bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Celebrating our history
Authors: Sheer Barbara 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The year 2020 is an historic year on many accounts. It was to be an international year of celebration for nurses and midwives but turned into a year of turmoil with the emergence of the coronavirus pandemic and a call for justice and social awareness. Nurses were in the forefront and demonstrated courage and heroic efforts in the face of devastating events. Advanced practice nurses need to document their stories. This becomes our legacy. In an effort to preserve our legacy, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners history committee is in the process of identifying the existing historical documents for preservation.
A New CT Parameter for Predicting Residual Hearing Preservation in Cochlear Implantation: The “Basal Turn–Facial Ridge Angle”
Authors: Kim Hantai , Choo Oak-Sung , Ha Jungho , Jang Jeong Hun , Park Hun Yi , Choung Yun-Hoon 
Published: December 2020

Objectives:
We suggest a simple measurement, called the “basal turn–facial ridge (BT–FR) angle,” for determining the electrode insertion axis using preoperative temporal bone computed tomography (CT) to predict hearing preservation (HP) in cochlear implantation (CI).

Study Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Eighty-two ears that underwent CI between 2010 and 2018 were included. Ears with preoperative thresholds less than or equal to 80 dB HL at 125, 250, and 500 Hz were enrolled and grouped using the criteria of Skarżyński et al.: Group 1, complete or partial HP; Group 2, minimal HP or complete hearing loss.

Intervention:
All subjects underwent CI with soft surgery techniques through the round window approach.

Main Outcome Measures:
The BT–FR angle is the angle between the basal turn line (BT-line), which is a straight line passing through the center of the longitudinal axis of the BT, and the facial ridge line, which is a straight line running from the endpoint of the BT-line to a point just above the facial ridge.

Results:
The BT–FR angle was 2.5 ± 2.9 degrees in Group 1 and –0.3 ± 2.7 degrees in Group 2 (p = 0.003). The angle and hearing loss showed a significant negative correlation (r = –0.401, p = 0.002). In multiple linear regression, “age at operation” (β coefficient 0.260; p = 0.001) and the “BT–FR angle” (–1.967; p = 0.001) were significant variables affecting the degree of residual hearing loss.

Conclusions:
The BT–FR angle, which can be measured simply, may be useful to predict residual HP after CI.
Unusual suicide by a speargun shot
Authors: Barranco Rosario , Caputo Fiorella , Pinto Sara Lo , Drommi Martina , Ventura Francesco 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Rationale:
Only a few cases of accidental deaths due to speargun injuries are reported in the literature. Murder or suicide cases are even rarer.

Patient concerns:
A 59-year-old male with a history of major depression and previous suicide attempts, was found, still alive and conscious, with a spear in his mouth and a fishing speargun a few meters away. The spear then penetrated the cranium and crossed the entire left cerebral hemisphere.

Diagnoses:
The patient underwent a retrograde removal of the spear. During the surgery, there was a massive encephalic bleeding. After about 2 days of coma, brain death was confirmed. An autopsy was performed to determine the cause of death.

Interventions:
The scalp presented hemorrhagic infiltrates in the left parieto-temporal region. There were an acute subdural hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. At the opening of the lateral ventricles a massive fronto-parieto-temporal hematoma was evident. The skull base had a massive hemorrhagic infiltration and a circular fracture of about 0.5 cm in diameter, due to the penetration of the spear. The hard palate showed a circular solution of continuity with net margins whose diameter was consistent with the size of the spear.

Outcomes:
The cause of death was attributed to the traumatic cranial-encephalic lesions due to the speargun shot in the mouth.

Lessons:
The investigation into unusual cases of death constitutes a complex matter and requires a careful evaluation on the part of the forensic pathologist. A differential diagnosis may be necessary in order to rule out simulated suicide/homicide. In this particular case, the analysis of the scene of the self-suppression event and available circumstantial information, the evaluation of clinical data, the complete autopsy and the comparison between the injuries of the victim and the characteristics of the weapon used led to the confirmation of the suicidal nature of the death.
Diagnosis value preoperative localization of insulinoma by diffusion-weighted imaging
Authors: Chen Li-Jun , Han Yue-Dong , Zhang Ming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Insulinoma is the most common functional neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the islet of beta cells. Insulinoma is usually an isolated benign tumor and small in size (<2 cm). Due to the small size of the lesion, it often leads to difficulty in clinical preoperative localization diagnosis. However, we have unexpectedly discovered that the diffusion-weighted-imaging (DWI) adds great value in the preoperative localization diagnosis of insulinoma in non-invasive examination technique.
We verified using operative pathology data and retrospectively analyzed the clinical and imageology findings of 5 cases who reported to have an insulinoma. All the 5 cases underwent DWI examination, among non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 1 case, contrast-enhanced MRI in 4 cases.
Five cases of DWI showed a nodular high signal <1.3 cm with pancreatic tail in 3 cases, pancreatic neck, and pancreatic head in 1 case each, respectively. Non-contrast enhanced MRI showed suspicious abnormal signals in the tail of the pancreas were detected in 1 case. MRI enhanced scans presented 2 cases with abnormal enhancement in the arterial phase and 2 cases without abnormal enhancement in arterial phase. Also, 3 cases showed mild persistence enhanced in the portal venous phase and delayed phase. However, 1 case remained normal in the portal venous phase and the delay period.
DWI examination has high clinical value in the localization diagnosis of insulinoma and thus it can be used as a routine examination for preoperative localization diagnosis.
Increased signal intensity of spinal cord on T2W magnetic resonance imaging for cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients
Authors: Yin Li-qiang , Zhang Jian , Wu Yong-gui , Li Jin-hui , Yang Qing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To investigate the risk factors for progression of increased signal intensity (ISI) on T2W magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its prognostic value in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).
A total of 109 patients with CSM were included in this study. All the patients were treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. MRI was performed for all 109 patients preoperatively and at the final follow-up. Radiological evaluation included ISI, anterior compression (AC) of dural and spinal cord, hyperintensity region (HR) at the involved level. Clinical data including Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, Neck Disability Index (NDI) score, and Visual Analogue Scale were collected and evaluated. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to ISI grades (Group A: no hyper-intensity; Group B: presence of ISI). Then all patients presented with ISI were divided into 2 subgroups based on the range of HR (Group B1: hyper-intensity diameter accounts for less than half of the spinal cord diameter at the involved level; Group B2, hyper-intensity diameter accounts for more than half of the spinal cord diameter at the involved level). AC, disease duration, age, and gender were analyzed as potential risk factors.
Significantly better JOA and NDI scores were observed in Group A preoperatively and at the final follow-up, compared to Group B (P < .05). Disease duration was found significantly longer in patients with ISI (P < .05). Notably better JOA and NDI scores were noticed in Group B1 rather than Group B2 (P < .05). Logistical regression showed that disease duration was the only factor that significantly correlated with the progress of ISI (P < .001).
CSM patients with ISI on T2W MR images had poorer surgical outcomes compared to others, while the increased range of HR may deteriorate preoperative neurological function. Moreover, patients with longer disease duration had greater risk of ISI in spinal cord.
Bisphosphonate for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee
Authors: Shen Zhen , Chen Zehua , Xie Zhuoting , Xu Yanfei , Wang Tao , Li Jiao , Yuan Changfei , Liu Jinqing , Shi Xiaodong , Ai Yuanliang , Dong Wei , Guo Ying 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background:
Bisphosphonates are commonly used to treat spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK), while there are no relevant systematic review or meta-analysis designed to evaluate the effects of bisphosphonates on SONK.

Methods:
We will identify relevant randomized controlled trials from the PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, up to March 20, 2020. Data that meets the inclusion criteria will be extracted and analyzed using RevMan V.5.3 software. Two reviewers will assess quality of the included studies by using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Egger test and Begg test will be used to evaluate publication bias. And Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation will be employed to assess the quality of evidence.

Results:
In this study, we will analyze the effect of bisphosphonates on pain intensity, physical function, biochemical including alkaline phosphatase, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, and C-terminal type I collagen telopeptide, radiological outcome (evaluated by using Magnetic resonance imaging) and ratio of secondary surgery for patients with SONK.

Conclusion:
Our findings will provide evidence for the effectiveness and potential treatment prescriptions of bisphosphonates acupuncture for patients affected by SONK.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura in a patient with oesophageal cancer
Authors: Chen Haonan , Li Chao , Ye Wenli , Ye Wei , Xu Hui , Jiang Qingwei , Huo Zhen , Zhao Xinyan , Li Hang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Rationale:
Understanding the association between Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) and malignancy is essential for early diagnosis and treatment of the potential lethal disease. To the best of our knowledge, there has been only one published case of HSP coexisting with oesophageal cancer. Here, we report another patient diagnosed with HSP and oesophageal squamous carcinoma simultaneously.

Patient concerns:
A 60-year-old Chinese male was referred to our hospital because of intermittent abdominal pain, abdominal distension, melena, lower extremities purpura. Positive laboratory values included pancytopenia, microscopic hematuria, nephrotic proteinuria, hematochezia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypocomplementemia, and increased levels of hepatobiliary enzymes and immunoglobulin (Ig) A. Gastrocolonoscopy showed multiple erosion lesion on descending duodenum, terminal ileum, and ileal flap. Biopsy of these lesions suggested non-specific inflammation.

Diagnoses:
HSP (IIIb type) was diagnosed based on renal pathology examination in accordance with the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC) classification. Liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of nodular cirrhosis (Ishak 5). Gastroscopy unintentionally revealed three oesophagus lesions. Pathology study suggested intermediate differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (cTNM IB).

Interventions:
Before admission, he was administered intravenous Ig 10 g once daily(qd) for 10 days, methylprednisolone 40 mg qd for a week, followed by prednisolone 50 mg qd for almost 8 weeks. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was performed to remove all lesions with negative margin after prednisolone was tapered (5 mg per week until 10 mg qd).

Outcomes:
Despite prednisone being tapered to 2.5 mg qd within 2 months, complete remission of HSP and esophageal malignancy was achieved after the resection of the esophagus lesions during 12 months follow-up.

Lessons:
We report a rare case of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma initially presented as HSP. This case suggests the importance of evaluating adult patients with HSP for an underlying malignancy.
Immunotherapy Use in Patients With Lung Cancer and Comorbidities
Authors: von Itzstein Mitchell S. , Gonugunta Amrit S. , Mayo Helen G. , Minna John D. , Gerber David E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is now in widespread clinical use for the treatment of lung cancer. Although patients with autoimmune disease and other comorbidities were excluded from initial clinical trials, emerging real-world experience suggests that these promising treatments may be administered safely to individuals with inactive low-risk autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, mild to moderate renal and hepatic dysfunction, and certain chronic viral infections. Considerations for ICI in autoimmune disease populations include exacerbations of the underlying autoimmune disease, increased risk of ICI-induced immune-related adverse events, and potential for compromised efficacy if patients are receiving chronic immunosuppression. Immune checkpoint inhibitor use in higher-risk autoimmune conditions, such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis, requires careful evaluation on a case-by-case basis. Immune checkpoint inhibitor use in individuals with solid organ transplant carries a substantial risk of organ rejection. Ongoing research into the prediction of ICI efficacy and toxicity may help in patient selection, treatment, and monitoring.
Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer—Improving Outcomes in Patients With Locally Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer With Immunotherapy
Authors: Sun Lova , Aggarwal Charu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Patients with locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a heterogenous group encompassing stage IIIA–IIIC disease, often have surgically unresectable cancer and are managed with concurrent chemoradiation. Since the establishment of platinum-based chemoradiation as standard of care for unresectable locally advanced NSCLC, various strategies including escalating radiation dose, targeted therapies, antiangiogenic agents, and induction or consolidation chemotherapy have failed to show improvement in outcomes. However, recently, use of consolidation immunotherapy with durvalumab following concurrent chemoradiation therapy has been associated with improvement in survival and has led to a paradigm shift. In this review, we will summarize results from trials of immunotherapy in locally advanced NSCLC and comment on ongoing trials and potential future investigations.
Overview of Lung Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Sanmamed Miguel F. , Eguren-Santamaria Iñaki , Schalper Kurt A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnti–PD-(L)1 therapy represents a turning point in lung cancer immunotherapy, moving from previously ineffective enhancer strategies to immune checkpoints as standard first- and second-line therapies. This unprecedented success highlights the importance of mechanisms to escape immune attack, such PD-1/PD-L1 axis, and emphasize the importance to better understand the tumor immune microenvironment. Analyzing the specifics of immune response against lung tumor cells and how malignant cells progressively adapt to this pressure may help to understand which are the key aspects to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here we review the past and present of clinical lung cancer immunotherapy and give a perspective for the future development based on emerging biological insights.
Direct-drive laser fusion: status, plans and future
Authors: Campbell E. M. , Sangster T. C. , Goncharov V. N. , Zuegel J. D. , Morse S. F. B. , Sorce C. , Collins G. W. , Wei M. S. , Betti R. , Regan S. P. , Froula D. H. , Dorrer C.  , Harding D. R. , Gopalaswamy V. , Knauer J. P. , Shah R. , Mannion O. M. , Marozas J. A. , Radha P. B. , Rosenberg M. J. , Collins T. J. B. , Christopherson A. R. , Solodov A. A. , Cao D. , Palastro J. P. , Follett R. K. , Farrell M. 
Published: December 2020

Laser-direct drive (LDD), along with laser indirect (X-ray) drive (LID) and magnetic drive with pulsed power, is one of the three viable inertial confinement fusion approaches to achieving fusion ignition and gain in the laboratory. The LDD programme is primarily being executed at both the Omega Laser Facility at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics and at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. LDD research at Omega includes cryogenic implosions, fundamental physics including material properties, hydrodynamics and laser–plasma interaction physics. LDD research on the NIF is focused on energy coupling and laser–plasma interactions physics at ignition-scale plasmas. Limited implosions on the NIF in the ‘polar-drive’ configuration, where the irradiation geometry is configured for LID, are also a feature of LDD research. The ability to conduct research over a large range of energy, power and scale size using both Omega and the NIF is a major positive aspect of LDD research that reduces the risk in scaling from OMEGA to megajoule-class lasers. The paper will summarize the present status of LDD research and plans for the future with the goal of ultimately achieving a burning plasma in the laboratory.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
Factors influencing the commercialization of inertial fusion energy
Authors: Koepke M. E. 
Published: December 2020

Managing the IFE pathway to fusion electricity will involve management of commericalization scope, schedule, cost and risk. The technology pathway to economical fusion power comprises the commercialization scope. Industry assumes commercialization risk in fielding its own pre-pilot plant research programme for this compact-fusion pathway without the benefit of a federally coordinated IFE research and development programme. The cost of commercializing the mass-production of inexpensive targets and insisting on high reliability, availability, maintainability and inspectability has a major impact on the economics of commercializing fusion power plants. Schedule vulnerability for inertial fusion energy arises from the sensitivity of time-based roadmap stages to uncertainties in the pace of scientific understanding and technology development, as well as to unexpected and inexplicable changes of the budgeting process. Rather than rely on a time-based roadmap, a milestone-based roadmap is maximally appropriate, especially for industry and investors who are particularly well-suited to taking the risks associated with reaching the target milestones provided by the government. Milestones must be identified and optimally sequenced and the necessary resources must be delineated. Progress on the above factors, since the outcomes of recent U.S., U.K. and EUROfusion roadmapping exercises were released, are reported.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
One-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of low convergence ratio direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions
Authors: Paddock R. W. , Martin H. , Ruskov R. T. , Scott R. H. H. , Garbett W. , Haines B. M. , Zylstra A. B. , Aboushelbaya R. , Mayr M. W. , Spiers B. T. , Wang R. H. W. , Norreys P. A. 
Published: December 2020

Indirect drive inertial confinement fusion experiments with convergence ratios below 17 have been previously shown to be less susceptible to Rayleigh–Taylor hydrodynamic instabilities, making this regime highly interesting for fusion science. Additional limitations imposed on the implosion velocity, in-flight aspect ratio and applied laser power aim to further reduce instability growth, resulting in a new regime where performance can be well represented by one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic simulations. A simulation campaign was performed using the 1D radiation-hydrodynamics code HYADES to investigate the performance that could be achieved using direct-drive implosions of liquid layer capsules, over a range of relevant energies. Results include potential gains of 0.19 on LMJ-scale systems and 0.75 on NIF-scale systems, and a reactor-level gain of 54 for an 8.5 MJ implosion. While the use of 1D simulations limits the accuracy of these results, they indicate a sufficiently high level of performance to warrant further investigations and verification of this new low-instability regime. This potentially suggests an attractive new approach to fusion energy.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
Neural correlates of sleep recovery following melatonin treatment for pediatric concussion: a randomized control trial
Authors: Iyer Kartik K. , Zalesky Andrew , Cocchi Luca , Barlow Karen M. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTEvidence-based treatments for children with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) are few and limited. Common PPCS complaints such as sleep disturbance and fatigue could be ameliorated via the supplementation of melatonin, which has significant neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to identify neural correlates of melatonin treatment with changes in sleep disturbances and clinical recovery in a pediatric cohort with PPCS. We examined structural and functional neuroimaging (MRI) in 62 children with PPCS in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 3mg or 10mg of melatonin (NCT01874847). The primary outcome was the total youth self-report Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI) score after 28 days of treatment. Secondary outcomes included the change in the sleep domain PCSI score and sleep-wake behavior (assessed using wrist-worn actigraphy). Whole-brain analyses of (i) functional connectivity (FC) of resting-state fMRI, and (ii) structural grey matter (GM) volumes via voxel-based morphometry were assessed immediately before and after melatonin treatment and compared to placebo in order to identify neural effects of melatonin treatment. Increased FC of posterior default mode network (DMN) regions with visual, somatosensory and dorsal networks was detected in the melatonin groups over time. FC increases also corresponded with reduced wake periods (r=−0.27,p=0.01). Children who did not recover (n=39) demonstrated significant FC increases within anterior DMN and limbic regions compared to those that did recover (i.e. PCSI scores returned to pre-injury leveln=23) over time, (p=0.026). Increases in GM volume within the posterior cingulate cortex were found to correlate with reduced wakefulness after sleep onset (r=−0.32,p=0.001) and sleep symptom improvement (r=0.29,p=0.02). Although the melatonin treatment trial was negative and did not result in PPCS recovery (with or without sleep problems), the relationship between melatonin and improvement in sleep parameters were linked to changes in function-structure within and between brain regions interacting with the DMN.