bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A national study on prescribed medicine use in Australia on a typical day
Authors: Wylie Claire E. , Daniels Benjamin , Brett Jonathan , Pearson Sallie‐Anne , Buckley Nicholas A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo describe Australians' prescribed medicine use on a typical day (September 25, 2018).MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study using nationally representative dispensing claims data using the Australian Government Department of Human Services random 10% sample of all Australians eligible for prescription medicines subsidised through the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Our main outcome measures were the number and proportion of people using at least one prescribed medicine and the specific medicine groups and classes on the day. We estimated the proportion of Australians using these medicines using the mid‐year Australian population as the denominator. We quantified multiple medicine use by calculating the number and proportion of people experiencing polypharmacy (the use of 5 or more unique medicines) and hyper‐polypharmacy (the use of 10 or more unique medicines).ResultsWe found that 9.0 million Australians used at least one PBS medicine on September 25, 2018; equating to 27.5 million medicines in use across Australia. “Cardiovascular system”, “nervous system” and “alimentary tract and metabolism” medicines comprised the top three medicine groups. Over 1.8 million people experienced polypharmacy on the day, accounting for 13.6 million dispensed medicines. 1 022 590 (45%) people aged ≥70 years old experienced polypharmacy and 188 930 (8%) experienced hyper‐polypharmacy.ConclusionsRates of polypharmacy were high, particularly in the people most susceptible to polypharmacy‐related harm. Strategies to optimise the risk‐benefit ratio of medicines and to reduce polypharmacy through “choosing wisely” and “de‐prescribing” in this age group are needed. Australia's national data provides a benchmark to inform global medicine utilisation practices.
Effect of Ni2+ chelated to the surface of PBFA on the charring flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of epoxy resin
Authors: Zhang Kailun , Wu Hongjuan , Wu Ruifang , Yang Guang , Wang Tian , Xie Jixing , Qu Hongqiang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHere, a phosphazene‐based flame retardant (PBFA) containing active amine groups was synthesized by hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and N‐aminoethylpiperazine and nickel ion (Ni2+) was chelated to the surface of PBFA (named as PBFA‐Ni2+). Incorporation into epoxy resin (EP) with a loading of 6 wt% (named as EP/PBFA‐Ni2+‐6.0), enabled the composite to pass the vertical burning test (UL‐94) V 0 rating. Peak heat release rate and the total smoke release of EP/PBFA‐Ni2+‐6.0 were decreased by 41.02% and 22.74% as measured by cone calorimeter tests. The production rate of CO was inhibited when PBFA‐Ni2+ was incorporated into EP.
Effect of Na‐PDT and KF‐PDT on the photovoltaic performance of wide bandgap Cu (In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Zahedi‐Azad Setareh , Maiberg Matthias , Scheer Roland 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCu (In,Ga)Se2 solar cells exhibit higher efficiencies if an appropriate Ga gradient is introduced and if the absorber is doped with sodium (Na) plus a heavier alkali atom such as potassium. However, a Gallium gradient in the presence of Na is challenging because sodium impedes the interdiffusion of elements and influences the gradient. In this contribution, we show that the presence of sodium during growth with the combination of high Ga concentration creates a pronounced gradient that is detrimental for carrier collection. One solution is to avoid Na abundance during absorber growth but to add it to the grown absorber layer via a postdeposition treatment. We investigate the effect of different Na incorporation methods simultaneously with KF‐PDT on wide band gap CIGSe absorbers. By preparation on alkali‐free substrates and application of alkalis (NaF and KF) onto a grown CIGSe layer, we show by smoothening of the Gallium gradient a large improvement in the solar cell performance from 4% to 8%. Another way to optimize the gradient in the presence of Na is the modification of the three‐stage method. This yields the best efficiency of 10% in our laboratory at an integral GGI of ~0.8. By means of temperature‐dependent JV measurements, we show that the additional postdeposition of KF induces a barrier for the diode current. We conclude that KF‐PDT induces a new thin layer at the CIGSe surface that has a lower valence band edge relative to the CIGSe bulk and is responsible for the double‐diode behavior. This barrier can also explain the Voc(T) saturation at low temperature.
Safe reinforcement learning: A control barrier function optimization approach
Authors: Marvi Zahra , Kiumarsi Bahare 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThis article presents a learning‐based barrier certified method to learn safe optimal controllers that guarantee operation of safety‐critical systems within their safe regions while providing an optimal performance. The cost function that encodes the designer's objectives is augmented with a control barrier function (CBF) to ensure safety and optimality. A damping coefficient is incorporated into the CBF which specifies the trade‐off between safety and optimality. The proposed formulation provides a look‐ahead and proactive safety planning and results in a smooth transition of states within the feasible set. That is, instead of applying an optimal controller and intervening with it only if the safety constraints are violated, the safety is planned and optimized along with the performance to minimize the intervention with the optimal controller. It is shown that addition of the CBF into the cost function does not affect the stability and optimality of the designed controller within the safe region. This formulation enables us to find the optimal safe solution iteratively. An off‐policy reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm is then employed to find a safe optimal policy without requiring the complete knowledge about the system dynamics, while satisfies the safety constraints. The efficacy of the proposed safe RL control design approach is demonstrated on the lane keeping as an automotive control problem.
Assessing the potential for spectrally based remote sensing of salmon spawning locations
Authors: Harrison Lee R. , Legleiter Carl J. , Overstreet Brandon T. , Bell Tom W. , Hannon John 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRemote sensing tools are increasingly used for quantitative mapping of fluvial habitats, yet few techniques exist for continuous sampling of aquatic organisms, such as spawning salmonids. This study assessed the potential for spectrally based remote sensing of salmon spawning locations (i.e., redds) using data acquired from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) along a large, gravel‐bed river. We developed a novel, semi‐automated approach for detecting salmon redds by applying machine learning classification and object detection techniques to UAS‐based imagery. We found that both true colour (RGB) and hyperspectral imagery could be used to identify salmon redds, though with varying degrees of accuracy. Redds were mapped with accuracies of ~0.75 from RGB imagery using logistic regression and support vector machines (SVM) classification algorithms, but this type of data could not be used to identify redds using Object‐based Image Analysis (OBIA). The hyperspectral imagery was more useful for mapping salmon redds, with accuracies greater than 0.9 for both logistic regression and SVM classifiers; OBIA of the hyperspectral data resulted in redd detection accuracies up to 0.86. The hyperspectral imagery also yielded complementary physical habitat information including water depth and substrate composition, which we quantified on the basis of a spectrally based chlorophyll absorption ratio. Overall, the hyperspectral imagery more effectively identified salmon spawning locations than RGB images and was more conducive to the classification approaches we evaluated. Each type of remotely sensed data had advantages and limitations, which are important for potential users to understand when incorporating UAS‐based data collection into river ecosystem studies.
Chiral Oxazolinyl Hydroxyl Ferrocene Catalysts: Synthesis and Applications in Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Xu Di , Zhang Jun , Dai Li 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChiral oxazolinyl hydroxyl ferrocenes have been demonstrated as representative catalysts in enantioselective nucleophilic addition reactions in the last few decades. They have received much interest from chemists because of not only the numerous substitution patterns at their sandwich backbones, but also their superior catalytic activity in asymmetric transformations. Recent research has revealed that the planar chirality of these catalysts influences the stereochemistry of asymmetric products and the application scope in enantioselective reactions. Herein, we provide an intensive survey of chiral oxazolinyl hydroxyl ferrocene compounds, including the structures of chiral compounds already published, designed synthetic approaches for ferrocenes with different patterns, and their utilization in the enantioselective preparation of secondary alcohols using organozinc reagents.
The FeN3 Doped Fluorographene for N2 Fixation: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Yang Lei , Yu Li‐Bing , Liu Shuai‐Shuai , Song Er‐Hong , Song Yin‐Dong , Xiao Bei‐Bei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ammonia synthesis under ambient condition is of significance for sustainable energy utilization. Herein, the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) on FeN3 embedded graphane and fluorographene are investigated by density functional theory calculations. Our results indicate that the functional fluorographene accelerates electrocatalytic N2 fixation with an onset‐potential of 0.97 V via alternating mechanism, being superior to the graphane counterpart. Furthermore, the fluorination alleviates the H poisoning and increases NRR selectivity. The improved performance is originated from the strong electron‐withdrawing of the F decoration. Moreover, the inferior NRR performance of the FeN3 decorated graphane indicates the infeasibility as the NRR electrode, reasonably avoiding the experimental attempt. This finding opens up the new design for the carbon‐based electrocatalysts with high efficiency of NH3 synthesis.
Ultrasonication Improves the Structures and Physicochemical Properties of Cassava Starch Films Containing Acetic Acid
Authors: Wu Fuqi , Zhou Zeguang , Liang Manling , Zhong Lei , Xie Fengwei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCassava starch films are fabricated with acetic acid treatment and ultrasonication. Different ultrasound power levels from 200 to 750 W are used and the effects of ultrasonication on the morphology, microstructures, and properties of the starch–acetic acid films are investigated. Scanning electron microscopy shows a cohesive and compact structure of the films resulting from ultrasonication. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystalline index is decreased by acid treatment and increased by ultrasonication. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the films first increase and then decrease with increasing ultrasound power level. Ultrasonication also results in higher opacity, higher water barrier performance, and lower water adsorption of the films. Thus, the results show that ultrasonication can be used as a simple and efficient way to modify the morphology, microstructure, and performance of starch–acetic acid films to better meet the application needs.
Study on bond strength of geopolymer and control concrete between fiber‐reinforced polymer and steel bars
Authors: Subramanian Nagajothi , Solaiyan Elavenil 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSignificant issue in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is corrosion of steel. High alkalization of cement matrix, low permeability, and sufficient cover plays an important role to shield from corrosion of steel. There is a replacement material for steel is fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) bars as reinforcement. The FRP bars are nonconductive and durable material and they are composited from fibers and polymers matrix. In this study, new technology geopolymer concrete (GC) was used along with glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) and basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars. GC is produced from industrial by‐product materials such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (rich in silica and alumina) and treated as sustainable material. The long term durability of many RC structures affects drastically by the reinforcement corrosion. Main aspect of bond behavior is tension stiffening as it has capability to control the reinforcement to shift the tensile stresses to concrete. This paper evaluates the bond strength between the GC reinforced with GFRP/BFRP and the results were evaluated with conventional concrete (CC) reinforced with steel. The pullout test method was used to determine the bond between FRP and steel bars with the surrounding concrete based on IS: 2770 (part I)‐1967. The comparison of bond strength GC with FRP almost same as CC with steel. The tension test and double shear test were also carried out in FRP and steel bars based on IS 432–1982 and 5242–1979, respectively.
An example of harnessing crushed ceramic pots for the production of watertight concrete
Authors: Halbiniak Jacek , Katzer Jacek , Major Maciej , Langier Bogdan , Major Izabela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article presents the results of the research program aimed to analyze the opportunities for using waste ceramic pots for the production of watertight concrete. The mechanically processed crushed ceramic pots were added to the concrete mix in two ways: as a microfiller and as a recycled fine ceramic aggregate. The ceramic meal with a fraction below 0.25 mm was obtained by processing crushed pots using a mill and disintegrator. The pulverized ceramic material was added in 10%, 20%, and 30% of the cement mass. Recycled fine ceramic aggregate with a particle diameter up to 4 mm was created using only industrial mill. The aggregate obtained from pots was used to replace 20%, 30%, and 40% of the sand mass. Altogether, seven different mixes were created. The testing covered following properties: compressive strength, water absorption, and depth of water penetration. Concretes modified with the ceramic meal obtained higher compressive strength, lower water absorption and lower values of depth of water penetration in comparison to reference concrete. Mixes with recycled fine ceramic aggregate were characterized by slightly higher compressive strength in comparison to the reference concrete and similar values of water absorption and depth of water penetration.
Extension of direct displacement‐based design for quantifying higher mode effects on controlled rocking steel cores
Authors: Rahgozar Navid , Rahgozar Nima 
Published: August 2020

SummaryDirect displacement‐based design (DDBD) procedure utilizes an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom model to predict seismic demands while neglecting the higher mode effects. Controlled rocking steel cores (CRSCs) vibrate in the first mode of vibration; however, higher modes greatly influence the member forces. Previous studies, in which DDBD has been utilized, have not quantified the contribution of higher mode demands to CRSC's assemblies. This paper aims to extend the DDBD (EDDBD) procedure for low‐damage buildings, equipped with CRSCs. Modal responses are combined with modified SRSS at the design displacement. Design is formulated for the strength and stiffness of the CRSC components. The application of the proposed design approach is illustrated by 3‐, 9‐, and 15‐story archetypes. Results verified by nonlinear dynamic analyses demonstrate the high precision of EDDBD in the design of low‐ to mid‐rise CRSCs. The proposed procedure is applicable to commercial software.
Strategies for visualizing inflammation
Authors: Zhang Xinping , Liu Xiaoyang , Guo Yuxin , Wu Fu‐Gen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs a basic innate immune response to the disordered tissue homeostasis, inflammation is related to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including bacterial infections, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers. It is also a pivotal feature of some metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. The visualization of in vivo inflammations can help us to comprehend the pathogenesis of these diseases and develop new solutions to diagnose them. Over the past few decades, a variety of strategies (eg, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and ultrasound [US] imaging) have been utilized for visualizing inflammations by imaging the structural changes of inflammatory tissues. Moreover, many recent studies have focused on some probes that can target or localize the inflammatory sites by specific binding to inflammation‐related molecules, being internalized by inflammatory cells, or becoming detectable only under inflammatory conditions. These probes can also be applied to visualize inflammations by MRI, positron emission tomography, single‐photon emission computed tomography, photoacoustic imaging, optical imaging (eg, fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence imaging, and chemiluminescence imaging), contrast‐enhanced US imaging, and the combined use of the abovementioned methods. This review not only summarizes the existing strategies for visualizing inflammations, but also discusses the limitations of the present strategies and the future directions on the development of new strategies for realizing the in vivo inflammation visualization.
MPC framework for constrained wind turbine individual pitch control
Authors: Petrović Vlaho , Jelavić Mate , Baotić Mato 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe reduction of structural loads is becoming an important objective for the wind turbine control system due to the ever‐increasing specifications/demands on wind turbine rated power and related growth of turbine dimensions. Among various control algorithms that have been researched in recent years, the individual pitch control has demonstrated its effectiveness in wind turbine load reduction. Since the individual pitch control, like other load reduction algorithms, requires higher levels of actuator activity, one must take actuator constraints into account when designing the controller. This paper presents a method for the inclusion of such constraints into a predictive wind turbine controller. It is shown that the direct inclusion of constraints would result in a control problem that is nonconvex and difficult to solve. Therefore, a modification of the constraints is proposed that ensures the convexity of the control problem. Simulation results show that the developed predictive control algorithm achieves individual pitch control objectives while satisfying all imposed constraints.
Songbird Use of Native and Invasive Fruit in the Northeastern USA
Authors: Labbé Michelle A. , King David I. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTFruit is consumed by songbirds, yet whether or not it comprises an important component of habitat quality depends on the extent to which it is used by birds. In addition, there is evidence fruits of exotic invasive species may be nutritionally inferior to fruits of native species, so the influence of plant invasion on bird body condition is of interest to managers. Birds that consume invasive fruits may also serve as seed vectors, and consumption of fruits of invasive species may exacerbate invasion. Thus, the extent to which songbirds consume fruits of native versus invasive plant species, influence of plant invasion on bird body condition, and extent to which birds exhibit foraging behaviors that elevate their potential to act as dispersers of invasive species have important implications for habitat management. To understand bird use of native and invasive fruits and the potential role of birds in dispersing invasive plants, we observed bird foraging, measured body condition indices of birds captured in mist nets, measured available fruits of native and invasive plants, and calculated indices of seed dispersal for bird species based on fruit handling and consumption, within 16 shrubland sites in western Massachusetts, USA. Our findings indicate that birds use fruit extensively (57% of foraging events), use varied among species, and frugivorous species at our sites generally chose the fruit of native species, especially Prunus, over fruits of invasive species. Body condition indices were negatively related to the proportion of invasive fruit in most cases. In general, birds were better dispersers for native fruits than for invasive fruits. Our findings support the value of native fruit resources as a component of habitat quality, and, conversely, suggest that nonnative plant invasion may lead to reduced habitat quality for songbirds. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Strength and stiffness predictions with focus on different acoustic measurement methods
Authors: Kovryga A. , Chuquin Gamarra J. O. , van de Kuilen J. W. G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStrength grading is an important step for the production of homogenous and high-quality solid wood material. In particular, for hardwoods, the use of non-visible characteristics is indispensable. Dynamic MOE (Edyn) is an important parameter widely used for grading of softwoods and applicable to hardwoods as well. There are two common ways to measure Edyn—ultrasound (US) wave propagation and longitudinal vibration (LV) method. Both methods are used in practice, however, due to the different inherent measurement techniques, the results differ. The current paper analyses the stiffness and strength coefficients of determination for several temperate European hardwood species and emphasizes the differences between the two measurement systems. The performance was analysed with regard to grading techniques, testing modes for the mechanical properties (tension and bending) and wood qualities. For more than 2861 pieces of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), European oak (Quercus spp.) and maple (Acer spp.), the Edyn was measured using both techniques, and destructive tests (tension and edgewise bending) were applied. The results show that LV has higher coefficient of determination compared to the US Edyn. The coefficient of determination for both methods and tensile application can be increased by calculating Edyn with average density. Furthermore, the results support species-independent strength grading of hardwoods. Further research on the effect of different wood qualities and sawing patterns is required.
Immersive analysis of user motion in VR applications
Authors: Kloiber Simon , Settgast Volker , Schinko Christoph , Weinzerl Martin , Fritz Johannes , Schreck Tobias , Preiner Reinhold 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWith the rise of virtual reality experiences for applications in entertainment, industry, science and medicine, the evaluation of human motion in immersive environments is becoming more important. By analysing the motion of virtual reality users, design choices and training progress in the virtual environment can be understood and improved. Since the motion is captured in a virtual environment, performing the analysis in the same environment provides a valuable context and guidance for the analysis. We have created a visual analysis system that is designed for immersive visualisation and exploration of human motion data. By combining suitable data mining algorithms with immersive visualisation techniques, we facilitate the reasoning and understanding of the underlying motion. We apply and evaluate this novel approach on a relevant VR application domain to identify and interpret motion patterns in a meaningful way.