bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumers Prefer “Natural” More for Preventatives Than for Curatives
Authors: Scott Sydney E , Rozin Paul , Small Deborah A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We demonstrate that natural products are more strongly preferred when used to prevent a problem than when used to cure a problem (the prevent/cure effect). This organizing principle explains variation in the preference for natural across distinct product categories (e.g., food vs. medicine), within product categories (e.g., between different types of medicines), and for the same product depending on how it is used (to prevent or to cure ailments). The prevent/cure effect is driven by two factors: lay beliefs about product attributes and importance of product attributes. Specifically, (a) consumers hold lay beliefs that natural products are safer and less potent and (b) consumers care more about safety and less about potency when preventing as compared to when curing, which leads to a stronger preference for natural when preventing. Consistent with this explanation, when natural products are described as more risky and more potent, reversing the standard inferences about naturalness, then natural products become more preferred for curing than for preventing. This research sheds light on when the marketing of “natural” is most appealing to consumers.
Lyndon’s interpolation property for the logic of strict implication
Authors: Aboolian Narbe , Alizadeh Majid 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The main result proves Lyndon’s and Craig’s interpolation properties for the logic of strict implication ${\textsf{F}}$, with a purely syntactical method. A cut-free G3-style sequent calculus $ {\textsf{GF}} $ and its single-succedent variant $ \textsf{GF}_{\textsf{s}} $ are introduced. $ {\textsf{GF}} $ can be extended to a G3-variant of the sequent calculus GBPC3 for Visser’s basic logic. Also a simple syntactic proof of known embedding result of $ {\textsf{F}} $ into $ {\textsf{K}} $ is provided. An extension of $ {\textsf{F}} $, namely $ \textsf{FD}, $ is considered as well.
Mandibular meningioma—a rare case report of a second extracranial meningioma and a systematic literature review
Authors: Dionísio Sílvia Rodrigues , Ventura Eduardo Simões , Ferreira Ângela Tavares , Gonçalves Joana Bolinha , Saleiro Rute Vaz , Marques Hugo Martins , Dias Alfredo Figueiredo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Meningiomas are benign tumours common in the central nervous system. Primary extracranial meningiomas in the jaws are extremely rare. We performed a systematic review of all the primary extracranial meningioma arising in the jawbones reported in the English-language literature including indexed and non-indexed journals and we report a unique case in our hospital of a man with two primary extracranial meningiomas, the first frontal intradiploic and 16 years later, a second located in the mandible. We found 14 cases with primary jaws meningioma and we report another one. A mandibular predominance was observed with only four cases in the maxilla. Most of them occurred in women, with a mean age of 35.9 years. It is the first published case of a patient with two primary extracranial meningiomas one of them in the mandible, which the gender, age and laterality of the lesion are less frequent.
Aphra Behn and Bishop Burnet
Authors: Wright Gillian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Aphra Behn's Pindaric Poem to Dr Gilbert Burnet is among her last and most politically outspoken works; published in 1689, shortly after the Revolution, it apparently declines an invitation from Burnet to write propaganda for the new Williamite regime. A copy of this poem, now held by Cambridge University Library, includes detailed handwritten corrections to both spelling and punctuation. As the poem is well printed, there is no obvious reason why these corrections should have been undertaken by either the printer or publisher, or an early reader. It is possible that the annotator was Behn herself, in anticipation of a second edition that she did not live to see into print.
How experimental neuroscientists can fix the hard problem of consciousness
Authors: Klein Colin , Barron Andrew B 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFor the materialist, the hard problem is fundamentally an explanatory problem. Solving it requires explaining why the relationship between brain and experience is the way it is and not some other way. We use the tools of the interventionist theory of explanation to show how a systematic experimental project could help move beyond the hard problem. Key to this project is the development of second-order interventions and invariant generalizations. Such interventions played a crucial scientific role in untangling other scientific mysteries, and we suggest that the same will be true of consciousness. We further suggest that the capacity for safe and reliable self-intervention will play a key role in overcoming both the hard and meta-problems of consciousness. Finally, we evaluate current strategies for intervention, with an eye to how they might be improved.
Mental health disorders in patients with untreated meningiomas: an observational cohort study using the nationwide MarketScan database
Authors: Maurer Robert , Daggubati Lekhaj , Ba Djibril M , Liu Guodong , Leslie Douglas , Goyal Neerav , Zacharia Brad E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Meningiomas are the most common primary tumor of the CNS. Studies investigating the impact of a brain tumor diagnosis on mental health disorders (MHDs) in patients have been limited. The objective of this work is to characterize the incidence and factors affecting the presence of MHDs in untreated meningiomas.

Methods
Using a large-scale private payer database, MarketScan, we performed a retrospective study of patients with an untreated meningioma and corresponding MHD.

Results
We found that in patients diagnosed with an untreated meningioma, approximately 16% were diagnosed with an MHD within 1 year of the diagnosis of the meningioma.

Conclusion
By identifying risk factors, appropriate screening can focus on patients at high-risk for the development of MHD.
Inducible and Conditional Stimulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Rescues Cadmium-Induced Impairments of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Hippocampus-Dependent Memory in Mice
Authors: Wang Hao , Matsushita Megumi T , Zhang Liang , Abel Glen M , Mommer Brett C , Huddy Timothy F , Storm Daniel R , Xia Zhengui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and an environmental pollutant. However, the full spectrum of its neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that Cd exposure impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. This study aims to determine if these adverse effects of Cd exposure can be mitigated by genetically and conditionally enhancing adult neurogenesis. To address this issue, we utilized the transgenic constitutive active MEK5 (caMEK5) mouse strain we previously developed and characterized. This mouse strain enables us to genetically and conditionally activate adult neurogenesis by administering tamoxifen to induce expression of a caMEK5 in adult neural stem/progenitor cells, which stimulates adult neurogenesis through activation of the endogenous extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The caMEK5 mice were exposed to 0.6 mg/l Cd through drinking water for 38 weeks. Once impairment of memory was confirmed, tamoxifen was administered to induce caMEK5 expression and to activate adult neurogenesis. Behavior tests were conducted at various time points to monitor hippocampus-dependent memory. Upon completion of the behavior tests, brain tissues were collected for cellular studies of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We report here that Cd impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial memory and contextual fear memory in mice. These deficits were rescued by the tamoxifen induction of caMEK5 expression. Furthermore, Cd inhibition of adult hippocampal neurogenesis was also reversed. This rescue experiment provides strong evidence for a direct link between Cd-induced impairments of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampus-dependent memory.
Drp-1-Dependent Mitochondrial Fragmentation Contributes to Cobalt Chloride-Induced Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zheng Fuli , Chen Pan , Li Huangyuan , Aschner Michael 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExcess cobalt may lead to metallosis, characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, visual, and cognitive impairment, and peripheral neuropathy. In the present study, we sought to address the molecular mechanisms of cobalt-induced neurotoxicity, using Caenorhabditis elegans as an experimental model. Exposure to cobalt chloride for 2 h significantly decreased the survival rate and lifespan in nematodes. Cobalt chloride exposure led to increased oxidative stress and upregulation of glutathione S-transferase 4. Consistently, its upstream regulator skn-1, a mammalian homolog of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, was activated. Among the mRNAs examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, apoptotic activator egl-1, proapoptotic gene ced-9, autophagic (bec-1 and lgg-1), and mitochondrial fission regulator drp-1 were significantly upregulated upon cobalt exposure, concomitant with mitochondrial fragmentation, as determined by confocal microscopy. Moreover, drp-1 inhibition suppressed the cobalt chloride-induced reactive oxygen species generation, growth defects, and reduced mitochondrial fragmentation. Our novel findings suggest that the acute toxicity of cobalt is mediated by mitochondrial fragmentation and drp-1 upregulation.
Practical considerations for measuring the effective reproductive number,Rt
Authors: Gostic Katelyn M. , McGough Lauren , Baskerville Edward B. , Abbott Sam , Joshi Keya , Tedijanto Christine , Kahn Rebecca , Niehus Rene , Hay James , De Salazar Pablo M. , Hellewell Joel , Meakin Sophie , Munday James , Bosse Nikos I. , Sherrat Katharine , Thompson Robin N. , White Laura F. , Huisman Jana S. , Scire Jérémie , Bonhoeffer Sebastian , Stadler Tanja , Wallinga Jacco , Funk Sebastian , Lipsitch Marc , Cobey Sarah 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEstimation of the effective reproductive number,Rt, is important for detecting changes in disease transmission over time. During the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers and public health officials are usingRtto assess the effectiveness of interventions and to inform policy. However, estimation ofRtfrom available data presents several challenges, with critical implications for the interpretation of the course of the pandemic. The purpose of this document is to summarize these challenges, illustrate them with examples from synthetic data, and, where possible, make recommendations. For near real-time estimation ofRt, we recommend the approach of Cori et al. (2013), which uses data from before time t and empirical estimates of the distribution of time between infections. Methods that require data from after timet, such as Wallinga and Teunis (2004), are conceptually and methodologically less suited for near real-time estimation, but may be appropriate for retrospective analyses of how individuals infected at different time points contributed to spread. We advise against using methods derived from Bettencourt and Ribeiro (2008), as the resultingRtestimates may be biased if the underlying structural assumptions are not met. Two key challenges common to all approaches are accurate specification of the generation interval and reconstruction of the time series of new infections from observations occurring long after the moment of transmission. Naive approaches for dealing with observation delays, such as subtracting delays sampled from a distribution, can introduce bias. We provide suggestions for how to mitigate this and other technical challenges and highlight open problems inRtestimation.Author summaryThe effective reproductive number,Rt, is a key epidemic parameter used to assess whether an epidemic is growing, shrinking or holding steady.Rtestimates can be used as a near real-time indicator of epidemic growth or to assess the effectiveness of interventions. But due to delays between infection and case observation, estimatingRtin near real-time, and correctly inferring the timing of changes inRtis challenging. Here, we provide an overview of challenges and best practices for accurate, timelyRtestimation.
EXERCISE-INDUCED BENEFITS ON GLUCOSE HANDLING IN A MODEL OF DIET-INDUCED OBESITY ARE REDUCED BY CONCURRENT NICOTINAMIDE MONONUCLEOTIDE
Authors: Yu Josephine , Laybutt D. Ross , Kim Lynn-Jee , Quek Lake-Ee , Wu Lindsay E. , Morris Margaret J. , Youngson Neil A. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTObjectiveAlmost 40% of adults worldwide are classified as overweight or obese. Exercise is a beneficial intervention in obesity, partly due to increases in mitochondrial activity, with a potential role for the concomitant increase in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Recent studies have shown that increasing NAD+levels through pharmacological supplementation with precursors such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) improved metabolic health in high fat diet (HFD) fed mice. We examined the combined effects of NMN and treadmill exercise on the metabolic dysregulation in HFD-induced obesity.MethodsFive-week old female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to control diet or HFD. Mice fed HFD were treated with NMN in drinking water (400mg/kg; HNMN), treadmill exercise (HEx) or combined NMN and exercise (HNEx).ResultsUnexpectedly, NMN administration impaired several aspects of exercise-induced benefits in HFD mice, including glucose tolerance, glucose stimulated insulin secretion from islets and reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Mechanistically, HNEx mice displayed increased antioxidant and reduced prooxidant gene expression in both islets and muscle, suggesting that altered redox status is associated with the loss of exercise-induced health benefits with NMN co-treatment.ConclusionOur data show that NMN treatment blocks the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity in association with disturbances in redox metabolism.HighlightsNMN dampened exercise-induced benefits on glucose handling in diet-induced obesity.NMN administration in exercise enhanced ratio of antioxidants to prooxidants.We suggest NMN administration may not be beneficial when NAD+levels are replete.
PCAT: An integrated portal for genomic and preclinical testing data of pediatric cancer patient-derived xenograft models
Authors: Yang Juechen , Li Qilin , Noureen Nighat , Fang Yanbing , Kurmasheva Raushan , Houghton Peter , Wang Xiaojing , Zheng Siyuan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough cancer is the leading cause of disease-related mortality in children, the relative rarity of pediatric cancers poses a significant challenge for developing novel therapeutics to further improve prognosis. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, which are usually developed from high-risk tumors, are a useful platform to study molecular driver events, identify biomarkers, and prioritize therapeutic agents. Here we developPDX forChildhoodCancerTherapeutics (PCAT), a new integrated portal for pediatric cancer PDX models. Distinct from previously reported PDX portals, PCAT is focused on pediatric cancer models and provides intuitive interfaces for querying and data mining. The current release comprises 324 models and their associated clinical and genomic data, including gene expression, mutation, and copy number alteration. Importantly, PCAT curates preclinical testing results for 68 models and 79 therapeutic agents manually collected from individual agent testing studies published since 2008. To facilitate comparisons of patterns between patient tumors and PDX models, PCAT curates clinical and molecular data of patient tumors from the TARGET project. In addition, PCAT provides access to gene fusions identified in nearly 1,000 TARGET samples. PCAT was built using R-shiny and MySQL. The portal can be accessed athttp://pcat.zhenglab.infoorhttp://www.pedtranscriptome.org.
Detailed phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals latent capacity to bind human ACE2 receptor
Authors: Brintnell Erin , Gupta Mehul , Anderson Dave W 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is a unique event, having emerged suddenly as a highly infectious viral pathogen for human populations. Previous phylogenetic analyses show its closest known evolutionary relative to be a virus detected in bats (RaTG13), with a common assumption that SARS-CoV-2 evolved from a zoonotic ancestor via recent genetic changes (likely in the Spike protein receptor binding domain – or RBD) that enabled it to infect humans. We used detailed phylogenetic analysis, ancestral sequence reconstruction, and in situ molecular dynamics simulations to examine the Spike-RBD’s functional evolution, finding that the common ancestral virus with RaTG13, dating to at least 2013, possessed high binding affinity to the human ACE2 receptor. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 likely possessed a latent capacity to bind to human cellular targets (though this may not have been sufficient for successful infection) and emphasizes the importance to expand the cataloging and monitoring of viruses circulating in both human and non-human populations.
Evolution of nuptial gifts and its coevolutionary dynamics with “masculine” female traits for multiple mating
Authors: Kamimura Yoshitaka , Yoshizawa Kazunori , Lienhard Charles , Ferreira Rodrigo L. , Abe Jun 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTMany male animals donate nutritive materials during courtship or mating to their female mates. Donation of large-sized gifts, though costly to prepare, can result in increased sperm transfer during mating and delayed remating of the females, resulting in a higher paternity Nuptial gifting sometimes causes severe female-female competition for obtaining gifts (i.e., sex-role reversal in mate competition) and female polyandry, changing the intensity of sperm competition and the resultant paternity gains. We built a theoretical model to analyze such coevolutionary feedbacks between nuptial gift size (male trait) and propensity for multiple mating (female trait). Our genetically explicit, individual-based computer simulations demonstrate that a positive correlation between donated gift size and the resultant paternity gain is a requisite for the co-occurrence of large-sized gifts and females’ competitive multiple mating for the gifts. When donation of gifts imposes monandry, exaggeration in nuptial gift size also occurs under the assumption that the last male monopolizes paternity. We also analyzed the causes and consequences of the evolution of a female persistence trait in trading of nuptial gifts, that is, double receptacles for nuptial gifts known to occur in an insect group with a “female penis” (Neotroglaspp.).
Rapid and Efficient BAC Recombineering: Gain & Loss Screening System
Authors: Kuk Myeong Uk , Oh Sekyung , Park Joon Tae 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecombineering has been developed to modify bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) via homologous recombination. Nevertheless, as a screening strategy to identify the correct clone was not properly developed, it was difficult to obtain a correct clone within a limited time period. To address these issues, we developed a new screening method (a gain & loss screening system) that enables the efficient identification of the recombineered clone. Simple inoculation of cells into LB medium with appropriate antibiotics visually revealed the positive clones within 24 h. DNA sequencing confirmed 100% accuracy of this screening method by showing that all positive clones exhibited recombinant sequences. Furthermore, our new method allowed us to complete the entire procedure consisting of 1strecombineering, flip-out and 2ndrecombineering in just 13 days. Overall, our new strategy may provide a new avenue for BAC recombeerining, as evidenced by markedly increased accuracy and subsequently shortened recombineering duration.
Logistic Approach to COVID - 19 Epidemic Evolution in Brazil
Authors: de Assis Altair Souza , de Carvalho Vinicius Werneck 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study in this work the temporal evolution of local and global contaminated population by coronavirus. We access those information analytically and numerically using a logistic model. It is shown, using diferent data from The Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS), The World Health Organization - WHO, and The Niteroi Health Foundation (FMS), the contaminated population ramping-up curves, the population inflection, the population saturation - plateau regime, and also the time related to these population evolution regimes. Based on the simulations, approaches are proposed at this more advanced phase of the pandemic, which might generate effectiveness at the actions of society in general, in a way that those actions could generate effective and efficient results, and this means a more organized war against this pandemic, a better way to induce the economy resumption, and also to create a more intense public awareness on the contamination hubs and surges that may emerge due to the reduction of social isolation.
Comorbidities might be a risk factor for the incidence of COVID-19: Evidence from a web-based survey of 780,961 participants
Authors: Alam Mohammad Rahanur , Kabir Md. Ruhul , Reza Sompa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe global pandemic of COVID-19 is posing the biggest threat to humanity through its ubiquitous effect of unfathomable magnitude. It has been responsible for over four hundred thousand death worldwide to date. There has been evidence that various comorbidities have a higher risk associated with case fatality. Although COVID-19 is a viral disease, there might be an association between different comorbidities and the occurrence of the disease.MethodSociodemographic and medical history data on different comorbidities such as asthma, diabetes, liver disease, lung disease, heart disease, kidney disease, hypertension, and obesity were collected by a web-based self-reported survey between 25th March 2020 to 4th June 2020 by the Nexoid United Kingdom. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done using these risk factors as independent variables.ResultA total of 780,961 participants from 183 different countries and territories participated in this study. Among them, 1516 participants were diagnosed with COVID-19 prior to this study. A significant risk association was observed for age above 60 years, female gender as well as different pre-existing disease conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, and heart diseases. Asthma and diabetes were the major dominant comorbidities among patients, and patients with existing diabetes were 1.464 (AOR: 1.464; 95% CI: 1.228-1.744), more likely to develop the disease than others who did not diagnose as diseased.ConclusionOlder adults, female as well as people with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, heart disease, kidney disease, and liver disease, are the most vulnerable population for COVID-19. However, further studies should be carried out to explain the pathway of these risk associations.