bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of L-fucose isomerase from Paenibacillus rhizosphaerae to produce L-fuculose from hydrolyzed fucoidan and commercial fucose
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Waheed , Riaz Tahreem , Mahmood Shahid , Zhu Yingying , Ni Dawei , Khan Imran Mahmood , Zhang Wenli , Mu Wanmeng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background L-fuculose is an expensive and rare sugar used against different kinds of diseases such as HIV, anti-cancer, anti-viral, Hepatitis-B, human lysosomal disease (fucosidosis), and cardio-protective drugs. The enzymatic way of converting L-fucose into L-fuculose would be an effective method with great industrial applications. The purpose of this research is to introduce a high production of L-fuculose from cheap and natural sources (fucoidan) and commercially source (Sigma-Aldrich) by a recombinant enzyme L-fucose isomerase from Paenibacillus rhizosphaerae (Pa-LFI).Results Fucose containing polysaccharide (FPs) called fucoidan was extracted, hydrolyzed and characterized by U. pinnatifida for enzymatic production of L-fuculose. The FPs provide 35.9% of fucose along with few other monosaccharides. Pa-LFI was characterized and purified with a single band at 65 kDa. It showed an activity of 104.5 U mg -1 and exhibited as a hexamer with native molecular mass 396 kDa. The maximum activity for recombinant Pa-LFI was detected at pH 6.5 and 50 °C in 1 mM of Mn 2+ . The melting temperature observed 75 °C and half-life at 50 °C was 12.6 h. The isomerizing activity of Pa-LFI with aldose substrate (L-fucose) was higher exposing K m , k cat and k cat / K m 86.2 mM, 32831 min -1 and 335 min -1 mM -1 respectively. The conversion ratio of L-fuculose from 100 g L -1 of FPs and commercial fucose after the equilibrium state was about 6% (5.6 g L -1 ) and 30% (30.2 g L -1 ) respectively.Conclusion Pa-LFI catalyzed the reaction to convert L-fucose into L-fuculose. The enzyme will be helpful in the production of L-fuculose with an efficient and simple method without producing any by-product.
Deficiency of LRRC4 Accelerates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Disrupting Th1/Treg Cell Balance
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Di , Zeng Qiuming , Feng Jianbo , Fu Haijuan , Luo Zhaohui , Xiao Bo , Yang Huan , Wu Minghua 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Leucine rich repeat containing 4 (LRRC4), also known as netrin-G ligand-2 (NGL-2), belongs to the superfamily of LRR proteins and serves as a receptor for netrin-G2. LRRC4 regulates the formation of excitatory synapses and promotes axon differentiation. Mutations in LRRC4 occur in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigated the role of LRRC4 in the pathological process of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used mouse model of MS.Methods LRRC4 was detected in the CNS of EAE mice by the use of real-time PCR and western blotting. LRRC4 -/- mice were created and immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG) 35–55 . Pathological changes in spinal cords of LRRC4 -/- and WT mice 15 days after immunization were examined by using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining and immunohistochemistry. The number of Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg cells in spleens and blood were measured with flow cytometry. Differential gene expression in the spinal cords from WT and LRRC4 -/- mice was analyzed by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors were used to overexpress LRRC4 (AAV-LRRC4) and were injected into EAE mice to assess the therapeutic effect of AAV-LRRC4 ectopic expression on EAE.Results We discovered that the level of LRRC4 decreases in the spinal cords of the EAE mice. Deletion of LRRC4 accelerates infiltration of leukocytes into the spinal cords and disease exacerbation in vivo. We further showed that LRRC4 deletion disrupts the balance between Th1 cells and Treg cells and causes a shift toward Th1 cells and that the disrupted balance may be attributed to up-regulation of IL-6, IFN-γ and down-regulation of TNF-α in EAE mice. At a mechanistic level, we found that deficiency of LRRC4 induces elevated NF-κB p65 expression and does so by up-regulating Rab7b, while ectopic expression of LRRC4 alleviates the clinical symptoms of EAE mice and protects the CNS from immune damages.Conclusions We establish a critical role of LRRC4 in the progression of EAE and provide novel mechanistic insights into EAE development. Our findings also suggest that LRRC4 may be used as a potential target for therapeutic treatment of MS.
First epidemiological survey of Angiostrongylus vasorum in domestic dogs from Spain
Authors: Carretón Elena , Morchón Rodrigo , Falcón-Cordón Yaiza , Matos Jorge , Costa-Rodríguez Nieves , Montoya-Alonso José ALberto 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Angiostrongylus vasorum is the causative agent of canine angiostrongylosis, a disease that mainly affects domestic dogs and others wild carnivores. In Europe, the number of infected individuals is increasing, being located in central and southern countries. In Spain, several studies have reported high prevalence of A. vasorum in wild animals. However, there are no studies that address the current situation of the disease or its distribution in domestic dogs, and complaints from veterinary personnel are very limited. Taking into account these facts, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of A. vasorum in different areas of Spain.Methods: Between November 2018 and October 2019, blood was sampled from a total of 2024 domestic dogs from 6 zones of Spain with climatologies that favour the establishment of the disease, where all dogs included in the study lived outdoors or had regular access to areas with vegetation and none had traveled outside the study area of ​​interest in the past year. Details about their gender and age were collected. All dogs were tested for the presence of A. vasorum circulating antigens using AngioDetectTM. Results: The prevalence of canine angiostrongylosis in the studied areas of Spain was 1.73%. No differences were found between males and females but by age, significant differences were found between dogs <1 years and the rest of three groups of age. By eco-epidemiological areas, the highest prevalences were obtained in the north and northwest of Spain and the lowest was described in the central area.Conclusions: Our data suggest that the disease is present in Spain in domestic dogs where previously infected wild animals existed or where climatic conditions are favourable for the establishment of the disease.
Effects of hyperoxia on retinal autophagy in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Wang Jie , Du Ergang , Zheng Yunliang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the autophagy activation of retina in an oxygen-induced retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) mouse model. Methods C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 75 ± 0.5% oxygen from P7 to P12, after which they were brought into room air and raised to P17. Mice underwent fluorescein angiography of the retinal vasculature on P17. The thickness and ultrastructural of retina was observed on P17. The expression of autophagy in the retina tissue was assessed by Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Results The neovascularization was significantly higher in the oxygen-induced mice. The retinal thickness of the oxygen-exposed group was higher than that of the control group on P17. The autophagosomes in retina of ROP mouse were observed. During the hyperoxia stage (from P8 to P13), the mRNA levels of Beclin1 (mammalian Atg6), Uncoordinated-51 like kinase 1 (ULK1), and Autophagy 5 (Atg5) were increased. At the relative hypoxia stage (raised in room air from P14 to P17), the expression of Beclin1, ULK1, and Atg5 mRNA levels was downregulated in retinas of ROP mice compare to the controls. Over time, the protein expression of Beclin-1, ULK1, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) was upregulated, but the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was downregulated. Conclusions Hyperoxia and relative hypoxia not only cause retinal neovascularization, but also change the autophagy markers in the retina of newborn mice.
The Free Flap Based on a Single Proximal Perforator of Radial Artery: the Ultrasonography Study and Clinical Applications in Reconstruction of Digital Defect
Authors: Wu Guangzhi , Zhang Zhan , Zhang Fan , Zhang Yiqun , Cui Shusen , Yu Wei 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: To locate the anastomosable constant perforator of radial artery on the proximal forarm using ultrasonography, and describe the application of free radial artery flap based on a single proximal perforator in the reconstruction of digital soft tissue defects. Methods: In 20 forarms (10 right and 10 left) from 10 volunteers, the perforators in the proximal half of forarm from radial artery were visualized by ultrasonography. Then the free radial artery perforator flaps based on the single perforator were used for reconstruction of small digital soft tissue defects in 4 cases between October 2017 and May 2018. Results: Of the 20 forarms, anastomosable perforator was constantly detected from the radial artery in the proximal half of forarm. The diameter of the perforator was 0.7±0.1 mm, the pedicle length is 12±3 mm by ultrasonography. Ther location of the perforator is far from elbow crease 8.8±1.4 cm, and the relative distance of the perforator location from elbow crease to wrist crease is 37.2% ± 4.8%. In clinical cases, all the flaps were complete survival. Flap size ranged from 3.5 to 6.5 cm in length and 2.3 to 3.0 cm in width. Donor sites of forearm were closed primarily in all cases. During a mean period of 12 months (8-14 months) follow-up, there were satisfactory results of digital function and cosmesis,and no functional impairments at the donor sites. Conclusions: There is an anastomosable perforator consistent located on the radial artery in the proximal half of forarm. The free radial artery small flap based on this single perforator provides acceptable functional and cosmetic outcomes for the reconsturction of digital soft tissue defects . With the preservation of the main vessel (radial artery) of forearm, this flap provides another reliable option for handsurgery surgeon to reconstruct small digital defects.
Quantizing photosynthetic performance of phytoplankton using photosynthesis-irradiance response models
Authors: Yang Xiaolong , Liu Lihua , Yin Zhikai , Wang Xingyu , Wang Shoubing , Ye Zipiao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Clarifying the relationship between photosynthesis and irradiance and accurately quantizing photosynthetic performance are of importance to calculate the productivity of phytoplankton, whether in aquatic ecosystems modelling or obtaining more economical production.Results: The photosynthetic performance of seven phytoplankton species was characterized by four typical photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) response models. However, the differences were found between the returned values to photosynthetic characteristics by different P-I models. The saturation irradiance (Isat) was distinctly underestimated by model 1, and the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax) was quite distinct from its measured values, due to the asymptotic function of the model. Models 2 and 3 lost some foundation to photosynthetic mechanisms, that the returned Isat showed significant differences with the measured data. Model 4 for higher plants could reproduce the irradiance response trends of photosynthesis well for all phytoplankton species and obtained close values to the measured data, but the fitting curves exhibited some slight deviations under the low intensity of irradiance. Different phytoplankton species showed differences in photosynthetic productivity and characteristics. P. subcordiformis showed larger intrinsic quantum yield (α) and lower Isat and light compensation point (Ic) than D. salina or I. galbana. Microcystis sp., especially M. aeruginosa with the largest Pnmax and α among freshwater phytoplankton strains, exhibited more efficient light use efficiency than two species of green algae.Conclusions: The present work will be useful both to describe the behavior of different phytoplankton in a quantitative way as well as to evaluate the flexibility and reusability of P-I models. Meanwhile we believe this research could provide important insight into the structure changes of phytoplankton communities in the aquatic ecosystems.
Proportion and characteristics of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating basal insulin therapy using a basal-bolus regimen
Authors: Zhang Puhong , Zhang Heng , Zhu Dongshan , Li Xian , Ji Jiachao , Chen Minyuan , Wang Du , Ji Linong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: To explore the proportion and characteristics of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) uncontrolled by oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) who initiated basal insulin (BI) therapy using a basal-bolus regimen. Methods: This multicenter, observational, prospective study included a representative sample of 18,995 Chinese insulin-naïve T2DM patients who initiated BI therapy due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia by OADs. The type and dose of BI as well as other treatment regimens depended on physician’s discretion and patient’s willingness. Proportion of patients initiating basal-bolus insulin and associated factors were analyzed. Results: Basal-bolus accounted for 24.6% of patients initiating BI, of whom 97.8% initiated a full basal-bolus regimen. In the multivariate logistic regression, factors significantly associated with initiating basal-bolus regimen were tertiary hospital, in-patients, younger age, higher BMI, longer diabetes duration, more complications, higher HbA1c level, low self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) frequency before, one OAD used before, no concomitant OAD, and initiating Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH). About half of patients initiating basal-bolus persisted on the same insulin regimen at 3-month. Glycemic control rates (HbA1c<7%) at 6 months were 37.6% and 41.8% in basal-bolus and BI alone, respectively (p<0.0001). In patients with at least one complication, basal-bolus showed significantly lower glycemic control compared with BI alone (33.4% vs 39.8%, P<0.0001). Conclusions: The findings suggest a high proportion of patients with T2DM initiating basal-bolus insulin. Tertiary hospital, in-patients, younger age, higher BMI, longer diabetes duration, more complications, higher HbA1c level, low SMBG frequency before, one OAD used before, no concomitant OAD, and concomitant NPH were related to higher odds of initiating basal-bolus.
Molecular Investigation of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks removed from Tick-Bitten Humans in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Bang Mi-Seon , Kim Choon-Mee , Pyun Sang-Hyun , Kim Dong-Min , Yun Na Ra 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Tick-borne infections are continuously increasing due to climate change, increased outdoor activities and increased travel between countries. This study was to investigate the presence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks removed from tick-bitten humans in southwest provinces of Republic of Korea (ROK). Methods Ticks were obtained from those tick-bitten humans between May 2014 and September 2017 in Jeollanam provinces and Gwangju metropolitan city in ROK. The presence of the tick-borne pathogens in ticks removed from tick-bitten humans was analyzed using pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results We identified 33 ticks from three tick species, namely Amblyomma testudinarium (60.6%), Haemaphysalis longicornis (27.3%), and Ixodes nipponensis (12.1%) in order of occurrence by morphology and 16S rDNA-targeting PCR. Tick-borne pathogens were found in 16 ticks using pathogen-specific PCR. From the results, 12 ticks (36.4%) tested positive for spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia: Rickettsia monacensis (1/12), R. tamurae (8/12), and Candidatus Rickettsia jingxinensis (3/12). Three ticks (9.1%) were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum . In addition, three ticks (9.1%) tested positive for Babesia gibsoni (1/3) and B. microti (2/3). Conclusions In conclusion, we identified three tick species; the most common species was A. testudinarium followed by H. longicornis and I. nipponensis . SFG Rickettsia , A. phagocytophilum , and Babesia spp. were the most frequently detected pathogens in ticks removed from tick-bitten humans. R. tamurae and Ca. R. jingxinensis were firstly detected in Korea. The present results will contribute to the understanding of tick-borne infections in animals and humans in the ROK.
Knowledge and Awareness among mothers regarding exclusive breastfeeding in holy Karbala city / Iraq
Authors: Al-Nasrawii maytham salim , Al-Aaragi Ali Neamah , Mohammed Ali Abd Al-Latif G 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) “Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)” is explained as “the infant receives only breast milk, no other liquids or solids. Its recommended for the first 6 months of life, and then complementary feeding should be started. EBF helps to reduce child morbidity and mortality from several diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory and /or ear infections and other infectious diseases, shielding lactation women from breast and ovarian cancer. In addition to offers societal economic and environmental benefits, The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of exclusive breast feeding among mothers with a child < 2 years of age. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Health Directorate of Holy Karbala city. The study consist of (487) mothers how attendant to six Primary Health Care center (PHC). The collected data was done by direct interview with mothers and using a questionnaire form that designed based on the study objectives according to WHO criteria. Data were analyzed by SPSS, descriptive statistics included numbers (N) and percentage (%), and the inferential statistical test was done by using Chi-Square test , P-value was equal or less than 0.05 considered as statistically significant to find for any association between the results variables. Result : A total of 487 participants were included in the study, the rate of response was 92.7%. The highest percentage (66.3%) of study sample were full in the age group (21-30) years, and more than three quarters were lived in urban area. Nearly half of the study sample 47% had primary education and 60% those housewives, and the main source of information being family and friends (84.4%). As an overall assessment, 61.8% of the study sample had good knowledge and awareness about exclusive Breastfeeding, with highly significant differences to education level ,occupation residence of the mother. Conclusion: Over half of the subjects had good knowledge and awareness of exclusive Breastfeeding. And, on the other hand, there was a very significant difference between education level, occupation and mother's residence with a level of knowledge.
Incidence and Predictors of Sever Adverse Drug Reactions Among Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Kibret Getiye Dejenu , Ayele Tadesse Awoke , Tesfahun Adino 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Due to its nature of chronicity and the trend of using more drugs for patients with HIV, antiretroviral toxicity becomes a major challenge of HIV management. Evidences revealed that magnitude of experiencing at least one form of drug toxicity in different setting have been reached up to 90% among patients on antiretroviral therapy. The main aim of this study was to estimate the incidence and predictors of severe adverse drug reactions among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV) at Debre Markos Referral Hospital.
Methods: Retrospective follow up study with survival analysis was carried out among people living with Human Immunodeficiency virus. Mean survival time of the cohort was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. To model the relationship between explanatory variables and the time to adverse drug reaction, Cox-proportional hazard regression model was fitted.
Results: Out of the total 485 participants 67 (13.81%; 95% C.I: 10.7%, 16.8%) had experienced sever adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The incidence rate of severe adverse drug reaction development was 3 per 100-person years.
Patients residing out of the catchment area to the facility were 73% at higher risk to develop ADR at any time, compared to those living within the catchment area (AHR=1.73; 95% C.I: 1.04, 2.86). The risk of ADRs among patients with baseline WHO clinical stage of III and IV was 2.59 times higher at any time compared to those with WHO stages I and II (95% C.I: 1.54, 4.36).
Conclusion: The incidence of adverse drug reactions was relatively lower than reported in different parts of Ethiopia and other African countries. However, the overall burden in the 10 years period was still high. Health professionals working in the ART clinic need to give special attention for patients coming from outside of catchment areas, commercial sex workers and drivers and patients on advanced WHO clinical stages to prevent ADR development among these groups.
TÜRKİYE’DE İÇ GÖÇÜN DAĞILIMI
Authors: ŞANTAŞ Gülcan 
Published: December 2019

This study was carried out to examine the internal
migration conceptually and to determine the distribution of internal migration
in Turkey. For the purposes of the study, 1993-1998-2003-2008 and 2013 data of
Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS), published by Hacettepe University
Institute of Population Studies, were used in the study. The population of the
study consists of women in reproductive ages in the TDHSs. The weighted
sampling method, multi-stage sampling method and stratified cluster sampling
methods were used in sampling in the research. The sample of the research was
6519 women in the 1993 research, 8576 women in the 1998 research, 8075 women in
the 2003 research, 7405 women in the 2008 study and 9746 women in the 2013
study. The migration variable was determined by the childhood residential area
of women in the study. In the results of the study, it has been identified that
the percentage of people living in urban areas has increased continuously, and
more than 60% of women at secondary and higher education level live in urban
areas for five research period. Also the
percentage of living in cities was found higher in women who were unmarried,
unemployed, those with health insurance and living in the Western Region.
MEMBANGUN KECERDASAN FINANSIAL DENGAN MATEMATIKA KEUANGAN
Authors: Romadiastri Yulia 
Published: December 2019

Setelah IQ (Intellectual Quotient), EQ (Emotional Quo- tient), SQ (Spiritual Quotient), sekarang muncul FQ (Finan- cial Quotient) atau biasa disebut kecerdasan finansial. Hal ini dikarenakan salah satu cabang dalam ilmu keuangan yang berkembang pesat dalam beberapa tahun belakan- gan ini adalah perencanaan keuangan atau financial plan- ning. Pada prinsipnya merencanakan keuangan yang baik itu mudah dan semua orang dapat melakukannya sendiri. Untuk dapat melakukannya, seseorang hanya perlu me- mahami matematika keuangan dan memiliki pengetahuan tentang produk pasar modal dan pasar uang yang tersedia. Pemahaman akan matematika keuangan membuat ses- eorang menjadi cerdas finansial dan memungkinkan untuk menyusun sendiri perencanaan keuangannya.