bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police BWCs as ‘Neutral Observers’: Perceptions of public defenders
Authors: Gaub Janne E , Naoroz Carolyn , Malm Aili 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The research on police body-worn cameras (BWCs) has rapidly expanded to evaluate the technology’s impact on a range of police outcomes. Far fewer studies have addressed the various effects on downstream criminal justice actors, and those that do have focused almost entirely on prosecutors. Thus, public defenders have remained on the periphery of the police BWC discussion, despite playing an important role as an end-user of the technology. This study draws on qualitative data from focus groups with public defenders in the Commonwealth of Virginia to discuss the perception of BWCs as neutral observers in a police–citizen encounter. We then provide implications and recommend avenues for future research.
Risk factors for herpes zoster in patients with rheumatic diseases: a nationwide cohort study in Korea
Authors: Ryu Hee Jung , Han Jin-Ok , Lee Sang Ah , Seo Mi Ryoung , Choi Hyo Jin , Ko Kwang-Pil , Baek Han Joo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
To determine the risk factors for herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with rheumatic diseases in Korea.

Methods
We used the nationwide database of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service to analyse patients aged ≥20 years who had visited a hospital more than twice for rheumatic disease as a principal diagnosis from January 2009 to April 2013. HZ was identified using HZ-related Korean Standard Classification of Diseases 6 (KCD-6) codes and the prescription of antiviral agents. The relationship between demographics, comorbidities and medications and HZ risk was analysed by Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
HZ developed in 1869 patients. In Cox proportional hazards models, female sex but not age showed an increased adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for HZ. Comorbidities such as haematologic malignancies, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic lung and liver diseases led to an increased HR. HZ risk was higher in patients with SLE (HR: 4.29, 95% CI: 3.49, 5.27) and Behçet’s syndrome (BS, HR: 4.54; 95% CI: 3.66, 5.64) than with RA. The use of conventional DMARDs, immunosuppressants, TNF inhibitors, glucocorticoids and NSAIDs increased the HR. Infliximab and glucocorticoids (equivalent prednisolone dose &gt;15 mg/day) produced the highest HZ risk (HR: 2.91, 95% CI: 1.72, 4.89; HR: 2.85, 95% CI: 2.15, 3.77, respectively).

Conclusion
Female sex, comorbidities and medications increased HZ risk in patients with rheumatic diseases and even young patients could develop HZ. Compared with RA, SLE and BS are stronger HZ risk factors. Patients with rheumatic diseases and these risk factors are potential target populations for HZ vaccination.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Children: A Study of Contacts of Index Paediatric Cases in India
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Saravu Kavitha , Varma Muralidhar , PM Afsal , Shetty Seema , Umakanth Shashikiran 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The susceptibility of children to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and transmission of COVID-19 from children to others is a relatively unexplored area. The aim of this study was to understand the transmission dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in children. This was a retrospective observational study where a total of 19 paediatric index cases (including a set of twins) with COVID-19 and 42 primary contacts (adults—36, paediatric—6) from the immediate family members were included. All the index cases and four of the five positive contacts were asymptomatic. Despite adults staying with positive children in the same vehicle, same room in the quarantine centre and the same ward, only four of the parents became positive.
Chronic Pain Patients Exhibit Individually Unique Cortical Signatures of Pain
Authors: Mayr Astrid , Jahn Pauline , Stankewitz Anne , Deak Bettina , Winkler Anderson , Witkovsky Viktor , Eren Ozan , Straube Andreas , Schulz Enrico 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe investigated how the trajectory of pain patients’ ongoing and fluctuating pain is encoded in the brain. In repeated fMRI sessions, 20 chronic back pain patients and 20 chronic migraineurs were asked to continuously rate the intensity of their endogenous pain. Linear mixed effects models were used to disentangle cortical processes related to pain intensity and to pain intensity changes. We found that the intensity of pain in chronic back pain patients is encoded in the anterior insula, the frontal operculum, and the pons; the change of pain of chronic back pain and chronic migraine patients is mainly encoded in the anterior insula. At the individual level, we identified a more complex picture where each patient exhibited their own signature of endogenous pain encoding. The diversity of the individual cortical signatures of chronic pain encoding results adds to the understanding of chronic pain as a complex and multifaceted disease.
Explicit knowledge of task structure is the primary determinant of human model-based action
Authors: Castro-Rodrigues Pedro , Akam Thomas , Snorasson Ivar , Marta Camacho M , Paixão Vitor , Barahona-Corrêa J. Bernardo , Dayan Peter , Simpson H. Blair , Costa Rui M. , Oliveira-Maia Albino J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExplicit information obtained through instruction profoundly shapes human choice behaviour. However, this has been studied in computationally simple tasks, and it is unknown how model-based and model-free systems, respectively generating goal-directed and habitual actions, are affected by the absence or presence of instructions. We assessed behaviour in a novel variant of a computationally more complex decision-making task, before and after providing information about task structure, both in healthy volunteers and individuals suffering from obsessive-compulsive (OCD) or other disorders. Initial behaviour was model-free, with rewards directly reinforcing preceding actions. Model-based control, employing predictions of states resulting from each action, emerged with experience in a minority of subjects, and less in OCD. Providing task structure information strongly increased model-based control, similarly across all groups. Thus, explicit task structural knowledge determines human use of model-based reinforcement learning, and is most readily acquired from instruction rather than experience.
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin on presentation to rule out myocardial infarction: a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Anand Atul , Lee Kuan Ken , Chapman Andrew R. , Ferry Amy V. , Adamson Phil D. , Strachan Fiona E. , Berry Colin , Findlay Iain , Cruikshank Anne , Reid Alan , Collinson Paul O. , Apple Fred S. , McAllister David A. , Maguire Donogh , Fox Keith A.A. , Newby David E. , Tuck Chris , Harkess Ronald , Keerie Catriona , Weir Christopher J. , Parker Richard A. , Gray Alasdair , Shah Anoop S.V. , Mills Nicholas L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesHigh-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays enable myocardial infarction to be ruled out earlier, but the efficacy and safety of this approach is uncertain. We investigated whether an early-rule out pathway is safe and effective for the management of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome.DesignA stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial.SettingSeven acute care hospitals in Scotland.Participants31,492 consecutive patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome between December 2014 to December 2016.InterventionSites were randomised to implement an early rule-out pathway where myocardial infarction was ruled out if high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentrations were <5 ng/L at presentation. During a prior validation phase, myocardial infarction was ruled out where troponin concentrations were < 99th centile at 6-12 hours after symptom onset.Main outcome measuresThe co-primary outcome was length of stay (efficacy), and myocardial infarction or cardiac death after discharge at 30 days (safety). Patients were followed for 1 year to evaluate the safety outcome and other secondary outcomes.ResultsWe enrolled 31,492 patients (59±17 years, 45% women) with troponin concentrations < 99th centile at presentation. The length of stay was reduced from 10.1±4.1 to 6.8±3.9 hours (adjusted geometric mean ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73 to 0.83, P< 0.001) following implementation, and the proportion of patients discharged increased from 50% to 71% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.59, 95% CI 1.45 to 1.75). Non-inferiority was not demonstrated for the 30-day safety outcome (upper limit of one-sided 95% CI for adjusted risk difference 0.70%, non-inferiority margin 0.50%, P = 0.068), but the observed differences favoured the early rule-out pathway (0.4% [57/14,700] versus 0.3% [56/16,792]). At 1 year, the safety outcome occurred in 2.7% (396/14,700) and 1.8% (307/16,792) of patients before and after implementation (aOR 1.02, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.40, P = 0.894), and there were no differences in hospital reattendance or all-cause mortality.ConclusionsImplementation of an early rule-out pathway for myocardial infarction reduced length of stay and hospital admission. Whilst non-inferiority for the safety outcome was not demonstrated at 30 days, there was no increase in cardiac events at 1 year. Adoption of this pathway will have major benefits for patients and healthcare providers.Trial registrationhttp://ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03005158
Evaluation of Nanopore sequencing technology to differentiateSalmonellaserotypes and serotype variants with the same or closely related antigenic formulae
Authors: Xu Feng , Ge Chongtao , Li Shaoting , Tang Silin , Wu Xingwen , Luo Hao , Deng Xiangyu , Zhang Guangtao , Stevenson Abigail , Baker Robert C. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTOur previous study demonstrated that whole genome sequencing (WGS) data generated by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) can be used for rapid and accurate prediction ofSalmnonellaserotypes. However, one limitation is that established methods for WGS-based serotype prediction cannot differentiate certain serotypes and serotype variants with the same or closely related antigenic formulae. This study aimed to evaluate Nanopore sequencing and corresponding data analysis for differentiation of these serotypes and serotype variants, thus overcoming this limitation. Five workflows that combined different flow cells, library construction methods and basecaller models were evaluated and compared. The workflow that consisted of the R9 flow cell, rapid sequencing library construction kit and guppy basecaller with base modified model performed best for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis. With this workflow, as high as 99.98% matched the identity of the assembled genomes and only less than five high quality SNPs (hqSNPs) between ONT and Illumina sequencing data were achieved. SNP typing allowed differentiation of Choleraesuissensu stricto, Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf, Choleraesuis var. Decatur, Paratyphi C, and Typhisuis that share the same antigenic formula 6,7:c:1,5. Prophage prediction further distinguished Orion var. 15+and Orion var. 15+, 34+. Our study improves the readiness of ONT as aSalmonellasubtyping and source tracking tool for food industry applications.HighlightsSalmonellaserotypes or serotype variants with the same antigenic formula were differentiated by SNP typing.Nanopore sequencing followed by phage prediction identified theSalmonellaserotype variants caused by phage conversion.The latest ONT technology is capable of high fidelity SNP typing ofSalmonella.
Speech auditory-motor adaptation lacks an explicit component: reduced adaptation in adults who stutter reflects limitations in implicit sensorimotor learning
Authors: Kim Kwang S. , Max Ludo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe neural mechanisms underlying stuttering remain poorly understood. A large body of work has focused on sensorimotor integration difficulties in individuals who stutter, including recently the capacity for sensorimotorlearning. Typically, sensorimotor learning is assessed with adaptation paradigms in which one or more sensory feedback modalities are experimentally perturbed in real-time. Our own previous work on speech with perturbed auditory feedback revealed substantial auditory-motor learning limitations in both children and adults who stutter (AWS). It remains unknown, however, which sub-processes of sensorimotor learning are impaired. Indeed, new insights from research on upper-limb motor control indicate that sensorimotor learning involves at least two distinct components: (a) an explicit component that includes intentional strategy use and presumably is driven by target error, and (b) an implicit component that updates an internal model without awareness of the learner and presumably is driven by sensory prediction error. Here, we attempted to dissociate these components for speech auditory-motor learning in AWS vs. adults who do not stutter (AWNS). Our formant-shift auditory-motor adaptation results replicated previous findings that such sensorimotor learning is limited in AWS. Novel findings are that neither control nor stuttering participants reported any awareness of changing their productions in response to the auditory perturbation, and that neither group showed systematic drift in auditory target judgments made throughout the adaptation task. These results indicate that speech auditory-motor adaptation relies exclusively on implicit learning processes. Thus, limited adaptation in AWS reflects poor implicit sensorimotor learning.
Epigenetic clock and methylation studies in cats
Authors: Raj Ken , Szladovits Balazs , Haghani Amin , Zoller Joseph A. , Li Caesar Z. , Horvath Steve 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTHuman DNA methylation profiles have been used successfully to develop highly accurate biomarkers of aging (“epigenetic clocks”). Although these human epigenetic clocks are not immediately applicable to all species of the animal kingdom, the principles underpinning them appear to be conserved even in animals that are evolutionarily far removed from humans. This is exemplified by recent development of epigenetic clocks for mice and other mammalian species. Here, we describe epigenetic clocks for the domestic cat (Felis catus), based on methylation profiles of CpGs with flanking DNA sequences that are highly conserved between multiple mammalian species. Methylation levels of these CpGs are measured using a custom-designed Infinium array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40). From these, we present 3 epigenetic clocks for cats; of which, one applies only to blood samples from cats, while the remaining two dual-species human-cat clocks apply both to cats and humans. As the rate of human epigenetic ageing is associated with a host of health conditions and pathologies, it is expected that these epigenetic clocks for cats would do likewise and possess the potential to be further developed for monitoring feline health as well as being used for identifying and validating anti-aging interventions.
Visual speech differentially modulates beta, theta, and high gamma bands in auditory cortex
Authors: Ganesan Karthik , Plass John , Beltz Adriene M. , Liu Zhongming , Grabowecky Marcia , Suzuki Satoru , Stacey William C. , Wasade Vibhangini S. , Towle Vernon L. , Tao James X , Wu Shasha , Issa Naoum P , Brang David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSpeech perception is a central component of social communication. While principally an auditory process, accurate speech perception in everyday settings is supported by meaningful information extracted from visual cues (e.g., speech content, timing, and speaker identity). Previous research has shown that visual speech modulates activity in cortical areas subserving auditory speech perception, including the superior temporal gyrus (STG), potentially through feedback connections from the multisensory posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). However, it is unknown whether visual modulation of auditory processing in the STG is a unitary phenomenon or, rather, consists of multiple temporally, spatially, or functionally distinct processes. To explore these questions, we examined neural responses to audiovisual speech measured from intracranially implanted electrodes within the temporal cortex of 21 patients undergoing clinical monitoring for epilepsy. We found that visual speech modulates auditory processes in the STG in multiple ways, eliciting temporally and spatially distinct patterns of activity that differ across theta, beta, and high-gamma frequency bands. Before speech onset, visual information increased high-gamma power in the posterior STG and suppressed beta power in mid-STG regions, suggesting crossmodal prediction of speech signals in these areas. After sound onset, visual speech decreased theta power in the middle and posterior STG, potentially reflecting a decrease in sustained feedforward auditory activity. These results are consistent with models that posit multiple distinct mechanisms supporting audiovisual speech perception and provide a crucial map for subsequent studies to identify the types of visual features that are encoded by these separate mechanisms.
Label-free and Multimodal Second Harmonic Generation Light Sheet Microscopy
Authors: Hanrahan Niall , Lane Simon I. R. , Johnson Peter , Bourdakos Konstantinos , Brereton Christopher , Ridley Robert A. , Davies Elizabeth R. , Hosny Neveen A. , Spickermann Gunnar , Forster Robert , Malcolm Graeme , Davies Donna , Jones Mark G. , Mahajan Sumeet 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLight sheet microscopy (LSM) has emerged as one of most profound three dimensional (3D) imaging tools in the life sciences over the last decade. However, LSM is currently performed with fluorescence detection on one- or multi-photon excitation. Label-free LSM imaging approaches have been rather limited. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging is a label-free technique that has enabled detailed investigation of collagenous structures, including its distribution and remodelling in cancers and respiratory tissue, and how these link to disease. SHG is generally regarded as having only forward- and back-scattering components, apparently precluding the orthogonal detection geometry used in Light Sheet Microscopy. In this work we demonstrate SHG imaging on a light sheet microscope (SHG-LSM) using a rotated Airy beam configuration that demonstrates a powerful new approach to direct, without any further processing or deconvolution, 3D imaging of harmonophores such as collagen in biological samples. We provide unambiguous identification of SHG signals on the LSM through its wavelength and polarisation sensitivity. In a multimodal LSM setup we demonstrate that SHG and two-photon signals can be acquired on multiple types of different biological samples. We further show that SHG-LSM is sensitive to changes in collagen synthesis within lung fibroblast 3D cell cultures. This work expands on the existing optical methods available for use with light sheet microscopy, adding a further label-free imaging technique which can be combined with other detection modalities to realise a powerful multi-modal microscope for 3D bioimaging.
Nonlinear decoding of natural images from large-scale primate retinal ganglion recordings
Authors: Kim Young Joon , Brackbill Nora , Batty Ella , Lee JinHyung , Mitelut Catalin , Tong William , Chichilnisky E.J. , Paninski Liam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDecoding sensory stimuli from neural activity can provide insight into how the nervous system might interpret the physical environment, and facilitates the development of brain-machine interfaces. Nevertheless, the neural decoding problem remains a significant open challenge. Here, we present an efficient nonlinear decoding approach for inferring natural scene stimuli from the spiking activities of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Our approach uses neural networks to improve upon existing decoders in both accuracy and scalability. Trained and validated on real retinal spike data from > 1000 simultaneously recorded macaque RGC units, the decoder demonstrates the necessity of nonlinear computations for accurate decoding of the fine structures of visual stimuli. Specifically, high-pass spatial features of natural images can only be decoded using nonlinear techniques, while low-pass features can be extracted equally well by linear and nonlinear methods. Together, these results advance the state of the art in decoding natural stimuli from large populations of neurons.Author summaryNeural decoding is a fundamental problem in computational and statistical neuroscience. There is an enormous literature on this problem, applied to a wide variety of brain areas and nervous systems. Here we focus on the problem of decoding visual information from the retina. The bulk of previous work here has focused on simple linear decoders, applied to modest numbers of simultaneously recorded cells, to decode artificial stimuli. In contrast, here we develop a scalable nonlinear decoding method to decode natural images from the responses of over a thousand simultaneously recorded units, and show that this decoder significantly improves on the state of the art.
Direct Visualization of Protein Kinase A Activation on DNA Origami using Fast-Scan Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Mela Ioanna , Ladant Daniel , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Endo Masayuki , Edwardson J. Michael , Henderson Robert M. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTDNA origami nanostructures provide a unique platform for the direct observation of protein-protein interactions at the single-molecule level. Here, we used DNA origami in combination with fast-scan atomic force microscopy to observe the activation-induced dissociation of individual protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzymes. The PKA holoenzyme consists of two regulatory (R) and two catalytic (C) subunits. When cAMP binds to the R subunits it causes dissociation of the C subunits from the R subunit dimer and activation of the enzyme. Using a DNA origami platform, we were able to observe the activation of PKA in response to photolysis of caged cAMP. Furthermore, exploiting the potential of DNA origami for precise positioning of biomolecules, we were able to position the catalytic subunit of adenylyl cyclase in close proximity to PKA and to observe the activation of PKA in response to cAMP produced by adenylyl cyclase. We provide tools for the observation of signalling pathways at the single-molecule level and show that the C subunits of PKA dissociate from the holoenzyme but stay within ~10 nm of the R subunit dimer upon activation.