bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ignorance and Its Disvalue
Authors: Meylan Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
It is commonly accepted – not only in the philosophical literature but also in daily life – that ignorance is a failure of some sort. As a result, a desideratum of any ontological account of ignorance is that it must be able to explain why there is something wrong with being ignorant of a true proposition. This article shows two things. First, two influential accounts of ignorance – the Knowledge Account and the True Belief Account – do not satisfy this requirement. They fail to provide a satisfying normative account of the badness of ignorance. Second, this article suggests an alternative explanation of what makes ignorance a bad cognitive state. In a nutshell, ignorance is bad because it is the manifestation of a vice, namely, of what Cassam calls “epistemic insouciance”.
Identification of an Age Maturity in Time Discrimination Abilities
Authors: Hallez Quentin , Droit-Volet Sylvie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the age at which parameters of timing performance in a temporal bisection task converge on an adult-like stable level. Participants in the three- to 20-year-old range were tested using a temporal bisection task with sub-second and supra-second durations. The data were divided into two samples. In the first sample, all participants were integrated into the analysis regardless of their success. In the second sample, only performers were inserted. The point of subjective equality (PSE) and the Weber Ratio (WR) were analyzed for each participant in each sample. By fitting a mathematical model to these parameters as a function of age, we showed a large inter-individual variability in the PSE, such that it does not stabilize with increasing age, i.e., during the significant period of development. Interestingly, time sensitivity (WR) shows a similar pattern through the two samples as adult-like performance appeared at an earlier age for short than for long durations. For the first sample, the modeling of WR data suggests that the children reached an adult-like time sensitivity at the age of six years for the short durations and 8½ years for the long durations. For the second sample, the developmental curve was stable at about the same age for the long duration (seven years), and at earlier age for the short durations, i.e., before three years.
Authoring and Publishing in the Age of Manuscripts: the Columbia University Copy of an Ottoman Compendium of Sciences with Marginal Glossing
Authors: Tunç Şen A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study examines an early-seventeenth century copy of a popular book in Ottoman Turkish originally composed by Nevʿī Efendi (d. 1599) in the early 1570s. With around 150 extant copies available in almost every major Islamic manuscript collection across the world, Nevʿī Efendi’s compendium, or the “fruits,” of sciences (Netāyicü’l-fünūn) deserves to be called an early modern bestseller among the Ottoman reading public. The particular copy of the work located at Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Or. 360) is a notable one with numerous minhu records (i.e., marginal glosses one could trace back to the author) written in Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, and Persian. In this article, besides situating Nevʿī Efendi’s work in the broader genre of taṣnīf al-ʿulūm (classification of sciences) in the Ottoman as well as the broader Islamicate realm of learning, I will pay closer attention to discussing the minhu notes that present intriguing insights into the questions of what a published work meant in the age of manuscripts, and how the continuous interventions on the text made by the author, and possibly by the copyists and readers, enrich as well as shuffle the “authentic” contents of the “published” version.
On Void and the Plausibility of the Copernican Paradigm: an Indo-Persian Link in the Qajar Reception of Modern Astronomy
Authors: Brabyn Trevor , Ansari Mohammad Sadegh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Historiography on the introduction of the Copernican astronomical paradigm in Iran has acknowledged the presence of Persian treatises from India in early-nineteenth century Qajar Iran for some time. In spite of this acknowledgment, the processes by which the modern paradigm was transmitted to Iran via the subcontinent have remained shrouded in mystery for the most part. MS Or. 462 at Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, represents a unique early nineteenth-century composite manuscript (majmūʿah), in which, alongside treatises belonging to the premodern Ptolemaic paradigm, appears an entry on the Copernican planetary system. The treatise in question, titled “The discovery of the novel opinions of the sages of Europe” (Istikshāf-i rāyhā-yi tāzah-ʾi ḥakīmān-i farang), outlines the expanding geographical knowledge of Europe as well as the cosmological revisions of Copernicus and Newton, among other unnamed European scholars. In this article, we first examine the treatise’s connection to its Indo-Persian source and present an overview of its content on the new Copernican cosmology. Furthermore, we examine an encounter between proponents and detractors of the new scientific paradigm as detailed at the end of the treatise. Finally, we draw a few conclusions about the introduction of modernity and modern science into nineteenth-century Qajar Iran, based on the information that can be retrieved from this treatise.
Laser Conditioning: A Preferred Option Over Conventional Acid Etching for Orthodontic Bonding
Authors: R. Piradhiba , Faizee Shahul Hameed , Krishnaswamy N.R. 
Published: October 2020

Aim: To evaluate the demineralization resistance and the shear bond strength of enamel surfaces after erbium, chromium: yttrium–scandium–gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser etching (2 W/15 Hz, 2 W/25 Hz) and to compare them with conventional acid etching for orthodontic bonding. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 extracted human premolars with intact enamel surface were used for this study. Demineralization Resistance was estimated using ion-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Shear bond strength was evaluated using Universal Testing Machine—Instron. Results: Statistically significant difference ( P < .001) was found in the concentration of dissolved calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), with the highest mean Ca and P in the acid-etched group, followed by 2 W/15 Hz laser-etched group and least with 2 W/25 Hz laser-etched group. Maximum bond strength was found in the acid-etched group (12.06 MPa), followed by the 2 W/25 Hz laser-etched group (9.01 MPa) and 2 W/15 Hz laser-etched group (8.39 MPa). The differences were statistically significant. Conclusions: Laser conditioning of enamel surface revealed significant demineralization resistance with a minimal dissolution of Ca and P ions in the demineralizing solution. Moreover, optimum bond strength was obtained similar to that of acid etching; hence, Er,Cr:YSGG laser conditioning of enamel surface is preferred over the conventional phosphoric acid etching for orthodontic bonding.
Reducing rates of readmission and development of an outpatient management plan in pulmonary hypertension: lessons from congestive heart failure management
Authors: Dolan Justin , Mandras Stacy , Mehta Jinesh P. , Navas Viviana , Tarver James , Chakinala Murali , Rahaghi Franck 
Published: October 2020

Pulmonary hypertension currently has minimal guidelines for outpatient disease management. Congestive heart failure studies, however, have shown effectiveness of disease management plans in reducing all‐cause mortality and all‐cause and congestive heart failure‐related hospital readmissions. Heart failure exacerbation is a common reason for readmission in both pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure. Our aim was to review individual studies and comprehensive meta‐analyses to identify effective congestive heart failure interventions that can be used to develop similar disease management plans for pulmonary hypertension. A comprehensive literature review from 1993 to 2019 included original articles, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses. We reviewed topics of outpatient congestive heart failure interventions to decrease congestive heart failure mortality and readmission and patient management strategies in congestive heart failure. The most studied interventions included case management, multidisciplinary intervention, structured telephone strategy, and tele‐monitoring. Case management showed decreased all‐cause mortality at 12 months, all‐cause readmission at 12 months, and congestive heart failure readmission at 6 and 12 months. Multidisciplinary intervention resulted in decreased all‐cause readmission and congestive heart failure readmission. There was some discrepancy on effectiveness of tele‐monitoring programs in individual studies; however, meta‐analyses suggest tele‐monitoring provided reduced all‐cause mortality and risk of congestive heart failure hospitalization. Structured telephone strategy had similar results to tele‐monitoring including decreased risk of congestive heart failure hospitalization, without effect on mortality. Extrapolating from congestive heart failure data, it seems strategies to improve the health of pulmonary hypertension patients and development of comprehensive care programs should include structured telephone strategy and/or tele‐monitoring, case management strategies, and multidisciplinary interventions.
The Importance of Dental Screening Prior to Commencing Anti-Resorptive Therapy for Treatment of Cancer: A Case Report and Discussion
Authors: Mcdonnell Fiona , Steel Clare , McDonnell Fiona , Steel Clare 
Published: October 2020

Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) can be a serious complication of radiation and anti-resorptive therapies. At present, patients due to undergo radiotherapy are required to have a dental assessment to treat current or anticipated dental disease prior to commencing treatment. However no agreed guidelines are in place for those due to start anti-resorptive therapy for cancer. More patients are now being treated with various drug therapies and new combinations of drugs with unknown long-term effects, with many patients now surviving their disease for longer periods of time. It is important to increase awareness among patients and dental professionals of the possibility of them developing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) and to put in place effective preventative measures to help to stop such complications developing. Case Report A 52-year-old patient with a complex medical history, including metastatic breast cancer, presented with generalised oral pain and tooth mobility (see Figure 1). The patient developed extensive stage III MRONJ following concurrent use of multiple anti-resorptive therapies for treatment of secondary bone disease. Dental treatment consisted of provision of antibiotics, hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine mouthwashes prior to the extraction of symptomatic teeth and the multiple bony sequestra. Conclusion Once established, stage III MRONJ can be challenging to manage for both the dental team and for the patient. This case demonstrates the importance of a comprehensive dental examination and need for preventative dental treatment prior to starting anti-resorptive therapy in order to prevent such instances.
Psychological Theories of Pain
Authors: Penlington Chris , Urbanek Monika , Barker Sarah 
Published: October 2020

While pain has traditionally been understood within a medical model that equates pain to tissue damage or disease, this understanding is not consistent with everyday observations of pain or with clinical examples of persistent pain where there is often very little correlation between pain experienced and physical findings. This article considers psychological and multidimensional theories of pain, which are described within the historical context within which they were developed, including behavioural, cognitive, contextual and functional theories. Research into the multifactorial nature of persistent pain has tended to focus on mechanisms of pain development and maintenance or on the function of pain. Psychological approaches, which have focused on mechanism traditionally use disability, mood and quality of life measures to assess outcome, claiming little or no impact on pain intensity itself. By contrast, functional approaches include an explicit goal of reducing pain intensity, which is therefore measured as a key treatment outcome. Strong evidence exists from a range of sources of the important contribution of psychological and social factors to the experience of pain. However, evidence is still lacking about the specific mechanisms of change that are targeted by biopsychosocial interventions and about what treatment approach is likely to work best for whom.
Cold snare polypectomy for large sessile serrated lesions is safe but follow‐up is needed: a single‐centre retrospective study
Authors: Yoshida Naohisa , Inoue Ken , Tomita Yuri , Hashimoto Hikaru , Sugino Satoshi , Hirose Ryohei , Dohi Osamu , Naito Yuji , Morinaga Yukiko , Kishimoto Mitsuo , Inada Yutaka , Murakami Takaaki , Itoh Yoshito 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimCold snare polypectomy (CSP) is growing in popularity due to its safety and convenience. Its indication is benign tumours such as adenoma and sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) <10 mm in size. CSP for SSLs ≥10 mm in size has not been well examined. In this study, we aimed the feasibility of this treatment regarding therapeutic results and local recurrence.MethodsThis was a single‐centre retrospective cohort study. We reviewed SSLs with or without dysplasia of 10–20 mm that were resected by CSP from 2014 to 2020. All tumours were diagnosed endoscopically as SSLs without dysplasia before CSP with the help of magnifying narrow band imaging or blue laser imaging. We analysed the lesion characteristics, en bloc resection, histopathological diagnosis, adverse events and local recurrence. We analysed risk factors for recurrence, comparing recurrent lesions to non‐recurrent lesions. We also compared risk factors for lesions 10–14 mm in size to those for lesions 15–20 mm in size.ResultsWe analysed 160 lesions in 100 patients (Mage ± SD = 67.7 ± 10.1 years). The polyp size (M ± SD) was 11.8 ± 2.8 mm, and the en bloc resection rate was 60.0% (96 cases). The rates of massive perioperative haemorrhage, postoperative haemorrhage and perforation were 1.3%, 0% and 0%, respectively. Regarding histopathological diagnosis, two (1.2%) cases showed SSLs with high‐grade dysplasia. The recurrence rate in 101 lesions with a median follow‐up period of 18 months (interquartile range 12–24 months) was 5.0%. There were no significant risk factors such as tumour size, location, morphology and so on in terms of recurrence. All recurrent cases could be resected by repeat CSP. The recurrence rates of lesions 10–14 mm in size and 15–20 mm in size were 4.7% and 6.3%, respectively (p = 0.713).ConclusionCSP of SSLs ≥10 mm in size according to magnifying endoscopic diagnosis was safe and promising, but the rate of recurrence was slightly high, meaning that close follow‐up is required.
Comorbidities Associated With Poor Outcomes Following Operative Hammertoe Correction in a Geriatric Population
Authors: Maidman Samuel D. , Nash Amalie E. , Manz Wesley J. , Spencer Corey C. , Fantry Amanda , Tenenbaum Shay , Brodsky James , Bariteau Jason T. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Although complications following hammertoe correction surgery are rare, older patients with comorbid conditions are often considered poorer operative candidates compared with younger, healthier patients because of a suspected increased risk of adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine if the presence of multiple comorbidities was associated with increased complications or unsuccessful patient-reported outcomes following operative hammertoe correction in geriatric patients. Methods: Prospectively collected data was reviewed on 78 patients aged 60 years or older who underwent operative correction of hammertoe deformity. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were recorded. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale for pain and Short Form Health Survey Physical and Mental Component Summary with 1 year of follow-up. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on number of comorbidities (0 or 1 vs > 2) and then compared. The average age of patients was 69.4 years and the prevalence of comorbidities in the study population was as follows: 11.5% smokers, 25.6% on blood thinners, 15.4% with rheumatoid arthritis, 7.7% with diabetes mellitus, 2.6% with peripheral arterial disease, 6.4% with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 11.5% with coronary artery disease, and 23.1% with osteoporosis. Results: Fifty-three patients (67.9%) had 0 or 1 comorbidity and 25 (32.1%) had 2 or more comorbidities. Compared to the 0 or 1 comorbidity group, the presence of multiple comorbidities was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) for superficial wound infection of 4.18 ( P = .045) and deformity recurrence requiring surgery OR of 23.15 ( P = .032). Patient-reported outcomes were similar between comorbidity groups. Conclusions: This study further informs foot and ankle specialists to maintain increased surveillance for postoperative complications and unsuccessful outcomes in patients with multiple comorbidities. Although geriatric patients still report significant improvements in both pain and function, patients with underlying medical conditions should be counseled about their increased risks when pursuing operative hammertoe correction. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative series.
Essential Oil Olfactory Test: Comparison of Affordable Rapid Olfaction Measurement Array (AROMA) to Sniffin’ Sticks 12
Authors: Li Jennifer , Palmer Gracie , Shankar Suraj , Villwock Mark R. , Chiu Alexander G. , Sykes Kevin J. , Villwock Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesTo further demonstrate the validity of Affordable Rapid Olfaction Measurement Array (AROMA), an essential oil−based smell test, and compare it to the Sniffin’ Sticks 12 Test (SST12).Study DesignProspective cross‐sectional study.SettingAcademic medical center.MethodsFifty healthy individuals without sinonasal disease were recruited to the study. AROMA has been previously validated against the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. The current study tests 2 additional higher concentrations to increase the ability to detect olfactory reserve. Healthy participants completed AROMA, SST12, Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), and Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QoD). Spearman correlations were used to evaluate AROMA, SST, SNOT‐22, and QoD.ResultsAROMA demonstrated strong test‐retest reliability (r = 0.757, P <. 01). AROMA showed a moderate correlation to SST12 (ρ = 0.412, P <. 01). Age and SNOT‐22 were significantly correlated (P <. 05) with AROMA (ρ = −0.547, −0.331, respectively), and age was weakly correlated with SST (ρ = −0.377, P <. 01). Median percent correct scores were as follows: SST12 identification, 92%; AROMA detection, 90%; and AROMA identification, 81%. Median correct odor identification of AROMA concentrations at 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× were 64%, 75%, 92%, and 92%, respectively.ConclusionAROMA has a moderate correlation with SST12. AROMA is more strongly correlated than SST12 to age and SNOT‐22. AROMA’s stronger correlation with subjective olfactory status, low cost, and adaptability may help remove barriers to routine olfactory testing in the clinic.
Orthostatic hypotension secondary to a suspected thymoma in a dog: a case report
Authors: Hansford Jeremy , Henao-Guerrero Natalia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis is the first case report description, to our knowledge, of a cranial mediastinal mass (suspected thymoma) causing orthostatic hypotension in a dog.Case presentationA Labrador Retriever presented for urethral stent placement during cystoscopy secondary to transitional cell carcinoma diagnosis. During anesthesia, the patient had unexpected severe and poorly-responsive hypotension following a shift in position. Several days later, an intrathoracic mass was discovered, raising concerns that the position of the mass in relation to the great vessels and heart may have been the cause of the hypotension. The patient returned for a second stent placement, and computed tomography of the chest confirmed a cranial mediastinal mass, most suspected to be thymoma based on the results of cytology. The patient was kept in sternal recumbency, but when re-positioning to left lateral recumbency, there was a dramatic blood pressure drop that corrected with a return to sternal positioning.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, orthostatic hypotension has not been described in relation to thymoma in dogs. Thymomas are rare; however, they may be associated with disease of autonomic dysfunction, such as myasthenia gravis, that may lead to orthostatic hypotension. This has been described within the human literature, and we hypothesize it was present in the currently described case. Concurrently, thymomas may grow to a substantial size and cause direct compression of the intrathoracic vasculature. As such, it should be on the differential list for poorly-responsive hypotension following a shift in body positioning under anesthesia.
Diminished adherence of Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cell line to sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni following programmed knockout of the allograft inflammatory factor
Authors: Coelho Fernanda Sales , Rodpai Rutchanee , Miller André , Karinshak Shannon E. , Mann Victoria H. , dos Santos Carvalho Omar , Caldeira Roberta Lima , de Moraes Mourão Marina , Brindley Paul J. , Ittiprasert Wannaporn 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Larval development in an intermediate host gastropod snail of the genus Biomphalaria is an obligatory component of the life-cycle of Schistosoma mansoni. Understanding of the mechanism(s) of host defense may hasten the development of tools that block transmission of schistosomiasis. The allograft inflammatory factor 1, AIF, which is evolutionarily conserved and expressed in phagocytes, is a marker of macrophage activation in both mammals and invertebrates. AIF enhances cell proliferation and migration. The embryonic cell line, termed Bge, from Biomphalaria glabrata is a versatile resource for investigation of the snail-schistosome relationship since Bge exhibits a hemocyte-like phenotype. Hemocytes perform central roles in innate and cellular immunity in gastropods and in some cases can kill the parasite. However, the Bge cells do not kill the parasite in vitro.

Methods
Bge cells were transfected by electroporation with plasmid pCas-BgAIFx4, encoding the Cas9 nuclease and a guide RNA specific for exon 4 of the B. glabrata AIF (BgAIF) gene. Transcript levels for Cas9 and for BgAIF were monitored by reverse-transcription-PCR and, in parallel, adhesion of gene-edited Bge cells during co-culture with of schistosome sporocysts was assessed.

Results
Gene knockout manipulation induced gene-disrupting indels, frequently 1–2 bp insertions and/or 8–30 bp deletions, at the programmed target site; a range from 9 to 17% of the copies of the BgAIF gene in the Bge population of cells were mutated. Transcript levels for BgAIF were reduced by up to 73% (49.5 ± 20.2% SD, P ≤ 0.05, n = 12). Adherence by BgAIF gene-edited (ΔBgAIF) Bge to sporocysts diminished in comparison to wild type cells, although cell morphology did not change. Specifically, as scored by a semi-quantitative cell adherence index (CAI), fewer ΔBgAIF than control wild type cells adhered to sporocysts; control CAI, 2.66 ± 0.10, ΔBgAIF, 2.30 ± 0.22 (P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusions
The findings supported the hypothesis that BgAIF plays a role in the adherence of B. glabrata hemocytes to sporocysts during schistosome infection in vitro. This demonstration of the activity of programmed gene editing will enable functional genomics approaches using CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate additional components of the snail-schistosome host-parasite relationship.