bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greater Inequality and Household Borrowing: New Evidence from Household Data
Authors: Coibion Olivier , Gorodnichenko Yuriy , Kudlyak Marianna , Mondragon John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Using household-level debt data over 2000–2012 and local variation in inequality, we show that low-income households in high-inequality regions (zip codes, counties, states) accumulated less debt relative to their income than low-income households in lower inequality regions. We also find evidence that low-income households face higher credit prices and reduced access to credit as inequality increases. We argue that these patterns are consistent with inequality tilting credit supply away from low-income households and toward high-income households, which may have long-run implications for outcomes like homeownership or entrepreneurship.
External Imbalances, Gross Capital Flows, and Sovereign Debt Crises
Authors: de Ferra Sergio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The experience of the European monetary union has been characterized by current account imbalances, widening gross external positions, and a severe sovereign debt crisis. I argue that institutional features of the European Economic and Monetary Union have contributed to all three. I show in a model that subsidies on holdings of assets issued within the union contribute to current account imbalances, to gross capital flows, and to the severity of the crisis. In a quantitative model with heterogeneous countries, I show that the subsidies account for a substantial fraction of the widening of gross external positions in the euro area by inducing countries with high income and external assets to engage in intermediation of gross capital flows.
Effect of nitrate supply on the facilitation between two salt-marsh plants (Suaeda salsa and Scirpus planiculmis)
Authors: Ma Hua , Cui Li-Juan , Pan Xu , Li Wei , Ning Yu , Zhou Jian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Aims
In estuarine salt-marshes, nitrate supply and soil salinity, which are known as two main environmental drivers, simultaneously affect the interspecific interactions between plant species. However, to date, their interactive effects on interspecific interactions have not been closely examined for salt-marsh plant species.

Methods
Juvenile plants of Suaeda salsa L. (Chenopodiaceae) and Scirpus planiculmis Fr. (Cyperaceae) were grown in rinsed river sand to conduct a greenhouse experiment with three treatment categories: interspecific interaction (mixed culture or monoculture), three salinity levels (1, 50 and 100 mmol L−1) and three nitrate levels (0.5, 5 and 10 mmol L−1). First, height and biomass of all plants were measured. Then, the growth data, relative interaction index and competitive important index of the two species were analyzed.

Important Findings
The interspecific interactions between S. salsa and S. planiculmis were facilitation across the salinity gradients. The promotion of S. salsa growth with high nitrate supply did not enhance the facilitative effect of the species, especially at low salinity. However, high nitrate supply significantly shifted the interspecific interactions of S. planiculmis from facilitation to competition at high salinity. Our results suggest that excessive nitrate application changes the prediction of the stress-gradient hypothesis along a salinity gradient, leading to collapse of the two species coexistence in the salt-marshes. These findings make a contribution to the understanding of how S. salsa and S. planiculmis, as well as salt-marsh communities, respond to the human modification of estuarine nutritional levels.
Photoprotective compounds in zooplankton of two adjacent tropical high mountain lakes with contrasting underwater light climate and fish occurrence
Authors: Alcocer Javier , Delgado Clara N , Sommaruga Ruben 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe compared temporal changes in the concentration of photoprotective compounds (PCs) in zooplankton of two adjacent (600 m apart) tropical high mountain lakes, El Sol and La Luna. The lakes have the same geological origin, age and drainage basin. However, they differ in underwater light and UV penetration and in the presence of Oncorhynchus mykiss, only found in El Sol. Whereas Daphnia ambigua from the clear La Luna had carotenoids and melanin, in El Sol, the same species lacked pigmentation. The copepod Leptodiaptomus cuauhtemoci was only found in El Sol and relied on accumulation of MAAs and carotenoids. The maximum concentration of PCs was found over the period with highest incident ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Our data suggest that tropical species of zooplankton respond to UVR by accumulating PCs that are too different in relation to exposure to UVR. However, we cannot discard the possibility that the presence of fish in Lake El Sol influences also their phenotypical and behavioral responses. Overall, zooplankton exhibited an ample phenotypic plasticity in the type and concentrations of PCs in response to the high and variable doses of UVR prevailing in low-latitude lakes, similar to the zooplankton of their high-latitude counterparts.
Health inequalities in timely antenatal care: audit of pre- and post-referral delays in antenatal bookings in London 2015–16
Authors: McDonald H , Moren C , Scarlett J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Antenatal booking has potential to reduce infant and maternal health inequalities; yet, those most in need are least likely to access timely care. This audit describes late referral and antenatal booking across London in 2015–16, according to maternal characteristics.

Methods
Referral &lt; 8 weeks’ gestation, booking &lt; 2 weeks after referral and booking &lt; 10 weeks’ gestation were audited against maternal and referral characteristics.

Results
Of 122 275 antenatal bookings, 27.1% were before 10 weeks’ gestation and 72.8% by 12 + 6 weeks. Characteristics associated with late booking were living in more deprived areas, age &lt; 20 years, higher parity, Black or Minority ethnicity (particularly Bangladeshi or Black African), birth in Somalia, Jewish religion, first language other than English, unemployment of self or partner, lack of social support, or single parent families. Women living in more deprived areas, with first language other than English, of Jewish religion, Black and Minority ethnicity or who were unemployed, waited longer from referral to booking, despite later referral.

Conclusions
Post-referral delays can compound late referral for some women, exacerbating health inequalities, but should be amenable to provider interventions. Different patterns of pre- and post-referral delay suggest that a tailored approach is needed to address inequalities in access to antenatal care.
Predicting postoperative complications with the respiratory exchange ratio after high-risk noncardiac surgery
Authors: Bar Stéphane , Grenez Charles , Nguyen Maxime , de Broca Bruno , Bernard Eugénie , Abou-Arab Osama , Bouhemad Belaid , Lorne Emmanuel , Guinot Pierre-Grégoire 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND
The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), defined as the ratio of CO2 production (VCO2) to O2 consumption (VO2), is reported to be a noninvasive marker of anaerobic metabolism. The intubated, ventilated patient's inspired and expired fractions of O2 and CO2 (FiO2, FeO2, FiCO2 and FeCO2) are monitored in the operating room and can be used to calculate RER.

OBJECTIVE
To investigating the ability of the RER to predict postoperative complications.

DESIGN
An observational, prospective study.

SETTING
Two French university hospitals between March 2017 and September 2018.

PATIENTS
A total of 110 patients undergoing noncardiac high-risk surgery.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The RER was calculated as (FeCO2 − FiCO2)/(FiO2 − FeO2) at five time points during the operation. The primary endpoint was at the end of the surgery. The secondary endpoints were systemic oxygenation indices (pCO2 gap, pCO2 gap/arteriovenous difference in O2 ratio, central venous oxygen saturation) and the arterial lactate level at the end of the surgery. Complications were classified according to the European Peri-operative Clinical Outcome definitions.

RESULTS
Postoperative complications occurred in 35 patients (34%). The median [interquartile range] RER at the end of surgery was significantly greater in the subgroup with complications, 1.06 [0.84 to 1.35] than in the subgroup without complications, 0.81 [0.75 to 0.91], and correlated significantly with the arterial lactate (r = 0.31, P < 0.001) and VO2 (r = −0.23, P = 0.001). Analysis of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the predictive value of RER for postoperative complications revealed a value of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69 to 0.88, P = 0.001]. The best cut-off for the RER was 0.94, with a sensitivity of 71% (95% CI 54 to 85) and a specificity of 79% (95% CI 68 to 88).

CONCLUSION
As a putative noninvasive marker of tissue hypoperfusion and anaerobic metabolism, the RER can be used to predict complications following high-risk surgery.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03471962.
Evaluation of autologous retransfusion from a closed suction drainage system for patient blood management in elective total hip and knee replacement
Authors: Mayer-Rollnik Sebastian , Harms Christoph , Bernasconi Luca , Hammerer Angelika , Reiss Eric , Girard Thierry , Bolliger Daniel 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND
Postoperative autologous retransfusion of drainage blood might reduce the transfusion of red blood cell concentrates after major orthopaedic surgery.

OBJECTIVES
Our primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a blood collection and retransfusion system. Secondary objectives included safety issues and the quality of the drainage blood collected.

DESIGN
Combined retrospective and prospective cohort study.

SETTING
Swiss regional hospital, from 1 January to 31 December 2015 (retrospective cohort) and 1 January to 31 August 2018 (prospective cohort).

PATIENTS
The retrospective and prospective cohort included 216 and 46 patients, respectively, who underwent elective hip or knee replacement.

INTERVENTIONS
Use of a postoperative blood collection and retransfusion system.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was the postoperative haemoglobin in patients with and without autotransfusion. Secondary outcomes were percentage of patients with transfusion of allogeneic blood products and with adverse events with and without autotransfusion. Tertiary outcomes were laboratory levels of specific inflammation and coagulation parameters in collected drain blood directly after surgery and 6 h postoperatively.

RESULTS
Autologous retransfusion was performed in 50 patients (23%) in the retrospective analysis. Postoperative haemoglobin level was increased by 5 g dl−1 (P = 0.017) in retransfused patients compared with those without retransfusion. However, there was no difference in the number of transfused allogeneic red blood cell concentrates. Mild adverse transfusion reactions were reported in 13 retransfused patients (26%). Laboratory analyses for the second prospective part detected massively elevated concentrations of myeloperoxidase and IL-6 in the drainage blood, but C-reactive protein and procalcitonin concentrations were within normal ranges at both time points. d-dimers levels were above the upper normal level in 37 and 24% at the two time points, respectively, and tended to decrease over time (P = 0.060).

CONCLUSION
Our study questions the effectiveness of postoperative autotransfusion as part of a patient blood management programme. In addition, the obvious signs of inflammatory reactions and coagulation activation raise safety concerns.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
The cohort study was not registered in a trial registry.
Insight into the microphysics of antigorite deformation from spherical nanoindentation
Authors: Hansen Lars N. , David Emmanuel C. , Brantut Nicolas , Wallis David 
Published: January 2020

The mechanical behaviour of antigorite strongly influences the strength and deformation of the subduction interface. Although there is microstructural evidence elucidating the nature of brittle deformation at low pressures, there is often conflicting evidence regarding the potential for plastic deformation in the ductile regime at higher pressures. Here, we present a series of spherical nanoindentation experiments on aggregates of natural antigorite. These experiments effectively investigate the single-crystal mechanical behaviour because the volume of deformed material is significantly smaller than the grain size. Individual indents reveal elastic loading followed by yield and strain hardening. The magnitude of the yield stress is a function of crystal orientation, with lower values associated with indents parallel to the basal plane. Unloading paths reveal more strain recovery than expected for purely elastic unloading. The magnitude of inelastic strain recovery is highest for indents parallel to the basal plane. We also imposed indents with cyclical loading paths, and observed strain energy dissipation during unloading–loading cycles conducted up to a fixed maximum indentation load and depth. The magnitude of this dissipated strain energy was highest for indents parallel to the basal plane. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed surface impressions accommodated by shear cracks and a general lack of dislocation-induced lattice misorientation. Based on these observations, we suggest that antigorite deformation at high pressures is dominated by sliding on shear cracks. We develop a microphysical model that is able to quantitatively explain Young’s modulus and dissipated strain energy data during cyclic loading experiments, based on either frictional or cohesive sliding of an array of cracks contained in the basal plane.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Serpentinite in the earth system’
The role of fine‐root mass, specific root length and life span in tree performance: A whole‐tree exploration
Authors: Weemstra Monique , Kiorapostolou Natasa , van Ruijven Jasper , Mommer Liesje , de Vries Jorad , Sterck Frank 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

The root economics spectrum (RES) hypothesis predicts that fast‐growing tree species have short‐lived roots with high specific root length (SRL) to allow rapid resource uptake, and opposite trait expressions for slow‐growing species. Yet, the mixed support for this hypothesis suggests that trees can adopt alternative strategies to increase resource uptake, besides an increase in SRL.

We combined a novel mechanistic whole‐tree model and empirical fine‐root data of 10 tree species to test the effects of one of these alternative strategies, notably increasing fine‐root mass, on the tree's net C gain (used here as a proxy for tree performance), and to assess how fine‐root life span influences the relative importance of SRL and fine‐root mass for the C balance of trees.

Our results indicate that accounting for the short life span of high‐SRL roots has important implications for explaining tree performance and the role of roots herein. Without considering their faster turnover, high‐SRL roots and low fine‐root mass resulted in the highest performance as predicted from the RES. Yet, when their higher turnover rates were accounted for, a high fine‐root mass and low SRL lead to the highest performance. Both our model outcomes and field data further show a negative relationship between SRL and fine‐root mass through which species aim to realize a similar root length density. This trade‐off further indicates how high a SRL and low fine‐root mass as well as opposite trait values can both lead to a positive C balance in a similar environment.

Our study may explain why high‐SRL roots do not necessarily lead to the fastest tree growth as often hypothesized and demonstrates the importance of fine‐root mass in combination with fine‐root life span for explaining interspecific differences in tree performance. More generally, our work demonstrates the value of identifying and investigating different below‐ground strategies across species from a whole‐plant modelling perspective, and identifies the relationship between SRL, fine‐root biomass and life span as an important functional dimension to variation in species’ performance.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Is Trade Liberalisation Pro‐Poor in Pakistan? Evidence from Large‐Scale Manufacturing
Authors: Jadoon Atif Khan , Sarwar Ambreen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article aims to analyse the impact of industry‐level trade liberalisation (measured through industry‐specific tariff rates) on poverty in Pakistan. Combining data for tariff rates with the Labour Force Survey of Pakistan, we use quantile regression analysis to estimate the impact of changes in tariff rates on workers’ wages (associated with the manufacturing sector of Pakistan) that are at different points of the income distribution. Our findings meaningfully signal that trade liberalisation helps to reduce poverty in the economy. Based on these results, this study provides policy recommendations to reap maximum benefits from trade liberalisation.
Characterization of a Y‐specific duplication/insertion of the anti‐Mullerian hormone type II receptor gene based on a chromosome‐scale genome assembly of yellow perch, Perca flavescens
Authors: Feron Romain , Zahm Margot , Cabau Cédric , Klopp Christophe , Roques Céline , Bouchez Olivier , Eché Camille , Valière Sophie , Donnadieu Cécile , Haffray Pierrick , Bestin Anastasia , Morvezen Romain , Acloque Hervé , Euclide Peter T. , Wen Ming , Jouano Elodie , Schartl Manfred , Postlethwait John H. , Schraidt Claire , Christie Mark R. , Larson Wesley A. , Herpin Amaury , Guiguen Yann 
Published: January 2020

AbstractYellow perch, Perca flavescens, is an ecologically and economically important species native to a large portion of the northern United States and southern Canada and is also a promising candidate species for aquaculture. However, no yellow perch reference genome has been available to facilitate improvements in both fisheries and aquaculture management practices. By combining Oxford Nanopore Technologies long‐reads, 10X Genomics Illumina short linked reads and a chromosome contact map produced with Hi‐C, we generated a high‐continuity chromosome‐scale yellow perch genome assembly of 877.4 Mb. It contains, in agreement with the known diploid chromosome yellow perch count, 24 chromosome‐size scaffolds covering 98.8% of the complete assembly (N50 = 37.4 Mb, L50 = 11). We also provide a first characterization of the yellow perch sex determination locus that contains a male‐specific duplicate of the anti‐Mullerian hormone type II receptor gene (amhr2by) inserted at the proximal end of the Y chromosome (chromosome 9). Using this sex‐specific information, we developed a simple PCR genotyping assay which accurately differentiates XY genetic males (amhr2by+) from XX genetic females (amhr2by−). Our high‐quality genome assembly is an important genomic resource for future studies on yellow perch ecology, toxicology, fisheries and aquaculture research. In addition, characterization of the amhr2by gene as a candidate sex‐determining gene in yellow perch provides a new example of the recurrent implication of the transforming growth factor beta pathway in fish sex determination, and highlights gene duplication as an important genomic mechanism for the emergence of new master sex determination genes.
Prospective Associations between BOLD Markers of Response Inhibition and the Transition to Frequent Binge Drinking
Authors: Courtney Kelly E. , Infante Maria Alejandra , Bordyug Maria , Simmons Alan N. , Tapert Susan F. 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundAltered brain activation during response inhibition has been linked to a greater risk for alcohol and other substance use behaviors in late adolescence. However, the ability of neural markers of response inhibition, acquired during adolescence, to temporally predict the transition from less frequent and lower quantity alcohol use to high‐risk, frequent (≥ weekly) binge drinking behavior remains unclear.MethodsAdolescents (N = 29; 9 females) were selected from a larger ongoing longitudinal study to include those who transitioned to at least weekly binge drinking (≥5/4 alcoholic drinks for males/females per occasion) over a 15‐year follow‐up period. Prior to the onset of weekly binge drinking (mean age = 18.0), participants underwent a functional MRI including a go/no‐go task. Whole‐brain activation from the no‐go correct rejection versus no‐go false alarm contrast was used to predict time to transition to frequent binge drinking.ResultsLess no‐go correct rejection versus no‐go false alarm activation in a cluster including the precentral gyri, insula, and inferior frontal gyri predicted a more rapid transition into frequent binge drinking (voxel‐wise alpha < 0.001, cluster‐wise alpha < 0.05, cluster threshold ≥ 18 voxels).ConclusionsResults from this study are supported by literature suggesting that frontoinsular involvement is important for successful inhibition and cognitive control. Altered brain activation during response inhibition may thus represent neural antecedents of impulse regulation difficulties related to alcohol consumption. The magnitude of this activation provides temporal information that may be used to inform and optimize timing of interventions aimed at preventing the escalation and transition to problematic drinking for youth who have already begun to engage in drinking behaviors.
Detection of thrombosis in a magnetically levitated blood pump by vibrational excitation of the impeller
Authors: Hijikata Wataru , Maruyama Takuro , Murashige Tomotaka , Sakota Daisuke , Maruyama Osamu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe use of contactless support technology for the impeller has led to an increase in the durability of ventricular assist devices (VADs), and these have been in clinical use worldwide. However, pump thrombosis and stroke are still issues to be solved. We have developed a method for detecting the thrombosis in a magnetically levitated blood pump without the need for additional sensors or other equipment. In the proposed method, a sinusoidal current is applied to the electromagnets used for the magnetic bearing, resulting in vibration of the impeller. The phase difference between the current and displacement of the impeller increases with pump thrombosis. First, we describe the principle by which the pump thrombosis is detected. Pump thrombosis reduces the narrowest fluid gap in the pump and this gives rise to a change in the phase difference. Second, we report on experiments in which we changed the narrowest fluid gap using oriented polypropylene tape and showed that decreasing the narrowest fluid gap resulted in an increase in phase difference. For these experiments, the measurements were repeated three times for each condition. Third, we examine the relationship between the pump thrombosis and the phase difference evaluated by observations of the underside of the impeller when operating the pump with porcine blood. Since light was unable to penetrate the blood layer, the erythrocytes were removed for this observation. Only one observation was made. The results showed the phase difference rapidly increased at the same moment when the pump thrombosis was observed. This implies the proposed method has the potential to detect the early stages of pump thrombosis. Finally, in vitro experiments to detect thrombosis when using whole porcine blood in the pump were conducted. The experiment was carried out five times. To intentionally form a thrombus inside the pump, the activated clotting time was controlled to be less than 200 s. In every case, the phase difference increased by more than one degree after tens of minutes. Then, the pump was disassembled and a small amount of pump thrombosis was observed. We conclude that real‐time diagnosis of pump thrombosis may be realized by measuring the phase difference without the need for additional sensors.