bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Re-constituting’ the Internal Market: Towards a Common Law of International Trade?*
Authors: Schütze Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Are the trade philosophies behind the EU internal market and the WTO international market converging or diverging; and are we, or are we not, moving towards a ‘common law of international trade’? Twenty years ago, an interesting—and swiftly famous—answer to this question was given by Joseph H.H. Weiler. Studying the ‘constitution of the common market’, the historical evolution of free movement law is here divided into five periods or generations. The underlying Weiler thesis is thereby as simple as it is beautiful: starting with an early radical philosophy in Dassonville, the European Union has gradually and consistently moved away from its original hyper-liberal approach towards an ever more deferential approach; and the transformation of Article 34 TFEU into a discrimination format ultimately leads to a convergence with international law. What are the empirical and normative credentials of this stylised construction of the internal market? This article argues that there are fundamental shortcomings in this standard interpretation of the evolution of the internal market, and that a historical reconstruction arrives at a very different empirical and normative picture. What can this ‘revisionist’ result mean for EU law scholarship in general? If EU constitutionalism wishes to ‘re-constitute’ its object of study properly, it needs to abandon the abstract ways of philosophizing that have become commonplace in the last 25 years. Part and parcel of this methodological renaissance must be a renewed commitment to test (constitutional) theory against (judicial) practice.
Stress Hyperglycemia and Mortality in Subjects With Diabetes and Sepsis
Authors: Fabbri Andrea , Marchesini Giulio , Benazzi Barbara , Morelli Alice , Montesi Danilo , Bini Cesare , Rizzo Stefano Giovanni 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
Poor glycemic control is associated with mortality in critical patients with diabetes. The aim of the study was to assess the predicting value of stress hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes following hospital admission for sepsis.

Design:
Retrospective observational study.

Setting:
Adult, emergency department, and critical care in a district hospital.

Patients:
In a 10-year retrospective analysis of sepsis-related hospitalizations in the emergency department, we carried out a secondary analysis of 915 patients with diabetes (males, 54.0%) in whom both fasting glucose at entry and glycosylated hemoglobin were available.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Patients’ mean age was 79.0 (sd 11.0), glucose at admission was 174.0 mg/dL (74.3 mg/dL), and glycosylated hemoglobin was 7.7% (1.7%). Stress hyperglycemia was defined by the stress hyperglycemia ratio, that is, fasting glucose concentration at admission divided by the estimated average glucose derived from glycosylated hemoglobin. A total of 305 patients died (33.3%) in hospital. Factors associated with in-hospital case fatality rate were tested by multivariable logistic model. Ten variables predicting outcomes in the general population were confirmed in the presence of diabetes (male sex, older age, number of organ dysfunction diagnoses, in particular cardiovascular dysfunction, infection/parasitic, circulatory, respiratory, digestive diseases diagnosis, and Charlson Comorbidity Index). In addition, also glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin: odds ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.15–1.40) and stress hyperglycemia (stress hyperglycemia ratio: 5.25; 3.62–7.63) were significant case fatality rate predictors. High stress hyperglycemia ratio (≥ 1.14) significantly increased the discriminant capacity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.864; se, 0.013; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Stress hyperglycemia, even in the presence of diabetes, is predictive of mortality following admission for sepsis. Stress hyperglycemia ratio may be used to refine prediction of an unfavorable outcome.
Ocular Adverse Effects of Amiodarone: A Systematic Review of Case Reports
Authors: Alshehri Mona , Joury Abdulaziz 
Published: July 2020

SIGNIFICANCEAmiodarone is an excellent antiarrhythmic medication; however, it has numerous systemic and ocular adverse effects.PURPOSEWe aimed to improve our understanding of amiodarone and its ocular adverse effects by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of published case reports.METHODSThis systematic review was reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. We used the MEDLINE database, primarily through PubMed, and used keywords (amiodarone, eye, eye diseases, visual/ocular adverse effects/manifestations) to identify case reports of ocular adverse effects after amiodarone use. The initial search resulted in 92 total case reports. However, after excluding nonrelevant case reports, 25 cases were selected for the final analysis.RESULTSAmong the patients in the 25 case reports, 18 were male (72%), and the median age was 66 ± 9.9 years. In 15 cases (60%), the patients reported halos around light and/or decrease in vision after amiodarone use. The most common ophthalmic examination findings were cornea verticillata/vortex keratopathy in 19 cases (76%), followed by different patterns of papilledema and retinal hemorrhages in 5 cases (20%). Discontinuation of amiodarone was the most common intervention, followed by application of topical heparin. Outcomes among case reports were variable.CONCLUSIONSCornea verticillata/vortex keratopathy was the most common ocular adverse effect in cases where amiodarone was administered. Early recognition of amiodarone-induced ocular adverse effects is imperative to prevent worsening keratopathy or uncommon adverse effects. Collaboration between physicians prescribing amiodarone—to recognize the ocular symptoms—and referral to eye care physicians are important.
Abdominal Organs Attenuation Values and Abdominal Aortic Calcifications on Virtual and True Noncontrast Images Obtained With Third-Generation Dual-Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography
Authors: Kim Sungmin , Kang Byeong Seong , Kwon Woon-Jung , Bang Minseo , Lim Soyeoun , Park Gyeong Min , Lee Tae Young 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
To evaluate the agreement and correlation between attenuation values and vascular calcification volume for intra-abdominal structures from true noncontrast (TNC) images and those from virtual noncontrast (VNC) images obtained by dual-source dual-energy computed tomography (CT) using a quadriphasic dynamic protocol.

Methods
Seventy-six patients who underwent quadriphasic abdominal CT were retrospectively reviewed. An arterial, portal venous, and 5-minute delayed phase postcontrast series was obtained using dual-source dual-energy CT. Virtual noncontrast images were processed from the arterial, portal venous, and 5-minute delayed phase series. Attenuation values for the liver, pancreas, kidneys, muscle, fat, vertebra, gallbladder, aorta, inferior vena cava, portal vein, and aortic calcification volumes were recorded. Attenuation values for the liver, pancreas, vertebra, and muscle obtained from VNC were adjusted using linear regression.

Results
Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni multiple-comparison post hoc correction revealed significant differences between TNC and VNC attenuation values for the organs. There was an excellent correlation between the TNC and VNC attenuation values for the liver, pancreas, muscle, vertebra, and fat. The calcification volume was significantly smaller on VNC than on TNC. The adjusted attenuation values estimated by regression equations afforded better approximation.

Conclusions
Abdominal VNC images obtained with third-generation dual-source dual-energy CT cannot replace TNC images without adjustment of the attenuation values.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Crystalloid-Containing Parotid Cysts
Authors: Alavanja Aleksandar , Parker Kyle , Ginat Daniel Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Crystalloids are occasionally encountered on fine needle aspiration of cystic parotid lesions. This goal of this study was to retrospectively characterize the MRI features of a series benign crystalloid-containing parotid cysts. A total of 4 patients with fine needle aspiration findings of crystalloids and available parotid MRI scans were identified. Review of the imaging revealed that the cystic lesions contain layering material that corresponds to crystals.
In vivo Assessment of Neuroinflammation in 4-Repeat Tauopathies
Authors: Palleis Carla , Sauerbeck Julia , Beyer Leonie , Harris Stefanie , Schmitt Julia , Morenas-Rodriguez Estrella , Finze Anika , Nitschmann Alexander , Ruch-Rubinstein Francois , Eckenweber Florian , Biechele Gloria , Blume Tanja , Shi Yuan , Weidinger Endy , Prix Catharina , Bötzel Kai , Danek Adrian , Rauchmann Boris-Stephan , Stöcklein Sophia , Unterrainer Marcus , Albert Nathalie L. , Wetzel Christian , Rupprecht Rainer , Rominger Axel , Bartenstein Peter , Herms Jochen , Perneczky Robert , Haass Christian , Levin Johannes , Höglinger Günter U. , Brendel Matthias 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this cross-sectional single center study was to investigate 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO)-PET as a biomarker for microglial activation in the 4-repeat tauopathies corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP).MethodsSpecific binding of the TSPO tracer 18F-GE-180 was determined by serial PET during pharmacological depletion of microglia in a 4-repeat tau mouse model. TSPO-PET was performed in 30 patients with corticobasal syndrome (CBS, 68±9 years, 16 female) and 14 patients with PSP (69±9 years, 8 female), and 13 control subjects (70±7 years, 7 female). Group comparisons and associations with parameters of disease progression and sTREM2 were assessed by region-based and voxel-wise analyses.ResultsTracer binding was significantly reduced after pharmacological depletion of microglia in 4-repeat tau mice. Elevated TSPO labeling (standardized-uptake-value-ratios) was observed in subcortical brain areas of CBS and PSP patients when compared to controls, most pronounced in the globus pallidus internus (CBS: 1.039 [95%CI 1.000–1.078, p<0.001], PSP: 1.046 [95%CI: 0.990–1.101, p<0.001], controls: 0.861 [95%CI 0.802–0.921]), whereas only CBS patients showed additionally elevated tracer binding in motor and supplemental motor areas. TSPO labeling was only correlated weakly with parameters of disease progression in CBS and PSP but allowed sensitive detection of 4-repeat tauopathy patients. sTREM2 did not differ between patients with CBS and controls.InterpretationOur data indicate a potential of 18F-GE-180 PET to detect microglial activation in the brain of 4-repeat tauopathy patients, fitting to predilection sites of the phenotype. TSPO-PET may serve as a sensitive early disease stage biomarker in 4-repeat tauopathies.
Cell-type and cytosine context-specific evolution of DNA methylation in the human brain
Authors: Jeong Hyeonsoo , Mendizabal Isabel , Berto Stefano , Chatterjee Paramita , Layman Thomas , Usui Noriyoshi , Toriumi Kazuya , Douglas Connor , Singh Devika , Huh Iksoo , Preuss Todd M. , Konopka Genevieve , Yi Soojin V. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTCell-type specific epigenetic modifications are critical for brain development and neuropsychiatric diseases. Here we elucidate evolutionary origins of neuron- and oligodendrocyte-specific DNA methylation in human prefrontal cortex, and demonstrate dynamic and distinctive changes of CG and CH methylation. We show that the human brain has experienced pronounced reduction of CG methylation during evolution, which significantly contributed to cell-type specific active regulatory regions. On the other hand, a substantial increase of CH methylation occurred during human brain evolution, associated with fine-tuning expression in development and neuronal subtypes. The majority of differential CG methylation between neurons and oligodendrocytes originated before the divergence of hominoids and catarrhine monkeys, and carries strong signal for genetic risk for schizophrenia. Remarkably, a substantial portion of differential CG methylation between neurons and oligodendrocytes emerged in the human lineage and harbors additional genetic risk for schizophrenia, implicating epigenetic evolution of human cortex in increased vulnerability to neuropsychiatric diseases.
Using a regional climate model to develop index-based drought insurance for sovereign disaster risk transfer
Authors: Hohl Roman , Jiang Ze , Tue Vu Minh , Vijayaraghavan Srivatsan , Liong Shie-Yui 
Published: July 2020

PurposeExamine the usability of rainfall and temperature outputs of a regional climate model (RCM) and meteorological drought indices to develop a macro-level risk transfer product to compensate the government of Central Java, Indonesia, for drought-related disaster payments to rice farmers.Design/methodology/approachBased on 0.5° gridded rainfall and temperature data (1960–2015) and projections of the WRF-RCM (2016–2040), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) are calculated for Central Java over different time spans. The drought indices are correlated to annual and seasonal rice production, based on which a weather index insurance structure is developed.FindingsThe six-month SPI correlates best with the wet season rice production, which generates most output in Central Java. The SPI time series reveals that drought severity increases in future years (2016–2040) and leads to higher payouts from the weather index structure compared to the historical period (1960–2015).Practical implicationsThe developed methodology in using SPI for historical and projected periods allows the development of weather index insurance in other regions which have a clear link between rainfall deficit and agricultural production volatility.Originality/valueMeteorological drought indices are a viable alternative for weather index insurance, which is usually based on rainfall amounts. RCM outputs provide valuable insights into future climate variability and drought risk and prolong the time series, which should result in more robust weather index insurance products.
Heat transfer and deformation analysis of flexible printed circuit board under thermal and flow effects
Authors: Lim Chong Hooi , Abdullah M.Z. , Abdul Azid I. , Khor C.Y. , Abdul Aziz M.S. , Ishaik M.H.H. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate heat transfer and deformation of flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) under thermal and flow effects by using fluid structure interaction. This study simulate the electronic cooling process when electronic devices are generating heat during operation at FPCB under force convection.

Design/methodology/approach
The thermal and flow effects on FPCB with attached ball grid array (BGA) packages have been investigated in the simulation. Effects of Reynolds number (Re), number of BGA packages attached, power supplied to the BGA packages and size of FPCB were studied. The responses in the present study are the deflection/length of FPCB (δ/L) and Nusselt number (Nu).

Findings
It is important to consider both thermal and flow effects at the same time for understanding the characteristic of FPCB attached with BGA under operating condition. Empirical correlation equations of Re, Prandtl number (Pr), δ/L and Nu have been established, in which the highest effect is of Re, followed by Pr and δ/L. The δ/L and

Nu¯ were found to be significantly affected by most of the parametric factors.

Practical implications
This study provides a better understanding of the process control in FPCB assembly.

Originality/value
This study provides fundamental guidelines and references for the thermal coupling modelling to address reliability issues in FPCB design. It also increases the understanding of FPCB and BGA joint issues to achieve high reliability in microelectronic design.
Hardware accelerated range Doppler algorithm for SAR data processing using Zynq processor
Authors: Mewada Hiren K. , Chaudhari Jitendra , Patel Amit V. , Mahant Keyur , Vala Alpesh 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is the most computational intensive algorithm and this makes its implementation challenging for real-time application. This paper aims to present the chirp-scaling algorithm (CSA) for real-time SAR applications, using advanced field programmable gate array (FPGA) processor.

Design/methodology/approach
A chirp signal is generated and compressed using range Doppler algorithm in MATAB for validation. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and multiplication operations with complex data types are the major units requiring heavy computation. Therefore, hardware acceleration is proposed and implemented on NEON-FPGA processor using NE10 and CEPHES library.

Findings
The heuristic analysis of the algorithm using timing analysis and resource usage is presented. It has been observed that FFT execution time is reduced by 61% by boosting the performance of the algorithm and speed of multiplication operation has been doubled because of the optimization.

Originality/value
Very few literatures have presented the FPGA-based SAR imaging implementation, where analysis of windowing technique was a major interest. This is a unique approach to implement the SAR CSA using a hybrid approach of hardware–software integration on Zynq FPGA. The timing analysis propagates that it is suitable to use this model for real-time SAR applications.
Artists as catalysts: the ethical and political possibilities of teaching artists in literacy classrooms
Authors: Crampton Anne , Lewis Cynthia 
Published: July 2020

PurposeThis study aims to discuss the ethical and political possibilities offered by the presence of teaching artists (TAs) and visual artwork in racially and culturally diverse high school literacy (English Language Arts) classrooms.Design/methodology/approachThis study explores episodes from two separate ethnographic studies that were conducted in one teacher’s critical literacy classroom across a span of several years. This study uses a transliteracies approach (Stornaiuloet al., 2017) to think about “meaning-making at the intersection of human subjects and materials” (Kontovourkiet al., 2019); the study also draws on critical scholarship on art and making (Ngoet al., 2017; Vossoughiet al., 2016). The TA, along with the materials and processes of artmaking, decentered the teacher and literacy itself, inviting in new social realities.FindingsTAs’ collective interpretation of existing artwork and construction of new works made visible how both human and nonhuman bodies co-produced “new ways of feeling and being with others” (Zembylas, 2017, p. 402). This study views these artists as catalysts capable of provoking, or productively disrupting, the everyday practices of classrooms.Social implicationsBoth studies demonstrated new ways of feeling, being and thinking about difference, bringing to the forefront momentary possibilities and impossibilities of complex human and nonhuman intra-actions. The provocations flowing from the visual artwork and the dialogue swirling around the work presented opportunities for emergent and unexpected experiences of literacy learning.Originality/valueThis work is valuable in exploring the boundaries of literacy learning with the serious inclusion of visual art in an English classroom. When the TAs guided both interpretation and production of artwork, they affected and were affected by the becoming happening in the classroom. This study suggests how teaching bodies, students and artwork pushed the transformative potential of everyday school settings.
Competitive intelligence: a prescription for US health-care?
Authors: Freyn Shelly L. , Farley Fred 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to illustrate how integrating competitive intelligence (CI) into a US health-care firm can aid in information sharing and building knowledge for the organization.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is exploratory using a systematic literature review to develop a conceptual model applied to the US health-care industry.

Findings
This research presents key propositions of CI’s role in the CI process along with the C-suite’s role in supporting a process and culture to ultimately, gain competitive advantage through the knowledge-based view.

Practical implications
With the growing volume of data, a unified system and culture within a firm is paramount. The US health-care system is a privatized industry that has become more competitive stifling information sharing. The need for prompt and accurate decision-making has become an imperative. Crises, like the current COVID-19 pandemic, only exacerbate the issue. This model offers a blue print for executives to build a CI function and encourage information sharing.

Originality/value
Previous research has focused on the CI process and its value. Yet, little research is found on how to integrate CI into a firm and its role through the CI process. This study builds a conceptual model addressing integration and the flow of information to knowledge along with key firm dynamics to nurture the function. Although the model is applied specifically to US health care, it offers application to most any industry.
Assessment of the thermal insulation properties of multilayered mittens considering the airflow speed
Authors: Hourian Tabarestani Fatemeh Zahra , Mousazadegan Fatemeh , Ezazshahabi Nazanin 
Published: July 2020

PurposeIn the present work, the thermal insulation characteristics of multilayered mittens were studied in different airflow conditions.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the thermal behavior of four groups of mittens consisting of one two-layer and three three-layer mittens containing nonwoven wadding materials with various weights and thicknesses was investigated during the exposure to airflows with different speeds. In order to evaluate the correlation between the heat transfer rates of different mittens with the human perception of cold, a set of pair-comparison tests was performed using Thurstone's law of comparative judgment.FindingsThe analysis of the results revealed that by an increment in the weight and the thickness of the wadding material, the thermal protection performance of mittens improves. Moreover, in the presence of airflow and by increasing its speed, due to the forced convective heat loss, the outer surface temperature of the mittens decreases and therefore the conductive heat transfer rate rises. This fact leads to the transfer of higher quantity of body warmth to the environment and thus feeling of coldness. According to the results, there was a proper correlation between the subjective perception of cold and the heat transfer rate of mittens. The statistical analysis of the results clarified that the effect of mitten's structural parameters and the airflow speed on the thermal protection behavior of mittens are significant at the confidence range of 95%.Originality/valueMitten is one of the important personal protective clothing, especially in cold environments. Thus, the thermal resistance of them has a prominent role in the protection of the hands and fingers from cold and frostbiting.