bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absolute Weapons, Lightning Wars, and Ultimate Positions
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The initial development of large rockets was driven by military rivalry. The von Braun programs of military space expansionism are a ladder of projects starting with bombardment and culminating in planetary dominance, each considered in detail in this chapter. Ballistic missiles hurling nuclear weapons at intercontinental distances are commonly not considered space weapons but inherently are because they employ the frictionless vacuum of space to achieve their distinctive high speed. This means humanity’s largest and most consequential space program is hiding in plain sight, an unknown known. Information satellite force multipliers increase the potency of other weapons. There are many ways to destroy satellites, and an antisatellite race is starting. Shooting down ballistic missiles remains largely impossible, despite vast expenditures. Wrapping orbital space with hundreds of satellite battle stations, an “Earth Net,” might roll back the nuclear revolution and establish planetary hegemony. Visionary astro-Archimedeans propose stationing nuclear weapons in deep space, and using asteroids as planetoid bombs.
Geography, Geopolitics, and Geohistory
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Expansionist anticipations rest on claims about geography, geopolitics, and geohistory but are error-filled, slanted, and misleading. Geography errors arise from confusing physical with practical geography. Earth-space analogies frequently suggest misleading similarities while hiding actual dissimilarities. Ascentionism, the deep-seated human tendency to view elevations as improvements, makes space expansions seem desirable. Geopolitics analyzes the relations between politics, particularly violence and security, and geography and technology. Geopolitics maps proclivities, not inevitabilities, and indicates which political arrangements are necessary, feasible, and likely. The main ideas of geopolitics are summarized and boiled down to twelve propositions. The main geopolitical factor, violence interdependence, measures capacities of actors to inflict damage upon one another. When violence interdependence is intense, actors can readily destroy one another, and security requires ending anarchy and establishing governments, which vary from republican to hierarchical. Geopolitics also offers propositions about special places, consolidation tendencies, and frontiers. Earth geohistory, across Archipelago, Global, and Planetary Earths, supports geopolitical claims.
Solar Space, Island Earth, and the Ends of Humanity
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Solar colonization, occurring in four stages, faces daunting obstacles and is unlikely soon. A colony able to preserve humanity from Earth disasters is likely to be politically independent. Analogies with successful terrestrial expansions are significantly misleading. The applied propositions of geopolitics predict a solar anarchy primed for large-scale wars. The Solar Archipelago will be geopolitically malefic, combining the worst features of Archipelago and Planetary Earths. Because of the immense violence potentials of asteroidal bombardment, violence interdependence will remain intense despite large effective distances. Asteroid-island analogies hide asteroid movement, collisions, and movability. Establishing a common government will be necessary but nearly impossible. Space polities will become very different, making mutual restraints difficult. Biological species radiation will make interplanetary war xenocidal. Protecting militarily disadvantaged Island Earth will require hierarchical world government. Sustaining restraints on artificial superintelligence and bioengineering will be very difficult. Because solar space colonization probably will cause human extinction (astrocide), it should be avoided.
Conclusion
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Tsiolkovsky’s famous statement of humanity being in its “cradle” unintentionally points to humanity’s infantile approach to space and technogenic threats. Illusions and errors afflict space expansionism. Space activities have made nuclear war more likely. Space colonization poses catastrophic and existential threats and will produce a hierarchic world government. An Earth-oriented space program, heavy on restraints, is needed. Not Off Planet Earth measures must join the environmentalist Not On Planet Earth list, making a double NOPE agenda. Space and nuclear arms control is necessary. The Outer Space Treaty should be strengthened. Large orbital infrastructures should be avoided. Only an international consortium should alter asteroid orbits. Space cooperation, Earth-monitoring, and science should be expanded. Most important, the goal of space colonization should be abandoned. Manias of the moment, privatization and space tourism, are trivial pursuits. Protecting Oasis Earth must be humanity’s prime vocation. Human survival requires rejection of seductive but perilous technological visions.
Making it Personal
Authors: Kant Tanya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The encounter of “personalized experiences”—targeted advertisements, tailored information feeds, and “recommended” content, among other things—is now a common and somewhat inescapable component of digital life. More often than not however, “you” the user are not primarily responsible for personalizing your web engagements: instead, with the help of your search, browsing, and purchase histories, your “likes,” your click-throughs, and a multitude of other data you produce as you go about your day, your experience can “conveniently”—and computationally—be personalized on your behalf. This book explores a host of new questions that emerge from web users’ encounters with these forms of algorithmic personalization. What do users “know” about the algorithms that apparently “know” them? If personalization practices seek to act on users’ behalf (for instance, by deciding what content is personally relevant), then how do users retain or relinquish their autonomy? Indeed, what kinds of selfhoods are made possible when personalization algorithms intervene in identity construction? Making It Personal is the first full-length monograph to critically analyze the sociocultural implications of algorithmic personalization through the accounts and testimonies of web users themselves. At the heart of the book are interviews and focus groups with web users who—through a myriad of resistant, tactical, resigned, or trusting engagements—encounter algorithmic personalization as part of their lived experience on the web. The book proposes that for those who encounter it, algorithmic personalization creates new implications for knowledge production, autonomy, cultural capital, and formations of self.
Me, Myself, and the Algorithm
Authors: Kant Tanya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
If “personalization” involves rendering something personally relevant, then how should “personhood” be understood, constituted, and theorized? To explore this question, this chapter scrutinizes not just “algorithmic” identity, but also broader concepts of what is meant by personhood and the self. The chapter looks to understand how users have come to be understood both inside and outside of algorithmic constitution. It argues that it is only through understanding social subjects as performatively constituted by both algorithmic and sociocultural protocols that it is possible to untangle the nuances that algorithmic personalization produces in social interaction. The chapter also considers in more detail how researchers constitute and negotiate the lived experiences of the participant accounts that they draw on.
Job and Career Crafting to Fulfill Individual Career Pathways
Authors: Tims Maria , Akkermans Jos 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Individuals can proactively craft their careers by shaping both their individual jobs and the series of jobs or roles that comprise their career journeys. This chapter illustrates how being proactive at one’s job (i.e., job crafting) may allow individuals to achieve better jobs for themselves and how being competent with regard to one’s career (i.e., career competencies) may help individuals better proactively navigate their careers, which is referred to as career crafting. Drawing on the parallel with the literatures on job crafting, career competencies, and career self-management, this chapter introduces career crafting as a valuable new variable for career research. Career crafting is defined as proactive behaviors that individuals perform to self-manage their careers to attain optimal person–career fit. The chapter also presents the Career Crafting Survey, which can be used in future research to further accumulate knowledge about how and when career crafting may help individuals achieve successful and fulfilling careers.
Purpose, Meaning, and Career Pathways
Authors: Dik Bryan J. , Alayan Alexandra J. , Reed Kaitlyn A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In addition to providing financial means, work offers an opportunity for individuals to experience meaning and purpose. Meaningful work, defined in this chapter as work that is worthwhile and personally significant, is linked to job satisfaction, work motivation, and psychological well-being. Several vocational psychology theories of career development, along with research on work as a calling and the protean career orientation, have addressed factors that likely influence meaning and purpose in work, either directly or indirectly. This chapter examines the opportunities for career pathways programs and professionals for promoting purpose and meaning in work over the course of a career. Specific strategies related to career choice, choice implementation, career engagement and maintenance/management, as well as retirement, bridge employment, and encore careers are addressed. Future directions for research and practice are also discussed.
Heading for the Exit
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
After two decades, American global hegemony is almost certainly reaching its expiration date. America will remain a great power, if the not greatest power. But, barring a major shock to emerging powers—and especially China—the world will fully transition to a new global order. This chapter sketches out some possible futures. These include a new bipolar system, perhaps with China and the United States locked in a new Cold War; a multipolar system that maintains the veneer of liberal global governance, but in the service of authoritarianism; and an international system characterized by globalized oligarchy and kleptocracy. There is still time to avoid the worst versions of these orders, and to push back against the full hijacking of liberal institutions in the service of worldwide corruption. But on these, and a number of other matters, American policymakers should assume the window of outsized American influence is fast closing.
Theories of Humor
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 offers a survey of humanity’s best efforts to understand humor: what it is, how it works, and why it is important. It examines the most prominent theories and beliefs, describes recent research by cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists, and applies their findings to a wide sampling of film comedies from around the world. Beginning with the Western distinction between comedy and tragedy, it explores these concepts as two visions of human existence, drawing on key thinkers of the West (Plato, Hobbes, Kant, Bergson, Freud, Bakhtin) and East (Zhuangzi, Confucius, Al-Jahiz, Bharata Muni) as well as modern clinical studies to arrive at a rich, cross-cultural understanding of comedy and what it means for us as biologic and social beings.
Russian Film Comedy
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Soviet and Russian cinemas offer unique opportunities to investigate the role of humor as an escape from oppression and an instrument for change. This chapter follows the nation’s filmmakers from the idealistic days of revolution (Lev Kuleshov, Sergei Eisenstein, Aleksandr Medvedkin), through Stalin’s repressive regime (Grigory Aleksandrov and Ivan Pyrev) and the chills and thaws of the Cold War (Eldar Ryazanov, Leonid Gaidai, Tengiz Abuladze). It introduces lesser-known talents who made films before (Yevgeny Bauer, Boris Barnet) and after (Yuri Mamin, Kira Muratova, Valery Todorovskiy) the Soviet era. In their own ways, each of these directors contributed to a comic cinema that builds on the ironic sensibility of Chekhov, the satiric caricatures of Gogol, and the archetypes of Russia’s native folklore.
Film Comedy in Scandinavia
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the peculiar world of Nordic comedy, “quirky feel-good” movies and their darker cousins perpetuate an offbeat brand of humor dating back to the Viking sagas. This chapter examines the history of film comedy in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, tracing the shifting forms of humor from the golden-age classics to more modern stories shaped by the region’s landscape, climate, and patterns of state funding. Comedy in this part of the world includes the folklustpel merriment of Ingmar Bergman’s Smiles of a Summer Night, the playful parody of Ruben Øvredal’s Trollhunter, and the shadowy cynicism of Lars von Trier’s Dogme-dominated The Boss of It All.
Cultural Relics
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This final chapter looks at the first seventeen years of the People’s Republic of China, during which time over a hundred Buddhist sites were repaired or rebuilt. These sites were put to use as showcases for Buddhist culture in New China and as stages for cultural diplomacy with other Asian countries that shared a Buddhist past. Two sites examined in some detail are Guangji Monastery and Yonghe Temple, both in the new capital of Beijing. A key question is how Buddhist monasteries fit into the new bureaucracy; as the cases of these two monasteries demonstrate, the reconstructions were intended to create static monuments to cultural heritage, not living religious communities.
Conclusion
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This concluding section revisits the main points raised throughout the book and argues that monastery reconstructions introduce innovations and change into what is otherwise a highly stable system. The chapter suggests that the case of monastery reconstructions can provide us with a framework for understanding change and development among Chinese Buddhists during the modern era more generally. Both destruction and reconstruction processes are proven to be ephemeral, and as new threats and disasters arise, efforts to renew monasteries must be undertaken time and time again. As the previous chapters have shown, reconstructions were expected interventions in the lifecycle of a Chinese Buddhist monastery, and records describing such reconstructions typically credit them with helping to revive the Dharma more generally.
Six (or Seven) Ways of Looking at a Lantern Slide
Authors: Crangle Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a consideration of the magic lantern slide from a series of viewpoints giving overlapping ways of thinking about what it is as an artefact, how it works as a component of a narrative and performance medium, and its significances in historical and contemporary contexts of creative use. With illustrations from the Lucerna web resource, institutional and private collections, and the work of the Million Pictures research project, the chapter considers the physicality of slides as objects; their relative cultural (and financial) valuations; their various roles and motivations in the transference and concealment of knowledge; their relationships with other portions of the projection process; and some parallels between historic usage of slides and modern media practices, especially in the complex mixture of ‘authority’ and ‘freedom’ that determines their use and interpretation. Conventional approaches to what is sometimes called the ‘historical art of projection’ can be prone to dwell on one or two of these aspects, often with an emphasis on the visual content of the slide image or the physical nature of the artefact. However, to begin to understand the overall cultural impact of this largely lost medium we need to open out the discussion beyond its component parts and consider its possible uses, both historical and current. This chapter therefore aims to describe lantern slide projection as an interactive, ephemeral performance medium, elusive and difficult to categorize, but rich in its creative possibilities.
Researching Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Realities
Authors: Head Anthony , Sujir Leila 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the development of Elastic 3D Spaces as a research group, its span of inquiry, along with developments to date, using old and new technologies, including stereoscopy and augmented and virtual reality. Elastic 3D Spaces alludes to the space in front of a screen where images appear when using stereo to create 3D, where objects pop out of the screen. The perception of depth stretches if the viewer can move, hence elastic space. The chapter explores art projects whilst positioning the subject area involving both arts and science researchers and explains the topics it covers. Elastic 3D Spaces is interested in comparisons between 3D experiences and stereo 3D experiences from projection to virtual reality.
They’ll Take Whatever You Feed Them
Authors: Lund Cornelia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the approaches to projection we find in the field of live audiovisual performance. This field comprises different kinds of performative expressions working with live manipulated sound and image, such as VJ and live cinema performances, as well as many expanded cinema and visual music projects, but also cases of collaborations with artists from other areas such as dance. As different as they may be in their approach to performance and the interconnection of sound and image, they share a similar approach to projection: as opposed to the ‘traditional’ cinematic dispositive, there are no fixed expectations or rules as to how the elements of the projection process should be arranged in a live audiovisual performance. Their set-up has to be decided anew for, and according to, every single performance project. This creative freedom opens up the space for a broad theoretical and practical exploration of the projection process, which, however, often becomes restricted by certain standardizations, as the analysis of performances and performance situations shows. This chapter develops some reflections on projection in this very specific field by, in a first step, discussing theoretical and discursive approaches to projection. In a second step, it analyses the role of projection in concrete situations of live audiovisual performance, relying on the author’s academic research as well as on her experiences with such performances as a curator and a member of the public.
Musical Solidarities
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This book studies the relationship between music making and social movements using the Solidarity movement in 1980s Poland as a case study. Its central argument is that while music offered a means of performing and commemorating the Solidarity movement as unified, the media of the opposition to state socialism also revealed—and continue to reveal—dissonant discourses on citizenship, culture, and history. The story unfolds along crucial sites of political action under state socialism: underground radio networks, the sanctuaries of the Polish Roman Catholic Church, labor strikes and student demonstrations, and commemorative performances. The musics and sounds of the 1980s are traced through a long history of musical nationalism in East Central Europe and across a transnational media network specific to the Cold War and life under state socialism. By revealing the diverse repertories—singer-songwriter verses, religious hymns, large-scale symphonies, experimental music, and popular song—that played a role across the decade, the book challenges paradigmatic visions of a late twentieth-century global protest culture that place song and communitas at the helm of social and political change. Musical Solidarities draws equally on the methods of historical musicology, ethnomusicology, and sound studies to propose a model for understanding popular, art, and sacred musics alongside one another and in the context of singing, shouting, and listening within the study of political action.
Sound
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 lays out the tension between ideas about music’s political efficacy and the productive work that sound did for the opposition in Poland. Within the intellectual community that shaped much of dissident culture, poets, filmmakers, and actors were more engaged with politics than composers and musical performers. To understand the logic behind claims that music was less politically meaningful, the chapter compares the Communist Party’s policies toward music with those debated in the oppositional journal Independent Culture. In contrast, the opposition’s cassette culture circumvented the Censorship Bureau and stumped secret police surveillance, revealing the powerful political potential of sound. Its founders were invested in tape contra print as well as cassettes’ transnational distribution and alternative economies. Listening to these cassettes as sounding artifacts reveals diverse repertories and creative editing techniques that belie the assumption that music was politically impotent for the opposition.
Megaphone
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the sonic amplification of some of the opposition’s most charismatic leaders. Through Solidarity’s decade, speeches and ceremonies on public stages shaped a broad audience. In December 1980 a monument was unveiled to commemorate a violently squelched 1970 protest. The playback of Krzysztof Penderecki’s Lacrimosa (1980) over loudspeakers at this event is contextualized with the Party’s relationship to Penderecki and the composer as a public figure. The 1970 protest also unfolds across interpretations of a ballad, “Janek Wiśniewski Fell.” This vernacular song’s use in leftist media, in films, and within electronic music opens up a discussion of trauma, memory, and place in counterpoint to the commemorative work done at the unveiling. The chapter concludes with a musical study of Lech Wałęsa through media networks. His charisma invigorated Joan Baez, who wrote songs for him and traveled to Gdańsk to perform for the opposition.
Performance Management Reform at Toyota Motor North America
Authors: Pirruccello Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Toyota’s entire competitive landscape is beginning to shift. Toyota is no longer just an automotive manufacturer; it is transforming into a mobility company. As the company embarks on this transformation, it is critical to have agile programs and processes in place that will facilitate this growth and transformation for the organization and team members. This chapter discusses the impetus for performance management (PM) reform at Toyota; this involves how the company’s PM process was carefully studied and reviewed in order to glean insights and pain points. Process design and piloting of Toyota’s new PM process are discussed, followed by implementation, lessons learned, and potential future directions for PM at Toyota.