bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food that Matters: Boundary Work and the Case for Vegan Food Practices
Authors: Hirth Steffen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMeat and, less so, dairy are contested for their significant ethical and social‐ecological impacts. Abjuring animal products, veganism is conventionally treated as a dietary ideology related to consumer identities. Drawing upon practice and materialist turns, this article explores variations in the performance of veganism and how its boundaries are drawn. Yet, rather than an eating practice, I suggest to look at veganism more broadly and conceptualised as a food practice which also involves provisioning. By example of stockfree organic agriculture (SOA), a production‐based, processual understanding is outlined by which plant foods are ‘vegan’ if animal by‐products are not used as fertilisers in crop cultivation. Thereof, a conceptual case is made to shift the focus away from veganism as a consumer identity and towards performative vegan food practices (VFP) as a global responsibility to reduce the ‘long shadow’ of livestock and maintain Earth as a relatively safe operating space.
Quantitative trait loci analysis of seed‐specialized metabolites reveals seed‐specific flavonols and differential regulation of glycoalkaloid content in tomato
Authors: Alseekh Saleh , Ofner Itai , Liu Zhongyuan , Osorio Sonia , Vallarino Jose , Last Robert L. , Zamir Dani , Tohge Takayuki , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYGiven the potential health benefits (and adverse effects), of polyphenolic and steroidal glycoalkaloids in the diet there is a growing interest in fully elucidating the genetic control of their levels in foodstuffs. Here we carried out profiling of the specialized metabolites in the seeds of the Solanum pennellii introgression lines identifying 338 putative metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) for flavonoids, steroidal glycoalkaloids and further specialized metabolites. Two putative mQTL for flavonols and one for steroidal glycoalkaloids were cross‐validated by evaluation of the metabolite content of recombinants harboring smaller introgression in the corresponding QTL interval or by analysis of lines from an independently derived backcross inbred line population. The steroidal glycoalkaloid mQTL was localized to a chromosomal region spanning 14 genes, including a previously defined steroidal glycoalkaloid gene cluster. The flavonoid mQTL was further validated via the use of transient and stable overexpression of the Solyc12g098600 and Solyc12g096870 genes, which encode seed‐specific uridine 5′‐diphosphate‐glycosyltransferases. The results are discussed in the context of our understanding of the accumulation of polyphenols and steroidal glycoalkaloids, and how this knowledge may be incorporated into breeding strategies aimed at improving nutritional aspects of plants as well as in fortifying them against abiotic stress.
Clinical use of Convalescent Plasma in the COVID‐19 pandemic: a transfusion‐focussed gap analysis with recommendations for future research priorities
Authors: Al‐Riyami Arwa Z. , Schäfer Richard , van den Berg Karin , Bloch Evan M. , Estcourt Lise J. , Goel Ruchika , Hindawi Salwa , Josephson Cassandra D. , Land Kevin , McQuilten Zoe K. , Spitalnik Steven L. , Wood Erica M. , Devine Dana V. , So‐Osman Cynthia 
Published: June 2020

Background and objectivesUse of convalescent plasma for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) treatment has gained interest worldwide. However, there is lack of evidence on its dosing, safety and effectiveness. Until data from clinical studies are available to provide solid evidence for worldwide applicable guidelines, there is a need to provide guidance to the transfusion community and researchers on this emergent therapeutic option. This paper aims to identify existing key gaps in current knowledge in the clinical application of COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP).Materials and methodsThe International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) initiated a multidisciplinary working group with worldwide representation from all six continents with the aim of reviewing existing practices on CCP use from donor, product and patient perspectives. A subgroup of clinical transfusion professionals was formed to draft a document for CCP clinical application to identify the gaps in knowledge in existing literature.ResultsGaps in knowledge were identified in the following main domains: study design, patient eligibility, CCP dose, frequency and timing of CCP administration, parameters to assess response to CCP treatment and long‐term outcome, adverse events and CCP application in less‐resourced countries as well as in paediatrics and neonates.ConclusionThis paper outlines a framework of gaps in the knowledge of clinical deployment of CPP that were identified as being most relevant. Studies to address the identified gaps are required to provide better evidence on the effectiveness and safety of CCP use.
Percutaneous radiologically guided gastrostomy tubes: Procedural description and biomechanical comparison in a canine model
Authors: Griffin Maureen A. , Culp William T. N. , Garcia Tanya C. , Glaiberman Craig B. , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Balsa Ingrid M. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Johnson Eric G. , Marks Stanley L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the novel placement of percutaneous radiologically guided gastrostomy (PRG) tubes in a canine cadaveric model and to biomechanically compare PRG and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube constructs.Study designDescriptive and biomechanical experimental study.AnimalsFifteen large breed (>25 kg) canine cadavers.MethodsPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes, low‐profile PRG tubes, and standard PRG tubes were each placed in five canine cadavers. Body wall and stomach (with attached gastrostomy tube constructs) were harvested and biomechanically tested. Data regarding the maximal load to failure and procedure time were statistically analyzed.ResultsPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and PRG tube placement was successful in all cadavers with no procedure‐related complications. Gastrostomy tube placement time was longer for the PEG group vs the low‐profile PRG (P= .005) and standard PRG (P= .037) groups. Peak construct strength was lower for the PEG group vs the low‐profile PRG (P= .002) and standard PRG (P= .010) groups. The site of failure varied among groups.ConclusionPercutaneous radiologically guided gastrostomy tubes were successfully placed in all cases with shorter placement time and greater peak construct strength compared with PEG tubes.Clinical significanceDue to the increased load to failure as well as decreased placement time recorded for PRG tubes relative to PEG tubes, PRG tubes may be considered as an alternative minimally invasive gastrostomy option in large breed canine patients. Further evaluation in clinical animals is required.Results of this work were presented at the 2019 American College of Veterinary Surgeons Surgery Summit; October 16‐19, 2019; Las Vegas, Nevada.
Detection of rabies virus antigen by the indirect rapid immunohistochemistry test in equines and comparisons with other diagnostic techniques
Authors: Torquato Ranieli B. C. , Iamamoto Keila , Fernandes Elaine R. , Achkar Samira , Silva Sandriana R. , Katz Iana S. S. , Guedes Fernanda 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLaboratory diagnosis of rabies in equines is essential for distinguishing the disease from other sources of encephalitis. Diagnosis by conventional techniques such as a direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) or viral isolation in mice or cell culture can be difficult, and the application of molecular biological methods may be necessary. We performed an indirect rapid immunohistochemistry test (iRIT) for the detection of the rabies virus (RABV) antigen in the central nervous system (CNS) of equines and compared the results with those of other diagnostic techniques. We reviewed result records from the Rabies Diagnosis Laboratory at Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brazil, of 174 samples of equine CNS from July 2014 to June 2016, which were investigated by dFAT, rabies tissue culture infection test (RTCIT), mouse inoculation test (MIT) and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) followed by genetic sequencing. These samples, 29 presented divergent results among techniques and were selected for the performed in the iRIT. The detected positivity rate was 4/29 (14%) by dFAT, 5/28 (18%) by RTCIT, 10/29 (35%) by MIT and 26/27 (96%) by RT‐PCR. We analysed 29 samples through imprints of the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem in slides fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde. Eighteen samples were identified as positive (62%) by iRIT assay, representing a greater number of positive cases than that detected by dFAT, MIT and RTCIT but not by RT‐PCR. Among the brain regions, the brainstem presented the highest positivity (78%), followed by the hippocampus (69%), cerebellum (67%) and cortex (67%). Our results provide evidence that iRIT can contribute to a rapid diagnosis of rabies in equines and that complementary tests should be used to improve diagnostic accuracy in this species.
Drp1 knockdown induces severe muscle atrophy and remodelling, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy impairment and denervation
Authors: Dulac Maude , Leduc‐Gaudet Jean‐Philippe , Reynaud Olivier , Ayoub Marie‐Belle , Guérin Amanda , Finkelchtein Michel , Hussain Sabah NA , Gouspillou Gilles 
Published: June 2020

Key points
The maintenance of optimal mitochondrial content and function is critical for muscle health.
Mitochondrial dynamics play key roles in mitochondrial quality control; however, the exact role that mitochondrial fission plays in skeletal muscle health remains unclear.
Here we report knocking down Drp1 (a protein regulating mitochondrial fission) for 4 months in adult mouse skeletal muscle resulted in severe muscle atrophy (40–50%).
Drp1 knockdown also led to a reduction in ADP‐stimulated respiration, an increase in markers of impaired autophagy and increased muscle regeneration, denervation, fibrosis and oxidative stress.
Our data indicate that Drp1 is crucial for the maintenance of normal mitochondrial function and that Drp1 depletion severely impairs muscle health.
AbstractMitochondria play central roles in skeletal muscle physiology, including energy supply, regulation of energy‐sensitive signalling pathways, reactive oxygen species production/signalling, calcium homeostasis and the regulation of apoptosis. The maintenance of optimal mitochondrial content and function is therefore critical for muscle cells. Mitochondria are now well known as highly dynamic organelles, able to change their morphology through fusion and fission processes. Solid experimental evidence indicates that mitochondrial dynamics play key roles in mitochondrial quality control, and alteration in the expression of proteins regulating mitochondrial dynamics have been reported in many conditions associated with muscle atrophy and wasting. However, the exact role that mitochondrial fission plays in skeletal muscle health remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the impact of Drp1 (a protein regulating mitochondrial fission) knockdown, introduced via intramuscular injection of adeno‐associated virus (AAV) on adult mouse skeletal muscle. Knocking down Drp1 for 4 months resulted in very severe muscle atrophy (40–50%). Drp1 knockdown also led to a reduction in ADP‐stimulated respiration and increases in markers of muscle regeneration, denervation, fibrosis, oxidative stress and impaired autophagy. Our findings indicate that Drp1 is essential for the maintenance of normal mitochondrial function and that Drp1 suppression severely impairs muscle health.
In vivo recordings from the human vagus nerve using ultrasound‐guided microneurography
Authors: Ottaviani Matteo M. , Wright Leah , Dawood Tye , Macefield Vaughan G 
Published: June 2020

Key points
The vagus nerve is the largest cranial nerve and innervates many structures in the neck, thorax and abdomen.
Although single‐unit recordings from the vagus nerve have been performed in experimental animals for several decades, no recordings have ever been made from the human vagus nerve.
The vagus nerve is routinely stimulated clinically, yet we know little of its physiology in humans.
We describe the methodology and provide preliminary results of the first intraneural single‐unit recordings from the cervical vagus in awake humans, using tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the nerve through ultrasound guidance.
AbstractIntraneural microelectrodes have been used extensively to record from single somatosensory axons supplying muscle, tendons, joints and skin, as well as to record from postganglionic sympathetic axons supplying muscle and skin, in accessible peripheral nerves in awake humans. However, the vagus nerve has never been targeted, probably because of its close proximity to the carotid artery and jugular vein in the neck. Here, we report the first unitary recordings from the human cervical vagus nerve, obtained using ultrasound‐guided insertion of tungsten microelectrodes into fascicles of the nerve. We identified tonically‐active neurones in which firing rates were inversely related to heart rate (and directly related to the cardiac interval), which we classified as putative preganglionic parasympathetic axons directed to the sinoatrial node of the heart. We also recorded from tonically‐active presumed sensory axons from the airways and presumed motor axons to the larynx. This new methodology opens exciting new opportunities for studying the physiology of the human vagus nerve in health and disease.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nonuniform Flow Around a Circular Cylinder in a T-Junction Duct
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Qi Di , Li Tong , Lin Mei , Ke Hanbing , Zeng Min , Wang Qiuwang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Heat transfer characteristics of a circular cylinder in the branch of a T-junction duct are experimentally investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel with Reynolds number of Reb = 9163. Local and average heat transfer distributions around the circular cylinder are obtained for the cylinder positions ranging from 0.5 to 13 and the velocity ratios ranging from 0.117 to 0.614. It is found that the overall heat transfer characteristics in a T-junction duct at high velocity ratio are lower than those at low velocity ratio, and both are higher than those in the straight duct. The local Nusselt number in the T-junction duct is an asymmetrical distribution and weakens with increasing velocity ratios and/or positions of the cylinder. The angles of the front and rear stagnation points in the T-junction duct are the same as those in the straight duct at certain velocity ratio and/or position of the cylinder. However, the angles of the front and rear separation points in the T-junction duct do not match those in the straight duct. Both the heat transfer correlation coefficients and the amplitude ratios increase with increasing positions of the circular cylinder and/or velocity ratios.
Grad's Second Problem and Its Solution Within the Framework of Burnett Hydrodynamics
Authors: Jadhav Ravi Sudam , Agrawal Amit 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In his seminal work, Grad not only derived 13 moment equations but also suggested two problems to check his derived equations. These problems are highly instructive as they bring out the character of the equations by examining their solutions to these problems. In this work, we propose Grad's second problem as the potential benchmark problem for checking the accuracy of different sets of higher-order transport equations. The problem definition can be stated as: examination of steady-state solution for a gas at rest in infinite domain upon application of a one-dimensional heat flux. With gas at rest (no bulk velocity), the interest lies in obtaining the solution for pressure and temperature. The problem is particularly interesting with respect to the solution for pressure when Maxwell and hard-sphere molecules are considered. For Maxwell molecules, it is well known that the exact normal solution of Boltzmann equation gives uniform pressure with no stresses in the flow domain. In the case of hard-sphere molecules, direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) results predict nonuniform pressure field giving rise to stresses in the flow domain. The simplistic nature of the problem and interesting results for pressure for different interaction potentials makes it an ideal test problem for examining the accuracy of higher-order transport equations. The proposed problem is solved within the framework of Burnett hydrodynamics for hard-sphere and Maxwell molecules. For hard-sphere molecules, it is observed that the Burnett order stresses do not become zero; they rather give rise to a pressure gradient in a direction opposite to that of temperature gradient, consistent with the DSMC results. For Maxwell molecules, the numerical solution of Burnett equations predicts uniform pressure field and one-dimensional temperature field, consistent with the exact normal solution of the Boltzmann equation.
Deep-water channel morphologies, architectures, and population densities in relation to stacking trajectories and climate states
Authors: Gong Chenglin , Steel Ronald J. , Qi Kun , Wang Yingmin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDeep-water channel morphologies, stratigraphy, and population densities in relation to stacking trajectories and climate states remain poorly constrained, and are highlighted by a sampling of 142 submarine channels. From the perspective of channel kinematics, turbidite channels exhibit tripartite lateral - random - vertical trajectories or unidirectional channel-complex trajectories, whereas contourite channels display oblique upslope trajectories. Turbidite channels tend to be deep and narrow and have two to three times more lateral migration than contourite channels, whereas contourite channels tend to be shallow and wide and have two to three times more vertical accretion. We relate such differences between channel morphology and stratigraphy to density contrast between flow and ambient fluid for contourite versus turbidite channels, which seems to have favored lateral channel migration in turbidite channels but channel thalweg deposition in contourite channels. Additionally, channels formed during a greenhouse climate state display low degrees of morphological and architectural variations, and are the minority in our global channel database (8% of total), although the Earth has been in a greenhouse state for 72% of the past 540 m.y. Icehouse channels, in contrast, exhibit high amplitudes of morphological and architectural variations and are the majority in the global channel family (92% of total), although the Earth has been in an icehouse state for 18% of the past 540 m.y. Such differences in channel-population densities between greenhouse and icehouse climates (8% versus 92%) suggest a weak global correlation of channel-population densities with warming greenhouse climates.
Mesozoic juvenile crustal formation in the easternmost Tethys: Zircon Hf isotopic evidence from Sumatran granitoids, Indonesia
Authors: Li Shan , Chung Sun-Lin , Lai Yu-Ming , Ghani Azman A. , Lee Hao-Yang , Murtadha Sayed 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Prior to the collision of India with Asia, the evolution of island arcs and resultant crustal formation in the now-disrupted easternmost Tethys are poorly constrained. Here, we report for the first time zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic data from Mesozoic granitoids in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our analyses identified three magmatic episodes at 214–201 Ma, 148–143 Ma, and 102–84 Ma, respectively, with a drastic change in magmatic zircon εHf(t) values from −13.1 to +17.7 in the Late Triassic granitoids, which reveals a fundamental restructuring of the arc system in Sumatra. Subsequently, all Jurassic to Late Cretaceous granitoids have exclusively positive zircon εHf(t) values (+17.7 to +10.2), consistent with juvenile arc development owing to subduction of the easternmost Tethyan lithosphere beneath Sumatra. Such highly positive zircon εHf(t) values of the Sumatran granitoids, in general accordance with those of the Gangdese arc system in South Asia, are markedly higher than those (+13.7 to −14.7) of broadly contemporaneous Cordilleran arcs in Americas and Zealandia. Our findings from the easternmost Tethys provide new insights into not only the tectono-magmatic evolution of eastern Tethys, but also its crucial role in global juvenile crustal growth.
River discharge variability as the link between climate and fluvial fan formation
Authors: Hansford Mark R. , Plink-Björklund Piret 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere are two contrasting hypotheses on whether fluvial fans need specific climate conditions to form. Deduction of climatic and tectonic signals from landscapes and the sedimentary record is a key aim in geology and geomorphology. It is thus of great interest to obtain recognition criteria for specific climate changes in the sedimentary record in general, and fluvial fans in particular, because they may form the bulk of the continental fluvial record. The hypothesis that links fluvial fan occurrence to climate specifically indicates precipitation variability as a key control, because it promotes streamflow variability, channel instability, and avulsions, which are the key processes involved in fluvial fan formation. Here, we tested this hypothesis by quantitative analyses of discharge patterns from 68 fan-forming rivers that have a global distribution. Using an ensemble of dimensionless metrics, we show that 75% of the fan-forming rivers in this data set have a high discharge variability. We further analyzed down-fan changes in discharge variability and discuss the nature of discharge variability in different hydroclimates as a function of intra- and interannual precipitation fluctuations. We also examined the fan-forming rivers with moderate to low discharge variability and concluded that although river discharge variability strongly promotes fluvial fan formation, fluvial fans may also be formed by rivers with a moderate or low discharge variability if other favorable conditions that promote avulsions occur.
Lifting modules with finite internal exchange property and direct sums of hollow modules
Authors: Kuratomi Yosuke 
Published: June 2020

A module [Formula: see text] is said to be lifting if, for any submodule [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text], there exists a decomposition [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is a small submodule of [Formula: see text]. A lifting module is defined as a dual concept of the extending module. A module [Formula: see text] is said to have the finite internal exchange property if, for any direct summand [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] and any finite direct sum decomposition [Formula: see text], there exists a direct summand [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text]. This paper is concerned with the following two fundamental unsolved problems of lifting modules: “Classify those rings all of whose lifting modules have the finite internal exchange property” and “When is a direct sum of indecomposable lifting modules lifting?”. In this paper, we prove that any [Formula: see text]-square-free lifting module over a right perfect ring satisfies the finite internal exchange property. In addition, we give some necessary and sufficient conditions for a direct sum of hollow modules over a right perfect ring to be lifting with the finite internal exchange property.