bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower-Dose, Intravenous Chlorothiazide Is an Effective Adjunct Diuretic to Furosemide Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Carpenter Ryan J. , Kouyoumjian Shaghig , Moromisato David Y. , Lieu Phuong , Amirnovin Rambod 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVESPostoperative fluid overload is ubiquitous in neonates and infants following operative intervention for congenital heart defects; ineffective diuresis is associated with poor outcomes. Diuresis with furosemide is widely used, yet there is often resistance at higher doses. In theory, furosemide resistance may be overcome with chlorothiazide; however, its efficacy is unclear, especially in lower doses and in this population. We hypothesized the addition of lower-dose, intravenous chlorothiazide following surgery in patients on high-dose furosemide would induce meaningful diuresis with minimal side effects.METHODSThis was a retrospective, cohort study. Postoperative infants younger than 6 months, receiving high-dose furosemide, and given lower-dose chlorothiazide (1–2 mg/kg every 6–12 hours) were identified. Diuretic doses, urine output, fluid balance, vasoactive-inotropic scores, total fluid intake, and electrolyte levels were recorded.RESULTSThere were 73 patients included. The addition of lower-dose chlorothiazide was associated with a significant increase in urine output (3.8 ± 0.18 vs 5.6 ± 0.27 mL/kg/hr, p &lt; 0.001), more negative fluid balance (16.1 ± 4.2 vs −25.0 ± 6.3 mL/kg/day, p &lt; 0.001), and marginal changes in electrolytes. Multivariate analysis was performed, demonstrating that increased urine output and more negative fluid balance were independently associated with addition of chlorothiazide. Subgroup analysis of 21 patients without a change in furosemide dose demonstrated the addition of chlorothiazide significantly increased urine output (p = 0.03) and reduced fluid balance (p &lt; 0.01), further validating the adjunct effects of chlorothiazide.CONCLUSIONLower-dose, intravenous chlorothiazide is an effective adjunct treatment in postoperative neonates and infants younger than 6 months following cardiothoracic surgery.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endovascular Infection in a Neonate: Prolonged, Safe, and Effective Use of Daptomycin and Enoxaparin
Authors: Chan Joshua I. , Noor Asif , Clauss Christie , Aggarwal Renu , Nayak Amrita 
Published: December 2019

We report on a former 28-week gestation neonate with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis, with a heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation. The neonate became clinically ill after 1 week of life, with positive blood cultures for MRSA. Echocardiography revealed large thrombi in the inferior vena cava and right atrium. Bacteremia persisted despite removal of umbilical arterial and venous catheters and empiric administration of therapeutic doses of vancomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 2 mg/L) and ceftazidime. To narrow therapy, ceftazidime was discontinued, while gentamicin and rifampin were added. Cultures remained positive and, therefore, linezolid was added, and subsequent blood cultures became negative. Since prolonged linezolid use of 2 weeks or longer carries potential adverse effects, antibiotics were changed to daptomycin, which is bactericidal and recommended for treatment of invasive MRSA infections when vancomycin MICs are ≥2 mg/L to minimize vancomycin treatment failure.
Enoxaparin was initiated, with anti-Xa assay monitoring. A workup for thrombophilia revealed heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation. Serial echocardiograms demonstrated decreasing size of the thrombi, which were no longer visualized at 2 months of age. Creatinine kinase remained normal. The infant had no seizures on daptomycin. The management of persistent MRSA bacteremia in neonates associated with a large thrombus poses a unique challenge due to the long duration of treatment.
To our knowledge, this is the first case of prolonged and safe daptomycin and enoxaparin use in a preterm neonate. Daptomycin may be considered in cases of clinical failure with vancomycin when a lengthy treatment course is contemplated.
Occurrence of Oculo Cardiac Reflex During Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Shalini Gujjula , Chakrapani K. , Harsha Netra , Karanam Sairani , Nambula Srinivasarao 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the occurrence of the oculocardiac reflex (OCR) and its associated risk factors during strabismus surgery at a tertiary referral center.

Methods:
Over a 8 months period, all strabismus surgery candidates were enrolled in the study. OCR was defined as heart rate reduction ≥20% after traction on extraocular muscle(s). The rate of OCR was determined and possible associations were explored. Variables included age, gender, type of strabismus, nature of surgery (weakening versus strengthening), and specified extraocular muscle.

Results:
Eighty four patients with mean age of 17.2 ± 8.7 years were enrolled. OCR occurred in 24 (28.6%) patients, 57 (36.5%) out of 156 operated muscles, and 18 (21.4%) of 23 GA cases. OCR was more common in subjects less than 20 years of age; however, it showed a decreasing trend afterwards. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is significantly associated with the occurrence of OCR. OCR was not correlated with gender, type of strabismus, nature of surgery.

Conclusion:
The great majority of patients undergoing strabismus surgery, especially younger subjects, and those undergoing GA experience OCR during surgery.
Mercury in Water
Authors: Gu Baohua , Lu Xia , Johs Alexander , Pierce Eric M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMercury (Hg) is a global pollutant threatening our water resources and human health. Every one of us contains some levels of Hg or methylmercury (MeHg) in our body from consumption of contaminated food such as fish and rice in some countries. Our understanding of the behavior of Hg in natural aquatic environments is limited because the key factors controlling microbial uptake and conversion of inorganic Hg to neurotoxic MeHg remain obscure. MeHg concentrations in water can bioaccumulate up to eight orders of magnitude in the food chain. Metallic or elemental Hg can evaporate and be transported around the globe, plus it readily undergoes chemical, photochemical, and biological transformations (i.e. oxidation, reduction, methylation, and demethylation) in water and sediments. Natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in mediating these transformations because of its exceptionally strong binding affinity for Hg and its dual functional roles in reducing and oxidizing Hg. Recent discovery of Hg‐methylation genes has significantly advanced our understanding of MeHg biosynthesis, although the simultaneous degradation of MeHg at low concentrations (i.e. picomolar to nanomolar) by anaerobic and methanotrophic bacteria is also recognized now as a potentially important process for controlling net MeHg production, a key factor that determines Hg concentrations and bioaccumulation in biota. Treatment technologies for Hg removal from water are available, but they are mostly applicable to industrial waste streams and at contamination sites with high Hg concentrations (i.e. micromolar to millimolar). Reductions in Hg human exposure might be achievable by decreasing anthropogenic releases, such as coal combustion, over the long‐term since Hg methylation responds to Hg inputs, particularly to freshly deposited Hg in natural aquatic systems.
Disinfection and Antimicrobial Processes
Authors: Blatchley Ernest R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDisinfection and antimicrobial processes are applied for control of microbial populations in municipal and industrial settings. The central goal of these processes is to limit exposure to waterborne microorganisms that have the potential to adversely affect human populations, the environment, or industrial process equipment. The most commonly applied disinfectants are chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The behavior of chlorine‐based disinfection systems is governed by the physical chemistry of chlorine and the basic principles of reactor engineering. In the case of UV‐based systems, the overall process performance is governed by the physical (optical) and (photo)chemical behavior of UV radiation, as well as the fundamental principles of reactor behavior. However, because of the geometric, physical, and photochemical characteristics of UV disinfection systems, the application of basic principles of reactor engineering to these systems differs from analogous applications to chemical disinfection systems.
Microbial Exudates
Authors: Duckworth Owen W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMicrobes actively release myriad chemicals into the environment. The compounds impact the chemical environment, biological community, and biogeochemical processes in the immediate vicinity of the cell. This entry describes five operationally defined classes of compounds (e.g. extracellular polymeric substances, metallophores, enzymes, signaling compounds, and antibiotics) that are produced and exuded by microbes. These exudates play diverse roles in adhesion, nutrient uptake, intra‐organism interactions, and microbial ecology. In turn, they have macroscale impacts on ecosystem compositions, water resources, biogeochemical processes, and human health.
Pseudomonas mendocina
: Versatile Remediator from a Versatile Genus
Authors: DuBois Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Pseudomonas mendocina
is a ubiquitous, metabolically versatile Gram‐negative γ‐Proteobacterium with properties making it attractive for bioremediation applications. Several sequenced genomes are now available, making it possible to understand the organism's metabolic capabilities and its place in the genus. Efforts aimed at understanding the species, directed toward possible applications in carbon or metal bioremediation, mobilization of iron, or nitrogen oxide reduction, are reviewed.
Rainfall–Runoff Modeling Based on Genetic Programming
Authors: Babovic Vladan , Li Xin , Chadalawada Jayashree 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe rainfall–runoff process is highly nonlinear, time varying, spatially distributed, and not easily described by simple models. Various models have been developed to simulate this process, including lumped conceptual models, distributed physically based models, and empirical black‐box models. Either conceptual or distributed physically based models require a significant amount of data for calibration and validation, whereas in most cases, it is difficult to collect all the data necessary with sufficient accuracy for such models. Traditional black‐box models such as artificial neural networks provide means to ease the data demands for model calibration and validation; however, the information they provide add little insights for interpretation of the underlying process.Using data‐driven techniques such asgenetic programming(GP), one can attempt to model the rainfall–runoff process based on available hydrometeorology data. Genetic programming can also be used in combination with conceptual models to discover physically interpretable models or equations describing the physical processes. After a detailed review of the conventional applications of genetic programming in rainfall–runoff modeling, this article introduces a novel scheme of conceptual rainfall–runoff modeling based on GP. A tropical case study is provided as a prototype for illustration.
The Effects of Natural Mineral Coatings on Metal Transport in Contaminated Aquifers
Authors: Singer David M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNatural mineral coatings play an important role in controlling the transport of contaminants in soils and sediments. These materials contain complex mineral and organic components, and their formation, composition, and morphology are dependent on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the underlying grain and local (bio)geochemical conditions. Mineral coatings often have unique chemical and physical properties compared to primary minerals, which can affect their reactivity with respect to contaminant sequestration due to: (i) complex and variable porosity, which allows for limited flow potential within confined pore spaces; and (ii) a more chemically complex mineralogy and therefore type, abundance, and distribution of reactive surface sites. As the source material for mineral coatings can include both external components and material derived from the underlying surface, these materials therefore acts as a record of the recent environmental conditions to which they were exposed. Case studies are presented here highlighting the role that mineral coatings have in affecting the reactive transport of contaminants in near‐surface environments. Future work at the intersection of hydro(geo)logy, mineralogy, and (bio)geochemistry has the potential to yield a more unified understanding of contaminant transport through these complex material across a wide range of spatial regimes.
Community Science andCUAHSI
Authors: Hooper Richard P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI) was formed in 2002 with support from the US National Science Foundation to design and operate research facilities for the benefit of the academic water research community. Through a series of community meetings, workshops, and pilot projects, four facilities were advanced for possible funding: hydrologic observatories (highly instrumented field sites), a hydrologic measurement facility (to provide and to develop advanced field instrumentation), a data center (to publish, to access, and to provide data), and a national center for hydrologic synthesis (a facility to promote interdisciplinary scholarship in water). Only one of these facilities to support the hydrologic information system succeeded in attracting funding. The mixture of success and failure indicates fundamental challenges for hydrologic science that must be overcome to achieve its potential as a science and to advance scientific management of water resources.
Experimental Investigation of Solute Transport
Authors: McInnis Daniel P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLaboratory column tests are often used to study transport in porous media. The basic principle is simple: solutes are passed through a bed of soil or sediment and measured in the effluent solution. However, complex behaviors within the column can be identified through certain features of the breakthrough curve. Specific aspects of experimental design will vary depending on the objectives of the study, but theoretical and empirical work has yielded a set of guidelines that should be followed for all column tests. This article reviews the theory of miscible solute transport in saturated porous media, outlines key elements of the laboratory setup, and provides a framework for data analysis and interpretation. The reader will receive an overview of the experimental process from beginning to end, and learn the dos and don'ts of column studies.
Rapid Rate Biological Filtration in Drinking Water Treatment
Authors: MacGillivray Meaghan , Stoddart Amina K. , Gagnon Graham A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article discusses the design and operational criteria that impact rapid‐rate biofiltration performance with a focus on the removal of two contaminants typically found in sources of drinking water: natural organic matter and manganese. Rapid‐rate biofilters must meet particle and substrate treatment goals while maintaining adequate hydraulic performance. These treatment and operational goals can be achieved through practical biofilter design and a thorough monitoring strategy for performance indicators. Key design criteria include consideration of influent water temperature, any pretreatment processes, nutrient availability, media type, contact time, and backwash strategy. Thorough monitoring should include particle removal indicators (e.g. turbidity), substrate removal indicators (e.g. substrate concentration), hydraulic performance indicators (e.g. unit filter run volume) and biomass indicators (e.g. adenosine triphosphate, extracellular polymeric substances).
Application of Nanocomposite Membranes for Non‐Pressure‐Driven Separation Processes
Authors: Brant Jonathan A. , Shahabadi Seyed M.S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The global community grapples with a burgeoning water crisis as a result of exploding urban populations, climate change, and the finite character freshwater supplies. Despite the inherent challenges that this crisis presents, there have been many technological advancements that together give the world a new set of tools by which it may utilize nonfreshwater resources for beneficial purposes. These advancements have come in the form of new membrane‐based desalination processes, forward osmosis (FO), and membrane distillation (MD), which no longer rely on energy‐intensive hydraulic pumping to create freshwater. As such, we are now presented with the ability to desalinate water in more environmentally sustainable manners. In addition, with advancements in material science and nanotechnology we can engineer the properties of membranes to meet the unique requirements of FO and MD processes. Together, these advancements have greatly expanded the types of source waters that can be made potable. This article covers the relevant advancements in these areas to provide the reader with both the tools and the inspiration to create the separation processes of tomorrow that are needed to address the ongoing water crisis.
Utilization of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation of Agricultural Crops
Authors: Chen Yona , Tarchitzky Jorge 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe application in agriculture of treated wastewater (TWW) is expanding worldwide and in particular in dryland regions such as the Mediterranean region in general and the Middle East in particular. Freshwater, which was formerly directed to agriculture, is increasingly being utilized by the ever‐increasing municipal sector as a result of population increase and improved the standard of living. A major source that can account for the demand in the agricultural sector is TWW. Therefore, the percentage of wastewater that undergoes treatment is constantly increasing. This article will focus on the need to not only increase the quantity of TWW but to thoroughly enhance their quality prior to application. This article will focus on potential adverse effects related to TWW irrigation and will briefly discuss means that can be employed to reduce or avoid their effects. A number of undesired traits are higher in TWW than in their freshwater (FW) source. Of these, the most important ones are (i) organic – suspended and dissolved organic matter (DOM) and micro pollutants; and (ii) inorganic – total soluble salts, sodium, chloride, boron, and heavy metals. All of the above pose a threat to soil quality, as well as to plant and human health.
Analysis of Phosphorus Species in Water
Authors: Packa Vlastimil , Bostan Vadim , Furdui Vasile I. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A limiting nutrient for aquatic ecosystems, the natural and anthropogenic sourced phosphorus is present in surface waters. Monitoring of phosphorus in water samples and reduction procedures were developed to minimize the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. Phosphate is the most common phosphorus species in water, being present in anionic form (inorganic phosphate) or attached to a carbon‐based molecule (organic phosphate). Although various methods have been developed for phosphate and total phosphorus analysis, the spectrophotometric and ion chromatographic methods remain the most frequently used. Other methods discussed are based on capillary electrophoresis, inductively coupled plasma coupled to atomic emission spectrometry, electrochemical, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The simultaneous analysis of various phosphorus species was possible by coupling chromatographic separations with mass spectrometry, using either electrospray or inductively coupled plasma ionization.
Arsenic in Water: Speciation, Sources, Distribution, and Toxicology
Authors: Mukherjee* Sritama , Gupte* Tanvi , Jenifer Shantha Kumar , Thomas Tiju , Pradeep Thalappil 
Published: December 2019

AbstractArsenic (As), an elemental metalloid, occurs primarily in metallic and sulfide ores. Both natural (e.g. volcanoes, weathering, and leaching) and anthropogenic activities (e.g. mining, wood preservation, etc.) determine its current global distribution. Water sources (particularly groundwater), soil, and air are all likely to contain arsenic‐based species in regions near to the sources. From a human ecology standpoint,Asenters the human body primarily through food (which containsAsvia bioaccumulation) and contaminated water. The World Health Organization (WHO) and leading environmental monitoring agencies have declaredAscontamination as a serious concern. To address concerns,Asmitigation methods have been developed focusing on human beings (primarily using iron‐based supplements), and remediation of waters (primarily throughAsremoval). Ongoing scientific activities in this area include (i) research leading to increased understanding ofAsgeochemistry (e.g. occurrence, mobilization, geochemical cycles); (ii) revisiting water standards in a location‐specific manner; (iii) biochemistry/cellular toxicology, and its use in therapeutics; and (iv) efforts to mitigate impact ofAson humans subjected to chronic exposure. This article provides a comprehensive view of state‐of‐the‐art science and technology regardingAs.
Arsenic in Water: Fundamentals of Measurement and Remediation
Authors: Mukherjee Sritama , Gupte Tanvi , Jenifer Shantha Kumar , Thomas Tiju , Pradeep Thalappil 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn view of the deleterious environmental and health effects associated with arsenic (As) in water, a number of technologies have been developed to forewarn and assess its concentration. These methodologies range from colorimetric methods to sophisticated biosensors. Even then, affordable and reliable methodologies in the field are yet to evolve. Several methods forAsremoval are available ranging from adsorption to reverse osmosis, but the technology that would get deployed depends on the economic situation of the regions affected. Affordability is the most important parameter limiting the implementation of in‐line and on‐siteAsdetection techniques. On the positive side, from the standpoint of providingAs‐free water, gravity‐fed affordable solutions forAs‐free drinking water are possible with nanomaterials. Such technologies have already been implemented for delivering clean water to 0.6 million people. An overview of all of the developments, including emerging technologies forAssensing and mitigation are presented in this article.
Interception: Its Importance, its Isotopic Impact, and How to Model and Measure it
Authors: Savenije Hubert H.G. , Coenders‐Gerrits Miriam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInterception of precipitation by land cover and subsequent evaporation is an essential hydrological process. In the terrestrial hydrological cycle, it is the first process after precipitation. As such, it affects all subsequent processes in the cycle. Not only does interception amount to a considerable part of the total terrestrial evaporation (about 30–35% of total terrestrial evaporation, globally) it also has a considerable impact on terrestrial moisture recycling and isotope fractionation. Furthermore, it facilitates preferential recharge, which is advantageous to ecosystem and water resources, alike. If interception is not conceptualized correctly in hydrological models, then the calibration of runoff processes is negatively affected. This article provides the theoretical background to conceptualizing the interception process, as well as methods to observe and compute interception, illustrated with global distribution maps.