bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boron Carbide Based Biocide Compositions: A Study of Iodate Particle Size on Combustion and Iodine Output
Authors: Kotter Lance N. , Groven Lori J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe ever‐present threat of biological weapons has encouraged the development of novel pyrotechnic formulations that release gaseous iodine upon combustion, which acts as a potent active agent capable of countering bio‐agents (e. g. anthrax). These formulations typically contain a fuel (Al, B, Al/B4C) and an iodate serving as an oxidizer. However, the percentage of free iodine generated is relatively low and aging of these formulations remains an issue. In this work, the role of particle size on the combustion velocities, iodine output, and combustion products are detailed for a boron carbide/sodium periodate formulation. Formulations are studied with and without the addition of binder (protectant) and the role of particle size on achieving 3‐D printable energetics is detailed. It is found that altering the fuel particle size (boron carbide) had little effect on the combustion velocity and iodine recovery. However, by reducing the particle size of the oxidizer, NaIO4, drastic improvements in iodine recovery are achieved. A reduction in mean particle size from 215 to 3 μm resulted in a 47 % increase in observed iodine recovery for powder formulations. Combustion velocities appear to be unaffected and were 1.4–1.6 mm/s. An in‐depth discussion of the decomposition pathway of pure NaIO4 as well as when paired with a B4C fuel source is also discussed.
Comparative Study of Dendrimer‐Templated Nitrogen‐Platinum Co–Doped TiO2 for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes in Contaminated Water
Authors: Nzaba Sarre K. M. , Nyoni Hlengilizwe H. , Mamba Bhekie B. , Kuvarega Alex T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs a potential remedy for addressing water scarcity challenges, advanced oxidation processes (AOP) present the opportunity of alleviating the water demand in water scarce regions. In this study appropriate doping of N and Pt into the titanium dioxide (TiO2) lattice using different dendrimers as templates and sources of nitrogen was demonstrated. The resulting N, Pt co‐doped TiO2 with small particle sizes was synthesized through a simple modified sol‐gel method. The N, Pt co‐doped TiO2 photocalysts were characterized through High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR‐SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), Raman Spectroscopy (RS), X‐ Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), Ultraviolet and visible (UV‐Vis) absorption spectroscopy (UV‐Vis) and Photoluminescence (PL). The band gap reduction was more pronounced for the Poly (amidoamine) generation 1 (PAMAM G1) templated N, Pt co‐doped TiO2 (Eg=3.149 eV) compared to Poly (amidoamine) generation 0 (PAMAM G0) and Hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI) templated N, Pt co‐doped TiO2. Co‐doping led to an enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalysts for the degradation of brilliant black (99.83%) after 3 hours of visible light irradiation. Therefore, the synthesized photocatalysts can find applications in wastewater treatment using solar light.
An Efficient and Green Synthesis of Highly Substituted N‐Amino‐2‐oxo‐nicotinonitriles and Their Sulfonamide Derivatives under Ultrasonic and Microwave Irradiation
Authors: El‐Sayed Hassan A. , Assy Mohamed G. , Mohamed Asaad S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn efficient and facile approach has been described for the synthesis of a new series of 1‐amino‐2‐oxo‐nicotinonitriles and their sulfonamides under microwave and ultrasonic irradiation. The desired compounds 4 a‐l were obtained via condensation of p‐chlorobenzaldehyde, aryl or heteroaryl methyl ketone and cyanoacetohydrazide in the presence of catalytic piperidine under three synthetic methodologies (namely, conventional method, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation), the best results (short reaction times, pure products, high yield) were obtained by ultrasonic irradiation. Sulfonamides 5 a‐f resulted via reaction of amines 4 a‐e and 4 j with benzene sulfonyl chloride in the presence of pyridine. The synthesized compounds give no significant results when investigated against Gm (+ve) and Gm (‐ve) bacteria, and fungi strains.
Chief sustainability officers and corporate social (Ir)responsibility
Authors: Fu Ruchunyi , Tang Yi , Chen Guoli 
Published: November 2019

AbstractResearch SummaryHow will a chief sustainability officer (CSO) influence corporate social performance? Building upon the upper echelons perspective and the attention‐based view, this study argues that while a CSO helps channel managerial attention to a firm's social domain, managerial attention is more likely to be directed to negative issues than to positive issues. In addition, such relationships are contingent on the focal firm's governance design and its industry culpability. Analysis of a sample of S&P 500 firms for the period of 2005–2014 largely renders support to our predictions.Managerial SummaryWhile more and more firms start to put a chief sustainability officer (CSO) on its top management team (TMT), the implications for corporate social performance of CSO presence remain unclear. With a sample of S&P 500 firms, we find that the presence of a CSO increases the firm's socially responsible activities (CSR) and reduces its socially irresponsible activities (CSiR). Moreover, CSO presence has a greater effect on reducing CSiR than on increasing CSR. These relationships become stronger when the firm has a sustainability committee on the board and is in a culpable industry.
Kranbahnen und Kranhallen im Bestand – Bewertung, Schadensbilder, Weiterbetrieb
Authors: Dürr André , Dreiling Alexander , Bartenbach Jochen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDie überalterte Infrastruktur Deutschlands wird zunehmend zu einem Problem; alters‐ und abnützungsbedingte Schäden, Mängel oder Ausfälle werden zum Risiko. Von diesem Alterungsprozess sind auch die Industrieanlagen und die darin enthaltene Fördertechnik betroffen. Für die Bewertung und das Alterungsmanagement von Bestandsbauwerken steht in Deutschland die VDI‐Richtlinie 6200 [1] zur Verfügung. Diese Richtlinie zur Bestandsbewertung richtet sich sowohl an die Bauwerkseigentümer und deren Verfügungsberechtigte als auch an die beteiligten Sachkundigen wie Architekten und Ingenieure. Im Bereich der Fördertechnik gehören Kranbahnen und Kranhallen zum Tragwerk und damit zum Bauwesen und fallen somit in den Verantwortungsbereich des Tragwerksplaners bei der Bestandsbewertung. Kranbahnen und Kranhallen unterliegen infolge des Kranbetriebs einer „nicht vorwiegend ruhenden Beanspruchung“ und sind damit ermüdungsbeansprucht. Infolge der Ermüdungsbeanspruchung kommt es zu Schädigungen im Gefüge und das kann zur Rissbildung an Querschnittsteilen führen. Die Bestandsbewertung und damit die Aussage, ob Kranbahn oder Kranhalle weiterbetrieben, ertüchtigt oder durch Neubauten ersetzt werden müssen, ist damit deutlich umfangreicher als bei Standardtragwerken unter „vorwiegend ruhender Beanspruchung“. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden Besonderheiten bei der Bewertung von Bestandskranbahnen und Bestandskranhallen aufgezeigt, typische Schadensbilder vorgestellt und mögliche Maßnahmen erläutert, wie ggf. eine Weiternutzung von Kranbahnen und Kranhallen erreicht werden kann.
Integrating social protection and climate change adaptation: A review
Authors: Tenzing Janna D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPolicymakers are increasingly interested in how social protection is evolving in the context of climate change. This review assesses what the literature tells us about its role in facilitating adaptation in lower income countries. It also explores how far thinking on an integrated “adaptive social protection” (ASP) agenda considers transforming the socioeconomic and political contexts where vulnerability to climate change originates. The review finds that research to date focuses on how instruments such as cash or asset transfers can protect the poor from shocks and stresses, prevent households from falling into poverty as a result of climate change, and promote climate‐resilient livelihoods. However, it cautions that such interventions must go beyond helping households to cope against shocks over short time horizons; they should enable the adoption of forward‐looking strategies for long‐lasting adaptation. Much less attention in the literature is given to whether social protection measures might have transformational effects for recipients. This is despite the fact that the earliest proponents of ASP favored a rights‐based approach to social protection to address issues of inequality and marginalization which are at the root of poverty and vulnerability to climate change. Although the role of social protection should not be overstated, it holds promise as a tool for building adaptive capacity. However, the potential of ASP to be truly transformational for its recipients by tackling the structural causes of vulnerability to climate change is not yet harnessed by policymakers. This constitutes a missed opportunity for the agenda to deliver on the international community's promise to “leave no one behind.”This article is categorized under:
Climate and Development > Sustainability and Human Well‐Being
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Large eddy simulation study of the humidity variation in the shadow of a large wind farm
Authors: Haywood John Stephen , Sescu Adrian , Adkins Kevin Allan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNumerous studies have shown that wind turbine wakes within a large wind farm bring about changes to both the dynamics and thermodynamics of the atmospheric boundary layers (ABL). Previously, we investigated the relative humidity budget within a wind farm via field measurements in the near‐wake region and large eddy simulations (LES). The effect of the compounding wakes within a large wind farm on the relative humidity was also investigated by LES. In this study, we investigate how the areas of relative humidity variation, that was observed in the near‐wake, develop downstream in the shadow region of a large wind farm. To this end, LES of a wind farm consisting of 8x6 wind turbines with periodic boundary condition in the lateral direction (inferring an infinitely wide farm) interacting with a stable ABL is carried out. Two wind farm layouts, aligned and staggered, are considered in the analysis and the results from both configurations are compared to each other. It is observed that a decrease of relative humidity underneath the hub height and an increase above the hub height build up within the wind farm, and are maintained in the downstream of the farm for long distances. The staggered farm layout is more effective in keeping a more elongated region of low relative humidity underneath the hub, when compared to the aligned layout.
Machine learning–based piecewise affine model of wind turbines during maximum power point tracking
Authors: Sindareh‐Esfahani Peyman , Pieper Jeff 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a discrete‐time piecewise affine (PWA) model of a wind turbine during Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) region is identified. A clustering‐based identification method is utilized to create PWA maps for nonlinear aerodynamic torque and thrust force functions. This method exploits the combined use of clustering, pattern recognition, and parameter identification techniques. The well‐known K‐means clustering method is employed along with a perceptron‐based multiclassifier for pattern recognition and the least squared technique for parameter estimation. The identified maps are approximated the nonlinear static functions of the dynamic model of the wind turbine. Characteristics of a 5‐MW wind turbine are considered and the resulting model, which consists of 25 subregions is compared with the nonlinear dynamic model. Two test cases are studied in order to validate the presented model. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the PWA model such that the response of the identified PWA model is fitted well to the nonlinear one. The PWA model identified in this paper can be widely used for advanced control systems design and long‐term performance and security assessment of the power grid.
Synthesis of sewage sludge‐based carbon/TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II), Cu(II), and chemical oxygen demands from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewater
Authors: Khosravi Mina , Mehrdadi Naser , Nabi Bidhendi Gholamreza , Baghdadi Majid 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe removal of heavy metal ions and organic materials from wastewater due to their toxicity is necessary. In the present study, the titanium dioxide/zinc oxide (TiO2/ZnO) nanocomposite has been coated on the sewage sludge carbon (SSC) surface and its application was investigated for the adsorption of Ni(II), Cu(II), and chemical oxygen demands (COD) reduction from aqueous solutions and industrial wastewaters in Eshtehard, Iran. The effect of adsorption parameters in a single system such as TiO2/ZnO ratio, TiO2/ZnO concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, ionic strength, temperature, and initial concentrations of Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD was investigated on the adsorption capacity of synthesized SSC/TiO2/ZnO adsorbent. The pseudo‐second order and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models were best described the kinetic and equilibrium data of Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD sorption. The maximum monolayer sorption capacities of Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD were found to be 62.3, 75.1, and 1,120.3 mg/g, respectively. The central composite design was used to investigate the interaction effects of pH and initial concentrations of Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD on the simultaneous removal of Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD from aqueous solutions in a ternary system. The potential of synthesized SSC/TiO2/ZnO adsorbent was investigated for Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD adsorption from industrial wastewaters of Iran.Practitioner points

The novel sewage sludge carbon/TiO2/ZnO adsorbent was synthesized.

Adsorption of Ni(II), Cu(II), and chemical oxygen demands (COD) from industrial wastewaters was investigated.

Maximum Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD sorption capacities were 62.3, 75.1, and 1,120.3 mg/g.

Simultaneous removal of Ni(II), Cu(II), and COD was investigated in a ternary system.
Causality, Agency and Change
Authors: Pratten Stephen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMainstream economists intermittently recognise a dilemma at the core of their project. On occasion they note that the widely accepted intuition that people have real choice and agency is inconsistent with their objective of increasing the explanatory power of economic theory. They worry that as causal explanations of economic phenomena are extended the more agency and choice must be recognised as ultimately illusory. The dilemma once recognised is typically set aside and the conventional modelling practices of mainstream economics persisted in without further delay. It is argued in this paper that the noted supposed dilemma is false and arises primarily because formalistic methods (and notions of explanation that accommodate them) tend to be adopted in economics prior, and without sufficient attention being paid, to the sorts of objects that constitute the subject matter of social inquiry. It is argued that the methods and forms of explanation that mainstream economists recognise as legitimate presuppose an ontology that is unable to either accommodate agency within nature or recognise possibilities for genuine change. In the constructive part of the paper a strategy for examining the dilemma that mainstream economists note that places ontology up front and centre stage is adopted. It is argued an ontology of real active powers, capacities, tendencies, dispositions and potentials supports a thoroughly naturalistic conception of agency and genuine change that can serve to inform the choices economists make about how best to pursue explanatory projects without generating tension or incoherence.
Cerebellar neural markers of susceptibility to social isolation and positive affective processing
Authors: Wong Nichol M. L. , Shao Robin , Wu Jingsong , Tao Jing , Chen Lidian , Lee Tatia M. C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChronic loneliness predicts mood disturbances and onset of major depressive disorder. However, little research has examined the neural correlates of individual difference in susceptibility to perceiving loneliness. In addition, the role of cerebellum, which is heavily implicated in social, cognitive and affective processes, in loneliness is unclear. We studied 99 healthy individuals divided into susceptible, concordant and robust groups depending on whether the participant’s loneliness level was greater, comparable or less than her/his objective social isolation level. The cerebellar gray matter structure, functional activity and connectivity patterns during performing an emotion stroop task were examined. We found greater posterior and medial cerebellar volume in the susceptible group than the other groups. In addition, the posterior and medial cerebellar activities when processing positive versus neutral words exhibited significant interactive effects of both loneliness and social network, and susceptibility to isolation. Loneliness and social network also had positive effects on the right posterior cerebellar functional connectivity with the visual and premotor cortices. Our findings provide novel evidence on the intricate role of the cerebellum in loneliness and susceptibility to isolation, suggesting that socio-cognitive processes of the cerebellum in the hedonic domain may be a key mechanism underlying loneliness proneness.
Influence of femoral external shape on internal architecture and fracture risk
Authors: Villette C. C. , Zhang J. , Phillips A. T. M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe internal architecture of the femur and its fracture behaviour vary greatly between subjects. Femoral architecture and subsequent fracture risk are strongly influenced by load distribution during physical activities of daily living. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of outer cortical surface shape as a key affector of load distribution driving femoral structure and fracture behaviour. Different femur cortical shapes are generated using a statistical shape model. Their mesoscale internal architecture is predicted for the same activity regime using a structural optimisation approach previously reported by the authors and fracture under longitudinal compression is simulated. The resulting total volume of bone is similar in all geometries although substantial differences are observed in distribution between trabecular and cortical tissue. Greater neck-shaft and anteversion angles show a protective effect in longitudinal compression while a thinner shaft increases fracture risk.
Microfluidics approach to investigate foam hysteretic behaviour
Authors: Labarre Leslie , Vigolo Daniele 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Foam stability often refers to the foam left to evolve with time in static conditions. However, in everyday life, foams are submitted to numerous deformations. A feature of foam stability is represented by the foam’s ability to resist to the deformation and to recover its initial properties after deformation. The technique developed here allows for a qualitative evaluation of the property of foam recovery after a deformation in a flow-focusing microfluidic device. The foam hysteretic behaviour was evaluated by introducing the analogous of a standard three-step test in which the recovery of viscosity is commonly studied over three deformation stages. The foam behaviour is analysed over an induced cycle of ascendant and descendant deformation at the wall, well controlled by varying the gas pressure for a constant liquid pressure. Thus, the recovery of the two-row foam pattern used as reference is studied after a high deformation phase corresponding to the bamboo pattern and the level of hysteresis is measured qualitatively. The samples investigated comprise a range of Newtonian aqueous solutions containing 5 cmc (critical micellar concentration) of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). A retardation effect was observed leading to hysteresis caused by the increase in viscosity. A higher surface elasticity produced a smaller but non-negligible hysteresis due to an excess in elastic energy caused by the increase of the duration of the bubble rearrangements. The present study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms triggering or enhancing foam hysteresis in a microchannel. The findings will be of interest to many industrial processes where foams are submitted to a series of deformation steps along the process line from food industrial applications to biological systems.

Graphical abstract
A schematic of the three-step test consisting in an ascending and descending pressure ramps obtained by varying the gas pressure for a constant liquid pressure.
A phenotypically plastic magic trait promoting reproductive isolation in sticklebacks?
Authors: Garduno-Paz Monica V. , Huntingford Felicity A. , Garrett Sean , Adams Colin E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study identifies one possible mechanism whereby gene flow is interrupted in populations undergoing evolutionary divergence in sympatry; this is an important issue in evolutionary biology that remains poorly understood. Variation in trophic morphology was induced in three-spined stickleback by exposing them from an early age either to large benthic or to small pelagic prey. At sexual maturity, females given a choice between two breeding males, showed positive assortative mate choice for males raised on the same diet as themselves. The data indicate that this was mediated through a preference for males with trophic morphology similar to that of fish with which the females were familiar (from their pre-testing holding tanks). In trials where the female did not choose the most familiar male, the evidence suggests that either she had difficulty discriminating between two similar males or was positively choosing males with more extreme morphologies (more benthic-like or pelagic-like). This study has shown for the first time that expression of a plastic trait induced at an early age, not only results in specialisation for local foraging regimes but can also play a significant role in mate choice. This is equivalent to an environmentally induced, plastic version of the “magic traits” that promote ecologically-driven divergence in sympatry, hence the proposed descriptor “plastic magic trait”.
Looking for the missing rich: tracing the top tail of the wealth distribution
Authors: Bach Stefan , Thiemann Andreas , Zucco Aline 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe analyse the top tail of the wealth distribution in France, Germany, and Spain using the first and second waves of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). Since top wealth is likely to be under-represented in household surveys, we integrate big fortunes from rich lists, estimate a Pareto distribution, and impute the missing rich. In addition to theForbeslist, we rely on national rich lists since they represent a broader base of the big fortunes in those countries. As a result, the top 1% wealth share increases notably for the three selected countries after imputing the top wealth. We find that national rich lists can improve the estimation of the Pareto coefficient in particular when the list of national USD billionaires is short.