bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expectation‐maximization‐based infrared target tracking with time‐varying extinction coefficient identification
Authors: Liu Shun , Liang Yan , Xu Linfeng , Zhang Wanying , Hao Xiaohui 
Published: November 2020

SummaryExtinction coefficient (EC), as the key parameter of target intensity model, is assumed constant in classical infrared target tracking (IRTT) methods. However, it is a time‐varying and state‐coupled parameter related to complex atmosphere environment. To this end, this article proposes the problem of IRTT with time‐varying EC identification. Different from the constant EC case whose solution is the measurement augmentation, the time‐varying EC case brings out the new challenge: deep coupling between state estimation and parameter identification. In the expectation‐maximization framework, this article derives the joint identification and estimation optimization scheme, where the Taylor expansion variance error of intensity model is also identified to adaptively compensate the nonlinear approximation. Simulation examples show that the proposed scheme has better estimation accuracy than the existing augmented extended Kalman filter.
The Role of Demixing and Crystallization Kinetics on the Stability of Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Hu Huawei , Ghasemi Masoud , Peng Zhengxing , Zhang Jianquan , Rech Jeromy James , You Wei , Yan He , Ade Harald 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWith power conversion efficiency now over 17%, a long operational lifetime is essential for the successful application of organic solar cells. However, most non‐fullerene acceptors can crystallize and destroy devices, yet the fundamental underlying thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of acceptor crystallization have received limited attention. Here, room‐temperature (RT) diffusion coefficients of 3.4 × 10−23 and 2.0 × 10−22 are measured for ITIC‐2Cl and ITIC‐2F, two state‐of‐the‐art non‐fullerene acceptors. The low coefficients are enough to provide for kinetic stabilization of the morphology against demixing at RT. Additionally profound differences in crystallization characteristics are discovered between ITIC‐2F and ITIC‐2Cl. The differences as observed by secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and microscopy can be related directly to device degradation and are attributed to the significantly different nucleation and growth rates, with a difference in the growth rate of a factor of 12 at RT. ITIC‐4F and ITIC‐4Cl exhibit similar characteristics. The results reveal the importance of diffusion coefficients and melting enthalpies in controlling the growth rates, and that differences in halogenation can drastically change crystallization kinetics and device stability. It is furthermore delineated how low nucleation density and large growth rates can be inferred from DSC and microscopy experiments which could be used to guide molecular design for stability.
Structural Insight in the Interfacial Effect in Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Yang , Yang Tiannan , Zhang Bing , Williams Teague , Lin Yen‐Ting , Li Li , Zhou Yao , Lu Wenchang , Kim Seong H. , Chen Long‐Qing , Bernholc J. , Wang Qing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBoth experimental results and theoretical models suggest the decisive role of the filler–matrix interfaces on the dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and electrocaloric properties of ferroelectric polymer nanocomposites. However, there remains a lack of direct structural evidence to support the so‐called interfacial effect in dielectric nanocomposites. Here, a chemical mapping of the interfacial coupling between the nanofiller and the polymer matrix in ferroelectric polymer nanocomposites by combining atomic force microscopy–infrared spectroscopy (AFM–IR) with first‐principles calculations and phase‐field simulations is provided. The addition of ceramic fillers into a ferroelectric polymer leads to augmentation of the local conformational disorder in the vicinity of the interface, resulting in the local stabilization of the all‐trans conformation (i.e., the polar β phase). The formation of highly polar and inhomogeneous interfacial regions, which is further enhanced with a decrease of the filler size, has been identified experimentally and verified by phase‐field simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This work offers unprecedented structural insights into the configurational disorder‐induced interfacial effect and will enable rational design and molecular engineering of the filler–matrix interfaces of electroactive polymer nanocomposites to boost their collective properties.
Shape‐Designable Polyhedral Liquid Marbles/Plasticines Stabilized with Polymer Plates
Authors: Fujiwara Junya , Geyer Florian , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Hirai Tomoyasu , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Fujii Syuji 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPolyhedral liquid marbles/plasticines are prepared using (sub)millimeter‐sized polymer plates as a stabilizer and water as an inner liquid. Precise control of size and shape can be successfully performed by tuning the size ratio of the water droplet and the plate, number of plates adsorbed to the droplet, coalescence (jointing) of multiple polyhedral liquid marbles/plasticines, and application of external mechanical stress. Thanks to interfacial jamming of the plates, plastic deformation of the liquid marbles/plasticines is achieved. The authors are able to fabricate liquid marbles/plasticines with various shapes including A–Z letters of alphabet. Liquid marble/plasticine with an aspect ratio exceeding 800, the largest aspect ratio ever reported, is also successfully prepared; the length of the liquid marble/plasticine exceeded 1.5 m. The liquid marbles can be picked up and be piled up on top of each other using tweezers or fingers. Furthermore, Janus‐type liquid marbles/plasticines with different curvatures and different stabilizers in a single liquid marble/plasticine can be fabricated by coalescence (jointing) of near‐spherical and cuboid liquid marbles/plasticines stabilized by plates with different sizes. An internal liquid flow from the near‐spherical liquid marble to the cuboid liquid marble/plasticine immediately after jointing is observed, making this system act as a micropump.
Aperiodic Metagratings for High‐Performance Multifunctional Acoustic Lenses
Authors: Qian Jiao , Xia Jian‐Ping , Sun Hong‐Xiang , Wang Yin , Ge Yong , Yuan Shou‐Qi , Yang Yihao , Liu Xiao‐Jun , Zhang Baile 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetagratings have provided great flexibility for controlling wave propagation by suppressing or enhancing diffraction of periodic unit cells or supercells with high efficiency. On the other hand, to achieve complex wavefront, modulations usually require phase profiles of the metagratings to be arbitrary. However, due to lack of a general theoretical framework, such high‐efficiency aperiodic metagratings remain elusive in reality. Here, a class of aperiodic metagratings based on the extension of the Snell's law that involves both the diffraction of unit cells and the aperiodic phase modulation of metagratings in acoustics is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The proposed aperiodic acoustic metagratings can be used to not only efficiently manipulate sound refraction or reflection for arbitrary incidence angle without the restriction of critical angles, but also to design complex wavefront modulations that enable high‐performance multifunctional devices. As a proof of concept, two types of multifunctional acoustic lenses that function completely differently by adjusting the distance between two aperiodic metagratings are experimentally realized. This work provides a new pathway toward complex modulations of the wavefront and diffraction for classical waves with high efficiency.
Highly Efficient Perovskite‐Based Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation in Acidic Environments: A Mini Review
Authors: Song Hee Jo , Yoon Hyunseok , Ju Bobae , Kim Dong‐Wan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProton‐conducting polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a promising technology for generating clean and sustainable hydrogen fuels from water. However, PEMWE requires the use of expensive electrocatalysts; the currently available electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) depend on noble metals (Ir, Ru). Since noble metals are expensive, commercialization of PEMWE remains elusive. In addition, PEMWE suffers from the very slow kinetics of the OER in acidic media. Thus, the development of noble‐metal‐reduced, highly active, and acid‐compatible oxygen evolution electrocatalysts is needed for the commercialization of PEMWE to be viable. In this regard, perovskite oxides have great potential for application as OER electrocatalysts in acidic media, because their multimetal‐oxide forms can reduce the use of noble metals, and their high structural and compositional flexibility can modulate the electronic structure and OER activity. In this review, current knowledge regarding state‐of‐the‐art perovskite oxides for acidic water oxidation electrocatalysts is summarized. First, the fundamental OER mechanism of electrocatalysts in acidic media is introduced briefly. Second, Ir‐ and Ru‐based perovskite oxides in acidic solutions are provided, focusing on their stability and OER activity. Finally, some challenges facing the development of perovskite oxide‐based electrocatalysts, and a perspective on their future are discussed.
Two cytotype niche shifts are of different magnitude in Solidago gigantea
Authors: Martino Maria , Semple John C. , Beck James B. 
Published: November 2020

PremisePolyploidy may serve to contribute to range size if autopolyploid cytotypes are adapted to differing ecological conditions. This study aims to establish the geographic distribution of cytotypes within the giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea), and to assess whether cytotypes exhibit differing ecological tolerances and morphology.MethodsA range‐wide set of 629 Solidago gigantea individuals was obtained through field collecting, sampling from herbarium specimens, and incorporating existing chromosome counts. Cytotype of each unknown sample was estimated by observing allele numbers at twelve microsatellite loci, a strategy that was assessed by comparing estimated to known cytotype in 20 chromosome‐counted samples. Abiotic ecological differentiation was assessed for two transitions: diploid‐tetraploid and tetraploid‐hexaploid. Morphological differentiation among cytotypes was assessed.ResultsMicrosatellite repeat variation accurately estimated cytotype in 85% of samples for which ploidy was known. Applying this approach to samples of unknown ploidy established that the three cytotypes are non‐randomly distributed. Although niche modeling and MANOVA approaches identified significant differences in macro‐climatic conditions for both cytotype transitions, the tetraploid to hexaploid transition was more substantial. Leaf length and width did not differ among cytotypes. Although leaf vestiture exhibited strong trends, no absolute differences were observed among cytotypes.ConclusionsWith the largest such study to date, we established niche transitions among giant goldenrod cytotypes of differing magnitudes. Collectively, this suggests that whole‐genome duplication has contributed to Solidago gigantea’s large range.
Comparison of diazepam and lorazepam for the emergency treatment of adult status epilepticus: a systemic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kobata Hitoshi , Hifumi Toru , Hoshiyama Eisei , Yamakawa Kazuma , Nakamura Kentaro , Soh Mitsuhito , Kondo Yutaka , Yokobori Shoji ,   for the Japan Resuscitation Council (JRC) Neuroresuscitation Task Force and the Guidelines Editorial Committee
Published: November 2020

Status epilepticus (SE) is a life‐threatening medical and neurological emergency. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to stop the seizure and improve patient outcomes. To elucidate which benzodiazepine should be used as the first‐line treatment, a systemic search of the PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases was carried out to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing i.v. administration of lorazepam and diazepam used for adult SE. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Only two RCTs were finally analyzed among 2182 papers extracted. The SE definitions, inclusion criteria, and doses of the drugs differed in the two studies. Of 204 patients included, 103 and 101 patients were allocated to the lorazepam and diazepam groups, respectively. The pooled risk ratio (RR) and confidence interval (CI) for lorazepam treatment on seizure cessation (two RCTs, n = 204) showed a significantly superior effect of lorazepam over diazepam (RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.03–1.49). No statistically significant relationship was found for mortality (two RCTs, n = 204) (RR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.43–6.90), poor neurological outcome (one RCT, n = 134) (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.59–2.04), hypotension (one RCT, n = 70) (RR, 2.68; 95% CI, 0.11–63.61), and respiratory depression (two RCTs, n = 204) (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.48–2.48). The certainty of the evidence was rated as very low. The results of this meta‐analysis of RCTs showed that i.v. lorazepam was better than i.v. diazepam for the cessation of adult SE.
Fabrication of Aptamer‐Modified Paper Electrochemical Devices for On‐Site Biosensing
Authors: Yu Haixiang , Chen Zhimin , Liu Yingzhu , Alkhamis Obtin , Song Zhiping , Xiao Yi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElectrochemical aptamer‐based (E‐AB) sensors offer a powerful and general means for analyte detection in complex samples for various applications. Paper‐based E‐AB sensors could enable portable, low‐cost, and rapid detection of a broad range of targets, but it has proven challenging to fabricate suitable three‐electrode systems on paper. Here, we demonstrate a simple, economic, and environmentally friendly strategy for fabricating aptamer‐modified paper electrochemical devices (PEDs) via ambient vacuum filtration. The material, shape, size, and thickness of the three‐electrode PED system can be fully customized. We developed aptamer‐modified PEDs that enable sensitive and specific detection of small molecules in minimally processed biosamples. The sensitivity and stability of the PEDs are comparable to E‐AB sensors based on commercial gold electrodes. We believe our strategy can lead to the development of high performance PEDs for the on‐site detection of a variety of analytes.
Rational Synthesis of 1D Hyperbranched Heterostructures with Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance
Authors: Li Xuefei , Zhang Yadong , Zhai Li , Tao Chen‐Lei , Xu Dan , Mu Zhangyan , Ding Mengning , Wu Xue‐Jun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) hyperbranched heterostructures (HBHSs) with abundant interfaces are rendered with various interfacial phenomena and functionalities. However, the rational synthesis of 1D HBHSs with desired spatial architecture and specific interface remains a great challenge. Here, we report a seeded growth method for controlled synthesis of two extraordinary types of HBHSs, in which high‐intensity of CdS branches selectively grow on 1D nanowire (NW) trunks with different growth behaviors. The composition of the HBHSs can be further tuned by combining with cation exchange method, which enriches the variety of the HBHSs. The optoelectronic devices based on a single HBHS were fabricated and exhibit a better photoresponse performance compared with that of a single NW trunk. This advance provides a strategy for the controlled synthesis HBHSs with complex morphology and offers a platform for exploring their applications for photo harvesting and conversion.
Gesamt‐Sauerstoff‐Elektrokatalyse auf stickstoffmodifizierten Kohlenstoffkatalysatoren: Identifizierung aktiver Zentren und In‐situ‐Beobachtung reaktiver Zwischenprodukte
Authors: Lin Yangming , Liu Zigeng , Yu Linhui , Zhang Gui‐Rong , Tan Hao , Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Song Feihong , Mechler Anna K. , Schleker P. Philipp M. , Lu Qing , Zhang Bingsen , Heumann Saskia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDas mechanistische Verständnis der aktiven Zentren, adsorbierten Zwischenprodukte und geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritte (RDS) von N‐modifizierten Kohlenstoffkatalysatoren in der elektrokatalytischen Sauerstoffreduktion (ORR) und der Sauerstoffentwicklung (OER) ist wegen der unvermeidlichen Koexistenz verschiedener N‐Konfigurationen und der technischen Beschränkungen bei der Beobachtung gebildeter Zwischenprodukte noch immer umstritten. Hier werden sieben Arten aromatischer Moleküle mit je einer einzelnen N‐Spezies als Modellstrukturen verwendet, um die explizite Rolle jeder üblichen N‐Gruppe bei der ORR sowie der OER zu untersuchen. Insbesondere wird die dynamische Entwicklung der aktiven Zentren und der wichtigsten adsorbierten Zwischenprodukte einschließlich O2(ads), Superoxidanion O2−* und OOH* mit In‐situ‐Spektroskopie beobachtet. Wir schlagen vor, dass die Bildung von *OOH‐Spezies aus O2−* (O2−*+H2O→OOH*+OH−) ein möglicher RDS während des ORR‐Prozesses ist, da die Erzeugung von O2 aus OOH*‐Spezies der wahrscheinlichste RDS während des OER‐Prozesses ist.
Overall Oxygen Electrocatalysis on Nitrogen‐Modified Carbon Catalysts: Identification of Active Sites and In Situ Observation of Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Lin Yangming , Liu Zigeng , Yu Linhui , Zhang Gui‐Rong , Tan Hao , Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Song Feihong , Mechler Anna K. , Schleker P. Philipp M. , Lu Qing , Zhang Bingsen , Heumann Saskia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe recent mechanistic understanding of active sites, adsorbed intermediate products, and rate‐determining steps (RDS) of nitrogen (N)‐modified carbon catalysts in electrocatalytic oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are still rife with controversy because of the inevitable coexistence of diverse N configurations and the technical limitations for the observation of formed intermediates. Herein, seven kinds of aromatic molecules with designated single N species are used as model structures to investigate the explicit role of each common N group in both ORR and OER. Specifically, dynamic evolution of active sites and key adsorbed intermediate products including O2 (ads), superoxide anion O2−*, and OOH* are monitored with in situ spectroscopy. We propose that the formation of *OOH species from O2−* (O2−*+H2O→OOH*+OH−) is a possible RDS during the ORR process, whereas the generation of O2 from OOH* species is the most likely RDS during the OER process.
Insights into the Topology and the Formation of a Genuine ppσ Bond: Experimental and Computed Electron Densities in Monoanionic Trichlorine [Cl3]−
Authors: Keil Helena , Sonnenberg Karsten , Müller Carsten , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSo far, several publications have discussed the bonding concepts in polyhalides on a theoretical basis. In particular, the trichlorine monoanion is of great interest because its structure should be symmetrical and show two equidistant Cl−Cl bonds. However, apart from matrix‐isolation studies, only asymmetric trichlorine anions have been reported so far. Herein, the trichlorine monoanions in 2‐chloroethyltrimethylammonium trichloride [NMe3EtCl][Cl3],1, tetramethylammonium trichloride [NMe4][Cl3],2, and tetrapropylammonium trichloride [NnPr4][Cl3],3, are analysed. High‐resolution X‐ray structures and experimental charge density analyses supported by periodic quantum‐chemical calculations provide insight into the influence of the crystalline environment on the structure of these [Cl3]−anions as well as into the progress of the bond formation between a dichlorine molecule and a Cl−anion.
Effect of carbon dioxide, argon, and helium jets on the synchronous control of combustion instability and NOx emission
Authors: Tao Chengfei , Zhou Hao , Hu Liubin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article experimentally studies the synchronous control of combustion instability and NOx emission in a model gas turbine combustor. The application of tabular jet in cross flow was adopted to test the effectiveness of synchronous control. The flow rate, height, direction, and relative molecular masses were studied in this research. Results suggest that the ideal damping ratio of the sound pressure amplitude can be as high as 73.7% under the carbon dioxide jet in cross flow case. The carbon dioxide jet in cross flow case can lead to a better thermoacoustic instability suppression result than the instances of argon or helium. Besides, amplitude and frequency switching of the unsteady flame emerged during the experiment. Adding minimal inert gaseous can change the local oscillation of equivalence ratio. The suppression ratio of NOx emission can reach as high as 44% under the carbon dioxide cases, which performs better than the argon or helium cases. Moreover, the flame length declines as the tabular jet in cross flow rate increases. When the flow rate increases (or the height decreases), the size of the flame front or root will decrease. The average flame length dropped from 122 to 41 mm. The macrostructure of the flame changes significantly under different injecting heights or directions. This article can serve as a specific guideline for the passive control of thermoacoustic instability in gas turbine, rocket, and industrial burners.
The Unintentional Effects on Body Donation Programs of a Competency‐Based Curriculum in Postgraduate Medical Education
Authors: Noël Geoffroy P.J.C. , Dubé Joseph , Venne Gabriel 
Published: November 2020

As medical programs place increasing importance on competency‐based training and surgical simulations for residents, anatomy laboratories, and body donation programs find themselves in a position of adapting to changing demands. To better assess the demand for “life‐like” cadaveric specimens and evaluate the possible impacts that competency‐based medical education could have upon the body donation program of McGill University, Canada, the authors tracked, over the course of the last 10 years, the number of soft‐embalmed specimens, along with the number of teaching sessions and the residents enrolled in competency‐based programs that are using cadaveric material. The results reveal that the number of soft‐embalmed specimens used within residency training increased from 5 in 2009 to 35 in 2019, representing an increase from 6% of bodies to 36.5% of the total number of body donors embalmed in this institution. Correspondingly, the number of annual teaching sessions for residents increased from 19 in 2012 to 116 in 2019. These increases in teaching are correlated with increasing number of residents enrolled in competency‐based programs over the last 3 years (Pearson r ranging from 0.9705 to 0.9903, and R2 ranging from 0.9418 to 0.9808). Those results suggest that the new skill‐centered curricula which require residents to perform specific tasks within realistic settings, exhibit a growing demand for “life‐like” cadaveric specimens. Institutions’ body donation programs must, therefore, adapt to those greater need for cadaveric specimens, which presents many challenges, ranging from the logistical to the ethical.