bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA-based therapeutics in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Pham Tan Phát , Kremer Veerle , Boon Reinier A. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally, with the number of deaths rising every year. Much effort has gone into development of new treatment strategies. Many RNA species have important regulatory functions in disease initiation and progression, providing interesting new treatment options. This review focuses on different classes of RNA-based therapeutics and provides examples of current clinical and preclinical studies. Current challenges that prevent clinical translation and possibilities to overcome them will be discussed.

Recent findings
Different RNA-based molecules have been developed, such as antisense oligos, microRNA mimics and small interfering RNAs. Modifications are used to prevent degradation and immune activation and improve affinity. Additionally, in order to improve delivery of the RNA molecules to the target tissues, viral or nonviral vectors can be used.

Summary
RNA-based therapy has been shown to be a promising new treatment strategy for different disorders. However, several challenges, such as delivery problems and low efficacy remain. Future research will likely focus on effective delivery to target tissues in order to improve efficacy and avoid harmful side-effects.
Functional characterization of long noncoding RNAs
Authors: Moore Joseph B. , Uchida Shizuka 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
Mounting evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression. Although few lncRNAs have been the subject of detailed molecular and functional characterization, it is believed that lncRNAs play an important role in tissue homeostasis and development. In fact, gene expression profiling studies reveal lncRNAs are developmentally regulated in a tissue-type and cell-type specific manner. Such findings have brought significant attention to their potential contribution to disease cause. The current review summarizes recent studies of lncRNAs in the heart.

Recent findings
lncRNA discovery has largely been driven by the implementation of next generation sequencing technologies. To date, such technologies have contributed to the identification of tens of thousands of distinct lncRNAs in humans -- accounting for a large majority of all RNA sequences transcribed across the human genome. Although the functions of these lncRNAs remain largely unknown, gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies (in vivo and in vitro) have uncovered a number of mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate gene expression and protein function. Such mechanisms have been stratified according to three major functional categories: RNA sponges (RNA-mediated sequestration of free miRNAs; e.g. H19, MEG3, and MALAT1); transcription-modulating lncRNAs (RNA influences regulatory factor recruitment by binding to histone modifiers or transcription factors; e.g. CAIF, MANTIS, and NEAT1); and translation-modulating lncRNAs (RNA modifies protein function via directly interacting with a protein itself or binding partners; e.g. Airn, CCRR, and ZFAS1).

Summary
Recent studies strongly suggest that lncRNAs function via binding to macromolecules (e.g. genomic DNA, miRNAs, or proteins). Thus, lncRNAs constitute an additional mode by which cells regulate gene expression.
Home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children, adolescents and young adults: comparison, diagnostic agreement and association with preclinical organ damage
Authors: Zeniodi Maria Elena , Ntineri Angeliki , Kollias Anastasios , Servos George , Moyssakis Ioannis , Destounis Antonios , Harokopakis Angelos , Vazeou Andriani , Stergiou George S. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:To compare the association of home (HBP), ambulatory (ABP) and office blood pressure (OBP) measurements with preclinical organ damage in young individuals.Methods:Individuals referred for elevated blood pressure and healthy volunteers aged 6–25 years were evaluated with OBP (2–3 visits), 7-day HBP and 24-h ABP monitoring. Organ damage was assessed by echocardiographic left ventricular mass index (LVMI), carotid ultrasonography [intima--media thickness (IMT)] and pulse wave velocity (PWV) using piezo-electronic or oscillometric technique.Results:Analysis included 251 individuals (mean age 14 ± 3.9 years, 70.9% men: 31.1% children, 54.6% adolescents, 14.3% young adults) of whom 189 had LVMI, 123 IMT and 198 PWV measurements. Office, ambulatory and home hypertension was diagnosed in 29.5, 27.1 and 26.3% of participants. The agreement of OBP with ABP was 74.5% (kappa 0.37) and HBP 76.1% (kappa 0.41), with closer agreement between HBP and ABP (84.9%, kappa 0.61). LVMI gave comparable correlations with systolic OBP, 24-h ABP and HBP (r= 0.31/0.31/0.30, allP < 0.01). The same was the case for IMT (0.33/0.32/0.37, allP < 0.01) and piezo-electronic PWV (0.55/0.53/0.52, allP < 0.01), whereas oscillometric PWV gave stronger correlations with OBP than ABP or HBP. In linear regression analysis, the variation of LVMI was determined by night-time ABP, of IMT by HBP and of PWV by OBP and 24-h ABP.Conclusion:These data suggest that in young individuals, target organ damage is mainly determined by out-of-office rather than office BP. Home and ambulatory BP give comparable associations with preclinical organ damage.
MULTIMODAL IMAGING OF AN INTRARETINAL TUBERCULAR GRANULOMATOUS NEURORETINITIS
Authors: Lyons Lance J. , Singh Malkit K. , Carvounis Petros E. , El-Annan Jaafar 
Published: February 2020

Purpose:
To report a rare case of an intraretinal tuberculoma and associated neuroretinitis.

Methods:
The patient was evaluated with various imaging modalities including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and optical coherence tomography; her extensive laboratory workup returned positive for tuberculosis.

Results:
After initially presenting with no light perception, 13 weeks of antitubercular therapy allowed for visual acuity recovery to 20/30.

Conclusion:
We demonstrate the spectral domain optical coherence tomography characteristics of an intraretinal tuberculoma.
Targeting interleukin-20 alleviates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Chen Li-Hsien , Yeh Yu-Min , Chen Yi-Fan , Hsu Yu-Hsiang , Wang Hsiao-Hsuan , Lin Peng-Chan , Chang Lian-Yun , Lin Chou-Ching K. , Chang Ming-Shi , Shen Meng-Ru 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The role of immune mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), remains unclear. Here, we studied the contribution of interleukin-20 (IL-20) to the development of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. Increased serum levels of IL-20 in cancer patients with chemotherapy were accompanied by increased CIPN risk. In mouse models, proinflammatory IL-20 levels in serum and dorsal root ganglia fluctuated with paclitaxel treatment. Blocking IL-20 with the neutralizing antibody or genetic deletion of its receptors prevented CIPN, alleviated peripheral nerve damage, and dampened inflammatory responses, including macrophage infiltration and cytokine release. Mechanistically, paclitaxel upregulated IL-20 through dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis, which augmented chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity. Importantly, IL-20 suppression did not alter paclitaxel efficacy on cancer treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Together, targeting IL-20 ameliorates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy by suppressing neuroinflammation and restoring Ca2+ homeostasis. Therefore, the anti-IL-20 monoclonal antibody is a promising therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.
Healthcare Personnel's Knowledge and Management of Frequently Encountered Forensic Cases in Emergency Departments in Turkey
Authors: Topçu Emine Tuğba , Erek Kazan Ebru , Büken Erhan 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Emergency department (ED) personnel frequently encounter incidents related to crime, violence, and suspicious injuries. The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the knowledge levels of ED healthcare personnel in their handling of frequently encountered forensic cases.

Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study composed of ED healthcare personnel at all state, education and research, and university hospitals with EDs, located in Ankara, Turkey, was completed. Participants at the 15 hospitals in question were interviewed via a questionnaire developed by the researchers.

Results
Three hundred fifty healthcare personnel who worked agreed to participate in the study. The results show that ED healthcare personnel have less knowledge than expected of the right way to handle frequently encountered forensic cases. Very few of the healthcare professionals who participated in the study had received any training or education in the field of forensic nursing. Among participants, postgraduates, health professionals educated in forensic nursing, and healthcare staff who used additional resources to understand forensic cases, and those who had evaluated cases that presented to the ED as forensic cases, had significantly higher levels of knowledge.

Implications
This study supports the need for professional development in forensic nursing, such as in-service training, and curriculum development for a certificate in forensic nursing to enhance the practical training of healthcare professionals who work in EDs.
The International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision: A Step-Back for Women With Vulvodynia?
Authors: Radici Gianluigi , Preti Mario , Vieira-Baptista Pedro , Stockdale Colleen K. , Bornstein Jacob 
Published: February 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to compare the International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision, (ICD-11) with current terminology of vulvodynia, approved by a broad-based consensus of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), the International Society for the Study of Women Sexual Health (ISSWSH), and the International Pelvic Pain Society (IPPS).

Methods
The diagnostic criteria and descriptions of vulvodynia as well as the definition and classification of chronic pain in ICD-11 were reviewed and compared with the Consensus Terminology and Classification of Persistent Vulvar Pain and Vulvodynia, endorsed in 2015 by the ISSVD, ISSWSH, and IPPS.

Results
Diagnostic criteria and descriptors of vulvodynia in the ICD-11 are outdated. Moreover, vulvodynia is not identified among chronic pain diagnoses, despite fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of chronic primary pain. Specifically, vulvodynia is a vulvar pain of at least 3-month duration, which is associated with significant emotional distress and functional disability, and is not better accounted for by another specific condition.

Conclusions
The ICD-11 is not aligned with current vulvodynia diagnostic criteria and terminology, approved by the ISSVD, ISSWSH, and IPPS. Collaboration among the International Association for the Study of Pain Task Force on Classification of Chronic Pain, ICD team, ISSVD, ISSWSH, and IPPS is needed to harmonize terminologies, codes, and clinical approach regarding vulvar pain and vulvodynia classification.
Can Osteopenia Induce Residual Dizziness After Treatment of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo?
Authors: Suh Kang Duk , Oh Seung Ri , Chae Hyunkyu , Lee Sei Young , Chang Munyoung , Mun Seog-Kyun 
Published: February 2020

Objective:
This study aimed to determine whether there is an association between osteopenia and residual dizziness after successful treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).

Methods:
In all, 62 patients with canalolithiasis-type BPPV were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of residual dizziness after resolution of BPPV. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with residual dizziness. Patients were analyzed based on age, sex, affected semicircular canal, affected side, BPPV duration, and presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and osteopenia.

Results:
In univariate analysis, BPPV duration and osteopenia showed a relatively significant association (p < 0.20) with the development of residual dizziness. On subsequent multivariate analysis using these factors, osteopenia remained a statistically significant factor in association with residual dizziness (p = 0.012, odds ratio, 9.916).

Conclusion:
Osteopenia is associated with the development of residual dizziness. BPPV patients with osteopenia more frequently suffer from residual dizziness after successful treatment of BPPV than those without osteopenia.
Establishing Genotype–phenotype Correlation in USH2A-related Disorders to Personalize Audiological Surveillance and Rehabilitation
Authors: Molina-Ramírez Leslie P. , Lenassi Eva , Ellingford Jamie M. , Sergouniotis Panagiotis I. , Ramsden Simon C. , Bruce Iain A. , Black Graeme C. M. 
Published: February 2020

Objective:

USH2A-related disorders are characterised by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and are associated with a spectrum of sensory deficits, ranging from deaf blindness to blindness with normal hearing. It has been previously proposed that the presence of specific USH2A alleles can be predictive of unaffected hearing. This study reports the clinical and genetic findings in a group of patients with USH2A-related disease and evaluates the validity of the allelic hierarchy model.

Patients and Intervention:

USH2A variants from 27 adults with syndromic and nonsyndromic USH2A-related disease were analyzed according to a previously reported model of allelic hierarchy. The analysis was replicated on genotype–phenotype correlation information from 197 individuals previously reported in 2 external datasets.

Main Outcome Measure:
Genotype–phenotype correlations in USH2A-related disease.

Results:
A valid allelic hierarchy model was observed in 93% of individuals with nonsyndromic USH2A-retinopathy (n = 14/15) and in 100% of patients with classic Usher syndrome type IIa (n = 8/8). Furthermore, when two large external cohorts of cases were combined, the allelic hierarchy model was valid across 85.7% (n = 78/91) of individuals with nonsyndromic USH2A-retinopathy and 95% (n = 123/129) of individuals with classic Usher syndrome type II (p = 0.012, χ
2 test). Notably, analysis of all three patient datasets revealed that USH2A protein truncating variants were reported most frequently in individuals with hearing loss.

Conclusion:
Genetic testing results in individuals suspected to have an USH2A-related disorder have the potential to facilitate personalized audiological surveillance and rehabilitation pathways.
Evaluating the Decision for Cochlear Implantation in Individuals With Single-Sided Deafness (SSD); Implementing the SSD Consensus Protocol Into Clinical Routine
Authors: Kurz Anja , Rak Kristen , Hagen Rudolf , Ehrmann-Müller Désirée 
Published: February 2020

Objective:
To implement a unified testing framework into clinical routine that can be used by adults with single-sided deafness (SSD) to assess alternative treatment options before cochlear implantation.

Study Design:
Retrospective data analysis.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center with a large CI program.

Subjects and Methods:
Thirty four participants underwent the new implemented testing procedure, including a test trial with contralateral routing of the signal (CROS) hearing aids and bone conduction devices (BCD) on a headband, before deciding whether to proceed with cochlear implantation. A test battery was used to assess speech in noise, binaural effects (head shadow, squelch, summation, spatial release from masking), sound localization, and quality of life. For participants that chose a CI, the same test battery was repeated during the 6 and 12 months follow-up appointments.

Results:
Of the 34 participants involved in the study, 11 were implanted with a CI and finished their 12 month evaluation. Sixteen participants decided to stop after the CROS/BCD trial. In the CI-recipient group, a significant head shadow effect of 5.1 to 7.1 dB was achieved with the CI. Recipients in this group received only a limited benefit with either CROS or BCD before implantation. In the non-CI-recipient group, a significant difference between the CROS and BCD, in favor for the CROS device, was found calculating the head shadow and squelch effect. Localization abilities with the CI improved significantly in the CI-recipient group, even between the 6- and 12-month follow-up appointments. In the non-CI-recipient group, localization was significantly better with the BCD during the trial period. Higher scores were obtained from the speech and spatial categories of the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing (SSQ) questionnaire with the CI. No subjective difference could be determined in the non-CI-recipient group.

Conclusion:
Implementing the unified testing framework into a clinical routine was challenging but provided helpful insight into the best treatment option for each individual.
Mobile stroke units: taking stroke care to the patient
Authors: Bhalla Tarun , Rahmani Redi , Le Roux Peter 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
Since the development of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), functional outcome has improved when treatment occurs within 4.5 h of stroke onset and treatment benefits are greater with earlier treatment. Endovascular revascularization also is better the sooner it is delivered.

Recent findings
The Get with the Guidelines Stroke registry found that less than one-third of treatment-eligible AIS patients receive intravenous tPA within 60 min of hospital arrival. Initiatives have tried to improve public education and awareness of stroke symptoms to decrease time to presentation. The mobile stroke unit (MSU) facilitates earlier computed tomography scans, delivery of tPA, proper triage and on-scene goal-directed care. MSUs reduce time from stroke alarm to treatment by 25–40 min and increase the rate of intravenous tPA use without an increase in hemorrhage risk. In addition, three-month favorable outcome is increased.

Summary
MSUs likely will evolve further and be used for other acute neurologic disorders, help triage patients for endovascular therapy, and be incorporated into systems of care in remote areas. Further studies are awaited to fully understand the overall medical and health-economic benefit of MSUs.
Early mobilization in neurocritical care patients
Authors: Kumar Monisha A. , Romero Francisco G. , Dharaneeswaran Kiruba 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
To examine the potential benefits of early mobilization in neurocritically ill patients and to summarize the recent evidence for and against early mobilization.

Recent findings
Early ICU mobilization in medically critically ill patients may decrease ICU and hospital length of stay, increase discharge-to-home, and reduce medical costs. Whether these benefits apply to neurologically critically ill patients remains unclear, as neuro ICU patients are often excluded from trials of early mobility. Neurocritically ill patients may present with hemodynamic instability, acute hemiplegia, altered consciousness and visual field deficits which complicate mobilization, or have cerebral ischemia, which may be exacerbated when upright or active. Results of early mobilization in neurocritical care are mixed. For example, a randomized trial in acute ischemic stroke demonstrated that very early mobilization was associated with worse outcomes. However, many smaller intervention trials in neurocritical care demonstrate safety and feasibility with early mobilization, including those in patients with invasive devices, for example, external ventricular drains.

Summary
Given successes in other critically ill populations, early mobility of neurocritically ill patients may be warranted. However, caution should be exercised given the results in acute stroke trials. In addition, before routine use, the character, quality, dose, duration, and timing of early mobilization therapies requires further definition.
Bioactive peptides derived from human milk proteins: an update
Authors: Wada Yasuaki , Lönnerdal Bo 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
Human milk contains a variety of bioactive proteins, and some of the bioactivities are exerted only after proteins are digested in the gastrointestinal tract. This review aims to overview recent studies on bioactive peptides in human milk and gastric digesta of breast-fed infants.

Recent findings
Milk protein-derived peptides are endogenously present in human milk, and some of them have been reported to be bioactive peptides, such as a homologue of caseinophosphopeptide, an antimicrobial peptide, and an immunomodulatory peptide. A larger number of peptides are identified in gastric aspirates from breast-fed infants, and bioactive peptides such as angiotensin I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides, an antioxidative peptide, opioid agonist peptides are only found in the digesta of human milk but not in human milk per se. Casein is the greatest source of released bioactive peptides.

Summary
Technological advances have considerably increased our capability to identify and characterize peptides derived from human milk proteins. However, their physiological significance and the roles of these bioactive peptides in growth and development of breast-fed infants have not yet been sufficiently elucidated, and further in-vivo experiments and clinical trials are warranted.
Pediatric screening tools for malnutrition: an update
Authors: Hulst Jessie M. , Huysentruyt Koen , Joosten Koen F. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
There is ongoing interest in nutritional screening tools in pediatrics to facilitate the identification of children at risk for malnutrition who need further assessment and possible nutritional intervention. The choice for a specific tool depends on various factors. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress in pediatric nutritional screening methods.

Recent findings
We present recent studies about newly developed or adjusted tools, the applicability of nutritional screening tools in specific populations, and how to implement screening in the overall process of improving nutritional care in the pediatric hospital setting.

Summary
Three new screening tools have been developed for use on admission to hospital: two for the mixed pediatric hospitalized population and one for infants. A simple weekly rescreening tool to identify hospital-acquired nutritional deterioration was developed for use in children with prolonged hospital stay. Different from most previous studies that only assessed the relationship between the nutritional risk score and anthropometric parameters of malnutrition, new studies in children with cancer, burns, and biliary atresia show significant associations between high nutritional risk and short-term outcome measures such as increased complication rate and weight loss. For implementation of a nutritional care process incorporating nutritional screening in daily practice, simplicity seems to be of great importance.