bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressing calcineurin activity increases the toxicity of Cry2Ab to Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Wei Jizhen , Yang Shuo , Zhou Shuai , Liu Shaokai , Cao Pei , Liu Xiaoguang , Du Mengfang , An Shiheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDExtensive planting of transgenetic Bacillus thuringiensis crops has driven the evolution of pest resistance to Cry1Ac. Adjustment of cropping structures has promoted further outbreak of Helicoverpa armigera in China. To control this pest, a combination of pyramiding RNA interference (RNAi) and Cry2Ab is considered a promising strategy for countering cross‐resistance and enhancing the toxicity of Cry2Ab to cotton bollworm. We explored the possibility of using calcineurin (CAN) as a target RNAi gene, because it is involved in cotton bollworm responses to the toxicity of Cry2Ab.RESULTSCry2Ab treatment led to a significant increase in HaCAN mRNA level and HaCAN activity. Suppression of HaCAN activity due to RNAi‐mediated knockdown of HaCAN increased the susceptibility of midgut cells to Cry2Ab. The increase in HaCAN activity shown by heterologous expression of HaCAN reduced the cytotoxicity of Cry2Ab to Sf9 cells. Moreover, ingestion of HaCAN‐specific inhibitor FK506 increased the toxicity of Cry2Ab in larvae. Interestingly, HaCAN does not function as a Cry2Ab direct binding protein that participates in Cry2Ab toxicity.CONCLUSIONSThe results in this study provide evidence that suppression of HaCAN not only affected the development of the cotton bollworm, but also enhanced the toxicity of Cry2Ab to the pest. HaCAN is therefore an important candidate gene in cotton bollworm that can be targeted for pest control when the pest infests RNAi+Cry2Ab crops. Meanwhile, the mechanism of action of HaCAN in Cry2Ab toxicity suggested that protein dephosphorylation was involved. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
‘Unintended transnationalism’: The challenging lives of Thai women who partner Western men
Authors: Statham Paul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article studies a specific form of transnational living that results from Thai–Western cross‐border marriage migration: Thai women's experiences of intercultural partnerships with a Western man. The study is explicitly from a Thai female partner's perspective. It unpacks women's experiences and perceptions of living this life from their own accounts. We refer to their experiences and perceptions of living this form of transnational life as unintended transnationalism, that is, that living a life defined by dependent gendered intercultural exchanges with a foreign man was a by‐product, not an aspiration of her strategy for a better life. Living ‘unintended transnationalism’ refers to how women negotiate the specific high challenges and sociocultural pressures arising from dependency on a foreign man, who largely decides where, when and how you live. Women face strong acculturation pressures to adapt to their husbands' Western cultural needs, on his terms, even when they share a home in Thailand—a process we define as imported assimilationism. The study shows how her experiences of transnational living are importantly shaped by her: access to rights, cultural differences with her partner, and positioning in social space and place in Thailand, over this life journey. It draws from 20 biographical interviews with women in partnerships (between 7 and 30 years) with Westerners, currently resident in Thailand. Overall, we find that living ‘unintended transnationalism’ is a challenging life, even for women who make significant material gains. It can lead to isolation, dissociation from family, and dissimilation from belonging in Thailand.
Understanding mechanisms for trends in Sahelian squall lines: Roles of thermodynamics and shear
Authors: Bickle Megan E. , Marsham John H. , Ross Andrew N. , Rowell David P. , Parker Douglas J. , Taylor Christopher M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSquall lines dominate rainfall in the West African Sahel, and evidence suggests they have increased in intensity over recent decades. Stronger wind shear may be a key driver of this trend and could continue to strengthen with climate change. However, global numerical models struggle to capture the role of shear for organised convection, making predictions of changing rainfall intensities in the Sahel uncertain. To investigate the impact of recent and possible future environmental changes, and to isolate thermodynamic effects from shear effects, idealised squall line simulations were initialised with a profile representative of the present day: this profile was then modified using trends from reanalyses and climate projections. Increased shear led to increased storm intensity and rainfall, but the effects of the thermodynamic changes dominated the effects from shear. Simulations initiated with future profiles produced shorter‐lived storms, likely due to increased convective inhibition and the absence of large‐scale convergence or synoptic variability in the idealised model. A theoretical model based on the relative inflow of convectively unstable air and moisture was found to predict bulk characteristics of the storms accurately, including mean rain rates and area‐averaged maximum vertical velocities, explaining the role of shear. However, the model is not a prognostic tool as rainfall is dependent on the storm speed, which remains a free parameter. The study shows the importance of shear to long‐term rainfall trends and highlights the need for climate models to include effects of shear to capture changes in extreme rainfall.
Copper‐NHC Based Ullmann Catalysis in Water for Selective N‐Arylation of 3‐Aminophenols
Authors: Paul Sudeep , Joy Bony P. , Sasikala Geethu , Raghuthaman Advaya G. , Gudimetla Vittal B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStudies of environmentally benign catalytic methods are of great value in modern chemical synthesis, especially the chemo‐selective construction of chemical bonds under green conditions. This work elucidates such preferential synthesis of C−N bond over C−O bond via selective N‐arylation of 3‐aminophenols using 1,3‐bis‐[2‐hydroxyphenyl] imidazolium chloride (IHPHCl) and copper iodide as catalyst (1 mol %) in aqueous medium. Presence of chelating group (−OH) on IHPHCl enhances N‐selectivity. Overall this is a simple and green method for selective N‐arylation of 3‐aminophenols with good substrate scope and yields (60–88 %). GC‐MS, HRMS and other spectroscopic techniques were utilised in detailing the kinetics and mechanistic aspects.
Design and Synthesis of Heterocyclic Encapsulated Organosilatranes for In Silico, In Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Evaluation
Authors: Singh Gurjaspreet , Sharma Geetika , Satija Pinky , Singh Akshpreet , Pawan  , Ruiz Cristóbal E. , Silvera Daniel G. , Esteban María A. , Soni Sajeev 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProvoked by multifarious applicability of nitrogen heterocycles and hypervalent silicon analogues in drug designing, we attempted the synthesis and structural characterization of a family of heterocyclic appended Organosilatranes tethered with an azomethine linkage by employing a three‐step preparation route and carried out introspection into their prospective bioactivities. Using MOLINSPIRATION and ADMET toolkits, pharmacokinetic profiles of the designed scaffolds were investigated and the results showed their potential as promising drug candidates. The article also assesses the antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity property of the synthesized organosilatranes, which are required is to prevent the oxidative stress in the body formed of reactive species. It was observed that compounds 10–12 with methyl substituents on the atrane rings can be the best pretenders for radical scavenging activity while the cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that the compounds 7, 8 and 10 are least toxic of all examined organosilatranes.
Coordination‐Driven Supramolecular Synthesis Based on Bimetallic Cu(I) Precursors: Adaptive Behavior and Luminescence
Authors: Lescop C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPre‐organized adaptive Cu(I) bimetallic precursors can be successfully engaged in coordination‐driven supramolecular reactions. Selective formation either of a large family of compact metallacycles or of polymetallic discrete assemblies and one‐dimensional coordination polymers is rationalized taking into account the relative amplitudes of conformational flexibility allowed by the precursors used. It reveals the originality of the self‐assembly processes conducted with such Cu(I)‐based building blocks. In addition, exalted luminescence properties can be embedded in the resulting supramolecular assemblies due to the specific photophysical behaviors of Cu(I)‐luminophores. General and straightforward access toward coordination‐driven supramolecular assemblies featuring original architectures and multifunctional luminescence properties is therefore highlighted, taking advantage of both the specificities of the coordination chemistry and the electronic structure of derivatives based on the Cu(I) ion.
Effective Tools for the Metal‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Direct Arylations of (Hetero)arenes
Authors: Huang Hai‐Yun , Benzai Amal , Shi Xinzhe , Doucet Henri 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe direct functionalization of two different C−H bonds of the same organic molecule using different procedures ‐ also called regiodivergent C−H bond functionalization ‐ currently represents an important research topic in organic chemistry, as it demonstrates the versatility of C−H bond functionalization methodology. Over the last decade, the number of tools to control such regiodivergent C−H bond functionalizations has increased significantly. In this account, we will present the various tools that allowed us to arylate different positions of various (hetero)arenes, via a C−H bond functionalization, using palladium or ruthenium catalysis.
Effects of Lupron and surgical castration on fecal androgen metabolite concentrations and intermale aggression in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
Authors: Yu Jennifer H. , Brown Janine , Boisseau Nicole , Barthel Tony , Murray Suzan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo curb agonistic interactions in a bachelor group of three male capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), a single dose of leuprolide acetate (Lupron®) was used in an attempt to chemically sterilize the males. Concurrently, fecal androgen metabolite (FAM) concentrations were quantified via enzyme immunoassay to monitor changes in testosterone production after injection of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist. When Lupron proved ineffective in suppressing intraspecific aggression, surgical castration was performed on two males, with continued noninvasive endocrine monitoring. In all three capybaras, FAM concentrations increased initially as a result of the luteinizing hormone surge, but then decreased significantly following chemical sterilization. Surgical castration resulted in further, persistent declines in FAM concentrations in two males, while the third, intact male demonstrated a rise in FAM to pre‐Lupron concentrations at 8.5 and 9.5‐month postadministration. Despite successful suppression of sperm and testosterone production, intermale aggression continued, ultimately necessitating separation of the animals and transfer to other holding institutions. Under this set of conditions, a single Lupron dose was inadequate for suppressing intraspecific aggression in a group of three males with a pre‐established history of aggression.
The Newman-Penrose map and the classical double copy
Authors: Elor Gilly , Farnsworth Kara , Graesser Michael L. , Herczeg Gabriel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gauge-gravity duality is arguably our best hope for understanding quantum gravity. Considerable progress has been made in relating scattering amplitudes in certain gravity theories to those in gauge theories — a correspondence dubbed the double copy. Recently, double copies have also been realized in a classical setting, as maps between exact solutions of gauge theories and gravity. We present here a novel map between a certain class of real, exact solutions of Einstein’s equations and self-dual solutions of the flat-space vacuum Maxwell equations. This map, which we call the Newman-Penrose map, is well-defined even for non-vacuum, non-stationary spacetimes, providing a systematic framework for exploring gravity solutions in the context of the double copy that have not been previously studied in this setting. To illustrate this, we present here the Newman- Penrose map for the Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes, and Kinnersley’s photon rocket.
The immunologic tumor microenvironment in endometrioid endometrial cancer in the morphomolecular context: mutual correlations and prognostic impact depending on molecular alterations
Authors: Willvonseder Barbara , Stögbauer Fabian , Steiger Katja , Jesinghaus Moritz , Kuhn Peer-Hendrik , Brambs Christine , Engel Jutta , Bronger Holger , Schmidt Georg Philipp , Haller Bernhard , Weichert Wilko , Keller Gisela , Noske Aurelia , Pfarr Nicole , Boxberg Melanie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective
POLE-mutant, microsatellite-instable (MSI), p53-mutant and non-specific molecular profile (NSMP) are TCGA-defined molecular subgroups of endometrial cancer (EC). Hypothesizing that morphology and tumor immunology might differ depending on molecular background concerning composition and prognostic impact, we aimed to comprehensively interconnect morphologic, immunologic and molecular data.

Methods
TCGA-defined molecular groups were determined by immunohistochemistry and sequencing in n = 142 endometrioid EC. WHO-defined histopathological grading was performed. The immunologic microenvironment (iTME) was characterised by the quantification of intraepithelial and stromal populations of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL: overall T-cells; T-Killer cells; regulatory T-cells (Treg)). Immunologic parameters were correlated with WHO-grading, TCGA-subgroups and prognosis.

Results
High density TIL were significantly more frequent in high-grade (G3) compared to low-grade (G1/2) EC in the whole cohort and in the subgroup of POLE-wildtype-/microsatellite-stable-EC. MSI was associated with high-level TIL-infiltration when taking into account the type of mismatch repair defect (MLH1/PMS2; MSH2/MSH6). Prognostic impact of biomarkers depended on molecular subgroups: In p53-mutant EC, Treg were independently prognostic, in NSMP, the unique independently prognostic biomarker was WHO-grading.

Conclusions
EC morphology and immunology differ depending on genetics. Our study delineated two molecularly distinct subgroups of immunogenic EC characterized by high-density TIL-infiltration: MSI EC and high-grade POLE-wildtype/microsatellite-stable-EC. Prognostic impact of TIL-populations relied on TCGA-subgroups indicating specific roles for TIL depending on molecular background. In NSMP, histopathological grading was the only prognostic biomarker demonstrating the relevance of WHO-grading in an era of molecular subtyping.
Dual-energy CT in the diagnosis of occult acute scaphoid injury: a direct comparison with MRI
Authors: Xie Cheng , Ather Sarim , Mansour Ramy , Gleeson Fergus , Chowdhury Rajat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Scaphoid injuries occult on plain radiography often require further imaging for definitive diagnosis. We investigate the utility of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) for the detection of acute bone marrow oedema and fracture of scaphoid compared to MRI.

Materials and methods
Twenty patients who presented acutely (without prior injury) to the emergency department with clinically suspected occult scaphoid fracture and had MRI of the wrist were prospectively recruited to have DECT (GE Revolution CT). Material decomposition images of the water-calcium base pair were generated and assessed in conjunction with the monochromatic images to permit correlation of marrow signal changes with any cortical disruption for fracture confirmation. The assessment was performed by two musculoskeletal radiologists blinded from MRI results. The statistical difference of MRI and reviewers’ detection of acute bone oedema (1 = present, 0 = absent) was performed using the Friedman test (SPSS v.16).

Results
MRI showed acute scaphoid fracture and/or bone marrow oedema in 14/20 patients of which 6 also had cortical disruption. On DECT, reviewer A identified oedema in 13 and cortical disruption in 10 patients while reviewer B identified oedema in 10 and cortical disruption in seven of the 14 MRI positive patients. No statistically significant difference in oedema detection on MRI and reviewers of DECT (p value 0.61) but DECT was more sensitive at detecting cortical disruption.

Conclusion
DECT has the capability to detect acute scaphoid oedema in addition to cortical fractures. However, compared to MRI, DECT has lower contrast resolution and less sensitive in the detection of mild oedema.

Key Points
• Dual-energy CT is able to detect acute traumatic scaphoid marrow oedema.
• Dual-energy CT has greater detection rate of scaphoid fractures than MRI.
• Dual-energy CT is an alternative to MRI for occult scaphoid injury.
Common and much less common scenarios in which botany is crucial for forensic pathologist and anthropologists: a series of eight case studies
Authors: Caccianiga Marco , Caccia Giulia , Mazzarelli Debora , Salsarola Dominic , Poppa Pasquale , Gaudio Daniel , Cappella Annalisa , Franceschetti Lorenzo , Tambuzzi Stefano , Maggioni Lidia , Cattaneo Cristina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is commonly accepted that crime scene recovery and recording are key moments of any judicial inspection in which investigators must decide on the correct strategies to put into place. Complex outdoor scenarios, presenting partially or entirely skeletonised remains, can benefit more than others by the intervention of environmental specialists (forensic anthropologists, archaeologists, entomologists and botanists). These experts are capable of singling out, correctly recording and recovering environmental evidence that can lead to a more comprehensive reconstruction of a given criminal episode. If human remains are discovered in an outdoor scenario, the on-site presence of a botanist will guarantee a correct approach to the identification, recording and recovery of any botanical evidence. If an on-site botanist is not available, the operators must be capable of both the botanical evaluation of a scene and the implementation of correct botanical sampling protocols.The following collection of unusual case histories that aim at underlining the efficacy of forensic botany will examine the determination of post mortem or the post depositional interval, evidence for a victim’s post mortem transfer, evidence for the identification of a primary crime scene and evidence for the identification of a victim’s dismemberment site. In another two cases, one, we will illustrate the important role that forensic botany played in the discrimination between botanical material used to voluntarily conceal a victim and vegetation that had grown naturally above a disposal site, whereas the other will highlight the protocols implemented for the identification of a murder weapon.
Strokectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: experience and meta-analysis of current evidence
Authors: Moughal Saad , Trippier Sarah , AL-Mousa Alaa , Hainsworth Atticus H. , Pereira Anthony C. , Minhas Pawanjit S , Shtaya Anan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStrokectomy means surgical excision of infarcted brain tissue post-stroke with preservation of skull integrity, distinguishing it from decompressive hemicraniectomy. Both can mitigate malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) syndrome but evidence regarding strokectomy is sparse. Here, we report our data and meta-analysis of strokectomy compared to hemicraniectomy for malignant MCA infarction. All malignant MCA stroke cases requiring surgical intervention in a large tertiary centre (January 2012–December 2017,N = 24) were analysed for craniotomy diameter, complications, length of follow-up and outcome measured using the modified Rankin score (mRS). Good outcome was defined as mRS 0–3 at 12 months. In a meta-analysis, outcome from strokectomy (pooled from our cohort and published strokectomy studies) was compared with hemicraniectomy (our cohort pooled with published DECIMAL, DESTINY and HAMLET clinical trial data). In our series (N = 24, 12/12 F/M; mean age: 45.83 ± 8.91, range 29–63 years), 4 patients underwent strokectomy (SC) and 20 hemicraniectomy (HC). Among SC patients, craniotomy diameter was smaller, relative to HC patients (86 ± 13.10 mm, 120 ± 4.10 mm, respectively;p = 0.003), complications were less common (25%, 55%) and poor outcomes were less common (25%, 70%). In the pooled data (N = 41 SC, 71 HC), strokectomy tended towards good outcome more than hemicraniectomy (OR 2.2, 95% CI 0.99–4.7;p = 0.051). In conclusion, strokectomy may be non-inferior, lower risk and cost saving relative to hemicraniectomy sufficiently to be worthy of further investigation and maybe a randomised trial.
Polarisierte Gesellschaft und polarisierte Kindheiten?
Authors: Hilke Maren , Schütte Johannes 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie die zunehmende gesellschaftliche Spaltung Kindheiten prägt. Dazu werden unterschiedliche Dimensionen gesellschaftlicher Polarisierung betrachtet. Neben der ökonomischen und der räumlichen Polarisierung rückt auch das Thema des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalts ins Zentrum der Betrachtung. Darauf aufbauend analysiert der Beitrag ungleiche Kindheiten unter dem Einfluss einer zunehmenden Polarisierung.
Public-private cooperation and agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of Nigerian growth enhancement scheme and e-voucher program
Authors: Benjamin Emmanuel Olatunbosun , Ola Oreoluwa , Lang Hannes , Buchenrieder Gertrud 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Growth Enhancement Scheme and e-voucher program, rolled out across Nigeria in 2011 by the federal government, provided the institutional basis for private agro-dealers to engage in the distribution of subsidized fertilizer, improved seeds and extension services to farmers. However, the impact of this policy on different modes of extension service delivery is still missing in literature. We apply an Ordinary Least Squared and Difference-in-Difference methodology on the (2010 and 2012) Living Standard Measurement Study of the World Bank. The results suggest that extension visitations as well as public extension services positively influence farm revenue. Furthermore, a substantial increase in fertilizer expenditure by farmers was observed, due to the e-voucher program, which could have contributed to the improved agricultural output witnessed in Nigeria post-Growth Enhancement Scheme era. Governments across Sub-Saharan Africa should implement policies that harness the economy of scale and scope of the private sector as well as information and communication technologies in delivering on time and adequate agricultural inputs to farmers.