bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in chronic kidney disease—review and vagus nerve stimulation clinical pilot study
Authors: Hilderman Marie , Bruchfeld Annette 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInflammation and autonomic dysfunction are common findings in chronic and end-stage kidney disease and contribute to a markedly increased risk of mortality in this patient population. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a vagal neuro-immune circuit that upholds the homoeostatic balance of inflammatory activity in response to cell injury and pathogens. CAP models have been examined in preclinical studies to investigate its significance in a range of clinical inflammatory conditions and diseases. More recently, cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) implants have been shown to be of potential benefit for patients with chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We have previously shown that dialysis patients have a functional CAP ex vivo. Here we review the field and the potential role of the CAP in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as in hypertension. We also present a VNS pilot study in haemodialysis patients. Controlling inflammation by neuroimmune modulation may lead to new therapeutic modalities for improved treatment, outcome, prognosis and quality of life for patients with CKD.
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Altmann Daniel M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The majority of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 exposed individuals mount an antibody response within around 2-weeks and spike antigen-binding responses correlate well with functional virus neutralization. A minority makes little detectable antibody, generally those with either very mild/asymptomatic disease or those with severe/lethal infection. However, in general, antibody titre correlates with viral load and duration of exposure. There is evidence for cross-reactivity with the other human coronaviruses, though the functional impact of this is as yet unclear. Therapeutic use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies offers potential for clinical use. While there is evidence for neutralizing antibody as a correlate of protection, some cases indicate the potential for full recovery in the absence of antibody. Studies of T-cell immunity following acute infection show CD4 and CD8 responses to epitopes across diverse viral antigens, possible cross-reactivity with epitopes from the common cold human coronaviruses and large-scale activation. However, in severe cases, there is evidence for T-cell lymphopaenia as well as expression of exhaustion markers. Analysis of serum biomarkers of disease severity implicates a hyperinflammatory contribution to pathogenesis, though this has not been mechanistically delineated beyond a likely role of raised IL-6, considered a therapeutic target. Despite rapid progress, there remain pressing unknowns. It seems likely that immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 may be relatively short lived, but this will need longitudinal investigation. Also, this is a disease of highly variable presentation and time course, with some progressing to protracted, chronic symptoms, which are not understood. The contribution of immunopathological mechanisms to tissue damage, whether in the lung, kidney, heart or blood vessels, is unclear. The immunology underlying the differential susceptibility between the very young and the very old is unresolved, a question with ramifications for vaccine roll-out. The greatest challenge relates to rapid generation, testing and manufacture of vaccines that are immunogenic, protective (at least from symptomatic disease) and safe—a challenge that looks achievable.
Latinx Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health
Authors: Cerezo Alison , Camarena Juan , Ramirez Amaranta 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Sexual and gender diverse (SGD) Latinxs are a vibrant, heterogenous community that can trace their heritage to various countries in Latin America. This chapter describes how socio-historical trends in the United States and Latin America have shaped the social and health conditions of SGD Latinxs, including the impact of colonialism and recent state-sanctioned discriminatory violence. An intersectionality framework is used in this chapter to consider how race and ethnicity, immigration, language, sexual orientation, and gender identity function interdependently to impact the lives of SGD Latinxs in the United States and around the world. The authors also discuss trends in SGD Latinx research in the United States and Latin America, with a focus on mental health and substance abuse.
Trauma among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Pantalone David W. , Gorman Kaitlyn R. , Pereida Erin T. , Valentine Sarah E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes the current state of the literature on trauma in sexual minority and transgender and gender-diverse populations. The authors begin by critically defining “trauma” and highlighting some consequences of the way trauma is defined. The authors describe how the subsequent mental health responses are understood and categorized psychiatrically (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder). The authors describe relevant theoretical contributions to the literature on the cumulative burden of stress on sexual and gender minority individuals. Epidemiologic data are presented showing that trauma—especially in the form of interpersonal victimization—is an unfortunately common experience in the lives of sexual and gender minority individuals, especially those who hold additional devalued and stigmatized identities, such as being a racial or ethnic minority in addition to having a sexual and gender minority identity. Suggestions are presented for future directions for the field of trauma research among sexual and gender minority populations.
Creating with Constraints
Authors: Hasegawa Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Musicians have long framed their creative activity within constraints, whether imposed externally or consciously chosen. As noted by Leonard Meyer, any style can be viewed as an ensemble of constraints, requiring the features of the artwork to conform with accepted norms. Such received stylistic constraints may be complemented by additional, voluntary limitations: for example, using only a limited palette of pitches or sounds, setting rules to govern repetition or transformation, controlling the formal layout and proportions of the work, or limiting the variety of operations involved in its creation. This chapter proposes a fourfold classification of the limits most often encountered in music creation into material (absolute and relative), formal, style/genre, and process constraints. The role of constraints as a spur and guide to musical creativity is explored in the domains of composition, improvisation, performance, and even listening, with examples drawn from contemporary composers including György Ligeti, George Aperghis, and James Tenney. Such musical constraints are comparable to self-imposed limitations in other art forms, from film (the Dogme 95 Manifesto) and visual art (Robert Morris’s Blind Time Drawings) to the writings of authors associated with the Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle) such as Georges Perec and Raymond Queneau.
Jazz and Its Sources: Searching for the Creative Process
Authors: Elsdon Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the kinds of sources that jazz scholars have used when interrogating the creative process. It examines the uses of recordings and notational sources, and considers the different forms and functions they take and the possibilities they offer. It suggests that understandings of the creative process in jazz can be limited if a traditional end-directed philological model is employed. Instead, it explores the implications of thinking about the creative process in terms of mediation and distributed creativity, drawing particularly on the work of Georgina Born and Tim Ingold. An extended case study examines “In a Silent Way,” composed by Joe Zawinul, as an example that brings these different issues to the forefront.
How Is the Future Unknown?
Authors: van der Steen Martijn , van Twist Mark 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The future is inherently uncertain. However, most policies are deliberate attempts to anticipate the future and to change and shape the future in an intended way. This chapter provides concepts for three key elements that are necessary to prepare for an unknown future. First, it conceptualizes what makes the future uncertain; uncertainty does not stem from the amount of time itself, but rather from the dynamics that can play out in that time. That is why it matters significantly if a system is complex or complicated; complex systems are much more dynamic and unpredictable, and complicated systems are much more stable and predictable. Second, there are different approaches for “studying” the dynamics; forecasting and foresight depart from entirely different angles of looking at the future, and both have their own strengths and weakness. Third, there are different organizational strategies for preparing for an unknown future; robustness, resilience, and adaptivity are three possible principles for organizing and preparing for uncertainty. In order to prepare for an uncertain future, or to study the uncertain future, scholars and policymakers should systematically take these three essential steps into account; how is the future unknown, how do we study the future, and what concept for anticipation do we apply here?
Humanism and Higher Education
Authors: Kripal Jeffrey J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The chapter begins with a brief history of higher education, primarily in Europe and the United States. Such a history is traditionally traced back to ancient Greece, moves through medieval Europe and the Middle East, and eventually focuses on how religious forms of proto-humanist thought and early science split off from one another in the early modern period, post-1600. A summary follows of some of the debates, particularly around the nature and scope of “the human,” that are presently of deep interest in the humanities. The chapter concludes with some critical reflections on where humanist intellectuals might want to go from here and calls for new and more inclusive forms of the humanist imagination.
Land, Law, and the Courts in Zimbabwe
Authors: Verheul Susanne 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Through a focus on land cases, this chapter looks at the place of law and the judicial system in Zimbabwean politics. To contextualize the understandings, imaginations, and invocations of law that emerged in contestations over land in the courts after 2000, the chapter first situates the law historically to examine the judicial culture that emerged from the interplay of law’s repressive and reformative roles under Rhodesian rule. It shows that under colonial rule the tensions between judicial officers’ commitment to formalism on the one hand and their efforts to deliver ‘substantive justice’ on the other, shaped the legal cultures that carried over into the post-colonial era. In response to growing opposition in the late 1990s, ZANU-PF emphasized a narrow retelling of liberation war history and turned to land for political currency. When land reform was challenged through the courts, ZANU-PF drew on its understanding of history to frame its land policies as both ensuring ‘justice’ for colonial land alienation and protecting the ‘sovereignty’ of the Zimbabwean nation. In this manner, challenges to the government’s land policies were cast as ‘unjust’. Certain legal and political actors, however, contested ZANU-PF’s interpretation of ‘justice’ by drawing attention to the judiciary’s historical commitment to ‘substantive justice’. Through public debates over whose justice the law ought to protect, the law continued to be central to state authority.
Sites of Manufacturing Consent or Resistance? Post-2000 Media and Political Contestation in Zimbabwe=
Authors: Mare Admire 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Many studies have documented how repressive regimes appropriate traditional and digital media for propaganda, legitimation, and demonization purposes, but little has been written about how these platforms are used by both the ruling elite and pro-democracy forces in a militarized authoritarian context like Zimbabwe. This chapter examines the role of the traditional and digital media in legitimizing and resisting the ZANU-PF government’s authoritarian nationalist project since 2000. The Zimbabwean context provides an invaluable, multidimensional field to tease out the framing and contestation of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic projects by those in power and opposition forces, including the deployment of media platforms for factional and succession battles in a fragile political environment. The chapter argues that pro-democracy forces have used alternative media spaces like Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter to circumvent the gatekeeping and filtering practices of the state media empire, as well as to fight factional battles within the opposition. Tech-savvy political gladiators within ZANU-PF have also relied heavily on digital media platforms to advance factional agendas inside the ruling party. In the end, the media became the battleground for advancing factional, succession, and party-political agendas rather than national interests.
What Do Psychotherapists Need to Know about Ethics? Lessons from the History of Professional Ethics
Authors: Sinclair Carole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Behaving ethically is at the core of what it means to be a professional. It is central to the contract that all professions have with the persons they serve and with the societies in which they function. This sense of ethical responsibility, and the practice of articulating the underlying values, principles, and behavioral manifestations of such a responsibility, both have a long history. By outlining the history of ethical values and codes, and the meaning of “profession,” from ancient times to the present, this chapter explores several major components involved in psychotherapists’ efforts to be ethical practitioners. This includes attention to the roles of ethics codes, ethical values and principles, moral theory, ethical reasoning, and moral character. Although there is sometimes a tendency to treat these components as separate entities (even in competition with each other as explanatory concepts), the emphasis in this chapter is on how history teaches us that they need to be seen and treated as an integrated whole in our efforts to be ethical practitioners.
Aesthetics, Technology, and Popular Movies
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Popular movies are, with popular music, the most thoroughly and widely entrenched art/media forms on our planet. Because movies are a relatively new art form, the technological changes they have undergone can be linked to the aesthetic needs and responses of their audiences. Discussed here are the aesthetic consequences of public versus personal projection; the structural changes to accommodate storytelling; the physical changes that eliminate aversive qualities; the effects of the additions of sound, color, and the creation of wider images; the flirtations with 3D and higher frame rates; and the consequences of the switch from analog to digital production and reception.
The Role of Empirical Aesthetics in Consumer Behavior
Authors: Patrick Vanessa M. , Hagtvedt Henrik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the role of empirical aesthetics in the field of consumer behavior. It is developed around the idea that individuals have consumption-related aesthetic experiences in daily life, ranging from the products they use to the places and spaces they frequent. The chapter introduces the notion of everyday consumer aesthetics to capture this idea. The chapter begins with a discussion of the cognitive and emotional response that consumers have to visual features such as color, shape, and surface appeal, and visual concepts such as cuteness and anthropomorphism. Next, the outcomes of aesthetic appeal and a broad categorization of aesthetic products are presented. The chapter concludes with challenges and future directions for the study of consumer aesthetics.
An Introduction to Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion
Authors: Liddle James R. , Shackelford Todd K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Given that religious beliefs and behaviors are so pervasive and have such a powerful influence, it is vital to try to understand the psychological underpinnings of religiosity. This chapter introduces the topic of evolutionary perspectives on religion, beginning with an attempt to define “religion,” followed by a primer on evolutionary psychology and the concept of evolved psychological mechanisms. With this framework in place, the chapter then provides an overview of key adaptationist and byproduct hypotheses of various components of religion, highlighting the complementary nature of these hypotheses and their roles in forming a cohesive understanding of the evolution of religion. Concepts introduced in this chapter include hyperactive agency detection, minimally counterintuitive concepts, in-group cooperation, costly signaling theory, gods as moralizing agents, and cultural evolution.
Mickey, Yahweh, and Zeus
Authors: Gervais Will M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Religions are complex and multifaceted. People engaged in the scientific study of religion may explore a diverse range of topics, ranging from supernatural agent beliefs to ritual practices to rites of passage to notions of eschatology and the afterlife. Recent decades have seen a flourishing of evolutionary theorizing on religion. This chapter poses six key questions for emerging theories, focusing on (1) the ubiquity of supernatural agent concepts across cultures, (2) the cross-cultural recurrence of common supernatural agent themes, (3) the fact that most people believe in only a select few mentally representable supernatural agents, (4) the fact that people tend to only believe in a subset of the gods currently worshiped worldwide, (5) the existence of atheists, and (6) the cultural success of some specific religions. I argue that modern approaches to cultural transmission and gene-culture coevolution are necessary components of any comprehensive evolutionary account of religion.
Manumission, Citizenship, and Acculturation in the Roman World
Authors: Perry Matthew J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the manumission and acculturation of freedpersons in the Roman world, especially through the lens of citizenship and community building. It analyses how the long-standing practice of granting citizenship to freed slaves shaped the institution of manumission in general as well as the specific factors contributing to the decision to manumit individual slaves. Finally, it examines the means by which freed slaves were incorporated in the civic community. While Roman law marked freedpersons as a lesser category of citizens, denying them access to the highest echelons of Roman society, it still accorded them important rights and abilities that made them more similar to fellow citizens than distinct.
The Formation of the Pauline Corpus
Authors: Gamble Harry Y. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the question how the letters of Paul came to be preserved, edited, and collected, so that a corpus Paulinum became broadly available in the early church by the close of the second century. The chapter begins by canvassing the relevant evidence, part of which is external, consisting of references to the letters of Paul in early Christian sources, and part of which is internal, consisting of features of the letters themselves. This overview of the evidence is followed by descriptions and evaluations of a variety of theories about the agents, motives, and methods that may have played a role in the development of the Pauline letter collection and about the various forms it may have taken. Finally, the essay draws some conclusions that seem probable, even though the evidence that is available does not allow for a full understanding of all the attendant issues.
Justification by Faith
Authors: Gathercole Simon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Not only but especially since the Protestant Reformation, interpreters of Paul have been keenly interested in what the apostle means by saying that a person is justified from faith and not from works of the law. This essay parses the debates over this controversial phrase, focusing especially on recent discussion and briefly proposing a constructive account. The essay first discusses the language of justification in Paul’s letters, then considers and rejects some common but false antitheses in this discussion (individual versus corporate, forensic verses apocalyptic), then explores Paul’s particular insistence that justification is not from works of the law, and finally considers Paul’s chosen counterpart to works of the law, namely faith or trust. It is here proposed that justification is for Paul part of a cluster of central topics alongside reconciliation, participation, deliverance, and other key themes—bracketed on one side by the atoning death and resurrection of Christ and on the other by the glory of God.
Association of Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes With Deviation From Guidelines for Gestational Carriers
Authors: Swanson Kate , Letourneau Joseph M. , Kuppermann Miriam , Einerson Brett D. 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether deviation from American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) safety guidelines for women who are gestational carriers is associated with increased risk of severe obstetric and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

METHODS:
This is a cross-sectional study of births from gestational carrier pregnancies in Utah from 2009 to 2018 with data collected from birth certificates. Deviations from ASRM guidelines include women aged younger than 21 years or older than 45 years, nulliparity, prior stillbirth, tobacco or percutaneous drug use, more than five prior deliveries, more than three prior cesarean deliveries, major comorbidities, and mental health conditions. The primary outcome was a composite of severe obstetric morbidity and mortality (death within 1 year of delivery; intensive care unit admission; eclampsia; hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome; transfusion; unplanned hysterectomy). Secondary outcomes were cesarean delivery, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm delivery (analyzed per pregnancy), and a composite neonatal outcome. Associations were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS:
A total of 361 gestational carrier deliveries of 435 neonates were included in this analysis. Sixteen percent (58/361) of pregnancies did not meet guidelines. Rates of severe obstetric morbidity or mortality did not differ between gestational carrier pregnancies that deviated from guidelines and those that did not (1.7% for both, odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% CI 0.12–9.12). Rate of cesarean delivery was higher among pregnancies that deviated from guidelines (36.2% vs 23.4%, OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.02–3.37). Rates of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy did not differ. Preterm delivery was also more common among pregnancies that deviated from guidelines, particularly after controlling for multifetal gestation (36.2% vs 23.4%, adjusted OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.04–4.48). Neonatal complications were significantly more common in pregnancies that did not meet guidelines, even after adjusting for gestational age and multifetal gestation (adjusted OR 3.66, 95% CI 1.44–9.29).

CONCLUSION:
Nearly one in five gestational carrier pregnancies in this cohort did not meet ASRM guidelines. Deviation from guidelines is associated with increased rate of cesarean delivery, neonatal morbidity, and preterm birth. Future research should focus on the safety of women who are gestational carriers and on why deviation occurs.