bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unfair Burdens Argument Against Carbon Pricing
Authors: Tank Lukas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCarbon pricing is one of the most politically important approaches for the mitigation of climate change in the world today. Most political actors who are not committed to climate change denial favor carbon pricing, either as emissions trading or carbon taxation. In this article, I argue that carbon pricing should be considered unfair in most of its forms. I present a line of criticism called the Unfair Burdens Argument. It states that the most politically relevant ways to price carbon needlessly burden the less affluent more than the more affluent. This is unfair because, among other things, the more affluent have on average done more to create the problem of climate change in the first place. Principles for the fair distribution of burdens under climate change mitigation like the Polluter Pays Principle, which were thought to support carbon pricing, turn out to speak against it, when interpreted properly. Although the Unfair Burdens Argument on its own cannot show that carbon pricing is impermissible, it offers important clues for what a morally permissible form of climate change mitigation would look like.
Enhanced liver but not muscle OXPHOS in diabetes and reduced glucose output by complex I inhibition
Authors: Alimujiang Miriayi , Yu Xue‐ying , Yu Mu‐yu , Hou Wo‐lin , Yan Zhong‐hong , Yang Ying , Bao Yu‐qian , Yin Jun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMitochondrial function is critical in energy metabolism. To fully capture how the mitochondrial function changes in metabolic disorders, we investigated mitochondrial function in liver and muscle of animal models mimicking different types and stages of diabetes. Type 1 diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The db/db mice were used as type 2 diabetic model. High‐fat diet‐induced obese mice represented pre‐diabetic stage of type 2 diabetes. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of isolated mitochondria was measured with Clark‐type oxygen electrode. Both in early and late stages of type 1 diabetes, liver mitochondrial OXPHOS increased markedly with complex IV‐dependent OXPHOS being the most prominent. However, ATP, ADP and AMP contents in the tissue did not change. In pre‐diabetes and early stage of type 2 diabetes, liver mitochondrial complex I and II‐dependent OXPHOS increased greatly then declined to almost normal at late stage of type 2 diabetes, among which alteration of complex I‐dependent OXPHOS was the most significant. In contrast, muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS in HFD, early‐stage type 1 and 2 diabetic mice, did not change. In vitro, among inhibitors to each complex, only complex I inhibitor rotenone decreased glucose output in primary hepatocytes without cytotoxicity both in the absence and presence of oleic acid (OA). Rotenone affected cellular energy state and had no effects on cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Taken together, the mitochondrial OXPHOS of liver but not muscle increased in obesity and diabetes, and only complex I inhibition may ameliorate hyperglycaemia via lowering hepatic glucose production.
The effect of freeze‐thaw cycles on determination of immunoreactive plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations in horses
Authors: Hu Ke , Stewart Allison J. , Yuen Ka Y. , Hinrichsen Sophia , Dryburgh Elizabeth L. , Bertin François‐René 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundDetermination of plasma adrenocotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration (endogenous or thyrotropin‐releasing hormone [TRH] stimulation test) is the most commonly used diagnostic test for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. Because ACTH is unstable, samples often are frozen to be shipped to laboratories or to allow for batch analysis of research samples. However, the effect of multiple freeze‐thaw cycles on equine ACTH is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of multiple freeze‐thaw cycles on immunoreactive ACTH concentration.AnimalsTwenty‐eight horses ranging from 10 to 27 years of age were used.MethodsProspective study. Horses were divided into 4 groups: group 1, PPID‐negative, without TRH stimulation; group 2, PPID‐negative, with TRH stimulation; group 3, PPID‐positive, without TRH stimulation; and group 4, PPID‐positive, with TRH stimulation. Whole blood was collected from each horse at baseline or 30 minutes after TRH stimulation. Immunoreactive plasma ACTH concentration was determined using a chemiluminescence assay. Plasma samples then were frozen at −80°C >24 hours, thawed at 4°C and reanalyzed for 5 freeze‐thaw cycles. Changes in plasma ACTH concentration were analyzed using a linear mixed‐effect model.ResultsSignificant effects of freeze‐thaw cycles (P= .001) and PPID status (P= .04) on plasma ACTH concentration were observed, but no significant effect of TRH stimulation was identified.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe plasma ACTH concentration is altered by freeze‐thaw cycles, and the effect is observed sooner in horses with PPID. To diagnose PPID, multiple freeze‐thaw cycles should be avoided when measuring plasma ACTH concentration.
Vibrio fischerisiderophore production drives competitive exclusion during dual‐species growth
Authors: Eickhoff Michaela J. , Bassler Bonnie L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWhen two or more bacterial species inhabit a shared niche, often, they must compete for limited nutrients. Iron is an essential nutrient that is especially scarce in the marine environment. Bacteria can use the production, release, and re‐uptake of siderophores, small molecule iron chelators, to scavenge iron. Siderophores provide fitness advantages to species that employ them by enhancing iron acquisition, and moreover, by denying iron to competitors incapable of using the siderophore–iron complex. Here, we show that cell‐free culture fluids from the marine bacteriumVibrio fischeriES114 prevent the growth of other vibrio species. Mutagenesis reveals the aerobactin siderophore as the inhibitor. Our analysis reveals a gene, that we nameaerE, encodes the aerobactin exporter, and LuxT is a transcriptional activator of aerobactin production. In co‐culture, under iron‐limiting conditions, aerobactin production allowsV. fischeriES114 to competitively excludeVibrio harveyi, which does not possess aerobactin production and uptake genes. In contrast,V. fischeriES114 mutants incapable of aerobactin production lose in competition withV. harveyi. Introduction ofiutA,encoding the aerobactin receptor, together withfhuCDB, encoding the aerobactin importer are sufficient to convertV. harveyiinto an “aerobactin cheater.”
White matter alterations in Alzheimer’s disease without concomitant pathologies
Authors: Ferrer I. , Andrés‐Benito P. 
Published: April 2020

AimsMost individuals with AD neuropathological changes have co‐morbidities which have an impact on the integrity of the WM. This study analyses oligodendrocyte and myelin markers in the frontal WM in a series of AD cases without clinical or pathological co‐morbidities.MethodsFrom a consecutive autopsy series, 206 cases had neuropathological changes of AD; among them, only 33 were AD without co‐morbidities. WM alterations were first evaluated in coronal sections of the frontal lobe in every case. Then, RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry were carried out in the frontal WM of AD cases without co‐morbidities to analyse the expression of selected oligodendrocyte and myelin markers.ResultsWM demyelination was more marked in AD with co‐morbidities when compared with AD cases without co‐morbidities. Regarding the later, mRNA expression levels ofMBP,PLP1,CNP,MAG,MAL,MOGandMOBPwere preserved at stages I–II/0–A when compared with middle‐aged (MA) individuals, but significantly decreased at stages III–IV/0–C. This was accompanied by reduced expression ofNG2andPDGFRAmRNA, reduced numbers of NG2‐, Olig2‐ and HDAC2‐immunoreactive cells and reduced glucose transporter immunoreactivity. Partial recovery of some of these markers occurred at stages V–VI/B–C.ConclusionsThe present observations demonstrate that co‐morbidities have an impact on WM integrity in the elderly and in AD, and that early alterations in oligodendrocytes and transcription of genes linked to myelin proteins in WM occur in AD cases without co‐morbidities. These are followed by partial recovery attempts at advanced stages. These observations suggest that oligodendrocytopathy is part of AD.
Where reasons and reasoning come apart
Authors: Schmidt Eva 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProponents of the reasoning view analyze normative reasons as premises of good reasoning and explain the normativity of reasons by appeal to their role as premises of good reasoning. The aim of this paper is to cast doubt on the reasoning view by providing counterexamples to the proposed analysis of reasons, counterexamples in which premises of good reasoning towards φ‐ing are not reasons to φ.
A dynamic model of UVR8 photoreceptor signalling in UV‐B‐acclimated Arabidopsis
Authors: Liao Xinyang , Liu Wei , Yang Hong‐Quan , Jenkins Gareth I. 
Published: April 2020

Summary

The photoreceptor UVR8 mediates numerous photomorphogenic responses of plants to UV‐B wavelengths by regulating transcription. Studies with purified UVR8 and seedlings not previously exposed to UV‐B have generated a model for UVR8 action in which dimeric UVR8 rapidly monomerises in response to UV‐B exposure to initiate signalling. However, the mechanism of UVR8 action in UV‐B‐acclimated plants growing under photoperiodic conditions, where UVR8 exists in a dimer/monomer photo‐equilibrium, is poorly understood.

We examined UVR8 dimer/monomer status, gene expression responses, amounts of key UVR8 signalling proteins and their interactions with UVR8 in UV‐B‐acclimated Arabidopsis.

We show that in UV‐B‐acclimated plants UVR8 can mediate a response to a 15‐fold increase in UV‐B without any increase in abundance of UVR8 monomer. Following transfer to elevated UV‐B, monomers show increased interaction with both COP1, to initiate signalling and RUP2, to maintain the photo‐equilibrium when the dimer/monomer cycling rate increases. Native RUP1 is present in low abundance compared with RUP2.

We present a model for UVR8 action in UV‐B‐acclimated plants growing in photoperiodic conditions that incorporates dimer and monomer photoreception, dimer/monomer cycling, abundance of native COP1 and RUP proteins, and interactions of the monomer population with COP1, RUP2 and potentially other proteins.
Effectiveness, Safety, and Predictive Potential in Ultrasound‐Guided Stellate Ganglion Blockades for the Treatment of Sympathetically Maintained Pain
Authors: Aleanakian Ruben , Chung Boo‐Young , Feldmann Robert E. , Benrath Justus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundEvaluating the effectiveness of stellate ganglion blockades (SGBs) proves challenging, since the criteria defining a successful blockade are controversial. This may be one reason for the scarcity of studies on this topic, thus forcing clinical guidelines to remain conservative in recommending SGBs. Moreover, factors to predict which patients will benefit from blockade series are not yet available.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate through a clinical approach SGBs’ effectiveness performed under ultrasound guidance (us‐SGB) and to identify factors to predict effectiveness.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 809 us‐SGBs in 105 patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and neuropathic pain syndromes (all potentially including sympathetically maintained pain) regarding pain reduction. Volume and type of local anesthetics, magnitude of pain, temperature of the dorsal hands, heart rate, blood pressure, and occurrence of Horner’s syndrome or complications were assessed.ResultsPain reduction after a blockade series was highly significant and showed no significant correlation with change of temperature, vital signs, or Horner’s syndrome. For patients with neuropathic pain, the predictive potential for pain reduction following a blockade series lies within the range of pain reduction after the first blockade. In a literature comparison, incidences of complications (hoarseness 3.9%, dysphagia 3.4%, hematoma 0.6%) were lower than in non‐ultrasound‐guided techniques.ConclusionsData indicate that us‐SGBs are safe and effective in reducing sympathetically maintained pain in patients with CRPS and neuropathic pain syndromes. Pain reduction after the first blockade may predict total pain reduction after a blockade series. Other clinical measures seem unsuitable to predict effectiveness.
A Randomized Double‐Blind Controlled Pilot Study Comparing Leucocyte‐Rich Platelet‐Rich Plasma and Corticosteroid in Caudal Epidural Injection for Complex Chronic Degenerative Spinal Pain
Authors: Ruiz‐Lopez Ricardo , Tsai Yu‐Chuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the efficacy and safety between leucocyte‐rich platelet‐rich plasma (LR‐PRP) and corticosteroid in fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injection for patients with complex chronic lumbar spinal pain.Study DesignA prospective randomized controlled double‐blinded study.MethodsFifty eligible patients with complex chronic degenerative spinal pain were randomly assigned with a 1:1 allocation ratio to receive caudal epidural injection of corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide, 60 mg) or LR‐PRP (isolated from 60 mL autologous blood) under fluoroscopic guidance. Levels of low back pain, quality of life, and complications (or adverse effects) were evaluated at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Pain levels and quality of life were assessed using the VAS and Short Form 36‐Item Health Survey (SF‐36), respectively.ResultsNo significant difference was shown at baseline between the 2 groups. Compared with the pretreatment values, there were significant reductions in the VAS score in both groups. A significantly lower VAS score at 1‐month follow‐up was detected in patients who received corticosteroid injection. However, the scores were lower in the LR‐PRP group at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up. SF‐36 responses at 6 months showed significant improvement in all domains in the LR‐PRP group. There were no complications or adverse effects related to treatment at 6‐month follow‐up in either group.ConclusionsBoth autologous LR‐PRP and corticosteroid for caudal epidural injections under fluoroscopic guidance are equally safe and therapeutically effective in patients with complex chronic lumbar spinal pain. However, LR‐PRP is superior to corticosteroid for a longer pain‐relieving effect and improvement in quality of life.
Hospital Community Benefit in Rural Appalachia: One More Gap*
Authors: Cronin Cory E. , Franz Berkeley , Gran Brian K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNon‐profit hospitals are important anchors in Appalachian communities, in part because of the concentration of health care dollars within these institutions. Community benefit efforts of these hospitals, therefore, have the potential to fill gaps in public health and social service provision in underserved areas with documented health disparities and access barriers. To date, however, we do not fully understand how community benefit practices vary by hospital setting. Employing hierarchical linear modeling using a multilevel mixed‐effects approach, this study analyzes data from the years 2010 to 2016 to assess community benefit practices and spending between hospitals in Appalachia and non‐Appalachian counties. Findings indicate that hospitals within Appalachian counties, and rural hospitals in this region, in particular, spent less on community benefit than hospitals, not in this region. Given the potential for community benefit to impact health outcomes and access to care, this disparity is important to state and local public health efforts and suggests the need for additional support for hospitals to engage their communities around critical health needs.
Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles of Inclusion body myositis
Authors: Zhang Jiuchang , Khasanova Elona , Zhang Liming 
Published: April 2020

AbstractInclusion body myositis (IBM) is a disease with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. This study aimed at exploring gene expression profile alterations, investigating the underlying mechanisms and identifying novel targets for IBM. We analysed two microarray datasets (GSE39454 and GSE128470) derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The GEO2R tool was used to screen out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IBM and normal samples. Gene Ontology（GO）function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG）pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery to identify the pathways and functional annotation of DEGs. Finally, protein‐protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING and Cytoscape, in order to identify hub genes. A total of 144 upregulated DEGs and one downregulated DEG were identified. The GO enrichment analysis revealed that the immune response was the most significantly enriched term within the DEGs. The KEGG pathway analysis identified 22 significant pathways, the majority of which could be divided into the immune and infectious diseases. Following the construction of PPI networks, ten hub genes with high degrees of connectivity were picked out, namely PTPRC, IRF8, CCR5, VCAM1, HLA‐DRA, TYROBP, C1QB, HLA‐DRB1, CD74 and CXCL9. Our research hypothesizes that autoimmunity plays an irreplaceable role in the pathogenesis of IBM. The novel DEGs and pathways identified in this study may provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of IBM at the molecular level.
Redox regulation of PGRL1 at the onset of low light intensity
Authors: Wolf Bat‐Chen , Isaacson Tal , Tiwari Vivekanand , Dangoor Inbal , Mufkadi Sapir , Danon Avihai 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYPGR5‐LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1) regulates photosystem I cyclic electron flow which transiently activates non‐photochemical quenching at the onset of light. Here, we show that a disulfide‐based mechanism of PGRL1 regulated this process in vivo at the onset of low light levels. We found that PGRL1 regulation depended on active formation of key regulatory disulfides in the dark, and that PGR5 was required for this activity. The disulfide state of PGRL1 was modulated in plants by counteracting reductive and oxidative components and reached a balanced state that depended on the light level. We propose that the redox regulation of PGRL1 fine‐tunes a timely activation of photosynthesis at the onset of low light.
Influence of a customized three‐dimensionally printed drill guide on the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in lumbosacral vertebrae: An ex vivo study
Authors: Beer Patricia , Park Brian H. , Steffen Frank , Smolders DECVN Lucas A. , Pozzi Antonio , Knell Sebastian C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of pedicle screw insertion (PSI) into canine lumbosacral vertebrae with custom‐made three‐dimensionally (3D)‐printed drill guides or freehand insertion.Study designEx vivo study.Sample populationNineteen canine lumbosacral specimens.MethodsDrill guides for PSI were designed on the basis of safe screw insertion trajectories by using preoperative computed tomography (CT) and produced by 3D printing of templates. Right and left sides of the specimens were randomly allocated to two groups; 4‐mm pedicle screws were inserted in L5‐L6 and L7‐S1 spinal segments either freehand (control group) or with custom‐made drill guides (guide group). Sixty‐six screws were inserted with each method. Insertion angles (α, β), bone stock, and vertebral canal breach were assessed according to postoperative CT. χ2 Tests were used to compare vertebral canal breach between groups and vertebrae.ResultsBreaches in the vertebral canal were less common (P < .001) when screws were placed with a guide in the guide group (9/66, 14%) than without a guide (30/66, 45%). The rate of vertebral canal breach differed at L5 (P = .021) but not at L6 (P = .05), L7 (P = .075) or S1 (P = .658). The angle of insertion (α) did not differ between specimens with and without breaches (guide, P = .068; control, P = .394).ConclusionThe use of a customized 3D‐printed guide generally improved the accuracy of PSI in canine lumbosacral vertebrae, although statistical significance was reached only at L5.Clinical significanceThe use of customized drill guides may be considered as an alternative to freehand PSI in the lumbosacral area, especially for L5‐L6 vertebrae.
Electromigration Damage of Flexible Electronic Lines Printed With Ag Nanoparticle Ink
Authors: Saito Daiki , Sasagawa Kazuhiko , Moriwaki Takeshi , Fujisaki Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Flexible printed circuits (FPCs) are widely used in electronic equipment such as mobile devices and wearable sensors. The conductive electric lines in these circuits are printed using nanoparticle metal ink and ink-jet direct write methods. Physical characteristics such as flexibility and mechanical durability of metal nanoparticle ink lines have been evaluated by bending or tensile tests. In contrast, the electrical characteristics of these lines have not been sufficiently evaluated, and the failure mechanism under high-density current has not been clarified. When electric devices are scaled down, current density and Joule heating increase in conductive lines and electromigration (EM) damage becomes a severe problem. Therefore, reducing the EM damage is extremely important to enhance the device reliability. In this study, a failure analysis of Ag nanoparticle ink lines were assessed using current loading tests and microscopic observations to discuss the damage mechanism and evaluate electrical reliability under high-density current. Atomic transport due to EM was observed at 60 kA/cm2 current loading, and relatively large aggregates and grain growth were observed at 120 kA/cm2 current loading. The time to open circuit was longer at 120 kA/cm2 than at 60 kA/cm2. The formation of large aggregates and unstable changes in the potential drop were observed at the two values of current density. It is considered that aggregate formation and grain growth affected the atomic transport by EM.
Nonlinear Elastic and Inelastic Properties of Cells
Authors: Jung Wonyeong , Li Jing , Chaudhuri Ovijit , Kim Taeyoon 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMechanical forces play an important role in various physiological processes, such as morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and migration. Thus, in order to illuminate mechanisms underlying these physiological processes, it is crucial to understand how cells deform and respond to external mechanical stimuli. During recent decades, the mechanical properties of cells have been studied extensively using diverse measurement techniques. A number of experimental studies have shown that cells are far from linear elastic materials. Cells exhibit a wide variety of nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties. Such complicated properties of cells are known to emerge from unique mechanical characteristics of cellular components. In this review, we introduce major cellular components that largely govern cell mechanical properties and provide brief explanations of several experimental techniques used for rheological measurements of cell mechanics. Then, we discuss the representative nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells. Finally, continuum and discrete computational models of cell mechanics, which model both nonlinear elastic and inelastic properties of cells, will be described.