bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of major tumor metabolites on release of doxorubicin from Doxil – implications for precision nano-medicine.
Authors: Silverman Liza , Barenholz Yechezkel 
Published: November 2020

<img src=” https://s3.amazonaws.com/production.scholastica/article/17956/large/prnano_562020_ga.jpg?1605542414”> Our previous studies demonstrate that ammonia induces doxorubicin release from Doxil® in a concentration-dependent manner. Because ammonia that results from glutaminolysis is continu-ously generated in tumors at high enough concentration to induce doxorubicin release of Doxil in tumors, this may explain why doxorubicin release in interstitial tumor fluids is much faster and higher than in the plasma, in which release is minimal. This unique activity of tumor ammo-nia may explain, at least in part, the therapeutic efficacy of Doxil, which in practice does not re-lease doxorubicin in animal and human plasma. Our current study aims to evaluate if tumor-specific metabolites other than ammonia, such as lactate and pyruvate, are also involved in dox-orubicin release from Doxil. Also, we studied levels of ammonia in other mouse organs. Our data shows that these other metabolites do not affect doxorubicin release. Furthermore, using the Metabolic gEne RApid Visualizer database (MERAV), we computationally explored the relation-ships of glutaminase (GLS) 1 and 2, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD)1 and 2, as well as gluta-mine transporters regulating the glutaminolysis levels found in different cancers. These glutami-nolysis levels could not be achieved without the upregulation of glutamine transporters. Indeed, our queries to MERAV showed that SLC38A1, SLC38A2, and especially SLC38A6, are upregu-lated in cancerous tissues. We discuss how the information on the upregulation of enzymes re-lated to glutaminolysis could be used for “precision medicine” to determine if Doxil is an ap-propriate choice for a specific cancer patient. Our computational exploration shows that glutami-nolysis is heightened in some cancerous tissues as compared to their normal counterparts, but not in all cases. It would be possible and perhaps advantageous to test individual patient tissues to determine glutaminolysis, and therefore likely, ammonium levels in cancerous tissues, and to use this to ascertain if Doxil would be a good treatment choice.
Pengaruh Fraud Diamond Terhadap Perilaku Fraud Academic dengan Student Behavior Sebagai Variabel Moderating
Authors: Murni Mayang , Pratiwi Henny 
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of Diamond Fraud on academic fraud with student behavior as a moderating variable. The research method used was a quantitative research method by using questionnaire as data collection technique. The population of this study was all active students at Polytechnic LP3I Medan as many as 559 students. The sampling technique used saturated samples, which obtained a sample of 418 students. The gathered data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic, multiple regression and moderating regression analysis. The result of this study showed that Diamond Fraud simultaneously affected academic fraud. However, partially the component of diamond fraud such as pressure, opportunity and rationalization had a significant effect on academic fraud, while the capability had no effect on fraud academic. Furthermore, the result of the moderating test were known that student behavior becomes a moderating variable between the influence of diamond fraud on academic fraud.
AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH CODE MIXING USED IN INDONESIAN MAGAZINE
Authors: Syafryadin Syafryadin , Haryani Haryani 
Published: November 2020

This study investigated the types of code mixing used in one of teenage magazines in Indonesia, namely Aneka Yess! magazine. The research question was “what types of code mixing used in Aneka Yess! magazine”. The objective of this study was to find out the types of code mixing used in Aneka Yess! magazine, especially in “Palls Issue” rubric. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. The techniques of data collection were: 1) collected the magazine during a month which consisted of two editions, namely 14 – 27 March dition, and 28 March – 10 April edition, 2) decided the rubric as an object of the study, 3) read the rubric, 4) underlined English code mixings, 5) identified the forms of code mixing. The result of this study showed that there were five forms of code mixings that used in the magazine, namely code mixing of word insertion that consist of 64 data, phrase insertion consist of 29 data, clause insertion consist of 10 data, reduplication insertion consist of 1 data, and idiom insertion consist of 4 data. The code mixings in word insertion was most frequently used in the magazine rather than the other types of code mixings, while the most rarely used was code mixing in reduplication insertion. It can be concluded that the using of code mixing was influenced by the capability or the knowledge of the speaker or interlocutor in using English language.
مفهوم السَّداد في القرآن الكريم
Authors: بلعــودة جميلة , فارس وليد فكري 
Published: November 2020

تتناول هذه الدراسة قراءة تحليلية لمفهوم السَّداد في القرآن الكريم، بوصفه من المفاهيم التي تؤدي دوراً فاعلاً في بناء منظومة الفكر، وتوجيه السلوك، ومن ثم، تأطير مسارات الحركة الاستخلافية، بوصفها حركة عبادية، قصدية، مؤطرة بمبدأ السَّداد على مستوى حركة الأقوال (مردود الكلمات)، وبمبدأ الصلاح على مستوى حركة الأفعال (مردود السلوك)، ورصد هذا المفهوم في الخطاب القرآني، بقصد معرفة نموذج السَّداد الكوني، الذي انتقاه الله بديلاً في حركة الحياة، وسماته المميزة، وانتهي الباحثان إلى أن مفهوم السداد والصواب وإنْ جاء في القرآن وصفاً للقول، إلّا أن القرآن ربط مفهوم السَّداد بالخطاب البشري، والصواب بالخطاب الملائكي. ووسّع الرسول عليه السلام دائرة هذا المفهوم للدلالة على القول والفعل معاً؛ بل الأبلغ من ذلك أنه رسم مستويات لهذا الخطاب السّديد (السّداد، المقاربة، القصد). وقدّم لنا القرآن الكريم تفسيراً سياقياً لنموذج الإنسان السّديد، فهو مؤمن المنطلق، كوني الوجهة، سليم الفطرة، سديد المنطق، صالح العمل، مسؤول عن منجزات الخلافة وواجب الائتمان، مؤيد بالعلم، ومبرأ من الظلم والجهل، ومسدَّد نحو الأبدية.
فكر الاستغراب في التداول المعرفي المعاصر
Authors: معميش عزّ الدين 
Published: November 2020

يتناول هذا البحث بالدراسة والنقد "فكر الاستغراب"؛ وهو حركة علمية جديدة ظهرت في عالمنا العربي والإسلامي في مجال معرفي متداخل، واستُعملتْ في مقاربته مناهج متعددة وبخلفيات متنوعة، وصلت إلى حد التناقض والتصادم؛ بقصد استكشاف الآخر الغربي ومعرفته معرفةً شاملة؛ باستيعاب مضامين حضارته ومكوّنات بنيته وسيرورة تاريخه. وحاولت الدراسة الإجابة عن منشأ الاختلاف ومجالات التداول وتطور مناهج المقاربة وصلاحيتها، والتحقيق في مزاعم التأسيس العلمي، كما استقصت التجارب الاستغرابية في بيئات وحضارات أخرى، بقصد المقارنة وتوسيع مجال الرؤية والاستشراف، والوصول إلى أحكام موضوعية تسهم في تثمين هذا الحراك واستثماره في فِقْه التعامل مع الآخر وتعزيز مسار الحوار الحضاري وَفق منطلقات معرفية متينة وأصيلة.
التربية الفكرية بوصفها خبرةً تعلُّميةً
Authors: حرب ماجد 
Published: November 2020

هدفت هذه المقاربة الوقوفَ على مفهوم التربية الفكرية، من حيث ماهيتها وافتراضاتها والأشكال المنهاجية التي يمكن أن تتمظهر بها، بالإضافة إلى طرائق تدريسها. واستُعمل في الدراسة المنهج الوصفي النقدي، لمناسبته موضوعَ المقاربة. خلصت الدراسة إلى أنّ التربية الفكرية لها أصل إسلامي مُنْبَثٌّ في القرآن الكريم، وأنّ ثمة افتراضات عديدة، من منظور تربوي معاصر، ينبغي الأخذ بها إذا ما أردنا تأصيل معنى حقيقي للتربية الفكرية، أهمها الاستناد إلى فكرتيْ "مجتمعات الاستقصاء" و"روتين التفكير" داخل الغرف الصفية. وأشارت المقاربة إلى ثلاثة توجهات يمكن من خلالها تبني التربية الفكرية، وفُصِّل القول في الحوار والجدل السقراطي والمناظرات بوصفها استراتيجيات تدريسية تناسب إلى حد كبير التربية الفكرية.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH MICRO FINANCE (A CASE STUDY OF N.G.O. IN PRAKASAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH)
Authors: Totakura Grace  , Dr. V. Divya Thejomurthy  
Published: November 2020

The present paper refers to women empowerment through Micro finance (A case study of N.G.O. in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh state. The main objective of this paper is to portray the profile of voluntary organization under study area. Micro finance and also SHGs are successful in reducing poverty, empowering women and providing awareness which results in development which is sustainable to the nation and also the next generation. Women have been the most deprived and discriminated strata of society not only in our country but all over the world. In spite of all the efforts of Government and Non-Government organizations they have fallen prey to the financial sector and offer themselves to surrender. The origin of the women empowerment movement could be traced back to the nineteenth century during the harsh conditions in which women had to work in and the substantially lower wages they earned in comparison to men. Further, the issues of anti-slavery, restraint, and women’s suffrage, combined with the exploitation of women and children in the Industrial Revolution era further raised the movement.	More than 90 per cent women respondents are married who are in need of microfinance and empowerment, so that they can support their families economically through running various small sector units or businesses. The present study can be inferred that nearly 80 per cent of the respondents are in the productive age-group of between (30-40years). This group of people can withhold courage, innovation, creativity and ability to take risk. There is a need to encourage more number of middle aged as well as above 50 years age group women also to form SHGs in order to achieve the objectives of the SHGs.

KEY WORDS: Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), Women Empowerment, Self-Help Groups, Micro Financing, Suffrage.
SKRINING FITOKIMIA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL KERNEL BIJI BUAH BACANG (Mangifera foetida L.) TERHADAP Escherichia coli PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIBACTERIA ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BACANG (Mangifera foetida L.) SEEDS AGAINST Escherichia coli
Authors: Nurviana Vera , Gunarti Neni Sri 
Published: November 2020

Mangifera foetida L. merupakan kerabat Mangifera indica dari genus Mangifera yang diduga memiliki kandungan matabolit sekunder dan efek farmakologis yang hampir sama. Kernel biji buah Mangifera indica dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli. Berdasarkan pendekatan taksomi maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 96% kernel biji buah Mangifera foetida L. terhadap Escherichia coli. Skrining fitokimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji tabung. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar sumuran. Kandungan metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada ekstrak etanol 96% kernel biji buah Mangifera foetida L. yaitu flavonoid, tanin, polifenol, monoterpen, seskuiterpen, dan kuinon. Hasil pengujian aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kernel biji buah Mangifera foetida Lour terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli pada beberapa konsentrasi secara berturut-turut 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% 70%, 90% dan 100% menghasilkan diameter secara berturut-turut (10,2, 12,03, 14,55, 16,15, 17,18, 18,60, 19,10, 20,20, 21,12) mm yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona bening (bersifat bakterisid). Berdasarkan data tersebut maka Kernel Biji Buah Mangifera foetida dinyatakan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri.
Kata Kunci; Skrining Fitokimia, Kernel Biji Buah, Mangifera foetida, Antibakteri, Escherichia coli.
ABSTRACT Mangifera foetida and Mangifera indica L. are relatives of the genus Mangifera which allegedly contains matabolit secondary with pharmacological effects are almost the same. Mangifera indica seeds are reported to have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Based on scientific classification approach, the study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites and the antibacterial activity of extract ethanolic 96% Mangifera foetida L. seeds against Escherichia coli. Phytochemical screening is done by using a test tube method. Antibacterial activity test using agar well diffusion method. The content of secondary metabolites found in Ethanolic extract 96 % of the seed Mangifera foetida L. are flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and Quinones. The Results of testing the extracts for antibacterial activity of Mangifera foetida Lour seeds against Escherichia coli bacteria at some concentrations of respectively 10 % , 20 % , 30 % , 40 % , 50 % , 60 % 70 %, 90 % and 100 % have produced diameter in respectively (10.2, 12.03, 14.55, 16:15, 17:18, 18.60, 19:10, 20:20, 21:12) mm, are Characterized by the formation of a clear zone (bakterisid). Based on of these data, the seed of Mangifera foetida fruits stated to have antibacterial activity.
Key Word: Phytochemical Screening, Seed of Mangifera foetida Fruit, Antibacteria, Escherichia coli
La QUERATOSIS ACTÍNICA Y SUS TRATAMIENTOS EN LOS ÚLTIMOS 4 AÑOS: UNA REVISIÓN.
Authors: Him Rios Genesis , Campos Herrera Francisco 
Published: November 2020

Antecedentes: Las queratosis actínicas son lesiones premalignas que pueden progresar a carcinoma espinocelular y se caracteriza por una proliferación de queratinocitos atípicos. Son máculas eritematosas, descamativas que encontramos principalmente en áreas expuestas al sol. Es un problema frecuente en la consulta.
Objetivo: Recopilar información acerca del tratamiento de las queratosis actínicas en los últimos cuatro años, con el fin de ofrecerla de manera ordenada y sintetizada a todo estudiante, médico de atención primaria o secundaria que este interesado en el tema.
Diagnóstico: Se puede realizar por medio de un examen clínico, histopatología, pero también hay otras opciones disponibles en centros dermatológicos especializados.
Tratamiento: Varía dependiendo del paciente, sus preferencias, sus comorbilidades; y de la lesión, si esta aislada o se abarca un campo, el grado de la lesión, su localización, la cantidad de lesiones, tratamientos previos. En general los podemos dividir en dos grupos: tratamientos para lesiones aisladas, 5-fluorouracilo, fototerapia, imiquimod, diclofenaco, mebutato de ingenol; y tratamientos para campo de cancerización, crioterapia, electrocoagulación, curetaje.
Concluciones: Al momento de tratar estas lesiones disponemos de varias opciones. Al reconocer la mejor para nuestro paciente y su correcto uso obtendremos mejores resultados y menor cantidad de recidivas.
65 Yaş Üstü Kadın Hastalarda Üriner İnkontinans’a Ait Risk Faktörlerinin Araştırılması
Authors: Aksoy Hüseyin , Topal Kenan 
Published: November 2020

Amaç: Üriner inkontinans (Üİ) en sık görülen geriatrik sendromlardan bir tanesidir. Kadınlarda Üİ ile ilgili literatürde çok sayıda risk faktörü tanımlanmıştır. Bu nedenle genç popülasyondan ayrı olarak yaşlı hastaların değerlendirilmesinde Üİ ile ilgili öncelikli risk faktörlerinin bilinmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 65 yaş üstü kadınlarda üriner inkontinansa ait risk faktörlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Retrospektif kesitsel tipteki bu araştırmaya Aile Hekimliği Kliniği Yaşlı Sağlığı Polikliniği’ne 01.05.2017-30.06.2017 tarihleri arasında ayaktan başvuran 65 yaş ve üstü 164 kadın hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların sosyo-demografik özellikleri, Üİ, mobilite, diyabet ve depresyon yönünden değerlendirme verileri, ilave kronik hastalıkları ve diüretik kullanım durumları hasta dosyaları taranarak kaydedilmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortlaması 73.5±7.2 yıldı. %52.4’ünde Üİ mevcuttu. Üİ mobilitesi azalmış hastalarda mobilitesi normal olanlara göre anlamlı olarak daha sık görülüyordu (sırasıyla %80.9 ve %19.1). Depresyon riski yüksek hastalarda Üİ anlamlı olarak daha sıktı (sırasıyla %69.6 ve %30.4). Daha uzun süredir diyabeti olan hastalarda ve daha yüksek HbA1c değerlerine sahip hastalarda Üİ daha sık görülüyordu (p<0.007 ve p=0.001). Yapılan lojistik regresyon analizine göre yaşlı kadın hasta grubunda Üİ için bağımsız risk faktörleri; Azalmış mobilite (OR:19.81,p=0.011), depresyon riski (OR:9.75,p=0.017), düşük eğitim durumu (OR:4.75,p=0.049) ve HbA1c yüksekliği (OR: 1.83,p=0.004) olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre; Azalmış mobilite, depresyon riski, düşük eğitim seviyesine sahip olma ve yüksek HbA1c değerleri 65 yaş üstü kadınlarda Üİ için bağımsız ve önde gelen risk faktörleridir.
Manajemen Kepemimpinan Pendidikan Islam Berbasis Total Quality Management Di Era Disrupsi
Authors: Jemani Abdurahman 
Published: November 2020

Kepemimpinan merupakan kemampuan seorang individu untuk mempengaruhi orang lain atau bawahan untuk bekerja sama dalam rangka meweujudkan visi, misi dan tujuan organisasi atau lembaga pendidikan. Pemimpin memiliki peran vital dalam menggerakkan roda organisasi. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pemimpin yang cakap, melek tekhnologi dan mampu mengatur serta mengelolah organisasi atau lembaga pendidikan islam dengan mematuhi prinsip-prinsip organisasi yang dipimpin. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian library research atau kepustakaan. Penelitian kepustakaan atau library research bertujuan untuk mengumpulkan data dan informasi yang bersumber dari buku, artikel ilmiah, majalah, dokumen, catatan, dan kisah sejarah serta kisah-kisah lainnya yang terdapat di ruang perpustakaan.
Perubahan dan perkembangan zaman memberikan dampak positif dan negatif yang secara sadar merubah fungsi manusia dan digantikan dengan tekhnologi. Perubahan tekhnologi terjadi di segala sendi – sendi dan bidang kehidupan, tanpa terkecuali lembaga pendidikan islam. Hal tersebut menarik perhatian para stakeholder dalam bidang pendidikan islam dalam menentukan arah kebijakan, berinovasi, pengembanagan kurikulum dan media pmbelajaraan yang kekinian serta merubah pola pendidikan konvensional dengan cara bersinergi dengan perubahan zaman sekarang ini. Perubahan - perubahan dalam rangka perbaikan mutu layanan perlu diperhatikan untuk menjawab permintaan pelanggan dalam hal ini peserta didik dan orang tua siswa serta mampu mencetak output yang berkualitas dan meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pada lembaga pendidikan islam.
Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in reducing intra-operative bleeding during tonsillectomy
Authors: Achakzai Asmatullah , Achakzai Muhammad Arif , Achakzai Hameed Ullah 
Published: November 2020

Background: Our study aims to determine the effectiveness of tranexamic acid in decreasing the intraoperative blood loss during tonsillectomy.
Materials and Methods: Study design was randomized double-blind control trial. This study was conducted from 1 November 2017 till 30 June 2019 in the department of ENT unit-II, the civil sandeman provincial teaching hospital Quetta. Ethical approval was taken from Ethical Review Board of the civil Sandeman provincial teaching hospital Quetta. A sample of 100 patients were surveyed, 55 men and 45 woman, 10-30 year age range, 1.2:1 men to female with a mean 20 year age. Patients who met the criteria for inclusion experiencing an elective tonsillectomy were randomly assigned to two groups. Every community has equivalent patients. An injection of 10 mg/kg body weight was given intravenously into group-A 5-10 minutes prior to surgery, and normal saline of the same amount was administered intravenously into group-B. Intraoperative bleeding was measured at Operation Theatre in both groups during surgery. In intraoperative blood loss, the effectiveness of tranexamic acid / placebo was determined by measuring loss of blood computed by Gravimetric method and blood obtained in suction jar by measuring.
Results: In Group-A and Group-B patients, there was a significant difference in intra-operative loss of blood during tonsillectomy. In group A, intra-operatively, there was overall blood loss of 1404 ml and the average blood loss was 33ml. During surgery in group-B the blood loss was 3132 ml, and the average loss of blood was 62-64ml. As a result, group B was more intraoperative bleeding and consumed more time compared to group A.
Conclusion: Study group patients receiving preoperative intravenous tranexamic acid have less intraoperative loss of blood and less time consuming than placebo patients who have not obtained tranexamic acid intravenous.
An anti-communist Consensus: The Black Book of communism in Pan-European Perspective
Authors: Behr Valentin , Blaive Muriel , Constantin Anenoma , Neumayer Laure , Zombory Máté 
Published: November 2020

Le Livre noir du communisme (1997) a fait office de preuve irréfutable dans de nombreux pays que le communisme était une idéologie criminelle aussi « néfaste » que le nazisme. Afin de comprendre l’impact remarquable de cet ouvrage à travers l’Europe, nous replaçons sa production et sa circulation dans l’histoire transnationale de l’anticommunisme en nous focalisant sur la période souvent négligée entre la chute du bloc soviétique et l’élargissement de l’Union européenne. Une approche biographique centrée sur les acteurs engagés dans la production et la diffusion du livre dans cinq pays (France, Pologne, Roumanie, Hongrie et République tchèque) démontre que le Livre noir a constitué une étape charnière dans la formation d’un mouvement anticommuniste restructuré par-delà l’ancien clivage Est-Ouest.
La « seconde vie » de Cabaret d’Orville, ou l’écriture de l’histoire en Bourbonnais au XV e siècle
Authors: Mattéoni Olivier 
Published: November 2020

Auteur d’une chronique de Savoie qu’il achève en 1419, Cabaret d’Orville est aussi celui d’une chronique consacrée à la vie de Louis II de Bourbon. Il l’écrit en 1429. La matière principale de son récit provient des souvenirs d’un vieux chevalier, Jean de Châteaumorand, qui a été pendant plusieurs décennies le compagnon et le fidèle serviteur du défunt duc. Le commanditaire de cette œuvre est Charles de Bourbon, petit-fils de Louis II, et en charge depuis 1427 du gouvernement des terres bourbonnaises en l’absence de son père, Jean I er , retenu prisonnier en Angleterre depuis la bataille Azincourt. L’article analyse les enjeux de l’œuvre en s’interrogeant sur les conditions de la commande avant d’étudier la méthode de travail de Cabaret d’Orville. En quoi le récit reconstitué par le chroniqueur peut-il servir les intérêts de la maison de Bourbon, et en premier lieu de son commanditaire, Charles de Bourbon ? C’est autour de cette question essentielle que se structure le propos, qui se veut aussi une réflexion sur le travail d’écriture de l’histoire. Au-delà, le propos interroge les rapports entre mémoire et histoire, histoire et vérité, vérité et récit historique.
Retour sur une annexion : Paris, 1860
Authors: Faure Alain 
Published: November 2020

Cet article revient sur la question de l’annexion des communes suburbaines à Paris en 1860. Le dossier mérite d’être réouvert pour cette raison que les travaux récents sont loin d’avoir éclairé les vraies motivations de la décision finale d’annexion. C’est aussi l’occasion de reposer une autre question : celle de la politique suivie par le régime impérial pour l’intégration des nouveaux territoires. La première intention du préfet Haussmann était une annexion réduite aux communes de l’ouest pour parfaire son dessein de créer là une ville réservée à la population riche. Les autres communes du pourtour étaient à ses yeux trop mal bâties et trop mal peuplées pour être annexées, sources aussi de lourdes dépenses pour leur équipement. L’annexion de tout le pourtour, finalement décidée, ne s’explique pas pour des raisons financières ou sécuritaires, mais par le souci du régime de maîtriser la croissance des territoires périphériques et de réorienter leur peuplement. Il n’est pas juste de dire que ces territoires furent dans les années 1860 abandonnés ou même négligés. Des sommes très importantes furent consacrées aux équipements dans les domaines de l’assistance ou de l’eau, mais avec ses points faibles comme l’école. L’extension à la périphérie des services publics confiés à de grands monopoles fut réalisée, mais avec les limites inhérentes à ce système, ce qui conduisit dans le cas des marchés alimentaires à un véritable fiasco. La relative modestie des opérations de voirie en zone annexée s’explique par la conscience des difficultés à attirer là une construction à destination de la bourgeoisie. L’Empire imprima un nouveau cours à la ville qui s’imposa à la République : celle-ci soit reprit la politique entamée par l’Empire, pour la parfaire, soit dut s’atteler à en corriger les errances.