bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race/Ethnicity, Cumulative Midlife Loss, and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Lewis Tené T , Van Dyke Miriam E , Matthews Karen A , Barinas-Mitchell Emma 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
African-American women have elevated rates of cardiovascular disease compared with women of other races or ethnicities, and race/ethnicity–related stressors may play a role. We examined the association between a race/ethnicity–related stressor, midlife loss, and a marker of cardiovascular risk, carotid intima media thickness (IMT), in 1,410 African-American, White, Chinese, and Hispanic women from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Participants were queried about losses annually over 12 years (1996–2013), with IMT assessed in year 12–13 via ultrasound. Linear regression models were used to examine associations between cumulative upsetting losses and IMT, adjusting for covariates. In minimally adjusted models in the full cohort, 3 or more upsetting losses (vs. none) were associated with IMT (β = 0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.05; P = 0.0003). Results were more robust among African-American women (β = 0.042, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07; P &lt; 0.01) than White (β = 0.014, 95% CI: –0.01, 0.03; P = 0.21), Chinese (β = 0.036, 95% CI: –0.03, 0.10; P = 0.25), or Hispanic (β = 0.036, 95% CI: –0.07, 0.14; P = 0.51) women, although associations among women from racial/ethnic minorities overall were of similar magnitude. Results persisted in fully adjusted models (P for interaction with race/ethnicity = 0.04). Midlife loss may be a pathway through which race/ethnicity influences cardiovascular risk for African-American women and, potentially, Chinese and Hispanic women.
L1 versus Dominant Language Transfer Effects in L2 and Heritage Speakers of Italian: A Structural Priming Study
Authors: Romano Francesco 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConversely to plenty of studies describing how L1 transfer affects L2 systems, where the two grammars, L1/L2, often only come to interact later in life, less is known of dominant language transfer in heritage language grammars. Unlike in L2 speakers, the dominant language of the heritage speaker potentially affects its weaker language already from childhood. Evidence of dominant language transfer, however, exists in language production studies focusing on syntax. Therefore, an oral structural priming task was employed to compare transfer effects in advanced Swedish speakers of Italian and early heritage Italian speakers dominant in Swedish. Intrinsic to this comparison is the Basic Continuity hypothesis (Romano 2018), which proposes that highly proficient L2 speakers integrate semantic and syntactic information relevant to an L2 property lacking in the L1 in native-like ways. Results showed that heritage and L2 grammars are similarly impervious to transfer effects and coordinate structural and lexico-semantic information in native-like ways, consistent with the Basic Continuity. Divergence from native controls is shown to be remarkably compatible with monolingual grammars at earlier developmental stages.
Quantifying diagnostic accuracy improvement of new biomarkers for competing risk outcomes
Authors: Wang Zheng , Cheng Yu , Seaberg Eric C , Becker James T 
Published: October 2020

Summary
The net reclassification improvement (NRI) and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were originally proposed to characterize accuracy improvement in predicting a binary outcome, when new biomarkers are added to regression models. These two indices have been extended from binary outcomes to multi-categorical and survival outcomes. Working on an AIDS study where the onset of cognitive impairment is competing risk censored by death, we extend the NRI and the IDI to competing risk outcomes, by using cumulative incidence functions to quantify cumulative risks of competing events, and adopting the definitions of the two indices for multi-category outcomes. The “missing” category due to independent censoring is handled through inverse probability weighting. Various competing risk models are considered, such as the Fine and Gray, multistate, and multinomial logistic models. Estimation methods for the NRI and the IDI from competing risk data are presented. The inference for the NRI is constructed based on asymptotic normality of its estimator, and the bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap procedure is used for the IDI. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed inferential procedures perform very well. The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study is used to illustrate the practical utility of the extended NRI and IDI for competing risk outcomes.
Acute and non-resolving inflammation associate with oxidative injury after human spinal cord injury
Authors: Zrzavy Tobias , Schwaiger Carmen , Wimmer Isabella , Berger Thomas , Bauer Jan , Butovsky Oleg , Schwab Jan M , Lassmann Hans , Höftberger Romana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating insult followed by progressive cord atrophy and neurodegeneration. Dysregulated or non-resolving inflammatory processes can disturb neuronal homeostasis and drive neurodegeneration. Here, we provide an in-depth characterization of innate and adaptive inflammatory responses as well as oxidative tissue injury in human traumatic spinal cord injury lesions compared to non-traumatic control cords. In the lesion core, microglia were rapidly lost while intermediate (co-expressing pro- as well as anti-inflammatory molecules) blood-borne macrophages dominated. In contrast, in the surrounding rim, TMEM119+ microglia numbers were maintained through local proliferation and demonstrated a predominantly pro-inflammatory phenotype. Lymphocyte numbers were low and mainly consisted of CD8+ T cells. Only in a subpopulation of patients, CD138+/IgG+ plasma cells were detected, which could serve as candidate cellular sources for a developing humoral immunity. Oxidative neuronal cell body and axonal injury was visualized by intracellular accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and oxidized phospholipids (e06) and occurred early within the lesion core and declined over time. In contrast, within the surrounding rim, pronounced APP+/e06+ axon-dendritic injury of neurons was detected, which remained significantly elevated up to months/years, thus providing mechanistic evidence for ongoing neuronal damage long after initial trauma. Dynamic and sustained neurotoxicity after human spinal cord injury might be a substantial contributor to (i) an impaired response to rehabilitation; (ii) overall failure of recovery; or (iii) late loss of recovered function (neuro-worsening/degeneration).
Frequency of Routine Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in High-risk Healthcare Environments to Reduce Outbreaks
Authors: Chin Elizabeth T , Huynh Benjamin Q , Chapman Lloyd A C , Murrill Matthew , Basu Sanjay , Lo Nathan C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Routine asymptomatic testing strategies for COVID-19 have been proposed to prevent outbreaks in high-risk healthcare environments. We used simulation modeling to evaluate the optimal frequency of viral testing. We found that routine testing substantially reduces risk of outbreaks, but may need to be as frequent as twice weekly.
Vesatolimod, a Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonist, Induces Immune Activation in Virally Suppressed Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus–1
Authors: Riddler Sharon A , Para Michael , Benson Constance A , Mills Anthony , Ramgopal Moti , DeJesus Edwin , Brinson Cynthia , Cyktor Joshua , Jacobs Jana , Koontz Dianna , Mellors John W , Laird Gregory M , Wrin Terri , Patel Heena , Guo Susan , Wallin Jeffrey , Boice Jillian , Zhang Liao , Humeniuk Rita , Begley Rebecca , German Polina , Graham Hiba , Geleziunas Romas , Brainard Diana M , SenGupta Devi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Treatment with vesatolimod, an investigational, oral, toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, leads to sustained viral remission in some non-human primates when combined with anti-envelope antibodies or therapeutic vaccines. We report results of a Phase Ib study evaluating safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of vesatolimod in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–1.

Methods
In this double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial, participants on antiretroviral therapy with screening plasma HIV-1 RNA levels &lt;50 copies/mL were randomized (6:2) to receive 6–10 doses of vesatolimod (1–12 mg) or matching placebo orally every other week in sequential dose-escalation cohorts. The primary study objectives included establishing the safety and virologic effects of vesatolimod (change from baseline in plasma HIV-1 RNA). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic/immunologic activity were assessed as secondary objectives.

Results
A total of 48 individuals were randomly assigned to vesatolimod (n = 36) or placebo (n = 12). Vesatolimod was generally well tolerated, with no study drug–related serious adverse events or adverse events leading to study drug discontinuation. There were no statistically significant changes from baseline in plasma HIV-1 RNA in the vesatolimod groups, compared to placebo.
Vesatolimod plasma exposures increased dose proportionally; consistent responses in cytokines, interferon-stimulated gene expression, and lymphocyte activation were observed with increasing dose levels above 4 mg. Peak elevations 24 hours after receipt of a 6 mg dose were &gt;3.9-fold higher for interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), interferon–inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (ITAC) when compared to baseline values.

Conclusions
Vesatolimod was well tolerated at doses ranging from 1 to 12 mg. Immune stimulation was observed at doses above 4 mg, providing rationale for future combination trials in people living with HIV.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02858401.
Reinvestigating the London ‘Hooligan’ Panic of 1898
Authors: Davies Andrew 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article examines the agency of a group previously neglected by historians: the so-called ‘folk devils’ of historical moral panics. Orthodox studies of moral panics foreground the role of the mass media in creating folk devils, along with the responses of agents such as the police and the courts. This article takes a different approach, by examining the lived experience of folk devils themselves. It focuses on the London ‘Hooligan’ scare of 1898. Using the example of John D’Arcy, an eighteen-year-old from South London, who came to embody the Hooligan threat following his conviction for murder, it explores how a prominent folk devil and his family sought to negotiate, and refute, his demonisation by a sensation-hungry press. Two letters written by D’Arcy in prison enable us to give voice to a Hooligan for the first time. These demonstrate D’Arcy’s understanding of, and his attempt to refute, his demonisation, and his subsequent representation of himself as a humble, pious penitent. This study offers a new perspective on the class dynamics of late Victorian society, by showing how the D’Arcys, in alliance with the prominent prison visitor Katharine Parr, Irish Nationalist MPs and the medical officer at Parkhurst convict prison, effectively mobilised the rhetoric of moral reformation as they strove to free John from the stigma attached to him during an episode of moral panic.
Risk of postoperative neurological exacerbation in patients with infective endocarditis and intracranial haemorrhage
Authors: Diab Mahmoud , Musleh Rita , Lehmann Thomas , Sponholz Christoph , Pletz Mathias W , Franz Marcus , Schulze P Christian , Witte Otto W , Kirchhof Klaus , Doenst Torsten , Günther Albrecht 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Cardiac surgery in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) and preoperative intracranial haemorrhage (pre-ICH) is a highly debatable issue, and guidelines are still not well defined. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiac surgery and its timing on the clinical outcomes of patients with IE and pre-ICH.

METHODS
We did a single-centre retrospective analysis of data from patients with preoperative brain imaging who had surgery for left-sided IE between January 2007 and May 2018.

RESULTS
Among the 363 patients included in the study, 34 had pre-ICH. Hospital mortality was similar between the patients with and without pre-ICH (29% vs 27%, respectively; P = 0.84). Unadjusted, postoperative neurological deterioration appeared higher in patients with pre-ICH (24% vs 17%; P = 0.35). In multivariable analysis, pre-ICH did not qualify as an independent predictor for either postoperative neurological deterioration [odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44–2.73; P = 0.84] or hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.02, 95% CI 0.43–2.40; P = 0.96). Postoperative partial thromboplastin time was significantly elevated in 4 patients with relevant post-ICH compared with those patients without relevant post-ICH (65.5 vs 37.6, respectively; P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS
Pre-ICH was not an independent predictor for postoperative neurological deterioration or hospital mortality in patients with IE. Postoperative coagulation management seems to be crucial in patients with IE with ICH. Although this is to date the largest monocentric study addressing surgical decision and timing, the number of patients with pre-ICH was low. Therefore, these conclusions should be regarded with caution; randomized clinical trials are needed.
The journey of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Ferrari Roberto , Censi S , Cimaglia P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In subjects with cardiovascular risk factors or in patients in need of secondary prevention, hypertriglyceridemia is a well-defined risk factor for adverse cardiac events. Drugs containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are approved for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. In 1999, a cardioprotective effect in post infarct patients was suggested by a large multicentre study, the GISSI prevention trial. The hypothesized mechanism of action was an antiarrhythmic action leading to reduction of the sudden death. However, such a cardioprotective effect of n-3 PUFAs has not been straightforward like for other cardiovascular drugs such as aspirin, statins or ACE inhibitors. On the contrary, it has been a long journey with several ups and downs. Recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has not confirmed the risk benefit of low dose of n-3 PUFA in preventing outcomes after a myocardial infarction. Since the EMA decision, the use of a high dose (4g daily) of pure and stable EPA in a multicentre, international trial, the REDUCE-IT study showed a clear cardiovascular event reduction which was not confirmed in another trial, the STRENGTH study, which utilized 4g daily of an EPA+DHA mixture. It follows that the OMEGA-3 fatty acid story seems to be endless and the last word on cardiovascular benefits cannot be pronounced. We report a brief narrative of an entire journey from the beginning to nowadays.
Beyond cardiovascular medicine: potential future uses of icosapent ethyl
Authors: Bhatt Deepak L , Hull Mark A , Song Mingyang , Van Hulle Carol , Carlsson Cindy , Chapman M John , Toth Peter P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated that icosapent ethyl, an ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), reduced cardiovascular events in an at-risk population by a substantial degree. While the cardiovascular protective properties of this compound are now proven, several other potential uses are being actively explored in clinical studies. These areas of investigation include cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and depression. The next decade promises to deepen our understanding of the beneficial effects that EPA may offer beyond cardiovascular risk reduction.
A UK local seismic magnitude scale, MLP, using P-wave amplitudes
Authors: Green David N , Luckett Richard , Baptie Brian , Bowers David 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARYA local seismic magnitude scale, MLP, has been developed for the United Kingdom (UK) using automated measurements of 8902 half peak-to-peak vertical component seismic P-wave displacement amplitudes from 630 earthquakes. The measurement time window increases with source-to-receiver range such that MLP is sensitive to the dominant phase within the P-wavetrain at a given distance. To avoid contamination due to low-frequency noise, the P-wave amplitude measurements are made in the 1.5–30 Hz passband. A least-squares inversion was undertaken to estimate source size, distance and station effects. The distance effect values suggest that P-wave amplitude attenuation across the UK is low when compared to other tectonically stable regions. The station effects are broadly consistent with UK geology, with signal amplification observed within the sediments towards the south-east of the country. MLP has been tied to the UK local magnitude scale routinely estimated by the British Geological Survey (BGS, determined using S waves, and here denoted MLBGS). For earthquakes with MLBGS &gt; 3, MLP exhibits a closer correspondence to the moment magnitude than MLBGS (i.e. MLP≈Mw). It is tentatively suggested that this reduction in bias is caused by the P-wave scale being less affected by along-path attenuation. The difference with respect to physical source scaling helps explain the divergence of the MLBGS and MLP scales at ML &gt; 3. MLP allows a robust estimate of event size to be made for small events which predominantly generate P waves, for example, near-surface explosions. MLP values have been calculated for 239 explosive events, mostly mining blasts and munitions disposal. Although there is significant scatter, explosive events exhibit elevated MLP values compared to MLBGS, consistent with explosions generating proportionally more compressional wave energy than earthquakes. For example, 33 explosions at sea exhibit a median MLP–MLBGS value of 0.50 mag units. Despite its sensitivity to P-wave amplitude, MLP is not a more consistent estimator of explosive source size than MLBGS; the magnitude residuals (station estimate − event estimate) are slightly less for MLBGS compared to MLP. This is primarily due to variability of the P-wave amplitudes that cannot be explained by a 1-D distance correction. MLP should be considered as an additional tool for characterizing small seismic events within the UK.
After They Left: Looted Jewish Apartments and the Private Perception of the Holocaust
Authors: Dorothée Lange Carolin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study of the afterlife of “abandoned” Jewish property in National Socialist Germany analyzes the emotional impact on Jewish families of the loss of personal belongings, and those belongings’ emotional impact on the Gentile families that acquired them. This property could be movable and intimate: jewelry, furniture, porcelain, and the like; as well as immovable: apartments and houses illegitimately wrested from their residents or owners. The author asks how Gentiles’ behavior changed in relation to the escalating Holocaust of the Jews. She argues that the reactions of both ordinary Germans and government authorities changed when the mass deportations started, indicating that non-Jewish Germans were very much aware of the experience of their Jewish neighbors.
A class of optimal control problems governed by singular systems via Balakrishnan’s method
Authors: Makreloufi Abed , Benharrat Mohammed 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss, by the use of the Balakrishnan’s epsilon method, a class of optimal control problems governed by continuous linear time invariant singular systems which have only a finite dynamic mode. The linear differential algebraic equation is handled using the epsilon technique to obtain a sequence of the calculus of variations problems. A convergence theorem is given to obtain approximate and, in the limit, an optimal solution of this class of optimal control problem by the use of the necessary optimality conditions of Euler–Lagrange type. A correspondence has been also shown between this penalty function and duality for this class of optimal control problems considered. As an application, an example of optimal linear quadratic problem is also given.
d-elliptic Loci in Genus 2 and 3
Authors: Lian Carl 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We consider the loci of curves of genus 2 and 3 admitting a $d$-to-1 map to a genus 1 curve. After compactifying these loci via admissible covers, we obtain formulas for their Chow classes, recovering results of Faber–Pagani and van Zelm when $d=2$. The answers exhibit quasimodularity properties similar to those in the Gromov–Witten theory of a fixed genus 1 curve; we conjecture that the quasimodularity persists in higher genus and indicate a number of possible variants.
Reversion of Pneumolysin-Induced Executioner Caspase Activation Redirects Cells to Survival
Authors: Nerlich Andreas , von Wunsch Teruel Iris , Mieth Maren , Hönzke Katja , Rückert Jens C , Mitchell Timothy J , Suttorp Norbert , Hippenstiel Stefan , Hocke Andreas C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Apoptosis is an indispensable mechanism for eliminating infected cells and activation of executioner caspases is considered to be a point of no return. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common bacterial pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia, induces apoptosis via its pore-forming toxin pneumolysin, leading to rapid influxes of mitochondrial calcium [Ca2+]m as well as fragmentation, and loss of motility and membrane potential, which is accompanied by caspase-3/7 activation. Using machine-learning and quantitative live-cell microscopy, we identified a significant number of alveolar epithelial cells surviving such executioner caspase activation after pneumolysin attack. Precise single-cell analysis revealed the [Ca2+]m amplitude and efflux rate as decisive parameters for survival and death, which was verified by pharmacological inhibition of [Ca2+]m efflux shifting the surviving cells towards the dying fraction. Taken together, we identified the regulation of [Ca2+]m as critical for controlling the cellular fate under pneumolysin attack, which might be useful for therapeutic intervention during pneumococcal infection.