bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covariant approach to equilibration in effective field theories
Authors: Burgess M , Carrington M E , Kunstatter G 
Published: July 2002

The equilibration of two coupled reservoirs is studied using a Green function approach that is suitable for future development with the closed time path method. The problem is solved in two parameterizations, to demonstrate the nontrivial issues of parameterization in both the intermediate steps and the interpretation of physical quantities. We use a covariant approach to find self-consistent solutions for the statistical distributions as functions of time. We show that by formally introducing covariant connections, one can rescale a slowly varying nonequilibrium theory so that it appears to be an equilibrium one, for the purposes of calculation. We emphasize the importance of properly tracking variable redefinitions to correctly interpret physical quantities. PACS Nos.: 11.10-z, 03.70+k, 05.70ln
The physics of putting
Authors: Penner A R 
Published: July 2002

The motion of a rolling golf ball on a sloped golf green is modeled. The resulting calculated path of a golf ball is then used, along with a model of the capture of the golf ball by the hole, to determine the resulting launch conditions required for a successful putt. Estimates of the probability of making certain putts are also presented. PACS No.: 01.80+b
LINK MANIFOLDS AND GLOBAL GRAVITATIONAL ANOMALIES
Authors: BAADHIO RANDY A. , KAUFFMAN LOUIS H. 
Published: July 2002

A new method of constructing exotic 11-dimensional structures, as solutions for the cancellation of global gravitational anomalies, is revealed. The construction makes use of link manifolds. Of relevant interest is the fact that the geometry and topology of the exotic 11-dimensional manifolds are encoded in the classical invariants of knots and links in dimension three.
PROPER WEAKLY LEFT AMPLE SEMIGROUPS
Authors: GOMES GRACINDA M. S. , GOULD VICTORIA 
Published: July 2002

Much of the structure theory of inverse semigroups is based on constructing arbitrary inverse semigroups from groups and semilattices. It is known that E-unitary (or proper) inverse semigroups may be described as P-semigroups (McAlister), or inverse subsemigroups of semidirect products of a semilattice by a group (O'Carroll) or Cu-semigroups built over an inverse category acted upon by a group (Margolis and Pin). On the other hand, every inverse semigroup is known to have an E-unitary inverse cover (McAlister). The aim of this paper is to develop a similar theory for proper weakly left ample semigroups, a class with properties echoing those of inverse semigroups. We show how the structure of semigroups in this class is based on constructing semigroups from unipotent monoids and semilattices. The results corresponding to those of McAlister, O'Carroll and Margolis and Pin are obtained.
The state of computer oriented curricula in business schools 1970
Authors: McKenney J. L. , Tonge F. M. 
Published: July 2002

The ACM Committee on Computer Education for Management, supported by a National Science Foundation Grant, is established to appraise the state of the art and to develop a series of recommendations for improving computer education for management. To provide the Committee with material for its study of curricular needs, five regional meetings in the United States were held in 1970, at each of which a broad cross section of invited academicians and practitioners considered the state of curricula in business schools. Three topics were covered: curricula for the general manager; computer-related material in required and functional courses; and curricula for students concentrating on computer-based information systems.
An analysis of the minutes of the meetings revealed a common set of experiences which raised similar pedagogic and economic issues. This presentation gives a summary of the discussions; a condensation of the pedagogic and substantive concerns raised; and consideration of the resource allocation issues involved.
Preliminary to the Committee's recommendations for improving computer education for management, this report has been prepared to provide the participants and the administrators of their institutions with background information for the ongoing task of course development.
Chairman of the ten-man Committee is Daniel Teichroew (The University of Michigan).
Computer simulation—discussion of the technique and comparison of languages
Authors: Teichroew Daniel , Lubin John Francis 
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to present a comparison of some computer simulation languages and of some of the packages by which each is implemented. Some considerations involved in comparing software packages for digital computers are discussed in Part I. The issue is obvious: users of digital computers must choose from available languages or write their own. Substantial costs can occur, particularly in training, implementation and computer time if an inappropriate language is chosen. More and more computer simulation languages are being developed: comparisons and evaluations of existing languages are useful for designers and implementers as well as users.
The second part is devoted to computer simulation and simulation languages. The computational characteristics of simulation are discussed with special attention being paid to a distinction between continuous and discrete change models. Part III presents a detailed comparison of six simulation languages and packages: SIMSCRIPT, CLP, CSL, GASP, GPSS and SOL. The characteristics of each are summarized in a series of tables. The implications of this analysis for designers of languages, for users, and for implementers are developed.
The conclusion of the paper is that the packages now available for computer simulation offer features which none of the more general-purpose packages do and that analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each suggests ways in which both current and future simulation languages and packages can be improved.
Performance analysis of several back-end database architectures
Authors: Hagmann Robert Brian , Ferrari Domenico 
Published: July 2002

The growing acceptance of database systems makes their performance increasingly more important. One way to gain performance is to off-load some of the functions of the database system to aback-end computer. The problem is what functions should be off-loaded to maximize the benefits of distributed processing.
Our approach to this problem consisted of constructing several variants of an existing relational database system. INGRES, that partition the database system software into two parts, and assigning these two parts to two computers connected by a local area network. For the purposes of this experiment, six different variants of the database software were constructed to test the sir most interesting functional subdivisions. Each variant was then benchmarked using two different databases and query streams. The communication medium and the communication software were also benchmarked to measure their contribution to the performance of each configuration.
Combining the database and network measurement results, various conclusions were reached about the viability of the configurations, the desirable properties of the communications mechanisms to he used, the operating system interface and overhead, and the performance of the database system. The variants to be preferred depend on the hardware technology, operating system features, database system internal structure, and network software overhead.
THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF FORESTRY
Authors: Perry David A. 
Published: July 2002

A sufficiently wise and flexible silvicultural art can be developed on the ground only by practitioners who understand the forest as a biological entity.     F. S. Baker ( 10 )…the existing level of knowledge about forests is inadequate to develop sound forest management policies.     National Research Council ( 114 )▪ Abstract  Over the past two decades forestry in the United States has diverged into two approaches with quite different objectives and scientific priorities. The management focus of most industrial lands is on increasing productivity of wood fiber via plantations and various cultural tools, especially genetic selection, fertilization, and control of noncrop vegetation. Federal forest management has shifted from a similar focus to greater emphasis on protecting diversity and water. Issues of long-term sustainability are important regardless of ownership. Science has played and continues to play a fundamental role in all aspects. Selection for fast-growing genotypes has increased yields on the order of 10% to 20% depending on species. Fertilization often increases growth significantly but responses are variable and difficult to predict. Significant questions remain concerning the sustainability of intensive forestry, particularly when practiced over wide areas. Soils are heavily impacted by some harvesting practices, and the degree to which damage can be repaired by fertilizers is an important scientific issue. Intensive forestry often results in increased pest problems. In at least one case (fusiform rust in southern pines), a pest has been contained by selecting resistant cultivars, a situation that may or may not be evolutionarily stable. Species diversity is clearly reduced under intensive management, raising questions about the functional role of species with no commercial value. Many of the questions facing forestry science—particularly those dealing with the relation between complexity and function—are precisely the ones confronting basic ecology. Over the past decade scientists have labored to develop ecosystem-based management approaches that maintain system complexity and function, and scientists have increasingly played nontraditional roles at the interface between biology, sociology, and policy.
Symbiogenesis in Learning Classifier Systems
Authors: Tomlinson Andy , Bull Larry 
Published: July 2002

Symbiosis is the phenomenon in which organisms of different species live together in close association, resulting in a raised level of fitness for one or more of the organisms. Symbiogenesis is the name given to the process by which symbiotic partners combine and unify, that is, become genetically linked, giving rise to new morphologies and physiologies evolutionarily more advanced than their constituents. The importance of this process in the evolution of complexity is now well established. Learning classifier systems are a machine learning technique that uses both evolutionary computing techniques and reinforcement learning to develop a population of cooperative rules to solve a given task. In this article we examine the use of symbiogenesis within the classifier system rule base to improve their performance. Results show that incorporating simple rule linkage does not give any benefits. The concept of (temporal) encapsulation is then added to the symbiotic rules and shown to improve performance in ambiguous/non-Markov environments.
Books
Authors: Graedel Thomas E. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe Weight of Nations: Material Outflows from Industrial Economies, by E. Matthews, C. Amann, S. Bringezu, M. Fischer‐Kowalski, R. Kleijn, C. Ottke, E. Rodenburg, D. Rogich, H.Schütz, H. Schandl, and E. van der VoetHeavy Metals: A Problem Solved?, edited by E.van der Voet, J. B. Guinée, and H. A. Udo de Haes
TRADITIONIST-JURISPRUDENTS AND THE FRAMING OF ISLAMIC LAW
Authors: Melchert Christopher 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe traditionist-jurisprudents (fuqahā' ashāb al-hadīth) of the earlier ninth century C.E. proposed that Islamic law be inferred from hadith, reports of what the Prophet, his leading Companions, and the Followers had said or done, without significant resort to reason. Contradictions among hadith reports they either resolved by means of isnād comparison or simply let stand, refusing to define the law by their own preferences. Their adversaries the rationalistic jurisprudents (ashāb al-ra'y) also used hadith, but far less extensively and without significant use of isnād comparison to sort out the sound from the unsound. In the later ninth century, rationalistic jurisprudents took up many of the forms formerly peculiar to the traditionist-jurisprudents, especially formal dependence on hadith and isnād comparison to sort the sound from the unsound. Traditionist-jurisprudents in turn accepted the need for separate expertise in legal reasoning besides hadith criticism. Although some developments took place independently of them, the history of Islamic law across the ninth century cannot be written without reference to the traditionist-jurisprudents and their strident advocacy of hadith.
Imagining Rabbits and Squirrels in the English Countryside
Authors: Kean Hilda 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDrawing on contemporary coverage, particularly in The Field and Country Life, this article considers the construction of rabbits and squirrels as images of the past in England. By the 1930s, the red squirrel had become increasingly rare in the English countryside. Particularly in towns and suburbs, the population of the grey squirrel was growing rapidly. Those who saw themselves as the custodians of the countryside depicted the grey squirrel as a foreign force inimical to a mythical English way of life as epitomized by the red squirrel. In the post war period, the debate resurfaced about the nature of the countryside and who had a right to defend it. The focus then was upon the spread of myxomatosis from France, which was depicted as a foreign disease. Wild rabbits, who died in the thousands from this infection, became appropriated, as red squirrels before them, as symbols of a lyrical and ordered past in the countryside.
INTENSIVE FOOD SEARCHING IN HUMID PATCHES: ADAPTATION OF A MYRMICINE ANT TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Durou  , Lauga  , Dejean  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We tested if foragers of the ant Decamorium decem control the sinuosity of their food searching paths and their speed in order to concentrate their activity in areas of high prey density, humid patches of leaf-litter, during the dry season. In experimental situation I simulating the wet season (uniformly humid arenas) food searching paths were erratic and homing paths direct. In situation II simulating the dry season (dry arenas with a humidified disk) the sinuosity of the searching paths increased and the speed decreased when workers moved from the dry arenas to the humidified disks; homing paths were again direct. Thanks to comparisons with situation I, we argue that in situation II workers first oriented themselves toward the humidified disks (sinuosity significantly lower on the dry than on the wet arenas; non-significant difference for speed). Otherwise, we show that the intensive search on the humidified disks depends only on a decrease in speed (significantly lower on the humidified disks than on the wet arenas of situation I; non-significant difference for sinuosity), with workers switching from active searching to ambush when prey are absent.
SEXUAL CONFLICTS AND COPULATION PATTERNS IN POLYANDROUS BRONZE-WINGED JACANAS (METOPIDIUS INDICUS)
Authors: Butchart Stuart 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSperm competition was intense in polyandrous bronze-winged jacanas because females usually copulated with all their mates before laying a clutch for one of them. Females spent time with each male, but spent more time with the male that received the clutch ('receiver') in the immediate pre-laying and early laying periods, and overall gave more copulations to the receiver than to non-receivers. As receivers provided all the parental care, theory predicts that females should accede to male demands for copulations in order to assure them of their paternity so that they care for the clutch. Receivers may have destroyed clutches in which they gained a low share of the paternity. Conflicts occurred over the pattern of copulations because females were more likely to terminate male- than female-initiated sex events, and vice versa, and the proportion of sex events initiated by an individual and terminated by its mate was high for both males and females. Overall, a higher proportion of male than female initiations resulted in copulations. To test how these conflicts were resolved, I compared polyandrous groups and monogamous pairs. Male-initiated sex events tended to occur at higher rates and peaked later for polyandrous males than monogamous males. Males initiated sex events at higher rates than their mates, and the timing of copulations more closely matched that of male- than female-initiated sex events, suggesting that polyandrous females acceded to male demands for copulations. In monogamous pairs, copulations were less frequent (32 per clutch vs 97 in polyandrous groups). The duration and peak of the pattern of copulations more closely matched the pattern of initiations by females than males. However, both the timing of female-initiated sex events (mainly in the immediate pre-laying and early laying periods) and the high proportion of male initiations to which females responded suggested that copulations in monogamous pairs were also determined more by male preferences. Nonreceivers occasionally facilitated mate changes through tolerating intruder females and by territory adjustments (as described previously in wattled jacana Jacana jacana by Wrege & Emlen, 1998). Polyandrous females may have attempted to retain such males by giving them copulations and hence the opportunity for paternity (the 'sex for influence' hypothesis). Polyandrous females initiated sex events for a longer period than monogamous females, but did not do so at higher rates per male. Female-initiated sex events with non-receivers did not peak in the immediate pre-laying period (unlike those with receivers), and continued after the last egg had been fertilised. Copulations to guard against the loss of non-receiver mates may have been less important than copulations to ensure parental care by receivers, because all polyandrous females initiated sex events at higher rates with receivers and responded to a higher proportion of their initiations.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF LAKE BAIKAL AMPHIPODS
Authors: Kamaltynov Ravil Masalimovich 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt is suggested that the ancestors of the Baikalian amphipods originated in Central Asian brackish-water basins in the Late Mesozoic, while the geological history of the Baikalian rift valley and subsequent Cenozoic glaciations influenced the evolution of the group. Il est suggere que les ancetres des amphipodes du lac Baikal ont leur origine dans les bassins d'eau saumatre d'Asie centrale a la fin du Mesozoique, bien que l'histoire geologique de la fosse du Baikal et les glaciations cenozoiques subsequentes aient influe sur l'evolution du groupe.
Lacustrine mineral facies and implications for estimation of palaeoenvironmental parameters: Neogene intervolcanic Pelitçik Basin (Galatean Volcanic Province), Turkey
Authors: Süzen M. L. , Türkmenoğlu A. G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mineralogy of the Neogene lacustrine facies of Pelitçik basin was investigated for the purpose of deriving the palaeoenvironmental parameters of this intervolcanic basin. The laboratory studies indicate that dolomite and K-feldspar are the major non-clay minerals in the study area, where plagioclase, analcime, fibrous zeolite and quartz are the minor constituents. Dolomites are found to be non-stoichiometric in chemistry. The clay fraction of the lacustrine facies is composed mainly of dioctahedral smectites. The smectites are rich in Al-Fe indicating a detrital origin. Illite comprises a minor contribution to the clay fraction, where chlorite and kaolinite are found in trace amounts. Based on dolomite stoichiometry and the mineral paragenesis found in the Pelitçik basin, the depositional conditions are suggested to have been a shallow, quiet, perennial lacustrine environment with fresh to slightly saline and slightly alkaline water chemistry. In addition, based on geological and mineralogical constraints, it is suggested that the water chemistry fluctuated during the deposition of the Pazar formation and the lake began its evolution with a hydrologically closed system and completed its evolution with a hydrologically open system.
Retarded illite crystallinity caused by stressinduced sub-grain boundaries in illite
Authors: Giorgetti G. , Memmi I. , Peacor D. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn XRD-TEM study was carried out on low-grade metapelites (Transantarctic Mountains) to determine the cause of apparent inconsistences in grade as determined by IC and independent geologic relations. The illite crystallinity (IC) data indicate that the three units investigated (BT, RBT, MS) were affected by very low- (IC = 0.24°Δ2θ in BT) to low-grade metamorphism (0.19°Δ2θ in MS). In all three samples, mica crystals are of a size typical of the epizone, but the mean size increases from BT to RBT and MS, due to the increasing strain features from BT to MS. These results indicate that strain-induced reduction in crystal size was retained in BT samples (with anomalously high IC values). Microtextures in RBT and MS (with smaller IC) samples suggest a recovery of sub-grain boundaries. A decrease in crystal size may occur with increasing grade where strain rates are high relative to the rate of recrystallization.
Mixed-layer mica-chlorite in very low-grade metaclastites from the Malàguide Complex (Betic Cordilleras, Spain)
Authors: Ruiz Cruz M. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMixed-layered phyllosilicates with composition intermediate between mica and chlorite were identified in very low-grade metaclastites from the Malàguide Complex (Betic Cordilleras, Spain), and studied by X-ray diffraction, and transmission and analytical electron microscopy. They occur both as small grains in the rock matrix, and associated with muscovitechlorite stacks. Transmission electron microscope observations revealed a transition from chlorite to ordered 1:1 interstratifications through complex 1:2 and 1:3 interstratifications. Analytical electron microscopy data indicate a composition slightly different from the sum of discrete trioctahedral chlorite and dioctahedral mica. The types of layer transitions suggest that mixed-layer formation included two main processes: (1) the replacement of a brucite sheet by a cation sheet in the chlorite structure; and (2) the precipitation of mica-like layers between the chlorite layers. The strongest diffraction lines in oriented X-ray patterns are: 12.60 Å (002), 7.98 Å (003), 4.82 Å (005) and 3.48 Å (007).
Texture and orientation of kaolin in coatings
Authors: Elton N. J. , Gate L. F. , Hooper J. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractX-ray diffraction (XRD), infra red (IR) spectroscopy, gloss goniophotometry and stylus profilometry were used to investigate the alignment of kaolinite applied as a thin coating on a polyester film substrate. The principles and applicability of the analytical methods are reviewed and discussed in the context of a kaolinite coating. X-ray diffraction and transmission IR were used to measure kaolinite misalignment and orientation distribution in the coating. Transmission IR measures the coating bulk; XRD data are surface biased, but contain contributions from the bulk. Attenuated total reflectance-IR (ATR-IR) provides a direct measure of kaolinite alignment within ~1 µm of the coating surface and also allows an assessment of surface smoothness. Gloss goniophotometry and contact profilometry measure surface microroughness and macroroughness, respectively, rather than kaolinite particle orientation. However, the properties of roughness and orientation are related. Bulk and surface texture are not necessarily correlated and a combined approach using both bulk and surface sensitive techniques is required for a full understanding of coating structure.