bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hate in language, Hate and Language
Authors: Russell Eric Louis 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept and practice of hate speech, the linguistic expression of animus directed at salient persons or groups. The chapter begins by attending to the difficulty of defining hate speech, as well as a review of scholarship wrestling with related questions. This emerges as a performance of animus, one that is both recitational and constructive, and exists in a complex ecology of sociocultural relations that are made real through language form, structure, and functional patterns. Subsequent sections look to the complex linguistic practice of hostility, using the example of Flemish right-wing populist Filip Dewinter and the Vlaams Belang in Belgium. Building on prior studies, a series of discourse strategies are identified and examined, which serve to express overt Islamophobia and covert homophobia, masked by a veneer of pinkwashing. A final section attends to questions of disruption and the charge of critical language scholarship.
An Evolutionary Perspective on Mental Time Travel
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article examines the nature and evolution of mental time travel. Evidence for capacities in other animals is reviewed and evaluated in terms of which components of the human faculty appear to be shared and which are unique. While some nonhuman animals store episodic memory traces and can display a range of future-directed capacities, they do not appear to share the open-ended ability to construct mental scenarios, to embed them into larger narratives, nor to reflect and communicate on what they entail. Nested scenario building and the urge to exchange mental experiences seem to set human minds apart in this context as in many others. The article ends with a discussion of the archeological evidence for mental time travel, focusing on deliberate practice as an example of its tremendous fitness consequences.
Synthetic and Literary Readings of Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah
Authors: Schweitzer Steven J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis essay discusses synthetic and literary readings of Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah, with particular attention to the literary relationship between the two books, analysis of each book’s narrative unity and redactional processes, and their use of sources. A series of related topics that have received considerable scholarly attention—for example, mixed marriage, foreigners, Samari(t)ans, and identity formation—illustrate the differences between Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah and how interpretation is aided by nuanced methodological approaches to complex issues. The essay concludes with discussion of how analysis of these books using utopian literary theory might create new interpretative possibilities for continued research, especially from a literary perspective.
Divine and Human Violence in the Historical Books
Authors: Earl Douglas S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt has become commonplace to characterize the historical books using the concept of violence and to regard this characterization as posing a problem demanding a solution, usually repudiation of the texts. This article indicates that “violence” is an interpretative concept supplied by readers and that such characterization was absent prior to the 1990s. The nature of the concept of violence is then analyzed, and the article argues that it has rhetorical and ideological force to urge the repudiation or rejection of what is described as violent. With reference to the historical books, the label of violence as an overall interpretative lens is used ideologically to block appreciation and appropriation of the texts and the traditions that they represent. Thus it should not be readily accepted by Jewish and Christian readers. However, localized use of the concept can bring into focus some of the interpretative issues and challenges concerning particular stories.
Achaemenid Political History and Sources
Authors: Kuhrt Amélie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article provides an outline of the Achaemenid empire’s political history followed by an overview of the diverse sources for understanding some of its institutions. Despite inherent difficulties, the sources allow scholars to reconstruct vital aspects, such as the provincial system, variations in the way different provinces were managed, the “king’s law,” Persian religion, and the strength of central control which held the imperial regions together. The chapter ends with a consideration of the king’s position and royal ceremony and ideology.
Ezekiel among the Prophetic Tradition
Authors: Klein Anja 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the major topoi of prophecy in the book of Ezekiel with the question: To what extent do the authors in Ezekiel participate in the Hebrew Bible’s prophetic tradition? While the first part focuses on the major figures in the book (the people, the prophet, and God), the second part surveys examples of Yhwh’s action in history (judgment, ethics, and salvation). The chapter concludes that the book’s authors draw in great measure upon prophetic tradition—which they takea up, interpret, and continue in their own writings. The book thus proves to be part of an inner-prophetic discourse that firmly locates Ezekiel as an heir to the prophetic tradition.
Toward the Codification of Thunderstorm/Downburst Winds
Authors: Kwon Dae Kun , Kareem Ahsan , Solari Giovanni 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Non-synoptic winds often exhibit rapid changes during a short period, which may be accompanied by changes in direction. This introduces non-stationarity both in the mean and the standard deviation of wind fluctuations. Thus, design loads in non-synoptic non-stationary winds obtained from conventional analysis frameworks included in codes and standards, such as the gust loading factor approach, may not be appropriate, thus calling for a careful examination of traditional design procedures. This chapter reviews a proposed design procedure for non-synoptic non-stationary winds. In particular, a codification of gust front winds originating from thunderstorms and downbursts is discussed because the event occurs frequently and is well-known to exhibit significant non-stationary characteristics. Two major frameworks reported in the past literature, such as the gust front factor and the thunderstorm response spectrum technique, are examined as a step toward the codification of gust front winds. In addition, a comparison is made between the two frameworks to assess their performance. Finally, a living codification concept through learning and updating invoking the emerging “design thinking” approach is discussed.
Adapting Regulation to Globalization: A Typology of Approaches to the Internationalization of Regulation
Authors: Kauffmann Céline 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With the progressive emergence of an open, dynamic, and globalized economy, the internationalization of rules has become a critical issue. Governments increasingly seek to exploit the benefits of globalization by eliminating unnecessary regulatory divergences and barriers and ensuring greater coordination of regulatory objectives. Intensification of global challenges, such as those pertaining to systemic risks (financial markets), the environment (air or water pollution), human health (COVID-19 pandemics) and safety, is also leading to growing regulatory cooperation efforts as a key component of risk management strategies across borders. Regulation increasingly transcends its domestic nature to become transnational and international through a wide variety of mechanisms. At the same time, concerns over the loss of sovereignty and perceived negative impacts of openness are constraining greater regulatory cooperation. This chapter explores the range of possible approaches to the internationalization of regulation and provides evidence on their use, merits, and challenges, building on OECD work on international regulatory cooperation.
Australia’s Federal Framework
Authors: Aroney Nicholas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Australia’s federal framework is fundamental and pervasive. This chapter explains the federal logic of the Australian Constitution, discusses the evolution of the federal system in light of the constitutional framework, and critically evaluates attempts to reform the system. It is argued that, while the Constitution was designed to allow a degree of flexibility in the operation of the federal system, the constitutional, legislative, and administrative changes that have been introduced, frequently supported by the High Court’s centralizing interpretations, have sometimes contributed to problems in the practical functioning of the system rather than ameliorating them. The result has been a path dependency that makes it difficult to institute reforms that would improve the operation and effectiveness of Australian federalism.
The Monster That Hid Under A Desk? Zimbabwe and the West
Authors: Gallagher Julia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Zimbabwe’s diplomatic relations with Britain became exceptionally fractious from about 2000. Britain’s New Labour government publicly criticized the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party for its violent seizure of white-owned commercial farms, political violence, and rolling back of democracy. ZANU-PF countered the British government’s accusation, describing it as unwarranted interference in Zimbabwe’s domestic affairs by an ex-colonial master. Such highly charged accusations between government elites of both countries have tended to animate scholarly debates about the nature of Zimbabwe–-Britain relations. This chapter does something different: it examines understandings of Zimbabwe–Britain relations, drawing on research interviews with Zimbabwean non-elites. The chapter argues that Zimbabwean and British political elites instrumentalized the diplomatic quarrel in order to position themselves as honourable wardens of their respective countries and particular norms such as human rights and sovereignty. However, the chapter further contends, non-elites’ comprehensions of the diplomatic argument reveal the limits of this instrumentalization and reflect the complicated and ambivalent appreciations of Zimbabwe–Britain relations. The diplomatic argument attained popular resonances and dissonances, which reflect a multifaceted existential entanglement with roots in the colonial era. Ideas of the expulsion of white farmers as a representation of ‘real independence’ and the display of the shortcomings of a post-colonial order on the other end, impress particular self-understandings and identities.
Imperial Conquest, Violent Encounters, and Changing Gender Relations in Colonial Warfare, 1830s–1910s
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The period between the 1830s and the 1910s is significant for the rapid expansion of the British and French Empires in particular and fierce interimperial rivalries, as well as the late rise of non-European empires. The warfare that characterized imperial expansion and indigenous resistance, as sparked by imperial invasions and gradual conquests of colonial territories, including the suppression of uprisings, was often diffuse and chaotic. This chapter considers how the contact zones of aggressively expanding colonialism were structured by violence, in places ranging from the British settler colonies of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to Crown colonies of various European empires, including British India, the Netherlands East Indies, and French Indochina. It assesses the intersections of gender and militarized violence on frontiers and in the daily life of colonial societies.
Sexuality, Sexual Violence, and the Military in the Age of the World Wars
Authors: Mühlhäuser Regina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe two world wars—with the mass mobilization and unprecedented mobility of men and women—presented new opportunities for soldiers and civilians to engage in consensual amorous encounters and instrumental and commercial sex. At the same time, the experience of brutality, destruction, and death lowered the threshold at which sexual violence took place. The boundaries between consensual and forced, nonviolent and violent were fluid, and different forms of sexuality and violence merged. This coexistence and, indeed, entanglement of extreme violence and sexual pleasure was shocking for the contemporaries. By focusing on practices, constellations, and structures of sexual violence, the chapter discusses the meanings and effects in and for total war.
Conceptualizing Sexual Violence in Post–Cold War Global Conflicts
Authors: Zarkov Dubravka 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent scholarship conceptualizes sexual violence as an inherent part of war violence, but emphasizes its varying pattern across conflicts, armed groups, and small units. However, some cases of sexual violence in war have remained invisible within both feminist and mainstream academia and politics, while others have been overexposed. This imbalance has received more attention in feminist scholarship only since the millennium. The chapter analyses the debates on sexual violence in the post–Cold War global conflicts. It argues that the wartime rapes of women in the wars in the former Yugoslavia and, to some extent, Rwanda and the sexual violence against men at the Abu Ghraib prison during the second Iraq War have stimulated major shifts in feminist theorizing of sexual violence against women and men in war. It also discusses the repercussions of the most common conceptualization of sexual violence in war and reflects the theoretical challenges of the conceptualization of sexual violence against men.
The United Nations, Gendered Human Rights, and Peacekeeping since 1945
Authors: Whitworth Sandra 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Feminist observers of peacekeeping have asked why very little has changed within the peacekeeping of the United Nations (UN) since 1945, despite a greater overall attention to questions of gender within the UN. For example, despite calls for greater representation of women on missions, they continue to constitute a small fraction of the personnel deployed; despite calls to “gender mainstream” missions, peace operations often result in heightened insecurity for some women and girls. This chapter examines the evolution of UN peacekeeping alongside an examination of the greater attention devoted to questions of women and gender within the UN system from 1945 to the present. It argues that the ultimately “problem-solving” approach to gender and peacekeeping adopted by the UN limits the possibility of any substantive impact its policies around gender may ever achieve.
War and Gender
Authors: Dudink Stefan , Hagemann Karen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers an introduction to the entangled histories of gender and war from the Thirty Years’ War to the Wars of Revolution and Independence, against the background of a wider history of war and warfare in the early modern period. It starts with a critical discussion of some of the concepts historians have used to capture the nature and development of early modern war and warfare, such as military revolution, limited war, and total war. An important aspect of this discussion is the relations between transformations in early modern warfare and processes of state formation, which are central to various arguments made by historians about gender and war in the early modern period. Against this conceptual background, the chapter then presents an overview of the major wars from this period, with a focus on the Thirty Years’ War, the Seven Years’ War, and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, which points, among other things, to the increasing entwinement of European and colonial war in this era. The chapter concludes with an introduction to the state of research and central themes in the history of gender and war.
War and Gender
Authors: Hagemann Karen , Rose Sonya O. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter offers a broad overview of the history of warfare in the Age of the World Wars. It first discusses the concept of total war and its usefulness for a gendered history of war. Then it examines some general trends in the development of warfare during the first half of the twentieth century to provide the historical context for the subsequent more detailed analysis of the Age of the World Wars from a gender perspective. In this section the chapter explores the research on some of the major themes of a gender history of military of war of this period, including gender images, war propaganda, and postwar memory; gendered war support, and war experience at the home front; economic warfare, gendered experience of occupation, and forced labor; war service, gender, and citizenship; and finally gender, genocide, and sexual violence.
History and Memory of Army Women and Female Soldiers, 1770s–1870s
Authors: Cardoza Thomas , Hagemann Karen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter addresses the ways women were involved in warfare on both sides of the Atlantic in the time between the 1770s and 1880s as camp followers, officially recognized auxiliaries, nurses, and cross-dressed female soldiers and how their active war support was perceived and remembered during the nineteenth century. Collective memory of these women represents a complex picture. Camp followers and officially recognized auxiliaries were long forgotten. The small number of cross-dressed female soldiers, too, fell into obscurity, especially if they survived the wars. Yet by the latter half of the nineteenth century, some of these women were rediscovered, and their public image became more positive. Their public portrayal was, however, one dimensional: they were girls and women who rose above the limitations of their sex to defend a “nation in danger.” They now became examples of extraordinary female patriotism.
Sicily
Authors: Molinari Alessandra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSicily is a large and fertile island at the center of Mediterranean trading networks. Renewed public interest in its medieval past, a surge in research in recent years, and the richness of its archaeological and architectural heritage make it particularly fascinating for scholars of the Islamic world and beyond. While conquered much later than other regions, it saw an incomplete Islamization during the two and a half centuries of Muslim rule but an incredible economic growth especially during the 10th century. The fulcrum of the Sicilian social, economic, and cultural transformations was the great metropolis, al-Madina, Balarm (Palermo). Contrary to scholarly assumption, the arrival of the Normans in 1061 was not painless, and archaeological evidence points to gradual but substantial changes. Social and cultural tensions at the end of the Norman kingdom came to a head in Swabian times. Sicily in the late 13th century is a different world to 10th-century Sicily in every way: crops, culture, language and religion, settlement models, material culture, and networks of exchange.
Contacts Between the Islamic World and Northern Europe in the Pre-Mongol Period
Authors: Jankowiak Marek 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNorthern Europe and the Islamic world, although separated by the wide belt of the steppe, were in contact throughout the pre-Mongol period. The intensity of these contacts varied over time and so did their geography: objects of Islamic provenance were imported to the basin of the Kama in the 7th–10th centuries, to the lands settled by the Scandinavians and those Slavs who were under their political or cultural influence in the 9th and 10th centuries, and to the northern edge of the steppe in the two centuries before the Mongol invasion. This chapter surveys the finds of Islamic objects associated with these interactions—mostly silver coins and silverware—and investigates the mechanisms that account for their importation to the North.
The Nilotic Sudan
Authors: Soghayroun Intisar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Islam entered the Sudan as early as the 7th century in a peaceful process. It is clear from both literary and archaeological evidence that Islam has had a presence in Sudan since the first century of the Muslim era, the result of a nonorganized, peaceful process in the Nile Valley, and in the Sahel and deserts through the assimilation of Arab and Beja nomads. From the beginning it has been associated with Sufism, which is reflected in material culture. Thus, instead of the mosque as the main building of religious practice, the khalwa (Quran school) and the qubba (domed saints tomb) are of great significance. Continuity with older forms of belief and practice are also attested in the Islamic archaeology and the material culture of the Sudan, notably in above-ground funerary monuments.
China
Authors: Armijo Jacqueline M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough the study of the archaeology of China is a well-developed field, the study of the archaeology of Islam in China, as a field, is virtually unknown. There are no books covering the topic and no articles providing an overview of the state of the field across China. There are however, a handful of scholars who have focused on specific examples of Islamic archaeology in China. The majority of this work is on the archaeological finds found in the coastal city of Quanzhou. China’s Muslim population today is conservatively estimated to be more than 23 million, and is made up of ten different ethnic minority groups. This chapter focuses on the largest group, the Hui. The study of the archaeology of Islam in China is made especially challenging for several reasons. Between the 7th and 15th centuries there were two major waves of Muslim immigrants to different regions of China, and between the 18th and 19th centuries there were several periods of violent uprisings that resulted in major Muslim communities being decimated and their mosques and monuments destroyed. In the 20th century, during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) mosques, together with all places of religious worship in China, came under systematic attack throughout the country. Given the dearth of surviving examples of early Chinese Islamic material culture, this chapter also discusses some of small Chinese Islamic art collections found within museums around the world, as well as early 20th-century photographic collections that document mosques and tombs that have not survived.