bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Secondary Analysis of the Childhood Obesity Prevention Cochrane Review through a Wider Determinants of Health Lens: Implications for Research Funders, Researchers, Policymakers and Practitioners
Authors: Nobles James David , Summerbell Carolyn , Brown Tamara , Jago Russell , Moore Theresa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are often regarded as the gold standard of evidence, and subsequently go on to inform policymaking. Cochrane Reviews synthesise this type of evidence to create recommendations for practice, policy, and future research. Here, we critically appraise the RCTs included in the childhood obesity prevention Cochrane Review to understand the focus of these interventions when examined through a wider determinants of health (WDoH) lens. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the interventions included in the Cochrane Review on “Interventions for Preventing Obesity in Children”, published since 1993. All 153 RCTs were independently coded by two authors against the WDoH model using an adaptive framework synthesis approach. We used aspects of the Action Mapping Tool from Public Health England to facilitate our coding and to visualise our findings against the 226 perceived causes of obesity. Results: The proportion of interventions which targeted downstream (e.g. individual and family behaviours) as opposed to upstream (e.g. infrastructure, environmental, policy) determinants has not changed over time (from 1993 to 2015), with most intervention efforts (57.9%) aiming to change individual lifestyle factors via education-based approaches. Almost half of the interventions (45%) targeted two or more levels of the WDoH. Where interventions targeted some of the wider determinants, this was often achieved via upskilling teachers to deliver educational content to children. No notable difference in design or implementation was observed between interventions targeting children of varying ages (0-5 years, 6-12 years, 13-18 years). Conclusions: This study highlights that interventions, evaluated via RCTs, have persisted to focus on downstream, individualistic determinants of obesity over the last 25 years, despite the step change in our understanding of its complex aetiology. We hope that the findings from our analysis will challenge research funders, researchers, policymakers and practitioners to reflect upon, and critique, the evidence-based paradigm in which we operate, and call for a shift in focus of new evidence which better accounts for the complexity of obesity.
Determinants of Emotional Exhaustion among Nursing Workforce in Urban Ghana: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Poku Collins Atta , Donkor Ernestina , Naab Florence 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
AbstractBackground: The subject of emotional exhaustion in an organisation has become important because of the emerging trends in employment and its related problems. Unhealthy practice environment is a major threat in the incidence of emotional exhaustion among nurses; and organisational cultures that do not support its personnel has huge burnout costs. The study aimed at assessing rate of emotional exhaustion; determined factors that accounts for it and also ascertained the coping strategies used by nurses to overcome it in the Ghanaian health care setting. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a proportionate stratified sampling was used to draw a sample from five health facilities. A standardized questionnaire of Professional Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index, Maslach Burnout Inventory and Coping Scale were used assess variables under study. The STROBE guidelines were followed in reporting this study.Results: Out of the 232 registered nurses studied, 91.1% of them reported experiencing moderate to high rate of emotional exhaustion. The practice environment of the nurses explained 39.6% of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Emotion-focused and problem-focused approaches were identified to be used by registered nurses to cope with emotional exhaustion. Conclusion: When appropriate and effective intervention are employed, emotional exhaustion will be reduce and this will enrich the effectiveness of quality care delivery to patients.
Influence of measurement differences of anterior chamber depth and axial length on lens thickness evaluation in cataract patients: a comparison of two tests
Authors: Xu Jiayi , Li Chen , Wang Lijun , Li Caixin , Li Xin , Lu Peirong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the agreement of lens thickness (LT) measurements made by contact A-scan ultrasonography and Lenstar LS900 as well as the influence of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) measurement differences on LT measurement in cataract patients in the two techniques.Methods: 1247 cataract patients (1247 eyes) participated in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Ocular biometric measurements were performed with Lenstar LS900 and A-scan ultrasonography respectively, and the measured results of AL, ACD and LT were compared using Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and Bland-Altman analyses.Results: Bland-Altman analyses showed poor agreement between the A-scan ultrasonography and Lenstar LS900 in measuring AL and ACD. The average difference of LT was 0.01 mm; the consistency limit was -0.86 mm, 0.88 mm; and 95.27% of datapoints were within the 95% consistency limit. The consistency of LT measurements between the two techniques was poor for those subjects whose ACD or AL values were beyond the 95% consistency limit. Among the subjects whose AL or ACD values measured by A-scan ultrasonography were greater than those measured by Lenstar LS900, 93.33% of them were within the 95% consistency limit, suggesting that the consistency of LT measurement between the two techniques was poor. Of patients whose ACD or AL measured by A-scan ultrasonography were smaller than that of Lenstar LS900, 96.01% of them were within the 95% consistency limit.Conclusions: There was good agreement of the LT measurements between A-scan ultrasonography and Lenstar LS900, except for the axis deviating from the apparent axis during A-scan ultrasonography. If this error can be avoided, A-scan ultrasonography can replace Lenstar LS900 in LT measurement in cataract patients.
Mutational analysis of ocriplasmin to reduce proteolytic and autolytic activity in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Baghban Roghayyeh , farajnia safar , Ghasemi Younes , Hoseinpoor Reyhaneh , Safary Azam , Mortazavi Mojtaba , Zarghami Nosratollah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Ocriplasmin (Jetrea) is using for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion. This enzyme undergoes rapid inactivation and limited activity duration as a result of its autolytic nature after injection within the eye. Moreover, the proteolytic activity can cause photoreceptor damage, which may result in visual impairment in more serious cases.Results: The present research aimed to reduce the disadvantages of ocriplasmin using site-directed mutagenesis. To reduce the autolytic activity of ocriplasmin in the first variant, lysine 156 changed to glutamic acid and, in the second variant for the proteolytic activity reduction, alanine 59 mutated to threonine. The third variant contained both mutations. Expression of wild type and three mutant variants of ocriplasmin constructs were done in the Pichia pastoris expression system. The mutant variants were analyzed in silico and in vitro and compared to the wild type. The kinetic parameters of ocriplasmin variants showed both variants with K156E substitution were more resistant to autolytic degradation than wild-type. These variants also exhibited reduced Kcat and Vmax values. An increase in their Km values, leading to a decreased catalytic efficiency (the Kcat/Km ratio) of autolytic and mixed variants. Moreover, in the variant with A59T mutation, Kcat and Vmax values have reduced compared to wild type. The mix variants showed the most increase in Km value (almost 2-fold) as well as reduced enzymatic affinity to the substrate. Thus, the results indicated that combined mutations at the ocriplasmin sequence were more effective compared with single mutations. Conclusions: The results indicated such variants represent valuable tools for the investigation of therapeutic strategies aiming at the non-surgical resolution of vitreomacular adhesion.
Mobilising People as Assets for Active Ageing Promotion: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective on Peer Volunteering Initiatives
Authors: Stathi Afroditi , Withall Janet , Agyapong-Badu Sandra , Barrett Eva E , Kritz Marlene , Wills Debbie , Thogersen-Ntoumani Cecilie , Fox Kenneth R 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Successful peer volunteering is central to many community-based, active ageing initiatives. This study synthesises the perspectives of a range of stakeholders involved in peer volunteering initiatives and provides recommendations as to how peer volunteers can be effectively mobilised as community assets. Methods: An evidence synthesis of qualitative data from (a) the evaluation of ACE (Active, Connected, Engaged), a feasibility trial of a peer volunteering active ageing intervention, and (b) interviews with volunteers and managers of third sector organisations providing peer volunteering programmes. Data were analysed using directed content analysis.Results: Ten managers, 22 volunteers and 20 ACE participants were interviewed. The analysis identified six main themes, 33 higher and 22 sub themes. Main themes were: (i) Motives, (ii) Benefits, (iii) Skills and Characteristics, (iv) Challenges, (v) Training Needs, (vi) Recruitment and Retention. Altruism, changes in life circumstances, opportunities to reconnect with the community and personal fulfilment were the main reasons for volunteering. Volunteering was described as being personally rewarding, an avenue to acquire new skills and knowledge, and an opportunity for increased social connections and physical activity. Good peer volunteers are committed, reliable, have a good sense of humour, good interpersonal skills and are able to relate to participants. When pairing volunteers with participants, shared interests and geographical proximity are important to consider. Clarity of role, level of time commitment, regular feedback, recognition of effort and strong networks for on-going support are important strategies to facilitate volunteer retention. Conclusions: The findings of this study support the value of peer volunteering as a strategy for mobilising community assets in promoting active ageing. To ensure success and longevity, these schemes require appropriate funding and efficient administrative support.Trial registration: N/A
Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Novel Lentiviral Vaccine Expressing Multi- Epitope Against of Leishmania Major in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Rabienia Mahsa , Roudbari Zahra , Ghanbariasad Ali , Abdollahi Abbas , Molazadeh Alireaza , Mortazavidehkordi Nahid , Farjadfar Akbar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Nowadays, the prevention of parasitic diseases including leishmaniasis is one of the health concerns in the world, and cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common type of these diseases. So far, no drug or vaccine has been approved for definitive treatment of this disease.Methods: In this study, the recombinant lentiviral vaccine containing a new multi-epitope of KMP11 and HASPB of the Leishmania major (L. major) was synthesized that had previously been designed in-silico. The designed multi-epitope was subcloned into the pCDH513 lentiviral vector, and the recombinant lentiviral multi-epitope vaccine (rLV-multi-epitope) was synthesized in the HEK293T cell by the packaging vectors. Also, the Western Blotting method was used to confirm the gene expression. Then, the rLV-multi-epitope vaccine was injected twice, along with two control groups, PBS, and rLV-empty to immunize the BALB /c mice. Twenty-one days after the second injection, the splenocytes of the mice were is­­­­olated and stimulated with the Leishmania lysate.Results: The results of the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test not only showed the titer of IFN-γ and IL-4 was increased in the immunized group compared to the controls, but also indicated that the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4 cytokines in the main group was increased significantly. As a result, the Th1 response was generated in the main group. Moreover, the humoral immune response was assessed and the results showed that the ratio of IgG2a to IgG1 antibody in the sera of the immunized mice was increased compared to the control groups. Also, the ratio of IgG2a to IgG1 was increased in the main group. Therefore, the humoral immune response was increased, which can also have a positive effect on increasing the Th1 response.Conclusions: Our results showed that immunization by the new rLV-multi-epitope vaccine could stimulate the immune system towards the Th1 through increasing the IFN-γ production.
TÜRKİYE’DEKİ SURİYELİ MÜLTECİLERE YÖNELİK ÖN YARGI VE KALIP YARGILARIN TÜRKMENİSTANLI ÖĞRENCİLERE YANSIMALARI
Authors: YURTTAŞ Süleyman 
Published: December 2020

Türkiye yakın bir tarihte Suriye’den gelen büyük bir göç dalgası ile karşılaşmış ve bu
durum toplumsal, siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlara yol açmıştır. Göçe bağlı olarak, etnik
merkezciliğin doğası gereği Türk toplumunda Suriyeli mülteciler ile ilgili birçok ön yargı ve
kalıp yargı üretilmiştir. Çalışma, bu noktadan hareket ederek Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik
oluşturulan ön yargı ve kalıp yargıların, Türkiye’de öğrenim gören Türkmenistan uyruklu
üniversite öğrencilerine yansımalarını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada nitel
araştırma tekniği olan odak grup görüşmesi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu,
kartopu örnekleme yöntemi ile ulaşılan ve Bayburt Üniversitesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 21
Türkmenistan uyruklu öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik
analizi kullanılmıştır. Odak grup görüşme sonuçlarına göre, Suriyeli mülteciler üzerinden
üniversiteye sınavsız geçiş, ücretsiz ve ayrıcalıklı eğitim gibi konularda üretilen ön yargı
ve kalıp yargılar, Türkmenistan uyruklu öğrencilere de yansıtılmakta ve onlar hakkında da
benzer tutumlar sergilenmektedir. Araştırmada, kültürel yakınlık sayesinde Türkiye’de uyum
ve toplumsal kabul konularında geçmişte büyük sorunlar yaşamadıkları halde Türkmenistan
uyruklu öğrencilere yönelik bu tarzdaki tutumların onları olumsuz yönde etkilediği sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır.
Odpowiedzialność za przyszłe pokolenia – zakres i granice
Authors: Birnbacher Dietrich 
Published: December 2020

Streszczenie nie jest dostepne.
Tekst publikowany jest w dwóch językach, angielskim i polskim. W dołączonym pliku najpierw zamieszczona jest wersja oryginalna, angielska, po niej, od strony 90, polskie tłumaczenie.
Determination of the Boundaries of the Compressible Strata When Conducting Engineering Surveys
Authors: Dubrakova K. O. , Solodilova V. A. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of research. Errors and inaccuracies in the preparation of deliverables based on the results of engineering surveys which are an integral and important part of the design and estimate documentation, can lead to irreversible consequences and significantly reduce the life of buildings and structures. The main difficulty in investigating soil physical and mechanical properties at a construction site is to determine the depth of excavation. This is due to the fact that an increase in the calculated depth leads to the increase in the cost of work, and its decrease leads to the risk of inaccuracies and errors in the design of foundations of buildings and structures. In accordance with the current regulatory documents, the excavation depth during soil investigation should be 1-2 meters below the boundary of the compressible strata. The condition on the basis of which the specified boundary is determined is provided. The development of a technique that allows determining the depth of the compressible strata at the stage of engineering surveying with adequate accuracy is an important task from a practical standpoint. Methods. Determining natural stress Ϭzg,0 as the product of foundation depth d and the specific gravity of the soil above the base ɣ′ІІ, , taking into account the fact that the average pressure tends to the value of the estimated resistance of the soil, it is shown that physical-mechanical structure of the base soil exerts the main influence on the parameters of the compressible strata, and correspondingly, to the excavation depth value. In this case, the stresses transferred by the foundation of a building or structure have an indirect effect. Results. The maximum values of the depth of excavation for engineering and geological surveying for tight coarse sand, medium density and fineness sand, and fine sand and sandy loam are determined. Conclusion. It is concluded that the given technique allows determining the depth of excavation during engineering and geological surveying with an adequate accuracy.
Creating Respectful Workplaces for Nurses in Regional Acute Care Settings: Protocol for a Sequential Explanatory Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Hawkins Natasha , Jeong Sarah , Smith Tony 
Published: December 2020

Background
Negative workplace behaviour among nurses is an internationally recognised problem, despite the plethora of literature spanning several decades. The various forms of mistreatments and uncaring attitudes experienced by nurses include workplace aggression, incivility, bullying, harassment and horizontal violence. Negative behaviour has detrimental effects on the individual nurse, the organisation, the nursing profession and patients. Multi-level organisational interventions are warranted to influence the “civility norms” of the nursing profession.

Objective
The aim of this study is to investigate the self-reported exposure to and experiences of negative workplace behaviours of nursing staff and their ways of coping in regional acute care hospitals in one Local Health District (LHD) in NSW before and after Respectful Workplace Workshops have been implemented within the organisation.

Methods
This study employs a mixed methods sequential explanatory design with an embedded experimental component, underpinned by Social World’s Theory. This study will be carried out in four acute care regional hospitals from a Local Health District (LHD) in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The nurse unit managers, registered nurses and new graduate nurses from the medical and surgical wards of all four hospitals will be invited to complete a pre-survey examining their experiences, perceptions and responses to negative workplace behaviour, and their ways of coping when exposed. Face-to-face educational workshops will then be implemented by the organisation at two of the four hospitals. The workshops are designed to increase awareness of negative workplace behaviour, the pathways to seek assistance and aims to create respectful workplaces. Commencing 3 months after completion of the workshop implementation, follow up surveys and interviews will then be undertaken at all four hospitals.

Results
The findings from this research will enhance understanding of negative workplace behaviour occurring within the nursing social world and assess the effectiveness of the LHD’s Respectful Workplace Workshops upon the levels of negative workplace behaviour occurring. By integrating qualitative and quantitative findings it will allow for a dual perspective of the social world of nurses where negative and/or respectful workplace behaviours occur, and provide data grounded in individuals lived experiences, positioned in a macro context

Conclusions
It is expected that evidence from this study will inform nursing practice, and future policy development aimed at creating respectful workplaces.

Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Registration No. ACTRN12618002007213; 14 December 2018).

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
PRR1-10.2196/18643
Digital Health Interventions for Cardiac Rehabilitation: Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Wongvibulsin Shannon , Habeos Evagelia E , Huynh Pauline P , Xun Helen , Shan Rongzi , Porosnicu Rodriguez Kori A , Wang Jane , Gandapur Yousuf K , Osuji Ngozi , Shah Lochan M , Spaulding Erin M , Hung George , Knowles Kellen , Yang William E , Marvel Francoise A , Levin Eleanor , Maron David J , Gordon Neil F , Martin Seth S 
Published: December 2020

Background
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite strong evidence supporting the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR), over 80% of eligible patients do not participate in CR. Digital health technologies (ie, the delivery of care using the internet, wearable devices, and mobile apps) have the potential to address the challenges associated with traditional facility-based CR programs, but little is known about the comprehensiveness of these interventions to serve as digital approaches to CR. Overall, there is a lack of a systematic evaluation of the current literature on digital interventions for CR.

Objective
The objective of this systematic literature review is to provide an in-depth analysis of the potential of digital health technologies to address the challenges associated with traditional CR. Through this review, we aim to summarize the current literature on digital interventions for CR, identify the key components of CR that have been successfully addressed through digital interventions, and describe the gaps in research that need to be addressed for sustainable and scalable digital CR interventions.

Methods
Our strategy for identifying the primary literature pertaining to CR with digital solutions (defined as technology employed to deliver remote care beyond the use of the telephone) included a consultation with an expert in the field of digital CR and searches of the PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases for original studies published from January 1990 to October 2018.

Results
Our search returned 31 eligible studies, of which 22 were randomized controlled trials. The reviewed CR interventions primarily targeted physical activity counseling (31/31, 100%), baseline assessment (30/31, 97%), and exercise training (27/31, 87%). The most commonly used modalities were smartphones or mobile devices (20/31, 65%), web-based portals (18/31, 58%), and email-SMS (11/31, 35%). Approximately one-third of the studies addressed the CR core components of nutrition counseling, psychological management, and weight management. In contrast, less than a third of the studies addressed other CR core components, including the management of lipids, diabetes, smoking cessation, and blood pressure.

Conclusions
Digital technologies have the potential to increase access and participation in CR by mitigating the challenges associated with traditional, facility-based CR. However, previously evaluated interventions primarily focused on physical activity counseling and exercise training. Thus, further research is required with more comprehensive CR interventions and long-term follow-up to understand the clinical impact of digital interventions.