bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freedom of thought in Europe: do advances in ‘brain-reading’ technology call for revision?
Authors: Ligthart Sjors 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Since advances in brain-reading technology are changing traditional epistemic boundaries of the mind, yielding information from the brain that enables to draw inferences about particular mental states of individuals, the sustainability of the present framework of European human rights has been called into question. More specifically, it has been argued that in order to provide adequate human rights protection from non-consensual brain-reading, the right to freedom of thought should be revised, making it ‘fit for the future’ again. From the perspective of criminal justice, the present paper examines whether such a revision is necessary within the European legal context. It argues that under its current understanding, the right to freedom of thought would probably not cover the employment of most brain-reading applications in criminal justice. By contrast, the right to freedom of (non-)expression will provide legal protection in this regard and, at the same time, will also allow for certain exceptions. Hence, instead of revising the absolute right to freedom of thought, a legal approach tailored to non-consensual brain-reading could be developed under the already existing right not to convey information, ideas, and opinions as guaranteed under the freedom of (non-)expression. This might need to re-interpret the right to freedom of expression, rather than the right to freedom of thought.
Mating Competitiveness of Transgenic Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Males Against Wild-Type Males Reared Under Simulated Field Conditions
Authors: Kang David S , Cunningham Joanne M , Lovin Diane D , Chadee Dave D , Severson David W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Efforts directed at genetic modification of mosquitoes for population control or replacement are highly dependent on the initial mating success of transgenic male mosquitoes following their release into natural populations. Adult mosquito phenotypes are influenced by the environmental conditions experienced as larvae. Semifield studies conducted to date have not taken that under consideration when testing male mating fitness, and have compared mating success of males reared under identical environmental conditions. We performed pairwise mating challenges between males from a genetically modified laboratory strain (BF2) versus males from a recent Trinidad field isolate of Aedes aegypti (L.), a major vector of multiple arboviruses. We utilized larval density and nutrition to simulate environmental stress experienced by the Trinidad males and females. Our results indicated that environmental stress during larval development negatively influenced the competitiveness and reproductive success of males from the Trinidad population when paired with optimum reared BF2 males. Small (0.027 m3) and large (0.216 m3) trials were conducted wherein stressed or optimum Trinidad males competed with optimum BF2 males for mating with stressed Trinidad females. When competing with stress reared Trinidad males, optimum reared BF2 males were predominant in matings with stress reared Trinidad females, and large proportions of these females mated with males of both strains. When competing with optimum reared Trinidad males, no difference in mating success was observed between them and BF2 males, and frequencies of multiple matings were low. Our results indicate that future mating competition studies should incorporate appropriate environmental conditions when designing mating fitness trials of genetically modified males.
Refugees Who Mean Business: Economic Activities in and Around the Rohingya Settlements the Rohingya Settlements in Bangladesh
Authors: Filipski Mateusz J. , Rosenbach Gracie , Tiburcio Ernesto , Dorosh Paul , Hoddinott John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Refugee sites throughout the world are loci of economic activity, including small enterprises, but limited information exists on these. We advance knowledge by collecting and analysing data on 326 enterprises operating inside and outside Rohingya settlements in southeastern Bangladesh. We find the following: refugees have access to a diverse array of active businesses; Bangladeshis and Rohingya both operate businesses and the two communities interact through transactions in local goods, services, inputs, and labour markets; lending plays an important role in sustaining these economies, as approximately 50 per cent of transactions are on credit; Rohingya-run enterprises face greater challenges than their local counterparts: their businesses are smaller and less profitable, and refugee workers are paid lower wages than local workers; and about half of the difference in performance between Rohingya and Bangladeshis can be explained by levels of start-up capital, scale, location, and education.
The sensitivity of presupernova neutrinos to stellar evolution models
Authors: Kato Chinami , Hirai Ryosuke , Nagakura Hiroki 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We examine the sensitivity of neutrino emission to stellar evolution models for a 15 M⊙ progenitor, paying particular attention to a phase prior to the collapse. We demonstrate that the number luminosities in both electron-type neutrinos (νe) and their antipartners ($\bar{\nu }_\mathrm{ e}$) differ by more than an order of magnitude by changing spatial resolutions and nuclear network sizes on stellar evolution models. We also develop a phenomenological model to capture the essential trend of the diversity, in which neutrino luminosities are expressed as a function of central density, temperature, and electron fraction. In the analysis, we show that the neutrino luminosity can be well characterized by these central quantities. This analysis also reveals that the most influential quantity to the time evolution of νe luminosity is matter density, while it is temperature for $\bar{\nu }_\mathrm{ e}$. These qualitative trends will be useful and applicable to constrain the physical states of progenitors at the final stages of stellar evolution from future neutrino observations, although more detailed systematic studies including various mass progenitors are required to assess the applicability.
Characterizing the radio continuum nature of sources in the massive star-forming region W75N (B)
Authors: Rodríguez-Kamenetzky A , Carrasco-González C , Torrelles J M , Vlemmings W H T , Rodríguez L F , Surcis G , Gómez J F , Cantó J , Goddi C , Kim J S , Kim S -W , Añez-López N , Curiel S , van Langevelde H J 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The massive star-forming region W75N (B) is thought to host a cluster of massive protostars (VLA 1, VLA 2, and VLA 3) undergoing different evolutionary stages. In this work, we present radio continuum data with the highest sensitivity and angular resolution obtained to date in this region, using the VLA-A and covering a wide range of frequencies (4–48 GHz), which allowed us to study the morphology and the nature of the emission of the different radio continuum sources. We also performed complementary studies with multi-epoch Very Large Array (VLA) data and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) archive data at 1.3 mm wavelength. We find that VLA 1 is driving a thermal radio jet at scales of ≈0.1 arcsec (≈130 au), but also shows signs of an incipient hypercompact H ii region at scales of ≲1 arcsec (≲1300 au). VLA 3 is also driving a thermal radio jet at scales of a few tenths of arcsec (few hundred of au). We conclude that this jet is shock exciting the radio continuum sources Bc and VLA 4 (obscured Herbig–Haro objects), which show proper motions moving outward from VLA 3 at velocities of ≈112–118 km s−1. We have also detected three new weak radio continuum sources, two of them associated with millimetre continuum cores observed with ALMA, suggesting that these two sources are also embedded young stellar objects in this massive star-forming region.
Chemical abundances of Seyfert 2 AGNs – III. Reducing the oxygen abundance discrepancy
Authors: Dors O L , Maiolino R , Cardaci M V , Hägele G F , Krabbe A C , Pérez-Montero E , Armah M 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the discrepancy between oxygen abundance estimations for narrow-line regions of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) type Seyfert 2 derived using direct estimations of the electron temperature (Te-method) and those derived using photoionization models. In view of this, observational emission-line ratios in the optical range ($3000 \: \lt \: \lambda (\mathring{\rm A}) \: \lt 7000$) of Seyfert 2 nuclei compiled from the literature were reproduced by detailed photoionization models built with the cloudy code. We find that the derived discrepancies are mainly due to the inappropriate use of the relations between temperatures of the low (t2) and high (t3) ionization gas zones derived for H ii regions in AGN chemical abundance studies. Using a photoionization model grid, we derived a new expression for t2 as a function of t3 valid for Seyfert 2 nuclei. The use of this new expression in the AGN estimation of the O/H abundances based on Te-method produces O/H abundances slightly lower (about 0.2 dex) than those derived from detailed photoionization models. We also find that the new formalism for the Te-method reduces by about 0.4 dex the O/H discrepancies between the abundances obtained from strong emission-line calibrations and those derived from direct estimations.
Tidal evolution of eccentric binaries driven by convective turbulent viscosity
Authors: Vick Michelle , Lai Dong 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Tidal dissipation due to convective turbulent viscosity shapes the evolution of a variety of astrophysical binaries. For example, this type of dissipation determines the rate of orbital circularization in a binary with a post-main-sequence star that is evolving toward a common envelope phase. Viscous dissipation can also influence binaries with solar-type stars, or stars with a close-in giant planet. In general, the effective viscosity in a convective stellar envelope depends on the tidal forcing frequency ωtide; when ωtide is larger than the turnover frequency of convective eddies, the viscosity is reduced. Previous works have focused on binaries in nearly circular orbits. However, for eccentric orbits, the tidal potential has many forcing frequencies. In this paper, we develop a formalism for computing tidal dissipation that captures the effect of frequency-dependent turbulent viscosity and is valid for arbitrary binary eccentricities. We also present an alternative simpler formulation that is suitable for very high eccentricities. We apply our formalisms to a giant branch (GB) star model and a solar-type star model. We find that a range of pseudo-synchronous rotation rates are possible for both stellar models, and the pseudo-synchronous rate can differ from the prediction of the commonly used weak tidal friction theory by up to a factor of a few. We also find that tidal decay and circularization due to turbulent viscosity can be a few orders of magnitude faster than predicted by weak tidal friction in GB stars on eccentric, small pericentre orbits, but is suppressed by a few orders of magnitude in solar-type stars due to viscosity reduction.
Extreme close encounters between proto-Mercury and proto-Venus in terrestrial planet formation
Authors: Fang Tong , Deng Hongping 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Modern models of terrestrial planet formation require solids depletion interior to 0.5–0.7 au in the planetesimal disc to explain the small mass of Mercury. The Earth and Venus analogues emerge after ∼100 Myr collisional growth, while Mercury forms in the diffusive tails of the planetesimal disc. We carried out 250 N-body simulations of planetesimal discs with mass confined to 0.7–1.0 au to study the statistics of close encounters that were recently proposed as an explanation for the high iron mass fraction in Mercury. We formed 39 Mercury analogues in total and all proto-Mercury analogues were scattered inwards by proto-Venus. Proto-Mercury typically experiences six extreme close encounters (closest approach smaller than six Venus radii) with Proto-Venus after Proto-Venus acquires 0.7 Venus Mass. At such close separation, the tidal interaction can already affect the orbital motion significantly such that the N-body treatment itself is invalid. More and closer encounters are expected should tidal dissipation of orbital angular momentum accounted. Hybrid N-body hydrodynamic simulations, treating orbital and encounter dynamics self-consistently, are desirable to evaluate the degree of tidal mantle stripping of proto-Mercury.
A measurement of the Hubble constant from Type II supernovae
Authors: de Jaeger T , Stahl B E , Zheng W , Filippenko A V , Riess A G , Galbany L 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Progressive increases in the precision of the Hubble-constant measurement via Cepheid-calibrated Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have shown a discrepancy of ∼4.4σ with the current value inferred from Planck satellite measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the standard $\Lambda $cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model. This disagreement does not appear to be due to known systematic errors and may therefore be hinting at new fundamental physics. Although all of the current techniques have their own merits, further improvement in constraining the Hubble constant requires the development of as many independent methods as possible. In this work, we use SNe II as standardisable candles to obtain an independent measurement of the Hubble constant. Using seven SNe II with host-galaxy distances measured from Cepheid variables or the tip of the red giant branch, we derive H$_0= 75.8^{+5.2}_{-4.9}$ km s−1 Mpc−1 (statistical errors only). Our value favours that obtained from the conventional distance ladder (Cepheids + SNe Ia) and exhibits a difference of 8.4 km s−1 Mpc−1 from the Planck + ΛCDM value. Adding an estimate of the systematic errors (2.8 km s−1 Mpc−1) changes the ∼1.7σ discrepancy with Planck +ΛCDM to ∼1.4σ. Including the systematic errors and performing a bootstrap simulation, we confirm that the local H0 value exceeds the value from the early Universe with a confidence level of 95 per cent. As in this work, we only exchange SNe II for SNe Ia to measure extragalactic distances, we demonstrate that there is no evidence that SNe Ia are the source of the H0 tension.
Counts: an outstanding challenge for log-ratio analysis of compositional data in the molecular biosciences
Authors: Lovell David R , Chua Xin-Yi , McGrath Annette 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThanks to sequencing technology, modern molecular bioscience datasets are often compositions of counts, e.g. counts of amplicons, mRNAs, etc. While there is growing appreciation that compositional data need special analysis and interpretation, less well understood is the discrete nature of these count compositions (or, as we call them, lattice compositions) and the impact this has on statistical analysis, particularly log-ratio analysis (LRA) of pairwise association. While LRA methods are scale-invariant, count compositional data are not; consequently, the conclusions we draw from LRA of lattice compositions depend on the scale of counts involved. We know that additive variation affects the relative abundance of small counts more than large counts; here we show that additive (quantization) variation comes from the discrete nature of count data itself, as well as (biological) variation in the system under study and (technical) variation from measurement and analysis processes. Variation due to quantization is inevitable, but its impact on conclusions depends on the underlying scale and distribution of counts. We illustrate the different distributions of real molecular bioscience data from different experimental settings to show why it is vital to understand the distributional characteristics of count data before applying and drawing conclusions from compositional data analysis methods.
Efficient, quick and easy-to-use DNA replication timing analysis with START-R suite
Authors: Hadjadj Djihad , Denecker Thomas , Guérin Eva , Kim Su-Jung , Fauchereau Fabien , Baldacci Giuseppe , Maric Chrystelle , Cadoret Jean-Charles 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
DNA replication must be faithful and follow a well-defined spatiotemporal program closely linked to transcriptional activity, epigenomic marks, intranuclear structures, mutation rate and cell fate determination. Among the readouts of the spatiotemporal program of DNA replication, replication timing analyses require not only complex and time-consuming experimental procedures, but also skills in bioinformatics. We developed a dedicated Shiny interactive web application, the START-R (Simple Tool for the Analysis of the Replication Timing based on R) suite, which analyzes DNA replication timing in a given organism with high-throughput data. It reduces the time required for generating and analyzing simultaneously data from several samples. It automatically detects different types of timing regions and identifies significant differences between two experimental conditions in ∼15 min. In conclusion, START-R suite allows quick, efficient and easier analyses of DNA replication timing for all organisms. This novel approach can be used by every biologist. It is now simpler to use this method in order to understand, for example, whether ‘a favorite gene or protein’ has an impact on replication process or, indirectly, on genomic organization (as Hi-C experiments), by comparing the replication timing profiles between wild-type and mutant cell lines.
Treating systemic lupus erythematosus in the 21st century: new drugs and new perspectives on old drugs
Authors: Ruiz-Irastorza Guillermo , Bertsias George 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Besides treating acute flares, the management of SLE should aim at preventing organ damage accrual and drug-associated harms, improving health-related quality of life and prolonging survival. At present, therapy is based on combinations of antimalarials (mainly HCQ), considered the backbone of SLE treatment, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs. However, these regimens are not universally effective and a substantial degree of damage can be caused by exposure to glucocorticoids. In this review we provide a critical appraisal of the efficacy and safety of available treatments as well as a brief discussion of potentially novel compounds in patients with SLE. We emphasize the use of methylprednisolone pulses for moderate–severe flares, followed by low–moderate doses of oral prednisone with quick tapering to maintenance doses of ≤5 mg/day, as well as the prompt institution of immunosuppressive drugs in the setting of severe disease but also as steroid-sparing agents. Indications for the use of biologic agents, namely belimumab and rituximab, in refractory or organ-threatening disease are also presented. We conclude by proposing evidence- and experience-based treatment strategies tailored to the clinical scenario and prevailing organ involvement that can aid clinicians in managing this complex disease.
Intestinal and enthesis innate immunity in early axial spondyloarthropathy
Authors: Sharif Kassem , Bridgewood Charlie , Dubash Sayam , McGonagle Dennis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAxial SpA (axSpA), encompassing AS, is a multifactorial disease that localizes to sites of high spinal biomechanical stress. Much has been written on T cells and adaptive immunity in axSpA, which is understandable given the very strong HLA-B27 disease association. Extra-axial disease characteristically involves the anterior uveal tract, aortic root, lung apex and terminal ileum. Under recent classification, axSpA is classified as an intermediate between autoimmunity and autoinflammatory disease, with the latter term being synonymous with innate immune dysregulation. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the ‘danger signals’ from both the exogenous intestinal microbiotal adjuvants or pathogen-associated molecular patterns that access the circulation and endogenously derived damaged self-tissue or damage-associated molecular patterns derived from entheses and other sites of high biomechanical stress or damage that may serve as key drivers of axSpA onset, evolution, disease flares and eventual outcomes.
The role of anterior prefrontal cortex (area 10) in face-to-face deception measured with fNIRS
Authors: Pinti Paola , Devoto Andrea , Greenhalgh Isobel , Tachtsidis Ilias , Burgess Paul W , de C Hamilton Antonia F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Anterior prefrontal cortex (PFC, Brodmann area 10) activations are often, but not always, found in neuroimaging studies investigating deception, and the precise role of this area remains unclear. To explore the role of the PFC in face-to-face deception, we invited pairs of participants to play a card game involving lying and lie detection while we used functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to record brain activity in the PFC. Participants could win points for successfully lying about the value of their cards or for detecting lies. We contrasted patterns of brain activation when the participants either told the truth or lied, when they were either forced into this or did so voluntarily and when they either succeeded or failed to detect a lie. Activation in the anterior PFC was found in both lie production and detection, unrelated to reward. Analysis of cross-brain activation patterns between participants identified areas of the PFC where the lead player’s brain activity synchronized their partner’s later brain activity. These results suggest that during situations that involve close interpersonal interaction, the anterior PFC supports processing widely involved in deception, possibly relating to the demands of monitoring one’s own and other people’s behaviour.
How practitioners between bench and bedside evaluate biomedical translation?
Authors: Simons Arno , Hendriks Barbara , Reinhart Martin , Ahmed Faten 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile translational research (TR) aims at changing regulatory and organizational practices in the biomedical field, surprisingly little is known about how practitioners in the lab or the clinic think about translation. Addressing this gap, we present results from a Q-methodological study on the meanings and values associated with translation held by researchers, clinicians, and clinician scientists at two major German biomedical research institutions implementing TR strategies. We identify eight different collective understandings of translation, with respect to both where primary translational problems are located and what the most immediate and effective measures should be. Our findings suggest that there may not be a one-fits-all solution for improving translation and that general regulatory and organizational measures may be less effective than measures addressing specific audiences and their specific viewpoints. TR does, however, work well as an umbrella term in stimulating and orchestrating a productive interaction between various viewpoints, practices, and contexts.