bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of early experiences and university environment for female students choosing geoscience programs: a case study at Universidad de Chile
Authors: Villaseñor Tania , Celis Sergio , Queupil Juan Pablo , Pinto Luisa , Rojas Maisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This case study addresses the experiences of female undergraduate students in the geology and geophysics programs at Universidad de Chile. These majors are part of the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics (FCFM) and have a relatively large proportion of female representation compared to the other engineering and science majors at FCFM that are dominated by male students. We interviewed 12 female students in geoscience majors to understand (a) the reasons for choosing geoscience as a major and (b) their experiences both at FCFM and in geoscience in an institution with a strong masculine environment that aims to increase women's undergraduate enrollment. We found that the decision to pursue a geoscience career was made during high school, and they maintained this decision during the first years of college, which is heavily focused on mathematics and physics, with no geoscience-related courses. During this early period in college, known as the common core program, students perceived a hostile environment due to high academic demands and gender-based discrimination. Their experiences had a positive shift once they started the geoscience courses in their fifth or sixth semester. The relatively large proportion of female students in the geoscience majors at FCFM creates a positive environment in which the participants developed a sense of belonging in the geoscience community. Students also felt that the feminist movement during 2018 in Chile positively influenced their perspectives on their path at FCFM. These findings give insights for developing strategies to increase early interest, participation, and satisfaction of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines at various educational levels.
A tropopause-related climatological a priori profile for IASI-SOFRID ozone retrievals: improvements and validation
Authors: Barret Brice , Emili Emanuele , Le Flochmoen Eric 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The MetOp/Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instruments have provided data for operational meteorology and
document atmospheric composition since 2007. IASI ozone (O3) data have been used
extensively to characterize the seasonal and interannual variabilities and the evolution
of tropospheric O3 at the global scale. SOftware for a Fast Retrieval of IASI Data (SOFRID) is a fast retrieval algorithm that
provides IASI O3 profiles for the whole IASI period.
Until now, SOFRID O3 retrievals (v1.5 and v1.6) were performed with a
single a priori profile, which resulted in important biases and probably a
too-low variability. For the first time, we have implemented a comprehensive
dynamical a priori profile for spaceborne O3 retrievals which takes the pixel location, time
and tropopause height into account for SOFRID-O3 v3.5
retrievals. In the
present study, we validate SOFRID-O3 v1.6 and v3.5 with electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesonde profiles
from the global World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) database for the 2008–2017 period. Our validation is
based on a thorough statistical analysis using Taylor diagrams. Furthermore, we
compare our retrievals with ozonesonde profiles both smoothed by the IASI averaging kernels and raw.
This methodology is essential to
evaluate the inherent usefulness of the retrievals to assess O3 variability and trends. The use of
a dynamical a priori profile largely improves the retrievals concerning two main
aspects: (i) it corrects high biases for low-tropospheric O3 regions such as
the Southern
Hemisphere, and (ii) it increases the retrieved O3 variability, leading to a
better agreement with ozonesonde data. Concerning upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) and stratospheric O3,
the improvements are less important and the biases are very similar for both
versions. The SOFRID tropospheric ozone columns (TOCs)
display no significant drifts (<2.5 %) for the Northern Hemisphere
and significant negative ones (9.5 % for v1.6 and 4.3 % for v3.5) for the Southern Hemisphere. We
have compared our validation results to those of the Fast Optimal Retrievals on Layers for IASI (FORLI)
retrieval software from the
literature for smoothed ozonesonde data only. This comparison highlights three
main differences:
(i) FORLI retrievals contain more theoretical information about tropospheric O3
than SOFRID;
(ii) root mean square differences (RMSDs) are smaller and correlation
coefficients are higher for SOFRID than for FORLI; (iii) in the Northern
Hemisphere, the 2010 jump detected in FORLI TOCs is not
present in SOFRID.
Evaluation of UV aerosol retrievals from an ozone lidar
Authors: Kuang Shi , Wang Bo , Newchurch Michael J. , Knupp Kevin , Tucker Paula , Eloranta Edwin W. , Garcia Joseph P. , Razenkov Ilya , Sullivan John T. , Berkoff Timothy A. , Gronoff Guillaume , Lei Liqiao , Senff Christoph J. , Langford Andrew O. , Leblanc Thierry , Natraj Vijay 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Aerosol retrieval using ozone lidars in the ultraviolet spectral region is
challenging but necessary for correcting aerosol interference in ozone
retrieval and for studying the ozone–aerosol correlations. This study
describes the aerosol retrieval algorithm for a tropospheric ozone lidar,
quantifies the retrieval error budget, and intercompares the aerosol
retrieval products at 299 nm with those at 532 nm from a high spectral
resolution lidar (HSRL) and with those at 340 nm from an AErosol RObotic NETwork radiometer. After the cloud-contaminated data are filtered out, the
aerosol backscatter or extinction coefficients at 30 m and 10 min resolutions retrieved by the ozone lidar are highly correlated with the HSRL
products, with a coefficient of 0.95 suggesting that the ozone lidar can
reliably measure aerosol structures with high spatiotemporal resolution
when the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficient. The actual uncertainties of
the aerosol retrieval from the ozone lidar generally agree with our
theoretical analysis. The backscatter color ratio (backscatter-related
exponent of wavelength dependence) linking the coincident data measured by
the two instruments at 299 and 532 nm is 1.34±0.11, while the
Ångström (extinction-related) exponent is 1.49±0.16 for a
mixture of urban and fire smoke aerosols within the troposphere above
Huntsville, AL, USA.
Kybernetický bezpečnostní incident a jeho ohlašování v rámci zabezpečení osobních údajů v kontextu internetu věcí
Authors: Kasl František 
Published: October 2020

Příspěvek je věnován premise, že v moderní, stále propojenější společnosti dochází k rostoucímu obsahovému překryvu ohlašovacích povinností na základě právních rámců ochrany osobních údajů a kybernetické bezpečnosti. V obou případech jde o odraz chytré regulace, kdy stát využívá možností nabízených informačními a komunikačními technologiemi pro shromažďování aktuálních informací o situacích, které mohou vyžadovat reakci ze strany dozorových orgánů. V případě povinnosti ohlašovat porušení zabezpečení osobních údajů dle článku 33 obecného nařízení č. 2016/679, o ochraně osobních údajů, vůči Úřadu pro ochranu osobních údajů je směrodatný zásah do zpracovávaných osobních údajů. Povinnost hlášení kybernetického bezpečnostního incidentu dle § 8 zákona č. 181/2014 Sb., o kybernetické bezpečnosti, vůči příslušnému bezpečnostnímu týmu CERT pak vzniká při zásahu do prvků informační infrastruktury povinných subjektů. Vzhledem k postupné digitalizaci přibývajícího množství činností a souvisejícím všudypřítomným zpracováváním osobních údajů dochází k rostoucímu prolínání těchto perspektiv. Autor tento vývoj vnímá jako příležitost pro úpravu de lege ferenda, kterou lze zvýšit přínos z takto sdělovaných informací pro dozorové orgány, chráněné fyzické osoby, i povinností vázané subjekty.
A New History of the Future in 100 Objects
Authors: Hon Adrian 
Published: October 2020

Imagining the history of the twenty-first century through its artifacts, from silent messaging systems to artificial worlds on asteroids.
In the year 2082, a curator looks back at the twenty-first century, offering a history of the era through a series of objects and artifacts. He reminisces about the power of connectivity, which was reinforced by such technologies as silent messaging—wearable computers that relay subvocal communication; recalls the Fourth Great Awakening, when a regimen of pills could make someone virtuous; and notes disapprovingly the use of locked interrogation, which delivers “enhanced interrogation” simulations via virtual reality. The unnamed curator quotes from a self-help guide to making friends with “posthumans,” describes the establishment of artificial worlds on asteroids, and recounts pro-democracy movements in epistocratic states. In A New History of the Future in 100 Objects, Adrian Hon constructs a possible future by imagining the things it might leave in its wake.
Many of these things are just an update or two away: improved ankle monitors, for example, and deliverbots. Others may be the logical conclusions of current trends—“downvote” networks that identify and erase undesirables, and Glyphish, an emoticon-based language that supersedes the written word. More benign are Braid Collective, which provides financial support for artists, and Rechartered Cities, which invites immigrants to revitalize urban areas hollowed out by changing demographics. With this engaging and ingenious work, Hon leads the way into an imagined future while offering readers a new perspective on the present.
Ultrasonography to Assess the Efficacy of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Lumbar Spine Asymmetry
Authors: Winter Jeffrey , Kimber Andrew , Montenegro Stuart , Gao Jing 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Context
The effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) on the lumbar spine has been studied qualitatively, but quantitative measurement of the effects of OMT has not been thoroughly investigated.

Objective
To quantitatively measure the palpated improvements of OMT on the lumbar spine using ultrasonography (US) and correlate palpatory diagnosis with US measurements of lumbar asymmetry.

Methods
From September to November 2018, we recruited 20 adult participants 18 years of age or older. Lumbar somatic dysfunction (SD) was identified via osteopathic palpation. US was then performed on all participants with standard machine settings (frequency, 7 MHz; depth, 7 cm; dynamic range, 60; tissue harmonic imaging; and single-image focus). Longitudinal images of each lumbar transverse process were recorded and saved bilaterally by an experienced radiologist and a medical student. The participant's SD was then managed using OMT, including Still technique, myofascial release, muscle energy technique, high-velocity low-amplitude technique, functional positional release, balanced ligamentous tension, and counterstrain. Following OMT, US was performed again in the same method. Measurements of the saved US images were reviewed using a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine viewer. These measurements were obtained by 3 separate observers (J.W., A.K., S.M.), using the same computer software. Statistical analysis included a 2-tailed paired t-test to analyze rotational asymmetry pre- and posttreatment, an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to test intra- and interobserver reliability, and a Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) to analyze the correlation between US findings and OMT.

Results
The difference in soft tissue thickness before and after OMT was significant (P=.014), indicating improvements in rotational asymmetry. Side-bending asymmetry did not demonstrate statistically significant improvement. US findings correlated with the physician's palpatory rotational diagnosis (PCC=0.62, P=.004). ICC was greater than 0.9 for intra- and interobserver reliability tests of both US operation and offline image processing.

Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrate that US is a feasible method of evaluating the efficacy of OMT. These results show good intra- and interobserver reliability of US acquisition and landmark measurement. Our study suggests that US assessment correlated closely with palpatory diagnosis. Our results also suggest that OMT can significantly improve lumbar rotational asymmetry, but did not improve side-bending asymmetry.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli in East Africa: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Wismayer Richard 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare diagnosis in East Africa. The author reports a case of a 21 year old gentleman presenting with occasional passage of blood stained stool, and found to have familial adenomatous polyposis coli. This is followed by a literature review on the pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment options of FAP in East Africa.
Presentation of Case: This patient presented with a strong family history of familial adenomatous polyposis, blood stained stool and a rectal mass. A total proctocolectomy and ileoanal anastomosis was carried out. The postoperative course of this patient was uneventful.
Discussion: The typical gross pathological and histological features of familial adenomatous polyposis and rectal adenocarcinoma were seen on the resected colorectal specimen. In addition this study reviews the literature regarding the clinical presentation, pathological characteristics and treatment options of familial adenomatous polyposis coli.
Conclusion: FAP should always be considered in a young patient presenting with a strong family history of CRC. Colonoscopy should be performed on these patients with early symptoms and those patients with a strong family history of FAP. In East Africa, the creation of a permanent stoma is unacceptable and therefore a proctocolectomy and Brooke ileostomy will not be a desirable option in a young patient in this part of the world.
An iterative local constraints based analysis for solving the resource constrained project scheduling problem
Authors: Özdamar Linet , Ulusoy Gündüz 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a new heuristic iterative scheduling approach is proposed for the resource constrained project scheduling problem. Well‐known dispatching rules and a decision‐making process called Local Constraint Based Analysis (LCBA), previously tested in a single pass forward parallel scheduling algorithm, are imbedded in the iterative scheduling algorithm. LCBA evaluates and selects the activities competing for scarce resources by considering the currently active temporal and resource constraints imposed by the network/resource characteristics. The iterative scheduling algorithm proposed here makes consecutive forward/backward scheduling passes which improve the project duration obtained by the single forward scheduling pass. Extensive experimentation has been done on a set of 188 benchmark problems from the literature. The results demonstrate that all the methods imbedded in the iterative algorithm improved the project duration significantly. It is observed that LCBA's average project duration deviation from the optimal duration is of the magnitude of 1% using the iterative scheduling algorithm. Among all the methods which have been tested, LCBA and a list rule, Weighted Resource Utilization and Precedence (WRUP), are the ones which have benefited most from the iterative algorithm. It is also observed that for various cash flow schemes the project Net Present Value (NPV) is improved through the use of the iterative scheduling algorithm.
Neural activity and the levels of high energy phosphates during deprivation of oxygen and/or glucose in hippocampal slices of immature and adult rats
Authors: Nabetani M. , Okada Y. , Kawai S. , Nakamura H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo investigate the relationship between neural activity and cerebral energy metabolism during anoxia or ischemia in neural tissue of different ages, hippocampal slices were prepared from four‐, seven‐ and 10‐day‐old and adult rats. For the index of the neural activity, the population spikes were recorded in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA3 area. ATP and phosphocreatine levels inthe slices were measured during oxygen and/or glucose deprivation.After deprivation of both oxygen and glucose, population spikes of the slices from four, seven‐ and 10‐day‐old and adult rats ceased completely in 14.2, 11.8, 9.4 and 5.3 min, respectively. The level of ATP at the time of cessation of population spike in four‐, seven‐ and 10‐day‐old and adult rats was 37.4, 30.2, 28.5 and 56.4% of the original concentrations. After deprivation of glucose only, the decay time of the population spikes of the slices from four‐, seven‐ and 10‐day‐old and adult rats was 17.8, 14.5, 9.0 and 10.0 min and at the time of population spikes cessation the level of ATP was 99.8, 84.2, 79.3 and 49%, respectively. After deprivation of oxygen only, population spikes of the slices from four, seven‐ and 10‐day old and adult rats ceased completely in 257, 283, 109 and 8.5 min, respectively. The level of ATP at the time of population spikes cessation was 50, 40, 36.6 and 94.4% of the initial values, respectively.These results indicate that the immature rat is extremely resistant to oxygen deprivation from a functional and a metabolic view, whereas in the adult rat, preservation of neural activity depends much on both oxygen and glucose. During glucose deprivation, population spikes of the slices of immature and mature rats ceased rapidly although the level of ATP is preserved at high levels. This suggests that glucose plays an important role in the preservation of neural activity in addition to its major function as an energy substrate especially in immature animals.
Intrafascial abdominal hysterectomy: outcomes and complications of 867 operations
Authors: Conde‐Agudelo A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To prospectively evaluate the results and complications of the surgical technique of intrafascial abdominal hysterectomy. Methods: From March 1993 to February 1998, 867 women at four institutions from the Department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, underwent intrafascial abdominal hysterectomy. Information on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics before hysterectomy, indications for hysterectomy, surgical outcomes and intra‐ and post‐operative complications were collected. Patients were evaluated at 1, 3, and 12 months post‐operatively and annually thereafter. Results: The follow‐up period ranged from 6 to 63 months (median=45 months). The mean blood loss was 286±112 ml. Operative time averaged 71±11 min. The overall operative site infection rate was 4%. Intra‐ and post‐operative hemorrhage occurred in 0.2 and 1.0% of patients, respectively. The transfusion rate was 0.7%. The incidences of ureteral, bladder, and bowel injury were 0.1, 0.4 and 0.0%, respectively. To date, none of the patients followed up between 1 and 5 years have had evidence of vaginal vault prolapse. Conclusions: Intrafascial abdominal hysterectomy is a safe technique with a low rate of complications.
The contribution of MD–PhD training to academic orthopaedic faculties
Authors: Clark John M. , Hanel Douglas P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLittle is known about the distribution of research‐trained physicians across the various specialties. To document the extent to which MD—PhD programs are a source of research‐trained faculty for orthopaedic departments, this study examined the specialty choices of graduates of the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) from 1964 to 1994. The MSTP, a combined MD—PhD program supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, (NIGMS), produces roughly 25% of all MD—PhDs in the US.Methods. Copies of the appendices from training grant applications containing information on MSTP graduates were obtained from the NIGMS. Also, a questionnaire was mailed to 116 university‐affiliated orthopaedic surgery departments asking how many faculty were MD's, PhDs or MD—PhDs.Results. Records were obtained for all MST programs. Information on postdoctoral training and/or a current position was reported for 1615 graduates who earned both MD and PhD. Of these graduates, 277 chose non‐clinical paths. The other 1338 entered a residency or internship. Of these, 593 were still in residency training, 566 were academic faculty members and 130 were in private practice. In the records, 12 (0.9%) were listed as orthopaedic surgical residents (6) or faculty (6). At this time, all 12 have completed training, and 11 are in academic practice. Eighty‐three departments replied to the questionnaire. In that sample of 1761 faculty positions, 1478 were MDs, 217 were PhDs and 36 (2.0%) were MD‐PhDs.Conclusion. Despite robust support of MD—PhD programs, the number of dual degree recipients on orthopaedic faculties is small when compared to the relative size of the specialty. Other sources of research‐trained staff should perhaps be developed. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Association of D2 dopamine receptor and alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genes with Polynesian alcoholics
Authors: Amadéo S. , Noble E.P. , Fourcade-Amadéo M.L. , Tetaria C. , Brugiroux M.F. , Nicolas L. , Deparis X. , Elbaz A. , Zhang X. , Ritchie T. , Martin P.V. , Mallet J. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAlleles of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) and the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) genes were determined in 69 French Polynesian alcoholic patients and 57 controls matched for racial origin. Three racial groups were studied: pure Polynesians (PP), Polynesians mixed with Caucasian (PCA) ancestry and Polynesians mixed with Chinese (PCH) ancestry. DRD2 A1 allele frequencies in the alcoholics compared to their controls in these groups were: PP,.26 vs .32 (P= .69); PCA, .44 vs .35 (P= .46); PCH, .40 vs 0.39 (P= .88). ADH2 1 allele frequencies in alcoholics compared to their controls groups were: PP, .56 vs .62 (P= .66); PCA, .75 vs .56 (P= .09); PCH, .78 vs .32 (P= .009). In the PCA group, the combination of the DRD2 A1 genotypes and the ADH2 1 homozygotes was strongly associated with alcoholism (P= .0027). This preliminary study shows the importance of ascertaining racial ancestry in molecular genetic association studies. Moreover, it suggests that a combination of genes are involved in susceptibility to the development of alcoholism.