bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical and experimental studies of water disinfection in UV reactors
Authors: Li H. Y. , Osman H. , Kang C. W. , Ba T. , Lou J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Performance of UV reactors for water disinfection is investigated in this paper. Both experimental and numerical studies are performed on base reactor LP24. Enterobacteria phage MS2 is chosen as the challenge microorganism in the experiments. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the effect of different parameters, i.e. flow rate and UV transmission, on the reactor performance. Simulation is carried out based on the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT with user defined functions (UDFs) implemented. The UDF is programmed to calculate UV dose absorbed by different microorganisms along their flow trajectories. The effect with boundary layer mesh and without boundary layer mesh for LP24 is studied. The results show that the inclusion of boundary layer mesh does not have much effect on the reactor performance in terms of reduction equivalent dose (RED). The numerical results agree well with the experimental measurements, hence validating the numerical model. With this achieved, the numerical model is applied to study other scaled reactors: LP12, LP40, LP60 and LP80. Comparisons show that LP40 has the highest RED and log inactivation among all the reactors while LP80 has the lowest RED and log inactivation.
Exosomes and Bone Disease
Authors: Shan Su-Kang , Lin Xiao , Li Fuxingzi , Xu Feng , Zhong Jia-Yu , Guo Bei , Wang Yi , Zheng Ming-Hui , Wu Feng , Yuan Ling-Qing 
Published: November 2019

:
Exosomes, which mediate cell-to-cell communications and provide a novel insight into information
exchange, have drawn increasing attention in recent years. The homeostasis of bone metabolism is critical for
bone health. The most common bone diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and bone fractures have apparent
correlations with exosomes. Accumulating evidence has suggested the potential regenerative capacities of
stem cell-derived exosomes. In this review, we summarise the pathophysiological mechanism, clinical picture and
therapeutic effects of exosomes in bone metabolism. We introduce the advantages and challenges in the application
of exosomes. Although the exact mechanisms remain unclear, miRNAs seem to play major roles in the
exosome.
Survey of Radio Propagation Models for Acoustic Applications in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Saini Preeti , Singh Rishi Pal , Sinha Adwitiya 
Published: November 2019

Background:
Acoustic waves have a large range of applications in UWSNs from underwater monitoring to disaster management, military surveillance to assisted navigation. Acoustic waves are primarily used for wireless communication in water. But radio waves are more suitable than acoustic waves for many underwater applications (e.g. real-time applications, shallow water applications).

Objectives:
A propagation model is required to effectively design a radio wave based UWSN. Propagation model predicts the average received signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter and the variability of the signal strength in close spatial proximity to a particular location. Various radio propagation models are developed for air.

Methods:
The performance of RF-EM waves underwater is not the same as that in the air. Many parameters which have real-value in the air becomes complex valued in seawater. Thus, propagation models for air cannot be directly used to calculate propagation loss underwater. Various radio propagation models are developed for water by Al-Shamaa’a et al., Uribe and Grote, Jiang et al., Elrashidi et al., Hattab et al. Each model has some merits and demerits. Path loss model developed by Al-Shamma’a et al. is a simple model based on attenuation only.

Results:
Uribe and Grote have introduced distance-dependent attenuation coefficient in path loss calculation. Path loss model by Jiang et al. calculates path loss for freshwater. Model by Hattab et al. is specifically designed for UWSN. According to the authors, it is the first path loss model developed for UWSN. Elrashidi et al. have calculated path loss for freshwater and seawater at 2.4 GHz. The model includes the effect of the reflected signals on the received signal by the receiver node.

Conclusion:
The paper presents a comparative analysis of these various radio propagation models developed for underwater. Among these models, the radio propagation model by Hattab et al. is more realistic and covers both propagation loss and interface loss. According to the authors, it is the first radio propagation model developed for UWSNs.
Cytotoxicity Studies of Curcumin Loaded-cockle Shell-derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles
Authors: Mailafiya Maryam M. , Moklas Mohamad A.M. , Abubakar Kabeer , Danmaigoro Abubakar , Chiroma Samaila M. , Rahim Ezamin B.A. , Zakaria Zuki A.B. 
Published: November 2019

Background:
Cockle shell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CSCaCO3NP) are
natural biogenic inorganic material that is used in drug delivery mainly as a bone-remodeling agent
as well as a delivery agent for various therapeutics against bone diseases. Curcumin possesses a
wide safety margin and yet puzzled with the problem of poor bioavailability due to insolubility.
Propounding in vitro and in vivo studies on toxicity assessments of newly synthesized nanoparticles
are ongoing to overcome some crucial challenges regarding their safety administration. Nanotoxicology
has paved ways for concise test protocols to monitor sequential events with regards to
possible toxicity of newly synthesized nanomaterials. The development of nanoparticle with no or
less toxic effect has gained tremendous attention.

Objective:
This study aimed at evaluating the in vitro cytotoxic effect of curcumin-loaded cockle
shell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Cur-CSCaCO3NP) and assessing its biocompatibility
on normal cells using standard techniques of WST’s assay.

Method:
Standard techniques of WST’s assay was used for the evaluation of the biocompatibility
and cytotoxicity.

Result:
The result showed that CSCaCO3NP and Cur-CSCaCO3NP possess minimal toxicity and
high biocompatibility on normal cells even at a higher dose of 500 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion:
CSCaCO3NP can be termed an excellent non-toxic nanocarrier for curcumin delivery.
Hence, curcumin loaded cockle shell derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Cur-CSCaCO3NP)
could further be assessed for various in vivo and in vitro therapeutic applications against various
bone- related ailments.
Margarita Yourcenar: lectura global-universal de sus memorias de Adriano
Authors: Valembois Víctor 
Published: November 2019

Me propongo leer las Memorias de Adriano de Margarita Yourcenar, desde la perspectiva del receptor, en su aquí y ahora. Escudriñaré el siguiente problema: ¿vale la pena confrontar con provecho la “mundialización” bajo sello romano de entonces con la actual “globalización”? Haré mi demostración con base en un triple articulado: a) tanto el Emperador Adriano, como nosotros, elaboramos una visión de mundo a partir de nuestro respectivo idioma y miramos el entorno desde él; b) ambos, por solo nacer o vivir en determinado lugar, estamos inmersos en una problemática de lo local conformado como unidad, unitariamente; sin embargo c) conviene aplicar y buscar creativamente una diversidad y una “ex-centricidad” que enriquezca esa circunstancia. Esos tres componentes de una misma realidad desembocan por lógica interna en otros tantos objetivos, que quedarán demostrados sucesivamente.
Identifying Military Veterans in a Clinical Research Database using Natural Language Processing
Authors: Leightley Daniel , Mark Katharine M , Pernet David , Murphy Dominic , Fear Nicola T , Stevelink Sharon AM 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundThere is a lack of quantitative evidence concerning United Kingdom veterans who access secondary mental health care. This is mainly due to a person&#8217;s veteran status not being routinely collected when they enter the health care system.
Main AimThe study aimed to develop an NLP approach for identifying veterans accessing secondary mental health care services using National Health Service electronic health records.
MethodsVeterans were identified using the South London and Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (SLaM) case register – a database holding secondary mental health care electronic records for the South London and Maudsley National Health Service Trust of 300,000 patients. We developed two methods. An NLP and machine learning tool were developed to automatically evaluate personal history statements written by clinicians.
ResultsThis study showed that it was possible to identify veterans using the NLP and machine learning approach on a sub-set of 4,200 patients. The automatic machine learning method was able to identify 270 veterans representing an accuracy of 97.2%. It is estimated to take between 6 to 16 minutes to manually search patient history statements whereas the automatic machine learning method took only one minute to run.
ConclusionWe have shown that it is possible to identify veterans using NLP combined with machine learning. This work contributes towards the development of a more comprehensive picture of veterans who are accessing secondary mental health care services in the UK. It represents a first step in identifying veterans from one dataset and we hope that future research can inform the possibility of deploying the methods nationally. Despite our success in the current work, the tools are tailored to the SLaM dataset and future work is needed to develop a more agnostic framework.
FundingForces in Mind Trust
Disclosive Data: Who uses it, why, and what difference does it make?
Authors: Engeli Andrew , Tolland Aidan 
Published: November 2019

The Secure Research Service of the Office for National Statistics provides secure access to sensitive detailed data that are not publicly available. It provides access for Approved Researchers working on defined and approved projects, which serve the public good, within the framework of the Digital Economy Act 2017. SRS data can’t be downloaded, but users can access the data at their desk if they are part of a government organisation (subject to connection criteria being met), or in an Office for National Statistics (ONS) approved Safe Setting if not.
In this paper, we examine the 2,612 projects that have been run using disclosive data through our service since its inception in 2002, and we map out patterns of data usage. In particular, we are interested in understanding;

Who are the primary users of disclosive data for research (internal ONS, academics, OGD, charities, commercial users)?
What are the primary sectors of research interest for which disclosive data access is requested? (Business, labour market, education, trade, health, population, etc.)?
What are the predominant patterns of team working? (single researcher, multi-researchers)?
What are the methodologies used to analyse the data?
What statistical tools are being used in carrying our projects?
Where are the researchers conducting the analysis based (NUTS1,2,3 classification)?
What are the outputs and impacts of disclosive data research?

The paper will conclude by proposing a classification of research projects based on a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the dataset collated for this presentation.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors use in pregnancy: a risk assessment study using administrative pharmaceutical data
Authors: Purkiss Shaun , Keegel Tessa , Vally Hassan , Wollersheim Dennis 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundAntidepressant management with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) during pregnancy is associated with risks of congenital malformations and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Main AimWe examined the incidence of SSRI use during pregnancy using Australian administrative pharmaceutical data linked to medical service data detailing antenatal consultations to assess pregnancy risk at current levels of treatment.
MethodA published data source from the Australian Pharmaceutical and Medical Benefit Schemes was used to identify pregnant women starting new onset treatments with SSRI medications during the provision of antenatal services. A longitudinal profile of SSRI incidence in the pre, peri and post pregnancy periods were constructed to define incident SSRI use. The potential increased burden from adverse pregnancy outcomes was calculated using estimates of risks from the literature.
ResultsFrom 2005-2011, 40,778 women were identified to have started de novo SSRI treatments within 10 years of pregnancy (n=172,951). The prenatal monthly incidence of SSRI prescriptions was 25 per 1000 women in 2005 and 7.5/1000 in 2011. During pregnancy, this incidence fell to 7.5 and 4/1000 women in years, and rose above perinatal levels to between 13 and 33/1000 women one year postnatally (X2 p<.001). At these incidence rates, an estimated 2400 women per year receive SSRI’s during pregnancy. In comparison, with non-depressed pregnant women this potentially results in 10 further cardiovascular defects, 94 pre-term births, and 1 still birth annually.
ConclusionThis pharmaco-surveillance study has demonstrated continued use of SSRIs in Australian women of childbearing age but diminishing usage during pregnancy. A small number of women continue to be prescribed SSRI during the prenatal period in Australia with risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Evaluating continuity of care incorporating a time protective effect of general practitioner care on diabetes related potentially preventable hospitalisations: An application of threshold effects model
Authors: Ha Ninh , Harris Mark , Preen David , Moorin Rachael 
Published: November 2019

Background Continuity of care with a general practitioner (GP) is vital for management of chronic conditions including diabetes as it provides proactive care facilitating opportunities to prevent or delay progression of disease.
Aim To capture the proportion of time people with diabetes are under the protective effect of contact with a GP using the Cover Index and its effect on potentially preventable hospitalisation (PPH) and length of stay (LOS).
Methods The linked self-report and administrative health service data of 267,153 participants in the 45 and Up study in New South Wales (NSW) in 2006-2009, obtained from the NSW Centre for Health Record Linkage and the Australian Government Department of Human Services, were used. A cohort of 21,965 people aged 45+ years identified with diabetes before July 2009 and followed up to 2015 were included in the analysis. Time duration protective effect of GP contact was estimated according to severity of diabetes using threshold effect models and then used to calculate the Cover Index. The effect of levels of GP cover on PPH and unplanned PPH and related LOS were estimated using negative binomial models weighted for the inverse probability of treatment to control for observed pre-treatment covariate imbalance.
Results Perfect GP cover was observed among 56% of people in the study cohort. Compared with low GP cover, having perfect GP cover was significantly associated with lower PPH (IRR 0.21, 95%CI 0.13-0.35), LOS for PPH (IRR 0.12, 95%CI 0.06-0.24), unplanned PPH (IRR 0.36, 95%CI 0.19-0.68) and LOS for unplanned PPH (IRR 0.39, 95%CI 0.17-0.85) after controlling for the observed pre-treatment covariate imbalance.
Conclusion This study suggests that longitudinal continuity of care measured by incorporating a time protective effect of a GP (cover) may be an important factor associated with reduction in PPHs and length of stay independent of other measures of longitudinal continuity.
Is there equity of access to revascularisation in Wales by socioeconomic deprivation?
Authors: Evans Lloyd 
Published: November 2019

Background Long-standing evidence of inequity has been shown to exist in the management of patients with heart disease. The majority of UK studies during the last 20 years have concluded that patients living in the most deprived areas were disadvantaged by lower revascularisation rates, despite having a higher level of need.
Over the last 10 years, a systematic approach at tackling health inequity has played an important role in public health policy and practice throughout the UK. National service frameworks for cardiac disease have contributed to significant changes to the way coronary revascularisation is provided. Their aim is to provide access to the best possible treatment in timely fashion for all with heart disease.
Aim To investigate the impact of service redesign in the provision of revascularisation procedures on the historical socioeconomic inequity in revascularisation rates for patients with heart disease.
Methods A retrospective cohort design was created through the linkage of population administrative datasets, with cohorts created in both the pre- and post-service redesign periods.
Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to estimate the likelihood of receiving revascularisation to see did these differ between periods by socioeconomic status.
Results Revascularisation was provided equitably by socioeconomic deprivation after the service redesign, whereas pre-service redesign, subjects resident in the most deprived quintile were 20% less likely to receive revascularisation.
Measures to improve access to services are working, with previous signs of socioeconomic inequity of access to revascularisation not apparent, but rather increased access for all and in a timelier manner regardless of socioeconomic deprivation.
Conclusion While inequities and inequalities remain throughout healthcare today, this research provides evidence that measures can be successful in hard to reach groups such as those living in the most deprived areas, and these unnecessary variations can be reduced or eradicated in the future.
Early-life cognitive ability and recovery from stroke
Authors: Altschul Drew , Iveson Matthew , Deary Ian 
Published: November 2019

Background In ageing populations it is increasingly important to understand what contributes to health and wellbeing in later life. Older adults in particular are prone to function-limiting health issues which impair their ability to be productive and live independently. The incidence of stroke – one of the most common morbidities among older adults – has been shown to be predicted by early-life cognitive ability, such that those with higher cognitive ability are at lower risk. However, less is known about the role that early-life cognitive ability plays in recovery from stroke.
Aim Investigate the association between early-life circumstances, particularly cognitive ability, and later-life recovery from stroke.
Methods Using a large sample of individuals born in Scotland in 1936, historic data from the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 will be linked to administrative and healthcare records from across the life course. Incidence of stroke can be identified using healthcare records prior to 2011, and later functional outcomes will be extracted from the Scottish Stroke Care Audit and from Scottish Censuses 2001 and 2011.
Analysis Multiple regression models will be used to examine associations between early-life variables and changes in post-morbid general health and physical function among those experiencing stroke prior to 2011. Time since morbidity, number of morbidity events prior to follow-up, and severity of morbidity will be included as covariates. Analyses will be stratified by type of stroke to account for heterogeneity in aetiology, and recovery profiles will be compared between different types of stroke where possible.
Enough with the tables, we need ideas.
Authors: Stevens Antony 
Published: November 2019

One of the consequences of owning a farm in Central Brazil is that I frequently meet people who do things and have life narratives that we are unlikely to come across in texts on sociology or epidemiology. In the nearby town they live in streets that have postal codes that would place all the residents in the same cell of a contingency table.
But in each residence lives a family with a separate and unique story. I believe that it is worth asking whether it is really the perceived similarities that determine their health outcomes. Yes, perhaps when sanitation is involved, but there are other health outcomes that would not be centered on the postcode.
I have spent the last two years helping to link notifications of interpersonal violence with birth and mortality records. The idea is to find some way to stop men harming their partners. If this can be achieved by changing the way the law reacts to the violence then these linkages may prove useful, especially when legal and penal records are included in the studies.
But what if what needs to be changed is the way a boy is treated in his first year of life? It is unlikely that information collected at the time of the violence would be accurate about events in early childhood. How could record linkages tell us that we should be looking elsewhere? I have no idea. But I believe it to be the most important question in population studies today.
Statisticians are always pleased to tell us that we have failed to prove something. We need a methodology that tells us where to look. Also it must be based on something with more possibilities than those currently offered by diluted Marxism.
Linkage of Primary Care Prescribing Records and Pharmacy Dispensing Records in Asthma Controller Medications
Authors: Tibble Holly , Sheikh Aziz , Tsanas Athanasios , Horne Robert , Mizani Mehrdad , Simpson Colin , Lay-Flurrie James 
Published: November 2019

Background In the UK, issued prescriptions are typically taken to pharmacies, where medications are prepared, recorded, and dispensed. Data Linkage between prescribing and pharmacy dispensing records is not routinely conducted at the individual prescription level for clinical care in England and Wales, however it can be particularly useful for the study of pharmacoepidemiology. With no unique prescribing event identifiers between records, an algorithmic approach is required for this linkage.
Aims To create a linkage system for primary care prescribed asthma controller medications and pharmacy dispensing records.
Methods Free text labels were used to populate fields for data linkage, relating to medication strength, medication type (active ingredients; allows matching of generic substitutions to named brands), doses per medication unit, prescribed units, and prescribed doses. Prescribing and dispensing records were merged using an inner (many to many) join; generating a candidate link for every combination of records matching on unique patient identifier and medicine. A recursive algorithm was developed and applied, working backwards chronologically through dispensing records and finding the most appropriate match based on the time since prescribing and agreement between the medication description fields. Unmatched records were assessed for quality assurance, and the distribution of linkage strength for matches was examined.
Results We developed a harmonisation algorithm in a dataset of over 3 million asthma controller medication prescription records, for which almost 3 in 4 were coded according to the number of units (predominantly inhalers). Incorporating the estimated number of doses prescribed/dispensed into our wider matching algorithm, we were able to find unique prescription records for almost 95% of our dispensing records.
Conclusion Early findings demonstrate the accuracy of the developed algorithm linking prescribing and dispensing records. This algorithm can easily be generalised to other conditions.