possibility.
Rethinking John 1:1
Authors: Atkins Christopher S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The presence of wisdom “with” God at or before creation is well attested in Jewish sapiential traditions. Given the widespread recognition that the logos of John’s prologue corresponds with sophia in such traditions, it has become natural to read John 1:1b as virtually all English translations do—that is, as “and the word was with God.” Through comparative analysis of the role of divine intermediary figures in Middle-Platonism and Philo of Alexandria, this article argues against the majority interpretation by providing new arguments and a new conceptual framework for the reading, “and the Word was Godward.”
Decadal Modulation of the ENSO–Indian Ocean Basin Warming Relationship during the Decaying Summer by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Liu Fangyu , Zhang Wenjun , Jin Fei-Fei , Hu Suqiong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany previous studies have shown that an Indian Ocean basin warming (IOBW) occurs usually during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) decaying spring to summer seasons through modifying the equatorial zonal circulation. Decadal modulation associated with the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) is further investigated here to understand the nonstationary ENSO–IOBW relationship during ENSO decaying summer (July–September). During the positive IPO phase, significant warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are observed over the tropical Indian Ocean in El Niño decaying summers and vice versa for La Niña events, while these patterns are not well detected in the negative IPO phase. Different decaying speeds of ENSO associated with the IPO phase, largely controlled by both zonal advective and thermocline feedbacks, are suggested to be mainly responsible for these different ENSO–IOBW relationships. In contrast to ENSO events in the negative IPO phase, the ones in the positive IPO phase display a slower decaying speed and delay their transitions both from a warm to a cold state and a cold to a warm state. The slower decay of El Niño and La Niña thereby helps to sustain the teleconnection forcing over the equatorial Indian Ocean and corresponding SST anomalies there can persist into summer. This IPO modulation of the ENSO–IOBW relationship carries important implications for the seasonal prediction of the Indian Ocean SST anomalies and associated summer climate anomalies.
The landscape of lncRNAs in Cydia pomonella provides insights into their signatures and potential roles in transcriptional regulation
Authors: Xing Longsheng , Xi Yu , Qiao Xi , Huang Cong , Wu Qiang , Yang Nianwan , Guo Jianyang , Liu Wanxue , Fan Wei , Wan Fanghao , Qian Wanqiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as an important class of transcriptional regulators in cellular processes. The past decades have witnessed great progress in lncRNA studies in a variety of organisms. The codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) is an important invasive insect in China. However, the functional impact of lncRNAs in this insect remains unclear. In this study, an atlas of codling moth lncRNAs was constructed based on publicly available RNA-seq datasets.

Results
In total, 9875 lncRNA transcripts encoded by 9161 loci were identified in the codling moth. As expected, the lncRNAs exhibited shorter transcript lengths, lower GC contents, and lower expression levels than protein-coding genes (PCGs). Additionally, the lncRNAs were more likely to show tissue-specific expression patterns than PCGs. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of the lncRNAs showed a testis-biased expression pattern. Additionally, conservation analysis indicated that lncRNA sequences were weakly conserved across insect species, though additional lncRNAs with homologous relationships could be identified based on synteny, suggesting that synteny could be a more reliable approach for the cross-species comparison of lncRNAs. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of lncRNAs with neighbouring PCGs indicated a stronger correlation between them, suggesting potential cis-acting roles of these lncRNAs in the regulation of gene expression.

Conclusions
Taken together, our work provides a valuable resource for the comparative and functional study of lncRNAs, which will facilitate the understanding of their mechanistic roles in transcriptional regulation.
Virtual controls as an alternative to randomized controlled trials for assessing efficacy of interventions
Authors: Strayhorn Joseph M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRandomized controlled trials are ubiquitously spoken of as the “gold standard” for testing interventions and establishing causal relations. This article presents evidence for two premises. First: there are often major problems with randomized designs; it is by no means true that the only good design is a randomized design. Second: the method of virtual controls in some circumstances can and should replace randomized designs.Randomized trials can present problems with external validity or generalizability; they can be unethical; they typically involve much time, effort, and expense; their assignments to treatment conditions often can be maintained only for limited time periods; examination of their track record reveals problems with reproducibility on the one hand, and lack of overwhelming superiority to observational methods on the other hand.The method of virtual controls involves ongoing efforts to refine statistical models for prediction of outcomes from measurable variables, under conditions of no treatment or current standard of care. Research participants then join a single-arm study of a new intervention. Each participant’s data, together with the formulas previously generated, predict that participant’s outcome without the new intervention. These outcomes are the “virtual controls.” The actual outcomes with intervention are compared with the virtual control outcomes to estimate effect sizes. Part of the research product is the prediction equations themselves, so that in clinical practice, individual treatment decisions may be aided by quantitative answers to the questions, “What is estimated to happen to this particular patient with and without this treatment?”The method of virtual controls is especially indicated when rapid results are of high priority, when withholding intervention is likely harmful, when adequate data exist for prediction of untreated or standard of care outcomes, when we want to let people choose the treatment they prefer, when tailoring treatment decisions to individuals is desirable, and when real-world clinical information can be harnessed for analysis.
2019 novel coronavirus disease with secondary ischemic stroke: two case reports
Authors: Fu Bin , Chen Yun , Li Ping 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out in Wuhan in 2019, has become the global health crisis of our time. Elderly patients with certain fundamental diseases are more likely to develop severe cases. The secondary lesion following viral infection have only rarely been reported.

Case presentation
We here report two cases of coronavirus-infected pneumonia with acute ischemic stroke in middle-aged patients. In both COVID-19 cases, neurological physical examinations showed normal results before infection. Lymphocytopenia, accompanied by elevated cytokines and D-dimers, were found from serum clinical laboratory examination at admission. Dysarthria and limb muscle weakness are initial manifestations, occurring one week after infect-causative pathogen, SARS-CoV-2. The head CT and head/neck arterial CTA showed small-vessel occlusion. The patients were diagnosed with coronavirus diseases with secondary acute ischemic stroke. They were treated with tirofiban and followed up with daily aspirin and atorvastatin.

Conclusions
These cases suggested that secondary ischemic stroke, mainly manifested as small-vessel occlusion, should be considered for COVID-19 patients and diagnosed and treated promptly.
EGFR inhibitors switch keratinocytes from a proliferative to a differentiative phenotype affecting epidermal development and barrier function
Authors: Joly-Tonetti Nicolas , Ondet Thomas , Monshouwer Mario , Stamatas Georgios N. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADR) associated with oncology therapy involve 45–100% of patients receiving kinase inhibitors. Such adverse reactions may include skin inflammation, infection, pruritus and dryness, symptoms that can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life. To prevent severe skin damages dose adjustment or drug discontinuation is often required, interfering with the prescribed oncology treatment protocol. This is particularly the case of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor inhibitors (EGFRi) targeting carcinomas. Since the EGFR pathway is pivotal for epidermal keratinocytes, it is reasonable to hypothesize that EGFRi also affect these cells and therefore interfere with the epidermal structure formation and skin barrier function.

Methods
To test this hypothesis, the effects of EGFRi and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor inhibitors (VEGFRi) at therapeutically relevant concentrations (3, 10, 30, 100 nM) were assessed on proliferation and differentiation markers of human keratinocytes in a novel 3D micro-epidermis tissue culture model.

Results
EGFRi directly affect basal keratinocyte growth, leading to tissue size reduction and switching keratinocytes from a proliferative to a differentiative phenotype, as evidenced by decreased Ki67 staining and increased filaggrin, desmoglein-1 and involucrin expression compared to control. These effects lead to skin barrier impairment, which can be observed in a reconstructed human epidermis model showing a decrease in trans-epidermal water loss rates. On the other hand, pan-kinase inhibitors mainly targeting VEGFR barely affect keratinocyte differentiation and rather promote a proliferative phenotype.

Conclusions
This study contributes to the mechanistic understanding of the clinically observed CADR during therapy with EGFRi. These in vitro results suggest a specific mode of action of EGFRi by directly affecting keratinocyte growth and barrier function.
Assessment of various continual reassessment method models for dose-escalation phase 1 oncology clinical trials: using real clinical data and simulation studies
Authors: James G. D. , Symeonides S. , Marshall J. , Young J. , Clack G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
The continual reassessment method (CRM) identifies the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) more efficiently and identifies the true MTD more frequently compared to standard methods such as the 3 + 3 method. An initial estimate of the dose-toxicity relationship (prior skeleton) is required, and there is limited guidance on how to select this. Previously, we compared the CRM with six different skeletons to the 3 + 3 method by conducting post-hoc analysis on a phase 1 oncology study (AZD3514), each CRM model reduced the number of patients allocated to suboptimal and toxic doses. This manuscript extends this work by assessing the ability of the 3 + 3 method and the CRM with different skeletons in determining the true MTD of various “true” dose-toxicity relationships.

Methods
One thousand studies were simulated for each “true” dose toxicity relationship considered, four were based on clinical trial data (AZD3514, AZD1208, AZD1480, AZD4877), and four were theoretical. The 3 + 3 method and 2-stage extended CRM with six skeletons were applied to identify the MTD, where the true MTD was considered as the largest dose where the probability of experiencing a dose limiting toxicity (DLT) is ≤33%.

Results
For every true dose-toxicity relationship, the CRM selected the MTD that matched the true MTD in a higher proportion of studies compared to the 3 + 3 method. The CRM overestimated the MTD in a higher proportion of simulations compared to the 3 + 3 method.
The proportion of studies where the correct MTD was selected varied considerably between skeletons. For some true dose-toxicity relationships, some skeletons identified the true MTD in a higher proportion of scenarios compared to the skeleton that matched the true dose-toxicity relationship.

Conclusion
Through simulation, the CRM generally outperformed the 3 + 3 method for the clinical and theoretical true dose-toxicity relationships. It was observed that accurate estimates of the true skeleton do not always outperform a generic skeleton, therefore the application of wide confidence intervals may enable a generic skeleton to be used. Further work is needed to determine the optimum skeleton.
Multiple anthropometric and nutritional deficiencies in young children in Ethiopia: a multi-level analysis based on a nationally representative data
Authors: Geda Nigatu Regassa , Feng Cindy Xin , Henry Carol J. , Lepnurm Rein , Janzen Bonnie , Whiting Susan J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
In Ethiopia, child undernutrition and anemia are major public health concerns, resulting in increased childhood morbidity and mortality. Despite progress made to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition (especially stunting) from 50% in 2000 to 38% in 2016, little is known about the magnitude and risk factors for concurrent nutritional deficiencies in Ethiopia.

Methods
Analysis for this study was based on a total sample of 9218 children aged 6–59 months drawn from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) conducted in the year 2016. The study used two outcome variables: Multiple nutrition deficit index formed by combining stunting, underweight, wasting and anemia status; and a concurrent stunting and anemia (CAS) index. Two mixed effect regression models, Poisson and Logistic, were used to identify the key risk factors of the two outcome variables, respectively.

Results
The proportion of children with stunting (length-for-age), underweight (weight-for-age) and wasting children (weight-for-length) was 38%, 25.2% and 9.4%, respectively. About 58% of the children had anemia. The prevalence of children with concurrent stunting and anemia children was 24.8%. Our results showed that the risks of multiple nutritional problems were determined by a range of individual, household and behavioral factors including: sex of the child, age of the child, birth order, parity, parental education, religion, household wealth index and type of family structure. The proximate variables (hygiene and sanitation score, feeding practice, and child health service utilization score) were also found to exert a strong influence on the risk of multiple nutritional deficiencies. The likelihood of co-occurrence of stunting and anemia was determined by certain individual and household factors, including sex of the child, age of the child, maternal education, household asset based wealth, religion and household hygiene and sanitation.

Conclusions
This study underscores the importance of improving parental education, household wealth, hygiene and sanitation conditions, promoting feeding practice and child health service utilization. Also, any nutrition sensitive and specific intervention should consider a child’s characteristics such as his/her age, gender and birth order.