bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intramuscular injection of vectorized-scFvMC1 reduces pathological tau in two different tau transgenic models
Authors: Vitale Francesca , Ortolan Jasmin , Volpe Bruce T. , Marambaud Philippe , Giliberto Luca , d’Abramo Cristina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWith evidence supporting the prion-like spreading of extracellular tau as a mechanism for the initiation and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), immunotherapy has emerged as a potential disease-modifying strategy to target tau. Many studies have proven effective to clear pathological tau species in animal models of AD, and several clinical trials using conventional immunotherapy with anti-tau native antibodies are currently active. We have previously generated a vectorized scFv derived from the conformation-dependent anti-tau antibody MC1, scFvMC1, and demonstrated that its intracranial injection was able to prevent tau pathology in adult tau mice. Here, we show that, in a prevention paradigm and in two different tau transgenic models (JNPL3 and P301S), a one-time intramuscular injection of AAV1-scFvMC1 generated a long-lasting peripheral source of anti-tau scFvMC1 and significantly reduced insoluble and soluble tau species in the brain. Moreover, our data showed that scFvMC1 was internalized by the microglia, in the absence of overt inflammation. This study demonstrates the efficacy of intramuscular delivery of vectorized scFv to target tau, and suggests a new potential application to treat AD and the other tauopathies.
To evaluate the impact of opening up ownership of pharmacies in South Africa
Authors: Moodley Rajatheran , Suleman Fatima 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Following the democratic elections in 1994 the South African private pharmaceutical services were mostly in metropolitan centred with a scattering of pharmacies in less densely populated areas. The Government introduced regulations relating to the ownership and licensing of pharmacies on the 25th of April 2003 to improve access to pharmaceutical services by removing ownership restriction to only pharmacists.

Objective
To assess the outcomes of the policy implementation in improving access to pharmacies.

Method
The register of pharmacies at the South African Pharmacy Council was analysed from 1994 to 2014. Each registration was assigned GPS coordinates using Q-GIS(V3.6) and mapped per province at a district level, following clean-up and verification of the register. New registrations were also categorised as either corporate or independent pharmacy. Population census was obtained from Statistics South Africa and used to determine the number of pharmacies per 100,000 population.

Main outcome measure(s)
Number of active pharmacies; Number of independent pharmacies; number of pharmacies in each district.

Results
The number of active pharmacies increased from 1624 at the end of 2003 to 3021 by 2014. The closure rate decreased from 137 to 86 pharmacies per year post regulations, a 37.23% reduction with a net gain of approximately 127 pharmacies per year. About 38.30% of all pre-2003 pharmacies (622 of 1624) closed by 2014. The population increase in the study period was approximately 20.66% but the overall growth of pharmacies was only 1.88 pharmacies per 100,000 population (3.55 to 5.43). Following the regulations in 2004, 23.9% of pharmacies active within the system closed between 2004 and 2014, of which, 91.7% of them were independent pharmacies.

Conclusion
Opening up of pharmacy ownership in South Africa increased the number of pharmacies in the country but did not result in increased access in previously less populated areas. There was still clustering of pharmacies in a well resourced areas, with a steady growth in corporate pharmacy (35%) ownership.
Operationalization of critical care triage during a pandemic surge using protocolized communication and integrated supportive care
Authors: Anantham Devanand , Chai-Lim Crystal , Zhou Jamie Xuelian , Phua Ghee Chee 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTriage becomes necessary when demand for intensive care unit (ICU) resources exceeds supply. Without triage, there is a risk that patients will be admitted to the ICU in the sequence that they present, disadvantaging those who either present later or have poorer access to healthcare. Moreover, if the patients with the best prognosis are not allocated life support, there is the possibility that overall mortality will increase. Before formulating criteria, principles such as maximizing lives saved and fairness ought to have been agreed upon to guide decision-making. The triage process is subdivided into three parts, i.e., having explicit inclusion/exclusion criteria for ICU admission, prioritization of patients for allocation to available beds, and periodic reassessment of all patients already admitted to the ICU. Multi-dimensional criteria offer more holistic prognostication than only using age cutoffs. Appointed triage officers should also be enabled to make data-driven decisions. However, the process does not merely end with an allocation decision being made. Any decision has to be sensitively and transparently communicated to the patient and family. With infection control measures, there are challenges in managing communication and the psychosocial distress of dying alone. Therefore, explicit video call protocols and social services expertise will be necessary to mitigate these challenges. Besides symptom management and psychosocial management, supportive care teams play an integral role in coordination of complex cases. This scoping review found support for the three-pronged, triage-communication-supportive care approach to facilitate the smooth operationalization of the triage process in a pandemic.
First two-way laser ranging to a lunar orbiter: infrared observations from the Grasse station to LRO’s retro-reflector array
Authors: Mazarico Erwan , Sun Xiaoli , Torre Jean-Marie , Courde Clément , Chabé Julien , Aimar Mourad , Mariey Hervé , Maurice Nicolas , Barker Michael K. , Mao Dandan , Cremons Daniel R. , Bouquillon Sébastien , Carlucci Teddy , Viswanathan Vishnu , Lemoine Frank G. , Bourgoin Adrien , Exertier Pierre , Neumann Gregory A. , Zuber Maria T. , Smith David E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present the results of the first series of successful two-way laser ranging experiments from a ground station, the Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) station in Grasse, France, to a spacecraft at lunar distance, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). A 15 × 18 × 5 cm, 650-g array of twelve 32-mm diameter solid corner cubes is mounted on its anti-nadir deck. Ranging to this small retro-reflector array onboard a lunar orbiter from a ground station was a challenge compared to ranging to larger lunar surface retro-reflectors. Grasse measured 67 returns in two 6-min sessions on September 4, 2018. Clear returns were also recorded during two additional sessions on August 23–24, 2019 for which active slewing by LRO was performed to bring the array in view of the station. The measured echos yielded range residuals less than 3 cm (two-way time-of-flight RMS < 180 ps) relative to the reconstructed LRO trajectory. This experiment provides a new method of verifying theories of dust accumulation over decades on the lunar surface. It also showed that the use of similar arrays onboard future lunar landers and orbiters can support LLR lunar science goals, particularly with landing sites near the lunar limbs and poles, which would have better sensitivity to lunar orientation.
Yearly variation in the structure and diversity of a non-breeding passerine bird community in a Mediterranean wetland
Authors: Arizaga Juan , Alonso Daniel , Crespo Ariñe , Esparza Xabier , Fernández Efrén , López Iñigo , Martín David , Vilches Antonio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe dynamics and structure of many bird communities are changing due to the global warming and changes in the land use and management. The Ebro Valley constitutes one of the chief wintering areas for several passerine species in Iberia, and the reed beds spread across this Valley concentrate huge numbers of birds that use them to roost, while the surrounding agricultural areas serve as main foraging habitats. The aims of this work are (1) to quantify how variable a non-breeding passerine bird community associated to a reed bed area in the Ebro Valley is, and, (2) to test for the effect of weather on possible annual fluctuations in species’ proportions at a regional/local scale.MethodsWe used for that ringing data collected at Badina de Escudera lagoon (Navarra) over a 12-year period.ResultsThough, overall, the assemblage did not vary strongly among years (most similarity values were > 0.8), we still found a significant linear effect of year on the proportion of captures of Reed Buntings (Emberiza schoeniclus), i.e., the dominant species detected in our passerine community. The increasing loss of weight of Reed Buntings in the community was due to a progressive decrease in its abundance.ConclusionsThe structure and diversity of passerine community in Badina Escudera was not influenced by meteorological conditions at a local scale, suggesting that local weather would not have an impact on numbers of Reed Buntings in winter.
Diagnosis and treatment of gastric hamartomatous inverted polyp (GHIP) using a modified combination of laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches to neoplasia with a non-exposure technique (modified CLEAN-NET): a case report
Authors: Hayase Suguru , Sakuma Mei , Chida Shun , Saito Masaru , Ami Hirofumi , Koyama Yoshihisa , Ohki Shinji , Kono Koji 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Gastric hamartomatous inverted polyp (GHIP) is a pathological condition where enlarged gastric glands with cystic dilatation grow in the submucosa. It is difficult to excise the tissue due to its location. In addition, even if the tissue is taken correctly, making an accurate diagnosis is difficult due to foveolar epithelium in the tissue, which can be misdiagnosed as gastric mucosal epithelium. Thus, an accurate diagnosis of GHIP is rarely established from a biopsy alone preoperatively. We here report a case of GHIP with a central dimple, which was diagnosed and treated using a modified combination of laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches to neoplasia with a non-exposure technique (modified CLEAN-NET).

Case presentation
A 60-year-old man with a submucosal tumor (SMT) in the stomach was referred to our hospital by a primary care doctor. On examination, a gastrointestinal stromal tumor was suspected. Modified CLEAN-NET was performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The histopathological examination of the resected specimen showed an enlarged gland duct in the submucosal layer. This finding, along with immunostaining results, led to the diagnosis of GHIP. The postoperative course was uneventful without any symptoms.

Conclusions
GHIP should be considered among the differential diagnoses of SMT of the stomach. Modified CLEAN-NET may be beneficial in the removal of SMTs such as GHIP with a central dimple because it can avoid stomach deformation of the stomach and tumor dissemination.
Adolescent sexual behaviour and academic performance of Italian students
Authors: Lanari Donatella , Mangiavacchi Lucia , Pasqualini Marta 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article estimates the effect of sexual activity during adolescence on academic performance of high school students in Italy. We exploit a sample of university students drawn from the two waves (2000 and 2017) of the SELFY survey. The survey collects information on sexual behaviours during adolescence and on the grade obtained at the high school final examination, as well as on a number of family-related variables. Overall, results suggest a negative relationship between sexual activity and the grade obtained in the high school final examination supporting the idea that health and education consequences of sexual activities among adolescents merit public policy efforts. To deal with the potential influence of unobserved characteristics at individual and family level, we also pursue an instrumental variables approach. As instruments, we use three questions as proxy of erotophobia-erotophilia personality trait. This extension of the analysis confirms the results of the baseline models.
Musculoskeletal MRI at 7 T: do we need more or is it more than enough?
Authors: Aringhieri Giacomo , Zampa Virna , Tosetti Michela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUltra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (UHF-MRI) provides important diagnostic improvements in musculoskeletal imaging. The higher signal-to-noise ratio leads to higher spatial and temporal resolution which results in improved anatomic detail and higher diagnostic confidence. Several methods, such as T2, T2*, T1rho mapping, delayed gadolinium-enhanced, diffusion, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and magnetisation transfer techniques, permit a better tissue characterisation. Furthermore, UHF-MRI enables in vivo measurements by low-γ nuclei (23Na, 31P, 13C, and 39K) and the evaluation of different tissue metabolic pathways. European Union and Food and Drug Administration approvals for clinical imaging at UHF have been the first step towards a more routinely use of this technology, but some drawbacks are still present limiting its widespread clinical application. This review aims to provide a clinically oriented overview about the application of UHF-MRI in the different anatomical districts and tissues of musculoskeletal system and its pros and cons. Further studies are needed to consolidate the added value of the use of UHF-MRI in the routine clinical practice and promising efforts in technology development are already in progress.
A longitudinal analysis of anesthesia data for cataract surgery: selection of working correlation structure
Authors: Chehrazi Mohammad , Geraili Zahra , Rabiei Seyed Mozafar , Saadat Seyed Hassan , Khakzad Majid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundCataract surgery is most commonly done under local anesthesia with anesthesia and sedation controlled. Anesthetic depth and awareness monitoring during surgery frequently lead to irregular-timed observations. Inappropriate choice of working correlation structure in generalized estimating equations (GEE) may lead to inefficient estimation of parameters. The aim of this study was to apply the two new criteria to the anesthesia data for cataract surgery, to select and compare different candidates for working structure.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, anesthesia depth and hemodynamic changes were considered to be the primary outcome. The first group received propofol at a dose of 50‑75 μg/kg/min and the second group received 1% isoflurane. We developed a GEE regression model based on several candidates for the working correlation framework and then evaluated it according to CEBIC (Constraint Empirical Bayesian Information Criterion) and CEAIC (Constraint Empirical Akaike Information Criterion) criteria. Data analysis was performed using the R software 3.6.1.ResultsThe mean age of the propofol group was 67.46 years (SD = 12.46 years) and 64.53 years for the isoflurane group (SD = 13.77 years). The mean BIS in isoflurane was higher among all time points than the propofol group, but only the difference between the two groups was statistically significant in 3 min after surgery (P = 0.04). On the basis of the CEAIC and CEBIC criteria, an independent working correlation was the best structure for the BIS outcome. In addition, the best structure was the unstructured correlation for HR. The MAP (mean arterial pressure) parameter estimate results revealed that the AR (1) structure was a good choice.ConclusionIn comparison to CIC and QIC, two CEAIC and CEBIC criteria have chosen a different structure for the working correlation between repeated measurements of anesthetic indices obtained during cataract surgery.
Enhancing the lubricity of gas-to-liquid (GTL) paraffinic kerosene: impact of the additives on the physicochemical properties
Authors: Ababneh Hani , Mohammad Nasr , Choudhury Hanif A. , Zhang Lei , Gani Rafiqul , McKay Gordon , Elbashir Nimir 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSynthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) is an ultra-clean fuel with low aromatic content and negligible quantities of sulfur compounds. Although, SPK has a good potential to replace the conventional fuel Jet A-1, it also has some deficiencies. One of them is the low lubricity compared to its conventional counterpart Jet A-1. To improve the lubricity of SPK, three selected additives have been mixed with SPK at different concentrations. The lubricity of the samples was determined experimentally and the samples that meet the industry specifications have been studied further. The effect of the additives on the physicochemical properties, such as, density, flash point, freezing point, viscosity, and heat content, were investigated. Linoleic acid was found to be an excellent lubricity improver even at a very low concentration and its negative impact on the other physicochemical properties was found to be insignificant. Ethyl oleate also demonstrated significant improvement in lubricity at low concentrations but had a negative impact on the fuel’s freezing point at high concentrations. Quinoline, at high concentrations, elevated the blend’s freezing point above the acceptable limits. In parallel to the experimental campaign, a pre-existing mathematical modelling tool was utilized to predict the properties of interest. The lubricity model was successfully introduced into the mathematical model in order to improve the capabilities of the model. Linoleic acid sample showed the best improvement in lubricity of SPK with wear scar diameter of 417 μm; well below the ASTM D7566 maximum limit of 850 μm. The dual nature of this study facilitated the optimization of the physicochemical properties of the fuel samples.
Comorbidity between enuresis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study
Authors: Abd-Elmoneim Noran , Elsheshtawy Eman , Elsayed Mohamed , Gomaa Zeinab , Elwasify Mahmoud 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough there is a strong association between enuresis and psychopathology, little is known about the prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders. We investigate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with enuresis and study the impact on child behavior, self-esteem, and different EEG findings. A total number of one hundred 6 to 12 years old children diagnosed as functional enuresis taken from specialized university setting for enuresis at Mansoura Pediatric Outpatient Clinic, in which they could be subdivided into 2 groups after assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); according to DSM-IV criteria, we also compare them with a third ADHD group taken from Mansoura Psychiatric Outpatient Clinicn= 40 to match the co-morbid “enuresis with ADHD” group. All were subjected to a diagnostic interview conducted and completed with parents and developmental and family history as well, also they subjected to Conner’s parent rating scale-93(CPRS-93), Rosenberg self-esteem assessment scale, and EEG examination.ResultsThere was high prevalence of ADHD in our study with about 40% in children with enuresis especially who met the DSM–IV criteria of inattention attending a specialized setting for enuresis at Mansoura Pediatric Outpatient Clinic which is a tertiary setting where the older the children of enuresis, the higher the prevalence of ADHD, also there is a relationship between abnormal epileptiform discharge in EEG finding and enuresis as same as ADHD which became greatly increased in the children who had both disorders who was the most affected group as regard behavioral problems and lowered self-esteem levels.ConclusionsThe strong association between ADHD and enuresis suggests that the presence of enuresis should motivate diagnostic assessment of ADHD especially the inattentive subtype. Abnormal EEG finding in the form of generalized slow and sharp waves may be useful as a predictor for the presence of ADHD in children with enuresis. Also, the co-morbidity increases the negative impact on child behavior and self-esteem.
Photogeneration of Reactive Oxygen Species from Water-Soluble Phthalocyanine Derivatives Bound to a G-Quadruplex DNA
Authors: Uchiyama Mami , Momotake Atsuya , Ikeue Takahisa , Yamamoto Yasuhiko 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Water-soluble phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives have been studied extensively as not only effective photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), but also G-quadruplex ligands which have the potential to be anticancer drugs. We investigated the photogeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from cationic Pc derivatives, 2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15-octakis-[N-methyl-(4-methylpyridinium-3-yloxy)phthalocyaninato] chloro gallium(III) iodide (GaPc) and zinc(II) iodide (ZnPc), in the presence of an all parallel-stranded tetrameric G-quadruplex DNA, i.e., [d(TTAGGGT)4]. We found that the photo ROS generation from GaPc is suppressed in the presence of the DNA, whereas that from ZnPc is enhanced on the addition of the DNA. The suppression of the photo ROS generation for GaPc by the DNA was found to be due to electron transfer from the ground state of the guanine base of the DNA to the photo-excited state of GaPc. This finding provides a clue as to why phototoxicity of GaPc is lower than that of ZnPc in human Hep2 cells (Fujishiro et al. J. Inorg. Biochem.2019, 192, 7). On the other hand, the enhancement of the photo ROS generation from ZnPc by the DNA is possibly due to the dissociation of its non-fluorescent aggregate through its interaction with the DNA. Thus the interaction of photosensitizers with DNA and RNA is crucial for their PDT efficacy.
Sustainability and COVID-19: Recycling and Reusing N95’s
Authors: Sabahat Maria , Naeem Muhammad Talha , Meo Anusha Sultan 
Published: August 2020

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.3342
How to cite this:Sabahat M, Naeem MT, Meo AS. Sustainability and COVID-19: Recycling and Reusing N95’s. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(6):1412-1413. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.3342
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.