bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progressive Pricing: The Ethical Case for Price Personalization
Authors: Coker Jerod , Izaret Jean-Manuel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrice discrimination is widely considered unethical/unfair by consumers, as has been borne out by decades of psychological research and mainstream press reporting. However, little academic work has been done to investigate the ethics of price discrimination. The work that has been done to date concludes that while price discrimination is not unethical, despite widespread lay perceptions, it is at best morally neutral. We argue price discrimination ismoreethical than unitary pricing, when done ‘progressively,’ meaning firms charge customers as a function of their willingness-to-pay. We introduce this specific kind of price discrimination as ‘Progressive Pricing’ and demonstrate it ethically outperforms a ‘Unitary Pricing’ scheme (where everyone pays the same price, regardless of their willingness-to-pay), at least within a broadly consequentialist framework. We do this by comparing a Unitary Pricing scheme to a Progressive one, analyzing them through the lenses of four different consequentialist ‘Social Welfare Functions’ (Utilitarian, Egalitarian, Prioritarian, and Leximin), which are used by welfare economists and philosophers to rank the distributions of different social outcomes, concluding that Progressive Pricing is preferred regardless of which Social Welfare Function(s) one finds most plausible.
Planning hinterland container transportation in congested deep-sea terminals
Authors: Zweers Bernard G. , Bhulai Sandjai , van der Mei Rob D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe size of container ships and the number of containers being transshipped at container terminals have steadily increased over the years. Consequently, it is important to make efficient use of the hinterland capacity. A concept that is used to do this is synchromodal transportation, in which at the very last moment the mode of transportation for a container is decided. Unfortunately, some deep-sea terminals are rather congested and it is unknown by the time the transportation plan is made how many containers can be loaded to and unloaded from a barge. Motivated by this, we study an operational planning problem with uncertainty that is faced by an inland terminal in the port of Amsterdam as a two-stage stochastic problem with recourse. We solve this problem using sample average approximation (SAA) and a fast heuristic using constraints based on stochastic programming (SP). The SAA method gives near-optimal solutions for small instances. For larger instances, the SP-based method is shown to be a good alternative because it is much faster than the SAA method and produces solutions that are less than 1% from the SAA solutions.
A novel biosensor to monitor proline in pea root exudates and nodules under osmotic stress and recovery
Authors: Rubia María I. , Ramachandran Vinoy K. , Arrese-Igor Cesar , Larrainzar Estíbaliz , Poole Philip S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background and aims
Plant and bacteria are able to synthesise proline, which acts as a compound to counteract the negative effects of osmotic stresses. Most methodologies rely on the extraction of compounds using destructive methods. This work describes a new proline biosensor that allows the monitoring of proline levels in a non-invasive manner in root exudates and nodules of legume plants.

Methods
The proline biosensor was constructed by cloning the promoter region of pRL120553, a gene with high levels of induction in the presence of proline, in front of the lux cassette in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae.

Results
Free-living assays show that the proline biosensor is sensitive and specific for proline. Proline was detected in both root exudates and nodules of pea plants. The luminescence detected in bacteroids did not show variations during osmotic stress treatments, but significantly increased during recovery.

Conclusions
This biosensor is a useful tool for the in vivo monitoring of proline levels in root exudates and bacteroids of symbiotic root nodules, and it contributes to our understanding of the metabolic exchange occurring in nodules under abiotic stress conditions.
Mathematical formulations and improvements for the multi-depot open vehicle routing problem
Authors: Lalla-Ruiz Eduardo , Mes Martijn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe multi-depot open vehicle routing problem (MDOVRP) is a hard combinatorial optimization problem belonging to the vehicle routing problem family. It considers vehicles departing from different depots to deliver goods to customers without requiring to return to the depots once all customers have been served. The aim of this work is to provide a new two-index-based mathematical formulation for the MDOVRP as well as enhancements on alternative sub-tour elimination constraints. Through numerical experiments, using traditional benchmarks for the MDOVRP, we show that the proposed formulation outperforms existing ones. In addition, we provide insights with regards to problem instance defining parameters on the models performance.
Psychological and clinical characteristics of female patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Authors: Smaardijk V. R. , Mommersteeg P. M. C. , Kop W. J. , Adlam D. , Maas A. H. E. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Aims
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is increasingly recognised as a cause of myocardial infarction, but psychological characteristics of patients with SCAD have not yet been extensively investigated. We assessed the prevalence of a broad range of psychological and clinical factors, and their inter-relationships in patients with a history of SCAD. Furthermore, we investigated whether specific clusters of patients with SCAD can be identified.

Methods
Participants were recruited between March and May 2019 from a Dutch SCAD database and completed online questionnaires. Clinical information was verified by review of medical records. Participants were predominantly female (172/183; 94%). Analyses focused on the 172 female patients (mean age 52.0 ± 7.5 years, 37% postmenopausal).

Results
The most common comorbidities of SCAD were migraine (52%), fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD; 29%), chronic pain (29%), and tinnitus (28%). Six women (3%) had pregnancy-associated SCAD. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were rare (<10%), except for hypertension (31%). Psychological assessment indicated high levels of perceived stress (PSS-10 ≥14; 50%), fatigue (FAS-10 ≥22; 56%), and a frequent history of burnout (25%). The prevalence of depression (9%) and anxiety (12%) was relatively low. Three clusters were identified: (A) FMD and chronic non-ischaemic conditions (tinnitus, chronic pain, and irritable bowel syndrome); (B) migraine; and (C) none of these conditions.

Conclusion
This study shows that perceived stress and fatigue are common in patients with SCAD, in addition to prevalent comorbid FMD, migraine, tinnitus, and non-ischaemic pain conditions. These factors may add to developing tailored rehabilitation programmes for patients with SCAD.
Changes in functional connectivity in people with HIV switching antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Toniolo Sofia , Cercignani Mara , Mora-Peris Borja , Underwood Jonathan , Alagaratnam Jasmini , Bozzali Marco , Boffito Marta , Nelson Mark , Winston Alan , Vera Jaime H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe assessed changes in functional connectivity by fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and cognitive measures in otherwise neurologically asymptomatic people with HIV (PWH) switching combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). In a prospective study (baseline and follow-up after at least 4 months), virologically suppressed PWH switched non-nuclease reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI; tenofovir-DF/emtricitabine with efavirenz to rilpivirine) and integrase-strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTI; tenofovir-DF/emtricitabine with raltegravir to dolutegravir). PWH were assessed by resting-state fMRI and stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) task fMRI as well as with a cognitive battery (CogState™) at baseline and follow-up. Switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine (n = 10) was associated with increased functional connectivity in the dorsal attention network (DAN) and a reduction in SSRTs (p = 0.025) that positively correlated with the time previously on efavirenz (mean = 4.8 years, p = 0.02). Switching from raltegravir to dolutegravir (n = 12) was associated with increased connectivity in the left DAN and bilateral sensory-motor and associative visual networks. In the NNRTI study, significant improvements in the cognitive domains of executive function, working memory and speed of visual processing were observed, whereas no significant changes in cognitive function were observed in the INSTI study. Changes in fMRI are evident in PWH without perceived neuropsychiatric complaints switching cART. fMRI may be a useful tool in assisting to elucidate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of cART-related neuropsychiatric effects.
Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol Use Disorders Across the Lifespan
Authors: Deeken Friederike , Banaschewski Tobias , Kluge Ulrike , Rapp Michael A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Losing and regaining control over alcohol intake varies as a function of individual-level predictors across the lifespan. Specifically, the interplay of protective and risk factors for losing and regaining control, particularly in real-life settings, is thus far poorly understood. Individual differences in cognition, affect, emotion regulation, social factors, and personality traits, together with individual differences in brain structure and function, and biological markers of stress exposure may have different effects on alcohol consumption in different age groups. We will review current evidence for age-specific effects for losing and regaining control over alcohol intake and propose a framework for investigation across age groups.

Recent Findings
We find evidence for differences in relative impact of psychosocial predictors of alcohol consumption as a function of age that varies by gender. There is theoretical reason to assume that predictors vary in the time course of their taking effect: While e.g., early trauma and personality traits may be conceptualized as more distant antecedents of alcohol consumption, cognition, affect and emotion regulation can be conceptualized as co-correlates, where variation over periods of months may go along with changes in alcohol consumption. At the same time, craving, current stressors, and priming events may serve as short-term or immediate causes of alcohol consumption.

Summary
We propose a combination of longitudinal age cohorts to (i) identify individual-level differences (using latent growth curve models) and profiles (using latent growth mixture models) of the psychosocial and biological variables of interest that predict regaining or losing control, and ambulatory assessments every 2 days, in order to (ii) investigate effects of triggers and risk factors on current alcohol consumption. This approach will allow us to characterize age-related differences in the interplay between these factors in real-life settings.
Segmenting the manufacturing industries and measuring the performance: using interval-valued triangular fuzzy TOPSIS method
Authors: Prabhu M. , Abdullah Nabaz Nawzad , Ahmed Ramyar Rzgar , Nambirajan T. , Pandiyan Sanjeevi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this globalized scenario, the overall performance of the manufacturing industries is the backbone of the development of the countries’ economies. In this research, the authors’ main objective of the study is to segment the manufacturing industries by using the triangular interval-valued fuzzy TOPSIS Method and find out the factors determining its performance. The researchers have collected the data from 350 manufacturing industries located in Puducherry, India. They applied a Simple Random sampling method by using a structured questionnaire from manufacturing industries. To analyze the data, the researchers used software packages like Excel, SPSS and LISREL 8.72. The researchers applied Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Triangular Interval-Valued Fuzzy TOPSIS Method, Chi square and Correspondent Analysis to conclude the result. Based on the factors loadings of the items, the contribution made by the items in respect of Performance may be ranked as Sales growth, Market share, Profit margin and Return on investment. With the help of Triangular Interval-Valued Fuzzy TOPSIS Method researchers segmented the manufacturing industries into three groups and by using the Chi square analysis the researchers found that the five demographics characteristics like Number of years in Business (Company), Scale of industry, Kind of manufacturing, Number of employees and location of the production plant of the respondents and these are significantly associated with segmenting the manufacturing industries and determine the performance of manufacturing industries.
Fuzzy Moderation and Moderated-Mediation Analysis
Authors: Yoon Jin Hee 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the causal relationship, a mediator variable is a variable that causes mediation in the dependent and the independent variables. If x is a predictor and y is a response variable, then w is a moderator variable that influences the causal relationship of x and y. A moderator variable is a variable that affects the strength of the relationship between a dependent and independent variable. When there are many complicated causal relations, a mediation analysis or a moderation analysis can be performed considering the existence of mediators or moderators. Moreover, when both mediators and moderators exist, a mediation–moderation analysis can be performed. The existence of these variables occurs in many fields, including social science, medical science, and natural science, etc. However, the values of such variables used are often observed as fuzzy numbers rather than as crisp numbers (real numbers). So in many cases, fuzzy analysis is required because observations are observed with ambiguous values, but in the meantime, only models that use crisp numbers rather than fuzzy numbers have been used. This paper proposes fuzzy moderation analysis and fuzzy moderated-mediation analysis as the first attempts of the moderation and moderated-mediation analysis using fuzzy data. The proposed models can also be used for science and engineering, medical data, but it can also be applied to the humanities fields, where a lot of ambiguous data are observed. For example, data from the humanities fields such as marketing, education or psychology, the data are observed based on a human’s mind. Nevertheless, they have been analyzed using crisp data so far. In this paper, we define several fuzzy moderation models and fuzzy mediation–moderation models considering various situations based on fuzzy least squares estimation (FLSE). In addition, the validity of the proposed model is shown in some examples; it compares the results with existing analysis using crisp data.
Investigations on the execution and evaluation of the Pummel test for polyvinyl butyral based interlayers
Authors: Schuster Miriam , Schneider Jens , Nguyen Tuong An 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLaminated safety glass (LSG) is increasingly used as structural element in buildings. Of central importance for safety are the adhesion and the residual load-bearing capacity in the post fractured state. In literature a large number of tests to assess adhesion is mentioned. These include, e.g. peel tests, through-cracked-tensile/-bending tests, VW-pull tests and compressive shear tests. However, especially in industry, the Pummel test is widespread for determining the quality of adhesion in LSG with polyvinyl butyral based interlayers. This test method proves to be simple and quick to carry out: The laminate is stored at − 18 °C and then completely destroyed at room temperature with hammer blows. The adhesion level (0–10) is determined by visually comparing the adhering glass fragments with reference pictures or with the help of diagrams and tables which indicate the Pummel value as a function of the free film surface. Pummel value 0 is to be interpreted as no adhesion and Pummel value 10 as very high adhesion. Due to the lack of standardization, the execution and evaluation is very much dependent on the test institution and executive person. This paper shows different Pummel classifications that can currently be found on the market. Subsequently, approaches to the automatization and standardization of the execution and especially the evaluation of the Pummel test are shown. Three image evaluation methods in Matlab are presented, discussed and compared: (1) analysis of binary images, (2) statistical evaluation of the greyscale images and (3) texture analysis using co-occurrence matrices.
Validation of replacement questions for slowness and weakness to assess the Fried Phenotype: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Van der Elst Michael C. J. , Schoenmakers Birgitte , Op het Veld Linda P. M. , De Roeck Ellen E. , Van der Vorst Anne , Schols Jos M. G. A. , De Lepeleire Jan , Kempen Gertrudis I. J. M. ,   D-SCOPE Consortium
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
When screening large populations, performance-based measures can be difficult to conduct because they are time consuming and costly, and require well-trained assessors. The aim of the present study is to validate a set of questions replacing the performance-based measures slowness and weakness as part of the Fried frailty phenotype (FRIED-P).

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among community-dwelling older adults (≥ 60 years) in three Flemish municipalities. The Fried Phenotype (FRIED-P) was used to measure physical frailty. The two performance-based measures of the Fried Phenotype (slowness and weakness) were also measured by means of six substituting questions (FRIED-Q). These questions were validated through sensitivity, specificity, Cohen’s kappa value, observed agreement, correlation analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC, ROC curve).

Results
196 older adults participated. According to the FRIED-P, 19.5% of them were frail, 56.9% were pre-frail and 23.6% were non-frail. For slowness, the observed sensitivity was 47.0%, the specificity was 96.5% and the AUC was 0.717. For weakness, the sensitivity was 46.2%, the specificity was 83.7%, and the AUC was 0.649. The overall Spearman correlation between the FRIED-P and the FRIED-Q was r = 0.721 with an observed agreement of 76.6% (weighted linear kappa value = 0.663, quadratic kappa value = 0.738).

Conclusions
The concordance between the FRIED-P and FRIED-Q was substantial, characterized by a very high specificity, but a moderate sensitivity. This alternative operationalization of the Fried Phenotype—i.e., including six replacement questions instead of two performance-based tests—can be considered to apply as screening tool to screen physical frailty in large populations.
Factors associated with institutionalization among home-dwelling patients of Urgent Geriatric Outpatient Clinic: a 3-year follow-up study
Authors: Salminen Marika , Laine Jonna , Vahlberg Tero , Viikari Paula , Wuorela Maarit , Viitanen Matti , Viikari Laura 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To examine the effect of predictive factors on institutionalization among older patients.

Methods
The participants were older (aged 75 years or older) home-dwelling citizens evaluated at Urgent Geriatric Outpatient Clinic (UrGeriC) for the first time between the 1st of September 2013 and the 1st of September 2014 (n = 1300). They were followed up for institutionalization for 3 years. Death was used as a competing risk in Cox regression analyses.

Results
The mean age of the participants was 85.1 years (standard deviation [SD] 5.5, range 75–103 years), and 74% were female. The rates of institutionalization and mortality were 29.9% and 46.1%, respectively. The mean age for institutionalization was 86.1 (SD 5.6) years. According to multivariate Cox regression analyses, the use of home care (hazard ratio 2.43, 95% confidence interval 1.80–3.27, p < 0.001), dementia (2.38, 1.90–2.99, p < 0.001), higher age (≥ 95 vs. 75–84; 1.65, 1.03–2.62, p = 0.036), and falls during the previous 12 months (≥ 2 vs. no falls; 1.54, 1.10–2.16, p = 0.012) significantly predicted institutionalization during the 3-year follow-up.

Conclusion
Cognitive and/or functional impairment mainly predicted institutionalization among older patients of UrGeriC having health problems and acute difficulties in managing at home.
Opportunity and peril: how wolves use a dense network of forest roads
Authors: Bojarska Katarzyna , Sulich Joanna , Bachmann Sibyll , Okarma Henryk , Theuerkauf Jörn , Gula Roman 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe investigated by snow tracking and GPS telemetry how wolvesCanis lupusused a dense (4 km/km2) network of forest roads for travel and scent marking. Forty-six percent of wolf trails but only 4.6% of telemetry locations were on forest roads. Wolves used forest roads to travel fast and far across their home ranges but spent relatively little time on roads, especially on those with high traffic levels and during the time of highest human activity. The probability of scent marking was higher on roads than off-road and increased with traffic intensity on roads and close to junctions. Our findings suggest that wolves take advantage of the forest road infrastructure, while minimising human encounters by spatio-temporal avoidance of all roads, even those with negligible traffic. The ongoing expansion and improvements of the forest road network might lead to elevated costs for wolves associated with avoidance of humans and roads.
Decisions and outcome for infants born near the limit of viability
Authors: Al Hazzani Fahad , Al Alaiyan Saleh , Bin Jabr Mohammed , Binmanee Abdulaziz , Shaltout Mahmoud , Al Motairy Yazeed Moqbil , Qashqary Abdulhameed Sami , Al Dughaither Abdullah Saleh 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Initiation or withholding life support at birth on infants born prematurely near the limit of viability is not an easy decision, with wide variation in practice around the world. Our aim was to review the outcome of preterm infants born near the limit of viability at 23–25 weeks gestation in our institution, with regard to resuscitation decision, survival, and major outcome measures.

Methods:
We included all live newborn infants born prematurely at 23–25 weeks gestation at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre from January 2006 to December 2015. We collected data on resuscitation decisions, survival, and major neonatal morbidities such as severe brain injury, severe retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Results:
Between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2015, 97 infants with a gestational age (GA) of 23–25 weeks gestation were admitted; 23, 42, and 32 infants were born at 23, 24, and 25 weeks gestation, respectively. At 23 weeks gestation, full support was initiated in 87% of patients and later on support was withheld in 17.4% of patients, finally 13% of patients survived to discharge. At 24 weeks, full support was initiated in 97.6% of patients, then withheld in 7.1% of patients, and ultimately 59.5% survived. At 25 weeks, full support was initiated in 93.8% of patients, then withheld in 15.6% of patients, and ultimately 62.5% survived. In terms of survival with and without the three major neonatal morbidities, at 23 weeks gestation, no infant survived without any morbidity as compared to 7.1% and 28.1% at 24 and 25 weeks, respectively. The incidence of survival with 1 major morbidity was 8.7%, 30.9%, and 34.4% at 23, 24, and 25 weeks, respectively, the incidence of survival with 2 major morbidities was 0%, 19%, and 0% at 23, 24, and 25 weeks, respectively, and the incidence of survival with 3 major morbidities was 4.3%, 2.4%, and 0% at 23, 24, and 25 weeks, respectively.

Conclusion:
In our patient cohort, survival and survival without major neonatal morbidity were very low at 23 weeks gestation, but it improved gradually as gestational age advanced.