bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seepage Erosion in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico, Relict Landscapes
Authors: Harrison E. J. , Brocard G. Y. , Gasparini N. M. , Lyons N. J. , Willenbring J. K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSeminal research into geomorphic shaping of landscapes by emerging groundwater suggest that the relationships governing channel form and incision rate are distinct from other fluvial systems (Howard, 1995; Dunne, 1980, 1990). While some recent work has connected these models to natural settings (Abrams et al., 2009; Petroff et al., 2011), other studies have shown that seepage erosion may be erroneously invoked in landscapes shaped by flooding and overland flow (Lamb et al., 2006, 2007). We investigate the impact of seepage erosion on the geomorphology of a tropical mountain watershed, the Rio Blanco in the Luquillo Mountains of northern Puerto Rico. We focus on a population of amphitheater‐shaped channels that incise into deeply weathered saprolite profiles in the upland reaches of the watershed, where the river is disconnected from regional base‐level lowering (Brocard et al., 2015, 2016). We measured high rates of baseflow from springs feeding these catchments, despite their small drainage areas. We constructed an empirical model relating baseflow discharge to catchment area within the watershed. We quantified long‐term (103‐104 yrs) catchment erosion from 10Be in sediment and measured the short‐term volumetric flux of bedload transport at baseflow. Rates of transport and erosion in this group of channels scale linearly with the feeding drainage area and baseflow discharge. This finding supports a stream incision model proposed for groundwater‐driven channels (Howard, 1995). We propose that deepening saprolite and coincident entrenchment of the subsurface water‐routing system initiated seepage erosion and are actively expanding the headwaters in the Rio Blanco.
Microfluidic Diagnostics of the Impact of Local Microfracture Connectivity on Hydrocarbon Recovery Following Water Injection
Authors: Du Yujing , Mehmani Ayaz , Xu Ke , Kelly Shaina , Balhoff Matthew , Torres‐Verdín Carlos 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMicrofractures originate in hydrocarbon reservoirs and groundwater aquifers either in the form of pore‐scale authigenic apertures or secondary openings during well stimulation. Microfractures are often difficult to detect and can act as an invisible impediment when predicting hydrocarbon recovery. We use microfluidics to identify the flow conditions at which microfracture connectivity with macrofractures becomes impactful. The analysis focuses on fluid displacements at unfavorable mobility ratios, which are difficult to capture with high‐order numerical methods. Two configurations of microfracture type with the porous matrix, either dead‐end (only connected to one macrofracture) or connecting two macrofractures, were investigated as case examples for both water and oil‐wet conditions. Our findings confirm that improvements in hydrocarbon recovery are not universal due to the presence of microfractures but rather are a function of capillary number, wettability, and microfracture connectivity. We find that, regardless of wettability, a capillary number threshold for a connected microfractured system exists beyond which the effects of microfractures on recovery, fluid dendrite morphology, and oil ganglia number diminish considerably. However, substantial geometry‐dependent differences in recovery are observed below this threshold. A connected microfracture generally decreases hydrocarbon recovery and suppresses coalescence of viscous fingering dendrites regardless of wettability. In contrast, a dead‐end microfracture causes wettability‐dependent effects with (1) minimal impact on hydrocarbon recovery at water‐wet conditions and (2) both decreasing and increasing recovery effects at oil‐wet conditions. Furthermore, dead‐end microfractures become somewhat impactful to the divergence of viscous dendrites when capillary number increases but are overall ineffective to the trapped ganglia numbers.
Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk Mission Implementation: 2. Observations, Data Pipeline, and Level 1 Data Products
Authors: McClintock William E. , Eastes Richard W. , Beland Stephane , Bryant Karen B. , Burns Alan G. , Correira John , Danielll Robert E. , Evans J. Scott , Harper Connie S. , Karan Deepak K. , Krywonos Andrey , Lumpe Jerry D. , Plummer Timothy M. , Solomon Stanley C. , Vanier Blake A. , Veibel Victoir 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration mission of opportunity designed to study how the Earth's ionosphere‐thermosphere system responds to geomagnetic storms, solar radiation, and upward propagating atmospheric tides and waves. GOLD employs two identical ultraviolet spectrographs that make observations of the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere from a commercial communications satellite owned and operated by Société Européenne des Satellites (SES) and located in geostationary orbit at 47.5° west longitude (near the mouth of the Amazon River). They make images of atomic oxygen 135.6 nm and N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield radiances from the entire disk that is observable from geostationary orbit and on the near‐equatorial limb. They also observe occultations of stars to measure molecular oxygen column densities on the limb. Here we describe the algorithms and science data processing that convert downlinked data to spectral‐spatial image cubes and occultation spectra, calibrated in geophysical units. These Level 1 data products include disk and near‐equatorial limb images of spectra acquired on a 30‐min cadence beginning at 06:10 Coordinated Universal Time and ending at 23:10. Nighttime images of the disk, covering regions east of the terminator, begin at 20:10 Coordinated Universal Time and also continue until 00:40 the next day. During the day, some limb images are replaced by time series of stellar spectra that exhibit absorption by molecular oxygen as the star is occulted by the Earth's atmosphere. Instrumental artifacts that occasionally appear in the released data are discussed.
Practical and Theoretical Benefits of an Alternative to the Penman‐Monteith Evapotranspiration Equation
Authors: McColl Kaighin A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Penman‐Monteith equation is used widely to estimate evapotranspiration (E) and to understand its governing physics. I present an alternative to the Penman‐Monteith equation that has both practical and theoretical advantages, at no appreciable cost. In particular, the new equation requires no additional assumptions, empiricism, or computational cost compared with the Penman‐Monteith equation. Practically, the new equation is consistently more accurate over a wide range of conditions when compared with eddy covariance observations: The new equation has lower errors compared with Penman‐Monteith estimates of ET at all of the 79 eddy covariance sites available for the analysis. Using the new equation reduces errors, on average, by 67%, from 8.55 to 2.81 [W m−2]. At night, the improvement is even greater (92% reduction in error; from 1.26 to 0.097 [W m−2]). This improvement is achieved without calibration. Theoretically, the new equation corrects a conceptual error in the Penman‐Monteith equation, in which the Penman‐Monteith equation incorrectly implies that E from a saturated surface into a saturated, turbulent atmosphere (“equilibrium” E) is exactly equivalent to E from an unsaturated surface into an unsaturated, laminar atmosphere. The conceptual error is traced back to the failure of the Penman‐Monteith equation in important limiting cases; these errors are eliminated by the new equation. I use the new equation to revise an existing theory of land‐atmosphere coupling affected by the conceptual error in the Penman‐Monteith equation and to reassess several common but incorrect definitions of equilibrium E.
Relationship between magnetic nucleation and the microstructure of a hot-deformed permanent magnet: micromagnetic simulation
Authors: Tsukahara Hiroshi , Iwano Kaoru , Ishikawa Tadashi , Mitsumata Chiharu , Ono Kanta 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe grains initiating magnetization reversal in the microstructure of a hot-deformed permanent magnet have been identified in this study by performing micromagnetic simulations based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation. Hot-deformed permanent magnets comprise tabular grains, the easy-axis orientations of which are inclined with respect to the nominal easy axis of the permanent magnet. In the simulation model, the grains complexly overlap, similar to in actual permanent magnets. We analyze the simulation results considering grain overlap and the easy-axis tilt angles of the grains. The initiation of magnetic nucleation requires a high concentration of grains with large easy-axis tilt angles. We clarify the magnetic-nucleation process and provide a method to enhance the performance of permanent magnets by avoiding a high concentration of grains with large easy-axis tilt angles.
Natural genetic variation in Stim1 creates stroke in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Authors: Dhande Isha S. , Kneedler Sterling C. , Zhu Yaming , Joshi Aniket S. , Hicks M. John , Wenderfer Scott E. , Braun Michael C. , Doris Peter A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSimilar to humans, the risk of cerebrovascular disease in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-A3/SHRSP) arises from naturally occurring genetic variation. In the present study, we show the involvement of genetic variation affecting the store-operated calcium signaling gene, Stim1, in the pathogenesis of stroke in SHR. Stim1 is a key lymphocyte activation signaling molecule and contains functional variation in SHR-A3 that diverges from stroke-resistant SHR-B2. We created a SHR-A3 congenic line in which Stim1 was substituted with the corresponding genomic segment from SHR-B2. Compared with SHR-A3 rats, Stim1 congenic SHR-A3 (SHR-A3(Stim1-B2)) have reduced cerebrovascular disease in response to salt loading including lower neurological deficit scores and cerebral edema. Microbleeds and major hemorrhages occurred in over half of SHR-A3 rats. These lesions were absent in SHR-A3(Stim1-B2) rats. Loss of Stim1 function in mice and humans is associated with antibody-mediated autoimmunity due to defects in T lymphocyte helper function to B cells. We investigated autoantibody formation using a high-density protein array to detect the presence of IgG and IgM autoantibodies in SHR-A3. Autoantibodies to key cerebrovascular stress proteins were detected that were reduced in the congenic line.
Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Yang Jing , Antin Parker , Berx Geert , Blanpain Cédric , Brabletz Thomas , Bronner Marianne , Campbell Kyra , Cano Amparo , Casanova Jordi , Christofori Gerhard , Dedhar Shoukat , Derynck Rik , Ford Heide L. , Fuxe Jonas , García de Herreros Antonio , Goodall Gregory J. , Hadjantonakis Anna-Katerina , Huang Ruby Y. J. , Kalcheim Chaya , Kalluri Raghu , Kang Yibin , Khew-Goodall Yeesim , Levine Herbert , Liu Jinsong , Longmore Gregory D. , Mani Sendurai A. , Massagué Joan , Mayor Roberto , McClay David , Mostov Keith E. , Newgreen Donald F. , Nieto M. Angela , Puisieux Alain , Runyan Raymond , Savagner Pierre , Stanger Ben , Stemmler Marc P. , Takahashi Yoshiko , Takeichi Masatoshi , Theveneau Eric , Thiery Jean Paul , Thompson Erik W. , Weinberg Robert A. , Williams Elizabeth D. , Xing Jianhua , Zhou Binhua P. , Sheng Guojun ,   On behalf of the EMT International Association (TEMTIA)
Published: April 2020

AbstractEpithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) encompasses dynamic changes in cellular organization from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotypes, which leads to functional changes in cell migration and invasion. EMT occurs in a diverse range of physiological and pathological conditions and is driven by a conserved set of inducing signals, transcriptional regulators and downstream effectors. With over 5,700 publications indexed by Web of Science in 2019 alone, research on EMT is expanding rapidly. This growing interest warrants the need for a consensus among researchers when referring to and undertaking research on EMT. This Consensus Statement, mediated by ‘the EMT International Association’ (TEMTIA), is the outcome of a 2-year-long discussion among EMT researchers and aims to both clarify the nomenclature and provide definitions and guidelines for EMT research in future publications. We trust that these guidelines will help to reduce misunderstanding and misinterpretation of research data generated in various experimental models and to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration to identify and address key open questions in this research field. While recognizing the importance of maintaining diversity in experimental approaches and conceptual frameworks, we emphasize that lasting contributions of EMT research to increasing our understanding of developmental processes and combatting cancer and other diseases depend on the adoption of a unified terminology to describe EMT.
Repurposing a platelet aggregation inhibitor ticagrelor as an antimicrobial against Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Phanchana Matthew , Phetruen Tanaporn , Harnvoravongchai Phurt , Raksat Ponlawoot , Ounjai Puey , Chankhamhaengdecha Surang , Janvilisri Tavan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDrug resistance in Clostridioides difficile becomes a public health concern worldwide, especially as the hypervirulent strains show decreased susceptibility to the first-line antibiotics for C. difficile treatment. Therefore, the simultaneous discovery and development of new compounds to fight this pathogen are urgently needed. In order to determinate new drugs active against C. difficile, we identified ticagrelor, utilized for the prevention of thrombotic events, as exhibiting potent growth-inhibitory activity against C. difficile. Whole-cell growth inhibition assays were performed and compared to vancomycin and metronidazole, followed by determining time-kill kinetics against C. difficile. Activities against biofilm formation and spore germination were also evaluated. Leakage analyses and electron microscopy were applied to confirm the disruption of membrane structure. Finally, ticagrelor’s ability to synergize with vancomycin and metronidazole was determined using checkerboard assays. Our data showed that ticagrelor exerted activity with a MIC range of 20–40 µg/mL against C. difficile. This compound also exhibited an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and spore germination. Additionally, ticagrelor did not interact with vancomycin nor metronidazole. Our findings revealed for the first time that ticagrelor could be further developed as a new antimicrobial agent for fighting against C. difficile.
Microbial modulation of host body composition and plasma metabolic profile
Authors: Nazmul Huda M. , Winnike Jason H. , Crowell Jocelyn M. , O’Connor Annalouise , Bennett Brian J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe gut microbiota is a critical mediator of nutrition and disease risk. Like most complex traits, the microbiome is under genetic regulation and differs between inbred strains of mice. We tested the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on obesity, and plasma glucose. For this study, we collected microbiota from 2 inbred strains of mice which differ in adiposity and glucose tolerance, C57BL/6J and WSB/EiJ. C57BL/6J female mice (n = 18) were first treated with antibiotics for 4 weeks to ablate the microbiota. Following ablation, the mice were transplanted with microbiota from a C57BL/6J or a WSB/EiJ mouse and clinical traits and plasma metabolomic profiles were interrogated at 2- and 4-weeks post-transplantation. Unexpectedly, the mice receiving WSB/EiJ microbiota increased adiposity but decreased plasma glucose. Metabolomic and 16S microbiota profiling indicated broad metabolic changes occurred during and after FMT. Detailed analysis of these interactions demonstrated specific microbiota-host metabolite interactions which may alter disease susceptibility.
CDDO-Me Alters the Tumor Microenvironment in Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Ball Michael S. , Bhandari Rajan , Torres Gretel M. , Martyanov Viktor , ElTanbouly Mohamed A. , Archambault Kim , Whitfield Michael L. , Liby Karen T. , Pioli Patricia A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment (TME) is an essential contributor to the development and progression of malignancy. Within the TME, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) mediate angiogenesis, metastasis, and immunosuppression, which inhibits infiltration of tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In previous work, we demonstrated that the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-methyl ester (CDDO-Me) converts breast TAMs from a tumor-promoting to a tumor-inhibiting activation statein vitro. We show now that CDDO-Me remodels the breast TME, redirecting TAM activation and T cell tumor infiltrationin vivo. We demonstrate that CDDO-Me significantly attenuates IL-10 and VEGF expression but stimulates TNF production, and reduces surface expression of CD206 and CD115, markers of immunosuppressive TAMs. CDDO-Me treatment redirects the TAM transcriptional profile, inducing signaling pathways associated with immune stimulation, and inhibits TAM tumor infiltration, consistent with decreased expression of CCL2. In CDDO-Me-treated mice, both the absolute number and proportion of splenic CD4+T cells were reduced, while the proportion of CD8+T cells was significantly increased in both tumors and spleen. Moreover, mice fed CDDO-Me demonstrated significant reductions in numbers of CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T cells within tumors. These results demonstrate for the first time that CDDO-Me relieves immunosuppression in the breast TME and unleashes host adaptive anti-tumor immunity.
Synthesis, cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetic profile, binding with DNA and BSA of new imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl hybrids
Authors: Singh Iqubal , Luxami Vijay , Paul Kamaldeep 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNovel derivatives possessing imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine and 1H-benzo[d]imidazole scaffolds were synthesized using Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. In vitro anticancer activities against NCI-60 cancer cell panels were tested at 10 µM concentration. The best results were obtained from substitution of two 1-cyclohexyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole groups present at C-6 and C-8 positions of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine (31). Compound 31 was found to be cytotoxic against 51 cell lines and cytostatic against 8 cell lines with broad range of growth inhibitions (−98.48 to 98.86%). GI50 value of compound 31 was found in the range of 0.80–2.87 µM for 59 human cancer cell lines at five-dose concentration levels. DNA binding study of potent compound 31 was suggested that this compound was intercalated into DNA base pairs with binding constant of 1.25 × 104 M−1. Compound 31 showed effective binding with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and presented binding constant value of 3.79 ×104 M-1. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that all compounds are following Lipinski’s rule of five and expected to be orally active.
Microbial carbon source utilization in rice rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils with short-term manure N input rate in paddy field
Authors: Haiming Tang , Xiaoping Xiao , Chao Li , Xiaochen Pan , Kaikai Cheng , Weiyan Li , Ke Wang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCarbon (C) plays a vital role in regulating soil nutrient cycling and increasing soil microbial community, but there is still limited information on how C source utilization characteristics responds to soil physical and chemical properties changes under double-cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy field in southern China. Therefore, the effects of different short-term manure nitrogen (N) input rate managements on C source utilization characteristics in rice rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils under double-cropping rice field in southern China were studied by using 18O-H2O method. Therefore, a field experiment were established in Ningxiang city of Hunan Province, and five different fertilizer treatments were applied: (1) 100% N of chemical fertilizer (M0), (2) 30% N of organic manure and 70% N of chemical fertilizer (M30), (3) 50% N of organic manure and 50% N of chemical fertilizer (M50), (4) 100% N of organic manure (M100), and (5) without N fertilizer input as control (CK). The results showed that soil microbial biomass C content, soil microbial growth rate, and soil microbial basal respiration with application of organic manure treatments (M30, M50, M100) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of CK treatment. And the soil C utilization efficiency with M0 treatment were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of M100 treatment. Compared with CK and M0 treatments, the metabolic capacity of soil microorganisms to exogenous C sources with M30, M50 and M100 treatments were increased. The largest types of exogenous C source was carboxylic acids, followed by amino acid and carbohydrate, and complex compounds was the smallest. The RDA analysis results indicated that fertilizer treatments significantly changed the utilization characteristics of soil microorganisms to exogenous C sources. As a result, this study found that characteristics of soil C source utilization were significantly affected by different short-term manure N input rate managements.
MicroRNA-92a-3p enhances functional recovery and suppresses apoptosis after spinal cord injury via targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog
Authors: He Shaoxuan , Wang Zhihua , Li Yunxuan , Dong Junjie , Xiang Dong , Ren Lirong , Guo Limin , Shu Jun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disease commonly caused by traumatic events on spinal cords. MiRNA-92a-3p is reported to be down-regulated after SCI. Our study investigated the effects of up-regulated miR-92a-3p on SCI and the underlying mechanisms. SCI mice model was established to evaluate the functional recovery of hindlimbs of mice through open-field locomotion and scored by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale. Apoptosis of spinal cord cells was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of miR-92a-3p on SCI were detected by intrathecally injecting miR-92a-3p agomiR (agomiR-92) into the mice prior to the establishment of SCI. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was predicted as a target of miR-29a-3p by TargetScan. We further assessed the effects of agomiR-92 or/and overexpressed PTEN on apoptosis rates and apoptotic protein expressions in SCI mice. Moreover, the activation of protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was determined by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the sham-operated mice, SCI mice had much lower BBB scores, and theapoptosis rate of spinal cord cells was significantly increased. After SCI, the expression of miR-92a-3p was down-regulated, and increased expression of miR-92a-3p induced by agomiR-92 further significantly increased the BBB score and decreased apoptosis. PTEN was specifically targeted by miR-92a-3p. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR were up-regulated under the treatment of agomiR-92. Our data demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of miR-92a-3p on spinal cord safter SCI were highly associated with the activation of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway.