bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscothermal Behavior and Structural Characterization of Temperate Highland Himalayan Rice Cultivars
Authors: Naseer Bazila , Naik Haroon Rashid , Hussain Syed Zameer , Qadri Tahiya , Beigh Mushtaq Ahmad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFour of five Indica and three japonica rice cultivars, widely cultivated under temperate condition in highland Himalayas are evaluated for nutritional, pasting and thermal properties and are subsequently subjected to structural characterization. Out of the different cultivars, highest peak viscosity (3990 cP), breakdown viscosity (2015 cP), final viscosity (5580 cP), setback viscosity (3605 cP); onset temperature (75.97 °C), peak temperature (83.17 °C), conclusion temperature (93.66 °C), enthalpy of gelatinization (6.66 J g−1) and peak height index (0.92) are recorded for Jhelum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also reveals that some morphological difference existed in these genotypes. All the cultivars show an A type X‐ray diffraction pattern with different degrees of crystallinity ranging from 21.21 % to 39.42 %. ATR‐FTIR in combination with Raman spectroscopy provides some useful information about functional groups of molecules and validates that some dissimilarities exist in structure and chemical profile of these varieties. Based on the pasting behavior, Jhelum is considered best for cooking purposes while Koshikari, due to its good nutritional profile, can be explored for nutritional improvement programs in future. The outcome of this study serves as basic guideline to plan future research on such varieties and to formulate selection indices for developing quality rice from highland Himalayan rice cultivars.
Montsechia vidalii from the Barremian of Spain, the earliest known submerged aquatic angiosperm, and its systematic relationship to Ceratophyllum
Authors: Gomez Bernard , Daviero‐Gomez Véronique , Coiffard Clément , Barral Abel , Martín‐Closas Carles , Dilcher David L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMontsechia vidalii is an abundant plant fossil from the Barremian of northeastern Spain. Systematic affinities have been suggested with several living plant clades (liverworts, horsetails, conifers, Gnetales), particularly with angiosperms. We provide detailed descriptions, documentation, and discussion of morphology and histology based on hand specimens of isolated leafy stems with fruits examined under the stereomicroscope, and with light and scanning electron microscopy. Montsechia vidalii shows shoots with flexible axes of two phyllotaxies and leaf morphologies. One morphology has opposite‐decussate leaves and stems, with small linear leaves. The other has spirally arranged leaves and stems, with inconspicuous leaves. The cuticle is thin and shows anomocytic stomata. Some stems bear terminal pairs of indehiscent fruits, probably developing from bicarpellate reproductive complexes, probably corresponding to two simple flowers each with a single carpel and arranged in indeterminate inflorescences. Every fruit contains a single seed and shows both similarities to the uniovulate ascidiate carpel that has been reconstructed as ancestral in angiosperms and derived features such as orthotropous, pendent and unitegmic ovules that are shared with the aquatic living genus Ceratophyllum. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that these similarities reflect a systematic relationship to Ceratophyllum and relatives. This and other recently described fossils, in particular Pseudoasterophyllites, suggest that this clade was diverse and ecologically significant in the Early Cretaceous. Flexible axes, thin cuticles, low number of stomata, and indehiscent fruits, as well as sedimentological and taphonomic evidence, strongly suggest a freshwater habit for M. vidalii.
Monitoring and Evaluation in South-South Cooperation: The Case of CPEC in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Murad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPakistan is a key country in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) where the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is under implementation. An investment model of financing through loans, grants and private investments, CPEC is an example of South-South cooperation (SSC) having a number of benefits for both countries. Aimed at developing energy, industry, and communication infrastructure, the corridor initially valued at $46 billion but is now worth $62 billion. CPEC is expected to contribute significantly to socio-economic development and regional connectivity and trade. The main research question is, while implementing projects in Pakistan, to what extent China adheres to its avowed principles comprising features such as mutual respect, non-conditionality, equality, building local capacity and addressing actual needs of partner countries. Based mainly on the analysis of primary data collected during fieldwork in Pakistan, this research explores the extent to which the official narrative influences the actual practice of China’s development cooperation on the ground. To critically examine CPEC, this chapter uses a monitoring and evaluation framework developed by the Network of Southern Think Tanks (NeST), which is dedicated to generating systematic and clearly comparable knowledge on SSC (Besharati et al. 2017). The findings illustrate that, as per the five broad dimensions of the SSC framework, the China–Pakistan partnership under CPEC has performed well in the four areas of inclusive national ownership, horizontality, self-reliance and sustainability, and development effectiveness, but it has lagged in accountability and transparency.
The SDGs and the Empowerment of Bangladeshi Women
Authors: Hossain Naomi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes Bangladesh’s successes with advancing gender equality in the period of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), locating their origins in elite commitment to including women in the development process, and in the partnerships and aid that built the state and NGO capacity to reach them. The chapter reflects on the lessons of Bangladesh’s innovative and unexpected advances in the light of the new challenges posed by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably those of early marriage and the achievement of decent work. The chapter asks whether contemporary conditions suggest that the elite commitment and state capacity that drove progress on the MDGs are up to meeting the more contentious and complex goals of the SDGs.
South-South Development Cooperation as a Modality: Brazil’s Cooperation with Mozambique
Authors: Seifert Jurek 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates the widespread claim that South-South development cooperation (SSDC) differs from North-South cooperation, as it is said to be based on horizontality, to be demand-driven, to create mutual benefits, and to provide “Southern” solutions to development challenges through knowledge exchange. Based on an analysis of Brazil’s cooperation with Mozambique, the chapter shows that cooperation practices do not always follow the narrative around SSDC as a modality contesting established cooperation. The chapter further assesses what this means for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and for the growing relevance ascribed to SSDC providers in international development cooperation.
Triangular Cooperation: Enabling Policy Spaces
Authors: Zoccal Geovana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the past decade, a number of studies, reports, and data have been produced on triangular cooperation (TrC). The focus of these publications is mainly on (i) the project level and/or (ii) political relations between stakeholders. I argue that, beyond being an effective modality for the implementation of development projects, TrC is an enabler of policy negotiation spaces. Through TrC, the clashes of traditional principles and practices with a new narrative of Southern providers are loosened, enabling spaces that do not directly confront contested political positions jeopardising the dialogue. The chapter identifies that TrC serves as a bridge for coordination between stakeholders. Findings suggest that it has been used for sharing costs and solutions as well as for the development of joint guidelines and processes.
The Role and Contributions of Development NGOs to Development Cooperation: What Do We Know?
Authors: Banks Nicola 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResearch has focussed on the function rather than volume of NGOs’ contributions to development cooperation. That a deeply managerial-driven aid system has constrained NGO effectiveness has been a critical focus, highlighting how this has led NGOs to prioritise service delivery over social justice. Yet, a lack of systematic analysis of development NGO sectors within donor countries means it has made it impossible to measure their full contributions to development cooperation. We explore new evidence of their growing and significant contributions vis-à-vis official development assistance and look at new donor policy innovations that move from a managerial to a transformative ideology for civil society funding. Such innovations have the potential to enhance partnerships and cooperation and reduce the contested nature of NGOs’ contributions to development cooperation.
The Untapped Functions of International Cooperation in the Age of Sustainable Development
Authors: Kloke-Lesch Adolf 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUniversality is one of the key novel characteristics of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. By applying a functional approach to external policies, this chapter challenges traditional notions of development cooperation and shows that the agenda’s means of implementation as well as their application are lopsided towards so-called developing countries. However, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals critically depends on the agenda’s implementation also within the so-called developed countries as well as between them. Therefore, the function of development cooperation to shape conditions within other countries by using cooperative and promotional instruments should be exerted also vis-à-vis “developed countries”. International cooperation for sustainable development needs to become universal, multimodal, mutual, and transformative if it wants to deliver change, not aid.
The Difficulties of Diffusing the 2030 Agenda: Situated Norm Engagement and Development Organisations
Authors: Engberg-Pedersen Lars , Fejerskov Adam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe adoption of the 2030 Agenda was only the end of the beginning. To realise the goals, the challenge that lies ahead—prompted by its universal nature—is to implement the agenda’s rapid diffusion into national policies and reforms needed all over the world. This is no easy task. The historical legacies of global normative agreements have taught us that global norms rarely bring about the forms of change that we expect them to. How can we explain these apparent challenges of spreading global norms across the world? We argue that the diffusion of the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals is not only challenged because of contemporary political circumstances, but also because of the fundamental situated nature of how actors engage with global norms.
Studying Everyday Practice(s) in the SEM
Authors: Affolter Laura 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores what it means to study a bureaucracy at work. It outlines my methodological approach for analysing everyday practices in the SEM, the challenges I encountered during fieldwork as well as the methodological limits of this study. Building on Reckwitz’s (European Journal of Social Theory5: 243–263, 2002) definition of practice, I argue that methodological triangulation and particularly participant observation—mostly in the form of following administrative caseworkers around in their daily work—are crucial for analysing both the discursive and non-discursive aspects of practices. Yet, at the same time, following Hitchings (Area44: 61–67, 2012), I challenge the claim made by some authors that discursive methods are methodologically unfitting for researching practices from a practice theoretical perspective. Rather, I argue that people’s retrospective descriptions of past events, their explicit knowledge of rules and norms and particularly their capacity to reflect on why they do what they do provide us with valuable insights into everyday practice.
The Normalisation of Disbelief
Authors: Affolter Laura 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe final chapter of this book highlights the importance of studying the shaping of practices of decision-making for understanding how administrations, law, policies and the state work. By bringing together the discussions of the different chapters of this book, it shows how different factors concur to produce the relatively stable outcomes of administrative practice that can be observed from the outside. These factors include the ideological environment administrations are embedded in, the professional norms and values at the heart of administrative work, the laws and policies caseworkers are in charge of “applying” and the structural conditions of administrative-legal decision-making as well as the dispositions caseworkers acquire through their socialisation on the job, and that are reproduced through their everyday practices. It shows how together these factors produce a regularity in asylum determination, namely that the majority of asylum claims are rejected on the basis of non-credibility. Disbelief becomes normalised.
Developing the Questionnaire
Authors: Mariel Petr , Hoyos David , Meyerhoff Jürgen , Czajkowski Mikolaj , Dekker Thijs , Glenk Klaus , Jacobsen Jette Bredahl , Liebe Ulf , Olsen Søren Bøye , Sagebiel Julian , Thiene Mara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines the essential topics for developing and testing a questionnaire for a discrete choice experiment survey. It addresses issues such as the description of the environmental good, pretesting of the survey, incentive compatibility, consequentiality or mitigation of hypothetical bias. For the latter, cheap talk scripts, opt-out reminders or an oath script are discussed. Moreover, the use of instructional choice sets, the identification of protest responses and strategic bidders are considered. Finally, issues related to the payment vehicle and the cost vector design are the subject of this section.
Introduction—That Big Green Elephant in the Room
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTransformations, transitions and structural changes are not new to human civilization. Transitions can be emergent, that is, a subservient response to changes such as technological breakthroughs, or purposive, that is, a strategically instigated effort to achieve certain goals. Changes are constantly occurring and define identities, aspirations and how we see our human nature (Menschenbild), how we interact with each other, and how we make sense of the world (Weltbild).
The Philippines as a Case Study—Populism and Institutional Activism in Transformation Processes Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe current resurgence and reinforcement of populists in many countries has profited not only from various real or imagined crises (e.g., 2015-present refugee crisis in Europe or the caravan of migrants in Latin America heading to the United States), but also from how established political parties and polities have addressed these crises, which have disenfranchised, in a de facto manner, a significant portion of the population. Former Greek finance minister and Professor of Economics at the University of Athens, Yanis Varoufakis, notes that President Trump’s election, Brexit, and the resurgence of right-wing political parties in Germany, Austria & other countries are not new in history, but merely “a post-modern variant of the 1930s, complete with deflation, xenophobia, and divide-and-rule politics” (Varoufakis 2016). Populist movements have found and instrumentalized compelling issues, such as emission reduction, to gain political importance.
Lessons for Practice: Reflexivity and Stakeholder Engagement for Transformations Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter intends to present a practical approach to strategically facilitating sustainable, low-carbon transformation. The recommendations that can be made are presented while using a Weberian understanding (Verstehen) of various variables and dynamics that has been crystalized through this book’s theoretical foundation (chapters 2 to 6), methodological tools (chapters 7 and 8), case studies (chapters 9 to 12), simulation game (part of chapter 12), and the theoretical claims through the conceptual framework (chapter 13). A major contribution of this book is a set of recommendations that aim to support an inquiry-based, reflective, collaborative, and integrative facilitation of the transformation process.
The Systems Perspective on the Transformation Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFrom the systems perspective, the ultimate ‘Angst’ of societies is the occurrence of ‘dystopian’ system rupture, which can be the outcome not only of unexpected events leading to the elimination of principles that bind actors together (e.g., identity), but also by purported solutions that create further ‘horrendous’ events. System ruptures are not only linked with natural hazards such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and pandemics (such as the Ebola outbreak), but also with collapsing national governments and regimes, for example following the outbreak of a popular revolt after a state-sanctioned escalation of violence (e.g., Mubarak’s Egypt and Ghadafi’s Libya) or an outside intervention (e.g., Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq following the US intervention). Assuming that transformation can be either a response to a collapsed system or a preventive effort to avert collapse, this chapter starts by looking at the cognitive aspects of transformation in terms of experiences.
Führt eine COVID-19-bedingte Ausgangsbeschränkung zu einer Reduktion schwer verletzter Patienten an einem überregionalen Traumazentrum?
Authors: Fuchs Konrad F. , Eden Lars , Gilbert Fabian , Bernuth Silvia , Wurmb Thomas , Meffert Rainer H. , Jordan Martin C. 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Intensiv- und Beatmungskapazitäten sind für die Behandlung COVID-19-erkrankter Patienten essenziell. Unabhängig davon beanspruchen auch schwer verletzte Patienten häufig Intensiv- und Beatmungskapazitäten. Daraus ergibt sich folgende Fragestellung: Führt eine Ausgangsbeschränkung zu einer Reduktion schwer verletzter Patienten, und kann hierdurch mit frei werdenden Intensivkapazitäten gerechnet werden?

Material und Methoden
Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Auswertung schwer verletzter Patienten mit einem Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥16 zwischen dem 17.03.2020 und 30.04.2020 (landesweiter Shutdown) an einem überregionalen Traumazentrum. Erfasst wurden der Unfallmechanismus, ISS, Versicherungsträger (BG vs. GKV/PKV), ob es sich um einen dokumentierten Suizidversuch handelte, und ob eine operative Intervention innerhalb der ersten 24 h erforderlich war. Als Kontrollgruppe wurden die Daten des gleichen Zeitraums der Jahre 2018 und 2019 ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse
Es konnte keine wesentliche Veränderung bezüglich der Anzahl an schwer verletzten Patienten festgestellt werden (2018 n = 30, 2019 n = 23, 2020 n = 27). Es zeigten sich insgesamt keine deutlichen Veränderungen der absoluten Zahlen bezüglich der Intensivpflichtigkeit in den ersten 24 h und der Beatmungspflichtigkeit beim Verlassen des Schockraums. Die Anzahl an Patienten, die eine Operation innerhalb der ersten 24 h nach Eintreffen im Schockraum benötigten, war 2020 sogar leicht erhöht, jedoch nicht statistisch signifikant. Der durchschnittliche ISS blieb konstant. Bezüglich der Unfallursache zeigte sich 2020 kein Motorradfahrer, der einen nicht berufsgenossenschaftlich versicherten Unfall erlitt (2018 n = 5, 2019 n = 4, 2020 n = 0). Es wurde 2020 ein erhöhter Anteil an Arbeitsunfällen mit einem ISS ≥16 festgestellt (2018: 10 %, 2019: 26,1 %, 2020: 44,4 %).

Diskussion
Eine Ausgangsbeschränkung führte zu keiner Reduktion verletzter- und intensivpflichtiger Patienten am untersuchten Zentrum. Auch unter einer landesweiten Ausgangsbeschränkung muss für dieses Patientenkollektiv eine ausreichende Menge an Intensiv- und OP-Kapazitäten vorgehalten werden. Die Bestätigung dieser Ergebnisse durch Auswertung nationaler Register steht noch aus.
Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics in relation to oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity
Authors: Houzelle Alexandre , Jörgensen Johanna A. , Schaart Gert , Daemen Sabine , van Polanen Nynke , Fealy Ciarán E. , Hesselink Matthijs K. C. , Schrauwen Patrick , Hoeks Joris 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Mitochondria operate in networks, adapting to external stresses and changes in cellular metabolic demand and are subject to various quality control mechanisms. On the basis of these traits, we here hypothesise that the regulation of mitochondrial networks in skeletal muscle is hampered in humans with compromised oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity.

Methods
In a cross-sectional design, we compared four groups of participants (selected from previous studies) ranging in aerobic capacity and insulin sensitivity, i.e. participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 11), obese participants without diabetes (n = 12), lean individuals (n = 10) and endurance-trained athletes (n = 12); basal, overnight fasted muscle biopsies were newly analysed for the current study and we compared the levels of essential mitochondrial dynamics and quality control regulatory proteins in skeletal muscle tissue.

Results
Type 2 diabetes patients and obese participants were older than lean participants and athletes (58.6 ± 4.0 and 56.7 ± 7.2 vs 21.8 ± 2.5 and 25.1 ± 4.3 years, p < 0.001, respectively) and displayed a higher BMI (32.4 ± 3.7 and 31.0 ± 3.7 vs 22.1 ± 1.8 and 21.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2, p < 0.001, respectively) than lean individuals and endurance-trained athletes. Fission protein 1 (FIS1) and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1) protein content was highest in muscle from athletes and lowest in participants with type 2 diabetes and obesity, respectively (FIS1: 1.86 ± 0.79 vs 0.79 ± 0.51 AU, p = 0.002; and OPA1: 1.55 ± 0.64 vs 0.76 ± 0.52 AU, p = 0.014), which coincided with mitochondrial network fragmentation in individuals with type 2 diabetes, as assessed by confocal microscopy in a subset of type 2 diabetes patients vs endurance-trained athletes (n = 6). Furthermore, lean individuals and athletes displayed a mitonuclear protein balance that was different from obese participants and those with type 2 diabetes. Mitonuclear protein balance also associated with heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) protein levels, which were higher in athletes when compared with participants with obesity (p = 0.048) and type 2 diabetes (p = 0.002), indicative for activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Finally, OPA1, FIS1 and HSP60 correlated positively with aerobic capacity (r = 0.48, p = 0.0001; r = 0.55, p < 0.001 and r = 0.61, p < 0.0001, respectively) and insulin sensitivity (r = 0.40, p = 0.008; r = 0.44, p = 0.003 and r = 0.48, p = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions/interpretation
Collectively, our data suggest that mitochondrial dynamics and quality control in skeletal muscle are linked to oxidative capacity in humans, which may play a role in the maintenance of muscle insulin sensitivity.

Clinical Trial registry
numbers NCT00943059, NCT01298375 and NL1888