bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relevanz von Schlüsselreizen, im Besonderen Licht und Akustik, zur Auffindbarkeit von Fischaufstiegen
Authors: Brandl Andreas , Käfer Sabine , Fillitz Benjamin , Pinter Gabriel , Laaha Gregor , Mader Helmut 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Thema Auffindbarkeit von FAH wirft nach wie vor eine Reihe unbeantworteter Forschungsfragen hinsichtlich der Instinktbewegung von Fischen, ausgelöst durch Schlüsselreize, auf. Demzufolge ist eine systematische Abklärung für bestehende und insbesondere für zukünftige FAH Projekte zielführend. Die Auffindbarkeit von FAH wird in verschiedenen Leitfäden, neben der Positionierung der Lage des Einstiegs, primär am Parameter Strömung (Rheotaxis) festgemacht. Aus hydraulischer Sicht hat jedoch die am Einstieg austretende Strömung schon von der Größe des Ausbreitungsfeldes her lediglich eine maximal untergeordnete Wirkung. Andere, äußere, die Wanderung beeinflussende Faktoren wie z. B. Licht, Temperatur, Sauerstoffgehalt, akustische Impulse u. a. m. wurden bislang vollkommen bzw. weitgehend außer Acht gelassen. Felduntersuchungen, die das Aufstiegsverhalten der Grundgesamtheit der migrierenden Individuen mit den Umgebungsreizen zeitgenau in Zusammenhang bringen, fehlen bisher. Ziel dieses Papers ist die systematische Abklärung der Wirkung alternativer Schlüsselreize auf die Auffindbarkeit von Fischaufstiegshilfen im Rahmen eines mehrstufigen Forschungsprojekts der VERBUND Hydro Power GmbH. Bei der hier beschriebenen Studie wurden die Daten des Frühjahrs- und des Herbstmonitorings 2019 in der FAH am Kraftwerksstandort Edling/Drau analysiert. Neben den Reizen in Form der verschiedenen Strömungsparameter werden künstliche Reize, welche auf die Phonotaxis, also die Orientierung aufgrund von akustischen Reizen, und die Phototaxis, die Orientierung an Lichtreizen abzielen, gesetzt. Auf der Grundlage der zeitgenauen Erfassung jedes einzelnen aufsteigenden Individuums wurde mittels technischer, fischökologischer und mathematischer Methoden der Zusammenhang zwischen den Schlüsselreizen und der Auffindbarkeit bzw. den Aufstiegsraten in der FAH untersucht. Zum Einsatz kamen hierbei neben dem FishCam-System zur zeitgenauen Erfassung der Wanderbewegungen die FishNet-Software sowie statistische Methoden zur Variablenselektion auf Basis von Regressionsmodellen mit unterschiedlichen Pönalisierungstermen wie LASSO, SCAD und MCP. Die anthropogen angebotenen zusätzlichen Schlüsselreize Licht und Akustik am Einstieg der FAH KW Edling bewirkten keine Steigerung der Aufstiegsraten und somit keine Verbesserung der Auffindbarkeit der FAH.
Suffering in silence: a qualitative study of older adults’ experiences of living with long-term musculoskeletal pain at home
Authors: Gillsjö Catharina , Nässén Kristina , Berglund Mia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLong-term musculoskeletal pain is a major, disabling, and often undertreated health problem among the increasing number of older adults worldwide. However, there is limited knowledge of community-dwelling older adults’ experiences of living with this type of pain. The aim of the study was to deepen the understanding of the phenomenon: how older adults experience living with long-term musculoskeletal pain at home. The study design was an inductive qualitative Reflective Lifeworld Research approach grounded in phenomenological epistemology. Data were obtained from 20 community-dwelling older adults, aged 72–97 years. Data were collected through open-ended interviews and analyzed to understand the meanings of the phenomenon. The essence of the phenomenon entailed suffering in silence and encompassed the following constituents: loneliness and restrictions in daily living; ways to endure and distract from pain; not being taken seriously; fear of the future; and valuing joy and meaning in life. Living with long-term musculoskeletal pain restricts access to the world and leads to a suffering in silence. Finding ways to endure and distract from pain and to focus on issues that give joy and meaning in life is predominant in efforts to balance restraints from pain in life. Suffering is reinforced by loneliness, a sense of not being taken seriously by health care providers and fear of an uncertain future. It is necessary to foster increased attentiveness and sensitivity in meeting the needs of each older adult and provide a care that alleviates suffering and preserves and promotes health and well-being.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy Enables Differentiation of Mechanically and Enzymatically Induced Cartilage Injuries
Authors: Nippolainen Ervin , Shaikh Rubina , Virtanen Vesa , Rieppo Lassi , Saarakkala Simo , Töyräs Juha , Afara Isaac O. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study evaluates the feasibility of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to distinguish between different cartilage injury types associated with post-traumatic osteoarthritis and idiopathic osteoarthritis (OA) induced by mechanical and enzymatic damages. Bovine osteochondral samples (n = 72) were subjected to mechanical (n = 24) and enzymatic (n = 36) damage; NIR spectral measurements were acquired from each sample before and after damage, and from a separate control group (n = 12). Biomechanical measurements were then conducted to determine the functional integrity of the samples. NIR spectral variations resulting from different damage types were investigated and the samples classified using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was then employed to investigate the relationship between the NIR spectra and biomechanical properties of the samples. Results of the study demonstrate that substantial spectral changes occur in the region of 1700–2200 nm due to tissue damages, while differences between enzymatically and mechanically induced damages can be observed mainly in the region of 1780–1810 nm. We conclude that NIR spectroscopy, combined with multivariate analysis, is capable of discriminating between cartilage injuries that mimic idiopathic OA and traumatic injuries based on specific spectral features. This information could be useful in determining the optimal treatment strategy during cartilage repair in arthroscopy.
Feeding the melting pot: inclusive strategies for the multi-ethnic city
Authors: Brons Anke , Oosterveer Peter , Wertheim-Heck Sigrid 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe need for a shift toward healthier and more sustainable diets is evident and is supported by universalized standards for a “planetary health diet” as recommended in the recent EAT-Lancet report. At the same time, differences exist in tastes, preferences and food practices among diverse ethnic groups, which becomes progressively relevant in light of Europe’s increasingly multi-ethnic cities. There is a growing tension between current sustainable diets standards and how diverse ethnic resident groups relate to it within their ‘culturally appropriate’ foodways, raising questions around inclusion. What are dynamics of inclusiveness in migrant food practices? And what does this mean towards the transition to healthy and sustainable food? We study this question among Syrian migrants with different lengths of stay in the Netherlands. Our theoretical framework is based on practice theories, which emphasize the importance of socio-material context and of bodily routines and competences. We use qualitative methods, combining in-depth semi-structured life-history interviews with participant observation. Our findings indicate that inclusiveness takes different forms as migrants’ food practices and the food environment change. Regarding health and sustainability in food practices, understandings and competences around particularly fresh food change over time among both short- and long-term migrants, replacing making things from scratch with seasonal products with buying more processed products and out-of-season vegetables and fruits. We conclude that the performances of food practices and their configurations in food environments and lifestyles are dynamic and cannot unequivocally be interpreted as in- or exclusive, but that a more nuanced understanding is required.
Social Norms Moderate the Effect of Tax System on Tax Evasion: Evidence from a Large-Scale Survey Experiment
Authors: Górecki Maciej A. , Letki Natalia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this study, we reconcile conflicting findings from the extant literature on the impact of tax system parameters on tax noncompliance. We argue that social norms play a role of heuristics facilitating tax payers’ response to the instrumental incentives posed by the systemic parameters, such as tax rate and penalties for evasion, and thus moderate the effect of those parameters on willingness to evade taxes. Relying on a unique survey experiment conducted in fourteen countries of Central-Eastern Europe, we demonstrate two types of a conditioning effect of norms. First, the impact of tax rates on respondents’ propensity for tax evasion is moderated by the perceived norms of the society at large (descriptive norms). In particular, an increasing tax rate lowers the probability of evasion as long as one views “most others” as honest taxpayers, which highlights the importance of equitability (fairness) concerns for tax compliance decisions. In contrast, the impact of punishment is moderated by the perceived norms of one’s immediate reference group (subjective norms). Strong subjective compliance norms tend to effectively replace penalties as a mechanism discouraging tax evasion, suggesting that the deterrent effect of a penalty can be entirely suppressed when subjective norms are strong. These findings have important implications for the understanding of tax compliance decisions under different formal and informal regimes.
Nonstate governance of solar geoengineering research
Authors: Reynolds Jesse L. , Parson Edward A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs climate change’s risks have grown and limits to primary responses become evident, solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) has risen in prominence as a potential complementary response. Widespread calls for expanded research have raised objections, based on anticipated links to potential future deployment and potentially harmful interactions with other climate responses. The unique concerns raised by solar geoengineering may warrant governing associated research with more care or scrutiny than other areas, but states have not engaged the issue. Given this, we analyze the potential for nonstate actors to provide governance functions needed to enable, control, and legitimate near-term, small-scale solar geoengineering research. Drawing on the theory of regulatory processes and nonstate actors as well as evidence from other issue areas, we describe six types of nonstate actors in terms of their capacity, knowledge, and interests relevant to governing solar geoengineering research: researchers themselves, the universities or other institutions that employ them, funders, academic publishers, professional societies, and advocacy nongovernmental organizations. We conclude that suitably configured collaborations among these actors can meet the additional governance needs of near-term solar geoengineering research. We consider potential limitations to nonstate governance related to legitimacy, effectiveness, and capture, and conclude that these are not severe under present conditions, but could become stronger if research grows toward deployment. Nonstate governance may even be preferable to state regulation of small-scale scientific activities, offering more flexible early exploration of options with the possibility of later transition into more state-led and legalized governance arrangements.
Neurodisability among Children at the Nexus of the Child Welfare and Youth Justice System
Authors: Baidawi Susan , Piquero Alex R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough neurodisability features significantly across child welfare and youth justice cohorts, little research investigates neurodisability among crossover children with dual systems involvement. This study examined differences in childhood adversity, child protection involvement, and offending among crossover children by neurodisability status. Data were from a sample of 300 children (68% male, 31% female, 1% transgender; mean age = 16.2 years, range 10–21) who were charged and appeared in three Australian children’s courts, and who also had statutory child protection involvement in the study jurisdiction. The results indicated that nearly one-half of crossover children had a neurodisability (48%) and this group experienced greater cumulative maltreatment and adversity, earlier out-of-home care entry and offending onset, more caregiver relinquishment and residential care placement, and a greater volume of charges. While substantial differences between specific neurodisabilities were evident, crossover children with any neurodisability had greater odds of having charges related to criminal damage and motor vehicle theft, however they were no more likely to have violent charges relative to other crossover children. The study’s findings demonstrated that the prevalence of neurodisability, and child welfare system responses to this phenomenon, contributes to several offending-related trends observed among crossover children.
Virtue signalling is virtuous
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe accusation of virtue signalling is typically understood as a serious charge. Those accused usually respond (if not by an admission of fault) by attempting to show that they are doing no such thing. In this paper, I argue that we ought to embrace the charge, rather than angrily reject it. I argue that this response can draw support from cognitive science, on the one hand, and from social epistemology on the other. I claim that we may appropriately concede that what we are doing is (inter alia) virtue signalling, because virtue signalling is morally appropriate. It neither expresses vices, nor is hypocritical, nor does it degrade the quality of public moral discourse. Signalling our commitment to norms is a central and justifiable function of moral discourse, and the same signals provide (higher-order) evidence that is appropriately taken into account in forming moral beliefs.
European Citizens’ Attitudes on the Return of Refugees to Their Home Country: Results from a Survey in 13 EU Member States
Authors: Gerhards Jürgen , Dilger Clara 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEuropean law requires member states of the European Union (EU) to accept refugees. It also allows them to return refugees to their countries of origin if the reason for asylum no longer exists. Both the reception and return of refugees has become a widely debated and controversial issue in many member states of the EU. Based on a survey conducted in 13 EU member states, we analysed whether citizens support the return of refugees when the cause for their displacement has become obsolete and how differences in attitudes toward the return of refugees can be explained. A clear majority of Europeans (70%) support the return of refugees. This is also the case for those who believe that their country should accept refugees in the first place. These results mean that existing law—the acceptance of refugees in need and the return when the cause becomes obsolete—is being supported by a majority of Europeans. However, there are considerable differences in approval rates among the countries. The results of multivariate analysis show that ideational factors—both on the micro and the macro level—influence attitudes toward the return of refugees, whereas structural factors, recurring to economic interest, do not contribute substantially to the explanation of attitudes toward the return. The political implications of these findings are discussed in the last section of the article.
High-Strength Low-Cost Nano-Bainitic Steel
Authors: Akram Mohamad , Palkowski Heinz , Soliman Mohamed 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLow-cost, fast-transforming carbide-free nano-bainitic steel has been produced with tensile strengths up to 2140 MPa and elongation values of around 10%. An alloying concept of combining low Mn (0.29 wt.%) and moderate Al (~ 1 wt.%) additions enabled full transformation in 10 min to less than 2 h at austempering temperatures ranging from 235 to 310 °C. Dilatometric experiments and thermodynamic simulation via ThermoCalc software were employed to design the heat treatment procedure. The resulting structures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Mechanical characterization was performed via hardness, tensile, and impact testing at room temperature. The strain-aging response for the alloy system was also investigated.
Newer Approaches to the Management of Pruritus in Cholestatic Liver Disease
Authors: Düll Miriam M. , Kremer Andreas E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Chronic pruritus represents a burdensome symptom in cholestatic liver disease. This review recommends a stepwise therapeutic approach, alongside with providing information on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and novel drug targets.

Recent Findings
Current epidemiological data emphasize chronic itch as a major symptom in immune-mediated liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis affecting up to 70% of patients with a significant number suffering from long-lasting and severe pruritus. κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists, PPAR agonists, and ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitors are currently investigated for their anti-pruritic efficacy in clinical trials. Future therapies may target the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid-axis or the Mas-related GPCR MRGPRX4.

Summary
Cholestatic pruritus still remains a challenging symptom for patients and physicians. Using a stepwise approach including cholestyramine, rifampicin, bezafibrate, naltrexone, and sertraline, pruritus is often adequately manageable. KOR agonists and IBAT inhibitors are currently the most promising anti-pruritic drugs for cholestatic pruritus in development.
Connecting to the Heart: Teaching Value-Based Professional Ethics
Authors: Snieder Roel , Zhu Qin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEngineering programs in the United States have been experimenting with diverse pedagogical approaches to educate future professional engineers. However, a crucial dimension of ethics education that focuses on the values, personal commitments, and meaning of engineers has been missing in many of these pedagogical approaches. We argue that a value-based approach to professional ethics education is critically needed in engineering education, because such an approach is indispensable for cultivating self-reflective and socially engaged engineers. This paper starts by briefly comparing two prevalent approaches to ethics education in science and engineering:professional(teaching professional ethical standards, including codes of ethics) andphilosophical(teaching ethical theories and their applications in professional settings). While we acknowledge that both approaches help meet certain ethics education objectives, we also argue that neither of these is sufficient to personally engage students in authentic moral learning. We make the case that it is important to connect ethics education to theheart, which is extensively driven by values, and present a value-based approach to professional ethics education. We provide some classroom practices that cultivate a safe, diverse, and engaging learning environment. Finally, we discuss the implications of a value-based approach to professional ethics education for curriculum design and pedagogical practice, including opportunities and challenges for engineering faculty eager to incorporate value-based inquiry into their classrooms.
Dynamics of nutrient and phytoplankton in Epe Lagoon, Nigeria: possible causes and consequences of reoccurring cyanobacterial blooms
Authors: Akagha Sandra Chinwendu , Nwankwo Dike Ikegwu , Yin Kedong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe impact of environmental variables and processes of nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton community at Epe lagoon was studied for 18 months (November 2012–April 2014). Two cyanobacterial bloom incidences were observed in the two dry seasons during this period. Rainfall pattern regulated nitrogen limitation which triggered cyanobacterial bloom development and influenced the bloom duration. Nutrient-laden influx from agricultural practices accounted for the increase in nitrate, phosphate and the relatively low silicate. Hypoxic conditions during the two bloom episodes reflected the vulnerability of this lagoon ecosystem. The cyanobacterial blooms were dominated by potentially toxic species;Anabaena circinalis,A. flos-aquae,A.limneticaandA. spiroides. A comparison of ambient nutrient ratios with the Redfield ratio (N/P/Si = 16:1:16) showed clear temporal variations that coincided with phytoplankton dynamics and the bloom regime. Low N/P ratios were recorded during the first 8 months, and there was a shift to higher ratios during the subsequent 8 months, followed by low N/P ratios in the last 2 months. Higher silicate values coincided with decreased cyanobacterial biomass, cyanobacteria bloom collapse and proliferation of diatoms during the first annual cycle. Cyanobacterial abundance exceeded the alert level 1 and almost reached alert level 2 which call for continuous environmental monitoring and management of coastal waters.
Analyzing hack subnetworks in the bitcoin transaction graph
Authors: Goldsmith Daniel , Grauer Kim , Shmalo Yonah 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHacks are one of the most damaging types of cryptocurrency related crime, accounting for billions of dollars in stolen funds since 2009. Professional investigators at Chainalysis have traced these stolen funds from the initial breach on an exchange to off-ramps, i.e. services where criminals are able to convert the stolen funds into fiat or other cryptocurrencies. We analyzed six hack subnetworks of bitcoin transactions known to belong to two prominent hacking groups. We analyze each hack according to eight network features, both static and temporal, and successfully classify each hack to its respective hacking group through our newly proposed method. We find that the static features, such as node balance, in degree, and out degree are not as useful in classifying the hacks into hacking groups as temporal features related to how quickly the criminals cash out. We validate our operating hypothesis that the key distinction between the two hacking groups is the acceleration with which the funds exit through terminal nodes in the subnetworks.