bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Pre-Response Before COVID-19 Outbreak on Strategic Decision Making
Authors: Jung Jae Hun , Kim Daewook , Jung Il Hyo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: In the case of COVID-19, many countries have introduced their own policies for prevention. In Sweden, herd immunity policy was implemented and it was difficult to reduce the number of fatalities. In South Korea, the number of fatalities was not high because the public had earlier received a risk warning from the government and followed the policy well. In order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, the government’s policy is important, but it is also important for the people to agree and follow the policy. As such, an individual’s behavior such as preventive measures and pre-responses may be linked to the prevention of the spread of COVID-19. Methods: To evaluate the effect of strategy selection between individuals and groups when pre-response action, we incorporate a comparmental epidemic model into a game theoretical framework and use this to fit the cumluative confirmed data of Sweden (Feb. 27 - Mar. 12) and South Korea (Feb. 4 - Mar. 3). Results: The transmission rate ( β ) is estimated from the fitted model, and the reproduction numbers ( R0 ) of two countries, Sweden and South Korea are estimated by 6.93 and 3.71, respectively. The probability of infection ( φ p ) of Sweden is about 12% higher than that of South Korea. As the probability of attack that an epidemic occurs ( θ ) increases, individuals equilibrium gradually increased than group optimum. Conclusions: When comparing prevention policies of Sweden and South Korea, it was confirmed that pre-response can be an appropriate preventive strategy against the transmission of infection. The selection of a strategy between individuals and groups can lead to the collapse of altruism that tends to select an action strategy for personal benefit, as the probability of the epidemic attack increases.
Paediatric Non-Infectious Uveitis in Cape Town, South Africa: A Retrospective Review of Disease Characteristics and Outcomes on Immunomodulating Treatment
Authors: Slamang Waheba , Tinley Christopher , Brice Nicola , Scott Christiaan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Non-infectious uveitis is a well-reported cause of blindness in more developed countries, however data from sub-Saharan Africa is lacking. Here we aim to describe the diseases associated with non-infectious uveitis and the impact of currently available treatment in this setting. Methods A retrospective observational analysis of children with non-infectious uveitis from January 2010 to December 2017, attending the tertiary paediatric rheumatology and ophthalmology referral units in Cape Town was conducted. Statistical analysis utilising STATA13 software was performed with p < 0.05 considered significant.Results Twenty-nine children were identified: median age at first visit of 74 months (IQR 49–86 months), female to male ratio of 0.9:1, predominantly of mixed race (72.4%).Juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis (JIAU) (48.3%) was the most frequent diagnosis. All children with JIAU had chronic anterior uveitis and 3 (21.4%) presented with uveitis before arthritis. There were no differences between children with uveitis and those with arthritis only, for gender (p = 0.68) and race (p = 0.58) but significantly, children with uveitis presented at an overall younger age (p = 0.008), with antinuclear antibody positive (p < 0.001) oligo-articular JIA (p = 0.01). Older age appeared to be protective (p = 0.01 OR1.0 CI 0.6-1.7).Children with idiopathic uveitis (41.4%) were predominantly male (66.6%), of mixed race (75%), with chronic anterior uveitis (41.7%) and presented with cataracts (100%). Less commonly, sarcoidosis (6.9%) and Behcet’s disease (3.5%) were diagnosed.55.2% had complications at presentation, predominantly cataracts (87.5%). 19 children (65.5%) had inactive disease at 12 months from diagnosis. Remission, as assessed at the last clinical visit was achieved in 58.6% on standard initial therapy and in 75% of those on tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Surgery was needed in 41.4%, primarily in the idiopathic group. Visual acuity improved or was maintained on treatment. Conclusion The spectrum and characteristics of immune-mediated non-infectious uveitis are comparable to that reported in more developed countries. Current practice detects children with potentially sight-threatening disease and access to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors has improved outcomes in refractory cases.
Surgical Stabilization of Clavicle Fractures Reduces Organ Failure Rates in Multiply-injured Patients with Thoracic Trauma: An Analysis Based on the TraumaRegister DGU®.
Authors: Eberbach Helge , Lefering Rolf , Hager Sven , Schumm Klaus , Bode Lisa , Jaeger Martin , Maier Dirk , Kalbhenn Johannes , Hammer Thorsten , Schmal Hagen , Bayer Jörg 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Thoracic trauma has decisive influence on the outcome of multiply-injured patients and is often associated with clavicle fractures. The affected patients are prone to lung dysfunction and multiple organ failure. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of surgical stabilization of clavicle fractures in patients with thoracic trauma on specific outcome parameters.Methods: A multi-center, retrospective analysis of patient records documented in the TraumaRegister DGU® between 2009 and 2015 was performed. The inclusion criteria were multiply-injured patients with thoracic trauma and associated clavicle fracture, maximum AIS severity ≥ 3 and admission to the intensive care unit. The influence of operative vs. non-operative clavicular fracture treatment and timing of surgery on lung failure, multiple organ failure, sepsis, length of ICU stay, intubation time and length of hospital stay was assessed by regression analysis.Results: A total of 3,209 patients were included in the analysis. In 1,362 patients (42%) the clavicle fracture was treated operatively after 7.1 ± 5.3 days. Surgically treated patients had a significant reduction in lung failure (p = 0.013, OR = 0.74), multiple organ failure (p = 0.001, OR = 0.64), intubation time (p = 0.004; -1.81 days) and length of hospital stay (p = 0.014; -1.51 days) compared to non-operative treatment. Moreover, surgical fixation of the clavicle within five days following hospital admission significantly reduced the rates of lung failure (p = 0.01, OR = 0.62), multiple organ failure (p = 0.01, OR = 0.59) and length of hospital stay (p = 0.01; -2.1 days).Conclusions: Based on our results, multiply-injured patients with thoracic trauma and concomitant clavicle fracture seem to benefit significantly from surgical stabilization of a clavicle fracture, especially when surgery is performed within the first five days after hospital admission.
Effects of Tree Species Diversity and Stand Structure on Carbon Stocks of Homestead Forests in Maheshkhali Island, Southern Bangladesh
Authors: Baul Tarit Kumar , Chakraborty Avinanda , Nandi Rajasree , Mohiuddin Mohammed , Kilpeläinen Antti , Sultana Taslima 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThis study aimed to estimate the carbon (C) stocks in homestead forest ecosystems (trees, litterfall, and soil) of Maheshkhali Island in Bangladesh and how tree species diversity and stand structural variation affected these C stocks. We randomly surveyed a total of 239 homestead forests proportionately allocating in hillside (67), beachside (69), and inland (103) in 2019 for measuring woody plants and sampling litterfall and C in soil at 0-30 cm depth. Tree (above- and below-ground) biomass was estimated by using pan-tropical allometric equations, and carbon of litterfall and soil were analyzed in a laboratory. ResultsWe found a total of 52 tree species, of which, 41, 42, and 48 species were in the hillside, beachside, and inland, respectively, corresponding to the individuals of 840, 540, and 1504 sampled. According to the results, species diversity, richness, stand density, basal area (BA), and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater in the hillside and inland homestead forests, compared to the beachside. Most abundant species, for example, Mangifera indica, Samanea saman, and Artocarpus heterophyllus in the inland and hillside homestead forests stored most C in biomass, compared to the beachside forest. Tree biomass C stocks were 48-67% greater in the inland and hillside than on beachside forests due to significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater stand density, BA, and DBH. The overall C stock of litterfall was 0.1% of the total biomass carbon. C stock in soil surface was greatest in the hillside homestead forests due to the greatest litterfall. The total soil C stock was also affected by tree species, stand density and species richness, and their interaction with soil properties. Total soil C stocks across the depths were greatest (51 Mg ha-1) in the inland homestead forests, with the greatest stand density and species richness. ConclusionsHomestead forest ecosystems across the area stored total 96 Mg C ha-1, which thus can contribute to climate change mitigation while generating C credit for small-scale homestead forests owners as well as conserving biodiversity in Bangladesh and countries alike.
Health-related Quality of Life in Men and Women who Experienced Cardiovascular Diseases: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Jalali-Farahani Sara , Amiri Parisa , Fakhredin Hanieh , Torshizi Kiana , Cheraghi Leila , Khalili Davood , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the most common causes of death worldwide, including in Iran. Considering the adverse effects of CVDs on physical and psychosocial health; this study aims to investigate the association between CVDs incidence and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adult participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Methods: The participants of this cross-sectional study were 7009 adults (≥20 years) who participated in the TLGS during 2014-2017. Demographic information and HRQoL data was collected through validated questionnaires by trained interviewers. HRQoL was assessed by the Iranian version of the SF-12 questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The mean age of participants was 46.8±14.6 years and 46.1% of them were men. A total of 9.0% of men and 4.4% of women had CVDs. In men, the mean physical HRQoL summary score was significantly lower in those with CVDs compared to those without CVDs (46.6±0.8 vs. 48.5±0.7, p >0.001). In women, the mean mental HRQoL summary scores was significantly lower in those with CVDs compared to those without CVDs (42.8±1.0 vs. 45.2±0.5, p =0.009). In adjusted models, men with CVDs were more likely to report poor physical HRQoL compared to men without CVDs (OR(95%CI): 1.93(1.32-2.84), p=0.001); whereas for women, the chance of reporting poor mental HRQoL was 68% higher in those with CVDs than those without CVDs (OR(95%CI): 1.68(1.11-2.54), p =0.015). Conclusion: The findings of the current study indicate poorer HRQoL in those who experienced CVDs compared to their healthy counterparts with a sex specific pattern. While for men, CVDs were associated with greater impairment in the physical dimension of HRQoL, women experienced a similar impairment in the mental dimension of HRQoL.
HMT Inhibits Prostate Cancer Progression by Targeting PAK-1.
Authors: LEE SEON-OK , Xu YINZHU , LEE YOU-KYUNG , RYU SOO-IN , LEE MIN-HO , Lee Hyo-Jeong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Heamatang (HMT) is a classic medicinal formula used in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine; it contains seven distinct components, mainly of herbal origin. HMT is used as an anti-aging remedy, in the treatment of urinary disorders, and to increase energy and vitality. However, the therapeutic applications of this formula have not been evaluated with evidence-based science. Methods: Therefore, we assessed HMT through various in vitro methods, including cell viability assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay (FACS), western blotting, migration assay, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, siRNA-mediated PAK-1 knockdown, and crystal violet assays. Results: HMT decreased PAK-1 expression in PC-3 cells and inhibited cell viability, growth, and motility. The inhibition of cell motility by HMT was correlated with PAK-1-mediated inhibition of Lim domain kinase (LIMK) and cofilin. HMT induced G1 arrest and apoptosis through the transcriptional regulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins (inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, 6, and cyclin D1) and apoptosis-related proteins (increase in cleaved caspase-3 (c-cas3) and inhibition of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)). Moreover, HMT suppressed P21-activated kinase (PAK-1) expression, leading to the inhibition of AKT activities. Finally, we showed that Decursin was the active ingredient involved in the inhibitory effect of HMT on PAK-1. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that HMT exerts its anticancer influence through the inhibition of PAK-1 expression. The HMT formula could be applied in various fields, including functional health food and pharmaceutical development.
Detecting Response Shift in Health-related Quality of Life Measurement among Patients with Hypertension Using Structural Equation Modeling.
Authors: Chen Hao , Zhu Lin , Zhou Rui , Liu Panpan , Lu Xiaoyang , Patrick Donald L. , Edwards Todd C. , Wang Hongmei 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Outcomes derived from longitudinal self-reported health-related quality of life measures can be confounded by response shift. This study was aimed to detect response shift phenomena among patients with hypertension attending a community-based disease management program. Methods: 240 consecutive consulting or followed up patients with diagnosed hypertension were recruited. The SF-36 instruments were self-administered at 12 community health service stations and four weeks after attending the program. RS was assessed by the 4-step structural equation modeling approach. Results: Data from 203 (84.6%) patients were eligible for analyses (mean age 65.9±10.8 years, 46,3% female). The results showed uniform recalibration of social functioning ( X2SBdiff(1)=22.98, P<0.001), and non-uniform recalibration of role limitations due to physical problems ( X2SBdiff(1)=8.84, P=0.003), and bodily pain ( X2SBdiff(1)=17.41, P<0.001). The effects of response shift were calculated as “small”, but the influence on the measurement results was noticeable. After accounting for the response shift effect, the general physical health of participants was improved (+0.234, P<0.001), while a deterioration of general mental health (-0.165, P=0.025) was also found. Conclusions: Recalibration existed among patients with hypertension attending the disease management program. The adaptation to chronic illness might act as a catalyst that induced the response shift. We concluded that response shift should be considered in hypertension researches with longitudinal health-related quality of life data, and linking with measurement of the appraisal process was recommended.
Identification of Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Mast Cells Resting in Meningioma
Authors: Xie Hui , Ding Xiao-hui , Yuan Ce , Li Jin-jiang , Li Zhao-yang , Lu Wei-cheng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: To identify candidate key genes and pathways related to mast cells resting in meningioma and the underlying molecular mechanisms of meningioma.Methods: Gene expression profiles of GSE43290 and GSE16581 datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GO and KEGG pathway enrichments of DEGs were analyzed using the ClusterProfiler package in R. The protein-protein interaction network (PPI), and TF-miRNA- mRNA co-expression networks were constructed. Further, the difference in immune infiltration was investigated using the CIBERSORT algorithm.Results: A total of 1499 DEGs were identified between tumor and normal controls. The analysis of the immune cell infiltration landscape showed that the probability of distribution of memory B cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and resting mast cells in tumor samples were significantly higher than those in the controls. Moreover, through WGCNA analysis, the module related to mast cells resting contained 158 DEGs, and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were dominant in the TNF signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and IL-17 signaling pathway. Survival analysis of hub genes related to mast cells resting showed that the risk model was constructed based on 9 key genes. The TF-miRNA- mRNA co-regulation network, including MYC-miR-145-5p, TNFAIP3-miR-29c-3p, and TNFAIP3-hsa-miR-335-3p, were obtained. Further, 36 nodes and 197 interactions in the PPI network were identified. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed candidate key genes, miRNAs, and pathways related to mast cells resting involved in meningioma development, providing potential therapeutic targets for meningioma treatment.
Association between visitation restriction during COVID-19 pandemic and delirium incidence among emergency admission patients: a single-center retrospective observational cohort study in Japan
Authors: Kandori Kenji , Okada Yohei , Ishii Wataru , Narumiya Hiromichi , Maebayashi Yoshiro , Iizuka Ryoji 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to identify the association between total visitation restriction because of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the incidence of delirium for emergency inpatients.Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational, cohort study that was carried out at a tertiary critical care center in urban Kyoto, Japan. Adult emergency patients hospitalized between January 1, 2019, and June 30, 2020 were recruited for this study. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors’ hospital began restricted visitation on March 28, 2020. This study defined before visitation restriction as January 1, 2019, through March 31, 2020, and after visitation restriction as April 1, 2020, through June 30, 2020. We did not restrict emergency services and there were no changes in the hospital’s routine, except for visitation restrictions. The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for delirium incidence was calculated to compare the before and after visitation restriction periods, and the logistic model was used to adjust for seven variables: age, sex, ward type on admission, primary diagnosis, ventilator management, general anesthesia surgery, and dementia. Results: Study participants were 6264 patients; median age 74 years (56–83); and 3303 men (52.7%). The total delirium incidence in entire research period was 2.5% (158 of 6264 patients), comprising 1.8% (95/5251) before visitation restriction and 6.2% (63/1013) after visitation restriction. The AOR for delirium incidence was 3.79 (95% CI, 2.70–5.31) after visitation restriction versus before visitation restriction. Subgroup analysis showed no apparent interaction for delirium incidence.Conclusion: Visitation restriction was associated with an increased incidence of delirium in emergency inpatients.
Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Highly Cytopathic, Elicits a Robust Innate Immune Response and is Efficiently Prevented by EIDD-2801
Authors: Wahl Angela , Gralinski Lisa , Johnson Claire , Yao Wenbo , Kovarova Martina , Dinnon Kenneth , Liu Hongwei , Madden Victoria , Krzystek Halina , De Chandrav , White Kristen , Schäfer Alexandra , Zaman Tanzila , Leist Sarah , Grant Paul , Gully Kendra , Askin Frederic , Browne Edward , Jones Corbin , Pickles Raymond , Baric Ralph , Garcia J Victor 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
All known recently emerged human coronaviruses likely originated in bats. Here, we used a single experimental platform based on human lung-only mice (LoM) to demonstrate efficient in vivo replication of all recently emerged human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) and two highly relevant endogenous pre-pandemic SARS-like bat coronaviruses. Virus replication in this model occurs in bona fide human lung tissue and does not require any type of adaptation of the virus or the host. Our results indicate that bats harbor endogenous coronaviruses capable of direct transmission into humans. Further detailed analysis of pandemic SARS-CoV-2 in vivo infection of LoM human lung tissue showed predominant infection of human lung epithelial cells, including type II pneumocytes present in alveoli and ciliated airway cells. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection was highly cytopathic and induced a robust and sustained Type I interferon and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine response. Finally, we evaluated a pre-exposure prophylaxis strategy for coronavirus infection. Our results show that prophylactic administration of EIDD-2801, an oral broad spectrum antiviral currently in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19, dramatically prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and thus has significant potential for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Epidemic Response and Transmission Dynamics of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Khartoum State- Sudan 2020: Study Protocol
Authors: Elnimeiri Mustafa Khidir Mustafa , Ibrahim Mohanad Kamaleldin Mahmoud , Satti Shahenaz Seifaldeen Mustafa 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: A novel Coronavirus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the syndrome of clinical manifestation was named (COVID-19). Consequently, on Jan 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak as a pandemic and a public health emergency of international concern. The objectives of this research are to investigate the response of the health system at different levels towards the control of the COVID-19 epidemic and to explore the COVID-19 transmission dynamics among Sudanese community. Methods: A community and institutional-based cross sectional based study will be conducted in Khartoum State include all the seven localities. The sample size of participant is estimated at 920 using the population formula (n=N/1+ (n*d2)) and considering the response rate. The sample will be drawn using multistage cluster sampling. Data will be collected using interview with key informant and concerned bodies/institutes involved in the response at both the federal and Khartoum State levels. Administered pre-coded, pretested closed ended questionnaire will be developed to collect data from community participants. Data will be managed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Analysis is mostly univariate descriptive and bi-variate with Chi Square & Fischer Exact tests analysis to find associations between variables of interest.Discussion: This study is expected to evaluate the extent and magnitude of the epidemic response at different levels in addition to the adequacy of the epidemic response. The study participants will be screened to estimate proportion of individuals per age strata who show sero-positivity for virus infection, thus it will estimate the percentages of individuals reporting symptoms/signs of infection and asymptomatic fraction. The results of this study will strengthen the current interventional approaches of COVID-19 epidemic control and will provide set of database for better planning and implementation of COVID-19 control across the country. It will contribute to in-depth understanding of the COVID-19 transmission dynamics among Sudanese community and will improve the community awareness about COVID-19.