bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indol‐2‐ylidene (IdY): Ambiphilic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Derived from Indole**
Authors: Kim Hyunho , Kim Minseop , Song Hayoung , Lee Eunsung 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of ambiphilic N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand, indol‐2‐ylidene (IdY, A), is described. A series of indolenium precursors (2 a–f) were prepared on a gram scale in good yields. Trapping experiments with elemental selenium, [RhCl(cod)]2 and CuCl provided the expected carbene adducts. Further computational and spectroscopic studies supported the ambiphilicity of IdY, which lies between cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAAC‐5) and cyclic (amino)(aryl)carbene (CAArC). The copper complexes (6) show high percent buried volume (% Vbur = 58.1) and allow for carboboration of terminal alkynes within 30 minutes in a demonstration of synthetic utility with good yields and high regioselectivity.
Whose autonomy support is more effective? Managers' or Co‐Workers’? An experimental comparison of source and occupational context on intrinsic motivation
Authors: Jungert Tomas , Schattke Kaspar , Proulx Félix Alexandre , Taylor Geneviève , Koestner Richard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to experimentally test whether support from different sources would lead to increased intrinsic work motivation and to examine whether occupational context moderated this effect. In Study 1, we manipulated autonomy support, source of behaviour, and occupational context. In Study 2, we allocated participants to a conventional or social work context depending on their real occupation to increase ecological validity. Altogether, 495 workers participated. We found a main effect for autonomy support, and that managers' autonomy support was more effective in a conventional occupational context, whereas co‐workers’ autonomy support was more effective in the social occupational context. Findings highlight the importance of having both autonomy‐supportive managers and co‐workers for workers' intrinsic motivation.
Less harmful and less toxic sparklers: a well‐known school experiment in a new light
Authors: Scheid Michael , Pohl Laura , Rusan Magdalena , Klapötke Thomas M. , Schwarzer Stefan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWunderkerzen bieten für den Chemieunterricht vielfältige Anknüpfungspunkte. Nicht nur Lehrplaninhalte der Redoxchemie und Oxidationsmittel können vertieft, sondern auch Umweltaspekte aufgezeigt und mit den hier vorgestellten neu entwickelten und umweltfreundlicheren Wunderkerzen ein Einblick in aktuelle Forschungsthemen aus dem Bereich der Pyrotechnik gegeben werden. Im Fokus der Unterrichtseinheit steht die Herstellung von Wunderkerzen als Schülerexperiment. Ergänzend wird in einem Modellexperiment die Auswirkung auf lebende Organismen dieser neu entwickelten Wunderkerzenrezeptur sowie der herkömmlichen Wunderkerzenzusammensetzung verglichen. Abschließend werden im Artikel ausführlich die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Wunderkerzenherstellung als Schülerexperiment im Hinblick auf die Sicherheit thematisiert. Mit Hilfe von Sensitivitätstests konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die hier vorgestellten Wunderkerzenmischungen keine explosiven Gemische sind. Somit dürfen diese Mischungen im Einklang mit der aktuellen Fassung der RiSU 2019 erstmals auch von Schülerinnen und Schülern hergestellt werden.
A multi‐institutional phase 2 trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy in the treatment of bone metastases in pediatric and young adult patients with sarcoma
Authors: Elledge Christen R. , Krasin Matthew J. , Ladra Matthew M. , Alcorn Sara R. , Han Peijin , Gibbs Iris C. , Hiniker Susan M. , Laack Nadia N. , Terezakis Stephanie A. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundMetastasectomy is standard of care for pediatric patients with metastatic sarcoma with limited disease. For patients with unresectable disease, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may serve as an alternative. Herein, the authors report the results of a prospective, multi‐institutional phase 2 trial of SBRT in children and young adults with metastatic sarcoma.MethodsPatients aged >3 years and ≤40 years with unresected, osseous metastatic nonrhabdomyosarcoma sarcomas of soft tissue and bone were eligible. Patients received SBRT to a dose of 40 Gray (Gy) in 5 fractions. Local control (LC), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.ResultsFourteen patients with a median age of 17 years (range, 4‐25 years) were treated to 37 distinct metastatic lesions. With a median follow‐up of 6.8 months (30.5 months in surviving patients), the Kaplan‐Meier patient‐specific and lesion‐specific LC rates at 6 months were 89% and 95%, respectively. The median PFS was 6 months and the median OS was 24 months. In a post hoc analysis, PFS (median, 9.3 months vs 3.7 months; log‐rank P = .03) and OS (median not reached vs 12.7 months; log‐rank P = .02) were improved when all known sites of metastatic disease were consolidated with SBRT compared with partial consolidation. SBRT was well tolerated, with 2 patients experiencing grade 3 toxicities.ConclusionsSBRT achieved high rates of LC in pediatric patients with inoperable metastatic nonrhabdomyosarcoma sarcomas of soft tissue and bone. These results suggest that the ability to achieve total consolidation of metastatic disease with SBRT is associated with improved PFS and OS.
Preparation of Few‐Layer Porous Graphene by a Soft Mechanical Method with a Short Rolling Transfer Process
Authors: Huang Jialiang , Zhao Xuewen , Ma Chuansheng , Cheng Yonghong , Zhang Jinying 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFew‐layer porous graphene is a promising material for a variety of fields. However, the synthesis of few‐layer porous graphene is a great challenge. Here we report a feasible green path to produce few‐layer porous graphene, which was exfoliated from high‐pressure graphite balls onto microspheres with rough surfaces by a mild rolling transfer process. Ordinary ball milling equipment was adopted for the low‐speed (100 rpm) ball–microsphere rolling transfer process. The rolling time (<10 min) was controlled to obtain porous graphene instead of graphene. The porous graphene on the exfoliating microspheres was then easily dispersed in solution by bath sonication. The product contains very few impure functional groups. The hole size and layer distribution of the few‐layer porous graphene have been demonstrated to be 2.37±1.17 nm and 2.4±0.7 layers, respectively, and can be adjusted by redesigning the surface of the microspheres.
Perennial ryegrass phytotoxicity increases with mesotrione rate and growth‐promoting environmental conditions
Authors: Gonçalves Clebson G. , Ricker Daniel B. , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBleaching of young leaf tissue is a common response to the herbicide mesotrione and varies from one application to another. To better elucidate factors that may contribute to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) phytotoxicity from mesotrione, studies were conducted at Blacksburg, VA. Continuous field monitoring of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, soil moisture, and leaf wetness was used to elucidate environmental conditions that led to perennial ryegrass injury by mesotrione applied at 0.14 kg a.i. ha−1. The study found that 2 of 17 weekly treatments caused unacceptable perennial ryegrass injury at two field sites. Ten‐day temporal trends prior to mesotrione treatment showed that temperature, for one injury event, and volumetric soil water content, for the other injury event, were exclusively correlated to visually and digitally assessed perennial ryegrass injury. Both instances suggest that alleviation of suboptimal temperature or moisture with more optimal growing conditions influenced the turf injury response. Additional studies in growth chambers showed that carotenoid levels and turf phytotoxicity were strongly temperature dependent and followed a quadratic response with peak injury occurring at perennial ryegrass growth optima. Carotenoid levels decreased and perennial ryegrass injury increased in response to increased mesotrione rate. These data suggest that mesotrione is more likely to injure perennial ryegrass turf when used at higher rates and under conditions of rapid turfgrass growth.
A new approach to interspecific synchrony in population ecology using tail association
Authors: Ghosh Shyamolina , Sheppard Lawrence W. , Reid Philip C. , Reuman Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStandard methods for studying the association between two ecologically important variables provide only a small slice of the information content of the association, but statistical approaches are available that provide comprehensive information. In particular, available approaches can reveal tail associations, that is, accentuated or reduced associations between the more extreme values of variables. We here study the nature and causes of tail associations between phenological or population‐density variables of co‐located species, and their ecological importance. We employ a simple method of measuring tail associations which we call the partial Spearman correlation. Using multidecadal, multi‐species spatiotemporal datasets on aphid first flights and marine phytoplankton population densities, we assess the potential for tail association to illuminate two major topics of study in community ecology: the stability or instability of aggregate community measures such as total community biomass and its relationship with the synchronous or compensatory dynamics of the community's constituent species; and the potential for fluctuations and trends in species phenology to result in trophic mismatches. We find that positively associated fluctuations in the population densities of co‐located species commonly show asymmetric tail associations; that is, it is common for two species’ densities to be more correlated when large than when small, or vice versa. Ordinary measures of association such as correlation do not take this asymmetry into account. Likewise, positively associated fluctuations in the phenology of co‐located species also commonly show asymmetric tail associations. We provide evidence that tail associations between two or more species’ population‐density or phenology time series can be inherited from mutual tail associations of these quantities with an environmental driver. We argue that our understanding of community dynamics and stability, and of phenologies of interacting species, can be meaningfully improved in future work by taking into account tail associations.
Ecological and morphological determinants of evolutionary diversification in Darwin's finches and their relatives
Authors: Reaney Ashley M. , Bouchenak‐Khelladi Yanis , Tobias Joseph A. , Abzhanov Arkhat 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDarwin's finches are a classic example of adaptive radiation, a process by which multiple ecologically distinct species rapidly evolve from a single ancestor. Such evolutionary diversification is typically explained by adaptation to new ecological opportunities. However, the ecological diversification of Darwin's finches following their dispersal to Galápagos was not matched on the same archipelago by other lineages of colonizing land birds, which diversified very little in terms of both species number and morphology. To better understand the causes underlying the extraordinary variation in Darwin's finches, we analyze the evolutionary dynamics of speciation and trait diversification in Thraupidae, including Coerebinae (Darwin's finches and relatives) and, their closely related clade, Sporophilinae. For all traits, we observe an early pulse of speciation and morphological diversification followed by prolonged periods of slower steady‐state rates of change. The primary exception is the apparent recent increase in diversification rate in Darwin's finches coupled with highly variable beak morphology, a potential key factor explaining this adaptive radiation. Our observations illustrate how the exploitation of ecological opportunity by contrasting means can produce clades with similarly high diversification rate yet strikingly different degrees of ecological and morphological differentiation.
Impacts of climate change on multiple use management of Bureau of Land Management land in the Intermountain West, USA
Authors: Brice Elaine M. , Miller Brett A. , Zhang Hongchao , Goldstein Kirsten , Zimmer Scott N. , Grosklos Guenchik J. , Belmont Patrick , Flint Courtney G. , Givens Jennifer E. , Adler Peter B. , Brunson Mark W. , Smith Jordan W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough natural resource managers are concerned about climate change, many are unable to adequately incorporate climate change science into their adaptation strategies or management plans, and are not always aware of or do not always employ the most current scientific knowledge. One of the most prominent natural resource management agencies in the United States is the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), which is tasked with managing over 248 million acres (>1 million km2) of public lands for multiple, often conflicting, uses. Climate change will affect the sustainability of many of these land uses and could further increase conflicts between them. As such, the purpose of our study was to determine the extent to which climate change will affect public land uses, and whether the BLM is managing for such predicted effects. To do so, we first conducted a systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature that discussed potential impacts of climate change on the multiple land uses the BLM manages in the Intermountain West, USA, and then expanded these results with a synthesis of projected vegetation changes. Finally, we conducted a content analysis of BLM Resource Management Plans in order to determine how climate change is explicitly addressed by BLM managers, and whether such plans reflect changes predicted by the scientific literature. We found that active resource use generally threatens intrinsic values such as conservation and ecosystem services on BLM land, and climate change is expected to exacerbate these threats in numerous ways. Additionally, our synthesis of vegetation modeling suggests substantial changes in vegetation due to climate change. However, BLM plans rarely referred to climate change explicitly and did not reflect the results of the literature review or vegetation model synthesis. Our results suggest there is a disconnect between management of BLM lands and the best available science on climate change. We recommend that the BLM actively integrates such research into on‐the‐ground management plans and activities, and that researchers studying the effects of climate change make a more robust effort to understand the practices and policies of public land management in order to effectively communicate the management significance of their findings.
Stirring up the relationship between quantified environmental DNA concentrations and exoskeleton‐shedding invertebrate densities
Authors: Trimbos Krijn B. , Cieraad Ellen , Schrama Maarten , Saarloos Aagje I. , Musters Kees. J. M. , Bertola Laura D. , van Bodegom Peter M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe application of eDNA techniques for the detection, monitoring, and conservation of biodiversity holds great promise. While many studies apply eDNA techniques in aquatic systems to determine the presence or absence of a given species, using eDNA for the purpose of species density or biomass predictions remains a challenge, especially for freshwater invertebrates that shed exoskeletons. Here, we aimed to determine whether and how eDNA concentrations relate to exoskeleton‐shedding invertebrate densities. We used microcosms holding different densities of a common invertebrate freshwater species, Daphnia magna. During 2 weeks, we monitored temporal dynamics of eDNA and the eDNA/density relationship by taking water samples and quantifying eDNA concentrations with the droplet digital PCR. The setup included one treatment without and one with homogenization before sampling, to test the effects of admixture on the relation between eDNA concentration and density. Daphnia magna individuals were removed after 1.5 weeks to track DNA degradation rates. In the stagnant water setup, hardly any DNA was detected before D. magna removal. Within days after removal, eDNA concentrations became undetectable. No significant correlation between D. magna density and eDNA concentrations was observed. In the homogenization treatment, a significant positive correlation between eDNA concentration and densities was demonstrated for the days around D. magna removal, albeit with some within‐treatment variability. Our results show that, given adequate time for eDNA production and degradation to stabilize, positive correlations between eDNA and organism densities in water with sufficient homogenization are detectable for exoskeleton‐shedding invertebrates. Therefore, our study indicates that—although difficult—using eDNA to quantify freshwater exoskeleton‐shedding invertebrate densities may be possible under field conditions if circumstances result in frequent homogenization of the water column.
Heterogeneity of health status treatment response with sacubitril/valsartan: insights from the CHAMP‐HF registry
Authors: Khariton Yevgeniy , Fonarow Gregg C. , Hellkamp Ann , Thomas Laine , Nassif Michael E. , Butler Javed , Duffy Carol I. , Albert Nancy M. , Spertus John A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsThe aim of our study was to investigate heterogeneity of health status treatment response of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).Methods and resultsWe leveraged data from CHAMP‐HF, an observational registry of 140 US clinics and 5026 outpatients with chronic HFrEF, where health status was serially assessed using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)‐12 Overall Summary Scale (range from 0 to 100; ≥20‐point improvement is a very large improvement). In 334 patients newly initiated on sacubitril/valsartan, we used hierarchical multivariable logistic regression (13 patient‐level characteristics as well as baseline KCCQ‐12 score) to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of any characteristic being associated with a very large health status improvement. A total of 104/334 (31.1%) of patients achieved the primary endpoint, where only worse baseline health status [KCCQ‐12 score of 0–60 points had an OR = 0.86/5‐point higher score (CI 0.79, 0.93)], and those with a KCCQ‐12 score of 60–80 points had an OR = 0.61/5‐point higher score (0.45–0.82), which was associated with a very large benefit. No other patient characteristic was associated with a very large health status improvement (P > 0.05).ConclusionsWe found that, after initiation of sacubitril/valsartan, only worse baseline health status was associated with very large health status improvement. Accordingly, a trial of therapy—particularly in those with worse symptoms, function, and quality of life—and assessing treatment response are likely to be the best prospective strategy.
Conditioned pain modulation affects the N2/P2 complex but not the N1 wave: A pilot study with laser‐evoked potentials
Authors: Squintani Giovanna , Rasera Andrea , Segatti Alessia , Concon Elisa , Bonetti Bruno , Valeriani Massimiliano , Tinazzi Michele 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe ‘pain‐inhibits‐pain’ effect stems from neurophysiological mechanisms involving endogenous modulatory systems termed diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) or conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Laser‐evoked potentials (LEPs) components, the N2/P2 complex, and the N1 wave, reflect the medial and lateral pain pathway, respectively: anatomically, the lateral thalamic nuclei (LT) project mainly to the somatosensory cortex (N1 generator), while the medial thalamic nuclei (MT) are bound to the limbic cortices (N2/P2 generators).MethodsWe applied a CPM protocol in which the test stimulus was laser stimulation and the conditioning stimulus was a cold pressor test. LEPs recordings were obtained from 15 healthy subjects in three different conditions: baseline, during heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation (HNCS) and post‐HNCS.ResultsWe observed a significant reduction in N2/P2 amplitude during HNCS and a return to pre‐test amplitude post‐HNCS, whereas the N1 wave remained unchanged during and post‐HNCS.ConclusionsOur results indicate that CPM affects only the medial pain system. The spinothalamic tract (STT) transmits to both the LT and the MT, while the spinoreticulothalamic (SRT) projects only to the MT. The reduction in the amplitude of the N2/P2 complex and the absence of change in the N1 wave suggest that DNIC inhibition on the dorsal horn neurons affects only pain transmission via the SRT, while the neurons that give rise to the STT are not involved. The N1 wave can be a reliable neurophysiological parameter for assessment of STT function in clinical practice, as it does not seem to be influenced by CPM.SignificanceNo reports have described the effect of DNIC on lateral and medial pain pathways. We studied the N1 wave and the N2/P2 complex to detect changes during a CPM protocol. We found a reduction in the amplitude of the N2/P2 complex and no change in the N1 wave. This suggests that the DNIC inhibitory effect on dorsal horns neurons affects only pain transmission via the SRT, whereas the neurons that give rise to the STT are not involved.
The serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) rs6313 variant is associated with higher ongoing pain and signs of central sensitization in neuropathic pain patients
Authors: Sachau Juliane , Bruckmueller Henrike , Gierthmühlen Janne , Magerl Walter , May Denisa , Binder Andreas , Forstenpointner Julia , Koetting Judith , Maier Christoph , Tölle Thomas R. , Treede Rolf‐Detlef , Berthele Achim , Caliebe Amke , Diesch Carolin , Flor Herta , Huge Volker , Maihöfner Christian , Rehm Stefanie , Kersebaum Dilara , Fabig Sophie‐Charlotte , Vollert Jan , Rolke Roman , Stemmler Susanne , Sommer Claudia , Westermann Andrea , Cascorbi Ingolf , Baron Ralf 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) has been described as an important facilitation mediator of spinal nociceptive processing leading to central sensitization (CS) in animal models of chronic pain. However, whether HTR2A single nucleotide variants (SNVs) modulate neuropathic pain states in patients has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential association of HTR2A variants with sensory abnormalities or ongoing pain in neuropathic pain patients.MethodsAt total of 240 neuropathic pain patients and 253 healthy volunteers were included. Patients were phenotypically characterized using standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST). Patients and controls were genotyped for HTR2A g.‐1438G > A (rs6311) and c.102C > T (rs6313). Genotype‐related differences in QST parameters were assessed considering QST profile clusters, principal somatosensory components and sex.ResultsThere was an equal distribution of rs6313 and linked rs6311 between patients and controls. However, the rs6313 variant was significantly associated with a principal component of pinprick hyperalgesia and dynamic mechanical allodynia, indicating enhanced CS in patients with sensory loss (−0.34 ± 0.15 vs. +0.31 ± 0.11 vs., p < .001). In this cluster, the variant allele was also associated with single QST parameters of pinprick hyperalgesia (MPT, +0.64 ± 0.18 vs. −0.34 ± 0.23 p = .002; MPS, +0.66 ± 0.17 vs. −0.09 ± 0.23, p = .009) and ongoing pain was increased by 30%.ConclusionsThe specific association of the rs6313 variant with pinprick hyperalgesia and increased levels of ongoing pain suggests that the HTR2A receptor might be an important modulator in the development of CS in neuropathic pain.SignificanceThis article presents new insights into serotonin receptor 2A‐mediating mechanisms of central sensitization in neuropathic pain patients. The rs6313 variant allele was associated with increased mechanical pinprick sensitivity and increased levels of ongoing pain supporting a contribution of central sensitization in the genesis of ongoing pain providing a possible route for mechanism‐based therapies.