bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Two-Stage Combustion Process in a Natural Gas Spark Ignition Engine Based on Multi-Wiebe Function Model
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Ulishney Chris , Dumitrescu Cosmin Emil 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Wiebe function is a simple and cost-effective analytical approach to approximate the burn rates in internal combustion (IC) engines. Previous studies indicated that a double-Wiebe function model can better describe the two-stage combustion process inside diesel engines retrofitted to natural gas (NG) spark ignition (SI) compared with a single-Wiebe function. Specifically, the two Wiebe functions are associated with the bowl burn and the squish burn. However, the long tail in the energy release at the end of combustion produces some differences between experiment and model, which can be attributed to the complexity of the late oxidation process inside the post-flame zone and the incomplete combustion of the unburned mixture flowing out from engine crevices. To improve the matching between the model and experimental data, this paper investigated the effect of adding a third Wiebe function just to describe the long tail in the energy release at the end of combustion. The results indicated that such a methodology greatly improved the fitting accuracy in terms of phasing and magnitude of the heat release rate in each combustion stage.
Naevus of Ota: clinical characteristics and proposal for a new ocular classification and grading system
Authors: Vishnevskia-Dai Vicktoria , Moroz Iris , Davidy Tal , Zloto Keren , Birger Yael , Fabian Ido Didi , Ben Simon Guy , Priel Ayelet , Zloto Ofira 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionNaevus of Ota is a congenital condition that may involve the skin, eyeball and even intracranial structures usually in the distribution of the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal cranial nerve. The purpose of this study was to summarise our experience with the ocular clinical presentation, imaging, outcome, treatment of complications and to offer a new classification of patients with naevus of Ota.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the patients’ medical records and the following parameters were retrieved and analysed: demographics, clinical presentation complications and treatment of complications. Imaging characteristics of patients with naevus of Ota were compared with images from the same period of time of 57 age-matched and gender-matched patients without naevus of Ota (control group).ResultsThe series was composed of 40 patients (18 males, 22 females) whose mean age at diagnosis was 35.27 years (range 0.5–77 years). Thirty-three patients (82.5%) were type I naevus of Ota according to the Tanino classification, three patients (7.5%) were type II, one patient (2.5%) was type III and three patient (7.5%) were type IV (bilateral naevus of Ota). We further classified all cases in according to the ocular involvement extent. Three patients developed malignant transformation to choroidal melanoma and four patients developed glaucoma.ConclusionsIn this study, a new clinical classification based on the involved ocular component and extent of the involvement (in quadrants) of the globe is suggested first. Further studies are needed to assess whether our clinical ocular classification can assist in identifying patients at risk for developing glaucoma and malignant transformation.
The potential global gains in health and revenue from increased taxation of tobacco, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages: a modelling analysis
Authors: Summan Amit , Stacey Nicholas , Birckmayer Johanna , Blecher Evan , Chaloupka Frank J , Laxminarayan Ramanan 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionGlobally, a growing burden of morbidity and mortality is attributable to lifestyle behaviours, and in particular to the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). In low-income and middle-income countries, this increased disease burden falls on already encumbered and resource-constrained healthcare systems. Fiscal policies, specifically taxation, can lower consumption of tobacco, alcohol and SSB while raising government revenues.MethodsWe simulated the health and economic effects of taxing cigarettes, alcohol and SSB over 50 years for 30–79 years old populations using separate mathematical models for each commodity that incorporated country-level epidemiological, demographic and consumption data. Based on data availability, national-level health effects of higher tobacco, alcohol and SSB taxes were simulated in 141, 166 and 176 countries, respectively, which represented 92%, 97% and 95% of the global population, respectively. Economic effects for tobacco, alcohol and SSB were estimated for countries representing 91%, 43% and 83% of the global population, respectively. These estimates were extrapolated to the global level by matching countries according to income level.ResultsOver 50 years, taxes that raise the retail price of tobacco, alcoholic beverages and SSB by 20% could result in a global gain of 160.7 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 96.3 to 225.2 million), 227.4 million (UI: 161.2 to 293.6 million) and 24.3 million (UI: 15.7 to 35.4 million) additional life years, respectively.ConclusionExcise tax increases on tobacco, alcohol and SSB can produce substantial health gains by reducing premature mortality while raising government revenues, which could be used to increase public health funding.
A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify measures of breakthrough pain and evaluate their psychometric properties
Authors: Greenfield Katie , Holley Simone , Schoth Daniel Eric , Bayliss Julie , Anderson Anna-Karenia , Jassal Satbir , Rajapakse Dilini , Fraser Lorna Katharine , Mott Christine , Johnson Margaret , Wong Ian , Howard Richard , Harrop Emily , Liossi Christina 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionBreakthrough pain is common in children and adults with cancer and other conditions, including those approaching end-of-life, although it is often poorly managed, possibly partly due to a lack of validated assessment tools. This review aims to (1) identify all available instruments measuring breakthrough pain in infants, children, adolescents or adults and (2) critically appraise, compare and summarise the quality of the psychometric properties of the identified instruments using COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) criteria.Methods and analysisTwo searches will be carried out between October 2019 and January 2020, one for each aim of the review. The Cochrane Library, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar, the ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database, Evidence Search and OpenGrey databases will be searched from database inception until the date the search is conducted. Reference lists of eligible articles will be screened and authors in the field contacted. For search 1, articles will be screened by two reviewers by abstract, and full-text where necessary, to identify if a breakthrough pain assessment was used. Search 2 will then be conducted to identify studies evaluating measurement properties of these assessments. Two reviewers will screen articles from search 2 by title and abstract. All potentially relevant studies will be screened by full text by both reviewers. For search 2, data will be extracted in parallel with the quality assessment process, as recommended by COSMIN. Two reviewers will assess methodological quality using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist and the COSMIN updated criteria for good measurement properties. Findings will be summarised and, if possible, data will be pooled using meta-analysis. The quality of the evidence will be graded and summarised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) guidelines.Ethics and disseminationResults of this review will be submitted for publication in a peer review journal and presented at conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019155583.
Postsurgical rehabilitation for adults with low back pain with or without radiculopathy who were treated surgically: protocol for a mixed studies systematic review
Authors: Cancelliere Carol , Wong Jessica J. , Yu Hainan , Nordin Margareta , Mior Silvano , Pereira Paulo , Brunton Ginny , Shearer Heather , Connell Gaelan , Verville Leslie , Taylor-Vaisey Anne , Côté Pierre 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionSurgical rates for low back pain (LBP) have been increasing in Europe, North America and Asia. Many patients treated surgically will require postsurgical rehabilitation. Little is known about the effectiveness of postsurgical rehabilitation interventions on health outcomes or about patients’ experiences with these interventions.ObjectivesTo conduct a mixed studies systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies regarding: (1) the effectiveness and safety of postsurgical rehabilitation interventions for adults with LBP treated surgically and (2) the experiences of patients, healthcare providers, caregivers or others involved with the rehabilitation.Methods and analysisWe will search MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, the Index to Chiropractic Literature, the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials and the Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source for peer-reviewed empirical studies published from inception in any language. Studies using quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies will be included. We will also search reference lists of all eligible articles. Data extraction will include type of presurgical pathology, indication for surgery, surgical procedure, how the intervention was delivered and by whom, context and setting. We will conduct a quality assessment of each study and consider study quality in our evidence synthesis. We will use a sequential approach at the review level to synthesise and integrate data. First, we will synthesise the quantitative and qualitative studies independently, conducting a meta-analysis of the quantitative studies if appropriate and thematic synthesis of the qualitative studies. Then, we will integrate the quantitative and qualitative evidence by juxtaposing the findings in a matrix.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this knowledge synthesis. Findings will be disseminated through knowledge translation activities including: (1) presentations at national and international conferences and scientific meetings; (2) presentations to local and international stakeholders; (3) publications in peer-reviewed journals and (4) posts on organisational websites.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019134607.
Relative contributions of hospital versus skilled nursing facility quality on patient outcomes
Authors: Chatterjee Paula , Qi Mingyu , Werner Rachel 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundHospitals and health systems worldwide have adopted value-based payment to improve quality and reduce costs. In the USA, skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) are now financially penalised for higher-than-expected readmission rates. However, the extent to which SNFs contribute to, and should thus be held accountable for, readmission rates is unknown. To compare the relative contributions of hospital and SNF quality on readmission rates while controlling for unobserved patient characteristics.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries, 2010–2016. Acute care hospitals and SNFs in the USA. Medicare beneficiaries with two hospitalisations followed by SNF admissions, divided into two groups: (1) patients who went to different hospitals but were discharged to the same SNF after both hospitalisations and (2) patients who went to the same hospital but were discharged to different SNFs. Hospital-level and SNF-level quality, using a lagged measure of 30-day risk-standardised readmission rates (RSRRs). Readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge.ResultsThere were 140 583 patients who changed hospitals but not SNFs, and 183 232 who changed SNFs but not hospitals. Patients who went to the lowest-performing hospitals (highest RSRR) had a 0.9% higher likelihood of readmission (p=0.005) compared with patients who went to the highest-performing hospitals (lowest RSRR). In contrast, patients who went to the lowest-performing SNFs had a 2% higher likelihood of readmission (p<0.001) compared with patients to went to the highest-performing SNFs.ConclusionsThe association between SNF quality and patient outcomes was larger than the association between hospital quality and patient outcomes among postacute care patients. Holding postacute care providers accountable for their quality may be an effective strategy to improve SNF quality.
Clinical reasoning framework for thoracic spine exercise prescription in sport: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Heneghan Nicola R , Lokhaug Svein M , Tyros Isaak , Longvastøl Sigurd , Rushton Alison 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundThe thoracic spine is critical for athletic kinetic chain functioning yet widely overlooked in terms of specific evidenced-based exercise prescription. Thoracic mobility, motor control and strength are required to optimise performance in sport and minimise excessive load/stress on other components of the kinetic chain.ObjectiveTo identify and evaluate mobility, motor control, work capacity and strength thoracic exercises for use in athletes.DesignSystematic review involving expert reviewers at key stages: searches and screening (n=1), eligibility, evaluation, data extraction and evaluation (n=3). Key databases and social media sources were searched to 16 August 2019. Eligible exercises were thoracic exercises to promote mobility, motor control, work capacity and strength. A narrative synthesis enabled an outcome-based classification of exercises, with level of evidence of individual sources informing overall level of evidence for each outcome (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine).ResultsFrom 2348 sources (social media, database searches and other sources), 38 exercises were included. Sources included images, video clips and written descriptions of exercises. Exercises targeting all planes of motion were evaluated and classified according to outcome. Exercises comprised functional and non-functional exercises for mobility (n=9), work capacity (n=15), motor control (n=7) and strength (n=7). Overall level of evidence for each outcome was level 5.ConclusionThis synthesis and evaluation of exercises has captured the scope of thoracic exercises used in ‘practice’. Evaluation against an expert-derived outcome-based classification provides practitioners with a framework to facilitate exercise prescription. Evaluation of validity and effectiveness of exercises on outcomes is now required.
Evaluating the impact of penalising the use of mobile phones while driving on road traffic fatalities, serious injuries and mobile phone use: a systematic review
Authors: Olsson Bjørn , Pütz Hannah , Reitzug Fabian , Humphreys David K 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundA vast literature has demonstrated that using mobile phones while driving increases the risk of road traffic crashes. In response, policy-makers have introduced bans and harsher penalties on using mobile phones while driving. Even though emerging evidence suggests that such measures may reduce mobile phone use and crashes, the literature has not been systematically reviewed and synthesised.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of penalising mobile phone use while driving on road traffic fatalities, serious injuries and the prevalence of mobile phone use while driving.MethodsWe employed a comprehensive search strategy using electronic databases, websites, handsearching and other sources to locate studies evaluating legislation on mobile phone use while driving. Randomised controlled trials, interrupted time series’, controlled before–after studies with control(s) not exposed to harsher sanctions and panel data designs were included if they measured the outcomes of fatalities, serious injuries or the prevalence of mobile phone use while driving. Eligible studies were critically appraised. Due to substantial heterogeneity, the results were synthesised narratively. The synthesis structured studies according to the type of legislation and outcome measure.ResultsOf the 7420 studies retrieved, 32 were included. The evidence on the effects of penalising mobile phone use while driving was weak, and somewhat inconsistent, but pointed to a potential decrease in the prevalence of mobile phone use and fatalities for all-driver primary enforcement hand-held bans and texting bans.ConclusionsPreventing fatalities from risky driving practices may be helped by implementing harsher laws that penalise mobile phone use while driving.
Baryogenesis in $$f(Q,{\mathcal { T}})$$ gravity
Authors: Bhattacharjee Snehasish , Sahoo P. K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe article communicates exploration of gravitational baryogenesis in presence of$$f(Q,{\mathcal { T}})$$f(Q,T)gravity whereQdenote the nonmetricity and$${\mathcal { T}}$$Tthe trace of the energy momentum tensor. We study various baryogenesis interactions proportional to$$\dot{Q}$$Q˙and$$\dot{Q}f_{Q}$$Q˙fQfor the$$f(Q,{\mathcal { T}})$$f(Q,T)gravity model$$f(Q,{\mathcal { T}})=\alpha Q ^{n+1} + \beta {\mathcal { T}}$$f(Q,T)=αQn+1+βT, where$$\alpha $$α,$$\beta $$βandnare model parameters. Additionally we report the viable parameter spaces for which an observationally consistent baryon-to-entropy can be generated. Our results indicate that$$f(Q,{\mathcal { T}})$$f(Q,T)gravity can contribute significantly and consistently to the phenomenon of gravitational baryognesis.
Operatorial characterization of Majorana neutrinos
Authors: Fujikawa Kazuo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Majorana neutrino $$\psi _{M}(x)$$ψM(x) when constructed as a superposition of chiral fermions such as $$\nu _{L} + C\overline{\nu _{L}}^{T}$$νL+CνL¯T is characterized by $$ (\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P}) \psi _{M}(x)(\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P})^{\dagger } =i\gamma ^{0}\psi _{M}(t,-\vec {x})$$(CP)ψM(x)(CP)†=iγ0ψM(t,-x→), and the CP symmetry describes the entire physics contents of Majorana neutrinos. Further specifications of C and P separately could lead to difficulties depending on the choice of C and P. The conventional $$ \mathcal{C} \psi _{M}(x) \mathcal{C}^{\dagger } = \psi _{M}(x)$$CψM(x)C†=ψM(x) with well-defined P is naturally defined when one constructs the Majorana neutrino from the Dirac-type fermion. In the seesaw model of Type I or Type I+II where the same number of left- and right-handed chiral fermions appear, it is possible to use the generalized Pauli–Gursey transformation to rewrite the seesaw Lagrangian in terms of Dirac-type fermions only; the conventional C symmetry then works to define Majorana neutrinos. In contrast, the “pseudo C-symmetry” $$\nu _{L,R}(x)\rightarrow C\overline{\nu _{L,R}(x)}^{T}$$νL,R(x)→CνL,R(x)¯T (and associated “pseudo P-symmetry”), that has been often used in both the seesaw model and Weinberg’s model to describe Majorana neutrinos, attempts to assign a nontrivial charge conjugation transformation rule to each chiral fermion separately. But this common construction is known to be operatorially ill-defined and, for example, the amplitude of the neutrinoless double beta decay vanishes if the vacuum is assumed to be invariant under the pseudo C-symmetry.
Study of interference effects in the search for flavour-changing neutral current interactions involving the top quark and a photon or a Z boson at the LHC
Authors: Barros Maura , Castro Nuno Filipe , Erdmann Johannes , Geßner Gregor , Kröninger Kevin , La Cagnina Salvatore , Peixoto Ana 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFlavour-changing neutral-current interactions of the top quark can be searched for in top-quark pair production with one top quark decaying to an up-type quark and a neutral boson, and they can be searched for in the single production of a top quark in association with such a boson. Both processes interfere if an additional up-type quark is produced in the case of single production. The impact of these interference effects on searches for flavour-changing neutral currents at the LHC is studied for the case where the neutral boson is a photon or a Z boson. Interference effects are found to be smaller than variations of the renormalisation and factorisation scales.
Zip and velcro bifurcations in competition models in ecology and economics
Authors: Gallas Jason A. C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDuring the last six years or so, a number of interesting papers discussed systems with line segments of equilibria, planes of equilibria, and with more general equilibrium configurations. This note draws attention to the fact that such equilibria were considered previously by Miklós Farkas (1932–2007), in papers published in 1984–2005. He called zip bifurcations those involving line segments of equilibria, and velcro bifurcations those involving planes of equilibria. We briefly describe prototypical situations involving zip and velcro bifurcations.
Effect of Si substrate modification on improving the crystalline quality, optical and electrical properties of thermally-evaporated BaSi2 thin-films for solar cell applications
Authors: Lien Mai Thi Kieu , Usami Noritaka 
Published: March 2020

We have grown orthorhombic barium disilicide ([Formula: see text]) thin-films on modified silicon (Si) substrates by a thermal evaporation method. The surface modification of Si substrate was performed by a metal-assisted chemical etching method. The effects of etching time [Formula: see text] on crystalline quality as well as optical and electrical properties of the [Formula: see text] films were investigated. The obtained results showed that substrate modification can enhance the crystalline quality and electrical properties; reduce the light reflection; and increase the absorption of the [Formula: see text] thin-films. The [Formula: see text] of 8 s was chosen as the optimized condition for surface modification of Si substrate. The achieved inferred short-circuit current density, Hall mobility, and minority carrier lifetime of the [Formula: see text] film at [Formula: see text] of 8 s were [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]s, respectively. These results confirm that the [Formula: see text] thin-film evaporated on the modified Si substrate is a promising absorber for thin-film solar cell applications.
Subaqueous mass movements in the context of observations of contemporary slope failure
Authors: Mountjoy Joshu J. , Georgiopoulou Aggeliki , Chaytor Jason , Clare Michael A. , Gamboa Davide , Moernaut Jasper 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The consequences of subaqueous landslides have been at the forefront of societal conscience more than ever in the last few years, with devastating and fatal events in the Indonesian Archipelago making global news. The new research presented in this volume demonstrates the breadth of ongoing investigation into subaqueous landslides, and shows that while events like the recent ones can be devastating, they are smaller in scale than those Earth has experienced in the past. Understanding the spectrum of subaqueous landslide processes, and therefore the potential societal impact, requires research across all spatial and temporal scales. This volume delivers a compilation of state-of-the-art papers covering regional landslide databases, advanced techniques for
in situ
measurements, numerical modelling of processes and hazards.