bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The President and Immigration Law
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodriguez Cristina M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book challenges the myth that Congress—not the President—controls immigration law, dictating who may come to the United States, and who may stay, in a detailed and comprehensive legislative code. Drawing on a wide range of sources—rich historical materials, unique data on immigration enforcement, and insider accounts of the nation’s massive immigration bureaucracy—it reveals how the President has become our immigration policymaker-in-chief over the course of two centuries. From founding-era debates over the Alien and Sedition Acts, to Jimmy Carter’s intervention during the Mariel boatlift from Cuba, to the last two administrations’ reactions to Central American asylum seekers at the southern border, presidential crisis management has played an important role in this story. Far more foundational, however, has been the ordinary executive obligation to enforce the law. Over time, the power born of that duty has become the central vehicle for making immigration policy in the United States. In grappling with the implications of this power, the book also provides a blueprint for reform, one that accepts rather than laments the role the President plays in shaping the national community, while outlining strategies to curb the abuse of law enforcement authority in immigration and beyond.
Managing and Manufacturing Crisis
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of American refugee policy. Twentieth-century refugee policy provides a powerful example of how presidents have played a leading role in determining which noncitizens should be allowed to enter the United States, and it reflects the dynamism and creativity of executive governance. In the service of foreign affairs and humanitarianism, presidents of this era transformed bureaucratic tools meant to be case management devices, such as the parole power, into instruments for remaking the immigration system by their own lights. Perhaps not surprisingly, the specter of emergency frequently has propelled these presidential initiatives. Wartime labor shortages and sudden refugee crises have given rise to vivid examples of executive unilateralism. But much of the historical use of the parole power fits uncomfortably into an emergency framework: the statutory grant hardly looks like a delegation of emergency authority. The President’s influence over immigration instead has deeper roots. His role has extended far beyond responding rapidly in emergency contexts to exploiting seemingly limited powers to serve an administration’s ongoing foreign and domestic policy objectives.
Geographies of Campus Inequality
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In efforts to improve equity, selective college campuses are increasingly focused on recruiting and retaining first-generation students—those whose parents have not graduated from college. In Geographies of Campus Inequality, sociologists Benson and Lee argue that these approaches may fall short if they fail to consider the complex ways first-generation status intersects with race, ethnicity, and gender. Drawing on interview and survey data from selective campuses, the authors show that first generation students do not share a universal experience. Rather, first generation students occupy one of four disparate geographies on campus within which they negotiate academic responsibilities, build relationships, engage in campus life, and develop post-college aspirations. Importantly, the authors demonstrate how geographies are shaped by organizational practices and campus constructions of class, race, and gender. Geographies of Campus Inequality expands the understanding of first-generation students’ campus lives and opportunities for mobility by showing there is more than one way to be first generation.
Play Hard
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on first-generation students who fit a Play Hard geography. Although academic achievement is important for many Play Hard students, it is less of a driver in students’ lives than for those in other geographies. Students arrange their lives more around leisure, participating in high-status social venues of athletics and/or Greek Letter Organizations where they meet more peers from more affluent and continuing-generation families than those in other geographies. Most who entered a Play Hard geography participate in athletics and/or attended a private high school. The small percentage of first-generation students who make their way into a Play Hard geography includes the greatest variation of experience along gender and racialized lines. Students located in a Play Hard geography experience varying levels of comfort, often participating at a steep cost to their sense of self-esteem or enjoyment.
Multisphere
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on Multisphere students who incorporated elements from both Work Hard and Play Hard geographies, balancing serious academic work, strong extracurricular involvement, and social lives in high-status venues. Most Multisphere students arrived on campus through targeted orientation programs. While these led to early and lasting friendships, Multisphere respondents’ campus acclimation processes are distinguished by a pattern of branching out, locating strong peer ties in varied social locations. The way that students in this geography float among different spheres, able to be comfortable and successful in each, makes this the most fluid of the campus geographies. There are few first-generation students in this geography, and the authors think of them in some ways as being both outliers and examples of what is possible for first-generation students.
Who Was “Tree of Pearls”?
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Shajar a-Durr was a rare individual who rose from slavery to become sultan of Egypt. Her achievements stand at the interconnection of politics, slavery, gender, and architecture. Contemporary observers portray her as a perceptive, strategic, and forceful decision maker. Moreover, her works of architecture testify to her values and ambitions as a patron. In their unusual urban location, relationship to the street and to the buildings around them, structure and unusual dome profiles, and inventive ornament and inscriptions, her buildings reveal a great deal about the person and the transitional age in which she lived. She was an unusual personage who did not conform to ordinary standards, and her architecture was similarly extraordinary.
Sultans and Slaves: Salih’s Rise to Power
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Like all Ayyubid princes, Sultan Salih rose to power by fighting his family members, aided by his large army of Turkic slaves, called mamluks. After a period of captivity in which his Turkic concubine Shajar al-Durr bore him a son, he gained freedom and became sultan of Egypt. Just as large numbers of male slaves were imported into Egypt to serve as soldiers and servants, female slaves were acquired from the same areas, possibly in even greater numbers. These served as servants and concubines. Some, such as Shajar al-Durr, became mothers of their master’s sons and thus gained more security and social importance.
The Streets of Cairo and the Salihiyya Madrasa
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Sultan Salih’s major architectural work was the Madrasa Salihiyya, supported by a perpetual endowment, in the center of the walled city of Cairo. The second institution in the Islamic world to include the four major branches of Islamic law within one building, and the first in Egypt, it was the first to organize the educational program in four iwans (large open-sided halls), a typology that soon became ubiquitous. The solemn yet extensive ornament on its long facade, dedicatory inscriptions, large projecting entrance block, and tall ornamented minaret reveal the attention paid to urban space in that period in Cairo, especially the public space of the street.
“If You Lack Men”: Shajar al-Durr’s Abdication and Tomb
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Because the censure of other rulers once again made Egypt vulnerable to an external attack, Shajar al-Durr was forced to abdicate the throne after less than three months and to marry a high-ranking military leader, Aybak, who replaced her on the throne. When Aybak began courting a second wife seven years later, Shajar al-Durr had him killed, whereupon she was herself murdered a few days later. She was the first sultan in Cairo to have built her own tomb, perhaps because there were no surviving children to build one for her. The tomb is architecturally significant for its golden mosaics and extensive program of wall paintings, the recent cleaning of which have made them visible again.
A Systematic Review of the Socioeconomic Effects of Exposure to Political Violence
Authors: Miaari Sami H. , Loewenthal Amit 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In violent political conflicts, the ways in which victims both are affected by and adapt to the harsh circumstances to which they are subjected vary. Academic literature suggests differences in the ways that men, women, and children react to political violence. The research covering the socioeconomic effects of conflict is considerable, but there has not yet been a systematic review that reveals the big picture. This chapter provides such an overview by exploring the differences in vulnerabilities of different members of the household exposed to political violence, and the main mechanisms through which violent conflicts affect them. Existing literature is reviewed on the effects of violent political conflicts on families, men, women, and children in the fields of earnings, employment, education, and child labor. Strong evidence is found that exposure to political violence has a significant negative effect on human capital and labor market outcomes but that it affects men, women, and children differently.
Paying Attention to the Children
Authors: Solomon Zahava , Zerach Gadi , Siegel Alana 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the findings of a multi-cohort longitudinal study spanning over three decades, focusing on the secondary post-traumatic stress symptoms among adult offspring of Israeli former prisoners of war (POWs) whose fathers were captured by the Egyptians and Syrians during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. The effects of captivity on the ex-POWs’ mental health and parenting as well as its consequential effects on their offspring are examined in the veterans (fathers), their wives (mothers), and their offspring. The chapter discusses offspring characteristics that may render them vulnerable or resilient: (1) gender; (2) the Big Five personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; and (3) differentiation of self. Findings include the strong intergenerational effects of trauma, particularly on sons; very late–onset results of PTSD in the fathers; the possible mediating effects of parental PTSD; and the role of the offspring’s genetic and personality characteristics.
Empowering Culturally Diverse Populations Affected by Violence
Authors: Farrar Jordan , Betancourt Theresa S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Family-based preventive interventions have strong potential for promoting family functioning and mental health in children. This chapter reports on one such intervention, the Family Strengthening Intervention (FSI), initially developed and tested in Rwanda to improve communication and parenting in HIV/AIDS-affected families with school-age children. Currently, an early childhood development version of the FSI is being piloted for delivery by lay workers with Rwandan families living in extreme poverty. Because of its flexible nature, the FSI has also been adapted for use with Bhutanese and Somali Bantu refugee families in the Greater Boston area, with overall aims to improve family functioning, improve caregiving practices, and positively impact the mental health of school-age refugee children. While highlighting the innovative nature of this intervention, issues related to feasibility, acceptability, sustainability, and do-no-harm protocols are presented. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future family-based programming.
Gendering Security
Authors: Yarrow Elizabeth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Efforts toward preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) have been largely male-dominated—led by and directed at men and boys, who are typically assumed the perpetrators of terrorist acts, as well as the subjects best placed to prevent and address them. Young women and girls have often been regarded as peripheral, of relevance only as victims or objects of security measures and concerns. Yet, women and girls do play significant roles in the dynamics of terrorism—as offenders, mobilizers, and enablers of terrorist attacks, as well as active agents in the advancement of counter-narratives to combating violence. This chapter considers the gendered dimensions of terrorism and P/CVE, with a particular focus on girls and young women. It argues that consideration of gender is crucial for understanding the causes and the dynamics of the use of children in terrorism and for developing more effective strategies for prevention.
Introduction
Authors: Schreiter Katrin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history presented in this book. As the Introduction states, the text seeks to offer a narrative that, as historian Konrad Jarausch describes, “break[s] out of the strait-jacket of parallel stories” and instead it hopes to look at mutual influence and internal relationships without losing sight of ideological differences. Addressing the Cold War from the German perspective, a focus on trade and design offers a detailed look at instances of exchange and even cooperation in Europe across the Cold War divide.
How We Do Race
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter teases out the core elements of the ordinary conception of “race.” This does not include a scientific or philosophical definition of race. Rather, the chapter talks about the view of race that most people just slip into when going about the everyday business of life. It is a conception that has been taken so thoroughly for granted that many do not even question it. The chapter argues that understanding the conception of race is key to understanding dehumanization, because beliefs about race lie at the heart of the dehumanizing process. It shows that dividing human beings into races—into “our kind” and “their kind”—is the first step on the road to dehumanizing them.
Race Science
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains why science cannot underwrite ideas about race. It argues that old, prescientific beliefs about the fabric of reality often evolve into newer, scientific ones. The chapter first suggests a “reconstructionist” view on race, in which one could argue that although naïve ideas about race are coarsely hewn, crude, and deeply flawed, they could be refined into a scientifically acceptable conception. It also considers if race could be thought similar to the four elements of antiquity, destined to be abandoned and replaced with something closer to the truth. This latter view is called “eliminativist.” As this chapter shows, reconstructionism is a nonstarter. The ordinary notion of race cannot be patched up so that it fits into a scientific picture of human diversity. Consequently, eliminativism is the better argument.
From Barbados to Nazi Germany
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the process of dehumanization through key historical events. It demonstrates how, when one group of people dehumanizes another, they first think of them as members of an alien and inferior race: a lesser kind of human being. Racist denigration morphs into dehumanization when they are imagined to be not merely inferior, but to have a subhuman essence, and this promotes and legitimates their oppression in the eyes of their oppressors. But this is not the whole story of dehumanization. As this chapter reveals, the reality is much more complex. Through a number of historical examples, the chapter shows how certain patterns perfectly illustrate the intersection of hierarchy and essentialism that drives the dehumanizing process, often with catastrophic results.
Contradiction
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the tendency of those who dehumanize others to make contradictions and be inconsistent. Some people think that these are evidence that dehumanization is not real. They interpret them as showing that when people refer to others as vermin or animals, they are expressing contempt and disgust, or trying to humiliate and degrade them, but they do not mean to say that these others are literally subhuman animals. The chapter asserts that these criticisms are important, and they deserve to be taken seriously. But taking them seriously does not mean that we must embrace the conclusion that dehumanization is not real. It simply moves us toward a more subtle and sophisticated understanding of the dynamics of dehumanization.
Criminals
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how the persecuted are associated with criminality. Indeed, the idea of inherent criminality is at the core of the so-called “superpredator” myth. In the present-day United States, Black and Latino males are most often tarred with this brush. However, the idea of the racialized criminal is quite widespread—both historically and culturally. Today, the figure of the racialized criminal is the embodiment of monstrousness in developed nations. To resist dehumanization, the chapter stresses that it is vital to resist the idea that any group of people are inherently, irredeemably criminal. This kind of rhetoric is a danger signal that the members of this group are, or will soon be, considered as less than human.
Cruelty
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the dimension of cruelty in the dehumanizing process. It reveals that acts of abominable cruelty have something to do with the fact that dehumanizers see their victims as human beings. It is because dehumanizers cannot help recognizing that their victims are human, and this recognition coexists in their minds with the belief that they are animals, that the members of the dehumanized group are regarded as horrific monsters, and such monsters are, by definition, malevolent, evil beings. And because those who are dehumanized come to be seen as evil, they become targets of the most extreme forms of moralistic aggression. The magnitude of their wickedness is such that no imaginable punishment is too severe for them. In addition, dehumanizers almost always take pains to humiliate those whom they dehumanize.
Dehumanization and Its Neighbors
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the relationship between dehumanization and other, nearby, destructive social beliefs and practices—things like sexism, ableism, and transphobia. Often, people lump all of these together under the heading of dehumanization. The chapter argues that they each have their own unique dynamics, and blurring the distinctions between them only makes it more difficult to resist them. The chapter goes on to assert that not all dehumanization is of the sort that makes monsters. There is another kind of dehumanization—enfeebling dehumanization. When people get dehumanized in the enfeebling mode, they are seen as metaphysically threatening but physically innocuous.
Resisting
Authors: Smith David Livingstone 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes some key points about resisting dehumanization that can be put into practice. It stresses that dehumanization is both political and psychological. Dehumanization must be resisted through political action and by knowing oneself. Moreover, dehumanization must not be confused with other kinds of bias. The chapter argues that it is important to study history to learn about dehumanization, to know that dehumanization comes from outside of us, and to understand that dehumanizing propaganda is usually not about hate. In addition, the chapter asserts that race is a social invention for justifying oppression and that almost any group can become racialized. To conclude, the chapter shows that it is important to be mindful of the fact that most acts of resistance happen in everyday life.
A Mystical Path Stemming from Eiheiji
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the origins, content, historical development, and important literary, religious, and philosophical implications of Giun’s Verse Comments on Dōgen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye, which was written in 1329 and published a century later and remained a key component of Sōtō Zen intellectual life for several centuries during the medieval period. It explains how Giun made decisive contributions to the restoration of Sōtō Zen at a key turning point in its early institutional expansion. These developments followed a few decades of decline caused by intense intrafactional rivalries at Eiheiji as part of the aftermath of Dōgen’s death compounded by the impact of a devastating fire in 1297 that destroyed many of the monastery’s architectural and textual treasures. By the Edo period, the significance of Giun’s Verse Comments was eclipsed by the Prose Comments (Goshō) on Dōgen’s Treasury written by Senne and Kyōgō.
Before, During, and After the Ban
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The final section of the book is a bibliographical essay that helps situate the significance of the Verse Comments in relation to numerous examples of other kinds of interpretative works produced during the lengthy but rather up-and-down history of commentaries on Dōgen’s Treasury. The scholastic tradition began in the early 1300s with the composition of the Prose Comments by Senne and Kyōgō in addition to Giun’s Verse Comments. In distinct ways, both of these commentaries represent a proselytizing (teishō) or homiletic outlook for understanding the significance of the Sōtō founder’s philosophy of religion. This epilogue also examines the history of commentaries on the Treasury composed in the Edo period as well as diverse scholarly trends since the twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The extraordinary stories of ordinary people’s intimate lives provide a window into critical issues in French history, European history, and gender history. To historicize what have been universal experiences like young couples’ relationships, untimely pregnancies, and the interest of communities, states, and religions in managing those issues, this chapter explores the particular ways they were dealt with in an Old Regime city, Lyon, that was enmeshed in national and global as well as local trends and where young women as well as men provided key labor in the city’s expansive textile production.