bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Politics in the Euro Crisis
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 starts with an analysis of the establishment and normalization of the European “bailout regime” in the Euro crisis. In 2010, member states of the Eurogroup and EU institutions devised exceptional emergency credit facilities and created the so-called troika to devise and implement harsh austerity measures in recipient states. A combination of rhetorical and institutional power advantages for the authority-holders explains why the regime was ratcheted up despite the widespread resistance of societal actors. Second, the chapter analyzes the European Central Bank’s (ECB) adoption of the role of a lender of last resort to sovereigns of the Eurozone. With the Securities Markets Programme in 2010, the ECB circumvented the monetary financing prohibition and began to intervene in the fiscal and economic policymaking of recipient states. While the Bank’s emergency measures were highly contentious, it successfully deployed arguments of necessity and functionality to stabilize and even ramp up its powers.
WHO Emergency Powers for Global Health Security
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes two consecutive cases of exceptionalism in the World Health Organization (WHO). In the first case study, it explains how the WHO’s assumption of emergency powers in the 2003 SARS crisis led to their legal normalization. To confront the SARS outbreak, the WHO resorted to unprecedented emergency measures infringing on states’ sovereignty. Building on arguments of functionality, the WHO managed to create a broad consensus on the general appropriateness of such measures. They were thus enshrined in the new International Health Regulations in 2005 and came to their first reuse in the second case: the adoption of emergency powers during the H1N1 influenza “pandemic” in 2009. Due to a very mild course of the outbreak, however, this time it incited a societal backlash against the WHO. The emergency measures were delegitimized as excessive and futile, forcing the WHO to accept a procedural containment of its emergency powers.
To Fear Death or Trust in God?
Authors: Spencer Stephen J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter challenges the established scholarship, which has usually taken the descriptions of crusader fear in historical narratives as straightforward reflections of the crusading experience, by exploring the relationship between faith and the fear of death (timor mortis) in crusade narratives, focusing particularly on those written by ecclesiastics. It argues that, far from accurate evidence of participants’ lived feelings, these ecclesiastical texts proffer a highly theological interpretation of the fear of death as an emotion which ought to be relinquished by crusaders. For many chroniclers, rather than fearing death, crusade participants were expected to unswervingly trust in God and undauntedly embrace martyrdom—a discourse which, it is suggested, was deeply rooted in scripture. At the same time, the chapter charts how the relationship between timor mortis and crusader spirituality evolved over the course of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Restraining Rage
Authors: Spencer Stephen J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Depictions of dysfunctional and socially unacceptable anger are scrutinized in this chapter, which begins by identifying and analysing a set of recurring tropes commentators utilized to signal uncontrollable rage, before demonstrating that all anger—even if righteous—was considered fundamentally dangerous. The remainder of the chapter draws attention to a deep-seated ideology of anger control which pervades the narratives, and, on this basis, it calls for current thinking on the conceptual distinction between ira and furor to be revisited. The main conclusion reached is that crusade propagandists and chroniclers were less concerned with the validity of channelling anger towards the Christians’ Muslim opponents, and far more interested in flashes of anger between the crusaders themselves which had the capacity to fuel inter-Latin rivalries and inhibit expeditions to the Holy Land.
Wary learners
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cultural evolution is a diverse field of research, but some similarities can be found: cultural evolutionists defend a quantitative, naturalistic, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of human culture. Importantly, cultural evolutionists are committed to develop sound hypotheses about the individual psychology that drives our cultural behavior. Although there are different nuances, a common idea is that human cognition is specialized for processing social interactions, communication, and learning from others. From an evolutionary point of view, the cognitive mechanisms involved should produce, on average, adaptive outcomes. From this perspective, social learning strategies (a series of relatively simple, general-domain, heuristics to choose when, what, and from whom to copy) provide a first boundary to indiscriminate social influence. I critically examine the concept of social learning strategies, and I discuss how cultural evolutionists may have overestimated both the effect of social influence and, possibly, our reliance of social learning itself. I also discuss the perspective from epistemic vigilance theory, which gives more weight to the possibility of explicit deception, and proposes that we apply sophisticated cognitive operations when deciding whether to trust information coming from others.
Misinformation
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes a broad view of misinformation: the spread of factually false claims is as old as cultural transmission itself, and to assess the real danger represented by social media we need to understand what kind of cognitive triggers are activated by successful information, online or offline. The chapter critically reviews some hypotheses for which digital media are especially suited for the spreading of misinformation, and then it explores in detail the idea that some cultural traits possess features that make them particularly well suited to be retained and transmitted, conferring on them a selective advantage relative to other traits. From this perspective, misinformation can be manufactured building on features that make it attractive in an almost unconstrained way, whereas true news cannot, simply because it needs to correspond to reality. Misinformation can be designed to spread more than real information does,—whether this is consciously planned or not.
Transmitting and sharing
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines in more detail the processes that underpin cultural transmission offline and compare it with the online equivalents. Starting from the cultural evolution criticism of memetics, it discusses how cultural stability can be achieved both with preservative processes, where new information is passed on with fidelity, and reconstructive ones, where the material is transformed by individual minds in a non-random way. Different domains are characterized by different degrees of reconstruction and preservation. Whereas internet memes are not always replicated exactly, as often thought, digital technologies do provide several fidelity amplifiers that make online transmission, in this respect, an interesting case of cultural transmission. The author finally discusses possible consequences of this difference between online and offline transmission.
Empire and Exclusion
Authors: Heere Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Japanese expansion after the Russo-Japanese War was dynamic and multi-directional, and manifested itself in the growth of trade and emigration across the Pacific as well as territorial acquisition in Asia. The fourth chapter explores the Japanese ‘immigration crisis’ of 1906–8, when an increase in the number of Japanese immigrants sparked a panic on the Pacific coast of North America. Its central focus is on the Vancouver riots of September 1907, the largest incidence of anti-Asian violence during this period. Mass rioting against Japanese immigrants placed the Canadian government in in a difficult position, as it attempted to reconcile the clamour for a ‘white Canada’ with its position in the empire. This chapter analyses British and Canadian efforts to manage the migration crisis. It also dwells on the crisis’s transnational dimension, which expressed itself through declarations of racial solidarity between Canada and the United States.
Alliance and Empire
Authors: Heere Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The final chapter brings the book’s strands together in a re-examination of the renewal of the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1911 and its political aftermath. Friction over China, immigration, and naval security, had by this point, cast significant doubts over the viability of Britain’s partnership with Japan, and revealed the difficulties of maintaining a unified foreign policy within an increasingly decentralized imperial system. In turn, this forced London to develop new forms of managing its relations with the white dominions, seeking their endorsement for the renewal of the Japanese alliance at the 1911 imperial conference. Yet London’s hopes that it might settle the ‘Japanese question’ as an imperial issue quickly proved misplaced. In the years that followed, Canada was further tightened its restrictions on Japanese immigration, while Australia and New Zealand became embroiled with London over the Pacific naval policies of the new First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Once again, British ties to Japan became a point of divergence between metropolitan and colonial perspectives on empire, race, and the future of global politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Heere Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The conclusion reflects on how questions of race and empire came to occupy a central place in Anglo-Japanese relations during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Reviewing some of the study’s main arguments, it dwells on what the inter-imperial debates on Anglo-Japanese relations reveal about contemporary thinking on race and empire, and the often-conflicting demands and perspectives of policymakers in London and the settler colonies. Immigration and naval defence were particular areas where disagreements were liable to arise, with the dominions seeking imperial support for their vision of a ‘white empire’, while the British strove to insulate the ‘imperial’ business of diplomacy from colonial interference.
Introduction
Authors: Müller Henriette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The introduction lays out the relevance of the research topic—the political leadership of the president of the EU Commission. Explicating the empirical puzzle—the office’s peculiar combination of strong political demands, weak institutional powers, and potential for strong political leadership—it poses the operational research question: What makes political leadership in supranational governance successful and to what extent (and why) do Commission presidents differ in their leadership performance? A brief review of the literature on the European Commission presidency accompanies a survey of core themes in the study of political leadership, in particular beyond national constituencies. Finally, the introduction presents the research design and data set as well as the study’s main findings, and outlines how the rest of the book is structured.
Studying Political Leadership in European Governance
Authors: Müller Henriette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the analytical framework for studying the political leadership performance of EU Commission presidents. First, it clarifies why European integration theories have proved insufficient in explaining the actual impact and performance of the presidents of the European Commission. Second, it conceptualizes political leadership as a behavioral phenomenon within the field of social interaction and relates it to European governance. Third, it introduces the interactionist approach to analyzing political leadership, focusing on its central variables: (1) personal (pre-)dispositions, (2) institutional structure, and (3) situational setting. Moreover, it develops a typology of patterns of leadership performance and a functional-phases/variable model to operationalize leadership analysis of the Commission presidency. Fourth and finally, it presents the research strategy, encompassing a structured, focused comparison alongside systematic content and discourse analyses for each case under study.
Mapping the Presidency of the European Commission
Authors: Müller Henriette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a systematic overview of the office of Commission president, introducing the office’s political leadership demands, institutional structure, and situational setting and how these have developed over time. The chapter argues that the institutional-situational environment of the Commission presidency has remained relatively weak and unpredictable concerning the provision of political leadership, meaning that neither variable provides resources that reliably exceed the office’s many constraints. The chapter then turns to the variable of personal (pre-)dispositions, explaining the grounds of comparability on which the three case studies, Walter Hallstein, Jacques Delors and José Manuel Barroso, have been selected and summarizing their career backgrounds and relevant political attributes. The conclusion sets forth the basic argument of the study—that if the institutional structure and the situational setting are weak and unstable, personal (pre-)dispositions predominantly influence the provision of political leadership, and therefore substantially shape patterns of political leadership performance.
Onstage
Authors: Müller Henriette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter conducts a systematic comparison of the agenda-setting performance of three Commission presidents, Walter Hallstein (1958–67), Jacques Delors (1985–95), and José Manuel Barroso (2004–14). Since the Commissionis vested with the right of initiative at the EU level, influencing and shaping the EU’s agenda is one of the Commission president’s primary political functions. The chapter first focuses on the preference setting of topics, that is, when did Commission presidents announce their agendas, which were their main political topics, where were their speeches delivered, and how did their issue attention develop over time. Next, speeches delivered in the European Parliament are analyzed in terms of issue framing and rhetorical strategies to understand why particular topics made it onto the president’s agenda. The analysis is enabled through systematic content and discourse analyses, making use of a total of 1,177 public and semi-public speeches of the three presidents under study.
Hominoid Adaptation to Dietary Ethanol
Authors: Carrigan Matthew 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Humans’ long association with alcohol raises questions about both our biological adaptations to handling ethanol and its origins. Fermented foods have less sugar, and require additional detoxification than unfermented versions of the same food, and are thus are generally inferior food choices. I summarize recent studies which indicate that our ability to exploit ethanol depends on several mutations in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes that allow ethanol to be metabolized rapidly, thereby reducing the likelihood that the blood alcohol concentration reaches intoxicating levels. Genetic and biochemical analyses for a wide range of primate and non-primate species suggest that these mutations are shared primarily with the two African great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas). These mutations thus date back at least 10 million years, to a period when the tropical forests were contracting during a major episode of climate change. Mutations enabling rapid ethanol metabolism may have enabled ancestral apes to exploit otherwise toxic, ethanol-rich fermenting fruits on the forest floor that were metabolically inaccessible to their ecological competitors. These adaptations enabling exploitation of an inferior food suggest that modern proclivities towards ethanol consumption may derive from the utilization of fermented food as a particular type of fallback food. If so, the fermented fallback food hypothesis can be seen as a special case of the drunken monkey hypothesis.
The Coherence of Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Miller David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAfter briefly sketching the history of liberal nationalism, the chapter distinguishes the weaker thesis that liberalism and nationalism are compatible from the stronger thesis that liberalism needs national identification in order to survive. The weaker thesis can be attacked on the grounds that liberals must be cosmopolitans, but a stronger challenge points to the discriminatory effects that national identities may have for minority groups. There will be some matters over which a collective decision must be reached, and here the majority’s view must prevail. Taking the case of religion, the chapter points out that the state cannot avoid engaging with religious questions, since it has to legislate on religious matters and it is compatible with liberal principles to give some degree of precedence to the established religion, provided civil and political rights are equally protected, and other religions are accorded respect. Because national identities are not monolithic, the liberal nationalist conception of a shared identity that is accessible to everyone, including immigrants and other minorities, remains coherent.
Dual or Divided Identities?
Authors: Breidahl Karen N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOver the years, the size of the immigrant population has increased considerably in many Western countries and raised concerns whether the majority population within a nation-state identify with and share a number of common values despite increased ethnic and religious diversity. This chapter includes the immigrant population into the ‘national identity’ debate by examining the extent to which non-Western immigrants identify with and feel proud of their host nation, and it investigates the community values with which they identify, utilizing a nationally representative survey taken among five large non-Western groups living in Denmark and a comparable group of native Danes. The chapter finds that non-Western immigrant groups and their descendants feel less Danish and have less nationalist pride than the majority. These non-Western immigrant groups share a number of crucial values with the native population—most notably a number of liberal and republican values, raising a number of key issues for political theory.
Where the Heart Is
Authors: Erez Lior 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers an internal critique of liberal nationalism as a normative political theory. It argues that, even in its most inclusive form, liberal nationalism cannot accommodate individuals belonging to more than one nation. Drawing on the philosophical literature on social trust, the chapter reconstructs the case for national identity as the basis for trust in a wide scale, anonymous society. Liberal nationalists appeal to cultural conceptions of national identity to avoid the exclusionary implications of the civic and ethnic conceptions, but this move comes at a cost for the political equality of multinational individuals. Using cultural markers as evidence for trustworthiness, trust in multinational individuals remains conditional and uncertain, rendering their status as citizens unequal. With its implicit assumption that each individual belongs to only one nation, this chapter argues that liberal nationalism is ill-equipped for the social and political reality of multinational belongings.
Festivals and Games
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Agonistic culture is remarkably prominent in the Oneirocritica. Athletes and actors are among the most heavily represented classes of dreamers, and people from all different social groups are expected to dream regularly about competing in or attending the great civic and Panhellenic festivals of the Imperial Greek world. This chapter attempts to reconstruct the world of these festivals, and to explain why they are so unexpectedly prominent in the Oneirocritica; it also explores the characteristic anxieties of athletes and their families, the symbolism of the athletic body, images of victory, gladiatorial combat and the theatre-culture of the Greek city in the Roman period.
Epilogue
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the fate of the Oneirocritica after antiquity, with a focus on its reception in Medieval Islam, Byzantium, and early modern Europe. The transmission of the text (in Greek and Arabic) is discussed, with particular attention to the enormous influence exercised on later Islamic dream-interpretation by the ninth-century Arabic translation of the Oneirocritica by Ḥunayn b. Isḥâq. An account of the rediscovery of the Oneirocritica in sixteenth-century Europe is followed by a short coda on the influence of Artemidorus in the modern world, with a discussion of the role played by the Oneirocritica in Freud’s ‘new science’ of dream-analysis.
Thinking About Law
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter will demonstrate that the authors of Bracton thought of the early common law as part of the same body of knowledge as Roman and canon law. Indeed, they wanted to demonstrate that the law they administered was one local instantiation of the universal law of Latin Christendom, a local instantiation which diverged in its specifics from what they had learned in the texts of Roman and canon law, but that could still fit within the universal law’s four corners. Rather than using Roman and canon law to fill gaps in their own law or to justify changes to their law, the authors of Bracton worked hard to demonstrate that the law they applied in the king’s courts was already in perfect accord with the rules of the two laws.
The Genres of Authority
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the authors of Bracton treated the cases they cited in the treatise as if they were the opinions of jurists. In the process of reconstituting the courts’ records as authoritative texts, the justices transformed themselves into jurists on the Roman model. In Bracton, the plea roll entry is assimilated to genres of civilian and canonist texts that were specifically associated with jurists. One of the authors compares the cases drawn from the plea rolls to consilia and responsa, texts in which an important jurist gave his opinion on a legal matter. They took these texts, which the royal courts had already been producing for decades when Martin of Pattishall and William of Raleigh entered the courts, and read them through the lens of the texts they had encountered in the schools, connecting their work in the courts with the culture of Roman and canon law.
A New Plea Roll for a New Audience
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter will examine some surviving rolls of cases heard by Henry of Bratton, who appears to have internalized the notions that plea rolls were authoritative texts and that the justices who wrote them were jurists. As a result, Bratton began to approach his own rolls differently, crafting them for a potential audience who would be interested in the legal principles his cases represented, much as modern justices of the United States Supreme Court think about law students as an audience when drafting important opinions. In his rolls and the Bracton treatise, we see Bratton trying to position himself as the obvious heir to the great justices Martin of Pattishall and William of Raleigh and as a jurist learned in Roman law.