bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Many Senses of “Self-Determination”
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins by noting a number of basic meanings that “determination” has for Kant: causal, epistemic, formal, and normative, in the sense of defining a “vocation” for the individual and humanity as a whole. These distinctions are employed in a reinterpretation of the difficult transition in Kant’s argument connecting Sections II and III of the Groundwork. In this context, a new reading is given of Kant’s “Formula of Autonomy,” one of the basic meanings of his categorical imperative. It is argued that it is primarily the autonomy of the faculty of reason and its appreciation of an absolutely necessary norm that is Kant’s main concern. It is also argued that Kant’s notion of autonomy should not be understood in a loose, anarchic way, nor in such a way that free action against morality, that is, evil, is not clearly possible.
Hölderlin’s Kantian Path
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Building upon a close reading of the novel, Hyperion, and references to Hölderlin’s fragmentary essays and letters as treated by the most recent German scholarship, this chapter argues that Hölderlin systematically develops an improvement on Fichte’s and Schiller’s understanding of subjectivity and history. The main aim of his novel is a careful weighing of the alternative ethical, religious, and aesthetic approaches offered to the fundamental German Enlightenment issue of determining the basic “vocation” of humanity. In contrast to other philosophers in the German tradition, Hölderlin sees how overly one-sided versions of ethical or religious or aesthetic approaches can be dangerous, and also how Kant’s notion of an ethics of “rational faith” provides for a balanced and enlightened approach to the aesthetic and religious dimensions of life. Above all, Hölderlin can be understood as working out a way to most effectively realize Kant’s notion of the “primacy of practical reason.”
Unemployment, Employment, and Development
Authors: van der Hoeven Rolph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
How have economic development, employment, and labour markets in Asian countries interacted since the publication of Myrdal’s Asian Drama? Myrdal rejected, correctly, the Western approach to, and definition of, employment, but very much underestimated the effects of the Lewisian development process. Myrdal’s concept of cumulative causation better explains how fast-growing countries with better labour markets have developed, by pursuing a developmental state and applying interventionist policies in agriculture, industry, and macroeconomics, as well as in social policies and in strengthening the participation of women in the labour market. Successful countries are also characterized by initial low-income inequality and targeted redistribution of factors of production. However, growing income inequality together with other development challenges can pose problems in the future.
Reference
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter adopts and develops the consequences of two basic ideas about reference: that the reference of an expression use is the thing that constitutes the expression use’s contribution to the truth condition of the sentence in which it appears; and that the reference of an ordinary expression must typically be some thing that some ordinary speaker has at some point intended to refer to with the expression. It is postulated that communication can often be explained by the existence of shared conventions for fixing reference in this sense, viewed as rules that speakers have gotten used to abide by. The chapter sets forth the book’s projects of stating the conventions that govern reference fixing for several expressions, and of dissolving a number of puzzles that have led some to think that those conventions cannot really manage to fix appropriate referents. A preview of the remaining chapters follows.
Demonstratives and Conflicting Intentions
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a critique of “overriding intentions” theories of the reference-fixing conventions for demonstratives, designed to account for cases of conflicting referential intentions behind successful uses of demonstratives. These criticisms and the existence of examples of conflicting intentions where the reference of the demonstrative seems indeterminate are argued to suggest that there may be no general necessary and sufficient conditions for some thing to be the reference of a use of a demonstrative. This motivates the proposal that the conventions governing reference fixing for demonstratives form just a set of roughly sufficient conditions for reference and reference failure of uses of demonstratives. Some of these conditions are listed, and it is argued that they yield an extensionally correct account of the examples of determinate reference and reference failure used in the preceding discussion, and that they do not yield any prediction in the examples that involve indeterminacy.
Nouns for Natural Kinds and the Problem of Arbitrariness
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the “Kripke-Putnam orthodoxy” about the reference fixing of ordinary natural kind nouns, and some objections to it, especially “arbitrariness problems”: for example, a Kripke-Putnam baptism for “water” doesn’t discriminate between, say, H2O and P2O (H2O where the isotope of hydrogen involved is protium oxide, as in regular paradigms of water). The chapter presents a picture of reference fixing for natural kind nouns that refines the Kripke-Putnam picture and that appeals to sets of roughly sufficient conditions for reference and reference failure. It is argued that on this picture the referents of ordinary natural kind nouns turn out to be “ordinary kinds,” kinds which are vague along dimensions along which scientific kinds are precise: the reference of “water” is “the ordinary kind water” rather than H2O or other scientifically identified kinds. It is argued that this suffices to dispose of the arbitrariness worry on a broadly Kripkean view.
Words for Sensible Qualities and the Problem of Perceptual Variation
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter proposes a picture of reference fixing for color adjectives and adjectives for other sensible qualities, according to which the relevant reference-fixing conventions allow those adjectives to be used with different intended standards in different contexts. It is argued that this explains the fact (used by secondary-quality theorists and eliminativists in “perceptual variation arguments”) that different equally normal people classify the same object by means of prima facie incompatible color adjectives, and that the explanation is perfectly compatible with the properties referred to by uses of these adjectives being primary qualities or objective properties. It is also argued that the picture satisfies a number of desiderata not satisfied by other objectivist theories in the literature.
A Participatory Conception of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the democratic significance of political deliberation. It argues that democracy is not threatened by the inclusion of an epistemic dimension of truth within political debate but rather by the exclusion of the epistemic dimension of justification towards others who must comply with the outcomes of political debates. It is one thing to assume—as deliberative democrats do—that over time political struggles may lead to agreement on the best answers to some political questions. It is quite another to ignore the need for such political struggles to actually take place and succeed—as epistocrats and lottocrats do. The chapter articulates and defends an institutional approach to mutual justification. On this approach democratic legitimacy does not require every citizen to agree on the reasonableness of each law to which they are subject at any given time. What it requires is that institutions be in place such that citizens can contest any laws that they cannot reasonably accept by asking that proper reasons be offered or that they be changed. To the extent that such institutions are available to all citizens, they can see themselves as equal members of a collective political project of self-government.
Citizens in Robes
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter articulates a participatory defense of the democratic legitimacy of judicial review. This defense is based on an analysis of the democratic significance of citizens’ right to legal contestation. Against the widespread view of judicial review as an expertocratic shortcut that requires citizens to blindly defer to the political decisions of judges, the analysis shows that the institutions of judicial review empower citizens to make effective use of their right to participate in ongoing political struggles for determining the proper scope of their fundamental rights and freedoms. This is true no matter how idiosyncratic their fellow citizens may think their interests, views, and values are. By securing citizens’ right to legal contestation, judicial review offers citizens a way to avoid having to blindly defer to the decisions of their fellow citizens. This is the case insofar as it offers an institutional venue where they can call their fellow citizens to account by effectively requesting that proper reasons are publicly offered to justify the laws and policies to which they all are subject. It is in virtue of this communicative power that all citizens can participate as political equals in the ongoing process of shaping and forming a considered public opinion that supports the political decisions that they can all own and identify with—just as the democratic ideal of self-government requires.
The Common Heritage of Mankind
Authors: Ranganathan Surabhi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the decolonization era, one of the battles for international law was over the seabed and its mineral resources, with intensive debates about the ownership of these resources and the conditions under which they could be exploited. At its nexus was the principle of common heritage of mankind (CHM). This chapter relates the protracted legal tussle around the CHM principle. It traces how the terms of the battle changed over time and ‘annotates’ the battle by reference to a few key issues—the precise basis for developing states’ interest in seabed resources; the antinomies of the CHM principle; and the Cold War’s effect upon the negotiations. It highlights how economic considerations remained material to the negotiations; the ideological defeat for developing states; and the seabed’s role in the NIEO movement as a whole.
The Battle for the Recognition of Wars of National Liberation
Authors: von Bernstorff Jochen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The chapter revisits the third world struggle for a full legal recognition of ‘wars of national liberation’ in the 1960s and 70s. Supported by famous United Nations (UN) resolutions, the growing number of ‘newly independent states’ had managed to confer increasing institutional legitimacy to the still-ongoing struggles for independence by incriminating colonialism and racism, as well as by actively promoting support for third-world self-determination. Armed revolts of independence movements against colonial or racist rule between 1945 and 1975, for example in Indonesia, Vietnam, Algeria, Kenya, Namibia, Angola, Guinea, and Western Sahara, figured as ‘wars of national liberation’ in various UN resolutions. Led from beginning to the victorious end by Georges Abi-Saab, the G77 battle for the full recognition of wars of national liberation framed these wars as ‘defensive’ military actions against continuing foreign ‘aggression’ through colonialism. During the 1960s and early 1970s, this move was strongly opposed by most Western authors, who argued that these conflicts were internal struggles and thus merely ‘civil wars’ or legitimate reactions to ‘terrorist’ activities. The chapter argues that even though the third world could ultimately secure a victory in this legal struggle, it could not prevent that Cold War interventionism of the superpowers and the former metropoles, as well as proxy-wars, nationalism and militarization further destabilized the societies in the ‘newly independent states’. decolonization, international legal transformations, Bandung, hegemony, boundary drawing, Sattelzeit, law of the sea, use of force, humanitarian law, human rights law
Picking Battles
Authors: Giladi Rotem 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Race is one of the more ubiquitous, yet least explored, shifts in twentieth-century international law. From law that was founded in key areas and concepts on racial distinctions, international law quickly came to denounce various manifestations of race theories and racial discrimination. The establishment of the UN reflected a racialized understanding of the international society assumptions of the League of Nations mandate system. The 1948 Universal Declaration addressed entitlement to human rights without distinction of race, yet the Genocide Convention extended protection to racial (identity of) minority groups. In South Africa, race policies provided both the impetus and multiple occasions for formulating claims about a new, de-racialized international law from 1946 onwards. At these struggles against apartheid, binary political confrontations could take form as competing visions of international law, both old and new. This chapter charts the sites of contestation over apartheid and its effects on international law.
Reading RP Anand in the Post-Colony
Authors: Singh Prabhakar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Professor RP Anand analysed the birth of new states and their theoretical and functional inclusion in the post-UN world. The 1947 Indian independence afforded Indian lawyers a choice between Nehruvian internationalism and Judge Pal’s Tokyo dissent. Essentially, Anand preferred state interest over cultural differences as the currency of international law while celebrating the UN Charter, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Convention of the Law of Sea as the achievements of the mankind. Anand saw the rejection of international law as synonymous with power politics. While optimistic, his universalism engendered a Western anti-thesis that an Asian approach to international law, if any, was otiose. Subsequently, post-colonial scholars responded with a synthesis that brought colonialism from periphery to the centre of international legal theory.
Global Warming in an Unequal World
Authors: Agarwal Anil , Narain Sunita 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article, a reprint of a seminal 1991 paper, argues that developing countries like India were being burdened unfairly with the responsibility of addressing climate change. The authors discuss how allocating responsibility for climate change involved juggling with numbers. It argues for a fair allocation of natural sinks as an important part of any use of the global commons.
Fibromyalgia Symptom Severity and Psychosocial Outcomes in Fibromyalgia Patients with Hypovitaminosis D: A Prospective Questionnaire Study
Authors: D’Souza Ryan S , Lin Ge , Oh Terry , Vincent Ann , Orhurhu Vwaire , Jiang Li , Mauck William D , Qu Wenchun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the association between hypovitaminosis D and outcomes of symptom severity, mood disorders, fatigue, and quality of life in fibromyalgia (FM) patients.

Methods
Five hundred ninety-three FM patients were surveyed from May 2012 to November 2013. Patients with serum vitamin D &lt;25 ng/mL were considered to have hypovitaminosis D. The primary outcome was FM symptom severity (FIQ-R questionnaire). Secondary outcomes included quality of life (SF-36), fatigue (MFI-20), anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9). Independent t tests and chi-square tests were performed for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Regression analysis was performed adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, ethnicity, and season. A post hoc analysis examined for correlation between outcomes and serum vitamin D (ng/mL) as a continuous variable.

Results
One hundred twenty-two patients (20.6%) had hypovitaminosis D. In our adjusted regression analysis, the total FIQ-R score in patients with hypovitaminosis D was higher compared with control patients with adequate serum vitamin D (57.85 ± 18.09 vs 62.79 ± 18.10, P = 0.04). Adjusted regression analysis revealed higher total GAD-7 (P = 0.01) and higher total PHQ-9 scores (P = 0.04) in patients with hypovitaminosis D compared with control patients. There were no differences based on severity of depression or anxiety. No differences in fatigue or quality of life were identified. Unadjusted post hoc analysis revealed that as serum vitamin D increased, there was an association with lower total FIQ-R (β coefficient = –0.11, P = 0.02) and lower SF-36 subscale scores of role-physical (β coefficient = –0.10, P = 0.03). Adjusted post hoc analysis revealed no significant associations.

Conclusions
Hypovitaminosis D may be a risk factor for worse symptom severity, anxiety, and depression in FM patients.
An Open Trial of a Mind–Body Intervention for Young Women with Moderate to Severe Primary Dysmenorrhea
Authors: Payne Laura A , Seidman Laura C , Romero Tamineh , Sim Myung-Shin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a mind–body intervention for moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea (PD).DesignOpen trial (single arm).SettingAcademic medical school.SubjectsA total of 20 young adult women with moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea were included across four separate intervention groups.MethodsAll participants received five 90-minute sessions of a mind–body intervention and completed self-report measures of menstrual pain, depression, anxiety, somatization, and pain catastrophizing at baseline, post-treatment, and at one-, two-, three-, and 12-month follow-up. Self-report of medication use and use of skills learned during the intervention were also collected at all follow-up points.ResultsParticipants reported significantly lower menstrual pain over time compared with baseline. No changes in anxiety, depression, or somatization were observed, although pain catastrophizing improved over time. Changes in menstrual pain were not associated with changes in medication use or reported use of skills.ConclusionsA mind–body intervention is a promising nondrug intervention for primary dysmenorrhea, and future research should focus on testing the intervention further as part of a randomized clinical trial.
Is Motor Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Distinct From Developmental Coordination Disorder? A Report From the SPARK Study
Authors: Bhat Anjana Narayan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundMotor impairments are pervasive in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); however, children with ASD rarely receive a dual diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The Simons Foundation SPARK study engaged families affected by ASD through an online study.ObjectivesThe DCD parent questionnaire (DCDQ) was used to assess the prevalence of a risk for motor impairment or DCD in children with ASD between 5 and 15 years of age.DesignThis study utilizes parent reports from a large database of children with ASD.MethodsA total of 16,705 parents of children with ASD completed the DCDQ. We obtained our final SPARK dataset (n = 11,814) after filtering out invalid data, using stronger cut-offs to confirm ASD traits, and excluding children with general neuromotor impairments/intellectual delays. We compared DCDQ total and subscale scores from the SPARK dataset with published norms for each age between 5 and 15 years.ResultsThe proportion of children with ASD at risk for a motor impairment was very high at 86.9%. Children with ASD did not outgrow their motor impairments and continued to present with a risk for DCD even into adolescence. Yet, only 31.6% of children were receiving physical therapy services.LimitationsOur analysis of a large database of parent-reported outcomes using the DCDQ did not involve follow-up clinical assessments.ConclusionsUsing a large sample of children with ASD, this study shows that a risk for motor impairment or DCD was present in most children with ASD and persists into adolescence; however, only a small proportion of children with ASD were receiving physical therapist interventions. A diagnosis of ASD must trigger motor screening, evaluations, and appropriate interventions by physical and occupational therapists to address the functional impairments of children with ASD while also positively impacting their social communication, cognition, and behavior. Using valid motor measures, future research must determine if motor impairment is a fundamental feature of ASD.
EXTENDING AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE GENUS-2 SURFACE OVER THE 3-SPHERE
Authors: Funayoshi Kenta , Koda Yuya 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An automorphism $f$ of a closed orientable surface $\Sigma $ is said to be extendable over the 3-sphere $S^3$ if $f$ extends to an automorphism of the pair $(S^3, \Sigma )$ with respect to some embedding $\Sigma \hookrightarrow S^3$. We prove that if an automorphism of a genus-2 surface $\Sigma $ is extendable over $S^3$, then $f$ extends to an automorphism of the pair $(S^3, \Sigma )$ with respect to an embedding $\Sigma \hookrightarrow S^3$ such that $\Sigma $ bounds genus-2 handlebodies on both sides. The classification of essential annuli in the exterior of genus-2 handlebodies embedded in $S^3$ due to Ozawa, and the second author plays a key role.
The field-specific citation and usage patterns of book literature in the Book Citation Index
Authors: Chi Pei-Shan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The usage data provided by Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) implies the scholarly interest of researchers through full text accesses and record saves on the platform. The WoS usage count has been studied for journal papers alongside citations at different levels of journal, country, and field. To extend the results of the previous studies, this study explores the WoS usage counts for book literature in the Book Citation Index (BKCI) to determine the usefulness of the usage statistics provided by the new data source and their different patterns across fields as well as document types. The correlations between WoS citations and usage counts are from weak to moderate in six selected fields. Edited books have stronger correlations between the two metrics than the other two document type groups. Usage data of aggregated book volumes in the sciences correlate with citations significantly and show higher utilization rates than citations. Their usage counts on the same platform are the supplement of WoS citations in the fields. In contrast, book publications in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) present a different pattern of their usage to reduce its ability to coordinate citations. In addition, the low usage of books in SSH may indicate the limited access of the BKCI-SSH and probably lower effectiveness of its usage data compared to the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). However, the further investigation of altmetric usage metrics from different sources confirms an overall lower usage for books in the social sciences than in the sciences.