bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prioritizing critical-care resources in response to COVID-19: lessons from the development of Thailand's Triage protocol
Authors: Archer Rachel A. , Marshall Aniqa I. , Sirison Kanchanok , Witthayapipopsakul Woranan , Sriakkpokin Pisit , Chotchoungchatchai Somtanuek , Srisookwatana Orapan , Teerawattananon Yot , Tangcharoensathien Viroj 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs COVID-19 ravages the world, many countries are faced with the grim reality of not having enough critical-care resources to go around. Knowing what could be in store, the Thai Ministry of Public Health called for the creation of an explicit protocol to determine how these resources are to be rationed in the situation of demand exceeding supply. This paper shares the experience of developing triage criteria and a mechanism for prioritizing intensive care unit resources in a middle-income country with the potential to be applied to other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) faced with a similar (if not more of a) challenge when responding to the global pandemic. To the best of our knowledge, this locally developed guideline would be among the first of its kind from an LMIC setting. In summary, the experience from the Thai protocol development highlights three important lessons. First, stakeholder consultation and public engagement are crucial steps to ensure the protocol reflects the priorities of society and to maintain public trust in the health system. Second, all bodies and actions proposed in the protocol must not conflict with existing laws to ensure smooth implementation and adherence by professionals. Last, all components of the protocol must be compatible with the local context including medical culture, physician–patient relationship, and religious and societal norms.
Morphological variation and development in a Northern Norwegian role play register
Authors: Strand Bror-Magnus S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the variation in and development of a set of morphological variables in a register known to be used by Norwegian children when engaging in role play. In this register they code-switch to something resembling the standard or Oslo variety for their in-character role utterances. The variation across variables, subjects, and age is demonstrated and discussed, and although most variables are used in the standard variants, their rates vary. A fitted binomial generalised mixed effect analysis on the most frequent variables shows that the rate of standard variants increases significantly as an effect of age.
Profiles of bilingualism in early childhood: A person-centred Latent Profile Transition Approach
Authors: Francot Ryanne , Blom Elma , Broekhuizen Martine , Leseman Paul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBilingualism as it occurs in current societies is a complex, multidimensional and dynamic phenomenon, calling for new approaches to capture this concept. This study shows the feasibility of a person-centred approach by combining measures of the use of and proficiency in the first and second language from 110 young Turkish–Dutch children at two measurement waves, using two existing datasets. Latent Profile Analysis revealed four profiles, equivalent at age four and six: 1) Dominant L1 use, relatively low L1 and L2 proficiency, 2) Dual L1 and L2 use, around average L1 and L2 proficiency, 3) Dominant L1 use, relatively high L1 and L2 proficiency and 4) Dominant L2 use, relatively high L2 proficiency. Latent Transition Analysis indicated that children changed in profiles over time. Regression analyses showed that profiles were differently related to the family's socioeconomic status and children's nonverbal intelligence at age four. No relations were found at age six.
Characterizing the Complexity Assembly of Pore Structure in a Coal Matrix: Principle, Methodology, and Modeling Application
Authors: Zhao Mengyu , Jin Yi , Liu Xianhe , Zheng Junling , Liu Shunxi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe pore structure in a coal matrix is a dual‐porosity system where fractures and pores coexist and feature scale‐invariance properties, which would affect the occurrence and migration of coalbed methane (CBM) significantly. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to well define complexity types and effectively characterize their assembly mechanism of pore structure in a coal matrix. Here we identify the pore structure in a coal matrix as a dual‐complexity system consisting of original complexity and behavioral complexity independent to each other, where the former determines the scaling types of single‐ or dual‐porosity structure, while the latter dominates the scale‐invariance properties of self‐similarity, self‐affinity, and multifractality. Next we clarify the essentials of scale‐invariance properties and unify the definition of behavioral complexity. By employing Voronoi diagrams, we develop a dual‐porosity coupling algorithm to describe the original complexity and set up a mathematical framework to characterize the complexity assembly in fractal dual‐porosity media. For modeling demonstration, we select some typical coal samples from different reservoirs in China, extract the scale‐invariance parameters, and establish fractal topography based on mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and N2 adsorption data. Using experimental tests, mathematical derivation, and numerical simulations in combination, we reveal the principle and methodology for the characterization of the complexity assembly in a coal matrix.
Multifrequency Inversion of Ps and Sp Receiver Functions: Methodology and Application to USArray Data
Authors: Bissig Felix , Khan Amir , Tauzin Benoit , Sossi Paolo A. , Munch Federico D. , Giardini Domenico 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe image the thermochemical structure of crust and mantle underneath the North American continent by inverting recordings of P‐to‐s (Ps) and S‐to‐p (Sp) converted seismic body waves (receiver functions [RFs]). Through careful data selection and processing, we construct a multifrequency Ps (5‐, 8‐, and 10 ‐s) and Sp (10‐ and 15‐ s) RF data set from USArray recordings. The inversion is interfaced with petrological phase equilibria computations to build self‐consistent radial seismic velocity and density models for RF waveform simulations. Inverted models are combined through back‐projection along converted raypaths and interpolation to tomographic images of crust and mantle structure. Through clustering analysis we identify three major tectonic regions based on mantle thermochemical and seismic structure: the tectonically active West (TAW), the central transition region (CTR), and the cratonic‐orogenic East (COE). TAW is chemically more fertile with a Mg# ∼ 0.90 (molar Mg# = Mg/(Mg + Fe)) and characterized by an elevated mantle potential temperature of 1490 ± 27°C relative to COE, which is chemically more depleted (Mg# ∼ 0.91) and colder (1419 ± 27°C). CTR is intermediate to TAW and COE. We find significant thermochemically induced topography associated with the base of the lithosphere (±90 km), while the mantle transition zone is mostly influenced by thermally induced topography on the 410‐km discontinuity (±15 km). In contrast, the 660‐km discontinuity, where variations are only ±5 km, reflects a more complex thermochemical interplay. To place the results in a tectonic context, thermobarometric estimates from basaltic rocks across the western United States are integrated with the seismic inversions to produce a thermal model of the underlying mantle.
GISS Model E2.2: A Climate Model Optimized for the Middle Atmosphere—2. Validation of Large‐Scale Transport and Evaluation of Climate Response
Authors: Orbe Clara , Rind David , Jonas Jeffrey , Nazarenko Larissa , Faluvegi Greg , Murray Lee T. , Shindell Drew T. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Zhou Tiehan , Kelley Maxwell , Schmidt Gavin A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHere we examine the large‐scale transport characteristics of the new “Middle Atmosphere” NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) climate model (E2.2). First, we evaluate the stratospheric transport circulation in historical atmosphere‐only simulations integrated with interactive trace gas and aerosol chemistry. Compared to lower vertical resolution model versions, E2.2 exhibits improved tropical ascent and older stratospheric mean ages that are more consistent with observed values. In the troposphere, poleward transport to the Arctic and interhemispheric mean ages in E2.2 are comparable to models participating in the Chemistry Climate Modeling Initiative. In addition to validating E2.2, we also assess its “transport sensitivity” using the coupled atmosphere‐ocean abrupt 4xCO2 and transient 1%CO2 simulations submitted to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6, along with a 2xCO2 simulation used to evaluate the linearity of the transport circulation's response to increased CO2. We show that decreases (increases) in a stratospheric mean age (idealized surface loss) tracer scale linearly with increased lower stratospheric upwelling, which also increases linearly with warming tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Abrupt 2xCO2 and 4xCO2 experiments constrained with (fixed) pre‐industrial SSTs are also used to quantify the relative importance of rapid adjustments versus SST feedbacks to the transport circulation responses in the model. Finally, sensitivity experiments are presented to illustrate the impact of changes in the convective parameterization on stratospheric transport.
Arctic Influence on the Eastern Asian Cold Surge Forecast: A Case Study of January 2016
Authors: Dai Guokun , Mu Mu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn extreme cold surge during 21–25 January 2016 resulted in extensive damage to eastern Asian countries. Synoptic diagnoses show that the southward movement of the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone to the midlatitudes was the key process for the cold surge. Operational forecasts from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts show that this event could be captured in the control forecast started on 12 January. Further diagnosis shows that the control forecast started on 11 January missed it, possibly due to uncertainties in the Arctic because the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone is not strong enough due to the erroneous eddy vorticity forcing (EVF) induced by the Arctic initial conditions uncertainty. Therefore, the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone cannot move southward to midlatitude when another anomalous anticyclone comes from the Caspian Sea. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted with the Open Integrated Forecasting System model to verify the role of the Arctic initial conditions. Numerical results show that integration with the ERA5 initial conditions could capture the cold surge in the forecast starting on 12 January, while integration with the ERA‐Interim initial conditions could not. Sensitivity experiments with modified Arctic initial conditions show an improved cold surge forecast skill. This improvement may be due to the north Siberian anomalous anticyclone, which is sufficiently strong to move southward when the anomalous anticyclone comes from the Caspian Sea, with accurate EVF induced by the improved initial conditions in the Arctic. This result highlights the importance of the Arctic initial conditions in this eastern Asian cold surge forecast.
On a Possible Mechanism of Reactivation of Decayed Branches of Negative Stepped Leaders
Authors: Ding Z. , Rakov V. A. , Zhu Y. , Tran M. D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing visible‐range and infrared (3–5 μm) high‐speed video cameras, we observed luminosity transients that reilluminated decayed branches of two close (2 to 4 km) negative stepped leaders in Florida. Leader branches were energized via stepping at their tips and, as a result, were most heated near their lower ends, with the hotter sections being connected via cooler sections to the trunk. In the modeling of lightning leaders, usually a single tip is considered. In contrast, in the present study, many (up to 30 per major branch) tips were active at the same time, forming a network‐like structure with a descending multitip “ionization front” whose transverse dimensions were of the order of hundreds of meters. The front exhibited alternating stepping, with each step necessarily generating a positive charge wave traveling from the leader tip up along the channel, like a mini return stroke. We inferred that the step‐related waves can cause luminosity transients in the remnants of decayed negative branches at higher altitudes. Such reactivated branches, in turn, may facilitate further leader stepping at lower altitudes, as first reported by Stolzenburg et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022933). The reactivation process is likely to involve multiple steps, as evidenced by a large number of active tips (some tens per 50‐μs frame) and corresponding electric field pulses occurring at time intervals of 2 μs or less. Additionally, our observations suggest that a transient in one decayed branch can trigger (or assist with triggering of) a transient in another branch.
Seasonal Trends of Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles Over Tokyo
Authors: Tobo Yutaka , Uetake Jun , Matsui Hitoshi , Moteki Nobuhiro , Uji Yasushi , Iwamoto Yoko , Miura Kazuhiko , Misumi Ryohei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIce nucleating particles (INPs) originating from Asia are expected to have large impacts on aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation interactions on local, regional, and global scales. However, their seasonal variability is poorly understood. Here, we present a year‐round record of atmospheric INPs measured on Tokyo Skytree, which is the world's tallest broadcasting tower located in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The INP number concentrations showed relatively small variations in the temperature regime below −20°C, whereas the values were episodically enhanced by long‐range transported Asian dusts. On the other hand, the INP spectra in the temperature regime warmer than −20°C exhibited measurable seasonal variations. Notably, the INP number concentrations in the temperature regime between −15°C and −10°C tended to indicate higher values in warm/wet seasons and lower values in cold/dry seasons. Our results suggest that Asian dust events and seasonal variations in certain particles of biological origin linked to local/regional meteorology might influence the seasonal trends of the INP spectra over the Tokyo Metropolitan area.
Spring Planetary Boundary Layer Structure and Corresponding Cloud Characteristics Under Different Prevailing Wind Directions Over the Kuroshio Sea Surface Temperature Front in the East China Sea
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Li Yunying 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure and corresponding stratocumulus (Sc) clouds under different prevailing wind directions over the East China Sea were studied using CloudSat and sounding observations from March–April 2007–2017. The dominant factors affecting the PBL structure and atmospheric response mechanism associated with the Kuroshio sea surface temperature front (SSTF) differed under the three prevailing wind directions. When northeasterly (NE) wind prevails, the opposite spatially high‐pass‐filtered meteorological parameters between the warm tongue and cold pool indicate that the PBL structure is predominantly determined by the SSTF via the sea level pressure adjustment mechanism. However, when northwesterly (NW) and southeasterly (SE) winds prevail, a downward kinetic energy tongue extends from the free atmosphere to the sea surface, indicating that the dynamic PBL structure is predominantly controlled by atmospheric circulation. The (minor) difference in relative humidity between the cold and warm sides indicates that the thermodynamic PBL structure is dominated by the SSTF through the vertical mixing mechanism (by atmospheric circulation) under NW (SE) prevailing wind. Completely different PBL structures lead to different temperature inversion (TI) and Sc cloud characteristics under the three prevailing wind directions. TI mainly occurs as low tropospheric inversion over the warm tongue, while the frequency of near‐surface inversion is large over the cold pool under NE and SE prevailing wind directions. The Sc cloud fraction over the warm tongue is two times larger than that over the cold pool under NE prevailing wind and is the largest (smallest) when NW (SE) wind prevails.
An Unprecedented Set of High‐Resolution Earth System Simulations for Understanding Multiscale Interactions in Climate Variability and Change
Authors: Chang Ping , Zhang Shaoqing , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Yeager Stephen G. , Fu Haohuan , Wang Hong , Castruccio Frederic S. , Chen Yuhu , Edwards James , Fu Dan , Jia Yinglai , Laurindo Lucas C. , Liu Xue , Rosenbloom Nan , Small R. Justin , Xu Gaopeng , Zeng Yunhui , Zhang Qiuying , Bacmeister Julio , Bailey David A. , Duan Xiaohui , DuVivier Alice K. , Li Dapeng , Li Yuxuan , Neale Richard , Stössel Achim , Wang Li , Zhuang Yuan , Baker Allison , Bates Susan , Dennis John , Diao Xiliang , Gan Bolan , Gopal Abishek , Jia Dongning , Jing Zhao , Ma Xiaohui , Saravanan R. , Strand Warren G. , Tao Jian , Yang Haiyuan , Wang Xiaoqi , Wei Zhiqiang , Wu Lixin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe present an unprecedented set of high‐resolution climate simulations, consisting of a 500‐year pre‐industrial control simulation and a 250‐year historical and future climate simulation from 1850 to 2100. A high‐resolution configuration of the Community Earth System Model version 1.3 (CESM1.3) is used for the simulations with a nominal horizontal resolution of 0.25° for the atmosphere and land models and 0.1° for the ocean and sea‐ice models. At these resolutions, the model permits tropical cyclones and ocean mesoscale eddies, allowing interactions between these synoptic and mesoscale phenomena with large‐scale circulations. An overview of the results from these simulations is provided with a focus on model drift, mean climate, internal modes of variability, representation of the historical and future climates, and extreme events. Comparisons are made to solutions from an identical set of simulations using the standard resolution (nominal 1°) CESM1.3 and to available observations for the historical period to address some key scientific questions concerning the impact and benefit of increasing model horizontal resolution in climate simulations. An emerging prominent feature of the high‐resolution pre‐industrial simulation is the intermittent occurrence of polynyas in the Weddell Sea and its interaction with an Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Overall, high‐resolution simulations show significant improvements in representing global mean temperature changes, seasonal cycle of sea‐surface temperature and mixed layer depth, extreme events and in relationships between extreme events and climate modes.
Elevated CO2 and nitrate levels increase wheat root-associated bacterial abundance and impact rhizosphere microbial community composition and function
Authors: Usyskin-Tonne Alla , Hadar Yitzhak , Yermiyahu Uri , Minz Dror 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Elevated CO2 stimulates plant growth and affects quantity and composition of root exudates, followed by response of its microbiome. Three scenarios representing nitrate fertilization regimes: limited (30 ppm), moderate (70 ppm) and excess nitrate (100 ppm) were compared under ambient and elevated CO2 (eCO2, 850 ppm) to elucidate their combined effects on root-surface-associated bacterial community abundance, structure and function. Wheat root-surface-associated microbiome structure and function, as well as soil and plant properties, were highly influenced by interactions between CO2 and nitrate levels. Relative abundance of total bacteria per plant increased at eCO2 under excess nitrate. Elevated CO2 significantly influenced the abundance of genes encoding enzymes, transporters and secretion systems. Proteobacteria, the largest taxonomic group in wheat roots (~ 75%), is the most influenced group by eCO2 under all nitrate levels. Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales are responsible for most of these functional changes. A correlation was observed among the five gene-groups whose abundance was significantly changed (secretion systems, particularly type VI secretion system, biofilm formation, pyruvate, fructose and mannose metabolism). These changes in bacterial abundance and gene functions may be the result of alteration in root exudation at eCO2, leading to changes in bacteria colonization patterns and influencing their fitness and proliferation.
Deep learning in cancer pathology: a new generation of clinical biomarkers
Authors: Echle Amelie , Rindtorff Niklas Timon , Brinker Titus Josef , Luedde Tom , Pearson Alexander Thomas , Kather Jakob Nikolas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractClinical workflows in oncology rely on predictive and prognostic molecular biomarkers. However, the growing number of these complex biomarkers tends to increase the cost and time for decision-making in routine daily oncology practice; furthermore, biomarkers often require tumour tissue on top of routine diagnostic material. Nevertheless, routinely available tumour tissue contains an abundance of clinically relevant information that is currently not fully exploited. Advances in deep learning (DL), an artificial intelligence (AI) technology, have enabled the extraction of previously hidden information directly from routine histology images of cancer, providing potentially clinically useful information. Here, we outline emerging concepts of how DL can extract biomarkers directly from histology images and summarise studies of basic and advanced image analysis for cancer histology. Basic image analysis tasks include detection, grading and subtyping of tumour tissue in histology images; they are aimed at automating pathology workflows and consequently do not immediately translate into clinical decisions. Exceeding such basic approaches, DL has also been used for advanced image analysis tasks, which have the potential of directly affecting clinical decision-making processes. These advanced approaches include inference of molecular features, prediction of survival and end-to-end prediction of therapy response. Predictions made by such DL systems could simplify and enrich clinical decision-making, but require rigorous external validation in clinical settings.
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Kumar Prakrit R. , Moore Jamie A. , Bowles Kristian M. , Rushworth Stuart A. , Moncrieff Marc D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Warburg effect in tumour cells is associated with the upregulation of glycolysis to generate ATP, even under normoxic conditions and the presence of fully functioning mitochondria. However, scientific advances made over the past 15 years have reformed this perspective, demonstrating the importance of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as well as glycolysis in malignant cells. The metabolic phenotypes in melanoma display heterogeneic dynamism (metabolic plasticity) between glycolysis and OXPHOS, conferring a survival advantage to adapt to harsh conditions and pathways of chemoresistance. Furthermore, the simultaneous upregulation of both OXPHOS and glycolysis (metabolic symbiosis) has been shown to be vital for melanoma progression. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has an essential supporting role in promoting progression, invasion and metastasis of melanoma. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the TME show a symbiotic relationship with melanoma, protecting tumour cells from apoptosis and conferring chemoresistance. With the significant role of OXPHOS in metabolic plasticity and symbiosis, our review outlines how mitochondrial transfer from MSCs to melanoma tumour cells plays a key role in melanoma progression and is the mechanism by which melanoma cells regain OXPHOS capacity even in the presence of mitochondrial mutations. The studies outlined in this review indicate that targeting mitochondrial trafficking is a potential novel therapeutic approach for this highly refractory disease.