bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of phytochemical screening by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis of peach (Prunus persica) seed biomass from Uttarakhand region of India
Authors: Shukla Rishi Kumar , Kant Ravi 
Published: December 2020

Prunus persica (Peach) has several medicinal and nutritive properties such as antioxidant, antimalarial, anticoagulant, antifungal, ant-allergic, etc. The present study focuses on the exploratory for phytochemicals constituents screening of seed extracts of Prunus persica from Uttarakhand region of India by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The extraction of seed was carried out using soxhlet apparatus in different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. The characteristics of physical parameters of dried seed of P. persica were reported as total ash (14.250±0.126 %), acid insoluble ash (6.800±0.036 %), water-soluble ash (11.714±0.123 %), and sulphated ash value (2.274±0.025 %); whereas, the extractive values were also recorded as alcohol soluble extractive (1.917±0.011 %), and water-soluble extractive (10.580±0.048 %). The highest values of nutritive components (366.778±0.257 %) were followed by, carbohydrate (45.500±0.336 %), crude protein (29.360±0.551 %), available carbohydrate content (28.002±0.439 %), moisture content (12.547±0.022 %), crude fibre (11.602±0.123 %), crude fat (7.482±0.068 %), and total nitrogen (4.695±0.032 %). The maximum extraction yield was recorded in the aqueous extract solution (11.15 %), followed by petroleum ether (2.8 %), ethyl acetate (2.1 %), ethanol (1.6 %), and chloroform (0.4 %). Besides, this the most effective chemical bonding groups of FTIR spectra analyzed in a sample of P. persica seed were N-H, O-H (3600-3400 1/cm), C-H (3000-2800 1/cm), N-H, C-C, C=O (1680-1550 1/cm), C-H (1470-1350 1/cm), CO-OR (1400-1000 1/cm), C-H (850-550 1/cm), and C-I (500-400 1/cm), respectively. Therefore, this study provides useful insights into the beneficial properties of P. persica seed biomass from the Uttarakhand region of India, which may be further used for the production of several pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products.
A review on distribution and importance of wetlands in the perspective of India
Authors: Arya Ashish Kumar , Joshi Kamal Kant , Bachheti Archana , Deepti  
Published: December 2020

Biodiversity is not equally distributed across the world. It depends on the type of various habitats and food availability. In these habitats, wetlands play an import role to increase the biodiversity of the particular area. Many studies have focused on various habitats to conserve biodiversity. However, the wetland studies are very few due to the lack of information on their distribution and importance. The present review focusses on the wetland status and their importance in India. India has vibrant and diverse wetland ecosystems that support immense biodiversity. The wetlands are unique habitats which provide ecological, social and economic values. However, rapid urbanization, industrialization and uncontrolled agricultural practices have pressurized to shrink the wetlands in India. The present paper highlights the wetland habitats in India with their geographical location, distribution, avian species diversity and their significance. The paper also discusses the growing threats like climate change, land-use change and agriculture/ municipal waste to the wetlands and the conservation efforts by Indian government policies, i.e. National Wetland Conservation Programme, National Environmental Policy, and National Plan for conservation of the aquatic ecosystem. In addition, on the basis of previous studies on wetlands, it is suggested that the role of stakeholders is very much responsible for wetland conservation.
Seasonal variations in proximate composition and metallic elements of three cyprinids from a Central Himalayan river Alaknanda in Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Sharma Sharali , Kumar Sumit , Singh Deepak 
Published: December 2020

Fish is an irreplaceable, highly nutritious aquatic food in a balanced diet. On the contrary, fish can also be a source of metal contamination when ingested in excess through food and water. The aim of the present study was to determine the seasonal variations in the proximate body composition and levels of Na, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb in the muscle tissue of three fish species namely, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizothorax progastus and Barilius bendelisis dwelling in Central Himalayan river Alaknanda at Srinagar (Garhwal) in Garhwal Himalaya. The protein (21.01-21.74%) and carbohydrates (2.31-2.69%) were found maximum in summer season in all the studied fishes while lipid was found to be highest during monsoon season in S. plagiostomus (2.73%) and S. progastus (2.70%) and lowest (1.62-1.68%) in the winter season. B. bendelisis showed a different pattern of variation in lipid content being highest (6.32%) during summer and lowest (3.34%) in monsoon season. Significantly (F=5.69, p<0.04) high content of lipid was found in B. bendelisis as compared to S. plagiostomus and S. progastus during the three seasons. Na, Ca, K, and Fe were detected highest during monsoon, Pb, and Cu during summer and Zn during the winter season. However, Pb was not detected in all the fish samples during monsoon season. B. bendelisis was significantly (p<0.001)rich in Na and Ca, S. plagiostomus in K (p<0.01), and S. progastus in Fe (p<0.001) content during all three seasons. Ca was rich among macroelements while Fe among microelements in all the studied fishes. The amount of Zn (1.48-4.55 mg/100g), Cu (0.429-0.869 mg/100g), and Pb (0.117-0.447 mg/100g) were within the permissible limits of International food safety guidelines. The seasonal variations in the parameters are attributed to food availability, temperature changes, fish metabolism, and prevailing environmental conditions. Thus, these cyprinid species were regarded as safe and useful for human consumption.
Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida): A high-value crop suitable for the cold desert of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Sood Ruchi 
Published: December 2020

Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) also known as heeng, Devil’s drug, ferula, food of Gods, incense of Devil, stinking gum is an important spice crop belonging to family Apiaceae. It is native to Iran and Afghanistan. Its dried latex (gum oleoresin) is generally used for flavouring curries, sauces, and pickles. Therapeutically, it stimulates the intestinal and respiratory tracts as well as the nervous system. It is beneficial in asthma, whooping cough, and chronic bronchitis. Its essential oil is also used in medicines, food and cosmetic industries. Besides, it is also used as an alternative for pesticides in organic farming. The major constituents of asafoetida are the resin (40–64%), gum (25%) and essential oil (10–17%). The butyl propenyl disulphide is responsible for the aroma of asafoetida. The asaresinotannol is the major constituent present in the resin. It can be grown on unproductive cold deserts of dry temperate areas of Himalayas. It is mainly propagated by seeds. The seeds are sown either in winters or spring. It becomes ready for harvesting after 5 years of planting and yields around 900g per plant. The oleo gum resin and essential oil derived from this plant are sold at premium prices in the international market. The small and marginal farmers of Kinnaur, Lahaul-Spiti and Chamba can benefit from this new emerging crop.
In vitro effect of seed bio-priming techniques on seed germination and seedling vigour of few vegetable crops
Authors: Jaiman Rakesh Kumar , Acharya Sanjay Kumar , P. Pathan Naziya , Deshmukh Amol J. , Desai Haresh A. , Patel Parsva K. , Amin Anilkumar Umedbhai 
Published: December 2020

Bio-priming can also be viewed as a new technique of seed treatment using biological agents to stimulate germination of seed and growth of the plant and further protecting the seed from soil-and seed-borne pathogens. The present investigation was carried out in vitro conditions on seed germination and seedling vigour of few vegetable crops viz. tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), onion (Allium cepa L.) and chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), during 2015 and 2016. The treatments comprised viz. T1: Non primed seeds (Control), T2: Seed treatment with Carbendazim 2.5g/kg seed, T3: Hydro-priming for 6 hrs, T4: Hydro-priming for 12 hrs, T5: Hydro-priming for 18 hrs, T6: Biopriming with Trichoderma viride for 6 hrs, T7: Biopriming with T.viride for 12 hrs, T8: Biopriming with T.viride for 18 hrs, T9: Biopriming with Trichoderma harzianum for 6 hrs, T10: Biopriming with T. harzianum for 12 hrs, T11: Biopriming with T. harzianum for 18 hrs, T12: Biopriming with Pseudomonas fluorescens for 6 hrs, T13: Biopriming with P. fluorescens for 12 hrs and T14: Biopriming with P. fluorescens for 18 hrs. The results revealed that maxiumum germination percentage (92.92, 90.77,83.00 and 86.33), seedling length (32.38 cm, 29.35 cm, 31.75 and 31.60 cm), seedling fresh weight (2.07 g, 4.01 g, 3.05 g and 2.04 g), seedling dry weight (0.42 g, 0.86 g, 0.62 g and 0.42 g) and seedling vigour index (3008.11, 2664.00, 2635.00 and 2728.00) were recorded in T10 (bio priming with T. harzianum for 12 hrs) in tomato (S. lycopersicum L.), brinjal (S. melongena L.), onion (A. cepa L.) and chilli (C. annuum L.), respectively. Thus, it indicated that priming of seeds of these crops with T. harzianum/P. fluorescens/ T. viride for 12 hrs was very effective with respect to their vegetative growth along with the quality yield.
Effect of integrated nitrogen management through organic and inorganic sources on the yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and status of soil fertility at harvest
Authors: Shenoy Harish , M. N. Siddaraju 
Published: December 2020

The present investigation was conducted with the objective of utilizing locally available organic resources for substituting chemical fertilizer nitrogen partly and augmenting soil health. The experiment was carried out for the crop kharif rice (Oryza sativa L.) in coastal Karnataka with eleven treatments laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Vermicompost (VC), Poultry manure (PM) and Fish manure (FM) were used as organic nitrogen sources integrated with mineral nitrogen source of fertilizer urea at substitution ratios of 25, 50 and 100 percent. These treatments were compared with control and recommended dose of nitrogen. The results revealed that the substitution of 50 per cent of nitrogen through VC recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher plant height (92.27 cm), higher number of productive tillers (16.85 hill-1), higher grain yield (5434 kg ha-1) and straw yield ( 6817 kg ha-1) compared to control. The results of the soil sample analysis for soil fertility parameters indicated that the major nutrients were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by integrated nitrogen management. The available nitrogen (382.36 kg ha-1) and available potassium (143.7 kg ha-1) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the treatment T4 where a recommended dose of nitrogen was substituted by 50 percent VC compared to control (294.05 kg ha-1 and 92.31 kg ha-1 respectively). However, the available soil phosphorus was significantly higher with treatment 50 per cent RDN substituted by PM (78.83 kg ha-1) as compared to control (43.93 kg ha-1). Thus, integrated resource management improved crop yield and post-harvest soil fertility.
Analisis Kelayakan Penerbitan Obligasi Daerah Provinsi Jawa Tengah untuk Pembangunan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Pendapatan Daerah
Authors: Sofi Irfan 
Published: December 2020

Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah berencana menerbitkan Obligasi Daerah sebagai alternatif pembiayaan pembangunan karena ruang fiskal yang cenderung menurun 69,34 persen pada tahun 2013 menjadi 46,44 persen di tahun 2017 atau menurun cukup besar yaitu sebesar 22,90 persen. Salah satu kegiatan yang akan dibiayai dari penerbitan Obligasi Daerah adalah Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (SPAM). Tujuan dari penulisan ini yaitu Untuk mengetahui kelayakan Penerbitan Obligasi Daerah Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan untuk mengetahui kontribusi pembangunan SPAM terhadap pendapatan daerah. Metode penulisan yang digunakan dalam penulisan kajian ini merupakan penelitian campuran (mixed method). Berdasarkan hasil kajian diketahui bahwa secara ekonomi penerbitan obligasi untuk pembangunan SPAM telah memenuhi dimana nilai EIRR nilai EIRR diatas nilai kupon yang akan diberikan yaitu 10 persen. Pembangunan SPAM juga akan dapat berkontribusi pada Pendapatan Asli Daerah yang bersumber dari deviden Perusahaan Daerah Air Baku. Namun demikian terdapat sedikit kendala terkait ijin prinsip dari pihak legislatif sehingga perlu adanya effort untuk lebih banyak komunikasi dan sosialisasi.
AKŞEHİR NASRETTİN HOCA MEZARLIĞI’NDAN BEYLİKLER VE OSMANLI DÖNEMİNE AİT MEZAR TAŞI ÖRNEKLERİ
Authors: BAŞBAY Başak 
Published: December 2020

Türk-İslam sanatında mezar taşı geleneği Türklerin var oldukları dönemden itibaren önem taşımıştır. Mezar yerlerinin kaybolmaması, kolay bulunabilmesi için dikilen taşlar Türk kültürü ve geleneği ile birleşerek ortaya en güzel örneklerin çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. İslamiyet öncesi Türklerde mezar kültü, ölümden sonraki yaşamın devam edeceği yönündeki düşüncelerle gelişmiştir ve bu düşünceyi destekler nitelikte mezarlar yapmışlardır. Kurgan denilen bu mezar yapıları, Hun Dönemi’yle başlayıp, Göktürk ve Uygur Dönemlerinde de varlığını sürdürmüştür. Türklerin İslamiyet’i kabul etmeleriyle anıtsal mezar yapma geleneği türbe ve kümbetler olarak devam etmiştir. Mezarlara erken dönemlerde dikilen basit kaya parçaları, yerleşik hayata tamamen geçilmesiyle yerini daha sanatsal taşlara bırakmıştır. Türklerin 1071 yılında Anadolu’ya yerleşmeleri, kendi gelenek, kültür ve sanatlarının da zamanla Anadolu’ya yayılması hızla devam etmiştir. Türklerin Anadolu’ya gelmeden önce İslamiyet’le tanışması, beraberinde sanat ve kültür alanında da değişiklikler gösterilmesine sebep olmuştur. Araştırmanın konusunu oluşturan mezar taşları, birçok medeniyete yüzyıllar boyunca ev sahipliği yapmış, Selçuklunun başkenti Konya’nın Akşehir ilçesinde Nasrettin Hoca Mezarlığı’nda yer almaktadır. Taşların bulundukları konum bile taşların büyük ölçüde önemini vurgulamaya yeterlidir. “Akşehir Nasrettin Hoca Mezarlığı’ndan Beylikler ve Osmanlı Dönemi’ne ait mezar taşı Örnekleri’’ başlıklı çalışmada, Akşehir Nasrettin Hoca Mezarlığı’nda yer alan 15 adet mezar taşının incelemesi yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın amacı, incelenen mezar taşlarını tüm ayrıntıları ile tanıtılıp, fotoğraf ve çizimlerle desteklenerek, eserlerin literatüre kazandırılmasıdır.
MESNEVÎ’DE RUH VE BEDEN TASAVVURLARI
Authors: YILDIRIM Ali 
Published: December 2020

Ruh ve ruhun bedenle olan ilişkisi felsefe, din ve diğer düşünce sistemlerinin sıklıkla üzerinde durdukları konulardan olmuştur. Ruhun ezelî ve ebedî olup olmaması, mahiyeti, bedene nispetle niteliği en çok tartışılan konulardan olmuştur. İslam dininin ruh anlayışında şüphesiz Kur’an’daki ayetlerin bağlayıcı bir yönü bulunmaktadır. Ancak bununla birlikte İslam çatısı altında da farklı düşünceler ortaya çıkmıştır. Özellikle tasavvuf anlayışı, ruhların ezelde yaratıldığı, Allah’ın “kendi ruhumdan üfledim” ayeti bağlamında ilahî ruhun bir tarafının bulunduğu düşüncesini ön plana çıkarmıştır. Buna karşı bazı İslam bilginleri, ruhun insanın ana rahminde, cenin hâlinin belli bir safhasından itibaren yaratıldığı tezini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Mesnevî’de ruh beden ikilisi ve bunların birbiriyle olan münasebetleri ile ilgili olarak oldukça fazla beyitle karşılaşmaktayız. Mevlânâ’nın bazen akıl (akl-ı me’ad) ile birlikte değerlendirdiği ruhu, bedenin üstünde ilahi bir töz olarak gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Yine ona göre, ezelde yaratılan, hatta Mutlak Varlık olan Allah’la birlikte olan ruhun, geçici bir süre aşağılık olan beden kalıbına girmesi söz konusudur. Mesnevî’de geçen hemen bütün kurgularda bedenin aşağılanıp ruhun yüceltildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, Mevlânâ’nın söz konusu düşünceler bağlamında ruh ve bedeni, tecrübi âlemde gözlemlediğim hangi nesneler ve olgular üzerinden kurguladığı üzerinedir.
ERZİNCAN VE ÇEVRESİ ARAŞTIRMALARI-1
Authors: ŞAHİN Tahir Erdoğan , SARIÇİMEN Gülay 
Published: December 2020

Saha araştırmamız içerisinde yer alan Erzincan ve çevresi; kuzeyde Şebinkarahisar’dan Bayburt’a, güneyde Eğin’den Bingöl’e kadar olan Azzi/Hayaşa Bölgesi olarak kendi içinde benzer yapıları içermekte ve bu yapıların niteliği bölgenin özgünlüğünü göstermektedir. Bu alan tarihi, coğrafi ve kültürel konumu itibariyle görece bütünlük göstermektedir. Yüzyıllar içerisinde pek çok tarihi olayın, demografik ve toplumsal alt üst oluşların, çok çeşitli inanç ve düşüncelerin yaşatıldığı bu coğrafya kendi iç çeşnisinin bütünü içerisinde özgün ve özel karakteristik bir niteliğe sahip olmuştur. Bu çalışmada; o eski geçmişten bugüne gelen ve öncelikle birçoğu henüz tespiti yapılıp neşredilmeyen arkeolojik veriler ile tarihsel/dinî derinliği olan ve hâlâ yaşatılan değerleri bir bütün hâlinde sunulması hedeflemiştir. Tespit edilip kaydedilen veri türlerinin çeşitliliği yanı sıra bu verilerin değerlendirilmesinde de yöntemsel olarak geniş bir çerçevenin çizilmesine, her verinin kendi özgünlüğüne göre farklı yöntemlerle ele alınmasına çalışılmıştır.
The Council of Metropolitan See and Its Canonical Basis. An Orthodox Approach
Authors: Mititelu Cătălina 
Published: December 2020

In this canonical study, the reader of the article will have an opportunity to become acquainted with an old European canonical-juridical institution, that is, the synodality, and, ipso facto, about its juridical regime. And, naturally, the reader can get acquainted more closely with the provisions of the canonical norms of the Eastern Church regarding the eparchial (metropolitan) synodality institution, and, ipso facto, with the issue of the regime of the synodality. Since the canonical bases of the synodality regime are foreseen in the canonical legislation of the first millennium, we had to make an hermeneutical analysis of its text, which showed us that, by resorting to ad fontes, we can also pave the way that would go towards the restoration of the unity of the two Christian worlds, namely, Pars Orientis and Pars Occidentis.
Synod as the Embodiment of the Church — the Evolution of Lutheran Understanding of Synodality
Authors: Hintz Marcin 
Published: December 2020

The concept of the synod plays a special role in the Evangelical ecclesiology. In the 20th century, the synod was radically defined as “the personification of the Church.” In the Evangelical tradition, however, there are equal Church management systems: episcopal, synodal-consistory, presbyterian (mainly in the Evangelical-Reformed denomination), and to a lesser extent congregational (especially observed in the so-called free Churches). Reformation theology understands the Church as a community of all saints, where the Gospel is preached purely and the sacraments are properly administered (Augsburg Confession — CA VII). The system of the Church does not belong to the so-called notae ecclesiae. An important theological doctrine of the Reformation is the teaching about the universal priesthood of all believers, which is the theological foundation of the idea of the synodal responsibility of the Church. In the 19th century synods concerned mainly clergy. In the 20th century, in the course of democratisation processes, most Evangelical Churches raised the importance of the synod in the overall management of the Church, and the Polish Lutheran Church introduced a provision into her law which stipulates that the synod is “the embodiment of the Church” and its supreme authority.
“New Human Rights” and the Ban on Sexual Intercourse between Relatives. Legal Contemplation
Authors: Świto Lucjan 
Published: December 2020

The classic conception of human rights, expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights signed in Paris on December 10, 1948, has been receiving attempts at reinterpretation in the recent 50 years. The appearance of the concept of “new human rights” in the public sphere serves as an example here. However, the scope of the term “new rights” and the precise meaning of “reproductive and sexual rights” are not entirely known. The change in perception of human sexuality, the affirmation of sexual liberation, and the acceptance of violating social taboo in the name of the “new human rights” invites reflection on how the concept of sexual rights relates to the ban on sexual contacts between relatives. Does a ban on incest lose its rationale in modern times, and does the penalisation of such acts constitute merely anachronistic oppression? Are the currently enforced normative solutions clear and free of questions and controversy in this matter? Lastly, one is compelled to inquire whether sexual contacts between relatives are perhaps already among the “new human rights.” The present article endeavours to answer these questions.
МОНЕТНО-РЕЧОВИЙ СКАРБ ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ІХ СТОЛІТТЯ З ЧЕРКАСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ
Authors: Lemberg Yevhen , Shostopal Anatoly 
Published: December 2020

У статті зроблено опис нумізматичної частини монетно-речового скарбу, знайденого біля хутора Кобеляки Звенигородського району Черкаської області, а саме куфічних дирхемів, карбованих у період династії Аббасидів, кількістю 64 шт. Розглянуто можливі причини та шляхи потрапляння даного скарбу на територію Черкащини.Визначені дирхеми походять із семи регіонів ісламського світу:1) Магріб – 32 шт.; 2) Ірак – 14 шт.; 3) Джібал – 8 шт.; 4) Кавказ – 5 шт.; 5) Хорасан – 2 шт.; 6) Мавераннахр – 2 шт.; 7) Кірман – 1 шт. Найпізніші дати на монетах дають можливість віднести знайдений скарб, з урахуванням ще певного часу для його надходження на землі Середнього Подніпров’я, до першої половини-середини ІХ століття, що відповідає періоду існування Луки-Райковецької культури на Правобережжі Дніпра. Науковці вважають, що саме уличі, одне з «літописних племен», які згадуються у «Повісті времяних літ», залишили нам археологічні пам’ятки типу луки-райковецьких.Даний скарб унікальний для Черкаської області як за набором, так і за кількістю знайдених куфічних монет. На території області від періоду посилення слов’янських племен та формування Київської Русі більше знаходять візантійських монет, тоді як куфічні монети трапляються значно рідше. Знахідка даного монетно-речового скарбу може вказувати на шляхи поширення та використання куфічних монет. Дати карбування дирхемів, які були у скарбі, свідчать про їх надходження на Середнє Подніпров’я у першій половині-середині ІХ ст., ще до утворення давньоруської держави, центром якої стало місто Київ. Якщо на Лівобережжі торговельні шляхи, починаючи від VIII-IХ ст., на сьогодні визначені краще, то даний скарб разом з іншими знахідками куфічних монет на Черкащині та на теренах більш західних областей України може допомогти у визначенні таких торговельних шляхів і на Правобережжі та в Західній Україні.
ANALISIS VOLUME LALU LINTAS PADA RUAS JALAN ARTERI (BATAS. KABUPATEN. MAJENE-POLEWALI MANDAR)
Authors: Basri Fitriani , Harum Muhammad 
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jalan Prof. Dr. Baharuddin Lopa Lutang Majene tepatnya batas Majene – Polewali Mandar.Kebutuhan yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini, khususnya di lokasi penelitian adalah data volume lalu lintas yaitu sepeda motor (MC), kendaraan ringan (LV), kendaraan berat (MHV), Kendaraan truk besar (LT), kendaraan bus besar (LB).Tujuan penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisis volume Lalu Lintas Harian (LHR) pada ruas jalan arteri trans Sulawesi (Batas Majene- Polewali Mandar). Mengetahui perbandingan volume Lalu Lintas Harian (LHR) dalam dua (2) tahun terakhir. Pengaruh tingkat volume jalan terhadap arus lalu lintas yang paling tinggi pada hari senin pukul 08.00 dan 17.00 WITA yang paling rendah pada hari Minggu pukul 13.00-14.00 wita dengan nilai 0,13 smp/jam, dengan mengacu pada Manual Kapasitasjalan Indonesia.