bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distortion of magnetic fields in Barnard 68
Authors: Kandori Ryo , Tamura Motohide , Saito Masao , Tomisaka Kohji , Matsumoto Tomoaki , Kusakabe Nobuhiko , Kwon Jungmi , Nagayama Takahiro , Nagata Tetsuya , Tazaki Ryo , Tatematsu Ken’ichi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The magnetic field structure, kinematical stability, and evolutionary status of the starless dense core Barnard 68 (B68) are revealed based on the near-infrared polarimetric observations of background stars, measuring the dichroically polarized light produced by aligned dust grains in the core. After subtracting unrelated ambient polarization components, the magnetic fields pervading B68 are mapped using 38 stars and axisymmetrically distorted hourglass-like magnetic fields are obtained, although the evidence for the hourglass field is not very strong. On the basis of simple 2D and 3D magnetic field modeling, the magnetic inclination angles on the plane-of-sky and in the line-of-sight direction are determined to be 47° ± 5° and 20° ± 10°, respectively. The total magnetic field strength of B68 is obtained to be $26.1 \pm 8.7\, \mu \mbox{G}$. The critical mass of B68, evaluated using both magnetic and thermal/turbulent support, is $M_{\rm cr} = 2.30 \pm 0.20\, {M}_{\odot }$, which is consistent with the observed core mass of $M_{\rm core}=2.1\, M_{\odot }$, suggesting a nearly critical state. We found a relatively linear relationship between polarization and extinction up to AV ∼ 30 mag toward the stars with deepest obscuration. Further theoretical and observational studies are required to explain the dust alignment in cold and dense regions in the core.
Validating Self-Reported Turnout by Linking Public Opinion Surveys with Administrative Records
Authors: Enamorado Ted , Imai Kosuke 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Although it is widely known that the self-reported turnout rates obtained from public opinion surveys tend to substantially overestimate actual turnout rates, scholars sharply disagree on what causes this bias. Some blame overreporting due to social desirability, whereas others attribute it to nonresponse bias and the accuracy of turnout validation. While we can validate self-reported turnout by directly linking surveys with administrative records, most existing studies rely on proprietary merging algorithms with little scientific transparency and report conflicting results. To shed light on this debate, we apply a probabilistic record linkage model, implemented via the open-source software package fastLink, to merge two major election studies—the American National Election Studies and the Cooperative Congressional Election Survey—with a national voter file of over 180 million records. For both studies, fastLink successfully produces validated turnout rates close to the actual turnout rates, leading to public-use validated turnout data for the two studies. Using these merged data sets, we find that the bias of self-reported turnout originates primarily from overreporting rather than nonresponse. Our findings suggest that those who are educated and interested in politics are more likely to overreport turnout. Finally, we show that fastLink performs as well as a proprietary algorithm.
The Elusive Likely Voter
Authors: Rentsch Anthony , Schaffner Brian F , Gross Justin H 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPolitical commentators have offered evidence that the “polling misses” of 2016 were caused by a number of factors. This project focuses on one explanation: that likely-voter models—tools used by preelection pollsters to predict which survey respondents are most likely to make up the electorate and, thus, whose responses should be used to calculate election predictions—were flawed. While models employed by different pollsters vary widely, it is difficult to systematically study them because they are often considered part of pollsters’ methodological black box. In this study, we use Cooperative Congressional Election Study surveys since 2008 to build a probabilistic likely-voter model that takes into account not only the stated intentions of respondents to vote, but also other demographic variables that are consistently strong predictors of both turnout and overreporting. This model, which we term the Perry-Gallup and Demographics (PGaD) approach, shows that the bias and error created by likely-voter models can be reduced to a negligible amount. This likely-voter approach uses variables that pollsters already collect for weighting purposes and thus should be relatively easy to implement in future elections.
Power Doppler enhancement of accessory pulleys confirming disease localization in psoriatic dactylitis
Authors: Tinazzi Ilaria , McGonagle Dennis , Macchioni Pierluigi , Aydin Sibel Zehra 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective
The digital accessory pulleys are highly mechanically stressed mini-entheses that are thickened in patients with a history of PsA-related dactylits. This study explored whether these pulleys are involved in PsA dactylitis as assessed by intra-pulley US power Doppler changes.

Methods
Fifty-eight PsA patients with dactylitis had US of the second to fourth digits for pulleys of the dactylitic and contralateral digits. The Leeds Dactylometer was used for thickness measurement. The presence of digital pain, tenderness, and swelling in the dactylitis finger and in the contralateral side was evaluated.

Results
We recruited 34 patients with acute and 24 patients with chronic dactylitis, 45/58 (77%) of which had tenderness on clinical assessment. Intra-pulley power Doppler was more frequently found in the dactylitic digits compared with contralateral sides and linked to A1, A2 and A4 pulleys thickening [power Doppler signals in A1 pulley (51%), A2 (22%) and A4 (12%) in dactylitic digit; compared with 1 A1, A2 and A4 pulleys each in the contralateral side (1.7%)]. Almost all cases had peri-tendinous oedema, and 82.6% of dactylitic digits had flexor tenosynovitis with power Doppler signals in 65.2% of flexor tendons.

Conclusion
Despite their small size and relatively avascular, the accessory pulleys exhibit power Doppler change in active Psoriatic dactylitis, supporting a pivotal role in dactylitis-related tenosynovitis and extra-tendinous disease.
Computers meet politics at wage structure: an analysis of the computer wage premium across rich countries
Authors: Kristal Tali , Edler Susanne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article addresses an important question in the age of rapid spread of new computer technologies: how do institutions influence the computer wage premium? To identify institutional factors that account for differences in computers’ impact on wages, the authors estimate computer wage premiums for 20 countries classified into three national ‘varieties’ of capitalism and distinct forms of industrial relations and education systems. The analyses are based on unique international data from the Survey of Adult Skills, recently conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Results reveal that computer use at work is rewarded considerably higher in Liberal countries than in other countries—Nordic Coordinated countries above all. These results signify the centrality of coordinated markets, grounded in strong unions, centralized wage bargaining and publicly funded education and training, for lower computer wage gaps, hence for lower levels of wage inequality.
Inferring Tumor Proliferative Organization from Phylogenetic Tree Measures in a Computational Model
Authors: Scott Jacob G , Maini Philip K , Anderson Alexander R A , Fletcher Alexander G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe use a computational modeling approach to explore whether it is possible to infer a solid tumor’s cellular proliferative hierarchy under the assumptions of the cancer stem cell hypothesis and neutral evolution. We work towards inferring the symmetric division probability for cancer stem cells, since this is believed to be a key driver of progression and therapeutic response. Motivated by the advent of multiregion sampling and resulting opportunities to infer tumor evolutionary history, we focus on a suite of statistical measures of the phylogenetic trees resulting from the tumor’s evolution in different regions of parameter space and through time. We find strikingly different patterns in these measures for changing symmetric division probability which hinge on the inclusion of spatial constraints. These results give us a starting point to begin stratifying tumors by this biological parameter and also generate a number of actionable clinical and biological hypotheses regarding changes during therapy, and through tumor evolutionary time. [Cancer; evolution; phylogenetics.]
Predicting Outcome in Neonates with Possible Clinical Sepsis by Estimating an Early Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology-II (SNAP-II)
Authors: Pal Somalika , Jain Ashish , Garg Madhu , Sekhar Jerin C 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo determine role of Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology-II (SNAP-II) and its individual parameters assessed within 12 h of suspicion of neonatal sepsis in predicting outcomes; study its distribution across gestational ages and determine its relation with survival duration among expired neonates.MethodsThis prospective observational study conducted in a newborn unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital over 1 year included intramural neonates with birth weight ≥1000 g and gestation ≥28 weeks suspected with sepsis and assigned SNAP-II score within 12 h of suspicion. On day 14 of enrollment, they were categorized into three outcome groups: death (D), survival with organ dysfunction (SOD) and survival without organ dysfunction (SWOD).ResultsOne hundred and ten neonates were enrolled and 100 analyzed. Mean SNAP-II score was 22 ± 22 (median: 13; interquartile range: 5–32.5). Seventy-six percent, 16% and 8% neonates belonged to SWOD, D and SOD groups, respectively. SNAP-II score and its individual parameters varied significantly among all outcome groups (p &lt; 0.001). SNAP-II cutoffs of 44/115, 44/115, 38/115 and 33/115 were found to be highly predictive of D, D vs. SOD, D/SOD vs. SWOD and SWOD vs. SOD, respectively (sensitivity: 87.5–99%; specificity: 75–99%). The score was unaffected by gestational age (p = 0.80). Neonates with culture positive sepsis/meningitis had higher SNAP-II scores (p = 0.001).ConclusionsSNAP-II and its individual parameters found to have high sensitivity and specificity in predicting outcomes in possible neonatal sepsis and may have a role in predicting severity of disease progression and rapidity of deterioration among non-survivors, pending validation in larger studies.
Comment on ‘Response to comment on ‘Valid molecular dynamics simulations of human hemoglobin require a surprisingly large box size’’
Authors: Gapsys Vytautas , Groot Bert L. de 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe recently expressed three major concerns about a 2018 article of El Hage et al. about a claimed effect of the box size in molecular dynamics simulations of hemoglobin. In the response of the authors to our comment, none of these concerns have been addressed, yet the authors maintain their original conclusions. Here, we challenge those conclusions and provide additional data that reestablish our original concerns. In addition, we identified six additional flaws in the response from El Hage et al. as well as a number of technical concerns about the presented simulations and analyses. Taken together, we conclude that there is no basis to support the hypothesis of significant box size effects in MD simulations for the studied systems in the examined range.
Characterisation of a second gain of function EDAR variant, encoding EDAR380R, in East Asia
Authors: Riddell Jon , Mallick Chandana Basu , Jacobs Guy S. , Schoenebeck Jeffrey J. , Headon Denis J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEDAR is a TNF receptor family member with roles in the development and growth of hair, teeth and glands. A derived allele of EDAR, single nucleotide variant rs3827760, encodes EDAR370A, a receptor with more potent signalling effects than the ancestral EDAR370V. This allele of rs3827760 is at very high frequency in modern East Asian and Native American populations as a result of ancient positive selection and has been associated with straighter, thicker hair fibres, alteration of tooth and ear shape, reduced chin protrusion and increased fingertip sweat gland density. Here we report the characterisation of another SNV in EDAR, rs146567337, encoding EDAR380R. The derived allele of this SNV is at its highest global frequency, of up to 5%, in populations of southern China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. Using haplotype analyses, we find that the rs3827760 and rs146567337 SNVs arose on distinct haplotypes and that rs146567337 does not show the same signs of positive selection as rs3827760. From functional studies in cultured cells, we find that EDAR380R displays increased EDAR signalling output, at a similar level to that of EDAR370A. The existence of a second SNV with partly overlapping geographic distribution, the same in vitro functional effect and similar evolutionary age as the derived allele of rs3827760, but of independent origin and not exhibiting the same signs of strong selection, suggests a northern focus of positive selection on EDAR function in East Asia.
Diversity and complexity of the large surface protein family in the compacted genomes of variousPneumocystisspecies
Authors: Ma Liang , Chen Zehua , Huang Da Wei , Cissé Ousmane H. , Rothenburger Jamie L. , Latinne Alice , Bishop Lisa , Blair Robert , Brenchley Jason M. , Chabé Magali , Deng Xilong , Hirsch Vanessa , Keesler Rebekah , Kutty Geetha , Liu Yueqin , Margolis Daniel , Morand Serge , Pahar Bapi , Peng Li , Van Rompay Koen K.A. , Song Xiaohong , Song Jun , Sukura Antti , Thapar Sabrina , Wang Honghui , Weissenbacher-Lang Christiane , Xu Jie , Lee Chao-Hung , Jardine Claire , Lempicki Richard A. , Cushion Melanie T. , Cuomo Christina A. , Kovacs Joseph A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPneumocystis,a major opportunistic pathogen in patients with a broad range of immunodeficiencies, contains abundant surface proteins encoded by a multi-copy gene family, termed the major surface glycoprotein (Msg) gene superfamily. This superfamily has been identified in allPneumocystisspecies characterized to date, highlighting its important role inPneumocystisbiology. In this report, through a comprehensive and in-depth characterization of 459msggenes from 7Pneumocystisspecies, we demonstrate, for the first time, the phylogeny and evolution of conserved domains in Msg proteins, and provide detailed description of the classification, unique characteristics and phylogenetic relatedness of five Msg families. We further describe the relative expression levels of individualmsgfamilies in two rodentPneumocystisspecies, the substantial variability of themsgrepertoires inP. cariniifrom laboratory and wild rats, and the distinct features of the expression site for the classicmsggenes inPneumocystisfrom 8 mammalian host species. Our analysis suggests a wide variety of functions for this superfamily, not only conferring antigenic variation to allow immune evasion but also mediating life-stage development, optimizing cell mobility and adhesion, and adapting to specific host niches or environmental conditions. This study provides a rich source of information that lays the foundation for the continued experimental exploration of the functions of the Msg superfamily inPneumocystisbiology.
Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation
Authors: Dekel Ron , Sagi Dov 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe processing of a visual stimulus is known to be influenced by the statistics in recent visual history and by the stimulus’ visual surround. Such contextual influences lead to perceptually salient phenomena, such as the tilt aftereffect and the tilt illusion. Despite much research on the influence of an isolated context, it is not clear how multiple, possibly competing sources of contextual influence interact. Here, using psychophysical methods, we compared the combined influence of multiple contexts to the sum of the isolated context influences. The results showed large deviations from linear additivity for adjacent or overlapping contexts, and remarkably, clear additivity when the contexts were sufficiently separated. Specifically, for adjacent or overlapping contexts, the combined effect was often lower than the sum of the isolated component effects (sub-additivity), or was more influenced by one component than another (selection). For contexts that were separated in time (600 ms), the combined effect measured the exact sum of the isolated component effects (in degrees of bias). Overall, the results imply an initial compressive transformation during visual processing, followed by selection between the processed parts.HighlightsNon-linear sub-additivity for increased context area or contrastNon-linear selection between overlapping or adjacent, dissimilar contextsLinear additivity for combinations of temporally separated contexts
jYCaMP: An optimized calcium indicator for two-photon imaging at fiber laser wavelengths
Authors: Mohr Manuel Alexander , Bushey Daniel , Aggarwal Abhi , Marvin Jonathan S. , Marquez Emiliano Jimenez , Liang Yajie , Patel Ronak , Macklin John J. , Lee Chi-Yu , Kim Douglas S. , Wong Allan M. , Looger Loren L. , Schreiter Eric R. , Podgorski Kaspar 
Published: October 2019

AbstractState-of-the-art GFP-based calcium indicators do not undergo efficient two-photon excitation at wavelengths above 1000 nm, for which inexpensive and powerful industrial femtosecond lasers are available. Here we report jYCaMP1, a yellow variant of jGCaMP7 that outperforms its parent in mice and flies at excitation wavelengths above 1000 nm and enables improved two-color calcium imaging with RFP-based indicators.
Glucose homeostasis is impaired in mice deficient for the neuropeptide 26RFa (QRFP)
Authors: Mehdi Mouna El , Takhlidjt Saloua , Khiar Fayrouz , Prévost Gaëtan , Rego Jean-Luc do , Rego Jean-Claude do , Bénani Alexandre , Nedelec Emmanuelle , Godefroy David , Arabo Arnaud , Lefranc Benjamin , Leprince Jérôme , Anouar Youssef , Chartrel Nicolas , Picot Marie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroduction26RFa (QRFP) is a biologically active peptide that has been found to control feeding behaviour by stimulating food intake, and to regulate glucose homeostasis by acting as an incretin. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate the impact of 26RFa gene knockout on the regulation of energy and glucose metabolism.Research design and methods26RFa mutant mice were generated by homologous recombination, in which the entire coding region of prepro-26RFa was replaced by the iCre sequence. Energy and glucose metabolism was evaluated through measurement of complementary parameters. Morphological and physiological alterations of the pancreatic islets were also investigated.ResultsOur data do not reveal significant alteration of energy metabolism in the 26RFa-deficient mice except the occurrence of an increased basal metabolic rate. By contrast, 26RFa mutant mice exhibit an altered glycemic phenotype with an increased hyperglycemia after a glucose challenge associated with an impaired insulin production, and an elevated hepatic glucose production. 2D and 3D immunohistochemical experiments indicate that the insulin content of pancreatic β cells is much lower in the 26RFa-/- mice as compared to the wild-type littermates.ConclusionDisruption of the 26RFa gene induces substantial alteration in the regulation of glucose homeostasis with, in particular, a deficit in insulin production by the pancreatic islets. These findings further support the notion that 26RFa is an important regulator of glucose homeostasis.Significance of this studyWhat is already known about this subject?26RFa is a biologically active peptide produced in abundance in the gut and the pancreas. 26RFa has been found to regulate glucose homeostasis by acting as an incretin and by increasing insulin sensitivity.What are the new findings?Disruption of the 26RFa gene induces substantial alteration in the regulation of glucose homeostasis with, in particular, a deficit in insulin production by the pancreatic islets, assessing therefore the notion that 26RFa is an important regulator of glucose homeostasis.How might these results change the focus of research or clinical practice?Identification of a novel actor in the regulation of glucose homeostasis is crucial to better understand the general control of glucose metabolism in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and opens new fields of investigation to develop innovative drugs to treat diabetes mellitus.
Essential Metabolic Routes as a Way to ESKAPE from Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Barra Angélica Luana C. , Dantas Lívia de Oliveira C. , Galvão Morão Luana , Gutierrez Raíssa F. , Polikarpov Igor , Wrenger Carsten , Nascimento Alessandro S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe antibiotic resistance is a worldwide concern that requires a concerted action from physicians, patients, governmental agencies and academia to prevent infections and the spread of resistance, to track resistant bacteria, to improve the use of current antibiotics and to develop new antibiotics. Despite the efforts spent so far, the current antibiotics in the market are restricted to only five general targets/pathways highlighting the need for basic research focusing on the discovery and evaluation of new potential targets. Here we interrogate two biosynthetic pathways as potentially druggable pathways in bacteria. The biosynthesis pathway for thiamine (vitamin B1), absent in humans, but found in many bacteria, including organisms in the group of the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species) and the biosynthesis pathway for pyridoxal 5’-phosphate and its vitamers (vitamin B6), found in S. aureus. Using current genomic data, we discuss the possibilities of inhibition of enzymes in the pathway and review the current state of the art in the scientific literature.
Sex-dependent macromolecule and nanoparticle delivery in experimental brain injury
Authors: Bharadwaj Vimala N. , Copeland Connor , Mathew Ethan , Newbern Jason , Anderson Trent R. , Lifshitz Jonathan , Kodibagkar Vikram D. , Stabenfeldt Sarah E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDevelopment of effective therapeutics for brain disorders is challenging, in particular, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely limits access of the therapeutics into the brain parenchyma. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may lead to transient BBB permeability that affords a unique opportunity for therapeutic delivery via intravenous administration ranging from macromolecules to nanoparticles (NP) for developing precision therapeutics. In this regard, we address critical gaps in understanding the range/size of therapeutics, delivery window(s), and moreover the potential impact of biological factors for optimal delivery parameters. Here we show, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that 24 h post-focal TBI female mice exhibit a heightened macromolecular tracer and NP accumulation compared to male mice, indicating sex-dependent differences in BBB permeability. Furthermore, we report for the first time the potential to deliver NP-based therapeutics within 3 d after focal injury in both female and male mice. The delineation of injury-induced BBB permeability with respect to sex and temporal profile is essential to more accurately tailor time-dependent precision and personalized nanotherapeutics.