bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical approach to optimizing paper spray mass spectrometry parameters
Authors: Skaggs Christine , Kirkpatrick Lindsey , Wichert William R.A. , Skaggs Nicole , Manicke Nicholas E. 
Published: February 2020

RationalePaper spray mass spectrometry (PS‐MS) was used to analyze and quantify ampicillin, a hydrophilic compound and frequently utilized antibiotic. Hydrophilic molecules are difficult to analyze via PS‐MS due to their strong binding affinity to paper substrates and low ionization efficiency, among other reasons.MethodsSolvent and paper parameters were optimized to increase the extraction of ampicillin from the paper substrate. After optimizing these key parameters, a Resolution IV 1/16 fractional factorial design with two center points was employed to screen eight different design parameters simultaneously.ResultsPore size, sample volume, and solvent volume were the most significant factors affecting average peak area under the curve (AUC) and the signal‐to‐blank (S/B) ratio for the 1 μg/mL ampicillin calibrant. After optimizing the key parameters, a linear calibration curve with a range of 0.2 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL was generated (R2 = 0.98) and the limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were calculated to be 0.07 μg/mL and 0.25 μg/mL, respectively.ConclusionsThe statistical optimization procedure undertaken here increased the mass spectral signal intensity by more than a factor of 40. This statistical method of screening followed by optimization experiments proved faster and more efficient, and produced more drastic improvements than typical one‐factor‐at‐a‐time experiments.
A systematic approach toward security in Fog computing: Assets, vulnerabilities, possible countermeasures
Authors: Farhadi Mozhdeh , Lanet Jean‐Louis , Pierre Guillaume , Miorandi Daniele 
Published: February 2020

SummaryFog computing is an emerging paradigm in the Internet of Things (IoT) space, consisting of a middle computation layer, sitting between IoT devices and Cloud servers. Fog computing provides additional computing, storage, and networking resources in close proximity to where data is being generated and/or consumed. As the Fog layer has direct access to data streams generated by IoT devices and responses/commands sent from the Cloud, it is in a critical position in terms of security of the entire IoT system. Currently, there is no specific tool or methodology for analysing the security of Fog computing systems in a comprehensive way. Generic security evaluation procedures applicable to most information technology products are time consuming, costly, and badly suited to the Fog context. In this article, we introduce a methodology for evaluating the security of Fog computing systems in a systematic way. We also apply our methodology to a generic Fog computing system, showcasing how it can be purposefully used by security analysts and system designers.
Network structure of depression symptomology in participants with and without depressive disorder: the population-based Health 2000–2011 study
Authors: Hakulinen Christian , Fried Eiko I. , Pulkki-Råback Laura , Virtanen Marianna , Suvisaari Jaana , Elovainio Marko 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Putative causal relations among depressive symptoms in forms of network structures have been of recent interest, with prior studies suggesting that high connectivity of the symptom network may drive the disease process. We examined in detail the network structure of depressive symptoms among participants with and without depressive disorders (DD; consisting of major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia) at two time points.

Methods
Participants were from the nationally representative Health 2000 and Health 2011 surveys. In 2000 and 2011, there were 5998 healthy participants (DD−) and 595 participants with DD diagnosis (DD+). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 13-item version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Fused Graphical Lasso was used to estimate network structures, and mixed graphical models were used to assess network connectivity and symptom centrality. Network community structure was examined using the walktrap-algorithm and minimum spanning trees (MST). Symptom centrality was evaluated with expected influence and participation coefficients.

Results
Overall connectivity did not differ between networks from participants with and without DD, but more simple community structure was observed among those
with DD compared to those without DD. Exploratory analyses revealed small differences between the samples in the order of one centrality estimate participation coefficient.

Conclusions
Community structure, but not overall connectivity of the symptom network, may be different for people with DD compared to people without DD. This difference may be of importance when estimating the overall connectivity differences between groups with and without mental disorders.
A pricing problem with unknown arrival rate and price sensitivity
Authors: Avramidis Athanassios N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe study a pricing problem with finite inventory and semi-parametric demand uncertainty. Demand is a price-dependent Poisson process whose mean is the product of buyers’ arrival rate, which is a constant $$\lambda $$
λ
, and buyers’ purchase probability $$q(p)$$

q
(
p
)

, where p is the price. The seller observes arrivals and sales, and knows neither $$\lambda $$
λ
nor $$q$$
q
. Based on a non-parametric maximum-likelihood estimator of $$(\lambda ,q)$$

(
λ
,
q
)

, we construct an estimator of mean demand and show that as the system size and number of prices grow, it is asymptotically more efficient than the maximum likelihood estimator based only on sale data. Based on this estimator, we develop a pricing algorithm paralleling (Besbes and Zeevi in Oper Res 57:1407–1420, 2009) and study its performance in an asymptotic regime similar to theirs: the initial inventory and the arrival rate grow proportionally to a scale parameter n. If $$q$$
q
and its inverse function are Lipschitz continuous, then the worst-case regret is shown to be $$O((\log n / n)^{1/4})$$

O
(

(
log
n
/
n
)

1
/
4

)

. A second model considered is the one in Besbes and Zeevi (2009, Section 4.2), where no arrivals are involved; we modify their algorithm and improve the worst-case regret to $$O((\log n / n)^{1/4})$$

O
(

(
log
n
/
n
)

1
/
4

)

. In each setting, the regret order is the best known, and is obtained by refining their proof methods. We also prove an $$\Omega (n^{-1/2})$$

Ω
(

n

-
1
/
2

)

lower bound on the regret. Numerical comparisons to state-of-the-art alternatives indicate the effectiveness of our arrivals-based approach.
Recovery to Usual Activity After Outpatient Anorectal Surgery
Authors: Djafarrian Reza , Hübner Martin , Vuagniaux Aurélie , Duvoisin Céline , Martin David , Demartines Nicolas , Hahnloser Dieter 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundMost elective anorectal procedures are performed in an outpatient setting, and the supposed recovery time is short. The aim of the present study was to assess return to usual physical activity (UPA), return to work and quality of life (QOL).MethodsThis prospective single‐center cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing outpatient anorectal procedures. Physical and work activities were assessed using the validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire 7 days before surgery and 7, 14 and 30 days thereafter. In addition, patients were inquired daily on their postoperative QOL until postoperative day (POD)10 on a visual analogue scale (0–10). Patients were stratified by their preoperative physical activity score (POPAS; low, moderate and high).ResultsOut of 379 patients, 100 (63 men) were included with a median age of 40 years [interquartile range (IQR) 27]. General QOL was rated at a median of 8/10 (IQR 3.5) at POD10. On POD30, only 69% and 71% of patients had returned to UPA and work, respectively. Patients who returned to UPA at POD30 had a better median QOL at POD10 than those who did not (9 vs. 7/10, p = 0.015). Patients with low POPAS and moderate POPAS returned to UPA earlier than patients with high POPAS (83%, 86% and 44% on POD30, respectively, p = 0.005).ConclusionsReturn to UPA and work after outpatient anorectal surgery took longer than expected despite a good QOL 10 days after surgery. High physical activity was associated with longer recovery time. These elements should be emphasized during preoperative counseling.
Non-infectious rhinitis is more strongly associated with early—rather than late—onset of COPD: data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS)
Authors: Bergqvist Joel , Andersson Anders , Schiöler Linus , Olin Anna-Carin , Murgia Nicola , Bove Mogens , Janson Christer , Abramson Michael J. , Leynaert Bénédicte , Nowak Dennis , Franklin Karl A. , PIN Isabelle , Storaas Torgeir , Schlünssen Vivi , Heinrich Joachim , Hellgren Johan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with several co-morbidities and non-infectious rhinitis (NIR) has emerged as a new possible co-morbidity. The primary aim of this study is to confirm a previously reported association between NIR and COPD in a multicentre population over time. The secondary aim is to investigate the course over time of such an association through a comparison between early- and late-onset COPD.

Methods
This study is part of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). A random adult population from 25 centres in Europe and one in Australia was examined with spirometry and answered a respiratory questionnaire in 1998–2002 (ECRHS II) and in 2008–2013 (ECRHS III). Symptoms of non-infectious rhinitis, hay fever and asthma, and smoking habits were reported. Subjects reporting asthma were excluded. COPD was defined as a spirometry ratio of FEV1/FVC < 0.7. A total of 5901 subjects were included.

Results
Non-infectious rhinitis was significantly more prevalent in subjects with COPD compared with no COPD (48.9% vs 37.1%, p < 0.001) in ECRHS II (mean age 43) but not in ECHRS III (mean age 54). In the multivariable regression model adjusted for COPD, smoking, age, BMI, and gender, non-infectious rhinitis was associated with COPD in both ECRHS II and III.

Conclusion
Non-infectious rhinitis was significantly more common in subjects with COPD at a mean age of 43. Ten years later, the association was weaker. The findings indicate that NIR could be associated with the early onset of COPD.
Viel Beweisen, kaum Rechnen? Gestaltungsmerkmale mathematischer Übungsaufgaben im Studium
Authors: Weber Birke-Johanna , Lindmeier Anke 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungÜbungsaufgaben erfüllen im Mathematikstudium zentrale Funktionen. Allerdings ist bisher kaum systematisch untersucht, welche Gestaltungsmerkmale sie aufweisen und welche Ziele Dozierende mit ihren Übungsaufgaben verfolgen. In einem kontrastierenden Ansatz wurden 277 Übungsaufgaben aus vier Lehrveranstaltungen hinsichtlich ihrer Gestaltungsmerkmale untersucht und klassifiziert. Ergänzend wurden in einer Interviewstudie die zugehörigen Lernziele der Dozierenden ermittelt und mit den Ergebnissen verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass es systematische Lücken gibt, sodass sich nicht alle Lernziele gleichermaßen in den Aufgaben spiegeln. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse werden Vorschläge für die Gestaltung von Aufgaben formuliert.
Viral metagenomics reveals sapoviruses of different genogroups in stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Li Wang , Dong Surong , Xu Juan , Zhou Xiaobin , Han Junling , Xie Zhaqing , Gong Qin , Peng Hailin , Zhou Chenglin , Lin Mei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSapoviruses (SAVs), including several genogroups (GI to GV), are one of the causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). In this study, viral metagenomics revealed the presence of sapoviruses of different genogroups in stool from children with AGE. Eight different complete SAV genomes were determined, of which five belonged to GI and the other three belonged to GII, GIV and GV, respectively. Although they were highly similar to published sequences, the GIV and GV were the first complete genome sequences of these SAVs found in China. In a prevalence investigation, 19% of subjects with AGE were positive for SAVs, while none of the control group was positive.
Precise evaluation of tissue culture-induced variation during optimisation of in vitro regeneration regime in barley
Authors: Orłowska Renata , Bednarek Piotr Tomasz 
Published: February 2020

Key message
The Taguchi method and metAFLP analysis were used to optimise barley regenerants towards maximum and
minimum levels of tissue culture-induced variation. The subtle effects of symmetric and asymmetric methylation
changes in regenerants were identified.

Abstract
Plant tissue cultures (PTCs) provide researchers with unique materials that accelerate the development of new breeding cultivars and facilitate studies on off-type regenerants. The emerging variability of regenerants derived from PTCs may have both genetic and epigenetic origins, and may be desirable or degrade the value of regenerated plants. Thus, it is crucial to determine how the PTC variation level can be controlled. The easiest way to manipulate total tissue culture-induced variation (TTCIV) is to utilise appropriate stress factors and suitable medium components. This study describes the optimisation of in vitro tissue culture-induced variation in plant regenerants derived from barley anther culture, and maximizes and minimizes regenerant variation compared with the source explants. The approach relied on methylation amplified fragment length polymorphism (metAFLP)-derived TTCIV characteristics, which were evaluated in regenerants derived under distinct tissue culture conditions and analysed via Taguchi statistics. The factors that may trigger TTCIV included CuSO4, AgNO3 and the total time spent on the induction medium. The donor plants prepared for regeneration purposes had 5.75% and 2.01% polymorphic metAFLP loci with methylation and sequence changes, respectively. The level of TTCIV (as the sum of all metAFLP characteristics analyzed) identified in optimisation and verification experiments reached 7.51 and 10.46%, respectively. In the trial designed to produce a minimum number of differences between donor and regenerant plants, CuSO4 and AgNO3 were more crucial than time, which was not a significant factor. In the trial designed to produce a maximum number of differences between donor and regenerant plants, all factors had comparable impact on variation. The Taguchi method reduced the time required for experimental trials compared with a grid method and suggested that medium modifications were required to control regenerant variation. Finally, the effects of symmetric and asymmetric methylation changes on regenerants were identified using novel aspects of the metAFLP method developed for this analysis.
Daphnane Diterpenoids from Trigonostemon lii and Inhibition Activities Against HIV-1
Authors: Tan Cheng-Jian , Li Shi-Fei , Huang Ning , Zhang Yu , Di Ying-Tong , Zheng Yong-Tang , Hao Xiao-Jiang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Natural products are the important source for the discovery of more potent anti-HIV agents. In this study, six daphnane diterpenoids including three unreported structures were isolated from Trigonostemon lii, which showed significant activities against HIV-1 strains replication in the nanomolar/picomolar range. Meanwhile, these diterpenoids significantly inhibited the fusion of H9/HIV-1 IIIB cells with uninfected C8166 cells, with the EC50s from 1.06 to 8.73 ng/mL, and did not show any inhibition activities against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Moreover, all of the diterpenoids shows significant inhibitions against T20-resistan HIV-1 strains, PNL4-3gp41(36G)V38E, N42S and pNL4-3gp41(36G)V38A, N42T. The results revealed that the six diterpenoids could be a new type of potential lead candidate as an HIV entry inhibitor, particularly for those infected by T20-resistant variants.

Graphic Abstract
Animal models of transient ischemic attack: a review
Authors: Wang Jiahui , Zhang Ping , Tang Zhouping 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTransient ischemic attack (TIA) is defined as a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal cerebral ischemia. TIA is a critical early warning signal of stroke. Patients with TIA may have long-term cognitive decline. The pathogenesis and pathological changes of TIA have not been fully elucidated. Animal models can simulate the process of human diseases and are essential tools to investigate injury mechanisms and therapeutic approaches of TIA. Most TIA animal models are based on ischemic stroke models and the definition of TIA. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. The establishment of a successful and reliable TIA model should follow three criteria: (1) objective evidence of cerebral arteries occlusion and reperfusion, (2) no permanent neurological deficit, and (3) no acute cerebral infarction. However, experimental animal models are impossible to be completely consistent with human TIA, because TIA itself is a heterogeneous disease. In the present review, the selection of animals, methodological development, and evaluation of cerebral blood flow of animal models of TIA are comprehensively evaluated.
Flush Drowning as a Cause of Whitewater Deaths
Authors: Farstad David J. , Luttrell J. Matthew 
Published: February 2020

Introduction Most recreational whitewater fatalities are caused by fixed underwater entrapment or by “flush drowning,” an obscure term frequently associated with high-volume rivers, continuous rapids, cold water, and a lack of prolonged underwater entrapment. Although entrapment drowning is typically associated with submersion hypoxia, flush drownings likely involve diverse mechanisms of death; as such, a concise definition is elusive. This said, certain risk factors may be predictively associated with flush drownings. We attempt to further characterize causes of fatal river accidents and possible effects of water temperature on injury pattern. Methods We reviewed river mortality data collected from the American Whitewater Association accident database comparing fatal whitewater accident trends in the Rocky Mountain region versus the Southeastern United States. We limited data from the Southeast to the months of June through August to create a warm water cohort. We then divided lethal accidents into flush drowning, entrapment submersion, or miscellaneous events, defining each category in specific terms. Results Flush drownings were more common in the Rocky Mountains than in the Southeast subgroup and involved older victims on average than entrapment drowning or miscellaneous events. Entrapment drownings were common in both regions, primarily occurring at fallen trees or rock formations. Conclusions Flush drownings appear to occur more frequently in older persons. Although hypothetical, the relative increase in flush drowning in the Rocky Mountains might partly be the result of colder water temperatures. If the cause of flush drowning is better understood, safety in whitewater recreation may be improved.
Point prevalence data on antimicrobial usage in Italian acute-care hospitals: Evaluation and comparison of results from two national surveys (2011–2016)
Authors: Vicentini Costanza , Quattrocolo Francesca , D’Ambrosio Angelo , Corcione Silvia , Ricchizzi Enrico , Moro Maria Luisa , De Rosa Francesco Giuseppe , Zotti Carla Maria 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectives and design:Data from the Italian national point-prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) were used to evaluate antimicrobial usage (AMU) in Italy and to identify targets for future interventions.Methods:The second Italian PPS was conducted in 2016 as part of the European PPS initiated by the ECDC. We compared these results with those of the first national survey, conducted in 2011.Results:An overall AMU prevalence of 44.5% (95% CI, 43.7–45.3) was estimated in 2016. No significant change in AMU prevalence was detected when comparing data with the first survey. In both surveys, the most prevalent indication for AMU was the treatment of infections. Considering all indications, penicillins plus β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial group in 2016; they were used significantly more than in 2011, and piperacillin plus BLI was the most frequently used agent. Broad-spectrum agents accounted for >60% of all antimicrobials for systemic use. No significant increase in the use of carbapenems occurred in 2016. Stable or decreasing carbapenem-resistance levels were identified in this study, although these levels remain alarmingly high for both Klebsiella pneumoniae (50%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (>75%).Conclusions:These results can be used to identify priorities and targets for interventions that promote more prudent use of antimicrobials, improve healthcare quality and patient safety, and combat the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.
Poor Relief, Welfare, and Community Building
Authors: Lynch Katherine A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis review introduces the broad themes and methods of Maarten Prak's Citizens without Nations and focuses on the author's portrait of actual practices of citizenship in early modern cities of Europe. It highlights the strengths of Prak's study in formidable archival work and broad comparative reading. It points out the central place of practices of poor relief to the building of urban networks of citizenship, drawing out the importance of women in participating in these informal yet critical practices of citizenship. Taking the relationship between provisioning for the poor and community building seriously, and building on Prak's view of Britain's relatively smooth transition from early modern to modern practices of citizenship, the essay speculates on whether England's unusual nationwide poor law (born in the early modern period and exemplifying ideals of citizenship usually associated with “urban republicanism”) played its own critical role in the rise of an integrated nation there.
A cross-linguistic comparison of Spanish and English semantic norms: Looking at core features
Authors: Vivas Jorge , Kogan Boris , Romanelli Sofía , Lizarralde Francisco , Corda Luis 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt has been suggested that human communities that share their basic cultural foundations evince no remarkable differences concerning the characterization of core concepts. However, the small but existing differences among them reflect their sociocultural diversity. This study compares 219 concrete concepts common to both Spanish and English semantic feature norms in order to assess whether core features of concepts follow a universal or cultural language-specific pattern. Concepts were compared through a geometric technique of vector comparison in the Euclidean n-dimensional space alongside the calculation of the network’s degree of centrality. The role of cognate status was also explored by repeating the former analysis separating cognate from noncognate words. Taken together, our data show that languages are structurally similar independent of the cognate status of words, further suggesting that there are some sort of core features common to both languages.