bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fair Pay and the Gender Wage Gap*
Authors: Olson Kristi A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 uses the solidarity solution to address the gender wage gap. The chapter first lays to rest a common conservative argument by showing that, even if the gender wage gap were entirely attributable to individual choice, choice alone does not justify inequalities. The chapter then speculates on ways in which the state’s choice of regulatory regime could potentially bias wages in favor of men, resulting in an unfair option set. Finally, after explaining why the solidarity solution does not justify the existing gender wage gap, the chapter concludes by arguing that proponents of pay equity or comparable worth are in fact implicitly relying on the solidarity solution—or something very much like it.
Freedom and Taxation
Authors: Olson Kristi A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 invokes the solidarity solution to explain why some taxes are morally permissible while others are not. Take, for example, the endowment tax. Unlike the traditional earnings tax based on the individual’s actual income, the endowment tax is based on the individual’s maximum potential income. Although, intuitively, the endowment tax impermissibly interferes with freedom of occupational choice, it is difficult to explain why it impermissibly interferes while other taxes do not. After showing that the well-known attempts of John Rawls, Liam Murphy, and Thomas Nagel fail, chapter 9 puts forward a new solution: the endowment tax is impermissible not because it forecloses more options but rather because it forecloses options to which individuals have a stronger moral claim. The solidarity solution identifies these options.
Tracing Windblown Seeds
Authors: Katsanis Sara H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how genetic information supersedes other technologies as a biometric for migrants lacking proof of identity. It also examines the inherent privacy and societal issues of using genetic evidence as a substitute for human identity. As concerns about border security increase around the world, policymakers are turning to genetic information as a biometric for tracing individuals entering the country, processing refugee claims, and screening for human trafficking. Since many migrants travel without proof of identity, genetic information is useful for establishing identity, particularly for verifying family relationships. The United States has had the authority to collect DNA of immigrant detainees for the criminal database since 2009, in large part to detect repeat border crossers and immigrants who commit crimes in the United States. In addition, recent efforts to thwart immigration fraud and human trafficking include use of DNA relationship testing to verify claims. In the future, immigration courts might consider DNA testing for ancestral origin to verify refugees’ ethnicity claims—an approach that might help a stateless person seeking refuge to provide evidence of country of origin. Each of these expanded uses of genetic information beyond traditional criminal investigations could result in stigmatization of individuals or entire populations if applied broadly. Moreover, the geneticization of families and individuals undermines the social constructs that underlie human relations and self-identity and could lead to discrimination against nontraditional families or revelation of unintentional family secrets that could endanger individuals.
Preventing a Third Death
Authors: Katsanis Sara H. , Spradley Katherine M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the challenges of identification of migrant remains at the US-Mexico border, highlighting the logistical and ethical considerations for cross-border identifications. Each year hundreds of human remains are found along the southern US border. Migrants fleeing violence and poverty are increasingly forced by US immigration policy to cross the border through treacherous terrain, risking death from exposure or violence. The infrastructure for DNA identification developed for missing persons is inadequate for migrant families, who might be residing in another country or living in the United States undocumented. Fear of US immigration and law enforcement authorities complicates the normal processes for reporting missing migrant cases and thereby limits family reference DNA collection. Many remains are buried without identification, some are buried without collection of DNA, some are buried without a marker to enable future identification, and some are cremated. Both governmental and nongovernmental efforts to collect DNA from relatives of missing migrants are further complicated by questions of sovereignty, privacy, and national security. International missing persons databases are underdeveloped and disconnected, and the informed consent process for relatives of the missing is inadequate for migrant families. The challenges of identification at the US-Mexico border underscore the systemic biases that exclude migrant populations from access to law enforcement processes that would enable identification of their family members and repatriation of their remains for respect and burial. Addressing these challenges at the US-Mexico border can inform cross-border policies for other migrant populations around the world.
Admissibility of DNA Evidence in Court
Authors: Roth Andrea 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 13 offers an overview of the legal rules governing the admissibility of forensic DNA typing results in US court cases. It begins with the basic evidentiary and constitutional rules governing admissibility of DNA typing results, including the Frye and Daubert tests for reliability of expert methods, confrontation clause and hearsay limitations on offering a DNA interpretation based in part on the analysis of a nontestifying expert, and Fourth Amendment case law related to DNA results stemming from nonconsensual DNA sampling from a criminal suspect. It then explores the status of reliability challenges to various forms of DNA evidence, setting forth both areas of consensus, in which the reliability of DNA typing results will not likely be disputed, and areas of controversy. Finally, it explores the status of constitutional challenges to DNA evidence under the confrontation clause and Fourth Amendment and concludes with a view of DNA admissibility issues related to emerging issues such as phenotyping, next generation sequencing, and Rapid DNA.
Introduction
Authors: Epstein Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This introduction discusses the wide spectrum of approaches concerned with analysing processes of social construction, broadly known as ‘constructivism’. It is interested not merely in ‘the construction of’, but properly in the ‘constitution’ of the modern political, and in how this implicates a specific form of creative political agency. The variant of radical constructivism developed in this book is termed ‘constitutive constructivism’. The chapter then elucidates the book’s recourse to the body as an optic and situates it in relation to other somatic enquiries. It explains the different ways in which the body features in the book. The book considers the body as a catalytic object of modern science, as the privileged organ of this new knowledge, and as a crucial historical vehicle for the work of naturalisation. It also distinguishes between ‘the body’ in the singular and multiple ‘bodies’. The chapter shows where the body-as-optic maps onto feminist theories of embodiment and the works of Michel Foucault. Finally, it presents three key themes running throughout the book that help circumscribe the specific juncture of the scientific and the political the book explores. These are, first, the passage from a medieval-Aristotelian notion of ‘place’ to the modern concept of ‘space’, via the new understanding of ‘motion’; second, the early modern scientific problematization of difference and identity and how it played political questions of hierarchy and equality; third, the varieties of forms of reason that were taking shape in the midst of the scientific revolution, and their relations to both the early modern practice of ‘critique’ and to the question of authority.
Jacques Maritain and Human Rights
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the connection between Christian political theology and human rights in the thought of Jacques Maritain. It argues that Maritain understood universal human rights as part and parcel of a new ‘democratic’ Christian political theology centred on the struggle between multitude and empire and on the rejection of state sovereignty. The chapter shows that Maritain’s philosophical foundation of the universality of human rights is not based on a ‘metaphysics’ of the human person as much as it offers a biopolitical account of rights and adopts ideas of governmentality that parallel emerging neoliberal critiques of sovereignty. It ends with a discussion of Maritain’s turn to human rights in the context of his own struggle with anti-Semitism and establishes a comparison with Alain Badiou’s adoption of Paul’s political theology as the foundational discourse of egalitarian universalism.
Introduction
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This introduction contrasts two different pictures of the relationship of virtue to human imperfection. On the first sort of picture, the only real virtue is perfect virtue, and the only right actions are perfectly virtuous ones. Any failure to meet the exacting standards of perfect virtue will amount to vice, and any less than perfectly virtuous actions will be wrong. On the second sort of picture, there can be actions that are right even if they are not maximally virtuous and there can be people who are profoundly virtuous even if they are not perfect. This book urges the attractions of a virtue ethics committed to the second sort of picture. Doing so allows it to make two major innovations: First, it will construct and defend neo-Aristotelian accounts of supererogation and suberogation. Second it will show that self-improvement itself can be morally excellent, and that the disposition to seek and engage in it, where appropriate, can itself be a virtue. The introduction lays out the plan of the book, previewing the argument for these claims.
Neo-Aristotelian Suberogation
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops and defends the following account of neo-Aristotelian suberogation: an action is suberogatory iff it fails to hit the target of a relevant virtue, but is not overall vicious. This account implies that all true instances of suberogation are only trivially bad. Thus, pace influential defenders of suberogation, there are no instances of truly villainous suberogation. This chapter argues that this implication counts in favor of the account insofar as the supposed cases of villainous suberogation offered by those who defend its existence are, unlike those offered in defense of trivial suberogation, wholly unconvincing. So the account correctly identifies just those actions that are suberogatory as suberogatory, and gives a plausible explanation of their suberogatory status.
On the Very Idea of a Virtue of Self-Cultivation
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with the observation that there is something about a virtue of self-cultivation that is, in Christine Swanton’s apt phrase, “seemingly paradoxical.” This seeming paradox calls for an explanation, and in this chapter, I take on this explanatory task. That is, I show as clearly as possible why it might seem paradoxical, or even impossible, to recognize a virtue concerned with self-improvement, and I argue that, nonetheless, this seeming is a mere seeming. The key issue for the neo-Aristotelian, I argue, is whether a disposition to self-cultivation can be an excellence for human beings. And, contrary to appearances, it can. Thus, there can be such a virtue after all.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The work begins with a look at the tabletop experiment Richard Feynman performed before a presidential commission investigating the space shuttle Challenger disaster. The case introduces the work’s leading questions—what do good experiments accomplish? What is the relation between experiments and experience, or between experience and knowledge? A distinction between two versions of empiricism plays a thematic role in the work. One version is “problematic,” another “theorematic,” using terms from Euclid for a difference in what these empiricisms expect from experience. For theorematic empiricism experience is ultimate evidence, its value probative (proof, demonstration, verification). Problematic empiricism eschews the idea of ultimate evidence, and from experience expects superior performance and a successful solution to a problem of knowledge. It is this problematic empiricism that is associated with scientific experimentation (the argument of Part I), as well as with the so-called radical empiricists (the argument of Part II).
Arguments over Ends
Authors: Rushing Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the United States, vast resources are put into end-of-life care and there is resistance to wider reliance on hospice, not to mention physician-assisted dying. How does dying get managed, and how do decisions about death get produced, within the logics that pervade contemporary healthcare? This chapter explores this question by considering how dispositions of humility and impulses toward autonomy operate both for dying persons and the caregivers attending to them in death. It argues that a relationally supported process of emotionally preparing for dying provides an experience through which we can learn about humility, autonomy, and other dispositions important for critical democratic citizenship: self-knowledge, self-determination, intellectual courage, generosity toward self and others, openness to uncertainty, and the will to persevere in our aspirations despite undeniable fragility.
Competition
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the unavoidability of competition, even among those who renounce the more common forms of competitions for honor, wealth, and so forth. It starts with a discussion of the Garden of Eden and conditions of zero scarcity therein, with but one scarce item: the forbidden fruit. Then the chapter goes on to positional goods, rank-ordering people, which leads to a discussion of seating arrangements, musical chairs, and the failure of King Arthur to resolve the matter with a round table. It then provides a treatment of Christian attempts to avoid honor competitions by elevating humility to the status of one of the chief virtues. But that ends in humility contests and we are back to square one. The chapter ends with a sublime text from Gregory of Tours about a truly humble miracle-working young monk and the efforts to keep him humble despite his miracle-working powers.
Vile Jelly
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter reproduces some of the claims in darkly comic form of the author’s Anatomy of Disgust. The presentation is new, but the ideas are much the same. At issue is a less than celebratory view of human embodiment. The chapter uses the Duke of Cornwall’s sickening description of the human eye as a starting point: People are something of a goopy pond held together by skin that can itself be a site of horror. People are a feeding tube that connects them to a longer tube built at taxpayer expense to send their food remade down to a sunless sea when they flush the toilet. Submerged imagery from Hamlet oozes through the discussion to justify the positions and show their well-attested commonplaceness.
Evading History
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an intellectual history of syncretism in Christian theology during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It engages three prominent instances of writing on syncretism that represent wider theological trends during this time. The first two perspectives are those of theologians Adolf von Harnack and Hendrik Kraemer, writing in the early to mid-twentieth century. The third perspective on syncretism is more contemporary. Rather than a single writer, it is a grouping of synonymous terms that have become stand-ins for positive syncretism—“inculturation,” “indigenization,” and “contextualization.” Each of these perspectives, in differing ways, exhibits a theological method that sidesteps difficult questions of syncretism and material history, which inadvertently defers to existing Western white forms of Christianity.
Between Celebration and Ambivalence
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter’s intellectual history of syncretism examines the field of religious studies from the 1960s to the present. Religious studies’ engagement with syncretism shows its struggles with race and colonialism, since the designation “syncretism” has worked within the framing of a center and periphery that sees white European and North American cultures as central and other regions as peripheral. Its engagement with syncretism also shows the field’s tensions over ways one might responsibly interpret other cultures. In particular, is a social scientific approach to research or a humanist approach more respectful of informants’ cultures? Finally, the chapter explores disagreements about whether to use the term “syncretism” at all.
The Perils and Promise of Tradition
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter contends that an adequate account of syncretism requires its pairing with the concept of tradition. Drawing from multiple contextualized encounters in the sixteenth century—from Ethiopian and Portuguese Christians to Jesuit José Acosta and Andean peoples to Matteo Ricci and Confucian scholars—it portrays tradition as a moving continuity that is constantly syncretizing as traditions are handed on in new contexts. Syncretism and tradition, held together, balance the tension between cultural construction on the one hand and cultural continuity on the other. Traditions are not substance-like materials that remain the same over time, nor are their boundaries static. Rather, receivers interpret a tradition afresh, generating new perspectives and pushing it in unforeseen directions. The account of tradition is dialogical, drawing from examples in the encounters just listed, from Alasdair MacIntyre’s account of tradition—which is unduly defensive at times—and from Africanist historians’ careful treatment of the concept.
Ancestors and Sacrifice
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes the arguments built over the last two chapters and applies them to two contemporary syncretisms in African Christianity. It argues in favor of Christian ancestor reverencing as a practice that enhances understandings of the divine Logos at work in all human cultures, long before people in a culture consider themselves Christian. It then argues that a Dinka bovine sacrifice ritual, described based on the author’s ethnographic work, enhances understandings of Christian atonement insofar as it challenges individualized and transactional views of sacrifice. It also discusses considerations that inform theological judgments about which syncretisms might be incorporated into Christian tradition and which might not. It does so by examining two syncretisms in Africa that ultimately prove too challenging to incorporate into Christianity—Afrikaner nationalism in the early twentieth century and the Friday Masowe apostolics’ rejection of the Bible.
Conclusion
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The period of late antiquity provides an example of how syncretism’s use has changed over recent decades as scholars increasingly probe the usefulness of categories like religion or syncretism when applying them to non-Western cultures. Recent scholarship like David Frankfurter’s indicates that the term “syncretism” can remain a useful designation in religious studies when used reflexively. The term’s history can be folded into its present usage, such that the power dynamics behind its negative usage can be turned around. Concluding and summarizing the book’s claims for Christian theology, I argue that some syncretisms can be seen as means of the body of Christ growing in history, which the Swahili language calls umwilisho, or body-making.
Introduction
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the main themes and arguments of the book. It briefly explains the lack of attention to practice in many influential religious and philosophical moral theories, including Kantian and certain Christian models, due to their focus on interior mental states as the source of value. The chapter introduces some key themes in the book’s challenge to this idealist approach and points to some of the alternative traditions, such as pragmatism, Marxism, and religious pacifism, which provide alternative understandings of the role of practice in ethics. The chapter also defines the book’s key terms, including practice, and explains the contributions of social ethics as a subfield within religious ethics. Finally, the chapter provides an overview of the book’s organization.
Pragmatism and Ethics
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at pragmatism, which conceives of a particular form of practice—problem-solving in concrete circumstances—as the core ethical task. Pragmatism has much to offer a practice-based ethics, beginning with its robust challenges to the static, idealist, and dualistic approach of dominant theories. Especially helpful is the pragmatist emphasis on open-ended, fallibilistic inquiry, which offers promising models for working around or through polarized ways of thinking about moral issues, which often prevent effective action. The chapter also highlights William James’s notion of cash value, which points to the meaning of moral ideas in real life, and John Dewey’s concept of ends-in-view, which challenges both linear models of action and the possibility of absolute, once-and-for-all goals.
The Lives That Matter
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the moral problems raised by the “campus tour” of white nationalist Richard Spencer. This provides a way to reflect on some of the issues raised in and by moral dilemmas as a strategy within ethical theory, including their helpfulness for addressing real-life challenges. It also shows the power of practice to put familiar moral dilemmas in a new light. In the case of Spencer, and hate speech generally, a practice-focused approach enables us to see beyond the tension between two competing values of racial equality and free speech. That familiar framing leaves out the lived experience of people who are concretely threatened by white supremacists, the actual practices of those supremacists, and the relationships and structures of the society in which both racists and their victims live.
Conclusion
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter explores some of the features of a practice-based approach to ethical theory. It contends that rather than being isolated in one or another compartment or ignored completely, practice should be, and in fact is, integral to all aspects of ethical theory. Because dominant models do not and cannot take practice seriously, we cannot foreground practice within the usual theoretical confines. To understand practice, we have to reshape ethical theory, and vice versa. We will not find real alternatives unless we put practice front and center. Beginning with practice makes it possible to rethink our vision of ethics at the same time as it demands such a rethinking.