bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in Executive Function Among Patients With Schizophrenia, Their Unaffected First-Degree Relatives, and Healthy Participants
Authors: Kataoka Yuzuru , Shimada Takamitsu , Koide Yoko , Okubo Hiroaki , Uehara Takashi , Shioiri Toshiki , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Ohi Kazutaka 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) display impaired executive functions compared with healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, unaffected first-degree relatives (FRs) of patients with SCZ independently perform worse executive functions than do HCs. However, few studies have investigated the differences in executive functions assessed among patients with SCZ, FRs, and HCs, and the findings are inconsistent.

Methods
We investigated diagnostic differences in executive functions, namely (1) numbers of categories achieved (CA), (2) total errors (TE), and (3) percentage of perseverative errors of Nelson types (%PEN), using the Wisconsin card sorting test among patients with SCZ (n = 116), unaffected FRs (n = 62), and HCs (n = 146) at a single institute. Correlations between these executive functions and clinical variables were investigated.

Results
Significant differences existed in all executive functions among diagnostic groups (CA, F2,319 = 15.5, P = 3.71 × 10–7; TE, F2,319 = 16.2, P = 2.06 × 10–7; and %PEN, F2,319 = 21.3, P = 2.15 × 10–9). Patients with SCZ had fewer CA and more TE and %PEN than those of HCs (CA, Cohen’s d = −0.70, P = 5.49 × 10–8; TE, d = 0.70, P = 5.62 × 10–8; and %PEN, d = 0.82, P = 2.85 × 10−10) and FRs (TE, d = 0.46, P = 3.73 × 10–3 and %PEN, d = 0.38, P = .017). Of the 3 executive functions, CA and %PEN of FRs were intermediately impaired between patients with SCZ and HCs (CA, d = −0.41, P = .011 and %PEN, d = 0.41, P = .012). In contrast, no significant difference in TE existed between FRs and HCs (d = 0.22, P = .18). Although CA and TE were affected by the duration of illness (P &lt; .017), %PEN was not affected by any clinical variable in patients with SCZ (P &gt; .017).

Conclusions
Executive function, particularly %PEN, could be a useful intermediate phenotype for understanding the genetic mechanisms implicated in SCZ pathophysiology.
A call for social informatics
Authors: Pantell Matthew S , Adler-Milstein Julia , Wang Michael D , Prather Aric A , Adler Nancy E , Gottlieb Laura M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
As evidence of the associations between social factors and health outcomes continues to mount, capturing and acting on social determinants of health (SDOH) in clinical settings has never been more relevant. Many professional medical organizations have endorsed screening for SDOH, and the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology has recommended increased capacity of health information technology to integrate and support use of SDOH data in clinical settings. As these efforts begin their translation to practice, a new subfield of health informatics is emerging, focused on the application of information technologies to capture and apply social data in conjunction with health data to advance individual and population health. Developing this dedicated subfield of informatics—which we term social informatics—is important to drive research that informs how to approach the unique data, interoperability, execution, and ethical challenges involved in integrating social and medical care.
Recurrent lymphoepithelial cysts after parotidectomy in an undiagnosed HIV-positive patient
Authors: Wu Gregory , Yousaf Azeem , Kessler Evan , Seitelman Eric , Datta Rajiv 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A benign lymphoepithelial cyst (BLEC) is defined as a rare, benign lesion composed of single or multiple cysts found within salivary glands or the lateral cervical area. Increasing reports suggest an association between BLEC and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), although its pathogenesis remains unclear. We report a 51-year-old male who presented with recurrent bilateral BLECs after initial parotidectomy of cyst. An HIV panel was then performed with a positive result. We review the surgical and medical managements of BLEC while also discussing further treatment recommendations. Clinicians should be aware that BLEC recurrence postparotidectomy may be the initial presenting symptom of HIV in a patient with no risk factors.
Under nonlimiting iron conditions pyocyanin is a major antifungal molecule, and differences between prototypic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains
Authors: Sass Gabriele , Nazik Hasan , Chatterjee Paulami , Stevens David A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Airways of immunocompromised patients, or individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), are common ground for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Hence, in such a microenvironment both pathogens compete for resources. While under limiting iron conditions the siderophore pyoverdine is the most effective antifungal P. aeruginosa product, we now provide evidence that under nonlimiting iron conditions P. aeruginosa supernatants lack pyoverdine but still possess considerable antifungal activity. Spectrometric analyses of P. aeruginosa supernatants revealed the presence of phenazines, such as pyocyanin, only under nonlimiting iron conditions. Supernatants of quorum sensing mutants of strain PA14, defective in phenazine production, as well as supernatants of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, lacked pyocyanin, and were less inhibitory toward A. fumigatus biofilms under nonlimiting iron conditions. When blood as a natural source of iron was present during P. aeruginosa supernatant production, pyoverdine was absent, and phenazines, including pyocyanin, appeared, resulting in an antifungal effect on A. fumigatus biofilms. Pure pyocyanin reduced A. fumigatus biofilm metabolism. In summary, P. aeruginosa has mechanisms to compete with A. fumigatus under limiting and non-limiting iron conditions, and can switch from iron-denial-based to toxin-based antifungal activity. This has implications for the evolution of the microbiome in clinical settings where the two pathogens co-exist. Important differences in the iron response of P. aeruginosa laboratory strains PA14 and PAO1 were also uncovered.
Investigating the within-person relationships between activity levels and sleep duration using Fitbit data
Authors: Liao Yue , Robertson Michael C , Winne Andrea , Wu Ivan H C , Le Thuan A , Balachandran Diwakar D , Basen-Engquist Karen M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The advancement of wearable technologies provides opportunities to continuously track individuals’ daily activity levels and sleep patterns over extended periods of time. These data are useful in examining the reciprocal relationships between physical activity and sleep at the intrapersonal level. The purpose of this study is to test the bidirectional relationships between daily activity levels and sleep duration. The current study analyzed activity and sleep data collected from a Fitbit device as part of a 6 month employer-sponsored weight loss program. A total of 105 overweight/obese adults were included (92% female, 70% obese, and 44% Hispanic). Multilevel models were used to examine (a) whether daily active and sedentary minutes predicted that night’s sleep duration and (b) whether sleep duration predicted active and sedentary minutes the following day. Potential extended effects were explored by using a 2 day average of the activity minutes/sleep duration as the predictor. No significant relationships between active minutes and sleep duration were found on a daily basis. However, having less sleep over two nights than one’s usual level was associated with an increased likelihood of engaging in some physical activity the following day. There was a significant bidirectional negative association between sedentary minutes and sleep duration for both the daily and 2 day models. Data from wearable trackers, such as Fitbit, can be used to investigate the daily within-person relationship between activity levels and sleep duration. Future studies should investigate other sleep metrics that may be obtained from wearable trackers, as well as potential moderators and mediators of daily activity levels and sleep.
Case Report: Beyond the Blood-retina Barrier: Intravitreal Caspofungin for Fungal Endophthalmitis
Authors: von Jagow Burkhard , Kurzai Oliver , Kakkassery Vinodh 
Published: July 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Two fungal endophthalmitis cases demonstrate safety and efficiency of intravitreal caspofungin as a new therapy option in fungal endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intravitreal application of caspofungin for the treatment of fungal endophthalmitis because rising resistance to voriconazole and amphotericin B leads to a need for new antifungal therapy options.

CASE REPORT
Initially, both patients with fungal endophthalmitis underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Microbiological analysis revealed Aspergillus terreus and Candida dubliniensis, which both possess atypical resistance patterns. Caspofungin has a low bioavailability in the eye when given systemically. It was injected intravitreally into the eyes affected by fungal endophthalmitis. An injection of 100 μg of caspofungin in a volume 0.1 mL was applied repeatedly. Clinical parameters were recorded. Both eyes were stabilized by the treatment. Finally, the intraocular infections with atypical mycotic agents were eliminated. Visual acuity improved to 0.4 logMAR (20/50 Snellen) in the first case and to 1.0 logMAR (20/200 Snellen) in the second case. During the treatment course, we have not seen any toxic effects or damage of intraocular structures related to the intravitreal administration of caspofungin.

CONCLUSIONS
In summary, intravitreal caspofungin was effective and well tolerated in both cases. Therefore, caspofungin seems to be a safe and effective intravitreal alternative to voriconazole and amphotericin B in fungal endophthalmitis.
Novel Body Composition Predictors of Outcome in Patients With Angiosarcoma of the Breast: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Hemke Robert , Takayesu Jamie , Hughes Kevin S. , Chang Connie , DeLaney Thomas F. , Bernstein Karen De Amorim , Bredella Miriam A. 
Published: July 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to determine abdominal and breast adipose tissue parameters on 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) that may serve as outcome predictors in breast angiosarcoma patients.

Materials
Women with breast angiosarcoma (n = 13) who underwent 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT were identified. A control group was selected (n = 25). Abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were assessed on unenhanced computed tomographies. Breast adipose tissue (BAT) volumes of the uninvolved breast were quantified. Metabolic activity of VAT, SAT, and BAT was calculated (standardized uptake value [SUV]).

Results
Breast angiosarcoma patients had higher metabolic activity of VAT compared with controls (SUV 0.93 ± 0.39 vs 0.64 ± 0.11, P = 0.044). Within the patient group, there were 6 deaths (46.2%). Patients who died had higher SAT activity (SUV 0.52 ± 0.24 vs 0.29 ± 0.06, P = 0.027) and higher BAT metabolic activity (SUV 0.48 ± 0.20 vs 0.27 ± 0.11, P = 0.045) compared with nondeceased patients.

Conclusions
Patients with breast angiosarcoma have higher metabolic activity of VAT. Higher abdominal SAT and higher BAT metabolic activity of the uninvolved breast might predict mortality.
Turbo Spin-Echo Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Men With Pelvic Hardware
Authors: Pirasteh Ali , Johnson Brian , Dimitrov Ivan E. , Costa Daniel N. , Diaz de Leon Alberto , Xi Yin , Madhuranthakam Ananth J. , Pedrosa Ivan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We evaluated an alternative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) acquisition for prostate magnetic resonance imaging of men with pelvic hardware, using radial k-space sampling (MultiVane [MV]), short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression, and split acquisition of turbo spin-echo signals. The optimized STIR-MV-DWI reduced metal-associated artifacts and image distortion, and aided in visualization of the prostate and lesions. The STIR-MV-DWI can be a valuable adjunct in prostate magnetic resonance imaging of men with pelvic hardware, among whom the conventional echo-planar DWI is compromised.
Quantifying the impacts of human mobility restriction on the spread of COVID-19: an empirical analysis from 344 cities of China
Authors: Tan Jing , Xiong Yiquan , Zhao Shaoyang , Liu Chunrong , Huang Shiyao , Lu Xin , Thabane Lehana , Xie Feng , Sun Xin , Li Weimin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveSince the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), human mobility restriction measures have raised controversies, partly due to inconsistent findings. Empirical study is urgently needed to reliably assess the causal effects of mobility restriction.MethodsOur study applied the difference-in-difference (DID) model to assess declines of population mobility at the city level, and used the log-log regression model to examine the effects of population mobility declines on the disease spread measured by cumulative or new cases of COVID-19 over time, after adjusting for confounders.ResultsThe DID model showed that a continual expansion of the relative declines over time in 2020. After four weeks, population mobility declined by 54.81% (interquartile ranges, −65.50% to −43.56%). The accrued population mobility declines were associated with significant reduction of cumulative COVID-19 cases throughout six weeks (i.e., 1% decline of population mobility was associated with 0.72% (95%CI 0.50% to 0.93%) reduce of cumulative cases for one week, 1.42% two weeks, 1.69% three weeks, 1.72% four weeks,1.64% five weeks and 1.52% six weeks). The impact on weekly new cases seemed greater in the first four weeks, but faded thereafter. The effects on cumulative cases differed by cities of different population sizes, with greater effects seen in larger cities.ConclusionPersistent population mobility restrictions are well deserved. However, a change in the degree of mobility restriction may be warranted over time, particularly after several weeks of rigorous mobility restriction. Implementation of mobility restrictions in major cities with large population sizes may be even more important.
Comparative multiplexed interactomics of SARS-CoV-2 and homologous coronavirus non-structural proteins identifies unique and shared host-cell dependencies
Authors: Davies Jonathan P. , Almasy Katherine M. , McDonald Eli F. , Plate Lars 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTHuman coronaviruses (hCoV) have become a threat to global health and society, as evident from the SARS outbreak in 2002 caused by SARS-CoV-1 and the most recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Despite high sequence similarity between SARS-CoV-1 and −2, each strain has distinctive virulence. A better understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms mediating changes in virulence is needed. Here, we profile the virus-host protein-protein interactions of two hCoV non-structural proteins (nsps) that are critical for virus replication. We use tandem mass tag-multiplexed quantitative proteomics to sensitively compare and contrast the interactomes of nsp2 and nsp4 from three betacoronavirus strains: SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and hCoV-OC43 – an endemic strain associated with the common cold. This approach enables the identification of both unique and shared host cell protein binding partners and the ability to further compare the enrichment of common interactions across homologs from related strains. We identify common nsp2 interactors involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+signaling and mitochondria biogenesis. We also identifiy nsp4 interactors unique to each strain, such as E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes for SARS-CoV-1 and ER homeostasis factors for SARS-CoV-2. Common nsp4 interactors includeN-linked glycosylation machinery, unfolded protein response (UPR) associated proteins, and anti-viral innate immune signaling factors. Both nsp2 and nsp4 interactors are strongly enriched in proteins localized at mitochondrial-associated ER membranes suggesting a new functional role for modulating host processes, such as calcium homeostasis, at these organelle contact sites. Our results shed light on the role these hCoV proteins play in the infection cycle, as well as host factors that may mediate the divergent pathogenesis of OC43 from SARS strains. Our mass spectrometry workflow enables rapid and robust comparisons of multiple bait proteins, which can be applied to additional viral proteins. Furthermore, the identified common interactions may present new targets for exploration by host-directed anti-viral therapeutics.
Women in power: Female leadership and public health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Coscieme Luca , Fioramonti Lorenzo , Mortensen Lars F. , Pickett Kate E. , Kubiszewski Ida , Lovins Hunter , Mcglade Jacqueline , Ragnarsdóttir Kristín Vala , Roberts Debra , Costanza Robert , De Vogli Roberto , Wilkinson Richard 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSome countries have been more successful than others at dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. When we explore the different policy approaches adopted as well as the underlying socio-economic factors, we note an interesting set of correlations: countries led by women leaders have fared significantly better than those led by men on a wide range of dimensions concerning the global health crisis. In this paper, we analyze available data for 35 countries, focusing on the following variables: number of deaths per capita due to COVID-19, number of days with reported deaths, peaks in daily deaths, deaths occurred on the first day of lockdown, and excess mortality. Results show that countries governed by female leaders experienced much fewer COVID-19 deaths per capita and were more effective and rapid at flattening the epidemic’s curve, with lower peaks in daily deaths. We argue that there are both contingent and structural reasons that may explain these stark differences. First of all, most women-led governments were more prompt at introducing restrictive measures in the initial phase of the epidemic, prioritizing public health over economic concerns, and more successful at eliciting collaboration from the population. Secondly, most countries led by women are also those with a stronger focus on social equality, human needs and generosity. These societies are more receptive to political agendas that place social and environmental wellbeing at the core of national policymaking.
Dissemination and co-circulation of SARS-CoV2 subclades exhibiting enhanced transmission associated with increased mortality in Western Europe and the United States
Authors: Hu Yuan , Riley Lee W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMechanisms underlying the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like clinical manifestations leading to deaths in patients who develop COVID-19 remain uncharacterized. While multiple factors could influence these clinical outcomes, we explored if differences in transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV2 variants could contribute to these terminal clinical consequences of COVID-19. We analyzed 34,412 SARS-CoV2 sequences deposited in the Global Initiative for Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) SARS-CoV2 sequence database to determine if regional differences in circulating strain variants correlated with increased mortality in Europe, the United States, and California. We found two subclades descending from the Wuhan HU-1 strain that rapidly became dominant in Western Europe and the United States. These variants contained nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations in the Orf1ab segment encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (C14408T), the spike protein gene (A23403G), and Orf1a (G25563T), which resulted in non-conservative amino acid substitutions P323L, D614G, and Q57H, respectively. In Western Europe, the A23403G-C14408T subclade dominated, while in the US, the A23403G-C14408T-G25563T mutant became the dominant strain in New York and parts of California. The high cumulative frequencies of both subclades showed inconsistent but significant association with high cumulative CFRs in some of the regions. When the frequencies of the subclades were analyzed by their 7-day moving averages across each epidemic, we found co-circulation of both subclades to temporally correlate with peak mortality periods. We postulate that in areas with high numbers of these co-circulating subclades, a person may get serially infected. The second infection may trigger a hyperinflammatory response similar to the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) response, which could explain the ARDS-like manifestations observed in people with co-morbidity, who may not mount sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies against the first infection. Further studies are necessary but the implication of such a mechanism will need to be considered for all current COVID-19 vaccine designs.
Differences by country-level income in COVID-19 cases, deaths, case-fatality rates, and rates per million population in the first five months of the pandemic
Authors: Sabawoon Wrihsmeen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe differences by country-level income in COVID-19 cases, deaths, case-fatality rates, incidence rates, and death rates per million population.MethodsPublicly available data on COVID-19 cases and deaths from December 31, 2019 to June 3, 2020 were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to examine associations of country-level income with COVID-19 cases, deaths, case-fatality rates, incidence rates, and death rates.ResultsA total of 380,803 deaths out of 6,348,204 COVID-19 cases were reported from 210 countries and territories globally in the period under study, and the global case-fatality rate was 6.0%. Of the total globally reported cases and deaths, the percentages of cases and deaths were 59.9% and 75.0% for high-income countries, and 30.9% and 20.7% for upper-middle-income countries. Countries in higher income categories had higher incidence rates and death rates. Between April and May, the incidence rates in higher-income groups of countries decreased, but in other groups it increased.ConclusionsIn the first five months of the COVID-19 pandemic, most cases and deaths were reported from high-income and upper-middle-income countries, and those countries had higher incidence rates and death rates per million population than did lower-middle and low-income countries.